texts: also had other notable stars such as Whoopi Goldberg, who plays Stella's best friend in the movie.The film, while not the first to use a tropic paradise as its background, "may be the first to blatantly portray a tropical paradise as a sexual mecca beckoning tired American businesswomen to shed their clothes and inhibitions," according to a review by The New York Times. Despite some mixed reviews, <mask> still "provides a movie that speaks in a recognizable way to a black audience, particularly black women who have found themselves omitted from serious screen depiction over the decades". <mask>'s next major production was Conviction (2002), based on the autobiography of Carl Upchurch entitled Convicted in the Womb. The movie wrestles with race relations, and issues pertaining to jail and gang violence, as well as the use of derogatory terms towards people of African descent. The main character, after being reformed in jail goes on a mission to help lower youth violence in America, by inviting all the largest gang's leaders to a church meeting about violence. Upchurch himself had a cameo within the movie as a jail cell guard. He then went on to produce Barbershop 2: Back in Business (2004), which was a sequel to the original Barbershop (2002), with the entire original cast returning with some additions.Notable cast members include: Ice Cube, Cedric the Entertainer, Anthony Anderson, and a brief cameo by Queen Latifah in promotion of her own spinoff of the Barbershop franchise. The latest major film production by <mask> was Guess Who (2005); the idea for the movie was originally a collaborative effort by Ashton Kutcher and Bernie Mac. As Kutcher explained in an interview about his

masks:
Sullivan
Sullivan
Kevin Sullivan


type: original

texts:
 choice of directors, "I had a conversation with <mask> before we started the movie. And the reason that I liked <mask> -- we picked <mask> to do the movie, Bernie and I did, because what he knew the movie needed was heart. And he was more concerned about the heart than the comedy". The movie focuses on a young white man (played by Kutcher) attempting to marry an African American woman, while trying to seek the approval of her overprotective father (played by Bernie Mac). Working with <mask> did have its impact upon the film, as Kutcher explains, "Well, working for <mask> was a very different experience for me.<mask> didn't just let us go. At no point in time did <mask> just let us go... And I think that that brought a different performance for each of us from what we'd done before". The movie received mostly mixed reviews. Recent screenwriting
In the four years between How Stella Got Her Groove Back and Conviction, <mask> wrote and collaborated with the producers of The West Wing (2000), which followed a fictional White House staff about on various fictional activities. <mask> then developed a pilot for the series Watching Ellie (2002), and wrote some scripts for The Guardian (2002) which was a crime drama that ran for two seasons. Following the release of Conviction, he began working on scripts for The Henry Lee Project (2003). This series followed a veteran policeman turned private detective.The part of the policeman was played by notable actor Danny Glover. The most notable of his recent screenplays is 30 Rock (2008), which has received national acclaim and many awards including Emmy awards for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2007, 2008 and 2009. The show was renewed by NBC for a

masks:
Kevin
Kevin
Kevin
Sullivan
Kevin Sullivan
Kevin
Kevin
Sullivan
Sullivan


texts: sixth season in 2010. Tina Fey was the original project writer, and created the storyline to be based on her own life story. <mask> collaborated with three other producers, including Alec Baldwin on this show, especially on the second season. However, despite winning awards for being an outstanding comedy, 30 Rock has been chronically underrated throughout its six seasons of being on air, with a viewership of nearly 5.3 million


texts:
<mask> (October 26, 1900 – March 15, 1969) was a Ukrainian Jewish author who specialized in historical prose of a historically fictional nature. The author wrote his books in the Original Hebrew while in the Soviet Union - which caused his arrest. <mask> was also a scientist and inventor in the mineral processing field. Further recognized for his scientific works by being named Dean of the Moscow State Mining University. By the early 1920s Zvi's writing has become the focal point of his life. The author wrote his books and short stories in secrecy and in constant fear of arrest by the Soviet authorities. These were partially published in overseas Hebrew / Zionist periodicals between 1927 and 1934, it was only in the 1960s that Zvi's books and stories saw publication in Israel with a vast majority of the works being published after his death.In the early 2000s his books were gifted to, and accepted by, the Library of Congress; the library misspells the author's last name as Preigerson instead of Preigerzon; their archive can be viewed here. A further catalogue of works is also available at the Russian State Library, this catalogue includes some of the author's engineering works and is available here (in Russian)

Due to nature and location of his work and his usage of the pen name A. Tsefoni / Tsfoni, <mask> <mask> never saw any commercial success from his writings during life and never sought it. After his death all of his works were translated into Russian and there exists an initiative to have an English translation completed as well. Several Jewish authors have referenced <mask> Preigerson and his books in their works, namely: Jehoshua A. Gilboa, Yosef Govrin, Yaacov Ro'i, Mordechai Altshuler and Moshe Shamir. Early life

Childhood and family

<mask>-Gersh (or Hirsh) <mask> was born on October 26, 1900, in his family home at Shepetivka, Khmelnytskyi Oblast in what is today a part of Western Ukraine. One of three brothers

masks:
Zvi Gersh Preigerzon
Preigerzon
Zvi
Preigerzon
Zvi
Zvi
Preigerzon


texts:
 born to <mask> (1872-1922) of Krasyliv - a small businessman in the cloth industry, and Rachel (Raisa) with the maiden-name of Galperina (1872-1922) also of Krasyliv. Rachel was of the Volhynia line of Rabbi Dov-Ber Karasik.Zvi's parents gave the future author a traditional religious education, the family celebrated Jewish traditions and spoke Hebrew and Yiddish. Zvi's father made it his task to introduce his children to "new" Hebrew literature and commonly read from the works of Abraham Mapu and Judah Leib Gordon and Jewish periodicals of those days. From the days of his early childhood, Zvi had developed a profound appreciation of the Hebrew language and was known to muse that (in translation) "the Jewish thrill has poisoned my blood forever". This phrase can be found used again in his book Hevlei Shem (Burden of a Name). Palestine and World War I

Given his passion to the language and Jewish themes it came as no surprise when Zvi started writing poems and short stories in Hebrew. Seeing the passion of his son, Israel sent <mask>'s notebooks to Hayim Nahman Bialik in Odessa, impressed Mr. Bialik commented on the talents of the young author and recommended that he be given a solid education in Hebrew. Following this advice, in 1913 the boy is sent to Palestine to attend the prestigious Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium (currently located in Tel Aviv) where all instruction was conducted in Hebrew.As recapped in his book Unfinished Story Zvi arrived in Palestine on the Steamship Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) with a group of other students bound for the school which the author attended for one year. During his stay, the young writer has strengthened his language skills and gained a profound appreciation for the Holy Land and its people and their songs. He also attributed his belief in the necessity of a Jewish state to this early time and wrote that only such a state would allow his fellow Jews to be forever free to persecution,

masks:
Israel Preigerzon
Zvi


texts:
 humiliation and suffering. Zvi was well aware of these atrocities through the Ukrainian Pogroms. Due to illness Zvi was sent back home for the 1914 summer holidays but could never return to his beloved school as on August the 14th World War I had started - with the Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire (occupying Palestine) being belligerents towards one another. Zvi instead continued his education in Odessa and upon passing the entry exams at the age of fifteen was admitted to Lublinska Academy as the school was relocated from Poland at the start of the war. Admission to the school was allowed for the children of Jewish refugees families - exactly the position in which the Preigerzon family found itself in.During those uneasy years Zvi had graduated from a local Music Conservatory as a violin player, yet he never relinquished his love of the Hebrew language. In the evenings he was known to visit the Yeshiva of Chaim Tchernowitz (better known as The Young Rabbi or Rav Zair). It is at this Yeshiva that Zvi was mentored by the very Hayim Nahman Bialik who was responsible for the young author's visit to the Holy Land and by the Jewish historian Joseph Klausner. It was in this very institute, under the tutelage of such great teachers, where Zvi had fully committed to his life work of Hebrew Literature. Shortly after the 1917 October Revolution the newly forming Soviet Union would outlaw Hebrew and create the conditions for Hebrew literary endeavors becoming an illegal and dangerous activity. Zvi faced a major dilemma: a choice between getting a higher education he so much desired and immigrating to Palestine. His decision would shape the rest of his life as he chooses to pursue his education, acquire a profession and only than depart for Palestine; not knowing that very soon World War II and the Iron Curtain would make such departure impossible.Adulthood

Military service and higher education

After a short and unremarkable term


texts:
 of service in the Red Army in 1920, Zvi moved to Moscow and was accepted into the Moscow State Mining Academy (today known as The Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys) and with the passage of years became one of the foremost mineral processing experts in the USSR. Zvi's efforts were further recognized by the university as in 1935 he was made a Dean of the institute. However, his scientific achievements were not what made him a memorable figure in the Jewish culture - over the next fifteen years, Zvi's stories and poems continued being published in non-soviet Jewish journals such as Ha Tkufa (התקופה), Ha Olam and Ha Doar. During these uneasy years, Zvi met his wife Lea (then residing in Krolevets), they were wed in 1925 and returned to Moscow. The couple had 3 children: Athaliah (Asya) <mask> (1928-2015) an accomplished physician in later life, Nina Priegerzon (1930–present day) a psychiatrist and published author and <mask> (1937-2012) who followed in his father's footsteps and became an Engineer (educated in the same University as his father Zvi). As an interesting side note - all 3 of Zvi's children and Zvi's wife Lea had immigrated to Israel in the 1970s. The Yiddish era

With the Hebrew language being for all intents and purposes banned by the USSR the Jewish culture necessarily adopted an Yiddish as their alternative language.These changes affected Jewish authors as they had to not only switch their language of trade but also abide by Soviet literary regulations -  per the increasingly harshly enforced rules of censorship in the Soviet Union. Namely, all Soviet authors had to lionize the government and the activity of the Communist Party and to express admiration for all state heroes. Zvi ignored these mandates and continued writing in Hebrew, giving his characters simple Jewish names and complicated Jewish problems. The author did so as his works were secret and were not meant for Soviet publication. Most of Zvi's

masks:
Preigerzon
Benjamin Preigerzon


texts:
 writing during this time were circled around the Character Benjamin the Fourth - as seen in the book When the Lamp Fade Away, this character was based on the author's self-image. The stories center around loving and soft-spoken persona - people trapped in the reality of revolution, war and the destruction of their religious and cultural traditions. With the beginning of the Great Purge contact with international entities, let alone other countries, were becoming extremely dangerous.Zvi is forced to stop mailing his stories and poems overseas yet continues writing in secret. World War II

Shortly after the initiation of the war, due to his profession Zvi was recalled from the People's Militia and sent by the Ministry of Natural Resources to Karaganda as the location became the prime provider of coal after the conquest of Donbass by the Third Reich. The Holocaust and overall suffering of the Jewish People had a tremendous influence on Zvi and inspired the book When the Lamp Fades Away (The Perpetual Fire) - in which, once the Jews are exterminated or driven out of City of Hadiach a memorial lamp that has been alight for over a century goes dark. The closing sentiments of the book are Zionist wishes for a land where the Jews would be safe of such suffering. Zvi wrote this work in Hebrew and complete secrecy, so much so as to hide the efforts from his own Family. Never satisfied with the work the author rewrites it numerous times, only finishing it in 1962. The book is later published in Israel in 1966 under the pen name A. Tsfoni.Older years

Post War years
Between 1945-1948 Zvi continues to write stories with the main messages of Jewish Holocaust and World War II. This activity is ever risky and the Stalin regime withholds as much information on Jewish war suffering due to increasing antisemitism in the Soviet Union. This area of writings contains a greater amount of spirituality which was not present in the author prior to


texts:
 the war. An example of this is found in the story "Shaddai" (1945) where a talisman with that word is a key device in the plot. Other characters in stories of this time return to the faith of their forefathers when faced with war and terror. Arrest

On March 1, 1949 <mask> <mask> is arrested as a result of the arrest of his friends, the Hebrew author <mask> Politikin, 1895-1968 (Pen Name: Moshe Heg) and Hebrew expert Meir Baazov. The arrests were provoked by a friend by the name of Alex Gordon.<mask> was sentenced to 10 years as an anti-soviet dissident and sent Gulag labor camps. The author served his sentence in three different institutions in the Karaganda area: in Inta,  and Vorkuta. When imprisoned in Vorkuta, Zvi was given the ability to use his professional education and was made the head of a research unit focusing on mineral processing. Aside from the practical tasks assigned to Zvi and his team, the author conducted research and got a patent, while imprisoned, for the creation of an innovative coal collecting machine. Zvi was considered ideologically rehabilitated by December 1955 but voluntarily stayed in Vorkuta until 1957 to finish his scientific work. While in camp, Zvi taught many young Jews Hebrew and Jewish literature. One such student was Meir Gelfond, a future doctor, who opened a Hebrew Language school in Moscow in the 1970s.Post arrest

After his release from the camps, Zvi traveled to Moscow and started working on Memoirs of a Gulag Prisoner finishing the volume in 1958. The book describes his experiences over the past decade and the many people he met and interacted with; among these the poets Samuel Halkin, Jacob Steinberg and Joseph Karler. In Moscow Zvi was recognized for his scientific achievements and made a Dean of the Moscow State Mining University where he proceeded to teach and create educational materials in his field of expertise. The author spends his nights writing in Hebrew and has

masks: Zvi Preigerzon Zvi Zvi


texts:
 commented in the "Memoirs of a Gulag Prisoner" that he would face a second and third arrest but would not stop writing in his beloved language. During the 1960s Zvi writes two major stories (in translation) "Hebrew" (1960) and "Twenty Heroes" (1965). "Hebrew" is largely somewhat of autobiographical story with the main character being the language itself which prisoners use to communicate. "Twenty Heroes" is a return to faith type story in which pensioners reopen an old synagogue in post World War II Soviet territory despite the misgivings of the local authorities.These writings were expressions of the author's continued desire to return to the holy-land. Death

On March 15, 1969 <mask> <mask> died from a complicated heart attack in Moscow and was cremated. Rather befitting the complicated nature of the author's life, his journey would only end in 1970 in the very country of which he wrote and to which he wished to return. Zvi's relatives worked for over a year to have his ashes sent to Israel (via postal mail as no other option was available) and a second burial took place on June 22, 1970 at the Shefayim Cemetery in Israel. In 1986 Zvi's widow Lea had joined her husband in the Shfayim cemetery in Israel. Two of their children are now buried there as well: Benjamin (on August 23, 2012) and Athaliah (on October 29, 2015). Works
Most of Zvi's works are available in Russian on Google Books:

1.Burden of a Name

2. An Unfinished Story

3. Memories of a Gulag Prisoner

4. A book written by <mask> (Zvi's daughter) about the author: My Father Zvi Preigerzon

Audio / video materials

Several audio tapes have been digitized and published on YouTube and can be found here, due to the nature of the original recordings the quality is mediocre at best. References

1900 births
1969 deaths
People from Shepetivka
Jewish engineers
Soviet Jews
Gulag detainees
Modern Hebrew writers
Engineers from Moscow
Jewish Ukrainian writers
20th-century

masks:
Zvi
Preigerzon
Nina Preigerzon


texts:
<mask> (born 7 November 1980) is an Indian playback singer. Karthik started his professional singing career as a backing vocalist and has since been working as a playback singer. He has sung more than 8000 songs in 15 Indian languages including Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Odia, Bengali, Marathi and Hindi. The Amrita Film Awards honoured <mask> for his versatility in the industry which gave him the opportunity to sing a variety of songs. Early life
<mask> was born into a Tamil family hails from Tiruvarur district. Karthik developed an interest in music, early in his life. He is a trained Carnatic music vocalist and has been training since his school days.He was part of a college band and regularly participated in IIT Madras Fest Saarang. An ardent fan of A. R. Rahman, Karthik's dream was to meet Rahman and sing for him. Playback singer Srinivas, who collaborated often with Rahman was <mask>'s close friend's cousin. Srinivas encouraged Karthik to look at singing as a career, which prompted Karthik to resume his singing lessons. One year later, Srinivas recommended Karthik's name to Rahman, who needed fresh voices for backing vocalists for a song from Pukar. Karthik eventually got the opportunity and recorded for the song. Having spent over a year being a backing vocalist, Karthik got his break during the Rahman's scoring of One 2 Ka 4.For the background score, A. R. Rahman wanted a high-pitched alap and he eventually chose <mask> to sing the alap. Soon after, Rahman asked him to sing the song "Nendhukittaen" from the film Star. Career

<mask> has sung a number of songs for many popular music directors, including A. R. Rahman,

masks: Karthik Karthik Karthik Karthik Karthik Karthik


texts: Ilaiyaraaja, Hamsalekha, Vidyasagar, Devi Sri Prasad, Harris Jayaraj and Manisharma, in several languages – Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi. "Ennaku Oru Girlfriend" from the Tamil film Boys was one of the biggest hits of the year as was "Oru Maalai" (Ghajini; 2005). His songs for Telugu films for Kotha Bangaru Lokam (Nijanga Nenenaa), Happy Days (Arare Arare, Oh My Friend), "Badhulu Tochanai" (Mr.Perfect), "Manase Guvvai" (Naa Peru Shiva), "Oh Oh My Friend" (Oh My Friend), "Yedhuta nlichindhi choodu" (Vaana), "Meghama" (Journey), "Yevvaro" (Bodyguard) are very popular. His other popular songs include "Ava Enna" from the Vaaranam Aayiram (2009), the title track from Unnale Unnale, "Behka" from Ghajini. <mask> has sung Kannada songs and has many super hit chart buster songs to his credit like Ale Ale, Anuraaga Aralo Samaya, Thangaliyalli Theli Hode, Nee Chummu Chummu Munjaaneli, Manasaithu Ninna Myaale, Sum Sumne Yaako, Hosadondu hesaridu Nanange, Kanne Koodiruvaaga, Madhumasa, Nenapidu Nenapidu, Thanthaane Thannamthaane, Baruve Odi Odi Nalidu, Raktha Sambandhagala, Saluge Saluge, Mannige Mara Bhaarave and many more.In 2010, he sang a track "Behene De", from Hindi film Raavan, which is widely considered as the biggest song in his career. The track, which topped music charts for many continuous weeks, also received rave critical reviews. <mask> also performed the Tamil and Telugu versions of the same song, titled "Usure Poghudhey" and "Usire Poyene" respectively. He also sang "Adhigora Choodu" in the movie Mirapakaay. The song Yayum Ngayum from the album Sandham: Symphony Meets Classical Tamil is considered as one of

masks: Karthik Karthik


texts:
 <mask>'s career best for the way how he has brought sensuality to the 2000 year old poetry. He  received wide appreciations for the theme song of 10th World Tamil Conference from the same album Sandham: Symphony Meets Classical Tamil. The album was featured in Amazon's Top#10 International Music albums in July 2020.Composing
He has composed music for a multi lingual Coca-Cola Advertisement (for Rajeev Menon featuring actor Vijay) and Prince Jewellery advertisements. He is the music director of Vasanthabalan's period film Aravaan and Srinivas Raga's Okkadine starring Nara Rohit and Nithya Menen in Telugu. He has also released an album called "Music I Like". It is based on carnatic ragaas and it is a contemporary take on some well known keerthanas. The Orchestration was done by Music director Sai Madhukar. He also performed in Oxford engineering college Bengaluru. He has also composed a new song 'Koova'.He is the composer of the segment 'Guitar Kambi mele Nindru' directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon in the Netflix anthology movie Navarasa (2021)

He has also composed music for an upcoming film "Joshua "Directed by Gautham Vasudhev Menon

Filmography

As Composer

 The films are listed in order that the music released, regardless of the dates the film released. The year next to the title of the affected films indicates the release year of the either dubbed or remade version in the named language later than the original version. • indicates original language release. Indicates simultaneous makes, if featuring in more languages
 ♦ indicates a remade version, the remaining ones being dubbed versions

As Independent Musician
Karthik is a


texts:
 part of a band called Arka which is a contemporary fusion band. Arka denotes the Sun in Sanskrit and to rightly interpret the meaning, it is the warmth and radiance of music that spreads across everyone listening. With the exclusive intention of extending a new musical outreach, few renowned artists in unison have created this band and intend to broaden the horizons of Indian fusion music. Arka is the epicenter of an erupting musical form with core and artists like <mask>, SelvaGanesh, Gino Banks, Ravichandra Kulur, Santhosh Chandran, Mishko M'Ba, and guest artists like the legends Vikku Vinayakaram and Swaminathan.As dubbing artist
Dubbed and sang for the character Aladdin for its 2019 version. Television
He co-judges some Musical Shows Occasionally. 2016 He co-judges the Musical Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs with Vijay Prakash and Sujatha Mohan
2017-2018 He co-judges the Musical Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors with Vijay Prakash and Srinivas
2018 He co-judges the Musical Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs Season 2 with Vijay Prakash, Srinivas and Sujatha Mohan
2019 He co-judges the Musical Show Sun Singer Season 6 with Mano and Remya Nambesan
2022 He co-judges the Musical Show Telugu Indian Idol with Nithya Menen and S. Thaman

Awards

 Filmfare Awards South

 Other Awards

References

External links

 Listing of Karthik's songs in alphabetical order of albums
 Listing of Karthik's songs in alphabetical order of songs

1980 births
Indian male playback singers
Tamil playback singers
Telugu playback singers
Kannada playback singers
Living people
Singers from Chennai
Tamil singers
Filmfare Awards South winners
International Tamil Film


texts:
<mask> (March 1, 1897 – April 13, 1980) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general, who commanded 2nd Battalion 5th Marines during the during the assault on Tulagi Island. He later commanded 17th Marine Regiment during Battle of Cape Gloucester. Early years

Rosecrans was born to machinist Benjamin Rosecrans Jr. and his wife <mask> on March 1, 1897, in Cohoes, New York. Following his high school graduation and United States entry into World War I, Rosecrans went to Albany, New York, and enlisted to the Marine Corps on April 20, 1917. He attended his basic training at Marine barracks within Philadelphia Navy Yard and subsequently was assigned to 23rd Company, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment on June 3, 1917. Rosecrans and his unit were deployed to France on June 27, and, while most of his company was used to form 6th Machine Gun Battalion, he was transferred to the 55th Company, 2nd Battalion at the end of August. The 55th Company was sent to the trenches in [Toulon?]sector in March 1918, and Rosecrans participated in several defensive actions there. He was promoted to the rank of corporal on April 5, 1918, and also received Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal for his enlisted service. While he participated in the Battle of Belleau Wood in June 1918, Rosecrans was wounded by enemy fire on June 7 and sent to field hospital for treatment. After his recovery, he was assigned to the Replacement Battalion on June 30, before he was transferred back to his 55th Company at the end of August 1918. He subsequently participated in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel,

masks:
Harold Ellett Rosecs
Mary Ellett


texts:
 Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge and Meuse-Argonne Offensive, and, after the Armistice, he served with the Occupation Forces during the Allied occupation of the Rhineland. While stationed in Germany, Rosecrans was appointed second lieutenant in the Marine Corps Reserve on March 10, 1919. He also received Fourragère for his service in World War I by the Government of France.Interwar period

Rosecrans and his unit were ordered back to the United States in August 1919 and stationed at Marine Barracks Quantico, where he attended the School of Application. He was subsequently commissioned second lieutenant in the regular Marine Corps and assigned to the Second Brigade of Marines. Rosecrans sailed for Haiti and subsequently also for Dominican Republic and participated in the marine expeditionary duties in these countries. He remained in the Caribbean until July 1922, when he was ordered back to Quantico and then to the Marine barracks within Naval Submarine Base New London, where he served until March 1926. During his time in New London base, Rosecrans was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in December 1923. His next assignment was with Marine Corps Base San Diego, where he stayed until May 1926, when he was assigned to the Marine detachment aboard the gunboat USS Sacramento. Rosecrans then sailed for Yantai, China, and served with Third Brigade of Marines until he was ordered for a brief period to Marine Barracks at Naval Station Olongapo, Philippines.He served there until May 1929, when he was assigned to Fourth Brigade of Marines and sailed for shore duty in Shanghai, China. His service in Shanghai lasted


texts: just until July 1929, when he was ordered back to the United States. Rosecrans was assigned to the Marine barracks in San Francisco, California, within the Department of Pacific and later transferred to the Marine barracks at Puget Sound Navy Yard in August 1929. Rosecrans sailed to Nicaragua in July 1930 and subsequently served with Guardia Nacional during the skirmishes with the rebels. For his service in Nicaragua, he was decorated with the Nicaraguan Cross of Valor with Diploma by the Government of Nicaragua. He remained there until March 1932, when he was assigned to the Marine barracks at Norfolk Navy Yard. However, Rosecrans was transferred again in May 1932, now to the Marine Barracks Quantico, where he was appointed range officer of the rifle range detachment.In June 1933, Rosecrans was promoted to the rank of captain and transferred to Washington, D.C., where he was appointed instructor within 5th Battalion, 6th Reserve Marine Brigade. He also served simultaneously as aide at the White House and was sent for Company Officers Course at Marine Corps School at Quantico base. He was transferred to San Diego, California, in June 1937 and appointed aide-de-camp to the Commanding General Fleet Marine Force, Major general Louis M. Little. While served in this capacity, Rosecrans was promoted to the rank of major in September 1938. He was subsequently appointed executive officer within 6th Marine Regiment and later assigned to the Senior Course at Marine Corps School at Quantico in August 1939. After his graduation from the course, Rosecrans was transferred to the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. and


texts:
 appointed director of Marine Corps Institute. He also served as editor of the Leatherneck Magazine.World War II

Following the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, Rosecrans was transferred to 5th Marine Regiment located in New River, North Carolina, in March 1942 and succeeded Lieutenant Colonel William J. Whaling as commanding officer of 2nd Battalion on March 28. The 5th Marine Regiment sailed to South Pacific aboard transport ship USS Wakefield and reached Wellington, New Zealand, in June 1942. Rosecrans was already promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in January 1942. At the beginning of August 1942, Rosecrans received orders to capture the Tulagi Island held by Japanese Forces. The 2nd Battalion landed on the morning of August 7 behind the 1st Marine Raider Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A<mask>, and Rosecrans and his men subsequently repealed several Japanese attacks with the nightfall. In the evening of August 8, the Tulagi operation was declared successful, with 347 Japanese killed in action and another 3 surrendered. Marines from 2/5th Marines and 1st Raider Battalion lost 45 men.Rosecrans was subsequently decorated with the Silver Star for his leadership during the operation. Rosecrans and his battalion left Tulagi on August 21 and rejoined the rest of 5th Marine Regiment at Guadalcanal. However, his unit was kept in reserve at Henderson Field. On 11 September 1942, Rosecrans was wounded by enemy air attack and sent to the rear for treatment. He handed temporary command to Captain Joseph J. Dudkowski, before Lieutenant Colonel Walter A. Reaves was appointed the battalion's


texts:
 commanding officer. Upon his recovery, Rosecrans was promoted to the rank of colonel and appointed quartermaster of I Marine Amphibious Corps under Major General Clayton Barney Vogel for a brief period before he was ordered to take command of newly activated 17th Marine Regiment (Engineer) on January 21, 1943. He led this regiment during the Battle of Cape Gloucester and was relieved by Colonel Francis I. Fenton on February 19, 1944.He was subsequently ordered back to the United States and assigned to Marine Corps Base Quantico, where he was appointed director of the Marine Corps Command & Staff School. Rosecrans remained in this capacity until November 1944, when he was transferred back to the Pacific and appointed commanding officer of the 7th Field Depot within III Marine Amphibious Corps. Rosecrans' unit was redesignated 7th Service Regiment, and he sailed with that unit to Okinawa in June 1945. His regiment consisted of engineer company, signal company, military police company, ordnance company, supply company, transport company and several Marine ammo companies. For his service on Okinawa, Rosecrans was decorated with the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V". Later life

After the surrender of Japan in September 1945, Rosecrans led his regiment to China, where Civil war broke out. However, he was transferred to the staff of the III Marine Amphibious Corps in February and ordered back to the United States in May 1946.For his leadership of 7th Service Regiment in China, Rosecrans was decorated with the Legion of Merit with Combat "V". Following his arrival to the States, Colonel Rosecrans served for a


texts:
 brief period with Naval and Examination Board, before he was appointed commanding officer of the Marine barracks at Naval Gun Factory in Washington, D.C., at the beginning of August 1946. Rosecrans served in this capacity until his retirement on June 30, 1949. He was advanced to the rank of brigadier general on the retired list for having been specially commended in combat. Rosecrans died on April 13, 1980, and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, together with his wife Dorothy Darling Rosecrans (1900–1967). Together they had one son, Robert D. Rosecrans (1928–1978), who also served with the Marines and retired as lieutenant colonel. Decorations

Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Lieutenant Colonel <mask>. Rosecrans (MCSN: 0-846), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity as Commanding Officer of the Second Battalion, Fifth Marines, Reinforced, during the assault on Tulagi Island, British Solomon Islands, 7–9 August 1942.When fierce resistance from this Japanese stronghold necessitated the reinforcement of the First Marine Raider Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Rosecrans skillfully and fearlessly placed units of his command into combat in support of the forward elements of that Battalion and thereby contributed materially to the annihilation of the entire hostile garrison. His daring and brilliant handling of this operation in support of the assault of the First Marine Raider Battalion on Tulagi and his courageous conduct throughout the action were in keeping with the


texts:
 highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. References

1897 births
1980 deaths
People from Cohoes, New York
United States Marine Corps generals
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Guadalcanal


texts:
<mask> (Lugo, Italy February 1, 1880 – Ravenna, Italy May 17, 1955) was an Italian composer, musicologist and essayist. One of the leading advocates of Futurism in Italian music, much of Pratella's own music betrays little obvious connection to the views espoused in the manifestos he authored. Biography
Born in Lugo, and deeply impressed by the folk music he heard in his childhood in his native Romagna, now part of Emilia-Romagna. Pratella entered Pesaro Conservatory and studied with Vincenzo Cicognani and Pietro Mascagni. Pratella's professional career was largely centered in teaching and musicology; he served as director of the Liceo Musicale in Lugo from 1910 until 1927 when he accepted a post as director of the Istituto G. Verdi in Ravenna, where Pratella remained until his retirement in 1945. His interest in collecting Romagna's folk song began before his futurist period and continued after, intensifying later through Pratella's arrangements of folksongs and training of choruses. Pratella also made modern performance arrangements of early polyphonic music.From 1921 to 1925 Pratella headed the Bologna-based music publication Il Pensiero Musicale. An early project drawn from Pratella's interest in indigenous folksong was the opera La Sina d'Varguõn (1909), which attracted the attention of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, the father of Italian futurism. Pratella joined the futurist group in 1910 and became one of its most ardent activists, publishing three tracts which were combined into the pamphlet Musica Futurista in 1912. Inspired by Pratella, Luigi Russolo created his Intonarumori (Noise


texts:
 Intoners) in 1913 and wrote his own manifesto, The Art of Noises (1913), introducing the futurist concept of introducing noise into music. Pratella was less than enthusiastic about the use of Intonarumori, but he agreed to utilize their resources in his opera L'aviatore Dro (1911–1914) which was written in close collaboration with Marinetti. At the end of World War I, Pratella broke with the futurists; L'aviatore Dro opened in 1920 and proved popular with critics and audiences alike, but its impracticality and odd storyline doomed it to certain obscurity. In his later years, Pratella occasionally turned his attention to composing for films, notably in Mother Earth (1931) and L'argine (1938).He also worked on a proposed Raccolta nazionale delle musiche italiane (National Collection of Italian Music) with Gabriele D'Annunzio, but the project was interrupted by the poet's death. Manifesti

According to Pratella, Italian music was inferior to music abroad. He praised the "sublime genius" of Wagner and saw some value in the work of Richard Strauss, Debussy, Elgar, Mussorgsky, Glazunov and Sibelius. By contrast, the Italian symphony was dominated by opera in an "absurd and anti-musical form". The conservatories encouraged backwardness and mediocrity. The publishers perpetuated mediocrity and the domination of music by the "rickety and vulgar" operas of Puccini and Umberto Giordano. The only Italian Pratella could praise was his teacher Mascagni, because he had rebelled against the publishers and attempted innovation in opera, but even Mascagni was too traditional for Pratella's tastes.In the


texts:
 face of this mediocrity and conservatism, Pratella unfurled "the red flag of Futurism, calling to its flaming symbol such young composers as have hearts to love and fight, minds to conceive, and brows free of cowardice". He did so via several short manifestos, a key example of which was Musica futurista (Manifesto of Futurist Musicians), published in 1910. The main ideas of his musical manifestos were:
for the young to keep away from conservatories and to study independently;
the founding of a musical review, to be independent of academics and critics;
abstention from any competition that was not completely open;
liberation from the past and from "well-made" music;
for the domination of singers to end, so that they became like any other member of the orchestra;
for opera composers to write their own librettos, which were to be in free verse;
to end all period settings, ballads, "nauseating Neapolitan songs and sacred music"; and
to promote new work in preference to old. Style and influence

The Italian futurist music manifestos, particularly Russolo's, have long been an inspiration to avant-garde musicians and continue to be so in the twenty-first century. However, mid-twentieth century scholars—among a small fraternity who had access to Pratella's long-forgotten compositions—were deeply critical of Pratella owing to a perceived streak of conservativism in his own music which, they felt, undermined the revolutionary spirit of his manifesti. As Benjamin  Thorn put it, "[Pratella]'s compositions never quite lived up to the rhethoric." In Italy, however, Pratella's fortunes have been


texts:
 improving.Pianist Daniele Lombardi has recorded some of Pratella's futurist piano music, and in 1996 the La Scala opera house in Milan revived L'aviatore Dro for the first time in 75 years. The success of this production and other factors have helped to revitalize Pratella's futurist profile in his home country. Although he composed seven operas, Pratella was not a particularly prolific composer. In addition to his futurist works, operas and folk choruses, he left a small but respectable output of chamber music, piano music, sacred music and songs. Pratella' s cycle of symphonic poems based on the folk music of Romagna are well respected in Italy, and place Pratella among Italy's "Generation of 1880," composers such as Ottorino Respighi, Gian <mask> and Ildebrando Pizzetti who eschewed opera in favor of instrumental music. Selective list of works

As the author:

Manifesto of Futurist Musicians (Manifesto dei musicisti futuristi) (1910)
 Technical Manifesto of Futurist Music (Manifesto tecnico della musica futurista) (1911)
 The Destruction of Squareness (Distruzione della quadratura), (1912)
 Shouts, Songs, Chants and Dances of the Italian People (1919)
 Etnofonia di Romagna (Udine, 1938)
 Primo documentario per la storia dell’etnofonia in Italia (1941)
 Saggio di comparazione etnofonica (1943)
 Autobiografia (Milan, 1971)

As the composer:

 La Sina d'Varguõn, opera (1909)
 Suite per Organo, for organ (1912)
 Musica futurista, for orchestra, op. 30 (1912)
 L'aviatore Dro, opera (1911–1914)
 La guerra, for piano (1913)
 Trio, op.28 (1919)
 Per un dramma orientale, incidental music for


texts:
 a Marinetti play (1922)
 Il rondo di Vittoria (1932; revision of La guerra)
 La ninna nanna della bambola, children's opera, op. 44
 Dono primaverile, children's opera, op. 48
 Il fabbricatore di Dio, op. 46
 Romagna, symphonic poem
 La chiesa di Polenta, symphonic poem
 I Paladini di Francia, sacred music
 Le canzoni del niente, chamber work
 Cante Romagnole, for chorus
 Giorno di festa, for piano

See also
Futurism (music)

References

 Rodney J. Payton, "The Music of Futurism: Concerts and Polemics." The Musical Quarterly, 62 (1976)
 Mark A. Radice, "Futurismo: Its Origins, Context, Repertory and Influence." The Musical Quarterly, 73 (1989)
 La biografia di Pratella Francesco B., Wuz.it

External links

 "Manifesto of Futurist Musicians" by Franceso <mask> <mask> in English translation from the original Italian, first published in Musica futurista di Balilla Pratella, 1912. "Manifeste des Musiciens futuristes" de Franceso <mask> Pratella en Français, published by Editions Lenka lente, 2014.<mask> Pratella and Musica Futurista at LTM

 Storia dell'Istituto Musicale "G. Verdi"
 La biografia di Pratella Francesco B., Wuz.it
 Giuda Albertario, "L'Aviatore Dro di Francesco Balilla Pratella," Rivista Italiana di Musicologia No. 48 (2013)
 <mask>, "Pratella Musica Futurista Op. 30"

1880 births
1955 deaths
Futurist composers
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian folk musicians
Italian Futurism
Italian musicologists
20th-century Italian musicians
People from Lugo, Emilia-Romagna
20th-century musicologists
20th-century Italian male musicians
Italian

masks:
Balilla
Pratella
Balilla
Balilla
Francesco Ruocchio


texts:
<mask> (c. April 10, 1822 – April 23, 1871) was an African-American poet, abolitionist, and political activist. He was a notable writer and activist in abolitionism and African emigration during the antebellum era. He published the book America and other Poems in 1853. Early life
<mask> was born April 10
 or 12, 1822, in Exeter, New Hampshire, to Nancy (Paul) of Exeter and Joseph Whitfield, who escaped from slavery in Virginia. His mother Nancy was the daughter of Caesar Nero Paul, a man of African descent who was enslaved at the age of fourteen as a house-boy in the Maj. John Gilman House, and later became free in 1771 after capture in the French and Indian Wars. Through his mother, <mask> was the nephew of Rev. Thomas Paul of the African Meeting House in Boston, and Jude Hall, veteran of the Revolutionary War.The small family home was on Whitfield's Lane, renamed Elliot Street in 1845. The house on the idyllic tree-lined lane is described in the memoirs of Elizabeth Dow Leonard: "Near the bridge, lived our friend <mask> in a pretty cottage surrounded by hollyhocks, bachelor's buttons, poppies, saffron, and caraway, and the leafy orchards of their more wealthy neighbors." <mask> attended Exeter schools until the age of nine, when his father died suddenly. His mother Nancy had died when <mask> was seven, so <mask> and his siblings were moved out of town, possibly by his sister. In 1839, he lived in Buffalo, New York, as a barber, at 30 East Seneca St. He owned the shop as well as his home on South Division St. Besides running the barber shop, <mask> would write in his free time, publishing his own papers by the age of 16.<mask> married Frances ((Lewey) b. CT in 1822) on July 12,1843 in Cuyahoga County,

masks:
James Monroe Whitfield
Whitfield
James
Whitfield
James Whitfield
James
James
Whitfield
Whitfield


texts:
 Ohio. They had three sons: <mask> Jr. (b. 1844 in Cleveland), Charles Henry (b. 1846 in Buffalo), and  Walter B. (b. 1849 in Buffalo). His grand-niece was Boston writer and playwright Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins.In her fiction novel of 1900, Contending Forces, she describes a scene at <mask>' home in Exeter with his mother. A 2008 book by Lois Brown goes into detail. Poetry and writing
<mask> published a small volume of poetry in 1853 entitled America and other Poems (publisher <mask>. Leavitt of Bufffalo) which was dedicated to his friend Martin Delany. Half of the poems are about slavery, the other half about art, nature or people such as John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, or Joseph Cinque. <mask> found success publishing poems related to abolitionism elsewhere as well, many being printed in The Liberator and The North Star. <mask>'s poems often expressed the oppression affecting African Americans, and moral corruption in politics and religion. One of <mask>'s most famous poems was America, published in 1853 in his poetry book.The poem embodies many of <mask>'s ideas about the hypocrisy of American freedom and democracy, and the difficult lives for both freed and enslaved Africans in the US. Another of his famous poems, written in 1867 after the Civil War, deals with the topic of the two ships that sailed to the New World in 1620, marking the dual beginnings of America and slavery. It was read before a crowd of two thousand people in San Francisco at a celebration commemorating the fourth anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation. The poem's introduction:

More than two centuries have passed
   Since, holding on their stormy way,
Before the furious wintry blast,
   Upon a dark December day,
Two

masks:
James Lewey
James
Whitfield
James S
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield


texts:
 sails, with different intent,
   Approached the Western Continent. One vessel bore as rich a freight
   As ever yet has crossed the wave;
The living germs to form a State
   That knows no master, owns no slave. She bore the pilgrims to that strand
   Which since is rendered classic soil,
Where all the honors of the land
   May reach the hardy sons of toil. The other bore the baleful seeds
   Of future fratricidal strife,
The germ of dark and bloody deeds,
   Which prey upon a nation's life.The trafficker in human souls
   Had gathered up and chained his prey,
And stood prepared to call the rolls,
   When, anchored in Virginia's Bay—

Abolition and emigration movements
Frederick Douglass visited <mask>'s barber shop in 1850. From their discussion, Douglass became deeply impressed by <mask>'s poetic abilities, calling him in the Anti-Slavery Bugle a "sable son of genius." Douglass was also impressed by his passion for abolition, commenting that his job as a barber was "painfully disheartening." Although Levine & Ivy, contemporary scholars, contend that the shop was a perfect place to network and exchange ideas. Beyond abolitionism, <mask> originally became a prominent member of the Colonization Movement, a popular movement focused on African Americans returning to Africa and indigenous parts of the South or Central Americas. <mask> broke with Douglass, who was not in favor of emigration and joined with Martin Delany, who favored Haiti or Central America as a location. In August 1853 Delaney, <mask> and others issued a call for a national convention to address the topic to be held in August 1854 in Cleveland Ohio, which was published in Douglass' North Star.A heated debate between Douglass and <mask> was

masks: Whitfield Whitfield Whitfield Whitfield Whitfield Whitfield


texts:
 published in several issues after that, which helped frame the issue. <mask> became involved in a proposal by Missouri Senator Frank P. Blair to establish a colony for black colonization in Central America. Later, in 1859, <mask> was possibly sent out to look for land for the project. After the Emancipation Proclamation was issued, <mask> dropped the emigration issue and moved to California, where he believed there was still opportunity for black people to flourish without oppressive laws. Later life
In 1861/62 <mask>, possibly after his wife died, moved to San Francisco where he was considered by most African-Americans of the Northwest as "the" great African-American poet. His home was at 918 and then 1006 Washington St., and his barber shop at 916 Kearney St., all of which he owned. <mask> joined the Prince Hall Freemason Hannibal Lodge #1 and later served as a Worshipful Master for their California Grand Lodge 1864-69.On April 23, 1871, he died of heart disease in San Francisco at the age of 49. <mask> was interred at the now defunct Masonic Cemetery. Legacy
<mask>'s poems are included in the Library of America's anthology African American Poetry: 250 Years of Struggle & Song. Every year one of <mask>'s poem is read out loud at the Exeter, New Hampshire literary festival. See also
African-American literature

References

External links
 <mask> <mask>field

1822 births
1871 deaths
19th-century African-American activists
19th-century American poets
African-American abolitionists
American Prince Hall Freemasons
Activists from New Hampshire
Poets from New Hampshire
Barbers
Writers from Buffalo, New York
Activists from Buffalo, New York
People from Exeter, New Hampshire
Burials at Masonic Cemetery (San

masks:
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
Whitfield
James Monroe
Whitfieldhit


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Dame <mask>, DBE (née Evans; born 6 March 1941) is a British anthropologist, who has worked largely with the Mount Hagen people of Papua New Guinea and dealt with issues in the UK of reproductive technologies. She was William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Cambridge from 1993 to 2008, and Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge from 1998 to 2009. Early life
<mask> was born to Eric Evans and Joyce Evans in North Wales on 6 March 1941. Her first formal education experience was at Crofton Lane Primary School, followed by her attendance at Bromley High School. Strathern excelled academically, in part thanks to support and guidance from her mother, a teacher by trade. Following school, she enrolled in Girton College to study Archaeology and Anthropology. She then became a research student there and went on to obtain her PhD in 1968.She married fellow anthropologist <mask> in 1964 and they had three children together before ending their marriage. Career
	Strathern has held numerous positions over her career,  all of which involved her work with the people of Papua New Guinea and her expertise in feminist anthropology. Her career began in 1970, when she was a Researcher for the New Guinea Research Unit of the Australian National University, followed by a stint from 1976 to 1983 where she was a lecturer at Girton College and then Trinity College from 1984-1985, occasionally making guest lectures at the University of California, Berkeley in the United States, Europe and Australia. She left Cambridge to become Professor of Social Anthropology at Manchester University in 1985. She then returned to Cambridge for the final time in 1993 to take the position of William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology until her retirement in 2008. During this time, she also held the position of Mistress of Girton College from 1998 to October 2009. Strathern was also co-opted

masks:
Ann Marilyn Strathern
Marilyn Strathern
Andrew Strathern


texts:
 member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics while also chairing the Working Party on "Human bodies: donation for medicine and research" from 2000 to 2006 and 2010 until 2011.Fieldwork in Papua New Guinea
From her doctoral thesis published in 1972 titled "Women in Between" to her more recent publications, Strathern is constantly challenging the definitions and social constructs of gender "norms". In her piece "Self-Interest and the Social Good: Some Implications of Hagen Gender Imagery" (1981), Strathern notes that "[g]ender imagery is… a symbolic mechanism whereby "collective" and "personal" interests are made to seem to be of different orders". As editor of a collection of articles in "Dealing with Inequality: Analysing gender relations in Melanesia and beyond", she also brings to the surface the issue of gender "equality" and what it really means, asking if the definitions of the Western world are in fact correct, or if there is still a sense of patriarchal dominance. Taking this approach when studying in such fields as societies in Papua New Guinea has allowed Strathern to push the boundaries of thought on such topics as reproductive technology, intellectual property, and gender in both Melanesia and the United Kingdom. Strathern has spent much time among the Hagen of Papua New Guinea. From here she has developed one of the main themes occurring across her work, that the world is ontologically multiple. The world is made up of identifiable parts; however, these parts are not separate from one another.She does not address society specifically, but rather looks at socially-constructed multiple realities which exist interdependently with one another. Reproductive technologies
Strathern's work in the 1990s became the basis for a new subdiscipline in anthropology concerned with new reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization. In her two 1992 publications, After


texts:
 Nature: English Kinship in the Late 20th Century and Reproducing the Future: Essays on Anthropology, Kinship and the New Reproductive Technologies, Strathern argued that existing models of nature and culture were transformed by the explicit use of technology to achieve reproduction. In the co-authored study Technologies of Procreation: Kinship in the Age of Assisted Conception she and her colleagues proposed that new definitions of kinship and descent would emerge as a result of the expansion of new reproductive technologies. These studies paved the way for what has since come to be known as the new kinship studies. Selected publications
	Strathern is the author of numerous publications, including 44 single-authored journal articles, 57 book chapters, and over 15 books written alone or with another author. Her topics vary from Melanesian culture to the culture of the United Kingdom.Strathern's publications on the Melanesian culture focus on gender relations, legal anthropology and feminist scholarship, while her publications on the culture of the United Kingdom lean towards kinship, audit culture, reproductive and genetic technologies. The book she enjoyed writing the most, according to an interview with the American Anthropological Association in 2011, was Partial Connections, written in 1991. Her most famous book, however, is The Gender of Gift published in 1988. In The Gender of Gift, she uses a feminist approach in a new way to argue that Papuan women are not being exploited, but rather the definition is different. Gender, she notes, is defined differently there than it is in the United Kingdom. Strathern also brings to the surface the fact that theories are dominating themselves and while she knows as an anthropologist, she cannot separate herself from them, she does state that she offers a "narrative" over an analysis of the situation. Other publications


texts:
 Self-Decoration in Mount Hagen (1971)
 Women in Between (1972)
 No Money on Our Skins: Hagen Migrants in Port Moresby (1975)
 (ed.with C. MacCormack) Nature, Culture and Gender (1980)
 Kinship at the Core: an Anthropology of Elmdon, Essex (1981)
 The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia (1988)
 Partial connections. Savage, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield (1991). Re-issued by AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA. (2004)
 After Nature: English Kinship in the Late Twentieth Century (1992)
 Reproducing the Future: Essays on Anthropology, Kinship and the New Reproductive Technologies (1992)
 (with Jeanette Edwards, Sarah Franklin, Eric Hirsch and Frances Price) Technologies of Procreation: Kinship in the Age of Assisted Conception (1993)
 Property, substance and effect. Anthropological essays on persons and things. London: Athlone Press (1999) Collected essays, 1992-98
 Commons and borderlands: working papers on interdisciplinarity, accountability and the flow of knowledge (2004)
 (ed. with Eric Hirsch) Transactions and creations: property debates and the stimulus of Melanesia (2004), Oxford: Berghahn.(ed) Audit Cultures. Anthropological studies in accountability, ethics and the academy. (2000) London: Routledge. Kinship, law and the unexpected: Relatives are always a surprise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2005)
 Relations: An Anthropological Account. Durham: Duke University Press (2020)

Honours
In 1987, she was elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). Foreign Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1996)
Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to Social Anthropology (2001)
Rivers Memorial Medal, Royal Anthropologist Inst.(1976)
Viking Fund Medal, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (2003) (last awarded in 1972.) Huxley Medal (2004)
30th Anniversary Independence


texts:
 Medal, Papua New Guinea (2005)
Elected to the American Philosophical Society (2016)

In 2000, artist Daphne Todd was commissioned by Girton College, Cambridge, to paint a portrait of Mistress <mask>n. This painting, which depicted <mask> with two heads on separate panels, went on to win Todd the Royal Society of Portrait Painters’ Ondaatje for Portraiture in 2001. Honorary degrees
Honorary Degree Sc. Edinburgh (1993)
Honorary Degree Sc. Copenhagen (1994)
Honorary Degree Lit, Oxford (2004)
Honorary Degree Pol., Helsinki (2006)
Honorary Degree, Panteion University, Athens (2006)
Honorary Degree Sc., Durham (2007)
Honorary Degree Philosophy, University Papua New Guinea (2009)
Honorary Degree Social Sciences, Belfast (2009)
Honorary Doctorate, Australian National University (2015)
 Honorary Doctorate, Harvard University (2019)

References

Citations

Sources

 Strathern, M. (1992, 17 May). The decomposition of an event.Retrieved from http://culanth.org/supplementals/403-the-decomposition-of-an-event

External links
 Shayna Loree Collins, '<mask>n 1941-'
 List of Strathern's recent publications
 'A Community of Critics' R.A.I. Huxley Memorial Lecture, given at University College, London, 8 December 2004 (film)
 interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 6 May 2009 (video)
http://culanth.org/supplementals/403-the-decomposition-of-an-event
 Virtual Society? Get Real! <mask>n paper
 Summary of <mask>n on English kinship

1941 births
Academics of the University of Manchester
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
British anthropologists
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of Girton College, Cambridge
Fellows of the British Academy
British feminist writers
Living people
Mistresses of Girton College, Cambridge
People educated at Bromley High School
People from Bromley
University of California, Berkeley faculty
British women anthropologists
Members of the American

masks:
Marilyn Strather
Marilyn
Marilyn Strather
Marilyn Strather
Marilyn Strather


texts:
<mask> (sometimes shown as Spense) was an early Virginia colonist on Jamestown Island. He was member of the first assembly of the Virginia House of Burgesses in Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. <mask> became an ensign in the local militia and is thus sometimes identified as Ensign <mask> or <mask>. He was an early farmer on Jamestown Island, a tobacco taster and landowner at Archer's Hope. He, his wife and his young daughter, Sara, or Sarah, avoided the Indian massacre of 1622, but <mask> and his wife were reported "lost" at the census of February 16, 1624. Arrival at Jamestown

Not <mask>

<mask> is sometimes erroneously conflated with <mask> (burgess), another early Virginia colonist who also lived on Jamestown Island but did not arrive at Jamestown until 1611. <mask> later became a member of the House of Burgesses for Mulberry Island in 1632–33, eight years after <mask> was lost and presumed dead.First Supply mission

<mask> came to Virginia in the First Supply mission to Jamestown in 1608. He is sometimes  shown in modern printed lists of passengers as both a "gentleman" and a "labourer," not only a double listing, but in seemingly inconsistent categories. On the other hand, in the names of those arriving at Jamestown in the First Supply voyage in Captain John Smith's The General History, Book 3, Chapter 4, as reprinted in Haile at page 252, <mask> is only listed as a "gentleman. "<ref group=note>A footnote added by editor Edward Wright Haile to the chapter "A True Discourse" by Ralph Hamor in Haile, Edward Wright, ed. Jamestown Narratives: Eyewitness Accounts of the Virginia Colony: The First Decade: 1607-1617. Champlain, VA: RoundHouse, 1998. , p. 814 states that "In his General History, Captain John Smith wrote "from all those farmers, whereof the first was <mask>, an

masks:
William Spence
Spence
William Spence
Ensign Spence
Spence
William Spencer
William Spence
William Spencer
William Spencer
William Spence
William Spence
Spence
William Spence


texts: honest, valiant and industrious man, and hath continued from 1607 to this present [1624]." The 1607 date given in Haile's quote from a Smith writing about <mask> is inconsistent with the arrival of <mask> in the First Supply mission in 1608 as shown by Haile in his excerpts from Smith's The General History at page 252 of Jamestown Narratives.It would coincide with any source which stated that <mask>, rather than <mask>, arrived at Jamestown in 1607 on the Susan Constant, but not with usual accounts of either <mask>'s or <mask>'s arrivals and not with online Susan Constant passenger lists which include neither name. Martha McCartney states, with citations, at McCartney, 2007, p. 661 that <mask> arrived in the First Supply mission and at p. 662 that <mask> arrived in the "Sarah or Susan Constant." The Susan Constant has occasionally been referred to erroneously as the "Sarah Constant", as noted in Grizzard, Frank E. and Dennis Boyd Smith. Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social and Cultural History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007. , p 216, but this was shown to be in error by Robinson, Gregory, and Robin R. Goodison. Sarah versus Susan. The William and Mary Quarterly 16, No.4, 1936. pages 515-21. Also, the phrase "Sarah or" from McCartney may not require the interpretation that it is referencing different names for the Susan Constant since a ship named the Sara(h) arrived at Jamestown in August 1611 with the returning Sir Thomas Gates (governor). That is consistent with references to <mask> arriving in Jamestown in 1611 on the Sarah the absence of his name from the Susan Constant passenger list or list of first settlers at United States National Park Service. The First Residents of Jamestowne. National Park Service Historic Jamestowne page. Retrieved July 11, 2020 and McCartney's

masks:
Spence
Spence
William Spencer
William Spence
Spence
Spencer
Spence
Spencer
Spencer


texts:
 further sketch of <mask>. McCartney, 2007, p. 322.The Sarah is also shown as arriving at Jamestown in May/June 1612. Kolb, A. E., "Early Passengers to Virginia: When Did They Really Arrive?, 1980, p. 412.</ref>

 Farmer, Landowner

Martha McCartney supports John Smith's statement that <mask> "reportedly" was the first farmer to work his own land on Jamestown Island. She also states that in 1618 <mask> offered to employ workers of the late governor, Sir Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, after West had died at sea while returning to the colony from England in summer 1618. West's subordinate, Captain Edward Brewster, to whom <mask> made the offer, was prevented from taking custody of his goods by Deputy Governor Samuel Argall, who misappropriated West's laborers and artisans to work on his own projects. Burgess

Ensign <mask>, along with Captain <mask>), were members of the first general assembly of the Virginia House of Burgesses for Jamestown in July–August 1619.Henry, <mask>. The First Legislative Assembly in America. In Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1893.Washington, Government Printing Office, 1894. . p. 60. Retrieved July 21, 2011. Later life

In 1619, as a "tobacco taster", <mask> evaluated the quality of tobacco by sampling portions of the tobacco crop. Because of his early arrival at Jamestown and continued residence there, <mask> was considered an "Ancient planter", which was simply a descriptive term. Ancient planters were early Virginia colonists who arrived when the colony was managed by the Virginia Company of London. They received land grants if they stayed in the colony for at least three years. Under the terms of the "Instructions to Governor Yeardley" issued by the London Company in 1618, these colonists received the first

masks:
Spencer
Spence
Spence
Spence
William Spence
William Powell
William Wirt
Spence
Spence


texts: land grants in Virginia.In January 1619, <mask> along with John Fowler received a patent for 300 acres in Archer's Hope, a few miles from Jamestown.The abstract of a patent of 500 acres in Archer's Hope to Lucy Webster, Judith Webster and Jane Webster states that the property included 300 acres patented to <mask> and John Fowler in January 1619. Nugent, Nell Marion. Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, 1623-1800. Volume 1. Richmond, Virginia: Press of the Dietz Co., 1934. p. 161. Since <mask> continued to live at Jamestown Island, McCartney surmises that he placed indentured servants on the property along with his partner, John Fowler, who lived there. Fowler and four others, not including <mask> or his wife, were killed in the Indian massacre of 1622 at <mask>'s house at Archer's Hope.Price, David A.Love & Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas and the Start of a New Nation. New York: Vintage Books, a Division of Random House, Inc., 2003. . pp. 201-208. A list of Virginia land patents sent to England in 1625 included 300 acres in Archer's Hope in the name of <mask>. <mask> had been in England in early 1622 and he returned on the James, which departed for Jamestown on July 21, 1622. The February 16, 1624 census of the Virginia colony's inhabitants listed <mask>, his wife and his young daughter Sara(h), but <mask> and his wife were shown on the list as "lost." They were also shown on a 1624 list of persons who had died since February 1623.Lists of the Livinge & the Dead in Virginia 1623 Transcribed from “Colonial Records of Virginia”, R.F.Walker, Superintendent Public Printing, Richmond, VA, 1874, Clemmitt & Jones, Printers, pp. 37-68. Retrieved July 31, 2020. <mask>'s daughter, <mask>, 4 years old, was entrusted to a 20-year old widow, Mrs.

masks:
William Spence
William Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
William Spence
Spence
William Spence
Spence
Spence
Sara Spence


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 Susan Bush, as guardian, at Elizabeth City, Virginia. On August 14, 1624, the General Court ordered John Johnson, who had property on Jamestown Island and at Archer's Hope, to put a roof on the house and repair the fence of Ensign <mask>, Johnson's recently deceased neighbor. After 3 months, the court also ordered <mask>'s "guardians" to have her property at Archer's Hope surveyed. On May 16, 1625, <mask>'s guardians, including the Reverend George Keith as well as Susan Bush, were ordered to appear before the General Court.In October 1625, having still not had the property surveyed, the guardians were told by the court that they would be fined if they did not have the land surveyed. Susan Bush placed the <mask> property in the hands of a tenant, Thomas Farley, on November 21, 1625. <mask> died by April 3, 1627 when the court ordered the Reverend George Keith of Elizabeth City to inventory her estate. Susan Bush also may have died by this date since she was not included in the order pertaining to the <mask> property. Death

Records of the exact date and manner of the deaths of <mask> and his wife have not been found. Notes

Citations

References

 Grizzard, Frank E. and Dennis Boyd Smith. Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social and Cultural History.Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007. .
 Haile, Edward Wright, ed. Jamestown Narratives: Eyewitness Accounts of the Virginia Colony: The First Decade: 1607-1617. Champlain, VA: RoundHouse, 1998. .
 Henry, <mask>. The First Legislative Assembly in America. In Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1893. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1894. . Retrieved July 21, 2011. Lists of the Livinge & the Dead in Virginia 1623 Transcribed from “Colonial Records of Virginia”, R.F.Walker, Superintendent Public Printing,

masks:
William Spence
Sara Spence
Sara Spence
Spence
Sara Spence
Spence
William Spence
William Wirt


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 Richmond, VA, 1874, Clemmitt & Jones, Printers, pp. 37–68. Retrieved July 31, 2020. Kolb, Avery E.  Early Passengers to Virginia: When Did They Really Arrive?, The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 88, No. 4, Oct. 1980. via JSTOR.org
 McCartney, Martha W. Virginia immigrants and adventurers, 1607-1635: a biographical dictionary. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub.Co., 2007. .
 Nugent, Nell Marion. Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, 1623-1800. Volume 1. Richmond, Virginia: Press of the Dietz Co., 1934. Price, David A. Love & Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas and the Start of a New Nation. New York: Vintage Books, a Division of Random House, Inc., 2003. .
 Robinson, Gregory, and Robin R. Goodison."Sarah versus Susan." The William and Mary Quarterly 16, No. 4, 1936. pages 515–21. Stanard, <mask>. and Mary Newton Stanard. The Virginia Colonial Register. Albany, NY: Joel Munsell's Sons Publishers, 1902. , Retrieved July 15, 2011. Tyler, Lyon Gardiner in Encyclopedia of Virginia biography.New York: Lewis Historical Pub. Co., 1915. . Retrieved July 21, 2011. United States National Park Service. The First Residents of Jamestowne. National Park Service Historic Jamestowne page. Retrieved July 11, 2020. Woolley, Benjamin.Savage Kingdom: The True Story of Jamestown, 1607, and the Settlement of America. New York: Harper Perennial, 2008. Originally published as Savage Kingdom: Virginia and the Founding of English America'' in the United Kingdom by HarperCollins Publishers, 2007. Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
House of Burgesses members
American people of English descent
Virginia colonial people
Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
People from Jamestown, Virginia
People from Charles City County,


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<mask>, Lord <mask>ss (12 August 172129 April 1787), was a Scottish peer and Jacobite, attainted for his part in the 1745 Rising and deprived of titles and estates. One of the few Jacobites excluded from the 1747 Act of Indemnity, his attempts to return home were unsuccessful and he spent the rest of his life in France and Switzerland. His wife Sofia (1756–1777) died in childbirth; <mask> left no legitimate children and when he died in Paris in 1787, his property passed to a younger brother. His record of the 1745 Rising or A short account of the affairs of Scotland in the years 1744, 1745, 1746, is now considered a key contemporary source for the Rising. Biographical details

<mask>, Lord Elcho was born on 21 August 1721 at Wemyss Castle in Fife, eldest son of James Wemyss, 5th Earl of Wemyss and Janet Charteris (died 1778). His title derived from Elcho Castle; abandoned in the 1730s but restored in the 19th century, it is one of the earliest examples of a Scottish building preserved purely for its historical value. His mother was the only child of Francis Charteris, who became immensely wealthy through his investment in the South Sea Company.A well-known rake, he appears in Hogarth's series A Harlot's Progress, and sentenced to death for rape in 1730 before being pardoned. <mask> had two younger brothers, Francis (1723-1808) and James (1726–1786). His sister Frances (ca 1729-1789) married Sir James Steuart (1707–1780), exiled for his part in the 1745 Rising but allowed home in 1763. He was the author of An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy, described as 'one of the key economic works of the 18th century'. In September 1776, <mask> married Sofia (1756–1777), daughter of Reichsgraf Friedrich von Üxküll-Gyllenband, who died in childbirth a year later. He left two illegitimate daughters but

masks:
David Wemyss
Elchomy
Elcho
David Wemyss
Elcho
Elcho


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 no legitimate heir and his property passed to his younger brother. He died in 1787 in Paris, where he was buried and his memorial destroyed in the French Revolution.Career

Like many Jacobite sympathisers, <mask> had a background of Non-Juring Episcopalianism, Freemasonry and opposition to the 1707 Union; like the Jacobite peer Earl Kilmarnock, his father was Grand Master of Scotland, as was his brother Francis. However, the family were not considered activists and had not been involved in previous Risings. After his parents separated in 1732, he was sent to Winchester College in England, three weeks journey from his home in Fife; <mask> later recorded he met his father only once between 1734 and 1741. One of his classmates was James, later 6th Duke of Hamilton, whose father claimed to be the senior Scottish Jacobite. A biographer claimed Winchester turned <mask> into a fervent Scots patriot and that he 'disliked all Irishmen, most Englishmen, and a good many Scots.' During the Rising, he allegedly referred to Prince Charles as 'that damned, cowardly Italian', although this is disputed. <mask> left Winchester in 1738 for Reims, followed by a period at the French military academy in Angers, a popular location for young British noblemen.He then went on the 18th century cultural excursion known as the Grand Tour and visited Rome in October 1740, one of whose attractions was the exiled James Stuart and his sons. After the failed 1719 Rising, many Jacobite exiles accepted pardons and returned home, among them Lord George Murray. By 1737, Jacobitism seemed little more than nostalgia and James was reportedly "living tranquilly in Rome, having abandoned all hope of a restoration." Jacobite activist 1740 to 1746

This changed in the late 1730s, as French statesmen sought to reduce British commercial strength,

masks: Elcho Elcho Elcho Elcho


texts: whose growth was considered a threat to the European balance of power. Few of them believed the Stuart exiles were a valid option, but <mask> arrived in Rome when they were being taken seriously for the first time in two decades. In 1739, trade disputes between Britain and Spain led to the War of Jenkins' Ear, followed by the wider European conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740. French defeat at Dettingen in June 1743 prompted efforts by Louis XV to divert British resources from mainland Europe, including an invasion of England in early 1744 to restore the Stuarts.James gave <mask> a commission as Colonel of dragoons, but the French fleet was severely damaged by winter storms in March and the plan was abandoned. <mask> returned to Edinburgh in December 1744, where he joined the Freemasons and the newly-formed pro-Jacobite Buck Club, whose members included his former Winchester classmate James Hamilton. Another was Murray of Broughton, whom Charles met in Paris earlier in the year, and shared his determination to come to Scotland "though with a single footman". The Club urged him not to do so, unless he brought 6,000 French troops, money and weapons; Charles Stewart, 5th Earl of Traquair (1699–1764), agreed to communicate this to the Prince but failed to do so. When Charles landed at Eriskay on 23 July, <mask>'s first reaction was to 'implore him to return to France', and he stayed at home awaiting developments. Charles persuaded Lochiel and others to back him and launched the Rebellion at Glenfinnan on 19 August. His small force of 1,000 clansmen advanced on Edinburgh, reaching Perth on 4 September, where they were joined by Lord George Murray.<mask> met them outside Edinburgh on 16 September, bringing £1,500 in cash, which was gratefully received by Charles. <mask> was appointed

masks: Elcho Elcho Elcho Elcho Elcho Elcho


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 aide-de-camp and a member of the Council of War; made up of 15-20 senior leaders, it was dominated by the Highland chiefs and Perthshire lords who provided most of their manpower. Divisions within the Jacobite leadership were apparent even at this early stage, Charles warning him against Lord George Murray, who he claimed had joined only to 'better betray the cause.' <mask> raised a troop of 'Lifeguards,' the best equipped cavalry unit in the Jacobite Army, who served as Charles' personal escort throughout the campaign. However, the decision to retreat from Derby on 5 December caused an irrevocable breach between the Prince and his Scottish supporters, including <mask>. At Culloden in April 1746, the Lifeguards escorted Charles from the battlefield, who then dismissed them, as he now trusted only the Irish exiles. On 3 May, <mask>, Lord George Murray and other Jacobites were picked up by two French ships, Le Mars and Bellone, who fought their way out past four Royal Navy vessels.Charles was left behind 'as Nobody knew where to seek for him.' Post 1746 Exile

Charles escaped from Scotland in October but the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 ended French support for the Stuart cause, while the Scots no longer trusted him. <mask> lost his titles and lands; the attainder was not reversed until 1821, when Francis Douglas (1772-1853) became 8th Earl of Wemyss. He was excluded from the 1747 Act of Indemnity, allegedly because 'among all the Rebel commanders, he distinguished himself by his brutality and insults and cruelty to our Prisoners.' Like Lord George Murray, he spent the rest of his life in exile, despite pleas to be allowed home. In June 1747, he wrote to Lord Milton, the Lord Justice Clerk of Scotland that 'if his Majesty will allow me to come home, I will give any assurance whatever for my making


texts:
 his Majesty a most loyall subject for the future'. The former Jacobite leaders argued bitterly over responsibility for the Rising's failure, and Charles refused to reimburse <mask> for the money advanced at Edinburgh in 1745.He was appointed Captain in Fitzjames's regiment, then Colonel in the Royal-Ecossais after its commander John Drummond died in September 1747. The regiment garrisoned Gravelines and Dunkirk during the 1756 to 1763 Seven Years' War and in July 1770, Louis XV gave him the Order of Military Merit. <mask> divided his time between France and Switzerland, where he bought a property in the Canton of Neuchâtel and became a Swiss citizen. In 1770 he did a marriage proposal to Isabelle de Charrière when he was baron at Cottendart. She had however already decided to marry another man of the same village Colombier, Neuchâtel. On 9 September 1776, he married Sofia von Üxküll-Gyllenband (1756–1777), at Beutal in Switzerland, daughter of Reichsgraf Friedrich von Üxküll-Gyllenband, a minister of the Duchy of Wurttemberg. She died in Bôle, Switzerland on 26 November 1777, giving birth to a son who lived only one day; <mask> "...died in Paris on April 30, 1787 at his home in the Rue St Lazard."Despite his request to be buried with his wife, he was interred in Paris and the cemetery destroyed during the French Revolution. He left two manuscripts, a journal in French, covering the principal years of his life and "A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland, 1745-1746;" edited by Evan Charteris, this was first published in 1907. References

Sources

People of the Jacobite rising of 1745
People from Fife
Scottish Jacobites
People educated at Winchester College
Naturalised citizens of Switzerland
1721 births
1787 deaths
6
Members of the Royal Company of Archers
David
Scottish

masks: Elcho Elcho Elcho


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<mask>.
(born April 21, 1936) is an American evangelical Christian author, psychologist, and founder of Focus on the Family (FOTF), which he led from 1977 until 2010. In the 1980s he was ranked as one of the most influential spokesmen for conservative social positions in American public life. Although never an ordained minister, he was called "the nation's most influential evangelical leader" by The New York Times while Slate portrayed him as a successor to evangelical leaders Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson. As part of his former role in the organization, he produced the daily radio program Focus on the Family, which the organization has said was broadcast in more than a dozen languages and on over 7,000 stations worldwide, and reportedly heard daily by more than 220 million people in 164 countries. Focus on the Family was also carried by about sixty U.S. television stations daily. <mask> also founded the Family Research Council in 1981. He is no longer affiliated with Focus on the Family.<mask> founded Family Talk as a non-profit organization in 2010 and launched a new radio broadcast, Family Talk with Dr. <mask>, that began on May 3, 2010, on over 300 stations nationwide. Early life and education
<mask> was born to Myrtle Georgia (née Dillingham) and <mask><mask>, Sr., on April 21, 1936, in Shreveport, Louisiana. From his earliest childhood, religion played a central part in his life. He once told a reporter that he learned to pray before he learned to talk, and says he gave his life to Jesus at the age of three, in response to an altar call by his father. He is the son, grandson, and great-grandson of Church of the Nazarene ministers. The parents took their young son along to watch his father preach. Like most Nazarenes, they forbade dancing and going to movies.Young "Jimmie Lee" (as he was called) concentrated on his studies. <mask> studied academic psychology, which most evangelical Christians in the 1950s and 1960s did not look upon favorably. He came to believe that he was being called to become a Christian counselor or perhaps a Christian psychologist. He attended

masks:
James Clayton Dobson Jr
Dobson
Dobson
James Dobson
James Dobson
James C
. Dobson
Dobson


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 Pasadena College (now Point Loma Nazarene University) as an undergraduate and served as captain of the school's tennis team. In 1967, <mask> received his doctorate in psychology from the University of Southern California. Career
In 1967, he became an Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Southern California School of Medicine for 14 years. He spent 17 years on the staff of the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles in the Division of Child Development and Medical Genetics.For a time, <mask> worked as an assistant to Paul Popenoe at the Institute of Family Relations, a marriage-counseling center, in Los Angeles. <mask> arguably first became well-known with the publication of Dare to Discipline (1970), which encouraged parents to use corporal punishment in disciplining their children. <mask>'s social and political opinions are widely read among many evangelical church congregations in the United States. In 1977 he founded Focus on the Family. <mask> published monthly bulletins, which were dispensed as inserts in some Sunday church-service bulletins. <mask> interviewed serial killer Ted Bundy on-camera the day before Bundy's execution on January 24, 1989. The interview became controversial because Bundy was given an opportunity to attempt to explain his actions (the rape and murder of 30 young women).Bundy claimed in the interview (in a reversal of his previous stance) that violent pornography played a significant role in molding and crystallizing his fantasies. In May 1989, during an interview with John Tanner, a Republican Florida prosecutor, <mask> called for Bundy to be forgiven. The Bundy tapes gave Focus on the Family revenues of over $1 million, $600,000 of which it donated to anti-pornography groups and to anti-abortion groups. <mask> stepped down as President and CEO of Focus on the Family in 2003, and resigned from the position of chairman of the board in February 2009. <mask> explained his departure as twofold: one to allow a smooth transfer of leadership to the next generation, and in this case, to Jim Daly who he directly appointed as his

masks: Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson


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 replacement. And secondly, due to some differences in opinion about organizational positions which represented "significant philosophical differences" with successor Jim Daly. He said, "I have believed for many years that one of the biggest mistakes a founder and president can make is to stay too long.By holding the reins of power as the years go by, an executive prevents his organization from developing the leadership to carry on when he dies or suddenly decides to step down. Then a crisis can occur that may even doom the ministry. We have all seen that happen." In 2010, <mask> founded the Dr. <mask> Family Institute, a non-profit organization that produces his radio program, Dr. <mask>'s Family Talk. <mask> frequently appears as a guest on the Fox News Channel. Personal life

<mask> married Shirley Deere on August 26, 1960. The couple have two children, Danae and Ryan.Ryan was adopted by the <mask>s. Awards
At the invitation of Presidents and Attorneys General, <mask> has also served on government advisory panels and testified at several government hearings. He was given the "Layman of the Year" award by the National Association of Evangelicals in 1982, "The Children's Friend" honor by Childhelp USA (an advocate agency against child abuse) in 1987, and the Humanitarian Award by the California Psychological Association in 1988. In 2005, <mask> received an honorary doctorate (his 16th) from Indiana Wesleyan University and was inducted into IWU's Society of World Changers, while speaking at the university's Academic Convocation. In 2008, <mask>'s Focus on the Family program was nominated for induction into the National Radio Hall of Fame. Nominations were made by the 157 members of the Hall of Fame and voting on inductees was handed over to the public using online voting. The nomination drew the ire of gay rights activists, who attempted to have the program removed from the nominee list and to vote for other nominees to prevent it from being approved.However, the program garnered enough votes and was subsequently inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame. Social views

Views on

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Dobson
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James Dobson
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 marriage
<mask> is a strong proponent of marriage defined as "one where husband and wife are lawfully married, are committed to each other for life," and have a homemaker mother and breadwinner father. According to his view, women are not deemed inferior to men because both are created in God's image, but each gender has biblically mandated roles. He recommends that married women with children under the age of 18 focus on mothering, rather than work outside the home. In his 2004 book Marriage Under Fire, <mask> suggests that heterosexual marriage rates in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden have been falling, and that this is due to the recognition of same-sex relationships by those countries during the 1990s. He remarks that the "institution of marriage in those countries is rapidly dying" as a result, with most young people cohabiting or choosing to remain single (living alone) and illegitimacy rates rising in some Norwegian counties up to 80%. <mask> writes that "every civilization in the world" has been built upon marriage.He also believes that homosexuality is neither a choice nor genetic, but is caused by external factors during early childhood. He anecdotally cites as evidence the life of actress Anne Heche, who was previously in a relationship with Ellen DeGeneres. Criticizing "the realities of judicial tyranny," <mask> has written that "[t]here is no issue today that is more significant to our culture than the defense of the family. Not even the war on terror eclipses it." Critics have stated that <mask>'s views on homosexuality do not represent the mainstream views of the mental health community, with Dan Gilgoff referring to the positions of the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association on homosexuality. Views on schooling
Focus on the Family supports private school vouchers and tax credits for religious schools. According to Focus on the Family website, <mask> believes that parents are ultimately responsible for their children's education, and encourages parents to visit their children's schools to ask questions and to join the PTA so

masks:
James Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson
Dobson


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 that they may voice their opinions.<mask> opposes sex education curricula that are not abstinence-only. According to People for the American Way, Focus on the Family material has been used to challenge a book or curriculum taught in public schools. Critics, such as People for the American Way, allege that Focus on the Family encourages Christian teachers to establish prayer groups in public schools. <mask> supports student-led prayer in public schools, and believes that allowing student-led Christian prayer in schools does not violate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Views on discipline within the family
In his book Dare to Discipline, <mask> advocates the spanking of children up to eight years old when they misbehave, but warns that "corporal punishment should not be a frequent occurrence" and that "discipline must not be harsh and destructive to the child's spirit." He warns against "harsh spanking" because "It is not necessary to beat the child into submission; a little bit of pain goes a long way for a young child. However, the spanking should be of sufficient magnitude to cause the child to cry genuinely."<mask> has called disciplining children to be a necessary but unpleasant part of raising children that should only be carried out by qualified parents:

In his book The Strong-Willed Child, <mask> suggests that if authority is portrayed correctly to a child, the child will understand how to interact with other authority figures:

In <mask>'s opinion, parents must uphold their authority and do so consistently: "When you are defiantly challenged, win decisively." In The Strong-Willed Child, <mask> draws an analogy between the defiance of a family pet and that of a small child, and concludes that "just as surely as a dog will occasionally challenge the authority of his leaders, so will a little child—only more so" (emphasis in original). When asked "How long do you think a child should be allowed to cry after being punished? Is there a limit?" <mask> responded:

Sociologists John Bartkowski and Christopher Ellison have stated that <mask>'s views


texts:
 "diverge sharply from those recommended by contemporary mainstream experts" and are not based on any sort of empirical testing, but rather are nothing more than expressions of his religious doctrines of "biblical literalism and 'authority-mindedness. Views on tolerance and diversity
In the winter of 2004-2005, the We Are Family Foundation sent American elementary schools approximately 60,000 copies of a free DVD using popular cartoon characters (especially SpongeBob SquarePants) to "promote tolerance and diversity." <mask> contended that "tolerance" and "diversity" are "buzzwords" that the We Are Family Foundation misused as part of a "hidden agenda" to promote homosexuality.Kate Zernik noted <mask> asserting: "tolerance and its first cousin, diversity, 'are almost always buzzwords for homosexual advocacy.'" He stated on the Focus on the Family website that "childhood symbols are apparently being hijacked to promote an agenda that involves teaching homosexual propaganda to children." He offered as evidence the association of many leading LGBT rights organizations, including GLAAD, GLSEN, HRC, and PFLAG, with the We Are Family Foundation as shown by links which he claims once existed on their website. The We Are Family Foundation countered that <mask> had mistaken their organization with "an unrelated Web site belonging to another group called 'We Are Family,' which supports gay youth." <mask> countered:

In September 2005, Tolerance.org published a follow-up message advertising the DVD's continued availability, including We Are Family Foundation president Nancy Hunt's speculation that many of the DVDs may be "still sitting in boxes, unused, because of Dobson's vitriolic attack." Views on homosexuality
<mask> believes that God defines marriage as between one man and one woman only and describes this as the central stabilizing institution of society. <mask> believes that any sexual activity outside of such a union—including homosexuality—cannot be approved by God.In <mask>'s view, homosexuality results from influences in a child's environment rather than an inborn trait. He

masks: Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson


texts: states that homosexual behavior, specifically "unwanted same-sex attraction", has been and can be "overcome" through understanding developmental models for homosexuality and choosing to heal the complex developmental issues which led to same-sex attraction. Focus on the Family ministry sponsors the monthly conference Love Won Out, where participants hear "powerful stories of ex-gay men and women." Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (P-FLAG) has protested against the conference in Orlando, questioning both its methodology and supposed success. In regards to the conference, <mask> has stated that "Gay activists come with preconceived notions about who we are and what we believe and about the hate that boils from within, which is simply not true. Regardless of what the media might say, Focus on the Family has no interest in promoting hatred toward homosexuals or anyone else. We also don't wish to deprive them of their basic constitutional rights ...The Constitution applies to all of us." <mask> strongly opposes the movement to legitimize same-sex relationships. In his book Bringing Up Boys, <mask> states, "[T]he disorder is not typically 'chosen.' Homosexuals deeply resent being told that they selected this same-sex inclination in pursuit of sexual excitement or some other motive. It is unfair, and I don't blame them for being irritated by that assumption. Who among us would knowingly choose a path that would result in alienation from family, rejection by friends, disdain from the heterosexual world, exposure to sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis, and even a shorter lifespan?" Sociologist Judith Stacey criticized <mask> for claiming that sociological studies show that gay couples do not make good parents.She stated that <mask>'s claim "is a direct misrepresentation of my research." In response to <mask>'s claim that "there have been more than ten thousand studies that have showed that children do best when they are raised with a mother and a father who are committed to each other," Stacey replied that "[a]ll of those studies that <mask>


texts:
 is referring to are studies that did not include gay or lesbian parents as part of the research base." <mask> objected to a bill expanding the prohibition of sexual orientation-based discrimination in the areas of "public accommodation, housing practices, family planning services and twenty other areas." He said that, were such a bill passed, public businesses could no longer separate locker rooms and bathrooms by gender, which he claimed would lead to a situation where, "every woman and little girl will have to fear that a predator, bisexual, cross-dresser or even a homosexual or heterosexual male might walk in and relieve himself in their presence." Political and social influence

Although <mask> initially remained somewhat distant from Washington politics, in 1981 he founded the Family Research Council as a political arm through which "social conservative causes" could achieve greater political influence. In 1996, he cast a vote for U.S. Taxpayers' Party Presidential candidate Howard Phillips. In late 2004, <mask> led a campaign to block the appointment of Arlen Specter to head of the Senate Judiciary Committee because of Specter's pro-abortion rights stance.Responding to a question by Fox News personality Alan Colmes on whether he wanted the Republican Party to be known as a "big-tent party," he replied, "I don't want to be in the big tent ... I think the party ought to stand for something." In 2006, Focus on the Family spent more than a half million dollars to promote a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage in its home state of Colorado. A May 2005 article by Chris Hedges in Harper's Magazine described <mask> as "perhaps the most powerful figure in the Dominionist movement" and "a crucial player in getting out the Christian vote for George W. Bush." Discernment Ministries, a site that describes dominionism as a heresy, characterized <mask> as belonging to the "Patriotic American" brand of dominionism, calling him "One of its most powerful leaders." In November 2004, <mask> was described by the online magazine Slate as "America's most influential evangelical

masks: Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson Dobson