texts:
 following years, the increasing reconciliation between the North and South was based on excluding freedmen and the issues of race. In 1890, Pryor was appointed as judge of the New York Court of Common Pleas, where he served until 1894. He was next appointed as justice of the New York Supreme Court, serving from 1894 to 1899, when he retired. In December 1890, Pryor joined the New York chapter of the new heritage/lineage organization, Sons of the American Revolution (SAR), for male descendants of participants in the war. When admitted, he and his documented ancestors were all entered under his membership number of 4043.Annoyed at being excluded from the men's club, Sara Agnes Rice Pryor and other women founded chapters of the Daughters of the American Revolution, setting up their own lineage society to recognize women's contributions and organize for historic preservation and education. In retirement, Pryor was appointed on April 10, 1912 as official referee by the appellate division of the New York State Supreme Court. He served until his death on March 14, 1919 in New York City. He was buried in Princeton Cemetery, in Princeton, New Jersey., where his wife and their sons Theodorick and William had already been buried. His daughter, Mary Blair <mask> Walker, was also buried near him after her death. Legacy and honors
A Virginia highway marker honors Pryor's birthplace near Petersburg, Virginia. Sara Agnes Rice Pryor

Sara Pryor shared her husband's struggles during their early years of poverty in New York.She sewed all the children's clothes, gained school scholarships, and helped her husband with his law studies. Realizing that other women and children needed help, she raised money to found a home for them. Like her husband, <mask> helped found lineage and heritage organizations, including Preservation of the Virginia Antiquities (since 2009 named Preservation Virginia); the Mary

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Pryor
Sarah Pryor


type: original

texts:
 Washington Memorial Association; the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR); and the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America. She became a productive writer, after 1900 publishing two histories on the colonial era, two memoirs and novels. Her Reminiscences of Peace and War (1904), was recommended by the United Daughters of the Confederacy to its membership for serious study. After her death, <mask> was buried at Princeton Cemetery, near her sons Theodorick and William. Her daughter, Mary Blair <mask> Walker, was also buried near her after her death.Works by Sara Agnes Rice Pryor
The Mother of Washington and her Times, New York: Macmillan Company, (1903), available as free e-book at Googlebooks
Reminiscences of Peace and War, Grosset & Dunlap, 1904; revised edition, Macmillan Company, (1905), available as free e-book at Googlebooks
The Birth of the Nation: Jamestown, 1607, Macmillan Company, (1907), available as free e-book at Googlebooks
My Day: Reminiscences of a Long Life, New York: Macmillan, 1909, carried at Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina, complete text available online
The Colonel's Story, New York, Macmillan, 1911, novel, available as free e-book at Googlebooks

Personal life
Pryor was a descendant of Richard Bland II, Richard Bland I, Theodorick Bland of Westover, and Governor Richard Bennett

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
James, Edward T., James, Janet Wilson, Boyer, Paul S.; Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Harvard University Press, (1971)
 Retrieved on 2008-02-13
Pryor, <mask>. "Essays and Addresses". New York: Neale Pub. Co., 1912. .
Richman,

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Sarah Pryor
Pryor
Roger A


texts:
 Erin L. "Mary Blair Destiny".Two Goddesses Publishing, 2019. .
Scott, Henry Wilson, Ingalls, John James; Distinguished American Lawyers with Their Struggles and Triumphs in the Forum (1890)
Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
Sutherland, Daniel E. The Confederate Carpetbaggers. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. .
Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
Waugh, John C.; Surviving the Confederacy: Rebellion, Ruin, and Recovery : <mask> and Sara Pryor during the Civil War, Harcourt, (2002)
Welsh, Jack D.; Medical Histories of Confederate Generals, Kent State University Press, (1999)
Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John; Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, D. Appleton, (1900)

Further reading
Sarah E. Gardner, Blood And Irony: Southern White Women's Narratives of the Civil War, 1861-1937, University of North Carolina Press, 2006
Holzman, Robert S. Adapt or Perish; The Life of General <mask><mask>, C.S.A., Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1976. Richman, Erin L. "Mary Blair Destiny", Two Goddesses Publishing, 2019.External links
Virginia State Highway Memorial Marker
Mary Blair Destiny

1828 births
1919 deaths
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Virginia
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
American Civil War prisoners of war
Hampden–Sydney College alumni
Burials at Princeton Cemetery
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Bland family of Virginia
Virginia Democrats
New York (state) Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
People from Dinwiddie County, Virginia
American proslavery activists
People from Brooklyn

masks:
Roger
Roger A
. Pryor


texts:
<mask><mask> is an American scholar and academic particularly known for his research of Greek and Jewish relations throughout the past three millennia, with emphasis on Byzantine and Holocaust periods. He is a professor of Judaic Studies at the University of Cincinnati, where he teaches a wide range of courses in ancient and medieval Judaic Studies and modern Israel. Biography
<mask> received his B.A. in history from the University of Massachusetts in 1964. In 1974 he completed his Ph.D. dissertation at Ohio State University on Byzantine Jewry during the Paeleologue period. He was appointed to the faculty of Judaic Studies in the University of Cincinnati in 1980, and became a full Professor in 1990.<mask> published The Jews of Byzantium, 1204-1453 in 1985, followed by several books exploring the history of the Greek Jews during the Second World War. His fourth book, The Agony of Greek Jews, 1940-1945, was described by K.E. Fleming as one which "produced a careful and multilayered examination of Greek Jewry’s most devastating five years", was characterized by Nikos Tzafleris as "the most complete chronicle to date of the Holocaust of Greek Jewry" and by Aristotle Kallis as a "fascinating book" including a "complex set of stories relating to individuals, families, and entire communities". In 2011 <mask> finished his Annotated Translation of Sepher Yosippon, to be published in 2012 as the first book of the Hackmey Jewish Classics series at Harvard University. <mask> is the editor in chief of the

masks:
Steven B
. Bowman
Bowman
Bowman
Bowman
Bowman


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 Sephardi and Greek Holocaust Library that has published several Greek Holocaust memoirs and had edited many other books. Grants and awards
Beginning in 1971, <mask> has received numerous awards for his scholarship, three Fulbright Awards, two National Endowment for the Humanities awards, and numerous awards in the United States (including the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture, Littauer Foundation, and the Miles Lerner Fellow at The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum), England (Center for Advanced Jewish Studies at Oxford) and Israel (Postdoctoral) at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and research and travel grants to Yad Vashem) and was a Gennadeion Fellow in Athens.For his sabbatical in 2010-2011 <mask> received a Fulbright-Hays Travel Abroad Award for research at Cambridge University and a Lady Davis Fellowship (Postdoctoral) at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem for work on a monograph about Sefer Yosippon. He has lectured widely nationally and internationally on various aspects of Greek Jews and their relations with Greeks, and is particularly interested in exploring Greek and Jewish nationalism. Professional activities
<mask> has been a visiting professor at New York University and the University of Massachusetts Amherst, a visiting lecturer at Haifa University and the University of California, La Jolla. In 2010, <mask> was appointed a Visiting Professor at Wolfson College (Cambridge University) to work on Genizah fragments of Sefer Yosippon. <mask> has been a member of the Medieval

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texts:
 Academy of America since 1963; since 1983 he was a National Council Representative of the American Academic Association for Peace in the Middle East (APPME), and since 1981 he is President Emeritus of the Faculty Council of Jewish Affairs at the University of Cincinnati. <mask> has served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Hellenic Diaspora, Byzantine Studies/Etudes Byzantines and Shofar. <mask> has been a sometime member of a number of scholarly associations.He is also a member of the United States Byzantine Committee. Selected publications

Articles
The following is a selection from over 80 refereed journal articles and book chapters authored by <mask>. "A Corpus of Hebrew Epitaphs in Patras," Archaeologikon Deltion 31 (1976):49 74. Co authored with Ben Zion Wacholder, "Ezechielus the Dramatist and Ezekiel the Prophet: the Identification of the Mysterious Zoon in Ezechielus Exagoge," Harvard Theological Review 78 nos. 3 4 (1985):253 277. "Josephus in Byzantium," in L. Feldman and G. Hata, eds. Josephus, Judaism and Christianity (Wayne State University Press, 1987), pp.362–385. Revised and expanded version of Japanese version in Josephan Studies II (Tokyo, 1985), pp. 262–276. "Sefer Yosippon: History and Midrash," in The Midrashic Imagination: Jewish Exegesis, Thought, and History, ed. by Michael Fishbane (SUNY Albany, 1993), pp. 280–294. "’Yosippon’ and Jewish Nationalism," Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol.LXI (1995), 23-51. "Alexander and the Mysteries of

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texts:
 India" The Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies, II (1999), 71-111. "Greek and Jewish Nationalism in the Balkans in the Early Nineteenth Century" in The Disintegration of the Ottoman World and the Fate of the Jews in Turkey and the Balkans (1808-1945), ed. Minna Rozen. Tel Aviv University, Diaspora Research Institute, 2002, 15-31. "Jews in Byzantium" for The Cambridge History of Judaism, Volume Four: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. Cambridge, 2006. pp 1035–1052."Aqedah and Mashiah in Sepher Yosippon" European Journal of Jewish Studies 2 (2008), 21-43. "Shoah in Salonika" in The Holocaust: Essays and Documents, ed. Randolph L. Braham [CUNY Holocaust Studies Series, 2009], 11-30. "Jewish Responses to Byzantine Polemics 9th-11th Centuries" in The Jewish Jesus. Revelation, Reflection, Reclamation, ed. Zvi Garber (West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2011), 181-203. <mask> has also contributed articles on Greek Jewry and other topics to a 15 encyclopedias, including The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust and the Dictionary of Literary Themes and Motifs.Books
 The Jews of Byzantium, 1204-1453. Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1985. . paperback reprint New York, 2000. The Holocaust in Salonika: Eyewitness Accounts. New York: Sephardic House & Bloch Publishing Co, 2002. .
 Jewish Resistance in Wartime Greece, London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2006. . The Agony of Greek Jews, 1940-1945 (Stanford University October 2009). . The book was optioned by independent filmmaker Dimitri


texts:
 Vorris for the feature film Land the Angels. An Annotated Translation of Sepher Yosippon.Preliminary studies of the work have appeared in the Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research and elsewhere, most recently "Jewish Responses to Byzantine Polemics 9th-11th Centuries" in Shofar (2010). Edited book
 Editor. Marco Nahon. Birkenau, the Camp of Death (with historical introduction by the editor) University of Alabama Press, 1991. Editor with Blanche Cody. In iure veritas. Studies in Canon Law in Memory of Schafer Williams.University of Cincinnati Press, 1991. Editor. S. Giora Shoham, Valhalla, Calvary & Auschwitz. Cincinnati and Tel Aviv, 1995. Editor. Michael Matsas, The Illusion of Safety. New York, Pella Press, 1997 (with editor’s bibliographic essay).Editor. Erwin Deutscher, Adventures on Three Continents. A Memoir. New York, Bloch Publishing Com., 2002. Editor. Moshe Ha-Elion, The Straits of Hell. The chronicle of a Salonikan Jew in the Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk, Ebensee.Mannheim: Bibliopolis and Cincinnati: BCAP, 2005. References

External links
 <mask><mask> - profile on University of Cincinnati website. Professor <mask> In the news section of Mapping the Jewish Communities of the Byzantine Empire project. Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians of Jews and Judaism
Historians of modern Greece
American Byzantinists
Scholars of Byzantine history
American male

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Steven B
. Bowman
Steven Bowman


texts:
<mask> (born January 8, 1982) is an American film and television actress best known for her roles in Transparent and Girls, which garnered her three Primetime Emmy Award nominations. She found initial success as a child actress in Sleepless in Seattle, Field of Dreams, and Uncle Buck along with Now and Then, Volcano, All I Wanna Do, and 200 Cigarettes as a teenager. <mask>'s return to film acting since 2007 in various independent projects has garnered critical acclaim and been described as a "resurgence," due to her roles in Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus with Michael Cera, Wild with Reese Witherspoon, and her leading role in C'mon C'mon alongside Joaquin Phoenix. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City. Her mother Viva (born <mask>) is an actress, writer and former Warhol superstar, and her father, Anthony Herrera, was a soap opera actor best known for his role as James Stenbeck in As the World Turns. Viva and Herrera were estranged shortly after <mask>'s birth; she was raised by her mother at the Chelsea Hotel in New York. Her father did not have a significant presence in her life.<mask>'s birth is documented in Pat Hackett's The Andy Warhol Diaries. An entry dated January 10, 1982, two days after <mask> was born, says that a friend of Warhol's telephoned Warhol and told him that they were going to the Chelsea Hotel to see Viva and her new baby. <mask>'s mother was raised in a devout Catholic family on Long Island, the daughter of an attorney. She was previously married to director Michel Auder in 1969. <mask> has a half-sister, Alexandra "Alex" Auder, who is 11 years older and teaches yoga in New York City. <mask>'s father was raised in Wiggins, Mississippi by his maternal grandparents; his own father, <mask>'s paternal grandfather, was of French and Spanish descent. Herrera died in 2011 from cancer.<mask> attended elementary school in Manhattan at P.S. 3 on Hudson Street in the West Village, then another school in Hell's Kitchen. After she moved to Los Angeles in 1994, she attended the Buckley School, before finally graduating from Calabasas High

masks:
Gabrielle Mary Antonia Hoffmann
Hoffmann
Hoffmann
Janet Susan Mary Hoffmann
Hoffmann
Hoffmann
Hoffmann
Hoffmann
Hoffmann
Hoffmann
Gaby
Hoffmann


texts:
 School in 1999. Life at the Chelsea Hotel
Until July 1993, <mask> lived in Manhattan's Chelsea Hotel, which <mask> later said she enjoyed. According to <mask>, she and her best friend Talya Shomron roller-skated in the hallways, spied on the drug dealer across the hall, and persuaded the bellman to go to the neighborhood delicatessen at night to fetch them ice cream. <mask> recalled, "I grew up in downtown New York in the '80s. I have a friend who grew up with me, and she puts it well.She says, 'If you grew up where we grew up, if you weren't an artist, a drag queen, queer, or a drug addict, then you were the freak.' I grew up in a world where I guess what is considered unusual or abnormal for the rest of America was very much considered the norm." She also reported in an interview that there had been gunfire and a rape at the hotel shortly before they moved out. <mask> and her mother left the Chelsea Hotel after a long-standing dispute with the management that ended in eviction. Regardless, <mask>'s connection to the hotel had a significant effect on her future. The idea for the 1994 sitcom Someone Like Me originated after Gail Berman (former president of Viacom's Paramount Pictures) read a New York Times article about the hotel which referred to a children's book that Viva and friend Jane Lancellotti wrote, Gaby at the Chelsea (a take on Kay Thompson's 1950s classic Eloise books). Berman became the show's producer.Adolescence on the West Coast
After leaving the Chelsea when <mask> was 11, she and her mother moved to the west coast to a two-bedroom rented house in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, which was badly damaged in the January 17, 1994 Northridge earthquake. While regrouping their living situation, <mask> and her mother temporarily lived at The Oceana Suites Hotel in Santa Monica, California. College and assorted jobs
After she graduated from Calabasas High School in 1999, <mask> followed her half-sister Alex's example and entered New York's Bard College to pursue a degree in literature and writing. Around 2001, she temporarily left her acting

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texts:
 career to complete her studies and graduated in 2004; her senior thesis was a documentary film. After college, she spent much of her 20s drifting. She interned with a chef in Italy, then trained to be a doula after helping deliver Alex's children. For a time, <mask> and a boyfriend lived in an old trailer in the Catskill Mountains.Career

Childhood acting career
<mask> began acting in commercials at the age of four to help pay the family bills. In 1989, she starred in her first movie, Field of Dreams, with Kevin Costner. 1989's Uncle Buck followed, working beside John Candy and up-and-coming child star Macaulay Culkin. However, she grew tired of the rigors of screen performance and temporarily retired. Nevertheless, upon hearing that Culkin (whom she disliked when they worked together) was making a lot of money in feature films, her "competitive spirit got the best of her", as she later put it, and she reentered the profession. She starred in This Is My Life (1992), Sleepless in Seattle (1993) with Tom Hanks, and The Man Without a Face with Mel Gibson. According to <mask>, the praise she received for her performance in This is My Life encouraged her to pursue a full-time acting career in Hollywood as it gave her the confidence she needed to handle major roles.In 1994, <mask> starred in her own sitcom Someone Like Me (on NBC) about a young girl, <mask>, and her dysfunctional family. To promote it, <mask> appeared on late-night talk shows like The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Late Show with David Letterman. Although generally well received, the series lasted only six episodes. After Someone Like Me, <mask> won the lead role opposite Shelley Long in the 1995 TV film Freaky Friday, a remake of the 1976 film of the same name starring Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris. In the same year as Freaky Friday, <mask> starred as Young Samantha, the childhood counterpart to Demi Moore's character, in the coming-of-age feature film Now and Then. In 1995, <mask> played Andrea Eagerton in the CBS TV film Whose Daughter Is She?. Teen and college years: 1996–2003
Between 1996 and

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texts:
 2001, <mask> landed roles in several films including Everyone Says I Love You (1996), Volcano (1997), Snapped (1998),  The Hairy Bird (1998), 200 Cigarettes (1999), Coming Soon (1999), Black & White (1999), You Can Count on Me (2000), and Perfume (2001).Theatre work in New York: 2003–2007
Between 2003 and 2007, <mask> largely concentrated on a theatre career in New York. Roles included 24 Hour Plays (as Denise at the American Airlines Theatre), The Sugar Syndrome (Williamstown Theatre Festival – July/August 2005), and Third (Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater/Lincoln Center Theater – September – December 2005). In late 2005, she starred in an episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent. She also appeared in the Broadway play Suburbia, alongside Kieran Culkin and Jessica Capshaw at the Second Stage Theatre on 43rd Street in New York City, which ran from September to October 2006. <mask> then returned to the 24 Hours Plays where she acted alongside Jennifer Aniston. Return to film work: 2007–present
Since 2007, <mask> has made a gradual return to film acting. In 2007, she starred in the film Severed Ways: The Norse Discovery of America.In 2008, she appeared in Guest of Cindy Sherman, a documentary on art-scene commentator Paul Hasegawa-Overacker's relationship with enigmatic photographer Cindy Sherman. Sherman was married to Hoffman's stepfather, Michel Auder, from 1984 to 1999. Later in 2008, <mask> appeared in the documentary Chelsea on the Rocks, which is a tribute to the Chelsea Hotel where she grew up. Directed by Abel Ferrara, the documentary highlights the many personalities and artistic voices that have emerged from the legendary residence. In 2009, <mask> had a supporting role in Todd Solondz's Life During Wartime, and the thriller 13 with Mickey Rourke (released in 2010). More recently, <mask> has starred alongside Michael Cera in Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus (2013). While shooting the film in Chile, she and Cera took mescaline for her performance in a climactic scene.Recent guest appearances have been in the television series Louie and Girls in Season 3.

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texts:
 <mask> also appeared in seasons 4 and 5 of Girls. In 2013, she completed work on the lead role of a Web series entitled Lyle, created by Stewart Thorndike and Jill Soloway. It was shot in NYC. She subsequently acquired an apartment in Brooklyn's Fort Greene section. In October 2013, she starred in the 1910s installment of Vanity Fair'''s The Decades Series, "The First March", directed by Gilly Barnes. <mask> has discussed her full frontal nude scenes in a few of her projects including Crystal Fairy, Girls and the Amazon series Transparent.On nudity, <mask> said: "People are obsessed with actresses being hairless, fatless Barbie dolls. They can’t imagine that people would want to be anything other than that. When they are, it's looked at as almost a political statement. Look at Lena Dunham. She is a gorgeous woman and people can't stop talking about how brave she is to show herself naked, which I find totally condescending and ridiculous. If Angelina Jolie was naked onscreen no one would say she was brave. The implication is that Lena's brave because she doesn't look the way she's supposed to look.I think that's a shame." Jill Soloway wrote the role <mask> plays in Transparent for her after seeing her performance on Louis C.K. 's third season of Louie.'' In 2016, she appeared in video as an onstage "stand-in" during the Nostalgic For the Present concert tour of Australian singer Sia Furler for her song, "Unstoppable." Personal life
<mask> has a daughter, born in 2014, with longtime boyfriend, cinematographer Chris Dapkins (born on November 19, 1980). She lives in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn. <mask> endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
American child actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Bard College alumni
People from Manhattan
People from Fort

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<mask> (1881–1956) was an Australian rose breeder, the first to patent her work. Her four surviving roses are held in Australian collections. Her roses were well received in the 1930s but after the Second World War favoured styles of roses changed significantly. Life
<mask> was born in 1881 at Warialda, northern New South Wales. She was brought up in the country at Moree. She was the elder daughter of Colin James McMaster (1853–1930) and Sarah Ross (1855–1927). Her father was for twenty years Chief Commissioner and chairman of the Western Lands Board, which administered land leases in the whole western third of NSW.<mask> was educated by a governess at home and boarded 1897–1898 at Presbyterian Ladies College, Croydon. She and her sister Dorothy Jean (1884–1966), later Mrs C.W.D. Conacher of Crona, Warrawee, were influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement, and through it Victorian Medievalism. They collected medieval objects, dress fabrics and tapestry. They cultivated quiet Country Life interiors furnished with old things and lit with tallow candles in medieval candlesticks. Exteriors would show the luxuriant informality of Gertrude Jekyll's Roses for English Gardens. Later <mask> was to breed roses to look well in candlelight.</ref> Her second daughter was married in a "mediaeval gown".It lent depth to <mask>'s interest that she married into a pre-Conquest, west of England family ennobled by Henry II in the twelfth century. In 1909 she

masks:
Olive Fitzhardinge
Olive Rose McMaster
Olive
Olive
Olive


texts: married Dr Hardinge <mask> (1878–1958), a Macquarie Street dental surgeon. He was the son of M.A.H<mask>, a prominent Sydney solicitor from the second generation of the well-known NSW legal family founded in the 1840s by W.G.A. <mask>. Hardinge and <mask> lived at Cremorne Point for some years but in 1917 bought  with a northerly aspect and good volcanic soil at Warrawee 21 km northwest of Sydney. As all North Shore suburbs with aboriginal names, Warrawee was the name of a railway station which became attached to the surrounding suburb.Warrawee had developed in the 1900s as an exclusive residential district with no shops, offices, post office, public school, churches or through roads. All the blocks were kept to between one and four acres and the form of houses tightly controlled. The Fitzhardinges had Bridge End at No. 1 Warrawee Avenue, where they built a spreading single-storey house and established "quite a famous garden". As well-to-do citizens of the Empire they followed London manners and taste: in a world of "lounge" rooms they kept to a drawing-room. The Fitzhardinges had daughters Jean Mary Hardinge Dean (1910–2009) and <mask> Bryant (1912–2001)  and sons Colin Hardinge <mask> (1914–1998) and Brian Forbes Fitzhardinge, who died at fourteen in 1932. <mask> began to breed roses at Bridge End about 1920.Because she was wealthy and related to prominent people in the history of New South Wales, her activities as a rose breeder were

masks:
Clarence Fitzhardinge
. Fitzhardinge
Fitzhardinge
Olive
Olive Prudence
Fitzhardinge
Olive Fitzhardinge


texts:
 unusually well reported. In fact society and rose-breeding themes were closely intertwined. The Sydney Morning Herald on 16 May 1934 reported the wedding of the Fitzhardinges' daughter. Five of Mrs <mask>'s 12 roses were named after those present, six if one includes 'Warrawee'. A gleaming golden girdle added a note of colour to the mediaeval gown of white velvet worn by Miss Prudence Hardinge <mask> ['Prudence'] for her wedding last night to Mr. Bowen Bartlett Bryant, which took place at St. John's Church, Wahroonga … the two bridesmaids, the Misses <mask> ['Plain Jane'], sister of the bride, and Peggy Prell (Goulburn) … At Bridge End, Warrawee … a marquee was erected on the lawn for the wedding breakfast … Mrs. Fitzhardinge received her guests wearing a gown of silver grey lace and a black velvet toque, and carrying a posy of shaded berries … Among the guests were … Mr. and Mrs. L. Bice (Inverell) ['Kitty Bice'], Lady David ['Lady Edgeworth David'] …  Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Prell (Goulburn) ['Mrs C.E. Prell'] …
Joseph Beresford Grant, who had used his money to guarantee the exclusiveness of Warrawee, was also a guest. Mrs <mask> planted many trees in public spaces, including the long avenue of the Pymble Ladies College (where her daughters were pupils) and many of the majestic tree groupings at the Avondale Golf Club (where she was a member).In 1937 Dr <mask>, <mask> and their surviving son moved to Wongalong, a sheep and cattle property at

masks:
Fitzhardinge
Fitzhardinge
Jean Fitzhardinge
Fitzhardinge
Fitzhardinge
Olive


texts:
 Mandurama (pr. ManDOOrama) on the Central Tablelands of NSW. Despite her intentions, Mrs <mask> bred no more roses, though she continued to grow them in "drought, many high winds, and mineralised water." She did experiment with breeding improved geraniums. She died in 1956. Her son Colin, married to the writer Joan Phipson, inherited Wongalong and her rose 'Warrawee' was still growing there in 1980. Rose breeding
Fitzhardinge's roses were hybrid teas.She registered twelve between 1932 and 1939. Except for 'Beatrice Berkeley' and 'Plain Jane' they were released for sale through Hazlewood Brothers' nursery. She was a friend of the Hazlewoods and of the rose breeders Alister Clark and George Knight. She told the Sydney Morning Herald in 1931 she had  bred 12 satisfactory roses in ten years, so it is possible that her rose breeding (as opposed to testing and registration) had been completed between 1921 and 1930. Certainly all the plant material she bred from had been released by 1921 (see the list of her rose parents below). She bred twenty thousand seedlings in ten years, ten times the average number bred by Frank Riethmuller in Turramurra after the Second World War. <mask> described herself as an "amateur hybridiser" but behind a domestic facade she operated on a commercial scale.She knew people who ran big pasture and stock breeding businesses in country NSW and the Northern Territory. Australia had no Plant Breeder's Rights Act at that time.

masks:
Fitzhardinge
Olive Fitzhardinge


texts: The only way to secure rights was to take out an overseas patent. <mask> is the only Australian breeder before the 1960s known to have done so, in her case an American patent on 'Warrawee.' To that extent she had commercial ambitions for her work, unlike her friend Alister Clark or North Shore successor Frank Riethmuller. 'Warrawee' especially received enthusiastic press notices, emphasising the ladylike quality of the rose, said to be due to its being bred by a lady. At the same time the rose was seen as an Australian nationalist venture into world markets.But the predicted commercial triumph of her roses did not occur, though 'Warrawee' was introduced in England and America in 1935. Her shrub roses had been modelled on 'Ophelia' as the ideal rose; after the war a shift in taste took place to roses modelled on 'Peace.' Her climbing roses were huge plants best suited to prewar gardens. Even to post-war enthusiasts Fitzhardinge's roses seemed under-bred. For instance, 'Sirius' 1939, a dark red climber, was criticised for lack of vigor by those who still grew it. Moreover, nearly all her roses have very double flowers which in humid climates can rot before opening. Patrick Grant, a fellow member of the NSW Rose Society, had more success in between-wars overseas markets with his 'Salmon Spray' and 'Golden Dawn', a rose destined, like hers, to be outmoded by 'Peace'.Ten years after her death, her roses had nearly been forgotten. The Australian


texts:
 registrar of roses and president of the National Rose Society of Victoria was A.S. Thomas. The 1967 edition of his Better Roses prints a list of eighty "highly prized cultivars" from Australia and New Zealand. Twenty of them are roses by Alister Clark. Seven are by Frank Riethmuller. Only 'Lubra' and 'Warrawee' are by <mask>inge. Rose names
 'Beatrice Berkeley' had an unknown dedicatee.But the Fitzhardinges were interconnected with the Berkeley family and the Barons Berkeley from the twelfth century. 'Kitty Bice' was Catherine, Mrs Luke Bice, an Inverell friend of <mask>inge. 'Warrawee' was the name of the sequestered suburb and society in which the Fitzhardinges lived. 'Captain Bligh' (later Admiral Bligh) was an early governor of New South Wales (1806–1808) after he became the object of mutiny on HMS Bounty in 1789. 'Lady Gowrie' (Zara Hore-Ruthven) was the wife of Lord Gowrie (later the Earl of Gowrie) who was in turn Governor of South Australia, Governor of New South Wales (1935–1936), and Governor-General of Australia. Convention required the Governor to be patron of the NSW Rose Society, and the Society to name a rose after his wife. 'Mrs C.E.Prell', born Caroline Ivy Chave, was the wife of Gundowringa grazier Charles Ernest Prell and president of the Goulburn CWA. Prell was a famous investor and ideas man for improving pastures and stock in dry country. There was a Prell Scheme for introducing young English migrants to the land. The

masks:
Olive Fitzhard
Olive Fihard


texts:
 Prells were friends of <mask>'s father, the Fitzhardinges and their daughter Prudence. 'Lubra' does not refer to any particular aboriginal maiden. The name alludes to its being a darker and more elegant descendant of Alister Clark's 'Black Boy.' 'Prudence' was Mrs Fitzhardinge's second daughter.'Plain Jane' was probably her first daughter, Jean Mary. 'Governor Phillip' was Arthur Phillip, the first governor (1787–1792) of the colony of New South Wales. 'Sirius' was HMS Sirius (1786), flagship of the First Fleet sent to colonise New South Wales in 1787. 'Lady Edgeworth David' was Caroline Martha (Cara) Mallett (1856-1951), a prominent social campaigner, the wife of Sir Edgeworth David and a personal friend of the Fitzhardinges. List of Fitzhardinge rosesHelp Me Find Roses entry for Fitzhardinge, <mask>, substantially due to Patricia Routley of Heritage Roses in Australia. Where the roses can be seen
 The National Rose Collection created by David Ruston at Renmark in South Australia has 'Warrawee,' 'Lady Edgeworth David' and 'Lubra.' The Victoria State Rose Garden at Werribee Park has 'Warrawee', 'Lady Edgeworth David', 'Lubra' and 'Prudence'.The Nieuwesteeg Heritage Rose Garden at Maddingley Park, Bacchus Marsh, Victoria has 'Warrawee' and 'Lady Edgeworth David'. The Morwell Centenary Rose garden in Gippsland has 'Warrawee' and 'Lubra.' The Roseto Carla Fineschi near Arezzo, Italy has 'Warrawee.' The Roseraie de Val-du-Marne at l'Haÿ-les-Roses,

masks: Olive Olive


texts:
 8 km south of Paris has 'Warrawee'. The Europas-Rosarium at Sangerhausen in north east Germany has 'Warrawee.' The National Plant Collections Register of significant Australian rose cultivars is held by John Nieuwesteeg at Yellingbo, Victoria. It contains 'Lady Edgeworth David', 'Prudence' and 'Warrawee' but access is by application only.Articles written by Fitzhardinge
Mrs O. R. Fitzthardinge, "Amateur hybridisation." Australian Rose Annual, 1932 p. 127. Mrs O. R. Fitzthardinge, Mandurama, "'New Garden—New Roses." Australian Rose Annual, 1941 p. 58. References

1881 births
1956 deaths
Rose breeders
Australian horticulturists
People educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney
Women horticulturists and gardeners
20th-century women


texts:
<mask> (15 May 1917 – 17 March 1987) was an Australian cricketer who played for New South Wales. He played briefly for the Australian team, playing six Tests between 1948 and 1950. In his Test cricket career he made 24 dismissals (16 catches and 8 stumpings) and scored 30 runs at an average of 10.00. As a wicket-keeper, Saggers was "tidy and unobtrusive", and the understudy to Don Tallon on the 1948 Australian tour of England. The touring party, led by Donald Bradman in his last season, was nicknamed The Invincibles and was widely regarded as one of the strongest ever. Saggers played in the Test match at Headingley, where he took three catches, and his only other experience of Test cricket was on the tour to South Africa in 1949–50, in which Tallon did not take part. Saggers played in all five Tests and took 21 dismissals, but Tallon replaced him for the home Ashes series against England the following season.In domestic cricket, Saggers twice captained New South Wales in 1948 when the regular captain, Arthur Morris, was playing for Australia, and overall played domestic cricket from 1939 until 1951. Domestic career

<mask> was born in the Sydney suburb of Marrickville in 1917. He married Margaret Heather (née Rankin) in Annandale in 1941. Outside cricket, Saggers worked in the insurance industry. Early career

Saggers played twice for the New South Wales Colts team against Queensland Colts in 1937, before making his first-class debut against South Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground half way through the season in January 1940. Selected as a specialist batsman—future Services player Stan Sismey kept wicket—Saggers made 45 and 57 batting at number six in his debut match, and went on to make two more first-class appearances before the end of the season, ending with 208 runs at an average of 34.66 and three catches behind the stumps. His first full season from 1940–1941 saw him play in eight matches,

masks:
Ronald Arthur Saggers
Saggers


texts:
 scoring 413 runs with the bat at 29.50 and passing fifty runs in an innings twice.His first match was away against Queensland where he scored 22 and 45, making three stumpings, taking one catch and performing one run out, followed by scores of one and 33 in the home match, together with two stumpings. He scored 35 and four at home against Victoria, and then 45 in the second innings of the away match. On 22 November 1940, barely a year into Saggers' career, New South Wales faced a combined Queensland-Victoria team at Brisbane. Saggers scored 58 as his team reached 429 in response to the oppositions 202 all out. In the Queensland-Victoria team's second innings, where they reached 416, Saggers equalled the world record for most dismissals in an innings, taking seven catches. Saggers then went on to score 47 against South Australia, and 68 against Queensland on 1 January 1941. In his final match before the outbreak of World War II, Saggers scored 63 runs against South Australia.He ended the season with 18 catches with the gloves and 13 stumpings. World War II

Between 1941 and 1942, <mask>' career was interrupted when he enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) on 6 December 1941 at Sydney. He served at the Elementary Flight School as Leading Aircraftman RA Saggers 421043, until his discharge on 29 July 1942, Saggers did not return to domestic cricket in Australia until 1945, however. In the 1945–1946 season, he played in seven matches, scoring 168 runs at 21.00 and taking 12 catches and five stumpings. He then suffered a drop in form with the bat; in 1946–1947 he scored only 176 runs at 17.60 from eight matches. However, he remained effective as a wicket-keeper with 16 catches and seven stumpings. His batting form returned in 1947–1948, scoring 298 runs from 10 matches at 27.09, reaching the 90s for the first time.He also enjoyed a very successful season with the gloves, a career high of


texts:
 21 catches and four stumpings. Return
Saggers was in stronger form following his tour to England. On 10 December 1948, Saggers, included in AL Hassett's XI for Test trial matches and benefits, as well as continuing his career at New South Wales, scored 38 for the latter against Queensland. At the same time, he aided Jack Moroney in his own comeback to cricket at New South Wales by suggesting he subtract three years from his age when he submitted his registration form. Overall in the 1948–1949 season he scored 300 runs from nine matches, his highest season total, at 25.00, and taking 21 catches and six stumpings. Following the South Africa tour of 1949–1950 he returned to Australia again for one final season from 1950–1951, however played only one match, scoring five runs and taking two catches. Through his entire first-class career of 77 appearances from 1939 until 1951, he was to make one century in a tour match against Essex and eight half-centuries for New South Wales, ending with 1,888 runs at an average of 23.89, together with 146 catches and 75 stumpings.International career

The Invincibles

Saggers accompanied the 1948 Ashes tour to England as the reserve wicket-keeper behind the first choice, Tallon. During the tour, Saggers had few opportunities with the bat, generally batting between No. 8 and No. 10,N- because Australia's frontline bowlers included the likes of Ray Lindwall, Colin McCool, Ian Johnson and Doug Ring, who were all capable batsmen. Lindwall scored two Test centuries in his career, while McCool scored 18 first-class centuries, one in Tests. Johnson and Ring both scored more than 20 fifties at first-class level. As a result, many of the bowlers batted before he did.As Australia often won by an innings, and declared in the first innings on many occasions, Saggers only had 12 innings in his 17 first-class fixtures and was not out three times after his remaining partners had been


texts: dismissed. In the first County match against Leicestershire he scored six and took two catches, and against Cambridge University he made two stumpings and took one catch. He then played in the match against Essex where Australia reached 721 runs. <mask> made his highest first-class score, 104 not out—the only first-class century of his career—in a partnership of 166 runs in 65 minutes with Sam Loxton. Loxton, along with Bill Brown and Donald Bradman, also scored centuries. He then faced Oxford University, scoring six runs and taking one catch, followed by 22 and a stumping at Lancashire, 17 and another stumping at Hampshire, 22 against Yorkshire, 12 and four stumpings against Surrey, and three more stumpings against Gloucestershire. Saggers' Test debut took place at Headingley on 22 July 1948 during the Fourth Test of the Invincibles Ashes tour of England.England made 496 runs in their first innings, with <mask> taking catches to remove Denis Compton for 23 and Jim Laker for four. Australia replied with 458, however <mask> was stumped by England's wicket-keeper Godfrey Evans off the bowling of Laker for only five runs. England's second innings reached 365 with Saggers taking one catch to secure the wicket of Ken Cranston. However, an innings of 182 runs from Arthur Morris and 173 not out from Bradman meant that <mask> was not required to bat again in the second innings; Australia defeating England by seven wickets. <mask> did not play in the remaining international matches of the 1948 Ashes series, and he ended the tour with 209 runs at an average of 23.22, including a career high score of 104 not out against Essex, 23 catches and 20 stumpings, also career records. This compared with the first-choice gloveman Tallon, who scored 283 runs at 25.72. In all his matches on tour, Tallon missed 249 byes as Australia conceded 5,331 runs, a bye percentage of 4.67%.In contrast, Saggers conceded 221 byes from

masks: Saggers Saggers Saggers Saggers Saggers


texts:
 the 6,190 runs scored against Australia when he was behind the stumps, a percentage of 3.57%.N-  In his book, Farewell to Cricket, Bradman said of Saggers following the tour: "[he] had not quite the speed or agility of Tallon but could always be relied on for a solid performance. A most polished and unostentatious player." South Africa

Saggers' next Test came in the 1949 tour of South Africa, where he was Australia's first choice wicket-keeper for all five Test matches. In light of the successful 1948 tour of England, Saggers commented "give me South Africa now, but I wouldn't care to insure her future at double the rate I'd insure Australia's." In the first warm up match against Natal Saggers scored 17 and took four catches, and in the second against North Eastern Transvaal he took one catch and made two stumpings, but was not needed to bat in either innings. He made 32 runs with three stumpings and three catches against the South African XI, made two stumpings but did not bat against the Orange Free State, and then scored one and nought not out against the Transvaal. The first Test match of the tour, on 24 December 1949 at Johannesburg, saw him score 14 runs in the first innings before falling leg before wicket (LBW) to Cuan McCarthy, and taking three catches as South Africa were forced to follow on, Australia winning by an innings and 85 runs.In the Second Test at Cape Town, <mask> did get a chance to bat, with Australia declaring for 526 before he had the opportunity in the first innings. South Africa were forced to follow-on (bat twice in a row) and were defeated by eight wickets. He did, however, complete three stumpings in South Africa's first innings off the bowling of Colin McCool, along with four catches in the match. He also took two catches and completed one stumping in the Third Test, and made two runs in the first innings, though he did not bat in the second as Australia won by five


texts:
 wickets. The Fourth Test, again in Johannesburg, saw Saggers score five not out in the first innings and, though not being required to bat in the second innings as the match ended in a draw, taking two catches. The Fifth Test was played at the Crusaders Ground at St. George's Park in Port Elizabeth on 3 to 6 March 1950. Scoring four not out in the first innings, Saggers took two catches and completed four stumpings as South Africa were bowled out for 158 and 132 chasing Australia's first innings 549.With this innings and 259 run victory, Australia won the test series 4–0, however <mask> would not play for his national team again upon the return of Tallon. <mask> was caught once, stumped once and out leg before wicket once but was never bowled in his international career. He ended his final year as an international player with 111 runs in first-class cricket overall at 13.87, taking 30 catches and 20 stumpings, both of which were the highest he attained in one calendar year. He was replaced again by Tallon, however his form in turn declined and he was replaced by Gil Langley for the 1952 series against the West Indies. He retired from first class cricket in 1951, and died in Harbord, New South Wales in 1987. Test match performance

See also
List of Australian wicket-keepers
List of New South Wales representative cricketers

Notes

References
 Alfred, L. Testing Times: The Story of the Men Who Made SA Cricket, New Africa Books, 2003. Browning, M. Rod Marsh: A Life in Cricket, Rosenberg Publishing, 2004.Clowes, C. 150 Years of NSW First-Class Cricket: A Chronology, Allen & Unwin, 2007. External links

1917 births
1987 deaths
Australia Test cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
The Invincibles (cricket)
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
People from Marrickville
Cricketers from New South Wales
Royal Australian Air Force airmen
Wicket-keepers
Australian cricketers
D. G. Bradman's XI

masks: Saggers Saggers


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Sir <mask>, K.B., (c. 1453 – c. 1513), lord of the manors of Stowe in Kilkhampton, Cornwall and Bideford, Devon, Sheriff of Cornwall in 1481 and 1486. During the Wars of the Roses, he was a Lancastrian supporter who had taken part in the conspiracy against Richard III, organised by the Duke of Buckingham. On the accession of King Henry VII (1485–1509) to the throne, Sir <mask> was appointed one of the Esquires of the Body to Henry VII. On 14 November 1501 upon the marriage of Prince Arthur to Katherine of Aragon, he was created a Knight of the Bath. He served on the Commission of the Peace for Devon from 1510 to his death in circa 1513. Origins

He was the son and heir of Sir <mask> ( born by 21 January 1432 - died c. 1483), by his second wife Elizabeth Gorges, daughter of Sir Theobald Gorges, K.B., lord of Wraxall, Somerset, and Braunton Gorges, co. Devon by his wife, Jane Hankford. Although little if anything at all survives in historical records concerning his biography, he was the descendant of a notable ancestor who took part in the Norman Conquest of Glamorgan, namely Sir <mask>, one of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan who won for himself the Welsh lordship of Neath and in 1129 founded there Neath Abbey.Grenville was himself ancestor to famous descendants, most notably his great-great-grandson Sir <mask> (1542–1591), the valiant captain of "The Revenge" and of Sir Bevil <mask>

masks:
Thomas Grenville II
Thomas
Thomas Grenville I
Richard Grenville
Richard Grenville
Grenville


texts:
 (1596–1643), MP and famous Civil War commander, father of <mask>, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701). He was also the ancestor of the Grenville Marquesses of Buckingham, title created in 1784, and the Grenville Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos, a title created in 1822. Marriages and children

Grenville married twice. His first wife was Isabel Gilbert, daughter of Sir Otes Gilbert of Compton Castle by his wife Elizabeth Hill, daughter of Robert Hill, Esq., of Shilston. By Isabel Gilbert, Grenville had two sons and six daughters:
Sir <mask> (1477–1523), eldest son and heir, Sheriff of Cornwall in 1510–11, 1517–18, 1522, who was present within the Cornish contingent at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He married Margaret Whitlegh (or Whitely) the daughter and co-heiress of Richard Whitlegh (died 1509) of Efford, about three miles from Stowe. His sons (all of whom have left surviving letters in the Lisle Papers) were:
Sir <mask> (c. 1495 – 1550), eldest son and heir.Entered the Inner Temple, with his brother John, in 1520; MP for Cornwall in 1529. He married Matilda Bevil, daughter and co-heiress of John Bevil of Gwarnock, St Allen, Cornwall. He was pre-deceased by his eldest son <mask> (died 1545), captain of the Mary Rose when it sank in Portsmouth Harbour in 1545, whose son was the heroic Admiral Sir <mask> (1542–1591), Captain of the Revenge, MP for Cornwall, Sheriff of Cork from 1569 to 1570,

masks:
John Grenville
Roger Grenville
Richard Grenville
Roger Grenville
Richard Grenville


texts: Sheriff of Cornwall in 1576–77, Armed Merchant Fleet Owner, privateer, coloniser, and explorer. <mask> (c. 1506 – c. 1562), second son. Entered the Inner Temple, with his brother Richard, in 1520. three times MP for Exeter, in 1545, 1554 and 1558. In 1534 he purchased the reversion of the office of a Serjeant-at-Arms, which office he performed for King Henry VIII from 1535. He was a servant successively of Sir <mask> and Lord Chancellor <mask>.He married Lettice Lucas, daughter of <mask> of Suffolk. Diggory <mask>, third son, some of whose correspondence, in connection with his management of his aunt <mask>'s manor of Umberleigh, survives in the Lisle Papers. <mask>, pre-deceased his father, unmarried. <mask>, married Sir John Arundell (1470–1512) of Trerice in Cornwall, Sheriff of Cornwall and Vice Admiral of the West to King Henry VII and to his son King Henry VIII. An escutcheon showing the arms of Arundell impaling Grenville survives on the monumental brass in Stratton Church, Cornwall, of her son Sir John Arundell (1495–1561), of Trerice, known as Jack of Tilbury, an Esquire of the Body to King Henry VIII and Vice-Admiral of the West. <mask>, married firstly Richard Bluett (1479 – c. 1523) of Holcombe Rogus in Devon and Cothay Manor, which he rebuilt, in Somerset. His monumental brass exists in St Nicholas' Church in Kittisford, Somerset; secondly to <mask> Aubyn.<mask>, married John

masks:
John Grenville
Thomas More
Thomas Audley
Thomas Lucas
Grenville
Honor Grenville
Richard Grenville
Jane Grenville
Mary Grenville
Thomas St
Agnes Grenville


texts:
 Roscarrock of Roscarrock near Port Isaac. Phillipa or Philipa <mask> (died 1524), married firstly Francis Harris (1475–1509) of Radford, Devon; secondly Humphry Arundell of Lanherne, Cornwall, younger brother of Sir John Arundell (1474–1545), her brother-in-law. <mask> (died 1566), married firstly Sir John Bassett (1462–1528) of Umberleigh in Devon; secondly Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, an illegitimate son of King Edward IV. Much is known about her life from her surviving correspondence in the Lisle Letters. <mask>, youngest daughter, married in 1507 Sir John Arundell (1474–1545) of Lanherne, Receiver General of the Duchy of Cornwall and "the most important man in the county". Grenville's second wife was the widow of a certain "Hill de Taunton". By her he had two further children: John, who was appointed by his father rector of Kilkhampton in 1524, in which office he remained until 1580; and Jane.Residences
Bideford was the residence of the <mask> family from shortly after the Norman Conquest and Stowe in Cornwall was also a seat. Grenville's descendants made Stowe their chief seat, whilst retaining ownership of Bideford until the family died out in the senior male line. Monument in Bideford

A monument with recumbent effigy on a chest tomb exists of Sir <mask> in the Church of St Mary, Bideford. Inscribed on the Tudor arch above is the following Latin text:
Hic jacet <mask>nfyld

masks:
Grenville
Honor Grenville
Katherine Grenville
Grenville
Thomas Grenville
Thomas Gray


texts:
 miles patron(us) (huius) eccle(siae) q(ui) obiit XVIII die me(n)sis Marcii A(nno) D(omini) MCCCCCXIII cui(us) a(n)i(ma)e p(ro)piciet(ur) D(eus) Amen ("Here lies <mask>, knight, patron of this church who died on the 18th day of March in the Year of Our Lord 1513, to whose soul may God look on with favour Amen") His recumbent effigy is shown fully armed in a suit of Almain rivets and his feet rest on a dog. His hair is of chin-length and his hands are clasped in prayer holding a ball shaped object, his heart according to Roger Granville, Rector of Bideford and the family's historian, who described the monument in detail in 1895. There are several heraldic escutcheons on the monument displaying the arms of Grenville: Gules, three clarions or. The monument is an important early source for use in deciphering the form of these mysterious and unexplained charges that are still borne by distant relatives, Baron Grenfell, and are borne in the 3rd quarter by Earl Granville.References

Bibliography
 Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, (ed.) The Lisle Letters, 6 vols, University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, 1981, esp. vol.1, pp. 299–351, "Grenvilles and Bassets"

Further reading
Round, J. Horace, Family Origins and Other Studies, ed. Page, William, 1930, pp. 130–165, Grenville Family (a critique of Roger Granville's 1895 work)

High Sheriffs of Cornwall
1513 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Place of birth


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<mask> (16 September 17968 April 1877) was an Episcopal clergyman and educator. <mask> is considered the father of church schools in the United States. An early exponent of the Social Gospel, he founded St. Luke's Hospital in New York City. <mask> was also an early leader of the liturgical movement in Anglican Christianity. His model schools on Long Island had a significant impact on the history of American education. <mask> left his work in secondary education in 1845. Biography
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 16, 1796.He was a great-grandson of Henry Melchior <mask> (1711–1787, known as the father of Lutheranism in America) and a grandson of <mask> (1750–1801), a member of the First and Second Continental Congresses and Speaker of the House of Representatives. Muhlenberg was educated at the Philadelphia Academy and the Grammar School of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating from the university in 1815. In 1817 he was ordained a deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church, becoming assistant to Bishop <mask> (1748–1836) in the rectorship of Christ Church, St. Peter's and St. James' in Philadelphia. At this time <mask> was influenced by his older friend, Jackson Kemper (1789–1870), who became the first Missionary Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1835. In 1820 Muhlenberg was ordained a priest, and until 1826 he was rector of St. James' Church in Lancaster. Largely due to his efforts, Lancaster was the second public-school district created in the state. His interest in church music (particularly hymns) prompted his 1821 pamphlet, A Plea

masks:
William Augustus Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg
Frederick Muhlenberg
William White
Muhlenberg


texts:
 for Christian Hymns, and he compiled Church Poetry in 1823 for his parish.That year <mask> was appointed by the General Convention to its committee on psalms and hymns. Its collection (approved in 1826) contained several of <mask>'s compositions, including I Would Not Live Alway, Shout the Glad Tidings and Saviour, Who Thy Flock Art Feeding. Church-school movement
From 1826 to 1845, <mask> was rector of St. George's in Flushing, Queens. In 1828 he became "Principal" of the "Church Institute" in Flushing, where he initiated a unique and highly successful method for the education of boys. In 1836, the cornerstone was laid for a new educational enterprise a mile north of Flushing. This more ambitious initiative was named St. Paul's College and Grammar School. (College Point in present-day Queens County NY is where <mask>'s school was situated.)Richard Upjohn designed a magnificent main building. The foundations for the building were completed by 1837 and the edifice of pink stone and white marble began to rise on the hill above Long Island Sound. It was not only the unfortunate financial Panic of 1837 but the party squabbling within the Episcopal Church that prevented Muhlenberg from collecting on the pledges to capitalize and endow St. Paul's. Without adequate endowment, the state legislature denied Muhlenberg's request for a collegiate charter, which meant that St. Paul's could not legally grant the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The ruination of St. Paul's left a lasting wound in Muhlenberg's heart. One of the greatest educators in American history—admired by even public school

masks: Muhlenberg Muhlenberg Muhlenberg Muhlenberg


texts:
 promoters—departed Long Island for good in 1847. The property was sold a few years later.But <mask>'s philosophy and practice of education had already been handed over to younger men who made a monumental contribution to the history of American education (see John Kerfoot, James Lloyd Breck, and <mask> Coit). Educational principles
<mask> rejected "vague, spiritualized Christianity." His schools blended home, school and church. These Episcopalian communities considered literature, the sciences, and moral education equally in order to mold Christian character rather than pursuing academic excellence alone. Muhlenberg defined character as not only moral goodness, but also the qualities, skills and attitudes favoring effectiveness in the world (for example, to manage a challenging course of study). Academic excellence would inevitably follow. His schools were Christian families, with Christ as the head, and by "church school" he meant a part of the Body of Christ in which divine grace (God's help) was present for the believer.<mask> and his successors considered the school as the scholastic church. A practical Christian, his Christianity was more practice than theology. Echoing John Henry Newman, <mask> believed that "Christianity can not be inculcated in the abstract." One of the least sectarian religious leaders of his generation, he realized that unless a religious school teaches a particular religion it would become secular or splinter into factions. A lasting, healthy religious tolerance in a community is enabled by a religious center (or established discipline) from which

masks:
Muhlenberg
Henry Augustus
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg


texts: hospitality and tolerance radiate to the community. <mask>'s experience in public schools from 1818 to 1826 impressed him with the importance of Christian education, and he wanted the Flushing school to build Christian character with denominational instruction. In his 1828 pamphlet The Application of Christianity to Education, he assumed that a moral education would be based on Christianity because of his belief that God revealed himself in a particular way through Jesus Christ.<mask> was confident that through the Bible, humans can glimpse the will of God and a moral education is based on knowledge of that will. A classical scholar familiar with moral goodness in the pagan world, to him the Gospel and Christianity were true and the best education would incorporate them. To Muhlenberg, virtue was synonymous with Christ. According to his 1828 pamphlet, "The Law of God is the law of the school" as a pattern or blueprint. <mask> strongly discouraged public comparison of weaker to stronger students, and rarely administered corporal punishment; both distinguished him from most contemporary American educators. The schools at Flushing and College Point were happy, busy scholastic brotherhoods. James Lloyd Breck (1818–1876) spent five years on Long Island with  <mask> and his staff.Although considered an ordinary student, he entered the University of Pennsylvania as a third-year student and graduated magna cum laude the following year. After divinity school, Breck went west and founded three seminaries (including Nashotah House Episcopal Seminary in Wisconsin), four boarding


texts:
 schools, three colleges and twenty parochial schools (including Shattuck-St. Mary's School in Faribault, Minnesota). Well-versed in the spread of Christianity during Late Antiquity, he was a missionary among the Mississippi Chippewa in the North Woods of Minnesota and established Muhlenberg-type schools for Ojibwe students. For <mask>, education was holistic and comprehensive. His application of Christianity to education resembled the aims of Horace Mann (1796–1859) and Thomas Arnold's work at Rugby School beginning in 1828. Foreshadowing John Dewey, <mask> wrote: "Some great minds are slow in developing, the acorn gives little promise of the oak" and "The head should not be furnished at the expense of the heart." He and his scholastic heirs did not allow religion to usurp academic rigor and high scholastic standards: "Religion should never be held to account for inferior scholarship."According to Henry Coit (1830–1895), a disciple of Muhlenberg, "A high aim is better than a low one." Impact on American education
As described earlier, Muhlenberg's Flushing Institute and St. Paul's College failed due to inability to weather the 1837 financial crisis in the United States. However, his pedagogical vision was transported to other regions by his protégés. In 1842 he helped found Saint James School in St. James, Maryland with his assistant at St. Paul's College and Grammar School, John Barrett Kerfoot, who later became the first bishop of Pittsburgh and founded Trinity Hall School for Boys (1879) using Muhlenberg's principles. For his work in education, Kerfoot received an

masks: Muhlenberg Muhlenberg


texts:
 honorary doctorate from Cambridge University. <mask> Coit (1830–1895), a former student of Muhlenberg and Kerfoot, was the founding rector of St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire (1856). Kerfoot's nephew was the founding headmaster of St. Mark's School in Southborough, Massachusetts (1865).Endicott Peabody (1857–1944) founded Groton School in 1884; acknowledging Muhlenberg's influence, he kept his portrait in his study and referred to Groton as a "church school". The founders of St. George's School in Rhode Island (1896) also cited <mask> as an educational pioneer, and he influenced the 1839 founding of the Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia. Muhlenberg consulted with EHS founding headmaster <mask> Pendleton, and sent acolyte Milo Mahan (who taught at St. Paul's in College Point) at the request of the Bishop of Virginia. Historian James McLachlan noted the Muhlenberg schools' uniqueness in American Boarding Schools: A History (1970). Religious beliefs
<mask>'s religion can be difficult to describe. His mature religion may be described as Anglican Christianity with an American accent. He was claimed by different parties within his denomination—the High Church, the Evangelical, the Low Church—but proceeded in his own way.In some respects, he was an early example of what came to be called the Broad Church. He opposed the "novelties" of Roman Catholicism and dogmatic Protestantism, affirming the Scriptures and church teaching before the 11th-century East–West Schism. <mask> echoed the 17th-century Anglican bishop John Cosin who wrote that his Anglican church

masks:
Henry Augustus
Muhlenberg
William Nelson
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg


texts: was "Protestant and Reformed ... according to the Ancient Catholic Church." His position was also similar to Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800–1882), an Oxford professor and a leader of the 19th-century revival movement in the Church of England. <mask> was influenced by the Oxford Movement, <mask> (1748–1836), John Keble, John Henry Newman, Pusey, Richard Hooker (1554–1600) and the Christian tolerance of Jeremy Taylor (1613–1667). As a youth, Muhlenberg worked to become quite familiar with the Fifteen Sermons and Analogy of Religion of Bishop Joseph Butler (1692–1752). Born a Lutheran, Muhlenberg converted to the Protestant Episcopal Church as a boy.Trained in Philadelphia by <mask> and prepared for ordination by Jackson Kemper, he began to call his religion "Evangelical and Catholic" in the late-1840s and published a newspaper of that name in the 1850s. By "evangelical," Muhlenberg meant personal devotion to Jesus Christ, dedication to the Scriptures as the Word of God, and the responsibility to live and share the Gospel. "Evangelical" connoted what is spontaneous and Spirit-led about Christianity. By "Catholic," <mask> meant the "bones" of the Faith:  tradition, creeds, liturgy, and sacraments. Newman's eight-volume Parochial and Plain Sermons parallel many of <mask>'s views. Muhlenberg  worshiped Christ without sentimentality, believing that Jesus lived in his schools, his parish church, and in St. Luke's Hospital, New York, where he  ministered to the sick and dying. When he created St. Johnland on Long Island late in his life, he would say that the primary study in the

masks:
Muhlenberg
William White
William White
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg


texts: educational programs there was "Jesus."The history of persons and of institutions is a diachronic phenomenon; time does not stand still and everything changes. <mask>'s faith and practice developed over the decades. He was a born reformer and did effect reforms in the PECUSA. He inspired many High Churchmen and those who came to be called "Anglo-Catholics," but he was neither a High Churchman nor an Anglo-Catholic. He was well known as an innovator of divine worship but was never a true "ritualist." The ritualism he introduced in his school chapels had one purpose:  to impress upon the minds of his boys the great doctrines of Christianity. The concept worked to good effect.It was as much a Lockean as an Anglo-Catholic idea:  He wanted to give vivid impressions to young minds. <mask> was neither particularly romantic nor conservative or reactionary. Although several of <mask>'s former students and followers became Anglo-Catholics, he was dismayed when Newman converted to Roman Catholicism in 1845. Unthreatened by Darwinism, <mask> was interested in modern ideas. He wrote patriotic poems and was the first Episcopal priest to hold a weekly Eucharist and daily offices. In 1853, he submitted a resolution to the General Convention of the Episcopal Church which became known as the Muhlenberg Memorial. The resolution calling for open-mindedness and the freedom of parish clergy to be responsive to parishioner needs, especially concerning Sunday-morning worship.Some of <mask>'s papers and articles were published in two volumes from 1875 to 1877 as Evangelical Catholic Papers by Anne

masks: Muhlenberg Muhlenberg Muhlenberg Muhlenberg Muhlenberg


texts:
 Ayres, who also wrote his official biography from papers he saved for her (disregarding his request to destroy them after his death). Later years

In 1845, <mask> moved to New York City. The following year he became rector of the Church of the Holy Communion, a rent-free church built by his sister Mary A. Rogers. <mask> founded the first American order of Protestant Episcopal deaconesses, the Sisterhood of the Church of the Holy Communion, between 1845 and 1852. His work with the sisterhood led to the 1850 establishment of St. Luke's Hospital, for which his congregation made offerings each St. Luke's Day beginning in 1847. In 1866, <mask> founded the Church Industrial Community of St. Johnland on Long Island. He bought , with  of shorefront on Long Island Sound near Kings Park as a home for young, crippled children and the elderly.A moderate rent was charged for the cottages. <mask> died on April 8, 1877 in St. Luke's Hospital, and is buried in the St. Johnland cemetery. <mask> is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the U.S. Episcopal Church on April 8, his death day. His reputation as an educator has been partially overshadowed by his extracurricular achievements after his move to New York City. See also

 Abbeville (Lancaster, Pennsylvania)
 Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe
New York Free Circulating Library:  The Muhlenberg Branch was named in his memory. Further reading
 Ayres, Anne. The Life and Work of <mask> Muhlenberg.New York: Thomas Wittaker, 1889. Hein, David and Gardner Shattuck. "Muhlenberg" in The Episcopalians. Westport CT: Praeger, 2004. Prehn,

masks:
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg
Muhlenberg
William Augustus


texts:
 W.L. "Episcopal Schools:  History & Mission" in Carper and Hunt, eds., Handbook of Faith-Based Schools in the United States (June 2012). Prehn, Walter Lawrence III."Social Vision, Character, and Academic Excellence in Nineteenth-Century America:  <mask> <mask> and the Church School Movement, 1828-1877" (Ph.D dissertation, University of Virginia, 2005): University of Michigan online access. Prichard, Robert. A History of the Episcopal Church (Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Pub., 1999). Richards, Samuel J. "A Forgotten Muhlenberg School: Trinity Hall in Washington, Pennsylvania." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 87, no. 2 (2020): 247–78.DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.87.2.0247
 Skardon, Alvin. Church Leader in the Cities:  <mask> <mask>. Philadelphia: University Press of Pennsylvania, 1971. References

External links

The Life and Work of <mask> Muhlenberg by Anne Ayres (Project Canterbury)
Some American Churchmen by Frederic Cook Morehouse Chapter VIII. <mask> <mask>
Muhlenberg, <mask> (Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge)
<mask> Mühlenberg 1796–1877 (The Cyber Hymnal)
  Life of the Right Reverend John Barrett Kerfoot, D.D. L.L.D., First Bishop of Pittsburgh, by Hall Harrison, M.A., Vol. 1, pp.46–48, published by James Pott & Co., New York 1886 (Google Books)

1796 births
1877 deaths
American Episcopal priests
American people of German descent
American religious leaders
Anglican saints
Christian hymnwriters
Muhlenberg family
University of Pennsylvania alumni
19th-century Christian saints
People from Philadelphia
19th-century American

masks:
William Augustus
Muhlenberg
William Augustus
Muhlenberg
William Augustus
William Augustus
Muhlenberg
William August
William Augustus


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<mask> (born 23 October 1944) is a British Trotskyist political theorist and author. He is one of the leading members of the International Marxist Tendency (IMT) as well as of its British affiliate group Socialist Appeal. He is political editor of the IMT's In Defence of Marxism website. <mask> was a leading supporter within the Militant tendency within the Labour Party and its parent group the Committee for a Workers' International until the early 1990s. A series of disagreements on tactics and theory led to <mask> and Ted Grant leaving the CWI, to found the Committee for a Marxist International (soon renamed International Marxist Tendency) in 1992. They continued with the policy of entryism into the Labour Party. <mask> has expressed particularly vocal support for the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela, and repeatedly met with the Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez (in office 1999–2013), leading to speculation that he was a close political adviser to the president.Political life

Early life
<mask> was born into a working-class family in Swansea, South Wales and grew up in the Townhill and Penlan areas of the city. At the age of 16 he joined the Young Socialists and became a Marxist, becoming a supporter of the Trotskyist Militant tendency within the Labour Party. He studied Russian at Sussex University and later in Sofia (Bulgaria) and Moscow State University (MGU). <mask>'s work in Brighton for the Militant tendency established an important base of support at the university and in the town. He later moved back to south Wales, becoming the first regional full timer for the organisation. He, his wife, and two small daughters moved to Spain in the early 1970s where his well-known political stance placed him amongst those struggling against the Francoist Spain, where he worked to establish the Spanish section of the Committee for a Workers' International (CWI). <mask> speaks several languages, including Italian, English, Spanish, French, German and Russian.Split in Militant

In the early 1990s <mask> and his mentor, Ted Grant, left the Militant tendency and its parent

masks:
Alan Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods
Woods


texts:
 organization, the Committee for a Workers' International, over what they considered to be the ultraleft turn of this organisation when it decided to split from the Labour Party. The minority group led by Ted Grant also argued that a decline in emphasis on political education, as well as the development of a bureaucratic clique around Peter Taaffe was damaging Militant. Grant and <mask> and their supporters internationally formed the Committee for a Marxist International in 1992, which was later to be known as the International Marxist Tendency (IMT), and remained active in the Labour Party. The British section of the IMT is known as Socialist Appeal. Recent activities

<mask> was the editor for some years of the Marxist journal Socialist Appeal, published in London. He is currently a leading theoretician in the IMT and editor of its website In Defence of Marxism. He writes on the current political situation in Venezuela and the tasks to be carried out by revolutionaries elsewhere.<mask> has had meetings with Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, and defends the idea that the Bolivarian Revolution is the germ of the world revolution. <mask> also travels and supports other revolutionary processes in Pakistan, Bolivia, the Middle East and Cuba. He is a close friend of Trotsky's grandson Vsievolod Platonovich "Esteban" Volkov, who regards <mask>' work as closest to Trotsky's theories. President Chavez publicly stated in a TV broadcast that he was reading <mask>' book Reformism or Revolution "in great detail", which encouraged speculation that <mask> was an advisor to the President. In 2010, <mask> was subject to severe criticism, firstly by some Venezuelan newspapers and political parties in opposition to Chávez, like Primero Justicia, then by international conservative factions of the media, for an article (Where is the Venezuelan revolution going?) he wrote on the IMT website. He wrote it after the latest Venezuelan general elections advocating to further radicalize the Bolivarian Revolution towards "the expropriation of the commanding heights of the economy".His reply to these

masks: Woods Woods Woods Woods Woods Woods Woods Woods


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 attacks was given widespread attention in the Venezuelan media. In November 2012, <mask> went on a speaking tour in both the United States and Canada. In November 2015, <mask> detected "embryonic seeds of revolutionary developments" in the election of Jeremy Corbyn as Labour Party leader. Publications

 Marxism in Our Time (1992)
 China in Crisis (1994)
 A Socialist Alternative to the European Union (1997)
 Revolution in Albania (1997)
 A New Stage in the Capitalist Crisis (1998)
 Indonesia: the Asian Revolution has Begun (1998)
 The Kosovo pogrom and the Balkan Powder-keg (1998)
 Crisis in Russia, the free market failure,
 History of Philosophy,
 Two books co-authored with Ted Grant
 Lenin and Trotsky: what they really stood for (1969)
 Reason in Revolt: Marxist philosophy and modern science (1995)
 Bolshevism: the Road to Revolution (1999). Marxism and the National Question (2000)
 British Poets and the French Revolution (2003)
 The revolutionary dialectic of Republicanism – An Open Letter to Irish Republicans (2003). In Defence of Marxism – Reply to Israel Shamir (2004)
 The Celia Hart Controversy – Stalinism or Leninism? (2004)
 Ireland: Republicanism and Revolution (2005)
 The Venezuelan Revolution – a Marxist perspective (2005)
 Marxism and the U.S.A. – article (Wellred USA, 2005).The Reawakening of the World Working Class and the Tasks Faced by Marxists (2006)
 Reformism or Revolution – Marxism and Socialism of the 21st Century (reply to Heinz Dieterich) (2008)
 XXI Century Socialism, or There is Nothing New Under the Sun November 2010
 Marxism and Anarchism – A collection of writings (2012)
 The History of Philosophy: A Marxist Perspective (2021)

References

1944 births
Alumni of the University of Sussex
British Marxists
British political party founders
British political writers
British social commentators
British Trotskyists
International Marxist Tendency
Living people
Marxist theorists
British Marxist writers
Militant tendency supporters
Moscow State University alumni
People from Swansea
Sofia University alumni
British expatriates in the Soviet Union
Critics of

masks: Woods Woods


texts:
<mask> (; sometimes transcribed as Vasile) (March 22, 1895 – May 6, 1981) was a Ukrainian actor, dancer, choreographer, balletmaster, director, and film producer, credited with spreading Ukrainian folk dance across the world. Colourful, energetic, imaginative, and, quite often exasperating, he was an impresario greatly reminiscent of The Music Man. For his unparalleled missionary zeal and his love of Ukrainian culture, he is considered by many to be the "Father of Ukrainian Dance". Early days
<mask> was born on March 22, 1895, in Stebliv, a townlet located on the Ros' River approximately 100 km south of Kiev. Orphaned at a young age, he was forced to wander homeless as an adolescent, until he eventually headed east, crossing the vast expanse of Imperial Russia towards Siberia, and reunited with his older brothers in Vladivostok, on the coast of the Sea of Japan. There, <mask>'s eldest brother taught him how to read and write, which enabled <mask> to gain employment at the naval base. This position allowed <mask> to visit several major Asian ports as a crewman aboard Russian naval vessels; such worldly exposure encouraged in him a greater love of learning, and he returned to study with his brother whenever possible, eventually earning the qualifications to become a primary school teacher.It was during this time that <mask> <mask> saw a production of Ivan Kotliarevsky's operetta Natalka Poltavka in Vladivostok in 1912, which <mask> later recounted as having been the first experience of viewing his fellow Ukrainians on stage. After passing his teacher's exams at Vladivostok men's gymnasium in 1915, Russia entered World War

masks:
Vasyl Kyrylovych Avramenko
Vasyl Avramenko
Vasyl
Vasyl
Avramenko
Vasyl
Avramenko
Avramenko


texts:
 I and <mask> was drafted into the Russian Imperial Army and assigned to the 4th Heavy Artillery Regiment. After two months basic training, he was reassigned to the Irkutsk military school for ensigns, then onto the 35th Siberian Infantry Regiment in Tyumen which advanced from Irkutsk to Bryansk and to the Russian front. Here he was wounded and hospitalized, first in Minsk, then Petrograd, where he visited some of its theaters and became active in a troupe of military actors led by Yasha Vavrak who grasped that <mask> had a flair for the stage. Formative Years
In Kiev, in the summer of 1917, <mask> attended three of <mask> Verkhovynets' rare and irregularly scheduled lectures on Ukrainian folk dance, its choreography and stage performance, including theory and practical demonstrations. Verkhovynets' theories of Ukrainian dance, which he based on his theatrical training and his extensive research of the village dances of Central Ukraine, would inspire <mask> to live the life of an artist. During this time, <mask> took copious notes compiling a vocabulary of Ukrainian dances and dance steps, which he would later develop into his life's work.In his book, Ukrainian National Dances, Music, and Costumes, <mask> acknowledged the work of Verkhovynets' and the Ukrainian theater in preserving and elevating the legacy of dance in Ukraine. By spring of 1919, <mask> was for a short time in Stanyslaviv, a member of Yosyf Standnyk's theatre before joining Mykola Sadovsky's troupe. During this time, he was able to apply some of the lessons he had learned in the Lysenko School of Music and Drama in Kiev. In the fight between the

masks: Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko Vasyl Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko


texts:
 Bolshevik and White Russian Armies, <mask> served in the Central Telegraph Administration of the Ukrainian People's Republic. When UNR forces retreated west in 1919–20, he remained in Soviet occupied territory and worked with Ukrainian itinerant troupes of actors that continued to tour the region. He was arrested at this time and interned in Kalisz. In February 1921, <mask> established a school of Ukrainian folk dancing in the Kalisz camp, the first of more than 100 schools over the next 20 years across Europe and North America.He impressed on his pupils that Ukrainian folk dancing could be an art form. He began with 100 students (everyone from the guards to small children), teaching them the basic steps of Ukrainian dance, eventually teaching whole dances, and finally putting on a celebrated performance May 24. In the fall of that year he met Alexander Koshetz. Koshetz remarked: "I was invited to attend a ballet performance by <mask>'s school. The ballet was marvellous: it was simply impossible to believe that such an exacting and artistic work could be created out of our dance!" <mask> soon became so successful and popular that he set out on tour with a group of his students through present-day western Ukraine, often presenting demonstrations and workshops in the towns he visited, encouraging others to perform his dances and pass them on to still others. The tour passed through Lviv several times between 1922 and 1924, while also visiting Rivne, Lutsk, Kremenets, Oleksandriia, Mezhirich, Chelm, Brest-Litovsk, Stryi, Stanyslaviv, Kolomyia, Przemyśl, Deliatyn, Ternopil, and Drohobych.North America
December 1925, <mask>

masks: Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko


texts: arrived in Canada in Halifax, a man with a mission, it being his determination to tour North America with dancers, singers, and instrumentalists to bring attention to the Ukrainian people and their fight for independence. Eighty-five percent of Ukrainians in Canada at the time lived on the prairies. <mask> decided to stay in Toronto, and opened his first dance school in North America in St. Mary's Roman Catholic hall, today the Factory Theatre building. For fees from five to thirty dollars, he offered a set of lessons for pre-schoolers to grown-ups. The school inculcated its pupils with Ukrainian pride and identity. His troupe first performed, the year after his arrival, at the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE) August 30 through September 11 to grandstands filled with up to twenty-five thousand spectators. When the dancers gave a special performance at the women's pavilion, Florence Randal Livesay spoke glowingly about Ukrainian folk dancing.Avaramenko's name now became coupled with that of Koshetz in the Ukrainian-Canadian press. Articles about him appeared in every major Ukrainian-Canadian newspaper, as well as the English ones. <mask> arrived in Winnipeg in January 1927. His troupe gave their first performance at the Canadian-Ukrainian Institute Prosvita hall at the corner of Pritchard and Arlington in Winnipeg's North-End. This publicized his arrival, and he opened a school shortly thereafter. By April 30, <mask> and 275 of his pupils performed at Winnipeg's amphitheatre, a venue usually reserved for hockey and politics. <mask> and his disciples began to set up schools quickly across the prairies, in Saskatoon,

masks: Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko


texts: Yorkton, and Edmonton.Their base of support was a strong Ukrainian-Canadian community. For example, some 20 Ukrainian public school teachers attended his Edmonton classes, and <mask> gave them instructions on how to teach dance when they returned to their schools. <mask> traveled from town to town, teaching the same dances. When he was finished teaching in a town, he would assign a leader to continue teaching to the residents. One of these leaders was Chester Kuc, who founded the Ukrainian Shumka Dancers in 1959, and Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company in 1969. On June 16, 1928, <mask> married one of his star dance pupils, Pauline Garbolinsky, from Winnipeg, and soon the couple was living in New York City. With a network of dance schools across Canada, <mask> now turned his sites to the United States.Lacking business acumen, he had debts in excess of three thousand dollars upon leaving Canada. New York at this time was a creative center for drama, song, and dance. Eugene O'Neill was having his plays produced. George Gershwin was writing musicals here. Martha Graham had just opened a school of contemporary dance. Vasile and <mask> lived in rented rooms on 8th Avenue in Brooklyn. <mask> set up his school in Little Ukraine in Manhattan, Greenwich Village to the west of it, and the Lower East Side with a Ukrainian enclave to the east.Able to dispense with live music with the arrival of the phonograph and vinyl records, it became easier for him in the 1930s to offer these lessons. Within a few months he had over 500 pupils attending. Paying dance instructors over widely dispersed areas across Canada and the United States, as

masks:
Avramenko
Avramenko
Avramenko
Avramenko
Pauline Avramenko
Avramenko


texts:
 well as for rental spaces for his schools, perpetuated his financial woes. To clear up these troubles, <mask> turned to the idea of staging his work on Broadway. His successes up to now had been solely in the Ukrainian community. His first attempt to reach beyond it was at the Star Casino, and was disrupted by a summer storm that hit the city. His second attempt was at the Metropolitan Opera, with 500 dancers, a chorus of 100 singers, and a folk orchestra, all dressed in Ukrainian costume.The New York Evening Post gave it a rave review, "…excited over the kaleidoscopic ardors of the dance, the richness of the chorus, the congeniality of the audience and the fairly inspiring naturalness of what really amounted to a brilliant Ukrainian folk festival." The Ukrainian newspapers, like Svoboda, saw the performance as a well-attended artistic failure. In a venue like the Met, where the great operas of the world were performed by the finest singers, the Ukrainian press had expected those values to be reflected in the premiere of a comparable Ukrainian operetta or musical. Instead, they found themselves seeing more of what they, unlike the larger English community, were already familiar with from <mask>. His debts increased, and in order to address his finances, he turned to film. Movie Producer
By October 1933, <mask> was in Hollywood. Along the way to the west coast, he obtained loans and donations from Ukrainian immigrants in these far-flung communities, only aware of who he was through what they had read, unaware as yet of his inability to handle finances.<mask> always claimed to have been offered a lucrative contract to


texts:
 dance in the film Catherine the Great starring Marlene Dietrich, but had refused on the grounds that the dances would be billed as 'Russian' dances. He staged performances at the Chicago World's Fair of 1933, and borrowed a thousand dollars from his father-in-law to do so. In 1935, his Baltimore pupils participated in the White House Easter Egg Roll and he claimed a victory for the Ukrainian cause and published postcards with photos of Eleanor Roosevelt at the event. Natalka Poltavka

On the road most of the time, leaving behind his wife with their newly born daughter, with little if anything to live on, so that his wife depended on friends to survive, by 1934, his marriage began to fall apart. The Great Depression made it hard to earn a living running dance schools. <mask> made plans to produce a feature film based on the oldest and most popular Ukrainian operetta, Natalka Poltavka, convinced that it would bring fame and glory to the Ukrainian cause. He rallied wealthy widows and convinced them that people in their community needed a place to apprentice in film.The Avramenko Film Company was established in New York City in 1936. Having raised enough money, twenty-five thousand dollars, to begin production, fortuitously Edgar G. Ulmer, a real Hollywood film director appeared on the scene. Ulmer had lost favour in Hollywood after running off with the wife of the nephew of Carl Laemmle Sr., who owned Universal Studios. Ulmer put together a film crew and rewrote the screenplay. The musical score was recorded ahead of time at Reeves Sound Studio in New York City. The set was located on a farm northwest of Trenton, New


texts:
 Jersey. Ulmer said of <mask>: "Nothing was impossible for <mask>… The man was so enthusiastic.I couldn't say no to him…. He was the spark of everything." Without a Hollywood distributor, the film company rented theatres at high cost to show the film. In the end, though an artistic success, the film left <mask> in further debt. Koshetz was particularly critical of the film, finding it offensive and tasteless. Not surprisingly, his review appeared in Svoboda. It sounded very much like a personal attack.No doubt <mask>'s personality had got under Koshetz' skin when they had toured together. Koshetz' criticism was not without merit. <mask>, despite his rhetoric to develop a Ukrainian film industry, had brought in people and resources from outside the community in order to make the film. In fairness though to <mask>, these resources did not exist in the Ukrainian community at that time. This was the first Ukrainian language film produced in the United States. Cossacks in Exile

Unable to raise money in New York due to the financial setback of his last film, he turned to Canada to raise the funds for his next feature film Cossacks in Exile. On September 22, 1937, <mask> returned to Winnipeg, and announced the creation of the Ukrainian Film Corporation.At this distance from New York, audiences had seen and loved his film Natalka Poltavka, but knew nothing about the questionable financial state in which it had left its shareholders, and <mask>. Appealing unabashedly to patriotic Ukrainian sentiment, <mask> sold rights to screen the new film province by province. Rumours circulated that he was using these funds to pay off old

masks: Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko Avramenko


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 debts. Dr. Mykyta Mandryka, the secretary-treasurer of the new company seemed to be the only one to fully appreciate the situation, and wrote a letter to <mask>. "We really do not understand each other, and this is why: you think it is necessary, above all, to start producing the film with or without money, and you believe things will somehow turn out well. You live on high hopes and faith in an imminent miracle. But that is not enough to handle people's money wisely."<mask> ignored all advice and continued to ask for donations, borrow money, and sell rights, fundraising the way he had always done. Filming began the first week of May 1938. It ended November 27 and the director Ulmer was pleased with the final product. His cheerful mood though turned when he saw advertising for the movie, identifying <mask> as the "director" or "general production director". He stormed into the film company's office, clearly having failed to appreciate the size of <mask>'s ego. Again, with Ulmer having directed it, the film received great reviews. In Winnipeg, filled with civic pride, the critics were unashamedly enthusiastic.The New York Times did not even notice that it was a Canadian production, stating that it was "highly agreeable both to the eye and the ear." Koshetz did not publish any review of it, but privately was very critical. With no American or international distributor the film fell victim, like the previous, to being shown city by city at a high cost for theatre rental wherever theatres could be obtained. Later life
The remaining years of his life, <mask> spent hauling around film canisters, showing his films or outright


texts: selling them wherever he disembarked. In 1954 he released the documentary film "The Triumph of Ukrainian Dance", consisting primarily of excerpts from documentaries and feature films produced by him during the 1930s. In postwar Canada between 1945 and 1947, <mask> offered Ukrainian folk dancing courses. One of his students in Winnipeg at this time was William Kurelek, nineteen at the time.By the mid-1960s folk dance ensembles were reinventing themselves: Rusalka in Winnipeg, Yevshan in Saskatoon, Shumka in Edmonton, as well as the touring ensembles from the Soviet Union, the State Folk Dance Ensemble of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic under Pavlo Virsky. They were interested in preserving the spirit of the folk dance rather than preserving traditional dance steps. <mask>'s concerts juxtaposed against these dances were simply a bit of nostalgia. During the 1960s <mask> spent time in Australia, teaching dance at a number of Ukrainian schools, particularly around Melbourne. Towards the very end of his life, <mask> created tribute events, for example "Ukrainian Tribute to Australia", and celebrations of some of his personal triumphs and milestones, and rallied the Ukrainian community around them. He had many of his former pupils across North America, and around the world, help him with these events, pupils who had been children when first encountering dance lessons with him. In the end, even the Ukrainian language newspaper Svoboda and he reconciled, as he lived out his old age in New York City, and whenever he entered their offices on his birthday, everyone would sing Многая літа.<mask> died on May 6, 1981, in New


texts:
 York. References

Bibliography
In English
Bogdanovich, Peter. Edgar G. Ulmer: An Interview, Film Culture, 1974. Halich, Wasyl. Ukrainians in the United States,(1970), Ayer Publishing. Martynowych, Orest T. "'All That Jazz!' The Avramenko Phenomenon in Canada, 1925-1929" in Journal of Ukrainian Studies 28, No.2 (Winter 2003).Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. .
Martynowych, Orest T. The showman and the Ukrainian cause. University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2014. Nahachewsky, Andriy. "<mask> and the Paradigm of National Culture" in Journal of Ukrainian Studies 28, No.2 (Winter 2003). Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. .
Shatulsky, Myron (1980). The Ukrainian Folk Dance, Kobzar Publishing Co. Ltd. .
Subtelny, Orest. Ukrainians in North America, An Illustrated History.University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1991. Swyripa, Frances and Thompson, John Herd, editors. Ukrainians in Canada During The Great War,  Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 1983. Zerebecky, Bohdan (1985). Ukrainian Dance Resource Booklets, Series I-IV, Ukrainian Canadian Committee, Saskatchewan Provincial Council. In Ukrainian
<mask>, <mask> (1947). Ukrainian National Dances, Music, and Costumes (Українські Національні Танки, Музика, і Cтрій), National Publishers, Ltd.
Pihuliak, Ivan (1979).Wasyl <mask> and the Rebirth of Ukrainian National Dancing, Part 1 (Василь Авраменко та Відродження Українського Танку, Частина Перша), published by the author. External links
<mask> <mask>. Solo Dance
<mask> <mask> papers at the Immigration History Research Center Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries.

masks: Avramenko Avramenko Vasyl Avramenko Vasyl Avramenko Vasyl Avramenko


texts:
 Zoloto's Tribute to Avramenko
Avramenko Fund
Cheremosh's history
Short bio

Vasile Avramenko fonds (R6747) at Library and Archives Canada

Ukrainian choreographers
Ukrainian emigrants to Canada
Ukrainian-Canadian culture
Ukrainian emigrants to the United States
Ukrainian male dancers
Russian military personnel of World War I
Ukrainian people of World War I
People from Zvenyhorodka Raion
1895 births
1981 deaths
Folk dancers
Dance