texts: Roman Novosad and Vasyl Vyshyvanyi, while the latter one obviously had previously been trapped in field of vision of the Soviet secret service.After several months of hunting after, they first detained Novosad and then Vyshyvanyi, de facto Novosad was detained on 14 June and Habsburg on 26 August. In most documents appear dates not detention, but rather arrest when against them have already taken preventive measures 26 June and 22 September respectively. Snyder writes that Kachorovsky soon was executed, while it is unclear from what source is that information. Novosad and Habsburg were held and interrogated in the Soviet MGB jail in Baden bei Wien. Against both of them opened one for two criminal case which to this day kept in the Kiev archive. Later Roman was recollecting that "relationship to <mask> as for chekists was quite proper", which leads to assume that he was not tortured. About relationship them to himself Novosad wrote nothing.The Archduke was given a personal plate for food, while other arrested of the jail had one plate for two. During his imprisonment on the question of his preferred language for testimony <mask> answered that he can do it in Ukrainian language, but nonetheless the protocols were written in Russian. Several earlier protocols end with a phrase "The protocol is written down from my words correctly. It was read to me in comprehendible Russian language", but later were switched from "Russian" to "Ukrainian". Novosad stated that can give in Russian and Ukrainian and the investigators stopped at his first choice. The investigators were pretty interested in the <mask>'s distant past and his personal contacts with figures of the First Liberation War i.e. Petro Bolbochan, Symon Petlura, Pavlo

masks:
Wilhelm Habsburg
Wilhelm
Wilhelm


type: original

texts: Skoropadsky, but the most attention was paid to cooperation with Maas, Pélissier, and Lidia Tulchyn.At his interrogation the Archduke tried to down play his role in the Ukrainian revolution, for example he claimed that in 1919 during times of Directoria in Kamianets-Podilsky he was an interpreter. Also in earlier protocols Habsburg said that the meeting near Innsbruck was dedicated to not making contacts between Frenchmen and OUN, but the fate of Ukrainians in the camps for displaced people. But with time recognized everything about what Novosad already managed to tell. Despite that suspects every time were placing their signatures under the phrase "written correctly from my words", some answers in protocols obviously were formulated by the investigators. "My stay in Ukraine was the result of an aggressive policy of Austria-Hungary imperialistic and ruling circles", hardly Habsburg spoke in such Soviet propagandistic clichés. This feature is characteristic of many protocols of the Stalin era. In November 1947 the chekists of the Central Group of Forces decided to transfer the case and the arrested to their Ukrainian colleagues and before the New Year they brought them to Kiev.The interrogations were renewed already in January 1948 after the holidays. The Ukrainian investigators did not start from beginning, but rather turned to the subject that interested them the most, the Brits. The chekists insisted that Novosad and Habsburg through Maas deliberately worked specifically for the Great Britain special services, not the French Resistance intelligence. At beginning Habsburg tried to resist and persuaded that Novosad told about Maas connections with Brits after the latter already returned to France, but later gave up


texts:
 and admitted (or "admitted"). Interrogation continued until May 1948, subsequently, the defendants were transferred from the MGB internal jail to the MVD jail #1, better known as Lukyanovska prison. Beside the testimonies of Habsburg, Novosad, Kachorovsky, to the case were also added as evidence filed the testimony of several others Ukrainian nationalists. One of them, for example, claimed that heard about contacts of Habsburg with the OUN.They also filed an extract from a book "Ukrainskie sechevye streltsy" that was published in Lwow in 1935 mentioning about the stay of William at the Ukraine's south in 1918. Indictment
In his indictment, <mask> was charged with the following:
 During World War I "carried out the aggressive plans of the Austro-Hungarian ruling circles and prepared to become the hetman of Ukraine"
 Fought against the Soviet Army in 1918 (in reality it was the Red Army)
 Served under Symon Petlura
 Launched nationalist activities in exile
 In 1944 he was recruited by the British intelligence and performed its tasks (A strange bullet as in the indictment it is nothing said about the role of Habsburg in establishing contacts between Maas and OUN, only with Germans.) In 1945 he was an agent of the French intelligence service, recruited agents, organized negotiations with OUN and Austrian People's Party

Timothy Snyder justly notes about the charges, "Soviet legislation was retroactive and extraterritorial, it was stretching for decades before formation of the Soviet Union and across lands over which Moscow never had its sovereignty". The Novosad's list was smaller: belonging to the nationalist organization "Sich" (in reality it was a society of Ukrainian students in Vienna established in 1868),


texts: connections with Habsburg and OUN, worked for English and French intelligence services. The indictment contains articles of two criminal codes at once: for the Penal Code of Russian SFSR relied chekists in Vienna, while for the Penal Code of Ukrainian SSR – in Kiev. Roman was charged with espionage and participation in counter-revolutionary organization, <mask> the same thing plus "armed uprising or invasion for counter-revolutionary purposes over the Soviet territory". These were all different paragraphs of the same "counter-revolutionary" article, in Ukrainian penal code it was the article 54, in Russian – 58.As most "counter-revolutionary" cases of that time, the fate of Habsburg and Novosad had to be decided not in court but by the MGB Special Meeting. It was an extrajudicial organ that carried out their decision in the mode of "conveyor belt", without any defendants, witnesses, or lawyers. In fact, the decision was made by Limarchenko who signed the indictment: he was asking the Special Meeting sentenced both to 25 years of forced labor camps. At that moment it was the maximum punishment as the year earlier the Soviet authorities for some time abolished the death penalty. Then Limarchenko issued a ruling according to which Roman and Vasily were to sit in a MVD special camp. The Special Meeting that held session in July 1948 decided, as the investigation requested, giving both the accused 25 years of imprisonment. At the same time, Roman had to serve his sentence in the camp, and Wilhelm - in prison, which was much more difficult.On 12 August, chekists in Moscow determined exactly where <mask> would sit, in the infamous Vladimir Central Prison (Vladimirsky Tsentral), which had a special status. But they ran out

masks: Wilhelm Wilhelm


texts:
 of time before officially announcing the decision of Special Meeting to <mask>, as on 1 July from the 17th chamber of the Lukyanovka Prison he was delivered to the prison hospital. The prisoner complained about weakness, dizziness, cough, and pain in heart and chest. The doctors discovered bilateral cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis in open form. At 23rd hour on 18 August 1948 <mask> died from tuberculosis after spending a month and half in the hospital. The documents do not inform where he was buried. There is an assumption that the nameless grave is located in the courtyard of the prison or the Lukyanovka Cemetery.Austria sent requests for the fate of its citizen to the Soviet Union. In response, there came only a certificate of sentence, while the death of the prisoner was hidden. There were even rumors throughout Vienna that <mask> was seen alive in the Soviet Union. In 1952, the authorities of the Austrian Republic decided: a passport was issued to him illegally in the 1930s - after all, he did not give up his right to the throne - and therefore revoked his citizenship. Rehabilitation

During the times of perestroika in 1989, the Soviet Office of Military Prosecutor fully rehabilitated both Habsburg and Novosad. It was Novosad who became the author of first publication about <mask> in the independent Ukraine, in 1992 his recollections printed the magazine "Ukrayina". By that time the name of Archduke was forgotten.In 1994 the declassified case of Habsburg and Novosad was transferred from the SBU Archive to the Central State Archive of public associations of Ukraine. In 2005 all personal documents and photographs of Habsburg that were kept in his dossier were transferred through the German Ambassador in Ukraine

masks:
Wilhelm
Wilhelm Habsburg
Wilhelm Habsburgingen
Wilhelm Habsburg


texts:
 Dietmar Stüdemann to <mask>'s nephew and citizen of Germany Leo Habsburg-Lothringen. In dossier were kept copies of the documents. Ancestry

Notes

Further reading
 Timothy Snyder, The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of A Habsburg Archduke (Basic Books, 2008);

External links

 On the biography of <mask>
 HABSBURG–LOTRINGEN, Archduke <mask>
 Archduke <mask> Österreich-Toskana

1895 births
1948 deaths
People from Pula
Austrian people who died in prison custody
Austrian people who died in Soviet detention
Slavicization
Inmates of Lukyanivska Prison
20th-century Austrian poets
Ukrainian male poets
Austro-Hungarian people of World War I
Spies who died in prison custody
Western spies against the Eastern Bloc
Ukrainian War of Independence
Austrian princes
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Recipients of the Iron Cross, 2nd class
LGBT writers from Austria
LGBT poets
Theresian Military Academy

masks:
Wilhelm
Wilhelm Habsburg
Wilhelm
Wilhelm von


texts: <mask> or Boudicca (, ), also known as Boadicea (, also ) or Boudicea, and in Welsh as  (), was a queen of the British Iceni tribe who led an uprising against the conquering forces of the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61. According to Roman sources, shortly after the uprising failed, she poisoned herself or died of her wounds, although there is no actual evidence of her fate. She is considered a British folk hero. <mask>'s husband Prasutagus, with whom she had two children whose names are unknown, ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome, and left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and to the Roman emperor in his will. However, when he died, his will was ignored, and the kingdom was annexed and his property taken. According to Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and her daughters raped. Cassius Dio explains Boudica's response by saying that previous imperial donations to influential Britons were confiscated and the Roman financier and philosopher Seneca called in the loans he had forced on the reluctant Celtic Britons.In AD 60 or 61, when the Roman governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus was campaigning on the island of Mona (modern Anglesey) on the northwest coast of Wales, Boudica led the Iceni, the Trinovantes, and others in revolt. They destroyed Camulodunum (modern Colchester), earlier the capital of the Trinovantes but at that time a , a settlement for discharged Roman soldiers and site of a temple to the former Emperor Claudius. Upon hearing of the revolt, Suetonius hurried to Londinium (modern London), the 20-year-old commercial settlement that was the rebels' next target. He lacked sufficient numbers to

masks: Boudica Boudica


texts:
 defend the settlement, and he evacuated and abandoned Londinium. Boudica led a very large army of Iceni, Trinovantes, and others against a detachment of the , defeating them, and burning Londinium and Verulamium. An estimated 70,000–80,000 Romans and Britons were killed in the three cities by those following Boudica, many by torture. Suetonius, meanwhile, regrouped his forces, possibly in the West Midlands; despite being heavily outnumbered, he decisively defeated the Britons.The crisis caused Nero to consider withdrawing all Roman forces from Britain, but Suetonius's victory over Boudica confirmed Roman control of the province. <mask> then either killed herself to avoid capture (according to Tacitus), or died of illness (according to Cassius Dio). Interest in these events was revived in the English Renaissance and led to <mask>'s fame in the Victorian era. Boudica has remained an important cultural symbol in the United Kingdom. Name

Boudica has been known by several versions of her name. In the 16th century, Raphael Holinshed called her Voadicia, while Edmund Spenser called her Bunduca, a variation of which was used in the popular Jacobean play Bonduca of 1612. In the 18th century, William Cowper's poem Boadicea, an ode (1782) popularised an alternative version of the name.Her name was spelt Boudicca in the most complete manuscripts of Tacitus, which through investigation of the language of the Celts was also proven to be misspelt with the addition of the second 'c.' The misspelling by Tacitus was copied, and further deviations of her name began to appear. Along with the second 'c' becoming an


texts:
 'e,' in place of the 'u' appeared an 'a;' this is where the medieval (and most common) spelling 'Boadicea' is derived from. In the later, and probably secondary, epitome of Cassius Dio in Greek she was , , and . Kenneth Jackson concludes, based on the later development in Welsh () and Irish (), that the name derives from the Proto-Celtic feminine adjective *boudīkā 'victorious', that in turn is derived from the Celtic word *boudā 'victory' (cf. Irish  (Classical Irish ) 'victory', Scottish Gaelic  'victorious; effective', Welsh ,  'victorious',  'victory'), and that the correct spelling of the name in Common Brittonic (the British Celtic language) is Boudica, pronounced . The Gaulish version is attested in inscriptions as Boudiga in Bordeaux, Boudica in Lusitania, and Bodicca in Algeria.The closest English equivalent to the vowel in the first syllable is the ow in "bow-and-arrow". John Rhys suggested that the most comparable Latin name, in meaning only, would be "Victorina". Alternatively, Graham Webster claims the name can be directly translated as "Victoria." History

Historical sources
There are two primary sources from the classical period which reported on Boudica specifically, namely Tacitus and Cassius Dio. Tacitus' mention of <mask> appears in only two of his vast number of works: the Annals, c.AD 115-117; and the Agricola, c. AD 98. Both were published many years after <mask>'s revolt, but Tacitus had an eyewitness at his disposal for the retelling of some of the events; his father-in-law Gnaeus Julius Agricola served in Britain three times as a military tribune under Suetonius Paulinus; it


texts: was during Suetonius' absence that Tacitus says the Britons began to congregate under <mask>. Cassius Dio's account, published over a century after <mask>'s death, is only known from an epitome, written by John Xiphilinus.Dio provides a considerable amount of information not found in the work of Tacitus, suggesting that the sources he used were lost long ago. It is generally agreed that Dio based his account on that of Tacitus, but simplifies the sequence of events. The abuses which Boudica and her daughters suffered at the hands of the Romans is not mentioned in Dio's account, instead he cites three different causes for the rebellion: the recalling of loans that were given to the Britons by Seneca; Decianus Catus' confiscation of money formerly loaned to the Britons by the Emperor Claudius; and Boudica's own entreaties. Tacitus depicts Boudica as a victim of Roman slavery and licentiousness, her fight against both of which made her a champion of barbarian and British liberty. It is also for this reason that Tacitus' narrative depicts Boudica as the standard of bravery as a free woman, rather than just a queen, sparing her the negative connotations associated with queenship in the ancient world. Both Tacitus (Tac. Annals.14.35) and Dio (Dio Cass. 62.3-6) incorporate fictitious speeches by <mask> in their work. These types of pre-battle speeches were invented by ancient historians as a means of arousing dramatic and rhetorical considerations from the reader. <mask>, being neither Greek nor Latin herself, would not have addressed her people in either language, and it is unlikely that either Tacitus or

masks: Boudica Boudica Boudica Boudica


texts:
 Dio would have been able to accurately recount any of her speeches. These speeches, though imaginary, portray an image of patriotism that laid the groundwork for the legend of <mask> to endure as the first real champion of the British people. Background

Cassius Dio describes her as very tall and most terrifying in appearance, she had tawny hair hanging down to below her waist, a harsh voice and a piercing glare. He writes that she habitually wore a large golden necklace (perhaps a torc), a colourful tunic, and a thick cloak fastened by a brooch.Boudica was the wife of King Prasutagus, ruler of the Iceni, a people who inhabited what is now modern Norfolk. When the Roman conquest of southern Britain began in AD 43 under the Emperor Claudius, Prasutagus allied his people with the Romans. The Iceni were proud of their independence, and had revolted in AD 47 when the then Roman governor Publius Ostorius Scapula planned to disarm all the peoples in the area of Britain under Roman control following a number of local uprisings. Ostorius defeated them and went on to put down other uprisings around Britain. The Iceni remained independent under Prasutagus, suggesting they were not absorbed into the Roman Empire after the first revolt. It is unknown whether he became the king only after Ostorius's defeat of the Iceni; but his status as a friendly king suggests he was a pro-Roman ruler, supporting the invasion of AD 43 and helping the Romans during the revolts in AD 47 to 48. Further evidence of Prasutagus' alliance with the Romans can be found in his will.Upon his death in AD 60/61, he left half of his fortune


texts:
 to his two daughters and the other half to the Roman Emperor Nero. Tacitus does not date the start of Prasutagus's reign and first mentioned him, as a long-reigning king who had died, when he wrote about <mask>'s rebellion. Tacitus mentions longstanding reasons for the Trinovantes (a tribe of people from what is now modern Essex) to hate Rome and join forces with the Iceni: "It was against the veterans that their hatred was most intense. For these new settlers in the colony of Camulodunum drove people out of their houses, ejected them from their farms, called them captives and slaves ...."

The immediate cause of the rebellion was gross mistreatment by the Romans. Tacitus wrote,"The Icenian king Prasutagus, celebrated for his long prosperity, had named the emperor his heir, together with his two daughters; an act of deference which he thought would place his kingdom and household beyond the risk of injury. The result was contrary – so much so that his kingdom was pillaged by centurions, his household by slaves; as though they had been prizes of war." He added that Boudica was lashed, her two daughters were raped, and that the estates of the leading Iceni men were confiscated.Cassius Dio wrote: "An excuse for the war was found in the confiscation of the sums of money that Claudius had given to the foremost Britons; for these sums, as Decianus Catus, the procurator of the island maintained, were to be paid back." He also said that another reason was "the fact that Seneca, in the hope of receiving a good rate of interest, had lent to the islanders 40,000,000 sesterces that they did not want, and had


texts:
 afterwards called in this loan all at once and had resorted to severe measures in exacting it. "Dio's apocryphal speech of Boudica includes an address to the Trinovantes. She stressed to them how much better their life was before Roman occupation, stressing to them that wealth cannot be enjoyed under slavery, and places the blame upon herself for not expelling the Romans as they had done when Julius Caesar previously came for their land. The willingness of the barbarians to sacrifice a higher quality of living under the Romans, in exchange for their freedom and personal liberty, is an important interpretation of what Dio considered as motivation for the rebellions. Uprising

Initial actions
In AD 60 or 61, the current governor and most senior Roman administrator in the province, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was leading a campaign against the island of  (modern Anglesey) in Wales, where he had been participating in campaigns long before this one. Mona was conquered by the Roman army, who then heard the news of Boudica's rising and had to march rapidly eastward again.Under Boudica's lead, the Iceni and the Trinovantes comprised an army 120,000 strong to fight their common enemy, the Romans. Dio claims that before the initial revolts, Boudica called upon the British goddess of victory, Andraste, to aid them in battle. The rebels' first target was Camulodunum (modern Colchester), a Roman  for retired soldiers. At which a Roman temple was erected to the deified Claudius that, coupled with brutal treatment of the natives by the veterans, made Camulodunum an ideal target. Once the revolt was under way, the


texts: only troops available to provide assistance (aside from the few within the colony) were two hundred auxiliaries located in London who were not equipped to fight Boudica's troops, and the colony of Camulodunum was captured. Those who survived the initial attack managed to hold the temple of Claudius for two days before they died. A bronze statue to the emperor Nero, which probably stood in front of the temple, was decapitated and its head taken as a trophy by Boudica's army.The future governor Quintus Petillius Cerialis, then commanding the Legio IX Hispana, attempted to relieve the city, but suffered an overwhelming defeat. The infantry with him were all killed – only the commander and some of his cavalry escaped. After this defeat, Catus Decianus fled to Gaul. When news of the rebellion reached Suetonius, he hurried along Watling Street through hostile territory to Londinium. Suetonius considered giving battle there, but considering his lack of numbers and chastened by Petillius's defeat, decided to sacrifice the city to save the province. The wealthy citizens and traders had fled after the news of Catus Decianus defecting to Gaul, and the rest of the inhabitants were left to their own fate. Londinium was abandoned to the rebels, who burnt it down, torturing and killing anyone who had not evacuated with Suetonius.The municipium of Verulamium (modern St Albans) was next to be destroyed, although the extent of its destruction is unclear. In the three settlements destroyed, between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed. Tacitus says that the Britons had no interest in taking


texts:
 or selling prisoners, only in slaughter by gibbet, fire, or cross. Dio's account gives more detail; that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts cut off and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly the groves of Andraste. Romans rally

While Boudica's army continued their assault in Verulamium (St. Albans), Suetonius regrouped his forces. According to Tacitus, he amassed a force including his own Legio XIV Gemina, some vexillationes (detachments) of the XX Valeria Victrix, and any available auxiliaries. The prefect of , Poenius Postumus, ignored the call, and a fourth legion, , had been routed trying to relieve Camulodunum, but nonetheless the governor now commanded an army of almost ten thousand men.Suetonius took a stand at an unidentified location, probably somewhere along the Roman road now known as Watling Street, in a defile with a wood behind him – but his men were heavily outnumbered. According to Dio the rebels numbered 230–300 thousand. <mask>'s army was crushed and according to Tacitus neither the women or the animals were spared. The Roman slaughter of women and animals was unusual, as they could have been sold for profit, and point to the mutual enmity between the two sides. According to Tacitus in his Annals, <mask> poisoned herself, though in the  which was written almost twenty years before the Annals he mentions nothing of suicide and attributes the end of the revolt to  ("indolence"); Dio says she fell sick and died and then was given a lavish burial. Catus Decianus, who had fled


texts:
 to Gaul, was replaced by Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus. Suetonius conducted punitive operations, but criticism by Classicianus led to an investigation headed by Nero's freedman Polyclitus.Fearing Suetonius's actions would provoke further rebellion, Nero replaced the governor with the more conciliatory Publius Petronius Turpilianus. The historian Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus tells us the crisis had almost persuaded Nero to abandon Britain. No historical records tell what had happened to Boudica's two daughters. Location of her defeat
The location of Boudica's defeat is unknown. Some historians favour a site somewhere along the Roman road now known as Watling Street. Kevin K. Carroll suggests a site close to High Cross, Leicestershire, on the junction of Watling Street and the Fosse Way, which would have allowed the Legio II Augusta, based at Exeter, to rendezvous with the rest of Suetonius's forces, had they not failed to do so. Manduessedum (Mancetter), near the modern town of Atherstone in Warwickshire, has also been suggested, and according to legend "The Rampart" near Messing, Essex and Ambresbury Banks in Epping Forest.More recently, a discovery of Roman artefacts in Kings Norton close to Metchley Camp has suggested another possibility. One individual has suggested the Cuttle Mill area of Paulerspury in Northamptonshire, where fragments of Roman pottery from the 1st century have been found. In 2009, it was suggested that the Iceni were returning to East Anglia along the Icknield Way when they encountered the Roman army in the vicinity of Arbury Banks, Hertfordshire. In March 2010, evidence


texts:
 was published suggesting the site may be located at Church Stowe, Northamptonshire. Legacy and legends
One of the earliest possible mentions of <mask> (excluding Tacitus' and Dio's accounts) was the 6th-century work On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain by the British monk Gildas. In it, he demonstrates his knowledge of a female leader whom he describes as a "treacherous lionness" who "butchered the governors who had been left to give fuller voice and strength to the endeavours of Roman rule." It is likely that Gildas is referring to Boudica in this statement.Polydore Vergil may have reintroduced her to British history as "Voadicea" in 1534. Raphael Holinshed also included her story in his Chronicles (1577) based on Tacitus and Dio. 16th–18th centuries
During the reign of Elizabeth I, Boudica began to be seen as an important figure in British history. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the works of Tacitus were rediscovered, and therefore interest in <mask> and her rebellion was triggered. It has been said that the Elizabethan era was a time where her popularity could flourish as Elizabeth, in 1588, was required to defend Britain from a possible invasion of Spanish Armada. Boudica had once defended Britain as well, however from the Romans. In 1610, Shakespeare's younger contemporaries Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher to write a play, Bonduca, said to have been inspired by Holinshed's Chronicles.A version of that play called Bonduca, or the British Heroine was set to music by Henry Purcell in 1695; one of the choruses, Britons, Strike Home!, became a popular patriotic song in the 18th and 19th


texts:
 centuries. William Cowper wrote a popular poem, "Boadicea, an ode", in 1782. 19th-20th century

Britain
It was in the Victorian era that <mask>'s fame took on legendary proportions as Queen Victoria came to be seen as <mask>'s "namesake", their names being identical in meaning. Victoria's Poet Laureate, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, wrote a poem, "Boadicea", and several ships were named after her. Boadicea and Her Daughters, a statue of the queen in her war chariot (anachronistically furnished with scythes after the Persian fashion) was executed by Thomas Thornycroft over the 1850s and 1860s with the encouragement of Prince Albert, who lent his horses for use as models. Thornycroft exhibited the head separately in 1864. It was cast in bronze in 1902, 17 years after Thornycroft's death, by his son Sir John, who presented it to the London County Council.They erected it on a plinth on the Victoria Embankment next to Westminster Bridge and the Houses of Parliament, inscribed with the following lines from Cowper's poem:Regions Caesar never knew
Thy posterity shall sway. A statue of her now stands guard over the city she razed to the ground. The area of King's Cross, London was previously a village known as Battle Bridge which was an ancient crossing of the River Fleet. The original name of the bridge was Broad Ford Bridge. The name "Battle Bridge" led to a tradition that this was the site of a major battle between the Romans and the Iceni tribe led by Boudica. The tradition is not supported by any historical evidence and is rejected by modern historians. However, Lewis Spence's 1937 book Boadicea – warrior


texts:
 queen of the Britons went so far as to include a map showing the positions of the opposing armies.There is a belief that she was buried between platforms 9 and 10 in King's Cross station in London, England. There is no evidence for this and it is probably a post-World War II invention. At Colchester Town Hall, a life-sized statue of Boudica stands on the south facade, sculpted by L J Watts in 1902; another depiction of her is in a stained glass window by Clayton and Bell in the council chamber. Boudica was adopted by the Suffragettes as one of the symbols of the campaign for women's suffrage. In 1908, a "Boadicea Banner" was carried in several National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies marches. She appears as character in A Pageant of Great Women written by Cicely Hamilton, which opened at the Scala Theatre, London, in November 1909 before a national tour, and she was described in a 1909 pamphlet as "the eternal feminine... the guardian of the hearth, the avenger of its wrongs upon the defacer and the despoiler". Wales
Buddug has yet to be conclusively identified within the canon of medieval Welsh literature and she is not apparent in the , the  or Geoffrey of Monmouth's largely fictional History of the Kings of Britain.Boudica (Buddug) was also chosen by the Welsh public as one of eleven statues of historical figures to be included in the Marble Hall at Cardiff City Hall. The statue was unveiled by David Lloyd George on 27 October 1916. Unlike the London chariot statue, it shows her as a more motherly figure without warrior trappings. The popularity of Buddug alongside other Welsh heroes such as


texts:
 Saint David and Owain Glyndŵr was surprising to manyof the statues, Buddug is the most ancient, the only female, and the only antecedent from outside the modern Welsh nation. 21st century
Permanent exhibitions describing the Boudican Revolt are at the Museum of London, Colchester Castle Museum and the Verulamium Museum. At the Norwich Castle Museum, a dedicated gallery includes a reproduction of an Iceni chariot. A  long distance footpath called Boudica's Way passes through countryside between Norwich and Diss in Norfolk.See also

 List of women warriors in folklore
 Women in ancient warfare
 The Wrath of the Iceni
 Warrior Queen
 <mask>
 Boadicea and Her Daughters
 Boodikka

References

Further reading

External links

 The Iceni Hoard at the British Museum

Boudica
60s in the Roman Empire
61 deaths
60s conflicts
1st-century monarchs in Europe
1st-century women rulers
Ancient people who committed suicide
Briton rulers
Women warriors
Celtic women warriors
Iceni
Pagans
People from Norfolk
Queens regnant in the British Isles
Rebellions against the Roman Empire
British rebels
Wartime sexual violence
Women in 1st-century warfare
Women in ancient European warfare
Year of birth unknown
Women in war in Britain
Ancient


texts:
Jesús Abraham "<mask><mask> (September 5, 1950 – November 1, 2013) was a Latino poet and playwright in the United States. Born <mask>, in Santurce, Puerto Rico, he moved to New York City at the age of ten, with his family, to reside in the Lower East Side. Throughout his life he was involved in various human rights organizations, but was best known as a renowned Nuyorican poet. An obituary for NBC Latino describes him as "one of the greatest representatives of the Nuyorican movement." Early years and education
<mask> was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico and moved to the Lower East Side of New York City in 1960 with his mother and siblings at the age of nine. He attended Catholic school in the United States where is teachers urged him to change his name to Abraham because they felt that Jesús was unfit for someone of Latino descent who did not understand English. As a result, he chose to go by the name "<mask>", a nickname given by his brother.After graduating high school in 1968, he studied at Cornell University and later at Brooklyn College. However, he never received a degree from either school. Instead, he committed the majority of his time to social and community work. Laviera served as the director of University of the Streets, a nonprofit organization focused on providing educational opportunities for underprivileged individuals. Additionally, he was a director of the Hispanic Drama Workshop, and a creative writing professor at Rutgers University. While still in Puerto Rico, his mother studied under Juan Boria, an acclaimed poet and performer who was inspired by Afro-Caribbean culture. This early exposure introduced him to the world of Puerto Rican poetry that he later infiltrated.<mask> initially began writing as a means of reestablishing the name that was taken from him earlier in his

masks:
Tato
" Laviera
Jesús Laviera Sanches
Laviera
Tato
Tato


texts:
 life. Personal life
Laviera had a daughter, Ruth Ella, and a son, Che Malik, who died in 2005. <mask> suffered from diabetes, which caused a complications and interruptions in his work. In 2004, he was deemed legally blind due to complications with diabetes. He then revisited his passion for community work, working with the American Association for diabetes, where his main initiative was promoting awareness representing Latinos who suffered from the disease. He even founded the Jesús A. Laviera One-Day with Diabetes Project which allowed him to incorporate his adoration for poetry. He hosted events during which poets could speak about how diabetes has affected their lives and offer support to the Hispanic community.Following some years of financial and health problems, Laviera fell into a diabetic coma. Shortly after he died, on November 1, 2013 at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan. Career
Laviera began writing poems and jingles at a very young age. He claims this lead him to discover the "wealth of characters and attitudes" that poetry contains. <mask>'s poetry, which is written sometimes in Spanish, sometimes in English, more often in Spanglish, addresses language, cultural identity, race, and memory, particularly as it affects the transculturated lives of Puerto Ricans in the United States. Laviera uses the sublets of each language to contribute to his rich symbolism and metaphor that are commonplace in his poetry. His mastery of both languages sets him apart from many Latino writers of his time.<mask> claims that the most important aspect of his poems is the title, explaining that "the words of the title are the ultimate essence." Laviera was keen on performing his works of poetry in front of audiences in a musical manner. Live recitation of poetry is an important aspect of the Nuyorican

masks: Tato Laviera Tato


texts:
 movement as it better portrays the spirit of the poems. Scholar William Luis describes Laviera's work as follows: "His poetry is full of the music of bomba and plena, and of rap and preaching. However, it is also socially minded and historical in content. Indeed, his poems are a conglomeration of voices, songs, dialects, and cultures producing a unique synthesis which is moving, instructive, and aesthetically appealing". Laviera prides himself in giving a voice to all of the people, cultures, and nations he represents through his poetry.Since he believes he belongs equally to two nations, the United States and Puerto Rico, he opted to focus on the positives of biculturalism, rather than adverse aspects like some of his counterparts. Nicolás Kanellos's Hispanic Literature of the United States: A Comprehensive Reference describes him as "the inheritor of the Spanish oral tradition, with all of its classical formulas, and the African oral tradition, with its wedding to music and spirituality." Famous works

La Carreta Made a U-Turn (Houston: Arte Público Press, 1979)

This was his first major book of poetry and was a response to René Marques' La Carreta in which he details the story of a family who ends up returning to Puerto Rico after migrating to the United States in search of more opportunities and a better life but instead is faced with a disheartening reality. Laviera disputes this view and instead "picks up where Marques left off" and portrays a more accurate story of the Puerto Rican migrant in which they do not return to their homeland, which is based on historical data. La Carreta Made a U-Turn was extremely successful and received well by its readers. In fact, shortly after its publication Laviera was invited by President Jimmy Carter to an event at the White House for distinguished


texts:
 American poets. Enclave (Houston: Arte Público Press, 1981)
In this poem, Laviera celebrates Puerto Rican heritage in New York.Unlike many of his other works which concentrate on larger scale events and take a collective perspective, Enclave is intentionally personal. Laviera focuses on the individual lives of those who inhabit the Puerto Rican enclave within New York. <mask> celebrates the Puerto Rican-American experience, through his soulful and powerful songs. This poem was a recipient of the American Book Award of the Before Columbus Foundation. This collection focusses on the individual and delivers a gallery of portraits of the unconquerable people of the enclave, whose lives are brought forth via the rhythmic songs “en clave.”

Mainstream Ethics—Ética Corriente (Houston: Arte Público Press, 1988)
Mainstream Ethics is a poem which explores the place that Hispanics hold in the United States. Amidst a pressure to conform to he standards of the bustling Metropolis culture, <mask> emphasizes the importance of his own culture as a Puerto Rican American. From his perspective, he asserts that Hispanic culture, art, and language are transforming the United States, rather than falling victim to it.This poem serves as a message to encourage Hispanic Americans to hold fast to their culture of origin, and individual identities. This text explores the terrestrial and verbal imperatives of Hispanics in the United States. Mainstream Ethics affirms that Hispanic linguistics, folklore, art and past are transforming the national culture and identity of the United States. It is not the role of Hispanics to follow the commands of a norm, an elusive mainstream, but to instead remain faithful to their communal and distinct identities to both lay claim to mainstream territory and to disprove its existence.

masks: Tato Laviera


texts:
 AmeRícan (Houston: Arte Público Press, 1999)

In this poem, Laviera redefines his nationality and takes pride in being both a Puerto Rican and an American living in the United States. He establishes a new identity, called AmeRícan which is the harmonious blend of the two composed of "mainland and island traditions." <mask> uses the pronoun 'we' to signify the collective experience of multiculturalism for the entire generation of Puerto Rican-Americans.The first section of this collection celebrates the range of various traditions and cultures making up the American people. It is a plea for an end to prejudice. The latter two sections of the collection are built on the motifs of ethnic exchange and the place of the boriqueño in that greater scheme. Mixturao and Other Poems (Houston: Arte Público Press, 2008–09)
One of <mask> <mask> <mask> Papers are held at the Archives of the Puerto Rican Diaspora Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños, Hunter College, CUNY. The collection "provides insight into <mask>'s life and career, as well as into the Nuyorican poetry movement, of which he was an early member. Consists of correspondence, manuscripts, typescripts, notebooks, press clippings, articles, flyers, event programs, posters, photographs, and audio and video recordings." See also

 List of Puerto Rican writers
 List of Puerto Ricans
 Puerto Rican literature
 Latino Poetry

Notes

References
 .
 . (JSTOR subscription required to access article online.) External links

 Biography from the Heath Anthology of American Literature

1950 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American poets
American Book Award winners
American male poets
American people of Puerto Rican descent
Brooklyn College alumni
People from Santurce, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican male writers
Puerto Rican

masks: Tato Tato Lavierato Laviera Laviera


texts:
<mask> II (; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904), also known as the Queen of Sad Mischance and the Traditional Queen, was Queen of Spain from 29 September 1833 until 30 September 1868. Shortly before her birth, the King issued a Pragmatic Sanction to ensure the succession of his firstborn daughter, due to his lack of a son. She came to the throne a month before her third birthday, but her succession was disputed by her uncle the Infante Carlos (founder of the Carlist movement), whose refusal to recognize a female sovereign led to the Carlist Wars. Under the regency of her mother, Spain transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy adopting the Royal Statute of 1834 and Constitution of 1837. Her effective reign was a period marked by palace intrigues, back-stairs and antechamber influences, barracks conspiracies, and military pronunciamientos. She came to be known by the sobriquets of the Traditional Queen (Spanish: la Reina Castiza), and the Queen of Sad Mischance (Spanish: la de los Tristes Destinos). She was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1868, and formally abdicated in 1870.Her son, <mask>, became king in 1874. Birth and regencies

<mask> was born in the Royal Palace of Madrid in 1830, the eldest daughter of King <mask> of Spain, and of his fourth wife and niece, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. She was entrusted to the royal governess María del Carmen Machín y Ortiz de Zárate. Queen Maria Christina became regent on 29 September 1833, when her three-year-old daughter <mask> was proclaimed sovereign following the death of <mask>. <mask> succeeded to the throne because <mask> had induced the Cortes Generales to help him set aside the Salic law, introduced by the Bourbons in the early 18th century, and to reestablish the older succession law of Spain. The first pretender to the throne, Ferdinand's brother Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, fought for

masks:
Isabella
Alfonso XII
Isabella
Ferdinand VII
Isabella
Ferdinand VII
Isabella
Ferdinand VII


texts:
 seven years during <mask>'s minority to dispute her title (see First Carlist War). The supporters of Carlos and his descendants were known as Carlists, and the fight over the succession was the subject of a number of Carlist Wars in the 19th century.<mask>'s reign was maintained only through the support of the army. The Cortes and the Moderate Liberals and Progressives reestablished constitutional and parliamentary government, dissolved the religious orders and confiscated their property (including that of the Jesuits), and tried to restore order to Spain's finances. After the Carlist war, the regent, Maria Christina, resigned to make way for Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara, the most successful and most popular Isabelline general. Espartero, a Progressive, remained regent for only two years. Her minority saw tensions with the United States over the Amistad affair. Baldomero Espartero was deposed in 1843 by a military and political pronunciamiento led by Generals Leopoldo O'Donnell and Ramón María Narváez. They formed a cabinet, presided over by Joaquín María López y López.This government induced the Cortes to declare <mask> of age at 13. Reign as an adult

Beginnings

<mask> was declared of age and swore the 1837 Constitution on 10 November 1843, age thirteen. Despite the alleged parliamentary supremacy, in practice, the "double trust" led to <mask> having a role in the making and toppling of governments, undermining the progressives. The uneasy alliance between moderates and progressives that had toppled Espartero in July 1843 was already disintegrating by the time of the coming of age of the queen. Following a brief government led by progressive Salustiano de Olózaga, the moderates elected their candidate, Pedro José Pidal, to the presidency of the Cortes. After the subsequent decision to dissolve the hostile Cortes by Olózaga on 28 November, rumours about an alleged

masks: Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella


texts:
 forcing of the queen to sign the royal decree spread. As a result, Olózaga was prosecuted, removed from political office, and forced to exile, with the Progressive Party already being beheaded, in what it was the starting point of their growing disaffection from the Isabelline monarchy.Moderate decade

Dominated by the figure of Marshal Narváez, the Espadón ("Big Sword") of Loja, the so-called "Moderate decade" began in 1844. The constitutional reforms devised by Narváez moved away from the 1837 Constitution by rejecting national sovereignty and reinforcing the power of the monarch, to the point of a "co-sovereignty" between the Cortes and the Queen. On 10 October 1846, the Moderate Party made their sixteen-year-old queen marry her double-first cousin Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz (1822–1902), the same day that her younger sister, Infanta Luisa Fernanda, married Antoine d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier. Disgusted by her marriage, <mask> reportedly commented later to one of her intimates: "what shall I tell you about a man whom I saw wearing more lace than I was wearing on our wedding night?". The marriages suited France and Louis Philippe, King of the French, who as a result bitterly quarrelled with Britain. However, the marriages were not happy; persistent rumour had it that few if any of <mask>'s children were fathered by her king-consort, rumoured to be a homosexual. The Carlist party asserted that the heir-apparent to the throne, who later became <mask>, had been fathered by a captain of the guard, Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans.In 1847, a major scandal took place when <mask>, age seventeen, publicly showed her love for General Serrano and her willingness to divorce from her husband Francisco de Asís; though Narváez and <mask>'s mother Maria Christina solved the problem posed to the monarchical institution—Serrano was shifted away from the capital to the post of Captain

masks:
Isabella
Isabella
Alfonso XII
Isabella
Isabella


texts: General of Granada in 1848—, the deterioration of the public image of the queen increased from then on. Following the near-revolution of 1848, Narváez was authorised to rule as dictator to repress insurrectionary attempts up until 1849. In late 1851, <mask> gave birth to her first daughter and heir presumptive, who was baptised on 21 December as María Isabel Francisca de Asís. Historians have attributed the Princess of Asturias' biological parenthood to José Ruiz de Arana, Gentilhombre de cámara. On 2 February 1852, <mask> and the Royal Guard were caught by surprise while the Queen was leaving the Chapel of the Royal Palace intending to go with her parade to the church of Atocha: , an ordained priest and liberal activist approached the queen giving the impression of wanting to deliver her a message, and stabbed her. The impact was reduced by the gold embroidery of her dress and by the baleen stays of her corset, and what was intended to be a stab wound to the chest only resulted in a minor incision at the right side of the belly. Merino, quickly seized by the halberdiers of the Royal Guard (with help from the dukes of Osuna and Tamames, the Marquis of Alcañices and the Count of Pinohermoso), was removed from sacerdocy and executed by garrote.Under the government of the Count of San Luis (whose ascension to premiership had been solely founded on the support from the networks of the royal court), the system was in a critical state by June 1854. On 28 June 1854 a military pronunciamiento intending to force the queen to oust the government of the Count of San Luis, featuring Leopoldo O'Donnell (a "puritan" moderate), took place in Vicálvaro, the so-called Vicalvarada. The military coup (rather dominated by the moderates themselves) had a mixed result and O'Donnell (advised by Ángel Fernández de los Ríos and Antonio Cánovas del Castillo) proceeded then to seek for civilian support,

masks:
Isabella II
Isabella


texts:
 promising new reforms not in the initial plans in order to appeal to progressives, by bringing a "liberal regeneration", as proclaimed in the Manifesto of Manzanares, drafted by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and issued on 7 July 1854. Days later, the situation was followed by a full-scale people's revolution, with revolutionary juntas organised on 17 July in Madrid, and barricades erected in the streets. With the prospect of a civil war on the horizon, <mask> was advised to appoint General Espartero (who enjoyed charisma and popular support) as prime minister. This renewed ascension of Espartero marked the beginning of the bienio progresista. Progressive biennium

Espartero entered the capital of Spain on 28 July, and proceeded to separate again <mask> from the influence of Maria Christina.In any case, though <mask> accepted advice from Maria Christina, she was not characterised for displaying a profound filial love towards her mother. By virtue of a royal decree, Iloilo in the Philippines was opened to world trade on 29 September 1855, mainly to export sugar and other products to America, Australia and Europe. A Liberal Constitution ("the Unborn One") was drafted in 1856, yet it was never enacted as the counter-revolutionary coup by O'Donnell seized power. Later reign

On 28 November 1857, <mask> II gave birth to a male heir, who was baptised on 7 December 1857 as Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María Gregorio y Pelagio. Assumed by historians to be the biological son of , the toddler, who replaced infanta <mask> as Prince of Asturias upon his birth, was known under the moniker  "el Puigmoltejo", in reference to the rumours about his presumed biological parenthood. <mask> II showed a special affection for the child, greater than that shown to her daughters. The later part of her reign saw a war against Morocco (1859–1860), which ended in a treaty advantageous for

masks: Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella


texts: Spain and cession of some Moroccan territory, the Spanish retake of Santo Domingo (1861–1865), and the fruitless Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) against Peru and Chile.In August 1866 exiled forces comprising both elements from the Democratic and the Progressive Party met secretly in Belgium and subscribed to the  under the initiative of Marshal Prim, seeking to topple <mask>. On 7 July 1868 <mask> banished her brother-in-law and her sister, the Dukes of Montpensier, away from Spain, as they were linked to a conspiracy against the Crown in connivance with generals from the Liberal Union. Since late Summer, <mask> was enjoying her traditional holidays in the coast in Lekeitio, Biscay. The royal entourage moved to San Sebastián to hold a concerted meeting with <mask> and Eugenia de Montijo, scheduled for 18 September but that never took place as the French royals did not arrive in time and the meeting was subsequently aborted. On that very day, a pronunciamiento took place in Cádiz. Led by Marshal Prim and the Admiral Topete (himself an unconditional follower of the Duke of Montpensier), it marked the beginning of the Glorious Revolution. The democratic party provided the insurrection with popular support, making it transcend the nature of a simple military pronunciamento into an actual revolution.The factors for the revolution include the weariness both moderates (alienated by the Crown) and the progressives (barely having even the chance to rule) developed vis-à-vis the Isabelline monarchy, as well as the personal behaviour of the queen, the corruption, the abortion of the possibility of political reform and the economic crisis alienating the bourgeoisie. The revolutionary subject has been however variously identified in historiographical accounts, and historians looking at social roots for the revolution highlight that peasantry, small bourgeoisie, and the proletariat formed an

masks:
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella II
Napoleon III


texts:
 alternative subject to bourgeoisie, articulated through the progressive and federal republican forces. By September 1868 <mask> was a repudiated monarch, and, during the early stages of the revolution, instances of political iconoclasm carried out by the masses took place, leading to the destruction of many symbols and emblems of the Bourbon dynasty, a Damnatio memoriae. The defeat of the Isabelline forces commanded by Manuel Pavía y Lacy by the revolutionary forces led by Marshal Serrano at the 28 September 1868 Battle of Alcolea led to the definitive demise of <mask>'s 35-year reign. In the light of the news, <mask> and her entourage left San Sebastián and went to exile taking a train to Biarritz (France) on 30 September. Prim (leader of the liberal progressives) was received by the Madrilenian people at his arrival to the capital in early October in a festive mood. He pronounced his famous speech of the "three nevers" directed against the Bourbons, and delivered a highly symbolic hug to Serrano (leader of the revolutionary forces triumphant in the bridge of Alcolea) in the Puerta del Sol.Life after ousting
Following the crossing of the French–Spanish border by train on 30 September, <mask> and Francisco de Asís spent 5 weeks in the Château de Pau organising their Parisian future, arriving to the French capital on 8 November, settling in the Rue de Rivoli 172. <mask> was forced to renounce to her dynastic rights in Paris in favour of her son, Alfonso on 25 June 1870, officially "freely and spontaneously". Involving an economic settling, the formal separation between <mask> and Francisco de Asís had pended on the passing of the former queen's dynastic rights to her son. Following the election to the Spanish throne of Amadeo of Savoy (second son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy) in November 1870, <mask> reconciled in 1871 with her brother-in-law, the Duke of Montpensier, who

masks:
Isabella
Isabella II
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella


texts:
 assumed the political management of the family. The First Spanish Republic that followed Amadeo's short reign was overthrown by a military coup started in Sagunto by General Arsenio Martínez Campos on 29 December 1874 that proclaimed the restoration of the monarchy and the Bourbon dynasty in the person of <mask>'s son <mask>, who landed in Barcelona on 9 January 1875. After 1875 she lived in a relationship with Ramiro de la Puente y González Nandín, her secretary and chief of staff. Cánovas del Castillo, the dominant figure of the new regime, became convinced that the figure of <mask> had become an issue for the Crown and wrote her a letter bluntly stating "Your Majesty is not a person, it is a reign, it is a historical time, and what the country needs is another reign, a different time", hellbent on avoiding the former queen stepping onto the Spanish capital before the proclamation of the new constitution in June 1876.She returned to Spain in July 1876, stayed in Santander and El Escorial and was only allowed to visit Madrid for barely hours on 13 October. She moved to Seville, where she stood longer and left for France in 1877. <mask>'s son would marry Mercedes of Orléans (first cousin of Alfonso and daughter of the Dukes of Montpensier) in 1878, only for the latter to die five months after the wedding. <mask> mostly lived in Paris for the rest of her life, based at the Palacio Castilla. She paid some visits to Seville. She wrote her testament in Paris in June 1901, making her will to be entombed in El Escorial. Less than a month after passing through a cold categorised as "flu" by the physicians, she died on 9 April 1904, at 8:45 AM.Her corpse was moved from the Palacio Castilla to the Gare d'Orsay, and arrived to El Escorial on 15 April. The funeral took place on the next day at San Francisco el Grande. Children

<mask> had twelve pregnancies, yet only five children reached

masks:
Isabella
Alfonso XII
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella


texts:
 adulthood:

 Infanta María Isabel (1851–1931): married her mother's and father's first cousin Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti. <mask> María del Pilar (1861–1879). Infanta María de la Paz (1862–1946); married her paternal first cousin Prince Louis Ferdinand of Bavaria. Infanta María Eulalia (1864–1958); married her maternal first cousin Infante Antonio d'Orléans, Duke of Galliera.There has been considerable speculation that some or all of <mask>'s children were not fathered by Francisco de Asís; this has been bolstered by rumours that Francisco de Asís was either homosexual or impotent. Francisco de Asís recognised all of them: he played the offended, proceeding to blackmail the queen to receive money in exchange for keeping his mouth shut. The extortion by her husband would continue and intensify during <mask>'s exile. :
Isabel II: barrio-pueblo (referred to as Isabel Segunda in Spanish) is a barrio and the administrative center (seat) in the downtown area in the island-municipality of Vieques, Puerto Rico. Ancestry

Film portrayal
In the 1997 film Amistad, she was played by Anna Paquin, and is depicted as a spoiled 11-year-old girl. See also
Carl Schurz, who was U.S. ambassador to Spain for a brief time at the beginning of Lincoln's presidency, in his Reminiscences (New York, McClure's Publ. Co., 1907, Volume II, Chapter VI) describes Isabel II and her court.Isabela province in the Philippines. Mid-19th-century Spain
 Spain under the Restoration
 Plaza de Isabel II (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)

References
Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading
 Barton, Simon. A History of Spain (2009) excerpt and text search
 Carr, Raymond, ed. Spain: A History (2001) excerpt and text search
 Esdaile, Charles J. Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808–1939 (2000) excerpt and text search
 Gribble, Francis Henry. The tragedy of <mask>, II

masks:
Alfonso XIIa
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella


texts:
<mask> (born March 27, 1960 near Starkville, Mississippi) is an American author of books and stories for children and young adults. He has written eighteen books and many short stories for and about black children and teens in a variety of genres, ranging from inner-city settings to the forests of Haiti. Many of the novels are set in Oakland, California (USA), and deal with contemporary themes such as crack cocaine, drug dealers, teenage sexuality, school dropouts, and coming-of-age. Early life
<mask> was born to an African-American father, and a Caucasian mother. When he was only a few months old, his mother abandoned him, though this may have been understandable since Mississippi law at that time forbade interracial marriage. His father took <mask> to Oakland, California, where he supported himself and his son by working as a crane operator, truck driver, and scrap-metal salvager. <mask>'s father was a voracious reader who introduced his son to books at a very early age.<mask> attended a public school, but despite his love of reading, was not an above-average student. He dropped out of school at age thirteen, part way through the eighth grade. After leaving school, <mask> worked with his father in the scrap-iron business and, in his late teens, moved to Arizona to work as a truck driver and heavy equipment operator. He also lived and worked in Alaska as an engineer aboard a tugboat and as an aircraft mechanic on Douglas C-47 cargo planes. Life as an author
Returning to Oakland in the early 1980s, <mask> began working with kids at a youth center, reading to them and often making up stories because there were very few books to which inner-city youth could relate. Later, he began to write the stories. In 1988, <mask> sent one of his stories to Howard Junker, editor of Zyzzyva

masks:
Jess Mowry
Jess Mowry
Jess
Jess
Jess Mowry
Mowry
Mowry
Mowry


texts: magazine in San Francisco.Junker rejected the tale but asked to see more work, and published the second story <mask> sent. <mask> bought a 1923 Underwood typewriter for eight dollars, and within a year, his work was appearing in literary magazines in the United States and abroad. In 1990, <mask>'s first collection of stories, Rats in the Trees, won a PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award and was also published in the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan. In 1991, <mask>'s first novel, Children of the Night, was published by Holloway House in Los Angeles. In 1992, his second novel, Way Past Cool, was published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux of New York.Way Past Cool was also published in the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Japan. It was optioned for a film, for which <mask> co-wrote the screenplay. The film, under the same title, was produced by Redeemable Features in 2000 with director Adam Davidson and executive producers Norman Lear and Miloš Forman.Other novels followed, including Six Out Seven, Babylon Boyz, Bones Become Flowers, Skeleton Key, Phat Acceptance, and When All Goes Bright. <mask>'s characters and settings range from gun-toting gang kids in Oakland and Voodoo apprentices in New Orleans' French Quarter, to teenage airplane pilots and child soldiers in Africa. As <mask>’s puts it: "Almost all my stories and books are for and about Black kids who are not always cute and cuddly. My characters often spit, sweat, and swear, as well as occasionally smoke or drink. Just like their real-world counterparts, some are overweight, may look too Black, or are otherwise unacceptable by superficial [mainstream] American values. Like on-the-real kids, they often live in dirty and violent environments, and are forced into

masks: Jess Mowry Mowry Mowry Mowry Mowry Mowry


texts:
 sometimes unpleasant lifestyles." <mask> emerged during the mid-1990s as one of America's most original and important—yet relatively unheralded—Black writers.His low profile is as much a matter of personal preference as of any lack of merit or of public interest in his writing. <mask> has declined to take the easy way, refusing to be seduced by fame or money into writing the kind of Black ghetto fiction that mainstream publishers seem to want. Instead, <mask> remains socially committed and aware; he prefers doing things his way as he works to improve the lives and self-image of black street kids. <mask> lives in Oakland. Bibliography

Novels

 Children of the Night (Holloway House, 1991 - Anubis, 2012) is set in Oakland, California in the late 1980s; the first wave of the U.S. crack epidemic. Way Past Cool (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1992 - Harper, 1994 - Windstorm Creative, 2006 - Anubis, 2012) is set in Oakland, California: about young African-American teens trying to survive and make the right choices in a world of gangs, guns, drugs and violence. Six Out Seven (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1993 - Anchor/Doubleday, 1994 - Anubis 2012) After 13-year-old Corbitt Wainwright's father is imprisoned for attacking a white man in Mississippi, the boy sets out for Oakland, California—and a world even bleaker than the one he left behind.Ghost Train (Henry Holt & Co. 1995 - Anubis, 2011) is set in Oakland, California. Two young teens attempt to solve a murder that took place on a train fifty years in the past. Babylon Boyz (Simon & Schuster, 1996 - Anubis, 2012) is set in Oakland, California. Two young teens, Pook and Dante, see Air Touch, a drug dealer, throw a package out of his car window during a police chase. Hoping that the case holds money that will finally give them choices, they

masks:
Jess Mowry
Mowry
Mowry
Jess Mowry


texts: take it only to find that the package is filled with pure cocaine. Bones Become Flowers (Windstorm Creative, 2000 - Anubis, 2011) is set in Haiti. An African-American woman travels to Haiti to fund a children's refuge but becomes enmeshed in a web of Voodoo and mystery.Skeleton Key (Windstorm Creative, 2007 - Anubis, 2011) is set in Oakland, California. A young teen boy flees a drug dealer and hides out in a graveyard. Phat Acceptance (Windstorm Creative, 2007,  - Anubis, 2011,) is set in Santa Cruz, California and explores the so-called childhood obesity epidemic; its commercial hype, self-serving junk science, and health-Nazi hysteria though the eyes of its multiracial teen characters. Tyger Tales (Windstorm Creative, 2007 - Anubis, 2011) is set in Oakland and San Francisco, California, a novel about child-exploitation, kiddie porn, and internet predators. Voodu Dawgz (Windstorm Creative, 2007 - Anubis 2011 ["Voodoo Dawgz"]) is set in New Orleans, Louisiana: a group of young teens fight both supernatural and real-world evil using Voodoo magic. The Bridge  (Anubis, 2011, ) is set in Oakland, California and the Sacramento River Delta. 13-year-old Bilal was raised as a Muslim but is questioning his faith.Having fallen victim to gang violence in Oakland, he is sent to live with cousins in a small rural town where he encounters some of the worst but much of the best of traditional American values. Knight's Crossing (Anubis, 2011) is set in Louisiana in the months before the American Civil War, about slavery. When All Goes Bright  (Anubis, 2011) is set in Africa; about child-soldiers, sweat-shops, and modern-day imperialism. Midnight Sons  (Anubis, 2012) is set in Alaska. A multi-racial group of renegade ecologists fight a corporate scheme to dump toxic waste. Drawing From Life


texts:
 (Anubis, 2013) is set in Oakland, California. Two teachers and a junior-high student investigate dangerous paranormal incidents in a reputedly haunted Victorian mansion.Magic Rats (Anubis, 2014) is set in the Arizona desert. A boy suspects that a seemingly nice middle-aged couple, his new next-door neighbors, are concealing a kidnapped child in their house. Double Acting (Anubis, 2015, ) is set in the Arizona desert. Three boys resurrect a steam locomotive and solve a hundred-year-old mystery. Ghost Ship (Anubis, 2016, ) is set in the Caribbean. A Haitian boy and his four friends at sea at night in a small boat discover an abandoned cargo steamer apparently adrift for a hundred years. Spencer's Spirit (Anubis, 2020, ) is set in Oakland, California.13-year-old Spencer Dray and his parents move from their West Oakland, California bungalow to a cottage in the Oakland hills next to a deserted and reputedly haunted mansion. (The Nation, May 23, 1994)
 "Stupid Rejection Letters to a Black Author" (Voice of Youth Advocates, December, 1997)
 "Wake Up, America, There are Gangs under Your Beds" (Shiny Adidas, Tracksuits, And The Death Of Camp - Might Magazine, Berkeley, 1998)
 "We Have Met the Enemy and He Is U.S." (September 11; West Coast Writers Approach Ground Zero, Hawthorne, 2002)
 "Locker Notes" (Bullett, Spring 2011)

Anthologies
 "In The Dead Of Night" (Anubis, 2015) Thirteen classic ghost stories,

Book reviews
 "Your Black Muslim History" Review of Thomas Peele's "Killing The Messenger" for the Columbia Journalism Review, March/April, 2012
 "A Runaway Tale" Review of Russell Banks' "Rule Of The Bone" for The Nation, June 12, 1995

References
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="CSM">
   "<mask>: The Bard of W. Oakland",
   CineSource Magazine", May 6, 2011, webpage:
    CSM-Master.


texts:
 </ref>
}}
 Sources
 Airing Dirty Laundry - Ishmael Reed (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. 1993)
 Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 10, 1992
 Boston Globe Magazine, October 31, 1993
 Chicago Tribune, September 18, 1994
 CineSource Magazine, May 6, 2011
 Entertainment Weekly, October 25, 1991, April 24, 1992, May 21, 1993
 Essence, November, 1992
 Houston Chronicle, May 29, 1994
 Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1992,  July 4, 1993
 Los Angeles Times Book Review, April 19, 1992, November 7, 1993
 Mother Jones (magazine), May/June 1992. New York Times, May 28, 1992
 New York Times Book Review, May 24, 1992, October 31, 1993
 Oakland Tribune, May 24, 1992, February 14, 1993
 People, June 22, 1992
 Sacramento Bee, November 10, 1993
 San Francisco Chronicle, March 3, 1992, March 5, 1992, April 12, 1992, October 24, 1993
 San Francisco Examiner, March 2, 1992 San Francisco Focus, June, 1992
 San Jose Mercury News, October 3, 1993, October 19, 1993, December 18, 1994
 Something About The Author, Volume 109,  (Gale, 2000) - Volume131,  (Gale, 2002)
 The Boston Globe, May 11, 1992, October 17, 1993, November 7, 1993
 The Columbia Guide to Contemporary African American Fiction, 2005,
 The Nation, September 21, 1992
 The Source, December 1992, May 1994
 Variety'', May 4, 1993

External links

1960 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American children's writers
African-American novelists
American male novelists
People from Starkville, Mississippi
Writers from California
Novelists from Mississippi
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award winners
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American writers
African-American


texts: <mask> (; born May 6, 1945) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. As a locally successful Detroit-area artist, he performed and recorded as <mask> and the Last Heard and <mask> Seger System throughout the 1960s, breaking through with his first album, Ramblin' Gamblin' Man (which contained his first national hit of the same name) in 1968. By the early 1970s, he had dropped the 'System' from his recordings and continued to strive for broader success with various other bands. In 1973, he put together the Silver Bullet Band, with a group of Detroit-area musicians, with whom he became most successful on the national level with the album Live Bullet (1976), recorded live with the Silver Bullet Band in 1975 at Cobo Hall in Detroit, Michigan. In 1976, he achieved a national breakout with the studio album Night Moves. On his studio albums, he also worked extensively with the Alabama-based Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, which appeared on several of Seger's best-selling singles and albums. A roots rocker with a classic raspy, powerful voice, Seger wrote and recorded songs that dealt with love, women, and blue-collar themes, and is one of the best-known examples of a heartland rock artist.He has recorded many hits, including "Night Moves", "Turn the Page", "Mainstreet", "Still the Same", "Hollywood Nights", "Against the Wind", "You'll Accomp'ny Me", "Shame on the Moon", "Roll Me Away", "Like a Rock", and "Shakedown", the last of which was written for the 1987 film Beverly Hills Cop II and topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart. He also co-wrote the Eagles' number-one hit "Heartache Tonight", and his recording of "Old Time Rock and Roll" was named one of the Songs of the Century in 2001. With a career spanning six decades, <mask> has sold more than 75 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. <mask> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004 and the Songwriters Hall of

masks:
Robert Clark Seger
Bob Seger
Bob
Seger
Seger


texts:
 Fame in 2012. <mask> was named Billboards 2015 Legend of Live honoree at the 12th annual Billboard Touring Conference & Awards, held November 18–19 at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York. He announced his farewell tour in September 2018. Early years
<mask> was born at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Charlotte and <mask>.At age five, he moved with his family to Ann Arbor. He had an older brother, George. <mask>'s father, a medical technician for the Ford Motor Company, played several instruments and Seger was exposed to music from an early age. Seger was also exposed to frequent arguments between his parents that disturbed the neighborhood at night. In 1956, when Seger was 10 years old, his father abandoned the family and moved to California. The remaining family soon lost their comfortable middle-class status and struggled financially. Seger attended Tappan Junior High School (now Tappan Middle School) in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and graduated in 1963 from Pioneer High School, known at the time as Ann Arbor High School.He ran track and field in high school. <mask> also went to Lincoln Park High School for a time. Regarding his early musical inspirations, Seger has stated, "Little Richard – he was the first one that really got to me. Little Richard and, of course, Elvis Presley." "Come Go with Me" by The Del-Vikings, a hit in 1957, was the first record he bought. Regional favorite and first national hit: 1961–1976

 The Decibels and The Town Criers
<mask> arrived on the Detroit music scene in 1961 fronting a three-piece band called the Decibels. The band included <mask> on guitar, piano, keyboards, and vocals, Pete Stanger on guitar, and H.B.Hunter on drums. All of the members attended Ann Arbor High. The Decibels recorded an acetate demo of a song called "The Lonely One", at Del Shannon's studio in 1961. As well as being <mask>'s first original song, "The Lonely One" was <mask>'s first song to be played on

masks:
Seger
Seger
Stewart Seger
Seger
Seger
Bob Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger


texts:
 the radio, airing only once on an Ann Arbor radio station. In 2021, a recording of "The Lonely One" resurfaced, and was broadcast (with permission from <mask>) twice on WCSX-FM in Detroit, on the mornings of March 15 and 16. After the Decibels disbanded, <mask> joined the Town Criers, a four-piece band with <mask> on lead vocals, John Flis on bass, Pep Perrine on drums, and Larry Mason on lead guitar. The Town Criers, covering songs like "Louie Louie", began gaining a steady following.Meanwhile, <mask> was listening to James Brown and said that, for him and his friends, Live at the Apollo was their favorite record following its release in 1963. <mask> was also widely influenced by the music of The Beatles, once they hit American shores in 1964. In general, he and local musician friends such as Glenn Frey (later a member of the Eagles) bought into the premises of 1960s pop and rock radio, with its hook-driven hits; he later recalled himself and Frey thinking at the time, "You're nobody if you can't get on the radio." Doug Brown & The Omens
As the Town Criers began landing more gigs, <mask> met a man named Doug Brown, backed by a band called The Omens. <mask> joined Doug Brown & The Omens, who presumably had a bigger following than the Town Criers. While Doug Brown was the primary lead vocalist for the group, <mask> would take the lead on some songs—covering R&B numbers. It was with this group that <mask> first appeared on an officially released recording: the 1965 single "TGIF" backed with "First Girl", credited to Doug Brown and The Omens.<mask> later appeared on Doug Brown and The Omens' parody of Barry Sadler's song "Ballad of the Green Berets" which was re-titled "Ballad of the Yellow Beret" and mocked draft evaders. Soon after its release, Sadler and his record label threatened Brown and his band with a lawsuit, and the recording was withdrawn from the market. While <mask> was a member of The Omens, he met his

masks:
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Bob Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Bob


texts:
 longtime manager Edward "Punch" Andrews, who at the time was partnered with Dave Leone running the Hideout franchise, which consisted of four club locations from Clawson to Rochester Hills, where local acts would play, and a small-scale record label. Seger began writing and producing for other acts that Punch was managing, such as the Mama Cats and the Mushrooms (with Frey). <mask> and Doug Brown were then approached by Punch and Leone to write a song for the Underdogs, another local band who recently had a hit with a song called "Man in the Glass". <mask> contributed a song called "East Side Story", which ultimately proved to be a failure for the Underdogs. The Last Heard
Seger decided to record "East Side Story" himself, and officially left the Omens (though he did retain Doug Brown as a producer).As <mask> and the Last Heard, <mask> released his version of the song with Hideout Records in January 1966, and it became his first big Detroit hit. The single (backed with "East Side Sound", an instrumental version of "East Side Story") sold 50,000 copies, mostly in the Detroit area, and led to a contract with Cameo-Parkway Records. Though the name "The Last Heard" originally referred to the collection of Omens and Town Criers who recorded "East Side Story" with <mask>, it soon became the name of <mask> Perrine on drums, Carl Lagassa on guitar, and Dan Honaker on bass. Following "East Side Story", the group released four more singles: the James Brown-inspired holiday single "Sock It to Me Santa", the Dylan-esque "Persecution Smith", "Vagrant Winter", and perhaps the most notable, "Heavy Music", released in 1967. "Heavy Music", which sold even more copies than "East Side Story", had the potential to break out nationally when Cameo-Parkway suddenly went out of business. It was a top 100 hit in Canada, where it topped out on the national RPM charts at ; in the US, it just missed the Hot 100, peaking on the "bubbling under" chart

masks:
Seger
Seger
Bob Seger
Seger
Seger
Segerep


texts:
 at . The song would stay in <mask>'s live act for many years to come.The <mask>ger System
After Cameo-Parkway folded, <mask> and Punch began searching for a new label. In the spring of 1968, <mask>ger & the Last Heard signed with major label Capitol Records, turning down Motown Records, who offered more money than Capitol. <mask> felt that Capitol was more appropriate for his genre than Motown. Capitol changed the name of the band to The <mask>ger System. In the transition between labels, guitarist Carl Lagassa left the band and keyboard player <mask> joined. The System's first single with Capitol was the anti-war message song "2 + 2 = ? ", which reflected a marked change in <mask>'s political attitudes from "The Ballad of the Yellow Beret".The single was again a hit in Detroit and hit number 1 on radio stations in Buffalo, New York and Orlando, Florida, but went unnoticed almost everywhere else, and failed to chart nationally in the US. The single did, however, make the Canadian national charts, peaking at . The second single from The <mask>ger System was "Ramblin' Gamblin' Man". It was a major hit in Michigan, and it also became <mask>'s first national hit, peaking at . The song's success led to the release of an album of the same title in 1969. The Ramblin' Gamblin' Man album reached  on the Billboard pop albums chart. Glenn Frey had his first studio gig singing back-up and playing guitar on "Ramblin' Gamblin' Man".<mask> was unable to follow up on this success. For the next album, singer-songwriter Tom Neme joined The System, ultimately writing and singing the majority of the tunes featured, for which the group was heavily criticized. The album called Noah (1969), failed to chart at all, leading <mask> to briefly quit the music industry and attend college. He returned the following year and put out the System's final album, 1970's Mongrel, this time without Neme. <mask> left the band as well, being replaced by Dan

masks:
Seger
Bob Se
Seger
Bob Se
Seger
Bob Se
Bob Schultz
Seger
Bob Se
Seger
Seger
Seger
Bob Schultz


texts:
 Watson. Mongrel, with the powerful single "Lucifer", was considered to be a strong album by many critics and Detroit fans, but failed to do well commercially. The Bob Seger System was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2006.Solo
After Mongrel (1970) failed to live up to the success of Ramblin' Gamblin' Man (1969), The System dissipated. For a short period following the breakup, <mask> had ambitions to be a one-man act. In 1971, he released his first solo album, the all-acoustic Brand New Morning. The album was a commercial failure, and led to his departure from Capitol Records. <mask>, having regained an eye for bands, began playing with the duo Teegarden & Van Winkle, who is 1970 had a hit single with "God, Love and Rock & Roll". Together they recorded Smokin' O.P. 's (1972), released on Punch Andrews' own Palladium Records.The album mainly consisted of covers, spawning a minor hit with a version of Tim Hardin's "If I Were a Carpenter" ( the US), though it did feature "Someday", a new Seger original, and a re-release of "Heavy Music". The album reached 180 on the Billboard 200. After spending most of 1972 touring with Teegarden & Van Winkle, <mask> left the duo to put together a new backing band, referred to as both My Band and the Borneo Band, made up of musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Jamie Oldaker, Dick Sims, and Marcy Levy were all members of My Band before joining Eric Clapton's backing band. In 1973, <mask> put out Back in '72, recorded partly with the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, a renowned group of session musicians who had recorded with the likes of J. J. Cale and Aretha Franklin. According to <mask>, there was a financial misunderstanding with the musicians: they offered to record him "for $1500 a side", which he took to mean $1500 per album side. When he found out that they meant $1500 per song, he left after recording three songs but resolved to work with them in the future.Back

masks: Seger Seger Seger Seger Seger


texts:
 in '72 featured the studio version of <mask>'s later live classic "Turn the Page"; "Rosalie", a song Seger wrote about CKLW music director Rosalie Trombley (and which was later recorded by Thin Lizzy); and "I've Been Working", a song originally by Van Morrison, a strong influence on <mask>'s musical development. Despite the strength of <mask>'s backup musicians, the album only reached 188 on the US charts and has since faded into obscurity. Even so, Back in '72 and its supporting tour mark the beginnings of Seger's long-time relationships with future Silver Bullet Band saxophonist Alto Reed, powerhouse female vocalist Shaun Murphy, and the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section. Over the tour, My Band would prove to be unreliable, which frustrated Seger. By the end of 1973, <mask> had left My Band in search of a new backing band. Throughout 1974–75, Seger continued to perform in local venues around his hometown while known as the Bob Seger Group''' including one renowned concert in Davisburg, MI called the 'Battle of the Bands'. The Silver Bullet Band

In 1974, <mask> formed the Silver Bullet Band.Its original members were guitarist Drew Abbott, drummer and backing vocalist Charlie Allen Martin, keyboardist and backing vocalist Rick Manasa, bass guitarist Chris Campbell, and saxophonist and backing vocalist  Alto Reed. With this new band sitting in occasionally, Seger released the album Seven (1974), which contained the Detroit-area hard-rock hit "Get Out of Denver". This track was a modest success and charted at  nationally. In 1975, <mask> returned to Capitol Records and released the album Beautiful Loser, with help from the Silver Bullet Band (with new keyboardist Robyn Robbins replacing Manasa) on his cover of the Tina Turner penned "Nutbush City Limits". The album's single "Katmandu" which was featured in the 1985 movie Mask starring Cher (in addition to being another substantial Detroit-area hit) was Seger's first real

masks: Seger Seger Seger Seger Seger Seger


texts:
 national break-out track since 1968's "Ramblin' Gamblin' Man". Although it just missed the US Pop Top 40 – peaking at  – the song received strong airplay in several markets nationwide including Detroit. In April 1976, <mask> and the Silver Bullet Band released the album Live Bullet, recorded over two nights in Detroit's Cobo Arena in September 1975.It contained <mask>'s rendition of "Nutbush City Limits" as well as <mask>'s classic take on life on the road, "Turn the Page", from Back in '72. It also included his late 1960s successful releases – "Heavy Music" and "Ramblin' Gamblin' Man". Critic Dave Marsh later wrote that "Live Bullet is one of the best live albums ever made ... In spots, particularly during the medley of "Travelin' Man"/"Beautiful Loser" on side one, Seger sounds like a man with one last shot at the top." An instant best-seller in Detroit, Live Bullet began to get attention in other parts of the country, selling better than <mask>'s previous albums, getting progressive rock radio and album-oriented rock airplay, and enabling <mask> to headline more shows. Yet still, <mask> had a popularity imbalance. In June 1976, he was a featured performer at the Pontiac Silverdome outside Detroit in front of nearly 80,000 fans.The next night, <mask> played before fewer than a thousand people in Chicago. Peak of success: 1976–1987

<mask> finally achieved his commercial breakthrough with his October 1976 album Night Moves. The title track, "Night Moves" was critically and commercially well-received, becoming a  hit on the Billboard Pop Singles chart and receiving airplay on AOR radio. The album also featured the songs "Mainstreet" (written about Ann Arbor's Ann Street), a  hit ballad that emphasized <mask>'s rock credibility as well as guitarist Pete Carr's lead guitar line,  and "Rock and Roll Never Forgets", which peaked at  on the Billboard Hot 100. Night Moves was <mask>'s first top-ten album in the Billboard album

masks: Seger Seger Seger Seger Seger Seger Seger Seger Seger Seger


texts: chart, and as of 2006 was certified at 6 million copies in the United States, making it the biggest-selling studio album of his entire career. The success of Night Moves also bolstered sales of <mask>'s previous releases. <mask>'s 1975 release Beautiful Loser would eventually sell two million copies and the 1976 album Live Bullet would go on to sell six million copies in the United States.Live Bullet would eventually be cited as one of the greatest live albums of all time. In February 1977, Silver Bullet Band drummer Charlie Allen Martin was hit by a car from behind while walking on a service road and was left unable to walk. David Teegarden, previous drummer for <mask> on his 1972 album Smokin' O.P. 's was his replacement. Despite the loss of Martin, <mask>'s 1978 album Stranger in Town was also a success. The first single, "Still the Same", reached  on the Billboard Hot 100. "Hollywood Nights" reached  on the same chart, while the ballad "We've Got Tonight" reached ."We've Got Tonight" was a major hit again when it was covered in 1983 by country music superstar Kenny Rogers and pop singer Sheena Easton. Notably, it topped Billboard's Hot Country Songs and peaked at  and  on Billboard's Adult Contemporary and Hot 100 charts respectively. "Old Time Rock and Roll", a song from George Jackson and Thomas E. Jones III that Seger substantially rewrote the lyrics for,K. Sharp, Classic Rock, Issue 102, page 59. Future Publishing, 2007. peaked at  on the Hot 100, but achieved greater popularity after being featured in the 1983 Tom Cruise film Risky Business, in which Tom Cruise's character dances in his underwear to the song. It has since been ranked the second-most played Jukebox Single of all time, behind Patsy Cline's "Crazy". "Old Time Rock and Roll" was named one of the Songs of the Century in 2001.<mask> has since remarked that not taking one-third writing credit on his recording was, financially,  "the dumbest thing I ever


texts: did". <mask> also co-wrote the Eagles'  hit song "Heartache Tonight" from their 1979 album The Long Run; their collaboration about <mask>'s and Glenn Frey's shared early lives in Detroit. In 1980, <mask> released Against the Wind (with ex-Grand Funk Railroad member Craig Frost replacing Robyn Robbins on keyboards) and it became his first and only  album on the Billboard album chart. The first single "Fire Lake" featured Eagles Don Henley, Timothy B. Schmit, and Glenn Frey on backing vocals and Muscle Shoals guitarist, Pete Carr, on 12-string acoustic. Fire Lake reached  on the Hot 100, while the title song "Against the Wind" reached  as a single and even crossed over to the Top 10 on Billboards Adult Contemporary chart. "You'll Accomp'ny Me" became the third hit single from the record, reaching . Against the Wind would also win two Grammy Awards.As of 2006, both Stranger in Town and Against the Wind had sold over 5 million copies each in the United States. The live 1981 album Nine Tonight encapsulated this three-album peak of <mask>'s commercial career. <mask>'s take on Eugene Williams' "Tryin' to Live My Life Without You" became a Top Five hit from Nine Tonight and the album would go on to sell 4 million copies. <mask> released the acclaimed The Distance in December 1982. During the recording of this album, Silver Bullet guitarist Drew Abbott left the band due to his frustration with Seger's frequent use of session musicians in the studio and was replaced by Dawayne Bailey. After the album's release, David Teegarden also left the band due to internal conflict and was replaced by ex-Grand Funk drummer Don Brewer. Critically praised for representing a more versatile sound than that of his recent material, The Distance spawned numerous hits beginning with Rodney Crowell's "Shame on the Moon".It was the biggest hit of the Silver Bullet Band's entire career, hitting  on the Adult Contemporary chart and holding at  for four


texts:
 consecutive weeks – behind Patti Austin and James Ingram's "Baby, Come to Me" and Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean" – on the Hot 100. It also crossed over to  on Billboards Country Singles chart. The follow-up single, "Even Now", just missed the Top 10, and "Roll Me Away" peaked at . The driving album track "Making Thunderbirds" was a popular music video filmed in Detroit and well-received on MTV. <mask>'s multi-platinum sales dropped off at this point, with The Distance peaking at  and selling only 1.9 million copies in the United States. The Distance was belatedly released on 8-track tape; Capitol reportedly had no plans to do so, but <mask>, claiming that many of his fans still used 8-track players in their vehicles, requested that the label also release the album in the waning format. In 1984, <mask> wrote and recorded the power rock ballad "Understanding" for the film soundtrack Teachers.The song was another Top 20 hit for <mask> in late 1984. In 1986, he wrote and recorded "Living Inside My Heart" for the film soundtrack of About Last Night....

<mask> was no longer as prolific, and several years elapsed before his next studio album, Like a Rock, emerged in the spring of 1986. The fast-paced "American Storm" was another Top-20 single aided by a popular music video featuring actress Lesley Ann Warren, and "Like a Rock" followed, reaching  on Billboard's Hot 100. Later, it would become familiar to many Americans through its association with a long-running Chevrolet ad campaign (something <mask> explicitly chose to do to support struggling American automobile workers in Detroit). <mask>'s 1986–1987 American Storm Tour was his self-stated last major tour, playing 105 shows over nine months and selling almost 1.5 million tickets. Like a Rock reached  and eventually sold over three million copies, although it has never been certified above platinum. On March 13, 1987, <mask> & the Silver Bullet Band received a star on the

masks:
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Bob Seger


texts:
 Hollywood Walk of Fame for their contributions to the music industry, located at 1750 Vine Street.In 1987, <mask> recorded the song "Shakedown" for the soundtrack to the film Beverly Hills Cop II. A synth-driven pop-rock song, it was <mask>'s first and only  hit on the pop singles chart. The song had originally been intended for fellow Detroiter Glenn Frey, but when Frey lost his voice just before the recording session, he asked <mask> to take his place. <mask> changed the verses of the song but kept the chorus the same. The song earned <mask> an Academy Award nomination as co-writer in the Best Original Song category the following year. Later years: 1988–present
<mask>'s next record was 1991's The Fire Inside, at a time when glam metal, grunge and alternative rock were taking the forefront. His new music found little visibility on the radio or elsewhere.The same was true of 1995's It's a Mystery, although the album was certified gold (500,000 copies sold). However, in 1994, <mask> released Greatest Hits; the compilation album was his biggest-ever record in terms of sales, selling nearly 10 million copies in the United States . <mask> did go back on the road again for a 1996 tour, which was successful and sold the fourth-largest number of tickets of any North American tour that year. (<mask> was once known for his concerts in small venues, as witnessed with his appearance at the 18th Amendment in Omaha, Nebraska.) <mask> took a sabbatical from the music business for about ten years to spend time with his wife and two young children. In 2001 and 2002, <mask> won the prestigious Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race aboard his  sailboat Lightning. He subsequently sold the boat.He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 15, 2004. Fellow Detroiter Kid Rock gave the induction speech and Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm proclaimed that date <mask> Day in his honor. In 2005, <mask> was featured singing with 3

masks:
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Bob Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Bob Seger
Seger


texts: Doors Down on the song "Landing in London" from their Seventeen Days album. <mask> & The Silver Bullet Band were inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2005. <mask>'s first new album in eleven years, titled Face the Promise, was released in 2006. In its first 45 days, it sold more than 400,000 copies. The album sold over 1.2 million copies, returning Seger to platinum status and staying on the Billboard chart for several months.His supporting tour was also eagerly anticipated, with many shows selling out within minutes. Showing that <mask>'s legendary appeal in Michigan had not diminished, all 10,834 tickets available for his first show at Grand Rapids' Van Andel Arena sold out in under five minutes; three additional shows were subsequently added, each of which also sold out. In 2009, <mask> released a compilation album titled Early Seger Vol. 1, which contained archival material from the 1970s and 1980s, including some fully or partially re-recorded tracks from his albums Smokin' O.P. 's (1972) and Seven (1974) and some never-before-released songs. The album was initially only available for purchase at Meijer stores and then later for download at BobSeger.com. <mask> contributed piano and vocals on Kid Rock's 2010 album Born Free.<mask> staged a successful arena tour during 2011, accompanied by the release of a two-CD compilation album, Ultimate Hits: Rock and Roll Never Forgets. On May 28, 2011, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder proclaimed that date as <mask> Day for his more than 50 years of sharing his celebrated musical talents with fans all over the world. On December 30, 2011, before a sell-out crowd at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, <mask> closed another successful tour. On October 30, 2011, he told AnnArbor.com director, <mask>, he was returning to the studio to complete another new album for release in the fall of 2012, followed by another supporting tour. On June 14, 2012,

masks:
Bob Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Seger
Bob Seger
Seger
Bob Needham


texts:
 <mask> was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. On January 10, 2013, <mask> announced another tour in the US and Canada. <mask> performed a duet of "Who'll Stop the Rain" with John Fogerty on Fogerty's album Wrote a Song for Everyone, released in 2013.<mask>'s 17th studio album, Ride Out was released on October 14, 2014. Ride Out was accompanied by a highly successful arena tour of the United States and Canada. On December 22, 2016, <mask> performed "Heartache Tonight" as the Kennedy Center honored the Eagles. A few weeks later, on January 18, 2017, <mask> gave away the single "Glenn Song" on his website as a tribute marking the one-year death of Eagles founding member Glenn Frey, with whom Seger was close friends. Starting on August 24, 2017, Seger embarked on a 32-city Runaway Train tour that was originally scheduled to conclude on November 17, 2017 in Chicago. This tour included a show on September 22, 2017, at The Palace of Auburn Hills (Michigan), which was the last event to be held at that venue. The same day, <mask> announced his new studio album, I Knew You When, and released "Busload of Faith", a cover of the Lou Reed song from the 1989 album New York, as the first single taken from the album.I Knew You When was released on November 17, 2017, which would have marked the last day of <mask>'s Runaway Train tour. However, due to "an urgent medical issue with his vertebrae", all concert dates starting September 30 had to be postponed. Of the 32 scheduled tour dates, <mask> could complete 13 and had to postpone 19. On September 18, 2018, <mask> announced his final tour. Named the Travelin' Man tour, it includes postponed dates from the 2017 tour as well as additional shows, and was scheduled to kick off on November 21 at the Van Andel Arena in Grand Rapids, MI. Legacy
Lincoln Park declared November 17, 2017, "Bob Seger Day" in the city. Mayor Thomas Karnes called Seger the voice of the city for their