texts: issuing of a motion of no-confidence on Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte by the League. After Conte's resignation, the national board of the PD officially opened to the possibility of forming a new cabinet in a coalition with the M5S, based on pro-Europeanism, green economy, sustainable development, fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy. The party also accepted that Conte may continue at the head of a new government, and on 29 August President Sergio Mattarella formally invested Conte to do so.On 5 September 2019 <mask> was appointed Minister of Economy and Finance. On 26 January 2020, <mask> was picked by the centre-left coalition as its candidate at the incoming by-election in the constituency of Rome Quartiere Trionfale for the Chamber of Deputies. The by-election follows the resignation of Paolo Gentiloni from his seat in the Chamber after his appointment as European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs in the von der Leyen Commission. In July 2020, <mask>, along with Prime Minister Conte and Minister Vincenzo Amendola, played a key role in one of the longest European Councils in history. After days of harsh confrontations, the European leaders agreed on a new proposal by the President of the Council, Charles Michel, which provided a budget of €750 billion for the so-called Recovery Fund, composed of €390 billion in grants and €360 billion in loans. Italy would benefit from nearly €82 billion in grants and €127 billion in loans. In January 2021, the centrist party Italia Viva withdrew its support for Conte's government.Although Conte was able to win confidence votes in the Parliament in the subsequent days, he chose to resign after failing to reach an absolute majority in the Senate. When negotiations to form Conte's third cabinet failed, the former President of the European Central Bank, Mario Draghi, formed a national unity government, in which

masks: Gualtieri Gualtieri Gualtieri


type: original

texts:
 Gualtieri was not confirmed as minister. Mayor of Rome
On 9 May 2021, Gualtieri officially announced his candidacy as Mayor of Rome in the upcoming election.<ref>La battaglia per il Campidoglio, Gualtieri si candida a sindaco di Roma: "Farò le primarie". Conte: "M5S compatto su Raggi", la Repubblica</ref> On 18 October, he defeated the centre-right candidate, Enrico Michetti, with 60.2% of votes. He took office on 21 October 2021. Political positions
<mask> is a social democrat and often describes himself as a Keynesian. In 2016, the magazine Politico'' ranked Gualtieri as number 8 among 40 most influential MEPs.Personal life
Gualtieri is married and he has a son. He was once a semi-professional bossa nova musician who accompanied Brazilian singer Rosalia de Souza when she performed in Italy. Other activities

European Union institutions
 European Investment Bank (EIB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 European Stability Mechanism (ESM), Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)

International organizations
 African Development Bank (AfDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)

Non-profit organizations
 New Pact for Europe, Member of the Advisory Group

Electoral history

First-past-the-post elections

References

External links

1966 births
21st-century Italian politicians
Democratic Party (Italy) MEPs
Democratic Party (Italy) politicians
Italian historians
Living people
MEPs for Italy 2009–2014
MEPs for Italy 2014–2019
MEPs for Italy 2019–2024
Politicians from Rome
Sapienza University of Rome faculty
Conte II Cabinet
Finance ministers of


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<mask> (born November 12, 1952) is the American founder, president, and sole stockholder of Haas Automation, a CNC machine tool manufacturer. He also has a presence in motorsports, having founded NASCAR team Haas CNC Racing (now known as Stewart-Haas Racing) and the Formula One team, Haas F1 Team. Haas Automation

Haas graduated from California State University, Northridge in 1975 with a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting and finance. He originally majored in engineering but switched to business after Lockheed nearly went bankrupt. After graduation he was unable to find employment that paid more than what he was earning at his summer machine shop job. So, for the next few years he worked as a machinist and CNC programmer. In 1978, he opened Pro-turn Engineering, a small machine shop with two employees.In 1980, <mask> noticed that it took one of his employees a long time to manually position an indexer. <mask> thought that building his own indexer with a stepper motor drive would be more efficient. He built one for himself and few more for other machine shops. In March 1983, he displayed his indexer at WESTEC (an industry expo). After seeing the positive reaction of attendees, he decided to form Haas Automation to mass-produce them. His first commercial product, the HBI-5C (Haas Brothers Indexer), sold well because it was programmable and inexpensive. In 1986, <mask> and a partner were awarded a US patent for their invention.In 1988 Haas started production on a fully enclosed CNC machining center priced well below the competition. Some believed Haas copied or reverse engineered this machine, but at the time existing machines were so hard to use that Haas used them as an example of what not to do. Over time, Haas machine tools became extremely popular, mostly because they were simple, very affordable, and operator-friendly. By 1996, Haas had outgrown its facilities in Chatsworth, California, and began a search that ultimately brought it to Oxnard, California. In March 1997, the move was completed into the Oxnard factory, a  facility. By 2005, the factory had been expanded to .

masks:
Eugene Francis Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas


texts:
 Haas Automation is now the largest machine tool manufacturer in the United States.Sales for 2008 reached a record, reportedly just under $1 billion worldwide. Auto racing

NASCAR

In 2002, <mask> formed a NASCAR race team, Haas CNC Racing. After purchasing the Concord, North Carolina-based Craftsman Truck race facility from Hendrick Motorsports, Haas CNC Racing began work on its first entry in the Winston Cup (now known as the NASCAR Cup Series) Series as a single-car team. The first entry for the new team was September 30, 2002 with driver Jack Sprague, who finished 35th after a crash. The team raced only three times in 2002. By 2003 the team was running full-time with several driver changes over the season. The team won its first race in the then-Busch Series in 2004 with driver Jason Leffler.By 2006 the team had relocated to a new, state-of-the-art facility in Kannapolis, North Carolina, and was fielding a full-time two car team in the Cup Series. At the end of 2008, the team was still struggling with a career-average finish of just under 27th place. Late in 2008, <mask> announced that he would join forces with driver Tony Stewart; Stewart would drive for the team and in return would be given a 50% stake in the company. Stewart led the points for much of 2009, winning four times at Pocono, Daytona, Watkins Glen, and Kansas, ending up sixth in points. Stewart had a mediocre 2010 before picking up wins at Atlanta and Fontana, while Newman won at Phoenix. Stewart won the 2011 Sprint Cup Championship, winning 5 of the 10 Chase races. <mask> was present at the first team win in May 2009 when Stewart won the All-Star Race.<mask> also joined Stewart on the podium at Homestead-Miami Speedway on November 20, 2011, as Stewart won the Ford EcoBoost 400 that day and claimed his third Sprint Cup Championship. <mask> won their second Cup title with Kevin Harvick in 2014. On September 30, 2015, Stewart announced his retirement from the Cup Series as a driver following the 2016 season. The team currently runs cars in the Cup Series for Harvick (No. 4), Chase Briscoe (No. 14), Aric Almirola (No.

masks:
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Stewart Haas


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 10) and Cole Custer (No.41). With Cole Custer's victory at New Hampshire in September 2014, <mask> joined a select club of owners who have won as an owner in all three national touring series, joining Rick Hendrick, Richard Childress, Jack Roush, and Bill Davis. Formula One

In January 2014, <mask> confirmed that he had formally submitted to the FIA his interest in entering a team in the F1 championship in 2015 or 2016, initially named Haas Formula and Haas Racing Developments. On April 11, 2014, <mask> announced that he had been granted a license from the FIA. On May 28, however, it was revealed that the team would delay its debut until 2016, with <mask> officially confirming the postponement on June 4. In September 2014, the team took up its current name of Haas F1 Team to better promote its involvement in the chosen sport. In December 2014, it was further reported that <mask> purchased major assets from the bankrupted Marussia F1 team, which was confirmed in early 2015.Wind Shear wind tunnel

In 2006 planning began for a commercial wind tunnel. Haas commissioned California-based Triliad Development to oversee the project. The facility was designed to be the most advanced automotive wind tunnel in the world. The facility is centered on an MTS rolling road which allows a car to be restrained in place directly on top of a massive tread mill-like machine with a  by  by 1 mm thick stainless steel belt rotating at speeds up to . The rolling road accurately simulates the dynamics of a car on the race track, unlike traditional fixed-floor tunnels. Construction of the new wind tunnel began in 2007 and was completed by year-end. After six months of commissioning, the wind tunnel opened to its first customer, a Formula One race team, in July 2008.Today the Wind Shear facility counts numerous NASCAR, IndyCar, Formula One and American Le Mans Series teams as customers. Wind Shear is owned 100% by Haas. Philanthropic activities
Haas Automation and Haas were the recipient of the Roy Pinkerton Award, presented by United Way, Ventura County Chapter. Many engineering colleges have "CNC Labs"

masks: Haas Haas Haas Haas Haas


texts:
 outfitted with machines he donated, including California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly), California State University, Channel Islands, California State University, Northridge, and De Anza College. <mask> also has been a generous donor to two-year colleges, most recently Danville Community College through the award of a $1 million grant in April 2015 to support an Associate of Applied Science degree program in Integrated Machining Technology. The program, which will be housed in the Gene Haas Center for Integrated Machining in Danville, Virginia, will build upon the college's existing 80-credit Precision Machining Technology two-year diploma program. The Gene Haas Foundation
The Gene Haas Foundation has provided charitable donations since 2001 including Hospice Foundation, Boy Scouts of America, Los Angeles Mission, YMCA Kids Camp, NAACP, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, MS Society, and others.Criminal tax evasion
On June 19, 2006, <mask> was arrested by IRS agents for investigation of filing false tax returns, witness intimidation, and conspiracy. Four others were indicted together with <mask>, all of whom pleaded guilty. Just before <mask>'s case was to go to trial, a plea agreement was reached, whereby he would plead guilty to felony conspiracy to commit tax evasion. He was sentenced to two years in prison and ordered to pay $75 million in restitution. <mask> was incarcerated beginning January 2008 and was released on probation on May 7, 2009 after serving 16 months of his two-year sentence. References

 Gene Haas Foundation data provided by Manager, Gene Haas Foundation, 2800 Sturgis Road, Oxnard, California 93030

External links

 Industry Week article on Haas Automation
 Official Haas Automation website
 Official Haas CNC Racing website
 <mask>'s biography at Haas Automation

1952 births
Living people
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American manufacturing businesspeople
American people convicted of tax crimes
Businesspeople from California
California State University, Northridge alumni
Engineers from California
Formula One team owners
NASCAR team

masks: Haas Haas Haas Haas Haas Haas


texts:
<mask> (born 17 March 1994) is a German track and field athlete who competes in the javelin throw. She has won gold at the 2011 World Youth Championships, 2015 European U23 Championships and at the 2018 European Championships. Hussong holds the European Championships record with her personal best throw of 69.19 m.

She is a member of LAZ Zweibrücken's track and field squad and is coached by her father, Udo Hussong. Career

2010–2015
Hussong represented Germany in the girls' javelin throw at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, placing fourth with a throw of 49.89 m. Her season best that year, 55.35 m, ranked her third in the world among youth athletes. Hussong improved her personal best to 59.74 m at the 2011 World Youth Championships, winning gold by more than five metres and setting a new championship record; the International Association of Athletics Federations named her Rising Star of the Year in women's athletics. 59.74 m remained Hussong's personal best until 2014; at the 2012 World Junior Championships she threw 53.20 m in her best effort and placed seventh, while at the 2013 European Junior Championships she threw 57.90 m and won silver, one centimetre behind gold medalist Sofi Flink of Sweden. In 2014, Hussong broke 60 metres for the first time, winning with a throw of 60.26 m at the German U23 Championships on 15 June.A month later, she threw 63.34 m at the Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern meeting, setting a German U23 record and meeting the qualifying standard for the European Championships. At the 2014 European Championships she threw 61.13 m in the qualification round and 59.29 m in the final, placing seventh. In March 2015, she won gold with a throw of 60.81 m at the 2015 European U23 Throwing Cup. In July, she won gold at the 2015 European U23 Championships with a  65.60 m throw, seven metres ahead of second place. This 65.60 m throw broke both her own German U23 record and Madara Palameika's


texts:
 championship record and moved Hussong to second (behind Mariya Abakumova) on the European U23 all-time list. She then competed at the 2015 World Championships in August. She placed first in the qualification round with a personal best throw of 65.92 m and finished sixth in the final with a 62.98 m effort.2016–present
In March 2016, she competed at the 2016 European Throwing Cup, where she won gold with a 61.80 m throw. In June, she set a new personal best of 66.41 m at the 2016 German Athletics Championships, winning the competition in the process. The next month, she competed at the 2016 European Championships, where she placed seventeenth with a 57.17 m throw in the qualification round and did not make it to the final. In August, Hussong represented her homeland at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She advanced through the qualification round with a throw of 62.17 m and placed twelfth in the final with a 57.70 m throw. In March 2017, she competed at the 2017 European Throwing Cup, where she won bronze with a 59.00 m throw. In July, she placed first at the 2017 Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern with a seasonal best throw of 64.18 m. In August, she participated in the 2017 World Championships.She placed seventeenth in the qualification round with a throw of 60.86 m and did not make it through to the final. Later that month, she competed at the 2017 Summer Universiade. She topped the qualification round with a 60.18 m throw then finished fifth in the final with a 60.59 m effort. In July 2018, Hussong won gold at the German Athletics Championships for a second time, with a throw of 63.54 m. In August, she won gold at the 2018 European Athletics Championships. She won the qualifying round with a personal best throw of 67.29 m, and in the final set another personal best—and championship record—throw of 67.90 m, over six metres further than silver medallist Nikola Ogrodníková. She won silver at the 2018 IAAF Continental Cup in


texts:
<mask> (; March 17, 1922 – November 17, 2014) was an American philosopher who made significant contributions to philosophy of science, the theory of measurement, the foundations of quantum mechanics, decision theory, psychology and educational technology. He was the Lucie Stern Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Stanford University and until January 2010 was the Director of the Education Program for Gifted Youth also at Stanford. Early life and career
Suppes was born on March 17, 1922, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He grew up as an only child, later with a half brother George who was born in 1943 after <mask> had entered the army. His grandfather, C. E<mask>, had moved to Oklahoma from Ohio. Suppes' father and grandfather were independent oil men. His mother died when he was a young boy.He was raised by his stepmother, who married his father before he was six years old. His parents did not have much formal education. Suppes began college at the University of Oklahoma in 1939, but transferred to the University of Chicago in his second year, citing boredom with intellectual life in Oklahoma as his primary motivation. In his third year, at the insistence of his family, Suppes attended the University of Tulsa, majoring in physics, before entering the Army Reserves in 1942. In 1943 he returned to the University of Chicago and graduated with a B.S. in meteorology, and was stationed shortly thereafter at the Solomon Islands to serve during World War II. Suppes was discharged from the Army Air Force in 1946.In January 1947 he entered Columbia University as a graduate student in philosophy as a student of Ernest Nagel and received a PhD in 1950. In 1952 he went to Stanford University, and from 1959 to 1992 he was the director of the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences (IMSSS). He would subsequently become the Lucie Stern Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at Stanford. Work

Computer-aided learning
In the 1960s Suppes and

masks:
Patrick Colonel Suppes
Patrick
. Suppes


texts:
 Richard C. Atkinson (the future president of the University of California) conducted experiments in using computers to teach math and reading to school children in the Palo Alto area. Stanford's Education Program for Gifted Youth and Computer Curriculum Corporation (CCC, now named Pearson Education Technologies) are indirect descendants of those early experiments. At Stanford, Suppes was instrumental in encouraging the development of high-technology companies that were springing up in the field of educational software up into the 1990s, (such as Bien Logic). One computer used in Suppes and Atkinson's Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) experiments was the specialized IBM 1500 Instructional System.Seeded by a research grant in 1964 from the U.S. Department of Education to the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences at Stanford University, the IBM 1500 CAI system was initially prototyped at the Brentwood Elementary School (Ravenswood City School District) in East Palo Alto, California by Suppes. The students first used the system in 1966. Suppes' Dial-a-Drill program was a touchtone phone interface for CAI. Ten schools around Manhattan were involved in the program which delivered three lessons per week by telephone. Dial-a-Drill adjusted the routine for students who answered two questions incorrectly. The system went online in March 1969. Touchtone telephones were installed in the homes of children participating in the program.Field workers educated parents on the benefits of the program and collected feedback. Decision theory
During the 1950s and 1960s Suppes collaborated with Donald Davidson on decision theory, at Stanford. Their initial work followed lines of thinking which had been anticipated in 1926 by Frank P. Ramsey, and involved experimental testing of their theories, culminating in the 1957 monograph Decision Making: An Experimental Approach. Such commentators as Kirk Ludwig trace the origins of Davidson's


texts:
 theory of radical interpretation to his formative work with Suppes. Awards and honors
 In 1965 he was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences for his work on mathematical psychology. In 1971 he was elected as a Permanent Member of the Institut international de philosophie. On November 13, 1990, President George H. W. Bush awarded Suppes with the President's National Medal of Science for work in Behavioral and Social Science.In 1994 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He is the laureate of the 2003 Lakatos Award for his contributions to the philosophy of science. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In 2012, he was given the first ever Software and Information Industry Association Lifetime Achievement Award

Works

Including: Suppes, <mask> (1960), Stimulus-sampling theory for a continuum of response, pp. 348–363. Suppes, <mask> (1972 [1960]). Axiomatic Set Theory.Dover. Spanish translation by H. A. Castillo, Teoria Axiomatica de Conjuntos. Suppes, <mask> (1984). Probabilistic Metaphysics, Blackwell Pub; Reprint edition (October 1986)
 Humphreys, P., ed. (1994). <mask>s: Scientific Philosopher, Synthese Library (Springer-Verlag). Vol.1: Probability and Probabilistic Causality. Vol. 2: Philosophy of Physics, Theory Structure and Measurement, and Action Theory. Suppes, <mask> (1999) (1957). Introduction to Logic. Dover. Spanish translation by G. A. Carrasco, Introduccion a la logica simbolica.Chinese translation by Fu-Tseng Liu. <mask>, <mask> (2002). Representation and Invariance of Scientific Structures. CSLI (distributed by the University of Chicago Press). <mask>, <mask>; Hill, Shirley (2002) (1964). A First Course in Mathematical Logic. Dover.Spanish translation. Suppes, <mask>; Luce, R. Duncan; Krantz, David; Tversky, Amos (2007) (1972). Foundations of Measurement, Vols. 1–3. Dover. See also
 American philosophy
 List of American

masks:
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick Suppe
Patrick
Suppes
Patrick
Suppes
Patrick
Patrick


texts:
 philosophers

References

External links

 Suppes's autobiography and complete subject bibliography – Stanford University
 Suppes's papers (pdf), and chronological bibliography – Stanford University
 Suppes on Computer Chronicles TV program. "Computer Chronicles: Computers In Education (1984): An early look at how computers are being used in formal education.Guests include Professor <mask> of Stanford University and Glenn Kleiman, author of 'Brave New Schools'. Includes demonstrations of the LOGO and BASIC languages. Guest host is Herb Lechner of SRI International." 1922 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American essayists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American philosophers
Action theorists
American logicians
American male essayists
American male non-fiction writers
American philosophers
American philosophy academics
Analytic philosophers
Aristotelian philosophers
Central High School (Tulsa, Oklahoma) alumni
Columbia University alumni
Columbia University people
Communication theorists
Contemporary philosophers
Educational psychologists
Epistemologists
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Education
Lakatos Award winners
Lecturers
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Metaphysicians
National Medal of Science laureates
Ontologists
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of psychology
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of social science
Philosophers of technology
Philosophy writers
Set theorists
Stanford Graduate School of Education faculty
Stanford University Department of Philosophy faculty
Tarski lecturers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Army reservists
University of Chicago


texts:
<mask> (born January 10, 1951) is an American conductor, singer, and educator. He is the Artistic Director of the San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus. In addition, he guest-conducts and presents workshops in the US and around the world. <mask> joined the Turtle Creek Chorale in 1987 and served as its conductor for two decades during which he co-founded The Women's Chorus of Dallas. In 1999, he conducted the World's Longest Choral Concert as declared by Guinness World Records. At Turtle Creek, he recorded a total of 36 compact discs. For his work at Turtle Creek, he was named the Conductor Emeritus.He has authored five books on the topics of choral music and vocal technique. He is the author of The Perfect Blend, The Perfect Rehearsal, The Perfect Choral Workbook, The Music Within and Quick Fixes. As a clinician, he has appeared at state, regional and national conferences of the American Choral Directors Association and the Music Educators National Conference. Early life and education
Seelig was born and raised in Fort Worth, Texas in a devout Southern Baptist family. His mother was a singer and voice teacher and father the Vice President of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. He sang in church choirs in the Baptist church from his earliest days. After completing high school, he majored in vocal performance and subsequently completed a master's degree and a Doctorate of Musical Arts from the University of North Texas.Since teenage years, he dreamed about studying in Salzburg, Austria, having been impressed by the beauty of the place during a family vacation. When he was 24, he moved to Salzburg, enrolled at the conservatory where he received a Diploma in Lieder and Oratorio. Upon completing his degree at Mozarteum, he and his wife returned to the United States to continue studies and begin teaching. Seelig was then offered a job at the Swiss National Opera and moved, with his wife and two small children, to Switzerland. He made his European operatic debut at the Staatsoper in St. Gallen, Switzerland. Upon total immersion in the

masks:
Tim Seelig
Seelig


texts:
 life of a full-time opera singer, he realized it did not fit his personality or goals in life. He returned to the United States and resumed teaching at Houston Baptist University and began serving as Associate Minister of Music at The First Baptist Church of Houston.Career

1986 - 2003
In 1986, Seelig made the decision that he could no longer hide the fact that he was gay. Coming out brought instant repercussions. He was fired by the church lost his home, family, and most of his friends. He found out about a gay men's chorus in Dallas, the Turtle Creek Chorale, that was looking for a conductor. During his academic career, he had majored in vocal performance and minored in conducting. That minor and course of study proved useful. He applied for the job and was selected.When Seelig joined the TCC in 1987, it was in financial trouble. Through his work, the chorale began making profit again by 1989 and had grown from the original 40 singers to 200. In 1989, he co-founded the Women's Chorus of Dallas and conducted it off and on for the next twelve years. In 1989, he made his solo debut at Carnegie Hall, which was reviewed by the New York Times, which called him "an expressive performer." In the 1980s the US was witnessing an epidemic of AIDS in gay men. Being the leader of a gay men's chorus, Seelig actively worked to support the fight against AIDS. The chorale itself lost almost 200 of its member during the epidemic.In 1994, Seelig and his chorus' efforts to cope with the grief brought about by the epidemic was featured in After Goodbye: An AIDS Story, a documentary directed by Ginny Martin. The documentary went on to win twelve awards including an Emmy. Seelig began teaching voice and vocal pedagogy at the Meadows School for the Arts at Southern Methodist University in 1996. In 1999, Seelig conducted the World's longest choral concert at the Lakewood Theatre in Dallas. The show lasted for twenty hours as celebration of the 20th anniversary of the chorale. It was also a homage to the people the chorale had lost to AIDS. 2003 - 2010
In


texts: 2005, the Turtle Creek Chorale was approached to do a follow-up documentary to the 1994 After Goodbye.Seelig agreed and they produced The Power of Harmony about gay marriage, adoption and other important GLBT topics of the time. Seelig's first book The Perfect Blend was published in March 2005 by the Shawnee Press. The book provided vocal technique for choral singers. It included 100 exercises, rehearsal and programming tips as well as tips for vocal health. The book was sold with a CD of the same title. A sequel to the book The Perfect Rehearsal was published by Shawnee Press in August 2007 followed by The Perfect Choral Workbook in November. After working twenty years at the Turtle Creek Chorale, Seelig stepped down from the position of the conductor in 2007.The same year, The Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses (GALA) was looking to start a program for an Artistic Director-in-Residence. When he stepped down from Turtle Creek, he was invited by GALA to apply for the program. He applied and was named the first Artist Director-in-Residence of the association. The initial tenure for the program was one year, however, after the completion of the first year, Seelig stayed on for another year. During this time, he visited 40 choruses in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. After he stepped down from TCC, he was contacted by his friend Reverend Michael Piazza, who was the senior pastor at Cathedral of Hope. Piazza wanted Seelig to join him at a non-profit he had started called Hope for Peace and Justice.<mask> agreed to help him and was selected the director for the program Arts for Peace and Justice. In 2008, he founded Resounding Harmony, a mixed chorus in Dallas that performs with the sole purpose of raising money for non-profit organizations. Seelig made his fifth appearance at the Carnegie Hall at the Shawnee Press' 70th Anniversary in 2009. In May, he guest conducted the San Francisco's Gay Men's Chorus at the Davies Symphony Hall. He also conducted the North American GALA chorus at Southbank Centre in London


texts:
 performing Sing for a Cure – a choral symphony commissioned in coordination with the Susan Komen for the Cure featuring Maya Angelou. In 2009, Seelig produced An Evening of Hope at the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center honoring Maya Angelou on her 80th Birthday. In 2010, through Arts for Peace and Justice, he organized the first Gayther Homecoming, a gala evening of Christian music and songs following the format of Gaither Homecoming, but allowing homosexual people to perform.The original Gaither Homecoming, which started in 1991 does not allow openly homosexual people to perform. The proceeds from the gala were donated to Interfaith Peace Chapel at the COH. In Fall, Seelig served as the guest conductor of the Gay Men's Chorus of Los Angeles and the Denver Gay Men's Chorus. 2011 - Present
In 2010, Seelig learned that the San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus was looking for a conductor. He applied for the job and was selected. He left his job at the Southern Methodist University and Hope for Peace and Justice and relocated to San Francisco. He started as the conductor of the SFGMC in January 2011.As conductor of the SFGMC, he commissioned Steven Schwartz to compose a piece called Testimony inspired by the It Gets Better project. Testimony received positive reviews and The Huffington Post called it "the It Gets Better anthem." The same year, Seelig also contacted Andrew Lippa to write a five-minute piece about Harvey Milk. Excited by the project, Lippa proposed writing a complete sixty-minute show. Seelig commissioned the work and Lippa wrote I am Harvey Milk, which was premiered as part of the Harvey Milk concert in 2013 to commemorate the 35th Anniversary of SFGMC and Harvey Milk's assassination. In 2012, Seelig discussed the idea of creating a suite for Tyler Clementi with Schwartz. The two worked together and commissioned eight composers to do eight movements of the story of Clementi.San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus premiered the suite in 2013. Seelig was invited by the Turtle Creek Chorale to guest conduct and host the 35th anniversary


texts:
 concert of the chorale in 2015. In 2016, SFGMC performed Heartthrobs: Biggest Boy Band Ever directed and conducted by Seelig. The show featured pop music from the 70s and 80s to present day. In 2016, Seelig presented a master class as part of the summer choral program at the Idyllwild Arts Summer Program. In February 2020, Seelig conducted the Kansas Music Educators' Association All-State Mixed Choir. LGBT issues
In 2013, Seelig and his partner Dan England were contacted by Best Vacations Ever with an offer of attending a time share seminar and getting a discounted vacation to Las Vegas.The couple decided to enroll for the seminar. However, they were told later that the company cannot accept gay couples. Seelig took it to his Facebook and it was then picked up by Towleroad and other media outlets. The company responded by claiming that they allow gay couples in the seminar only if they are co-habitating and that the customer representatives Seelig spoke to misunderstood him. Seelig asked the Best Ever Vacations for a public apology, but there was no further response from the company. Bibliography
The Perfect Blend: Seriously Fun Vocal Warm Ups (2005)
The Perfect Rehearsal: Everything You Wanted to Know About Rehearsals! (2007)
The Perfect Choral Workbook: Everything You Need to Organize Your Choral Program (2007)
Quick Fixes: Prescriptions for Every Choral Challenge!(2008)
The Music Within: Discovering the Joy - AGAIN! One Man's Story, Everyone's Journey (2010)
The Language of Music (2015)

Discography

With Turtle Creek Chorale

With Women's Chorus of Dallas

Individually

References

External links

HoliGays Are Here! Beyond the Footlights
There’s No Place Like (an Acronym for) Home, Especially If It’s CoPa! Summer Vacation

Living people
American choral conductors
American male conductors (music)
Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area
Classical musicians from California
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians
American gay musicians
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT


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<mask> (born May 31, 1955) is a composer, music scholar, the author of several books on music, and pianist. He is currently Resident Lecturer and Director of Family Concerts of the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center and founder and creative director of The Learning Maestros, formerly called PollyRhythm Productions. He also founded the nonprofit 501(c)(3) educational organization Artful Thinkers. Adolphe performs a weekly "Piano Puzzler" segment on the nationally broadcast Performance Today classical music radio program hosted by Fred Child. "Piano Puzzler" was on National Public Radio starting in 2002, and is now on American Public Media. The program is also available as a podcast and from iTunes. Mr. Adolphe is also artistic director of Off the Hook Arts Festival, an interdisciplinary festival combining music, science, and visual arts, based in Fort Collins, Colorado.Biography
Adolphe earned a Bachelor of Music and a Master's of Music from Juilliard in 1976. In 1974, he wrote music for playwright Paul Corrigan's Nancy's Tragic Period and Tan My Hide, which were performed together at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in the East Village of Manhattan in May 1974. Adolphe has composed music for Yo-Yo Ma, Itzhak Perlman, Joshua Bell, Daniel Hope, Carlo Grante, Sylvia McNair, the Beaux Arts Trio, the Brentano String Quartet, the Miami Quartet, the National Symphony Orchestra, the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, the Chicago Chamber Musicians, the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, and many other  performers and organizations. In 2009, Adolphe's one-act opera Let Freedom Sing: The Story of Marian Anderson, with a libretto by Carolivia Herron, premiered at the Atlas Theater in Washington, D.C. The opera was premiered by the Washington National Opera and the Washington Performing Arts Society, who commissioned the piece. Also in 2009, Adolphe's "Violin Concerto" was premiered by violinist Eugene Drucker with the


texts: Idyllwild Academy Orchestra and conducted by Peter Askim at the Redcat Theater of Disney Hall in Los Angeles. "Music Is", for children's chorus and youth orchestra, premiered as part of the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Thurnauer School of Music in June 2009, with the Young People's Chorus of New York City and the Thurnauer Orchestra.Also in 2009, an evening of Adolphe's chamber music was presented at The Kennedy Center. On May 3, 2009, Yo-Yo Ma played the world premiere of Adolphe's "Self Comes to Mind", a neuroscience-inspired work for solo cello with two percussionists. The percussion parts were performed by John Ferrari and Ayano Kataoka. "Self Comes to Mind" was a collaboration with neuroscientist Antonio Damasio, who wrote a text in poetic form about the evolution of consciousness for the piece. The premiere took place at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and featured live interactive images that responded to the music. The images were based primarily on brain scans created by Hanna Damasio, Antonio Damasio's wife and collaborator. The Damasios are the founders and co-directors of the Brain and Creativity Institute in Los Angeles and have invited Adolphe to be composer-in-residence there.Prior to his collaboration with Damasio on "Self Comes to Mind", Adolphe composed two other works based on passages in Damasio's book Descartes' Error, titled "Memories of a Possible Future" (for piano and string quartet) and "Body Loops" (for piano and orchestra). Adolphe's cantata on themes of social justice, civil rights, and freedom around the world, titled "Reach Out, Raise Hope, Change Society", was commissioned to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the School of Social Work of the University of Michigan. It premiered with the Chamber Chorus and musicians from the university's School of Music, conducted by Jerry Blackstone, in November 2011. The film Einstein's Light, a documentary


texts: about Albert Einstein by Nickolas Barris, was released in 2015 in celebration of the 100th anniversary of Einstein's theory of general relativity. The soundtrack features violinist Joshua Bell and pianist Marija Stroke, and was released by Sony Classical in December 2015. Adolphe composed Suite for Pete (dedicated to the memory of Pete Seeger) in 2015 for guitarist Eliot Fisk, who premiered the work at the Off the Hook Arts Festival in Fort Collins, Colorado in June 2016. In 2015, Adolphe's violin concerto "I Will Not Remain Silent", inspired by the life of Joachim Prinz, received its world premiere with the IRIS Orchestra conducted by Michael Stern and Sharon Roffman as soloist.The concerto was then performed in Lucerne at KKL by violinist Ilya Gringolts with the Human Rights Orchestra of Europe, conducted by Alessio Allegrini. The concerto was again performed by Daniel Hope with the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra, conducted by Jeffrey Kahane, in January 2017. Daniel Hope performed the concerto again in 2018 in Essen, Germany, with Jaime Martin conducting the Essen Philharmonie. Scott St. John performed the concerto with Guillermo Figueroa conducting the Santa Fe Symphony in 2019. In 2021, The Milken Archive of Jewish Music released the album I Will Not Remain Silent, including an interview with <mask>olphe about the work. Adolphe's "Piano Concerto" premiered in July 2016 with the Philharmonia Zürich conducted by Fabio Luisi with piano soloist Carlo Grante. Grante then commissioned two piano works from Mr. Adolphe: "Chopin Dreams" and "Seven Thoughts Considered as Music", both of which Grante recorded for Naxos American Masters series and released in November 2017.In 2019, Adolphe's "I saw how fragile and infinitely precious the world is" for mezzo-soprano, cello, and recorded sounds from space (provided by NASA) and planet Earth was recorded by mezzo-soprano Theodora Hanslowe and cellist Sophie Shao and later


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 premiered (in live performance) by mezzo-soprano Kady Evanyshyn and Ms. Shao. The latter duo also performed the work at NASA Goddard Space Center in March, 2019, at a colloquium honoring the late scientists and astronaut Piers Sellers. The title of the piece is a quote of Piers Sellers, said looking back at Earth from the space station. Adolphe is also known for his compositions for young listeners. These works are created primarily for The Learning Maestros, Adolphe's education company, which he co-founded with Julian Fifer, an impresario best known as founder and executive director of the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra. His compositions for young listeners are often interdisciplinary, combining music with science, literature, history, visual arts, and current events. Adolphe's pieces for the Learning Maestros include:

Tyrannosaurus Sue: A Cretaceous Concerto, premiered by Chicago Chamber Musicians in 2000 at the Field Museum of Natural History (unveiling of the T-rex "Sue")
Red Dogs and Pink Skies: A Musical Celebration of Paul Gauguin, created to accompany an exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Witches, Wizards, Spells, and Elves: The Magic of Shakespeare, premiered by Chicago Shakespeare Theater actors with the Chicago Chamber Musicians
Tough Turkey in the Big City, a Thanksgiving comedy with script by Louise Gikow, featuring a bass trombone as the turkey; premiered at Chamber Music Northwest in Oregon and at the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center
The Girl Who Loved Wild Horses, based on the story by Paul Goble.Commissioned by Boston Musica Viva. Zephyronia, a piece about the power of wind energy, created with writer Louise Gikow for the Imani Winds, who perform the music (for wind quintet) and act the parts of the characters in the story. Adolphe's music has also been recorded on Naxos, Sony Classical, CRI, PollyRhythm, New World, Koch, Music@Menlo archives, Delos, Soundbrush, and other record


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 labels. His film scores include the documentary permanently on display in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.

Books
 The Mind's Ear: Exercises for Improving the Musical Imagination, Oxford University Press (2nd edition published 2013)
 What To Listen for in the World, Hal Leonard
 Of Mozart, Parrots and Cherry Blossoms in the Wind: A Composer Explores Mysteries of the Musical Mind, Hal Leonard
 Secrets of Creativity, Oxford University Press, an anthology of writings on the creative process and the neuroscience of creativity, edited by Suzanne Nalbantian. Adolphe's chapter is "The Musical Imagination: Mystery and Method in Musical Composition". Published in 2019. Selected works
2019: "Coiled" for string quartet, based on Beethoven's Opus 95, first movement.Commissioned by the Brentano String Quartet. 2019: "The King, the Cat, and the Fiddle" for solo violin, 2nd violin, viola, cello, bass, piano, and narrator. Commissioned by Daniel Hope. Text from the story by Yehudi Menuhin and Christopher Hope. 2019: "The Nightingale" for solo violin and narrator (one person); commissioned by Daniel Hope. (Text by the composer, based on the story by Hans Christian Andersen, updated to include a robotic bird.) 2019: "I Too Bleed and Hope for Beauty" A tribute to the life of Alma Rose, violinist and conductor of the Women’s Orchestra, Auschwitz;                                                                                for chamber orchestra.Commissioned by the River Oaks Chamber Orchestra, Houston. Premiere on November 15, 2019, in conjunction with the re-opening of the renovated Holocaust Museum of Houston. 2017: "Out of the Air" for clarinet, cello, and piano; commissioned by Ocean Reef Chamber Music Festival; premiered by Anne-Marie McDermott (pno), Todd Palmer (clar), Keith Robinson (vc),


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<mask> (March 17, 1748 – April 14, 1817, Geneva) was a Genevan and then Swiss physician, medical campaigner and advisor; he was also a translator and publisher of medical texts, particularly from English. He was a major figure in medicine in 18th-century Europe because of his promotion of vaccination against smallpox and more broadly his lobbying for medical funds and usage of data from historical medical records, relating them to probability in life expectancy and subsequent advice for economic planning. Early life and family
He was born in the then independent Republic of Geneva, the son of <mask> and <mask>, a merchant; theirs was a Protestant family. His brother was Jacques-<mask>, who became a cotton manufacturer and merchant; his nephew was <mask>, a Swiss-born French politician and banker. When he was a student of philosophy in Geneva, he founded a "Literary Society" and a "Philosophical Society" along with three friends. He moved to Edinburgh in 1767 to study medicine at the Edinburgh Medical School, then the leading English-speaking centre for medical studies. He was awarded his doctorate in 1770 and remained in the city until 1772.While there he was elected president of the Medical Society of Edinburgh. He also became the close friend of François-Étienne de La Roche, a fellow Swiss, who became a physician and scientist. He joined a number of courses in other European cities: at St. Thomas's Hospital, London, he attended courses by George Fordyce, and William Hunter; at the University of Leiden, he followed Hieronymus David Gaubius; in Paris, he attended courses of Pierre Joseph Macquer and Guillaume-François Rouelle. Career
On his return to Geneva in 1772, he passed through London and Paris, where he had the opportunity to observe

masks:
Louis Jean Odier
Louise de Villas
Antoine Odier
Antoine Odier
Antoine Odier


texts: victims of smallpox and the effects of inoculation, also seeing the innovations of the proponents of inoculation and witnessing the criticism they received. In 1769, Dr. Jobst Bose, a Holstein official living in Göttingen, had shown that protection against smallpox can be acquired through ingestion of the milk of sick cows, and in 1774 the Yetminster farmer Benjamin Jesty – personally aware of the lack of susceptibility of cowpox suffers to smallpox – successfully immunised his wife and two sons with a vaccine during a smallpox epidemic, by transferring a small quantity of the pustular matter from cowpox (a less virulent form of the disease) taken from one of his cattle and applying it via a scratch on their arms. <mask> married his childhood sweetheart, Suzanne Baux (daughter of Judith Tardieu and <mask> Baux, a merchant) in 1773; she had had an undiagnosed illness for some time and he sought professional advice from William Cullen his former Professor at Edinburgh; she died in 1778, without issue. In 1780 he married Andrienne Lecointe (daughter of <mask>ffe and Gédéon Lecointe, a pastor); they had five children: Jean-Louis-Gédéon, <mask>, Ami, Amélie and <mask>.<mask> practised as a physician in Geneva between 1773 and 1817. He began his career by teaching a chemistry course, developing the theory of latent heat which was recently discovered by Scottish chemist Joseph Black but had yet to be widely disseminated outside Great Britain. He discussed objections in continental Europe against the practice of vaccination in letters to Anton de Haen, which were published in the Journal de Médecin (volume 40). The fourth letter was published in 1777. <mask> had obtained data from London relating to the number of deaths from smallpox; he recognised an

masks:
Odier
Jean Louis
Louise Gali
Jacques Louis
Anne Louise
Odier
Odier


texts: increase but attempted to show that it was not attributable to inoculation. As such, he was one of the Swiss médecins voyageurs, along with others such as <mask> Gosse. He admired the health plans of Johann Peter Frank and Oxford University's Radcliffe fellowships and promoted similar ideas to Swiss and French companies and authorities.He campaigned for official recognition only of the views of medically-trained physicians in medical matters. In 1778, <mask> published data from the mortuary in Geneva (for 1777 and 1778) in the Memoirs of the Geneva Society for the Promotion of the Arts and Agriculture. Included were tables for "calculating the probability of life," which he stated would be useful for economists and financiers, for annuities, evaluation of differences in the population, determination of the course of epidemics and appreciation of different causes of mortality. <mask> became a disciple of the Swiss doctor Theodore Tronchin, an early advocate of vaccination against smallpox. In 1789, as secretary of the University of Geneva, <mask> applied for the vacant chair of medicine after becoming the medical advisor to bankers who were setting up the annuities he had written about. In his table of mortality, probability of life expectancy and average life expectancy in Geneva from 1560 to 1760 (first published in the Journal de Genève of 9 July 1791 and also the Parisian journal, La Médecine Eclairée) he provided advice on the best people to carry annuities. One of the so-called Thirty Immortals of Geneva – a group of girls whose longevity was the basis of a large public loan of <mask> – was his own daughter.He was instrumental in introducing vaccination into France and Switzerland after Edward Jenner's 1796 publication of a method for

masks:
Louis André
Odier
Odier
Odier
Louis XVI


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 controlling smallpox by transferring cowpox. In 1760, Daniel Bernoulli had already shown that, despite the risks, the earlier practice of variola inoculation would increase life expectancy by three years, but it sparked many debates. <mask> translated the works of Jenner and others, and the first usage of the word 'vaccine' outside of the English language was in his translations. The process of vaccination became widely known in relatively popular science journalism from late 1798. In 1799 Jean de Carro repeated Jenner's experiment on his sons; the process was then established in Paris, with Napoléon I ensuring that his son, the King of Rome, received the preventive treatment. On January 14, 1805, <mask> attacked the stance of the Savoyard and Valais priests, whom he blamed for the slow take-up of the vaccine on the outskirts of Geneva. In France, there was continued resistance from the clergy, led by Armand de Roquelaure (commander of the Order of the Holy Spirit, first chaplain to <mask> and later archbishop of Mechelen).A physician-philosopher fed by the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment, <mask> also took part in the writing of a weekly journal, published under the title of :fr:Journal de Genève in the years 1789, 1790 and 1791. He was a member of the Council of Two Hundred in 1788 and then worked to draft a Geneva Penal Code, after the annexation of Geneva by the young French Republic in 1798. In 1815, he wrote to Charles Aubert, then a partner in Lyon of the house of Odier, Juventin & Cie – active in fabric trading and banking – to convince him to create a bank together in Marseille. References

1748 births
1817 deaths
Physicians from the Republic of Geneva
Politicians from the Republic of Geneva
Swiss naturalists
19th-century Swiss

masks:
Odier
Odier
Louis XV
Louis Odier


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<mask> (reigned 1663–1670), also known as Chakradhwaj Singha   (), was an important Ahom king under whom the Ahom kingdom took back Guwahati from the Mughals following the reverses at the hands of Mir Jumla and the Treaty of Ghilajharighat. He is known for his fierce pride as an Ahom monarch. Reign

Ascension
Jayadhawaj Singha left no sons, so the Ahom nobles called in the Charing Raja and placed him on the throne. He was a cousin of the Jayadhwaj Singha, and a grandson of Suleng Deoraja, a previous Charing raja and the second son of Suhungmung . The new monarch was named Supangmung by the Deodhais. He assumed the Hindu name Chakradhawaj Singha. At the installation ceremony, the Jaintia Raja sent an envoy to convey his congratulation.So also did the Koch Raja of Darrang, who had sided with Mir Jumla during his invasion, and with whom friendly relations were thus restored. About the same time Mughal emperor Aurangzeb had presented a khelat or robe of honour to Supangmung, and the imperial envoys insisted on the king's donning them in their presence. King Supangmung could not stand this grave humiliation. He shouted out from his throne--"Death is preferable to a life of subordination to foreigners. I have to surrender my independence for a suit of sewn garments!" Recapture of Guwahati
Chakradhawaj Singha soon after the start of his reign started repairing the forts at Samdhara and Patakallangand and restored the army to a state of efficiency. In March 1665 the king summoned an assembly of his ministers and nobles and ordered them to devise and adopt measures for expelling Mughals from Western Assam, adding--"My ancestors were never subordinate to any other people; and I for myself cannot remain under the vassalage of any foreign


texts: power.I am a descendant of the Heavenly King and how can I pay tribute to the wretched foreigners. Early in 1667 Saiad Firuz Khan, who succeeded Rashid Khan as Thanadar of Guwahati, sent a strongly worded letter to the Ahom King, demanding the payment of the balance of the indemnity still outstanding. On receiving this letter, Chakradhavaj Singha made up his mind to fight the Mughals. The necessary preparation were made with all speed, and in August 1667 a well-equipped army set out led by Lachit Borphukan to wrest Guwahati from the Mughals. King Supangmung gave valuable gifts to the commanders of the expedition and delivered to them the following message--"I desire that your wives and children, and the cows and Brahmans should be duly protected and preserved; and I should also acquire the prestige and reputation of having vanquished the Mughals. If you prove incompetent in the task of defeating the enemy at Itakhuli you shall not be let off with impunity. And, do you think that there will paucity of Phukans and Rajkhowas like yourselves."At midnight, around November 2, 1667, Itakhuli and the contiguous garrison of Guwahati fell into the hands of Ahoms. The victors took possession of the elephants, horses, guns, coins and all other articles which they found in the imperial stores in Guwahati. The enemy was chased down to the mouth of Manas River, the old boundary of Assam and Mughal India. The Ahoms also succeeded in bringing back the Assamese subjects who had been taken captives by the Mughals during the expedition of Mir Jumla. Thus within the short span of two months the Ahoms succeeded in recovering their lost possession and along with it their lost prestige and glory, and this was due mainly to the determination and courage


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 of Ahom King Supangmung. On receiving the news of victory the king cried out--"It is now that I can eat my morsel of food with ease and pleasure"

The Ideal Monarch
The king was regarded by Assamese as the fountain head of all energy and inspiration, and Lachit Barphukan was fortunate in having Supangmung as the supreme head of the state. The patriotism and self-respect of this monarch have but few parallels in the history of Assam.He had to suffer in the beginning from the shameful legacies of the preceding regime. During the two years long preparation for the war with the Mughals, the monarch personally supervised the preparations—stocking of food, arms and ammunitions, he placed the smiths inside the palace enclosures to oversee their work, trained the archers with his own hand, then finally ordered the march to Gauhati when he was fully satisfied with the preparation. Supangmung also sent letters to neighbouring chiefs in order to obtain their cooperation and support in his plan to resist the Mughals. The king's patriotic intent and self-respect came out in the letters of the period. In June 1664, he wrote to Raja Prana Narayan of Koch Behar, "You know for yourself all about the manner in which we repeatedly dealt heavy blows upon the Mughals. If God has inflicted on us a reverse on this occasion, does it imply that we shall be subjected to discomfiture a second time?" He wrote again in February 1666, "Because the Mughals have humiliated us once, does it follow that we should make no attempt to throw off this position of subordination to them?Supangmung's insight and wisdom were best shown in the selection of Lachit Barphukan as the commander in chief to lead the new army. A wrong man would have behaved differently, but the


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 king's nominee was imbued with the same zeal and patriotism of the spirited sovereign, and he succeeded in expelling the Mughal from Assam. Supangmung also ordered his Prime Minister Atan Burhagohain, a skilled soldier, military engineer and diplomat to accompany Lachit Borphukan on the campaign to oust the Mughals from Assam. While the best brains of the country, whether in statesmanship or warcraft were in the frontline at Gauhati, the King had to manage the affairs of the country with inferior talents and abilities. Sitting at the capital for nearly two years he managed and gave logistic support to the army in the front supplying men, arms and food materials. After the recapture of Gauhati and recovery of the land up to the old boundary at Manas river, King Supangmung organised and streamlined the civil administration and revenue collection system of lower Assam under senior officers—Phukans and Rajkhowas adapting from the Mughal's system. From the capital he maintained an efficient civil administration in the country which was necessary to guarantee the regular reinforcements of men and materials to the Army in the frontline.Death of King Supangmung
The long war has taken both physical and mental toll of the King and in April 1670 Supangmung died, just one year before the Battle of Saraighat. The King did not get the satisfaction of seeing the final defeat of the imperialist Mughal Army at Saraighat, which sealed the fate of all the Mughal plans of expansion of their kingdom to the East. Supangmung gave the desired momentum which paved the way for the ultimate victory of the Assamese. See also
 Ahom Dynasty
 Battle of Saraighat

Notes

References

Ahom kings
1670 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Deaths from edema
Ahom


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Sultan <mask> (c. 1563 – 1628) was the eighth Sultan of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. He succeeded to the extensive east Indonesian realm built up by his father Sultan Babullah, reigning from 1583 to 1606. The Spanish, who colonized the Philippines and had interests in Maluku, repeatedly tried to subdue Ternate, but were unsuccessful in their early attempts. <mask>'s reign coincides with the arrival of the Dutch in Maluku, which indirectly caused his deposal and exile through a Spanish invasion. Taking over the spice empire

<mask>, also called <mask>yah, was, according to Dutch information, born in c. 1563 in the time of his grandfather Sultan Hairun. His mother Bega was a co-wife of Prince Baab, later Sultan Babullah. After the assassination of Hairun at the hands of the Portuguese in 1570, Babullah took over and successfully fought the European intruders.Portuguese power became restricted to a few forts in Tidore and Ambon and they lost control over the trade in spices which gave Maluku its wider significance. Babullah built up a veritable maritime empire that encompassed most of Maluku, parts of Sulawesi, and even remoter territories. This meant that the lively trade in cloves, nutmeg and forest products proceeded under relatively free and unrestricted conditions, attracting merchants from several regions - Portuguese, Javanese, Malays. As Babullah passed away in July 1583, <mask> succeeded him, though not without controversy. Babullah had a half-brother Mandar Syah, whose higher birth on his mother's side gave rights to claim the throne. However, Babullah had persuaded his oldest brother Kaicili (prince) Tolu to support <mask>'s succession by letting <mask> marry Tolu's daughter Ainal-ma-lamo. A few years later <mask> hatched an intrigue to get rid of Mandar Syah.One of his sisters had since

masks:
Saidi Berkat
Saidi
Saidi Berkat
Said Din Berkat S
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi


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 long been promised as consort to Gapi Baguna, the Sultan of Tidore who, although supported by the Spanish and Portuguese, still entertained relations with his neighbour and had a role in <mask>'s enthronement. Mandar Syah showed interest in the princess, his niece, and <mask> unscrupulously encouraged him to abduct her. Mandar Syah actually eloped with her, to the furor of Gapi Baguna. <mask> now handily executed his uncle under the pretext of calming down the feelings of the Tidore ruler. This treacherous behaviour evoke the anger of other Ternatan princes. Enraged over the loss of his brother, Tolu began to plot to overthrow <mask> in 1587, and contacted the Spanish and Portuguese on the matter. The idea was to join forces to eliminate <mask>, but the Europeans lacked sufficient resources at the moment to allow themselves be involved, and Tolu died shortly after.Abortive Spanish advances

The Spanish governor in the Philippines, Santiago de Vera, tried to strengthen the Iberian positions in Maluku after Babullah's demise. A small fleet of four frigates under Pedro Sarmiento was dispatched from Manila in 1584 and forced the Ternatan dependency Moti Island to submit temporarily with the help of the Tidorese allies. Three frigates were then dispatched to the Bacan Islands to take in foodstuff. However, Kaicili Tolu met them in a sea battle where one frigate exploded as a vat of gunpowder was lit, and the others withdrew to Tidore. In the next year 1585 a larger Spanish fleet appeared in Maluku, driven by fear that the English might try to establish a post in the Spice islands. <mask> was requested to give up the formerly Portuguese fort on Ternate, but gave a vague answer. Supported by the rulers of Tidore, Bacan and northern Sulawesi, the Iberian forces invaded Ternate.The defenders, reinforced by

masks: Saidi Saidi Saidi Saidi Saidi Saidi


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 the crews of 30 Javanese merchant vessels, successfully defeated an attempt to storm the fortress. The Spanish commander Juan de Morones was forced to give up the enterprise and shortly returned to Manila. A new expedition with 2,000 Spanish and Filipino soldiers was dispatched in 1593 but faltered due to a mutiny among the Chinese rowers. A few years later <mask> went on the offensive, sending a strong fleet of korakoras (large outriggers) to Mindanao which was loosely claimed by Ternate. They joined local rebels and Malay raiders to fight the Spaniards, but were eventually expelled in 1596. Arrival of the Dutch

The Dutch first arrived to Indonesia in 1596 and were, like the Portuguese, bent on controlling the spice trade. Their first visit to Ternate followed in 1599 with two ships under Captain Wijbrand van Warwijk.Sultan <mask> received them in a friendly mood, hoping to use the newcomers against his indigenous and European enemies. The Dutch described him as strong, big man of about 36 years, pleasant, humorous and very curious about new things. He was a renowned warrior and a devoted Muslim. Ternate was described as almost devoid of foodstuff apart from sago. Local society was only partly monetarized. The inhabitants had a "good and sweet" temper though they bore a mortal hatred for the Portuguese. When Van Warwijk departed he left some crew members on the island in order to stock cloves.A new visit under Jacob Cornelisz van Neck took place in 1601. Since Spain and Portugal were at war with the Dutch Republic in Europe, the presence of the newcomers alarmed the Iberian colonist. A Spanish-Portuguese force once again tried to conquer Ternate in 1603 but was heavily defeated by the Ternatans and Javanese mercenaries. This in turn prompted a Dutch counter-attack in 1605 under Cornelis

masks: Saidi Saidi


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 Sebastiaansz, that captured the Iberian fort in Tidore after a furious fight. The defeated enemy was allowed to sail for the Philippines. With <mask>'s consent, a Dutch token force was henceforth kept in Ternate. The Spanish conquest of Maluku

Iberian power in Maluku was now entirely depleted, since the Portuguese stronghold in Ambon had also been captured.These losses inspired Governor Pedro Bravo de Acuña to dare a larger enterprise. This time more than 3,000 men were sent on 37 larger and smaller vessels, departing from Iloilo in January 1606. Helped by 600 Tidorese auxiliaries, the Spaniards undertook a well-coordinated attack on Ternate on 1 April. The defenders were quickly overwhelmed and <mask> escaped to Halmahera with a number of followers. With Ternate in their hands again after 36 years, the Iberians demanded the surrender of <mask> as a condition for peace. Some Ternatans declared that their Sultan had behaved in a negligent and despotic fashion, and professed their loyalty to the Iberian Crown. <mask> complied and gave himself up, though this did not save his position.He was brought to Manila with the victorious fleet, together with most of the royal family. With this, most of Maluku was securely under the thumb of Spain. A peace treaty was forced upon Ternate, where they promised to have no contact with the English or Dutch, allow Catholic missionizing, and abide to Spanish dispositions. However, a new Sultan was soon proclaimed by some Ternatan grandees. This was <mask>'s son Mudafar Syah I who allied with the Dutch, who were soon to come back to northern Maluku. Exile and death

<mask> and his kin had to participate in a triumphal parade in Manila. His appearance on the occasion is described thus: "That King was strong body'd, and his Limbs well Knit; his Neck, and great Part of

masks:
Saidi
Sultan Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi
Saidi


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 his Arms he wore naked; his Skin being the Colour of a Cloud rather inclined to Black than Tawny.The Features of his Face were like a European. His eyes large, full, and sparkling, to which they add the Fierceness of long Eyebrows, thick Beard and Whiskers, and lank Hair. He always wore his Campilane, or Cimiter, and Criz, or Dagger, the Hilts of them resembling the Heads of Snakes gilt." As most of Maluku slipped from their power in the next years due to the intervention of the Dutch East India Company, the Spanish tried to make use of their exalted prisoner. In 1611 Governor Juan de Silva appeared in front of Ternate with a fleet, accompanied by <mask>, and tried to bring about a reconciliation with the Ternatan elite. This initiative failed, however. In 1623 a Spanish embassy turned up in Ternate with letters from Saidi where his good treatment was emphasized.During a meeting the Spaniards and Ternatans agreed to make peace, under the condition that <mask> should be sent back from exile. In the end the ex-Sultan was never actually returned to Ternate, so that hostilities resumed. <mask> eventually died in his Spanish-Philippine exile in 1628. Family

Sultan <mask> <mask> had the following wives:
 Ainal-ma-lamo, daughter of Kaicili Tolu
 Sirikaya, daughter of the Sangaji of Moti

He had the following known children:
 Kaicili Sidang, killed in action in 1613
 Kaicili Gapi, killed in action in 1613
 Mudafar Syah I, Sultan of Ternate 1606-1627
 A daughter, married the vassal ruler Doa of Jailolo
 A daughter, married Sultan Nur Salat of Bacan in 1616

See also
 List of rulers of Maluku
 Sultanate of Ternate
 Sultanate of Tidore
 Portuguese-Ternate wars

References

1560s births
1628 deaths
Sultans of Ternate
Ternate Sultanate
People from Maluku Islands
16th-century Indonesian people
17th-century

masks: Saidi Saidi Saidi Saidi Berkat


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<mask> (born 1940) is a former American football running back. He played college football at West Chester State University from 1960 to 1962 where he was twice named a Little All-America and All-East fullback. He was the leading rusher in NCAA Division II as a sophomore and set career and single-season Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference rushing and scoring records that remained unbroken for two to three decades. He averaged 139.5 yards per game over his three years at West Chester, which ranked second all-time in NCAA Division II history at the time. Early years
<mask> was born in 1940. He attended Radnor High School in Radnor Township, Pennsylvania, where he earned high school All-American honors in football, and also participated in track and basketball. In 2003, he was part of the first group of athletes inducted into the Radnor High School Hall of Fame.West Chester University
Iacone played college football at West Chester State University from 1960 to 1962. He was twice named as one of 11 small college players selected by the Associated Press for its Little All-America team. He received the honor in 1961 and 1962, and was also selected to the All-East team in 1960 and 1961. He also became the third player in Pennsylvania State College Football Conference history to be selected as a first-team all-conference player in three consecutive years: 1960, 1961, and 1962. Iacone earned the nickname the "Radno Ripper" while playing football at West Chester. He was able to play fullback on both offense and defense. However, he played principally on offense.West Chester coach, Jim Bonder, told reporters in 1962: "We could use

masks:
Joseph Iacone
Iacone


texts:
 <mask> both ways, but you can't expect a boy to run the ball 30 times a game and still play defense." <mask> was later inducted into the West Chester University Athletic Hall of Fame. 1960 season
As a sophomore in 1960, Iacone rushed for a school record 1,438 yards in nine games, an average of 160 yards per game. In November 1960, he rushed for 201 yards and scored three touchdowns against Bloomsburg State. <mask>'s season rushing total gave him the 1960 NCAA Division II rushing championship. 1961 season
As a junior in 1961, Iacone rushed for 1,059 yards. In November 1961, he rushed for 239 yards and two touchdowns in a 21–0 victory over Slippery Rock to lead West Chester to the Pennsylvania State College Football Conference championship.In a story about the game, The New York Times focused on <mask>'s performance: "Iacone, a 185-pound junior, carried the ball thirty-three times as West Chester wore down Slippery Rock in the last three quarters." That same month, Sports Illustrated cited Iacone as a small college player who was "good enough to play on any football team." The article stated: "West Chester (Pa.) State Fullback <mask>e, for instance, the stubby, broad-armed young man shown above. As a sophomore Iacone crushed the bid of Northeast Missouri's Dale Mills to win his third straight national rushing crown. Last fall he gained nearly a mile (1,438 yards, to be exact), finishing the season with a wild, 199-yard day against Lock Haven." 1962 season
As a senior, Iacone broke his own West Chester record with 1,486 rushing yards. In November 1962, the Associated Press reported: "They have a saying at West Chester State

masks:
Joe
Iacone
Iacone
Iacone
Joe Iacon


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 College: 'As Iacone goes so will the football team.'"In the December 1962 Cement Bowl, he gained 190 yards and scored two touchdowns to lead West Chester to a 46–12 upset victory over Hofstra University. Prior to the Cement Bowl, The New York Times wrote: "Coach Howdy Myers of Hofstra was chiefly concerned with his team's ability to contain West Chester's mercurial <mask>e. This fleet, shifty 185-pound fullback gained 1,270 yards on 196 rushes and scored 16 touchdowns this season." At the end of his playing career at West Chester, Iacone noted that he regretted that many of the eastern schools refused to play West Chester: "That really bothers me. I wished they played us. Possibly they are just afraid of being beaten." Records set
Iacone was West Chester's leading rusher for three straight years.His 1960 rushing yardage was good for the NCAA Division II rushing title, and his 1962 total was a single-season West Chester rushing record that stood for 40 years. His 1960 and 1962 totals still rank as the second and fourth highest total in the school's history. His career total of 3,983 yards was the West Chester record until 1990 and still ranks second best in the school's history. Iacone also set the Pennsylvania State College Football Conference, now known as the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC), scoring record with 288 points in three seasons, a record that was not broken until 1993. He also tied the conference's single-game scoring record by scoring five touchdowns for 30 points in his final regular season game for West Chester. His 1960 and 1962 rushing totals stood as the best two single-season totals in PSAC


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 history for more than 25 years, finally being exceeded in 1989. He also held the PSAC record for career rushing yardage until 1984.<mask> averaged 139.5 yards per game over his three years at West Chester, which ranked second all-time in NCAA Division II history at the time. Professional football
He was drafted in the 13th round of the 1963 NFL Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles. He played with the Eagles during the pre-season, but was cut by the team in August 1963. Iacone said at the time, "I was just too small. And I was very nervous and tight. I was just starting to get over my nervousness and I was on my way home." He added, "I think they gave me a fair chance.I just wish I had had more time. ... I'm glad I had the chance because I learned so much more about football." He spent the fall of 1963 playing semi pro football and working in a sporting good store. Iacone signed with the Boston Patriots of the American Football League in 1964, but was released during training camp

Teacher and coach
In October 1963, Iacone was hired as a physical education teacher in the Penn-Delco School District. In 1967, Iacone became a teacher and football coach at The Haverford School, an all-boys preparatory school in Haverford, Pennsylvania. After several years, he left teaching to enter the business world.He returned to Haverford in approximately 1988. He retired in June 2008. References

1940 births
Living people
American football running backs
Philadelphia Eagles players
West Chester Golden Rams football players
High school football coaches in Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Delaware County,


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<mask> (; 29 November 1803 – 15 May 1879) was a German architect, art critic, and professor of architecture, who designed and built the Semper Opera House in Dresden between 1838 and 1841. In 1849 he took part in the May Uprising in Dresden and was put on the government's wanted list. <mask> fled first to Zürich and later to London. Later he returned to Germany after the 1862 amnesty granted to the revolutionaries. <mask> wrote extensively about the origins of architecture, especially in his book The Four Elements of Architecture from 1851, and he was one of the major figures in the controversy surrounding the polychrome architectural style of ancient Greece. <mask> designed works at all scales, from major urban interventions like the re-design of the Ringstraße in Vienna, to a baton for Richard Wagner. His unrealised design for an opera house in Munich was, without permission, adapted by Wagner for the Bayreuth Festspielhaus.Life

Early life (to 1834)
<mask> was born into a well-to-do industrialist family in Altona. The fifth of eight children, he attended the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums in Hamburg before starting his university education at Göttingen in 1823, where he studied historiography and mathematics. He subsequently studied architecture in 1825 at the University of Munich under Friedrich von Gärtner. In 1826, <mask> travelled to Paris in order to work for the architect Franz Christian Gau, and he was present when the July Revolution of 1830 broke out. Between 1830 and 1833 he travelled to Italy and Greece in order to study the architecture and designs of antiquity. In 1832, he participated for four months in archaeological research at the Acropolis in Athens. During this period he became very interested in the Biedermeier-inspired polychromy debate, which centered on the question whether buildings in Ancient Greece and Rome had been colorfully painted or not.The drawn

masks:
Gottfried Semper
Semper
Semper
Semper
Semper
Semper


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 reconstructions of the painterly decorations of ancient villas he created in Athens inspired his later designs for the painted decorations in Dresden and Vienna. His 1834 publication Vorläufige Bemerkungen über bemalte Architectur und Plastik bei den Alten (Preliminary Remarks on Polychrome Architecture and Sculpture in Antiquity), in which he took a strong position in favor of polychromy - supported by his investigation of pigments on the Trajan's column in Rome - brought him sudden recognition in architectural and aesthetic circles across Europe . Dresden period (1834–1849)

On September 30, 1834, <mask> obtained a post as Professor of Architecture at the Königlichen Akademie der bildenden Künste (today called the Hochschule) in Dresden thanks largely to the efforts and support of his former teacher Franz Christian Gau and swore an oath of allegiance to the King (formerly Elector) of Saxony, Anthony Clement. The flourishing growth of Dresden during this period provided the young architect with considerable creative opportunities. In 1838-40 a synagogue was built in Dresden to <mask>'s design, it was ever afterward called the Semper Synagogue and is noted for its  Moorish Revival interior style. The Synagogue's exterior was built in romanesque style so as not to call attention to itself. The interior design included not only the Moorish inspired wall decorations but furnishings: specifically, a silver lamp of eternal light, which caught Richard Wagner and his wife Cosima's fancy.They gave a great deal of effort to have a copy of this lamp. <mask>'s student, Otto Simonson would construct the magnificent Moorish Revival Leipzig synagogue in 1855. Certain civic structures remain today, such as the Elbe-facing gallery of the Zwinger Palace complex. His first building for the Dresden Hoftheater burnt down, and the second, today called the Semperoper, was built in 1841. Other buildings also

masks: Semper Semper Semper


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 remain indelibly attached to his name, such as the Maternity Hospital, the Synagogue (destroyed during the Third Reich), the Oppenheim Palace, and the Villa Rosa built for the banker Martin Wilhelm Oppenheim. This last construction stands as a prototype of German villa architecture. On September 1, 1835, <mask> married Bertha Thimmig.The marriage ultimately produced six children. A convinced Republican, <mask> took a leading role, along with his friend Richard Wagner, in the May 1849 uprising which swept over the city. He was a member of the Civic Guard (Kommunalgarde) and helped to erect barricades in the streets. When the rebellion collapsed, <mask> was considered a leading agitator for democratic change and a ringleader against government authority and he was forced to flee the city. He was destined never to return to the city that would, ironically, become most associated with his architectural (and political) legacy. The Saxon government maintained a warrant for his arrest until 1863. When the Semper-designed Hoftheater burnt down in 1869, King John, on the urging of the citizenry, commissioned <mask> to build a new one.<mask> produced the plans but left the actual construction to his son, Manfred. "What must I have done in 48, that one persecutes me forever? One single barricade did I construct - it held, because it was practical, and as it was practical, it was beautiful", wrote <mask> in dismay. Post-revolutionary period (1849–1855)

After stays in Zwickau, Hof, Karlsruhe and Strasbourg, <mask> eventually ended up back in Paris, like many other disillusioned Republicans from the 1848 Revolutions (such as Heinrich Heine and Ludwig Börne). In the fall of 1850, he travelled to London, England. But while he was able to pick up occasional contracts — including participation in the design of the funeral carriage for the Duke of Wellington and the designs of the Canadian, Danish,

masks: Semper Semper Semper Semper Semper Semper Semper


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 Swedish, and Ottoman sections of the 1851 Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace — he found no steady employment. If his stay in London was disappointing professionally, however, it proved a fertile period for <mask>'s theoretical, creative and academic development.He published Die vier Elemente der Baukunst (The Four Elements of Architecture) in 1851 and Wissenschaft, Industrie und Kunst (Science, Industry and Art) in 1852. These works would ultimately provide the groundwork for his most widely regarded publication, Der Stil in den technischen und tektonischen Künsten oder Praktische Ästhetik, which was published in two volumes in 1861 and 1863. Zürich period (1855–1871)

Concurrently with the onset of the industrial revolution, the Swiss Federation planned to establish a polytechnical school. As the principal judge for the competition held to select a design for the new building, <mask> deemed the submitted entries unsatisfactory and, ultimately, designed the building himself. Proudly situated (where fortified walls once stood), visible from all sides on a terrace overlooking the core of Zurich, the new school became a symbol of a new epoch. The building (1853–1864), which despite frequent remodeling continues to evoke <mask>'s concept, was initially required to accommodate not only the new school (known today as the ETH Zurich), but the existing University of Zurich, as well. In 1855, <mask> became a professor of architecture at the new school and the success of many of his students who attained success and renown served to ensure his legacy.The Swiss architect Emil Schmid was one such student. With his income as a professor, <mask> was able to reunite his family, bringing them to Zurich from Saxony. The City Hall in Winterthur is among other buildings designed by <mask> in Switzerland. <mask> provided Bavaria's King Ludwig II with a conceptual design for a theatre dedicated to the


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 work of Richard Wagner to be built in Munich. The project, developed from 1864 to 1866, was never realized, although Wagner 'borrowed' many of its features for his own later theatre at Bayreuth. Later life (from 1871)

Already in 1833, there were first plans in Vienna for the public presentation of the Imperial Art Collections. With the planning of the Vienna Ring Road, the museum question became pressing again.Works forming the imperial art collection were scattered among several buildings. <mask> was assigned to submit a proposal for locating new buildings in conjunction with redevelopment of the Ring Road. In 1869, he designed a gigantic 'Imperial Forum' which was not realized. The National Museum of Art History and the National Museum of Natural History were erected, however, opposite the Palace according to his plan, as was the Burgtheater. In 1871, <mask> moved to Vienna to undertake the projects. During construction, repeated disagreements with his appointed associate architect (Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer), led <mask> to resign from the project in 1876. In the following year, his health began to deteriorate.He died two years later while on a visit to Italy and is buried in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome. Legacy

 Semperdepot, Lehargasse, Vienna

Works (selected)

Dresden
Hoftheater – 1838-1841 (destroyed by fire in 1869)
Villa Rosa – 1839 (destroyed in the Second World War)
Semper Synagogue – 1839-1840 (destroyed on November 9, 1938 - Kristallnacht)
Oppenheim-Palace – 1845-1848
Semper Gallery (Dresden Gemäldegalerie)– 1847-1855
Neues Hoftheater (Semperoper) – 1871-1878
Zürich
City Hall – 1858 (only concept for competition; not built)
Polytechnical School, (ETH Zurich) – 1858-1864
Observatory - 1861-1864
Winterthur
City Hall – 1865-1869
Vienna
Municipal Theater (Burgtheater) – 1873 - 1888
Museum of Art History (Kunsthistorisches Museum) (1872–1881, finished 1889)
Natural History


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 Museum (Naturhistorisches Museum) (1872–1881, finished 1891)

See also
 Dresden school
 Architectural theory

Notes

References

Berry, J. Duncan. The Legacy of Gottfried <mask>. Studies in Späthistorismus (Ph. D. Diss., Brown University, 1989). Hvattum, Mari.<mask> <mask> and the Problem of Historicism (Cambridge, 2004). Herrmann, Wolfgang. <mask> <mask>: In Search of Architecture (Cambridge, MA/London, 1984). Karge, Henrik (ed.). <mask> <mask>. Die moderne Renaissance der Künste (Berlin, 2006). Mallgrave, Harry Francis.<mask> <mask> - Architect of the Nineteenth Century (New Haven/London, 1996). Mallgrave, Harry Francis. Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673-1968 (Cambridge, 2005). Mallgrave, Harry Francis. Architectural Theory: An Anthology from Vitruvius to 1870 (Malden, MA/Oxford, 2006). Muecke, Mikesch W. <mask> <mask> in Zurich - An Intersection of Theory and Practice (Ames, IA, 2005). Nerdinger, Winfried and Werner Oechslin (eds.).<mask> <mask> 1803-1879 (Munich/Zurich, 2003). <mask>, <mask>. The Four Elements of Architecture and Other Writings. Trans. Harry F. Mallgrave and Wolfgang Herrmann (Cambridge, 1989). <mask>, <mask>. Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts; or, Practical Aesthetics.Trans. Harry F. Mallgrave (Santa Monica, 2004). External links

Villa Garbald
Semper, Gottfried at Deutsche Biographie (in German)
 Wagner and Semper

1803 births
1879 deaths
ETH Zurich faculty
19th-century German architects
Dresden Academy of Fine Arts faculty
Architecture educators
German architecture writers
Architectural theoreticians
People from Altona, Hamburg
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
University of Göttingen alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Burials in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome
German expatriates in Switzerland
German male non-fiction writers
Richard Wagner
19th-century

masks: Semper Gottfried Semper Gottfried Semper Gottfried Semper Gottfried Semper Gottfried Semper Gottfried Semper Semper Gottfried Semper Gottfried


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<mask> (; 1 January 1938 – 24 February 2015) was a Taiwanese composer of the neo-Romantic school. Many of his vocal works set poems written in Taiwanese Hokkien, the mother tongue of the majority of the island's residents at the time. His compositions stand as a musical manifestation of the Taiwanese literature movement that revitalized the island's literary and performing arts in the 1970s and 1980s. <mask>'s career in music included additional success as a pianist and conductor. Music
<mask>noff". His compositions include works for solo instruments and chamber ensembles, many works for solo voice, and large-scale pieces for orchestras and choirs with soloists. Hsiao's most widely performed large-scale pieces include:
Formosa Symphony, opus 49 (1987)
Violin Concerto in D, opus 50 (1988)
Cello Concerto in C, opus 52 (1990)
Piano Concerto in C minor, opus 53 (1992)
1947 Overture for soprano, chorus and orchestra (1993)
Ode to Yu-Shan (Jade Mountain) (1999)
Ilha Formosa: Requiem for Formosa's Martyrs (2001)

<mask>'s art songs have become standard repertory in Taiwan."Taiwan the Formosa" or "Taiwan the Green" has achieved status as the Taiwan's unofficial national anthem. The song appears as well in the 1947 Overture. Other well-known art songs include "The Fairest Flower", "Eternal Hometown", a Taiwanese-language setting of Psalm 23, and "I Love Taiwan." He has also won acclaim for his folk song settings, such as

masks:
Tyzen Hsiao
Hsiao
Tyzen Hsiaomani
Hsiao


texts: "Brother Andon Goes to Market" and "The Grasshopper and the Rooster." Many of <mask>'s songs also exist in orchestral song versions. Hsiao's chamber music includes works for piano four hands, string quartets, piano quintets. The art songs formed the basis of serenades for solo violin and piano as well as other chamber combinations.<mask>'s music for solo piano was less well known in Taiwan until performances by Lina Yeh and others began to bring this repertoire into prominence around the turn of the millennium. Works for solo piano include suites, multi-movement "poetic echoes," études, toccatas, and instrumental settings of art songs and hymns. <mask> remarked in his comments for the recording Memories of Home: "For me it is more than a musical instrument. Introduced to me by my Japanese-educated mother, it has become my guide, my companion for life, my most beloved instrument." <mask> credited Rachmaninov, Bartók and Frédéric Chopin as important influences on his style, along with Presbyterian hymnody and, above all, Taiwanese folk music. <mask>'s fusion of Taiwanese and international music traditions has influenced a number of Taiwanese composers. Enthusiasm for his music runs particularly strong at institutions where Hsiao has served in the past as a teacher, such as the National Taiwan Normal University, the Tainan University of Technology and the National Kaohsiung Normal University.<mask>'s compositions

masks: Hsiao Hsiao Hsiao Hsiao Hsiao Hsiao


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 have been the subject of graduate research at the National Sun Yat-sen University in his hometown of Kaohsiung, the Florida State University in Tallahassee (USA), and other institutions. Life and career

Early years
<mask> <mask> was born in Hōzan Town (modern-day Fongshan District) in Taiwan's southern port city of Takao (Kaohsiung) on 1 January 1938. His father, a dentist, served as an elder in the Presbyterian church. His mother, a church pianist, began teaching him piano at an early age. As a teen at the  he studied with Kao Ya-mei, a singer, and Kao Chin-hwa (), a pianist trained in Japan. From 1959 to 1963 Hsiao majored in music at the National Taiwan Normal University (then named the Taiwan Provincial Normal Institute), taking a leave of absence midway through his studies to serve as music instructor and administrator for Pai-Sha Junior High School in Penghu. His teachers included two pianists, Kao Tsu-Mei and Li Fu-Mei (), and Paris-trained composer .Upon graduation Hsiao served as __ and Kaohsiung before moving to Japan in 1965 for two years of study at Musashino Academia Musicae. His teachers in Japan included Fujimoto Hideo (; composition) and Nakane Nobue (; piano). Hsiao married Gao Jen-ci upon his return to Taiwan in 1967. Schools where he served on the faculty during this period include the Wenzao Women's Institute of Foreign Language (Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages), Kaohsiung Women's

masks: Tyzen Hsiao


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 Normal College (National Kaohsiung Normal University), the Tainan Junior College of Home Economics (Tainan University of Technology) and the Tainan Theological College and Seminary. He was appointed professor at the National Taiwan Normal University in 1973. The first "Hsiao Tyzen Night" featuring performances of his music took place in 1975 at Zhongshan Hall in the Ximen District of Taipei. During this time Hsiao continued studies with Miss Isabel Taylor, a Canadian missionary, and Robert Scholz, an Austrian pianist and composer.Compositions dating from this period include the opera Jesus Christ (1971) on a libretto by his father and the Fantasy Waltz for Two Pianos, opus 38 (1973). Life in America

In 1977 difficult personal circumstances arising from the failure of his wife's business obliged <mask>, now the father of four children, to relocate to the United States. It was to be an eighteen-year stay. Initially <mask>, depressed and homesick, composed nothing. His musical activity during his first year in America, spent in Atlanta, was limited entirely to the occasional playing of piano in a gift shop for his own entertainment. One day an elderly woman in the shop took time to listen. "Young man," she said."You are so talented. Why are you here?" Her question re-awakened the composer's creative passion. The following year <mask> moved to Los Angeles where he began fruitful collaborations with friends and

masks: Hsiao Hsiao Hsiao


texts: colleagues in California's Taiwanese community. Compositions flowed from his pen. Art songs included The Vagabond (1978) on his own Taiwanese text, "March of Democracy" (1980), and "What a Beautiful Taiwan" (1984). Chamber music included the Highlander's Suite for piano quintet.<mask>'s creative activity carried political consequences, though, when the Kuomintang government, displeased with "March of Democracy," suppressed performance of <mask>'s music in Taiwan and forbade his re-entry. From 1985 to 1987 <mask> earned a master's in composition at the California State University, Los Angeles. His teachers included Byong Kon Kim (composition) and Milton Stern (piano). Creative activity increased in subsequent years. 1987 saw: composition of  the Symphony Opus 49 "Formosa" and the art song "Never Disregard Taiwan" on a text by Yang-Min Lin; the release of a recording, Psalms of the Taiwanese: Tyzen Hsiao's Compositions by the North American Taiwanese Professors Association. In 1988 <mask> composed the Violin Concerto in D, opus 50. Violinist Ingrid Chun (formerly Ingrid Kuo) was the first to promote this piece in concerts throughout the US with pianist Melody Kuo.1988 was also the year <mask> composed the anthem "Taiwan the Formosa" setting a text by Rev. Er-Yu Cheng. More compositions followed: the Cello Concerto in C, opus 52 (1990); The Prelude for Pipe Organ (1990); and the song "Mother's Hair" (1990). The

masks: Hsiao Hsiao Hsiao Hsiao Hsiao


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 Prelude for Pipe Organ won the California Music Teachers Association Composition Competition in 1991. The Taiwanese American Foundation named <mask> a Humanity Award Laureate in 1989. The Wild Lily student movement of 1990 marked the beginning of rapid progress toward democracy in Taiwan. In 1992 Taiwan's government lifted its ban on <mask>'s return.That same year <mask> completed the Piano Concerto in C minor, opus 53 and the songs "The Fairest Flower" and "Eternal Homeland." Lin Cho-Liang and the San Diego Symphony Orchestra (USA) gave the premier of his Violin Concerto, while Carol Ou and the Taipei County Cultural Center Orchestra gave the Cello Concerto its premier in Taiwan. In 1993 <mask> suffered a heart attack while composing the 1947 Overture. He recovered and completed the work. In 1994 Jonathan Tang and the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra (Canada) gave the premier of the Piano Concerto. Return to Taiwan

<mask> returned to Taiwan in 1995 as part of a wave of Taiwanese living abroad who moved back in response to democratic reforms. His new residence in Tamsui faced the sea and offered work space and inspiration.Compositions after this return included: Nocturne for Violin and Piano, Fantasia for Flute and Piano, and Toccata for solo piano (1995); Formosa Trio for piano trio and Dragon Boat Festival for solo piano (1996); Angel from Formosa and Ode to Yu-Shan (Jade Mountain) for choir with piano or


texts:
 orchestra (1999); the cantata "The Prodigal Son" (2000). This period was a time of growing recognition of his achievements as a composer at home and abroad. The American premier of the Cello Concerto took place in 1995 with a performance by Felix Fan and the San Diego Symphony. The premier of 1947 Overture took place the same year with a performance by the Oakland Youth Orchestra featuring soprano Huang Mei-Hsing and Taiwanese-American choir. 1997 saw the formation of the Tyzen Hsiao Music Association in Taiwan. The same year saw Russian premiers of Formosa Symphony (Russian Federal Symphony), The Angel of Formosa and Violin Concerto (Moscow Symphony). Ode to Yu-Shan (Jade Mountain) was performed as part of the 2000 Presidential Inauguration in Taipei.The Russian premier of the Cello Concerto and 1947 Overture took place in 2000 in a program that included the Violin Concerto. 2001 marked the premier of Ilha Formosa: Requiem for Formosa's Martyrs (poetry by Min-Yung Lee) in Taipei. The American premiere took place soon after in Lincoln Center, New York. Retirement

In 2002 <mask> suffered a stroke while composing the Love River Symphony. He moved back to Los Angeles to better enable his recovery and suspended most of his composition activities. The Love River Symphony remains unfinished. <mask>'s music continues to be performed and recognized.The Japanese premiere of "Ilha Formosa!" took place in 2004. In 2007

masks: Hsiao Hsiao


texts:
 Formosa Dreaming, a concert of works for orchestra and voices by <mask> and Fan-Long Ko, toured the United States after a sendoff concert in Taipei's Zhongshan Hall, the historic venue that the served as the site of the first "Tyzen Hsiao Night" in 1975. The concert features the NTNU Symphony orchestra, the Formosa Festival Choir, and four vocal soloists from Taiwan conducted by Apo Hsu. Hsiao was awarded Taiwan's National Art Prize (2004), the Wu Sam-lien Musical Contribution Award (2005), the Kaohsiung City Prize for the Arts (2006) and the National Cultural Award (2009). Death

Hsiao died of lung cancer in Los Angeles, California on 24 February 2015 at the age of 77. Recordings

Audio
The Voices of Taiwan 05 – Tyzen Hsiao (2011), a double-disc recorded by the National Symphony Orchestra of Taiwan under their own label of "Taiwan Philharmonic".Memories of Home: <mask> Hsiao Piano Solo Works (2009), a two-disc set featuring pianist Lina Yeh. Recorded in 2007 and 2008. Includes Poetic Echoes opus 37, 38, and 40; "Memories of Home" suite, opus 49; single-movement works. Muse Art and Culture Management. Tzen Hsiao Choral Music: Love and Hope 蕭泰然: 愛與希望-蕭泰然合唱作品集. (2001) 1 CD. Conductor: Su Ching-Juin.Soprano: Fu Shang-Jen. Pianist: Tsai Yi-Shan. Formosa Singers (蘇慶俊指揮 / 傅上珍女高音 / 蔡昱姍鋼琴 / 福爾摩沙合唱團). Includes "Ode to Yu-Shan", "Taiwan the Green/Taiwan the Formosa" and sacred choral works. Tyzen Hsiao Music Association.

masks: Hsiao Tyzen