texts:
 (1973) – shortlisted for Booker Prize
The Bottle Factory Outing (1974) – shortlisted for Booker Prize, won the Guardian Fiction Prize
Sweet William (1975)
A Quiet Life (1976)
Injury Time (1977) - winner, Whitbread Prize
Young Adolf (1978)
Another Part of the Wood (revised edn) (1979)
Winter Garden (1980)
A Weekend with Claude (revised edn) (1981)
Watson's Apology (1984)
Filthy Lucre (written as a teenager in 1946 but published 1986)
An Awfully Big Adventure (1989) – shortlisted for Booker Prize
The Birthday Boys (1991)
Every Man for Himself (1996) – shortlisted for Booker Prize, winner of the Whitbread Prize
Master Georgie (1998) – shortlisted for Booker Prize
According to Queeney (2001)
The Girl in the Polka Dot Dress (2011)

Short story collections
Mum and Mr Armitage (1985)
Collected Stories (1994)
Northern Stories Vol. 5 (co-editor with David Pownall)  (1994)

Non-fiction
English Journey, or The Road to Milton Keynes (1984)
Forever England: North and South (1987)
Something Happened Yesterday (1993)
Front Row: Evenings at the Theatre (2005)

References

External links

 Guardian interview
 "Author page" at The Guardian
 <mask> <mask> Criticism (Vol. 131)
 <mask> <mask> biography

 The Oldie Magazine
 "<mask> <mask>, Mordant Novelist, Is Dead at 77", The New York Times, 2 July 2010
 <mask> <mask>: 1932 – 2010, Thought Catalog
 The Man Booker Prize: Special Prize for Beryl Bainbridge
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography audio podcast  –- issued in January 2014 (find under literary listings)

1932 births
2010 deaths
British Book Award winners
Deaths from cancer in England
Costa Book Award winners
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
David Cohen Prize recipients
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
Novelists from Liverpool
People educated at Merchant Taylors' Girls' School
People educated at Tring Park School for the Performing Arts
People from Formby
Writers from Liverpool
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English women writers
21st-century English novelists
21st-century English women writers
English women novelists
Burials at

masks: Beryl Bainbridge Beryl Bainbridge Beryl Bainbridge Beryl Bainbridge


type: original

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<mask> (born 5 December 1971 in Tehran, Iran) is a British Iranian musician and composer, record label owner and broadcaster. A multi-instrumentalist, he is known for his work in the psychedelic, avant-garde rock field (primarily as a guitarist). <mask> was one of the founding members of The Monsoon Bassoon (as singer, guitarist and one of the two primary composers), was a member of cult psychedelic rock group Cardiacs, and fronts and plays guitar for the current lineup of legendary psychedelic band Gong. <mask> also leads his own group Knifeworld and is a member of Guapo, The Holy Family and The Utopia Strong. He sometimes tours and records with Mediæval Bæbes and Rob Crow, and frequently collaborates with other notable artists working in left-field music. Musical style

<mask> is reluctant to be pegged as a particular stylist, and his music has always drawn on a wide variety of influences. These have included indie and alternative rock (Pixies, Shudder to Think, XTC), British and American art/progressive rock (Cardiacs, Henry Cow, Yes, Hatfield and the North, Don Caballero), folk music, minimalist music, various forms of hard rock and heavy metal (Voivod, Melvins) and many others.His compositions are often typically dense, polyrhythmic and based in the lydian mode. History and main musical projects

<mask> was born in Iran to an Iranian father and an English mother. His family moved to Plymouth, UK, when he was eighteen months old; originally planning to return once his father had made sufficient money, but ending up settling permanently following the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran. "Most" of <mask>'s relatives remain in Iran, but he himself has never returned. <mask> remembers that his family were not particularly musical (although his mother knew a few guitar chords) but that he himself was interested in music from an early age (in particular the music from TV shows). <mask> taught himself music by inventing his own form of notation and using it to score out the theme from CHIPS. When he was seven, his family bought a piano and he used it as a

masks:
Kavus Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi
Torabi


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 compositional tool – already writing songs of his own, he showed little interest in learning those of others.From 1980, he became interested in pop music (initially becoming inspired by Brian Setzer and the Stray Cats) and began teaching himself how to play guitar. Eight years later, aged sixteen, he discovered his main musical touchstone in the form of Cardiacs, although in the interim he had taught himself more about music by sequential obsessions with various other bands and music forms. One of Torabi's most cherished memories is of being given a satchel by BBC broadcaster and newsreader Fiona Bruce. Die Laughing (1988–1993)

Torabi's first significant band was Die Laughing, formed in 1988. This was a psychedelic/thrash metal group formed in Torabi's native Plymouth in which he played guitar and in which he first met his close friend and collaborator, Dan Chudley. (Chudley – a fellow guitarist and singer – has been part of Torabi's life for most of his musical career, and the two are noted for their interlocking, highly complex guitar style.) Die Laughing released three demos before they eventually split in 1993.The Monsoon Bassoon (1994–2001)

In 1994, Torabi reunited with Chudley, who had been playing in a band called Squid Squad since the previous year. The two formed a new band called The Monsoon Bassoon, in which they were joined by bass player Laurie Osbourne and two more Squid Squad members (singing clarinet/flute/sax player Sarah Measures and drummer Jamie Keddie). Their musical – an energetic and tuneful form of psychedelic math rock – was built around <mask> and Chudley's singular compositions. The group soon relocated from Plymouth to Leyton, East London and began to gain underground attention, releasing recordings on their own Weird Neighbourhood Records label. Despite scoring several Single of the Week awards in New Musical Express, the Monsoon Bassoon failed to get signed to a larger label or make a significant commercial breakthrough, although they did receive critical acclaim and a cult following for their unorthodox approach and


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 sound. The band released a lone, well-regarded studio album (I Dig Your Voodoo) and five singles, and split up in 2001 following the exit of Keddie. Many of the band's recordings remain unreleased.Cardiacs (2003–2020)

Since the mid-1990s <mask> had had a close working relationship with Tim Smith (lead singer and songwriter for Cardiacs), who produced the majority of The Monsoon Bassoon's recordings. Having been Cardiacs' guitar technician since around 1995, <mask> joined the band as second guitarist in 2003 (replacing Jon Poole). His first appearance with Cardiacs was at their now legendary three-date Garage concerts (at which they played only archive material from their first two cassette releases, although he was not publicly revealed as a full member until the next round of concerts. <mask> featured on the two songs released on Cardiacs' 2007 single, Ditzy Scene (for which he also wrote the lyrics). He also contributed to recordings for a subsequent album tentatively titled LSD (which remains unreleased). Cardiacs suspended activities in 2008 following the hospitalisation of Tim Smith, and the line-up remained on hold during his period of illness. Cardiacs finally split up following the death of Smith in July 2020.Knifeworld (circa 2002–present)

Knifeworld is Torabi's current main band. Originally a solo project, it has since become a full band . Knifeworld originated from around the time of the Monsoon Bassoon's breakup, but only released its first material eight years later following a long recording period. Knifeworld is currently Torabi's main compositional vehicle, in many ways continuing ideas and approaches to polyrhythmic songwriting and arrangements that were germinated in The Monsoon Bassoon. Guapo/The Holy Family

<mask> joined the instrumental avant-psychedelic/progressive rock band Guapo as permanent guitarist in 2006. He has toured extensively with the band, and has co-written all albums since 2013. In 2021 the band (while retaining the same lineup) took on a new identity as The Holy Family, releasing an eponymous debut album in July

masks: Torabi Torabi Torabi Torabi


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 of that year.Mediæval Bæbes

<mask> regularly plays guitar and cuatro as a recording and touring musician and occasionally writes with the Mediæval Bæbes. Believers Roast

<mask> started the label Believers Roast in 2009, initially as a platform to release his own music, however since the release of 2010's The Leader Of The Starry Skies it has released music Torabi feels particularly strongly about, including The Gasman, Thumpermonkey and Redbus Noface. Collaborations with Steve Davis (The Interesting Alternative Show, The Utopia Strong, DJ work)

Between 2010 and 2018 Torabi co-presented "The Interesting Alternative Show" with former snooker player Steve Davis on Brentwood radio station Phoenix FM. The show focussed largely on experimental, avant-progressive, psychedelic, electronic, folk and rock music with an emphasis on new releases. Guests included Daevid Allen, Chris Cutler, Charles Hayward, Bob Drake, Sanguine Hum and Stars In Battledress. During, and subsequent to, the broadcast of The Interesting Alternative Show, <mask> and Davis worked together presenting live public DJ sets, including an appearance at the 2016 Glastonbury Festival. <mask> and Davis subsequently formed an electronic music band called The Utopia Strong (in which Torabi plays guitar and harmonium, Davis plays modular analog synthesizer and Coil associate/Holy Family member Michael J. York plays pipes, drones, synthesizers and electronics) Their first album "The Utopia Strong" was released on 13th September 2019 and has been followed by a series of three live recordings available as digital downloads and limited edition vinyl issues.Other musical projects

Further work with Dan Chudley (Miss Helsinki, Authority, Hatchjaw & Bassett)

Since the breakup of The Monsoon Bassoon, <mask> has maintained an ongoing (if interrupted) musical relationship with Dan Chudley, resulting in several other projects. The first of these was Miss Helsinki, a more straightforward rock band which recorded a couple of tracks and played a few acoustic gigs in 2002. The band failed to find a steady

masks: Torabi Torabi Torabi Torabi Torabi


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 lineup (despite assistance from Richard Larcombe from Stars In Battledress and from Monsoon Bassoon drummer Jamie Keddie) and consequently folded. <mask>, Chudley and Keddie worked together again when they formed another rock band, Authority, in 2005 (the lineup was completed by Craig Fortnam of North Sea Radio Orchestra on bass). Authority recorded several songs and played live over the next two years, but never released anything beyond a couple of MySpace uploads. The band split in 2007 due to the various members' other commitments and Chudley's move to Cornwall. <mask> and Chudley have worked on another project together – the instrumental Hatchjaw & Bassett, which Chudley has described as "acoustic spiritual music".This project has not released any records, although a video featuring the duo and their music has appeared on YouTube. Work with Spider Stacy (2001–2003)

Before the split of The Monsoon Bassoon, <mask> toured as guitarist with former Pogues member Spider Stacy's group, Wisemen (which also featured other ex-Pogues). After line-up changes, the group became The Vendettas. <mask> co-wrote and produced an album with Spider in 2003, but the project was shelved in the wake of the Pogues' reunion that year. <mask> has subsequently expressed an interest in releasing the album on his own Believer's Roast label. Admirals Hard

<mask> is a member of Admirals Hard, an occasional "sea-shanty supergroup" made up of members of London math-rock bands and avant-garde folk groups (Stars in Battledress, Tunng, Max Tundra, Foe and The Monsoon Bassoon) and fronted by singer Andy Carne. <mask> plays mandolin and guitar (and sings backing vocals) for the group.Chrome Hoof

He played guitar with Chrome Hoof between 2009 and 2010 (contributing to the 2010 album Crush Depth). Discography

Studio albums
Hip to the Jag (2020)

Extended plays
Solar Divination  (2018)

References

External links

Iranian guitarists
People from Tehran
1971 births
Living people
Iranian emigrants to the United Kingdom
People educated at Plymouth College
Gong (band)

masks: Torabi Torabi Torabi Torabi Torabi Torabi Torabi


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<mask>, 2nd Earl of Liverpool,  (7 June 1770 – 4 December 1828) was a British Tory statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1812 to 1827. He held many important cabinet offices such as Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. He was also a member of the House of Lords and served as leader. As prime minister, Liverpool called for repressive measures at domestic level to maintain order after the Peterloo Massacre of 1819. He dealt smoothly with the Prince Regent when King George III was incapacitated. He also steered the country through the period of radicalism and unrest that followed the Napoleonic Wars. He favoured commercial and manufacturing interests as well as the landed interest.He sought a compromise of the heated issue of Catholic emancipation. The revival of the economy strengthened his political position. By the 1820s he was the leader of a reform faction of "Liberal Tories" who lowered the tariff, abolished the death penalty for many offences, and reformed the criminal law. By the time of his death, however, the Tory party, which had dominated the House of Commons for over 40 years, was ripping itself apart. Derry says he was:

Important events during his tenure as prime minister included the War of 1812 with the United States, the Sixth and Seventh Coalitions against the French Empire, the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars at the Congress of Vienna, the Corn Laws, the Peterloo Massacre, the Trinitarian Act 1812 and the emerging issue of Catholic emancipation. Scholars rank him highly among all British prime ministers, but he was also called "the Arch-mediocrity" by a later Conservative prime minister the Earl of Beaconsfield (Benjamin Disraeli). Early life
Jenkinson was baptised on 29 June 1770 at St. Margaret's, Westminster, the son of George III's close adviser Charles Jenkinson, later the first Earl of Liverpool, and his first wife, Amelia Watts.Jenkinson's 19-year-old


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 mother, who was the daughter of a senior East India Company official, William Watts, and of his wife Begum Johnson, died from the effects of childbirth one month after his birth. Through his mother's grandmother, Isabella Beizor, Jenkinson was descended from Portuguese settlers in India; he may also have been one-sixteenth Indian in ancestry. Jenkinson was educated at Charterhouse School and Christ Church, Oxford. In the summer of 1789, Jenkinson spent four months in Paris to perfect his French and enlarge his social experience. He returned to Oxford for three months to complete his terms of residence, and in May 1790 was created Master of Arts. In 1797, the then Lord Hawkesbury was the cavalry commander of the Cinque Ports Light Dragoons who ran amok following a protest against the Militia Act at Tranent in East Lothian; twelve civilians were killed. Author James Miller wrote in 1844 that "His lordship was blamed for remaining at Haddington, as his presence might have prevented the outrages of the soldiery."Jenkinson was appointed a Colonel of militia in 1810. Early Career (1790-1812)

Member of Parliament
He won election to the House of Commons in 1790 for Rye, a seat he would hold until 1803; at the time, however, he was below the age of assent to Parliament, so he refrained from taking his seat and spent the following winter and early spring in an extended tour of the continent. This tour took in the Netherlands and Italy; at its conclusion he was old enough to take his seat in Parliament. It is not clear exactly when he entered the Commons, but as his twenty-first birthday was not reached until almost the end of the 1791 session, it is possible that he waited until the following year. House of Commons
With the help of his father's influence and his political talent, he rose relatively fast in the Tory government. In February 1792, he gave the reply to Samuel Whitbread's critical motion on the government's Russian policy. He delivered several


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 other speeches during the session, including one against the abolition of the slave trade, which reflected his father's strong opposition to William Wilberforce's campaign.He served as a member of the Board of Control for India from 1793 to 1796. In the defence movement that followed the outbreak of hostilities with France, Jenkinson, was one of the first of the ministers of the government to enlist in the militia. He became a Colonel in the Cinque Ports Fencibles in 1794, and his military duties led to frequent absences from the Commons. His regiment was sent to Scotland in 1796, and he was quartered for a time in Dumfries. His parliamentary attendance also suffered from his reaction when his father angrily opposed his projected marriage with Lady Louisa Hervey, daughter of the Earl of Bristol. After Pitt and the King had intervened on his behalf, the wedding finally took place at Wimbledon on 25 March 1795. In May 1796, when his father was created Earl of Liverpool, he took the courtesy title of Lord Hawkesbury and remained in the Commons.He became Baron Hawkesbury in his own right and was elevated to the House of Lords in November 1803, as recognition of his work as Foreign Secretary. He also served as Master of the Mint (1799–1801). Cabinet

Foreign Secretary
In Henry Addington's government, he entered the cabinet in 1801 as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in which capacity he negotiated the Treaty of Amiens with France. Most of his time as Foreign secretary was spent dealing with the nations of France and the United States. He continued to serve in the cabinet as Home Secretary in Pitt the Younger's second government. While Pitt was seriously ill, <mask> was in charge of the cabinet and drew up the King's Speech for the official opening of Parliament. When William Pitt died in 1806, the King asked <mask> to accept the post of Prime Minister, but he refused, as he believed he lacked a governing majority.He was then made leader of the

masks: Liverpool Liverpool


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 Opposition during Lord Grenville's ministry (the only time that <mask> did not hold government office between 1793 and after his retirement). In 1807, he resumed office as Home Secretary in the Duke of Portland's ministry. War Secretary
Lord <mask> (as Hawkesbury had now become by the death of his father in December 1808) accepted the position of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in Spencer Perceval's government in 1809. Liverpool's first step on taking up his new post was to elicit from General Arthur Wellesley (the future Duke of Wellington) a strong enough statement of his ability to resist a French attack to persuade the cabinet to commit themselves to the maintenance of his small force in Portugal. Prime Minister (1812-1827)

When Perceval was assassinated in May 1812, George, the Prince Regent, successively tried to appoint four men to succeed him, but they were unable to form ministries; <mask>, the Prince Regent's fifth choice for the post, reluctantly accepted office on 8 June 1812. The cabinet proposed <mask> as his successor with Lord Castlereagh as leader in the Commons but after an adverse vote in the Lower House, they subsequently gave both their resignations. The Prince Regent, however, found it impossible to form a different coalition and confirmed <mask> as prime minister on 8 June.Liverpool's government contained some of the future great leaders of Britain, such as Lord Castlereagh, George Canning, the Duke of Wellington, <mask>, and William Huskisson. Liverpool is considered a skilled politician, and held together the liberal and reactionary wings of the Tory party, which his successors, Canning, Goderich and Wellington, had great difficulty with. War

Congress of Vienna

Liverpool's ministry was a long and eventful one. The War of 1812 with the United States and the final campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars were fought during <mask>'s premiership. It was during his ministry that the Peninsular Campaigns were fought by the

masks:
Liverpool
Liverpool
Liverpool
Liverpool
Liverpool
Robert Peel
Liverpool


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 Duke of Wellington. France was defeated in the Napoleonic Wars, and Liverpool was appointed to the Order of the Garter. At the peace negotiations that followed, Liverpool's main concern was to obtain a European settlement that would ensure the independence of the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal, and confine France inside its pre-war frontiers without damaging its national integrity.To achieve this, he was ready to return all British colonial conquests. Within this broad framework, he gave Castlereagh a discretion at the Congress of Vienna, the next most important event of his ministry. At the congress, he gave prompt approval for Castlereagh's bold initiative in making the defensive alliance with Austria and France in January 1815. In the aftermath of the defeat of Napoleon - who had briefly escaped exile and returned to rule France - at Waterloo in June that year, many years of peace followed. The Corn Laws

Home trouble
Inevitably taxes rose to compensate for borrowing and to pay off the national debt, which led to widespread disturbance between 1812 and 1822. Around this time, the group known as Luddites began industrial action, by smashing industrial machines developed for use in the textile industries of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. Throughout the period 1811–1816, there were a series of incidents of machine-breaking and many of those convicted faced execution.Agriculture remained a problem because good harvests between 1819 and 1822 had brought down prices and evoked a cry for greater protection. When the powerful agricultural lobby in Parliament demanded protection in the aftermath, Liverpool gave in to political necessity. Under governmental supervision the notorious Corn Laws of 1815 were passed prohibiting the import of foreign wheat until the domestic price reached a minimum accepted level. Liverpool, however, was in principle a free-trader, but had to accept the bill as a temporary measure


texts:
 to ease the transition to peacetime conditions. His chief economic problem during his time as Prime Minister was that of the nation's finances. The interest on the national debt, massively swollen by the enormous expenditure of the final war years, together with the war pensions, absorbed the greater part of normal government revenue. The refusal of the House of Commons in 1816 to continue the wartime income tax left ministers with no immediate alternative but to go on with the ruinous system of borrowing to meet necessary annual expenditure.Liverpool eventually facilitated a return to the gold standard in 1819. Lord <mask> argued for the abolition of the wider slave trade at the Congress of Vienna, and at home he supported the repeal of the Combination Laws banning workers from combining into trade unions in 1824. In the latter year the newly formed Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck, later the RNLI, obtained Lord <mask> as its first president. Assassination Attempt

The reports of the secret committees he obtained in 1817 pointed to the existence of an organised network of disaffected political societies, especially in the manufacturing areas. <mask> told Peel that the disaffection in the country seemed even worse than in 1794. Because of a largely perceived threat to the government, temporary legislation was introduced. He suspended Habeas Corpus in both Great Britain (1817) and Ireland (1822).Following the Peterloo massacre in 1819, his government imposed the repressive Six Acts legislation which limited, among other things, free speech and the right to gather for peaceful demonstration. In 1820, as a result of these measures, Liverpool and other cabinet ministers were targeted for assassination. They escaped harm when the Cato Street conspiracy was foiled. Catholic emancipation
During the 19th century, and, in particular, during Liverpool's time in office, Catholic emancipation was a source of great conflict.

masks: Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool


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 In 1805, in his first important statement of his views on the subject, Liverpool had argued that the special relationship of the monarch with the Church of England, and the refusal of Roman Catholics to take the oath of supremacy, justified their exclusion from political power. Throughout his career, he remained opposed to the idea of Catholic emancipation, though he did see marginal concessions as important to the stability of the nation. The decision of 1812 to remove the issue from collective cabinet policy, followed in 1813 by the defeat of Grattan's Roman Catholic Relief Bill, brought a period of calm.Liverpool supported marginal concessions such as the admittance of English Roman Catholics to the higher ranks of the armed forces, the magistracy, and the parliamentary franchise; but he remained opposed to their participation in parliament itself. In the 1820s, pressure from the liberal wing of the Commons and the rise of the Catholic Association in Ireland revived the controversy. By the date of Sir Francis Burdett's Catholic Relief Bill in 1825, emancipation looked a likely success. Indeed, the success of the bill in the Commons in April, followed by <mask>'s tender of resignation, finally persuaded Liverpool that he should retire. When Canning made a formal proposal that the cabinet should back the bill, Liverpool was convinced that his administration had come to its end. George Canning then succeeded him as Prime Minister. Catholic emancipation however was not fully implemented until the major changes of the Catholic Relief Act of 1829 under the leadership of the Duke of Wellington and Sir <mask>, and with the work of the Catholic Association established in 1823.Retirement and death

Liverpool's first wife, Louisa, died at 54. He soon married again, on 24 September 1822, to Lady Mary Chester, a long-time friend of Louisa. Liverpool finally retired on 9 April 1827 after suffering a severe cerebral hemorrhage at his Fife House residence in

masks:
Robert Peel
Robert Peel


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 Whitehall two months earlier, and asked the King to seek a successor. He suffered another minor stroke in July, after which he lingered on at Coombe until a third attack on 4 December 1828 from which he died. Having died childless, he was succeeded as Earl of Liverpool by his younger half-brother Charles. He was buried in Hawkesbury parish church, Gloucestershire, beside his father and his first wife. His personal estate was registered at under £120,000.Legacy
Historian R. W. Seton-Watson sums up Liverpool's strengths and weaknesses:

Liverpool was the first British Prime Minister to regularly wear long trousers instead of knee breeches. He entered office at the age of 42 years and one day, making him younger than all of his successors. Liverpool served as Prime Minister for a total of 14 years and 305 days, making him the longest-serving Prime Minister of the 19th century. As of 2022, none of Liverpool's successors have served longer. In London, Liverpool Street and Liverpool Road, Islington, are named after Lord Liverpool. The Canadian town of Hawkesbury, Ontario, the Hawkesbury River and the Liverpool Plains, New South Wales, Australia, Liverpool, New South Wales, and the Liverpool River in the Northern Territory of Australia were also named after Lord Liverpool. Lord Liverpool, as Prime Minister to whose government Nathan Mayer Rothschild was a lender, was portrayed by American actor Gilbert Emery in the 1934 movie, The House of Rothschild.Lord <mask>'s ministry (1812–1827)
 Lord <mask> – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords
 Lord Eldon – Lord Chancellor
 Lord Harrowby – Lord President of the Council
 Lord Westmorland – Lord Privy Seal
 Lord Sidmouth – Secretary of State for the Home Department
 Lord Castlereagh (Lord Londonderry after 1821) – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Leader of the House of Commons
 Lord Bathurst – Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
 Lord Melville – First Lord of the Admiralty


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 Nicholas Vansittart – Chancellor of the Exchequer
 Lord Mulgrave – Master-General of the Ordnance
 Lord Buckinghamshire – President of the Board of Control
 Charles Bathurst – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
 Lord Camden – minister without portfolio

Changes

 Late 1812 – Lord Camden leaves the Cabinet
 September 1814 – William Wellesley-Pole (Lord Maryborough from 1821), the Master of the Mint, enters the Cabinet
 February 1816 – George Canning succeeds Lord Buckinghamshire at the Board of Control
 January 1818 – F. J. Robinson, the President of the Board of Trade, enters the Cabinet
 January 1819 – The <mask> Wellington succeeds Lord Mulgrave as Master-General of the Ordnance. Lord Mulgrave becomes minister without portfolio
 1820 – Lord Mulgrave leaves the cabinet
 January 1821 – Charles Bathurst succeeds Canning as President of the Board of Control, remaining also at the Duchy of Lancaster
 January 1822 – <mask> succeeds Lord Sidmouth as Home Secretary
 February 1822 – Charles Williams-Wynn succeeds Charles Bathurst at the Board of Control. Bathurst remains at the Duchy of Lancaster and in the Cabinet
 September 1822 – Following the suicide of Lord Londonderry, George Canning becomes Foreign Secretary and Leader of the House of Commons
 January 1823 – Vansittart, elevated to the peerage as Lord Bexley, succeeds Charles Bathurst as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. F. J. Robinson succeeds Vansittart as Chancellor of the Exchequer. He is succeeded at the Board of Trade by William Huskisson
 1823 – Lord Maryborough, the Master of the Mint, leaves the Cabinet. His successor in the office is not a Cabinet member

References

Further reading

  This contains an assessment of his character and achievements. Cookson, J. E. Lord Liverpool's administration: the crucial years, 1815–1822 (1975)
 Gash, Norman.Lord Liverpool: The Life and Political Career of <mask> Jenkinson, Second Earl of Liverpool 1770–1828 (London 1984)
 Gash, Norman. "Jenkinson,

masks:
Duke of
Robert Peel
Robert Banks


texts:
 <mask>, second earl of Liverpool (1770–1828)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004); online ed. 2008 accessed 20 June 2014 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14740
 Gash, Norman. "Lord Liverpool: a private view," History Today (1980) 30#5 pp 35–40
 Hay, William Anthony. Lord Liverpool : a political life (Woodbridge, The Boydell Press, 2018). Hilton, Boyd. A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?England 1783–1846 (New Oxford History of England) (2006) scholarly survey
 Hilton, Boyd. "The Political Arts of Lord Liverpool." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Fifth Series) 38 (1988): 147–170. online
 Hutchinson, Martin. Britain's Greatest Prime Minister: <mask> (Cambridge, The Lutterworth Press, 2020). Petrie, C. Lord <mask> and His Times (London, 1954)
 Plowright, John. Regency England: The Age of Lord Liverpool (Routledge, 2006)
 Sack, James J.The Grenvillites, 1801–29: Party Politics and Factionalism in the Age of Pitt and Liverpool (1991)
 Seton-Watson, R. W. Britain in Europe (1789–1914): A Survey of Foreign Policy (1937)  online free

External links

 Earl of Liverpool Prime Minister's Office
 "Earl of Liverpool" by Prime Minister's Office

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1828 deaths
19th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom
19th-century heads of government
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
British MPs 1790–1796
British MPs 1796–1800
British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
2nd Earl of Liverpool
Fellows of the Royal Society
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Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
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People educated at Charterhouse School
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masks:
Robert Banks
Lord Liverpool
Liverpool
Robert Banks
Robert Banks
Robert Banks
Robert Banks
Robert Banks
Liverpool


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<mask> (born November 24, 1963) is an American jazz double bassist and composer. He has performed  in bands led by Herbie Hancock, Jim Hall, Andrew Hill, Michael Brecker, Chris Potter, Pat Metheny, Carmen McRae, Edward Simon, Adam Rogers, Brian Blade, David Binney, Antonio Sanchez, Kenny Werner. Career
Born on November 24, 1963, <mask> began studying bass at age 11. At 13, he studied with bassist Monty Budwig. He attended Eagle Rock High School in Los Angeles, where he studied under John Rinaldo. After graduating from high school, he was granted a  scholarship to the California Institute for the Arts and studied privately with Charlie Haden and Fred Tinsley (of the Los Angeles Philharmonic). In 1986, he began touring and recording with jazz singer Carmen McRae.After graduating in 1988, he moved to New York City. Performance history
 1988–89: He performed in U.S. and European tours with Carmen McRae; Dizzy Gillespie; and Clifford Jordan. 1990–95: Bands included Jim Hall, John Scofield, Joe Henderson and Art Farmer. 1996–98: His work included touring with a group led by Joe Lovano and Jim Hall, Tours with Toots Thielemans; Bobby Hutcherson; and Bob Berg; extensive touring with Andrew Hill's "Another Point of Departure" sextet. 2000–04: For five years <mask> toured extensively as a member of Herbie Hancock's working trio and two separate quartets (one featuring saxophonist Gary Thomas, the other featuring vibist Bobby Hutcherson) at concerts around the world. Hancock's trio has also performed in concert engagements with symphonic orchestras throughout the United States. During that

masks:
Scott Colley
Colley
Colley


texts: time he also toured extensively with the Andrew Hill trio and sextet, and the Chris Potter Quartet.2005–07: Extensive touring with "Directions in Music", a collaboration with Michael Brecker, Herbie Hancock, Roy Hargrove and Terri Lyne Carrington; Trio concerts with Pat Metheny; tours with Jim Hall; teaching residencies at The Banff Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Vallekilde Denmark, European and U.S. tours with Chris Potter's Quartet; concerts with Chris Potter and Antonio Sanchez; U.S and European tours with his own trio and quartet. 2006-07: Extensive touring with his own quartet and trio. Recordings include projects with Chris Potter; Luciana Souza; Abbey Lincoln; Adam Rogers; Donny McCaslin; two recordings with Kenny Werner; and his own release Architect of the Silent Moment (featuring: Ralph Alessi, David Binney, Craig Taborn, Jason Moran, Adam Rogers, Gregoire Maret, and Antonio Sanchez.) 2008–10: Touring with his quartet and trio in the US, Europe and South America; also touring with Edward Simon and Brian Blade; Chris Potter's Underground; The Antonio Sanchez Quartet; Magic Circle (a trio with Dave Douglas and Mark Feldman); The David Binney Quartet (with Craig Taborn and Brian Blade); The Kenny Werner Quintet. Teaching residencies in the U.S. and Europe. He worked on numerous recordings, including his seventh CD as a leader, entitled Empire, made up entirely of original compositions, released on the CAM Jazz label during the summer of 2010, featuring Bill Frisell, Ralph Alessi, Brian Blade and Craig Taborn. Monk, Changing of the Guard (Blue Note, 1993)


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<mask>, 4th Earl of Atholl  (died 25 April 1579) was a Scottish noble. He was favoured by Mary, Queen of Scots, but later turned against her. Biography
Stewart was the son of <mask>, 3rd Earl of Atholl and Grizel Rattray. He supported the government of the queen dowager Mary of Guise. He wrote to her on 10 June 1554 describing a skirmish in which his cousin George Drummond of Ledcrieff was killed by the lairds of Ardblair, Drumlochie, and Gormok, his followers. Lord Ruthven, sheriff of Perth, and Lord Drummond had searched for these lairds in vain but arrested six innocent poor men, who also depended on him. He hoped she could arrange a fair trial for them in Edinburgh or Perth, especially because Lord Ruthven favoured the Drummonds.He was coming to see her, but had fallen ill and wrote from Tullibardine. Subsequently, Patrick Blair of Ardblair was found, tried, and beheaded for the murder. In 1560 he was one of the three nobles who voted in Parliament against the Reformation and the confession of faith, and declared their adherence to Roman Catholicism. Subsequently, however, he joined the league against Huntly, whom with Murray and Morton he defeated at Corrichie in October 1562, and he supported the projected marriage of Elizabeth with Arran. On the arrival of Mary, Queen of Scots, from France in 1561 he was appointed one of the twelve privy councillors, and on account of his religion obtained a greater share the queen's favour than either Murray or Maitland. He was one of the principal supporters of the marriage with Lord Darnley,

masks:
John Stewart
John Stewart


texts: became the leader of the Roman Catholic nobles, and with Knox obtained the chief power in the government, successfully protecting Mary and Darnley from Murray's attempts to regain his ascendancy by force of arms. According to Knox he openly attended mass in the queen's chapel, and was especially trusted by Mary in her project of reinstating Roman Catholicism.The fortress of Tantallon was placed in his keeping, and in 1565 he was made lieutenant of the north of Scotland. He was described the same year by the French ambassador as "très grand catholique hardi et vaillant et remuant, comme l'on dict, mais de nul". After the murder of David Rizzio, in 1567, he joined the Protestant lords against Mary, appeared as one of the leaders against her at Carberry Hill, and afterwards approved of her lavish imprisonment at Loch Leven Castle. In July he was present at the coronation of James, and was included in the council of regency to Mary's abdication. He, however, was not present at Langside in May 1568, and in July became once more a supporter of Mary, voting for her divorce from Bothwell (1569). In March 1570 he formed with other lords the joint letter to Elizabeth asking for the queen's intercession and supporting Mary's claims, and was present at the convention held at Linlithgow in April in opposition to the assembly of the king's party at Edinburgh. In 1574 he was proceeded against as a Roman Catholic and threatened with excommunication, subsequently holding a conference with the ministers and being allowed till midsummer to overcome his


texts:
 scruples.In October 1578 he stayed with Morton at Dalkeith Palace and was said to have converted to the Protestant faith. He had failed in 1572 to prevent Morton's appointment to the regency, but in 1578 he succeeded with the Earl of Argyll in driving him from office. On 24 March, James took the government into his own hands and dissolved the regency, and Atholl and Argyll, to the exclusion of Morton, were made members of the council, while on the 29th Atholl was appointed lord chancellor. Subsequently, on 24 May, Morton succeeded in getting into Stirling Castle and in attaining his guardianship of James. Atholl and Argyll, who were now corresponding with Spain in hopes of assistance from that quarter, then advanced to Stirling with a large force, when a compromise was arranged, the three earls being all included in the government. Death
While on his way from a banquet held on 20 April 1579 at Stirling Castle on the occasion of the reconciliation, Atholl was seized with sudden illness, and despite the attentions of the court physicians Gilbert Moncreiff and Alexander Preston, and a Highland practitioner recorded as the "Irland Leeche", he died on 25 April at Kincardine. He was buried at the High Kirk of Edinburgh near the tomb of Regent Moray at the request the King.There was a strong suspicion of poisoning, and his relatives including William Stewart of Grandtully complained to James VI. Some suspected Regent Morton or Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar. Rumours that he was poisoned with the Earl of Montrose, who survived, spread in


texts:
 England. Regent Morton's friend George Affleck of Auchinleck of Balmanno was tortured with the boot on 15 March 1580 and was said to have confessed that Morton had Atholl poisoned. Affleck blamed another captive associate of Morton, Sanders Jordan, (Alexander Jardine). It was thought that <mask>d had provided the poison. Family
<mask> married
(1) Elizabeth Gordon, daughter of George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly and Elizabeth Keith, by whom he had
Elizabeth Stewart, Countess of Arran, who married Hugh Fraser, 5th Lord Lovat, and secondly Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of March, and thirdly James Stewart, Earl of Arran.Barbara Stewart, who married <mask>
(2) Margaret Fleming (1529-1586), daughter of Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming and Janet Stewart, widow of Robert Graham, Baron Graham, and of Thomas Erskine, Master of Erskine (brother of <mask>, 5th Lord Erskine. With Margaret, James had three daughters and one son:
Jean Stewart, who married Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy on 11 July 1574, and was the mother of Colin Campbell of Glenorchy
Grizel Stewart, wife of David Lindsay, 11th Earl of Crawford
Mary Stewart, wife of Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll
<mask>, 5th Earl of Atholl, who married Marie Ruthven, at his death in 1595 the earldom in default of male heirs reverted to the crown. References

1579 deaths
Earls of Atholl
16th-century Scottish people
16th-century Scottish politicians
Members of the Privy Council of Scotland
Lord Chancellors of Scotland
Privy Council of Mary, Queen of Scots
Year of birth unknown
Atholl
Judicial torture in

masks:
John Provan
John
John Law
John Erskine
John Stewart


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<mask> (7 July 1912 – 10 March 1966) was a German general and ground-attack pilot during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 7 July 1912. After completing the Abitur, he began military service in the Reichswehr cavalry on 1 April 1930. Hitschhold and was selected for and began flight training. <mask> received his commission in March 1931 and was promoted to Leutnant on 1 March 1934. Part of the training was conducted at the Lipetsk fighter-pilot school at Lipetsk Air Base, Soviet Union.This military cooperation was secret and in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. In January 1933 the Nazi Party seized power under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. Cooperation ceased. The Reichswher was renamed the Wehrmacht; the Nazi German Armed Forces. In March the Luftwaffe (Air Force) was founded with the creation of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Reich Air Ministry; RLM) in March 1933. The Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (High Command of the Air Force) was created to control all aspects of aerial warfare. Hitschhold transferred to the organisation.Initially he transferred to the Jagdfliegerschule (fighter pilot school) for further training in early 1935. On 1 October 1935 Hirschold was promoted to Oberleutnant. He moved to the Sturzkampfgeschwader (Dive-bomber wings) I./StG 162, then II. and III./StG 162. On 1 October 1936 Hitschold was appointed a Staffelkapitän (squadron

masks:
Hubertus Hitschhold
Hitschhold
Hitschhold


texts:
 leader) in I./StG 163, commanding 1 staffel. In 1936 it began equipping with the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. The staffel, along with the gruppen (groups) were reformed into Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann" on 1 May 1939.<mask> commanded 1./StG 2. Histchhold held the rank of Hauptmann upon the appointment [dated 1 January 1939]. World War II
StG 2 was subordinated to Luftflotte 4 in May 1939 and initially subordinated to the 2 Fliegerddivision (2nd Flying division), Luftflotte 4 and based at Nieder-Ellguth in Silesia. The wing formed part of the dive-bomber fleet with StG 1, StG 51, StG 76, and StG 77. The wing was to form the southern part of Case White, the Invasion of Poland in September 1939. The invasion was to act in unison with the Soviet invasion of Poland and it began World War II in Europe. The purpose of the division was to provide close air support to the 8th,10th and 14th army.The division was reinforced by Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, commanding VIII. Fliegerkorps (8th Flying Corps), a specialised ground attack air corps. Richthofen was formally transferred to Luftflotte 4 in the first week of September 1939. In September 1939 Richthofen's force was a mere flying command (Fliegerfuhrer zbV). Poland
On 1 September 1939, the Wehrmacht invaded Poland. I./StG 2 began the invasion with 37 combat ready aircraft from 38. On the first day, I Gruppe bombed Wieluń, with other elements of the wing.The StG 76 and 77 were also involved in the bombing against the


texts: undefended town which may have occurred when faulty intelligence reports asserted the existence of a Polish cavalry formation was present.Kraków, Katowice and Wadowice were bombed by the group on the first day of the invasion. Luftflotte 4's bombers dropped 389 tons of bombs on 1 September, 200 on Kraków in 1,200 sorties. Leutnant Frank Neubert and Unteroffizier Frank Kilnger from Hitschhold's staffel are believed to have claimed the first aerial victory of the war against a PZL P.11. Captain Mieczysław Medwecki, 121 Squadron, was taking off from Balice airfield. On 2 September I./StG 2 were credited with having devastated a large Polish Army force detraining in Piotrków Trybunalski. The gruppe supported the advance to Częstochowa then engaged in the Siege of Warsaw. Hitschhold's group assisted in the destruction of the Łódź Army's cavalry brigades alongside Richthofen's forces.I./StG 2 then fought in the Battle of the Bzura which destroyed Army Poznań and Army Pomorze; it bombed Polish forces in and around the Iłża forest. <mask>'s unit then bombed rail targets in support of the Battle of Radom and Battle of Modlin. <mask> was appointed as Gruppenkommandeure (Group Commander) of I./StG 2 on 16 October 1939, ten days after the Polish capitulation. <mask> transferred to Golzheim. I./StG 2 trained there during the Phoney War. Over the winter, 1939, <mask>'s gruppe trained to knock out Belgian fortresses at Liège and opposite Maastricht, in the Netherlands in

masks: Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold


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 preparation for Fall Gelb. StG 2 was transferred to Richthofen in October 1939.In January 1940 it was probably located at Marburg. StG 2 crews undertook training in Graz, Austria. Targets were marked out with silhouettes to represent battleships to prepare the wing for anti-surface warfare. Western Europe

On 10 May 1940 Hitschhold commanded a group of 40 Ju 87B dive bombers; 33 were combat ready. StG 2 remained under Richthofen's air corps command, part of Luftflotte 2, belonging to Albert Kesselring. During the Battle of France and Battle of Belgium, StG 2 transferred to Hugo Sperrle's Luftflotte 3. Hitschhold's  attacked Fort Eben-Emael.The Battle of Fort Eben-Emael was crucial in allowing the German Army to breach Belgian Army fortifications along the border. The  carried out attacks against Belgian reserves moving to the frontline. The Belgian defences in the region crumbled the following afternoon, after the French  failed to relieve them under attack from StG 2 and Lehrgeschwader 2. On 11 May Hitschhold's I./StG 2 continued operations over Belgium in support of the 6th army crossing the Meuse river. The operations were successful but costly. Five Ju 87s were shot down near Tirlemont 42 km east-south-east of Brussels in combat with Hawker Hurricanes of the RAF Advanced Air Striking Force. Three of his men were killed in action, one wounded in action and one was captured.Their assailants were from No. 87 Squadron RAF. 11 Ju 87s from I. and II./StG 2 were lost


texts: to 3, 87 and No. 607 Squadron RAF, despite fighter protection from Jagdgeschwader 27. Over Louvain the following day, Hitschhold lost two more aircraft to 3 Squadron. Hitschhold's group supported the 3rd Panzer Division and 4th Panzer Division at the Battle of Hannut. They conducted a 30-minute attack against Thisnes and Crehen to break the French Cavalry Corps.The group fought in support of the Battle of Gembloux on 15 May. Over 15–17 May, Hitschhold's group moved to Saint-Quentin, Aisne. The capture of Liège airfield permitted close air support units to focus on the Battle of Sedan. The airfield came under artillery fire from forts still occupied by the Belgians until StG 2 intervened. StG 2 remained to support the 6th army's advance through the Dyle line before switching to support the 12th army for two days, south of Namur from 18 May. The wing contributed 200 sorties to the Sedan operation. StG 2 and 77 intervened in the Battle of Arras on behalf of Erwin Rommel's 7th Panzer Division.StG 2 advanced into north-eastern France during the dash to the English Channel. It fought during the Siege of Calais and Battle of Boulogne. The ports were taken after bombardment from StG 2 and 77. Hitschhold's commanding officer Oskar Dinort lost both wingmen over Boulogne on 25 May. Four were lost. In a major action, Dinort led 39 Ju 87s and two  in an attack on Admiral James Somerville's forces off Calais on 24 May. The 10th Panzer Division requested air support against Royal


texts:
 Navy warships bombarding their positions as the division fought its way into Calais.Dinort ordered Hitschhold to select a target. The light cruisers Arethusa, Galatea, and destroyers Grafton, Greyhound, Verity, Wessex, Wolfhound, Vimiera and Polish Navy destroyer Bzura were subjected to an intense dive-bombing attack. Wessex was sunk; Vimiera and Bzura was damaged. The Ju 87s suffered no loss in their unopposed attacks. Six of the Wessex crew were killed and 15 wounded. From 29 May Hitschhold led his formation in the Battle of Dunkirk until 2 June 1940, attacking shipping and Royal Navy vessel supporting Operation Dynamo. I./StG 2 spent 5–7 June reorganising.From 8 June in supported the 6th and 9th army in crossing the Seine and Marne. It supported the 9th army's advanced on Laon. Hitschhold's group lost three crews on 8 June. Hitschhold operated over Longpont, north-east of Paris and the group claimed to have destroyed 20 to 30 French tanks preparing a counterattack north-east of the capital. Thereafter Hitschhold flew in the battles of Péronne, Roye, Chauny and Nogent. I./StG 2 provided air cover in the advances through Yonne and Loire. By the Armistice of 22 June 1940, Hitschhold's command had lost 13 aircraft.Battle of Britain
In July 1940 the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht initiated plans for Operation Sea Lion, the invasion of the United Kingdom. The Oberkommando der Luftwaffe began an air offensive codenamed Operation Eagle Attack. The objective was the


texts:
 destruction of RAF Fighter Command in south-eastern England. The Luftwaffe began bombing British convoys in the English Channel to draw Fighter Command into battle and deplete its strength. The first phase of what became the Battle of Britain was termed the Kanalkampf (Channel War). Hitschhold's I./StG 2 moved to Falaise in Normandy. The group transferred to Laon-Couvron.It staged through the Pas de Calais for attacks on the Channel convoys. In late July it relocated to Cherbourg. The group was placed under Richthofen's Fliegerkorps VIII. The group was equipped with 35 aircraft with 29 operational. Hitschhold and first group were involved in the battles from 4 July. That morning
Convoy OA 178 (convoy outbound atlantic) of 14 heavily laden merchantmen left the Thames Estuary, bound for the west coast and passed Dover safely on 3 July. German radar picked up the convoy and the Luftwaffe was ordered to intercept the ships.A Junkers Ju 88 reconnaissance aircraft from 1. (F)/123 flew over the Channel and reported that the convoy was south-west of Portland. I./StG 2 took off, led by Geschwaderkommodore Oskar Dinort and Hitschhold, from Falaise, Calvados with 24 Ju 87s, escorted by a Staffel of fighters from I./JG 1. The attack was followed by 23 Ju 87s of III./StG 51 after they had been hastily re-fuelled and rearmed. The ships were close to the French coast; Dallas City was damaged, engulfed in flames and collided with Flimson which was also hit and the ships took 15


texts: minutes to disengage; Dallas City later sank. Antonio limped into Portland Harbour with Flimson. Deucalion (1,796 GRT), Kolga (3,526 GRT) and Britsum (5,225 GRT) were sunk and SS Canadian Constructor, was damaged for no Luftwaffe loss.On 21 July 1940 Hitschhold was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and promoted to Major as Gruppenkommandeur of I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann". On 8 August Hitschhold was involved in a large series of battles over Convoy Peewit. In the late morning StG 2, 3 and 77 from Angers, Caen and St. Malo were escorted by Messerschmitt Bf 110s from V./LG 1, to attack the convoy south of the Isle of Wight, with about 30 Bf 109s from II. and III./JG 27 for cover. Supermarine Spitfires of 609 Squadron and Hurricanes from 257 and 145 squadrons attacked the German formations, joined later by 238 Squadron. The Ju 87s severely damaged SS Surte, MV Scheldt and SS Omlandia and sank SS Balmahasoon after. SS Tres was sunk by StG 77.SS Empire Crusader, in the lead, was hit by StG 2 and sank several hours later; four ships were sunk and four were damaged in the attacks. From 20 to 30 RAF fighters attacked the German aircraft and I. and II./StG 2 suffered one damaged Ju 87 each, StG 3 lost three Stukas from I. Gruppe and two damaged. On 13 August Hitschhold and II./StG 2 commanded by Walter Enneccerus, were ordered to attack RAF Andover with the support of StG 1, along with RAF Warmwell and Yeovil. I./JG 53 flew a fighter sweep ahead of the


texts: bombers from Poole to Lyme Regis in order to tempt the RAF into battle. The sweep failed to attract or divert RAF squadrons. Instead, it succeeded in alerting the RAF defences a critical five minutes earlier. When the main wave of StG 2 arrived over the coast, they were greeted by 77 RAF fighters.II., and III./JG 53 and III./ZG 76 flew escort for the Ju 87s. The whole of No. 10 Group RAF intercepted. One Staffel of II./StG 2 was badly hit by No. 609 Squadron RAF; six out of nine Ju 87s were shot down. StG 1 and 2 gave up on their original targets owing to heavy cloud cover. Both headed for Portland.On 15 August <mask>'s group stood down while the other gruppen engaged in the large air battles of the day. On 16 August, StG 2 was fully committed nearly 100 Ju 87s to an attack on RAF Tangmere. Bf 109s from Jagdgeschwader 2 provided escort. The Ju 87s reached the airfield and carried out a devastating attack before Fighter Command could intercept. 1, 43, 601 and 602 Squadrons caught the Ju 87s as they exited the target area. <mask>'s gruppe was attacked by 43 Squadron. The Hurricanes destroyed five of his Ju 87s and damaged three.Only one crew member was rescued. StG 2 was not involved in the battles on the 18 August, after which the Ju 87s was withdrawn from the air superiority campaign. Ju 87 units sat idle on the French coast for the duration of the battle. In the winter 1940, these groups carried out sporadic attacks against coastal shipping. In September 1940 the

masks: Hitschhold Hitschhold


texts:
 group provided pilots and aircraft for the propaganda film Stukas. Thereafter, it trained for Operation Felix, an attack on Gibraltar, until it was abandoned in January 1941. Balkans and Mediterranean

From 5/6 January 1941 I./StG 1 staged from St Malo to Graz in Austria.By 23 January Hitschhold's gruppe moved into airfields at Otopeni, north of Bucharest in Romania. Hitschold moved down to Kraynitsi, south-south-west of Sofia in Bulgaria. On 6 April the group mustered 39 Ju 87s for operations. On this date it supported Fliegerkorps VIII operations in the Invasion of Yugoslavia and Battle of Greece. It bombed positions in Petric and played a role in the Battle of the Metaxas Line. Hitschhold may have been involved in Operation Retribution, the bombing and destruction of central Belgrade. The group bombed British Army concentrations in Arta, Greece from 9 April and supported the advance on Salonika and Skopje.<mask>'s command facilitated the breakthrough at Kastoria which routed the Epirus Army in the Battle of Lake Kastoria. Through the remainder of April 1941, Hitschhold supported the advance on Olympia, Larissa, Volos, and  the German land forces at the Battle of Thermopylae. The group supported paratroop drops on Corinthia and advance into Peloponesia. The group staged through Larissa to Corinth. From 22 April Histchhold's group attacked Allied shipping in the Megara Gulf. I./StG 2 found target-rich waters in the Gulf of Corinth where, at Antikyra, the 1,300-ton


texts: tanker Theodora and 657-ton coastal tanker Theodol were sunk by 2 staffel. The Greek destroyer Hydra was sunk in the Gulf of Megara on 22 April.In total the Hellenic Navy lost four torpedo boats—Greek torpedo boat Kios among them—three mine-layers and with Allied naval forces a further 43 merchant ships totalling 63,975 tons to the 23 April. Hitschhold's group flew daily attacks against shipping near and around Crete. Hitschhold's men probably sank the Greek destroyer Hydra at Piraeus naval base, which lost 23 vessels in two days. Greek destroyer Psara was sunk at anchor off Megara. Other Ju 87s from I./StG 2 sank other Greek merchant vessels in the Gulf Corinth. Operation Demon—the Allied evacuation from Greece—reached its peak; three-quarters of 60,000 men were evacuated. The I./StG 2 under the command of Hitschhold participated in the Battle of Crete, which ended the fighting in the Balkans until 1944.StG 2, with KG 2 and KG 26, bombarded anti-aircraft artillery positions before 493 Junkers Ju 52 transports began dropping German paratroops over the Cretan airfields. <mask>'s group achieved success on 22 May. They sank the British destroyers Greyhound on 22 May 1941. The group also sank the cruiser Gloucester with five 1,000 lb bombs. 45 officers and 648 men were killed. <mask> watched the ship sink in 35 minutes as he circled above. <mask>'s unit contributed to the sinking of Fiji in the same action.The damaged Fiji was later sunk by Bf 109 fighter-bombers. On

masks: Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold


texts:
 30 May Rear Admiral Irvine Glennie's Force D, consisting of the cruisers ,  and  were intercepted by Hitschhold's unit, which was now operating from Rhodes. They damaged Orion and Dido. I./StG 2 assisted in the sinking of destroyer Hereward. III./StG 2 struck the fatal blow. The end of the campaign came on 1 June. The gruppe claimed 164,000 tons of shipping sunk.If accurate, it amounted to nearly half the 360,000 tons lost by the Allied powers. Eastern Front
Hitschhold departed Rhodes for Cottbus, and then moved eastward to Przasnysz, 88 km north-east of Warsaw in German-occupied Poland. <mask> commanded 35 Ju 87s. StG 2 remained with Richthofen's Fliegerkorps VIII, subordinated to Kesselring's Luftflotte 2 in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union.On 22 June Hittschhold was shot down but rescued. On the first three days of the invasion, from 22–24 June 1941, <mask> was ordered to support the 9th Army and 3rd Panzer Army, the spearhead of Army Group Centre. <mask>'s group assisted the breakthrough at Suwałki on 25 June, and engaged in anti-tank operations 80 km south of Grodno. He led II./StG 2 in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, advance on Vilnius, Lepel, Vitebsk to force a bridgehead over the Dnieper.On 11 July the group attacked rail lines from Vitebsk to Smolensk, before supporting the destruction of the Smolensk pocket. On 8 August, Hitschhold was ordered north, to support the 16th army and Army Group North. The group supported


texts: the breach of the Velikaya River line, and the advance to Staraya Russa near Lake Ilmen. From 27 August to 8 September close air support was flown in support of  XXVIII Army Corps and XXXIX Panzer Corps to Schlüsselburg at the mouth of the Neva River. On 9 September, Hitschhold's group fought along the northern front depending on the situation as Army Group North neared Leningrad. Interdiction operations were flown against the Leningrad–Moscow rail lines. In mid-September I./StG 2 was based at Velizh deep inside the Soviet Union.From this point it enforced the Siege of Leningrad. Hitschhold's crews focused on the Baltic Fleet at Kronstadt. All three gruppen were equipped with new heavier armour-piercing bombs that arrived at Tyrkovo airfield. During these combat operations, one of Hitschhold's men, a then unknown Hans-Ulrich Rudel, sank the Soviet battleship Marat at the cost of several Ju 87s. A notable casualty was Staffelkapitän Ernst Kupfer, who survived. Kupfer flew three missions on 28 September, and on each mission his aircraft was badly damaged. The Soviet destroyer Minsk, and Steregushchi were sunk in the same raid.I./StG 2 moved to Army Group Centre once more for the Battle of Moscow on 2 October 1941. <mask> fought at Vyazma and Kalinin in support of the 3rd Panzer Army and 9th Army. The group flew in support of operations to relieve the 1st Panzer Division from a potential encirclement. On 15 October <mask> was relieved of command of I/StG 2. <mask> was


texts: moved to the 1st Dive-bomber school as an instructor, and on 31 December 1941 he was awarded the 57th Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves with a promotion to Major for his service as Gruppenkommandeur of I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann". Oberstleutnant <mask> <mask> replaced Otto Weiß as commanding officer of Schlachtgeschwader 1 on 18 June 1942. <mask>'s appointment came prior to the beginning of Operation Blue, the summer offensive into the Caucasus.The wing operated the Bf 109E and Henschel Hs 129 in the ground-attack role. Schl.G. 1 flew ground attack and counter air operations. On 8 July was ordered to attack the airfield at Kamesnk to relieve pressure on the army from the Red Air Force. It claimed 20 aircraft, yet no more than one two were actually destroyed. By 20 July, the wing had only 36 aircraft operational after the battles across the Donets and Don River. In August <mask> led the wing in the Battle of Kalach and Battle of Stalingrad.On 19 November 1942 the Red Army began Operation Uranus. The offensive broke through north and south of Axis lines around Stalingrad and encircled the German, Italian, Hungarian and Romanian armies in and around the city. Hitschhold's wing did contribute to the destruction of the Soviet 5th Tank Army's 8th Cavalry Corps at Oblivskaya on 26 November. The aircraft went into action as ground personnel from his command  manned the trenches around the town. The last of the Soviet tanks was purportedly destroyed at the edge of SG

masks: Hubertus Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold


texts: 1's airfield. Hitachhold's second group lost eight aircraft in these battles. By 1 December 1942, it possessed just five Hs 129s, 10 Bf 109E-7s and 11 Henschel Hs 123s.Hitschhold's crews supported Operation Winter Storm, and assisted the Italian Army in Russia escape destruction in the Soviet Operation Little Saturn. On 16 and 17 December 1942 the specialised  4.(Pz)/SG. 1 destroyed ten Soviet tanks with their six Hs 129s, now armed with MK 101 cannon. Within three days, Italian lines had collapsed, and II./Schl.G. 1 abandoned Millerovo, as the 18th Tank Corps approached. Second group in particular, flying from the Rossosh area on 6 December 1942, attacked Soviet armoured spearheads attacking the 3rd Romanian and 8th Italian Army. By 22 December it had pulled back to Voroshilovgrad.Among the successes, was the repulse of a tank attack by the 1st Guards Army against Antonovka near Millerovo on 2 January 1943; which was defeated largely because of the tank-busting formations from II./SG 1. The 3rd Guards Army approached Morozovsk, forcing 7. Staffel to abandon some Hs 123s there. In 1943 Hitschhold's main successful contribution was the support of the Waffen SS at the Third Battle of Kharkov, which allowed the Germans to recapture the city and Belgorod. In May first group converted to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. It was positioned in the Izyum sector until July 1943. SG 1 was not afforded any rest.Elements moved southwest of Rostov-on-Don, and fought in the Taman


texts:
 Peninsula, at the Kuban bridgehead in support of the 17th Army. General der Schlachtflieger

The Kuban was <mask>'s last battle in the field. In June 1943 he was relieved of command from SG 1 on 10 June and promoted to Oberst. <mask> was appointed Fliegerführer Sardinien, responsible for the coordination of air units in Sicily. FliegerführerLuftflotte 2  Fliegerkorps II's previous headquarters at Viterbo was appropriated by FliegerführerLuftflotte 2 under Hitschhold. <mask> was directly subordinated to Fliegerkorps II. <mask> was to assume command of all the bomber, fighter, reconnaissance and ground-attack units in support of the 10th Army.<mask>'s command failed to repulse the Allied invasion of Sicily. In September 1943 the Allied invasion of Italy succeeded in gaining a foothold on continental Europe. Naples was captured and only the Air raid on Bari yielded any success. On 1 January 1944 <mask> was appointed General der Schlachtflieger, a position he held until 8 May 1945. Hitschhold advocated ending Ju 87 production in favour of the Fw 190. Production ended only in September 1944. On 1 January 1945 <mask> was promoted to Generalmajor, a position he held until the German surrender in May 1945.Awards
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (15 September 1939)
 1st Class (11 May 1940)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 21 July 1940 as Major and Gruppenkommandeur of I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann"
 57th Oak Leaves on 31 December 1941

masks: Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold Hitschhold


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 as Major and Gruppenkommandeur of I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann"

References

Citations

General sources

1912 births
1966 deaths
German World War II pilots
Luftwaffe pilots
Major generals of the Luftwaffe
People from East Prussia
People from Pisz County
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak


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Jacob Nelson “<mask><mask> (December 25, 1927 – December 1, 1975) was an American professional baseball player. <mask> was one of the best second basemen of all time, and the third-most difficult hitter to strike out in Major League Baseball (MLB) history. <mask> played in the big leagues from 1947 through 1965 and spent the majority of his career as a member of the Chicago White Sox; his career was bookended by multi-year stints for the Philadelphia Athletics and, later, the Houston Astros. <mask> was an American League (AL) All-Star for twelve seasons, an AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for one season, and an AL Gold Glove winner for three seasons. He had a .288 major-league career batting average with 2663 hits, 35 home runs, and 790 runs batted in. He hit .300 or more six times, and led the AL in singles eight times (seven consecutive seasons) and in fielding average six times as a second baseman. His career fielding percentage was .984.In 1959, when the "Go Go" Chicago White Sox won the American League Pennant championship, he hit .306 with 149 singles and 70 RBI. He coached for the Houston Astros and Texas Rangers after his playing career. He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1997. Early years
<mask> was born on Christmas Day 1927 in St. Thomas Township, Pennsylvania, a rural area just west of Chambersburg, in south central Pennsylvania. He was the youngest of three sons born to a carpenter who grew up on a farm and liked to play town baseball in St. Thomas. Despite his short stature, with the help of his father, he distinguished himself as a baseball player at a young age, even playing with his father on their St. Thomas team. <mask> at age 16 in 1944, thought that he had a good chance to sign on with a professional baseball team due to player shortages from World War II.His mother wrote a letter on her son's behalf to

masks:
Nellie
” Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox


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 Connie Mack, the owner/manager of the Philadelphia Athletics, which enabled him to attend an open tryout that spring for the Athletics in Frederick, Maryland. <mask> caught the attention of Mack who signed him to a professional contract. Professional baseball

Minor leagues
<mask> started his professional baseball career with the Lancaster team of the Pennsylvania Interstate League and the Jamestown Falcons where he hit .314. He played a range of infield and outfield positions, ultimately settling at second base. He came back with Lancaster in 1945 and was known as the best second baseman in the league. The Philadelphia Athletics bought his contract that year, but <mask> did not get to play for them then because he was called to service and was stationed in Korea in 1946. Major leagues

<mask>'s major league career began in  when he started to play for the Philadelphia Athletics, but he played mostly in the minor leagues, appearing in a total of ten MLB games in 1947 and 1948.In 1949, the Philadelphia Athletics set a major league team record of 217 double plays, a record which still stood as of . <mask> appeared in 88 of the Athletics games that season, and contributed to 68 of the team's double plays. The Athletics traded <mask> to the Chicago White Sox for Joe Tipton on October 29, . He spent the next 14 seasons with the Sox, making 12 AL All-Star teams and 15 of 16 AL All-Star Game selections beginning in 1951 (two All-Star games were played in 1959 through 1962) when he batted .313. The White Sox finished in third place in each season between 1952 and 1956, followed by second-place finishes in 1957 and 1958 (Baseball-Reference.com lists Billy Pierce and Minnie Miñoso as the top White Sox players during most of those years, as reflected by wins above replacement (WAR), but <mask> had the team's highest WAR in 1957). 1959 season
<mask>'s best

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 season came in 1959, when he received the AL Most Valuable Player award (not until Dustin Pedroia in  would another American League second baseman receive such an honor) on a White Sox team that won its first AL pennant in 40 years. He batted .306, had an on-base percentage of .380, and led the AL in singles.He also started and had four hits in two All-Star games and won his second Gold Glove. The Al López-managed White Sox had the best record in baseball, going 94-60 to finish five games ahead of the Cleveland Indians and a surprising 15 ahead of the New York Yankees. It was one of just two seasons the Yankees did not win the pennant between –. In the World Series, <mask> batted a team-high .375 with three doubles, but the Sox lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games. In Game 5, <mask> scored the only run when Sherm Lollar hit into a double play in the fourth inning (this was only the second time that a World Series game did not have an RBI). It was <mask>'s only postseason experience, and the White Sox did not make it back to the World Series until they swept the 2005 World Series from the Houston Astros. Later seasons
<mask> played his final two seasons (1964–65) with the Houston Colt .45s and Astros.Joe Morgan later said that he looked up to <mask>'s example as a rookie with the Astros; <mask> and Morgan were both diminutive second basemen. Morgan grew up hitting with a <mask> <mask> model bat, which had a large barrel and large handle. With the Astros, <mask> convinced Morgan to switch to a bat with a thin handle to leverage his power. <mask> was 5-foot-9, he made up for his modest size and minimal power — he hit only 35 home runs in his career, and never more than six in a single season — with his good batting eye, excellent fielding, and baserunning speed. <mask> was perennially one of the toughest batters to strike out, fanning just 216

masks: Fox Fox Fox Fox Fox Fox Nellie Fox Fox Fox Fox


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 times in his career, an average of once every 42.7 at-bats which ranks him 3rd all-time. He led the league in most at-bats per strikeouts a phenomenal 13 times in his career. In 1951, <mask> hit more triples (12) than he had strikeouts (11).A solid contact hitter (lifetime .288 batting average), he batted over .300 six times, with 2,663 hits, 355 doubles, and 112 triples. He also led the league in singles for seven straight years, in triples once, and in hits four times. Defensive skills
<mask> was one of the best second basemen in the major leagues. He played next to a pair of slick-fielding White Sox shortstops from Venezuela, Chico Carrasquel (1950–55) and Luis Aparicio (1956–62). He was the first major league Gold Glove Award winner for a second baseman in , and he received two more Gold Glove awards in  and . Between August 1956 and September 1960, <mask> played a major-league record 798 consecutive games at second base. In 1959 and 1960, the Aparicio-<mask> middle infield duo won two Gold Gloves twice for their respective positions, becoming the first (of now a dozen) shortstop-second baseman combinations who both won Gold Gloves in the same season.<mask> led the league's second basemen in defensive games played each season between 1952 and 1959. He also led second basemen in putouts between 1952 and 1961, and in assists several times during his career. <mask> finished among the top five second basemen in fielding percentage every year between 1950 and 1964, and currently ranks second in career double plays as a second baseman. Coaching seasons

<mask> was a coach for the Houston Astros (1965–67) and the Washington Senators/Texas Rangers (1968–72). In the late 1960s, <mask> appeared to have a chance to manage the Senators when Jim Lemon's post came open following the team's purchase by Bob Short. However, around the same time the Washington


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 Redskins named Vince Lombardi as their football coach, so Short felt pressure to hire a manager with a very well-known name and selected Ted Williams for the position. Later years
<mask> lived in St. Thomas Township, Pennsylvania, after his playing days were over.He co-owned and managed Nellie Fox Bowl in Chambersburg after retiring from baseball. <mask> was diagnosed with skin cancer in 1973. In October 1975, he was admitted to the Baltimore Cancer Research Center and treated for lymphatic cancer. <mask> died on December 1, 1975, at the age of 47. He was buried at the St. Thomas Cemetery in his hometown of St. Thomas. Legacy

Jim Lemon, who played for the White Sox with <mask> in 1963, said that <mask>'s cancer "had to be incurable – because if it wasn't, Nellie would have beat it." Former White Sox manager Al López described how <mask> had found success through hard work rather than natural ability: "He wasn't fast and didn't have an arm, but he worked hard to develop what he needed to make himself a good all-around ballplayer.If you had eight <mask> <mask>es, all with his spirit and determination, I think you'd have a winning team." On May 1, 1976, <mask>'s uniform number 2 was retired by the White Sox; he is the second of ten White Sox players to have his uniform number retired. <mask> was not selected to the Hall of Fame in his initial period of eligibility. In his final ballot cast by baseball writers in 1985, he gained 74.7 percent of the vote, just shy of the 75 percent (traditionally baseball percentages were rounded off) required for election by the Baseball Writers' Association of America. However, in , the Hall of Fame's Veterans Committee elected him. He had the required 75% of the committee's vote in 1996, but the committee was allowed to vote in only one former MLB player; Jim Bunning was inducted after receiving one more vote than

masks: Fox Fox Fox Fox Fox Fox Nellie Fox Fox Fox


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 <mask>. Prior to his Hall of Fame election, a group of fans formed the Nellie Fox Society to promote his case for induction.The group grew to as many as 600 members, including Richard M. Daley, James R. Thompson, George Will and several former MLB players. In 2001, a Pennsylvania state historical marker was dedicated to honor <mask>. Bronze statues of <mask> and Aparicio were unveiled on the outfield concourse of U.S. Cellular Field in 2006. <mask>'s statue depicts him flipping a baseball toward Aparicio, while Aparicio is depicted as preparing to receive the ball from <mask>. See also

 Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
 Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks

Explanatory notes

References

External links

<mask> <mask> at Baseball Library
, which originally appeared in the book Go-Go To Glory--The 1959 Chicago White Sox (Skokie, Illinois: ACTA Publishing, 2009), edited by Don Zminda. 1927 births
1975 deaths
American League All-Stars
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Burials in Pennsylvania
Chicago White Sox players
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Deaths from skin cancer
Gold Glove Award winners
Houston Astros coaches
Houston Astros players
Houston Colt .45s players
Jamestown Falcons players
Lancaster Red Roses players
Lincoln A's players
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Major League Baseball second basemen
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
People from Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Athletics players
Texas Rangers coaches
Washington Senators

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<mask> is a professor at the University of Illinois. Her fields are the study of literacy, pedagogy, and contemporary, diverse childhoods. Using qualitative and sociolinguistic research procedures, Dyson examines the use of written language from children's perspectives within their social worlds, and as they engage with popular culture. Books she has published include The Brothers and Sisters Learn to Write, Popular Literacies in Childhood and School Cultures (2003),  Writing Superheroes, Contemporary Childhood, Popular Culture, and Classroom Literacy (1997),  Social Worlds of Children Learning to Write in an Urban Primary School (1993),  Multiple Worlds of Child Writers: Friends Learning to Write (1989). Dyson has also written articles for professional journals. Education
Dyson received a Bachelor of Science degree (concentration: English) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1972. Following this, she obtained a M.Ed., in Curriculum and Instruction (1976) and a Ph.D. in Education (1981) at the University of Texas, Austin.Statement of Teaching Philosophy

Throughout <mask>'s career, Dyson has strived to engage students with their own interests, while helping them develop common skills. In Dyson's words: “As a teacher and a researcher, I think intellectual, political, and moral issues of teaching and learning are best understood—and grappled with—when they are embodied in everyday human experiences of teachers and students, in and out of school; conversely, I think teachers immersed in the very human context of classroom life (which is not neat, not orderly, and not predictable) must also see

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Anne Haas Dyson
Dyson


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 the larger issues implicit in their daily decisions.”

Continuing, Dyson states, “Finally, my identities as a teacher of the young and not-so-young merge in the kind of engagement I require of my students. Having struggled to help a 6-year-old realize that fish starts with F, not God or water, I do not equate lecturing with teaching. There is nothing lonelier than standing in front of a class when I’m not sure they are, intellectually, with me—and nothing is more satisfying than when we are all making progress together. Then teaching is its own reward.”

Additionally, Dyson stresses the importance of unstructured playtime in preschool and kindergarten as a “fundamental avenue” for learning. Attempts by parents and educators to bombard children with information to give children's cognitive abilities an early boost may be well-intentioned, but is ultimately counterproductive. According to <mask> (2009), “That approach doesn’t appreciate the role of play and imagination in a child’s intellectual development.Play is where children discover ideas, experiences and concepts and think about them and their  consequences. This is where literacy and learning really begins.”   Although Dyson sees some value in teaching the ABCs to children in pre-kindergarten, she believes that attempting to accelerate learning actually works against a child's development. According to Dyson, kindergarten and preschool should be a place for children to experience play as intellectual inquiry, before they become taken over by the tyranny of high-stakes testing. She states, “I’m certainly not opposed to literacy in the early


texts:
 grades, but the idea that we can eliminate play from the curriculum doesn’t make sense. Kids don’t respond well to sitting still in their desks and listening at that age. They need stimulation. We have to intellectually engage kids.We have to give them a sense of their own agency, their own capacity, and an ability to ask questions and solve problems. So we have to give them more open-ended activities that allow them the space they need to make sense of things.”

Career
Beginning in the early seventies, Dyson began teaching and has taught all of her adult life. She began by teaching Mexican American children in a poor Catholic diocese in El Paso, then taught adults in an English Academy, migrant preschoolers, and bilingual first graders in public schools. Presently, Dyson teaches adults, but her teaching sensibilities and goals are deeply rooted in her identify as a teacher of the young. <mask> began her career in higher education at the University of Georgia, where she was an assistant professor (1981–1985) in the Department of Language Education and belonged to the Graduate Faculty, Graduate School (1984–1985). She began at the University of California, Berkeley in the Division of Language, Literacy and Culture as a visiting assistant professor (1984–1985), then an assistant professor (1985–1987), an associate professor (1987–1991), and became a professor (1991–2002). Dyson then became a professor in the Department of Teacher Education at Michigan State University (2002–2006).Most currently, <mask> is a professor in Curriculum and Instruction at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

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 (2006–present). Awards and honors

Research Awards and Honors
<mask> received the David H. Russell Award for Distinguished Research in the Teaching of English from the National Council of Teachers of English in 1994 for her book-length ethnographic study, Social  Worlds of Children Learning to Write in an Urban Primary School. The following year, <mask> received the Choice Outstanding Academic Book of the Year (1995), and in 2002 she received the Purves Award from the National Council of Teachers of English as an author of the Research of Teaching English article from the previous year judged as likely to have the greatest impact on educational practice. In 2006, <mask> received the Janet Emig Award for exemplary scholarship from the National Council of Teachers for her article “What Difference does Difference Make? Teacher Perspectives on Diversity, Literacy, and the Urban Primary School” published in ‘’English Education’’ in May, 1995. Again she received the Janet Emig Award in 2006 for the article, “Crafting ‘The Humble Prose of Living’: Rethinking Oral/Written Relations in the Echoes of Spoken Word,” which was published in English Education in 2004. And in 2007, she was selected for the honorable position of “Scholar” by the Hofstra University.Teaching Award
<mask> received the Distinguished Teaching Award from the University of California-Berkeley in 1998. <mask>'s Research

Dissertation
<mask>'s dissertation entitled, “A Case Study Examination of the Role of Oral Language in the Writing Processes of Kindergarteners” helped to set the stage for her future research of children's writing in a

masks: Dyson Dyson Dyson Dyson Dyson Dyson


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 sociocultural context. In her dissertation, Dyson drew heavily from scholars such as Britton, Vygotsky,
Ferreiro,
and others who emphasized the critical role that oral language has in literacy learning. For instance, Britton was quoted by Dyson as stating: “All that the children write, your response to what they write, their response to each other, all this takes place afloat upon a sea of talk. Talk is what provides the links between you and them and what they have written, between what they have written and each other.”   In her dissertation,
Dyson elected qualitative research to investigate the role of oral language in the early writing processes of five kindergarten students over a three-month period. During her case study she collected data, such as observational notes, audio recordings of children's talk, written products, daily log entries, child and parent interviews, and informal assessment tasks. At the conclusion of this study, some of Dyson's findings include: that talk is an integral part of the early writing process, young children write for different purposes, and that there is no one early writing process.Research Focus
<mask> <mask>'s research focuses on the study of early childhood literacies from a sociocultural perspective. Known mainly by her works, <mask> immerses herself in ethnographic research that examines children's writing, in particular story making. Common threads found throughout Dyson's work include her study of primary grade children in urban schools with culturally diverse populations over the course of a year or more. In Dyson's words, “My research focuses on

masks:
Anne Haas
Dyson
Dyson


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 language and literacy development in the early childhood years. I use qualitative and sociolinguistic research procedures to examine written language use from children’s points of view - from within their own social lives”  Additionally, Dyson studies the influences of popular culture on young children's literacy development. She comments, “My projects include an interest in written language as part of children’s symbolic repertoire (e.g., talk, drawing, dramatic movement) and in the intersection of childhood cultures and school literacy learning. What matters most to school children is often other children.Written language can become woven into their unofficial childhood practices in ways that co-exist with, contribute to, or conflict with the official school world. Young children’s literacy use often entails their participation in popular culture. So I have become interested in changing notions of written language and of the texts through which people learn and play (particularly those of popular culture), in how children’s literacy use reflects these changing notions, and in how schools should respond to those changes”

Methodology
Dyson's approach to research through ethnography has allowed her to explore children's language and literacy development holistically as it occurs naturally in sociocultural contexts. Typical of ethnography, her research has sought to explain, describe, and provide insight into human behavior in context. In Dyson's in-depth ethnographies,  she reported the devotion of many days and weeks of observation in a new classroom before knowing what would be considered data


texts: for her study, stressing the importance of building trust and a rapport between herself, as a researcher, and the classroom members. As reported in her book, The Brothers and Sisters Learn to Write (2003), Dyson describes the importance of being unobtrusive in her observations of children in the classrooms, while at the same time demonstrating interest in their activities: “ …I made no effort to become one of the gang. I was ‘busy' with writing in my notebook, I  was ‘interested’ in ‘children,’ and I wouldn’t ‘tell on them.’ So, as Rita [classroom teacher] taught a lesson, circulated among the children, or modeled working  on her  product, I sat, pen in hand, legal pad on lap, watching and writing without looking at the pad (a feat that never fails to impress first graders).(p. 21). <mask> deliberately chooses classrooms contusive to her research interest: how young children construct their understandings of symbolic communication, including learning to write. She therefore seeks classroom teachers whose instruction allows children the freedom to construct their own understandings of literacy in an accepting environment. In these classrooms, Dyson seeks child informants who actively produce evolving constructions of writing and who are relaxed enough to open up to Dyson in order to talk about their work and answer questions regarding it. In Dyson's book-length ethnographic studies,  she pulls together the pieces of her studies into meaningful wholes through the interpretation of triangulated data (e.g., field notes, tape recordings, interviews, artifacts, etc.). By doing this, she tells the stories


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 of children's literacy experiences that meet at the crossroads of official (e.g., classroom, school curriculum, etc.) and unofficial (e.g., peer groups, family, neighborhoods, popular media, etc.)worlds. The Brothers and Sisters Learn to Write
An example of <mask>'s work is given in her book The Brothers and Sisters Learn to Write: Popular Literacies in Childhood and School Cultures (2003). The book is an ethnographic study that takes place in a first grade classroom in an urban school over an academic year. The school in this study had a socioeconomic mix consisting of approximately 50% African American, a third European American, and the remaining was of varied Latino and Asian ancestries. Approximately 40% of the student population qualified for free or reduced lunch. Dyson typically seeks out schools such as this in order to examine their complex classroom communities which are rich in cultural and social diversity. Dyson looks from inside a child's culture out toward the school's demands in order to provide conceptual substance for a theoretical view of written language development that considers broad conceptions of children's literacy resources and learning pathways.She expresses concern for the narrow windows that educators inside the official school world view children's lives, where, Dyson states, “children’s cultural worlds as children--the breadth of their textual experience, the depth of their social and symbolic adaptability—disappear.” (p. 5) <

The focus is on six African American children, known as “the brothers and sisters”: Marcel, Wenona, Denise, Vanessa, Noah, and Lakeisha, who


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 bonded together at school and considered themselves “fake” siblings. During the study, Dyson observed these children as they negotiated their way among the official worlds of school and the unofficial worlds that were governed by their peers, family, homes, churches, neighborhoods, the popular media, etc. Her study focused on children's interactions in and out of official and unofficial worlds and how this influenced their literacy learning. Drawing heavily from Bakhtin (1981),  Dyson situates children on a “landscape of voices” that allows her to portray how children maneuver through social space, rather than only how they participate in the recurrent practices of the official world over time. Additionally, Dyson explored certain types of cultural material (sports, music, movies, etc.) as well as particular children's processes of transforming it into official practices (i.e., writing stories, journal entries, etc.). This ethnographic study is representative of Dyson's work in that it focuses on literacy development from a sociocultural perspective and explores the effects of the popular media on literacy learning.Selected articles

<mask>, A. H. (1984). Emerging alphabetic literacy in school contexts: Toward defining the gap between school curriculum and child mind. Written Communication, 1(1), 5-55. <mask>, A. H. (1987). Individual differences in beginning composing: An orchestral vision of learning to compose. Written Communication, 4(4), 411-442. <mask>, A. H. (1990).Weaving possibilities: Rethinking metaphors for early literacy development. The Reading Teacher, 44(3), 202-213. <mask>, A. H.

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 (1992). The case of the singing scientist: A performance perspective on the" stages" of school literacy. Written Communication, 9(1), 3-47. <mask>, A. H. (1995). Writing children: Reinventing the development of childhood literacy.Written Communication, 12(1), 4-46. <mask>, A. H. (1998). Folk processes and media creatures: Reflections on popular culture for literacy educators. The Reading Teacher, 51(5), 392-402. <mask>, A. H. (1999). Coach bombay. Research in the Teaching of English, 33(4), 367-402.<mask>, A. H. (1988). Negotiating among multiple worlds: The Space/Time dimensions of young children (Report No. 15). Berkeley, CA: California University Center for the Study of Writing. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED297334)

<mask>, A. H. (1989). Multiple worlds of child writers: Friends learning to write.NY: Teachers College Press. <mask>, A. H. (1990). Research in review. symbol makers, symbol weavers: How children link play, pictures and print. Young Children, 45(2), 50-57. <mask>, A. H. (1992). "Whistle for willie," lost puppies, and cartoon dogs: The sociocultural dimensions of young children (Report No.CSW-TR-63). Berkeley, CA: National Center for the Study of Writing and Literacy. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED355513)

<mask>, A. H. (1993). Social worlds of children learning to write in an urban primary school. New York: Teachers College Press. <mask>, A. H. (1993).A sociocultural perspective on symbolic development in primary grade classrooms. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, (61), 25-39. <mask>, A. H., & Genishi, C. (1994). The need for story: Cultural

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 diversity in classroom and community. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. <mask>, A. H. (1995). Children out of bounds: The power of case studies in expanding visions of literacy development (Report No.CSW-TR-73). Berkeley, CA: National Center for the Study of Writing and Literacy. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED384869)

<mask>, A. H. (1997). Writing superheroes: Contemporary childhood, popular culture, and classroom literacy,. NY: Teachers College Press. <mask>, A. H. (2001).Donkey kong in little bear country: A first grader's composing development in the media spotlight. The Elementary School Journal, 101(4), 417-433. <mask>, A. H. (2003). "Welcome to the jam": Popular culture, school literacy, and the making of childhoods. Harvard Educational Review, 73(3), 328-361. <mask>, A. H. (2005). Crafting "the humble prose of living": Rethinking Oral/Written relations in the echoes of spoken word.English Education, 37(2), 149-164. <mask>, A. H. (2006). Literacy in a child's world of voices, or, the fine print of murder and mayhem. Research in the Teaching of English, 41(2), 147-153. <mask>,  A. H. (2006). On saying it right (write):" fix-its" in the foundations of learning to write. Research in the Teaching of English, 41(1), 8-42.<mask>, A. H. (2003). The brothers and sisters learn to write: Popular literacies in childhood and school cultures. New York: Teachers College Press. <mask>, A. H. (2003). Popular literacies and the" all" children: Rethinking literacy development for contemporary childhoods. Language Arts, 81(2), 100-109. <mask>, A. H. (2013).ReWRITING the basics:


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 literacy learning in children's cultures. NY: Teachers College Press. <mask>, A. H. (2016). Child Cultures, schooling, and literacy: Global perspectives on composing unique lives. NY: Routledge. References

University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
University of Texas at Austin College of Education alumni
University of Illinois faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living


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<mask> (3 March 1919 – 18 January 2017), commonly known as <mask>, was a South African-born novelist, journalist and political commentator who in 1956 settled in Jamaica, where he lived for the rest of his life. His death at the age of 97 is considered to have been murder. Biography

Early years and education

<mask> was born in 1919 in Vrededorp, a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa; his father was from Ethiopia and his mother was Coloured, with French and African roots. Abrahams was five years old when his father died, and with his family thereafter struggling financially his mother sent him to live with relatives until the age of 11, when he became a boarding student at the Anglican Church's Grace Dieu School in Pietersburg. On graduation from there, he went to St Peter's Secondary School in Rosettenville, paying his tuition fees by working at the Bantu Men's Social Centre. Move to London (1939) and Jamaica (1956)

In 1939, Abrahams left South Africa, and worked first as a sailor, and then settled in London, where he was a journalist. Hoping to make his way as a writer, he faced considerable challenges as a South African, as Carol Polsgrove has shown in her history, Ending British Rule: Writers in a Common Cause (2009).Despite a manuscript reader's recommendation against publication, in 1942 Allen & Unwin brought out his Dark Testament, made up mostly of pieces he had carried with him from South Africa. Publisher Dorothy Crisp published his novels Song of the City (1945) and Mine Boy (1946). According to Nigerian scholar Kolawole Ogungbesan, Mine Boy became "the first African novel written in English to attract international attention." More books followed with publication in Britain and the United States: two novels —The Path of Thunder (1948) and Wild Conquest (1950); a journalistic account of a return journey to Africa, Return to Goli (1953); and a memoir, Tell Freedom (1954). While working in London, <mask> lived with his wife Daphne in Loughton. He met several

masks:
Peter Henry Abrahams Deras
Peter Abrahams
Abrahams
Abrahams