texts: <mask> (30 August 1907 – 11 December 1983), generally known as <mask> or 'Gelignite' <mask>, was an Australian racing driver and sportsman, most remembered for his participation in the REDEX Round Australia Reliability Trials in the 1950s. <mask> was born in Port Melbourne, Victoria, to <mask> (orchardist in 1907) and his wife <mask>, née Carse. He was educated at Albert Park School, leaving at age 14 to work in a bicycle shop building pushbikes and working with cars, helping the mechanic. <mask> laboured throughout rural Victoria, grape picking at Mildura, driving a tractor in Sea Lake, Victoria and even worked as a diver's attendant on the Murray River for a few months until the river flooded. He soon was involved in motor racing activities, and in 1932 moved to Sydney, where he worked for a company testing Chrysler cars. By 1933 <mask> and his brother Ray had a garage and service station ‘Auto Service Ltd.’ (unconfirmed) or ‘Murray Bros’., at the corner of Roscoe and Gould Streets, Bondi, which they ran until the mid-1930s. At this time, they purchased and moved their business, then called ‘Murray Bros,’ to 94 Curlewis St, Bondi.During World War 2, for about a year spanning 1944 to 1945, <mask> was contracted to serve with the US Small Ships, based mostly at Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea, aboard a maintenance ship called The Half Rufus. After the war <mask> and Ray continued their business at 94 Curlewis Street, Bondi, (referred to by all and sundry simply as ‘The Garage’) which they operated together from the mid-1930s to late 1971 when <mask> retired.

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Jack Murray
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History Murray
Walter James Murray
Alice Maud Murray
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 There was a major fire which gutted the Garage late on the night of 30 April 1981. Repairs were made and the roof reinstated. <mask> continued to own The Garage until his passing in 1983. The Garage was then owned by <mask>'s widow, Ena <mask> (b.23/4/1915 d. 24/7/2005), until her passing in 2005. <mask>'s two sons, John and Philip, inherited the Garage jointly from their mother.From May 2017 The Garage was jointly owned by <mask>'s older son John Vivian <mask> and John's son, i.e. <mask>'s grandson, John Charles <mask> (aka Jonny). Three generations of <mask>, including two sets of brothers have continuously owned The Garage since the mid-1930s. In 2017–2018 The Garage was leased by 'Carology'. The Garage has been leased as a mechanical workshop for over 40 years. Motor sport
<mask> set the Hartley Hill (near Mount Victoria, Blue Mountains) hill climbing record in a Terraplane in 1933. In 1937 <mask> embarked on an around the world trip travelling through Europe and America.He was a spectator at race events in Britain and also the Avus Circuit in Germany where he saw ‘a little guy who was all pomp’ – Adolf Hitler. <mask> raced at many Australian circuits during his career including Gnoo Blas, Orange where he held the lap record, Adelaide's Rowley Park, the Sydney Showground, Mount Druitt, Parramatta Park, Nowra, Marsden Park, Castlereagh Airstrip, Southport, Phillip Island and of course, Mount Panorama. In 1952 <mask> won the Australian Sprint Championships held at Castlereagh airstrip driving his Cadillac-Allard J2. In the 1964 Senior Trials Championship

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 <mask> came second and Dave Johnson, good friend and fellow inductee into the Australian Rally Hall of Fame won best navigator. Crossroads Alice 1965

'Gelignite' <mask> enjoyed testing motor vehicles and oils, as well as travel — any opportunity or excuse where a group of mates could get together and set off on an adventure of some kind. He and Evan Green frequently paired up to share the fun. During November and December 1965, the duo undertook just such an adventure, one that became the documentary film Crossroads Alice.The trip was designed as a test of BMC (Austin 1800 and a Morris Mini Deluxe) cars and Castrol oil. The vehicles completed a 12,000-mile (19,312 km) Figure 8 crossing of the Australian continent. Over the years 'Gelignite' <mask> competed in seven round Australia trials and many adventure trips testing cars, lubricants and drivers. 'Gelignite' <mask> competed in both the 1966 and 1967 Southern Cross Rallies driving a Prince Skyline GT with registration plates JM789. (DNF both events). Car versus Plane 1968

As <mask> and Evan Green were preparing to compete in the London to Sydney marathon later that year, the question was: ‘How could two rally tested veterans best prepare for days and nights of endless driving?’ Clearly, the answer was: ‘Spend days and nights endlessly driving. But why not make it interesting, and race a plane as well?’ Another adventure lay ahead.At noon on Friday 26 April 1968, <mask> and Evan set off from Essendon Airport, Melbourne, to race a Morris 1100 cc ‘S’ against a light plane around Australia. The boys drove

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 day and night, living in the car, and managed to circumnavigate the continent in eight days and six hours, covering around 10,000 miles (16,000 km). That was an incredible 197 hours and 40 minutes to complete a drive most of us would spend a year undertaking. The details are a testament to both <mask>'s and Evan's endurance and ability to spend many hours behind the wheel. The tachograph showed 192 hours 45 minutes, which included 22 hours 15 minutes of breaks (12 per cent of time), covering 9,682 miles (15,581 km) with an average speed of 91 km/h (if taken on actual driving time) or 80 km/h on average overall. Top speed between Norseman and Carnarvon reached 82 mph (132 km/h). The light plane was restricted to flying during the day only.The plane was restricted to eight hours a day as neither pilot was licensed to fly at night. The car crossed the finish line in Melbourne only eight hours after the plane. Car versus Train 1971

<mask> and his radio mate John Pearce teamed up again to undertake a Race the Train dash from Sydney to Perth. This nonstop drive took 46 hours, and the boys ended up beating the train by an easy seventeen hours. Mount Panorama events

<mask> was a competitor at the 1946 NSW Grand Prix in a Bugatti/Ford Special previously owned by Ron Mackellar. He was fastest overall (1 hr 26 mins 24 secs for the 100 miles) and second-fastest (109 mph, 175 km/h) on the ‘flying quarter’ section, but fifth in the (handicapped) race. He declined the prize cheque, as he had his eyes set on representing Australia in the wrestling event of the 1948

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texts: Olympic Games, and did not want to lose his amateur status.<mask> was NSW State Wrestling Champion in his 84 kg division in 1946. <mask> asked the chairman of the organising committee to divide the £65 prize money between the Bathurst and Woolloomooloo Police Boys’ Clubs in order to retain his amateur sportsman/wrestler status. On Monday 7 October 1946, as competitors battled for position in the NSW Grand Prix of 100 miles, <mask> braked heavily for what was then termed Pit Corner at the end of Conrod Straight – but his Terraplane crashed into the sandbags. In the darkness of the evening, as the competitors left the circuit, Alf Najar used a piece of charcoal from a campfire to scratch ‘Murray's Corner’ on the Pit Corner timber fence. That's the real story of how an iconic Bathurst location got its name. I notice that as the years pass the latest sponsors’ names are more frequently attached to sections of the course. But to the traditionalists, it will always remain <mask>'s Corner, named after Bill, not his good mate <mask>.<mask> competed in the 1947 Australian Grand Prix in a Bugatti Type 39/Ford 3.6L known as the Day Special, but was forced to retire having completed 29 of 38 laps. <mask> competed in the 1948 NSW Hundred at Mount Panorama in the ‘Day Special’ finishing 9th. The Day Special was variously referred to as a ‘Bugatti-Ford’ or ‘Edelbrock’, as the 1925 built, Type 39 Bugatti chassis had been subsequently fitted with either an Edelbrock or Grancor Ford V8 engine. He raced the ‘Day Special’ again in the 1949 All Powers Long Handicap but did not

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texts: finish. The Day Special frequently overheated. But <mask> fared better in the 1950 New South Wales 100, when he placed fourth, with a flying quarter mile speed of 119.2 mph(192 km/h), the Day Special now equipped with a Grancor V8 engine. In March 1951 <mask> competed in the REDEX Bathurst 100 in an Allard J2/Cadillac 4.4L.He also drove an Allard J2 in the REDEX 50 Mile Championship in October 1951, but was forced to retire in both of these events. He drove the Allard/Cadillac in the 1952 Australian Grand Prix, and came fourth, and the Bugatti/Ford Day Special in the 1954 Bathurst 100, when he came seventh. The 1967 Gallaher 500 was held at Bathurst Mount Panorama on 1 October 1967. Although he probably didn't realise it at the time, this would prove to be a poignant Bathurst meet for <mask> – his last race on the Mount Panorama circuit. The year 1967 marked a 21-year career span for <mask> racing at Bathurst. He had raced the Mackellar Special, the Day Special, two Cadillac-Allards, a D-Type Jaguar and sedans such as a Ford Pilot, Ford Cortina GT, Morris Elite and Prince Skyline GT. <mask> is credited with having the fastest 100-mile race time over the Mount Panorama circuit for 1946.In 1950 <mask> won an event recording the fastest lap time, reaching 119 mph (192 km/h) down Conrod Straight. In 1952, driving the Cadillac-Allard J2, <mask> placed a credible fourth in the seventeenth Australian Grand Prix. Throughout his 21 years of driving at Bathurst, <mask> achieved many scratch, handicap or class placings: first (1), second (2), third (7), fourth (6),

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 fifth (4), sixth (1), seventh (1), ninth (1), thirteenth (1), fifteenth (1) and thirty-fourth (1). Of course, race cars being race cars, there were a few DNFs and DNSs. In 1960, in his D-Type Jaguar, he was clocked at 150 mph (240 km/h) down Conrod Straight. In 1965, almost 20 years after first racing at Bathurst, the ‘old men in wheelchairs’ <mask> (58) and Bill McLachlan (48) placed fifth overall and third in class driving a Ford Cortina Mk 1 GT 500. The younger brigade took note.The REDEX Reliability Trials

There were three major REDEX Reliability car trials held in successive years: 1953, 1954 and 1955. It is a little-known fact that there was also a series of much shorter REDEX 1000 trials held in the months preceding the long distance REDEX events. In both 1953 and 1954, <mask> had class wins in these events – a portent of things to come. In 1954 there were also REDEX motorcycle and REDEX plane events. REDEX was a motor vehicle oil additive and Reg Shepheard, an Englishman who came to Australia, owned the selling agent rights. Car clubs and motoring magazines had proffered the idea of a round Australia car trial since before the war, but it was Shepheard's offer of sponsorship and his endeavours to promote and advertise REDEX that enabled the trials to become a reality. These events were not races as such, nor were they 'rallies'.Rallies are timed to the second, not minute, and are more often conducted on closed roads, rather than open public roads. The winner of a rally is the fastest car from A to B. The REDEX events were termed ‘reliability

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 trials’. Very strict rules ensured that vehicles available to the general public were used, with few modifications, and replacement of parts was strictly limited. Along the way, competitors were required to meet and comply with set times established between control points. Being more than five minutes early or late on their scheduled time of arrival at fixed controls attracted a one-point penalty for each minute discrepancy. A margin of three minutes late or early per hour was allowed for secret controls to allow for possible speedometer error, and discrepancies between officials' and competitors' watches.It was a nervous navigator's worst nightmare. The competitors who completed the trials with the lowest number of accumulated penalty points were declared the winners. Elimination sections, used to separate and test both competitors and cars, were a feature of the REDEX trials. Seemingly unrealistic and unobtainable times were often set between control points on these difficult sections. 1953 REDEX 1,000 Mile Trial

This 24-hour event was staged over 2 and 3 May, starting and ending in Sydney and ran through the Blue Mountains and the back roads behind the Jenolan Caves. It had been made the ‘hardest ever’ by torrential rain; <mask> won his Class A (395 pts lost) and came second overall to D.H. (Peter) Antill (305 pts lost), one of only nine to complete the course. During this trial, at one stage <mask> became lost.Australian Motor Sports, June 1953 wrote:

‘Still no track, and then salvation. A swagman was strolling down the road towards them. Firing a

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 few questions at him and then sweeping him into the back of the Customline, <mask> slid the car into the bush at the pointed out place and commenced a fearful dice down to the control. Their at-first willing passenger became petrified in the rear. As the car slithered to a halt at the control the swagman was out like a flash and into the scrub.’

Only in Australia, and certainly only back in the 1950s, would a swagman ever come to the navigational rescue of a competition trial car. 1953 REDEX Reliability Trial

<mask> and <mask> (no relation) failed to finish, their Chrysler Plymouth having rolled between Cloncurry and Mount Isa. When interviewed by a news team shortly after the crash, every second word of <mask>'s response had to be expurgated, a source of delight to many.The rollover in 1953 gave rise to one of the most frequently told anecdotes about 'Gelignite' <mask>. It became Evan Green's favourite story about his larrikin mate. Evan even opened his book Journeys with Gelignite Jack (first published in 1966 by Rigby) with the story:
As another concerned competitor slowed to a stop next to the overturned wrecked Plymouth in ’53, the ever-present dust cloud drifted on by. A voice yelled out:
"What happened? You all right?" "Got a ring spanner?" <mask> called back."Nine-sixteenths SAE?" Thinking ... followed by the puzzled query: "A ring spanner. What the hell do you want that for?" "I thought I'd do the brakes while the wheels were up like this." Silence ... then everyone started to laugh, even the poor "No Relation" Bill: bleeding, concussed and

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 nursing a very sore head. It was <mask>'s signature cheekiness and that typically Australian attitude when faced with adversity that endeared him to so many people. 1954 REDEX 1,000 Mile Trial

<mask> won this little-noticed 24-hour event losing only 5 points, run entirely within New South Wales, followed by another, sponsored by Kriesler, an Australian manufacturer of car radios and other consumer electronics.1954 REDEX Reliability Trial

<mask> and his navigator, the unrelated <mask> won this Trial in a 1948, Canadian built, Ford V8 with registration plates JM456, losing no points on the trip. The car was dubbed the ‘Grey Ghost’ by famous cricketer ‘Ginty’ Lush because of its grey ‘undercoat’ colour. Newspapers and magazine articles often erroneously describe the big Ford V8 as an ‘ex-taxi’. This is not the case. <mask> bought the black vehicle second hand and repainted it grey. It was on this trial that <mask> gained his nickname, from his occasional celebratory detonation of sticks of gelignite. "They christened me 'Gelignite <mask>' after the big bang in the tin outhouse at Townsville Showground", he is quoted as saying."Gelignite wouldn't hurt a flea out in the open. It's just the same as a cracker, only louder." <mask>, navigator and co-driver, was a construction and explosives expert. The two <mask>s took boxes of gelignite on the trial with the intention of clearing any fallen trees or other obstacles blocking the narrow outback roads. It was never used or required for this intended purpose. The gelignite became <mask>'s toy. Despite his

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 'larrikin' image, <mask> was a total professional when it counted, a non-smoker, teetotaler with a powerful, athletic build who never took foolhardy risks.The <mask>s, who lost no points on the entire route, were popular winners, and mobbed at the finish line. 1955 REDEX Reliability Trial

'Gelignite' <mask> described the 1955 REDEX Trial as a "shemozzle". The exact details of what took place are contentious. As the trial neared completion, an originally unplanned diversion adjoining Werong Station (near Murrumbateman, Wee Jasper and 12 km south of Yass), designed to determine the winner, meant that some cars and their drivers were bogged for ten hours or more. <mask> did not go through the bog section as he summed it up when he saw the first car bogged. So, he turned around and went through a route check the wrong way and thought he would have copped a penalty, but the bog section was eventually cancelled. <mask>, with his brother Ray as navigator, was running third at that stage, with the loss of only 36 points.In protest at the issuing of extra instructions in Melbourne, that took cars through the boggy, impassable paddock, <mask> did not submit his car for scrutineering ‘within the requisite time, and thus Car 46 could not be considered among those competitors who fulfilled all requirements in that direction and therefore cannot be regarded as having finished the Trial.’ He was disqualified. <mask> had accumulated 56 road points by the end, thus forfeiting a possible fourth place. Car No 129 (B. Rogers in a Holden) and Car No 36 (N. Klinger in a

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 Standard Vanguard), also protested the officials’ decision to run the field through a mud bog by refusing to submit their cars for scrutiny. As confirmed by Hal Moloney, Australian Trial and Rally Historian: '<mask>s point loss at the Canberra Control was 56 points which had him in 5th place. No cars were penalised for the Werong Station bog. Had <mask> checked in at Sydney where Sam Hecker's Holden, originally equal third with Malcolm Brooks Vanguard, was penalised for structural damage at scrutineering, <mask> would have ended up 4th outright on 56 points lost except - for the not booking-in/scrutineering fiasco.' Throughout the trial, particularly towards the end and even post-trial, controversy and arguments reigned.Newspaper headlines were full of emotion as they proclaimed REDEX Boilover and Hopeless Mixup. <mask> did not attend the Ball, at which the winners should have been announced but were not, due to unresolved protests. It was indeed, a shemozzle. There was no 1956 Redex Trial. 1956 Ampol Trial

<mask> and his brother <mask> were put out of contention when one of the ‘Grey Ghost's’ stub axles and its king pin broke, but he was able to get back on the road with a loss of only 70 points thanks to fellow-competitor Robert Whan, who allowed <mask> to cannibalize his own car, which had crashed into a tree. He lost 69 further points when he took a wrong turn after Mt Isa, and ended up at the Mary Kathleen uranium fields. <mask> denied he'd got lost.‘I’ve got shares in that company,’ he said, ‘I just wanted to see how it was getting on.’

1957 Ampol

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 Trial

Murray and Neville Vale were forced to pull out shortly after leaving Birdsville when their Fiat 1100 (‘Little Ghost’) broke an axle. <mask> walked back into town and when questioned replied that he was ‘testing some new type of shoes’. Note: Not to be confused with another competitor John Mornder <mask> of Ashgrove, Queensland, who with his daughter Kerry was also in a Fiat. Confederation of Australian Motor Sport Dispute

In the mid-1950s a battle for control and administration of motorsport was raging within Australia, and the drivers were caught in the middle. The Sydney-based Trials Clubs of NSW broke away from the Melbourne-based CAMS following a dispute about the allocation of rights to a Round Australia Trial for 1956. The dispute centred around sponsorship by either Ampol or Mobilgas and a power struggle between CAMS and NSW clubs. It affected drivers throughout 1956 and 1957.Thirty drivers, including 'Gelignite' <mask> were banned for competing in events which were not CAMS sanctioned. <mask> was banned for 2 years. Wheels, the Sport, April 1956, wrote:

‘We believe that those who drove in spite of CAMS’ warning in the 1955 Mobilgas Economy Run were harshly treated and that this has been the main cause of the unsightly squabble between the majority of NSW clubs and CAMS.’

Once again, conflict, disagreement and protest were, unfortunately, an integral part of motorsport. 1957 Mobilgas Trial

'Gelignite' <mask> never competed in any Mobilgas Trials due to the CAMS dispute, but did enter the 1955 Mobilgas Economy Run together with Bill

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 McLachlan driving a Ford Consul. The boys came last! Clearly, saving fuel and economy driving were neither Bill's nor <mask>'s forté. However, in the 1957 Mobilgas Trial another <mask> drove a Chrysler Royal

There is often confusion between 'Gelignite' <mask> and 'Milko' <mask>.The two <mask>s were contemporaries, both racing and rally drivers and sometimes even competed in the same events, hence the confusion. The private real estate development "Murray's Rise" near Branxton, Belford and Pokolbin was named after 'Milko' <mask>. 1958 Ampol Trial

Once again CAMS was licensing Ampol events. Calmer heads had prevailed and peace had broken out. With 148 starters, the 7,000-mile event focused on eastern Australia. Australian Motor Sports, July 1958, wrote:

<mask> was only six points down, but during the next day's stage to Adelaide a misread signpost took him 30 miles off course along a bush track, and the howling rainstorm mingled with his tears at Burra, where he shed a whole 75 points. At Port Augusta he was seen chasing navigator Dave Johnson with an axe.<mask>'s great mate and fellow Rally Hall of Fame inductee Dave Johnson, fortunately, was too quick for an axe-wielding <mask> back in 1958. Armstrong 500

<mask> drove a Simca Aronde in the 1960 Armstrong 500 held at Phillip Island (DNF), a Morris Major Elite in the 1963 Armstrong 500 held at Mount Panorama (15th), and a Ford Cortina Mk.I GT500 in the 1965 Armstrong 500 (3rd in Class D and 5th overall). Gallaher 500

<mask> drove a Prince Skyline 1500 in the 1966 Gallaher 500 (DNF) and the 1967 Gallaher

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 500 (13th in Class, 34th overall) production car races. The Armstrong 500 and Gallaher 500 races preceded the series of Hardie-Ferodo 1000 races held at Bathurst, which in 2018 are referred to as the Bathurst 1000 or simply the Great Race. The Mount Panorama circuit is an Australian motorsport icon. 1964 Ampol Trial: 'Gelignite' and 'Cracker' Jacks

The 1964 Ampol Round Australia Trial, covering 7500 miles, attracted 200 entrants. It commenced on 14 June 1964 and ran for two weeks.This was an important trial for a number of reasons, not least of which was that 56-year-old 'Gelignite' <mask> would face some very special competition – namely his twenty-year-old son John, under the moniker ‘Cracker Jack’. John had ‘<mask> Jnr’ written on the side of his car, and his mate Peter Barnes was the navigator. The results were interesting, to say the least. ‘Cracker’ <mask>, driving a lime-green Valiant sponsored by Milo lost 262 points and placed thirty-third. 'Gelignite' <mask> in Car No 54C with Roy Denny as navigator placed fortieth in a Peugeot 404 Plate HYT 276, with the loss of 333 pts. The junior apprentice had ‘done’ the senior master! The engines were hardly cool before the boys at The Garage called their sign-writer mate to record on The Garage walls the momentous win by 'Cracker' <mask>.1968 London to Sydney Marathon

'Gelignite' <mask> took part in this event with Evan Green and George Shepheard as the BMC works team in an Austin 1800, arriving in 21st place. As they raced across the Nullarbor and into South Australia, <mask>'s and Green's Car No 31 was

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 the race leader in the Flinders Ranges stage. Then tragedy struck, as they ran fifth, only 36 hours from the finish line. An enthusiastic service mechanic over-tightened a wheel bearing, and the hub collapsed near Curnamona, South Australia. Evan commented at the time, "But for losing a wheel, <mask>, George Shepheard [veteran Australian driver] and I might have won." Another J. <mask> (<mask> 'Milko' <mask>) and Bert Madden came 54th in an HK Holden Monaro, sponsored by Maitland Motors. 1970 World Cup Rally

<mask> participated in this event, which ran from London to Mexico City, but did not finish.<mask> and Evan Green, as drivers, teamed up with Hamish Cardno (Motor Magazine) as navigator in the London to Mexico Marathon. Car No 92 was a British Leyland works entry Triumph Mk.2 2.5PI. Right from the start a blockage problem with the fuel injection system emerged. This recurring problem was later attributed to a valve guide disintegrating and shedding crumbs of metal. A crash in France in which the Triumph was driven over a cliff and hit some trees did not help matters. With Cardno driving, the Triumph left the road, rolling and spinning down a hill near Rouaine in the French Alps. Fortunately, no one was injured.The car was pulled out, hammered into shape and the boys drove on. (The Courier-Mail, April 1970) It took the Andes, however, to finally put Car No 92, out of the rally. The Triumph did not arrive at the Santiago checkpoint within the time limit and was eliminated. 1977 London to Sydney Marathon

<mask> took part in this event in a Peugeot

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 504TI, Car No 68, with other Australians Bruce Mudd and Geoff Perry but did not finish. Evan Green competed separately, in Car No 39 sponsored by Endrust Australia Ltd, and drove a Range Rover. While showing initial promise, Car No 68 was plagued by bad luck that culminated in a crash involving a tractor and other mayhem near Agra, India. 1979 Repco Trial

This was to be 'Gelignite' <mask>'s last competitive motorsport event, held in August 1979.<mask>, his elder son John with mate Jeff d’Albora competed in a Dick Smith sponsored Holden Commodore No.28, with number plates JM456 as used on the old 'Grey Ghost', finished 23rd or 29th, depending on your source. Family
John Eric <mask> married Ena May Byrne on 3 July 1942 at the (Anglican) Church of St Jude, Randwick; <mask> purchased a block of three home units and the family home was at 3/24 Derby Street, Vaucluse. <mask> and Ena had two sons; John Vivian <mask> (b. 1943) and Philip Eric <mask> (b. 1954). <mask> and Ena <mask> remained married until <mask>'s death in 1983. However, in 1958, 'Gelignite' <mask> met Dorothy Rosewell (born 1931), real estate agent, business woman and fellow competitor in the Ampol Trial of that year.They fell in love. Their relationship blossomed, grew and also endured until <mask>'s death. It was a love that spanned 25 years. In many ways <mask> led dual lives and crammed the experiences, travel, sports and sheer zest for life of at least two men into his 76 years. In early December 1980 <mask> was hospitalised with blood circulation problems, and had his right leg amputated

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 above the knee. 'Just as well I can ski on one foot!' was <mask>'s first comment.'Gelignite' <mask> was admitted to St Vincent's Hospital in October 1983 with a cardiovascular disease and died ten weeks later on 11 December 1983. Other interests
'Gelignite' <mask>'s sporting interests and achievements were eclectic and far ranging. In his own words, at different times throughout his life he was 'engaged in various sports with various successes': cycling; VFL schoolboy football; stock car racing; hill climbing motor races; circuit car racing; car endurance events; Australian and NSW Grand Prix racing; international and Australian rally driving; wrestling; boxing; crocodile, kangaroo and buffalo hunting; ocean boat racing and waterskiing – to name most, but not all. <mask> even raced a bathtub once, plug in. As a young man, <mask> was a champion amateur wrestler and was a member of the North Bondi Surf Lifesaving Club. During an amateur wrestling career spanning seventeen years (1930‑46), <mask> won no fewer than thirteen NSW State Championships:

74 kg: 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933 and 1934; JE <mask> was NSW State Champion five times. 84 kg: 1930, 1931, 1935, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1945 and 1946; JE <mask> was NSW State Champion eight times.In both 1930 and 1931, <mask> not only won the lower weight division but also competed in and won the next higher weight division, defeating considerably larger opponents. If he had not lost two crucial matches to his close friend, <mask>Spud’ O’Hara, <mask> would have represented Australia at both the 1934 London Empire Games and

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 at the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. In 1964, 'Gelignite' <mask> and Keith Whitehead won the inaugural Sydney‑Newcastle‑Sydney Ocean Race, in a Bertram boat called Tact. <mask> was an expert waterskier. <mask> was not the first person to waterski in Australia. However, due to his pioneering involvement, including securing sponsorship for the initial Bridge to Bridge ski race, and his extensive promotion and participation in the sport, he is often referred to as the ‘father of waterskiing’ in Australia. <mask> was a life member of the NSW Water Ski Association and holds the distinction of being one of a group of seven who first barefooted in Australia.'Gelignite' <mask> together with Canadian born scientist Professor Harry Messel taught Wernher Von Braun, former Nazi SS Officer and "father of the American space program" to waterski on the Hawkesbury River. 'Gelignite' <mask>'s favourite ski locations were originally Jervis Bay, then subsequently Sackville and the Hawkesbury River, near Sydney and Shoal Bay, Port Stephens. Recognition
He was the subject of a book Journeys with Gelignite <mask>, Rigby Limited, first published 1966, by his lifelong friend, eminent motor racer and motoring journalist Evan Green about an outback journey they undertook for the Castrol company. A new edition, Hit the Road, Jack, was published in 1991 by Pan Macmillan
On 3 March 1978, the Guest of Honour on the popular TV show This Is Your Life was 'Gelignite' <mask>. The show was hosted by Roger Climpson and shown on the Channel 7 network. In April 1984 a monument bearing his name

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 was erected at Shoal Bay, New South Wales, where he holidayed regularly. <mask> featured as a major character in Dust and Glory, a 1990 novel by Evan Green.The action of the novel takes place in the fictitious 1956 REDEX Trial (the last REDEX Reliability Trial was in 1955) and several real-life characters appear apart from <mask>, notably the radio star <mask>, who in the book wants to be taken seriously as a rally driver not for his celebrity value. In 2013 'Gelignite' <mask> was inducted into the Australian Rally Hall of Fame. In March 2016 'Gelignite' <mask> was an inaugural inductee into the Australian Motor Sport Hall of Fame. (Confederation of Australian Motorsports, CAMS). The CAMS Hall of Fame incorporates all facets of the sport. A gala dinner was held in Melbourne prior to the 2016 Australian Grand Prix. The induction was accepted on <mask>'s behalf jointly by younger son Phil and <mask>'s grandson, Jonny <mask> who enjoyed a successful rally career, most notably with Subaru.'Gelignite' <mask>, son John Vivian <mask> and grandson John Charles "Jonny" <mask> (born 1981) – the motorsport rally gene was shared by three generations of <mask>s. In 2017, Peter Carey's novel A Long Way from Home tells the tale of a REDEX Trial, mentions 'Gelignite' <mask> and features a character called 'Dangerous Dan' who has 'Gelignite' <mask>'s penchant for explosives. Biography
 Foreword by Dick Smith. References

External links
 Sound recording Gelignite <mask> interviewed by Neil Bennetts. Recorded in Sydney, 18 May 1976. 1907 births
1983 deaths
Racing drivers

masks:
Jack
Murray
Jack Davey
Jack Murray
Jack Murray
Jack
Jack
Murray
Jack Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Jack
Jack
Jack Murray


texts:
<mask> (; born 7 April 1986), known mononymously as Siwon, is a South Korean singer, songwriter, model, and actor known for his work as a member of South Korean boy group Super Junior. <mask> committed as special representative of UNICEF Korea for children’s issues over the last four years before he was chosen as UNICEF regional ambassador for East Asia and Pacific in November 2019. Aside from being a member of Super Junior, <mask> has also ventured into solo activities, mainly acting. He played lead roles in the Korean dramas Oh! My Lady (2010), Poseidon (2011), Revolutionary Love (2017), and My Fellow Citizens! (2019) and had supporting roles in Athena: Goddess of War (2010), The King of Dramas (2012) and She Was Pretty (2015). <mask> has also participated in various Chinese language films such as Helios, To the Fore and Dragon Blade.<mask>-won is a representative for Audi Korea. In 2015, <mask>-won was chosen by the luxury watchmaker brand Piaget as their youngest Asian model. As in 2016, <mask>-won is listed in Forbes magazine “30 Under 30 Asia”. Si-won is described as “one of South Korea’s most sought-after singers and actors”. <mask>-won will be producer of an upcoming film. In 2015, <mask> with EnterMedia Pictures (CEO Lee Dong Hoon) purchased the rights to the 2011 Daum webtoon “Interview,” authored by Rude Vico (romanized from the Korean 루드비코). In October 2015, <mask>-won became the first Korean to reach 5 million Twitter followers.Early life
<mask> was born in Seoul, South Korea, on 10 February 1987. He has one younger sister, Ji-won. His father was the former CEO of Boryung Medicine, a pharmaceutical company. Career
<mask> was scouted by a talent agent from SM Entertainment when he was 16 as he was waiting for friends in front of his high school. The agent recommended him to audition for the company's Starlight Casting System. He

masks:
Choi Si won
Choi
Choi
Choi
Choi Si
Choi Si
Choi Si
Choi Si
Choi Siwon
Choi Si
Choi
Choi


texts:
 auditioned without his parent's approval; his parents were notified only after he passed the auditions. Although his parents allowed him to sign a contract with SM Entertainment, they did not give him any help because they wanted him to take responsibility for his actions.He later moved into dormitories with fellow trainees and was trained in areas of singing, acting, dancing as well as languages. He was featured in a music video of The Grace's Dana whilst he was being trained as a solo singer in 2003. A year after, <mask> made a brief appearance in family drama, Precious Family and again in 2005 in the KBS romance comedy drama Eighteen, Twenty-Nine as young Kang Bong-man, while in 2006 he played the supporting role of Park Sang-woo in romance melodrama Spring Waltz. Debut with Super Junior and Super Junior-M

Not long after <mask>'s first television appearance, SM Entertainment released an announcement that he would debut as one of the twelve members in a boy band. A few months before the debut of Super Junior 05, <mask> made his first media appearance with bandmate Han Geng as one of the runway models in a fashion show by Bum Suk. <mask> debuted as part of 12-member rotational project group Super Junior 05 on 6 November 2005 on SBS' music program Popular Songs, performing their first single, "Twins (Knock Out)". Their debut album Twins was released a month later on 5 December 2005 and debuted at number three  on the monthly MIAK K-pop album charts.In March 2006, SM Entertainment began to recruit new members for the next Super Junior generation. However, plans changed and the company declared a halt in forming future Super Junior generations. Following the addition of thirteenth member Kyuhyun, the group dropped the suffix "05" and became officially credited as Super Junior. The re-polished group's first CD single "U" was released on 7 June 2006,

masks: Choi Choi Choi Choi


texts:
 which was their most successful single until the release of "Sorry, Sorry" in March 2009, which helped them achieve global success. In April 2008, <mask> was put into seven-member sub-group Super Junior-M, a Mandopop subgroup of Super Junior for the Chinese music industry. They debuted in China at the 8th Annual Music Chart Awards, simultaneously with the release of their first music video, "U" on 8 April 2008. This was followed by the release of the debut Chinese-language studio album, Me in selected provinces in China on 23 April and 2 May in Taiwan.Acting career
In 2006, <mask> was cast in the Hong Kong epic film A Battle of Wits, playing the role of the Liang Prince. This also marks his film debut. <mask> received praise from co-star Andy Lau, who stated that <mask> sets a good example for Hong Kong actors. In 2007, <mask> starred in Attack on the Pin-Up Boys along with other Super Junior members. The same year, he was cast in MBC's two-episode mini series Legend of Hyang Dan. After a three-year hiatus, <mask> returned to the screen with SBS' romantic comedy Oh! My Lady.The same year, he starred in the big-budget spy series Athena: Goddess of War, a spin-off to the 2009 hit drama Iris. He plays a data analyst and rookie elite agent. In 2011, <mask> headlined KBS' action drama Poseidon. The same year, he starred in his first taiwanese drama Skip Beat! with Ivy Chen and fellow band member Donghae. The series is a live-action adaptation of Japanese shōjo manga titled Skip Beat! by Yoshiki Nakamura.In 2012, <mask> starred in SBS' comedy satire drama The King of Dramas, based around Korean television production. He plays Kang Hyun-min, a top celebrity with a prickly personality. <mask> starred in multiple projects in 2015. He co-starred in Hong Kong historical-action film Dragon Blade with Jackie Chan, crime thriller Helios and sports drama To the

masks: Choi Choi Choi Choi Choi Choi Choi Choi Choi


texts:
 Fore alongside Eddie Peng and Shawn Dou. He also starred in the Chinese romance drama Fall In Love With You Again and was cast in Billion Dollar Heir, a Chinese adaptation of the 2013 hit drama The Heirs. Back in Korea, <mask> starred as the second male lead in MBC's romantic comedy She Was Pretty. He received critical acclaim for his acting performance and comedic portrayal of the character, and experienced a rise in popularity.He released a single for the drama titled "Only You", which ranked atop the music charts. In October 2017, <mask> started in the tvN's youth romance drama Revolutionary Love alongside Kang So-ra. This marked his first project after releasing from his mandatory military enlistment on 18 August 2017. In April 2019, <mask> starred in KBS’s crime comedy drama My Fellow Citizens!. Personal life
<mask> graduated from Apgu Jeong High School in February 2006 and from Inha University in February 2012 alongside fellow member Kim Ryeowook. <mask> is well known as a devout Protestant Christian, and has said in an interview that after his career, he would like to become a missionary. He frequently posts Bible quotes on his Twitter and Weibo accounts.He has also collaborated with the Christian singing group 3rd Wave Music along with other K-pop artists. In 2008, <mask> appeared on Chinese postage stamps, one of the first four South Korean artists to do so. The stamps were sold as a charity event to raise funds for victims of an earthquake which happened in China earlier that year. <mask> enlisted as a conscripted policeman on 19 November 2015. He was discharged from mandatory military service on 18 August 2017. A wax figure of <mask> was unveiled at Madame Tussauds in Hong Kong on 19 November 2015. On December 10, 2021, Siwon tested positive for COVID-19, and did not attend the 2021 Mnet Asian Music Awards.Controversies
On 30 September

masks: Choi Choi Choi Choi Choi Choi Choi Choi


texts:
 2017, an untied French bulldog owned by <mask>'s family bit their neighbor, 53-year-old businesswoman Kim who ran Hanilkwan, an upscale Korean cuisine restaurant. This resulted in the death of the victim six days after the incident. The cause was identified as sepsis, brought on by the bite. <mask> and his father separately wrote letters of apology on their Instagram accounts on 21 October 2017. Although a family member of the deceased told media that the family were not willing to take any legal action, the <mask> family received severe backlash from the public for not taking any precautionary measures with their dog. Philanthropy
<mask> has joined many UNICEF campaigns since 2010. He was appointed as the special representative of the South Korea committee for UNICEF on 12 November 2015.Upon his release from the military, <mask> confirmed to volunteer for a UNICEF campaign in Vietnam from 21 to 25 August 2017, alongside fellow labelmate Jaemin of NCT Dream. The campaign is named as "SMile for U" which is a music education programme for children with disabilities conducted in partnership with <mask>'s agency. Discography

Singles

Filmography

Film

Television series

Web series

Television shows

Accolades

Notes

References

External links

Super Junior-M members
Super Junior members
Japanese-language singers
Mandarin-language singers of South Korea
South Korean male idols
South Korean pop singers
South Korean male singers
Age controversies
South Korean male taekwondo practitioners
South Korean rhythm and blues singers
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male web series actors
South Korean television presenters
South Korean radio presenters
South Korean Protestants
Inha University alumni
Male actors from Seoul
Singers from Seoul
21st-century South Korean singers

1986 births
Living people
Forbes 30 Under

masks: Choi Choi Choi Choi Choi Choi


texts:
<mask> (October 12, 1959 – January 28, 2016) was an American professional basketball player. A tall and strong center, he was one of the top prospects in the 1978 high school class. He played 4 years of college basketball for the Texas A&M Aggies, and he was a 4th-round pick in the 1982 NBA Draft; however, he never played in the NBA and he had a 5-year career playing professional basketball in Europe (Italy and Spain) and in the CBA. High school career
<mask> started to play basketball at a young age, and as a sophomore in high school he was already 6 ft 10 in tall and a key member of the varsity team. Coached by Bobby Joe Perry, <mask> averaged 16.8 points and recorded 439 rebounds in his sophomore year and he was named MVP of his district. That year he scored 257 of his 451 field goal attempts (57%), and 58 of his 131 free throws (44.3%). In his junior year he averaged 20.5 points per game, and was already regarded as one of the top upcoming players in the nation.Again, he was named the MVP of the high school tournament. As a senior he averaged 22.8 points and 15.4 rebounds, he was an all-state selection and the MVP of the tournament for the third year in a row. Several college coaches regarded him the best big man in the nation, and in his 3 years of varsity basketball at Bryan High School he won 3 championships in a row. His successful senior season earned him a selection as a McDonald's All-American. In the 1978 McDonald's game, which was played in Philadelphia, he scored 13 points, shooting 5/15 from the field (3/5 from the free throw line), and recorded 16 rebounds in 23 minutes of play, being named the game MVP. He also played in another high school all-star game, the Capital Classic, where he scored 16 points (7/9 shooting, 2/3

masks:
Rudy Dewayne Woods
Woods
Woods


texts:
 on free throws). College career
<mask> was heavily recruited during his high school career, and received interest from Texas A&M, Michigan, USC, Kentucky, Hawaii, North Carolina and LSU.He finally signed with Texas A&M in April 1978, choosing to wear number 23. <mask> immediately made an impact at Texas A&M, and his freshman season was arguably his best one: he averaged 13.9 points and 8.7 rebounds while playing 28.2 minutes per game, he shot .622 from the field (Texas A&M record for a single season at the time), and led the team in rebounds and blocks (2.0). He recorded a career-high 17 rebounds against SMU on January 13, 1979. At the end of the season he was named in the All-SWC first team, he was NABC All-District, All-Defense team, and received the SWC Freshman of the Year award. That year he also played for Team USA at the 1979 Summer Universiade, winning the gold medal. During his sophomore year at Texas A&M coach Shelby Metcalf increased his minutes, but <mask>' averages slightly decreased to 11 points and 7.6 rebounds per game: he played 34 games that season, again leading the team in rebounding and blocked shots. He scored a career-high 31 points on January 28, 1980 against Houston.He was named in the NABC All-District team and in the conference All-Defense team. Since Texas A&M won the SWC conference title, they participated in the NCAA Tournament, where they were eliminated by Louisville in the Midwest Regional Semifinals. <mask>' junior year was his worst during his tenure at Texas A&M: he only played 13 games, averaging 21.9 minutes, 8.2 points and 5.2 rebounds. His eligibility was on the line due to poor academic performance and missed classes, and this ended his season early. He had to attend a junior college for two

masks: Woods Woods Woods Woods


texts: semesters in order to improve his grades and be able to go back to Texas A&M. <mask> was eligible again for his senior year, and he returned to be a key player for his team: he played 31 games and averaged 10.8 points, 7.8 rebounds and a team-high 1.5 blocks in 26.8 minutes per game. He finished his career as the Aggies all-time blocks leader with 192 (his record has since been surpassed by Winston Crite with 200), he was the holder of the best field goal percentage for a career with .584 (since surpassed by Tyler Davis and Kourtney Roberson), he is 16th all-time in scoring with 1,272 points and 5th in rebounding with 853.During his time at Texas A&M he was part of "The Wall", a group of players noted for their defensive prowess, along with David Britton, Claude Riley, Vernon Smith and Rynn Wright. However, he did not make the final roster, and chose to sign for Italian team Napoli Basket (named Seleco Napoli for sponsorship reasons). In his first season he scored a total of 703 points and recorded 371 rebounds in 1164 minutes of playing time; he also averaged 3.7 blocks per game. His production decreased the following season, where he scored 511 points and grabbed 306 rebounds in 1063 minutes. In 1984 he came back to the United States and joined the CBA. He initially signed with the Wisconsin Flyers, and in the second part of the season he transferred to the Lancaster Lightning, where he also played during the playoffs, averaging 20.3 points and 8.0 rebounds per game. He played a total of 45 games in the 1984–85 CBA season, averaging 10.5 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.4 blocks in 24.7 minutes per game.In 1985 he came back to Italy, and played 38 games for AMG Sebastiani Rieti between the 1985–86 and 1986–87 editions of Serie A. He then


texts:
 moved to Spain, where he played the rest of the 1986–87 season in Liga ACB for CB Breogán. He played 15 games in the regular season, averaging 19.5 points and 8.8 rebounds in 34.9 minutes per game. He also played 4 playoffs games, recording averages of 25.5 points and 6.3 rebounds. Personal life
<mask> was the fifth child of <mask>, Sr. and his wife Ruthie: his parents had 8 children. After his retirement from professional basketball he worked as a truck driver, as a police officer in Denver, Colorado, and as a correctional officer in his native town of Bryan, Texas. <mask> has a son, <mask>, Jr. from a first marriage.In 1986, he married Vanita L. Williams, and they had one son, Samuel Alexander <mask> (Aka: Samuel Warren). They divorced in 1991. He married Diane in December 1997, he was the father of 4 step-children. During his career abroad he learned 5 languages; he died of complications related to diabetes, an illness he had been fighting for several years. References

External links
Stats at Sports-Reference.com
Euro Stats at Basketball-Reference.com
 Italian league stats
 Spanish league stats

1959 births
2016 deaths
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
AMG Sebastiani Basket players
Basketball players from Texas
CB Breogán players
Centers (basketball)
Dallas Mavericks draft picks
Lancaster Lightning players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Sportspeople from Texas
Texas A&M Aggies men's basketball players
Universiade medalists in basketball
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1979 Summer Universiade
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American

masks:
Rudy Woods
Lemon Woods
Rudy
Rudy Woods
Woods


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<mask> (March 12, 1931 – September 25, 2018) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 1950s and early 1960s. Before becoming a professional, Lewicki was at the center of a dispute over professional hockey signing practices. , Lewicki is the only player to have won the Allan Cup, Memorial Cup and Stanley Cup while still a junior. Early life

Born in Fort William, Ontario, Lewicki was one of eight children in the family of Michael and Anastasia (Chorna) <mask>. Both Michael and Anastasia were born in Ukraine and emigrated to Canada where they met in Fort William. The family lived in the area known as the "Coal Docks", an immigrant enclave near the docks in Fort William.The family shared a home with six boarders. In an abusive marriage, Anastasia left Michael when Daniel was two years of age. Two of the children were sent to Geraldton, Ontario where the eldest sister lived with her husband. Daniel, his mother, a sister and brother and a boarder lived in a two-room shack  by . Lewicki started skating at age five, first with bob skates, then a used pair three sizes too large. Until age twelve, Lewicki learned to play hockey by playing shinny on outdoor rinks. Organized hockey started at age twelve and Lewicki joined the Bantam Elks.This he did in secret, as his mother was strongly opposed to his playing hockey. Lewicki would hide his hockey equipment outside under the backyard stairs. The next season, Lewicki played for the North Star Bantams, moving up to the Midgets at age fourteen a year early, to play against boys sixteen and older. Hockey career

Junior
At age fifteen, Lewicki got his

masks:
Daniel Vladimir Lewicki
Lewicki


texts: first taste of junior hockey with the Columbus Juniors in their playoffs against the Winnipeg Monarchs. Lewicki returned to the Columbus Juniors the following season. That season, Lewicki led the Fort William league in scoring, and started attracting the attention of pro scouts from Toronto, New York and Detroit. Lewicki did not sign with any team, but was placed on the negotiating list of the Providence Reds by his coach, Leo Barbini, who did some scouting for the Reds.Barbini somehow managed to put Lewicki on the Providence list before Toronto and New York, who had filed at 12:01 am on Lewicki's sixteenth birthday. The following season, Columbus was defeated by the Port Arthur West End Bruins. After the series, Lewicki was invited to join the Bruins as they continued in junior series playoffs. The Bruins defeated Winnipeg to advance to the Western title series against Lethbridge, Alberta. Port Arthur and Lethbridge were tied 3–3 in a best-of-seven series. Lethbridge refused to play the seventh game in Port Arthur and the game was moved to Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens. The large ice surface favoured the Bruins and they defeated Lethbridge 11–1 to advance to the 1948 Memorial Cup final against the Barrie Flyers.The Bruins defeated the Flyers in four straight to win the Cup and Lewicki scored the series-winning goal. The club had an impressive array of talent. Eight players from the Bruins would go on to play in the NHL. Lewicki was the top scorer in the playoffs, recording 40 points. After the Cup, the Toronto Maple Leafs bought the rights to Lewicki for a record price of $35,000 and a player. In the fall, Lewicki left Port Arthur to join the Stratford Kroehlers, coached by Barbini, his old coach. Before the


texts:
 regular season started, Lewicki was ordered to join the Toronto Marlboros by  the Maple Leafs.Unbeknownst to Lewicki, Barbini had signed Lewicki to a "C" Form, which bound Lewicki at age eighteen, and not simply signed Lewicki to a negotiating list. Lewicki refused to play for Toronto, but was told that he had to play for the Marlboros, or nowhere else. Lewicki received a telegram from NHL President Clarence Campbell advising him that he was suspended. The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association took up Lewicki's case, but the CAHA stopped backing Lewicki short of any legal action. Stratford did as well, in the face of pressure from the Maple Leafs. Lewicki decided to join the Marlboros. The "C" Form, which Lewicki signed, became an issue in the Canadian Parliament, and was abolished a few years later.The Marlboros were defeated in the playoffs that year, and, like in Port Arthur, Lewicki was invited to join another team on a playoff run. This time it was the Marlboros' senior team, in competition for the Allan Cup. The Marlboros defeated the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, then the Cornwall Calumets, the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds and the Sherbrooke Saints to advance to the 1950 Allan Cup final against the Calgary Stampeders. Lewicki would be named the MVP for the series as the Marlboros defeated Calgary 4–1. Lewicki scored 42 points in the 17 playoff games. Professional
In 1950, Lewicki began his National Hockey League career with the Maple Leafs.As a nineteen-year-old, he made the team straight out of training camp. Lewicki was able to get a one-way contract at $10,000 for three years and a signing bonus of $3,000. He made his NHL debut on October 14, 1950 against the Chicago Black Hawks. In his seventh game,


texts: Lewicki scored his first NHL goal on a bounce off the glass that bounced off the back of the Boston Bruins goaltender Jack Gelineau. Lewicki became a contender for the Calder Memorial Trophy, although he had strong competition from future Hall of Famer Terry Sawchuk. Lewicki had 16 goals and 31 assists before a groin injury ended his season early. Lewicki was third in voting for the Calder.The team finished second to qualify for the playoffs. Lewicki was pressed into service on the orders of Conn Smythe, although he was not healed. To play he had to have his groin muscle frozen and taped before each game. Instead of being able to contribute as a scorer, Lewicki would play a checking role in the playoffs. The Leafs defeated the Montreal Canadiens in the final 4–1 to win the 1951 Stanley Cup Final. Lewicki was an Allan Cup, Memorial Cup and Stanley Cup winner at the age of 20. Lewicki spent the next three seasons mainly with the Leafs' Pittsburgh Hornets.Smythe was mad at Lewicki for getting married during the 1951 off-season. In Smythe's memoirs, he later regretted demoting a player to the minors for getting married, without naming the player. Lewicki may be the player, but he is not the only player to be demoted for that reason. Lewicki and another Leaf player John McCormack were both demoted following marriages. Despite a 36-goal, 45-assist and 81-point season in Pittsburgh, in 1954, the Maple Leafs sold Lewicki to the New York Rangers. Back in the NHL, Lewicki would respond with the best NHL season of his career, scoring 29 goals and 24 assists in 70 games and was named to the NHL Second All-Star team. After the 1957–58 season, the Rangers left him unprotected for the annual intra-league draft, and Lewicki


texts:
 became Montreal Canadiens property.Although he had a good training camp, and earned a bonus for his play, he was shipped to the Chicago Black Hawks. <mask> and other players who had been picked from the Rangers' system were picked by the Canadiens simply to hurt the Rangers and the Canadiens had no plans to play them. Lewicki played one season for the Black Hawks, who made make the playoffs, only to lose in the first round. In the final game of the playoff, referee Red Storey missed a tripping call leading to a series-winning goal by the Canadiens. The fans at Chicago Stadium were threatening Storey, and Lewicki gave Storey his stick to defend himself as Lewicki was unhappy after sitting on the bench so he handed Storey his stick saying, "you need it more than me." Storey used the stick to defend himself to exit the arena. It was both Storey and <mask>'s last game in the NHL.Storey resigned after criticism from league president Campbell, and the Black Hawks sent Lewicki to the minors. Lewicki contends that the incident led to his being 'black-balled' from the league as he received no call-ups or any chances to make another NHL club for the rest of his career. Lewicki played for a few seasons in the American Hockey League before retiring in 1963. Awards and records
 1955 – NHL Second All-Star Team

Career statistics

References

Bibliography

External links

1931 births
2018 deaths
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Quebec Aces (AHL) players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Toronto Marlboros

masks: Lewicki Lewicki


texts:
Rear-Admiral <mask>'Brien (March 178513 May 1857) was an officer of the Royal Navy. He was the son of a Royal Navy captain who claimed descent from an ancient Irish king. O'Brien served as a midshipman during the French Revolutionary Wars and commanded a troop-carrying vessel during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland. He was afterwards appointed acting lieutenant and served as a master's mate on the frigate Hussar. While returning to England in 1804, the ship was wrecked on the Île de Sein and O'Brien and other crew were captured by the French. O'Brien was imprisoned in France but escaped in 1808 and reached a British vessel at Trieste. He later wrote a book about his experiences.O'Brien was afterwards promoted to lieutenant and served with the Mediterranean Fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. He distinguished himself in a number of boat actions, capturing numerous warships and cargo vessels. In 1818 O'Brien was posted to the South America Station and served there during the early part of the Argentine Civil Wars. In 1821 he returned to England. O'Brien never served at sea again but was promoted to rear-admiral in the reserve in 1852. Early life and career
<mask> <mask> O'Brien was born in March 1785 in Ireland. He was the second son of Michael O'Brien of Ennistymon, County Clare, a Royal Navy captain who claimed descent from an ancient Irish king and <mask> of Feenagh, County Clare.O'Brien joined the Royal Navy as an ordinary seaman on 16 December 1796, and served as a midshipman. He served on the Home Station on the 64-gun ship-of-the-line Overyssel (a vessel captured from the Dutch) under the command of Captain John Bazely, and later Captain John Young. O'Brien, despite his lack of experience, was placed in command of one of the ship's boats. During the 1799 Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland he commanded a

masks:
Donat Henchy O
Donat
Henchy
Hannah Henchy


texts:
 flat-bottomed boat carrying troops ashore. He afterwards was given command of a hoy which, heavily ballasted with stone, was intended to sink at the entrance of the harbour in Goeree (Goeree-Overflakkee) to block in three Dutch ships-of-the-line. A sudden squall caused the hoy to sink and O'Brien and his crew were rescued, after some difficulty, by a boat from the hired armed cutter Lion. Capture and escape
In January 1800 O'Brien was appointed acting lieutenant of the 16-gun brig-sloop , commanded by Captain Anselm John Griffiths.As Atalante was short-handed, lacking a lieutenant, master, boatswain, and gunner, O'Brien remained on board for three months, harassing Dutch shipping off the Flemish banks, Dunkirk and Gravelines. O'Brien afterwards returned to Overyssel and from December 1801 was employed for two periods on board the 54-gun ship-of-the-line  as master's mate. He passed the lieutenant's exam and was appointed master's mate of the frigate . Hussar was returning to England with dispatches from Ferrol, Spain, on 8 February 1804 when she grounded on the Île de Sein. The crew were captured by the French and taken into captivity. O'Brien was imprisoned at Verdun and, from 1807, made attempts to escape, though his first two attempts were thwarted by poor weather and hunger. His third attempt was made in conjunction with Maurice Hewson and fellow Hussar junior officer Henry Ashworth from the citadel at Bitche on 14 September 1808.The men succeeded in reaching Trieste by November and were picked up by a boat from the British frigate . While onboard Amphion O'Brien participated in attacks on two enemy vessels, during which he was wounded in the right arm. He returned to Malta on  to join the second-rate ship-of-the line . Mediterranean
Ocean was the flagship of Admiral Collingwood who promoted O'Brien to


texts:
 lieutenant on 29 March 1809 and appointed him to the third-rate ship-of-the-line Warrior under Captain John William Spranger. O'Brien served on Warrior during operations associated with the capture of the Ionian Islands. He returned to Amphion, under Captain William Hoste, in March 1810. On 29 June O'Brien commanded the boats of Amphion and Cerberus to provide cover to a landing of sailors and marines at Grao (Grado), Italy, which defeated a French force and captured a large quantity of naval stores bound for Venice.O'Brien served as second lieutenant on Amphion during the 13 March 1811 Battle of Lissa, a significant victory for Hoste against a Franco-Italian force. O'Brien returned to Malta in command of one of the prizes, the frigate Bellona. Hoste brought O'Brien with him when he assumed command of the newly built 38-gun fifth-rate frigate Bacchante. O'Brien distinguished himself onboard this vessel and in command of its boats. This included on the night of 31 August/1 September 1812 when he attacked French and Venetian vessels in Lema Bay (between Vrsar and Rovinj in Istria). O'Brien cut out seven cargo ships carrying shipbuilding timber to Venice and captured the French xebec La Tisiphone and two gunboats, with no British loss of life. On 18 September, commanding six boats and 72 men, he captured eight enemy war vessels and a convoy of 18 cargo ships that Bacchante chased onto the coastline between Tremiti (Isole Tremiti) and Vasto, Italy.In November he commanded boats from Bacchante, Eagle and Achille which landed at Fesano (Fažana), Istria, and, despite a garrison of 300 soldiers, captured a large quantity of oak timber owned by the French government. On 6 January 1813 O'Brien captured three gunboats near Otranto in Southern Italy, with no British casualties. Later career
O'Brien was promoted to


texts:
 commander on 22 January 1813 and left Bacchante in April, returning to England as a passenger on Watkin Owen Pell's Thunder. O'Brien was without a command until 1818 but in 1814 published an account of his shipwreck on Hussar and his subsequent escape to Trieste. In 1818, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, he was appointed to command the 20-gun HMS Slaney. He served on the South America Station and, after Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy was posted to the west, was senior commander on the Atlantic coast of this station. O'Brien held this role during the early part of the Argentine Civil Wars, a time when Buenos Aires was at war with neighbouring provinces.He was successful in persuading the Buenos Aires government not to proceed with its intention to draft British residents into its army and to appropriate their possessions. O'Brien was promoted to captain on 5 March 1821 and left South America in October, returning to Britain on board the frigate Owen Glendower. O'Brien married Hannah Walsley in England on 28 June 1825, and they had seven children together. In 1839 he published a two-volume memoir; this, alongside those published by O'Brien's shipmate Ashworth and by Edward Boys, served as the basis for Frederick Marryat's novel Peter Simple, whose title character was a Royal Navy midshipman. O'Brien would see no further active service but was promoted to rear-admiral on the reserve list on 8 March 1852. He died at Yew House, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, on 13 May 1857 and was commemorated in a memorial window in St Augustine's Church, Broxbourne. References

External links
 My Adventures During the Late War[https https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/49911] by <mask> <mask> O'Brien on Gutenberg.org

1785 births
1857 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the

masks: Donat Henchy


texts:
is a Japanese actor and singer. His major works include lead roles as Wataru Kurenai in Kamen Rider Kiva; and supporting roles as Satoru Okura in Atashinchi no Danshi, Ariake Yamato in Otomen, and Eiji Kikumaru in Tenimyu. He stars as Mori Ranmaru in the drama, Gō: Hime-tachi no Sengoku. In 2010, he was named one of the most promising actors and actresses, placing 7th in a poll conducted by Oricon. Through his role with Kamen Rider Kiva, he was also the lead vocalist of the J-Rock band Tetra-Fang. Seto is a member of D-Boys. Life and career
Born in 1988 in Kyushu, <mask>o grew up as the oldest child with two younger sisters.His childhood dream of becoming a vet changed suddenly with the end of his Junior High School time, when he watched with 15 years the TV series Orange Days. The praised drama and performance by Satoshi Tsumabuki inspired his wish to become an actor. After discussing his plans with his parents, they decided to support their son and enrolled him to a local acting school. After one year in training, he was cast in 2005 as Makoto Kanno, the snobbish main antagonist  the comedy TV Series Rocket Boys. Although the series was filmed earlier, it would take over six months until its broadcasting. Meanwhile, after the filming ended, his parents surprised their son with a letter that stated the teenager made it to the final round of Watanabe Entertainment's 2nd official D-Boys audition. With his interpretation of Fukuyama Masaharu's song "Himawari" won Seto the Grand Prix 2nd Winner Award on July 31, 2005.He debuted as a Junior member just shortly afterwards in December at the 3rd D-Live Event - an entertainment


texts: show featuring only D-Boys members. In spring 2006, at the age of 17, he finally moved after constant commuting from his rural and idyllic hometown in Fukuoka to live by himself in Tokyo. Seto starred together with all his fellow D-Boys members in their first own TV production "DD-Boys" and won, at the same time, the audition for the part of the hyperactive acrobatic tennis player Eiji Kikumaru in Tenimyu. In 151 performances the name <mask>ru was established (the nickname was his own idea, by combining his own surname (<mask>) and Eiji's (Maru)) and took its place in the hearts of fans in Japan and all over the world until his graduation alongside the members of the 3rd Seigaku-Generation on September 9, 2007. He and his stage partner Yukihiro Takiguchi were honored with a Best Actors Album and praised by the creator of the original work Takeshi Konomi as perfect cast. <mask>'s official D-Boys logo is a chameleon, in reference to his versatility. In late 2006 the young actor was chosen as Thursday's-face of OhaStar, a children's TV show airing live every morning on TV Tokyo.He co-hosted the show constantly from then, once a week together with Kōichi Yamadera, until his graduation on April 28, 2008. <mask> was not just a boy in an old-fashioned green uniform - he also had the ability to change his persona with the use of his "Miracle Glasses". This way, he was able to act out his part in eight different ways. He starred in his first leading part in spring 2007, as the dallying greenhorn Kyoichi Segawa, a young gentleman Butler in Happy Boys. The drama followed Makoto Tateno's script, which was published alongside the TV

masks: Setoma Seto Seto Seto


texts: series in Manga-form. Manga artist Tateno created the character design originally based upon the actors - a very rare occurrence. Right after this series, the teenager was offered his first starring role in a movie, as the meekly salesman Tibe-kun, who tries to deal with the yaoi passion of his girlfriend in the comedy Tonari no Yaoi-chan, a self-parody movie based on a real-life blog that centered on the 801-chan phenomenon.The part of Izamu Hayama in the feature film Tenshi ga Kureta Mono was his first cinema production in autumn 2007. He then co-starred in winter 2007 with Aya Ueto and Yo Oizumi in his first Golden Time TV series Abarenbo Mama as a kindergarten teacher. From January 2008 to 2009 he starred as one of Toei's Tokusatsu Heros, the young violinist and half-vampire Wataru Kurenai, the protagonist in Kamen Rider Kiva. About the same time, was Seto chosen among 1000 competitors in an audition for the leading part as the rebel Hiroki "Hiro" Sakurai, in the TV series adaption of Koizora (after the bestseller book by Mika), making him the leading actor for two TV series filmed and broadcast at the same time. Both works earned him a nomination for the renowned Elan d'Or award as Best Newcomer of the Year 2009. In early 2009, <mask> started filming for the latest Ju-On movie Ju-On - Black Girl. He reprised his role as Wataru Kurenai for the first and last episode of Kamen Rider Decade, as well as in Decade: Last Story, the last part of the storyline, as a guest star.Afterwards, he starred as the hotheaded genius-magician Satoru Okura in the Fuji TV drama Atashinchi no Danshi as one of Maki Horikita's six sons,


texts:
 followed by his part as the cheerful, but delusional junior Ariake Yamato in the drama adaption of the Hit-Manga Otomen in Summer. At the end of October, he finished filming with Yusuke Yamamoto for their roles as brothers (having previously starred as brothers in Atashinchi no Danshi) in the award-winning TV movie Rinne no Ame, in which <mask> portrayed the mentally disabled, autistic Shuhei Mikami. In early 2010, he played Shunta Matsumoto, a young medical student in the BeeTV drama Gift, a part that was written for him, as an alternative version of himself. In the spring TBS TV series Tumbling, <mask> is starring as Yuta Takenaka, captain to the boy's rhythmic gymnastics team at Karasumori High, alongside Yusuke Yamamoto again. For the 10th anniversary commemoration of Watanabe Entertainment, he was selected with fellow D-Boys members Shunji Igarashi, Yuichi Nakamura, and Hirofumi Araki to represent all members of the group in a special unit with a new fifth member determined through the 2010 D-Boys Audition. Recently, he's been filming and played as Mori Ranmaru for the latest Taiga drama Gō for 2011. On 7 August 2020, <mask> married his costar in TV dramas Hope: Kitai Zero no Shinnyu Shain and Perfect World, Mizuki Yamamoto.Filmography

Film

Television

Discography

Official photobooks

Official DVDs

See also
 The Prince of Tennis

References

External links
Koji <mask>'s Blog
Koji <mask>'s D-Boys Profile

1988 births
Living people
Japanese male actors
People from Kama, Fukuoka
People from Fukuoka
Musicians from Fukuoka Prefecture
Watanabe Entertainment
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese male

masks: Seto Seto Seto Seto Seto


texts: <mask> (also known as Boleslaus III the Wry-mouthed, ) (20 August 1086 – 28 October 1138), was the duke of Lesser Poland, Silesia and Sandomierz between 1102 and 1107 and over the whole of Poland between 1107 and 1138. He was the only child of Duke Władysław I Herman and his first wife, Judith of Bohemia. Bolesław began to rule in the last decade of the 11th century, when the central government in Poland was significantly weakened. Władysław I Herman fell under the political dependence of the Count palatine Sieciech, who became the de facto ruler of the country. Backed by their father, Boleslaw and his half-brother Zbigniew finally expelled Sieciech from the country in 1101, after several years of fighting. After the death of Władysław I Herman in 1102, two independent states were created, ruled by <mask> and Zbigniew. Bolesław sought to gain Pomerania which caused an armed conflict between the brothers, and forced Zbigniew to flee the country and seek military help from King Henry V of Germany.Bolesław punished Zbigniew by blinding him. This action caused outrage among supporters of Zbigniew, resulting in a political crisis in Poland. Bolesław once again gained the favor of his subjects with public penance, and made a

masks:
Bolesław III Wrymouth
Bolesław


texts: pilgrimage to the monastery of his patron, Saint Giles, in Hungary. <mask>, like <mask> II the Generous, based his foreign policy on maintaining good relations with neighboring Hungary and Kievan Rus, with whom he forged strong links through marriage and military cooperation in order to break Poland's political dependence on Germany and Henry's vassal, the King of Bohemia, who in moments of weakness of Polish policy was forced to pay tribute in Silesia. These alliances had allowed Bolesław to effectively defend the country from invasion in 1109. Several years later, Bolesław skillfully took advantage of the dynastic disputes in Bohemia to ensure peace on the south-west border. Bolesław devoted the second half of his rule to the conquest of Pomerania.In 1113 he conquered the northern strongholds along Noteć, which strengthened the border with the Pomeranians. In subsequent years, he took further steps toward the conquest of Pomerania. The resolution of the conflict with the Holy Roman Empire allowed Bolesław to subordinate Western Pomerania and incorporate Gdańsk Pomerania. The expeditions, carried out in three stages, ended in the 1120s with military and political successes. Integration of the newly annexed lands enabled

masks: Bolesław Bolesław


texts: Bolesław to build churches and begin the process of converting Pomerania. Bishop Otto of Bamberg confirmed the Christianization of Pomerania from 1123 onward. In the 1130s Bolesław participated in the dynastic dispute in Hungary.After an unexpected defeat, he was forced to make an agreement with Germany. The Congress of Merseburg of 1135 addressed the issues of Pomerania, Silesian (probably also Polish) sovereignty and the supremacy of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg over the Polish Church. <mask> was married twice. His first marriage, to the Kievan princess Zbyslava, gave him an excuse to intervene militarily in the internal affairs of Rus'. After her death, <mask> married a German noblewoman, Salomea of Berg, which in some way was the cause of changes in Polish foreign policy: in the second half of his rule, the Prince sought to restore diplomatic relations with his western neighbor. His last, and perhaps most momentous act, was his will and testament known as "The Succession Statute" in which he divided the country among his sons, leading to almost 200 years of feudal fragmentation of the Polish Kingdom. <mask> <mask> has been recognized by historiography as a symbol of Polish political aspirations until well into the

masks:
Bolesław
Bolesław
Bolesław
III Wrymouth


texts:
 19th century.He also upheld the independence of the Polish archbishopric of Gniezno, despite a temporary failure in the 1130s. Although he achieved undoubted successes, he committed serious political errors, most notably against Zbigniew of Poland, his half-brother. The crime against Zbigniew and his penance for it show <mask>'s great ambition as well as his ability to find political compromise. Childhood

Situation of Poland during the 1080s
In 1086 the coronation of Vratislav II as King of Bohemia, and his alignment with László I, King of Hungary, threatened the position of the Polish ruler, Prince Władysław I Herman. Therefore, that same year Władysław I was forced to recall from Hungarian banishment the only son of <mask> II the Bold and a rightful heir to the Polish throne, Mieszko <mask>. Upon his return young <mask> accepted the over-lordship of his uncle and gave up his hereditary claim to the crown of Poland in exchange for becoming first in line to succeed him. In return, Władysław I Herman granted his nephew the district of Kraków.The situation was further complicated for Władysław I Herman by a lack of a legitimate male heir, as his first-born son Zbigniew came from a union not recognized by the church. With

masks: Bolesław Bolesław Bolesławowic Bolesławowic


texts:
 the return of Mieszko <mask>ic to Poland, Władysław I normalized his relations with the kingdom of Hungary as well as Kievan Rus (the marriage of Mieszko <mask>ic to a Kievan princess was arranged in 1088). These actions allowed Herman to strengthen his authority and alleviate further tensions in international affairs. Birth and naming
The lack of a legitimate heir, however, remained a concern for Władysław I and in 1085 he and his wife Judith of Bohemia sent rich gifts, among which was a life size statue of a child made of gold, to the Benedictine Sanctuary of Saint Giles in Saint-Gilles, Provence begging for offspring. The Polish envoys were led by the personal chaplain of Duchess Judith, Piotr. The date of birth of <mask> is closely linked with the death of his mother Judith. This fact is evidenced by contemporary sources:

 Gallus Anonymus in the Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum reported that Duchess Judith gave birth to Bolesław on the day of Saint Stephen, King of Hungary (whose feast since the 11th century was celebrated on 20 August).However, the Duchess's health never recovered from childbirth and she died on "the night of Nativity" (i.e., 24–25 December). Gallus did not note the year in his

masks: Bolesławow Bolesławow Bolesław


texts: chronicle. Cosmas of Prague wrote in Latin in his Chronica Boëmorum ("Chronicle of Bohemians") that <mask> was born three days before the death of Judith, who died in VIII Calends of January (25 December) of 1085. The Kalendarz krakowski said that Duchess Judith died on 24 December 1086, and only indicated that the birth of <mask> was in the same year. The Obituary of the Abbey of Saint-Gilles reported the death of Judith on 24 December 1086. The Rocznik kapituły krakowskiej (closely related to the Kalendarz krakowski) placed the death of Judith on 24 December 1086. Historian August Bielowski established Bolesław's birth on 26 December 1085 and the death of his mother two days later, on 28 December.According to him Gallus Anonymus committed two errors. First, instead of "the Sunday after the Nativity of the Lord", he wrote incorrectly "in the Sunday of the Nativity". Secondly, he mistook the day of Saint Stephen (26 December) for the festivities of King Stephen of Hungary (20 August). Both corrections lead to the birth date of <mask> on 26 December. This theory was supported by the fact that, in 1085, 28 December fell on a Sunday. Oswald Balzer refuted Bielowski's theory, arguing that Judith's death was on the night of

masks: Bolesław Bolesław Bolesław


texts: 24/25 December 1086, and the birth of <mask> was four months before, on 20 August. According to him, this timing of Judith's death gives rise to possible discrepancies in determining the exact date of Bolesław's birth, but corroborates all known sources who placed the death of Judith.Gallus wrote that Judith died shortly after giving birth to a son. Later sources interpret this as a death in childbirth and Cosmas of Prague followed this fact, though he didn't receive the information firsthand. Hence, his mistake would result in this point. In contrast, the correct date of birth of Bolesław would be 20 August, as indicated by Gallus. In the medieval tradition the year began on 25 December. In that case, the reports of Cosmas allow us to conclude that Bolesław was born in 1085. This information, however, was contradicted by the Kalendarz krakowski, which gave the year as 1086.Judith was styled by the authors of the Kalendarz as "regina Polonia" (Queen of Poland in Latin), and this title could be associated with her father's coronation as King of Bohemia and Poland on 15 June 1086 (according to Cosmas). Karol Maleczyński refuted Balzer's date for the coronation of Vratislav II, the one given by Cosmas. However, most


texts: researchers indicate that the coronation took place on 15 June 1085, so Judith could have been called Queen a year earlier. Karol Maleczyński determined that the death of Judith took place on the night between 24 and 25 December 1085, and <mask> was born four months before, on 20 August. Researchers found that the date given by the Rocznik kapituły krakowskiej (24 December 1086) was the same established by Cosmas (25 December 1085). The difference in the year could be explained in the different style of dating followed by Cosmas, who began the year according to the Julian calendar on 1 January and Christmas (Nativitate in Latin) on 25 December. According to Maleczyński, Kazimierz Jasiński failed to consider this calendar difference, which occurs only during the period of 25–31 December.Archaeologist Wojciech Szafrański reassumed the theory of Bielowski: Judith of Bohemia died on 28 December 1085, and <mask> was born two days before, on 26 December. According to Szafrański Cosmas used the term VIII Calends of January, with no specific date. However, in the Chronicle of Gallus should read that Judith died on Christmas Day, but on Sunday in the Octave of Christmas. Using such a broadened range of days, the investigator


texts: determined the birth of Boleslaw in the feast of Saint Stephen (26 December). For this reasons, the date of 1085 given by Bielowski is correct according to him. However, Jasiński pointed the weaknesses of the argument of Szafrański because Gallus has written about the Octave, but specifically about Christmas night, but the investigator didn't consider all other sources, as well as the achievements of research in genealogy. Marian Plezia argued that <mask> was born on 2 September 1085 or 1086.According to Gallus, the day of King Stephen of Hungary was also celebrated on 2 September. Jasiński considered this theory unfounded. In Poland the feast of King Stephen of Hungary is pointed by the Kalendarz krakowski and the kalendarz Kodeksu Gertrudy on 20 August. Besides, if <mask> was born on 2 September, Gallus probably would be noted that this was the day after the celebration of Saint Giles (1 September), which was attributed to be the intercessor of his birth. Kazimierz Jasiński placed the death of Judith in the night between 24 and 25 December 1086 and the birth of <mask> four months before, on 20 August. In this point he agrees with the findings of Balzer. He supported his views with additional arguments: All sources are


texts: based in the missing Rocznika kapituły krakowskiej, and the next known text of this source refers to events in 1086.Cosmas, writing his chronicle a few decades later, probably benefited from oral tradition and could make a mistake when he placed the year. His reports who placed the birth of Bolesław three days before the death of his mother denoted a quite short time. Today is widely recognized the view of both Jasiński and Balzer, that Bolesław most likely was born in the day of King Stephen of Hungary, 20 August 1086. According to Cosmas of Prague, Bolesław was named after his uncle, <mask> II the Generous. Władysław I Herman had no reason to named his first-born legitimate son after his brother, but probably in this way tried to placate the former allies of his predecessor. Bolesław's nickname "Wrymouth" (pl: Krzywousty) appeared in Polish and Latin sources of the 13th century: Genealogii płockiej (Criwousti) and the Roczniku świętokrzyskim młodszym (Crzyvousti). Probably the origin of this nickname dates back on the 12th century and is relationed with some physical characteristics of the Polish ruler, who were noticed at the time of his reign.Probably he began to be named in this way after 1114, because Gallus


texts:
 Anonymus in his Chronicle never mentioned it. In the Kronice książąt polskich and Kronice polsko-śląskiej Bolesław was qualified by the Latin adjective curvus, whose significance remains unclear. According to the 14th-century Kroniki o Piotrze Włostowicu the Prince was hunchbacked (Latin: gibbosus) or had a crooked mouth. The 15th-century chronicler Jan Długosz wrote:

 He had a mouth on one side slightly bent, and for this he was called Wrymouth; however, this is not marred his face, and even added to him some charm. In 1974, in the Masovian Blessed Virgin Mary Cathedral of Płock, where according to tradition Bolesław was buried, an archaeological research project was conducted. A coffin was discovered containing the bones of 16 men and women. One of the skulls, of a man who died aged 50, had a deformed mandible.There is a hypothesis that these remains belonged to <mask>. Opponents of this theory suggest that the Prince was named in this way many years after his death, and his contemporary Gallus did not mention any physical defect in the hero of his Chronicles. The defenders of the hypothesis argue that the work of Gallus has the characteristics of a panegyric in honor of <mask>, because the chronicler did not mention


texts:
 his physical infirmities. It is also speculated that the bone damage occurred as a result of childbirth complications, which led to the death of his mother a few months later. The nickname of Boleslaw was also explained in other ways. According to a legend, Boleslaw slammed his face against a wall after watching his father's subservience towards the Germans and Czechs. According to Jan Długosz, the Prince in his youth suffered from an ulcer, which caused the deformity of his face.According to older historiography, he received the nickname Wrymouth for his perjury. Early Years
Following <mask>'s birth the political climate in the country changed. The position of <mask> as an heir to the throne was threatened by the presence of Mieszko <mask>, who was already seventeen at the time and was furthermore, by agreement with Władysław I Herman himself, the first in line to succeed. In all likelihood it was this situation that precipitated the young prince Mieszko's demise in 1089. In that same year Wladyslaw I Herman's first-born son Zbigniew was sent to a monastery in Quedlinburg, Saxony. This suggests that Wladyslaw I Herman intended to be rid of Zbigniew by making him a monk, and therefore depriving him of any chance of

masks: Bolesław Bolesław Bolesławowic


texts:
 succession. This eliminated two pretenders to the Polish throne, secured young <mask>'s inheritance as well as diminished the growing opposition to Wladyslaw I Herman among the nobility.Shortly after his ascension, however, Władysław I Herman was forced by the barons to give up the de facto reins of government to Count Palatine Sieciech. This turn of events was likely due to the fact that Herman owed the throne to the barons, the most powerful of whom was Sieciech. Around this time Władysław I Herman married again. The chosen bride was Judith-Maria, daughter of Emperor Henry III and widow of King Solomon of Hungary, who after her wedding took the name Sophia in order to distinguish herself from Władysław I Herman's first wife. Through this marriage Bolesław gained three or four half-sisters, and as a consequence he remained the only legitimate son and heir. It's believed that the new Duchess was actively aiding Sieciech in his schemes to take over the country and that she became his mistress. Position of Sieciech in Poland
In 1090 Polish forces under Sieciech's command, managed to gain control of Gdańsk Pomerania, albeit for a short time.Major towns were garrisoned by Polish troops, and the rest were burned in order to


texts: thwart future resistance. Several months later, however, a rebellion of native elites led to the restoration of the region's independence from Poland. The following year a punitive expedition was organized, in order to recover Gdańsk Pomerania. The campaign was decided at the battle of the Wda River, where the Polish knights suffered a defeat despite the assistance of Bohemian troops. Prince <mask>'s childhood happened at a time when a massive political migration out of Poland was taking place, due to Sieciech's political repressions. Most of the elites who became political refugees found safe haven in Bohemia. Another consequence of Sieciech's political persecution was the kidnapping of Zbigniew by Sieciech's enemies and his return from abroad in 1093.Zbigniew took refuge in Silesia, a stronghold of negative sentiment for both Sieciech as well as his nominal patron Władysław I Herman. In the absence of Sieciech and <mask>, who were captured by Hungarians and kept captive, Prince Władysław I then undertook a penal expedition to Silesia, which was unsuccessful and subsequently obliged him to recognize Zbigniew as a legitimate heir. In 1093 Władysław I signed an Act of Legitimization which granted Zbigniew the rights of


texts:
 descent from his line. Zbigniew was also granted the right to succeed to the throne. Following Sieciech and <mask>'s escape from Hungary, an expedition against Zbigniew was mounted by the Count Palatine. Its aim was to nullify the Act of Legitimization. The contestants met at the battle of Goplo in 1096, where Sieciech's forces annihilated the supporters of Zbigniew.Zbigniew himself was taken prisoner, but regained his freedom a year later, in May 1097, due to the intervention of the bishops. At the same time his rights, guaranteed by the Act of Legitimization, were reinstated. Simultaneously a great migration of Jews from Western Europe to Poland began circa 1096, around the time of the First Crusade. The tolerant rule of Władysław I Herman attracted the Jews who were permitted to settle throughout the entire kingdom without restrictions. The Polish prince, took great care of the Hebrew Diaspora, as he understood its positive influence on the growth of the country's economy. The new Jewish citizens soon gained trust of the gentiles during the rule of <mask> <mask>. Youth

Division of the country
In view of his father's disapproval, and after discovering the plans of Sieciech and Duchess Judith-Sophia to take over the

masks: Bolesław Bolesław III


texts: country Zbigniew gained an ally in the young prince Bolesław.Both brothers demanded that the reins of government should be handed over to them. It is difficult to believe, however, that <mask> was making independent decisions at this point as he was only 12 years of age. It is postulated that at this stage he was merely a pawn of the Baron's power struggle. Władysław I Herman, however, agreed to divide the realm between the brothers, each to be granted his own province while the Prince – Władysław I himself – kept control of Mazovia and its capital at Płock. Władysław also retained control of the most important cities i.e. Wrocław, Kraków and Sandomierz. Zbigniew's province encompassed Greater Poland including Gniezno, Kuyavia, Łęczyca Land and Sieradz Land.Bolesław's territory included Lesser Poland, Silesia and Lubusz Land. The division of the country and the allowance of <mask> and Zbigniew to co-rule greatly alarmed Sieciech, who then began preparing to dispose of the brothers altogether. Sieciech understood that the division of the country would undermine his position. He initiated a military settlement of the issue and he gained the Prince's support for it. The position of Władysław I is seen as ambiguous as he


texts:
 chose to support Sieciech's cause instead of his sons'. Fight against Sieciech
In response to Sieciech's preparations <mask> and Zbigniew entered into an alliance. This took place at a popular assembly or Wiec organized in Wrocław by a magnate named Skarbimir of the Awdaniec family.There it was decided to remove the current guardian of <mask>, a noble named Wojslaw who was a relative of Sieciech, and arrange for an expedition against the Palatine. Subsequently, in 1099, the armies of Sieciech and Prince Herman encountered the forces of Zbigniew and Bolesław near Żarnowiec by the river Pilica. There the forces of <mask> and Zbigniew defeated Sieciech's army, and Władysław I Herman was obliged to permanently remove Sieciech from the position of Count Palatine. In the same year, at Christmas, Bolesław concluded to short-lived peace with Bohemia. The agreement was concluded in Žatec. According to Cosmas, Bolesław was appointed Miecznik (en: Sword-bearer) of his uncle Bretislaus II, Duke of Bohemia. In addition, the young prince would be paid the amount of 100 pieces of fine silver and 10 talents of gold annually as a tribute to Bohemia (it was about the land of Silesia, for which he paid tribute to Władysław I).The rebel


texts:
 forces were then further directed towards Sieciechów, where the Palatine took refuge. Unexpectedly, Prince Władysław came to the aid of his besieged favorite with a small force. At this point, the Princes decided to depose their father. The opposition sent Zbigniew with an armed contingent to Masovia, where he was to take control of Płock, while <mask> was directed to the South. The intention was the encirclement of their father, Prince Władysław I. The Prince predicted this maneuver and sent his forces back to Masovia. In the environs of Płock the battle was finally joined and the forces of Władysław I were defeated.The Prince was thereafter forced to exile Sieciech from the country. The Palatine left Poland around 1100/1101. He was known to sojourn in the German lands. However, he eventually returned to Poland but did not play any political role again. He may have been blinded. First years of government

Struggle for the supremacy (1102–06)

Władysław I Herman died on 4 June 1102. The country was divided into two provinces, each administered by one of the late prince's sons.The extent of each province closely resembled the provinces that the princes were granted by their father three years earlier, the only difference


texts: being that Zbigniew also controlled Mazovia with its capital at Płock, effectively ruling the northern part of the kingdom, while his younger half-brother <mask> ruled its southern portion. In this way two virtually separate states were created. According to some historians, Zbigniew tried to play the role of princeps or overlord, because at that time Bolesław was only 16 years old. Because he was still too inexperienced to independently direct his domains, the local nobility gathered around him took great influence in the political affairs, included his teacher, Skarbimir from the Awdaniec family. They conducted separate policies internally as well as externally. They each sought alliances, and sometimes they were enemies of one another. Such was the case with Pomerania, towards which Bolesław aimed his ambitions.Zbigniew, whose country bordered Pomerania, wished to maintain good relations with his northern neighbor. <mask>, eager to expand his dominion, organized several raids into Pomerania and Prussia. In Autumn of 1102 Bolesław organized a war party into Pomerania during which his forces sacked Białogard. As reprisal the Pomeranians sent retaliatory war parties into Polish territory, but as Pomerania bordered


texts: Zbigniew's territory these raids ravaged the lands of the prince who was not at fault. Therefore, in order to put pressure on Bolesław, Zbigniew allied himself with Bořivoj II of Bohemia, to whom he promised to pay tribute in return for his help. By aligning himself with Bolesław's southern neighbor Zbigniew wished to compel Bolesław to cease his raids into Pomerania. <mask>, on the other hand, allied himself with Kievan Rus and Hungary.His marriage to Zbyslava, the daughter of Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich in 1103, was to seal the alliance between himself and the prince of Kiev. However, Bolesław's first diplomatic move was to recognize Pope Paschal II, which put him in strong opposition to the Holy Roman Empire. A later visit of papal legate Gwalo, Bishop of Beauvais brought the church matters into order, it also increased Bolesław's influence. Zbigniew declined to attend the marriage of <mask> and Zbyslava. He saw this union and the alliance with Kiev as a serious threat. Thanks to bribery, he therefore prevailed upon his ally, Bořivoj II of Bohemia to invade Bolesław's province, ostensibly to claim the Polish crown. Bolesław retaliated with expeditions into Moravia in 1104–05, which brought the young prince not only


texts: loot, but also effectively disintegrated the alliance of Pomeranians and Zbigniew.During the return of the army, one part commanded by Żelisław were defeated by the Bohemians. <mask>, who commanded the other part of the army, couldn't defeated them. Skarbimir, thanks to bribery, could stopped Bořivoj II. With a vast amount of money, the Bohemian ruler returned to his homeland and was concluded a short-lived peace with Bohemia. Then Bořivoj II ended his alliance with Zbigniew. In order to paralyze the alliance of Pomerania and his older brother, Bolesław carried out multiple attacks on northern land in 1103 (the battle of Kołobrzeg, where was defeated), and in 1104–05, ended with success. The intervention of Bolesław in the dynastic dispute in Hungary led him in a difficult political situation.At first, he supported the pretender Álmos, and marched to Hungary to help him. However, during the siege of Abaújvár in 1104, Álmos changed his mind and made peace conversations with his brother and rival King Coloman, at that point Zbigniew's ally. <mask> then retired his troops from Hungary and in 1105 made a treaty with Coloman. It was decided then that <mask> didn't support Álmos against the alliance Coloman-Zbigniew. In