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<mask> (, born 19 March 1995) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a right-back or wing-back for La Liga club Real Betis, on loan from English club Arsenal, and the Spain national team. <mask> started his career at Barcelona, and moved to Arsenal in 2011. On 21 November 2016, he signed a long-term contract that ties him to the club until 2022. <mask> played internationally for Spain from under-16 to under-21 levels. He made his senior debut for Spain in 2016 and was later chosen for the European Championship of that year. Early life

Born in Barcelona, Catalonia, <mask> started his club football career in Barcelona's youth team. He moved to Arsenal in the summer of 2011, and signed his first professional contract the following year.While a youth player at Arsenal, Bellerín also helped the club to reach fourth place of the NextGen Series of 2012–13. Club career

Arsenal

Early career and loan to Watford
Bellerín made his competitive debut away to West Bromwich Albion in the third round of the League Cup on 25 September 2013, coming on in the 95th minute as a substitute in a penalty shootout victory after a 1–1 draw. Two months later, <mask> joined Championship club Watford on a two-month loan deal, and made his debut against Yeovil Town eight days after signing. The loan at Watford was extended until the end of the season, but he was recalled by Arsenal in February 2014. 2014–15: First FA Cup win
Following injuries to Mathieu Debuchy, Calum Chambers and Nacho Monreal, <mask> made his Champions League debut on 16 September 2014 in a 2–0 defeat away to Borussia Dortmund. He scored his first goal for Arsenal on 1 February 2015, in a 5–0 win against Aston Villa, and added a second on 4 April to open a 4–1 win over Liverpool despite also conceding a penalty kick through a foul on Raheem Sterling. <mask> was selected to start for Arsenal in the 2015 FA Cup Final on 30 May, helping the team keep a

masks:
Héctor Bellerín Moruno
Bellerín
Bellerín
Bellerín
Bellerín
Bellerín
Bellerín


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 clean sheet in a 4–0 win over Aston Villa at Wembley Stadium.2015–18: PFA Team of the Year, second FA Cup win
He signed a new long-term contract before the 2015–16 season and played the entirety of Arsenal's 1–0 win over rivals Chelsea in the 2015 FA Community Shield. He was the sole Arsenal player listed in the season's PFA Team of the Year, and came in third place in Arsenal's Player of the Season voting. On 21 November 2016, he signed a new long-term contract after agreeing to a deal that ties him to the club until 2022. Bellerín featured in the following season throughout Arsenal's victorious 2016–17 FA Cup campaign. He played in the Cup final which Arsenal went on to win by a 2–1 margin against Chelsea. He was again triumphant in the Gunners lifting the 2017 Community Shield by beating Chelsea 4–1 on penalties. <mask> scored his first goal of Arsenal's 2017–18 season in Arsenal's 3–1 victory over 1.FC Köln. On 3 January 2018, Bellerín earned a draw for Arsenal against Chelsea with what BBC Sport described as 'stunning injury-time strike' in the 92nd minute, having earlier conceded a penalty for a foul on Eden Hazard. Bellerín played the full time match as Arsenal lost the EFL Cup by 3–0 to Manchester City at Wembley. 7 March 2018, Bellerín was ruled out of the Europa League first leg clash against Milan with an unknown return date. 2018–21: Injury, third FA Cup win
Bellerín missed out the first five weeks of the 2018–19 season due to a calf problem. During a league game against Chelsea on 19 January he suffered a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in his left knee and was stretchered off of the pitch in the 70th minute at the Emirates Stadium. He was later ruled out for nine months, consequently missing the remainder of the season and the start of the 2019–20 season.Arsenal coach Unai Emery perceives Bellerín as "very mature" and believes that "he is already preparing to come back stronger


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 than before". On 24 September 2019, <mask> made his return from injury as a substitute in Arsenal's 5–0 victory against Nottingham Forest in the EFL Cup. On 21 January 2020, he scored in the 87th minute to help Arsenal earn a 2–2 draw against Chelsea in the Premier League. That was his only goal of the season. On 1 August 2020, <mask> was selected to start in the FA Cup Final against Chelsea, and went on to win his third winners' medal as Arsenal won their 14th FA Cup. On 14 February 2021, <mask> scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 4–2 win over Leeds United in the Premier League. 2021–22: Loan to Betis
On 31 August 2021, <mask> returned to Spain after a decade, joining Real Betis on a one-season long loan.International career
Having reached the semi-finals of the 2013 European Championship with the under-19 team, Bellerín made his debut for Albert Celades's under-21 team on 30 March 2015, playing the full 90 minutes of a 4–0 friendly win over Belarus in León. On 29 May 2016, after being named as a stand-by player for the year's European Championship, Bellerín made his debut for the full squad by starting in a 3–1 friendly win against Bosnia and Herzegovina at the AFG Arena in St. Gallen, Switzerland. Two days later, he was chosen for the final squad after Dani Carvajal withdrew through injury. He was unused as they reached the last 16. Style of play
Early in his career Bellerín was known for his pace, which allowed him to take on opposition defenders as well as provide defensive cover. At the beginning of the 2014–15 season, he broke Theo Walcott's  Arsenal sprint record by 1/100th of a second. Although having been slowed down due to injury in recent seasons, he was considered to be one of the fastest footballers in the world during his early years at Arsenal and was known for often sprinting in hopes of creating attacking chances for his teammates as well as for making key defensive

masks: Bellerín Bellerín Bellerín Bellerín


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 recoveries.Personal life
<mask> became a vegan in 2017, which he credits for improving his health. In an interview in August 2019, he said that footballers have a responsibility to create awareness around environmental issues and that "It's nice to show what we have—our cars, our watches—but good to send a more meaningful message than 'look how cool we are'." The 2019–20 Premier League was suspended in March 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. When it returned in June, Bellerin pledged to plant 3,000 trees for every Arsenal victory in the remainder of the season. Bellerín became the second-largest shareholder of EFL League Two club Forest Green Rovers in September 2020. He praised their commitments to veganism and environmentalism. Bellerín is also the creative director of the EA Sports FIFA Volta game mode.He speaks English with a noticeable London accent. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Arsenal
FA Cup: 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20
FA Community Shield: 2015, 2017, 2020
EFL Cup runner-up: 2017–18

Spain U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 2017

Individual
UEFA European Under-19 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2013
Young Catalan Player of the Year: 2015
PFA Team of the Year: 2015–16 Premier League
FIFPro World XI 5th team: 2016

References

External links

<mask> <mask> profile at Arsenal.com
<mask> <mask> profile at Premier League website

1995 births
Living people
Footballers from Barcelona
Spanish footballers
Spain youth international footballers
Spain under-21 international footballers
Spain international footballers
Association football defenders
FC Barcelona players
Arsenal F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Real Betis players
English Football League players
Premier League players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Spanish expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England
English football chairmen and investors
FA Cup Final

masks: Bellerín Héctor Bellerín Héctor Bellerín


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<mask> ( – 13 March 1953) was an Estonian kindral (general) and statesman. He served as Commander‑in‑Chief of the Estonian Armed Forces during the Estonian War of Independence and was among the most influential people in Estonian history between the world wars. Born in Viiratsi, Governorate of Livonia, Laidoner joined the Imperial Russian Army in 1901 and fought in World War I. Following the October Revolution, he commanded the Estonian national units of the Russian army. In 1918, the Estonian Provisional Government appointed him commander-in-chief of the armed forces in the Estonian War of Independence. After the war, he served as a member of the Riigikogu from 1920 to 1929. He was once again appointed commander-in-chief during the 1924 Communist coup attempt, and then again from 1934 to 1940, during the authoritarian regime of Konstantin Päts.After the Soviet occupation in 1940, he was arrested and deported to Russia, where he died in prison in 1953. Early life and career
<mask> was born on Raja estate in Viiratsi, Governorate of Livonia, to a farmhand Jaak <mask> (1854–1911) and his wife Mari (née Saarsen; 1851–1938) as the first of four sons. He studied at Viiratsi Elementary School and finished his basic education at Viljandi Town School in 1900. As <mask>'s parents were poor, he could not continue his studies and voluntarily joined the Imperial Russian Army. From 1901 to 1902, he served in the 110th Kama Infantry Regiment, based in Kaunas, Lithuania, and went on to study at the Infantry Officer School in Vilnius from 1902 to 1905. He graduated top of his class in April 1905 and was promoted to the rank of sub-lieutenant. He was

masks:
Johan Laidoner
Johan Laidoner
Laidoner
Laidoner


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 then sent to serve in the 13th Yerevan Grenadier Regiment, which was then stationed in Manglisi, Georgia.From 1905 to 1909, he held various positions in the regiment, eventually becoming company deputy commander. In 1908, he was promoted to lieutenant. From 1909 to 1912, Laidoner studied at the Imperial Nicholas Military Academy in Saint Petersburg, graduating with a 1st grade diploma. On 30 October 1911, while studying in Saint Petersburg, Laidoner married Maria Skarbek-Kruszewska, a descendant of Polish nobility, whom he had met earlier in Vilnius. The couple had a son, Michael (1913–1928). After Michael's death, the Laidoners adopted Maria's nephew, Aleksei Kruszewski. Upon his graduation in 1912, Laidoner was promoted to the rank of staff captain and sent back to his regiment.In the following year, he was appointed to the General Staff and was dispatched to serve for one year as company commander in the 1st Caucasus Rifle Regiment. He then served at the Staff of the Caucasus Military District. World War I
At the outbreak of World War I, Laidoner served as staff aide of the 3rd Caucasus Army Corps. On 26 November 1914, he was promoted to captain. In March 1915, Laidoner was appointed to the senior staff of the 21st Infantry Division of the same corps. In October 1915, he was made aide to the commander of the intelligence department of the Staff of the Western Front and on 15 August 1916, Laidoner was promoted to the rank of Podpolkovnik (lieutenant colonel). From March to September 1917, he served as staff commander of the 1st Caucasus Grenadier Division and from October to November 1917, as staff commander of the 62nd Infantry


texts:
 Division.On 5 January 1918, <mask> was appointed commander of the newly formed 1st Estonian Division. On 18 February 1918, the negotiations over the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk broke down and German forces, who had already captured Estonian islands, landed on the mainland. On the following day, <mask> resigned from his post as division commander and left for Russia. On 24 February 1918, Estonia declared independence, but was subsequently occupied by Germany. Estonian War of Independence

On 4 April 1918, the Estonian Provisional Government promoted Laidoner, then still residing in Petrograd, to the rank of Polkovnik (colonel). Following the German capitulation on 11 November 1918, the Soviet Red Army invaded Estonia on 28 November, marking the beginning of the Estonian War of Independence. On 30 November, Laidoner left Petrograd and arrived in Tallinn on 8 December.The provisional government first appointed him chief of staff on 14 December, and then on 23 December, commander-in-chief of the Estonian Armed Forces. On 1 January 1919, the Estonian Army had just over 13,000 men, with 5,700 of them facing 8,000 Soviets on the Viru Front. In the first days of January, the Estonian forces managed to halt the Soviet advance at the Valkla-Kehra line and on 3 January, Laidoner launched a counter-offensive with 1st Division, supported by Finnish volunteers and armoured trains. Within 11 days, the 1st Division advanced 200 kilometres east, while the 2nd Division moved against the Soviet forces in Southern Estonia. Following the liberation of Tartu and Narva, he was promoted to the rank of major general on 20 January 1919. On Estonia's first

masks: Laidoner Laidoner


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 independence day on 24 February 1919, Laidoner reported that the Soviet forces have been driven out of Estonia, as well as capturing over 6,000 men and 40 guns. Laidoner had a crucial role in organizing and training the army in a very short time as well as establishing an effective command structure within the armed forces.Learning from his experience with trench warfare in World War I and due to the limited size of the forces available to him, Laidoner chose to achieve crucial victories – capturing strategically important roads and railway stations – with smaller and more mobile battalion- and company-sized units, supported by armoured trains and armoured cars. After the end of the war, Laidoner was promoted to lieutenant general on 21 March 1920, before resigning as commander‑in‑chief and retiring from active service on 26 March 1920. Post-war career

After the war, <mask> was a member of the Riigikogu (Parliament of Estonia) and from 1920 to 1929 as a member of the conservative Farmers' Assemblies. He served as the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee and was part of the Estonian delegation in the General Assembly of the League of Nations from 1922 to 1929, where he was known for his isolationist stance. On 1 December 1924, the Estonian Communists, together with assault groups sent from the Soviet Union, attempted a coup d'état. The government called an emergency meeting during which martial law was declared and Laidoner was appointed commander‑in‑chief of the armed forces. Although the actual coup attempt was over in five hours, the pursuit of coupists continued and the situation remained tense for several weeks.On 8 January


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 1925, after the martial law was abolished, Laidoner resigned as commander‑in‑chief and left military service once again. In 1925, Laidoner was commissioned by the League of Nations to head a special mission to Iraq, investigating the allegations made against Turkey regarding the mistreatment and deportations of Christians in the Mosul region. The report Laidoner's committee submitted played an important role in demarcating the border between Turkey and Iraq. On 12 March 1934, the State Elder Konstantin Päts declared martial law and appointed Laidoner commander‑in‑chief of the armed forces. The aim of declaring martial law was to halt the political rise of the Vaps Movement and their potential success in the upcoming presidential elections. Together with Päts and Kaarel Eenpalu, the Minister of the Interior, Laidoner established an authoritarian rule, disbanding political parties and limiting free speech, the so-called "Era of Silence". Laidoner remained commander-in-chief of the armed forces and oversaw national defence politics.His reforms included a large-scale weapons and equipment modernization program, expanding the military via conscription, and introduction of military training in universities. On 1 January 1938, a new constitution was enacted, which saw the creation of a bicameral Rahvuskogu (National Assembly), consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the National Council. As the commander‑in‑chief, Laidoner became an ex officio member of the National Council. On 24 February 1939, he was promoted to the rank of general. Soviet occupation, arrest and death

On 17 June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied Estonia. <mask> was


texts:
 officially removed from his position as the commander‑in‑chief on 22 June 1940. On 19 July, he and his wife were deported to Penza, Russia, where they lived in forced exile until the beginning of the war with Germany.On 23 June 1941, they were put under house arrest and then imprisoned on 28 June by the NKVD. In September 1942, the Laidoners were sent to the Butyrka prison in Moscow, along with Konstantin Päts and a number of former Latvian, Lithuanian and Polish statesmen and their families. From there, they were moved to a prison in Kirov, and then in Ivanovo. On 16 April 1952, Laidoner was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He was sent to Vladimir Central Prison, where he died on 13 March 1953. He was buried at the prison cemetery, but his remains have not been found. Laidoner's adopted son Aleksei was also arrested by the NKVD.He died in Solikamsk labor camp on 26 November 1941 with chest trauma listed as the cause of death. <mask> was released in 1954 and was allowed to return to Estonia. She died in 1978 in Jämejala, near Viljandi, and was buried in Tallinn at Siselinna Cemetery, next to her son Michael. Legacy
<mask>'s reputation in Estonia has remained controversial; although he has been hailed as a national hero for his leadership skills and success as a military commander in the War of Independence, he has been criticized for his support of Konstantin Päts and his involvement in the 1934 coup d'état as well as the surrender to the Soviet Union in 1940. Laidoner has a number of monuments, memorials and places named after him. Laidoner's memorial in his birthplace in Vardja was destroyed after the Soviet occupation in 1940 and

masks:
Maria Laidoner
Laidoner


texts: restored in 1990. In 2001, the Estonian War Museum named in his honour was opened in Laidoner's former residence in Viimsi Manor.In 2004, an equestrian statue of General Laidoner was unveiled next to the ruins of the Viljandi Castle. In Viljandi, a square and a park are named after him. In 2009, Eesti Post released a commemorative stamp to honour Laidoner's 125th anniversary. Laidoner has a plaque dedicated to him in Vilnius Military


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<mask> (born March 26, 1958) is an American R&B and blues musician, activist, author, actor, and bandleader. His efforts to fight racism, in which, as an African American, he has engaged with members of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), have convinced a number of Klansmen to leave and denounce the KKK. Known for his energetic style of boogie-woogie piano, <mask> has played with such musicians as Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, B. B. King, and Bruce Hornsby. He is the subject of the 2016 documentary Accidental Courtesy: <mask>, Race & America. Early life
Born in Chicago, Illinois, <mask> was the son of a Department of State Foreign Service officer and moved around the world with his parents during most of his early childhood.Living in various foreign countries, including African nations, <mask> grew accustomed to the casually integrated schools of foreign diplomats, where children of many nations, races, and cultures were schooled together. At the age of ten, he returned to the United States and joined an all-white Cub Scout pack in Belmont, Massachusetts. In one incident, he was carrying the flag and marching with his troop in a local parade, when he was struck with rocks and bottles thrown from the crowd, leading the pack leaders to form a protective ring around him. <mask> did not understand the incident until he discussed it with his father. The irrationality of the incident, in his mind, led to a curiosity about the origins and basis for such racist attitudes, which would later shape much of his future activity. <mask> is a Christian. Music career
<mask> absorbed the style of blues musicians from the Mississippi Delta who had migrated north.In 1980, he earned a bachelor of music degree from Howard University, where he was a member of the Howard University Choir and Jazz Vocal Ensemble. <mask> "was mentored by legendary pianists Pinetop Perkins and Johnnie Johnson, who both claimed him as their godson and praised his ability to master a piano style that was popular long

masks:
Daryl Davis
Davis
Daryl Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis


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 before he was born", according to his Kennedy Center profile. <mask> has frequently played backup for Chuck Berry and Jerry Lee Lewis. He was a friend of Muddy Waters and played piano in The Legendary Blues Band. <mask> has also performed with blues icon B. B. King.The musician has played with artists such as Elvis Presley's Jordanaires, The Platters, The Drifters, The Coasters, Bo Diddley, Percy Sledge, and Sam Moore (of Sam & Dave). He was awarded "Best Traditional Blues/R&B Instrumentalist" at the 2009 Washington Area Music Awards. For several years, <mask> served as artistic director of the Centrum Acoustic Blues Festival. "<mask>' piano work impresses with his winning combination of technique and abandon, and his vocals are strong and assured", wrote a reviewer in Living Blues Magazine. Discography
 American Roots (2000)
 Alternate Routes (2008)
 Greatest Hits (2011)

Activism

<mask> has worked to improve race relations by seeking out, engaging in dialogue with, and befriending members of the Ku Klux Klan. In 1983, he was playing country western music in a "white" bar in Frederick, Maryland, when a patron came up to him and said it was the first time he had "heard a black man play as well as Jerry Lee Lewis". <mask> explained to the man that "Jerry Lee learned to play from black blues and boogie-woogie piano players and he's a friend of mine".The white patron was skeptical and over a drink admitted he was a member of the KKK. The two became friends and eventually the man gave <mask> contact information on KKK leaders. A few years later, <mask> decided that he wanted to interview Klan members and write a book on the subject, to answer a "question in my head from the age of 10: 'Why do you hate me when you know nothing about me?' That question had never been answered from my youth". In meeting with the Imperial Wizard of the KKK in Maryland, Roger Kelly, <mask> concealed his race before the interview. The meeting was tense. Kelly arrived at the motel with a

masks: Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis


texts: bodyguard armed with a gun.<mask> eventually became friends with Kelly  and was later invited to be Kelly's daughter's godfather. When Kelly left the Klan, he gave his robe to <mask>. <mask> eventually went on to befriend over twenty members of the KKK, and claims to have been directly responsible for between forty and sixty, and indirectly over two hundred people leaving the Klan. Over the course of his activities, <mask> found that Klansmen have many misconceptions about black people, stemming mostly from intense brainwashing in their youth. When they got to know him, <mask> claims, it was more difficult to maintain their prejudices. The artist has recounted his experiences in his 1998 book, Klan-destine Relationships: A Black Man's Odyssey in the Ku Klux Klan. One Klansman told <mask> that "All black people have a gene in them that makes them violent", based on the scientific finding that a 2-repeat MAOA gene increases the likelihood of violent activity, which was found to be most prevalent in African Americans.Klan members have often invited <mask> to meetings, and they have given him their robes and hoods. In 2016, <mask> estimated having collected 25 or 26 robes. Among the "Knights of the Ku Klux Klan" he interviewed were Grand Klaliff Chester Doles, Grand Giant Tony LaRicci, and Grand Giant Bob White, according to The Washington Post. One Klan member gave <mask> a medallion stamped with the words "KKK—Member in good standing". <mask> claims to be responsible for helping to dismantle the KKK in Maryland because things "fell apart" after he began making inroads with its members there. However, since then, the KKK was rebuilt in Maryland  under Richard Preston, leader of the Confederate White Knights, who was arrested for firing his gun at counterprotesters at the 2017 Unite the Right rally. <mask> offered to post Preston's bail.He later took Preston to the National Museum of African American History. Shortly thereafter, he was asked to give away the bride at

masks: Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis


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 Preston's wedding. "The lesson learned is: ignorance breeds fear", says <mask>. "If you don't keep that fear in check, that fear will breed hatred. If you don't keep hatred in check, it will breed destruction". Chester Doles, a member of the Klan, was convinced that <mask> was a spy for the Anti-Defamation League or some other Klan-buster, and some of <mask>'s friends have found his fascination with the Klan to be odd. "He's attracted to controversy", says Adolph Wright, an old friend and fellow musician who believes <mask> is a bit eccentric."When the crowd goes right, he goes left", Wright told the Post. <mask>'s father, retired senior Foreign Service officer William B<mask>, believed that his son engaged with the Klan because he needed to make sense of their hatred, to seek common ground. He remarked to The Washington Post that his son "has done something that I don't know any other black American, or white American, has done". Accidental Courtesy documentary
In the 2016 documentary film Accidental Courtesy: <mask>, Race & America, <mask> interacts with KKK members and white Aryans and provides contrasting views of his activities from members of the Southern Poverty Law Center and Black Lives Matter. Minds social network
<mask> is an official advisor to the decentralized social network Minds. He uses the platform to educate people on how to conduct civil discourse to find common ground and build tolerance. In an interview with Forbes, <mask> said "…here [at Minds] you have an open forum where people are welcomed to bring their diverse ideas, even their beliefs, which people may not find popular and have civil discourse…the art of conversing with one another has been lost… This forum will allow people to come on there and be able to be transparent, to have conversation unlike some of the other platforms on the internet".<mask> believes education is the best remedy for curing hate: "[If] you fix the ignorance, there's nothing to fear. If there's nothing to fear,

masks:
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
. Davis
Daryl Davis
Davis
Daryl Davis
Davis
Davis


texts:
 there's nothing to hate. If there's nothing to hate, there's nothing or no one to destroy". In November 2019, Minds and Davis launched the Deradicalization Initiative to combat online extremism. In addition to workshops, meetups, and other live events, the initiative offers educational resources and ideas for promoting tolerance. Changing Minds podcast
As part of the Deradicalization Initiative, <mask> runs a podcast called Changing Minds. The show covers a wide range of topics, including politics, music, and race.Guests are equally diverse and have included notable figures such as:
 Former Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard Scott Shepherd. Former Al-Qaeda recruiter Jesse Morton. David Kaczynski, brother of "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski
 Charles Berry Jr., Chuck Berry's son. Blues guitarist Bob Margolin
 Documentary film director and human rights activist Deeyah Khan
 Journalist and author Brian Karem

Acting
<mask> has acted on stage, film, and television. He played a minor character in HBO's television series The Wire. He appeared on stage in William Saroyan's The Time of Your Life with Marcia Gay Harden, Brigid Cleary, and Richard Bauer, and in Elvis Mania at an off-Broadway theater in New York City. He received positive reviews for his role in Zora Neal Hurston's Polk County.References

External links

 Changing Minds podcast

 Profile of <mask> Band, Kennedy Center website
 "<mask> - Reaching out to the KKK", in-depth interview/debate on BBC's HARDtalk, August 11, 2021 (also available at: ). 1958 births
Living people
20th-century African-American musicians
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists
21st-century African-American musicians
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
21st-century Christians
African-American Christians
African-American pianists
American blues pianists
American male pianists
American anti-racism activists
Boogie-woogie pianists
Chicago blues musicians
Howard University alumni
The Legendary

masks:
Davis
Davis
Daryl Davis
Daryl Davis


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<mask> (July 21, 1942 – December 25, 2013) was an American professional baseball player, who later worked as a sports commentator. In Major League Baseball (MLB) he was a first baseman and outfielder, and played for three different American League (AL) franchises between 1964 and 1977. He was the son of longtime Cleveland Indians catcher <mask>. Early years
A graduate of Saint Ignatius High School in Cleveland, Hegan attended College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, on a football and baseball scholarship. In August 1961, he signed with the New York Yankees after being offered contracts by 15 major league teams. Hegan later continued his college education at John Carroll University in Cleveland. Hegan played for multiple minor league teams within the Yankees organization, both before and after his major league debut.He spent the 1962 season with the Class D Fort Lauderdale Yankees, 1963 with the Class A Idaho Falls Yankees, parts of 1964 and 1965 with the Class AA Columbus Confederate Yankees, parts of 1965 and 1966 with the Class AAA Toledo Mud Hens, and 1968 with the Class AAA Syracuse Chiefs. Major league career

New York Yankees
Hegan began his major league career with the New York Yankees in 1964, appearing in five games late in the regular season; he was hitless in five at bats. He was added to the Yankees' roster for the 1964 World Series, replacing the injured Tony Kubek. In the series, which the Yankees lost in seven games to the St. Louis Cardinals, Hegan appeared as a substitute in three games; he was hitless in one at bat, with one walk and one run scored. Hegan played 13 games with

masks:
James Michael Hegan
Jim Hegan


texts:
 the Yankees in 1966, batting .205, and 68 games in 1967, batting .136. In June 1968, the Yankees sold his contract to the Seattle Pilots, an expansion team being added to MLB for the 1969 season. Seattle Pilots
Hegan played 95 games for the Pilots in 1969, batting .292 with eight home runs and 37 RBIs.Hegan hit the first home run in franchise history, in his first at-bat with the team, on April 8. He was selected for the 1969 All-Star Game, but due to an injury was replaced by teammate Don Mincher on the AL roster. Milwaukee Brewers
After the 1969 season, the Pilots franchise was sold and the team became the Milwaukee Brewers. Hegan played in 148 games for the Brewers during the 1970 season, batting .244 with 11 home runs and 52 RBIs. During the 1970 season, Hegan started an error-less streak as a first basemen, which would last for 178 games – it stood as an American League record until it was broken by Kevin Youkilis on September 7, 2007. Midway through the 1971 season, Hegan was batting .221 when his contract was sold to the Oakland Athletics. Oakland Athletics
 During the second half of the 1971 season, Hegan appeared in 65 games for Oakland, mostly as a pinch hitter or defensive replacement; he batted 13-for-55 (.236).In 1972, Hegan appeared in 98 regular season games, batting 26-for-79 (.329). In the 1972 World Series, the Athletics defeated the Cincinnati Reds in seven games; Hegan appeared in six games, but was hitless in five at bats. In 1973, Hegan was with Oakland until mid-August, batting 13-for-71 (.183) in 75 games played. On August 18, Oakland sent him to the Yankees for future


texts:
 considerations. New York Yankees (second stint)
Hegan was the Yankees' regular first baseman for the remainder of the 1973 season; appearing in 37 games he hit 36-for-131 (.275) with six home runs and 14 RBIs. His father, <mask>, was the Yankees' bullpen coach for manager Ralph Houk at the time. On September 30, 1973, Hegan was the last batter in the original Yankee Stadium before its mid-70s renovation.Hegan was with the Yankees in 1974 through mid-May, appearing in 18 games and batting 12-for-53 (.226). On May 13, the Yankees sold his contract to the Brewers. Milwaukee Brewers (second stint)
During his second stint with the Brewers (May 1974–July 1977), Hegan appeared in a total of 297 games, batting .239 with 19 home runs and 88 RBIs. On September 3, 1976, he became the first Brewer to hit for the cycle, in an 11–2 win over the Detroit Tigers. <mask>'s major league career ended when he was released by the Brewers on July 15, 1977. In a total of 12 major league seasons, Hegan played in 966 games, batting .242 with 53 home runs and 229 RBIs. Defensively, he recorded a .995 fielding percentage at first base and an overall .993 fielding percentage.Broadcasting
After his retirement from baseball as a player, Hegan spent the next twelve seasons as a television color commentator for the Brewers. In 1989, he was hired by the Cleveland Indians, and served as a commentator for the team on both radio and television for the next 23 seasons. He retired after the 2011 season, although on May 23, 2012, he filled in as commentator for a game against the Detroit Tigers. Personal life
Hegan was inducted to the St.

masks:
Jim Hegan
Hegan


texts:
 Ignatius High School Athletic Hall of Fame in 1989, and was a 2011 inductee of the Greater Cleveland Sports Hall of Fame. After his retirement as a broadcaster, Hegan took a role with the Indians as an alumni ambassador. He died on December 25, 2013, in his home in Hilton Head, South Carolina, due to heart failure at the age of 71. See also
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of second-generation Major League Baseball players
 List of Cleveland Indians broadcasters

References

Further reading

External links

, or Baseball Almanac, or Retrosheet

1942 births
2013 deaths
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from Cleveland
Cleveland Indians announcers
Holy Cross Crusaders baseball players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball right fielders
Milwaukee Brewers announcers
Milwaukee Brewers players
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
People from Hilton Head, South Carolina
Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland) alumni
Seattle Pilots players
Columbus Confederate Yankees players
Florida Instructional League Yankees players
Fort Lauderdale Yankees players
Idaho Falls Yankees players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toledo Mud Hens


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<mask> (Australian) is an international legal practitioner, jurist, and the Chairperson of the Seychelles' Truth, Reconciliation and National Unity Commission. She previously served as the Chef de Cabinet and Principal Legal Advisor to the President of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (IRMCT), the successor institution to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Before that, <mask> served as the Chef de Cabinet and Principal Legal Advisor to four successive Presidents of the ICTY: Judge Theodor Meron (two periods of two consecutive terms each), Judge Fausto Pocar, and Judge Patrick Lipton Robinson. She has also served as the acting Head of Chambers of the ICTY. About
An expert in international legal practice, international humanitarian law, international criminal law, human rights law, and administrative law, <mask> has managed legal proceedings for Judges of the ICTY at all stages of proceedings, including pre-trial, trial, and appeal, and has extensive experience with international court practice and common and civil law procedural rules. She has represented the Presidents on the ICTY Rules Committee and devised and drafted a number of rules aimed at streamlining judicial proceedings. She has also developed policy and practice directions aimed at facilitating the efficient conduct of the judicial work of the Tribunals.<mask> has published and lectured widely in the field of international criminal justice and participated in numerous practical judicial trainings in The Hague, the former Yugoslavia, and Sierra Leone, sharing her expertise with national judiciaries She has been responsible for overseeing external relations and communications policy for both the ICTY and the Mechanism and, at the ICTY, spearheaded a wide range of initiatives aimed at facilitating a greater understanding of international criminal law and the ICTY’s work and legacy, including a series of conferences held in The Hague and countries of the

masks:
Gabrielle Louise McIntyre
McIntyre
McIntyre
McIntyre


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 former Yugoslavia. In his remarks at the ICTY Global Legacy Conference in 2011, then-President Robinson attributed the  conception,  the  implementation,  and  the  success of the global and local legacy conferences to <mask>. She has also contributed to a variety of expert projects and undertakings related to the International Criminal Court (ICC). <mask> has an honours degree (First Class) in Law from the University of Adelaide, South Australia, and a master's degree (First Class) in international law from the University of Cambridge, England. She has previously served as an associate in the Supreme Court of South Australia and as an advisor in the South Australian Attorney-General’s Office. She holds a practicing certificate in the State of South Australia and is on the list of Defence Counsel for the International Criminal Court. Truth, Reconciliation and National Unity Commission

In 2019, <mask> was sworn in as Chairperson of the Truth, Reconciliation and National Unity Commission in the Seychelles following her appointment by the Seychelles’ President, Danny Faure.The Commission began its preparatory work in May 2019. The Commission is composed of six national Commissioners in addition to <mask> serving as Chairperson. Judicial work

During her tenure as Chef de Cabinet at the ICTY, <mask> managed numerous appeals proceedings, providing judicial support in court and devising solutions to the full ambit of procedural issues with a view toward preparing a case for hearing and eventual judgement. In this role, she drafted, reviewed or revised almost all major judgements and decisions of the ICTY and ICTR Appeals Chambers, serving as the final quality check of all drafts to ensure their legal integrity. During her tenure as Chef de Cabinet and Principal Legal Advisor to the President of the Mechanism, <mask> advised on and reviewed all rulings related to the pre-appeal and appeal proceedings in the Mechanism’s Radovan Karadžić, Ratko Mladić, Augustin Ngirabatware, and Vojislav Šešelj cases, the review proceedings in the

masks: McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre


texts: Ngirabatware and Laurent Semenza cases before the Mechanism, and rulings in the pre-appeal and appeal proceedings in the ICTY’s Jadranko Prlić et al. case, in addition to numerous other judicial matters including those involving allegations of contempt and false testimony. As at the ICTY, she oversaw the management of the cases over which the President presided and was responsible for ensuring the legal integrity of the rulings in those cases.In addition, as the President at both the ICTY and the Mechanism held supervisory authority over the decision-making of the administration, <mask> was responsible for advising on and overseeing the determination of administrative decisions with respect to requests for judicial review spanning a wide range of issues including challenges to assessments of indigence, challenges to assessments of remuneration owed to defence counsel, detainee complaints concerning conditions of detention, allegations by detainees of violations of due process rights and numerous other allegations of abuse of discretion in administrative decision-making. Before joining the Office of the President of the ICTY, <mask> served as the legal advisor to ICTY Judge David Hunt (judge) and assisted with the management of pre-trial proceedings in the cases of Vidoje Blagojević & Dragan Jokić, Radoslav Brđanin & Momir Talić, Dragan Nikolić, Dragan Obrenović, and Stevan Todorović, providing judicial support in court and drafting many procedural and substantive decisions on procedural matters, including the form of the indictment, the scope of prosecutorial disclosure obligations, and standards to be established prior to issuance of protective measures and rights to Counsel. <mask> also managed the trial proceedings in the cases of Milorad Krnojelac and Mitar Vasiljević, providing in-court judicial support, assisting in the management of huge volumes of evidence, conducting evidentiary assessments, and drafting the judgements, and she was also instrumental in ensuring the efficient conduct of pre-appeal proceedings in the

masks: McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre


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 cases of Tihomir Blaškić, Dario Kordić & Mario Čerkez, and Radislav Krstić, including advising on the disposition of motions for the admission of additional evidence on appeal and clarifying the applicable legal framework. Further Tribunal service

During her long tenure at the ICTY and then the Mechanism, <mask> has served as a principal legal advisor on a wide range of matters pertaining to the leadership of these institutions. She has also played a central role in advising on the establishment of the Mechanism as an institution, including in relation to the development and amendment of the Mechanism’s Rules of Procedure and Evidence as well as a wide range of policies and practices. Among other things, she has been instrumental in ensuring the effective implementation of the remote judging model of the Mechanism. In addition, <mask> has served as a member of the Disciplinary Panel adjudicating claims of misconduct on the part of Counsel appearing before the ICTY and rendering judgements on those claims.She has also served as a member of the performance assessment rebuttal panel (rendering decisions on allegations of procedural unfairness) and a member of the review board (addressing downsizing matters) and she is currently a member of the Advisory Panel at the Mechanism, with a mandate to provide advice to the President and the Registrar on matters relating to Defence Counsel, including, inter alia, advising on Rules of Procedure and Evidence, the Code of Conduct, and policies and practice directions of the Mechanism. In April 2018, <mask> was named the Focal Point for Gender and the Focal Point for the Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse for the Hague Branch of the Mechanism. Judicial nominations and election

<mask> has been nominated for a number of positions in the international judiciary. Among other nominations, in 2013, <mask> was nominated to be a judge at the ICTY. She was nominated for the position by Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and enjoyed strong support of Australia. She received 56 votes in

masks: McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre


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 the second round of voting at the United Nations General Assembly but lost the election to the Togolese candidate. There were no votes traded during the election to assist <mask>.Capacity building

At the ICTY, <mask> was responsible for the development, fundraising for, and implementation of Tribunal legacy projects including the War Crimes Justice Project, a four-year project funded by the European Commission in partnership with OSCE and UNICRI directed towards building national judicial capacity in the adjudication of war crimes cases. She has also led numerous practical judicial trainings in The Hague, the former Yugoslavia, and Sierra Leone, sharing her expertise with national judiciaries

In addition, <mask> assisted international prosecutors in the preparation of war crimes cases for trial in the civil law jurisdiction of Kosovo while assigned to the United Nations Mission in Kosovo as the Head of the War Crimes Department, appearing in court alongside the prosecutors. In this role, she also worked with local national authorities on a range of transitional justice measures aimed at ensuring accountability and supporting peace-building initiatives. In 2018, she was appointed Chair of the Advisory Committee to the Sarajevo Information Centre on the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, established by the City of Sarajevo to promote greater understanding of the work and legacy of the ICTY. <mask> spoke at the formal opening of the Centre in May 2018. Women’s Initiatives for Gender Justice

<mask> is the Chair of the Board of Directors of the Women's Initiatives for Gender Justice, an international women’s human rights organization that advocates for gender justice in international and domestic fora, with a particular focus on proceedings at the ICC. In this capacity, <mask> has been responsible for overseeing the work of the organization, its governance, and the fulfillment of its mandate.<mask> is currently the co-coordinator of a mentoring programme for international judges developed in partnership

masks: McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre McIntyre


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 with Africa Legal Aid entitled, “A Gender Sensitive Approach to Mentoring ICC Judges and Judges of Other International Courts and Tribunals”, which aims to increase gender-awareness amongst international judges, and was previously recognized by the same organization on International Women’s Day as a "phenomenal woman". Expert advisory consultations concerning the International Criminal Court

In view of her expertise in international judicial practice and, in particular, international court proceedings, <mask> was invited to serve as a member of the panel of independent experts who produced a report in December 2014 designed “to identify, from the point of view primarily of practitioners, the principal problems of effectiveness affecting the work of the Court with a view to offer practical and realistic solutions intended to improve upon the quality, cost and expeditiousness of ICC proceedings.” <mask> participated in discussions of the report and related matters at a high-level retreat on strengthening proceedings at the ICC in September 2014. Publications and lectures

<mask>'s expertise with international criminal practice led to her taking a leading role as a primary drafter and editor of the ICTY Manual on Developed Practices, which sets out in detail the legal practices of the ICTY from investigations to appellate proceedings and details the procedural steps along the way. She has also authored articles on human rights and international criminal law and procedure, including “International Residual Mechanism and the Legacy of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda” (3 Goettingen J Int’l L 923 (2011)) and “Equality of Arms – Defining Human Rights in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia” (16 Leiden J Int’l L 269 (2003)). She is a contributing author to The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice and International Criminal Law Developments in the Case Law of the ICTY. Invited to serve as an expert for ICC Forum to address the question


texts: of ICC performance, <mask> published her essay on performance indicators, entitled “Performance Assessment Cannot Take Place in a Vacuum”, in 2017. In 2018, her essay on the ICC's treatment of crimes of sexual and gender-based violence was published by the American Journal of International Law as part of its Symposium on the Rome Statute at Twenty.In 2020, her article on the impact on the ICC's legitimacy of a lack of consistency and coherence in the Court's decision-making was published. <mask> has lectured widely on international criminal practice, international humanitarian law, international criminal law and procedure, and international justice generally and with regard to the ICTY, the ICTR, and the ICC. Among other things, she has delivered remarks at events organized by the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies in 2012 and 2015 on the role of the legal officer and judgement drafting, and at conferences focused on the legacy of the ICTY in Sarajevo  and Zagreb in 2012. In 2014 she spoke at the ICTR's legacy symposium in Tanzania on the assessment of evidence. She also took part in an expert seminar at the Hague Institute for Global Justice concerning efficiency at the ICC in 2014, addressing issues related to victim participation. In 2016, she provided remarks before the International Association for Court Administration on the international standards and best practices related to independence, impartiality, and integrity of justice, examining the responsibilities and obligations of judges. In 2018, she moderated a panel discussion on “Israel and the ICC - Exploring Israel's Legal Perspective" in The Hague and gave introductory remarks identifying the complexity of the jurisdictional issues surrounding the situation in Palestine.In 2019, she delivered remarks in honor of the contributions of Judge Theodor Meron to international criminal justice at the 2019 ADC-ICT Annual Conference. She is regularly featured as a presenter or contributing expert at events organized in connection with meetings of the ICC Assembly

masks: McIntyre McIntyre


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 of States Parties, including speaking about exit strategies for the ICC at a side event during the eleventh Assembly of States Parties in 2012. In 2013 she presented on modes of liability at the twelfth session of the Assembly of States Parties, and she spoke at the launch of the Gender Report Card on the International Criminal Court 2014 during the thirteenth session of the Assembly of States Parties. In 2016, she headlined a meeting with members of civil society focused on the work of the Mechanism during the fifteenth session of the Assembly of States Parties. In April 2019 <mask> moderated an event organized by the Assembly of State Parties Co-Focal Points for Complementarity Faciliation on completion strategies across ICC activities. <mask> has also lectured widely on issues related to gender and gender-based violence in armed conflict. In 2017 she delivered a lecture on sexual violence in armed conflict at an international conference on women and national security held in Australia, speaking on the sidelines concerning violence against women and the role of international courts.Later that same year she was a featured speaker at an ICC Side Event to the GQUAL Conference: Changing the Picture of International Justice. In 2019, she was a featured speaker at the Second Annual Diversity and Inclusion event hosted by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Later that same year she delivered remarks and moderated a panel in The Hague on Efforts to End Impunity: National and International Perspectives of the Prosecution of Sexual and Gender-based Crimes. She also spoke on a panel focused on Gender Justice: Progress and Challenges of prosecuting sexual and gender based crimes at the International Bar Association annual conference on international criminal law. In December 2020, she participated in a panel discussion during the ANZIL Zoom Keynote Lecture Series, entitled "The International Criminal Court: Threats, Challenges, and Opportunities." References

Australian lawyers
Living people
Year of birth missing


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<mask> is a British poet. She was born in Blackburn, Lancashire in 1952. Since the late 1970s, she has published many collections of poetry and has recorded her poetry in collaboration with musicians. <mask>'s poetry has been published in many anthologies, most recently appearing in the Anthology of 20th Century British and Irish Poetry. Life

<mask> was born into a working-class family and raised as a Roman Catholic, something she believes has had an important effect on her work. She was, she said, "Brought up with a parallel world of saints, angels, martyrs, the Holy Ghost and the Blessed Virgin Mary. No wonder I was so easily spooked.The ‘other world’ was a reality from birth." She left Lancashire at the age of 18, and moved to Leeds. In 1974 she moved to Staithes, Yorkshire and began to write. The British Electronic Poetry Centre's entry for <mask> <mask> says: "1967 escaped school. 1969 escaped factories. 1974 escaped Leeds. Moved to Staithes, North Yorkshire for 10 years of 'splendid isolation', some very odd jobs and increasing preoccupation with reading and writing poetry."In 1984 <mask> moved to Sheffield, where she has lived ever since. <mask> is married to the English artist and poet Alan Halsey. <mask> and Halsey are, between them, proprietors of West House Books which has published and promoted a number of <mask>'s collections, as well as publishing the work of many other contemporary poets. Halsey has also provided visual art and book designs for several of <mask>'s books. <mask> gained a B.A. Hons English Studies, Sheffield City

masks:
Geraldine Monk
Monk
Monk
Geraldine
Monk
Monk
Monk
Monk
Monk
Monk
Monk


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 Polytechnic in 1988, and between 1992 and 1995 was Visiting lecturer in Creative Writing & Communication Studies at Chesterfield College. Between 1992 and 1999 she was Creative Writer at St. Luke's Hospice.Poetry

<mask>'s first pamphlet appeared in 1974, self-published under the imprint of Siren Press. From the mid-seventies onwards, her work was published by various small publishers, including Bob Cobbing's Writers Forum, and Peter Hodgkiss's Galloping Dog Press. From the start, and throughout her career, the importance of performance, and the sound of the spoken word has been a major part of <mask>'s poetry. She is regarded as an innovative, or experimental, poet. Her work incorporates song, found text, and material drawn from such sources as childhood games In 1994 she published the long poem 'Interregnum', which is an account of the ten men and women hanged for witchcraft at Pendle, Lancashire in 1612. 'Interregnum' includes themes of landscape, the relationship between the animal and human worlds, and patriarchal domination. The poem is seen as being in the tradition of political radicalism.<mask>'s most recent works, such as 'Escafeld Hangings', continue one of her themes of women in history, focussing in that case, on Mary Queen of Scots. <mask> has increasingly collaborated with musicians in her performances and recordings. <mask>'s pamphlet publications, or publications in other media, are often brought together into larger books, such as 'Noctivagations' (2001), a selected volume of work written since the mid-1990s. For example,

masks: Monk Monk Monk Monk Monk


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 'Noctivagations' includes the sequence ‘Songings’ (the subject of <mask>’s collaboration with Martin Archer). This piece, according to Scott Thurston 'resonates with lyric moments of visionary power'. The volume 'Lobe Scarps & Finials', published in 2011 by Leafe Press is similarly a gathering of work published during the preceding period. This collection has been described as containing 'oppositions: between the individualism of lyric utterance and the political context in which it takes place; between the opacity produced by her densely patterned sounds ... and a plain-spoken brusqueness'.In 2003, Salt Publishing brought out <mask>'s 'Selected Poems', and in 2007 also published 'The Salt Companion to Geraldine <mask>', a book of critical works on her poetry. <mask> <mask>, (Shearsman Books 2012)
 THEY WHO SAW THE DEEP (Parlor Press, 2016)

<mask> also provided voice & words for the album Fluvium, collaborating with Martin Archer & Julie Tippetts. Electronics recorded at Telecottage, Sheffield, between January 2000 & March 2002, vocals & acoustic instruments recorded at The Sound Kitchen, Sheffield, between November 2001 and February 2002. The album is released by Discus Music (#discus14cd). References

External links
 <mask> <mask> maps her poetry with where she has lived
 A comprehensive list of links to online <mask> poems, essays, reviews, recordings
West House Books

1952 births
Living people
English women poets
People from Blackburn
20th-century English poets
21st-century English poets
20th-century English women
20th-century English

masks: Monk Monk Monk Geraldine Monk Monk Geraldine Monk Monk


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<mask> (April 27, 1921January 1, 1985) was a Canadian director, producer and screenwriter. He is best known for directing Royal Journey, which received a Canadian Film Award for best theatrical feature-length documentary and was named best documentary film of 1952 at the British Academy Film Awards, and Morning on the Lièvre, which won the Canadian Film Award for Best Theatrical Short Film in 1962. Filmography
 Safe Clothing (1946)
 Building for Tomorrow (1947)
 Abitibi (1949)
 Valley of Gold (1949)
 Gentleman Jekyll and Driver Hyde (1950)
 Holiday at Waskesiu (1950)
 Cadet Holiday (1951)
 Royal Canadian Army Cadets (1951)
 Shawinigan (1951)
 Royal Journey (1951)
 Wings for N. A. T. O. (1951)
 Eye Witness No. 40 (1952)
 Eye Witness No. 41 (1952)
 Eye Witness No. 42 (1952)
 Eye Witness No.43 (1952)
 Eye Witness No. 44 (1952)
 Eye Witness No. 45 (1952)
 Eye Witness No. 46 (1952)
 Eye Witness No. 47 (1952)
 Horizons of Quebec (1952)
 Powertown Story (1952)
 Dues and the Union (1953)
 Eye Witness No. 48 (1953)
 Eye Witness No. 49 (1953)
 Eye Witness No.50 (1953)
 Eye Witness No. 51 (1953)
 Eye Witness No. 52 (1953)
 Eye Witness No. 53 (1953)
 Eye Witness No. 54 (1953)
 Eye Witness No. 55 (1953)
 Eye Witness No. 56 (1953)
 Eye Witness No.57 (1953)
 Eye Witness No. 58 (1953)
 Eye Witness No. 59 (1953)
 Eye Witness No. 60 (1953)
 Highlights from Royal Journey (1953)
 Aircrew (1954)
 Aviation Fuel Handling - Part 1: Characteristics of Aviation Fuel (1954)
 Aviation Fuel Handling - Part 2: Railway Tank Cars to Surface, Bulk Storage (1954)
 Aviation Fuel Handling - Part 3: Handling Procedures (1954)
 Basic Rescue No. 1 - Five Basic Knots (1954)


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 Basic Rescue No. 2 - The Use of Levers (1954)
 Basic Rescue No. 3 - The Use of Jacks (1954)
 Basic Rescue No.4 - The Single Ladder (1954)
 Basic Rescue No. 5 - The Extension Ladder (1954)
 Eye Witness No. 61 (1954)
 Eye Witness No. 62 (1954)
 Eye Witness No. 63 (1954)
 Flying Instruction Technique (1954)
 More Dollars in the Pasture (1954)
 Anti-submarine Mortar Mark 10 (1955)
 The Automatic Radio Compass: Part I (1955)
 Daily Inspection Procedures for the T33 (1955)
 Early Handling of Spinal Injuries (1955)
 First Aid for Aircrew (1955)
 Harvest in the Valley (Short version) (1955)
 Hybrid Corn (1955)
 Navy Goes North (1955)
 Operation Eclipse II (1955)
 Prepare for Advancement (1955)
 Raising the Hogs the Market Wants (1955)
 Road of Iron (1955)
 Supply Depot to Flight Line (1955)
 Air Survey (1956)
 Chemical Conquest (1956)
 Crash Rescue and Fire Fighting (1956)
 Emergency Rescue - T33 Jet Aircraft (1956)
 Fish Spoilage Control (1956)
 Gyro Steering (1956)
 H Bomb (1956)
 An Introduction to the Radio Range (1956)
 Methods of Instruction (1956)
 Arrival (1957)
 Aural Null (1957)
 The Automatic Radio Compass: Part II (1957)
 Aye Follow Your Own, (1957)
 Battalion Intelligence Section (1957)
 Birth of a Giant (1957)
 Call it ... (1972)
 28° Above Below (1973)
 A Great Little Artist (1973)
 Duty Free (1973)
 Grierson (1973)
 Our Street Was Paved with Gold (1973)
 The People of the Book (1973)
 Oceans of Science (1974)
 Tomorrow Is Too Late (1974)
 Canada Vignettes: Flin Flon (1978)

References

External links

Canadian documentary film producers
Canadian documentary film directors
1921 births
1985 deaths
20th-century Canadian


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<mask>, Jr. (8 February 1844 – 3 February 1923), was an American landscape architect. He is remembered as being a founder of the American Society of Landscape Architects, helping to establish the profession. Early years
<mask> was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1844 to <mask>, Sr. (1819–1906) and Susan R. Howland (1824–1854). His father was the son of <mask> (1774–1841), who moved to Flushing from Manhattan around 1800 and married Mary Bowne (1784–1839). <mask>, Sr., was an accomplished and well noted horticulturist, who was the first to import Japanese Maples and propagate rhododendrons. <mask> received his practical training and knowledge of landscaping and landscape materials working for J.R. Trumpy, the manager of his father’s nursery in Flushing, Queens. <mask> then went to school at Yale University and graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Philosophy in 1862, after which he spent several years studying and practicing farming.When he returned home to the family nursery, it had started supplying Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, two famous designers responsible for the Greensward Plan for New York City's Central Park. The site of the nursery is within present-day Kissena Park, and Parsons Boulevard, which runs through much of the family nursery's land, is named after him. Projects
<mask> became Vaux's apprentice from 1879–1884 and his partner from 1887-1895. When Vaux became the head landscape architect of the New York City Parks Department, with him came <mask>, who took over the unpaid position of Superintendent of Planting. After Vaux's death in 1895, <mask> became the new head landscape architect of New York City and remained there until 1911. During <mask>' partnership with

masks:
Samuel Bowne Parsons
Parsons
Samuel Bowne Parsons
Samuel Parsons
Samuel Bowne Parsons
Samuel
Parsons
Parsons
Parsons
Parsons
Parsons


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 Vaux, the two produced many notable designs, including Abingdon Square and Christopher Street Park, both in Greenwich Village; the restoration of the  Ladies Pond in Central Park, which at the time was infested with malaria carrying mosquitos; the siting of Grant's Tomb in Riverside Parkl and the completion of Morningside Park. In collaboration with architect Stanford White, <mask> and Vaux also produced the Washington Memorial Arch in Washington Square Park and the Grand Army Plaza Arch near Prospect Park in Brooklyn.Throughout their tenure together <mask> noticed that Vaux was a very passionate believer in naturalistic parks, but was reluctant to push himself forward. After Vaux’s death, <mask> went on to design Balboa Park (then known as City Park) in San Diego, Albemarle Park in Asheville, North Carolina, St. Nicholas Park in New York City, a Dutch Garden for Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and a redesign of Union Square to accommodate a new subway station. New York City was the main beneficiary of <mask>' designs; they included numerous bathrooms, some designed to resemble Greek temples. In 1899, <mask> founded the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) in conjunction with ten other well established practitioners on a basis of three tenets:

To establish landscape architecture as a recognized profession in North America. To develop educational studies in landscape architecture. To provide a voice of authority in the "New Profession". From 1905 to 1907 <mask> served as the President of the American Society of Landscape Architects.<mask> published numerous magazine articles and at least six books on landscape gardening throughout his life. He depended on media publicity to accomplish a

masks: Parsons Parsons Parsons Parsons Parsons Parsons Parsons


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 goal only once; he sought help from local newspapers to help rid Central Park of shantytowns. Throughout his professional career, <mask> was known for his ability to merge elegant plantings and the extensive knowledge he had gained from his father with the native environment without disrupting the Genius Loci (the spirit of place) of the sites he designed. He was able to maintain his design characteristics in all of his design projects without completely copying his earlier work. He remains a founding father of the modern day landscape architecture institution, and his designs are still visible throughout the United States, primarily in San Diego’s Balboa Park and New York City's Union Square. <mask>' most notable designs outside of New York City are Balboa Park in San Diego, California and Pine Lawn Cemetery on Long Island. American Chestnut Tree

Before the early 1900s one in every four hardwood trees in North America's eastern forests was an American chestnut.Together with oaks they predominated in 80 million hectares of forest from Maine to Florida and west to the Ohio Valley, reaching heights of up to  and growing two meters around the middle. Chestnuts sometimes piled so high on the forest floor that people would scoop them up with shovels. Both humans and a wide variety of animals relied on this abundant and easily gathered resource for food, particularly in winter. Chestnut trees also had significant economic value. American carpenters preferred chestnut over other materials for making certain products. Lightweight, rot-resistant, straight-grained and easy to work with, chestnut wood was used to build houses, barns, telegraph poles, railroad ties, furniture and even musical instruments. In

masks: Parsons Parsons


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 1876 <mask><mask> imported Japanese chestnut trees which he then sold to customers in several states across the country.Some of these shipments concealed the pathogenic fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. The disease chokes the trees to death by wedging itself into their trunks and obstructing conduits for water and nutrients. Asian chestnut trees evolved a resistance but their North American relatives were highly susceptible to chestnut blight. First discovered in New York State in 1904, the blight was soon spotted in New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Within 50 years, C. parasitica killed nearly four billion chestnut trees. The species has been almost completely extirpated within its native range in one of the greatest ecological catastrophes in American history. Notable designs
Abingdon Square Park, Manhattan, New York City
DeWitt Clinton Park, Manhattan, New York City
Ladies Pond, Central Park, Manhattan, New York City
Morningside Park, Manhattan, New York City
Washington Square Arch at Washington Square Park, Manhattan, New York City
Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch at Grand Army Plaza, Brooklyn, New York City
Balboa Park, San Diego, California
Albemarle Park, Asheville, North Carolina
St. Nicholas Park, Manhattan, New York City
Union Square, Manhattan, New York City

See also

History of gardening
Garden real estate
The Weeping Beech, a tree planted by <mask>

References

Memories of <mask>; Landscape Architect of the Department of Public Parks, edited by <mask>, Putnam, 1926

External links

 The Journal of San Diego History

American landscape architects
American landscape and garden designers
Architects from New York City
Balboa Park (San Diego)
Central Park
1844 births
1923

masks:
Samuel B
. Parsons
Parsons
Samuel Parsons
Mabel Parsons


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<mask> (杉山清貴, <mask>ka; born July 17, 1959 in Isogo-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese singer-songwriter. <mask>'s career began after joining the band "Kyutipanchosu," and subsequently winning 19th Popcon with the single, "Gospel No Yoru." After being scouted by producer Koichi Fujita, <mask>'s band became "Kiyotaka Sugiyama & Omega Tribe," releasing five studio albums that all ranked on the Oricon charts. After breaking up the band in December 1985, he went on to have a successful solo career. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born in Isogo-ku, Yokohama on July 17, 1959 to his father, a police officer, and his mother, a shamisen teacher. While in elementary school, he wanted to be a manga artist and was invited to his friend Miura's house to make a manga. While in his friend's home, Miura's brother listened to The Beatles, and borrowed the record to listen to while drawing.He stopped drawing after and bought Let It Be in 5th grade with his own pocket money. He attended Yokohama Municipal Okamura Junior High School and Yokosuka Gakuin High School. In 1980, he became the lead vocalist of the band "Kyutipanchosu," which won the 19th Popcon with their song, "Gospel No Yoru." After the debut of Kyutipanchosu and receiving the Popcon prize, <mask> was unsatisfied with the song, feeling that it was incomplete. He refused the invitation from Popcon and sought to make his own debut. Koichi Fujita, a producer who was president of Triangle Productions, paid attention to <mask> after the win, presenting <mask> with an idea to change the band's name. In 1983, the

masks:
Kiyotaka Sugiyama
Sugiyama Kiyota
Sugiyama
Sugiyama
Sugiyama
Sugiyama
Sugiyama
Sugiyama


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 band changed their name from "Kyutipanchosu" to "Kiyotaka Sugiyama & Omega Tribe," debuting with the single, "Summer Suspicion."<mask> <mask> and Omega Tribe

The band included, of the Kyutipanchosu members, guitarist Shinji Takashima, new members Keiichi Hiroishi for drums, Takao Oshima for bass, and Kenji Yoshida for guitar, and replaced keyboardist Akira Senju with Toshitsugu Nishihara. "Summer Suspicion" peaked at No. 9 on the Oricon charts while their freshman album, Aqua City, reached No. 4. The band continued to make music until the end of 1985, when <mask> proposed that the group have a "developmental dissolution" and break up. Takashima and Nishihara initially opposed the dissolution, but the group decided that it would happen, and the greatest hits album, Single's History, would be the last album. At the suggestion of producer Tetsuji Hayashi, it was decided that they would make another album called First Finale.First Finale was released on December 11, 1985, with the band breaking up 13 days later. Solo debut and career
After the band disbanded, <mask> went to have a solo career as a vocalist. On May 28, 1986, he debuted with the single "Sayonara no Ocean," which peaked at No. 3 on the Oricon charts and sold 20 million copies. On May 27, 1987, he released his third single, "Mizu no Naka no Answer," which gave <mask> the No. 1 spot on the Oricon charts and gave <mask> his first solo hit on the Oricon charts. In 1990, he transferred from VAP to Warner Pioneer, and sometime after, transferred from Triangle Productions to Horipro.In 2000, he was re-signed to VAP. Sometime

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 after, he left Horipro and became independent, establishing Masterwork Co., Ltd. before reorganizing the company as Island Afternoon Co., Ltd. In 2006, <mask> decided to hold a concert for the 20th anniversary of his solo debut, with the order of the songs being decided by vote on the Internet. The "Solo debut 20th Anniversary The Open Air Live High & High 2006" concert was scheduled on August 6, but cancelled due to <mask>'s poor condition at the time. <mask> commented, "It's the first time I've been living for 47 years and being so conscious of a cold. I'd like to continue my musical activities for the next 30 or 40 years." The event was rescheduled on September 10, with 3,000 fans gathering.In 2013, he transferred from Warner Pioneer to King on the 30th anniversary of Omega Tribe's debut, and held tour for his 30th anniversary called "I Am Me." He held the tour "The Open Air Live "High & High 2016"" at the Hibiya Open-Air Concert Hall in 2016. He released the album "Ocean" in 2016. In 2016, he sang a duet with actress and singer Momoko Kikuchi in the song "Kaze no Kioku." The two had previously starred in the movie Idol wo Sagase as siblings. Yasushi Akimoto, who had written songs for <mask> during the Omega Tribe era, wrote the song. In 2019, he made his first appearance in Nippon BS Broadcasting's Momoiro Uta Gassen (ももいろ歌合戦).Public image
<mask> was known to wear a pair of sunglasses during concerts and in pictures. He did not wear sunglasses at the beginning of his career, but shortly thereafter, appeared in the media in black sunglasses. This was to hide the swelling of his face

masks: Sugiyama Sugiyama Sugiyama Sugiyama Sugiyama


texts:
 after a live performance by covering it just before his debut, but since it was well received by fans, he continues to do so. He was known during this time as "a top class man who looked good with sunglasses." However, during the performance of "Futari no Natsu Monogatari" in The Best Ten, he took off his sunglasses while singing. His face without the sunglasses can now often be seen during concerts and in photos. Personal life
<mask> married fellow singer Yuko Yanagisawa, the sister of comedian Shingo Yanagisawa who had debuted with little success and recorded narrations for Live Emotion, in 1985.The two had previously met during the after party of the 19th Popcon. They had one daughter, Maho, a year after they married. The three had moved to Hawaii and lived in Hawaii Kai, going back and forth between Los Angeles, Japan, and Hawaii for recording activities. In 1992, he was granted permanent residence for the United States. Sometime after, Yanagisawa divorced <mask>, and with Maho moved to the mainland U.S, where they were granted permanent U.S. residence in 2006 while <mask> moved back to Japan. After 10 years, Maho and Kiyotaka reunited. Discography

Singles

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Live albums

Songs provided to other artists

References

External links
 Official site
 Personal blog
 Island Afternoon Answer

1959 births
People from Yokohama
People from Yokosuka, Kanagawa
Musicians from Yokohama
Horipro artists
Japanese male singer-songwriters
Japanese singer-songwriters
Warner Music Japan artists
King Records (Japan) artists
Living people
Omega Tribe (Japanese band)

masks: Sugiyama Sugiyama Sugiyama


texts:
<mask> (November 24, 1830 – March 15, 1886), was an attorney, politician, publisher and planter in New Orleans, Louisiana. He served twice in Congress during two widely separated periods, elected first as a Unionist Democratic Congressman in 1862, as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1865, and later as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1884. He was elected as the 19th Governor of Louisiana, serving from 1864 to 1865 during the American Civil War, when the state was occupied by Union troops. He was the first German-born governor in the United States, and is also claimed as the first ethnic Jewish governor. By that time he was a practicing Episcopalian. In 1865 <mask> was elected to the U.S. Senate, but Radical Republicans refused to allow him and other Southerners to be seated. Later he was elected for several terms as a Republican to the state House during the Reconstruction era, where he was also elected as Speaker.<mask> was active as a publisher and editor, owning and operating three newspapers in succession that supported the Republican Party, its program, and its candidates in the state. He spent much of his wealth in supporting these papers. <mask> continued to be politically active, being elected to Congress from Louisiana's 2nd congressional district in 1884 with a strong majority. He served about a year before his death in office. Early life and education

<mask> was born in 1830 as the last child in his family, in Klingenmünster, Palatinate, then part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, now of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. His father died before he was born. Some sources indicate that <mask>'s parents were Jewish.With his widowed mother and four older siblings, <mask> immigrated as a child to the United States, arriving in New York City. The family traveled to the Republic of Texas, before

masks:
George Michael Decker Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
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Hahn


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 settling in New Orleans in 1840. The following year, <mask>'s mother died of yellow fever and the children were orphaned. With the help of his older siblings, <mask> continued his education and graduated from City High School. In 1849 at the age of 19, he began reading law under Christian Roselius, a prominent Whig attorney and later Attorney General of Louisiana. In 1851, <mask> graduated from the University of Louisiana (Tulane University) with a law degree. He worked in Roselius' office after getting his degree.Political career
The following year <mask> was elected to the New Orleans city school board at the age of 22; he ran the school system as its director. He joined the Democratic party faction led by Pierre Soulé. In the Presidential Election of 1860, <mask> supported Stephen Douglas. He was fluent in English, French and German. In 1860 <mask> opposed secession, delivering a pro-Union speech in Lafayette Square. He avoided taking an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy. Opposed to secession and a supporter of the Union, <mask> was elected in 1862 as a Republican and the U.S. representative from Louisiana's 2nd congressional district.This incorporated most of New Orleans, which had been occupied by Union forces. <mask> was one of two Louisiana Representatives seated in the 37th Congress, which adjourned on March 4, 1863, during the Civil War. Eventually, <mask> advised that there should be no more representation from Louisiana until it was "reconstructed." During his time in Washington, <mask> met and befriended President Abraham Lincoln. Term as governor

In 1864, with almost all of Louisiana under federal occupation, General Nathaniel P. Banks, the Union Military Commander of the Department of the Gulf (responsible, among other things, for civil order in occupied Louisiana), called state elections and

masks: Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn


texts: convened a constitutional convention. Benjamin Franklin Flanders and Thomas Jefferson Durant, prominent Unionists, opposed the moderate plan called for by General Banks. <mask> purchased a pro-slavery newspaper, the New Orleans True Delta, and used it to promote moderate Unionism supporting Banks' plan, including emancipation of slaves.<mask> ran for Governor for the Free-State Party and won the election with 54% or 11,411 votes. J. Q. A. Fellows, a conservative Democrat, received 26% or 2,996 votes; and Benjamin Franklin Flanders, the radical Republican, received 20% or 2,232 votes. <mask> was elected as the first German-born governor of an American state. He is also claimed as the first ethnic Jewish governor in the United States; by then he was worshipping as an Episcopalian. On March 4, 1864, <mask> was inaugurated as Governor of Union-held Louisiana in an elaborate ceremony paid for by General Banks. As governor, <mask> supported universal education.In his term, <mask> tried to gain suffrage for freedmen and previously free people of color, but it was too early. He approved the state's ratification of the 15th Amendment. <mask>'s administration made serious attempts to ensure enfranchisement of black Louisianans, laid the foundation for a public school system for blacks, and began an aborted Reconstruction in Louisiana. Governor <mask> played a leading role in the state constitutional convention of 1864, but he was opposed by Major General Stephen A. Hurlbut, who replaced Banks as commander of the Department of the Gulf. General Hurlburt refused to recognize the state civil government of <mask>. <mask> resigned as governor in March 1865, and was elected by the state legislature to the U.S. Senate in 1865. However, Radical Republicans did not seat him, as they believed the state had more work to do before


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 being allowed to rejoin the Union.Lieutenant Governor James Madison Wells succeeded <mask> as governor after his resignation. Political editor and congressman
After President Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865, Congress refused to seat any Representatives or Senators from the South until a reconstruction plan could be carried out. Senator-elect <mask> returned to New Orleans and allied with radical Republicans calling for a convention to revise Louisiana's Constitution of 1864 to include black suffrage. He was shot and severely wounded on July 30, 1866, in the New Orleans Riot. In 1867 <mask> became editor and manager of the New Orleans Republican newspaper, his platform for opposing President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction program. In 1872 <mask> retired to a plantation in St. Charles Parish. There he established the village of Hahnville and published his third newspaper, the St. Charles Herald.On his plantation, he grew sugar cane, the common commodity crop in the "sugar parishes" of this region. From 1871 to 1878 <mask> served in the Louisiana State Legislature. He was elected as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee and Speaker of the House. In 1878 he was appointed as Superintendent of the U.S. Mint in New Orleans, serving until January 1879. At that point, <mask> was appointed Judge of the 26th state judicial district, which included Saint John the Baptist, Saint Charles, and Jefferson parishes. During the 1880 elections, <mask> established and edited the New Orleans Ledger to promote Republican candidates. Although Democrats had regained control of the state legislature, <mask> was personally admired for his integrity and consistency of position.In 1884 <mask> was elected to Congress as the Republican candidate from Louisiana's 2nd congressional district – a race which he won handily by 3,000

masks: Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn Hahn


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 votes. Serving as the only Republican Congressman from Louisiana, <mask> died on March 15, 1886, in his room at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C. He suffered a ruptured blood vessel near his heart. His body was returned to New Orleans. <mask>'s funeral was conducted by an Episcopal priest, and he was buried in New Orleans' Metairie Cemetery. He had never married and died poor. He had spent much of his previous wealth in trying to maintain the Republican-oriented newspapers he published.Notes

See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States

 New Orleans massacre of 1866

References
Congressional Biography
Baker, Vaughn B., and Amos E. Simpson. "<mask>: Steady Patriot" Louisiana History 13 (summer 1972): pp. 229–52. External links

<mask>'s Congressional biography
Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries

1830 births
1886 deaths
People from Südliche Weinstraße
German emigrants to the United States
Louisiana Republicans
Governors of Louisiana
Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
Speakers of the Louisiana House of Representatives
Tulane University alumni
Politicians from New Orleans
Businesspeople from New Orleans
People from Hahnville, Louisiana
Editors of Louisiana newspapers
Louisiana Unionists
Louisiana Democrats
People from the Palatinate (region)
Unionist Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Unionist Party state governors of the United States
School board members in Louisiana
19th-century American politicians
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
19th-century American

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Michael Hahn
Michael Hahn


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<mask> (; ;  BC) was an Athenian historian and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. <mask> has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of  impartiality and evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the deities, as outlined in his introduction to his work. He also has been called the father of the school of political realism, which views the political behavior of individuals and the subsequent outcomes of relations between states as ultimately mediated by, and constructed upon, fear and self-interest. His text is still studied at universities and military colleges worldwide. The Melian dialogue is regarded as a seminal work of international relations theory, while his version of Pericles' Funeral Oration is widely studied by political theorists, historians, and students of the classics. More generally, Thucydides developed an understanding of human nature to explain behavior in such crises as plagues, massacres, and civil war.Life

In spite of his stature as a historian, modern historians know relatively little about <mask>'s life. The most reliable information comes from his own History of the Peloponnesian War, in which he mentions his nationality, paternity, and birthplace. <mask> says that he fought in the war, contracted the plague, and was exiled by the democracy. He may have also been involved in quelling the Samian Revolt. Evidence from the Classical period
Thucydides identifies himself as an Athenian,

masks: Thucydides Thucydides Thucydides Thucydides


texts: telling us that his father's name was Olorus and that he was from the Athenian deme of Halimous. A somewhat doubtful anecdote of his early life still exists. While still a youth of 10–12 years, he and his father were supposed to have gone to the agora of Athens where the young Thucydides heard a lecture by the historian Herodotus.According to some accounts, the young Thucydides wept with joy after hearing the lecture, deciding that writing history would be his life's calling. The same account also claims that after the lecture, Herodotus spoke with the youth and his father, stating: Oloros your son yearns for knowledge. In all essence, the episode is most likely from a later Greek or Roman account of his life. He survived the Plague of Athens, which killed Pericles and many other Athenians. He also records that he owned gold mines at Scapte Hyle (literally "Dug Woodland"), a coastal area in Thrace, opposite the island of Thasos. Because of his influence in the Thracian region, Thucydides wrote, he was sent as a strategos (general) to Thasos in 424 BC. During the winter of 424–423 BC, the Spartan general Brasidas attacked Amphipolis, a half-day's sail west from Thasos on the Thracian coast, sparking the Battle of Amphipolis.Eucles, the Athenian commander at Amphipolis, sent to Thucydides for help. Brasidas, aware of the presence of <mask> on Thasos and his influence with the people of Amphipolis, and afraid of help arriving by sea, acted quickly to offer moderate terms to the Amphipolitans for their surrender, which they accepted. Thus, when Thucydides arrived, Amphipolis was already under Spartan control. Amphipolis was of


texts:
 considerable strategic importance, and news of its fall caused great consternation in Athens. It was blamed on <mask>, although he claimed that it was not his fault and that he had simply been unable to reach it in time. Because of his failure to save Amphipolis, he was exiled:

I lived through the whole of it, being of an age to comprehend events, and giving my attention to them in order to know the exact truth about them. It was also my fate to be an exile from my country for twenty years after my command at Amphipolis; and being present with both parties, and more especially with the Peloponnesians by reason of my exile, I had leisure to observe affairs somewhat particularly.Using his status as an exile from Athens to travel freely among the Peloponnesian allies, he was able to view the war from the perspective of both sides. <mask> claimed that he began writing his history as soon as the war broke out, because he thought it would be one of the greatest wars waged among the Greeks in terms of scale:<mask>, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke out, and believing that it would be a great war, and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it.This is all that <mask> wrote about his own life, but a few other facts are available from reliable contemporary sources. Herodotus wrote that the name Olorus, Thucydides's father's name, was connected with Thrace and Thracian royalty. Thucydides was probably connected through family to the Athenian statesman and general Miltiades and his son Cimon, leaders of the old aristocracy


texts:
 supplanted by the Radical Democrats. Cimon's maternal grandfather's name also was Olorus, making the connection quite likely. Another Thucydides lived before the historian and was also linked with Thrace, making a family connection between them very likely as well. Combining all the fragmentary evidence available, it seems that his family had owned a large estate in Thrace, one that even contained gold mines, and which allowed the family considerable and lasting affluence.The security and continued prosperity of the wealthy estate must have necessitated formal ties with local kings or chieftains, which explains the adoption of the distinctly Thracian royal name Óloros into the family. Once exiled, <mask> took permanent residence in the estate and, given his ample income from the gold mines, he was able to dedicate himself to full-time history writing and research, including many fact-finding trips. In essence, he was a well-connected gentleman of considerable resources who, after involuntarily retiring from the political and military spheres, decided to fund his own historical investigations. Later sources

The remaining evidence for <mask>' life comes from later and rather less reliable ancient sources; Marcellinus wrote <mask>' biography about a thousand years after his death. According to Pausanias, someone named Oenobius had a law passed allowing Thucydides to return to Athens, presumably shortly after the city's surrender and the end of the war in 404 BC. Pausanias goes on to say that <mask> was murdered on his way back to Athens, placing his tomb near the Melite gate. Many doubt this account, seeing evidence to


texts: suggest he lived as late as 397 BC, or perhaps slightly later.Plutarch preserves a tradition that he was murdered in Skaptē Hulē and that his remains were returned to Athens, where a monument to him was erected in Cimon's family plot. There are problems with this, since this was outside <mask>' deme and the tradition goes back to Polemon, who asserted he had discovered just such a memorial. Didymus mentions another tomb in Thrace. <mask>' narrative breaks off in the middle of the year 411 BC, and this abrupt end has traditionally been explained as due to his death while writing the book, although other explanations have been put forward. Inferences about <mask>' character can be drawn (with due caution) only from his book. His sardonic sense of humor is evident throughout, as when, during his description of the Athenian plague, he remarks that old Athenians seemed to remember a rhyme which said that with the Dorian War would come a "great death". Some claimed that the rhyme originally mentioned a [death by] "famine" or "starvation" (, ) and was remembered only later as [death by] "pestilence" (, ) due to the current plague.Thucydides then remarks that should another Dorian War come, this time attended with a great famine (λιμός), the rhyme will be remembered as "famine", and any mention of "plague" (λοιμός) forgotten. Thucydides admired Pericles, approving of his power over the people and showing a marked distaste for the demagogues who followed him. He did not approve of the democratic commoners nor of the radical democracy that Pericles ushered in, but considered democracy acceptable when guided by a good leader.

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 Thucydides' presentation of events is generally even-handed; for example, he does not minimize the negative effect of his own failure at Amphipolis. Occasionally, however, strong passions break through, as in his scathing appraisals of the democratic leaders Cleon and Hyperbolus. Sometimes, Cleon has been connected with Thucydides' exile. It has been argued that Thucydides was moved by the suffering inherent in war and concerned about the excesses to which human nature is prone in such circumstances, as in his analysis of the atrocities committed during the civil conflict on Corcyra, which includes the phrase "war is a violent teacher" ().The History of the Peloponnesian War

<mask> believed that the Peloponnesian War represented an event of unmatched importance. As such, he began to write the History at the onset of the war in 431 BC. He declared his intention was to write an account which would serve as "a possession for all time". The History breaks off near the end of the twenty-first year of the war (411 BC), in the wake of the Athenian defeat at Syracuse, and so does not elaborate on the final seven years of the conflict. The History of the Peloponnesian War continued to be modified well beyond the end of the war in 404 BC, as exemplified by a reference at Book I.1.13 to the conclusion of the war. After his death, Thucydides's History was subdivided into eight books: its modern title is the History of the Peloponnesian War. This subdivision was most likely made by librarians and archivists, themselves being historians and scholars, most likely working in the Library of Alexandria.<mask> is generally regarded as one

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texts: of the first true historians. Like his predecessor Herodotus, known as "the father of history", <mask> places a high value on eyewitness testimony and writes about events in which he probably took part. He also assiduously consulted written documents and interviewed participants about the events that he recorded. Unlike Herodotus, whose stories often teach that a hubris invites the wrath of the deities, Thucydides does not acknowledge divine intervention in human affairs. <mask> exerted wide historiographical influence on subsequent Hellenistic and Roman historians, although the exact description of his style in relation to many successive historians remains unclear. Readers in antiquity often placed the continuation of the stylistic legacy of the History in the writings of <mask>' putative intellectual successor Xenophon. Such readings often described Xenophon's treatises as attempts to "finish" Thucydides's History.Many of these interpretations, however, have garnered significant scepticism among modern scholars, such as Dillery, who spurn the view of interpreting Xenophon qua Thucydides, arguing that the latter's "modern" history (defined as constructed based on literary and historical themes) is antithetical to the former's account in the Hellenica, which diverges from the Hellenic historiographical tradition in its absence of a preface or introduction to the text and the associated lack of an "overarching concept" unifying the history. A noteworthy difference between <mask>'s method of writing history and that of modern historians is <mask>'s inclusion of lengthy formal speeches that, as he states, were literary

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 reconstructions rather than quotations of what was said—or, perhaps, what he believed ought to have been said. Arguably, had he not done this, the gist of what was said would not otherwise be known at all—whereas today there is a plethora of documentation—written records, archives, and recording technology for historians to consult. Therefore, <mask>'s method served to rescue his mostly oral sources from oblivion. We do not know how these historical figures spoke. <mask>'s recreation uses a heroic stylistic register. A celebrated example is Pericles' funeral oration, which heaps honour on the dead and includes a defence of democracy:
The whole earth is the sepulchre of famous men; they are honoured not only by columns and inscriptions in their own land, but in foreign nations on memorials graven not on stone but in the hearts and minds of men.(2:43)

Stylistically, the placement of this passage also serves to heighten the contrast with the description of the plague in Athens immediately following it, which graphically emphasizes the horror of human mortality, thereby conveying a powerful sense of verisimilitude:
Though many lay unburied, birds and beasts would not touch them, or died after tasting them [...]. The bodies of dying men lay one upon another, and half-dead creatures reeled about the streets and gathered round all the fountains in their longing for water. The sacred places also in which they had quartered themselves were full of corpses of persons who had died there, just as they were; for, as the disaster passed all bounds, men, not knowing what was to become of them, became equally contemptuous of the property


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 of and the dues to the deities. All the burial rites before in use were entirely upset, and they buried the bodies as best they could. Many from want of the proper appliances, through so many of their friends having died already, had recourse to the most shameless sepultures: sometimes getting the start of those who had raised a pile, they threw their own dead body upon the stranger's pyre and ignited it; sometimes they tossed the corpse which they were carrying on the top of another that was burning, and so went off. (2:52)

Thucydides omits discussion of the arts, literature, or the social milieu in which the events in his book take place and in which he grew up. He saw himself as recording an event, not a period, and went to considerable lengths to exclude what he deemed frivolous or extraneous.Philosophical outlook and influences

Paul Shorey calls <mask> "a cynic devoid of moral sensibility". In addition, he notes that <mask> conceived of human nature as strictly determined by one's physical and social environments, alongside basic desires. Francis Cornford was more nuanced: <mask>' political vision was informed by a tragic ethical vision, in which:
Man, isolated from, and opposed to, Nature, moves along a narrow path, unrelated to what lies beyond and lighted only by a few dim rays of human 'foresight'(γνώμη/gnome), or by the false, wandering fires of Hope. He bears within him, self-contained, his destiny in his own character: and this, with the purposes which arise out of it, shapes his course. That is all, in Thucydides' view, that we can say: except that, now and again, out of the surrounding darkness comes the