texts:
 Critics Award for Best Actress, the Screen Award for Best Actress (Critics), and the BFJA Award for Best Supporting Actor - Female. At 60, she became the second-eldest Best Actress nominee in Filmfare Award history after Sharmila Tagore. In 2020, <mask>  appeared in Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari's sports comedy-drama Panga, and has reunited with Ayushmann Khurana for Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan, with the latter earning her a Filmfare Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. <mask> <mask> will next appear alongside Manoj Bajpayee and Sakshi Tanwar for the upcoming thriller 'Dial 100'. Television career
Her big break on television came with Khandaan (1985), Yatra (1986), Gulzar's Mirza Ghalib (1987), a TV miniseries, followed by Shyam Benegal's Bharat Ek Khoj (1988) and later Dard (1994), Gumraah (1995), Shrimaan Shrimati (1995), Saans, Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar (2005), Chitthi (2003), Meri Biwi Ka Jawab Nahin (2004). She has also acted in the TV serial, Buniyaad. She also hosted the Indian version of the TV series The Weakest Link, Kamzor Kadii Kaun and appeared in Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin which gave her considerable popularity.She has directed successful TV series, such as Saans (1999), Siski in (2000) and Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr. She played the role of Shubha, one of the four women main leads in Ladies Special, a daily soap on Sony TV. She is now seen in Dil se Diya Vachan as a doctor by profession and mother-in-law of the lead character Nandani which airs on Zee TV

She also ran a theatre production company, 'Sahaj Productions' with actor, Rajendra <mask>, and acted as well as produced the Hindi play Soorya Ki Antim Kiran Se Soorya Ki Paheli Kiran

masks: Gupta Neena Gupta Gupta


type: original

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 Tak. She has also had some roles in Rishtey which was aired on Zee TV during 1999–2000. She has also been a part of Masaba Masaba, a Netflix show based on her and her daughter Masaba <mask>, who is a designer by profession. Personal life

<mask> was in a relationship with former West Indian cricketer Vivian Richards in the 1980s. Together, they have a daughter named Masaba <mask>.Since Richards was already married, <mask> decided to raise Masaba on her own as a single mother. It was then that she chose to move from New Delhi to Mumbai. In 2008, <mask> married New Delhi-based chartered accountant Vivek Mehra in a private ceremony in the United States. Filmography

Films

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
1959 births
National School of Drama alumni
Indian film actresses
Indian television actresses
Hindi-language film directors
Indian women television directors
Indian television directors
Indian women television producers
Indian television producers
Lawrence School, Sanawar alumni
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Best Supporting Actress National Film Award winners
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Actresses in Hindi television
Women television producers
Filmfare Awards

masks: Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta


texts:
<mask> (June 13, 1856 – February 3, 1913) was an American industrial leader who helped develop the hydroelectric resources of Niagara Falls and served as the fifth Mayor of Niagara Falls, New York. Early life
<mask> was born in Buffalo on June 13, 1856, the third son of industrialist Jacob F. Schoellkopf (1819–1899) and Christiana T. Duerr (1827–1903). He started his education at private schools in Buffalo and when he was 9 years old he was sent to the Academy of Kirchheim in Germany, where he spent the next four years. Upon returning to the United States, <mask> finished his schooling at St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute in Buffalo and then attended Bryant and Stratton College. Career

Business career

In 1873, upon completion of his studies, he went to work for the "North Buffalo and Frontier Mills" in Buffalo, operated by "Thornton & Chester", and afterward, "Schoellkopf & Matthews." He worked at Frontier Mills for four years, and in 1877, became a part owner of "Niagara Flouring Mill" at Niagara Falls. By 1908, <mask> was president of "Niagara Falls Milling Company," which included the "Central Mill" and the "Niagara Flouring Mill."In 1877, his father purchased the Hydraulic Canal at Niagara Falls and in 1878, they formed the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company, <mask> became secretary, treasurer and general manager of the business. In 1881, along with his father Jacob and Charles Brush, they founded of the "Brush Electric Light Company of Buffalo" which built an electric generator that operated by mechanical power, supplied by the canal water, which used 16 carbon arc lights to illuminate Niagara Falls at night. The Brush Electric Light Company of Buffalo" and the "Thomson-Houston Electric Light and Power Company of Buffalo" later consolidated into the "Buffalo General Electric Company" on August 1, 1892

In 1882, Schoellkopf constructed the first horse-drawn street

masks:
Arthur Schoellkopf
Arthur Schoellkopf
Arthur
Schoellkopf
Arthur


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 car system in Niagara Falls (known as the "Niagara Falls and Suspension Bridge Street Railway") completed July 4, 1883, and was manager of that company until 1890 when he sold his interest as it became part of the International Railway system. Schoellkopf was also on the Board of Directors of the "Niagara County Savings Bank" (which was acquired by Buffalo Savings Bank in 1981 and dissolved in 1991), the "International Hotel Company" (which operated the International Hotel, built in 1853 by B. F. Childs at the corner of Falls Avenue at Main Street in Niagara Falls, and was destroyed by fire on January 3, 1918), and the "New York Mutual Savings and Loan Association." He was founder (in June 1893) and president for 17 years of the "Power City Bank," president of the "Gluck Realty Co." which built the Gluck Block on the site of the burned "Spencer House, president of the "Cliff Paper Company" (which manufactured wood pulp and news paper and owned the "Cliff mill", the first development to harness Niagara Falls' water power of over 100 ft.) and the "Park Theater Company." Horse breeding
In the 1880s, Schoellkopf owned "Niagara View Farms." The Farms was located in what was then open land in the Town of Niagara, but is now within the City of Niagara Falls, the modern boundaries of the farm are Hyde Park Boulevard (then Sugar Street) on the west, Ontario Street on the north, Linwood Avenue on the south and Gill Creek on the east.The Farm was a stud farm and bred some of the finest horses in the United States, including the champion trotter "Niagara King." The Farm also included a piggery and a hennery on the property. Political career
In March 1896, <mask> was elected mayor of the City of Niagara Falls. His campaign slogan was "municipal government is business, not politics" and he was overwhelmingly elected by every district in the city. In an 1897 article, his administration was characterized


texts:
 by "no scandals, no jangles in the Common Council; the sessions have been business like and have not lasted all night… he has made the best Mayor we have had." After a year in office, <mask> made the decision not to run for a second term citing that "his private business would not allow him to devote the necessary time to the city's affairs" and so he declined the Republican mayoral nomination for 1897. Personal life
In 1880, <mask> married Jessie Gluck, daughter of Alva Gluck, one of Niagara Falls' most prominent citizens and builder of the "Gluck Building," a local landmark from 1892 until it burned down in 1959.Together, <mask> and Jessie had two children:
Margaret Beatrice <mask> (1881–1965), who married Thomas Jefferson Penn (1875-1946) and moved to Reidsville, North Carolina). <mask> <mask> (1884-1947), who married Mattie Irwin Penn (1885-1973) in 1911

In 1879, <mask> built a large stone house on a triangular piece of property bounded by Main Street, Pine Avenue and Park Place. The house was torn down in 1935 to make way for a tire store, but the stone wall that surrounded the property is still there. <mask> was a member of Niagara Frontier Lodge No. 132, F. & A. M., Knights Templar and of Ismailia Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine of Buffalo. He was also exalted Ruler of Lodge No. 346, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.He belonged to the "Niagara Falls Chamber of Commerce," the "Ellicott Club of Buffalo," and a member and Trustee of the First Presbyterian Church of Niagara Falls. <mask>'s son, Paul, later served as president of the consolidated Niagara Falls Power Company. Death
In the 1910s, <mask>'s health became impaired by unnamed "complicated disorders." He sought relief from his ailments by spending the winters in Florida. He died unexpectedly, at 56 years old, in Miami on February 3, 1913, of complications from a "serious illness." After a funeral service at the First

masks:
Schoellkopf
Arthur
Arthur
Schoellkopf
Paul Arthur
Schoellkopf
Arthur
Schoellkopf
Schoellkopf
Schoellkopf


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 Presbyterian Church on First Street, <mask>'s remains were placed in a vault at Oakwood Cemetery in Niagara Falls to be buried later in the family plot at Forest Lawn in Buffalo, New York. It was later decided by the family to have him remain in Niagara Falls, so <mask> and his wife Jessie, who died in 1928 (at her residence 1 West 70th Street in New York City) are interred in the mausoleum at Oakwood Cemetery.Philanthropy and legacy
Schoellkopf was one of the founders of the Niagara Falls Memorial Hospital in 1895, as well as the Niagara Falls branch of the YMCA that same year. In 1906, Schoellkopf was approached by Peter A. Porter to donate a small triangular lot across from his residence in Niagara Falls, New York (at Main and Pine) for use as a city park. Porter asked Schoellkopf to "advise us as to the possibilities of its being so secured at this time." The Schoellkopf turned the property over to the city, and in 1920, the parcel became the "Soldiers, Sailors and Marines Memorial Park." Since that time, other veterans memorials have been added to the park. "Schoellkopf Park," along Portage Road between Pine Avenue and Walnut Avenue, was a gift from Schoellkopf's wife, Jessie, in memory of <mask>. "Schoellkopf Hall" at the DeVeaux School (now De Veaux Woods State Park) was named for <mask>'s son Paul, and the Schoellkopf Geological Museum (now the Niagara Gorge Discovery Center) was so named because it was built on the site of the former Schoellkopf Power Plant that fell into the Niagara Gorge in 1956.See also
Jacob F. Schoellkopf
Jacob F<mask> Jr.
Paul A. Schoellkopf
Henry Schoellkopf
Schoellkopf Power Station
Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Company

References

1856 births
1913 deaths
American business executives
Bryant and Stratton College alumni
Schoellkopf family
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Mayors of Niagara Falls, New York
19th-century American

masks:
Schoellkopf
Schoellkopf
Arthur
Arthur
. Schoellkopf


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<mask> (); (born 1940) is an Egyptian-American scholar of Islam. In 1992 she published her book Women and Gender in Islam, which is regarded as a seminal historical analysis of the position of women in Arab Muslim societies. She became the first professor of women's studies in religion at Harvard Divinity School in 1999, and has held the Victor S. Thomas Professor of Divinity chair since 2003. In 2013, <mask> received the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Religion for her analysis of the "veiling" of Muslim women in the United States, in which she described her rejection of her own previous critiques of the veil as sexist in favor of the view that the veil, when voluntarily chosen, is a progressive and feminist act. As such, she now supports Muslim women who advocate for the veil as a symbol of progressivism and feminism, although <mask> herself does not practice veiling. Biography
Born in the Heliopolis district of Cairo to a middle-class Egyptian father and an upper class Turkish mother in 1940, <mask>'s childhood was shaped both by Muslim Egyptian values and the liberal orientation of Egypt's aristocracy under the ancien régime. The <mask> family became politically ostracized following the Free Officers Movement in 1952.Her father, a civil engineer, was a vocal opponent of Gamal Abdel Nasser's construction of the Aswan High Dam on ecological principles. She earned her undergraduate and doctorate degrees from University of Cambridge during the

masks:
Leila Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed


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 1960s before moving to the United States to teach and write, where she was appointed to professorship in Women's Studies and Near Eastern studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1981 followed by a professorship in Women's Studies and Religion at the Harvard Divinity School in 1999, where she currently teaches. Work

A Border Passage (1999)
In her 1999 memoir A Border Passage, <mask> describes her multicultural Cairene upbringing and her adult life as an expatriate and an immigrant in Europe and the United States. She tells of how she was introduced to Islam through her grandmother during her childhood, and she came to distinguish it from "official Islam" as practiced and preached by a largely male religious elite. This realization would later form the basis of her first acclaimed book, Women and Gender in Islam (1992), a seminal work on Islamic history, Muslim feminism, and the historical role of women in Islam. <mask> speaks of her experience in Europe and the United States as one that was often fraught with tension and confusion as she tried to reconcile her Muslim Egyptian identity with Western values. Faced with racism and anti-Muslim prejudice, and after deconstructing traditionalist male-centered beliefs in her own culture, she set out to dispel equally damaging myths and misconceptions held by the West about Islam and Muslim women.Today, <mask> is perhaps known most widely for her groundbreaking work on the Islamic view of women and their

masks: Ahmed Ahmed Ahmed


texts:
 historical and social status in the Muslim world, particularly for her advocacy for veiling, a practice she formerly opposed as someone who grew up in a secular Egyptian family. <mask> has been a strong critic of Arab nationalism in Egypt and the Middle East. She devotes an entire chapter in her autobiography to the question of Arab nationalism, and the political factors and efforts which went into constructing an Arab identity for Egypt after the army's coup d'état. According to <mask>'s research, the idea that Egyptians were "Arab" was virtually unheard of well into the 20th century. She describes Arab nationalism, like many other forms of pan-nationalism, as a type of cultural imperialism. This cultural imperialism eats away at the diversity and cultural creativity of not only the Arabic-speaking national majorities (who often speak widely divergent vernaculars), but also the non-Arabic speaking minorities throughout the Middle East and North Africa. Women and Gender in Islam (1992)
In her seminal work, Women and Gender in Islam (1992), <mask> argues that the oppressive practices to which women in the Middle East are subjected are caused by the prevalence of patriarchal interpretations of Islam rather than Islam itself.She maintains that as Islam evolved, two divergent voices emerged in the religion:
 An ethical structure that advocates the moral and spiritual equality of all human beings;
 A hierarchical structure as the basis of male/female relations;


texts: a gender-based/sexual hierarchy. Islamic doctrine developed within an androcentric, misogynist society, that of Abbasid Iraq, the customs of which were largely inherited from the Sasanian Empire after its conquest. This society emphasised and institutionalised the gendered hierarchical voice and silenced the voice of equity and justice. Islam as a religion therefore became a discourse of the politically dominant elite, i.e. ; male society. There were early signs of resistance to establishment Islam. For example, the thoughts of Sufi and Qarmatians groups, philosophers such as Ibn al-Arabi and the liberal stance of powerful families and individuals towards their daughters in respect of marriage and education (e.g.; imposing a monogamy clause in marriage contracts or one for providing private education). Despite such resistance, establishment Islam experienced little serious challenge until early 19th-century colonial encroachment. European colonialisms' remit was essentially economic; however, female emancipation was used as an argument to legitimate geopolitical incursion. Colonial feminism was a Western discourse of dominance which, "introduced the notion that an intrinsic connection existed between the issue of culture and the status of women, and … that progress for women could be achieved only through abandoning the native culture." Inevitably, the initial reaction to this was a rejection of Western values by political Islamists. This rejection saw the


texts:
 conflation of Islam and culture where Islamic authenticity became defined in terms of cultural authenticity and, specifically, the role of women within Islam. This led to a reaffirmation of indigenous customs relating to women and restoration of the customs and laws of past Islamic societies.The underlying assumption was that there is an authentic interpretation of Islam that is based on the texts and institutions developed in Abbasid Iraq. According to such assumptions, the meaning of gender and the position of women within Islam is "unambiguous and ascertainable in some precise and absolute sense." Since this initial reaction, Muslim women scholars have argued that the values of the Abbasid era in Iraq are not universal to Islam — rather they were specific to a particular time, culture and people. Islamic texts and institutions need to be separated from patriarchal culture and reappraised in terms of merit, and listening to the voice of equality and justice. <mask> concludes by exhorting feminists, both Muslim and Western, to undertake this task by critically engaging with, challenging and redefining the Middle East regions' diverse religious and cultural heritage. Bibliography

Books and book chapters
 Edward W. Lane: A study of his life and works and of British ideas of the Middle East in the Nineteenth century. London: Longman (1978)
 "A Traditional Ceremony in an Islamic Milieu in Malaysia", in Muslim Women (1984)
 "Between Two Worlds: The Formation of a


texts:
 Turn-of-the-Century Egyptian Feminist", in Life/Lines: Theorizing Women's Autobiography (1988)
 "Arab Women: 1995", in The Next Arab Decade: Alternative Futures (1988)
 "Feminism and Cross-Cultural Inquiry: The terms of discourse in Islam" In Coming to Terms: Feminism, Theory and Politics.Ed. Elizabeth Weed. New York: Routledge (1989)
 Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven: Yale University Press (1992)
 A Border Passage: From Cairo to America—A Woman's Journey. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux (1999)
 A Quiet Revolution: The Veil's Resurgence, from the Middle East to America. New Haven. Yale University Press (2011)

Articles
 "Women in the rise of Islam."The new Voices of Islam : Rethinking Politics and Modernity : a Reader. Ed. Mehran Kamrava. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006. 177-200. "The Discourse of the Veil." Post Colonialisms: an Anthology of Cultural Theory and Criticism.Ed. Gaurav Desai and Supriya Nair. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005. 315-338. "The Veil Debate Again: a View from America in the Early Twenty-first Century". On Shifting Ground: Muslim Women in the Global Era. Ed.Fereshteh Nourale-Simone. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2005. "Gender and literacy in Islam." Nothing Sacred: Women Respond to Religious Fundamentalism and Terror. Ed. Betsy Reed. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books, 2002."The Women of Islam". Transition 83 (2000):


texts:
 78-97. "Early Islam and the position of Women: the problem of interpretation." Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender. Ed. Nikki R. Keddie, Beth Baron. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993."Arab Culture and Writing Woman's Bodies." Gender Issues 9.1 (March 1, 1989): 41-55. "Women and the Advent of Islam." Signs 11.4 (Summer, 1986): 665-691. "Feminism and Feminist Movements in the Middle East, a Preliminary Exploration: Turkey, Egypt, Algeria, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen." Women and Islam. Ed.Ellen Skinner. Virginia: Pergamon Press: 1982. 153. "Western Ethnocentrism and Perceptions of the Harem." Feminist Studies 8.3 (Autumn, 1982): 521-534. <mask>, <mask>, Krishna Ahooja-Patel, Charlotte Bunch, Nilufer Cagatay, Ursula Funk, Dafna N. Izraeli, Margaret McIntosh, Helen I. Safa, and Aline K. Wong. "Comments on Tinker's 'A Feminist view of Copenhagen".Signs 6.4 (Summer, 1981): 771-790. "Encounter with American Feminism: A Muslim Woman's View of Two Conferences". Women's Studies Newsletter 8.3 (Summer, 1980): 7-9. Filmography
 <mask> was an advisor to the award-winning, PBS-broadcast documentary Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet (2002), produced by Unity Productions Foundation. References

External links
<mask>'s faculty profile at Harvard Divinity School
Interview with <mask> ("Muslim Women and Other Misunderstandings) at On Being (radio show) in December 7, 2006
Professor <mask> <mask>, Ph.D., speaks in the Distinguished

masks: Ahmed Leila Ahmed Ahmed Ahmed Leila Ahmed


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 Lecture Series March 22, 2010
A Border Passage: From Cairo to America -- A Woman's Journey, <mask> <mask>, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999. Profile of <mask> <mask> By Julia Lieblich, The Associated Press, August 12, 1999

1940 births
Living people
Critics of Arab nationalism
American feminists
Egyptian scholars
Egyptian academics
Egyptian emigrants to the United States
American people of Egyptian descent
Muslim reformers
Egyptian feminists
Feminist studies scholars
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Harvard Divinity School faculty
Egyptian people of Turkish descent
American people of Turkish descent
Proponents of Islamic feminism
Egyptian Muslims
People from Cairo
Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge
Women scholars of

masks: Leila Ahmed Leila Ahmed


texts:
<mask> (born January 14, 1947 in Chicago, Illinois)  is a scholar, translator, editor, and playwright who assumes the title of "founding mother" of Asian theater studies for her contributions to the study of cross-cultural performance and her expertise in Asian theatre. She has published extensively on Asian cultural practices and has written plays incorporating elements of traditional Japanese drama. Currently Professor Emeritus at UCLA, Sorgenfrei continues her creative work as a playwright. Education

Her interest in Asian theatre, particularly in relation to Japan, was inspired by a contemporary French theatre class she attended under Leonard Pronko in Pomona College. She later explained, the professor "spent a lot of time explicating the ways that French theatre had been influenced by Asian performance... What I liked was theatrical theatre—so Japanese theatre was the natural thing." She extended her studies in Japanese theatre by moving to the International Christian University in Mitaka, Japan where she received language training and exposure to Japanese theatre. As a result of the "Zenkyōtō" student uprisings in 1968, which closed universities nationwide, she spent five months exploring theatre throughout Asia.She returned to Pomona College and received her BA in 1970. She received her MA in playwriting four years later from the University of California, Santa Barbara where she also received her doctorate in 1978. Career

Sorgenfrei was a professor at UCLA from 1980 to 2011, where she served as both a scholar and creative artist. She wrote plays, which reflected her interest in relationships between contemporary Japanese and Western theatre. In 1975, she wrote Medea: A Noh Cycle Based on Greek Myth, which served as a hybrid envisioning of Euripides' Medea in the style of a Westernized, Japanese Noh. She incorporated kabuki and Greek theatre in Fireplay: The Legend of Prometheus, which her professor Leonard Pronko directed in 1987. Inspired by Molière's Tartuffe, she wrote The Impostor in 1992, which integrated two different comedic styles: Japanese kyogen and commedia dell'arte.In 1997, she wrote


texts: Blood Wine, Blood Wedding, which functioned as tribute to Federico Garcia Lorca's Blood Wedding and Chikamatsu Monzaemon's Love Suicides at Sonezaki; integrating both theatrical styles of Spanish flamenco and Japanese kabuki into the play's performance. Sorgenfrei's plays draw inspiration from the western canon — often serving as reinterpretations of classics with a combination of Japanese plays and performance styles. Her fusion of performance styles and contemporary theatre improves understanding of plays by offering an intercultural East/West mix. In retelling Medea through a Noh cycle, her work reaches out to other cultural audiences and challenges western social norms. As theatre historian Helene Foley has argued, Medea: A Noh Cycle Based on Greek Myth "turn[s] to a reimagined Japanese tradition to empower a more aggressive feminist assault on patriarchal culture." Sorgenfrei's play achieves the desired effect by portraying the story of a powerful female protagonist through a performance style in which traditionally only Japanese men participated. Her reinterpretation subverts Athen's and Japan's patriarchal theatre while also offering an analytical amalgamation of cultures, which reflects the creative and academic possibilities of theatre.In 2015, she showcased her most recent play Ghost Light: The Haunting at the Barrow Group Theater in New York. The play was produced as an equity showcasing by La Luna Productions—a feminist theatre company she cofounded to promote empowering stories through kabuki performance. The company carries her signature splicing of Japanese theatre with American theatrical conventions. Ghost Light draws inspiration from Macbeth and the kabuki play Yatuya Ghost Stories, which both carry plots of treachery and vengeance. In a review describing the play's performance, Yatsunov comments that the play, "crafts a unique style with influences beyond kabuki and Shakespeare, finding well placed touches of TV-crime-drama and old-timey vaudeville." In other words, Sorgenfrei's script allows for a playful interpretation, which blends traditional American performance with kabuki


texts:
 performance and defines its own genre. Publications

Described as the "founding mother" of Asian theatre studies, Sorgenfrei remains an influential scholar in the field of Japanese theatrical studies.Published in 2005, Unspeakable Acts: the avant-garde theatre of Terayama Shuji and Postwar Japan remains one of her most accredited academic studies. It discusses the work of Shūji Terayama, who was a poet, playwright, stage director, photographer, filmmaker, novelist and critic that heavily influenced the avant-garde movement in 60's and 70's Japan. Through an in-depth analysis of his influences, style, and his major works, Sorgenfrei offers an introduction to Terayama and an understanding of contemporary Japanese theatre for the Western perspective. Within the second half of her publication, she also provides translations of three of his plays as well as a compilation of his writings on theatre. It exists as an authoritative academic source on Terayama with a selection of the few English translations of his works. Originally published in 2006, Theatre Histories: An Introduction is another renowned academic publication, which provides an insight into intercultural performance and theatre as it discusses the history of theatre throughout the world. She co-authored the publication with Bruce McConachie, Gary Jay Williams, and Phillip Zarilli.Jortner states that the text remains a unique presentation of world theatre as it "gives an equal amount of text to non-Western... performance and places it in an equal historical and cultural context" as the Western canon in a non-chronological order. The original publication received such a popular reception that it had been edited and published twice afterwards. Its most recent edition was released in 2016. It lays testament to Sorgenfrei's relevance within current intercultural theatre studies. Bibliography

References

External links
 ghostlightplay.com
 tft.ucla.edu

1947 births
People from Chicago
American women academics
American women dramatists and playwrights
UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television faculty
Pomona College alumni
Living people
21st-century


texts:
<mask> (c. 1601 – between 20 September 1677 and 22 January 1679) was a colonist who was one of the indentured servants on the Mayflower and helped establish Plymouth Colony in 1620. He was one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact. Early life and family origin
It is known that <mask> came on the Mayflower and was credited to the household of Edward Winslow as a manservant or apprentice, along with Elias Story and a little girl Ellen More, who both died in the first winter. <mask> was mentioned in Bradford's recollections of the Winslow group: "Mr. Edward Winslow; Elizabeth, his wife; and *2* men servants, called Georg Sowle and Elias Story; also a little girle was put to him, called Ellen, sister of Richard More". He continues: "Mr. Ed. Winslow his wife dyed the first winter; and he is maried with the widow of Mr. White, and hath *2* children living by her marigable besides sundry that are dead. One of his servants dyed, as also the little girle, soone after the ships arrival.But this man <mask>, is still living and hath *8* children". Earlier researchers into Soule's origin believed in the London association of Winslow and Soule. Thus, based on this belief, and for five years ending in 2009, noted Mayflower researcher and biographer Caleb Johnson managed a fairly intensive search for Soule's English origins; he examined a number of likely '<mask>es' in various parts of England and subsequently concluded that the most promising candidate of all the '<mask>es' he reviewed was that of Tingrith, Bedfordshire, baptized in February 1594/5. More recent work in 2017 has identified the parents of <mask>e through a high-quality Y-DNA match of Soule with families in Scotland and Australia. Following up on research published by Louise Walsh Throop in 2009, the DNA study pointed to Soule's parents as Jan Sol and his wife Mayken Labis, who are identified by their marriage

masks:
George Soule
George
George Soule
Georg Soule
George Soul
George Soul
George Soul


texts: as Protestant refugees in London, England, in 1586 and by the baptisms of their children before 1600 in Haarlem, Holland. Their eldest known son Johannes Sol is identified by his baptism in 1591, as well as by his permissions in both Haarlem and Leyden to marry in Leyden. Johannes Sol, a printer in Leyden with one known publication, died suddenly, probably while helping William Brewster in the presswork for the Perth Assembly.His apprentice, Edward Raban, apparently fled to Scotland in 1619 in order to avoid being apprehended by agents of the King of England. It appears he was accompanied by the pregnant widow of his master and probably took with him the missing press of Brewster, as well as the telltale type and initials from Brewster; Raban also apparently took with him the Sol press and type. Edward Raban in 1622 published a very veiled version of his master's shocking death, well hidden in a discussion of drunkenness and resultant whoredom. It would appear all helpers in the press work and distribution of "Perth Assembly" took an oath of silence that was never breached, even after King James I died in 1625. Some researchers have pointed to circumstantial evidence that <mask>'s family may have had Sephardic (Converso) Jewish roots, due to "Sol/Soule" being a common Sephardic name and "Soule" (the version <mask> used in his will) being a Basque province. Soule's daughter-in-law, Rebecca Simonson, daughter of colonist, Moses Simonson, may have had Jewish ancestry, and Soule's printing colleague, Edward "Raban was from a Jewish-descended family in Germany." It is likely that <mask>'s presumed father Jan Sol, who married as a refugee in 1586 in London, was the grandson of Jan van Sol.This Jan van Sol was a zealous opponent of Anabaptism, which he saw in 1550 as divided into three movements: the Melchiorites (the peaceful Mennonite group), the Davidites, and the

masks:
George Soule
George
George


texts:
 Batenburgers. Jan van Sol was born at Dordrecht, in South Holland, but left the Netherlands in 1530 because of debts (he kept an inn there) and went east to Danzig. There he was known as Johann/Jan Solius (the Latin version of his name). In 1536 he bought the "Robitten" estate near Bardeyn in East Prussia. He returned in 1550 to Brussels but may have spent his last years, until about 1556, in the territory of Preussisch-Holland. A presumed son born about 1525, and by naming patterns was probably named Georg, would have married about 1555 perhaps in Brussels, and thus would have been the father of Jan Sol of the 1586 marriage record in London. This Jan Sol and wife Maecken had seven children baptized in the Dutch Reformed Church of Haarlem in 1590–99.Mayflower

The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on 6/16 September 1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30–40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship's timbers to be badly shaken with the caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill. These conditions, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, contributed to the high number of fatalities in the first winter, especially for the women and children. On the voyage, there were two deaths, being just a crew member and a passenger. The worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in the cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter. On 9/19 November 1620, after about 2 months at sea, preceded by a month of delays in and around England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor.After several days of trying to get south to their planned


texts:
 destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on 11/21 November. On 11 November 1620, Soule and others signed the Mayflower Compact. Soule and three others were under 21 years of age, and one of the three had a baptismal record showing he was just 20 years old at the time of signing. It appears the signers were members of a church group, where the age of membership was 18. The original compact was lost. It was published, without any signers' names appended, several times after 1620. It was not until almost 50 years after the signing that the Compact was published with the names of the signers.Thus the print work crew of Brewster, Winslow, <mask> and others was sheltered from exposure to the agents of King James I of England. When finally published with all names of signers, only Soule was still alive from the print work crew. In Plymouth Colony

In 1623, the Division of Land at Plymouth provided one acre for <mask> between the property of "Frances" Cooke and "Mr. Isaak" Allerton. About 1626, <mask> married a woman by the name of Mary. It is known that the only Mary in Plymouth who was then unmarried was Mary Bucket (Buckett). In 1623, "Marie" Buckett, as a single woman, had received one acre of land. In 1626 <mask> was one of twenty-seven Purchasers involved with the colony joint-stock company which afterwards was turned over to the control of senior colony members.That group was called Undertakers, and were made up of such Pilgrim leaders as Bradford, Standish and Allerton initially, who were later joined by other leaders Winslow, Brewster, Howland, Alden, Prence and others from London who were former Merchant Adventurers. On the agreement, dated 26 October 1626, his name appears as "<mask>." In the 1627 Division of Cattle, <mask> and Mary Soule and their first son Zachariah

masks:
Soule
George Soule
George Soule
George Soule
Georg Soule
George


texts: (all with the recorded surname of "Sowle") were listed with the Richard Warren family. They were allotted several animals that arrived on the ship Jacob, probably in 1625. Historic records indicate Soule became a freeman prior to 1632/33 (Johnson) or was on the 1633 list of freemen. In 1633/34 Soule (as "Sowle") was taxed at the lowest rate which indicates that his estate was without much significance. Per Plymouth records, Soule's life with his family appears to have been lived quietly in a Puritan home – obtaining some land holdings through the years which he would later provide for his large family.He was never involved in any criminal or civil court dispute and did participate in a number of public service situations, one being his volunteering to fight in the Pequot War in 1637, which was over before the Plymouth company could get organized. Land records note that in 1637 he was assigned "a garden place…on Duxbury side, by Samuel Nash's, to lie to his ground at Powder Point". The 1638 land records note that "one acre of land is granted to <mask>e at the watering place…and also a parcel of Stony Marsh at Powder Point, containing two acres." The land at the "watering place" in south Plymouth was sold the next year, possibly as he was living in Duxbury at that time and did not need his property in south Plymouth. In 1640 he was granted a meadow at Green's Harbor – now Marshfield. His land holdings included property in several towns, those being Namaskett, Middleboro and Dartmouth. First in 1642 and last in 1662, he was assigned to at least five grand and petty juries.He was deputy for Duxbury for several years. In the 1643 Able to Bear Arms (ATBA) List, <mask> and his son Zachariah (listed as "Georg" and "Zachary") appear with those bearing arms from Duxbury (written as "Duxbarrow"). In October 1645 the General Court granted to Duxbury inhabitants lands "about

masks:
George Soul
George


texts:
 Saughtuckquett" and nominated "Captaine Miles Standish, Mr John Alden, <mask>…" and others for "equall devideing and laying forth of the said lands to their inhabitants." The purpose of this committee was to divide property in the Duxbury area for its inhabitants. <mask> was also on a similar committee in 1640. On 20 October 1646 <mask>, with Anthony Thatcher, was chosen to be on a "committee to draw up an order concerning disorderly drinking (smoking) of tobacco." The law, as drawn up, provided strict limitations on where tobacco could be smoked and what fines could be levied against lawbreakers.Family
Marie/Mary Buckett, wife of <mask>. The young woman known to Plymouth Colony history as "Marie Buckett" arrived in Plymouth in July 1623 as a single woman passenger on the ship Anne. She may have been about age 18 (born c. 1604) and appears to have traveled with some Alden relatives of her mother, or with members of the possible Warren family with whom she may have lived after the death of her father. Earlier researchers have been stymied in their efforts to prove her ancestry, or from where she came, whether Holland or England. She first appears in Plymouth Colony records in the 1627 Division of Cattle with passengers of the Anne as "Marie Buckett" where she received one lot of her own "adioyning to Joseph Rogers" .."on the other side of towne towards the eele-riuer." Author Caleb Johnson estimates she married <mask>e about 1625 or 1626. As <mask> was probably born in 1601, and he would have had to wait to marry until released as Winslow's servant at age 25, the marriage of <mask> and Mary was probably in 1626.In the 1627 Division of Cattle she is listed with her husband <mask> and young son "Zakariah" as " Mary Sowle." Noted Mayflower researcher and author Caleb H. Johnson writes in The Mayflower Quarterly of December 2013 that the origin of Mary Buckett, wife

masks:
George Soul
Soule
Soule
George Soule
George Soul
George Soule
George
George


texts:
 of Mayflower passenger <mask>, has not been conclusively proven by his, or any previous research. What Johnson did find in England, through extensive research and a lengthy process of elimination was a Mary Beckett in the parish of Watford, Hertfordshire. This Mary was born about 1605 and fits the right age to have been on the Anne in 1623. Also she was in a family using the name Nathaniel, which is found in her own children. Her mother had a Mayflower-sounding name – Alden. She and her husband <mask> were grouped with the Warrens in the 1627 Division of Cattle, with Mrs. Warren coming from Hertfordshire, as did Mary Beckett.Mary's home parish register of St. Mary's Church, Watford, has a number of sixteenth-century Warren family entries of names which all appear in the Mayflower Warren family. Johnson considers the following to be among the most important information in considering Marie Buckett's ancestry – Mary Beckett's father died in 1619 when she was only about 14 years old. As a custom of the time, she and her siblings were likely apprenticed out to relatives, neighbors, acquaintances, etc. Her mother remained a widow until at least 1622 (listed in that year as "Widow Buckett") – further increasing the chance that her children would be sent to other families. Johnson concludes by stating that the following could have put Mary Beckett hypothetically on the ship Anne sailing to America in 1623: the right age, associated with families of Mayflower surnames, within a family using the name Nathaniel, and could have had the opportunity to be transferred to another family that would eventually sail to America on the ship Anne. Johnson notes after this time, Mary Beckett is not found again in Watford records, based on recent research. Children of <mask> and Mary Soule:
 Zachariah was born by May 1627 and died in Duxbury before 11 December 1663.He married Margaret


texts:
 Ford by 1663, but had no recorded children. John was born about 1632 and died in Duxbury before 14 November 1707. He married:
1. Rebecca Simmons about 1656 and had nine children. She died between 1675 and 1678. 2. Esther (Delano) Samson about 1678 and had three children.She died in Duxbury on 12 September 1735. Nathaniel was born between 1634 and 1646 and died in Dartmouth before 12 October 1699. He married Rose Thorn by 1680 and had five children. Nathaniel may have caused the most colony trouble of any of his siblings. On 5 March 1667/8, he made an appearance in Plymouth court to "answer for his abusing of Mr. John Holmes, teacher of the church of Christ at Duxbury, by many false, scandalous and opprobrious speeches." He was sentenced to make a public apology for his actions, find sureties for future good behavior and to sit in the stocks, with the stock sentence remitted. His father <mask> and brother John had to pay surety for Nathaniel's good behavior with he being bound for monies and to pay a fine.Three years later, on 5 June 1671, he was fined for "telling several lies which tended greatly to the hurt of the Colony in reference to some particulars about the Indians." And then on 1 March 1674/5 he was sentenced to be whipped for "lying with an Indian woman," and had to pay a fine in the form of bushels of corn to the Indian woman towards the keeping of her child. <mask> was born about 1639 and died in Dartmouth before 22 June 1704. He married by 1671 Deborah Thomas  and had eight children. She died in Dartmouth about February 1709. Susanna was born about 1640 and died in Kingstowne, Rhode Island after 1684. She married Francis West by 1660 and had nine children.Mary was born about 1642 and died in Plymouth after 1720. She married John Peterson by 1665 and had nine children. He died between 29 April 1718 and 26 March 1720, probably in Plymouth. Elizabeth

masks: George George


texts:
 was born about 1644 and died after 1667. She married Francis Walker by 23 July 1668 and had one child. He died in probably Middleboro about 1701. Elizabeth, like her brother Nathaniel, also had her share of problems with the Plymouth Court.On 3 March 1662/3, the Court fined Elizabeth and Nathaniel Church for committing fornication. Elizabeth then in turn sued Nathaniel Church "for committing an act of fornication with her... and then denying to marry her." The jury awarded her damages plus court costs. On 2 July 1667 Elizabeth was sentenced to be whipped at the post "for committing fornication the second time." And although the man with whom she committed the act was not named, Elizabeth did marry Francis Walker within the following year. Patience was born about 1646 and died on 11 March 1705/6 in Middleboro. She married John Haskell in January 1666/7 in Middleboro and had eight children.He died on 15 May 1706 in Middleboro. Benjamin was born by about 1652 and died unmarried during King Philip's War on 26 March 1676. Although <mask> became wealthy in the Plymouth colony he still bound out at least one of his daughters to a John Winslow. Will, death and burial
<mask> made his will on 11 August 1677 and mentions his eldest son John  "my eldest son John Soule and his family hath in my extreme old age and weakness been tender and careful of me and very helpful to me." John was his executor and to whom was given nearly all of Soule's estate. But after he wrote his will, on 12 September 1677 <mask> seemed to have second thoughts and made a codicil to the will to the effect that if John or any family member were to trouble his daughter Patience or her heirs, the will would be void. And if such happened, Patience would then become the executor of his last will and testament with virtually all that he owned becoming hers.To put his youngest daughter to inherit his

masks:
George Soule
George Soule
George


texts:
 estate ahead of his eldest son would have been a major humiliation for <mask>. But John must have done well in his father's eyes since after his father's death, he did inherit the Duxbury estate. Twenty years later Patience and her husband sold the Middleboro estate they had received from her father. <mask>'s will was dated 11 August 1677, with a codicil dated 20 September 1677 and with the will proved in 1679. His will named his sons Nathaniel, <mask> and John, and daughters Elizabeth, Patience, Susannah and Mary. His sons Zachariah and Benjamin had predeceased him. <mask> died shortly before 22 January 1679, when inventory was taken of his estate.He was buried at Myles Standish Burial Ground in Duxbury, Massachusetts as his wife Mary had predeceased him in 1676. Per Stratton, the Soule family history compiled by Gideon T. Ridlon is not reliable. Researcher and author Louise Walsh Throop considers Ridlon occasionally reliable, as the second volume was printed in haste. Records received by correspondence are usually reliable, but Ridlon's assigned lineages and interpretations of relationships are not always reliable. Notable descendants
 Olan <mask>, actor, voiceover performer
Dick Van Dyke, comedian, actor, dancer
 Richard Gere, actor
 <mask>, Methodist-Episcopal Bishop
 Gideon Lane <mask>, third principal of Phillips Exeter Academy
 H. Verlan Andersen, LDS General Authority
 <mask>, Physicist, Engineer, Master of Trigjitsu, Ballet Dancer, Fastest Grader of any written work(As of 2021), The Governors Academy
 Carter J<mask>, Social Media Influencer

References

External links

 <mask>e Kindred in the U.S.
 <mask> Family in England

1590s births
1679 deaths
People from Worcestershire
Mayflower passengers
Kingdom of England emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
People from Duxbury, Massachusetts
Burials at Myles Standish Burial Ground
People of colonial

masks:
John Soule
George Soule
George
George Soule
Soule
Joshua Soule
Soule
Marcus Soule
. Soule
George Soul
Soule


texts: <mask> (born 20 February 1980) is a New Zealand musician, singer and songwriter, best known for being the frontman of the psychedelic rock band Unknown Mortal Orchestra. One of the most acclaimed New Zealand musicians of his generation, he has won two Aotearoa music awards and an APRA Silver Scroll, over the course of his band's five studio albums and one extended play. Born in Darwin, Australia, to a Hawaiian mother and a Maori father, Nielson was raised in Orewa, Auckland in a working-class musical family. After support from his teachers at Orewa College, <mask> attended Elam, Auckland's most eminent Fine Arts school. He graduated in 2002 as a recipient Sir James Wallace art award, one year after forming The Mint Chicks with Paul Roper, Michael Logie and his brother <mask>. The four members met at Orewa College, although the band started moving between Portland, Oregon, where Nielson would later be based, and Auckland. The band, known for its nihilistic ideology, disorderly behaviour, neo-punk elements and groundbreaking discography, broke up following Ruban's departure.<mask> subsequently attempted to quit music, but he found himself increasingly passionate about it, and formed a more experimental and psychedelic band, Unknown Mortal Orchestra, with musician Jake Portrait. His brother Kody also has performed drums on almost every Unknown Mortal Orchestra album. Nielson achieved critical acclaim and success worldwide with the band's self-titled debut album Unknown Mortal Orchestra, released in 2011. The album won the Taite music prize the following year. Further success came with II, released in 2013, and the group began selling out shows across North America. <mask>'s global breakthrough album is considered to be the multi-award winning third effort Multi-Love, which made it high onto lists by The Guardian, NME and Consequence of Sound for the best albums of 2015. Singles "Multi-Love" and "Can't Keep Checking My Phone" were both

masks:
Ruban Nielson
Nielson
Kody Nielson
Nielson
Nielson


texts:
 A-listed at BBC's 6 Music.The album was considered to be, by far, <mask>'s most personal; thematically, it was centered on a year-long polyamorous relationship he and his wife had with a younger woman from Tokyo, and the feelings of experimentation and euphoria, and the romantic turmoil of its end after the woman's visa expired. Two more acclaimed albums, Sex + Food, and the instrumental IC-01 Hanoi, followed in 2018. <mask>, Connan Mockasin, LEISURE and Pond. NME has summed up Nielson as a master in creating "works of warm, fuzzy beauty." Nielson remains humble and jocular, saying in response to being described as a musical provocateur; "No, I don't purposefully go out to try and do that......but it is really fun." Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Darwin, Australia on 20 February 1980.His mother is an American hula dancer from Oahu, Hawaii and his father is New Zealand Maori brass player and Elam School of Fine Arts alumni, <mask>, who toured with lounge singer John Knowles in the 1970s and has played in New Zealand bands such as Katchafire. With his mother being an Native Hawaiian woman (Kānaka Maoli), there was an instant cultural connection with Nielson's Māori father; the two ethnic groups are closely connected, and the ancestral Māori homeland is known as Hawaiki. The two met on tour in Los Angeles, and later had another son, Kody (born 9 May 1982), who later became a musician alongside Nielson. The transpacific couple moved to Auckland when Nielson was young, where he grew up and regards as his home. <mask> collaborated with his sons on Unknown Mortal Orchestra's 2018 album, IC-01 Hanoi, playing the flügelhorn and saxophone. Nielson had a difficult childhood, growing up in poverty in Orewa. Growing up half Māori and half Hawaiian in a country with significant institutional bias and racism towards Polynesians, he stated he and his brother had “to be the kid a shop owner will follow around...It’s like you’re walking into

masks:
Nielson
Nielsoneala
Nielson
Chris Nielson
Chris Nielson


texts:
 every situation at a negative 10, and you’ve got to work really hard to get to zero.” Home life was difficult, due to his father's chronic alcoholism and heroin addiction, a lack of money and the fallout from his parents' separation.As a teenager, Nielson developed insomnia, and was unable to sleep at night; this affected his academic performance. Despite his addictions, his father cared for his children, and felt guilty about his illnesses and choices affecting them. As he weaned himself off heroin and alcohol, he made amends with his son by buying him his first guitar and getting recommendations from his Orewa College teachers to get him into Elam School of Fine Arts, New Zealand's most prestigious art school. He graduated in 2002 with distinction, winning a Sir James Wallace art award. His father influenced him them and continues to do so, despite being a difficult person to live with due to his struggles with drug addiction. When listed in the University of Auckland's 40 under 40 list in 2020, Nielson said of his father and Elam:

"His stories of Elam when I was a kid really stoked my desire to be there. He helped me get into Elam and negotiate what was originally a kind of ‘probational situation’ with my acceptance.Being at Elam really fulfilled a childhood dream and people like Nuala Gregory, Peter Shand, Jim Speers, Leigh Martin, Judy Millar and Denys Watkins as well as many others all had a huge impact on the way I see the world and creativity.”

He maintains an interest in the visual arts, and says that if he had not entered music as a profession he would have become a visual artist. The Mint Chicks (2001–10)
The <mask> brothers, <mask> and Kody, enjoyed making music together from a young age, despite their sibling rivalry and difficult home life. Ruban found it as a way to cope with his worsening insomnia, while the younger Kody enjoyed daredevil stunts and being a loud and anarchic frontman. The brothers formed the band in

masks: Nielson Ruban


texts: high school in 2001, alongside two friends, Michael Logie and Paul Roper. They began by playing punk house parties and low profile shows before being discovered by the internationally acclaimed New Zealand independent record label Flying Nun Records. The Mint Chicks, a neo-punk and "shit-gaze" band, were famed for their noisy, rowdy shows (with Kody Nielson often hanging himself upside down from the stage).They released two EPs and three albums under the Flying Nun Records banner: Octagon, Octagon, Octagon EP (2003), Anti-Tiger EP (2004), Fuck the Golden Youth (2005), Crazy? Yes!Dumb? No! (2006) and Screens (2009), as well as one EP on a minor label, Bad Buzz (2010). All were produced and recorded by the band's core members <mask> and Kody Nielson, with the exception of Crazy? Yes! Dumb? No!which was produced by the <mask> brothers and their father <mask> at two different home studios. All four original band members met at Orewa College in Orewa, New Zealand, although the band starting moving between Portland, Oregon and Auckland, as the <mask> brothers have dual citizenship in New Zealand and the U.S. In 2006, the band played support for the Yeah Yeah Yeahs. The volume of the show was reportedly so loud that part of the St James theater complex fell down, injuring two concert goers. They have also played support slots for The White Stripes, Death From Above 1979, TV on the Radio, The Blood Brothers, The Black Lips, and The Bronx. They were also part of the New Zealand line-up for Big Day Out 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2009. In 2005, it was notable that Kody Nielson wielded a chainsaw on stage and destroyed a corporate sponsor's overly prominent sign with it.At the 2007 New Zealand Music Awards the band won five Tui awards including best rock group, best album, best rock album as well as winning best album cover and best music video for the single "Crazy? Yes! Dumb? No!". On 24 October 2007, it was announced on the band's website that

masks:
Ruban
Nielson
Chris Nielson
Nielson


texts:
 their bassist Michael Logie would leave the band when they relocated to Portland. The group continued as a trio, with Logie relocating to London, England. The band played a free show in Portland on 29 June 2008, in which they played their then-upcoming third album from beginning to end live.The band later supported Shihad on the July 2008 Beautiful Machine Tour and tested their new songs in front of a home audience. As a result of their bass player having left the band, the Mint Chicks weren't able to play hits from earlier songs, angering some fans. To counter this Shihad's bass player, Karl Kippenberger, filled in for several more popular songs. On 25 December 2008, The Mint Chicks released the Mintunes EP consisting of "8-bit versions" of both previously released songs and tracks from the upcoming album. The band also released an iTunes-only single during 2008, "Life Will Get Better Some Day", a teaser for the album "Screens", which was released in New Zealand on 16 March 2009 after having been recorded sporadically over the preceding two years. In October 2009 the Mint Chicks performed a rendition of Ray Columbus and the Invaders' classic hit She's a Mod at the New Zealand Music awards as a four-piece band, later released as a standalone single. Shortly afterwards on 16 October 2009, it was announced Michael Logie would be rejoining the band in a post on the band's Twitter.The band joined with New Zealand music website MusicHy.pe to promote their next record, the Bad Buzz EP, released in February 2010. Shortly after the release of the EP, the band played their final show on 12 March 2010. The show, originally a fundraiser for MusicHy.pe, ended in chaos after Kody Nielson destroyed the two drumkits and equipment, imploring the crowd to 'start your own fucking band'. Unknown Mortal Orchestra

Inception and Unknown Mortal Orchestra (2010–2012)
<mask> left The Mint Chicks in the beginning of 2010, citing a loss of interest in the


texts:
 group's music. Following an incident during one of the band's live performances and Nielson's subsequent departure, The Mint Chicks broke up. Nielson had already returned to Portland, Oregon, where he began working at a film production company as an illustrator. He quickly found himself wanting to write and record music again and began searching for "psychedelic records with lost tunes" for inspiration.Nielson had become very specific about what type of record he wanted to find for inspiration and, with that specificity, began making that record himself instead. Once he had finished writing and recording the first song, Nielson uploaded it anonymously on May 17, 2010 onto Bandcamp under the name "Ffunny Ffrends". Within a day, the song had received significant coverage from independent music blogs such as Pitchfork. Nielson maintained the band's anonymity as he was not sure what he wanted the band to be and did not want to "face up to Mint Chicks fans and to people who were looking forward to a new Mint Chicks record." Nielson eventually claimed the track under the band name Unknown Mortal Orchestra. The band's debut self-titled album was released June 21, 2011 on Fat Possum Records. The album quickly received critical acclaim.Pitchfork gave the album an 8.1, describing that with "an expert use of space rare for such a lo-fi record, UMO manages a unique immersive and psychedelic quality without relying on the usual array of bong-ripping effects." In the spring of 2012, the band won the Taite Music Prize for the album. Although the nominated Unknown Mortal Orchestra did not win Best Alternative Album, <mask> took home the title of Best Male Artist at the 47th annual Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards. II (2012–2013)
In September 2012, Unknown Mortal Orchestra announced that they had signed to Jagjaguwar and were working on their second full-length album. Unknown Mortal Orchestra's second album, II, was released on February 5, 2013. The


texts: first single from the album, entitled "Swim and Sleep (Like a Shark)", was first available as a 7" on their tour with Grizzly Bear. II has received widespread critical acclaim.In November 2013 it won Best Alternative Album at the New Zealand Music Awards. II was nominated for the Taite Music Prize 2014, an annual music prize awarded for the best album from New Zealand. Clash Music gave the album a 9 out of 10, saying "from opener 'From The Sun', which recalls George Harrison-psychedelia, to the tender Family Stone shuffle of the closing of 'Secret Xtians', 'II' displays both a glowing warmth in its production and a deft use of space that illuminate <mask>'s superbly crafted compositions." Paste Magazine called the album "a modern, beat-heavy take on '60s psych, with plenty of hooks and fuzz to get you hooked and feeling fuzzy." NME praised Ruban's ability to turn his songs into "works of warm, fuzzy beauty." During the early months of 2012, Unknown Mortal Orchestra capitalized on the success of II and embarked on a world tour. The tour started off with shows in Australia, and hometown shows in New Zealand, followed by several stops in Europe.The band then toured extensively throughout North America with opener Foxygen. In March 2013, Unknown Mortal Orchestra was named one of Fuse TV's 30 must-see artists at SXSW. Unknown Mortal Orchestra consistently sold out shows in both the UK/Europe and in North America, and as a result of their success on the road they announced in early April that they would extend their tour through the end of 2013. That summer the band performed at a number of major European festivals, including Roskilde Festival, Pukkelpop and Lowlands. On February 25, 2013, Unknown Mortal Orchestra made their American television debut, performing "So Good At Being In Trouble" on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. On October 29, 2013, the band released an EP titled Blue Record. It included three acoustic versions of songs taken


texts:
 from their previous album.Multi-Love (2015)

On February 5, 2015, the band announced their third studio album, Multi-Love. Soon after, they released the title track as the first single, which was designated "Best New Track" by Pitchfork. Multi-Love was released on 26 May 2015, to universal critical acclaim. Rolling Stone commented that "Multi-Love sees Nielson coloring outside the lines for a vibrant vision of connection"  and Pitchfork praised Nielson's ear for how something should sound and referred to the album as his "most accomplished". Singles "Multi-Love" and "Can't Keep Checking My Phone" were both A-listed at BBC's 6 Music. Pitchfork wrote that "[Multi Love] teems with lush synths and futurist textures, hallucinogenic funk and R&B", and was also influenced by Nielson's nascent parenthood (which also influenced his first and second albums with Unknown Mortal Orchestra). The album was considered to be, by far, Nielson's most personal; thematically, it was centered on a polyamorous relationship he and his wife Jenny had with a Japanese woman, and the feelings of loss when the woman's visa expired and the relationship ended.Speaking with Pitchfork, he said that despite his reservations regarding polyamory at the relationship's onset, that “I feel like I’m gonna spend the rest of my life trying to live [the relationship] down. It was such a beautiful time.”<mask> recalled treated the relationship as if it was an entirely nascent concept, and "stumbled into it blindly". He met the woman in question after venturing into a Tokyo club when touring in February 2013. Nielson recalls an instant infatuation with the woman, and reciprocated affection on her part; the pair introduced each other at the club and decided to keep in touch. Later that year, the woman came to see UMO perform in Melbourne, and the pair continued to communicate via letter. After introducing the young woman to his wife, she also took an interest in the young woman,


texts:
 and the three began living together in Portland, alongside the Nielson's young children, Moe and Iris.Following the release, UMO embarked on a tour through the UK, Europe, the US and Canada, with many sold out dates. Touring continued in Europe through that November, before heading to Australia and New Zealand for a string of headline shows in December. On August 12, UMO performed Multi-Love on Late Night with Seth Meyers. On August 25 they performed "Can't Keep Checking My Phone" on Conan. On February 16, 2016 the band performed on Last Call with Carson Daly. "Can't Keep Checking My Phone" also appears in the association football video game FIFA 16. Sex + Food (2018)The first of Unknown Mortal Orchestra's two albums released in 2018, Sex + Food, was made available in the April of that year.The song's lead single, American Guilt, concerns the feelings of guilt and remorse that came with <mask>'s adopted American identity. "Hunnybee", the second single, proved popular, and has received over 33 million views on YouTube as of 4 February 2021. While recording Sex + Food in Mexico City, <mask> was caught out in the 2017 Puebla Earthquake. In the destruction and chaos that pursued, he spent the night in a local park with his band members. Despite this, he recalls with fondness that they were struggling to think of the right lyric for a song when the earthquake hit and "then, when we were in the park trying to crash out, somebody shouted, 'Viva la Mexico!' … I was like, ‘That’s the missing line!’”. The album was also recorded in Reykjavík, Seoul, Auckland and Hanoi, alongside their fifth album IC-01 Hanoi, which grew as a secondary instrumental project.IC-01 Hanoi (2018)

IC-01 Hanoi, a more complex, instrumental album, followed Sex + Food in 2018. Featuring the Nielson's father, recorded in the same places as their previous album (but especially Hanoi), and influenced by the works of Miles Davis, the album departed from the band's "alt-pop

masks: Nielson Nielson


texts:
 aesthetic". Reviewing the album for Pitchfork, Andy Beta felt that "<mask> Nielson throws off his habitually weighty themes and digs into a refreshingly raw, heady session of psychedelic rock", also saying that the album "presents a visceral, smoky, casual session that cooks together fairly tumultuous moods over the course of its concise runtime". Sungenre.com wrote of the band's collaboration with their father and Vietnamese musicians: "Featuring Vietnamese local Minh Nguyen on Sáo Trúc (flute) and Đàn Môi (jaw harp) along with the veiled talisman of the psych-funk aficionados in that of <mask> <mask>’s father, Chris (saxophone, trumpet, keys), IC-01 Hanoi represents so much more than a haphazard collection of B-sides. Rather, the band harnesses their knack for potent grooves and a coloured sound with the musicianship required to create a concept album conveying a tale devoid of lyrical constraints." Personal life
Nielson is married to <mask>, with whom he was previously in a polyamorous relationship with alongside a Japanese woman; this courtship was the main inspiration for Multi-Love. He met Jenny during his time at the Elam School of Fine Arts, and the couple moved in together within a few months of their first date.They have two children, Moe and Iris. The family continues to live in Portland, Oregon, and <mask>, despite being a New Zealander, has said living in the country has added to a feeling of American identity. Discography
with Unknown Mortal Orchestra
Unknown Mortal Orchestra (2011)
II (2013)
Multi-Love (2015)
Sex & Food (2018)
IC-01 Hanoi (2018)

with The Mint Chicks
Fuck the Golden Youth (2005)
Crazy? Yes! Dumb? No! (2006)
Screens (2009)

References

External links
 Unknown Mortal Orchestra official website

1980 births
Living people
American rock musicians
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
New Zealand emigrants to the United States
New Zealand rock musicians
People educated at Orewa College
People from

masks:
Ruban
Ruban
Nielson
Jenny Nielson
Nielson


texts:
<mask> (–781/82; ) was the first prominent member of the Barmakid family, which converted to Islam and became prominent members of the Abbasid court in the second half of the 8th century. <mask> himself was converted to Islam at the Umayyad court in the 720s, but joined the nascent Abbasid revolutionary movement in Khurasan, and played a significant role in the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyads. He enjoyed close relations with the first Abbasid caliph, al-Saffah, functioning as his chief minister and introducing innovations in record-keeping. Under al-Saffah's successor, al-Mansur, his influence decreased, but he still occupied significant provincial governorships in Fars, Tabaristan, and Mosul. As an administrator, he repeatedly distinguished himself for his fairness, especially in matters of taxation, and was a popular governor. He appears to have briefly fallen into disgrace around 775, but he managed to recover, helped by the rapid rise of his son, Yahya. His ties to the Abbasid dynasty were soon strengthened when his grandson, <mask>, became the foster-brother of the future Harun al-Rashid, while Yahya became the prince's tutor.<mask> died in 781/2, shortly after returning from an expedition against the Byzantine Empire. Origin
The Barmakid family hailed from Balkh, the capital of Tokharistan in Khurasan. The people of Tokharistan had a distinct identity: ruled by Hephthalite and later Turkic dynasties, they spoke the eastern Iranian Bactrian language, and were mostly Buddhist. The Barmakids hailed from the family of guardians of the great and

masks:
Khalid ibn Barmak
Khalid
al Fadl ibn Yahya
Khalid


texts:
 extremely wealthy Buddhist monastery, the Nawbahār, which controlled most of the Balkh oasis, and may have been the de facto rulers of the area. These guardians were known by a title that was rendered into Arabic as . Modern scholars consider that it originated from Sanskrit, either from pramukha ("chief") or from paramaka ("supreme"). Historical traditions that assign the Barmakids a Zoroastrian origin, and even make them descendants of the chief ministers of the Sassanid dynasty, are later fabrications invented during the family's zenith.Tokharistan was attacked by the Muslims during their eastern expansion as early as about 663/4, but was not  definitely conquered until the reign of the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (). Balkh was occupied and garrisoned in 725, and the Nawbahār abandoned, though its structure remained in place for three more centuries. The incumbent <mask> was brought with his son to the Umayyad court, where both converted to Islam; the Barmak's son adopted the name <mask> ibn Barmak, and became a  of the Banu Khuza'a tribe, while his two brothers received the names Sulayman and al-Hasan. He probably had another brother, Abu Ubayd Mu'awiya, who is mentioned as living in Baghdad in later years. During his stay in the Umayyad court, <mask> is known to have befriended the Caliph's son, Maslama <mask>, a notable military commander, and to have become fluent in Arabic. Career under the Abbasids

Abbasid Revolution
Soon after, both Barmak and <mask> returned to Khurasan. <mask> disappears from the record after 725/6, but it is implied that

masks:
Barmak
Khalid
Khalid
ibn Hisham
Khalid
Barmak


texts:
 he was responsible for <mask>'s joining in the early Abbasid missionary activity () in Khurasan.<mask> had joined the Abbasid cause by 742, and, as one of the few non-Arabs, was appointed one of the twenty , the second tier of the inner leadership. During the Abbasid Revolution, he played an active role, gathering funds from Shi'a sympathizers, leading troops in the field, and being entrusted by the Abbasid commander Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i with distributing the plunder to his army. According to the 10th-century historian al-Jahshiyari, <mask> was placed in charge of redistributing the land tax () of Khurasan by Abu Muslim, and did so with such fairness that he earned the gratitude of the Khurasanis. Under al-Saffah

After the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate, he was placed in charge of the fiscal departments of the land tax () and of the army () for the duration of the caliphate of al-Saffah (). Shortly after he reportedly he assumed the supervision of all fiscal departments, thus becoming a kind of vizier, although he did not hold the title. He is credited with introducing the practice of keeping records in codices, rather than loose sheets as was the custom until then. <mask> apparently benefited from a substantial education, and some previous administrative experience, although the origin of the latter is unknown; he may have acquired it at the Umayyad court, or alongside his father at Balkh.His relationship with the Caliph was very close: his daughter was suckled by the Caliph's wife, while in turn his own wife was made the foster-mother to

masks: Khalid Khalid Khalid Khalid


texts:
 al-Saffah's daughter, Raytah. Under al-Mansur

He remained head of the land tax department for at least a year into the reign of al-Mansur (), but court intrigues instigated by the vizier Abu Ayyub al-Muryani meant that he was soon relegated to the provincial government of Fars, which he headed for about two years. At some point he returned to the court—now in the new capital, Baghdad—where according to a well-known, but likely fabricated, he persuaded the Caliph to not destroy the Sassanid-era Taq Kasra at Ctesiphon, arguing that its ruined state was a testament to the superiority of Islam. In 764/65, he was involved in the intrigues that resulted in <mask> Musa's renunciation of succession to the caliphate. He then spent about seven years as governor of Tabaristan; coins with his name, in the Arab–Sassanid style, are known from 766/67–772. Succeeding the tyrannical Rawh <mask>, his tenure was successful: he maintained friendly relations with the local autonomous ruler, Wandad Hurmuzd, captured the fortress of Ustunavand near Damavand, founded the town of al-Mansura, and was well liked by the local inhabitants. However, his attempts to spread Islam were quickly undone after his departure, and the settlements he founded were destroyed by the Bavandid ruler Sharwin I.Around the same time, his grandson, al-Fadl <mask>, was made foster-brother of one of the sons of Caliph al-Mahdi (), the future Harun al-Rashid (). In 775, shortly before al-Mansur died, <mask> fell out of favour for some unknown reason, and was obliged to pay a heavy fine of three million dirhams,

masks:
Isa ibn
ibn Hatim
ibn Yahya
Khalid


texts:
 within a short notice. He was saved only by his network of friends at court, who were visited by his son, Yahya ibn <mask>, and surreptitiously forwarded him the necessary sums. But following Kurdish uprisings in Mosul, <mask> was pardoned and appointed governor of the city. His restoration to favour probably was also the result of the rapidly rising fortunes of Yahya, who was by then one of the chief figures of the Abbasid government. Under al-Mahdi
When al-Mahdi came to the throne, he was appointed again to govern Fars, where he distinguished himself for redistributing the land tax and abolishing an onerous tax on orchards. Around 778, Yahya was appointed as tutor to the prince Harun.In 780, <mask> and his son Yahya distinguished themselves at the siege of the Byzantine fortress Samalu, an expedition which was led by Harun under the auspices of Yahya. He died shortly after, in 781/82, at about 75 years of age. Of his sons, Yahya became an all-powerful vizier under Harun al-Rashid, while Muhammad became Harun al-Rashid's chamberlain and served as a provincial governor. Likewise, Yahya's sons enjoyed high offices, until the abrupt fall of the family in 803. Family tree

References

Sources

Further reading

700s births
782 deaths
8th-century Iranian people
8th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate
8th-century Muslims
Abbasid governors of Fars
Abbasid governors of Mosul
Abbasid governors of Tabaristan
Barmakids
Converts to Islam from Buddhism
People from Balkh
Year of birth uncertain
People of the Abbasid Revolution
Abbasid people of the Arab–Byzantine

masks: Khalid Khalid Khalid


texts:
<mask><mask> (March 19, 1938 – April 3, 2017) was a Marin County, California prosecutor and Superior Court judge. <mask> was primarily known for his role in the Marin County Civic Center shootout in which he was taken hostage in a courtroom, along with Judge Harold Haley and three female jurors, by Jonathan Jackson and three inmates from San Quentin State Prison in what is widely speculated to be a failed attempt to free his brother, George Jackson, and the other two Soledad Brothers. Haley, Jonathan Jackson, and two of the inmates were killed during the escape attempt, and <mask> was paralyzed from the waist down. <mask> was a native of Great Falls, Montana. His father was <mask>, and his step-mother was Vera T<mask>. <mask> and his family moved to San Francisco, California when he was nine years old, but he frequently returned to Montana during the summers to work on his uncle's cattle ranch. <mask> graduated from San Francisco's Riordan High School.After earning an academic scholarship to the University of San Francisco in 1955, he received a bachelor's degree in political science. <mask> received another scholarship and graduated from the University of San Francisco School of Law in 1961. He joined the State Bar of California in 1962, then worked in private practice and as a deputy county prosecutor until 1969 when he was promoted to assistant district attorney. <mask> was also a member of the United States Air Force Reserve from 1962 to 1968. <mask> married Haley's niece, Maureen, around 1960. They were married for 57 years had two sons. He was an avid fisherman.Marin County Civic Center shootout

On the morning of August 7, 1970, <mask> was an assistant district attorney for Marin County

masks:
Gary W
. Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Background Thomas
James Walter Thomas
. Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


texts: prosecuting the case of James McClain, an inmate at San Quentin prison who had been charged with assaulting a prison guard. <mask> was questioning Ruchell Magee, another inmate at San Quentin whom McClain had arranged to be a witness, when Jonathan Jackson interrupted the court proceedings. In the barrage of gunfire that followed during the escape attempt, <mask> was shot in the spine and paralyzed from the waist down. A ballistics expert would later testify that <mask>'s spine was severed from a bullet fired from a San Quentin guard's .30 caliber carbine. The following day, photographs of the perpetrators with their hostages, including <mask>, appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the nation. An initial report indicated that he was seriously wounded in the back. A UPI report released the day after the shooting indicated that <mask> was in grave condition with two bullet wounds in the chest.Another UPI report from the same day indicated that <mask> was wounded in the chest and spine and quoted him as telling District Attorney Bruce B. Bales that he grabbed a gun from the driver and shot three of the kidnappers. According to Bales, <mask> murmured to his wife: "Judge Haley was a saint. I got three of them." Two days after the shootout, <mask> remained in critical condition at Marin General Hospital following surgery for bullet wounds in his back and was described as a "key witness in the question of who fired first in [the] gun battle". <mask> was reportedly shot three times. In addition to the bullet that entered through his back and severed his spine, another nicked his heart and a third pierced his lungs. <mask> was reportedly told by doctors that he would need 6 to 12 months to

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


texts:
 recuperate, however, he returned to work on September 14, 1970 - five weeks after the shooting.He claimed that his recovery was hastened by "vigorous exercise and the fear of boredom". The wheelchair-bound district attorney was reported to avoid photographers and refuse interviews. In December 1970, <mask> was credited as saving the lives of the three women jurors and named "peace officer of the year" by the Marin County Peace Officers Association. In July 1971, <mask>' grand jury testimony from the previous fall was released. Questioned by Marin County District Attorney Bruce Bales, he indicated that it was Magee who shot Judge Haley. Angela Davis trial

During the 1972 Angela Davis trial, Maria Elena Graham, one of the three women hostages, testified that <mask> told the gunmen "not to do anything foolish" but was forced to the floor with the others in the courtroom. Graham told of how Haley, <mask>, and the three jurors were wired together and forced out of the courthouse and into the escape van.She said that there, just prior to shots being fired, she heard <mask> shout: "For God's sake - don't shoot!" Graham reported that while she was sprawled on the floor of the van, <mask> reached over her head and grabbed a revolver from Jackson. A few days later, the recently promoted Judge <mask> recounted his version of what happened that morning. According to <mask>, someone in the back of the courtroom (Jackson) stated "Hold it right there. That's enough." He described Jackson's appearance and commented that he was holding a handgun. <mask> said: "The people in the courtroom, including myself and the guards, were instructed to get down on the floor.I got down on the floor where I was seated,

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


texts: stretched out." He reported that he kept his eyes on the bench and watched McClain approach Haley. <mask> said that McClain asked Jackson if he had brought the tape, then Jackson produced a carbine from under his raincoat while moving forward to hand the pistol to McClain. He went on to state that a shotgun was pulled from Jackson's bag, then taped around Haley's neck with the barrel under his chin. <mask> explained that McClain ordered Haley to call the sheriff and that McClain eventually told the sheriff: "We have the judge. If you don't do as we say, we'll kill him and the people on the jury." According to <mask>, the gunmen spent several minutes discussing which hostages they should take with them.<mask> told the court that Magee said: "Let's not take any of them. Let's kill them all here." He quoted McClain has replying: "Cool it. Don't lose your cool." <mask> testified that while laying on the courtroom floor, he heard McClain say to the other gunmen: "We're not taking any kids." McClain then came over to him and said: "You're a good man. We're taking you along."According to <mask>, McClain smiled at him in the corridor outside the courtroom and said: "We're revolutionaries, but you knew that all along, didn't you?" In response to the prosecutor's questioning, <mask> said that he twice heard Jackson allude to a time element in their schedule. (<mask> described being tied to the three women hostages. - another reference states all five were tied together) As the gunmen and hostages gathered outside the getaway van, <mask> said he asked McClain to free the three women hostages but the inmate refused. In describing the attempted getaway, <mask> outlined the position of the occupants in the


texts: van. Jackson was in the driver's seat, McClain was crouched on the floor beside him, <mask> was behind McClain, Haley was behind <mask>, and Christmas was in the back of the van. According to <mask>, the van came to a sudden stop and Jackson stuck his revolver outside the window.He reported that he heard either one shot or two shots in quick succession, then Jackson pulled his bloodied hand back into the van. <mask> testified that he immediately turned to Haley, under whose chin Magee held a sawed-off shotgun, and described how the right side of the judge's face appeared to slowly pull away from his skull. <mask> explained that he turned back towards Jackson, grabbed his gun from his hand, then fired a shot or two in his direction. He said he then shot McClain (who was also in the front of the van) in his back, turned and fired in the direction of <mask> near the rear of the van, then finally shot Magee in the chest. <mask> reported that he attempted to shoot Magee again when the gun ran out of bullets. Under cross-examination, Davis' attorney Leo Branton Jr. immediately drew from <mask> that he was not shot by Jackson or any of the three inmates. Branton also pointed out some minor inconsistencies in <mask>' story, and got him to admit that he could not tell which of the two identical .357 magnums on the table he had used.As Haley had also been hit by a .357 slug in the heart, Branton attempted to reconstruct the events within the van to show that <mask> accidentally shot the judge - and that his death throes caused the shotgun held by Magee to discharge. The ballistics expert would later demonstrate that <mask> shot who he said he shot and the .357 held by Christmas shot Haley. <mask> would

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
William Christmas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


texts:
 also testify that he did not hear any demand for the release of the Soledad Brothers. Joseph J. Murphy, a San Quentin Prison sergeant, would testify that he removed a carbine that was "sticking up" and blocking access to <mask>. Ruchell Magee trial

On January 22, 1973, <mask> would recount his story again in the trial of Ruchell Magee. Magee, who had been thrown out of every previous session of the trial, was reported to have sat quietly through <mask>' testimony while never taking his eyes off of him. According to <mask>, Magee shouted prior to the shooting, "Let's kill 'em all now", and that McClain had replied, "Let's cool it, keep your cool, everything's cool."He would again confirm that Magee was holding the sawed-off shotgun when it discharged and killed Haley. On April 3, 1973 [verify date], Superior Court Judge Morton R. Colvin declared a mistrial after the jury announced for the fifth time that it was deadlocked on reaching a verdict on charges of murder and kidnapping. One member of the jury, Hugh Chalmers, stated that the panel did not accept <mask>' testimony. Chalmers remarked: "We think that what happened in that van was not as the pain-ridden Mr. <mask> thought they happened. We feel that the judge was already dead when the shotgun went off. I think Mr. <mask> was honest, but I think his story was twisted." Magee eventually pleaded guilty to aggravated kidnapping and was sentenced to life imprisonment.Professional career and judicial office
In 1971, <mask> successfully prosecuted a homeowner who rigged a .22 caliber pistol as a booby-trap that wounded a teenager burglar. The California Supreme Court later upheld the conviction of assault with a deadly weapon and ruled that a

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


texts:
 spring gun may not be used to defend a home against burglary. This ruling is frequently cited as an example of case law pertaining to self-defense. During the course of the Davis and Magee trials, <mask> became a municipal court judge and later a California Superior Court judge who presided over a number of cases involving high-profile individuals. Municipal court
Two years after the Marin County Civic Center shootout, California Governor Ronald Reagan appointed <mask> a municipal court judge. His role in municipal court was to handle misdemeanors, some civil suits, and the initial proceedings of felony cases. In 1973, <mask> ordered Glenn Yarbrough to pay $350 per month after the singer pleaded no contest to charges of failing to provide child support.<mask> received brief national publicity in 1975 for sentencing petty offenders to writing out thousands of times their promises not to violate various misdemeanor laws. He claimed that this type of punishment fit the crime and served as a good deterrent as the offenders would be jailed for hours at a time while completing their sentences. Grace Slick, the lead singer of Jefferson Starship, appeared before <mask> in municipal court on multiple occasions in 1978. In March, <mask> imposed probation on Slick who had earlier been convicted of drunk driving. When arrested for public drunkenness three months later, she pleaded "no contest" to violating the terms of the probation. <mask> then sentenced Slick to two years probation, with the caveat that she would be jailed if she drank alcohol during that period. He also ordered her not to leave the state, and to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings for six months.In 1982, <mask> accepted an innocent


texts:
 plea in municipal court from Phil Crane, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives and a former U.S. presidential candidate, who had been charged with driving while intoxicated. Superior court

<mask> was elected a superior court judge in 1986. As a Marin County Superior Court judge, <mask> presided over a 1987 jury trial in which Matthew Kelly, the founder of the rock band Kingfish, filed a $10 million lawsuit against Grateful Dead drummer Bill Kreutzmann. In 1991, <mask> set bail at $500,000 for pornography pioneer Jim Mitchell until he could stand trial for the shooting death of his brother, Artie Mitchell; Mitchell was also ordered to surrender his passport and remain in the Bay Area. In 1994, famed forensic psychiatrist Martin Blinder was sued by a former lover for "professional negligence, assault and battery, sexual abuse, and inflicting emotional distress." Later, when the woman repeatedly failed to appear in court, <mask> dismissed the suit and ordered her to pay $13,000 in costs. As part of Church of Scientology v. Gerald Armstrong, <mask> presided over a legal dispute in 1995 between the Church of Scientology and Gerald Armstrong, a former member and employee of that organization.Armstrong had previously settled a civil suit against the COS for $800,000 with the stipulation that he would not divulge information he had gained as a church insider. Finding that Armstrong had violated the terms of the settlement, <mask> later ordered Armstrong to pay the COS $100,000 and issued an injunction ordering him to stop speaking about Scientology. Armstrong's refusal to comply with previous court rulings prompted <mask> in 1997 to issue a warrant for Armstrong's arrest

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


texts:
 that is still outstanding. In 2004, Armstrong would file a document in Marin County Superior Court asserting that <mask> conspired with the Church of Scientology against him to violate various Constitution Rights and that his orders were illegal. As of 1995, <mask> was one of three judges who had been appointed by the Marin County Superior Court to specialize in California Environmental Quality Act cases. Retirement and death
<mask> retired from the bench in 1998. He died on April 3, 2017 due to "natural causes".According to his wife, he suffered from kidney problems, pneumonia, and other complications from his paralysis. Notes

References

External links
<mask> involvement with Church of Scientology v. Gerald Armstrong
Gerald Armstrong's summary of Church of Scientology v. Gerald Armstrong
Gerald Armstrong's legal archive of Armstrong IV

1938 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
American people taken hostage
American prosecutors
American people with disabilities
California state court judges
Military personnel from California
Municipal judges in the United States
People from Great Falls, Montana
People from San Rafael, California
People with paraplegia
Superior court judges in the United States
University of San Francisco School of Law

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


texts:
<mask> (20 April 1902 – 24 April 1969) was an English professional footballer who played as a defender at left back. Regarded as one of the best full-backs of his generation, he began his career with local amateur side Cudworth Village. He joined Hull City in 1921; however, after one year with the club, he signed for Sheffield Wednesday, helping the club win promotion to the First Division before going on to win two Football League titles between 1929 and 1930. He was sold to fellow First Division side Liverpool in 1934 but his spell with the team was severely disrupted by injury. He later finished his professional career with a season at Cardiff City. During his career, he made over 450 appearances in the Football League and also attained 26 caps playing for England, setting an team record for consecutive appearances which stood until 1957. Early life

<mask> was born in Cudworth, near Barnsley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England on 20 April 1902 to <mask> and <mask> (née Green).One of seven children, he attended St. John's School. At the age of thirteen, he followed his father and older brother Herbert into work in the coal mine, working at nearby Brierley Colliery. A cave in at the site nearly resulted in his death, diving to the ground as part of the mine collapsed and burying him in debris. <mask> later stated his belief that if he had remained standing the debris would have killed him. Club career

Cudworth Village
At the age of fifteen, <mask> began playing local football for Cudworth Village in the Senior Division of the Barnsley Association League alongside his brother. By his late teens, he was regarded as the star player of the side, earning 30 shillings a week, and helped them reach the final of the

masks:
Ernest Blenkinsop
Blenkinsop
James Hollings Blenkinsop
Annie Elizabeth Blenkinsop
Blenkinsop
Blenkinsop


texts:
 Barnsley and District Challenge Cup during the 1920–21 season. After appearing in the semi-final, he was forced to sit out a replay after opponents Wombwell Main registered a complaint that he had played despite being suspended.The claim was upheld resulting in Cudworth being fined and the match was replayed, Cudworth winning 2–1 to advance to the final. They met Monkwell in the final, played at Oakwell, suffering a 2–0 defeat but a reporter from the Barnsley Independent commented that Blenkinsop had "shone in the middle line." Hull City and Sheffield Wednesday
In 1921, several players from Cudworth were  attracting attention from professional clubs, including <mask> who was scouted by Doncaster Rovers. However, he went on to sign for Hull City, the transfer fee was reported to be £100 and a barrel of beer for his teammates. <mask> himself received a signing on fee of £10 and saw his weekly wages rise to £5 a week but also insisted on seeing out his notice at Brierly Colliery, only to be turned away by the pit manager who feared a work injury could disrupt his transfer. He was brought to the club by manager Percy Lewis, who had spotted Blenkinsop playing for Cudworth. In later life, <mask> donated eight of his international caps to Lewis as a gift after the manager underwent an operation, in thanks for his part in advancing <mask>'s career.The caps were displayed in Lewis' shop that he set up using funds from a benefit match held in his name. After less than two full seasons and only 11 first-team appearances for Hull City, he was spotted by Sheffield Wednesday boss Bob Brown whilst playing in a reserve fixture as a forward. Brown promptly took him from East to South Yorkshire on 20 January 1923 for £1,250,

masks: Blenkinsop Blenkinsop Blenkinsop Blenkinsop


texts:
 converting him into a full-back. Making his debut in a 4–0 defeat to Bury on 27 January 1923, Blenkinsop became a major force behind the rise of the Hillsborough club from struggling at the foot of the Second Division to being promoted as champions at the end of the 1925–26 season, being ever present in his first full season and missing only one match in their promotion winning season. They followed this up by becoming back-to-back champions of the First Division in 1928–29 and 1929–30, Blenkinsop making 41 and 45 appearances respectively. He played in Sheffield Wednesday's 2–1 defeat by Arsenal in the Charity Shield at Stamford Bridge in October 1930. During his eleven-year spell with Wednesday, he made over 400 appearances in all competitions, scoring five times, and was the club's most capped in player in history until his record was surpassed by goalkeeper Ron Springett.He remains the club's most capped outfield player of all time. Liverpool and Cardiff City
<mask> was transferred to fellow First Division side Liverpool for £6,500 in March 1934 by Wednesday manager Billy Walker, a decision which caused anger among some Wednesday fans. Liverpool manager George Patterson hoped to recreate the England full-back partnership <mask> and Tom Cooper had together, adding Copper to his squad six months later. <mask> made his debut on 17 March 1934 in a 4–1 victory over Birmingham City at Anfield. During a 2–1 victory over Derby County on 24 November 1935, he suffered a serious cartilage injury that was believed to have been career threatening at the time. In January 1935, Liverpool looked to use <mask>'s experience despite his injury by appointing him as a non-playing captain for a league match against Blackburn Rovers


texts:
 with the remit of supporting and advising his teammates from the side of the pitch. However, Football Association (FA) guidelines did not permit club representatives to coach players along the boundaries of the pitch and the match referee was instructed to intervene if Blenkinsop attempted to influence play.After undergoing surgery, he returned to fitness and kept his place as club captain for the 1935–36 season. After retaining his captaincy for the 1936–37 season, <mask> suffered another serious cartilage injury in a Merseyside derby against Everton that ruled him out for the remainder of the season. At the end of the season, a clause was added to his contract that stipulated that if he was not a regular in Liverpool's first team at the end of September 1937, he would be free to leave the club. Having appeared in only two matches in the opening months of the 1937–38 season after being displaced by Benjamin Dabbs, he was placed on the transfer list by mutual consent. After 71 appearances in a red shirt, on 26 November 1937, completed a transfer to Welsh club Cardiff City in the Third Division South. He made his debut for the club on 4 December 1937 in a 3–2 victory over Millwall but his appearances over the course of the season were sporadic, making eleven appearances in all competitions. At the end of the season, he retired from playing but took up a coaching role with the club before leaving a year later following the appointment of Cyril Spiers as manager.He moved north to Derbyshire, where he played for Buxton. He then returned to Yorkshire, representing Halifax Town, Bradford Park Avenue and Bradford City as a wartime guest. International career
<mask> caught the eye of the Football Association selectors in

masks: Blenkinsop Blenkinsop