texts: the transcendental, which shapes human societies’ collective identity and their definition of institutional legitimacy. In the aforementioned works, <mask> pointed out the paradoxes of modern democratic societies by placing them in a historical perspective.The sequel, L’Avènement de la démocratie, analyses the genealogy of democratic culture from its positive side; that of humanity’s evolution, the creation of its self-government across time and space, which operates through the production (praxis) of its own becoming as a species, mastered through the law and politics. This self-government is synonymous with the government of history. With modernity, both humanity's political and historical conditions — which, <mask> argues, define its existence — thus progressively took over from the primordial religious form of social existence or ‘being-together’. <mask>'s project in L’Avènement de la démocratie can hence be defined as a theory and re-conceptualization of democracy, from the point of view of historical anthropology. This approach leads him to show how modern democracy constitutes a ‘mixed regime’. It is the political form assumed by the autonomous form of collective existence once it is ‘taken out of religion’. This political form is organised around the mastery of three activities — the law, politics, and history.Democracy thus always encounters

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texts: the possible failure of this conjoint mastery of the three fundamental dimensions of human-social existence, once it is no longer informed by religion. The tragedies of the 20th century are examined as a response to the first ‘growth crisis’ of the young liberal democracies. Liberalism — understood as the ‘liberal upheaval’, the eruption of historicity and ‘society’ without democracy or political control of historicity — has indeed opened up the return of what Gauchet calls ‘the political’ but still bearing the imprint of religion, which generated the totalitarian ideologies of the early 20th century. The fourth and last volume of L’Avènement de la démocratie examines the triumphs of liberal democracy born of the defeat of totalitarianism. It shows that the contemporary ‘neoliberal ideological dominance’ is a total phenomenon, with legal, sociological and anthropological dimensions, as well as implications for the communication media. In the ‘society of individuals’ that gave birth to this new ideology, individuals cling to their rights and interests; they are both ultra-connected with and separated from one another, without the benefit of any consistent collective mediation. This loss of common reference points or purpose constitutes the ‘malaise’ examined in the main argument of Gauchet’s Le Nouveau monde.The autonomy that has been achieved in our new


texts: world is in fact ‘truncated’. Rather than being a ‘solution’,  it has become a ‘problem’. It is thus necessary to relaunch it, in both its deepest meaning and its practical manifestations, specifically through the reinvention of the democratic experience. As <mask> puts it, ‘the history of liberation is behind us; the history of freedom is only just beginning’. In so far as it exposes the existence of parallel historical stages between the development of new forms of ‘being-together’ and that of the subject, this theory of democracy can be understood at a meta-level. In La Condition politique, <mask> states that his theory can also be seen as elaborating what he calls a ‘transcendental anthropo-sociology’. That is to say, it reveals the processes that constitute the conditions in which humanity, during its history, acquired a consciousness of itself as a subject.The subject is considered to be both part of the collective being and distinct from it, an idea conveyed through the notion of ‘the political’, which is central to <mask>'s work. The advent of this consciousness is explained in his books on the history of psychiatry and psychoanalysis: La Pratique de l'esprit humain, L’Inconscient cérébral, Le Vrai Charcot, as well as his works on education. ‘The political’ is what gives human collectivities the power to govern themselves. This power is

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texts: repressed in heteronomous political forms but manifests itself openly as such through autonomy. ‘The political’ asserts itself explicitly not least through the invention of ‘politics’, after the invention of the State, then that of the modern Nation State and with it, of the individual and of history. In modernity, ‘the political’, the force that binds human societies, ceases to function through vertical symbolic meaning encompassing the entirety of social life (such as monarchical structures of the political). The ‘political’ instead becomes an infrastructure underpinning collective life concretely from below.It becomes "modern" through a process of metamorphosis which was first encouraged by the liberal upheaval and its deconstruction of the previous regime of meaning encapsulated in the French revolutionary notion of Ancien Régime. <mask> has also been interested in the question of the crisis of schooling and education, which, in Conditions de l'éducation, he analyses in a similar vein to that of Hannah Arendt. According to him, schooling helps produce rational citizens and individuals, concerned with producing the members who shape the future. <mask> argues however that the deepening of contemporary individualism encourages us to lose sight of the fact that this production supposes certain pre-conditions. Pedagogy, or pedagogism, is ideological in

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 nature. As such, it reproduces the negation of this necessity. From this point on, <mask> is interested in themes such as authority and the transmission of knowledge.Learning is not just about assimilating knowledge into one's own psychology, it is also adapting one’s mental processes to new methodologies. Here Gauchet is optimistic: democracy will give rise to a political consensus around schooling and its requirements, because schooling is an essential condition for the creation of the type of individuals needed by our societies through education. Synopsis of <mask>’s Major Works

Madness and Democracy: The Modern Psychiatric Universe
La Pratique de l’esprit humain: l’institution asilaire et la révolution démocratique, translated into English as Madness and Democracy: The Modern Psychiatric Universe, brings together political analysis and the study of the genesis of psychiatry and the creation of institutions to treat mental illness. <mask> and Swain argue that asylums were an incarnation of the modern political utopia where sanity was preserved and individuals were supposedly saved from the brink of insanity. This book is of particular importance since Gauchet and Swain critique Foucault’s theory on insanity and madness. Foucault postulated that contemporary societies had become increasingly normative, and any stark deviation from the norm would see

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texts: the “deviant” individual being placed in mental asylums and institutions. Contrastingly, Foucault argued that in an earlier era, the strangely behaving individuals were allowed to function freely within society, despite the possibility of them challenging society’s norms by virtue of their presence.However, this argument by Foucault is challenged by <mask> and Swain to elucidate that, in earlier eras where these individuals were given their social liberty, it was only in fact due to the perception that these individuals were seen as radically different, whether it be as superior or inferior beings. Hence, they did not per se challenge the norms of society. Rather, they functioned as a foil for its identity. Gauchet and Swain argued that the perception of the “mad” had changed at the end of the 18th century, such that they were seen to be part of society’s ideals of humanity. Thus, with this new perception of shared humanity, their difference with the rest of society had begun to appear challenging. As a result, the rational attempts to address these unsettling individuals brought forth a fervour of therapeutics in psychiatry and the creation of asylums. In other words, the asylum functioned to hold the antithetical “insane” individuals who were no longer considered as radically “other” in a type of society that increasingly accepted the idea of


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 ontological equality.<mask> and Swain used this observation to analyse the democratic culture that birthed the destruction of the monarchy and its hierarchical structure. The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion
Le Désenchantement du Monde: Une Histoire politique de la religion, translated into English as The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion, is <mask>’s first and most well-known book and the work that first gained him recognition outside of France. Tracing the genesis of democracy back in history, <mask> examines the role of hierarchy with that of the traditional framework within which human societies always secured their collective identity and cohesion, which he terms “religion”. <mask> asserts that the most fully formed forms of religion are not the monotheist faiths of Judaism and Christianity, but rather the “primeval” religions that existed many millennia ago. In societies that were arranged around this religious model, all individuals were equal before the laws of the gods, who were themselves seen as one with nature. In Europe, in order to maintain a collective sense of belonging, European societies ordered themselves around the metaphysical principles of Christianity which, paradoxically, ultimately led them to overthrow the religious conception of social order, a feature of human experience

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texts: from times immemorial. This leads <mask> to assert that Christianity as the religion which facilitated an “exit from religion” played a major role in the advent of modernity and of a new understanding of human power.Through Christianity, the transcendental presence of God was no longer dispersed throughout nature, but was now represented as an omnipotent, singular power. Monotheism led to humans questioning the divine law, learning to think more freely and individually, and consequently, to place their rational trust in the State, which opened up the pursuit of collective autonomy, through a new understanding of the State that also transformed the place of the individual. By abandoning the “religious” model of vertical hierarchy in favour of a model that grants individual autonomy, the collective identity ceased to be seen as imposed upon individuals by the transcendental world above. This is not to say that European societies abandoned religious beliefs altogether; rather, that the very status and role of religion changed, making possible the democratization of culture, first and foremost through an understanding of the representative role of the state with respect to the new notion of society. In contemporary democracies, individuals need to define this collective identity themselves. In other words, those who can now consciously determine their own


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 fate and their sense of belonging no longer live in an “enchanted” world. Extending from this, the law is no longer dictated from the perception of a transcendental power, but is instead created by individuals in their pursuit of a self-governing society.<mask> neither criticises nor laments this shift away from transcendental laws — he objectively analyses this change as having allowed the birth of democracy. He specifically considers this change not as a progress per se, but as a movement towards human autonomy. The ending of the book follows on from this analysis to tie the history of democracy to contemporary individualism. <mask> states that democracy naturally paves the way for conflict between individuals and different groups within society, given that autonomous individuals are now free to define their own destiny and values. <mask> proposes that this organic juxtaposition of conflicting ideals leads to the recognition that there is no perfect solution to human problems: conflict is present in potentially all societies. Denying this omnipresent conflict characterises heteronomous culture whereas autonomous culture accepts it. La Révolution des droits de l’homme
In La Révolution des droits de l’homme, <mask> used historiography to reflect on the place of political phenomena in socio-historical events.This book extends <mask>’s central reflections

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texts: on democratic equality, a theme that already pervaded his two major earlier works, The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion and Madness and Democracy: The Modern Psychiatric Universe, the latter being co-authored with Gladys Swain. <mask> turned his attention to an emblematic historical event in the genesis of modern democracy, the formulation of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man. In particular, he attempted to explore two enigmas — firstly, the purely French enigma that saw the Declaration being formulated to impose an unassailable principle of political legitimacy which ultimately saw democracy upheld in a country without democrats; secondly, the modern democratic enigma wherein society achieves consciousness of itself through the assertion of its constitution of power. In 1789, at the outset of the French Revolution, the representatives of the French people who created a new assembly that defined itself as “national”, were confronted with the need to attack the authority of the monarchy, in order to pursue their desire to establish an independent and competing pole of legitimacy on which they would be able to rely in their project to construct a constitutional framework limiting the king’s power. When they established this competing legitimacy, the representatives, however, retained the absolutist conception of power


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 that characterised the French monarchy and used it as the basis of the notion of national sovereignty. In the process, they were led to formulate what they saw as the ideal conditions of equality, even before they actually debated the institutions that would uphold these conditions. Furthermore, <mask>’s book elucidates a contradiction central to the specifically French understanding of democracy — the paradoxical coalescence of the French revolutionaries' project to construct a new, cohesive social order, and of their ideal of individual freedom.According to <mask>, the French Revolution’s idealistic bend, which had its roots in this need to challenge the monarch's considerable authority, birthed a tension, even a contradiction, between the “liberal” and the “collectivist” understandings of democracy. This contradiction runs through the history of French political regimes until the two poles were reconciled within the Republican framework. La Révolution des pouvoirs
As <mask> first established in La Révolution des droits de l’homme, the revolutionaries established the idea of political representation as the very crux of democracy. Six years later, in La Révolution des pouvoirs, <mask> furthered his analysis by moving away from the question of the founding ideals towards the debates of the national assembly that continued to shape this political


texts: experience of representation. After the French Revolution, as the people sought to innovate politically in a way that would allow society to govern itself autonomously, the attention of the legislators turned towards the relationship between the legislative and the executive and the question of making the people’s constituent power effective though the creation of an arbitrating power between the parliament and government. That is, they began discussing how to shape a third power — the judiciary. This third power was discussed under many names, but it can be seen as a precursor to what we now know as constitutional law.Another function of this third power was to embody the distance between the people and their elected representatives, thus preserving the ideal of popular sovereignty as distinct from empirical power. Hence, <mask> stresses that a nation’s sovereignty acquires a symbolic effectiveness through the judgement of this third power. <mask> uses these teachings from the French Revolution to bring the focus back to the contemporary era in which the gap between the ideal sovereignty of the people, and the reality of representation by the elected members, is signalled not only by the role acquired by constitutional courts in the second half of the 20th century, but also by the role of the media and through them, of public opinion. In his later

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 work, <mask> went on to highlight the danger that the power of this third party potentially poses under the pressure of contemporary individualism: when its task is to regulate the action of government and society, it seeks to foster the rights of individuals, which comes at the risk of diminishing the people’s collective capacity to act. This tension, which is at the heart of contemporary liberal democracy, remains the leading theme of <mask>’s work. In parallel, it shows how the law, as an instrument of rationalization of human relations, has acquired more prominence in a new perception of democracy, the democracy of control. Towards an analysis of contemporary democracy
La Démocratie contre elle-même brings together in one volume all the political articles published by <mask> in Le Débat since its inception.These articles deal with different topics: human rights, religion, school education, contemporary psychology and liberalism. As a whole, they express the central concern that runs throughout <mask>’s entire writings: to try and understand the new and disconcerting form that democracy started to exhibit from the turn of the 21st century, democracy being defined as ‘a way of being’, rather than simply a form of political regime. The book argues that the prominence gained by the quest to secure the rights of individuals in practice undermines their


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 actual realization. This paradox summarized in the title as the tendency of democratic culture to work against itself, is characteristic of the new situation in which democracy finds itself: whilst it is no longer contested by Marxist critique and now rests on the support of a wide social consensus, the victory of its principles is generating new problems. The triumph of individual rights, according to <mask>, threatens to bring about a crisis of liberal democracy. In La Condition politique, composed of <mask>’s essays from the 1970s and 1980s, together with new texts responding to more recent events such as the creation of the European Union, Gauchet presents his post-Marxist understanding of the political foundations of all human societies. Its publication thus went against the depoliticized interpretations of the globalization process influential at the turn of the century, which emphasized the marginalization of the nation-state and the centrality of economic phenomena.Its overall theme, the ‘eclipse of the political’ in contemporary liberal democracies was then explored extensively in later works, within the general hypothesis that this eclipse explains the destabilization of European societies in the first decade of the 21st century. L’Avènement de la démocratie
L’Avènement de la démocratie, <mask>’s magisterial tetralogy, carries on from his work


texts: in The Disenchantment of the World. Following the exit from religion, humanity turned to the idea of men establishing ways and processes to govern their own societies and their relationships. The first volume, La Révolution Moderne, acts as a prologue that sets the scene. It outlines the cultural and intellectual revolution that brought the ideal of autonomy to European societies between the 16th and 19th centuries, and ultimately ushered in the creation of democratic government. This volume examines, in particular, the development of new perspectives associated with the ideal of self-governance through a “mixed regime” associating three different perspectives. These underpin contemporary Western liberal democracy, but at the same time, constitute a permanent problem for it.The three dimensions of liberal democracy, constantly in tension with one another, are: le politique (the collective political imperative), le droit (rights-based law) and l’histoire (future-oriented historical action). Through the evolution of modernity, the influence of “religion” has been eroded, which has consequently diminished the political function of metaphysical beliefs. <mask> hypothesises that within contemporary societies, the three aforementioned perspectives have been developed unevenly, upsetting the balance that was established in the early form of liberal democracy.


texts: All four volumes of L’Avènement de la démocratie analyse this loss of balance, and delve into how phenomena like juridification and economism have contributed to this loss. The second volume, La Crise du libéralisme, analyses the Western political landscape’s successes and failures throughout the period 1880 to 1914. The increased pertinence of universal suffrage and the progress in representative politics shed light on the speed of the changes that accompanied the newfound freedom from hierarchy. It explores the return of the political triggered by the crisis of liberalism in the form of colonial imperialism and the significance of the first globalisation it paradoxically inspired, in an analysis that leads him to take distance from the Marxist-Leninist interpretation of the period.The third volume, À l’épreuve des totalitarismes, examines the deepening hold of liberal democracy but also its paradoxical contribution to the appearance of totalitarianism in the 20th century. Gauchet discusses several key events such as the rise of Nazism, Stalinism and fascism, as well as socialism’s lack of imprint in the US at the time, as opposed to Europe. Its analysis of the journey through these events corroborates the rise of what Gauchet calls “ideocracies” and “their secular religions”. These ideologies helped the totalitarian regimes establish their popular


texts: legitimacy by grounding themselves in the older religious contexts of spiritual communion, supposedly natural cohesion and hierarchical social order. In this respect, they were responding to the destabilization of European societies induced by the progress of democratic culture, and reasserted the ideal of an absolute collective unity transcending the aspiration to individual freedom. The fourth and final volume, Le Nouveau monde, also the longest of the tetralogy, scrutinises the reorientation of societies since the 1970s, the rise of neoliberalism and postmodernity, and their effects on the ideals of Western democracy. This volume discusses the capitalistic orientation of the economic identity of 21st century societies, while tackling questions to do with the individualistic and economy-driven craze of neoliberalism.<mask> uncovers the nature of individualism in a new postmodern and neo-liberal form of democracy, wherein the individualistic identity is at odds with old understandings of collective (including national) identity. <mask>’s analysis of the unprecedented power of “generalised capitalism”, of a new project of artificialisation of human life through the combined effect of neo-liberal economic and legal rationalisation, leads him to plead for a new project of substantive autonomy to transcend the narrow, purely functional autonomy associated


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 with the insatiable quest for absolute innovation. This project of self-reflection requires a deeper understanding of what makes human knowledge possible in order to combat the deintellectualisation encouraged by ultra-modern “structural” autonomy. Comprendre le malheur français
Gauchet’s book Comprendre le malheur français examines the pessimism that is specific to France, especially in regards to the French population’s perception of their country’s position in Europe and the rest of the world. In specific, Gauchet analyses the views of certain groups in France on the phenomena of globalisation and the liaison between France and other powerful countries in the European Union. When comparing this pessimistic viewpoint with those of a more positive nature, <mask> brings to light the increasing discordance between the 'elites' and the rest of the population, a dissociation that widens social divisions in French society. In this book of conversation with Eric Conan and Francois Azouvi, Gauchet also explores the depths of so-called populism, as termed by the 'elites', and considers the implications for politicians in terms of responsible leadership.Ultimately, <mask> scrutinises the role of neoliberalism as a determinant of France’s pursuit of legitimation in the EU, and the pessimism that ensues from the application of this economic and political


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 framework. Comprendre le malheur francais II
In Macron, les leçons d’un échec: Comprendre le malheur français II, <mask> discusses the presidency of Emmanuel Macron, and the phenomena that surround Macron’s succession to the post as well as his handling of France’s contemporary issues. <mask>, while acknowledging the challenges of Macron’s presidency, analyses his election as the consequence of the collapse of the French political party system. According to <mask>, Macron was able to benefit from a populist movement against the elites of France, and despite belonging to this elite population himself, he was able to show empathy towards the disadvantaged part of the population. In doing so, Macron distanced himself from the far left politics of Jean-Luc Mélenchon and the far right leader Marine Le Pen, appearing as an ideal centrist politician capable of transcending the left-right divide blamed for having paralysed the country and made it impossible for it to meet the contemporary challenges of globalisation and European economic integration. By detonating the tensions between the right and the left, Macron opened up a multitude of possibilities for new social and political protests, as seen in the yellow vests movement. Paradoxically, he then revealed himself not to have challenged the dominant elite political consensus of the previous three decades


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 (as first crafted by former presidents François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac — ‘le mitterrando-chiraquisme’), but to have upheld it.<mask> suggests that the dynamism unleashed by Macron may yet have more repercussions for French politics as a result, and that the 2022 French presidential election could still hold many surprises. Reception of <mask>'s Works
In comparison to that of other French philosophers like Michel Foucault or Jacques Derrida, the reception of <mask>’s work in the English-speaking world has been less pervasive. One of the main reasons for this disparity is the style of <mask>’s philosophy, and its departure from classical “French theory”, is its close links to post-structuralism, which has promoted a distinct type of philosophy that many celebrated French intellectuals abided by. <mask>’s views are relatively more centrist and reformist in comparison with those of other French theorists such as Foucault, whose ideas tend to be more binary and extreme. In other words, <mask>’s work seems foreign to an English-speaking reader who awaits from his work another example of traditional French theory. In particular, <mask> and Swain critiqued certain principles of Foucault’s ideology surrounding institutions that treat mental illness. Despite their book having been translated to English, the ideas are however not cited as far and wide as

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texts: Foucault’s are.In a more general sense, there is an observation that <mask> may not have been forgiven for having criticised Foucault’s ideas. Despite this dissimilarity with classical French theory, <mask>’s work remains within the traditions of a certain strand of continental philosophy, standing in contrast with analytic philosophy, the latter being far more familiar to Anglo-Saxon intellectuals and readers. With its methodology relying heavily on the analysis of the logic of language, analytical philosophy characterises the works of famously-studied philosophers such as John Rawls and Richard Rorty whose historical significance <mask> discusses in "Les tâches de la philosophie politique". Through <mask>’s predilection for abstract reconstructions of history from an anthropological perspective often perceived as symptomatic of Hegelian influence, there is the possibility that Anglo-Saxon readers find his work difficult to comprehend. Even within France, the controversy of Blois exemplifies a common misunderstanding of <mask>’s philosophy. Geoffroy de Lagasnerie, a philosopher, and Edouard Louis, a writer, made an appeal to boycott <mask>’s lectures at the 2014 Rendez-vous de l’histoire at Blois, an annual conference that brings together intellectuals to discuss socio-historic topics. Lagasnerie and Louis deemed <mask>’s ideas intolerable because they

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texts: were, according to them, too conservative.In response, several intellectuals created a collective opinion piece in Le Monde. In this piece, they argued that the act of boycotting the convention went against the very spirit of democracy, a principle that is indeed based on respecting the diversity of opinions. This controversy, as analysed in The New York Times, illustrated the preference of the far left for radical moralistic indictments of ideas rather than their analysis. <mask> has, in a number of different contexts, made clear his critique of 21st century radicalism, especially in its neo-Marxist form. As stated in his debate with Badiou his critique is not inspired by a fundamental disagreement over the need to imagine a different kind of society but by an assessment of its political ineffectiveness. For <mask>, the radicalism of the extreme left amounts to a form of purely idealistic aristocratism which traps intelligence in a political impasse. It encourages a pose of intellectual distinction from the rest of society, which appears to be challenging the established order but in reality, does little to destabilise it, not least because it does not provide in depth analyses of the phenomena it seeks to combat and transcend.This pose of ‘enlightened’ radicalism ‘replaces the content and becomes an end in itself’. It delivers only symbolic benefits


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 for its supporters, freeing them from the arduous political work needed to change the status quo. At the same time, it confers upon them a sense of moral distinction derived from the feeling of not being tainted by any compromise with political reality; <mask> thus contrasts what he describes as politically expedient radicalism with genuine intellectual radicalism. In keeping with the etymology of the word, intellectual radicalism goes to the root of contemporary problems based on both historical and anthropological knowledge. It informs <mask>’s project for a new critical philosophy. Major Works

Selected Books

 Madness and Democracy: The Modern Psychiatric Universe (with Gladys Swain), 1980, translated into English in 2007
The Disenchantment of the World: A Political History of Religion, 1985, translated in 1997
La Révolution des droits de l'homme, 1989
La Révolution des pouvoirs - La souveraineté, le peuple et la représentation (1789-1799), 1995
 Que faire ? Dialogue sur le communisme, le capitalisme et l’avenir de la démocratie (with Alain Badiou), 2014
 Comprendre le malheur français (in collaboration with Éric Conan and François Azouvi), 2016
 L'Avènement de la démocratie 4 : Le Nouveau Monde, 2017
 Robespierre, l'homme qui nous divise le plus, 2018
 Macron, les leçons d'un échec.Comprendre le malheur français II (in collaboration with


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 Éric Conan and François Azouvi), 2021
 La Droite et la gauche: Histoire et destin, 2021

Selected Articles
 "De l’avènement de l’individu à La Découverte de La Société", 1984
 "Les droits de l'homme ne sont pas une politique", 1980
 "Fin de la religion ? Breckman, Warren. Adventures of the Symbolic : Post-Marxism and Radical Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Doyle, Natalie J. “Democracy as Socio-Cultural Project of Individual and Collective Sovereignty.” Thesis Eleven, vol. 75, no.1, 2003, pp. 69–95. Doyle, Natalie J. “The Sacred, Social Creativity and the State.” Critical Horizons : Journal of Social & Critical Theory, vol. 7, no. 1, 2006, pp. 207–238.Doyle, Natalie J. “Autonomy and Modern Liberal Democracy.” European Journal of Social Theory, vol. 15, no. 3, 2012, pp. 331–347. Doyle, Natalie J. “Introduction to <mask>’s ‘Democracy: From One Crisis to Another.” Social Imaginaries, vol.1, no. 1, 2015, pp. 151–161. Doyle, Natalie J. “The United States in the Work of <mask>: A Critical Introduction to ‘Populism as Symptom’.” Social Imaginaries, vol. 3, no. 1, 2017, pp.195–206. Doyle, Natalie J. <mask>chet and the Loss of Common Purpose. Lexington Books, 2017. Doyle, Natalie J. "The Political Imaginary of European Hypermodernity" in Social Imaginaries: Debates and Configurations,  edited by Suzi Adams and Jeremy C.A. Smith, London, Rowman &

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 Littlefield, 2019. Doyle, Natalie J."<mask> and the Crisis of European democracy" in The Handbook of Contemporary Social and Political Theory, 2nd ed.,  edited by Gerard Delanty and Stephen P.Turner, Abingdon, Oxon, New York,  Routledge, 2021. Doyle, Natalie J and Sean McMorrow. <mask> and the Crisis of Democratic Politics. Routledge, 2022. Moyn, Samuel. “Savage and Modern Liberty.” European Journal of Political Theory, vol. 4, no.2, 2005, pp. 164–187. Weymans, Wim. “Freedom through Political Representation.” European Journal of Political Theory, vol. 4, no. 3, 2005, pp. 263–282.Weymans, Wim. “Revising Foucault's Model of Modernity and Exclusion: <mask> and Swain On Madness and Democracy.” Thesis Eleven, vol. 98, no. 1, 2009, pp. 33–51. References

External links
 Review of The Disenchantment of the World by Paul J. Fitzgerald. Theological Studies 59.3 (1998): 548-549
 Blog about <mask>, since 2009
 Blog also about <mask>, not updated anymore since 2009

1946 births
Living people
French philosophers
French sociologists
French historians
French male non-fiction writers
People from Manche
University of Caen alumni
French atheists
Chevaliers of the Légion

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<mask>. (; November 26, 1919 – September 2, 2013) was an American science-fiction writer, editor, and fan, with a career spanning nearly 75 years—from his first published work, the 1937 poem "Elegy to a Dead Satellite: Luna", to the 2011 novel All the Lives He Led. From about 1959 until 1969, <mask> edited Galaxy and its sister magazine If; the latter won three successive annual Hugo Awards as the year's best professional magazine. His 1977 novel Gateway won four "year's best novel" awards: the Hugo voted by convention participants, the Locus voted by magazine subscribers, the Nebula voted by American science-fiction writers, and the juried academic John W. Campbell Memorial Award. He won the Campbell Memorial Award again for the 1984 collection of novellas The Years of the City, one of two repeat winners during the first 40 years. For his 1979 novel Jem, <mask> won a U.S. National Book Award in the one-year category Science Fiction, and it was a finalist for three other year's best novel awards. He won four Hugo and three Nebula Awards, including receiving both for the 1977 novel Gateway. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named <mask> its 12th recipient of the Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award in 1993 and he was inducted by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 1998, its third class of two dead and two living writers.<mask> won the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer in 2010, for his blog, "The Way the Future Blogs". Early life and family
<mask> was the son of <mask> (originally Friedrich) <mask> (a salesman of German descent) and Anna Jane Mason. <mask> Sr. held various jobs, and the <mask>s lived in such wide-flung locations as Texas, California, New Mexico, and the Panama Canal Zone. The family settled in Brooklyn when <mask> was around seven. He attended Brooklyn Technical High School, and

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Pohl
Pohl


texts: dropped out at 17. In 2009, he was awarded an honorary diploma from Brooklyn Tech. While a teenager, he co-founded the New York–based Futurians fan group, and began lifelong friendships with Donald Wollheim, Isaac Asimov, and others who would become important writers and editors.<mask> later said that other "friends came and went and were gone, [but] many of the ones I met through fandom were friends all their lives – Isaac, Damon Knight, Cyril Kornbluth, Dirk Wylie, [and] Dick Wilson. In fact, there are one or two – Jack Robins, Dave Kyle – whom I still count as friends, seventy-odd years later...." He published a science-fiction fanzine called Mind of Man. In 1936, <mask> joined the Young Communist League because of its positions for unions and against racial prejudice, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini. He became president of the local Flatbush III Branch of the YCL in Brooklyn. <mask> has said that after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, the party line changed and he could no longer support it, at which point he left. During World War II, <mask> served in the United States Army from April 1943 until November 1945, rising to sergeant as an elite Air Corps weatherman. After training in Illinois, Oklahoma, and Colorado, he was mainly stationed in Italy with the 456th Bombardment Group.<mask> was married five times. His first wife, Leslie Perri, was another Futurian; they were married in August 1940, and divorced in 1944. He then married Dorothy Les Tina in Paris in August 1945 while both were serving in the military in Europe; the marriage ended in 1947. During 1948, he married Judith Merril; they had a daughter, Ann. <mask> and Merril divorced in 1952. In 1953, he married Carol M. Ulf Stanton, with whom he had three children and collaborated on several books; they separated in 1977 and were divorced in 1983. From 1984

masks: Pohl Pohl Pohl Pohl Pohl Pohl


texts:
 until his death, <mask> was married to science-fiction expert and academic Elizabeth Anne Hull.He fathered four children – Ann (m. Walter Weary), <mask> III (born and died in 1954, aged one month), <mask> IV (a Los Angeles-based actor, writer, and producer), and Kathy. Grandchildren include Canadian writer <mask>-Weary and chef <mask>-Weary. From 1984 on, he lived in Palatine, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. He was previously a longtime resident of Middletown, New Jersey. Career

Early writing
<mask> began writing in the late 1930s, using pseudonyms for most of his early works. His first publication was the poem "Elegy to a Dead Satellite: Luna" under the name of Elton Andrews, in the October 1937 issue of Amazing Stories, edited by T. O'Conor Sloane. (Pohl asked readers 30 years later, "we would take it as a personal favor if no one ever looked it up".)His first story, the collaboration with C.M. Kornbluth "Before the Universe", appeared in 1940 under the pseudonym S.D. Gottesman. Editor and agent
<mask> started a career as a literary agent in 1937, but it was a sideline for him until after World War II, when he began doing it full-time. <mask> stopped being Asimov's agent—the only one the latter ever had—when he became editor from 1939 to 1943 of two pulp magazines, Astonishing Stories and Super Science Stories. In his autobiography, <mask> said that he stopped editing the two magazines at roughly the time of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Stories by <mask> often appeared in these magazines, but never under his own name.Work written in collaboration with Cyril M. Kornbluth was credited to S. D. Gottesman or Scott Mariner; other collaborative work (with any combination of Kornbluth, Dirk Wylie, or Robert A. W. Lownes) was credited to Paul Dennis Lavond. For <mask>'s solo work, stories were credited to James

masks:
Pohl
Frederik
Frederik
Emily Pohl
Tobias Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl
Pohl


texts:
 MacCreigh (or for one story only, Warren F. Howard.) Works by "Gottesman", "Lavond", and "MacCreigh" continued to appear in various science-fiction pulp magazines throughout the 1940s. He also worked as an advertising copywriter and then as a copywriter and book editor for Popular Science. <mask> co-founded the Hydra Club, a loose collection of science-fiction professionals and fans who met during the late 1940s and 1950s. From the early 1960s until 1969, <mask> served as editor of Galaxy Science Fiction and Worlds of if magazines, taking over after the ailing H. L. Gold could no longer continue working "around the end of 1960".Under his leadership, if won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine for 1966, 1967 and 1968. <mask> hired Judy-Lynn del Rey as his assistant editor at Galaxy and if. He also served as editor of Worlds of Tomorrow from its first issue in 1963 until it was merged into if in 1967. In the mid-1970s, <mask> acquired and edited novels for Bantam Books, published as "A Frederik Pohl Selection"; these included Samuel R. Delany's Dhalgren and Joanna Russ's The Female Man. He also edited a number of science-fiction anthologies. Novelist
Though the pen names of "Gottesman", "Lavond", and "MacCreigh" were retired by the early 1950s, <mask> still occasionally used pseudonyms, even after he began to publish work under his real name. These occasional pseudonyms, all of which date from the early 1950s to the early 1960s, included Charles Satterfield, Paul Flehr, Ernst Mason, Jordan Park (two collaborative novels with Kornbluth), and Edson McCann (one collaborative novel with Lester del Rey).In the 1970s, <mask> re-emerged as a novel writer in his own right, with books such as Man Plus and the Heechee Saga series. He won back-to-back Nebula Awards with Man Plus in 1976 and Gateway, the first Heechee novel, in


texts: 1977. In 1978, Gateway swept the other two major novel honors, also winning the Hugo Award for Best Novel and John W. Campbell Memorial Award for the best science-fiction novel. Two of his stories have also earned him Hugo Awards: "The Meeting" (with Kornbluth) tied in 1973 and "Fermi and Frost" won in 1986. Another award-winning novel is Jem (1980), winner of the National Book Award. His works include not only science fiction, but also articles for Playboy and Family Circle magazines and nonfiction books. For a time, he was the official authority for Encyclopædia Britannica on the subject of Emperor Tiberius.(He wrote a book on the subject of Tiberius, as "Ernst Mason".) Some of his short stories take a satirical look at consumerism and advertising in the 1950s and 1960s: "The Wizards of Pung's Corners", where flashy, over-complex military hardware proved useless against farmers with shotguns, and "The Tunnel under the World", where an entire community of seeming-humans is held captive by advertising researchers. ("The Wizards of Pung's Corners" was freely translated into Chinese and then freely translated back into English as "The Wizard-Masters of Peng-Shi Angle" in the first edition of Pohlstars (1984)). In his 1969 novel, "The Age of the Pussyfoot", <mask> speculated about a society where everyone could access knowledge and the means to communicate with others through a small handheld device similar to a smartphone. Although he set the novel 500 years in the future, he noted in an afterword that it might be as few as fifty years away. A short story "Day Million" suggested that society in the year 2737 might be as alien to us as contemporary society would be to someone from ancient times. Pohl's Law is either "No one is ever ready for anything" or "Nothing is so good that somebody, somewhere will not hate it".He was a


texts:
 frequent guest on Long John Nebel's radio show from the 1950s to the early 1970s, and an international lecturer. Starting in 1995, when the Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award became a juried award, <mask> served first with James Gunn and Judith Merril, and since then with several others until retiring in 2013. <mask> was associated with Gunn since the 1940s, becoming involved in 1975 with what later became Gunn's Center for the Study of Science Fiction at the University of Kansas. There, he presented many talks, recorded a discussion about "The Ideas in Science Fiction" in 1973 for the Literature of Science Fiction Lecture Series, and served the Intensive Institute on Science Fiction and Science Fiction Writing Workshop. <mask> received the second annual J. W. Eaton Lifetime Achievement Award in Science Fiction from the University of California, Riverside Libraries at the 2009 Eaton Science Fiction Conference, "Extraordinary Voyages: Jules Verne and Beyond". <mask>'s work has been an influence on a wide variety of other science fiction writers, some of whom appear in the 2010 anthology, Gateways: Original New Stories Inspired by <mask> <mask>, edited by Elizabeth Anne Hull. <mask>'s last novel, All the Lives He Led, was released on April 12, 2011.By the time of his death, he was working to finish a second volume of his autobiography The Way the Future Was (1979), along with an expanded version of the latter. In July 2020, an academic description reported on the nature and rise of the "robot prosumer", derived from modern-day technology and related participatory culture, that, in turn, was substantially predicted earlier by science fiction writers, most notably by <mask>. Collaborative work
In addition to his solo writings, <mask> was also well known for his collaborations, beginning with his first published story. Before and

masks: Pohl Pohl Pohl Pohl Frederik Pohl Pohl Pohl Pohl


texts:
 following the war, <mask> did a series of collaborations with his friend Cyril Kornbluth, including a large number of short stories and several novels, among them The Space Merchants, a dystopian satire of a world ruled by the advertising agencies. In the mid-1950s, he began a long-running collaboration with Jack Williamson, eventually resulting in 10 collaborative novels over five decades. Other collaborations included a novel with Lester Del Rey, Preferred Risk (1955). This novel was solicited for a contest by Galaxy–Simon & Schuster when the judges did not think any of the contest submissions was good enough to win their contest.It was published under the joint pseudonym Edson McCann. He also collaborated with Thomas T. Thomas on a sequel to his award-winning novel Man Plus. He wrote two short stories with Isaac Asimov in the 1940s, both published in 1950. He finished a novel begun by Arthur C. Clarke, The Last Theorem, which was published on August 5, 2008. Death
<mask> went to the hospital in respiratory distress on the morning of September 2, 2013, and died that afternoon at the age of 93. Works

Notes

References

Further reading

Critical studies, reviews and biography

 Frederik <mask> by Michael R. Page (2015). University of Illinois Press

Derivative works
 Gateways: Original New Stories Inspired by <mask> <mask> (2010), edited by Elizabeth Anne Hull.Elizabeth Anne Hull, Introduction
 David Brin, "Shoresteading"
 Phyllis and Alex Eisenstein, "Von Neumann's Bug"
 Isaac Asimov, Appreciation
 Joe Haldeman, "Sleeping Dogs"
 Larry Niven, "Gates (Variations)"
 Gardner Dozois, Appreciation
 James Gunn, "Tales from the Spaceship Geoffrey"
 Gregory Benford and Elisabeth Malartre, "Shadows of the Lost"
 Connie Willis, Appreciation
 Vernor Vinge, "A Preliminary Assessment of the Drake Equation, Being an Excerpt from the

masks: Pohl Pohl Pohl Frederik Pohl


texts:
<mask> (born 1 August 1946 in Canterbury, New South Wales) is an Australian poet, resident in Castlemaine in the goldfields region of Victoria. He studied at the University of Sydney, where he was awarded a BA degree in 1972, and then at the University of Auckland where he was awarded a PhD in 1976 for his dissertation on Lord Byron's poetical dramas. Literary activity
<mask> is a biographer, poet and reviewer of Australian and New Zealand poetry and journalism, having published over 700 works. He established Fat Possum Press in Armidale NSW (1979–1986) with Winifred Belmont and co-edited with her Trans-Tasman Undercurrent literary magazine in Melbourne (1986). His poems have appeared in literary anthologies, journals and newspapers in Australia, New Zealand, India, the UK, USA, Canada, Mexico, Italy, Syria, China and France. He was poetry editor, later coordinating editor of the Australian literary journal Ulitarra from 1992 to 2001, and has guest-edited poetry issues of other magazines including Hobo and Famous Reporter. He has also worked as a freelance writer, editor and publisher's reader, and as a Writer in the Community for the Box Hill-Doncaster Regional Library in Victoria and the Blue Mountains City Library in New South Wales.He was a regular book reviewer for the Australian Book Review, and the Australian and Courier Mail newspapers and has contributed biographical essays to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography and other publications. He has conducted poetry seminars and read poetry at several German universities

masks:
Michael Sharkey
Michael Sharkey


texts:
 including RWTH (Aachen), Osnabrück, the Humboldt (Berlin), Trier, Munich, Kiel, and the Free University (Berlin). He has also been a guest poet and lecturer at London University and University College Dublin. In recent years, he has read poetry at Australian literary events including the Victorian Arts Festival, the Queensland Poetry Festival, the Sydney Poetry Festival and the Bellingen Readers and Writers Festival. He has also served as a judge of State-sponsored literary awards for the Northern Territory and New South Wales. In 2014 he was appointed editor of the Australian Poetry Journal, from which he retired in December 2016. Academic history
<mask> was an Associate Professor of Rhetorical Analysis, Writing, and American Literature at the School of English, Communication and Theatre at the University of New England from 1992 until his resignation in 2010.His academic career included appointments as a Teaching Fellow in English literature at Sydney University (1972–73) and in New Zealand literature at Auckland University (1974), and as a Tutor in English at the University of New England (1977–81). He lectured in Australian and American literature, and in critical theory at the University of Southern Queensland (1983–84) and as a part-time lecturer in Australian cultural studies and Renaissance literature at Melbourne University of Technology (1985–87). He was an Assistant Professor of American and English literature at Bond University, Queensland from 1989 to 1990. He has conducted seminars on diverse topics at Beijing Foreign Languages University, Luo Yang


texts:
 Foreign Languages University, and City University (Hong Kong). Selected publications
 2019, "The Foliage in the Underworld", Waratah (NSW), Puncher & Wattmann. 2018, "Many Such as She: Victorian Australian Women Poets of World War One", Hobart, Walleah Press. 2017, "In the Real World (and other poems)", Burringbah Books, Hobart.2017, "The Poetic Eye: Occasional Writings 1982–2012", Leiden, Brill/Rodopi. 2012, Apollo in George Street: The Life of David McKee Wright, Sydney, Puncher & Wattmann. 2012, Another Fine Morning in Paradise, Melbourne, Five Islands Press. 2011, with Belmont, W., The Easy Writer: Formal English for Academic Purposes, Sydney, Pearson Education. 2007, The Sweeping Plain, Melbourne, Five Islands Press. 2002, History: Selected Poems 1978–2000, Wollongong, Five Islands Press. 2001, Poems 2001, Armidale, Kardoorair.2000, Park, Armidale, Kardoorair. 1998, Libretto for Rolf Gehlhaar: Waiting for Rain: 10 Songs to Poems by <mask>, Feedback Studio Verlag, Köln. 1996, Waiting for Rain: More Love Poems, Armidale, Kardoorair. 1995, Strange Journey: Poems, Armidale, Kardoorair. 1994, Look, He Said: Poems 1994, Armidale, Kardoorair. 1991, Alive in Difficult Times: Poems 1985–1991, Armidale, Kardoorair. 1988, (Ed.)An Illustrated Treasury of Australian Humour, Melbourne, Oxford University Press. 1984, The Way It Is: Selected Poems, Toowoomba, Darling Downs Institute Press. 1983,  Robert Solay's Dreaming, Melbourne, Fling. 1981, Braindamage Festers and a Louisville Ford Truck Songbook, Armidale, Fat Possum Press. 1981,  Barbarians, Armidale, Fat Possum Press.


texts:
 1978,  Woodcuts, Bristol & Edinburgh, Parnassus Press. Selected Essays
 2009, 'Why Men leave home: the flight of the suburban male in some Australian fiction 1910–1950', Serious Frolic: Essays on Australian Humour, eds Frances De Groen and Peter Kirkpatrick, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 110–123.2007, 'But who considers woman day by day? : Australian women poets and World War I', Australian Literary Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1, 63–78. 2006, 'Byron's Deluge: Heaven and Earth', The Byron Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1, 35–48.2001, 'Class of His Own: Francis Adams, Fiction and Biography', Journal of Australian Colonial History, Vol. 3, No. 2, 104–110. 1996, (with Horgan, M.), 'Vision Splendid or Sandy Blight? The Lawson-Paterson Debate', The 1890s: Australian Literature and Literary Culture, ed. Ken Stewart, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 66–94. 1995, 'Wisdom', The Eleven Saving Virtues, ed.Ross Fitzgerald, Melbourne, Minerva, 167–192. 1994, '"Dear Beppo": Recuperating Margaret Fane', Wallflower and Witches: Women and Culture in Australia 1910–1945, ed. Maryanne Dever, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia,115–132. 1993, 'Introduction to Lennie Lower's "Here's Luck"', Lennie Lower: He Made a Nation Laugh, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, v–xi. 1983, 'Rosa Praed's Colonial Heroines', Who Is She? Images of Women in Australian Literature, ed. Shirley Walker, St Lucia, University of Queensland Press, 26–36.References

1994, '<mask>', The Oxford Companion to Australian Literature, eds William H. Wilde, Joy Hooton & Barry Andrews, Melbourne University Press,


texts:
<mask> (born Charles Olden; 21 November 1905 – 8 November 1977) was an English comedian of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, on radio and television. His BBC radio show Ray's a Laugh ran for 12 years. Biography
<mask> was born Charles Olden in Wigan, Lancashire, England, to comic singer and mimic Charles Olden (who used the stage-name Charlie Alden) and his wife Margaret Ellen (née Kenyon). His parents moved to Liverpool within days of his birth, and Liverpudlians regard him as a local. He was educated at Anfield council school and Liverpool Collegiate School, and as a youth wished to become a footballer. As a comedian of the 1940s and 1950s, he demonstrated his ad-libbing skills in his weekly radio show Ray's A Laugh from 1949 until 1961. A music hall comedian, <mask> usually played violin badly as part of his act—first as Hugh Neek, then "Nedlo the Gypsy Violinist".He also played comedy roles in several British films—notably as the headmaster in Carry On Teacher. He is best remembered for the BBC Radio show <mask>'s a Laugh, a domestic comedy in which Kitty Bluett played his wife. Other actors and actresses who featured on the show included Peter Sellers, Fred Yule, Patricia Hayes, Kenneth Connor, Pat Coombs and Graham Stark; Sellers' earliest appearances predated The Goon Show by a couple of years. In 1949 and 1950, <mask> was King Rat of the Grand Order of Water Rats. He was the subject of the 3rd episode of This is Your Life in 1955. <mask> was an accomplished golfer, frequently playing with professional sportsmen.

masks:
Ted Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray


texts: Later in his career, he appeared with Jimmy Edwards, Arthur Askey and Cyril Fletcher in the comedy radio panel game Does the Team Think?<mask> appeared on television, reading on Jackanory, a children's programme, in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1974, he presented a radio show on BBC Radio 2, The Betty Witherspoon Show, with Kenneth Williams, Miriam Margolyes and Nigel Rees. He was also involved in Jokers Wild, an ITV celebrity comedy game show (1969–74) which was chaired by Barry Cryer. Arthur Askey was another regular on the show. He married showgirl Dorothy Sybil (b. 1909), daughter of mechanical engineer George Henry Stevens; the couple had two sons: <mask>, a well-known television personality in the 1960s and 1970s, who initiated Call My Bluff and specialist classical music shows, and <mask>, a child star of the 1950s who had a long career on stage, film and television. He was the subject of This Is Your Life on two occasions: firstly, in October 1955 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre, and secondly in February 1975, when Andrews surprised him on the doorstep of his Southgate home.In 1975, returning home from a day of golfing and alcohol, two of his passions, <mask> was involved in a serious motor vehicle accident. The injuries sustained were physically debilitating and left him dependent on crutches; he was convicted of dangerous driving under the influence of alcohol. On 16 June 1977, he recorded a half-hour interview talking about his life, which was broadcast on 25 July 1977.

masks:
Ray
Robin Ray
Andrew Ray
Ray


texts:
 This was repeated on Radio 4 Extra's It's a Funny Business series on 3 November 2013. On 8 November 1977, he suffered a fatal heart attack. <mask>'s a Laugh (1949–61)
<mask>'s alter ego, Nedlo, the Gypsy Violinist, started his own variety show in 1949 and made a success of it. <mask>'s a Laugh did not include Nedlo's name in the credits, however, nor indeed that of Charlie Olden (<mask>'s real name).Nedlo/Olden was, by 1949, calling himself <mask> (after the golfer); this was how he billed himself for his radio series. <mask>'s a Laugh was a domestic comedy, with <mask>'s wife played by Kitty Bluett. Fred Yule played his brother-in-law. Patricia Hayes also appeared, as did Kenneth Connor as Sidney Mincing. In later series <mask> had left the Cannon Enquiry Agency and joined the Daily Bugle as a reporter. Jack Watson and Charles Leno joined the cast and new characters included Mrs Dipper and Roger Curfew, the paying guest with songs by John Hanson and the King's Men. Another early member was Peter Sellers, then 23 and billing himself as an impressionist.He appeared as Soppy, a small boy criticised by the nation's watchdogs for his catchphrase, "Just like your big red conk!" Another of his characters was a strange woman, Crystal Jollibottom ("Stop it you saucebox!" he would cry in a crazy falsetto). Laidman Browne, as <mask>'s boss Mr Trumble, Pat Coombs as Ursula Prune, Charles Leno and Graham Stark were also present. Percy Edwards, the animal impersonator, played Gregory the chicken. There was the glamour girl who

masks:
Ray
Ted Ray
Ray
Ray
Ted Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray
Ray


texts:
 would do anything, but "Not until after six-o'clock!" Songs came from the Beaux and the Belles, and Bob and Alf Pearson provided the musical interlude – "We bring you melodies from out of the sky, my brother and I!"Bob also played the little girl, Jennifer who, asked her name, would coyly reply: "Jen-ni-fer!" The show was no real departure from tradition, even in its catch-phrases. There was Ivy's (<mask>) devotion to Mrs Hoskins, for instance: "You're a lovely woman, Mrs Hoskins!" And it was she to whom Mrs Hoskins would remark weakly: "It was agony, Ivy!" Whenever Ivy felt poorly, Mrs Hoskins would say, "I'll have to send for young Dr Hardcastle", to which Ivy would reply, "He's lovely, Mrs Hoskins, He's loooooovely!" This role was also played by Bob Pearson. In addition, there was the adenoidal "If you haven't been to Manchester, you haven't lived" from Tommy Trotter (Graham Stark).<mask>'s a Laugh ran from 1949 until January 1961, eventually dropping the musical items. <mask> also showed his skill at ad-libbing (together with Jimmy Edwards, Arthur Askey and Cyril Fletcher) in Does the Team Think? The <mask> Show (1955–59)
The first series accented variety, with international guests; the second and third series had greater emphasis on stand-up comedy; the fourth featured domestic routines (with Kitty Bluett as <mask>'s wife and Kenneth Connor as "that interfering brother-in-law"); the fifth and six—with new writers—concentrated on sketch comedy and were branded 'New Edition' and '1959 Edition' to underline the

masks:
Ted Ray
Ray
Ray
Ted Ray
Ted Ray


texts:
<mask> (2 December 1915 – 3 February 2008) was a wrestler, resistance worker, soldier, airman, film star, film maker, and co-founder of the International Medical Corps. He was a recipient of the French Croix de Guerre and the American Eisenhower medal. Early life
<mask> was born in Waleska, Georgia, where his mother had been caught in a snow storm and died when he was six. His family was of old Virginian stock, whose family tree included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Having been orphaned at an early age, <mask> and his younger brother and two sisters grew up in Greenville, South Carolina, in the care of their aunt. Here he attended Greenville high school for three years where he learned to wrestle and play American football. Aged 15, Fawcett became involved in an affair with his best friend's mother.He remarked, "If that's child molestation, I would wish this curse on every young boy." The end of the affair made Fawcett contemplate suicide, and he left the United States to travel to the far East, working his passage on a number of steamships. By 1937 he had returned to America and stayed for a time in New York City before making his way to Washington D. C., where he was taken in by his cousin, who happened to be an assistant United States Postmaster General. Here he ended up wrestling to make a living. Then in 1937 he boarded a ship outside Montreal bound for France, where he worked as an artist’s model and again as a wrestler. World War II
After the outbreak of World War II he tried to join US Intelligence but his services were declined, so he briefly joined the Section Volontaire des Américains - the ambulance corps. He was on

masks:
Charles Fernley Fawcett
Charles Fernley Fawcett
Fawcett


texts:
 his way to North Africa to join the Free French when he heard about Varian Fry, who would go on to rescue over 2,000 Jews from Vichy France with the help of a handful of people, Fawcett among them.Among the most famous people they rescued were Franz Werfel, Marc Chagall, Heinrich Mann and Hannah Arendt. "I went to see him and he wasn’t very interested until I told him I’d been a professional wrestler. He said, ‘Maybe we could use you to sort of keep order. Anybody who’s not supposed to be there, you can get rid of them’," <mask> recalled in an interview with Dr Stephen D Smith in 1998. "Fry was perhaps one of the most idealistic men I had ever known and certainly the most unassuming. We got rid in a hurry of his little bow-tie and striped suit. Out of place completely in Marseilles.Maybe one of the reasons he got away with a lot was because he looked so innocent." Towards the end of the war, Fawcett posed as the husband of six Jewish women in three months. This enabled the women, who had formerly been imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps, to leave France with an American visa. Eventually, he had to flee France at several hours’ notice after a tip-off that the Gestapo was coming to arrest him. Having left France, he flew in the RAF and later fought with the French Foreign Legion. Post-war
After the war, he pursued a cinematic career, in which he performed in over 100 films, working with such stars as Errol Flynn, Alan Ladd and Robert Taylor. He combined this with smuggling refugees to safety from civil conflict, organizing earthquake relief teams, fighting in several wars and co-founding the International Medical Corps.<mask>'s

masks: Fawcett Fawcett


texts:
 first wife, with whom he had a daughter, died in 1956. In 1991, he married again, when after a 30-year engagement he married April Ducksbury, a British model agency executive, and settled in London. In 1979, he went to assist in training the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, who were fighting the Soviet Union. Film footage he shot whilst in Afghanistan was critical in securing American aid to the Mujahideen. He spent the rest of his life in Chelsea, London, with his wife April Ducksbury. Here he acquired a taste for music and wrote songs. In 2006, Fawcett was nominated for recognition as Righteous Among the Nations at the annual British Holocaust commemoration.<mask> died on 3 February 2008 in London at the age of 92. Adams
 Panic Button (1964)
 Old Shatterhand (1964) - General Taylor
 Uncle Tom's Cabin (1965) - Mr. Shelby
 Wild Kurdistan (1965) - Scheik Mohammed Emin / Scheik Kadir Bei
 Kingdom of the Silver Lion (1965) - Scheik Kadir Bei
 Savage Pampas (1966) - Pvt. El Gato
 Spy Today, Die Tomorrow (1967) - General Stikker
 Feuer frei auf Frankie (1967) - Prof. Peers
 Caccia ai violenti (1968)
 The Girl of the Nile (1969) - Marco Alfieri
 The Massacre of Glencoe (1971) - John Macdonald
 Kalimán, el hombre increíble (1972) - Professor Morgan
 Down the Ancient Staircase (1975) - Doctor Sfameni
 Blue Belle'' (1976) - Michael / Annie's lover (final film role)

References

1915 births
2008 deaths
Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
Sportspeople from Greenville, South Carolina
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
American filmmakers
20th-century American male actors
Greenville Senior High School (Greenville, South Carolina)


texts:
<mask> (or Daibert or Daimbert) (died 1105) was the first Archbishop of Pisa and the second Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem after the city was captured in the First Crusade. Early life

Little is known of <mask>'s early life, but he is thought to have originally been ordained by Wezilo, Archbishop of Mainz 1084-88, a leading supporter of the emperor in the Investiture Controversy and of the Antipope Clement III. In 1085, Wezilo was excommunicated for simony by the pro-papal synod of Quedlinburg. <mask>'s own name places his origin in Lombardy/Emilia, site of some staunchly imperial cities. (Arch)bishop of Pisa

By the late 1080s Dagobert had changed sides, becoming close to Countess Matilda of Tuscany, one of the papacy's staunchest supporters. Pope Urban II cancelled Dagobert's irregular ordination and replaced it with a canonical one, and in 1088 made him Bishop of Pisa. Initially, the appointment of a man with such a controversial past attracted hostility.Peter, Bishop of Pistoia, protested to the pope, and the cathedral chapter opposed it, but Urban's continued support allowed Dagobert to establish his authority. He played an active role in Pisa's civic life, for example joining with other notables in 1090 to regulate the maximum height of houses, and by 1092 the clergy were signing his documents. He seems to have become a well-respected figure in Pisa's political and economic life, adopting a practical approach to the problems he faced both in Pisa and later in his career. He remained close to Urban and Matilda, and in 1092 Urban raised the see to an archbishopric on Matilda's recommendation. Dagobert spent Christmas of 1094 with Pope Urban, and then accompanied him on his pastoral tour of Italy

masks: Dagobert Dagobert Dagobert


texts:
 and France, including the Council of Piacenza, held to reassert the pope's authority after the Investiture Controversy, and the Council of Clermont, at which the pope launched the First Crusade. Dagobert then returned to Pisa to preach the crusade, and received enthusiastic support. In 1098 Urban appointed him legate at the court of King Alfonso VI of Castile, and he proved competent in his organisation of the church in the lands recently conquered from the Moors, although he was rumoured to have kept for himself some treasure sent by King Alfonso to the Pope.Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem

Before the end of 1098 <mask> set out for the east with a lawless Pisan fleet, which made successful raids on Byzantine owned islands and skirmished with the Byzantine navy, before going on to Syria. One of the Crusader leaders, Bohemond of Antioch, was besieging the Byzantine port of Latakia, and <mask> and the Pisans agreed to help by blockading the port from the sea. However, the other Crusader leaders, who saw the necessity for cooperation with the Byzantine Emperor and eastern Christians, were horrified and persuaded <mask> to call off the blockade. Bohemund was forced to abandon the siege, and accompanied <mask> to Jerusalem, arriving on 21 December 1099. <mask>'s status when he went east is unclear. Many historians believe that Urban had appointed him apostolic legate to the crusade in succession to Adhemar of Le Puy, who died on 1 August 1098. However, Urban himself died on 29 July 1099, and in a letter to the new pope, Paschal II, in September 1099, Dagobert styles himself simply 'archbishop of Pisa'.Immediately after Christmas, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, Arnulf of Chocques, was deposed on the

masks: Dagobert Dagobert Dagobert Dagobert Dagobert


texts: ground that his election had been uncanonical, and with Bohemund's support, <mask> was elected in his place. Public opinion had always held that the Holy Land should be the patrimony of the church, but Arnulf had been too weak to establish supremacy. <mask>'s position was stronger, as he was (probably) papal legate and had the support of the Pisan fleet. Immediately after his enthronement, Godfrey of Bouillon knelt before him and was invested with the territory of Jerusalem, and Bohemund did the same for Antioch. Baldwin, the future King of Jerusalem, was at this time Lord of Edessa, but he did not pay homage for it to <mask>, and their relations do not seem to have been good. Dagobert was anxious to establish the patriarch's power, and he demanded that Godfrey hand over Jerusalem to him. Godfrey partly yielded, and at a ceremony on Easter Day, 1 April 1100, he announced that he would retain possession until his death, or until he conquered two great cities from the infidel, but he bequeathed Jerusalem to the Patriarch.However, Godfrey died in July, when <mask> was accompanying a campaign against Jaffa under Bohemund's nephew, Tancred, Prince of Galilee, and the Jerusalem knights offered the lordship to Baldwin, who was Godfrey's brother. With the support of Tancred, <mask> wrote offering the lordship of Jerusalem to Bohemund, but the letter was intercepted and Bohemund was captured by the Turks. On 11 November, Baldwin assumed the title King of Jerusalem. <mask> was forced to accept defeat, and Baldwin, bearing in mind his influence over the Pisan fleet, confirmed him in his see. On Christmas Day 1100, Baldwin paid homage to the Patriarch and was crowned as king. The arrival of a Genoese squadron

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texts: in April 1101 weakened Dagobert's position, as Baldwin no longer depended for sea power on the Pisan fleet. He needed to control the church, as he was always short of money, and pious symphasisers gave their donations to the church.Complaints had been made about the legality of <mask>'s appointment, and when the pope sent a legate, Maurice, Cardinal-Bishop of Porto, to enquire into the situation, Baldwin accused Dagobert of treachery for urging Bohemond to oppose Baldwin's succession. Dagobert bribed Baldwin to drop the complaint. However, in the autumn Dagobert kept the whole of a donation partly intended for the king for his army, and for this the legate deprived him of his position. Tancred, who now ruled Antioch, welcomed Dagobert to the city, where he put the Church of St George at his disposal. Maurice died in the spring of 1102, and when Baldwin needed Tancred's military help in the autumn, Tancred insisted on <mask>'s restoration as a condition of his assistance. Baldwin agreed, but then a new legate arrived, Cardinal Robert of Paris. Baldwin and Arnulf of Chocques, whom Dagobert had replaced as Patriarch, engineered further charges before a synod under Robert.He was charged with attacking fellow-Christians in his raids on Byzantine islands on his journey to the east, of conspiring to provoke a civil war between Bohemond and Baldwin, and keeping for himself money given for the welfare of pilgrims, and deposed as Patriarch. Tancred again welcomed him to Antioch but did not further press his claim. In Steven Runciman's view, he had shown himself a corrupt and miserly old man, and his departure was not regretted. <mask> later went to appeal to Pope Paschal personally. The appeal was


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 successful, and <mask> was on his way back to reclaim the patriarchate when he died in Messina in Sicily in 1105. <mask> was replaced during his absence by a priest called Ehremar, and Ghibbelin of Arles succeeded on <mask>'s death. He was succeeded as Archbishop of Pisa by Pietro Moriconi, who may have been elected by the Pisans before <mask>'s death, suggesting that he might have lost support after his long - and pluralistic - absence, but charters in the cathedral archives show that his actions during his tenure were later repeatedly cited and confirmed.Reputation

Historians have generally been highly critical of <mask>'s conduct in the Holy Land. Steven Runciman in his history of the First Crusade, describes him as vigorous, but vain, ambitious, dishonest and easily influenced. In a 1998 study Michael Matzke defended <mask>, arguing that his actions as patriarch were motivated by religious idealism, and that he was trying to carry out the intentions of Pope Urban. Historians have strongly disagreed whether this rehabilitation is convincing. Patricia Skinner, in her survey of <mask>'s career, accepts that he acted against canon law, but argues that in the exceptional circumstances of the time, he had to act pragmatically. The name of the Holy Sepulchre church in Pisa is a reference to Dagobert's participation to the Crusade. References

Bibliography

Christians of the First Crusade
11th-century births
1105 deaths
Roman Catholic archbishops of Pisa
Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem
11th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
12th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
11th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
11th-century people of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
12th-century people of the

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<mask> (born September 9, 1985) is an American football wide receiver for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at UCLA, where he received first-team All-Pac-10 honors, and was selected by the Patriots in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. A special teams player for most of his career, <mask> is considered one of the NFL's greatest gunners. On special teams, he made 10 Pro Bowls, including seven consecutive from 2011 and 2017, and two first-team All-Pros. <mask> also won three Super Bowl titles in Super Bowl XLIX, Super Bowl LI, and Super Bowl LIII. Early years
<mask> is the son of former NFL offensive tackle and Hall of Famer <mask>, and <mask>. He was born in Long Beach, California, and has a brother named David.He lettered in football for two seasons at Servite High School in Anaheim, California, where he was teammates with Ryan Kalil. He was an All-West selection by Prep Star and a three-star selection by Rivals.com. He was also a two-time All-Serra League selection. As a junior, he made 23 catches for 333 yards and two touchdowns. As a senior, he made 39 receptions for 707 yards and five touchdowns. In high school, <mask> was also a standout track athlete. He tied for second at the CIF State meet in the 100 meters, with a time of 10.62 seconds, and fourth in the 200 meters, with a time of 21.39 seconds.His 4 × 100 metres relay team was CIF champion. He was selected 2003 Orange County Register Boys Track and Field Athlete of the Year as a senior. He still holds school records in the 100 meters and 200 meters. College career
<mask> attended the University of California, Los Angeles and majored in political science and history, while playing for the Bruins football team. As a freshman, he redshirted due to a turf toe injury. In 2004, as a second-year freshman, <mask> appeared in games against Illinois, Arizona, and Stanford. As a sophomore in 2005 he was reserve wide receiver.He missed the first three games due to a stress

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Matthew Wilson Slater
Slater
Slater
Slater
Jackie Slater
Annie Slater
Slater
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 fracture in his left leg. He played in two games but did not make a reception. In 2006, as a junior, <mask> played 13 games, including two (Washington and Arizona) on defense. He excelled on kick coverage, specializing in big hits on kick returners to help minimize kick return yardage. In the year, he made nine tackles, including six solo tackles. As a senior, in 2007, <mask> played in 13 games and made 25 tackles. He also returned kicks for the Bruins.He returned 34 kicks for a 29.0-yard average and 3 touchdowns which tied the lead in the nation and set the UCLA record. He also tied the Pac-10 season record, set by Anthony Davis in 1974. His 29.0-yard kickoff return average was first in the Pac-10 and 12th-best in the country. He was first-team All-Pac 10 selection as the kick returner. His 986 kickoff return yards were also a new UCLA single-season record. Professional career

2008 season
<mask> was drafted in the fifth round, 153rd overall, of the 2008 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, who traded up with Tampa Bay before drafting <mask>. <mask>'s father, <mask>, was pleased with the selection and told the Boston Herald that he received phone calls from "scouts, administrators in the NFL who knew me and my son, and they said, ‘Jackie, this could not be a better fit for your son to start being a pro football player.'"<mask> was one of two players selected in the 2008 Draft (the other being Chris Long), and the sixth in the history of the NFL Draft, who is a son of a Hall of Fame member. <mask> played in 14 games in his rookie 2008 season, returning 11 kickoffs for 155 yards and recording 12 tackles on special teams. 2009 season
In the 2009 season, <mask> was active for 14 games for the Patriots, recording six tackles on special teams, while recording one rush for six yards as a wide receiver. He also returned 11 kickoffs for 269 yards, a 24.5 average. He had a career-high 35-yard kickoff return in the regular-season finale at Houston. <mask> also played in a reserve role at wide

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Slater
Slater
Slater
Matthew
Jackie Slater
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Slater


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 receiver and on special teams coverage units in the postseason game vs. the Baltimore Ravens. In that game, he had two kickoff returns for 46 yards and one special teams tackle.2010 season
In 2010, <mask> did not record any offensive or defensive statistics and did not return any kicks or punts, but he led the team with 21 special teams tackles in 15 games played. 2011 season
In the 2011 season, <mask> was voted to be the Special Teams Captain by his teammates. <mask> created a niche as a special teams force, leading the Patriots with 17 regular season special teams tackles in 2011; however, he had a presence in all three phases throughout the 2011 season. In the season opener against the Miami Dolphins, <mask> made the Patriots’ first big play of the season catching a 46-yard reception from Tom Brady, (which remains his only career reception) and set the team up for the Patriots’ first touchdown of the season. <mask> returned four kickoffs for 68 yards (average of 17.0 yards per return). He significantly contributed in the defensive backfield, and started in three games as safety. In his defensive start against the Indianapolis Colts, he forced a fumble and finished the game with a team high six tackles.In the post season AFC Divisional Playoff game, <mask> had 1 special team tackle. <mask> was selected for the 2012 Pro Bowl and the 2011 Pro Football Writers Association (PFW/PFWA) All-Pro teams including All-NFL and All-AFC as a special teamer. The <mask>s are one of five active father-son families selected to at least one Pro Bowl apiece. The others are Gill and Jairus Byrd; Archie and Eli Manning; Archie and Peyton Manning; Clay and <mask>; and Howie and Chris Long. The Patriots reached Super Bowl XLVI, <mask>'s first appearance in the Super Bowl, but lost 21–17 to the New York Giants. 2012 season
<mask>, who became a free agent after the 2011 season, signed a three-year contract to return to the Patriots in 2012. He was again voted as Special Teams Captain and voted to be the

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Slater
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Slater
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Clay Matthews
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 team's player representative to the NFL Players Association.He was named to the Pro Bowl and the 2012 PFW/PFWA All-Pro for the lone AFC special teamer position for the second straight season. 2013 season
In his sixth season with the Patriots, <mask> continued to be a reliable captain and inspirational leader on and off the field. He had 14 regular season special-teams tackles, which was the second-highest on the team, despite missing four games early in the season due to injury. His on-field performance led to a third straight Pro Bowl nod. 2014 season
On November 26, 2014, it was reported that <mask> signed a two-year contract extension to remain with the Patriots through the 2016 season. <mask>, again, was voted All-Pro and to the Pro Bowl at the special teams position. It was his fourth straight selection to the Pro Bowl, and his 3rd All-Pro nod.<mask> earned a Super Bowl ring as the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28–24 in Super Bowl XLIX. 2015 season
<mask> was once again a standout special teams player. He earned his fifth Pro Bowl at the special teams position. His father is a seven-time Pro-Bowler, and with 13 Pro Bowl nods between them, the <mask>s are the second-most nominated father/son in the NFL (only Archie and Peyton Manning have more Pro Bowl nominations). 2016 season

On August 31, 2016, <mask> signed a one-year contract extension with the Patriots through 2017. <mask> continued to be a standout on special teams. On December 20, <mask> earned his sixth Pro Bowl nomination.The <mask>s now held the most Pro Bowl nods of an active father-son pair with 13. He was also named First-team All-Pro as a special teamer for the fourth time in his career. On January 4, 2017, <mask> was announced as the winner of the Bart Starr Award, given annually to a player who exemplifies character and leadership on and off the field. His father received this honor in 1996, and together they became the first father-son pair to be honored with this prestigious award. <mask> helped the

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texts:
 Patriots finish with a 14–2 record. On February 5, 2017, <mask> was part of the Patriots team that won Super Bowl LI. In the game, the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34–28 in overtime.<mask> had a role as special teams captain and successfully called the coin toss before overtime began. 2017 season
<mask> was inactive for the first four games of 2017, recovering from a hamstring injury. He returned in Week 5, but missed Weeks 11–13 with the hamstring injury. <mask> was named to a record seven consecutive Pro Bowls, which tied Steve Tasker for the most special teams Pro Bowl honors in NFL history. <mask> did not play in the Pro Bowl because his team made it to Super Bowl LII. The Patriots failed to repeat as champions after losing 41-33 to the Philadelphia Eagles. 2018 season
On March 20, 2018, <mask> re-signed with the Patriots on a two-year contract.<mask> won his third Super Bowl when the Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams 13–3 in Super Bowl LIII. 2019 season

On September 29, 2019, in Week 4 against the Buffalo Bills, <mask> scored his first career touchdown on an 11-yard blocked punt return. In Week 12, <mask> had his first career blocked punt, which led to an offensive touchdown, in a 13-9 win over the Dallas Cowboys, earning AFC Special Teams Player of the Week. <mask> was named to his eighth Pro Bowl, breaking Steve Tasker's record for the most special teams Pro Bowl honors in NFL history. 2020 season
On March 13, 2020, <mask> signed a two-year contract extension with the Patriots. With Tom Brady's departure, <mask> became the longest active member of the Patriots. On December 21, 2020, <mask> was named to the 2020 Pro Bowl, extending his own NFL record for most special teams Pro Bowl honors, with nine selections.2021 season
<mask> was a standout on special teams once more in the 2021 season. He ended the year with 11 tackles in the regular season, while adding another 2 in the Patriots' Wild Card loss to the Buffalo Bills. <mask> made his 10th Pro Bowl,

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 and was a 2nd team All-Pro selection for the third time in his career. Personal life
<mask> is married to Dr. Shahrzad <mask> a professional Physician, Pathologist, and Philanthropist. Together, they founded their Foundation called Slater Family Foundation in 2020. They have three children together. <mask> is a Christian.In 2013, <mask> was awarded the New England Patriots 11th Ron Burton Community Service Award by owner Robert Kraft for his strong commitment to community service and leadership. <mask> is one of the team’s most active community participants, regularly participating in the team’s organized community events. <mask> is also the United Way representative on the New England Patriots and worked with organizations in the greater Boston area to recruit one million volunteers as part of the wider Patriots Celebrate Volunteerism Campaign in 2012. On October 25, 2016, <mask> hosted a "pop up" fundraiser to benefit Hurricane Matthew victims. He raised over $60,000 for Samaritan's Purse to assist in their efforts in the Carolinas and Haiti after the devastating hurricane barreled through those regions. <mask> is a supporter of Compassion International. In 2021, he picked the charity and its “Fill The Stadium” initiative for his “My Cause My Cleats” cause.See also

National Football League team captains
Gunner (American football)
2007 College Football All-America Team
List of second generation National Football League players

References

External links
New England Patriots bio
UCLA Bruins bio

1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Orange, California
Players of American football from California
African-American Christians
African-American players of American football
American football safeties
American football wide receivers
American football return specialists
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
UCLA Bruins football players
New England Patriots players
Servite High School alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century

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<mask> (born <mask>; 19 May 1942) is an English former politician and broadcaster. After a decade as a university lecturer, he served as a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) from 1974 to 1986. He left the House of Commons in 1986 in order to present a new daytime talk show, Kilroy, which ran until 2004. He returned to politics serving as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 to 2009 and had a profound role in the mainstreaming of Eurosceptic politics in the UK and has been dubbed 'The Godfather of Brexit'. Early life
Kilroy-Silk was born in Birmingham, to the son of William Silk, a Royal Navy leading stoker, and his wife Minnie Rose (née Rooke). William Silk was a RN stoker lost at sea when aged 22, serving on , which was torpedoed and sunk off the coast of Brittany by German torpedo-destroyers on 23 October 1943. His son was 17 months old.<mask>'s mother Rose remarried in 1946, to family friend John Francis Kilroy, a car worker at the Rootes plant in Warwickshire. He adopted the young boy and gave him the first part of his surname; <mask> became known as Kilroy-Silk. Kilroy-Silk failed his eleven-plus in 1953; He spent his first year at a Secondary Modern school but later passed the review exam and went to  Saltley Grammar School, Saltley, Birmingham. He attended the London School of Economics to study politics and economics. Marriage and early career
In 1963, Kilroy-Silk married Jan Beech, daughter of a shop steward. They have a son Dominic (b Q1 1967) and a daughter Natasha (b. Q1 1969). After graduation he became a lecturer in politics at the University of Liverpool, serving from 1966 to 1974.He published a theoretical work, Socialism since Marx, in 1972. Political career

Labour MP
At the February 1974 general election, Kilroy-Silk was elected as a Labour MP for the Ormskirk constituency in Lancashire. He remained its MP until its abolition at the 1983

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Robert Michael Kilroy Silk
Robert Michael Silk
Robert
Robert


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 general election, when he was elected to represent the new Knowsley North seat; he held this until his resignation from the House of Commons in 1986. In an article for The Times in 1975, Kilroy-Silk argued that politics was not "compromises and bargains" or hankering after "a spurious consensus". He wrote that the function of government, particularly a Labour government, was
"to impose its values on society. Its role is creative: to cast, so far as it is able, society in its image". Furthermore, socialists should not be worried about being accused of dictatorial powers; they must go forward with "a tint of arrogance".The next year he was quoted as saying, "the Labour Party must always be a class party, for it is a class war we are fighting".Kilroy-Silk was appointed Shadow Home Affairs spokesman, but resigned in 1985. In resigning his seat, he said that he had been assaulted by members of the Militant group and was reported to have had a scuffle with left-wing Labour MP Jeremy Corbyn. He wrote a book about his experiences, entitled Hard Labour, and subsequently left the Labour Party. Eurosceptic Politics

Joining UKIP
In 2004, Kilroy-Silk was recruited to the UK Independence Party (UKIP). During that year's European Parliament election campaign he presented one of the party political broadcasts. His recruitment and celebrity significantly raised the profile of the party, further helped by his enlisting of actress Joan Collins who attended a UKIP press conference at Kilroy-Silk's invitation. Election to the European Parliament
Kilroy-Silk stood on the UKIP list for the East Midlands constituency and was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in the second seat for his region.The election used a closed list form of proportional representation; UKIP scored 26.05 per cent of the vote in that region, just behind the Conservatives with 26.39 per cent.UKIP Leadership
In


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 the 2004 Hartlepool by-election, UKIP came third, ahead of the Conservative Party. The next day, in an interview on Breakfast with Frost (BBC), Kilroy-Silk expressed ambition to lead UKIP and criticised the party's leader Roger Knapman. Following this, businessman and friend Paul Sykes announced his intention to cease his partial funding of UKIP and to return his support to the Conservatives, as he feared that the Euro-sceptic vote might be split. The branch chairmen of UKIP were canvassed on their opinion regarding Kilroy-Silk's challenge for the party leadership. Only a minority (13%) were sympathetic to him; Kilroy-Silk did not think this was significant, as he believed that too few party members had been consulted. Party officials threatened him with disciplinary action if he continued his challenge. On 27 October 2004, Kilroy-Silk officially announced that he had withdrawn from the UKIP whip in the European Parliament, branding the party "incompetent".But, he said that he would remain as an independent member of UKIP, and would continue to challenge for the leadership. UKIP's constitution states that 70 days' notice is required before a leadership ballot can take place. With the next general election in the UK expected in spring 2005, Kilroy-Silk pushed for an emergency general meeting of the party as early as possible. On 3 November 2004, Kilroy-Silk said he intended to be leader by Christmas, though this would have been impossible under the rules. In Manchester on 3 December 2004 at about 7.15 p.m., Kilroy-Silk was attacked outside the Girls' High School, when a bucket of manure was thrown over him as he arrived for a recording of the BBC Radio 4's Any Questions. On 20 January 2005, Kilroy-Silk announced that he had left UKIP; he had been a member for nine months. Veritas
On 30 January 2005, Kilroy-Silk launched a new political party Veritas promising to take the fight


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 to the “supercilious metropolitan elite”.Damian Hockney, UKIP's leader in the London Assembly, had defected to Veritas, becoming its first Deputy Leader. UKIP members and some journalists dubbed Kilroy-Silk's new party "Vanitas", meaning a party acting as a vehicle for its founder's vanity. The party was formally launched on 2 February 2005 at Hinckley Golf Club in Hinckley, Leicestershire. In the 2005 general election, Kilroy-Silk contested the seat of Erewash, but came in fourth, barely saving his deposit. He tried to press charges against a man who he said "smashed a bottle of water against the side of his head" while the politician was being interviewed by a European television crew outside a supermarket. The alleged assailant said he had squirted Kilroy-Silk with water from a plastic bottle before running away; this account was confirmed by the TV crew, which also filmed the incident. The police decided not to prosecute.On 12 July 2005, party member Ken Wharton announced his intention to challenge Kilroy-Silk for the leadership, claiming party members were "not being looked after". Discontented party members set up the Veritas Members' Association to "put the truth back into Veritas". On 29 July 2005, Veritas announced the resignation of Kilroy-Silk as party leader. In his resignation statement, he said:
"It was clear from the general election result – and more recently that of the Cheadle by-election – that the electors are content with the old parties and that it would be virtually impossible for a new party to make a significant impact given the nature of our electoral system. We tried and failed." In August 2005, four of the MEPs for the East Midlands region (Clark, Heaton-Harris, Helmer and Whitehead) sent a joint letter to President of the European Parliament Josep Borrell complaining about Kilroy-Silk:
"He seems to have done little or no work as a constituency MEP


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 for the East Midlands. This leaves five MEPs to do the work of six and the electorate have been short-changed".They went on to complain that Kilroy-Silk was not "fulfilling the pledge he made on becoming an MEP, to serve the electorate of his region" and to call for him to "either do the job for which he is paid, or get out and leave it to those who can. "The European Parliament does not have any power to expel a member, and Borrell took no action. Political Affiliation while an MEP
Kilroy-Silk, who was elected to the European Parliament on the UKIP list, remained a member of the Veritas Party, but sat as an Independent MEP. Some Veritas members were reported questioning why he was allowed to continue as a party member. Kilroy-Silk's name was absent from the list of candidates published on 7 May 2009 for the 2009 European Parliament election. His membership was terminated when the European Parliament reconvened on 17 July 2009. Journalism

Ireland
In 1992, Kilroy made a comment regarding Ireland in his Daily Express column, under the guise of attacking Ray MacSharry, a former Irish government minister and EU commissioner, whom he described as "a redundant second-rate politician from a country peopled by priests, peasants and pixies".This was condemned by the then Irish ambassador to the UK, Joseph Small, for its "gratuitously offensive and indeed racist remarks". The newspaper's editor, Sir Nicholas Lloyd, apologised to MacSharry and the Irish people in general, while Kilroy added: "I accept that my references to Mr MacSharry and the Irish people were both offensive and unjustified, and I fully associate myself with this apology." Arabs
The BBC cancelled the Kilroy show in January 2004 after an opinion article, entitled "We owe Arabs nothing", by Kilroy-Silk was published in the Sunday Express on 4 January 2004. The article had first been published in April 2003 by the same


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 paper and 'republished in error' according to Kilroy-Silk. It did not attract much national attention when first published. According to Faisal Bodi, a columnist for The Guardian, the reaction at its second publication was a measure of "the increasing organisation of the Muslim community". Bodi added:

The article was strongly criticised by the Commission for Racial Equality, whose head, Trevor Phillips, said that the affair could have a "hugely unhelpful" effect.Bodi wrote that Kilroy-Silk should be prosecuted for incitement to racial hatred. He said that Kilroy-Silk had also written statements critical of Muslims in 1989, during the Salman Rushdie affair, and in a 1995 article in the Daily Express. By contrast, Ibrahim Nawar, the head of Arab Press Freedom Watch, came out in support of Kilroy-Silk in a Daily Telegraph article. He said the politician was "an advocate of freedom of expression" and that he agreed with much of what Kilroy-Silk had said about Arab regimes. A spokeswoman for Kilroy-Silk told The Observer, "He is not a racist at all – he employs a black driver", a quote which is sometimes incorrectly attributed to Kilroy-Silk. Media

Kilroy
His talk show Kilroy started on 24 November 1986 as Day To Day; it ran until 2004. It was cancelled by the BBC in reaction to the publication of an article by Kilroy-Silk entitled "We owe Arabs nothing" which was published in the Sunday Express on 4 January 2004.This provoked considerable controversy. Shafted
In 2001, Kilroy-Silk hosted a television programme on ITV1 called Shafted. It was a quiz-show and at the end of the show, Kilroy-Silk would ask players whether they wished to "share" or to "shaft", with accompanying hand gestures. The show was cancelled after four episodes. The Penguin TV Companion (2006) ranked it as the worst British television show of the 2000s. Have I Got News for You
Kilroy-Silk appeared as a guest on