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 responsibilities at University College London, <mask> served as President of the Modern Language Association from 1929 to 1939, President of the Philological Society in 1936, and Vice-President of the Viking Society.He was a contributor to the Encyclopædia Britannica on articles about Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian subjects. With the outbreak of World War II, the College was dispersed to various parts of England and Wales. Although a man of great physical energy, <mask> suffered from an irregular heart. His strenuous efforts to hold the College together during wartime took a heavy toll on <mask>'s health, and on 22 July 1942 he collapsed and died suddenly on a train in Broxbourne while on his way to a meeting of a committee in London. Personal life
<mask> married Lettice Mona Kathleen Heath on 8 July 1909. She was the daughter of the Rev. Christopher Heath of Wellesley Court, Cheltenham, who was Vicar of Hucclecote, Gloucestershire.The couple had four daughters, and a son who died in infancy. Selected works
 The Vikings, 1913
 Place-Names of Northumberland and Durham (1920)
 Place-Names and History, 1922
 (With Frank Stenton) Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names, 1924
 Chief Elements used in English Place-Names, 1924
 Problems of Place-Name Study, 1929

Citations

Sources

1879 births
1942 deaths
Alumni of Durham University
Academics of Newcastle University
Academics of the University of Liverpool
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of University College London
English philologists
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Fellows of the British Academy
Knights Bachelor
Old Norse studies scholars
People from Bow, London
Provosts of University

masks: Mawer Mawer Mawer Mawer


type: original

texts:
<mask> (c. March 1473 – 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and Catholic bishop. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, <mask> became the king's almoner. <mask>'s affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state. He also held important ecclesiastical appointments. These included the Archbishopric of York—the second most important role in the English church—and that of papal legate. His appointment as a cardinal by Pope Leo X in 1515 gave him precedence over all other English clergy. The highest political position <mask> attained was Lord Chancellor, the king's chief adviser (formally, as his successor and disciple <mask> was not).In that position, he enjoyed great freedom and was often depicted as an alter rex ("other king"). After failing to negotiate an annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, <mask> fell out of favour and was stripped of his government titles. He retreated to York to fulfil his ecclesiastical duties as archbishop, a position he nominally held but had neglected during his years in government. He was recalled to London to answer to charges of treason—charges Henry commonly used against ministers who fell out of his favour—but died on the way from natural causes. Early life
<mask> was born about 1473, the son of <mask> of Ipswich and his wife, Joan Daundy. Widespread traditions identify his father as a butcher; his modest origin became a topic of criticism later, when he amassed wealth and power that critics thought more befitting a member of the high nobility. Wolsey attended Ipswich School and Magdalen College School before

masks:
Thomas Wolsey
Wolsey
Wolsey
Wolsey
Thomas Cromwell
Wolsey
Thomas Wolsey
Robert Wolsey


texts: studying theology at Magdalen College, Oxford.On 10 March 1498 he was ordained as a priest in Marlborough, Wiltshire, and remained in Oxford, first as the Master of Magdalen College School, and soon the dean of divinity. From 1500 to 1509 <mask> held a living as rector of St Mary's church, Limington, in Somerset. In 1502, he became a chaplain to Henry Deane, archbishop of Canterbury, who died the following year. He was then taken into the household of Sir Richard Nanfan, who made <mask> executor of his estate. After Nanfan's death in 1507, <mask> entered the service of King Henry VII. <mask> benefited from Henry VII's introduction of measures to curb the power of the nobility; the king was willing to favour those from more humble backgrounds. Henry VII appointed Wolsey royal chaplain.In this position <mask> served as secretary to Richard Foxe, who recognised <mask>'s ability, dedication, industry and willingness to take on tedious tasks. <mask>'s remarkable rise to power from humble origins attests to his intelligence, administrative ability, industriousness, ambition, and rapport with the king. In April 1508, <mask> was sent to Scotland to discuss with King James IV rumours of the renewal of the Auld Alliance. <mask>'s rise coincided with the accession in April 1509 of Henry VIII, whose character, policies and attitude to diplomacy differed significantly from his father's. In 1509 Henry appointed <mask> to the post of almoner, a position that gave him a seat on the Privy Council and an opportunity to attain greater prominence and establish personal rapport with the king. A factor in <mask>'s rise was the young Henry VIII's

masks: Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey


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 relative lack of interest in the details of government during his early years. Rise to prominence

The primary counsellors Henry VIII inherited from his father were Richard Foxe ( 1448–1528, Bishop of Winchester 1501–1528) and William Warham ( 1450–1532, Archbishop of Canterbury 1503–1532).They were cautious and conservative, advising the king to act as a careful administrator like his father. Henry soon appointed to his Privy Council men more sympathetic to his own views and inclinations. Until 1511, <mask> was adamantly antiwar, but when the king expressed his enthusiasm for an invasion of France, <mask> adapted his views to the king's and gave persuasive speeches to the Privy Council in favour of war. Warham and Foxe, who did not share the king's enthusiasm for the French war, fell from power (1515/1516), and <mask> took over as the king's most trusted advisor and administrator. When Warham resigned as Lord Chancellor in 1515, probably under pressure from <mask>, Henry appointed <mask> in his place. <mask> made careful moves to destroy or neutralise other courtiers' influence. He helped cause the fall of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham in 1521, and in 1527 he prosecuted Henry's close friend William Compton and Henry's ex-mistress Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon, for adultery.In the case of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, <mask> adopted a different strategy, attempting to win Suffolk's favour by his actions after the duke secretly married Henry's sister Mary Tudor, Dowager Queen of France, much to the king's displeasure. <mask> advised the king not to execute the newlyweds but to embrace them; whether

masks: Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey


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 this was out of care for the couple or because of the threat they posed to his own safety remains unclear. The bride, both as sister to Henry and as Dowager Queen of France, had high royal status that could have threatened <mask> had she so chosen. <mask>'s rise to a position of great secular power paralleled his increasing status in the church. He became a canon of Windsor in 1511. In 1514 he was made Bishop of Lincoln and then Archbishop of York in the same year. Pope Leo X made him a cardinal in 1515, with the titular church of St Cecilia in Trastevere.Following the success of the English campaign in France and the peace negotiations that followed, <mask>'s ecclesiastical career advanced further: in 1523 he became Bishop of Durham, a post with wide political powers, and thus became known as Prince-Bishop of Durham. Foreign policy

War with France
The Anglo-French War (1512–14) gave <mask> a significant opportunity to demonstrate his talents in foreign policy. A convenient justification for going to war came in 1511 in the form of a plea for help from Pope Julius II, who was beginning to feel threatened by France. England formed an alliance with Julius, King Ferdinand V of Spain, and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor against King Louis XII of France. The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, partly due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. <mask>'s ability to keep a large

masks: Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey


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 number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success.He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid. Meanwhile, a turnover of rulers in Europe threatened to diminish England's influence. With Henry's sister, Mary, married to Louis XII on 9 October 1514, an alliance was formed, but Louis was not in good health. Less than three months later, he died and was succeeded by the young and ambitious Francis I. Queen Mary had allegedly secured a promise from Henry that if Louis died, she could marry whomever she pleased.Following Louis's death, she secretly married Suffolk, with Francis I's assistance, which prevented another marriage alliance. As Mary was the only princess Henry could use to secure marriage alliances, this was a bitter blow. <mask> then proposed an alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire against France. Papal legate

The 1516 death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, Henry VIII's father-in-law and England's closest ally, was a further blow. Ferdinand was succeeded by Charles V, who immediately proposed peace with France. After Maximilian I's death in 1519, Charles was elected in his stead; thus Charles ruled a substantial portion of Europe and English influence became limited on the continent. But <mask> managed to assert English influence by other means.In 1517, Pope Leo X sought

masks: Wolsey Wolsey


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 peace in Europe to form a crusade against the Ottoman Empire. In 1518 <mask> was made Papal Legate in England, enabling him to realise Leo's desire for peace by organising the Treaty of London. The treaty showed <mask> as the arbiter of Europe, organising a massive peace summit involving 20 nations. This put England at the forefront of European diplomacy and drew her out of isolation, making her a desirable ally. This is well illustrated by the Anglo-French treaty signed two days afterwards. It was partly this peace treaty that caused conflict between France and Spain. In 1519, when Charles V ascended to the throne of the Holy Roman Emperor, King Francis I of France was infuriated.He had invested enormous sums in bribing the electorate to elect him emperor, and thus used the Treaty of London as a justification for the Habsburg-Valois conflict. <mask> appeared to act as mediator between the two powers, both of which were vying for England's support. Field of the Cloth of Gold
Another of <mask>'s diplomatic triumphs was the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. <mask> organised much of this grandiose meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII, accompanied by 5,000 followers and involving court activities more than military discussion. Though it seemed to open the door to peaceful negotiations with France if the king wished, it was also a chance for a lavish display of English wealth and power before the rest of Europe, through flamboyant celebrations and events such as jousting, with the two kings competing, though not against each other. With France and Spain vying for England's allegiance, <mask> could choose the ally that

masks: Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey


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 better suited his policies. <mask> chose Charles mainly because England's economy would suffer from the loss of the lucrative cloth trade industry between England and the Netherlands had France been chosen instead.Under <mask>'s guidance, Europe's chief nations sought to outlaw war among Christian nations. Garrett Mattingly, who has studied the causes of wars in that era, found that treaties of non-aggression such as this one could never be stronger than their sponsors' armies. When those forces were about equal, the treaties typically widened the conflict. That is, diplomacy could sometimes postpone war, but could not prevent wars based on irreconcilable interests and ambitions. What was lacking, Mattingly concludes, was a neutral power whose judgements were generally accepted either by impartial justice or by overwhelming force. Alliance with Spain
The Treaty of London is often regarded as <mask>'s finest moment, but it was abandoned within a year. <mask> developed links with Charles in 1520 at the Field of the Cloth of Gold.At the Calais Conference <mask> signed the Secret Treaty of Bruges (1521) with Charles V, stating that England would join Spain in a war against France if France refused to sign the peace treaty and ignored the Anglo-French treaty of 1518. <mask>'s relationship with Rome was also ambivalent. Despite his links to the papacy, <mask> was strictly Henry's servant. Though the Treaty of London was an elaboration on Pope Leo's ambitions for European peace, it was seen in Rome as a vain attempt by England to assert her influence over Europe and steal some papal thunder. Furthermore, <mask>'s peace initiatives


texts: prevented a crusade to the Holy Land, which was the catalyst for the Pope's desire for European peace. Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, who represented the Pope at the Treaty of London, was kept waiting for many months in Calais before being allowed to cross the Channel and join the festivities in London in what may have been a display by <mask> of his independence of Rome. An alternative hypothesis is that Campeggio was kept waiting until <mask> received his legacy, thus asserting <mask>'s attachment to Rome.Though the English gain from the wars of 1522–23 was minimal, their contribution certainly aided Charles V in his defeat of the French, particularly in 1525 at the Battle of Pavia, where Charles's army captured Francis I. Henry then felt there was a realistic opportunity for him to seize the French crown, to which the kings of England had long laid claim. Parliament, however, refused to raise taxes. This led <mask> to devise the Amicable Grant, which was met with even more hostility, and ultimately led to his downfall. In 1525, after Charles V had abandoned England as an ally, <mask> began to negotiate with France, and the Treaty of the More was signed, during Francis I's captivity, with the Regent of France—his mother, Louise of Savoy. The closeness between England and Rome can be seen in the formulation of the League of Cognac in 1526. Though England was not part of it, the League was organised in part by <mask> with papal support. <mask>'s plan was that the League of Cognac, an alliance between France and some Italian states, would challenge Charles's League of Cambrai.This was both a gesture of allegiance to Rome and an

masks: Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey


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 answer to growing concerns about Charles's dominance over Europe. The final blow to this policy came in 1529, when the French made peace with Charles. Meanwhile, the French also continued to honour the "Auld Alliance" with Scotland, stirring up hostility on England's border. With peace between France and the Emperor, there was no-one to free the Pope from Charles, who had effectively held Pope Clement VII captive since the Sack of Rome (1527). There was thus little hope of securing Henry VIII an annulment from his marriage to Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon. Since 1527, <mask>'s desire to secure an annulment for his master had dictated his foreign policy, and by 1529 none of his endeavours had succeeded. Annulment

Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon had produced no sons who survived infancy; the Wars of the Roses were still within living memory, leading to the fear of a power struggle after Henry's death.Henry felt the people would accept only a male sovereign, not his daughter Mary. He believed God had cursed him for the sin of marrying the widow of his elder brother, and that the papal dispensation for that marriage was invalid because it was based upon the claim that Catherine was still a virgin after her first husband's death. Henry argued that Catherine's claim was not credible, and thus the dispensation must be withdrawn and the marriage annulled. His motivation has been attributed to his determination to have a son and heir, and to his desire for Anne Boleyn, one of his wife's maids-of-honour. Catherine had no further pregnancies after 1519; Henry began annulment proceedings in 1527. Catherine, however,


texts:
 maintained that she had been a virgin when she married Henry. Because she opposed annulment and a return to her previous status as Dowager Princess of Wales, the annulment request became a matter of international diplomacy, with Catherine's nephew Charles V pressuring Clement not to annul the marriage.Clement faced a dilemma: he would anger either Charles or Henry. He delayed his decision as long as possible, infuriating Henry and Anne Boleyn, who began to doubt <mask>'s loyalty to the Crown over the Church. <mask> appealed to Clement for an annulment on three fronts. First, he tried to convince the Pope that the dispensation was void as the marriage clearly disobeyed instructions in the book of Leviticus. Second, <mask> objected to the dispensation on technical grounds, claiming it was incorrectly worded. (Shortly afterwards, a correctly worded version was found in Spain.) Third, <mask> wanted Clement to let the final decision be made in England, which, as papal legate, he would supervise.In 1528 Clement decided to allow two papal legates to decide the outcome in England: <mask> and Campeggio. <mask> was confident of the decision, but Campeggio took a long time to arrive, and when he finally did, he delayed proceedings so much that the case had to be suspended in July 1529, effectively sealing <mask>'s fate. Domestic achievements

During his 14 years as chancellor, <mask> had more power than any other Crown servant in English history. This led to his being hated by much of the nobility, who thought they should have the power. The king protected him from being attacked. Sara Nair James, a professor at Mary Baldwin College,


texts:
 says that in 1515–1529 <mask> "would be the most powerful man in England except, possibly, for the king". As long as he was in the king's favour, <mask> had great freedom in domestic matters, and had his hand in nearly every aspect of them.For much of the time, Henry VIII had complete confidence in him, and as Henry's interests inclined more towards foreign policy, he was willing to give <mask> free rein in reforming the management of domestic affairs, for which <mask> had grand plans. Historian John Guy explains <mask>'s methods:

Operating with the king's firm support, and with special powers over the church given by the Pope as legate, <mask> dominated civic affairs, administration, the law, the church, and foreign policy. He was amazingly energetic and far-reaching. He built a great fortune for himself and was a major benefactor of arts, humanities and education. He projected numerous reforms, with some success in areas such as finance, taxation, educational provision and justice. From the king's perspective, his greatest failure was an inability to get a divorce when Henry wanted a new wife to give him a son who would be the undisputed heir to the throne. Historians agree that <mask> was a man dogged by other men's failures and his own ambition.In the end, abandoned by the king, <mask> was charged with treason, but died of natural causes before he could be beheaded. Taxation
<mask> made changes to the taxation system, devising, with treasurer of the Chamber John Heron, the "Subsidy". This form of tax was based upon accurate valuations of the taxpayer's wealth, where one shilling was taken per pound from the income. The

masks: Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey Wolsey


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 old fixed tax of 15ths and 10ths meant that those who earned very little had to pay almost as much as the wealthy. With the new income tax the poorer members of society paid much less. This more progressive form of taxation enabled <mask> to raise enough money for the king's foreign expeditions, bringing in over £300,000. He also raised considerable capital through other means, such as "benevolences", and enforced loans from the nobility, which yielded £200,000 in 1522..Ultimately, <mask>'s fiscal policy became increasingly disliked- his forced loans and benevolences culminated in the Amicable Grant (1526). This was met with hostility as the Amicable Grant provoked 'full-scale revolt in Suffolk... the most serious rebellion since 1497' (Cornish rebellion). Justice
As a legal administrator, <mask> reinvented the equity court, where the verdict was decided by the judge on the principle of "fairness". As an alternative to the Common Law courts, <mask> re-established the position of the prerogative courts of the Star Chamber and the Court of Chancery. The system in both courts concentrated on simple, inexpensive cases, and promised impartial justice. He also established the Court of Requests (although this court was only given this name later on) for the poor, where no fees were required. <mask>'s legal reforms were popular, and overflow courts were required to attend to all the cases.Many powerful men who had felt invincible under the law found themselves convicted; for example, in 1515, the Earl of Northumberland was sent to Fleet Prison and in 1516 Lord Abergavenny was accused of illegal retaining. <mask> also used his


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 courts to tackle national controversies, such as the pressing issue of enclosures. The countryside had been thrown into discord by the entrepreneurial actions of landlords enclosing areas of land and converting from arable farming to pastoral farming, requiring fewer workers. The Tudors valued stability, and the resulting mass urban migration represented a serious crisis. <mask> conducted national enquiries into enclosures in 1517, 1518 and 1527. In the course of his administration, he used the court of Chancery to prosecute 264 landowners, including peers, bishops, knights, religious heads, and Oxford colleges. Enclosures were seen as directly linked to rural unemployment and depopulation, vagrancy, food shortages and, accordingly, inflation.This pattern repeated in many of <mask>'s other initiatives, particularly his quest to abolish enclosure. Despite spending significant time and effort investigating the state of the countryside and prosecuting numerous offenders, <mask> freely surrendered his policy during the parliament of 1523 to ensure that Parliament passed his proposed taxes for Henry's war in France. Enclosures remained a problem for many years. <mask> used the Star Chamber to enforce his 1518 policy of Just Price, which attempted to regulate the price of meat in London and other major cities. Those found to be charging too much were prosecuted by the Chamber. After the bad harvest of 1527, <mask> bought up surplus grain and sold it off cheaply to the needy. This greatly eased disorder and became common practice after a disappointing harvest.Church reforms
In 1524 and 1527 <mask> used his powers as papal legate


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 to dissolve 30 decayed monasteries where monastic life had virtually ceased in practice, some in Ipswich and Oxford. He used the income to found a grammar school in Ipswich (The King's School, Ipswich) and Cardinal College in Oxford (in 1532, after <mask>'s fall, the king renamed it King Henry VIII's College; it is now known as Christ Church). In 1528 he began to limit the benefit of clergy. He also attempted, as legate, to force reform on monastic orders like the Augustinian canons. <mask> died five years before Henry's dissolution of the monasteries began. Relationships
<mask>'s power depended on maintaining good relations with Henry. He grew increasingly suspicious of the "minions"—young, influential members of the Privy chamber—particularly after infiltrating one of his own men into the group.He attempted many times to disperse them from court, giving them jobs that took them to the Continent and far from Henry. After the Amicable Grant failed, the minions began to undermine him again. Consequently, <mask> devised a grand plan of administrative reforms, incorporating the notorious Eltham ordinances of 1526. This reduced the members of the Privy Council from 12 to six, removing Henry's friends such as Sir William Compton and Nicholas Carew. One of <mask>'s greatest impediments was his lack of popularity amongst the nobles at court and in Parliament. Their dislikes and mistrusts partly stemmed from what they saw as <mask>'s excessive demands for money in the form of the Subsidy or benevolences. They also resented the Act of Resumption of 1486, by which Henry VII had resumed possession of all lands granted by the crown


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 since 1455.These lands had passed onto his heir, Henry VIII. Many nobles resented the rise to power of a low-born man, whilst others simply disliked that he monopolised the court and concealed information from the Privy Council. When mass riots broke out in East Anglia, which should have been under the control of the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, Henry was quick to denounce the Amicable Grant, and began to lose faith in <mask>. During the relatively peaceful period in England after the War of the Roses, its population increased. With more demand for food and no additional supply, prices increased. Landowners were forced to enclose land and convert to pastoral farming, which brought in more profit. <mask>'s quest against enclosure was fruitless in terms of restoring economic stability.The same can be said for <mask>'s legal reforms. After he made justice accessible to all and encouraged more people to bring cases to court, the system was abused. The courts became overloaded with incoherent, tenuous cases, which would have been far too expensive to have rambled on in the Common Law courts. <mask> eventually ordered all minor cases out of the Star Chamber in 1528. The result of this venture was further resentment by the nobility and the gentry. Art patronage
From 1515, when he became cardinal, until his death, <mask> used art and architecture to underpin his positions. He initiated a building campaign on a scale not only unprecedented for an English churchman and Lord Chancellor, but also exceeded by few English kings.In so doing, he brought Italian Renaissance ideas, classical embellishments, and architectural models into


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 English architecture. Scholars generally cite Somerset House in London (1547–52) as the first classical building in England, built for Edward Seymour, the first Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector to King Edward VI. But <mask> embraced Italian-inspired classicism nearly half a century before Seymour, though more theoretically than visually. <mask>'s subsequent disgrace over his failure to garner papal approval of an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon has clouded the fact that he was not only the first high-profile patron in England to seek out and promote Italian classicism in art, architecture, and magnificence, but also that his contributions endured. Among <mask>'s projects were lavish, classically inspired additions to York Palace in London, the Archbishop of York's residence. He supervised the grandiose temporary buildings at the Field of Cloth of Gold and renovated Hampton Court, which he later relinquished to the king. <mask>'s use of architecture as a symbol of power, along with his introduction of Italian classical ornamentation, set a trend continued by Henry VIII and others.<mask> oversaw tombs for Henry's VIII's parents at Westminster Abbey and negotiated contracts for Henry VIII's tomb as well as one for himself. If these works had been completed as planned, they would be among Europe's largest, most elaborate, and grandest tombs. The college originally founded and planned by <mask> and refounded by Henry VIII (Christ Church) remains the largest and grandest of all Oxford colleges. Failures with the Church
As well as his State duties, <mask> simultaneously attempted to exert his influence


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 over the Church in England. As cardinal and, from 1524, lifetime papal legate, <mask> continually vied for control over others in the Church. His principal rival was William Warham, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who made it more difficult for Wolsey to follow through with his plans for reform. Despite making promises to reform the bishoprics of England and Ireland, and, in 1519, encouraging monasteries to embark on a programme of reform, he did nothing to bring about these changes.Downfall and death
In spite of having many enemies, <mask> retained Henry VIII's confidence until Henry decided to seek an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so that he could marry Anne Boleyn. <mask>'s failure to secure the annulment directly caused his downfall and arrest. It was rumoured that Anne Boleyn and her faction convinced Henry that <mask> was deliberately slowing proceedings; as a result, he was arrested in 1529, and the Pope decided that the official decision should be made in Rome, not England. In 1529 <mask> was stripped of his government office and property, including his magnificently expanded residence of Hampton Court, which Henry took to replace the Palace of Westminster as his own main London residence. <mask> was permitted to remain Archbishop of York. He travelled to Yorkshire for the first time in his career, but at Cawood in North Yorkshire, he was accused of treason and ordered to London by Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland. In great distress, he set out for the capital with his personal chaplain, Edmund Bonner.He fell ill on the journey, and died at Leicester on 29 November 1530, around the age of 57.


texts:
 Just before his death he reputedly spoke these words:

In keeping with his practice of erecting magnificent buildings at Hampton Court, Westminster and Oxford, <mask> had planned a magnificent tomb at Windsor by Benedetto da Rovezzano and Giovanni da Maiano, but he was buried in Leicester Abbey (now Abbey Park) without a monument. Henry VIII contemplated using the impressive black sarcophagus for himself, but Lord Nelson now lies in it, in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral. Henry often receives credit for artistic patronage that properly belongs to <mask>. Mistress and issue
Wolsey lived in a "non-canonical" marriage for around a decade with a woman called Joan Larke of Yarmouth, Norfolk. The edict that priests, regardless of their functions or the character of their work, should remain celibate had not been wholeheartedly accepted in England. <mask> subsequently had two children, both before he was made bishop: a son, <mask> (born circa 1510), and a daughter, Dorothy (born circa 1512), both of whom lived to adulthood.The son was sent to live with a family in Willesden and tutored in his early years by Maurice Birchinshaw. He later married and had children of his own. Dorothy was adopted by John Clansey, and was in due course placed in the convent at Shaftesbury Abbey. Following the dissolution of the monasteries under <mask> she was awarded a pension. Following his rapid promotion, Larke became a source of embarrassment to <mask>, who arranged for her marriage to George Legh of Adlington, in Cheshire, circa 1519. He provided the dowry. Henry VIII had a mansion built for Legh at Cheshunt Great House.Fictional portrayals

masks:
Wolsey
Wolsey
Wolsey
Thomas Wynter
Thomas Cromwell
Wolsey


texts: <mask> plays a major role in the early stages of the Autobiography of Henry VIII by Margaret George. <mask> is the primary antagonist of William Shakespeare's Henry VIII, which depicts him as an arrogant power-grabber. Henry Irving, Walter Hampden and John Gielgud were well known for their stage performances of the role, and Timothy West played him in the 1979 BBC Television Shakespeare production of that play. Henry Irving's reading of <mask>'s Farewell survives on a rare wax cylinder recording. <mask> is a minor but important character in Robert Bolt's play A Man for All Seasons; he was played in the two film versions of the play by Orson Welles (1966) and John Gielgud (1988), respectively. <mask> was portrayed somewhat more sympathetically in the film Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), a performance that earned Anthony Quayle an Academy Award nomination. <mask> was played by John Baskcomb in The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970) and by John Bryans when the series was made into the film Henry VIII and His Six Wives (1972).David Suchet plays <mask> in the 2003 two-part television serial Henry VIII with Ray Winstone. Terry Scott portrayed a comical <mask> in Carry On Henry (1970). William Griffis played <mask> in the Broadway musical Rex (1976), which starred Nicol Williamson as Henry. In the Showtime series The Tudors (2007), Sam Neill plays <mask>. This production interprets his death as suicide by cutthroat, covered up by the king and Cromwell out of residual affection for him. <mask> is one of the main characters in Hilary Mantel's novel Wolf Hall (2009), played by Paul Jesson in the RSC production and by Jonathan Pryce in


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 the television serial. He is portrayed through Cromwell's eyes as a mentor and a ruthlessly loyal statesman.A desire to avenge <mask>'s downfall and ignominious death fuels many of Cromwell's actions through the latter half of Wolf Hall and its sequel Bring Up the Bodies, which was incorporated into the stage and television adaptations. In the TVE series Carlos, rey emperador (2015), he is portrayed by Blai Llopis. <mask> appears in The White Princess, STARZ, Season 1, Episode 8 (2017), played by Mark Edel-Hunt. Philip Cumbus portrays <mask> in The Spanish Princess, a sequel to The White Princess. Memorials
Before <mask> was removed from power, he planned to make his home town of Ipswich a seat of learning. He built a substantial college, which for two years, 1528–1530, was parent of the Queen Elizabeth School or Ipswich School, which today flourishes on another site. All that remains of Wolsey's structure is the former waterside gate, figured by
Francis Grose in his Antiquities, which can still be seen on College Street.In 1930 <mask> was commemorated in Ipswich with a substantial Pageant Play.He is far from forgotten in the town of Ipswich, an appeal having been launched in October 2009 to erect a statue there as a permanent commemoration. Arising from this project, a more-than-life-sized bronze statue to <mask>, shown seated facing south towards St Peter's Church (the former mediaeval Augustinian Priory Church of St Peter and St Paul, which <mask> annexed as the chapel of his College of Ipswich), teaching from a book, with a familiar cat at his side, was unveiled from beneath a covering flag on 29 June 2011 near the

masks:
Wolsey
Wolsey
Wolsey
Wolsey
Wolsey
Cardinal Wolsey
Wolsey


texts:
 site of the <mask> home on St Nicholas Street, Ipswich. After a civic procession from the Tower Church, the image, created by sculptor David Annand, was dedicated by blessing in the name of the Holy Trinity by the Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich, and launched in the civic capacity by the Mayor of Ipswich, in the presence of a crowd of onlookers. A statue of <mask> stands in Leicester's Abbey Park close to the site of his burial. It was donated by the Wolsey hosiery company, a major employer in the city and also named after the cardinal. The Wolsey Place shopping centre and Woking F.C. 's nickname The Cardinals commemorate the fact <mask> was visiting Henry VIII at Woking Palace when the news arrived that he had been made a cardinal.Other
Cardinal <mask>'s bust was used in the 1980s above the London Transport roundel on London's buses in west and south-west London as the symbol of the Cardinal bus district, which was named after him and his residence at Hampton Court. Arms

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

 Bernard, G. W. "The fall of <mask> reconsidered." Journal of British Studies 35.3 (1996): 277–310. Cavendish, George. The Life and Death of <mask>, 1611. (Cavendish was gentleman usher to <mask>.) <mask>, “'The Repository of Our English Kings': The Henry VII Chapel as Royal Mausoleum.” Architectural History, Vol.44, Essays in Architectural History Presented to John Newman. (2001), 212–220
 Ferguson, Charles W. Naked to Mine Enemies: The Life of <mask>. (2 vol 1958). online vol 1;  online vol 2
 Jonathan Foyle, “A Reconstruction of <mask>’s Great Hall at Hampton Court Palace,” Architectural

masks:
Wolsey
Wolsey
Wolsey
Wolsey
Wolsey
Cardinal Wolsey
Thomas Wolsey
Thomas Cocke
Cardinal Wolsey
Thomas Wolsey


texts:
 History, vol. 45 (2002), 128–58. Gunn, S. J. and P.G. Lindley.<mask>: Church, State & Art (1991) 329pp. Steven Gunn, “Anglo-Florentine Contacts in the Age of Henry VIII,” in Cinzia Sicca and Louis Waldman, eds. The Anglo-Florentine Renaissance: Art for the Early Tudors (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 19–48. Gwyn, Peter. "<mask>'s foreign policy: the conferences at Calais and Bruges reconsidered." Historical Journal 23.4 (1980): 755–772. * Sara Nair James, Art in England: the Saxons through the Tudors: 600–1600.Oxford [UK]: Oxbow/Casemate Publishing, 2016. P. G. Lindley, “Introduction” and “Playing Check-mate with Royal Majesty? <mask>'s Patronage of Italian Renaissance Sculpture,” in <mask>: Religion, State and Art, S. J.Gunn and P. G. Lindley eds., (Cambridge, 1991), 1–53 and 261–85. Pollard, A. F. <mask>. (1929). online
 Ridley, Jasper. Statesman and Saint: <mask>, Sir <mask> and the Politics of Henry VIII.Viking, 1983. online
 Schwartz-Leeper, Gavin. From Princes to Pages: The Literary Lives of <mask>, Tudor England's 'Other King'. Brill, 2016. online
 Tim Tatton-Brown, Lambeth Palace: A History of the Archbishops of Canterbury and their Houses (London: SPCK, 2000)
 Williams, Robert Folkestone. Lives of the English Cardinals..., 2006. Simon Thurley, “The Domestic Building Works of <mask>,” in <mask>: Religion, State and Art, ed. S. J. Gunn and P. G. Lindley (Cambridge University Press, 1991), 76–102. Simon Thurley, The Lost Palace of Whitehall (London: The Royal Institute of British Architects, 1998).Neville Williams, The Tudors: A Royal History of England, Antonia Fraser, ed (Berkeley: University of California

masks:
Cardinal Wolsey
Wolsey
Wolsey
Cardinal Wolsey
Wolsey
Cardinal Wolsey
Thomas More
Cardinal Wolsey
Cardinal Wolsey
Cardinal Wolsey


texts:
 Press, 2000). Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court (1971). William E. Willkie, The Cardinal Protectors of England. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974)

External links

1473 births
1530 deaths
15th-century English people
16th-century English politicians
16th-century English cardinals
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Archbishops of York
Bishops of Bath and Wells
Bishops of Durham
Bishops of Lincoln
Bishops of Winchester
Canons of Windsor
Deans of Hereford
Deans of Lincoln
Deans of York
British and English royal favourites
Founders of English schools and colleges
Lord Chancellors of England
Male Shakespearean characters
Masters of Magdalen College School, Oxford
People educated at Ipswich School
People educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford
People associated with Christ Church, Oxford
People from Ipswich
Court of Henry


texts:
<mask> (31 March 1878 – 10 January 1943) was an Irish hurler who played as a full-back for the Cork senior team. Born in Dungourney, County Cork, <mask> first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of twenty-three when he first linked up with the Cork senior team. He made his senior debut during the 1900 championship. <mask> immediately became a regular member of the starting team, and won two All-Ireland medals and seven Munster medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on four occasions. At club level <mask> was a three-time championship medallist with Dungourney. Throughout his career <mask> made 47 championship appearances.He retired from inter-county hurling following the conclusion of the 1914 championship. <mask> was posthumously honoured by being named in the right corner-back position on the Cork Hurling Team of the Century. Playing career

Club

<mask> was just fourteen-years-old when he first played for Dungourney in 1892 and immediately became a regular member of the team. After defeat by Redmonds in the 1900 championship decider, <mask> was captain of the team two years later when they faced Shanballymore in the final. A 3-10 to 2-5 victory gave <mask>, and his club, their first championship title. In 1907 <mask> was captain of the Dungourney team that faced Castletownroche in the county decider. A comprehensive 5-17 to 0-3 victory gave him a second championship medal.Back-to-back titles eluded Dungourney once again, however, the club was back in the decider again in 1909. Sarsfield's provided little opposition as Dungourney powered to a 6-10 to 1-8 victory. It was <mask>'s third

masks:
Jamesy Kelleher
Kelleher
Kelleher
Kelleher
Kelleher
Kelleher
Kelleher
Kelleher
Kelleher
Kelleher
Kelleher


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 championship medal. Inter-county

Beginnings

<mask> made his senior championship debut on 3 November 1901 in a delayed 0-12 to 0-9 Munster semi-final defeat by Tipperary. Early successes

The 1901 championship was also delayed due to organisational difficulties, however, <mask> found himself to be a regular on the team. He was at centrefield that year as Cork defeated Clare by 3-10 to 2-6 in the provincial decider. It was his first Munster medal.On 2 August 1903 Cork faced London in what was the 1901 All-Ireland final. Kellher's side were the overwhelming favourites against a team of exiles which was made up of nine Cork men. A downpour made the underfoot conditions difficult as London settled better and Cork floundered. A goal for London with ten minutes left in the game sealed Cork’s fate and <mask> ended up on the losing side by 1-5 to 0-4. <mask> was captain of the Cork team for the 1902 championship. He added a second Munster medal to his collection following a 2-9 to 1-5 defeat of Limerick. On 11 September 1904 Cork faced London in the delayed 1902 All-Ireland decider, in what was also the official opening of the Cork Athletic Grounds.Cork made no mistake on this occasion, and powered to a 3-13 to 0-00 victory. It was <mask>'s first All-Ireland medal. Cork made it a three-in-a-row of provincial titles in 1903. A 5-16 to 1-1 defeat of Waterford gave <mask> a third successive Munster medal. On 12 November 1905 Cork faced London in the All-Ireland decider for the third successive year. Cork were well on top for the entire game and secured a 3-16 to 1-1 victory. It was <mask>'s second consecutive

masks: Kelleher Kelleher Kelleher Kelleher Kelleher Kelleher Kelleher


texts:
 All-Ireland medal.<mask> won a fourth successive Munster medal in 1904 following a 3-10 to 3-4 defeat of Tipperary. The subsequent All-Ireland final was delayed until 24 June 1906, Kilkenny providing the opposition. It was the beginning of a hugely successful era for "the Cats" as Cork were heading into decline. A first half goal by Dick Doyle put Kilkenny in the driving seat, while goalkeeper Pat "Fox" Maher made a save in the dying moments of the game to help Kilkenny to a 1-9 to 1-8 victory. In 1905 Cork set the all-time record by winning a fifth successive provincial title. The 7-12 to 1-4 trouncing of Limerick gave <mask> his fifth Munster medal overall. The subsequent All-Ireland final on 14 April 1907 saw Kilkenny provide the opposition once again.The game was a high-scoring affair with Cork winning by 5-10 to 3-13. The game, however, had to be replayed as Cork goalkeeper Daniel McCarthy was a British army reservist and Kilkenny’s Matt Gargan had earlier played with Waterford in the Munster championship. The replay was another high-scoring one, with Jimmy Kelly scoring 5-2 for Kilkenny. A puck-out by <mask> is said to have bounced and hopped over the Kilkenny crossbar. Kilkenny won the game by 7-7 to 2-9, with all seven of their goals coming in a thirty-minute spell. Decline

Six-in-a-row of provincial titles proved beyond Cork, however, the team bounced back in 1907 with <mask> taking over as captain for a second time. A 1-6 to 1-4 defeat of Tipperary gave <mask> a sixth Munster medal.On 21 June 1908 Cork faced Kilkenny in the All-Ireland decider for the third time in four years. A

masks: Kelleher Kelleher Kelleher Kelleher Kelleher


texts:
 high-scoring, but close, game developed between these two rivals once again. As the game entered the final stage there was little to separate the two sides. Jimmy Kelly scored three first-half goals while Jack Anthony scored Kilkenny's winning point at the death. Cork went on two late goal hunts, however, the final score of 3-12 to 4-8 gave Kilkenny the win. The game became the benchmark by which all subsequent All-Ireland performances were judged. Cork went through a period of transition over the next few years and it was 1912 before the team bounced back.A 5-1 to 3-1 defeat of Tipperary that year gave <mask> a seventh and final Munster medal. On 17 November 1912 Cork were scheduled to face Kilkenny in the All-Ireland decider, however, <mask> had to withdraw from the team due to injury. Kilkenny won the game by 2-1 to 1-3. <mask> retired from inter-county hurling following Cork's exit from the 1914 championship. Personal life

<mask> was born in Clonmult near Dungourney, County Cork, the second of seven children of William and Johanna (née Cronin). After completing his education, he worked as a farmer and also bred and trained many first class horses and won several cross-country and steeplechase trophies. <mask> married Ina Cronin in September 1927 and together they had one child, a daughter, Hannah, born in 1928.After the death of his first wife from salpingitis aged 33 in 1930, <mask> married Bridget McCarthy in April 1935. On 10 January 1943, <mask> died from Weils Disease aged 64. References

1878 births
1943 deaths
Dungourney hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling


texts:
<mask> (February 1426 – 21 May 1481) was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union. He was king of Denmark (1448–1481), Norway (1450–1481) and Sweden (1457–1464). From 1460 to 1481, he was also duke of Schleswig (within Denmark) and count (after 1474, duke) of Holstein (within the Holy Roman Empire). He was the first king of the House of Oldenburg. In the power vacuum that arose following the death of King Christopher of Bavaria (1416–1448) without a direct heir, Sweden elected <mask> of Sweden (14081470) king with the intent to reestablish the union under a Swedish king. Charles was elected king of Norway in the following year. However the counts of Holstein made the Danish Privy Council appoint <mask> as king of Denmark.His subsequent accessions to the thrones of Norway (in 1450) and Sweden (in 1457), restored the unity of the Kalmar Union for a short period. In 1463, Sweden broke away from the union and <mask>'s attempt at a reconquest resulted in his defeat by the Swedish regent Sten Sture the Elder at the Battle of Brunkeberg in 1471. In 1460, following the death of his uncle, Duke Adolphus of Schleswig, Count of Holstein, <mask> also became Duke of Schleswig and Count of Holstein. Biography

Early years
<mask> I was born in February 1426 in Oldenburg in Northern Germany as the eldest son of Count Dietrich of Oldenburg by his second wife, Helvig of Holstein (died 1436). <mask> had two younger brothers, Maurice (1428–1464) and Gerhard (1430–1500), and one sister Adelheid. Through his father, he belonged to the House of Oldenburg, a comital family established since the 12th century in an area west of the River Weser in north-western Germany. Based on the two strongholds of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, the family had gradually expanded its rule over the neighbouring Frisian tribes of the area.<mask>'s father was called the Fortunate as he

masks:
Christian I
Charles VIII
Christian
Christian
Christian
Christian
Christian
Christian


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 had reunited and expanded the family's territory. <mask>'s mother, Helvig, was a daughter of Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein, and a sister of Adolphus, Duke of Schleswig. Through his mother, <mask> was also a cognatic descendant of King Eric V of Denmark through his second daughter Richeza (died 1308) and also a cognatic descendant of King Abel of Denmark through his daughter Sophie. Through his father, <mask> was a cognatic descendant of King Eric IV of Denmark through his daughter Sophia. <mask> thus descended from the three surviving sons of Valdemar II and his second wife Berengaria of Portugal. At the death of their father in 1440, <mask> and his brothers jointly succeeded Dietrich as Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. <mask> was raised by his uncle, Duke Adolphus of Schleswig, Count of Holstein (1401–1459) as the childless duke wished for his young nephew to become his heir, and also succeeded in having <mask> elected as his successor in the Duchy of Schleswig.King of Denmark

In January 1448, King Christopher of Denmark, Sweden and Norway died suddenly and without natural heirs. His death resulted in the break-up of the union of the three kingdoms, as Denmark and Sweden went their separate ways and Norway's affiliation was unclear. The vacant Danish throne was first offered by the Council of the Realm to Duke Adolphus of Schleswig, being the most prominent feudal lord of Danish dominions. The duke declined and recommended his nephew, Count <mask> of Oldenburg. Before being elected, <mask> had to promise to obey to the Constitutio Valdemariana, a provision in the ascension promissory of King Valdemar <mask> of Denmark, that promised that in the future, the same person could never be both ruler of the Duchy of Schleswig and Denmark simultaneously. The council also demanded that <mask> should marry dowager queen Dorothea of Brandenburg (ca

masks: Christian Christian Christian Christian Christian Christian Christian Christian Christian III Christian


texts:
 1430–1495), widow of his predecessor King <mask>. On 1 September 1448, after signing his ascension promissory, count <mask> was elected to the Danish throne as king <mask> at the assembly in Viborg.His coronation was held on 28 October 1449, in the Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen, at which occasion his marriage with dowager queen Dorothea was also celebrated. King of Sweden and Norway

Meanwhile, Sweden had on 20 June 1448 elected Charles (VIII) as king of Sweden. Norway was now faced with the choice between a union with Denmark or Sweden, or electing a separate king. The latter option was quickly discarded, and a power-struggle ensued between the supporters of <mask> of Denmark and Charles of Sweden. The Norwegian Council of the Realm was divided. In February 1449, a part of the Council declared in favour of Charles as king, but on 15 June the same year, a different group of councillors paid homage to Christian. On 20 November, Charles was crowned king of Norway in Trondheim.However, the Swedish nobility now took steps to avoid war with Denmark. In June 1450, the Swedish Council of the Realm forced Charles to renounce his claim on Norway to King <mask>. In the summer of 1450, <mask> sailed to Norway with a large fleet, and on 2 August he was crowned king of Norway in Trondheim. On 29 August, a union treaty between Denmark and Norway was signed in Bergen. Norway had of old been a hereditary monarchy, but this had become less and less a reality, as at the last royal successions, hereditary claims had been bypassed for political reasons. It was now explicitly stated that Norway, as well as Denmark, was an elective monarchy. The treaty stipulated that Denmark and Norway should have the same king in perpetuity, and that he would be elected among the legitimate sons of the previous king, if such existed.Charles Knutsson became increasingly

masks:
Christopher III
Christian
Christian I
Christian
Christian
Christian


texts:
 unpopular as king of Sweden, and was driven into exile in 1457. <mask> achieved his aim of being elected as king of Sweden, thus re-establishing the Kalmar Union. He received the power from temporary Swedish regents Archbishop Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna and lord Erik Axelsson Tott. However, Sweden being volatile and split by factions (benefits of union being against nationalistic benefits), his reign there ended in 1464 when Kettil Karlsson Vasa, Bishop of Linköping was installed as the next regent. Charles Knutsson was recalled as King of Sweden, although he was later exiled a second time, recalled again and died during his third term as king. <mask>'s final attempt at regaining Sweden ended in a total military failure at the Battle of Brunkeberg (outside Stockholm) October 1471 where he was defeated by forces on Swedish regent Sten Sture the Elder (). <mask> maintained his claim to the Swedish kingdom up to his death in 1481.Duke and Count
In 1460 King <mask> also became Duke of Schleswig, a Danish fief, and Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, a Saxe-Lauenburgian subfief within the Holy Roman Empire. <mask> inherited Holstein-Rendsburg and Schleswig after a short "interregnum" as the eldest son of the sister of late Duke Adolphus <mask>, Duke of Schleswig (Southern Jutland) and Count of Holstein, of the Schauenburg fürst clan, who died 4 December 1459, without heirs. <mask>'s succession was confirmed by the Estates of the Realm (nobility and representatives) of these duchies in Ribe 5 March 1460 (Treaty of Ribe). In 1474 Lauenburg's liege lord Emperor <mask> elevated <mask> I as Count of Holstein to Duke of Holstein, thus becoming an immediate imperial vassal (see imperial immediacy). Later reign

<mask>'s personal territory was at its largest in 1460–1464, before the loss of Sweden. However, many parts of his realm wanted to govern themselves

masks:
Christian
Christian
Christian
Christian
Christian
VIII
Christian
Frederick III
Christian
Christian


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 locally, and there were constant struggles. Denmark was his most important center of power.In 1474 <mask> travelled two times: in April he went to Milan (his stay in Lombardy is celebrated by frescoes by <mask>no in the Malpaga Castle) and Rome, in Italy, where he met Pope Sixtus <mask>. In the autumn same year he visited Charles of Burgundy, acting as intermediary between him and future emperor <mask>. He stayed in Burgundy for several months, moving to the Netherlands in the early 1475. Acting on a permission from Pope Sixtus IV in 1475 to establish a university in Denmark, the University of Copenhagen was inaugurated by <mask> on 1 June 1479. Death and burial

King <mask> died at Copenhagen Castle on 21 May 1481 at the age of 55. He was interred at the Chapel of the Magi at Roskilde Cathedral, a richly decorated chapel he and Queen Dorothea had erected to serve as a family sepulchral chapel for the House of Oldenburg. The burials of <mask> I and Queen Dorothea are marked with a pair of simple stones, as the chapel itself was to be considered their sepulchral monument.Legacy
The dynasty he founded, the House of Oldenburg, remains on the throne of Denmark. It was on the throne of Norway until 1818, returning there again from 1905, and also on the throne of Sweden during <mask>'s reign there and those of his son and grandson, but also 1751–1818. Arms

Ancestry

Danish royal descent

Issue

See also
 List of Danish monarchs
 Danish monarch's family tree

References

Bibliography

External links

 The Royal Lineage at the website of the Danish Monarchy

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1426 births
1481 deaths
15th-century Swedish monarchs
15th-century monarchs of Denmark
15th-century Norwegian monarchs
Rulers of Finland
Kalmar Union
Dukes of Schleswig
Dukes of Holstein
Counts of Holstein
Christian 06
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral
Swedish monarchs of

masks:
Christian
Il Romani
IV
Maximilian I
Christian
Christian
Christian
Christian


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<mask>  is an Australian Roman Catholic priest. He is a member of the Salesian order and the founder and CEO of the charity Youth Off The Streets. On 3 April 2021, the Sydney Morning Herald reported that <mask> was gravely ill with a variety of ailments. Early years

<mask> was born in Echuca, Victoria in 1954 and grew up on a dairy farm in the district. In 1973 he graduated from a school run by the Salesians. He was inspired by the movie Boys Town and went on to train as a teacher. He has worked as a teacher, youth worker, probation officer, residential care worker and principal of the charity Boy's Town.In 1982 he was ordained a priest at Oakleigh, Victoria. <mask> is the founder and CEO of Youth Off The Streets and has worked with disadvantaged youth for more than 35 years in a variety of roles including teacher, youth worker, probation officer, residential carer and principal. He officially founded Youth Off The Streets in 1991. As CEO of Youth Off The Streets, <mask> oversees the operation of over 25 programs which employ over 180 staff and involve more than 250 volunteers. He has implemented innovative behaviour modification strategies to help young people deal with a history of trauma, abuse and neglect. Many of these strategies have been adopted by schools across Australia and by government agencies. <mask> believes there is no such thing as a "child born bad", but acknowledges that there are bad environments, circumstances and families that impact negatively on our young."We must have the courage to demand greatness from our youth". Qualifications
 Diploma of Teaching, 1975
 Secondary Teachers Certificate of Registration No. 37378, 1975
 Primary Teachers Registration Board, 1976
 Bachelor of Theology, Melbourne College of Divinity, Clayton, Victoria, 1982
 Bachelor of Arts (major Sociology and English) Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 1984
 Diploma of Abuse and Trauma Counselling, Australian Institute of Professional Counsellors, Queensland, 1996
 Diploma of Psychology, Applied School of Psychology, Sydney, 1997
 Diploma of Aboriginal Studies,

masks:
Christopher Keith Riley
Father Riley
Riley
Riley
Riley
Riley


texts:
 TAFE NSW OTEN, 2010
 Certificate IV in Alcohol and Other Drugs, TAFE NSW OTEN, 2010
 Honorary Doctorate of Letters, University of Western Sydney. "This award is in recognition of your outstanding humanitarian service to the community, especially youth", 2010
 Masters of Special Education, University of Southern Queensland, 2010

Youth Off The Streets
<mask> founded Youth Off The Streets (YOTS) in 1991 with a food van delivering meals to homeless youth in the Kings Cross area in Sydney. Since then the organisation has grown to offer more than 35 services, including aboriginal programs, crisis accommodation, alcohol and other drug services, counselling, accredited high schools, outreach, residential programs and a mentoring program. The organisation is non-denominational and works for young people who are homeless, drug dependent and recovering from abuse. <mask> is CEO of the organisation, sharing the belief that no child is born bad, and that by having someone believe in them and through the right support, young people can overcome the immense personal traumas that they face.Youth Off The Streets opened a centre for youth in Macquarie Fields, named after longtime supporters Elizabeth and David Koch. The Centre creates a safe and engaging environment based on trust and respect and supports young people by providing opportunities to encourage and facilitate life choices. Located at 86 Parliament Rd Macquarie Fields, the Centre and the activities it offers young people aim to set an Australian benchmark for excellence in the provision of youth and community services. Youth Off The Streets Overseas Relief Fund has provided support in East Timor, Indonesia and Tanzania. <mask> has worked with the Islamic organisation Muhammadiyah and helped build an orphanage in Aceh, Indonesia, after the 2004 tsunami. <mask> makes frequent media appearances on behalf of YOTS, including a weekly radio segment broadcast on 2UE in Sydney and 2CC in Canberra. Attitude towards gambling
In the decade from 2000 to 2009, Youth Off The Streets received $3.5 million in donations from the

masks: Riley Riley Riley Riley


texts:
 Australian gambling industry, particularly poker machines.<mask> lobbied against the taxation of gambling, stating that "the Government won't fund services like mine and are now also attacking the revenues that we previously did have available." With respect to his position on the effect of gambling on society, in 2003 he stated in a radio interview, "I acknowledge that the great problem facing the community is people who are addicted to gambling and I call for the clubs to put in place systems and supports to help people fight this addiction." In December 2011 it was revealed that <mask> had lent his name in support of a campaign by Clubs Australia against proposed mandatory precommitment limits for poker machines. <mask> expressed his concern saying that a better way to tackle problem gambling was treatment and counselling, not legislation. Awards and honours
In 2006, <mask> was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for service to disadvantaged youth through the establishment of Youth Off The Streets and the development of a range of assistance and mentoring initiatives for adolescents and to the welfare of children overseas through humanitarian assistance efforts. In 2006, he also received the Human Rights Medal from the then Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (shared with broadcaster Phillip Adams). On 20 April 2010, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Western Sydney in recognition of his work.In 2012, <mask> was nominated as NSW Australian of the Year for his work with disadvantaged youth. References

External links
 Youth Off The Streets website
 Inside access with Fr <mask>: Youth Off the Streets - an interview with <mask>, published in Bellaboobaba on 9 June 2008
 Teen life: hope on the street - an article about Key College founded by <mask>, published in Bellaboobaba on 10 June 2008

Australian Roman Catholic priests
Salesians of Don Bosco
Members of the Order of Australia
1954 births
Probation and parole officers
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
People from Echuca
University of Divinity

masks:
Riley
Riley
Riley
Riley
Riley
Riley
Chris Riley
Riley
Riley


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<mask> (; Anglicized as <mask> ; 1515 – 26 August 1572) was an influential French humanist, logician, and educational reformer. A Protestant convert, he was one of the most prominent victims of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Early life
He was born at the village of Cuts, Picardy; his father was a farmer. He gained admission at age twelve (thus about 1527) to the Collège de Navarre, working as a servant. A reaction against scholasticism was in full tide, at a transitional time for Aristotelianism. On the occasion of receiving his M.A. degree in 1536, Ramus allegedly took as his thesis Quaecumque ab Aristotele dicta essent, commentitia esse (Everything that Aristotle has said is false), which Walter J. Ong paraphrases as follows:

According to Ong this kind of spectacular thesis was in fact routine at the time.Even so, Ong raises questions as to whether Ramus actually ever delivered this thesis. Early academic career

Ramus, as graduate of the university, started courses of lectures. At this period he was engaged in numerous separate controversies. One opponent in 1543 was the Benedictine . He was accused, by Jacques Charpentier, professor of medicine, of undermining the foundations of philosophy and religion. Arnaud d'Ossat, a pupil and friend of Ramus, defended him against Charpentier. Ramus was made to debate Goveanus (Antonio de Gouveia), over two days.The matter was brought before the parlement of Paris, and

masks:
Petrus Ramus
Peter Ramus


texts:
 finally before Francis I. By him it was referred to a commission of five, who found Ramus guilty of having "acted rashly, arrogantly and impudently," and interdicted his lectures (1544). Royal support

He withdrew from Paris, but soon afterwards returned, the decree against him being canceled by Henry II, who came to the throne in 1547, through the influence of Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. He obtained a position at the Collège de Navarre. In 1551 Henry II appointed him a regius professor at the Collège de France, but at his request he was given the unique and at the time controversial title of Professor of Philosophy and eloquence. For a considerable time he lectured before audiences numbering as many as 2,000. , another professor there, published Contra novam academiam Petri Rami oratio (1551), and called him a "parricide" for his attitude to Aristotle. The more serious charge was that he was a nouveau academicien, in other words a sceptic.Audomarus Talaeus (Omer Talon c.1510–1581), a close ally of <mask>, had indeed published a work in 1548 derived from Cicero's description of Academic scepticism, the school of Arcesilaus and Carneades. After conversion

In 1561 he faced significant enmity following his adoption of Protestantism. He had to flee from Paris; and, though he found asylum in the palace of Fontainebleau, his house was pillaged and his library burned in his absence. He resumed his chair after this for a


texts:
 time, but he was summoned on 30 June 1568 before the King's Attorney General to be heard with Simon Baudichon and other professors: the position of affairs was again so threatening that he found it advisable to ask permission to travel. He spent around two years, in Germany and Switzerland. The La Rochelle Confession of Faith earned his disapproval, in 1571, rupturing his relationship with Theodore Beza and leading Ramus to write angrily to Heinrich Bullinger. Returning to France, he fell a victim in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572).Hiding for a while in a bookshop off the Rue St Jacques, he returned to his lodgings, on 26 August, the third day of the violence. There he was stabbed while at prayer. Suspicions against Charpentier have been voiced ever since. His death was compared by one of his first biographers, his friend and colleague , to the murder of Cicero. Pedagogue

A central issue is that Ramus's anti-Aristotelianism arose out of a concern for pedagogy. Aristotelian philosophy, in its Early Modern form as scholasticism showing its age, was in a confused and disordered state. Ramus sought to infuse order and simplicity into philosophical and scholastic education by reinvigorating a sense of dialectic as the overriding logical and methodological basis for the various disciplines.He published in 1543 the Aristotelicae Animadversiones and Dialecticae Partitiones, the former a criticism on the old logic and


texts:
 the latter a new textbook of the science. What are substantially fresh editions of the Partitiones appeared in 1547 as Institutiones Dialecticae, and in 1548 as Scholae Dialecticae; his Dialectique (1555), a French version of his system, is the earliest work on the subject in the French language. In the Dialecticae partitiones Ramus recommends the use of summaries, headings, citations and examples. Ong calls Ramus's use of outlines, "a reorganization of the whole of knowledge and indeed of the whole human lifeworld." After studying Ramus's work, Ong concluded that the results of his "methodizing" of the arts "are the amateurish works of a desperate man who is not a thinker but merely an erudite pedagogue". On the other hand, his work had an immediate impact on the issue of disciplinary boundaries, where educators largely accepted his arguments, by the end of the century. Logician

The logic of Ramus enjoyed a great celebrity for a time, and there existed a school of Ramists boasting numerous adherents in France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands.It cannot be said, however, that <mask>'s innovations mark any epoch in the history of logic, and there is little ground for his claim to supersede Aristotle by an independent system of logic. The distinction between natural and artificial logic, i.e., between the implicit logic of daily speech and the same logic made explicit in a system, passed over into the logical


texts:
 handbooks. He amends the syllogism. He admits only the first three figures, as in the original Aristotelian scheme, and in his later works he also attacks the validity of the third figure, following in this the precedent of Laurentius Valla. Ramus also set the modern fashion of deducing the figures from the position of the middle term in the premises, instead of basing them, as Aristotle does, upon the different relation of the middle to the major term and minor term. Rhetorician

As James Jasinski explains, "the range of rhetoric began to be narrowed during the 16th century, thanks in part to the works of <mask>." In using the word "narrowed," Jasinski is referring to Ramus argument for divorcing rhetoric from dialectic (logic), a move that had far reaching implications for rhetorical studies and for popular conceptions of public persuasion.Contemporary rhetoricians have tended to reject Ramus's view in favor of a more wide ranging (and in many respects, Aristotelian) understanding of the rhetorical arts as encompassing "a [broad] range of ordinary language practices." Rhetoric, traditionally, had had five parts, of which inventio (invention) was the first. Ramus insisted on rhetoric to be studied alongside dialectic through two main manuals: invention and judgement under the dialectic manual, and style and delivery in the rhetoric manual. Memory, one of the five skills of traditional rhetoric, was regarded by Ramus as


texts: being part of psychology, as opposed to being part of rhetoric, and thus dispensed from his idea of rhetoric and dialectic. Brian Vickers said that the Ramist influence here did add to rhetoric: it concentrated more on the remaining aspect of elocutio or effective use of language, and emphasised the role of vernacular European languages (rather than Latin). Ramist reforms strengthened the rhetoricians' tendency to focus on style. The effect was that rhetoric was applied in literature.Invention involves fourteen topics, including definition, cause, effect, subject, adjunct, difference, contrary, comparison, similarity, and testimony. Style encompasses four tropes: metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, and irony. It also includes rules for poetic meter and rhythmical prose, figures corresponding to attitudes a speaker may take, and of repetition. Delivery covers the use of voice and gestures. His rhetorical leaning is seen in the definition of logic as the ars disserendi; he maintains that the rules of logic may be better learned from observation of the way in which Cicero persuaded his hearers than from a study of Aristotle's works on logic (the Organon). Logic falls, according to Ramus, into two parts: invention (treating of the notion and definition) and judgment (comprising the judgment proper, syllogism and method). Here he was influenced by Rodolphus Agricola.This division gave rise to the jocular designation of judgment


texts:
 or mother-wit as the "secunda Petri". But what Ramus does here in fact redefines rhetoric. There is a new configuration, with logic and rhetoric each having two parts: rhetoric was to cover elocutio and pronuntiatio. In general, Ramism liked to deal with binary trees as method for organising knowledge. Mathematician

He was also known as a mathematician, a student of Johannes Sturm. It has been suggested that Sturm was an influence in another way, by his lectures given in 1529 on Hermogenes of Tarsus: the Ramist method of dichotomy is to be found in Hermogenes. He had students of his own.He corresponded with John Dee on mathematics, and at one point recommended to Elizabeth I that she appoint him to a university chair. The views of Ramus on mathematics implied a limitation to the practical: he considered Euclid's theory on irrational numbers to be useless. The emphasis on technological applications and engineering mathematics was coupled to an appeal to nationalism (France was well behind Italy, and needed to catch up with Germany). Ramism

The teachings of Ramus had a broadly based reception well into the seventeenth century. Later movements, such as Baconianism, pansophism, and Cartesianism, in different ways built on Ramism, and took advantage of the space cleared by some of the simplifications (and oversimplifications) it had effected. The longest-lasting strand of Ramism was in systematic Calvinist theology, where


texts:
 textbook treatments with a Ramist framework were still used into the eighteenth century, particularly in New England. The first writings on Ramism, after the death of Ramus, included biographies, and were by disciples of sorts: Freigius (1574 or 1575), Banosius (1576),  (1599), of whom only Nancelius was closely acquainted with the man.Followers of Ramus in different fields included Johannes Althusius, Caspar Olevianus, John Milton, Johannes Piscator, Rudolph Snellius and Hieronymus Treutler. Works

He published fifty works in his lifetime and nine appeared after his death. Ong undertook the complex bibliographical task of tracing his books through their editions. Aristotelicae Animadversiones (1543)
Brutinae questiones (1547)
Rhetoricae distinctiones in Quintilianum (1549)
Dialectique (1555)
Arithmétique (1555)
De moribus veterum Gallorum (Paris, 1559; second edition, Basel, 1572)
Liber de Cæsaris Militia Paris, 1584
, au Roy, Paris, (1562)
Three grammars:  (1548), Grammatica Graeca (1560),  (1562)
 (1565, 1566, 1578)
Prooemium mathematicum (Paris, 1567)
Scholarum mathematicarum libri unus et triginta (Basel, 1569) (his most famous work)
Commentariorum de religione christiana (Frankfurt, 1576)

See also
Mnemonics
Ramism

Notes

References

Further reading
Nelly Bruyère, Méthode et dialectique dans l'oeuvre de La Ramée: Renaissance et Age classique, Paris, Vrin 1984
Desmaze, Charles. <mask> <mask>, professeur au Collège

masks: Petrus Ramus


texts: de France, sa vie, ses ecrits, sa mort (Paris, 1864). Feingold, Mordechai; Freedman, Joseph S.; Rother, Wolfgang (eds.). The Influence of Petrus Ramus.Studies in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Philosophy and Sciences. Schwabe, Basel 2001, . Freedman, Joseph S. Philosophy and the Arts in Central Europe, 1500-1700: Teaching and Texts at Schools and Universities (Ashgate, 1999). Graves, Frank Pierrepont. <mask> and the Educational Reformation of the Sixteenth Century (Macmillan, 1912). Høffding, Harald. History of Modern Philosophy (English translation, 1900), vol.i.185. Howard Hotson, Commonplace Learning: Ramism and Its German Ramifications, 1543–1630 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). Lobstein, Paul. Petrus Ramus als Theolog (Strassburg, 1878). Miller, Perry. The New England Mind (Harvard University Press, 1939). Milton, John.A Fuller Course in the Art of Logic Conformed to the Method of <mask> (London, 1672). Ed. and trans. Walter J. Ong and Charles J. Ermatinger. Complete Prose Works of John Milton: Volume 8. Ed. Maurice Kelley.New Haven: Yale UP, 1982. p. 206-407. Ong, Walter J. (1982). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. New York: Methuen.(p. viii). ---.Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason (Harvard University Press, 1958; reissued with a new foreword by Adrian Johns, University of Chicago Press, 2004.Ong, S.J., Walter J.: Ramus, Method,

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Peter Ramus
Peter Ramus


texts:
 and the Decay of Dialogue ).---. Ramus and Talon Inventory (Harvard University Press, 1958). Owen, John. The Skeptics of the French Renaissance (London, 1893). Pranti, K. "Uber P. Ramus" in Munchener Sitzungs berichte (1878). Saisset, Émile. Les précurseurs de Descartes (Paris, 1862).Sharratt, Peter. "The Present State of Studies on Ramus," Studi francesi 47-48 (1972) 201-13. —. "Recent Work on <mask> (1970–1986)," Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 5 (1987): 7-58. —. "Ramus 2000," Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 18 (2000): 399-455. Voigt.Uber den Ramismus der Universität Leipzig (Leipzig, 1888). Waddington, Charles De Petri Rami vita, scriptis, philosophia (Paris, 1848). External links

 'Ramism' entry in The Dictionary of the History of Ideas

 Catholic Encyclopedia entry
 Charles Waddington, Ramus (Pierre de la Ramée) sa vie, ses écrits et ses opinions (1855)

1515 births
1572 deaths
People from Oise
University of Paris alumni
Collège de France faculty
French philosophers
French Renaissance humanists
French mathematicians
16th-century French mathematicians
16th-century French writers
16th-century male writers
16th-century philosophers
French rhetoricians
Rhetoric theorists
Trope theorists
Deaths by stabbing in France
People murdered in France
French murder victims
French Calvinist and Reformed Christians
16th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Calvinist and Reformed


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<mask> (born 1934) is an American artist and one of the protagonists of the Pop art movement. In 1962, the Museum of Modern Art included his Marilyn Tryptych into its permanent collection. At the peak of his career, <mask> retired. He returned to the art scene around 30 years later. Life

Early works
In 1934, <mask> was born in Tahoka, Texas and grew up in San Angelo, Texas. His mother, an interior decorator and entrepreneur, encouraged him to have an artistic interest. In high school, <mask> and some friends started a rodeo club to pursue their first dream of being cowboys.During his military service, <mask> worked as a draftsman and designed posters. Back in Texas, he continued his education at the San Angelo College and continued working for an architectural firm. In 1959, <mask> studied at the University of Texas at Austin, in order to work in architecture design in Odessa afterwards. Then he concentrated on his artistic career. In 1962, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, carrying in his luggage numerous works of art including Women in Cars which he presented to the Felix Landau Gallery. In November 1962, the Museum of Modern Art in New York – as a gift of John de Menil and Dominique de Menil – added his three-part painting of Marilyn Monroe called Marilyn Triptych to its collection. His drawing Laughing Women in car and Close-up was shown between drawings by Picasso and Odilon Redon.In 1965, <mask> taught painting at the University of Idaho. His work in these years was often depressing and bleak in tone and mood. Main themes were the social and political affairs such as the Vietnam War. <mask> created a series of anti-war paintings which dealt with civil and military leaders. The playwright William Inge described the men

masks:
James Francis Gill
Gill
Gill
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Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill


texts: in these paintings as “figures of high public reputation, momentarily caught in some nefarious act that will probably destroy their political or professional reputations”. Arising out of a series of anti-war images is the work The Machines. The composition formally joins the media coverage of the United States with the combat conditions in Vietnam.As a draftsman, <mask> earned a reputation for handling contemporary issues through photographic images. The combination of his expressionist art and his graphite pencil went against the trend of this time. William Inge described the dark graphite pencil compositions as follows: "His paintings hold a moment of truth, which is of unfortunate beauty and makes memorable". In this way, <mask> goes even further than the often apolitical intent of the early movements of pop art. By addressing his paintings for example with the Vietnam War, his works gain an additional socio-critical dimension which provides a much wider range than the mere and superficially not intended criticism of pop art in consumer society. In 1967, the São Paulo 9 - Environment United States: 1957-1967 in Brazil showed <mask>'s works with artists such as Andy Warhol and Edward Hopper. This exhibition led to <mask>'s breakthrough in the international art world.His works were included in the collections of major museums. In the same year, <mask> was asked by Time magazine to portray the Russian Alexander Solzhenitsyn, who had just escaped from a Russian labor camp. <mask> produced the image as a four-panel quadriptych. The figure transforms from a faceless into a smiling man who has regained his freedom. <mask>: "All the people are political prisoners in the way that they are prisoners of the system in which

masks: Gill Gill Gill Gill Gill Gill Gill


texts:
 they are born". The work hung in the lobby of the Time-Life building for around five years. <mask>’s sources have always come from the present.His recognition as an artist has not only been based on the portraits of famous personalities such as John F. Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe and the Beatles, but to a large extent on his works which turned the political power structure and the war itself into question. An important work from this period is Political Prisoner. The series shows the silhouette of a pregnant woman. Her body is the symbol for the longevity of the people and for the possibility of a new beginning of each generation, freed from the mistakes of their parents' generation. But simultaneously, <mask> seems to suggest that even the unborn child is caught: Born in the cauldron of a nuclear family, the younger generation could be the unfortunate heir of the world, which they did not even form themselves, but by which it was itself formed. In 1969, <mask> taught at the University of California in Irvine. In 1970, he was offered a visiting professorship at the University of Oregon in Eugene.<mask> was at the peak of his career, and very popular in the Pop art scene. But many contemporaries saw a profound and complex sense in his works, expressing more than Pop art originally intended: “<mask> is a prominent artist of Pop art, although he is too much a painter and treats its subjects in a very emotionally charged way, than only being regarded as a Pop artist". Withdrawal from the art scene
In 1972, <mask> went surprisingly into a self-imposed exile, in the expectation of being able to maintain a kind of long-distance relationship with the art scene. He wanted to develop his artistic expression, without being delivered

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 to the constraints of the material world. He stated, "at the time I was pretty well strung out on a lot of stuff, strung out on fame and art and the Political Prisoner dilemma (…). So, when I drove up through the California redwoods and up along the coast, the beauty of the place blew my mind and I realized that I didn’t have to live in Los Angeles". After the professorship in Oregon, <mask> sold his house, numerous pictures and drawings, so he could buy land and a house in Whale Gulch in the southern portion of the King Range Wilderness.Rediscovery
Parallel to his work as an architectural designer in Northern California, <mask> began again with painting in the mid 1980s. He returned to Texas and developed his art, but without going to the public. However, his life changed dramatically when about ten years later, the art magazine "American way" of the Smithsonian American Art Museum called him and asked for an interview. This marked the beginning of his rediscovery, and numerous galleries and museums became aware of him again. Around 1987, <mask> started to work with the tools of computer design, using "the computer and the printer as a drawing tool". For the first time in 2005, a retrospective was held in his hometown San Angelo at the Museum of Fine Arts. Late works
Around 2010, <mask>'s late creative phase began, in which – in contrast to the dominance of political motives in the early works – the artist increased the focus on the presentation of classic Pop art icons such as John Wayne, Paul Newman or Marilyn Monroe.<mask> created numerous works of the American film actress who, since his early success with the Marilyn Triptych (which was included in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art even before the works

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 of Andy Warhol) has exerted an unbroken fascination on him. Through personal acquaintances with Tony Curtis, Kirk Douglas, John Wayne, Jim Morrison, Martin Luther King Jr. and Marlon Brando, <mask> as an artist has become witness of a whole generation. These celebrated public characters also marked the substance of <mask>’s work, which he is trying to convey through various techniques and compositions. Today’s art of <mask> is a fusion of realism and abstraction. Photos still remain the foundation of his art. He now sets the image composition of his paintings in the computer and works consciously with mounting effects which he describes as Metamage or Mixed Media. Exhibitions (selection)
 1962/1964/1966  Alan Gallery, New York City
 1963/1965/1967  Felix Landau Gallery, Los Angeles
 1964 Galeria George Lester, Rome
 1966 Crocker Gallery, Sacramento, California
 1970 Civic Center, Topanga, California
 2005 San Angelo Museum of Fine Arts, San Angelo, Texas
 2012 “L.A.Raw“, Pasadena Art Museum, Pasadena, California
 2013 art Karlsruhe
 2014 ART Innsbruck
 2015 Art Southampton, New York
 2016 Busan Biennale, South Korea
 2017 Museum of the Southwest, Midland, Texas

Works in public collections
 Berkeley Art Museum, University of California, Berkeley
 Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig, Vienna
 Museum of Modern Art, New York
 National Museum of the U.S. Navy, Washington, D.C.
 National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
 Neue Galerie, Kassel
 San Angelo Museum of Fine Arts, San Angelo, Texas
 Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, California
 Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
 Stanford University Center for Visual Arts, Stanford, California
 The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
 Whitney

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texts:
 Museum of American Art, New York

Honors and awards
 Art fellowship, University of Texas, 1959
 Awarded Purchase Prize, Sixty-seventh Annual American Exhibition, The Art Institute of Chicago, 1964

Bibliography
 Alfred H. Barr: Painting and Sculpture in the Museum of Modern Art. Museum of Modern Art, 1977. John I. H. Baur: Dictionary of Contemporary American Artists. 5. Auflage. Whitney Museum of American Art Catalogue of the Collection. Cummings, Paul (1987), 1974.Kimberly S. Bushby: The power of pop-icons in the age of celebrity. In: <mask> <mask>: Catalogue Raisonné of Original Prints (Vol. 1). 2017.
 van Deren Coke: The Painter and the Photograph: From Delacroix to Warhol. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque 1964. Lonnie Pierson Dunbier (Ed. ): The Artists Bluebook 34,000 North American Artists to March 2005.2005. Michael Duncan: Gill. L.A. RAW. Pasadena Museum of California Art. 2005. Jim Edwards, William Emboden, David McCarthy: Uncommonplaces: The Art of <mask> <mask>.2005. Peter Hastings Falk (Ed. ): Who Was Who in American Art. 1564–1975. 1999. Jaques Cattell Harris: Who's Who in American Art. 1976.Neil Harris, Martina R Norelli: Art, Design and the Modern Corporation. 1985. Eberhard and Phyllis Kronhausen: Erotic Art. Carroll & Graf Publishers. 1993. David McCarthy: Movements in Modern Art: Pop Art. 2000.David McCarthy: Sincerely Disturbed: <mask> and Vietnam. 2005. Premium Modern Art (Ed. ): <mask> <mask> – The Absence of Color. 2018. Henrey J. Seldis: <mask>. In: Los Angeles Times.November 8, 1965. Peter Selz: Art Across America. 1965. Smithsonian Institution: National Portrait Gallery Collection Illustrated Checklist. 1985. Tampa Bay Art Center: 40 Now California Painters. 1968.University of

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 Oklahoma: East Coast-West Coast Paintings.'' 1968. External links
 Website of <mask>
 Interview 2010
 Video documentation 2014

References

1934 births
American portrait painters
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
American contemporary painters
Living people
People from Tahoka, Texas
People from San Angelo, Texas
Postmodern artists
Artists from Texas
University of Idaho faculty
American pop


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<mask>Julie<mask> (; June 19, 1915 – February 8, 2004) was a comic book editor, and a science fiction agent and prominent fan. He was born in The Bronx, New York. He is best known as a longtime editor at DC Comics, where at various times he was primary editor over the company's flagship superheroes, Superman and Batman. He was inducted into the comics industry's Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1996 and the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1997. Early life
Born on June 19, 1915 to Romanian-Jewish parents Joseph and Bertha who emigrated from a small town outside Bucharest, Romania. <mask> and his parents resided at 817 Cauldwell Avenue in the Bronx. He graduated at age seventeen from Theodore Roosevelt High School in The Bronx.Career
In 1932, <mask> co-published (with Mort Weisinger and Forrest J. Ackerman) Time Traveller, one of the first science fiction fanzines. <mask> and Weisinger also founded the Solar Sales Service literary agency (1934–1944) where <mask> represented such writers as Alfred Bester, Stanley G. Weinbaum, Robert Bloch, Ray Bradbury, and H. P. Lovecraft, including some of Bradbury's first published work and Lovecraft's last. <mask> helped organize the first World Science Fiction Convention in 1939. In 1944, while looking for work, he was encouraged by his client, Alfred Bester, who was writing "Green Lantern" at the time, to apply as an

masks:
Julius "
" Schwartz
Julius
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texts: editor at All-American Publications, a subsidiary of DC Comics. In 1956, after the formation of the Comics Code Authority, <mask> worked along with writer Robert Kanigher and artists Carmine Infantino and Joe Kubert on the company's first attempt at reviving superheroes: an updated version of the Flash that would appear in Showcase #4 (October 1956). The eventual success of the new, science-fiction oriented Flash heralded the wholesale return of superheroes and the beginning of what fans and historians call the Silver Age of Comic Books. <mask> also worked with writers John Broome and Gardner Fox and revived other superheroes such as Green Lantern in Showcase #22 (October 1959); Hawkman in The Brave and the Bold #34 (February–March 1961); and the Atom in Showcase #34 (Sept-Oct. 1961).A character <mask> created himself, Adam Strange, debuted in Showcase #17 (Nov–Dec. 1958), and was unusual in that he used his wits and scientific knowledge, rather than superpowers, to solve problems. <mask> first thought the concept of the Justice League of America as an updating of the Justice Society and the idea was then developed by Gardner Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky. The new team debuted in The Brave and the Bold #28 (February/March 1960), and received its own title in October 1960. It became one of the most successful series of the Silver Age. <mask> oversaw the

masks: Schwartz Schwartz Schwartz Schwartz Schwartz


texts: introduction of the Elongated Man in The Flash #112 (May 1960) by writer John Broome and artist Carmine Infantino. In 1964, <mask> was made responsible for reviving the faded Batman titles.Under his editorial instructions, Broome and Infantino jettisoned the sillier aspects that had crept into the series such as Ace the Bathound and Bat-Mite and gave the character a "New Look" that premiered in Detective Comics #327 (May 1964). During the rise in popularity of the Batman comics thanks to the Batman TV Series, William Dozier (producer of the show), pitched an initial concept for a female hero and <mask>, Gardner Fox, and Carmine Infantino introduced Barbara Gordon as a new version of Batgirl in a story titled "The Million Dollar Debut of Batgirl!" in Detective Comics #359 (January 1967). He helped writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams come to prominence at DC Comics. The duo, under the direction of <mask>, would revitalize the Batman with a series of stories reestablishing the character's dark, brooding nature. <mask> edited Detective Comics until issue #481 (Dec. 1978/Jan. 1979) and Batman until issue #309 (March 1979).From 1971 to 1986 <mask> was the editor of the Superman titles, helping to modernize the settings of the books and move them away from "gimmick" stories to stories with more of a character-driven nature. This included an attempt to scale


texts:
 back Superman's powers while removing kryptonite as an overused plot device. This proved short-lived, with <mask> bowing to pressure to restore both elements in the titles. <mask> oversaw the launch of DC Comics Presents in 1978 and edited it throughout its 97 issue run. As an editor, <mask> was heavily involved in the writing of the stories published in his magazines. He worked out the plot with the writer in story conferences. The writer would then break down the plot into a panel-by-panel continuity, and write the dialogue and captions.<mask> would in turn polish the script, sometimes rewriting extensively. Later career

<mask> retired from DC in 1986 after 42 years at the company, but continued to be active in comics and science fiction fandom until shortly before his death. As a coda to his career as a comic book editor, <mask> edited seven releases in the DC Graphic Novel line adapted from classic science fiction works by Harlan Ellison, Robert Silverberg, Bradbury, and others. In 2000 he published his autobiography, Man of Two Worlds: My Life in Science Fiction and Comics, co-authored with Brian Thomsen. He was a popular guest at comics and science fiction conventions, often attending 10–12 conventions a year. Personal life
In 1952, <mask> married Jean Ordwein who had been his secretary. She died in 1986 from emphysema.<mask>'s relationship with Jean

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 had been particularly close, and he never remarried or dated following her death. Not many years later, <mask>'s stepdaughter Jeanne (Jean's daughter from a previous marriage) died from the same illness under similar circumstances. <mask> died at the age of 88, after being hospitalized for pneumonia. He was survived by his son-in-law, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. He remained a "goodwill ambassador" for DC Comics and an Editor Emeritus up until his death. Following his death, a number of women came forward alleging that <mask> had behaved inappropriately with them. These included Jo Duffy, Jill Thompson, and Colleen Doran, who stated that he had attempted to fondle her in a limousine when she was an aspiring artist in her teens.Awards
In 1998, Dragon*Con chairman Ed Kramer established the Julie Award, bestowed for universal achievement spanning multiple genres and selected each year by a panel of industry professionals. The inaugural recipient was science-fiction and fantasy Grand Master Ray Bradbury. Additional awards, presented by <mask> each year, included Forrest J. Ackerman, Yoshitaka Amano, Alice Cooper, Will Eisner, Harlan Ellison, Neil Gaiman, Carmine Infantino, Anne McCaffrey, Peter David, Jim Steranko, and Micky Dolenz. In addition to his induction into both of the comic-book industry's halls of fame, <mask> received a great deal of other


texts:
 recognition over the course of his career, including:

 1962 Alley Award for Best Editor
 1972  Shazam Award for Superior Achievement by an Individual in 1972, for bringing the Marvel Family back into print. 1981 Inkpot Award
 1985 Named as one of the honorees by DC Comics in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great. 1997 Raymond Z. Gallun Award for "outstanding contributions in the genre of science fiction" - co-recipient with Harlan Ellison

Appearances in comics
<mask> has appeared as himself in a number of comics:

The Flash #179 (May 1968)
In the "Flash — Fact Or Fiction" story (reprinted in The Greatest Flash Stories Ever Told), the Flash finds himself on "Earth Prime" (the real Earth that we live on). He contacts the "one man on Earth who might believe his fantastic story and give him the money he needs.The editor of that Flash comic mag!" <mask> helps the Flash build a cosmic treadmill so that he can return home. Justice League of America #123 (October 1975) and #124 (November 1975)
In "Where On Earth Am I?" and "Avenging Ghosts of the Justice Society", <mask> tasks writers Cary Bates and Elliot S. Maggin with inventing a fresh plot for the Justice League of America comic book. Using the cosmic treadmill left behind by the Flash in Flash #179, Bates and Maggin are transported to Earth-Two and Earth-One, respectively, leaving

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 <mask> to cover for their absence when DC Publisher Carmine Infantino walks into his office. Superman #411 (1985)
As a 70th birthday present, the staff at DC Comics made Superman #411 as a surprise tribute to <mask>, who was involved in creating what he thought was #411. The cover shows <mask> in his office being surprised by real-life co-workers just before Superman flies in the window with a birthday cake.The story features <mask> playing himself as a down-and-out character with a modified version of his real history. Action Comics #583 (September 1986)
The cover of part two of the two-part alternate-universe story "Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow? ", written by Alan Moore and begun in the same month's Superman #423, shows Superman flying away from a number of DC Comics staff, including <mask>. Superman and Batman: World's Funnest (2000)
During Mister Mxyzptlk and Bat-Mite's rampage in numerous DC Universe realities, they find the "real" Earth and <mask> working in the DC offices. DC Comics Presents (2004)
After <mask>'s death, DC Comics issued a series of eight standalone one-shot specials. Each issue featured two stories based on a classic DC cover from the mid-1950s and 1960s Silver Age of Comic Books, reflecting <mask>'s frequent practice of commissioning a cover concept, then telling the writers to create a story about that cover. <mask> or a

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Julie Schwartz
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