texts:
 her other works. In 1860, Hopkin's artworks were first on display at the London exhibition. At the Royal Society of British Artists Exhibition, three of her watercolour paintings were on display. Canoes in a Fog - Lake Superior was a stepping stone for <mask>; this was the first of her many paintings that will make it to the Royal Academy of London. A total of five other paintings made it to the list which is: Left to Die, Canadian Voyageurs on Lake Superior starting at Sunrise, Wilfred <mask> (Portrait of Son) and lastly Running a rapid on the Mattawa River, Canada, these were accomplished from the year 1869 to 1878.Today, many of her paintings are part of the collection of the National Library and Archives of Canada. List of notable works

<mask> was an affiliated member of the North British Academy of Arts. Her association with the institution paved way to a watercolour painting of hers exhibited in the city of York. Her works became a reliable source for educators such as for historical purposes. These were due to <mask>' oeuvre retaining an image of Canada's colonial past. Thomas Schultze has written an extensively annotated book of <mask>'s work, which was published by Penumbra Press in spring 2008. The publication details a look at <mask>' talent neglected by time, an artist who proved herself in a male-dominated profession.In 1988, a stamp featured one of her paintings and an inset sepia photograph of the artist. In 2018, Canadian photographer Naomi Harris recreated the portage trips taken by <mask>, by paddling a canoe up to Thunder Bay while wearing 19th century clothing. References

External links

 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 Biography from  "Canada's Digital Collections"
Biography from "Famous Canadian Women on Postage Stamps"

1838 births
1919 deaths
English women painters
Hudson's Bay Company people
19th-century English painters
20th-century English painters
19th-century British women artists
20th-century British women artists
20th-century English women
19th-century English

masks:
Hopkins
Hopkins
Legacy Hopkins
Hopkins
Hopkins
Hopkins
Hopkins


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born February 16, 1982) is an American convicted felonious sex offender and former politician and businessman. A member of the Republican Party, he was elected to the Oklahoma Senate in 2010, defeating several challengers in primary elections, re-elected in 2014 and served his term until 2017. Shortey advocated 'family values' during his campaigns. During his tenure, he established a Republican consulting firm. <mask> was the state campaign chair for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election. Shortey resigned in March 2017 after being charged with three felonies relating to soliciting prostitution from a male minor. In September 2017, a federal grand jury in Oklahoma City charged <mask> on four counts, one of which he pleaded guilty to in November 2017, with an agreement that the others would be dropped.Jailed since his plea, <mask> was sentenced in September 2018 to 15 years in prison, to be followed by 10 years of supervised release. Early life
According to his official Senate biography, <mask> was born in Casper, Wyoming, and is a member of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe. He spent a portion of his childhood on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in Grass Mountain, South Dakota, before moving to Oklahoma. His attorney said Shortey grew up in poverty, was shot by his brother at the age of 3, and was abused by stepfathers and his mother's boyfriends. <mask> graduated from Westmoore High School in 2000, and studied at Heartland Baptist Bible College (an unaccredited Baptist Bible college that trains ministers) in Oklahoma City. Career
<mask> worked in the oil and gas industry. He first became involved in politics circa 2002, becoming active in a number of Republican political campaigns.In 2014, <mask> established a Republican political consulting firm, the Precision Strategy Group, that reported earning nearly $300,000 "for consulting, direct mail and polling services." The Associated Press noted that court

masks:
Ralph Allan Lee Shortey
Shortey
Shortey
Shortey
Shortey
Shortey
Shortey
Shortey


texts:
 records showed that <mask> "had some past financial difficulties dating back to before his time in the Senate, including an eviction, debt-related lawsuits and foreclosure proceedings." At least as late as 2016, <mask> was a co-owner of a coffee shop in south Oklahoma City. Oklahoma Senate

2010 election
<mask> was first elected to the Senate in 2010. He was an advocate of family values during his campaigns. Senate District 44 was an open seat (incumbent Senator Debbe Leftwich, who was embroiled in a misconduct probe, decided not to run for reelection). In the initial Republican primary in July 2010, <mask> came in second place in a four-candidate field, with just under 38% of the vote.In the Republican primary runoff the following month, however, <mask> won the nomination, defeating James Davenport, a martial arts studio co-owner and ex-chief of staff to a county commissioner; <mask> received 58% of the vote to Davenport's 42%. In the November general election, <mask> defeated Democratic nominee Randy Rose, a retired Oklahoma City firefighter. <mask> won 57% of the vote to Rose's 43%. 2014 reelection
<mask> was reelected in 2014, defeating his Democratic opponent Michael Brooks-Jimenez, an attorney. <mask> received 52% of the vote, compared to Brooks-Jimenez's 42%. In 2017, following <mask>'s resignation, Brooks ran again in the special election to fill the vacancy, and won with 54% of the vote. 2017 prosecution and resignation
On March 16, 2017, <mask> was charged by the Cleveland County District Attorney with three felony counts—soliciting a minor for prostitution, prostitution within  of a church, and transporting someone for prostitution—after he was caught with a 17-year-old boy in a motel room in Moore, Oklahoma.Police reported a "strong odor of raw marijuana" emanating from the room. According to an affidavit, the duo told police they had brought marijuana with them, which <mask> said they were

masks: Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey


texts:
 smoking when police arrived. Video from the arrest released by Moore police show <mask> in the motel room wearing a T-shirt that reads, "now go make me a sandwich." Above a cartoon drawing of a sandwich, it cites , a Bible verse that calls on women to obey their husbands. Police said that they discovered sexually explicit text messages between the duo in which <mask> called the teen "baby boy" and offered him cash in exchange for sexual acts. Shortey turned himself in the same day and was released on a $100,000 bond. The FBI and U.S. Secret Service in Oklahoma City both confirmed that they had joined the investigation into Shortey, and the FBI conducted a search of his home.The age of consent in Oklahoma is 16, but, under state law, engaging in prostitution with anyone under 18 is illegal. After the reports emerged, but before charges were filed, the Oklahoma Senate unanimously voted to strip <mask> of privileges including his parking space, office, and positions on committees, although he retained his seat, ability to vote, and salary. A number of Republican and Democratic Oklahoma officials called upon <mask> to step down, including Governor Mary Fallin. <mask> resigned from office on March 22, 2017—six days after being charged. Indictment and sentencing
On September 5, 2017, a federal grand jury indicted <mask> on four federal sex trafficking and child pornography charges, involving both the March incident and videos that Shortey was accused of distributing from his smartphone in 2012 and 2013. Shortey pleaded not guilty to these charges. After the federal charges were announced, the Cleveland County district attorney dropped the state charges.A federal jury trial had been scheduled for December 2017. On November 19, 2017, <mask> reached an agreement to plead guilty on November 30 to one count of child sex trafficking; the prosecutor agreed to have the child pornography counts removed. <mask> was jailed

masks: Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey


texts:
 immediately after pleading guilty on November 30 and faced a sentence of at least 10 years in prison, with Judge Timothy D. DeGiusti to decide in 2018. In early December 2017, police released their video of <mask>'s arrest at a motel where he was found with a 17-year-old male prostitute. In June 2018, prosecutors revealed in a sentencing memorandum that <mask> had sex twice with the victim in the year before they were found together at the hotel. Prosecutors also informed the judge that they would seek full restitution from Shortey for the victim's losses, including the cost of any care. <mask>'s lawyer said it would not yet be appropriate to comment.Jailed since his guilty plea, <mask> was sentenced in Oklahoma City federal court on September 17, 2018, to a total of 15 years in prison, and 10 years of supervised release. In sentencing testimony, <mask> apologized to his family, fellow Christians, and his constituents. His attorney, who said the sentence was fair, requested that Shortey serve it at a facility in Texas with a sex offender rehab program; the Bureau of Prisons placed <mask> at the Federal Correctional Institution, Seagoville in Seagoville, Texas. In February 2019, U.S. District Judge DeGiusti imposed a restitution fine on Shortey of $125,850, about half of the maximum amount. Political positions
<mask> was a staunch conservative in the Republican-dominated legislature. The Oklahoman noted that Shortey filed bills that "often drew national attention and, at times, national ridicule." The Associated Press reported that as a state senator, Shortey "routinely voted with his Republican colleagues on bills targeting gay and transgender people", including a measure passed in 2017 to allow business owners to discriminate against LGBT people.<mask> was also known for his firm opposition to illegal immigration and to gun control. He maintained that state legislators had a constitutional right to carry


texts:
 guns in the Oklahoma State Capitol. Duane Chapman ("Dog the Bounty Hunter") and his wife Beth supported legislation introduced by <mask> to regulate the bounty-hunting industry. Shortey took a "hard-line stance against abortion" and in 2012 proposed legislation to outlaw the use of aborted fetuses in food; the widely ridiculed bill did not receive a committee hearing. In response, <mask> explained his intent was to deter the use of human embryonic stem cells in research by private companies. In February 2017, <mask> came under public criticism for trying to retighten state drug laws which Oklahoma voters had voted to loosen in November 2016. Arguing that voters had not considered the consequences of their vote, Shortey introduced a bill to increase the penalties for drug possession within  feet of a church or a school, which Oklahoma voters had voted to classify as a misdemeanor instead of a felony.Although <mask>'s district was close to the Capitol, he frequently missed votes; the Associated Press noted that according to an online bill tracking service, <mask> missed nearly half of the votes taken in the Senate. Personal life
According to his senate biography, <mask> married his "high school sweetheart" Jennifer. They have four daughters. When the couple divorced in 2018 after 16 years, his wife and children changed their last name. <mask> was known in the Senate for his imposing size, standing  tall and weighing . Electoral history

2010

2014

References

External links

1982 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American criminals
American people convicted of child sexual abuse
Businesspeople from Oklahoma
Lakota people
Living people
Native American state legislators in Oklahoma
Oklahoma politicians convicted of crimes
Oklahoma state senators
Oklahoma Republicans
Politicians from Casper, Wyoming
Politicians convicted of sex offences
Politicians from Oklahoma City
Prisoners and detainees

masks: Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey Shortey


texts: <mask> (, Gilˁad Šaliṭ, born 28 August 1986) is a former MIA soldier of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) who on 25 June 2006, was captured by Palestinian militants in a cross-border raid via tunnels near the Israeli border. Hamas held him captive for over five years, until his release on 18 October 2011 as part of a prisoner exchange deal. During his captivity, Hamas turned down requests from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to be allowed to visit Shalit, claiming that any such visit could betray his location. Multiple human rights organizations criticized this stance, claiming that the conditions of Shalit's confinement were contrary to international humanitarian law. The Red Cross stated, "The Shalit family have the right under international humanitarian law to be in contact with their son". The only communication in the early months came through an intermediary, who claimed that a low-ranking Hamas official, Ghazi Hamad, asked him to convey to Shalit's parents assurance that Shalit was "alive and was treated according to Islam's laws regarding prisoners of war, in other words, he had been given shelter, food and medical care." The United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict called for Shalit's release in its September 2009 report.In its 27 May 2011 Deauville Declaration, the G8 demanded <mask>'s release. <mask>'s capture has been deemed a kidnapping and abduction by many sources. He was not granted any visits from the Red Cross and was not allowed to communicate with family members (to which he is entitled as a captured soldier under the Geneva Conventions), and a ransom, even if not of a monetary nature, was demanded for his return. The only contact between Shalit and the outside

masks:
Gilad Shalit
Shalit
Shalit


texts:
 world after his capture and before his release were three letters, an audio tape, and a DVD that Israel received in return for releasing 20 female Palestinian prisoners. <mask> was captured near the Kerem Shalom crossing in Israel, and held by Hamas at an unknown location in the Gaza Strip. Hamas' initial demands of releasing of all female and underage Palestinians as well as Marwan Barghouti were not met. On 18 October 2011, he was released in a deal that secured his freedom after more than five years in isolation and captivity, in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian prisoners, including some convicted of multiple murders and carrying out attacks against Israeli civilians (according to Israeli government sources, the prisoners released were collectively responsible for 569 Israeli deaths).<mask> was the first Israeli soldier captured by Palestinian militants since Nachshon Wachsman in 1994. Shalit, having a rank of Corporal in the IDF's Armor Corps at the time of his capture, was promoted to Sergeant, Staff Sergeant, and then Sergeant First Class on the eve of his release. Personal life
<mask> was born on 28 August 1986 in Nahariya, Israel, to Noam and Aviva <mask>. He has an older brother and a younger sister. He was raised from the age of two in Mitzpe Hila in the Western Galilee. He graduated with distinction from Manor Kabri High School. He began military service in the Israel Defense Forces in July 2005, and "despite a low medical rating, chose to serve in a combat unit, following his older brother, Yoel, into the armored corps."He holds dual Israeli and French citizenship, the latter via his grandmother. Antecedents

The capture of Shalit was one of the more notable events that took place during the June/July 2006

masks: Shalit Shalit Shalit Shalit


texts:
 flare-up of hostilities between Gaza and Israel, the others being the Gaza beach explosion (2006) and the Muamar family detention incident. Noam Chomsky has drawn attention to the cause-and-effect and also to the differences in treatment in the Western media between the Muamar detention that took place a day earlier, and the abduction of <mask> Shalit. The Israeli army seized the two Palestinian Muamar brothers in an overnight raid into the southern Gaza Strip on 24 June 2006, who were accused of being members of Hamas and planning attacks on Israel. Hamas said they were sons of a member but were not involved in Hamas. According to a report by the Army Radio, published nearly a year after the occurrence, the IDF had received a warning on 24 June 2006, the day before Shalit was captured, about a planned abduction. Israeli security forces entered the Gaza Strip and arrested the two brothers.The report said that the brothers were transferred to Israel for interrogation, and that the information extracted formed the basis for the warning that militants would try to enter Israel through tunnels to capture soldiers stationed near Gaza. As of January 2012 the brothers were still in an Israeli jail, held without trial for over five years. Capture

Early on 25 June 2006, Palestinian militants from the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, Popular Resistance Committees, and Army of Islam crossed into Israel from the Gaza Strip through a tunnel near Kerem Shalom, and attacked an IDF post. Two Israeli soldiers were killed and another two, apart from <mask>, were wounded. Two of the attacking Palestinian militants were also killed. Shalit suffered a broken left hand and a light shoulder wound, and the militants captured him and took

masks: Gilad Shalit


texts:
 him via a tunnel into Gaza. Shalit's captors issued a statement the following day, offering information on Shalit if Israel were to agree to release all female Palestinian prisoners and all Palestinian prisoners under the age of 18.The statement was issued by the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the Popular Resistance Committees (which includes members of Fatah, Islamic Jihad, and Hamas), and a previously unknown group calling itself the Army of Islam. <mask> was the first Israeli soldier captured by Palestinians since Nachshon Wachsman, in 1994. His capture and the following cross-border raid by Hezbollah, resulting in the capture of IDF soldiers Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev into Lebanon, occurred prior to the conflicts in Gaza and Lebanon during summer 2006. The high-ranking Hamas commander whom Israel considers responsible for masterminding Shalit's capture, Abu Jibril Shimali, was killed during the violent clashes between Hamas and the al-Qaida-affiliated Jund Ansar Allah organization in Gaza in August 2009. Rescue attempt

Israeli forces entered Khan Yunis on 28 June 2006 to restore quiet after repeated rocket attacks. Freeing <mask> was not one of the objectives of the mission called "Summer Rains". According to an Israeli embassy spokesperson, "Israel did everything it could in exhausting all diplomatic options and gave Mahmoud Abbas the opportunity to return the abducted Israeli… This operation can be terminated immediately, conditioned on the release of <mask> Shalit."On the same day, four Israeli Air Force aircraft flew over Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's palace in Latakia, because Israel views the Syrian leadership as a sponsor of Hamas, according to an IDF spokesperson. The operation did not succeed

masks: Shalit Shalit Gilad


texts:
 in finding <mask>. On 29 June, the commander of the Israeli Southern Command, Aluf Yoav Galant, confirmed that <mask> was still in Gaza. Israel's Minister of Justice, Haim Ramon, added that Shalit was being held in southern Gaza, specifically. A military correspondent for the Israel Broadcasting Authority said that <mask> was being held captive in Rafah in southern Gaza, and that there was indication that he was still alive. However, IDF spokesperson Brig. Gen. Miri Regev said: "we are not convinced he is being held in southern Gaza… [only] that he is being held in Gaza".On 1 July, the BBC reported that Shalit had been treated by a Palestinian physician for a broken hand and a light shoulder wound. Israeli government authorities threatened that the "sky will fall" if Shalit were harmed. On the same day, Shalit's captors demanded that Israel release an additional 1,000 Palestinian prisoners (in addition to all female and minor prisoners, as previously demanded). Diplomatic efforts

Prime Minister Ehud Olmert immediately ruled out negotiations with Shalit's captors, demanding his unconditional release. "There will be no negotiations to release prisoners," the Prime Minister's Bureau said in a statement. "The government of Israel will not give in to extortion by the Palestinian Authority and the Hamas government, which are headed by murderous terror organizations. The Palestinian Authority bears full responsibility for the welfare of <mask> <mask> and for returning him to Israel in good condition."The Apostolic Nuncio to Israel, Archbishop Antonio Franco, attempted to secure Shalit's release via the Catholic Church's Gaza-based parish. He was not successful. In September 2006, Egyptian mediators received a letter in

masks: Shalit Shalit Shalit Gilad Shalit


texts: which Shalit wrote that he was alive and well. The handwriting was confirmed to be that of Shalit. In October, Egypt was also reported to be negotiating with Hamas on behalf of Israel for <mask>'s release. On 28 October 2006, the Popular Resistance Committees (PRC) said in a statement that all three parties had agreed to a proposal by Egyptian mediators regarding <mask>'s release. The PRC did not provide details, but said that the Egyptian proposal would include the release of Palestinians held by Israel.It was the first time since Shalit's capture that any of the factions indicated that his release might be imminent. In November 2006, Hamas leader Khaled Mashal indicated that Shalit was alive and in good health. On 9 January 2007, Abu Mujahed, a spokesman for the captors, asserted that Shalit "has not been harmed at all ... He is being treated in accordance with Islamic values regulating the treatment of prisoners of war." He also said: "We have managed to keep the soldier in captivity for six months and we have no problem keeping him for years." On 17 January 2007, one of the captor groups, the Army of Islam headed by Mumtaz Dormush, claimed that Shalit was being held exclusively by Hamas. On 8 March 2007, Jerusalem Post reported that an agreement had been reached with Hamas over the number of prisoners Israel would release in return for Shalit.Israel and Hamas were still negotiating specific prisoners who Hamas wanted freed in return for Shalit. On 7 April 2007, it was reported that <mask>'s captors had transferred to Israel, through Egyptian mediators, a list of Palestinian prisoners they wanted freed. The list included names of approximately 1,300 prisoners, some of whom were high-ranking Fatah members. On 25

masks: Shalit Shalit Shalit


texts: June 2007, a year after <mask>'s capture, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades released an  in which Shalit is heard sending a message to his family, friends, and the Israeli government and army, and appealing for a prisoner-swap deal to be reached to secure his release. Shalit said that his medical condition was deteriorating, and that he required immediate and lengthy hospitalization. On 4 February 2008, it was reported that Hamas had sent <mask>'s family a second letter written by him. The handwriting was confirmed to be that of Shalit.<mask>'s father, Noam, met with former United States President Jimmy Carter during Carter's April 2008 visit to Israel. Carter planned to visit Khaled Meshal of Hamas in Damascus later. Noam <mask> said that the fact that Carter was not considered pro-Israel could be beneficial in securing his son's release. On 9 June 2008, it was reported that Hamas sent <mask>'s family a third letter. The group had promised to send them a third letter after mediation from Carter. The handwriting was confirmed to be <mask>'s. On 12 August 2008, Hamas said that it was suspending talks on <mask>'s release, demanding a complete lifting of the Israeli siege.The decision angered Egypt, a mediator for <mask>'s release. Hamas criticized the Egyptians for linking the opening of the Rafah border crossing with Shalit's release, a condition to which Hamas refused to agree. On 20 August 2008, in his briefing to the United Nations Security Council, the Under-Secretary-General of the UN appeared to link the decision to release 200 Palestinian prisoners to the case, though a Hamas spokesman saw it as an attempt to increase Palestinian internal divisions by releasing only those loyal to the Fatah faction. On 11 May

masks: Shalit Shalit Shalit Shalit Shalit Shalit Shalit Shalit


texts:
 2010, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev called for Shalit to be freed "as soon as possible". He made the call while meeting Hamas leaders in Damascus, Syria. "The Russian president urged solving the problem of releasing Israeli citizen <mask> Shalit as soon as possible," his spokeswoman said. Russia is the only country that has direct dialogue with Hamas.Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal reportedly said Hamas would only consider releasing Shalit when Israel resumed talks to free Palestinian prisoners. PA President Mahmoud Abbas called for the release of Shalit in a press conference with visiting German President Christian Wulff. Negotiations for release

Shalit's father had blamed the U.S. for blocking talks on his son's release. Netanyahu responded to a pilgrimage march, called by <mask>'s father for his release, by saying he was willing to release 1,000 Palestinian prisoners in exchange for Shalit, but that top Hamas leaders would not be among those released. In early 2011, Egyptian-moderated negotiations continued between the Israeli government and Hamas, represented by Ahmed Jabari. Haaretz reported that Israel proposed a prisoner swap, and threatened that if Hamas rejected the proposal, no swap would occur. Hamas responded by warning that an end to negotiations would lead to <mask>'s "disappearance."Negotiations were hung up over disagreements between the two parties regarding Israel's unwillingness to release all of the so-called "senior prisoners" into the West Bank—a demand Hamas rejects—and regarding the particulars of releasing prisoners who were leaders of Hamas and other organizations. On 11 October 2011, the Pan-Arabist Al Arabiya network reported that Israel and Hamas had reached an agreement on Shalit.

masks: Gilad Shalit Shalit


texts:
 Netanyahu convened a special Cabinet meeting to approve the Shalit deal. Shalit's release negotiations include the release of 1,027 Hamas and Palestinian prisoners by Israel. Despite poor relations with Israel at the time, the Republic of Turkey played a significant yet silent role in Shalit's release. President Peres publicly thanked Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan for showing compassion to Shalit. On 18 October 2011, <mask> was transferred to Israel.The IDF transferred him, via helicopter, to the base in Tel-Nof, where he was reunited with his parents and met the prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. In the base he went through medical tests; it was found that he was malnourished and suffered from vitamin deficiencies. After the tests were completed, he was then transferred by helicopter to his home, where many who supported his release waited outside his house to see his return. Shalit subsequently began to rehabilitate with IDF assistance. Israeli society perceptions and activities

The vast majority of Israel's citizens were in favor of the deal, although a vocal minority opposed it, creating essentially two camps. One camp supported the release of Shalit on Hamas's conditions. According to the Dahaf Polling Institute, 79 percent of Israelis favoured this deal, which included the release of over 1,000 Palestinian prisoners and the deportation of some of them outside the territory of the Palestinian National Authority or restricting them to Gaza.A second camp said that Shalit should be released, but not on Hamas's conditions. They argued that the correct approach is to protect Israelis if the prisoners are released. According to the Dahaf Polling Institute, 14 percent of Israelis were in this camp.


texts: Others believe that the disagreement among Israelis represented rifts and changes within Israeli society. Attorney Dalia Gavriely-Nur, a lecturer at Bar-Ilan University, said that the camp opposing the prisoners deal was holding onto a view of collectivist society, in which the individual was expected to sacrifice himself for the good of society; the camp supporting the prisoner release was expressing, however, a high value on the sanctity of life, that symbolizes a shift to a more privatized society. Noam <mask>, <mask>'s father, urged the UN to take all possible measures to implement the findings of the Goldstone Report. The Goldstone Report called for <mask>'s immediate release and, while he was in captivity, for access to him by the International Committee of the Red Cross.On the evening of <mask>'s 23rd birthday, on 28 August 2009, thousands attended a vigil for Shalit at the Western Wall, and dozens of activists protested outside Defense Ministry headquarters in Tel Aviv, slamming Defense Minister Ehud Barak and criticizing IDF Chief of Staff Gabi Ashkenazi. The Jewish Internet Defense Force (JIDF) organized in August 2009 a pro-Shalit campaign on the social networking site Twitter. Twitter users drove <mask>'s name to the second-highest trend on the day of his 23rd birthday. Tweets for Shalit ranged from the demand "Free Shalit", to requests for international supervision of the case. In several incidents during 2009, leaders of the campaign to free Shalit demonstrated at the prisons in which Palestinian detainees were held, preventing visits by Palestinian prisoners' families. One such demonstration at the Erez crossing on the Gaza border blocked the passage of food and medicine to the Gaza Strip. Israel said

masks: Shalit Gilad Shalit Shalit Shalit


texts:
 it would not ease its blockade of Gaza until Shalit was freed.The abducted soldier's long plight was an extremely emotional issue within Israel, with large, tearful rallies on his birthdays and frequent media appearances by his father. Reflecting wide support for the cause, one Israeli TV anchor ended his daily newscast by mournfully reciting how many days the soldier has been held captive. Israeli opponents of such a deal spoke out, warning that releasing top Palestinian militants could result in the deaths of many Israelis in renewed attacks, as well as increased Palestinian motivation to abduct more soldiers in the future. Israeli analyst Dan Schueftan called the possible swap deal "the greatest significant victory for terrorism that Israel has made possible." On 17 October 2011, Purdue University Professor Louis Rene Beres made the case against freeing <mask> in an op-ed column in the Jerusalem Post:No modern government has the legal right to free terrorists in exchange for its own kidnapped citizens, military or civilian. Under long-standing international law, every state has a primary obligation to protect its citizens. Yet it appears that tomorrow, Israel Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu will exchange Palestinian terrorists for kidnapped IDF soldier <mask> Schalit.Any such exchange, however humane to Schalit and his family, would imperil thousands of other Israelis. Captivity

In early December 2008, during a Hamas rally in Gaza City to mark 21 years since its founding, a Hamas member masquerading as Shalit was paraded by Hamas militia members. Hamas's refusal to negotiate about the status of Shalit or even to provide further information about his status strained the temporary Israel-Hamas cease-fire enacted

masks: Shalit Gilad


texts: in June 2008. At the start of the Gaza War, Hamas claimed Shalit had been wounded by Israeli fire. On 11 January 2009, Abu Marzuk, Deputy Chief of the Hamas Political Ministry, told the London-based Arabic daily Al-Hayat that: "Shalit may have been wounded, and he may not have been. The subject no longer interests us. We are not interested in his well-being at all, and we are not giving him any special guard since he is as good as a cat or less."On 22 January 2009, Israel indicated that it was willing to swap Palestinians held in Israeli jails for Shalit as part of a longer-term truce after the three-week military operation in Gaza. On 26 January 2009, it was reported that Israel was offering to free 1,000 prisoners in exchange for Shalit. On 16 March 2009, it was reported that a prisoner-swap deal to gain Shalit's release was close, and the negotiation team was urged to wrap up the deal. Israel agreed to release more than 1,000 Palestinian prisoners, but there were still disagreements over the number of prisoners. The negotiation team however deadlocked over the release of 450 "heavyweight" prisoners. According to a senior source in the PM's Office, "a deal cannot be finalized on such terms, and there's nothing to vote on [in the government session] Tuesday". In May 2009, President Shimon Peres invited Shalit's family to meet Pope Benedict XVI at the President's residence in Jerusalem.In June 2009, Israeli human rights group B'Tselem published an ad in the West Bank Palestinian newspaper Al-Quds, calling on Hamas to release Shalit "immediately and unconditionally", but the Gaza-based daily Palestine refused to print it, according to a B'Tselem spokeswoman. In July 2009, Hamas TV in Gaza broadcast a short animated


texts: movie that depicted Shalit chained to a jail cell wall, pleading with a Palestinian boy to be set free. The boy refuses, saying he has relatives in Israeli prisons. In July 2009, Noam <mask>, <mask>'s father, testified before the Goldstone Committee, which was investigating on behalf of the United Nations illegal conduct by combatants during Gaza War. Shalit told the committee that his son has lived without human rights for three years, and that no one, including the Red Cross, knows what happened to him or has paid him a visit. The Jerusalem Post reported that it obtained photographs showing children at the graduation ceremony of a Hamas-run summer camp, reenacting Shalit's abduction. The photos were reported to show Osama Mazini, a senior Hamas political official in charge of the Shalit negotiations with Israel, attending the play.On 30 September 2009, Israel announced that it would release 20 female Palestinian prisoners in exchange for a video proving Shalit was still alive. The video was attributed to intervention by Switzerland. The exchange took place successfully on 2 October. Hamas turned over a two-minute 40-second video to Israel. Senior IDF officers, Defense Minister Ehud Barak, and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu viewed the footage, after which Barak spoke to <mask>'s father Noam and grandfather Zvi by telephone. The video was sent to the Shalit family home in Mitzpe Hila, with the family reportedly viewing it together. Members of the Israeli negotiating team for Shalit's release viewed the footage to ensure it met with Israel's demands, primarily with regard to how recently it was filmed.The , the only contact from Shalit other than three letters written by him and an audio tape released in June

masks: Shalit Gilad Shalit


texts: 2007, was released to the public at around 4:00 in the afternoon on Israeli television. In the video, Shalit is seen sitting in a chair in a bare room, looking frail and emaciated but otherwise healthy. He addressed Netanyahu and his parents, and reminisced about times he spent with his family. At the end of the video, he stated that the "Mujahideen of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades are treating me very well". During the video, he held up a newspaper dated 14 September 2009. Israel transferred 19 Palestinian women being held in Hadarim Prison near Netanya to the Ofer and Shikma detention facilities, ahead of their final release. As soon as it was determined that the video met Israel's demands, the detainees were released and turned over to Red Cross vehicles, which transported them to the West Bank.Another female prisoner was slated for release by the Israel Prison Service, but it was found that she had already been released for good behavior. Another female prisoner was then selected as her substitute, and released on 4 October. In 2010, at least two cathedrals in Switzerland turned off their lights for several minutes in solidarity with Shalit. On the fourth anniversary of Shalit's abduction, the lights of the Colosseum were turned off. and so were the lights around the Old City walls in Jerusalem. A flotilla of ships, called The True Freedom Flotilla, sailed around the Statue of Liberty and past the United Nations. In late June 2010, Shalit's parents organized a march from Shalit's hometown to the Prime Minister's residence in Jerusalem, and were joined by 10,000 people.Shalit's parents stated that they would not go home until he was freed. On the fifth day of the march, as it reached Hadera, Israel agreed to


texts: a German-mediated prisoner exchange deal. Under the deal, Hamas would release Shalit, and Israel would release 1,000 Palestinian prisoners. However, Israel stated that the released Palestinians would be barred from entering the West Bank, since this location would afford them access to Israeli cities. Israel also refused to release "arch-terrorists" as part of the deal. Hamas responded by saying that the problem was with who Israel was willing to release, not how many. Hamas demanded that Israel release 450 prisoners jailed for violent attacks on Israelis, but Israel refused to agree to release most of them.In an address, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu said Israel was willing to pay a heavy price for Shalit, "but not any price". Shalit's grandfather Zvi called these comments a "death sentence" for <mask>. When a pro-<mask> Shalit release march entered Jerusalem on 8 July, it was met by a group of protesters holding signs "Gilad – Not at any cost" and "Don't give up to terror". The protesters had red ribbons on their hands symbolizing the blood of possible future terror victims resulting from any exchange in terrorists for Shalit's release. In October 2010, Hamas officials claimed to have thwarted an attempt to locate Shalit. A collaborator in Hamas's military wing was allegedly caught planting bugs in two-way radios. Hamas leaders said the informer maintained relationships with top Hamas commanders in order to learn where Shalit was being held.At the end of November 2010, PA President Mahmoud Abbas called for Shalit to be released, comparing his situation to that of Arab prisoners held in Israeli prisons. In June 2011, French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, at a joint press

masks: Gilad Gilad


texts:
 conference, issued a call for <mask>'s release. This followed <mask>'s father, Noam, filing a suit in France to investigate his son's abduction. Shalit is a dual citizen of Israel and France. <mask> Shalit prisoner swap deal

Five years and four months after Shalit was captured by Palestinian militants in southern Israel, a deal was reached between Israel and Hamas to release Shalit in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian and Israeli Arab prisoners. The deal was brokered by German and Egyptian mediators and signed in Egypt on 11 October 2011. Its first phase was executed on 18 October, with Israel releasing 450 Palestinian prisoners and Hamas transferring Shalit to Cairo.Release
On 18 October 2011, <mask> was returned to Israel as part of the agreement with Hamas. Hamas militants during the exchange wore suicide belts in the event that Israel tried to change the terms at the last minute. The first 447 Palestinian prisoners were also freed and transferred as part of the exchange, the prisoners were also exiled from Israeli territory. Shortly after his release, on 24 October 2011, President Shimon Peres visited Shalit at his home in Mitzpe Hila to congratulate him and wish him well. At this time, Peres called Shalit a hero, and said that he was proud of his ability "to withstand extremely difficult conditions in captivity." Noam <mask> thanked Peres for his efforts in obtaining <mask>'s release. France's President Nicolas Sarkozy sent a congratulatory letter to <mask> <mask>, mentioning France's role in pressuring Hamas to release him.In March 2013, the Jerusalem Post released information that <mask> conveyed  to IDF investigators after his release. Location
The location in which <mask> was held is unknown. According to

masks: Shalit Shalit Gilad Shalit Shalit Shalit Gilad Shalit Shalit Shalit


texts: Israeli Home Front Defense Minister Matan Vilnai, even the leaders of Hamas did not know <mask>'s exact whereabouts. Only a small group of militants knew where <mask> was being held, and most of them had been killed in IDF operations. According to Vilnai, "there is a very small group of people who are holding <mask> Shalit who know, and a large number of them are no longer with us". Shortly after the abduction, locating Shalit became a top priority of Israeli intelligence, which soon received false information that he was being held in a fenced private residence on the outskirts of Gaza City. The information had been planted by Hamas to lure the Israelis into raiding the booby-trapped house.Planning for a rescue operation was underway when Israeli intelligence learned of the plot. In June 2007, Israeli media, citing Hamas sources, reported that Shalit was being held in the basement of a booby-trapped building near Rafah in Gaza, and was being cared for by two guards with whom he had established a cordial relationship. Shalit's living quarters were described as a two-room underground store with enough supplies for two weeks, accessible down a ladder through a 15-meter-deep shaft lined with explosives. The report added that the guards receive supplies and newspaper clippings every two weeks, and that they had been ordered to take good care of Shalit. In October 2009, Asharq Al-Awsat reported that a senior Israeli defense official had told the newspaper that Israel knew exactly where Shalit was being held, and was keeping the location under constant surveillance. The newspaper reported that Hamas was aware that Israel knew Shalit's location, and responded by booby-trapping the area, surrounding it with explosives in a


texts:
 400–500-meter radius, and issuing a directive to kill Shalit if Israel mounted a military rescue operation. In June 2011, the Kuwaiti newspaper Al Jarida reported that Shalit had been transferred to a secret and secure location in Egypt ahead of an expected final deal.The newspaper quoted sources as saying that Shalit had been accompanied by Hamas commanders Ahmed Jabari and Mahmoud al-Zahar. International law
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) repeatedly asked Hamas for permission to visit Shalit to ascertain his conditions of detention and treatment. Hamas refused the requests. An ICRC representative said that under international humanitarian law Shalit is entitled to regular and unconditional contacts with his family. On 25 June 2007, the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem issued a statement saying "international humanitarian law absolutely prohibits taking and holding a person by force in order to compel the enemy to meet certain demands, while threatening to harm or kill the person if the demands are not met", and thus holding Shalit as a hostage to their demands is a war crime. B'Tselem also noted that denying access to ICRC visitations is also a violation of international law. Israeli NGO Monitor said that Shalit's abductors breach several provisions of the Third Geneva Convention, e.g., the right to humane treatment (Art.13); the right to have knowledge of a POW's location (Art. 23); and the right to unfettered access to the Red Cross (Art. 126). Human Rights Watch also stated that Hamas authorities were obligated by the laws of war to allow Shalit to correspond with his family, and noted that three letters and a voice recording cannot be counted as regular correspondence. HRW also


texts:
 called for him to receive visits from the ICRC, and said that the prolonged incommunicado detention of Shalit was cruel and inhumane and amounted to torture. A UN fact-finding mission headed by Judge Richard Goldstone assigned to investigate the Gaza War, which released its Report in September 2009, called for Shalit to be released. In June 2010, on the fourth anniversary of Shalit's abduction, Human Rights Watch made a statement describing Hamas' treatment of Shalit as "cruel and inhuman," saying it illustrates the UN definition of torture and violates the international rules of war by prohibiting him from having contact with his family or visits from the Red Cross.Gerald Steinberg, president of "human rights watchdog NGO Monitor", was quoted in October 2011 as saying that many human rights organizations, "such as the UN Human Rights Council, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network, Gisha, and the International Red Cross demonstrated very little interest" in the Shalit case. Efforts to help Shalit

5th Anniversary Campaign (2011)
In June 2011, the Zionist Federation, among other organizations, stepped up a campaign to ensure that Shalit and his abduction are not forgotten, encouraging members and sympathizers to contact their local MP, MEP and to write letters to newspapers and to Shalit's family with words of support. This followed a two-week Gilad Shalit Awareness Campaign in February, organized by the Embassy of Israel alongside ten other community organizations. Several prominent Israeli, Palestinian, and international human rights organizations issued a joint statement in June 2011 calling on Hamas to end its "illegal" and "inhumane" treatment of Shalit, including


texts:
 Amnesty International, B'Tselem, Bimkom, Gisha, Human Rights Watch, Palestinian Center for Human Rights, Physicians for Human Rights, Public Committee Against Torture in Israel, Rabbis for Human Rights, The Association for Civil Rights in Israel, Yesh Din; though Noah Pollak, writing in Commentary, noted that the statement did not call for the release of Shalit. A protest was also held in August 2011 outside Benjamin Netanyahu's office to mark Shalit's sixth birthday in captivity. <mask> <mask>'s father Noam also spoke at the social justice protest in Tel Aviv. Gilad Shalit Worldwide Tehillim Project
The Gilad Shalit Worldwide Tehillim Project
was established to support the reciting of Tehillim (Psalms) for Gilad Shalit.The goal is to have all of Tehillim recited daily. Life after release
Toward Shalit's release, the Israeli Defense Ministry decided, as precedent, that Shalit will be recognized as a disabled veteran with at least 20% disability, immediately upon his release from captivity. Shalit was a corporal when he was abducted, and during his captivity he was promoted to sergeant. After his release, Shalit returned to his parents' home in Mitzpe Hila. His release, the focus of attention in Israel and abroad, attracted many media outlets and ordinary citizens to Mitzpe Hila. Out of courtesy to Shalit, and given the sensitivity of the issue, many Israeli media outlets pledged to avoid intensive coverage that may compromise his privacy. After returning from captivity, Shalit began medical treatment for his injuries.On 4 November, he underwent surgery at Rambam Medical Center in Haifa to remove pieces of shrapnel that had been lodged in his arm during the abduction. During the two-hour operation, doctors found and


texts:
 removed seven pieces of shrapnel from his elbow and forearm, two of which were pressing on nerves. The defense establishment decided to enable Shalit to acclimatize first, after captivity, before beginning the debriefing. Ordinarily, debriefing is conducted immediately upon the arrival home of Israeli POWs and captives. In January 2012, Noam <mask>, <mask>'s father, announced his intention to run on the Israeli Labor Party's candidates list during primaries for the Knesset. On 18 April 2012, <mask> <mask> was discharged from the IDF with the rank of sergeant major. After returning home, Shalit met with, among others, Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu and French President Nicolas Sarkozy at his residence the Élysée Palace, and he is often followed by the media into sports and other events, in which a public figure is photographed with him.In June 2012, <mask>, an avid sports enthusiast and fan of Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C., found employment as a sports reporter for Yedioth Ahronoth, covering Israeli and European basketball in a regular column. His first assignment was in the United States, covering the 2012 NBA Finals in Oklahoma City. In February 2020, he got engaged to his girlfriend of one and a half years, Nitzan Shabbat. In June 2021, Hamas published new videos of Shalit from his time in captivity. The videos show Shalit working out, getting a shave, tying his shoelaces, and playing with a ball in his cell. Honorary citizenships

Paris, France

On 16 December 2008, Shalit was named an honorary citizen of Paris, France, after Paris Mayor Bertrand Delanoë and the City Council unanimously voted to give the title to Shalit. The group Collective Freedom for Gilad praised the decision, stating "it is with immense

masks: Shalit Gilad Gilad Shalit Shalit


texts:
 joy that we have welcomed the news, which shows how well the French state is mobilized at every level to make it possible for a young man to regain his freedom and family".The French town of Raincy also named Shalit an honorary citizen, and the Grenoble City Hall hung his photo on their building facade the week of 10 December 2008. Rome, Italy
During a public menorah-lighting ceremony on 21 December 2008, Gianni Alemanno, the Mayor of Rome, Italy, said that a proposal by Rome Jewish Community President Riccardo Pacifici (the grandson of Riccardo Reuven Pacifici) to make Shalit an honorary citizen of Rome was "an excellent idea." Alemanno added that he wanted to extend the honor "to give a sign of solidarity to the Jewish community." On 16 April 2009, during a formal evening celebrating Israel's 60th anniversary, Alemanno announced that the city declared Shalit an honorary citizen. Alemanno said that the Shalit affair does not concern the State of Israel alone, but the whole of humanity. On 1 July 2009, Alemanno conferred the honor to Shalit at a ceremony and presented a parchment declaration to Shalit's father, Noam. Alemanno said that making Shalit an honorary citizen was "a gesture of high symbolic value, with which Rome chooses to salute the values of life, of solidarity and of respect for the human rights."He added, "You cannot win using violence, kidnapping and ransom." In the United States
The city of Miami, Florida made Shalit an honorary citizen on 23 April 2009. The move was announced during a municipality council meeting, which also approved a bill declaring Israel's Independence Day as "Israel Day" in Miami. The city of New Orleans, Louisiana made Shalit an honorary citizen on 25 June 2009, the third


texts:
 anniversary of his capture. The city of Baltimore, Maryland made Shalit an honorary citizen on 29 June 2011, the fifth anniversary of his capture. The city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania made Shalit an honorary citizen on 30 August 2011, to commemorate his 25th birthday. <mask> <mask> – published at the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 Kerem "When the Shark and the Fish First Met" by <mask> <mask> – published at the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 <mask> Shalit: five years of difficult negotiations, onewspaper.com; accessed 14 October 2018.1986 births
Living people
Israeli columnists
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
Israeli people of French-Jewish descent
Israeli people taken hostage
Israeli reporters and correspondents
Israeli soldiers
Jewish military personnel
Kidnappings by Islamists
Operation Summer Rains
People from Nahariya
People of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Military personnel missing in

masks: Gilad Shalit Gilad Shalit Gilad


texts:
<mask> (24 February 1886 – 6 April 1945) was a Dutchman who moved with his fiancée to Bremen in 1905 in order to improve his job prospects. Bremen was a geographically small but industrially, commercially and economically dynamic "autonomous component state" which had become part of Germany in 1871. Geusendam was politically engaged and became increasingly active. This came to the attention of the authorities. In 1908, after taking part in a strike, still aged only 22, he was identified as a "troublesome foreigner" ("lästiger Ausländer") and deported from Bremen. Till 1933 Germany resisted pressure to copy the Anglo-French model of an ever more centrally controlled state, and Geusendam's expulsion became the focus of a thirty year foreign policy debate in the Bremen Bürgerschaft (parliament) as to whether or not depriving a man of citizens' rights fell within the competence of the city authorities and their senate. One reason that Geusendam was the focus of the debate for so long is that after his expulsion he soon returned, illegally, to Bremen for family reasons, and the authorities grudgingly suspended his expulsion.He was expelled again in 1921 but managed, with the support of the labour movement, to remain in Bremen till 1931, when he really was expelled. The family relocated briefly to the Soviet Union. Later he fell foul of the Hitler government as a result of his political activities in the border region between the Netherlands and Germany. He was arrested in 1940 and held in government detention at a succession of institutions till, through physical mistreatment and malnutrition, he died in April 1945. Biography
<mask> <mask> was born at Rijssen, a country town in the flatlands between Apeldoorn and Enschede. This part of the Netherlands was becoming increasingly polarised in religious terms, and in

masks:
Johann Geusendam
Johann Mathias
Geusendam


texts: 1890 his Catholic family moved away from the little town where they were finding it impossible to find work because power and influence had become monopolized by members of the ultra-orthodox Calvinist community. The Geusendams relocated across the border to Ahaus.In 1905 <mask>endam teamed up with Katharina Cordes, originally from Oldenburg and the two of them moved on to Bremen. They subsequently married. <mask> began to involve himself politically in the Bremen Labour movement. By 1908 he was working in a steel tube mill where on 1 May 1908 he took part in a May Day strike. He was singled out as a "troublesome foreigner" ("lästiger Ausländer"). It was said that he had threatened a strike-breaker and stolen wax with a value of 70 pfennigs:  he was expelled from Bremen. He returned to the city illegally following the birth of his first son.The authorities now provisionally suspended the expulsion order on condition that he would keep out of trouble and care for his wife and child. He was kept under police surveillance, however. During the period of the short-lived Bremen Soviet, in the winter of 1918/1919, he was repeatedly arrested by the Reichswehr (national militia) and by members of "Freikorps" volunteer units, composed largely of former members of the old German army who had come together to resist a rerun in Germany of Petrograd's October Revolution. In 1922 the authorities prepared to enact Geusendam's expulsion, which had never been formally rescinded, because of his "active membership" of the recently founded Communist Party. His fate was discussed with some passion in the  Bürgerschaft (Bremen parliament), and in the end, on the day the vote was taken, two conservative members were away. By a narrow majority the assembly voted to reverse the senate's decision. Bremen was an industrial port city and

masks:
Johann Geus
Johann Geusendam


texts: the political left-wingers  who were powerfully present in the parliament at that time were persuaded that Geusendam's political opinion – the point on which the "bourgeois" conservative members had chosen to focus the argument – was not a justification for expelling a man and his family from Bremen.Geusendam, his wife and their two sons remained for the time being. But the family were never able to relax completely. Years later <mask>, <mask>am's son, would remember the children being woken up by their mother at four in the morning during the crisis year of 1923 so that they might say good bye to their father who was being taken into "protective custody". The detention did not last long on this occasion, but further troubles followed. While cleaning out this inside of a boiler, <mask>'s father was killed in an industrial accident at the vast textiles plant where he worked. Another near relative was killed in a mine disaster. <mask> himself was unemployed for much of this period.For a long time, despite intensively researching the matter, the police found no sufficient reason to implement the Geusendams' expulsion. Eventually, on 31 March 1931, the Senator responsible for policing, Senator Deichmann put his signature to the necessary document. On 18 March 1931, after more than 23 years of living with the uncertainty set off by the original expulsion order, Geusendam and his family returned from Bremen to the Netherlands. The increasing polarisation of German politics had opened the way for the "conservative" members of the city government to have their way. Even after the family had left the city, there was a final heated discussion of the matter in the Bremen Bürgerschaft (parliament). A submission from the Workers' Singing Association provided the parliamentarian Gesine Becker with a final opportunity to

masks:
Wilhelm Geusendam
Johann Geusend
Johann
Johann Geusendam


texts: berate fellow members over the "political justification" of the expulsion order. For Geusendam the expulsion to the Netherlands could also be seen as an opportunity, and as soon as their younger son had completed his school exams the family moved to the Soviet Union to experience "real-life socialism" ("real existierenden Sozialismus“ ").It is not entirely clear what they found or what they did there, but three years later, in 1934, the Geusendams returned to the Netherlands thoroughly disillusioned. The chasm between idealistic aspirations and what was possible seems to have been unbridgable. Back in the Netherlands <mask> left his wife and younger son to live on welfare. (The elder son, Wilhelm, returned to Moscow for another year.) <mask>, despite the disappointments of the three years in the Soviet Union, had lost none of his own political passion. The situation Germany changed at the beginning of 1933 when the National Socialists took power and lost no time in transforming the country into a one-party dictatorship. Those with any sort of a political record – especially, after February 1933, if that record involved the Communist Party – came under surveillance and were over the next few months arrested.Others fled. <mask>, now based close to the German frontier in the Netherlands and a member of the Enschede branch of the Dutch Communist Party, worked with the International Red Aid (workers' welfare) association on "refugee work" – helping political refugees escaping from Germany. By 1935/36, if not earlier, the Gestapo were aware of his "political work" at the border. 1935 had been the year his son had escaped from an increasingly xenophonic Soviet Union to be arrested  by the Gestapo on his return to Germany and sentenced by the special peoples' court in Berlin to a five year jail term. During the later

masks:
Johann Geusendam
Johann Geusendam
Johann Geusendam


texts:
 1930s there was a widespread belief that war would soon return to Europe, but many in the Netherlands (including the government) believed that it would be possible for that country to remain neutral, as it had in the First World War. This was not to be. German armies over-ran the country in May 1940.With the Netherlands under German occupation it was possible for the political opponents of National Socialism to experience the same levels Gestapo of surveillance and control as in Germany itself. <mask>am was arrested by the Gestapo in October 1940 and deported to Münster, a city near the Dutch border, but on the German side of it. Over the next five years he enjoyed an inside seat in respect of the horrors of Germany's National Socialist justice system. He remained in protective custody in Münster till 1942. Geusendam faced the special peoples' court in Berlin in 1942 and was sentenced to spend more time in prison. He was held till 1944 at Brandenburg-Görden and then transported to the south of the country where he was held in Schloss (i.e. Castle) Kaltenstein, a short distance outside Stuttgart.The Schloss had been used since 1843 as a workhouse,and then, during the National Socialist years, as a gathering point for prisoners of war and as a "protective custody" establishment for people the government did not wish to have released. Internal national security had to be preserved ("... Aus Gründen der inneren Sicherheit des Staates"). It was here that he died on 6 April 1945, a victim of physical mistreatment and malnutrition, and a day before the establishment was liberated by French troops. References

1886 births
1945 deaths
Communist Party of the Netherlands politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Dutch resistance members
People from Rijssen
Politicians from Bremen
Dutch people who died in the


texts:
<mask> (born 2 December 1989) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a full-back for Italian club Inter Milan. He began his career at AC Milan, making his senior debut in 2006 at the age of 16 and Serie A debut in 2007 at the age of 17. In 2009, he joined Padova on loan, whom he helped avoid relegation from Serie B in his only season there. He then signed for Palermo in 2010, and one year later joined Torino, where he played for four seasons. He moved to Manchester United in July 2015, and in four years there, won the FA Cup and UEFA Europa League, before joining Parma in 2019. He signed a season-long loan deal with Inter Milan in October 2020, who made the transfer permanent in February 2021. That season ended with <mask> winning the Serie A title, a first league championship of his career.The following season, he assisted the winning goal in the 2021 Italian Super Cup. <mask> made his senior debut for the Italy national team in May 2014, and represented his nation at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2016. Early life
<mask> grew up playing football in the main square in Rescaldina and was trained by his father, Giovanni, who was one of the coaches of Oratorio team, U.S. CARCOR, where players such as Marco Simone and Luigi Pogliana also played. He often played as a central or defensive midfielder in his youth. His first real break came when he was spotted by Beniamino Abate, a former goalkeeper tasked with scouting Lombardy for young talent by AC Milan. Club career

AC Milan
In 2000, he joined Milan's youth system. He made his first-team debut for the Rossoneri on 28 November 2006, aged only 16, in the Coppa Italia against Brescia, replacing Kakha Kaladze at half-time.He made his Serie A debut at the age of 17, in Milan's 3–2 defeat against Udinese on 19 May 2007, when he entered in the 67th minute to replace Giuseppe Favalli. During the 2007–08 season he became the leader and captain of the

masks:
Matteo Darmian
Darmian
Darmian
Darmian


texts:
 youth team, collecting another appearance for the first-team in the Coppa Italia. The following season, the 19-year-old defender collected an additional three league appearances. He ended his experience at Milan with four appearances in the top flight. Padova (loan)
On 17 July 2009, <mask> moved to Serie B club Padova on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season. He made his official debut for the club on 28 November 2009, in a home loss against Vicenza. He went on to make 20 appearances and score one goal, as Padova finished the season in 19th place and subsequently won the relegation play-off against Triestina.Palermo

On 11 July 2010, it was announced that <mask> would join Palermo's pre-season training camp in Austria, after Milan and the Sicilian Serie A club agreed in principle about a transfer move involving him. The move, unveiled as a co-ownership bid, was officially announced by Palermo the next day. The fee was €800,000. <mask> made his debut for the Rosanero on 16 September 2010, in a Europa League game against Sparta Prague, which also earned him his debut in European competition. His Palermo league debut was during the fourth game of the season, coming on for Javier Pastore in a 3–1 win against Juventus. On 6 February 2011, he played his first game as a starter in the league in a 4–2 victory for Palermo away at Lecce, but was substituted in the 33rd minute due to injury. He finished the season with 16 appearances among Serie A, Europa League and Coppa Italia.Torino
After Milan and Palermo renewed the co-ownership on 23 June 2011, he was officially loaned to Serie B side Torino on 12 July 2011. He made his debut for the Granata on 13 August 2011, in the second round of Coppa Italia against Lumezzane; and scored his first goal on 30 October 2011, against Empoli, allowing his team to win 2–1. On 13 November 2011, he was injured against Bari and sidelined for five games. At the end of the season, he

masks:
Darmian
Matteo Darmian
Darmian


texts:
 was promoted to Serie A, having played 33 games in the league and one in the Coppa Italia. On 20 June 2012, Palermo redeemed his 50% share from Milan for €500,000 and on 5 July 2012, his return to Torino was formulised under a co-ownership agreement for €825,000. With Torino he played 30 games in Serie A and two in the Coppa Italia. On 20 June 2013, Torino redeemed the remainder of his contract from Palermo for €1.5 million.In the 2013–14 season, he played 37 games in Serie A for Torino, who finished 7th and qualified for the Europa League after Parma failed to obtain a UEFA license. He featured in the Serie A Team of the Year, along with teammate, Ciro Immobile. On 18 May 2014, he made his 100th appearance for Torino during the 2–2 draw away to Fiorentina. In his first appearance of the 2014–15 season, on 7 August 2014, he scored his first goal in European competition, in a 4–0 victory against Sweden's IF Brommapojkarna, in the second leg of the 2014–15 Europa League third qualifying round. On 29 October 2014, he scored his first goal in Serie A to secure a 1–0 win over Parma, before returning to the score-sheet on 11 December 2014 in the Europa League group stage, won 5–1 away at Copenhagen. On 26 February 2015, he scored the match-winner against Athletic Bilbao, qualifying Torino for the round of 16 after a historic 3–2 victory in Spain. He concluded the season with 47 appearances and five goals between Serie A, Europe and the Coppa Italia.In total, he played 151 matches and scored six goals for Torino. Manchester United

2015–16 season
On 11 July 2015, <mask> signed for English club Manchester United for an undisclosed fee, believed to be £12.7 million. He signed a four-year contract with an option to extend it for a further year. He made his debut for the club against Club América during preseason on 17 July, playing the first 45 minutes, with United winning 1–0. He made his Premier League debut on 8


texts:
 August 2015 as the season opened with a 1–0 victory against Tottenham Hotspur at Old Trafford, with manager Louis van Gaal selecting his performance as the best of the match. On 10 September, <mask> earned his first official accolade at the club, after he was voted Manchester United's August 2015 player of the month. "It's important to know this is from the fans," <mask> told United's official website."I want to thank them. I am happy. I also want to thank my team-mates and everyone at the club for making me feel welcome." In his twenty-seventh league appearance of the 2015–16 season, on 20 April 2016, <mask> scored his first Manchester United and Premier League goal, a powerful volley from the edge of the penalty area, in a 2–0 victory against Crystal Palace. He was presented with the club's Man of the Match award for his performance in this fixture and hailed his 55th-minute strike as the best goal of his career, thus far. His cross, in the fourth minute of play, had also previously forced an own goal from Damien Delaney. <mask> featured in the 2016 FA Cup Final against Crystal Palace on 21 May, coming on in the 66th minute for Marcos Rojo, helping United achieve a 2–1 victory.2016–17 season
<mask>'s first appearance of the 2016–17 season came on 15 September 2016, in a 1–0 defeat against Dutch-side Feyenoord in the UEFA Europa League group stage. He didn't feature again until 20 October, when he played the full 90 minutes against Turkish-side Fenerbahçe in a 4–1 win. <mask> appeared in all of United's Premier League games in November, playing at left-back against Swansea City, Arsenal and West Ham United. He continued to contribute to United's unbeaten streak by featuring against Everton, Tottenham Hotspur, Crystal Palace and West Bromwich Albion in December. On 10 January 2017, he played in the 2–0 victory against Hull City in the EFL Cup semi-final first-leg, assisting the second goal with a cross to

masks: Darmian Matteo Matteo Darmian Darmian Darmian


texts:
 Marouane Fellaini. He also played in the second leg on 27 January, helping United advance 3–2 on aggregate. <mask>'s appearances in the league became limited after a 1–1 draw against rivals Liverpool on 15 January, with him not featuring again until 19 March when he came on as a stoppage time substitute in a 3–1 win against Middlesbrough.On 9 April, he started for United, his first in the league since January, in a 3–0 victory over Sunderland at the Stadium of Light. In May 2017, <mask> played in both of the UEFA Europa League semi-final games against Spanish-side Celta Vigo, helping United go through to the final 2–1 on aggregate. On 24 May, <mask> started at left-back in the UEFA Europa League Final against Dutch-side Ajax, playing the full 90 minutes as United won 2–0. 2017–18 season
<mask> made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season on 8 August 2017 against Real Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup, which United lost 1–2. His first Premier League appearance of the season was on 9 September, in a 2–2 draw against Stoke City. He didn't feature again in the league until 14 October in a 0–0 draw against Liverpool at Anfield. While not featuring in the league, <mask> did play in the UEFA Champions League in a 2–0 win over Benfica on 31 October and in a 1–0 defeat against Basel on 22 November.On 20 December, he played in United's 2–1 defeat to Bristol City in the EFL Cup fifth round. <mask> made his first league start since October on 18 April 2018, playing against AFC Bournemouth in a 2–0 victory. Three days later, he came off the bench in the 80th minute to see out United's 2–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur in the FA Cup semi-final at Wembley Stadium. <mask> started in United's last league game of the season on 13 May, overseeing a 1–0 win over Watford at Old Trafford. He was left on the bench for Manchester United's 1–0 defeat to Chelsea in the FA Cup Final on 19 May. After falling out of favour with José

masks: Darmian Darmian Darmian Darmian Darmian Darmian Darmian


texts:
 Mourinho, <mask> only managed eight league appearances the whole season, five of which were starts. 2018–19 season
Despite speculation that <mask> would depart Manchester United in the summer for more playing time, he ended up staying for the 2018–19 season.He started United's first game of the season on 11 August at right-back in a 2–1 victory over Leicester City. <mask>'s chances were limited until 24 November, when he started against Crystal Palace in a 0–0 draw. On 5 December, he started at left-back in a 2–2 draw against Arsenal. He played at right-back in United's 3–1 defeat to Liverpool on 16 December. On 5 January 2019, <mask> played at centre-back in Manchester United's 2–0 FA Cup third round win over Reading. Caretaker manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær praised <mask>'s performance by saying, "He was one of the few who settled us down and tried to pass it and I don’t think he put a foot wrong.”

Parma
On 2 September 2019, <mask> returned to Italy signing for Parma on a four-year deal. Inter Milan
On 5 October 2020, <mask> joined Inter Milan on a season-long loan; Inter had an obligation to make the transfer permanent for £1.8 million at the end of the loan period.International career

After playing for Italy at under-17 and under-18 levels, he made his debut for the under-19 squad, led by Francesco Rocca, in June 2007. At the 2008 UEFA European U-19 Championship he played in the starting lineup, always in the role of a right full-back. In 2009, he took part in the Mediterranean Games, playing seven games for the under-20 side. On 25 March 2009, he made his debut for the Italy under-21 side in a 2–2 friendly match draw against Austria, which was played in Vienna. From 10 to 12 March 2014, he was called up to the senior national team by coach Cesare Prandelli as part of an internship to evaluate young players ahead of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and was also part of the next meeting between 14 and 15 April 2014.


texts:
 Given his excellent season with Torino, on 13 May 2014, he was included in the list of 30 provisional players for the 2014 World Cup. He made his debut for the Azzurri on 31 May 2014, at the age of 24, playing as a right-back in a goalless friendly match with Ireland which was held in London.The following day, he was included in the list of 23 players selected for the 2014 World Cup. On 14 June 2014, he made his debut at the World Cup, starting Italy's opening game against England, which Italy won 2–1. He also played the next two games against Costa Rica and Uruguay, both of which were 1–0 defeats for Italy who failed to qualify for the next round. In early 2015, he was awarded with the Pallone Azzurro as the best player of the national team for 2014. On 10 October of that year, he scored his first international goal, which was the final one of a 3–1 away win over Azerbaijan which sealed Italy's qualification to UEFA Euro 2016. On 31 May 2016, he was named in Antonio Conte's 23-man Italy squad for Euro 2016. In the round of 16 of the tournament, at Stade de France in Paris on 27 June 2016, he came off the bench and set-up Graziano Pellè's 91st minute volley to give the Azzurri a 2–0 win over defending champions Spain.On 2 July 2016, he missed Italy's final penalty in a 6–5 shoot-out defeat to reigning World Cup champions Germany in the quarter-finals of the competition. Style of play
Although he started his career as a centre-back, and has occasionally continued to be used in this role, and even played as a central or defensive midfielder for the Milan youth team, in recent years <mask> has predominantly played as a defensive-minded full-back or wing-back, or even as a winger on occasion; due to his ability with either foot, he is capable of playing on either flank, although he prefers to be deployed on the right side of the pitch. An intelligent, dynamic, hard-working, and versatile player, he is known for his


texts:
 good quality of offensive and defensive play, as well as his tactical awareness, pace, and stamina, attributes which allow him to cover the wing effectively and provide width to his team when attacking; his professionalism, as well as his promising and consistent performances in his youth, led him to be compared to several esteemed Italian former full-backs, such as Antonio Cabrini and Paolo Maldini. During the 2012–13 season, <mask> made the most tackles per game (5.3) across Europe's top five leagues. Career statistics

Club

International

As of match played 13 November 2017. Italy score listed first, score column indicates score after each Darmian goal. Honours
Manchester United
FA Cup: 2015–16
EFL Cup: 2016–17
UEFA Europa League: 2016–17
UEFA Super Cup runner-up: 2017

Inter Milan
Serie A: 2020–21

 Supercoppa Italiana: 2021

Italy U20
Mediterranean Games runner-up: 2009

Individual
Serie A Team of the Year: 2013–14, 2014–15
Pallone Azzurro: 2014

References

External links

 Profile at Manchester United's official club website
 Profile at Assocalciatori.it
 Profile at EmozioneCalcio.it
 International Caps at FIGC.com

1989 births
Living people
People of Venetian descent
People from Legnano
Footballers from Lombardy
Italian footballers
Association football defenders
A.C. Milan players
Calcio Padova players
Palermo F.C.players
Torino F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Inter Milan players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Premier League players
UEFA Europa League winning players
Italy youth international footballers
Italy under-21 international footballers
Italy international footballers
Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in football
Italian expatriate footballers
Italian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in


texts:
<mask> (1905-1942/1944) was a Polish-Jewish philosopher, aesthetician, and psychologist. He was among the last generation of Kazimierz Twardowski's students and is also noted for his critique of Edmund Husserl's philosophy. His philosophical works are based on a combination of phenomenology and the analytical approach of the Lvov-Warsaw School of logic. <mask> is also cited as a pioneer in the description of mental reception of motion pictures and radio programs. Background
<mask> was born in 1905 into a Polish-Jewish family. He was educated in Lvov and studied philosophy and German philology at John Casimir University. In 1925, he was recommended by Roman Ingarden and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz to study under Husserl in Freiburg.For his Ph.D., he wrote the dissertation Husserlian science: on the act, content and object of representations. He finished his education during his study visits in the city (1925) and in Berlin (1927-1928). The circumstance of <mask>'s death is still uncertain. Some sources claim that the Germans murdered him and his family in 1942. Along with his wife Eugenie Ginsberg, he was identified as one of the philosophers of the Lvov-Warsaw School who died in Nazi ghettos. There are also those who claim he committed suicide in 1944. Works
Twardowski exerted the most influence on <mask>.One of the latter's most important work - Husserlian science: on the act, content and object of representations - was completed under his supervision. This work, which was published as a book in 1928, was divided into three: the historical reconstruction of the problem of the act, content, and object of presentations; the presentations of Husserl's theory; and, <mask>'s critique. The distinctions between the act, content, and object of presentations is considered a subject that is close to his mentor. Twardowski's influence is also evident in <mask>'s efforts to develop the full heuristic value of Twardowski's theory of intentionality. <mask> was also impressed with Husserl as a person and his philosophical commitment but

masks:
Leopold Blaustein
Blaustein
Blaustein
Blaustein
Blaustein
Blaustein
Blaustein
Blaustein


texts:
 he doubted his philosophy. He became interested in Husserl's content theory during his investigation of phenomenology and produced his definition of the concept as a descriptive psychology that can serve to investigate lived experiences. <mask> would complete several original works on descriptive psychology.One of his noted positions was his critique of Husserl's doctrine of constitution. He maintained that content is not dependent on consciousness but on the world. <mask>, in his investigations of the structure of lived experiences - would, however, use the phenomenological methods that Husserl developed, particularly those that were introduced in the first edition of Logical Investigations (1900-1901). Until his death, <mask> continued to engage Ingarden over the concept of act and object, which were developed in Husserl's works (e.g. Logical Investigations). In this debate, he maintained that the object of representation is not a part of act itself since it accompanies it. <mask> also introduced a revised version of Ingarden's theory of purely intentional objects by adapting it to imaginative intuition.He maintained that an imaginative object is also an intentional object due to the following factors:

 the imaginative object is founded on an imaginative presentation;
 it can be reproduced by aesthetic experience; and,
 it can become an object of derivative intentionality once it loses its connection with imaginative intuition. <mask>'s conceptualization is, however, differentiated from Ingarden's purely intentional objects based on his notion that the object is a strictly psychic phenomenon. Ingarden only indirectly linked objects to the psyche. Aesthetics
There are three dominant interconnected fields in <mask>'s works on aesthetics. These are the theory of aesthetic perception, the theory of attitudes, and the theory of representation. His theory of aesthetic attitude holds that three kinds of perception have to be distinguished in our aesthetic commerce with various realms of art: perceptive, imaginative, and

masks: Blaustein Blaustein Blaustein Blaustein Blaustein Blaustein


texts:
 signitive ones. Each of these, for Blaustein, are different and applicable to different artistic realms.It is suggested that <mask>'s views on aesthetics are founded on his opposition to Husserl's transcendental idealism. <mask> also posited that "concretization" is crucial in investigating an artistic work because its aesthetic perception assumes the form of one of its concretizations. His theory addressed concretization in three contexts:

 in connection with ontological analyses dealing with the structure of different types of works of art;
 while investigating the process of getting acquainted with a literary work; and
 in connection with the aesthetic experience. <mask> has been credited for developing a groundbreaking theory that described the psychological reception of motion pictures and radio programs. Drawing from Ingarden's phenomenological approach, he investigated the perceptual processes and the aesthetic and extra-aesthetic feelings that accompany the reception of these media. In Przedstawienia Imaginatywyne, he described the objects represented in pictures as quasi-spatial objects for the spectators or objects that rest in its own space and independent of the space surrounding the spectator. This spatial conceptualization was described as peculiar, constituting a certain type of aperture in the spectator's space so that the space represented in the picture blends with the space occupied by the picture.<mask>'s magnum opus, Die  ästhetische Perzeption, was completed in 1939 but was lost during World War II. <mask> was also one of the first to recognize the educational role of the cinema, treating it as a cultural institution capable of altering the views of its audience. Some of his works in this area include Representations of Imagination (1930), Schematic and Symbolic Representations (1931), and On the principles of humanistic psychology (1935). References

1905 births
1940s deaths
Year of death uncertain
Ontologists
Phenomenologists
20th-century Polish philosophers
Polish Jews who died in the

masks: Blaustein Blaustein Blaustein Blaustein Blaustein


texts:
<mask> i Comes (; 1660 – 2 May 1743) was a Catalan jurist and supporter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor as a claimant to the Crown of Spain during the War of the Spanish succession. He became mayor of Barcelona and commander in chief of Catalonia during the Siege of Barcelona until he was wounded in combat while commanding La Coronela during the counterattack on the Saint Peter front on the last day of the siege, 11 September 1714. After the war he received a royal pardon for having supported the Habsburg claim to the Spanish throne. He recovered from his wounds, and continued his fight against absolute monarchy as a lawyer. It has been claimed that he is the author of the book Record de l'Aliança fet el Sereníssim Jordi Augusto Rey de la Gran Bretanya (Remembrance of the Alliance to George I of Great Britain) in which Catalonia reminds England of the Treaty of Genoa and their obligation to Catalonia. Life
<mask> was born in Moià around 1660 and lived there until he turned 14 years old, his birth home now houses two museums, one which is dedicated to <mask> himself and the other being the Archaeology and Paleontology Museum – Caves of the Toll of Moià. He was one of eleven children of <mask> (1625–1682), a landowner of a rural estate in Moià, and Maria Comes i Sors († 1684), from Lliçà d'Amunt.At the time of his birth, the <mask> family enjoyed a solid financial position based on the usage of their land and the trade of grain and wool to supply the powerful textile industry in the subvegueria of Moianès. The <mask>s had a long tradition of participating in public affairs: his father was the head of a Catalan paramilitary organization called Sometent (dissolved 1978) in 1650, Councillor of the People

masks:
Rafael Casanova
Rafael
Rafael
Rafael Casanova i Solà
Casanova
Casanova


texts: (1652) and the head of the Moianès subvegueria (1659). The inheritance of the family lands was reserved to his brother, <mask>, as was the lineage itself. Thus, the young <mask> moved to Barcelona to study law, in 1678. At the age of 18 he had achieved a Doctor of Law degree. His father had died in 1682 and his mother two years later, in 1684. Three years after that, in 1687, his older brother Francis was named as an honorable citizen of Barcelona, as Moiá had the dignity to be the "street and arm of Barcelona", that is, the people of Moià enjoyed the same exemptions, rights and privileges as the people of Barcelona, and, were under the jurisdiction of the Councillors of Barcelona.In 1696, with his career established, he married the heiress Maria Bosch i Barba, daughter of Pau Bosch and Maria Barba. The Bosch family were a lineage of apothecaries from Barcelona that had important properties in Sant Boi de Llobregat. Maria Bosch had become the widow of a medical doctor, Josep Campllonch i Puig, with whom she had a son named Josep. In the "marriage agreement", it stated that <mask> would not obtain possession of the assets of the Bosch family, but would only temporarily administrate them while their children remain underage. This way, <mask>, the young man who came from Moià, economically consolidated his ascending position in Barcelona, while the Bosch family got a son in law to manage their assets. Pau Bosch set a £2,750 dowry for his daughter, adding £2,500 for children born from the marriage, an amount which the Campllonch family possessed and had to return, but failed to do so in full, returning only £759. The newly wed couple went to live in an apartment rented by <mask>, on the street of Banys

masks:
Francisco Casanova
Rafael
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova
Rafael


texts:
 Nous 16.This house was discovered by the historian, Albert Garcia Espuche, where a newly constructed building stands. In 2014, during the events of the "Tricentenari" (tercentenary) of 1714, Barcelona erected a commemorative plaque. They had four children:
 Francesc (?–1710)
 <mask> i Bosch (7 March 1701; Barcelona – 1768; Sant Boi de Llobregat)
 Pau (1704–1704)
 Teresa (1704–1704)
In 1697, Maria Bosch gave <mask>, her husband, new powers to manage the assets of the Bosch family, which were augmented in 1700 by Pau Bosch, her father. On 29 December 1704 Maria Bosch died during childbirth, the newborn twins, Pau and Teresa, died a few days later. The Spanish Succession
Months later, in November 1700, Charles II died, the last Habsburg Spanish monarch. The Duke of Anjou, a member of the Bourbon dynasty, was appointed as his successor, and who was enthroned by the name of Philip V of Spain. In 1702, the War of Spanish Succession started when the House of Austria, at odds with the will, invaded the Spanish territories in Italy.In 1703, maritime powers, England and Holland joined the House of Austria and declared war against the Two Crowns, Bourbon France and Spain. In Vienna the young archduke Charles of Austria was called for as an alternative candidate to rule Spain. In 1704, Charles moved to Portugal, where he sought to recover from the Spanish throne for the Habsburg dynasty. On the other side of the peninsula allies launched an attempted landing in Barcelona with the complicity of a small number of Austrian locals. The plot was discovered and the allied landings failed. The exiled Austrian viceroy of Catalonia, Francisco Velasco was shocked and wanting to avoid any further Austrian conspiracies.

masks:
Rafael Casanova
Rafael


texts: Francisco began an indiscriminate repression in Barcelona, and repeatedly violated the constitution of Catalonia.This was a policy that unleashed hatred against, his sovereign, Philip V of Spain. Barcelona was governed by its own citizens, who chose six judges, as directors of Barcelona. These six judges were renewed annually during the feast of St. Andrew, 30 November. The election process consisted of judges being chosen by lot, and by balloting system consisting of a bag in which were placed the names of candidates written on paper, from this bag a child drew the citizens elected to govern the city. The nominee could resign if his judiciary experience was not considered suitable; once appointed they were advised and supervised by the Consell de Cent, the general assembly of citizens. The ministries were assigned based on social classes, with the result that the chief minister candidates in the bag only contained corresponding names of those who had the title of "Honored Citizen", a distinction given to only those locals that were significantly distinguished public service in Barcelona. The sixth chief minister appointment was reserved for merchants, and the Sixth artisans and farmers.This policy worked effectively so lesser known citizens like the tailor Bartomeu Oliver, the sailor Macià Ros, or the barber Pere Torner governed Barcelona, as well as more renowned citizens such as nobleman Ramon de Codina o Antoni de Valencia, the lawyer Gabriel Bòria, the doctor Francesc Orriols and the merchant Jeroni Mascaró. There was a sense of gratitude in governing their own city, and the position was not taken lightly. Once the annual term ended, the judge would return to the ranks of citizenry, resuming the


texts:
 exercise of their professions. The repressive policy of the Viceroy Velasco began raising protests which raged from 1703 to 1704. Advisers who disagreed with his methods and his violation of the laws, feared that the new Bourbon king of Spain would try to impose the same absolutist politics that his grandfather Louis XIV had applied in France. War of the Spanish Succession

After years of the Viceroy's outrages, the Barcelona Board resolved to send Pau Ignasi Dalmases to the court of Madrid in order to protest to Philip V himself, about the violations of the Catalan laws that were committed by his viceroy; however, reaching the court the emissary he was arrested and jailed, which again violated the Catalan constitution. Three months later, during the feast of the Holy Cross of Christ, 3 May 1705, a military uprising broke out in Vic Habsburg.Alongside the exiled Austrian leaders, Catalonia signed the Pact of Genoa, a treaty established a military alliance between England and Catalonia. Catalonia pledged to fight for the cause of the claimant to the Spanish throne, Charles of Austria, with military aid from England, who in exchange pledged to defend the Constitution of Catalonia whatever the outcome of the war. Allied troops landed, turning back to Barcelona and then surrounding the city in October 1705. Viceroy Velasco, and the Bourbon garrison that was in Barcelona capitulated. The councilors of the Government of Catalonia and Barcelona received Charles of Austria hailing him as a liberator. Within days, Archduke Charles swore allegiance to the Constitution of Catalonia. Siege of Barcelona

In November 1705, new citizens were chosen to act as advisers, one of whom, Jacint Lloredà died on 18 January


texts: 1706.There was a new drawing on 25 January to appoint his replacement. Luckily it was ruled that the lawyer <mask>, who was then a widower and was about 46 years old should take his place; in the afternoon of that day two emissaries of the city announced his appointment. Two days later, having closed its professional affairs, the city council sent Baltasar de Luna and Antonio Valencia to take the oath. On 28 January Dr. <mask> went to the City Hall where he was received by the clerk and other officials of the Hundred. From there they accompanied him to the chapel where he prayed, then entered the hall where he was received by all other directors and entered the chapel where they heard mass. Finally they returned to the room where the council oath as Chief <mask> third in Barcelona. Meanwhile, Philip V was preparing an offensive to retake the city.The ministers of Charles of Austria were in favor of leaving Barcelona to avoid being captured should the city surrender, but Barcelona's councilors pressured them to stay. On 30 March 1706, the Minister <mask> addressed Charles of Austria on behalf of the city offering the sacrifice of the lives of the locals in their defense, and finally on 2 April the king issued a statement agreeing to stay in Barcelona to resist the attack. The next day the troops of Philip V, surrounded the city starting Bourbon siege. On 15 April they began bombing the inner city with firebombs and then undertaking operations aimed at the conquest of the fortress of Montjuic from which, once taken, they could force the surrender of the capital. On 21 April the troops of Philip V had taken positions near the fort and began to harass her. Then the rumor spread among the locals that the

masks:
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova
Casanova
Rafael Casanova


texts:
 British troops had agreed to surrender Montjuic. The rumor caused the outbreak of a general mutiny and a group of extremists began to touch the alarm bells summoning the locals fight to prevent the surrender, the Minister-in-Chief Francis tried to stop the alarm but fell during the riots and was killed.With the city under fire and making chaos of the municipal government, the Second Minister Francesc Gallart, the lawyer, and the third chief counsel <mask> gave Directives to restore order and the government of the city, while reinforcing the defenses of Montjuïc. However, nothing seemed to stop the progress the Bourbon troops were making, and fear rose of the imminent collapse of Montjuic and Barcelona. However, on 8 May, the English fleet commanded by Admiral John Leake was glimpsed on the horizon. The sight of the fleet caused the Bourbon troops to break ranks, and retreat hastily, abandoning their wounded, their supplies and artillery. Barcelona had been released from the siege and the Bourbon troops who failed to secure their supply lines in their advance, had to flee to France. Months later, inquiries were made about what happened during the assault on Mont Juic; the Second Minister Francesc Gallart, who before the war had shown sympathy Philip, was removed from the lists of candidates for public office, and then banished from the city. Conversely, on 6 February 1707, Charles of Austria was rewarded the Third Minister <mask> with the title "Honored Citizen of Barcelona" and he was honored for his performance at the head of the city government during the siege.After siege
With his new position as the Honoured Citizen, <mask> reached the political pinnacle of Barcelona. From that year he attended

masks:
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova
Rafael Casanova


texts: all meetings of the Hundred, and his name became part of the exclusive list of people who could be drawn to become chief minister of Barcelona, which took place in 1713. Also in 1708, in recognition of his prestige and reputation, <mask> was one of the designated representative, with Manuel de Ferrer i Sitges and Cristòfor Lledó i Carreras, from Barcelona, that queen Elizabeth received during the wedding ceremony with King Charles of Austria. Late in 1708 his in-law Paul Bosch died, having been predeceased by all her children and leaving three grandchildren: <mask> and Bosch, and <mask> Bosch, and Josep Campllonch Garza, son of the first marriage his dead daughter. Leave it as universal heir heritage <mask> Bosch, leaving as the second heir to his younger brother <mask> if the first died childless, and finally determined that the legacy by his grandson Joseph Garza was Campllonch 3000 Barcelona pounds. In the year 1709, Campllonch demanded full payment of £3,000, while <mask> defended the patrimony of his children recalling that Campllonch had received 2,750 pounds and 2,500 pounds of dowry increase, which had only 750 pounds back, when the second marriage of his mother Mary Bosch, reason 3,000 pounds of legacy claiming Campllonch were settled. The disagreement will would lead to a lengthy legal dispute that lasted until 1744.After the siege of Barcelona 1706, Austrian troops advanced without opposition to conquer Madrid, but withdrew soon after when the troops of Philip V, reinforced in France, crossed the border. They continue advancing until the Battle of Almansa. After a failed peace treaty in 1709, Austrian troops launched a new offensive which culminated in 1710 with the capture of Madrid again.

masks:
Rafael Casanova
Francisco Casanova
Rafael Casanova
Francisco Casanova
Rafael
Casanova


texts:
 Forced to leave the city before the arrival of French reinforcements, in 1711. In September 1711 that year Archduke Charles left the peninsula heading to Vienna to take the Holy Roman Empire. In 1712, <mask> and Manuel de Ferrer i Sitges, attended a conference where they negotiated political situation in Catalonia. The year 1713, began formally in the Dutch city of Utrecht peace talks between major powers.Initially the ambassadors of Emperor Charles VI insisted that the Principality of Catalonia being elevated to the status of an independent republic. However, after Philip V renounced the throne of France (Article 2), the Gibraltar (Article 10) and Menorca (Article 11), and commercial advantages granted to the Indians (Article 12), the English yield to Philip V on 14 May 1713, to recognize him as legitimate king of Spain, although the deal remained secret until 13 July 1713. For his part Philip V pledged in Article 13 of the Treaty of Utrecht, to grant the Catalans amnesty, but only the same rights and privileges that the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Castile. The Article was supposed de facto repeal of the Constitution of Catalonia, as he had done previously with Aragon and Valencia, and devoting the abolition of laws, rights and government of all states the Crown of Aragon, which thereafter would come under laws and government of the Council of Castile. British ships began shortly after the evacuation of the last remaining Allied troops in Catalonia, enabling the rapid advancement of the Bourbons toward Catalonia in Barcelona. Catalonia declares war: the siege of Barcelona

After the Peace of Utrecht (1713) he participated in the Parliament in which Catalonia proclaimed the continuation of the war