texts: remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare". Consequentialist theories vary over exactly which consequences are relevant, though they all share the same basic outcome-based structure. With Mozi's overwhelming focus on "benefit" (利 li) among other ends, and his explicit focus on making moral evaluations in light of them, Mozi's ethics indeed shares this consequentalist structure.For interpreting Mozi, however, there is some debate over how to understand the consequences Mozi seems most concerned with, and therefore over which kind of consequentialism to ascribe to him. Some believe the best descriptor to be state consequentialism. According to this reading, Mohist ethics makes moral evaluations based on how well the action, statement, etc., in question contributes to the stability of a state. Such state-related goods include social order, material wealth, and population growth. By centering his ethical theory around the promotion of such state-related ends, Mozi shows himself to be a state consequentialist. Unlike hedonistic utilitarianism, which views pleasure as a moral good, "the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are ... order, material wealth, and increase in population". During Mozi's era, war and famines were common, and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious society.Mozi opposed wars because they wasted life and resources while interfering with the fair distribution of wealth, yet he recognized the need for strong urban defenses so he could maintain the harmonious society he desired. The "material wealth" of Mohist consequentialism refers to basic needs


type: original

texts: like shelter and clothing, and the "order" of Mohist consequentialism refers to Mozi's stance against warfare and violence, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability. Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison, in The Cambridge History of Ancient China, writes that the moral goods of Mohism "are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more reproduction; more people, then more production and wealth ... if people have plenty, they would be good, filial, kind, and so on unproblematically". In contrast to Jeremy Bentham, Mozi did not believe that individual happiness was important; the consequences of the state outweigh the consequences of individual actions. Alternative readings locate the main focus of Mozi's consequentialism in the welfare of the people themselves rather than that of the state as a whole. Such interpretations as Chris Fraser's argue that it is a mistake to view Mozi's focus on the collective well-being of a population as a focus on the well-being of the state itself rather than its constituents. In this way, Mozi tended to evaluate actions based on whether they provide benefit to the people, which he measured in terms of an enlarged population (states were sparsely populated in his day), a prosperous economy, and social order.Indeed these are collective goods rather than individual ones, which is a major difference between Mohist consequentialism and modern, Western versions. However, this reading emphasizes that collective goods are better considered as aggregated individual goods rather than as state goods. This consequentialist structure supports Mohist ethics and politics, which survives in the form of 10 core doctrines. These


texts:
 doctrines are as follows:

 Promoting the Worthy
 Identifying Upward
 Universal Love (sometimes called "Inclusive Care")
 Condemning Aggression
 Moderation in Use
 Moderation in Burials
 Heaven's Intent
 Understanding Ghosts
 Condemning Music
 Condemning Fatalism

Each of these doctrines is justified on the grounds that it produces the best consequences for society, and that all people stand to benefit from adopting them. Promoting the worthy, for example, encourages people in positions of power to hire competent and worthy subordinates to fill posts, rather than hire friends and relatives instead. The reasoning here is that someone better qualified for the job will perform better and enable society as a whole to benefit. Identifying upward refers to the idea that people in subordinate positions in society must look to their superiors as models for their own conduct.Provided that the superiors are indeed morally competent and worthy of emulation, the rest of society will always have a reliable guide for their own actions, thereby giving rise to social benefits. Universal love refers to the basic normative attitude the Mohists encourage us to adopt towards others. The idea is that people ought to consider all others as being part of their scope of moral concern. Indeed this is perhaps the most infamous of Mohist doctrines, and was criticized early on by philosophers such as Mengzi, who held that the doctrine was akin to renouncing one's family. However, close readings of the texts by modern scholars have shown the demands of Mohist universal love to be much more mild and reasonable. Additionally, given the accretional nature of the texts, the audience of such texts may


texts: have changed depending upon the Mohists' social influence, and so the demands for universal love made on rulers, for example, is considerably higher than that made on the masses. At its most basic, however, the doctrine merely encourages a general attitude of care towards others.However, this does not require that we renounce all forms of special relationships we have with our families and friends. In fact, the Mohists introduce the problem that universal love is meant to solve by lamenting the fact that fathers and sons don't care for each other, and so must instead adopt an attitude of universal love. Conversely, the Mohists hope, when people adopt an attitude of universal love, society as a whole will benefit. Dovetailing with this idea is that of condemning aggression. The main targets of this doctrine are undoubtedly the rulers of the various warring states in China, who regularly embarked on expansionist military campaigns in order to increase their territory, power, and influence. However, such campaigns were enormously taxing on the population, disrupting regular farming cycles by conscripting able-bodied people for these military ends. Additionally, the practices is ethically wrong for the same reason that robbery and murder are wrong.In fact, according to Mozi, the two are actually one and the same; for what is an expansionist war of aggression other than robbery and murder on a grand scale? And yet, Mozi laments, those rulers who execute robbers and murderers engage in the very same practices. With respect to universal love, indeed part of the reason why rulers believe it is acceptable to invade and conquer other states while it is not acceptable for their


texts: own subjects to rob and steal from one another is that the people in neighboring states are not part of the rulers' scope of moral concern. If rulers were to instead include these people and refrain from wars of aggression, all states, those attacking and those defending, will benefit. Moderation in use and moderation in burials are the main Mohist ideas about frugality. In one's own projects, utility ought to be the only consideration. The Mohists took particular offense to the practice of extremely lavished funerals and demanding mourning rituals.Such funerals and rituals would potentially bankrupt an entire clan, at least temporarily, and disrupt its farming practices. For the dead in higher positions of authority, this disruption would affect an even greater number of people. Again, the point here is to promote benefit across society, and the Mohists believe that adopting frugal practices will do so. Mozi's ideas about ghosts and spirits follow from their religious beliefs in a morally consistent universe. Heaven, it is argued, is the ultimate moral standard, while ghosts and spirits serve as Heaven's enforcers. Both doctrines, when adopted, promote societal benefit both by enabling people to rely upon an objective standard to guide their actions (namely, Heaven), and by acting as a sort of cosmic authority capable of enacting rewards and punishments. Mozi's condemnation of music rests on the same economic considerations as their general ideas of frugality.In ancient China, grand musical ceremonies established by rulers would place enormous financial and human strains on populations, and so Mozi condemned such ceremonies for this reason. It's worth noting that Mozi


texts:
 did not object to music in principle—"It's not that I don't like the sound of the drum" ("Against Music")—but only because of the heavy tax burden such activities placed on commoners and also due to the fact that officials tended to indulge in them at the expense of their duties. Finally, the Mohists rejected the idea of fatalism, or the idea that there is fate. The Mohists reject this idea on the grounds that it encourages lazy and irresponsible behavior. When people believe that there is fate, and that the consequences of their actions lie beyond their control, people will not be encouraged to improve themselves, nor will they be willing to take responsibility for disasters. As a result, society will suffer, and so the doctrine that there is fate ought to be rejected. Works and influence

"Mozi" is also the name of the philosophical anthology written and compiled by followers of Mozi.The text was formed by an accretional process that took place over a period of hundreds of years, beginning perhaps during or shortly after <mask>'s lifetime, and lasting until perhaps the early Han dynasty. During the Han dynasty, as Confucianism came to be the official school of political thought, Mohism gradually lost both its adherents and influence while simultaneously being partly incorporated into more mainstream political thought. The text was eventually neglected, and only 58 of the text's original 71 books (pian) survive, some of which, notably the later Mohist Canons, contain significant textual corruptions and are fragmentary in nature. The anthology can be divided into 5 main groups, which are determined on the basis of both chronological and thematic features:

 Books 1-7


texts: consist of short, miscellaneous essays containing summaries of Mohist doctrines, anecdotes about Mozi, and ideals about meritocratic government. Some appear to be relatively late texts, expressing mature Mohist political and ethical thought on some topics. Books 8-37 contain the Mohists' key essays on the ten "core" Mohist doctrines. Though they exhibit explicit thematic unity, textual evidence suggests that the Mohists revisited their core doctrines throughout their activity, responding to objections and addressing issues unresolved in earlier, often shorter and simpler expositions.Books 38-39 are a series of polemics against the Ru (Confucians). They are often grouped with books 8-37, though they do not expound a positive doctrine, and their purpose is entirely critical. Books 40-45 are often referred to as the "dialectical books." These are often considered "later Mohist" writings, though actual chronological details about them are difficult to glean. They are written in an idiosyncratic style, and focus on a broad range of issues that go well beyond those of the Mohist core doctrines, including logic, epistemology, optics, geometry, and ethics. Books 46-51 are dialogues. They are probably later, and likely fictional, exhibiting Mozi in conversation with various interlocutors.Books 52-71 are chapters on military affairs, specifically focusing on preparing for defensive warfare. The Mozi is a rich source of insight into early Chinese dynastic history, culture, and philosophy. The text frequently cites ancient classics, such as the Shang Shu, and at times departs from the received version, giving scholars insight into the textual development of such classics as well.


texts: The texts portray Mozi as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy and not much else. This picture contrasts that of Confucius and Mencius found in the Lunyu (Analects) and Mengzi respectively, wherein the thinkers in question are portrayed as expressing emotions, chiding students, and even making mistakes. (Consider Mengzi's disastrous advice to the King of Qi to invade the state of Yan.) To contrast, Mozi has little if any personality in the text, instead serving only as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy.Mohism, like other schools of thought at the time, was suppressed under the Qin and died out completely under the Han, as its more radical adherents gradually dissolved and its most compelling ideas became absorbed by mainstream political thought. The influence of Mozi is still visible in many Han dynasty works written hundreds of years later. For example, the Confucian scholar Gongsun Hong describes the Confucian virtue of ren ("benevolence") in Mohist terms. Additionally, Mohist epistemology and philosophy of language had a profound influence on the development of classical Chinese philosophy in general. In fact, Mohism was so prominent during the Warring States period that philosophical opponents, including Mencius and some authors of the Daoist anthology, the Zhuangzi, lament the very prevalence and widespread influence of their ideas. In modern times, Mohism has been given a fresh analysis. Sun Yat-Sen used "universal love" as one of the foundations for his idea of Chinese democracy.More recently, Chinese scholars under Communism have tried to rehabilitate <mask> as a "philosopher of the people", highlighting his rational-empirical approach to the world as well as his


texts: "proletarian" background. The body in the Mozi is constructed by'xing (形, 'body') -xin (心, 'heart') - qi ( 氣, 'energy')'which is in accord with the Pre-Qin thinkers' understanding to the body. While xing refers to the flesh-bloody part of human being, the concept of xin focuses on the aspect of cognition and is closely related to the concept of shan (善, 'goodness'), ai (愛, 'love'), zhi (志, 'will') and xing. Some views claim that Mozi's philosophy was at once more advanced and less so than that of Confucius. Indeed the Mohists were radical political reformers who sought primarily to benefit the masses and challenge the practices of the ruling orthodoxy, often targeting a perceived wasteful aristocracy whom they referred to as "the gentlemen of the world." The Mohist idea of "universal love" embraced a broader idea of human community than that of the Confucians, arguing that the scope of individuals' moral concern should include all people. Opponents of this idea often claimed that "universal love" was akin to renouncing one's family, and indeed more strict Mohists living in Mohist communities as the school flourished may have exhibited such behavior.However, there is some scholarly debate over just how radical the provisions of universal love actually are, and, as can be seen from the example of Gongsun Hong above, the less radical components of the doctrine were eventually absorbed by mainstream thought. <mask> is also famous for his ideas about frugality, such as those concerning moderating expenses and eliminating wasteful ceremonies including music and funerals. A common misconception is that the Mohists eschewed all forms of art, but of course the Mohists' targets


texts: are more specifically elaborate, state-sponsored rituals that would place incredible financial burdens upon a mostly peasant population. This can be seen from Xunzi's own arguments against Mozi in book 10 of the Xunzi "Enriching the State," where Xunzi argues against Mozi that prominent displays of wealth on the part of the state is necessary to maintaining social order. Some modern-day supporters for Mozi (as well as Communism) make the claim that Mohism and modern Communism share a lot in terms of ideals for community life. Others would claim that Mohism shares more with the central ideas of Christianity, especially in terms of the idea of "universal love" (in Greek, "agape"), the "Golden Rule", and the relation of humanity to the supernatural realm. However, Mohism is undoubtedly a product of Warring States China, a period of tremendous political violence and turmoil.The Mohists were political reformers, but they did not seek to challenge the monarchical model of government that prevailed during that time, and sought instead to reform from within by encouraging governments to hire competent people to carry out political tasks, care for their people inclusively, eliminate frivolous government spending, and halt all wars of aggression. In many ways the influence of Mohism was a victim of its own successes, and it is fairly easy to understand its decline. The Mohists' ideas about the importance of meritocracy and universal love were gradually absorbed by mainstream Confucian thinking. Their opposition to offensive warfare became irrelevant once the various Warring States were unified under the Qin and later Han dynasty, and their religious superstitions were eventually


texts:
 replaced with less supernatural accounts. So their most promising ideas were metabolized by the tradition, while their more radical and anachronistic ones were gradually discarded, leading to their demise during the Han dynasty. Mohism and science
According to Joseph Needham, Mozi (collected writings of those in the tradition of Mozi, some of which might have been by Mozi himself) contains the following sentence: 'The cessation of motion is due to the opposing force... If there is no opposing force... the motion will never stop.This is as true as that an ox is not a horse.' which, he claims, is a precursor to Newton's first law of motion. Mozi also contains speculations in optics and mechanics that are similarly strikingly original, although their ideas were not taken up by later Chinese philosophers. The Mohist tradition is also highly unusual in Chinese thought in that it devoted time to developing principles of logic. He is the first to describe the physical principle behind the camera, also known as the camera obscura. Contemporary use in technology
In 2016, a joint Austrian-Chinese initiative between the experimental physics groups of Anton Zeilinger and former graduate student Jian-Wei Pan known as Quantum Experiments at Space Scale launched a quantum communications satellite nicknamed "Micius" or "Mozi" in homage to the philosopher's writings on optics. See also

 A Battle of Wits – a historical film based around Mohism
 History of geometry
 List of people on stamps of the People's Republic of China
 Fa, an influential concept elaborated by Mozi

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 Fraser, Chris."Mohism," article in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy


texts:
 . (Printings were 1956, 1962, 1969) See also the 1986 edition published in Taipei by Caves Books Ltd.

Further reading
 Bertolt Brecht. Me-ti. Buch der Wendungen. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt 1971. Wing-tsit Chan, ed. A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy.Princeton University Press, Princeton 1969, . Wejen Chang, Traditional Chinese Jurisprudence: Legal Thought of Pre-Qin Thinkers. Cambridge 1990. Chris Fraser, The Philosophy of the Mòzi: The First Consequentialists, New York, Columbia University Press, 2016. Jane Geaney, "A Critique of A. C. Graham's Reconstruction of the 'Neo-Mohist Canons,'" Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119, no. 1 (1999), pp. 1–11.Anna Ghiglione, Mozi, complete translation from classical Chinese, annotated and commented, Québec, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2018. Series « Histoire et cultures chinoises », edited by Shenwen Li. Angus C. Graham, Disputers of the TAO: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China (Open Court 1993). —. Later Mohist Logic, Ethics and Science by A. C. Graham, (1978, reprinted 2004) The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. 700 pages. —.A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)
 Kung-chuan Hsiao. A History of Chinese Political Thought. In: Volume One: From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century A.D.. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1979 (übersetzt von F. W. Mote). Y. P. Mei Mo-tse, the Neglected Rival of Confucius. London: Arthur Probsthain, 1934. Ralf Moritz, Die Philosophie im alten China.Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1990, . Peter J. Opitz, Der Weg des Himmels: Zum Geist und zur Gestalt des politischen Denkens im klassischen China. Fink, München 1999, . Helwig


texts:
 Schmidt-Glintzer, (ed. ), Mo Ti: Von der Liebe des Himmels zu den Menschen. Diederichs, München 1992, . —.Mo Ti: Solidarität und allgemeine Menschenliebe. Diederichs, Düsseldorf/Köln 1975, . —. Mo Ti: Gegen den Krieg. Diederichs, Düsseldorf/Köln 1975, . Aronovich Rubin Vitaly, Individual and State in Ancient China: Essays on Four Chinese Philosophers. Columbia University Press, New York 1976, .Robin D. S. Yates, "The Mohists on Warfare: Technology, Technique, and Justification", Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 47, mo. 3 (1980, Thematic Issue S), pp. 549–603. Ian Johnston, The Mozi: A Complete Translation, New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. External links

Mozi, biographical profile, including quotes and further resources, at Utilitarianism.net

 Full text of the Mozi (Chinese with English translation based on Mei's translation.) Mozi in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

5th-century BC Chinese philosophers
470s BC births
390s BC deaths
Ancient Chinese military engineers
Ancient Chinese philosophers
Asian pacifists
Chinese ethicists
Chinese logicians
Chinese political philosophers
Chinese social commentators
Consequentialists
Critics of Confucianism
Critics of Taoism
Cultural critics
Epistemologists
Founders of philosophical traditions
Logicians
Metaphysicians
Moral philosophers
Moral psychologists
Moral realists
Natural philosophers
Ontologists
Philosophers from Lu (state)
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of history
Philosophers of law
Philosophers of love
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of psychology
Political philosophers
Simple living advocates
Social critics
Social


texts:
<mask> (16 June 1922 – 9 October 2000), FBA, was a British historian specialising in the history of Anglo-Saxon England. His eminence in his field made him a natural candidate to run the Sylloge of the Coins of the British Isles, which he chaired from 1979 to 1993. He was Professor of Medieval History in the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire and afterwards Professor of Medieval History at Westfield College in the University of London. Works
The Sylloge's natural emphasis is on Anglo-Saxon numismatics. Loyn's mastery of an extensive and specialised literature in an often-contentious area of history produced over four decades a series of cautious, even conservative syntheses of continuity and evolving changes in late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman England, universally well received in the academic press, which are still staples of student reading-lists. Aside from numerous articles, occasional lectures such as The "matter of Britain": A historian's perspective (a Creighton Trust lecture), and his main publications (see below), he edited The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. He has been praised for his "felicitous, economic writing style"

Selected publications
1953."The term ealdorman in the translations prepared at the time of King Alfred." English Historical Review 68 (1953): 513–25. 1955. "The imperial style of the 10th century Anglo-Saxon kings." History NS 40. 111-5. 1955."Gesiths and thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th to the


texts: 10th century." English Historical Review 70. 529-49. 1957. "The king and the structure of society in late Anglo-Saxon England." History NS 42. 87–100.Reprinted in Society and peoples (1992). 1961. "The origin and early development of the Saxon borough, with special reference to Cricklade." Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 58:209. 7–15. 1961. "Boroughs and Mints AD 900–1066."In Anglo-Saxon Coins: Studies presented to F. M. Stenton, ed. <mask>.M. Dolley. 122-35. 1962. Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest (vol. I in The Social and Economic History of England, ed.Asa Briggs). 2nd ed. : Longmans, Harlow, 1991. 1963. The Making of the English Nation. From the Anglo-Saxons to Edward I. New ed.: 1991. 1965. The Norman Conquest. 3rd ed. : 1982. A synthesis for the general reader. 1966.Norman Britain. Drawings by the artist Alan Sorrell. 1966. <mask>, son of Godwin. Historical Association, 1066 commemoration 2. Bexhill-on-Sea and London. 1967.Alfred the Great. Oxford. 1971. Ed. A Wulfstan Manuscript. Introduction to a facsimile edition of a majorsource document for Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York. 1971."Towns in late Anglo-Saxon England: the evidence and some possible lines of enquiry." In England before the Conquest: studies in primary sources presented to Dorothy Whitelock, ed. Peter Clemoes and <mask>. Cambridge, 1971. 115-28. 1974. "Kinship in Anglo-Saxon England."Anglo-Saxon England 3. 197–209. 1974, with <mask> (eds.). British

masks:
R H
Harold
Kathleen Hughes
Harry Hearder


texts: Government and Administration. Studies presented to S. B. Chrimes. Cardiff. 1974."The Hundred in England in the Tenth and Early Eleventh Centuries." In British Government and Administration (passim). Cardiff. 1–15. 1975, with John Percival (trs.). The Reign of Charlemagne: Documents on Carolingian Government and Administration. Documents of Medieval History 2.London. 1975. "Church and state in England in the tenth and eleventh centuries." In Tenth-century studies: essays in commemoration of the millennium of the Council of Winchester and Regularis Concordia, ed. David Parsons. London. 94–102.1976. The Vikings in Wales. Dorothea Coke Memorial Lecture. Viking Society for Northern Research. London. Available online from the Viking Society for Northern Research. 1977.The Vikings in Britain. Revised editions: London, 1983; Oxford and Cambridge (MA), 1994. 1978. "Domesday Book." Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies 1 (1978): 121–30. 1979. "Anglo-Saxon England.Reflections and insights." History 64:211. 171–81. 1980–1. "Wales and England in the tenth century: the context of the Æthelstan charters." Welsh History Review 10 (1980–1): 283–301. 1980."The Norman conquest of the English language." History Today 30:4. 35–9. 1984. The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500–1087. Part of series The Governance of England. 1984."The conversion of the English to Christianity: some comments on the Celtic contribution." In Welsh society and nationhood:


texts: historical essays presented to Glanmor Williams, ed. R. R. Davies et al. Cardiff. 5–18. 1986. "Progress in Anglo-Saxon monetary history."In Anglo-Saxon monetary history: essays in memory of Michael Dolley, ed. M. Blackburn. Leicester. 1–10. 1987. "The beyond of Domesday Book." In Domesday studies.Papers read at the novocentenary conference of the Royal Historical Society and the Institute of British Geographers. Winchester, 1986, ed. James Clarke <mask>. Woodbridge. 1–13. 1987. "William's bishops: some further thoughts."Anglo-Norman Studies 10. 223-35. 1987. "A general introduction to Domesday Book." In Domesday Book Studies, ed. Ann Williams and R. W. H. Erskine. Cambridgeshire Domesday 3.1987. 1–21. 1989. "Rayleigh in Essex: its implications for the Norman settlement." In Studies in medieval history presented to R. Allen Brown, ed. C. <mask>-Bill et al. Woodbridge.235-40. 1990. "Epic and Romance." In England in the twelfth century. Proceedings of the 1988 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. Daniel Williams. Woodbridge.153-63. 1990. "1066: should we have celebrated?" Historical Research 63 (1990): 119–27. 1991. "Bede's kings. A comment on the attitude of Bede to the nature of secular kingship."In Eternal values in medieval life, ed. Nicole Crossley-Holland. Lampeter. 54–64. 1992. Society and peoples. Studies in the history of England and Wales, c.600–1200.London. 1992. "Kings, gesiths and thegns." In The age of Sutton Hoo: the seventh century in North-Western

masks: Holt Harper


texts:
 Europe, ed. Martin Carver. Woodbridge, 1992. 75-9.1992. "De iure domini regis: a comment on royal authority in eleventh-century England." In England in the eleventh century. Proceedings of the 1990 Harlaxton symposium, ed. Carola <mask>. Harlaxton Medieval Studies 2. Stamford.17–24. 1994. "From witenagemot to concilium: the antecedents of the House of Lords." In The House of Lords: a thousand years of British tradition, ed. <mask> and John S. Moore. London. 21-7.1994. "Abbots of English monasteries in the period following the Norman conquest." In England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, ed. David Bates and Anne Curry. London. 95–103. 1995.The church and the law in Anglo-Saxon England. Vaughan paper 37. Leicester. 1997. "Llanfyllin. The charter and the laws of Breteuil." Montgomeryshire Collections 85 (1997): 13–21.2000. The English Church, 940–1154. Series The Medieval World. Harlow. .
2007. "Anglo-Saxon England." In A century of British medieval studies, ed. Alan Deyermond.British Academy centenary monographs. Oxford: OUP, 2007. 7–26. Notes

Further reading
Brooks, Nicholas. "<mask> Loyn, 1922–2000." Proceedings of the British Academy 120 (2003): 302–24. Nelson, Janet L. "<mask>yn and the context of Anglo-Saxon England."Haskins Society Journal 19 (2007): 154–70. Percival, John. "Professor <mask> <mask> (1922–2000)." Medieval Archaeology 45 (2001): 229–32. 1922 births
2000 deaths
Anglo-Saxon studies scholars
20th-century British historians
Fellows of the

masks:
Hicks
Robert Smith
Henry Royston
Henry Lo
Henry Royston
Loyn


texts:
<mask> (; July 1, 1912 – November 5, 2000) was a prominent environmentalist and the founder of many environmental organizations, including the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, Friends of the Earth (1969), Earth Island Institute (1982), North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences. From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club, and served on its board three times: from 1941–1953; 1983–1988; and 1995–2000 as a petition candidate enlisted by reform-activists known as the John Muir Sierrans. As a younger man, he was a prominent mountaineer. Early life
Brower was born in Berkeley, California. He was married to <mask> (1913 – 2001) whom he met when they were both editors at the University of California Press in Berkeley. Anne was the daughter of Francis L M. Hus and Frances Hus (1876 – 1952), while Frances was the daughter of John P. Irish. <mask>, <mask>'s son, authored a number of books, most notably The Starship and the Canoe about Freeman Dyson and his son George Dyson.Mountaineering achievements

Beginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in mountaineering. In 1933, Brower spent seven weeks in the High Sierra with George Rockwood. After a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met Norman Clyde in the wilderness, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons. On that trip he also met Hervey Voge, who persuaded him to join the Sierra Club. On May 18, 1934, along with Voge, he began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra, to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records for the club. Previously, they had established several food caches along their planned route, which began at Onion Valley and ended at Tuolumne Meadows. In all, the pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip, including 32 first ascents.On the first day, they

masks:
David Ross Brower
Anne Hus Brower
Kenneth Brower
David Brower


texts:
 climbed Mount Tyndall, Mount Williamson, and Mount Barnard. From June 23 to 26, the pair made eight first ascents in the Devils Crags along with Norman Clyde, and also climbed Mount Agassiz. Clyde called the Devils Crag climbs "one of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States". In the Palisades range, the pair climbed Thunderbolt Peak, traversed to North Palisade by way of Starlight Peak, and descended the U-Notch Couloir. In the Sawtooth Range, they climbed The Doodad, the West Tooth, and Matterhorn Peak. Following a failed attempt in 1935 to make the first ascent of the remote, icy Mount Waddington in British Columbia, with a Sierra Club group, Brower added winter climbing to his expertise and made multiple first winter ascents of peaks in the Sierra Nevada. From October 9 to 12, 1939, a Sierra Club climbing team including <mask>, along with Bestor Robinson, Raffi Bedayn, and John Dyer, completed the first ascent of Shiprock, the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano with nearly vertical walls on the Navajo reservation in northwestern New Mexico.This climb, rated YDS III, 5.7 A2, was the first in the United States to use expansion bolts for protection. Twelve previous attempts on Shiprock had failed, and it was known as "the last great American climbing problem". The Brower party's success was described as an "outstanding effort" by "probably the only group on the continent capable of making the climb". Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes in Yosemite and elsewhere in the western United States. World War II

In 1942, Brower edited and contributed to the Manual of Ski Mountaineering, published by the University of California Press and Cambridge University Press for use in training Allied mountain combat troops during World War II. Techniques described in this book were used by U.S. forces in the battles in the North Apeninnes and the Lake Garda Alps. The book was published in three later revised


texts:
 editions.During World War II, he served as a lieutenant in the 10th Mountain Division, training its soldiers in mountaineering and cross-country skiing in Vermont and the state of Washington and earning a Bronze Star in action in Italy. Brower's role in the 10th Mountain Division is featured in the documentary film Fire on the Mountain. He served as a major in the Army Reserve for many years after the war ended. Career with Sierra Club

After the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press, and began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin in 1946. He managed the Sierra Club annual High Trips from 1947 to 1954. Brower was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952, and joined the fight against the Echo Park Dam in Utah's Dinosaur National Monument. Taking advantage of his background in publishing, Brower rushed This is Dinosaur — edited by Wallace Stegner with photographs by Martin Litton and Philip Hyde — into press with publisher Alfred Knopf.Conservationists successfully lobbied Congress to delete Echo Park Dam from the Colorado River Storage Project in 1955, and the Sierra Club received much of the credit. Coffee table books

Brower began Sierra Club Books' Exhibit Format book series with This is the American Earth in 1960, followed by the highly successful In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World, with color photographs by Eliot Porter in 1962. These coffee-table books sold well and introduced the Sierra Club to new members interested in wilderness preservation. Brower published two new titles a year in the series, but they began to lose money for the organization after 1964, though many claim they were the primary cause of the Club's extraordinary growth and rise to national prominence. Financial management began to be a bone of contention between <mask> and the Club's board of directors. Membership rises, revenues drop

Under <mask>'s leadership from 1952 to 1969, the club's membership expanded

masks: Brower Brower


texts:
 tenfold, from 7,000 to 70,000 members, becoming the nation’s leading environmental membership organization. Building on the biennial Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with The Wilderness Society, Brower helped the Club win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964.<mask> and the Sierra Club also led a major battle to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood portions of the Grand Canyon. In 1964, <mask> organized a dory river expedition led by Martin Litton with Philip Hyde and author Francois Leydet. The trip led to the book Time and The River Flowing which galvanized public opposition to the dams. In June 1966, the Club placed full-page ads in the New York Times and the Washington Post asking: "Should we also flood the Sistine Chapel so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?" The campaign brought in many new members. The Internal Revenue Service announced it was suspending the Club's non-profit 501(c)(3) charitable organization status. The board had set up the Sierra Club Foundation as an alternative for tax-deductible contributions, but revenues to the Club dropped, despite victories in blocking the Grand Canyon dams and a considerable increase in membership.Board conflict and resignation

As annual deficits increased, tension grew between <mask> and the Sierra Club board of directors. Another conflict grew over the Club's position on the Diablo Canyon Power Plant planned for construction by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) near San Luis Obispo, California. The Club had played a major role in blocking PG&E's plan for a nuclear power plant at Bodega Bay in the early 1960s, but that campaign had centered on the earthquake danger from the nearby San Andreas Fault, not out of opposition to nuclear power itself. The Club's board of directors had voted to support the Diablo Canyon site for the power plant in exchange for PG&E's moving its initial site from the environmentally sensitive Nipomo Dunes. In

masks: Brower Brower Brower


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 1967, a membership referendum upheld the board's policy. Brower had come to believe that nuclear power was a dangerous mistake at any location, and he publicly voiced his opposition to Diablo Canyon, in defiance of the Club's official policy. Sierra Club board elections in the late 1960s produced sharply defined pro- and anti-Brower factions.In 1968, Brower's supporters won a majority, but in 1969, anti-Brower candidates won all five open positions. Brower was charged with financial recklessness and insubordination by two of his former close friends, photographer Ansel Adams and board president Richard Leonard. Brower's resignation was accepted by a board vote of ten to five. Rejoins and resigns from board

Eventually reconciled with the Sierra Club, Brower was elected to the board of directors for a term from 1983 to 1988, and again from 1995 to 2000. Brower was deeply concerned about issues of overpopulation and immigration — one of many issues that led to his resignation in protest from the board of directors in 2000. "Overpopulation is perhaps the biggest problem facing us," he said, "and immigration is part of that problem. It has to be addressed."His favorite example of how immigration should be addressed was the work of his cousin Boone Hallberg, a botanist who immigrated to Oaxaca to build a more sustainable agricultural economy in the area that so many of the workers on his family's California farm had been forced to leave. Founds Friends of the Earth

Brower founded Friends of the Earth (FOE) in 1969, soon after resigning as executive director of the Sierra Club. The move came during a burst of public environmental concern generated by the first Earth Day in April 1970. FOE also benefited from the publicity generated by a series of articles in The New Yorker by John McPhee, later published as Encounters with the Archdruid, which recounted Brower's confrontations with a geologist and mining engineer, a resort developer, and Floyd Dominy, the


texts:
 director of the Bureau of Reclamation. Brower so enjoyed being called the Archdruid that he later used the term in his e-mail address. FOE set up its headquarters in San Francisco, and opened an office in Washington, D.C.  Brower soon spun off two new organizations from the FOE Washington staff: the League of Conservation Voters in 1970, founded by Marion Edey, and the Environmental Policy Center in 1971. Brower's international contacts led to the founding of FOE International in 1971, a loose federation of sister organizations in some forty-four countries.Brower also started a publications program at FOE, which had initial success with The Environmental Handbook in the wake of Earth Day, but then began to lose money. Widens environmental campaigns

Although <mask>'s background was in the wilderness preservation wing of the conservation movement, he quickly led FOE to take on many of the issues raised by the new environmentalists. FOE campaigned against the Alaska pipeline, the supersonic transport airplane (SST), nuclear power, and the use of the defoliant Agent Orange in the Vietnam War. After Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, FOE led the opposition to Interior secretary James G. Watt's efforts to sell and lease public lands in the West and develop land adjacent to the National Parks. Resigns from board

Brower retired as executive director of FOE on its tenth anniversary in 1979, but continued as chairman of its board of directors. FOE's growing debt and tension between Washington lobbying and grassroots action led to a crisis between Brower and a majority of the board that recalled his conflict with the Sierra Club board. Facing staff cuts in 1984, Brower appealed over the board directly to the membership for emergency contributions.He was removed from the board for insubordination, but was reinstated when he threatened a lawsuit. In 1985 the board voted to close the San Francisco office and move to Washington, D.C..  A referendum of


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 the membership supported the board majority, and Brower resigned in 1986 to work through his Earth Island Institute. Later years with Earth Island Institute
Brower incorporated Earth Island Institute in 1982. After FOE moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C., in 1986, Brower developed Earth Island as a loosely structured incubator for innovative projects in ecology and social justice. Although he chaired the board of directors, Brower stayed in the background as co-directors <mask> and John Knox ran the organization. Projects were required to bring in their own funding, and often went their own way once well-established. Groups formed under Earth Island's umbrella include the Rainforest Action Network, the Environmental Project on Central America (EPOCA), and many others.Freed from administrative worries and budget controversies, Brower was able to continue to travel, speak and work on many of his long-standing concerns. In addition to his returning to the Sierra Club board for two separate terms, he also served on the Board of Directors for Native Forest Council from 1988 until his death in 2000. A supporter of Ralph Nader, Brower flew to Denver in June 2000 for the Green Party convention. The day before he died, Brower cast his absentee ballot for Nader. He died at his home in Berkeley, California, on November 5, 2000. A monument, Spaceship Earth, was erected in his honor at Kennesaw State University. The monument is meant to serve as a reminder to future generations about the precious nature of the planet.See also
<mask>er Center

References

Bibliography
<mask>, <mask>,  For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of <mask> (Salt Lake City: Gibbs-Smith, 1990). <mask>, <mask> with Steve Chapple, Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run (New York: HarperCollins, 1995). <mask>, <mask>, & the Sierra Club, eds., Wilderness: America's Living Heritage (New York Vail-Ballou Press, Gillick Press, 1961). Cohen, Michael P., The History of the Sierra Club,

masks:
David Philips
David Brow
Brower
David
David Brower
Brower
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David


texts:
 1892-1970 (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988). Fox, Stephen, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981). McPhee, John, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971). Turner, Tom, <mask>er: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015).Wyss, Robert. The Man Who Built the Sierra Club: A Life of <mask> (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016). Video resources
For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of <mask>er. Produced in 1989 by John de Graaf in cooperation with KCTS-Seattle. Distributed by Bullfrog Films, Oley, PA 19547. 58 minutes. Monumental: <mask>'s Fight for Wild America.Directed by Kelly Duane for Loteria Films, 2004. DVD, 78 min. External links
 <mask> Legacy at Earth Island Institute website
Online guide to the David Ross Brower Papers, The Bancroft Library

North Cascades Conservation Council
The Brower legacy
Whole Terrain link to Brower's articles published in Whole Terrain
Seattle Post-Intelligencer obituary
Guardian obituary
“<mask>: Speaks about "What Will it Cost the Earth" at Kelly Hall, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio (Part A) ,” 1970-04-19, WYSO, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Sierra Club executive directors
American conservationists
American environmentalists
American anti–nuclear power activists
American mountain climbers
American male ski mountaineers
American nature writers
American non-fiction outdoors writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American memoirists
American book editors
American print editors
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni
Writers from Berkeley, California
1912 births
2000 deaths
Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
20th-century American male writers
Military

masks:
David Brow
David Brower
David Brow
David Brower
David Brower
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<mask> (born at Genoa, 1585; died at Rome, 30 May 1639) was an Italian Dominican theologian, writer and preacher, known today mostly for his role in the Galileo affair. Life
Physically he was unprepossessing, but he was encouraged by his parents who sent him to study with Tomas de Lemos (1545-1629) at University of Valladolid. He entered the Dominican Order and was invested with its habit in the Convent of St. Paul, where he studied philosophy and theology. After completing his studies he was made a professor of Thomistic theology at Pincia. While discharging his academic duties, he acquired a reputation as a preacher: Philip III of Spain named him "padre Mostro" ("The Marvel-Priest" or "the Monster-Priest"), a sobriquet by which he was subsequently known in Spain and at Rome. Whether this was due to his prodigious learning and culture, or to his obesity, is not certain. In Rome from 1621, he acquired the confidence of Pope Urban VIII.He was made regent of studies and professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. On 13 January 1622 he was also made consultant to the Congregation of the Index. Under Pope Urban <mask>'s prestige as a man of culture continued to grow. He took part in the activities of the Accademia degli Umoristi and both Giovanni Andrea Rovetti and Marcello Giovanetti dedicated collections of sonnets to him, in 1625 and 1626 respectively. His literary activities overlapped significantly with his church responsibilities; In 1622 he was in charge of revising Tommaso Stigliani's Canzoniero to pass censorship, and in 1626 he was chosen to supervise the corrections to Giambattista Marino's Adone, which the Accademia degli Umoristi wanted to publish. After rejecting this censored version for printing, he worked on a further revised version in 1628 and 1629,

masks:
Niccolò Riccardi
VIII Riccardi


texts:
 collaborating with Roberto Ubaldini, but this work was apparently never finished. Virginio Cesarini tried to arrange a meeting between him and Galileo, but although he enthusiastically endorsed "Il Saggiatore" for publication in 1623, he only met Galileo for the first time in May 1624.The two men corresponded thereafter – although no direct trace of their letters to each other remains, Galileo's surviving letters to Mario Guiducci and Giovanni Faber, include pleas to them to ask Riccardi to reply to him. In 1629 Urban VIII appointed him Master of the Sacred Palace to succeed <mask> Ridolfi, recently elected Master General of the Dominicans. Shortly after this, the same pontiff appointed him pontifical preacher. Following these promotions he gave up his literary interests to concentrate on liturgical and historic matters. He began the research for his history of the Council of Trent, of which there remains today only a synopsis and some notes. Between 1629 and 1631 he thought of k part in the Congregatn for the reform of the breviary. In 1635 he joined the newly-founded Accademia Basiliana, which explored links with the Greek church, and joined the Congregatio super Correctione euchologii Graecorum, which issued revised texts for the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.In 1638 he joined the congregation charged with drafting an authorised version of the Holy Scriptures in Arabic. Dispute with Tommaso Campanella
Riccardi maintained generally amiable relationships with the authors whose work he had to revise before the Church would authorise their publication; an exception was with fellow-Dominican Tommaso Campanella. Campanella was a man of outspoken heterodox beliefs; denounced to the Inquisition, he was arrested in Padua in 1594 and cited before the Holy Office in Rome, he was confined in a convent until 1597. He was soon in prison again, this time for


texts:
 rebellion against Philip IV of Spain, King of Naples, where he remained for twenty-seven years until the personal intercession of Pope Urban VIII had him released. He was brought to Rome in 1626, where he became Urban VIII's consultant on astrology. <mask> first came into contact with Campanella's work in 1621, when he was called on to examine, with several other consultants, Atheismus triumphatus. The work was ostensibly an account of Campanella's personal journey from rationalism to sincere Christian belief, but the Church considered the arguments he put forward for atheism - before then refuting them - to be strongly persuasive.The Church thus feared that the work in fact promoted heresy while appearing to argue for orthodoxy. Permission to print was denied. When Campanella came to Rome several years later, he renewed his attempt to have the work printed. Riccardi was once again called on to work with others to review the manuscript, and again their response was negative. This time however Urban VIII intervened personally and ensured that Atheismus Triumphatus, together with Campanella's other works, were authorised for printing. Riccardi continued to work on revisions, but there were more delays before the work finally appeared in 1631, whereupon it was immediately seized and banned. Campanella now embarked on a campaign of vengeance against Riccardi, accusing him of being the cause of all the delays in publishing; exiled to France, he continued his harassment from there, writing directly to the Pope and to other people of influence, making ever wilder accusations about Riccardi for several years.There is no evidence that anyone took his claims seriously, but <mask> could do nothing but refuse to release the manuscripts Campanella had entrusted to him. Galileo’s Dialogue

Between 1630 and 1633 Riccardi became involved in a major controversy

masks: Riccardi Riccardi


texts: involving Galileo Galilei. After Il Saggiatore in 1623, Galileo had not published any further work, and had particularly avoided the controversy around the ideas of Copernicus, about which he had been warned by Cardinal Bellarmine in 1616. In 1630 Giovanni Ciampoli, the Pope’s secretary, wrote to Galileo, sending the compliments of <mask>, recently appointed Master of the Sacred Palace, who now had authority over licensing books for printing. As Riccardi had endorsed Il Saggiatore for publication a few years previously, this seemed a positive sign that new opportunities to publish his ideas would become available to Galileo. Benedetto Castelli informed Riccardi that it was his appointment that had inspired Galileo to resume writing – which, given the size and complexity of the Dialogue was certainly not true. Riccardi responded to this piece of flattery with an assurance that Galileo could always count on him, which Castelli then reported back to Galileo in a letter on 9 February 1630 as a general assurance of Riccardi’s support.Galileo finished his manuscript of the Dialogue, came to Rome on 3 May 1630, and presented it to Urban himself. Urban may not have read much of it, but he crossed out Galileo’s working title, “De Fluxu et Refluxu Maris” on the grounds that it did not properly reflect the main purpose of the work  – a comparison of the world-views of Ptolemy and Copernicus. Besides requiring a new title, Urban reiterated that the subject was to be treated only hypothetically, and that his own favoured argument about God's infinite capacity to organise the universe any way he liked must be inserted at the end. He passed the manuscript to Riccardi for review, Galileo accepted the Pope’s conditions, and the manuscript was approved by Riccardi after only a few alterations had been made by his assistant. Galileo then left Rome and returned to


texts: Florence, whereupon his plans took a turn for the worse. The founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, Prince Cesi, died, meaning Galileo no longer had a patron to cover the cost of publication. At the same time, an outbreak of the plague in Florence meant that Galileo could not longer send manuscripts to Rome for review.Instead, he decided to publish in Florence. <mask> wrote that he nevertheless expected Galileo to make the agreed amendments, after which a licence to publish in Florence or elsewhere could be issued. <mask> now began to vacillate. He knew that the Pope himself had encouraged Galileo to write his work, albeit within certain specified limits. Giovanni Ciampoli favoured publication. Riccardi's cousin was the wife of the Tuscan ambassador in Rome, and the Medici court certainly wanted the book published. At the same time, the Church's 1616 ruling against Copernicanism meant that anything that appeared to argue for it was problematic, and the Jesuit order was determined to oppose Galileo in every way.Uncertain how to proceed, Riccardi delayed for months. Eventually, in March 1631, he agreed that the Dialogue could be published, on condition that he retained the manuscript. As soon as he had finished reading and correcting each page, he would send it to the printer. He still insisted that Galileo would have to rewrite the preface and the conclusion to bring them into line with the Pope's views. In March 1631, Riccardi proposed that instead of Galileo sending him the entire manuscript - impossible because of the risk of it carrying the plague - he should send only the revised preface and conclusion, and the rest would be reviewed by the church authorities in Florence. Eventually the Tuscan ambassador's wife, his cousin, was able to broker an arrangement in April 1631 whereby Riccardi agreed to issue a licence to print, subject to certain written


texts:
 conditions. Eventually, after more angry correspondence from Galileo.Riccardi wrote to Clemente Egidi, the Inquisitor of Florence, summarising the process so far from his point of view, and granting him authority to proceed – either to publish or not – as he thought best, thereby effectively washing his hands of the matter. The printing of the Dialogue was underway in July 1631 and was complete by February 1632. Copies reached Rome in May. At the end of July Riccardi instructed Egidi to collect every copy of the work in Florence, while he set to work gathering all the copies distributed in Rome. Within weeks a Congregation had been formed to examine how the book had ever received a licence to be printed. Riccardi claimed that the only reason he had agreed to this was that Ciampoli had handed him a letter from the Pope commanding him to do (the implication being that Ciampoli had forged it). Urban VIII was furious with Galileo and Ciampoli, but apparently accepted that Riccardi had acted in good faith.Galileo was made to stand trial, Ciampoli was dismissed, but Riccardi managed to hold on to his position. Death
Riccardi died of a stroke in Rome on 30 May 1639 and was buried in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. The funeral oration was delivered by Melchior Inchofer, member of the commission revising Galileo’s Dialogue. Works
His extant works number twenty. Besides several volumes of sermons for Advent, Lent, and special occasions, his writings treat of Scripture, theology, and history. One of his best-known works is the "History of the Council of Trent" (Rome, 1627). His commentaries treat of all the books of Scripture; two other commentaries treat of the Lord's Prayer and the Canticle of Canticles.References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
Quétif-Échard, SS. Ord. Praed., II, 503, 504. 1585 births
1639 deaths
Italian Dominicans
17th-century


texts:
<mask>. (March 7, 1934 – September 4, 2021) was an American weather presenter, radio and TV personality, actor, narrator, clown, comedian, and author, with a career spanning 65 years. He is best known for his television work on the Today show as weather reporter who also presented a tribute greetings segment for people celebrating their 100th or above birthdays as well as select marriage anniversaries. He was the creator and original portrayer of Ronald McDonald. Early years
<mask> was born in Alexandria, Virginia, to parents <mask> and Thelma Phillips on March 7, 1934, and attended George Washington High School. He showed an interest in broadcasting as a 16-year-old, working in 1950 as an NBC page at WRC (AM), NBC's owned-and-operated radio station in Washington, D.C. <mask> then attended American University, where he worked alongside fellow student Ed Walker at WAMU-AM, the university's radio station (1951–1953). <mask> became a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity while at American University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and religion in 1955. He also served in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1958 and was a seaman.Career

Joy Boys radio show
From 1955 to 1972, <mask> teamed with Ed Walker as co-host of the nightly Joy Boys radio program on NBC-owned WRC radio (this was interrupted from 1956 to 1958 when <mask> served on active duty with the Navy). <mask> routinely sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines setting up a situation, which Walker would commit to memory or make notes on with his Braille typewriter (Walker was blind since birth). In a 1999 article recalling the Joy Boys at the height of their popularity in the mid-1960s, The Washington Post said they

masks:
Willard Herman Scott Jr
Scott
Willard Herman Scott
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Scott
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 "dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change". The Joy Boys show played on WRC until 1972 when they moved to cross-town station WWDC for another two years. <mask> wrote in his book, The Joy of Living, of their close professional and personal bond which continued until Walker's death in October 2015, saying that they are "closer than most brothers". Washington, D.C., TV roles
<mask> spent the 1960s balancing his radio career with jobs as the host of children's television programs. He appeared on WRC Radio's sister station, WRC-TV, playing characters such as Commander Retro and Bozo the Clown.In 1970, <mask> began appearing on WRC-TV as a weekday weatherman. Ronald McDonald character

Another TV role he performed regularly from 1963 to 1966 and occasionally as late as 1971 was Ronald McDonald for the McDonald's franchise in Washington, D.C. <mask> wrote in his book The Joy of Living that he originally created the Ronald McDonald character at the local franchise's request, which had also sponsored the Bozo the Clown show on which he portrayed Bozo. In his book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser claims that McDonald's replaced <mask> on account of his weight, supposedly concerned about McDonald's image. <mask> denied the claims and cited other commitments he had at the time. Brian Thompson, of "Whatever Happened to Pizza at McDonald's" fame, is campaigning to have a statue of <mask> as Ronald McDonald erected to replace a downed Confederate monument. NASA
<mask> worked as the narrator for NASA's weekly program called "The Space Story", with his contributions spanning from the Apollo Program to the Space Shuttle. The Today Show

<mask> was

masks: Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott


texts: tapped by NBC in 1980 to become its weatherman for The Today Show, replacing Bob Ryan, who replaced him at WRC-TV until 2010.After being inspired by a viewer request, <mask> began his practice of wishing centenarians a happy birthday on-air in 1983. During the 1980s, <mask> routinely did weather reports on the road, interviewing locals at community festivals and landmarks. He also periodically performed on the program from Washington, D.C., which he still considered his home. In 1989, The Today Show co-host Bryant Gumbel wrote an internal memo critical of the show's personalities, a memo that was later leaked to the media. In the memo, Gumbel said <mask> "holds the show hostage to his assortment of whims, wishes, birthdays and bad taste…This guy is killing us and no one's even trying to rein him in." This garnered enough of a backlash that the next time they appeared on camera together <mask> kissed Gumbel on the cheek to show he'd forgiven him, and also later said he hoped the whole thing would go away. In 1992, <mask>, who was the first incarnation of Ronald McDonald, recorded a commercial for McDonald's arch-rival Burger King.He also was the spokesman for the Days Inn hotel chain, appearing in their commercials from 1993 until 1997. <mask> went into semi-retirement in early 1996 and was succeeded by Al Roker. He continued to appear two days a week on the morning program to wish centenarians a happy birthday (a tradition that continues to the present day). He appeared from the studio lot of WBBH, the NBC affiliate in Fort Myers, Florida. He was also the commercial voice of Smucker's jellies, which sponsored his birthday tributes on Today. <mask> also continued to substitute for Roker for over a decade

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 afterward, an arrangement that mostly ended after NBC acquired The Weather Channel in 2008 and started using that channel's meteorologists as substitutes (Entertainment Studios would later acquire The Weather Channel from NBC Universal in 2018, three years after <mask> retired from television completely). <mask> announced his full retirement from television on December 11, 2015.Today held a tribute to <mask> on his final day (December 15, 2015) featuring taped highlights from his years with the show. The plaza outside Rockefeller Center was renamed <mask> Way in his honor. Several former Today staff came to bid farewell to <mask> including Tom Brokaw, Jane Pauley, Katie Couric, and Gene Shalit along with Barbara Bush. Other TV work

<mask> made occasional guest appearances as neighbor "Mr. Poole" on The Hogan Family, where his character was married to Mrs. Poole, played by Edie McClurg. From 1959 to 1962 <mask> portrayed Bozo the Clown in the children's television program on NBC Washington, D.C. affiliate WRC-TV. <mask> also hosted the NBC telecast of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1987 to 1997. He was replaced by Matt Lauer in 1998.For several years in the 1980s, <mask> donned a Santa Claus costume for the broadcast of the National Tree-Lighting Ceremony in Washington, D.C. In 1990 and 1992, <mask> also hosted the Pillsbury Bake-Off on CBS (although under contract with CBS' rival NBC). Awards

Radio Reissues and Santa Claus
In 2001, American University reissued some of the old Joy Boys radio broadcasts of the 1960s on CDs. He also played Santa Claus at various White House events. Writings
<mask> published several fiction and non-fiction books:

The Joy of Living
Down Home Stories
<mask>’s

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Willard Scott
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Scott
Scott
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Scott
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 All-American Cookbook
America Is My Neighborhood
The Older the Fiddle, the Better the Tune
If I Knew It Was Going to Be This Much Fun, I Would Have Become a Grandparent First

He has also co-authored two books with Bill Crider:

Murder Under Blue Skies
Murder in the Mist

He preached a sermon at the 185th anniversary of his home church, First Baptist Church in Alexandria, Virginia, that was published in Best Sermons 2, edited by James W. Cox [Harper & Row, 1989]. Personal life
<mask> was married to Mary Dwyer <mask> from 1959 until her death in 2002. The couple had two children, Mary and Sally.On April 1, 2014, at age 80, <mask> married Paris Keena, whom he first met in 1977 while she was working at WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. They had been together as a couple since 2003. They lived on Sanibel Island, Florida. <mask> died of natural causes on September 4, 2021, at the age of 87. Filmography

As himself
Pillsbury Bake-Off (1990–1992) – Host
Walt Disney World 4 July Spectacular (1988) – Himself
The New Hollywood Squares (1987) – Himself
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (1987–1997) – Host
The Bob Braun Show (1982) – Himself
Today (1980–2015) – Himself

As actor
Bozo the Clown (1959–1962) – Bozo the Clown
Ronald McDonald (1963–1965)
The Hogan Family (1987–1989) – Peter Poole

References

External links

1934 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Baptists
21st-century American comedians
21st-century Baptists
American male comedians
American male television actors
American television personalities
American University alumni
Baptists from Virginia
Male actors from Alexandria, Virginia
McDonald's people
Military personnel from Virginia
NBC News
Radio personalities from Washington, D.C.
United States Navy sailors
Weather

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Scott
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Death Scott


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<mask> (born January 25, 1985) is an American former football quarterback player who played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for 11 seasons. He was the starting quarterback for the Eskimos when they won the 103rd Grey Cup and was named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player. He was originally signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football at Central Washington. He was named the CFL's Most Outstanding Player in 2017. <mask> has also been a member of the Edmonton Eskimos, Pittsburgh Steelers, Green Bay Packers, St. Louis Rams and Seattle Seahawks. Early years
<mask> played three seasons for Kamiakin High School in Kennewick, Washington, before relocating to Kalispell, Montana.As a senior, he set a Flathead High School record with 2,280 yards. He originally signed with NAIA Montana Tech, but chose to walk on at Washington State University before transferring to Central Washington. College career
<mask> was a co-runner-up for the Harlon Hill Trophy, which is presented to the nation's top Division II football player, as a senior. He threw a touchdown pass in all 46 games of his college career, giving him the NCAA all-divisions record for consecutive games with a touchdown pass. This record would be tied in 2014 by Marshall's Rakeem Cato. <mask> completed 64 percent of his passes over his four years as a starter for 12,448 yards, 118 touchdowns and only 40 interceptions. After redshirting at Washington State as a 5th-string quarterback, <mask> decided he didn't want to bide his time waiting for playing time.Central Washington offered him a chance to start right away so he transferred. He was the 2008 Great

masks:
Michael Reilly
Reilly
Reilly
Reilly
Reilly
Reilly


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 Northwest Athletic Conference Offensive Player of the Year after completing 65.2% of his passes (207 of 414) in 2008 for 3,706 passing with 37 TDs, six INTs and he rushed 103 times for 415 yards (4.0 avg.) with four touchdowns. He was also named First-team All Great NW for his efforts. He was also Third-team Little All-America. In 2007, he started all 13 games and completed 271 of 435 passes (62.3%) for 3,386 yards, 30 touchdowns and 10 interceptions while be named Second-team All-North Central. He also rushed 129 times for 266 yards (2.1 avg.)with three touchdowns. In 2006, he started all 11 games and was 231/351 (65.8%) for 2,660 yards 21 TDs and 12 Ints., rushed 137 times for 272 yards (2.0 avg.) with four touchdowns and was named Second team All-North Central. The year prior, 2005, he started all 10 games and was 223/353 (63.2%) for 2,686 yards 30 TDs and 11 interceptions and rushed 86 times for 310 yards (3.6 avg.) with three touchdowns, while being named First-team All-Great NW. Professional career

Pittsburgh Steelers
<mask> was eligible to be selected in the 2009 NFL Draft, but went undrafted. He signed a free agent contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers.<mask> completed 10-of-15 for 117 yards during the 2009 preseason, but was waived on September 5, 2009. Green Bay Packers
On November 19, 2009, <mask> was signed to the Green Bay Packers practice squad. St. Louis Rams
On December 9, 2009, he was signed off the Packers' practice squad by the St. Louis Rams. He was waived on May 4, 2010. Seattle Seahawks
<mask> was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Seahawks on May 4, 2010. He was waived on May 18, 2010. BC Lions
On July 26, 2010, it was announced

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 that <mask> had signed a practice roster agreement with the BC Lions.On August 26, 2010, <mask> was activated by the Lions and spent the remainder of the year as the third-string quarterback. He dressed for all 18 games in 2011 as the third-string quarterback and shared in the Lions' 99th Grey Cup victory. He got his first pro start on October 19, 2012, against the Edmonton Eskimos due to an injury to Travis Lulay. <mask> completed 19 of 28 throwing attempts for 276 yards with two touchdowns and one interception, leading the Lions to victory of over the Edmonton Eskimos 39–19. The win clinched a first round bye for the BC Lions in the 100th Grey Cup Playoffs. Edmonton Eskimos
On January 31, 2013, <mask> was traded to the Edmonton Eskimos by the BC Lions; the trade included the exchange of the clubs' second round picks in the 2013 CFL Draft and the Lions receiving the Eskimos' second round pick in the 2014 CFL Draft. Entering the 2013 CFL season, <mask> was in open competition with Matt Nichols for the starting quarterback job.Nichols tore his ACL in preseason which made <mask> the starting QB for the season. On August 18, 2013, <mask> threw for over 500 yards in a losing cause, the fourth highest performance for yards passing in a single game in the history of the Eskimos football club. In his first season as a full-time starter in the CFL, <mask> threw for 4,207 yards, with 24 touchdowns and 18 interceptions. He also finished 5th in the league in rushing yards with 709. Despite his efforts, the Eskimos struggled all season finishing with a record of 4–14 and missing the playoffs. In the 2014 season, <mask> played in 15 regular season games, leading the

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 Eskimos to the number two seed in the Western Division with a record of 12–6. After defeating the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Western semi-finals, <mask> and the Eskimos were defeated by the Stampeders 43–18, ending their season.It was revealed after the game that <mask> had been playing with a broken bone in his foot and had been in great pain. The injury had been caused in a previous game during the regular season. <mask>'s third season with Eskimos was once again hampered by injuries, missing 8 games. He played in the first game of the season, and the last 9; winning 8 in a row to finish the season as the first seed in the West Division. <mask> completed 214 of 329 pass attempts for 2,449 yards with 15 touchdowns and 10 interceptions (passer rating of 89.8). On November 29, 2015, the Eskimos won the 103rd Grey Cup with a score of 26–20 over the Ottawa RedBlacks in Winnipeg, Manitoba. After the game, he received the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player award after completing 21-of-35 pass attempts for 269 yards, two touchdowns and no interceptions.On April 14, 2016, the Eskimos announced they had signed <mask> to a contract extension through the 2018 CFL season. The three-year deal is reportedly worth over $400,000 in 2016 and then bumps up to over $500,000 in following seasons. <mask> continued his stellar play in the following three seasons, throwing for over 5,500 yards each season while tossing 88 touchdowns and 43 interceptions. Set to become a free agent in February 2019, <mask> had a workout with the Jacksonville Jaguars in mid-December 2018. Return to BC Lions
On February 12, 2019, <mask> became a free agent and subsequently signed a four-year

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 contract with the BC Lions later that day. Despite lofty expectations to start the season the Lions only won one of their first 11 games. <mask> was able to lead the Lions to four consecutive victories pulling the Lions into a playoff race with his former team.However, <mask> suffered a wrist injury early in Week 18 against the Eskimos who would win the match and eliminate the Lions from playoff contention. <mask> underwent surgery in the days following and was declared out for the remainder of the season. In November 2020, <mask> filed a grievance against the BC Lions claiming a portion of his salary was guaranteed, even though the 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He reached a settlement with the team and subsequently re-signed to a new contract through the 2022 season on December 17, 2020. After beginning the 2021 season with lingering injury issues, <mask> finished the year with 12 starts in 13 games played and passed for a league-leading 3,283 yards. On January 24, 2022, the BC Lions announced that <mask> had retired. Career statistics

References

External links

BC Lions bio
Edmonton Eskimos bio
Green Bay Packers bio
St. Louis Rams bio

1985 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
BC Lions players
Central Washington Wildcats football players
Edmonton Elks players
Green Bay Packers players
People from Kennewick, Washington
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Washington (state)
St. Louis Rams players
Seattle Seahawks players
Washington State Cougars football players
Canadian football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Player Award

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<mask> (December 22, 1798 – July 27, 1872) was a licensed attorney turned politician from Columbia County, Georgia. <mask> was appointed attorney general for the state in 1827, by Governor John Forsyth, serving in that capacity until 1831. <mask> also served five years in the General Assembly's lower house as a representative of Richmond County on a platform of states' rights. <mask> served in the U.S. House of Representatives, filling the seat vacated by Richard W. Habersham who died while in office. <mask> was elected Georgia's 38th governor – serving two terms from 1843 to 1847. He became the only Whig Party candidate in state history to occupy the Governor's Mansion. <mask> then served as United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850.<mask>'s time in President Zachary Taylor's cabinet was marred by speculation regarding a probate claim he settled for <mask>n's heirs. <mask> received a gratuity of substantial remuneration for his services' – <mask>'s political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair – marking the end of <mask>'s political aspirations. When President Taylor unexpectedly died while in office, <mask> resigned his position as Secretary of War and entered political retirement. In 1861, however, <mask> was elected a delegate from Richmond County to the state's Secession Convention which brought him out of retirement to answer the call of his constituents. By the convention's first order of business, <mask> was elected Permanent President of the Convention by which he presided over Georgia's decision to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on December 22, 1798, in Columbia County, Georgia. He was the fourth son of Peter and Mary Ann

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texts: <mask>.His father was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War from Virginia who had settled in Georgia to claim a land share, known as a bounty grant, which the state of Georgia had set aside for "those who had fought for independence". <mask> acquired a sizable tract of land that he called Belair Plantation. The homestead was situated close to his uncle, <mask>. Peter's uncle Joel fathered <mask><mask>, soon becoming a politician renowned locally for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids – running in 1816, and then again in 1824. <mask> grew up on the family's estate, heavily influenced by his father, and his cousin <mask> as well. <mask>'s father was a practicing attorney and <mask> availed himself to the well-stocked personal library of his father while homeschooling his education. <mask> also entered Georgia politics himself – beginning as Columbia County's first clerk of courts and becoming a 10-term representative in the state legislature.<mask>'s cousin, <mask><mask>, was also becoming well known for his political service, and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels he had been a principal of. <mask> built on his homeschooling at the College of New Jersey's school of law (later becoming Princeton University). <mask> graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1820, and subsequently completed an internship under the tutelage of Richard Henry <mask>. <mask> was licensed to practice law in 1822, and started a legal practice in Augusta partnering with Henry H. Cumming. He went on to obtain a master's degree from the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, the founding college of the University of Georgia. After graduating Franklin, <mask> served from 1824 to 1825, as a second

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 lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of the Georgia Militia. In 1826, <mask> married Mary Ann MacIntosh, having four children of the marriage: <mask>, Sarah MacIntosh, Anna Elizabeth, and Charles.<mask><mask> embarked on his political career the following year, accepting a gubernatorial appointment to become Georgia's attorney general. Attorney General of Georgia
Governor John Forsyth appointed <mask> to succeed Thomas F<mask> as Georgia's attorney general in 1827. The following year, <mask> challenged Georgia state legislator  Thomas E. Burnside, Ambrose Burnside's uncle, to a duel over published defamation Burnside had written about <mask>'s father. The code duello
When <mask> read the anonymous letter to the editor published in The Augusta Chronicle he was incensed by the prose – sharply criticizing the political views of his father, then declining in health. <mask> regarded it as an attack on his father's good name. <mask> demanded the newspaper editor give him the author's name but the editor refused, protecting Burnside's identity by telling <mask> the letter was from a woman, and that for this reason, he would not release the person's name. Inexplicably, Burnside contacted <mask> telling him that he was the author.<mask> immediately challenged Burnside to a duel which Burnside accepted, although with reluctance. The code duello was waning in vogue but it was still held as a measure which an honorable man was obliged to endure. Burnside was aspiring his own political career which showed promise of upward mobility. Burnside felt he would be shamed with dishonor if he refused, and in his era, without honor there was no career in politics. Dueling had already been outlawed in Georgia so the two belligerents, with their

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 seconds, traveled together by train to Fort Mitchell, Alabama where the practice was still legal – to finish what by then had become a "well-publicized fight". Burnside seemed to have sensed the duel would not end in his favor, dispatching a letter to his wife on the eve of the fateful encounter:Fort Mitchell, Jan. 24, 1828Dear Wife and Mother:    Tomorrow I fight. I do it on principle.Whatever may be my fate, I believe I am right. On this ground I have acted and will act. I believe I shall succeed, but if I do not I am prepared for consequences. Kiss the children and tell them that if I fall my last thought was of them. Yours most affectionatelyThomas E. Burnside

<mask> shot Burnside dead in the infamous duel, prompting the state to pass new legislation; "forbidding persons involved in duels from holding office". The restriction only applied to duels fought after the law was enacted and did not affect <mask>'s career. He continued serving as attorney general until 1831, when he was succeeded by Charles J. Jenkins.Thomas E. Burnside was interred in the private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell, renowned for his participation in the War of 1812. The Colonel lived near the site where the duel had taken place and personally ensured every protocol of respect was accorded at Burnside's burial. Two weeks passed before Mrs. Burnside received word of her husband's demise. It was said that she nearly died herself from distraught upon receiving the news. She moved with her children to Dahlonega, Georgia, residing there until her death. <mask> carried regret for his role in what was called "a deplorable and unfortunate affair". He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnside's widow and children though

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 he was remembered as saying it made no amends – and for having expressed lament shortly before his own death in 1872.Congressman
In 1837, <mask> was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives for Richmond County. There, <mask> distinguished himself as a fiscal conservative. He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Richard W. Habersham. His term there was short, only serving from January 7 to March 3, 1843. Governor of Georgia
<mask><mask> was the Whig Party's nominee for governor in 1843. <mask> defeated the Democratic nominee, Mark Anthony Cooper, by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325 succeeding Charles J. McDonald to become the first Whig candidate to serve as Georgia's governor (as of 2019, he remains the only Whig governor). The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature in 1843, as well.<mask> was reelected in 1845, defeating Democratic challenger Matthew H. McAllister by a margin of 1,751 votes. With the legislature's support, <mask> was able to effect the Whig's agenda which focused on debt reduction and fiscal restraint. <mask>'s administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the state's debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by <mask>. Towns. Besides implementing sound budget policy, <mask> was able to expand educational opportunities in the state and hasten construction of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad. <mask>'s administration established the Supreme Court of Georgia as well, which had failed to be institutionalized for decades of previous effort. He redrew the state's congressional maps, and reformed the state

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 penitentiary – making it "a more economically sound institution". <mask> also succeeded at dismantling the Georgia Central Bank, an important Whig campaign endeavor for years.Secretary of War
When General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States in 1849, he appointed <mask> United States Secretary of War. As War Secretary, he was involved in settling a claim from the United States government for the Galphin family, descendants of <mask>n, an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade. <mask> received a large payment for his services and several of his political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety. <mask> was subsequently investigated by a commission and completely exonerated of any wrongdoing yet his critics continued casting aspersions. When Millard Fillmore became president after Taylor's sudden death while in office in 1850, <mask> resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration, rather than work for Millard Fillmore. Georgia Secession Convention

In 1861, <mask> was elected as a delegate from Richmond County, Georgia to the state's Secession Convention. The delegation elected <mask> president of the convention by a unanimous vote and he oversaw the state's vote of secession.As the convention's president, <mask> is considered the author of Georgia's Ordinance of Secession, the official document announcing the state's formal intent to secede the federal Union – originally as an independent republic, ultimately to join the Confederate States of America. The delegation approved the ordinance January 19, 1861, with 208 voting in favor of secession and 89 opposed. The delegates signed the document in celebratory fashion two days later in the public square in front of the

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 statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was assembled. <mask> survived to witness the consequences of enacting the ordinance, lamenting its cost in the shed blood of Georgia citizens rallied by the convention's call. <mask> was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the state's secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincoln's and Johnson's amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status. <mask> escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865, when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty thereby restoring <mask> as a citizen of the United States in good stead – with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal. Death and legacy
<mask> died on July 27, 1872, at his Belair estate, located near Augusta, Georgia.His funeral was held in St. Paul's Episcopal Church and he was buried in Summerville Cemetery located in Augusta. On November 16, 1943, the keel was laid for the SS George Walker Crawford, a liberty ship built by the J.A. Jones Construction Company in Brunswick, Georgia honoring <mask> for his service to the state of Georgia. The ship was launched January 1, 1944, and delivered into federal service January 13, 1944. <mask>'s biographer Len Cleveland said that in researching his material he observed that "<mask>'s entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions". Robert Toombs spoke well of <mask>, Saying, "There are but few abler and no purer men in America, and he has administrative qualities of an unusually high order." See also

 List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession
 Confederate States of America, causes of secession

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 "Died of states' rights"

References

External links

<mask><mask> at The New Georgia Encyclopedia
"Death of Ex-Governor <mask>", Federal Union (Milledgeville), August 7, 1872.From the Milledgeville Historic Newspapers Archive, Digital Library of Georgia. |-

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1798 births
1872 deaths
American slave owners
Members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
United States Secretaries of War
Georgia (U.S. state) Attorneys General
Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
American duellists
Georgia (U.S. state) Whigs
Taylor administration cabinet members
Whig Party state governors of the United States
Signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
Politicians from Augusta,

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<mask> (born September 3, 1987), is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the Philadelphia Phillies in , after being named the Phillies' top prospect in  and the top prospect in all of MLB, in 2010 by Baseball America. Professional career

Minor leagues

2006–2007
<mask> was selected by the Phillies in the 20th round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft out of Redan High School in Stone Mountain, Georgia. Since he moved to the Atlanta area from Pasco High School in Dade City, Florida, <mask> had "fallen off some teams' radars" prior to the draft. He participated in a private batting session with Phillies representatives at a local park, and after making one adjustment to his swing, scouting director Marti Wolever "couldn't believe what [they] were seeing". <mask> planned to attend the University of Miami to play wide receiver for the Hurricanes, but the Phillies offered him a $200,000 signing bonus to choose baseball instead. After the draft, <mask> was assigned to the Phillies' Gulf Coast League (GCL) affiliate, where he batted .214 and collected one home run, seven runs batted in (RBI), and thirteen stolen bases—which tied him for the team lead with Adrian Cardenas—during the 2006 season.For 2007, he earned a promotion to the Williamsport Crosscutters of the New York – Penn League. He played in 74 games with Williamsport, batting in 39 runs and collecting 21 extra-base hits. His 27 walks were second on the team, and his .295 batting average was the team's best among players with more than 10 appearances. On defense, he played in the most games for the team in both center field and right field. His performance allowed him a late promotion to the advanced-A Clearwater Threshers, where he batted .444 with one home run and seven RBI in eleven plate appearances.

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 2008–2009
In 2008, <mask> played the entire season with the Phillies' A-level affiliate, the Lakewood BlueClaws. In 591 plate appearances (second on the team), <mask> collected a .291 batting average, 54 RBI, 23 doubles, and 9 home runs.He played 69 games in center field and 59 in right, amassing 208 putouts, 12 outfield assists, and participating in 4 double plays. Before the 2009 season, Baseball America ranked <mask> the 48th-best prospect in the country, as well as the top prospect in the Phillies' farm system. He played at three levels during the 2009 season, spending most of the season with Clearwater. He batted .303/.386/.517 for the Threshers, notching 12 doubles, 11 home runs, and 44 RBI in 66 games played. His batting average was tied for second-highest on the team, and his 11 home runs were tied for the third-highest total. He played in 65 of his 66 games in right field, making nine assists and five errors. After promotion to the Double-A Reading Phillies, <mask> batted .279 with 20 RBI and 8 stolen bases; he also hit three home runs and four triples (tied for the team lead).Including a short stint with the GCL Phillies, <mask> accumulated a .299 batting average for the year, along with a .377 on-base percentage and a .504 slugging percentage. His 14 home runs were the most in a single season in his minor league career to that point, as were his 44 extra-base hits. After the season, <mask>'s name was included in trade rumors related to pitcher Roy Halladay; however, the Phillies refused to part with him, including outfield prospect Michael Taylor instead. 2010

<mask> was invited to Major League spring training in 2010, during which MLB.com, Major League Baseball's official website, ranked him the 14th-best prospect in the minor leagues. In a game against the Tigers, he hit two home runs—one against Justin Verlander—and

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 added a bases-loaded infield single to collect a third RBI. Of his home run against Verlander, shortstop Jimmy Rollins said, "That was legit. Big league stuff.(Phillies manager Charlie Manuel)  was there that morning trying to teach him how to get to his power." First baseman Ryan Howard nicknamed <mask> the "Total Package", noting that "I've seen him take batting practice" and that "[he's] got pop to all fields". The game was his last in Major League camp, as he was sent down after its completion. Though it was speculated that he would begin the year with the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs, he was assigned to Reading for the start of the 2010 season, where he batted .333 in his first seven games. He drove in one of two runs for the Double-A club on an RBI triple to back Phillippe Aumont's no-hit bid on April 25. He was promoted to the IronPigs on June 25, after he batted .318 with 16 doubles, 3 triples, 15 homers, 47 RBI, and 12 stolen bases in 65 games. Chuck LaMar, the Phillies' assistant general manager, said that <mask> "is just now starting to scratch the surface on his ceiling as a potential Major League player", praising his hand–eye coordination and his power.He batted .405 in his first 12 games in Triple-A, hitting four home runs and batting in eleven. At midseason, <mask> was selected to represent the United States in the 2010 All-Star Futures Game. He started for the U.S. team, but left in the first inning after experiencing tightness in his hamstring muscle running from the batter's box on an infield single. <mask> was expected to return to the Lehigh Valley lineup after the All-Star break. Through July 27, he batted .327 with 20 home runs and 68 RBI between Reading and Lehigh Valley. Philadelphia Phillies
<mask> was called up to the Phillies on July 28, 2010, after Shane Victorino was placed on the disabled list. He

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 made his debut that night against the Arizona Diamondbacks, playing right field and batting sixth.He hit an RBI double in his first at-bat, scoring Jayson Werth, and scored his first run on a fielder's choice by Wilson Valdez. He notched his second hit with a single in his third at-bat, scoring again on a double by Carlos Ruiz. He batted in Raúl Ibañez with a sacrifice fly in the bottom of the seventh inning for his second career RBI, finishing with two hits in three official at-bats. <mask> received a standing ovation from the crowd prior to his first plate appearance; he later said that the experience "was great" and that he "wasn't thinking about that at all". On August 10, <mask> hit his first home run in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers. 2011
<mask> entered the 2011 season as the number four prospect in baseball. During spring training, <mask> broke his right hamate bone and had surgery to remove the fractured hook.He was sent down to the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, the Phillies Triple-A minor league affiliate, on July 29, 2011, to open a roster spot for Hunter Pence. He would bat .261 in 41 games with 3 home runs and 15 RBIs total that season. <mask> was called back up to the Phillies' expanded roster in September, but only appeared twice. He was not on the Phillies playoff roster. 2012
<mask>'s 2012 season saw him play 56 games in the majors and 60 games in the minors for Philadelphia's Triple-A affiliate, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs (batting .286 with 5 HRs and 28 RBIs). He hit .235 with 5 homers and 26 runs driven in during his stint with the Major League club. He started the season off in the Triple-A minor leagues, as General Manager Ruben Amaro wanted <mask> to get regular playing time, rather than spotty and unpredictable playing time.He was called up to the majors in July, but did not play too well, hitting .235.


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 <mask> suffered from several injuries in 2012, including right knee inflammation and a left hamstring injury. <mask> injured his right knee while running backward to make a catch; he played on the knee for a few weeks before an MRI revealed a knee strain. He returned with a knee brace, but soon after injured his left knee since he put too much weight on it to compensate for his right knee's weakness. <mask>'s play was considered mediocre by many. Ryan Dinger of Phillies Nation commented that <mask> "showed flashes of being the player everyone thinks he can be", but that "he was also plagued by long stretches of ineffectiveness". 2013
Going into his age-25 season in 2013, <mask> was slated to be the Phillies' starting left fielder after impressing in spring training.He won his first National League Player of the Week award from May 20 to 26. Then, he hit six home runs over the course of five games, two of which were in one game on May 29 against the Red Sox, and two of which were hit in one game again two days later on May 31 against the Brewers. <mask> won his second consecutive NL player of the week after he hit 7 home runs and knocked in 13 runs during the week May 27 to June 2. He was also awarded NL player of the month for May as he clubbed 12 home runs during the month. <mask> finished the season batting .272/.324/.494, with 27 home runs, and 83 RBI. He was selected as a reserve for the 2013 All-Star Game. 2014
Sporting News rated <mask> the worst defensive left fielder in the major leagues after three blatant blunders during June.He appeared in a career-high 144 games in 2014, batting .235 with 10 home runs and 63 RBI. 2015
<mask> moved back to his natural position, right field, for the 2015 season. He also sought to build on some momentum he built late in the season in an effort to live up to his perceived potential. On

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