texts:
 scored the run which gave Brooklyn the lead for good in an 8–6 win in Game 6. He preserved a 6–5 victory in Game 5 of the 1952 World Series when he made a spectacular catch over the fence of an apparent home run by Johnny Mize – who had already homered three times in the Series – with one out in the eleventh inning. In the 1953 World Series he hit .333, and drove in the tying run in the seventh inning of Game 1, though Brooklyn went on to lose; in the final Game 6, his 2-run homer with one out in the ninth tied the game 3–3, but New York scored in the bottom of the inning to win the game and the Series. In the victorious 1955 Series he started the scoring with a solo home run in his first at bat of Game 1, which New York won 6–5.In Game 7 he advanced Roy Campanella to third base on a groundout in the fourth inning, with Campanella later scoring, and was walked intentionally with one out and runners on second and third in the sixth, with another run following on a sacrifice fly by Hodges. The two runs held up for a 2–0 victory, and Brooklyn earned the only World Series title in franchise history. In the 1959 Series he was limited to four pinch-hitting appearances and his 2-run single in the seventh inning of Game 3 broke a scoreless tie. Los Angeles held on for a 3–1 win. Statistical summary
In his 15-year career, <mask> batted .299 with 192 home runs, 1,910 hits, 1,058 RBI, 895 runs, 324 doubles, 56 triples, 48 stolen bases, a .458 slugging average and 514 walks for a .355 on-base percentage. As an outfielder, he had 3,322 putouts, 151 assists, 34 double plays and 74 errors for 3,547 total chances and a .979 fielding percentage. If he had one more hit in his career, he would have statistically had a .300 batting average.In 40 World Series games, he batted .266 (34-for-128) with 13 runs, 9 doubles, 2 home runs, 13 RBI and 13


type: original

texts:
 walks. After baseball
After retiring as a player, <mask> left the sport for good. While writing his 1972 book The Boys of Summer about the 1952 and 1953 pennant-winning teams, author Roger Kahn located Furillo installing elevators at the World Trade Center. During the mid-1960s, he owned and operated a deli in Flushing, Queens. <mask> later worked as a night watchman; he developed leukemia, and died in Stony Creek Mills, Pennsylvania at 66 years of age of an apparent heart attack. Although Furillo felt that baseball completely forgot about him and his accomplishments, his funeral was attended by many of his Dodger teammates, including hall-of-famers Sandy Koufax and Duke Snider. He is interred at Forest Hills Memorial Park in Reiffton, Pennsylvania.In a 1976 Esquire magazine article, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter", consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. <mask> was the right fielder on Stein's Italian team. See also

List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball batting champions
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

 Baseball: The Biographical Encyclopedia (2000). Kingston, New York: Total/Sports Illustrated. . External links

<mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
<mask> at Baseball Library

<mask> at The Deadball Era

1922 births
1989 deaths
American sportspeople of Italian descent
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball right fielders
Montreal Royals players
National League All-Stars
National League batting champions
People from Berks County, Pennsylvania
Pocomoke City Chicks players
Reading Brooks players
Reading Chicks players
Sportspeople from the Delaware

masks:
Furillo
Furillo
Furillo
Carl Furillo
Carl Furillo
Carl Furillo


texts: <mask> (10 May 1914 – 27 June 2014) was a Brazilian botanist who was the best-known collector of the Brazilian Cerrado plant species of the 20th century. He lived in Ituiutaba, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. He started his collection in 1943 when he was a teacher of natural sciences in the Instituto Marden, Ituiutaba. He collected most of his plant material in the Cerrado vegetation of the states of Minas Gerais, Goiás, Maranhão and Pará. He collected also in the regions of the villages of Natividade, Porto Nacional and Filadelfia, at the time part of the state of Goiás, although now part of the state of Tocantins. Plant specimens from his collection are in several herbaria in Brazil and outside. Between 1943 and 2007 he collected 6,008 plant specimens, several of them are considered new species and some were named for him by fellow botanists.<mask>, the son of Otavio <mask>, a farmer from the Triângulo Mineiro in the State of Minas Gerais (MG), and Maria da Gloria Chaves <mask>, was married to Celia Duarte <mask>. The couple had four daughters: Regina, Marilia, Beatriz and Maria do Carmo. He was born Campina Verde, Brazil and attended primary school in Ituiutaba and secondary school in Campanha, Minas Gerais. Afterwards he was a student

masks:
Amaro Macedo
Biography Macedo
Macedo
Macedo
Macedo


texts: at the Escola Superior de Viçosa, now known as the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Federal University of Viçosa) - UFV, Minas Gerais, as a technician in agriculture. In 1935 he moved to Ituiutaba, MG, to teach primary school classes at the new Instituto Marden. Soon he was teaching mathematics, sciences and technical design in the secondary classes of the same Institute. He was a teacher of statistics at the Commerce School and was responsible for the administration of the Instituto Marden when his brother-in-law was on leave.At the time he was also responsible for the classes of mathematics and sciences at the Colegio Santa Tereza, a Roman Catholic school run by nuns in Ituiutaba. As a teacher of Natural Sciences he had to teach the scientific names of common plant species; since his pupils were for the most part sons of farmers from the region and they were particularly interested to know the Latin names of the plants that were growing on their farms. He had to study to learn this subject and decided also to have field classes with his students. He wrote to well-known botanists in Brazil asking for help in how to collect and prepare plant specimens. He collected most of his plant material in the cerrado vegetation of the States of Minas


texts:
 Gerais, Goiás, Maranhão and Pará. He collected also in the regions of the villages of Natividade, Porto Nacional and Filadelfia, at the time part of the State of Goiás, although now part of the state of Tocantins. His first plant specimen was collected on May 3, 1943, in Ituiutaba – Roupala tomentosa Pohl.He travelled all over the cerrado region and wrote diaries of his trips in which he describes the plants, the environment, the villages, the customs of the people, the food, the transport, the rivers and so on. When he retired from teaching, he started a new life as a farmer, but continued collecting plant material. One day collecting material in the farm he was struck by a branch of Bauhinia bongardi Steud. which left him totally blind of his left eye. Tributes
He has a mention from the British Museum of Natural History for his work with the Brazilian flora. In 1958 he received a medal, Medalha de Mérito Dom João VI, from the Brazilian government for his services to the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. Exchanges with well-known botanists
He learned from and kept an exchange of correspondence with Brazilian botanists, such as Joaquim Franco de Toledo, Oswaldo Handro, Frederico Carlos Hoehne, Graziela Maciel Barroso, Carlos de Toledo Rizzini,


texts:
 Alexandre Curt Brade, Guido Frederico João Pabst, Gil Martins Felippe, and Lúcia Rossi e João Aguiar Nogueira Batista.He also was in frequent touch with botanists outside Brazil, such as Carlos M.D.E. Legrand, from Uruguay, Lorenzo R. Parodi and Arturo E. Burkart, from Argentina, Harold N. Moldenke, Richard Sumner Cowan, Robert E. Woodson Jr., Conrad V. Morton, Jason R. Swallen, and Lyman B. Smith, from the United States, Noel Y. Sandwith, from England, Joseph V. Monachino, an Italian working in the United States, and Erik Asplund, from Sweden. Plant specimens
Plant specimens from his collection are all over herbaria of Brazil and outside. In 1963 he donated a herbarium of 1,723 plant specimens to the Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo. Between 1943 and 2007 he collected 6,008 plant specimens, several of them are considered new species and some were named after him by fellow botanists. New species collected by Macedo
Acanthaceae
Amphiscopia grandis Rizzini
Chaetothylax erenthemanthus Rizzini
Chaetothylax tocantinus var longispicus Rizzini
Hygrophila humistrata Rizzini
Lophothecium paniculatum Rizzini
Ruellia capitata Rizzini
Ruellia rufipila Rizzini
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllis minasgerais H.P. Traub
Asclepiadaceae
Ditassa maranhensis Fontella &


texts:
 C. Valente
Bignoniaceae
Distictella dasytricha Sandwith
Bromeliaceae
Bromelia interior L.B.Smith
Compositae
Gochnatia barrosii Cabrera
Tricogonia atenuata G.M.Barroso
Connaraceae
Rourea psammophila E. Forero
Gramineae
Luziola divergens J.R. Swallen
Olyra taquara Swallen
Panicum pirineosense Swallen
Paspalum crispulum Swallen
Paspalum fessum Swallen
Paspalum formosum Swallen
Paspalum latipes Swallen
Paspalum pallens Swallen
Sporobolus hians van Schaack
Labiatae
Hyptis argentea Epling & Mathias
Salvia expansa Epling
Liliaceae
Herreria latifolia Woodson
Melastomataceae
Rhynchanthera philadelphensis Brade
Velloziaceae
Vellozia hypoxoides L.B. Smith

New species dedicated to Amaro Macedo
Acanthaceae
Sericographis macedoana Rizzini — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 8; 357, 1948
Aspidiaceae
Polybotrya macedoi Brade — Bradea l: 24, 1969
Bromeliaceae
Bromelia macedoi L.B.Sm. — Buli. Bromeliad Soe.8: 12, 1958
Dyckia macedoi L.B.Sm. — Arch. Bot. São Paulo n. ser. 2: 195, 1952
Compositae
Mikania macedoi G.M.Barroso — Arch. Jard. Bot.Rio de Janeiro 16: 247, 1959
Vernonia macedoi G.M.Barroso — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 13: 9, 1954
Wedelia macedoi H.Rob. — Phytologia 55:396, 1984
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea macedoi Hoehne — Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo n s.


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 2: 110, 1950
Dryopteridaceae
Polybotrya macedoi Brade — Bradea 1: 24, 1969
Gramineae
Paspatum macedoi Swallen — Phytologia 14: 377, 1967
Lauraceae
Aiouea macedoana Vattimo-Gil — Anais 15 Congr.Soc. Bot. Brasil 168, 1967
Leguminosae–Caesalpinioideae
Cassia macedoi H.S.Irwin &. Barneby — Mem. New York Bot. Gard, 30; 136,1978
Chamaecrista macedoi (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby — Mem. New York Bot.Gard. 35: 654,1982
Leguminosae–Mimosoideae
Mimosa macedoana Burkart — Darwiniana 13: 389,1964
Leguminosae–Papilionoideae
Arachis macedoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg. — Bonplandia (Corrientes) 8: 55, 1994
Harpalyce macedoi R.S.Cowan — Brittonia 10: 31,1958
Malpighiaceae
Banisteriopsis macedoana L.B.Sm. — J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 45: 198, 1955
Stigmaphyllon macedoanum C. E. Anderson — Contr.Univ. Michigan Herb. 17: 10, 1990
Malvaceae
Peltaea macedoi Krapov. & Cristobal —Kurtziana 2:196, 1965
Melastomataceae
Macairea macedoi Brade — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 16: 31, 1959
Microlicía amaroi Brade — Arch.Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 16:29, 1959
Microlicia macedoi L.B.Sm. & Wurdack — J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 45: 200, 1955
Tococa macedoi Brade — Arch. Jard.Bot. Rio de Janeiro 16: 32, 1959
Myrtaceae
Eugenia macedoi Mattos & D.Legrand — Loefgrenia 67:


texts:
 24,1975
Hexachlamys macedoi D.Legrand — Loefgrenia 55: 1, 1972
Marlierea macedoi D.Legrand —Bot. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, 3: 27, 1962
Psidium macedoi Kausel — Lilloa 33: 108, 1971 (publ.1972)
Ochnaceae
Luxemburgia macedoi Dwyer — J. Wash. Acad. Sci.45: 198, 1955
Onagraceae
Pelozia macedoi Krapov. & Cristóbal — Kurtziana 2: 196, 1965
Opiliaceae
Agonandra macedoi Toledo — Arch. Bot. São Paulo n.s. 3:13, 1952
Orchidaceae
Cyrtopodium macedoi J.A.N.Bat. & Bianch. — Novon 16: 17, 2006
Piperaceae
Peperomia macedoana Yunck.— Bol. Inst. Bot. (São Paulo) 3:189, 1966
Piper macedoi Yunck. — Boi. Inst. Bot.(São Paulo) 3: 51, 1966
Polypodiaceae
Pecluma macedoi (Brade) M.KessIer &. A.R.Sm. — Candollea 60: 281, 2005
Polypodium macedoi Brade — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 11: 30, 1951
Rubiaceae
Galianthe macedoi E.L.Cabral — Bonplandia (Corrientes) 10:121, 2000
Rutaceae
Teclea macedoi Exell & Mendonça — Garcia de Orta. Ser.Bot. 1: 93, 1973
Vepris macedoi (Exell &. Mendonça) W.Mziray —Symb. Bot. Upsal. 30: 73, 1992
Velloziaceae
Vellozia macedonis Woodson— Ann. Missouri Bot.Gard. 37: 398, 1950
Verbenaceae
Lippia macedoi Moldenke — Phytologia 6: 327, 1958
Stachytarpheta macedoi Moldenke — Phytologia 3: 276, 1950
Viscaceae
Phoradendron macedonis Rizzini —


texts:
 Rodriguesia 18-19: 163, 1956

References

Brazilian Orchids Orchids News #31. Last visited 2009-07-19. Clifford, H. T. & Bostock, P. D. Etymological Dictionary of Grasses. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. Felippe, Gil e <mask>, Maria do Carmo. Amaro <mask> – o solitário do cerrado, 1.ª edição, Cotia - SP, Brazil.Ateliê Editorial, 2009,
Jornal do Pontal 2009-05-22 <https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153327/http://www.jornaldopontal.com.br/index.php?ac=colunas&id=82>. Last visited 2009-07-19. Jusbrasil - Entrega de Títulos Emociona Convidados. Last visited 2009-07-17. Brazilian botanists
Brazilian centenarians
Men centenarians
1914 births
2014

masks: Macedo Macedo


texts:
<mask> was a Chinese historical figure who led an armed rebellion against the then ruling Song Dynasty in early 12th century. His band marauded over a region straddling the present-day Chinese provinces of Shandong and Henan. They eventually surrendered to the Imperial Court. The historical <mask> was turned into a fictional character in Water Margin, which became one of the four top Classic Chinese Novels. He is the central figure in the book, the No. 1 man among 108 heroes, who come together as bandits in Shandong's Liangshan Marsh and are alleged to be 108 Stars of Destiny from Heaven. Life
<mask> is mentioned in the History of Song, the most authoritative of records on the history of the Song dynasty.His name occurs in the portion relating to Emperor Huizong () that:

Another account, from the portion relating to Zhang Shuye in the History of Song, records the following:

In Water Margin

The fictional <mask> in Water Margin is based on the historical one and folktales that had been circulating in the Shandong region. One tale, for example, is about "36 huge banners and 72 smaller banners of local bandits", a likely origin of the 108 Stars of Destiny in Water Margin. Background
In Water Margin, <mask> is depicted as short, swarthy, and having a big squarish mouth and eyes like those of a fenghuang. He lives and works in Yuncheng County, where he serves as a clerk of the magistrate. He is nicknamed "Timely Rain" because he is generous and helpful, often assisting heroes in difficulties and the indigent. As he is known to be filial, he is also called "Filial and Righteous Dark Third Son" and "Dark Song Jiang", with "dark" referring to his complexion. After all the 108 Stars of Destiny come together at Liangshan, he goes by another nickname, "Protector of Justice", to advertise his

masks:
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang


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 conviction in life.He is trained in both scholarly and martial arts, but he is apparently not a great fighter. He has a younger brother named <mask>. <mask> is a close friend of Yuncheng's chief constables, Zhu Tong and Lei Heng, as well as Chao Gai, the headman of Yuncheng's Dongxi Village. After Chao and his six confederates hijacked valuables from a conveyance to the Grand Tutor Cai Jing in the imperial capital Dongjing, the government of Jizhou is under pressure to solve the case as Yellow Mud Ridge, the site of the robbery, is within its jurisdiction. He Tao, the chief constable of Jizhou, is tasked with tracking down the robbers. <mask> runs into He at the magistrate office of Yuncheng, who tells him he has identified Chao Gai as the mastermind. Upon hearing this, <mask> excuses himself and rushes to Dongxi Village to warn Chao.The robbers thus manage to pack up in time and escape. They seek refuge in the outlaw stronghold at Liangshan Marsh. But Wang Lun, the chief of Liangshan, does not welcome them. Chao is elected in his place after Lin Chong kills Wang. Killing Yan Poxi
Meanwhile, <mask> has taken Yan Poxi as his mistress at her mother's insistence as their repayment for his funding of her father's funeral. They got along without problem initially. However, Yan Poxi soon detested <mask>, who has no fancy for women, after knowing Zhang Wenyuan, <mask>'s clerical assistant, and getting into an affair with him.To convey his gratitude, Chao Gai sends Liu Tang to deliver one hundred pieces of gold each to <mask> and Zhu Tong, who has also aided his escape. Liu also brings along a letter from Chao for <mask>. <mask> is shocked to find Liu greeting him on the street one night. He refuses to take all the gold, accepting only one piece as a token. That night he is forced to go to

masks:
Song Qing
Song Jiang
Song
Song
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song
Song Jiang
Song
Song


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 sleep with Yan Poxi by Yan's mother. Yan discovers Chao's letter, which reveals <mask>'s involvement with the outlaws of Liangshan. She threatens to report him to the authorities unless he meets three demands: divorce her and allow her to marry Zhang Wenyuan; let her keep all the things he has given her; and hand over all the gold pieces he received from Chao.<mask> agrees to the first two but could not accede to the third as he has accepted only one gold piece. As Yan refuses to believe him and repeatedly threatens to expose him, <mask> becomes agitated and kills her with a dagger that he always carries in his bag. He flees to hide in a pit in the house of his father. Zhu Tong, who is sent to arrest him, locates him in the vault as <mask> has once told him about it. But Zhu lets him go. <mask> runs away from Yuncheng and becomes a fugitive. Battle of Qingfeng Fort
<mask> takes shelter in the residence of nobleman Chai Jin, where he meets <mask>.He meets Wu again, who has become an itinerant priest to hide his identity after committing a series of killings, when he stays at the Kong Family Manor at Mount White Tiger. <mask> next moves to the house of Hua Rong, garrison commandant of Qingfeng Fort (清風寨; in present-day Qingzhou, Shandong), invited by Hua. When he is near to the fort, he is trapped and nearly killed by the three chieftains of Mount Qingfeng (清風山) -- Yan Shun, Wang Ying and Zheng Tianshou. The trio treat him with respect upon learning he is <mask> as his chivalrous deeds are widely known. <mask> prevents Wang Ying from raping a woman he has abducted and secures her release when he finds out she is the wife of Liu Gao, the governor of Qingfeng Fort and Hua Rong's superior. On the Lantern Festival night, <mask>, who is then living in Hua Rong's house, goes outdoor to

masks:
Song
Song
Song
Song
Song
Song Jiang
Wu Song
Song
Song Jiang
Song
Song Jiang


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 watch the celebrations. Liu Gao's wife spots him and lies to her husband that <mask> had abducted her at Mount Qingfeng and attempted to rape her.Believing his wife, Liu orders <mask> arrested. Hua Rong barges into Liu's house and frees <mask>. As <mask> flees to Mount Qingfeng following Hua's advice he is waylaid and re-arrested by Liu's men. Meanwhile, Hua is seized in an ambush by Huang Xin, a military officer sent from Qingzhou prefecture, which oversees Qingfeng Fort. As Huang escorts <mask> and Hua back to Qingzhou, the convoy is intercepted by the bandits of Mount Qingfeng, who rescue the two prisoners. Liu is killed in the fight while Huang escapes. Qingzhou sends Qin Ming, a higher officer, to eliminate Mount Qingfeng.But Qin is caught in a trap and brought before <mask>. Although Qin is glad to meet <mask>, having heard much about him, he refuses to join the stronghold. As Qin spends the night at Mount Qingfeng, <mask> sends bandits led by a man disguised as him to pillage and raze a suburb of Qingzhou. Murong Yanda, the governor of Qingzhou, falls for the ruse and executes Qin's family. That forces Qin to defect to <mask>'s camp. As Qinghou is likely to send a bigger force, <mask> suggests the group go join the band at Liangshan. But he leaves the group halfway when he runs into Shi Yong, who hands him a letter from <mask> which falsely claims that their father has passed away.Exile to Jiangzhou
<mask> returns to Yuncheng to find his father alive. The old man has faked death to lure him back to prevent him from falling into bad company. Alerted to his return, Yuncheng's authorities arrest <mask> over the killing of Yan Poxi. Due to his past service at the magistrate office, <mask> is spared the death penalty. He is tattooed on the face and exiled to Jiangzhou (江州;

masks:
Song
Song
Song
Song
Song
Song
Song
Song
Song
Song
Song Qing
Song Jiang
Song
Song


texts: present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi). On the way, <mask> and his two escorts pass by Jieyang Ridge and are nearly butchered by the innkeeper Li Li after being drugged. He is saved by Li Jun, another of his admirers.Informed of <mask>'s exile, Li Jun has been waiting by the Xunyang River expecting to meet him. He happens to come to Li Li's inn for refreshment. They revive <mask> after confirming his identity through the official document on the escorts. They treat him with hospitality before seeing him off. At Jieyang Town, <mask> generously tips Xue Yong, a street performer of martial arts, seeing that no onlooker awards him for his show. In doing that he offends the brothers Mu Hong and Mu Chun, who wield immense influence over the town. Because Xue, who is from out of town, has not gone to pay them respects, the Mus have ordered the townsfolk to not give him a cent.That night <mask> and his escorts happen to be offered accommodation in the Mus' house by their kindly father. When he discovers they are in danger, the three flee. Pursued by the Mus, they desperately board the boat of pirate Zhang Heng at Xunyang River. Midway across the river, Zhang wants to kill them. <mask> is again saved by Li Jun, who passes by in his boat. Zhang and the Mu brothers are shocked to learn that the man is <mask>. <mask> receives warm treatment from his new friends before proceeding on to Jiangzhou.At Jiangzhou, <mask> meets the chief warden Dai Zong, who is a friend of Wu Yong, the chief strategist of Liangshan, and jailer Li Kui. He and Li take to each other as <mask> is generous and Li straightforward. <mask> also meets the fishmonger Zhang Shun, Zhang Heng‘s younger brother. As <mask> is allowed to move freely in and out of jail by Dai, one day he goes alone to drink at a restaurant on the bank of the

masks:
Song Jiang
Song
Song
Song
Song
Song
Song Jiang
Song
Song Jiang
Song
Song
Song


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 Xunyang River. Feeling miserable over his misfortunes, he writes a poem in drunkenness on the wall in the eatery. He forgets the incident the next day. Huang Wenbing, a petty official, discovers the poem, which he determines to be seditious, and reports it to Cai Jiu, the prefect of Jiangzhou.Cai, a son of Cai Jing, orders <mask> arrested and sends Dai Zong to Dongjing to seek advice from his father on the matter. However, Dai ends up in Liangshan disclosing the news to the outlaws. Wu Yong forges a letter ordering Cai Jiu to transfer <mask> to Dongjing. The plan is to rescue <mask> when he is conveyed there. But Huang Wenbing spots a giveaway in the letter. Furious, Cai Jiu sentences both <mask> and Dai to death. Wu Yong meanwhile has realised the mistake and sends a number of chieftains to Jiangzhou to rescue them.They storm the execution ground and carry the two away. But they are stranded at a riverbank. Fortunately Li Jun arrives with all the friends of <mask> from the Jieyang region in boats and they are ferried to safety. After killing Huang Wenbing, <mask> goes with the bunch to Liangshan, where he takes the second position after Chao Gai. As chief of Liangshan
<mask> goes home to fetch his father and <mask> to Liangshan. But news of his return leaks and constables come after him. Fleeing, <mask> stumbles into the temple of a goddess and hides in a closet.Falling into a nap, he dreams of meeting the goddess, who gives him three heavenly books which she says would guide him in his leadership of Liangshan. He wakes up to find himself holding the three books. In almost every of Liangshan's military conflicts, <mask> is the commander. He leads the three offensives on the Zhu Family Manor, the attack on Gaotangzhou to save Chai Jin, the fight against Huyan Zhuo's attempt to stamp

masks:
Song
Song Jiang
Song
Song
Song Jiang
Song
Song Jiang
Song Qing
Song
Song Jiang


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 out Liangshan, the battle at Qingzhou which ends with absorption of three strongholds, the effort to rescue Shi Jin and Lu Zhishen at Huazhou, the engagement with Fan Rui at Mount Mangdang, the assault on Daming to save Lu Junyi and Shi Xiu, the face-off against Guan Sheng, and the expedition against the Zeng Family Fortress to avenge the death of Chao Gai. Chao is killed in action when he, for the first time heading a military force, battles with the Zeng Family Fortress. <mask> becomes Liangshan's acting chief pending the capture of Chao's killer Shi Wengong. Chao has left word that whoever seizes his killer would succeed him.Although it is Lu Junyi who catches Shi, in the end <mask> becomes the chief of Liangshan. That comes after he beat Lu in a contest in which they agreed whoever overran the prefecture assigned to him first would be made chief. <mask> conquered Dongping first while Lu stalled in his effort to take Dongchang. Although his crimes are egregious and he is regarded as a colossal threat by the government, <mask> harbours the wish to serve the Song Empire. He crafts a slogan "Deliver Justice on Heaven's behalf" (替天行道)" to signal that Liangshan is committed to just causes and is led by people loyal to the emperor. After many attempts, including enlisting the help of Li Shishi, a courtesan patronised by Emperor Huizong, <mask> finally wins amnesty for Liangshan. But the emperor sends them on a series of expeditions against invaders from the Liao Empire and rebel forces in Song territory to prove their loyalty.The last of these, which is against the rebel Fang La, is highly costly, with at least two thirds of the 108 heroes killed in action or by disease. Death
Through with the expeditions, <mask> is appointed governor of Chuzhou (楚州; present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu). But

masks:
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang


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 the corrupt officials in the imperial court are unhappy that he is doing fine. They send him a jar of poisoned wine in the emperor's name which he is obliged to drink. When <mask> realises he has been poisoned, he is worried that the hot-tempered Li Kui will rebel against the Song Empire and tarnish the good name of Liangshan. So, he invites Li to Chuzhou and offers him the same wine. Both of them die.In the last chapter of Water Margin, the ghosts of <mask> and Li Kui appear in Emperor Huizong's dream and tell him about their wrongful deaths. Although the emperor orders an inquiry, it comes to nothing as the key witness – the emissary who sent the wine to <mask> – has died mysteriously on the way back to Dongjing. The emperor makes amends to <mask> only by conferring on him a posthumous title. <mask>'s seditious poem
The following two poems were written by <mask> at Xunyang Tower in Jiangzhou after he got drunk. It is the second one that carries a seditious message. <mask> then reads what he has written, laughing hysterically. He consumes more drink and starts to dance in a frenzy of joy.He picks up the inkbrush and writes another four lines:

He then signs off: "Work by <mask> from Yuncheng" (鄆城宋江作). The second poem is deemed seditious because of the last two lines. Huang Chao launched an uprising near the end of the Tang dynasty, which led to its collapse. Huang Wenbing interprets these two lines to mean: "If <mask> ever gets an opportunity to start a rebellion against the Song dynasty, he will do worse things than even Huang Chao did." See also

 List of Water Margin minor characters#<mask>'s story for a list of supporting minor characters from <mask>'s story. Notes

References

 Toqto'a (ed.) (1343).History of Song (Song Shi). Specific

36 Heavenly Spirits
Song

masks:
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang


texts:
<mask>. (born May 29, 1962 in Newnan, Georgia) was United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) from 2001 to 2005 and Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics from 2007 to 2009. He is the founder and principal of JY Strategies, LLC. Early life and education
<mask><mask>. was educated at the Georgia Institute of Technology (bachelor's degree in Aerospace Engineering). Participating in Georgia Tech's cooperative education program, while in university, he worked for Lockheed Martin Aeronautics in Fort Worth, Texas, where his work included engineering work for the F-16 Fighting Falcon and advanced fighter technology. He next worked at the Braddock Dunn & McDonald facility in Huntsville, Alabama, where he provided engineering support for the United States Army's missile defense efforts. <mask> then returned to school, attending Stanford University, receiving a master's degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics.Early career
After earning his master's degree, he took a job with Rockwell International's Missile Systems Division in Duluth, Georgia. He joined Sandia National Laboratories in 1988, and his work at Sandia focused on hypersonic weapons, the aerodynamics of maneuverable reentry vehicles, and standoff bombs. <mask> won an American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Congressional Fellowship that took him to Washington, D.C. to work for the United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense; after his fellowship, he joined the professional staff of the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations as the staff analyst for United States Department of Defense procurement, research, development, test and evaluation (RDT&E). In this capacity, he was responsible for reviewing all Department of Defense aircraft procurement programs, the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. He also reviewed the science and technology budgets of the United States Navy, the United States Army, and the Office of the Secretary of

masks:
John Jacob Young Jr
John J
. Young Jr
Young
Young


texts:
 Defense. Later career

On June 24, 2001, President of the United States George W. Bush nominated <mask> as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) and he was sworn in on July 17, 2001. He served in this office until November 6, 2005.During his time as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions), <mask> sought to help contain the research and development and procurement costs of the United States Department of the Navy. A supporter of missile defense, he (along with Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Vern Clark and Lieutenant General Ronald T. Kadish), oversaw the transfer of the USS Lake Erie (CG-70) to the Missile Defense Agency; the procurement of the RIM-161 Standard Missile 3; and the modification of Arleigh Burke class destroyers to provide sea-based missile defense. <mask> began the RIM-174 Standard ERAM program and oversaw the addition of the AIM-120 AMRAAM to the Navy's Standard Missile. He also successfully earned Congressional approval for funding for the first Virginia class submarine. Other major initiatives included awarding contracts to begin construction of Zumwalt class destroyers, the P-8 Poseidon, the Lewis and Clark class dry cargo ships, the VH-71 Kestrel, and the Littoral Combat Ships. With his Air Force counterpart, he approved the Joint Tactical Radio System and the Distributed Common Ground System plan. Upon leaving the post of Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) in 2005, <mask> became Director of Defense Research and Engineering for the United States Department of Defense.In addition to his duties as DDR&E, he successfully managed a task force that expanded the use of biometric systems to improve the security of U.S. forces and neighborhoods in Iraq. Defense Secretary Robert Gates then asked <mask> to lead a task for to expedite the production of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles. Under his leadership, DoD ramped up production to over 1,000 MRAPs per month, delivering over 14,000 MRAPs in roughly 18 months.

masks: Young Young Young Young Young


texts:
 These vehicles saved the lives of many soldiers from improvised explosive devices (IEDs), becoming one of the hallmarks of Secretary Gates' tenure. In 2007, President Bush nominated <mask> as Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics and, after confirmation by the United States Senate on October 4, 2007, <mask> took up this post in November 2007. As Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, <mask> was responsible for providing United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and United States Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon R. England with advice on all Department of Defense procurements, acquisitions, technological issues, and logistics. Notable work as AT&L included endorsing a remarkable swap of DDG-1000 and DDG-51 shipbuilding contracts between two industry teams and implementing new acquisition practices, management approaches and requirements reviews.He left this post in 2009 and founded JY Strategies, LLC, where he specializes in providing strategic insight to firms on defense programs, the Department of Defense, the Congressional authorization and appropriations process and change management. In addition to his work with JY Strategies, <mask> was VP of Business Development for E6 Partners, working with former Deputy Secretary of Defense, Gordon England. <mask> is a Board Member for SRI International. ; Saab-Sensis (Outside Board Director/SSA); Tenax Aerospace; HDT Global; Potomac Institute for Policy Studies and Georgia Tech Research Corporation (2010-2015).<mask> is  an Advisory Board member for Cubic Defense Applications. He is a Board of Regents Member and Senior Fellow for the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. References

External links

United States Department of Defense officials
United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy
Living people
1962 births
Georgia Tech alumni
Stanford University alumni
Directors of SRI International
Georgia (U.S. state) Republicans
George W. Bush administration personnel
United States Assistant Secretaries of Defense
Sandia National

masks: Young Young Young Young Young Young


texts: For the artist, see <mask>. <mask><mask> (also known as <mask>, with a slightly antiquated pet form of his given name; 2 November 1886 – 28 March 1957) was a Romanian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of Romania (1934–1937; 1939–1940), three times as Minister of Foreign Affairs (interim in 1934 and 1938, appointed to the office in 1945-1947) and once as Minister of War (1934). Representing the "young liberals" faction inside the National Liberal Party (PNL), <mask> began his political career as a collaborator of Ion G. Duca, becoming noted for his anticommunism and, in time, for his conflicts with the PNL's leader Dinu Brătianu and the Foreign Minister Nicolae Titulescu. During his first time in office, he moved closer to King Carol II and led an ambivalent policy toward the fascist Iron Guard and ultimately becoming instrumental in establishing the authoritarian and corporatist regime around the National Renaissance Front. In 1940, he accepted the cession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and had to resign. After the start of World War II, <mask> initiated a move to rally political forces in opposition to Ion Antonescu's dictatorship, and sought an alliance with the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). He was twice expelled from the PNL, in 1938 and 1944, creating instead his own group, the National Liberal Party-<mask>, and representing it inside the communist-endorsed Petru Groza cabinet.In 1946-1947, he was also the President of the Romanian Delegation to the Peace Conference in Paris. Then, relations between <mask> and the PCR began to sour, and he was replaced from the leadership of both his own party and the Foreign Ministry when his name was implicated in the

masks:
Gheorghe Tattarescu
Gheorghe I
. Tătărescu
Guță Tătărescu
Tătărescu
Gheorghe Tătărescu
Tătărescu
Tătărescu


texts:
 Tămădău Affair. Following the Communist takeover, he was arrested and held as a political prisoner while being called to testify in the trial of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu. He died soon after his release from prison. Elected an honorary member of the Romanian Academy in 1937, he was removed from his seat by the communist authorities in 1948. One of his brothers, Colonel Ștefan <mask>, was at some point the leader of a minor Nazi group, the National Socialist Party. Early life and politics
Born in Târgu Jiu, <mask> studied at Carol I High School in Craiova.He later went to France, where he was awarded a doctorate from the University of Paris in 1912, with a thesis on the Romanian parliamentary system (Le régime électoral et parlementaire en Roumanie). He subsequently worked as a lawyer in Bucharest. He fathered a son, Tudor, and a daughter, Sanda (married to the lawyer Ulise Negropontes in 1940). After joining the National Liberal Party (PNL), he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in November 1919, representing Gorj County. Among his first notable actions as a politician was an initiative to interpellate Nicolae L. Lupu, the Minister of Interior Affairs Ministry in the Romanian National Party-Peasants' Party cabinet in answer to concerns that the executive was tolerating socialist agitation in the countryside. He stood among the PNL's "young liberals" faction, as they were colloquially known, supporting free trade and a more authoritarian rule over the country around King Carol II, and opposing both the older generation of leaders (who tended to advocate protectionism and a liberal democracy) and the dissident group of Gheorghe I. Brătianu (see National Liberal Party-Brătianu).

masks: Tătărescu Tătărescu


texts:
 The Undersecretary in the Interior Affairs Ministry under several PNL cabinets (beginning with that of Ion I. C. Brătianu in 1922–1926), he first became noted as a collaborator of Ion G. Duca.In 1924–1936, in contrast to his agenda after World War II agenda, <mask> was a noted anticommunist, and reacted vehemently against the Romanian Communist Party (PCdR, later PCR), recommending and obtaining its outlawing, based on communist adversity to the concept of Greater Romania, and notably arguing that the Comintern-supported Tatarbunary Uprising was evidence of "imperialist communism". First cabinet

Context
<mask> became leader of the cabinet in January 1934, as the fascist Iron Guard had assassinated Prime Minister Duca on 30 December 1933 (the five-day premiership of Constantin Anghelescu ensured transition between the two governments). His was the second PNL cabinet formed during Carol's reign, and the latter's failure to draw support from the mainstream group led to a tight connection being established between Carol and the young liberals, with Tătărescu backing the process leading to the creation of a royal dictatorship. One of <mask>'s first measures was a decisive move to end the conflict between the National Liberal executive and the Mayor of Bucharest, Dem I. Dobrescu (who was backed by the National Peasants' Party)—making use of his prerogative, he removed Dobrescu from office on 18 January. The brief period constituted a reference point in Romanian economy, as the emergence from the Great Depression, although marked by endemic problems, saw prosperity more widespread than ever before. This was, in part, the contribution of new economic relations which <mask> defended and encouraged: the

masks: Tătărescu Tătărescu Tătărescu Tătărescu


texts:
 state transformed itself into the main agent of economic activities, allowing for prosperous businesses to benefit from its demands, and, in time, leading to the creation of a camarilla dominated by the figures of industrialists such as Aristide Blank, Nicolae Malaxa, and Max Auschnitt. In this context, Tătărescu's allegedly subservient position in front of Carol was a frequent topic of ridicule at the time.According to a hostile account of the socialist Petre Pandrea:
"<mask> was ceremonious in order to cover his menial nature. When he was leaving audiences [with the King], he pressed forward on the small of his back and  returned facing backwards from the desk to the door, not daring to show his back. [...] Watching over the scene [...], Carol II exclaimed to his intimate assistants: — I don't have a big enough tooshie for all the politicians to kiss!" Among other services rendered, he intervened in the conflict between Carol and his brother, Prince Nicholas, asking the latter to renounce either his marriage to Ioana Dumitrescu-Doletti—considered a misalliance by Carol, it had not been recognized by Romanian authorities—or his princely prerogatives. Nicholas chose the latter alternative in 1937. Inside his party, <mask> lost ground to Dinu Brătianu, elected by the traditional Liberal elite as a compromise in order to ensure unity; upon his election in 1934, the latter stated:
"This time as well, I would have gladly conceded, if I were to believe that anyone else in the party could gather voter unanimity." The issue remained debated for the following two years.The party congress of July 1936 eventually elected <mask> to the second position in the party, that of general secretary. European

masks: Tătărescu Tătărescu Tătărescu


texts:
 politics
In his foreign policy, Prime Minister <mask> balanced two different priorities, attempting to strengthen the traditional military alliance with Poland which was aimed at the Soviet Union, and reacting against the growing regional influence of Nazi Germany by maintaining the relevancy of the Little Entente and establishing further contacts with the Soviets. In August 1936, he removed Nicolae Titulescu from the office of Foreign Minister, replacing him with Victor Antonescu. This caused an uproar, with most of Romania's diplomatic corps voicing their dissatisfaction. Over the following months, virtually all of Titulescu's supporters were themselves recalled (including, among others, Constantin Vișoianu, the ambassador to Poland, Constantin Antoniade, Romania's representative to the League of Nations, Dimitrie Ghyka, the ambassador to Belgium, and Caius Brediceanu, the ambassador to Austria) while Titulescu's adversaries, such as Antoine Bibesco, were returned to office. Bibesco subsequently campaigned in France and the United Kingdom, in an attempt to reassure Romania's main allies that the move did not signify a change in Romania's priorities. <mask> was later blamed by his own party for having renounced the diplomatic course on which Romania had engaged.In early 1937, <mask> rejected the proposal of Józef Beck, Poland's Minister of Foreign Affairs, to withdraw Romania's support for Czechoslovakia and attempt a reconciliation with Hungary (the following year, Romania withdrew its support for the former, indicating, just before the Munich Agreement, that it was not in a position to guarantee Czechoslovakia's frontiers). This was accompanied by Czechoslovak initiatives to establish close


texts:
 contacts between the Little Entente and the Soviets: a scandal erupted in the same year, when the country's ambassador to Romania, Jan Šeba, published a volume calling for Soviet-Entente military cooperation (despite the Soviet-Romanian conflict over Bessarabia) and expressing the hope that the Soviet state would extend its borders into West Belarus and Ukraine. Kamil Krofta, Czechoslovakia's Foreign Minister, received criticism for having prefaced the book, and, after <mask> paid a visit to Czechoslovak Prime Minister Milan Hodža, Šeba was recalled to Prague. Facing the Iron Guard
In combating the Iron Guard, <mask> chose to relax virtually all pressures on the latter (while mimicking some of its messages), and instead concentrated again on curbing the activities of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) and outlawing its Popular Front-type organizations (see Amicii URSS). In April 1936, he and the Minister of the Interior Ion Inculeț allowed the a youth congress to gather in Târgu Mureș, aware of the fact that it was masking a fascist gathering; delegates to the congress, traveling in a special train commissioned by the government, vandalized Ion Duca's memorial plate in Sinaia train station, and, upon their arrival in Târgu Mureș, made public their violent anti-Semitic agenda. It was probably there that death squads were designated and assigned missions, leading to the murder of Mihai Stelescu, a former associate, in June of the next year. In February 1937, an intense publicity campaign by the Guard, begun with the ostentatious funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin (killed in the Spanish Civil War) and culminating in the physical assaulting of Traian Bratu, rector of the University of Iași, by


texts: Guardist students, provoked the premier's order to close down universities throughout the country.Later in that year, the collaboration between monarch and premier, coupled with the fact that <mask> had successfully attracted nationalist votes from the Iron Guard, led to the signing of an electoral agreement between the latter, the National Peasants' Party (the main democratic opposition group), and the National Liberal Party-Brătianu—the pact was meant to prevent all attempt by Carol to manipulate the votes in elections. (A secondary and unexpected development was that the illegal PCR, which had decided to back the National Peasants' Party prior to the elections, eventually supported the electoral pact.) <mask>'s own alliance policy rose the anger of his opponents inside the PNL, as he signed collaboration agreements with the fascist Romanian Front and German Party. The 1937 elections led to an unprecedented situation: although the PNL and Tătărescu had gained the largest percentage of the vote (almost 36%), they fell short of being awarded majority bonus (granted at 40% of the vote). As the far right had gathered momentum (the Guard, running under the name of "Everything for the Fatherland Party", had obtained 15.6% of the vote), Carol was faced with the threat of an Iron Guard government, which would have been one deeply opposed to all of his political principles: he called on a third party, Octavian Goga's National Christian Party (coming from the anti-Semitic far right but deeply opposed to the Guard) to form a new cabinet in December of that year. Consequently, <mask> renounced his offices inside the party, and, while keeping his office of general secretary, he was surpassed by the


texts:
 readmitted Gheorghe I. Brătianu — who was elected to the new office of PNL vice president on 10 January 1938. After the failure of Goga's policies to curb the rise of their competitors, the king, backed by Tătărescu, resorted to dissolving all political parties on 30 May 1938, creating instead the National Renaissance Front.Rearmament
As Prime Minister, <mask> showed particular concern for the modernization of the Romanian Armed Forces. Almost immediately after becoming Prime Minister, he established the Ministry of Armaments, chaired by himself. This ministry lasted for over three years before being dissolved on 23 February 1937, during his third cabinet. Under Tătărăscu's premiership, Romania launched a ten-year rearmament program on 27 April 1935. Under this program, Romania acquired 248 Škoda 100 mm howitzers (delivered in the mid-1930s) and 180 Škoda 150 mm howitzers (delivered between 1936 and 1939). In 1936, Romania ordered 126 LT vz 35 tanks and 35 R-1 tankettes. These acquisitions from Czechoslovakia were followed in 1937 by 12 Focke-Wulf Fw 58 aircraft, ordered from Germany and delivered between April and June that same year.Romania employed German technicians to build a shipyard at Galați using materials supplied by the Reșița works. There, two submarines would be built between 1938 and 1943, among others (Marsuinul and Rechinul). The resumed and much improved trade relations with Škoda, following the disastrous "Škoda Affair" of the early 1930s, were credited to the energy and ability of Tătărăscu, "the soldier-politician who reversed the usual order in Romanian politics by placing the welfare of the country superior to the lust for graft". It is worth noting, however, that of the 35


texts:
 tankettes and 126 tanks ordered during <mask>'s premiership, only 10 of the former and 15 of the latter actually arrived in Romania before the end of his mandate at the end of 1937. Both of these orders were delivered in full during late 1938 and early 1939, respectively. In 1936, Romania also started producing the Polish PZL P.11 fighter aircraft, of which 95 were ultimately built by IAR. In 1937, Romanian production of the improved PZL P.24 also commenced, with 25 fighters being built until 1939.Second cabinet

In this context, <mask> chose to back the regime, as the PNL, like the National Peasants' Party, remained active in nominal clandestinity (as the law banning it had never been enforced any further). Having personally signed the document banning opposition parties, he was expelled from the PNL in April 1938, and contested the legitimacy of the action for the following years. Allegedly, his ousting was recommended by Iuliu Maniu, leader of the National Peasants' Party's and, for the following years, the closest of Dinu Brătianu's political allies. Soon after his second arrival to power, <mask> became noted for the enthusiastic support he gave to the modernist sculptor Constantin Brâncuși, and directed state funds to finance the building of Brâncuși's The Endless Column complex in Târgu Jiu (completed in October 1938). Alongside Alexandru Vaida-Voevod and Constantin Argetoianu (whom he succeeded as Premier), <mask> became a dominant figure in the group of maverick pro-Carol politicians. After a bloody crackdown on the Iron Guard, the Front attempted to reunite political forces in a national government that was to back Carol's foreign policies in view of increasing threats on Romania's


texts:
 borders after the outbreak of World War II. In 1945, <mask> stressed his belief that authoritarianism benefited Romania, and supported the view that Carol had meant to keep Romania out of the war.<mask>'s second cabinet was meant to reflect the latter policies, but it did not draw any support from traditional parties, and, in April 1940, Carol, assisted by Ernest Urdăreanu and Mihail Ghelmegeanu, began talks with the (by then much weaker) Iron Guard. <mask> remained in office throughout the rest of the Phony War, until the fall of France, and his cabinet signed an economic agreement with Nazi Germany (through which virtually all Romanian exports were directed towards the latter country) and saw the crumbling of Romania's alliance with the United Kingdom and France. The cabinet was brought down by the cession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union (effects of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact), as well as by Carol's attempt to appease German hostility by dissolving it, replacing <mask> with Ion Gigurtu, and recreating the Front as the totalitarian Party of the Nation. World War

After the Second Vienna Award (when Northern Transylvania was lost to Hungary), confirming Carol's failure to preserve both the country's neutrality and its territorial integrity, Romania was taken over by an Iron Guard dictatorial government (the National Legionary State). Speaking five years later, Dinu Brătianu placed the blame for the serious developments on <mask>'s own actions, addressing him directly:
"I remind you: [...] you have contributed directly, in 1940, in steering the country towards a foreign policy that, as one could tell even then, was to prove ill-fated and which led us to the loathsome

masks: Tătărescu Tătărescu Tătărescu Tătărescu Tătărescu


texts: Vienna settlement, one which you have supported inside the Crown Council [...]." On 26 November 1940, the Iron Guard began a bloody retaliation against various political figures who had served under Carol (following a late investigation into the 1938 killing of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the movement's founder and early leader, by Carol's authorities). Tătărescu and Constantin Argetoianu were among the second wave of captured politicians (on 27 November), and were destined for arbitrary execution; they were, however, saved by the intervention of regular police forces, most of whom had grown hostile to the Guardist militias.Retired from political life during the war, he was initially sympathetic to Ion Antonescu's pro-German dictatorship (see Romania during World War II)—Dinu Brătianu, who remained in opposition to the Antonescu regime, made mention an official visit to Bessarabia, recovered after the start of Operation Barbarossa, when <mask> had accompanied Antonescu, "thus making common cause with his warmongering action". At the time, his daughter <mask> Negropontes worked as an ambulance driver for the Romanian Red Cross. In the end, <mask> became involved in negotiations aimed at withdrawing Romania from the conflict, and, while beginning talks with the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), tried to build foreign connections to support Romania's cause following the inevitable defeat; he thus corresponded with Edvard Beneš, leader of the Czechoslovak government in exile in England. Beneš, who had already been discussing matters involving Romania with Richard Franasovici and Grigore Gafencu, and had agreed to support the Romanian cause, informed the Allied governments of <mask>'s designs. <mask>

masks:
Tătărescu
Sandra Tătărescu
Tătărescu
Tătărescu
Tătărescu


texts:
 later contrasted his diplomatic approach with the strategy of Barbu Știrbey (who had only attempted an agreement with the Western Allies in Cairo, instead of opening relations with the Soviets). Initially meeting with the refusal of Iuliu Maniu and Dinu Brătianu (who decided to invest their trust in Știrbey), he was relatively successful after the Cairo initiative proved fruitless: the two traditional parties accepted collaboration with the bloc formed by the PCR, the Romanian Social Democratic Party, the Ploughmen's Front, and the Socialist Peasants' Party, leading to the formation of the short-lived and unstable National Democratic Bloc (BND) in June 1944. It overthrew Antonescu in August, by means of the successful King Michael Coup.Alliance with the Communists
<mask> returned to the PNL later in 1944—after the Soviet Red Army had entered Romania and the country had become an Allied state, political parties were again allowed to register. Nevertheless, <mask> was again opposed to the party leaders Dinu and <mask> I. Brătianu, and split to form his own group in June–July 1945. Dinu Brătianu convened the PNL leadership and formally excluded <mask> and his partisans, citing their support for dictatorial regimes. As the PCR, which was growing more influential (with the backing of Soviet occupation) while generally lacking popular appeal, sought to form alliances with various forces in order to increase its backing, <mask> declared his group to be left-wing and Social liberal, while attempting to preserve a middle course in the new political setting, by pleading for close relations to be maintained with both the Soviet Union and the Western Allies. N. D. Cocea, a prominent socialist who had joined

masks: Tătărescu Tătărescu Gheorghe Tătărescu Tătărescu


texts:
 the PNL, represented the faction in talks for an alliance with the Communists. The agreement, favored by Ana Pauker, was vehemently opposed by another member of the Communist leadership, Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, who argued in favor of "making a distinction inside the bourgeoisie", and collaborating with the main PNL, while calling <mask>'s faction "a gang of con artists, blackmailers, and well-known bribers". <mask> became Foreign Minister and vice president of the government in the cabinet of Petru Groza when the latter came into office after Soviet pressures in 1945; his faction had been awarded leadership of four other ministries—Finance, with three successive office-holders (of whom the last was Alexandru Alexandrini), Public Works, with Gheorghe Vântu, Industry (with Petre N. Bejan), and Religious Affairs, with Radu Roșculeț.He indirectly helped the PCR carry out an electoral fraud during the general election in 1946 by failing to reply to American proposals for organizing fair elections. At the Paris Conference, where he was accompanied by the PCR leaders <mask> Gheorghiu-Dej and Pătrășcanu, he acknowledged the dissolution of Greater Romania under the provisions of the new Treaty (1947). 1947 and after
Tensions between his group with the PCR occurred when the former founded itself as a party under the name of National-Liberal Party (commonly known as the National Liberal Party-<mask>), and, in June–July 1945, proclaimed its goal to be the preservation of property and a middle class under a new regime. Of himself and his principles, <mask> stated:
"I am not a communist. Taking in view my attitudes towards mankind, society, property, I am not a communist. Thus, the new orientation in external


texts: politics which I demand for my country cannot be accused of being determined by affinities or sympathies of doctrine." Speaking in retrospect, Gheorghiu-Dej indicated the actual relation between his party and <mask>'s: "we have had to tolerate by our side a capitalist-gentry political group, <mask>'s group".<mask> himself continued to show his support for several PCR policies: in the summer of 1947, he condemned the United States for having protested against the repression of forces in the opposition. Nevertheless, at around the same time, he issued his own critique of the Groza government, becoming the target of violent attacks initiated by Miron Constantinescu in the PCR press. Consequently, he was singled out for negligence in office when, during the kangaroo trial of Iuliu Maniu (see Tămădău Affair), it was alleged that several employees of his ministry had conspired against the government. Scînteia, the official voice of the PCR, wrote of all National Liberal Party-<mask> offices in the government: "The rot is all-encompassing! It has to be removed!". <mask> resigned his office on 6 November 1947, and was replaced by the Communist Ana Pauker. For the following two months, he was sidelined in his own party by PCR pressures, and removed from its leadership in January 1948 (being replaced with Petre N. Bejan—the party was subsequently known as National Liberal Party-Petre N. Bejan).One of his last actions as cabinet member had been to sign the document officially rejecting the Marshall Plan. After the proclamation of the People's Republic of Romania on 30 December 1947, the existence of all parties other than the PCR had become purely formal, and, after the elections of 28 March the one-party


texts:
 state was confirmed by legislation. He was arrested on 5 May 1950, and held in the notorious Sighet prison (alongside three of his brothers—Ștefan Tătărescu included—and his former collaborator Bejan). His son Tudor, who was living in Paris, suffered from schizophrenia after 1950, and had to be committed to an institution (where he died in 1955). <mask> Negropontes was also imprisoned in 1950, and released three years later, upon the death of Joseph Stalin. One of Gheorghe <mask>'s last appearances in public was his stand as one of the prosecution's witnesses in the 1954 trial of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, when he claimed that the defendant had been infiltrated into the PCR during the time when he had been premier (Pătrășcanu was posthumously cleared of all charges). Released in 1955, <mask> died in Bucharest, less than two years later.According to Sanda <mask> Negropontes, this came as a result of tuberculosis contracted while in detention. Notes

References

External links

1886 births
1957 deaths
People from Târgu Jiu
Prime Ministers of Romania
Deputy Prime Ministers of Romania
Romanian Ministers of Defence
Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Romanian Ministers of Industry and Commerce
Romanian Ministers of Interior
Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
National Renaissance Front politicians
Romanian people of World War II
World War II political leaders
Romanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference of 1946
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Carol I National College alumni
University of Paris alumni
Romanian lawyers
Inmates of Sighet prison
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis

masks:
Sandra Tătărescu
Tătărescu
Tătărescu
Tătărescu


texts:
<mask> (August 22, 1926 – September 23, 2010) was an American psychologist who served on the faculty of Harvard University from 1963 until his retirement in 1998. <mask> was one of the chief advisers to the Children's Television Workshop (CTW, later known as the Sesame Workshop) in the development and content of the educational programming included in the children's television program Sesame Street. At Harvard, he was chair of the university's Human Development Program for 20 years, which focused on cross-cultural studies of child rearing, and studied the effects of media on young children. In 1974, he wrote Children and Television: Lessons From Sesame Street, which chronicled how Sesame Street was developed and put on the air. <mask> developed many of the research methods the CTW used throughout its history and for other TV shows. In 1968, before the debut of Sesame Street, he led a series of content seminars, an important part of the "CTW Model", which incorporated educational pedagogy and research into TV scripts and was used to develop other educational programs and organizations all over the world. He died in 2010, at the age of eighty-four, and was survived by his wife, a daughter, a son, and a grandchild.Early life and professional career
<mask> was born on August 22, 1926 in Queens. The younger of two children, he grew up in the Jamaica neighborhood of Queens and graduated from Jamaica High School. After two years at Columbia University, he served in the United States Navy during World War II and returned to finish his undergraduate degree and earn a master's in

masks:
Gerald Samuel Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser


texts: psychology at Columbia. He earned a Ph.D. from Yale University in child development and psychology in 1952, studying the effects of visual media on children and the design of educational programming. He married <mask> in 1953. <mask> taught education at Adelphi University and Hunter College, until hired by the Harvard School of Education (HSE) in 1963, where he taught developmental psychology and its application to education. He was also chair of Harvard's Human Development Program for 20 years, which focused on cross-cultural studies of child rearing and was responsible for recruiting developmental psychologists and cultural anthropologists who influenced the studies of child development and education in the U.S.The HSE honored <mask> with a professorship, the <mask><mask> Professor in Early Childhood Development; former Harvard dean Kathleen McCartney was a recipient. <mask> retired in 1998, and was a professor emeritus at Harvard until his death. <mask>'s colleagues reported that he had a big impact on his students and colleagues. Even though he worked all over the world, he remained dedicated to his students and "remained an integral presence in the lives of his graduate students". <mask> was one of the first scholars to study the effect of television on young children. He was hired in 1961 by NBC as an educational consultant for the TV show Exploring, which was created in response to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chairman Newton Minow's charge to the networks to create more quality shows for children. <mask> studied how Exploring helped children learn in

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 order to help the producers improve it, observed children while they watched it, and was able to see how TV shows were produced.<mask>'s experiences at NBC led to his involvement with the development of Sesame Street. In 1964, <mask> wrote, with Gordon Fifer and Donald H. Clark, Mental Abilities of Children in Different Social and Cultural Groups. Random House published his 1974 book Children and Television: Lessons From Sesame Street, which was called a "how-to" in creating and producing a children's television show, and was an account of the hard work and dedication required to put Sesame Street on the air. Sesame Street
In 1967, <mask> was asked to help develop and lead the research department of the newly formed Children's Television Workshop (CTW, later the Sesame Workshop), the organization responsible for the production of Sesame Street and other educational television programs. He was invited by Carnegie Foundation vice-president and Sesame Street co-creator Lloyd Morrisett, whom he had met while they were both psychology students at Yale. At first, <mask> was skeptical about the new show's potential and its ability to teach children; according to Morrisett, "he took some convincing". As <mask> later reported, he would be involved only if he was able to make a real contribution.When he saw that Morrisett and his co-creator, Joan Ganz Cooney, were serious about developing goals and a curriculum for the new show, and that it would be an "experimental venture in education by television", he became the first chairman of the CTW's advisory board, a position he held from

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texts: 1967 to 1997. <mask> was skeptical about Cooney's qualifications as CTW's first CEO, although by the time he wrote Children and Television in 1974, she stated in the book's foreword, "...I couldn't begin to measure how proud I am to be <mask>'s colleague and how happy I am to know the pleasure of his company". According to The New York Times, <mask> "poured the pedagogy into [Sesame Street], helping ensure from the start that the new, experimental venture in education by television would be both enjoyable and instructive". Fellow CTW researchers Edward Palmer and <mask> M. Fisch credited <mask>, along with Cooney and Morrisett, as a main architect of the show, and stated that "its extensive use of innovative television techniques meant that it would be highly experimental in nature". <mask> and Palmer developed many of the research methods used to study the show's impact on children throughout the show's history. According to Sesame Workshop CEO Gary Knell, <mask> "trail blazed a path for an entire industry" and "set the standard for education's intersection with media". Knell also stated that <mask> challenged the conventional wisdom of the time that television could not teach young children, and proved that "TV was something organic in itself; it was a technological species that lived under its own rules of engagement".Beginning in June 1968, the CTW conducted a series of seminars at Harvard and in Manhattan, which were led by <mask>. These seminars became an important aspect of "the CTW model", which incorporated educational pedagogy and research into TV scripts and was

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 used to develop other educational programs and organizations all over the world. The purpose of the seminars was to expose the production team and other filmmakers and illustrators involved in the creative aspects of the new show to scholars, educators, and experts, and to encourage that both groups work together to create a curriculum and goals for the new show. The production team was skeptical regarding the place of research and objective analysis in the production of a television show, but <mask>'s previous experience in television, his warm, informal, unpretentious, and collaborative manner, and his proficiency in leading the meetings, convinced them. CTW researcher Keith Mielke stated, "He was masterful at running meetings. He was never stiff and formal, but casual and friendly". According to producer <mask>, despite the participants' personalities, experiences, and dispositions, <mask> was the only reason the seminars were successful.<mask> set the meetings' tone and agenda, and recruited the participants. He stated, "The message was clear; we were there to work. No pretension was going to be allowed". <mask> never appeared on Sesame Street, but he did appear in the promotional films the CTW created to persuade television stations to air the program. He worked on other CTW shows, including 3-2-1 Contact, Square One TV, and Ghostwriter, and was involved in developing versions of Sesame Street created in other countries. Death
A resident of Lexington, Massachusetts, <mask> died at the age of 84 on September 23, 2010, in Burlington, Massachusetts due to a cerebral

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 hemorrhage. He was survived by his wife, a daughter, a son, and a grandchild.Awards
 1970: Guggenheim Fellow
 1974: Distinguished Contribution Award, the American Psychological Association
 1986: Visiting professor, the Institute for Communications Research, Keio University
 1988, 1990: Senior fellow, Gannet Center for Media Studies

Works
 Wittenborn, J. R., Elaine G.Bell, and <mask><mask> (1951), "Symptom patterns among organic patients of advanced age". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7, pp. 328–331. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(195110)7
 Wittenborn, J.R. and <mask><mask> (October 1951). "Biographical factors and psychiatric symptoms". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7 (4), pp. 317–322.doi: 10.1002/1097-4679
 <mask>, <mask>. (September 1957)."The relationship between overt and fantasy aggression as a function of maternal response to aggression". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55 (2), pp. 218–221. doi: 10.1037/h0042743
 _ (1958). "Conflict analysis of fantasy aggression". Journal of Personality, 26, pp. 29–41.doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1958.tb01568.x
 _ (1958). "Application of Guttman's scaling method to aggressive fantasy in children". Educational and Psychological Measurement, 18, pp. 543–551. doi: 10.1177/001316445801800308
 Abelson, Robert P. and <mask><mask> (1959). "The Measurement of Persuasibility in Children". In Personality and Persuasibility, Irving L. Janis, ed.New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, pp. 141–166
 _ (1959). "A Developmental Theory of Persusibility". <mask>, <mask>. and Robert P. Abelson (1959). "Personality Correlates of

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 Persuasibility in Children". _ (February 1959). "The relationships between various forms of aggression and popularity among lower-class children".Journal of Educational Psychology, 50 (1), pp. 20–25. doi: 10.1037/h0040182
 _ (February 1959). "Population differences in construct validity". Journal of Consulting Psychology, 23 (1), pp. 60–65. doi: 10.1037/h00434853
 _ (1959)."Religion and the Defensive Responses in Children's Fantasy", Journal of Projective Techniques, 23 (1), pp. 64–68. doi: 10.1080/08853126.1959.10380897
 _ (1961). "Custom-Making Projective Tests for Research". Journal of Projective Techniques, 25 (1), pp. 21–31. doi: 10.1080/08853126.1961.10381002
 _ (July 1962)."The Identification of Gifted Elementary School Children with Exceptional Scientific Talent", Educational and Psychological Measurement, 22, pp. 349–364. doi: 10.1080/0020486640020305
 <mask>, <mask>., Rhoda N.Krawitz, and Rita Packard (January 1963). "Experimental arousal of achievement motivation in adolescent girls". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66 (1), pp. 59–66. doi: 10.1037/h0042942
 <mask>, <mask>., Kristine M. Rosen‐thai, <mask>. Polkoff and Marjorie B. Pfankuch (1963)."Some Effects of Segregation in the Schools", Equity & Excellence in Education, 2 (3), pp. 20–26. doi: 10.1080/0020486640020305
 French, Elizabeth and <mask><mask> (February 1964). "Some characteristics of the achievement motive in women." The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68 (2), pp. 119–128. doi: 10.1037/h0041417
 <mask>, Nathan, <mask><mask>, and Philip I. Freedman (Summer 1964)."A comparison

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 of methods of observation in preservice teacher training". AV Communication Review, 12 (2), pp 177–197
 <mask>, <mask>., Gordon Fifer, and Donald H. Clark  (1965). "Mental Abilities of Children from Different Social-Class and Cultural Groups". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 30 (4), pp. 1–115
 <mask>, <mask>. and <mask> (Fall 1966). "New media research in teacher education". AV Communication Review, 14 (3), pp.318–361
 <mask>, <mask>.and <mask><mask> (Winter 1967). "Learning Patterns in the Disadvantaged". Harvard Educational Review, 37 (4), pp. 546–593
 Fort, Jane G., Jean C. Watts, and <mask><mask> (March 1969). "Cultural Background and Learning in Young Children", The Phi Delta Kappan, 50 (7), pp. 386–389
 Kandel, Denise B. and <mask><mask> (April 1969). "Parental and Peer Influences on Educational Plans of Adolescents".American Sociological Review 34 (2), pp. 213–223
 _ (May 1969). "Parent-Adolescent Relationships and Adolescent Independence in the United States and Denmark". Journal of Marriage and Family 31 (2), pp. 348–358
 _ (February 1972). "Marital Decision-Making in American and Danish Urban Families: A Research Note". Journal of Marriage and Family 34 (1), pp.134–138
 _ (Summer 1972). "Learning, Teaching, and Television Production for Children: The Experience of Sesame Street", Harvard Educational Review, 42 (2), pp. 232–272
 _ (1974). Children and Television: Lessons From Sesame Street. New York: Vintage Books. Palmer, Edward L., Milton Chen, and <mask><mask> (1976). "Sesame Street: Patterns of International Adaptation".Journal of

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 Communication, 26, pp. 108–123. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01389.x
 _ (Feb 1976). "Applications of psychology to television programming: Formulation of program objectives". American Psychologist, 31 (2), pp. 135–136. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.31.2.135
 <mask>, <mask>. and <mask> (2001)."Creation and Evolution of the Sesame Street Curriculum". In "G" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street. Mahweh, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers, pp. 25–38. ReferencesCitationsWorks Cited'''
 Blatt, Joe (moderator) (February 2011). "Celebrating <mask>: From Appian Way to Sesame Street and the World" (YouTube clip). Harvard School of Education
 Davis, Michael (2008).Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street. New York: Viking Penguin. <mask>, <mask>. (1974). Children and Television: Lessons From Sesame Street''. New York: Vintage Books. 1926 births
2010 deaths
Adelphi University faculty
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American psychologists
Columbia University alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Education faculty
Hunter College faculty
Jamaica High School (New York City) alumni
People from Lexington, Massachusetts
People from Jamaica, Queens
Yale University

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<mask> "Tony" <mask> (September 26, 1856 – July 13, 1926) was a career officer in the United States Marine Corps, who served in the Spanish–American War, the Caribbean and Asia. He was court martialled and acquitted for actions during the Philippine–American War where he led an ill-fated expedition across the island of Samar. He retired from the Marines holding the rank of major general. Early life and career
<mask>") <mask> was born in York County, Virginia on 26 September 1856. He was appointed as a second lieutenant of Marines on 24 June 1880 at the age of 23 and served initial tours of successive shore duty at the Marine Barracks in Norfolk, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Ancestors
Both of <mask>'s ancestral families enjoyed wealth and political distinction in England and America. The <mask>s were high sheriffs of Kent, where the family owned Groombridge Place, and judiciaries in Buckinghamshire.<mask> <mask>'s ancestor Col. <mask> came to Virginia about 1635. He trained as an attorney at the College of William and Mary and founded a family that included several members of the Virginia House of Burgesses, a justice of the Virginia Supreme Court, and a member of Virginia's delegation to the committee that adopted the Declaration of Independence. <mask> <mask>'s ancestor <mask> was a noted colonial attorney of Williamsburg, Virginia. The Tazewells of Dorset county were churchmen and scholars of the law. William Tazewell, attorney, born in 1691, emigrated to Virginia in 1715. His descendants include members of the House of Burgesses, the U.S. House of Representatives, the Senates of both Virginia and the United States,

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 and the Virginia Supreme Court. <mask>'s maternal grandfather <mask> <mask> was, in turn, a U.S.Congressman, a U.S. Senator, and Governor of Virginia. He built the family home, Wishing Oak, on Granby Street in Norfolk in 1802 and died there on May 6, 1860. The general's mother, <mask> Tazewell, was born at Wishing Oak in 1822. In 1848, she married Matthew Page <mask>, her third cousin four times removed. Their children included a daughter and two sons older than Tony, and three sons younger. <mask> <mask> <mask> was born on September 26, 1856.His father, who was a doctor, died of typhoid during an epidemic on December 11, 1861. Mary remained a widow until her death on December 20, 1889. She is buried with her husband in Elmwood Cemetery in Norfolk, Virginia. The family's extensive public service is exclusively civilian. In 1920, when <mask> Jr.  joined the Sons of the American Revolution, his application was based on his ancestor's participation in the Committee of Independence. The <mask> family website says little about the Civil War years, and the associated Tazewell website says even less. The <mask>s and Tazewells seem to have had no military members prior to Tony's commissioning.His decision to become an officer must have surprised his family, but they were supportive of his ambition. In his teens, Tony was a corporal in the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues, a local militia unit. Turned down for a commission in the cavalry (at 5' 4" he was too short), he was accepted into the Marines. Early years
<mask> was bright, but indifferent to education. He was an outdoorsman, fond of hunting, fishing and riding, and

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 uncomfortable in the classroom. Historian David McCulloch noted that, in the nineteenth century, every literate person in the English-speaking world was familiar with three books – the King James Bible, the works of Shakespeare, and John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. <mask>'s writing shows the influence of all three.His report from Peking compares the condition of the Marines to Falstaff's army, in reference to Shakespeare's Henry IV. He uses the Biblical phrase "the peace of God which passeth all understanding" in his letter to the Marines in France in 1918. In reporting the death in action of one of his officers in China, <mask> expressed confidence that "all the trumpets will sound for him upon the other side", a phrase taken from Bunyan's description of the death of Faithful. In their ghostwritten memoirs Smedley Butler and Frederick C. Wise remember him as an eloquent speaker and fascinating storyteller. Yet he apparently never considered the study of law or a career in politics. Early Marine career

<mask> first went to sea as the Executive Officer of the Marine Detachment aboard the sloop-of-war , the flagship of the European Squadron and a veteran of the Civil War, in 1881. The Commanding Officer of the Detachment, also a veteran of the Civil War, was the legendary Captain Henry Clay Cochrane.The following year, <mask> was present at the British Naval bombardment of Alexandria, Egypt during a serious local uprising in the summer of 1882. He participated in the landing of a mixed bluejacket and Marine force during the operation. The Naval landing force of sixty-nine sailors and sixty-three Marines was formed, with

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 Lieutenant Commander Charles Goodrich in command and Captain Cochrane as executive officer. The force comprised two companies, the sailors under Navy Lieutenant Frank L. Denny and the Marines under <mask>. The timely arrival of the ships of the European Squadron and their landing force gave protection to the American consulate and to American citizens and interests caught up in the fighting, and also afforded a refuge for the citizens of other nations, who had been displaced from their homes or businesses. Advancing cautiously through the burning and rubble strewn streets, the Americans reached the Grand Square of Mehmet Ali, at the heart of the city. The American Consulate was there, and it became the headquarters of the force.Although the French troops had abandoned the city and cautiously returned to their ships, the Marines secured the Grand Square and began to patrol the streets of the European Quarter, as the international business and consular area was named. Cochrane, <mask> and their Marines were assigned to Lord Charles Beresford's British force for the protection of the European Quarter. The anticipated rebel counterattack never came, and a ten-day standoff ended with the arrival of the four thousand-man British relief force. According to the Times of London:

Lord Charles Beresford states that without the assistance of the American Marines he would have been unable to discharge the numerous duties of suppressing fires, preventing looting, burying the dead, and clearing the streets. As there was no wireless radio in those days, and the telegraphic cable office in Alexandria was not functioning, the Squadron

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 Commander had approval to land the naval force, but once ashore Goodrich had been on his own. It was he who made the decision to stay with the British rather than leave with the French. <mask>, as one of only four officers in the landing force, would have been present when the decisions were made.He learned, as a 24-year-old lieutenant, the habits of independence in command that he would exercise throughout his career. The Spanish–American War

Following tours of shore duty at Norfolk and Washington; and at sea in , , and Lancaster — Captain <mask> served in the battleship , lead ship of the new   during the Spanish–American War and was in that vessel as Commander of its Marine detachment during the Battle of Santiago on 3 July 1898. During this naval engagement, Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera's fleet was chased down and totally destroyed by the American fleet waiting just outside the harbor. Due to her position at the extreme eastern end of the blockade, the Indiana could not participate in the initial chase after the enemy cruisers made their sortie without cutting across the bow of the , which Captain Taylor, the ship's commander, wisely decided not to do. The battleship and the Marines manning her secondary batteries were, however, able to engage and aid in the destruction of the Furor and the Pluton, the fifth and sixth ships bringing up the rear of Spanish line, as they left the bay. Still too close to his squadron to risk using his big guns, Taylor called on <mask> and his Marines to take the destroyers under fire with the six-inch batteries. Captain <mask> ran from gun to gun, shouting orders and encouragement,


texts:
 as his Leathernecks pulverized the Spanish ships."The only trouble experienced at that time was the difficulty in keeping the men not actually engaged under cover", <mask> Oquendo. The bombardment disabled many of the Spanish cruiser's guns and triggered the detonation of some of its shells. Wreathed in flame, Oquendo ran aground. By now the rest of the Spanish ships had also fallen to American fire.The fighting was over, and it was one of the most lopsided victories in naval history. Every Spanish ship was destroyed and no American vessel had suffered more than token damage. <mask>'s gun crews reportedly fired 500 rounds from their 6-inch guns during the 61-minute melee. In their moment of triumph, the Americans now performed an act of mercy. Captain Taylor directed <mask> to launch the Indiana's whaleboats and pick up as many of the shipwrecked Spanish sailors as possible. With sailors at the oars and Marines in bow and stern to haul the swimmers aboard, <mask>'s detail worked all day. Men who were already weary from passing ammunition, now sunburned and with hands swollen and cracked from salt water, saved their enemies from death.Admiral Sampson  described the service of <mask> and his men in his after-action report to the Secretary of the Navy:

<mask> himself later remembered it:

After the destruction of the three largest ships and two torpedo-boat destroyers, I was sent to pick up the wounded and bring off prisoners from the beaches where they were huddled and in constant danger from the exploding magazines. ... After working for hours with the wounded, we took the prisoners on board ship; there were on board my

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 ship, two hundred and forty-three in all. We issued clothes to the naked men, and the officers gave up their clothes and beds to the Spanish officers. Only a few months ago I received a letter from the widow of one of the officers of Admiral Cervera's staff, telling me of her husband's death, and saying that it was his wish that she should thank me for all that I had done for him; and I have received many tokens and letters besides this in grateful acknowledgement of the mercy shown. Formal recognition of that action at Santiago would come to <mask> sometime later. <mask>'s was one of only ninety-three known awards of this medal, and is believed to be the only one awarded to a U.S. Marine. Because it recognizes heroism not in direct combat, the Specially Meritorious Service Medal can be considered a predecessor of today's Navy and Marine Corps Medal.Boxer Rebellion

While stationed at the naval station at Cavite early in 1900, <mask>, now a major, was ordered to command a detachment of Marines, assigned to take part in the expedition mounted to relieve the siege of Peking, the Imperial Capital of China. This city, with its enclave of foreign Legations, was besieged by a mixed force of "Boxers" and Chinese Imperial troops supporting them. Accordingly, <mask> and his men arrived at Taku, China, on 19 June 1900, soon moved inland, and linked up with a Russian column of 400 men. At 02:00 on June 21, this small combined force set out for Tientsin, a large enemy held city along the route to Peking, arrayed against a Chinese contingent of some 1,500 to 2,000 men. Outnumbered from the start, the column came under heavy enemy


texts:
 fire and was forced to retreat, with the Russians in the lead. In a desperate rearguard action, <mask> and his marines—leaving their dead behind and dragging their wounded with them—fought off the numerically superior (but less aggressive) Chinese forces and reached safety. <mask>'s detachment immediately returned to duty, attached to a British column led by Commander Christopher Craddock.At 04:00 on June 24, an international army—consisting of Italian, German, Japanese, Russian, British, and American forces—set out again for Tientsin. After participating in the final fighting for the city of Peking on July 13–14, <mask> and his men took possession of the American sector and brought order out of the havoc caused by the Chinese retreat. Promoted by brevet to lieutenant colonel and advanced two numbers in grade for his performance of duty at Tientsin and Peking, <mask> <mask> was commended in 1903 by Brigadier General Aaron S. Daggett, U.S. Army, Ret., in his book, America in the China Relief Expedition. He recalled that the marine had

"... participated willingly and energetically ..." with the Allies "... in all movements against the enemy ..." and that "... he and his officers and men ... reflected credit upon American valor. ..."

For his service, Major <mask> received a brevet promotion, along with several of his fellow officers, who had also distinguished themselves, to lieutenant colonel. He would later become one of only 20 Marines to be awarded the USMC Brevet Medal when the decoration was created in 1921. During his service in China, <mask> also began a long-running friendship with then Lt. Smedley Butler.<mask>

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 served as Best Man at Butlers' wedding in June 1905 and the two remained close for the rest of <mask>s' life. Philippine–American War and war crimes acquittal

After the Balangiga massacre, U.S. Army Brigadier General Jacob H. Smith asked for Marine Corps assistance to help subdue the Philippine population on the island of Samar. Major <mask> and his Marine Battalion were given this assignment. Prior to proceeding, Major <mask> had had this conversation with General Smith:

<mask> largely ignored these illegal orders. <mask> and his battalion of 315 Marines departed Cavite on 22 October 1901 and landed at Catbalogan, Samar, on 24 October. In the southern half of Samar, <mask> ran patrols, amphibious operations, and led a detachment of marines which defeated Philippine insurgents in a battle at Sohoton cliffs on 5 November 1901. He was having some success in registering the inhabitants and pacifying the Philippine towns.General Smith ordered <mask> to scout a possible telegraph route across the island from Lanang on the east coast to Basey on the west coast – straight across trackless, uninhabited jungle. <mask>'s March across Samar began from Lanang on 28 December 1901 with 60 Marines, including Sgt. John H. Quick, two Philippine scouts and 33 Philippine porters. In terrible physical conditions, most of the men were soon sick and running out of food. To stave off disaster, Major <mask> divided his force on 3 January 1902. Leaving Marine Captain David D. Porter in charge of a group remaining in the jungle, <mask> and 14 others went for help at Basey, arriving there on 6 January. On 7 January, <mask> led a relief

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texts: operation back to Porter, but for nine days could not find them.Growing more desperate for food, Captain Porter left the sick and dying behind, under the command of Marine Lieutenant A.S. Williams, and set out with 7 Marines and 6 porters to Lanang. Having arrived at Lanang on 11 January, Cpt. Porter then sent out a relief column to pick up his own stragglers and rescue Lt. William's command. By 18 January, when Williams was rescued, 10 marines had died, one had gone insane and the porters had mutinied. Williams later testified that their mutinous behavior left the Marines in daily fear of their lives; the porters were hiding food and supplies from the Marines and keeping themselves nourished from the jungle while the Marines starved; then three porters attacked and wounded Williams with a bolo knife. The other 11 porters were placed under arrest when Williams' command reached Lanang. After an investigation, <mask> ordered the summary execution, without trial, of the eleven Filipino porters for treason, theft, disobedience and general mutiny.Ten were shot in groups of three (one had been gunned down in the water attempting to escape) The bodies were left in the square as an example, until one evening under cover of darkness, some townspeople carried them off for a Christian burial. <mask>'s Marine Battalion on Samar was relieved by U.S. Army units on 26 February 1902. He and his Battalion left Samar on 28 February, returning to Cavite on 2 March 1902. <mask> reported the executions to Smith, as he had reported every other event. "It became necessary to expend eleven prisoners. Ten who were implicated in the attack on

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 Lieutenant Williams and one who plotted against me." Smith passed <mask>'s report to General Adna Chaffee.For some reason, Chaffee decided to investigate these executions, despite General J. Franklin Bell and Colonel Jacob H. Smith having carried out similar executions on a much larger scale months before with no subsequent investigations. <mask> was tried for murder in ordering the execution of the eleven Filipino porters. A court martial began on March 17, 1902. The court-martial board consisted of 7 Army officers and 6 Marine Corps officers, led by U.S. Army General William H. Bisbee. Major Henry P. Kingsbury, USA, the prosecutor, read the charge and specification. <mask>'s attorneys, Commander Adolph Marix, USN, and Major Edwin Glenn, USA, first argued, unsuccessfully, that the Army had no jurisdiction over him, as he was still under Marine Corps command. From the court martial transcript:

General Bisbee decided that the court was without jurisdiction in the case, but left open the possibility of reversing himself if instructions were received from the office of the Adjutant General of the Army.On 21 March, the instructions arrived. The Assistant Adjutant General noted that the Commanding General of the Philippine Department (General Arthur MacArthur) had ordered a preliminary examination of the case, with a view to legal action, before <mask> was relieved of duty with the Army. <mask> assisted in Major Getty's investigation, and was questioned by him, so he had to know that he was a party to the proceedings. Besides, a "brief lapse of jurisdiction" cannot mitigate a murder charge. General Bisbee "now decides that

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 (the court) has jurisdiction and directs that the case proceed to trial." <mask> enters his plea:

To the specification – Guilty, except to the words "willfully and feloniously and with malice aforethought, murder and" – to those words, not guilty. To the charge – Not Guilty

<mask> did not use Smith's orders "I want all persons killed" to justify his deed, instead relying on the rules of war and provisions of a Civil War General Order Number 100 that authorized "exceeding force", much as J. Franklin Bell had successfully done months before.<mask>'s counsel had rested his defense. The prosecution then decided to call General Smith as a rebuttal witness. On April 7, 1902, in sworn testimony, Smith denied that he had given any special verbal orders to <mask>. <mask> then produced three officers, who corroborated <mask>'s version of the <mask> conversation, and copies of every written order he had received from Smith, <mask> informed the court he had been directed to take no prisoners and to kill every male Filipino over age 10. During the trial, American newspapers, including his hometown newspaper in Philadelphia, nicknamed <mask> the "Butcher of Samar". The court martial board voted 11–2 for acquittal of <mask>. Later, the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General dismissed the entire case, agreeing that a Marine Corps officer was not subject to an Army court.As a result of evidence introduced at the <mask> trial, General Smith was then court martialed, convicted, and admonished; President Roosevelt personally ordered his dismissal from the army. Return to America, military excursions into Central America
Returning to the United

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Waller


texts:
 States soon thereafter, <mask> served in charge of recruiting in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and western New Jersey into 1903 and commanded, in succession, the Provisional Regiment of Marines on the Isthmus of Panama in 1904; the expeditionary forces on the island of Cuba from 1906 and rose to command the Provisional Brigade in Cuba by 1911. He later commanded the Marine Barracks at the Mare Island Navy Yard from 1911 to 1914 and the First Brigade of Marines during action at Veracruz in Mexico in 1914, before being appointed to command marines in Haiti in 1915. Under Colonel <mask>'s command, his troops successfully crushed most armed resistance to the American occupation of the country and restored Pax Americana in Haiti. Later years
Conventional wisdom holds that the Manila court-martial cost <mask> the post of Commandant of the Marine Corps. Most sources claim that his career was stunted, but an extract from his Officer's Qualification Record tells a different story. <mask>'s acquittal is dated April 28, 1902.He had been "promoted MAJOR August 28, 1899, to take rank from July 25, 1899". He is "promoted LIEUTENANT COLONEL, U.S.M.C., by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, March 23, 1903, to rank as such from March 3, 1903", and then "promoted COLONEL, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, March 21, 1905, to rank from March 11, 1905". On March 28, 1901, appointed Lieutenant-Colonel by brevet, in the Marine Corps of the United States, for distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy near Tientsin, China, from the 13th day of July, 1900. On March 28, 1901, advanced two (2)