texts:
 leading to <mask> announcing the promotion's return. On May 25 at Chikara's return event, You Only Live Twice, <mask> defeated Kingston in a rematch to become the second Chikara Grand Champion. <mask> made his first successful title defense on August 17 against Juan Francisco de Coronado. In September, <mask> teamed up with the reigning Campeones de Parejas Dasher Hatfield and Mark Angelosetti as the Golden Trio for the 2014 King of Trios.They made it all the way to the finals of the tournament, before losing to the Devastation Corporation (Blaster McMassive, Flex Rumblecrunch and Max Smashmaster). On October 26, Icarus defeated Flood representative Jimmy Jacobs for his second successful defense of the Grand Championship. Chikara's 2014 season culminated with Tomorrow Never Dies, where Icarus defeated Flood leader Deucalion in the promotion's second ever steel cage match. At the next season premiere on January 25, 2015, <mask> made his third successful defense of the Grand Championship against former F.I.S.T. stablemate Chuck Taylor. His fourth defense took place on March 8, when he defeated Nøkken. On April 6, during Chikara's tour of the United Kingdom, Icarus lost the Chikara Grand Championship to Hallowicked.<mask> received a rematch for the Grand Championship at the season 15 finale on December 5 in a three-way match also involving Eddie Kingston, but was defeated by Hallowicked. The HeXed Men (2016)
On May 7, 2016, <mask> entered a storyline, where his mind

masks: Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus Icarus


type: original

texts:
 was taken over by UltraMantis Black, adding him to a new rudo group which also included Frightmare, Hallowicked, Kodama and Obariyon. As part of the new group, <mask> became a servant of an entity known as "Nazmaldun" and was dubbed "The Morning Star". On September 2, Icarus entered the 2016 King of Trios representing the new group, alongside stablemates Hallowicked and Jigsaw. They defeated Bullet Ant, Missile Assault Man and Worker Ant in their first round match. The following day, Icarus, Hallowicked and Jigsaw defeated Major League Moustache (Dasher Hatfield, Trent Seven and Tyler Bate) to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On the third and final day of the tournament, Icarus, Hallowicked and Jigsaw were eliminated after being disqualified in their semifinal match against Team JWP (Command Bolshoi, Hanako Nakamori and Manami Katsu).On December 3, The HeXed Men lost to Chikara's Mightiest Heroes in a Torneo Cibernetico match. After the match, Ophidian took the Eye Of Tyr from UltraMantis Black, and only some of the HeXed Men were free from the spell. Later career (2017–2020)
Since 2017, <mask> has been in some various storylines until Chikara close down in June 2020. Dragon Gate USA and Evolve (2009–2010)
On July 25, 2009, <mask> appeared on Dragon Gate USA's first pay-per-view Enter the Dragon in an eight-man tag team Chikara showcase match, where he, Gran Akuma, Amasis and Hallowicked were defeated by Mike Quackenbush, Jigsaw, Fire Ant and Soldier

masks: Icarus Icarus Icarus


texts:
 Ant. On January 16, 2010, <mask> made his debut for Evolve Wrestling, at the promotion's first ever show, teaming with Gran Akuma and Brodie Lee as Akuma's Army, in a six-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Hallowicked, Frightmare and Mike Quackenbush. Independent circuit (2020–present)

Championships and accomplishments

Chikara
Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas (1 time) – with Gran Akuma
Chikara Grand Championship (1 time)
King of Trios (2009) – with Chuck Taylor and Gran Akuma
One Night Tag Team Tournament (2006)
Torneo Cibernetico (2006)
 #1 Contendership Tag Team Tournament (2006) – with Gran Akuma
Excellence Professional Wrestling
Excellence Championship (1 time)
CATender Tournament (2018)
Pro Wrestling Entertainment
PWE Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Gran Akuma
PWE Tag Team Championship Tournament (2005) – with Gran Akuma
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #220 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010

Luchas de Apuestas record

References

External links

Online World of Wrestling profile

1982 births
Living people
American male professional wrestlers
Masked


texts:
{{for|the wrestler Chief <mask>}}

<mask> (Cheyenne: Ó'kôhómôxháahketa, sometimes transcribed Ohcumgache or Ohkomhakit, more correctly translated <mask>yote''', 18201904) was a Northern Só'taeo'o Chief and Sweet Medicine Chief of the Northern Cheyenne. He was known as a great military tactician and led a dramatic escape from confinement in Oklahoma back to the Northern Cheyenne homeland in 1878, known as the Northern Cheyenne Exodus. Overview

Born in present-day Montana, by the mid-1840s, <mask> had become a prominent chieftain of the Northern Cheyenne, leading a group of warriors called the "Elk Horn Scrapers" during the Northern Plains Wars. He fought in Red Cloud's War, the war for the Bozeman Trail, which lasted from 1866 to 1868. As chief, he signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie. He was chosen one of the "Old Man" chiefs among the Council of Forty-four, a high honor in traditional Cheyenne culture. He was also chosen as Sweet Medicine Chief, bearer of the spiritual incarnation of Sweet Medicine, a primary culture hero and spiritual ancestor of the Cheyenne.Because of this honorary title, he was expected to be above anger, as well as concerned only for his people and not for himself. Battles

He was not present at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, but played a part before and after the battle. Some scouts from his camp apparently found some food left behind by Custer's attack force, and were observed by U.S. military scouts. This fact was reported to Custer, who incorrectly assumed he had been discovered by the main camp of Sioux and Cheyenne on the Little Bighorn, and urgently pressed on with his attack, trying to prevent the escape of the Indians. After the battle, <mask> arrived and was detained and almost killed by the

masks:
Little Wolf Ventura Tenario
Little Wolf
Little Co
Little Wolf
Little Wolf


texts:
 angry Sioux, who suspected he was scouting for the whites. Only his fierce denial of complicity in the attack and the support of his fellow Northern Cheyenne present during the fighting saved him from harm. Defeat and exile

In November 1876, the bands of <mask> Wolf and Dull Knife camped on the Red Fork of the Powder River in Wyoming Territory.In the early morning of November 25, units of the Second, Third, and Fifth U.S. Cavalry commanded by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie attacked. The Cheyennes were defeated, and <mask> Wolf and Dull Knife surrendered. In 1877, the Bureau of Indian Affairs decided to send <mask> Wolf, Dull Knife, and their people to the Darlington Agency in Indian Territory. Escape from Indian Territory

Following the defeat of Dull Knife and <mask> Wolf by Col. Ranald S. Mackenzie at the Dull Knife Fight in November 1876, <mask> Wolf and Dull Knife surrendered. They were forced onto a reservation in Oklahoma's Indian Territory. The Northern Cheyennes found life at Darlington Agency intolerable. Malaria and other diseases plagued them, and the agency failed to provide sufficient medical supplies, beef rations, or winter clothing.Forty-one people died that winter. <mask> and Dull Knife requested permission to return with their people to Montana, but agent John DeBras Miles and the Indian Bureau repeatedly denied their requests. In September 1878, <mask> and Dull Knife led almost 300 Cheyenne from their reservation near Fort Reno, Oklahoma, through Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakota Territory into the Montana Territory, their ancestral home. During the journey, they managed to elude the U.S. cavalry units which were trying to capture them. The two groups split up after reaching Nebraska, and while Dull Knife's

masks:
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little Wolf
Little Wolf


texts:
 party was eventually forced to surrender near Fort Robinson, those in <mask>'s group made their way to Montana where they were finally allowed to remain. Chapter 29, "Little Wolf and Dull Knife, 1876-79", pages 398 to 413 and Chapter 30, "The Fort Robinson Outbreak", pages 414 to 427, The Fighting Cheyennes, George Bird Grinnell, University of Oklahoma Press (1956, Scribner's Sons 1915), hardcover, 454 pages

Later life
<mask> would later become a scout for the U.S. Army under Gen. Nelson A. Miles.He was involved in a dispute which resulted in the death of Starving Elk. <mask> was intoxicated when he shot and killed him at the trading post of Eugene Lamphere on December 12, 1880. <mask> went into voluntary exile as a result of this disgrace. His status as a chief was revoked. In his later years, he lived on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, where he died in 1904. He is interred in the Lame Deer cemetery, alongside the gravesite of Morning Star. George Bird Grinnell, a close friend and ethnographer who documented <mask>'s life, called him, "the greatest Indian I have ever known."Timeline

Little Wolf
 1820 Birth
 1856 Involved in the affair of the 'stolen' horse at the Platte Bridge
 1866 Takes part in the Fetterman Fight
 1868 Signs a treaty with the U.S. Government at Fort Laramie
 1868 Burns Fort Phil Kearny
 1873 Visits Washington, D.C.
 1876 Takes part in the Dull Knife Fight
 1877 Ordered to go south to confinement in Oklahoma
 1878 Leads dramatic escape from reservation and returns to Montana
 1879 Scouts for the U.S. military
 1880 Kills Starving Elk; removed as Chief; goes into voluntary exile
 1904 Death

Cheyenne Timeline
 17th-18th century: Migrated from Minnesota to North Dakota
 1804: Visited by the

masks:
Little Wolf
Little Wolf
Little Wolf
Little Wolf
Little Wolf


texts:
 Lewis and Clark Expedition
 1851: Ft. Laramie Treaty
 1859: Colorado Gold Rush
 1864: Colorado War
 1864: November, Sand Creek massacre
 1868: Battle of Washita River
 1876: Battle of the Little Bighorn
 1877: Moved to Indian Territory
 1884: New reservation established near the Black Hills

Errata

"Little Wolf" is a fairly common name among American Indians. More than one Cheyenne chief bore the name, an early example being a Southern Cheyenne chief who participated in a famous horse-stealing raid (c. 1830) on the Comanches with Yellow Wolf. See also
Eugene <mask>yote

Notes

 Fisher, Louise; Wayne Leman, Leroy Pine Sr., Marie Sanchez (2006) Cheyenne Dictionary. Lame Deer, Montana: Chief Dull Knife College
 Britannica Student Encyclopedia

Further reading
Berthrong, Donald J., The Cheyenne and Arapaho Ordeal: Reservation and Agency Life in the Indian Territory, 1875–1907, University of Oklahoma Press, 1976. Grinnell, George Bird, The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life, Yale University Press, 1924. Grinnell, George Bird, Fighting Cheyennes, University of Oklahoma Press, 1915. Sandoz, Mari, Cheyenne Autumn, McGraw-Hill, 1953.Stands in Timber, John, and Margot Liberty, Cheyenne Memories, Yale University Press, 1967. Svingen, Orlan J., The Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation'', 1877–1900, University Press of Colorado, 1993. References

External links
 Cheyenne Honor Little Wolf: Chief led ancestors of today's tribe to homeland in 1879
 Little Wolf as Remembered by Ohiyesa (Charles A. Eastman)
 This Day in History: March 25, 1879, Cheyenne Chief <mask> surrenders

1820s births
Year of birth uncertain
1904 deaths
Native American leaders
Cheyenne people
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
People of pre-statehood

masks:
Little Co
Little Wolf


texts:
<mask> (; born 13 March 1994) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Serie A club Udinese. Mainly a forward, he can also play as a winger on both flanks. He started his career with Barcelona, first appearing with the first team at the age of 17, and was loaned to Everton and Sevilla before joining the former on a permanent deal in the summer of 2015. After a successful loan spell at Italian side AC Milan, he was brought back to Barcelona in June 2017, before being loaned to Watford in January 2018; later that year, Watford signed him outright. <mask> was also a Spanish youth international, having represented the country over 80 times at under-16, under-17, under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels, being named the UEFA Under-19 Championship Golden Player in 2012. In 2014, he made his senior debut for the Spain national football team. Club career

Barcelona
Born in Riudarenes, Girona, Catalonia, Deulofeu joined Barcelona's youth academy in 2003 at the age of nine.In 2005, he was promoted to the U-13 team. On 2 March 2011, still registered with the junior team, he made his senior debut, appearing for the B team in a 4–1 away win against Córdoba in Segunda División by coming on as a substitute for Edu Oriol in the 75th minute. In late April 2011, <mask> was called up to the senior squad for the first time, for a La Liga match against Real Sociedad on 29 April, but did not leave the bench in a 2–1 away loss. On 29 October, he made his professional debut with the main squad, replacing Cesc Fàbregas in the 63rd minute of a 5–0 league home success against Mallorca. On 16 September 2012, Deulofeu scored his first goal for the B team, in a 2–1 away loss at Hércules. Deulofeu scored 18 goals for the B team in the 2012–13 season, joint-fourth in the second level competition. On 15 May 2013, he signed a professional contract with the Blaugrana first team, running until June 2017.Everton (loan)
On 10 July 2013, Premier League club Everton signed <mask> on a season-long loan. The

masks:
Gerard Deulofeu Lázaro
Deulofeu
Deulofeu
Deulofeu


texts:
 Liverpool Echo also reported that any loan fee would be waived if he made appearances in more than 50% of his new club's games. He scored on his debut for his new club, a 2–1 home win over Stevenage in the second round of the League Cup on 29 August. On 30 November, <mask> scored his first league goal for the Toffees, netting the opener in a 4–0 home success against Stoke City. His second came eight days later, through an 85th-minute strike at Arsenal to earn a 1–1 draw. On 14 December 2013, <mask> suffered a hamstring injury during Everton's 4–1 victory over Fulham, which sidelined him for five weeks. He scored his third and last goal on 15 March of the following year, netting the opener in a 2–1 home win over Cardiff City.He helped his team to record its best ever Premier League points tally of 72 to finish fifth and, at the end of the campaign, Barcelona confirmed that he would not be returning for a second loan spell as he had been promoted to their first-team squad; he wrote an open letter thanking the staff, players and fans for their support during his stay. Sevilla (loan)

In May 2014, Deulofeu was granted a first-team place by new Barcelona manager Luis Enrique. However, on 14 August 2014, Sevilla reached an agreement with Barcelona for the loan of Deulofeu for the coming season, with the player admitting "surprise" at Enrique's decision. After being an unused substitute in a 1–1 home draw against Valencia, <mask> made his debut on 30 August replacing Vitolo in the 73rd minute of a 2–1 away win against Espanyol. He made his UEFA Europa League debut on 18 September, starting and providing assists for both goals in a 2–0 home victory against Feyenoord. On 24 September Deulofeu scored his first goal for the Andalusians (and also his first ever in the top flight in Spain), netting the game's winner in a home success over Real Sociedad. His loan was considered hugely unsuccessful, the Spanish newspaper Marca selected him in their La Liga 'Worst team of the season'.<mask>

masks:
Deulofeu
Deulofeu
Deulofeu
Everton Deulofeu


texts:
 joined Everton permanently on 1 July 2015, for a transfer fee reported to be £4.2 million. He scored his first goal as a permanent Everton player, a free kick at the Madejski Stadium, as they came from behind to win 2–1 against Reading in the third round of the League Cup. His first league goal since his transfer came on 1 November, the opening goal in a 6–2 rout of Sunderland. AC Milan (loan)
On 23 January 2017, <mask> joined AC Milan on loan until the end of the 2016–17 season. Two days later, he made his debut with Milan in a Coppa Italia quarter-final match against Juventus, coming on as a substitute for Carlos Bacca in the 1–2 defeat. On 29 January, he made his league debut as a substitute for the injured Giacomo Bonaventura in a loss by the same score against Udinese. On 8 February, Deulofeu made his first assist, a low pass across the goalmouth towards Mario Pašalić, in a 0–1 away victory against Bologna, and 11 days later he scored his first goal for the Rossoneri in a 2–1 victory against Fiorentina at the San Siro.Return to Barcelona
On 30 June 2017, <mask> returned to Barcelona, as the club activated their buy-back clause for him. On 21 October, he scored his first goal for the club as he scored the opener in the 2nd minute in a 2–0 win against Málaga. Watford
On 29 January 2018, it was announced that <mask> was to join Watford on a loan deal until the end of the season. On 5 February 2018, he scored his first goal with Watford in a Premier League 4–1 win against Chelsea. On 11 June 2018, Watford signed <mask> on a permanent deal for a reported fee of €13 million. He was sidelined from the last game of his loan spell until being available for selection again in early October, owing to "foot and hip problems". On 22 February 2019, <mask> became the first Watford player to score a Premier League hat-trick, scoring three goals in a 5–1 win over Cardiff City.Udinese
On 5 October 2020, <mask> joined Udinese on a season-long loan. On 30 January 2021, Deulofeu completed a

masks: Deulofeu Deulofeu Deulofeu Deulofeu Deulofeu Deulofeu


texts:
 permanent transfer to Udinese, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract. International career

<mask> played for the Spanish under-17 team from 2009 to 2011, helping them finish runner-up at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. In the latter year he was selected to the under-19s, winning two consecutive European Championships and being selected best player in the 2012 edition. <mask> was selected for the senior side for the first time on 30 May 2014, as part of a 19-man squad to play a friendly against Bolivia, being given the number 7. He played the last ten minutes of the 2–0 win in Seville as a substitute for Pedro, but the following day he was not included in the squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. On 12 November 2015, Deulofeu scored a hat-trick and captained the under-21 team in a 5–0 win over Georgia in Almería, for 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification.Winning his second senior Spain cap, <mask> scored his first goal for Spain against France in a friendly on 28 March 2017, after coming off the bench. However, the goal was initially ruled out for offside, but the referee consulted his video assistant, who after checking the TV replays decided the referee's assistant had made the wrong call in the first place. <mask> made two further appearances for Spain as a substitute in 2017, in a 2–2 friendly draw against Colombia and an 8–0 victory over Liechtenstein in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification: the latter match marked <mask>'s competitive international debut as well as his latest cap for Spain. Style of play
A quick and skillful player, gifted with pace, good technique and dribbling ability, Deulofeu is capable of playing as a winger or as a forward on either flank. He is also capable of playing in a central role, seemingly operating as a lone striker, but acting instead as a false-9; he has even been deployed as an out-and-out striker on occasion, or more frequently as a second striker, due to his ability to beat opponents in one on one

masks: Deulofeu Deulofeu Deulofeu Deulofeu Deulofeu


texts:
 situations and create chances for teammates, in addition to scoring goals himself. Despite citing Ronaldinho as his main inspiration, <mask>'s style of play is comparable to that of Cristiano Ronaldo, due to a shared direct approach. Regarded as a promising young player, in 2012, he was included by Don Balón in their list of the 101 most exciting prospects born after 1991, while in January 2014, he was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe.Looking back in 2018, NBC Sports Daniel Karell said of Deulofeu: "In his younger days, the now 24-year-old winger was a dynamic and lightning-quick attacker with a central midfielder's technique to boot". Career statistics
Club

International

As of match played 5 September 2017
Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first

HonoursBarcelona BCopa del Rey Juvenil: 2011SevillaUEFA Europa League:  2014–15BarcelonaLa Liga: 2017–18WatfordFA Cup runner-up: 2018–19Spain U17
UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up: 2010Spain U19UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2011, 2012Spain U21UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 2017Individual'
UEFA European Under-19 Championship Golden Player: 2012
UEFA European Under-19 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2012

Notes

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
People from Selva
Spanish footballers
Footballers from Catalonia
Association football wingers
Association football forwards
FC Barcelona B players
FC Barcelona players
Everton F.C. players
Sevilla FC players
A.C. Milan players
Watford F.C. players
Udinese Calcio players
Segunda División players
La Liga players
Premier League players
Serie A players
Spain youth international footballers
Spain under-21 international footballers
Spain international footballers
Catalonia international footballers
Spanish expatriate footballers
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Italy
FA Cup


texts:
<mask> (born 18 November 1980) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. <mask> began his career at Manchester United where he made 25 Premier League appearances in four seasons. While at Old Trafford he spent time out on loan at Reading and Burnley before joining West Ham United on a permanent basis in the summer of 2004. A year later, he joined Stoke City on loan before making the move permanent in January 2006. He remained at Stoke until November 2006 making 55 appearances before joining Norwich City. Injuries restricted his time at Carrow Road and he moved to Milton Keynes Dons in October 2008. In March 2014, <mask> joined Cambridge United, the club he supported as a child.He was released at the end of the 2014–15 season. Club career

Manchester United
Born in Cambridge, Chadwick had a three-week trial at his favourite club Cambridge United at the age of 10. After a spell at Arsenal, he was signed to the  Manchester United youth system. He made his professional debut on 13 October 1999 in the third round of the League Cup as a young United side lost 3–0 at Aston Villa. After loans at Royal Antwerp in Belgium, he made his Premier League debut on 11 November 2000 in a 2–1 home win over Middlesbrough as an added-time substitute for Dwight Yorke. On 17 December, he came on in the 80th minute for Dennis Irwin at home to Liverpool and was sent off for a foul on Vladimír Šmicer in a 1–0 loss. He scored two league goals in the title-winning 2000–01 season, one in a 3–0 win at Bradford City on 13 January 2001 and the other on 3 March in a 1–1 draw at Leeds United.After playing rarely for United in 18 months, <mask> went on a one-month loan to First Division team Reading in February 2003. He was inspired by Arsenal's Matthew Upson increasing his standing by making the same move. On his debut for the Royals on 10 February, he equalised in a 2–1 home win over Gillingham. His deal was extended

masks:
Luke Harry Chadwick
Chadwick
Chadwick
Chadwick


texts:
 until the end of the season. He helped the club to the play-off semi-finals, where they were ousted by eventually promoted Wolverhampton Wanderers. In July 2003, <mask> was loaned for the season to First Division side Burnley. He missed pre-season due to two jaw operations as part of a two-year treatment.In 40 total games he scored six goals, including two in a 4–0 win over Bradford on 20 September; after that game, he conceded that he may have to leave United. West Ham United
On 2 August 2004, <mask> moved to West Ham United of the newly renamed Championship on a free transfer. He was signed by Alan Pardew, who had led him at Reading. In his only season, he scored a goal on 10 December to open a 1–1 home draw with Leeds. Stoke City
<mask> joined Stoke City on loan at the start of the 2005–06 season. On 4 January 2006, the transfer was made permanent for a fee of £100,000, on a deal lasting until the summer of 2008 with the option of one more year. In the season opener away to Southend United on 6 August 2006, <mask> was carried off after collapsing.It was confirmed that he was suffering only from dehydration. Norwich City
On 13 November 2006, <mask> signed on loan for Norwich City until 3 January; he was signed by Peter Grant, who had worked with him at Reading and West Ham. On his debut six days later, he opened the scoring in a 3–1 loss at rivals Ipswich Town. He suffered a knee injury in that match, ruling him out until March. After his loan ended, he signed a 2-year deal for a 200,000 fee. He said that his transfer was due to his wife and children returning to Cambridge. His injury problems continued into the following season as he struggled for fitness.Milton Keynes Dons
On 1 October 2008, <mask> was loaned to League One club Milton Keynes Dons for three months. He scored three goals in the eight games of his loan, including a brace on 28 October in a 2–1 win at Leyton Orient. He returned to Norwich in the

masks: Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick


texts:
 middle of November due to a knee injury. He moved permanently on a 2-year deal at the turn of the year, on a free transfer. <mask> was MK Dons' Player of the Season for 2009–10 and 2010–11, with the latter season ending in a 4–3 aggregate elimination in the playoff semi-finals by Peterborough United. In March 2011, his contract was extended by two more years. On 23 August that year, he scored twice in a 4–0 win at former club Norwich in the League Cup second round.A year and five days later, he did the same at the same stage in a 2–1 home win over Blackburn Rovers. In March 2013, <mask> signed a further two-year extension to his MK Dons deal. Cambridge United
On 18 March 2014 <mask> joined his hometown club Cambridge United on loan. He made his debut the same day in a 2–1 home win against Welling United in the Conference National. He signed permanently on 7 June, after the team won promotion in the play-off final against Gateshead. In 2014–15, <mask> played a part in Cambridge's run in the FA Cup, scoring in their 2–2 home draw with Mansfield Town in the second round. In the fourth round against his former club Manchester United, he played in a goalless home draw and a 3–0 replay loss on his return to Old Trafford; both sets of fans gave him a standing ovation when he was substituted in the latter game.At the end of the season he was released. Soham Town Rangers and move into coaching
After leaving Cambridge United, <mask> signed for Isthmian League Division One North side Soham Town Rangers in November 2015. He spent one season at Soham before returning to Cambridge as a full-time coach in the club's academy. International career
<mask> made his debut for the England under-21s in the win against Luxembourg in September 1999. He played the full 90 minutes as England won 5−0 in the 2000 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier at the Madejski Stadium. England qualified for the finals in Slovakia and <mask>

masks: Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick


texts:
 made substitute appearances against Italy and Slovakia as they were eliminated at the group stages. He featured four times during England's qualifying campaign for 2002 UEFA European Under-21 Championship with his last appearance coming in the 5−0 win against Albania on 4 September 2001.Overall, Chadwick made 13 appearances for the U21s but scored no goals. Personal life
Chadwick and his wife Hayley have two sons. As of 2015, both were in the youth ranks of Cambridge United. In May 2020, <mask> spoke about how his mental health had been affected by abuse about his appearance he had received as a young player. He highlighted how the media had made fun of his appearance, "spots on my face, teeth sticking out, that sort of thing", making particular mention of the abuse he had received on the BBC panel show, They Think It's All Over. He received an apology from the show's hosts Nick Hancock and Gary Lineker. Career statistics

Honours
Manchester United
Premier League: 2000–01

Cambridge United
Conference Premier play-offs: 2013–14

Individual
Milton Keynes Dons Player of the Year: 2009–10, 2010–11

References

External links

<mask> at ManUtd.com

1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Cambridge
Footballers from Cambridgeshire
English footballers
English expatriate footballers
England youth international footballers
England under-21 international footballers
Association football midfielders
Manchester United F.C.players
Royal Antwerp F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Milton Keynes Dons F.C.players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Soham Town Rangers F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
Belgian First Division A players
Belgian First Division B players
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
English expatriate sportspeople in

masks:
Chadwick
Luke Chadwick


texts:
<mask> (born March 17, 1995) is an American professional boxer and mixed martial artist. She has held multiple world championships in three weight classes, including the undisputed female light middleweight title since March 2021; the undisputed female middleweight title from 2019 to 2020; and the unified WBC and IBF female super middleweight titles from 2017 to 2018. <mask> currently holds the record for becoming a two and three-weight world champion in the fewest professional fights. As of November 2020, she is ranked as the world's best active female light middleweight by The Ring and BoxRec, as well as the best active female boxer, pound for pound and ESPN, second by The Ring, and fourth by BoxRec. <mask> is the only boxer in history, female or male, to hold all four major world titles in boxing—WBA, WBC, IBF and WBO—simultaneously, in two weight classes. In a decorated amateur career, <mask> won gold medals in the women's middleweight division at the 2012 and 2016 Olympics, making her the first American boxer to win consecutive Olympic medals. <mask> was the youngest boxer at the February 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials, winning the event in the  middleweight division.In May, she qualified for the 2012 games, the first year in which women's boxing was an Olympic event, and went on to become the first American woman to win an Olympic gold medal in boxing. Her only loss professional or amateur comes from British fighter Savannah Marshall. In 2018, the Boxing Writers Association of America named her the Female Fighter of the Year. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Flint, Michigan, where she was a high school junior in May 2012. She was introduced to boxing by her father, <mask>, who had boxed in underground leagues. Bo was in prison from the time <mask> was two years old, and released when she was nine. After his release, he talked to her about boxer Laila Ali, piquing her interest in the sport.Bo, however, believed that boxing was a men's sport and refused to allow <mask> to pursue it until she was

masks:
Claressa Maria Shields
Shields
Shields
Shields
Shields
Shields
Bo Shields
Shields
Shields


texts:
 eleven. At that time she began boxing at Berston Field House in Flint, where she met her coach and trainer, Jason Crutchfield. <mask> credits her grandmother with encouraging her to not accept restrictions based on her gender. Amateur career

After winning two Junior Olympic championships, <mask> competed in her first open-division tournament, the National Police Athletic League Championships 2011; she won the middleweight title and was named top overall fighter and also qualified for the U.S. Olympic Trials. At the 2012 Olympic Trials, she defeated the reigning national champion, Franchón Crews-Dezurn, the 2010 world champion, Andrecia Wasson, and Pittsburgh's Tika Hemingway to win the middleweight class. In April 2011, she won her weight class at the Women's Elite Continental Championships in Cornwall, Ontario against three-time defending world champion Mary Spencer of Canada; she held an undefeated record of 25 wins and 0 losses at that point. Following <mask>' victory at the U.S. Olympic Trials, it was initially reported that she would need only a top-8 finish at the 2012 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships in Qinhuangdao, China, in order to qualify for the 2012 Olympics.On May 10, the day after the contest began but before <mask>' first bout, a change to the rules was announced that meant <mask> would need to place in the top two from the (North, Central, and South) American Boxing Confederation region of AIBA (AMBC). <mask> won her first round but was beaten in the second round on May 13 to Savannah Marshall of England, bringing <mask>' record to 26–1. Her chances for qualification thus depended on Marshall's subsequent performance; after Marshall advanced to the middleweight finals on May 18, it was announced that <mask> had earned an Olympic berth. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, she won the gold medal in the women's middleweight division after beating Russian boxer Nadezda Torlopova 19–12. In 2014, <mask> won the World Championship gold medal, and the following year, she became the

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 first American to win titles in women's boxing at the Olympics and Pan American Games. <mask> won the gold medal at the 2016 AMBC Olympic Qualifying tournament in Argentina. Later that year at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, she won the gold medal in the women's middleweight division by defeating Nouchka Fontijn of the Netherlands.She was awarded the inaugural women's division of the Val Barker Trophy at the competition. Her back-to-back Olympic gold medal wins made her the first American boxer to win consecutive Olympic titles. Her amateur boxing record was 77 wins (19 by knockout) and 1 loss. Professional boxing career
In November 2016, <mask> officially went pro. She won her first match, against Franchón Crews-Dezurn, by unanimous decision. On March 10, 2017, she faced Szilvia Szabados for the North American Boxing Federation middleweight title, and won. This was the main event on ShoBox, with a regional title fight between Antonio Nieves and Nikolai Potapov serving as the co-main event.It was the first time a women's boxing bout was the main event on a United States premium network card. On June 16, 2017, <mask> headlined the "Detroit Brawl," facing Sydney LeBlanc in her first scheduled eight-round bout. LeBlanc signed on with three days notice, after Mery Rancier dropped out due to visa issues. <mask> won the bout by decision after all eight rounds. On August 4, 2017, <mask> defeated defending champ Nikki Adler in Detroit for the WBC super-middleweight belt and the vacant IBF super-middleweight belt. The fight was on Showtime. On January 12, 2018, <mask> retained her WBC and IBF female super middleweight titles, and won the WBAN super-middleweight title by defeating 17-0 Tori Nelson.It was <mask>' first time going all 10 rounds in her professional career. On June 22, 2018, in just her sixth professional fight, <mask> defeated Hanna Gabriel by unanimous decision, winning the vacant WBA and inaugural IBF middleweight belts, breaking the record for becoming a two-weight world champion in the fewest

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 professional fights, a record previously held by Vasyl Lomachenko. During Round 1, she experienced the first knock down of her professional career. She dropped down from 168 pounds to 160 for the fight. This was her first fight with trainer John David Jackson, having worked with Jason Crutchfield for the previous 5. On December 8, 2018, <mask>' fight aired on HBO, her first appearance on the network, a fight which was a part of the last boxing card to occur on HBO. On April 13, 2019, <mask> became the undisputed women's middleweight world champion, unifying the WBA, WBC, IBF and WBO middleweight titles, along with The Ring magazine's inaugural middleweight belt, after defeating Christina Hammer by unanimous decision.The victory was a near shutout with two judges scoring the bout 98–91 while a third judge scored it 98–92. <mask> was scheduled to fight Ivana Habazin for the vacant WBO junior middleweight title in Flint, Michigan, on October 5, 2019. However, the fight was postponed due to Habazin's trainer being attacked at the weigh in. On January 10, 2020, the battle between <mask> and Habazin took place with an all female ring (referee). <mask> won by unanimous decision, 99–89, 100-90 and 100–89, and became the fastest ever to win titles in 3 divisions male or female in history. On March 5, 2021, <mask> defeated Marie-Eve Dicaire by unanimous decision to retain her WBC and WBO super welterweight titles, claim IBF 154-pound belt, and vacant WBA light middleweight strap. With the win she has become the first world champion boxer in four-belt era to hold undisputed titles in two different weight divisions.Professional mixed martial arts career
In November 2020, <mask> had signed a three-year contract with Professional Fighters League and was expected to make her mixed martial arts debut in 2021. Since <mask> first announced that her MMA debut, she has also begun training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and has gone to train under IBJJF no gi World Champion Roberto Alencar, alongside Holly Holm. She also started

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 training at JacksonWink MMA in late 2020. <mask> made her MMA debut at PFL 4 on June 10, 2021, against Brittney Elkin. She won the fight via technical knockout in round three. Her second bout was initially scheduled to take place on the PFL 9 event on August 27, 2021, against an opponent yet to be named. However in July 12, 2021, news surfaced that her bout was rescheduled to take place on on August 19, 2021 in order to garner more exposure at an ESPN-aired PFL 8 event.It was eventually rescheduled for PFL 10 on October 27, 2021, with <mask> facing Abigail Montes. <mask> lost the bout via split decision. Personal life

<mask> is from Flint, Michigan. <mask> was baptized at age 13 (two years after she began boxing) and began attending a local church. She found strength in her Christian faith and eventually left home. <mask> attempted to adopt her cousin's daughter in 2014. <mask> is an ambassador for Up2Us Sports, a national non-profit organization dedicated to supporting underserved youth by providing them with coaches trained in positive youth development.<mask> is also an ambassador for gender equality in sports, particularly boxing, which she insists is under-covered by the media. <mask> is a pescatarian. Filmography
<mask> is the subject of the 2015 documentary "T-Rex: Her Fight for Gold." In 2016 Universal Pictures, a division of Comcast, which holds Olympic broadcast rights in the United States, acquired the rights to produce a film about her life story. Barry Jenkins is the screenwriter. Entitled Flint Strong, Rachel Morrison will be directing, with actress Ryan Destiny portraying <mask>. <mask> will be acting in the Susan Seidelman-directed film Punch Me.In 2018, <mask> acted in a Walmart ad directed by Dee Rees. Awards
In 2017, <mask> won the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Sports Award for "Biggest Powerhouse." In 2018, <mask> was inducted into the USA Boxing Alumni Association's Hall of Fame. The Boxing Writers Association of America gave her the 2018 Christy Martin Award - Female Fighter of the

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<mask> (1724 – 1788 or 1789) was an officer of the Royal Navy. He served during the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence, rising to the rank of vice-admiral of the red. Family and early life
Not much is known of <mask>'s early life. He was born in Buckland Monachorum, Devon in 1724 and was baptized on 22 August that year. He was the third son, and the second surviving son, of Anne Heathcote and Sir <mask>. This line of <mask>s descended from the brother of Elizabethan naval hero Sir <mask>. <mask> is often confused with his younger brother, <mask>, also a naval officer whose death occurred around the same time.All four sons of Sir <mask> <mask> had <mask> as their first name, which further adds to the confusion. The sons' names were, <mask>, <mask>, <mask> and <mask>. <mask> joined the Royal Navy at an early age (about 8 or 10). He was promoted to lieutenant, and then to commander on 18 October 1743. He commanded first the  from April 1747 to January 1748. He was then promoted to post-captain on 29 January 1748 at the age of 23. That year he commanded  during the War of the Austrian Succession.He went out the West Indies to serve under Charles Knowles, and came across the Spanish vessel St. Judea and captured her with her 108 crew. HMS Fowey was shipwrecked at the Florida Keys while towing the St. Judea to Virginia. An investigation was launched by the Admiralty, but all were exonerated on testimony that they were the victim of a strange current. North America
From Fowey he was appointed to

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Francis William Drake
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Francis Henry Drake
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Francis Drake
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 command  in May 1749 until 1750 and in 1751 took command of the 24-gun . During this time he served under Commodore Sir George Rodney at Newfoundland and was sent into Conception and Trinity Bay's and as far north as Cape Bonavista where he had authority to hear appeals from decisions of fishing admirals and to enforce the various provisions of King William's Act of 1699. In 1750 <mask> served as the de facto Governor of Newfoundland under Commodore Rodney, senior naval officer in 1750 and 1751, and was appointed to the position of governor in 1752. Governorship
<mask> was instrumental in making reforms in the Newfoundland justice system in the way that prisoners were incarcerated and the requirement that people charged with criminal offences had to be transported to England for trial.The instructions given to <mask> were to appoint judges and commissioners oyer and terminer to hear all criminal cases except treason. After returning to England <mask> had suggested additional reforms urging that the provision forbidding the execution of those convicted of criminal offences be changed. He suggested that a secure prison be built in St. John's as prisoners could easily escape or freeze to death while awaiting transport to England while incarcerated over the winter while the British cabinet determined their fate. Changes were granted including the right to execute prisoners found guilty of crimes. Seven Years' War
<mask> was appointed to command the 50-gun  in October 1755, remaining in command until 1757, when he was succeeded by his younger

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 brother, <mask>. <mask> took command of the 60-gun  in December 1758. He remained in command for the rest of the Seven Years' War.He was present at the Battle of Lagos on 18 August 1759 under Sir Edward Boscawen, the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November 1759 under Sir Edward Hawke, and the Capture of Belle Île between 4 and 8 June 1761 under Augustus Keppel. <mask> then went out to the West Indies again, and was present at the Battle of Havana between 6 June and 13 August 1762 under Sir George Pocock, before retiring on half pay in 1763. Political career and further appointments
<mask>'s elder brother, the fifth baronet, had previously represented Bere Alston in the House of Commons. He was appointed Master of the Household in 1771, and chose not to seek re-election. Instead <mask> was elected in his place, on 29 January 1771. He voted with the government on most issues, and did not seek re-election in the 1774 general election. He was promoted to rear-admiral of the blue on 23 January 1778 and rear-admiral of the red on 19 March 1779, taking up command in the Downs in 1779 during the American War of Independence.He flew his flag at first aboard the 60-gun  between July and November 1779, and then aboard HMS Dromedary from November 1779 until 1781. He was promoted to vice-admiral of the blue on 26 September 1780 and was given command of a squadron of the Channel Fleet under Vice-Admiral George Darby. He hoisted his flag aboard the 100-gun  and remained there until 29 December 1780. He flew his flag for a brief time in May 1782 aboard the

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Drake
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 60-gun , and then transferred to the 60-gun . He does not appear to have gone out with her to the Mediterranean with the fleet to relieve Gibraltar under Admiral Richard Howe. Lord Sandwich offered him further commands in the fleet under Rodney, but severe attacks of gout forced him to decline, and he eventually struck his flag and went ashore. He was nevertheless promoted to vice-admiral of the red in September 1787, and raised his pennant on .Family and later life

<mask>'s family life is confused in later records with those of his younger brother <mask>. He may have married, on 23 January 1788 in Ripley, the only daughter of George Onslow, for many years the member of parliament for Guildford. A special license was apparently required as she was a minor. The same fact is recorded though for his brother, and Pooley would have actually been thirty in 1788. Sir Lewis Namier's work, The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754-1790, recorded that <mask> married his cousin, Elizabeth Heathcote, the daughter of Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet on 3 November 1763. They had two daughters; the elder Sophia (1765 - 14 June 1803), was mother of Peter, 5th Count de Salis-Soglio. <mask> <mask> died in late 1788 or early 1789, or more likely December 1787.References

Bibliography

Government House The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador

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1724 births
1780s deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Governors of Newfoundland Colony
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Bere Alston
British MPs 1768–1774
People from Buckland Monachorum
Younger sons of

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<mask> (born 8 June 1961 in Miskolc) is a Hungarian film director and CEO of Müpa Budapest. He was awarded the Kossuth Prize in 2020 and the Kálmán Nádasdy Prize in 2013. Career
<mask> earned a degree in structural and architectural engineering in 1986 from the Technical University of Budapest's Department of Structural Engineering. In 1989, he graduated from Budapest's College of Theatre and Film Arts, where he studied film and television directing under teachers Károly Makk, István Szabó, Gyula Gazdag, Elemér Ragályi and György Illés. After serving as a manager at the Balázs Béla Film Studio from 1989 and 1990, he went on to work at Novofilm Kft between 1990 and 1993. In 1990, he took part in the East-West Producers Seminar in London under the tutelage of Lynda Myles and David Puttnam. In 1990, he founded the Happy End Advertising Agency, later becoming its creative director.A member of the Association of Independent Hungarian Producers from 1995 to 1998, he became founder and executive director of Z+ Hungarian Music Television. In 2001 and 2002, he served as artistic advisor for the Millenéris Theatre and Television Studio, where he developed the core concept for that institution. Starting in 2002, he spent two years back at the (by then) University of Theatre and Film Arts working on his DLA before joining Müpa Budapest in 2005 as an artistic advisor responsible for putting together the institution's opera programmes. Following a stint at the Novus School of Art from 2006 to 2007, he has been teaching at the Werk Academy since 2008. He has been the CEO of Müpa Budapest since 17 March 2011, and between 2013 and 2020 he was appointed chairman of the body that runs both the Budapest Spring Festival and the CAFe Budapest Contemporary Arts Festival. <mask> has been a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts since 2014 On 1 September 2019 he was appointed government commissioner for the advancement of the Hungarian cinema industry and the National Film Institute was founded under his leadership. In 2020 he was

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Csaba Káel
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 elected as a member of the International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (IATAS), the organization which presents the International Emmy Awards, often described as the “Oscar of television industry”.In 2021 the Bartók Spring International Art Weeks and the Liszt Fest International Cultural Festival were founded with his direction. Filmography
 1986 Fradika (documentary film about Ferencváros Football Club)
 1987 Nem [Humdrum] (short film drama)
 1987 Hagyományainkból [From Our Traditions] (dance film with the Kodály Dance Ensemble)
 1988 A másik szoba [The Other Room] (television drama)
 1989 Az új generáció választása [The Choice of the New Generation]
 1991 What about H? He has staged several pre-classical operas in productions by the Purcell Chorus and Orfeo Orchestra conducted by György Vashegyi, including Monteverdi's L’Orfeo, the inaugural performance at Müpa Budapest's Festival Theatre. Events and other works
 1992, 1993, 1994 Postabank Tennis Gala, Budapest Sports Arena (principal director)
 1999 Ceremony marking the transfer of the Holy Crown of Saint Stephen to the parliament building (principal director)
 1999, 2000, 2001 Remembrance Day, November 4., Saint Stephen's Basilica (director)
 2000 Millennial Fireworks (concept, principal director)
 2000 Inauguration ceremony for the president of the Republic of Hungary (principal director)
 2000 Show ringing in the new millennium, Budapest (director)
 2000 The Hungarian Millennium at the Olympics – Cultural Festival in Sydney
 2001 IAAF World Youth Championships, opening gala, Debrecen (director)
 2001 An Evening of Hungarian Culture, Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D.C.
 2005 Mozart Fashion Show, Müpa Budapest, Budapest
 2007 Sziráczky Fashion Show, Millenáris, Budapest
 2008 BlackRock Tennis Classics, László Papp Budapest Sports Arena, Budapest
 2009-2010 Tennis Classics, László Papp Budapest Sports Arena, Budapest
 2009 Event celebrating the 800th anniversary of the founding of the Franciscan Order, Müpa Budapest (director)
 2009 Beethoven's


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<mask> (born September 26, 1970) is an American businessman and politician who represented New Hampshire's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2013 and 2015 to 2017. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the mayor of Manchester, New Hampshire, from 2006 to 2010. He is identified by National Journal as a moderate. <mask> worked in the insurance industry before being elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives, where he served from 2000 to 2004; he also served as a Manchester alderman from 2001 to 2005. He resigned from the State House in 2004 to work as senior policy adviser to Republican Congressman Jeb Bradley. In 2005, he ran for mayor of Manchester and defeated three-term Democratic incumbent Robert A. Baines. He was re-elected in 2007 but did not run for a third term in 2009.Instead, he ran for Congress in 2010, defeating Democratic incumbent Carol Shea-Porter. In a rematch in 2012, Shea-Porter defeated <mask> to reclaim the seat. <mask> defeated Shea-Porter for a second time in 2014. Shea-Porter defeated <mask> on November 8, 2016, to win back the seat. Early life, education, and business career
<mask>, the son of Richard and <mask>, was born in Edison, New Jersey, in 1970. He graduated from the Canterbury School, a Catholic boarding school in New Milford, Connecticut, and Assumption College, a four-year liberal arts college in Worcester, Massachusetts (where he met his wife, Morgan). After their marriage, the couple moved to Boston, where <mask> worked for Travelers Insurance and other entities in the insurance industry.He also began his own insurance consulting firm. He then attended Franklin Pierce Law Center in New Hampshire, where he earned a master's degree in intellectual property. Early political career
On November 7, 2000, <mask> was elected to a seat in the New Hampshire House of

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Frank Christopher Guinta
Guinta
Guinta
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Virginia Guinta
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 Representatives, representing Manchester. He was re-elected on November 5, 2002. In 2001, <mask> ran for the post of alderman from Manchester's Ward 3. In the non-partisan municipal primary election held on September 1, 2001, <mask> and George Skilioganis were the two top vote-getters in Ward 3, with 375 and 279 votes, respectively, securing them a place on the November ballot. On November 6, 2001, <mask> defeated Skilioganis by a vote of 630 to 522 in the general election.Two years later, incumbent alderman <mask> and challenger Glenn R.J. Ouellette, a runner-up in the 2001 primary, faced no opposition in the primary. In the November 3, 2003, general election, <mask> beat Ouellete 452 to 324. While serving as alderman, <mask> was one of the few Republicans on the 14-member Board of Aldermen. The mayor of Manchester during <mask>'s tenure on the board, Robert A. Baines, also was a Democrat. In 2004, <mask> resigned his House seat to take a position as senior policy adviser to U.S. Congressman Jeb Bradley, who preceded Carol Shea-Porter as the U.S. representative for New Hampshire's first district. <mask> held the post until March 2005, when he resigned to campaign for mayor of Manchester.<mask> was taking on Mayor Baines, a three-term mayor who had won two-thirds of the vote in the 2003 general election, who was seeking a fourth term. Mayor of Manchester

In the non-partisan primary held on September 5, 2005, <mask> placed second in a three-candidate field, garnering 3,760 votes to Baines' 5,168. (Jeff Kassel received 651 votes.) On November 8, 2005, <mask> defeated Baines in the general election by 528 votes (10,125 to 9,597), becoming Manchester's youngest mayor in over 100 years. He ran on a platform of improving education, increasing public safety and security, revitalizing Manchester's neighborhoods, promoting fiscal responsibility, and reducing property tax rates. He was

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 inaugurated on January 3, 2006. During <mask>'s first term as mayor, the city raised the complement of Manchester's police force by 22 officers to 225 and added a police substation on Manchester's west side.Guinta also tackled violence at local nightclubs. In 2006, at the urging of Guinta, neighbors, and other city officials concerned about violent crime, the state Liquor Commission refused to renew the liquor licenses for clubs Omega, Envy and Fish, resulting in their closure. Guinta emphasized community policing and cooperation between law enforcement and the community. With regards to taxes and spending, Guinta takes credit for Manchester's first tax cut in a decade. <mask> was elected to a second term as mayor on November 6, 2007, defeating Democrat Thomas Donovan, a former school board member. <mask> received the backing of the New Hampshire Union Leader during his re-election bid. The paper's editorial board praised <mask> as "a tax-cutting crime fighter...[who] has pushed bureaucratic reform and improved services."In June 2009, <mask> announced his plan to lower property taxes by reducing school funding by 7 million dollars. <mask> explained his budget by telling WMUR-TV, "We've got to find ways to be more effective, more efficient so we can keep money in taxpayers' and property owners' pockets." <mask> did not run for re-election in 2009. In the election to determine his successor, Republican Alderman and State Senator Ted Gatsas defeated Democratic alderman Mark Roy. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2010

<mask>'s Democratic opponent, incumbent Carol Shea-Porter, had represented  for two terms. The race received national attention because some analysts had rated it as one of the best chances for a Republican pick-up in New England in 2010. In April 2009, <mask> announced that he would run for higher office rather than for a third term as mayor.In May 2009, he

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 filed papers and announced his candidacy for the House. On September 14, 2010, he won the Republican primary election. On November 2, 2010, <mask> defeated incumbent Shea-Porter by a margin of 54%–42%. Illegal campaign contributions
In October 2010, the New Hampshire Democratic Party filed complaints with the Federal Election Commission and the Clerk of the House concerning $355,000 <mask> loaned to his own campaign from a bank account that had not been disclosed in any previous financial statements, including those filed during his time as mayor of Manchester. The issue was first raised by <mask>'s fellow Republicans during the Republican primary. <mask> dismissed speculation that the money represented an illegal campaign donation, stating that the money came from his own earnings and savings but refusing to make public the related bank statements. On December 15, 2011, the general counsel for the U.S. House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct informed <mask> that the committee reviewed his candidate financial disclosure reports "and subsequent amendments thereto, and have determined that they are in substantial compliance" with federal ethics law.In May 2015, <mask> settled the case with the Federal Election Commission involving $355,000 that had been donated to him by his parents during his first House campaign in 2010. The settlement required him to return the donation and pay a $15,000 fine to the FEC. New Hampshire politicians including U.S. Senator Kelly Ayotte (R) called on <mask> to resign his House seat in light of the incident, but he refused. 2012

<mask> won the 2012 primary election handily, obtaining 84% of the vote against Republican challengers Rick Parent and Vern Clough. Shea-Porter was nominated again by the Democrats to retake the seat, and Brendan Kelly ran on the Libertarian Party ticket. <mask> was defeated by Shea-Porter by a margin of

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 46%–50%.2014

<mask> campaigned to win back the seat he lost in 2012. He formed a joint fundraising committee with Massachusetts Republican and congressional candidate Richard Tisei. He won the election on November 4, 2014 with 52% of the vote, reclaiming his former seat from Carol Shea-Porter. 2016

<mask> ran for re-election in 2016. He won the Republican primary on September 13, 2016. He faced Democratic nominee Carol Shea-Porter and independent candidate Shawn O'Connor in the general election. Shea-Porter defeated <mask> in the general election with 44.2% of the vote.Policy positions
<mask> has worked to place a full-service VA medical facility in New Hampshire and has emphasized veterans' homelessness within the district. <mask> says he would vote to repeal the Affordable Care Act, though he supports the provisions of the law that protect people with pre-existing conditions and that allow people to stay on their parents' health plans until age 26. Guinta identified mental health funding and reform as a priority for New Hampshire. <mask> has described the deficit and debt as "a spending problem, not a revenue problem." He has faulted both parties for their role in unsustainable spending, and advocates that spending be cut and made "more effective and efficient". <mask> supports providing tax incentives for small businesses, lowering taxes, and reducing government spending. He has signed the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge never to increase taxes or revenue.<mask> supports "broad-based" tax reforms that "lower taxes for all Americans", and simplifications to ensure that average Americans can fill out their own tax forms. He supports reforms to automatic spending programs. <mask> has opposed the automatic cuts required by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (the "sequester") that affect defense spending, out of concern for employment at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Guinta


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 organized multiple job fairs in New Hampshire. One such fair, on November 10, 2011 at Manchester Community College, was oriented toward unemployed veterans; it assembled representatives from 40 employers to discuss employment opportunities, and representatives from one dozen organizations to explain services available to veterans. On energy, <mask> has favored an "all-of-the-above" energy approach encompassing both fossil fuels and alternative energy sources. <mask> has favored authorization of the Keystone XL Pipeline to expand oil access, help control the price of oil, and create jobs.On July 22, 2012, CREDO activists, joined by Occupy movement members, staged a protest at Manchester's Northeast Delta Dental Stadium, where <mask> was holding a fund-raiser. <mask> describes is anti-abortion. While in Congress, <mask> voted for the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act. <mask> says Social Security reform is needed in order to make the program solvent. He has said that said both parties need to negotiate without any preconceived notions. Committee assignments
Current
 Committee on Financial Services
Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit
Subcommittee on Monetary Policy and Trade
 Committee on the Budget

Past
 Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
 Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure

Electoral history

See also
 List of mayors of Manchester, New Hampshire

References

External links

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1970 births
Living people
Assumption University (Worcester) alumni
Canterbury School (Connecticut) alumni
University of New Hampshire School of Law alumni
Mayors of Manchester, New Hampshire
Members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire
New Hampshire Republicans
People from Edison, New Jersey
Republican Party members of the United States House of

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<mask>. Żytkow (; born 21 February 1947) is a Polish astrophysicist working at the Institute of Astronomy of the University of Cambridge. Żytkow and Kip Thorne proposed a model for what is called the Thorne–Żytkow object, which is a star within another star. Żytkow in 2014 was part of the team led by Emily M. Levesque which discovered the first candidate for such an object. Thorne-Żytkow objects
Working together with Kip Thorne in 1976, Żytkow developed a theoretical model for a new star type, the Thorne–Żytkow object (TŻO), which contains either a neutron star or a black hole core at the center of a stellar envelope. The evolution of such a star occurs rarely and only two processes exist that define the structure and evolution of a TŻO. In the first process a collision between a neutron star and a normal star, either dwarf or giant, must occur in order to merge the two into a single object. This occurrence is rare since stars do not usually collide with each other.This could only happen in a dense cluster of stars. The second possible evolution of a larger TŻO can occur when a  star expands into a red supergiant and engulfs its companion neutron star. A team led by Emily Levesque (University of Colorado at Boulder)  and including <mask>w found the first viable TŻO candidate using the 6.5-meter Magellan Clay Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory in 2014, possibly succeeding in a search for these

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Anna N
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 bizarre stars, one that had already spanned some 40 years worth of effort. Żytkow said upon the discovery: "I am extremely happy that observational confirmation of our theoretical prediction has started to emerge. Since Kip Thorne and I proposed our models of stars with neutron cores, people were not able to disprove our work. If theory is sound, experimental confirmation shows up sooner or later. So it was a matter of identification of a promising group of stars, getting telescope time and proceeding with the project.”

Kuiper belt discoveries

In December 1995, Mike Irwin, Scott Tremaine, and <mask>. Żytkow collaborated on the survey of two slow-moving objects, which are probable members of the Kuiper belt.Żytkow and the group followed Edgeworth (1949) and Kuipers (1951) research, which indicates that protoplanetary disks extend beyond Neptune and that the disk material beyond Neptune had not coalesced into planets. This group of planetesimals is now known as the Kuiper belt. Żytkow and the rest of the group members spent most of their time adjusting the focus of the camera and instruments attached to the Isaac Newton Telescope (INT). The group used the Monte Carlo method, which provided multiple simulations in two separate stages. The first stage is the detection rate for images that came from INT as a function of magnitude, which was investigated using artificial images adding to the original


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 frames. The second stage involved examining the detection rate for a series of artificial images from INT that followed the typical slow moving solar system objects (SMO) track. The outcome of this survey was a detection of two new Kuiper belts objects within the area of 0.7 degree sq.to a limiting magnitude mR=23.5. Dispute with Bradley Schaefer
Bradley Schaefer, at the time an M.I.T graduate student, was studying astronomy photographs in the Harvard archives looking for gamma-ray bursts (GRB). In 1981 he reported that an image taken in 1928 seemed to match the position  GRB in 1978. The object appeared to be transient; disappearing within 45 minutes. Schaefer then examined the locations of four more known GRBs in the archives, and found  what he believed to be three more. Żytkow later examined Schaefer's images, and found anomalies in the images he believed to be GRB flashes. Schaefer then replied that "fundamental errors of methodology and data analysis are identified which invalidate all the major points raised by Żytkow."The dispute went to an unnamed neutral referee and several rounds papers. The referee discussing the dispute wrote "archival plates were never intended for the detection and analysis of fast optical transients. For this reason they have severe, fundamental limitations . . . This simple fact has either been forgotten or ignored . . . Most distressing is the descent into


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 enmity."The dispute is still not resolved. Publications
 The proper motion of HV2112: a TŻO candidate in the SMC; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters; Mar. 2016; Clare C. Worley, Mike J. Irwin, Christopher Tout, <mask>. Żytkow, Morgan Fraser, Robert G. Izzard:
 A Search for Thorne-Zytkow Objects; American Astronomical Society; January 2014; Emily M. Levesque  Philip Massey  Anna N. Żytkow  Nidia Morrell:
 HV2112, a Thorne-Zytkow Object or a Super Asymptotic Giant Branch Star; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters; 23 June 2014; Christopher Tout, <mask>. Zytkow, Ross P. Church, Herbert Ho Bun Lau:
 Discovery of a Thorne-Zytkow object candidate in the Small Magellanic Cloud; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters; September 2014; Emily M. Levesque, Philip Massey, <mask>. Zytkow, <mask> Morrell:
 Quasi-stars, giants and the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar (SC) limit; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; January 2012; Warrick H. Ball, Christopher Tout, <mask>. Żytkow:
 FY Aquilae and the gamma-ray burst GB 790331; Astrophysical Journal, part 2, vol. 433, no. 2, p. L81-L84; 12 July 1994; Mike Irwin, <mask>. Zytkow:
 A variable star in the vicinity of the soft γ-ray repeater 1806 – 20; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 263, iss. 1; 1 July 1993; Mike Irwin  <mask> N. Żytkow:
 The structure and evolution of

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 Thorne-Zytkow objects; Astrophysical Journal, part 1, vol.386; Feb. 10, 1992;Robert C. Cannon, P. P. Eggleton, A. N. Zytkow, P. Podsiadlowski:
 Giant and supergiant stars with degenerate neutron cores; Astrophysical Journal, Part 1; Chris Eich; Mark E. Zimmermann; Kip S. Thorne; <mask>. Zytkow; 1 November 1989 :
 Stationary spherical accretion into black holes. I - Equations of structure; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 194; Feb., 1981; Kip S. Thorne;  Richard A. Flammang, <mask>. Zytkow:
 Hydrogen shell flashes in a white dwarf with mass accretion; Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol. 222; 1 June 1978; Bohdan Paczynski, <mask>. Zytkow:
 Stars with degenerate neutron cores. I - Structure of equilibrium models; Astrophysical Journal, part 1, vol. 212; Mar. 15, 1977; Kip S. Thorne;, <mask>. Zytkow;
 The relativistic equations of stellar structure and evolution.Stars with degenerate neutron cores. 1: Structure of equilibrium models; Astrophysical Journal, part 1, vol. 212; Mar. 15, 1977; Kip S. Thorne;, <mask>. Zytkow:
 Red giants and supergiants with degenerate neutron cores neutron cores. 1: Structure of equilibrium models; Astrophysical Journal, vol. 199; 1 July 1975; Kip S. Thorne;, <mask>. Zytkow:

References

External links
 Publications

1947 births
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Discoverers of minor planets
Discoveries by <mask>. Żytkow
Living

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<mask> (; May 27, 1925 – November 30, 1999) was an American theoretical physicist who produced research in the fields of cosmic rays, quantum physics, plasma physics, and gravity physics. He made contributions to the understanding of the weak interaction and he and his students are credited with developing the so-called standard model of elementary particle physics. He was a Higgins professor of physics at Princeton University, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and member of the JASON Defense Advisory Group. He was a student of Enrico Fermi and John Alexander Simpson Jr.  Treiman published articles on quantum mechanics, plasmas, gravity theory, condensed matter and the history of physics. Background
Treiman's parents, Abraham and Sarah, were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe who emigrated to Chicago. <mask> had a brother, Oscar, who was six years older. <mask> was educated in the Chicago public school system and, after graduating high school in 1942, he entered Northwestern University, electing to study chemical engineering.After two years at Northwestern he joined the navy, training as a radar repair technician and he spent the last year of the war as a petty officer in the Philippines, doing, in his words, "a prodigious amount of reading in the peaceful jungles - novels and science". After the war he went to the University of Chicago, receiving a B.S. (1949) and M.S. (1950), having changed his major to physics. He received an Atomic Energy Commission predoctoral fellowship and in 1952 he was granted a PhD by the University of Chicago. His doctoral thesis dealt with the physics of cosmic rays, and the work was done under the supervision of John Alexander Simpson. While at the university, <mask> met his wife, Joan Little, an educational psychologist.They have three children - Rebecca, Katherine and Thomas. <mask> began teaching at Princeton in 1952 as an instructor. He spent his entire career at Princeton - associate professor (1958–63), professor (1963–77) and Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics (1977–1998). He served as chair of the physics department

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texts: (1981–87) and chair of the University Research Board (1988–95). Probably his best known student at Princeton was Steven Weinberg, recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1979. Other well known students are Nicola Khuri (1957), Curtis Callan (1964), and Stephen L. Adler (1964). <mask> also made contributions to physics outside his professional role at Princeton.Beginning in the early 1960s, with the inception of the JASON Defense Advisory Group, he was a U.S. government advisor in the fields of plasma physics, physics education and strategic planning. (Although <mask> parted ways with Jason in the late 1960s, he rejoined them in 1979.) In 1970, when Fermilab was set up, its founder Robert R. Wilson asked <mask> if he would direct the theory group. <mask>, who did not want to leave Princeton, was able to help get the group started by taking several extended leaves of absence. <mask> and his wife Joan were active members of CUSPEA - a program set up by T.D. Lee to help mainland Chinese students get access to graduate education in the U.S. In 1981, 1982 and 1988, they traveled to China to interview prospective students for the program.A feature of <mask>'s work was his ability to devise simple, unambiguous experimental tests for theoretical predictions and phenomena. In addition to his own work, <mask> was widely recognized as a teacher and mentor, supervising more than two dozen graduate students over three decades. His Socratic teaching style enabled his students to gain valuable insights without having been spoon fed the results. He was known for his general wisdom as well as his expertise. One of his more paradoxical sayings is known as Treiman's theorem: "Impossible things usually don't happen." He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1963, and a member of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences in 1972. <mask> was awarded the Oersted medal by the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1995.He was also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. <mask> died of leukemia on November 30, 1999.

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 Major scientific achievements
 1957 (with J. David Jackson and Henry Wyld) - definitive theory of allowed beta decays, taking into account time and parity violations
 1958 (with Marvin Goldberger) dispersion relations analysis of pion and nucleon beta decay, culminating in the Goldberger-Treiman relationship for the charged pion decay amplitude. This work eventually led to the hypothesis of the partially conserved axial vector current, known as PCAC and to a deeper understanding of spontaneously broken chiral symmetry of the strong interaction. 1962 (with C.N. Yang) Treiman-Yang angle test for single pion exchange dominance
 1966 (with Curtis Callan) derivation of the Callan–Treiman relations for K meson decay. 1971 (with David Gross) scaling in vector gluon exchange theories, coining the term twist for the difference between the dimension and spin of an operator.1972 (with Abraham Pais) deriving the implications of weak neutral currents for inclusive neutrino reactions. Publications
 <mask>'s publication records in SPIRES

 Photonics: Managing Competitiveness in the Information Era, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Applications, Vice Chairman S<mask>, Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Academy of Sciences (1988)

References

Further reading
 Abraham Pais, The Genius of Science: a Portrait Gallery of Twentieth Century Physicists,  Oxford University Press (2000)
 Paul Hartman, A Memoir on the Physical Review, A History of the First One Hundred Years'', American Institute of Physics (1994)

 "<mask>d Treiman" A biographical memoir for the American Philosophical Society by Val Fitch (2002). "<mask> Treiman" A biographical memoir for the National Academy of Sciences by Stephen L. Adler (2001). External links
 <mask>'s photo
 Biography

1925 births
1999 deaths
Northwestern University alumni
20th-century American physicists
Princeton University faculty
Deaths from leukemia
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Members of JASON (advisory group)
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the American Philosophical

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texts: <mask> (; born September 17, 1965) is a former county clerk for Rowan County, Kentucky, who gained international attention in August 2015 when she defied a U.S. federal court order to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. She was defeated by Democratic challenger Elwood Caudill Jr. in the November 6, 2018, election and vacated the office on January 7, 2019. <mask> was elected Rowan County Clerk in 2014. The following year, the Supreme Court decided Obergefell v. Hodges, and all county clerks in Kentucky were ordered to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Citing personal religious objections to same-sex marriage, <mask> began denying marriage licenses to all couples to avoid issuing them to same-sex couples. A lawsuit, Miller v. <mask>, was filed, and <mask> was ordered by the U.S. District Court to start issuing marriage licenses. She appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, but the application to appeal was denied.<mask> continued to defy the court order by refusing to issue marriage licenses "under God's authority"; she was ultimately jailed for contempt of court. <mask> was released after five days in jail under the condition that she not interfere with the efforts of her deputy clerks, who had begun issuing marriage licenses to all couples in her absence. <mask> then modified the Kentucky marriage licenses used in her office so that they no longer mentioned her name. <mask>'s actions drew strong and mixed reactions from prominent politicians, legal experts, and religious leaders. Attorney and author Roberta A. Kaplan described <mask> as "the clearest example of someone who wants to use a religious liberty argument to discriminate", while law

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 professor Eugene Volokh maintained that an employer must try to accommodate religious employees' beliefs. Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee said that <mask>'s imprisonment was part of the "criminalization of Christianity", while Washington Post columnist Jennifer Rubin compared <mask>'s refusal to obey the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court to Alabama Governor George Wallace's "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door" in 1963. A few weeks after her release from jail, <mask> met with Pope Francis in Washington, D.C.

Career

Chief deputy clerk: 1991–2015
<mask> was born on September 17, 1965, in Jackson, Kentucky.By 1991, she was serving as chief deputy clerk of Rowan County, Kentucky, reporting to her mother, Rowan County Clerk Jean W. Bailey. <mask>'s 2011 compensation was  in wages with an additional  in overtime and other compensation. She earned more than other chief deputies in the county, and some county employees and residents complained to the county's governing body, the Fiscal Court, that the clerk's staff's wages were too high, with total compensation for five employees being about $198,000. The Fiscal Court then voted to cut the 2012 budget for wages from $300,000 to $200,000. County clerk: 2015–2019
After her mother announced she would not run for re-election in 2014, <mask> filed as a Democratic candidate for county clerk. At a candidates' forum, <mask> stated she felt she was best qualified for the position because of her 26 years of experience in the clerk's office. <mask> narrowly won the Democratic primary election, defeating Elwood Caudill Jr., a deputy clerk in the Rowan County property valuation administrator's office, by 23 votes

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 and advancing to the general election against Republican John Cox.<mask> won the election, with Cox subsequently alleging that nepotism was to blame for his loss. After winning the race, <mask> told The Morehead News, "My words can never express the appreciation but I promise to each and every one that I will be the very best working clerk that I can be and will be a good steward of their tax dollars and follow the statutes of this office to the letter." <mask> took the oath of office as the county clerk of Rowan County on , 2015, beginning a four-year term slated to end on , 2019. As clerk in 2015, <mask> received an annual salary of . Same-sex marriage license controversy

Background

On , 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case of Obergefell v. Hodges, holding that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Fourteen counties in three Southern states continued to deny marriage licenses for same-sex marriage. The Alabama Supreme Court allowed the probate judges of ten counties in Alabama to deny such marriage licenses, the clerk of one Texas county chose to resign rather than issue such licenses, and the clerks of two counties in Kentucky were not issuing licenses due to paperwork delays.Kentucky Governor Steve Beshear ordered all Kentucky county clerks to begin issuing same-sex marriage licenses immediately. <mask>'s reaction to same-sex marriage ruling

<mask> contacted Beshear, asking for an executive order to protect clerks who have moral objections against personally issuing such marriage licenses,

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 as Kentucky law requires county clerks to issue marriage licenses in their names. She began turning away gay couples from her county office who were seeking marriage licenses. David Ermold and David Moore, a same-sex couple from Morehead, Kentucky and alumni of Morehead State University, released video footage on July 7, 2015 of <mask> refusing to issue them a marriage license and requesting that they turn off their camera. The video went viral overnight. The Family Foundation of Kentucky, a local political organization, held a protest rally against the ruling at the State Capitol in Frankfort on August 22, 2015, attended by several thousand people. The clerks of the two other Kentucky counties declined to speak to the rally crowd, but <mask> spoke briefly, saying, "I need your prayers ... to continue to stand firm in what we believe."At a competing event several blocks away organized by the Fairness Campaign of Louisville, attendees celebrated the Supreme Court's decision and called upon government officials to uphold the law. Rather than issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, <mask> began denying marriage licenses to all couples. Lawsuits against <mask>

Six couples who were denied marriage licenses from <mask> sued her in her official capacity as county clerk. Four couples were represented by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Kentucky and two couples each had separate legal representation. The four couples represented by the ACLU, two same-sex couples and two opposite-sex couples, filed the first lawsuit against <mask> (Miller v. Davis) on July 2, 2015. On July 10, 2015, David Ermold and David Moore (who had shot the viral video) next


texts: filed suit against <mask>, represented by Joseph Buckles and Thomas Szczygielski (Ermold v. Davis); James Yates and William Smith Jr., represented by Rene Heinrich of the Heinrich Firm PLLC and Kash Stilz of Roush & Stilz PSC, filed a suit against <mask> on August 25, 2015 (Yates v. Davis). Federal district judge David L. Bunning of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky, the judge assigned to the cases, held hearings with <mask> in Ashland, at which she was the only witness.<mask> argued tearfully that issuing licenses under her name violated her beliefs, citing her religious rights under the First Amendment: "It wasn't just a spur-of-the-moment decision", she said. "It was thought out, and I sought God on it." <mask> had already decided against resigning from her post, as doing so, she said, would only leave the matter to her deputies: "If I resign, I solve nothing. It helps nobody." Governor Beshear stated that he would not call a special session of the General Assembly to address <mask>'s concerns, while other state legislators believed that such a session could accommodate <mask> with possible new legislation. <mask>'s attorneys, from the Maitland, Florida-based law firm Liberty Counsel, stated that the plaintiffs were free to drive to other counties to obtain their same-sex marriage licenses, with one adding, "This case is not about these plaintiffs' desires to get married, the case is about [their] desire to force <mask> to approve and authorize their marriage in violation of her constitutionally protected religious beliefs." <mask> and her attorneys then sued Governor Beshear for ordering her to violate her religious

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 beliefs instead of trying to accommodate them, arguing that Beshear, not <mask>, should be held accountable for any legal damages from the ACLU lawsuit.On August 12, Bunning issued a temporary stay barring <mask> from "applying her 'no marriage licenses' policy to future marriage license requests". Before the stay expired, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit refused to extend that ruling for an appeal. "It cannot be defensibly argued that the holder of the Rowan County clerk's office ... may decline to act in conformity with the United States Constitution", the three-judge panel wrote unanimously in their refusal, continuing, "There is thus little or no likelihood that the clerk in her official capacity will prevail on appeal." Appeal

Liberty Counsel and <mask> filed an emergency application to appeal with the U.S. Supreme Court. On August 31, 2015, in a one-line order, the Supreme Court refused to hear the appeal, preventing <mask> from legally continuing to deny marriage licenses. In response to the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to grant her stay request, <mask> stated:

<mask> continued to defy Bunning's court order after the Supreme Court's refusal. The following morning, several couples sought to obtain marriage licenses, but <mask> turned them away, saying she was acting "under God's authority".Some in the media questioned whether <mask>, having been married four times and only recently converted, was acting hypocritically in the application of her beliefs. Contempt of court and jailing

Judge Bunning ordered <mask> and her six deputy clerks to appear before him on  after the six couples sought to have her held in contempt of

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texts: court. Bunning ruled in the plaintiffs' favor and held <mask> in contempt. The ACLU asked the court to fine <mask>, but Bunning ordered her remanded in custody after the hearing. The judge said <mask> would remain there until she complied with the court's order to issue marriage licenses. Bunning then spoke with each of the deputy clerks who reported to <mask>. Only her son, <mask>, told the judge he refused to comply with the court's order to start issuing marriage licenses; Bunning declined to hold him in contempt.After the hearing, U.S. Marshals transported <mask> to the Carter County Detention Center in Grayson. On Friday, September 4, the first day her office was open during her incarceration, <mask>'s deputy clerks began issuing marriage licenses to all couples. James Yates and William Smith Jr. (independently suing <mask>) were the first couple in Rowan County to receive a marriage license since Obergefell. They were soon followed by other couples who were plaintiffs against <mask>. Through her Liberty Counsel attorneys, <mask> filed an appeal of the order holding her in contempt of court, asking that she be released immediately from jail and that her name be removed from marriage licenses, allowing her deputies to issue them. Separately, <mask> asked Governor Beshear to free her.The governor's office said that the conflict was a "matter between her and the courts"; Beshear added that he lacked the legal authority to either remove <mask> from office or to relieve <mask> of her statutory duties. Rowan County Democratic Judge-Executive Walter Blevins stated that he did not believe he would need to appoint a replacement for <mask>, and that he believed

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 the Attorney General of Kentucky and "the General Assembly will pass something where marriage licenses don't have anyone's name on them". Release and return to work

Five days later, on Tuesday, September 8, Bunning ordered <mask> released from jail. The order stated: "Defendant <mask> shall not interfere in any way, directly or indirectly, with the efforts of her deputy clerks to issue marriage licenses to all legally eligible couples. If Defendant <mask> should interfere in any way with their issuance, that will be considered a violation of this order and appropriate sanctions will be considered." Bunning's order also stated that <mask>'s deputy clerks must continue to comply with his earlier order to issue marriage licenses and to submit status reports to him every fourteen days confirming their compliance. The deputy clerks released statements pledging to continue issuing licenses after <mask>'s release and to ignore any order from her to do otherwise, complying with the federal judge's order.Licenses issued since <mask>'s refusal state that they are authorized by "the office of the Rowan County Clerk" but no longer bear her name. <mask>'s supporters, gathered at the Rowan County Courthouse since her first day in custody, said that her deputies were unlawfully issuing licenses and should resign or be fired. <mask> returned to work a week later, on , 2015. She said that, while she would not interfere with any deputy clerk who issues marriage licenses, she would not personally issue or authorize any of the forms. She created several altered versions of the Kentucky marriage license form and instructed her deputy clerks to use them, which had her name and

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 reference to the clerk's office removed. The ACLU sued <mask> separately for these form alterations, which they found to be of questionable legality. Governor Steve Beshear was asked by Bunning to brief the court on the validity of the licenses.Governor Beshear acknowledged that Kentucky would recognize the licenses being issued, but he could not verify the legality of the licenses issued or the means by which the marriage licenses were altered. Bunning ultimately denied the ACLU's separate suit, stating the altered forms were likely legal and that <mask> was now abiding by the court's order. While <mask> remained inside her personal office, same-sex couples successfully walked out of the Rowan County clerk's office with their marriage licenses. One of the applicants said, "My license is valid, and it's valid because of the court order that's in effect ... It doesn't have to have her signature." Reactions to controversy

<mask> gained international attention after her refusal to issue marriage licenses and the ensuing controversy her actions caused. Many legal experts asserted that <mask> had no standing under the law to refuse to issue the licenses.Columbia Law School professor Katherine Franke said, "<mask> has all sorts of religious liberty rights secured under the First Amendment and under other laws, but they are not at stake in this case. All she's asked to do with couples that come before her is certify that they've met the state requirements for marriage, so her religious opposition to same-sex marriage is absolutely irrelevant." Professor Stephen Vladeck of American University's Washington College of Law said that <mask> "waived any right to have an

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texts: objection to issuing same-sex marriage licenses when she ran for the job". Washington Post columnist Jennifer Rubin and others compared <mask>'s refusal to follow orders of the U.S. Supreme Court to Alabama Governor George Wallace's futile "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door" protest of desegregation in 1963. The Human Rights Campaign, a national LGBT civil rights group, said, "Ms. <mask> has the fundamental right to believe what she likes ... but as a public servant, she does not have the right to pick and choose which laws she will follow or which services she will provide." Attorney and author Roberta A. Kaplan, who argued for the plaintiffs in United States v. Windsor, wrote that "<mask> is the clearest example of someone who wants to use a religious liberty argument to discriminate, yet she swore an oath to uphold the Constitution. It is laughable that she can then decide which laws to enforce, which is why every decision in her case has gone against her."Opposition to the federal ruling came from political columnists William McGurn of The Wall Street Journal and Ray Nothstine of The Christian Post. Law professor Eugene Volokh suggested that the Kentucky's state religious freedom restoration act might compel the state to accommodate <mask>'s religious beliefs and argued that state courts have the authority to order the removal of <mask>'s name from marriage licenses. Kentucky Senate President Robert Stivers also came to <mask>'s defense; he stated, in an amicus brief filed in federal court, that the "Supreme Court ruling has completely obliterated the definition of marriage". Liberty Counsel, the law firm defending <mask>, stated, "<mask> is being treated as

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texts: a criminal because she cannot violate her conscience", stating also that she refused to accept a proposed compromise where she would no longer be found in contempt if she agreed not to interfere with her deputies issuing licenses to same-sex couples. Reactions against <mask> also came from the White House, from Kentucky Governor Steve Beshear, and from candidates in the race for the 2016 presidential election. White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest said, "No public official is above the rule of law. Certainly not the president of the United States, but neither is the Rowan County clerk."Governor Beshear said the judge's decision "speaks for itself", while his attorneys called the legal arguments in her suit against him "absurd". Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton said, "Officials should be held to their duty to uphold the law – end of story." Several Republican presidential candidates also called on <mask> to comply with court orders. Donald Trump said, "the decision's been made, and that is the law of the land." Jeb Bush, former governor of Florida, said <mask> "is sworn to uphold the law", but also suggested that some sort of accommodation be made for her. Republican presidential candidates Carly Fiorina and Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina both suggested that <mask> should comply with the court order or resign. Several national Republican politicians supported <mask>.Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee, the former governor of Arkansas, said that the <mask> affair was part of a "criminalization of Christianity" and organized a rally for <mask> outside the jail where she had been held. Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, another


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 Republican presidential candidate, said that <mask> was a victim of "judicial tyranny" and attended the same rally. Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal and Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky, also presidential candidates, both voiced their support for <mask>. Matt Bevin, the Republican nominee for Kentucky governor in the 2015 election, said a simple solution to <mask>'s plight is for the government to stop providing marriage contracts. A survey of American adults conducted by YouGov in September 2015 found that 56% supported Judge Bunning's decision to jail <mask> for contempt of court, while 31% of Americans opposed the decision. When asked what <mask> should do, 65% said that <mask> should resign from office; 23% said that <mask> should stay in office and continue to refuse to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples; and 4% said that <mask> should remain in office but issue licenses to all persons legally entitled to one. Opposition by other court clerks
Other court clerks in the U.S. have also refused to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.The probate judges of several counties in Alabama have stopped issuing marriage licenses to anyone. Probate Judge Nick Williams of Washington County, Alabama, said he stopped issuing licenses altogether to avoid discrimination and said, "I completely disagree with the authority the Supreme Court has." Probate Judge John Enslen of Elmore County, Alabama, said the federal government, not state probate offices, should be the entity issuing same-sex marriage licenses. <mask> (unrelated to <mask>), a clerk in Casey County, Kentucky, said, "We've not tried to prevent same-sex marriages, we've only tried to exercise our

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 First Amendment rights", adding that such applicants could apply in other counties. Kay Schwartz, a clerk in Whitley County, Kentucky, felt oppressed: "There's a law against bullying ... Why take away the majority's right [just] to give the minority their rights?" She suggested the possibility of other options to meet the needs of same-sex applicants, such as an online service. The ACLU has no plans for legal action against other court clerks or probate judges.National attention has not been on them as the ACLU brought no case against them, speculated University of Kentucky political science professor D. B. Riggle: "The action in Rowan County may be in part due to the availability of plaintiffs for a case." Decisions and issues

Under Kentucky law, a commonwealth's attorney has the power to indict various local officials including "judges-executives, justices of the peace, sheriffs, coroners, surveyors, jailers, county attorneys and constables" for "malfeasance in office or willful neglect in the discharge of official duties" (an offense punishable by removal from office and a fine of up to $1,000); however, the statute doesn't include county clerks. USA Today writer Andrew Wolfson blamed "some reason lost to history" for the omission. Because <mask> is an elected official, she cannot simply be fired. For <mask> to be removed from the office of county clerk, impeachment proceedings must be initiated by the Kentucky House of Representatives and charges for impeachment brought to the Kentucky Senate. After being denied a license four times, one couple asked the Rowan County Attorney's Office to investigate <mask> for official misconduct, a misdemeanor under

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