texts: forcing Chifley to send in the armed forces to extract coal. While the other states had to suffer industrial power rationing and thus reduced manufacturing output and more unemployment, South Australia managed to escape as the miners at Leigh Creek worked around the clock. Within four years the mine was operating at a surplus and the town was further rewarded with federal funding. From 1947 until the end of <mask>'s leadership in 1965, the output of the mine increased tenfold to almost two million tons a year. Transport infrastructure was improved, European immigrant workers were recruited, and twin power plants at Port Augusta were completed in 1960 and named after the premier.The new plants exclusively used Leigh Creek coal and by 1970, the whole state was self-sufficient for electricity. ETSA and the mine were generating enough revenue to maintain the town—sometimes dubbed Uncle Tom's Baby—and mine of Leigh Creek and making a profit as well. From 1946 to 1965, the proportion of South Australians connected to electricity increased from 70 to 96%. The nationalisation of the AESC was the most prominent manifestation of <mask>'s economic pragmatism; although ideologically a supporter of free enterprise like his colleagues, he saw ideology as secondary if in the way of his objectives. He had little time for those who objected to plans that were for the betterment of South Australia, despite these plans being contrary to particular interpretations of party ideology. The struggle for Leigh Creek was seen as a critical point in <mask>'s premiership; a second legislative failure was seen as being potentially fatal for <mask>'s leadership of his party, but the successful passage of the bill enhanced his image and gave himi enduring control over his party


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texts: for the rest of his career, although it angered some of the staunch LCL conservatives in the upper house for some time; a significant number of them refused to talk to <mask> for a substantial period of time thereafter. During the post-war boom, the methods used to set up business in South Australia were unique.<mask>'s government would charge little to no business tax, supply cheap electricity, land and water, and have the Housing Trust build the factories and workers' homes. Consumer goods and automotive factories were created in the northern and western suburbs of Adelaide; mining, steel and shipbuilding industries appeared in the 'Iron Triangle' towns of Whyalla, Port Pirie and Port Augusta. Prices and wages were kept relatively low to enable continued investment, and South Australia was slower than the other states to abolish these wartime measures to increase its industrial competitiveness. The government initiatives managed to overcome the large logistic burden, as Adelaide and South Australia were far from the markets where the goods would be sold. The Housing Trust was a key plank in Playford's campaign to keep costs low and promote investment. By providing cheap housing, workers could also be persuaded to accept lower salaries, therefore keeping production costs down. In 1940, <mask> introduced the Housing Improvement Act to parliament, having seen the benefits of the Housing Trust's activities.The main aims of the legislation were "to improve the adverse housing conditions" by replacing "insanitary, old, crowded, or obsolete dwelling houses" with better-quality buildings—at the time many older residences in the city centre were made of corrugated iron and many areas were slum-like. The law forced landlords to provide a minimum standard

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texts: of housing and enacted rent controls, setting a maximum rent for various houses; at the time many landlords bought large numbers of low-quality dwellings and charged tenants exorbitant prices. It also expanded the role of the Housing Trust, potentially undercutting the rentier class. Labor were taken aback by <mask>'s move, as this was the start of a trend whereby the nominally conservative government pursued policies that were more left-wing than other Labor governments across the country. After expressing shock at <mask>'s "loving kindness to the poor and distressed", Labor helped to get the legislation—which threatened the interests of the landlord class that traditionally supported the LCL—passed into law. During one 15-year period, Housing Trust rents were not increased once despite steady inflation. Many of the methods that <mask> used were described by economic conservatives as 'socialism', drawing opposition from within his own party, especially in the Legislative Council.It is even said that the Liberal leader in that chamber—Sir Collier Cudmore—once referred to <mask> as a 'Bolshevik'. The unique economic intervention earned <mask> scorn from his own colleagues, but the Labor movement was much more receptive. Indeed, Labor leader Mick O'Halloran would dine with <mask> on a weekly basis to discuss the development of the state, and the pair were on close personal terms. At a dinner party, O'Halloran remarked that "I wouldn't want to be Premier even if I could be. <mask> can often do more for my own voters than I could if I were in his shoes." O'Halloran's lack of ambition was mocked in a political cartoon, but the Labor leader took the piece as a compliment and had it framed and put on display. As <mask> had more opposition from his LCL

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texts: colleagues in the upper house than Labor, O'Halloran was often described as the premier's 'junior partner".<mask> called Labor "our Opposition", in comparison to opponents in his party, which he decried as being "critical without being helpful". This cooperative nature of party politics would not change until Don Dunstan's prominence in the late 1950s, when <mask> would be assailed not for his economics, but for his government's comparatively low expenditure on public services such as education and healthcare. Large projects were commenced. The city of Elizabeth was built by the Housing Trust in Adelaide's north, for the production of GM Holden motor vehicles. Populated mainly by working-class English migrants, it was, before its eventual economic and social decline, a showcase of successful city planning. Playford also successfully coaxed Chrysler to stay in Adelaide and expand its operations. The Housing Trust sold the Tonsley Park where the car manufacturing plant was set up, and helped to install railyards, electricity and water infrastructure there, as it had done at Elizabeth.By the time <mask> left office, Holden and Chrysler employed around 11,000 workers, 11% of the state's manufacturing employees. After earlier failed attempts to bring a tyre factory to Adelaide, the plans to build the Port Stanvac oil refinery—which would produce hydrocarbons used in synthetic rubber—in the early 1960s were enough to convince both a Dunlop Rubber-Olympic joint venture and SA Rubber Mills (later Bridgestone Australia) to start manufacturing operations. <mask> also sought to involve South Australia in uranium mining, which he saw as both a means of providing electricity for powering industrial development, and as a means of ensconcing the state in the

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texts: anti-communist alliance in the midst of the Cold War. He was supported his venture by federal subsidies and concessions. After the deposits at Mount Painter were deemed to be unsuitable, the focus turned to Radium Hill and significant state government money was invested into research. State and federal laws were changed to allow for mining at Radium Hill and exportation of uranium; <mask> also publicly advocated for nuclear power. Rewards were offered for the discovery of uranium deposits, but no suitable reserves were found, so Radium Hill was the only project to proceed.The Korean War had just erupted, and the American government was anxious to secure uranium for nuclear weapons. <mask> was able to exploit this to secure "the easiest and most generous [deal] in the history of uranium negotiations". It was the highest purchase of uranium the Americans made during the Cold War and they contributed £4m for infrastructure development. Mining started in November 1954, and lasted for the seven-year-period of the contract with the Americans. Almost a million tonnes of ore had been mined, amounting to nearly £16m in contracts. Radium Hill had made a profit but was closed as higher-grade alternatives were discovered elsewhere and a new buyer could not be found. <mask> also attempted to have the Australian Atomic Energy Commission based in the state, but failed; the nation's only nuclear reactor was built at Lucas Heights on the outskirts of Sydney.When <mask> left office in 1965, South Australia's population had doubled from 600,000 in the late 1930s to 1.1 million, the highest proportionate rate among the states. The economy had done likewise, and personal wealth had increased at the same rate, second only to Victoria. During <mask>'s 27 years in power,

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 employment in manufacturing in South Australia had increased by 173%; Western Australia was in second place with 155% growth, while the national average was during the period was 129%. The state's share of Australia's manufacturing sector increased from 7.7 to 9.2%. However, there was criticism that <mask> had diversified secondary industries enough, that industrial growth was beginning to lag the other states in the last decade of his leadership, and that the reliance on automotive production—Holden and Chrysler were 15% of the economy—made the economy more vulnerable to shocks in the future. <mask> was also criticised for his informal style and tendency to rely on a small circle of public servants, sidelining much of his cabinet and not leaving a legacy of industrial infrastructure. Blewett and Jaensch said that <mask>'s "ad hoc methods and personalised administration" had worked well but said he needed a "more sophisticated" approach in later years, and was unable to adapt.Don Dunstan
At the 1953 election, the young lawyer Don Dunstan was elected to the House of Assembly as the Labor member for Norwood, ousting the LCL incumbent. <mask> had landed unexpectedly in his role as the undisputed leader of his party, while Dunstan was, from the start of his parliamentary career, a stand-out among his own ranks and an excellent orator in parliament. Dunstan and <mask> were each other's principal antagonists. <mask>, used to cooperating with Labor leaders more than attacking them, sensed Dunstan's promise and, predicting that one day Dunstan would be at the helm, attempted to establish bonds. So, after a late session of parliament at night, <mask> would give Dunstan a lift home in his car. As Dunstan's home was situated on George Street, Norwood, it was

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texts: only a small deviance from Playford's normal route to his home in Norton Summit. The topics that the two discussed were not ever completely revealed, yet <mask>, according to Dunstan, would talk to him in a paternalistic manner.The two built up somewhat of a relationship and developed a respect for each other, but due to the strength of their respective views (<mask> was a liberal conservative, Dunstan a libertarian socialist), did not establish the same type of bond that <mask> had with earlier Laborites. To face an opposition that was becoming uncooperative was not what <mask> has expected, or could satisfactorily handle. Before the effect Dunstan had on Parliament, <mask> would meet with Labor leaders to discuss bills, and ensure bipartisan support in the House of Assembly for them; there was little discordance on matters. The belligerents were previously only rural independent members. Even while the economic boom continued, the LCL vote gradually declined after 1941. The LCL never held more than 23 seats during <mask>'s tenure due to being almost nonexistent in Adelaide. With few exceptions, its support in the capital was limited to the eastern crescent and the Holdfast Bay area even at the height of Playford's power.It relied on favourable preferences from minor parties and independents and the malapportioned electoral system in order to stay in office. It did, however, win a majority of actual votes, barring 1944 and 1953, on a two-party-preferred basis until 1962. Knowing that the Playmander made a statewide campaign fruitless, Labor had begun to combat the Playmander by directing its efforts at individual seats. Slowly, seats were whittled away—the loss of Norwood in 1953 was followed by the losses of Murray, Millicent and Frome in 1956,

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 and Mt Gambier and Wallaroo in 1957–8 by-elections. <mask>'s dominance over the party and his ignorance of the wishes of its broad membership base brought about a degree of disillusionment, and the party machine began to decay. The dominance stopped the emergence of a new generation of political talent, and had a "stultifying" effect. Although the Playmander ensured his ongoing electoral success, and <mask> was credited with South Australia's economic success, the LCL polled a lower percentage than the corresponding Liberal government at federal level.During this period, Prime Minister Menzies recommended that <mask> be bestowed with a form of honours. <mask>'s wish was to be made a privy councillor, yet, while entirely possible, if granted it would lead to demands from other state Premiers. <mask>'s grandfather had declined a KCMG, and <mask> himself did initially, but under the influence of Menzies he eventually accepted the honour and was knighted in 1957, but this time a class above the KCMG; the GCMG. Max Stuart trial

In December 1958, an event that initially had nothing to do with <mask>, occurred, and eventually intensified into a debacle that was regarded as a turning point in his premiership and marked the beginning of the end of his rule. A young girl was found raped and murdered, and Max Stuart, an Aborigine, was convicted and sentenced to be executed only a month later, on the basis of a confession gained during interrogation, although he had protested his innocence in pidgin English. Stuart's lawyer claimed that the confession was forced, and appeals to the Supreme and High Courts were dismissed. A linguist who investigated the case thought that the style of English in the confession was inconsistent with Stuart's background and


texts: speech.This aroused disquiet and objections against the fairness of the trial among an increasing number of legal academics and judges, and The News brought much attention to Stuart's plight with an aggressive, tabloid-style campaign. Soon, the case attracted international attention, some on the assumption that the legal system was racist. The former High Court Justice Sir John Latham also spoke out. During this time, Stuart's execution had been delayed on multiple occasions. On 6 July, <mask> and the Executive Council decided not to reprieve Stuart, and he was due to be executed the next day, but an appeal to the Privy Council in London stalled proceedings again. However, this also failed. Labor then tried to introduce legislation to stall the hanging.Amid loud outcry, <mask> started a Royal Commission to review the case. However, two of the Commissioners appointed, Chief Justice Mellis Napier and Justice Geoffrey Reed, had already been involved, Napier as presiding judge in the Full Court appeal and Reed as the trial judge. This provoked worldwide controversy with claims of bias from the likes of the President of the Indian Bar Council, the esteemed British judge Norman Birkett, the leader of the United Kingdom Liberal Party Jo Grimond and former British Prime Minister Clement Attlee. Years later, <mask> admitted that he erred in his appointments of Reed and Napier and that it could have shaken public confidence on the fairness of the hearing. The Royal Commission began its work and the proceedings were followed closely and eagerly debated by the public. As <mask> had not shown an inclination to commute Stuart's sentence, Dunstan introduced a bill to abolish capital punishment. The vote was split along party lines and was thus defeated, but


texts:
 Dunstan used the opportunity to attack the Playmander with much effect in the media, portraying the failed legislation as an unjust triumph of a malapportioned minority who had a vengeance mentality over an electorally repressed majority who wanted a humane outcome.Amid the continuing uproar, <mask> decided to grant clemency. He gave no reason for his decision. The Royal Commission continued its work and concluded that the guilty verdict was sound. Although a majority of those who spoke out against the handling of the matter thought that Stuart was probably guilty, the events provoked heated and bitter debate in South Australian society and destabilised <mask>'s administration. According to Ken Inglis, "most of the responsibility for letting the ... general controversy ... [lies with] Sir <mask> and his ministers ... [Theirs] was the response of men who were convinced that the affairs of the society were in good hands, and that only the naive and the mischievous would either doubt this general truth or challenge any particular application of it." Blewett and Jaensch said that the "clumsy handling" of the case was a manifestation of "the inevitable hubris of men too long in power". Political decline

<mask> was confronted with an economic recession when he went into the election of 1962.Earlier, in late 1961, the federal Liberal-Country coalition suffered a 13-seat swing and barely held onto government. Menzies' majority was slashed from 32 to 2. In the 1962 election, the Labor Party gained 54.3% of the two-party-preferred vote to the LCL's 45.7 percent. However, due to the Playmander, this was only enough to net Labor 19 seats to the LCL's 18. The balance of power rested with two independents, Tom Stott and Percy Quirke. On election night, it was

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texts: thought that <mask>'s long tenure was over, but he did not concede. There was speculation that <mask> would let an inexperienced Labor form a minority government as the economic difficulties might make it a poisoned chalice.After a week of silence he said he would not resign, and would see how the independents lined up when parliament reconvened. Labor needed the support of only one of the independents to make its leader, Frank Walsh, premier, while the LCL needed them both for a 10th term in government  They swung their support behind <mask> and allowed his government to continue for another term; in return Quirke joined the LCL and was appointed to cabinet, while Stott was appointed speaker. Nonetheless, much media fanfare was made of the result, and of the detrimental effects of the 'Playmander'. Walsh declared the result "a travesty of electoral injustice" and lobbied the governor to not invite <mask> to form government, to no avail. The election showed just how distorted the Playmander had become. Adelaide now accounted for two-thirds of the state's population, but a country vote was effectively worth two to 10 times a vote in Adelaide. Electoral legislation remained unchanged.Labor introduced bills for reform, but these were defeated in both houses of Parliament. The premier introduced electoral legislation that would have entrenched his government further than under the Playmander. As electoral legislation was part of the South Australian constitution, it required an absolute parliamentary majority (20 seats, under the current system) to be changed. The LCL relied on Stott in the house, so Labor could obstruct changes by keeping members away and forcing a pair. While the political situation was becoming increasingly untenable, <mask>


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 himself continued with his job of building the state. Plans for Adelaide's future development, including a road transport plan, were commissioned. <mask> saw a modern road transport system as crucial to continuing the industrialisation of the state, and motor vehicle registrations, which had increased by a factor of 50 since the end of the war, required road expansion.The Metropolitan Plan, a 1962 publication of the Town Planning Committee called for the construction of 56 km of freeways and speculated that three times as much would be needed in future. However, most of this never materialised; only the South Eastern Freeway was approved during <mask>'s term, and construction just after he left office. A more ambitious plan for a freeway system was commissioned, but the study was not completed until after <mask>'s departure and was scrapped by later governments due to widespread public objections to the proposed demolition of entire suburbs for interchanges. <mask> was criticised for seeing roads only from an engineering and utilitarian standpoint and neglecting the social and community effects of such building. The state's population hit in the one million mark in 1963 and the Port Stanvac oil refinery was completed. Adelaide's water supply was increased and the pipeline from Morgan to Whyalla was duplicated. Changing policy expectations

The economic success of <mask>'s administration also fuelled the rapid growth of an immigrant, working and middle-class whose social expectations differed markedly from his traditionalist stance, loosening his grip on power.The demographic changes brought on by <mask>'s successful economic policies increased the number of people who had rather different views to his on matters such as education, health, arts,


texts: the environment, gambling and alcohol. Blewett and Jaensch said "it can be argued that the development he fostered ultimately brought about his own political demise." The state's social fabric became more complex, but <mask> was unable or unwilling to adapt to their more complicated political desires. <mask> was known for his lack of funding for education, regarding it as a distraction from the industrialisation of the state. During this period, only the financial elite could afford a university education, and less than one percent of the population had a degree by the time <mask> left office. Despite this, university attendance more than tripled, and secondary and technical school enrolments more than quintupled, far outstripping the 77% population growth during his time in office, as incomes—and hence access to education—rose steadily as the need for teenagers to find a job to help support the family declined. Although the government expenditure on education increased from 10 to 17% from 1945 to 1959, the number of teachers had only doubled by the time he left office, so class sizes increased.The premier's education policy was criticised for being too conservative and lacking in innovation. <mask> also did not allow the teaching of languages other than English in schools on the grounds that "English is good enough". Howell said that <mask>'s "prejudices...served to limit the capacity of many able South Australians to participate in trade negotiations or diplomatic work." University academics and Public Examinations Board called for the inclusion of biology and the broadening of senior high school curriculum to better prepare students for tertiary education, but were rebuffed. In 1963 the minimum school leaving age was raised to 15, but this was


texts: still lower than most states in Australia. The premier was also known for his suspicious attitude towards the University of Adelaide and tertiary education in general; many of their graduates moved interstate and he thought that scientific research done within the state was not sufficiently focussed on practical applications. The antipathy was mutual and originated from <mask>'s days as a backbencher, when he formally complained to the university about a lecture given by a political science professor about Marxism.<mask> saw the discussion of such a topic as misuse of public funds for promotion of socialism, and his continued outspokenness about political curricula angered academics, who saw it as an attempt to curtail intellectual freedom. One vice-chancellor was angered to the point of telling a senior public servant that Playford "an uneducated country colonial". Playford also opposed the establishment of a second university in the state as the population increased. While academics thought that another institution would bring more academic diversity, <mask> thought this would increase competition for resources, so he allowed only a new campus of the University of Adelaide, which became Flinders University after his departure from power. In his defence, <mask> pointed that he had never rejected a funding request since the state took responsibility for universities in 1951, and that his proportional expenditure on tertiary education matched that of other states. During <mask>'s rule, hospitals were overcrowded and the Royal Adelaide Hospital's beds were crammed together with a density twice higher than developed world standards. After a media exposé and criticism from health sector professionals, two more hospitals were built in the western and


texts: northern suburbs of Adelaide respectively.<mask>'s attitude to social welfare was also criticised. He said that it was up to charity, not the government, to support orphans and disadvantaged sectors of the community so that they could enjoy a better standard of living. Spending on social welfare lagged behind that in other states, and legislative reforms on this front were non-existent. Arts, which <mask> showed no personal interest in, and regarded as "frills not fundamentals" and "non-productive", became a more prominent issue among the emerging middle-class. For his attitude, <mask> was often mocked by his opponents and critics for his "philistinism". The Nation derisorily quipped that "It is axiomatic that the Premier draws his orchard spray gun at the mention of the word 'culture'". Sir Arthur Rymill, an LCL member of the upper house, criticised the demolition of the Theatre Royal, lobbied Playford for increased funding without success, pointing out that world-class performing arts venues were generally subsidised by the government.Hurtle Morphett, a former State President of the LCL, quipped that if <mask> "had wanted to convert the Art Gallery on North Terrace into a power house he would have done it without hesitation". In the 1960s, the Adelaide Festival started, while the Australian Dance Theatre and the State Theatre Company of South Australia was founded in the capital, with minimal assistance from Playford's government. The festival was well-received despite the effect of censorship in a state well known for social conservatism. With the success of the festival, public interest in arts increased, and with increasing calls for government funding, particularly from Dunstan, Playford finally agreed to fund the "non-productive area" in


texts: 1963 by allocating funding for the eventual building of the Festival Centre. Playford's focus on development above all also led to controversy over heritage preservation. In 1955, the City of Adelaide legislated to rezone much of the city centre from residential to commercial land for office blocks. Many older houses, as well as the Exhibition Building were demolished, sparking calls by many parliamentarians, Dunstan prominent among them, for Playford to intercede to preserve the historic character of the city.The premier was unmoved, backing the redevelopment and claiming that many of the demolished structures were "substandard". While <mask> was known for his use of price controls to restrain the price of living and therefore attract blue-collar workers to settle in the state and fuel industrialisation, South Australia was slow to introduce consumer protection laws in regards to quality control. It was believed that he was opposed to compulsory pasteurisation and other quality standards on milk to avoid offending his rural support base. <mask>'s reluctance to introduce regulations for tradesmen such as builders, electricians and plumbers were often seen to have resulted from his being a keen do-it-yourself handyman. The conservatism of the Liberal and Country League did not keep up with the expectations of a modern-day society. There was dissatisfaction with the restrictive drinking laws; environmentalists campaigned for more natural parks and more 'green' practices; police powers stood strong, 'no loitering' legislation remained in place; gambling was almost completely restricted. The constituents who loudly demanded changes were mostly immigrants and their offspring, used to more libertine conditions in their countries of origin.Their homes,

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 usually built by the Housing Trust, sprawled into 'rural' electoral districts that were controlled by the League. Labor pledged to introduce social legislation to meet their demands; <mask>, who did not drink, smoke or gamble, had no interest in doing so. His own candidates knew that the 1965 election would be unwinnable if <mask> did not budge. The economy was still going strong and incomes were still increasing, so the Premier did not change his position on social reform. Fall from power
<mask> went into the 1965 election confident that he would build upon his previous result. Labor was continuing its practice of concentrating on individual seats: this time the effort was invested in the electorates of Barossa and Glenelg. In Barossa, northern Adelaide urban sprawl was overflowing into an otherwise rural and conservative electorate; in Glenelg, a younger generation of professionals and their families were settling.On election day, 6 March, both seats fell to Labor with substantial swings. The LCL lost power for the first time in 35 years. In seats that were contested by both parties, Labor led on the primary vote with 52.7 to 43.3%. <mask> stayed up on the night to see the result, and conceded defeat at midnight. He appeared calm when announcing the loss to the public, but wept when he told his family of it. <mask> had been premier for 26 years and 126 days. After the loss, there were calls for <mask> to be offered the post of Governor of South Australia or Governor-General of Australia, but nothing came of that.<mask> continued to lead the LCL opposition for a further one and a half years until he relinquished the leadership. In the subsequent ballot, Steele Hall, a small farmer like <mask>, won and led the LCL to victory at the following

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 election with the Playmander still in place. Contrary to perceptions, <mask> was loath to favour or groom a successor, and he did not publicly hint at whom he voted for in the leadership ballot; there was speculation that the former premier may have been one of those who abstained from the vote. <mask> retired from politics at the same time, presumably for reasons of age, but stated that "I couldn't cope with the change in the attitudes of some MPs, even some in the highest places... I found I could no longer cope with the change... I can't handle a liar who doesn't turn a hair while he's lying... I decided I couldn't take it any longer".Retirement
<mask> retired from Parliament with a pension of $72 a week; he had resisted giving higher pensions to Ministers or longer-serving MPs throughout his tenure. Regardless of what people thought of the Playmander, <mask> was held in high regard for his integrity; during his premiership, there were no complaints of corruption or government largesse. <mask> also prohibited his ministers from sitting on the board of directors of public companies or owning shares, lest they became conflicted in their decision-making. He returned to his orchard at Norton Summit, and took a continued interest in South Australian politics, but did not typically raise his opinions publicly; he was still consulted in private by Liberals up until his death, however. His closeness to Labor figures did not end either, offering advice to their new South Australian ministers, and assisting in a memorial to the former Labor Prime Minister John Curtin. In line with his reputation for promoting his state, <mask> also privately lobbied the Liberal government in Canberra on behalf of the state Labor administration for more infrastructure


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 funding. In 1977, when Don Dunstan celebrated his 50th birthday party, <mask> was the only Liberal invited.There he socialised with former and future Labor Prime Ministers Gough Whitlam and Bob Hawke, Dunstan, and other Laborites. He served on the boards of the Electricity Trust and the Housing Trust, among others. Here, unused to not being in absolute control, and having little specific scientific knowledge, he occasionally stumbled in his decisions. This also created difficulties with the other board members, who were reluctant to disagree with their former boss, regardless of their expertise. But his thrift, a theme throughout his Premiership, did not abate; he was constantly forcing the trusts to use cost-saving methods and old vehicles for their work. This extended to his family property; he vigorously opposed his son's desire to install a new irrigation system in the orchard. <mask> had begun experiencing serious health problems since his first heart attack in June 1971, and underwent treatment and procedures for ten years.On 16 June 1981, he experienced a massive heart attack and died. Two days later his memorial service was held at the Flinders Street Baptist Church. The funeral procession carried his coffin from the city, along Magill and Old Norton Summit Roads where thousands turned out to pay their respects, to the Norton Summit cemetery where his forebears had been buried. There his gravestone was emblazoned with the phrase: 'a good man who did good things'. Notes

References

Select bibliography

External links

Parliament Profile
Sir <mask>, Playford Memorial Trust
<mask>, <mask> (1837–1915), Australian Dictionary of Biography

<mask>'s South Australia, Flinders Rangers Research
<mask> at the AIF Project

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Australian people of English descent
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Liberal and Country League politicians
Australian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
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Australian Army officers
Australian military personnel of World War I
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<mask>igen, volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1936. Initially trained as an aircraft mechanic, after the outbreak of World War II, he was trained as a pilot. In June 1940, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing). He fought in the Battle of Britain and claimed his first aerial victory in that campaign on 4 September 1940.Promoted to an officers rank, Bühligen was appointed squadron leader of the 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of JG 2 in April 1942. In November 1942, his unit was transferred to the Mediterranean and theatre where he claimed his 50th aerial victory in February 1943. Back on the Channel Front, he was appointed commander of the II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 2 in April 1943. Following his 96th, <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves in March 1944. In April 1944, he replaced <mask> as commander of JG 2.He claimed his 100th victory on 7 June 1944 and in August received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords after 104 aerial victories. In May 1945, he was taken prisoner of war by Soviet forces and released in 1949. Bühligen then settled in Nidda where he worked in automotive sales. He died on 11 August 1985 in Nidda. Early life and career
Bühligen, the son of a pipefitter, was born on 13 December 1917 in Granschütz, in Province of Saxony of the German Empire. He joined the military service of the Luftwaffe with Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung (Aviator Replacement Unit) in Oschatz on 13 March 1936. Following his recruit training he served as an aircraft mechanic with Kampfgeschwader 153 (KG 153—153rd Bomber Wing) from September 1937 to 15 February 1938.He then served as a mechanic with 2. Staffel (squadron) of Kampfgeschwader 4 (KG 4—4th Bomber

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 Wing) from 16 February 1938 to 30 April 1939. World War II

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Bühligen then trained as a pilot, and was then posted to Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing), named after World War I fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen, as an Unteroffizier (non-commissioned officer) on 15 June 1940. There, he was assigned to the 2. Staffel, the 2nd squadron of I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 2 which was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft. At the time, 2.Staffel was under the command of Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant) Karl-Heinz Greisert. On 4 September 1940, Bühligen claimed his first aerial victory, a Hawker Hurricane shot down over Dover. He was then transferred to 6. Staffel, a squadron of II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 2. There, Bühlingen frequently flew as wingman to Greisert. Greisert had been placed in command of II.Gruppe on 2 September. In September 1940, Bühligen claimed three aerial victories, a Hurricane on 11 September and a Supermarine Spitfire fighter on 26 and 30 September each. Following three further victories claimed in October, he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class () on 29 October 1940. Bühligen claimed one further aerial victory on 7 November 1940, a Hurricane southeast of the Isle of Wight, before he was transferred to 4. Staffel, also a squadron of II. Gruppe. On 18 June 1941, II.Gruppe moved from Beaumont-le-Roger to Abbeville-Drucat where it stayed for the next six month. From this point on, the Gruppe defended against the RAF Fighter Command "non-stop offensive" over France. In July and August 1941, while flying with 4. Staffel, Bühligen claimed seven Spitfires shot down, one on 7 July, two on 10 July, one on 11 July, two on 23


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 July and another on 7 August respectively. He then served with the Stab (headquarters unit) of JG 2 and claimed six further aerial victories in August and September 1941, one Hurricane and five Spitfires. One year after his first aerial victory, Bühligen was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 4 September 1941. At the time he was credited with 21 aerial victories and 15 tethered balloons shot down.On 1 January 1942, Bühligen was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant). In March 1942, II. Gruppe began converting to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 radial engine fighter aircraft. Conversion training was done in a round-robin system, Staffel by Staffel, at the Le Bourget Airfield near Paris. The conversion completed by end-April. From then on, the Gruppe was equipped with the Fw 190 A-2 and A-3 variant. Bühligen was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4.Staffel of JG 2 on 1 August 1942, thus succeeding Oberleutnant Jürgen Hepe who was transferred. He claimed his first aerial victories as Staffelkapitän during the Dieppe Raid on 19 August. That day, II. Gruppe claimed 26 aerial victories, including four Spitfires shot down by Bühligen, for the loss of four Fw 190s. In early November, the Gruppe moved from Beaumont to Merville before ordered to relocate to the Mediterranean Theater. Mediterranean theater
In early November 1942, the Western Allies launched Operation Torch, the Anglo–American invasion of French North Africa. On 17 November, II.Gruppe of JG 2 was withdrawn from the English Channel Front and ordered to San Pietro Clarenza, Sicily. At the time, the Gruppe was equipped with the Fw 190 A-3, some Fw 190 A-2s, and received the A-4 variant in early December. This made II. Gruppe of JG 2 the only Fw 190 equipped fighter unit in the


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 Mediterranean Theater. The Gruppe flew its first missions on 19 November, securing German air and sea transportation to Tunis. That day, elements of II. Gruppe began relocating to Bizerte Airfield.Bühlingen claimed his first aerial victory in this theater of operations on 3 December over a Spitfire south of Tebourba

On 5 December, his acting Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) Oberleutnant Adolf Dickfeld submitted Bühligen for preferential promotion to Oberleutnant. The nomination was reviewed by the commanding general of the II. Fliegerkorps (2nd Air Corps) General der Flieger (General of the Aviators) Bruno Loerzer, headquartered at Taormina, Sicily and by Feldmarschall (Field Marshal) Albert Kesselring, at the time Oberbefehlshaber Süd (Commander in Chief in the South). Both Loerzer and Kesselring approved the nomination leading to Bühligen's promotion on 1 February 1943. On 26 December, eighteen Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), escorted by eight Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters, attacked the harbor of Bizerte destroying approximately 100 fuel barrels and damaged one cargo ship. II. Gruppe intercepted the USAAF formation on their return from the target area, claiming three P-38 fighters shot down, including two by Bühligen.In January 1943, the bulk of II. Gruppe of JG 2 was based at an airfield at Sidi Ahmed near Bizerte. On 4 January, 4. Staffel intercepted a formation of Douglas A-20 Havoc "Boston" bombers, escorted by Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters, on bombing mission to Fondouk, approximately  south-east of Bizerte. The bombers were already under attack by Bf 109s from I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53rd—53rd Fighter Wing) when 4. Staffel encountered the bombers west of Fondouk. In this encounter,


texts: Bühlingen shot down a P-40 and a Boston which he misidentified as a Martin B-26 Marauder bomber.On 7 January, II. Gruppe moved to Kairouan Airfield. The next day, II. Gruppe flew numerous missions and claimed twelve aerial victories, including three P-38s shot down by Bühligen, for the loss of two Fw 190s. One of the P-38s claimed by Bühligen was a 49th Fighter Squadron aircraft strafing tanks near Kairouan. On 14 January, he was credited with the destruction of another P-38. A flight of B-17s bombers, escorted by P-38s, had attacked the harbor of Sousse.On 30 January, five Fw 190s from 4. Staffel were scrambled at 07:30 to intercept a flight of six Spitfires spotted northwest of Kairouan. Shortly after takeoff, 4. Staffel intercepted the Spitfires and claimed three Spitfires shot down, including two by Bühligen, without loss. On 2 February, Bühligen became an "ace-in-a-day", claiming three P-40s, a Spitfire and a Bell P-39 Airacobra in combat near Kairouan. Only one Spitfire was shot down on this day and Bühligen, according to the claims list, was the only German to report one destroyed. No.225 Squadron RAF lost Flying Officer S.H.A Short killed near Kasserine. Ten P-40s of the 33rd Fighter Group were lost—eight from the 59th Fighter Squadron and two from the 60th Fighter Squadron. Five American pilots were killed in action and one captured. German pilots claimed 13 Allied fighters; 11 were recorded lost in aerial combat. II. Gruppe flew its last combat missions in North Africa on 11 and 12 March 1943. At the time, the Gruppe had ten Fw 190s remaining, seven of which still serviceable.Bühligen claimed three aerial victories on 12 March, two P-38s and a B-17 near La Sebala Airfield. On 18 March, the aircraft were handed over to III. Gruppe of


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 Schnellkampfgeschwader 10 (SKG 10—10th Fast Bomber Wing). The pilots and ground personal were flown to Sicily on 22 March. Gruppenkommandeur
II. Gruppe was then ordered to Beaumont-le-Roger, where they arrived on 27 March 1943 and equipped with the Bf 109 G. Until mid-May, the Gruppe trained on this fighter aircraft. During this training period, Bühlingen was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) on 1 May.The first operational missions following the relocation to France were flown on 13 May. On 15 May, II. Gruppe defended against an attack on the airfield Poix-Nord at Poix-de-Picardie. During this engagement, Bühligen claimed a North American P-51 Mustang shot down  north-northwest of Berck. Two days later, he claimed a Hawker Typhoon shot down north of Caen. Bühligen received the German Cross in Gold () on 25 June 1943. On 1 July 1943, Bühligen was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II.Gruppe of JG 2. He replaced Hauptmann Erich Rudorffer in this capacity who had been transferred to IV. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing). That day, most of the air elements of II. Gruppe relocated to Évreux-Fauville Air Base. On 4 July, Bühligen led II. Gruppe against an attack by the USAAF VIII Bomber Command, later renamed to Eighth Air Force, on Nantes and Le Mans.The Gruppe claimed three B-17s and five escort fighters shot down for the loss of a Bf 109 shot down and six further damaged. Bühlingen was credited with the destruction of a Spitfire and a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in this engagement. On 14 July, Bühligen led II. Gruppe in defense of an USAAF attack on the airfields at Villacoublay and Le Bourget. That day, II. Gruppe claimed three B-17s, one P-47 and four Spitfires, including one by Bühlingen, destroyed for the loss of two Bf 109s and


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 one further Bf 109 damaged. In early September 1943, Allied air operations under the deception Operation Starkey were very active.On 6 September, II. Gruppe defended against USAAF heavy bombers attacking Stuttgart. That day, II. Gruppe claimed eight aerial victories, including four by Bühlingen, for the loss of three Bf 109s lost. Bühligen was promoted to Major (Major) on 1 January 1944 and received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 2 March 1944. He was the 413th member of the German armed forces to be so honored and at the time he was listed with 96 aerial victories. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Berghof, Hitler's residence in the Obersalzberg of the Bavarian Alps, on 4 April 1944.Among others, also present at the award ceremony were Hauptmann Hans-Joachim Jabs, Major Bernhard Jope and Major Hansgeorg Bätcher. Wing commander
On 27 April 1944, Major <mask>n Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of JG 2 was killed in action. In consequence, Bühligen became the last Geschwaderkommodore of JG 2. On 7 June 1944, Bühligen shot down two Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in the vicinity of Caen, taking his total to 100 aerial victories. He was the 75th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. Following his 104th aerial victory, Bühligen received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords () on 14 August 1944. He was the 88th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.On 1 October, Bühligen was promoted to Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel)

On 5 December 1944, Bühlingen was briefed on the operational objectives of Operation Bodenplatte, an air superiority operation in support of the Battle of the Bulge launched on 1 January 1945. The meeting took place at the headquarters of II. Jagdkorps (2nd


texts: Fighter Corps) at Flammersfeld. JG 2's main objective was Sint-Truiden Airfield where it sustained heavy losses in the attack. Bühligen himself did not fly during Operation Bodenplatte. As Geschwaderkommodore, Bühligen was ordered to Berlin on 22 January 1945 and attended the meeting with Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring which was later dubbed the Fighter Pilots' Mutiny. This was an attempt to reinstate Generalleutnant Adolf Galland as General der Jagdflieger who had been dismissed for outspokenness regarding the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (Luftwaffe high command), and had been replaced by Oberst Gordon Gollob.The meeting was held at the Haus der Flieger in Berlin and was attended by a number of high-ranking fighter pilot leaders which included <mask>, Günther Lützow, Hannes Trautloft, Hermann Graf, Gerhard Michalski, Helmut Bennemann, Erich Leie and Herbert Ihlefeld, and their antagonist Göring supported by his staff Bernd von Brauchitsch and Karl Koller. The fighter pilots, with Lützow taking the lead as spokesman, criticized Göring and made him personally responsible for the decisions taken which effectively had led to the lost air war over Europe. During the final days of World War II in Europe, Bühligen led JG 2 in operations against the Soviet advance on the Eastern Front. On 18 April, the remnants of JG 2 moved to Cham. Two days later, JG 2 relocated to Berlin Tempelhof Airport via Plzeň where they refueled and moved on to Leck Airfield. From Leck, JG 2 flew missions in support of the German forces fighting in the Battle of Berlin. At the time, Leck was under constant attack by the RAF.On 23 April, some elements of I. and II. Gruppe which were still based at Cham surrendered to US forces. A few pilots managed to fly to Pocking before moving on to the area


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 of Erding-Holzkirchen-Prien. With 12 aircraft remaining, Bühligen disbanded JG 2 on 30 April while parts of JG 2 were dispersed in Leck and Föching near Straubing. The last elements of JG 2 surrendered to British forces on 8 May at Leck. An engine failure caused Bühligen to be taken prisoner by the Soviets, being finally released in 1950. He shot down some 112 enemy aircraft in over 700 operations, becoming the fourth-highest Luftwaffe scorer against the Western Allies.All his victories were claimed over the Western Front and North Africa and included 47 Spitfires and 46 United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) victims; 13 P-38, 9 P-47, 7 US operated Spitfires and 14 four-engine bombers. He was never shot down but had to make emergency landings on 3 occasions. His final command was Geschwaderkommodore of the JG 2 fighter wing. Later life
In December 1949, Bühligen was released from captivity and returned to West Germany. He settled in Nidda, Hesse where he ran two car dealerships. Bühligen died on 11 August 1985 and was buried at the city cemetery at Nidda in section D, grave 42. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for more than 99 aerial victory claims, plus nine further unconfirmed claims.All of his victories were claimed on the Western Front and include 13 four-engined bombers. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 05 Ost 1157". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to


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<mask> (August 23, 1785 – August 23, 1819) was an American naval commander, born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. As the best-known and most prominent member
of the <mask> family naval dynasty, he was the son of Sarah Wallace Alexander and United States Navy Captain <mask>, and older brother of Commodore Matthew C<mask>. <mask> served in the West Indies during the Quasi War of 1798–1800 against France, in the Mediterranean during the Barbary Wars of 1801–1815, and in the Caribbean fighting piracy and the slave trade, but is most noted for his heroic role in the War of 1812 during the 1813 Battle of Lake Erie. During the war against Britain, <mask> supervised the building of a fleet at Erie, Pennsylvania. He earned the title "Hero of Lake Erie" for leading American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, receiving a Congressional Gold Medal and the Thanks of Congress. His leadership materially aided the successful outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories, and the victory was a turning point in the battle for the west in the war. He is remembered for the words on his battle flag, "Don't Give Up the Ship", which was a tribute to the dying command of his colleague Captain James Lawrence of USS Chesapeake.He is also known for his message to General William Henry Harrison which reads in part, "We have met the enemy and they are ours; ..."

<mask> became embroiled in a long-standing and bitter controversy with the commander of , Captain Jesse Elliott, over their conduct in the Battle of Lake Erie, and both were the subject of official charges. In 1815,

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Oliver Hazard Perry
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 he successfully commanded  in the Mediterranean during the Second Barbary War. So seminal was his career that he was lionized in the press (being the subject of scores of books and articles). He has been frequently memorialized, and many places, ships and persons have been named in his honor. Childhood and early life
As a boy, <mask> lived in Tower Hill, Rhode Island, sailing ships in anticipation of his future career as an officer in the United States Navy. He was the oldest of five boys born to Christopher and <mask>. <mask> came from a long line of accomplished naval men from both sides of his family.His mother taught <mask> and his younger brothers to read and write and had them attend Trinity Episcopal Church regularly, where he was baptized by Reverend William Smith on April 1, 1794, at the age of nine. Reverend Theodore Dehon, rector of the church from 1797 to 1810, had a significant influence on the young <mask>. He was educated in Newport, Rhode Island. Early naval career
Through his father's influence, <mask> was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy, at the age of thirteen, on April 7, 1799. <mask> sailed aboard , of which his father was commanding officer, on her maiden voyage in June 1799. The ship made its first stop in Cuba, charged with receiving American merchant ships and providing escort from Havana to the United States. <mask>'s service aboard General Greene continued during the Quasi-War with France.He first experienced combat on February 9, 1800, off the coast of the French colony of Haiti, which was in a state of rebellion. During the First Barbary

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 War, he served aboard  and later was first lieutenant (second in command) of . He then served under Captain John Rodgers on  and USS Essex. He was placed in charge of construction of gunboats in Newport and Westerly, Rhode Island. Beginning in April 1809, he commanded the sloop , engaging in patrol duties to enforce the Embargo Act, as well as a successful raid to regain an American ship held in Spanish territory in Florida. On January 9, 1811, Revenge ran aground off Rhode Island and was lost. "Seeing fairly quickly that he could not save the vessel, [<mask>] turned his attention to saving the crew, and after helping them down the ropes over the vessel's stern, he was the last to leave the vessel."The subsequent court-martial exonerated <mask>, placing blame on the ship's pilot. In January 2011, a team of divers claimed to have discovered the remains of Revenge, nearly 200 years to the day after it sank. Cannons from Revenge were salvaged by the U.S. Navy in 2017. Following the court-martial, <mask> was given a leave of absence from the Navy. On May 5, 1811, he married Elizabeth Champlin Mason of Newport, Rhode Island, whom he had met at a dance in 1807. They enjoyed an extended honeymoon touring New England. The couple would eventually have five children, with one dying in infancy.War of 1812

At the beginning of the War of 1812, the British Royal Navy controlled the Great Lakes, except for Lake Huron, while the United States Navy controlled Lake Champlain. The American naval forces were very small, allowing the British to make many advances in the Great Lakes and northern New York

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 waterways. The roles played by commanders like <mask>, at Lake Erie and Isaac Chauncey at Lake Ontario and Thomas Macdonough at Lake Champlain all proved vital to the naval effort. Naval historian E. B. Potter noted that "all naval officers of the day made a special study of Nelson's battles". <mask> was no exception. At his request, he was given command of the American naval forces on Lake Erie during the war. Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton had charged prominent merchant seaman Daniel Dobbins with building the American fleet on Presque Isle Bay at Erie, Pennsylvania, and <mask> was named chief naval officer.<mask> knew battle was coming, and he "consciously followed Nelson's example in describing his battle plans to his captains." <mask>'s instructions were:

Hero of Lake Erie

On September 10, 1813, <mask>'s command fought a successful fleet action against a squadron of the Royal Navy in the Battle of Lake Erie. It was at the outset of this battle that <mask> famously said, "If a victory is to be gained, I will gain it." Initially, the exchange of gunfire favored the British. <mask>'s flagship, , was so severely disabled in the encounter that the British commander, Robert Heriot Barclay, thought that <mask> would surrender it, and sent a small boat to request that the American vessel pull down its flag. Faithful to the words of his battle flag, "DON'T GIVE UP THE SHIP" (a paraphrase of the dying words of Captain James Lawrence, the ship's namesake and <mask>'s friend), <mask>, with Lawrences chaplain and purser as the remaining able crew, personally fired the final salvo, and

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texts: then had his men row him a half-mile (0.8 km) through heavy gunfire to transfer his command to . Once aboard, <mask> dispatched Niagara commander, Captain Jesse Elliott, to bring the other schooners into closer action while he steered Niagara toward the damaged British ships.Like Nelson's  at Trafalgar, Niagara broke the opposing line. <mask>'s force pounded Barclay's ships until they could offer no effective resistance and surrendered. Although he had won the battle aboard Niagara, he received the British surrender on the deck of the recaptured Lawrence to allow the British to see the terrible price his men had paid. <mask>'s battle report to General William Henry Harrison was famously brief: "We have met the enemy and they are ours; two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop." This was the first time in history that an entire British naval squadron had surrendered, and every captured ship was successfully returned to Presque Isle. Although the engagement was small compared to Napoleonic naval battles such as the Battle of Trafalgar, the victory had disproportionate strategic importance, opening Canada up to possible invasion, while simultaneously protecting the entire Ohio Valley. The loss of the British squadron directly led to the critical Battle of the Thames, the rout of British forces by Harrison's army, the deaths of Tecumseh and Roundhead, and the breakup of his Indian alliance.Along with the Battle of Plattsburgh, it was one of only two significant fleet victories of the war. In fact, <mask> was involved in nine battles that led to and followed the Battle of Lake Erie,

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 and they all had a seminal impact. "What is often overlooked when studying <mask> is how his physical participation and brilliant strategic leadership influenced the outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories:

 Capturing Fort George, Ontario in the Battle of Fort George; Destroying the British munitions at Olde Fort Erie (see Capture of Fort Erie); Rescuing five vessels from Black Rock; Building the Erie fleet; Getting the ships over the sandbar; Blocking British supplies for a month prior to battle; Planning the Thames invasion with General Harrison; Winning the Battle of Lake Erie; and Winning the Battle of Thames. The Battle Flag

"Don't give up the ship", a phrase repeated by Captain James Lawrence during his dying days after being wounded by enemy fire aboard the Chesapeake on June 1, 1813, became the battle cry of <mask> <mask>. <mask> learned of Lawrence's demise upon arrival at Presque Isle and commanded that Lawrence would be honored with the name of a brig, which would simply be called Lawrence. A battle flag would also be needed, and the words of <mask>'s good friend Lawrence would be just the battle cry suited for the coming days. A woman named Margaret Forster Steuart, resident of Erie Pennsylvania, wife of Army Captain Thomas Steuart and sister to Thomas Forster, both friends of <mask>'s, Forster being commander of the Erie Light Infantry that had guarded the fleet, was enlisted to make the battle flag.With the help of her two daughters, three nieces, and a cousin, she had the flag ready for <mask> within just a few days. As of July 2009, <mask>'s flag,

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 Steuart's work, and Lawrence's dying words can still be seen today, as the flag has been placed on display in Bancroft Hall at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis. <mask> controversy

While Nelson had Collingwood, <mask> had Jesse Elliott, and was considerably less well served. Elliott, while serving with Isaac Chauncey at Lake Ontario, was tasked to augment <mask>'s squadron with 11 officers and 91 men, "and none were sent but the worst." Subsequently, detailed by Chauncey to command Niagara, Elliott stated "that if he could have foreseen that he himself should be sent to Lake Erie, his selections would have been different." Elliott then appropriated the "best of the worst" for Niagara; and <mask> "in the interest of harmony" accepted the situation, though with growing ill-will.In his initial post-action report, <mask> had praised Captain Elliott's role in the American victory at Lake Erie; and as news of the battle spread, <mask> and Elliott were both celebrated as national heroes. Soon after, however, several junior officers publicly criticized Elliott's performance during the battle, charging that Elliott allowed Lawrence to suffer the brunt of the British fire while holding Niagara back from the fight. William Vigneron Taylor, <mask>'s sailing master, in a letter to Taylor's wife, put it thus:

The meeting between Elliott and <mask> on the deck of Niagara was terse. Elliott inquired how the day was going. <mask> replied, "Badly." Elliott then volunteered to take <mask>'s small boat and rally the schooners, and <mask> acquiesced. As <mask> turned Niagara into the battle, Elliott

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 was not aboard.Elliott's rejoinder to history's criticism of inaction was that there had been a lack of effective signaling. Charges were filed, but not officially acted upon. Attempting to restore his honor, Elliott and his supporters began a 30-year campaign that would outlive both men and ultimately leave his reputation in tatters. In <mask>'s report to Secretary of the Navy William Jones, written three days after the battle, he mentioned Elliott in what, at first, seem to be complimentary terms, but, when read carefully, betray his disdain for Elliott. <mask> wrote, "In this action he evinced his characteristic bravery and judgement; and, since the close of the action, has given me the most able and essential assistance." Congressional Gold Medal

On January 6, 1814, <mask> was honored with a Congressional Gold Medal, the Thanks of Congress, and a promotion to the rank of Captain. This was one of 27 Gold Medals authorized by Congress arising from the War of 1812.Elliott was also recognized with a Congressional Gold Medal and the Thanks of Congress for his actions in the battle. This recognition would prove to fan the flames of resentment on both sides of the <mask> controversy. In recognition of his victory at Lake Erie, in 1813 <mask> was elected as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati. Later commands and controversies

In May 1814, <mask> took command of a squadron of seven gunboats based in Newport. He held this command for only two months as in July he was placed in command of , a 44-gun frigate which was under construction in Baltimore. While overseeing

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texts: the outfitting of Java, <mask> participated in the defenses of Baltimore and Washington, D.C., during the British invasion of the Chesapeake Bay. In a twist of irony, these land battles would be the last time the career naval officer saw combat.The Treaty of Ghent was signed before Java could be put to sea. For <mask>, the post-war years were marred by controversies. In 1815, he commanded Java in the Mediterranean during the Second Barbary War. While moored in Naples, <mask> slapped the commander of the ship's Marines, Captain John Heath, whom <mask> considered incompetent and insubordinate. The ensuing court-martial found both men guilty, but levied only mild reprimands. After the crew returned home, Heath challenged <mask> to a pistol duel, which was fought on October 19, 1817, on the same field in Weehawken, New Jersey where Aaron Burr shot and killed Alexander Hamilton. Heath fired first and missed.<mask> declined to return fire, satisfying the Marine's honor. <mask>'s return from the Mediterranean also reignited the feud with Elliott. After an exchange of angry letters, Elliott challenged <mask> to a duel, which <mask> refused. (While it was normally considered cowardly to refuse a duel, <mask>'s stature as a hero was such that no one doubted his physical courage and few felt that <mask> had wrongly offended Elliott's honor.) He instead, on August 8, 1818, filed formal court-martial charges against Elliott. <mask> filed a total of six charges and twenty-one specifications including "conduct unbecoming an officer," and failure to "do his utmost to take or destroy the vessel of the

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 enemy which it was his duty to encounter." Wishing to avoid a scandal between two decorated naval heroes, Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson and President James Monroe suppressed the matter by offering <mask> a diplomatic mission to South America in exchange for dropping his charges.This put an official end to the controversy, though it would continue to be debated for another quarter century. Mission to Venezuela and death
In 1818 <mask> purchased a large house on Washington Square in Newport which was built in 1750 for merchant Peter Buloid. The house remained in the <mask> family until 1865 and now serves as an antique bookstore. In 1819, <mask> sailed for the Orinoco River, Venezuela, aboard of the frigate  with the frigate  and the schooner , arriving on July 15 to discourage piracy, while still maintaining friendly relations with Republic of Venezuela and the Republic of Buenos Aires. Shifting his flag to USS Nonsuch, due to its shallower draft, <mask> sailed upriver to Angostura to negotiate an anti-piracy agreement with President Simón Bolívar. A favorable treaty was signed on August 11 with Vice-President Francisco Antonio Zea in the absence of Bolivar (who was engaged in the liberation of New Granada), but when the schooner started downriver, many of her crew, including <mask>, had been stricken with yellow fever. Despite the crew's efforts to reach Trinidad for medical assistance, the commodore died on board USS Nonsuch on August 23, 1819, his 34th birthday, as the ship entered the Gulf of Paria and was nearing Port of Spain.He was buried in Port of Spain with great honors

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 while the Nonsuchs crew acted as honor guard. His remains were later taken back to the United States in 1826 and interred in Newport, Rhode Island. Originally interred in the Old Common Burial Ground, his body was eventually moved to Newport's Island Cemetery. Family

<mask>'s parents were Christopher Raymond <mask> (1761–1818), who was also born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island, and Sarah Wallace Alexander (1763–1830). Through his mother, <mask> was a direct descendant of the uncle of Scottish nobleman and military leader William Wallace (d. 1305), whose life was the inspiration for the movie Braveheart. <mask> married Elizabeth Champlin Mason in 1811. They had five children, four of whom lived to maturity.They were:

 Brigadier General Christopher Grant Champlin <mask>, RIM (April 2, 1812 – April 5, 1854), commander of the Artillery Company of Newport from 1845-1854, m. Murial Frances Sergeant of Philadelphia (great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin); their daughter Margaret Mason <mask> married the artist John LaFarge;
 <mask> <mask> (February 23, 1813 – March 4, 1814), died in infancy;
 Lieutenant <mask> <mask>, Jr., USN (February 23, 1815 – August 20, 1878), m. 1) Elizabeth Ann Randolph (1816–1847) (Virginia Randolph family) and m. 2) Mary Ann Moseley;
 First Lieutenant Christopher Raymond <mask>, USA (June 29, 1816 – October 8, 1848), never married;
 Elizabeth Mason <mask>, m., as his 2nd wife, the Reverend Francis Vinton, rector of Trinity Episcopal Church in Newport. <mask>'s son Christopher Grant Champlin <mask> was a physician, and served as commander of the Artillery

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texts: Company of Newport from April 1848 until his death in 1854. In May 1849 he was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Rhode Island Militia and given command of the 1st Brigade encompassing Newport and Bristol Counties. <mask>'s son <mask> <mask>, Jr. entered the Navy as a midshipman in 1829, rose to the rank of lieutenant and resigned in 1849. He served on the United States Exploring Expedition under Captain Charles Wilkes from 1839 to 1842. Although he is buried in the same cemetery as his parents, for unknown reasons, he is not buried in the same plot with his parents. <mask>'s son Christopher Raymond <mask> graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1842.He served during the Mexican War and fought at the Battle of Palo Alto on May 8, 1846, and at the Battle of Resaca-de‑la‑Palma on May 9, 1846. He died on active duty as a 1st lieutenant in 1848. His extended family's descendants include Commander John Rodgers, the second person to become a United States naval aviator, and well known civilian aviator Calbraith <mask>, the first person to fly an airplane—the Vin Fiz—across the United States. <mask>'s nephew by marriage, George Champlin Mason, Sr., was a noted architect and historian. <mask> <mask> Farge (December 19, 1901 – August 2, 1963), <mask>'s great-great-grandson and namesake, was an American writer and anthropologist, best known for his 1930 Pulitzer Prize–winning novel Laughing Boy. His great-grandnephew <mask> <mask> (November 12, 1858 – June 10, 1908) from Buffalo, NY was an American socialite and United States Representative from New York.

masks:
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Oliver Hazard
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texts:
 <mask>'s great-grandniece, Ruth Black (November 1893 – September 3, 1964), married Gulf Oil executive Willard F. Jones.<mask> <mask> Morton (August 4, 1823 – November 1, 1877) (no relation)—the 14th Governor of Indiana, a famous Republican politician and U.S. Senator, who was a leader among the Radical Republican reconstructionists—was named in his honor. Dates of rank
 Midshipman – 7 April 1799
 Lieutenant – 15 January 1807
 Master Commandant – 28 August 1812
 Captain – 10 September 1813

Although <mask> is often referred to as "<mask>," it should be kept in mind that, prior to the American Civil War, commodore was not a rank in the U.S. Navy but, rather, the title of an officer in command of a squadron of two or more ships. <mask> first held the title of commodore when he took command of the Lake Erie squadron in 1813. Assignments
 Midshipman, USS General Greene – April 1799 to May 1801
 Acting Lieutenant, USS Adams – June 1802 to November 1803
 Second Lieutenant, USS Constellation – May 1804 to July 1805
 First Lieutenant, USS Nautilus – July 1805 to December 1805
 Acting Lieutenant, USS Constitution – December 1805 to c. July 1806
 Second Lieutenant, USS Essex – c. July 1806 to c. October 1806
 Officer in Charge of Gunboat construction in Newport and Westerly, RI – October 1806 to April 1809
 Commanding Officer, USS Revenge – April 1809 to January 1811
 Commanding Officer, Gunboat Squadron, Newport, RI – c. 1811 to January 1813
 Commanding Officer, Lake Erie Squadron – March 1813 to c. October 1813
 Commanding Officer, Gunboat squadron, Newport, RI – May 1814 to July 1814

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Oliver Hazard
Perry Throck
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texts:
 Commanding Officer, USS Java (under construction) – July 1814 to August 1815
 Commanding Officer, USS Java (in commission) – August 1815 to c. May 1817
 Senior Naval Officer, Newport, RI – c. May 1817 to May 1819
 Commanding Officer, Venezuelan diplomatic mission – June 1819 to August 1819 (deceased)

Note – Time gaps between assignments were probably in a "waiting orders" status. Geographical namesakes
Many locations, both in Rhode Island and near Lake Erie, are named in his honor, including:
Perry Traditional Academy, Pittsburgh, PA
 Perrysville Avenue (Old Rt. 19 connection), Pittsburgh, PA
 Perry North (Observatory Hill) and Perry South (Perry Hilltop) neighborhoods on the Northside section in the city of Pittsburgh, PA
 Oliver Hazard Perry Elementary School, Cleveland, OH
 Perry Elementary School, Erie, PA
 Commodore Perry School District, including Perry Township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania
 Oliver Hazard Perry Middle School, Providence, RI
 Training Ship Oliver Hazard Perry, Newport, RI
 All of the ten Perry counties in the U.S.
 Perryville and Perry County, Missouri
 The hamlet of Perrysburg and the surrounding township; and the Village of Perry, New York and the surrounding township,
 The city of Perry, Michigan in Perry Township
 The city of Perry, Georgia
 The town of Perry, Maine
 The village of Perry, Illinois
 The cities of Perrysburg, Perrysville, North Perry and Perry; Perrysburg Township; and Perry County, Ohio.The unincorporated hamlet of South Perry, in Perry Township, Hocking County, Ohio. Perry Township, between Canton and Massillon in Stark County, Ohio. The


texts:
 local high school is also named in his honor. The borough of Perryopolis and Oliver Township, within Perry County, and Oliver Township and Perry Township in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania. The village of Perryville in the town of South Kingstown, Rhode Island. The portion of U.S. Route 1 near Perryville is named the Commodore <mask> <mask> Highway. Perry Street in Newport is also named after him.The City of Hazard in Perry County, Kentucky. Perry County, Tennessee
 Perry Street, New York
 Fort Perry in Box Springs, Georgia

An eastbound service plaza along the Ohio Turnpike is named the Commodore Perry Service Plaza, located in Sandusky County, Ohio. Inn at Perry Cabin, St Michael’s, Maryland. 4 star Hotel. Also Stars restaurant 4 star. Purser’s pub. Exquisite resort as well as Links at Perry Cabin golf course.Monuments
The national monument commemorating <mask> is the <mask>'s Victory and International Peace Memorial at Put-In-Bay, Ohio. Its  tower, the world's most massive Doric column, was constructed by a multi-state commission between 1912 and 1915. Other monuments include:
 Memorial plaque, Trinity Episcopal Church, Newport, Rhode Island, dedicated by <mask>'s widow on August 23, 1855, the 36th anniversary of his death. Perry Monument, Public Square, Cleveland, Ohio, monument and statue by William Walcutt, dedicated on September 10, 1860, the 47th anniversary of the Battle of Lake Erie. Walcutt's marble statue was replaced with a bronze copy in 1929. The monument was relocated to Fort Huntington Park in 1991. Walcutt's marble <mask> statue is on long-term loan to the Perry's

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 Victory and International Peace Memorial.<mask> <mask> by William Greene Turner, Eisenhower Park, Newport, Rhode Island, dedicated September 10, 1885, the 72nd anniversary of the Battle of Lake Erie. <mask> <mask> by Charles Henry Niehaus, Front Park, Buffalo, New York, dedicated on September 25, 1916. Perry Monument, Perry Square, Erie, Pennsylvania, designed by Paul Philippe Cret, 1925, features a bronze copy after William Greene Turner's 1885 statue. <mask> <mask> Memorial Gateway, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, dedicated April 1925. Captain Henry E. Lackey, the United States Navy representative at the dedication, arrived aboard the newly commissioned light cruiser . Perry Monument at Misery Bay, Presque Isle State Park, Erie, Pennsylvania, dedicated in 1926. <mask> <mask> (bronze copy after William Walcutt), on the south front of the Rhode Island State House, Providence, Rhode Island, dedicated in 1928.Perry Monument, Perrysburg, Ohio, dedicated in 1997, features a bronze copy after William Walcutt's 1860 statue. The reverse of the 2013 "<mask>'s Victory" quarter shows William Walcutt's statue of <mask> (1860) with the Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial in the distance. The family farm in South Kingstown, where <mask> was probably born and later built a house, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. A larger than life portrait of <mask> hangs in the Executive Chamber of the Rhode Island State House. Paintings

 "Commodore <mask> <mask>" (1818-1828) by Gilbert Stuart and Jane Stuart, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. <mask>'s Victory on Lake Erie

masks:
Oliver Hazard
Perry
Oliver Hazard
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Oliver Hazard
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Commodore Perry
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 (1865) by William Henry Powell, Rotunda, Ohio Statehouse, Columbus. Dimensions: .Battle of Lake Erie (1873) by William Henry Powell, United States Capitol, Washington D.C. Dimensions: . Portrait of <mask> <mask> (1900), by Gari Melchers, Executive Chamber, Rhode Island State House. Battle of Lake Erie ( 1911) by Edward Percy Moran. Battle of Lake Erie, 10 September 1813. (1959) by Charles Robert Patterson and Howard B. French, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland. Documentary
In 2016, principal photography began on We Have Met the Enemy, a feature-length documentary produced by Lou Reda (Vietnam in HD, The Blue and the Gray), for a planned spring 2017 release. Eponymous ships
Commodore <mask> has been repeatedly honored with ships bearing his name., a sailing brig 1843–1865
 , an armed side-wheel ferry built in 1859 by Stack and Joyce, Williamsburg, New York and purchased by the Navy on October 2, 1861; and commissioned later in the month, Acting Master F. J. Thomas was in command
 , a  (1900–1919)
 , a  converted into a high-speed minesweeper and re-designated DMS–17 effective November 19, 1940. Served 1921–1944; sunk in Battle of Peleliu. , a Liberty ship. See List of Liberty ships (M–R). , a  (1945–1970)
 , a guided-missile frigate (1976–1997), and the s, of which it was a member, are named in his honor. The Navy built 51 of the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates, with the first going into service in 1977, and the last to be finally moth-balled in 2015. See also USS Perry.SSV <mask> <mask>, a Rhode Island Educational Foundation tall ship

See also

 The <mask> Family

masks:
Oliver Hazard
Perry
Perry
Oliver Hazard
Perry
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texts:
 Jesse Elliot
 Matthew C. <mask>
 List of books about the War of 1812
 Bibliography of early American naval history

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

 , Book
  E'book
  E'book
 {{cite book |last1=Paullin |first1=Charles Edward |ref=Paullin |year=1918 |location=Cleveland, Ohio |publisher=The Raufin Club |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rH8TAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA205|title=The Battle of Lake Erie (a collection of documents, mainly those by <mask> <mask>) |access-date=August 18, 2011}}
 , Book
  Url

 , Book

 Further reading
 Axelrod, Alen; Phillips, Charles. The Macmillan Dictionary of Military Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1998.) p. 343. Bancroft, George, 1800–1891; Dyer, <mask>, 1824–1907. (1891) History of the battle of Lake Erie: and miscellaneous papers (New York: R. Bonner's sons) 292 pp. at American Library Association. Burges, Tristam (1770–1853) (1839) Battle of Lake Erie, with notices of Commodore Elliot's conduct in that engagement (Providence, Brown & Cady) at Internet Archive.Conners, William James, 1857–; Emerson, George Douglas. (1916) The Perrys victory centenary. Report of the <mask>’s victory centennial commission, state of New York (Albany, J. B. Lyon Company, Printers). Coles, Harry L; Borstin, Daniel J., eds. August 1966 The War of 1812 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) . Cooper, James Fenimore (1846) Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers Kingman Press and here  for American Library Association.Cooper, James Fenimore, History of the Navy (1839). Dillon, Richard. (1978) We have met the enemy: <mask> <mask>, wilderness commodore (New York:

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Oliver
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 McGraw-Hill). .

 Dutton, Charles J. (1935) Oliver <mask> <mask> (New York: Longmans, Green and Co.) 308 pp. (Scholar's Bookshelf; First Edition. October 15, 2006)  . Downloadable resources regarding <mask> <mask>, American Library Association.Eaton, Joseph Giles (1847–1905) (1905) <mask>'s Victory on Lake Erie. Military Historical Society of Massachusetts (Boston, For the Society, by Houghton Mifflin) at American Library Association. Elliott, Jesse D. Address of Com. Jesse D. Elliot, U.S.N., Delivered in Washington County, Maryland, to His Early Companions at Their Request, on November 24, 1843 (Philadelphia: G.B. Zeiber & co., 1844) 137 pp. at Google books. Hickey, Donald R. (1990) The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.National Historical Society Book Prize and American Military Institute Best Book Award. ; . Hickey, Donald R. (2006) Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) . Lyman, Olin H. (1905) Commodore <mask> <mask> and the War on the Lakes. Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell 1803–1848.(1915) Commodore <mask> <mask>: famous American naval hero, victor of the battle of Lake Erie, his life and achievements (Akron, Ohio: Superior Printing Co.) at Internet Archive. Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848 (1840) The life of Commodore <mask> <mask>. (New York, Harper) Volume 1, Volume 2. Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1840–1914)(1905) Sea Power in Its Relation to the War of 1812 (2 vols.) (Boston: Little Brown) American Library Association. , E'book

 Morton, Edward Payson (1869–1914) Lake Erie and

masks:
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Oliver Hazard
Perry
Perry
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Oliver Hazard
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texts:
 the story of Commodore <mask> Chicago: Ainsworth & company Internet Archive digitized by Google. Niles, John Milton (Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1830) The Life of <mask> <mask>. Reid, George. (1913) <mask> at Erie:how Captain Dobbins, Benjamin Fleming and others assisted him. (Erie, Pennsylvania: Journal publishing company). Skaggs, David Curtis; Altoff, Gerard T. Altoff A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–1813 (Naval Institute Press), winner John Lyman Book Awards 1997. .

 Skaggs, David Curtis. <mask> Triumphant (April 2009 Volume 23, Number 2) Naval History Magazine United States Naval Institute. White, James T. (1895) p. 288.National Cyclopaedia of American Biography''. External links

 <mask> @ the National Park Service. <mask> @ the Naval Historical Center. <mask>'s account of the Battle of Lake Erie (See Further reading, Pauilin, supra.) The <mask> <mask> papers William L. Clements Library. "Log of the Battle of Lake Erie" by Sailing Master William Taylor. US Brig Niagara
 Commodore <mask> I.P.A.and Tasting guide, Commodore <mask> India Pale Ale by Great Lakes Brewing Co.

 Perry Monument, Buffalo Historical Markers and Monuments website. Correspondence of <mask> <mask> at Dartmouth Digital Library

1785 births
1819 deaths
19th-century American naval officers
United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812
Burials in Rhode Island
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
American people of English descent
People from Newport, Rhode Island
People from Rhode Island in the War of 1812
People from South Kingstown, Rhode Island
<mask>
United States Navy admirals
United

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texts: <mask> (May 27, 1813 – September 8, 1886), an early convert to the Latter Day Saint Movement, was a pioneer of the American West best remembered as a ringleader in the Mountain Meadows massacre. He was raised on a farm in New York, and became a Baptist at age 18, hoping to become a missionary in Burma. He educated himself, and found work as a schoolteacher. He converted to Mormonism and set out to convert others in his neighborhood, building up a branch with forty members. To escape religious persecution, his family (wife and infant daughter, parents, one brother and two sisters, all of whom had joined the church) arrived in Nauvoo, Illinois in July, 1842. He worked as a constable in Nauvoo, and was frequently asked to serve as a bodyguard for Joseph Smith. <mask> was the first member of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to hear of the death of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint Movement, when the messenger delivering the news of his assassination rode up to the Nauvoo Temple, which <mask> was guarding.He emigrated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) to Utah in 1847. In December, 1849 <mask> and fifty others were sent by Brigham Young to explore the mountains in southern Utah, about 300 miles south from Salt Lake City. Among these explorers were Parley P. Pratt and George A. Smith, who also established a winter home there. From 1850 to 1852, he was sent to England to learn iron making, and upon his return was placed in charge of purchasing and assembling supplies for thousands of new European converts to cross the plains. In 1853, he married two additional wives. Upon his return to Utah, he was

masks:
Isaac Chauncey Haight
Haight
Haight
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texts:
 appointed to the territorial legislature, and was the first mayor of Cedar City, Utah where he was a farmer. Mountain Meadows massacre

At the time of the Mountain Meadows massacre, <mask> was the Stake President over several Wards in the area.<mask> was in command of the Second Battalion, Tenth Regiment (or Iron County Militia), in which capacity he ordered the massacre of September 11, 1857, of the Baker-Fancher party of emigrants during the Utah War. The Baker-Fancher train was one of several emigrant trains traveling through the area on their way to California at the time. George A. Smith had come down to southern Utah settlements and given orders for residents to prepare for war with United States troops who were approaching Utah to replace Governor Brigham Young. <mask> promised Smith that the Tenth Regiment (of which <mask> was second-in-command) could accomplish the ambush and destruction of "invading" federal troops before the troops would be able to make their way down through the canyons into the valleys. Jacob Hamblin had just been called to be the new president of a mission to Utah's Native Indian tribes. Hamblin had been dispatched to escort Chief Tutsegavit and other southern Utah Paiute chiefs to Salt Lake City where they were to meet with Brigham Young. At this meeting, Young communicated to them the policy that if the natives assisted the Latter-day Saints in fighting the Americans, the tribes were to be granted all the cattle on the California trails.Meanwhile, militia in southern Utah were mustered to search the canyons for invading troops and assist natives raiding settlers' stock. Later in the afternoon of September 5:
at a

masks: Haight Haight Haight Haight


texts: meeting of the high council in Cedar City, a divisive and quarrelsome debate was held to discuss the recent troubles with the passing emigrant train. Those present - stake president <mask>, his counselor John Higbee, Bishop Klingensmith and high councilor Laban Morrill among others - generally agreed on the grievances they perceived in the company that had passed the previous Thursday. The cloud of war spreading over the territory prompted open debate of such extreme measures as attacking the train. Other, more moderate options were proposed. But there was no consensus on what action to take. Morrill extracted a promise that an express rider would be dispatched immediately for Great Salt Lake Valley to get directions from Brigham Young.On September 6, <mask> gave a speech in which he said, "I am prepared to feed to the Gentiles the same bread they fed to us. God being my helper, I will give the last ounce of strength and if need be my last drop of blood in defense of Zion." That evening, the extended families making the Baker-Fancher train set up their camp in Mountain Meadows. After a siege of the train by Paiutes and militiamen (some of whom were disguised as Natives) for four or five days, militiamen ceremoniously arrived at the scene without disguise and approached the embattled train. For reasons still unclear, the militia used a subterfuge of offering safe passage to the emigrants in exchange for the emigrants' disarming and turning their cattle over to the Paiutes—but after the emigrants were disarmed, militia members and Paiutes murdered all of the emigrant party except young children: about 120 slaughtered with seventeen children spared.

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texts:
 Scholars still debate whether senior LDS Church leadership, including Brigham Young, directly instigated the massacre or if responsibility lies with the local leaders of southern Utah. Aftermath
Investigations were interrupted by the U.S. Civil War.Brigham Young removed <mask> and certain others of the conspirators from good standing (excommunicated them) from the LDS Church in 1870. By 1874, <mask> and eight others (John D. Lee, John M. Higbee, William H. Dame, Philip Klingensmith, William C. Stewart, Elliot Willden, Samuel Jukes, and George Adair, Jr.) were indicted. <mask> went into hiding with his son, <mask>, in Mormon outposts in southern Utah, Mexico, and Arizona. He remained a fugitive from federal authorities for the rest of his life. A reward of $500 each was posted for the capture of <mask>, Higbee and Stewart. Only John D. Lee ever stood trial. Lee was convicted and executed by firing squad on March 23, 1877.<mask> died September 8, 1886, in Thatcher, Arizona at the age of 73. Notes

References
. External links
 Sketch of <mask>'s life
 "Tragedy at Mountain Meadows", by Robert H. Briggs
Woolley, <mask> Parry. I Would to God: A Personal History of <mask>. Edited by <mask> <mask> and Janet Burton. Cedar City, UT: Southern Utah University Press, 2009. 1813 births
1886 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Converts to Mormonism
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Members of the Utah Territorial Legislature
Mormon pioneers
Mountain Meadows Massacre
People excommunicated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
People from Iron County,

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Blanche Cox
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texts:
Sir <mask> (; 21 November 186312 May 1944) was a Cornish writer who published using the pseudonym Q. Although a prolific novelist, he is remembered mainly for the monumental publication The Oxford Book Of English Verse 1250–1900 (later extended to 1918) and for his literary criticism. He influenced many who never met him, including American writer Helene Hanff, author of 84, Charing Cross Road and its sequel, Q's Legacy. His Oxford Book of English Verse was a favourite of John Mortimer fictional character Horace Rumpole. Life

<mask> (d.1884), who was a noted physician, folklorist and historian  who married Mary Ford and lived at 63, Fore Street, Bodmin, until his death in 1884. Thomas was the product of the union of two ancient local families, the Quiller family and the Couch family.<mask> was the third in a line of intellectuals from the Couch family. His grandfather, Jonathan Couch, was an eminent naturalist, also a physician, historian, classicist, apothecary, and illustrator (particularly of fish). His younger sisters Florence Mabel and Lilian M. were also writers and folklorists. <mask>-Couch had two children. His son, Bevil Brian Quiller-Couch, was a war hero and poet, whose romantic letters to his fiancée, the poet May Wedderburn Cannan, were published in Tears of War. Kenneth Grahame inscribed a first edition of his The Wind in the Willows to <mask>'s daughter, Foy Felicia, attributing Quiller-Couch as the inspiration for the character Ratty. He was educated at Newton Abbot Proprietary College, at Clifton College, and Trinity College, Oxford, where he took a First in Classical Moderations (1884) and a Second in Greats (1886).From 1886 he was for a brief time a classical lecturer at Trinity. After some journalistic experience in London, mainly as a contributor to the

masks: Arthur Quiller CouchThomas Quiller Couch


texts:
 Speaker, he settled in 1891 at Fowey in Cornwall. In Cornwall he was an active political worker for the Liberal Party. He was knighted in 1910, and in 1928 was made a Bard of the Cornish cultural society Gorseth Kernow, adopting the Bardic name Marghak Cough ('Red Knight'). He was Commodore of the Royal Fowey Yacht Club from 1911 until his death. He was president of the Village Drama Society which was based at Kelly House in Devon. Quiller-Couch died at home in May 1944, after being slightly injured by a jeep near his home in Cornwall in the preceding March during his daily walk to the Royal Fowey Yacht Club.He is buried in Fowey's parish church of St. Fimbarrus. World War I
Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry 10th Btn. (Cornwall Pioneers). The 10th was an unusual battalion, having been raised in March 1915, not by the War Office, but by the Mayor and citizens of Truro. It initially had only two officers – Colonel Dudley Acland Mills who had retired from the Royal Engineers six years earlier, and Couch, who was devoid of any military experience. Neither of them was paid. Their work in raising and training a battalion for war was remarkable by any standard, but their herculean efforts appears never to have been recognised by the military hierarchy.It must have been an enormous relief to these two gentlemen when the War Office took over the 10th Battalion on 24 August 1915. Literary and academic career

In 1887, while he was attending Oxford, he published Dead Man's Rock, a romance in the style of Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island, and later The Astonishing History of Troy Town (1888), a comic novel set in a fictionalised version of his home town of Fowey, and The Splendid Spur (1889). Quiller-Couch was well known for his story "The Rollcall of the Reef", based on the


texts: wreck of HMS Primrose during 1809 on the Cornish coast. He published during 1896 a series of critical articles, Adventures in Criticism, and in 1898 he published a completion of Robert Louis Stevenson's unfinished novel, St. Ives. From his Oxford time he was known as a writer of excellent verse. With the exception of the parodies entitled Green Bays (1893), his poetical work is contained in Poems and Ballads (1896). In 1895 he published an anthology from the 16th- and 17th-century English lyricists, The Golden Pomp, followed in 1900 by the Oxford Book of English Verse, 1250–1900.Later editions of this extended the period of concern to 1918 and it remained the leading general anthology of English verse until Helen Gardner's New Oxford Book of English Verse appeared in 1972. In 1910 he published The Sleeping Beauty and other Fairy Tales from the Old French. He was the author of a number of popular novels with Cornish settings (collected edition as 'Tales and Romances', 30 vols. 1928–29). He was appointed King Edward VII Professor of English Literature at the University of Cambridge in 1912, and retained the chair for the rest of his life. Simultaneously he was elected to a Fellowship of Jesus College, which he also held until his death. His inaugural lectures as the professor of English literature were published as the book On the Art of Writing.His rooms were on staircase C, First Court, and known as the 'Q-bicle'. He supervised the beginnings of the English Faculty there — an academic diplomat in a fractious community. He is sometimes regarded as the epitome of the school of English literary criticism later modified by his pupil F. R. Leavis. Alistair Cooke was a notable student of Quiller-Couch and Nick Clarke's semi-official biography of Cooke features Quiller-Couch


texts:
 prominently, noting that he was regarded by the Cambridge establishment as "rather eccentric" even by the university's standards. Quiller-Couch was a noted literary critic, publishing editions of some of Shakespeare's plays (in the New Shakespeare, published by Cambridge University Press, with Dover Wilson) and several critical works, including Studies in Literature (1918) and On the Art of Reading (1920). He edited a companion to his verse anthology: The Oxford Book of English Prose, which was published in 1923. He left his autobiography, Memories and Opinions, unfinished; it was nevertheless published in 1945.Legacy

His Book of English Verse is often quoted by John Mortimer's fictional character Horace Rumpole. Castle Dor, a re-telling of the Tristan and Iseult myth in modern circumstances, was left unfinished at Quiller-Couch's death and was completed many years later by Daphne du Maurier. As she wrote in the Sunday Telegraph in April 1962, she began the job with considerable trepidation, at the request of Quiller-Couch's daughter and "in memory of happy evenings long ago when 'Q' was host at Sunday supper". He features as a main character, played by Leo McKern, in the 1992 BBC television feature The Last Romantics. The story focuses on his relationship with his protégé, F. R. Leavis, and the students. His Cambridge inaugural lecture series, published as On the Art of Writing, is the source of the popular writers' adage "murder your darlings":

Works

Fiction

 Dead Man's Rock  (1887)
 The Astonishing History of Troy Town (1888)
 The Splendid Spur (1889)
 The Blue Pavilions (1891)
 The Delectable Duchy: Stories, Studies and Sketches (1893)
 I Saw Three Ships and Other Winter's Tales (1893)
 Wandering Heath: Stories, Studies, and Sketches (1895)
 Ia, A Love Story (1896)