texts:
 November 23, 2011 and he relinquished his role as a promoter of SKS on May 3, 2014. Influences
When founding SKS, <mask> drew inspiration from the work of Muhammad Yunus, the Nobel prize winner and founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, one of the world's first microfinance organizations.In a face-to-face debate with Yunus at the 2010 Clinton Global Initiative, Akula insisted that going public is the only way for an MFI to raise sufficient funds to provide micro-loans for billions of poor people in need worldwide. Controversy
In late 2010, the state government of Andhra Pradesh accused microfinance companies, including the then market leader SKS, for the  suicides of poor, debt-ridden residents of the state that year. Two investigations into the incident, the first an independent investigation commissioned by SKS, and the second commissioned by an industry umbrella group, both pointed to SKS involvement in the suicides, and said that SKS employees had engaged in illegal practices like verbal and physical harassment, coercion, and public humiliation, in order to recover debts. In an investigative article, Erika Kinetz of the Associated Press, wrote,"a profound shift in values and incentives at SKS began in 2008" when Akula left the CEO role. "Boston-based Sandstone Capital, now SKS' largest investor, made a major investment. It joined U.S. private equity firm Sequoia Capital, which funded Google and Apple and is SKS' largest shareholder, on the board of directors. <mask>, who had been chief executive in the company's early days, stepped down in December 2008 but stayed on as chairman.The company brought in new top executives from the worlds of finance and insurance. SKS also began transferring more loans off its books, selling

masks: Akula Akula


type: original

texts:
 highly rated pools of loans to banks, which then assumed most of the associated risk of borrower default. That freed SKS to push out more and bigger loans. In December 2009, SKS launched a massive sales drive. The "Incentives Galore" program ran through February 2010 — just one month before the company filed its IPO prospectus." She noted that Akula tried to stop this. "In spring 2011, Akula began circulating a plan to spend $10 million to train financial counselors who would make sure clients weren't getting into too much debt and used their loans productively, according to people with firsthand knowledge of the proposal.The plan was never adopted." </ref>

<mask> addresses the controversy in his book, Micro-Meltdown: The Inside Story of the Rise, Fall, and Resurgence of the World's Most Valuable Microlender. Awards and recognition
<mask> has received several awards for his work with SKS. Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of the Year in 2006. Social Entrepreneur of the Year in India, 2006. Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Start-up, 2006)
 Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Business Transformation, 2010)
  India Today, India's 50 Most Powerful People, 2009. Forbes India, Person of the Year nominee, 2009.Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Award, 2010. World Economic Forum’s Young Global Leader award, 2008. Echoing Green Poverty Alleviation Economic Development - 1998 Fellow
 Karmaveer Puraskaar Noble Laureates, 2006–2007. References

External links

 SKS Microfinance website

Indian microfinance people
Indian development specialists
McKinsey & Company people
Living people
People from Medak district
Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh
21st-century Indian businesspeople
1968 births
IndusInd


texts:
Charles Alfred "<mask><mask> (7 April 1914 – 26 January 1966) was an architect who mostly worked in Dar es Salaam but also in other parts of Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda. Born in Kingston, Surrey, England on 7 April 1914  he was the fourth child to Sidney and <mask>. He studied at the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London and at the Royal Academy of Architecture, also in London. In 1947 he was employed as an architect for the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme. When <mask>'s role in the scheme came to an end in 1948, he moved from Kongwa to Dar es Salaam and opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam, C. A. Bransgrove & Partners. His design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement. Modernism
Modernism in Architecture was a result of both advancement in technology and fabrication, as well as social enlightenment, that swept through the Western World soon after the First World War.Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus, Le Corbusier published his "ideas" about architecture and by the end of the 1920s, Mies van der Rohe had built the Barcelona Pavilion. Biography
<mask> finished primary school in 1926 and in 1927, at the age of thirteen, was enrolled into the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London. From an early age he was exposed to the new architectural style of the day. It was an exciting period to be part of, with old traditional ways of designing a building opposed to the new movement of thinking sweeping Europe and North America. There would have been much discussion between those 'for' and those 'against'. Having completed five years at the Polytechnic, <mask> was employed by the architect Herbert William Matthews in 1934, located at 1 Manchester Square, London. Later (1943), in <mask>'s nominations papers to be accepted into the Royal Institute of British Architects, Mr Matthews writes:

"For some years he

masks:
Peter
" Bransgrove
Julie Bransgrove
Peter
Peter
Peter
Peter


texts:
 (<mask>) was Principal Assistant in my office.I regard him as a very competent architect and a person of integrity and suitable for election to the RIBA." In 1935, <mask> was accepted into the Royal Academy of Architecture. It is quite likely that he continued to work in the office of Mr Matthews during this time. Whilst at the Royal Academy, <mask> won many prizes for his student work, including:

Having completed his time at the Academy in 1939, <mask> may have left his place of employment to work for various Government Departments. The war in Europe had begun and it would have been difficult to find work. In 1942, during the Second World War, <mask> was stationed in Bangalore, India as a "Sapper" (Royal Engineers) Captain, where he was involved in defusing bombs. On his return to England in 1944, <mask> resumed his employment with Herbert William Matthews.During this time he also carried out commissions under his own name, mostly around reconstructive work of bomb affected housing. He passed his Registration Final in London in 1944 and was accepted into the RIBA as an Associate in 1945. By 1946 he had taken up work for the Ministry of Works and Planning. After the war, Britain was stretched financially. All round the world they had assets that had been shipped to various theatres of war and were left idle and unused. In Tanganyika, there was a large amount of civil works machinery that was going to have to be abandoned. At the same time the Overseas Food Corporation saw the need to supply the world with more vegetable oils from nuts, but required civil engineering equipment to make it work.Hence the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme was formed and in 1947 <mask> took up the opportunity to be involved. APPOINTMENTS
Mr. C. A. Bransgrove [A] has been appointed Chief Architect to Messrs. Pauling & Co., Ltd., Civil Engineering Contractors for the groundnut project in Tanganyika. He will be pleased to receive

masks: Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter


texts: trade catalogues, etc., from firms interested in exporting to East Africa. His address is P.O. Kongwa, Tanganyika, East Africa. Pauling & Co., Ltd. were employed by the United Africa Company to undertake ground clearance. By 1948, either the demise of the Scheme was becoming apparent or the work for architects was complete.Whatever the reason, <mask>'s involvement in the Groundnut Scheme came to an end. In lieu of payment for himself and his new family to return to England, he accepted a plot of land, owned by the Overseas Food Corporation, in the suburb of Kurasini in Dar es Salaam. Here he designed and built the family house that they would live in until the completion of Luther House in 1963. The family then moved into the penthouse of Luther House, which adjoined the practice offices on the fifth floor. In the same year (1948) <mask> opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam. C. A. Bransgrove & Partners was based in TanCott House and one of his first employees was Alf "Tigger" Hastings. A few years after, Hastings left the practice to set up his own office and co-founded the practice of French & Hastings.Both French and Hastings were possibly with the Royal Engineers during the war. Another notable name to be employed by <mask> was H. L. "Sukhi" Shah. His father Luvji Kara Shah, was the bookkeeper for C. A. Bransgrove. Sukhi joined the practice with an eye to becoming an architect. He was shipped off to England in 1952 by his father to attend the Regent Street Polytechnic and studied architecture between 1952–1958. He started his own practice on his return to Dar es Salaam in 1960. Joe Herbert Betts joined <mask> as a Partner in the early days of the practice and became sole owner of C. A. Bransgrove and Partners for a further four years after <mask>'s death.A month after the passing of <mask>, an architect by the name of Raymond Howes was met off the plane from

masks: Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter


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 Australia by Joe Betts to join the practice and stayed until 1971. During that time Joe and Raymond designed many buildings in Dar and other locations in Tanzania. In 1970 the practice was taken over by Jackson Hill Architects. The practice of Jackson Hill was incorporated into the firm of Covell Matthews Partnership Ltd, Tanzania in 1972. <mask> was involved in many projects and building types throughout Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda. Mostly however they were in Dar es Salaam and included high rise office blocks, low rise offices, schools, hospitals, hostels, churches, post offices, embassies and private residences. Most notably, the countries for which <mask> designed houses for their Consuls were:

During the early 1960s, <mask> made a number of trips to Rome to the architectural firm of Whiting Associates International, to co-design the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, Tanzania for the Protestant Churches in the country, known collectively as The Good Samaritan Foundation.There is no denying that <mask>'s design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement. Known simply as "tropical modernism", the term and therefore type of architecture was a direct mix of both the "international style" of the time and that of the location and requirement to address the heat by ensuring any breeze was unhindered through the building and at the same time deny the sun direct access. Usually based on a grid system, there was a notable lack of fanciful adornment and a strong sense of simplicity. The climate to a certain extent dictated the type of materials used and the methods employed to combat the heat and humidity. From 1951 to 1955 he was a member of the Dar es Salaam City Council and he also served on the Tanganyika Advisory Council for Education and the National Housing Corporation. In 1961, <mask> had helped to set up the International School of Tanganyika. At the time of his

masks: Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter


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 death in 1966 he was chairman of the International School Board of Directors.On 10 April 1956 <mask> put forward a Patent for "louvre blocks" for use in building in the tropics:

"The concrete building block comprises two parallel end panels united by one or more inclined webs extending upwardly from the front edges of the panels to the rear thereof. The blocks are laid in superposed courses, to form louvres, the web having an upward extension which fits between the end panels of the block above it. Keying grooves are provided at the ends of the block." Many of his buildings used this concrete block for ventilation as well as preventing both direct sunlight and rain to enter. <mask> has been described by current architects and researchers as a leading exponent of the Modernist style in Tanzania during that period and an architect to be admired and extolled for what he contributed during his time. "He shaped a considerable part of the old city centre of Dar es Salaam in the fifties and sixties." <mask> died in Nairobi Hospital on 26 January 1966, aged 51.The locations of some of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam

Some of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam

1. British Legion Offices and Hostel

2. First Permanent Building Society

3. Luther House

4. Government European School

5. Barclays Bank DCO

6. Pamba House

7.Branch Post Office

8. YWCA Dar es Salaam

9. Tanganyika Standard Offices

10. Libya Street Post Office

<

Author
This article was written and compiled by Graham Hutton B.Arch., who is a grandson of C.A. "<mask>" Bransgrove. References

External links
Government European School, Burton Street, Dar es Salaam, now known as Bunge Primary School, Shaarban Robert Road

1914 births
Architects from Surrey
Modernist architects from England
People from Kingston upon Thames
20th-century English architects
Date of death unknown
Architecture of Tanzania
British

masks: Peter Peter Peter Peter


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<mask> ( <mask>; 1 July 1887 – 26 December 1981) was a New Zealand-born British feminist writer and scholar. Early life
<mask> was born in Christchurch, New Zealand,
the eldest of three children
of Fabian feminist <mask> (née Robison; 1865–1953) and New Zealand politician and social reformer <mask>. The family moved to London in 1896, where her father became New Zealand's Agent-General. Her widowed aunt, cousins, and servants joined the household in Cornwall Gardens, Kensington. "London was hateful after New Zealand", she said. "No freedom. No seashore.Streets, streets, streets. Houses, houses". <mask> attended Kensington High School until 1904, and then travelled to Europe to become fluent in French. Her father was not fully converted to the higher education of women; when he gave her the choice between being presented at court and going to the University of Cambridge, she chose Cambridge. <mask> then began studying Moral Sciences (philosophy) at Newnham College in 1905. It is unlikely her father raised further opposition as he always spoke highly of her academic achievements. University of Cambridge
While at Cambridge <mask> began to associate with other young women who shared her intellectual enthusiasms and socialist political leanings, forming a lifelong friendship with Eva Spielmann (later Eva Hubback), who became an educationalist.She became involved in a number of societies, including the debating society. In 1907 she led the inter-collegiate debate with Girton, arguing that "the socialist conception of life is the most noble and the most fruitful, both for the state and the individual". In 1906 she founded the Cambridge University Fabian Society (CUFS) with Ben Keeling, a member of the (somewhat inactive) existing Fabian society in the town. CUFS was the first society at Cambridge to enlist women from its founding. Young women met regularly with men as equals and discussed everything from religious beliefs to social evils to sex, which would have been impossible in the conventional atmospheres of their homes. She

masks:
Amber Blanco White
Reeves
Reeves
Maud Pember Reeves
William Pember Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves


texts:
 excelled in her studies, taking a double first in 1908. Gilbert Murray once wrote of an address she had given to the Newnham Philosophical Society, "It seems to me quite the best college paper that I have read- I mean as treated by a young person and from a non-metaphysical point of view".A fellow student described her as "intellect personified" after a lecture she gave to the Philosophical Society. Relationship with H.G. Wells
H. G. Wells had been a friend of <mask>' parents and one of the most popular speakers to address the CUFS. After <mask>' address to the Philosophical Society it was rumoured that she and Wells, one of the most prominent and prolific writers of the first half of the twentieth century, had gone to Paris for a weekend. Their appearance together at a supper party thrown for fellow Fabian and Governor of Jamaica Sir Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier was the first open declaration of the romantic relationship between the pair. Wells claimed that <mask> responded to his taste for adventurous eroticism, and the "sexual imaginativess" that his wife Jane could not cope with. Wells maintained that their relationship be kept silent, though <mask> saw no reason their exciting affair be kept a secret.Once their relationship became well known, there were numerous attempts to break it up, particularly from <mask>'s mother and from George Rivers Blanco White, a lawyer who would later marry her. <mask> was anxious not to break up Wells's marriage, though she wanted to have his child. The news that she was pregnant in the spring of 1909 shocked the <mask> family, and the couple fled to Le Touquet-Paris-Plage where they attempted domestic life together. Neither of them did well with domesticity; loneliness and anxiety concerning her pregnancy, as well as the complexity of the situation drove her to depression, and after three months they decided to leave Le Touquet. Wells took her to Boulogne and put her on the ferry to England, while he stayed to continue his writing. <mask> went to stay with Wells and his wife Jane

masks: Reeves Reeves Reeves Reeves Amber Reeves Reeves Reeves


texts:
 when they returned to Sandgate. But then on 7 May 1909, she was married to Rivers Blanco White.In her latter life she wrote "I did not arrange to marry Rivers, he arranged it with H.G, but I have always thought it the best that could possibly have happened". Wells wrote the roman à clef Ann Veronica based on his relationship with <mask>. The novel was rejected by his publisher, Frederick Macmillan, because of the possible damage it would do; however, T. Fisher Unwin published it in the autumn of 1909, when gossip concerning Wells was rampant. Wells later wrote that while the character of Ann Veronica was based on <mask>, the character he believed came closest to her was Amanda in his novel The Research Magnificent. On 31 December 1909, she bore a daughter, Anna-Jane, who did not learn that her real father was H. G. Wells until she was 18. Work and family life
<mask> was employed by the Ministry of Labour, in charge of a section that dealt with the employment of women. Part of her job was encouraging workers and employers to see that women were capable of a much wider range of tasks than was usually expected.She later took responsibility for women's wages at the Ministry of Munitions. In 1919, she was appointed to the Whitley Council, but in that same year her appointment was terminated. Humbert Wolfe, a public servant, wrote to Matthew Nathan, the secretary of the council, pointing out that <mask>'s termination was chiefly on the grounds that she was a married woman, and that letting her go from the public service was "really stupid". By 1921, her vigour in the women workers' cause had led her to come up against ex-servicemen who exercised considerable power through their associations. She was told a deputation of MPs had approached the minister and claimed that no ex-serviceman could sleep in peace while she remained in the civil service. She received a dismissal notice and, aside from time with the Ministry of Labour in 1922, that was the end of her civil service career. She began to work on her book Give and Take, which

masks: Reeves Amber Reeves Amber


texts:
 was published in 1923.<mask> did not take well to being a housewife; at one point she wrote:

"The life of washing up dishes in little separate houses and being necessarily subordinate in everything to the wage-earning man is I think very destructive to the women and to any opinion they may influence. It is humiliating and narrowing and there is nothing to be said in its favour... ...Oh how I should like some hard work again that brought one up against outside life". There was some strain in her marriage with George Rivers Blanco White. In their youth they had both adopted positive attitudes toward the free expression of love that were common in the literary, intellectual and left-wing society at the time, but as they grew older these attitudes were beginning to change. Writing of marriage in her book Worry in Women, she stated that if people choose to break ethical codes they had to be prepared to cope with guilt. She also stated that if a wife was unfaithful, she should not tell her husband, writing, "if ever there is a case for a downright lie, this is it". In addition to Anna-Jane, <mask> had two children, Thomas, a patent lawyer, and Justin, an architect.Justin, who married the biologist Conrad Hal Waddington, is the mother of mathematician Dusa McDuff and anthropologist Caroline Humphrey. Writings
<mask> published four novels and four non-fiction works, dealing with a variety of subjects, but all sharing a common socialist and feminist critique of capitalist society. These are:

 The Reward of Virtue (1911)
 A Lady and her Husband (1914)
 Helen in Love (1916)
 Give and Take: A Novel of Intrigue (1923)
 The Nationalisation of Banking (1934)
 The New Propaganda (1938)
 Worry in Women  (1941)
 Ethics for Unbelievers (1949)

She also wrote book reviews for Queen and Vogue, as well as articles for the Saturday Review. For some time she was the editor of the Townswomen's Guild paper Townswoman. <mask> collaborated with Wells on The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1931). In this book, she researched and put together

masks: Amber Reeves Reeves Reeves


texts:
 material on the devastation of the rubber trade on the native populations of Putumayo Department, Peru, and Belgian Congo (see the Casement Report for an account of the tremendous human rights abuses in the latter). She also contributed to a section on how wealth is accumulated by supplying case histories of new powers and forces "running wild and crazy in a last frenzy for private and personal gain".The chapter "The Role of Women in the World's Work" was included by Wells at <mask>'s suggestion, though after reading the chapter she asked him to include a disclaimer that she did not necessarily agree with what he said. Political career
During the 1924 election campaign, <mask> was asked to speak on behalf of both the Liberal and Labour Party candidates. She choose to support Labour: "The Liberal audiences were nice narrow decent people. They sat upright in rows and clapped their cotton gloves... But when I got to the Labour meetings in the slums, among the costers and the railway men and the women in tenth hand velvet hats – when I saw their pinched grey-and-yellow faces in those steamy halls, I knew all of a sudden that they were my people". She soon became a member of the party and supported her husband as the Labour Party candidate for Holland-with-Boston in Lincolnshire. The seat had gone to the Liberals in a by-election earlier that year and White failed to win it back.<mask> attempted to get her theories on currency, later brought together in her book The Nationalisation of Banking, adopted by the Labour Party, and she and Rivers became responsible for a party publication called Womens Leader. <mask> remained active in the Fabian Society, and by this time many Fabians agreed that there was a need to work through the parliamentary Labour Party. She stood twice as a candidate for Hendon, in 1931 and 1935. Teaching
For some time <mask> taught at Morley College in London. Initially invited by her friend from Cambridge Eva Hubback to help out, she became part of a team of lecturers in 1928, giving twice weekly classes on

masks: Amber Reeves Reeves Reeves Reeves


texts:
 ethics and psychology. In 1929, the year after the passing of the Equal Franchise Act which gave women the vote on the same terms as men, she was billed by the Fabian Society to lecture on "The New Woman Voters and the Coming Election". However, she withdrew from this lecture to work on a by-election campaign for her husband in Holland-with-Boston.She lectured at Morley for thirty-seven years, regularly revising her courses to incorporate an increased body of psychological thought. In 1946, she became acting principal after Hubback's death. When a new principal was appointed in 1947 she returned to lecturing and writing her book Ethics for Unbelievers. Later life
In July 1960, Rivers suffered a stroke which left him paralysed down his right side. <mask> was distraught and during the last years of his life she worried a lot and became depressed. She wrote to her daughter Anna-Jane, who was in Singapore at the time, "If there is a Confucian temple in K.L., you might make a little offering (if he does like offerings)... ...I have more faith in him now than in our own deity who seems to be letting us down all round".When Rivers died on 28 March 1966, <mask> was determined to keep living as normally as possible. She was visited by New Zealand historian Keith Sinclair who was writing a biography of her father, and twice by interviewers from the BBC (a 40-minute interview with Denys Gueroult was broadcast by Radio 4 in September 1970). Although she enjoyed discussing politics and world affairs, she felt disillusioned about the socialist hopes of her youth, and supported the Conservatives in the 1970 election. She believed that the wrong people were leading the left and that only diehards would vote for them. In December 1981, she was admitted to a hospital in St John's Wood and died on 26 December aged 94. References

External links
 DNB

1887 births
1981 deaths
New Zealand writers
New Zealand women writers
British women writers
British writers
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Members of the Fabian Society
New Zealand

masks: Reeves Reeves


texts:
M. A<mask> (1881–1968) was an antiquarian who compiled an exquisite collection of Amarna Period sculptures. Early life and studies
He was born to Coptic Orthodox Egyptian parents in Cairo in 1881. After having graduated from high school, with an excellent knowledge of Arabic, English and French, he taught Arabic for some years to foreign officials who occupied principal positions in the Egyptian Government. As early as his sixteenth year, the history of Ancient Egypt - the discipline of Egyptology itself - began to fascinate him. He bought books, became an ardent visitor to the Cairo Museum and traveled extensively in Egypt to admire and study the monuments of his ancestors. He learned much about Egyptian art, but was to learn much more later during his long career as an antiquarian. He studied Coptic and began to decipher hieroglyphics.Soon he also became deeply involved in the study of the art of Mesopotamia, Greece, Persia and the early Christian and Islamic worlds. He loved the antiquity of the Near and Middle East. He understood and appreciated their cultures and their many forms of art. But his first love and prime interest always remained Egypt. In this he excelled and in later years, he developed a distinguished reputation, which left no doubt as to his integrity and his masterful knowledge of every facet of Ancient Egyptian art and culture. http://www.mansooramarnacollection.com/album/<mask>_Mansoor.JPG

Career
In October 1904, he approached the Swiss manager of Shepheard's Hotel in Cairo, who was one of his students of Arabic. He asked to rent two showcases in the hotel lobby to display and sell to collectors the small collection of ancient Egyptian sculptures, bronzes, amulets, faience figurines and jewelry that he had acquired during the last few years.The manager was surprised at this request, but after some hesitation he allowed him the showcases on a trial basis for a few months. A year and a half later, the two showcases became a small shop in the main hall of the famous hotel. At that time, <mask>'s business was

masks:
. Mansoor
MA
Mansoor


texts: established. In later years, he opened two more shops in the Semiramis and Continental Hotels and a large gallery across the street from the Cairo Museum. The purchase and sale of Egyptian and other antiquities was at the time legal, though the Egyptian Department of Antiquities retained the right to inspect all shops and galleries that bought and sold these artifacts. If an important object was found, of which there was no known example in the Cairo Museum, the Department of Antiquities exercised its right to purchase it at a reasonable price. This, however, seldom happened as the Department rarely had the funds to acquire major antiquities.During his many years in the antique business, M. A<mask> met and befriended several of the Egyptologists, antiquarians and collectors of the time. The list of names would be too long to enumerate here, but some should be mentioned: James Quibell, Ernesto Schiaparelli, Wilhelm Spiegelberg, Sir <mask>, Georg Steindorff, Percy Newberry, Wallis Budge, Pierre Lacau, <mask>, Charles Boreux, Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon, Étienne Drioton, Sami Gabra, <mask>, Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, <mask>, William Stevenson Smith, the Khawam brothers, Dikran Kelekian, William Randolph Hearst, King <mask> of Spain, King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, King Prajadhipok of Siam, King Carol I of Romania, King Fuad and his son King Farouk of Egypt, Levi de Benzion, <mask>, and Nigel S. Warren. To most of these kings, scholars and gentlemen, M.A. <mask>oor sold many important ancient works of art for their collections or museums. Hundreds of these masterpieces of Egyptian art are today in the world's leading museums: the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Louvre, the Vatican Museum, the Metropolitan Museum, The Detroit Museum and The Chicago Oriental Institute, etc., and in many private collections. In the early 1920s <mask><mask> started a collection of rare Amarna artifacts that stand today to be the Amarna World Largest Private Collection.Inside a Los Angeles bank vault reside 33 pieces from one of the most controversial

masks:
. Mansoor
Gaston Maspero
Arthur Weigall
Alexandre Varille
Ambrose Lansing
Alfonso XIII
Achilles Groppi
Mans
M A
. Mansoor


texts:
 collections of ancient Egyptian art in history. Virtually unknown to all but a handful of Egyptologists and archaeologists, this collection of antiquities from the Amarna period owned by the <mask> family has been at the heart of unprecedented dispute between scientists and art historians for over fifty years. Each side's opinion is diametrically opposed to the other. The ones say the <mask> collection is authentic because the patina and the crust on the statues are genuine? The others say it's not because the stone is not right or man made stone? Who is right? The original players are now either aging or dead.Nevertheless, the controversy lives on. Although two experts only condemned it as a fake - out of the 28 who valued the collection since the end of the 1940s, the moral authority of these two made numerous followers over the years to the extent that today quite many Egyptologists, art historians or museums are convinced - most of the time without having seen the pieces at all - that the collection is a forgery. Egyptologists in favor of the Mansoor <mask>na Collection: On Record

Christiane Desroches Noblecourt Ph.D. 08/17/1981
Inspecteur General des Musees, Chef du
Département des Antiquites Egyptiennes
du Musée du Louvre

Étienne Drioton Ph.D. 01/03/1959
Director General of The Antiquities Department,
Egypt. Then Director, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne. Member of the
Arts Council of French Museums. Conservator in
Chief of the Louvre Museum and Professor at the
Collège de France. ( 6 )

Sami Gabra, Ph.D. 02/23/1959
Former Professor of Ancient History of the
University of Cairo; Former Director of Excavations
of the University of Cairo at Touna; Former
Director of the Institute of Egyptology of the
University of Cairo and Director of Higher Studies
of the Coptic Institute.<mask> L. Becker-Colonna, Ph.D. 1975
Professor Emeritus, Curator Emeritus of the
Sutro-Egyptian Collection, [San Francisco State
University], California

'Egyptologists Against the Collection': On Record

Prof. Dr. Hans Wolfgang <mask>

masks: Mansoor Mansoor Amar Andreina Muller


texts:
 02/15/1960
Professor of Egyptology, Munich

Egyptologists Against the Collection "Not on Record but via Proxy"

Prof Dietrich Wildung Egyptian Museum of Berlin

Prof Jean Claude Grenier [Universite Paul Valéry <mask>pellier 3] France

Methods
<mask> carefully studied every object he possessed, and, when in doubt, never hesitated to consult the many experts and connoisseurs he knew. Every object was dated to the best of his knowledge. Until the late 1930s, only a few scientific tests to study ancient works of art had been developed. The experts and antiquarians had to rely on their own knowledge of the styles of the many periods of Egyptian art. The microscope, and even the simple magnifying glass, often showed the careful observer the patination, erosion, or dendritic formations (the passing of time action, and the effect of burial in wet soil or sand on the surface of the object under study). Ethic
<mask>. <mask> strongly believed that every work of ancient art had a soul of its own."It will speak to you", he used to say. "It has a feeling of its own, and it will tell you if it was made by an artist who lived, thought and was part of a bygone society." His intuition, guided by his knowledge, was phenomenal. He had that innate talent to recognize the ancient Egyptian works of art. After Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamon's tomb in 1922, tourists and art lovers from all over the world began to visit Egypt in ever increasing numbers. <mask>'s business flourished; there was a constant demand for antiquities. The stories he told of these years were fabulous.These were the years when he made the acquaintance of eminent persons in the field of Egyptology who were to become his teachers, advisers, friends and customers. But above all, he was serving the better interest of Egyptology. External links
The M. A. <mask> Amarna Collection -  Virtual museum gallery of Amarna artifacts from the Louvre, the Denver Art Museum and San Francisco State University

1881 births
1968 deaths
University of Paris faculty
Egyptian antiquarians
20th-century

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Mont
Mansoor
M A
Mansoor
Mansoor
Mansoor


texts:
<mask> (1632–1690) was an English military officer, who served in the armies of the Commonwealth of England, the Dutch Republic and England. He accompanied William III to England in the 1688 Glorious Revolution and was Member of Parliament and Governor for Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1689–1690. In April 1690, he joined the army that served in the Williamite War in Ireland. He fought at The Boyne in July and died of disease before the end of 1690. Personal details

<mask> was born in 1632, eldest of seven surviving children of <mask> (1608-1648) and Elizabeth Helmes. His father owned estates in Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne; during the 1642–1646 First English Civil War, he was county commissioner under the Militia Ordinance and a Colonel in the New Model Army. In 1662, he married Catherine (died 1670), daughter of Arthur Hesilrige, one of the Five Members whose attempted arrest sparked the First English Civil War.They had three children before her death in 1670, Mary, Catherine (died after 1721) and <mask> (died after 1722), who also became a soldier and was receiving Half-pay in 1722. He married Anne Webb in 1679, daughter of William Webb, headmaster of Berwick School. After his death in Ireland, she received a small pension from the government; in 1707, she was still being paid an annual pension of £100. Career
Babington attended Christ Church, Oxford in 1650, then studied law at Gray's Inn before joining the army; his first major action was in 1654 when he fought in the Battle of Dalnaspidal that ended Glencairn's rising. When the 1660 Stuart Restoration returned Charles II to the throne,

masks:
Philip Babington
Philip Babington
William Babington
Philip


texts: he was a Captain in the Northumberland Militia. Katherine's father Sir Arthur escaped execution by the new regime but was held in the Tower of London, where he died in January 1661. Shortly after his marriage, Babington moved to Harnham Hall, near Bolam, Northumberland; he and his wife were both Puritans and in 1666, Katherine was excommunicated by the Church of England for pulling the Bolam parish priest from his pulpit in protest at his sermons.As a result, she was denied churchyard burial when she died in September 1670 and Babington instead built her a tomb in the grounds of Harnham Hall, which still exists. In 1674, Harnham Hall was leased to William Veitch (1640–1722), a Scottish Presbyterian radical exiled for his involvement in the 1666 Pentland Rising. Babington resumed his military career by joining the Scots Brigade, a mercenary unit in the Dutch Republic whose origins went back to the 1580s. Despite the name, it normally contained three Scots and three English regiments; the latter were withdrawn when England allied with France in the 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War but restored after the 1674 Treaty of Westminster ended their involvement. By 1674, the remaining regiments had lost much of their national identity and a deliberate policy was adopted to re-establish them as English and Scottish units. <mask> was appointed Captain in one of the restored English regiments, which eventually became the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. He was promoted Major after Cassel in 1677, then wounded and taken prisoner at Saint-Denis in 1678.Released when the Treaties of Nijmegen ended the


texts: Franco-Dutch War in August, in 1682 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the English regiment commanded by Sir Henry Belasyse. At this time, his former tenant William Veitch joined the group of English and Scots exiles in Holland, one of whom was the Earl of Argyll; when James II became King in 1685, Veitch reappeared in Northumberland, recruiting for the proposed Monmouth Rebellion in South-West England and Argyll's Rising in Scotland. <mask>'s connection with Veitch meant that when William of Orange, later William III of England sent the Brigade to England to suppress these revolts, James demanded his dismissal. William refused, although he agreed to remove him from command of English troops; he described him as 'a very prudent and honourable man, and assuredly a very brave and excellent officer – even one of the best who have served me here of his nation.' In the event, the Brigade arrived after the rebellions had been crushed and returned to the Netherlands in August 1685 without seeing any fighting. In early 1688, James demanded the repatriation of the entire Brigade; William refused to comply but used the opportunity to remove officers of doubtful loyalty. When Sir Henry Bellasyse returned to England in April 1688, <mask> replaced him as Colonel and the unit accompanied William to England in the Glorious Revolution of November 1688; en route, a ship carrying four of its companies was captured but the soldiers released after James went into exile.<mask> was appointed Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed and elected to the Convention Parliament as MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed. In 1690,

masks: Babington Babington Babington


texts:
 his regiment was transferred from the Dutch to the English military establishment, with its seniority backdated to 1685. It was now listed as 'Babington's Regiment' or simply 'Babingtons;' at this time, regiments were considered the personal property of their Colonel and carried their name, which changed when transferred to another. In April 1690, his unit joined the army led by Frederick Schomberg fighting the Jacobites in the 1689–1691 Williamite War in Ireland. Three companies were detached to garrison Charlemont Fort after its capture in May, while the rest fought at the Battle of the Boyne in July, suffering heavy casualties. Following the battle, Babington served under Lieutenant-General James Douglas in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Athlone. Babington died of disease in Ireland shortly before the end of 1690; his burial place is unknown.References

Sources

 }}

1632 births
1690 deaths
Babington family
People from Newcastle upon Tyne (district)
Military personnel of the English Civil War
Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland
Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
English MPs 1689–1690
Members of Gray's


texts:
<mask> (born February 9, 1938) is an Armenian-American contemporary classical composer and pedagogue. Biography
<mask> was born and raised in Waltham Massachusetts. Her father, <mask>, was a survivor of the 1915 Armenian genocide. <mask> began her early musical training as a pianist with Antoine Louis Moeldner, and continued study at Juilliard School as a piano major. She continued her work at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg in Salzburg, Austria. She later studied piano with David Saperton in New York and Lily Dumont, Russell Sherman, and Veronica Jochum in Boston. At age 40, <mask> began concentrating on composing and produced a large body of works.Her music has been described as "postserial in persuasion", and marries influences of Armenian folk music, neo-tonal musicality and rhythmic drive. Maurice Hinson in Guide To The Pianist’s Repertoire commented that Goolkasian-Rahbee's pedagogical works for piano are among the finest such works. <mask> has a rich musical heritage and traces her lineage of piano study directly to Ludwig van Beethoven through Antoine Louis Moeldner. Moeldner studied with Helen Hopekirk and Ignacy Jan Paderewski, who both studied with Theodor Leschetizky. Leschetizky in turn studied

masks:
Dianne Goolkasian Rahbee
Rahbee
Peter Aharon Goolkasian
Rahbee
Rahbee
Rahbee


texts:
 with Carl Czerny, who studied with Beethoven himself. <mask> lives in Belmont, Massachusetts where she has taught private piano lessons for many years. Works

Piano
 Phantasie-Variations Op.12 (1980)
 Three Preludes Op. 5 (1980)
 Abstracts Op. 7 (1981)
 Intermezzo Op. 18, No. 3 (1983)
 Soliloquies Op. 17 (1983)
 Intermezzo Op. 21, No.2 (1984)
 Sonata No. 1 Op. 25 (1986)
 Sonata No. 2 Op. 31 (1988)
 Sketch Op. 29 "Harp" (1988)
 Scherzino Op. 32, No.2 (1989)
 Nocturne Op. 32, No. 1 (1989)
 Novellette Op. 37 (1990)
 Sonatina Op. 41 (1990)
 "Intchu" Op. 54 (1992)
 "Whim" Op. 62 (1994)
 Three Preludes Op.68 (1994)
 "Twilight" Op. 69 (1995)
 Sonata No. 3 Op. 83 "Odyssey" (1997)
 Three Preludes Op. 87 (1998)
 Three Preludes Op. 88-90 (1998)
 Prelude Op. 94 "Daydream" for Igor Kipnis (1999)
 Phantasie Op.99 "Y2K" (2000)
 Homage to Shostakovich Op. 106 (2000)
 Ballade Op. 111 (2001)
 Three Preludes Op. 120 "Le retour"; "Ensemble"; "Au revoir" (2002)
 Prelude Op. 122 "Rendezvous" (2002)
 Prelude Op. 123 "Hommage a Ligeti" (2002)
 Two Preludes Op. 125 "Contemplation"; "Rejoicing" (2002)
 Tango Op.126 (2002) for Diane Andersen
 Sonata No. 4 Op. 128 (2002) for Diane Andersen
 Ballade No. 2 Op. 129 (2002) "Nine Eleven WTC


texts:
 Flashbacks"
 Carousel Op. 131 (2003)
 Monday Morning In The City Op. 132 (2003)
 Adventurous Journey Op.133 (2003)
 Two Preludes for Mildred Freiberg Op. 138 (2004) "Escape to Inner Space"; "A Vibrant Spirit"
 Two Preludes Op. 140 (2004) "Champagne petillant"; "Imploration"
 Two Bagatelles Op. 142 (2005)
 Finger March Op. 143 (2005) parade for four players (each plays single line)
 "Mystère" Op. 161 (2008)
 Bagatelle Op. 163 (2008)
 "Reflections" Sorrows and Joys Op.164 (2008)
 "French Suite" Op. 165 (2008)
 A Field of Happy Sunflowers "Zone d’heureux Tournesois" for Eric Hénon
 Motorcycling Through the Beautiful French Country-side “motocyclisme par la campagne francaise” for Nadine Delsaux
 “Chateau de Saint Senoch”
 "Three Close Friends" Op. 182 (2009) trio for three people on one piano

Piano (pedagogical)
 Essay No. 1 (1972)
 Tarantella (duet) Op. 2 (1972)
 Pictures Op. 3 (1980)
 Five Toccatinas (from Essays Op. 4) (1980)
 Expressions Op.8 (1981)
 Fragments Op. 14 (1987)
 Seven Little Etudes Op. 74 (1996)
 Seven Small Pieces Op. 105 (2000)
 Children's Album (seven pieces) Op. 107 (2000)
 Teaching Pieces for FJH Collection Op. 146 (2006)
 No. 1 "Sad Story"
 No.2 "Fooling Around" for Ariella Salehrabi
 No. 3


texts:
 "Armenian Saga" for Stephanie DerAnanian
 No. 4 "Folk Dance" for Sylvie LeBoeuf
 No. 5 "Jumping Traiads" for Lorenzo Palombi
 No. 6 "The Wild Chase" for Iman and Nora Morlot
 No. 7 "Tricky Triads" for Silvie Lehrer LeBoeuf
 Eastern Tales Op. 144 (2005)
 No.1 Journey To Where
 No. 2 Little Folk Dance
 No. 3 Georgian Saga
 No. 4 Through the Desert
 Etude in Seconds Op. 149 No. 1 (2006)
 Marathon Race Op. 149 No.2 (2006)
 Twirling Round and Round Op. 149 No. 3 (2006)
 "Brain Teaser" Octave Displacement Op. 162 (2008)

Two pianos
 10+10 Op. 48 (1991)
 "Mosaic" Op. 26 (1992)
 Three Preludes Op. 68a (1994)
 Little Suite Op.72 (1995)
 Triptych Op. 114 (2001)
 Rhapsodie Op. 80a "Urartu" (2001)
 Toccata for Two Pianos Op. 118 (2002)
 Tango Op. 126a (2002) for Diane Andersen
 "Anahid's Musings" Op. 147 (2006) for 2 pianos and percussion
 "Odyssey" Op. 148 (2006) for 2 pianos

Piano and orchestra
 Rhapsodie Op.80 "Urartu" 2 piano arr. (1996)
 Concertino Op. 87 2 piano arr. (1997)
 Concerto No. 1 Op. 104 2 piano arr. (2000)
 Concertino No.2 Op. 113 (2001) with strings and percussion
 Piano Concerto Op. 134 (2003) for Diane Andersen
 Concertino No. 3 Op. 145 (2005) for piano and strings (and opt. percussion)

Organ
 Rondo


texts:
 Op. 33 (1989)
 Pastorale for Organ and Recorder Op.71 (1996)
 Three Bagatelles Op. 42 for Organ and Recorder (1997)

Harpsichord
 Sonatina Op. 41 (1990)
 Two Pieces for Harpsichord and Recorder (Allegretto; Pastorale) Op. 77 (1996)

Violin
 Solo Violin "Soliloquies" Op. 22 (1983)
 Sonata Breve Op. 50 (1992)

Violin and piano
 Five Bagatelles Op. 42a (1991)
 Three Reflections Op.47a (1991)
 Pastorale Op. 71 (1995)
 Four Selected Preludes Op. 92 (1999)
 "A Khodja Tale" Op. 98 (1999) (elementary)
 "Feu Follet" Op. 151b (2007) arr. for violin and piano, poem by Therese Planiol
 "Ses Yeux" Op. 152b (2007) arr.for violin and piano, poem by Therese Planiol
 Prelude "Romance" Op. 154b (2007) arr. for violin and piano (from Op. 120 No. 2)
 Sonata No. 2 Op. 157 (2007) for violin and piano (arr.Piano Sonata No. 2 Op. 31)

Viola
 "Discourse" Op. 20 (1984)
 "Sonata Breve" Op. 50 with piano (1994)
 Rhapsodie Op. 81 for viola and orchestra (1997)
 "A Khodja Tale” Op. 98 (1999) (elementary)

Cello
 "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op.97 (1999)

Ensemble

Trios
 Trio "Shir Ahaba" Op. 28 (1986) for flute, viola and cello
 Suite Op. 45 No. 1-8 (1991) for piano, violin and cello or winds
 Trio Op. 63 viola, cello and piano


texts:
 (1994)
 "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op. 97a (1999) for violin, cello and piano
 "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op. 97b (1999) for clarinet, cello and piano
 Wedding March Op.135 (2003) for piano, violin and cello

String quartet
 Improvisation Op. 6 (1973)
 "Pages from my Diary" Op. 19 (1983)
 String Quartet Op. 57 "Keff" (1992)
 String Quartet Op. 58 "Journey's End" (1993)

String quintet
 "Journey’s End" Op. 58 (String Quartet & Double Bass)

Sextet
 "Seeds of Friendship" Op. 111 No.1, 2 flutes and strings (2001)
 "A Short Burst of Energy" Op. 111 No. 2, 2 flutes and strings (2001)

Orchestra
 Symphony No. 1 "Kiss of Peace" Op. 38 (1990) (2-2-3-2, 4-2-2-1, timp., perc., str.) Elegy Op. 39 (1990) string orchestra
 Tapestries Op.49 (1991)
 No. 1 "Proclamation" (2-2-2-2, 4-1-3, timp., perc., str.) No. 2 (2-2-3-2, 4-2-3, timp.,perc.,str.) No. 3 (2 (pic)-2-3-2, 4-2-2-1, timp.,perc.,str.) No.5 (2-2-2-2, 4-2-2, timp., perc.,str.) Tone Poem Op. 55 "Sevan" (1992) (2 (picc. )-2-2-2, 4-2-2, timp.,perc., str.) Three Statements (1993)
 No. 1 "Keff" Op. 57a
 No.2 "Journey's End" Op. 58
 No. 3 "Essay" Op. 59 (Strings and percussion)
 "Journey’s End" Op. 58a (full orchestra) (1995)
 Concerto Op. 156 for Mimi


texts:
 Stillman (2007) for flute and orchestra
 Concerto Op. 158 (2007) for violin and orchestra (arr.Concerto Op. 156)

Student orchestra
 Belmont Suite for Orchestra Op. 86 (1998)
 “Keff” Student Orchestral Ensemble Op. 117 (2001)

Concert band
 Tapestry No. 3 Op. 49a "Satire" (1992)

Mandoline
 Bagatelle Op. 27 No.1 solo (1986)
 "Ariunas" Duo Op. 27 No. 2 mandoline and guitar (1986)

Recorder ensembles
 Bagatelles Op. 75 for Recorder Trios (1996)
 "Andantino” (descant, treble, bass)
 "Allegretto” (treble, tenor, bass)
 "Barcarolle” (treble, tenor, bass)
 "Giocoso” (treble, tenor, bass)
 "Gioviale” (treble, tenor, bass)
 "Spasso” (treble, tenor, tenor)
 "Pastorale" Op. 71 for Recorder Quartet (descant, treble, tenor, bass) (1996)
 "Giocoso" Op. 75 No. 4 for Recorder Quartet (descant, treble, tenor, bass) (1996)
 "Pastorale" Op.71 for Recorder Quintet (descant, treble, tenor 1-2, bass) (1996)

Flute
 Duo Op. 30 (1989)
 Duo Op. 32 (1989)
 Five Bagatelles Op. 42 (1991)
 Flute Trio Op. 18 No. 1 (1991)
 Celebration Op. 56 (1993)
 Two Dialogues Op.70 flute and viola (1995)
 Pastorale Op. 71 flute and harp (1995)
 Flute Frolic Op. 18 No. 1, flute and piano (1995)
 "Feu Follet" Op. 151a (2007) arr. for flute and piano,


texts:
 poem by Therese Planiol
 "Ses Yeux" Op. 152a (2007) arr.for flute and piano, poem by Therese Planiol
 Prelude "Romance" (from Sonata No. 4) Op. 154 (2007) for flute & piano
 Sonata Op. 155 (2007) for flute and piano

Winds
 Wind Quartet "Three Fragments" Op. 13 (1981) for flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon
 Duo Op. 30 (1989) for 2 flutes, 2 oboes and 2 clarinets
 Duo Op. 32 (1989) for 2 flutes
 Monologue Op.35 (1989) for flute, oboe or clarinet
 Five Bagatelles Op. 42 (1991)
 Three Reflections Op. 42 (1991) for oboe (or English horn) and piano
 Sonata Op. 139 (2004) for clarinet and piano
 "Mischievous Melange" Op. 150 (2006) 5 flutes, 1 horn, 2 pianos, marimba, 1 viola, 3 cellos
 "Feu Follet" Op. 151c (2007) for oboe and piano, poem by Therese Planiol
 "Ses Yeux" Op. 152c (2007) for oboe and piano, poem by Therese Planiol

Brass
 Trumpet Fanfare Op.34 (1987) for 2 or more trumpets
 Trumpet Fanfare Op. 63 (1994) for 4 trumpets
 Brass Ensemble Op. 63a (1994) 2 trumpets, torn, trombone, euphonium, tuba and 3 timpani
 Pastorale Op. 71 (1996) for French horn & piano
 Two Fanfares Op. 91 (1999) for brass quintet
 Fanfare Op. 102 (2000) for brass sextet
 Fanfare Op. 112 (2001) for 3 trumpets and French horn
 Fanfare


texts:
 Op.119 (2002) for 3 trumpets, 2 horns, trombone and baritone
 Sonata for Trumpet and Piano Op. 127 (2002)
 Fanfare for 25th Anniversary of The Rivers School Op. 130 (2003) 4 trumpets, French horn and trombone
 Fanfare Op. 137 (2004) for brass ensemble
 Fanfare Op. 141 (2005) 2 trumpets, 2 horns, 2 euphoniums
 Meditation Op. 159 (2007) for trombone and piano

Percussion
 Dance Toccata Op. 43 (1991) for marimba (or vibraphone) and piano
 "Tapa" Op.44 (1991) for two vibraphones
 "Coalescence" and "Arabesque" Op. 46 (1991) for vibraphone and marimba (3 players)
 "Keff" Op. 52 (1993) for vibraphone, xylophone, glockenspiel, 6 tom toms, woodblock, snare, cymbals and 4 Timpani
 "Gadak" Op. 60 (1993) for ensemble
 "High Time" Op. 61 (1993) for ensemble
 Eight Little Etudes (Suite for Marimba) Op. 95 (1999)
 Toccatina for Marimba and Clarinet Op. 121 (2002)

Voice
 Song Poems Op.23 (1985) for mezzo-soprano (contralto) and piano, poems by Avedick Issahakian (1891–1957)
 “Like a Rock I Stand Resolute” Op.114 for bass baritone and piano (translated by E.B. Chrakian)
 One Act Opera Op. 24 Mini Musical Drama (1986) "Did I Tell You What Happened During Our Visit To New York Last Spring?" Song of Grief Op. 101 (2000)


texts:
 "Robbery" (Break In) A Musical Drama In One Act (1993) for mezzo-soprano and piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian
 "The Telephone" A Musical Drama In One Act (1994) Mezzo Soprano & piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian
 "Album", A Musical Drama In One Act for mezzo-soprano and piano, words and poetry by Diana DerHovanessian
 "Praise GOD" Op. 85 (1998) for eight voices
 "Hairenikis" (Armenian Anthem) Op. 40 (1990) for chorus and orchestra; also, for chorus and organ
 Two Song Poems Op.136 (2003) for mezzo-soprano, viola and piano
 "Feu Follet" Op. 151 (2007) soprano and piano, poem by Therese Planiol
 "Ses Yeux" Op. 152 (2007) soprano and piano, poem by Therese Planiol
 "Infini" Op. 160 (2008) for tenor and piano, poem by Andree Brunin

References

1938 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
American musicians of Armenian descent
Mozarteum University Salzburg alumni
People from Belmont, Massachusetts
21st-century American composers
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
21st-century American women musicians
20th-century women composers
21st-century


texts: <mask> (born 1946) is an American retired cardiologist, medical historian, writer, bibliophile and philanthropist. He is emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and was the founding director of the institution's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine. <mask> was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia. A collector from a young age, he developed an interest for old books, and following qualifications in both medicine and history of medicine from the Johns Hopkins University, he pursued a dual career in cardiology and medical history, where his particular interests have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. In 1978, he was both elected a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and appointed to the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he was chair of its Cardiology Department until 1999 and where he established the echocardiography laboratory. <mask>'s appointments have also included vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield, governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter and head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic. He has been a president of the American College of Cardiology, the American Association for the History of Medicine, and the American Osler Society.He is the sole author of more than a hundred articles. In 1987, he published his first book The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. He contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J<mask> Hurst and C. Richard Conti. Other noted publications have

masks:
Wallace Bruce Fye
Fye
Fye
. Willis


texts:
 included his 2006 article titled "Troponin trumps common sense" and “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?”

In 2014, when <mask> retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. he later donated many of the books and papers he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic, the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, and the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Early life and education
W<mask> <mask> was born in 1946 in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia.He was the only child of a banker and his childhood hobbies revolved around collecting and included stamps, coins, and baseball cards. By the age of 14, he had developed a passion for old books, later described "as an advanced case of bibliomania", and by the tenth grade, he decided to become a doctor. He received his undergraduate and medical degrees, BA (1968) and MD (1972) from Johns Hopkins University, where he was elected to four national honour societies: Delta Phi Alpha, Alpha Epsilon Delta, Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha. <mask> completed his internal medicine residency at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center [now the New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center] in Manhattan, before returning to Johns Hopkins in 1975 for his cardiology fellowship. During his tenure as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar at Hopkins, he completed his cardiology training and received an MA degree in 1978 from the Institute of the History of Medicine. Career

Marshfield Clinic

In 1978, he was elected a fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and in the same year joined the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he founded the echocardiography laboratory. He served as chair of Marshfield's Cardiology Department from 1981 through 1999, having been elected to nine two-year

masks:
Fye
. Bruce
Fye
Fye


texts:
 terms.In 1987, <mask> published his first book based on his MA thesis at Johns Hopkins, The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Johns Hopkins University Press). Of a number of reviews, historian Philip Pauly wrote, <mask> outlines the emergence of the discipline of physiology in American within the framework of a late nineteenth century medical reform movement. The book is important for reasserting the central importance of experimental science in the social transformation of American medicine. In addition to a number of committee appointments at the Marshfield Clinic, he was vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield from 1989 to 1999. Between 1993 and 1996, he was governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter (1993-1996) and chaired the organization's Government Relations Committee. As head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic, <mask> established a taskforce on workforce and co-chaired the 35th Bethesda Conference: Cardiology's Workforce Crisis: A Pragmatic Approach. He endeavoured, with resistance, to recruit cardiologists and produce studies on the workforce in cardiology.One of his monthly editorials titled “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?” discussed the masculine image of cardiology and the problems with work-life balance. Mayo Clinic

In 2001, <mask> moved to Rochester, Minnesota to join the Mayo Clinic. At the Mayo Clinic his clinical responsibilities centered on echocardiography and the care of patients with heart valve disease. In 2005 he was selected as the founding director of the Mayo Clinic Center for the History of Medicine. Profiles in cardiology
In 2003, with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, he published Profiles in Cardiology: A Collection of Profiles Featuring Individuals Who Have Made Significant Contributions to the Study of Cardiovascular Disease. <mask> contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the

masks: Fye Fye Fye Fye Fye


texts:
 "Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J<mask> Hurst and C. Richard Conti and published by Mahwah, NJ: Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003).Cardiology taskforce
During his tenure as president of the ACC, between 2002 and 2003, <mask> tackled some of the effects of Clinton health care plan of 1993, which had highlighted the high number of specialists and a need for generalists, with the result that between 1994 and 2000, fellowship appointments fell by nearly a third. He stated in an interview that;

managed care had a “gatekeeper” model, which prevented patients from seeing a cardiologist unless a primary care physician had signed off. Accordingly, competition in cardiology increased. In 2006, his essay "Troponin trumps common sense", which discussed the appropriate use of the troponin test, drew the attention of a number of cardiology colleagues. In a reply, he stated "rather than allowing troponin to trump common sense, we should inject more common sense into the process of ordering a troponin level in the first place". He also worked on the origins of the Mayo Clinic and authored a book titled The Mayo Clinic and Cardiology: Specialization in the Twentieth Century. History of medicine
<mask>'s interest in medical history developed out of his efforts in collecting books, which began in 1961.By the end of the decade he had begun to focus on acquiring old medical books. In 1973, during his medical training in New York City, he launched a mail order book business, W. Bruce Fye Antiquarian Medical Books. He coordinated a luncheon symposium on collecting medical books at the 1977 meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine and published his first article on the subject two years later. His particular interests in the history of medicine

masks:
. Willis
Fye
Fye


texts:
 have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. He was the founding director of the Mayo Clinic's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, named by the Mayo Clinic in his honour as a result of his philanthropy. In addition to building up a large collection of books, offprints, and autographs relating to the history of cardiology, <mask> has been a collector of prints and engravings relating to medicine and engraved portraits of physicians. He curated two exhibitions of prints drawn from his collection: Medicine and Art (Marshfield, WI, New Visions Gallery, 1996) and Five Hundred Years of Medicine in Art from the Collection of <mask> and <mask> (Rochester, MN, Rochester Art Center, 2010).That exhibition was held in conjunction with the annual meetings of the American Osler Society and the American Association for the History of Medicine. <mask> was editor-in-chief of the Classics of Cardiology Library, which produced facsimile reprints of books of significance in the history of cardiology and cardiac surgery. The series was launched with an original volume <mask>'s Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System, which <mask> edited. In 2014, when <mask> retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. The following year he published Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford University Press), where his “goal was to write a book that explained how and why the care of patients with heart disease changes so dramatically during the twentieth century”. Surgeon and historian Justin Barr wrote in his review;
Caring for the Heart weaves together the history of the Mayo Clinic, the history of cardiology, and the history of specialization, into a single account,

masks:
Fye
Bruce
Lois Fye
Fye
William Osler
Fye
Fye


texts:
 pulling the strengths from each element to help dissect, explain, and historicize the others. In so doing, <mask> has created a highly readable story of modern medicine in twentieth-century America, meeting the challenge of appealing to professional historians, clinicians, and interested public alike.Based on his research and publications about the history of the Mayo Clinic, <mask> functioned as Senior Historical Consultant for the two-hour Ken Burns film The Mayo Clinic: Faith, Hope, Science, which premiered on PBS on 25 September 25, 2018. In 2016, he donated many of the books he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic. In 2021, <mask> arranged to donate his private papers to the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and donated what was believed to be the largest private collection of books and other materials related to the history of cardiology to the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Personal and family
<mask> met Lois Baker in high school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and they married whilst he was a medical student and she was a nurse at Johns Hopkins. They have two daughters, Katherine and Elizabeth. Awards
2000: <mask> H. <mask> medal for his book American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and its College (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). 2003: Designated Master of the American College of Cardiology.2005: One of 15 individuals inducted into the Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars. 2009: Fifth recipient of the American Osler Society’s Lifetime Achievement Award. 2015: Named “Newsmaker of the Year in the Health Field” Rochester Post-Bulletin
2018: Chosen for the Archivists and Librarians in the History of the Health Sciences (ALHHS) Recognition of Merit
2018: Recipient of Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award

Selected publications
PubMed lists <mask> as the

masks: Fye Fye Fye Fye William Welch Fye


texts:
 sole author of more than 100 articles. Articles

Books
 <mask>’s  Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System. Birmingham and New York (1985). Gryphon Editions. The Classics of Cardiology Library
 The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1987). American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and Its College. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1996). Profiles in Cardiology: A collection of profiles featuring individuals who have made significant contributions to the study of cardiovascular disease. Co-authored with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003). J<mask> Hurst: His Life and Teachings. Co-authored with Silverman.M. E., Mahwah, NJ. (2007). Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science. Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization. New York: Oxford University Press (2015). References

External links
VIDEOCAST. <mask>, W. B.(2016). The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939]. The 2016 James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture. National Library of Medicine
W. Bruce Fye Center For the History of Medicine. Mayo Clinic
The Medical and Scientific Library of W. Bruce Fye. Bonhams
"Medical Book Collecting and Scholarship, A Recovering Biblionmaniac Shares his Perspectives". 2018 Dibner Library Lecture (6 December 2018)

1946 births
Living people
American cardiologists
American medical historians
People from Meadville, Pennsylvania
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
20th-century American physicians
21st-century American physicians
Mayo Clinic people
Fellows of the American College of Cardiology
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male

masks:
William Osler
. Willis
Fye


texts:
<mask> (born 1955 in Wynberg, Cape Town) is a South African Muslim scholar, writer, and political activist known for his opposition to apartheid, his appointment by Nelson Mandela as a gender equity commissioner, and his work for inter-religious dialogue. Early life
<mask> was born into a poor Muslim family in the Wynberg suburb of Cape Town. While still a child, he and his mother were forcibly relocated as "non-Whites" under the provisions of the Group Areas Act. At age nine, Esack joined the revivalist Tablighi Jamaat movement, and by age 10 he was learning at a madrasah (religious school). At the age of 15 he received a scholarship to pursue Islamic studies in Pakistan. By the time he left for Pakistan in 1974 he had also become the local chairman of an anti-apartheid group, National Youth Action, and had been detained several times by security police. <mask> spent eight years as a student in at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia where he was a classmate of Maulana Abdul Aziz.where he was completing the traditional Dars-i-Nizami program of Islamic studies and becoming a mawlana or Muslim cleric. As he noted in the introduction to his book On Being a Muslim, some of his fellow students later joined the Taliban in Afghanistan. Having grown up with Christian neighbors, Esack became critical of discrimination against Christians and other religious minorities in Pakistan. Middle years
Returning to South Africa in 1982, <mask> became involved with activities of the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa. He, along with three other members, left the organization in 1984 and helped form the Muslim anti-apartheid group Muslims Against Oppression, which later changed its name to Call of Islam, which became an important affiliate of the United Democratic Front. Esack addressed hundreds of protest

masks:
Farid Esack
Esack
Esack
Esack


texts: meetings, formed ties with inter-faith opponents of apartheid, and became a leading figure within the World Conference of Religions for Peace. <mask> founded Call of Islam with Adli Jacobs and his cousin, Ebrahim Rasool, who later became the Premier of the Western Cape and the South African ambassador to the United States.From 1984 to 1989, <mask> was the National Coordinator of Call of Islam. This fulfilled his ambition of uniting the two halves of his personality – the religious with secular activism. He addressed rallies, conducted political funerals, and participated in inter-faith organisations opposed to apartheid. He became an important leader in the World Conference on Religion and Peace. An interesting image is of him marching, Qur’an in hand, under the banner of the CPSA flag. In 1990 <mask> left South Africa to continue his theological studies. He holds a PhD from the University of Birmingham, England, and pursued postdoctoral studies in Biblical hermeneutics at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology, Frankfurt, Germany.<mask> has also been involved with the organisation Positive Muslims, which is dedicated to helping HIV-positive Muslims in Africa. Positive Muslims programs include prevention, lobbying, and research activities, but the main focus of the organisation's work is counseling and support for people living with HIV/AIDS. In May 2005 <mask> <mask> delivered the second Mandela Lecture sponsored by the Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa, Amsterdam. In 2007-2008 <mask> was the Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal Visiting Professor of Islamic Studies at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Esack served as a Commissioner for Gender Equality in South African and has taught at the Universities of Western Cape, and Hamburg,

masks: Esack Esack Esack Esack Farid Esack Esack


texts: the College of William & Mary and Union Theological Seminary (NY) and at Xavier University in Cincinnati. He is currently a professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He is head of the South-African branch of BDS.He was responsible for the boycott of Ben Gurion University  by the University of Johannesburg. In 2013, <mask> said that BDS distanced themselves from the singing of "shoot the Jew" in song during a protest at Wits University's Great Hall. "We unequivocally distance ourselves from the singing of this song and its sentiments. Also, to tarnish all Jews with the Zionist brush is racism regardless of who does it. Racism is racism and racism is abominable." <mask> also bemoaned the advantage the incident had given the organisation's detractors. "It is unfortunate but not unexpected that supporters of Israel will focus on the singing of this song," he said."The purpose and context of the protest were and remain the larger struggle against Israeli apartheid, Israel's illegal occupation and its violation of Palestinian rights." In 2015 in the wake of 132 deaths caused by terror attacks in France, Esack lashed out at Western powers that had waged war on Muslim countries and that supported the invasion of Muslim countries. "I am not praying for Paris; I am not condemning anyone. Why the hell should I? I had nothing to do with it," "I am sickened by the perpetual expectations to condemn. I walk away from your shitty racist and Islamophobic expectations that whenever your chickens come home to roost then I must feign horror". "Stop supporting and funding terror outfits, get out of other people's lands and continents, stop outlawing peaceful resistance such as Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) Movement, to occupations, abandon your

masks: Esack Esack


texts:
 cultural imperialism, destroy your arms industry that provides the weapons that kill hundreds of thousands of others every year"."The logic is quite simple: When you eat, it's stupid to expect that no shit will ever come out from your body. Yes, I feel sorry for the victims on whom the shit falls. But, bloody hell, own it; it's yours!" In 2018, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa granted Esack the Order of Luthuli (Silver) for "his brilliant contribution to academic research and to the fight against race, gender, class and religious oppression. His body of work continues to enlighten generations of fledgling and established academics". Books by <mask> Esack
The Struggle. (1988)
But Musa went to Fir'aun!A Compilation of Questions and Answers about the Role of Muslims in the South African Struggle for Liberation. (South Africa, 1989)
Qur'an, Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression. (Oxford, 1997)
Islam and Politics (London, 1998) OCLC 67856723
On Being a Muslim: Finding a Religious Path in the World Today. (Oxford, 1999)
The Qur'an: A Short Introduction. (Oxford, 2002)
The Qur'an: A User's Guide. (Oxford, 2005)

References

Further reading
Singhai, Arvind, and W. Stephen Howard. The Children of Africa Confront AIDS: From Vulnerability to Possibility.(Athens, Ohio, 2003)

1959 births
Living people
Writers from Cape Town
South African people of Malay descent
South African Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
South African activists
South African non-fiction writers
South African feminists
Proponents of Islamic feminism
Male feminists
University of Johannesburg academics
South African Muslims
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
South African expatriates in Pakistan
Members of the Order of Luthuli
Jamia


texts:
<mask> (9 October 1940 – 5 May 2013) was a German operatic mezzo-soprano and alto. Life
Born in Frankfurt, Engert-Ely first trained as a kindergarten teacher in her native town. Afterwards she worked as a nanny in London and later worked there as an art dealer. She studied singing at the Hoch Conservatory. Later, further studies followed with Josef Metternich in Cologne. She made her stage debut at the Theater Osnabrück as Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro. She had her first regular engagements at the Theater Koblenz (1969–1972) and at the Theater Freiburg (1972–1977) where she was the countess in Lortzing's Der Wildschütz.The then Freiburg director  and the musical director Marek Janowski supported Engert-Ely in her early years. In Freiburg she was able to acquire her first major roles: Rosina in The Barber of Seville, Octavia in Der Rosenkavalier and Ottavia in L'incoronazione di Poppea. After five years in Freiburg, she moved to the Staatstheater Hannover (1977–1979). There she sang Dorabella in Così fan tutte for the first time; the composer in Ariadne auf Naxos was also one of her role debuts. Since 1979, she was a permanent member of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (DOB), to which she had been contracted by Siegfried Palm. She debuted there in 1979 as Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro. In October 1988, she sang Warwara in Götterdämmerung in the complete Ring cycle at the Deutsche Oper Berlin.In October 1990, she made her role and house debut there as Ortrud in Wagner's Lohengrin. In November 1992, she sang Preziosilla again in a new musical rehearsal of Verdi's opera La forza del destino. In November/December 1992, she took over the role of the crunchy


texts: witch in Hänsel and Gretel. In March 1993, she took over the role of Varvara again, this time "with lush vibrato" in mezzo-soprano, in the revival of the opera Káťa Kabanová. She was officially a member of the Deutsche Oper ensemble until the 1995/96 season. In the course of her career, she sang roles ranging from the lyrical mezzo-soprano to the dramatic mezzo-soprano. At the Deutsche Oper, she also made the change from the lyrical to the dramatic mezzo-soprano part.Occasionally she also took on purely alto roles. In the 1979/80 season she sang Fenena in a new production of Nabucco at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein (premiere: June 1980, director: Gert Westphal), as well as the Maddalena in Rigoletto (revival: April 1980). In the 1980/81 season she gave a guest performance at the Staatsoper Hamburg. There she sang in the new production of The Tales of Hoffmann (premiere: May 1981; director: Jürgen Flimm) "vocally beautiful and expressive" the voice of her mother and the second voice in the Barcarole. In the season 1980/81, without previous rehearsals, she took over as Cherubino in December 1980 at the Staatstheater Braunschweig in a new production of the opera Le Nozze di Figaro; "the two Cherubin arias became musical highlights of the evening in their intensely sensitive arrangement"  In January 1984 she sang Prince Orlofsky in the Strauss operetta Die Fledermaus at the Staatsoper Hannover. She also gave a guest performance at the Staatstheater Oldenburg in 1985 as Kundry in Wagner's Bühnenweihfestspiel Parsifal (director: Michael Rothacker; with Mario Brell as Parsifal and Ks. Heinz-Klaus Ecker as Gurnemanz) and thus became known nationwide; this role


texts: was considered her special highlight.In the 1986/87 season she took on the role of Princess Eboli in Verdi's Don Carlos at the Theater Aachen; in the 1987/88 season, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth followed there. In May 1989, with the ensemble of the Deutsche Oper, she gave a guest performance at the International May Festival at Staatstheater Wiesbaden as Warwara in Katja Kabanowa; she "powerfully enhanced the role through intensive acting and magnificent mezzo tones." In November 1991 she appeared as Kundry at the Vienna State Opera. In the opening performance of the Theater Chemnitz she also appeared as Kundry in December 1992 (after several years of general renovation of the house). In 1999 she gave a guest performance at the Musiktheater im Revier in Gelsenkirchen as Herodias in Salome. In 1982, Engert-Ely sang for the first time at the Bayreuth Festival. From 1982 to 1989, she was a member of the permanent ensemble of the Bayreuth Festival.There, she took on the following roles: 1. Knappe in Parsifal (1982–1985), the alto solo in Parsifal (1984/1985), Grimgerde in Die Walküre (1983), Schwertleite in Die Walküre (1985/1986) and in 1989 Venus in Tannhäuser (director: Wolfgang Wagner; musical direction: Giuseppe Sinopoli). Engert-Ely frequently gave guest performances in other European countries and overseas. In 1988 she sang the role of Kundry in Parsifal at the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto. She also appeared in Italy at the Teatro Regio di Torino (1987; as Clytemnestra in Elektra), at the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste (February 1988; "impressive" as composer), at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice (1988, as composer), in Genoa (June 1988 as


texts: Fricka in Die Walküre; 1997 as Türkenbaba in The Rake's Progress), at La Scala (1990; as Magdalene in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg) and several times at the Teatro Massimo Bellini in Catania (April/May 1992 as Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier, with Renata Scotto as Marschallin in her role debut; 1994 as Venus; 1998 as Klytämnestra). She also gave guest performances at the Teatro Real in Madrid, at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon, in Paris (February 1989; as Magdalene at the Palais Garnier), in Montpellier (February 1993 as Ortrud, 1995), in Nice (1993 as Clairon in Capriccio; 1995 as Klytämnestra) and in Amsterdam (September 1993 as Kundry; June 1995 as Magdalene). She appeared several times at the Flemish Opera (De Vlaamse Opera) in Antwerp and Ghent: 1990 as Kundry in Parsifal (Ghent), 1991 also as Kundry in Parsifal (Antwerp), 1994 as Ortrud (Ghent), 1996 as Kundry (Ghent/Antwerp), 1996 as Principessa in Suor Angelica and Zita in Gianni Schicchi (both in Antwerp).In the United States, she gave a guest performance in Charleston (June/July 1987 and 1990; as Kundry in Parsifal), at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City (April 1990; as Fricka in Die Walküre), at the Washington Opera (1997; as Klytämnestra) and several times at the Hawaii Opera in Honolulu (1999 also as Klytämnestra; 2002 as Herodias in Salome). In May 1994 she sang Venus in Tannhäuser at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. Engert-Ely also appeared as a concert and song singer. In June 1986 she appeared in a concert of the Berlin Philharmonic under the musical direction of Heinrich Hollreiser; Engert-Ely took over the alto parts in Mozart's Coronation Mass and in Beethoven's


texts:
 Mass in C major op. 86. In October 1988, she sang "with expressive, warm mezzo-soprano, which only lacked the otherwise pleasantly round sound at the very bottom", the alto part in Handel's Messiah in a scenic performance in the DOB. In November 1988, she took over the mezzo-soprano part in Verdi's Requiem with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.In November 1991, she sang in the Verdi Requiem in a performance of the Bochumer Symphoniker conducted by Eberhard Kloke in the auditorium of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, in which "her full well-fitting mezzo-soprano with ability for dramatic attack was impressively employed". In recitals she interpreted songs by Robert Schumann, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Franz Schreker and Alexander Zemlinsky among others. She also gave singing lessons. Engert-Ely was married to the musicologist Norbert Ely. After her marriage, she also performed under the name Ruthild Engert-Ely. Engert died in Berlin at the age of 72 after a serious illness. Repertoire
Engert-Ely sang a broad repertoire on stage, which included baroque music, operas from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Giuseppe Verdi, but especially works from the turn of the century, the 20th century and classical modernism.Her other stage roles included Dorabella in Così fan tutte, Brangäne in Tristan und Isolde, Waltraute in Götterdämmerung, Hansel, later also Gertrud/Hexe in Hänsel und Gretel and Charlotte in the opera Die Soldaten (1983, Deutsche Oper Berlin; season 1987/1988 in Paris). Recordings
Several sound documents with the voice of Ruthild Engert-Ely exist; however, her main roles are not sufficiently documented on sound recordings. In April 1987 she performed


texts:
 the role of Schwertleite in a recording of the opera Die Walküre under the musical direction of James Levine at the Manhattan Center in New York City. The recording was released by Deutsche Grammophon. In June 1987 she appeared as the nurse Filipjewna in a recording of the opera Eugene Onegin, which was recorded at the Lukaskirche in Dresden; her partners were Mirella Freni (Tatjana) and James Levine (conductor). The recording was first released in 1988 (still on vinyl), also by Deutsche Grammophon. In a complete recording of Prokovief's opera The Fiery Angel she took on the roles of the fortune teller and the abbess; the recording was also released on CD by Deutsche Grammophon in 1990.Also live and radio recordings of her performance at the Bayreuth Festival exist. Some of these were published on CD. Philips has released a CD with a recording of Parsifal from the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1985, in which Engert-Ely can be heard in her Bayreuth roles (1st miner and alto solo). A recording of the Bayreuth Tannhäuser 1989 performance with Engert-Ely as Venus was issued on DVD. Notes

References

Further reading
 Karl-Josef Kutsch, Leo Riemens: Großes Sängerlexikon. Fourth, extended edition. Munich 2003. volume 2: Castori–Frampoli, . .
 Jörg Graepel: "Ruthild Engert: 'Es geht vorwärts!'". Portrait and interview in Orpheus. Juli 1986. .
 Imre Fabian: Ruthild Engert. Porträt. In Opernwelt. Ausgabe November 1984. Seite 63/64.External links

 <mask> Engert-Ely – Biography (Bayreuth Festival)
 Engert, Ruthild on BMLO

German operatic mezzo-sopranos
1940 births
2013 deaths
Musicians from Frankfurt
Hoch Conservatory alumni
20th-century German women  opera


texts:
<mask> (born Jakob Roitman; 26 December 1905–1963) was a Romanian communist politician. The leading ideologue of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) from 1944 to 1957, he served as head of its Agitprop Department from 1948 to 1952 and was in charge of propaganda and culture from 1952 to 1955. He has been described as "Moscow's right-hand man in Romania". Biography

Early life
Chișinevschi was born to a poor Jewish family in Bălți, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Moldova). Largely self-taught and a high-school dropout, he joined the PCR in 1928. Arrested that year (since the PCR had been banned in 1924), he went to the Soviet Union upon his release in 1930. He attended the Comintern's International Lenin School (his only ideological training) and was a participant at the Vth PCR Congress, held in Gorikovo near Moscow in December 1931.The Comintern delegates to the congress, Béla Kun and Dmitry Manuilsky, sponsored his election to the PCR central committee. He had personal connections within the Soviet secret police, of which he was an agent (which he remained through the 1950s), infiltrating the PCR hierarchy's upper ranks. Chișinevschi came back to Romania with instructions from Moscow, helping to reorganize the Agitprop Department, the PCR's propaganda nucleus. During the party's years of underground activity, he helped orient it toward Bolshevism (specifically Stalinism). He shunned real intellectual problems and the debates of the Marxist left, instead idolizing Joseph Stalin. He was most influenced by the latter's The Problems of Leninism, a sort of thumbnail sketch of revolutionary theory; once he had read the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) Short Course, with its blatant falsifications, he looked no further than Stalin for ideological


texts:
 guidance. A devoted Comintern man, he was unconcerned with Romania's cultural and political history and context.Arrested again in 1933, he was freed in 1936 and integrated into the secretariat of the Central Committee, becoming head of the Bucharest party organization. In power
Reconfirmed as a member of the PCR Central Committee in 1940, he was arrested that year, spending World War II in the Caransebeş penitentiary and the Târgu Jiu camp, where he was among the closest associates of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, especially after 1942. Having navigated for several years between the party's Gheorghiu-Dej and Ștefan Foriș, he participated in the staging of a plot that resulted in the latter's elimination and assassination, accusing him of being a collaborator of the Kingdom of Romania's secret police, Siguranța Statului. Joining the Politburo after August 23, 1944, he participated in the anti-intelligentsia campaign, also publishing several articles and brochures under the pen name of Stănciulescu the following year. Between 1952 and 1954, he was intimately involved in the shadowy machinations that led to the downfall of Ana Pauker, the execution of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, and the trial of Vasile Luca. Despite his Jewish ethnicity, Chișinevschi frantically distanced himself from his origins and helped persecute Jews. For instance, on January 14, 1953, he wrote: "The Jewish communities have always been a nest of thieves, of spies.The communities have always had Filderman and from the exploitation and robbing of poor people, to acts of criminal espionage, these have been part of their agenda. This is why I think we have to proceed firmly. The devil take them—they will eventually be quiet; otherwise they will damage us, and not only us, but the entire camp of peace". Chişinevschi, known among party members as Ioșka, was


texts:
 a consummate intriguer and opportunist, sycophantically subservient to his superiors, vindictive, and despotic toward his subordinates. He was the patron of an entire group of crude, narrow-minded and aggressive apparatchiks who dominated Romania's spiritual life during the years of unrestrained Stalinism. As a committed Stalinist, he was unconditionally devoted to the USSR and identified his own destiny with that of the "homeland of socialism". He participated in all the important meetings with Soviet representatives and delegates from other Eastern European countries, also coordinating the party's international relations and supervising cadre policy.Downfall
For Chișinevschi, one's attitude toward the USSR was his most important criterion of Leninist orthodoxy. Thus, when the Soviets changed course at the 20th Party Congress (which Chișinevschi attended), he zealously changed course and immediately began spreading insidious critical allusions about his old friend Gheorghiu-Dej, hoping to cover up his own past crimes and abuses. At the March 1956 plenary, he and Miron Constantinescu called for a liberalisation, something that Gheorghiu-Dej categorically rejected. He did not make his proposal out of genuinely reformist sentiments, but rather because "his enduring opportunism, his unsurpassed chameleon-type of political conduct materialized in his will to associate himself with the group that was most probable to win the battle". As "a true follower of Moscow’s line, whatever its twist or turn, he grasped an opportunity to undermine Gheorghiu-Dej and re-compose for himself the image of a fighter for intra-party democracy". Thinking that "a critical re-assessment of the Stalinist purges in Romania was inevitable", he aligned himself in opposition to Gheorghiu-Dej. Probably encouraged by Khrushchev, <mask> and


texts: Constantinescu sought allies on the Politburo to topple Gheorghiu-Dej by majority vote; they drew Constantin Pîrvulescu, president of the party control commission to their side, but failed to capture Alexandru Moghioroș, who informed Gheorghiu-Dej of the conspiracy.After this, despite renewed professions of faith in Gheorghiu-Dej, Chişinevschi had no chance of political survival, as the former surpassed him in ability and duplicity. During the June 28–29 and July 1–3, 1957 plenum of the Central Committee, the Chişinevschi-Constantinescu "factionalist group" (invented by Gheorghiu-Dej for propaganda purposes) was purged from the Politburo. In June 1960, the Third Congress of the Romanian Workers' Party (as the PCR was then called) did not re-elect him to the Central Committee. In late 1956, knowing about his dissent from Gheorghiu-Dej's line that March, the leaders of the Bucharest student movement of 1956 saw Chișinevschi, then vice president of the Council of Ministers, as a potential interlocutor, but he rebuffed their calls for dialogue. At the November 30–December 5, 1961 central committee plenum, his former comrades cruelly humiliated him: Gheorghiu-Dej, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Leonte Răutu, Petre Borilă, Moghioroș, Alexandru Sencovici, Valter Roman did not hesitate to accuse the man formerly celebrated as the "brain of the party", now the director of the Casa Scînteii printing works. It was here that Gheorghiu-Dej, absolving himself of responsibility, denounced the alleged Pauker-Luca-Georgescu and Chișinevschi-Constantinescu factions as being responsible for Romania's worst Stalinist excesses. When Chișinevschi died of cancer in 1963, no obituary appeared in Romania.In April 1968, Ceaușescu relished the opportunity to denounce him (along with Gheorghiu-Dej and Alexandru Drăghici) for


texts:
 Pătrășcanu's execution. Family
After Chișinevschi's first wife died, he married  (1911–1981), a party member from 1930 and an activist during its underground years (whose last name he took). In 1946, she helped her husband secure the job of food-procurement officer for the Soviet army of occupation in Romania. From 1952 to 1954, she was on the Central Committee. In addition, she served as vice president of the Trade Union Confederation and of the Great National Assembly, and as deputy chair of the party's control commission (1955–1960). His eldest son, Milea, emigrated to Canada, while two other sons, Andrei and Gheorghe, left for Israel, where the latter died in the late 1980s. A fourth son, Iuri (b.1945), still lived in Romania as of 2006. References

  Final Report of the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania , p. 649
  Cristina Arvatu, ”Fără nici un sprijin din partea tovarășilor (Without Any Help from the Comrades) ", in Jurnalul Național, October 4, 2005
 Vladimir Tismăneanu, Gheorghiu-Dej and the Romanian Workers' Party: From De-Sovietization to the Emergence of National Communism (Working Paper No.37), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 2002 (PDF)
 Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2003,

1905 births
1963 deaths
People from Bălți
People from Beletsky Uyezd
Bessarabian Jews
Moldovan Jews
Jewish Romanian politicians
Romanian Communist Party politicians
Deputy Prime Ministers of Romania
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Romanian Comintern people
Romanian expatriates in the Soviet Union
Romanian propagandists
Jewish socialists
International Lenin School alumni
Deaths from cancer in Romania
Collaborators with the Soviet


texts: <mask>  ( ; ; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. <mask> is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline. Raised in Delft, Dutch Republic, <mask> worked as a draper in his youth and founded his own shop in 1654. He became well recognized in municipal politics and developed an interest in lensmaking. In the 1670s, he started to explore microbial life with his microscope. This was one of the notable achievements of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s).Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, <mask> was the first to observe and to experiment with microbes, which he originally referred to as dierkens, diertgens or diertjes (Dutch for "small animals" [translated into English as animalcules, from Latin animalculum = "tiny animal"]). He was the first to relatively determine their size. Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as unicellular organisms, although he observed multicellular organisms in pond water. He was also the first to document microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, red blood cells, crystals in gouty tophi, and among the first to see blood flow in capillaries. Although <mask>k did not write any books, he described his discoveries in

masks:
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek
Van Leeuwenhoek
van Leeuwenhoek
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoe


texts:
 letters to the Royal Society, which published many of his letters, and to persons in several European countries. Early life and career

<mask> <mask> was born in Delft, Dutch Republic, on 24 October 1632. On 4 November, he was baptized as Thonis.His father, Philips Antonisz <mask>, was a basket maker who died when Antonie was only five years old. His mother, Margaretha (<mask> den Berch), came from a well-to-do brewer's family. She remarried Jacob Jansz Molijn, a painter. Antonie had four older sisters: Margriet, Geertruyt, Neeltje, and Catharina. When he was around ten years old his step-father died. He attended school in Warmond for a short time before being sent to live in Benthuizen with his uncle, an attorney. At the age of 16 he became a bookkeeper's apprentice at a linen-draper's shop in Amsterdam, which was owned by the Scot William Davidson.Van Leeuwenhoek left there after six years. Van Leeuwenhoek married Barbara de Mey in July 1654, with whom he fathered one surviving daughter, Maria (four other children died in infancy). That same year he returned to Delft, where he would live and study for the rest of his life. He opened a draper's shop, which he ran throughout the 1650s. His wife died in 1666, and in 1671, <mask> remarried to Cornelia Swalmius with whom he had no children. His status in Delft had grown throughout the years. In 1660 he received a lucrative job as chamberlain for the assembly chamber of the Delft sheriffs in the city hall, a position which he would hold for almost 40 years.In 1669 he was appointed as a land surveyor by

masks:
Antonie
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuhoek
Bel van
van Leeuwenhoek


texts:
 the court of Holland; at some time he combined it with another municipal job, being the official "wine-gauger" of Delft and in charge of the city wine imports and taxation. Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of another famous Delft citizen, the painter Johannes Vermeer, who was baptized just four days earlier. It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two Vermeer paintings of the late 1660s, The Astronomer and The Geographer, but others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity. Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were at least acquaintances; <mask> acted as the executor of Vermeer's will after the painter died in 1675. Microscopic study

While running his draper shop, <mask> wanted to see the quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lenses of the time. He developed an interest in lensmaking, although few records exist of his early activity. By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, one can pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass.Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, a very small, high-quality glass lens is created. Significantly, a May 2021 neutron tomography study of a high-magnification Leeuwenhoek microscope captured images of the short glass stem characteristic of this lens creation method. For lower magnifications he also made ground lenses. To help keep his methods confidential he apparently intentionally encouraged others to think

masks:
van Leeuhoek
van Leeuwenhoek