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 decisions were issued without a dissent. During the same time period: 56% of the decisions issued by the Supreme Court included a dissent; 40% of the signed decisions included a concurring opinion; and only 46% of the Supreme Court’s decisions were unanimous. In 2004, in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, <mask> authored "The Journey from Brown v. Board of Education to Grutter v. Bollinger: From Racial Assimilation to Diversity," 102 Mich. L. Rev.944 (2004), drawing on his own personal and professional experiences to reflect on racial equality and inequality in America over the past 50 years and pondering the consequences of the shift from racial assimilation to diversity as a means of achieving racial equality. In 2017, he amplified some of his thoughts on racial bias in a paper entitled “Reflections on Racial Stigmas and Stereotyping.”

Work with the National Academy of Sciences

In 2006, <mask> was appointed by the United States National Research Council at the National Academy of Sciences to serve as co-chair of the Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Science Community. On February 18, 2009, the Committee published a widely hailed study reporting serious deficiencies in the nation's forensic science system and calling for major reforms and new research. The report said that rigorous and mandatory certification programs for forensic scientists were lacking, as were strong standards and protocols for analyzing and reporting on evidence. The report also indicated that there was a dearth of peer-reviewed, published studies establishing the

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 scientific bases and reliability of many forensic methods and that many forensic science labs were underfunded, understaffed, and had no effective oversight. Numerous reform efforts have been initiated in the wake of the report. Judge <mask> also served on the Committee on Science, Technology, and Law at the National Academy of Sciences from 2013 to 2018.In 2016, he served as co-chair of the Senior Advisors to the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, which published a “Report to the President – Forensic Science in Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of Feature-Comparison Methods” (2016). From 2009 to 2018, <mask> wrote a number of papers and spoke out regularly in favor of reform in the forensic science community. In April 2019, the Judge received the Innocence Network Champion of Justice Award on behalf of the Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Science Community at the National Academy of Sciences. The award honors those who support efforts to reform the criminal justice system and prevent wrongful convictions. Professional activities

<mask> is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the Board of Directors, Institute for Judicial Administration, NYU School of Law; and a fellow of the American Bar Foundation. In 2004, <mask> received the Robert J. Kutak Award, presented by the American Bar Association Section of Legal Education and Admission to the Bar "to a person who meets the highest standards of professional responsibility and demonstrates substantial achievement toward increased understanding between legal education and the

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 active practice of law." In 2011, <mask> was the recipient of the Inaugural Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Michigan Law School.He was selected by William & Mary School of Law to receive their 2015 Marshall-Wythe Medallion, the highest honor conferred by the law faculty, recognizing members of the legal community who have demonstrated exceptional accomplishment in law; the Groat Alumni Award from Cornell University; the Society of American Law Teachers Award (for "Distinguished Contributions to Teaching and Public Service"); and he has received a number of honorary degrees. Personal life

<mask> and his wife, Pamela Carrington-<mask>, were married in 2000. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg officiated their wedding ceremony. He has a son, Brent, who is a professor of comparative literature at Columbia University, a daughter, Michelle, and four grandchildren. Select publications

<mask> is the coauthor of five books. He has also published scores of articles and papers dealing with legal education, the effects of collegiality on appellate decision making, the pitfalls of empirical studies that purport to measure and characterize judicial decision making, judicial process, federalism, comparative law, legal ethics, judicial administration, professionalism, labor law, equal employment opportunity, labor arbitration, higher education law, and alternative dispute resolution. The following list offers a sample of some of his publications:
<mask> T. <mask> & Linda A. Elliott, Federal Standards of Review (3d ed.2018). <mask><mask>, Collegial Decision Making in the United States Courts of

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 Appeals, presented at All Souls College, Oxford, Conference on “Counting Votes and Weighing Opinions—Collective Judging in Comparative Perspective,” 20 July 2107, NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 17-47, available at SSRN
<mask><mask>, Reflections on Racial Stigmas and Stereotyping (March 25, 2017), available at SSRN
<mask><mask>, Another Look at Professor Rodell’s Goodbye to Law Reviews, 100 VA. L. Rev. 1483 (2014). <mask><mask>, The National Academy of SciencesReport on Forensic Sciences:  What it Means for the Bench and Bar, 51 JurimetricsJ. 1 (Summer 2010). <mask><mask>, Pitfalls of Empirical Studies That Attempt to Understand the Factors Affecting Appellate Decisionmaking, 58 Duke L.J.1895 (2009). <mask><mask>, The Journey from Brown v. Board of Education to Grutter v. Bollinger:  From Racial Assimilation to Diversity, 102 Mich.L. Rev. 944 (2004). <mask><mask>, The Effects of Collegiality on Judicial Decision Making, 151 U. Pa.L. Rev. 1639 (2003).<mask><mask>, Race and the Judiciary, 20 Yale L. & Pol=y Rev. 325 (2002). <mask><mask>, Reflections (On Law Review, Legal Education, Law Practice, and My Alma Mater), 100 Mich. L. Rev. 1999 (2002). <mask><mask>, A New Vision for the Legal Profession, 72 N.Y.U. L. Rev.567 (1997). <mask><mask>, To Err Is Human, But Not Always Harmless:  When Should Legal Error Be Tolerated?, 70 N.Y.U.L. Rev.1167 (1995). <mask><mask>, Personal Reflections on 30 Years of Legal Education for Minorities, 37 Mich.L. Quadrangle Notes 38 (Summer 1994). <mask><mask>, The Growing Disjunction Between Legal Education and the Legal Profession:  A Postscript,

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 91 Mich. L. Rev.2191 (1993). <mask><mask>, The Growing Disjunction Between Legal Education and the Legal Profession, 91 Mich. L. Rev. 34 (1992). <mask><mask>, The Judicial Function and The Elusive Goal of Principled Decisionmaking, 1991 Wis. L. Rev.837 (1991). <mask><mask>, A Lawyer's Duty to Serve the Public Good, 65 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1148 (1990). <mask><mask>, Judicial Review of Labor Arbitration Awards: The Clash Between the Public Policy Exception and the Duty to Bargain, 64 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 3 (1988). <mask><mask>, Alternative Dispute Resolution: Panacea or Anathema?, 99 Harv.L. Rev. 668 (1986). <mask><mask>, Deferral to Arbitration and Waiver of the Duty to Bargain:  A Possible Way Out of Everlasting Confusion at the NLRB, 46 Ohio St. L.J. 23 (1985). <mask><mask>, The Emerging Duty to Bargain in the Public Sector, 71 Mich. L. Rev.885 (1973). <mask><mask>, A New Role for the Black Law Graduate: A Reality or an Illusion? 69 Mich. L. Rev.1407 (1971). See also
List of African-American jurists

References

External links

 Biography from the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
 NYU School of Law Faculty Profile

1940 births
20th-century American judges
African-American judges
American legal scholars
Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations alumni
Duke University School of Law faculty
Harvard Law School faculty
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
Illinois lawyers
Living people
People from Uniondale, New York
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Jimmy Carter
University of Michigan Law School alumni
University of Michigan Law

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<mask> "Corntassel" <mask> (Cherokee name Ugista:ᎤᎩᏍᏔ derived from Cherokee word for "Corntassel", Utsitsata:ᎤᏥᏣᏔ; born December 17, 1950, in Pontiac, Michigan) is a former Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. He was first elected in 1999. <mask> was re-elected to a second term as Chief in 2003 and a third term in June 2007 with 59% of the vote. He was defeated in his attempt to get elected to a fourth term in office by Bill John Baker 54% to 46% in the 2011 election and he lost again to Baker in 2015, receiving 28% of the vote. Prior to being elected Principal Chief, he worked as a lawyer for the tribe and in private practice. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Pontiac, Michigan, where his father had gone for work. His parents were <mask>, a Cherokee, and <mask>, (western European ancestry).He grew up in Nashville, Tennessee. As a boy, <mask> achieved the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts in Nashville. He grew up with stories of his Cherokee ancestors. He is the great-grandson of Redbird <mask>, a Cherokee Nation Senator and a traditionalist who founded the Nighthawk Keetoowah Society, a religious, cultural, and political organization dedicated to reviving the Cherokee way of life. Redbird <mask> fought the allotment policy, under which the United States government took more than 7,000,000 acres (28,000 km²) of land from the Cherokee. Rachel Quinton, <mask>'s grandmother, was a lifelong advocate for the Cherokee people and the treasurer for the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. <mask> received a bachelor's degree in education from the University of Georgia in 1973, a master's degree in public administration from the University of Wisconsin in 1975, a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Tulsa in 1980, and an MBA in Hospitality Management from the University of Nevada-Las Vegas in 2008.Professional life

From 1979

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 to 1980, <mask> served a consultant in Indian Law and Tribal Management to the Cherokee Nation's Tribal Operations. From 1982 to 1986, he served as Assistant District Attorney in Creek County, Oklahoma. On two separate occasions, <mask> served as the Estate Tax Attorney of the United States Department of Treasury, from 1980 to 1982 and from 1987 to 1989. He was a prosecutor for the Cherokee Nation during 1985–1995 (during the Wilma Mankiller administration). From 1989 to 1995 and from 1997 to 1999, he operated a private law practice out of Tulsa, Oklahoma, representing clients in civil rights litigation and appeals, criminal defense, and general civil litigation, with a focus on Indian law. <mask> served as an Assistant Public Defender and served as counsel to economically deprived defendants in the District Court of Tulsa County. Prior to his service as Principal Chief, <mask> taught Indian law at Northeastern State University, Rogers State University, and for a semester at Dartmouth College while he was a visiting fellow.From 1999 to 2011, <mask> served as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, the second largest Indian tribe in the United States with more than 285,000 citizens. Before becoming Principal Chief, <mask> taught Indian law at Dartmouth College, Northeastern State University and Rogers State University. He served two previous Cherokee Nation chiefs as Director of Tribal Planning, Legal Historian, Cherokee Nation Prosecutor, Director of Justice and Advisor to the Tribal Tax Commission. He also successfully operated his own law practice, served Tulsa County as an assistant public defender and worked as an assistant district attorney in Creek County. Political career

<mask> completed his third 4-year term as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation in 2011. The Principal Chief is the head of the executive branch of the tribal

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texts: government. The position is responsible for the execution of the laws of the Cherokee Nation, establishment of tribal policy, and delegation of authority for the day-to-day operations of the tribe.Before his election, <mask> served under two Cherokee Nation chiefs as Director of Tribal Planning, Legal Historian, Attorney, Cherokee Nation Prosecutor, Director of Justice and adviser to the tribal tax commission. <mask> was elected Principal Chief on July 24, 1999, defeating the incumbent Principal Chief Joe Byrd in  a runoff election. Byrd's first term was marked with tension and constitutional crisis issues. <mask> received 7,204 votes (56.48%) to Byrd's 5,552 votes (43.52%). During his first term, Hastings Shade, a Cherokee traditionalist, language teacher, artist, and author, served as deputy chief. <mask> was re-elected to subsequent terms in 2003 and 2007, with Joe Grayson as deputy chief, who is a bilingual, full-blood community organizer and military veteran. In 2006, <mask> supported amending the constitution of the Cherokee Nation to restrict citizenship to those having "Indian blood".This action expelled about 2,800 people from the tribe who were known as the Cherokee freedmen, as they were descended from people who had been enslaved by Cherokees rather than being Cherokee by blood. <mask> argued that since the Cherokee were a sovereign nation, they could establish their own rules for qualification of citizenship. The action was contrary to a post–Civil War treaty that said the Nation had given full citizenship rights to the formerly enslaved people, and was disputed in both U.S. federal courts and Cherokee Nation courts. <mask> ran for a fourth term in 2011. His running mate was Chris Soap, son of Charlie Soap, husband of the late Principal Chief Wilma Mankiller. He was challenged by Bill John Baker, who supported inclusion of


texts: descendants of freedmen in the tribe. The election was held on June 25, 2011.Both candidates have twice been declared the winner, because voting was so close. Because the results could not be determined with mathematical certainty, the Cherokee Nation Supreme Court ordered a second vote for Sept. 24, 2011. As the Cherokee Nation constitution does not allow elected officials to remain in office past Inauguration Day, <mask> left office on Aug. 14, 2011. S. Joe Crittenden was sworn in as deputy chief, and elevated to acting principal chief in accordance with the constitutional chain of succession. During his tenure as principal chief, <mask> focused on three initiatives: economic self-reliance for the tribe, Cherokee language and cultural revitalization, and community development in Northeastern Oklahoma. Language immersion programs for Cherokee children and youth have been established. <mask> popularized the term gadugi, which in Cherokee refers to the spontaneous work crews communities formed as needs arose.It has come to mean coming together to work for the good of all Cherokee. The modern Cherokee Nation has had steady economic growth. During <mask>'s tenure, agricultural growth, and business, corporate, real estate expansion occurred. Some has been funded by revenues from numerous casino operations. The Cherokee Nation controls Cherokee Nation Entertainment, a gaming and hospitality company with several thousand employees in Eastern Oklahoma, as well as Cherokee Nation Industries, a defense contractor. . Since 1992 the Cherokee Nation has served as the lead tribe for the Inter-Tribal Environmental Council (ITEC). The mission of ITEC is to protect the health of Native Americans, their natural resources, and their environment as it relates to air, land, and water.To accomplish this mission, ITEC provides technical support, training and

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 environmental services in a variety of environmental disciplines. There are 39 ITEC member tribes in Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas. In February 2021, the Supreme Court of the Cherokee Nation rejected the citizenship restriction that had been passed at the instigation of <mask>, saying "The 'by blood' language found within the Cherokee Nation Constitution, and any laws which flow from that language, is illegal, obsolete, and repugnant to the ideal of liberty. These words insult and degrade the descendants of the Freedman much like the Jim Crow laws found lingering on the books in Southern states some fifty-seven years after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act." The restriction had also been rejected in a U.S. district court in 2017. <mask> is married to Bobbie <mask>, a full-blooded Cherokee from the Rocky Mountain community of Adair County, Oklahoma. Published works
 <mask>, <mask> Corntassel and Rennard Strickland with <mask>.ᎥᎪᏢᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏥᎸ: Building One Fire, Art and World View in Cherokee Life. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010. .
 McClinton, Rowena and <mask>. The Moravian Springplace Mission to the Cherokees. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. .
 Robert J. Conley, author, David Fitzgerald, photography, and <mask> <mask>, introduction. Cherokee. Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Co., 2002. .
 <mask>, <mask> Corntassel. Leadership Lessons from the Cherokee Nation: Learn From All I Observe.McGraw-Hill, 2013.  .

References

External links

<mask> official website

1950 births
Living people
Politicians from Pontiac, Michigan
American lawyers
Native American politicians
University of Georgia alumni
University of Tulsa College of Law alumni
Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs alumni
Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
Native American

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<mask> (September 28, 1906 – August 21, 1991) was an American newspaper executive and journalist. He headed the Gannett newspaper chain from 1957 to 1973. <mask> also served as the top official of the Associated Press from 1963 to 1977. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born on September 28, 1906, in Diamond, Missouri, to the Rev. <mask>, an itinerant Protestant minister, and his devoted wife, <mask> née Ranne. Over the next thirteen years, the <mask>s added four daughters and a second son to their "brood", as Clara once affectionately referred to her children. Between the time <mask> was born and the year of his high school graduation in 1925, the family moved no fewer than seven times to small towns in Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, a circumstance that seems not to have affected him then or later.One reason may be that despite his family’s peripatetic lifestyle, the <mask> home, wherever it happened to be, seems always to have been a source of warmth, affection and traditional Christian values. <mask> showed an early predisposition for writing. His first experiment in journalism occurred with the publication of Vol. I, August 1920, No. 1, of The Boy Sportsman. <mask> pronounced it "The Official Organ of The Lone Scout Athletic Club," and informed his readers that it would be "Published Monthly by <mask>. <mask>, Quapaw, Okla." The success – or not – of The Boy Sportsman is unknown as, for whatever reasons, <mask> moved on the next year to publish The Boy Athlete: Every Boys Magazine, with his name on the cover as "<mask>, Editor, Quapaw, Oklahoma." Again, its success, or failure, remains a mystery.<mask>’s earliest experiences with newspapering prepared him well for greater journalistic responsibilities. At the age

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texts: of fifteen, he won a national high school editorial writing contest, and as a senior secured top honors in a similar competition held by the University of Wisconsin. Also in his senior year, he served as the editor of the Pawhuska High School newspaper, The Wah-Sha-She (Osage for "the water people"), which under his direction earned national recognition by winning several interscholastic publication contests. In addition to his high-school editorship of The Wah-Sha-She, <mask> also demonstrated abilities in sports, outside activities, and academics. He was captain of the Pawhuska Huskies football team as well as a Tulsa World selection for all-state tackle in 1924. He was twice captain of the school’s basketball squad as well as all-district center in the 1924 Tulsa basketball tournament. <mask> worked periodically as both reporter and city editor for the Pawhuska Daily Journal-Capital – his first experience in the larger world of journalism, and one which provided him invaluable knowledge in newspapering.He graduated from high school in the spring of 1925 with strong enough academic credentials to qualify him for admittance to Oklahoma A&M College at Stillwater, Oklahoma. In <mask>'s first semester, he ran for and won the election for president of the freshman class. In his sophomore year, he continued to gain experience as a newspaperman at the same time that lack of money threatened to force him to leave school and get a job. He had already served as assistant sports editor for The O’Collegian when he became its acting managing editor on February 1, 1927, and managing editor on March 29, 1927. Despite these promotions, however, he faced stiff competition from former sports editor Otis Wile in the campus-wide election

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texts: for editor of the paper. <mask> lost the election to Wile by 24 votes out of a total of 1744 votes cast, which was 30% percent higher than the total votes cast for any other elected position. His supporters had cautioned that if their candidate lost the election, <mask> would be unable to stay in school – a prophecy fulfilled that nevertheless offered him other opportunities in newspapering.A short column in the May 29, 1927 edition of The Okemah Daily Leader advised its readers that "<mask>, present managing editor of The O’Collegian, will become editor of The Okemah Daily Leader at the conclusion of this term." <mask> remained on the staff of the Okemah Publishing Company for fifteen months, although he moved to Norman, Oklahoma to become a feature writer for the Oklahoma City Times. While losing the election for the relatively high-paying job of managing editor for the O’Collegian had forced him to leave Oklahoma A&M, his new position with the Times made it possible for him to return to school at the University of Oklahoma. His decision to enroll there may also have been influenced by his parents’ move to Norman, where his father served as executive secretary of Oklahoma Christian Churches. In the late summer or early fall of 1928 the Okemah Daily Leader reported the loss of its "popular editor," and noted that he had recently resigned, and was to leave Okemah for Norman where he would "enroll as a special student in the state university" [and] "serve as staff correspondent for the Daily Oklahoman and Times." <mask> attended school at the University of Oklahoma from the fall of 1928 to the spring of 1930, while at the same time pursuing his new duties as a correspondent both for the Daily Oklahoman and the Oklahoma

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 City Times. During this time, he became the president of the University of Oklahoma chapter of Sigma Delta Chi, a professional journalism fraternity.The June 17, 1930 issue of the O’Collegian featured a column proclaiming <mask>'s return to Stillwater: "Enlargement of the department of information and service, created at Oklahoma A. and M. college last February by President Henry G. Bennett, has been announced, with <mask> added to the staff, effective June 15." The paper went on to say that <mask> "had wide training and experience in newspaper activities," specifically, the Oklahoma City Times, Daily Oklahoman, Pawhuska Daily Journal-Capital, Guthrie Daily Leader, and Okemah Daily Leader and Weekly Ledger. Two years later, as head of the department, <mask>'s duties, according to the Oklahoma A&M college yearbook, The Redskin, were to see "to it that the name of the college is constantly kept before the attention of the people of the state. His chief function is the supplying of news matter regarding the school for the state papers." In addition to his staff duties with the department, <mask> also wrote for The A. and M. College Magazine, and served on the staff of The Redskin. Associated Press

<mask> remained in Stillwater and attended Oklahoma A&M until February 1932, then accepted an offer to work for the Associated Press at Columbus, Ohio. Earlier, while working for the Oklahoma City Times and the Daily Oklahoman in Norman, he had so impressed the A.P.'s bureau chief in Oklahoma City, Leon Durst, that he had written to his superiors: "Here is a man the AP should have." From March 1, 1932, until the fall of 1933, <mask> worked as a rewrite man and night filing editor for the Associated Press at its Columbus bureau.

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texts: It was here that he acquired and first applied the knowledge that allowed him to excel as an "A.P. man." This was also where he met and married Louise Johnson. <mask> received his diploma from Oklahoma A&M College in 1933. After less than a year of marriage, the <mask>s began to prepare for the first of many moves they would make throughout their years with the Associated Press.Officials at the A.P. 's New York City bureau had taken notice of <mask>'s work and requested his transfer to work at the cable desk there. He accepted the promotion, and served as that bureau's cable and general news editor from the fall of 1933 until February 1935. Other promotions occurred in rapid succession. In early 1935, <mask> became night desk editor at the A.P. 's Kansas City bureau, a position he held until March 1936. On April 1, 1936, he became the A.P.'s bureau chief at Salt Lake City, Utah. Almost immediately, A.P. operations at Salt Lake City began to improve. He took charge of Associated Press news service and personnel for the entire state of Pennsylvania as chief of bureau with offices at Harrisburg in July 1937. That December, <mask>'s bureau moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he remained until April 1941 when the A.P. 's general manager, Kent Cooper, reassigned him to New York, initially as Cooper's executive assistant, and later as vice president and director of operations of Wide World Inc. In June 1942, Cooper elevated <mask> to the top A.P.posting in the nation's capital, Chief of Bureau, Washington, D.C. <mask> would become one of the most successful journalists of the twentieth century, eventually ascending to the presidencies of both the Associated Press and the Gannett Co., Inc. Nevertheless, the ultimate

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 highlight of a long and storied career was always his wartime service in the capital of a nation then engulfed in global war. As he later recalled during an interview following his retirement in 1979: "But someone is always saying what do you think you enjoyed most. I really have enjoyed everything. But if you have to say what was the most exciting assignment or years, you certainly have to say Washington..."

On 29 June 1942, one day after the Germans opened their second summer offensive of World War II in the Soviet Union, <mask> wrote to Kent Cooper in New York: "I went to work here today. Sincerely yours." The hard-driving bureau chief immediately set about familiarizing himself with his new surroundings.As he later remembered: "I'd never been in Washington previously, except for brief visits. I didn't know where anything was. I didn't know anybody. Impressions swirled around in my brain, grew brighter or dimmer, gave way to new and better ones..." His most vivid impressions were those he formed of the most influential people in wartime Washington, and which he documented "to bridge the gap between a day in June of 1942 and this wintry day in February of 1943 when I finally am getting around to keeping a diary". While <mask> never did keep a diary, he did assemble files of confidential memoranda dutifully prepared from off-the-record meetings with many of the nation's top military and political leaders. Foremost among them were both wartime presidents, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman; Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall; and Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet (COMINCH)/Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest King. Other notable figures who provided <mask> with confidential information included British


texts: Prime Minister Winston Churchill; Republican presidential nominee Wendell Willkie; Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox; Commander of the China-Burma-India (CBI) Theater General Joseph Stilwell; Chairman of the War Production Board Donald Nelson; former secretary of war and one of Roosevelt's personal overseas representatives, Major General Pat Hurley; U.S.Ambassador to the Soviet Union Averell Harriman; Assistant Secretary of War John McCloy; Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area General Douglas MacArthur; Commander of the Far East Air Forces Lieutenant General George Kenney, and Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, Jr. Arranged chronologically for the three years from March, 1943 to March, 1946, the files contain information regarding both America's military strategy during the last two-and-a-half years of the war and its leaders' visions for the postwar world. <mask>'s memoranda reveal the thoughts and feelings of men who, despite having learned from long experience with the public to guard their remarks, expressed themselves freely in their off-the-record briefings to the select group of newspaper correspondents, of whom <mask> was one. His memoranda also trace the gradual shift from military to political imperatives which surfaced during the final stages of the war. Several significant events marked <mask>'s Associated Press career in the two years prior to his move to the Gannett Co., Inc. In mid-1945, he directed the A.P. 's coverage of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) in San Francisco, California.<mask> also accompanied the first round-the-world Pan American "Globester" flight in the fall of that year. In June 1947, he returned to his alma mater of

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texts: Oklahoma A&M, and delivered the commencement address. Although <mask> left the A.P. the following August to join Gannett as executive assistant to the company's founder, Frank E. Gannett, his career with the Associated Press was far from over. In April 1950, he became the first former employee to win election to the A.P. 's board of directors. In 1952, he joined the A.P.Board of Directors' Executive Committee. In 1963, he ascended to the presidency of the Associated Press, and went on to win reelection annually for the next 14 years, although the A.P. changed his title to chairman in 1972. <mask> resigned that post in 1977, but remained on the board of directors until 1978. Of his A.P. career, Louis D. Boccardi, president and general manager of the Associated Press at the time of <mask>'s death, wrote: "<mask> was not just AP's chairman. He was its champion, always challenging us to do better but never failing to hail a job well done.He had many interests and many successes but we always knew he loved the AP." The Gannett Co., Inc. Soon after joining Gannett on August 1, 1947, <mask> moved his family to the company’s headquarters at Rochester, New York, and soon rose to prominence in its civic affairs. His dedication to community involvement surfaced that year with his mayoral appointment as chairman of the committee responsible for construction of the Community War Memorial, and continued for more than twenty years. A gifted fund-raiser, <mask> served the American Red Cross and Community Chest in that capacity for ten years beginning in 1949. By 1959, he had become a Thirty-second Degree Mason, a member of the Rochester Consistory, and a Shriner of the Damascus Temple. Two years later, he received a citation for

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texts: "outstanding service to the cause of brotherhood" from the National Conference of Christians and Jews for his role as National Chairman of the Newspaper Brotherhood Week Press Committee.That same year, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller appointed <mask> to the Commission on the Celebration of the Centennial of the Morrill Land Grant Act; the following year he became its chairman. In 1964, the newly formed Rochester chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists, Sigma Delta Chi, elected <mask> president. The year after that he became President of the Lend-a-Hand Society, and in 1966 began a three-year appointment to the President’s Committee on Employment of the Handicapped. <mask> rose swiftly at Gannett. In 1949, he succeeded Frank Gannett as editor and publisher of the Rochester, New York Times-Union, became the company’s vice-president, and joined its board of directors. On his first European trip as a Gannett executive, <mask> represented the American Newspaper Publishers Association at the International Congress of Publishers and Editors at Amsterdam, the Netherlands. While overseas he met with newspapermen in London and Paris, then flew into Berlin on a coal-laden transport plane to report on the condition of that city in the aftermath of the Berlin Airlift.The following year, <mask> accompanied a group of newspaper publishers, radio executives, and officials on an eight-day trip to Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina as guests of Pan American World Airways. In Argentina, he interviewed President Juan Perón and First Lady Eva Perón. <mask> ended the year as the recipient of the National American Legion Citizenship Medal, the first of many such honors recognizing his community activism. Over the course of the next

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texts: four years, <mask> continued his steady rise at Gannett. In 1951, the <mask>s were guests of the British news agency, Reuters, for its centennial celebration in London. There he met with Anthony Eden, deputy leader of Britain’s Conservative Party. Afterward, <mask> traveled to Paris to interview General Dwight D. Eisenhower concerning reports that he might be a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1952.On December 11, 1951, <mask> became both publisher of the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle and executive vice president of Gannett. In 1953, he joined the board of directors of the Gannett Foundation, and received an appointment to the Harvard University committee for selecting candidates for Nieman Fellowships, an award given to mid-career journalists by the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University. The following year, <mask> visited Guatemala in the wake of the anti-Communist counterrevolution, and later submitted a series of eyewitness accounts of conditions and prospects under the then-new government of U.S.-backed strongman, Carlos Castillo Armas. On May 19, 1955, Frank E. Gannett virtually confirmed <mask> as his successor at Gannett by naming <mask> "Operating Head in Fact" of the company. <mask>’s workload increased considerably in 1956 as he embarked on another South American tour, this time to Venezuela, Panama, Guatemala, and Mexico. He joined the boards of directors of two companies, the board of trustees of a third, and became a member of the Advisory Board on the Pulitzer Prizes. He also received his first of many honorary degrees, this one an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Clarkson College of Technology at Potsdam, New York.In September, <mask> embarked on his most

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texts: ambitious overseas trip when he reported on the Second London Conference over the Suez Canal crisis. In London he met with British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden, who received him at 10 Downing Street. He then flew to Cairo to see for himself if the Egyptians were successfully managing the day-to-day operations of the Suez Canal. In his opinion, they were. Subsequently, he submitted his observations and conclusions in a pamphlet titled "Suez Canal Report." <mask> began 1957 by writing the first of his weekly editorial columns for the Saturday Times-Union, a practice he would continue with few interruptions until 1979. In April, <mask> succeeded Frank Gannett as president and chief executive officer of Gannett.That same month, <mask> became president of the Frank E. Gannett Newspaper Foundation – owner of 20% of the stock of the Gannett Co., Inc., – and of radio station WHEC and WHEC-TV. <mask> attended the NATO Conference in Paris, France, in December to end the year. In April 1958 <mask> joined the boards of directors of the Brand Names Foundation and the Automobile Club of Rochester. A month later, he succeeded to the chairmanship of the Advisory Board of the American Press Institute, and received a Kiwanis Public Service Award. <mask> also reported from Israel, France, Switzerland, and Italy in October as a member of the Rochester delegation which first paid a goodwill visit to Rochester’s sister city, Rennes, France. The next May, <mask> returned to his adopted home state, and addressed students at the University of Oklahoma on Journalism Day – one of hundreds of speeches he would deliver throughout the remainder of his tenure at Gannett. Recognition for his many contributions to journalism continued as Ursinus


texts: College of Collegeville, Pennsylvania, bestowed upon him its Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree in June 1959.The new decade  began with <mask>’s election to the presidency of the Rochester Convention and Publicity Bureau, and his receipt of the Lester P. Slade Award for "outstanding journalistic contributions" in January 1960. It continued the following month with his fact-finding visit to Havana, Cuba. The National Conference of Christians and Jews named <mask> National Chairman of the Newspaper Brotherhood Week Committee in January 1961, an honor for which he received a citation in April for "outstanding service to the cause of brotherhood." That same month <mask> hosted the Inter-American Press Association Convention in New York City, and the Civic Committee of the People-to-People Program recognized him with an award for his efforts in establishing the "sister cities" relationship between Rochester and Rennes, France. In June, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller appointed <mask> to a commission observing the 100th anniversary of the Morrill Land-Grant Act; the next year, its members elected <mask> chairman of the Temporary Commission on the Celebration of the Centennial of the Morrill Land-Grant Act. 1962 began with a luncheon invitation to the White House from President John F. Kennedy. In February, the National Conference of Christians and Jews renamed <mask> chairman of the National Brotherhood Week Press Committee for another year.In June, he departed for a 23-day tour of Russia that featured an interview with the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Nikita S. Khrushchev. <mask> completed the trip with a visit to Berlin in


texts: the company of his longtime friend, Walker Stone, then editor-in-chief of the Scripps-Howard Newspapers. Upon his return to the United States, <mask> wrote and in October published an account of his trip titled "Russia: 1962". Following its successful publication, <mask> delivered six addresses that year to audiences across the country, including serving as Master of Ceremonies at the Rochester Chamber of Commerce 75th anniversary dinner. Over the course of the following year, <mask> experienced both "triumph and tragedy." In one of his more triumphant moments as a journalist, he was elected president of the Associated Press in January 1963 – an office to which he would be re-elected annually until his resignation as chairman in 1977. <mask> then took up where he left off the year before, and beginning in February spoke to numerous appreciative audiences eager to hear about his trip to the Soviet Union.One of his more remarkable addresses occurred on February 11, 1963, when he presented the Fourteenth Annual William Allen White Memorial Lecture entitled "Inside a Newspaper Group" at the University of Kansas at which time he received its William Allen White Award for journalism merit. <mask> delivered his final speech of 1963 in Boca Raton, Florida, to the Southern Newspaper Publishers Association on November 18. President Kennedy died of his gunshot wounds in Dallas, Texas, four days later, and <mask> was one of those who attended the funeral in St. Matthews Cathedral, Washington, D.C., on November 25. Shortly afterward, <mask> found himself invited once again to a White House luncheon, this time as the guest of President Lyndon B. Johnson. American society changed radically throughout the 1960s, and <mask>’s approach to

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texts: journalism changed with it. In 1963, he conceived the idea of a series of articles to appear in Gannett newspapers that would explore the positive aspects of racial integration in selected communities. <mask>’s reward was a Pulitzer Special Citation for Gannett – the first Pulitzer Prize ever awarded to a newspaper chain.And although he helped organize Rochester’s local opposition to militant agitator Saul D. Alinsky’s work in the wake of that city’s riots in the summer of 1964, <mask> also visited Rochester’s inner city to speak with black leaders of FIGHT (Freedom, Independence [Integration], God, Honor, Today), a Rochester civil rights organization founded with Alinsky’s support in Rochester. <mask> also received the Sigma Delta Chi Fellowship Award in August, and became the president of that organization’s Rochester chapter in September. <mask> ended the year by becoming a director of the 1964-1965 New York World’s Fair and with two trips to Mexico City. In October, he attended the Inter-American Press Association Convention there; and two months later he was present for the inauguration of President Gustav Diaz Ordaz. For <mask>, 1965 was a year of varied activity. That January he attended President Johnson’s Inaugural Ball. Ten days later <mask> was in London for the funeral of the Right Honorable Sir Winston Spencer Churchill, although he quickly returned to New York upon hearing of the death of his friend and mentor, former general manager of the Associated Press, Kent Cooper.<mask> joined the Board of Trustees of the University of Rochester in February; and in April, Syracuse University presented him with its Distinguished Service to Journalism Award. In June, <mask> and the Gannett newspapers received the Mass


texts: Media Brotherhood Award from the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and Union College of Schenectady, New York, conferred upon <mask> an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree, and made him honorary chancellor of the university. Later that August <mask> was a guest of Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey at the Capitol. <mask> traveled extensively that fall delivering numerous speeches to professional and civic organizations. In December, he gave the Sigma Delta Chi Foundation Lecture at the University of Michigan, and before the year was out found himself the new president of the Lend-a-Hand Society. Gannett’s fortunes continued to rise as <mask> prepared to take the company public. On March 21, 1966, the first issue of TODAY hit newsstands, and its original format became an instant commercial success.The next month, the company purchased the ten weeklies of the Suburban Newspaper Group, headquartered at Cherry Hill, New Jersey. The first public offering of Gannett stock occurred on October 25, 1967 after an expansion program that had resulted in the company owning 53 newspapers in 16 states. Less than a year-and-a-half later Gannett landed on the New York Stock Exchange, and shortly thereafter Gannett stock split 3/2. Throughout the years from 1966 to 1969, <mask>’s professional achievements matched his entrepreneurial successes. In May 1966, President Johnson appointed <mask> for a three-year term to the President’s Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, and rewarded him the following January with another personal invitation to the White House. In October 1966, <mask> attended his second Inter-American Press Association Convention, this time in Lima, Peru. His awards during this period included the Prophet-at-Sight


texts: Master Mason Award in 1966; the 1967 Distinguished Service to Journalism Award from the University of Missouri, and election to its journalism school’s Hall of Fame; and the 1968 Distinguished Service to Journalism Award from the Ohio Press Association.<mask> received two Honorary Doctor of Laws degrees in 1968, the first from Westminster College, Salt Lake City, Utah, and the second from Niagara University, Niagara Falls, New York. In addition to his other executive responsibilities, four major corporate entities welcomed him to their boards of directors: Bausch & Lomb in 1966; the Saratoga Performing Arts Center, Saratoga Springs, New York, and the Hotel Waldorf-Astoria Corporation in 1968; and the Twentieth-Century Fox Film Corporation in 1969. Also that year, <mask> delivered ten major addresses, and attended Sunday worship services at the invitation of President Richard M. Nixon in April, a luncheon for former President Johnson and Mrs. Johnson at the Cape Kennedy Hilton in July, and a White House dinner with other Associated Press executives in October. <mask> became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Gannett in May 1970 having passed the title of President and Chief Operating Officer to Allen H. Neuharth whom <mask> had recruited from Knight (subsequently, Knight-Ridder) Newspapers in 1963 as general manager of the Times-Union and Democrat and Chronicle and key executive on special projects. <mask> departed for a month-long trip later that summer to several major European cities including London, Prague, Bucharest, Budapest, Belgrade, Dubrovnik (with side trips to Sarajevo, Sveti Stefan, and Boka Koforsha), Rome, Barcelona, Palma, and Lisbon. And in recognition of <mask>’s coverage of the United Nations


texts: Conference on International Organization in 1945, President Nixon named <mask> to the President’s Commission for the Observance of the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the United Nations. <mask>’s Pacific-area trip in the summer of 1971 netted him visits to Honolulu, Hawaii; Guam, Manila, the Philippines; Tokyo, Japan; Hong Kong, and Seoul, South Korea.The next two years marked the zenith of <mask>’s careers at both Gannett and the Associated Press. In April 1972, <mask> became Chairman of the Associated Press. Later that summer, he took a group of A.P. executives to China for three weeks to visit Canton, Chengchow, Beijing, Yenan, Sian, Nanking, Suchow, and Shanghai. Over the course of their stay they met first with the Premier of the People’s Republic of China, Chou En-lai, and later negotiated an agreement for regular news exchange between the Associated Press and the Chinese news agency, Hsinhua. It marked the first time in twenty-two years that an American news agency had a regular news channel with China. And just as he had after his trip to Russia ten years earlier, <mask> wrote and spoke extensively about his experiences in China.In January 1973, he accompanied his longtime friend, U.S. Secretary of State William P. Rogers, to Paris for the signing of the Indochina peace treaty. Shortly after his return, <mask>harth moved from chief operating officer to chief executive officer. <mask> ended the year honored by New York magazine as one of the ten most influential men in the communications industry and by the Rochester Sales Executive Club as Distinguished Salesman of the Year, as an inductee into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame, and with another tour of the Pacific. <mask> continued to travel extensively and to accrue

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texts: numerous honors and awards despite his diminished executive role at Gannett. In 1974, as Chairman of both Gannett and the Associated Press, he received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Transylvania University, at Lexington, Kentucky. <mask> also delivered the commencement address that perfectly reflected his worldview: Not Cynicism but Hope. <mask> returned to China the following year for a second visit,  and upon his return U.S. News and World Report named him one of the five most influential newspaper executives in the United States.In March 1976, Oklahoma State University named its new journalism building the <mask> Journalism and Broadcasting Building. Two months later, <mask> set off on yet another trip to the Pacific, this time traveling to Taiwan (Republic of China), Hong Kong, and Japan. <mask>’s final working years signaled the end of an unmatched career in American journalism. His achievements had been the subject of articles in FINANCE-magazine, Time, Forbes, Wall Street Reports, The Wall Street Transcript, Business Week, and others. When in 1957 he succeeded Frank Gannett as president and chief executive officer of Gannett Co., Inc., the Gannett Group included 19 dailies and broadcasting stations in four states. By 1977, it embraced 77 daily newspapers and broadcast stations in 30 states, Guam, and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as interest in a Canadian newsprint company and Gannett-owned Louis Harris and Associates, Inc. Gannett daily newspaper circulation grew from 775,700 to 3,000,000. Gannett revenues grew from $46,000,000 in 1957 to $557,000,000-plus in 1977.On December 31, 1978, after 31 years with the company, <mask> retired at age 73 as chairman of Gannett Co., Inc.,

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 although he continued to serve as a Gannett director and consultant. At that time he could claim membership in the Gridiron Club; the Metropolitan Club and the Burning Tree Club of Washington, D.C.; the Everglades Club of Palm Beach, and the Gulf Stream Club of Del Ray, Florida; the Augusta National Golf Club, Augusta, Georgia; and the Country Club, Oak Hill and Genesee Valley Club of Rochester, New York. The <mask>s also belonged to the Third Presbyterian Church, Rochester, New York. They continued to maintain their principal residence near Rochester, but following <mask>’s retirement began to spend increasing amounts of time at their second home in Palm Beach, Florida. Later years

<mask> remained active throughout the ensuing years despite personal tragedy. A little over a year after his retirement he suffered a stroke at his Palm Beach home in January 1980 that limited movement on the right side of his body, and affected his speech. Calvin Mayne, a friend and colleague of <mask>’s at the Times-Union, later wrote that it was "a great tragedy" that after <mask> retired, he and his wife, Louise, "had so little time to enjoy .. . his retirement." <mask>’s successor as president and chief executive officer at Gannett, Al Neuharth, wrote about it in his autobiography: "The game of golf, which [<mask>] loved so much, now provided him only memories. An unhappy termination of a brilliant career of a many-talented and multifaceted man." Nevertheless, <mask> received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in 1981 from the School of Journalism, University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri Center for Professional Journalism. The <mask>s donated <mask>’s papers to the Edmon Low Library, Stillwater, Oklahoma in 1982; and that

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 same year relocated permanently to Palm Beach, Florida, following the donation of their New York home to the Rochester Area Foundation. In 1986, the Gannett Foundation established a $1 million program in <mask>’s name for reporting regional or local interest stories from the nation’s capital. <mask> returned periodically throughout the 1980s to Oklahoma State University, and marked his final trip to the campus in 1988 with a visit to Old Central where he had worked as a public information officer in the 1930s

On August 19, 1991, <mask> checked into Good Samaritan Hospital, Palm Beach, Florida, stricken with pneumonia.He died of cardiac arrest two days later at the age of 84. A close friend of <mask>’s, former U.S. senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr., later spoke at the memorial services held on August 28, 1991 at the Third Presbyterian Church in Rochester. And finally, a former friend and colleague of <mask>’s from the Times-Union delivered the following eulogy: "A tall graceful, and handsome man, <mask> had a manner so unassuming that it is sometimes difficult to understand that from the 1930s to the 1970s, he stood at the very heart of American journalism, quietly influencing it always to be more professional and more responsible. He clearly was one of the great journalists of his time." References

External links
 <mask> Collection at the Oklahoma State University Library
 <mask> Editorials at the Oklahoma State University Library

1906 births
1991 deaths
People from Newton County, Missouri
American media executives
American male journalists
Oklahoma State University alumni
People from Pawhuska, Oklahoma
Writers from Rochester, New York
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Journalists from New York (state)
20th-century

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<mask> (; 2 May 1895 – 13 August 1952), originally a school teacher, was a German Army officer who by the end of the Second World War had risen to the rank of Hauptmann (Captain). He helped to hide or rescue several Polish people, including Jews, in Nazi-German occupied Poland, and helped Jewish pianist and composer Władysław Szpilman to survive, hidden, in the ruins of Warsaw during the last months of 1944, an act which was portrayed in the 2002 film The Pianist. He was taken prisoner by the Red Army and died in Soviet captivity in 1952. In October 2007, <mask> was posthumously honoured by the president of Poland Lech Kaczyński with a Commander’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. In June 2009, <mask> was posthumously recognized in Yad Vashem (Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust) as one of the Righteous Among the Nations. Early life and World War I

<mask> was born into the family of a pious Roman Catholic schoolmaster living near Fulda. His family life had a Catholic character, and Christian charitable work was emphasized during his education.He was influenced by the Catholic Action and Church-inspired social work, and also by Prussian obedience, by German patriotism, and, during his marriage, by the increasing pacifism of his wife, Annemarie. He was also influenced by the Wandervogel movement (a German youth political group). and its adherents. From 1914, he saw active service in the First World War, and after being severely wounded in 1917, <mask> received the Iron Cross Second Class. World War II

<mask> was drafted into the Wehrmacht in August 1939 and was stationed in Poland from mid-September 1939 until his capture by the Soviet Army on 17 January 1945. His first destination in Poland was Pabianice, where he was involved in the building and running of a POW camp. Next, he was stationed in Węgrów

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 in December 1939, where he remained until his battalion was moved another 30  km away to Jadów at the end of May 1940.He was finally transferred to Warsaw in July 1940, where he spent the rest of the war, for the most part, attached to Wach-Bataillon (guard battalion) 660, part of the Wach-Regiment Warschau (Warsaw Guard Regiment) in which he served as a staff officer and as the battalion sports officer. He was responsible for sports events at the Army Stadium in Warsaw. A member of the Nazi Party since 1935, as time passed <mask> grew disillusioned with the party and its policies, especially as he saw how Poles, and especially Jews, were treated. He and several fellow German Army officers felt sympathy for all peoples of occupied Poland. Ashamed of what some of their countrymen were doing, they offered help to those they could whenever possible. <mask> befriended numerous Poles and even made an effort to learn their language. He also attended Mass, received Holy Communion, and went to confession in Polish churches, even though this was forbidden.His actions on behalf of Poles began as early as autumn 1939, when against regulations he allowed Polish prisoners of war access to their families and even pushed successfully for the early release of at least one. During his time in Warsaw, <mask> used his position to give refuge to people, regardless of their background, including at least one politically persecuted anti-Nazi ethnic German, who were in danger of persecution, even arrest by the Gestapo, sometimes by getting them the papers they needed and jobs at the sports stadium that was under his oversight. <mask> surrendered to the Soviets at Błonie, a small Polish city about 30 km west of Warsaw, with the men of a Wehrmacht company he was leading. Imprisonment and death
He was sentenced to 25 years of hard labor for alleged war

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 crimes, on account of his unit affiliation. In a 1946 letter to his wife in West Germany, <mask> named the Jews whom he had saved and begged her to contact them and ask them to arrange his release. In 1950, the pianist Władysław Szpilman learned the name of the German officer who had offered him assistance in 1944. After much soul searching, Szpilman sought the intercession of a man whom he privately considered "a bastard", Jakub Berman, the head of the Polish secret police.Several days later, Berman paid a visit to Szpilman's home and said that there was nothing he could do. He added, "If your German were still in Poland, then we could get him out. But our comrades in the Soviet Union won't let him go. They say your officer belonged to a detachment involved in spying – so there is nothing we can do about it as Poles, and I am powerless". Szpilman never believed Berman's claims of powerlessness. In an interview with Wolf Biermann, Szpilman described Berman as "all powerful by the grace of Stalin," and lamented, "So I approached the worst rogue of the lot, and it did no good." <mask> died in a Soviet prison camp on 13 August 1952, shortly before 22:00, from a rupture of the thoracic aorta, possibly sustained during torture.Commemoration
In 2002, The Pianist, a film based on Szpilman's memoirs of the same name, portrayed <mask>'s rescue of Władysław Szpilman. <mask> was played by Thomas Kretschmann. In October 2007, <mask> was posthumously honoured by the president of Poland Lech Kaczyński with a Commander’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (). Szpilman's son, Andrzej Szpilman, had long called for Yad Vashem to recognize <mask> <mask> as a Righteous Among the Nations, non-Jews who risked their lives to rescue Jews. Along with him, the Szpilman family and thousands of others asked that <mask> Vashem posthumously recognized

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 <mask> as Righteous Among the Nations. On 19 June 2009, Israeli diplomats presented <mask>'s son, Detlev, with the award, in Berlin.On December 4, 2011, a commemorative plaque in Polish and English was unveiled at 223 Niepodległości Avenue in Warsaw, the place where Hosenfeld discovered Szpilman, in the presence of Hosenfeld's daughter Jorinde. Awards and decorations
 Iron Cross of 1914, 2nd class (1917)
 Honor Cross of World War 1914/1918
 Wound Badge in Black (1918)
 SA-Sports Badge in Bronze
 Commander’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (Poland, October 2007)
 Righteous Among the Nations (25 November 2008)

See also

Oskar Schindler
Karl Plagge
Albert Göring
John Rabe
Raoul Wallenberg
Aristides de Sousa Mendes

References and notes

Sources
Vogel, Thomas, ed. : <mask> <mask>: "Ich versuche jeden zu retten"—Das Leben eines deutschen Offiziers in Briefen und Tagebüchern (<mask> Hosenfeld: "'I try to save each one [I can]'—The life of a German officer in letters and diaries"). Compiled and with commentary by Thomas Vogel, Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamt (MGFA: Military History Research Institute). Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich, 2004. Szpilman, Władysław. The Pianist: The Extraordinary True Story of One Man's Survival in Warsaw, 1939–1945.Picador; 2nd edition, 2002  (ISBN ),  (ISBN ). This book includes a foreword by Andrzej Szpilman, excerpts from <mask>'s diary, and an epilogue in the form of an essay by Wolf Biermann. External links
<mask> <mask>, A Man Of courage
– The story of <mask> <mask>
Comment on Hosenfeld in conjunction with Roman Polanski's filmThe Pianist
Page on <mask> <mask> and The Pianist on the website of <mask>'s grandson
 "Dziennik" 13 Oct. 2007 re posthumous award of Polonia Restituta – In Polish
<mask> <mask>dysław Szpilman
Nazi personnel who resisted the Holocaust
German Army officers of World

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Chief Adjutant (French:Adjudant-Chef) <mask> (born 11 November 1966 in Newcastle upon Tyne) is a British member of the French Foreign Legion, one of the most decorated members of the Legion and the first British legionnaire to be invested into the Légion d'honneur, France's highest order of merit. Born and raised in England, he was unable to join the British Army at age 17 on medical grounds, and instead elected to join the Foreign Legion at age 20. After 23 years service, <mask> reached the second highest level of rank among the corps of non-commissioned officers in the French Army, and had been awarded five citations for acts of bravery in operational theatres around the world, culminating in 2009 with the Légion d'honneur for a second tour of Afghanistan. Early life
<mask> and his twin brother, Mark, were born in Newcastle upon Tyne on 11 November 1966. He was raised in Gloucestershire, living in Stonehouse near Stroud, attending Maidenhill School in Stonehouse. As a teenager he joined the Stroud Army Cadets, and held a long-standing ambition to join the armed forces. Aged 17, <mask> applied with his brother Mark to join the British Army.Mark was successful but <mask>, having already been accepted by the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, was rejected on medical grounds, due to an eye condition. He had suffered a detached retina which was operated on when he was 13. Following his rejection by the British Army, <mask> contemplated running away to the French Foreign Legion at age 18, but was persuaded not to by his mother. At age 19 he was also declined by the police force due to his eye condition. For a time before joining the Legion, <mask> ran a pub in Stroud. Military career
In 1987, shortly before his 21st birthday, and this time with his mother's agreement, <mask> travelled to Marseilles and signed up for the Legion. Having just a rudimentary knowledge of the French language, <mask> was required to learn on the job during basic training, during which the speaking of other languages is not permitted under

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 pain of a "clip round the ear".Despite his eye condition, after passing basic training he was then trained as a sniper, becoming a top marksman. <mask> went on to see action in Bosnia, Kosovo, central Africa, the Ivory Coast and Afghanistan. Following service in Chad, <mask> was deployed as part of the United Nations Protection Force keeping open a corridor out of Sarajevo during the 1990s breakup of Yugoslavia. <mask> was deployed to the Ivory Coast in 2003. Around that time the region was experiencing the Ivorian Civil War, leading to the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire mission. <mask> was deployed on his first tour to Afghanistan in 2008, as part of the International Security Assistance Force, serving with an Afghan battalion that sustained heavy casualties. In his second tour of Afghanistan in 2009, <mask> was part of a 700 strong Legion force under Colonel Benoît Durieux, based in Surobi, east of the capital Kabul.This force was deployed to exert Afghan authority over the upper Uzbin Valley in eastern Kabul Province, in order to cut an insurgent route from Pakistan, and together with French regulars and American troops, also in the Tagab Valley in neighbouring Kapisa Province, in order to allow completion a strategic ring road linking eastern and northern Afghanistan. In December 2009 <mask> was profiled by the media as part of the Legion's role in ISAF, named as just <mask> due to the legion's restrictions on reporting legionnaire's last names, either real or assumed, in the cases where recruits join under new identities. In addition to <mask>, this Legion force in Afghanistan also included a handful of Britons, including other profiled Chief Adjutants such as a 43-year-old Scottish legionnaire and a 52-year-old legionnaire from Liverpool. Having served two tours in Afghanistan, <mask> returned to France in early 2010 to be based at the Legion training camp near Toulouse in the south of France, instructing younger recruits. Citations
After twenty three years of exemplary service in the Legion,

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 in 2010 <mask> was to be awarded a fifth citation for bravery - investiture as a Chevalier (Knight) of the French Légion d'honneur (the National Order of the Legion of Honour), for acts of valour during his second tour in Afghanistan. The news of the award was announced in January 2010, while <mask> was to receive his Légion d’Honneur badge in a ceremony in Paris during the Bastille Day celebrations on 14 July 2010. <mask>'s first citation came for service in Sarajevo, when he guided a mother and daughter to safety away from sniper fire being trained onto a city plaza.His third citation came for a sniper kill. <mask>'s fifth citation came for his actions during an airborne insertion and night-time raid on a small village undertaken alongside American forces. After their extraction was delayed, the force was ambushed from all sides at 1am, and <mask> coordinated a helicopter counter-attack and medical evacuation of wounded Americans, with the first evacuation hit by rocket-propelled grenade fire. This action was close to the scene of the Uzbin Valley ambush of August 2008 in which the regular French forces suffered their worst death toll in the Afghan conflict. According to The Times, this fifth citation made <mask> one of the most highly decorated of all legionnaires, and the Légion d’Honneur is an honour unheard of for an English legionnaire. According to <mask>, "Most guys will have one citation, some will have two. Three is very rare."Playing down his military record, he simply states of his service that "I haven't done anything more than my job." Personal life
<mask>'s mother Jennifer is from Rodborough near Stroud and works for the police in Gloucestershire Constabulary, and is a trade union official for UNISON; in the 2009 Birthday Honours she was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire "for services to the Police and to the Voluntary Sector." His father is a retired sales rep. In addition to his twin Mark, <mask> also has a younger brother Jeremy, a merchant banker in the City of London.

masks: Rowe Rowe Rowe Rowe Rowe Rowe Rowe Rowe Rowe


texts:
 Much of <mask>'s career in the Legion has been spent in Francophone Africa. As of 2010, his last visit to England had been in 2003 with the Legion, for training on Salisbury Plain. <mask> now lives near Nîmes in the south of France, with his French wife Elyzabeth, originating from Tahiti, with whom he has a teenage son and a stepdaughter.He plans to retire to Tahiti when he eventually leaves the Legion, having already completed the minimum term of service. Despite being eligible after just three years service, <mask> has not taken up the option open of applying for French citizenship, stating that he feels neither "one hundred per cent British" nor French. As a result of his Newcastle origins and long service in the Legion, <mask> is said to possess an accent "veering between Geordie and French". Initially, <mask> advanced through the lower ranks of the Legion at the same rate as his twin brother Mark, who had elected to join the Royal Engineers. He reached the senior non-commissioned officer rank of Chief Adjutant, equivalent to the British rank of Company Sergeant Major, whereas his brother has made the transition to the commissioned rank of Captain. <mask> speculated that had he been allowed to join the British Army, he would have been "at least a Colonel in the Parachute Regiment by now – if I was still alive, of course". Having always been angry at not being able to join the British Army, <mask> said of the situation that "You can't get into the British army because you've got a f***ed eye, and you become a sniper in the French Foreign Legion.Something's gone wrong there." Although he said he had subsequently had a good life in the Legion, and had even been paid more while on holiday than his brother had while fighting in the Gulf War. See also
 List of Foreign Legionnaires
 List of Légion d'honneur recipients by name

References

1966 births
Living people
Army Cadet Force
Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Twin people from England
People from Stonehouse,

masks: Rowe Rowe Rowe Rowe Rowe Rowe Rowe


texts:
<mask> (born April 13, 1964) is an American professional golfer who has won 21 events on the PGA Tour, including one major championship: the 1997 PGA Championship. He won the Players Championship in 1992 and 2003. He was in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking for over 450 weeks, reaching a high ranking of 2nd. He captained the U.S. Ryder Cup teams in 2012 and 2016. <mask> was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2017. Background and family
<mask> was born on April 13, 1964 in Charlotte, North Carolina to <mask>. and his wife, Helen, a day after his father competed in the final round at the 1964 Masters Tournament. His father, who was a former pro and nationally recognized golf instructor, introduced him to the game.His mother is also an avid low-handicap golfer. His father was killed in a 1988 plane crash. <mask> attended high school in Brunswick, Georgia, and graduated from its Glynn Academy in 1982. He played college golf at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, where he was a three-time All-American and all-Atlantic Coast Conference. He won six titles during his collegiate career, including the ACC tournament championship as a sophomore in 1984. <mask> is a Republican, and has donated money to Johnny Isakson and George W Bush. <mask> turned professional in 1985, earning his PGA Tour card in the autumn of 1985, on his first attempt.He quickly established himself on the PGA Tour, winning his first tour event in 1987 at the MCI Heritage Golf Classic, at Harbour Town Golf Links. He would later win this

masks:
Davis Milton Love III
Love
Davis Milton Love III
Davis Love Jr
Love
Love
Love


texts: event four more times, setting a record for the most victories in the tournament. <mask> and Fred Couples won four straight times from 1992 to 1995 for the United States in the World Cup of Golf, a record for this event. <mask> was a consistent contender and winner on the PGA Tour in the 1990s and early 2000s, but the most memorable win came at the 1997 PGA Championship, his only major championship victory. It was played at Winged Foot Golf Club near New York City, and just four players in the field finished under-par for the week. <mask>'s winning score was 11-under-par, five strokes better than runner-up Justin Leonard. When <mask> sank his birdie putt on the final hole of the championship, it was under the arc of a rainbow, which appeared as he walked up to the 18th green.In the telecast, CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz made the connection between the rainbow and <mask>'s late father, <mask> Jr., who was a well-known and beloved figure in the golf world. This victory was the last major championship win achieved with a wooden-headed driver. In 1994, <mask> founded Love Golf Design, a golf course architecture company with his younger brother and caddie, <mask>. The company has been responsible for the design of several courses throughout the southeast United States. Completed in 1997, Ocean Creek is his first signature course and is located on Fripp Island, South Carolina. <mask> also designed the Dunes course at Diamante in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, which is ranked among Golf Magazines Top 100 courses in the world. In 1997, <mask>

masks:
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Davis Love
Love
Mark Love
Love
Love


texts: published the book Every Shot I Take, which honors his father's lessons on life and golf, and it received the United States Golf Association's International Book Award.That year, he developed and designed his own golf course in Harnett County, North Carolina. The course, Anderson Creek Club, won an award for "Best New Course in North Carolina" in 2001. He and his wife Robin have two children. On November 9, 2008, <mask> earned his 20th PGA Tour win at the Children's Miracle Network Classic, which gave him a lifetime exemption on Tour. In 2012, <mask> captained the U.S. Team that lost the 2012 Ryder Cup. <mask>’s victory in the 2015 Wyndham Championship—at age 51—made him the third-oldest winner in PGA Tour history, trailing only Sam Snead and Art Wall Jr.The win made <mask> the oldest PGA Tour winner in the PGA Tour Champions era (since 1980). It also brought <mask> into select company in another PGA Tour distinction: he became only the third player to win on the tour in four different decades, joining Snead and Raymond Floyd. After failing to qualify for the FedEx Cup in 2014, <mask> made his Champions Tour debut at the Pacific Links Hawaii Championship. <mask> is the tournament host of the RSM Classic. In 2015, son <mask> IV (better known as Dru) earned a sponsor exemption into the event, but  missed the cut. In 2016, <mask> captained the winning U.S. Team at the 2016 Ryder Cup.After <mask> failed to qualify for the 2017 U.S. Open, he caddied for Dru, who made his professional debut. On December 16, 2018, <mask> and his son Dru

masks: Love Love Love Love Love Love Love Davis Love Davis Love


texts:
 won the Father/Son Challenge at Ritz-Carlton Golf Club in Orlando, Florida. For the 2020 PGA Tour season, <mask> joined CBS as a full-time analyst. In July 2020, <mask> announced that he was leaving his role with CBS in order to "focus on my family, play a few tournaments, and bring some stability back in a difficult year." On March 27, 2020, <mask>'s home in St. Simons Island, Georgia, was destroyed in a fire. <mask> and his wife escaped without injury. Legacy
 Has a portion of Interstate 95 named after him.In 1998, the segment of I-95 which extends in Georgia from the McIntosh County line to Highway 341 at exit 7A and B was designated the "Davis Love III Highway." <mask> hit the second-longest drive ever officially recorded in competition play at the Mercedes Championships in 2004. His  drive was still  short of Mike Austin's record. He also has a restaurant named after him in his hometown of Sea Island, Georgia, called the <mask> Love Grill. Amateur wins (2)
1984 North and South Amateur, Middle Atlantic Amateur

Professional wins (37)
PGA Tour wins (21)PGA Tour playoff record (2–7)Japan Golf Tour wins (1)

Other wins (15)Other playoff record (1–3)Major championships
Wins (1)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order in 2020. CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 8 (2001 U.S. Open – 2003 Masters)
Longest streak of top-10s – 3 (1998 Open Championship – 1999 Masters)

The Players Championship
Wins (2)

Results

masks: Love Love Love Love Love Davis


texts:
 timeline

CUT = missed the halfway cut
DQ = disqualified
"T" indicates a tie for a place. Results in World Golf Championships
Results not in chronological order before 2015.1Cancelled due to 9/11

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = Tied
WD = Withdrew
NT = No tournament
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary

*As of the 2021 season. U.S. national team appearancesAmateurWalker Cup: 1985 (winners)Professional'
Dunhill Cup: 1992
World Cup: 1992 (winners), 1993 (winners), 1994 (winners), 1995 (winners), 1997
Ryder Cup: 1993 (winners), 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2012 (non-playing captain), 2016 (non-playing captain, winners)
Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2022 (non-playing captain)
Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1996 (winners), 1998, 2012 (winners)

See also
1985 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins
List of men's major championships winning golfers
List of golfers with most wins in one PGA Tour event

References

External links

American male golfers
North Carolina Tar Heels men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
PGA Tour Champions golfers
Winners of men's major golf championships
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
World Golf Hall of Fame inductees
Golf course architects
Golf writers and broadcasters
Golfers from Charlotte, North Carolina
Golfers from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from St. Simons, Georgia
1964


texts:
<mask><mask> (1818–1887) was a Nova Scotian-born American actor and showman who is credited with staging the first theatrical production of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Early life
<mask> was born on January 6, 1818, at Halifax, Nova Scotia, the son of John Henry and Mary Ann (née Nevon) <mask>. <mask>’s father was originally a carpenter who later operated a successful tallow and ship chandler business until it was consumed in a devastating fire and his contracts with the British Navy were lost to competitors. <mask>’s first performances were as a choirboy at Catholic services in Halifax and later in amateur theater. He tried his hand at several trades, the last being tailoring, before leaving for Boston in 1836 to pursue an acting career. He made his professional debut in 1838 as <mask> at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and within a few years was playing major roles at the Boston Museum (theatre). He was the first there to play <mask> in Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s The Lady of Lyons; Sir <mask> in Victor Hugo’s The Hunchback of Notre Dame; and Romeo and Orlando in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and As You Like It.In the mid-1840s he formed the company, Howard and Foxes, with the Fox troupe, a family of actors from Cambridge, Massachusetts, and toured throughout the Northeast. <mask> "<mask>" Emily Fox, the talented fifteen-year-old daughter of <mask> and Emily Fox, married <mask> on October 31, 1844. At one time or another, her brothers <mask>. Fox (1), James Augustus Fox and <mask>. Fox would perform with <mask> over the following years. Uncle Tom's Cabin
In 1852 <mask> hired <mask>'s cousin <mask>. Aiken to adapt for the stage Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. The play debuted on September 27, 1852, at Peale’s Museum in Troy, New York, with a cast largely made up of family and friends of <mask>'s that included his four-year-old daughter, <mask>. The play

masks:
George C
. Howard
George Howard Cunnabell
Cnabell
Howard
Career Howard
George Cunnabell Howard
Claude Melnotte
Thomas Clifford
Caroline
Caddie
George
Howard
George L
Charles K
Howard
Howard
Caroline
George L
Howard
Colia


texts:
 was a great success and ran for over three months, an achievement for a small town theater. Aiken’s original script, which ran over three hours, ended with little Eva's death, Later that year he wrote a sequel that brought the story to a proper end which he soon merged with the original script to create the six-act play known today.The following year the play opened at Alexander H. Purdy’s National Theatre in the Bowery neighborhood of lower Manhattan and was well received. The play was directed by <mask>. Fox, who had become a local favorite there, and retained many of the original players from the first production. Uncle Tom’s Cabin would remain in continuous production somewhere in the United States well into the 1930s, an incredible accomplishment for any time. Later years
In 1857 <mask><mask> became the manager of the Troy Adelphi Theatre, but returned to the road after box office receipts did not meet expectations. In 1861 <mask> filled in as manager of Fox's New Bowery Theatre, while his brother-in-law <mask>. Fox served in the Civil War. After the war <mask> would return to the stage only on occasion. Death
<mask> <mask> died at his residence in Cambridge, Massachusetts on January 18, 1887.He was survived by his wife <mask>. The <mask>s had eight children, of which only three survived their parents. Adelia <mask> was born on May 10, 1846, and died five months later on  October 24. <mask> <mask>. was born on November 9, 1849, and died February 1, 1850. John Green <mask> was born on March 18, 1851, and died at age 12 on December 5, 1863. James Fox <mask> was born on November 10, 1853 and died on April 7, 1855. <mask> <mask> was born on May 10, 1856 and died at sea on June 12, 1884, while on a cruise to Europe.<mask> <mask> was born on May 10, 1829, at Boston, Massachusetts. She continued to play Topsy in various productions of Uncle Tom’s Cabin until her husband’s death in 1887. <mask> died in Cambridge on October 8,

masks:
George L
George C
. Howard
Howard
George L
Howard
George Cunnabell
Howard
Caroline
Howard
Ann Howard
George Cunnabell
Howard Jr
Howard
Howard
Charles Lafayette
Howard
Caroline Emily
Fox Howard
Caroline Fox


texts:
 1908. <mask> <mask> was born on February 1, 1848, at Providence, Rhodes Island and after a successful career as a child actor left the stage and married on June 23, 1871, Edmund J. MacDonald, a native of Scotland who worked for MacDonald and Sons as a bookbinder. She died on August 8, 1941, in Bourne, Massachusetts. Arthur Lincoln <mask> was born on October 20, 1865, at New York City and later became a prominent Boston lawyer after graduating from Harvard. He married Emily Stewart in 1895 and became the father of a daughter and two sons.Arthur died in 1929 on January 19 at Cambridge. Walter Scott <mask> was born on June 26, 1868, at New York City and later became an actor with Joseph Jefferson’s company before going on to play in a number of Shakespearean productions. He was a member of several New York stock companies and at one time he served as actress Ada Rehan’s manager. In 1897 Walter married actress Minnie Parker and soon became the father of a son, <mask><mask>. In later life Walter passed up an opportunity to direct in Hollywood and returned to Massachusetts where wrote about current events and published children’s books and works of poetry. In the mid-1920s Walter became involved in local government and served for a number of years as chairman of selectman for the town of Bourne, Massachusetts. Walter Scott <mask> died there on November 12, 1954 at the age of 86.<mask><mask> sold the family's papers to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin in 1963. Among the papers were the original manuscripts for stage production of Uncle Tom's Cabin by <mask>, playbills, scrapbooks, photographs, memoirs, and some of the <mask> family script library. Sources

External links
 <mask>. <mask> and Family Papers at the Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin

19th-century Canadian male actors
American male stage actors
1818 births
1887 deaths
Canadian male stage actors
Male actors from Halifax, Nova

masks:
Cordelia
Howard
Howard
Howard
George P
. Howard
Howard
George P
. Howard
George Aiken
Howard
George C
Howard


texts:
<mask> (; February 4, 1918 – December 19, 2001) was a Chinese author and dissident who was imprisoned various times for political reasons by both the Kuomintang and the Communist government of China for advocating reform and liberalization. His name at birth was "Shouhua" (), but he was most commonly known by his pen name, "Ruowang". He was a prolific essayist and literary critic. <mask> was a member of the Chinese Communist Party from 1937 to 1957, when he was expelled for holding "rightist views". He rejoined the Communist Party 1979, but in 1987 he was again expelled by Deng Xiaoping for promoting "bourgeois liberalization". After his death in exile in New York City, he was widely eulogized as one of the Chinese government's most significant social and political critics. Biography

Early life
In 1932, when <mask> was fifteen years old, he was expelled from school for taking part in a student demonstration.He joined the Communist Youth League later that year. In 1933 he moved to Shanghai, where he began work at a pharmaceutical factory while operating as a low-level Communist agent. While working at this factory he founded a publication, Toilet Literature, a newspaper that was distributed by being pasted on the walls of the factory workers' bathroom area. After writing an article in which he mocked Chiang Kai-shek for allowing the Japanese to seize Manchuria, he was arrested in May 1934, and sentenced to ten years in prison. After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Chiang Kai-shek declared a "united front" with the Communists against the

masks:
Wang Ruowang
Wang
Wang


texts:
 Japanese, and <mask> was released after serving only three and a half years of his sentence as part of a general amnesty. Some of the Communists imprisoned with <mask> became successful officials after the Communist victory in 1949: one became the governor of Guangdong, and another became the deputy governor of Anhui. After <mask>'s release, in 1937, he joined the Communist Party of China and traveled to the Communist base in Yan'an.After arriving, <mask> wrote one of the first biographical articles on Mao Zedong, and edited cultural journals intended to be circulated among peasants. He joined the Communist Party in order to "fight evil, autocracy and oppression", but was persecuted during the 1942 Yan'an Rectification Campaign for writing for a controversial wall newspaper, Light Cavalry, which was condemned by Party leaders for discussing dark and unsavory aspects of life in Yan'an. One of his friends was killed during the purge. After the purge, <mask> was forced by Mao's lieutenant, Kang Sheng, to leave Yan'an and travel to Japanese-occupied Shandong as a low-level Communist agent, where he survived only "through the kindness of peasants". After entering Japanese-occupied China, <mask> was briefly imprisoned by the Japanese, but was released. Early conflict with the Communist Party
After the Japanese surrendered, in 1945, <mask> was pardoned by Kang. He returned to Shanghai, where he worked at the East China Bureau Propaganda Department.He became a co-editor of a prominent local newspaper, and gained a reputation as an essayist and literary critic. In 1956,

masks: Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang


texts: after Mao encouraged writers to criticize the Communist Party in the "Hundred Flowers Campaign", <mask> published ten articles critical of the Communist Party. These articles made him an early victim of the subsequent "Anti-Rightist Campaign", when those who had followed Mao's directions and spoken out were persecuted as "rightists". After being identified as a "rightist", <mask> was expelled from the Party, lost his job, and was forced to work at a forced labour camp in the countryside. His wife, Li Ming, was also persecuted for her association with him. After refusing to condemn him, she also lost her job and suffered a mental breakdown. The Communist Party removed <mask>'s "rightist" label in 1962, but soon after <mask> angered the Party again by publishing a story, "History of a Cauldron", in which he satirized the policies of the Great Leap Forward as cruel, impractical, and ironic.This story led the local leader of the Communist Party, Ke Qingshi, to renew the Party's attacks on <mask> and his family. Before she died, in 1964, <mask>'s wife begged him to protect his family by never writing again. <mask> blamed the Communist Party for her death. After the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, <mask> was persecuted as a "counterrevolutionary". He was imprisoned for four years in the same prison building that the Kuomintang had imprisoned him in during the 1930s, enduring conditions that he later described as "fascist brutality". <mask> remained a political outcast until 1979, following Deng Xiaoping's ascent to power, when <mask> was allowed to rejoin the

masks: Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang


texts:
 Communist Party as part of a national programme to rehabilitate those unjustly persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. Following his political rehabilitation, he continued to criticize the government and agitated for greater human rights and democratic reforms.Following <mask>'s rehabilitation, he was assigned to work as the deputy director of a Shanghai literary magazine. He resumed his literary career, becoming a member of the councils of both the Shanghai Writers' Association and the Chinese Writers' Association. In 1980 he published an autobiographical novel, Hunger Trilogy, which included a semi-fictional account of his time in both Kuomintang and Communist political prisons. In the book, <mask> recalled how the Communists' political prisons had been much more cruel than Kuomintang political prisons. The book angered many Party officials by asserting that, although Chiang's and Mao's dictatorships used hunger as a weapon against their political opponents, Mao was more systematic and ruthless. Hunger Trilogy is the most well-known of <mask>'s books to be translated into English, and was well-received abroad. Within China, the article of his that gained the most attention was published in 1986, titled "One-Party Dictatorship Can Only Lead to Tyranny".Involvement with student protests
In December 1986, college students demonstrated in over a dozen Chinese cities in order to agitate for greater economic and political freedoms. Deng Xiaoping, after two straight weeks of student demonstrations, came to the conclusion that the student movement was a result of

masks: Wang Wang Wang


texts: "bourgeois liberalization", and named three Communist Party members to be expelled: Fang Lizhi, Liu Binyan, and <mask>wang. Deng personally attacked <mask> for being "wildly presumptuous", and accused him of five "major mistakes", including a belief that Chinese socialism was "feudal or semi-feudal in essence". Because he was the oldest of the three protest leaders, <mask> later gained a reputation as "the grandfather of Chinese dissidents". Of the three, he remained in China the longest. Deng directed then-CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang to expel them from the Party, but Hu refused. Because of his refusal, Hu was dismissed from his position as General Secretary in January 1987, effectively ending his period of influence within the Chinese government.Following <mask>'s second expulsion from the Communist Party, Party officials attempted to mediate with <mask> to change <mask>'s critical opinion of them, but were unsuccessful. In an interview with a reporter from Hong Kong in 1988, <mask> came close to advocating the abolition of the Chinese Communist Party. When the Tiananmen Square protests began in 1989, <mask> wrote a letter to Deng in support of the protesters, and organized a student march on Shanghai's city hall. The Tiananmen protests were suppressed in the June 4 "Tiananmen Massacre", and <mask> went into hiding in the countryside on June 14. His friends influenced him to return to Shanghai on June 19 by convincing him that he would not be arrested. <mask> was one of the few senior leaders of the Tiananmen protests who did not escape China. Following his

masks:
Wang Ruo
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang


texts:
 return to Shanghai, <mask> was put under house arrest until he was formally charged for his involvement in the demonstrations on September 8, 1989.He was accused in the Chinese media of "listening to the Voice of America and spreading rumors based on its broadcasts, writing articles in support of the student hunger strike, giving counterrevolutionary speeches on Shanghai's People's Square... publishing articles in the Hong Kong press", and trying to "overthrow the Party's leadership" with his writing. <mask> was sentenced to fourteen months in prison. After his release from prison, his activities were closely watched by the government. Life in exile
In 1992, following pressure from the American government, <mask> was allowed to leave his home in Shanghai, in order to accept a temporary position as a visiting scholar at Columbia University, in New York City. He lived as an exile in the United States from then until his death, but always dreamed of returning to China. He traveled widely through North America, attempting to unite other exiled Chinese dissidents in a common cause, but was unsuccessful. He died on December 19, 2001, two weeks after his doctors discovered that he had terminal lung cancer.One week before <mask>'s death the Chinese government offered to allow <mask> to return to China on the condition that he not publish articles critical of the Chinese government or meet with local dissidents, but he refused. He was sent to Elmhurst Hospital in New York City, where he died. He was survived by his second wife, Yang Zi, and seven children. Two of his

masks: Wang Wang Wang Wang Wang


texts:
 children flew from Shanghai to be with him before he died. Following <mask>'s death, the Chinese government arrested ten men in Shanghai for discussing the possibility of a memorial service for <mask>. Hundreds of people visited his memorial service in New York, including the most significant Chinese exiles then living in the United States. Some of those present included Liu Binyan, Fang Lizhi, Yan Jiaqi, Harry Wu, Wei Jingsheng, Xiao Qiang, <mask>, Tang Baiqiao, Cao Changqing, Chen Pokong and Gao Zhan.A representative of The Dalai Lama, who <mask> had met several times following his exile, eulogized him at the memorial as a "freedom fighter". Footnotes

References
 Cheng, Eddie. "People of 1989: <mask>wang". Standoff At Tiananmen. December 19, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2013. Derbyshire, John."The Single Talent Well Employ'd: <mask>wang 1918-2001". National Review Online. January 3, 2002. Retrieved April 28, 2013. Gittings, John. "<mask>wang: Dissident Chinese Intellectual Devoted to Exposing 'False Marxists'". The Guardian.January 9, 2002. Retrieved April 28, 2013. "Dalai Lama Calls <mask> a Freedom Fighter for a Liberal and Democratic China". International Campaign for Tibet. December 30, 2001. Retrieved April 27, 2013. Lee, Khoon Choy.Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. 2005. .
 Mirsky, Jonathan. "The Life and Death of <mask>wang". China Brief. Volume 2, Issue 2. Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation.2002. Retrieved April 27, 2013. "<mask>, 83, Writer And Dissident Exiled by China". New

masks:
Wang
Wang
Wang Dan
Wang
Wang Ruo
Wang Ruo
Wang Ruo
Wang Ruowang
Wang Ruo
Wang Ruowang


texts:
 York Times. December 23, 2001. Retrieved April 27, 2013. Rubin, Kyna."Introduction: The Growth of a Nation and an Intellectual". In <mask>. The Hunger Trilogy. Trans. Kyna Rubin and Ira Kasoff. United States: East Gate. 1991. . Retrieved April 28, 2013.Woo, Elaine. "<mask>, 83; Social Critic Spurned by 2 Chinese Regimes". Los Angeles Times. December 22, 2001. Retrieved April 27, 2013/

External links
 Wangruowang.org, a biography of <mask>wang. A review of <mask>'s book, Hunger Trilogy. 1918 births
2001 deaths
Chinese dissidents
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
People's Republic of China essayists
Writers from Changzhou
20th-century novelists
Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party
Chinese male novelists
20th-century essayists
Victims of the Anti-Rightist Campaign
Chinese emigrants to the United

masks:
Wang Ruowang
Wang Ruowang
Wang Ruo
Wang


texts:
<mask> (born 13 May 1947) is an American herpetologist. He is currently professor of biology at University of Texas at Arlington. He was a distinguished professor and chair of the Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas. <mask> earned his Bachelor of Science in biology at the University of Texas at Arlington, and he earned his PhD degree in systematics and ecology in 1982 at University of Kansas. Honors and awards
 June 2014 - Distinguished Honoree
 March 2014 - Distinguished Alumnus Award
 August 2012 - Fitch Award for Excellence in Herpetology
 June 2008 - W. Frank Blair Eminent Naturalist Award
 June 2003 - Texas Distinguished Scientist
 May 2000 - Nominee, Piper Professor Award
 February 2000 - Research Associate
 January 2000 - Scientific Achievement Award
 June 1999 - Distinguished Herpetologist of the Herpetologists’ League
 May 1999 - Academy of Distinguished Teachers
 May 1998 - Distinguished Record of Research Award
 May 1990 - Excellence in Research Award
 May 1990 - Chancellor's Council Excellence in Teaching Award

Taxa

Named after him
Taxa named after him include:
Bothrocophias campbelli (Freire-Lascano, 1991)
Abronia campbelli E.D. Brodie Jr. & Savage, 1993
Bothrops jonathani Harvey, 1994
Incilius campbelli

masks:
Jonathan Atwood Campbell
Campbell