texts: Köln. He then recorded two assists in the final two matches of the season to help Hamburg avoid the relegation play-offs once again, with the club beating Wolfsburg on the final day to steer themselves clear of the drop. At the start of the following season, <mask> made history when he scored the latest goal in the Bundesliga history, netting in the 100th minute of 4–1 win over Köln. He soon found himself on the periphery at Hamburg, however, with manager Markus Gisdol and then Bernd Hollerbach both electing to use him from the bench, or not at all. He returned to the starting line-up following the appointment of Christian Titz and scored five times in the final eight matches of the season against Stuttgart, Schalke, Freiburg, Wolfsburg and Gladbach, between which he also made his 100th league appearance for the club in a 3–0 defeat to Eintracht Frankfurt.His strong performances towards the back of campaign were, however, not enough to prevent Hamburg from suffering relegation from the Bundesliga for the first time in the club's history. He ended as Hamburg's top goalscorer for the season with six goals, despite only playing 16 matches and on 24 May, with his contract set to expire, signed a one-year extension on a significant pay-cut in order to remain with the club. <mask> then started in the club's first-ever 2. Bundesliga match on 3 August against Holstein Kiel. He was named captain for the match in the absence of the injured Aaron Hunt but was unable to prevent his side suffering a 3–0 defeat. Later that month, he scored his first-ever cup goal for the club when he opened the scoring in a 5–3 DFB Pokal first-round win over TuS Erndtebrück. Towards the end of the season, and following revelations that <mask>'s contract with Hamburg would not be renewed, a group of supporters started an online petition, which gained thousands of signatures, in an attempt to convince the club to extend his stay.His contract was ultimately not renewed and he left Hamburg at the end of the season after the club failed to secure promotion. Blackburn

masks: Holtby Holtby Holtby


type: original

texts:
 Rovers
Following his release from Hamburg, <mask> continued to train with Rot-Weiss Essen and, on 19 September 2019, he returned to England to sign for Championship side Blackburn Rovers. He made his debut for the club two days later, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–1 win over Reading. Exactly one month later he scored his first goal for the club and assisted the other in Blackburn's 2–2 draw with Huddersfield Town. Following the turn of the year he scored twice more as the club recorded its biggest league win since 2001 in a 5–0 victory over Sheffield Wednesday. In February, however, he suffered a lateral ligament injury in his knee in Blackburn's 1–1 draw against Middlesbrough. <mask>'s departure from Rovers was announced at the end of the 2020–21 season.Holstein Kiel
On 17 August, <mask> joined Holstein Kiel. International career
The son of <mask>, a former British soldier who was stationed at RAF Rheindahlen in Mönchengladbach, Holtby was eligible to represent England through paternal lineage as well as his native Germany. Youth
Having previously represented Germany at U18 level, <mask> made his debut for the U19s in September 2008 and earned 12 caps overall. He scored the first of his four international goals for the German U19 team on 11 October 2008, netting in a 5–0 victory over Lithuania. The following year, Germany youth coach Horst Hrubesch named <mask> in his squad for the U20 World Cup in Egypt. Holtby scored two goals at the tournament, one of which was against eventual runners-up Brazil in the quarter-finals. In 2013, he captained Germany at the European Under-21 Championship in Israel and was named as the nation's only representative in the Team of the Tournament.Senior
While on loan with Bundesliga side Mainz, Holtby caught the attention of national team manager Joachim Löw who named him in the senior squad for the first time for a friendly against Sweden on 17 November 2010. He was named in the starting line-up and played 77 minutes before being replaced by Mainz teammate Schürrle in a 0–0 draw, later receiving the

masks:
Holtby
Holtby
Holtby
Chris Holtby
Holtby
Holtby


texts:
 man of the match award for his performance. He made his second appearance the following year, coming on as a late substitute for Thomas Müller in a 3–1 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying win over Azerbaijan. By appearing in a competitive match for Germany, Holtby precluded himself from representing England in the future in terms of the FIFA eligibility rules. Personal life
Despite having played for their Premier League rivals Tottenham and Fulham, <mask> is a lifelong Everton fan, an affiliation he developed as a result of his father's support of the club. When Liverpool showed interest in him in 2012, he went on record stating that he wouldn't say no to Liverpool as his dream was to play in the Premier League. He said, "I wouldn't even rule out Liverpool, even if it would be tough for my dad – he's an Everton fan."<mask>'s younger brother, Joshua, is also a footballer, who played for MVV Maastricht in the Eerste Divisie and now plays for Preußen Münster in Germany's Regionalliga West. Like <mask>, he previously trained in the academy of Gladbach. In 2019, he collaborated with Hamburg-based musicians Elvis & Pape on the release of their album titled, Hurrikan. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Schalke
 DFL-Supercup: 2011

Individual
Gold U19 Fritz Walter Medal: 2009
UEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2013

Records
 Latest Bundesliga goal: 100th minute, against 1. FC Köln on 25 August 2017

References

External links

Living people
1990 births
German people of English descent
Germany youth international footballers
Germany under-21 international footballers
Germany international footballers
German footballers
Association football midfielders
Alemannia Aachen players
FC Schalke 04 players
VfL Bochum players
1. FSV Mainz 05 players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Fulham F.C.players
Hamburger SV players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Holstein Kiel players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Premier League players
English Football League players
German expatriate footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in

masks: Holtby Holtby Lewis


texts:
<mask> also transliterated as <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>, better known by the nom de guerre  Hambali, born as Encep Nurjaman (April 4, 1964) is the former military leader of the Indonesian terrorist organization Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), which is linked with al-Qaeda. He is now in American custody in the United States's Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba. He is currently awaiting trial in a military commission. Hambali was often described as "the Osama bin Laden of Southeast Asia". Some media reports describe him as bin Laden's lieutenant for Southeast Asian operations. Other reports describe him as an independent peer. He was highly trusted by al-Qaeda and was the main link between the two organisations.Hambali was a close friend of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who planned Operation Bojinka and the September 11 Terrorist Attacks. Hambali envisioned creating a Muslim state, in the form of an Islamic superpower (a theocracy) across Southeast Asia, with himself as its leader (Caliph). His ambition was to rule Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and parts of the Philippines, Myanmar, and Thailand. He received increasing attention in the aftermath of the 2002 Bali nightclub bombing, in which 202 people died. He was eventually apprehended in a joint operation by the CIA and Thai police in 2003. He is currently imprisoned in Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba, after three years of CIA custody in a secret location. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born Encep Nurjaman in the rice belt of Sukamanah, a small village in Cianjur Regency, in the province of West Java, Indonesia.He was the son of a peasant farmer, and was the second of thirteen children. He first became involved with Jemaah Islamiah as a teenager. He was a diligent student at his Islamic high school, Al-Ianah. He travelled to Afghanistan in 1983 to fight the Soviet Union during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. During his three years as a mujahid, from 1987 to 1990, he met Osama bin Laden. Friends and

masks:
Riduan Isamuddin
Riduan Isamudin
Riduan Isomuddin
Riduan Isomudin
Riduan
Isamuddin


texts:
 family in Indonesia say they did not know of his activities overseas. His name has been transliterated into English text in several different ways over the years, including;
 His name was spelled Hambali, <mask> bin Isomuddin on the Summary of Evidence memo prepared for his Combatant Status Review.His name was spelled Ryuduan bin Isomuddin by Scott McClellan during a press briefing. McClellan spelled his name letter by letter. His name is spelled <mask> <mask> in the report of the 9-11 Commission. His name was spelled Nurjaman Riduan Isamuddin by the US Treasury. Jemaah Islamiah

In 1991, Nurjamin returned to Cianjur for one week, before going to Malaysia, where he met the two co-founders of JI, Abdullah Sungkar and Abubakar Bashir. The three lived in a housing compound in Kampung Sungai Manggis, Banting, Selangor. Nurjaman internationalized the terrorist group's activities and took on a new name in his permanent residence permit: <mask> <mask>.His nickname, Hambali, is an allusion to Hanbali, an Islamic school of jurisprudence. The two co-founders sent their students to "study" in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The students actually fought the Soviets until the Soviets pulled out of Afghanistan. A woman named Noralwizah Lee Abdullah had gone to Malaysia for religious schooling. She secretly married <mask> after meeting him at the Luqmanul Hakiem School in Ulu Tiram, Johor. The school was founded by Sungkar and Bashir. Initially, <mask> struggled to make a living for his family.He switched from selling kebabs to patenting medicines. He soon disappeared from his home for weeks at a time, and he received many visitors at home. He eventually came to own a red hatchback and several cell phones. Investigators say that many calls on those cell phones were made to Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, Osama bin Laden's brother in law, who had arrived back in Manila, Philippines in 1991. After Arab visitors gave his family much money, he founded a shell company, Konsojaya, in June

masks: Riduan Riduan Isamuddin Riduan Isamuddin Isamuddin Isamuddin


texts:
 1994. Ostensibly an import-export company trading in palm oil between Malaysia and Afghanistan, it was essentially a front company for terrorism. Wali Khan Amin Shah, who would become the financier of Operation Bojinka, was a director of Konsojaya.The company provided financial assistance to the project until it was discovered by investigators on a laptop computer after an apartment fire on January 6, 1995. Shah was arrested in the Philippines but escaped on a short order. Shah was arrested in Malaysia in December 1995. Both Shah and mastermind Ramzi Yousef, who escaped the Philippines but was arrested in Lahore, Pakistan, were extradited to the United States. They were both convicted and sentenced to life in prison for participating in the project. Hambali goes underground
Hambali's company attracted attention of investigators so his dealings went quiet for a while. He decided to preach, raise money, and recruit for his cause.He went underground in 2000 and started a wave of church-bombings in Indonesia. He always had a "hands-on" technique; he met his foot soldiers and came to them "with detailed plans, plenty of cash and two of his own bombmakers." He always fled before the bombing commenced. Meanwhile, the spiritual leader of Jemaah Islamiah, Abu Bakr Bashir, was preaching jihad at his schools while denying links to Islamic militants. Hambali planned and attended the January 2000 Al Qaeda Summit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Among the others present were two September 11 hijackers, Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi. This gathering in Kuala Lumpur was observed by the CIA and Malaysian authorities, but what specifically was being said at the meetings was not picked up.Hambali also provided money and documents to Zacarias Moussaoui in October of that year. However claims by Singaporean security analyst Rohan Gunaratna that he had flown to Australia were dismissed by Australian authorities. After the Bali nightclub bombing, in which 202 people were


texts:
 killed, Hambali received more attention from the United States. In the years leading up to the attack, the Indonesian government's action against Islamic militants had been minimal. Following the attack, Abu Bakr Bashir was arrested as part of a crack down on Jemaah Islamiah. He was wanted in Indonesia
for the bombings of several churches in the region, and wanted for the Bali bombing and a failed plot on several targets in Singapore. Capture
Hambali used a series of safe-houses throughout Southeast Asia, especially Thailand and Cambodia, to move around.While he was in Ayutthaya, Thailand, 75 kilometres north of Bangkok, he was planning a terrorist attack against several Thai hotels and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit (APEC) in Bangkok in October 2003. Hambali had used a false Spanish passport to enter Thailand while his wife used her Malaysian passport. Thai police found him as part of a joint operation between the Thai police and the CIA on August 11, 2003. The twenty uniformed and undercover police smashed down the door to his one bedroom apartment in Ayutthaya, and arrested him and 33-year-old Noralwizah Lee Abdullah, a Chinese Malaysian who was considered to be his wife. Hambali was wearing a pair of jeans, a T-shirt, a baseball cap, and a pair of sunglasses. Police also seized explosives and firearms in the property. It marked the end of a 20-month hunt for Hambali, who was 37 years of age when he was captured.According to a 2010 Associated Press report, by March of 2004 Hambali was being held at a CIA black site in Rabat, Morocco, and by October of that year he had been transferred to a black site in Bucharest, Romania. On September 6, 2006, President George W. Bush confirmed that Hambali was being held by the CIA and revealed that he had been transferred to Guantanamo Bay. His wife is now in Malaysian custody. A On September 8, 2006, Indonesia formally requested access to Hambali to ensure a fair trial. Hambali is also wanted in the


texts:
 Philippines for the transfer of explosives on Filipino soil in an attempt to transport them to Singapore. Detention, Interrogation and Torture

Following his capture the USA would not confirm or deny that he was in their custody. But on September 6, 2006, President George W. Bush acknowledged the existence of covert, overseas CIA interrogation centres (colloquially known as black sites) and announced that 14 high-profile members (al Qaeda and other related groups) had been transported from those sites to Guantanamo Bay.Those 14 include Hambali and an alleged lieutenant of his called Mohammed Nazir Bin Lep alias Lillie or Li-Li. On August 11, 2003, the United States government subjected Hambali to almost three years of isolation, interrogation and torture. Within days of his arrest, he was taken to an undisclosed secret detention facility where he was subject to "enhanced interrogation techniques" (EITs) inflicted by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for approximately three years as part of the notorious Rendition, Detention and Interrogation (RDI) program, which is now commonly known as the "Torture Program." But a complete description of his torture as well as the locations in which it occurred remained classified by the United States government. Only limited amounts of information describing his torture have been released - first from the International Committee of the Red Cross Report on the Treatment of Fourteen 'High-Value Detainees' in CIA Custody dated February 2007 and later by the SSCI Report in 2014. According to the 2014 Senate Intelligence Committee report, Hambali was told by an interrogator that he would never go to court:  "We can never let the world know what I have done to you." Combatant Status Review

Possible transfer to Washington, D.C. for a civilian trial
According to Xinhua, the state-owned newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party, the Department of Justice was considering transferring <mask> Isamuddin to Washington, D.C. for a


texts:
 civilian trial.Joint Review Task Force

When he assumed office in January 2009, President Barack Obama made a number of promises about the future of Guantanamo. He promised the use of torture would cease at the camp. He promised to institute a new review system. That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense. When it reported back, a year later, the Joint Review Task Force classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request. <mask> Isamuddin was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release.Although Obama promised that those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a Periodic Review Board as less than a quarter of men have received a review. Further reading
Some of the above information about Hambali, and more, can be read in the report of the 9-11 Commission. In popular culture
 Modernine TV :  discussed Hambali on TimeLine, 30 December 2018, in "Black Magic Operations". References

External links

 Info about Hambali's wife
 Hambali's arrest - Information about Hambali's arrest
 Thailand thanked for Hambali arrest - More information about Hambali's arrest
 The Star Source - Malaysian article about Hambali's early life, including his full DOB

 Singapore newspaper about Hambali and his wife
 http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/07/30/seasia.state/
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/asia-pacific/2983612.stm

1964 births
Living people
People from Cianjur
Indonesian Islamists
Indonesian al-Qaeda members
Jemaah Islamiyah
Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Indonesian people imprisoned abroad
Indonesian extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
2002


texts:
<mask>, Jr. (July 3, 1919 – April 10, 2005) was a chemist who studied a variety of chemicals that contributed towards the development of therapeutic drugs, including the chemistry of phenothiazine. As one of the African American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project to develop atomic bombs in World War II Massie worked with uranium isotopes. <mask> was named one of the top 75 distinguished contributors to chemistry in history by Chemical and Engineering News. <mask> was elected as the third President of North Carolina College at Durham in 1963, and he became the first African-American professor at the U.S. Naval Academy in 1966. He was a leading educator who promoted the participation of African-Americans in education. University chairs have been endowed and named in his honor, as well as an elementary school.Early life and education
<mask> was born on July 3, 1919 in Little Rock, Arkansas. He was the eldest of two sons of Earlee Jacko <mask> and <mask> <mask> Sr. His parents were members of a college fraternity and sorority, and both were educators. <mask> Sr was a pastor of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E.), and a civil rights activist. <mask> Jr graduated from Dunbar High School at the age of 13 after following his teacher mother from class to class, and then worked at a grocery store to earn tuition fees for studying at Dunbar Junior College in Little Rock. He applied to the University of Arkansas but was rejected because of his race. (In 1970, the University awarded him an honorary PhD.) Instead, he graduated summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Science in chemistry in 1937 at the age of 18, from

masks:
Samuel Proctor Massie
Massie
Massie
Massie
Massie
Samuel Proctor
Massie
Massie
Massie


texts: the Arkansas Agricultural, Mechanical, and Normal College (Arkansas AM&N, now called University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff).He chose chemistry because his father suffered from asthma, and he wanted to help find a cure. <mask> gained a master's degree in chemistry from Fisk University in Tennessee in 1940 on a scholarship, then taught for a year at Arkansas AM&N before going on to study for his PhD at Iowa State University. His supervisor was Henry Gilman, who was working on the Manhattan Project. Racial segregation at the university prevented him from living on campus, so he had to travel miles to university, where he was also not allowed to work in the same laboratories as white students. He said: "The laboratory for the white boys was on the second floor next to the library. My laboratory was in the basement next to the rats. Separate but equal."In the second year of his doctoral studies in 1943, his father died from an asthma attack. When he returned to Arkansas for the funeral, he sought an extension of his military draft deferment, and was rejected with a racial slur about being over-educated. He turned to Gilman, who ensured he movied him onto the Manhattan Project. <mask> later said, "All of us had to make a decision how we would serve the war efforts. I dropped out of school and went into the chemical warfare service". <mask> worked in the Ames Laboratory, researching the conversion of uranium isotopes into liquid compounds that could be used in the atomic bomb. He worked on the Manhattan Project from 1943 to 1945, developing keloid scars on his back due to radiation exposure, and witnessing colleagues next to him being

masks: Massie Massie Massie


texts:
 caught in a laboratory explosion.After the war, <mask> completed his PhD, which involved testing compounds for therapeutic activity. Career
After completing his PhD and teaching for a time at Fisk University, <mask> joined the faculty of Langston University in Oklahoma, where he taught from 1947 to 1953. He became the first African-American president of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. In 1953, he returned to Fisk University, where he taught until 1960. In 1954, he published a paper, The Chemistry of Phenothiazine, a classic in the field from which anti-psychotic medications were developed. He had more than 500 requests for copies of the paper, from 50 countries. In 1960, <mask> moved to Washington D.C., taking on the role of Associate Program Director for Special Projects in Science Education at the National Science Foundation (NSF), helping improve college laboratories nationwide.He was also a professor at Howard University. In 1963, he became the third President of North Carolina College at Durham. <mask> was appointed to the faculty of the United States Naval Academy by President Johnson in 1966, its first African-American professor. During his tenure in Annapolis, <mask> served on the academy’s equal employment opportunity committee and helped establish a black studies program. He retired from the post in 1993. <mask> subsequently became the vice president of Bingwa Software Company, developing multicultural educational software. In 1984, he and others were granted a patent for a chemical compound to treat gonorrhea, malaria, and bacterial infections.In 1994, the U.S. Department of Energy created the Dr. <mask><mask>

masks:
Massie
Massie
Massie
Massie
Massie
Massie
Samuel P
. Massie


texts:
 Chair of Excellence, a $14.7 million grant to nine historically black colleges and one for Hispanic students to further environmental research. His portrait was hung in the National Academy of Sciences Gallery in 1995. In 1998, he was voted by the readers of Chemical and Engineering News as one of the top 75 distinguished contributors to chemistry in history. An elementary school in Prince George's County, Maryland, is named in Massie's honor. Personal life
In 1947, Massie married Gloria Bell Thompkins, who he met after the War when he was teaching at Fisk University. Across her career, <mask> was a psychology professor at Bowie State University, and was a social columnist for Jet magazine. The Massies had three sons.They lived in Laurel, Maryland, because when he joined the U.S. Naval Academy, they could not get a home in Annapolis because real estate agents refused to show the African-American couple homes in good areas. His wife died on January 22, 2005, and <mask>, who had dementia, died soon after, on April 10, 2005, aged 85. He also self-published a short autobiography with the collaboration of Robert C. Hayden in 2005. References

External links
<mask><mask> Papers, 1938-2003 (bulk 1953-2001) MS 443 held by Special Collections & Archives, Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy
 <mask><mask> also did a series of oral history interviews with The History Makers. List of Massie's scientific publications

1919 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American chemists
Presidents of North Carolina Central University
People from Little Rock, Arkansas
20th-century African-American scientists
21st-century African-American

masks:
Gloria Massie
Massie
Samuel P
. Massie
Samuel P
. Massie


texts:
<mask> (born September 11, 1965) is an American entertainment executive and performer. He is currently signed to WWE, appearing on the SmackDown brand as Special Counsel for Roman Reigns. <mask> owned and was the creative force behind the Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) promotion from 1993 until its closure in 2001. Before running and owning ECW, he was a manager under the ring name <mask>. Dangerously in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and other promotions. He is the co-owner of the Looking4Larry Agency in New York City, and was personally named one of Advertising Age Top 100 Global Marketers. In WWE, <mask> has managed or has served as manager for a record six world champions: WWE Champions, The Big Show, Kurt Angle, Rob Van Dam, CM Punk, Brock Lesnar, and WWE Universal Champion Roman Reigns. Critics have praised his abilities at managing and on the microphone.<mask> has also competed sporadically in matches, including the WWE Championship main event of the 2002 Rebellion pay-per-view. Early life
<mask> was born on September 11, 1965, in The Bronx, New York City, the son of Sulamita (née Szarf; 1928–2009) and Richard S<mask> (1926–2013), a prominent personal injury attorney and World War II veteran. He is Jewish; his mother was a Holocaust survivor who suffered through experiences in Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, and the Łódź Ghetto. By age 11, he was running a mail order business selling celebrity and sports memorabilia from his home. While still a teenager, he fast-talked his way backstage at a World Wide Wrestling

masks:
Paul Heyman
Heyman
Paul E
Heyman
Heyman
Heyman
. Heyman


texts:
 Federation (WWWF) event at Madison Square Garden as a photojournalist. He was paid by the company for several of his photographs. He graduated from Edgemont High School.He attended SUNY Purchase and worked on-air as an opinionated, controversial host at SUNY's radio station and the WARY-FM New York radio station for Westchester Community College; in 1985, at the age of 19, he became a photographer, then a producer and promoter for the New York City nightclub Studio 54. Professional wrestling career

Early career (1987–1988)
Heyman decided he wanted to work in professional wrestling when he saw Vince McMahon interviewing Superstar Billy Graham. He began as a photographer when he was 13 and bought his own photo lab to take photos of pro wrestlers in New York. He published his own newsletter, The Wrestling Times Magazine, and wrote for third-party wrestling publications such as Pro Wrestling Illustrated. At the age of 14, he called Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the parent company of the World Wide Wrestling Federation, and obtained a backstage pass for Madison Square Garden, his first official work in pro wrestling. Heyman met Dusty Rhodes at a Jim Crockett Promotions taping, when he entered a production meeting. In 1985, Heyman was hired by New York Studio 54 as photographer.The same year, he became producer of Studio 54 and hosted the first Wrestle Party 85 show. He called Jim Crockett, who sent Ric Flair, Dusty Rhodes and Magnum TA. The show featured Bam Bam Bigelow's debut and an award to Flair. At the urging of Bigelow,


texts: <mask> made his managerial debut on January 2, 1987, initially appearing on the Northeast independent circuit before moving to a more high-profile stint with Championship Wrestling from Florida in February 1987. There, he joined forces with Kevin Sullivan and Oliver Humperdink, and acquired the name <mask>. Dangerously because of his resemblance to Michael Keaton's character in Johnny Dangerously. After CWF was absorbed by Jim Crockett Promotions, Bigelow brought him to Memphis and the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA) to manage Tommy Rich and Austin Idol in a heated feud with Jerry Lawler, a war which later carried over to the American Wrestling Association (AWA), with the Midnight Express (Dennis Condrey and Randy Rose) taking over for Idol and the face-turned Rich. The <mask>. Dangerously gimmick was an extension of <mask>'s own personality: a brash New Yorker with a yuppie attitude, often seen holding a mobile phone, which was occasionally used as a "foreign object" (according to Heyman, he decided to use the mobile phone as a weapon when he watched Gordon Gekko in Wall Street).After departing the AWA, <mask> went back to the CWA. Heyman joined with Eddie Gilbert and his wife and valet Missy Hyatt and together they feuded with Lawler before moving on to the Alabama-based Continental Wrestling Federation. Behind the scenes, Gilbert was the head booker of the promotion, and Heyman became his assistant. Heyman was also the head booker for Windy City Wrestling in Chicago and started developing a reputation as being

masks:
Heyman
Paul E
Paul E
Heyman
Heyman


texts:
 an innovative television writer and producer. National Wrestling Alliance/World Championship Wrestling (1988–1993)

In 1988, Heyman jumped to Jim Crockett Promotions, where Dangerously again managed the Original Midnight Express in a feud with the new Midnight Express (Bobby Eaton and Stan Lane) and their manager, Jim Cornette, as well as managing "Mean" Mark Callous. He settled into the role of an announcer, joining Jim Ross to call the matches on WTBS' World Championship Wrestling and other programming. Heyman admitted he learned more working with Ross than from his previous mentors.While in-between stints in WCW, <mask> went to work for ICW as a writer, but was fired on his first day in the middle of his first TV taping. In 1991, WCW needed to re-structure its "heels", so <mask> returned to the role of spokesman and ringside manager as the manager of the Dangerous Alliance, with Rick Rude as the centerpiece of the stable. According to Heyman, he and Stone Cold Steve Austin learned their craft from Rude. Heyman led Rude to the United States title and the Anderson-Eaton tag team to the Tag Team titles. The Dangerous Alliance dominated WCW through most of 1992. Eastern Championship Wrestling/Extreme Championship Wrestling (1993–2001)

After departing WCW, <mask> attempted to start a new promotion in Texas with Jim Crockett, Jr.. Disagreement arose, however, as Crockett wanted to build a traditional wrestling brand, while Heyman believed traditional wrestling was antiquated and a new take on the genre was needed.At this

masks: Heyman Heyman Heyman


texts: time, Eddie Gilbert was a booker for a Philadelphia-based promotion, National Wrestling Alliance (NWA)'s Eastern Championship Wrestling, which he did under the ownership of a local pawn shop owner named Tod Gordon. <mask> came in to help Gilbert teach the younger wrestlers how to perform on interviews, but Gilbert's erratic behavior became too much for Gordon, who had a major falling out with Gilbert right before the UltraClash event on September 18, 1993. From that point forward, <mask> was in charge of the creative direction of the company. As <mask>. Dangerously, he managed a few wrestlers, including Sabu and 911. A year later, the company was the flagship promotion of the struggling NWA. The NWA World Title Tournament was scheduled to be held in August 1994 for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, at an ECW-hosted event mostly featuring ECW wrestlers. The proposed outcome was the current ECW champion Shane Douglas becoming champion, but Heyman conspired with Douglas and Gordon without the knowledge of NWA president Dennis Coralluzzo to have Douglas (and by extension, ECW itself) publicly denounce the NWA and its "tradition" after winning the tournament.In his post-match speech, Douglas aggressively assaulted the title's lineage, throwing the belt itself down, proclaiming the NWA a "dead organization" and declaring his ECW title a world-level championship. The plan for this shoot screwjob was known only to those three. That same week, <mask> and Tod Gordon rechristened the promotion, eliminating the regional branding

masks:
Heyman
Heyman
Paul E
Heyman


texts: "Eastern" and declaring the promotion Extreme Championship Wrestling. They broke the company away from the NWA, and ECW became its own entity. Heyman encouraged wrestlers to express their true feelings about the WWF, the NWA, and WCW. In May 1995, <mask> bought out Gordon and became sole owner of ECW. During his time in ECW, <mask> found an ally in Vince McMahon's WWF.McMahon had sent some WWF wrestlers to ECW (under WWF payroll) to develop them and was interested in some ECW wrestlers, such as Terry Gordy and 2 Cold Scorpio. McMahon paid <mask> $1,000 per week to rent Scorpio. Heyman also acknowledged how an effort to put ECW on the USA Network failed after USA Network President Steven Chau became aware of an email Vince McMahon sent which pressured him and other network executives to put ECW on the USA Network. In the final days of ECW, <mask> did not appear on the show and was replaced as the leader of the backstage and creative by ECW wrestler Tommy Dreamer. Heyman could not get out of financial trouble and ECW closed on April 4, 2001. Heyman also supposedly had never told his wrestlers that the company was on its dying legs and was unable to pay them for a while. ECW entered into bankruptcy in 2001 (just weeks after WCW was sold to WWF for $2 million, after AOL Time Warner wrote off over $100 million in debt), with the company $7 million in arrears, with over $3 million owed to the company by InDemand pay per view.On January 28, 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment Inc. purchased ECW's assets from HHG Corporation in

masks: Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman


texts:
 court, acquiring the rights to ECW's video library. World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment

Commentator and writer (2001–2003)
<mask> became a commentator for the WWF on Raw Is War, replacing Jerry Lawler who had quit due to a dispute when his wife The Kat was fired in February 2001. During that time, he resumed his storyline rivalry with Jim Ross. In July, while retaining his commentator role, Heyman recreated ECW as a stable, which then immediately merged with Shane McMahon's WCW to form the Alliance during the Invasion angle. <mask> was "fired" following the 2001 Survivor Series when the Alliance lost a winner takes all match that marked the end of the invasion angle. <mask> was replaced on Raw commentary by the returning Jerry Lawler. <mask> was the lead writer for SmackDown!from July 2002 to February 2003. On <mask>'s 2014 WWE documentary Ladies and Gentleman, My Name is <mask>, <mask> stated that the SmackDown! brand he was writing was beating Raw in ratings, merchandise and live show attendance during a time McMahon wanted real-life competition between the Raw and SmackDown! brands. Managing Brock Lesnar (2002–2003)
While he was in WWE, Tazz spoke to him about Brock Lesnar, a WWE developmental wrestler. <mask> began mentoring Lesnar, and McMahon decided to make <mask> Lesnar's manager. <mask> helped Lesnar capture the WWE Undisputed Championship 126 days after Lesnar's main roster debut when Lesnar beat The Rock at SummerSlam to also become the youngest WWE Undisputed Champion at the time.At the

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Heyman
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Heyman
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Paul Heyman
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 Survivor Series, <mask> turned on Lesnar and allied himself with Big Show, while helping him win the title from Lesnar in the process. SmackDown! general manager (2003–2004)
After McMahon defeated his daughter Stephanie in October 2003 at the No Mercy pay-per-view, the storyline was that she was forced to resign from her position as general manager (GM) of SmackDown!. <mask> returned to television to assume Stephanie McMahon's on-camera role as General Manager. On March 22, 2004, he appeared on Raw to take part in the annual WWE draft lottery. During the show he was drafted to the Raw brand to work for Raw general manager Eric Bischoff. Instead, he decided to "quit" rather than work for Bischoff, the man he cited for the death of ECW by raiding its talent.<mask> was replaced as SmackDown! General Manager by his former client Kurt Angle on March 25. Ohio Valley Wrestling (2005–2006)
On July 10, 2005, it was reported that <mask> took over the positions of head booker and writer in Ohio Valley Wrestling, a developmental territory maintained by WWE. It was during this time that he forged a real-life friendship with CM Punk. Return of ECW and departure (2005–2006)

On May 23, 2005, <mask> returned in a segment with Vince McMahon and Eric Bischoff announcing ECW One Night Stand, with <mask> in charge. On the May 22, 2006 episode of Raw, <mask> appeared as ECW Representative promoting ECW One Night Stand. On May 25, 2006 it was announced that ECW would relaunch, as a third WWE brand.<mask> was in charge of the new brand on-camera

masks: Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman


texts: but had minimal creative input off-camera as well. On the May 29 episode of Raw, during a face-off with Mick Foley, <mask> announced that he was granted a draft pick from both Raw and SmackDown! by Vince McMahon. His Raw draft pick was former ECW wrestler (and Money in the Bank contract holder) Rob Van Dam, and his SmackDown! draft pick was Kurt Angle. <mask> predicted that Van Dam would defeat John Cena at ECW One Night Stand for the WWE Championship and then declare himself the new ECW World Heavyweight Champion. At ECW One Night Stand, Van Dam defeated Cena to win the WWE Championship.After Cena knocked an ECW referee unconscious, Edge (in a disguise) appeared and speared Cena through a table, before taking out SmackDown! referee Nick Patrick, allowing Van Dam to hit the Five-Star Frog Splash on Cena. With no referee available <mask> ran down the aisle to count the pinfall. The following night on Raw, <mask> confirmed that because the championship match was contested under "ECW rules" (which meant, essentially, there were no rules) that the decision stood and Van Dam was the "Undisputed" WWE Champion. As the WWE Champion, Van Dam was the number one man in the reformed ECW, so on the debut of ECW on Sci Fi the next night <mask>, announced as an "ECW Representative", presented him with the re-instated ECW World Heavyweight Championship. Van Dam elected to keep both title belts and was recognized as both the WWE Champion and ECW World Heavyweight Champion. On the July 4 episode of ECW, <mask> helped Big Show defeat Van Dam

masks: Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman


texts: for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship.At the Raw/ECW taping in South Carolina in December 2006, it was announced that Vince McMahon had sent <mask> home, citing "slumping television ratings and a disgruntled talent roster as causes for Mr. <mask>'s dismissal". <mask> was escorted from the Coliseum and sent home. He was also immediately pulled from ECW's creative team after the altercation. McMahon was attempting to put the blame on <mask> for the poorly received pay-per-view, and after a meeting with Vince and Stephanie McMahon, Heyman legitimately left WWE but remained under contract. <mask> was against the decision of Bobby Lashley being booked to win the ECW World Championship, and instead wanted to have CM Punk win it, a decision McMahon disliked. this was the factor that was caused due to a behind-the-scenes dispute of creative disagreements between <mask> and McMahon that led to the split, and that <mask> had been overruled on a number of decisions regarding the product over ECW's only pay-per-view under WWE, December to Dismember. McMahon and <mask> clashed in front of several members of the writing team on McMahon's corporate jet the day after the pay-per-view.The argument with McMahon was over a disagreement over the Extreme Elimination Chamber match at December to Dismember. Heyman thought that Big Show should be eliminated in the Elimination Chamber match by CM Punk via submission, to push the rising star. Big Show agreed with this idea, wanting to help push Punk's career, but McMahon disagreed, and Punk


texts:
 was ultimately eliminated first. After allegedly turning down an offer from Stephanie McMahon to return to his post writing television for WWE developmental television shows, <mask> officially parted ways quietly with WWE on December 17, 2006. Return to WWE

<mask>man Guys (2012–2014)

In April 2012, Brock Lesnar returned to WWE. <mask> returned to WWE on the May 7, 2012 episode of Raw as Lesnar's legal advisor, announcing that Lesnar had quit the company. Behind the scenes, <mask> had no interest at first in returning to WWE, as he still felt he held bad blood with a lot of the staff, but reconsidered after Lesnar requested his presence after a lackluster promo with John Laurinaitis.The following week on Raw, <mask> confronted Triple H, handing him a lawsuit from Lesnar for breaching of contract. Triple H responded by shoving <mask> into the ropes, leading <mask> to announce that he would file a lawsuit against Triple H for assault and battery. On the June 18 episode of Raw, <mask> declined Triple H's challenge for a match against Lesnar at SummerSlam on Lesnar's behalf. Later that month, <mask> stated that Brock Lesnar would answer Triple H's challenge himself at Raw 1000. Lesnar would go on to defeat Triple H at SummerSlam. On the September 3 episode of Raw, after CM Punk attacked John Cena, Heyman was seen driving the car Punk had entered. This began an alliance between CM Punk and <mask>.<mask> began accompanying Punk to the ring for his matches and promos. Because of the events of the previous weeks, on the February

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Paul Hey
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Heyman
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texts: 11 episode of Raw, <mask> addressed the audience intending to resign from the company. CM Punk, however, convinced Heyman to not only stay with the company, but also to be in Punk's corner at the upcoming Elimination Chamber pay-per-view for his WWE Championship match. Around this time, <mask> quietly cut off his signature ponytail. Later, CM Punk earned the right to fight The Undertaker at WrestleMania 29 after winning a Fatal Four Way match at Old School Raw. In addition, <mask>'s other client Brock Lesnar was booked for a No Holds Barred match against Triple H at WrestleMania, with Triple H's career on the line. At WrestleMania, both of <mask>'s clients lost their matches.On the April 15 episode of Raw, <mask> announced Lesnar had challenged Triple H to a steel cage match at Extreme Rules. The following week, Triple H accepted the match and delivered a Pedigree to <mask>. As a response, Lesnar and Heyman invaded the headquarters of WWE and trashed Triple H's office. At Extreme Rules, Lesnar defeated Triple H with the help of <mask>. <mask> announced Michael McGillicutty as the newest "<mask>man guy" on the May 20 Raw and gave him the new name of Curtis Axel. On the May 27 episode of Raw, <mask> appeared on the Highlight Reel with Chris Jericho, where Jericho challenged CM Punk to a match at Payback which Heyman accepted on Punk's behalf. The next week, <mask> and Jericho signed the contract to make it official.The same week on SmackDown, Jericho faced off against Curtis Axel. As Jericho was closing in on the victory,

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texts: <mask> stood on the announcers table and yelled: "It's clobbering time". Punk's music began to play, distracting Jericho long enough for Axel to pick up the victory. At Payback, <mask> coached Axel during his match with Wade Barrett and The Miz for the Intercontinental Championship with Axel winning the match and the title. <mask> accompanied Punk to the ring later in the show for his match with Chris Jericho. After Payback, a WWE.com exclusive video aired with Punk telling <mask> that he is his friend and not his client. On the June 17 episode of Raw, Punk challenged Alberto Del Rio, mentioning that he did not want Heyman managing him anymore.Following Punk's match, he was attacked by Lesnar. The next week on Raw, Punk demanded answers from <mask>, who swore he did not ask Lesnar to attack him. Punk forgave <mask> and then faced Darren Young and, following his win, was attacked by Titus O'Neil until Curtis Axel saved him, to Punk's chagrin. <mask> announced that he would team with Axel against The Prime Time Players the next week, again to Punk's disapproval. At Money in the Bank, <mask> betrayed CM Punk, costing him his chance at the Money in the Bank briefcase by hitting him three times with a ladder, knocking Punk off the ladder when he was ascending. On the August 5 episode of Raw, Punk retaliated by choking <mask> while <mask> was in Curtis Axel's corner during a match. This prompted Lesnar to enter the ring and attack Punk.<mask> later challenged Punk to a 1-on-1 match for the next week's Raw, which Punk accepted.

masks: Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman


texts: However, this was revealed to be a trap when Lesnar appeared prior to the match. The plan was foiled, however, when <mask> dared CM Punk to come into the ring and accept the challenge as CM Punk, who had anticipated the trap and hid under the ring, emerged and attacked Lesnar. However, Punk failed to get his hands on <mask> as Curtis Axel came to <mask>'s aid. This led to a match between Lesnar and Punk at SummerSlam, which Lesnar won after interference from <mask>. <mask> and Axel delivered a brutal assault to Punk on Raw the following week, with <mask> breaking a kendo stick over Punk's back while Punk was handcuffed. <mask> was then booked to team with Axel against CM Punk in an elimination handicap match at Night of Champions.<mask> tried various times to get out of the match, which caused General Manager Brad Maddox to make the match into a no disqualification elimination handicap match. At Night of Champions, Punk eliminated Axel (who had been forced to defend his Intercontinental Championship against Kofi Kingston earlier in the night), leaving Heyman alone with Punk. After receiving a beating from Punk and being placed in handcuffs, just as <mask> did to Punk weeks before, Punk was about to attack <mask> with a kendo stick when Ryback interfered and cost Punk the match by putting Punk through a table. At Battleground, Punk pinned Ryback after a low blow. At Hell in a Cell, Punk defeated both Ryback and <mask> and after the match attacked <mask> on top of the cell, putting an end to their feud. On the November 11,

masks: Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman


texts:
 2013 episode of Raw, <mask> stated that he was no longer with Ryback as Ryback never officially accepted his proposal to become a "<mask>man Guy". After that, CM Punk came out to once again beat <mask> with a kendo stick.The following night on SmackDown, <mask> formally announced to Curtis Axel and Ryback that they were no longer <mask>man guys, therefore marking the end of Axel's association with <mask> as he continued to team with Ryback. <mask> returned on the December 30 episode of Raw alongside Brock Lesnar, who attacked Mark Henry. He stood by Lesnar as he feuded with Big Show and The Undertaker in the first four months of 2013. Lesnar ended The Undertaker's undefeated streak at WrestleMania XXX; this was Undertaker's first loss at a WrestleMania, as he previously had a record of 21 wins. On the Raw following WrestleMania, Cesaro revealed himself to be a "<mask>man Guy". Cesaro eventually declared himself no longer a "<mask>man Guy" on the July 21 episode of Raw. Lesnar's sole managership (2014–2020)

After Triple H announced that Randy Orton would challenge John Cena at SummerSlam, Roman Reigns came out and fought with Orton backstage.<mask> then came out and told Triple H to implement "Plan C" which was the return of Lesnar, who would have a match against Cena at SummerSlam. Lesnar defeated Cena at SummerSlam to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. At the Royal Rumble, <mask> was at ringside when Lesnar retained his WWE World Heavyweight Championship against Cena and Seth Rollins. At WrestleMania 31 <mask>

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Paul Hey
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texts: was at ringside when Lesnar defended his WWE World Heavyweight Championship against the 2015 Royal Rumble winner Roman Reigns, but Lesnar was unsuccessful as Rollins cashed in his Money in the Bank briefcase and made the match a Triple Threat match. Rollins pinned Reigns for the win. The next night on Raw, Lesnar was suspended after he demanded a rematch for the title and attacked several innocent people. In June, <mask> and Lesnar returned to the WWE after Lesnar was named the No.1 contender to the WWE World Heavyweight Championship, igniting a feud between Lesnar and Rollins. At Battleground, Lesnar defeated Rollins by disqualification, after The Undertaker returned and attacked Lesnar. The Undertaker further explained his actions as revenge not for defeating the streak but over <mask>'s constant taunting. At SummerSlam, <mask> was at ringside when the match between Brock Lesnar and The Undertaker ended in controversy; the bell was rung as The Undertaker tapped out, but the referee did not see it. This allowed The Undertaker to defeat Lesnar after he passed out to the Hell's Gate. At Hell in a Cell, <mask> was present when Lesnar defeated Undertaker in the rematch, ending their feud. <mask> returned with Lesnar on the January 11, 2016 Raw, and was ringside with Lesnar for the Royal Rumble.Lesnar was eliminated in the match by Bray Wyatt, after interference by the rest of The Wyatt Family. He accompanied Lesnar to the ring at WrestleMania 32 with Lesnar defeating Dean Ambrose in a No Holds Barred Street Fight. On July 19

masks: Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman


texts: at the 2016 WWE draft, Lesnar and <mask> were drafted to the Raw brand. <mask> returned alongside Lesnar on the August 1 episode of Raw hyping the Lesnar-Orton match at Summerslam while Lesnar took an RKO from Randy Orton. On the October 31 episode of Raw, <mask> and Lesnar confronted Goldberg. <mask> was speared by Goldberg and later taken by ambulance to a hospital in Hartford, Connecticut. On the July 31 episode of Raw, <mask> appeared with Lesnar to announce to acting authority figure Kurt Angle that should Lesnar lose the championship at SummerSlam, they will both depart from the company.At Summerslam, Lesnar defeated Roman Reigns, Samoa Joe, and Braun Strowman in a Fatal 4-Way to retain the Universal Championship. At Extreme Rules, Kurt Angle said that if Lesnar, the then-reiging Universal Champion, did not show up for Raw or agree to the terms of when Lesnar will defend the championship, then he would be stripped of the championship. On July 16, 2018 episode of Raw, <mask> interrupted Angle, who was about to strip Lesnar, and stated that Lesnar would hold on to the championship for however long he pleases. Angle then scheduled Lesnar to defend the championship at SummerSlam and if he did not, he would be indefinitely stripped. On the July 30 episode of Raw, Angle threatened <mask>'s employment due to Lesnar's refusal to leave the backstage area and appear in the ring. After several failed attempts by Heyman to convince Lesnar to appear in the ring, Lesnar attacked Angle with an F-5 and choked <mask>. Two weeks later


texts: on the August 13, 2018 episode of Raw, <mask> revealed it was all a ruse as both <mask> (wielding pepper spray) and Lesnar ambushed Reigns.<mask> would accompany Lesnar going into SummerSlam, where Lesnar's 504 days reign as champion would come to an end after Lesnar was pinned by Reigns. <mask> would appear in a segment backstage the Raw after SummerSlam to invoke Lesnar's rematch clause against Roman Reigns for the Universal Championship at Hell in a Cell, but the rematch was denied by Kurt Angle. However, at Hell in a Cell, <mask> appeared as Lesnar interfered with the main event match between Roman Reigns and Braun Strowman. The next day, <mask> appeared on Raw, setting up a triple threat match at Crown Jewel between Brock Lesnar, Braun Strowman, and Roman Reigns for the Universal Championship. However, following Reigns' leukemia announcement, <mask> would instead set up a singles match between Lesnar and Strowman for the now-vacant title at Crown Jewel, a match Lesnar won. At WrestleMania 35, <mask> came out just after the opening segment, demanding that Seth Rollins fights his client to start off the main card. Lesnar and Rollins appeared thereafter.Lesnar then severely beat up Rollins, before the match started. When the match finally started, Rollins ultimately won the match in under 5 minutes, carrying out a low blow when a referee was knocked down, and executing his finisher three times. In June 2019, WWE announced that <mask> would be the executive director of Raw. <mask> also appeared on SmackDown due to Lesnar

masks: Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman


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 being drafted to the brand in the 2019 WWE Draft in October, but shortly thereafter, Lesnar returned to Raw. On June 11, 2020, it was reported that <mask> had been removed from the executive director position of Raw, in an effort to streamline both the Raw and SmackDown writing teams into one group being led by Bruce Prichard. However, <mask> was expected to maintain his on-screen role as the advocate for Brock Lesnar. <mask> continued to represent Lesnar up to WrestleMania 36, when Drew McIntyre defeated him for the WWE Championship in quick fashion, at a fan-less event, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Lesnar then opted not to sign a new contract, thus leaving his professional wrestling career in uncertainty due to him becoming a "free agent". Managing Roman Reigns (2020–present)
On the August 28, 2020 episode of SmackDown, <mask> appeared in a backstage segment, aligning himself with the returning Roman Reigns, now serving as his special counsel. After Lesnar's return to WWE at SummerSlam in August 2021, he feuded with Reigns. At the Crown Jewel event in October, Reigns retained the Universal Championship after striking Lesnar with the title belt. <mask>'s alliance with Reigns ended on the December 17, 2021 episode of Smackdown after Reigns fired <mask> and attacked him. As Reigns was about to hit him with a steel chair, Lesnar saved him from being attacked. On the January 3, 2022 episode of RAW, <mask> once again aligned himself with Lesnar after he had won the WWE Championship two days earlier at Day 1.The reunion lasted

masks: Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman


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 until the Royal Rumble when Reigns interfered in the WWE Championship match and <mask> handed Reigns the championship belt to hit Lesnar with, allowing Bobby Lashley to win the title from him in the process. Lesnar went on to win the Royal Rumble match and regained the WWE Championship at Elimination Chamber, setting up a Champion vs. Champion Winner Take All match match against Reigns at WrestleMania 38. Legacy
<mask>'s work as a promoter and booker has been praised by many wrestling fellows and critics. Former ECW World Heavyweight Champion Raven called him "the most creative genius the business has ever seen", Another former ECW World Heavyweight Champion Tazz also referred to <mask> as a "genius",  while former WWE commentator and manager Jim Cornette referred to him as "a genius". <mask> is widely regarded as one of the greatest orators in professional wrestling history. <mask>, however, has been noted for being a difficult personality and has had several feuds with wrestlers, including A.J. Styles and Gallows and Anderson.Former ECW wrestler Tommy Dreamer has spoken about how he planned to assassinate <mask> at WrestleMania X-Seven due to <mask>'s financial mistreatment of Dreamer. Professional wrestling promoter and booker Eric Bischoff has praised and been critical of <mask>, stating "the idea of working with <mask> wasn’t going to make me go ‘ooh wow, I wonder what that’s going to be like’. And we didn’t always get along all that great by the way. We weren’t adversarial or anything like that just he was doing his

masks: Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman Paul


texts:
 thing, I was doing mine kind of thing.” “By the time I got to WWE and WCW was no more, and ECW was no more, and we were both talents at WWE, <mask> and I spent a lot of time talking, creatively and historically and just our general feeling of things, and developed a great relationship. We kinda kept it kayfabe, because we never knew when we might have an opportunity to make some money together, so we kinda wanted people to buy into the ‘Heyman hates Bischoff’, ‘Bischoff hates Heyman’ story but it wasn’t true at all". In 2021, legendary professional wrestling commentator Jim Ross, who worked with <mask> in WCW and WWE and was <mask>'s former broadcast partner in the WWE, praised Heyman stating "He’s just so damn smart and he gets it. He knew what the hell he was doing.He was a really good antagonist because sometimes the best antagonists are the villains that say things that you know are true but you just don’t want to hear them. Heyman had the ability to tell his version of the truth, [he was] plausible. He just wasn’t a heel getting himself over, he got talent over and did a great job”. Other media and endeavors
<mask> is the co-founder of the award-winning New York City firm The Looking4Larry Agency. The firm broke new ground with its initial campaign with Electronic Arts, THQ video games, 2K Sports, the Hard Rock Hotel, and Casino Las Vegas. <mask> also worked with Brock Lesnar, collaborating with him on Lesnar's autobiography, Death Clutch: My Story of Determination, Domination, and Survival. He has appeared in the

masks: Paul Heyman Heyman Heyman Heyman


texts:
 video games WWE Day of Reckoning, WWE SmackDown!vs. Raw, WWE 2K14, WWE 2K15, WWE 2K16, WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18, WWE 2K19, and WWE 2K20. <mask> portrayed a sports announcer in 2002's Rollerball. After a family emergency forced the original actor to pull out, he was chosen by I Am Legend executive producer Michael Tadross to play "Gino" in the film adaptation of the long-running Off-Broadway show Tony n' Tina's Wedding. Personal life
<mask> is a father of two children. In February 1993, Heyman filed a lawsuit against WCW alleging wrongful termination and ethnic discrimination. The lawsuit was settled privately out of court.Outside the ring, <mask> is a film enthusiast citing Léon: The Professional and Angels with Dirty Faces as his favorite films. <mask> has also said he's a great admirer of Henry Rollins, describing him as "one of the most underrated social commentators out there". Heyman suffers from insomnia. Awards and accomplishments
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Manager of the Year (1992)
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Best Color Commentator (1991)
 Best Booker (1994–1997, 2002)
 Best on Interviews (2013–2014)
 Best Non-Wrestler (2001, 2002, 2004, 2012–2014, 2018, 2019, 2021)
 Best Non-Wrestler of the Decade (2010s)
 Best on Interviews of the Decade (2010s)
 Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic (2012)Angle with CM Punk, exploiting Jerry Lawler's real-life heart attack, playing footage of him near death
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)
Inside The Ropes Magazine
 Manager of the Year (2020)
 WWE


texts:
 Year-End Award for Best on the Mic (2018)

References

External links

 Heyman Hustle Official Website

1965 births
Living people
American color commentators
American male professional wrestlers
American male television writers
American photographers
American sports businesspeople
American television writers
Edgemont Junior – Senior High School alumni
Jewish American screenwriters
Jewish professional wrestlers
People from Scarsdale, New York
Professional wrestling announcers
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Professional wrestling promoters
Professional wrestling trainers
Professional wrestling writers
Screenwriters from New York (state)
The Dangerous Alliance members
WWE executives
21st-century American Jews
Sportspeople from the Bronx
Professional wrestlers from New York


texts:
<mask> is a Venezuelan American video game designer and producer. She is the co-founder and former president of thatgamecompany. <mask> was born in Caracas, Venezuela, and raised in Richmond, Virginia, where <mask> played video games from a young age and was encouraged by her software engineer father to experiment with computers. While attending New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, she became active in experimental theater, planning to pursue it after earning a master's degree in the Interactive Media Program of the School of Cinematic Arts at the University of Southern California. However, <mask> became involved in video game design and produced Cloud, a game developed by Jenova Chen and a student team. Its success sparked her and Chen to found thatgamecompany upon graduating, and she became the president. <mask> produced the studio's first two games, Flow and Flower, moving more into her president role during the development of the third game, Journey.In addition to her work at thatgamecompany, <mask> is one of the backers of the Indie Fund. Indie Fund is a group that invests in the development of independent video games and is a TED fellow. She married the fellow University of Southern California graduate Mike Stein in 2010. After the release of Journey in 2012, <mask> left the company; since then, <mask> has served on several advisory boards and worked for Ouya and Google Play Games in several roles. In 2019, she joined Niantic as the head of developer relations. Biography
<mask> was born in Caracas, Venezuela, and was raised in Richmond, Virginia. She played video games from a young age, cooperatively playing them with her younger brother; one of her earliest games was Sleuth, which she describes as "simple, but so effective and so evocative" in instilling emotion in the player.Her father, a software engineer, had a computer in the house from when she was young, and encouraged <mask> to experiment with it. She moved to New York City at the age of 18 to attend the Tisch School of the Arts of New York University, where she was involved in amateur theater. She focused in theater on developing new works, rather than adapting older ones, and was especially drawn towards incorporating interactive digital media into her works. She ascribes this to her father's work in

masks:
Kellee Santiago
Santiago
Santiago
Santiago
Santiago
Santiago
Santiago
Santiago
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Santiago


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 software engineering and her experiments with computers, which drove her into using them in her performances as she had more experience than the others in her group. She moved to Los Angeles in 2003 when she was 24, and studied towards a master's degree in the Interactive Media Program of the School of Cinematic Arts at the University of Southern California. Her intention was to remain in theater, but in her second semester took a class taught by Tracy Fullerton on the history of game design, which inspired her to focus her studies on video game design instead. The class caused her to realize "how much hadn't been done" in the realm of communication and expression in video games and the lack of established structure and rules as to how it was best to make games, which appealed to the part of her that was interested in experimental theater.While at school she produced the award-winning game Cloud, a videogame that depicts a story that explores the ideas of an out-of-body experience and was developed by Jenova Chen and a student team, and also worked on other video games such as Darfur is Dying. Cloud was intended as an experiment by the group to see if they could create a game that "expressed something different than video games had in the past", as well as determine the level of interest in the gaming community for video games of that nature. The game received over 400,000 downloads in the first four months after release, "more than every single person in every single theater [she] had ever worked in," which convinced <mask> to remain in the video game industry indefinitely. The strong response to the game, released in 2005, inspired her and Chen to consider founding their own company to continue making games like it after they left school—where the design was based on the emotions they wanted to inspire rather than gameplay mechanics. thatgamecompany
Upon graduating, <mask> and Chen founded thatgamecompany in May 2006, with a contract with Sony Computer Entertainment to develop three games for the PlayStation Network. In addition to her role as president of the company, she also initially served as the producer for the studio. Despite her job title, she was still involved in the design of the games as well.The first game by the studio was Flow, an adaptation of a game that Chen had

masks: Santiago Santiago


texts:
 made for his thesis at USC, which was released in 2007. The game caused the studio to be noted as a key figure of independent video game development; in 2008, Gamasutra recognized the studio as one of the "20 Breakthrough Developers" of the year, emphasizing <mask>'s key role. The second game for the studio, and the first to be completely original to the company, was Flower, released in 2009. Both titles were heavily praised by critics and received several awards, as well as garnering high sales. For the studio's third game, Journey, thatgamecompany hired Robin Hunicke as the producer, allowing <mask> to focus more on directing the company as a whole. Journey was released on March 13, 2012; two weeks later on March 29, 2012, <mask> announced her departure from thatgamecompany, not specifying what her plans were for the future. During the development of Journey, in 2009, <mask> became a TED fellow, giving a talk at a USC conference where she discussed whether video games were art, which was responded to a year later by Roger Ebert.<mask> was one of the backers of the Indie Fund, started in March 2010, a group which invests in the development of independent video games. In October 2010, <mask> married Mike Stein, whom she met while they were both at the University of Southern California. In 2011 she was named as one of the top 100 most influential women in technology by the Magazine Fast Company focusing on design, technology and business. Developer relations
In March 2013, <mask> joined Ouya, a microconsole which allows the owner to be a developer in order to lead developer relations. She also joined the Women in Games International advisory board in May 2014. In this time period, she also became an official advisor for Night Light Interactive. In October 2015, following the sale and dissolution of the company, <mask> left Ouya for Google Play Games.In 2019, she left Google to become the head of developer relations at Niantic. Influences and philosophy

<mask> <mask> <mask> on Thatgamecompany

Kellee Santiago on Flower

American video game designers
Video game producers
Thatgamecompany
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Women video game designers
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
People from Caracas
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
USC Interactive Media & Games Division

masks: Santiago Santiago Santiago Santiago Santiago Santiago Santiago Santiago Santiagoe Santiagoe Santiago


texts:
<mask> (August 17, 1864 – July 6, 1929) was an admiral in the United States Navy, who served as Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy and the third Chief of Naval Operations. Early years
<mask> was born in Denton, Texas, to Swiss-born immigrant and Confederate Officer [Johann<mask> (1828–1877), who originally was from Walenstadt in Sarganserland, and his wife Maria Anna, née Stemmler (1835–1886). He was raised at Fort Smith, Arkansas. He entered the United States Naval Academy on September 28, 1881 and graduated on June 5, 1885. Naval career

Following the two years of sea service—spent in screw sloops-of-war  and  and the steamer , as then required before commissioning—Eberle was promoted to ensign on July 1, 1887. Brief duty in Washington, D.C., in the late summer and early autumn preceded his reporting to  on November 22, 1887 to begin three years of duty in that U.S. Fish Commission steamer.During his time on the Albatross, commanded by then Captain Z. L. Tanner, he participated in running lines of soundings around Cape Horn, charting the fishing banks off the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, and assisting in developing the Tanner Sounding Device. Following leave from November 22, 1890 to January 28, 1891, Eberle received instruction in new developments in naval ordnance at the Washington Navy Yard while awaiting orders for sea duty. Here, he demonstrated an interest in and an aptitude for naval gunnery which ever after was central to his career. On March 20, 1891 Eberle reported to  and, in the veteran screw sloop-of-war, steamed across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans to the Far East. A year and a half later, while still in the Far East, he was transferred to the sailing sloop-of-war  to close out this tour of duty in Asiatic waters. He returned to the United States in the summer of 1894 and reported for duty at the Naval Academy on August 20. In the waning days of this service at

masks:
Edward Walter Eberle
Edward Walter Eberle
] Joseph Eberle


texts:
 Annapolis, Eberle's commission as lieutenant, junior grade, arrived on June 12, 1896, only to be followed a week later by orders sending him across the continent to San Francisco, where the battleship  was being completed at the Union Iron Works.Eberle reported for duty on July 10, five days before the new battleship was first placed in commission. Oregon was one of four U.S. Navy ships of that time mounting modern turrets, and <mask> was assigned duty as the forward turret officer. Spanish–American War and rise to senior command
Oregon was still operating along the Pacific coast in the spring of 1898 when Congress declared war on Spain; the ship promptly won great renown by its race south from Puget Sound to Cape Horn and then north to the Caribbean to join American forces blockading Cuba. Eberle distinguished himself during the Battle of Santiago de Cuba by the outstanding performance of his turret in its duel with Spanish cruiser  and, later, in its bombardment of Spanish troop concentrations at Caimanera. From this time on, Eberle reportedly enjoyed the favor of powerful officers in the navy. His promotion to lieutenant came on March 3, 1899, some three months before he was detached from Oregon and transferred to the cruiser , in which he served, briefly, as flag lieutenant and acting Chief of Staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the Asiatic Fleet, Captain Albert S. Barker during the Philippine–American War. Later that summer, Eberle returned to Annapolis to become aide to the superintendent of the Naval Academy, Commander Richard Wainwright.Besides carrying out the duties of that position, he busied himself in studying ordnance and in writing manuals for the use of guns and torpedoes and for the operation of wireless communication by warships. The first manual he wrote while there, was Gun and Torpedo Drills for the United States Navy, the Bureau of Navigation's first publication covering


texts:
 drill procedures for modern guns and torpedoes. <mask> next served as gunnery officer on the battleship  in 1901 and 1902. In September 1902, <mask> became aide to the commandant of the New York Navy Yard, Rear Admiral Barker. In his short time in New York, he was temporarily detailed to serve as aide to British Admiral Lord Charles Beresford during his visits to New York in September and January. In October, he served in like capacity for the Crown Prince of Siam's visit there. In April 1903, Rear Admiral Barker became Commander in Chief of the Atlantic Fleet, and brought Eberle along to again serve as his flag lieutenant.During this two-year assignment, <mask> assisted in installing the first wireless telegraphs on naval vessels, and developed the early procedures and practical uses of the new communication equipment. On November 23, 1904, <mask> received a promotion to lieutenant commander, followed by a short tour as instructor at the Naval War College. In October 1905, he was assigned to the Navy's Board of Inspection and Survey, where he served as recorder. By November 1907, he became executive officer of the battleship  (serving again with Captain Wainwright in command), where he participated in the first leg of the Great White Fleet's voyage around the world. After the fleet arrived in San Francisco, <mask> was detached and assigned to duties as the commanding officer, . This included the collateral duty as commandant of the San Francisco Naval Training Station. During the latter tour, on December 15, 1908, he was promoted to commander.<mask> earned a captain's commission on July 1, 1912. He attended the short course at the Naval War College in 1913; command of the cruiser  and, later, of the Naval Gun Factory at Washington, D.C., preceded <mask>'s appointment as Superintendent of the Naval Academy on September 1, 1915. Superintendent to Chief of Naval Operations

After overseeing the

masks: Eberle Eberle Eberle Eberle Eberle Eberle Eberle


texts:
 academy during the period of World War I when the need for officers brought the problems of acceleration, <mask> left Annapolis on January 30, 1919 to command the battleship divisions of the Atlantic Fleet. He was promoted to rear admiral shortly before leaving the academy. On June 30, 1921, <mask> took command of the Pacific Fleet with the rank of admiral. Some two years later, on July 17, 1923, he became Chief of Naval Operations and held the office until relieved by Admiral Charles F. Hughes on November 14, 1927. During the years he held this post, he reportedly fought to minimize the adverse effect upon the navy of arms limitations negotiations and from Congressional thrift, hurried the completion of the aircraft carriers  and , and upheld the navy's right to maintain its own air arm.After relinquishing the duties of Chief of Naval Operations, <mask> served on the General Board until he retired. Retirement
<mask> retired from the United States Navy on August 9, 1928 and died in Washington, D.C. on July 6, 1929. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. Marriage and family
In 1889, <mask> married Tazie Harrison (1865–1924) of San Francisco, a relative of President William Henry Harrison. They had one son, <mask> <mask> (1890–1935), who also served as a naval officer. Awards
 Sampson Medal
 Spanish Campaign Medal
 Philippine Campaign Medal
 Victory Medal

Namesakes
The ships,  and , were named in his honor. See also
 List of Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy

References

External links

1864 births
1929 deaths
People from Fort Smith, Arkansas
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy admirals
Chiefs of Naval Operations
American people of Swiss descent
Naval War College alumni
Naval War College faculty
United States Navy personnel

masks:
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Eberle
Edward Randolph
Eberle


texts: <mask> (, ; 8 April 1972 – 16 November 2009) was a Ukrainian-born Russian tax advisor responsible for exposing corruption and misconduct by Russian government officials while representing client Hermitage Capital Management. His arrest in 2008 and subsequent death after eleven months in police custody generated international attention and triggered both official and unofficial inquiries into allegations of fraud, theft and human rights violations in Russia. His posthumous trial was the first in the Russian Federation. <mask> alleged there had been large-scale theft from the Russian state, sanctioned and carried out by Russian officials. He was arrested and eventually died in prison seven days before the expiration of the one-year term during which he could be legally held without trial. In total, <mask> served 358 days in Moscow's Butyrka prison. He developed gall stones, pancreatitis, and a blocked gall bladder, and was denied medical care.A human rights council set up by the Kremlin found that he had been physically assaulted shortly before his death. His case became an international cause célèbre. The United States Congress and President Barack Obama enacted the Magnitsky Act at the end of 2012, barring those Russian officials believed to be involved in <mask>'s death from entering the United States or using its banking system. In response, Russia condemned the Act and claimed <mask> was guilty of crimes. Nearly a dozen other nations, as well as the European Union, have subsequently implemented or considered Magnitsky legislation. In early January 2013, the Financial Times wrote that "the Magnitsky case is egregious, well documented and encapsulates the darker side of

masks:
Sergei Leonidovich Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Magnitsky


texts:
 Putinism." Background
<mask> was an auditor at the Moscow law firm Firestone Duncan, working for its owner, Jamison Firestone.He worked with Firestone Duncan client Hermitage Capital Management, an investment advisory firm accused of tax evasion and tax fraud by the Russian Interior Ministry. Over the years of its operation Hermitage had, on a number of occasions, supplied to the press information related to corporate and governmental misconduct and corruption within state-owned Russian enterprises. Hermitage's company co-founder, American Bill Browder, was expelled from Russia in November 2005 as a purported national threat; Browder arrived in Moscow, was told his visa had been annulled, and was deported the next day. Browder has said that he represented a threat only "to corrupt politicians and bureaucrats" in Russia, and believed that he was removed to leave his company open for exploitation. On 4 June 2007, Hermitage's Moscow office was raided by about 20 Ministry of Interior officers. The offices of Firestone Duncan were also raided. The officers had a search warrant alleging that Kamaya, a company administered by Hermitage, had underpaid its taxes.This was highly irregular, as the Russian tax authorities had just confirmed in writing that this company had overpaid its tax. In both cases, the search warrants permitted the seizure of materials related only to Kamaya. But, in both cases the officers illegally seized all the corporate, tax documents and seals for any company that had paid a large amount of Russian taxes, including documents and seals for many of Hermitage's Russian companies. In October 2007, Browder received word that one of the firms maintained in


texts:
 Moscow had a judgment against it for an alleged unpaid debt of hundreds of millions of dollars. According to Browder, this was the first he had heard of this court case and he did not know the lawyers who represented his company in court. <mask> was assigned to investigate the case. Exposing the scandal

In his investigation, auditor <mask> came to believe that the police had given the materials taken during the police raids to organized criminals, who used them to take over three of Hermitage's Russian companies and who fraudulently reclaimed $230m (£140m) of the taxes previously paid by Hermitage.He also claimed police had accused Hermitage of tax evasion solely to justify the police raids, so they could take the materials needed to hijack the Hermitage companies and effect the tax refund fraud. <mask>'s testimony implicated police, the judiciary, tax officials, bankers, and the Russian mafia. In spite of the initial dismissal of his claims, <mask>'s core allegation that Hermitage had not committed fraud—but had been victimized by it—was eventually validated. A sawmill foreman pleaded guilty in the matter to "fraud by prior collusion", though the foreman would maintain that police were not part of the plan. Before then, however, <mask> became the subject of investigation by one of the policemen against whom he had testified as involved in the fraud. According to Browder, <mask> was "the 'go-to guy' in Moscow on courts, taxes, fines, anything to do with civil law." According to <mask>'s investigation, the documents that had been taken by the Russian police in June 2007 were used to forge a change in ownership of Hermitage.The thieves used the forged contracts to claim

masks: Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky


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 Hermitage owed $1 billion to shell companies. Unbeknownst to Hermitage, those claims were later authenticated by judges. In every instance, lawyers hired by the thieves to represent Hermitage (unbeknownst to Hermitage) pleaded guilty on the company's behalf and agreed to the claims, thereby obtaining judgments for debts that did not exist; all while Hermitage officials were unaware of these court proceedings. The new owner, based in Tatarstan, turned out to be Viktor Markelov, a convicted murderer released two years into his sentence. The company's fake debt was used to make the companies look unprofitable in order to justify a refund of $230 million in tax that the companies had paid when they had been under Hermitage's control. The refund was issued on Christmas Eve 2007 and was the largest tax rebate in Russian history. Hermitage contacted the Russian government with the findings of its investigation.The money, which was not Hermitage's, belonged to the Russian state. Rather than opening a case against the police and the thieves, the Russian authorities opened a criminal case against <mask>. Custody and death

<mask> was arrested and imprisoned at the Butyrka prison in Moscow in November 2008 after being accused of colluding with Hermitage. Held for 11 months without trial, he was, as reported by The Telegraph, "denied visits from his family" and "forced into increasingly squalid cells." He developed gall stones, pancreatitis and calculous cholecystitis, for which he was given inadequate medical treatment during his incarceration. Surgery was ordered in June, but never performed; detention center chief Ivan P. Prokopenko later said that he "...did not consider <mask>

masks: Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky


texts: sick... Prisoners often try to pass themselves off as sick, in order to get better conditions."On 16 November 2009, eight days before he would have had to be released if he was not brought to trial, <mask> died. Prison officials at first attributed his death to a "rupture to the abdominal membrane" and later to a heart attack. Reporters learned that <mask> had complained of worsening stomach pain for five days prior to his death and that by the 15th, he was vomiting every three hours, and had a visibly swollen stomach. On the day of his death, the prison physician, believing <mask> had a chronic disease, sent him by ambulance to and later transferred him to Matrosskaya Tishina prison's medical unit, which was equipped to help him. But the surgeon there—who described <mask> as "agitated, trying to hide behind a bag and saying people were trying to kill him"—prescribed only a painkiller, and left him to receive a psychiatric evaluation. <mask> was found dead in his cell a little over two hours later. According to Ludmila Alekseeva, leader of the Moscow Helsinki Group, <mask> had died from being beaten and tortured by several officers of the Russian Ministry of Interior.The official death certificate stated "closed cerebral cranial injury" as the cause of death (in addition to the other conditions mentioned above), and the post-mortem examination showed numerous bruises and wounds on <mask>'s legs and hands. Another post-mortem from 2011 summarized the death as being caused by "traumatic application of the blunt hard object (objects)" as confirmed by "abrasions, ecchymomas, blood effusions into the soft tissues". Journalist Owen Matthews described <mask>'s suffering in

masks: Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky


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 Moscow's Butyrka prison:

According to [<mask>'s] heartbreaking prison diary, investigators repeatedly tried to persuade him to give testimony against Hermitage and drop the accusations against the police and tax authorities. When Magnitsky refused, he was moved to more and more horrible sections of the prison, and ultimately denied the medical treatment which could have saved his life. Aftermath and official investigations
According to Russian news agency RIA Novosti, <mask>'s death "caused public outrage and sparked discussion of the need to improve prison healthcare and to reduce the number of inmates awaiting trial in detention prisons." An independent investigatory body, the Moscow Public Oversight Commission, indicated in December 2009 that "psychological and physical pressure was exerted upon" <mask>. One of the Commissioners said that while she had first believed his death was due to medical negligence, she had developed "the frightening feeling that it was not negligence but that it was, to some extent, as terrible as it is to say, a premeditated murder."An official investigation was ordered in November 2009 by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev. Russian authorities had not concluded their own investigation as of December 2009, but 20 senior prison officials had already been fired as a result of the case. In December 2009, in two separate decrees, Medvedev fired Alexander Piskunov, deputy head of the Federal Penitentiary Service, and signed a law forbidding the jailing of individuals who are suspected of tax crimes. <mask>'s death is also believed to be linked to the firing of Major-General Anatoli Mikhalkin, formerly the head of the Moscow division of the tax

masks: Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky


texts: crimes department of the Interior Ministry. Mikhalkin was among those accused by <mask> of taking part in fraud. Opalesque TV released a video on 8 February 2010, in which Hermitage Capital Management founder Bill Browder revealed details of <mask>'s ordeal during his 11 months in detention. On 25 June 2010 radio-station Echo of Moscow announced that Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs Department for Own Security started investigations against Lieutenant Colonel Artyom Kuznetsov, who has been accused of improper imprisonment of <mask>.The investigation was in response to an appeal by the Hermitage Capital Management and United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. In February 2011, the investigation, which had not yet identified any suspects, was extended to May. In November 2010, <mask> was given a posthumous award from Transparency International for integrity. <mask>, according to the awards committee, "believed in the rule of law and died for his belief." A film produced to highlight <mask>'s persecution has been shown to the American Congress and British, Canadian, German, Polish, and the European parliaments. In July 2011, Russia's Investigate Committee initially acknowledged that <mask> died because prison authorities restricted medical care for him. Russian authorities also opened criminal cases against the two doctors who treated him; Dr. Dmitri Kratov, the chief medical officer at Butyrskaya Prison, and Dr. Larisa Litvinova who managed <mask>'s treatment towards the end.Dr. Kratov was demoted soon after <mask>'s death and was charged with involuntary manslaughter from negligence and is facing five years in prison. Dr. Litvinova may receive up to three years

masks:
Magnitsky
Sergei Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Magnitsky


texts: in prison if convicted of causing death through professional negligence. An independent prison watchdog commission reported that the prison doctors were pressured by investigators to deny treatment, and Dr. Litvinova disclosed to the Public Oversight Commission that she was trying to get approval for <mask>'s treatment. However, investigators looking into the death of Magnitsky cleared Oleg F. Silchenko, who oversaw the investigation of <mask>, of any wrongdoing. Charges of professional negligence against Dr. Litvinova were dropped due to statute of limitations issues. On 23 December 2012, as the trial neared its end, the prosecutor conducting the trial against Dr. Kratov suddenly reversed course and sought acquittal, citing no direct connection between Kratov's actions and <mask>'s death. On 28 December 2012, a Tverskoy court found Kratov not guilty of negligence causing <mask>'s death, thus complying with the prosecution's request.In 2012 Pavel Karpov, former Russian Interior Ministry officer accused by <mask> and Browder of being the main beneficiary of the tax fraud, filed a libel suit in London. Karpov lost the case and was ordered to pay over £800,000 to Hermitage Capital Management. In 2016 Karpov was additionally sentenced to three months in prison for "contempt of court" for non-payment of costs of the libel action. As of September 2016, over £660,000 of that amount remained unpaid. In February 2012, the Russian police announced their intention to resubmit charges of tax evasion against <mask> for a second trial. As pointed out in the press, this was the first posthumous trial in Russia. William F. Browder, who lives in London, was a co-defendant tried in

masks: Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky Magnitsky


texts: absentia.On 11 July 2013, a court in Moscow found <mask> guilty of tax evasion in the posthumous trial. The court also found <mask>'s onetime client, the US-born British investor William Browder, guilty of evading some $17 million in taxes. In 2012, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, a Sarajevo-based network of investigative centers, successfully traced some of the missing Russian funds to a company owned by Denis Katsyv, the son of Pyotr Katsyv. The money had been invested into a real estate firm that was buying Wall Street apartments in New York City. The U.S. Department of Justice filed a seizure order to recover the apartments in September 2013. In 2013, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit news organization, obtained records of companies and trusts created by two offshore companies. These included information on at least 23 companies linked to an alleged $230 million tax fraud in Russia, a case that was being investigated by <mask>.The ICIJ investigation also revealed that the husband of one of the Russian tax officials deposited millions in a Swiss bank account set up by one of the offshore companies. In 2016 a large criminal investigation was completed in Russia where a number of public officers from tax, security, and customs agencies were involved in large scale VAT carousel fraud schemes, very similar to the one that was used in the fraud against Hermitage Capital, and with the same high-ranking officers providing krysha (, "protection") in both cases. A few low-ranking officers were convicted in the case, but no mid- or high-ranking officers were even indicted, despite total

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Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Sergei Magnitsky


texts:
 losses to the budget exceeding 20 billion rubles. Since worsening of relations with the European Union after 2014, the version officially promoted in Russia is that Bill Browder's Hermitage Capital was responsible for tax fraud and that <mask> died as result of his conspiracy involving Alexey Navalny, which was highlighted in a 2016 "investigative" film by Andrei Nekrasov. Both <mask>'s wife and mother, whose manipulated citations were used in the film, wrote a protest letter criticizing the film for bias and manipulations. On 21 March 2017, the <mask> family's lawyer, Nikolai Gorokhov fell, or was thrown, from the 4th floor of his apartment building in Moscow. Seriously injured, he was taken to hospital by helicopter.International reactions

In late 2010, international attention to the matter intensified, with the European Parliament calling for 60 officials believed to be connected to <mask>'s death to be banned from entering the European Union, and the Parliament of Canada resolving to deny visas to and freeze the Canadian assets of allegedly involved officials. The EU Parliament also urged members to freeze assets of officials, while similar measures were under consideration in the United States. In October 2010, US Senator John McCain co-sponsored the Justice for Sergei Magnitsky Act, which would forbid entry to the US to 60 individuals named in court documents related to the Magnitsky case. McCain said the law would help to "identify those responsible for the death of this Russian patriot, to make their names famous for the whole world to know, and then to hold them accountable for their crimes." The law is considered analogous to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act


texts: of 1977 in the precedent it hopes to create. In July 2011, the US stated that dozens of Russian officials were barred from entering the United States due to their involvement in the death of <mask>. The Russian Foreign Ministry described the Canadian resolution as "an attempt to pressure the investigators and interfere in the internal affairs of another state", while in a November statement the head of the lower house's international committee Konstantin Kosachyov criticized the European Parliament's conclusions, indicating that sanctions violated the "presumption of innocence" principle and should await the resolution of the Russian court.Bloomberg reported in December that, according to an Interfax story, "identical measures" would be taken by Russia if a European Union ban was put into place. In mid-December, the European Parliament passed the resolution allowing the officials to be banned by member states and their assets to be seized. In January 2011, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture, Juan E. Méndez, opened an investigation into <mask>'s treatment and death. In November 2011 a permanent exhibition with the title "<mask>tsky – witness for justice and democracy in Russia" was opened in the Checkpoint Charlie Museum in Berlin. In December 2012, the United States passed Magnitsky Act, a law called "Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012" which, among other things, authorized the president to sanction people responsible for violations of human rights in Russia. Similar acts are being considered in the UK parliament and Irish Dáil. In December 2012, the Russian parliament passed a Dima Yakovlev

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Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Sergei Magni


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 Law which was widely regarded by media outlets, including Russian media, as retaliation for the Magnitsky bill.Russia's bill signed into law by Putin on 28 December 2012, banned, among other things, Americans from adopting Russian children. In the 2013 meetings of the World Economic Forum, the issue surfaced at the highest level, with Reuters reporting that before Medvedev gave his opening speech, some 78 percent of respondents voting in an audience packed with hundreds of Western executives and politicians agreed that Russia's biggest problem was weak government and corporate governance. On 1 October 2015, <mask> was posthumously awarded 'Honourable Mention' at the Allard Prize for International Integrity ceremony. The <mask> family attended the ceremony and responded, "<mask> would have been so proud and humbled by this nomination. He always strived to live his life in the best possible way, with honesty and integrity. Six years after his untimely and heartbreaking death, it is awards such as this that keep <mask>'s memory alive. Being nominated for the Allard Prize gives his whole family a huge sense of pride and once again asserts that his life was not sacrificed in vain.Our whole family is immensely grateful for the attention this award will give to the global Magnitsky justice campaign which emerged from our tragedy." Personal life
<mask> was born in Odessa, Ukraine in 1972, and emigrated to Southern Russia with his family at age 9. A studious child, his academic abilities were recognized at a young age, winning the Republican Physics and Mathematics Olympiad at age 15. At 18, he moved to Moscow and attended Plekhanov Russian University of Economics. He later

masks:
Sergei Magnitsky
Magnitsky
Sergei
Sergei
Magnitsky


texts:
 married Natalya Zharikova, a lawyer, whom he met in high school. Together they had two sons. He is buried in Preobrazhenskoy Cemetery in Moscow.Legacy
In 2022, the BBC premiered Magnitsky the Musical

See also
Michael Calvey
Jamison Firestone
Natalia Veselnitskaya

References

External links
Stop the Untouchables. Justice for <mask>tsky web site
Investigation of <mask> death by the Council to the President of Russia
 " Justice is put to the sword by Moscow’s greed and corruption" by Boris Johnson, mayor of London

Russian accountants
Russian lawyers
Russian whistleblowers
Prisoners who died in Russian detention
Russian people who died in prison custody
People from Odessa
Russian people of Ukrainian descent
1972 births
2009 deaths
Prisoner abuse
Russian torture victims
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics alumni
Abuse of the legal system
Magnitsky Act
20th-century

masks:
Sergei Magni
Sergei Magnitsky