texts:
<mask>, (30 March 1980 – 20 January 2012), a Nigerian journalist and cameraman for Channels Television  in Kano, was investigating Boko Haram terrorism when he was shot and killed by an unidentified gunman. His work mainly focused on human rights, politics, and war. He covered news stories across the northern region of Nigeria. Personal
<mask> was the son of <mask>, his widowed mother. She said after his father Jonah's death in 2010, <mask> assumed the responsibility for taking care of the family. His mother also claims that he loved being a reporter and as a kid, he would go out in the city to see what was happening and then return home to tell the family. His friend and colleague, Idris Jibrin, says that he used to go to Akogwu for advice on his own stories.<mask> graduated from Benue State University in 2004. Career
At the time of his death, <mask> <mask> was a reporter and camera operator for Channels Television, a privately owned station based in Lagos. His work mainly focused on human rights, politics, and war. He began working for Channels TV in 2010, as a correspondent in Abuja, the capital of Nigeria. He was later assigned to a position in Kano, Nigeria, where he worked until his passing. However, he did cover news stories all across the northern region of Nigeria. Death

On 20 January 2012, <mask> <mask> was killed at the age of 31.Earlier that day, he was at his office in Kano with his best friend and colleague, Idris Jibrin, when they heard several bomb explosions and decided to investigate. <mask> heard that some of the bombing was taking place at the Farm Centre Police Station so he went there and approached some by-standers to get a quote. Those by-standers turned out to be Islam Militants from the terrorist group Boko Haram, who immediately shot and killed <mask>. When Jibrin heard about the gunfire at Farm Centre, he tried calling <mask>'s cellphone but got no answer. He headed toward the scene to see if Akogwu was alright. A by-stander told Jibrin that a journalist had been shot, so he went to the body and discovered that it was <mask>. <mask> had been shot six times.He was shot three times in the chest and three times in the stomach. Jibrin

masks:
Enenche Akogwu
Enenche Akogwu
Agnes Akogwu
Enenche
Akogwu
Enenche
Akogwu
Enenche
Akogwu
Akogwu
Akogwu
Akogwu
Akogwu
Akogwu


type: original

texts:
 delivered the news to Channels Television that their journalist had been killed. Context

<mask> had previously spent some time in Lagos, Nigeria and returned to Kano only two days before he was shot by Boko Haram. According to Bashir Adigun, Channels TV regional news editor, <mask> had been gone for a news conference that was put on by police to discuss recent suicide bombings on government buildings. These bombings that <mask> discussed at the conference were claimed to be the work of Boko Haram, the very same group that is now responsible for his death. Boko Haram insurgency began in July 2009 with the 2009 Boko Haram uprising. Almost 1,000 people were killed in this fight between Boko Haram and Nigerian soldiers.Throughout 2010 and 2011, Boko Haram was responsible for several more attacks and bombings, which killed hundreds of people. Then, the group attacked Kano on 20 January 2012, killing over 170 people, including <mask> <mask>. As of that day, this was its single most deadly attack. According to Reporters Without Borders, <mask> was the second journalist to ever be killed by Boko Haram, the first of whom was Zakariya Isa, shot and killed in Maiduguri, Nigeria. The estimated number of deaths from the Kano attacks was discovered by reporters from the Associated Press who actually counted the bodies in the mortuary at the Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital. Correspondents from the private Leadership newspaper also found victims from the bombings in the mortuaries at the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital and the Sir Muhammadu Sanusi Hospital. After these findings, the estimated total number of deaths from the Kano attacks was raised to 215.The first attack of the day was directed toward the Nigeria Police Headquarters on Bayero University (BUK) Road. By-standers say that a suicide bomber drove a Honda Civic into the police headquarters, killing himself and three police officers. This attack was soon followed by attacks on the Zaria Road Police Station and the Farm Centre Police Station, where <mask> was killed. It was later discovered that the immigration office in Kano was also attacked, resulting in the death of more officers. Reportedly, twenty bombs went off

masks: Akogwu Akogwu Akogwu Enenche Akogwu Akogwu Akogwu


texts:
 in Kano on 20 January 2012. At first, authorities were unsure who caused the attacks, but Boko Haram took responsibility for them, saying that its motive was to get revenge for the recent arrests of its members. According to Vanguard News, <mask> had previously spoken out against Boko Haram on his personal Facebook page.His rebuttal was in response to the group deciding that all northerners and Christians who lived in the northern states of Nigeria should move to different places. This applied to <mask> because he was a Christian from Kano, which is a northern state. Impact

After <mask>'s death, his mother, <mask> and best friend and colleague at Channels Television, Idris Jibrin, both told reporters that he was a dedicated journalist who loved his job. In an interview with Idoma Voice reporters, Agnes said that even her husband, who died two years before Akogwu, said their son would make a successful reporter. Proving them all right, <mask> was awarded with Channels Television's 2011 chairman's award. Reactions

Irina Bokova, the Director-General of UNESCO, responded to <mask>, Chika Moses, told reporters that the whole crew at Channels TV was devastated when they heard about <mask>'s death, especially when they had to deliver the news about the death of their own journalist. Just days after Nigeria learned about <mask>'s death, a picture of him wearing a vest with the word "PRESS" written in bold letters across the front spread rapidly on various blogs and social media. Four years after <mask>'s death, his mother, <mask> was approached by reporters from Idoma Voice. She told them she was still in disbelief. When <mask>'s father died in 2010, his mother talked to him about his career because she worried it was unsafe.Agnes said that the former senate president of Nigeria, David Mark, was very supportive after the death of her son. She also said that Channels TV and Idoma leaders were very helpful at that time and that the Benue and Kano state governments were generous enough to give her financial support. However, she did mention that there were some people who approached her at her son's burial and promised to help her other children get through school, but she

masks:
Akogwu
Akogwu
Akogwu
Agnes Akogwu
Akogwu
Akogwukogwu
Akogwu
Akogwu
Akogwu
Agnes Akogwu
Akogwu


texts:
 had still not heard from them four years later. After <mask>'s death, his best friend and colleague, Idris Jibrin, admitted that Nigerian Police do not perform their jobs well. He claims that they tell journalists that when they go out on the job, they go at their own risk because the police cannot protect them. Jibrin also says that even the Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ) does not help and protect journalists like they should. The union was asked, by email, to comment on the tragedy but never responded.Another source claims that NUJ did comment on the events of <mask>'s death by saying that "journalism in the country is hovering in a dangerous environment." Journalist, Paul Dada, also spoke out saying that the employers of reporters need to do a better job at ensuring the safety of their employees. The day after Boko Haram attacked, Goodluck Jonathan, president of Nigeria at the time of <mask>'s death, promised that those responsible for the attacks would be brought to justice. Mohamed Keita, the Africa Advocacy coordinator for the Committee to Protect Journalists, also urged that action be taken to bring the attackers to justice. The Nigerian National Committee from the International Press Institute (IPI) recommended that the Nigerian government take action to better protect journalists in the future. In addition, IPI said that journalists should also be careful while on the job and should prioritize their own safety above their work. Reporters were unable to contact the Kano state police commissioner for comments on the evidence but instead, got a response from an official from the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA).Yushau Shuaib from NEMA said that they were trying to save as many of the injured as they could and some NEMA officials from Kaduna even moved to Kano to help. See also
 Timeline of Boko Haram insurgency
 January 2012 Nigeria attacks
 Death of Nansok Sallah

References

External links
 Memorial website

1980 births
2012 deaths
Deaths by firearm in Nigeria
Assassinated Nigerian journalists
People murdered in Nigeria
Journalists who died as a result of terrorism
Benue State University alumni
Nigerian terrorism victims
Terrorism deaths in

masks: Akogwu Akogwu Akogwu


texts:
Patrick Denard Douthit (born January 15, 1975), better known as <mask>, is a hip hop record producer, record executive, DJ, and rapper from North Carolina. He began his career as the main producer for the group Little Brother in Durham, North Carolina, and has also worked with Mary J. Blige, Jean Grae, Wale, Jay-Z, Murs, Drake, Buckshot, Chris Brown, Destiny's Child, J. Cole, Kendrick Lamar, Erykah Badu, Ludacris, Mac Miller, David Banner, Lecrae, Jill Scott, Big Boi, Rapsody, 2 Chainz, Nipsey Hussle, and . As of 2010, <mask> raps under the name of <mask>matic. <mask> has a smooth and soulful production style that builds on samples from artists such as Al Green and Curtis Mayfield. Music career
<mask>'s first significant career breakthrough came in 2003 when, as an up-and-coming producer, he released an unofficial remix album of Nas' 2002 album God's Son entitled God's Stepson. Released through internet outlets, the album garnered significant attention and acclaim. The producer has said that he was not thinking in terms of using it to generate a buzz or promote his skills at that point: "I never thought any of this of me as a producer was going to happen."The album has since been credited as starting the now regular trend for unofficial 'home-made' remixes of whole albums. <mask> began his career as the main producer for the group Little Brother. As part of Little Brother he gained recognition and critical acclaim for his production on their debut 2003 release, The Listening. Jay-Z's studio engineer Young Guru was impressed with his work, and contacted <mask>, which led to <mask> producing

masks:
9th Wonder
9th Wonder
9th
9th Wonder
9th Wonder
9th Wonder
9th Wonder
9th Wonder


texts:
 "Threat" for Jay-Z's 2003 The Black Album. The cut proved to be a mainstream breakthrough for <mask>, most immediately in the major production role he secured on Destiny's Child's 2004 Destiny Fulfilled album that Jay-Z was instrumental in helping bring about. On the album, <mask> produced the tracks "Girl" and "Is She the Reason", plus the bonus track "Game Over". <mask> left Little Brother in 2007.Recent and current projects
In August 2010, Drake exchanged tweets with <mask> on Twitter, expressing his desire to work with him again (the first time being the production of "Think Good Thoughts" featuring Phonte and Elzhi for his 2007 mixtape Comeback Season). It was revealed in October 2010 that <mask> would be producing for Drake on his second album, Take Care, which was released on November 15, 2011. However, a month prior to the release, <mask> said in an interview that he would not appear on Take Care due to A&R issues. Singer Chris Brown recorded a series of rap freestyles over <mask> beats. The first was released on July 18, 2011 on YouTube under the title "Real Hip Hop #3". This was followed a day later by "Real Hip Hop #4" featuring Kevin McCall. These tracks were included in Brown's rap mixtape Boy in Detention, released on August 5, 2011.On June 25, 2020, <mask>, Terrace Martin, Kamasi Washington, and Robert Glasper announced the formation of a supergroup, Dinner Party. They released a single, "Freeze Tag". Their debut album was released on July 10, 2020. Hip hop professor and academia
2007 saw a sideline move into music academia for <mask> when he, along with Christopher "Play" Martin

masks:
9th Wonder
9th Wonder
9th Wonder
9th Wonder
9th Wonder
9th Wonder
9th Wonder
9th Wonder
9th Wonder


texts:
 from hip hop group Kid-n-Play, was appointed Artist-In-Residence by the Chancellor of North Carolina Central University, and began instructing a hip hop history class in NCCU's Music Dept. His role as a music professor has proven an ongoing one as in January 2010 it was announced that <mask> would co-teach a class titled "Sampling Soul" with Dr. Mark Anthony Neal at Duke University. In an interview with HitQuarters, he explained the reason for the move into academia: "Educating the youth on where hip-hop comes from and the history of it, using the records we use, gives hip-hop a longer life. I decided to become an advocate of that."<mask> also recently took on a course titled "Intro to Hip Hop Production". In May 2021, Douthit joined the Faculty at Roc Nation School of Music, Sports & Entertainment at Long Island University as a visiting professor. His courses include the history of hip hop and The Making of an Album. Discography

Solo albums
 2005: Dream Merchant Vol. 1
 2007: Dream Merchant Vol. 2
 2011: The Wonder Years
 2012: Tutankhamen (Valley of the Kings)
 2013: Bladey Mae (Grandma's Blades)
 2016: Zion
 2017: Zion II
 2018: Zion III
 2019: Zion IV
 2020: Zion V: The Ballad of Charles Douthit
 2021: Zion VI: Shooting In The Gym

Group albums
 2003: The Listening (with Phonte and Rapper Big Pooh as Little Brother)
 2005: The Minstrel Show (with Phonte and Rapper Big Pooh as Little Brother)

Collaborative albums
 2003: Shake N Beats (Instrumental LP) (with Spectac)
 2003: Legsclusives (with L.E.G.A.C.Y.) 2004: Murs 3:16: The 9th Edition (with Murs)
 2005: Chemistry (with Buckshot)
 2005:

masks:
9th Wonder
9th Wonder


texts:
 Spirit of '94: Version 9.0 (with Kaze)
 2005: 9th Gate (with Access Immortal)
 2006: Murray's Revenge (with Murs)
 2006: Cloud 9: The 3 Day High (with Skyzoo)
 2007: Class is in Session (with Pete Rock)
 2008: The Formula (with Buckshot)
 2008: Jeanius (with Jean Grae)
 2008: Sweet Lord (with Murs)
 2008: The Corner of Spec & 9th (with Spectac)
 2010: Fornever (with Murs)
 2010: Death of a Pop Star (with David Banner)
 2012: The Solution (with Buckshot)
 2012: The Final Adventure (with Murs)
 2013: Where Do I Come From?– Jay-Z (Remix of Jay-Z's The Black Album)
 2005: The Remix EP (Remixed Songs of Smif-N-Wessun)
 2009: Wonder Years – 9th Wonder Golden Years Remix LP
 2010: 9th's Opus: It's a Wonderful World Music Group Vol.1
 2010: 9th Invented the Remix...Again
 2010: Loose Joints
 2010: Food for Thought
 2012: Tutankhamen
 2013: Black American Gangster – Jay-Z (Remix of Jay-Z's American Gangster)
 2014: <mask> Wonder Presents: Jamla Is the Squad
 2018: <mask> Wonder Presents: Jamla Is the Squad II

References

External links

American hip hop record producers
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Southern hip hop musicians
North Carolina Central University alumni
Rappers from North Carolina
Musicians from Durham, North Carolina
Musicians from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
1975 births
Living people
Atlantic Records artists
African-American record producers
American hip hop DJs
20th-century American rappers
21st-century American rappers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American


texts:
<mask><mask> (born August 10, 1946) is a retired United States Marine Corps Major General and CEO of The Punaro Group and IronArch Technology. He is currently Chairman of the Secretary of Defense’s Reserve Forces Policy Board and a member of the Defense Business Board. He was an executive vice president at Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in McLean, Virginia from 1997–2010. Punaro held several positions with the United States Senate (from 1973–97) including Staff Director of the Senate Armed Services Committee. He is recognized by Defense News as one of the 100 Most Influential Individuals in the U.S. Defense. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Augusta, Georgia on August 10, 1946. He is the son of Maria Annina (nee Benedetto) and <mask>, a decorated Army veteran for his service during World War II.His father and mother were 2nd generation Americans whose parents immigrated from Italy. <mask> was raised in Macon, Georgia. He attended St. Joseph’s Grammar School from first grade through eighth grade. He graduated from Mount De Sales Catholic High School in 1964. Punaro attended Spring Hill College in Mobile, Alabama where he obtained his undergraduate degree in English in 1968. He earned his Master of Arts degree in Journalism from the University of Georgia in 1976 and Master of Arts degree in National Security Studies from Georgetown University in 1979. Punaro later served as an Adjunct Professor at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University for ten years (from 1990–2000) where he taught an annual graduate level course entitled "National Security Decision Making.”

In 2011 Punaro was inducted as a Grady College Fellow of the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Georgia.He currently serves on the non-profit board of the University of Georgia’s School of Public and International Affairs. He also serves on Syracuse University's Maxwell

masks:
Arnold L
. Punaro
Punaro
Angelo Joseph Punaro
Punaro


texts:
 School Advisory Board and Georgia Tech's Nunn School Advisory Board. Military career
After graduating from Spring Hill College in 1968, Punaro volunteered for military service in the United States Marine Corps. In January 1969, he was commissioned a second lieutenant. He served on active duty as an infantry platoon commander in Vietnam from August 1969 to January 1970 where he was awarded the Bronze Star for Valor and the Purple Heart. Upon returning from Vietnam, he served on the staff at The Basic School (TBS) in Quantico, Virginia. Punaro completed his active duty obligation in 1972 and subsequently joined the Marine Corps Reserve where he served until October 1, 2003.In December 1990, he was mobilized for Operation Desert Shield. In December 1993, he completed a tour of active duty as Commander of Joint Task Force Provide Promise (Forward) in the former Yugoslavia. He was then promoted to the rank of Brigadier General, and his first assignment was Deputy Commander of the U.S. Marine Reserve Forces, today known as the U.S. Marine Corps Forces Reserve (MARFORRES or MFR). His next assignment was Commanding General of the Marine Corps Mobilization Command (MCRSC) from 1995–1997. In this position, he designed what would later become the Marine for Life Program, a program that connects transitioning Marines and their family members to education resources, employment opportunities, and other veteran services. From August 1997 until August 2000, Punaro served as Commanding General of the 4th Marine Division. Under his command, the 4th Division achieved the highest level of combat readiness – a significant accomplishment for a reserve division.Following the division command, he served as the Deputy Commanding General (Mobilization) of the Marine Corps Combat Development Command (in 2000). In 2001, Punaro assumed a 2-star active-duty billet at Headquarters Marine Corps as Director of Reserve Affairs. In this capacity,


texts:
 post 9-11, he was involved in the largest mobilization of the Marine Corps Reserve in its history. <mask> was mobilized in May 2003 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. <mask> retired as a Major General in October 2003 after 35 years of military service. Senate career
From 1973 to 1997, Punaro worked for Senator Sam Nunn (D-GA) on national security matters. He served as his Director of National Security Affairs and then as Staff Director of the Senate Armed Services Committee (1987–95) and Staff Director for the Minority (1983–87, 1995–97).In his work with Senator Nunn and the Senate Armed Services Committee, he was involved in the formulation of all major defense and intelligence legislation including the beginnings of the All- Volunteer Force, the Goldwater-Nichols Defense Reorganization, the Packard Commission Acquisition Reforms, the creation of the Special Operations Command, the draw-down after the Cold War, the first Gulf War, gays in the military, and expanding billets for women. He was directly involved with the confirmation process for secretaries of defense, chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and service chiefs, hundreds of civilian nominations, and tens of thousands of military nominations. Punaro was consistently named by Roll Call as One of the Top 50 Staffers in the Congress. Business
<mask> served as a Senior Vice President and then Executive Vice President at Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) from 1997 to May 2010, at that time a 10 billion dollar defense and aerospace company. He served as a Sector Manager, Deputy President of the Federal Business Segment and led SAIC's Corporate Business Development Organization. He was the Senior Corporate Official responsible for SAIC's government affairs, worldwide communications and support operations, as well as General Manager of their Washington Operations and Supervisor of SAIC's Corporate Small

masks: Punaro Punaro Punaro


texts:
 and Disadvantaged Business Office. <mask> was part of the team that took SAIC public in October 2006.<mask> was recognized for his leadership and accomplishments at SAIC with the Founder’s Award and two special CEO awards. He also served an eight-year tenure as a member of the Board of Directors for Sourcefire, a cyber-security company that he helped take public. Sourcefire was sold to Cisco Systems for 2.7 billion dollars in 2013. <mask> retired from SAIC in 2010 to start his own consulting business, The Punaro Group (TPG), a Washington-based firm that specializes in federal budget and market analysis, business strategy and capture, acquisition due diligence, government relations, communications, sensitive operations, business risk analysis and compliance, and crisis management. In 2013 <mask> and his oldest son formed IronArch Technology, a firm providing next generation IT and business transformation solutions as well as consulting and advisory services. The Washington Business Journal named IronArch “One of the Best Places to Work” in 2016. In 2014 Punaro was named to Wash100, the premier group of leaders who create value and execute strategic vision at the intersection of the public and private sector.Media
<mask> has appeared many times as a defense policy expert on numerous radio and television shows, such as Hardball, CNN, C-SPAN, NPR, Major Network News, and Federal News Radio. He is quoted in print media and is the subject of articles discussing defense. <mask> is the author of the book, On War and Politics: The Battlefield Inside Washington's Beltway, that was published by the Naval Institute Press in October 2016. References

External links

1946 births
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
Living people
Georgetown University alumni
People from Augusta, Georgia
Spring Hill College alumni
University of Georgia alumni
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps

masks: Punaro Punaro Punaro Punaro Punaro Punaro


texts:
<mask> (c. 1842 in Baton Rouge Louisiana, –1915 in Artesia New Mexico) was an African-American comedian and dancer. He was the most popular black comedian of his day, best known for his work in blackface minstrelsy. In addition to his skillful acrobatics, dancing, singing, and instrument playing, Kersands was renowned for his comic routines involving his large mouth, which he could contort comically or fill with objects such as billiard balls or saucers. His stage persona was that of the dim-witted black man of the type that had been popularized in white minstrel shows. Modern commentators such as Mel Watkins cite him as one of the earliest black entertainers to have faced the dilemma of striking a balance between social satire and the reinforcement of negative stereotypes. Career
Kersands began performing with traveling minstrel troupes in the early 1860s. As black minstrelsy gained popularity, Kersands became its biggest star.In 1879, he earned about $15 a week, but by 1882, he was reportedly earning $80, only slightly less than a featured white minstrel. He was known to have earned $250 a week during European Minstrel Tours. He was a hit with both white and black audiences, particularly in the Southern United States. Tom Fletcher wrote that "In the South, a minstrel show without <mask> is like a circus without elephants." Over his career, Kersands played with many of the major black minstrel troupes. He was a member of Sam Hague's Georgia Minstrels, along with Charles Hicks and Bob Height. When the company returned from an English tour in 1872, Charles Callender purchased the troupe and renamed it Callender's Georgia Minstrels.When Kersands and other popular troupe members demanded higher pay and more favorable

masks:
Billy Kersands
Billy Kersands


texts:
 treatment, Callender dismissed them. They quit to form their own ensemble, a move Callender characterized as theft. The company did poorly, and Kersands and most of the others returned to Callender. During his years with Callender's Georgia Minstrels, Kersands regularly featured in the military burlesques that regularly ended the first act beginning in 1875 or 1876. These sketches earned him renown for his acrobatic feats of drumming. In 1885, Kersands began his own minstrel troupe, named Kersands' Minstrels. Charles Hicks was the manager, but he left to form his own group after little more than a year.Kersands' Minstrels was well known for its marching band, and the group led a Mardi Gras parade in 1886. Kersands offered $1000 to any rival who could outmarch them. He also continued to play engagements with other companies, including Richard and Pringle's Georgia Minstrels in 1890 as one of "The Vestibule Car Porters and Drum Majors". In 1904, Kersands performed in an urban, black-produced show in the East. He only stayed for a short time, instead preferring the blackface minstrelsy he knew best. He formed another troupe and took up touring primarily in the South. Kersands answered the inevitable question of why he had not made the move to vaudeville thus: "All of my money came from the people of the South, the white and the colored, while playing down there.Whether they meant it or not, the way I was treated by them, and still am, I feel at home. I also make a good living with no worries." Performance
Kersands's comedy act centered on his enormous mouth, which he exuberantly contorted into countless shapes. He peppered his songs with these movements and their accompanying noises. One observer remarked, "The slightest


texts: curl of his lip or opening of that yawning chasm termed his mouth was of itself sufficient to convulse the audience." He could even fit several billiard balls or a cup and saucer into his mouth and still perform a dance routine or fill the theater with boisterous laughter. Tom Fletcher wrote that while touring in England, Kersands told Queen Victoria that if his mouth was any bigger, his ears would have to be moved.This physical feature fit well into racist white-created stereotypes of blacks having large lips and mouths. Kersands further embraced such disparaging caricatures by affecting the stage persona of a slow and ignorant Sambo. He also sang songs that reinforced these racist views. In his "Mary's Gone with a Coon", he sang of a black man "lamenting" his daughter's impending marriage to a black man: "De chile dat I bore, should tink ob me no more / Den to run away wid a big black coon." His "Old Aunt Jemima" lent its name to the stereotyped mammy Aunt Jemima that later was developed into an iconic trademark for a brand of pancakes. Despite Kersands's reinforcement of negative black stereotypes, very few African Americans disdained his act. Part of his appeal for them lay in his mixing of elements of African American folklore into his show in a way that would appeal to his black audience but be ignored or derided by whites."Old Aunt Jemima", one of his signature songs, serves as a good example. The song exists in three texts, two published 1875 and one in 1880, suggesting that Kersands made up verses as he sang. All three versions begin in a church, a locale that white minstrels tended to avoid. The 1875 texts describe charismatic black worship practices, but the 1880 edition begins with a black character fleeing a


texts:
 white church because they "prayed so long". Verses from the song soon entered the African American tradition and appeared in later collections of folklore. Other songs Kersands performed featured African American elements like talking animals and weak-versus-strong match-ups. His popularity led many theatre owners to relax rules limiting black patrons to specific sections of the playhouse.Despite weighing over 200 pounds, Kersands was also a talented dancer and acrobat. His trademark dance was Essence of Old Virginia or Virginia Essence, which he may have introduced. The dance later developed into the soft shoe. He was also known for the buck-and-wing. His dance routines helped cement such dance acts as fixtures in later vaudeville and Hollywood routines. Death

Kersands died shortly after a performance in Artesia, New Mexico at the age of 73. Notes

References
Toll, Robert C. (1974).Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America. New York: Oxford University Press. Watkins, Mel (1994). On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying—The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor that Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor. New York: Simon & Schuster. https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-1002092514

1842 births
1915 deaths
American male comedians
19th-century American male singers
Blackface minstrel performers
African-American male comedians
African-American male dancers
19th-century American dancers
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
20th-century African-American


texts:
<mask> (born 6 February 1960) is an Indian politician and former Minister of State for Human Resources and Development in the Government of India. He is former MP from the Karakat constituency in Rohtas district, Bihar. He is a former member of the Rajya Sabha. He was the leader of his own party the Rashtriya Lok Samata Party, until it merged with Janata Dal (United) in 2021. Early life
<mask> was born to Muneshwar Singh and Muneshwari Devi on 6 February 1960 in Vaishali, Bihar into a middle-class family. He graduated from Science College, Patna and then did MA in Political Science from BR Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur. <mask> also worked as a lecturer in the politics department of Samata College.Later he added Kushwaha to his name. Politics
<mask> <mask> stepped into the world of politics in 1985. From 1985 to 1988, he was the state general secretary of Yuva Lok Dal. Later, he became National General-Secretary, Yuva Janata Dal, 1988–93. He had also worked as General-Secretary for Samata Party, 1994–2002. <mask> was Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly in 2000-2005 and appointed as Deputy Leader (Samata Party) Bihar Legislative Assembly. In March 2004 after loksabha election Sushil Modi was elected to Loksabha and the same time number of MLA's of JD(U) increased than BJP.Since leader of JD(U) changed his party. So kushwaha became leader of opposition. <mask> started his electoral politics in 2000 winning from Jandaha. He was dismissed from the Janata Dal (United) in 2007. Kushwaha founded the Rashtriya Samata Party in February 2009. The party was formed in the backdrop of alleged marginalisation of the  Koeri caste and autocratic rule by the Nitish Kumar government in Bihar. The formation of the party was supported by Chhagan Bhujbal, the deputy chief minister of Maharashtra.In November

masks:
Upendra Singh Kushwaha
Upendra Singh
Kushwaha
Upendra
Kushwaha
Kushwaha
Kushwaha


texts: 2009, the party was merged into the Janata Dal (United) with the mending of ties between Kushwaha and Kumar. On 4 January 2013, <mask> <mask> who at the time was a Rajya Sabha member resigned from the Janata Dal (United). He alleged that the Nitish model had failed and that the law and order situation was becoming as bad as it had been 7 years ago. He further alleged that the Nitish Kumar runs his government through autocratic means and that he had turned the Janata Dal (United) into his "pocket organisation". <mask> founded the Rashtriya Lok Samata Party on 3 March 2013 and unveiled the name and flag of his party at a rally at the historic Gandhi Maidan. He contested the 2014 Lok Sabha elections as part of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), led by Narendra Modi. He was elected from the Karakat constituency and was appointed as Minister of State in Human Resource Development ministry.In December 2018, he resigned from the ministry and left the NDA, accusing Modi of not fulfilling his poll promises regarding Bihar. Initially, <mask> indicated his discontent with the NDA leadership  due to diminishing importance as an ally. Kushwaha's party RLSP finally broke out from NDA alliance as it was not given appropriate seats in Lok Sabha elections of 2019. The NDA leadership was skeptical of Kushwaha's influence on member of Koeri caste and believed that even without his support  they could win the elections in Bihar. It is believed that Nitish Kumar too holds considerable hold on both koeri and kurmi community, as a counter to which BJP had earlier selected Keshav Prasad Maurya as its Uttar Pradesh chief. Hence, they were ready to face exodus of Kushwaha. Meanwhile, they were sure of reaping the popularity of Nitish, who was now an ally of BJP and had gained considerable reputation in Bihar due to his

masks: Upendra Kushwaha Kushwaha Kushwaha


texts: development  model.Kushwaha hence joined United Progressive Alliance front, which contained Rashtriya Janata Dal, Hindustani Awam Morcha, as well as Vikassheel Insaan Party.He contested 2019 Lok Sabha election from two seats namely Karakat as well as Ujiyarpur. Kushwaha lost from both the seats. The grand alliance of above mentioned parties under the leadership of Tejashwi Yadav was not able to win even a single seat in Bihar in 2019 Lok Sabha election. In the course of 2019 Lok Sabha Elections, <mask> <mask>'s speech sparked controversy when he referred to the newly formed  alliance of his party and Rashtriya Janata Dal as 'Kheer'. According to political analysts, RLSP represents Kushwahas who are also called Koeris in Bihar while RJD represents Yadavs. The traditional occupation of these castes being growing paddy as well as cattle domestication. Hence, reference to Kheer was said to be the implicit indication to alliance of two influential backward castes.After losing in 2019 Lok Sabha elections, <mask> once again made a controversial statement. He warned NDA leadership that if the result of elections is deteriorated, the blood will flow on streets. However, later on a notice from Election Commission, he clarified that his intention was not of provoking violence. In September 2020, prior to  the election to Bihar Legislative Assembly, <mask> <mask>'s party RLSP eschewed the Rashtriya Janata Dal and Congress led coalition which was formed during the Lok Sabha elections of 2019 to counter National Democratic Alliance in Bihar. <mask> announced the formation of third front in partnership with Bahujan Samaj Party. This front  contested on all 243 seats of Bihar Assembly against three other political fronts namely NDA, which included JD (U) and BJP;  UPA, which included RJD, Congress and Vikassheel

masks: Upendra Kushwaha Kushwaha Upendra Kushwaha Kushwaha


texts:
 Insaan Party and one another alliance which contained various small parties led by Jan Adhikar Party. <mask> sought the unacceptability of the leadership of Tejashwi Yadav as the reason behind his separation from the 'Grand Alliance'.The GSDF suffered a serious setback with only success in the form of AIMIM getting five seats in Muslim dominated areas of Bihar (particularly Simanchal) and BSP managing to get one seats. Though the allies had obtained less percentage of votes compared to Kushwaha's RLSP (it secured 1.77% votes), it failed to win any seats. Also; the RLSP showed good presence in number of constituencies including Dinara and Saffron. <mask> parted his ways with Janata Dal (United) on two occasions, but after the split of 2013, his political graph went down and the Rashtriya Lok Samata Party suffered massive defeats in various elections, most notably in the Lok Sabha elections of 2019 and the assembly elections of 2020. The weaning away of support of Kushwaha caste also resulted in setback for JD(U), which was reduced to 43 seats in 2020 election to Bihar Legislative Assembly. This led to a merger in which RLSP was merged into its parent JD(U) and Kushwaha was made party's parliamentary board president. Soon after his induction into JD(U), Kushwaha was nominated to the Legislative Council, the upper house of Bihar Legislature.Tenure as Minister of state for Human Resource Development

References

Further reading

1960 births
Living people
Rajya Sabha members from Bihar
16th Lok Sabha members
People from Vaishali district
Lok Sabha members from Bihar
People from Rohtas District
Rashtriya Lok Samata politicians
Narendra Modi ministry
Leaders of the Opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University alumni
Bihar MLAs 2000–2005
Janata Dal (United)

masks: Kushwaha Kushwaha


texts: <mask> (born November 6, 1988) is an American actress. She is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Golden Globe Award. In 2017, she was the world's highest-paid actress and named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Born and raised in Scottsdale, Arizona, <mask> began acting as a child in a theater production of The Wind in the Willows in 2000. As a teenager, she relocated to Los Angeles with her mother and made her television debut in In Search of the New Partridge Family (2004), a reality show that produced only an unsold pilot. After small television roles, she appeared in a series of teen comedy films which received positive media attention, such as Superbad (2007), The House Bunny (2008), Zombieland (2009), and Easy A (2010)—<mask>'s first leading role, earning her nominations for the BAFTA Rising Star Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress. Following this breakthrough, she had supporting roles in the romantic comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love (2011) and the period drama The Help (2011), and gained wider recognition as Gwen Stacy in the 2012 superhero film The Amazing Spider-Man and its 2014 sequel.She went on to voice the lead female character Eep in The Croods (2013) and its 2020 sequel. In 2014, <mask> played a recovering drug addict in the black comedy Birdman (2014), which earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and made her Broadway debut as Sally Bowles in a revival of the musical Cabaret. For her performance as an aspiring actress in the romantic musical La La Land (2016), <mask> won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress. She received Golden Globe nominations for the roles of Billie Jean King in the biographical sports film Battle of the Sexes (2017) and Abigail Masham in the historical comedy-drama The Favourite (2018). After a leading role in the Netflix dark comedy miniseries Maniac (2018), she reduced her workload, starring in only a few films, including the

masks:
Emily Jean Emma Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone


texts:
 comedy sequel Zombieland: Double Tap (2019), and the crime comedy Cruella (2021). <mask> is married to comedian and writer Dave McCary, with whom she has a daughter. Early life and education
Emily Jean <mask> was born on November 6, 1988, in Scottsdale, Arizona, to Jeffrey Charles <mask>, the founder and CEO of a general-contracting company, and Krista Jean (née Yeager) <mask>, a homemaker.She lived on the grounds of the Camelback Inn resort from ages twelve to fifteen. She has a younger brother, Spencer. Her paternal grandfather, Conrad Ostberg Sten, was from a Swedish family that anglicized their surname to "<mask>" when they immigrated to the United States through Ellis Island. She also has German, English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry. As an infant, <mask> had baby colic and cried frequently; she consequently developed nodules and calluses on her vocal cords while she was a child. She has described herself as having been "loud" and "bossy" while growing up. <mask> was educated at Sequoya Elementary School and attended Cocopah Middle School for the sixth grade.Although she did not like school, she has stated that her controlling nature meant that "I made sure I got all As". <mask> suffered panic attacks and anxiety as a child, which she says caused a decline in her social skills. She underwent therapy but claims it was her participation in local theater plays that helped cure the attacks; she recalled:

<mask> wanted to act since age four; she wanted a career in sketch comedy initially, but shifted her focus toward musical theater, and took vocal lessons for several years. Her acting debut, at age eleven, came in a stage production of The Wind in the Willows, playing the part of Otter. <mask> was homeschooled for two years, during which time she appeared in sixteen productions at Phoenix's Valley Youth Theatreincluding The Princess and the Pea, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoatand performed with the theater's improvisational comedy troupe. Around this time, she traveled to Los Angeles and

masks: Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone


texts:
 auditioned unsuccessfully for a role on Nickelodeon's All That. Her parents later sent her for private acting lessons with a local acting coach, who had worked at the William Morris Agency in the 1970s.<mask> attended Xavier College Preparatoryan all-girl Catholic high schoolas a freshman, but dropped out after one semester to become an actress. She prepared a PowerPoint presentation for her parents titled "Project Hollywood" (featuring Madonna's 2003 song "Hollywood") to convince them to let her move to California to pursue an acting career. In January 2004, she moved with her mother to an apartment in Los Angeles. She recalled, "I went up for every single show on the Disney Channel and auditioned to play the daughter on every single sitcom", adding, "I ended up getting none." Between auditions for roles, she enrolled in online high-school classes, and worked part-time at a dog-treat bakery. Career

Early roles (2004–2008)
<mask> made her television debut as Laurie Partridge on the VH1 talent competition reality show In Search of the New Partridge Family (2004). The resulting show, retitled The New Partridge Family (2004), remained an unsold pilot.She followed this with a guest appearance in Louis C.K. 's HBO series Lucky Louie. She auditioned to star as Claire Bennet in the NBC science fiction drama Heroes (2007) but was unsuccessful and later called this her "rock bottom" experience. In April 2007, she played Violet Trimble in the Fox action drama Drive, but the show was canceled after seven episodes. <mask> made her feature film debut in Greg Mottola's comedy Superbad (2007), co-starring Michael Cera and Jonah Hill. The film tells the story of two high school students who go through a series of comic misadventures after they plan to buy alcohol for a party. To play the role of Hill's romantic interest, she dyed her hair red.A reviewer for The Hollywood Reporter found her to be "appealing", but felt that her role was poorly written. <mask> has described the experience of acting in her first film as "amazing ... [but] very different than

masks: Stone Stone Stone Stone


texts:
 other experiences I've had since then". The film was a commercial success, and earned her the Young Hollywood Award for Exciting New Face. The following year, <mask> starred in the comedy The Rocker (2008) playing <mask>, the "straight face" bass guitarist in a band; she learned to play the bass for the role. The actress, who describes herself as "a big smiler and laugher", admitted that she found it difficult playing a character whose personality traits were so different from her own. The film, and her performance, received negative reviews from critics and was a commercial failure. Her next release, the romantic comedy The House Bunny, performed better at the box office, becoming a moderate commercial success.The film saw her play the president of a sorority, and perform a cover version of the Waitresses' 1982 song "I Know What Boys Like". Reviews for the film were generally negative, but <mask> was praised for her supporting role, with TV Guides Ken Fox stating she "is well on her way to becoming a star". Breakthrough (2009–2011)

<mask> appeared in three films released in 2009. The first of these was opposite Matthew McConaughey, Jennifer Garner and Michael Douglas in Mark Waters' Ghosts of Girlfriends Past. Loosely based on Charles Dickens' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol, the romantic comedy has her playing a ghost who haunts her former boyfriend. Critical reaction to the film was negative, though it was a modest commercial success. Her most financially profitable venture that year was Ruben Fleischer's $102.3 million-grossing horror comedy film Zombieland, in which she features alongside Jesse Eisenberg, Woody Harrelson and Abigail Breslin.In the film, she appeared as a con artist and survivor of a zombie apocalypse, in a role which Chris Hewitt of Empire magazine found "somewhat underwritten." In a more positive review, Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph wrote, "[T]he hugely promising <mask>... [is] a tough cookie who projects the aura of being wiser than her years." <mask>'s third release in 2009 was Kieran and Michelle Mulroney's

masks:
Stone
Amelia Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone


texts: Paper Man, a comedy-drama which disappointed critics. <mask> voiced an Australian Shepherd in Marmaduke (2010), a comedy from director Tom Dey, which is based on Brad Anderson's long-running comic strip of the same name. Her breakthrough came the same year with a starring role in Easy A, a teen comedy directed by Will Gluck. Partially based on Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1850 historical romance novel The Scarlet Letter, the film tells the story of Olive Penderghast (<mask>), a high school student who becomes embroiled in a comic sex scandal after a false rumor circulates that she is sexually promiscuous. <mask> read the script before the project was optioned for production, and pursued it with her manager while production details were being finalized.She found the script "so different and unique from anything I'd read before", saying that it was "funny and sweet". When <mask> discovered that the film had begun production, she met with Gluck, expressing her enthusiasm for the project. A few months later, the audition process started and she met again with Gluck, becoming one of the first actresses to audition. The film received positive critical reviews, and <mask>'s performance was considered its prime asset. Anna Smith of Time Out wrote, "<mask> gives a terrific performance, her knowing drawl implying intellect and indifference with underlying warmth." The film was a commercial success, grossing $75 million against its $8 million budget. <mask> was nominated for a BAFTA Rising Star Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy, and won the MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance.In October 2010, <mask> hosted an episode of NBC's late-night sketch comedy Saturday Night Live; her appearances included a sketch playing off her resemblance to Lindsay Lohan. <mask> described it as "the greatest week of my life". She hosted it again in 2011, appeared in an episode in 2014, and in its 40th anniversary special in 2015. A brief appearance in the sex comedy Friends with Benefits (2011) reunited her with Gluck. She followed this

masks: Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone


texts:
 with a supporting role in Glenn Ficarra and John Requa's romantic comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love (2011) alongside Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling and Julianne Moore. The film featured her as a law school graduate, and the love interest of Gosling's character. Despite finding "some inevitable collapses into convention" in the film, Drew McWeeny of HitFix wrote that <mask> "ties the whole film together".At the 2012 Teen Choice Awards, she won the Choice Movie Actress – Comedy award for her performance in the film. Crazy, Stupid, Love was a box office success, grossing $142.9 million worldwide against a production budget of $50 million. Dismayed at being typecast as "the sarcastic interest of the guy", <mask> co-starred with Viola Davis in Tate Taylor's period drama The Help (2011), a film she found challenging. The film is based on Kathryn Stockett's 2009 novel of the same name and is set in 1960s Jackson, Mississippi. She met with Taylor to express a desire to work on the film. The director said, "[<mask>] was completely awkward and dorky, with her raspy voice, and she sat down and we got a little intoxicated and had a blast, and I just thought, 'God! God!This is Skeeter." She was cast as Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan, an aspiring writer learning about the lives of the African-American maids. In preparation for the part, she learned to speak in a Southern accent and educated herself on the Civil Rights Movement through literature and film. With a worldwide gross of $216 million against a $25 million budget, The Help became <mask>'s highest-grossing film to that point. The film, and her performance, received positive reviews from critics. Writing for Empire, Anna Smith thought <mask> was "well-meaning and hugely likable" despite finding flaws in the character. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture, and won Best Ensemble Cast from the Women Film Critics Circle and the Broadcast Film Critics Association.The Amazing Spider-Man, Birdman, and Broadway (2012–2015)

<mask> turned down a role in the action comedy 21 Jump Street after signing

masks: Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone


texts: on to Marc Webb's 2012 film The Amazing Spider-Man, a reboot of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man series. She portrayed Gwen Stacy, the love interest of the titular superhero (played by Andrew Garfield). <mask> returned to her natural blonde hair color for the role, having dyed it red previously. She admitted to having never read the comics, and therefore felt responsible to educate herself about Spider-Man: "My experience was with the Sam Raimi movies ... I always assumed that Mary Jane was his first love", adding that she was only familiar with Stacy's character as portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider-Man 3. The Amazing Spider-Man was a commercial success and was the seventh highest-grossing film of the year with global revenues of $757.9 million. Entertainment Weeklys Lisa Schwarzbaum found <mask> to be "irresistible", and Ian Freer of Empire was particularly impressed with <mask>'s and Garfield's performances.At the annual People's Choice Awards ceremony, she was nominated for three awards, including Favorite Movie Actress. Later that year, <mask> voiced a role in the crime-based video game, Sleeping Dogs, which earned her a Spike Video Game Award for Best Performance by a Human Female. <mask> began 2013 with a voice role in the DreamWorks Animation film The Croods, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. This followed with an appearance in Movie 43, an anthology film which consists of sixteen short stories—she played the title role in the segment entitled "Veronica". She next starred alongside Ryan Gosling and Sean Penn in Ruben Fleischer's Gangster Squad (2013), a crime thriller set in Los Angeles during the 1940s. A. O. Scott of The New York Times dismissed the film as "a hectic jumble of fedoras and zoot suits", but praised <mask>'s pairing with Gosling. She expressed a desire to work with Gosling on more projects.In 2014, <mask> reprised the role of Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider-Man 2. She believed that her character did not depend on the film's protagonist, asserting: "She saves him more than he saves

masks: Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone


texts: her. She's incredibly helpful to Spider-Man ... He's the muscle, she's the brains." Her performance was well received by critics; an Empire reviewer commended her for standing out in the film, writing, "<mask> is the Heath Ledger of this series, doing something unexpected with an easily dismissed supporting character." The role won her the Favorite Movie Actress award at the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards. Later that year, <mask> took on a role in Woody Allen's romantic comedy Magic in the Moonlight, a modest commercial success.A. O. Scott criticized her role, and pairing with Colin Firth, describing it as "the kind of pedantic nonsense that is meant to signify superior intellect". The black comedy-drama Birdman, directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu, was <mask>'s final film release of 2014. Co-starring Michael Keaton and Edward Norton, it featured her as Sam Thomson, the recovering-addict daughter of actor Riggan Thomson (Keaton), who becomes his assistant. Iñárritu created the character based on his experience with his daughter. Birdman was critically acclaimed, and was the most successful film at the 87th Academy Awards; it was nominated for nine awards, winning four, including Best Picture. The Movie Network deemed it one of <mask>'s best performances to date, and Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph found her to be "superb" and "tremendous" in her role, while also highlighting her monologue in the film which he believed to have been "delivered like a knitting needle to the gut." She received numerous accolades for her performance, including nominations for an Academy, a BAFTA, a Golden Globe, a Screen Actors Guild, and a Critics' Choice Movie award for Best Supporting Actress.From November 2014 to February 2015, <mask> starred in a revival of the Broadway musical Cabaret as Sally Bowles, taking over the role from Michelle Williams. Deeming it "the most nerve-racking thing ever", <mask> listened to a French radio station to mentally prepare herself for the role. Marilyn Stasio of Variety was critical of her singing abilities and found her


texts:
 performance to be "a bit narrow as an emotional platform, but a smart choice for her acting skills, the perfect fit for her sharp intelligence and kinetic energy." Both of <mask>'s 2015 films—the romantic comedy-drama Aloha, and the mystery drama Irrational Man—were critical and commercial failures, and her roles were panned by critics. In Cameron Crowe's Aloha, she played the role of an air force pilot alongside Bradley Cooper, and in Woody Allen's Irrational Man, she played the love interest of Joaquin Phoenix's character, a philosophy professor. The former was controversial for whitewashing the cast, as <mask>'s character was meant to be of Asian, Hawaiian, and Swedish descent. She later regretted taking part in the project, acknowledging whitewashing as a widespread problem in Hollywood.Despite the backlash, <mask> was nominated for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards. She also appeared in the music video for Win Butler's single "Anna". Established actress (2016–present)
During her run in the Cabaret revival, <mask> met filmmaker Damien Chazelle, who, impressed with her performance, cast her in his musical comedy-drama La La Land. The project, which marked her third collaboration with Gosling, starred <mask> as Mia Dolan, an aspiring actress living in Los Angeles. <mask> borrowed several real-life experiences for her character, and in preparation, watched The Umbrellas of Cherbourg and films of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. For the film's soundtrack, she recorded six songs. La La Land served as the opening film at the 2016 Venice Film Festival, where it generated critical acclaim and earned <mask> the Volpi Cup for Best Actress.In addition to being her best-reviewed film on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it emerged as a commercial success, with a worldwide gross of over $440 million against a production budget of $30 million. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that "<mask> has never been better: superbly smart, witty, vulnerable, her huge doe eyes radiating intelligence even, or especially, when they

masks: Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone Stone


texts: are filling with tears." For her performance, <mask> won the Academy, Golden Globe, SAG, and BAFTA Award for Best Actress. <mask>'s sole release of 2017 was the sports comedy-drama Battle of the Sexes, based on the 1973 eponymous match between tennis players Billie Jean King (<mask>) and Bobby Riggs (Steve Carell). In preparation, <mask> met with King, watched old footage and interviews of her, worked with a dialect coach to speak in King's accent, and drank high-calorie protein shakes to gain . The film premiered to positive reviews at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, and certain critics considered <mask>'s performance to be the finest of her career. Benjamin Lee of The Guardian praised her for playing against type, and for being "strong" and "convincing" in the part.Even so, the film earned less than its $25 million budget. <mask> received her fourth Golden Globe nomination for it, and attended the ceremony with King. In 2018, <mask> and Rachel Weisz starred as Abigail Masham and Sarah Churchill, two cousins fighting for the affection of Queen Anne (Olivia Colman), in Yorgos Lanthimos' historical comedy-drama The Favourite. She found it challenging being an American among an all-British cast, and struggled with mastering her character's accent. The film premiered at the 75th Venice International Film Festival to critical acclaim. Michael Nordine of IndieWire praised <mask> for taking on such a bold role following the success of La La Land, and termed the three lead actresses "a majestic triumvirate in a period piece that's as tragic as it is hilarious." For The Favourite, she received her fifth Golden Globe nomination and third Oscar nomination.She then executive-produced and starred in the Netflix dark comedy miniseries Maniac, directed by Cary Joji Fukunaga. It featured <mask> and Jonah Hill as two strangers, whose lives are transformed due to a mysterious pharmaceutical trial. An admirer of Fukunaga's work, she agreed to the project without reading the script. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian commended both <mask> and Hill for


texts: playing against type and delivering career-best performances; Judy Berman of Time magazine was similarly impressed with their growth as actors since Superbad and noted the complexity in their performances. In the same year, <mask> appeared alongside Paul McCartney in a music video for his song "Who Cares". Throughout 2019 and 2020, <mask> reprised her role as Wichita in Zombieland: Double Tap (2019), the sequel to 2009's Zombieland, which received mixed reviews and has grossed $122 million worldwide. She also narrated the Netflix documentary series The Mind, Explained and reprised the voice role of Eep in The Croods: A New Age, which served as the sequel to 2013's The Croods.In 2021, <mask> played as Cruella de Vil (originally played by Glenn Close in the 1996 live-action adaptation and its 2000 sequel) in the crime comedy Cruella, a Disney live-action spin-off/prequel/reboot of the 1961 animation One Hundred and One Dalmatians, directed by Craig Gillespie and starred opposite <mask> as the Baroness, and also served as an executive producer of the film alongside Close. The film was released May 28, 2021 in US theaters and on Disney+ with Premier Access to positive reviews and has grossed $233 million worldwide against its $100 million budget. Justin Chang of Los Angeles Times praised <mask>'s performance of the titular protagonist villain as "wholly committed, glammed-to-the-nines" and described it as a far cry to Close's "shrieking" portrayal of the villain in the previous 101 Dalmatians live-action versions while remarking of her titular protagonist villain role of having a "trickier, more complicated notes to play" and favorably drawing comparisons to her previous performance in The Favourite in which he stated that "<mask> nailed every nuance as another lowly young woman turned ambitious schemer" while complimenting her for juggling the Jekyll and Hyde personality of Estella/Cruella character, despite the flaws of the film's screenplay. For Cruella, <mask> garnered her sixth Golden Globe nomination (and her fourth nomination for the

masks:
Stone
Stone
Stone
Emma Thompson
Stone
Stone
Stone


texts:
 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy category) at the 79th Golden Globes Awards. Upcoming projects
, <mask> will be starring on a film, Poor Things, based on the novel of the same name by Alasdair Gray, which reunites her with The Favourite director Yorgos Lanthimos and also starring alongside Willem Dafoe and Mark Ruffalo. She is also set to star in the drama film Love May Fail, based on Matthew Quick's novel of the same name, and the comedy series The Curse. Public image

Commenting on her performance in The Help, Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter called her "one of our very best young actresses".She is known for starring both in high-profile, mainstream productions and in low-budget independent films. Times Daniel D'Addario describes the latter as "substantive risk" and adds that taking on a role in them provides her an opportunity to "try something new and to get credibility". Analyzing her on-screen persona, Jessica Kiang of IndieWire noted that <mask> "usually [plays] the approachable, down-to-earth, girl-next-door type, [and] in person she demonstrates many of those qualities too, along with an absolute refusal to take herself too seriously." In 2008, she topped Saturday Night Magazines Top 20 Rising Stars Under 30 and was included in a similar list compiled by Moviefone. LoveFilm placed her on their list of 2010 Top 20 Actresses Under 30, and her performance in Easy A was included in Times Top 10 Everything of 2010. She appeared in the 2013 Celebrity 100 list, a compilation of the 100 most powerful people in the world, as selected annually by Forbes. The magazine reported that she had earned $16 million from June 2012 to June 2013.That same year, she was ranked first in the magazine's Top 10 Best Value Stars. In 2015, Forbes published that she had become one of the world's highest-paid actresses with earnings of $6.5 million. The magazine would rank her as the world's highest-paid actress two years later with annual earnings of $26 million. In 2017, she was included on Times annual list of the 100 most

masks: Stone Stone


texts:
 influential people in the world. <mask> has been cited as a style iconthe media lists her hair, eyes, and husky voice as her trademark features. Vogue credits the actress for her "sophisticated, perfectly put-together looks", writing that "her charisma, both on-screen and off-, has charmed many." In 2009, she was featured on FHMs 100 Sexiest Women in the World and Maxims Hot 100; the latter also placed her on the list on three other occasions2010, 2011, and 2014.In 2011, she featured on Victoria's Secret's list of "What is Sexy?" as the Sexiest Actress. She was mentioned in other media outlet listings that year, including Peoples 100 Most Beautiful Women, each of FHMs and FHM Australias 100 Sexiest Women in the World, and Men's Healths 100 Hottest Women. She was ranked sixth on Empires list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars in 2013. <mask> was named the best-dressed woman of 2012 by Vogue and was included on similar listings by Glamour in 2013 and 2015, and People in 2014. Personal life
<mask> moved from Los Angeles to Greenwich Village, New York, in 2009. In 2016, she moved back to Los Angeles.Despite significant media attention, she refuses to publicly discuss her personal life. Concerned with living a "normal" life, <mask> has said she finds little value in media attention. She has expressed her fondness for her profession, and has cited Diane Keaton as an acting influence, calling her "one of the most covered-up actresses of all time". She has also named Marion Cotillard as one of her inspirations. <mask> has a close relationship with her family. She says, "I am blessed with a great family and great people around me that would be able to kick me in the shins if I ever for one minute got lost up in the clouds. I've been really lucky in that sense."During the filming of The Amazing Spider-Man in 2010, <mask> began dating her co-star Andrew Garfield. Their relationship was reported in the media with various speculations; the pair refused to speak publicly about it, though they made several appearances together. In 2014, on an occasion in New


texts:
 York City, <mask> and Garfield encouraged paparazzi to visit websites that spread awareness of causes such as autism. In 2015, they were reported to have broken up. In 2017, <mask> began a relationship with Saturday Night Live segment director Dave McCary. They became engaged in December 2019 and married the following year. In January 2021, the couple were reported to be expecting their first child together.In March 2021, they had their first child, a daughter. The couple named their daughter Louise Jean McCary—a tribute to <mask>'s grandmother, Jean Louise. Jean is also <mask>'s middle name. Philanthropy
<mask> has said she suffers from asthma, which she discovered after having difficulty breathing during the filming of Easy A. Her mother was diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer and was cured in 2008. <mask> and her mother celebrated by getting tattoos of birds' feet, designed by Paul McCartney, a reference to The Beatles song "Blackbird", which she and her mother love. She appeared in a Revlon campaign that promoted breast cancer awareness.In 2011, <mask> featured in a collaborative video between Star Wars and Stand Up to Cancer, which aimed to raise funds for cancer research. Two years later, she attended an event by Gilda's Club, an organization working for a similar purpose. From 2012 to 2014, she hosted the Entertainment Industry Foundation's Revlon Run/Walk, which helps fight women's cancer. <mask>, alongside three other celebrities, was present at the 2012 Nickelodeon HALO Awards, a television special that profiled four teenagers who are "Helping And Leading Others" (HALO). She attended the 2014 Earth Hour, a worldwide movement for the planet organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature. In 2015, she was part of a fundraising event in support of the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which helps people in the film and television industries with limited or no resources. In 2018, she collaborated with 300 women in Hollywood to set up the Time's Up initiative to protect women from harassment and discrimination.Acting credits and


texts:
 awards

According to the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes and the box-office site Box Office Mojo, <mask>'s most critically acclaimed and commercially successful films are Superbad (2007), Zombieland (2009), Easy A (2010), Crazy, Stupid, Love (2011), The Help (2011), The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Birdman (2014), La La Land (2016), Battle of the Sexes (2017), The Favourite (2018), and Cruella (2021). <mask> has been nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress for Birdman and The Favourite, and Best Actress for La La Land; and four British Academy Film Awards: BAFTA Rising Star Award, Best Supporting Actress for Birdman and The Favourite, and Best Actress in a Leading Role for La La Land. She won both her nominations for La La Land. Other awards for the film include Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical at the 74th Golden Globe Awards, Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards and Volpi Cup for Best Actress at Venice Film Festival. See also
List of actors with Academy Award nominations
List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories

Notes

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
Actresses from Scottsdale, Arizona
American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Actress BAFTA Award winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Volpi Cup for Best Actress winners
Participants in American reality television series
People from Greenwich Village
American people of Swedish descent
Best Actress AACTA International Award winners
American people of German descent
American people of English descent
American people of Irish


texts:
Charlotte Ida Anna "<mask>" Stam-Beese (28 January 1903 – 18 November 1988) was a German-Dutch architect, photographer and urban planner who helped with the reconstruction of Rotterdam after World War II. Biography
Beese was born in Reisicht, Silesia, Germany (now Rokitki, Poland). As a young adult she first found work as a weaver in Dresden. Before beginning her career as an architect, Beese was a successful photographer. Though she only worked with the medium professionally for a short period from 1926 to 1930, her work had a disproportionate impact and is now held in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, Arthur M. Sackler Museum, the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts Houston. From 1926 to 1928 she attended the Bauhaus school in Dessau. In the next years of the interwar period she worked in office in Berlin, Moscow, Ukraine, Brno, and Amsterdam.From 1946 to 1968, Beese worked as an urban-planning architect, and later as chief architect, for the Agency for Urban Development and Reconstruction of Rotterdam, which had been heavily bombed in 1940 during the Second World War. Work

Bauhaus school

Starting in 1926, she attended the Bauhaus school, where she studied with Josef Albers, Wassily Kandinsky, Joost Schmidt, and Gunta Stölzl. She enrolled to study the more "feminine" subject of weaving, but later, Beese got accepted into an architecture course from Hannes Meyer as the first woman to study in the building department of Bauhaus Dessau. Compared to his predecessor, Meyer was less prejudiced about the idea of women studying subjects that were dominated by and previously reserved for men. Beese was a good student but Meyer was not


texts:
 convinced of Beese's future prospects, unless she would marry a male architect and work for his firm. Meyer, Bauhaus-director and a married man with two children, and Beese started a love affair. Despite the school's liberal climate, the affair was not approved of, and in December 1928, Meyer suggested Beese to leave Bauhaus, which she did.Office in Berlin, Moscow, Ukraine, Brno, and Amsterdam
In 1928 Hannes Meyer hired Beese at his office in Berlin, but she was dissatisfied. He then tried to find Beese another job through his network, in vain. She was turned down by Walter Traulau, because, as indicated in a letter to his friend, he did not "like working with women". Later, she followed him to Moscow, where she also met Mart Stam, whom she would later marry. Although reuniting with Meyer had not been a success, she had become pregnant. She moved back to Brno, to continue her work at Bohuslav Fuchs' architecture firm, and gave birth in Brno to her son, Peter. Beese took Fuchs to court because he, as correspondence with a lawyer reveals, refused to pay the necessary allowance for the three months' maternity leave that he had offered.She did not return to his firm, and, given her status as a single mother and the deepening economic crisis, she struggled to find new work in Brno. Later, Beese left to Ukraine and ran into her former Bauhaus lecturer and Dutch architect Mart Stam, with whom she started a love affair. Due to difficulties that were arising from the changing climate of the USSR, Stam and Beese decided to marry before moving to the Netherlands in 1934. In Amsterdam, the couple set up their own firm, Stam en Beese Architecten, and in 1935, they had a daughter,


texts:
 Ariane. Because of her early departure at the Bauhaus, she had never received a diploma. This made it harder for her to become an architect in the Netherlands, due to the union's pressure to the Association of Dutch Architects to dismiss non-graduates from the professional world before the end of the year, in 1940. That year, at age 37, she got admitted to start a degree in architecture at the VHBO in Amsterdam, due to her unique prior experience.The combination of her studies and the care for two children added pressure on her marriage with Stam. In 1943, they divorced, after Stam committed adultery. However, <mask> Stam-Beese decided to keep Stam's name, because the affiliation with his last name could give her a head start as an independent female architect in the Netherlands. She graduated in 1945. Agency for Urban Development and Reconstruction of Rotterdam, 1946–1948

At the Agency for Urban Development and Reconstruction of Rotterdam Beese was one of the few women who made such a huge contribution to the reconstruction. Designing in a Functionalist style and influenced by the planning ideologies of the CIAM association, Beese worked on several (social) housing districts around the city, including:
 Kleinpolder (1946–1952),
 Pendrecht (1948–1952),
 Westpunt in Hoogvliet (1956–1957),
 het Lage Land (1961–1962) and
 Alexanderpolder/Ommoord (1957–1971). Urban planning concepts
She included the 'neighborhood concept' (wijkgedachte) and 'cluster' (wooneenheid) in her plan for Pendrecht, which is considered to be her most significant architectural contribution.The neighborhood concept referred to the neighborhood as a self-supporting geographical unit, a city within a


texts:
 city, with a social structure and community reminiscent of that of a village. During the post-war reconstruction, the neighborhood idea became a widely employed model for the creation of communities and the harmonious ordering of society. The cluster was a form of spatial organization with a physical and social connection between each home and the neighborhood as a whole. Beese introduced a small-scale unit, the 'stamp' (stempel), to represent a microcosm of the larger community. The design of each stamp was tailored to the needs of different categories of residents such as families, single dwellers and elderly. The spatial arrangement of the freestanding blocks of different heights also reflected the social diversity. Shopping centers, schools and churches of different denominations were divided over the neighborhoods, with some traffic-free streets in between.Buildings were separated by communal gardens and strips of greenery, with the hope that residents of these different stamps would meet and interact in the open spaces. The diversity of residents in a small-scale district would be representative of an open, democratic society, with a close-knit neighborhood quality. However, in the following decades, the idea of the neighborhood unit had been abandoned and large parts of Pendrecht were modified or torn down. References

External links
 Lotte Stam-Beese, vrouw van de (weder)opbouw
 Lotte Stam-Beese en de wederopbouw van Rotterdam

1903 births
1988 deaths
Bauhaus alumni
20th-century German architects
German urban planners
German women architects
20th-century German women artists
Polish women photographers
Women architects
Dutch women architects
20th-century women


texts:
<mask> (born 16 June 1944) is an English musician, actor and narrator. He is best known for his first single, "Pinball", which was released in August 1974, and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 40 and reached a peak of number 22. He has narrated the Channel 4 dating show First Dates since 2015. Career

Music
<mask> was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, to a Welsh father and English mother. He joined a local church choir when he was twelve years old, and started piano lessons at about the same time. The music of Cliff Richard and the Shadows inspired him to start learning the guitar. He joined a rock band called the Coasters (not to be confused with the similarly titled United States outfit) as lead singer in 1961, and also joined an amateur theatre group called the Studio Theatre.<mask>'s first job was a library assistant for a year followed by three years as a student technician in a hospital pathology laboratory. Musical influences around this time were Elvis Presley, the Everly Brothers, Josh White, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. <mask> joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, <mask> began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months then spent the next five years in various theatre companies around Britain, developing his musical skills as well as becoming an experienced actor.In 1968, he worked for nearly two years in a theatre company in Lincoln, where he met

masks:
Brian Protheroe
Protheroe
Protheroe
Protheroe
Protheroe


texts:
 Martin Duncan who was also a musician, writer and actor. Over the next few years they collaborated on various musical and artistic projects. In 1973, <mask> was playing the part of a pop singer in a play called Death on Demand, when a representative from Chrysalis Records heard a song he had written for the show. His first single, "Pinball", was released in August 1974, and it entered the UK Singles Chart at number 40 and reached a peak of number 22. Then followed by an album of the same name. The follow-up single "Fly Now" made Capital Radio's "Capital Countdown" chart. This was followed over the next couple of years by two more albums – Pick Up and I/You (which featured Simon Phillips, as well as Ian Anderson and Barriemore Barlow of Jethro Tull).All three of <mask>'s original Chrysalis albums were produced by Del Newman and engineered by Richard Dodd. The song "Pick-Up"" was the centrepiece of a cabaret show called KinoTata which was put on by Martin Duncan, Protheroe's oft-times lyrical collaborator. <mask>'s songs are noted for their use of wordplay, some nonsensical, in the vein of John Lennon. Most of his songs feature lyrics he wrote, but "Changing My Tune", "Oh, Weeping Will" and "Dancing on Black Ice" had lyrics written by Martin Duncan, and it seems Duncan was the one responsible for more of the wordplay. Acting
A developing acting career found <mask>, in 1976, starring in the London production of the rock musical, Leave Him to Heaven at the New London Theatre. Temporarily laying aside his career in music, he focused on theatre, television and film. He also has a small role in the 1978 film Superman as a co-pilot of Air Force One.In 1982 he was cast in the BBC Two play Spider's Web by Agatha

masks: Protheroe Protheroe Protheroe Protheroe


texts: Christie, and in the following year played the role of Edward IV in the BBC Television Shakespeare productions of Henry VI, Part 2, Henry VI, Part 3 and Richard III. In 1984 he played in the West End musical Pump Boys and Dinettes on piano and vocals and percussion. In 1997 Basta Records released a compilation album of the first three albums from the 1970s, with an additional disc of unreleased material in a box set, <mask>'s Big Box. The advent of the internet allowed for a resurgence in interest in his musical career. He released the collection Citysong in 2005. It was described as a "new single with seventeen bonus tracks and two movies". It included the new song "Holyoke Hotel" as well as two homemade videos.After remastering his original tapes at Abbey Road Studios, EMI studios released a greatest hits collection called Pinball and Other Stories in 2006. In 2002 <mask> played the role of Gower in Adrian Noble's production of Pericles, Prince of Tyre. In 2007 he was cast as Saruman in the original stage musical version of The Lord of the Rings. Performances began at London's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on 21 June 2007. <mask> played his final performance at the end of his year contract in June 2008. In 2012 he appeared in Hunted for BBC One and HBO. His television work includes: Reilly, Ace of Spies, Gentlemen and Players, Lovejoy, Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less (for which he also sang the title song), 55 Degrees North, North and South, Holby City, Love Soup, Midsomer Murders and Doctors.More recently he appeared in the eighth series of Spooks, in which he played the part of Samuel Walker, a senior CIA officer based in London. His personal website includes his extensive theatre, television and theatre

masks: Brian Protheroe Protheroe


texts:
<mask> (born October 24, 1954) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who spent 17 seasons in the National Hockey League between 1975 and 1991. He is one of the most popular players in the history of the Vancouver Canucks, the club where he spent the majority of his career. Snepsts was born in Edmonton, Alberta. Both parents came from Latvia. Playing career
A "stay-at-home defender," Snepsts played his junior hockey for the Edmonton Oil Kings and was selected 59th overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1974 NHL amateur draft. He made a strong impression during his first training camp, and appeared in 27 games for the Canucks in 1974–75, recording his first NHL goal. In 1975–76, he became a regular for the Canucks, appearing in 78 games and recording three goals and 18 points.He would quickly become a fan favourite for his hard-working, effective, blue-collar defensive game as well as his likeable personality and large moustache. Through the late 1970s and early 1980s, Snepsts was Vancouver's most effective defender. His physical, error-free brand of hockey saw him selected to the NHL All-Star Game in 1977 and 1982, and he was named the club's top defender four times in five years between 1977 and 1982. He also showed improvement offensively, scoring a career-high 31 points in 1978–79, and on February 2, 1980 became the first defender in club history to score on a penalty shot. Throughout this period, however, the Canucks were one of the weaker franchises in the NHL. However, they caught fire late in the 1981–82 season and went on an extended playoff run, reaching the Stanley Cup Finals. Snepsts, along with goalie Richard Brodeur, was the


texts: heart-and-soul of the team defensively and was a tower of strength during the playoff run.However, he would commit a terrible turnover in overtime of the first game of the finals against the New York Islanders which led to the winning goal by Mike Bossy, and the club was swept in four games. The 1982–83 season would be a disaster for Snepsts, as he missed 30 games due to a number of injuries, and was also suspended five games for fighting Doug Risebrough under the stands at the Pacific Coliseum. He would have a better year in 1983–84, but at the end of the season was a victim of General Manager Harry Neale's youth movement on the blueline and, in a highly unpopular move, was dealt to the Minnesota North Stars. He left Vancouver as the club's all-time leader in games played and penalty minutes, although Stan Smyl would break those records a few years later. Snepsts never really found his game in Minnesota and lasted only a season with the North Stars. It was the worst offensive season of his career, as he failed to score a goal and recorded seven assists, although he did set a career high with 232 penalty minutes. He was also suspended for two games for actions in a game against the Detroit Red Wings.Let go by Minnesota, Snepsts signed as a free agent with the Detroit Red Wings. However, his time in Detroit would be plagued with injury. Knee problems limited him to just 35 games in 1985–86, and he failed to score a goal for the second consecutive year. In 1986–87, he was having his best campaign in years for a rejuvenated Detroit team until he injured his shoulder in February, and then re-injured it during the playoffs. The resulting off-season surgery


texts:
 forced him to miss the first half of the 1987–88 season, although he returned to help the Wings reach the Campbell Conference finals for the second consecutive year. The 1988–89 season would be a homecoming for Snepsts, as he signed a free-agent contract with the Canucks and returned to Vancouver. Now a depth defender, he was a steadying influence as the team set a club record for fewest goals against.That year Canucks fans began to chant "Har-Old!" from the stands, something that will follow him for the rest of his career and sometimes shouted to later players such as <mask>n. Late in the 1989–90 season he was dealt to the St. Louis Blues to add experience for the playoffs. He played out his final season with the Blues, during which he played in his 1000th NHL game, before retiring in 1991. He was one of the last players to play in the NHL without a helmet. After his retirement only five helmetless players remained in the league. Snepsts appeared in 1,033 NHL games over his career, recording 38 goals and 195 assists for 233 points, along with 2009 penalty minutes.On March 14, 2011, the Canucks organization inducted Snepsts into their "Ring of Honour". Coaching career
Following his retirement, Snepsts remained with the St. Louis organization and became head coach of their top minor-league affiliate, the Peoria Rivermen of the International Hockey League. Despite having no coaching experience, he led the team to a 48–25–9 mark for a 105-point season before losing in the second round of the playoffs. For 1992–93, he was promoted to an assistant coaching position in St. Louis under head coach Bob Plager; however, he remained in that position for only a


texts:
 year before being replaced by new head coach Bob Berry. Following his departure from the Blues, he spent a season as head coach of the San Diego Gulls of the IHL, leading them to a 93-point season. He signed on as head coach of the Portland Winter Hawks of the WHL for the 1998–99, but inherited a rebuilding team and was fired midway through his second season. Snepsts was subsequently hired as a scout for the NHL's Central Scouting Service (CSS) in 2000, but left in 2005 to become part of the Canucks' Amateur Scouting staff.He would hold this position for 12 years before retiring in 2017. He remains with the organization, however, as an ambassador. Personal life
When Snepsts was 13, his mother was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), and he spent much of his career raising money for MS charities. Career statistics

References in popular culture
Snepsts was the subject of the song "Harold Snepsts", by Hamilton, Ontario garage band The Dik Van Dykes. See also
List of NHL players with 1,000 games played
List of NHL players with 2,000 career penalty minutes

References

External links

Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com

1954 births
Adirondack Red Wings players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian people of Latvian descent
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL) players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Indianapolis Racers draft picks
Living people
Minnesota North Stars players
National Hockey League All-Stars
Portland Winterhawks coaches
St. Louis Blues coaches
St. Louis Blues players
Seattle Totems (CHL) players
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Vancouver Canucks draft picks
Vancouver Canucks players
Vancouver Canucks scouts
Canadian ice hockey


texts:
<mask> (10 March 1860 – 27 October 1936) was a French cotton yarn and fabric manufacturer and politician who was Mayor of Pondicherry in French India from 1907 to 1928, and Senator of French India from 1922 to 1924. He played a leading role in the violent conflict in this period between the upper-caste Indian party and the lower-caste and Muslim French party, and at times held almost dictatorial power in the colony. Early years

Jean Fritz (Frédéric) <mask> was born on 10 March 1860 in Munster, Haut-Rhin, Alsace. His parents were <mask> and Marie Anne Laeuffer. After the Franco-Prussian War Alsace came under German administration in 1871. <mask> left Alsace before he was 20 to avoid serving in the German army. He directed two spinning mills in the Vosges, then arrived in Pondicherry on 13 April 1884 as director of the Établissements Textiles de Savana.That year he married Marie Joséphine Anna Blin (1857–1929). Their children were Robert François Gaebelé (1888–1945) and <mask> <mask> (died 1940). In 1888 the Banque de l'Indochine helped Gaebelé install the first telephone network in French India. On his advice the bank began to build large and hygienic warehouses for storing peanuts. In 1889 after a short but violent contest <mask> was elected mayor of the commune of Oulgaret and resigned from his position with the Établissements Textiles de Savana. He and his two brothers founded the Filatures et Tissages Gaebelé. The business started with 1,500 spindles and 50 looms.In 1890 the "Filatures et tissages Gaebelé" was directed by <mask>, Albert and <mask>. It had three spinning mills in Modéliarpeth, Cossépaléom and Pondicherry, with 10,300 spindles and 270 looms. The company manufactured cotton fabrics dyed with indigo called "guinées" for sale in India, Senegal, Sudan, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, blue fabric for Madagascar, Réunion and the Pacific islands, and unbleached

masks:
Jean Fritz Henri Gaebelé
Henri Gaebelé
Jean Martin Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Henriette
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Henri
Fritz Gaebelé


texts:
 canvasses. A dyehouse was attached to the business. The company had its headquarters in Colmar and shareholders in Bordeaux, so it retained strong links to metropolitan France. Pondicherry politics

<mask> left Oulgaret and settled in Pondicherry, where he lived the rest of his life. He was quickly elected to the municipal council.Around 1890 <mask> was one of the founders of the opposition group commonly called the French Party. The party gained from the defection of the Vannia (farmer) caste from the Indian Party led by Chanemougam due to resentment of the arrogance of the high castes. The Vannias were over 30% of the population. The French policy of assimilation, hated by the upper castes, also helped revive the caste war. In 1892 <mask> was elected to the General Council of French India for the first time. During the parliamentary elections around this time the candidates, few of whom had visited India, paid local agents to ensure they were elected, and the agents hired gangs of hooligans to control the polls. The 1893 legislative elections were fought between the French Party and the Indian Party.There was widespread fraud, with many dead people on the voter lists, and much violence. In one incident <mask>, who was a candidate, was wounded by a bullet. In the years that followed the lower castes were oppressed under the rule of Chanemougam, the "King of French India". <mask> became a general councilor in 1905 and held office until his death in 1936. In 1905 he was appointed President of the Chamber of Commerce. He was also President of the Chamber of Agriculture. In the legislative elections of 6 May 1906 <mask>'s associate, the former governor Philema Lemaire, was elected with the support of the Vannias and the Muslims.The French Party, now called the Gaebelé Party, forced Chanemougam to flee to British territory in 1906, where he died in 1908. <mask> was Mayor of

masks:
Henri Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé
Gaebelé


texts:
 Pondicherry from 19 September 1908 to 15 May 1928. The "Neo-Chanemougamists", the Indian party, recovered quickly from the defeat of 1906. They openly supported the Indian nationalists of British India. In the 1910 elections the violence was even worse than usual. On 24 April 1910 the Indian party's candidate, Paul Bluysen, defeated Lemaire. Acting governor Ernest Fernand Lévecque sent a telegram to the Colonial Ministry on 24 April 1910 giving the first results.He reported, "Yesterday many incidents common to Pondicherry and Mudaliarpet; scuffles, blows, violent disputes around ballot-boxes, some wounded; exchange of blows, a few mortal wounds." <mask> was blamed for the violence in 1910. He was ousted from power that year. For the next four years there were violent clashes between the followers of <mask> and Lemaire on one side, and of Gaston Pierre and Bluysen on the other. Houses were looted and burned, politicians were assassinated and bombs were exploded. In 1914 <mask> regained control through an extraordinary reversal, where he became an ally of Bluysen and helped him get reelected, while Lemaire sided with Pierre. While Europe was engaged in World War I (1914–18) the political situation in India calmed down.<mask> controlled French India from the start of World War I until 1927, with increased importance in the 1920s. He arranged for supply of drinking water to Pondicherry, Karaikal and Chandannagar, and suppressed the epidemics that had been endemic until then. Gaebelé was responsible for various public works, including upgrades to the port facilities, purchase of the warehouses and a power station. He also reformed the taxation system. He often gave his favours to a handful of people without considering the needs of the bulk of the population, and began to be seen as a dictator. His most serious rival was the former magistrate Gaston Pierre. Senator

<mask> was

masks: Gaebelé Gaebelé Gaebelé Gaebelé Gaebelé


texts:
 elected Senator of French India on 17 December 1922 in a by-election after Senator Étienne Flandin had died in office.<mask> received 99 votes against 4 for his competitor, Jules Godin, who had been Senator of French India from 1891 to 1909. Godin strongly protested the election, and backed his claims up with massive documentation. Senator Marius Roustan reviewed the case and reported to the Senate on 23 June 1923 that the election was valid, which was accepted without debate. <mask>'s election confirmed his grip on power in the colony, but to strengthen his position he courted the poorest of the population, the outcasts,  and . Gaebelé resigned from the Senate by letter on 25 December 1923 since he had found that after 40 years living in the tropics he was unable to cope with the climate of Paris, and had to spend the whole year in Cannes. On 9 March 1924 he was replaced by Paul Bluysen, until then Deputy of French India. Last years

Gaebelé returned to Pondicherry.During the 1920s the hegemony of the Gaebelé party was similar to a dictatorship. The authorities in metropolitan France were unconcerned, and were mainly interested in the value of the colony from its exports of peanuts. In 1926 Filatures et tissages Gaebelé was transformed into a société anonyme with capital of 250,000 rupees. The mill had 20,600 spindles and 310 looms. Gaebelé lost power in 1927. In the elections to the Pondicherry General Council on 21 October 1934 all the candidates of the Gaebelé-Salvaradjou party were beaten. After this there was a long period of unrest in French India.Gaebelé died in Pondicherry on 27 October 1936 aged 76. He was an Officer of the Legion of Honour, Grand Officer of the Order of Glory (Tunisia) and Commander of the Ordre du Nichan El-Anouar. Notes

Sources

1860 births
1936 deaths
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Senators of French India
French Senators of the Third

masks: Gaebelé Gaebelé


texts:
<mask> (January 26, 1682 – February 8, 1759) was an Anglo-American Quaker humanitarian and abolitionist. He is best known for his early and strident anti-slavery activities which would culminate in dramatic protests. He was also an author, farmer, an early vegetarian, and distinguished by his early concern for the ethical treatment of animals. Born in England, into a farming family, his early trade was as a shepherd and glove-maker. After becoming a Quaker, he worked as a sailor, and in 1718 moved to Barbados. Here he witnessed the poor treatment of African slaves that instilled in him his lifelong abolitionist principles. <mask> later settled in Philadelphia, and was made unpopular among his fellow Quakers by his strident anti-slavery stance, which would often culminate in acts of public protest.He published several pamphlets on social causes during his lifetime, and one book—All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates—one of the earliest North American works against slavery. Biography
<mask> was born in 1682 to Quaker parents in Copford, near Colchester, England. After working as a farmhand and shepherd, then an apprentice glove-maker, <mask> ran away to London and became a sailor at age 21; he later returned to England and married Sarah Smith by 1718. In 1718, <mask> moved to Barbados as a merchant, but soon his abolitionist principles, fueled by his Quaker radicalism, made him hugely unpopular with those fellow residents who broadly profited from slavery and human trafficking. In 1731, <mask> emigrated to the

masks:
Benjamin Lay
Lay
Benjamin Lay
Lay
Lay
Lay