texts:
Vivencio "<mask>" <mask> (born August 18, 1974) is a Filipino economist, consultant and political aide who previously served as President and CEO of the Bases Conversion and Development Authority. He is also serving as President Rodrigo Duterte's Adviser on Flagship Programs and Projects and as Deputy Chief Implementer of the National Action Plan Against COVID-19. Early life and education
<mask> was born on August 18, 1974, in Quezon City but spent most of his childhood in Porac, Pampanga. He attended Don Bosco Technical College for high school. From 1991 to 1996, he studied at De La Salle University (DLSU) where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics and a Bachelor of Science in Commerce degree in Management of Financial Institutions. While there, he was a representative and vice-president of the DLSU Student Government. He was a consistent member of the Dean's Honors List and was awarded an Outstanding Thesis in Finance.From 1998 to 1999, while a recipient of the British Chevening Scholarship Award, <mask> went to the University of Reading for his masteral studies. He graduated in December 1999 with a Master of Science degree in Applied Developmental Studies. Career
After his undergraduate studies, from 1996 to 1998, <mask> worked as an economic staffer to then-Senate President Edgardo Angara. He also served as his chief-of-staff from 2002 to 2004. From 1999 to 2002, he was an assistant professor of Economics at DLSU. In 2004, he worked for the presidential campaign of Fernando Poe Jr. as a close-in assistant. After the 2004 elections, <mask> moved to the Czech Republic where he worked at the University of Northern Virginia Prague Campus as a senior lecturer in Economics, Finance and Statistics.From 2007 to 2011, <mask> was the Vice-President for Corporate Communications of Strategic Alliance Holdings Inc. - Technologies. He then entered politics again in 2011, during the term of President Benigno Aquino III, when he became an Undersecretary at the Office of the Political Adviser under the Office of the President. He served in that position until

masks:
Vince
Bringas Dizon
Dizon
Dizon
Dizon
Dizon
Dizon


type: original

texts:
 2013, when he then became a consultant to then-Senate Majority Leader Alan Peter Cayetano. He worked for Cayetano until July 2016. Bases Conversion and Development Authority

<mask> was appointed president and CEO of the Bases Conversion and Development Authority in August 2016. As such, he also became the chairman of the Subic-Clark Alliance Development, vice-chairman of the Clark International Airport Corporation, BCDA representative to the Clark Development Corporation board and member of the boards of directors of Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation, Bonifacio Estates Services Corporation and Bonifacio Global City Estates Association. Upon his assumption of the post, <mask>, together with BCDA Chairman Gregorio Garcia III, revamped BCDA's brand statement, “We Build Great Cities While We Strengthen the Armed Forces” to emphasize the agency's mandate of providing economic opportunities to its military stakeholders while transforming former military camps into centers of growth.During <mask>'s term as BCDA chief, the agency posted its highest contribution to its major stakeholder, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). BCDA remitted ₱15.16 billion to the AFP in the first three years of the Duterte administration alone, accounting for 33 percent of the total contributions made since 1993. Under <mask>, BCDA has remitted a total of ₱16.367 billion to the National Treasury. BCDA's total assets increased by 7 percent from Php182 billion in 2018 to Php195 billion in 2019. <mask> prioritized the development of Clark which is aligned with President Duterte's plan to decongest the capital Metro Manila and develop other potential economic hubs in the regions. On November 27, 2018, BCDA inaugurated its corporate office in Clark Global City and transferred part of its operations there, as part of the move to decentralize state offices in Manila. In the same month, <mask> led BCDA's launch of “Clark: It Works, Like a Dream,” a major campaign which integrates four investment districts namely, the Clark Freeport Zone, Clark Global City, Clark International Airport and

masks: Dizon Dizon Dizon Dizon Dizon Dizon


texts: the New Clark City.<mask> saw Clark as one of the most financially viable lands of BCDA and prioritized the expansion of the Clark International Airport and the development of the Philippines’ first smart, green, sustainable and resilient metropolis, New Clark City. In October 2020, the government announced that the construction of the new Clark International Airport Passenger Terminal Building is already 100 percent completed, and will be operational by 2021. His term also saw quick development of New Clark City Phase 1A which served as the main sports hub for the 2019 Southeast Asian Games. The BCDA also hosted other major sporting events in the new sports complex, such as the 1st Philippine National Open Swimming Championships, Philippine Athletics Track and Field Association (PATAFA) qualifiers, and the first New Clark City Triathlon. President Duterte included <mask> as a member of the Cabinet cluster on infrastructure in July 2019, and in September the same year, he was named Presidential Adviser for Flagship Programs and Projects to oversee monitoring and implementation of the administration's flagship infrastructure programs, and making recommendations thereto. In November 2019, on a Senate interpellation for the Philippine Sports Commission Budget for 2020, <mask> was prominently coaching Senator Bong Go how to answer questions raised by Senator Franklin Drilon on the future financial viability of facilities built in BDCA for the 2019 Southeast Asian Games. In October 2020, the Citizens Crime Watch Association  filed before the Office of the Ombudsman a complaint  for graft and malversation against <mask>, Government Corporate Counsel Elpidio Vega, and Isaac David, the director of Malaysian firm MTD Capital Berhad – the BCDA's partner in building New Clark.over the P11-billion New Clark facilities utilized in the 2019 SEA Games. In December 2020, <mask> was appointed by President Duterte as the OIC chairperson of Clark Development Corporation, a subsidiary of the BCDA that manages Clark Freeport Zone. On October 15, 2021, <mask> filed his resignation as


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 BCDA president. National Action Plan Against COVID-19

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and even while serving as BCDA chief, <mask> was appointed National Action Plan Against COVID-19 Deputy Chief Implementer, contributing to the government's policies in response to COVID-19 and serving as the country's Testing Czar. As chief coordinator of the government's "Test, Trace and Treat" strategy, <mask> played an active role in improving the Philippines’ COVID-19 testing capacity. In September, <mask> reported that 3 million Filipinos have been tested, with daily testing capacity reaching 42,000. <mask> was also actively involved in the conversion of major facilities to mega quarantine centers for COVID patients.In Clark, <mask> initiated the setting up of Task Force Clark Safe Haven to assist overseas Filipino workers (OFWs), both those stranded by the lockdown and those returning to the country. Through <mask> and the Clark Development Corporation (CDC), Clark was able to host the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) bubble, the first sports event in the country amid the COVID-19 pandemic. In November 2021, <mask> took his oath of office as the new Presidential Adviser for COVID response. According to acting presidential spokesperson Karlo Nograles, his office is focused on the vaccination efforts of government. Personal life
<mask> is married to Essie <mask> and they have one daughter. Awards received
<mask> was named one of the 2019 People Asia's People of the Year, for his part in the Philippine economic team and his active role in the implementation of the Duterte's Build Build Build infrastructure program. He is also an Asia CEO Awards 2019 Circle of Excellence Awardee and was featured by Pampanga-based newspaper Punto!as “2018 Man of the Year” for the projects he spearheaded in Clark. References

1974 births
Living people
Filipino civil servants
De La Salle University alumni
Alumni of the University of Reading
Filipino chief executives
Duterte Administration personnel
Benigno Aquino III Administration personnel
People from Quezon City
People from

masks:
Dizon
Dizon
Dizon
Dizon
Dizon
Dizon
Dizon
Dizon
Romero Dizon
Dizon


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<mask> (born December 10, 1957 in Columbia, South Carolina) is an American soccer coach who has worked in the game at the club, collegiate and professional levels. He was the head men's soccer coach at Concordia University, Portland until April 2020 when the University Board of Directors announced that they were ceasing operations due to irreversible financial hardship . Upon Concordia's shift to NCAA DII in 2015, <mask> was the 10th all-time winningest men's soccer coach in NAIA history (27 years in NAIA, with .671 winning percentage). Biography and playing career
<mask> spent much of his youth in northern California, and moved to Washington before entering high school. He was a state championship basketball player there and multi-sport athlete, but discovered and fell in love with soccer in 1974 when saw an acquaintance juggling a soccer ball with his feet. He played club and high school soccer in Tacoma under German coach Yontz Miller. Birkey traveled through Central America in 1976 playing soccer and learning the game.<mask> was later recruited to compete at Warner Pacific College. While captaining the WPC team, <mask> set several school goal and assist records and was sixth in the nation in collegiate scoring and was named to several conference and region all star teams. In his senior year alone <mask> tallied 18 goals and 9 assists. <mask> was a top goal scorer and All-Star player for the Horse Brass Soccer Club where he played under British manager Clive Charles in the Oregon First Division and later with the championship Iguanas SC in the Over 30's Division. In 1979, <mask> departed WPC as a Conference and West Coast All-Star and left for South America the following summer. While there, he taught physical education and coached soccer at Christiansen Academy in Rubio, Venezuela, and played as a striker for Zulia FC then moving to the prestigious

masks:
Daniel Birkey
Birkey
Birkey
Birkey
Birkey
Birkey
Birkey
Birkey


texts:
 Deportivo Táchira soccer club in San Cristobal. As an American international, <mask> became popular on and off the pitch in Venezuela, earning him the nickname "El Torito Blanco" among local soccer fans for his relentless work ethic, tenacious style of play and off-field engagement in common public life.Coaching career
After returning to Oregon from South America, <mask> became limited as a player due to several knee surgeries and focused on his coaching career leading Columbia High School in Troutdale, OR. Having played under Clive Charles, he was invited to coach with him at the club level and worked numerous years as a staff coach at the Portland Timbers youth camps along with Timbers players from the late 1970s and early 1980s. It was <mask>'s professional relationship with Charles that set the model for much of his coaching philosophy. In 1985, he began coaching at the collegiate level at Portland Community College while working in Sports Medicine. After earning his master's degree in Kinesiology from Portland State in 1986, he began coaching at Concordia University, Portland, in 1988. Since that time, he has become most widely known for the prolific success of Concordia men's soccer. A significant milestone was made for his Concordia soccer program as CU athletics gained membership to the Great Northwest Athletic Conference (GNAC) and transitioned to NCAA DII competition in the Fall of 2015.In 1992, <mask> led the Concordia Cavaliers to a National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) District Championship and into the title game of the NCCAA national tournament that same year. "The Navy" soccer team became a Cascade Conference power with NAIA regional tournament appearances in thirteen of the past sixteen years, and a top-twenty national ranking in fourteen of those years. Their highest ranking is fifth nationally. He directed Concordia

masks: Birkey Birkey Birkey Birkey


texts: to regional championships and NAIA national tournament berths in 1999, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2010. In 2000, <mask> was named to the Cascade Conference Coaches Hall of Fame after receiving numerous district, conference, and regional Coach of the Year awards. <mask> has amassed over 400 wins and a .642 winning percentage at Concordia. He has earned eighteen championships during that time, including 13 of his last 15 Cascade Collegiate Conference championships.In 2007, <mask> led the Cavs to their tenth-straight regional tournament appearance after capturing the conference regular season title. Under his guidance the CU men's soccer program were crowned CCC Champions in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012 qualifying the CU team for the NAIA national tournament 7 times in program history. <mask> was instrumental in the 7.5 million dollar on-campus soccer stadium which opened in 2011 and worked closely with CU administrators and NIKE soccer to name the soccer field "Tuominen Yard" in respect to former CU soccer All-American (1994) and NIKE soccer marketing agent Jarkko Tuominen who died unexpectedly in September 2005. NIKE soccer maintained a strong relationship with the program and provided sponsorship until the galling closure of the program in 2020. <mask> served as interim athletic director at Concordia in the mid-1990s and continued as a professor in the Exercise & Sport Science Department. He was hired in 1996 as the head coach for the Cascade Surge, a professional team in the USISL. <mask> directs the highly successful Concordia Soccer Camps attracting hundreds of young soccer players each summer.He also served six years as the conference chairman for men's soccer and was the regional chair for men's soccer from 2001–04 and 2006-08. In 2011 <mask> was appointed to the NAIA Men's Soccer Executive Board and

masks: Birkey Birkey Birkey Birkey Birkey Birkey Birkey


texts:
 administered on the 2013 and 2014 National Tournament Games Committee. In January 2014 he was appointed National President of the NAIA Men's Soccer Coaches Association but regretfully ended his leadership service to the NAIA as Concordia turned its focus to NCAA DII and the GNAC. <mask> was awarded a Meritorious Service Award from the NAIA national office in April 2015 and continues to be resource to the NAIA as a member of their Past Presidents group. In 2020, prior to their closure, <mask> was inducted into the Concordia University Athletic Hall of Fame recognizing his total of 401 CU career wins during his 32 years of service to the University(1988-2020). <mask> has continued to develop in his coaching education by numerous appointments and visitations in the professional ranks. He has coached in Costa Rica, Trinidad, Antigua, and has held staff visitations in the English Premiership with Portsmouth Football Club in 2006, 2007 and 2008 (FA Cup winners) while managed by Harry Redknapp.Most recently <mask> has been involved with Everton Football Club in Liverpool and spent time with staff there including then First Team manager David Moyes and with the Reserve Team under Alan Stubbs, David Weir and Andy Holden in 2013. References

www.naia.org

External links
Profile at Concordia Cavaliers website

American expatriate soccer players
American soccer coaches
Deportivo Táchira F.C. players
Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon
1957 births
Sportspeople from Columbia, South Carolina
Living people
USISL coaches
Portland State University alumni
Warner Pacific Knights men's soccer players
Concordia University (Oregon)
American soccer players
Association footballers not categorized by position
People from Sumner, Washington
Soccer players from South Carolina
Portland Community College faculty
College men's soccer coaches in the United States
Soccer players from


texts:
<mask> FRS (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal. His main achievements were the preparation of a 3,000-star catalogue, Catalogus Britannicus, and a star atlas called Atlas Coelestis, both published posthumously. He also made the first recorded observations of Uranus, although he mistakenly catalogued it as a star, and he laid the foundation stone for the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Life

<mask> was born in Denby, Derbyshire, England, the only son of <mask> and his first wife, Mary Spadman. He was educated at the free school of Derby and at Derby School, in St Peter's Churchyard, Derby, near where his father carried on a malting business. At that time, most masters of the school were Puritans. Flamsteed had a solid knowledge of Latin, essential for reading the scientific literature of the day, and a love of history, leaving the school in May 1662.His progress to Jesus College, Cambridge, recommended by the Master of Derby School, was delayed by some years of chronic ill health. During those years, Flamsteed gave his father some help in his business, and from his father learnt arithmetic and the use of fractions, developing a keen interest in mathematics and astronomy. In July 1662, he was fascinated by the thirteenth-century work of Johannes de Sacrobosco,  De sphaera mundi, and on 12 September 1662 observed his first partial solar eclipse. Early in 1663, he read Thomas Fale's Horologiographia: The Art of Dialling, which set off an interest in sundials. In the summer of 1663, he read Wingate's Canon, William Oughtred's Canon, and Thomas Stirrup's Art of Dialling. At about the same time, he acquired Thomas Street's Astronomia Carolina, or A New Theory of the Celestial Motions (Caroline Tables). He associated himself with local gentlemen interested in astronomy,

masks:
John Flamsteed
Flamsteed
Stephen Flamsteed


texts: including William Litchford, whose library included the work of the astrologer <mask> which included astronomical tables by Jeremiah Horrocks, who had died in 1641 at the age of twenty-two.<mask> was greatly impressed (as Isaac Newton had been) by the work of Horrocks. In August 1665, at the age of nineteen and as a gift for his friend Litchford, Flamsteed wrote his first paper on astronomy, entitled Mathematical Essays, concerning the design, use and construction of an astronomer's quadrant, including tables for the latitude of Derby. In September 1670, Flamsteed visited Cambridge and entered his name as an undergraduate at Jesus College. While it seems he never took up full residence, he was there for two months in 1674, and had the opportunity to hear Isaac Newton's Lucasian Lectures. Ordained a deacon, he was preparing to take up a living in Derbyshire when he was invited to London by his patron Jonas Moore, Surveyor-General of the Ordnance. Moore had recently made an offer to the Royal Society to pay for the establishment of an observatory. These plans were, however, preempted when Charles II was persuaded by his mistress, Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, to hear about a proposal to find longitude by the position of the Moon from an individual known as Le Sieur de St Pierre.Charles appointed a Royal Commission to examine the proposal in December 1674, consisting of Lord Brouncker, Seth Ward, Samuel Moreland, Christopher Wren, Silius Titus, <mask> and Robert Hooke. Having arrived in London on 2 February 1675, and staying with Jonas Moore at the Tower of London, Flamsteed had the opportunity to be taken by Titus to meet the King. He was subsequently admitted as an official Assistant to the Royal Commission and supplied observations in order to test St Pierre's proposal and to offer his own comments. The

masks:
John Gadbury
Flamsteed
John Pell


texts: commission's conclusions were that, although St Pierre's proposal was not worth further consideration, the King should consider establishing an observatory and appointing an observer in order to better map the stars and the motions of the Moon in order to underpin the successful development of the lunar-distance method of finding longitude. On 4 March 1675 Flamsteed was appointed by royal warrant "The King's Astronomical Observator" – the first English Astronomer Royal, with an allowance of £100 a year. The warrant stated his task as "rectifieing the Tables of the motions of the Heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired Longitude of places for Perfecteing the Art of Navigation". In June 1675, another royal warrant provided for the founding of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and Flamsteed laid the foundation stone on 10 August.In February 1676, he was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in July, he moved into the Observatory where he lived until 1684, when he was "[e]levated to the priesthood [and] appointed rector" of the small village of Burstow, near Crawley in Surrey. He held that office, as well as that of Astronomer Royal, until his death. He is buried at Burstow, and the east window in the church was dedicated to him as a memorial. The will of Flamsteed's widow, Margaret, left instructions for her own remains to be deposited "in the same Grave in which Mr <mask> is buryed in the Chancell of Burstow Church". She also left instructions, and twenty five pounds, for the executor of her will to place "in the aforesaid Chancell of Burstow … A Marble stone or Monument, with an inscription in Latin, in memory of the late Reverend Mr. <mask>". It seems no such monument was created, and almost 200 years later, a plaque was placed to mark his burial in the chancel. After his

masks:
John Flamed
John Flamsteed


texts:
 death, his papers and scientific instruments were taken by his widow.The papers were returned many years later, but the instruments disappeared. Scientific work

Flamsteed accurately calculated the solar eclipses of 1666 and 1668. He was responsible for several of the earliest recorded sightings of the planet Uranus, which he mistook for a star and catalogued as '34 Tauri'. The first of these was in December 1690, which remains the earliest known sighting of Uranus by an astronomer. In October 1672, when Mars was in opposition, Flamsteed used eyepieces with illuminated micrometer reticle carrying double cross-hairs, to measure Mars diurnal parallax, thus allowing Flamsteed to estimate the distance to Mars and hence the astronomical unit. To this end, Flamsteed compared to apparent shift of Mars during the night with respect to other stars, this shift being superimposed on Mars apparent night-to-night course among the stars. On 16 August 1680 Flamsteed catalogued a star, 3 Cassiopeiae, that later astronomers were unable to corroborate.Three hundred years later, the American astronomical historian William Ashworth suggested that what Flamsteed may have seen was the most recent supernova in the galaxy's history, an event which would leave as its remnant the strongest radio source outside of the Solar System, known in the third Cambridge (3C) catalogue as 3C 461 and commonly called Cassiopeia A by astronomers. Because the position of "3 Cassiopeiae" does not precisely match that of Cassiopeia A, and because the expansion wave associated with the explosion has been worked backward to the year 1667 and not 1680, some historians feel that all Flamsteed may have done was incorrectly note the position of a star already known. In 1681 Flamsteed proposed that the two great comets observed in November and December 1680 were not


texts:
 separate bodies, but rather a single comet travelling first towards the Sun and then away from it. Although Isaac Newton first disagreed with Flamsteed, he later came to agree with him and theorized that comets, like planets, moved around the Sun in large, closed elliptical orbits. Flamsteed later learned that Newton had gained access to his observations and data through Edmund Halley, his former assistant with whom he previously had a cordial relationship. As Astronomer Royal, Flamsteed spent some forty years observing and making meticulous records for his star catalogue, which would eventually triple the number of entries in Tycho Brahe's sky atlas. Unwilling to risk his reputation by releasing unverified data, he kept the incomplete records under seal at Greenwich.In 1712, Isaac Newton, then President of the Royal Society, and Edmund Halley again obtained Flamsteed's data and published a pirated star catalogue. Flamsteed managed to gather three hundred of the four hundred printings and burned them. "If Sir I.N. would be sensible of it, I have done both him and Dr. Halley a great kindness," he wrote to his assistant Abraham Sharp. In 1725 Flamsteed's own version of Historia Coelestis Britannica was published posthumously, edited by his wife, Margaret. This contained Flamsteed's observations, and included a catalogue of 2,935 stars to much greater accuracy than any prior work. It was considered the first significant contribution of the Greenwich Observatory, and the numerical Flamsteed designations for stars that were added subsequently to a French edition are still in use.In 1729 his wife published his Atlas Coelestis, assisted by Joseph Crosthwait and Abraham Sharp, who were responsible for the technical side. Honours
 Fellow of the Royal Society (1677)
 The Flamsteed Astronomy Society is named in his honour, and is


texts:
 based at The Royal Observatory Greenwich. The crater Flamsteed on the Moon is named after him. The asteroid 4987 Flamsteed is named in his honour. He is commemorated in several Derbyshire schools. The science block at John Port Spencer Academy is named Flamsteed, <mask>ed House at the Ecclesbourne School in Duffield is also named after him.Derby City Council erected a Blue Plaque in his honour at the Queen Street former Clock Works in Derby, which also honours Joseph Wright of Derby who lived in the house formerly owned by Flamsteed. See also
 Flamsteed objects
 3 Cassiopeiae (possibly a supernova sighting or recording error)

References

Further reading
 Die große Flamsteed-Edition, Himmelskartographie von 1776 bis 1805, 94 originalgetreu faksimilierte Himmelskarten, Albireo Verlag Köln, 2017, . The correspondence of <mask>, the first Astronomer Royal compiled and edited by Eric G. Forbes, ... Lesley Murdin and Frances Willmoth. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1995–2002    (v. 1);  (v. 2) ;  (v.3)
The Gresham lectures of <mask>, edited and introduced by Eric G. Forbes. London: Mansell, 1975
Newton's Tyranny: The Suppressed Scientific Discoveries of Stephen Gray and <mask>, David H. Clark & Stephen H.P. Clark. W. H. Freeman, 2001

External links

 Online catalogue of Flamsteed's working and personal papers (part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives held at Cambridge University Library)
Baily, Francis (1837) Supplement to the account of the Rev <mask>steed, at archive.org, containing Flamsteed's own narrative of the conflict with Newton and numerous letters
 <mask>lamsteed Biography (SEDS)
 Rare book collection at the Vienna Institute of Astronomy
 Flamsteed biography
 Flamsteed Astronomy Society

Star catalogues
Historiae coelestis libri duo.e-rara.ch. — pirated by Isaac Newton and Edmund Halley edition

masks:
Johnste
John Flamsteed
John Fsteed
John Flamsteed
John Flam
John F


texts:
 of Flamsteed's British star catalogue (1712)
Historia Coelestis Britannica, Volume 1 (1725)
Historia Coelestis Britannica, Volume 2 (1725)
Historia Coelestis Britannica, Volume 3 (1725) (British Catalogue page)
Éphémérides des mouvemens célestes. — French edition of the British Catalogue with Flamsteed numbers (1783)
Caroline Herschel. Catalogue of Stars, taken from Mr. <mask>'s observations contained in the second volume of the Historia Cœlestis, and not inserted in the British Catalogue ... By Carolina Herschel. With introductory and explanatory remarks to each of them. By William Herschel (1798)
Francis Baily. A Catalogue of the Positions (in 1690) of 564 Stars observed by Flamsteed, but not inserted in his British Catalogue, together with some Remarks on Flamsteed's Observations.(1829)
Francis Baily. An Account of the Revd. <mask>, the First Astronomer-royal: Compiled from His Own Manuscripts, and Other Authentic Documents, Never Before Published. To which is Added His British Catalogue of Stars, Corrected and Enlarged (1835)
Wagman, M. Flamsteed's Missing Stars (1987)

Atlas Coelestis
  — scan of the 1st edition (1729)
 Atlas Coelestis — full digital facsimile of the 1st edition, Linda Hall Library (1729)
  — full scan of the 2nd edition (1753)
Atlas coelestis, Londra Edizione del 1753 da www.atlascoelestis.com
Atlas coelestis, Londra Edizione del 1753 colorata a mano da www.atlascoelestis.com
  — scan of the 3rd edition (1776)
 Atlas Céleste de Flamstéed — French edition reproduced by J. Fortin, full digital facsimile of the 3rd edition, Linda Hall Library (1776)

1646 births
1719 deaths
English Anglicans
17th-century English astronomers
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Astronomers Royal
Fellows of the Royal Society
People educated at Derby School
People from Denby
Christ's Hospital staff
18th-century British

masks:
Flamsteed
John Flamsteed


texts: <mask><mask>" <mask> (May 15, 1891 or 1893 – August 1, 1921), was Police Chief of Matewan, West Virginia during the Battle of Matewan, a shootout that followed a series of evictions carried out by detectives from the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency. <mask> was born in Blackberry, Pike County, Kentucky, the tenth of twelve children (of whom nine survived infancy) of <mask> (c. 1843/45 – 1923), a tenant farmer, and his wife Rebecca Crabtree (b. circa 1856). His grandfather, <mask>, was a half-brother to <mask> (1789–1867), grandfather of William Anderson "Devil Anse" <mask>, leader of the <mask> family involved in the famous Hatfield-McCoy Feud (see Hatfield Family Tree). According to the 1900 Census, two older brothers, Orison and Hereford, an older sister Chloe, and a younger sister and brother, Martha Alice and Freeland, were then still living at home with him and their parents. His eldest sister Vandalia or Vandella was already married by this time, and an older brother, Melvin, had left home. As a child, Hatfield worked on his father's farm. He became a miner in his teens, and then worked as a blacksmith for several years.He received his nickname, "Smilin' <mask>", because of the gold caps on several of his upper teeth. He seems to have had a reputation for hard living and fighting, and his appointment in 1919 to the post of Police Chief of Matewan, by the mayor, Cabell Cornelis Testerman (1882–1920), surprised some of the more "respectable" townsfolk. However, he was a staunch supporter of the United Mine Workers of America, as was Testerman: together, they were instrumental in leading the mining community's resistance to the Baldwin-Felts operatives. Operatives offered both men substantial bribes to allow them to station machine guns in the town. Hatfield and Testerman

masks:
William Sidney "
Sid
Hatfield
History Hatfield
Jacob Hatfield
Jeremiah Hatfield
Valentine Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield
Sid


texts: refused. The Battle of Matewan was precipitated by the Baldwin-Felts agents' attempts to evict the families of unionized miners. On June 2, 1920, in Huntington, he married Jessie Lee Maynard (1894–1976), the widowed second wife of Testerman, who had been mortally wounded in the battle.The speed of the marriage (they were married 11 days after Testerman's death, the morning after being arrested in a hotel room together and charged with having "improper relations") led to an attempt at arrest and accusations by Thomas Felts and the Baldwin-Felts spy, Charles Lively, that he, not Albert Felts, had shot the Mayor because of his desire for Jessie. However, according to Jessie, her first husband, aware of the danger of their situation, had asked that his friend take care of her and their young son, Jackson (1915–2001), should he be killed. The battle had given <mask> a degree of celebrity. He appeared in a short film, "Smilin' Sid," for the United Mine Workers (UMWA), and was photographed with other UMWA activists, including Mary Harris "Mother" Jones. However, he was aware that his life was in danger from Felts, who sought vengeance for his brothers Albert and Lee. He was indicted on murder charges stemming from the Matewan shootout but was later acquitted by the jury. He was sent to stand trial with his friend and deputy, Edward Chambers, on conspiracy charges for another incident, in Welch, West Virginia.The conspiracy charges were based on an incident in Mohawk, West Virginia, located in McDowell County near the border of Mingo County. The mining camp of Mohawk was shot up, and according to the local mine guards, the perpetrators were Mingo County strikers led by <mask> and Ed Chambers, intending to force the Mohawk miners to unionize. (p 65, Howard B. Lee, Bloodletting in

masks:
Hatfield
Sid Hatfield


texts:
 Appalachia). According to Lively's secret testimony (leading to Hatfield's indictment), Lively had persuaded miners in his restaurant--as well as Hatfield and Chambers--to do something drastic: he encouraged the miners to arm themselves and shoot up the nonunion tipple at Mohawk. At this location, the mine guards had a reception committee waiting for them, with bloodhounds and machine guns, while Lively made himself busy on the telephone. (When Miners March, William Blizzard) The union leaders, on the other hand, argued that the shooting was done by McDowell County mine guards, and that they were attempting to falsely accuse Hatfield and Chambers of the offense in order to ambush them in McDowell County. (p 65, Howard B. Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia)

At the assurances of McDowell County sheriff W.J."Bill<mask>, a distant relative of <mask>, Ed Chambers and <mask> were told that they would have the fullest protection of the sheriff's office. However, the day before the shooting at Mohawk, <mask> left the county for Craig Healing Springs in Virginia. (p 67, Howard B. Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia)

Both men arrived in Welch on August 1, 1921, unarmed and accompanied by their wives. Several Baldwin-Felts men shot them on the McDowell County Courthouse steps. Hit in the arm, and three or four times in the chest, <mask> died instantly. Chambers was shot several more times, as his wife tried to defend him, and finished off with a bullet in the head by Charles Lively. None of the Baldwin-Felts detectives was ever convicted of <mask>'s assassination: they claimed they had acted "in self-defense."To this day, the bullet marks from the assassins are visible on the sandstone stairs of the courthouse. There was an outpouring of grief for the fallen local heroes at the funeral, which

masks:
" Hatfield
Sid Hatfield
Sid Hatfield
Sheriff Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield


texts:
 was attended by at least 3,000 people, and conducted with full honors from the Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias and Redmen (he was a member of all of these organizations). Legacy
Director John Sayles' Academy Award-nominated 1987 film Matewan starred David Strathairn in the role of <mask>. West Virginia: A Film History mistakenly identifies him as <mask> <mask>, as well as claiming that he was not related to "Devil Anse" <mask>. This may be because of rumours that he was illegitimate, and so possibly not of Hatfield descent. See also
 Charles Lively (labor spy)
 List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes

References

Further reading
 David Alan Corbin (ed. ), Gun Thugs, Rednecks, and Radicals: A Documentary History of the West Virginia Mine Wars, PM Press, Oakland CA, 2011,
 Desmond Kilkeary, The Hatfields and the Baldwin-Felts
 Joe Roxby, '"Two Gun" <mask>field'
 Lon Savage, Thunder in the Mountains: The West Virginia Mine War, 1920–21, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1990,
 West Virginia Archives & History, On This Day in West Virginia History...: The Matewan Massacre
 Matewan at the Internet Movie Database

External links

 West Virginia Mine Wars Museum independent history museum covering the Mine Wars Era in Matewan, WV.Building was Chambers Hardware in 1920, site of the Battle of Matewan. West Virginia: A Film History, including archive film footage of <mask>
 1900 Census for Pike Co., KY, 0104 Magisterial District 5, Blackberry Precinct, listing family of Jacob and Rebecca Hatfield

People from Pike County, Kentucky
People from Matewan, West Virginia
1893 births
1921 deaths
Deaths by firearm in West Virginia
Assassinated American activists
American police chiefs
Male murder victims
Hatfield family
People murdered in West Virginia
Assassinated

masks:
Hatfield
Albert Sidney
Hatfield
Hatfield
Sid Hat
Sid Hatfield


texts:
<mask> (6 January 1714, in London – 22 December 1788) was an English surgeon, one of the founders of orthopaedics, and the first scientist to demonstrate that a cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen. Career
He served his apprenticeship with Edward Nourse, assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, and in 1736 was admitted to the Barbers' Company and licensed to practice. He became assistant surgeon to St Bartholomew's in 1744 and full surgeon from 1749 till 1787. As the first surgeon of his day in England, excelling even his pupil, John Hunter, on the practical side, Pott introduced various important innovations in procedure, doing much to abolish the extensive use of escharotics and the cautery that was prevalent when he began his career. In 1756, Pott sustained a broken leg after a fall from his horse. It is often assumed that his injury was the same one that later came to be known as Pott's fracture, but in reality Pott's broken leg was a much more serious compound fracture of the tibia. As he lay in the muck, he sent a servant to buy a door from a nearby construction site, then had himself placed on the door and taken home.Surgeons cleaned the wound and discussed amputation, an operation which at the time had a very high rate of failure, as it often led to sepsis and death, but <mask> prevailed on them to splint the leg, and he ultimately recovered completely. In 1769 <mask> published Some Few Remarks upon Fractures and Dislocations. The book was translated into French and Italian, and had a far-reaching influence in Britain and France. His name was written in the annals of medicine,

masks:
Percivall Pott
Pott
Pott


texts: by first describing arthritic tuberculosis of the spine (Pott's disease). He gave an excellent clinical description in his Remarks on that Kind of Palsy of the Lower Limbs. Among his other writings the most noteworthy are A Treatise on Ruptures (1756), and Chirurgical Observations. In 1775, Pott found an association between exposure to soot and a high incidence of scrotal cancer (later found to be a type of squamous cell carcinoma) in chimney sweeps.This unusual disease, later termed chimney sweeps' carcinoma due to <mask>'s investigation, was the first occupational link to cancer, and <mask> became the first person to associate a malignancy with an environmental carcinogen, implicating chimney soot as a direct contact carcinogen to skin. His work helped lead to the Chimney Sweepers Act 1788. Latter animal studies (1933) painting coal tar onto skin would demonstrate the role of the first proven chemical carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene, which occurs in high concentrations in smoke and chimney soot, with the process that Pott first identified. <mask>'s early investigations thus contributed to the science of epidemiology and the Chimney Sweepers Act 1788. The same chemical responsible for Pott's unique cancer of chimney sweeps has since proven to be a prime suspect in various cancers caused by cigarette smoke. In 1765, he was elected Master of the Company of Surgeons, the forerunner of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. A manuscript copy of his 1779 lectures on surgery survive as part of the Manchester Medical Manuscripts Collection held by special collections at the University of Manchester Library with

masks: Pott Pott Pott


texts:
 the reference MMM/15/2/6.Late career

<mask> <mask> married in 1740. They lived together in Lincoln's Inn Fields in London and would go on to have five sons and four daughters. Although little more is known about <mask> <mask>'s private life, <mask> is regularly described as having excellent character, and an archetypical English surgeon. It is believed that Pott's standard of living was a contributor to the rise of the surgeon within social standings. Amid the patient wards, Pott also honed his writing skills and believed in patient education. He would distribute pamphlets, noting his observations and thoughts on topics ranging from "head injuries, hydrocele, fistula, rupture, and fracture", in the hospital environment. These pamphlets were in high demand and would sell for more than one shilling and six pence.Between 1760s and the 1770s over fourteen of <mask>'s pamphlets were in circulation. <mask> <mask>'s dedication to his patients and standard of care garnered Pott high praise and fame. He is generally regarded as one of the two greatest surgeons of the 18th century along with his student John Hunter. In 1786, he was honoured as the first Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Shortly after, he retired in 1787 and was named a governor of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Chimney sweepers' carcinoma

Percivall Pott has influenced medicine and modern understanding of diseases. Many diseases today are his namesake including: Pott's fracture, Pott's disease of the spine, and Pott's puffy tumor.One disease which does not, yet is important to <mask>'s legacy is chimney sweeper's

masks: Percivall Potts Percivall Pott Pott Pott Percivall Pott Pott


texts:
 carcinoma. <mask> quickly recognised the association between carcinoma and chimney sweeps and published his findings in a piece titled "Chirurgical Observations relative to…the cancer of the scrotum." He wrote that the disease was, " peculiar to a certain sort of people [ and ] which has not at least to my knowledge, been publicly noticed – I mean the chimney-sweepers ’ cancer. The disease, in these people, seems to derive its origin from a lodgment of soot in the rugae of the scrotum." Discovery and identification credit

Scrotal cancer, although largely thought to have been identified by Percival <mask>, had been thought to have been described nearly 40 years before <mask>'s "Chirurgical Observations" as a "canker of privities" per documentation in the burial records of the Parish of St. Botolph without Aldgate from 1589 to 1599. These descriptions are ambiguous and it is unclear which anatomical parts considered "privities". As such, most historians generally agree that Bassius first correctly described scrotal cancer in 1731.Some historians argue that what Bassius considered scrotal cancer was in fact perineal abscesses to the scrotum as opposed to carcinoma. The minority of historians who agree with this fact, attribute the discovery of scrotal cancer to Treyling in 1740. Surgery

As a surgeon, Pott was well respected and often assisted fellow surgeons. Pott was viewed as a mentor and even allowed other physicians and surgeons to live with him while under his guidance. Despite the surgical trends of his time, Pott did not agree with severe treatments and heroic medicine but rather preferred gentler


texts:
 forms. <mask> <mask>'s son-in-law, James Earle, described Pott's surgery as being "divested of great part of its horrors, became, comparatively, a pleasing study." Soot and occupational cancer

In addition to surgery, Pott's focused on public health as well drawing his attention to the challenges of chimney-sweeps in his community.He wrote, "in their early infancy, they are most frequently treated with great brutality, and almost starved with cold and hunger; they are thrust up narrow, and sometimes hot chimneys, where they are bruised, burned and almost suffocated; and when they get to puberty, become peculiarly liable to a most noisome, painful, and fatal disease." <mask>'s approach was unique amongst his contemporaries in that he did not simply note an association but approached chimney sweeps' carcinoma from a causal perspective. His work helped later identify soot as the disease-causing agent. <mask> did not figure this out on his own, but rather pointed research in the right direction. During <mask>'s time, there were many discussions pertaining to the cause of scrotal cancer. James Earle believed that the cancer was caused as a result of the soot entering and residing in the rugae of the scrotum. He famously argued this point based on a trend seen where gardeners who used soot to kill slugs had developed skin carcinoma on their hands.In 1878, George Lawson suggested that the cancer was caused by the friction generated by chimney sweeper's overalls against the scrotum while sifting though soot. This idea was explored by Passey in 1992 who demonstrated that it was the ethereal extract of soot which

masks: Percivall Pott Pott Pott Pott


texts:
 was capable of inducing sarcoma. Furthermore, Pott also identified that prepubescent boys were most vulnerable to the carcinoma. Pott rose to fame for these connections between occupational hazards and cancer malignancy even though the connection was not fully understood at the time. <mask>'s "Chirurgical Observations" provided a framework to shape the modern understanding of Occupational cancers. Influence

<mask> <mask>'s work influenced a wave of researcher and change in public policies. After his initial publication, more clinical cases began to emerge rapidly over the following years.This triggered a series of "Chimney Sweepers' Acts" which aimed to protect chimney sweepers. These facilitated the formation of societies like the "Society for Superseding the Necessity of Climbing Boys, by Encouraging a New Method of Sweeping Chimneys and for Improving the Condition of Children and Others Employed by Chimney Sweepers" in 1803 which included the likes of Dukes, Earls, and Royal Patrons. Despite outcry and public demands to change chimney sweeping practices, such as suggesting that young chimney sweeping boys be replaced with mechanical devices, insurance companies, and homeowners argued that Chimney Sweeper's carcinoma was a small price to pay for the protection of the mass population against smoke and chimney fires. Despite the call for action as early as 1788, Pott's work finally began to influence change in 1875, when a decline in scrotal cancer incidence and mortality was noted. See also
 Cancer cluster
 History of medicine
 History of surgery
 Pott disease

Notes

References

 Dobson, J.,

masks: Pott Percivall Pott


texts:
 'Percivall Pott' in Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, vol. 50 (1972), pp. 54–65

External links

 History of Surgeons – Percivall Pott.surgeons.org.uk England
 Article on <mask> <mask> in Who Named It
 Sir <mask> <mask>. Surgical Tutor UK. 1714 births
1788 deaths
18th-century English medical doctors
English surgeons
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's

masks: Percivall Pott Percivall Pott


texts:
<mask> is a physician, surgeon and scientist. He is former Chair of Surgery, Mercy San Juan Medical Center, former Chief of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology (ENT), and Plastic Surgery, Sutter Roseville Medical Center. He is the former Director of Ophthalmology, Sutter General and Memorial Hospitals and Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology and Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical School and Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute. He is currently Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology and Associate Dean of Graduate Medical Education in California Northstate University College of Medicine. Early life

<mask> received a Bachelor of Science degree from Stanford University; a Doctor of Medicine from Harvard Medical School; a Masters in Public Health in the area of Epidemiology and Biostatistics from the Harvard School of Public Health and received his surgical subspecialty training in ophthalmology from Johns Hopkins Medical School and Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute. In the early 1980s, while at Harvard Medical School, Howe Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, he was among the first investigators to apply NMR spectroscopy to study tissue metabolism non-destructively. The research was able to demonstrate the conversion of glucose to sorbitol in the single intact lens which supported the hypothesis that sorbitol led tissue damage in diabetes.The condition of diabetes leads to uncontrolled levels of glucose in the body. The ability to monitor glucose and its metabolism in by non-invasive methodology in living tissue allows facilitated the understanding of this disease state. His research on the living lens was used to understand diabetic cataract formation. During this time, in collaboration with Dr. Leo Chylack, Jr., he demonstrated the statistical correlation between diabetes and posterior subcapsular cataracts. For this specific work, he was awarded the Soma Weiss Award from Harvard Medical School. Aguayo Martel further probed the association of human behavior and cataract formation using non-linear regression analysis. Career

After finishing his internship at the Beth Israel Hospital

masks:
James Benjamin Martel
James Martel


texts: in Boston, he moved to Baltimore where at Johns Hopkins medical institutions, Dr. Martel led a research team as the Associate Director of NMR Research, which developed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Microscopy, a technique for non-invasively obtaining microscopic three-dimensional images of living objects.The technique first applied to a single living cell signaled the advent of a new class of instruments which would eventually allow monitoring cellular structures and their biochemistry inside the human body, or to perform "biopsies" without needles or surgery. He applied his MR microscopy to the study of ocular tissues and tumors and used histological correlation to refine his technique. Dr. Martel was the first to study the biophysical properties of vitreous using NMR spectroscopy and imaging. After the analysis of this ocular structure, he extended his research into the area of vitreous hemorrhage (bleeding into the eye), an area of great importance in loss of sight. During this time period he explored the use of three dimensional computerized tomography (CT) for the localization and compositional evaluation of intraocular and orbital foreign bodies. He pioneered the technique of deuterium NMR spectroscopy to study metabolism in biological systems. This technique extended the capabilities of existing NMR spectroscopy techniques used to investigate tissue metabolism.Dr. Martel applied his technique to the understanding of diabetic cataract formation and corneal metabolism in order to create new and improved methods of tissue preservation for improved tissue transplantation. He developed a novel method for monitoring activity in multiple metabolic pathways (hexose monophosphate shunt, glycolysis, and the polyol pathway) in the single living lens which allowed insight into the study of diabetic cataractogenesis. and applied to corneal tissue transplantation. His work culminated in the development of chemical shift NMR Microscopy, which combined Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy analysis while working at the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of


texts:
 Technology. His research team applied the technique to the study of the living lens to study diabetic cataractogenesis. In 1987, Dr. Aguayo Martel was an invited lecturer at the American Physical Society; the Symposium of the Committee on Applications of Physics: Microtomography-New Three Dimensional Microscopy and presented Grand Rounds at the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health on "A New Model of Diabetic Cataractogenesis." The understanding of the metabolism of glucose into sorbitol in the diabetic state has led to the development of a class of medications (aldose reductase inhibitor) to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes.Dr. Martel is also noted for his work in low illumination ophthalmoscopy and co-inventing the technique of Intraepikeratophakia
a precursor to the technique of LASIK. Although Dr. Martel is most noted for his pioneering work in the fields of MRI, NMR spectroscopy, ocular metabolism and diabetes; his most accomplished work has been in the area of acute, ocular emergency and ocular trauma to which he has devoted the past twenty years of his career. Dr. Aguayo Martel continues to serve as Director of Ocular Trauma, Chairman of the Surgery Department, Mercy San Juan Medical Center; Chief of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology (ENT), and Plastic Surgery, Sutter Roseville Medical Center and manages ocular trauma for Sutter Health Sacramento Sierra Region. He is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons  and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. References

External links
 Harvard School of Public Health
 Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins
 Archives of Ophthalmology
 Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, MIT
 Howe Laboratory of Ophthalmology
 Sutter Roseville Medical Center

Living people
American biochemists
American ophthalmologists
Carmichael, California
Dignity Health
Harvard Medical School alumni
Harvard Medical School faculty
Harvard School of Public Health alumni
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
Mexican emigrants to the United States
People from Sacramento County, California
Stanford University alumni
Year of birth missing (living


texts:
<mask> (December 8, 1885 – July 21, 1957) was an American writer of historical novels. He worked first as a journalist, becoming nationally known for his work with the Saturday Evening Post from 1919 to 1928, and then as a popular novelist. Born in Kennebunk, Maine, <mask> specialized in regionalist historical fiction, often writing about his native state and its terrain and also about other upper New England states and scenes. For example, the main characters in Arundel and Rabble in Arms are from Kennebunkport (then called Arundel), the main character in Northwest Passage is from Kittery, Maine and has friends in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and the main character in Oliver Wiswell is from Milton, Massachusetts. Early life
<mask> graduated in 1908 from Cornell University, where he wrote the lyrics for two Cornell fight songs, including Fight for Cornell. He was also a member of the Quill and Dagger society. He was later awarded honorary doctorates from three New England colleges: Dartmouth College, in Hanover, New Hampshire; Colby College, in Waterville, Maine; and Middlebury College, in Middlebury, Vermont.Journalism
After graduation, <mask> spent eight years working as a newspaperman for the Boston Post. In 1917, he enlisted in the U.S. army for World War I, but he ended up as a lieutenant in the intelligence section of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia in the Russian Civil War instead of at the front in Europe. The contacts that he made in that role enabled him to become a European correspondent for the Saturday Evening Post after the war, where he became the first American journalist to cover the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, Adolf Hitler's failed attempt to seize power. <mask> described working for the Post'''s legendary editor George Horace Lorimer as follows: "I told him my ideas, which he instantly rejected or accepted ... The price to be paid for a story was never discussed, and Lorimer was always generous." Historical fiction

Booth Tarkington, a neighbor of <mask> in Kennebunkport, Maine, convinced

masks:
Kenneth Lewis Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts


texts: him that he would never find the time to succeed as a novelist while he worked as a journalist, and Tarkington agreed to help by editing <mask>'s early novels. Although <mask> continued to sell a few essays to the Post, his next few years were largely dedicated to historical fiction.Ultimately, Tarkington edited all of his historical novels through Oliver Wiswell (1940), and <mask> said in his autobiography that he offered Tarkington co-writing credit on both Northwest Passage and Oliver Wiswell in acknowledgement of Tarkington's extensive revisions to each. Both of those novels and also Rabble in Arms are dedicated to Tarkington, and Tarkington continued to assist <mask> until his death in 1946. <mask>'s historical fiction often focused on rehabilitating unpopular persons and causes in American history. A key character in Arundel and Rabble in Arms is the American officer and eventual traitor Benedict Arnold, with <mask> focusing on Arnold's expedition to Quebec and the Battle of Quebec in the first novel and the Battle of Valcour Island, the Saratoga campaign and the Battles of Saratoga in the second. Meanwhile, the hero of Northwest Passage was Major Robert Rogers and his company, Rogers' Rangers, although Rogers fought for the British during the American Revolutionary War. Oliver Wiswell focuses on a Loyalist officer during the American Revolution and covers the entire war, from famous events such as the Siege of Boston, the Battle of Bunker Hill, the New York and New Jersey campaign through the Battle of Fort Washington, and the Franco-American alliance, to less-remembered events such as the Convention Army, the exodus to Kentucky County, the Siege of Ninety-Six, and the resettlement of the United Empire Loyalists, as well as providing a later look at both a dissolute Rogers and a frustrated Arnold among the British. George Orwell reviewed The Lively Lady in the New English Weekly in 1936, describing it as "blood-and-thundery stuff ... chiefly interesting as showing that the old-fashioned

masks: Roberts Roberts Roberts Roberts Roberts Roberts


texts: nineteenth-century type of American bumptiousness ... is still going strong."As a result of his research into the Arnold expedition, <mask> published a work of nonfiction, March to Quebec: Journals of the Members of Arnold's Expedition, a compilation of journals and letters written by participants in the march. During <mask>'s research into Major Rogers, his researcher uncovered transcripts of both of Rogers's courts-martial (once as the accuser and once as the accused), which had been thought lost for over a century, and these were published in the second volume of a special two-volume edition of Northwest Passage. He and his wife Anna translated into English the French writer Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry's account of his journey through America in the 1790s. His last published work was The Battle of Cowpens, a brief history of that battle, issued after his death, in 1958. One of Lorimer's last acts as editor of the Saturday Evening Post was to serialize Northwest Passage in 1936 and 1937. As a result of the success of the serialization, the book, when published, became the second-best-selling novel in 1937 and fifth best for the year 1938. Oliver Wiswell also spent two years in the top ten (1940 and 1941), and Lydia Bailey reached the top ten in 1947.One of <mask>'s closest friends and neighbors, the novelist A. Hamilton Gibbs, later stated that he believed that <mask> probably "wrote himself out" after Oliver Wiswell and certainly had done so after Lydia Bailey. Key historical novels by <mask> and their topics include the following:Arundel (1929), on the American Revolution through the Battle of QuebecThe Lively Lady (1931), on the War of 1812Rabble in Arms  (1933), the sequel to Arundel, on the American Revolution through the Battles of SaratogaCaptain Caution (1934), on the War of 1812Northwest Passage (1937), on the French and Indian War and the Jonathan Carver expeditionOliver Wiswell (1940), on the American Revolution from a Loyalist's perspective, from the Siege of Boston to the United

masks: Roberts Roberts Roberts Roberts Roberts


texts:
 Empire LoyalistsLydia Bailey (1947), on the Haitian Revolution and the First Barbary WarBoon Island (1955), on a 1710 shipwreck on Boon Island, Maine

In 1957, two months before his death, <mask> received a Pulitzer Prize Special Citation "for his historical novels which have long contributed to the creation of greater interest in our early American history. ""Special Awards and Citations". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2013-11-02. He died, aged 71, in Kennebunkport. Controversies
Immigration
While a reporter for the Saturday Evening Post in the early 1920s, <mask> wrote many magazine articles and a book during the period immediately following World War I that urged strong legal restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe and from Mexico, warning of the dangers of immigration from places other than northwestern Europe.He became a leading voice for stricter immigration laws and testified before a congressional committee on the subject. He wrote:

“If America doesn’t keep out the queer alien mongrelized people of Southern and Eastern Europe, her crop of citizens will eventually be dwarfed and mongrelized in turn.”

In Why Europe Leaves Home, derived from his Post articles, <mask> further referred to Jews as "human parasites" and was separately quoted warning against further "Semitic" immigration to America, which he feared would turn the U.S. population into a "worthless and futile" hybrid race. Florida land boom
Three of <mask>'s first books were written at least in part to promote the Florida land boom of the 1920s. They were Sun Hunting (1922), Florida Loafing (1925), and Florida (1926). Many people lost a lot of money in the bust that followed. These books were usually omitted from the lists of “other books by this author” published in the front pages of his later works. Dowsing
In the 1940s, <mask> became acquainted with Henry Gross, a retired Maine game warden and amateur water dowser.He and Gross began a long association to use Gross's claimed dowsing abilities to find deposits of water,


texts:
 petroleum, uranium, and diamonds, through a corporation named Water Unlimited, Inc. <mask> documented his experiences in three nonfiction books that were popular successes but received much criticism from the scientific community. He joked that he should have given The Seventh Sense the subtitle Or How to Lose Friends and Alienate People.Maine cooking
When <mask> was working on Trending Into Maine, he published a chapter in the Saturday Evening Post which was dedicated to dishes he remembered having as a boy growing up in Maine. Several months after the chapter was published he began to receive mail from residents and ex-residents who were troubled that he neglected to mention many of the dishes they knew and loved from the Pine Tree State. <mask> was distressed by the letters but decided to keep them, and they were eventually compiled by his secretary, Marjorie Mosser, and eventually included in the cookbook Good Maine Food, which was first published in 1939. <mask> wrote the introduction to the book and a chapter on diet. See also
Marie de Sabrevois

References

Other sources

"<mask>". Dictionary of Literary Biography 9:313–318 (1981).Bales, Jack (1989). <mask>: The Man and His Works. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. Bales, Jack (1993). <mask>. Twayne's United States Authors Series. New York: Twayne Publishers.Harris, Janet (1976). A Century of American History in Fiction: <mask>' Novels. Gordon Press. Whitman, Sylvia (January 1992). "The West of a Down Easterner: <mask> and the Saturday Evening Post, 1924–1928". Journal of the West''. External links

 The Papers of <mask> at Dartmouth College Library

1885 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American historical novelists
American male novelists
Cornell University alumni
Dowsing
Parapsychologists
People from Kennebunk, Maine
People from Kennebunkport, Maine
Pulitzer Prize winners
United States Army officers
Novelists from Maine
20th-century American male writers
American military personnel of the Russian Civil War
United States Army

masks:
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Kenneth Roberts
Kenneth Roberts
Kenneth Roberts
Kenneth Roberts
Kenneth Roberts
Kenneth Roberts


texts: <mask> (born 17 August 1962), better known as Thol. <mask> is a political leader, scholar and activist from the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. He is a Member of Parliament from Chidambaram. Founder and President of Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi. He rose to prominence in the 1990s as a Dalit leader, and formally entered politics in 1999. His political platform centres on ending caste discrimination and consequently the caste system. He has also expressed support for Tamil nationalist movements in Sri Lanka.He did his Bachelor's course in chemistry at Presidency college Chennai, Master's degree in Criminology and pursued law at Madras Law College. He completed his Ph.D. at Manonmanium Sundaranar University and was awarded his doctorate in 2018. He worked in the government's Forensic Department as a scientific assistant, from which he later resigned in 1999 to contest polls. He contested the 1999 and 2004 general elections unsuccessfully and won the 2009 general elections from the Chidambaram constituency. He won the 2001 state assembly elections in alliance with Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a post from which he resigned in 2004 quoting ideological differences with DMK. He is an author, and has also acted in Tamil cinema. His confrontation with Pattali Makkal Katchi and its leader Ramadoss has resulted in frequent clashes between Dalits and the Vanniyars.Both parties have accused each other of instigating violence against the other community. Both <mask> and Ramadoss reconciled their differences and worked together during the period of 2004 to 2009, when they were part of the same electoral alliance. In 2019 <mask> regained his

masks:
Tholkappiyan Thirvalavan
Thirumavalavan
Thirumavalavan
Thirumavalavan


texts:
 Chidambaram seat and has been a vocal Opposition MP. In 2021, he led his party to win 4 seats in the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly. Early activism
In 1988, when working for the government's Forensic Department in the southern city of Madurai, he met Malaichamy, the Tamil Nadu state convenor of the Dalit Panthers Iyyakkam (DPI), an organisation that fought for the rights of Dalits. The next year, following Malaichamy's death, Thirumalavan was elected the leader of the DPI. He designed a new flag for the organisation in 1990, as well as changing its name to Viduthalai Chiruthaigal (liberation panthers).As part of his work, he also began visiting Dalit villages in the Madurai region, and began learning about the problems faced by Dalits. The killing of two Dalits in 1992, he says, made him more militant. He was particularly noted for his aggressive speeches which gained him significant recognition. Against the background of increasing Dalit assertiveness, he emerged as one of two major Dalit leaders in Tamil Nadu, with a large base of grassroots support, particularly in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. During early 1997, he was suspended from his government job on account of his increased political activity. He resigned from his job formally in August 1999 to contest the 1999 Indian general elections. Political career

The DPI boycotted elections until 1999 general elections.It is unclear why the party did not contest elections till 1999. The decision of contesting the election in 1999 was considered controversial within the party. <mask> allied with G. K. Moopanar's Tamil Maanila Congress and represented the Third Front. The party


texts: contested in the Parliamentary constituencies of Chidambaram and Perambalur. <mask> contested in Chidambaram, and managed to poll 225,000 votes in his debut elections. <mask> alleged in one of his interviews on 22 February 2000 that the opposing DMK administration used National Goonda Act and National Security Act to detain cadres of his party. The phase also culminated the rivalry between <mask>'s party and his competitors in the Chidambaram Constituency, the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK).PMK is a Vanniyar caste party that has a strong presence in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu. The election in the constituency was marked by violence from both the parties. Houses of Dalits were burnt and Dalits in the region were denied employment, while Vanniyar houses were also burnt. In 2001 state elections Viduthalai Chiruthaigal allied with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and contested seven seats. Since the PMK joined the AIADMK alliance, the VCK had to join the DMK led alliance. There were ideological differences in the alliance as it had BJP, which was earlier criticised by <mask>. <mask> was elected from Mangalore Constituency to State Legislative Assembly.During the 2004 general elections, he resigned his MLA post on 3 February 2004 quoting humiliation meted out by the alliance partners, especially the DMK. He also quoted that he quit as he contested in the symbol of DMK during the 2001 assembly elections. <mask> contested once again from Chidambaram in 2004 general elections, this time with Janata Dal (United) and polled 257,000 votes and lost by a low margin. During 2004, after efforts from N. Sethuraman from MMK, <mask> and Ramadoss, the leader

masks: Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan


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 of PMK joined hands through a Tamil protection movement named Tamil Paathukappu Iyakkam. He joined the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) alliance in the 2006 elections to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. His party was recognised by the Election Commission of India as a registered political party on 2 March 2006. Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi contested in nine seats in Tamil Nadu and 2 seats in Pondicherry.The party won two of them, namely Durai Ravikumar from Kattumannarkoil, and Selvaperunthagai from Mangalore constituency. The alliance with ADMK broke in 2006, when he started allying with the DMK. His party contested in the local bodies elections in DMK alliance in 2006 and won five chairman to various municipalities. In the 2009 general election, <mask> allied with DMK and was elected to Parliament from the Chidhambaram Lok Sabha constituency in his third attempt. Elections contested and positions held

   2001: Elected to Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly for the first time. May 2009: Elected to Lok Sabha (fifteenth) for the first time
   May 2019: Elected to Lok Sabha 17th for the second time
   31 August 2009:Member of committee on commerce and member of consultative committee on ministry of social justice and empowerment. Political views
Thirumalavan's politics are grounded in Ambedkarite and Dravidian philosophies as well as a retheorisation of Tamil nationalism, which seeks to turn it into a force for annihilation of the caste system.Oppression of Dalits, he says, is institutionalised in India, including Tamil Nadu. Although the Dravidian parties which dominate the politics of Tamil Nadu are ideologically committed


texts: to the eradication of the caste system, <mask> argues that they have in practice drifted away from the original ideals of the Dravidian movement. Their policies, he says, have mainly benefitted the middle castes, and had actually led to an increase in the oppression of Dalits, with the middle castes replacing the Brahmins as the oppressor. Dalits cannot and should not expect much help from the Dravidian parties. The solution, according to <mask>, lies in Tamil nationalism. Caste oppression, he says, can only be ended by building resistance from below, through appealing to Tamil sentiments, as happened in the early days of the Dravidian movement under Periyar E. V. Ramasamy. If a properly Tamil government is formed in Tamil Nadu, he says, caste oppression will immediately disappear.<mask>'s views on the importance of the Tamil identity have also led him to strongly support Tamil secessionist groups in Sri Lanka, including the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, a militant secessionist group who are formally banned as a terrorist organisation in India. He has criticised India for assisting the Sri Lankan army during the Sri Lankan military operations against the LTTE in 2008 and 2009, and has called upon the government of Tamil Nadu to take steps to safeguard the Tamils of Sri Lanka. On 15 January 2009 he started a hunger fast near Chennai (Maraimalai Adigal Nagar) for the cause of Sri Lankan Tamils. After four days, on 19 January he called off the fast, saying that it had had no effect on the Indian government, and calling for a hartal in its place. He was a part of the 10 member MP team that visited the war-affected areas and transitional


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 centres in Vavuniya on 11 October 2009. The delegation visited various part of Jaffna district and had a meeting at the Jaffna public library. Thirumavalvan has also severely criticised Hindu society for, in his views, being built on the basis of caste and obeying the Manusmriti.Dr. Thirumalavan is also a staunch critic of Hindu nationalism and, in particular, Hindutva. Hindutva, to Thirumavalavan, is the essence of the oppressive Indian state. Hindutva, he argues, has through religion worked to homogenise Tamil society with that of northern India. This, he says, has led to Tamils losing their identity. Ethnic Tamil nationalism, in his view, is essential to combat Hindutva. In more recent years his politics have mainly revolved around opposing the BJP and RSS in their agenda, including the controversial Citizenship Amendment Act. He views Hindutva organizations and ideology as being against the ideas of secularism and social justice.To him the idea of a Hindu Rashtra goes against the Indian constitution and would lead to continuation of caste hierarchies as part of "Sanatana Dharma" (Brahminism according to him). In 2009, Tamilnadu's chief minister M. Karunanidhi passed a resolution in principle for 3% inner reservation for Arunthathiyar community, which <mask> supported. Literature and popular culture
Thiruma's books in Tamil include Aththumeeru (Transgress), Tamizhargal Hindukkala? (Are the Tamils, Hindus? ), Eelam Enral Puligal, Puligal Enral Eelam (Eelam means Tigers, Tigers means Eelam), Hindutuvathai Veraruppom (We Shall Uproot Hindutva), Saadhiya Sandharpavaadha Aniyai Veezhtuvom (We Shall Defeat the Casteist Opportunist Alliance). Two


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 of his books have been published in English by Stree-Samya Books, Kolkata: Talisman: Extreme Emotions of Dalit Liberation (political essays written for 34 weeks in the India Today magazine's Tamil edition) and Uproot Hindutva: The Fiery Voice of the Liberation Panthers (contains 12 of his speeches). In 2018, he released a book Amaipai Thiralvom based on his political experiences which received warm welcome, positive reviews and also criticism from various Intellectual sources

Thirumavalavan played a guest appearance as a Tamil militant leader in Sri Lanka in his first film Anbu Thozhi (2007), directed by L. G. Ravichandran.<mask> was cast in the leading role of a film titled Kalaham to play the character of Balasingham, a law college professor, which was being directed by Kalanjiyam. The film later failed to materialize. He also appeared in a song in Mansoor Ali Khan's Ennai Paar Yogam Varum (2007). In 2011, he played the role of the Chief Minister in Minsaram. Filmography

Controversies
In the northern districts of Tamil Nadu with a large Vanniyar population, there are frequent clashes between Dalits and Vanniyars. During the 1999 general elections, there was intense violence in the region with casualties on both sides. <mask> accused Pattali Makkal Katchi, a Vanniyar caste-based party and its founder Ramadoss of instigating violence among the Vanniyars that result in the attack of Dalits.While Ramadoss alleges that <mask> encourages his party men to have sham inter-caste love marriage, <mask> accuses Ramadoss of showing caste superiority and instigating violence against Dalits. Both <mask> and Ramadoss reconciled and worked together during

masks: Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavan


texts: the period of 2004 to 2009, when they were part of the same electoral alliance. After 2009, when PMK split out of the DMK combine, the mutual confrontation started again. During December 2012, Ramadoss formed an all community safeguard forum comprising 51 intermediate castes. He said he would not have any further alliance with <mask> and his party. He alleged that the Dalits take undue advantage over other communities using the SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act and the Act should be abolished. During April 2013, after the party conference of PMK in Mahabalipuram, there were widespread attacks on the Dalits in Dharmapuri district that resulted in two Dalits being killed.Both PMK and VCK accused each other for the mishap, but Ramadoss was arrested after the orders from the state government for the hate speech and damages to the state property during the violence. <mask> accused Ramadoss that his loss in the electoral base after the 2009 general elections and 2011 assembly elections has resulted in his going back to instigating caste violence. The BSP was floated in Tamil Nadu in December 2008 with the same ideology as in Uttar Pradesh to unite the Dalits and Brahmins. Some of the prominent members of VCK like Selvaperunthagai, who was a MLA in Mangalur constituency, joined BSP. <mask>, in his response, claimed that the BSP is no threat to VCK vote bank and that the BSP has dumped the principles of Ambedkar, Kanshi Ram and Periyar. Some of the senior journalists also believed that BSP will not have a firm hold in Tamil Nadu to garner the 19% Dalit vote bank in Tamil Nadu as it did in Uttar Pradesh, as the vote bank is already split by the VCK


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 and Puthia Tamizhagam party. The VCK, in a plan to start a television channel, asked the party men to donate gold on the occasion of the 50th birthday of Thirumavalavan.There were also Thulabaram type of functions where equal weight of Thirmavalavan was donated. This was subject to wider criticism, drawing parallels with the exotic celebrations organised by Mayawati, the leader of BSP in Uttar Pradesh. <mask> clarified that the idea was to collect donations for the party and that his party did not enjoy support from rich people as with the case of other parties. As of 4 October 2012, the party got  of gold from seven centres that included Puducherry that had . Notes

References

External links
 Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
 Thirumavalavan elected VCK president
 <mask>umavalavan invites minorities
 Official facebook

Tamil Nadu politicians
Living people
15th Lok Sabha members
Tamil male actors
Dalit activists
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
People from Ariyalur district
1962 births
Ambedkarites
Activists from Tamil Nadu
Indian actor-politicians
Indian Tamil politicians
Tamil Maanila Congress politicians
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Janata Dal (United) politicians
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi politicians
Dalit politicians
17th Lok Sabha

masks: Thirumavalavan Thirumavalavanhir


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Alberto "<mask><mask> (March 17, 1914 – December 31, 1962) was a Mexican professional boxer and New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC) featherweight world title holder in 1934. He also competed in the bantamweight and welterweight divisions. Early life and career
<mask> was born on March 17, 1913 in Tamaulipas, Mexico. He took up boxing as early as seven or eight by some accounts to counter the effects of Polio which he had suffered from as a young child. <mask> used a charging, bruising style, making him a very strong two-fisted fighter. He began boxing professionally at age 13. He took his first championship, the Mexican bantamweight title at only eighteen, a twelve round points decision against Kid Poncho in Mexico City.With a victory over flyweight champion Fidel LaBarba, <mask> established himself as a worthy contender for the featherweight crown. On September 16, 1932, at the age of 19, he defeated reigning NBA world featherweight champion Tommy Paul in a close ten round non-title fight, dropping him in the second and fourth rounds. After his win, <mask> requested the National Boxing Association (NBA) recognize his status as champion. In support of his claim to the NBA title, the California boxing commission gave him the opportunity to fight for their version of the world title. Taking and defending the California world featherweight title, October, 1932
The following month, <mask> defeated Newsboy Brown to claim the California world featherweight title on October 18, 1932. The Associated Press wrote that Brown won only one round and was on the verge of being knocked out several times before the Los Angeles crowd of 7,000. <mask> nearly toppled Brown with a left hook in the third, but slowed his pace some in the fourth through seventh when Brown countered with

masks:
Baby
" Arizmendi
Arizmendi
Baby
Baby
Arizmendi
Arizmendi
Arizmendi


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 short lefts, and rights to the body.He retained his title with a draw against Varias Milling, then defended it against seasoned contenders Archie Bell and Speedy Dado. He first defeated Bell in  ten round points decision at Legion Stadium in Hollywood on December 2, 1932. The California sanctioned title match before a capacity crowd saw <mask> close strongly in the last two rounds to take a convincing lead on points. <mask> was awarded six rounds, Bell two including the eighth when he landed some solid punches, and two were even. Bell was down for a no count in the second, and was dropped to his knees in the fourth. In his January 6, 1933 California sanctioned World featherweight title rematch with Bell in San Francisco, <mask> won in a ten round points decision. <mask> opened up in the sixth, and rained a steady blow of punches in the remaining rounds to take a clear points margin.Bell may have held an edge in the first five rounds, with the exception of the third. He withstood the blows of <mask> in the final rounds and remained on his feet throughout. In his last successful defense of the California-sanctioned world featherweight champion, <mask> defeated Speedy Dado in a ten round points decision in Los Angeles on January 24, 1933. Losing the California sanctioned world featherweight title, February, 1933
He lost the California version of the title to NBA World featherweight champion Freddie Miller on February 28, 1933 in a 10-round unification bout in Los Angeles. Miller took seven rounds, with one even, and two to <mask>. With a lightning right jab that landed repeatedly and a good left hook, Miller kept the Mexican champion at bay. <mask> performed best in the seventh where he rushed Miller to the ropes and bloodied his nose with hard rights to head and chin.The

masks: Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi


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 packed house containing many former Mexican fans, turned against <mask>, booing him and throwing bottles into the ring at the close of the match. <mask> persevered, and later that year defeated Miller in a non-title fight. Taking the NYSAC world featherweight crown, August, 1934
On August 30, 1934, he defeated Mike Belloise for the New York state (NYSAC) world featherweight crown, leaving no doubt as to his claim to the championship. After the win, <mask> attempted to secure a third fight with NBA champion Miller in a title bout, however, Miller refused to face him. <mask>'s failure to take the NBA version of the featherweight title affected his legacy, despite his taking both the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC), and Mexico-California version of the world featherweight titles in his career. In Mexico City on November 4, 1934, he defeated Henry Armstrong in their first of five meetings, winning almost every round despite suffering a broken wrist in the second, and by some accounts taking claim of the California-Mexican World featherweight title. He defeated Armstrong once again on January 1, 1935, in a twelve round unanimous decision in Mexico City.Following those victories, he defeated future world title holder Chalky Wright by fourth round knockout. On February 7, 1936, he lost to future lightweight champion Lou Ambers in a ten round unanimous decision, with Ambers taking every round, by one account. <mask>, however fought well for the first five rounds, but was unable to continue the pace in the remaining portion of the match. Ambers got his range with his punishing left in the fourth, fifth, and sixth. In the eighth, <mask> suffered a bleeding cut near his right eye, helping Ambers to increase his points margin in the final two rounds. The bout was not

masks: Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi Arizmendi


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 billed as a title fight. Losing the California-Mexico sanctioned featherweight title, August, 1936
<mask> subsequently lost the California-Mexico World title in his third bout with Armstrong on August 4, 1936 at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles.In his following 7 fights, <mask> combined wins and losses before facing Armstrong for a fourth and final time on March 15, 1938 in Los Angeles. Despite losing the ten round fight on points, <mask> ended Armstrong's 27 fight knockout streak by going the distance with him. In his following 6 fights, <mask> won five and had a ten round draw against reigning world lightweight champion Lou Ambers on June 7, 1938 in Los Angeles. Attempt at the world welterweight crown, January 1939
In his last bout with Armstrong and his last attempt at a world title, he dropped a grueling 10-round points decision before 10,500 fans for the world welterweight championship on January 10, 1939 at Los Angeles' Olympic Stadium. The match was ten rounds of continuous and largely close in fighting, and though admitting he put up a valiant effort, the Los Angeles Times could only award the fourth round to the badly bruised and bleeding Arizmendi. Armstrong characteristically crowded and threw continuous blows which included some fouls, but typical of his style, demonstrated neither elegant technique, nor graceful ring craft. He continued boxing until 1942, obtaining bouts with boxing standouts Lou Ambers, Sammy Angott, and George Latka, but never again went for a title.<mask> faced Lou Ambers on February 24, 1939, losing in an eleventh round technical knockout in Madison Square Garden before a disappointing crowd of 8,837. A physician examining <mask>'s eyes believed the gashes he had received during the bout were too serious to allow him to continue the bout.


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 <mask> had completed all his previous bouts. Ambers, hoping to obtain another shot at the title, had fought viciously through the bout. He had drawn with Ambers on June 7, 1938 at Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles, California. In one of his best performances against a reigning champion, one reporter gave four rounds to Ambers, as many as four to Arizmendi, and three even. Overcoming a 1-3 odds deficit, <mask> may have nearly dropped Ambers in the second with a right cross.After retiring from boxing, Arizmendi served in the U.S. Navy during World War II, and later operated restaurants in the Echo Park District of Los Angeles. He was hospitalized in July, 1956, following a partial paralytic condition on his left side. According to his wife, Henrietta, he had been in poor health and lost fifty pounds the previous month. Death
After a prolonged illness, <mask> died of natural causes in the Veterans Administration Hospital in Sawtelle, California, now part of the Los Angeles suburb Westwood, on New Year's Eve 1962, at the age of 48. He was survived by his wife Henrietta and an illegitimate son Raul <mask>, born February, 1933 in Los Angeles. <mask> was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2004. Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.Official Record

All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted to the win/loss/draw column. Unofficial record

Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column. References

1914 births
1963 deaths
Boxers from Coahuila
World featherweight boxing champions
Featherweight boxers
Sportspeople from Torreón
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Mexican male boxers
Mexican emigrants to the

masks:
Arizmendi
Arizmendi
Arizmendi
Robert Arizmendi
Arizmendi


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<mask>  (5 July 1817 – 11 December 1897) was a British Gothic Revival architect renowned for his work on churches and cathedrals. <mask> revived and practised largely the art of vaulting, and acquired in it a proficiency unrivalled in his generation. He worked on at least 210 ecclesiastical buildings in England alone in a career spanning 54 years. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Brussels on 5 July 1817. He was the son of <mask>, etcher, of Durham, and was brought up there. At the age of fourteen he was articled to Ignatius Bonomi, architect, of Durham, whose clergy clientele helped stimulate <mask>'s long association with religious architecture, particularly of the Gothic style. He soon moved to London, where he became a pupil of Philip Hardwick (1792–1870), architect of the Euston Arch and Lincoln's Inn.<mask> lived in central London at 13 Mansfield Street (where a blue plaque commemorates him), and was awarded the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1880. Career
From the erection of his first church at Ellerker, in Yorkshire, in 1843, to that of St Peter's, Vauxhall, in 1864, his buildings are geometrical in manner and exhibit a close adherence to precedent, but elegance of proportion and refinement of detail lift them out of the commonplace of mere imitation. Holy Trinity, Westminster (1848), and St Mary's, Dalton Holme (1858), are notable examples of this phase. <mask> began his career drawing purely on English medieval prototypes, but increasingly incorporated ideas from abroad: Charles Locke Eastlake described <mask>'s Christchurch at Appleton-le-Moors in North Yorkshire as "modelled on the earliest and severest type of French Gothic, with an admixture of details almost Byzantine in character." St Peter's Church, Vauxhall (1864), was his first groined church, and the first of a series of buildings which brought <mask> to the forefront among his contemporaries. In these he applied the Early English style to modern needs and modern economy

masks:
John Loughborough Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
William Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson


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 with unrivalled success. St Augustine's, Kilburn (1871), St John's, Red Lion Square, London (1874, destroyed by a parachute mine in 1941), St Alban's, Conybere Street, Birmingham (1880), St Michael's, Croydon (1880), St John's, Norwood (1881), St Stephen's, Bournemouth (1889), and All Saints Church, Hove (1889), are characteristic examples of his mature work.He also did restoration work on smaller churches, including St Edward's Church in Gloucestershire. He was enlisted by Sir Tatton Sykes, 5th Baronet to develop the first of what now are known as "The Sykes churches" near Sledmere. Initially <mask> restored the Church of St Michael and All Angels, Garton on the Wolds and the churches at Kirkburn, and Bishop Wilton, along with a new one at Hilton. Cathedrals
<mask> is best known for Truro Cathedral (1880), the first Anglican cathedral to be built in England since 1697. It has a special interest in its apt incorporation of the south aisle of the ancient church. <mask>'s conservative spirit fitted him for the repair of ancient buildings, and among cathedrals and other historic buildings placed under his care were Lincoln, Chichester, Peterborough, Bristol and Exeter cathedrals, St George's Chapel, Windsor, Westminster Hall, and Westminster Abbey, in the surveyorship of which he succeeded Sir George Gilbert Scott. He re-faced the north transept of Westminster Abbey, except for the porches (which are the work of Scott), and also designed the vigorous organ cases.In his handling of ancient buildings he was repeatedly opposed by the anti-restorers of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (as in the case of the west front of Peterborough Cathedral in 1896), but he generally proved the soundness of his judgment by his executed work. While Truro Cathedral is considered his UK masterpiece there are many who consider St John's Cathedral in Brisbane, Australia, his finest work. St John's was initially designed by <mask> and then by his son

masks: Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson


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 Frank following his father's death in 1897. The cathedral was constructed between 1906 and 2009 and is a study in contrast to Truro. While lacking some of the decorative detail found at Truro and having shorter towers, the cathedral also departs from the conventional Early English style Neo-Gothic <mask> used extensively at Truro. St John's employs a broad mix of styles: some early English Gothic (lancet windows and bell shaped capitals in the piers); early French Gothic (the pyramidal spires of the towers, and the internal sexpartite vault of the ceiling, also used at Truro); and Spanish Gothic used extensively in the internal design of the nave and sanctuary. The form of Spanish Gothic used at St John's is based on Barcelona Cathedral.The Barcelona influence can be seen in the nave which has two walls forming double aisles; the inner wall forming the nave arcade which has a wide panel below the triforium to help keep out the subtropical sun. But the Spanish precedent can best been seen in the cathedral's large apsidal sanctuary (wholly different from the conventional English square-end at Truro) whose tall pillars reach from ground floor to the arches immediately below the vault, producing an effect of extraordinary complexity and beauty. Non-ecclesiastical buildings
<mask>'s practice was not confined to church buildings. Treberfydd (1850), Quar Wood (1858), Lechlade Manor, an Elizabethan house (1873), Westwood House, Sydenham, in the French Renaissance style (1880), the Astor estate offices (1892) upon the Victoria Embankment, London, the remodelling of the interiors of Cliveden House (1893) and No. 18 Carlton House Terrace (1894), with many parsonages, show his aptitude for domestic architecture. In general design he first aimed at form, embracing both proportion and contour; and his work may be recognized by accurate scholarship coupled with harmonious detail. Its keynotes are cautiousness and refinement rather than boldness.Recognition

masks: Pearson Pearson


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He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1874, becoming a full member in 1880. He was also a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and a fellow and member of the Council of the Royal Institute of British Architects. Personal life
In 1862 <mask> married Jemima Christian, a cousin of his friend Ewan Christian, a Manxman and architect to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. Their son <mask> <mask> was born in 1864, but to <mask>'s great sorrow Jemima died the following year of typhoid fever. Frank followed in his father's footsteps completing much of his work before embarking on his own original designs. <mask> is buried in the nave of Westminster Abbey, where his grave is marked by the appropriate motto Sustinuit et abstinuit. Legacy
198 churches created or worked on by <mask> are now listed buildings.In 2016 Historic England commissioned a selective assessment of the significance of The Church and Chapel Interiors of <mask> <mask> to help those caring for the buildings to understand the importance of interior fixtures and fittings, particularly movable furniture which is not covered by listing, but a key part of the original designs. Some notable buildings

St Augustine's, Kilburn (1871–1880) the tower and spire completed (1897–98)
St John the Evangelist, Upper Norwood (1878–1887)
Truro Cathedral (1879–1910)
St Agnes and St Pancras church
St Margaret's, Westminster (existing building, <mask> added eastern and western porches)
Christ Church, Appleton-le-Moors, Yorkshire
Bristol Cathedral, existing building, <mask> added the twin towers of the west front
Wakefield Cathedral, <mask> added a new east end after the church was raised to cathedral status (completed 1903–05 by his son Frank). 1817 births
1897 deaths
People from Durham, England
Gothic Revival architects
English ecclesiastical architects
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
Architects of cathedrals
19th-century English architects
Royal Academicians
Architects from County

masks:
Pearson
Frank Loughborough
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
John Loughborough
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson


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<mask>, D.D. (January 31, 1833 – September 15, 1900) was a professor of theology in the Wittenberg Theological Seminary in the United States. He was tried for heresy by the board of directors at Wittenberg College in Springfield, Ohio, on April 4 and 5, 1893, which put on trial many key issues that Lutherans still debate today. <mask> died in 1900 in Springfield, Ohio. Family

<mask> was born in York Springs, Adams County, Pennsylvania,  on January 31, 1833, the fifth child of seven brothers and five sisters. His parents were Lutheran minister <mask> and his wife, Susannah (Krone) <mask>, both natives of Pennsylvania and of German ancestry. The elder <mask> was a prominent minister of the Lutheran Church and reportedly was "one of the most able and eloquent Lutheran ministers of his time".<mask> was born in Manchester Township, York County, Pennsylvania, on December 16, 1793. Daniel's German immigrant parents were Andrew and Mary Magdalene Gottwald. Daniel was christened January 26, 1794 in Quickel's Church, Conewago Township, Pennsylvania. Daniel and Susannah were married on July 22, 1819, in York, Pennsylvania by John George Schmucker, the then forty-eight-year-old pastor of Christ Lutheran Church of York, and the father of famous Lutheran theologian and educator, Samuel Simon Schmucker. Daniel lived in York, where he worked as a carpenter, until the birth of his third child. In time, Daniel came to see himself as a very sinful man who was in great peril of "eternal death". Daniel began preaching on his own, drawing surprisingly large crowds.However, Rev. John George Schmucher approached Daniel and convinced him that he needed a formal education in Lutheranism. For a year and a half, Daniel

masks:
Luther Alexander Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Daniel Gotwald
Gotwald
Gotwald
Daniel Gotwald