texts: Tumas did not adopt socialist worldview and there were too few Lithuanians to develop any kind of Lithuanian activities.After repeating the final year for the second time, Tumas graduated the gymnasium in 1888. After graduation, Tumas had to choose university or priest seminary. He doubted his calling for priesthood and considered studying veterinary in Saint Petersburg. His family's wishes and his poor health decided that he applied to the Kaunas Priest Seminary. He had no particular calling for the theology studies and especially struggled with Latin: before entering the seminary, he knew no Latin and there were no Lithuanian or Russian dictionaries, thus he had to use a Polish–Latin dictionary but he did not know Polish either. Lithuanian language was taught by Kazimieras Jaunius who provided little practical knowledge but inspired his students. Lithuanian students, including Tumas, organized a secret society with a goal of translating and publishing various Lithuanian religious texts.It became known as the Society of Saint Casimir when one of its members obtained relics of Saint Casimir, the patron saint of Lithuania. Catholic periodical Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga (Samogitian and Lithuanian Review) appeared in October 1889 and Tumas contributed articled on Catholic and Lithuanian topics. His first contribution to the Lithuanian press was a correspondence to either Varpas in 1889 or Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga in 1890. Due to a bout of tuberculosis, Tumas interrupted his studies in early 1890 and returned to his native Maleišiai for vacation and treatment for a year and a half. During that time, he continued to write for Žemaičių


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 ir Lietuvos apžvalga. He returned to the seminary and concentrated on his studies, graduating in fall 1893. During the summer 1893, Tumas traveled to Mosėdis in an attempt to persuade Kazimieras Pakalniškis, editor of Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga, to soften his criticism of the secular intelligentsia.He was ordained as a priest on 28 November 1893 in Kaunas Cathedral by bishop . At some point, he also joined the Third Order of Saint Francis. Publisher of Tėvynės sargas

Tumas was first sent by the Diocese of Samogitia as vicar to Mitau (present-day Jelgava, Latvia), away from Lithuanian-speaking areas. However, Mitau already had a vicar, who moved from Ilūkste without diocese's approval. Therefore, Tumas received a very cold welcome from local priests. He worked as a chaplain of a prison and a private gymnasium, and struggled with Polish-language sermons. In Mitau, Tumas found a group of Lithuanians, including linguist Jonas Jablonskis and attorney Antanas Kriščiukaitis, and often attended their gatherings.Jablonskis approved his first more serious literary experiment – a translation of one of the short stories by Henryk Sienkiewicz – and published it in Varpas. Dean Piotr Walent disapproved such meetings and wanted to control Tumas' activities, but Tumas refused to obey. Their conflict continued until the dean was deported to Simbirsk in January 1895. At the same time, 23 other priests implicated in the  case were deported to other locations in Russia. Tumas was not satisfied with his posting in Mitau and, after reading a poem by Maironis in spring 1895, sent an emotional letter to the bishop requesting a reassignment. He received a


texts: reply in a week, but did not get a new posting until four months later. In summer 1895, Tumas was assigned as a vicar and a teacher of religion to Mosėdis.He devoted his efforts to the Lithuanian press. In collaboration with priests Felicijonas Lelis and Kazimieras Kazlauskas held in the Kretinga Monastery, Tumas established the monthly magazine Tėvynės sargas (Guardian of the Fatherland) in January 1896. Due to the Lithuanian press ban, it had to be printed in East Prussia and then smuggled into Lithuania. Tumas almost single-handedly edited the magazine from the December 1897 to the April–May 1902 issue. While it was a Catholic publication, it was relatively more liberal than Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga. It attempted to reconcile the Catholic dogma with the Lithuanian National Revival. While the newspaper promoted the Lithuanian identity (faith, language, culture) and opposed various Russification policies, it did not support political resistance against the Tsarist regime and in general accepted the existing social and political order.In October 1896, Tumas' brother Jonas was arrested in Priekulė for transporting a suitcase full of booklets printed by Tėvynės sargas. The police also seized letters that implicated others in the book smuggling operation, but Tumas managed to bribe police officials and destroy the letters. Tumas was searched, interrogated, dismissed from his job as a teacher, and sentenced to five years of exile by the Governor-General of Vilnius. His friends, particularly former classmate , encouraged him to flee to United States, but Adomas Jakštas who was deported for five years to Ustyuzhna persuaded him to stay.


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 The Ministry of the Interior did not approve the sentence and it was reduced to a year of house arrest. His brother, caught red handed, could not avoid the punishment and served three years in the Kresty Prison and two years of exile in Bessarabia. In August 1898, Tumas was transferred to Kuliai.It was a convenient location for Tumas' illegal work – it was remote but also close to the Prussia–Russia border – and he organized a distribution point for the banned Lithuanian press. A local farmer would smuggle the books across the border, Tumas would hide them in the large clergy house until book smugglers such as Jonas Krikščiūnas picked them up for further distribution. To help the distribution, Tumas decided to split Tėvynės sargas into two parts – the first part contained more dangerous political topics and thus could bring harsher sentences, while the second part contained more innocent practical articles on farming, etc. and thus attracted less interest from the police. This magazine was geared towards the common folk and Tumas yearned for a magazine for the intelligentsia. To that end, he published five issues of Žinyčia (Treasury of Knowledge) in 1900–1902. It was a cultural, not political magazine.Tumas was an avid reader. A surviving list of books owned by Tumas in 1899 shows 433 books, acquired since 1894. The list did not include any of the illegal Lithuanian publications and thus should be longer. Troubles with the superiors
In 1900, someone wrote an angry article to Ūkininkas (Farmer) about Duke , owner of the Rietavas Manor. Ogiński suspected that its author was Tumas and complained to bishop , who reassigned Tumas to  near


texts: Kuršėnai in July 1901. Tumas had to leave Tėvynės sargas in care of Antanas Milukas, though continued to be actively involved in its publication and officially resigned as editor in the first issue of 1902. In Micaičiai, Tumas began organizing a charitable society that would maintain a shelter for the poor.His work, commenced without the proper approval of his superiors, and deeply pro-Lithuanian attitudes upset priests from Viekšniai, Kuršėnai, and Šakyna. They wrote complaints to  bishop Paliulionis. One of the complaints attacked a translation of a short catechism by Roch Filochowski published by Tumas in 1898 with counterfeited publication data (supposedly, published in 1863 at the Zawadzki Press in Vilnius). The complaint protested that the catechism also counterfeited its approbation (supposedly, by bishop Motiejus Valančius) and that it replaced various Polish loanwords and barbarisms with Lithuanian equivalents. In another complaint, Tumas was attacked for insisting that fellow priests spoke Lithuanian among themselves. As a result, Tumas was reassigned to a small and poor church in  north of Vadaktai in May 1902. In October 1902, the Samogitian consistory, presided by suffragan bishop , debated complaints against Tumas, including that he was a leader of the Lithuanian National Revival, that he published an illegal Lithuanian newspaper and that he traveled widely soliciting contributions and donations to this newspaper.He was largely cleared of the charges, but was put on probation. He was to cease activities not directly related to his clerical duties and was prohibited from printing anything or traveling anywhere without an


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 approval of the bishop. Tumas, isolated in Vadaktėliai under a watchful eye of fellow priests and police, was still able participate in Lithuanian activities. For example, in 1903, he published a translation of an invitation to the Lithuanian nobility to join the National Revival by Adomas Jakštas in Dirva-Žinynas (Soil-Reference Book) and continued to care for the finances of Tėvynės sargas. He remained in Vadaktėliai despite his friends' suggestions of ways to improve his station – Antanas Milukas urged to emigrate to United States where he could become a parish priest in Hazleton, Pennsylvania, Andrius Dubinskas suggested moving to Riga or Saint Petersburg, and Jakštas proposed to pursue an advanced degree in theology. Russian Revolution of 1905

The outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War forced the Tsarist government to make concessions to ethnic minorities and the Lithuanian press ban was lifted in April 1904. He met the news with plans for a publication on ethnography, one of his many interests boosted by a visit from Finnish ethnographer .He published a call in Vilniaus žinios (News of Vilnius) for the publication to be edited by Jonas Jablonskis, but the plans remained unrealized. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, before the Great Seimas of Vilnius in December 1905, he visited all Lithuanian dioceses (Samogitia, Vilnius, and Sejny) as well as the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy organizing the priests. At the seimas, he was elected to its presidium, but resigned giving up his seat to Pranciškus Būčys. He delivered a speech promoting non-violent resistance to the Tsarist regime and cited the example of Finland.


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 At the seimas, priests organized the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Union, predecessor of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party, and Tumas petitioned bishop Eduard von der Ropp to remain in Vilnius as union's representative, but the bishop rejected the request. Tumas returned to Vadaktėliai and organized a local chapter of the union. He also proposed regulations protecting manor workers – some of the ideas were later incorporated into a national law, drafted by Mykolas Krupavičius, Minister of Agriculture from 1923 to 1926.Upon learning of such activities, bishop Paliulionis urgently reassigned Tumas to Sidabravas in December 1905 and to Stakiai in March 1906. Due to the relocation, he skipped the election to the first Russian State Duma. He was also arrested before moving to Stakiai, but released on bail. He helped Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas, future Soviet revolutionary, hide from the Tsarist police. In Stakiai, which was particularly remote ( to the nearest school and  to the nearest town), Tumas mostly took care of the church's farm and organized a purchase of phosphate fertilisers for the entire village to use. Vilniaus žinios  and Viltis
Petras Vileišis, the publisher of the daily Vilniaus žinios (News of Vilnius), suffered financial difficulties and searched for ways to increase the newspaper's circulation. He enlisted the clergy to help the newspaper and they searched for a new editor among the priests.The younger priests advocated for Tumas, particularly given his editorial experience with Tėvynės sargas. Reluctantly, bishops Paliulionis and von der Ropp agreed to transfer Tumas to Vilnius to work on the newspaper. He was


texts: promised a monthly salary of 75 rubles, but he was hesitant to take the offer. He cautioned that he was arrogant, short-tempered, and held strong convictions and opinions. He penned a declaration of principles that he would try to adhere to as the new editor. Vilniaus žinios was to be a liberal nationalist Catholic publication advocating for the Lithuanian autonomy within the Russian Empire. It would not be socialist, but it would treat all social classes equally.It would defend the Catholic faith as the foundation of the order and morality and the Lithuanian nation as an equal to others. Tumas left Stakiai in February 1907 and edited the newspaper until it briefly stopped the publication in April 1907. During that short time, Tumas wrote many articles on various topics, including on education, art, economy. When Vilniaus žinios was briefly discontinued due to financial difficulties, Tumas and his co-editor Antanas Smetona organized the publication of Viltis (Hope), a new newspaper that hoped to unite conservative Catholic clergy and more liberal intelligentsia for the common good of the Lithuanian nation. Tumas traveled across Lithuania agitating priests to support the endeavor and managed to sign up 179 shareholders who each agreed to contribute 100 rubles annually to the trust company set up to publish the newspaper. The first issue appeared in October 1907. While Smetona was influential setting the ideology, he had a full-time job at the Vilnius Land Bank and thus Tumas handled most of the day-to-day workings of the publication.Published three times a week, Viltis concentrated on cultural matters as opposed to politics or news


texts: reports, paying particular attention to the Lithuanian language and folk culture as well as issues in art, science, education, and morals. Tumas wrote reviews of literary and scientific works. Tumas was also active in Lithuanian cultural life in Vilnius. He was a board member of the Lithuanian Scientific Society and gifted some of his personal book collection to its new library. He was also a member of the Lithuanian Art Society and participated in the cultural Rūta Society. In July 1910, Tumas traveled as a correspondent to the official opening of the Grunwald Monument in Kraków during the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald. His critical article was published in the Ukrainian newspaper .He contrasted the celebration, attended by many dignitaries, with Estonian and Latvian Song Festivals and concluded that the Grunwald celebration did not sufficiently involve all social classes. The Polish press responded by attacking Tumas and accusing him of anti-Polish attitudes. Viltis had a permanent column to report on the situation of Lithuanian Catholics in the Diocese of Vilnius and in particular on their fight for the Lithuanian-language church services. In November 1910, Tumas published an article listing known churches where Lithuanian-language services were removed by orders of , administrator of the Diocese of Vilnius while Bishop von der Ropp was in exile. This caused much controversy and, in February 1911, bishop  assigned Tumas to Laižuva in northern Lithuania. Effectively, it was an exile and also meant his departure from Viltis. His place was taken by other priests, Fabijonas Kemėšis and later <mask>


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 Dabužis.Various Lithuanian groups sent letters protesting the removal of Tumas-Vaižgantas to Viltis for three months. Exile to Laižuva
Tumas arrived to Laižuva on 1 March 1911. Just three months later, in May, priest Konstantinas Olšauskas invited him to visit Lithuanian American communities and collect donations for the construction of the headquarters of the Saulė Society which organized Lithuanian schools in the Kovno Governorate. Aboard the SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie they arrived to New York on 5 July. They toured 55 Lithuanian American communities for three months and collected about $19,000 () or 34,000 rubles. More donations were collected in Lithuania and the headquarters, a three-storey brick building at a cost of 155,000 rubles, was completed in Žaliakalnis in 1914. Upon the return, Tumas visited various Lithuanian towns and delivered over thirty speeches against emigration to the United States sharing stories of the difficult conditions and poverty of Lithuanian Americans.In 1912, these lectures were published as a separate booklet by the Society of Saint Casimir. In 1912, Tumas was offered to move to Riga to work as an editor of Rygos garsas (Sound of Riga) and encouraged to run for the Russian State Duma. However, he refused in part due to debts and ill health. He did participate in the Duma elections, helping to elect Lithuanian candidates, including Martynas Yčas. During 1912, Tumas suffered from a depressive episode or neurasthenia. He also nursed his nephew Kazys Mėginis who died of tuberculosis in spring 1913. After his death, Tumas' attention shifted from journalism to literary work.He collected his previous works,


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 edited them for style and language, and published in various Lithuanian newspapers hoping to publish them as separate booklets. In August 1913, Tumas, as a correspondent of Viltis, participated in the opening of the Estonia Theatre in Tallinn. When a conflict with the conservative clergy forced Antanas Smetona to resign from Viltis in September 1913, he established a new publication Vairas (Rudder) to continue the same ideology as the original Viltis. Tumas contributed his best works to Vairas with only a few submissions to Viltis. During World War I
In summer 1914, , editor of Rygos garsas and former contributor to Tėvynės sargas, visited Tumas in Laižuva and offered him to become co-editor of the newspaper published in Riga. At the time, about 50,000 Lithuanians lived in Riga. New bishop  supported the effort and even found a priest that would buy Tumas' farm so that he could repay his debts.Tumas arrived to Riga in December 1914 and lived at the clergy house of the Our Lady of Sorrows Church. He was promised a salary of 30 rubles a month for his editorial work, but due to financial difficulties did not receive it. Rygos garsas was a four-page newspaper published twice a week. Bikinas edited news and political articles, while Tumas edited articles on cultural and societal matters. To address war-time demand for news, the publication frequency was increased to three times a week and the circulation reached 13,000 copies. With the German attack in the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in February 1915, Lithuanian war refugees began arriving to Riga. Tumas and others organized refugee relief – opening shelters and soup kitchens,


texts: providing clothes and basic medical care, finding employment.Tumas and Pranas Mašiotas became representatives of the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers. In his fundraising efforts, Tumas met with various Latvian activists, including Jānis Čakste and Alberts Kviesis, future Presidents of Latvia. In five months, Lithuanians in Riga raised 10,314 rubles and helped some 4,000 refugees. When, as a result of the Great Retreat, German army took control of Lithuania in September 1915, the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers split into two sections – one remained in Vilnius and the other evacuated to Saint Petersburg. Tumas was invited to become the general manager of the Saint Petersburg section, but quickly relinquished the duties as he was ill-suited for an office job. Instead, he traveled across Russia visiting Lithuanian refugees in Tambov, Crimea, Kursk, Tver, and elsewhere. He also wrote and published fiction works (four booklets in 1915–1916) and translated booklets for children (three works in 1917).During the summer 1916 vacation in Voronezh, Tumas delivered a series of lectures Lithuanian teachers on Lithuanian writers and literature and planned on publishing the lectures as a separate book. Lithuanians became more politically active, particularly after the February Revolution, working to secure Lithuania's future after the war. Together with  and , both former contributors to Viltis, Tumas established the Party of National Progress in 1916, but it became publicly active in early 1917. The party essentially adopted the same ideology as Viltis – represent the middle (nationalist) road between socialists


texts: and Christian democrats. In February 1917, Tumas was elected to the Council of the Lithuanian Nation, which aspired to become an authoritative body that could represent all Lithuanians and their political objectives. The council decided to organize a political conference, known as the Petrograd Seimas, in June 1917. Tumas traveled to Riga to help elect six representatives of the Party of National Progress to the Seimas (in total, the party had 20 representatives at the Seimas) and to Mogilev to convince Petras Kraujalis not to hold a separate Catholic conference.The Seimas was a raucous affair with passionate disagreements whether Lithuanians should demand full independence or autonomy within the Russian Empire. Tumas and other members of his party called for full independence. Their resolution won by a narrow margin of vote, but the opponents could not accept it and withdrew from the Seimas splintering the Council of the Lithuanian Nation. It was a severe blow to Tumas and his life-long work to unite Lithuanians for the common good of the Lithuanian nation. Tumas was delegated to the Congress of the Peoples of Russia organized by the Ukrainian Central Rada in Kiev in September 1917. Lithuanians, represented by nine men, including Augustinas Voldemaras and Antanas Tumėnas, were the only participating ethnic group to demand full independence. Upon return, together with Stasys Šilingas and , he was sent to the Lithuanian Conference in Stockholm in October 1917.The conference approved the resolution adopted by the Vilnius Conference, recognized the Council of Lithuania as the legitimate representative of the Lithuanian nation, and


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 reiterated Lithuania's desire for full independence. Tumas decided not to return to Russia, but instead travel back to Lithuania. The required paperwork took seven months and Tumas devoted most of his time to writing Pragiedruliai. In independent Lithuania

Newspaper editor and political activities

Tumas returned to Vilnius in May 1918. He started writing articles for Lietuvos aidas (Echo of Lithuania), eventually taking over as editor from Petras Klimas, and attending the sessions of the Council of Lithuania as a guest. At the outbreak of the Lithuanian–Soviet War, many Lithuanian institutions evacuated to Kaunas but Tumas remained in the city. He was a member of the Lithuanian delegation to Vincas Kapsukas, leader of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, in attempt to find a modus vivendi.Vaclovas Biržiška, the Commissar of Education, supported Lithuanian activities and employed Tumas as a translator of educational books. Only one by  was actually published. Tumas contracted typhus and was ill when Polish army captured Vilnius during the Polish–Soviet War in April 1919. Upon recovery, he edited and helped publish  (Independent Lithuania). In his articles, he harshly criticized the new Polish administration, in particular before it enforced censorship. Several of his articles attacked Polish priest Stanisław Maciejewicz, a deputy of the Polish Legislative Sejm. Maciejewicz accused Tumas of libel and initiated a case in the ecclesiastical court of the Diocese of Vilnius, but later abandoned it.In early 1920, Antanas Smetona invited Tumas to Kaunas to become editor of Tauta (Nation) published by the Party of National Progress. He


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 moved to Kaunas in March 1920 and ran in the elections to the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania. He visited five volosts and delivered eight speeches, but was not elected and largely withdrew from politics. He continued to support Antanas Smetona and the Lithuanian Nationalist Union for which he was frequently criticized by the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party. On 11 November 1923, during an intermission at the Kaunas City Theatre, Tumas publicly addressed Aleksandras Stulginskis, President of Lithuania, asking him to pardon Smetona, who at the time served a prison sentence for criticizing the government. The play was canceled and Tumas received a public reprimand from the bishop and a symbolic one-day house arrest for public disturbance from the Kaunas District Peace Court. Tumas submitted clemency requests on behalf of many others, including .Tumas joined the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union and became temporary editor of its magazine Trimitas. In January 1921, eleven older Lithuanian activists, including Kazys Grinius, Jonas Jablonskis, and Maironis, decided to publish an irregular publication with their memoirs of the Lithuanian National Revival and other articles on the history of Lithuania. Tumas became the editor of Mūsų senovė (Our Past) and with funding from the Ministry of Education published five volumes (865 pages) in 1921–1922. It was the ninth and last publication edited by Tumas. However, he continued to contribute articles to numerous, including social democratic, newspapers. Church rector and university docent

In March 1920, Tumas also became rector of Church of Vytautas the Great. It was his ninth and last parish.The


texts: church, funded by the Grand Duke Vytautas, was devastated during World War I and needed extensive repairs. Tumas solicited donations, hired workers for repairs and artists Paulius Galaunė, Petras Kalpokas,  for decoration. The church was reconsecrated on 15 August 1920 by Adomas Jakštas, but repairs continued for years. It was not a parish church, but Tumas was often asked to perform weddings, baptisms, last rites. Many requested his services, because he was more lenient and accommodating. For example, in 1921, he wed poet  at the break of dawn since dawn was a key symbol in Vaičiūnas' poetry. In ten years, from 1920 to 1930, Tumas wed 1,375 couples.He resigned from the church due to poor health in January 1933 and delivered the last sermon on 16 February. Over the years, Tumas had collected information on Lithuanian writers and literature. In 1921–1922, he lectured on topics in Lithuanian literature at the Higher Officers' Courses and a teachers' courses. He was also invited to teach at the War School of Kaunas, but refused due to lack of time. Tumas was invited by Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius to teach at the newly established University of Lithuania. He started with a lecture on the poetry of Maironis in the fall 1922 semester. His lack of higher education was an obstacle and he was promoted to docent only in June 1924.He taught a course on the Lithuanian literature during the Lithuanian press ban (1864–1904). He chose to discuss different writers every semester instead of a more systematic chronological or thematic approach. He lectured not only on the well-known (such as Antanas Baranauskas or Žemaitė) but also on virtually forgotten


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 authors. He retired from the university in March 1929 due to poor health (throat and lung issues made it difficult to speak for long periods of time). The university awarded him a pension and an honorary doctorate. He returned to the university for the spring 1932 semester when he taught a class on Lithuanian women writers. Other public work and death

Tumas was instrumental in establishing a literary archive at the university that collected writers' manuscripts, correspondence, photos, etc.Tumas donated most of his personal collection to this archive, officially established in March 1923. In 1924–1926, Tumas worked as a reviewer of books and educational materials for the Ministry of Education. During that time he reviewed 66 works. He also contributed biographical articles to Lietuviškoji enciklopedija, the first Lithuanian-language encyclopedia. Tumas frequently traveled across Lithuania and internationally, including to Italy in 1931 and to Latvia and Sweden in 1932. In addition to his paid jobs, Tumas was very active in Lithuanian cultural life – he was chairman, treasurer, or board members of various Lithuanian societies, committees, and commissions, about 20 different organizations in total. He was a member of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union and was awarded its Riflemen's Star.He was a member and, for a period, secretary of the Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science and treasurer of the book publishing company Universitetas. In 1932, he was elected chairman of the Lithuanian Writers' Union. He actively supported and was elected as honorary member of , a nationalist student organization at the university, and was spiritual adviser


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 to Young Lithuania, youth organization of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union. He received numerous visitors asking him for donations, loans, or personal recommendations. Despite all of these activities, he still found time to write works of fiction, though his ability to write longer works was impeded. In independent Lithuania, Tumas' efforts and works received official recognition. He was promoted as honorary canon of the Samogitian Capitulum in April 1921.He was awarded the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (2nd degree) on 15 May 1928, and the Order of Vytautas the Great (2nd degree) in 1932. He also received the Latvian Order of the Three Stars (2nd degree). Tumas supervised the construction of the villa of his nephew-in-law Petras Klimas in Ąžuolynas and spent his last months there. In January 1933, Tumas was diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia caused by colitis. In early March, he was diagnosed with bronchitis which grew into pneumonia. He spent the last week bedridden and died in the evening of 29 April 1933. He was buried at the Church of Vytautas the Great.His funeral, a grand public affair attended by many dignitaries, was a subject to one of the first documentaries produced in Lithuania. Works

Fiction

Tumas began writing works of fiction in 1897. They were first published as a separate booklet Vaizdeliai (Scenes) in 1902. He signed by the pen name Vaižgantas, the name of a god of flax and hemp in the Lithuanian mythology mentioned by Jan Łasicki. Until 1915, he wrote several cycles. Scenos vaizdai (Stage Scenes) was a cycle of plays poking fun at the shortcomings of the ordinary village folk (first published


texts: in 1906 and 1915). Aukštaičių vaizdeliai (Scenes of Aukštaičiai) was a cycle of autobiographical short stories.Alegorijų vaizdai (Allegorical Scenes) included political and didactic stories (first published in 1916). Karo vaizdai (Scenes of War) were written during World War I and focused on the effects of war on the civilian population (first published in 1915). The best known story from this period is Rimai ir Nerimai (The Rimas and Nerimas Families), a tragicomedy depicting a comic rivalry between two families that is brought to an end by a common tragedy (their sons are mobilized into the Imperial Russian Army and killed in the war). He wrote the two-volume (first volume in two parts devoted to Samogitia, the second volume to Aukštaitija) epic novel Pragiedruliai (Cloud Clearing) in 1917–1920. It depicts the Lithuanian National Revival, social and economic transformation in rural Lithuania, and the resistance, sometimes subconscious, to the Tsarist regime by the ordinary villagers – from improved agricultural methods to sending children to school, reading prohibited Lithuanian literature, and becoming interested in politics. The novel does not have a linear plot or structure. From separate scenes, pictures of nature, ethnographic descriptions of festivals or clothing, local legends and folktales, the novel builds a mosaic of the spiritual pulse of the nation – its languishing memory of serfdom, spreading education, improving economic conditions, maturing political involvement, developing national consciousness.Lithuanians are depicted as one large family working towards the same goal. The novel has a large cast or characters,


texts: including Lithuanian peasants, industrious Jews, Polonized gentry, Russian administrators. The final scenes of Gondingos kraštas depict a double marriage that contains borrowed elements from Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz. Overall, it is a rather optimistic work that, while acknowledging painful setbacks and individual sacrifices, celebrates the cultural progress. While it is considered the best work of Tumas and was quickly added to school curriculum, not everyone praised it. For example, Liudas Gira considered it to be boring, confusing, and difficult to understand, particularly for the urban residents. After Lithuania's independence in 1918, Tumas' fiction turned from public to individual life.His novel Dėdės ir dėdienės (Uncles and Aunts), published in 1920–1921, explores three tragic lives. Mykoliukas, the younger son, sacrifices everything, including his love for Severija, for his elder brother and his family. He works the brother's farm essentially as a slave, earning nothing of his own, and is compared to Saint Isidore the Laborer. Severija marries Rapolas, an older man working as supervisor at a local manor. After the Emancipation reform of 1861, Rapolas loses his job and, unable to earn his own farm due to his laziness, moves in with his brother. He dies after accidentally eating rat poison. Severija works hard trying to earn her and her husband's keep at the unwelcoming home of her brother-in-law.After her husband's death, she is left all alone and starts abusing alcohol. The novel was adapted into a film, Tas prakeiktas nuolankumas (The Damn Submissive) in 1970. After his retirement from the University of Lithuania, Tumas was


texts: able to devote more time to fiction. Didactic novel Šeimos vėžiai (Tracks of a Family; 1929) looks into a family of Lithuanian intellectuals and their choices between an "empty" life of a cushy job and romantic love or a "meaningful" life of work for the Lithuanian nation. It was meant to become the third volume of Pragiedruliai. Short story Išgama (Freak; 1929) tells a true story from Tumas' childhood – a boy who liked to daydream and maybe could have become an artist, but his father beat him and called him a freak for being different and not interested in farm work. The boy ran away from home and was killed trying to steal horses.Nebylys (Mute; 1930) deals with a love triangle that turns two childhood friends into rivals and enemies. It ends with the murder of one of the friends, katorga for the other, and insanity for their love interest. The story was adapted into a theater play in 1970 and a TV play in 1980. Tumas' last major work, Žemaičių Robinzonas (Samogitian Robinson; 1932), explores the life of Vincas, an energetic orphan who builds a prosperous farm with his own hands. But his family is infertile and he starts drinking alcohol. Vincas tries public work – construction of a church and serving as a starshina of his volost – to no avail. Unlike many other writers of the period, Tumas did not dwell on the heroic past (i.e.romantic nationalism) and instead focused on the present-day. His characters and plots were borrowed directly from his own experience or from witnesses. His characters often struggle with worldly passions (e.g. alcoholism, sexual desire, greed). Tumas, while depicting everyday life, expressed deeper romantic


texts:
 ideas and ideals. One of the key ideas is public service and hard work – those who sacrifice their narrow self-interests and passions and diligently work for their families or the public good find meaning and salvation, while others fall to misery and degradation. Thus work becomes a greater moral virtue.The narrator, Tumas' alter ego, often interrupts the story to offer his emotional and expressive judgement or opinion. While Tumas considered himself to be a romantic writer, his works combine elements of various styles (romanticism and realism, fiction and non-fiction). His writing style is thick and heavy, verbose, full of Lithuanian folk motives and wit. He tried to use the standard Lithuanian instead of his native Aukštaitian dialect, but he freely coined neologisms and used dialects and loanwords when he wanted to be more expressive. His peculiar style is often described with the adjective vaižgantiškas. As a unique writer, Tumas is usually not discussed when discussing general trends in the Lithuanian literature but receives considerable critical attention. Non-fiction
Tumas was a prolific writer.He edited and published 19 volumes of his collected works. Since 1994, the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore has been working on publishing his collected works. 24 volumes were published by 2015 with 30 volumes planned in total. He wrote on a variety of topics in various genres (e.g. editorials, feuilletons, reviews), often producing several articles day. He wrote more than 150 obituaries of Lithuanian priests alone. In total, Tumas contributed articles to more than 80 different periodicals.In addition, Tumas wrote thousands


texts: of letters, only 700–800 of which survive. Tumas worked on publishing various religious literature. In 1898, he translated and published a short and simple catechism by Roch Filochowski. In 1904, it was republished for the third time. He published a collection of sermons by priest Antanas Bortkevičius in 1901 and a work on teetotalism by bishop Motiejus Valančius in 1915. He translated, but did not publish, a textbook on the study of the Gospel of Mark by Baron . He also assisted Juozapas Skvireckas with the first full Bible translation into Lithuanian (raised funds, proofread manuscripts, wrote an introduction).In 1929, he translated and published two further works by Valančius – polemic writings on Eastern Orthodoxy and autobiography. From the early years, Tumas collected manuscripts and biographical data of various Lithuanian writers and whenever possible published them. For example, poetry of  is known only from materials published by Tumas. He published obituaries and other biographical articles on Antanas Strazdas, Vincas Kudirka, Jonas Biliūnas, Kazimieras Jaunius, Maironis, and many others. These informal studies became impetus for his university career. His university lectures were published in various newspapers and magazines, eleven separate booklets in 1924–1925, and four-volumes in 1929. However, these studies were not systematic – Tumas grouped topics haphazardly, without regard to chronology or author's style, covering some authors in detail while skipping others entirely.He focused on biographies and not on literary works. Since he knew or worked with many of them, he provided many irrelevant anecdotal stories. Tumas


texts:
 himself considered his lectures not a history of the Lithuanian literature, but only material for such history. In 1919, he published a travel book Aplink Baltiją (Around the Baltic Sea). It was based on articles he published promoting the idea of a federation with Latvia, Estonia, Sweden, or Finland. In 1925, he published Jaunam veikėjui (To the Young Activist) with twenty essays on religious and public work. These essays could be classified as pastoral theology – friendly, informal, practical advice from Tumas to young priests without citations to theological works or the Bible.Legacy
Vaižgantas was known for encouraging younger authors and celebrating any accomplishments or signs of progress, and is sometimes referred to as "the diamond hunter" (deimančiukų ieškotojas) even if some of those diamonds would quickly turn out to be simple gravel. He is remembered as an energetic activists who lived according to the motto "love and be loved". In 2016, Seimas (Lithuanian parliament) declared 2019 the year of Tumas (it will be his 150th birth anniversary). In April 1934, a year after Tumas' death, Vytautas Magnus University allotted three rooms to a museum dedicated to Tumas. This museum, directed by Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, preserved Tumas' archives, furniture, household items, and library of more than 2,000 volumes. When the university was closed in 1942, Mykolaitis-Putinas took some of the photos and manuscripts to Vilnius University and the rest were purchased by the Maironis Museum. The items were held in storage until 1997 when a museum dedicated to Tumas was established in the Kaunas apartment where he lived and worked from 1920


texts: until 1933.It is visited by about 4,500 people annually. Prior to becoming a museum, the apartment was used as a clergy house and its last resident was Ričardas Mikutavičius. In 1987–1991, a museum dedicated to Tumas and book smugglers was established in Ustronė, Panevėžys District Municipality. It occupies a former granary that was used by the Garšviai Book Smuggling Society to hide illegal books. Tumas visited the granary while he worked in Vadaktėliai in 1902–1905. Monuments to Tumas were unveiled in Svėdasai in 1937, in his native Maleišiai in 1989, and in Birštonas in 2016. The house where Tumas was born did not survive in its original location – it was sold in 1914 and moved to the nearby Kalviai village.There have been suggestions of purchasing the surviving house, moving it back to Maleišiai, and establishing a memorial museum. He was a subject of several monographs, including by Aleksandras Merkelis (published in 1934, republished in 1955 and 1989) focusing on his biography and activities, by Aldona Vaitiekūnienė (1982) and Algimantas Radzevičius (1987) focusing on his literary works, by Nijolė Lietuvninkaitė (2015) focusing on his personal library. A collection of his letters to the Klimai family was published in 1998; Aistė Kučinskienė completed her PhD thesis on Tumas' letters in 2016. A book with memoirs and essays about Tumas was published in 2009 (editor Alfas Pakėnas). In 1994, Kostas Ostrauskas published monodrama Vaižgantas. Over the next two decades it was performed by actor Ferdinandas Jakšys over a thousand times. Schools named after Tumas are located in Rokiškis (1933–1958 and since 1989), Radviliškis (since 1993),


texts:
 Svėdasai (since 1989), Kaunas (since 1999).About 24 streets in Lithuania, 15 in cities and 9 in towns, are named in honor of Tumas, including central streets in Plungė and Tauragė. Since 1991, Svėdasai hosts annual literary events at the end of September. Since 2002, during these events, the Lithuanian Writers' Union and the  present a joint Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas Award to writers that successfully combine and balance writing fiction and journalist work. On 20 September 2019, celebrating the 150th birth anniversary of <mask> Tumas-Vaižgantas, a monument for him and his dog Kaukas was unveiled near the Church of Vytautas the Great in Kaunas, Lithuania. References
In-line

Bibliography

1869 births
1933 deaths
People from Anykščiai District Municipality
People from Vilkomirsky Uyezd
Lithuanian Roman Catholic priests
Party of National Progress politicians
Lithuanian male writers
Lithuanian novelists
Lithuanian short story writers
Lithuanian non-fiction writers
Lithuanian newspaper editors
Lithuanian literature historians
Lithuanian book smugglers
Vytautas Magnus University faculty
Members of the Third Order of Saint Francis
Recipients of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
Recipients of the Order of Vytautas the Great
Male non-fiction


texts:
<mask> (c. 1320/4 January 1341 – 15 June 1381) was a leader of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England. He led a group of rebels from Canterbury to London to oppose the institution of a poll tax and to demand economic and social reforms. While the brief rebellion enjoyed early success, <mask> was killed by officers loyal to King Richard II during negotiations at Smithfield, London. Early life
Not much is known of <mask>'s early life. There are varying sources of his birth. One claims that he was born on January 4, 1341, while another source claims he was born around 1320. Most historians agree that he was born around 1341.He was fascinated by John Ball, his group having broken the radical priest out of jail. He was probably born in Kent or Essex. “Wat” may have been his given name (derived from the Old English name <mask>), or a diminutive form of the name Walter; his original surname was unknown. It is thought that the name "<mask>" came from his occupation as a roof tiler, but this is not confirmed. Prior to the Peasants' Revolt, it is probable that he lived in Kent or Essex; he has variously been represented as coming from Dartford and Maidstone in Kent, from Deptford, which was in Kent at the time, and from Colchester in Essex. The Peasants' Revolt

The Peasants' Revolt began in May 1381, triggered by a recently imposed poll tax of 4 pence from every adult, whether peasant or wealthy. The revolt was not only about money, as the peasants also sought increased liberty and other social reforms.They demanded that each labourer be allowed to work for the employer of his choice and sought an end to serfdom and other rigid social demarcation. There were uprisings across England, with much of the unrest focused on

masks:
Wat Tyler
Tyler
Wat Tyler
Watt
Tyler


texts:
 Essex and Kent. The uprising was opposed by a significant part of English society in those regions, including nobility and wealthy religious establishments. Many peasants and labourers were inspired by the teachings of John Ball, a radical priest who preached that all humans should be treated equally, as descendants of Adam and Eve, and who asked: "When Adam delved and Eve span/Who was then the gentleman?" How <mask> <mask> became involved with the revolt is unknown, although a much later sixteenth-century source indicates that a man of a similar name, <mask>, was its initiator. This account suggests that a poll-tax collector had indecently assaulted <mask>'s daughter. It is suggested the poll tax collector "pulled up his daughter's clothes to see if she arrived at the age of puberty".In revenge he killed the miscreant and triggered the insurgency. Regardless of the basis of that story, by June 1381, when groups of rebels from across the country began a coordinated assault on London, <mask> <mask> had emerged as a leader of the Kentish forces. On 13 June, the rebels reached the capital and crossed London Bridge. Once in the city, they attacked civil targets, destroying legal records, opening prisons, sacking homes, and killing individuals they thought were associated with the royal government. In response, the king, Richard II (then 14 years old), met with the rebels on 14 June 1381 and agreed to make many concessions and to give full pardons to all those involved in the rebellion. While some of the rebels were satisfied by the king's promises and dispersed, <mask> and his followers were not. Death

On 15 June 1381, <mask> and his Kentish forces met King Richard at Smithfield, outside London.There, <mask>

masks:
Wat
Tyler
John Tyler
John Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler


texts:
 spoke personally with the king and put forward his demands. At first, the meeting seems to have gone well, with <mask> treating the king in a friendly, if overly familiar, manner, and Richard agreeing the rebels "should have all that he could fairly grant". However, tensions quickly rose. According to a contemporary chronicler, <mask> acted contemptuously, calling for a flagon of water to rinse his mouth "because of the great heat that he was in" and when he received the water "he rinsed his mouth in a very rude and disgusting fashion before the King's face". Sir John Newton (a servant of the king) insulted <mask> by calling him "the greatest thief and robber in all Kent". <mask> attacked Newton, but was restrained and arrested by the Lord Mayor of London, William Walworth. <mask> then attempted to stab the mayor, who was saved by his armour.Walworth slashed <mask> across the neck and head with his sword, and another of the king's servants, possibly Ralph de Standish, stabbed <mask> again, severely wounding him. <mask> managed to ride thirty yards before he fell from his horse. In the disorder that followed, he was taken to a hospital for the poor, but was tracked down by the mayor, brought back to Smithfield and publicly decapitated. <mask>'s head was placed atop a pole and carried through the city, then displayed on London Bridge. In the wake of their leader's death, his followers were driven from London and the movement was shattered. Subsequently, Richard II revoked all the concessions he had made to the rebels and many were hunted down and executed. That effectively ended the revolt.In popular culture
John Gower commented on <mask> <mask> in his 14th-century poem Vox Clamantis: "The jay's voice is wild

masks: Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Tyler Wat Tyler


texts: and he has only learnt the art of speaking from the classes with whom the Latin poet is identified." A number of works in the post-medieval period have featured <mask> <mask> as protagonist. <mask> was the protagonist of the play <mask> <mask> and Jack Straw, or, The Mob Reformers (1730) first performed at Bartholomew Fair in 1730. <mask> <mask> is represented in Robert Southey's <mask> <mask>, A Dramatic Poem, which was written in 1794 but not published until 1813. The first novel to feature <mask> <mask> is Mrs O'Neill's The Bondman: A Story of the Days of <mask> <mask> (1833). He is the protagonist in Pierce Egan the Younger's novel Wat Tyler, or the Rebellion of 1381 (1841), a highly radical text published at the height of the second phase of the Chartist movement that argued for republican government in England. Egan's novel was subsequently abridged and plagiarised and published as The Life and Adventures of <mask> <mask>: The Good and the Brave (1851).<mask> <mask> is the protagonist of the penny dreadful serial novel <mask> <mask>; or, The King and the Apprentice which appeared in weekly parts in The Young Englishman's Journal in 1867, and appears as a main character in William Harrison Ainsworth's Merry England; or, Nobles and Serfs (1874). In Charles Dickens' Bleak House (1853), his name is invoked by Sir Leicester Dedlock as an example of what would happen if any concessions were made to "some person in the lower classes". <mask> features as a sympathetic hero in the novel A Dream of John Ball (1888) by William Morris. <mask> <mask> is also mentioned in Redburn by Herman Melville and in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain. <mask> features briefly in the historical fiction

masks: Wat Tyler Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler Tyler Wat Tyler Tyler


texts: The Mediation of Ralph Hardelot (1888) by William Minto. The juvenile novel A March on London (1897) by G. A. Henty, depicts <mask> briefly as a "sullen and resentful" demagogue. Henty's book was illustrated by W.H.Margetson. Long Will (1903), a novel by Florence Converse, depicts a meritorious <mask> <mask>. The 1921 play Wat Tyler by Halcott Glover interprets <mask> as a sympathetic protester against feudal tyranny, who is driven into violence by John Ball's preaching. Riot at Gravesend (1952), a novel by William Howard Woods, focus on the combats between the rebels and the authorities. Who Then Was The Gentleman? (1963) is a novel by Charles E. Israel, that renders a courageous and charismatic <mask> <mask>. A Summer Storm (1976), a novel by Jane Lane, depicts <mask> as a villain.The novel The Confession of Jack Straw (1991) by Simone Zelitch features <mask> as a central character. The children's novel Fire, Bed, and Bone (1997) by Henrietta Branford has <mask> <mask> as one of its characters. <mask> <mask> is the principal character in the historical novel, Now is the Time (2015) by Melvyn Bragg. English composer Alan Bush wrote an opera, <mask> <mask>, about <mask>'s life. Bush's opera was premiered at the Leipzig Opera in 1953. English folk singer-songwriter Frank Turner references <mask> <mask>'s negotiations at Smithfield in "Sons of Liberty" from the 2009 album Poetry of the Deed, and again mentions <mask> by name in "One Foot Before the Other" from 2011 album England Keep My Bones. Provisional IRA member and Irish political prisoner Bobby Sands referenced "Wat the Tyler" and his poor in one of his wider-known poems written while in prison, "The Rhythm of Time".A cultural history survey of <mask>

masks: Tyler Wat Tyler Tyler Wat Tyler Tyler Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler Tyler Wat Tyler Tyler Wat


texts:
 <mask>'s portrayals in post-medieval literature down to the modern period has been written by Stephen Basdeo who argues that most of <mask> <mask> Way" in his honour. "<mask>'s Causeway" running from Newgatestreet Village towards the A1000 in Hertfordshire named for the route taken by some of his followers fleeing the capital following his death. A road on the western edge of Blackheath is called Wat Tyler Road

Wat Tyler Country Park in Essex is named after him. Swindon Borough Council's Offices are in Wat Tyler House. A memorial commemorating <mask> <mask> and the Great Rising of 1381 was unveiled on 15 July 2015 in Smithfield, London. See also
 John Ball and Jack Straw, co-leaders of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt
 Jack Cade, leader of the 1450 Kentish Revolt
 Michael An Gof, leader of the Cornish rebellion of 1497
 Robert Kett, leader of Kett's Rebellion in 1549 in Norfolk
 Bartholomew Steer, leader of the 1596 Oxfordshire Rebellion
 King Richard II of England

References

External links

 Wat Tyler Country Park
 Wat Tyler on historyguide.org — a description, from a chronicle of the time, which relates the final meeting between <mask> <mask> and King Richard II.<mask> <mask>'s Rebellion in Froissart chronicle. — excerpts, from a Full 12 volume edition of Froissart chronicle related to <mask> <mask>'s Rebellion. EASF radical history wiki An East Anglia-specific look at the rebellion
 The Peasants' Revolt, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Miri Rubin, Caroline Barron & Alastair Dunn (In Our Time, Nov. 16, 2006)

Year of birth unknown
14th-century births
1381 deaths
Place of birth unknown
English rebels
English revolutionaries
English tax resisters
Medieval Kent
Peasants' Revolt
People from Kent
Year of birth

masks: Tyler Tylerat Tyler Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler Wat Tyler


texts:
<mask> (12 February 1909 – 25 May 2005), baptised as <mask>, was a Slovene painter, printmaker, and draughtsman. He was the only painter of Slovene descent who managed to establish himself in the elite cultural circles of Italy and France, particularly Paris in the second half of the 20. century, where he lived for most of his later life. He painted landscapes, still lifes, portraits, and self-portraits, as well as scenes of horror from the Dachau concentration camp and vedute of Venice. Life
<mask> was born in a Slovene-speaking family in Bukovica, a small village in the Vipava Valley near Gorizia, in what was then the Austrian County of Gorizia and Gradisca (now in Slovenia). <mask>'s father Anton was the headmaster of the local school, and his mother Marija (née Blažič) was a teacher there. Both parents were Slovenes from the Goriška region: his father was from the village of Šmartno in the Gorizia Hills, and his mother was born in the hamlet of Kostanjevica in the village of Lig. <mask>'s father was mobilized and served on various battlefields during the First World War.In 1915, during the Battles of the Isonzo, the family (his mother with two children) was forced to flee to Arnače, a village near Velenje in the Duchy of Styria, where <mask> attended elementary school. In the spring of 1918, toward the end of World War I, the family moved back to Gorizia, but they were expelled again in late August 1919 by the Italian authorities, which had occupied the region. They moved to Griffen in Carinthia, but were expelled once again by the Austrian authorities after the Carinthian

masks:
Zoran Mušič
Anton Zoran Musič
Zoran Mušič
Mušič
Mušič
Zoran


texts: Plebiscite in late October 1920. They finally settled in Lower Styria, then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Mušič attended two high schools in Maribor till 1928. After, he visited Vienna for a short time. Between 1930 and 1935 he continued his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Zagreb.Mušič spoke Slovene, German, Croatian, Italian, French and some Friulian. After graduation in 1934, he travelled extensively around Europe. He spent three months (April to June 1935) in Spain, mainly Madrid. Later he served his obligatory army service in Bileća (1936) in Yugoslavia. He spent each summer in Dalmatia while being based in Maribor and nearest village Hoče. In 1940, he moved to Ljubljana permanently. During this period (1942), he painted in two churches in his native Goriška region, together with his friend, painter Avgust Černigoj (Drežnica, Grahovo) and one in village Gradno with another Slovenian painter Lojze Spacal.In October 1943, he moved to Trieste and later for the first time to Venice. He had his first one-man show (outside Yugoslavia) in Trieste and several months later in Venice. In early October 1944, he was arrested by the Nazi German forces because he was in a group of Slovene anti-fascists. The group had hidden transmitter and was connected with British IS. His drawing and painting in Venice raised suspicions that he was a spy, and a month later he was sent to Dachau concentration camp, where he made more than 180 sketches of life in the camp, some under extremely difficult circumstances. From the drawings, mainly executed in May 1945, he managed


texts: to save around one hundred (some more with his friends). After liberation by Americans on April 29, 1945, Mušič returned to his hometown Ljubljana in early June.There, he was sent to a hospital (Golnik). A month later he was subjected to the pressures by the newly established Communist regime and moved to Gorizia at the end of July 1945. In the following months he travelled in the area of Trieste and Istria, spending some time in Pinguente (Buzet). In October 1945 he settled in Venice with the help of family Cadorin and returned to the painting. In September 1949 he married the Venetian painter Ida Cadorin Barbarigo there. He also painted a room in Vila Dornacher near Zuerich at the same period. In 1950 he prepared huge tapestry: Marco Polo and his way to China for the passenger ship Augustus.At the same time he won the Gualino prize and in 1956 the Grand Prize for his printmaking at the Venice Biennale. In 1951 he was awarded the Prix de Paris, (jointly with Antonio Corpora) for his colorful paintings of Dalmatia. After 1952 he lived mainly in Paris, where the 'lyrical abstraction' of the French Informel determined the art world. Throughout this period he kept his studio in Venice and exhibited again at the Biennale in 1960, when he was awarded the UNESCO Prize. The much acclaimed series We Are Not the Last, in which the artist transformed the terror of his experiences in the concentration camp into documents of universal tragedy, was made in the 1970s. His last achievement were series of Selfportratis and Double portraits. He had problems with his eyesight.Partly blind he


texts: signed his last drawings in the year 2000. In 1981 <mask> was appointed Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres in Paris. <mask>'s work has been honoured in numerous international exhibitions, such as the large retrospective exhibition at the Grand Palais in Paris in 1995, opened by the French and Slovenian presidents François Mitterrand and Milan Kučan. At the same time Austrians promised him a permanent exhibition in Klagenfurt. It was never established. A huge part of his works was taken from his studio and never returned to the painter or his wife. In 1991, <mask> was given the Prešeren Award for lifetime achievement, the highest decoration in the field of the arts in Slovenia.Some of <mask>'s works have been featured at Piran Coastal Galleries. Gallery Zala from Ljubljana prepared 7 exhibitions (4 in Ljubljana, one in: Belgrade, Vienna and London). A big retrospective was prepared in Modern Gallery from Ljubljana in November 2009. Academy of Sciences from Slovenia published a monograph, written by 20 authors from Slovenia, Croatia, Austria, Italy and France (Vizije Zorana Mušiča) November 2012. First permanent exhibition of his prints was open in Dobrovo in 1991. Only permanent exhibition of his different works (paintings, prints, drawings) was open in National Gallery in Ljubljana in 2016. Bigger temporary exhibition of selected works was prepared in Lugano, Collezione Braglia in October 2016.Another exhibition was in Venice at Fortuny Museum in spring 2018: A Tribute to <mask> Music, The Zurich Room. The Leopold Museum in Vienna opened a bigger retrospective exhibition in

masks: Mušič Mušič Mušič Mušič Zoran


texts:
 April 2018 with 167 selected works. He died in Venice in 2005 at the age of 96. He is buried in the local St. Michele cemetery. Exhibitions (selection)

 1942: <mask> Mušič. Galerija Obersnel, Ljubljana, (February)
 1944: <mask> Music. 25 oeuvres exposées.Piccola Galleria, Venice (June 17 – July 8)
 1960: Music. Peintures et gouaches. Galerie_de_France, Paris (February 26 – March 20)
 1964: Music. Zeichnungen und Graphik. Kunstmuseum Basel (May 9 – June 14)
 1967: <mask> Anton Music. Retrospektivna razstava. Moderna Galerija, Ljubljana (April 14 – May 7)
 1978: Music, le temps d'une mémoire.Rétrospective: Toiles – Aquarelles – Gouaches – Dessins de 1951 à 1977. Galerie de France, Paris (April 4 – May 20)
 1992–93: Music, Arbeiten auf Papier von 1945 bis 1992. Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna (November 25 – January 31)
 1995: <mask> Music. Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris (April 4 – July 3)
 1995: <mask> Music. Nous ne sommes pas les derniers, Peintures, Dessins, Gravures. Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen, Caen (May 18 – August 16)
 1995–96: <mask> Music: Die späten Jahre. Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste, Munich (November 24 – January 14)
 1997: Zoran Music.Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt Main (April 24 – June 29)
 1997: <mask> Music. MMG Gallery, Tokyo (August)
 1998: <mask> Music: gli acquerelli veneziani 1947–1949. Museo Morandi – Instituzione Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Bologna (January 22 – April 13)
 2006: Music in Slovene private Collections (1935–1997). Galerija Zala, Ljubljana (November 24 – December 22)
 2009: A Spanish vision, February.

masks: Zoran Zoran Zoran Zoran Zoran Zoran Zoran Zoran


texts:
 National Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana (12. February – March)
 2009: <mask> Mušič in private and public collections, November 2009 – February 2010. Modern Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana
 2009: <mask> Mušič v slovenskih zasebnih zbirkah III.Galerija Zala, Ljubljana (February)
 2016: <mask> <mask>, Permanent collection. National Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana
 2018: Omaggio a Zoran Music. La Stanza di Zurigo. Museo Fortuny, Venezia (Febbraio)
 2018: Zoran Music. Poesie der Stille. Leopold Museum, Vienna (April 13 – August 6)
 2019: <mask> Music. Gallery W&K – Wienerroihter & Kohlbacher, Vienna (May 22 – September 13)
 2019: Music in Slovene private Collections VII.Galerija Zala, Ljubljana (June 6 – June 25)
 2019: <mask> Mušič. Galerija in antikvitete Novak, Ljubljana (October 24 – November 9)
 2020: <mask> Mušič. "The fascination of painting". Klagenfurt, (January 23 – March 1)
 2020: <mask> Mušič.111 catalogues for the 111 Anniversary. National Gallery, Ljubljana. (February 11 – May 30)
 2020: <mask> Mušič. "Drawings from Dachau," Modern Gallery, Ljubljana.Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 Museum of Modern Art, New York
 Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia

Vatican
 Vatican Museums, Collection of Contemporary Art

References

Further reading

 <mask> KRŽIŠNIK, Tomaž BREJC, Ješa DENEGRI, Meta GABRŠEK PROSENC, Miklavž KOMELJ, Ivana SIMONOVIĆ ČELIĆ, Gojko ZUPAN, Jana INTIHAR FERJAN, Breda ILICH KLANČNIK, ZORAN MUŠIČ, V javnih in zasebnih zbirkah v Sloveniji, Moderna galerija Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 24. November 2009
 Nelida Silič NEMEC, Nace ŠUMI, <mask> KRŽIŠNIK,

masks: Zoran Zoran Zoran Mušič Zoran Zoran Zoran Zoran Zoran Zoran Zoran


texts:
 Galerija <mask> Mušiča, Grad Dobrovo, Stalna zbirka grafičnih del Zorana Mušiča, Goriški muzej, Nova Gorica, 1991. Ziva AMISHAI_MAISELS, Depiction and Interpretation, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, Seoul, Tokyo, 1993. <mask> Music, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Catalogue, Paris, 1995. Gojko ZUPAN, Zorenje Zorana Mušiča med 1909 in 1935, offprint, Ljubljana, 2006. Gojko ZUPAN, Umetnik na tujem : Zoran Mušič – slovenski izseljenec, Mohorjev koledar, Ljubljana, 2006. pp. 177–182.Gojko ZUPAN, <mask> <mask>, Iz slovenskih privatnih zbirk II, Grafika (1931–1984), Ljubljana, 2008. Gojko ZUPAN, Life and Work, <mask> <mask>, catalogue, Moderna galerija Ljubljana, 2009. Gojko ZUPAN, Dachauske risbe Zorana Mušiča, Zbornik za Staneta Bernika, Ljubljana, 2009. pp. 274–301. Lydia Harambourg, Dictionnaire des peintres de l'École de Paris, 1945–1965, Éditions Ides et Calendes, Neuchâtel, 1993 (); nouvelle édition, 2010, p. 39, 355–358 ()
 Gojko ZUPAN, Biography, Videnja Zorana Mušiča, SAZU, Ljubljana, 2012. Jean CLAIR, Vanda MUŠIČ, Gojko ZUPAN, <mask> MUŠIČ, From Ljuban, Milada and Vanda Mušič Collection, National Gallery, Ljubljana, 2016. English Edition,
 <mask> Music, Boualem Sansal, Pascal Bruckner, Michael Prazan, Skira, Applicat-Prazan, 2016.Hans-Peter WIPPLINGER, Ivan RISTIĆ, Gojko ZUPAN, Jean CLAIR, Marilena PASQUALI, <mask> Mušič : Poesie der Stille = poetry of silence : [Leopold Museum, Wien, 13. April bis 6. August 2018]
 Gojko ZUPAN, <mask> Mušič, Iz slovenskih privatnih zbirk VII / Music in Slovene private collections VII,, Catalogue, Ljubljana, 2019. External links

masks: Zorana Zoran Zoran Mušič Zoran Mušič Zoran Zoran Zoran Zoran


texts:
 A tribute to <mask> Music with photos and recent exhibitions
 <mask> Mušič web page
 <mask> Mušič biography on Widewalls

 Great works: Self-Portrait 1990 (48x38 cms (sic)), <mask> Music – Michael Glover, The Independent Venice Pays Homage to Zoran Music with Exhibition at Palazzo Franchetti – artdaily.org
 A life of wandering – Andrew Lambirth, The Spectator'', 29 July 2000

1909 births
2005 deaths
People from the Municipality of Renče-Vogrsko
Slovenian male painters
Slovenian printmakers
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Prešeren Award laureates
Dachau concentration camp survivors
Academy of Fine Arts, University of Zagreb alumni
Burials at Isola di San Michele
Jakopič Award laureates
20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
21st-century Italian painters
Yugoslav

masks: Zoran Zoran Zoran Zoran


texts:
<mask> (born 15 November 1977) is a British businessman and the son of Anne, Princess Royal, and Captain <mask>. He is the eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and is 18th in the line of succession to the British throne. <mask> attended University of Exeter before working at Jaguar Racing. He is currently working as a managing director for SEL UK, a boutique sports management company. He married Autumn Kelly, a Canadian management consultant, in 2008 in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. They have two children together, separated in 2019, and divorced in 2021. Early life and education

<mask> was born at 10:46 am on 15 November 1977, in the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London.He was the first child of Princess Anne and <mask>, who had married in 1973. At the time of his birth, there was a 41-gun salute from the Tower of London. He was christened on 22 December 1977 by the Archbishop of Canterbury Donald Coggan in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace. His godparents were his maternal uncle, the Prince of Wales, Geoffrey Tiarks, Captain Hamish Lochore, Lady Cecil Cameron of Lochiel and Jane Holderness-Roddam. <mask> was fifth in line to the throne at birth and remained so until the birth of his cousin Prince William in 1982. His parents were said to have refused offers from his grandmother Queen Elizabeth II that would have led to his being born in the peerage. <mask> was the first legitimate grandchild of a monarch in more than 500 years to be born without a title or courtesy title.<mask> has a younger sister, Zara Tindall (née <mask>; born 1981), and two younger half-sisters, Felicity Wade (née Tonkin; born 1985), the daughter of <mask> and his former mistress Heather Tonkin; and <mask> (born 1997), the daughter from his father's second marriage to Sandy Pflueger. <mask> went to Port Regis Prep School in Shaftesbury, Dorset before following some of his family by attending Gordonstoun School in Moray, Scotland. Whilst at Gordonstoun, he was

masks:
Peter Mark Andrew Phillips
Mark Phillips
Phillips
Peter Phillips
Mark Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Mark Phillips
Stephanie Phillips
Phillips


texts:
 chosen to be head boy. During his gap year, he went to Sydney and worked for Sports Entertainment Limited (SEL), a company to which he would later return; he also worked for Jackie Stewart's Formula One racing team during that time. He attended the University of Exeter and graduated with a degree in sports science. He played for the Exeter University rugby league team. Career
After his graduation in 2000, <mask> worked for Jaguar as corporate hospitality manager and then for Williams racing team, where he was sponsorship accounts manager.In 2004, while working for Williams, <mask> was in a van in China with three other employees when the van was hit by a car. <mask> was uninjured. He left Williams in September 2005, for a job as a manager at the Royal Bank of Scotland in Edinburgh. In March 2012, he left RBS to take on a role as managing director at SEL UK. In August 2012, he was guest of honour at the Rugby league Challenge Cup Final between Warrington Wolves and Leeds Rhinos at Wembley. In the year leading up to June 2016, <mask> was responsible for organising the "Patron's Lunch", in celebration of the Queen's 90th birthday. It included a parade down The Mall and a hamper picnic for 10,000 guests.In January 2020, <mask> appeared in an advertisement for Chinese company Bright Food. In the video, he uses his status as a "British royal family member" to promote the company's milk, while surrounded by luxury. Personal life

<mask> dated Elizabeth Lorio, a cod liver oil heiress from the United States, for two years; in 2001, they lived together for eight months. Later, he had a four-month relationship with Tara Swain, a flight attendant. In 2003, <mask> met Autumn Kelly, a Canadian management consultant, at the Formula 1 Canadian Grand Prix in Montreal. Their engagement was announced on 28 July 2007. Kelly, who was raised in the Catholic Church, was received into the Church of England before her marriage.If she had been Roman Catholic at the time of the marriage, <mask> would have lost his

masks: Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips


texts:
 place in the line of the succession to the throne because of since-repealed terms of the Act of Settlement 1701. Shortly before their wedding, the couple were interviewed and photographed by Hello! magazine, and were reported to have been paid £500,000, resulting in some concern in royal circles. They married on 17 May 2008 at St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle. The service was conducted by David Conner, the Dean of Windsor. The couple lived in Hong Kong after <mask> changed positions within the Royal Bank of Scotland and became head of their sponsorships activities in the region. Their first child, and the Queen's first great-grandchild, a daughter named Savannah Anne Kathleen, was born on 29 December 2010 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital.On 23 April 2011, the Queen was present for the baby's baptism, which took place at Church of the Holy Cross in Avening, Gloucestershire, near Gatcombe Park, the home of <mask>' mother. Savannah is 19th in line to the throne. On 29 March 2012, the couple's second daughter, Isla Elizabeth, was born at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital. She is 20th in line to the throne. On 11 February 2020, <mask> and his wife confirmed that they had separated in 2019 and announced they were planning to divorce. The divorce was settled on 14 June 2021. In March 2021, <mask> was questioned by the police for travelling by car from Gloucestershire to Aberdeenshire to see a friend, despite restrictions on movement during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.The trip was found by the police to be not in violation of any COVID-19 lockdown rules and a spokesperson for <mask> said he was "on a business trip in relation to a company called XL Medical". Arms

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Exeter
Anne, Princess Royal
British expatriates in Hong Kong
English Anglicans
People educated at Gordonstoun
People educated at Port Regis School
People from Paddington
NatWest Group people
British people of Danish descent
People from

masks: Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips Phillips


texts:
<mask> (1948 – October 26, 2014), commonly referred to as <mask>, was an American sound engineer, music producer and inventor. He was also the owner of Bay Sound Records. In 1969 <mask> invented the Quadraplex system of single station, discrete, compatible four-channel FM broadcasting. He founded Quadracast Systems, Inc. (QSI) of Palo Alto, California, United States to license his patents to RCA and others. <mask> was awarded more than a dozen patents in the radio communications field, many of which are still in use today. History and background
Dorren's recording experience was starting to develop when at the age of 15 he was recording a local group. Years later, in the 2000s he would produce and work on recordings for The Beau Brummels and actor / singer Ronny Cox.In the 1970s <mask> was the director of research for Quadracast Systems, located in San Mateo, California. While in that position he made a prediction of sorts that with Discrete CD-4 records that only a single inventory would be required. He was the inventor of the QSI system that sparked up interest in quadraphonic broadcasting. <mask> was well known to the organizers of the Westcoast Songwriter's Conference, with him and his company sponsoring and supporting the event for years. At the 26th annual conference, he hosted a segment in the Xytar room on how to make home recordings sound professional. At the same event he brought actor / singer Ronny Cox to appear at the Xytar Room. News of death
Dorren died on October 26, 2014, from complications of heart and kidney problems.He was 66 years old. His remains were interred at the Salem Memorial Park cemetery in Colma, California. Companies

Bay Sound Records
Bay Sound Records was a label that Dorren started in the 1960s. In later years, well in to the 2000s the label would release a recording by The Beau Brummels. Other recordings released in later years were by Canvas with Storyteller, Ragtimers Nan

masks:
Louis Dorren
Lou Dorren
Dorren
Dorren
Dorren
Dorren


texts:
 Bostick and Tom Brier with Missing You at the McCoys Bay Sound Records BSR6945, and their other album Dualing at the McCoys. Xytar Digital Systems
In the 2000s he was the CEO of Xytar Digital systems, a company located on Taylor Boulevard in Millbrae, California. Xytar handled remastering of soundtracks, and had done work for Ballet San Jose.Albums such as Dualing at the McCoys by Nan Bostick & Tom Brier were recorded with its technology. As well as being a sponsor of the  Westcoast Songwriter's Conference for years, Xytar was the main or sole sponsor of the WCS International Song Contest in 2004. It was also one of the sponsors for the International Songwriting Competition (ISC) the following year. Two examples of Xytar recording equipment were the Xytar ADMS 32HD "studio-in-a-box" system and the DMS4848 CDR system that provided simultaneous recording on 48 tracks. Music production

Early years
Around 1964 when he was 15 years old, Dorren was friendly with some guys at his high school who had a band called The Banshees. He produced two singles for them. The first single was "They Prefer Blondes" bw "Take a Ride with Me".The second was  "Never Said I Loved You" / "So Hard to Bear. Both singles were released on the SOLO label. Later with Kensington Forest which was a Banshees incarnation of sorts, he produced another single called "Movin’ On" bw "Bells". This was released on the Bay Sound label in 1967.

later years
In 1995, Slyest Freshest Funkiest Rarist Cuts by Sly & The Family Stone was released on the Magical Mystery label. Produced by Leo De Gar Kulka and co-produced by Michael Briggs, it featured four songs plus outtakes recorded by Kulka in August 1967. Dorren handled the transferring of the material. In 2006, Dorren co-produced actor / singer Ronny Cox's live album Ronny Cox At the Sebastiani Theatre.In addition to the production chores, he mixed the album. Later, he worked on another Ronny Cox album, How


texts:
 I Love Them Old Songs..., as Engineer and handling the Mastering and Mixing. Decades later after The Beau Brummels had broken up, remaining members of the band got together with Dorren and recorded a new album that was released on his Bay Sound label in 2013. The album was called Continuum. Sadly Dorren's wishes for all the original members to record weren't possible as the drummer  John Petersen died in 2008. They had found three drum tracks of Peterson that had been recorded in 1965. One of them was used and  Ron Elliott wrote the words to it and it was made into a song called "She Is.".Further recordings were made and the CD that was released contained 18 tracks. The album was recorded over a period of a year and a half. It was recorded with his own designed equipment at his studio in Alameda, California. Quadraphonic

Broadcasting
Hi system helped radio station KIOI FM make broadcasting history when the station did the first discrete quadraphonic broadcast. In 1974, <mask> who was still a college student at the time assisted radio station owner Jim Gabbert in the broadcast. Along with Gabbert's home made equipment and Gabbert's station manager Mike Lincoln, they conducted the experimental broadcast. As a result of the tests, an application for discrete quad broadcasting was made to the (FCC) Federal Communication Commission.Assistance was sought from the Electronics Industries Association by the FCC to help just as was done with stereo broadcasting. A National Quadraphonic Committee was formed. On the 22nd of September that year, further on air tests were conducted at KIOI-FM. Along with radio engineers there were people from companies such as General Electric, Zenith, Nippon Columbia and RCA, and Quadracast Systems. As of October, 1974, the company was headed by Dorren. Between the 23rd and 27th of that month, guideline tests were conducted. Following that, the quad tests were launched.CD-4 1970s
In 1973,


texts:
 Dorren was working with Jac Holzman, president of Elektra Records, in relation to the CD-4 system and its relationship to the records. In an interview Holzman said that Lou had built him a demodulator, and Holzman who had previewed others said that Lou's was the best he'd heard. In the mid 1970s, CD-4 demodulator kit was offered by Southwest Technical Products. It was designed by Dorren. Also offered was an optional Technics" EPC-451C cartridge and a test record he had recorded for Southwest Technical Products. Readers of the Popular Electronics magazine in which the items were advertised could send away for them. Products Corp.In 1974, Dorren was at a party with his fiancé Nancy Bostic. Other guests included Claude Hall from Billboard Magazine, Casey Casem, and Tom Rounds. Dorren had a chance to demo his IC chip CD-4 Discrete Quadracast Systems demodulator. At that time there were only two of them in existence. And only a few people had heard them in action. CD-4 2000s
In 2007, 33 years after his first CD-4 demodulator, Dorren designed a new one with the technology of the day in mind. Discography list as producer

Discography list as technician, engineer, mastering etc

Further reading
 High Performance 2007 CD-4 Demodulator By Lou Dorren Installment IV

References

External links
 Patents by Inventor <mask> at Justia Patents
 AMStereo.org: High Performance 2007 CD-4 Demodulator By <mask>, Installment IV
 Lou Dorren interview by Claude Hall

Discussions in the 2000s in anticipation of Lou's new CD-4 demodulator
 Quadraphonic Quad: Lou Dorren: A new CD-4 Demodulator!!!by loudorren, Dec 29, 2007
 Audio Circle: New Lou Dorren Phono Stage - CD-4 demodulator & Strain Gauge  3 Mar 2011, 03:54 pm
 The Secret Society of Lathe Trolls: CD-4 (Quadradisc) software demodulator project by TimDog73 » Thu Nov 14, 2013 11:32 am

American acoustical engineers
American audio engineers
Record producers from California
2014

masks:
Louis Dorren
Lou Dorren


texts:
<mask> (April 11, 1919 – August 7, 2011) was an American politician and attorney who served as a seven-term U.S. Representative from 1961 to 1974 and the 51st Governor of New York from 1975 to 1982. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, the son of Margaret (née Collins) and <mask>. Among his siblings were brothers Edward M<mask> (former president of Carey Energy Corporation) and Martin T<mask> (an entrepreneur who owned Winfield Hall and Bogheid in Glen Cove and Seaview Terrace in Newport). Education and military service
In 1939, <mask> enlisted in the New York National Guard as a private in C Squadron, 101st Cavalry. Later, he served as a major in the 104th Infantry Division, known as the
"Timberwolves". He served in the 415th Infantry Regiment of the 104th Division as the Regimental S-3, operations officer.<mask> was with the 104th Division throughout its 10-month campaign in the European Theater of Operations, which included the fighting in Northern France, Holland and Germany. His awards include the Combat Infantryman Badge, the Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Clusters, and the Croix de Guerre with Silver Star. He was discharged in 1946 at the rank of colonel. He received his B.A. from St. John's University in 1942. Following his military service, he enrolled at the institution's law school, where he earned his J.D. in 1951.He was admitted to the New York state bar that same year. Career
<mask> was a partner in the law firm of Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Underberg, Manley, Myerson & Casey. U.S. House of Representatives

In 1960, running as a Democrat, <mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives, unseating Republican incumbent Francis E. Dorn. <mask>'s seven terms in office coincided with major demographic changes in his district, as exemplified by deindustralization and the decline of the Brooklyn waterfront's longstanding breakbulk cargo businesses; concomitant gentrification in several neighborhoods; the emergence of a nascent Puerto Rican community; and the opening of the

masks:
Hugh Leo Carey
Carey
Dennis Joseph Carey
. Carey
. Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey


texts: Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge (which spurred migration by working-class whites to the more suburban borough of Staten Island) in 1964. Although he has been erroneously characterized as the first congressman to oppose the Vietnam War (a stance actually taken by Morningside Heights-based congressman William Fitts Ryan), he may have been the first member of the Brooklyn congressional delegation to speak out against the conflict. In 1966, he was appointed Chairman of the Adhoc Subcommittee on the Handicapped by Adam Clayton Powell, then Chairman of the House Education and Labor Committee. The sub-committee held hearings in Washington and New York City and <mask> introduced HR 14.The "Carey Bill" provided, for the first time, a program of grants to the states for "initiating, expanding or improving education for children with disabilities. It also included other titles mirroring the structure of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, PL 89-10, which <mask> had assisted Powell in passing as part of the Lyndon Baines Johnson initiative. Three parts of the Bill were picked up by the Senate: the grants to states, a new Bureau of Education for the Handicapped in the U.S. Office of Education and a National Advisory Committee. <mask>'s friend and mentor, John Fogerty of Rhode Island, the powerful Chairman of the Appropriations Subcommittee which provided funding for all Health, Education and Welfare programs, backed his legislation. The bill became Title VI of the ESEA, as Public Law 89-750, in 1966. <mask> also sponsored and saw passed that year The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Bill, to be established on the campus of the world's only liberal arts college for the deaf. In 1965, he and Fogerty had sponsored The National Technical Institute for the Deaf, which was awarded to the Rochester Institute of Technology.The Carey Bill and its grant program to the states began with a $2.5 million appropriation, to provide each state with $50,000 to plan for its implementation. The second year, the appropriation was $12.25 million, distributed to the states in

masks: Carey Carey Carey Carey


texts:
 proportion to their population. In 1975 Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Bill, PL 94-142 which today distributes approximately $11 billion to the states for this purpose. He served on the House Ways and Means Committee and led the effort to pass the first Federal Aid to Education program. He was elected Governor of New York in 1974 and resigned his Congressional seat on December 31, 1974. City politics
In 1969 <mask> ran briefly for the Democratic nomination for Mayor. He then agreed to run for City Council President on the ticket led by former Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. <mask> narrowly lost the primary to incumbent City Council President Francis X. Smith.Then he briefly mounted an independent bid for Mayor, from which he withdrew after the death of his two eldest sons in a car accident. Governor of New York

In the state election of 1974, <mask> became New York's first Democratic governor in 16 years, defeating Howard Samuels for the Democratic nomination and then unseating incumbent Republican Malcolm Wilson, who had assumed the office after Nelson Rockefeller resigned in December 1973 to serve on the Commission on Critical Choices for Americans. Nationally, the 1974 election was dominated by the Watergate scandal, which had destroyed President Richard Nixon's presidency and hurt Republicans nationwide. In 1974, Democrats also recaptured the New York State Assembly. <mask> is best remembered for his successful handling of New York City's economic crisis in the mid-1970s. <mask> came into office with New York City close to bankruptcy and is credited with bringing business and labor together to help save New York City from the fiscal crisis. <mask> managed to keep the growth of state spending below the rate of inflation through his frequent use of line-item vetoes and fights with the New York State Legislature, which was at the time divided between a Republican-controlled Senate and a Democratic-controlled Assembly.Upon taking office, <mask> cut taxes significantly, reducing corporate taxes from 14% to 10%, and capping

masks: Carey Carey Carey Carey Carey Carey Carey


texts: personal income tax at 9%, and reducing capital gains taxes as well. His administration also offered tax credits to encourage new investment. As governor, he was responsible for building the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center; Battery Park City; the South Street Seaport and the economic development of New York City's outer boroughs. He also helped provide state funding for the construction of the Carrier Dome at Syracuse University. He is also remembered for preventing conservative legislators from reinstating the death penalty and preventing such legislators from taking away state abortion laws. <mask> signed the Willowbrook Consent Decree, which ended the warehousing of the mentally ill and developmentally disabled. His vision and leadership led to the community placement of the mentally ill and developmentally disabled.He also made major strides in community programs for the mentally ill. <mask> also pardoned Cleveland "Jomo" Davis, one of the leaders of the Attica prison riots. <mask>'s tenure in office was marked by a growing awareness of the environmental consequences of New York's strong industrial base, including the designation by the federal government of the Love Canal disaster area. <mask> made environmental issues a priority of his administration. Along with Senators Edward Kennedy and Daniel Patrick Moynihan and U.S. House Speaker Tip O'Neill, <mask> led efforts to end the violence in Northern Ireland and support peace in the region. The four Irish-American politicians called themselves "The Four Horsemen." <mask> considered running for president in 1976 and 1980. <mask>'s first wife had died in 1974, and <mask> later attributed his decision not to seek the Democratic nomination for president in 1976 to her death.In 1978, he was challenged for re-election by State Assembly Minority Leader and former Assembly Speaker Perry Duryea. After a competitive, sometimes negative campaign, <mask> was the first Democrat re-elected in 40 years. <mask> decided against seeking a third term as governor in 1982 and returned to private law practice. On

masks: Carey Carey Carey Carey Carey Carey Carey Carey Carey Carey


texts:
 January 1, 1983, he was succeeded by his lieutenant governor, Mario Cuomo. Later career
In 1989, <mask> announced that he was no longer pro-choice and regretted his support for legalized abortion and public financing of abortion as governor. In 1992, he joined other pro-life leaders in signing the anti-abortion document "A New American Compact: Caring About Women, Caring for the Unborn." Later in his life, he was of counsel at the law firm of Shea & Gould.He continued to practice law as a member of the Harris Beach law firm and sat on the board of  Triarc Cos., the Nelson Peltz controlled holding company. Personal life
In 1947, <mask> married Helen Owen (1924–1974). The two had a very happy marriage, and they became the parents of Alexandria, Christopher, Susan, Peter, <mask>, Jr., Michael, Donald, Marianne, Nancy, Helen, Bryan, Paul, Kevin, and Thomas. Beginning in 1961, the family resided at 61 Prospect Park West, a 1910 Park Slope mansion built for the daughter of Bon Ami Company chairman and Progressive Era philanthropist William H. Childs; a decade later, <mask> sold the home to journalist Pete Hamill. His wife, Helen, died of breast cancer in 1974. Peter and <mask>, Jr. died in an automobile accident in 1969. <mask> was devastated by the death of his wife and laid to rest any plans for the White House.Paul, who served as White House Special Assistant to President Bill Clinton as well as 77th Commissioner of the Securities and Exchange Commission, died of cancer in 2001. In 1981, <mask> married Evangeline Gouletas, a Chicago-based real estate mogul, just three months after meeting her. This marriage proved controversial and a political liability. The marriage generated controversy due to false statements Gouletas made about her marital history. Initially, Gouletas claimed that she was a widow of a single marriage but later affirmed on the marriage license that she had two ex-husbands. Gouletas also said that her first husband, with whom she had a daughter, was dead, but he was still alive at the time. In reality, she actually had three previous

masks: Carey Carey Hugh Carey Hugh Carey Carey


texts:
 marriages, and all three of her former husbands were still living at the time.The marriage also caused trouble for <mask> with the Catholic Church, since he married a thrice-divorced woman in a Greek Orthodox Church; the church, which does not recognize civil no-fault divorce, refused to perform communion. To an extent, the marriage also hurt his public reputation. <mask> and Gouletas divorced in 1989. <mask> later described this marriage as "his greatest failure. "<mask> died surrounded by his family on August 7, 2011, aged 92. He was at his summer home on Shelter Island, New York. Legacy
On October 22, 2009, he was named as the recipient of University at Albany Foundation's Citizen Laureate Award.On October 22, 2012, the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel was officially renamed the "<mask> L. Carey Tunnel". Building 14 at the Rochester Institute of Technology was named for <mask> in 1984. References

Bibliography

 Paterson, David "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity. "Skyhorse Publishing. New York, New York, 2020

Primary sources
 Almeida, Linda Dowling, Peter Quinn, and <mask>. "Oral History: Governor <mask> Interviewed by Peter Quinn." American Journal of Irish Studies (2012): 179–190.in JSTOR

External links

 "New York's Forgotten Governor" through the University at Albany, SUNY. |-

1919 births
2011 deaths
Politicians from Brooklyn
Governors of New York (state)
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
St. John's University (New York City) alumni
St. John's University School of Law alumni
Candidates in the 1976 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
New York (state) Democrats
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
American anti-abortion activists
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Activists from New York

masks:
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Hugh
Carey
Hugh Carey
Hugh Carey


texts:
<mask>, later <mask> (12 November 1912 – 25 January 2003) was a British ballerina and occasional actress and singer, who is best remembered as the second wife of the violinist Yehudi Menuhin. As a dancer, however, she was described by Anna Pavlova as the only English dancer she'd seen who "had a soul", and by Arnold Haskell as "the most musical dancer the English have yet produced". Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Belgravia, London in 1912. Her father was <mask>, a civil servant with the Foreign Office, and her mother was the pianist Evelyn Suart. She had an older brother, Gerard, and a younger sister, Griselda. Her father was of Irish descent but had been brought up in Paris; and her mother had studied in Brussels and Paris. Consequently, <mask> was imbued with French culture and language from an early age.Her father died of typhoid fever in 1916, when <mask> was aged only three. In 1920, when she was seven, her mother married again, to Cecil Harcourt, a naval officer who eventually became Second Sea Lord and was knighted as Admiral Sir Cecil Harcourt in 1945. Ballet career
<mask>'s first taste of the excitement of the dance came when she danced an Irish jig for a school concert, when she was eight. Her mother took her to study with Lubov Egorova in Paris but she returned to London to join Marie Rambert's school at the age of nine, and studied with her for ten years. She was tall for a ballerina of that time  (, and a tendency to clumsiness led to the nickname "Clumsina". When she was 14, she partnered Frederick Ashton and danced the premiere of his first ballet, Leda and the Swan. Sergei Diaghilev noticed her and invited her to join his

masks: Diana Rosamond Constance Grace Irene Gould


texts: company, but he died before that plan could come about.These events were said to have been fictionalized in the movie The Red Shoes. The same bad luck happened with Anna Pavlova, who said that <mask> was the only English dancer she'd seen who "had a soul". She was engaged to dance with Pavlova's troupe, but Pavlova died before it got off the ground. She continued to dance at Rambert's Ballet Club, and created roles in some Frederick Ashton ballets, including Capriol Suite. She appeared with Antony Tudor in Atalanta of the East and The Planets, and with Ninette de Valois in Bar aux Folies-Bergère. She also danced with Colonel de Basil's Ballets Russes. She was a leading dancer in Marie Rambert's early seasons in the early 1930s, in such roles as Chiarina in Michel Fokine's Le Carnaval and the Chief Nymph in Vaslav Nijinsky's L'Après-midi d'un faune.She danced briefly in leading roles with George Balanchine's company Les Ballets 1933 in London and Paris, but declined his offer to join his new school in the United States (which became the New York City Ballet). She also turned down Léonide Massine's invitation. In 1933 she danced in the premiere of Frederick Ashton's Pavane pour une infante défunte. Her other roles included the title role in Antony Tudor's Lysistrata. Having closed the door on international opportunities, she worked for a time with the Alicia Markova-Anton Dolin company in 1935. She also worked in theatre and made some films as a straight actress. She became the leading dancer of the Arts Theatre Ballet in 1940 and became prima ballerina of Jay Pomeroy's Russian Opera and Ballet Company at the Cambridge Theatre until 1944.She also became


texts:
 one of the first dancers to model for Fortnum and Mason's and fashion magazines. From 1944 to 1946 she acted, danced and sang the role of Frou Frou in The Merry Widow in London and on tour. Marries Yehudi Menuhin
<mask> met Yehudi Menuhin in 1944 and he was immediately struck by her beauty. He declared on the spot that they would one day marry, but she told him that that was 'nonsense' and reminded him his daughter had just turned five. He was still married to his Australian wife, Nola (née Nicholas), but that marriage had collapsed. He had two children (a son Krov and a daughter Zamira) and he was four years younger than <mask>. He courted her for three years before she finally accepted his proposal.It also appears that the attraction was mutual, as she often seemed to appear wherever he was. They married at the Chelsea Registry Office on 19 October 1947, seventeen days after his divorce from Nola had become final. They had no time for a honeymoon as he had a concert to perform that night. Yehudi's career became <mask>'s main purpose from then on, although she often experienced "agonising nostalgia" for her life as a dancer. As she wrote in Fiddler's Moll, "If one performing artist marries another, it is obvious that one of the two must dissolve his or her persona in the other". He regarded her loyalty as unquestionable. They jointly signed their names "Yehudiana".She was very protective of him (she was known for her sharp tongue), and devoted her life to creating a perfect environment for the expression of his talent. She accompanied him on all his many international tours. They had two children who survived, Gerard and Jeremy, and another died

masks:
Diana Gould
Diana
Diana