texts:
 Crudo as "a work of autofiction that captures the apprehension of the present moment."In New Statesman, Sarah Ditum wrote that <mask> "uses her style like a magician uses sleight-of-hand, palming away a hinted-at revelation while your attention has been directed towards the dazzling arc of her sentences". Funny Weather: Art in an Emergency was published in 2020. It is a collection of essays, reviews and other published work that <mask> wrote for a variety of publications including frieze, BOMB and The Guardian. <mask>'s sixth book, Everybody, examines the body and its discontents by way of the renegade psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich. It explores the liberation movements of the twentieth century, examining the work and lives of a variety of figures, including Nina Simone, Susan Sontag, Andrea Dworkin and Malcolm X. According to the Financial Times, "Laing’s gift for weaving big ideas together with lyrical prose sets her alongside the likes of Arundhati Roy, John Berger and James Baldwin. In other words, she is among the most significant voices of our time."Awards and honors
2014 Eccles British Library Writers Award
2018 Windham–Campbell Literature Prize
2019 James Tait Black Memorial Prize - Crudo

Bibliography

Non-Fiction
 To the River: A Journey Beneath the Surface (Canongate, 2011)
The Trip to Echo Spring: On Writers and Drinking (Canongate, 2013)
The Lonely City: Adventures in the Art of Being Alone (Canongate, 2016)
Funny Weather: Art in an Emergency (Picador, 2020)
Everybody: A Book About Freedom (Picador, 2021)

Fiction
Crudo (Picador, 2018)

References

External links
 Author website
 ft.com
 Guardian review of Crudo
 New Statesman review of The Lonely City
 Observer review of The Trip to Echo Spring
 An interview with <mask>ng, buzzfeed

1977 births
Living people
21st-century British writers
21st-century British novelists
21st-century British non-fiction writers
British non-fiction writers
New Statesman people
People from Chalfont St Peter
James Tait Black Memorial Prize

masks:
Laing
Laing
Laing
Olivia Lai


type: original

texts:
William B<mask> (April 30, 1857 – October 7, 1900), also known as "<mask>", was a Canadian professional baseball first baseman from the mid-1870s until the late 1880s. From 1879 to 1888, he played for three major league teams; the Cleveland Blues of the National League (NL) from 1879 to 1884, the Brooklyn Grays of the American Association (AA) from 1885 to 1887, and the Kansas City Cowboys of the AA in 1888. A native of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, he has the distinction of being the first Canadian to play in the major leagues. As a batter, <mask> finished in the top-ten among league leaders on multiple occasions, including triples four times, and games played, at bats, doubles, runs batted in (RBIs), and extra base hits three times each. Additionally, as a fielder, he finished among the defensive leaders for the league's first baseman in double plays for three consecutive years, and twice finished first in putouts and fielding percentage. He died in Chicago at the age of 43. He was later enshrined into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988 for his accomplishments, and is considered by some to be greatest Canadian first baseman in baseball history.Early years
<mask> was born in April 1857, to a large family of English heritage, that consisted of nine siblings, two brothers and seven sisters, and a cooper father. Known as "Willie" to his family, he had likely began his interest in the game of baseball while still in his hometown of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, considering there were at least nine amateur baseball clubs organized and playing there during the early 1870s. Canadian journalist Peter McGuire claims the <mask> family moved from Saint John in 1877, due to a major fire, which burned much of the city. However, according to Alfred Henry Spink, founder of the Sporting News, <mask> was playing baseball in the

masks:
. Phillips
Silver Bill
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips


texts:
 Chicago area at earlier date. It is certain the family settled in Chicago in the mid to late-1870s as <mask> was playing for a top amateur team of the area called the Pastime club  In 1877, he played professionally for an independent team in Winona, Minnesota, the Clipper Club. The club lasted just 29 games, and joined the Minneapolis Browns of the League Alliance (LA) in May. He played with the Browns into mid-August, then joined another LA club, the Janesville Mutual, later that month for a four-day stretch.<mask> joined independent Forest City club of Cleveland, Ohio in 1878, and in 65 games had a batting average of .296 to lead the team. The next year, the Cleveland team joined the NL, which began <mask>' major league career. Career

Cleveland
The Forest City team of Cleveland joined the National League for the 1879 season as the Cleveland Blues, and <mask> made NL debut on May 1, becoming the first native Canadian to play in the major leagues. In his first NL season, he led the league's first basemen in games played with 75, was sixth in the league with 365 at bats, while leading the Blues in runs scored, and hits. In the 1880 season, his batting average dropped from .271 in 1879, to .256; however, he finished in the top-ten among the league leaders in games played with 85, which was first among first basemen, was fifth in the league with 10 triples, and led the league in double plays. On June 12, the Blues were the victim of the first recorded perfect game in history, thrown by Lee Richmond of the Worcester Worcesters. In that game, <mask> hit what appeared to be a single to right field, only to be thrown out at first base by the shallow-playing right fielder Lon Knight.<mask> continued his consistent play in 1881, when his 85 games played led the league, and he finished second in the league with 10 triples, as well as

masks: Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips


texts:
 top-ten totals in extra-base hits with 29, and at bats with 357. However, his batting statistics declined, in both 1882 and 1883, his batting average dipping to a low of .246 in 1883, but he did finish eighth in league with four home runs in 1882, and he again led all first basemen in double plays. In 1884, when teammates Fred Dunlap and Jack Glasscock jumped to the Union Association, he attempted to fill the void. Although he batted .276, the highest average on the Blues' team, achieved his highest career statistical totals in nearly all batting categories, it was not enough, as Cleveland finished 49 games out of first place. The seventh-place finish by the Blues, along with the decline of fan support, resulted in the financial instability of the franchise, and it folded after the season. Brooklyn

Following the demise of the Blues, the Brooklyn Grays of AA signed their former manager, Charlie Hackett, along with <mask> and six other Blues' players, including and the team signed many Cleveland's best players, including <mask> and Germany Smith. In <mask>' first season with Brooklyn, he established his highest seasonal batting average of his career with .302, which was the seventh highest in the league, and led all first basemen in putouts, and fielding percentage.Additionally, his on-base percentage of .364 placed in the top five among AA hitters, he led his team in RBIs with 63, slugging percentage, and triples. He continued his success for Grays 1886, establishing his highest seasonal career totals in games played with 141, which led the AA, and hits with 160, which was fifth among the league leaders. In 1887, he became the second Canadian baseball player to surpass 100 RBIs in a season, when he finished with a total of 101, Tip O'Neill having done so in 1886 with the St. Louis Browns. He led the league in fielding percentage

masks: Phillips Phillips Phillips


texts:
 among first basemen for the second time, and his 34 doubles were sixth in the league. Final years
<mask> was sold to the Kansas City Cowboys during the off-season to make room for Dave Orr. By the end of the 1888 season, <mask>' abilities began to decline at a rapid pace, which brought about sympathy among the baseball community. Years later, Charles Comiskey recalled that when he was the manager for the St. Louis Browns, instructing his pitchers to throw easy-to-hit pitches for <mask> so that his public image would remain intact.The 1888 season was <mask>' last at the major league level, and while he had his lowest seasonal batting average of .236, he again led the league in putouts. He returned to Canada to play one more season of professional baseball, with Hamilton Hams of the International League. However, he batted just .245, which signaled the end of his playing career. <mask> never married, and he died on October 7, 1900 in Chicago at the age of 43, of syphilitic locomotor ataxia, and he is interred at Graceland Cemetery. <mask> was enshrined into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988. Career statistics
<mask>' career totals as recognized by Baseball-Reference.com.

 ' * ' denotes statistics that were not officially recognized during parts or all of his career, and are incomplete.References
General

Specific

External links

1857 births
1900 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Baseball people from New Brunswick
Brooklyn Grays players
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Cleveland Blues (NL) players
Hamilton Hams players
Janesville Mutual players
Kansas City Cowboys players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Minneapolis Browns players
Sportspeople from Saint John, New

masks:
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Bill Phillips


texts:
<mask>  (born 1981) is an Australian writer, speaker, and online influencer. <mask> describes herself as an 'appearance activist', and has been outspoken on a number of disability-related issues. She has been particularly vocal on the right to privacy of children with a disability as well as the importance of representation and inclusion of disabled people both in general life, and particularly in fashion. <mask> makes use of social media to document her love of fashion, food, as well as the treatment, physical pain, and ableism she faces because she has ichthyosis, a rare genetic disorder that affects her skin and hair. She has built a business and personal brand around her identity as a disabled woman. Biography

Early life
<mask>'s parents courted illegally for four years in South Africa during the Apartheid and moved to Australia in order to marry in 1981. Her mother Jeanette was classified as coloured South African, while her father Roger was an Englishman.<mask> was born on 8 December 1981 in Albury, New South Wales, three weeks pre-mature and was diagnosed with a form of the genetic disease ichthyosis: congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. Education
The <mask> family moved from Albury to a small village Walla Walla before she started preschool. <mask> attended Walla Walla Primary School and when she was 10 years old was diagnosed with a different form of ichthyosis, Netherton syndrome through genetic testing. <mask> attended Murray High School in Albury and, during her final year, started working at a local Kmart department store. <mask> recalls feeling more comfortable with hospital staff than her fellow students. <mask> studied at La Trobe

masks:
Carly Findlay
Findlay
Findlay
Findlay
Findlay
Findlay
Findlay
Findlay
Findlay
Findlay


texts:
 University in Wodonga and in 2002 graduated with a Bachelor of eCommerce. She moved to Melbourne in 2003 to work for the Australian Public Service and completed her Masters of Communication from RMIT University from 2005 to 2012.Career
From February 2003 to November 2017, <mask> was employed by the Australian Tax Department and from September 2016 to May 2017, held the position of Communication Coordinator for People with Disability Australia Inc. In 2012 and 2013, <mask> had three encounters with taxi drivers that lead her to make a complaint to the Victorian Taxi Commission and the Australian Human Rights Commission. The drivers in questions refused to transport Findlay, making comments on her appearance, alleged intoxication, and smell, and claiming she would damage their vehicle. After the third incident, <mask> lodged a complaint with the taxi company as did the hotel concierge who booked the taxi for her. When no action was taken, she complained to the Victorian Taxi Commission and the Australian Human Rights Commission. <mask> has had a number of speaking gigs, both individually and as a part of event panels including Women of Letters, opening for Julia Gillard at Layne Beachley's Women in Leadership luncheon, Progress 2017, University of Western England, ProBlogger, Melbourne Writers Festival, Emerging Writers Festival, Dangerous Ideas around Disability and the Royal Melbourne Hospital. <mask> also regularly appears on podcasts and radio programs.<mask> has made a number of media appearances that placed her in the spotlight and helped establish her position as a disability and appearance spokesperson. In 2017 <mask> appeared on the ABC television

masks: Findlay Findlay Findlay Findlay Findlay Findlay Findlay


texts:
 series You Can't Ask That and Cyber Hate with Tara Moss, and in 2018 she appeared on Channel Ten's The Project in response to an interview with Jon Faine on ABC Radio. On 28 March 2018, <mask> had appeared on ABC Radio's morning show to discuss microaggressions and disability. During the interview, the host Jon Faine described <mask> as looking like a “burns victim” and having a face that wouldn't “be good at Halloween”, before asking about her sex life. Faine's line of questioning has been described by commentators and the public as “offensive”, “disrespectful” and “inappropriate”, while they described <mask>'s reaction as “composed” and “polite”. Faine later apologised. The incident was later cited by sacked ABC boss Michelle Guthrie as causative to her firing by the ABC Board.Guthrie later appealed the decision to fire her and reached an out of court settlement with the ABC. <mask> attributes most of her success to her appearance on You Can't Ask That. In 2018, <mask> started promoting her upcoming book at a number of writers festivals across Australia, including the Feminist Writers Festival, Bendigo Writers Festival and at five events during the Melbourne Writers Festival, including a spoken word performance as part of the Quippings: Disability unleashed theatre group. <mask> is currently employed in the role of Access and Inclusion Coordinator for the Melbourne Fringe Festival one day a week as well as providing customised disability awareness, social media and blogging training to organisations. She co-hosts a podcast called Refreshments Provided with Jason Scott Watkins. Access to Fashion
As a self-proclaimed fashion lover, <mask> was dissatisfied


texts:
 with the lack of representation people with disabilities have in the media and fashion landscape. Propelled by her own experience of exclusion and elitism in fashion, in July 2018 she announced the first-ever disability-inclusive event to be held as part of Melbourne Fashion Week."We're not treated the same when we go into stores. For me, I am sometimes not even spoken to. They think I am not going to want their clothes or their service, or they might be embarrassed to be seen with me,” <mask> said. 'Access to Fashion - Disability on the Runway: an Exploration of Disability Inclusion in the Fashion Industry' was held on 1 September 2018, and included a panel discussion as well as a runway show. It featured a number of models and fashion designers with disabilities. Writing
<mask> was a writer from a young age, and started her self-titled blog in 2009. <mask>'s blog details significant events in her life, her experience of life with ichthyosis, and her commentary as an appearance activist.<mask> has written for a variety of online and traditional media, including the ABC, SBS, Sydney Morning Herald, The Guardian, The Age, Essential Baby, Kidspot, Ravishly, Frankie Magazine, and Mamamia. After a journalist dubbed <mask> an appearance activist, she claimed the title and has since written on a range of topics related to appearance diversity and disabilities in general. Her writing also appears in anthologies - Growing Up African in Australia (edited by Maxine Beneba Clarke), Women of a Certain Rage, and Me Too - Stories from the Australian Movement; as well as in Bec Sparrow's Ask Me Anything and Tara Moss' Speaking Out. She was also included in 200 women who

masks: Findlay Findlay Findlay Findlay Findlay


texts:
 will change the way you will see the world. Representation
A common theme of <mask>'s work is the importance of representation of people of diverse appearance in the media, fashion, and general life. She takes “back the [ableist] gaze through social media” and her blog, using them as a platform to promote her brand, her love of fashion, ableism and the treatment and pain she experiences in association with her condition. Part of <mask>'s push for representation is the need for disabled people to control how their stories are told, stopping disability being a tragedy or a burden to be overcome, and a push against so-called inspiration porn.“In fairy tales, the characters who look different are often cast as the villain or monsters. It's only when they shed their unconventional skin that they are seen as 'good' or less frightening. There are very few stories where the character that looks different is the hero of the story ... I've been the hero of my story - telling it on my own terms, proud about my facial difference and disability, not wanting a cure for my rare, severe and sometimes confronting skin condition, and knowing that I am beautiful even though I don't have beauty privilege.”

Privacy
The right to privacy for both children and adults with disability is an important facet of <mask>'s writing. <mask> has said she is grateful to her parents for not sharing her story without her consent and has taken issue with individual parents and parenting groups who have “overshared” their children's stories. She explored this topic in one of her performances at the 2018 Melbourne Writers Festival. Identity
For <mask>, disability is a more central aspect of her


texts:
 identity than her racial background and she embraces the term 'disabled person' rather than 'person with a disability'.“Often when I write about disability and use the term 'disabled', people (strangers) correct me. They do so as they see disability as a bad thing ... Many disabled people see disability as part of our identity - just like race, sexuality, religion, gender etc. and that's ok. And many disabled people don't, and that's ok too. We can choose how to identify. And 'disabled' and 'disability' are not bad words.”

Findlay says that she did not identify as having a disability until her mid-twenties, but doing so has given her a platform on which to build her brand, a sense of confidence and a community. “Giving myself the labels of 'disabled' and 'chronically ill' has been very empowering.I feel great sense of belonging – and that's as big a relief as a diagnosis is. It's given me pride. I am proud to belong to an amazing, talented, diverse, passionate community that's committed to selflessly improving the lives of others.”

Say Hello
After receiving five publication offers, on 3 July 2017, <mask> signed a book deal with Harper Collins. 'Say Hello' was launched in January 2019. <mask> wrote that “Say Hello will be the book I needed to read when I was younger. I didn't have any role models with my condition until I searched the internet in my teens. There were no memoirs on ichthyosis – only medical textbooks with people's faces blacked out.”

The book is expected to be a memoir of <mask>'s life experience as a woman with ichthyosis as well as her journey to identifying as a disabled person and the struggles and confusion she experienced before

masks: Findlay Findlay Findlay


texts:
 reaching that point.<mask> hopes the book helps those who also have ichthyosis, their parents, young women and teachers. “There was no one in media or books who looked like me, or to tell me it's ok to not want to change my appearance, and I didn't know whether I'd find love – love with another or love for myself. It's time to write that book. To be the person <mask> needed.”

Growing Up Disabled in Australia

<mask> edited Growing Up Disabled in Australia - part of Black Inc Books' 'Growing Up...' anthology series. It was released on 2 February 2021. Growing Up Disabled in Australia is the fifth book in the highly acclaimed, bestselling Growing Up series. It includes interviews with prominent Australians such as Senator Jordon Steele-John and Paralympian Isis Holt, poetry and graphic art, as well as more than 40 original pieces by writers with a disability or chronic illness.Awards
<mask> was awarded the Order of Australia Medal in the 2020 Australia Day Honours for "service to people with a disability". Other awards:
 2010 Yooralla Media Awards - Best Online Commentary
 2011 Australian Public Service Australia Day Award
 2011 Finalist in Best Australian Blogs – Australian Writers Centre
 2012 Finalist in Best Australian Blogs  – Australian Writers Centre
 2012 Layne Beachley Aim for the Stars grant
 2013 Yooralla Media Awards - Best Online Commentary
 2013 Kidspot Voices - Best Personal Blog
 2013 BUPA Health Activist Award for Positive Life Change
 2013 Writers Victoria Write-ability fellowship
 Nominee for a 2013 Pride of Australia Medal
 Nominee for a 2013 Global Genes Project Champion of Hope award
 2014 Australian Financial Review and Westpac

masks:
Findlay
Little Carly
Findlay
Findlay


texts:
 Australia 100 Women of Influence Awards
 2014 Finalist in Best Australian Blogs – Australian Writers Centre
 2014 Participant in The Guardian's Diverse Writers Program
 2016 Second place winner in the disability category of the Australian Centre for Women in Leadership
 2019 shortlisted in The Horne Prize for her essay titled In Sickness and In Health - on the social cost of health and migration policies that are fuelling deportations. The Horne Prize is run by The Saturday Paper and Aesop Foundation
 2019 joint recipient of the Lesley Hall Scholarship run by Arts Access Victoria

References

1981 births
21st-century Australian women writers
21st-century Australian writers
Australian women activists
Living people
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Social media influencers
Australian women bloggers
Bloggers from Melbourne
Writers from


texts:
<mask> (born February 17, 1974 in Baia Mare) is a politician of Hungarian ethnicity in Romania and an ex-member of the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania. He is currently the president of the National Council for Combating Discrimination, Romania's anti-discrimination and equality body. He speaks Romanian, Hungarian and English. Education

<mask> completed high school in Baia Mare, at the Hungarian-language section of Mihai Eminescu High School, where he specialised in philology. Between 1993 and 1997, he studied law at the University of Oradea. Later, he undertook post-graduate studies at the David Oligvy National School of Political and Administrative in Bucharest, and in 2003 was a doctoral candidate in international law at the University of Bucharest. In 2002, he was appointed to the National Council for Combating Discrimination, and became president of the institution in 2005.Political activity
On November 21, 2006 CNDC (National Council for Discrimination Combating) accepted the petition submitted by Emil Moise on exposing the religious symbols in the public schools. The CNDC’s ruling, then called the Emil Moise vs Ministry of Education case, has provided the following: “The Ministry of Education has to develop and implement within the reasonable terms an internal regulation that would regulate the presence of the religious symbols in the public educational institutions. This internal regulation should be based on the following principales:
 Should ensure the right to education and access to culture, based on the egality principal;
 Should respect the rights of the parents to ensure the children education based on their religious and philosophical beliefs;
 Should respect the laic statute and the religion autonomy;
 Should ensure the liberty of the religion, consciousness and beliefs of all the children, based on the egality principal;
 The religious symbols should be exposed within the religious education hours and in the areas designated exclusively to the religious education. The Head of the CNCD, <mask> <mask> <mask> said, "[By this ruling], we have recognized the relationship between the state and religions in Romania, we have not touched upon the historical recognition

masks:
Csaba Ferenc Asztalos
Asztalos
Csaba
Ferenc
Asztalos


texts: of Christian contributions to the formation of the Romanian people. Now, we make an appeal to the state, through the Ministry of Education, to take responsibility for what is happening in schools in this regard. "On June 11, 2008, the High Court of Cassation and Justice decided that the presence of icons in schools is legal, basically canceling the CNCD's decision. <mask> expressed his opinion on the religious classes taught in Romanian schools, deplored the Church's relationship with the State, which would violate the students' right and freedom of conscience.According to him, "if it were recognized (as legitimate) that religion can only be optional, religion teachers would no longer be permanently employed in schools, but only through temporary contracts per one school year" and " the pupils' enrollment from the office to the religion classes – that is, by the state – violates the freedom of conscience, the right of parents or the legal guardian to ensure that their child is educated according to their own beliefs [because] no person in Romania is obliged to answer a question about to his belonging to a cult." In June 2013, following the attempt carried out by the Parliamentary Commission to amend the new Constitution to make legal marriage just "between a man and a woman" (changing the current form: "between spouses"), basically prohibiting same-sex marriages, failed, The Commission also resumed the vote on the proposed day-earlier amendment providing for protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation, which was rejected. <mask> <mask> together with other members of civil society reacted, publicly condemning the commission of political interests and discrimination against sexual minorities. He said that the new amendments (which would have forbidden same-sex marriages) "are brought to  manipulate, precisely to incite, precisely to serve purposes other than a real problem" and that "at the time which we channel the  society hate through acts such as the Constitution only to, for example, have a quorum in the Constitution [...] is not normal." In an interview for the Adevărul newspaper in June 2013, he stated that "there is a risk that the CNCD will be politically engaged". He

masks: Asztalos Csaba Asztalos


texts:
 argues that the members of the CNDC college, proposed by PSD and PNL, vote the decisions on the petitions submitted based on the existing political interests. In October 2013 <mask> declared for Hotnews that "I am ashamed of this CNCD decision.It confirms my fears and my alarm signal that the institution can make political decisions." He referred to the institution's failure to sanction the discriminatory affirmations of some politicians, the PNL MP Alexandru Băişanu being one of the cases. Incidents
On October 10, 2012, <mask> <mask> was attacked on a street in the center of Bucharest by a group of four people who threatened him, sharply and injured him. He refused to comment on the incident for the moment; then filed a complaint with the Capital Police and gave an interview in which he said he received anonymous letters threatening him and his family. A group of NGOs addressed an open letter to Prime Minister Victor Ponta asking for his physical integrity and the start of an investigation. They express "deep concern about the media attacks directed against the National Council for Combating Discrimination (CNCD), respectively the psychological and physical, but also the media," to the president of this institution. UDMR leaders publicly condemned aggression against the CNCD director.In the same letter to the prime minister, it is also stated that the attack "took place just a few days after the public statements of the institution, represented by Mr. <mask> on the racist slips registered at the level of Steaua football club. “We believe that this attack as unacceptable and with serious negative effects on institutions that protect human rights in Romania, since most likely the motivation behind these acts is directly related to the mandate, role and decisions adopted by the Board of  Directors of CNCD". The NGO group, gathered under the umbrella of the Anti-Discrimination Coalition in Romania, asked the Premier to publicly condemn the intimidation act, which has happened. References

External links
CV of Csaba Ferenc Asztalos at the National Council for Combating Discrimination's website

Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania politicians
People from Baia Mare
1974 births
Living

masks: Asztalos Csaba Asztalos Csaba


texts:
<mask> (born 6 October 1946) is an Italian hepatologist best known for his studies on bilirubin and in particular on Kernicterus, a bilirubin-induced neurological damage. Biography
<mask> was born in Venice, Italy on 6 October 1946. He graduated summa cum laude in Medicine and Surgery at the University of Padua. During his Ph.D. he studied at the University of Trieste as research clinical fellow. In 1980 he started his activity as professor of medicine. From 1980 to 1985 he was assistant professor of medicine, from 1985 to 1988 research associate, from 1989 to 2008 he was professor of medicine, specializing in biochemistry applied to medicine, and 2008 he was appointed professor of gastroenterology at the University of Trieste, until his retirement in 2016. He was research fellow at the Department of Pharmacology, University of Groningen in 1982, a visiting scientist at Polytechnic University, New York, NY, USA in 1989, a visiting professor, University of Toronto, Canada in 1994.Since 2019, Tiribelli is visiting professor at Charles University, Prague Czech Republic. Tiribelli also had an intense clinical activity. In 2001 he become director of the Liver Research Center of Trieste, and then in 2010 he became director of the Liver Clinical Center, based in the Trieste Teaching Hospital, where in 2013 he was appointed head of the entire medical department. In 1980 Tiribelli created Fondo Studi Fegato (Liver Studies Found), which in 2008 became Fondazione Italiana Fegato - Italian Liver Foundation, a no-profit research institution focused on liver and hepatic diseases, based in Trieste with worldwide collaborations and exchanges of students and scientists. <mask> is scientific director of the foundation. For his international scientific activity, in 2011 he was awarded of the Laurea Honoris Causa by the Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and the following year again he obtained the Laurea Honoris Causa from the Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina. In 2017 was awarded by the Ministry of Science, Technology and

masks:
Claudio Tiribelli
Claudio Tiribelli
Tiribelli


texts:
 Productive Innovation of Argentina of the Premio de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación "Luis Federico Leloir" - Award for International Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation granted very selectively to foreign scientists who gave a great contribution to the scientific international cooperation – Premios Leloir.Since 1972 Tiribelli is married with Rita Russo and has a son, Mario who is an associate professor of hematology at the University of Udine Medical School. Scientific activity

Since the very beginning Tiribelli was fascinated by bilirubin, the yellow compounds which gives the yellow color the sclera and skin when increased for genetic condition or clinical liver disorders. This love lasted all his scientific life and nor he is regarded as one of the few world experts in the field. Based on his expertise he founded Bilimetrix® which develop the firs point-of-care device to measure bilirubin in neonates preventing a timely diagnosis of severe neonatal jaundice and a proper treatment. Due to his clinical activity, linked with research interests, he is active in translational activity in several liver disorders as fatty liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. Together with his longstanding research associate Stefano Bellentani he designed and performed the Dionysus Study, the first project exploring the prevalence and incidence of liver diseases in the general population. He is coordinating a large group of researchers (PostDocs, PhD fellows, senior researchers) located in the hub lab at the Italian Liver Foundation in Trieste and spread around the world.The international programs <mask> is coordinating forces him to cross the Equator 14 times in 2019 (before the COVID pandemic). Fondazione Italiana Fegato – Italian Liver Foundation
In 1980 the Fondo Studi Fegato (Liver Studies Found) was founded, renamed in 2008 Fondazione Italiana Fegato ("FIF", Italian Liver Foundation) a no-profit organization primarily involved in the field of molecular research applied to the liver and its diseases


texts:
 (Translational Hepatology). FIF actively interacts with several national and international scientific organizations and hosts every year PhD and post-doctoral researchers, international fellow researchers, and undergraduate students from University. In 2020, the scientific production of the Italian Liver Foundation was 35 full papers, 21 reviews, and 2 book chapters. <mask> is scientific director of the foundation and coordinates the scientific activity of the senior scientists and the main current research lines at the foundation, which are:

Bilirubin in neurological damage including bilirubin-induced neurological damage in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
Bilirubin as modulating molecule in metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes) and degenerative neurological disease (Parkinson and Alzheimer)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

International cooperation
Major efforts have been also given to the international cooperation among FIF and liver research centers around the world. These activity led to the signature of operational MoUs with several countries as Mexico (Medica Sur), Brazil Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia), Vietnam (Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Min City), India (ILBS Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences), Indonesia (Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology) among the others. Of particular relevance the cooperation with Argentina elicited in the creation of the first center for criobiology in South America Centro Binacional (Argentina-Italia) de Investigaciones en Criobiología Clínica y Aplicada (CAIC) established in 2009, also due to a grant of the Region Friuli Venezia Giulia.CAIC was joined by the Liver Transplant Program of Fundacion Favaloro. Another very active project is that involving DOST Department of Science and Technology and PCHRD Philippine Council for Research and Development of the Philippines, with the creation of PhD and sandwich fellowships for Filipino students at FIF and the creation of the Filipino Liver Network together with University of the Philippines


texts:
<mask> "Josh<mask> is a United States Army deserter, who fled while on leave from the Iraq War, and is a current resident of Canada. He is the author, with Lawrence Hill, of The Deserter's Tale, a book chronicling his service in Iraq and his subsequent departure from military life. Personal life
<mask> was born in 1978 in Guthrie, Oklahoma, which is located just outside Oklahoma City. At age 20, he married Brandi Johnston, with whom he has four children. She initially joined him in moving to Canada, but later divorced him and returned to the US with their children. Military service and desertion
In 2002 <mask> enlisted in the United States Army. He attended basic training and was stationed in Fort Carson, Colorado.He was deployed to the Middle East in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. "<mask> served as a combat engineer for eight months in Iraq 2003." "Mr. <mask> had told the IRB that while in Iraq with a unit of combat engineers, he took part in at least 200 raids on civilian homes." When he returned home on leave, he deserted the Army in November, 2003. <mask> states he holds no regrets about deserting the US Army, as illustrated on the back cover of The Deserters Tale. In the book <mask> gives a short summary of his own life prior, during and after his tour of duty and subsequent desertion. In the book <mask> claims to have witnessed many troubling acts: systematic vandalism of Iraqi homes during house raids, murder of an Iraqi child, and sexual abuse of innocent women, all purportedly committed by American soldiers and officers.After deserting the military, <mask> spent 14 months in hiding in the US before going to Canada. Life in Canada
He fled to Toronto, Ontario, Canada on March 8, 2005, and 3 days later made a claim for asylum as a conscientious objector seeking refugee status. First hearing at Canada's Immigration and Refugee Board

Negative IRB decision: Oct 20, 2006
He had a hearing at Canada's Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB), represented by Jeffry House, but the Board rendered a negative decision on Oct 20, 2006. He appealed to the Federal Court. Successful appeal:

masks:
Joshua
" Key
Joshua Key
Key
Key
Key
Key
Key
Key
Key


texts:
 Canada's Federal Court Ruling of July 4, 2008
On July 4, 2008, <mask> won a Federal Court appeal forcing the IRB to re-examine his claim for refugee status in Canada. The IRB was ordered to take another look at <mask>'s failed bid for asylum in an unprecedented court ruling that could affect scores of other U.S. soldiers, now in Canada, who have refused to fight in Iraq. In the decision the Federal Court found the IRB made mistakes in turning down <mask>'s claim for asylum.While the earlier board deemed him credible, it declined his claim for refugee status on the grounds he was not required to systematically commit war crimes. The earlier board rulings deemed that it was not important enough that he had to violate the Geneva Conventions. Federal Court Justice Robert Barnes disagreed with that earlier analysis. "Officially condoned military misconduct falling well short of a war crime may support a claim to refugee protection," Barnes wrote. Military action that "systematically degrades, abuses or humiliates" either combatants or non-combatants could provide such support, he said. Prior to Justice Barnes' ruling, and after turning down several similar asylum claims, the refugee board had consistently held that the United States is a democracy, which affords deserters due judicial process. However, the Federal Court said the board should hear evidence on whether deserters can rely on the American government to treat them fairly regardless of its status as a democracy.On July 14, 2008, a Los Angeles Times editorial referred to the July 4 ruling from Canada's Federal Court with these words:

...we should take a second look at our procedures for dealing with soldiers who allege human rights violations -- before they become deserters…[If] we would prefer not to hear shameful allegations from our own deserters and be judged by our neighbors, we cannot lightly dismiss expressions of moral outrage... The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's July 4, 2008 coverage of the story said that there is now a possibility that he "could qualify as a refugee." Second IRB hearing: June 3, 2009
On

masks:
Joshua Key
Key
Joshua Key


texts:
 June 3, 2009, <mask> had a new hearing in front of the IRB. Ken Atkinson, the immigration board member who heard <mask>'s case, reserved his decision. Lawrence Hill was present at this hearing, while supporters held a vigil outside. He was represented by attorney Alyssa Manning. Negative IRB decision: July 30, 2010
On July 30, 2010, Ken Atkinson of the IRB made a decision which rejected granting refugee status to <mask>.Atkinson stated, "I find that the claimant is neither a . . . refugee nor a person in need of protection." Atkinson went on to say, "I find that there is adequate state protection in the USA and the claimant has not taken all reasonable steps to pursue the available state protection." The IRB made this statement even after the Federal Court had previously instructed the IRB to hear evidence on whether deserters can rely on the American government to treat them fairly (see above). The negative ruling meant the Canada Border Services Agency could deport <mask>. <mask> said in a telephone interview that he is hopeful the Federal Court of Appeal would agree to hear his case, allowing him to stay in Canada. Three months later, on 22 October 2010, Wikileaks released documents on the Iraq War which dealt, in part, with civilian deaths. <mask> praised these leaked documents as supporting his refugee claim.In 2016, <mask> was granted temporary permission to work and receive government health care while his case continues to be reviewed. See also
 List of Iraq War Resisters
 Canada and Iraq War Resisters
 Nuremberg Defense
 Jeremy Hinzman

Notes

References

External links
 Co-Author of The Deserter's Tale, Lawrence Hill's website
 A critical review of the book, with excerpts

Video Links
  by Janette Luu, the host for CANOE Live, a local TV program on Sun TV in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

1978 births
Living people
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
American conscientious objectors
American anti–Iraq War activists
Iraq War resisters
Deserters
American male writers
Applicants for refugee status in Canada
People from Guthrie,

masks:
Joshua Key
Key
Key
Key
Key
Key
Key


texts:
<mask>   (23 May 1795 – 12 May 1860) was a British architect, best known for his role in the rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster (also known as the Houses of Parliament) in London during the mid-19th century, but also responsible for numerous other buildings and gardens. He is known for his major contribution to the use of Italianate architecture in Britain, especially the use of the Palazzo as basis for the design of country houses, city mansions and public buildings. He also developed the Italian Renaissance garden style for the many gardens he designed around country houses. Background and training

Born on 23 May 1795 in Bridge Street, Westminster (opposite the future site of the Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster), he was the fourth son of <mask> (died 1805), a stationer, and <mask> née Maybank (died 1798). He was baptised at St Margaret's, Westminster, into the Church of England, of which he was a lifelong member. His father remarried shortly after Frances died and <mask>'s stepmother Sarah would bring him up. He was educated at private schools in Homerton and then Aspley Guise, before being apprenticed to Middleton & Bailey, Lambeth architects and surveyors, at the age of 15.<mask> exhibited drawings at the Royal Academy annually from 1812 to 1815. Upon the death of his father, <mask> inherited a sum of money that allowed him, after coming of age, to undertake an extensive Grand Tour around the Mediterranean and Middle East, from 28 June 1817 to August 1820. He visited France and, while in Paris, spent several days at the Musée du Louvre. In Rome he sketched antiquities, sculptures and paintings at the Vatican Museums and

masks:
Sir Charles Barry
Walter Edward Barry
Frances Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry


texts: other galleries, before carrying on to Naples, Pompeii, Bari and then Corfu. While in Italy, <mask> met <mask> Eastlake, an architect, William Kinnaird and Francis Johnson (later a professor at Haileybury and Imperial Service College) and Thomas Leverton Donaldson. With these gentlemen he visited Greece, where their itinerary covered Athens, which they left on 25 June 1818, Mount Parnassus, Delphi, Aegina, then the Cyclades, including Delos, then Smyrna and Turkey, where <mask> greatly admired the magnificence of Hagia Sophia. From Constantinople he visited the Troad, Assos, Pergamon and back to Smyrna.Whilst in Athens, <mask> met David Baillie, who was taken with <mask>'s sketches and offered to pay him £200 a year plus any expenses to accompany him to Egypt, Palestine and Syria in return for <mask>'s drawings of the countries they visited. The major sites of the Middle East that they visited included Dendera, the Temple of Edfu, Philae – it was here that he met his future client William John Bankes on 13 January 1819 – then Thebes, Luxor and Karnak, then back to Cairo and Giza with its pyramids. Continuing through the Middle East, the major sites and cities visited were Jaffa, the Dead Sea, Jerusalem, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, then Bethlehem, Baalbek, Jerash, Beirut, Damascus and Palmyra, then on to Homs. On 18 June 1819, <mask> parted from Baillie at Tripoli, Lebanon. Over this time, <mask> created more than 500 sketches. <mask> then travelled on to Cyprus, Rhodes, Halicarnassus, Ephesus and Smyrna from where he sailed on 16 August 1819 for Malta. <mask> then sailed from Malta to Syracuse, Sicily, then Italy and back

masks:
Barry
Charles Lock
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry


texts:
 through France.His travels in Italy exposed him to Renaissance architecture and after arriving in Rome in January 1820, he met architect John Lewis Wolfe, who inspired <mask> himself to become an architect. Their friendship continued until <mask> died. The building that inspired <mask>'s admiration for Italian architecture was the Palazzo Farnese. Over the following months, he and Wolfe together studied the architecture of Vicenza, Venice, Verona and Florence, where the Palazzo Strozzi greatly impressed him. Early career

While in Rome he had met Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne, through whom he met Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland, and his wife, Elizabeth Fox, Baroness Holland. Their London home, Holland House, was the centre of the Whig Party. <mask> remained a lifelong supporter of the Liberal Party, the successor to the Whig Party.<mask> was invited to the gatherings at the house, and there met many of the prominent members of the group; this led to many of his subsequent commissions. <mask> set up his home and office in Ely Place in 1821. In 1827 he moved to 27 Foley Place, then in 1842 he moved to 32 Great George Street and finally to The Elms, Clapham Common. Now 29 Clapham Common Northside, the Georgian house of five bays and three stories was designed by Samuel Pepys Cockerell as his own home. Probably thanks to his fiancée's friendship with John Soane, <mask> was recommended to the Church Building Commissioners, and was able to obtain his first major commissions building churches for them. These were in the Gothic Revival architecture style, including two in Lancashire, St. Matthew, Campfield, Manchester

masks: Barry Barry Barry Barry Barry Barry Barry


texts: (1821–22), and All Saints' Church, Whitefield (or Stand) (1822–25). <mask> designed three churches for the Commissioners in Islington: Holy Trinity, St. John's and St. Paul's, all in the Gothic style and built between 1826 and 1828.Two further Gothic churches in Lancashire, not for the Commissioners followed in 1824: St Saviour's Church, Ringley, partially rebuilt in 1851–54 and <mask>'s neglected Welsh Baptist Chapel, on Upper Brook Street (1837–39) in Manchester (and owned by the City Council), long open to the elements and at serious risk after its roof was removed in late 2005, the building was converted to private apartments in 2014–17. His final church for the Commissioners' was the Gothic St Peter's Church, Brighton (1824–28), which he won in a design competition on 4 August 1823 and was his first building to win acclaim. The next church he designed was St Andrew's Hove, East Sussex, in Waterloo Street, Brunswick, (1827–28); the plan of the building is in line with Georgian architecture, though stylistically the Italianate style was used, the only classical church <mask> designed that was actually built. The Gothic Hurstpierpoint church (1843–45), with its tower and spire, unlike his earlier churches was much closer to the Cambridge Camden Society's approach to church design. According to his son Alfred, <mask> later disowned these early church designs of the 1820s and wished he could destroy them. His first major civil commission came when he won a competition to design the new Royal Manchester Institution (1824–35) for the promotion of literature, science and arts (now part of the Manchester Art Gallery), in Greek revival style,

masks: Barry Barry Barry Barry


texts: the only public building by <mask> in that style. Also in north-west England, he designed Buile Hill House (1825) in Salford this is the only known house where <mask> used Greek revival architecture.The Royal Sussex County Hospital was erected to <mask>'s design (1828) in a very plain classical style. Thomas Attree's villa, Queen's Park, Brighton, the only one to be built of a series of villas designed for the area by <mask> and the Pepper Pot (1830), whose original function was a water tower for the development. In 1831 he entered the competition for the design of Birmingham Town Hall, the design was based on an Ancient Greek temple of the Doric order, but it failed to win the competition. The marked preference for Italian architecture, which he acquired during his travels showed itself in various important undertakings of his earlier years, the first significant example being the Travellers Club, in Pall Mall, built in 1832, as with all his urban commissions in this style the design was astylar. He designed the Gothic King Edward's School, New Street, Birmingham (1833–37), demolished 1936, it was during the erection of the school that <mask> first met Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, he helped <mask> design the interiors of the building. His last work in Manchester was the Italianate Manchester Athenaeum (1837–39), this is now part of Manchester Art Gallery. From (1835–37) he rebuilt Royal College of Surgeons of England, in Lincoln's Inn Fields, Westminster, he preserved the Ionic portico from the earlier building (1806–13) designed by George Dance the Younger, the building has been further extended (1887–88) and (1937).In 1837 he won the

masks: Barry Barry Barry Barry Barry Barry


texts:
 competition to design the Reform Club, Pall Mall, London, which is one of his finest Italianate public buildings, notable for its double height central saloon with glazed roof. His favourite building in Rome, the Farnese Palace, influenced the design. Country house work

A major focus of his career was the remodelling of older country houses. His first major commission was the transformation of Henry Holland's Trentham Hall in Staffordshire, between 1834 and 1840. It was remodelled in the Italianate style with a large tower (a feature <mask> often included in his country houses). <mask> also designed the Italianate gardens, with parterres and fountains. Largely demolished in 1912, only a small portion of the house, consisting of the porte-cochère with a curving corridor, and the stables, are still standing, although the gardens are undergoing a restoration.Additionally, the belvedere from the top of the tower survives as a folly at Sandon Hall. Between 1834 and 1838, at Bowood House, Wiltshire, owned by Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne, <mask> added the tower, made alterations to the gardens, and designed the Italianate entrance lodge. For the same client, he designed the Lansdowne Monument in 1845. Walton House in Walton-on-Thames followed in 1835–39. Again <mask> used the Italianate style, with a three-storey tower over the entrance porte-cochère (which was demolished 1973). Then, from 1835 to 1838, he remodelled Sir Roger Pratt's Kingston Lacy, with the exterior being re-clad in stone. The interiors were also <mask>'s work.Highclere Castle, Hampshire, with its large tower, was remodelled between about 1842 and 1850,

masks: Barry Barry Barry Barry Barry


texts: in Elizabethan style, for Henry Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon. The building was completely altered externally, with the plain Georgian structure being virtually rebuilt. However, little of the interior is by <mask>, because his patron died in 1849 and Thomas Allom completed the work in 1861. At Duncombe Park, Yorkshire, <mask> designed new wings, which were added between in 1843 and 1846 in the English Baroque style of the main block. At Harewood House he remodelled the John Carr exterior between 1843 and 1850, adding an extra floor to the end pavilions, and replacing the portico on the south front with Corinthian pilasters. Some of the Robert Adam interiors were remodelled, with the dining room being entirely by <mask>, and he created the formal terraces and parterres surrounding the house. Between 1844 and 1848, <mask> remodelled Dunrobin Castle, Sutherland, Scotland, in Scots Baronial Style, for George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland for whom he had remodelled Trentham Hall.Due to a fire in the early 20th century, little of <mask>'s interiors survive at Dunrobin, but the gardens, with their fountains and parterres, are also by <mask>. Canford Manor, Dorset, was extended in a Tudor Gothic style between 1848 and 1852, including a large entrance tower. The most unusual interior is the Nineveh porch, built to house Assyrian sculptures from the eponymous palace, decorated with Assyrian motifs. James Paine's Shrubland Park was remodelled between 1849 and 1854, including an Italianate tower and entrance porch, a lower hall with Corinthian columns and glass domes, and impressive formal gardens based on Italian Renaissance


texts:
 gardens. The gardens included a -high series of terraces linked by a grand flight of steps, with an open temple structure at the top. Originally there were cascades of water either side of the staircase. The main terrace is at the centre of a string of gardens nearly  in length.Between 1850 and 1852, <mask> remodelled Gawthorpe Hall, an Elizabethan house situated south-east of the small town of Padiham, in the borough of Burnley, Lancashire. It was originally a pele tower, built in the 14th century as a defence against the invading Scots. Around 1600, a Jacobean mansion had been dovetailed around the pele, but today's hall is re-design of the house, using the original Elizabethan style. <mask>'s last major remodelling work was Cliveden House, which had been the seat of the Earl of Orkney from 1696 till 1824. <mask>'s remodelling was again on behalf of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland. After the previous building was burnt down (1850–51), <mask> built a new central block in the Italianate Style, rising to three floors, the lowest of which have arch headed windows, and the upper two floors have giant Ionic pilasters. He also designed the parterres below the house.Little of <mask>'s interior design survived later remodelling. Later urban work

<mask> remodelled Trafalgar Square (1840–45) he designed the north terrace with the steps at either end, and the sloping walls on the east and west of the square, the two fountain basins are also to <mask>'s design, although Edwin Lutyens re-designed the actual fountains (1939). <mask> was commissioned to design (1840–42) the facade of Pentonville prison, that was designed by Joshua Jebb, he added a stuccoed

masks: Barry Barry Barry Barry Barry Barry Barry Barry


texts: Italianate pilastered frontage to Caledonian Road. The (Old) Treasury (Now Cabinet Office) Whitehall by John Soane, built (1824–26) was virtually rebuilt by <mask> (1844–47). It consists of 23 bays with a giant Corinthian order over a rusticated ground floor, the five bays at each end project slightly from the facade. Bridgewater House, Westminster, London (1845–64) for Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere, in a grand Italianate style. The structure was complete by 1848, but interior decoration was only finished by 1864.The main (south) front is 144 feet long, of nine bays in more massive version of his earlier Reform Club, the garden (west) front is of seven bays. The interiors are intact apart from the north wing which was bombed in The Blitz. The main interior is the central Saloon, a roofed courtyard of two storeys, of three by five bays of arches on each floor, the walls are lined with scagliola, the coved ceiling is glazed and the centre has three glazed saucer domes. The decoration of the major rooms is not the work of <mask>. The last major commission of <mask>'s was Halifax Town Hall (1859–62), in a North Italian Cinquecento style, and a grand tower with spire, the interior includes a central hall similar to that at Bridgewater House, the building was completed after <mask>'s death by his son Edward Middleton <mask>. Completed after <mask>'s death in 1863 was the classical, Guest Memorial Reading Room and Library in Dowlais, Wales. The most significant of <mask>'s designs that were not carried out included, his proposed Law Courts (1840–41), that if built would have covered Lincoln's Inn Fields with a large Greek Revival


texts: building, this rectangular building would have been over three hundred by four hundred feet, in a Greek Doric style, there would have been octastyle porticoes in the middle of the shorter sides and hexastyle porticoes on the longer sides, leading to a large central hall that would have been surrounded by twelve court rooms that in turn were surrounded by the ancillary facilities.Later was his General Scheme of Metropolitan Improvements, that were exhibited in 1857. This comprehensive scheme was for the redevelopment of much of Whitehall, Horse Guards Parade, the embankment of the River Thames on both sides of the river in the areas to the north and south of the Palace of Westminster, this would eventual be partially realised as the Victoria Embankment and Albert Embankment, three new bridges across the Thames, a vast Hotel where Charing Cross railway station was later built, the enlargement of the National Gallery (<mask>'s son Edward would later extend the Gallery) and new buildings around Trafalgar Square and along the new embankments and the recently created Victoria Street. There were also several new roads proposed on both sides of the Thames. The largest of the proposed buildings would have been even larger than the Palace of Westminster, this was the Government Offices, this vast building would have covered the area stretching from horse Guards Parade across Downing Street and the sites of the future Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the HM Treasury on Whitehall up to Parliament Square. It would have had a vast glass-roofed hall, 320 by 150 feet, at the centre of the building. The plan was to house all government departments apart


texts:
 from the Admiralty in the building. The building would have been in a Classical style incorporating <mask>'s existing Treasury building.Houses of Parliament

Following the destruction by fire of the old Houses of Parliament on 16 October 1834, a competition was held to find a suitable design, for which there were 97 entries. <mask>'s entry, number 64, for which Augustus Pugin helped prepare the competition drawings, won the commission in January 1836 to design the new Palace of Westminster. His collaboration with Pugin, who designed furniture, stained glass, sculpture, wallpaper, decorative floor tiles and mosaic work, was not renewed until June 1844, and then continued until Pugin's mental breakdown and death in 1852. The Tudor Gothic architectural style was chosen to complement the Henry VII Lady Chapel opposite. The design had to incorporate those parts of the building that escaped destruction, most notably Westminster Hall, the adjoining double-storey cloisters of St Stephen's court and the crypt of St Stephen's Chapel. <mask>'s design was parallel to the River Thames, but the surviving buildings were at a slight angle to the river, so <mask> had to incorporate the awkwardly different axes into the design. Although the design included most of the elements of the finished building, including the two towers at either end of the building, it would undergo significant redesign.The winning design was only about  in length, about two-thirds the size of the finished building. The central lobby and tower were later additions, as was the extensive royal suite at the southern end of the building. The amended design on which construction


texts: commenced was approximately the same size as the finished building, although both the Victoria Tower and Clock Tower were considerably taller in the finished building, and the Central Tower was not yet part of the design. Before construction could commence, the site had to be embanked and cleared of the remains of the previous buildings, and various sewers needed to be diverted. On 1 September 1837, work started on building a  long coffer-dam to enclose the building site along the river. The construction of the embankment started on New Year's Day 1839. The first work consisted of the construction of a vast concrete raft to serve as the building's foundation.After the space had been excavated by hand,  of concrete were laid. The site of the Victoria Tower was found to consist of quicksand, necessitating the use of piles. The stone selected for the exterior of the building was quarried at Anston in Yorkshire, with the core of the walls being laid in brick. To make the building as fire-proof as possible, wood was only used decoratively, rather than structurally, and extensive use was made of cast iron. The roofs of the building consist of cast iron girders covered by sheets of iron, cast iron beams were also used as joists to support the floors and extensively in the internal structures of both the clock tower and Victoria tower. <mask> and his engineer Alfred Meeson were responsible for designing scaffolding, hoists and cranes used in the construction. One of their most innovative developments was the scaffolding used to construct the three main towers.For the central tower they designed an inner rotating scaffold, surrounded by timber


texts: centring to support the masonry vault of the Central Lobby, that spans , and an external timber tower. A portable steam engine was used to lift stone and brick to the upper parts of the tower. When it came to building the Victoria and Clock towers, it was decided to dispense with external scaffolding and lift building materials up through the towers by an internal scaffolding that travelled up the structure as it was built. The scaffold and cranes were powered by steam engines. Work on the actual building began with the laying of a foundation stone on 27 April 1840 by <mask>'s wife Sarah, near the north-east corner of the building. A major problem for <mask> came with the appointment on 1 April 1840 of the ventilation expert Dr David Boswell Reid. Reid, whom <mask> said was "...not profess to be thoroughly acquainted with the practical details of building and machinery...", would make increasing demands that affected the building's design, leading to delays in construction.By 1845, <mask> was refusing to communicate with Reid except in writing. A direct result of Reid's demands was the addition of the Central Tower, designed to act as a giant chimney to draw fresh air through the building. The House of Lords was completed in April 1847 in the form of a double cube measuring . The House of Commons was finished in 1852, where later <mask> would be created a Knight Bachelor. The Elizabeth Tower, which houses the great clock and bells including Big Ben, is  tall and was completed in 1858. The Victoria Tower is  tall and was completed in 1860. The iron flagpole on the Victoria Tower tapers from  in diameter and the iron crown on top is  in


texts: diameter and  above ground.The central tower is  high. The building is  long, covers about  of land, and has over 1000 rooms. The east Thames façade is  in length. Pugin later dismissed the building, saying "All Grecian, Sir, Tudor details on a classic body", the essentially symmetrical plan and river front being offensive to Pugin's taste for medieval Gothic buildings. The plan of the finished building is built around two major axes. At the southern end of Westminster Hall, St. Stephen's porch was created as a major entrance to the building. This involved inserting a great arch with a grand staircase at the southern end of Westminster hall, which leads to the first floor where the major rooms are located.To the east of St. Stephens porch is St. Stephen's Hall, built on the surviving undercroft of St. Stephen's Chapel. To the east of this the octagonal Central Lobby (above which is the central tower), the centre of the building. North of the Central Lobby is the Commons' Corridor which leads into the square Commons' Lobby, north of which is the House of Commons. There are various offices and corridors to the north of the House of Commons with the clock tower terminating the northern axis of the building. South of the Central Lobby is the Peers' Corridor leading to the Peers' Lobby, south of which lies the House of Lords. South of the House of Lords in sequence are the Prince's Chamber, Royal Gallery, and Queen's Robing Room. To the north-west of the Queen's Robing Chamber is the Norman Porch, to the west of which the Royal Staircase leads down to the Royal Entrance located immediately beneath the Victoria Tower.East of the Central Lobby is


texts:
 the East Corridor leading to the Lower Waiting Hall, to the east of which is the Members Dining Room located in the very centre of the east front. To the north of the Members Dining Room lies the House of Commons Library, and at the northern end of the east front is the projecting Speaker's House, home of the Speaker of the House of Commons. To the south of the Members Dining Room lies various committee rooms followed by House of Lords Library. Projecting from the southern end of the facade is the Lord Chancellor's House, home of The Lord Chancellor. Although Parliament gave <mask> a prestigious name in architecture, it nearly finished him off. Completion of the building was very overdue; <mask> had estimated it would take six years and cost £724,986 (excluding the cost of the site, embankment and furnishings). However, construction actually took 26 years, and it was also well over budget; by July 1854 the estimated cost was £2,166,846.Those pressures left <mask> tired and stressed. The full <mask> design was never completed; it would have enclosed New Palace Yard as an internal courtyard, and the clock tower would have been in the north-east corner, with a great gateway in the north-west corner surmounted by the Albert Tower, continuing south along the west front of Westminster Hall. Professional life

<mask> was appointed architect to the Dulwich College estate in 1830, an appointment that last until 1858. <mask> attended the inaugural meeting of the Royal Institute of British Architects on 3 December 1834 he became a fellow of the R.I.B.A. and later served as vice-president of the institute, in 1859 he turned down the Presidency of the


texts:
 R.I.B.A. In 1845 he awarded the commission in the competition for New College, Edinburgh to William Henry Playfair. <mask> also served on the Royal Commission (learned committee) developing plans for the Great Exhibition of 1851; also in 1851, he was a co-founder of what became the Royal Architectural Museum.In 1852 he was an assessor on the committee that selected Cuthbert Brodrick's design in the competition to design Leeds Town Hall. In 1853 <mask> was consulted by Albert, Prince Consort on his plans for creation of what became known as Albertopolis. <mask> spent two months in Paris in 1855 representing, along with his friend and fellow architect <mask> Cockerell, English architecture on the juries of the Exposition Universelle. <mask> was an active fellow of the Royal Academy, and he was involved in revising the architectural curriculum in 1856. In 1858 <mask> was appointed to the St. Paul's Committee, whose function was to oversee the maintenance of the Special Evening Service in St Paul's Cathedral and carry out redecoration of the cathedral. Several architects received their training in <mask>'s office, including: John Hayward, John Gibson, George Somers Leigh Clarke, J. A. Chatwin and his sons <mask> and Edward Middleton <mask>.Additionally <mask> had several assistants who worked for him at various times, including Robert Richardson Banks, Thomas Allom, Peter Kerr and Ingress Bell. Awards and recognition

 <mask> was elected Associate of the Royal Academy on 2 November 1840
 On 10 February 1842 <mask> was elected a Royal Academician of the Royal Academy, his diploma work being a drawing of the south front of the Travellers Club.

masks:
Barry
Barry
Barry
Charles Robert
Barry
Barry
Barry
Charles Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry


texts:
 He was recognised by the main artistic bodies of many European countries, and was enrolled as a member of the academies of art in Rome (Accademia di San Luca) in 1842, Saint Petersburg (1845), Brussels (1847), Prussia (1849) and Stockholm (1850). He was later elected to the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1849. Awarded the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1850, it was presented to him on 3 June by Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey, the president of the institute. <mask> was knighted in 1852 by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle, marking the completion of the main interiors of the Palace of Westminster.After the foundation of the American Institute of Architects in 1857 <mask> was elected a member. A London County Council blue plaque, unveiled in 1950, commemorates <mask> at "The Elms", his house by Clapham Common. Personal life and the next generation
<mask> disliked being away from London not liking life in the country, he preferred the bustle and society of the city. He was an early riser, usually between four and six o'clock in the morning, he only needed four or five hours sleep. Preferring to do his thinking and designing in the morning, but was happy to have company while at work, liking to be read to or join in conversation. He had a dislike of public display, considering it hollow and lacking in conviction. His general disposition was sanguine, though he had a quick temper.He preferred science to literature, he frequently attended the Friday night lectures held at the Royal Institution. <mask> was engaged to Sarah Rowsell (1798–1882) in 1817, they married on 7 December 1822 and had seven children


texts: together. Four of Sir <mask>'s five sons followed in his career footsteps. Eldest son <mask> (junior) (1823–1900) designed Dulwich College and park in south London and rebuilt Burlington House (home of the Royal Academy) in central London's Piccadilly; Edward Middleton <mask> (1830–1880) completed the Parliament buildings and designed the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden; Godfrey Walter <mask> (1833–1868) became a surveyor; Sir John Wolfe-<mask> (1836–1918) was the engineer for Tower Bridge and Blackfriars Railway Bridge. Edward and <mask> also collaborated on the design of the Great Eastern Hotel at London's Liverpool Street station. His second son, Rev. <mask> (1826–1910), became a noted clergyman.He was headmaster of Leeds Grammar School from 1854 to 1862 and of Cheltenham College from 1862 to 1868. He later became the third Bishop of Sydney, Australia. He wrote a 400-page biography of his father, The Life and Times of Sir <mask>, R.A., F.R.S., that was published in 1867. <mask>'s daughters were <mask> (1828–1886) and Adelaide Sarah <mask> (1841–1907). Sir <mask>' relative John Hayward designed several buildings including, The Hall, Chapel Quad Pembroke College, Oxford. Two of <mask>'s grandsons continued in the profession, <mask> <mask> (1855–1937) architect and assistant to his father, and his brother Lt Col Arthur John <mask>, TD, MICE (1859–1943), civil engineer and architect, son of <mask> Jr. and pupil and later partner of Sir John Wolfe-<mask>. He was the author of Railway Expansion in China and the Influence of Foreign Powers in Its Development (London, 1910) and is noted for significant infrastructure projects in India,

masks:
Charles Barry
Charles Barry
Barry
Barry
Barry
Charles
Alfred Barry
Charles Barry
Barry
Emily Barry
Barry
Charles
Barry
Charles Edward
Barry
Barry CBE
Charles Barry
Barry


texts:
 China, Thailand and Egypt.He was the final generation of the <mask> architectural and engineering dynasty. Death and funeral

From onward 1837 <mask> suffered from sudden bouts of illness, one of the most severe being in 1858. On 12 May 1860 after an afternoon at the Crystal Palace with Lady <mask>, at his home The Elms, Clapham Common, he was seized at eleven o'clock at night with difficulty in breathing and was in pain from a heart attack and died shortly after. His funeral and interment took place at one o'clock on 22 May in Westminster Abbey, the cortège formed at Vauxhall Bridge, there were eight pall-bearers: Sir <mask>; William Cowper-Temple, 1st Baron Mount Temple; George Parker Bidder; Sir Edward Cust, 1st Baronet; Alexander Beresford Hope; The Dean of St. Paul's Henry Hart Milman; <mask> Cockerell and Sir William Tite. There were several hundred mourners at the funeral service, including his five sons, (it was against custom for women to attend, so neither his widow or daughters were present), his friend Mr Wolfe, numerous members of the House of Commons and Lords, attended, several who were his former clients, about 150 members of the R.I.B.A., including: Decimus Burton, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, Benjamin Ferrey, <mask>, George Godwin, Owen Jones, Henry Edward Kendall, John Norton, Joseph Paxton, James Pennethorne, Anthony Salvin, Sydney Smirke, Lewis Vulliamy, Matthew Digby Wyatt and Thomas Henry Wyatt. Various members of the Royal Society, Royal Academy, Institution of Civil Engineers, Society for the Encouragement of Fine Art and Society of Antiquaries were present. The funeral service was taken by the Dean of Westminster

masks:
Barry
Barry
Barry
Charles Eastlake
Charles Robert
Charles Fowler


texts:
 Abbey Richard Chenevix Trench.Hardman & Co. made the monumental brass marking <mask>'s tomb in the nave at Westminster Abbey shows the Victoria Tower and Plan of the Palace of Westminster flanking a large Christian cross bearing representations of the Paschal Lamb and the four Evangelists and on the stem are roses, leaves, a portcullis and the letter B., beneath is this inscription:

Sacred to the memory of Sir <mask>, Knight R.A. F.R.S. & c. Architect of the New Palace of Westminster and other buildings who died the 12th May A.D. 1860 aged 64 years and lies buried beneath this brass. The brass has this inscription running around its edge:

Whatsoever ye do do it heartily as to the Lord and not unto Men for ye serve the Lord Christ. Col. Colossians III.23.24. The following tribute was paid by the R.I.B.A. :

The Royal Institute of British Architects impressed with the loss which the profession and the country have sustained through the decease of Sir <mask>, whose genius has conferred great lustre upon this age, hereby record their profound sympathy with the affliction which has fallen upon the widow and family of their lamented friend. Following <mask>'s death a life size white-marble sculpture (1861–65) of him was carved by John Henry Foley and was set up as a memorial to him at the foot of the Committee Stairs in the Palace of Westminster.The figure is seated holding a large book resting in his lap held at the top in his left hand. Major projects

<mask> designed:

 Remodelling of Soughton Hall under the instructions of travelling companion William John Bankes (1820s)
 All Saints' Church, Whitefield (1822–25)
 St Matthew's Church,

masks:
Barry
Charles Barry
Charles Barry
Barry
Barry


texts:
 Manchester (1825)
 St Peter's Church, Brighton (1824–28)
 The Royal Institution of Fine Arts, Manchester, now Manchester Art Gallery (1824–35)
St Paul's Church, Islington (1826–28)
St John, Holloway Road, Islington (1826–28)
Holy Trinity, Cloudesley Square, Islington (1826–29)
 New tower Petworth Church, Sussex (1827)
 The Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton (1828)
 Thomas Attree's villa and the Pepper Pot, Queen's Park, Brighton (1830)
 Travellers Club. Alfred, (1867) The Life and Times of Sir <mask> R.A., F.S.A., John Murray
Beaver, Patrick, (1986 2nd Edition) The Crystal Palace, Phillimore & Co. Ltd,
Bingham, Neil, (2011) Masterworks: Architecture at the Royal Academy of Arts, Royal Academy of Arts,
Bisgrove, Richard, (1990) The English Garden, Viking,
Bradley, Simon & Pevsner, Nikolaus, (2003) The Buildings of England: London 6 Westminster, Yale University Press,
Brodie, Antonia; Felstead, Alison; Franklin, Jonathan; Pinfield, Leslie and Oldfiled, Jane, (2nd edition 2001) Directory of British Architects 1834–1914 Volume 1:A-K, Continuum,
Brownlee, David B., (1984) The Law Courts: The Architecture of George Edmund Street, M.I.T. Cockerell, Zwemmer Ltd,
Whiffen, Marcus, (1950) The Architecture of Sir Charles Barry in Manchester and Neighbourhood, Council of the Royal Manchester Institution

External links

 Biography – Britain Express
 The History of St Peter's Church, Brighton
 Palace of Westminster
Charles Barry & the Map Room – UK Parliament Living Heritage

 Papers of Charles Barry at the UK Parliamentary Archives
 Charles Barry works. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library,


texts:
 Columbia University. Charles Barry Fonds McGill University Library & Archives. Parliamentary Archives, Papers of Sir Charles Barry (1795–1860), Architect

1795 births
1860 deaths
Burials at Westminster Abbey
19th-century British architects
Fellows of the Royal Society
Italianate architecture in the United Kingdom
Historicist architects
Knights Bachelor
People from Westminster
Architects from London
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
Royal


texts:
<mask>v (January 4, 1901 – May 3, 1975) () was a Russian/Soviet intelligence officer, a sailor and painter, a doctor and lawyer, a traveler and polyglot, a writer and a Gulag prisoner. One of the most outstanding Soviet undercover operatives, Bystrolyotov acted in Western Europe in the period between the great wars, recruiting and controlling several important agents in Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. His greatest achievement was breaking into the British Foreign Office files years before Kim Philby, as well as procuring diplomatic ciphers of scores of European countries. Despite his personal courage and heroism, he fell victim of Joseph Stalin's purges of the 1930s. Arrested by the NKVD on drummed up charges, he was severely tortured and turned into an invalid. Serving his term, he spent over 16 years in various Gulag camps. There, at great risk to himself, he wrote and smuggled to the outside world his voluminous memoirs, an indictment of Communist Party of the Soviet Union's crimes against humanity.Early life and career
He was born to out-of-wedlock parents in the village of Aibory, in the Crimea, to Klavdiya Bystrolyotov, a provincial clergyman’s daughter. In his memoirs, Bystrolyotov identifies his father as a vice-governor of Saint Petersburg and governor of Vitebsk, Count Alexander Nikolaevich Tolstoy, a brother of Aleksei Tolstoi. Raised in an impoverished foster family of aristocrats in Saint Petersburg, with the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Bystrolyotov first was drafted into the White Army but, after its defeat, was recruited as a “sleeper” by the Cheka, the Soviet secret police. He was sent to the West with the flow of Russian refugees and activated after he settled in Prague,


texts:
 Czechoslovakia. Capitalizing on his knowledge of several European languages and his aristocratic upbringing, he operated with ease amid the upper layers of European societies and became one of the “Great Illegals”, a squad of outstanding Soviet spies who worked undercover in Western countries between the great wars. With the growing threat of Fascism and Nazism, Bystrolyotov successfully hunted for Italian and German military secrets. He also stole British secrets for the Soviets years before Kim Philby and made Stalin privy to the contents of French, Italian, Swiss, and American diplomatic pouches.The modus operandi of this dashing young man involved seduction and recruitment of women as Soviet agents, among them a French diplomat, a German countess, and a Gestapo officer. As a result, he provided Stalin with minutes of Hitler’s meetings with Western diplomats, as well with German, Italian, and Spanish diplomatic codes along with codes of Great Britain and France. Bystrolyotov also procured for the Soviets Hitler’s four-year plan for the rearmament of Germany and helped identify the Nazis’ fifth column in pre-World War II France. In 1935 he smuggled samples of the latest models of German and Italian weaponry across European borders. During a mission to probe the feasibility of the French government's secret promise to Stalin, in the event of German aggression in Europe, to bring an army of mercenaries from Africa, he twice crossed the Sahara Desert and the jungles of the Belgian Congo. Arrest and imprisonment
In 1937, at the height of Stalin’s purges, he was recalled to the Soviet Union and soon arrested and tortured until he “confessed” to selling out to the enemy. He was sentenced to twenty years of


texts:
 hard labor.Ostracized and deprived of any means of sustenance as relatives of an “enemy of the people”, his wife and his mother committed suicide. Still in the camps, he overcame difficult circumstances—his ruined health and the risk of severe punishment—to begin writing his eyewitness account of Stalin’s Gulag. Smuggled to the outside world by his fellow inmates and his second wife, whom he had met and married in the camps, his memoir is comparable to that of Solzhenitsyn. Later life
After his release in 1954, a polyglot with nearly 20 languages at his disposal, including Dutch, Turkish, Chinese, and Japanese, he worked at various medical research organizations in Moscow as a translator and medical consultant. Besides being a gifted painter, <mask> was also a talented novelist, screenwriter, and memoirist. In 1963, journal Azia i Afrika segodnya (Asia and Africa Today) published a series of sketches about his African trips. In 1973, a film titled Chelovek v shtatskom (A Plainclothes Man) based on his script was released.In 1974, journal Nash sovremennik (Our Contemporary) published his short novel Para Bellum, a thinly-disguised account of one of his pre-World War II foreign operations. But not one of his memoirs was published in his lifetime. Bystrolyotov died on May 3, 1975, and was buried at the Khovanskoye Cemetery, Moscow. Currently, he is considered one of the leading heroes of Russian foreign intelligence. His portrait is displayed on the walls of the secret “Memory Room” at the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service headquarters. On November 21, 2011, the International Spy Museum in Washington, D.C. unveiled an exhibit devoted to him. Notes

References
Bystrolyotov D.A.(1996) "A Journey to the


texts:
 Edge of the Night" (Быстролетов Д.А. "Путешествие на край ночи"), Moscow, Sovremennik, 550pp — An anthology of works and manuscripts

Quotes
“One of the most successful Soviet illegals” Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Vol.. 5  (Robert W. Pringle, ed.) “[An] extremely versatile intelligence officer was indeed legendary in the 1930s; in fact, with his espionage history, he is the nearest thing to James Bond." Oleg Gordievsky, former KGB Colonel and author (together with Christopher Andrew) of KGB: The Inside Story; Instructions from the Centre: Top Secret Files on KGB Foreign Operations, 1975-8, and other books on Russian intelligence. “[O]ne of the most prominent undercover operatives, a mega-spy, brave and talented. In fact, he was the best Russian spy ever, eclipsing even the legendary Richard Sorge.” Mikhail Lyubimov, KGB veteran, historian of Russian secret service, author of the book Spies I Like and Spies I Hate and many other books on espionage. “Thanks to Bystrolyotov and others, [Soviet intelligence] received more assistance from espionage than any similar agency in the West.” Christopher Andrew and Vassili Mitrokhin, in The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB.“His skill at adopting the identity of an aristocrat came useful during his years as an illegal.” Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev in Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of KGB Archives. “[An] experienced and colorful operative... Possessed of great personal courage and a dashing manner, he was a master of many languages and disguises and used a variety of identities when traveling between the countries of Western Europe.” William E. Duff, Special Agent of the


texts:
 FBI (Foreign Counterintelligence Department), author of the book A Time for Spies: Theodore Stephanovich Mally and the Era of the Great Illegals. Further reading
Draitser, Emil Stalin's Romeo Spy: The Remarkable Rise and Fall of the KGB Most Daring Operative (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2010) . Pringle, Robert W., ed. Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Vol.. 5
Draitser, Emil. "Hunting for Interwar Diplomacy Secrets: Tradecraft of Dmitri Bystrolyotov," Journal of Intelligence History, Vol.6 (Winter 2008), 1-12. Draitser, Emil. "A Life Cut in Half: The Case of <mask> Bystrolyotov." Gulag Studies, Vol. 1 (in print)
Andrew, Christopher and Mitrokhin, Vassili. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books, 1999.Costello, John and Oleg Tsarev, Deadly Illusions. New York: Crown, 1993. West, Nigel and Oleg Tsarev. Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of KGB Archives. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. West, Nigel. MI-5: British Security Operations, 1909-1945.NY: Stein and Day, 1982. Kern, Gary. A Death in Washington: Walter G. Krivitsky and the Stalin Terror. Enigma, 2003. Duff, William. A Time for Spies: Theodore Stephanovich Mally and the Era of the Great Illegals. Nashville and London: Vanderbilt University Press, 1999.Applebaum, Anne. Gulag: A History. New York: Doubleday, 2003. External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110207141251/http://stalinsromeospy.com/
https://web.archive.org/web/20071112235455/http://svr.gov.ru/history/byst.html
http://svr.gov.ru/smi/2006/01/novrkr20060130.htm

1901 births
1975 deaths
People from Pervomaiske Raion
People from Perekopsky Uyezd
NKVD


texts: <mask> (September 17, 1907 – June 25, 1995) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as the 15th chief justice of the United States from 1969 to 1986. Born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, <mask> graduated from the St. Paul College of Law in 1931. He helped secure the Minnesota delegation's support for Dwight D<mask> at the 1952 Republican National Convention. After <mask> won the 1952 presidential election, he appointed <mask> to the position of Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Civil Division. In 1956, <mask> appointed <mask> to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. <mask> served on this court until 1969 and became known as a critic of the Warren Court. In 1969, President Richard Nixon nominated <mask> to succeed Chief <mask>, and <mask> won Senate confirmation with little opposition.He did not emerge as a strong intellectual force on the Court, but sought to improve the administration of the federal judiciary. He also helped establish the National Center for State Courts and the Supreme Court Historical Society. <mask> remained on the Court until his retirement in 1986, when he became Chairman of the Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution. He was succeeded as chief justice by William H. Rehnquist, who had served as an associate justice since 1972. In 1974, <mask> wrote for a unanimous court in United States v. Nixon, which rejected Nixon's invocation of executive privilege in the wake of the Watergate scandal. The ruling played a major role in Nixon's resignation. <mask> joined the majority in Roe v. Wade in holding that the right to privacy prohibited states from banning abortions.He later abandoned  Roe v. Wade in Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. His majority opinion in INS v. Chadha struck down the one-house legislative veto. Although <mask> was perceived as a conservative, and the Burger Court delivered some conservative decisions, the Burger Court also delivered some liberal decisions regarding abortion,

masks:
Warren Earl Burger
Burger
. Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Burger
Eisenhower
Burger
Burger
Burger
Justice Earl Warren
Burger
Burger
Burger
Burger
Burger


texts:
 capital punishment, religious establishment, and school desegregation during his tenure. Early years

<mask> <mask> was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1907, as one of seven children. His parents, Katharine (née Schnittger) and Charles Joseph <mask>, a traveling salesman and railroad cargo inspector, were of Austrian German descent. He was raised Presbyterian. His grandfather, <mask>, had emigrated from Tyrol, Austria and joined the Union Army when he was 13.<mask> fought and was wounded in the Civil War, resulting in the loss of his right arm and was awarded the Medal of Honor at the age of 14. At age 16, <mask> became one of the youngest captains in the Union Army. <mask> grew up on the family farm near the edge of Saint Paul. At age 8, he stayed home from school for a year after contracting polio. He attended John A. Johnson High School, where he was president of the student council. He competed in hockey, football, track, and swimming. While in high school, he wrote articles on high school sports for local newspapers.He graduated in 1925, and received a partial scholarship to attend Princeton University, which he declined because his family's finances were not sufficient to cover the remainder of his expenses. That same year, <mask> also worked with the crew building the Robert Street Bridge, a crossing of the Mississippi River in Saint Paul that still exists. Concerned about the number of deaths on the project, he asked that a net be installed to catch anyone who fell, but was rebuffed by managers. In later years, <mask> made a point of visiting the bridge whenever he came back to town. Education and early career

<mask> enrolled in extension classes at the University of Minnesota for two years while selling insurance for Mutual Life Insurance. Afterward, he enrolled at St. Paul College of Law (which later became William Mitchell College of Law, now Mitchell Hamline School of Law), receiving his Bachelor of Laws magna cum laude in 1931. He took a job at a St. Paul law firm.In 1937, <mask> served as the eighth

masks:
Warren Earl
Burger
Burger
Joseph Burger
Joseph Burger
Joseph Burger
Burger
Burger
Burger
Burger
Burger


texts:
 president of the Saint Paul Jaycees. He also taught for twelve years at William Mitchell. A spinal condition prevented <mask> from serving in the military during World War II; instead he supported the war effort at home, including service on Minnesota's emergency war labor board from 1942 to 1947. From 1948 to 1953, he served on the governor of Minnesota's interracial commission, which worked on issues related to racial desegregation. He also served as president of St. Paul's Council on Human Relations, which considered ways to improve the relationship between the city's police department and its minority residents. <mask> was a lifelong Republican. His political career began uneventfully, but he soon rose to national prominence.He supported Minnesota Governor Harold E. Stassen's unsuccessful pursuit of the Republican nomination for president in 1948. At the 1952 Republican National Convention, <mask> played a key role in Dwight D<mask>'s nomination by leading the Minnesota delegates to change their votes from Stassen to <mask> after Stassen failed to obtain 10 percent of the vote, which freed the Minnesota delegation from their pledge to support him. Assistant Attorney General

President <mask> appointed <mask> as the Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Civil Division of the Justice Department. In this role, he first argued in front of the Supreme Court. The case involved John P. Peters, a Yale University professor who worked as a consultant to the government. He had been discharged from his position on loyalty grounds. Supreme Court cases are usually argued by the Solicitor General, but he disagreed with the government's position and refused to argue the case.<mask> lost the case. Shortly after, in Dalehite v. United States, 346 U.S. 15 (1953), <mask> defended the United States against claims from the Texas City ship explosion disaster, successfully arguing that the Federal Tort Claims Act of 1947 did not allow a suit for negligence in policy making. Court of Appeals service

<mask> was nominated by

masks:
Burger
Burger
Burger
. Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Eisenhower
Burger
Burger
Burger
Burger


texts:
 President Dwight D<mask> on January 12, 1956, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated by Judge Harold M. Stephens. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 28, 1956, and received his commission on March 29, 1956. His service terminated on June 23, 1969, due to his elevation to the United States Supreme Court. Chief Justice

Nomination and confirmation

In June 1968, Chief <mask> <mask> announced his retirement, effective on the confirmation of his successor. President Lyndon Johnson nominated sitting associate justice Abe Fortas to the position, but a Senate filibuster blocked his confirmation, and Johnson withdrew the nomination.Richard Nixon was elected president in November 1968, and Johnson did not make another nomination before his term as president ended on January 20, 1969. <mask> was nominated by President Nixon to succeed <mask> on May 23, 1969. The Senate confirmed him by a 74–3 vote on June 9, 1969, and he took the judicial oath of office on June 23, 1969. Remaking the Supreme Court had been a theme in Nixon's presidential campaign, and he had pledged to appoint a strict constructionist as chief justice. <mask> had first caught Nixon's eye through a letter of support he sent to Nixon during the 1952 Fund crisis, and then again 15 years later when the magazine U.S. News and World Report reprinted a 1967 speech that <mask> had given at Ripon College. In it, <mask> compared the United States judicial system to those of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark:

Through speeches like this, <mask> became known as a critic of Chief <mask> and an advocate of a literal, strict-constructionist reading of the U.S. Constitution. Nixon's agreement with these views, being expressed by a readily confirmable, sitting federal appellate judge, led to the nomination.According to President Nixon's memoirs, he had asked <mask> in the spring of 1970 to be prepared to run for president in 1972 if the political repercussions of the Cambodia invasion were too negative for him to

masks:
. Eisenhower
Justice Earl
Warren
Burger
Earl Warren
Burger
Burger
Burger
Burger
Justice Warren
Burger


texts:
 endure. A few years later, <mask> was on Nixon's short list of vice presidential candidates following the resignation of Spiro Agnew in October 1973, before Gerald Ford was appointed to succeed him. Jurisprudence

The Court issued a unanimous ruling, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971), supporting busing to reduce de facto racial segregation in schools. However, <mask> wrote the majority opinion for Milliken v. Bradley (1974), which upheld de facto school segregation across school district lines if segregationist policy was not explicitly stated by all of the districts involved. In United States v. U.S. District Court (1972), the Burger Court issued another unanimous ruling against the Nixon administration's desire to invalidate the need for a search warrant and the requirements of the Fourth Amendment in cases of domestic surveillance. Then, only two weeks later in Furman v. Georgia (1972), the Court, in a 5–4 decision, invalidated all death penalty laws then in force although <mask> dissented from that decision. In the most controversial ruling of his term, Roe v. Wade (1973), <mask> voted with the majority to recognize a broad right to privacy that prohibited states from banning abortions.However, <mask> later abandoned Roe in Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (1986). On July 24, 1974, <mask> led the Court in a unanimous decision in United States v. Nixon, arising from Nixon's attempt to keep several memos and tapes relating to the Watergate scandal private. As documented in Woodward and Armstrong's The Brethren and elsewhere, <mask>'s original feelings on the case were that Watergate was merely a political battle, and <mask> "didn't see what they did wrong". The actual final opinion was largely Brennan's work, but each justice wrote at least a rough draft of a particular section. <mask> was originally to vote in favor of Nixon but tactically changed his vote to assign the opinion to himself and to restrain the opinion's rhetoric. <mask>'s first draft of the

masks: Burger Burger Burger Burger Burger Burger Burger Burger Burger Burger