texts: Martha's death. As president, he remained publicly silent on the topic of slavery, believing it was a nationally divisive issue which could destroy the union. During the American Revolutionary War, <mask> began to change his views on slavery. In a 1778 letter to <mask>, he made clear his desire "to get quit of Negroes" when discussing the exchange of slaves for the land he wanted to buy. The next year, <mask> stated his intention not to separate enslaved families as a result of "a change of masters".During the 1780s, <mask> privately expressed his support for the gradual emancipation of slaves. Between 1783 and 1786, he gave moral support to a plan proposed by Lafayette to purchase land and free slaves to work on it, but declined to participate in the experiment. <mask> privately expressed support for emancipation to prominent Methodists Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury in 1785 but declined to sign their petition. In personal correspondence the next year, he made clear his desire to see the institution of slavery ended by a gradual legislative process, a view that correlated with the mainstream antislavery literature published in the 1780s that Washington possessed. He significantly reduced his purchases of slaves after the war but continued to acquire them in small numbers. In 1788, <mask> declined a suggestion from a leading French abolitionist, Jacques Brissot, to establish an abolitionist society in Virginia, stating that although he supported the idea, the time was not yet right to confront the issue. The historian Henry Wiencek (2003) believes, based on a remark that appears in the notebook of his biographer David Humphreys, that Washington considered making a public statement by freeing his slaves on the eve

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type: original

texts: of his presidency in 1789.The historian Philip D. Morgan (2005) disagrees, believing the remark was a "private expression of remorse" at his inability to free his slaves. Other historians agree with Morgan that <mask> was determined not to risk national unity over an issue as divisive as slavery. <mask> never responded to any of the antislavery petitions he received, and the subject was not mentioned in either his last address to Congress or his Farewell Address. The first clear indication that <mask> seriously intended to free his slaves appears in a letter written to his secretary, Tobias Lear, in 1794. <mask> instructed Lear to find buyers for his land in western Virginia, explaining in a private coda that he was doing so "to liberate a certain species of property which I possess, very repugnantly to my own feelings". The plan, along with others <mask> considered in 1795 and 1796, could not be realized because he failed to find buyers for his land, his reluctance to break up slave families, and the refusal of the Custis heirs to help prevent such separations by freeing their dower slaves at the same time. On July 9, 1799, <mask> finished making his last will; the longest provision concerned slavery.All his slaves were to be freed after the death of his wife, Martha. <mask> said he did not free them immediately because his slaves intermarried with his wife's dower slaves. He forbade their sale or transportation out of Virginia. His will provided that old and young freed people be taken care of indefinitely; younger ones were to be taught to read and write and placed in suitable occupations. <mask> freed more than 160 slaves, including about 25 he had acquired from his wife's brother Bartholomew Dandridge in

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


texts:
 payment of a debt. He was among the few large slave-holding Virginians during the Revolutionary Era who emancipated their slaves. On January 1, 1801, one year after <mask>'s death, <mask> signed an order to free his slaves.Many of them, having never strayed far from Mount Vernon, were naturally reluctant to try their luck elsewhere; others refused to abandon spouses or children still held as dower slaves (the Custis estate) and also stayed with or near Martha. Following <mask>'s instructions in his will, funds were used to feed and clothe the young, aged, and infirm slaves until the early 1830s. Historical reputation and legacy

<mask>'s legacy endures as one of the most influential in American history since he served as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, a hero of the Revolution, and the first president of the United States. Various historians maintain that he also was a dominant factor in America's founding, the Revolutionary War, and the Constitutional Convention. Revolutionary War comrade Light-Horse Harry Lee eulogized him as "First in war—first in peace—and first in the hearts of his countrymen". Lee's words became the hallmark by which <mask>'s reputation was impressed upon the American memory, with some biographers regarding him as the great exemplar of republicanism. He set many precedents for the national government and the presidency in particular, and he was called the "Father of His Country" as early as 1778.In 1879, Congress proclaimed Washington's Birthday to be a federal holiday. Twentieth-century biographer Douglas Southall Freeman concluded, "The great big thing stamped across that man is character." Modern historian David Hackett Fischer has expanded upon Freeman's assessment, defining

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Martha Washington
George Washington
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texts: <mask>'s character as "integrity, self-discipline, courage, absolute honesty, resolve, and decision, but also forbearance, decency, and respect for others". Washington became an international symbol for liberation and nationalism as the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial empire. The Federalists made him the symbol of their party, but the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence for many years and delayed building the Washington Monument. <mask> was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences on January 31, 1781, before he had even begun his presidency. He was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States during the United States Bicentennial to ensure he would never be outranked; this was accomplished by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 passed on January 19, 1976, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976.On March 13, 1978, <mask> was militarily promoted to the rank of General of the Armies. Parson Weems wrote a hagiographic biography in 1809 to honor Washington. Historian Ron Chernow maintains that Weems attempted to humanize <mask>, making him look less stern, and to inspire "patriotism and morality" and to foster "enduring myths", such as <mask>'s refusal to lie about damaging his father's cherry tree. Weems' accounts have never been proven or disproven. Historian John Ferling, however, maintains that Washington remains the only founder and president ever to be referred to as "godlike", and points out that his character has been the most scrutinized by historians, past and present. Historian Gordon S. Wood concludes that "the greatest act of his life, the one that gave him his greatest fame, was

masks: Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington


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 his resignation as commander-in-chief of the American forces." Chernow suggests that Washington was "burdened by public life" and divided by "unacknowledged ambition mingled with self-doubt".A 1993 review of presidential polls and surveys consistently ranked <mask> number 4, 3, or2 among presidents. A 2018 Siena College Research Institute survey ranked him number1 among presidents. In the 21st century, Washington's reputation has been critically scrutinized. Along with various other Founding Fathers, he has been condemned for holding enslaved human beings. Though he expressed the desire to see the abolition of slavery come through legislation, he did not initiate or support any initiatives for bringing about its end. This has led to calls from some activists to remove his name from public buildings and his statue from public spaces. Nonetheless, <mask> maintains his place among the highest-ranked U.S. Presidents, listed second (after Lincoln) in a 2021 C-SPAN poll.Memorials

Jared Sparks began collecting and publishing Washington's documentary record in the 1830s in Life and Writings of <mask> (12 vols., 1834–1837). The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799 (1931–1944) is a 39-volume set edited by John Clement Fitzpatrick, whom the George Washington Bicentennial Commission commissioned. It contains more than 17,000 letters and documents and is available online from the University of Virginia. Educational institutions

Numerous secondary schools are named in honor of Washington, as are many universities, including George Washington University and Washington University in St. Louis. Places and monuments

Many places and monuments have been named in honor of Washington, most

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 notably the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C. The state of Washington is the only US state to be named after a president. Washington appears as one of four U.S. presidents in a colossal statue by Gutzon Borglum on Mount Rushmore in South Dakota.Currency and postage

<mask> appears on contemporary U.S. currency, including the one-dollar bill, the Presidential one-dollar coin and the quarter-dollar coin (the Washington quarter). <mask> and Benjamin Franklin appeared on the nation's first postage stamps in 1847. Washington has since appeared on many postage issues, more than any other

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<mask> (born 10 July 1962 in Copenhagen) is a Danish novelist whose works have been translated into 20 languages. He has published three novels in Danish – Krat (1999), Undtagelsen (2004, published in English as The Exception in 2006), and Du Forsvinder (2012, published as You Disappear in 2014). Background and education
Jungersen earned a master's in communication and social science from Roskilde University. Before publishing his first novel, he taught film at Folkeuniversitetet, an open university in Copenhagen. He also worked as an advertising copywriter, a manuscript consultant, and a TV screenwriter. Since 2005, he has divided his time among the US, Ireland, Denmark, and Malta. Krat
Krat [Undergrowth] depicts the intense relationship between two men over the course of nearly 70 years.While they begin as bosom buddies in an upper-class suburb of Copenhagen during the 1920s, they end as retirees who, despite not having spoken in decades, remain just as consumed with each other – but now as mortal enemies. Krat was on the Danish bestseller list for three months when it came out in 1999. It won Bogforum's Debutant Prize and was nominated for Weekendavisen’s literary prize. When the Danish Arts Foundation awarded Jungersen a three-year fellowship in 2000, it was the first time in 20 years that the foundation had given the honor to a debut novelist. The Exception
A psychological thriller, The Exception ("Undtagelsen") is told in turn by four women who work for the dysfunctional Danish Center for Genocide Information. When two of them receive death threats, it is unclear whether the threats have been sent by an exposed war criminal or a coworker. Drawing on recent work on the nature of evil, the book makes the case that the same dark impulses that lead to genocide may underlie the bullying that plagues the center's office – and be present in all human beings.The novel was on the bestseller list for a year and a half in Denmark, where it won the P2 Novel Prize and De Gyldne Laurbær. In 2009,


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 readers of Denmark's largest newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, voted The Exception the second best Danish novel of the past 25 years,Vor tids danske roman and in 2010 it won another readers' poll, for the best Danish novel of the preceding decade. The Exception has been published in 18 countries, and has also been adapted for Radio 4. It was nominated for the International Dublin Literary Award, as well as being shortlisted for the Duncan Lawrie Dagger in the United Kingdom, the Grand Prix des Lectrices de Elle in France, and the Martin Beck Award in Sweden. In the US, both The New York Times and Amazon designated the novel as an editor's choice. You Disappear
Jungersen's latest novel, You Disappear ("Du Forsvinder"), is narrated by Mia, whose husband Frederik undergoes radical personality changes due to a slowly growing brain tumor that leaves his intellect, speech, and motor control intact. Their lives change even more when it comes out that, in the year before his diagnosis, he embezzled 12 million kroner from the private Copenhagen school where he is headmaster.But was the tumor already determining his actions at the time, absolving him, or should he go to jail? In preparing Frederik's defense, Mia immerses herself in the latest brain research, the emerging neurological portrait of human nature, and the classic metaphysical question of free will. Her reading profoundly affects how she responds to Frederik – and to her own passionate impulses. You Disappear has been both a critical and a commercial success in Denmark since being published there in March 2012. Library and newspaper readers awarded it the Læsernes Bogpris, and it was nominated for two other major honors, Politiken'''s Literature Prize and the Martha Prize. It received five-star reviews in Politiken, Ekstrabladet, MetroXpress, Femina, Magasinet IN, Nordjydske Tidende, and Dagbladenes Bureau. It remained on Denmark's top-10 list of bestselling fiction for an entire year and was the second-bestselling novel in 2012, outsold only by


texts:
 Marco Effekten [The Marco Effect], the Jussi Adler-Olsen thriller.You Disappear has been sold to another ten countries, including Germany and France.The US edition came out in January 2014 from Nan A. Talese/Doubleday. The American translation by Misha Hoekstra won the Leif & Inger Sjöberg Prize from the American-Scandinavian Foundation. Film adaptations
The film Du Forsvinder, based on You Disappear, was directed by Peter Schønau Fog from the screenplay by Peter Schønau Fog and starred Trine Dyrholm and Nikolaj Lie Kaas. The movie premiered in 2017 and was one of the best-selling films in Denmark that year. Du Forsvinder was Denmark's submission for the 2017 Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film. The movie Undtagelsen was based on Jungersen's second novel, The Exception. It was directed by Jesper W. Nielsen from the screenplay by <mask>.Sidse Babett Knudsen, Amanda Collin, Danica Curcic, and Lene Maria Christensen played the leading roles. It came out when Danish cinemas reopened in July 2020, after having been closed for four months due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and it remained on the country's top-10 list of best-selling films for nine weeks. Under the title The Exception, it won the Valhalla Award for Best Nordic Film at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival in 2020. The Gyldendal Anniversary Collection
To mark its sestercentennial in 2020, the publishing house Gyldendal polled 40,000 readers on which ten books to include in its 250th anniversary collection, Gyldendals Jubilæumskollektion. Just three of the winning books were written by living authors, including Jungersen's Undtagelsen [The Exception''], as well as books by Kim Leine and Carsten Jensen. The collection also includes classics by Karen Blixen and Tove Ditlevsen. References

External links

 Review of The Exception in The New Yorker
 Review of The Exception in The New York Times
 Review of The Exception in The Economist

Danish male writers
Living people
Danish crime fiction writers
1962 births
People from


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<mask> (July 29, 1916 – March 2, 1942) was an American swing and jazz guitarist. <mask> was an important early performer on the electric guitar and a key figure in the development of bebop and cool jazz. He gained national exposure as a member of the Benny Goodman Sextet and Orchestra from August 1939 to June 1941. His single-string technique, combined with amplification, helped bring the guitar out of the rhythm section and into the forefront as a solo instrument. For this, he is often credited with leading to the development of the lead guitar role in musical ensembles and bands. John Hammond and George T. Simon called <mask> the best improvisational talent of the swing era. In the liner notes to the album Solo Flight: The Genius of <mask> (Columbia, 1972), Gene Lees wrote that "Many critics and musicians consider that <mask> was one of the founding fathers of bebop, or if not that, at least a precursor to it."<mask>'s influence reached beyond jazz and swing. In 1990, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the category Early Influence. In 2006 Oklahoma City renamed a street in its Bricktown entertainment district "Charlie <mask> Avenue" (<mask> was raised in Oklahoma City and was one of many musicians who jammed along the city's "Deep Deuce" section on N.E. Second Street). Early life
<mask> was born in Bonham, Texas. His family moved to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, when he was a small child. His parents were musicians.He had two brothers, Edward, born in 1906, and Clarence, born in 1911.

masks:
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texts: All three sons were taught music by their father, Clarence Henry <mask>. Clarence Henry was struck blind by fever, and in order to support the family he and the boys worked as buskers, on what the Christians called "busts." He would have them lead him into the better neighborhoods, where they would perform for cash or goods. When Charles was old enough to go along, he first entertained by dancing. Later he learned to play the guitar, inheriting his father's instruments upon his death when Charles was 12. He attended Douglass School in Oklahoma City, where he was further encouraged in music by an instructor, Zelia N. Breaux.Charles wanted to play tenor saxophone in the school band, but she insisted he try trumpet instead. As he believed playing the trumpet would disfigure his lip, he quit to pursue his interest in baseball, at which he excelled. In a 1978 interview with <mask> biographer Craig McKinney, <mask> said that in the 1920s and '30s <mask> led a band in Oklahoma City as a pianist and had a shaky relationship with the trumpeter James Simpson. Around 1931, he took the guitarist "Bigfoot" Ralph Hamilton and began secretly schooling the younger Charles in jazz. They taught him to solo on three songs, "Rose Room", "Tea for Two", and "Sweet Georgia Brown". When the time was right they took him out to one of the many after-hours jam sessions along "Deep Deuce", Northeast Second Street, in Oklahoma City. "Let Charles play one," they told Edward."Ah, nobody wants to hear them old blues," Edward replied.

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 After some encouragement, he allowed Charles to play. "What do you want to play?" he asked. All three songs were big in the early 1930s, and Edward was surprised that Charles knew them. After two encores, Charles had played all three, and Deep Deuce was in an uproar. He coolly dismissed himself from the jam session, and his mother had heard about it before he got home.Charles fathered a daughter, Billie Jean <mask> (December 23, 1932 – July 19, 2004) by Margretta Lorraine Downey of Oklahoma City. Charles soon was performing locally and on the road throughout the Midwest, as far away as North Dakota and Minnesota. By 1936 he was playing electric guitar and had become a regional attraction. He jammed with many of the big-name performers traveling through Oklahoma City, including Teddy Wilson and Art Tatum. Mary Lou Williams, the pianist for Andy Kirk and His Clouds of Joy, told the record producer John Hammond. National fame

In 1939, <mask> auditioned for John Hammond, who recommended him to the bandleader Benny Goodman. Goodman was the fourth white bandleader to feature black musicians in his live band: the first was Jimmy Durante, for whom the clarinetist Achille Baquet played and recorded in Durante's Original New Orleans Jazz Band (1918–1920); the second was the violinist Arthur Hand, who led The California Ramblers, which, from 1922 to 1925, included the trumpeter Bill Moore, who was billed as the Hot Hawaiian; the third was Ben Bernie, whose band from 1925 to 1928 also featured Moore.Goodman

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texts: became the fourth by bringing in Teddy Wilson on piano in 1935 and Lionel Hampton on vibraphone in 1936. Goodman hired <mask> to play with the newly formed Goodman Sextet in September 1939. It has been claimed that Goodman was initially uninterested in hiring <mask> because the electric guitar was a relatively new instrument. Goodman had been exposed to the instrument with Floyd Smith and Leonard Ware, among others, none of whom had the ability of <mask>. There is a report that Goodman unsuccessfully tried to buy out Floyd Smith's contract from Andy Kirk. However, Goodman was so impressed by <mask>'s playing that he hired him instead. There are several versions of the first meeting of <mask> and Goodman on August 16, 1939.The encounter that afternoon at the recording studio had not gone well. <mask> recalled in a 1940 article in Metronome magazine, "I guess neither one of us liked what I played," but Hammond decided to try again—without consulting Goodman. (<mask> says Goodman invited him to the show that evening.) He installed <mask> on the bandstand for that night's set at the Victor Hugo restaurant in Los Angeles. Displeased at the surprise, Goodman called “Rose Room”, a tune he assumed <mask> would be unfamiliar with. Unknown to Goodman, <mask> had been reared on the tune, and he came in with his first chorus of about twenty, all of them different, all unlike anything Goodman had heard before. That version of "Rose Room" lasted forty minutes.By its end, <mask> was in the band. In the course of a

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 few days, <mask> went from making $2.50 a night to $150 a week. <mask> was placed in Goodman's new sextet, which included Lionel Hampton, Fletcher Henderson, Artie Bernstein and Nick Fatool. By February 1940 <mask> dominated the jazz and swing guitar polls and was elected to the Metronome All Stars. In the spring of 1940 Goodman let most of his entourage go in a reorganization. He retained <mask>, and in the fall of that year Goodman led a sextet with <mask>, Count Basie, longtime Duke Ellington trumpeter Cootie Williams, former Artie Shaw tenor saxophonist Georgie Auld and later drummer Dave Tough. This all-star band dominated the jazz polls in 1941, including another election to the Metronome All Stars for <mask>.Johnny Guarnieri, who replaced Henderson in the first sextet, filled the piano chair in Basie's absence. In 1966, 24 years after his death, <mask> was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame. In 1989 the Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame created its first seven inductions, which included <mask>. Style and influences

<mask>'s solos are frequently described as "horn-like", and  in that sense he was more influenced by horn players such as Lester Young and Herschel Evans than by early acoustic guitarists like Eddie Lang and the jazz- and bluesman Lonnie Johnson, although they both had contributed to the expansion of the guitar's role from the rhythm section to a solo instrument. <mask> stated he wanted his guitar to sound like a tenor saxophone. The French gypsy jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt

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texts: had little influence on him, but <mask> was obviously familiar with some of his recordings. The guitarist Mary Osborne recalled hearing him play Django's solo on "St. Louis Blues" note for note, but then following it with his own ideas.By 1939 there had already been electric guitar soloists—Leonard Ware; George Barnes; Eddie Durham, who had recorded with Count Basie; Floyd Smith, who recorded "Floyd's Guitar Blues" with Andy Kirk in March 1939, using an amplified lap steel guitar; and the Texas Swing pioneer Eldon Shamblin, who was playing with Bob Wills. <mask> paved the way for the modern electric guitar sound that was followed by other pioneers, including T-Bone Walker, Eddie Cochran, Cliff Gallup, Scotty Moore, Franny Beecher, B.B. King, Chuck Berry, Carlos Santana and Jimi Hendrix. For this reason <mask> was inducted in 1990 into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. <mask>'s exposure was so great in the brief period he played with Goodman that he influenced not only guitarists but other musicians as well. The influence he had on "Dizzy" Gillespie, <mask>, Thelonious Monk and Don Byas can be heard on their early bop recordings "Blue 'n' Boogie" and "Salt Peanuts". Other musicians, such as the trumpeter Miles Davis, cited <mask> as an early influence.Indeed, <mask>'s "new" sound influenced jazz as a whole. He reigned supreme in the jazz guitar polls up to two years after his death. Black Sabbath's first manager Jim Simpson describes the band's first song, "A Song for Jim" as an “absolute <mask>

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 takeoff.”

Bebop and Minton's Playhouse
Christian was an important contributor to the music that became known as bop, or bebop. Some of the participants in those early after-hours affairs at Minton's Playhouse, where bebop was born, credit <mask> with the name bebop, citing his humming of phrases as the onomatopoetic origin of the term. Private recordings made in September 1939 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, by Jerry Newhouse, a Goodman aficionado, capture the newly hired <mask> while on the road with Goodman and feature Goodman's tenor sax player Jerry Jerome and then-local bassist Oscar Pettiford. Taking multiple solos, <mask> shows much the same improvisational skills later captured on the Minton's and Monroe's recordings in 1941, suggesting that he had already matured as a musician. The Minneapolis recordings include "Stardust", "Tea for Two", and "I've Got Rhythm", the latter a favorite of bop composers and jammers.Further examples of <mask>'s bebop playing can be heard in a series of recordings made at Minton's Playhouse, an after-hours club located in the Hotel Cecil, at 210 West 118th Street in Harlem, by Jerry Newman, a student at Columbia University, on a portable disk recorder in 1941, in which <mask> was accompanied by Joe Guy on trumpet, Kenny Kersey on piano and Kenny Clarke on drums. <mask>'s use of tension and release, a technique employed by Lester Young, Count Basie and later bop musicians, is also present on "Stompin' at the Savoy", included among the Newman recordings. The collection

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texts: also includes recordings made in 1941 at Clark Monroe's Uptown House, another late-night jazz haunt in Harlem, with Oran "Hot Lips" Page. Other recordings include the tenor sax player Don Byas. The Minton's recordings were long rumored to feature "Dizzy" Gillespie and Thelonious Monk, but that has since been proved untrue, although both were regulars at the jam sessions, with Monk a regular in the Minton's house band. Kenny Clarke claimed that "Epistrophy" and "Rhythm-a-Ning" were compositions by <mask>, which <mask> played with Clarke and Thelonious Monk at Minton's jam sessions. The "Rhythm-a-Ning" line is heard on "Down on Teddy's Hill" and behind the introduction on "Guy's Got to Go" from the Newman recordings.It is also a line from Mary Lou Williams's "Walkin' and Swingin'". Clarke said <mask> first showed him the chords to "Epistrophy" on a ukulele. These recordings have been packaged under a number of different titles, including After Hours and The Immortal Charlie Christian. While the recording quality of many of these sessions is poor, they show <mask> stretching out much longer than he could on the Benny Goodman sides. On the Minton's and Monroe's recordings, <mask> can be heard taking multiple choruses on a single tune, playing long stretches of melodic ideas with ease. <mask> was just as adept with understatement as well. His work on the Goodman sextet sides "Soft Winds", "Till Tom Special", and "A Smo-o-o-oth One" show his use of few well-placed melodic notes.His work on the Sextet's


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 recordings of the ballads "Stardust", "Memories of You", "Poor Butterfly", "I Surrender Dear" and "On the Alamo" and his work on "Profoundly Blue" with the Edmond Hall Celeste Quartet (1941) show hints of what was later called cool jazz. Although credited for very few, <mask> composed many of the original tunes recorded by the Benny Goodman Sextet. Health and death
In the late 1930s <mask> contracted tuberculosis, and in early 1940 he was hospitalized for a short period in which the Goodman group was on hiatus because of Goodman's back trouble. Goodman was hospitalized in the summer of 1940 after a brief stay at Santa Catalina Island, California, where the band stayed when they were on the West Coast. <mask> returned home to Oklahoma City in late July 1940 and returned to New York City in September 1940. In early 1941, <mask> resumed his hectic lifestyle, heading to Harlem for late-night jam sessions after finishing gigs with the Goodman Sextet and Orchestra in New York City. In June 1941 he was admitted to Seaview, a sanitarium on Staten Island in New York City.He was reported to be making progress, and Down Beat magazine reported in February 1942 that he and Cootie Williams were starting a band. After a visit to the hospital that same month by the tap dancer and drummer Marion Joseph "Taps" Miller, <mask> declined in health. He died March 2, 1942, at the age of 25. He was buried in an unmarked grave in Bonham, Texas. A Texas State Historical Commission Marker and headstone were placed in Gates Hill

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 Cemetery in 1994. The location of the historical marker and headstone was disputed, and in March 2013, Fannin County, Texas, recognized that the marker was in the wrong spot and that <mask> is buried under the concrete slab. Instruments
 Epiphone Deluxe guitar (an acoustic archtop guitar), 1934–1937
 Gibson ES-150 guitar (sunburst finish, with dot inlays on the fingerboard), and EH-150 amplifier, 1937 or 1939 – April 1940
 Gibson ES-250 guitar (custom built by Gibson with a natural finish, a Super 400 tailpiece, and bowtie inlays on the fingerboard), April 1940 – February 1941.This instrument was re-discovered in 2002. Gibson ES-250 guitar (custom built by Gibson with a natural finish, an L-7 style neck, and custom inlays on the fingerboard), February 1941 – March 1942
 Gibson L-5 guitar (custom built by Gibson with a "Charlie Christian pickup" instead of a P-90). This guitar was delivered to <mask> just prior to his death in March 1942. It was later owned by Tony Mottola. The bar-style pickup used on the ES-150 and ES-250 became known as the "<mask> pickup." Discography
<mask> never recorded as a leader. Compilations have been released of his sessions as a sideman in which he is a featured soloist, of practice and warm-up recordings for these sessions, and some lower-quality recordings of <mask>'s own groups performing in nightclubs, by amateur technicians.With Benny Goodman
 <mask> with the Benny Goodman Sextet and Orchestra (Columbia)
 Solo Flight: The Genius of <mask> (Columbia, 1972)
 The Genius

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 of the Electric Guitar (Columbia, 1939–1941 recordings)
 Solo Flight, with the Benny Goodman Sextet (Vintage Jazz Classics, 2003)
 Electric, with the Benny Goodman Sextet and the <mask> Quartet (Uptown, 2011)

With Lionel Hampton
 The Complete RCA Victor Recordings, 1937–1949 (Bluebird, 1995)

With others
 Guitar Wizard (LeJazz, 1993)

Filmography
 2005  Solo Flight: The Genius of <mask>
 2007  <mask>- The Life & Music of the Legendary Jazz Guitarist (Grossman Guitar Workshop)

Notes

References
 Broadbent, Peter  (2002). <mask>, Solo Flight: The Story of the Seminal Electric Guitarist. Hal Leonard. .
 Centlivre, Kevin (1994). "Interview with Jerry Jerome"
 Centlivre, Kevin (1999). "Revisiting <mask>". Feather, Leonard (reprint, 1977). Inside Jazz.Da Capo. .
 Goins, Wayne E.; McKinney, Craig (2005). A Biography of <mask>, Jazz Guitar's King of Swing. .
 Lee, Amy (1940) "<mask> Tried to Play Hot Tenor!" Metronome. McKinney, Craig. <mask>: Musician. Savage, William W., Jr. (1983). Singing Cowboys and All That Jazz: A Short History of Popular Music in Oklahoma.Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 48–51. .
 Spring, Howard (1980). The Improvisational Style of <mask>. York University. Valdes, Leo (1997). Solo Flight: The Charlie Christian Newsletter Leo Valdes. External links

<mask>, Style Analysis and Solo Examples
Deep Deuce History and photos
<mask>, a biography by C.J Shearn
Gates Hill Cemetery

1916 births
1942 deaths
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
20th-century American

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 guitarists
African-American guitarists
African-American jazz guitarists
American jazz guitarists
American male guitarists
Bebop guitarists
Blue Note Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state)
Musicians from Oklahoma City
Swing guitarists
Guitarists from Oklahoma
Jazz musicians from Oklahoma
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century African-American


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<mask> (born 10 March 1968) is a Singaporean law professor at the National University of Singapore. She was educated at the University of Oxford, Harvard Law School and the University of Cambridge. In January 2007, she was appointed a Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP) in Singapore's 11th Parliament. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Singapore on 10 March 1968. Her mother is Dr. <mask> (née Huang) Su Mien, former Dean of the Faculty of Law of the National University of Singapore (NUS) and presently Senior Executive Director of TSMP Law Corporation; her brother, <mask>, is Joint Managing Director of the same law firm. <mask> was educated at the Singapore Chinese Girls' School (1975–1984) and Hwa Chong Junior College (1984–1986), at the latter on a Humanities Award from the Ministry of Education. She took a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.(Hons.)) in Jurisprudence at Keble College, Oxford between 1987 and 1990. At Oxford she was awarded the Law Moderations Book Prize (Constitutional Law, Criminal Law and
Roman Law) in 1988. She was called to the Bar as a barrister at Gray's Inn in 1991. Academic career
Thio joined the Faculty of Law of the NUS as a Senior Tutor in 1991, and was appointed Lecturer in 1992. That same year she embarked on postgraduate law studies at Harvard Law School on a National University of Singapore Overseas Graduate Scholarship, and obtained a Master of Laws (LL.M.) in 1993.She returned to NUS, where in 1997 she was appointed an assistant professor. Between 1997 and 2000 she carried out PhD research at the University of Cambridge on another NUS Overseas Graduate Scholarship, and was duly conferred this degree in 2000. Her PhD dissertation, entitled Managing Babel: The International Legal Protection of Minorities in the Twentieth Century, was subsequently published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers in 2005. In June 2000 she was appointed an associate professor, and achieved the rank of full Professor in July 2006.

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Thio Li ann
Thio Li ann
Thio
Thio Shen Yi
Thio


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 Her research interests are the following:

Constitutionalism and human rights in Asia. Domestic and comparative perspectives of constitutional law and administrative law. International human rights law and the rights of peoples.Law and religion. Public international law, its history and theory. <mask> was Young Asian Scholar at the Melbourne University Law School in 1997, was ranked as an NUS Excellent Teacher in 2001–2002 and 2002–2003, and was given a Young Researcher Award by NUS in 2004. In March 2006, she was a Visiting Lecturer at the Faculty of Law of the University of Hong Kong, where she was one of the academics teaching a course on "National Protection of Human Rights". In September of that year she returned to the University of Melbourne as a Senior Fellow of its Graduate Law Programme to teach a course entitled "Constitutionalism in Asian Societies". Thio served as Chief Editor of the Singapore Journal of International & Comparative Law between 2000 and 2003, and since 2005 has been General Editor of the Asian Yearbook of International Law. She is also on the editorial or advisory boards of the Singapore Yearbook of International Law, the New Zealand Yearbook of International Law (since 2003), the University of Bologna Law Review (since 2016), and Human Rights & International Legal Discourse (since 2006), and is Corresponding Editor (Singapore) for Blaustein & Flanz's Constitutions of the Countries of the World (since 2001) and the International Journal of Constitutional Law (since 2001).Since 2001 she has also been a contributor on constitutional and administrative law to the Singapore Academy of Law Annual Review of Singapore Cases. Thio was also a consultant to a delegation of the House of Representatives of Japan (30 September 2002) and to the University of Warwick on academic freedom issues (2005). NYU Law School controversy
Thio was to be a visiting human rights professor at New York University School of Law in the


texts:
 fall of 2009 until she withdrew her acceptance in July 2009. Many noted the irony in her appointment, and prompted calls for condemnation of her "anti-gay hate speech" before Parliament. The university's gay and lesbian law student group, NYU OUTLaw, released a statement calling for the condemnation. NYU Law School's Dean Richard Revesz issued a memorandum stating "the Law School categorically rejects the point of view expressed in Professor <mask>'s speech, as evidenced by our early and longstanding commitment to end discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation." Students at NYU Law School have issued statements as well.<mask> then sent an 18-point defense memo to the entire NYU Law faculty. On 22 July 2009, she informed the school of her withdrawal from the appointment, citing hostility by its community towards her views and low enrollment. It was reported that only 9 students applied for her course on Human Rights and 5 for her other course on Constitutionalism. Political career

From 18 January 2007, <mask> was appointed a Nominated Member of Parliament of the 11th Session of the Parliament of Singapore for a two-and-a-half-year term. In October 2007, during a review by the Parliament of Singapore on the Penal Code, it decided not to repeal section 377A of the Code and thus continued to criminalise sexual activity between males. In the course of the debate in Parliament, Thio gave a speech to support the continued criminalisation of sexual activity between males, and likened gay sex to "shoving a straw up your nose to drink." She claimed to have support from a majority of Singaporeans, and stated she spoke "at the risk of being burned at the stake by militant activists."At the same time, <mask> mentioned the existence of an active gay agenda that seeks to lobby the government and radically change sexual norms. The Internet subsequently saw a flood of websites heavily rebutting <mask>'s speech, most of which focused on her

masks: Thio Thio Thio Thio Thio


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 lurid straw-up-the-nose analogy. Local journalist Janadas Devan, in a feature article in The Straits Times on 27 October, titled "377A debate and the rewriting of pluralism", the pointed out that the speech was heavily laced with phrases and imagery from the Dominionist movement. Another Straits Times writer, Chua Mui Hoong, also wrote an article titled "Rules of Engagement for God and Politics" on 16 November 2007. In it, Chua acknowledged Thio's position in her speech that secularism could challenge religion. However, Chua disagreed that religion has been antagonised in Singapore, and encouraged that specific explanation be given as to how the repeal of a law would in reality harm the Singaporean society. <mask>'s speech also drew the criticism of Michael Kirby, then a judge of the High Court of Australia, who referenced it in a speech he delivered in Brisbane on 16 November 2007.The content of his speech was subsequently published in The Sydney Morning Herald on 19 November 2007. During the debate, <mask> revealed that playwright Alfian Sa'at had sent her a short email saying, among other things, that "I hope I outlive you long enough to see the repeal of 377A and on that day I will piss on your grave." Sa'at later took responsibility for the email, saying it was sent in a moment of folly in response to the rumour that Thio had called the police to complain about a "Pink Picnic" some members of the gay community were organising in the Botanic Gardens. Thio later denied the allegation, and Sa'at apologised. Subsequently, in November 2007, Thio was alerted by the media to an anonymous threatening letter addressed to her stating: "We know where you work, we'll send people there to hunt you down". Thio made a police report the same day. Question regarding support from the majority
Thio's strong position towards retaining the code drew much protest from some Singaporeans.Two issues were constantly raised. The first issue was the

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 question of the real existence of a majority against repeal of the code. The second issue was the question of whether a stance against homosexual behavior would equate to wanting a code to criminalize the act of sodomy. Concerns were also raised by a law professor on whether it was realistically possible to enforce such a code, whether it would lead to dangers of entrapment, and whether the informal position of the government not to enforce the code would reverse overnight. Personal life
<mask> was born to <mask> Gim Hock and <mask> Su Mien, former the Dean of the Faculty of Law of the National University of Singapore. Her maternal grandfather is Reverend Huang Yang Ying, first principal of Anglican High School. She has a brother, <mask> Shen Yi, a senior counsel.AWARE Takeover by <mask> Su Mien

In 2009, a group of conservative Christian women from the Church of Our Savior, under the leadership of Josie Lau and orchestrated by <mask>'s mother, <mask> Su Mien, took over the executive council of the group alleging AWARE, a non-governmental organization in Singapore concerned with promoting gender equality. 6 of the 11 newly elected executive committee were church members who had only joined the group 3 months prior to the election, and 80 of the 120 attendees of the meeting were similarly new members from the church. The old guard called for a no-confidence vote and the new council was voted out of office on 2 May 2009. Of the 2,175 people who voted at the meeting, 1,414 voted for the no-confidence. Deputy Prime minister Wong Kan Seng commented that "a group of conservative Christians, all attending the same church, which held strong views on homosexuality, had moved in and taken over AWARE because they disapproved of what AWARE had been doing", and called for tolerance, cautioning that religion and politics must be kept separate. On 26 May 2009, during <mask>'s first speech in parliament since the event, Thio accused the local

masks: Thio Thio Thio Thio Thio Thio Thio Thio


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 press of biased reporting on the events surrounding the attempted takeover. Han Fook Kwang, then editor of The Straits Times, responded in an editorial and expressed his sadness at the vindictiveness of "critics and the length to which they are prepared to go to attack our professionalism" and integrity, detailing the sequence of events and how their journalists had investigated and reported on the proceedings.Religious affiliation
<mask> is a Christian. In an interview with the local daily The Straits Times on 2 November 2007, <mask> shared her personal story of how she converted from a "very, very arrogant" atheist to a Christian in 1987. Having entered Oxford University to read jurisprudence, she attended a Christian Union talk then and claimed to be "stopped" by a voice. "I basically had a sense that God was talking to me. I had stood up to walk out and I heard someone say, 'Stop'. And no one was around me. Everybody was busy doing their own thing.I was one of only one or two Chinese girls in this whole room of ang mohs. And then I just had the sense that I had encountered God, that he knew my name and I was shocked." <mask> was quoted as saying in the interview. She added, "I don't know what right wing is. This is funny because I was always considered a political leftie and now I'm a rightie." Selected works

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References

References
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 Official website of the Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore

1968 births
Academics of the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law
Alumni of Keble College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Harvard Law School alumni
International law scholars
Living people
Scholars of administrative law
Scholars of constitutional law
Singaporean Christians
Singaporean Nominated Members of Parliament
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Singaporean women in

masks: Thio Thio Thio


texts: <mask> (born April 21, 1949) is an American actress and singer best known for her work in stage musicals. She has won two Tony Awards, two Olivier Awards, two Grammy Awards, and was a 2006 inductee to the American Theater Hall of Fame. <mask> began her professional career with The Acting Company in 1972 and made her Broadway debut in Three Sisters in 1973. She received the first of seven Tony Award nominations for the 1975 musical The Robber Bridegroom. She won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her role as Eva Perón in the 1979 original Broadway production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Evita. She played Fantine in the original London cast of Les Misérables and Moll in The Cradle Will Rock, winning the 1985 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her work in both. She won a second Tony Award for her role as Rose in the 2008 Broadway revival of Gypsy and a second Olivier Award in 2019, winning Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for her role as Joanne in the West End revival of Stephen Sondheim's Company.She has two Grammy Awards for the recording of the 2007 Los Angeles Opera production of Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny. Other stage musical performances include her Tony-nominated role as Reno Sweeney in the 1987 Broadway revival of Anything Goes, her Olivier-nominated role as Norma Desmond in the 1993 original production of Sunset Boulevard in London, her Tony-nominated role as Mrs. Lovett in the new 2005 Broadway production of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, her Tony-nominated role as Lucia in the 2010 original Broadway production of Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, and her Tony-nominated role as Helena Rubenstein in the 2017 original Broadway production of War Paint. She is currently starring in the Broadway

masks:
Patti Ann LuPone
LuPone


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 transfer of the successful West End revival of Company alongside Katrina Lenk. On television, she starred in the drama series Life Goes On (1989–1993) and received Emmy Award nominations for the TV movie The Song Spinner (1995) and her guest role in the sitcom Frasier (1998). She also had appeared in three Ryan Murphy series, American Horror Story: Coven (2013–2014), and Pose (2019) both  on FX, and Hollywood (2020) on Netflix. She guest starred in Penny Dreadful (2014–2016) before returning in a lead role. She voices the character Yellow Diamond in the animated series Steven Universe (2013–2019) and Steven Universe Future (2019–2020).She also appeared on The CW comedy Crazy Ex-Girlfriend as Rabbi Shari (2017). Her film appearances include Steven Spielberg's 1941 (1979), Spike Lee's Summer of Sam (1999), Peter Weir's Witness (1985), as well as Driving Miss Daisy (1989), State and Main (2000), and The Comedian (2016). Early life and training
<mask> was born on April 21, 1949, in Northport, New York, on Long Island, the daughter of Angela Louise (née <mask>), a library administrator at the C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University, and Orlando Joseph <mask>, a school administrator and English teacher at Walt Whitman High School in Huntington, Long Island. Her great-great aunt was 19th-century opera singer Adelina <mask>. Her older brother <mask> is a Tony-nominated actor, dancer, and director who originated the role of Zach, the director, in A Chorus Line. <mask> is Italian-American and Roman Catholic.<mask> was part of the first graduating class of Juilliard's Drama Division (1968–1972: Group 1), which also included actors Kevin Kline and David Ogden Stiers. She graduated from Juilliard in 1972 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. <mask> has a mezzo-soprano vocal

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LuPone
Patti
LuPone
Patti
Robert LuPone
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LuPone


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 range, and she is famous for her strong/high "Broadway" belt singing voice. In a 2008 interview, she maintained that she was "an actor who sings", and thankful she "had a voice". Career

Theatre

1970s: Early career
In 1972, <mask> became one of the original members of The Acting Company, formed by John Houseman. The Acting Company is a nationally touring repertory theater company. <mask>'s stint with the company lasted from 1972 to 1976, and she appeared in many of their productions, such as The Cradle Will Rock, The School for Scandal, Women Beware Women, The Beggar’s Opera, The Time of Your Life, The Lower Depths, The Hostage, Next Time I’ll Sing to You, Measure for Measure, Scapin, Edward II, The Orchestra, Love’s Labours Lost, Arms and the Man, and The Way of the World.She made her Broadway debut in the play The Three Sisters as Irina in 1973. For her work in The Robber Bridegroom (1975) she received her first Tony Award nomination, for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. The Acting Company honored <mask> on March 12, 2012 in an event called "Patti's Turn" at the Kaye Playhouse. In 1976, producer David Merrick hired <mask> as a replacement to play Genevieve, the title role of the troubled pre-Broadway production of The Baker's Wife. The production toured at length but Merrick deemed it unworthy of Broadway and it closed out of town. Since 1977, <mask> has been a frequent collaborator with David Mamet, appearing in his plays The Woods, All Men Are Whores, The Blue Hour, The Water Engine (1978), Edmond and The Old Neighborhood (1997). The New York Times reviewer wrote of <mask> in The Old Neighborhood, "Those who know Ms. LuPone only as a musical comedy star will be stunned by the naturalistic fire she delivers here.As Jolly, a part inspired by Mr. Mamet's

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 real-life sister and his realized female character, Ms. <mask> finds conflicting layers of past and present selves in practically every line. She emerges as both loving matriarch and wounded adolescent, sentimental and devastatingly clear-eyed." In 1978, she appeared in the Broadway musical adaptation of Studs Terkel's Working, which ran for only 24 performances. In 1979 <mask> starred in the original Broadway production of Evita, the musical based on the life of Eva Perón, composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, and directed by Harold Prince. Although <mask> was hailed by critics, she has since said that her time in Evita was not an enjoyable one. In a 2007 interview, she stated " 'Evita' was the worst experience of my life," she said. "I was screaming my way through a part that could only have been written by a man who hates women.And I had no support from the producers, who wanted a star performance onstage but treated me as an unknown backstage. It was like Beirut, and I fought like a banshee." Despite the trouble, <mask> won her first Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. It was not until she had reprised the role in a production in Sydney when she had finally enjoyed the part and felt comfortable singing the score. <mask> and her co-star, Mandy Patinkin, remained close friends both on and off the stage. 1980s
In May 1983, founding alumni of The Acting Company reunited for an off-Broadway revival of Marc Blitzstein's landmark labor musical The Cradle Will Rock at the American Place Theater. It was narrated by John Houseman with <mask> in the roles of Moll and Sister Mister.and Kent, Connecticut. In February 2022, Lupone tested positive for COVID-19. In 2009 <mask>'s 1985 recording of "I Dreamed a Dream" reached #45 on the UK Singles Chart It also

masks: LuPone LuPone LuPone LuPone LuPone LuPone LuPone


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 reached the Billboard magazine Hot Digital Songs and Hot Singles Recurrents charts in the US. <mask> recorded a duet with Seth MacFarlane (who was in character as Glenn Quagmire) on the 2005 album Family Guy: Live In Vegas. A live concert special film, An Evening with <mask>, was filmed in July 2012 and released in November 2012 on SethTv.com with 104 minutes of <mask>one songs and stories with host Seth Rudetsky. A new CD of one of her shows, The Lady with the Torch, was released in 2006 on Sh-K-Boom Records. In December she released bonus tracks for that CD only available on iTunes and the Sh-K-Boom website.Bibliography
<mask> wrote a memoir recounting her life and career from childhood to the present, which was released in September 2010. It was simply titled <mask>one: A Memoir, which was, according to <mask>, the winner of the competition she held to name the book. Awards and nominations

References

External links

 <mask> on IOBDB

 <mask> Interview
 InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse: <mask> (TV Interview)
 <mask> – Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org
 University of the Arts Show Music Magazine Database
 <mask>one concert special on SethTV.com. Filmed July, 2012. <mask> Papers at the Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New York, NY

1949 births
Living people
American women singers
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American television actresses
American mezzo-sopranos
American Roman Catholics
Drama Desk Award winners
Grammy Award winners
American people of Italian descent
Juilliard School alumni
People from Northport, New York
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Tony Award winners
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York (state)
People from Edisto

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LuPone
Patti LuPone
Patti LuP
LuPone
Patti LuP
LuPone
Patti LuPone
Patti LuPone
Patti LuPone
Patti LuPone
Patti LuP
Patti LuPone


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<mask> (born May 8, 1989) is a Puerto Rican professional boxer and former two-weight world champion. He held the IBO super featherweight title in 2014, the IBF super featherweight title from 2015 to 2017, and the WBO lightweight title in 2018. As an amateur he represented Puerto Rico, winning medals in multiple international competitions. Among the awards he achieved are a bronze medal at the 2007 Pan American Games, silver at the 2009 World Championships and gold at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games, as well as participation in the 2008 Summer Olympics. As of June 2021, he is ranked as the world's eighth best active super lightweight by BoxRec. Amateur career

Early career and Pan American Games
<mask> participated in the 2006 Copa La Romana. In the quarter finals he defeated Javier Fortuna (27:5).He secured the bronze medal with a 12:9 victory over V.Castillo of Ecuador. Pedraza won the tournament's gold medal over localist boxer Jonathan Batista (10:5). In December, he won the lightweight national championship, defeating Hector Marengo (18:15) in the finals of the Torneo Nacional Isaac Barrientos. On February 4, 2007, <mask> debuted in the Pan American Games Qualifier defeating Oscar Diaz of the Dominican Republic (13:6). He qualified to the event by winning the bronze medal, losing (16:8) to localist Lisandro Bolivar in the semifinals. On March 31, 2007, <mask> participated in a dual against Trinidad, winning (26:19) a contest over Jules De Gannes. He entered the IX Torneo José "Cheo" Aponte, debuting with a victory over Shemuel Pagan of the United States.<mask> won the event's silver medal, losing to Jean Gomis by hit count after the contest finished tied 8:8. At the Pan American Games, he debuted winning (26:7) his preliminary over Jose Virula Lopez of Guatemala. Pedraza advanced to the medal round defeating Lisandro Bolivar of Venezuela. He won the

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José Pedraza González
Pedraza
Pedraza
Pedraza
Pedraza


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 tournament's bronze medal, losing (7:2) to localist Everton Lopes. Pedraza entered the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships, but lost (25:17) his preliminary contest against Sadam Ali. He closed the year participating in a dual against France, losing (15:5) to Daouda Sow. Summer Olympics and World Cup
In January 2008, <mask> defended the lightweight national championship, defeating Reynaldo Ojeda (20:11) in the finals of the Torneo Nacional Isaac Barrientos.At the American Olympic Qualifier, he debuted with a 20:4 victory over Valentino Knowles of Bahamas. In the quarterfinals he lost (13:5) to Yordenis Ugas. In April 2008, he entered the second American Olympic Qualifier, stopping Omar Ward of Barbados in the second round of his preliminary. He guaranteed a medal by defeating (15:8) Juan Cuellar of Argentina. In the semifinals, <mask> stopped Alexis Folleco of Ecuador in the third round. He won the tournament's gold medal and qualified to the 2008 Summer Olympics by defeating Lopes in a rematch. <mask> debuted in the X Torneo José "Cheo" Aponte with a victory (19:8) over countryman Alberto Mercado.In the finals he defeated Shemuel Pagan of the United States by walk over. Prior to the Olympics <mask> participated in the XXXVIII International Golden Belt Tournament, advancing to the semifinals before losing (37:25) to Vladimir Saruhanyan of Russia. As part of their training the boxing team moved to South Korea, in order to adapt to the time-zone. After training and participating in a series of exhibition matches, the team traveled from Corea to Beijin. In his first Olympic fight, <mask> defeated Onur Şipal of Turkey by points, with scores of 10–3. Throughout the event, his strategy focused on maintaining a solid defense while connecting combinations to his opponent's body. <mask> lost his second preliminary to Daouda Sow of France by points, 13:9.He entered the 2008

masks: Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza Pedraza


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 Boxing World Cup, advancing to the semifinals with an 8:2 win over Georgian Popescu of Romania. He won the bronze medal, losing (14:4) his next contest to Albert Selimov of Russia. In February 2008, <mask> defended the lightweight national championship in the Torneo Nacional Isaac Barrientos, defeating Reynaldo Cintron in the preliminaries, Erick Vidal in the quarterfinals (WO), Edgardo Rivera in the semifinals and Ken Alvarez in the final (10:3). In May 2009, he entered the XII Torneo José "Cheo" Aponte and competed in the light welterweight limit, winning his first contest over Pedro Vicente by stoppage in three rounds. <mask> won the silver medal, losing to Bernard Lebron in the finals by hit score following a 16:16 tie. World medalist and regional championship
At the 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships, <mask> debuted by defeating Abdlay Anarbay of Kazakhstan (10:4). In his second contest, he defeated Zorigtbaataryn Enkhzorig of Mongolia (4:3).In the third date Pedraza defeated (6:5) Ljubomir Marjanovic of Serbia. A medal was secured with a (14:4) victory over Serdar Khudayberdiyev of Turkey in the quarterfinals. He advanced winning his contest against Albert Selimov, 9:5. In the finals, he lost a decision (9:4) to localist Domenico Valentino, winning the silver medal. In December 2009, <mask> participated in the AIBA Presidents Cup, winning in his debut over Enkhzorig Zorigtbaatar. He lost a 21 decision to Semen Grivachev in the semifinals. An invitation was extended to him and the Arroyo brothers to participate in the World Series of Boxing, but it was declined.In January 2010, Pedraza defended the lightweight national championship in the finals of the Torneo Nacional Isaac Barrientos, defeating Jorge Maysonet, Jr. (4:3) in the quarterfinals, Jose Davila (3:2) in the semifinals and Edgardo Lopez in the finals. In April 2010, he defeated Davila (5:3) in the

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 national team's selection meeting. In May 2010, he entered the XIII Torneo José "Cheo" Aponte, defeating Antonio Ortiz in the semifinals and Davila (5:0) in the final. He entered the 2010 Copa Olimpica, defeating Antonio Ortiz by points. In June 2010, <mask> participated in the 2010 Pan-American Championships, debuting with a 14:1 victory over Joan Gonzalez of Venezuela. In the semifinals he defeated Erick Bonez (7:0). <mask> won the silver medal, losing (8:3) to Yasnier Toledo Lopez in the final.In July he participated in the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games, debuting with a 22:7 victory over Angel Gutierrez of Mexico. Pedraza advanced stopping Omar Ward in the second round. He defeated (10:1) Wellington Arias of the Dominican Republic in the semifinals. Pedraza won the old medal with a 10:2 victory over Cesar Villarraga of Colombia. On December 3, 2010, Pedraza participated in a dual against the United States defeating Duran Caferro, 16:3. Professional career

Early career
<mask>'s intention to become a professional was made public on January 3, 2011. A press conference was held a week later, where he signed a contract with three different promoters, Universal Promotions of Puerto Rico, Gary Shaw Productions and DiBella Entertainment, who agreed to co-promote his career.His professional debut was scheduled for February 18, 2011. The opponent was Felix Rivera, who also debuted after compiling an amateur record of 68–5. Pedraza won the contest by technical knockout in the first round, following a combination to the head and body. The following month he participated in his first contest outside of Puerto Rico, defeating Corben Page in the same manner. On June 10, 2011, Pedraza was included in a boxing card held prior to the Puerto Rican Day Parade, a tradition among the diaspora in New York. The contest was stopped in the first round, following two knockdowns over

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 his opponent,  Tomi Archambault. The opponent for his first six-round fight was Pedro Antonio Salcedo.Pedraza outboxed and injured Salcedo several times, earning a unanimous decision, with identical scores of 60-54. Following a short hiatus, he defeated John Wampash by technical knockout in the fourth round. On December 30, 2011, only ten months after his debut, <mask> participated in his first titular match, challenging for the World Boxing Council's Super Featherweight Youth World Championship. He won by technical knockout in the fifth round, when the referee retired an injured Herbert Quartey from the contest. He headlined Team Puerto Rico's first local card of 2012, "Pa' Bravo Yo", defeating Anthony Woods in the fourth round after his opponent's corner submitted the contest by throwing a towel into the ring. IBF super-featherweight champion
On June 13, 2015, <mask> captured the vacant International Boxing Federation junior lightweight world championship by defeating Russia's Andrey Klimov via unanimous decision. <mask> successfully defended his championship twice, against Edner Cherry and Stephen Smith.On January 14, 2017, he lost his IBF title to Gervonta Davis by seventh-round technical knockout. Lightweight

On October 30, 2017, it was announced that Pedraza was now being managed by Victory Sports. It was also announced that <mask> would now campaign in the lightweight division. On March 2, Top Rank announced they had signed Pedraza to a multi-fight promotional agreement. March 17, <mask> made his lightweight and Top Rank debut at Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden, outpointing Jose Luis Rodriguez. WBO lightweight champion
On August 25, 2018, <mask> knocked Raymundo Beltrán down in the eleventh round and beat him by unanimous decision, with scores of 117-110, 117-110 and 115-112, to win the WBO lightweight title and become a two-division world champion. <mask>'s

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 next fight was a unification bout on December 8, 2018 against WBA (Super) and The Ring lightweight champion Vasiliy Lomachenko.Pedraza lost by unanimous decision, with scores of 117-109, 117-109 and 119-107. <mask> vs. Lozara Jr
In his next fight, <mask> fought Antonio Lozada Jr, who was ranked #13 by the WBC at lightweight. <mask> won the fight via a ninth round TKO. <mask> vs. Zepeda
In his next fight, <mask> fought Jose Zepeda. Zepeda was ranked #9 by the WBC. Zepeda started off the fight strong. <mask> fought his way back into at later in the fight, but it was not enough as Zepeda did enough through most of the rounds to earn the unanimous decision victory.Pedraza vs. LesPierre
On July 2, 2020, Pedraza fought Mikkel LesPierre. Pedraza dominated his opponent and dropped him twice en route to a convincing unanimous decision victory. Professional boxing record

See also

List of super-featherweight boxing champions
List of lightweight boxing champions
List of IBF world champions
List of WBO world champions
List of IBO world champions
List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions

References

External links

Jose Pedraza - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

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Living people
1989 births
Super-featherweight boxers
Lightweight boxers
World super-featherweight boxing champions
International Boxing Federation champions
International Boxing Organization champions
Boxers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers of Puerto Rico
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Puerto Rico
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Puerto Rico
Competitors at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
Puerto Rican male boxers
People from Caguas, Puerto Rico
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 2007 Pan


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<mask> (born June 18, 1963) is a former American football defensive end who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 19 seasons, primarily with the Buffalo Bills. He played college football at Virginia Tech, where he was a two-time All-American, and was selected first overall by the Bills in the 1985 NFL Draft. Considered one of the greatest defensive ends of all time, <mask> is the NFL's all-time career leader in quarterback sacks. <mask> also received 11 Pro Bowl selections and eight first-team All-Pro honors, while appearing in four consecutive Super Bowls with the Bills. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009. High school and college careers
<mask> is a native of Norfolk, Virginia, where he graduated from Booker T. Washington High School. Following an all-state high school career, <mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to Virginia Tech.Known as "The Sack Man" as a Hokie, <mask> finished his college career in 1984 as the most honored player in Hokie history. Foreshadowing his future success in pursuing quarterbacks in the NFL, he had a career total of 71 tackles behind the line of scrimmage, for losses totaling 504 yards. <mask> had 46 career sacks, including an NCAA-leading 22 during a junior season in 1983 that saw him named First-team All-America by the AFCA (Coaches) and Newspaper Enterprise Association. In 1984, <mask> capped off his tenure in Blacksburg with the Outland Trophy, given to the nation's top lineman, and a consensus selection to the All-America Team. His accomplishments at Virginia Tech earned him a spot in the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame. Professional football career

Buffalo Bills
Following this stellar collegiate career, <mask> was drafted by both the Buffalo Bills with the first pick of the 1985 NFL Draft and by the United States Football League Baltimore Stars in the 1985 USFL Territorial Draft, and he decided to sign with the Bills. In his rookie year, he had just 6.5 sacks while

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Bruce Bernard Smith
Smith
Smith
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texts: starting thirteen games.After a rookie season in which his poor training habits limited his effectiveness, inspiration from teammate Darryl Talley and finding love with a college counselor whom he eventually married inspired him to improve his game. He quickly became known as a sack specialist, with fifteen in 1986. He had his first Pro Bowl and All-Pro selection the following year while having twelve sacks in twelve games. He recorded a touchdown that season in the December 13 game against the Indianapolis Colts on a fumble recovery in the end zone. It was his first and only touchdown in his career. He continued his run in 1988 with eleven sacks in twelve games. This was the first season for <mask> in the playoffs and he would make the most of it with three sacks in two postseason games, although the Bills lost in the AFC title game to the Cincinnati Bengals.In March 1989, as a restricted free agent, <mask> signed an offer-sheet with the Denver Broncos for $7.5 million over five years. <mask> had excelled as their defensive leader, but the Bills were concerned about him with his substance abuse problem (since he had been suspended four games the previous year for it) and thus had him followed by undercover detectives in November, which stuck with him months later. Faced with the choice between <mask> and two draft choices from Denver, the Bills picked <mask>. Now, as the highest-paid defensive player in the league, <mask> would stay with the Bills for a considerable amount of time. He responded by playing in all sixteen games of the season and recording thirteen sacks to make his third straight Pro Bowl. He broke the record for sacks by a Bill all-time during the year (51), and he would continue to raise the total for years to come. Some conjecture that his 171 sacks in Buffalo set a standard that "may be unreachable" for future Bills.He recorded half a sack in the divisional round playoff game that year, which the Bills lost to the Cleveland Browns 34–30. The next year, his

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 defensive performance helped bring the Bills to Super Bowl XXV when he set a personal high in sacks with nineteen (three short of the then record for sacks in a season). He did not have a sack in either of the first two playoff games for the Bills, but <mask> saved his efforts for Super Bowl XXV against the New York Giants. He sacked Jeff Hostetler in the end zone in the second quarter, becoming only the fifth player to record a Super Bowl safety (which gave the Bills a 12–3 lead in the second quarter). Later, <mask> forced New York to turn the ball over on downs by tackling running back Ottis Anderson for a two-yard loss on a fourth-down conversion attempt. Only a failed last-second field goal attempt that narrowly went wide right kept the team from its first NFL championship. In 1991, though <mask>'s knee problems forced him out for most of the season, the Bills once again reached the Super Bowl.In 1992, in much better health, <mask> was again a first-team All-Pro and was voted to the Pro Bowl while recording a team-leading fourteen sacks, and he repeated his sack total the following year. He led the league in forced fumbles twice with five (1994, 1996). By 1996, though the Bills' run of Super Bowl appearances had ended, <mask> was still putting up prolific numbers, with ninety tackles and fourteen sacks. In 1997, <mask> had 65 tackles and fourteen sacks and by 1998, although he was getting older, he still had a respectable fifty tackles and ten sacks. In the final postseason game of his career, he recorded a best in sacks with 2.5 in the wild card round game for the Bills against the Tennessee Titans, although they lost 22–16 on a last-second controversial play. <mask>, along with Andre Reed and Thurman Thomas, was dumped from the Bills roster in an emergency salary cap measure after the 1999 season. Washington Redskins
<mask> signed with the Washington Redskins as a free agent.Although he was now playing in mostly passing situations, he posted 58 tackles and ten sacks in his

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


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 first season. He pressed onward in pursuit of Reggie White's all-time sacks record (198, achieved in 15 seasons), which he passed in Week 14 of the 2003 NFL season by sacking New York Giants quarterback Jesse Palmer in a 20–7 win at Giants Stadium. <mask> finished his career with 200 career sacks, the only person ever to reach that mark. <mask> had hinted in interviews that 2003 would be his final season, but never completely ruled out continuing to play. However, on February 24, 2004, the Redskins released <mask>, saving $6.5 million in salary cap space. NFL career accomplishments
In his 19 NFL seasons, <mask> played in 279 games, amassing a record 200 sacks, two interceptions, 46 forced fumbles, and 15 fumble recoveries, one of which he returned for a 33-yard touchdown. Of his 19 seasons in the NFL, 13 of them were seasons where he had at least ten sacks, a testament to his consistency year in and year out.He was also named to an All-Pro team ten times. As <mask> spent most of his career in a 3–4 defensive scheme, a defensive scheme not geared toward creating sack opportunities for defensive ends, many consider the record particularly impressive. Indeed, <mask>'s peers elected him to the Pro Bowl every season from 1987 to 1998 (with the exception of his injury-shortened 5-game 1991 season). In 1987, he was named the Pro Bowl MVP. <mask> was twice named the AP's NFL Defensive Player of the Year (1990, 1996), twice the NEA's (1990, 1993) and four times the UPI's AFC Defensive Player of the Year (1987, 1988, 1990, 1996). Honors
1995, inducted into the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. 1999, while still an active NFL player, <mask> was ranked number 58 on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.2005, he was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame, honoring players from around the state of Virginia. 2006, <mask> was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame. 2008, he was part of the inaugural class to be inducted into

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 the Hampton Roads Sports Hall of Fame, an institution honoring athletes, coaches and administrators who made contributions to sports in Southeastern Virginia. 2008, inducted onto the Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame in 2008. 2009, enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, his first year of eligibility. 2016, the Bills announced they were retiring <mask>'s #78. No player had worn the number since <mask> left the team.His number was retired in a halftime ceremony on September 15, 2016 during a game against the New York Jets. NFL career statistics

Post-football life
<mask> lives in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Having returned to his home state, <mask> works as a large-scale hotel designer, undertaking many projects with Armada Hoffler. Most recently, he returned to Blacksburg, the site of his collegiate successes, where he purchased the Red Lion Inn. He built a Hilton Garden Inn Hotel with 137 sleeping rooms and is working on redeveloping the site (Smith's Landing, hotel and restaurant complex). A Baptist, he is a member of Queen Street Baptist Church in Norfolk. <mask> and his wife Carmen have a son, Alston.<mask> also works with Thurman Thomas in their new business venture, Legends Energy Group. They promote energy programs across North America. <mask>, Andre Reed, Thurman Thomas, and Jim Kelly were the subject of the 30 for 30 film Four Falls of Buffalo'' in 2015. Notes

References

External links

 Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Virginia Tech Hall of Fame
 Pro Football Reference

1963 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football defensive ends
Buffalo Bills players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
National Football League first overall draft picks
Players of American football from Norfolk, Virginia
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Virginia Tech Hokies football players
Washington Redskins players
100 Sacks Club
National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award winners
National Football League players

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<mask> (born 19 July 1982) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who competes in the Bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of December 20, 2021, he is ranked #15 in the UFC bantamweight rankings. Background
Born in Recife in Northeast Brazil, <mask> moved to United States with his immigrant parents when he was a child. He now lives and trains in Atlanta with Ascension MMA under Manu N'toh. He is also the brother of Júnior Assunção and <mask> who also fight as mixed martial artists. Assunção has a daughter. Mixed martial arts career

World Extreme Cagefighting
Assunção joined the WEC in 2009, with a 12–1 professional record.He made his promotional debut on 5 April 2009 at WEC 40 against Jameel Massouh. He won the fight via unanimous decision. He faced Yves Jabouin on 2 September 2009 at WEC 43. Assunção won the back and forth fight by split decision. Assunção faced Urijah Faber on 10 January 2010 at WEC 46. Faber won the fight via third-round submission. Assunção then faced Diego Nunes on 20 June 2010 at WEC 49.He lost the fight via split decision. Assunção faced LC Davis on 11 November 2010 at WEC 52. Assunção won the fight via unanimous decision. Ultimate Fighting Championship
On 28 October 2010, World Extreme Cagefighting merged with the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As part of the merger, all WEC fighters were transferred to the UFC. <mask> was expected to face Manvel Gamburyan on 19 March 2011 at UFC 128, but Gamburyan was forced out of the bout with a back injury and replaced by Erik Koch. He lost the fight via KO in the first round.Assunção next faced UFC newcomer

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Raphael Oliveira Assunção
Assunção
Freddy Assunção
Assunção


texts: Johnny Eduardo on 27 August 2011 at UFC 134. He won the fight via unanimous decision and was out up to 6 months with a possible nasal fracture. Assunção faced Issei Tamura on 11 July 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV: Munoz vs. Weidman. He won the fight via second-round TKO. Assunção faced Mike Easton on 8 December 2012, at UFC on Fox 5, replacing an injured Bryan Caraway. He won the fight via unanimous decision despite suffering a broken arm during the first round. Assunção faced Vaughan Lee on 8 June 2013 at UFC on Fuel TV 10.He won the fight via armbar submission in the second round. <mask> was expected to face T.J. Dillashaw on 4 September 2013 at UFC Fight Night 28. However, the pairing was delayed and was rescheduled for a future event due to a minor medical issue for Assunção. The bout with Dillashaw was rescheduled and took place on 9 October 2013, at UFC Fight Night 29. <mask> defeated Dillashaw via split decision. The back and forth action earned both the participants Fight of the Night honors. <mask> was expected to face Francisco Rivera at UFC 170.However, Rivera was forced from the bout due to a hand injury. Assunção instead faced touted UFC newcomer Pedro Munhoz. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Assunção was briefly linked to a Bantamweight Championship bout against Renan Barão on 24 May 2014 at UFC 173. However, Assunção opted to decline the bout as a rib injury sustained in his last bout at UFC 170 had not healed enough to resume the proper training in advance of the event. Barão instead faced, and was ultimately defeated by T.J. Dillashaw. Assunção faced Bryan Caraway on 4 October 2014 at UFC

masks: Assunção Assunção Assunção


texts: Fight Night: MacDonald vs. Saffiedine.He doubled the numbers of strikes Caraway threw and caught him with knees to win a unanimous decision victory. On 22 December 2014, <mask> announced that he had suffered a broken ankle during training that would not require surgery, but is expected to be sidelined for up to 10 weeks. A rematch with perennial contender Urijah Faber was expected to headline UFC Fight Night 62 on 21 March 2015. However, <mask> was forced out of the bout as an ankle first injured in mid-December 2014 was slow to heal and that he was unable to resume the proper training to prepare for the fight in that time frame. Subsequently, in August 2015, <mask>'s management team announced that he would undergo surgery on the ankle and hoped to return by the end of the year. A rematch with T.J. Dillashaw took place on 9 July 2016 at UFC 200. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.<mask> was expected to face Aljamain Sterling on 9 December 2016 at UFC Fight Night 102. However, Sterling pulled out of the fight on 23 November citing injury. Assunção was subsequently removed from the card. The bout with Sterling was rescheduled and took place on 28 January 2017 at UFC on Fox 23. <mask> won the fight via split decision. <mask> faced Marlon Moraes on 3 June 2017 at UFC 212. He won the back-and-forth fight by split decision.Assunção faced Matthew Lopez on 11 November 2017 at UFC Fight Night: Poirier vs. Pettis. At the weigh-ins, Lopez missed weight, weighing in at 138.5 lbs., three and a half pounds over the Bantamweight limit. As a result, he forfeited 20% of his purse to Assunção and the bout proceeded as

masks: Assunção Assunção Assunção Assunção Assunção Assunção


texts: Catchweight. He won the fight via knock out in the third round. This win also earned him a Performance of the Night bonus award. Assunção faced Rob Font on 7 July 2018 at UFC 226. He won via unanimous decision.Assunção faced Marlon Moraes in a rematch on 2 February 2019 in the main event at UFC Fight Night 144. Assunção won the first fight by split decision at UFC 212 on 3 June 2017. Before accepting the rematch, Assunção negotiated a new contract with the UFC. Assunção lost the rematch in the first round after being dropped by two punches and then submitted via a guillotine choke. Assunção faced Cory Sandhagen on 17 August 2019 at UFC 241. He lost the bout by unanimous decision. Assunção was scheduled to face Cody Garbrandt as the co-main event on 28 March 2020 at UFC on ESPN 8.However, Garbrandt pulled out on 12 March due to kidney issues. As of now, <mask> is expected to remain on the card against an unknown opponent. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed. Instead the fight was rescheduled and took place on 6 June 2020 at UFC 250. <mask> lost the bout via second-round knockout. <mask> was scheduled to face Raoni Barcelos on 27 February 2021 at UFC Fight Night 186. However, <mask> pulled out of the fight in early February after testing positive for COVID-19.Assunção was scheduled to face Kyler Phillips on 24 July 2021 at UFC on ESPN: Sandhagen vs. Dillashaw. However, Assunção suffered a biceps injury in late June and was replaced by Raulian Paiva. Assunção faced Ricky Simón on 18 December 2021 at UFC Fight Night: Lewis vs. Daukaus. He lost the bout via knockout in the second

masks: Assunção Assunção Assunção Assunção


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<mask><mask> (born May 23, 1922) is an American physicist, historian of science, and educator, whose professional interests also include philosophy of science and the fostering of careers of young men and women. He is Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and Professor of the History of Science Emeritus at Harvard University. His contributions range from physical science and its history to their professional and public understanding, from studies on gender problems and ethics in science careers to those on the role of immigrants. These have been acknowledged by an unusually wide spectrum of appointments and honors, from physics to initiatives in education and other national, societal issues, to contributions for which he was selected, as the first scientist, to give the tenth annual Jefferson Lecture that the National Endowment for the Humanities describes as, “the highest honor the federal government confers for distinguished achievement in the humanities”. However, his life story is also punctuated by improbable rescues during the dark time of the 20th century. Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 23, 1922, in Berlin, into a Jewish family, when Germany was in turmoil and sliding toward disaster. In June, the Foreign Minister, Walter Rathenau, was one of the more than 350 politicians and intellectuals assassinated by fascist gangs that already commanded the streets.Albert Einstein was told he was next on the list, so he fled the country. <mask>'s parents were Austrians: Emanuel, an attorney-at-law specializing in international law, and Regina, a physiotherapist. Forced by the rise of fascism in Germany, and one physical attack on the young family, they returned early to Vienna. Growing up in

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Gerald J
. Holton
Holton
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texts: Vienna, <mask> received his education through most of the Humanistische Gymnasium. Family life was typically that of professionals enamored of Germanic Kultur; indeed, his parents had met first in a poetry club. But in 1938, the annexation of Austria by Germany made life for Jews there also life-threatening, as was widely understood after the nationwide Pogrom of November 8–9. Yet, soon thereafter he and his younger brother, Edgar, were granted a place on the British Quakers' Kindertransport, to flee to England.There, <mask> studied at the School of Technology, City of Oxford, receiving the Certificate of Electrical Engineering in June 1940. At that point, he was able to leave for America with his rejoined family, just days before having to report for incarceration for the duration, as was required for all male adult German refugees, by Prime Minister Churchill's directive. Shortly after arriving in the U.S., out of the blue, Wesleyan University in Middletown, CT offered Holton a place as a refugee from Europe (as many American Colleges and University did similarly ). At Wesleyan, studying under his mentor, Professor Walter G. Cady, he received a B.A. in 1941 and an M.A. in 1942. From the outbreak of the war he found himself officially among the “Enemy Aliens”, as marked by President Roosevelt's directive for all holders of German passports.Yet, he was asked to join the Harvard-based war-time research unit, the Electric-Acoustic Laboratory, OSRD, and also was teaching assistant on the staff to train naval officers in the use and repair of radar equipment. Upon the end of WWII, he enrolled as a graduate student at Harvard. In 1947 he received his Ph.D. for research on the structure of matter at high

masks: Holton Holton


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 pressure, as a student under Professor Percy Williams Bridgman, who in 1946 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his remarkable research in the field he effectively founded. Upon <mask>'s graduation he was asked to remain at Harvard as instructor in the Physics Department. His academic professional life had begun, and his association with Harvard has lasted for over 70 years. So has also his marriage to Nina, a sculptor. They have two sons, Thomas and Stephan.Career
<mask> went through various faculty ranks at Harvard, starting in 1947, and was tenured in 1952 at age 30. For 30 years, starting from his thesis, he ran a high-pressure laboratory, specializing on the structure of liquids, and having the usual flow-through of research students and publications. Among the courses he taught in the Physics Department was an unusual one – an introduction to Physics seen as part of a cultural tapestry that included astronomy, chemistry and technology as well as history and philosophy of science. It resulted in his publication of his first book, Introduction to Concepts and Theories of Physical Science (Addison Wesley: 1952, and later editions and adaptations), which has been called a seminal work. Its approach and structure was later incorporated in the National Curriculum Project requested by the NSF, called The Project Physics Course. He headed it with colleagues F. James Rutherford and Fletcher Watson. It was also adapted in a number of foreign countries.In these, as in Holton's other educational opportunities, he has been guided by the advice of Alfred North Whitehead, that “In the conditions of modern life, the rule is absolute, the race which does not value trained intelligence is doomed”. As well, he


texts: is based on his firm belief that in education a multi-cultural approach is necessary, both to help immunize against the seduction of narrowness, and to obey the moral imperative to foster a liberal education. For the same reason, Holton wrote extensively against the destructive excesses of Structuralists and Postmodernists in their writings against science. <mask>'s service at Harvard included chairmanship of the Concentration on Physics and Chemistry, of the initial General Education Course, membership on the Faculty Council, and on the Advisory Board of the Radcliffe Institute for Independent Study. From 1976 to 1982 he was concurrently Visiting Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as a founding faculty member of the Program on Science, Technology and Society. At various times he was visiting professor (or similar title) at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton; New York University; Leningrad University; Imperial College, London; University of Rome; CNRS-Paris; and invited lecturer in China and Japan. Here it is appropriate to mention two of <mask>'s other educational efforts.In 1956, having been elected as Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he was asked to be its Editor. For a couple of years before, the Academy had been publishing an experimental, annual, in-house volume called Daedalus, distributed to its members. But Holton realized the opportunity to change Daedalus to a publicly, widely available, quarterly journal. As he put it in his first issue (Winter 1958), the new journal aimed "to give the intellectual community a strong voice of its own", and to lift each of us above our individual cell in the labyrinth, so as "to see the entire structure". In


texts: addition for the journal serving as a sort of Adult Education, several issues looked ahead at problems that were coming over the horizon and had an effect on public policy—such as those on "Arms Control and Disarmament" (Fall 1960), on "The Woman in America" (Spring 1964), on African Americans (Fall 1965, with a Foreword by President L.B Johnson), and on "Ethical Aspects of Experimentation with Human Subjects" (Spring 1969). In 1955, another unexpected event occurred, one which caused Holton to make an important turn in his studies. When Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955, Professor Philipp Frank, Holton's colleague in the Physics Department and proponent of the American continuation of the Vienna Circle philosophy, suggested that a memorial occasion should be arranged, and that as one part Holton should present the history of Einstein's achievements.But Holton found that apart from Einstein's own essays there was then still little solid scholarship on this topic. With Professor Frank's recommendation, Holton went to the Institute of Advanced Study, where Einstein's enormous and largely unstudied correspondence and manuscripts were kept, still under the supervision of Einstein's long-time secretary, Helen Dukas. This excursion resulted in Holton, on and off for two years, helping to make the haphazard collection into an Archive usable by scholars, while he, reading through the collection, was learning from it how to see its historical value. Over the years that followed, <mask>'s researches on Einstein have occupied a large part of his publications. Eventually, this initiative helped launch an academic industry, analogous to the ones concerned with Newton and Darwin. But as the scholar in this field,


texts: Tesu Hiroshige, wrote, someone had to take a "first step". While studying the rich contents of Einstein's collection, <mask> came to realize a fact that led to a new and fruitful part of his researches on this and other scientists.As shown in Einstein's work, Einstein brilliantly but silently drew again and again from a set of fundamental guiding  concepts that were neither verifiable nor falsifiable. These concepts included, in his theory construction, the primacy of the search for unity; invariance; formal rather than materialistic explanation; logical parsimony; symmetry; the continuum, causality, and completeness. In addition, their contraries held by other scientists, such as acausality and uncertainty, were strongly opposed. Holton called all such motivating concepts Themata (sing. Thema). He found these crucial, style-defining and differing thematic sets to be also at the core of research of many other scientists, from antiquity to Johann Kepler to Niels Bohr. This insight was later used as well by other historians of science, and by scholars in other fields.His findings led <mask> to the publication of his book, Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought (Harvard University Press, 1973, revised edition 1988). Different sets of themata were and are being held by individual scientist so inclined, as their subjects advanced over time. In that respect, this concept differs profoundly from the idea of a series of incommensurable, non-progressive, so-called “paradigms”. Each of those, in turn, was said to infect the whole social group of scientists at a given time and in the same way—as is disproved even by the famous mutual oppositions between contemporaries such as Einstein, Schroedinger, and Heisenberg.


texts:
 Occasionally, a public issue became so important that <mask> felt he could contribute to its deeper understanding and amelioration. One of these was the general realization that among working scientists in most fields, women were underrepresented and often not sufficiently valued. Therefore, with his colleague Dr. Gerhard Sonnert, a sociologist of science, he initiated a long-term research effort, called Project Access.It yielded two books, Who Succeeds in Science? :  The Gender Dimension (Rutgers University Press, 1995), and Gender Differences in Science Careers: The Project Access Study (Rutgers University Press, 1995, with a Foreword by Robert K. Merton). A second occasion for engaging in a thorough study arose when it became of general interest to explore what immigrants can bring to the betterment of society in the U.S.A. Dr. Sonnert and Holton committed to a several-years study, called Second Wave, to determine, by questionnaires and face-to-face interviews, what was achieved by a particular group—immigrants who had come as children to the US as refugees from Nazi persecution—compared to American-borns. The startling results were published by them in a book, What Happened to the Children Who Fled Nazi Persecution (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, with a Preface by Bernard Bailyn; German translation, Was geschah mit den Kindern, Lit Verlag, Muenster, 2008). Noting that the findings in that book appeared to have applications for immigrants to the U.S. in our time, Dr. Sonnert and Holton published another book, Helping Young Refugees and Immigrants Succeed (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). Selected bibliography
<mask>'s researches in the history and philosophy of science as well as in education were published in a


texts:
 number of works, most of them available online and many of them translated into other languages. They include:

 <mask>, <mask> (1952, and later editions).Introduction to Concepts and Theories in Physical Science. Reading: Addison-Wesley. <mask>, <mask>; Rutherford, F. James; Watson, Fletcher G. (1970). The Project Physics Course. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <mask>, <mask> (1978). The Scientific Imagination: Case Studies.Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <mask>, <mask> (1986). The Advancement of Science, and Its Burdens: The Jefferson Lecture and Other Essays. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <mask>, <mask> (1973, rev. 1988). Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein.Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <mask>, <mask> (1993). Science and Anti-Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gerhard Sonnert and <mask> (1995), Who Succeeds in Science? The Gender Dimension. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.<mask>, <mask> (1996). Einstein, History, and Other Passions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gerhard Sonnert and <mask> (2002), Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society. Cambridge: MIT Press. <mask> (2005), Victory and Vexation in Science: Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, and Others. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Gerhard Sonnert and <mask> (2006), What Happened to the Children Who Fled Nazi Persecution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Gerhard Sonnert and <mask> (2010), Helping Young Refugees and Immigrants Succeed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, New York. <mask>, <mask>; Galison, Peter; Schweber, Silvan S. (2008). Einstein for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.David Cassidy,

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Holton
Gerald
Holton
Gerald
Holton
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Gerald Holton
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