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 called her "a classic Indian beauty". Her look and performances have established her as a style icon. In 2007, 2013–16 and 2018, the UK magazine Eastern Eye ranked her as one of "World's Sexiest Asian Women". Sangestar Tso lake in Arunachal Pradesh was renamed Madhuri Lake after her, where a song from Koyla was picturised. She has a star named after her in the Orion constellation. In March 2012, a wax figure of Dixit was put on display in London's Madame Tussaud's wax museum.In 2017, two other figures were displayed at Madame Tussaud's Museum in Singapore and Delhi. Every year since its inception in 2012, Dixit has featured on Forbes Indias "Celebrity 100," a list based on the income and popularity of India's celebrities with the exception of 2017. In 2018, she was among the twenty Indians invited for the Oscar Academy's Class of 2018. Personal life

Amidst media speculation on her personal life, Dixit married Shriram Madhav Nene, a cardiovascular surgeon from Los Angeles, California on 17 October 1999, in a traditional ceremony held at the residence of Dixit's elder brother in Southern California. Nene had never seen any of her films, and was unaware of her celebrity status. Dixit explained their relationship by saying, "It was very important that he didn't know me as an actress because then he would know me as a person first. When people have seen you as an actress, they have pre-conceived notions... None of it was there here with him.I found the right person, I wanted to get married and I did." <mask> and Nene's wedding reception in Mumbai was attended by several prominent Indian personalities,


type: original

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 including then CM of Maharashtra Vilasrao Deshmukh, Shivsena chief Bal Thackeray and Raj Thackeray, Sanjay Khan, Feroze Khan, Dilip Kumar, Saira Banu, Yash Chopra, Sridevi, Aditya Chopra, Karan Johar, MF Hussain and many others. Following her marriage, Dixit relocated to Denver, Colorado, for over a decade. On 17 March 2003, Dixit gave birth to a son, Arin. Two years later, on 8 March 2005, she gave birth to another son, Ryan. She described motherhood as "amazing" and added that her kids kept "the child in her alive". Dixit moved back to Mumbai with her family in October 2011.Speaking about it, Dixit said, "I always love being here. I have grown up here in Mumbai so for me it is like coming back home. It was a different phase in my life, where I wanted to have a home, family, husband and children... everything that I had dreamt of." In 2018, Dixit along with her husband, founded the production company, RnM Moving Pictures. They both also together earned orange belts in taekwondo. Filmography

Accolades

Dixit has received six Filmfare Awards from seventeen nominations, including four Best Actress awards for Dil (1990), Beta (1992), Hum Aapke Hain Kaun! (1994) and Dil To Pagal Hai (1997), and a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for Devdas (2002).She earned a Filmfare Special Award for completing twenty-five years in the Indian film industry. In 2008, she was awarded Padma Shri, the fourth-highest Indian civilian award, by the Government of India for her contributions to the arts. In popular culture
 In a popular scene from the 1994 cult comedy Andaz Apna Apna, Dixit's photograph appears


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 on the cover of a film magazine. In the scene, Amar (played by Aamir Khan) teases Prem (played by Salman Khan) of having been engaged to Dixit, advertently referring to her photograph on the magazine. In the song "Tan Tana Tan Tan" from the 1997 film Judwaa, Dixit's name was referenced in one line along with Govinda's name. The song was a huge hit and was recreated in the film's 2017 remake, but the line referring to the two actors was not used. In 1997, a Zee TV television serial Mrs. Madhuri <mask> was named after her, starring Renuka Shahane.In 2003, a film titled Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon was released, in which a woman (played by Antara Mali) aspires to become the new <mask> Dixit by trying her luck in Bollywood. The film was produced by Ram Gopal Varma and dedicated to Dixit. The popular American sitcom The Big Bang Theory features a scene in the season two episode "The Bad Fish Paradigm", in which two of the lead characters Raj (played by Kunal Nayyar) and Sheldon (played by Jim Parsons) argue with each other over Dixit and fellow actress Aishwarya Rai. It was speculated in the media that television actress Karishma Tanna would play Dixit onscreen in Sanjay Dutt's biopic Sanju, which released in 2018. However, there was no reference to Dixit in the film. See also
 List of Indian film actresses

References

External links

1967 births
Indian film actresses
Marathi people
Living people
Actresses from Mumbai
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
20th-century Indian actresses
Indian emigrants to the United States
Actresses in Hindi cinema
21st-century Indian

masks: Dixit Madhuri


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<mask>'earth (born March 30, 1950) is an American post-bop/hard bop jazz trumpeter born in Framingham, Massachusetts who has appeared on recordings by Dave Matthews and Bruce Hornsby as well as recording a number of CDs on his own. He currently resides in Charlottesville, Virginia. Early
<mask> II was born in 1950 in Framingham, Massachusetts, growing up in nearby Holliston. His father had survived the Pacific theater of World War II and was "obsessed" with jazz. As D'earth says, "He was a maniac for music and for jazz music. He was my first teacher. He revealed to me mysteries of art and music that are priceless."His father would blast his records throughout the night, driving the family crazy. He would also sit with his two-year-old son, teaching him to play drum brushes on a metal tray. His father was "drawn to the complexities of be-bop" with its raw rhythms and stylings. "He hated white bands that were corny and tight," D'earth states. "Those were prejudices too, and I learned some of those prejudices early on." The Dearth family lived in a house from the 1690s that had been The Littlefield Tavern during the Colonial era. D'earth's parents divorced when he was eight, around the time he got his first trumpet.He immediately walked out into the yard and played it to the trees, discovering scales on his own. Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five were D'earth's favorite band, but he also appreciated classical music. Jazz instruction wasn't so easy to find in the early 1960s, but D'earth crossed paths with Henry "Boots" Mussulli, who was a veteran of the big band days. This Sicilian alto saxophone player and arranger had opened the Sons of Italy Crystal Room, a speakeasy that presented acts like Count

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John D
John Edward Dearth


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 Basie and Roy Eldridge in nearby Milford. He was part of a group of jazz instructors who helped form Berklee College of Music. One day Mussulli sat a young D'earth next to him and called a friend and simply said, "Listen." He and D'earth began improvising on the Charlie Parker be-pop classic "Confirmation".When done, Mussulli picked the receiver and said, "Fourteen" — then hung up. That experience changed D'earth's life, confirming his musical gift. As a teenager, DownBeat said of his performance at the Newport Jazz Festival that he played "like a young Freddie Hubbard." On Mussulli's impact D'earth says:

D'earth met Robert Jospé, a jazz drummer who would later relocate to Charlottesville and become a UVA music instructor, in 1967 at The Cambridge School of Weston, a preparatory high school near Boston. They started a group named Fire and Ice, and "began a collaboration that continues today." D'earth added the apostrophe to his name later in life. Career
D'earth attended Harvard University briefly only to drop out and pursue his musical career.In his early years he played in Bob Moses' innovative bands. He co-founded the group Cosmology (Vanguard Records) with bandmates drummer Robert Jospe and singer Dawn Thompson — whom D'earth later married. Jospé, D'earth, and Thompson, whom he met in New York, came to Charlottesville in 1981 for a summer and have all lived there ever since. Before heading for The Big Apple, Thompson had helped found the famed Prism Coffeehouse musical venue in Charlottesville. D'earth is the Director of Jazz Performance at the University of Virginia as well as the artist in residence at Virginia Commonwealth University. D`earth was music teacher at The Tandem School in


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 Charlottesville from the early to mid-1980s. He influenced many of his students while also teaching them to step out of their comfort zones and experience many musical styles they wouldn't have otherwise.He plays Thursday nights in downtown Charlottesville at Miller's with other musicians including JC Kuhl, Pete Spaar, Jamal Millner, Devonne Harris, Pureum Jin, Brian Caputo, Wells Hanley, Adam Larrabee, Brian Jones, and many others. He plays at Fellini's No. 9 first Saturdays monthly with Devonne Harris (drums), Bob Hallahan (piano), and Pete Spaar (upright bass). In addition to being a prominent jazz figure in Charlottesville, <mask> can be found making frequent appearances with younger up-and-coming players as well as older mainstay musicians alike in the Richmond, Virginia area. D'earth is known for his work with musicians such as Miles Davis, Buddy Rich, Dave Matthews Band, and Emily Remler. Personal
D'earth appeared regularly with his vocalist wife Dawn Thompson, who died August 31, 2017 after surviving nine years with brain cancer. She was born in Alexandria, Virginia on October 9, 1946.References

External links

 <mask>'earth at the University of Virginia
 <mask>'earth biography, discography and album reviews, credits & releases at AllMusic
 Web Archive of Thompson D'earth Band official webpage. 1950 births
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Post-bop trumpeters
Hard bop trumpeters
Living people
Musicians from Charlottesville, Virginia
Jazz musicians from Virginia
People from Holliston, Massachusetts
21st-century trumpeters
Jazz musicians from Massachusetts
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Vanguard Records artists
Double-Time Records

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John
John D
John D


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<mask> (; 24 May 1544? – 30 November 1603), also known as Gilberd, was an English physician, physicist and natural philosopher. He passionately rejected both the prevailing Aristotelian philosophy and the Scholastic method of university teaching. He is remembered today largely for his book De Magnete (1600). A unit of magnetomotive force, also known as magnetic potential, was named the <mask> in his honour. Life and work

<mask> was born in Colchester to Jerome Gilberd, a borough recorder. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge.After gaining his MD from Cambridge in 1569, and a short spell as bursar of St John's College, he left to practice medicine in London and travelled on the continent. In 1573, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1600 he was elected President of the college. He was Elizabeth I's own physician from 1601 until her death in 1603, and James VI and I renewed his appointment. His primary scientific work—much inspired by earlier works of Robert Norman—was De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth) published in 1600. In this work, he describes many of his experiments with his model Earth called the terrella. From these experiments, he concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was the reason compasses point north (previously, some believed that it was the pole star (Polaris) or a large magnetic island on the north pole that attracted the compass).He was the first to argue, correctly, that the centre of the Earth was iron, and he considered an important and related property of magnets was that they can be cut, each forming a new magnet with north and south poles. In Book 6, Chapter 3, he argues in support of diurnal rotation, though he does not talk about heliocentrism, stating that it is an absurdity to think that the immense  celestial spheres (doubting even that they exist) rotate daily, as opposed to the diurnal rotation

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William Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert


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 of the much smaller Earth. He also posits that the "fixed" stars are at remote variable distances rather than fixed to an imaginary sphere. He states that situated "in thinnest aether, or in the most subtle fifth essence, or in vacuity – how shall the stars keep their places in the mighty swirl of these enormous spheres composed of a substance of which no one knows aught?" The English word "electricity" was first used in 1646 by Sir Thomas Browne, derived from <mask>'s 1600 New Latin electricus, meaning "like amber". The term had been in use since the 13th century, but <mask> was the first to use it to mean "like amber in its attractive properties". He recognized that friction with these objects removed a so-called "effluvium", which would cause the attraction effect in returning to the object, though he did not realize that this substance (electric charge) was universal to all materials.In his book, he also studied static electricity using amber; amber is called elektron in Greek, so <mask> decided to call its effect the electric force. He invented the first electrical measuring instrument, the electroscope, in the form of a pivoted needle he called the versorium. Like others of his day, he believed that crystal (quartz) was an especially hard form of water, formed from compressed ice:

<mask> argued that electricity and magnetism were not the same thing. For evidence, he (incorrectly) pointed out that, while electrical attraction disappeared with heat, magnetic attraction did not (although it is proven that magnetism does in fact become damaged and weakened with heat). Hans Christian Ørsted and James Clerk Maxwell showed that both effects were aspects of a single force: electromagnetism. Maxwell surmised this in his A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism after much analysis. <mask>'s magnetism was the invisible force that many other natural philosophers seized upon, incorrectly, as governing the motions that they observed.While not attributing magnetism to attraction among the

masks: Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert


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 stars, <mask> pointed out the motion of the skies was due to Earth's rotation, and not the rotation of the spheres, 20 years before Galileo (but 57 years after Copernicus who stated it openly in his work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium published in 1543 ) (see external reference below). <mask> made the first attempt to map the surface markings on the Moon in the 1590s. His chart, made without the use of a telescope, showed outlines of dark and light patches on the Moon's face. Contrary to most of his contemporaries, <mask> believed that the light spots on the Moon were water, and the dark spots land. Besides <mask>'s De Magnete, there appeared at Amsterdam in 1651 a quarto volume of 316 pages entitled De Mundo Nostro Sublunari Philosophia Nova (New Philosophy about our Sublunary World), edited—some say by his brother <mask> Junior, and others say, by the eminent English scholar and critic John Gruter—from two manuscripts found in the library of Sir <mask>. According to Dr. John Davy, "this work of <mask>'s, which is so little known, is a very remarkable one both in style and matter; and there is a vigor and energy of expression belonging to it very suitable to its originality. Possessed of a more minute and practical knowledge of natural philosophy than Bacon, his opposition to the philosophy of the schools was more searching and particular, and at the same time probably little less efficient."In the opinion of Prof. John Robison, De Mundo consists of an attempt to establish a new system of natural philosophy upon the ruins of the Aristotelian doctrine. Dr. <mask> says in his History of the Inductive Sciences (1859):

<mask>, in his work, De Magnete printed in 1600 has only some vague notions that the magnetic virtue of the earth in some way determines the direction of the earth's axis, the rate of its diurnal rotation, and that of the revolution of the moon about it. <mask> died in 1603, and in his posthumous work (De Mundo nostro Sublunari Philosophia nova, 1631) we have

masks:
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
William Gilbert
William Boswell
Gilbert
William Whewell
Gilbert
Gilbert


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 already a more distinct statement of the attraction of one body by another. "The force which emanates from the moon reaches to the earth, and, in like manner, the magnetic virtue of the earth pervades the region of the moon: both correspond and conspire by the joint action of both, according to a proportion and conformity of motions, but the earth has more effect in consequence of its superior mass; the earth attracts and repels, the moon, and the moon within certain limits, the earth; not so as to make the bodies come together, as magnetic bodies do, but so that they may go on in a continuous course." Though this phraseology is capable of representing a good deal of the truth, it does not appear to have been connected... with any very definite notions of mechanical action in detail. <mask> died on 30 November 1603 in London. His cause of death is thought to have been the bubonic plague.<mask> was buried in his home town, in Holy Trinity Church, Colchester. His marble wall monument can still be seen in this Saxon church, now deconsecrated and used as a café and market. Commentary on <mask>
Francis Bacon never accepted Copernican heliocentrism and was critical of <mask>'s philosophical work in support of the diurnal motion of the Earth. Bacon's criticism includes the following two statements. The first was repeated in three of his works—In the Advancement of Learning (1605), Novum Organum (1620) and De Augmentis (1623). The more severe second statement is from History of Heavy and Light Bodies published after Bacon's death. The Alchemists have made a philosophy out of a few experiments of the furnace and <mask> our countryman hath made a philosophy out of observations of the lodestone.[<mask>] has himself become a magnet; that is, he has ascribed too many things to that force and built a ship out of a shell. Thomas Thomson writes in his History of the Royal Society (1812):
The magnetic laws were first generalized and explained by Dr. <mask>, whose book on magnetism published in

masks: Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert Gilbert


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 1600, is one of the finest examples of inductive philosophy that has ever been presented to the world. It is the more remarkable, because it preceded the Novum Organum of Bacon, in which the inductive method of philosophizing was first explained. <mask> writes in his History of the Inductive Sciences (1837/1859):

<mask>... repeatedly asserts the paramount value of experiments. He himself, no doubt, acted up to his own precepts; for his work contains all the fundamental facts of the science [of magnetism], so fully examined, indeed, that even at this day we have little to add to them. Historian Henry Hallam wrote of <mask> in his Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries (1848):
The year 1600 was the first in which England produced a remarkable work in physical science; but this was one sufficient to raise a lasting reputation to its author. <mask>, a physician, in his Latin treatise on the magnet, not only collected all the knowledge which others had possessed on that subject, but became at once the father of experimental philosophy in this island, and by a singular felicity and acuteness of genius, the founder of theories which have been revived after the lapse of ages, and are almost universally received into the creed of the science.The magnetism of the earth itself, his own original hypothesis, nova illa nostra et inaudita de tellure sententia [our new and unprecedented view of the planet]... was by no means one of those vague conjectures that are sometimes unduly applauded... He relied on the analogy of terrestrial phenomena to those exhibited by what he calls a terrella, or artificial spherical magnet. ...<mask> was also one of our earliest Copernicans, at least as to the rotation of the earth; and with his usual sagacity inferred, before the invention of the telescope, that there are a multitude of fixed stars beyond the reach of our vision. <mask> Bryant of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, wrote in his book Kepler

masks:
William Whewell
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Walter William


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 (1920):
When <mask> of Colchester, in his “New Philosophy,” founded on his researches in magnetism, was dealing with tides, he did not suggest that the moon attracted the water, but that “subterranean spirits and humors, rising in sympathy with the moon, cause the sea also to rise and flow to the shores and up rivers”. It appears that an idea, presented in some such way as this, was more readily received than a plain statement. This so-called philosophical method was, in fact, very generally applied, and Kepler, who shared Galileo’s admiration for <mask>’s work, adopted it in his own attempt to extend the idea of magnetic attraction to the planets. Bibliography

See also
History of geomagnetism
List of geophysicists
Scientific revolution

References

Further reading

External links

 The Galileo Project — biography of <mask>.The Great Magnet, the Earth — website hosted by NASA — Commemorating the 400th anniversary of "De Magnete" by <mask> of Colchester. Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of <mask> in .jpg and .tiff format. On the Magnet — Translation of De Magnete by Silvanus Thompson for the Gilbert Club, London 1900. Full text, free to read and search. Go to page 9 and read <mask> saying the Earth revolves leading to the motion of the skies. The Natural Philosophy of <mask> and His Predecessors
De Magnete From the English Printing Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
 <mask>, the first electrician. 16th-century English astronomers
16th-century English medical doctors
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
Magneticians
People associated with electricity
English physicists
1544 births
1603 deaths
People of the Elizabethan era
16th-century Latin-language writers
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
People from Colchester
17th-century deaths from plague (disease)
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male

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Gilbert
Gilbert
William Gilbert
William Gilbert
William Gilbert
Gilbert
William Gilbert
William Gilbert


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<mask> (born August 21, 1988) is a former American football running back. He was drafted by the Houston Texans in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at Auburn. <mask> also played for the Cleveland Browns, Minnesota Vikings, the Pittsburgh Steelers. Early years
<mask> attended Stephen Decatur High School until his junior year, where he was a two-sport star in football and track. He played football as a running back for the Decatur Seahawks. As a junior, he set the Maryland state single-season rushing record with 2,886 yards and 25 touchdowns, averaging 221.4 yards per game.His performance earned him first-team All-state honors. As a senior, he transferred to Snow Hill High School, where he ran for 2,069 yards and 21 touchdowns, averaging 12.9 yards per carry while leading Snow Hill to a state runner-up finish. In 37 career games, <mask> rushed 542 times for 5,920 yards and 78 touchdowns, averaging 10.9 yards per carry and 160 yards per game. He also had 210 career receiving yards. <mask> also set the Maryland state records for both career yards rushing (5,920) and total career offensive yards (6,123). For his senior performance, he was awarded the Gatorade State Player of the year and was a consensus All-state pick. Also a standout track & field athlete, <mask> competed as a sprinter and was a state-qualifier in the 100 and 200-meter dashes, reaching the Maryland state finals in both events as a freshman while also placing in the top-three as a sophomore.In addition, <mask> also recorded a 4.41-second 40-yard dash, had a 32-inch vertical jump and reportedly bench-pressed a maximum of 355 lb (163 kg) and squatted 630 lb (290 kg). Regarded as a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> was ranked No. 6 nationally among running backs and the No. 2 player from the state of Maryland. Upon graduation from Snow Hill High School, <mask> received scholarship offers from Auburn, Virginia, Penn State, Maryland, and North Carolina

masks:
Benjamin Franklin Tate
Tate
Tate
Tate
Tate
Tate
Tate
Tate
Tate


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 before accepting a scholarship to Auburn University. College career

Freshman year
<mask> played sparingly behind senior Kenny Irons, and gained 392 yards on 54 carries in 9 games. He received Freshman All-America Honorable Mention from The Sporting News.<mask>'s best game was a 156 yard performance against Tulane. Sophomore year

<mask>'s sophomore season was a strong one, leading the Tigers in rushing (903 yards on 202 carries for a 4.5 yard average) and to a victory over Clemson in the Chick-fil-A Bowl. Junior year
Heading into his Junior campaign, <mask> was named to several preseason All-SEC teams. However, because of new offensive coordinator Tony Franklin and his spread, pass-first style of offense, <mask>'s numbers significantly declined. He gained only 664 yards on 159 carries. Senior year
As the feature back in Gus Malzahn's spread offense, <mask> shined in his final college season. He gained 1,362 yards on 263 carries with 10 touchdowns.His top performance came against Arkansas, rushing for 184 yards and two touchdowns (over 100 yards coming in the third quarter). <mask> also earned AP second-team All-SEC honors, as well as being voted both the Team and Offense MVP award. <mask> Walker Award. <mask> also led Auburn to a victory over Northwestern in the Outback Bowl, rushing for 108 yards and 2 touchdowns in the overtime win. <mask> finished at Auburn 5th on the career rushing list, behind Auburn greats Bo Jackson, Carnell Williams, James Brooks, and Joe Cribbs. He rushed for 3321 yards on 678 carries, scoring 24 touchdowns. <mask> graduated in May 2009 with a degree in Criminology.Statistics

~ includes bowl game

Professional career

2010 NFL Draft

<mask> was drafted in the 2nd round in the 2010 NFL Draft by the Houston Texans with the 58th overall pick. Most projected <mask> to be picked somewhere in the early to middle of the second round, and recognizing his value at pick 58, the Texans aggressively traded up to draft him. This is the

masks: Tate Ben Tate Tate Tate Tate Tate Tateak Tate Tate Tate Tate Tate


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 only time in team history that the Texans have drafted a running back earlier than the third round. Houston Texans

<mask> had high expectations to help a Texans running game that was one of the worst in the league the previous season, but during the Texans pre-season opener in 2010, <mask>  broke his ankle and was placed on injured reserve (IR). <mask> returned healthy for the 2011 season, but was initially placed fourth on the depth chart behind 2010 NFL rushing champion Arian Foster, Derrick Ward, and Steve Slaton. At the conclusion of the preseason, <mask> was listed as the opening-day backup to Ward due to a hamstring injury to Foster. In his NFL debut, <mask> did not disappoint, rushing for 116 yards and his first NFL touchdown on 24 carries.He followed that performance the following week against the Miami Dolphins with another 100-yard game, finishing with 103 yards on 23 carries. He finished the 2011 regular season with 942 rushing yards on 175 attempts (a 5.4 yards-per-carry average, third-highest in the NFL) with 4 rushing touchdowns and 98 total receiving yards in 15 games played, two of which he started (Week 3 against the New Orleans Saints, and week 17 against the Tennessee Titans). <mask> ran for 115 yards against the Cleveland Browns in Week 9 while Arian Foster ran for 124 yards in the same contest, leading the Texans to 261 yards on the ground, a franchise record. <mask> played in 11 games in the 2012 season, amassing 279 rushing yards on 65 carries, averaging 4.3 yards per carry. While his per-carry average remained formidable, his carries were limited due to a competitive Houston Texans' backfield along with lingering injuries to his hamstring and foot. It was a frustrating season for the young running back, who had been competing with emerging running back Justin Forsett for backup duties to Arian Foster. In 2013, <mask> appeared in 14 games with the Texans, making 7 starts, after a season-ending injury to Arian Foster.<mask>

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 responded by rushing for 771 yards and 4 touchdowns, 3 of which came in a Week 13 game against the New England Patriots where he rushed for a season-high 102 yards. After having battled cracked ribs for much of the season, <mask> was placed on injured reserve on December 19, 2013, ending his season. Cleveland Browns

<mask> signed with the Cleveland Browns on March 15, 2014. On October 5, 2014, he ran for a career-high 123 yards on 22 carries in a 29-28 win over the Tennessee Titans. <mask> was released by the Browns on November 18, 2014. In the weeks leading up to his release, he grew frustrated with the amount of carries he was getting due to the three-back rotation system the Browns had recently employed, giving <mask>, Isaiah Crowell and Terrance West fairly even playing time at running back. Minnesota Vikings

The Minnesota Vikings were awarded <mask> on waivers after his release from Cleveland.However, after playing only three games with the team, accumulating 38 rushing yards off of 13 attempts, the Vikings released <mask> on December 25, 2014. Pittsburgh Steelers
In the lead up to the 2014 NFL playoffs, the Pittsburgh Steelers lost Le'Veon Bell to injury. With no experienced running backs, they signed the newly released <mask> on December 30, 2014. In the Wild Card loss against the Baltimore Ravens, <mask> had five carries for 19 yards. <mask> participated in The Spring League in 2017. Statistics

~placed on IR in preseason
All statistics from espn.com

References

External links

Cleveland Browns bio
Houston Texans bio
Auburn Tigers bio

1988 births
Living people
American football running backs
Auburn Tigers football players
Cleveland Browns players
Houston Texans players
Minnesota Vikings players
People from Snow Hill, Maryland
People from Woodbridge, Virginia
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Maryland
Players of American football from Virginia
Sportspeople from the Washington metropolitan area
The Spring League


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<mask>'Orme () (3-9 June 1514 – 8 January 1570) was a French architect and writer, and one of the great masters of French Renaissance architecture. His surname is also written De l'Orme, <mask>me, or Delorme. Biography

Early career

<mask>'Orme was born between 3 and 9 June 1514 in Lyon. His father was <mask>'Orme, a master mason and entrepreneur, who, in the 1530s, employed three hundred workers and built prestigious buildings for the elite of the city. When Philibert was nineteen he departed Lyon for Italy, where he remained for three years, working on building projects for Pope Paul III. In Rome he was introduced to Cardinal Jean du Bellay, the Ambassador of King François I to the Vatican, who became his protector and client. Du Bellay was also the patron of his friend Francois Rabelais.In about 1540 <mask>'Orme moved to Paris, and was soon occupied with royal projects. Royal architect of Henry II (1548-1559)

On April 3, 1548 he was a named architect of the King by Henry II. For a period of eleven years, he supervised all of the King's architectural projects, with the exception of changes to the Louvre, which were planned by another royal architect, Pierre Lescot. His major projects included the Château de St Maur-des-Fossés, the Château d'Anet, the Château de Chenonceau in the Loire Valley; the royal Château de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne;  the Château de Vincennes, and major modifications to the Palace of Fontainebleau. He also made a reputation as a writer and theorist, and as an innovator in building techniques. He invented a new system for

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Philibert de l
de L Or
Philbert de l
Jean de L
de l


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 making the essential wooden frameworks for constructing stone buildings, called  charpente à petits bois, which was quicker and less expensive than previous methods and used much less wood. He  demonstrated it before the King in 1555, and put it to work in construction at the new royal Château de Montceaux and at the royal hunting lodge  in the Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.Out of favor - architectural theorist (1559-1563)
The death of Henry II of France on July 10, 1559 suddenly left him without a patron and at the mercy of rival architects who resented his success and his style. Two days later, on 10 July, he was dismissed from his official posts, and replaced by an Italian artist and architect, Francesco Primaticcio, whose work was much in fashion. He had joined a religious order, and decided to turn his attention to meditation, scholarship and writing. He made another trip to Rome to inspect the new works of Michelangelo. Beginning in 1565 wrote the first volume of a work on architectural theory, which was scientific and philosophical. It was published in 1567, and was followed by new editions after his death in 1576, 1626 and 1648. Royal architect again (1563-1570)
Under Charles IX and <mask> Medici, he returned to royal favor.He was employed on the enlargement of the Chateau of Saint Maur (1563) and, along with Jean Bullant,  on additions to the Tuileries Palace (1564). He died in Paris in 1570, while this project was underway. Reputation

In the 17th century, during the period of Louis XIV style  that followed his death, his reputation


texts: suffered. The grand stairway that he built at the Tuileries Palace was demolished in 1664, as was his Château de Saint-Léger in 1668, to make way for classical structures. In 1683, he was denounced by <mask> of the Royal Academy for his "villainous Gothic ornaments" and his "petty manner". Nonetheless, his two major theoretical works on construction and design continued to be important textbooks, and were regularly republished and read. His reputation rose again in the 18th century, through the writings of Dezallier d'Argenville, who wrote in 1787 that he had "abandoned the Gothic covering in order to redress French architecture in the style Ancient Greece."D'Argenville wrote the first biography and catalog of works. Though few of his building survived to be studied carefully, later important academic works on <mask> l'Orme were written in the 19th and 20th centuries by art historians  including H. Clouzot and Anthony Blunt. One of De l'Orme's primary accomplishments was to change the way architects trained and studied. He insisted that architects needed formal education in classical architecture, as well as in geometry and astronomy and the sciences, but also needed practical experience in construction. He himself was an accomplished scholar of ancient Greek and Roman architecture, as well as a humanist scholar. He argued that architects  needed to be able to design and manage every aspect of the building, from the volumes to the lambris to adding up the cost, making detailed three-dimensional drawings of vaults, judging if wood was dry enough, and

masks:
François Blondel
de


texts:
 knowing to stop digging the foundation when the first sand was encountered. He had scorn for those architects who could design a facade but had no knowledge actual construction.His opponents scorned him for his background as the son of a masonry contractor. He was referred to by Bernard Palissy as "The god of the stone masons", which deeply offended him. His other major accomplishment was to resist the tendency to simply copy Italian architectural styles; he traveled and studied in Italy, and borrowed much, but he always added a distinctly French look to each of his projects. Works attributed to <mask>'Orme

The first major building of <mask>'Orme was the Château of Saint Maur (1541), built for the Cardinal Jean du Bellay, whom <mask>'Orme had met during his time in Rome. Its plan  showed the influence of the Italian villas; and, like the Italian buildings, it was decorated with frescoes. Much of his work has disappeared, but his fame remains. He was An ardent humanist and student of the antique, he yet vindicated resolutely the French tradition in opposition to Italian tendencies; he was a man of independent mind and a vigorous originality.His masterpiece was the Château d'Anet (1552–1559), built for <mask> Poitiers, the plans of which are preserved in Jacques Androuet du Cerceau's Plus excellens bastimens de France, though part of the building alone remains; and his designs for the Tuileries (also given by Androuet du Cerceau), begun by <mask>' Medici in 1565, were magnificent. His work is also seen at Chenonceau and other famous châteaux; and his

masks:
de l
de l
de l
Diane de
Catherine de


texts:
 tomb of Francis I at Saint Denis Basilica remains a perfect specimen of his art. The most easily viewed work of <mask> l'Orme in Paris is the court facade of the Chateau d'Anet, which was moved to Paris after a major portion of the chateau was demolished, to illustrate for students the major works of the French Renaissance. It is attached to the front wall of the chapel of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and is visible from Rue Bonaparte. Partial list of works

 Château de Saint-Maur (1541), demolished in 1796
 Tomb of François Ie in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, Paris (1547)
 Château d'Anet (1547-1555), built for <mask> Poitiers. Only one wing remains. Plans of the Chapel of Saint-Éloi,Paris (1550-1566), (Long attributed, but not documented.Only a portion of the facade remains)
 Attribution du château d'Acquigny
 Facade of the residence of the Vicomte of the Duchy of Uzès (attributed)
 Completion of Sainte-Chapelle at the Château de Vincennes (1552)
 Château de Villers-Cotterêts, southern portion( 1547-1559)
 Chapel of the Château of  Villers-Cotterêts (1552-1553)
 Royal Château of Saint-Léger-en-Yvelines (demolished)
 Château de Meudon (attributed)
 Château de Montceaux
 Château de Thoiry (1560s) ;
 The bridge upon which the Château de Chenonceau is constructed
 Portions of the Louvre
 Portions of the new Chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
 Portal of Château d'Écouen, now the National Museum of the French Renaissance (mid 16th century). The wing he designed was destroyed in 1787, but vestiges are displayed inside the Chateau. Roofs of the towers of the

masks:
de
Diane de


texts:
 Château de Bonnemare. See also
<mask>' Medici's building projects
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, influenced by Philibert Delorme

Notes

Bibliography
 Boudon, Françoise (1999). "De l'Orme" in Dictionnaire des Architectes. Paris: Encyclopaedia Universalis. .
 Blunt, Anthony (1958). Philibert de l'Orme.London: A. Zwemmer. . .

 Catholic Encyclopedia article
  Philibert <mask>'Orme
 Hanser, David A. (2006). Architecture of France. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. .
 Hoffmann, Volker (1996). "L'Orme [Delorme], Philibert <mask>" in  The Dictionary of Art, 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove. . Also at Oxford Art Online (article updated 26 November 2003).Lemerle, F. & Y. Pauwels (2016). <mask> De L'Orme (1514-1570). Un architecte dans l'histoire: Arts - Sciences - Techniques (= Études Renaissantes 17). Turnhout: Brepols. .
 Pérouse <mask>los, Jean-Marie (2000). <mask> De l'Orme : Architecte du roi (1514–1570). Paris: Mengès. .
 Potié, Philippe (1996). <mask> <mask>'Orme : Figures de la pensées constructive.Marseille: Parenthèses. . External links

 Nouvelles inventions pour bien bastir, 1561: copy at Gallica
 Le premier tome de l'architecture:
 1567: copy at the website of the Library of the University of Bern
 1567: illustrations at Gallica
 1568: copy at the Internet Archive from the Research Library of the Getty Research Institute
 1626: copy at the Internet Archive from the Research Library of the Getty Research Institute (includes <mask>'Orme's portrait engraving as well as Invention

masks:
Catherine de
de l
de
Philibert
de Montc
Philibert
Philibert
de L
de l


texts:
 pour bien bastir)
 English translation of <mask>'Orme's Le premier tome de l'architecture
 French Renaissance architectural treatises, Centre d'Etudes Supérieures de la Renaissance
 Palladio's Literary Predecessors

1510s births
1570 deaths
16th-century French architects
16th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
French architecture writers
Architects from Lyon
Renaissance architects
French military


texts:
<mask> (born February 20, 1947) is an American pastor at the ATLAH World Missionary Church. <mask> grew up in Red Springs, North Carolina, and has been with ATLAH since 1981. ATLAH stands for All The Land Anointed Holy, which is <mask>'s name for Harlem. Through the ATLAH church, <mask> hosts an online series called The Manning Report, which features criticism on such topics as the negative influence of black celebrities, homosexuality, and the alleged "criminal" acts of U.S. President Barack Obama. <mask>'s allegations and political views have made him highly controversial. Biography
<mask> was born on February 20, 1947, in Red Springs, North Carolina. He grew up in the town, which was then segregated.He picked cotton and pulled tobacco as a child, then took a bus to New York the day he graduated from high school. He became radicalized in the 1960s and said he was driven by his hatred of white people. As a younger man, <mask> burglarized homes, mostly on Long Island. Between 1969 and 1974, he said, he broke into as many as 100 houses and once threatened an associate with a loaded shotgun. He spent about  years in prison in New York and Florida for burglary, robbery, larceny, criminal possession of a weapon, and other charges before his release in 1978. While in prison, he became a devout Christian. <mask> has said that his past life of crime and then incarceration helped to shape his wider perspective on life and that he does not shy away from discussing it.After beginning study in 1982, <mask> graduated from Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York where he was awarded a Master of Divinity in 1985. During his graduate studies, <mask> went on a religious study tour to Latin America, and later to Africa. In his theological

masks:
James David Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
James David Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning


texts:
 group study tour of Africa in 1985, he visited both Liberia in West Africa, founded by former African-American slaves and apartheid-era South Africa. He met his future wife on the tour. <mask> has said that his visit to Africa had an influence on his views about race, and that his witnessing of black societies other than African-Americans influenced his views on the nature of black people. <mask> claims to hold a Doctor of Philosophy degree from his own ATLAH Theological Seminary, an institution without educational accreditation. According to <mask> he attended the Oxford Round Table in 2004.Taxation controversies

New York City authorities claim that ATLAH owes $1.02 million in unpaid taxes and unpaid water bills. The city claims that because the church contains six residential apartments, the whole building is not tax exempt, only that portion used for the church. The Harlem church disagrees and has fought a long legal battle to assert its alleged right not to have to pay taxes or water bills for any portion of the church building. In 2016 the church was due to be sold at a public auction, and The Ali Forney Center, a nonprofit organization providing transitional homes for homeless LGBT youth raised money to purchase it, reaching its target of $200,000 to buy the church. The organization's founder, Carl Siciliano, wrote:

<mask> said at the time that the sale would not happen unless "men give birth through their anus", and that he and his congregation would barricade themselves inside the church and arm themselves to stop new owners taking possession of it. A stay was granted pending a full court hearing on June 1, which delayed the planned public auction. In September 2016, Judge Manuel J. Mendez vacated the foreclosure and sale

masks: Manning Manning Manning Manning


texts:
 order, ruling that as ATLAH may be found to be tax exempt, it cannot be forced to be sold until such time that ATLAH is found to actually owe the taxes the city claims it owes.After the court ruling, <mask> threatened to publicly burn the rainbow flag as a celebration, which caused the Ali Forney Center to organize a protest outside of the church. Following the ruling, Siciliano stated, "Rev. <mask>'s declaration of victory is premature" and, "All [Rev. <mask>] has won for now is the opportunity to incur many further legal costs as he tries to escape the consequences of decades of failure to pay ATLAH's water bills." On August 22, 2017, the Court ruled that the church did owe the unpaid water bills and taxes, but the church appealed the decision. According to Siciliano, this means that "the process could be delayed for approximately 18 months." Views

Criticism of homosexuality
<mask> has received some media coverage for his condemnations of homosexuality, which include calling for homosexuals to be stoned to death.He has referred to himself as "the sodomite slayer" and stated, "I do think that anyone who promotes [homosexuality] as a lifestyle and tries to make it a national and international event and create warfare upon everybody else, then the appropriate response would be to stone them back to the Stone Age, or stone them back to hell." <mask>'s views on homosexuality include the beliefs that "white homos are going to take the black woman's man" and that President Obama is going to "use gay people to destroy the black community." He calls for the stoning of gay people and for Harlem to be a "homo-free zone." In an interview with The Huffington Post, <mask> stated, "The homosexual activists are flat-out lying about what Jesus

masks: Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning


texts:
 would do regarding the detestable, abominable, diseased practice and act of homosexuality. They have been lying and saying that Jesus would simply love." <mask> has stated that Starbucks will be "ground zero for Ebola" in the United States because homosexuals frequent the stores and "a lot of bodily fluids" are exchanged. <mask> has also stated that Starbucks puts semen in its coffees, and that millions of people around the world "really think that the taste of semen is quite a flavor."Criticism of Barack Obama

<mask> has expressed contempt for a range of American political leaders, stating that both George W. Bush and his father had anal sex with 100 men and likening Barack Obama to Hitler and one of the two beasts in Revelation. <mask> came to public attention during the 2008 presidential election after ATLAH posted several sermons of his on YouTube that were harshly critical of Obama. Among other accusations, he called Obama's mother "white trash" for becoming pregnant by a black man out of wedlock, an issue he discussed during a press conference at the National Press Club on December 8, 2008. It is common knowledge that African men, coming from the continent of Africa — especially for the first time — do diligently seek out white women to have sexual intercourse with. Generally the most noble of white society choose not to intercourse sexually with these men. So it's usually the trashier ones who make their determinations that they're going to have sex. <mask> defended his sermons in an interview on Fox News, saying that "we also have to talk about his character."The sermons drew the attention of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, which filed a complaint with the Internal Revenue Service objecting to alleged

masks: Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning


texts:
 violations of laws granting tax-free status to churches on the condition that they refrain from certain forms of political activity. <mask> has continued his criticisms of Obama since the election, frequently calling him a criminal and "long-legged mack daddy." He produced a video in summer 2009 in which he predicted that there would be a white backlash against Obama, complete with riots, and he attended one of the first "birther" events. In an interview with the Israeli radio station Arutz Sheva, <mask> asserted that Obama had chosen to befriend Muslims instead of Jews; he also offered praise of Meir Kahane. After Bill O'Reilly, a commentator on Fox News, called birther lawyer Orly Taitz a "nut," <mask> and Taitz organized a protest outside Fox News headquarters in New York City in November 2009, which drew an estimated 15 to 20 attendees. In May 2010 <mask> staged a show trial of Barack Obama at ATLAH for wire fraud, with <mask> acting as prosecutor. Although the treason and sedition charges had been deleted from consideration at the trial, <mask> expressed the opinion that Obama should be hanged.In 2013, <mask> accused Obama of having a "love child" and then shooting the mother outside the White House. On August 4, 2014, he prognosticated that Obama and Vladimir Putin would be outed as gay within 100 days. Following the 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting, <mask> suggested that Obama had cut a deal with terrorists to attack other Western countries. In early 2016, <mask> alleged that President Obama had murdered Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia. When <mask>'s missionary church faced foreclosure in 2016, <mask> alleged that President Obama had ordered for the church to be closed. Public image

<mask>'s claims and allegations through

masks: Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning


texts:
 social media have made him the subject to much scrutiny. He has appeared on Fox News, The Young Turks, the Alex Jones  show, and a plethora of other social media entities.He formerly had a show on Republic Broadcasting Network, but is no longer  hosting a show on the network as of early 2018. Criticism of Ben Carson
In 2015, <mask> called presidential candidate Ben Carson a "pathetic nigga" and a "demon", and described all of Carson's supporters as "closeted sodomites, fags, lesbos, [and] buttlickers". Criticism of black leadership
In his sermons and in video messages posted on his church's website and on YouTube, <mask> has denounced the influence of Charles Rangel, Al Sharpton, Cornel West and Jay-Z. He has also had harsh words for black people in general, and black men in particular. Opposition to gentrification in Harlem
<mask> is fiercely opposed to the gentrification of Harlem and calls for its residents to boycott its shops, restaurants, doctors, banks and churches. That action, combined with a general rent strike, would force all property owners out of Harlem, he said, leaving the neighborhood to its rightful inheritors: black people. <mask> calls his plan "No Dew, Nor Rain", after Elijah's warning to Ahab, king of Israel, of a coming drought."When there's no dew, no rain, there's a drought — there's all kinds of suffering", <mask> said. The whole of Harlem, he said, is to be a "drought zone". <mask> said the intent of the boycott was to return Harlem to its pre-gentrification days of 1990, without the crack cocaine, crime, and boarded-up buildings. His hope, he says, is that declining property values will make housing affordable for black people. References

External links
 Website of ATLAH World Missionary Church

1947


texts:
 births
Living people
American Christian clergy
American conspiracy theorists
American evangelists
American fascists
American Internet celebrities
American Kahanists
American people convicted of burglary
Christian conspiracy theorists
Christian fascists
American Christian Zionists
Discrimination against LGBT people in the United States
People from Red Springs, North Carolina
Politics and race in the United States
Union Theological Seminary (New York City)


texts:
<mask> (born July 20, 1972), better known by her stage name Vitamin <mask>, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actress. She began her career as an Ivory soap baby and child actress, appearing in John Waters' film Hairspray (1988), and continued to appear in minor roles in films before starting the alternative rock band Eve's Plum in 1991. In 1999, Fitzpatrick embarked on a solo career under the name Vitamin <mask>, releasing her eponymous debut album Vitamin C (1999), which was certified Platinum by the RIAA. Singles from the record include "Graduation (Friends Forever)" and the Top 20 single "Smile". Her second album, More (2001) spawned the singles "As Long as You're Loving Me" and "The Itch". She appeared in the horror film Dracula 2000 (2000), and made cameo appearances in Get Over It (2001) and Scary Movie 2 (2001). She also appeared as a panelist on the spoof talent series The WB's Superstar USA in 2004.She was ranked No. 76 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2001. In March 2012, Fitzpatrick was appointed as Vice President of Music at Nickelodeon. Since early 2019, Fitzpatrick has served as a music executive for Netflix. Early life
Fitzpatrick was born in Old Bridge, New Jersey, on July 20, 1972. She is the youngest of three children born to Vita, a legal secretary, and Gerard Fitzpatrick, a communications executive. She is of Irish descent.She graduated from Cedar Ridge High School in 1987, (now called Old Bridge High School) where she was a classmate of Junot Díaz. During her high school years she was a dancer who danced professionally in several TV ads, and also starred in her high school musical. She later attended New York University, graduating in 1991 with a Bachelor of

masks:
Colleen Ann Fitzpatrick
C
C


texts:
 Arts degree in English. Career

Hairspray and Eve's Plum (1988–1998)

In 1988, while a student at New York University living in the same dorm as Sarah Silverman, John Fugelsang and Bridget Looney, Fitzpatrick made her screen debut under her real name in the John Waters feature film Hairspray as Amber Von Tussle, the bratty on-screen daughter of co-stars Debbie Harry and Sonny Bono. In the 1980s, she appeared on The Equalizer and on Saturday Night Live as an "Update Dancer" during Dennis Miller's news segment. She made her first musical outing as the lead singer of the alternative rock band Eve's Plum, named after The Brady Bunch actress Eve Plumb, formed in 1991. She formed the band with Michael Kotch in 1991, whom she met while studying at New York University.A year later the group signed a record deal with Epic Records in 1992, releasing two albums and seven singles between 1993 and 1995 before being dropped. The band continued to perform together until 1998. Vitamin C (1998–2000)
Following the group's breakup, Fitzpatrick launched a pop music solo project as "Vitamin C" and signed an album deal with Elektra Records in 1998. Her debut solo album, Vitamin C, peaked on the Billboard 200 at number 29 and was certified Platinum by the RIAA. The album's first single, "Smile", peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified Gold by the RIAA. The second single from the album, "Me, Myself & I", failed to chart. However, the third single "Graduation (Friends Forever)" was more successful, peaking at number 12 on the Top 40 Mainstream Chart and number 38 on the Billboard Hot 100.In Australia, the song peaked at number 2 on the ARIA Charts and was certified Platinum. In the summer of 2000, the song


texts:
 saw a resurgence in popularity in the Republic of Ireland, peaking at number 4 in the country. Vitamin C was marketed through collaborations with a number of prolific brands. In 2000, Mattel produced a Vitamin C doll which was retailed at approximately $16, and a Vitamin C lipstick shade was made by Tommy Hilfiger. Vitamin C's cover version of the Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons song "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)" was used as a brand image theme by the American television network The WB during the 1999–2000 television season. She also wrote and recorded "Vacation", which became the opening theme to the short movie Pikachu's Vacation (from Pokémon: The First Movie). The 2001 video game EA Sports Triple Play featured Vitamin C as an animated baseball player.In 2000, she played the role of Lucy Westerman in the horror film Dracula 2000 and as herself in the spoof film Da Hip Hop Witch. More (2000–2001)
In late 2000, Vitamin C released "The Itch", the first single from her second album More. The song peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 45. "The Itch" was a much bigger success in Australia where it charted at number 6 on the ARIA Charts and was certified Platinum. More debuted at number 122 on the Billboard 200. "As Long As You're Loving Me" was released as the second single from the album, but failed to chart in the US and led to Vitamin C being dropped from Elektra Records. In 2001, Vitamin C made cameo appearances as herself in the films Get Over It, Scary Movie 2, and Rock Star.Vitamin C also made cameo appearances on Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, The Brothers Garcia, and The Sausage Factory. In the February 2001 issue of Cosmopolitan magazine, Vitamin C was voted as one of the "Fun and Fearless


texts:
 Females" of the year. That same year Vitamin C was ranked No. 76 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2001. "Last Nite" and later activities (2001–2009)
Vitamin C signed with V2 Records in 2001 and began recording her third album over the course of 2002 and 2003. The first single, "Last Nite", was released in July 2003. It was a cover version of the hit song by The Strokes and sampled Blondie's "Heart of Glass".The single failed to chart in the US, and peaked at number 70 on the UK Top 75. Her third album under the Vitamin C name was subsequently shelved. Her subsequent television appearances included playing a judge in the American Idol spoof The WB's Superstar USA. She also appeared in an episode of MTV's The Andy Dick Show and the celebrity game show Celebrity Bootcamp. She was one of three judges on the Lifetime reality series Your Mama Don't Dance. In 2005, Vitamin C's cover of "Voices Carry" by 'Til Tuesday was included on the soundtrack for the Disney movie Sky High. The same year, she wrote the song "We Are Gonna Happen" for Emma Roberts on the Unfabulous and More album.She also co-wrote the song "Where Do We Go" with Scout Taylor-<mask>. In 2006, she assembled a Radio Disney-aimed group of four teenagers named The Truth Squad. Vitamin <mask> wrote and produced a number of song's for the group's debut album, which included a cover of "Graduation (Friends Forever)". The album was released on April 3, 2007, and made a brief appearance on the Top Kid Audio Chart, where it peaked at No. 23. During this time, Vitamin <mask> was reportedly working on two new albums, a children's world-music album and a pop album, neither of which were released. She also starred in the indie sitcom THE LEK, but only three

masks: Compton C C


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 episodes were released.In 2007, she assembled and produced the girl group the Stunners. The group was signed to Columbia Records and later Universal Republic Records. In the span of four years they released an EP, two singles, and four music videos. The group split in early 2011. In 2008, she wrote the single "Make Some Noise" for Krystal Meyers. In 2009, she wrote "Let's Get Crazy" for Miley <mask> as Hannah Montana. Vitamin C also wrote the song "One and the Same", a duet recorded by Demi Lovato and Selena Gomez for the Disney Channel Original Movie Princess Protection Program.Music executive (2012–present)
On March 21, 2012, Nickelodeon named Vitamin C as VP of Music. She oversees all music for Nickelodeon and its sister cable channels. In an interview for the We Are Netflix podcast with Lyle Troxell published in September 2021, she stated that she does not desire to return to performing. Discography

Studio albums
Vitamin C (1999)
More (2001)

Filmography

Film

Television

References

Notes

Sources

External links

 [ Vitamin C at All Music]
Vitamin C at Billboard

<mask> Fitzpatrick at the Internet Archive

1972 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
Actresses from New Jersey
American child actresses
American women pop singers
American women singer-songwriters
American film actresses
American people of Irish descent
American television actresses
American women in electronic music
Electropop musicians
New York University alumni
Old Bridge High School alumni
People from Old Bridge Township, New Jersey
Singer-songwriters

masks: Cyrus Colleen


texts:
<mask> (23 May 1946 – 7 March 2007) was a British  heavyweight boxer, weightlifter, writer, prisoner, and debt collector. He spent much of his adult life in prison, where he became one of the UK's most notorious inmates. As a boxer he had success as an amateur in 1973, and in a brief professional career in 1979 fought John L. Gardner for the British and Commonwealth heavyweight titles. Early life
<mask> was born 23 May 1946 in Wakefield, West Yorkshire to <mask> and Betty Barlow. He grew up on the Lupset council estate and took up boxing at the age of 7 at the Robin Hood and Thorpe Amateur Boxing Club. <mask> displayed considerable talent at an early age which, with his size and ability to move, made him formidable. However, he also began drinking heavily at a young age.When he was 16 he went to Germany to fight and the night before was carried out of a bar. Unsurprisingly, he lost. His first prison sentence came at the age of 17. While in prison, in 1971 he sparred Roger Tighe. While serving a five-year sentence in HMP Walton, he was allowed to join the Maple Leaf Amateur Boxing Club in Bootle, run by a local magistrate, and was allowed out on licence to represent the North-Western Counties team in 1973, and was considered a potential ABA heavyweight champion, but lost in the semi-final of the championships that year to eventual winner Garfield McEwan. After his release from prison in 1973, he worked as a lifeguard on Blackpool Beach. Boxing career
<mask>'s adult life was peppered with alcohol abuse, petty robberies, mental health issues,violent crime and prison.Nonetheless, during a brief period of rehabilitation, he fought ten bouts as a professional boxer between 1978 and 1980. On his release from prison in 1977, at the age of 30, having unsuccessfully applied for a professional licence in 1973, he applied again, but the BBBofC, wary of licensing a man who had spent so much of his adult life in prison, insisted that he wait six months before receiving a licence.

masks:
Paul Sykes
Sykes
Walter Sykes
Sykes
Sykes


texts: He finally made his professional debut in February 1978, beating Keith Steve Johnson via a first round retirement. In his second fight he challenged Neil Malpass for the BBBofC Central Area heavyweight title, losing via disqualification after he was judged to have deliberately headbutted Malpass in the seventh round. After wins over Tommy Kiely and Neville Meade, in July 1978 he again challenged Malpass for the Central Area title, the fight ending in a draw. In his sixth fight, <mask> knocked American David Wilson unconscious and continued to hit him relentlessly as he draped over the ropes, before the referee managed to pull him away. Wilson suffered a brain haemorrhage, was put on a life support machine and needed a month in hospital to recover.<mask>' career peaked in June 1979 when he challenged for John L. Gardner's British and Commonwealth titles at Wembley. <mask> prepared for the fight with three weeks of sparring with Leon Spinks in Michigan. This proved to be an evenly matched contest as it entered the sixth round, though the younger Gardner's stamina proved too much for the 33-year-old <mask>, and the fight was stopped when <mask> turned his back, clearly overwhelmed by Gardner's onslaught. Gardner was seven years younger than <mask> (Gardner referred to <mask> after the fight as "an old man"), and this was his thirty-first professional fight; in contrast, <mask> had entered the fight after just eight professional bouts. <mask> still holds the record for being the British Heavyweight title challenger with fewest professional fights, having effectively been fast tracked by people involved with the sport who had been convinced of his potential. Despite many years in prison, such was the level of interest that <mask> generated on starting his belated boxing career following his release in 1978, that he found himself in promotional photographs with Don King and Larry Holmes, and also travelled to the United States to stand in as a sparring partner for Leon

masks: Sykes Sykes Sykes Sykes Sykes Sykes Sykes Sykes Sykes Sykes


texts:
 Spinks. <mask> was a bodyguard to Alex Steene, and sparred the future champion David Pearce, <mask> said; David "Bomber" Pearce was the toughest and most ferocious fighter he faced during his boxing career based on the sparring that took place at the Waterloo Boxing Gym.<mask>, became good friends with Pearce and the Pearce boxing brothers. <mask>' manager, the highly respected Tommy Miller later said, "<mask> could have gone right to the top, quite easily .. he impressed everybody", but "he was always in trouble one way or another, he'd always loads of worry on his mind." <mask> said of his ring career: "Boxing has been my salvation. It's the only sport which could have rescued me from my background." His 'big chance' lost, <mask> was clearly demoralized and his professional career ended in March 1980 when Nigerian heavyweight Ngozika Ekwelum knocked him out in the first round of a fight in Lagos, Nigeria. It appeared that <mask> had been billed to fight Lenny McLean at London's Rainbow Theatre on 20 November 1979, but this fight never materialised. Lenny Mclean, in his autobiography, later explained: "A week before the off, <mask> went into a club in Wakefield where he lives, got well pissed and had a ruck with four doormen.He did them all but one of them got lucky and put a cut above his eye that took eight stitches to pull together". <mask> was jailed for five years in 1981 for taking out a contract on a union official from Blackpool. While in prison, he set records for lifting weights. An incredibly strong man, he was the holder of the British amateur weightlifting record (deep knee bend 500 lbs). Prison
<mask> was classed as one of the most difficult prisoners in the UK throughout the 1970s and 1980s. By 1990, he had spent 21 out of 26 years in 18 prisons for many violent acts against prison officers and police officers. <mask> committed violent offences all over the North of England and was very well known to locals and the police in Leeds, Liverpool,

masks:
Sykes
Paul Sykes
Sykes
Sykes
Paul
Sykes
Sykes
Sykes
Sykes
Sykes
Sykes
Sykes


texts:
 Blackpool, Hull, and Rotherham.<mask> was also known and respected by the hard cases in London, possibly as a result of <mask> having trained alongside and sparred with such notorious criminals as Roy Shaw during his lengthy prison career. Some apparently classed <mask> as one of the hardest men in Great Britain during the 1980s. <mask> is mentioned in the book, Legends by Charles Bronson, an A to Z guide of the men Bronson had regarded to be the toughest in Britain. Referring to him as '<mask>y', Bronson describes him as "a legend, born and bred" and writes: "I first met <mask> in Liverpool in the early 70s and at that time he was probably the fittest con in Britain. A hard man from Yorkshire, a fighting man in every sense. A lot of people never liked him, perhaps they even feared him but I respected the man for what he stood for". Bronson then goes on to relate an incident said to have taken place in HMP Liverpool, when <mask> allegedly killed the prison's cat and fashioned it into a 'Davey Crockett' hat.While in prison, <mask> earned a BA degree in Physical Sciences from the Open University and wrote a memoir, Sweet Agony, which won the Arthur Koestler Award for prison literature. Later Years
Following his release from HM Prison Hull in 1990, producer Roger Greenwood followed him in the course of filming the documentary <mask>: At Large. Greenwood described <mask> as "a fascinating character and incredibly intelligent". A further documentary explored <mask>'s brief post-release career as a debt collector, a business venture he dubbed the 'Last Resort Debt Collecting Agency... "threatenergrams" a speciality', and which was utilised by Wakefield businessman, Dennis Flint, who sent <mask> to collect debts in Spain in addition to funding his autobiography, 'Sweet Agony'. <mask> could not control his drinking, his life began to crumble and he became a notorious character in the city of Wakefield. In 2000, Wakefield Council secured a two-year ASBO banning him from the

masks:
Sykes
Sykes
Paul Sykes
Paul Sykes
Sykes
Sykes
Sykes
Sykes
Paul Sykes
Sykes
Sykes
Sykes
Sykes


texts:
 city centre after a string of aggressive drunken incidents including shouting abuse and urinating in public. He was arrested in August 2003 for violating the ban by making an appointment with an optician in Wakefield, but was released on his own recognisance.Death
<mask> died on 7 March 2007 at Pinderfields Hospital, Wakefield. His cause of death was noted as pneumonia and liver cirrhosis. His death certificate states his occupation as 'author (retired)' and the funeral service was held at Wakefield Baptist Church, which he regularly attended. He is buried in the Alverthorpe cemetery Wakefield

Children
<mask> has two children who are both serving life sentences for murder. <mask> <mask> is serving a life sentence for stabbing Michael Gallagher to death in a frenzied knife attack at his flat in Lupset, Wakefield in June 2004. In 2008, 25-year-old Michael Sharp became the second son of <mask> to be jailed for murder, when he was given a minimum 27-year sentence at Leeds Crown Court for killing 38-year-old David Ward, a former police officer, following a botched armed robbery at his home on Denby Dale Road in Wakefield. Books and film
Jamie Boyle wrote two books about <mask>, which were published in 2017.Boyle released a third book in 2020 to finish the series. The film rights to these and <mask>' book were acquired in 2017 by Western Edge Pictures, and as of 2019 the film is still in development. Professional boxing record

Published works
Sweet Agony (1988), Lofthouse Publications,

Biographies of <mask>, Jamie (2017) <mask>: Unfinished Agony, Warcry Press,
Boyle, Jamie (2017) Further Agony: One More Round with <mask>, Warcry Press,
Brenton, Rob (2018) ''It's...Sharks: <mask> & The Straits of Johor, Warcry Press,

Awards
1988: Koestler Award, Sweet Agony

References

External links

Alumni of the Open University
English male boxers
English criminals
Heavyweight boxers
Sportspeople from Wakefield
Sportspeople convicted of crimes
1946 births
2007 deaths
Criminals

masks:
Sykes
Paul Sykes
Paul Leighton
Sykes
Paul Sykes
Sykes
Sykes
Sykes Boyle
Sykes
Sykes
Paul Sykes


texts:
<mask> (; 15 November 1580 – 15 November 1629) was Prince of Transylvania from 1613 to 1629 and Duke of Opole from 1622 to 1625. He was also King-elect of Hungary from 1620 to 1621, but he never took control of the whole kingdom. <mask>, supported by the Ottomans, led his Calvinist principality against the Habsburgs and their Catholic allies. Early life

<mask> was the elder of the two sons of <mask>r and Druzsiána Lázár de Szárhegy. <mask> was born in his father's estate, Marosillye (now Ilia in Romania), on 15 November 1580. <mask> was a Hungarian nobleman who lost his ancestral estate, Iktár (now Ictar-Budinț in Romania), due to the Ottoman occupation of the central territories of the Kingdom of Hungary. Stephen Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, granted Marosillye to him and made him captain-general of the principality.Druzsiána Lázár was descended from a Székely noble family. Both Farkas <mask> and his wife died in 1591, leaving their two sons, <mask> and Stephen, orphaned. The brothers were put under the guardianship of their maternal uncle, András Lázár de Szárhegy. They lived in the Lázár Castle in Szárhegy in Székely Land (now Lăzarea in Romania) for years. <mask>'s court historian, Gáspár Bojti Veres, described Lázár as a "grumpy and fierce" soldier who did not care much about their formal education. According <mask>'s first extant letter (from 1593), Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, seized the brothers' estates "at the word of many coaxing people" without paying a compensation to them in 1591 or 1592, but a "few primary kinsmen" convinced the prince to offer restitution or other landed property to them. <mask> also mentioned in the letter that he decided to visit the prince's court in Gyulafehérvár (now

masks:
Gabriel Bethlen
Bethlen
Gabriel
Farkas Bethlen de Iktá
Gabriel
Farkas Bethlen
Bethlen
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel


texts:
 Alba Iulia in Romania).Career

Beginnings

Modern historians try to reconstruct the major events of <mask>'s youth based on sources (primarily memoirs and letters) completed decades later, because only two documents written between 1593 and 1602 mentioned him. One of the later sources is <mask>'s own letter from 1628, in which he stated that Stephen Bocskai had raised him and "placed great credence" in him. <mask> also stated that Bocskai was his "kin". Another important source was written by <mask>'s retainer, Pál Háportoni Forró, who stated that <mask> had held "great and honorable offices" and performed "the greatly laborious duties of emissary" in his youth. Based on these sources, modern historians assume that Bocskai boosted <mask>'s career in Sigismund Báthory's court, but no contemporaneous document mentioned his presence in the prince's retinue. Sigismund Báthory joined the anti-Ottoman Holy League of Pope Clement VIII and broke into Ottoman territory in the summer of 1595. According to historian József Barcza, <mask> gained his first direct experience of warfare fighting against the Ottomans in the Battle of Giurgiu in Wallachia in 1595.After a series of Ottoman victories, Báthory abdicated in return for the Silesian duchies of Opole and Racibórz in 1597, enabling the commissioners of the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph (who was also king of Royal Hungary) to take possession of Transylvania. Anarchy

Sigismund Báthory regretted his abdication and returned to Transylvania in August 1598. He sent Bocskai to Prague to start negotiations with Rudolph in January 1599. According to a scholarly theory, <mask> accompanied Bocskai to Prague. Historian József Barcza also says, <mask> must have realized around that time that

masks:
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel Bethlen
Gabriel


texts: the Habsburg monarchs were unable to defend Transylvania against the Ottomans. <mask> himself stated that he visited Prague in the retinue of Sigismund Báthory at an unspecified date. <mask> supported Andrew Báthory, who mounted the throne with Polish assistance after Sigismund again abdicated in 1599.Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, broke into Transylvania and defeated Andrew in the Battle of Sellenberk (at present-day Șelimbăr in Romania) on 8 October 1599. <mask> received wounds in the battle and his wounds healed slowly. Michael the Brave was expelled from Transylvania by Rudolph's commander, Giorgio Basta. During the following years, Transylvania was regularly pillaged both by Basta's unpaid mercenaries, and by Ottoman and Crimean Tatar troops. <mask> and his brother, Stephen, divided their inherited estates, with <mask> receiving Marosillye. Their agreement also refers to the anarchic situation, mentioning the possibility that "either pagan or some godless prince or the governor" would seize <mask>'s property. <mask> joined the Transylvanian noblemen who rose up against Basta.Sigismund Báthory (who had again returned to Transylvania) granted <mask> and his brother landed property in Arad County in June 1602. The army of the rebellious noblemen was annihilated near Tövis (now Teiuș in Romania) on 2 July 1602. After the battle, he swam over the Maros River and fled to Temesvár in the Ottoman Empire (now Timișoara in Romania). He forged letters which suggested that the leading Transylvanian noblemen supported Moses Székely to persuade the Ottomans to support Székely, according to the contemporaneous Ambrus Somogyi. When Székely broke into Transylvania in March 1603, <mask> was the commander of his vanguard.

masks: Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel


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 Székelys' troops conquered most fortresses along the Maros and laid siege to Gyulafehérvár. During the siege, the princely palace burned.Székely was installed as prince in May, but Radu Șerban, Prince of Wallachia, annihilated his army near Barcarozsnyó (now Râșnov in Romania) on 17 July. Székely was killed in the battlefield, and his supporters (among them <mask>) fled to the Ottoman Empire. The Transylvanian refugees started to regard <mask> as their leader. They sent a delegation to Constantinople in August, asking the permission of the Ottoman grand vizier to elect <mask> prince and seeking Ottoman assistance to their return to Transylvania. The grand vizier granted the permission, but one of the refugees, Boldizsár Szilvási, prevented <mask>'s election, pointing out that a prince could not be elected by a group of refugees, but by the Diet of Transylvania. Bocskai's supporter

<mask> decided to persuade the wealthy Stephen Bocskai to rise up against Rudolph's commissioners. After royal troops attacked the refugees' camp near Temesvár on 13 September 1604, rumours about the capture of a secret correspondence between Bethlen and Bocskai began circulating.Fearing reprisals, Bocskai withdrew to his fortress at Sólyomkő (now Şoimeni in Romania) and make preparations to resist. He hired irregular Hajdú troops and defeated a royal army on 15 October. Bocskai took possession of Kassa (now Košice in Slovakia) on 11 November. Soon after, <mask> gave the ahidnâme (or charter) in which the Ottoman Sultan, Ahmed I, styled Bocskai as prince of Transylvania. The delegates of the noblemen and the Székelys elected Bocskai prince on 21 February 1605. According to a letter of Bethlen, Bocskai ordered him to capture "certain castles", for

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 which he had to postpone his marriage in May. <mask> finally married his bride, Zsuzsanna Károlyi, in August 1605.Bocskai granted the domain of Vajdahunyad (now Hunedoara in Romania) to him. The prince also made him the perpetual ispán (or head) of Hunyad County. <mask> was a Calvinist. He helped György Káldy, a Jesuit, translate and print the Bible. He composed hymns and from 1625, employed Johannes Thesselius as kapellmeister. Prince of Transylvania

In 1605, <mask> supported Stephen Bocskay and his successor <mask> (1608–1613). <mask> later fell out with Báthory and fled to the Ottoman Empire.In 1613, after Báthory was murdered, the Ottomans installed <mask> as Prince of Transylvania and this was endorsed on 13 October 1613 by the Transylvanian Diet at Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca). In 1615, after the Peace of Tyrnau, Bethlen was recognised by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor. <mask>'s rule was one of patriarchal enlightened absolutism. He developed mines and industry and nationalised many branches of Transylvania's foreign trade. His agents bought goods at fixed prices and sold them abroad at profit. In his capital, in Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia), Bethlen built a grand new palace. Bethlen was a patron of the arts and the Calvinist church, giving hereditary nobility to Protestant priests.<mask> also encouraged learning by founding the Bethlen Gabor College, encouraging the enrollment of Hungarian academics and teachers and sending Transylvanian students to the Protestant universities of England, the Dutch Republic, and the Protestant principalities of Germany. He also ensured the right of serfs' children to be educated. Anti-Habsburg insurrection

<mask> maintained an efficient standing army of mercenaries. While keeping relations

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Gabriel
Bethlen
Bethlen
Gabriel Báthory
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen


texts: with the Sublime Porte (the Ottoman Empire), he sought to gain lands to the north and west. During the Thirty Years' War, he attacked the Habsburgs of Royal Hungary (1619–1626). Bethlen opposed the autocracy of the Habsburgs; persecution of Protestants in Royal Hungary; the violation of the Peace of Vienna of 1606; and Habsburg alliances with the Ottomans and George Druget, the captain of Upper Hungary. In August 1619, <mask> invaded Royal Hungary.In September, he took Kassa (Košice) where Protestant supporters declared him the leader of Hungary and protector of Protestants. He gained control of Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia). In September 1619, after refusing to convert to Calvinism, the Jesuits Marko Križevcanin, Stephen Pongracz and Melchior Grodeczki were martyred under Bethlen's authority." The three were later canonized by the Catholic Church. In October 1619, <mask> took Pressburg (Pozsony, today's Bratislava), where the Palatine of Hungary ceded the Holy Crown of Hungary. However, <mask>, together with Jindřich Matyáš Thurn, count of the Moravian and Czech estates, did not take Vienna and,  in November, the forces of George Druget and Polish mercenaries (lisowczycy) won the Battle of Humenné and forced Bethlen to leave Austria and Upper Hungary. Bethlen negotiated for peace at Pressburg, Kassa (now Košice) and Besztercebánya (now Banská Bystrica).In January 1620, without the Czechs, <mask> received 13 counties in the east of Royal Hungary. On 20 August 1620, he was elected King of Hungary at the Diet of Besztercebánya and in September 1620, war with the Habsburgs resumed. After defeating the Czechs on 8 November 1620 at the Battle of White Mountain, Ferdinand II persecuted the Protestant nobility of Bohemia.

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 Between May and June 1621, he regained Pressburg and the central mining towns. <mask> again sued for peace and on 31 December 1621, the Peace of Nikolsburg was made. <mask> renounced his royal title on the condition that Hungarian Protestants were given religious freedoms and were included in a general diet within six months. <mask> was given the title of Imperial Prince (of Hungarian Transylvania), seven counties around the Upper Tisza River and the fortresses of Tokaj, Munkács (now Mukacheve), and Ecsed (Nagyecsed), and a duchy in Silesia.In 1623 - 1624 and 1626, <mask>, allied with the anti-Habsburg Protestants, made campaigns against Ferdinand in Upper Hungary. The first campaign ended with the Peace of Vienna (1624), the second by the Peace of Pressburg (1626). After the second campaign, <mask> offered as rapprochement to the court of Vienna an alliance against the Ottomans and his marriage to an archduchess of Austria, but Ferdinand rejected his overtures. On his return from Vienna, <mask> wed Catherine of Brandenburg, the daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg. His brother-in-law was Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Death

<mask> died on 15 November 1629. His second wife, Catherine of Brandenburg, became Princess Regnant of Transylvania.His first wife, , had died in 1622. <mask>'s state correspondence survives as a historical document. See also
 Magna Curia

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 History of Slovakia: Part of Historic Hungary II - Modern Times (1526 - 1918). 1580 births
1629 deaths
People from Hunedoara County
Gabor
Monarchs of Transylvania
Dukes of Opole
Kings of Hungary
Hungarian nobility
Hungarian people of the Thirty Years' War
17th-century Hungarian people
People of the

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texts:
<mask>. (December 9, 1922 – September 16, 2000) was the first African American to win an election as judge for the Baltimore City Supreme Bench and was later appointed by President <mask> to be a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, becoming the first African American to serve on that bench as well. Early life

<mask> was born to <mask> and Maude L. (Lewis<mask> in Des Moines, Iowa. His parents were African-American. His father, a friend of civil rights leader Dr. Ralph Bunche, was a native of South Carolina, his mother has been described as Native American (Sioux). but was actually a daughter of Thomas D. Lewis (1846–1909) and Mary Adeline Tann (1855–1939) of Fayette, Iowa, both members of a farming colony of free people of color that settled in Northeast Iowa in 1853. <mask>'s grandfather Lewis had the distinction of being a private in the 38th Regiment USCT, one of four USCT units that were the first US troops to march into Richmond, Virginia when it fell in April, 1865. <mask>'s great-uncle Theodore Wright Lewis (1853–1922), an AME pastor who served churches in Iowa, Illinois and Kansas was one of the founding members of the NAACP in the Davenport, Iowa and Rock Island, Illinois area.His father was a lawyer and one of the original founders of the National Bar Association, an association of African-American attorneys. <mask> served in the U.S. Army from 1944 to 1946. During World War II, he commanded Filipino troops and ran a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp. He was honorably discharged with the rank of Captain. Education

After his discharge, <mask> resumed his education at the University of Iowa and graduated in 1950 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Prior to the war, <mask> had tried out for and made the football team; he was the only black player on the team. During a 1944 game against the Indiana University, his coach yelled out to the Iowa defense: "We gotta stop that nigger", referring to the opposing team's running

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Joseph Clemens Howard Sr
Jimmy Carter
Howard
Charles Preston Howard
) Howard
Joseph
Joseph
Howard
Howard
Howard


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 back.<mask> immediately walked up to his coach and asked him to apologize; he didn't, and <mask> quit the team. Later at the Drake University Law School, he became the first African-American student admitted to the Phi Alpha Delta legal fraternity. He earned his Bachelor of Laws in 1955 and was married to Gwendolyn Mae London that same year. <mask> received a Master of Arts from Drake University in 1957 and a Juris Doctor from Drake University Law School in 1968. Law practice

In 1959, after they moved to Baltimore, Maryland, <mask> passed the Maryland bar exam and then started a law firm (Howard & Hargrove) with his brother, <mask><mask>, and John R. Hargrove Sr. (who also went on to become a U.S. district judge). In 1964, <mask> became assistant state's attorney in Baltimore and later became the first African-American chief of the trial section of the state's attorney's office. Two years into the job, <mask> criticized his superiors and Baltimore police for pursuing harsher penalties against alleged black rapists when the victims were white than the penalties they sought when the victims were black.<mask> was ordered to issue a report to back up his allegations. In the report he cited that 30 black men had been executed for raping white woman, but no one, black or white, had been executed for raping a black woman. In 1967, he became assistant city solicitor. State judicial service

Prior to 1968, vacancies on the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City were filled by the Governor of Maryland with white males and usually confirmed by the voters of Baltimore. In 1968, 81 of the 82 judges on Maryland's appellate and circuit courts where white males. Maryland governors had been slow to appoint blacks to the bench, even though the city was majority African American. <mask> challenged the system and ran for judge without the blessings of the governor.He won by 8,000 votes over his nearest competitor, and became the first African-American to run for and win a seat on that bench. As a

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Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Charles P
. Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard


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 judge, he challenged the racial hiring practices of the supreme bench and helped racially diversify the offices and employ minorities at the circuit court as well. Federal judicial service

<mask> was nominated by President <mask> on May 22, 1979, to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, to a new seat created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 4, 1979, and received his commission on October 5, 1979, becoming the first African-American judge of the District of Maryland. He assumed senior status on November 15, 1991. His service was terminated on September 16, 2000, due to his death.Death

In 1992, after <mask> was diagnosed with Shy–Drager syndrome, a progressive failure of the autonomic nervous system, he took a reduced case load. <mask> died on September 16, 2000, in Pikesville, Maryland at the age of 77. His funeral was held the following Friday at the Union Baptist Church in Baltimore. Written works
"Administration of Rape Cases in the City of Baltimore and the State of Maryland" (1968)
"Why We Organize," Journal of Public Law (1971)
"Employment Practices in the Administration of Justice Under the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City," (1975)
"Racial Discrimination in Sentencing," Judicature (1975)

See also
 List of African-American jurists
 List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Georgia

References

1922 births
2000 deaths
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland
United States district court judges appointed by <mask>
20th-century American judges
Maryland state court judges
African-American judges
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
African-American military personnel
Morgan State University alumni
Drake University alumni
Iowa Hawkeyes football players
Lawyers from Baltimore
Politicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Neurological disease deaths in Maryland
Deaths from multiple system atrophy
20th-century American lawyers
United States Army

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Howard
Jimmy Carter
Howard
Howard
Jimmy Carter


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<mask> (born 10 June 1964) is a New Zealand comedian, writer and actor living in Melbourne, who has had a successful TV, radio, stand-up and film career in Australia. Career

1980s
A former stand-up comedian and commercial voice-over-man, <mask> moved to Brisbane, Australia, from New Zealand when he was twenty-one to work as a radio copy writer. Having worked in radio and amateur theatre back in NZ, <mask> approached the ABCTV's The D-Generation in 1986 to work as a writer only to be told that filming on the first series had been completed. In the interim, he was invited to work as a researcher on ABC-TV's The Gillies Republic which was the follow-up to the highly successful political satire The Gillies Report (1984–85). The show was not a success but <mask> learnt a considerable amount from the production's mistakes, and made his Australian TV debut as 'Man in Bad Suit' in episode 4. He was also able to observe the production of the last few episodes of the 1986 ABC-TV live sketch-comedy show While You're Down There which starred Richard Stubbs and Glenn Robbins and it was on the set that he met D-Gen member Tom Gleisner. Following that, <mask> was employed for a short period as a puppeteer on the ABC-TV political satire Rubbery Figures which featured rubber puppet-caricatures of famous politicians created by artist Peter Nicholson (<mask> also did the voice of Joh Bjelke-Petersen).<mask> was on the verge of heading back home to New Zealand when he was invited to be a writer for the second series of The D-Generation in 1987. He also

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Anthony Francis Martin
Tony Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin


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 made short appearances on the show, and featured on the 1989 spin-off album, The Satanic Sketches. <mask> began to take on a more prominent role when the D-Generation produced four comedy specials for Network Seven in 1988–89, including doing one of the voices for 'DeGenocide' where clips of the old Australian TV crime series Homicide were dubbed over with funny lines. <mask> became a bona fide D-Gen member when he began writing and performing on the troupe's "Breakfast Show" on Triple M Melbourne radio (1987–1992), which led to the 1990 compilation album The Breakfast Tapes. On air, <mask> was frequently referred to by the other D-Gen members as "The Fat Man." Along with Rob Sitch, <mask> left the radio show a little earlier than the other members to prepare The D-Gen's next venture for ABC TV (although he did make time to host Bulltwang, a Sunday Night radio show on Triple M with Mick Molloy, which ran for sixteen weeks in 1990). 1990s
Instantly recognisable as the "tall skinny guy with glasses," <mask> was one of the most valuable members of the D-Gen as a writer and performer on The Late Show (1992–1993).His co-introductions to almost every episode and "Street Interviews" segment highlighted his effective comedic partnership with Mick Molloy. Noted for his quick wit and passion for mimicry, <mask> also appeared in countless Late Show sketches (including sleazy filmmaker Warren Perso in the classic sketch: The Last Australian Auteur), and provided the voices of Senior Sergeant Bargearse in the serial Bargearse (dubbed episodes of

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 Bluey) and Governor Frontbottom and Judge Muttonchops in the serial The Olden Days (dubbed episodes of Rush). <mask> compiled all three volumes of The Best Bits of The Late Show with Santo Cilauro and Wayne Marx, and also co-produced the "dangerously overstuffed" double DVD set, The Best Bits of The Late Show: Champagne Edition, which was released in 2001. After The Late Show finished, <mask> and Mick Molloy went on to develop and perform their top-rating national radio programme Martin/Molloy, which produced three ARIA award winning compilation albums: The Brown Album (1995), Poop Chute (1996) and Eat Your Peas (1998). 2000s
<mask> made several guest appearances on Thank God You're Here, The Panel, The Mick Molloy Show (reprising his "Street Interview" skills), Kath & Kim (as Magda Szubanski's fiddle-playing boyfriend), and Welcher and Welcher. In 2004, <mask> and Shaun Micallef began work on a TV sketch comedy series for the ABC with the working title Mouse-Patrol but after they wrote enough material for the first three episodes, the project was cancelled by management, much to <mask>'s disappointment who commented in an interview in 2009 that the un-filmed scripts contained the best sketch stuff he had written for TV. On 3 April 2006, <mask> returned to the Austereo network to produce a nationally syndicated show with Ed Kavalee and Richard Marsland on Triple M named Get This.Although Get This was a ratings success and developed a dedicated legion of fans, on 16 October 2007 Triple M announced that the show would be axed, so the

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Martin
Martin
Martin
Tony Martin
Martin
Martin


texts:
 network could focus company attention and resources on new breakfast shows debuting across the country such as The Shebang in Sydney and a new, multimillion-dollar Melbourne-based show presented by Peter Helliar and Myf Warhurst, both of which were ironically also cancelled by Triple M over the next couple of years. Towards the end of the show's run, a gathering of about 170 devoted fans took place outside the Triple M studios in Melbourne on 5 November 2007 to protest against the cancellation of the program. The last episode was aired 23 November 2007. <mask> wrote an online column called "Scarcely Relevant" at The Scrivener's Fancy which was updated weekly 2009–2011. The website was placed on hiatus in June 2011 so <mask> could concentrate on his latest TV project. The site was closed in November 2011. As of June 2012, the archived columns are available to download as an ebook.<mask> has directed episodes of ABC TV's The Librarians, and, since 2008, has co-hosted shifts on 3RRR with <mask> as The Two Tones. 2010s
After a successful guest appearance on Sunday Arts (ABC-TV) in 2009 in which he interviewed US writer & lecturer Robert McKee, <mask> commenced working on a new program called A Quiet Word With ... which began airing on ABC1 on 28 September 2010. Rather than being a conventional celebrity-interview show, the program featured <mask> having relaxed and informal conversations with comedians and performers that he admired, and in some cases, had worked with during his own career. The first two episodes, featuring English comedian

masks:
Martin
Martin
Martin
Tony Wilson
Martin
Martin


texts: Bill Bailey and US actor and writer Carrie Fisher, were aired, respectively, in September and November 2010. The remaining ten episodes were screened weekly on ABC1 from 2 April 2011, beginning with British actor and comedian Alan Davies, and concluding on 4 June 2011 with British actor and writer Richard E Grant. In February 2011, <mask> appeared as one of the regulars on the radio-comedy program The Lonely Hearts Club which was broadcast weekly on ABC Radio National on Saturday nights from 10 pm to midnight. The show, delivered in a deadpan, straight fashion, featured an un-credited <mask> appearing under the pseudonym of 39-year-old Duncan Jardine, one of Australia's most successful second-unit directors.The first episode was broadcast on 12 February 2011 and the eighth and final episode was heard on 2 April 2011. In December 2010, the Nine Network announced that <mask> would be reunited with his former co-host on Get This, Ed Kavalee, for an upcoming comedy show entitled The Joy of Sets. This comedy television series looking at the elements used to construct television shows, commenced screening on 20 September 2011 in the 9:00 pm Tuesday timeslot on Nine. The debut episode rated well but audience figures declined for the subsequent episodes, prompting Channel 9 to move the show to a later timeslot of 10.30pm midway through the series. The eighth and final episode aired on 8 November 2011. In late 2012, <mask> co-directed (with Wayne Hope) episodes of a new eight-part comedy series Upper Middle Bogan, filmed on location in Melbourne

masks: Martin Martin Martin Martin