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 of Writers for Freedom and Practice in 1974 together with Lee Seongbu, Ko Un, Baek Nakcheong, Shin Kyeongrim and Hwang Seokyeong. He was prolific even while he was behind bars many times. He published a poetry collection, Gukto (국토 National Territory) in 1975, but it was banned right away.In 1977, he led the publication of Yang Seongu's poetry collection, Gyeoulgonghwaguk (겨울 공화국 Winter Republic) where Park Chung-hee's dictatorship was compared with a winter republic, for which he and Ko Un were arrested. In 1978, the banned poetry collection, National Territory, was translated into Japanese and published by Likasyobo as part of the series of Korean modern poetry, which made him famous for a resistance poet. In 1979 when he had a drinking bout on a rooftop and loudly criticized Park Chunghee and the Yushin dictatorship, he was arrested and put in jail. He was released after 29 days and this has been referred to as <mask>'s rooftop event. In 1980, he tried to issue a statement to request the lifting of martial law but he was sentenced 2 years in prison for violation of martial law. Since 1980

In 1988, he played a leading role to reorganize the Council of Writers for Freedom and Practice into the Association of Writers for National Literature and


type: original

texts:
 he served as the first executive director. After he became a professor of creative writing in Gwangju University since 1989, he worked on writing poetry as well as poetic theories.Hedied of liver cancer in 1999. That year, he received a posthumous award. In 2001, the memorial stone for the poem, “Pulssi (Grass Seed)” was set up in Gwangju, and in 2003, Cho Taeil Poetry Literature Hall was built. In 2004, an anthology, Naneun noraega doieotta (나는 노래가 되었다 I Became a Song), edited by Shin Kyeongrim was published. To commemorate the 20th anniversary of his death, the Cho Taeil Literary Award was founded in 2019. Writing
Lack of Political Freedom and the Public's Resistance

His first poetry collection, Morning Vessel (1965) tends to have modernistic aspects that are somewhat abstruse but he has converted to realism after he was published Theory of Kitchen Knife (1970). Representing his earlier poetry, Theory of Kitchen Knife was considered as a remarkable accomplishment of the 1970s’ poetry that reflected the society.The kitchen knife is a tool to fight against the lack of political freedom as well as a tool to raise self-awareness. At the same time, it does not belong to one person but it is a weapon that can be shared. He considered the public to


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 be an agent of historical development and focused on the public awareness. In that regards, the series of “Theory of Kitchen Knife” particularly shed light on the rage of the public. The rage of the public is ethical conduct that can be justified as lawful resistance of the oppressed. Through the poetry collection, National Territory (1975), he bluntly criticized the filthy reality compared with the national territory that is filled with freedom and love. In “Gukto seosi (국토 서시 National Territory Prologue),” the grass and stones refer to the public and he depicts the endless vitality of the public.Indirect Criticism and Nature-Oriented Tendency

His straightforward criticism during the Yushin era turned into a metaphorical form in Gageodo (가거도 Gageodo Island) (1983). He said “The spring has not come yet” in “Bomsomun (봄소문 A Rumor of Spring)” as the Yushin dictatorship was replaced with another military dictatorship. In 1980, witnessing the brutal massacre in Gwangju, he described his rage and frustration that was “burning from deep inside” in a low tone (“Sorideul bunnohanda (소리들 분노한다 Voices Enraged)”). His poetry of the late 1980s remarkably changed to highlight communion with nature in an effort to sublimate anguish. In “Grass Seed” in


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 Pulkkocheun kkeokkiji anneunda (풀꽃은 꺾이지 않는다 Wild Flowers Are Not Broken) (1995), he described his longing to be a grass seed to return home. Works

Complete Works, Poetry Anthology

《조태일 전집 (전4권)》, 창비, 2009 / Chotaeil jeonjip (Complete Works of <mask> Taeil) (Four Volumes), Changbi, 2009. 《다시 산하에게》, 미래사, 1991 / Dasi sanhaege (To the Nature Again), Miraesa, 1991.《나는 노래가 되었다》, 창비, 2004 / Naneun noraega doieotta (I Became a Song), Changbi, 2004. 《푸른 하늘과 붉은 황토》, 시인생각, 2013 / Pureun haneulgwa bulgeun hwangto (Blue Sky and Red Clay), Siinsaenggak, 2013. 《그래도 봄은 오는가》, 시월, 2016 / Geuraedo bomeun oneunga (Is Still the Spring Coming), Siwol, 2016. Poetry Collections

《아침 선박》, 선명문화사, 1965 / Achimseonbak (Morning Vessel), Seonmyeongmunhwasa, 1965. 《식칼론》, 시인사, 1970 / Sikkalron (Theory of Kitchen Knife), Siinsa, 1970. 《국토》, 창작과비평사, 1975 / Gukto (National Territory), Changbi, 1975. 《가거도》, 창작과비평사, 1983 / Gageodo (Gageodo Island), Changbi, 1983.《연가》, 나남, 1985 / Yeonga (Love Song), Nanam, 1985. 《자유가 시인더러》, 창작과비평사, 1987 / Jayuga siindeoreo (Message From Freedom to a Poet), Changbi, 1987. 《산속에서 꽃속에서》, 창작과비평사, 1991 / Sansokeseo kkotsokeseo (In Mountains In Flowers), Changbi, 1991. 《풀꽃은 꺾이지 않는다》, 창작과비평사, 1995 / Pulkkocheun kkeokkiji anneunda (Wild Flowers Are Not


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 Broken), Changbi, 1995. 《혼자 타오르고 있었네 》, 창작과비평사, 1999 / Honja taoreugo itteottne (It Was Burning by Itself), Changbi, 1999. Collection of Poetics, Reviews

《고여 있는 시와 움직이는 시》, 전예원, 1980 / Goyeoittneun siwa umjikineunsi (Poetry Standing Still and Poetry Moving), Jeonyewon, 1980. 《시 창작을 위한 시론》, 나남, 1994 / Si changjakeul wihan siron (Theory for Writing Poetry), Nanam, 1994.《김현승 시정신 연구》, 태학사, 1998 / Kimhyeonseung sijeongsin yeongu (Research on Kim Hyeonseung's Poetry Spirit), Taehaksa, 1998. 《알기 쉬운 시창작 강의》, 나남, 1999 / Algiswiun sichangjak gangui (Lecture on Writing Poetry), Nanam, 1999. Co-Author

《문학의 이해》, 한울, 1992 / Munhakui ihae (Understanding of Literature), Hanul, 1992. Essay Collections

《시인은 밤에도 눈을 감지 못한다》, 나남, 1996 / Siineun bamedo nuneul gamji motanda (A Poet Cannot Close His Eyes Even At Night), Nanam, 1996. Compilation

《아아 내나라-항일민족시집》, 시인사, 1982 / Aa naenara – hangilminjoksijip (Ah, My Nation – Anti-Japanese National Poetry), Siinsa, 1982. Works in Translation
 《국토》, 창작과비평사, 1975 / 国土, 梨花書房, 1989
《오늘의 한국 문학》/ “Like Dew” and Other Poems, Korean Literature Today, The Korean Center International P.E.N, 1999

《아름다운 한국의 현대시들》/ NHỮNG BÀI THƠ HAY CỦA VĂN HỌC HIỆN ĐẠI HÀN QUỐC, Nhà xuất bản Thanh niên, 2015

Awards
1991, First Pyeonun Literary


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 Award (In Mountains In Flowers)

 1992, 35th Jeollanamdo Literary Award

1993, Seongok Cultural Award, Grand Prize in Art (성옥문화상 예술부분 대상)
1996, 10th Manhae Prize for Literature (Wild Flowers Are Not Broken)

 1999, Republic of Korea's Bogwan Order of Cultural Merit

References

1941 births
1999 deaths
20th-century Korean


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<mask> (born 19 January 1984) is an Albanian retired professional footballer who played as a forward. He is currently the assistant manager of Albania. Nicknamed 'The Bomber' by his former international coach Otto Barić who would compare him to Gerd Müller, <mask> is known for being a prolific goalscorer both in Albania and Austria, the two countries where he has spent the majority of his career. An Albania international player, <mask> has won 50 caps and was a regular starter between 2009 and 2013. Club career

Early years
<mask> begun his professional career at his boyhood club Vllaznia Shkodër, where he was promoted in the first team by coach Artan Bushati in the 2002–03 season; he made two appearances as the team finished runner-up to eventual champions Tirana. He had his breakthrough season in the 2003–04 season, netting his first Albanian Superliga goal in the opening week, a 4–1 away loss to Partizani Tirana. In cup, he notably scored four goals in a 9–0 away win versus Ada Velipojë in the second leg of second round.<mask> finished his first full-season by netting 14 goals in 33 league appearances, with Vllaznia finishing third. <mask> scored his first top-flight hat-trick on 23 October 2004 in Vllaznia's 7–0 hammering of Laçi. He was the most in-from striker during the first part of 2004–05 season in which he managed to score 16 goals in only 20 matches which ensured him a transfer to Greece. In January 2005, <mask>i moved back to Albania and played for Tirana starting from the 2005–06 season. In his first match since returning in Albania, Salihi scored as Tirana started the Albanian Superliga with a 2–1 away win at Vllaznia Shkodër. Later on 16 September in the match day 4 against city rivals Dinamo, Salihi scored a brace, including a last-minute winner, to rescue his side a point. His was followed by another brace one week later against Skënderbeu Korçë. He had a very successful season winning the Albanian Cup and the

masks:
Hamdi Abdullah Salihi
Salihi
Salihi
Salihi
Salihi
Salihi
Salihiih


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 Golden Boot as the highest scorer of the Albanian Superliga. He continued with Tirana for another half season, again being the highest scorer in the league before he left to purchase a career outside Albania. During his time at Tirana, Salihi became well-known all over the world for his goalscoring abilities.He finished eighth in The IFFHS World's best Top Division Goal Scorer 2006. <mask> later would go on to say that the transfer to Tirana was the best choice of his career, adding that at Tirana he matured as a player and person. SV Ried
In January 2007, <mask> completed a transfer to SV Ried of the Austrian Bundesliga. In the remaining part of 2006–07, Salihi scored 6 goals in 15 league appearances as Ried finished runner-up in championship. By finishing second in the league, Ried won the right to play European football. On 19 July 2007, in the first leg of 2007–08 UEFA Cup first qualifying round, <mask> netted in the last minute of regular time as Ried won 3–1 against Neftchi Baku. He also scored his team's only goal in the returning leg as Ried was defeated 1–2 but progressed 4–3 on aggregate.In the 2007–08 season, Salihi enjoyed a decent season at the club, becoming the league's joint fourth top scorer along with Carsten Jancker of SV Mattersburg with 12 league goals. Despite this, SV Ried only finished seventh out of 10 in the league. In the 2008–09 season <mask> improved himself to 14 league goals at Ried, scoring one fourth of his team's goals. Ried placed fifth at the end of the season. On the 2009–10 season <mask> played 6 games which he score twist for his club but couple weeks later he was sold to Rapid Wien. Rapid Wien

On 31 August 2009, <mask> completed a transfer to Austrian giants SK Rapid Wien by penning a three-year contract. On his debut match, brought from the bench and netted in the 83rd minute in the match against Red Bull Salzburg which saved Rapid from the loss as the match ended 2–2.At the end of the

masks: Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi


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 season <mask> scored 17 goals, 2 of which were from the previous club Ried making him the fifth leading goalscorer behind two of his teammates Steffen Hofmann, who was in first, and Nikica Jelavić who was tied in third. At the end of the season Rapid Wien was in third place three points behind champions Red Bull Salzburg and two points behind Austria Wien. Rapid Wien qualified for the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League Second qualifying round. <mask> opened his scoring account in the 2010–11 season in the match versus SV Mattersburg on 22 August 2010. It was followed by a brace in the 3–2 home win against Kapfenberger on 25 September. Then he scored in the match day 4 of UEFA Europa League Group L against CSKA Sofia as the match was lost. Salihi produced a splendid performance later that month by netting four goals in the 5–0 home win against LASK Linz which lifted his tally to 7 seven goals.The goals were followed by the winner against Austria Wien which lifted the team in sixth position, 5 points short of "European zone". D.C. United
On 2 February 2012, Salihi signed with Major League Soccer side D.C. United as a designated player. On 25 February 2012, he scored his first goal with DC United in a preseason match. Jiangsu Sainty
On 3 February 2013, Chinese Super League side Jiangsu Sainty official announced that they had signed <mask> <mask> from D.C. United to replace injured Cristian Dănălache. On 26 February, he scored his first goal in his debut for Jiangsu, in a 5–1 away defeat against K League champions FC Seoul in the first round of 2013 AFC Champions League group stage match. On 3 March, Salihi won his first title in China in the 2013 Chinese FA Super Cup which Jiangsu Sainty beat Super League and FA Cup winners Guangzhou Evergrande 2–1. He forced Guangzhou's Zhang Linpeng to score an own goal in the 18th minute.He then squeezed in his first goal in the league in another 2-1 win against the newly promoted Wuhan Zall with a

masks: Salihi Salihi Hamdi Salihi


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 low-fly header. He scored twice (a penalty kick and a last-minute equalizer) in the following home fixture, who witnessed a tough 2–2 tie of his team against Shanghai Shenxin. <mask> Salihi scored again in  2013 AFC Champions League group stage against Japan team Vegalta Sendai in last match in Group E.

Hapoel Ironi Acre
On 1 February 2014, <mask> joined Hapoel Ironi Acre on a free transfer by penning an 18-month contract. He took squad number 14, and made his debut nine days later in the 2–1 home win over Hapoel Tel Aviv. He opened his scoring account on 15 February by scoring twice against Ironi Ramat Hasharon finished in the victory 4–3 coming from behind of 1–3 in the first half, where Salihi scored goal of 2–3 in the 53rd minute and an equalizing goal to make it 3–3 in 57th minute. Later on 1 March 2014, Salihi scored an overhead bicycle kick inside the zone to beat goalkeeper Amir Edri for his side only goal in the home draw against Maccabi Haifa. The goal took international notoriety.Then, he endured a 540-minute scoreless run across 6 matches, receiving critics from Israel's media. He returned to scoring on 26 April by netting the matchwinner against Hapoel Haifa. Following that, on 3 May, Salihi netted the opener via penalty kick against Beitar Jerusalem finished in an away victory 0–2. This was followed by another penalty goal in the next match against Ironi Ramat Hasharon which ended in a 1–2 home loss. <mask> ended the season with 13 matches played on where scored in total 6 goals. He started another season with Hapoel Acre, the 2014–15 season with the match valid for the 2014–15 Israel State Cup against Maccabi Haifa on 13 August 2014, finished in the 2–1 loss, where Salihi scored a goal as well, in the 27th minute the opening goal. On 13 September 2014, he played his first league match in the 1–1 draw against Hapoel Haifa.On 13 December 2014, Salihi scored two important goals in the 2–2 away draw against the top

masks: Hamdi Salihi Salihi


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 table team, Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona. When his team were losing 2–0, he scored with a precise header in the 59th minute and then scored again in the 75th minute to make equal balanced everything from behind. Hapoel Haifa
On 2 February 2015, Salihi signed with Israeli club Hapoel Haifa becoming one of the highest paid players in the domestic league, with a salary of $20,000 per month. He closed recent disputes between manager Niki Vaknin and club managers, who then agreed and he signed for a year and a half. Salihi scored 4 goals in 10 games helping the club to ensure survival in the Israeli Premier League. Skënderbeu Korçë

In July 2015, it was reported that Salihi joined Skënderbeu Korçë for their UEFA Champions League campaign, taking the vacant number 14. The team coach Mirel Josa said that he was happy for the signing of Salihi, adding that "Salihi would be a great value if he stayed until the end of the season.I'm more than happy for this transfer". 2015–16 season
He made his debut on 14 July 2015, in the first leg of second qualifying round of 2015–16 UEFA Champions League against Crusaders, scoring two goals for a crucial 4–1 victory. In the second leg on 21 July, Salihi assisted the second goal of his team scored by Latifi, with Skënderbeu losing 3–2 but qualifying on aggregate 6–4. In the third round, the team was seeded with Moldavian side Milsami Orhei. In the first leg at Zimbru Stadium, <mask> was again the matchwinner by scoring twice, helping the team to prevail 2–0. In the returning leg at Elbasan Arena, Salihi was again in the scoresheet as Skënderbeu recorded another 2–0 win, advancing in play-off round with the aggregate 4–0. By doing this, Skenderbeu become first Albanian club to reach the Champions League play-offs.On 12 August, in the 2015 Albanian Supercup match against Laçi at Qemal Stafa Stadium, <mask> came on the field in place of the injured Arbër Abilaliaj and scored twice in an eventual 2–2 draw;

masks: Salihi Salihi


texts: Laçi, however, won the trophy after beating Skënderbeu 8–7 in the penalty shootouts, <mask> himself scored his attempt. In play-off, Skënderbeu was easily defeated by Croatian giants Dinamo Zagreb with the aggregate 6–2. Skënderbeu secured the Europa League group stage, becoming first Albanian club to reach that. After the end of the team's Champions League campaign, <mask> was second top goalscorer with five goals, two behind from Maccabi Tel Aviv's Eran Zahavi. After the end of the club's UEFA Champions League campaign, the club itself confirmed via its official Facebook page that <mask> would remain in the club for the rest of 2015–16 season. <mask> made his league debut on 9 September in the 1–0 away win against Vllaznia Shkodër, suffering an early injury and was subbed off in the 19th minute. However, he was recovered in time for the Europa League group stage match against Beşiktaş, where he played in the last 20 minutes of a 0–1 home defeat.<mask> scored his first league goal of the season on 26 September in a 4–1 away win against Bylis Ballsh, netting the third of the match. Later on 5 October, <mask> scored a brace in Skënderbeu's 3–0 defeat of Laçi, including one goal with penalty. Twenty days later, in the 2–1 away defeat to Partizani Tirana, <mask> scored with a bicycle kick from the penalty area in the eighth minute, gaining international notoriety. <mask> started November with a brace in team's 3–1 home victory against his former side Vllaznia Shkodër on eighth, taking his tally up to 8 goals, overtaking Xhevahir Sukaj in the process. On the last day of November, Salihi scored his tenth league goal in the 2–1 away win against Tirana in the inaugural match in the newly renovated Selman Stërmasi Stadium. On 20 December, during the league match against the title rivals of Partizani Tirana, Salihi broke his hand in a collision with the goalkeeper Alban Hoxha in the 53rd minute of the match. It was later reported that

masks: Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi


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 <mask> would go to Austria for further examinations and he would be out for one month.<mask> kicked off 2016 on 7 February by scoring twice in the 3–1 home win against the rivals Kukësi, placing Skënderbeu two points clear at the top. This was followed by another brace six days later against Tërbuni Pukë in a 3–1 away win. On 22 February, Salihi scored the matchwinner via e penalty kick against Tirana, keeping the team in the first place in the league. On 20 March, <mask> scored his sixth Albanian Superliga hat-trick in team's 5–1 home defeat of Flamurtari Vlorë, taking his tally up to 23 league goals. In April and May, <mask> went to score three more goals, concluding the season with 27 league goals, as Skënderbeu won the title for the sixth year in a row. He finished the season with 35 goals from 42 match across all competitions, setting a new personal best. <mask> ended the season winning the Albanian Superliga Golden Boot for the second time, finishing six goals ahead of Xhevahir Sukaj with 21 goals.2016–17 season
<mask> did not play any European football match due to Skënderbeu ban over match-fixing allegations. He started the season by playing full-90 minutes in the 2016 Albanian Supercup match against Kukësi which ended in a 3–1 defeat at Selman Stërmasi Stadium. <mask> started the league by scoring a brace in the opening match day against Flamurtari Vlorë as Skënderbeu won 2–1 at home. This was followed by another strike in the second match day at newly promoted Korabi Peshkopi for a 2–0 win. On 1 October, <mask> scored another brace to take his tally up to 5 goals as Skënderbeu won against Vllaznia Shkodër to extend the league lead to 5 points. In December 2016, <mask> was named Albanian Footballer of the Year, becoming the third Skënderbeu player to win it. On 20 May 2017, during the decisive match against Kukësi for the championship, <mask> along with other teammates were included in a massive brawl with referee Enea

masks: Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi


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 Jorgji.<mask> notably was caught tearing the referee's red card and insulting him in the process, however, he was not seen by the referee. Everything started in the 59th minute when the referee didn't give a clear penalty to Skënderbeu after a foul inside the zone on Liridon Latifi, instead booking him for diving. Skënderbeu eventually were defeated 2–0 at Zeqir Ymeri Stadium, meaning that they have failed to win the championship for the first time in six years. Disciplinary Committee of AFA handed him a ten-game ban for all domestic competitions. On 30 June 2017, following a season full of ups and down on individual aspect, also adding the ban, <mask> officially left Skënderbeu after two seasons. During his time in Korçë, he played 80 matches, including 63 in league, 5 in cup, 2 in supercup and 10 in European competitions, scoring 51 goals, including 42 in league, 2 in cup, 2 in supercup and 5 in European competitions. Wiener Neustadt
On 30 June 2017, <mask> completed a transfer to Austrian First League club Wiener Neustadt for an undisclosed fee.The transfer was made official by the club only on 21 July, after he was cleared from his 10-match ban, which could have been a factor to cancel the agreement between the parties. <mask> made his first appearance on the same day by playing 70 minutes in a 1–0 away win against Ried, making a good overall appearance. His first score-sheet contributions came in his second ever appearance for the club seven days later, scoring a header just inside the zone as Wiener Neustadt recorded a 4–0 home win over Blau-Weiß Linz to take the championship lead. Later on 20 October, <mask> scored all four goals as Wiener Neustadt recorded a 4–2 home win over Kapfenberger to stay top of league tied on points with Ried. Salihi reached double figures and took the lead of goalscoring table with 13 goals; it was his second "poker" in career, first being in November 2010. The feat was followed by the winner

masks: Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi Salihi


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 against Wattens in the next match day which put Wiener Neustadt top of the table. The team, however, couldn't keep up the good results in the second part of the season, eventually falling to fourth place.On 4 May 2018, <mask> netted his 20th goal of the season with a 96th minute free-kick to give Neustadt the win over Floridsdorfer and to keep their hopes for a top flight spot alive. He finished the regular campaign as joint-top scorer along with Ried's Seifedin Chabbi, bagging 22 goals from 33 appearances, all of them as starter, as Wiener Neustadt achieved a play-off spot by finishing third in the championship with 62 points. <mask> was named club captain ahead of 2018–19 season. On 28 March 2019, <mask> announced that the league game against Wacker Innsbruck two days later would be the last of his career, adding that he would retire afterwards. He played as starter for 52 minutes, unable to prevent a 2–1 home loss. International career

<mask> scored his first goal for the Albanian national team in a 3–0 win over Malta on 23 August 2007. He was sent in the game on the 22nd minute replacing Erjon Bogdani.Only after 12 minutes played, The Bomber took advantage of a mistake made by the Maltese goalie and scored. <mask> also scored the advantage goal in the unofficial friendly against Milan for the Taçi Oil Cup; the match eventually ended 3–3 with Albania losing on penalty shootouts. The second international goal of Salihi came against Sweden, when he scored for Albania in the last match of the 2010 World Cup qualifiers, where Albania lost 4–1 at Råsunda Stadium. Neither Sweden or Albania qualified for the 2010 World Cup. For the 2014 World Cup qualifiers, new coach Gianni De Biasi had introduced young forwards into the senior national team to create more competition for places in the first team. Young players forwards such as Edgar Çani, Armando Sadiku and Bekim Balaj provided competition for the established and mature


texts: internationals which were <mask> and Erjon Bogdani. In opening group game of the qualifiers, Albania took on Cyprus at the Qemal Stafa Stadium in Tirana, Salihi started the game upfront alongside 21-year-old Armando Sadiku who was making his competitive debut, having featured in three friendly games prior to the game against Cyprus.The pair combined well in the early stages and <mask> had a good chance to score in the first half, before Sadiku opened the scoring in the 36th minute. The game ended in a 3–1 win for Albania following goals from substitutes Edgar Çani and Erjon Bogdani. On 23 March 2013, Albania played against Norway away at a freezing Ullevaal Stadion in a crucial encounter for both sides. <mask> started the game upfront with Çani and immediately created problems for the Norwegians with a shot on target from an overhead kick in the third minute. He scored the only goal of the game in the 67th minute following a clever run inside the box to put the ball in the right hand corner of the net. The win stunned the hosts to the delight of the away fans who almost outnumbered the home fans. This moved Albania into joint second place in the group 9 points, ahead of Norway who were left on 7 points.<mask> scored his second goal of the campaign on 11 October 2013 in the penultimate match against Switzerland in the 89th minute with a penalty to send the score 2–1, where the game ended with the same score as well. Albania were eliminated from the qualifiers ranking in the fifth place with 11 points, 1 less than Norway, 2 less than Slovenia. <mask> was called up regularly by the coach Gianni De Biasi in the team's successful UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying campaign. He was, however, used only once in the whole qualifiers, playing the last 21 minutes of the 2–1 home win against Armenia in Elbasan Arena. He was not called up in the provisional 27-man UEFA Euro 2016 squad. This led him to consider the retirement from international


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 football. Coaching career
On 2 May 2019, <mask> was appointed assistant manager of SC Wiener Neustadt, where he at the time also was playing for.Ahead of the 2019–20 season, he was appointed assistant manager of Edoardo Reja at the Albanian national team. Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Albania score listed first, score column indicates score after each Salihi goal. Honours

Club
Vllaznia Shkodër
 Albanian Superliga: Runner-up 2002–03

Tirana
 Albanian Superliga: 2006–07; Runner-up 2005–06
 Albanian Cup: 2005–06
 Albanian Supercup: 2005, 2006

SV Ried
 Austrian Bundesliga: Runner-up 2006–07

Jiangsu Sainty
 Chinese FA Super Cup: 2013

Skënderbeu Korçë
 Albanian Superliga: 2015–16
 Albanian Supercup: Runner-up 2016

Individual
 Albanian Superliga Golden Boot: 2005–06, 2015–16
 Albanian Footballer of the Year: 2016

References

External links

 <mask> Salihi profile at Rapidarchiv.at

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Shkodër
Albanian footballers
Association football forwards
KF Vllaznia Shkodër players
Panionios F.C. players
KF Tirana players
SV Ried players
SK Rapid Wien players
D.C. United players
Jiangsu F.C. players
Hapoel Acre F.C. players
Hapoel Haifa F.C. players
KF Skënderbeu Korçë players
SC Wiener Neustadt players
Albanian Superliga players
Super League Greece players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
2.Liga (Austria) players
Major League Soccer players
Designated Players (MLS)
Chinese Super League players
Israeli Premier League players
Albania international footballers
Albanian expatriate footballers
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in China
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Expatriate footballers in

masks: Salihi Hamdi


texts: <mask> (; ; ; also known by his diminutive Arik, , born <mask>n, ; 26 February 1928 – 11 January 2014) was an Israeli general and politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Israel from March 2001 until April 2006. <mask> was a commander in the Israeli Army from its creation in 1948. As a soldier and then an officer, he participated prominently in the 1948 Palestine war, becoming a platoon commander in the Alexandroni Brigade and taking part in many battles, including Operation Bin Nun Alef. He was an instrumental figure in the creation of Unit 101 and the reprisal operations, as well as in the 1956 Suez Crisis, the Six-Day War of 1967, the War of Attrition, and the Yom-Kippur War of 1973. Yitzhak Rabin called <mask> "the greatest field commander in our history". Upon retirement from the military, <mask> entered politics, joining the Likud party, and served in a number of ministerial posts in Likud-led governments in 1977–92 and 1996–99. As Minister of Defense, he directed the 1982 Lebanon War.An official enquiry found that he bore "personal responsibility" for the Sabra and Shatila massacre and recommended that he be removed as Defense Minister. His perceived complicity in the massacre led to him being known as the "Butcher of Beirut" among Arabs. From the 1970s through to the 1990s, <mask> championed construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. He became the leader of the Likud in 2000, and was elected Prime Minister of Israel after defeating Ehud Barak in the 2001 prime ministerial election. He served as Israel's prime minister from 2001 to 2006, during the Al-Aqsa Intifada. As Prime Minister, <mask> orchestrated Israel's unilateral disengagement

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Ariel Scheinerman
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 from the Gaza Strip in 2004–05. Facing stiff opposition to this policy within the Likud, in November 2005 he left Likud to form a new party, Kadima.He had been expected to win the next election and was widely interpreted as planning on "clearing Israel out of most of the West Bank", in a series of unilateral withdrawals. After suffering a stroke on 4 January 2006, <mask> remained in a permanent vegetative state until his death in January 2014. <mask> remains a highly polarizing figure in Middle East history. Israelis almost universally revere <mask> as a war hero and statesman who played a vital role in defining the country's borders, while Palestinians revile <mask> as an impenitent war criminal who vigorously suppressed their aspirations for nationhood. Early life and education

<mask> was born on 26 February 1928 in Kfar Malal, an agricultural moshav, then in Mandatory Palestine, to Shmuel Scheinerman (1896–1956) of Brest-Litovsk and Vera (née Schneirov) Scheinerman (1900–1988) of Mogilev. His parents met while at university in Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia), where <mask>'s father was studying agronomy and his mother was studying medicine. They immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1922 in the wake of the Russian Communist government's growing persecution of Jews in the region.In Palestine, Vera Scheinerman went by the name Dvora. The family arrived with the Third Aliyah and settled in Kfar Malal, a socialist, secular community. (<mask> himself would remain proudly secular throughout his life.) Although his parents were Mapai supporters, they did not always accept communal consensus: "The Scheinermans' eventual ostracism ... followed the 1933 Arlozorov murder when

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 Dvora and Shmuel refused to endorse the Labor movement's anti-Revisionist calumny and participate in Bolshevik-style public revilement rallies, then the order of the day. Retribution was quick to come. They were expelled from the local health-fund clinic and village synagogue. The cooperative's truck wouldn't make deliveries to their farm nor collect produce."<mask> spoke both Hebrew and Russian. Four years after their arrival at Kfar Malal, the Sheinermans had a daughter, Yehudit (Dita). <mask> was born two years later. At age 10, he joined the youth movement HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed. As a teenager, he began to take part in the armed night-patrols of his moshav. In 1942 at the age of 14, <mask> joined the Gadna, a paramilitary youth battalion, and later the Haganah, the underground paramilitary force and the Jewish military precursor to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Military career

Battle for Jerusalem and 1948 War

Sharon's unit of the Haganah became engaged in serious and continuous combat from the autumn of 1947, with the onset of the Battle for Jerusalem.Without the manpower to hold the roads, his unit took to making offensive hit-and-run raids on Arab forces in the vicinity of Kfar Malal. In units of thirty men, they would hit constantly at Arab villages, bridges and bases, as well as ambush the traffic between Arab villages and bases. <mask> wrote in his autobiography: "We had become skilled at finding our way in the darkest nights and gradually we built up the strength and endurance these kind of operations required. Under the stress of constant combat we drew closer to one another and began to operate not just as a military unit but almost as a family. ... [W]e were in

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texts: combat almost every day. Ambushes and battles followed each other until they all seemed to run together." For his role in a night-raid on Iraqi forces at Bir Adas, <mask> was made a platoon commander in the Alexandroni Brigade.Following the Israeli Declaration of Independence and the onset of the War of Independence, his platoon fended off the Iraqi advance at Kalkiya. <mask> was regarded as a hardened and aggressive soldier, swiftly moving up the ranks during the war. He was shot in the groin, stomach and foot by the Jordanian Arab Legion in the First Battle of Latrun, an unsuccessful attempt to relieve the besieged Jewish community of Jerusalem. <mask> wrote of the casualties in the "horrible battle," and his brigade suffered 139 deaths. Jordanian field marshal Habis Al-Majali claimed that <mask> was among 6 Israeli soldiers captured by the Jordanian 4th battalion during the battle, and that Habis took them to a camp in Mafraq and the 6 were later traded back. <mask> denied the claims, but Habes was adamant. "<mask> is like a grizzly bear," he grumbled."I captured him, I healed his wounds." In 1994 and during the peace treaty signing ceremony with Jordan, <mask> wanted to get in touch with his former captor, but the latter determinedly refused to discuss the incident publicly. After recovering from the wounds received at Latrun, he resumed command of his patrol unit. On 28 December 1948, his platoon attempted to break through an Egyptian stronghold in Iraq-El-Manshia. At about this time, Israeli founding father David Ben-Gurion gave him the Hebraized name "<mask>". In September 1949, <mask> was promoted to company commander (of the Golani Brigade's reconnaissance unit) and in

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 1950 to intelligence officer for Central Command. He then took leave to begin studies in history and Middle Eastern culture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<mask>'s subsequent military career would be characterized by insubordination, aggression and disobedience, but also brilliance as a commander. Unit 101
A year and a half later, on the direct orders of the Prime Minister, <mask> returned to active service in the rank of major, as the founder and commander of the new Unit 101, a special forces unit tasked with reprisal operations in response to Palestinian fedayeen attacks. The first Israeli commando unit, Unit 101 specialized in offensive guerrilla warfare in enemy countries. The unit consisted of 50 men, mostly former paratroopers and Unit 30 personnel. They were armed with non-standard weapons and tasked with carrying out special reprisals across the state's borders— mainly establishing small unit maneuvers, activation and insertion tactics. Training included engaging enemy forces across Israel's borders. Israeli historian Benny Morris describes Unit 101:

Unit 101 undertook a series of raids against Jordan, which then held the West Bank.The raids also helped bolster Israeli morale and convince Arab states that the fledgling nation was capable of long-range military action. Known for raids against Arab civilians and military targets, the unit is held responsible for the widely condemned Qibya massacre in the fall of 1953. After a group of Palestinians used Qibya as a staging point for a fedayeen attack in Yehud that killed a Jewish woman and her two children in Israel, Unit 101 retaliated on the village. By various accounts of the ensuing attack, 65 to 70 Palestinian

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 civilians, half of them women and children, were killed when <mask>'s troops dynamited 45 houses and a school. Facing international condemnation for the attack, Ben-Gurion denied that the Israeli military was involved. In his memoir, <mask> wrote that the unit had checked all the houses before detonating the explosives and that he thought the houses were empty. Although he admitted the results were tragic, <mask> defended the attack, however: "Now people could feel that the terrorist gangs would think twice before striking, now that they knew for sure they would be hit back.Kibbya also put the Jordanian and Egyptian governments on notice that if Israel was vulnerable, so were they." A few months after its founding, Unit 101 was merged with the 890 Paratroopers Battalion to create the Paratroopers Brigade, of which <mask> would also later become commander. Like Unit 101, it continued raids into Arab territory, culminating with the attack on the Qalqilyah police station in the autumn of 1956. Leading up to the Suez War, the missions <mask> took part in included:
Operation Shoshana (now known as the Qibya massacre)
Operation Black Arrow
Operation Elkayam
Operation Egged
Operation Olive Leaves
Operation Volcano
Operation Gulliver (מבצע גוליבר)
Operation Lulav (מבצע לולב)

During a payback operation in the Deir al-Balah refugee camp in the Gaza Strip, <mask> was again wounded by gunfire, this time in the leg. Incidents such as those involving Meir Har-Zion, along with many others, contributed to the tension between Prime Minister Moshe Sharett, who often opposed <mask>'s raids, and Moshe Dayan, who had become increasingly ambivalent in his feelings towards <mask>. Later in the year,

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 <mask> was investigated and tried by the Military Police for disciplining one of his subordinates. However, the charges were dismissed before the onset of the Suez War.1956 Suez War

<mask> commanded Unit 202 (the Paratroopers Brigade) during the 1956 Suez War (the British "Operation Musketeer"), leading the troop to take the ground east of the Sinai's Mitla Pass and eventually the pass itself against the advice of superiors, suffering heavy Israeli casualties in the process. Having successfully carried out the first part of his mission (joining a battalion parachuted near Mitla with the rest of the brigade moving on ground), <mask>'s unit was deployed near the pass. Neither reconnaissance aircraft nor scouts reported enemy forces inside the Mitla Pass. <mask>, whose forces were initially heading east, away from the pass, reported to his superiors that he was increasingly concerned with the possibility of an enemy thrust through the pass, which could attack his brigade from the flank or the rear. <mask> asked for permission to attack the pass several times, but his requests were denied, though he was allowed to check its status so that if the pass was empty, he could receive permission to take it later. <mask> sent a small scout force, which was met with heavy fire and became bogged down due to vehicle malfunction in the middle of the pass. <mask> ordered the rest of his troops to attack in order to aid their comrades.<mask> was criticized by his superiors and was damaged by allegations several years later made by several former subordinates, who claimed that <mask> tried to provoke the Egyptians and sent out the scouts in bad faith, ensuring that a battle would ensue. <mask> had

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texts: assaulted Themed in a dawn attack, and had stormed the town with his armor through the Themed Gap. <mask> routed the Sudanese police company, and captured the settlement. On his way to the Nakla, <mask>'s men came under attack from Egyptian MIG-15s. On the 30th, <mask> linked up with Eytan near Nakla. Dayan had no more plans for further advances beyond the passes, but <mask> nonetheless decided to attack the Egyptian positions at Jebel Heitan. <mask> sent his lightly armed paratroopers against dug-in Egyptians supported by aircraft, tanks and heavy artillery.<mask>'s actions were in response to reports of the arrival of the 1st and 2nd Brigades of the 4th Egyptian Armored Division in the area, which <mask> believed would annihilate his forces if he did not seize the high ground. <mask> sent two infantry companies, a mortar battery and some AMX-13 tanks under the command of Mordechai Gur into the Heitan Defile on the afternoon of 31 October 1956. The Egyptian forces occupied strong defensive positions and brought down heavy anti-tank, mortar and machine gun fire on the IDF force. Gur's men were forced to retreat into the "Saucer", where they were surrounded and came under heavy fire. Hearing of this, <mask> sent in another task force while Gur's men used the cover of night to scale the walls of the Heitan Defile. During the ensuing action, the Egyptians were defeated and forced to retreat. A total of 260 Egyptian and 38 Israeli soldiers were killed during the battle at Mitla.Due to these deaths, <mask>'s actions at Mitla were surrounded in controversy, with many within the IDF viewing the deaths as the result of unnecessary and unauthorized aggression. Six-Day War, War of Attrition


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 and Yom Kippur War

The Mitla incident hindered <mask>'s military career for several years. In the meantime, he occupied the position of an infantry brigade commander and received a law degree from Tel Aviv University. However, when Yitzhak Rabin became Chief of Staff in 1964, <mask> again began to rise rapidly in the ranks, occupying the positions of Infantry School Commander and Head of Army Training Branch, eventually achieving the rank of Aluf (Major General). In the Six-Day War, <mask>, in command of an armored division on the Sinai front, drew up his own complex offensive strategy that combined infantry troops, tanks and paratroopers from planes and helicopters to destroy the Egyptian forces <mask>'s 38th Division faced when it broke through to the Kusseima-Abu-Ageila fortified area. <mask>'s victories and offensive strategy in the Battle of Abu-Ageila led to international commendation by military strategists; he was judged to have inaugurated a new paradigm in operational command. Researchers at the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command studied <mask>'s operational planning, concluding that it involved a number of unique innovations.It was a simultaneous attack by a multiplicity of small forces, each with a specific aim, attacking a particular unit in a synergistic Egyptian defense network. As a result, instead of supporting and covering each other as they were designed to do, each Egyptian unit was left fighting for its own life. According to Sapir Handelman, after <mask>'s assault of the Sinai in the Six-Day War and his encirclement of the Egyptian Third Army in the Yom Kippur War, the Israeli public nicknamed him "The King of Israel". <mask> played a key role


texts: in the War of Attrition. In 1969, he was appointed the Head of IDF's Southern Command. As leader of the southern command, on 29 July Israeli frogmen stormed and destroyed Green Island, a fortress at the northern end of the Gulf of Suez whose radar and antiaircraft installations controlled that sector's airspace. On 9 September <mask>'s forces carried out Operation Raviv, a large-scale raid along the western shore of the Gulf of Suez.Landing craft ferried across Russian-made tanks and armored personnel carriers that Israel had captured in 1967, and the small column harried the Egyptians for ten hours. Following his appointment to the southern command, <mask> had no further promotions, and considered retiring. <mask> discussed the issue with Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, who strongly advised him to remain at his post. <mask> remained in the military for another three years, before retiring in August 1973. Soon after, he helped found the Likud ("Unity") political party. At the start of the Yom Kippur War on 6 October 1973, <mask> was called back to active duty along with his assigned reserve armored division. On his farm, before he left for the front line, the Reserve Commander, Zeev Amit, said to him, "How are we going to get out of this?"<mask> replied, "You don't know? We will cross the Suez Canal and the war will end over there." <mask> arrived at the front, to participate in his fourth war, in a civilian car. His forces did not engage the Egyptian Army immediately, despite his requests. Under cover of darkness, <mask>'s forces moved to a point on the Suez Canal that had been prepared before the war. In a move that again thwarted the commands of his superiors, <mask>'s division


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 crossed the Suez, effectively winning the war for Israel. He then headed north towards Ismailia, intent on cutting the Egyptian second army's supply lines, but his division was halted south of the Fresh Water Canal.Abraham Adan's division passed over the bridgehead into Africa, advancing to within 101 kilometers of Cairo. His division managed to encircle Suez, cutting off and encircling the Third Army. Tensions between the two generals followed <mask>'s decision, but a military tribunal later found his action was militarily effective. <mask>'s complex ground maneuver is regarded as a decisive move in the Yom Kippur War, undermining the Egyptian Second Army and encircling the Egyptian Third Army. This move was regarded by many Israelis as the turning point of the war in the Sinai front. Thus, <mask> is widely viewed as the hero of the Yom Kippur War, responsible for Israel's ground victory in the Sinai in 1973. A photo of <mask> wearing a head bandage on the Suez Canal became a famous symbol of Israeli military prowess.<mask>'s political positions were controversial, and he was relieved of duty in February 1974. Bar Lev Line

Following Israel's victory in the six-day war, the war of attrition at the Suez Canal began. The Egyptians began firing in provocation against the Israeli forces posted on the eastern part of the canal. Haim Bar Lev, Israel's chief of staff, suggested that Israel construct a border line to protect its southern border. A wall of sand and earth raised along almost the entire length of the Suez Canal would both allow observation of Egyptian forces and conceal the movements of Israeli troops on the eastern side. This line, named after the chief of staff Haim Bar

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 Lev, became known as the Bar Lev Line. It included at least thirty strong points stretching over almost 200 kilometers.Bar Lev suggested that such a line would defend against any major Egyptian assault across the canal, and was expected to function as a "graveyard for Egyptian troops". Moshe Dayan described it as "one of the best anti-tank ditches in the world." <mask>, and Israel Tal on the other hand, vigorously opposed the line. <mask> said that it would pin down large military formations that would be sitting ducks for deadly artillery attacks, and cited the opinion of Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, who explained him "the great military disaster such a line could bring." Notwithstanding, it was completed in spring 1970. During the Yom Kippur War, Egyptian forces successfully breached the Bar Lev Line in less than two hours at a cost of more than a thousand dead and some 5,000 wounded. <mask> would later recall that what Schneerson had told him was a tragedy, "but unfortunately, that happened."Early political career, 1974–2001

Beginnings of political career

In the 1940s and 1950s, <mask> seemed to be personally devoted to the ideals of Mapai, the predecessor of the modern Labor Party. However, after retiring from military service, he joined the Liberal Party and was instrumental in establishing Likud in July 1973 by a merger of Herut, the Liberal Party and independent elements. <mask> became chairman of the campaign staff for that year's elections, which were scheduled for November. Two and a half weeks after the start of the election campaign, the Yom Kippur War erupted and <mask> was called back to reserve service. On the heels of being hailed as a war hero for crossing the

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texts: Suez in the 1973 war, <mask> won a seat to the Knesset in the elections that year, but resigned a year later. From June 1975 to March 1976, <mask> was a special aide to Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. He planned his return to politics for the 1977 elections; first, he tried to return to the Likud and replace Menachem Begin at the head of the party.He suggested to Simha Erlich, who headed the Liberal Party bloc in the Likud, that he was more able than Begin to win an election victory; he was rejected, however. He then tried to join the Labor Party and the centrist Democratic Movement for Change, but was rejected by those parties too. Only then did he form his own list, Shlomtzion, which won two Knesset seats in the subsequent elections. Immediately after the elections, he merged Shlomtzion with the Likud and became Minister of Agriculture. When <mask> joined Begin's government, he had relatively little political experience. During this period, <mask> supported the Gush Emunim settlements movement and was viewed as the patron of the settlers' movement. He used his position to encourage the establishment of a network of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories to prevent the possibility of Palestinian Arabs' return to these territories.<mask> doubled the number of Jewish settlements on the West Bank and Gaza Strip during his tenure. After the 1981 elections, Begin rewarded <mask> for his important contribution to Likud's narrow win, by appointing him Minister of Defense. Under <mask>, Israel continued to build upon the unprecedented coordination between the Israel Defense Forces and the South African Defence Force, with Israeli and South African generals giving each other

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 unfettered access to each other's battlefields and military tactics, and Israel sharing with South Africa highly classified information about its missions, such as Operation Opera, which had previously only been reserved for the United States. In 1981, after visiting South African forces fighting in Namibia for 10 days, <mask> argued that South Africa needed more weapons to fight Soviet infiltration in the region. <mask> promised that the relationship between Israel and South Africa would continue to deepen as they work to "ensure the National Defense of both our countries". The collaboration in carrying out joint-nuclear tests, in planning counter-insurgency strategies in Namibia and in designing security fences helped to make Israel, South Africa's closest ally in this period. 1982 Lebanon War and Sabra and Shatila massacre

As Defense Minister, <mask> launched an invasion of Lebanon called Operation Peace for Galilee, later known as the 1982 Lebanon War, following the shooting of Israel's ambassador in London, Shlomo Argov.Although this attempted assassination was in fact perpetrated by the Abu Nidal Organization, possibly with Syrian or Iraqi involvement, the Israeli government justified the invasion by citing 270 terrorist attacks by the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) in Israel, the occupied territories, and the Jordanian and Lebanese border (in addition to 20 attacks on Israeli interests abroad). <mask> intended the operation to eradicate the PLO from its state within a state inside Lebanon, but the war is primarily remembered for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In a three-day massacre between 16 and 18 September, between 460 and 3,500 civilians, mostly

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texts: Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites, in the Sabra neighborhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp were killed by the Phalanges— Lebanese Maronite Christian militias. Shatila had previously been one of the PLO's three main training camps for foreign terrorists and the main training camp for European terrorists; the Israelis maintained that 2,000 to 3,000 terrorists remained in the camps, but were unwilling to risk the lives of more of their soldiers after the Lebanese army repeatedly refused to "clear them out." The killings followed years of sectarian civil war in Lebanon that left 95,000 dead. The Lebanese army's chief prosecutor investigated the killings and counted 460 dead, Israeli intelligence estimated 700–800 dead, and the Palestinian Red Crescent claimed 2,000 dead. 1,200 death certificates were issued to anyone who produced three witnesses claiming a family member disappeared during the time of the massacre.Nearly all of the victims were men. The Phalange militia went into the camps to clear out PLO fighters while Israeli forces surrounded the camps, blocking camp exits and providing logistical support. The killings led some to label <mask> "the Butcher of Beirut". An Associated Press report on 15 September 1982 stated, "Defence Minister <mask>, in a statement, tied the killing of the Phalangist leader Bachir Gemayel to the PLO, saying 'it symbolises the terrorist murderousness of the PLO terrorist organisations and their supporters'." Habib Chartouni, a Lebanese Christian from the Syrian Socialist National Party confessed to the murder of Gemayel, and no Palestinians were involved. Robert Maroun Hatem, Hobeika's bodyguard, stated in his book From Israel to Damascus that

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 Phalangist commander Elie Hobeika ordered the massacre of civilians in defiance of Israeli instructions to behave like a "dignified" army. Hatem claimed "<mask> had given strict orders to Hobeika....to guard against any desperate move" and that Hobeika perpetrated the massacre "to tarnish Israel's reputation worldwide" for the benefit of Syria.Hobeika subsequently joined the Syrian occupation government and lived as a prosperous businessman under Syrian protection; further massacres in Sabra and Shatilla occurred with Syrian support in 1985. The massacre followed intense Israeli bombings of Beirut that had seen heavy civilian casualties, testing Israel's relationship with the United States in the process. America sent troops to help negotiate the PLO's exit from Lebanon, withdrawing them after negotiating a ceasefire that ostensibly protected Palestinian civilians. Legal findings
After 400,000 Peace Now protesters rallied in Tel Aviv to demand an official government inquiry into the massacres, the official Israeli government investigation into the massacre at Sabra and Shatila, the Kahan Commission (1982), was conducted. The inquiry found that the Israeli Defense Forces were indirectly responsible for the massacre since IDF troops held the area. The commission determined that the killings were carried out by a Phalangist unit acting on its own, but its entry was known to Israel and approved by <mask>. Prime Minister Begin was also found responsible for not exercising greater involvement and awareness in the matter of introducing the Phalangists into the camps.The commission also concluded that <mask> bore personal responsibility "for ignoring the danger of bloodshed and revenge

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 [and] not taking appropriate measures to prevent bloodshed". It said <mask>'s negligence in protecting the civilian population of Beirut, which had come under Israeli control, amounted to a dereliction of duty of the minister. In early 1983, the commission recommended the removal of <mask> from his post as defense minister and stated:

We have found ... that the Minister of Defense [<mask>] bears personal responsibility. In our opinion, it is fitting that the Minister of Defense draw the appropriate personal conclusions arising out of the defects revealed with regard to the manner in which he discharged the duties of his office— and if necessary, that the Prime Minister consider whether he should exercise his authority ... to ... remove [him] from office." <mask> initially refused to resign as defense minister, and Begin refused to fire him. After a grenade was thrown into a dispersing crowd at an Israeli Peace Now march, killing Emil Grunzweig and injuring 10 others, a compromise was reached: <mask> agreed to forfeit the post of defense minister but stayed in the cabinet as a minister without portfolio. <mask>'s resignation as defense minister is listed as one of the important events of the Tenth Knesset.In its 21 February 1983 issue, Time published an article implying that <mask> was directly responsible for the massacres. <mask> sued Time for libel in American and Israeli courts. Although the jury concluded that the Time article included false allegations, they found that the magazine had not acted with actual malice and so was not guilty of libel. On 18 June 2001, relatives of the victims of the Sabra massacre began proceedings in Belgium to have <mask> indicted on alleged war

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 crimes charges. Elie Hobeika, the leader of the Phalange militia who carried out the massacres, was assassinated in January 2002, several months before he was scheduled to testify trial. Prior to his assassination, he had "specifically stated that he did not plan to identify <mask> as being responsible for Sabra and Shatila." Political downturn and recovery

After his dismissal from the Defense Ministry post, <mask> remained in successive governments as a minister without portfolio (1983–1984), Minister for Trade and Industry (1984–1990), and Minister of Housing Construction (1990–1992).In the Knesset, he was member of the Foreign Affairs and Defense committee (1990–1992) and Chairman of the committee overseeing Jewish immigration from the Soviet Union. During this period he was a rival to then prime minister Yitzhak Shamir, but failed in various bids to replace him as chairman of Likud. Their rivalry reached a head in February 1990, when <mask> grabbed the microphone from Shamir, who was addressing the Likud central committee, and famously exclaimed: "Who's for wiping out terrorism?" The incident was widely viewed as an apparent coup attempt against Shamir's leadership of the party. <mask> unsuccessfully challenged Shamir in the 1984 Herut leadership election and the 1992 Likud leadership election. In Benjamin Netanyahu's 1996–1999 government, <mask> was Minister of National Infrastructure (1996–98), and Foreign Minister (1998–99). Upon the election of the Barak Labor government, <mask> became leader of the Likud party.Opposition to the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
<mask> criticised the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 as an act of "brutal interventionism". <mask> said both

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 Serbia and Kosovo have been victims of violence. He said prior to the current Yugoslav campaign against Kosovo Albanians, Serbians were the targets of attacks in the Kosovo province. "Israel has a clear policy. We are against aggressive actions. We are against hurting innocent people. I hope that the sides will return to the negotiating table as soon as possible."During the crisis, Elyakim Haetzni said the Serbs should be the first to receive Israeli aid. "There are our traditional friends," he told Israel Radio." It was suggested that <mask> may have supported the Yugoslav position because of the Serbian population's history of saving Jews during the holocaust. On <mask>'s death, Serbian minister Aleksandar Vulin stated: The Serbian people will remember <mask> for opposing the 1999 NATO bombing campaign against the former Yugoslavia and advocating respect for sovereignty of other nations and a policy of not interfering with their internal affairs. Campaign for Prime Minister, 2000–2001
On 28 September 2000, <mask> and an escort of over 1,000 Israeli police officers visited the Temple Mount complex, site of the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque, the holiest place in the world to Jews and the third holiest site in Islam. <mask> declared that the complex would remain under perpetual Israeli control. Palestinian commentators accused <mask> of purposely inflaming emotions with the event to provoke a violent response and obstruct success of delicate ongoing peace talks.On the following day, a large number of Palestinian demonstrators and an Israeli police contingent confronted each other at the site. According to the U.S. State Department, "Palestinians held large demonstrations and


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 threw stones at police in the vicinity of the Western Wall. Police used rubber-coated metal bullets and live ammunition to disperse the demonstrators, killing 4 persons and injuring about 200." According to the government of Israel, 14 policemen were injured. <mask>'s visit, a few months before his election as Prime Minister, came after archeologists claimed that extensive building operations at the site were destroying priceless antiquities. <mask>'s supporters claim that Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian National Authority planned the Second Intifada months prior to <mask>'s visit. They state that Palestinian security chief Jabril Rajoub provided assurances that if <mask> did not enter the mosques, no problems would arise.They also often quote statements by Palestinian Authority officials, particularly Imad Falouji, the P.A. Communications Minister, who admitted months after <mask>'s visit that the violence had been planned in July, far in advance of <mask>'s visit, stating the intifada "was carefully planned since the return of (Palestinian President) Yasser Arafat from Camp David negotiations rejecting the U.S. conditions". According to the Mitchell Report,
the government of Israel asserted that the immediate catalyst for the violence was the breakdown of the Camp David negotiations on 25 July 2000 and the "widespread appreciation in the international community of Palestinian responsibility for the impasse." In this view, Palestinian violence was planned by the PA leadership, and was aimed at "provoking and incurring Palestinian casualties as a means of regaining the diplomatic initiative." The Mitchell Report found that
the <mask> visit did not cause the Al-Aqsa Intifada. But


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 it was poorly timed and the provocative effect should have been foreseen; indeed, it was foreseen by those who urged that the visit be prohibited. More significant were the events that followed: The decision of the Israeli police on 29 September to use lethal means against the Palestinian demonstrators.In addition, the report stated,
Accordingly, we have no basis on which to conclude that there was a deliberate plan by the PA [Palestinian Authority] to initiate a campaign of violence at the first opportunity; or to conclude that there was a deliberate plan by the GOI [Government of Israel] to respond with lethal force. The Or Commission, an Israeli panel of inquiry appointed to investigate the October 2000 events,
criticised the Israeli police for being unprepared for the riots and possibly using excessive force to disperse the mobs, resulting in the deaths of 12 Arab Israeli, one Jewish and one Palestinian citizens. Prime Minister (2001–2006)

After the collapse of Barak's government, <mask> was elected Prime Minister on 6 February 2001, defeating Barak 62 percent to 38 percent. <mask>'s senior adviser was Raanan Gissin. In his first act as prime minister, <mask> invited the Labor Party to join in a coalition with Likud. After Israel was struck by a wave of suicide bombings in 2002, <mask> decided to launch Operation Defensive Shield and began the construction of a barrier around the West Bank. A survey conducted by Tel Aviv University's Jaffe Center in May 2004 found that 80% of Jewish Israelis believed that the Israel Defense Forces had succeeded in militarily countering the Al-Aqsa Intifada.The election of the more pro-Russian <mask>, as well as the more pro-Israel Vladimir


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 Putin, led to an improvement in Israel–Russia relations. In September 2003, <mask> became the first prime minister of Israel to visit India, saying that Israel regarded India as one of the most important countries in the world. Some analysts speculated on the development of a three-way military axis of New Delhi, Washington, D.C., and Jerusalem. On 20 July 2004, <mask> called on French Jews to emigrate from France to Israel immediately, in light of an increase in antisemitism in France (94 antisemitic assaults were reported in the first six months of 2004, compared to 47 in 2003). France has the third-largest Jewish population in the world (about 600,000 people). <mask> observed that an "unfettered anti-Semitism" reigned in France. The French government responded by describing his comments as "unacceptable", as did the French representative Jewish organization CRIF, which denied <mask>'s claim of intense anti-Semitism in French society.An Israeli spokesperson later claimed that <mask> had been misunderstood. France then postponed a visit by <mask>. Upon his visit, both <mask> and French President Jacques Chirac were described as showing a willingness to put the issue behind them. Unilateral disengagement

In September 2001, <mask> stated for the first time that Palestinians should have the right to establish their own land west of the Jordan River. In May 2003, <mask> endorsed the Road Map for Peace put forth by the United States, the European Union and Russia, which opened a dialogue with Mahmud Abbas, and stated his commitment to the creation of a Palestinian state in the future. He embarked on a course of unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip, while maintaining control of


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 its coastline and airspace. <mask>'s plan was welcomed by both the Palestinian Authority and Israel's left wing as a step towards a final peace settlement.However, it was greeted with opposition from within his own Likud party and from other right wing Israelis, on national security, military, and religious grounds. Disengagement from Gaza
On 1 December 2004, <mask> dismissed five ministers from the Shinui party for voting against the government's 2005 budget. In January 2005, <mask> formed a national unity government that included representatives of Likud, Labor, and Meimad and Degel HaTorah as "out-of-government" supporters without any seats in the government (United Torah Judaism parties usually reject having ministerial offices as a policy). Between 16 and 30 August 2005, <mask> controversially expelled 9,480 Jewish settlers from 21 settlements in Gaza and four settlements in the northern West Bank. Once it became clear that the evictions were definitely going ahead, a group of conservative Rabbis, led by Yosef Dayan, placed an ancient curse on <mask> known as the Pulsa diNura, calling on the Angel of Death to intervene and kill him. After Israeli soldiers bulldozed every settlement structure except for several former synagogues, Israeli soldiers formally left Gaza on 11 September 2005 and closed the border fence at Kissufim. While his decision to withdraw from Gaza sparked bitter protests from members of the Likud party and the settler movement, opinion polls showed that it was a popular move among most of the Israeli electorate, with more than 80 percent of Israelis backing the plans.On 27 September 2005, <mask> narrowly defeated a leadership challenge by a 52–48 percent


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 vote. The move was initiated within the central committee of the governing Likud party by <mask>'s main rival, Benjamin Netanyahu, who had left the cabinet to protest <mask>'s withdrawal from Gaza. The measure was an attempt by Netanyahu to call an early primary in November 2005 to choose the party's leader. Founding of Kadima
On 21 November 2005, <mask> resigned as head of Likud, and dissolved parliament to form a new centrist party called Kadima ("Forward"). November polls indicated that <mask> was likely to be returned to the prime ministership. On 20 December 2005, <mask>'s longtime rival Netanyahu was elected his successor as leader of Likud. Following <mask>'s incapacitation, Ehud Olmert replaced <mask> as Kadima's leader, for the nearing general elections.Likud, along with the Labor Party, were Kadimas chief rivals in the March 2006 elections. <mask>'s stroke occurred a few months before he had been expected to win a new election and was widely interpreted as planning on "clearing Israel out of most of the West Bank", in a series of unilateral withdrawals. In the elections, which saw Israel's lowest-ever voter turnout of 64 percent (the number usually averages on the high 70%), Kadima, headed by Olmert, received the most Knesset seats, followed by Labor. The new governing coalition installed in May 2006 included Kadima, with Olmert as Prime Minister, Labor (including Amir Peretz as Defense Minister), the Pensioners' Party (Gil), the Shas religious party, and Israel Beytenu. Alleged fundraising irregularities and Greek island affair
During the latter part of his career, <mask> was investigated for alleged involvement in a number of financial scandals, in particular, the Greek


texts: island affair and irregularities of fundraising during the 1999 election campaign. In the Greek island affair, <mask> was accused of promising (during his term as Foreign Minister) to help Israeli businessman David Appel in his development project on a Greek island in exchange for large consultancy payments to <mask>'s son Gilad. The charges were later dropped due to lack of evidence.In the 1999 election fundraising scandal, <mask> was not charged with any wrongdoing, but his son Omri, a Knesset member at the time, was charged and sentenced in 2006 to nine months in prison. To avoid a potential conflict of interest in relation to these investigations, <mask> was not involved in the confirmation of the appointment of a new attorney general, Menahem Mazuz, in 2005. On 10 December 2005, Israeli police raided Martin Schlaff's apartment in Jerusalem. Another suspect in the case was Robert Nowikovsky, an Austrian involved in Russian state-owned company Gazprom's business activities in Europe. According to Haaretz, "The $3 million that parachuted into Gilad and Omri <mask>'s bank account toward the end of 2002 was transferred there in the context of a consultancy contract for development of kolkhozes (collective farms) in Russia. Gilad <mask> was brought into the campaign to make the wilderness bloom in Russia by Getex, a large Russian-based exporter of seeds (peas, millet, wheat) from Eastern Europe. Getex also has ties with Israeli firms involved in exporting wheat from Ukraine, for example.The company owns farms in Eastern Europe and is considered large and prominent in its field. It has its Vienna offices in the same building as Jurimex, which was behind the $1-million guarantee to


texts:
 the Yisrael Beiteinu party." On 17 December, police found evidence of a $3 million bribe paid to <mask>'s sons. Shortly afterwards, <mask> suffered a stroke. Illness, incapacitation and death (2006–14)

<mask> had been obese since the 1980s, and also had suspected chronic high blood pressure and high cholesterol – at  tall, he was reputed to weigh . Stories of <mask>'s appetite and obesity were legendary in Israel. He would often joke about his love of food and expansive girth.His staff car would reportedly be stocked with snacks, vodka, and caviar. In October 2004 when asked why he did not wear a bulletproof vest despite frequent death threats, <mask> smiled and replied, "There is none that fits my size". He was a daily consumer of cigars and luxury foods. Numerous attempts by doctors, friends, and staff to impose a balanced diet on <mask> were unsuccessful. <mask> was hospitalized on 18 December 2005, after suffering a minor ischemic stroke. During his hospital stay, doctors discovered a heart defect requiring surgery and ordered bed rest pending a cardiac catheterization scheduled for 5 January 2006. Instead, <mask> immediately returned to work and suffered a hemorrhagic stroke on 4 January.He was rushed to Hadassah Medical Center in Jerusalem. After two surgeries lasting 7 and 14 hours, doctors stopped the bleeding in <mask>'s brain, but were unable to prevent him from entering into a coma. Subsequent media reports indicated that <mask> had been diagnosed with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) during his December hospitalisation. Hadassah Hospital Director Shlomo Mor-Yosef declined to respond to comments that the combination of CAA and blood thinners after <mask>'s December

masks: Sharon Sharon Sharon Sharon Sharon Sharon Sharon Sharon Sharon Sharon Sharon


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 stroke might have caused his more serious subsequent stroke. Ehud Olmert became Acting Prime Minister the night of <mask>'s second stroke, while <mask> officially remained in office. Knesset elections followed in March, with Olmert and <mask>'s Kadima party winning a plurality. The next month, the Israeli Cabinet declared <mask> permanently incapacitated and Olmert became Interim Prime Minister on 14 April 2006 and Prime Minister in his own right on 4 May.<mask> underwent a series of subsequent surgeries related to his state. In May 2006, he was transferred to a long-term care facility in Sheba Medical Center. In July of that year, he was briefly taken to the hospital's intensive care unit to be treated for bacteria in his blood, before returning to the long-term care facility on 6 November 2006. <mask> would remain at Sheba Medical Center until his death. Medical experts indicated that his cognitive abilities had likely been destroyed by the stroke. His condition worsened from late 2013, and <mask> suffered from renal failure on 1 January 2014. After spending eight years in a coma, <mask> died at 14:00 local time (12:00 UTC) on 11 January 2014.<mask>'s state funeral was held on 13 January in accordance with Jewish burial customs, which require that interment take place as soon after death as possible. His body lay in state in the Knesset Plaza from 12 January until the official ceremony, followed by a funeral held at the family's ranch in the Negev Desert. <mask> was buried beside his wife, Lily. Personal life

<mask> was married twice, to two sisters, Margalit and Lily Zimmerman, who were from Romania. <mask> met Margalit in 1947 when she was 16, while she was tending a vegetable

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 field, and married her in 1953, shortly after becoming a military instructor. Margalit was a supervisory psychiatric nurse. They had one son, Gur.Margalit died in a car accident in May 1962 and Gur died in October 1967, aged 11, after a friend accidentally shot him while the two children were playing with a rifle at the <mask> family home. After Margalit's death, <mask> married her younger sister, Lily. They had two sons, Omri and Gilad, and six grandchildren. <mask> died of lung cancer in 2000. <mask>'s sister, Yehudit (Dita) married Dr. Shmuel Mandel. In the 1950s, the couple permanently left Israel and emigrated to the United States. This caused a permanent rift in the family.Shmuel and Vera Scheinerman were greatly hurt by their daughter's choice to leave Israel. As a result, Vera Scheinerman willed only a small part of her estate to Dita, an act which enraged her. At one point, Dita decided to return to Israel, but after Vera was informed by the Israel Lands Administration that it would not be legally possible to split the family property between <mask> and Dita, and informed her that she would not be able to build a home there, Dita, believing she was being lied to, permanently cut her family in Israel off, and refused to attend the funerals of her mother and sister-in-law. She reestablished contact after <mask>'s stroke. <mask>'s sister has rarely been mentioned in biographies of him: he himself rarely acknowledged her and only mentioned her twice in his autobiography. Recognition
The <mask> Sharon Park, an environmental park near Tel Aviv, is named for him. In the Negev desert, the IDF is currently building its city of training bases, Camp Ariel Sharon.In total, a NIS

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Sharon
Sharon
Lily Sharon
Sharon
Ariel
Sharon
Sharon
Ariel


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 50 billion project, the city of bases is named after <mask>, the largest active construction project in Israel, it is to become the largest IDF base in Israel. Overview of offices held
<mask> served as prime minister (Israel's head of government) from 7 March 2001 through 14 April 2006 (with Ehud Barak serving as acting prime minister beginning 4 January 2006, after <mask> slipped into a coma). As prime minister he led the 12th government during the 15th Knesset and the 13th government during the 16th Knesset. <mask> served in the Knesset, first for several months in 1973, and later from 1977 through 2006. <mask>. From July 1999 through July 2000, <mask> served as the unofficial/honorary Knesset's opposition leader. Thereafter, from July 2000 through March 2001, he served as the first official designated Knesset opposition leader.<mask> served as leader of the Likud party from 1999 through 2005, leaving to create Kadima which he led from 2006 through early 2006 (when he fell into a coma). In addition to these positions and ministerial roles, <mask> also served as a special aide to Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin from June 1975 through March 1976. Ministerial posts

Electoral history

2001 direct election for Prime Minister

Party leadership elections

References

Further reading

Ben Shaul, Moshe (editor); Generals of Israel, Tel-Aviv: Hadar Publishing House, Ltd., 1968. Uri Dan; <mask>: An Intimate Portrait, Palgrave Macmillan, October 2006, 320 pages. .
<mask>, with David Chanoff; Warrior: The Autobiography of <mask>, Simon & Schuster, 2001, . Gilad <mask>, (translated by Mitch Ginsburg); <mask>: The Life of a Leader, HarperCollins Publishers, 2011, . Nir Hefez, Gadi Bloom,

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Ariel Sharon
Sharon
Sharon
Sharon
Sharon
Sharon
Sharon
Sharon
Ariel Sharon
Ariel Sharon
Ariel Sharon
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Sharon


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 (translated by Mitch Ginsburg); <mask>: A Life, Random House, October 2006, 512 pages, . Freddy Eytan, (translated by Robert Davies); <mask>: A Life in Times of Turmoil, translation of <mask>: le bras de fer, Studio 8 Books and Music, 2006, .Abraham Rabinovich; The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East, 2005, . <mask>, official biography, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Tzvi T. Avisar; <mask>: Five years forward, Publisher House, March 2011, 259 pages, Official website, . External links

Three recordings from <mask>'s Military Career, published by Israel State Archives:

1928 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from kidney failure
Haganah members
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli generals
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
Leaders of political parties in Israel
Israeli people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
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Israeli people of the Yom Kippur War
Jewish agnostics
Jewish military personnel
Kadima politicians
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Members of the 8th Knesset (1974–1977)
Members of the 9th Knesset (1977–1981)
Members of the 10th Knesset (1981–1984)
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Members of the 12th Knesset (1988–1992)
Members of the 13th Knesset (1992–1996)
Members of the 14th Knesset (1996–1999)
Members of the 15th Knesset (1999–2003)
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
Ministers of Agriculture of Israel
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Ministers of Health of Israel
Ministers of Internal Affairs of Israel
Moshavniks
Prime Ministers of Israel
Shlomtzion (political party) politicians
Tel Aviv University alumni
People with disorders of consciousness
People with severe brain

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Ariel Sharon
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<mask> is an American guitarist, music producer, arranger and songwriter. <mask> is most known for his guitar work with, and critically acclaimed production of, country music star Dwight Yoakam from 1984 through 2002, a partnership that resulted in numerous platinum records, sold-out tours, and some music in the Bakersfield and hillbilly traditions. On guitar, <mask>'s technical proficiency and versatility allows him to perform a variety of styles, including country, western, rock, rockabilly, soul, blues, Flamenco, Tex-Mex. Among the artists <mask> has produced are Dwight Yoakam, Roy Orbison, Meat Puppets, Jackson Browne, Michelle Shocked, Buck Owens, k.d. Lang, Steve Pryor Band, Lonesome Strangers, and Lucinda Williams. He more recently produced Mark Chesnutt's album Outlaw (2010). Record label
In 1993, along with Dusty Wakeman, <mask> joined Barbara Hein, a longtime Capitol Records executive with a history in the music business, and engineer Michael Dumas to form Little Dog Records.Recording his first solo CD on his own label in 1994, <mask> placed himself on the road in support of Working Class, a country-blues-rock-roots music extravaganza produced by Wakeman. While continuing to work with Yoakam, being the president of a record label opened new worlds for <mask>. Signing artists that he and his partners

masks:
Pete Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


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 believed in gave <mask> the creative freedom he craved. Having to be part businessman and part artist was a difficult part to play every day, but <mask> proved he was up to the challenge when he negotiated a distribution deal with Polygram in 1996. <mask> stuck with Wakeman for his second release, 1997's Dogs In Heaven. Discography
 Solo albums
Working Class (1994)
Dogs In Heaven (1997)
Live At Ohio University (1998)
Daredevil (2004)
Even Things Up (2009)
Birds Above Guitarland (2013)
Live At The Moose (2015)

 With Dwight Yoakam
Guitars, Cadillacs, Etc., Etc. (1986)
Hillbilly Deluxe (1987)
Buenas Noches From a Lonely Room (1988)
Just Lookin' for a Hit (1989) compilation
If There Was a Way (1990)
"Suspicious Minds" (Single) (1992)
La Croix D'Amour (1992) compilation
This Time (1993)
Gone (1995)
Dwight Live (1995)
Under the Covers (1997)
Come On Christmas (1997)
A Long Way Home (1998)
Last Chance for a Thousand Years (1999) compilation
"Crazy Little Thing Called Love" (Single) (1999)
dwightyoakamacoustic.net (2000)
Tomorrow's Sounds Today (2000)
South of Heaven, West of Hell (Soundtrack) (2001)
Reprise Please Baby (2002) 4CD compilation
Population Me (2003)
In Others' Words (2003) compilation
Dwight's Used Records (2004) compilation
The Very Best of Dwight Yoakam (2004) compilation
Live from Austin, TX (1988,

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<mask> (, Pyotr Vtoroy,  Pyotr Alekseyevich,  – ) reigned as Emperor of Russia from 1727 until his untimely death at the age of 14. He was the only son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich (son of <mask> by his first wife, Eudoxia Lopukhina) and of Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He was the last agnatic member of the House of Romanov. Early life

<mask> was born in Saint Petersburg on 23 (O.S. 12) October 1715. His mother died when he was only ten days old. His father, the tsarevich Alexei, accused of treason by his own father, <mask>, died in prison in 1718.So three-year-old <mask> and his four-year-old sister, Natalya, became orphans. Their grandfather showed no interest in their upbringing or education: the Tsar had disliked their father and even their grandmother, his own first wife, and young <mask> in particular reminded him of his only son Alexei, whom the Tsar suspected of treachery. Therefore, from his childhood, the young orphaned <mask> was kept in the strictest seclusion. His earliest governesses were the wives of a tailor and a vintner from the Dutch settlement, while a sailor named Norman taught him the rudiments of navigation. When he grew older, however, <mask> was placed under the care of a Hungarian noble, Janos (Ivan) Zeikin (Zékány), who seems to have been a conscientious teacher. <mask> Great died in 1725 and was succeeded by his second wife, Catherine I, a woman of low birth. The powerful minister Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov, who had aided in Catherine's accession, replaced the boy's teachers with the vice-chancellor, Count Ostermann.The program of education that Ostermann compiled included history, geography, mathematics, and foreign languages, but the overall

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Peter II Alexeyevich
Peter the Great
Peter
Peter the Great
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Peter
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 education of the future emperor remained shallow and left much to be desired. <mask> himself did not display much interest in study; his favorite occupations were hunting and feasting. During the reign (1725-1727) of Catherine I, young <mask> was ignored; but by the time she died in 1727, it had become clear to those in power that the only grandson of <mask> the Great could not be kept from his inheritance much longer. The majority of Russians and three-quarters of the nobility (especially the old-established nobility) were on his side, while the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI (<mask>'s uncle - the husband of his mother's elder sister, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel) persistently urged <mask>'s claims through the imperial ambassador at Saint Petersburg. Through the efforts of Menshikov, the court named <mask> as Catherine's heir apparent, even though Catherine had two daughters of her own. The relevant documentation also specified the betrothal of <mask> to Menshikov's daughter Maria. Reign

After Catherine's death in May 1727 and the proclamation of the 11-year-old <mask> II as emperor, Menshikov took the young autocrat into his own house on Vasilievsky Island and had full control over all of his actions.For a few months in the summer of 1727, "[n]ot even <mask> the Great was so feared or so obeyed", according to the Saxon ambassador. Menshikov became arrogant and domineering. He issued orders to the Emperor himself and then removed a silver plate that <mask> had just given as a gift to his sister Natalya. To which the Emperor replied, "We shall see who is emperor, you or I." Soon, however, Menshikov became sick, and his opponents took advantage of his illness. Under the influence

masks: Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter


texts: of Ostermann and the Dolgorukovs, <mask> – long sick of Menshikov's wardship – stripped him of his rank (September 1727)  and exiled him to Siberia. The Emperor also announced the dissolution of his engagement with Menshikov's daughter.The senate, the privy council and the guards took the oath of allegiance forthwith. At this time, German mathematician Christian Goldbach was appointed tutor to the young <mask> to take over from Andrey Osterman, whom Menshikov had appointed. <mask> II was quick-witted, but apparently a stubborn and wayward boy, much like his grandfather. Despite these similarities, the emperor had no desire to learn to rule, unlike <mask> the Great. His young age meant that he could not adequately manage public affairs, and he almost never appeared at the Supreme Privy Council. This led to frustration among his subjects and in the imperial administration – officials did not dare to assume responsibility for important decisions. The Russian fleet became neglected, but <mask> II showed no interest in the matter.<mask> tightened serfdom by banning serfs from volunteering for military service and thus escaping their status. With the fall of Menshikov and related court intrigues, the Emperor's main favorites became Prince Aleksey Dolgorukov and his son Ivan, who maintained great influence over the Emperor's decisions. According to contemporaries, Ivan Dolgorukov lived a reckless and profligate lifestyle, leading <mask> to spend much time feasting, playing cards and enjoying the company of women. He soon became addicted to alcohol. The coronation of <mask> II took place in Moscow on 9 January 1728, with the Emperor and a huge entourage. Still, he was disengaged from the affairs of

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texts: state. Foreign witnesses proclaimed: "All of Russia is in terrible disorder ... money is not paid to anyone.God knows what will happen with finances. Everyone steals, as much as he can." Moving the court and several other institutions from St. Petersburg back to Moscow (1728) was painful for the "Northern Capital", as well as for the nobility forced to move with it, as <mask> Great had put much effort into developing St. Petersburg into a large and lively city. <mask> returned to St. Petersburg from time to time, but continued to lead an aimless life full of entertainment and distraction. He gradually fell under the thorough-going influence of the Dolgorukovs, and became smitten with the 18-year-old beauty Ekaterina Alekseyevna Dolgorukova. The Dolgorukov family schemed to tie themselves to the imperial bloodline, and persuaded <mask> to become engaged to marry Ekaterina. However, it soon became clear that the young monarch had no interest in his fiancee, perhaps influenced by his aunt Elizabeth Petrovna, who did not like Ekaterina.Planning for the wedding went forward regardless, set to take place on . "<mask> II has not reached the age when a person's personality has already shaped," Russian historian Nikolay Kostomarov wrote. "While contemporaries praised his natural intelligence and good heart, they only hoped for that good to happen in the future. However, his behavior did not give chances to hope that he would be a good ruler. He hated learning and thinking about national affairs. He was totally engrossed in amusements, and was kept under someone else's influence." In late December 1729 <mask> II fell dangerously ill. His condition deteriorated sharply after the frosty Epiphany Day (),

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Peter the
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 when he participated in a feast.He was then rushed into the palace, standing at the back of his sleigh. The next day doctors diagnosed smallpox. The Dolgorukovs attempted to get the emperor to sign a testament naming Ekaterina as his heir, but they were not allowed into the dying emperor’s quarters: <mask> II was already unconscious. In his delirium, he ordered horses so that he could visit his sister Natalya (who had died in 1728). A few minutes later, he died. Emperor <mask> died as dawn broke on 30 January 1730 – the day scheduled for his marriage to Ekaterina Dolgorukova. He is buried in the Cathedral of the Archangel located at the Moscow Kremlin and was the only post-Petrine Russian monarch given that honor; along with Ivan VI (who was murdered and buried in the fortress of Shlisselburg), he is the only post-Petrine monarch not buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg.With <mask>'s death, the direct male line of the Romanov dynasty ended. He was succeeded on the Russian throne by Anna Ivanovna, daughter of <mask> the Great's half-brother and co-ruler, Ivan V.

Ancestry

See also
Tsars of Russia family tree

Further reading
 Konstantin Arseniev (1839) (in Russian) The reign of <mask> II (Царствование Петра II) at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats

External links
  – Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design(Russia, 2013)

References

1715 births
1730 deaths
18th-century Russian monarchs
Deaths from smallpox
People from Saint Petersburg
Russian emperors
House of Romanov
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Rulers who died as children
Modern child rulers
Infectious disease deaths in Russia
Russian people of German descent
Recipients of the Order of the White

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<mask>, also known as Bamewawagezhikaquay (January 31, 1800 – May 22, 1842) is the one of earliest Native American literary writers. She was of Ojibwa and Scots-Irish ancestry. Her Ojibwa name can also be written as O-bah-bahm-wawa-ge-zhe-go-qua (Obabaamwewe-giizhigokwe in modern spelling), meaning "Woman of the Sound [that the stars make] Rushing Through the Sky." From babaam- 'place to place' or bimi- 'along', wewe- 'makes a repeated sound', giizhig 'sky', and ikwe 'woman'. She lived most of her life in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Sault Ste.Marie in the upper peninsula of what is now the state of Michigan. Her mother, Ozhaguscodaywayquay, was the daughter of Waubojeeg, a prominent Ojibwa war chief and civil leader from what is now northern Wisconsin, and his wife. Her father <mask> (1762–1828) was a fur trader who emigrated from Belfast, Ireland in 1790. The <mask>s are famous historically in the Sault Ste. Marie area, where the couple were prominent leaders in both the Euro-American and the Ojibwa communities. The young <mask> learned the Ojibwe language and culture from her mother and her family, and she learned about written literature from her father and his large library. Writing
<mask> wrote poetry and traditional Ojibwa stories, and she translated Ojibwa songs into English.She mostly wrote in English, but she wrote several poems in the Ojibwe language, as she lived her daily life in both Ojibwe and English. While she did not publish her work, she lived a literary life with her husband Henry Rowe <mask>. They worked together closely on each of their writings. Her poetry was generally concerned with private life. <mask>’s writings have attracted considerable interest from scholars and students, especially those concerned with Native American

masks:
Jane Johnston Schoolcraft
Jane Johnston
John Johnston
Johnston
Jane
Johnston
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 literature and history. She has been recognized as "the first Native American literary writer, the first known Indian woman writer, the first known Indian poet, the first known poet to write poems in a Native American language and the first known American Indian to write out traditional Indian stories." Her role in the Native American literary canon has been compared to that of Anne Bradstreet in the "broader American literary canon."Marriage and family
In 1823 <mask> married Henry Rowe <mask>, a US Indian agent in the region, who became a founding figure of American cultural anthropology. He was appointed U.S. Indian Agent to the Michigan Territory in 1822 and served in the Northwest until 1841. In 1826 and 1827, <mask> produced a handwritten magazine called The Literary Voyager which included some of <mask>’s writings. Although he had only single issues, each was distributed widely to residents in Sault Ste. Marie, then to his friends in Detroit, New York and other eastern cities. The <mask>s' letters to each other during periods of separation often included poetry, also expressing how literature was part of their daily lives. <mask> won fame for his later publications about Native Americans, especially the Ojibwe people and their language (also known as Chippewa and Anishinaabemowin).His work was based on information and stories he learned from <mask> and the <mask> family, and the access they arranged to other Ojibwe. In 1846, he was commissioned by the United States Congress for what became a six-volume study known as Indian Tribes of the United States. <mask>’s publications, including materials written by <mask>, were the main source for Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s The Song of Hiawatha (1855). They had four children:
William Henry <mask> (June 1824 - March 1827) died of croup at nearly

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Jane
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Henry Schoolcraft
Jane
Johnston
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Jane Schoolcraft
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 three. <mask> wrote poems expressing her grief about his loss. stillborn daughter (November 1825);
<mask> <mask> (14 October 1827 - 25 November 1892, Richmond, Virginia), called <mask>; and
<mask> <mask> (2 October 1829 – 24 April 1864), served in the Civil War but was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg and disabled. He died at age 34 in Elmira, New York.<mask> and <mask> moved to Mackinac Island in 1833, after he had been given responsibility for a larger territory as Indian agent. Their home has since been demolished, but <mask>'s office, also known as the Indian Dormitory, survives. It was used to house Indians who came to the island to acquire promised annuities and supplies. The <mask>s took <mask>e and John to a boarding schools on the East coast when they were eleven and nine, respectively, which was hard for John. <mask> wrote a poem in Ojibwe that expressed her feelings of loss after their separation. (Use link below to hear poem sung in Ojibwe.) In 1841, when Henry lost his patronage position as federal Indian agent due to a change in political administrations, the Schoolcrafts moved to New York City.He worked for the state in American Indian research. <mask> suffered from frequent illnesses; she died in 1842 while visiting a married sister in Canada. She was buried at St. John's Anglican Church in what is now Ancaster, Ontario. Legacy and honors
 1962: Philip P. Mason published an edition of several issues of The Literary Voyager, with annotation and introduction. He acknowledged <mask>'s debt to the <mask> family for helping with his research and collecting materials. Based on her own works in The Literary Voyager, <mask>'s writings gradually began to attract interest in the 1990s, as the work of minorities was more widely studied. 2005: "Sweet Willy, My Boy"; lyrics of the song

masks:
Jane Schoolcraft
Jane Susan
Ann Schoolcraft
Janee
John Johnston
Schoolcraft
Jane
Henry Schoolcraft
Henry Schoolcraft
Schoolcraft
Jane
Schoolcraft
Jane Schoolcraft
Henry Schoolcraft
John Johnston
Jane Schoolcraft