texts: frequently played in hospitals, birthing centers, holistic spas, and other sites where healing music is helpful. At one point in her musical journey <mask> collaborated with <mask> Khalsa. He recounted her effortless creativity: "We were sitting in the St. Louis airport with Yogi Bhajan, who was waiting for a connecting flight to New York City. He asked <mask> to put Rakhe Rakhan Har (a Sikh verse) to music. I was sitting next to her as Yogi Bhajan tapped out the heartbeat rhythm on an empty Styrofoam cup. I wrote the rhythm down, and when we got home, we put the rhythm into <mask>'s drum machine.This is the beat heard on the final recording. The next day I went off to work. When I came home that evening, I asked <mask>khi." <mask> Khalsa and his wife, Sahib-Amar Khalsa, continued to maintain a friendship with <mask> and played keyboards and viola, respectively, on subsequent recordings. <mask>'s biggest commercial success was her album "Instruments of Peace" (later retitled "Imagine Peace") which made the Billboard New Age Music listing in 1988.This album was produced during <mask>'s long-time association with Dean and Dudley Evenson, with whom she stayed and toured over a two-year period. She released two other CDs on the Evenson's 'Soundings of the Planet' label: "What Child Is This", and "Spiritus: Breath of Life" (recorded under the name of Lorellei which she co-produced with Dean Evenson). It was with the album "Spiritus" that she poured out her heart, writing songs in English (rather than the mantras of her previous ashram life). Her poetry and powerful musicality were on display in this masterpiece recording. Many compared her voice to that of Enya or Loreena McKennett who were popular at the time. She did a west coast tour

masks:
Singh Kaur
Amar Singh
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaurmu
Amar Singh
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaur


type: original

texts:
 with the Soundings Ensemble but then moved back to Hawaii where she lived reclusively. She was deeply disappointed that this album didn't receive the popular acclaim that was hoped for and soon after that, her health was affected.Later years
Owing to an increasingly stressful home life, <mask> left her husband and children in the late 1980s; and this crisis impacted on her state of health and the quality of her work. For this reason, the singer Wah was called in to double the vocal track on Blessings, the seventh recording in the Crimson Series. However, <mask> soon regained her voice—though her health was beginning to decline—and continued to make recordings. It was after she left St. Louis and moved back to Tucson that she met Dean and Dudley Evenson of Soundings of the Planet, who befriended her and who subsequently produced 3 albums with her. In the early 1990s, after listening to some Joni Mitchell recordings, <mask> contacted her former producer, <mask> Khalsa of Invincible Music. She wanted to do another recording, and 'Wings of Love' was recorded in Phoenix, Arizona, at the Invincible studios. Responding to the invitation of a friend, <mask> moved to Maui, Hawaii.Although she never ceased being a Sikh, she abandoned the turban, and took to wearing conventional clothing. She continued to write songs, sang in a rock band, and began to enjoy her new freedom. It was during this period that she met her future husband, Keith Drew. He knew nothing of her musical past or talents, but saw her as a feisty and gorgeous redhead. While on Maui, <mask> met a kindred musical spirit, Jaiia Earthschild, and they co-created, and recorded, many songs, which remain in Ms. Earthschild's personal collection. <mask> returned to the U.S. mainland

masks:
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaur
Liv Singh
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaur


texts:
 in 1998, ill with ovarian cancer, to work with Gary Stadler on "Fairy NightSongs". <mask> also recorded the tracks for "This Universe", which was released posthumously.She gave two farewell performances, one on Maui Island with her children, Guru Shabd and Guru Ardas Khalsa present, and one at the 3HO Ashram in Los Angeles. Before <mask> returned to Hawaii, she gave her beloved Guild 12-string guitar and personal cassette and CD collection to Gary Stadler. Because she was very ill upon her return to Maui, she relocated to Caroline Graham Muir's house, since it was more easily accessible than the 3-story house that she and Keith shared. Despite her illness, she recorded several vocal tracks for Daniel Paul (tabla musician); she would get out of bed long enough to sing, and then lay down again. At her death, she was dressed in her favorite green velvet dress. Later, after she had been cremated, her friends chartered a boat; and, with 'Guru Ram Das' playing over the boat's sound system, <mask>'s ashes were cast into the sea. 24–25.Gurudass <mask>, "A Joyful Noise: Gurudass <mask> explores 35 years of music in 3HO",  Aquarian Times Magazine, 4:4, Winter 2005, pp. 66–71. Sat Kartar Kaur Khalsa, "Remembering <mask>ur", Aquarian Times Magazine, 4:4, Winter 2005, p . 72. Gurubanda <mask>, "Music: The Companion that Soothes Us and Moves Us", The Man Called Siri <mask>, eds. Sardarni Premka <mask> Khalsa, Sat Kirpal <mask> Khalsa, Los Angeles, Sikh Dharma, 1979, pp. 306–11. External links
 <mask>'s Soundings of the Planet label
 Singh Kaur's Spiritus album on amazon.com
 <mask>'s Bio and Discography on Sequoia Records
 <mask>'s Discography on Invincible Records

New-age musicians
Converts to Sikhism
American Sikhs
1955 births
1998

masks:
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaur
Singh
Singh
Singh Ka
Singh Khalsa
Singh Sahib
Kaur
Kaur
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaur
Singh Kaur


texts:
<mask> ( ; born <mask>; August 23, 1962), is an American ultramarathon runner, and author of Ultramarathon Man: Confessions of an All-Night Runner, which details ultra endurance running for the general public. Early life
<mask> was born in Inglewood in Los Angeles County, California southwest of Los Angeles, to Nick and <mask>, parents of Greek ancestry. He had two siblings, brother Kraig and a sister, Pary, who died in an automobile accident at the age of 18. His father worked as a field naturalist for the Orange County Department of Education in 2006. The younger Karnazes brother grew up in Diamond Bar, California and San Clemente, California. In 2006 he said that he remained close to the friends he made at San Clemente High School, which was also attended by both his siblings. Growing up in the city of San Clemente gave him a love of the outdoors, and an appreciation of its small-town feel.At the time his parents still lived in the house where he had grown up. Pre-running career
While attending kindergarten, <mask> began running home from school; he took up running for fun. At first, Karnazes ran direct routes from school to his home. Later, he began to run diversionary routes that would extend his run and take him into uncharted territory. By third grade, he was participating in and organizing short running events with other children. As Karnazes grew older, he began testing his limits: by age eleven he had hiked rim-to-rim across the Grand Canyon and had climbed Mount Whitney, the highest mountain in the contiguous United States; for his 12th birthday, he cycled  to his grandparents' home for fun without telling his parents. In junior

masks:
Dean Karnazes
Constantinos Karnazes
Karnazes
Fran Karnazes
Karnazes


texts:
 high school, Karnazes met Jack McTavish, a track coach who became <mask>' mentor and introduced him to the appeal of long-distance running.McTavish's basic running instructions were simple: "Go out hard and finish harder." Using this motto as a basis, that season <mask> won the  California State Long-Distance Championship held on the Mt SAC track. At the end of the race, Coach McTavish commented: "Good work son, how'd it feel?" To this <mask> replied: "Well, going out hard was the right thing to do. It felt pretty good." The coach replied: "If it felt good, you didn't push hard enough. It's supposed to hurt like hell."A week after the race, <mask>' father's job was transferred to San Clemente. These were the last comments the coach ever said to <mask>, who has stated that he lives by these words to this day. In 1976, as a high school freshman at San Clemente High, <mask> joined the cross country team under Benner Cummings. Cummings' running theory was that running is about finding your inner peace; his motto was "run with your heart". That season, <mask> was awarded "Most Inspirational" team member. <mask> also ran his first endurance event that year, a fundraising run on a track for underprivileged children, finishing in just under six hours and raising a dollar a lap from his sponsors. While most students ran only 10–15 laps around the track, he ran 105, a full marathon.<mask> was not compatible with his high-school track coach, and stopped running for fifteen years. Racing highlights and criticisms
<mask> has completed a number of endurance events, mostly running events, but also a swimming event. Beginning with the Lewis and Clark

masks: Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes


texts:
 Marathon in St. Louis on September 17, 2006, it finished with the New York City Marathon on November 5. Eight of the 50 races were conventional marathon races. Since marathon races are typically held only on weekends, on the other days <mask> (accompanied by between one and 50 runners) ran the course of a marathon in each state using the help of the race director and staff of each event to officially run the certified course, but on a different day than the "live" event. (For example, as part of the 50/50/50, Karnazes ran the official course of the Boston Marathon, but not the race itself, which is held in mid-April.) <mask> overcame the endurance and logistical difficulties of this goal and finished the final marathon, the NYC Marathon, on the official race day in 3 hours and 30 seconds.He weighed  at the start and  at the end. The adventure was the primary subject of film director JB Benna's 2008 film entitled UltraMarathon Man: 50 Marathons, 50 States, 50 Days, which was the first feature film about Karnazes. The film was produced by Journeyfilm and was released in theaters in 2008. A similar project, undertaken by Sam Thompson to raise money for victims of Hurricane Katrina, was finishing as <mask> began his project. Thompson ran 51 marathons (all 50 states and D.C.) in 50 days. Critical responses
Karnazes' achievements have been derided on some running websites as tainted with hyperbole. Former elite athlete Weldon Johnson said that the criticism is partly due to Karnazes' ability to attract sponsors and gain attention for feats that may be less spectacular than they appear.Ultra-marathoner John Morelock defended <mask>, but also said

masks: Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes


texts:
 that Karnazes was "very good, not great. He's not a racer, just a very good performer." He believed that the criticism is sparked by unfamiliarity with ultra-running, and underestimation of the mental and physical endurance required. Other businesses
In 1995, <mask> founded Energy Well Natural Foods in San Francisco and he remains president of the company, now called Good Health Natural Foods. <mask> is also a regular columnist for Men's Health. In 2011, Karnazes opened a Frozen-Yogurt shop in San Anselmo, California called U-Top It! Media appearances
According to his sponsor, Karnazes has been featured on The Today Show, 60 Minutes (2009), The Late Show with David Letterman, CBS News, CNN, ESPN, The Howard Stern Show, NPR's Morning Edition, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and the BBC.He has also appeared on the cover of Runners' World, Outside, and Wired magazines, and has been featured in TIME, Newsweek, People, GQ, The New York Times, USA TODAY, and The Washington Post, among others. <mask> won Competitor magazine's "Endurance Athlete of the Year" award three times, and also earned ESPN's ESPY award. The "Ultra Marathon Man" episode of Stan Lee's Superhumans documentary television series maintained that <mask> is able to reduce the build-up of lactic acid over long periods of time. <mask> also ascribes his endurance feats to an ability to remain under his lactate threshold – his body's ability to clear lactate from his blood and convert it to energy. Among his training tips is to consume sardines for protein. Personal life
In his memoir, <mask> explains he was twice expelled for attending school while drunk. <mask> stated that he quit

masks: Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes Karnazes


texts:
 drinking while at Cal Poly, after the death of his sister.<mask> attended California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo, where his major subject was food science technology. He attended graduate school at the same institution, ending up as the class valedictorian. He paid for his education by obtaining scholarships and grants, and by working at a campus health center. <mask> then went to the University of San Francisco's McLaren School of Business. He holds graduate degrees in Science and Business. <mask> met his wife Julie in 9th grade at San Clemente High School. <mask>' children accompanied their father for much of his run of 50 marathons in 50 states, as they were home-schooled at the time.In 2004, <mask> was named one of GQ "Best Bodies of the Year". <mask> lives in Ross, California. Books
The Road to Sparta: Reliving the Ancient Battle and Epic Run that Inspired the World's Greatest Footrace, Rodale (October 25, 2016)
 Ultramarathon Man: Confessions of an All-Night Runner, Tarcher (March 2, 2006)
 50/50: Secrets I Learned Running 50 Marathons in 50 Days (with Matt Fitzgerald) Grand Central Publishing (August 12, 2009)
 Run: 26.2 Stories of Blisters and Bliss, Rodale (March 1, 2011) . Winner of British Sports Book Awards, Best Publicity Campaign

References

External links

 <mask>zes Interview - Midsection Training

American people of Greek descent
Track and field athletes from Los Angeles
1962 births
Living people
American male ultramarathon runners
People from Ross, California
Food and drink in the San Francisco Bay Area
People from Inglewood, California
People from Diamond Bar, California
People from San Clemente,

masks:
Karnazes
Karnazes
Karnazes
Karnazes
Karnazes
Karnazes
Dean Karna


texts:
<mask> (; born 12 March 1992) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Cagliari and the Italy national team. Club career

Early career

<mask> was born in Brescia and joined Atalanta's youth system in 2000, aged 8. In the 2010–11 season he was promoted to the club's Primavera, for which he appeared in 22 league matches and scored five goals. He also collected some appearances on the bench for the first team both in Serie B and Coppa Italia. Cittadella
On 13 July 2011 he was sold to Serie B club Cittadella in a co-ownership deal for a nominal fee of €500, for which he made his debut in a 1–2 loss in Coppa Italia to Fiorentina. He made his debut in the league on 27 August, starting in a 2–1 home success against AlbinoLeffe. He finished the 2011–12 season with 13 appearances in the league, including 10 as a starter.After the renewal of the co-ownership between the two clubs he remained in Veneto the following season, during which he took part in two matches of Coppa Italia and 37 in the league, even scoring his professional goal on 18 May 2013, netting the winner in a home win over Ascoli. Return to Atalanta
On 20 June 2013 he returned to Atalanta, after the Bergamo side bought the other half of the player's rights for €803,500, with Cittadella offering a reported €50,000 less. He signed a four-year deal with Atalanta, and made his debut for the club on 18 August, playing the last 17 minutes and assisting Giuseppe De Luca in the last goal of a 3–0 home win over Bari. On 1 September <mask> made his Serie A debut, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–0 home success over Torino; he was handed his first start in the main category of Italian football thirteen days later, in a 0–2 loss against Napoli. He scored his first goal in Serie A on 10 May 2015 in Palermo, scoring the 1–0 against the Rosaneri. Torino
On 10 July 2015, he was sold to Torino, in the same transfer

masks:
Daniele Baselli
Baselli
Baselli


texts:
 that also brought Davide Zappacosta to Piedmont, for a total of €10.3 million. <mask>inone. He concluded the 2014–15 season with 35 appearances and four goals. On 20 August 2016, he scored his first goal of the 2016–17 season in a 3–2 loss against Milan at the San Siro. He concluded the season with 37 appearances and six goals. On 12 July 2017, he renewed his contract with Torino until 2022. <mask> continued to play as a starter for Torino in the 2017–18 season, first under the manager Siniša Mihajlović, and later under Walter Mazzarri. On 6 May 2018, he captained Torino for the first time during a 2–2 draw at the Stadio San Paolo against Napoli.He concluded his third season with Torino making 32 appearances and scoring 4 goals, earning his first call-up to the Italy national football team. On 25 July 2019, in his fifth season for Torino , he makes his UEFA club competition debut in the Europa League first qualifying round against Debreceni VSC (3-0). He played for Torino for another 2 and a half seasons, struggling to find playing time due to multiple injuries and technical choices. Cagliari
On 28 January 2022, he was sold outright to Cagliari. International career
In 2009, he played two friendly matches with the Italy under-18. On 24 September 2009 he made his debut with the under-19 in the match won 3–0 against Turkey. On 13 November 2012 he made his debut with the under-21, in the friendly match won 1–0 against Spain.He was called up by Devis Mangia for a friendly won the following 6 February against Germany, but did not play. On 14 August 2013 he played as a starter in the friendly match won by the Azzurri 4–1 against Slovakia. On 5 September 2013, he played as a starter under Luigi Di Biagio in the match against Belgium, valid for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifiers. From 10 to 12 March 2014, he was called up to the senior national team by coach Cesare Prandelli as

masks: Basellios Baselli


texts:
 part of an internship to evaluate young players ahead of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, confirmed on the next meeting between 14 and 15 April. He took part in the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in the Czech Republic. <mask> earned his first senior cap in an 8–0 drubbing of San Marino in an unofficial friendly match on 31 May 2017, for Italy national football B team. He started the game and played 45 minutes, before being replaced by fellow debutant Lorenzo Pellegrini.On 19 May 2018 <mask> was called up to the Italy senior national team by coach Roberto Mancini for the team's friendlies against Saudi Arabia, France and the Netherlands. He made his official debut for the Italy senior side on 4 June, in a 1–1 friendly draw against the Netherlands in Turin, coming on as a second-half substitute for Jorginho. Style of play
According to his agent Giuseppe Riso: "His role is certainly as a central midfielder, not in front of the defence. Over time he will be able to play as a metodista however right now his movement is quite dangerous when he makes runs into the opposing area. He is a 'box to box midfielder'". An elegant, technically gifted, and complete midfielder, <mask> is a clean tackler and a competent passer with both feet; due to his attributes, he is capable of winning balls, scoring goals, or creating chances for his team. Career statistics

Club
Updated 23 May 2021.

International

Honours

Club
Atalanta
Torneo Città di Arco (2): 2008, 2009
Campionato Berretti: 2008–09

References

External links
 FIGC international stats

1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Brescia
Italian footballers
Italy international footballers
Italy youth international footballers
Italy under-21 international footballers
Association football midfielders
Serie A players
Serie B players
Atalanta B.C.players
A.S. Cittadella players
Torino F.C. players
Cagliari Calcio players
Footballers from

masks: Baselli Baselli Baselli


texts:
<mask> (Bremmer) (July 18, 1916 – June 19, 1971) was an American pitcher in Negro league baseball. He played between 1932 and 1949. Pitching style
The 5' 8" righthander pitched exclusively without a windup and utilized an overhand curve. Playing career

Early Days
<mask> began his career in 1932 with his hometown New Orleans Crescent Stars. In 1935, he joined Winfield Welch's independent Shreveport Giants. Cincinnati Tigers
In 1936, <mask> joined the Cincinnati Tigers, posting a 25-12 record. The Tigers became charter members of the Negro American League in 1937 with Bremer posting a 5-1 record in league play.Broadview Buffaloes
Aside from his time with the Tigers in 1936 and 1937, Bremer was also a member of the Broadview Buffaloes, an integrated team in the Canadian Southern Saskatchewan League. The Buffaloes are viewed by many historians as one of the first integrated teams in all of Canada. Memphis Red Sox
When the Tigers dissolved prior to the 1938 season, Bremer followed Tigers manager Ted Radcliffe to the Memphis Red Sox. The Red Sox would win the 1938 Negro American League first half pennant, then the league pennant over the Atlanta Black Crackers. In 1940, he was named as the West team's starting pitcher in the annual East-West All-Star Game. During the game, he suffered control problems, walking five batters and giving up two runs in the loss. In his three years in Memphis, Bremer logged a 2-13 record in league play with a 3.72 ERA.Kansas City Monarchs
Bremer joined the Kansas City Monarchs late in the 1938 season, making three appearances in league play with a 1-0 record before returning to Memphis the following

masks:
Eugene Joseph Bremer
Bremer
Bremer


texts:
 season. Monterrey Industriales
Bremer briefly jumped South of the border and joined the Monterrey Industriales of the Mexican League in 1939, logging a 1-2 record and 3.12 ERA in seven games before returning to Memphis in 1940. Brief Retirement
Bremer briefly retired and did not play in the 1941 season. Cincinnati/Cleveland Buckeyes

1942
In 1942, Bremer joined former Tigers teammates Bill Jefferson, Sonny Harris, and Ray Robinson on the expansion Cincinnati Buckeyes of the Negro American League. Posting a 5-1 record with a 2.73 ERA in league play, Bremer made the West All-Star team for the second time in his career. Two All-Star games were played in 1942, with Bremer earning the starting nod in the second game, hosted in Cleveland. Tryout with Indians
On September 1, 1942, the Chicago Tribune reported that <mask> and teammate Sam Jethroe were to receive tryouts from the Cleveland Indians prior to the 1943 season.Indians president Alva Bradley quickly reneged on his promise, stating to the Cleveland Call and Post that his scouts had seen <mask>, Jethroe, and a third Buckeye, Parnell Woods play in the second East-West Game on August 18 in Cleveland, and based upon that one viewing had decided that the three "did not stack up as material for the Indians". Car accident
On September 7, one of three vehicles carrying Buckeyes players and staff crashed on Route 20 near Geneva, Ohio. Teammates Ulysses Brown and Smoky Owens were killed instantly. Four other Buckeyes were injured including <mask>, who was hospitalized and missed the remainder of the season with a fractured skull and concussion. 1943
<mask> moved with the Buckeyes to

masks: Bremer Bremer Bremer Bremer


texts:
 Cleveland in 1943, posting a 4-3 record with a .494 ERA. 1944
In 1944, <mask> was rejected for military service and returned to the Buckeyes, logging a 5-2 record and 2.06 ERA. He was once again selected to play in the All Star Game, pitching 1.2 scoreless innings in the West's victory 7-4 over the East.1945
<mask> was the ace of the Buckeyes pitching staff in 1945, posting a 7-1 record and 2.25 ERA in league play, earning another All-Star appearance and leading the Buckeyes to the Negro League World Series. <mask> closed out the All-Star game, coming in to record the final out of 9-6 West victory. In the World Series, <mask> was the star of game two, holding the Homestead Grays to two runs and knocking in the game winning run in the bottom of the ninth with a ground rule double. The Buckeyes went on to sweep the Grays 4-0 for the championship. 1946
Hampered by injuries, <mask> remained on the Buckeyes roster but was used less frequently, posting a 5.61 ERA in 33.2 innings. 1947
<mask> returned to the Buckeyes' deep pitching staff in 1947, primarily in a relief role. The Buckeyes won their second pennant in 3 years, but lost to the New York Cubans in the Negro League World Series four games to one.In his only appearance in the series, Bremer gave up 6 runs and 12 hits in a 9-4 complete game loss. 1948
Bremer made only one recorded league appearance in 1948, starting and pitching a lone complete game loss. 1949
The Buckeyes moved to Louisville in 1949, and Bremer reported to the team prior to the season opener in May. In an interview with the Call and Post, Bremer reported that he and at least 4 other players quit the team

masks: Bremer Bremer Bremer Bremer Bremer Bremer


texts:
 over unpaid salary. Rochester Royals
In 1949, the semi-pro Rochester Royals of the Southern Minnesota League signed several Negro League players including Bremer. Bremer suffered from control issues in his first two starting appearances and was moved to left field before injuring himself on a slide into first base. New Orleans Creoles
In addition to pitching in Rochester in 1949, Bremer returned to his hometown and briefly joined 1945 Buckeyes teammates Bill Jefferson and Buddy Armour on the independent New Orleans Creoles.Death and legacy
<mask> died at age 54 in Cleveland and is buried at Evergreen Memorial Park in Bedford Heights, Ohio. In 2011 Lorain High School honored Bremer between games of a doubleheader on "Rube Foster Night", presenting a plaque to his family. Bremer had eight children and one of his grandsons, J.R<mask>, played professional basketball for the Cleveland Cavaliers. Confusion with other players
While <mask> is credited in other early sources with time on the Cedar Rapids Rockets, a Yankees farm team in 1949, the <mask>er listed on the team's rosters is a different player. The Bremers on the 1949 Rockets were twin brothers and Moville, Iowa natives Jack and <mask> (of no relation). See also
 1945 Cleveland Buckeyes Season
 1945 Negro League World Series
 East-West All-Star Game

References

External links
 and Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats and Seamheads

1916 births
1971 deaths
Kansas City Monarchs players
Memphis Red Sox players
New Orleans Crescent Stars players
Cleveland Buckeyes players
Baseball players from New Orleans
Cincinnati Tigers (baseball) players
20th-century African-American

masks:
Gene Bremer
. Bremer
Gene Bremer
Gene Brem
Gene Bremer


texts:
Lieutenant-General <mask>, 1st Earl of Rochester (26 October 1612 – 19 February 1658), known as The Lord Wilmot between 1643 and 1644 and as The Viscount Wilmot between 1644 and 1652, was an English Cavalier who fought for the Royalist cause during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Early life
Wilmot's family was descended from Edward Wilmot of Witney, Oxfordshire, whose son Charles Wilmot, 1st Viscount Wilmot had served with distinction in Ireland during Tyrone's Rebellion at the beginning of the 17th century, and was president of Connaught from 1616 until his death. In 1621, Charles had been created an Irish peer as Viscount Wilmot. Wilmot was born in 1612 as the third son of Charles, but he was the only one still alive on his father's death so he succeeded to the title. 1630s and early 1640s
Wilmot had five years experience in the Dutch army, and was badly wounded at the siege of Breda. He joined Charles I for the Bishops' Wars (1639–1640) and served as an officer in the cavalry, sitting in the Royal Council of War and led a charge at Battle of Newburn and was captured by the Scots when it broke. In 1640, Wilmot was elected to the Long Parliament to represent Tamworth.It was during this period that he became involved as a member of a set of young MPs and officers around Queen Henrietta Maria, (a patron who would help him later in his life). As part of this set he took an active part in the Army Plot of 1641 against Parliament. He was committed to the Tower of London and expelled from the House of Commons. First Civil War
As soon as the First English Civil War started Wilmot joined King Charles I at York. By 5 August


texts: 1642 he raised a regiment of horse for the King's army and regaining the post of commissary-general of horse. He was wounded at Battle of Powick Bridge on 23 September, the first major skirmish of the Civil War, but was fit enough to lead the left wing of the royalist cavalry at the Battle of Edgehill a month later, routing most of the parliamentarians opposite to him. He also commanded the expeditionary force that stormed and captured Marlborough on 5 December.Reward for these exploits was lavishly given in April 1643 when he was appointed lieutenant-general of horse in the king's army directly under the command of Prince Rupert of the Rhine and on 29 June when he was created Baron Wilmot of Adderbury, Oxfordshire; these honours may well have been assisted by the restored influence of his old patroness, the queen. Later that year he commanded a large cavalry contingent that was sent to help the western royalist army, and on 13 July he defeated Sir William Waller at the Battle of Roundway Down opening the way for the royalists to solidify their position in the west. In 1644 when Rupert took over a regional command in the North, Wilmot stepped into his shoes as commander of all the Royalist cavalry and as the a dominant influence on military matters. On 29 June at the Battle of Cropredy Bridge he participated in defeating Waller for the second time, but not before he had had to lead a charge, in which he was wounded and briefly taken prisoner. When his father died (shortly before April 1644) Wilmot inherited the title of Viscount Wilmot of Athlone and much of his father's political standing in Ireland. In April he was,


texts: jointly with Thomas Dillon, 4th Viscount Dillon, made Lord President of Connaught, a post that his late father had held jointly with the late Viscount Ranelagh since 1630 ; this appointment laid the foundations for his becoming a major political figure in both England and Ireland. All recognised that Wilmot was popular with the soldiers he commanded, due to a "mixture of courage, enterprise, and boozy affability" Clarendon famously, if waspishly, noted "He was a man proud and ambitious, and incapable of being contented; an orderly officer in marches and governing his troops.He drank hard, and had a great power over all who did so, which was a great people". This popularity and his central position in the army command, allowed him to start to exert political influence. In June Wilmot felt in a strong enough position to canvas support in the army to ask the king to dismiss his two principal civilian advisers, Lord Digby and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir John Culpeper, and to adopt the strategy of a march on London. Charles, who had no personal affection for Wilmot (because Wilmot had voted for the death of the Earl of Strafford), dismissed the strategy and kept Digby and Culpeper on as his advisers. With the failure of his first scheme, Wilmot made an unauthorized contact with the Earl of Essex who was the parliamentarian commander-in-chief, to see if a peace could be arranged. The king was easily persuaded by Digby and Culpeper that Wilmot's actions were treasonable. Wilmot was arrested on 8 August 1644, stripped of all his offices, and incarcerated in Exeter.His popularity within the army led many of its


texts:
 officers to petition on his behalf and eventually to placate them, all charges against Wilmot were dropped on the understanding that he would retire overseas. Wilmot went to France, to join the exiled court of his old patron Queen Henrietta Maria. Three years later, when Digby arrived in Paris, the dispute between the men was neither forgotten nor forgiven and they fought a duel. Wilmot was defeated with a stab through the hand. Third Civil War
After Charles I was executed in January 1649, Wilmot became a gentleman of the bedchamber of King Charles II. He was greatly trusted by Charles II, whose defeat at the Battle of Worcester and subsequent wanderings Wilmot shared. During these, whereas the king adopted a series of disguises (often as a servant), Wilmot disdained disguise and declined to travel on foot.He and the king ultimately escaped to France six weeks after the battle, having spent the intervening time in hiding in various places. Interregnum
During this King's exile, he was one of his principal advisers, being created by him Earl of Rochester in 1652. In the interests of Charles, he visited the emperor Ferdinand III, Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine, and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. In March 1655, he was in England, where he led an unsuccessful attempt at a rising on Marston Moor, near York as part of the Sealed Knot Penruddock uprising. The York uprising was put down by Colonel Robert Lilburne Governor of York and on its failure Wilmot fled the country. In April 1656 along with the Duke of Ormonde he signed the Treaty of Brussels, which secured an alliance between the exiled Royalists and the


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 Spanish King. In 1656, Wilmot obtained command of an English foot regiment in the royalist army in Bruges, thus becoming the first colonel of the Grenadier Guards.The unhealthy and overcrowded conditions of the regiment's quarters in the winter of 1657–58 caused many in it to fall sick, including its commander. Wilmot died at Sluys on 19 February and was buried at Bruges. After the Restoration, his body was transferred to the family vault at Spelsbury church, Oxfordshire. He was succeeded by son John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, a noted poet and libertine at the Restoration court. Family
On 21 August 1633, Wilmot married Frances Morton, daughter of Sir George Morton of Clenston. In 1644, some time after Frances had died, Wilmot married Anne Lee, daughter of Sir John St John, 1st Baronet St John of Lydiard Tregoze, and widow of Sir <mask> Lee, 2nd Baronet Lee of Quarendon. They had a son John, who was born on 10 April 1647.John inherited his father's title and went on to become a well known raconteur, wit and poet at the court of Charles II. Notes

References
 Aubrey, Philip. Mr Secretary Thurloe: Cromwell's Secretary of State, 1652–1660. Athlone Press, 1990.

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 online review:

Attribution:

Further reading
 Biography of Wilmot British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website
 Oswald Barron, 'The Wild Wilmots', The Ancestor XI (1904), 3–8 22–23. |-

1612 births
1658 deaths
Wilmot, <mask>liers
Grenadier Guards officers
English generals
Ambassadors of England to Denmark
Earls of Rochester
Peers of England created by Charles I
17th-century Anglo-Irish people
17th-century English diplomats
Military personnel of the

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<mask>  (born 24 March 1952) is a British architect, designer, writer and educator. <mask> is the founder and principal of Eric Parry Architects established in London in 1983. His built work includes the restoration and renewal of St Martin-in-the-Fields in London, the Holburne Museum in Bath, 50 New Bond Street, 23 Savile Row, One Eagle Place in Piccadilly, Aldermanbury Square by London Wall, 30 Finsbury Square in London, and the London Stock Exchange. His projects also include a number of residential developments. <mask>'s architectural work and design has been shown internationally on major exhibitions, including the Royal Academy of Arts, the British School at Rome, and the 2012 Venice Biennale of Architecture. Personal life

Born in Kuwait City, Kuwait on 24 March 1952, to British parents Marion and <mask>, <mask>'s father was Chief Medical Officer in the Kuwaiti health service between 1948 and 1962. In his book Context: Architecture and the Genius of Place (2015), <mask> alludes to his memories of growing up in Kuwait within sight of the nomadic life of Bedouin tribes.Later moving to Britain, <mask> was educated at Shrewsbury School. From 1970, he attended Newcastle University School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts' degree in Architecture in 1973. He later registered with the Royal College of Arts, where he obtained his Master of Arts in 1978. <mask> completed his formal architectural education at the Architectural Association School of Architecture, where he was taught by Dalibor Vesely and Peter Carl, both of whom he would again later encounter while teaching in Cambridge. <mask> obtained his Diploma in Architecture by the Architectural Association in 1980. He taught at the Cambridge Department of Architecture from 1983 to 1997, as a Lecturer in architecture. <mask> was conferred an honorary Master of Arts by the University of

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 Cambridge, and is a member of Peterhouse, Cambridge.In 2006, <mask> was elected at the Royal Academy of Arts, and in 2012 received the degree of Doctor of Arts Honoris Causa from the University of Bath. Professional life
<mask> began his professional life as a Lecturer at the Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge from 1983 to 1997. Since then he has taught at numerous universities, including the Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, the University of Houston and the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. He founded <mask> Architects in London in 1983. His early work included Artists' Studios in London for Antony Gormley and Tom Phillips, completed in 1988, as well as a private rehabilitation of the Château de Paulin in Tarn, France, which included the work of sculptor Stephen Cox. From this period dates also his masterplan for Pembroke College, Cambridge that was followed in 1993 by the project for the College's New Lodge and Student Accommodation. This was accompanied by a number of invited competition entries, namely for the extension of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (1993), and to rebuild St George's Hall, Windsor Castle after the fire of 1992.<mask>'s body of work also includes the corporate and commercial projects for W3 Stockley Park, completed in 1991, additional offices and conference rooms for the Royal Lancaster Hotel, London, and a complex of apartments for Damai Suria, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, completed in 1997. This work led to further commissions, such as the office buildings in London for 30 Finsbury Square, completed in 2002 as well as 23 Savile Row, 60 Threadneedle Street, 50 New Bond Street, all of which were completed in 2009. This involvement with the corporate world included the project for the new London Stock Exchange. At the same time, on the historical and educational fronts <mask> developed a number of projects for schools, from the

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 Bedford School Library and Music School to Wells Cathedral School Cedar's Hall completed in 2017. The cultural side to the practice is reflected in <mask>'s projects for London art galleries such as the Timothy Taylor Gallery in Dering Street and Carlos Place, as well as the restoration and renewal of St Martin-in-the-Fields, completed in 2008, and the Holburne Museum in Bath, Somerset. <mask>'s later work includes the residential building N10 for the East Village, London, formerly Olympic Village during the London 2012 Games. In 2013, <mask>'s completion of One Eagle Place, Piccadilly, was announced in the press, featuring a cornice by Turner Prize winner, artist Richard Deacon.The news was followed by <mask>'s completion of the neighbouring 8 St James's Square, a building that broke the UK office rent record. <mask> also designed furniture for the Timothy Taylor Gallery, the Timothy Taylor Table, and for the Four Seasons Hotel Spa in Park Lane. The practice also boasts two series of Vigilia Benches and Sanctuary Benches designed by <mask> for St Martin-in-the-Fields. A Holburne Museum Bench was also designed for the Holburne Museum. Books
In 2015, <mask> published Context: Architecture and the Genius of Place describing his approach to architecture. <mask> previously published two monographs on the practice's work, Volume 1 and Volume 2, with texts by Dalibor Vesely and Wilfried Wang. By the beginning of 2016, a Volume 3 was released, featuring an introduction by Dalibor Vesely and with main text by Edwin Heathcote.Short films
<mask> has produced two series of short films reflecting on the City of Westminster and the City of London, as well as on the Holburne Museum in Bath, and on the construction of 4 Pancras Square. <mask> has also hosted a series of seminars documented in film with Joseph Rykwert, Dalibor Vesely, Robin Middleton, Peter Carl, Alberto Pérez-Gómez and David

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<mask> (June 15, 1889 – August 25, 1968) was an American historian who, in his later years, was known for his historical revisionism and Holocaust denial. After receiving a PhD at Columbia in 1918 <mask> became a professor of history at Clark University before moving to Smith College as a professor of historical sociology in 1923. In 1929 he left teaching to work as a journalist, freelance writer and occasional adjunct professor at smaller schools. in 1919/20 and between 1923 and 1937 he lectured regularly at the New School for Social Research. Through his prodigious scholarly output, <mask> was once highly regarded as a historian. However, by the 1950s, he had lost credibility and become a "professional pariah." <mask> published more than 30 books, 100 essays, and 600 articles and book reviews, many for the Council on Foreign Relations journal Foreign Affairs, where he served as Bibliographical Editor.Early career

<mask> took a PhD at Columbia in 1918 in history with a study in the history of penology. He was among the graduate students of William Archibald Dunning, who was influential in the history of the Reconstruction era in the United States. In 1917 <mask> published the first edition of An Introduction to the History of Sociology, a collaborative work intended to be a comprehensive summary of sociological development. <mask> lectured widely between 1918 and 1941 on current events and recent history. During World War I, <mask> had been a strong supporter of the war effort; his anti-German propaganda was rejected by the National Board for Historical Service, which described it as  "too violent to be acceptable". After the war, <mask>' views towards

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 Germany reversed: he became as much of a Germanophile as he previously had been Germanophobic. <mask> took the view that the United States had fought on the wrong side in World War I.In the 1920s, <mask> was noted as a vehement advocate that Germany had borne no responsibility for the outbreak of war in 1914, and had instead been the victim of Allied aggression. In 1922, <mask> was arguing that the responsibility for World War I was split evenly between the Allies and the Central Powers. By 1924, <mask> was writing that Austria was the power most responsible for the war, but that Russia and France were more responsible than Germany. By 1926, <mask> argued that Russia and France bore the entire responsibility for the outbreak of war in 1914, and the Central Powers none. In <mask>' view, "vested political and historical interests" were behind the "official" account that Germany started World War I.

<mask>' research on the origins of World War I was generously funded in the 1920s by the German Foreign Ministry, which intended to prove that Germany had not started World War I as a way of undermining the Treaty of Versailles. In <mask>' articles on the causes of World War I in The Nation, Current History, Christian Century, and above all in his 1926 book The Genesis of the World War, he portrayed France and Russia as the aggressors of the July Crisis of 1914, and Germany and Austria-Hungary as the victims of a Franco-Russian plot. In 1922 he wrote an article for the first issue of Foreign Affairs, the foreign policy journal published by the Council on Foreign Relations, having earlier contributed book reviews to The Journal for International Relations, which

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texts: became Foreign Affairs in 1922.After 1924, <mask> had a close relationship with the Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War, a pseudo-historical think-tank based in Berlin secretly funded by the German government and founded by Major Alfred von Wegerer, the former völkisch activist. The centre's sole purpose was to prove Germany was the victim of aggression in 1914, and that the Versailles treaty was morally invalid. The Centre provided <mask> with research material, made funds available to him, translated his writings into other languages, and funded his trip to Germany in 1926. During <mask>' 1926 trip to Germany, the writer was welcomed for his efforts to, as <mask> described it, "clear Germany of the dishonour and fraud of the war-guilt clause of the Treaty of Versailles". During his European trip, <mask> met with the former German Emperor, Wilhelm II, at his estate in the Netherlands. According to <mask>, the ex-ruler said that he "was happy to know that I did not blame him for starting the war in 1914." However, <mask> added, "He disagreed with my view that Russia and France were chiefly responsible.He held that the villains of 1914 were the international Jews and Free Masons, who, he alleged, desired to destroy national states and the Christian religion". In addition, during this 1926 trip <mask> met all of the surviving German and Austrian leaders of 1914. Based on their statements, he was confirmed in his belief that Germany was not responsible for World War I. To assist <mask> with his writings against the so-called Kriegschuldlüge ("war guilt lie"), the Germans put <mask> into contact with Milos Boghitschewitsch, a former Serbian diplomat

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 living in Berlin. He was considered disreputable as, in exchange for German gold, he provided false testimony about the actions of the Serbian government in 1914. In 1926, <mask> published The Genesis of the World War, the first American book written about 1914 that was based upon the available primary sources. He argued that World War I was the result of a Franco-Russian plot to destroy Germany.Wegerer wrote about The Genesis of the World War that it would be "scarcely possible to provide a better book than this one". <mask> was opposed to the idea of World War I as "just war", which he believed to have been caused by the economic imperialism of France and Russia. In 1925, <mask> wrote:

If we can but understand how totally and terribly we were "taken in" between 1914 and 1918 by the salesmen of this most holy and idealistic world conflict, we shall be the better prepared to be on our guard against the seductive lies and deceptions which will be put forward by similar groups when urging the necessity of another world catastrophe in order to "crush militarism", "make the world safe for democracy", put an end to all further wars, etc. In his preface to The Genesis of the World War, <mask> called World War I an "unjust war against Germany". <mask> wrote in his preface that:

the truth about the causes of the World War is one of the livest and most important practical issues of the present day. It is basic to the whole matter of the present European and world situation, resting as it does upon an unfair and unjust Peace Treaty, which was itself erected upon a most uncritical and complete acceptance of the grossest forms of war-time illusions concerning war

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 guilt. <mask> said when writing The Genesis of the World War, he was compelled by "an ardent desire to execute an adequate exposure of the authors of the late World War in particular".According to <mask>, the responsibility for World War I was as follows:

In estimating the order of guilt of the various countries we may safely say that the only direct and immediate responsibility for the World War falls upon Serbia, France and Russia, with the guilt about equally distributed. Next in order—far below France and Russia—would come Austria, though she never desired a general European war. Finally, we place Germany and England as tied for last place, both being opposed to war in the 1914 crisis. Probably the German public was somewhat more favorable to military activity than the English people, but ... the Kaiser made much more strenuous efforts to preserve the peace of Europe in 1914 than did Sir Edward Grey. The German government so liked <mask>'s writings on the causes of World War I that it provided free copies of his articles to hand out at German embassies around the world. Though most German historians in the 1920s regarded <mask> merely as a propagandist whose work was mainly meant to appeal to a mass as opposed to an academic audience, the right-wing German historian Hans Herzfeld called <mask>'s work "a document in the struggle against the war guilt thesis whose noble spirit cannot be appreciated enough". The German-Canadian historian Holger Herwig has commented that <mask>'s work on the origins of World War I, together with others of a similar bent, did immense scholarly damage, as generations of university students accepted <mask>' "apologias" for

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 Germany as the truth.In 1969, the British historian A. J. P. Taylor called The Genesis of the World War "the most preposterously pro-German" account of the outbreak of war in 1914. In 1926, the American historian Bernadotte Schmitt wrote about The Genesis of the World War that:

It must be said that Mr. <mask>' book falls short of being the objective and scientific analysis of the great problems which is so urgently needed. As a protest against the old notion of unique German responsibility for the war, it will be welcomed by all honest men, but as an attempt to set up a new doctrine of unique Franco-Russian responsibility, it must be unhesitatingly rejected. The war was a consequence, perhaps inevitable, of the whole system of alliances and armaments, and in the origin, development, and working of that system, the Central Powers, more particularly Germany, played a conspicuous part. Indeed, it was Germany that put the system to the test in July 1914. Because the test failed, she is not entitled to claim that no responsibility attaches to her. In 1980, the American historian Lucy Dawidowicz attacked <mask> and contrasted his work with the German historian Fritz Fischer's book Griff nach der Weltmacht (Grasping at World Power).<mask>'s very public attacks on the idea of World War I as a just war, and his thesis that the United States should not have fought in the war, won him the admiration and friendship in the 1920s of many people in the United States such Oswald Garrison Villard, the Socialist leader Norman Thomas, the critic H. L. Mencken, and the historian Charles A. Beard. Long regarded as a leader of the progressive intelligentsia, <mask> joined many of

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 its intellectual leaders such as Beard in opposing from the left the New Deal and, at the price of their reputations, American entry into World War II. In the years following the war, he argued that Adolf Hitler did not want to go to war with the United States and that President Franklin D. Roosevelt had deliberately provoked the attack on Pearl Harbor. He also contested many aspects of the Holocaust, claiming death figures were far lower and arguing that all sides were guilty of equally awful atrocities. World War II
In the late 1930s, <mask> emerged as a leading isolationist and German apologist who defended German foreign policy as a legitimate effort to overthrow the Treaty of Versailles, which <mask> regarded as monstrously unfair to Germany. In 1937, <mask> identified as a "noninterventionist" opposed to the United States being involved in any sort of foreign war.After World War II, <mask> continued to expound his pre-war views of European diplomacy. In 1939, <mask> published an article that claimed British diplomat Sir Robert Vansittart was "scheming to commit aggression" against Germany in the late 1930s. As a result, Vansittart sued <mask> for libel. In a letter to his friend Oswald Villard, <mask> said that Vansittart's libel suit against him was a "plot of the Jews and the Anti-Defamation League to intimidate any American historians who propose to tell the truth about the causes of the war". <mask> said that Louis Nizer, Vansittart's lawyer, was an "Anti-Defamation League stooge" who had "needled Vansittart into action". <mask> wrote further:
If I could raise money enough for a real defense we could make this an international cause celebre, but I

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texts: cannot fight the thirty million dollars now in the coffers of the Anti-Defamation League to be used for character assassination on empty pockets. If we let them get away with this, we are licked from the start.The American historian Deborah Lipstadt has documented that the Anti-Defamation League had nothing to do with Vansittart or his libel suit against <mask>.She says that <mask>' claims otherwise were a sign of his anti-Semitism. In 1940, the New York World-Telegram newspaper dropped <mask>' weekly column. The writer responded by complaining the action was due to a conspiracy against him, involving MI6 intelligence service, the House of Morgan, and all of the Jewish department store owners in New York City. <mask> alleged that the latter had threatened the publisher of the New York World-Telegram with the "loss of all advertising if he kept me on any longer". After World War II, <mask> was increasingly strident in his writing, which alienated many and made it difficult for his writings to gain publication. Most of <mask>' work after 1945 was self-published. In particular, <mask> claimed that a "historical black-out" had covered up the real origins of World War II.In his 1947 pamphlet, "The Struggle Against The Historical Blackout", <mask> claimed that "court historians" suppressed that Hitler was the most "reasonable" leader in the world in 1939, and that France's Premier Édouard Daladier wanted to commit aggression against Germany, aided and abetted by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and the U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the same pamphlet, <mask> claimed that, as part of the alleged smear campaign that had been committed against


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 Germany, Allied governments had falsely charged Germany with responsibility for crimes that she did not commit. In 1948, <mask> wrote to Villard, saying that Winston Churchill and Roosevelt, "backed by certain pressure groups", caused the outbreak of war in 1939. Later in 1948, <mask> wrote a statement saying that France had repeatedly committed aggression against Germany, and that, "Offhand I cannot recall a really unprovoked German invasion of France in modern times". <mask>' statement contained a list of every French invasion of Germany starting in 1552 and ended with: "1918 French invade Germany with American aid. 1944–45 French again ride into Germany on the backs of the Americans." In a letter to his friend Charles Tansill in 1950, <mask> described German foreign policy in 1939 as the "most reasonable of them all".<mask> wrote that Chamberlain was "almost solely responsible for the outbreak of war on both the Eastern and Western fronts." In <mask>' view, Germany did not "precipitously launch" an invasion of Poland in 1939, but was instead "forced" into war by "acts of economic strangulation" issued by the Chamberlain cabinet. In a 1953 essay, "Revisionism and the Historical Black-out", which appeared in <mask>' self-published book, Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace, he wrote:
It is no exaggeration to say that the American Smearbund, operating through newspaper editors and columnists, "hatchet-men" book reviewers, radio commentators, pressure-group intrigue and espionage, and academic pressures and fears, has accomplished about as much in the way of intimidating honest intellectuals in this country as Hitler, Goebbels, Himmler, the Gestapo, and


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 concentration camps were able to do in Nazi Germany. A strong non-interventionist, <mask> was very publicly opposed to the United States fighting in the Korean War. Holocaust denial
In 1955, <mask> first met David Hoggan, and played a key role in helping Hoggan adapt his 1948 PhD dissertation, The Breakdown of German-Polish Relations in 1939: The Conflict Between the German New Order and the Polish Idea of Central Eastern Europe, into his 1961 book, Der erzwungene Krieg (The Forced War). It was "based on, but quite different from, the dissertation", and Hoggan blamed the Allies for the outbreak of World War II. In 1963, <mask> self-published a pamphlet, "Blasting the Historical Black-out", in which he offered some praise for A. J. P. Taylor's 1961 book, The Origins of the Second World War.<mask> said that he thought Hoggan's book was better than Taylor's. In "Blasting the Historical Black-out", <mask> referred to the "alleged wartime crimes of Germany" and wrote that, "Even assuming that all the charges ever made by the Nazis by anybody of reasonable sanity and responsibility are true, the Allies did not come off much, if any better". <mask> wrote further that the suffering by ethnic Germans expelled from Czechoslovakia and Poland after World War II were "obviously far more hideous and prolonged than those of the Jews said to have been exterminated in great numbers by the Nazis." Responding to an extremely hostile review of Der erzwungene Krieg by the American historian Gerhard Weinberg in the American Historical Review in October 1962, <mask> and Hoggan wrote a series of letters rebutting Weinberg's arguments. Weinberg in turn wrote letters replying to and


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 rebutting the arguments of Hoggan and <mask>. The exchanges between Hoggan and <mask> on one side and Weinberg on the other became increasingly rancorous and vitriolic; in October 1963, the editors of the American Historical Review announced that (in the interests of decorum) they would cease publishing letters relating to Hoggan's book. In his 1962 pamphlet, "Revisionism and Brainwashing", <mask> claimed that there was a "lack of any serious opposition or concerted challenge to the atrocity stories and other modes of defamation of German national character and conduct."<mask> wrote that, in his view, there was "a failure to point out the atrocities of the Allies were more brutal, painful, mortal and numerous than the most extreme allegations made against the Germans." Starting at this time, <mask> started to cite the French Holocaust denier Paul Rassinier, whom <mask> described as a "distinguished French historian" who had exposed the "exaggerations of the atrocity stories". In a 1964 article entitled "Zionist Fraud", published in The American Mercury, <mask> wrote:

The courageous author [Rassinier] lays the chief blame for misrepresentation on those whom we must call the swindlers of the crematoria, the Israeli politicians who derive billions of marks from nonexistent, mythical and imaginary cadavers, whose numbers have been reckoned in an unusually distorted and dishonest manner.In 1964, <mask> and Rassinier met and became friends. As a result, <mask> translated Rassinier's book The Drama Of the European Jews into English; it was published by an antisemitic publishing house named Liberty Bell. Using Rassinier as his source, <mask> claimed that Germany was


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 the victim of aggression in both 1914 and 1939, and that the Holocaust was just propaganda to justify a war of aggression against Germany in the latter case. <mask> thought that World War II had ended in disaster for the West, because Germany was divided and the United States locked into the Cold War. <mask> thought that this was a terrible outcome, as he asserted that Germany never wanted war.<mask> claimed that, in order to justify the "horrors and evils of the Second World War", the Allies made the Nazis the "scapegoat" for their own misdeeds. <mask> said there were two false claims made about World War II; namely, that Germany started the war in 1939, and that they conducted the Holocaust. In <mask>' opinion: "Hitler setting off the war was also deemed responsible for the wholesale extermination of the Jews, for it was admitted that this did not begin until a considerable time after war broke out." <mask> said: "The size of the German reparations to Israel has been based on the theory that vast numbers of Jews were exterminated at the express order of Hitler, some six million being the most usually accepted number" (emphasis in the original). <mask> repeated his ideas many times. In his 1966 essay "Revisionism: A Key to Peace", <mask> wrote:

Even if one were to accept the most extreme and exaggerated indictment of Hitler and the National Socialists for their activities after 1939 made by anybody fit to remain outside a mental hospital, it is most alarmingly easy to demonstrate that the atrocities of the Allies in the same period were more numerous as to victims and were carried out for the most part by methods more brutal and painful than that alleged


texts: extermination in gas ovens. (Emphasis in the original.)In his 1967 pamphlet, "The Public Stake in Revisionism", <mask> said that the historical "blackout" with regards to World War II had become a "smotherout" as a result of the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Writing about the Eichmann trial of 1961, <mask> said that the trial showed "an almost adolescent gullibility and excitability on the part of Americans relative to German wartime crimes, real or alleged" (emphasis in original). <mask> wrote that the charges against Eichmann rested on "fundamental but unproved assumptions that what Hitler and the National Socialists did in the years after [the Allies] entered the war". <mask> accused the American media of publishing "sensational articles" about "exaggerated National Socialist savagery". <mask> described the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe as the "final solution" for the German people. Writing of the expulsion of the ethnic Germans from the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia in 1945–46, he claimed that "at least four million of them perished in the process from butchery, starvation and disease." <mask> claimed that the Allied bombing offensive, together with the expulsions of the ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, were far worse than anything the Nazis were alleged to have done.In "The Public Stake in Revisionism", <mask> wrote that "The number of civilians exterminated by the Allies, before, during, and after the Second World War, equaled, if it did not far exceed those liquidated by the Germans and the Allied liquidation program was often carried out by methods which were far more brutal and painful then whatever extermination actually took place


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 in German gas ovens". <mask> said that certain (unnamed) "court historians" were guilty of ensuring that Allied war crimes were never "cogently and frankly placed over against the doings, real or alleged, at Auschwitz." <mask> acknowledged that there were concentration camps in Nazi Germany, but denied there were ever death camps. <mask> said that when "court historians" were forced by "revisionists" to admit there were no death camps, the evidence for gas chambers at the death camps was manufactured. <mask> wrote:

What is deemed important today is not whether Hitler started war in 1939 or whether Roosevelt was responsible for Pearl Harbour, but the number of prisoners were allegedly done to death in the concentration camps operated by Germany during the war. These camps were first presented as those in Germany, such as Dachau, Belsen, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and Dora, but it was demonstrated that there had been no systematic extermination in those camps. Attention was then moved on to Auschwitz, Treblinka, Belzec, Chelmno, Jonoska, Tarnow, Ravensbrück, Mauthausen, Breznia and Birkenau, which does not exhaust the list that appears to have been extended as needed.<mask> claimed that "court historians", to keep the public from getting "bored", manufactured stories about German crimes against humanity that were "made more unceasing, exaggerated and inflammatory".In response, the German historian Martin Broszat wrote a letter in 1962 clarifying and defining the differences between concentration and death camps. In his letter to the Die Zeit newspaper, Broszat wrote that he wanted to "hammer home, once more, the persistently ignored or denied difference


texts: between concentration and extermination camps." In his letter, Broszat claimed this was not an "admission" that there was no Holocaust, but rather an attempt to "set the record straight" about the differences between concentration and death camps. Broszat noted the differences between concentration camps, which were places where the inmates were consistently mistreated, but were not the subject of annihilation, and death camps, which existed solely for the purpose of exterminating their inmates. Broszat denied there was a functioning gas chamber at the Dachau concentration camp (though he noted that one was built shortly before the end of the war as part of the effort to convert Dachau into a death camp, but was never used). Broszat commented that, though there were many concentration camps in Germany, all of the German death camps for the genocide of the European Jews were located in Nazi-occupied Poland. Broszat argued that this confusion in the public's mind between concentration and death camps, and the tendency to erroneously describe Dachau as a death camp, was aiding the early Holocaust deniers like Rassinier, Hoggan, and <mask>, who made much of the fact that there was no functioning gas chamber at Dachau.In the same way, <mask> denied that the Einsatzgruppen murdered millions of Jews in the occupied Soviet Union, and instead claimed that the Einsatzgruppen were "battling guerilla warfare behind the lines". <mask> often attacked West Germany for apologizing to the Jews for the Holocaust. He wrote that the West German government should challenge the "unfair" verdict and "false dogmas" of World War II, which he claimed prevented "the restoration of

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texts: Germany to its proper position of unity, power and respect among the nations of the world". <mask> drew unfavorable contrasts between the Weimar Republic, which had in the 1920s vigorously fought the so-called Kriegsschuldlüge ("war guilt lie") that Germany started World War I, with the "masochistic" behavior of the government of Konrad Adenauer in the 1950s. <mask> accused Adenauer of having "brainwashed" and "indoctrinated" the German people into believing an "indictment of German responsibility for the war". <mask> accused Adenauer of "opposing the discovery and publication of the truth". <mask> professed to be "deeply puzzled" that the West German government was willing to accept responsibility for the Holocaust and its "downright disinclination to seek to refute the most outrageous charges of cruelty and barbarism leveled against Germany by conscienceless atrocity mongers and the continuation to this very day of not-so-little Nuremberg trials."In 1962, <mask> attacked the West German president Heinrich Lübke for his speech in Israel asking for forgiveness for the German people for the Holocaust. <mask> called the speech "almost incredible grovelling" and "subserviency" to the Jews. <mask> often said that Jews contended that they had been the victims of antisemitism throughout the ages, which he thought was false. <mask> claimed that those who questioned this view were unjustly labeled antisemitic. According to <mask>, those behind the "smotherout" about Nazi Germany believed that "it was far worse to exterminate Jews, even at the ratio of two Gentiles to one Jew, than to liquidate Gentiles." Lipstadt's 1993 book Denying the Holocaust devotes chapter 4,


texts:
 "The First Stirrings of Denial in America", to <mask> as the main link between revisionism in the 1920s (re-evaluation of German responsibility for World War I) and the emergence in the 1950s of Holocaust denial (arguing that the Jewish Holocaust either did not happen or was exaggerated by wartime Allied propaganda and postwar Jewish politics). She notes that the German government of the 1920s enthusiastically supported and promoted <mask>' views as exonerating their country, but the postwar West German government accepted national responsibility for the Holocaust, solicited forgiveness, and paid reparations to Jewish survivors.This difference meant that <mask> in his later years had allied himself with American and European antisemites and cranks, rather than with respectable or official opinion. Historian Lucy Dawidowicz concurs. Works
Books
A History of the Penal, Reformatory and Correctional Institutions of the State of New Jersey, MacCrellish & Quigley Company, 1918. 654 pages. The League of Nations: The Principle and the Practice, Edited by Stephen Pierce Duggan. Boston: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1919. History, Its Rise and Development: A Survey of the Progress of Historical Writing From its Origins to the Present Day, Encyclopedia Americana, 1919.Originally published in the 1919 edition of Encyclopedia Americana: The Social History of the Western World. The Social History of the Western World, an Outline Syllabus, New York: D. Appleton, 1921. Sociology and Political Theory: A Consideration of the Sociological Basis of Politics, New York: A. A. Knopf, 1924. 260 pages. The History and Prospects of the Social Sciences, New York: A. A. Knopf, 1925.534


texts: pages. Co-written with Karl Worth Bigelow and Jean Brunhes. Psychology and History, The Century Company, 1925. 192 pages. The New History and the Social Studies, New York: The Century Company, 1925. 605 pages. Ploetz's Epitome of History, New York: Blue Ribbon, 1925.The Repression of Crime: Studies in Historical Penology. Patterson Smith, 1926. 382 pages. History and Social Intelligence, New York: A. A. Knopf, 1926. 597 pages. The Evolution of Penology in Pennsylvania: A Study in American Social History, Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, 1968, 1927.414 pages. Economic History of Europe, Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1928. Co-written with Melvin M. Knight and Felix Fluegel. Living in the Twentieth Century: A Consideration of How We Go This Way, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1928. 392 pages. In Quest of Truth and Justice: Debunking the War Guilt Myth, Chicago: National Historical Society, 1928. The Twilight of Christianity, New York: Vanguard Press, 1929.The Genesis of the World War: An Introduction to the Problem of War Guilt, New York: A. A. Knopf, 1926. 750 pages. The Evolution of Penology in Pennsylvania: A Study in American Social History. Bobbs-Merrill, 1927. The Making of a Nation, New York: A. A. Knopf, 1929.With Elisabeth A. Dexter and Mabel Walker. World Politics in Modern Civilization: The Contributions of Nationalism, Capitalism, Imperialism and Militarism to Human Culture and International Anarchy, New York: A. A. Knopf, 1930. . 608 pages. The Story of Punishment: A Record of Man's Inhumanity to Man, Stratford, C., c. 1930, 2nd edition, 1972. Battling the Crime Wave: Applying Sense and Science to the Repression of Crime, Boston: Stratford,


texts: 1931. Can Man Be Civilized?, New York: Brentano's, 1932. Prohibition Versus Civilization: Analyzing the Dry Psychosis, Viking, 1932.Money Changers vs. the New Deal; a Candid Analysis of the Inflation Controversy, New York: R. Long & R. R. Smith, 1934. The History of Western Civilization, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1935. Famous New Deals of History, New York: W.H. Wise & Co., 1935. An Economic History of the Western World, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1937. An Intellectual and Cultural History of the Western World, New York: Random House, 1937, 1941, 1965. Co-written with Bernard Myers, Walter B. Scott, Edward Hubler and Martin Bernstein.A History of Historical Writing, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1938 revised edition New York : Dover Publications, 1963. Social Thought From Lore to Science, two volumes, Heath, c. 1938, 3rd edition published in three volumes, Dover, 1961. With Howard Beck and others. Social Institutions In an Era of World Upheaval, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1942. 927 pages. New Horizons in Criminology; the American Crime Problem, New York: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1943; revised edition Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1961, 1959. Co-written with Negley K. Teeters.Pennsylvania Penology: 1944, Pennsylvania Municipal Publications Service, 1944. A Survey of Western Civilization, Crowell, 1947. Historical Sociology: Its Origins and Development: Theories of Social Evolution From Cave Life to Atomic Bombing, New York: Philosophical Library, 1948. Contemporary Social Theory, New York: Russell & Russell, 1971, 1948. Co-Edited with Howard Becker and Frances Bennett Becker. The American Way of Life: An Introduction to the Study of


texts:
 Contemporary Society, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1950. Co-written with Oreen M. Ruedi.The Struggle Against the Historical Blackout, 1949, 9th edition, 1952. Author of booklets in his field. An Introduction to the History of Sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1917. Society in Transition, New York: Greenwood Press, 1968
Blasting the Historical Blackout in Britain: Professor A. J. P. Taylor's "The Origins of the Second World War": Its Nature, Reliability, Shortcomings and Implications, 1963. The Future of Imprisonment in a Free Society, St. Leonard's House, 1965. With Nathan F. Leopold, Jr. and others. Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and its Aftermath, New York: Greenwood Press, 1969.Pearl Harbor after a Quarter of a Century, New York: Arno Press, 1972. . Selected Revisionist Pamphlets. New York: Arno Press, 1972. . The Chickens of the Interventionist Liberals Have Come Home to Roost: The Bitter Fruits of Globaloney. New York: Revisionist Press, 1973. Barnes Against the Blackout: Essays Against Interventionism. Institute for Historical Review, 1991.Anthology of <mask>' previous self-published essays on World War II. Who Started World War One? Preface by W.A. Carto. Washington, D.C.: The Barnes Review, 2009. Articles
 "Some Recent Books on International Affairs." Foreign Affairs, vol.1, no. 1 (September 15, 1922) pp. 168–174. "The Place of Albion Woodbury Small in Modern Sociology." American Journal of Sociology, vol. 32, no. 1 (1926) pp.15–44. "The Public Significance of the War-Guilt Question." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 175: The


texts:
 Shadow of War (September) pp. 11–18. "Pearl Harbor After a Quarter of a Century." Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought (August 8, 2014)

See also
 Barnes Review
 James J. Martin

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Atkins, Setphen E. (2009).Holocaust Denial as an International Movement, ABC-CLIO. Dawidowicz, Lucy (December 1980) "Lies About the Holocaust" in Commentary, Volume 70, Issue #6, pp. 31–37; reprinted in Kozodoy, Neal (ed.) (1992) What Is The Use of Jewish History? : Essays, New York: Schocken Books, pp. 84–100. Herwig, Holger.(Fall 1987) "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War," International Security, v.12, n.2, pp. 5–44. Lipstadt, Deborah (1993) Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Free Press: New York. .
 Mombauer, Annika (2002) The Origins of the First World War, London: Pearson. Further reading
 Rothbard, Murray N. “<mask> <mask>, RIP”. (Obituary) Left and Right, vol. 4, no. 1, 1968.Rothbard, Murray N. “<mask> <mask> as Revisionist of the Cold War". Originally published in <mask> <mask>: Learned Crusader. Doenecke, Justus D. "<mask> <mask>: Prophet of a 'Usable' Past". The History Teacher, vol. 8, no. 2, February 1975. (pp.265–276)  Also available from JSTOR. Goddard, Arthur. <mask> <mask>, Learned Crusader: The New History in Action. Colorado Springs: R. Myles, 1968. 884 pages. Turnbaugh, Roy. “The FBI and <mask> <mask>: 1936–1944”.The Historian, vol. 42, no. 3, May 1980. (pp. 385-398)

External links
 <mask> <mask> at WorldCat
 Books by <mask> <mask> at The Online Books Page
 "A Brief History of Holocaust Denial" by Ben Austin. Jewish Virtual Library. <mask> <mask> Papers,

masks:
Harry Elmer
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 1887-1977 at the University of Wyoming - American Heritage Center
<mask> <mask>: The Father of World War II Revisionism - AHC blog

1889 births
1968 deaths
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Activists from New York (state)
American Holocaust deniers
Columbia University faculty
Historical negationism
The New School faculty
Non-interventionism
People from Auburn, New York
20th-century American male writers
Historians from New York

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<mask> (born 18 October 1946 in Esparragosa de Lares) is a Spanish singer-songwriter, lyricist, and poet from Extremadura in Spain. <mask>  uses traditional harmonies and melodies from Extremadura, with flamenco, American folk music, rock, and jazz influences. In the mid-1980s he introduced African rhythms and rhythms from other cultures, including avant-garde styles such as minimalism, ambient, electronic, and random music. <mask> has published poetry continuously since 1988. <mask> has lived in Madrid since the late 1960s. Es el amor del agua cuando quiere,
salvar la sed del hombre,
y deshoja su aroma,
en los campos blanqueados,
por la flor del espino. Es el amor del agua, la memoria,
que hace vivos los cuerpos,
que hace vivas las nubes,
que hace vivas las selvas.<mask> - (fragmento del poema; «El amor del agua»). It's the love of water when it wants
to slake mans’ thirst
and shed her scent
in the bleached fields
by the hawthorn flower. It is love of water, the memory
that brings life to bodies
that brings life to clouds
that brings life to jungles
(…)
<mask> (from The Love of Water)

Background
<mask> was born into an family of small landowners on 18 October 1946 in Esparragosa de Lares in  Badajoz. He attended public school, "Virgen de la Cueva", in his village.  . After finishing high school in Badajoz, he studied Teaching in Sigüenza (Guadalajara) . At the age of 16, <mask> received his first guitar as a gift and began playing music with an amateur group from his school. They performed songs from Los Bravos and Los Brincos. He also played songs by Georges Moustaki, Jorge Cafrune, Joan Baez, Massiel, and the Dynamic Duo.<mask> went to Madrid to study liberal arts, specifically

masks:
Pablo Guerrero
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 Literature, while at about the same time, he began to sing, but without any professional intentions, but continued to train as a musician by attending private classes. His poetic interests continued to develop with readings by <mask>, Blas de Otero, Luis Cernuda, José Ángel Valente and José Agustín Goytisolo during 1969-1978. Early career

In 1969 Gerrero presented himself at the Benidorm Festival with the song Amapolas y Espigas (trans: Poppies and Wheat Spikes [espiga: wheat still on the stalk]). The song won first prize for best lyrics and second prize overall. In his early days as a singer, <mask> researched Extremadura folklore. After his success in Benidorm, he had to combine his career as a singer with teaching, apart from his studies of Philosophy and Letters (Hispanic Philology and Hispanic Literature). With help from Manolo Diaz, <mask> recorded on the Action label his first single, with arrangements by Ramón Farrán.The A-side was Amapolas y Espigas  and the B-side was Carro y Camino. <mask>'s second single, arranged by Carlos Montero, was Son Hombres Que Se Mueren Sin Haber Visto La Mar (Tr: They are Men Who Have Died Without Having Seen the Sea) and Por una calle de Cáceres (A Street in Cáceres). His next had the same musical group and continued the countryside theme in the songs; Junto al Guadiana (Next to the Guadiana) and Al Pasar Po'l Arroyo (Passing by the Stream), with lyrics by the poet Luis Chamizo Trigueros. In <mask>'s fourth single, the arrangements of Benito Lauret included a large orchestra and choirs. The orchestrated songs are: Y Los Demás Se Fueron (And the Others Left) and Pequeño Propietario (Small Landowner), which can be considered as <mask>'s first

masks:
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texts:
 social protest song. <mask> set Miguel Hernández’s poems to music on a record that was to be called Tierra. However, the Francoist Spain regime blocked the recording due to its political nature.During the  cultural scene of the late-sixties and early-seventies, <mask> was influenced by Joan Manuel Serrat, Luis Eduardo Aute, Lluís Llach, Raimon, Maria del Mar Bonet, Amália Rodrigues. José Afonso,  Georges Moustaki, Jacques Brel, and South Americans Daniel Viglietti and Jorge Cafrune. He also liked the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and the lyrics of Lou Reed. La Cantata del Exilio: ¿Cuándo llegaremos a Sevilla? album
In 1970 <mask> collaborated as a singer in the recording of the album La Cantata del Exilio: ¿Cuándo llegaremos a Sevilla? (Tr: Song of the Exile: When Will We Arrive in Seville?) The lyrics were written by Antonio Gómez – a professional journalist and the ideological leader of the group, Canción del Pueblo, with music by Antonio Resines.. <mask>  sings Dulce Muchacha.The album was not published until 1978, however. A Cántaros album
In 1972, <mask> recorded his first LP, A Cántaros. The song of the same name had a quite long subtitle ("Tú y yo, muchacha, estamos hechos de nubes") . A Cántaros was <mask>'s first album with an urban theme. The guitarist and arranger, Nacho Sáenz de Tejada (ex-member of Nuestro Pequeño Mundo), used Spanish acoustic guitars and electric guitar on two tracks. Juan Alberto Arteche, another member of Nuestro Pequeño Mundo played percussion, and <mask> played guitars and percussions. The album was completed with the musicians José González on the organ and piano, José Maria Panizo on bass, Alex Kirschner on flute with Sáenz de Tejada, Quintanilla

masks: Guerrero Guerrero Guerrero Guerrero Guerrero Guerrero Guerrero


texts:
 on violoncello and Carmen Sarabia's choirs.This album, A Cántaros, shows the influence of American folk musicians: Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, Neil Young, Joni Mitchell, James Taylor, Bob Dylan, and especially Leonard Cohen. <mask> at the Olympia album
On 2 March 1975 <mask> recorded a live album at the Olympia Theatre in Paris entitled, <mask> at the Olympia. It was  released by Movieplay's Gong label. On it, <mask> sings and plays the Spanish guitar,  accompanied by  Nacho Sáenz de Tejada on guitar and t Miguel Ángel Chastang on double bass. The album contains previously released songs such as Buscándonos, Hoy Que Te Amo, and the popular A Cántaros. Unreleased songs included Busca La Gente de Mañana, Ecos de Sociedad and Emigrante, along with two acapella songs, a work song called Trilla, and Extremadura. It was one of <mask>'s best-selling albums during the 1970s.After Olympia, <mask> performed in the Ducal Palace in Venice, Italy. He also performed in Germany. Afterward, he toured throughout Spain. Porque Amamos El Fuego album
In February 1976, <mask> recorded Porque Amamos El Fuego (Tr: Why We Love The Fire) for Movieplay,  produced by Gonzalo García Pelayo. Musically this album incorporates jazz with popular music from Extremadura. It features musicians Nacho Sáenz de Tejada and Jean Pierre Torlois on acoustic and electric guitars,  jazz musicians Miguel Ángel Chastang and Antonio Perucho on double-bass and electric bass, and drums and percussion, respectively, and Antonio Pascual on keyboards. Jorge Pardo collaborated with the flute and tenor sax and Antonio Fernández played the acoustic guitar in No Estés Así (Don’t Be Like That).<mask> put the poem "Por Debajo Del Agua" by

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Pablo Guerrero
Guerrero
Pablo Guerrero
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Pablo Guerrero
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 José Ángel Valente to music. <mask> also paid tribute to  Rafael Alberti in the song Ven Alberti. The musical score in Teo is composed by the singer-songwriters and arrangers, Hilario Camacho and P<mask>. Even though the characters that populate <mask>'s songs are usually poor and marginal while love, freedom, and hope are present throughout the album. The song Un Rincón De Sol En La Cabeza was dedicated to the Carnation Revolution of April 25, 1975, in Portugal <mask> still performs the love song Dulce Muchacha Triste (Sweet Sad Little Girl). A Tapar La Calle album
In December 1977, <mask> recorded the studio album A Tapar La Calle for Movieplay, produced by Gonzalo García Pelayo, and released in 1978. The song, A Tapar La Calle, which gave the album its name, was originally a popular song from Extremadura.<mask> transformed into a song about freedom to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the May 1968 protests in France. A Tapar La Calle is an approach towards flamenco from the popular roots of Extremadura. The guitar arpeggios derive from flamenco, but the harmonies, on the other hand, are of Extremaduran roots. In this totally acoustic album, the flamenco guitarist Miguel de Córdoba exerts a certain influence. The musicians included Nacho Sáenz de Tejada: flamenco guitar y mandolin; Juan Alberto Arteche: buzuki y mandolin; Miguel Ángel Chastang: contrabass; and Javier Estrella: percussion. Protest songs on the album include: Paraiso Ahora, A Tapar La Calle and Predicción De La Fiesta. Renewed love is found in Enredado Entre Tu Pelo, Ronda Del Anillo Dentro Del Agua, Una Tarde (lyrics by José Domínguez) and Si Volvieras Otra Vez, and Canción Ritual Que Habla de España, among

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<mask> (25 March 1904 – 2 May 1945) was a German diplomat before and during World War II, an early and active member of the Nazi Party, and one of German dictator Adolf Hitler's personal friends. Early life
<mask> was born in 1904 to Anton and <mask> in Cologne in the Rhineland, where his father ran a cocoa factory. His father died in 1913, leaving Elsa to run the factory. Hewel graduated in 1923, moved to Munich in Bavaria, and attended the Technical University of Munich. The same year, as an 18 year old, he joined the Stosstrupp Hitler, a formation of the Nazi Party's SA "brownshirt" stormtroopers  – his member number was in the low 200s – and took part in Hitler's failed Beer Hall Putsch, carrying a swastika banner with 23-year-old Heinrich Himmler. After Hitler's subsequent conviction for treason, Hewel was in Landsberg prison with him for several months, where he served as Hitler's volunteer valet. He was released on 30 December 1924 because of his youth.Hewel then served a commercial apprenticeship in Hamburg in 1926, following which he spent a year in England. From 1927, Hewel worked abroad for several years in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) as a planter and coffee salesman for a British firm . Hewel joined the Nazi Party there in June 1933 and helped to organise local branches with German expatriates as members. By 1937, the Nazi Party in Indonesia had established branches in Batavia, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya, Medan, Padang, and Makassar. In Nazi Germany
In March 1936, Hewel returned to Germany, where he was appointed the Chief of the East Asia Desk in the Foreign Section of the Party. He entered Germany's diplomatic service and was sent to Spain. Journalist James P. O'Donnell remarked that, during this time,

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 Hewel "was almost certainly an agent of Admiral Wilhelm Canaris's Abwehr" counter-intelligence agency.<mask> returned to Germany, and in 1937 became the Chief of the English Desk in Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop's office, and in 1938 the head of Ribbentrop's personal staff. On 15 March 1939, he transcribed the conference between Hitler and Czech president Emil Hácha. Hewel was promoted to SS-Sturmbannführer on 12 July 1937, and Brigadeführer on 9 November 1942. During World War II
Hewel was then appointed, in 1940, to the position of "Special Ambassador" and was Ribbentrop's direct liaison with Hitler. During this time, he resumed his earlier friendship with the dictator. He spent most of World War II without an official portfolio and once described himself as "an ambassador to nowhere". In the later years of the war, as Hitler became more estranged from Ribbentrop, Hewel acted as Hitler's senior adviser on foreign policy matters and a member of Hitler's inner circle.When Hitler moved from his "Wolf's Lair" headquarters in East Prussia to the Führerbunker under the garden of the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Hewel joined him there with the rest of Hitler's entourage. Survivors of Hitler's inner circle claimed that Hewel owed his position to his long involvement with the Nazi Party, and because he was one of Hitler's friends. In her memoirs, Traudl Junge, Hitler's private secretary, described Hewel as something like Hitler's majordomo. According to Junge, Hewel was placed in charge of coordinating his household, keeping peace between the military and civilian officials around Hitler, and regulating contact between male and female members of Hitler's entourage. Hewel – along with Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels;


texts:
 Hitler's personal secretary, Martin Bormann; Artur Axmann, the head of the Hitler Youth; Johann Rattenhuber, an SS General who was head of the Reichssicherheitsdienst (RSD) which protected Hitler; Ludwig Stumpfegger, Hitler's personal surgeon; and Otto Günsche, Hitler's personal adjutant – was one of the residents of the bunker to observe the burning of the bodies of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun after they committed suicide. Along with all the others, he had been briefed by Hitler as to what to do to destroy the bodies, although this task was not properly carried out. Earlier, <mask> had been one of the attendees at the wedding between Hitler and Braun, and then the final goodbyes from Hitler and Braun before their suicides.Death
Until Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, <mask> remained in his inner circle. As one of the few people to remain near him until the end, he was said to have tried to cheer Hitler up. He was among the last people to have a personal conversation with Hitler before he died, in which Hitler had encouraged <mask> to commit suicide. Hitler warned <mask> that if he was captured by the Red Army, he would be tortured and "mounted in a waxworks". Hitler gave Hewel a cyanide capsule and a Walther 7.65 handgun, then had him take an oath to kill himself rather than be captured by the Soviets. Following Hitler's suicide, Hewel escaped the Führerbunker in a group led by SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke. Mohnke planned to break out towards the German Army, which was positioned in Prinzenallee.However, <mask> was apparently suffering from psychological stress at the time. In her memoirs, Traudl Junge, one of Hitler's secretaries, claimed that, after Hitler's death, Hewel appeared extremely confused and unable to

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texts:
 make the simplest decisions for himself. The group headed along the U-Bahn tunnels, but their route was blocked so they went above ground and later joined hundreds of other German civilians and military personnel who had sought refuge at the Schultheiss-Patzenhofer Brewery. Upon arriving at the holdout on 2 May 1945, Hewel made remarks to the effect that he planned to commit suicide. Despite the efforts of Dr. Ernst-Günther Schenck – who attempted to talk him out of it in a long and wide-ranging conversation – Hewel killed himself in the manner that Professor Dr. Werner Haase had recommended to Hitler, biting down on a cyanide capsule while shooting himself in the head. According to Schenck, Hewel was emotionally and physically exhausted, which contributed to his actions. In his long conversation with Schenck, Hewel said about Hitler, in response to Schenck's question about Hitler's mental health in his last days:

Personality and personal life
When Gretl Braun, the sister of Hitler's mistress Eva Braun, became pregnant out of wedlock, Hitler took steps to try to find her a husband.<mask>, a shy bachelor, was considered to be one of the possibilities. Braun later married SS-Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein of the Waffen-SS. A few weeks later, on 12 July 1944, Fegelein's good friend, Elizabeth "Blondie" Blanda – a Red Cross nurse who had previously tended to Hewel after he survived an airplane crash on 21 April 1944 in which General Hans-Valentin Hube was killed – married Hewel at Berchtesgaden. The tall and portly Hewel, whose nickname was "Surabaya Wally", is generally described as a pleasant and good-natured bon vivant, if not very intelligent. General Heinz Guderian recalled Hewel as "a good raconteur and a good listener".


texts:
 Members of Hitler's inner circle recounted that, unlike many other Nazi leaders, Hewel was able to stay awake and attentive during Hitler's long monologues on topics such as anti-Semitism. Martin Bormann, Hitler's private secretary, who actively worked to prevent his rivals from gaining access to the dictator, did not see Hewel as a threat, and encouraged their closeness, as Hewel was a calming influence.He usually ended up dealing with situations and events that Hitler could not handle. <mask> himself said that his role as the intermediary between Hitler and Ribbentrop called for "the tact of a mandarin and the footwork of an egg-dancer." When Ribbentrop called the Chancellery and asked to speak to <mask>, Hitler would often stand by him during the call and feed Hewel absurd things to tell the Foreign Minister, driving Ribbentrop into a tizzy. A waiter in Berlin described Hewel after the war in this way:

O'Donnell referred to Hewel as a man who had a front row seat to history, but who lacked the intelligence and perspective to realize it. In popular culture
<mask> <mask> has been portrayed by the following actors in film and television productions:

 John Savident in the 1973 British film Hitler: The Last Ten Days. Gerald Alexander Held in the 2004 German film Downfall (Der Untergang). References
Notes

Bibliography

 Junge, Traudl; Müller, Melissa editor (2004) Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary, Arcade Publishing. .

1904 births
1945 deaths
Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch
Nazi Party officials
German diplomats
People from Cologne
People from the Rhine Province
Technical University of Munich alumni
Nazis who committed suicide in Germany
Suicides by cyanide poisoning
Suicides by firearm in

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texts:
<mask>  (born August 5, 1971) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as a Cabinet minister from 2015 to 2021. A member of the Liberal Party, <mask> was the minister of environment and climate change from 2015 to 2019 and minister of infrastructure and communities from 2019 to 2021. She was the member of Parliament (MP) for Ottawa Centre from 2015 to 2021. Background

After graduating from École élémentaire catholique Notre-Dame (her father insisted that all his children be bilingual despite not knowing any French himself) <mask> attended Saint Mary Catholic Secondary School in Hamilton, Ontario. After graduating from the University of Toronto, she filmed a documentary in Asia. Career
<mask> is trained as a lawyer. In 2005, <mask> co-founded Canadian Lawyers Abroad - Avocats canadiens à l'étranger (CLA-ACE), now called Level, a University of Ottawa-based charity that helps Canadian law students and law firms do pro bono legal work in developing countries.<mask> was a senior negotiator with the United Nations peacekeeping mission in East Timor which culminated in the Timor Sea Treaty providing for the joint exploitation of petroleum resources in a part of the Timor Sea. <mask> has practised law at leading firms in Indonesia, focusing on international trade, competition, investment and constitutional issues. In 2002, she joined Stikeman Elliott LLP, working in the areas of competition, trade, and constitutional law. During this time she was senior counsel on the review of Canada's military justice system, headed by Antonio Lamer, former chief justice of Canada. <mask> was, before entering politics, the executive director of Level, a charity that she co-founded. Level is described as a catalyst for positive and social change. They believe that uniting the power of people, education and law will lead to a more equitable and just society.Political career

In the 2015 federal election, <mask> defeated longtime New Democratic Party (NDP) Member of Parliament (MP) Paul

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Catherine Mary McKenna
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Charity McKenna
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