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<mask> (born July 26, 1971) is an American author and illustrator of picture books, chapter books, middle grade novels, and album covers best known for his Coretta Scott King Award-winning books No Crystal Stair: A Documentary Novel of the Life and Work of Lewis Michaux, Harlem Bookseller, Bad News for Outlaws: The Remarkable Life of <mask>, Deputy U. S. Marshal, and Brothers in Hope: The Story of the Lost Boys of Sudan, Only Passing Through, and the NAACP Image Award-winning Our Children Can Soar: A Celebration of <mask>, Barack, and the Pioneers of Change. He has illustrated more than 60 books. Personal life
<mask> was born on July 26, 1971 in Plainfield, New Jersey, to Ludra V. St. <mask> and Gerard A<mask>. His mother was a Louisiana Creole and his father was a pharmacist. He was raised in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, close to the Jerseyland Resort. He went to St. Bartholomew the Apostle Elementary School. <mask> recalls always having an interest in art and drawing characters from comic books from age 5.<mask> began painting illustrations of public broadcasting service shows when he was eight years old. While attending Fanwood High School in 1985, he worked for Commercial Art and Supply, formerly known as Art Mart in Plainfield. He graduated from Fanwood High School in 1989 and attended New York City’s School of Visual Arts. During that time, he worked at the Solomon R. Guggenheim museum bookshop in Manhattan and again after its renovation, as a security guard. During his time on the nightshift it took him six months to complete what would become his debut picture book. <mask> graduated from the School of Visual Arts in 1993, with a BFA. <mask> currently lives and paints in Atlanta, Georgia.Career
His first

masks:
Richard Gregory Christie
Bass Reeves
Rosa
Christie
Amant Christie
. Christie
Christie
Christie
Christie
Christie


type: original

texts: illustration was published in the Star Ledger, the largest circulated newspaper in New Jersey, in 1990, while he was still attending university. <mask> started his career working on album covers for several record companies, including Moserobie Music, Impulse Records, and MCA Records, mostly working on jazz records. His preferred medium is working with acrylics. His first official illustration job for a book was for a volume of poetry called The Palm of My Heart: Poetry by African American Children, with text by Davida Adedjouma, was published by Lee & Low in 1996 and inspired by the works of the painters Ernie Barnes, Pablo Picasso, and Egyptian art. It won him the Coretta Scott King Award at age 25. Since then, many of the books he has worked on have gone on to win major awards, including six more Coretta Scott King Honors, a Caldecott Honor, the Schneider Family Book Award, the NAACP Image Award, and the Boston Globe-Horn Book Award. His illustrations have also appeared on HBO Kids and the PBS children's show Between the Lions.As a freelance illustrator, some of his clients include The New Yorker, Rolling Stone, Vibe Magazine, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Kennedy Center, Reading Is Fundamental, Marlo Thomas, and Pete Seeger. He cites the works of American artists William H. Johnson and <mask> Bearden and Ezra Jack Keats' children's books as the sources of some of his inspiration. Many of <mask>'s works center on mostly African American historical figures and he has worked on picture book biographies of Muhammad Ali, Sojourner Truth, Billie Holiday, Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong and <mask>, among others. In 2012, <mask> launched a Kickstarter campaign for a combined children's bookstore

masks:
Christie
Romare
Christie
Richard Wright
Christie


texts:
 and arts literary center called GAS ART GIFTS, planned to open in North DeKalb Mall in Decatur, Georgia, but was ultimately unable to meet the goal. After the campaign failed, <mask> relaunched the campaign on Indiegogo with a lower goal, reached success and ended up opening the store shortly after. Today it is an online combination of bookstore and art studio specializing in products and services originating from <mask>'s artwork. Also in 2012, <mask>'s art was displayed on New York City's subway lines in the form of a poster named "The Subway Soiree".It was up for the entire year as a part of the MTA Arts & Design program. 2013 brought more major commissions for <mask>. The biggest of all was the United Postal Service's commission of this artist for the Kwanzaa stamp. Additionally in that year, <mask> did the Congo Square New Orleans Jazz Festival poster showcasing Louisiana legend, Buckwheat Zydeco. In 2017, <mask> was attached as the illustrator for the Sweet Blackberry Foundation's animated shorts based on African American pilot Bessie Coleman, inventor Garrett Morgan and ballet dancer Janet Collins, in collaboration with The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air actress Karyn Parsons. : A Biography of Toussaint L'Ouverture (HMH, 2009)
 Only Passing Through (Dragonfly Books, 2000)
 text by Muriel Harris Weinstein
 When Louis Armstrong Taught Me Scat (Chronicle, 2008)
 text by Liza Wheeler
 Jazz Baby (HMH, 2007)
 text by Dinah Johnson
 Black Magic (Henry Holt, 2007)
 text by Pete Seeger and Paul DuBois Jacobs
 The Deaf Musicians (G.P. Putnam's Sons Books for Young Readers, 2000)
 Rich (G.P.Putnam's Sons Books for Young Readers, 2009)
 Almost Zero (G.P. Putnam's Sons Books for Young Readers, 2010)
 Halfway to Perfect

masks: Christie Christie Christie Christie Christie Christie


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<mask> (born 4 October 1950), is a Mexican operatic tenor and lied singer who has sung as soloist in leading concert halls and in leading tenor operatic roles in the major opera houses of Europe and North America during the course of a lengthy career. Born in Mexico City, he studied singing at the Conservatorio Nacional de Música de México and later in Germany, with Mozartian tenor Richard Holm, and lieder interpretation with Erik Werba. He made his operatic debut in 1970 in Mexico City as First Prisoner in Beethoven's Fidelio. <mask> initially came to international prominence singing in Mozart and Rossini operas, but in the 1980s broadened his repertoire to include Italian and French lyric tenor roles and Wagnerian roles such as Lohengrin and Walther von Stolzing. He was made a Kammersänger of the Vienna State Opera in 1988. Now retired from the opera stage, he teaches singing and serves on the juries of several international singing competitions. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Mexico City on 4 October 1950, the second of <mask> and Guadalupe Andrade's seven children.His father, also a tenor, was a church organist and a chorus master for Mexico's national opera company, Compania Nacional de Opera de Bellas Artes. <mask>'s father taught him to read music and play the piano when he was a child, but he did not begin to study music formally until he was 15 when he enrolled in organ and singing classes at the Escuela Nacional de Música. He continued his singing classes while studying business administration at the National Autonomous University of Mexico where he played quarterback on the football team and sang in the university choir. He was 18 when he made his professional debut in 1969 with a recital featuring Schumann's Dichterliebe. The

masks:
José Francisco Araiza Andrade
Araiza
Francisco Araiza
José Araiza
Araiza


texts:
 soprano Irma González, a prominent voice teacher at the National Conservatory of Music of Mexico in Mexico City, was in the audience. At her suggestion <mask> enrolled full-time in the conservatory. She was to become his primary voice teacher for the next four years, although he also studied the German operatic and lieder repertory with Erika Kubacsek, a Viennese singing teacher living in Mexico City at the time.International opera career

<mask>'s operatic stage debut came in 1970 when he sang  The First Prisoner in a concert performance of Beethoven's Fidelio by the Compania Nacional de Opera de Bellas Artes. A few months later he graduated to the role of Jacquino in the same opera and went on to sing Des Grieux in Massenet's Manon and Rodolfo in Puccini's La bohème with the company. In 1974 he went to Munich to compete in the ARD International Music Competition, where he received Third Prize. Although the pieces he sang for the competition were from the Italian lyric tenor repertoire, the judges told him that he would make an ideal Mozart tenor and offered him a contract with the Karlsruhe Opera. He decided to remain in Munich for further training with Richard Holm and Erik Werba before his debut at Karlsruhe in 1975 as Ferrando in Così fan tutte. <mask> became a life member of the Zurich Opera in 1977 and began appearing as a guest artist with major European and North American opera companies and festivals. He debuted at the Bayreuth Festival in 1978 as Steersman in Der fliegende Holländer, the Vienna State Opera in 1978 as Tamino in The Magic Flute, London's Royal Opera House in 1983 as Ernesto in Don Pasquale, and San Francisco Opera in 1984 as Ramiro in La Cenerentola.He made his Metropolitan Opera debut as Belmonte in Mozart's Die Entführung aus

masks: Araiza Araiza Araiza


texts:
 dem Serail (in John Dexter's production) on 12 March 1984. He went on to appear at the Met another 54 times between 1984 and 1995. During that period his guest appearances also included the Bavarian State Opera, Paris Opera, La Scala,  Lyric Opera of Chicago, La Fenice and the Salzburg Festival. He was made a Kammersänger of the Vienna State Opera in 1988 and was awarded the Mozart Medal in 1991. <mask> initially specialised in the Mozart and Rossini repertoire—in 1986 he was described as the leading tenore di grazia of the day. However, in the mid-1980s he also began taking on Italian and French lyric tenor roles and the young Wagnerian heroes  such as Lohengrin and Walther von Stolzing, sometimes with considerable success, especially his Des Grieux in Manon (San Francisco Opera, 1986) and Lohengrin (La Fenice, 1990). He also ventured into the spinto tenor repertoire with performances at Zurich Opera in the 1990s as Alvaro in La forza del destino, Don José in Carmen and the title role in Andrea Chenier.Later years
Now retired from the opera stage, <mask> teaches singing and serves on the juries of several international voice competitions. Since 2003 he has been a professor of singing at the State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart. He has also given master classes and taught at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna, the University of Music and Performing Arts, Munich, and the National Autonomous University of Mexico. In 2013, he appeared again as Cinna in Spontini's La vestale at the Semperoper of Dresden in a concert version. <mask> was married to the mezzo-soprano Vivian Jaffray by whom he had a son and daughter. The couple divorced and he later married the music historian and stage director Ethery Inasaridse by whom he


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 has another son and daughter. In July 2011, <mask> received the Medalla de Oro de Bellas Artes (Gold Medal for the Fine Arts) from the Mexican government during a concert at the Palacio de Bellas Artes marking his 40-year career.In 2017, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Morelia's Universidad Michoacana San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Mexico. Recordings
<mask> has an extensive discography. Several of his performances in staged operas have also been filmed and released on DVD. These include Der Rosenkavalier, Manon, Così fan tutte, La Cenerentola, Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria, L'Orfeo, Die Entführung Aus Dem Serail, The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni, and Faust. The majority of the films were released on the Deutsche Grammophon label. <mask>'s CD recordings include:

Solo Albums

<mask> – Opera Arias, English Chamber Orchestra conducted by Alberto Zedda. Philips;

<mask> and Eva Lind – Opera Duets, Orchestra of the Zurich Opera conducted by Ralf Weikert.Philips. The Romantic Tenor – <mask> – Munich Radio Orchestra conducted by Ralf Weikert. Sony Victor RCA. Fiesta Mexicana – <mask>. DG. French, Spanish, and Mexican Songs by <mask> – with Jean Lemaire. Atlantis.Operas

 Catalani: La Wally (as Giuseppe Hagenbach) – Munich Radio Orchestra conducted by Pinchas Steinberg. Eurodisc
Donizetti: Don Pasquale (as Ernesto) – Munich Radio Orchestra conducted by Heinz Wallberg. Eurodisc
Donizetti: Maria Stuarda (as Leicester) – Munich Radio Orchestra conducted by Giuseppe Patanè. Philips
Gounod: Faust (as Faust) – Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Colin Davis. Philips
Massenet: Therese (as Armand) – Roma RAI Symphony Orchestra conducted by Giancarlo Luccardi. Orfeo
Massenet: Werther (as Werther) – Symphony Orchestra of Madrid conducted by Miguel Gomez

masks:
Araiza
Araiza
Araiza
Araiza
Araiza
Francisco Araiza
Francisco Araiza
Francisco Araiza


texts:
 Martinez. Gala.Mozart: Die Entführung Aus Dem Serail (as Belmont) – Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Heinz Wallberg. Sony Classical. Mozart: Così fan tutte (as Ferrando) – Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Riccardo Muti. EMI
Mozart: Don Giovanni (as Don Ottavio) – Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Neville Marriner. Philips
Mozart: Idomeneo (as Idomeneo) – Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Colin Davis. Philips
Mozart: The Magic Flute (as Tamino) – Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Herbert von Karajan. Deutsche Grammophon; Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields conducted by Neville Marriner, Philips
Offenbach: Tales of Hoffmann (as Hoffmann) – Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden conducted by Jeffrey Tate.Philips
Puccini: La Boheme (in German) (as Rudolfo) – Munich Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Stefan Soltesz. EMI
Puccini:Turandot (as Pong) – Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Herbert von Karajan. DG. Rossini: The Barber of Seville (as Count Almaviva) – Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Neville Marriner. Philips
Rossini: La Cenerentola (as Ramiro) – Cappella Coloniensis conducted by Gabriele Ferro. Sony; Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields conducted by Neville Marriner. Philips
Rossini: L'italiana in Algeri (as Lindoro ) – Cappella Coloniensis conducted by Gabriele Ferro.CBS
Rossini: Il viaggio a Reims (as  Conte di Libenskof) – Chamber Orchestra of Europe conducted by Claudio Abbado. Deutsche Grammophon
Spontini: La vestale (as Licinius) –  Munich Radio Orchestra conducted by Gustav Kuhn. Orfeo
Verdi: Alzira (as Zamoro) – Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Lamberto Gardelli. Orfeo
Verdi: Falstaff (as Fenton) – Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Herbert von Karajan. Philips
Weber: Der


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 Freischütz  (as Max) – Staatskapelle Dresden conducted by Colin Davis. Philips

Choral and lieder

Beethoven: Symphony No. 9 (tenor soloist) – Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Neville Marriner.Philips
Berlioz: Te Deum (tenor soloist) – European Community Youth Orchestra conducted by Claudio Abbado. Deutsche Grammophon
Haydn: The Creation (tenor soloist) Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Herbert von Karajan. Deutsche Grammophon;  The Nelson Mass Munich Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Colin Davis. Mahler: Das Lied von der Erde (tenor soloist) – Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini. Deutsche Grammophon; live Salzburg performance with Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini. Orfeo; live Berlin performance conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini. Testament
Mozart: Requiem (tenor soloist) – Dresden State Orchestra conducted by Peter Schreier.Philips; Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Neville Marriner. Philips
Rossini: Stabat Mater (tenor soloist) – Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Semyon Bychkov. Philips
Schubert: Die Schöne Müllerin – with pianist Irwin Gage. Deutsche Grammophon
Verdi: Requiem (tenor soloist) – Saarbrücken Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Hanns-Martin Schneidt. Arte Nova

References

Further reading
Baumann, Christiana; Gorraiz, Juan; and De Silva, Dereck M. (1988). <mask>: Eine Bildmonographie. Atlantis Musikbuch-Verlag.External links
Official website
Two Interviews with <mask> by Bruce Duffie, 24 November 1984 & 6 December 1990

1950 births
Living people
Mexican operatic tenors
Mexican people of Basque descent
Österreichischer Kammersänger
State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart faculty
20th-century Mexican male opera singers
21st-century Mexican

masks:
Francisco Araiza
Francisco Araiza


texts:
<mask> (15 August 1938 – 19 July 1985) was a Polish science fiction author, second in popularity in Poland to Stanisław Lem. His major genres were social science fiction and dystopia. His main recurring theme involved the gloomy prospects for a space environment into which mankind carried totalitarian ideas and habits: Red Space Republics, or Space Labor Camps, or both. His heroes desperately try to find meaning in the world around them. The Polish science fiction fandom award was named after him:  the Janusz A<mask> Award. He was a trustee of World SF. Life
<mask> was born 15 August 1938 in Warsaw, Poland.He studied physics at the University of Warsaw. After graduating, he worked many years as a radiological engineer and an expert on nuclear physics at the Central Laboratory of Radiological Protection in Poland. He published a number of academic works, handbooks of safety regulations, as well as educational and popular science texts. In his spare time, he popularized science by writing science fiction. With his brother, he started a column in a Polish magazine for young people interested in science and engineering,  (Young Technician), in which they proposed various futuristic gadgets. In 1961 Młody Technik published <mask>'s science-fiction debut, the short story "Tau Ceti" (). Other stories by him soon appeared in several other Polish magazines.His first book was published in 1965, a short-story anthology, Jad mantezji (The Venom of Mantesia), which included stories from Młody Technik and some others that had already appeared a year earlier in another anthology. By 1982 he had published four more collections: Przejście przez lustro (Through the Mirror, 1975); Iluzyt (1976); Feniks (The Phoenix, 1981); and Ogon diabła (The

masks:
Janusz Andrzej Zajdel
. Zajdel
Janusz Zajdel
Zajdel


texts:
 Devil's Tail, 1982). His first novel, Lalande 21185, appeared in 1966, a year after his first short-story anthology, and was geared toward young adults. His first serious science-fiction novel was a "first contact"-type SF mystery,  (Right of Return, 1975); but it was his novels of the late 1970s and early 1980s – Cylinder van Troffa (Van Troff's Cylinder, 1980); Limes inferior (The Lower Limit, 1982); Cała prawda o planecie Ksi (The Whole Truth about Planet Xi, 1983);  (Out of the Shadows, 1983); and Paradyzja (Paradise: World in Orbit, 1984) – that earned him a reputation as one of the most important Polish science-fiction writers. He was an active member of Polish and international science fiction fandom, and a Trustee of World SF. In the 1980s he was an active supporter of the Polish Solidarity movement. On 19 July 1985 he died of lung cancer, after three years' struggle against the disease.Themes
<mask>'s early works, from the 1960s and early 1970s, focuses on scientific inventions and their role in space exploration, alien contact or artificial intelligence. As his writing career continued, however, his stories evolved to focus on the social aspects and often negative consequences of those inventions. Over time, a theme became increasingly visible in his works - a concern over dangers inherent in attempts to control the human society. He is also condemning human ignorance, warning against xenophobia, and asking philosophical questions about the nature of the universe, happiness and human destiny. <mask>'s works from his second period - late 1970s and 1980s - and represent the genres of social and dystopian fiction. In his works, he envisions totalitarian states and societies living under extreme forms of mass

masks: Zajdel Zajdel


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 surveillance. His works are also recognized as being a critique of the totalitarian, communist state, a reality of his life in People's Republic of Poland.Science fiction genre, with its outer-worldly, clearly fictional, and often allegorical setting and invented jargon was able to debate fundamentals of such systems with frankness that more mainstream literature would not be allowed to. Importance
<mask> has been described as the second science fiction writer in popularity in Poland after Stanisław Lem. He has also been described as the writer who replaced Lem as the "top Polish SF writer", after "Lem vacated [this position] earlier of his own volition". He is recognized as an originator of the social science fiction genre in Polish science fiction, known in Poland as the sociological speculative fiction (fantastyka socjologiczna). He has been an inspiration to a number of younger Polish science fiction authors such as Maciej Parowski and Marek Oramus. His works have been translated into Belorussian, Bulgarian, Czech, Esperanto, Finnish, German, Hungarian, Russian and Slovenian. , the only work translated into English is the short story Wyjątkowo trudny teren ("Particularly Difficult Territory") that <mask> wrote for the English language Tales from the Planet Earth anthology edited by Frederik Pohl and Elizabeth Anne Hull.Recognition
In 1973 <mask> received an honorary award Magnum Trophaeum from the Młody Technik (Young Technician) magazine for long-term cooperation. In 1980 <mask> received the Polish Ministry of Culture and Arts Best SF Book of the Year Award for Van Troff's Cylinder. <mask> also received the Golden Sepulka Award two times: for Limes Inferior (1982 novel; 1983 award) and Wyjście z cienia ("Out of the

masks: Zajdel Zajdel Zajdel Zajdel Zajdel


texts:
 Shadow") (1983 novel; 1984 award). In 1984 Polish fantasy and science fiction fandom (associated with the Polish SF convention Polcon) decided to establish an annual award, initially named Sfinks ("Sphynx"). <mask> A<mask>z A. Zajdel Award. Frederik Pohl dedicated the anthology Tales From The Planet Earth to Zajdel and A. Bertram Chandler.Bibliography
In addition to the solo-authored works listed below, <mask>'s stories have also appeared in many anthologies of science-fiction stories, together with works by other authors. Novels
 Lalande 21185, 1966
 Prawo do powrotu (Right of Return), Nasza Księgarnia, 1975
 Cylinder van Troffa (Van Troff's Cylinder), 1980
 Limes inferior (The Lower Limit), 1982
 Cała prawda o planecie Ksi (The Whole Truth about Planet Xi), 1983
 Wyjście z cienia (Coming out of the Shadow), 1983
 Paradyzja (Paradise:  World in Orbit), 1984
  (A Second Look at Planet Xi), 2014
 Posthumously completed by Marcin Kowalczyk, see Cała prawda o planecie Ksi for details

Short-story collections
 Jad mantezji (The Venom of Mantesia), Nasza Księgarnia, 1965
 Przejście przez lustro (Through the Mirror), Iskry, 1975)
 Iluzyt, Nasza Księgarnia, 1976
 Feniks (The Phoenix), Nasza Księgarnia, 1981
 Ogon diabła (The Devil's Tail), KAW, 1982
 Dokąd jedzie ten tramwaj? (Where Is This Streetcar Going? ), 1988
 Wyższe racje (Higher Considerations), Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1988
 List pożegnalny (Farewell Letter [including outlines of unfinished novels]), Alfa, 1989
 Relacja z pierwszej ręki (First-hand Account), superNOWA, 2010

See also
 Koalang – term invented by Zajdel

References

External links

1938 births
1985 deaths
Polish science fiction writers
University of Warsaw alumni
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from

masks:
Janusz
. Zajdelus
Zajdel


texts:
<mask><mask> (June 18, 1953 – December 15, 2020) was an American basketball player in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and the National Basketball Association (NBA). Seals was drafted in the first round by the Utah Stars, playing two seasons in the ABA before being selected in the second round of the 1975 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics. He played three seasons in the NBA. <mask>' career spanned five seasons, two leagues, primarily at the power forward position. Due to a variety of issues, he retired from the NBA in 1978. Seals did a stint in the Italian League after leaving the NBA.In his later years, Seals worked with the Boys and Girls Clubs of America, teaching inner city youth the power of the game. He had been with the Boys and Girls Clubs of Dorchester since 1990. Biography
Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, Seals attended high school at Booker T. Washington High School in New Orleans. In 1971, Seals was named Louisiana's Most Valuable High School basketball player. Collegiate career
Seals attended Xavier University of Louisiana, where he played basketball under coach Bob Hopkins, and alongside his teammate and future NBA star Donald "Slick" Watts. For the 1972 season, Watts and Seals would lead the Gold Rush to its first NAIA District 30 Men's Basketball championship defeating Nicholls State University 85-83, but would lose to Westmont in the 1972 NAIA Men's Basketball Tournament semi-finals, 71-59. For his final season, he and Watts would lead the Xavier Gold Rush to their second consecutive NAIA District 30 Championship, defeating Dillard University 101-80.In the 1973 NAIA Men's Basketball Tournament they would upset Sam Houston State University, 67-60,

masks:
Bruce A
. Seals
Seals


texts:
 in the second round. At the time, the Bearkats were ranked first in the country in all college division polls and had gone 34 games, over a two-year period, without a loss. The Xavier Gold Rush would eventually lose in the semi-finals to Maryland-Eastern Shore 87-80. For his 1972-73 season, <mask> would earn NAIA All American and Associated Press All American honors. 1973–74 season
<mask> was selected by the Utah Stars in the first round of the ABA draft. The Utah Stars had posted the best record in the ABA Western Division in the previous season (55-29 in the 1972–73 season). In his first regular season with the Utah Stars, Seals played 78 games, averaging 17.4 minutes per game, with 7.0 points per game.The Utah Stars won the Western Division (51-33). In the post-season, the Utah Stars defeated the San Diego Conquistadors to win the Western Division semifinals. Thereafter, they beat the Indiana Pacers in the Western Division finals. The Utah Stars lost the championship series, though, to the New York Nets. Seals contributed 89 points in the post-season over 15 games, playing 260 minutes for the Utah Stars, with 5.9 points per game. 1974–75 season
In his second regular season with the Utah Stars, Seals played only 35 games, averaging 10.6 minutes per game, with 4.0 points per game. He was joined by a strong high school center the Stars drafted, Moses Malone.The Utah Stars finished in fourth place in the Western Division, an upset, with a record of 38-46. In the post-season, the Utah Stars were defeated in the first round by the Denver Nuggets in a five-game series. While Seals played very little, he produced over a point per minute. He racked up 24 points in the post-season

masks: Seals Seals


texts:
 over 3 games, playing 41 minutes, with 8 ppg for the Utah Stars. 1975–76 season
<mask> was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the second round of the 1975 NBA draft. Seals played 81 games for the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1975–76 season. He averaged 30.1 minutes per game, with 11.8 points per game.He contributed a total of 957 points to the Seattle SuperSonics this season. <mask> performed well in the post-season, playing 6 games, racking up 181 minutes on the court, and supplying 78 points, with 13 ppg for the Seattle SuperSonics. The 1975–76 season saw the Seattle SuperSonics finishing the season at second-place in the Pacific Division of the Western Conference, with a record of 43-39 (.524) behind the Golden State Warriors who led the division and conference with a record of 59-23 (.720). The SuperSonics’ record placed them in the second place spot across the entire Western Conference, which consisted of nine teams, still only being led by the Golden State Warriors. <mask> finished the season tied for the fourth highest amount of personal fouls in the league, with 314. 1976–77 season
Seals played 81 games for the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1976–77 season. He averaged 24.4 minutes per game, with 11.0 points per game.He contributed a total of 894 points to the Seattle SuperSonics this season. The 1976–77 season saw the Seattle SuperSonics finishing the season near the bottom of the division and conference with a 40-42 record (.488), among eleven teams that comprised the Western Conference. 1977–78 season
<mask> played 73 games for the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1977–78 season. He averaged 18.1 minutes per game, with 7.8 points per game. He contributed a total of 571

masks: Seals Seals Seals Seals


texts:
 points to the Seattle SuperSonics this season. Seals played very little in the post-season, playing in 9 games, but only racking up 92 minutes on the court. He contributed a total of 27 points for the Seattle SuperSonics in the post-season.The 1977–78 season saw the Seattle SuperSonics finishing the season fourth in the eleven-team Western Conference, third in the Pacific Division with a record of 47-35 (.573). Seattle managed to win the Western Conference, and led the Washington Bullets before losing the series in the NBA Finals. While Seattle boasted the third highest ranked defense in the NBA at the close of the season, they also represented the second worst offensive ranking among twenty-two teams. Statistics

ABA career

In his two years with the Utah Stars in the American Basketball Association, Seals played 113 games, averaging 15.3 minutes per game, with 6.1 points per game. He contributed a total of 685 points to the Utah Stars. In his two years in the post-season, he played 18 games, playing 301 minutes on the court, sinking 113 points for the Utah Stars. This is 16.7 minutes per game and 6.3 points per game in the post-season.<mask> had the forty-third highest career blocks in the American Basketball Association, with 73, but his 73 blocks occurred over only two years. Additionally, <mask> holds the ninety-fifth highest career steals record in the ABA, with 72 steals. NBA career

In his three seasons in the NBA, <mask> played in 235 games, averaging 24.4 minutes per game, and averaging 10.3 points. He contributed a total of 2422 points to the Seattle SuperSonics over his three years in the NBA. Later years
In speaking of his basketball experiences, Seals said "the

masks:
Bruce Seals
Seals
Bruce Seals


texts:
 game was good to me... I saw the world." After leaving the Seattle SuperSonics, Seals did just that with a stint in the Italian leagues.Years later, <mask> married and had two children. In 1990, <mask> and his family moved to Boston. Seals came to the Boys and Girls Clubs of Dorchester as Assistant Athletic Director. One year later, in 1991, Seals assumed the position of Director, which he has held ever since. At the time of his death, Seals worked for the Boys and Girls Clubs of America, teaching inner city youth that basketball is more powerful than violence. Along with his responsibilities working with the youth of inner city Boston, and being a family man, Seals was also supportive of his niece, former NCAA athlete, Joy Hollingsworth. Hollingsworth, a point guard, played women's basketball for the Division I-A Arizona Wildcats in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) through the 2006–07 season.Seals continued to be involved in basketball as an assistant coach at Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts under head coach Hank Smith after the 1994–95 season. Seals died on December 15, 2020 at the age of 67. References

External links
Italian League Profile

1953 births
2020 deaths
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from New Orleans
Emerson Lions men's basketball coaches
Pallacanestro Varese players
Power forwards (basketball)
Reyer Venezia players
Seattle SuperSonics draft picks
Seattle SuperSonics players
Small forwards
Sportspeople from New Orleans
Utah Stars players
Xavier Gold Rush basketball players
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American

masks: Bruce Seals


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<mask> ( ; 8 March 1859 – 6 July 1932) was a Scottish writer born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He is most famous for The Wind in the Willows (1908), one of the classics of children's literature, as well as The Reluctant Dragon. Both books were later adapted for stage and film, of which A. A. Milne's Toad of Toad Hall, based on part of The Wind in the Willows, was the first. Other adaptations include Cosgrove Hall Films' The Wind in the Willows (and its subsequent long-running television series), and the Walt Disney films (The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad and The Reluctant Dragon). Personal life

Early life
<mask> was born on 8 March 1859 in Edinburgh. When he was a little more than a year old, his father, an advocate, received an appointment as sheriff-substitute in Argyllshire, at Inveraray on Loch Fyne.When he was five, his mother died of scarlet fever, and his father, who had a drinking problem, assigned care of <mask>, his brother Willie, his sister Helen and the new baby Roland to Granny Ingles, the children's maternal grandmother, in Cookham Dean in the village of Cookham in Berkshire. There the children lived in a spacious, dilapidated house called The Mount, in expansive grounds, and were introduced to the riverside and boating by their uncle, David Ingles, who was a curate at Cookham Dean church. This ambience, particularly Quarry Wood and the River Thames, is believed by Grahame's biographer Peter Green to have inspired the setting for The Wind in the Willows. <mask> was an outstanding pupil at St Edward's School, Oxford. In his early years there, no sports regimen had been established and the boys were free to explore the old city and its surroundings. Career

Grahame wanted to attend Oxford University, but was not allowed to do so by his guardian on grounds of cost. Instead he was sent

masks:
Kenneth Grahame
Kenneth Grahame
Kenneth
Grahame


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 to work at the Bank of England in 1879, and rose through the ranks until retiring as its Secretary in 1908 due to ill health, which may have been precipitated by a possibly political shooting incident at the bank in 1903.<mask> was shot at three times, but all the shots missed him. An alternative explanation, given in a letter on display in the Bank museum, is that he had quarrelled with Walter Cunliffe, one of the bank's directors, who would later become Governor of the Bank of England, in the course of which he was heard to say that Cunliffe was "no gentleman". His retirement was enforced ostensibly on health grounds. He was awarded an annual pension of £400, but a worked example on display indicates he was actually due to receive £710. Marriage and fatherhood
<mask> married Elspeth Thomson, the daughter of Robert William Thomson in 1899. They had one child, a boy named Alastair (nicknamed "Mouse"), who was born blind in one eye and plagued by health problems throughout a short life. On <mask>'s retirement, the family returned to Cookham, his childhood home, where they lived at Mayfield, now Herries Preparatory School.There Grahame produced bedtime stories that he told Alastair and turned into The Wind in the Willows. Alastair took his own life on a railway track while an undergraduate at Oxford University, five days before his 20th birthday on 7 May 1920. His demise was recorded as an accidental death out of respect for his father. According to Cardiff University Professor Emeritus Peter Hunt, Grahame shared a house in London with a set designer, W. Graham Robertson, while Grahame's wife and son lived in Berkshire. Death
Grahame died in Pangbourne, Berkshire, in 1932. He is buried in Holywell Cemetery, Oxford. <mask>'s cousin Anthony Hope, also a successful author, wrote him an epitaph: "To the

masks: Grahame Grahame Grahame Grahame


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 beautiful memory of <mask>, husband of Elspeth and father of Alastair, who passed the river on the 6th of July, 1932, leaving childhood and literature through him the more blest for all time."He was buried side by side with his son in the same grave. Writing
While still a young man in his twenties, Grahame began to publish light stories in London periodicals such as the St. James Gazette. Some of these were collected and published as Pagan Papers in 1893, and two years later The Golden Age. These were followed by Dream Days in 1898, which contains The Reluctant Dragon. There is a ten-year gap between <mask>'s penultimate book and the publication of his triumph, The Wind in the Willows. During that decade, Grahame became a father. The wayward, headstrong nature he saw in his little son Alastair he transformed into the swaggering Mr. Toad, one of its four principal characters.The character in the book known as Ratty was inspired by his good friend, and writer, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch. <mask> mentions this in a signed copy he gave to Quiller-Couch's daughter, Foy Felicia. Despite its success, he never attempted a sequel. The book is still widely enjoyed by adults and children. It has given rise to many film and television adaptations, while Toad remains one of the most celebrated and beloved characters in children's literature. In 1929, A. A. Milne wrote the play Toad of Toad Hall, which is based on part of The Wind in the Willows, which won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958.In the 1990s, William Horwood produced a series of sequels. Works
Pagan Papers (1893)
The Golden Age (1895)
Dream Days (1898), including "The Reluctant Dragon" (1898)
The Headswoman (1898)
The Wind in the Willows (1908), later illustrated by E. H. Shepard
Bertie's Escapade (1949), illustrated by E. H.

masks:
Kenneth Grahame
Grahame
Grahame


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 Shepard

References

Further reading
Green, Peter, a historian of Hellenistic Greece, wrote a biography of <mask>, <mask>e 1859–1932. A Study of His Life, Work and Times in 1959, with black and white illustrations, and subsequently the introduction to the Oxford World's Classics edition of The Wind in the Willows. Several abridged versions of the biography with added colour illustrations appeared in the United States and Britain in 1982–1993 under the title Beyond the Wild Wood: The World of <mask>e Author of The Wind in the Willows  and
K. <mask>, The Annotated Wind in the Willows, edited with preface and notes by Annie Gauger and Brian Jacques, Norton, . K. <mask>, The Wind in the Willows: An Annotated Edition, edited by Seth Lerer. Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, . Alison Prince: <mask>e: An Innocent in the Wild Wood, London: Allison & Busby, 1994,

External links

www.kennethgrahamesociety.net – online literary society focusing on the life and works of <mask>e
The Killing of Mr Toad – play by David Gooderson about the moving Grahame family story and its resonances with The Wind in the Willows
Plaque to <mask> at Blewbury (Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board)
Messing About in Boats – amateur boating and boat-building magazine whose name quotes a well-known remark by Ratty to Mole in The Wind in the Willows: "Believe me, my young friend, there is nothing – absolutely nothing – half so much worth doing as simply messing about in boats."1859 births
1932 deaths
19th-century Scottish writers
20th-century British novelists
20th-century Scottish writers
British children's writers
People educated at St Edward's School, Oxford
People from Cookham
Writers from Edinburgh
People from Pangbourne
People from Blewbury
People from Winkfield
Scottish children's writers
Scottish novelists
Victorian

masks:
Grahame
Kenneth Graham
Kenneth Graham
Grahame
Grahame
Kenneth Graham
Kenneth Graham
Kenneth Grahame


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<mask> (born 16 March 1941) is a Malaysian politician who was active in the United Malays National Organisation. He served as the 8th Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Perak from 1982 to 1999 and was the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat of the Malaysian Parliament from 2004 to 2008. Early life & career
Born in the Malaysian rural heartland of Pasir Salak, Perak, he was raised in a kampong upbringing. Both his great grandfather Tok Anjang Pelita and great great grandfather Dato' Sagor, Dato Maharaja Lela and other Malay warriors were involved in the rebellion against British occupation in Malaya, resulting in the killing of the first British Resident of Perak, Mr. J. W. W. Birch on 2 November 1875. With the essential qualification he was accepted to the school of his choice, furthering his studies at the Malay College, Kuala Kangsar. Successful, he pursued his studies in Law at Queens University, Belfast where he obtained an LL.B. (Hons) before obtaining his Barrister-at-Law degree at Lincoln’s Inn, London.In the 1960s whilst in the United Kingdom, he was active in the Students Union in Belfast of Northern Ireland, the political secretary and magazine editor of Kesatuan Melayu United Kingdom(United Kingdom Malay Students Association) based in London. On returning to Malaysia, he became a Law Lecturer at the Institute Technology Mara (now known as UITM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of Malaya in the early 70’s. In 1971 he became the first inhouse legal advisor of Lembaga Letrik Negara (now known as TNB) and at the same time he became qualified as an Advocate and Solicitor of the High Court of Malaya. He started practising law in Kadir, Tan & Ramli which he co-founded in 1977. Around this time he was appointed as a member of the Board of Directors of Utusan Melayu, a Malay mainstream media and a member of the Board of Directors of Lembaga Lektrik Negara (now Tenaga


texts:
 Nasional Bhd), the country's biggest power utility company. Politics

Tan Sri <mask> was first elected as Perak State Assemblyman for his area Kg. Gajah Perak, in 1978, then appointed as a member of the State Executive Council, Perak.In the first year of the second term as State Assemblyman, he has reached the pinnacle of his chosen vocation by being appointed as the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Perak and remained as one for more than 17 years, the longest serving Chief Minister of Perak. He became a Member of Malaysian Parliament in 2004 for the Pasir Salak constituency. During the first term as a Member of Parliament, he was appointed as head of the public custodian committee as Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee. In 2004 as a Member of Parliament, he was elected by the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) as its Speaker. On the literary front, when he was the Chief Minister of Perak, he wrote a book entitled ‘Pasir Salak: Sehamparan Sejarah Perjuangan’, a book about the Malay rebellion against British rule in Perak on 2 November 1875, and at the same time he also produced assortments of pamphlets and booklets on tourism for Pasir Salak and Perak. At the end of 2010, he completed a book written in Malay entitled ‘Meniti Zaman’ (Going Through Eras). Here he describes the beautiful, simple but tough rural life during and after the Japanese occupation.The people of his village endured a harsh rural life, right up to the time when he entered politics in the 1970s. His next acclaimed book, ‘Mr. Speaker, Sir; From Kampung Boy to the Helm of Parliament’ was published in 2012. In it he describes in vivid details the proceedings in Parliament in a manner not done before; the technicalities, the political posturings and the unanswered questions. He also contributed as a writer for the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association magazine. The Pasir Salak Historical complex,


texts: consisting of 42 dioramas carved on wood depicting all the important events in the history of Malaysia and the Malays was built on his instructions in the early 1990s. It is the first of its kind and is certainly very instructive in this aspect of Malaysian history.His stress on bringing in more institutions of higher education to Perak saw him inviting ITM (now UITM-University Teknologi Mara ) to establish their first campus in Perak by giving shop houses belonging to the State Government free of rent. Some years later land was made avlaible in Sri Iskandar, Perak for UITM permanent campus. Among other more notable projects he helped to promote when he was the Chief Minister of Perak were the constructions of Proton City in Tanjung Malim, the Lumut Port, educational facilities like Universiti Sains Malaysia (later taken over by Petronas University), Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim (UPSI), the development of Meru Raya at Ipoh, the Pasir Salak Historical Complex and the development of rural centers and the promotion of industrial centers including those in the rural areas. He however likes more to be remembered as having eradicated hardcore poverty in Perak in 1996. His sporting activities varied from badminton, football, hiking, trekking, playing polo and flying ultra-light planes and small aircraft. He has a license to fly both types of aircraft which he had obtained in 2002. He is also the President of the Perak Aero Club and the President of Malaysia Chess Federation since 2007.He was President of Perak Football Association which saw Perak winning the first Malaysia cup. In 2007 while still a Speaker of Malaysian Parliament, he took time off to climb Malaysian Peninsula’s highest mountain, Gunung Tahan. Other areas where he partake, is mountain trekking in Norway, Bhutan and Nepal. In 1986, he was awarded the title Dato' Seri Maharaja Lela Mangkubumi by


texts:
 a panel of Acheh’s customary chiefs for promoting good relations between Acheh and Perak. In 1996 he was awarded the Honorary Doctor of Laws LL.D. (Hon.) by the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom for promoting closer relation between Perak and Sheffield University and also for promoting cooperation in the joint establishment of the Perak Medical College in Ipoh with Sheffield University.In politics, among other posts he was the Chairman of Perak UMNO Liaison Committee from 1984-2000 and a member of the UMNO Supreme Council from 1980-2006. In 2014 he was appointed as the Pro-Chancellor of the University of Malaya. He is also a permanent member of Dewan Negara Perak (Privy Council Perak) and a holder of the title Orang Kaya-Kaya Seri Agar Diraja (Dato’ Sagor), which he inherited from his great great grandfather Dato’ Sagor. For his services he was awarded SPSA (Dato’ Seri DiRaja) by the Sultan of Perak and PSM (Tan Sri) by the Yang di-Pertuan Agung. He was also awarded the J.P (Justice of the Peace), the SPCM (Dato' Seri) by the Sultan of Perak and a holder of Paul Harris Fellowship. Election results

Honours

Honours of Malaysia
  :
  Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (1980)
  Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1989)
  :
  Grand Knight of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) – Dato' Seri (1984)
  Ordinary Class of the Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah (SPSA) – Dato' Seri DiRaja (2000)

References

Chief Ministers of Perak
Living people
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Speakers of the Dewan Rakyat
1941 births
United Malays National Organisation politicians
People from Perak
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Members of the Perak State Legislative Assembly
Perak state executive councillors
Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Members of the Order of the Defender of the


texts:
<mask> or <mask>en (; 13 August 1890 – 30 January 1969), courtesy name Telin (Te-lin; ), was a prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang (KMT) military commander during the Northern Expedition, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. He served as vice-president and acting President of the Republic of China under the 1947 Constitution. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in Xixiang Village (西鄉村), near Guilin in Guangxi Province, the second eldest in a Han family of five boys and three girls. His father, <mask> (李培英), was a village schoolmaster. After a patchy education <mask> enrolled in a provincial military school. He joined the Tongmenghui, the revolutionary party of Sun Yat-sen, in 1910 but had little understanding at that time of Sun's wider goals of reform and national reunification. <mask>'s native province of Guangxi was also the home province of Taiping Gen. <mask>ng, to whom <mask>'s family claimed to be related.Early military service
Schooled under Cai E, <mask> graduated from the Guilin Military Cadre Training School and in 1916 became a platoon commander in the army of Guangxi warlord Lu Rongting. <mask>'s direct superior was <mask>. Lu, the governor of Guangxi, was a former bandit who had ambitions to expand into neighboring provinces, especially Guangdong. For the next few years the warlords of Guangxi and Guangdong were involved in mutually destructive battles, and both occupied portions of each other's territory at various times. Lu and his closest associates were collectively known as the Old Guangxi Clique. During a battle with a rival

masks:
Li Zongren
Li Tsung j
Li Zongren
Li Peiying
Li
Li
Li Xiuche
Li
Li
Li
Lin Hu


texts:
 warlord in Hunan in 1918, <mask>'s bravery earned him a promotion to battalion commander. In 1921 <mask> accompanied <mask> and Lu Rongting in Lu's second invasion of Guangdong, attacking forces under the command of Chen Jiongming.When Lu's invasion suffered a disastrous defeat, <mask> led the rear guard when the Old Guangxi Clique forces retreated. Most of <mask>'s officers were former bandits and militia recruited earlier by <mask> from the Zhuang areas of Guangdong. During the campaign many of <mask>'s officers defected to the Guangdong forces, taking their units with them. In the face of defeat <mask>'s battalion shrunk to about 1000 men and "sank into the grasses" in order to escape. Rise to power
After Lu's defeat, most of his army dissolved into independent bands of soldiers, many of whom resorted to banditry in order to survive. Foreign missionaries and aid workers active in Guangxi at this time reported that banditry in Guangxi was extremely common and severe, with bandits commonly looting all food and valuables from undefended villages and resorting to murder and public cannibalism in order to extort ransoms from the relatives of people they kidnapped. <mask>, intending to become more than a bandit, began building a personal military force of professional soldiers that became the equal of any group of bandits or Zhuang irregulars that Lu Rongting drew on in his war to re-establish his power in Guangxi.<mask> joined Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang after Sun established a base in Guangdong. As chaos became the norm in Guangxi, <mask> became the independent

masks:
Li
Li Zongren
Lin Hu
Li
Lin Hu
Lin
Lin
Li Zongren
Li
Li
Li


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 commander of an area several counties large on the Guangdong border, and was joined by his old friend and colleague Huang Shaoxiong. The administration of <mask> and Huang was credited with keeping the area they controlled relatively free of the bandits and petty battles that plagued Guangxi at the time. In 1924, while Lu was besieged by rebels in Guilin, <mask> and his colleagues peacefully occupied the provincial capital, Nanning. Lu then fled and took refuge in French Indochina. The next month Sun Yat-sen, from his base of operations in Guangdong, recognized <mask> and his allies Huang Shaoxing and Bai Chongxi as the rulers of Guangxi. Together they became known as the New Guangxi Clique.Kuomintang general

<mask> reorganized his forces as the "Guangxi Pacification Army". He was named the Commander in Chief, Huang Shaohong the deputy Commander and Bai Chongxi the Chief of Staff. By August they had driven all other contenders out of the province. <mask> was military governor of Guangxi from 1924–25 and from 1925-49 Guangxi remained under his influence. In 1926 <mask> allowed his soldiers to enroll in Kuomintang armies, but kept personal control of his troops. A Soviet adviser was sent to Guangxi, and <mask>'s forces were renamed the Seventh Army Corps. <mask> went on to be a commanding general in the Northern Expedition, during which he was appointed commander of the 4th Army Group, composed of the Guangxi Army and other provincial forces amounting to 16 corps and six independent divisions.<mask>'s first victories as a Nationalist general were in Hunan, where he

masks:
Li
Li
Li Zongren
Li
Li Zongren
Li
Li
Li
Li


texts: defeated rival warlord Wu Peifu in two successive battles and captured the provincial capital, Wuhan, in 1926. After these victories <mask> became a famous and popular general within the KMT, and his army became variously known as the "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". When Wang Jingwei installed a left-leaning KMT faction in Wuhan, Borodin attempted to recruit <mask> to join the Communists, but <mask> was loyal to Chiang Kai-shek and refused. Against the advice of his Soviet advisors, <mask> then marched up the north side of the Yangze to attack the forces of warlord Sun Chuanfang. Sun was the leader of the "League of Five Provinces" (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi), and successfully halted Chiang's advance into his territory in Jiangxi. <mask> went on to defeat Sun in three successive battles, securing his territories for the KMT. By the time <mask> defeated Sun Chanfang, he had gained a reputation as being strongly opposed to communism and highly suspicious of the Comintern in China, and his army was one of the few KMT detachments free from serious Communist influence.After being assured of his support, Chiang had <mask>'s units redeployed to the new capital of Nanjing. He then used <mask>'s Guangxi armies to purge his own First Division of Communists. In the resulting White Terror, thousands of suspected Communists were summarily executed. <mask>'s close subordinate, Bai Chongxi, was notable for his important role in this purge. In April 1928 <mask>, with Bai Chongxi, led the Fourth Army group in an advance on Beijing, capturing Handan, Baoding

masks:
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Zongren
Li
Li
Li
Li


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 and Shijiazhuang by June 1. Zhang Zuolin withdrew from Beijing on June 3, and <mask>'s army seized the city and Tianjin. After the fall of Wang Jingwei's government in Wuhan and the expulsion of all Soviet advisors from KMT-held territories, <mask> was put in charge of one of five KMT political councils set up to administer KMT-controlled territories, based in Wuhan.In January 1929 he dismissed Nanjing's appointee to the Hunan provincial committee and, fearing retribution, uncharacteristically fled to the foreign concessions in Shanghai. Chiang then arranged for <mask> and his two closest subordinates to be stripped of their posts within the government and expelled from the Party for life. Return to Guangxi
After his falling out with Chiang Kai-shek, <mask>ren returned to Guangxi and devoted himself to that province's internal administration, with some success. In 1929 he supported Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan in his attempt to form an alternative central government based in Beijing, leading to the Central Plains War. <mask> led troops to reconquer Hunan as far north as Yueyang, before Chiang's decisive defeat of Yan and his ally, Feng Yuxiang, forced <mask> to withdraw back to Guangxi. Following Yan's defeat in the Central Plains War, <mask> allied with Chen Jitang after Chen became the chairman of the government of Guangdong in 1931, and prepared to battle Chiang Kai-shek. Another civil war would have broken out if Japan had not invaded Manchuria, prompting <mask> and Chiang to end their hostilities and unite against the Empire of Japan.Second Sino-Japanese War

In

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Li
Li
Li
Li Zong
Li
Li
Li
Li


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 1937 full-scale war between Japan and China broke out, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). Chiang Kai-shek attempted to make use of <mask>'s military experience by promoting him to be the director of the KMT Fifth War Zone. <mask>'s first action against the Japanese came in the 1938 Battle of Taierzhuang, after the Communist Zhou Enlai (who was aiding the Nationalists as part of the United Front) recognized <mask> as the most capable Nationalist general available and used his influence to have <mask> appointed overall commander, despite Chiang's reservations about <mask>'s loyalty. Under <mask>'s command the defense of Tai'erzhuang was a major victory for the Chinese, killing 20,000–30,000 Japanese soldiers and capturing a large amount of supplies and equipment. The victory was principally credited to <mask>'s planning and use of tactics, luring the Japanese into a trap and then annihilating them. The battle of Taierzhuang was one of the first major Chinese victories in the war against Japan, proving that with good weapons and inspired leadership Chinese armies could hold their own. <mask> also participated in the Battle of Xuzhou, Battle of Wuhan, Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang, 1939–40 Winter Offensive, Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang, Central Hopei Operation, and Battle of South Henan.From 1943-45 <mask> was made Director of the Generalissimo's Headquarters. This was a virtual and unwanted retirement from active command after his earlier successes. <mask> spent the last years of the war grumbling about his enforced inactivity. Chinese Civil War

After the war,

masks: Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li


texts:
 <mask> was given the post of Director of the Peiping Field Headquarters from 1945-47. This was a post without effective power, and he was sidelined from command in the early part of the Chinese Civil War. On 28 April 1948 <mask> was elected by the National Assembly as the vice-president, five days after his political opponent Chiang Kai-shek became the president (Chiang had opposed <mask>'s appointment, supporting Sun Fo's candidacy instead). Chiang resigned the next year, on 21 January 1949, as a response to several serious Chinese Communist victories in northern China, and <mask> became the acting president the next day.After the resignation of Chiang from the presidency, Mao Zedong momentarily halted attacks against Kuomintang territories, attempting to negotiate a KMT surrender. Mao's Eight Points, the conditions that he demanded for an end to the civil war, were:

 Punish all war criminals (Chiang Kai-shek was considered "number one")
 Abolish the invalid 1947 constitution;
 Abolish the KMT legal system;
 Reorganize the Nationalist armies;
 Confiscate all bureaucratic capital;
 Reform the land-tenure system;
 Abolish all treasonous treaties; and,
 Convene a full Political Consultative Conference to form a democratic coalition government. Recognizing that agreeing to these points would effectively surrender control of China to the CPC, <mask> attempted to negotiate milder conditions that might have led to an end to the civil war, but in vain. In April 1949, when the Communists recognized that <mask> was unlikely to accept their conditions, they offered <mask> an

masks: Li Li Li Li Li Li Li


texts:
 ultimatum to accept within five days. When he refused, the Communists resumed their campaign. <mask>'s attempts to negotiate with the Communists were interpreted by some in the KMT as "pacifist attacks", and increased tensions between <mask> and Chiang (whose relationship was already strained). <mask> attempted to negotiate a settlement with the Communists based on the implementation of <mask>'s Seven Great Peace Policies.The policies that <mask> wanted to carry out were:

 "Bandit pacification commands" (剿總) to be controlled by military officers
 Overly strict orders are to be more lenient
 Eliminate anti-communist special commando units (戡亂建國總隊)
 Release political prisoners
 Allow press freedom
 Eliminate unusual cruelty in punishment
 Eliminate arrest of civilians without proper reasons

<mask>'s attempts to carry out his policies faced varying degrees of opposition from Chiang's supporters, and were generally unsuccessful. Chiang especially antagonized <mask> by taking possession of (and moving to Taiwan) US$200 million of gold and US dollars belonging to the central government that <mask> desperately needed to cover the government's soaring expenses. When the Communists captured the Nationalist capital of Nanjing in April 1949, <mask> refused to accompany the central government as it fled to Guangdong, instead expressing his dissatisfaction with Chiang by retiring to Guangxi. Former warlord Yan Xishan, who had fled to Nanking only one month before, quickly inserted himself into the rivalry, attempting to have <mask> and Chiang reconcile their differences in the


texts: effort to resist the Communists. At Chiang's request Yan visited <mask> in order to convince <mask> not to withdraw from public life. Yan broke down in tears while talking of the loss of his home province of Shanxi to the Communists, and warned <mask> that the Nationalist cause was doomed unless <mask> went to Guangdong. <mask> agreed to return under the condition that Chiang surrender most of the gold and US dollars in his possession that belonged to the central government, and that Chiang stop overriding <mask>'s authority.After Yan communicated these demands and Chiang agreed to comply with them, <mask> departed for Guangdong. In Guangdong, <mask> attempted to create a new government composed of both Chiang supporters and those opposed to Chiang. <mask>'s first choice of premier was Chu Cheng, a veteran member of the Kuomintang who had been virtually driven into exile due to his strong opposition to Chiang. After the Legislative Yuan rejected Chu, <mask> was obliged to choose Yan Xishan instead. By this time Yan was well known for his adaptability, and Chiang welcomed his appointment. Conflict between Chiang and <mask> persisted. Although he had agreed to do so as a prerequisite of <mask>'s return, Chiang refused to surrender more than a fraction of the wealth that he had sent to Taiwan.Without being backed by gold or foreign currency, the money issued by <mask> and Yan quickly declined in value until it became virtually worthless. Although he did not hold a formal executive position in the government, Chiang continued to issue orders to the army, and many

masks: Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li


texts:
 officers continued to obey Chiang rather than <mask>. The inability of <mask> to coordinate KMT military forces led him to put into effect a plan of defense that he had contemplated as early as 1948. Instead of attempting to defend all of southern China, <mask> ordered what remained of the Nationalist armies to withdraw to Guangxi and Guangdong, hoping that he could concentrate all available defenses on this smaller, and more easily defensible, area. The object of this strategy was to maintain a foothold on the Chinese mainland in the hope that the United States would eventually be compelled to enter the war in China on the Nationalist side. Chiang opposed <mask>'s plan of defense because it would have placed most of the troops still loyal to Chiang under the control of <mask> and Chiang's other opponents in the central government. To overcome Chiang's intransigence <mask> began ousting Chiang's supporters within the central government.Yan Xishan continued in his attempts to work with both sides, creating the impression among <mask>'s supporters that he was a "stooge" of Chiang, while those who supported Chiang began to bitterly resent Yan for his willingness to work with <mask>. Because of the rivalry between Chiang and <mask>, Chiang refused to allow Nationalist troops loyal to him to aid in the defense of Guangxi and Guangdong, with the result that Communist forces occupied Guangdong in October 1949. Exile
After Guangdong fell to the Communists, Chiang relocated the government to Chongqing, while <mask> effectively surrendered his powers and flew to New York City


texts:
 for treatment of his chronic duodenum illness at the Hospital of Columbia University. <mask> visited the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, and denounced Chiang as a "dictator" and an "usurper." <mask> vowed that he would "return to crush" Chiang's movements once he returned to China. The Kuomintang defenses continued to fall apart. General Hu Zongnan ignored <mask>'s orders, and the Muslim General Ma Hongkui was furious at this.Ma Hongkui sent a telegram to <mask> to submit his resignation from all positions he held, then Ma Hongkui fled to Taiwan, and his cousin Ma Hongbin took charge of his positions. In December 1949, Chongqing fell too, and Chiang relocated his government to Taipei, but he did not formally re-assume the presidency until March 1, 1950. On January 1952, Chiang commanded the Control Yuan, now in Taiwan, to impeach <mask> in the "Case of <mask>'s Failure to carry out Duties due to Illegal Conduct" (李宗仁違法失職案), and officially relieved  <mask> of the position as vice-president in the National Assembly on 10 March 1954. Return to mainland China

<mask> remained in exile until July 20, 1965, when he caused a sensation by returning to Communist-held China with the support of Zhou Enlai. <mask>'s return to China was used as propaganda by the Communist government to encourage other KMT members to return to the mainland, regardless of their politics. <mask> died of duodenal cancer in Beijing at 78, in the darkest period of the Cultural Revolution. <mask>'s residence in mainland China is viewed by some Chinese Communists as <mask>'s "patriotic

masks:
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Zongren
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li


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 return to the embrace of his Motherland with smiles", something similar to the former Qing Emperor Puyi's "reformation".Personal life
During the course of his career <mask> gained a reputation as an ardent militarist and confirmed anti-intellectual, but with a rugged sense of integrity. He was known for disliking music. Like many Chinese leaders in the 1930s, <mask> was once an admirer of European Fascism, seeing it as a solution to the problems of a once proud nation humbled by internal dissension and external weakness. His ethical attitudes were self-consciously drawn from Confucianism. After his falling out with Chiang Kai-shek in 1929, <mask> often expressed himself in terms of frustrated patriotism. <mask> was an admirer of the British historian Edward Gibbon and his monumental historical work, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. <mask> and his close staff member, the Muslim General Bai Chongxi, were powerful partners in politics and military affairs.They were once given the nickname <mask> (李白), after the famous poet. <mask> was married to <mask>wen (李秀文) at 20 in an arranged marriage, but they separated soon afterwards. <mask> and <mask>wen had a son, <mask> (李幼鄰). In 1924, <mask> married Guo Dejie (郭德潔), who died of breast cancer soon after returning with <mask> to Beijing. <mask> and Guo had one son: <mask>heng (李志聖). <mask> then remarried, to Hu Yousong (胡友松), who was 48 years younger than <mask>, and the daughter of actress Hu Die. Hu changed her name to Wang Xi (王曦) after <mask> died, and remarried.<mask>ren's nephew Alan Lee (李倫) runs a Kung Fu

masks:
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li
Li Bai
Li
Li Xiu
Li Zongren
Li Xiu
Li Youlin
Li
Li
Li
Li Zhis
Li
Li
Li
Li Zong


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 school in New York City since 1967. A set of Samurai swords and dagger of the Edo period given to <mask>ren as a "gift of truce between enemies who are now friends" by either Seishirō Itagaki or Rensuke Isogai were passed on to Alan Lee as part of the family legacy. <mask> co-wrote Memoirs of <mask> with historian Tong Tekong. <mask>'s memoir is notable for its vehement criticism of Chiang Kai-shek and its analysis of Japan's strategic failure to conquer China. A more detailed account of <mask>'s life is depicted in the less popular biography My Trusted Aide (Wode Gugong), written by <mask>'s distant relative Namgo Chai. See also
 Second Sino-Japanese War
 National Revolutionary Army
 Military of the Republic of China
 History of the Republic of China
 He was portrayed by Wang Xueqi in the 2009 movie The Founding of a Republic. Footnotes

Sources

 Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen.Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. .  Retrieved at <Zhou Enlai: A Political Life> on March 12, 2011. Bonavia, David. China's Warlords. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. Gillin, Donald G. "Portrait of a Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province, 1911-1930."The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 19, No. 3, May, 1960. Retrieved at: <The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3 (May, 1960), pp.289-306> on February 23, 2011
 Gillin, Donald G.  Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911-1949. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1967. <mask>, <mask>-jen, Tong Te-kong. The memoirs of <mask>-jen. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. 1979.

masks:
Li Zong
Li
Li Zongren
Li
Li
Li
Li Zongren
Li Tsung
Li Tsung


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 .
 Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China, W.W. Norton and Company.1999. .
 "CHINA: Return of the Gimo". TIME Magazine. Monday, Mar. 13, 1950. Retrieved at <CHINA: Return of the Gimo - TIME> on May 16, 2011. Jeffrey G. Barlow,  THE ZHUANG:  ETHNOGENESIS, December 12, 2005 COPYRIGHT, JEFFREY G. BARLOW, Department of History, Pacific University, 2043 College Way, Forest Grove, Oregon, 97116, EMAIL  barlowj@pacificu.edu
 Chapter 19: The Zhuang and the 1911 Revolution
 Chapter 20: The Zhuang and the Development of the Modern Economy in Guangxi

External links

 <mask>ren papers at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, NY

1890 births
1969 deaths
Chinese military personnel of World War II
National Revolutionary Army generals from Guangxi
People from Guilin
Presidents of the Republic of China
Vice presidents of the Republic of China
Republic of China warlords from Guangxi
Chinese defectors
Tongmenghui members
Members of the Kuomintang
Chinese socialists
Chinese anti-capitalists
Chinese anti-communists
Chinese Civil War refugees
Republic of China people who surrendered to the Chinese Communist Party
People of the Northern Expedition
People of the Central Plains


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<mask>Bernie" G<mask> (June 11, 1907 – June 1, 1997) was an American lawyer known for his advocacy for the poor and his work in the civil rights movement. Early life and education
<mask> was born in New York City but spent his childhood in Allentown and Philadelphia. He received both his bachelor's and law degrees at the University of Pennsylvania. Career
Upon his graduation from law school, <mask> became a deputy attorney general in the office of William A. Schnader, the Attorney General of Pennsylvania. At 24, <mask> was the youngest deputy attorney general in state history. When Schnader lost a race for governor and established his own firm in 1935, <mask> quickly became a partner, eventually serving as chairman of the firm, now known as Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis. In the 1950s, <mask> became the first Jewish lawyer elected chancellor of the Philadelphia Bar Association, the nation's oldest bar association.In 1969, he became president of the American Bar Association. In fifty years as a corporate lawyer specializing in appellate work, Segal represented blue-chip clients including Bell Telephone, RCA, NBC, Hertz Corporation, Gimbel Brothers, and also United Parcel Service, where he served for many years as director and general counsel. Segal argued nearly 50 cases before the Supreme Court of the United States, but as a lawyer Segal took a broad view of his calling. Segal was known as the nation's foremost advocate of merit selection of judges. In the mid-1950s he persuaded then Attorney General Herbert Brownell and President Dwight D. Eisenhower to submit to the American Bar Association Committee on the Federal Judiciary the names of all prospective federal judicial nominees, including the Supreme Court, for a report and recommendation on their qualifications. That practice has continued ever since, with Presidents very rarely appointing a Federal Judge found "Not Qualified" by the ABA Committee. Segal chaired that Committee for six years and continued his key role in judicial selection long after he relinquished his

masks:
Bernard "
. Segal
Segal
Segal
Segal
Segal
Segal


texts: chairmanship.In 1963, as the civil rights revolution was heating up, Segal called Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and asked why the President was not marshaling lawyers to help the civil rights movement. President John F. Kennedy convened a meeting of 244 prominent lawyers suggested by Segal and established the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, with <mask> as co-chairman. The Committee sent lawyers to defend civil rights workers in southern states and played a critical role in advancing civil rights, not only in the south, but in many northern cities as well. <mask>'s wife, Dr. <mask> <mask>, a civil rights scholar in her own right, worked closely with Segal in their civil rights activities. Segal also played a seminal role in furthering legal services for the poor, chairing the Advisory Committee on the National Legal Services Program under President Lyndon B. Johnson and enlisting lawyers throughout the nation to provide legal services to the indigent. He was devoted to the principle that the most despised defendants also deserved a defense. In 1953, he organized the defense of nine Philadelphians denounced as Communists.In the 1970s he also defended Captain Jeffrey MacDonald, MD, who was convicted of murdering his family in February 1970. Segal received honorary degrees from the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University, Villanova University, Franklin and Marshall College, Dropsie College, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Vermont Law School, Georgetown University, Suffolk University and Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. He received many other awards and honors from institutions and organizations throughout the world, among them the World Peace Through Law Award as the "World's Greatest Lawyer"; the National Civil Rights Award by the Attorney General of the United States; first Lifetime Achievement Award of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law; the National Human Relations Award by the National Conference of Christians and Jews; and the Judge William H. Hastie Award

masks: Segal Segal Geraldine Segal


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 of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. In 1981, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review devoted a unique issue to Segal, with tributes from Supreme Court Justices William J. Brennan, Jr. and Lewis F. Powell, Jr., Judges Arlin Adams and Louis H. Pollak and other legal luminaries. In that Review, former Judge A. Leon Higginbotham stated:
When the high court of history writes its judgment in praise of <mask><mask>, it will place an even higher value on his indefatigable efforts to expand and improve legal services for the poor, the powerless, and the dispossessed. I will note his mighty role in pushing the organized bar and many individual lawyers to accept the eradication of barriers of racial discrimination and religious bigotry as part of their mission. It will stress his efforts to maintain and improve the independence and excellence of the judiciary."Personal life
<mask> died on June 1, 1997, 10 days before his 90th birthday, from complications of cancer at his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. References

External links
 The <mask><mask> Papers at the University of Pennsylvania Law School Archives
 Testimony by <mask><mask> in support of the nomination of Justice Lewis F. Powell to the United States Supreme Court
 History of the American Bar Association in the 1960s
 A Moral Issue, by <mask>. St. John, detailing Segal's work with the American Bar Association on civil rights
 The Rainmakers, by <mask>. St. John, referencing Segal's career
 A review of Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, (403 U.S. 29, June 7, 1971), a free speech case successfully argued before the United States Supreme Court by <mask>. Segal
 Full text of the United States Supreme Court decision in Rosenbloom v. Metromedia

1907 births
1997 deaths
American civil rights lawyers
20th-century American Jews
Activists for African-American civil rights
Pennsylvania lawyers
Pennsylvania political activists
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
People from Allentown, Pennsylvania
Lawyers from Philadelphia
20th-century American

masks:
Bernard G
. Segal
Segal
Bernard G
. Segal
Bernard G
. Segal
Gerard J
Gerard J
Bernard G


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<mask> (25 September 1906 – 8 June 1990) served as President of Costa Rica on three occasions: 1948–1949, 1953–1958 and 1970–1974. During his first term in office he abolished the country's army, nationalized its banking sector, and granted women and Afro-Costa Ricans the right to vote, as well as access to Costa Rican nationality to people of African descent. He was a good friend of the Governor of Puerto Rico, Luis Muñoz Marín, praising his political achievements in one of his essays. Early life
<mask> was born on 25 September 1906 in San Ramón in Alajuela province. The locations are significant, according to his best biographer, because his parents came from a world of wide ambition that most Costa Ricans envied, and he was born in a nation that put a high value on his impeccable Spanish background. <mask> was the eldest of the four children of a Catalan doctor and his wife, a teacher, who had recently immigrated from Catalonia to San Ramón in west-central Costa Rica. Figueres' first language was Catalan, as he talked to his parents in this language.Early business career
In 1924 he left for Boston, United States, on a work and study trip. There he studied hydroelectric engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Figueres returned to Costa Rica in 1928 and bought a farm in Tarrazú. He named the farm, with a certain degree of foresight, La Lucha sin Fin (the endless struggle).10

Figueres became a successful coffee grower and rope manufacturer, employing more than 1,000 sharecroppers and factory laborers. Describing himself as a "farmer-socialist", he built housing and provided medical care and recreation for his workers and established a community vegetable farm and a dairy with free milk for workers'

masks:
José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer
Figueres
Figueres


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 children.3

His sharecroppers could either sell hemp grown on his plantation to him at market price for use in his rope factory, or sell it elsewhere if they were offered a better price.3

Political career

Return to Costa Rica, the Caribbean Legion, and the Costa Rica Civil War (1944–1948)

When Figueres returned to Costa Rica in 1944 from being exiled in Mexico, he established the Democratic Party, which a year later transformed into the Social Democratic Party. The party was intended to be a counterweight to the ruling National Republican Party (PRN), led by former President Calderón and his successor Teodoro Picado. The highly controversial Calderón had angered Costa Rican elites, enacting a large social security retirement program and implementing national healthcare.Calderón was accused of corruption by the elites, providing a rallying cry for Figueres and the Social Democratic Party.18

Figueres began training the Caribbean Legion, an irregular force of 700. Figueres launched a revolution along with other landowners and student agitators, hoping to overthrow the Costa Rican government. With plans of using Costa Rica as a base, the Legion planned next to remove the three Central American dictators. Washington officials closely watched the Legion's activities, especially after Figueres carried out a series of terrorist attacks inside Costa Rica during 1945 and 1946 that were supposed to climax in a general strike, but the people did not respond.1, 3, 8, 9

Former President Calderón supporters prevented and invalidated the 1 March 1948, presidential election in which Otilio Ulate had allegedly defeated Calderón in his second term bid with fraud. In March–April 1948, the protests over the election results mushroomed


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 into armed conflict, then into revolution. Figueres defeated Communist-led guerrillas and the Costa Rican Army, which had joined forces with President Picado.4, 8

With more than 2,000 dead, the 44-day civil war was the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rican history. Figueres as the provisional president (1948–1949)

After the civil war Figueres became President at the head of a provisional junta known as the "Junta Fundadora" (Founding Council) that held power for 18 months.During that time he took several actions:

 abolishing the army (as a precaution against the militarism that has perennially thwarted or undercut democracy in Central America)4 Figueres said he was inspired to disarm Costa Rica by H.G. Wells "Outline of History", which he read in 1920 while at MIT. "The future of mankind cannot include armed forces. Police, yes, because people are imperfect. ", he declared. Ever since, Costa Rica has had no army and has maintained a 7,500-member national police force for a population of over five million.6
 enabled women and illiterates to vote3,
 put into effect basic welfare legislation1,
 nationalised banks1,
 outlawed the Communist Party3,
 directed the writing of a new constitution3,
 guaranteed public education for all3,
 gave citizenship to black immigrants' children3,
 established civil service to eliminate the spoils system in government3, and

"In a short time, we decreed 834 reforms that completely changed the physiognomy of the country and brought a deeper and more human revolution than that of Cuba", Figueres said in a 1981 interview.4

Once Figueres gained control, the legislation he passed regarding social reform for his Second Republic of Costa Rica was not that much different from Calderón's


texts:
 proposals. In fact, it is believed by some historians (such as David LaWare) that Figueres' social reforms were more or less the same as Calderón's Labor Code of 1943, only Figueres had gained the power with which to enact the laws upon the whole country with the complete support of virtually all the country.Both of these leaders' programs were in many cases exactly like the ones Franklin D. Roosevelt passed during the Great Depression that helped lift the US out of its own economic slump and social decline it had faced in the 1930s. Figueres admired what president Franklin D. Roosevelt did, however he noted that "the price he had to pay to get his programs through was to leave the business community free overseas to set up dictatorships and do whatever they liked...What we need now is an international New Deal, to change the relations between North and South. "614

<mask> stepped down after 18 months, handing his power over to Otilio Ulate, and ever since Costa Ricans have settled their arguments constitutionally.1

"Your hands are not clean to fight communism when you don't fight dictatorships", Figueres told American interviewers in 1951. "It seems that the United States is not interested in honest government down here, as long as a government is not communist and pays lip service to democracy. "6

Second term as President (1953–1958)
In 1953, <mask> created the Partido Liberación Nacional (PLN), the most successful party in Costa Rican political history, and was returned to power in the 1953.4,  10 He has been considered to be the most important political figure in Costa Rica's history. During his various terms in office he nationalized the banking system and contributed to the construction of the Panamerican

masks: Figueres Figueres


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 Highway that goes across Central America. He promoted the private industry sector and stimulated the national industry sector.He succeeded in energizing the country's middle class creating a strong buffer between the upper and lower classes. What most alarmed U.S. officials was Figueres's material and moral support for the Caribbean Legion, even though Figueres had obviously lost interest in the Legion after he gained power. But Figueres still criticized U.S. support for the dictators, going so far as to boycott the 1954 inter-American meeting because it was held in Caracas, where President Marcos Pérez of Venezuela held sway.8, 9

Figueres happily cooperated with North American military plans. After the United States established the School of the Americas in the Panama Canal Zone to train Latin American officers in Anti-Communist techniques, more Costa Rican "police" graduated from the School between 1950 and 1965 than did officers of any other hemispheric nation except Nicaragua.8

The Republic of China awarded him the "Shining Star" in 1955. In 1957, an assassination plot by dictator Rafael Trujillo (Dominican Republic) was uncovered. Border war with Somoza's Nicaragua (1954–1955)
<mask>'s support for the Caribbean Legion nearly cost him his job during this second presidency. Implicated in an invasion of Nicaragua in April 1954 by anti-Somoza exiles linked to the Caribbean Legion, Anastasio Somoza García launched a counter-attack, allowing the exiled former Costa Rica president Rafael Calderón to invade Costa Rica in January 1955.<mask> had played a dangerous game, but he had also abolished the Costa Rican army, which forced him to appeal to the Organization of American States to protect his country from Somoza's


texts:
 aggression. The OAS, with the concurrence of the U.S. representative, ordered a cease-fire and sent a delegation to Costa Rica for an on-site investigation. At that point, Somoza realized that he had to act quickly. He called in his IOU from the CIA. He had permitted the CIA to use Las Mercedes Airport, outside Managua, as a base for its P-47s during the Guatemalan intervention. Now he wanted the planes that were parked there to help him in his feud with <mask>. On 15 January, three days after the OAS action, a P-47 Thunderbolt violated Costa Rican airspace and bombed and strafed a number of Costa Rican towns.<mask>, alarmed by this escalation, pointed out that Costa Rica had no defense against "modern weapons" of this kind and again appealed to the OAS. The council of the organization immediately authorized the United States to sell four P-51 Mustang fighters to Costa Rica for a dollar apiece. The State Department, responding to pressure from certain U.S. congressmen and sensing an opportunity to improve America's image in Latin America after Guatemala, came to the rescue and preserved the Caribbean's "lone democrat." Its gesture ended the "invasion", and the State Department scored one over the CIA. The Nicaraguan dictator withdrew, but not before extracting a commitment from Figueres that he would sever links with the exiles. 4, 10, 11

1958 testimony before U.S. Congress
In 1958, during a visit to Caracas, Venezuela, U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon was spat at by anti-American protesters who also disrupted and assaulted Nixon's motorcade, pelting his limousine with rocks, shattering windows, and injuring Venezuela's foreign minister. The event prompted the US Congress to create a special committee to investigate


texts:
 the reasons behind it.Many people were invited to speak before it, including <mask>, who testified as follows (in part) on 9 June 1958:

"As a citizen of the hemisphere, as a man who has dedicated his public life to promote inter-American comprehension, as an educated man who knows and appreciates the United States and who has never tried to hide that appreciation to anyone, no matter how hostile he was, I deplore that the people of the Latin America, represented by a fistful of overexcited Venezuelans, have spit upon a worthy public officer who represents the greatest nation of our time. But I must speak frankly and even rudely, because I am convinced that the situation demands it: the people cannot spit at a foreign policy, which was what they tried to do. But when they have exhausted all other means of trying to make themselves understood, the only thing left to do is spitting. "With all due respect to Vice-President Nixon, and with all my admiration towards his conduct, which was, during the events, heroic and later noble, I have no choice but to say that the act of spitting, however vulgar it is, lacks a substitute in our language to express certain emotions.... If you’re going to speak of human dignity in Russia, why is it so hard to speak of human dignity in the Dominican Republic? Where is intervention and where is non-intervention? Is it that a simple threat, a potential one, to your liberties, is, essentially, more serious than the kidnapping of our liberties?"Of course you have made certain investments in the (Latin) American dictatorships. The aluminum companies extract bauxite almost for free. Your generals, your admirals, your public officers and your businessmen are treated there like royalty. "Like your


texts: Senate verified yesterday, there are people who bribe the reigning dynasties with millions, to enjoy the privilege of hunting in their lands. They deduct the money from the taxes they pay in the US, but it returns to the country and, when it arrives in Hollywood, becomes extravagant furs and cars that bring down the fragile virtue of female stars. And, meanwhile, our women are kidnapped by gangsters, our men are castrated in the torture chambers and our illustrious professors disappear, lugubriously, from the halls of the University of Columbia, in New York. When one of your lawmakers calls this a "collaboration to fight communism", 180 million Latin Americans feel the need to spit."Spitting is a despicable custom, if done physically. But what about moral spitting? When your government invited , the Himmler of the Western Hemisphere, to be honored in Washington, didn’t you spit upon the face of all democrats in (Latin) America? … I can assure you that, when it comes to international economic policy, the United States seems to be willing to repeat certain errors of domestic policy that inflicted much damage in the past, including, of course, the ones that led to the great crisis of 1929. "We, the Latin Americans, are tired of pointing at these mistakes; especially, the lack of interest in the prices of our products. Every time we suggest a plan to stabilize prices at a fair level you answer with economy slogans, like "the law of supply and demand" or "the free market system", or with insults like "Aren’t we paying you enough money now?" We don’t beg, except in emergencies.We’re not people who will spit about merely money. We’ve inherited all the flaws of the Spanish character, but also some of its virtues. "Our poverty


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 does not diminish our pride. We have our dignity. What we want is to be paid a fair price for the sweat of our people, for the impoverishment of our land when we provide a product needed by another country. That would be enough to live, to raise our own capital and to carry on with our own development." Third presidential term (1970–1974)
The termination of Alliance for Progress funds as well as the collapse of the Central American Common Market, threatened to cripple the country's economy until Figueres discovered a new market by selling 30,000 tons of coffee to the Soviet Union in 1972.Costa Rica then became the only Central American nation to establish diplomatic relations with Moscow. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund also delivered millions of dollars to keep the economy afloat.10, 13

When opponents of Nicaragua's Gen. Anastasio Somoza Debayle seized a plane in San José in 1971, the 5'3" Figueres stood on the runway and aimed a submachine gun at the cabin until the hijackers surrendered.3

He claimed that he almost ruined a 1973 Central American summit when he twitted five army generals: "Isn't it odd that all you bastards are generals, and I'm the only civilian, but I'm the only one who's ever fought a war? "3

Political connections

Figueres' connection with the KGB

According to revelations from the Mitrokhin Archive, the KGB secretly transmitted to Figueres a $300,000 loan via the Costa Rican Communist Party to help finance his 1970 campaign, in exchange for establishing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, which he did upon election. Figueres later escalated his relationship with the San Jose residency of the KGB, expanding his activities to providing confidential reports on other


texts:
 countries in Central America and the Caribbean. In 1974, a KGB report to Leonid Brezhnev revealed that Figueres had agreed to publish materials advantageous to the KGB. For this reason, he was given $10,000 under the guise of stock purchases in his newspaper. Figueres' connection with the CIA
The CIA gave Figueres money to publish a political journal, Combate, and to sponsor the founding meeting of the Institute of Political Education in Costa Rica in November 1959.The institute was organized as a training school and a center for political collaboration for political parties of the democratic left, principally from Costa Rica, Cuba (in exile), the Dominican Republic (in exile), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua (in exile), Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. The CIA concealed its role from most of the participants except Figueres. Its funds passed first to a shell foundation, then to the Kaplan Fund of New York, next to the Institute for International Labor Research (IILR) located in New York, and finally to San José. Socialist leader Norman Thomas headed the IILR. After the CIA connection was revealed, Thomas maintained that he had been unaware of it, but the IILR's treasurer, Sacha Volman, who also became treasurer of the institute in San José, was a CIA agent. The CIA used Volman to monitor the institute, and Cord Meyer  collaborated directly with Figueres.11

Mr. <mask> himself acknowledged in 1981 that he had received help from the Central Intelligence Agency. "At the time, I was conspiring against the Latin American dictatorships and wanted help from the United States", he recalled."I was a good friend of Allen Dulles." "Anyway", Mr. <mask> went on, "the C.I.A. 's Cultural Department helped me finance a magazine and some


texts:
 youth conferences here. But I never participated in espionage. I did beg them not to carry out the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, which was madness, but they ignored me." 4

Cord Meyer came to San José sometime in the summer of 1960. He and <mask> created the Inter-American Democratic Social Movement (INADESMO), which was nothing more than a front.A flier describing the idealistic purpose of INADESMO carried the same post office box as <mask>'s personal letterhead. The INADESMO setup enabled Meyer to disburse funds more directly, without having to bother with conduits or the accounting procedures of the institute. For example, INADESMO contributed $10,000 to help finance the First Conference of Popular Parties of Latin America in Lima, Peru, in August 1960. The following May, Meyer returned to San José for a more urgent purpose. In the wake of the Bay of Pigs failure, he provided <mask> with INADESMO funds to sponsor a meeting at his estate, 'La Lucha', (12–20 May) between the leaders of the principal Dominican exile movements, Juan Bosch and Horacio Ornes. With <mask> as sponsor, Bosch and Ornes agreed to form a coalition government in anticipation of the overthrow of dictator Rafael Trujillo. As the United States moved to rally the hemisphere against Fidel Castro, Trujillo had become expendable, because the United States needed to demonstrate that it opposed all dictators, not just those on the left.For over a year, the CIA had been in contact also with dissidents inside the Dominican Republic who argued that assassination was the only certain way to remove Trujillo. The CIA station in Ciudad Trujillo (now Santo Domingo) had encouraged the dissidents and actually delivered to them three pistols and three carbines

masks: Figueres Figueres Figueres Figueres


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 "attendant to their projected efforts to neutralize Trujillo." Because the Bay of Pigs failure created an uncertain situation, the United States tried to put the brakes on this operation and refused to pass along additional weapons to the dissidents which the Dominican station already had, specifically M-3 machine guns. The U.S. National Security Council, meeting on 5 May, "noted the President's view that the United States should not initiate the overthrow of Trujillo before [knowing] what government would succeed him." On 30 May, Trujillo was ambushed and assassinated. The same "action group" with whom the CIA had been in contact and to whom it had delivered pistols and carbines carried out the attack. According to the 1975 report of the Church Committee, there was "no direct evidence" that CIA weapons had been used in the assassinations and the effect of the Bosch-Ornes pact upon the events that transpired remains a matter for speculation.Nonetheless, the CIA described its role in "changing" the government of the Dominican Republic "as a 'success' in that it assisted in moving the Dominican Republic from a totalitarian dictatorship to a Western-style democracy." Bosch himself was elected president of the Dominican Republic. Sacha Volman followed him there, establishing a new "research and publication center" and taking with him the CIA funding that used to go to Figueres in Costa Rica. Though one cannot prove that there was a coordinated link between the external and internal opposition groups, Cord Meyer  was in a position to know what both elements were doing.11

Relationship with Cuba
Figueres also opposed the dictatorial regime in pre-Castro Cuba and went so far as to dispatch a planeload of weapons for Cuban


texts:
 insurgents led by the young Fidel Castro, a member of Caribbean Legion. But soon after the 1959 success of the Cuban Revolution, he and Mr. Figueres had a falling out over the growth of Communist influence on the island.4 In March, 1959, <mask> was invited to Havana, and during a public speech, he warned Castro about the ideological deviations he had observed in Cuba, and immediately the microphone was taken from him. Figueres supported John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress but not the C.I.A. 's clandestine wars with Cuba.1

Robert Vesco, fugitive U.S. financier
Figueres was stubborn about his blunders, most notably his most controversial decision to grant asylum to Robert Vesco, the fugitive U.S. financier, accused of looting millions of dollars from the Investors Overseas Service, Ltd. (IOS) mutual funds in the 1970s.Mr. Vesco not only had a personal and business relationship with Mr. <mask> but he also made contributions to the campaign coffers of both leading political parties in the 1974 elections. <mask> made it clear, however, that he would not hesitate to extradite Vesco if the United States requested it. <mask> tried to intervene with president Jimmy Carter on Vesco's behalf. In the resulting political uproar in Costa Rica, <mask>' party lost the 1978 presidential election. Mr. Vesco fled Costa Rica after the Presidential elections of 1978 were won by Rodrigo Carazo, who had vowed to expel him. 1, 3, 4, 6

In an interview in 1981, <mask> said that Vesco had "committed many stupidities" but added:

"I have always defended asylum and would protect him again if I could because I never abandon my friends. The only thing that pains me is that some friends thought I personally benefitted from Vesco."Earlier, in a

masks: Figueres Figueres Figueres Figueres Figueres Figueres