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<mask>-Wilks (born Melbourne 1979) is an Australian artist. While working primarily as a painter, Howard-Wilks is also a ceramicist and animator and has worked in the Arts Project Australia studio since 2000. His diverse subject matter explores themes such as the Australian landscape, seascapes, and Australian Rules Football. With a fine attention to detail and a special interest in oceanic and environmental imagery, Howard-Wilks' works have been widely exhibited both Australia-wide and internationally. His works are held within many collections, most notably at the National Gallery of Australia and the Museum of Contemporary Art. He is viewed as an important figure in outsider art in Australia. Early life and education
Howard-Wilks was encouraged in artistic pursuits by his mother, also an artist, from a young age.However, it wasn't until he attended Churinga at the age of 20 where he began working with the artist-in-residence there that he started to make art seriously. Following this time Howard-Wilks studied art at TAFE and, at the age of 22, began attending Arts Project Australia. While Howard-Wilks has received no formal fine art training, the artist's participation at Arts Project Australia's studio program has seen Howard-Wilks develop his very singular style. Career, themes and style
Howard-Wilks works independently, often painting from memory. His subject matter reflects his personal interests and often depicts the Australian landscape, Australian Rules Football, marine life and trains. Howard-Wilks’ paintings are often characterised by the construction of unique perspectives and compositions, which emphasizes the spatial vastness of the sky and clouds. Rather than producing realist depictions, Howard-Wilks’ imagery combines his acute observations with his use of reference material.As the environmental arts organisation CLIMARTE has noted, Howard-Wilks "is dedicated to exploring themes such as Australian landscapes, seascapes, the environment, football and more specifically, sharks, magpies and trains." This echoes the sentiments of journalist Julia Irwin, who states that "The inspiration


type: original

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 for his [Howard-Wilks'] detailed gouache painting stems from his diverse interests including Australian animals and plants, trains and his favourite football team — Collingwood." Howard-Wilks' practice is also meticulously detailed in its unity of seemingly disparate references. This ability, as art critic Dan Rule writes, "creates wild hyper-natural scenes awash with giant crocodiles, sharks and an ever-present magpie, each of which shift in scale, prominence and perspective." Continuing Howard-Wilks ongoing interest in environmental issues and climate change, in 2016 the painter collaborated with esteemed artist Jon Campbell for the CLIMARTE 2016 Poster Project. The pair produced a work based upon the environmental degradation of the Great Barrier Reef which was praised for its ability to "encourage people to think about the damage we are doing to the reef’s fragile ecosystems." Environmental and oceanic themes pervade Howard-Wilks' work, "illustrating his concerns for marine environments."As Howard-Wilks' career has developed, so has the commitment Howard-Wilks shows to his work, which is evident in the development of his animated films produced since 2004. Howard-Wilks' video works have been screened at events such as the 2004 Disability FIlm Festival (as part of the British Film Institute) and the Annual Westgarth Film Festival in Melbourne. With inclusion in numerous group exhibitions, Howard-Wilks has held two solo exhibitions at Arts Project Australia and Melbourne's West Space. 24–39. Collections
<mask>-Wilks is represented in the public collections of City of Melbourne, the Stuart Purves Collection, the National Gallery of Australia and the Museum of Contemporary Art (Sydney); the later as gifted by Henry Ergas. His work is also held in private collections. References

External links
 Arts Project Australia: http://www.artsproject.org.au/
 Artist page: http://www.artsproject.org.au/artworks/6199/Miles%20Howard-Wilks
 Biffa's Blog (written by Howard-Wilks’ mother): http://biffasbeautifulblog.blogspot.com.au

Outsider artists
Australian ceramists
Australian painters
Living people
1979


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<mask> is an American professor of geography at the University of Delaware. He is the former Director of the Center for Climatic Research at the same university and a former Delaware state climatologist. In September 2020, the Trump administration appointed him as deputy assistant secretary of commerce for observation and prediction at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Legates has spent much of his career casting doubt on the severity of climate change and the human causes of warming. He is affiliated with the Heartland Institute, a think tank that promotes climate change denial. Legates' viewpoint, as stated in a 2015 study that he co-authored, is that the Earth will experience about 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) warming over the 2000 to 2100 period. Early life and education
Legates received a bachelor's degree in 1982, a master's degree in 1985, and a Ph.D. in climatology in 1988, all from the University of Delaware.Scientific career

Legates is a professor of geography at the University of Delaware. He has also taught at Louisiana State University, the University of Oklahoma, and the University of Virginia. He has been a Visiting Research Scientist at the National Climate Data Center. Legates started his career working on precipitation probability modeling. He extended his research to the study of global precipitation and temperature measurement correlation  and performed critical analyses of the quality of traditional water budgeting methods applied to recent better quality measurement data. He also became concerned with the study of the applicability of global circulation prognostication models at the regional and local level. Legates and his team argued for the necessity of technological progress in precipitation measurement used for validating climate change scenarios, and for validation of existing data used for that purpose.They demonstrated disagreement between satellite-based and in-situ


texts: precipitation measurements, and pointed out inconsistencies among satellite data processing algorithms. Legates argued for a better adequacy of observation-based climatologies compared to those compiled subjectively. His team concluded  that uncorrected centered-pattern correlation statistics applied to the validation of general circulation prognostication models used to predict large-scale climate change may be inappropriate and may yield erroneous results. They proposed modified goodness of fit test methods more suitable for use in hydrologic and hydroclimate model validation. Legates and his coworkers became concerned with the quality of surface instrumental temperature data analysis, treatment and presentation of trends used in the communication of global warming research results. He co-developed methods to correct biases in gauge-measured precipitation data for wind and temperature effects, with direct applicability in climate change, hydrology and environmental impact studies. His group observed that gauge undercatch was mostly caused by wind turbulence—especially for snow—and has a significant effect on the calculated Arctic water budget.They also studied the correlation between the observed variability in Western US snowpack accumulation and atmospheric circulation in historical measurement data and developed temperature-snowfall correlations based on first principles and observation in order to improve the global radiation balance estimation used in climate change predictions. Legates also developed a calibration method which validates NEXRAD radar precipitation data with gauge measurements to improve the accuracy of precipitation estimates. Legates and his coworkers extended their research to the development of correlations between satellite crop imaging data and landscape change, crop type and its evolution, and their effects of global climate change. They have also tackled rainfed crop management,


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 modeling and optimization. The group developed a hydrologic model based on meteorological, soil and vegetation measurement data. His groups has demonstrated poor quality of correlation between hydrological cycle data, global runoff and global warming. Legates and coauthors (including Willie Soon, Sallie Baliunas, and Timothy F. Ball) authored a controversial (and non peer-reviewed) paper in the journal Ecological Complexity attempting to disprove an increase in Hudson Bay temperatures in the past 70 years, and cautioning about polar bear-human interaction as a likely cause for any observed decline in bear populations.In this paper the authors expressed doubts regarding the predictive quality of global warming models at the entire Arctic scale and any extrapolation of polar bear population trends. Legates's research has been funded by Koch Industries, the American Petroleum Institute, and ExxonMobil. Climate change
Legates has published research papers, opinion editorials, and spoken openly in opposition to the scientific consensus on climate change. More recently, he has been known for his dismissal of anthropogenic cause of the observed global warming patterns and the severity of its consequences at the local geographical scale. Legates is a signer of the Oregon Petition, which stated: "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gasses is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. Moreover, there is substantial scientific evidence that increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide produce many beneficial effects upon the natural plant and animal environments of the Earth". In his testimony to the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works regarding the Mann, Bradley and Hughes hockey stick graph, Legates summed up his position as: "Where


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 we differ with Dr. Mann and his colleagues is in their construction of the hemispheric averaged time-series, their assertion that the 1990s are the warmest decade of the last millennium, and that human influences appear to be the only significant factor on globally averaged air temperature."In his lectures, Legates has acknowledged that humans have a direct impact on the environment. However he has disputed large scale climatological studies where he claims that researchers fail to incorporate sufficient data involving increased solar activity, water vapor as a greenhouse gas, data contamination through expansion of the urban heat island effect surrounding data collection points, and many other key variables in addition to the human chemical emissions that are the sole focus of many climatological studies. In October 2009, Dr. Legates and 34 cosigners submitted a letter to the EPA outlining specific objections to the proposed endangerment rule. Legates is a signatory of the Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation's "An Evangelical Declaration on Global Warming". In February 2007, Delaware governor Ruth Ann Minner wrote a letter to Legates, then Delaware's state climatologist, stating, "Your views on climate change, as I understand them, are not aligned with those of my administration." The governor went on to write:

Legates continued to serve as Delaware's climatologist until 2011. Legates was a co-author of a 2015 study published by the Chinese Science Bulletin  that used a simple climate model predicting an overall trend of approximately 1.0 C warming for the 2000 to 2100 period, drawing upon the historical record of approximately 0.34 C warming from 1990 to 2014.The study's authors, a team made up of Legates with Dr. Willie Soon, Dr. William M. Briggs, and Lord Christopher Monckton, stated that they somewhat agreed with the IPCC's ideas but found the organization's temperature predictions to be


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 largely overstated. The study specifically asserted that warming "may be no more than one-third to one-half of IPCC's summary of current projections". Think tanks
Legates is affiliated with the Heartland Institute, a leading promoter of climate change denial. When the Heartland Institute presented him with a Courage in Defense of Science Award at its climate conference in 2015, Legates said it was recognition for having been “beaten over the head by a bunch of thugs,” meaning climate scientists and politicians who criticized his work. He also was a senior scientist of the now closed-down Marshall Institute, and has been a research fellow with the Independent Institute, and an adjunct scholar of the Competitive Enterprise Institute. Trump administration
In September 2020, Legates was appointed as deputy assistant secretary of commerce for observation and prediction at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the Trump administration. Many observers believe that Legates does not have the competence or objectivity for this position.While detailed to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy Legates commissioned a set of nine briefs known as the "Climate Change Fliers," released in January 2021. The briefs attacked the consensus on climate change, many were written by prominent climate change deniers. The briefs were not vetted and not issued by OSTP. Nevertheless they were published with an Executive Office of the President seal and bore a White House OSTP copyright. The head of the agency ordered the documents withdrawn and terminated Legates from his OSTP position. References

External links
 U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works Hearing Statement - 07/29/2003

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American climatologists
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration personnel
Trump administration personnel
University of Delaware faculty
University of


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<mask> OBE is a British bridge engineer. He grew up in Carlisle and studied at the Carlisle Technical College before achieving a degree in civil engineering from the University of Leeds. <mask> began his career as a design engineer at Ove Arup & Partners and served as their representative during the construction of the Kessock Bridge. He thereafter joined the contractor Morrison and was their chief engineer for the construction of the Dornoch Firth and Kylesku Bridges. Under <mask>'s direction the company won some of the first Private Finance Initiative infrastructure contracts in the UK. He transferred to Anglian Water after that company purchased Morrison in 2000 and became their head of health and safety. After a brief early retirement he returned as a consultant for WS Atkins and to lead a £2.2 billion water infrastructure partnership programme.He returned from retirement for a second time to act as Galliford Try (who had purchased Morrison Construction in 2005) representative on the board of the company constructing the £1.4 billion Queensferry Crossing. In 2014 he was appointed project director for all companies in the contracting joint venture and oversaw the project's completion in 2017. Early life
<mask> grew up in Denton Holme, Carlisle, the son of <mask>, a lecturer at Carlisle Technical College. As a child he would play on the Holme Head Bridge across the River Caldew and was once, at the age of three, taken home to his parents by a stranger who found him scrambling along the outside of the bridge. A family friend later showed <mask> his back issues of the New Civil Engineer magazine and, attracted by what appeared to him as "marvellous salaries of up to £3,000 a year" and opportunities to work overseas, <mask> became determined to become a civil engineer. <mask> failed his eleven-plus exams for grammar school entry and attended Robert Ferguson School. He subsequently studied at Carlisle Technical College

masks:
Michael Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Julie Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin


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 where he first met his future-wife, Mary McFeeters, whilst suffering from a footballing injury in which he sustained facial damage and lost two teeth.<mask> passed five A-levels which enabled him to study a civil engineering degree at the University of Leeds. Bridge engineer

<mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1975 and began working for Ove Arup & Partners. He spent the first three years working out of an office in London on projects including the design of Brighton Marina. A keen outdoorsman, city life did not agree with him and <mask> contemplated emigrating to Canada. This ambition was thwarted when he approached the Canadian Embassy one Saturday but found that it was closed. One of his colleagues suggested that he instead apply for a position as the client representative during construction of the Kessock Bridge, Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. <mask> left Arup after the Kessock Bridge was completed in 1980 and joined Scottish infrastructure firm Morrison.<mask> had intended to return to Arup after gaining a couple of years' experience with a contractor but would remain with Morrison for much of the rest of his career. His initial role was to estimate the costs of temporary works required during construction. In 1984 he was appointed chief engineer for the construction of the Kylesku Bridge in Sutherland, which had been designed by his former colleagues at Ove Arup. There was a great level of detail required on this project as the structure was curved and <mask> drew more than 250 drawings to explain technical aspects of the design to site personnel. <mask> later described the lifting into place of the central 25m span of the bridge, witnessed by hundreds of people and several television crews, as the most nerve-wracking experience of his life – made more so by the unexpected tooting of a tug's horn as a celebration. The project was not commercially successful but made <mask>'s reputation as a

masks: Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin


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 leading bridge engineer. Between 1988 and 1991 <mask> served as chief engineer during the design and construction of the half-mile long Dornoch Firth Bridge.He later headed Morrison's team working on a bid for the proposed Skye Bridge. <mask> opted for a more conservative design which eventually lost the bid to a cheaper, more complex proposal which would later encounter technical difficulties in construction. <mask> successfully won bids for the construction and maintenance of the A69 Haltwhistle Bypass, the first Private Finance Initiative (PFI) highways project in the country; a £250mn contract for Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and the first ever PFI contracts for Scottish Water and the Ministry of Defence. Director
After the 1991 purchase of Shand Civil Engineering by Morrison Construction, <mask> was appointed director of the newly acquired international business. He was responsible for carrying out works in Dubai, Ghana, South Africa and the former USSR particularly in the petrochemical field. Whilst in Russia on business he was in Red Square just weeks after it had been the scene of the failed coup of 1993. Under <mask>'s direction Morrison won a five-year tender for works for the Falklands Islands Government to assist in recovery from the 1982 war.This win contradicted his previous position of maintaining a tighter focus on international bids but led to a long-term relationship with the Falklands Islands and the British Antarctic Survey which continues to this day. <mask> was appointed head of Morrison's infrastructure division and after the company's floatation on the London Stock Exchange in 1996 was appointed to its main board. The company was purchased by Anglian Water in 2000 and <mask> was appointed to their board, soon becoming the only former-Morrison director to sit there. <mask> led Anglian Water's engineering and programme management business before being appointed head of its Morrison Construction division


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 and later the facilities management division. The latter two divisions were divested by Anglian Water in 2005 to Galliford Try and <mask> remained at Anglian Water as their head of health and safety, being responsible for introducing a new group-wide health and safety scheme. <mask> took early retirement at the age of 52 to spend more time on his hobbies of salmon fishing and golf. Shortly after retirement <mask> returned to work as a consultant for engineering consultancy WS Atkins.Six months into retirement he was approached to become chief operating officer of Scottish Water Solutions, a partnership of Scottish Water and several private companies responsible for delivering 2,500 water infrastructure projects totaling £2.2 billion. After completion of their programme of works <mask> retired for the second time. Queensferry Crossing

<mask> returned from retirement for a second time at the request of former colleagues at Galliford Try in 2012. He was asked to represent the company on the board of the Forth Crossing Bridge Constructors (FCBC) joint venture (Galliford Try were working in conjunction with American Bridge, Hochtief and Dragados) working to construct the £1.4 billion Queensferry Crossing. Two years later the FCBC project director (Hochtief's Carlo Germani) resigned to work in Qatar and <mask> was asked to become his replacement. The bridge construction involved more than 15,000 workers, of whom up to 1,500 were on site at any one time. The crossing is the largest three-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world and opened in August 2017.<mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of his role in the bridge's construction. Personal life
<mask> has two sons and two grandchildren. References

People from Carlisle, Cumbria
English civil engineers
British bridge engineers
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Officers of the Order of the British


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<mask> (March 9, 1906 – December 4, 1969), also known by the pen name Robert Stebbins was an American film director and editor. <mask> is best known for two documentary films: The Quiet One, which he wrote and directed, and for which he was nominated for an Oscar for Best Original Screenplay; and British Academy of Film and Television Arts winner The Savage Eye, which he co-directed, co-produced and co-scripted with Joseph Strick and Ben Maddow. Biography
<mask> was born in New York City on March 9, 1906 and grew up in East Harlem, then a teeming immigrant neighborhood. He was the eldest child of Abraham and Ida (née Rudock) <mask>, who had immigrated from Poland to the United States around the start of the 20th century. Abraham, a paper-hanger and activist in the Painters and Paper-hangers Union, District Council 9, of the AFL, supported the family as best he could. It was noticed early on that <mask> loved music; a Jewish charitable women's organization arranged for him to have the use of a violin and to receive music lessons when he was a young school-child. During his years at De Witt Clinton High School Meyers played in the school's award-winning orchestra and joined the American Orchestral Society.While at the City College of New York, majoring in English literature, he continued to play the violin, and later the viola. On completing his studies he spent some three years as a member of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, then conducted by Maestro Fritz Reiner. On his return to New York City, where he lived for the rest of his life with his wife Edna (née Ocko) and their son Nicholas, Meyers

masks:
Sidney Meyers
Sidney Meyers
Sidney Meyers
Meyers
Sidney


texts: became interested in film-making and began to search for work in the fields of directing and editing, while playing the violin and viola in a Work Projects Administration orchestra. As was the case with many sons and daughters of immigrant families during the seemingly-endless Great Depression, he was drawn to left-wing political ideas. Using the pen-name of Robert Stebbins he wrote on the cinema for the left-wing arts magazine New Theatre. <mask> worked for the Federal Arts Project of the Work Projects Administration; in 1937 his film People of the Cumberland appeared under its auspices. During World War II, <mask> served first as the chief American film editor for the British Ministry of Information and later worked as a film editor for the U.S. Office of War Information.After the end of the War Meyers established a career as a free-lance film editor. He collaborated with directors, producers and other film artists, all of whom felt that his contribution was not limited to editing, as central as the latter may be to the work. Indeed he is best remembered for those films which he directed and wrote, and for which he served as consultant. Meyers's television editing credits include supervision of the CBS television series East Side, West Side; The Power and the  Glory with Laurence Olivier; The Slaves, with Dionne Warwick; the Wisdom Series; Assignment India; Assignment – Southeast Asia. The Quiet One, which Meyers directed and scripted, established him as one of the leaders in the genre of documentary drama. Meyers collaborated with Ben Maddow and Joseph Strick in the production of The Savage

masks: Meyers Meyers


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 Eye, and with Samuel Beckett and Alan Schneider on Film (film). His contribution to Edge of the City was  vital.<mask> continued to work until his untimely death from cancer in 1969: he served as consultant for The Queen (1968), and was script consultant for Joseph Strick's film adaptation of James Joyce's Ulysses. Shortly before his death he completed the editing of Joseph Strick's The Tropic of Cancer. Shortly after his death, the <mask>s Memorial Scholarship Fund was established at the City College of New York. Film editing in the pre-digital era
Until well after <mask>'s death the main tool of film editing was the Moviola (or Movieola), a machine in which film was viewed, cut, and recombined manually. Ralph Rosenblum, who was mentored by <mask>, describes the exhausting process from the editor's point of view: "I sit in a corner at one of the Moviolas piecing together a sequence that was shot from five different perspectives. I work quickly, long lengths of film flying through my white-gloved right hand. I stop, mark the film with a grease pencil, fly on, make another mark, cut, splice together the desired portions, and hang up the trims, pieces of deleted film.… Five film barrels crowd the cutting room, with long trims hanging into them from an overhead rod. There's a lot of film on the floor—not rejected film, as the cliché has it, but film that's in the process of being reviewed or edited or wound" (When the Shooting Stops, pp. 5–6). The Quiet One
Meyers is arguably best remembered for The Quiet One (1948), a documentary which he directed, and for which he was one of the script writers.

masks:
Meyers
Sidney Meyer
Meyers
Meyers


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 The documentary tells the story of the rehabilitation of a young, emotionally disturbed African-American boy; it contains text written by James Agee and narrated by Gary Merrill. In a 1949 review, Bosley Crowther defined the film: "Out of the tortured experiences of a 10-year-old Harlem Negro boy, cruelly rejected by his loved ones but rescued by the people of the Wiltwyck School, a new group of local film-makers has fashioned a genuine masterpiece in the way of a documentary drama." The still photographer Helen Levitt was one of the film's cinematographers and writers, along with the painter Janice Loeb.Ulysses Kay wrote the score for the film. The film's three writers - <mask>, Loeb, and Levitt - were nominated for the Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Academy Award; the film itself was also nominated for the Best Documentary Feature Academy Award. The National Board of Review named The Quiet One the second best film of 1949. Edge of the City
Edge of the City (1957), which Meyers edited, was directed by Martin Ritt and starred John Cassavetes, <mask>, Jack Warden, Kathleen Maguire and Ruby Dee. The score was composed by Leonard Rosenman. Edge of the City was based on Robert Alan Arthur's screenplay which was the final episode of The Philco Television Playhouse: "A Man Is Ten Feet Tall" (1955). Although produced by MGM the film received a low budget; MGM feared that because of its racial content it could not be shown in the southern US, and indeed because of the refusal of theaters in the South and elsewhere to screen the film, it was not a commercial success.The film was considered unusual for

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Meyers
Sidney Poitier


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 its time not only because of its portrayal of an interracial friendship, but also because the main African-American character was in a position of authority over the white; and also due to hints that the character played by Cassavetes might be homosexual. Edge of the City was praised by representatives of the NAACP, the Urban League, the American Jewish Committee, among others, for its courageous depiction of an interracial friendship. The Savage Eye
The Savage Eye (1959) is a documentary drama which conflates a dramatic narration of the life of a divorced woman with documentary camera footage from an unnamed American city (actually Los Angeles) in the 1950s. It stars Barbara Baxley. The film was written, produced, directed, and edited by <mask>, Ben Maddow and Joseph Strick. The camera footage was done by cinematographers Haskell Wexler, Helen Levitt and Jack Couffer; the music is by Leonard Rosenman. The Savage Eye won the 1960 BAFTA Flaherty Documentary Award as well as several film festival prizes.The Savage Eye belongs to the cinema vérité movement of the 1950s and '60s. In the words of John Hagan: "One can see how, in its study of a woman whose marital problems have estranged her from the world, it anticipated, if not influenced, such films as The Misfits, Red Desert, and Juliet of the Spirits." Influences
Among those cinematic currents which may be said to have influenced <mask>'s work were Romanticism: notably Robert J. Flaherty's Nanook of the North (1922). The latter was filmed on site, using local people and claiming to show their lives as they really were. Such films were staged,


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 however; Flaherty famously had his subject kill a walrus with a harpoon rather than use his gun. Another major influence on young film-makers of the 1920s and '30s was Realism. The latter, largely a European tradition, included "city symphony" films, which aimed to show people as products of the man-made environment in which they lived.Walter Ruttman's Berlin, Symphony of a City (1927), is an example. In the USSR Kino-Pravda ("cinematic truth") was developed by Dziga Vertov, who created Soviet news-reels during the 1920s. According to Vertov's cinematic philosophy the movie, via techniques such as slow motion, time lapse, fast motion, close-ups and of course editing, could produce a rendition of reality more accurate than that perceived by the human eye. <mask>'s influence can be discerned in cinema verité and its close relative direct cinema. Enabled by the development of convenient, portable cameras and means of synchronizing sound, cinema verité often involved following a person during moments of personal crisis. The place of editing in creating the final artistic product is so central that the editor is on occasion given credit as consultant, or even co-director. Legacy
Shortly before his death <mask> began to write notes for a book which was never published.The following is from these notes:

"On one level film editing is like editing in general, literary editing, writing a piece of literature, preparing a book review or any presentation, selling an idea, putting it over. General principles maintain, clarity of ideas, coherence, emphasis on chief idea, lining up of proofs, and


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 substantiation, avoidance of repetition, avoidance of belaboring the obvious, in other words, granting the reader intelligence but at the same time stressing value of your contribution to his fund of knowledge. A sense of when you've made your case and that any further exposition on it will be overdoing matters. These are by no means easy objectives to attain but necessary to obtain, nevertheless. ... The film is very different. It is an expression in continuity.Its own qualities, its own dynamics. There is no turning back or leaping ahead unless you are permitted to do so by the film itself. Film is a Form in Continuity, within a more or less restricted frame. This frame is its entire world. Nothing exists outside of it. And whatever happens within it is autonomous." The Quiet One: lyric poetry of the Fair Deal.Film Culture  58-60  ( 1974)
 Crowther, Bosley. "'The Quiet One,' Documentary of a Rejected Boy, Arrives at the Little Carnegie," The New York Times February 14, 1949. Gilliard, B.L. The Quiet One: a conversation with Helen Levitt, Janice Loeb and Bill Levitt. Film Culture  63-64  ( 1977)
 Gow, Gordon. <mask>. Film Dope n43 Jan (1990): 1-2.Hagan, John. "Ben Maddow". In Pendergast, Tom; Pendergast, Sara. International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers, Edition 4. St. James Press, 2000. Kline, Herbert, ed. New Theater and Film 1934-1937.Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. Leyda, Jay. Vision is my dwelling place. Film Culture  58-60  ( 1974)
 Rosenblum, Ralph and Robert Karen. When the Shooting Stops…the Cutting Begins. Penguin, 1980. Sadoul, Georges and Peter Morris.Dictionary of Film Makers.


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 U of California Press, 1972. "<mask>, movie director". [obituary] NY Times, Dec. 5, 1969. Stebbins, Robert [<mask>]. The Movie: 1902-1917. New Theater and Film 1934-1937.Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. pp. 234–7. Stebbins, Robert [<mask>]. The Films Make History. New Theater and Film 1934-1937. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. pp. 271–4.Stebbins, Robert [<mask>]. Month of Bounties. New Theater and Film 1934-1937. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. pp. 274–9. Stebbins, Robert [<mask>, 1985. pp. 316–320. External links

Allmovie bio

1906 births
1969 deaths
American documentary filmmakers
American film editors
City College of New York alumni
Civil servants in the Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
Film directors from New York City
People of the United States Office of War

masks:
Sidney Meyers
Sidney Meyers
Sidney Meyers
Sidney Meyers
Sidney Meyersvanovich


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<mask>  (born 5 February 1941 in Annotto Bay, Jamaica) is a Canadian architect known for founding Henriquez & Todd with Robert Todd in 1969 which evolved over 50 years to become the Henriquez Partners Architects of today. His projects are known for its blend of unique design with its historical context. His accumulation of work are celebrated by dozens of awards including the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Gold Medal in 2005, Governor Generals Medal in 1994  and the Order of Canada in 2017. He is currently a Principal at Henriquez Partners, along with his son <mask> who assumed the role of Managing Principal in 2005. Design approach
<mask> was known for his focus on the place of memory and history in his work. He believed that contemporary buildings are disconnected with the past and so his architecture carries a memory which he calls "issue is continuity between the past, the future and the present, and making people aware of their place in time and space." In a particular interview, <mask> notes that Roman cities were laid out by cardines (running north to south) and decamanus (running east to west), all in line with the rising sun.He believed that cities once had a relationship to nature, and wanted to take inspiration from the past. He incorporates historic elements in a variety of ways such as relating the archaeology of the site to the traditional mythic stories that were passed down the generation. He also explored the depths of spatial relationships beyond the quintessential floor heights, material, setback, etc. but in their cosmic and metaphorical relationships elements. <mask> says his work is "not to invoke nostalgia but to rather give people a new way of looking at what they take for granted." He was also known for bringing a distinct style of high-density urban design to Vancouver, designing buildings that have slim proportions, low rise buildings, view corridors and parks that create livable

masks:
Richard George Henriquez
Gregory Henriquez
Richard Henriquez
Henriquez
Henriquez


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 communities. A notable example would be the Sylvia hotel tower, with large glazing area and thin floorplates that influence the high rises of Vancouver for years to come.Childhood influences
<mask> was born from a modest family. When <mask> was three years old, a hurricane almost destroyed his family's home. Later that year, he discovered his father - an agricultural instructor drafted in the war - was killed in action. Due to these circumstances, <mask> and his siblings went on to live with their grandparents while the mother worked. During his time with his grandparents, <mask> would hear stories on how his grandparents and his father lived in the past. Although he lacked first-hand contact with his father, he valued objects his father made before his passing such as wooden bowls and furniture. <mask> comments that his interest in history may have stemmed from his absent father, inspiring the architectural work that he produced over the years.<mask> also credits his grand-uncle for his inspiration of pursuing architecture. His grand-uncle was a multifaceted artisan that was a sculptor, painter, architect and an engineer. This influenced young <mask> to follow his footsteps and explored artistic endeavors such as creating sculptures out of limestone and painting. None of his other 2 brothers and 2 sisters followed the same artistic pursuits, although his older sister, Kay Levy, worked in the early days of the firm as the bookkeeper and office manager. Growing up in Jamaica had affected <mask>'s design sensibility. In Jamaica, material was costly while labor was cheap and therefore, <mask> believed that nothing of value should go to waste and should be instead reused. Education
Once <mask> graduated from highschool, he immediately pursued his Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Manitoba in Canada from 1958–1964.The program was highly technical and even included four years of structural engineering in

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 its curriculum. The school provided <mask> with a strong technical base and taught him the construction and how to build buildings, but all his work was still constrained to reality and any superfluous work was considered illegitimate. Upon graduation, <mask> returned to Jamaica to work for McMorris Sibley Robinson Architects. It was here where he took on over a dozen projects including corporate, cultural and domestic projects. Many of these residential projects, were situated on hilltop sites or steep slopes, giving <mask> experience later in his life when he designs for Vancouver's hilly topography. <mask> eventually attended MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) to complete his master's degree. It was here that he developed his theoretical and philosophical views in architecture that would be the basis of his work for years to come.For his final thesis project, <mask> developed a conceptual scheme of a satellite town for 100,000 people near Germantown, Maryland. His project was an exploration of flexibility, adaptability, which <mask> puts as “allowing them freedom to live as they choose and meaningful choice as to where and how they live”. <mask> had always designed for, however it was in this project when he started to develop his philosophical stances in architecture. The project was deeply influenced by his supervisor, Lubicz-Nycz who believed that architecture is spiritual, where it must honor the past and carry its narrative, while allowing future growth. This narrative approach becomes and integral part of <mask>'s design process in his future works. Selected projects

Sylvia Hotel Tower
The Sylvia Hotel Tower, built in 1984 was an addition to the Edward Sylvia Hotel (a once popular Vancouver hotel, and a current designated heritage landmark) located near the Vancouver waterfront. <mask> designed the building by drawing inspiration from its unique site conditions and adjacencies.On the site's

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 immediate east are the 1958 Ocean Towers, both eighteen-stories tall, slab-form apartment building built in Miami Modern style. On its west side is the Sylvia Hotel, built originally as a luxury apartment but was converted to be a  luxury hotel to keep up with the finances during the economic downturn of the roaring twenties. The Sylvia hotel had a "streaky bacon style" aesthetic, meaning it was a brick building with its base and corner cornice capitals made of strips of stone in a lighter color. The main tower itself contained both aesthetic elements of the historic Sylvia tower and the more progressive Ocean Towers of the time. However, the design avoids typical postmodernist strategy of combining bits and pieces of the building to create a hybrid building, but instead, the two polarizing characteristics of the adjacent buildings are distinctly separated and juxtaposed. It is analogous to a clash between the polarizing "black" against the "white" rather than the typical homogenous "grey" of postmodern design. On the seaward corner of the building are floor-to-ceiling glazing that reveal the building's concrete structural frame, and oriented at a 30 degree angle against the cartesian site grid which frames the mountainous views across the waters.The building also introduced the "small-plate" style tower to Vancouver, which has become a defining characteristic of Vancouver's downtown peninsula high-rises. In 1999, Canadian Architect magazine deemed the tower to be one of the most influential Canadian buildings of the twentieth century. Sinclair Centre
The Sinclair Centre, is a federal government office complex with a shopping complex at grade that was built by Henriquez Partners Architects in collaboration with Toby Russell Buckwell Architects in 1986. The Sinclair Centre was originally four separate historic buildings, but the renovation unified the buildings into one shopping mall by connecting them in a glazed


texts:
 atrium. The federal government's wanted to have more of a presence of public services in Vancouver. Therefore, The program of Sinclair Centre was called to transform an entire block into government office complex mixed with retail and public functions and replacing the image of the building from being austere to being open and accessible. A main objective in the architecture is to create an open concept space, and therefore the creation of a T-shaped galleria.The design of the building preserved each of the four building's historic character and individuality while the glazing was designed in a neutral manner. The building is named after James Sinclair, a businessman and politician that was the former president of Lafarge Cement in North America and the maternal grandfather of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Memory Theatre
Memory Theatre is an exhibition showcasing twenty-five years of accomplishment by <mask>. It was a travelling exhibition co-produced by the Canadian Centre for Architecture and Vancouver Art Gallery in 1993. The exhibition was physically a cylindrical structure that was held up by a surveyor's tripod and accessed by a bridge. Once visitors enter the cylindrical structure, they will be surrounded by ten cabinets with glass cases that contain found objects ranging from a diversity of architectural models, notes, sculptures, drawings, letters and photographs that demonstrate <mask>'s creative process. Right at the centre of the Theatre is a cylindrical globe.On top of the pole of the globe is Vancouver. By picking a point on the model, the device can be made to point towards the true objective. The architect did so as a way to contrast the Copernican model of the earth by having the earth as the centre of the universe. It shows that the present time and place to be conscious of one's narrative. as memory is used to pinpoint the present. References

Canadian architects
Living people
1941

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<mask> "Mick" <mask> (born 21 October 1969) is an Australian former rugby league footballer. An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played in the Brisbane Broncos first five Grand Final victories in 1992, 1993, 1997 Super League, 1998 and 2000. At the time of his retirement from football in Australia in 2000 he held the Broncos' club records for most career appearances. He played out the rest of his career in England with the Salford City Reds and retired in 2002. Early career
<mask> started out playing in the under 16's/18's and A Grade in the Toowoomba rugby league for the Stanthorpe Gremlins. A young  from Stanthorpe, Queensland, <mask> starred as a 17-year-old for the Toowoomba Clydesdales in the Winfield State League. First grade career
In 1988, <mask> joined the Brisbane Broncos for the club's initial season in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership as a member of the first Brisbane run-on team that thrashed defending premiers the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 44–10 in 1988's season opener at Brisbane's Lang Park in a side that included representative players Wally Lewis (captain), Colin Scott, Joe Kilroy, Gene Miles, Allan Langer, Bryan Niebling, Greg Dowling and Greg Conescu.In 1989, <mask> made his début for the Queensland Maroons, becoming the then-youngest footballer of either state to play in a State of Origin series and scored two tries in the 36–6 win over NSW at Lang Park. He then made his Test début on the 1989 mid-season tour of New Zealand while still a teenager. Having already represented his state in all three matches of that year’s Origin series, he also played in all six matches on the New Zealand tour, scoring three tries. He played in all three Tests against the Kiwis and

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 scored his first try in test football in Australia's 8–0 win in the second test at the Rotorua International Stadium on 16 July. He was known for his strength, elusiveness and a wide-legged running style that allowed him to change direction sharply and sometimes several times as he approached opposition defences. <mask> was named the 1989 Brisbane Broncos season's rookie of the year. 1990s
In 1990 <mask> missed the one-off Test against France with a hamstring injury, but regained his spot on the wing for the test against New Zealand in Wellington where he scored a try in Australia's 24–6 win.He was then selected for the 1990 Kangaroo Tour of Great Britain and France at the end of the 1990 NSWRL season. Unfortunately, an ankle injury suffered in Australia's 19–14 loss to Great Britain in the first test loss at Wembley, London limited him to just six games on the English leg of the tour and he lost his test spot to Broncos teammate Dale Shearer. The first test loss was something of a disaster for <mask> as his opposite winger Paul Eastwood crossed for two of the Lions three tries on the day. Although he returned to action, before the second Ashes series test, scoring a try in a 36–18 win over Halifax, Shearer's form was such (scoring a try in the Aussies 14–10 win at Old Trafford in the second test) that <mask> was unable to regain his test spot for the remainder of the tour. In 1991 he was overlooked for the mid-season Trans Tasman tests against New Zealand, nor could he gain a spot on the end of season tour of Papua New Guinea. He later regained his Test spot and played in all three Ashes tests against Great Britain during the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, helping Australia retain The Ashes. At the end of

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texts: the year <mask> was a member of the Broncos team that defeated the St George Dragons 28–8 in the 1992 Winfield Cup Grand Final.He then traveled to England where he played on the wing in Australia's 10–6 win over Great Britain in the 1992 World Cup Final in front of 73,631 fans at Wembley Stadium, London. <mask> had a solid game in the WCF, keeping St. Helens winger Alan Hunte quiet. A week after the Final, <mask> scored two tries in Brisbane's 22–8 victory over English champions Wigan in the 1992 World Club Challenge at Central Park. In winning the Broncos became the first Australian team to win the World Club Challenge on British soil. <mask> made his second tour of New Zealand in 1993, playing all three tests of the 1993 Trans-Tasman series and scoring his 5th and final test try in the third test at Lang Park. He played in Brisbane's second consecutive premiership win in 1993, again defeating St George in the Grand Final. During the 1994 NSWRL season, <mask> played at centre for Brisbane when they lost 20–14 against Wigan in the 1994 World Club Challenge in front of a WCC record attendance of 54,220 at Brisbane's ANZ Stadium.<mask> played his last test for Australia in 1994 against France in a 58–0 win at the Parramatta Stadium in Sydney. Called into the team after injury ruled out Broncos teammate Willie Carne, <mask> didn't score in the game but made a number of breaks and almost always had the hapless French grasping at air trying to tackle him. After being selected for his second Kangaroo Tour in 1994, his test career ended when he injured his shoulder in a training mishap only a week before the first Ashes test at Wembley. In a case of Déjà vu with 1990, he would return to the field before the tour ended, but wasn't able to regain

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 his test place either on tour or in the following years. 2000s
The advent of the unlimited interchange rule prolonged <mask>'s career, with coach Wayne Bennett opting to use him as an impact player on the wing or in the . The last of the foundation players to leave the club, it was only fitting then, in his thirteenth season with the same club, that he left the Broncos after the 14–6 victory over the Sydney Roosters in the 2000 NRL grand final to play out the rest of his career for Salford in England. Also in 2000 <mask> was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for his contribution to Australia's international standing in the sport of rugby league.At the time of his retirement, he held the record for most appearances for the Broncos until Darren Lockyer surpassed him in 2007, and was number two on the club's all-time top try-scorers list with 120 (second only to Steve Renouf's 142). Post-playing
In 2003, <mask> was one of the first four former players inducted into the Broncos official Hall of Fame. During the 2007 season at the Broncos' 20-year anniversary celebration, the club announced a list of the 20 best players to play for them to date which included <mask>. In 2008, rugby league in Australia's centenary year, <mask> was named on the wing in the Toowoomba and South West Team of the Century. <mask> has been involved in rugby league development encouraging children to take up the sport. References

External links

<mask> at yesterdayshero.com.au
<mask> at nrlstats.com

1969 births
Australia national rugby league team players
Salford Red Devils players
Brisbane Broncos players
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin players
Rugby league wingers
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Rugby league players from Queensland
Living

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texts: Harold Adrian Russell "<mask>" <mask>  (1 January 191211 May 1988) was a British intelligence officer and a double agent for the Soviet Union. In 1963 he was revealed to be a member of the Cambridge Five, a spy ring which had divulged British secrets to the Soviets during World War II and in the early stages of the Cold War. Of the five, <mask> is believed to have been most successful in providing secret information to the Soviets. Born in British India, <mask> was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. After leaving Cambridge, <mask> worked as a journalist, covering the Spanish Civil War and the Battle of France. In 1940 he began working for the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6).By the end of the Second World War he had become a high-ranking member. In 1949 <mask> was appointed first secretary to the British Embassy in Washington and served as chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies. During his career as an intelligence officer, he passed large amounts of intelligence to the Soviet Union, including a plot to subvert the communist regime of Albania. <mask> was also responsible for tipping off two other spies under suspicion of espionage, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess, both of whom subsequently fled to Moscow in May 1951. The defections of Maclean and Burgess cast suspicion over <mask>, resulting in his resignation from MI6 in July 1951. He was publicly exonerated in 1955, after which he resumed his career as both a journalist and a spy for SIS in Beirut, Lebanon. In January 1963, having finally been unmasked as a Soviet agent, <mask> defected to Moscow, where he lived until his death in 1988.Early

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 life
Born in Ambala, Punjab, British India, Harold Adrian <mask> was the son of Dora Johnston and St John <mask>, an author, Arabist and explorer. St John was a member of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) and later a civil servant in Mesopotamia, and advisor to King Ibn Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia. Nicknamed "<mask>" after the boy-spy in Rudyard Kipling's novel <mask>, <mask> attended Aldro preparatory school, an all-boys school located in Shackleford near Godalming in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. In his early teens, he spent some time with the Bedouin in the desert of Saudi Arabia. Following in the footsteps of his father, <mask> continued to Westminster School, which he left in 1928 at the age of 16. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history and economics. He graduated in 1933 with a 2:1 degree in Economics.At Cambridge, <mask> showed his "leaning towards communism," in the words of his father St John, who went on to write: "The only serious question is whether <mask> definitely intended to be disloyal to the government while in its service." Upon <mask>'s graduation, Maurice Dobb, a fellow of King's College, Cambridge and tutor in Economics, introduced him to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism, an organization based in Paris which attempted to aid the people victimized by Nazi Germany and provide education on oppositions to fascism. The organization was one of several fronts operated by German communist Willi Münzenberg, a member of the Reichstag who had fled to France in 1933. Early professional career

Vienna
In Vienna, working to aid refugees from Germany, <mask> met Litzi Friedmann (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of

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 Hungarian Jewish origins. Philby admired the strength of her political convictions and later recalled that at their first meeting:

A frank and direct person, Litzi came out and asked me how much money I had. I replied £100, which I hoped would last me about a year in Vienna. She made some calculations and announced, "That will leave you an excess of £25.You can give that to the International Organisation for Aid for Revolutionaries. We need it desperately." I liked her determination. <mask> acted as a courier between Vienna and Prague, paying for the train tickets out of his remaining £75 and using his British passport to evade suspicion. He also delivered clothes and money to refugees. Following the Austrofascist victory in the Austrian Civil War, <mask> and Friedmann married in February 1934, enabling her to escape to the United Kingdom with him two months later. It is possible that it was a Viennese-born friend of Friedmann's in London, Edith Tudor Hart – herself, at this time, a Soviet agent – who first approached Philby about the possibility of working for Soviet intelligence.In early 1934, Arnold Deutsch, a Soviet agent, was sent to University College London under the cover of a research appointment, but in reality had been assigned to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities. <mask> had come to the Soviets' notice earlier that year in Vienna, where he had been involved in demonstrations against the government of Engelbert Dollfuss. In June 1934, Deutsch recruited him to the Soviet intelligence services. <mask> later recalled:

Lizzy came home one evening and told me that she had arranged for me to meet a "man of decisive importance". I questioned her about it but she would give me

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 no details. The rendezvous took place in Regents Park. The man described himself as Otto.I discovered much later from a photograph in MI5 files that the name he went by was Arnold Deutsch. I think that he was of Czech origin; about 5 ft 7in, stout, with blue eyes and light curly hair. Though a convinced Communist, he had a strong humanistic streak. He hated London, adored Paris, and spoke of it with deeply loving affection. He was a man of considerable cultural background." <mask> recommended to Deutsch several of his Cambridge contemporaries, including Donald Maclean, who at the time was working in the Foreign Office, as well as Guy Burgess, despite his personal reservations about Burgess's erratic personality. London and Spain
In London, <mask> began a career as a journalist.He took a job at a monthly magazine, the World Review of Reviews, for which he wrote a large number of articles and letters (sometimes under a variety of pseudonyms) and occasionally served as "acting editor." <mask> continued to live in the United Kingdom with his wife for several years. At this point, however, <mask> and Friedmann separated. They remained friends for many years following their separation and divorced only in 1946, just following the end of World War II. When the Germans threatened to overrun Paris in 1940, where she was then living at this time, <mask> arranged for Friedmann's escape to Britain. In 1936 he began working at a failing trade magazine, the Anglo-Russian Trade Gazette, as editor. After the magazine's owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade, <mask> engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as Joachim von Ribbentrop, at that time the German ambassador in London.He

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texts: became a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship, an organization aiming at rebuilding and supporting a friendly relationship between Germany and the United Kingdom. The Anglo-German Fellowship, at this time, was supported both by the British and German governments, and <mask> made many trips to Berlin. In February 1937, <mask> travelled to Seville, Spain, then embroiled in a bloody civil war triggered by the coup d'état of Falangist forces under General Francisco Franco against the democratic government of President Manuel Azaña. <mask> worked at first as a freelance journalist; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for The Times, reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces. He also began working for both the Soviet and British intelligence, which usually consisted of posting letters in a crude code to a fictitious girlfriend, Mlle Dupont in Paris, for the Russians. He used a simpler system for MI6 delivering post at Hendaye, France, for the British embassy in Paris. When visiting Paris after the war, he was shocked to discover that the address that he used for Mlle Dupont was that of the Soviet embassy.His controller in Paris, the Latvian Ozolin-Haskins (code name Pierre), was shot in Moscow in 1937 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. His successor, Boris Bazarov, suffered the same fate two years later during the purges. Both the British and the Soviets were interested in analyzing the combat performance of the new Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter planes and Panzer I and Panzer II tanks deployed with Falangist forces in Spain. <mask> told the British, after a direct question to Franco, that German troops would never be permitted to cross Spain to attack Gibraltar. <mask>'s Soviet

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 controller at the time, Theodore Maly, reported in April 1937 to the NKVD that he had personally briefed <mask> on the need "to discover the system of guarding Franco and his entourage". Maly was one of the Soviet Union's most powerful and influential illegal controllers and recruiters. With the goal of potentially arranging Franco's assassination, <mask> was instructed to report on vulnerable points in Franco's security and recommend ways to gain access to him and his staff.However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon debriefing <mask> in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, [Philby] does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this [assassination] attempt." In December 1937, during the Battle of Teruel, a Republican shell hit just in front of the car in which <mask> was travelling with the correspondents Edward J. Neil of the Associated Press, Bradish Johnson of Newsweek, and Ernest Sheepshanks of Reuters. Johnson was killed outright, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of their injuries. <mask> suffered only a minor head wound. As a result of this accident, <mask>, who was well-liked by the Nationalist forces whose victories he trumpeted, was awarded the Red Cross of Military Merit by Franco on 2 March 1938. <mask> found that the award proved helpful in obtaining access to fascist circles:

"Before then," he later wrote, "there had been a lot of criticism of British journalists from Franco officers who seemed to think that the British in general must be a lot of Communists because so many were fighting with the International Brigades. After I had been wounded and decorated by Franco himself, I became known as 'the

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 English-decorated-by-Franco' and all sorts of doors opened to me."In 1938, Walter Krivitsky (born Samuel Ginsberg), a former GRU officer in Paris who had defected to France the previous year, travelled to the United States and published an account of his time in "Stalin's secret service". He testified before the Dies Committee (later to become the House Un-American Activities Committee) regarding Soviet espionage within the US. In 1940 he was interviewed by MI5 officers in London, led by Jane Archer. Krivitsky claimed that two Soviet intelligence agents had penetrated the Foreign Office and that a third Soviet intelligence agent had worked as a journalist for a British newspaper during the civil war in Spain. No connection with <mask> was made at the time, and Krivitsky was found shot in a Washington hotel room the following year. Alexander Orlov (born Lev Feldbin; code-name Swede), Philby's controller in Madrid, who had once met him in Perpignan, France, also defected. To protect his family, still living in the USSR, Orlov said nothing about <mask>, an agreement Stalin respected.On a short trip back from Spain, <mask> tried to recruit Flora Solomon as a Soviet agent; she was the daughter of a Russian banker and gold dealer, a relative of the Rothschilds, and wife of a London stockbroker. At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. But the rezident (Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected <mask>'s motives. Solomon introduced <mask> to the woman who would become <mask>'s second wife, Aileen Furse. Solomon went to work for the British retailer Marks & Spencer. MI6 career

World War II

In July 1939, <mask> returned to The Times


texts: office in London. When Britain declared war on Germany in September 1939, <mask>'s contact with his Soviet controllers was lost and Philby failed to attend the meetings that were necessary for his work.During the Phoney War from September 1939 until the Dunkirk evacuation, <mask> worked as The Times first-hand correspondent with the British Expeditionary Force headquarters. After being evacuated from Boulogne on 21 May, he returned to France in mid-June and began representing The Daily Telegraph in addition to The Times. He briefly reported from Cherbourg and Brest, sailing for Plymouth less than 24 hours before France surrendered to Germany in June 1940. In 1940, on the recommendation of Burgess, <mask> joined MI6's Section D, a secret organisation charged with investigating how enemies might be attacked through non-military means. <mask> and Burgess ran a training course for would-be saboteurs at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire. His time at Section D, however, was short-lived; the "tiny, ineffective, and slightly comic" section was soon absorbed by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the summer of 1940. Burgess was arrested in September for drunken driving and was subsequently fired, while <mask> was appointed as an instructor on clandestine propaganda at the SOE's finishing school for agents at the Estate of Lord Montagu in Beaulieu, Hampshire.<mask>'s role as an instructor of sabotage agents again brought him to the attention of the Soviet Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU). This role allowed him to conduct sabotage and instruct agents on how to properly conduct sabotage. The new London rezident, Ivan Chichayev (code-name Vadim), re-established contact and asked for a list of names of


texts: British agents being trained to enter the Soviet Union. <mask> replied that none had been sent and that none was undergoing training at that time. This statement was underlined twice in red and marked with two question marks, clearly indicating their confusion and questioning of this, by disbelieving staff at Moscow Central in the Lubyanka, according to Genrikh Borovik, who saw the telegrams much later in the KGB archives. <mask> provided Stalin with advance warning of Operation Barbarossa and of the Japanese intention to strike into southeast Asia instead of attacking the Soviet Union as Hitler had urged. The first was ignored as a provocation, but the second, when this was confirmed by the Russo-German journalist and spy in Tokyo, Richard Sorge, contributed to Stalin's decision to begin transporting troops from the Far East in time for the counteroffensive around Moscow.By September 1941, <mask> began working for Section Five of MI6, a section responsible for offensive counter-intelligence. On the strength of his knowledge and experience of Franco's Spain, <mask> was put in charge of the subsection which dealt with Spain and Portugal. This entailed responsibility for a network of undercover operatives in several cities such as Madrid, Lisbon, Gibraltar and Tangier. At this time, the German Abwehr was active in Spain, particularly around the British naval base of Gibraltar, which its agents hoped to watch with many cameras and radars to track Allied supply ships in the Western Mediterranean. Thanks to British counter-intelligence efforts, of which <mask>'s Iberian subsection formed a significant part, the project (code-named Bodden) never came to fruition. During 1942–43, <mask>'s responsibilities were then


texts: expanded to include North Africa and Italy, and he was made the deputy head of Section Five under Major Felix Cowgill, an army officer seconded to SIS. In early 1944, as it became clear that the Soviet Union was likely to once more prove a significant adversary to Britain, SIS re-activated Section Nine, which dealt with anti-communist efforts.In late 1944 <mask>, on instructions from his Soviet handler, maneuvered through the system successfully to replace Cowgill as head of Section Nine. Charles Arnold-Baker, an officer of German birth (born Wolfgang von Blumenthal) working for Richard Gatty in Belgium and later transferred to the Norwegian/Swedish border, voiced many suspicions of <mask> and <mask>'s intentions but was ignored time and time again. While working in Section Five, <mask> had become acquainted with James Jesus Angleton, a young American counter-intelligence officer working in liaison with SIS in London. Angleton, later chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) Counterintelligence Staff, became suspicious of <mask> when he failed to pass on information relating to a British agent executed by the Gestapo in Germany. It later emerged that the agent – known as Schmidt – had also worked as an informant for the Rote Kapelle organisation, which sent information to both London and Moscow. Nevertheless, Angleton's suspicions went unheard. In late summer 1943, the SIS provided the GRU an official report on the activities of German agents in Bulgaria and Romania, soon to be invaded by the Soviet Union.The NKVD complained to Cecil Barclay, the SIS representative in Moscow, that information had been withheld. Barclay reported the complaint to London. <mask> claimed to have overheard discussion of this


texts: by chance and sent a report to his controller. This turned out to be identical with Barclay's dispatch, convincing the NKVD that <mask> had seen the full Barclay report. A similar lapse occurred with a report from the Imperial Japanese Embassy in Moscow sent to Tokyo. The NKVD received the same report from Richard Sorge but with an extra paragraph claiming that Hitler might seek a separate peace with the Soviet Union. These lapses by <mask> aroused intense suspicion in Moscow.Elena Modrzhinskaya at GUGB headquarters in Moscow assessed all material from the Cambridge Five. She noted that they produced an extraordinary wealth of information on German war plans but next to nothing on the repeated question of British penetration of Soviet intelligence in either London or Moscow. <mask> had repeated his claim that there were no such agents. She asked, "Could the SIS really be such fools they failed to notice suitcase-loads of papers leaving the office? Could they have overlooked <mask>'s Communist wife?" Modrzhinskaya concluded that all were double agents, working essentially for the British. A more serious incident occurred in August 1945, when Konstantin Volkov, an NKVD agent and vice-consul in Istanbul, requested political asylum in Britain for himself and his wife.For a large sum of money, Volkov offered the names of three Soviet agents inside Britain, two of whom worked in the Foreign Office and a third who worked in counter-espionage in London. <mask> was given the task of dealing with Volkov by British intelligence. He warned the Soviets of the attempted defection and travelled personally to Istanbul – ostensibly to handle the matter on behalf of SIS but, in reality, to ensure that Volkov had been


texts:
 neutralised. By the time he arrived in Turkey, three weeks later, Volkov had been removed to Moscow. The intervention of <mask> in the affair and the subsequent capture of Volkov by the Soviets might have seriously compromised <mask>'s position. However, Volkov's defection had been discussed with the British Embassy in Ankara on telephones which turned out to have been tapped by Soviet intelligence. Additionally, Volkov had insisted that all written communications about him take place by bag rather than by telegraph, causing a delay in reaction that might plausibly have given the Soviets time to uncover his plans.<mask> was thus able to evade blame and detection. A month later Igor Gouzenko, a cipher clerk in Ottawa, took political asylum in Canada and gave the Royal Canadian Mounted Police names of agents operating within the British Empire that were known to him. When Jane Archer (who had interviewed Krivitsky) was appointed to Philby's section he moved her off investigatory work in case she became aware of his past. He later wrote "she had got a tantalising scrap of information about a young English journalist whom the Soviet intelligence had sent to Spain during the Civil War. And here she was plunked down in my midst!" <mask>, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1946. Years after the war, Sir Hardy Amies, who has served as an intelligence officer during the war, recalled that <mask> was in his mess; and, on being asked what the infamous spy was like, Hardy quipped, "He was always trying to get information out of me—most significantly the name of my tailor."Istanbul
In February 1947, <mask> was appointed head of British intelligence for Turkey,


texts: and posted to Istanbul with his second wife, Aileen, and their family. His public position was that of First Secretary at the British Consulate; in reality, his intelligence work required overseeing British agents and working with the Turkish security services. <mask> planned to infiltrate five or six groups of émigrés into Soviet Armenia or Soviet Georgia. But efforts among the expatriate community in Paris produced just two recruits. Turkish intelligence took them to a border crossing into Georgia but soon afterwards shots were heard. Another effort was made using a Turkish gulet for a seaborne landing, but it never left port. He was implicated in a similar campaign in Albania.Colonel David Smiley, an aristocratic Guards officer who had helped Enver Hoxha and his Communist guerillas to liberate Albania, now prepared to remove Hoxha. He trained Albanian commandos – some of whom were former Nazi collaborators – in Libya or Malta. From 1947, they infiltrated the southern mountains to build support for former King Zog. The first three missions, overland from Greece, were trouble-free. Larger numbers were landed by sea and air under Operation Valuable, which continued until 1951, increasingly under the influence of the newly formed CIA. Stewart Menzies, head of SIS, disliked the idea, which was promoted by former SOE men now in SIS. Most infiltrators were caught by the Sigurimi, the Albanian Security Service.Clearly there had been leaks and <mask> was later suspected as one of the leakers. His own comment was "I do not say that people were happy under the regime but the CIA underestimated the degree of control that the Authorities had over the country." <mask> later wrote of his attitude towards the operation in

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 Albania:

The agents we sent into Albania were armed men intent on murder, sabotage and assassination ... They knew the risks they were running. I was serving the interests of the Soviet Union and those interests required that these men were defeated. To the extent that I helped defeat them, even if it caused their deaths, I have no regrets. Aileen <mask> had suffered since childhood from psychological problems which caused her to inflict injuries upon herself.In 1948, troubled by the heavy drinking and frequent depressions that had become a feature of her husband's life in Istanbul, she experienced a breakdown of this nature, staging an accident and injecting herself with urine and insulin to cause skin disfigurations. She was sent to a clinic in Switzerland to recover. Upon her return to Istanbul in late 1948, she was badly burned in an incident with a charcoal stove and returned to Switzerland. Shortly afterward, <mask> was moved to the job as chief SIS representative in Washington, D.C., with his family. Washington, D.C. In September 1949, the <mask>s arrived in the United States. Officially, his post was that of First Secretary to the British Embassy; in reality, he served as chief British intelligence representative in Washington.His office oversaw a large amount of urgent and top-secret communications between the United States and London. <mask> was also responsible for liaising with the CIA and promoting "more aggressive Anglo-American intelligence operations". A leading figure within the CIA was <mask>'s wary former colleague, James Jesus Angleton, with whom he once again found himself working closely. Angleton remained suspicious of <mask>, but lunched with him every week in Washington. However, a


texts: more serious threat to <mask>'s position had come to light. During the summer of 1945, a Soviet cipher clerk had reused a one-time pad to transmit intelligence traffic. This mistake made it possible to break the normally impregnable code.Contained in the traffic (intercepted and decrypted as part of the Venona project) was information that documents had been sent to Moscow from the British Embassy in Washington. The intercepted messages revealed that the British Embassy source (identified as "Homer") travelled to New York City to meet his Soviet contact twice a week. <mask> had been briefed on the situation shortly before reaching Washington in 1949; it was clear to Philby that the agent was Donald Maclean, who worked in the British Embassy at the time and whose wife, Melinda, lived in New York. <mask> had to help discover the identity of "Homer", but also wished to protect Maclean. In January 1950, on evidence provided by the Venona intercepts, Soviet atomic spy Klaus Fuchs was arrested. His arrest led to others: Harry Gold, a courier with whom Fuchs had worked, David Greenglass, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. The investigation into the British Embassy leak was still ongoing, and the stress of it was exacerbated by the arrival in Washington, in October 1950, of Guy Burgess – <mask>'s unstable and dangerously alcoholic fellow Soviet spy.Burgess, who had been given a post as Second Secretary at the British Embassy, took up residence in the <mask> family home and rapidly set about causing offence to all and sundry. Aileen <mask> resented him and disliked his presence; Americans were offended by his "natural superciliousness" and "utter contempt for the whole pyramid of values, attitudes, and courtesies of the


texts: American way of life". J. Edgar Hoover complained that Burgess used British Embassy automobiles to avoid arrest when he cruised Washington in pursuit of homosexual encounters. His dissolution had a troubling effect on <mask>; the morning after a particularly disastrous and drunken party, a guest returning to collect his car heard voices upstairs and found "<mask> and Guy in the bedroom drinking champagne. They had already been down to the Embassy but being unable to work had come back." Burgess's presence was problematic for <mask>, yet it was potentially dangerous for Philby to leave him unsupervised. The situation in Washington was tense.From April 1950, Maclean had been the prime suspect in the investigation into the Embassy leak. <mask> had undertaken to devise an escape plan which would warn Maclean, currently in England, of the intense suspicion he was under and arrange for him to flee. Burgess had to get to London to warn Maclean, who was under surveillance. In early May 1951, Burgess got three speeding tickets in a single day – then pleaded diplomatic immunity, causing an official complaint to be made to the British Ambassador. Burgess was sent back to England, where he met Maclean in his London club. The SIS planned to interrogate Maclean on 28 May 1951. On 23 May, concerned that Maclean had not yet fled, <mask> wired Burgess, ostensibly about his Lincoln convertible abandoned in the Embassy car park."If he did not act at once it would be too late," the telegram read, "because [<mask>] would send his car to the scrap heap. There was nothing more [he] could do." On 25 May, Burgess drove Maclean from his home at Tatsfield, Surrey to Southampton, where both boarded the steamship Falaise to France and

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 then proceeded to Moscow. London
Burgess had intended to aid Maclean in his escape, not accompany him in it. The "affair of the missing diplomats," as it was referred to before Burgess and Maclean surfaced in Moscow, attracted a great deal of public attention, and Burgess's disappearance, which identified him as complicit in Maclean's espionage, deeply compromised <mask>'s position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, <mask> returned to London. There, he underwent MI5 interrogation aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.In July 1951, he resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Even after <mask>'s departure from MI6, speculation regarding his possible Soviet affiliations continued. Interrogated repeatedly regarding his intelligence work and his connection with Burgess, he continued to deny that he had acted as a Soviet agent. From 1952, <mask> struggled to find work as a journalist, eventually – in August 1954 – accepting a position with a diplomatic newsletter called the Fleet Street Letter. Lacking access to material of value and out of touch with Soviet intelligence, he all but ceased to operate as a Soviet agent. On 25 October 1955, following revelations in the New York Times, Labour MP Marcus Lipton used parliamentary privilege to ask Prime Minister Anthony Eden if he was determined "to cover up at all costs the dubious third man activities of Mr <mask>..." This was reported in the British press, leading <mask> to threaten legal action against Lipton if he repeated his accusations outside Parliament. Lipton later withdrew his comments.This retraction came about when

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 <mask> was officially cleared by Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan on 7 November. The minister told the House of Commons, "I have no reason to conclude that Mr. <mask> has at any time betrayed the interests of his country, or to identify him with the so-called 'Third Man', if indeed there was one." Following this, <mask> gave a press conference in which – calmly, confidently, and without the stammer he had struggled with since childhood – he reiterated his innocence, declaring, "I have never been a communist." Later life and defection

Beirut
After being exonerated, <mask> was no longer employed by MI6 and Soviet intelligence lost all contact with him. In August 1956 he was sent to Beirut as a Middle East correspondent for The Observer and The Economist. There, his journalism served as cover for renewed work for MI6. In Lebanon, <mask> at first lived in Mahalla Jamil, his father's large household located in the village of Ajaltoun, just outside Beirut.Following the departure of his father and stepbrothers for Saudi Arabia, <mask> continued to live alone in Ajaltoun, but took a flat in Beirut after beginning an affair with Eleanor, the Seattle-born wife of New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Following Aileen <mask>'s death in 1957 and Eleanor's subsequent divorce from Brewer, <mask> and Eleanor were married in London in 1959 and set up house together in Beirut. From 1960, <mask>'s formerly marginal work as a journalist became more substantial and he frequently travelled throughout the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait and Yemen. In 1961, Anatoliy Golitsyn, a major in the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, defected to the United States from his diplomatic post in Helsinki.

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texts: Golitsyn offered the CIA revelations of Soviet agents within American and British intelligence services. Following his debriefing in the US, Golitsyn was sent to SIS for further questioning. The head of MI6, Dick White, only recently transferred from MI5, had suspected <mask> as the "third man".Golitsyn proceeded to confirm White's suspicions about <mask>'s role. Nicholas Elliott, an MI6 officer recently stationed in Beirut who was a friend of <mask>'s and had previously believed in his innocence, was tasked with attempting to secure <mask>'s full confession. It is unclear whether <mask> had been alerted, but Eleanor noted that as 1962 wore on, expressions of tension in his life "became worse and were reflected in bouts of deep depression and drinking". She recalled returning home to Beirut from a sight-seeing trip in Jordan to find <mask> "hopelessly drunk and incoherent with grief on the terrace of the flat," mourning the death of a little pet fox which had fallen from the balcony. When Nicholas Elliott met <mask> in late 1962, the first time since Golitsyn's defection, he found <mask> too drunk to stand and with a bandaged head; he had fallen repeatedly and cracked his skull on a bathroom radiator, requiring stitches. <mask> told Elliott that he was "half expecting" to see him. Elliott confronted him, saying, "I once looked up to you, <mask>.My God, how I despise you now. I hope you've enough decency left to understand why." Prompted by Elliott's accusations, <mask> confirmed the charges of espionage and described his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. However, when Elliott asked him to sign a written statement, he hesitated and requested a delay in the interrogation. Another meeting was

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 scheduled to take place in the last week of January. It has since been suggested that the whole confrontation with Elliott had been a charade to convince the KGB that Philby had to be brought back to Moscow, where he could serve as a British penetration agent of Moscow Centre. On the evening of 23 January 1963, <mask> vanished from Beirut, failing to meet his wife for a dinner party at the home of Glencairn Balfour Paul, First Secretary at the British Embassy.The Dolmatova, a Soviet freighter bound for Odessa, had left Beirut that morning so abruptly that cargo was left scattered over the docks; <mask> claimed that he left Beirut on board this ship. However, others maintain that he escaped through Syria, overland to Soviet Armenia and thence to Russia. It was not until 1 July 1963 that <mask>'s flight to Moscow was officially confirmed. On 30 July Soviet officials announced that they had granted him political asylum in the USSR, along with Soviet citizenship. When the news broke, MI6 came under criticism for failing to anticipate and block <mask>'s defection, though Elliott was to claim he could not have prevented Philby's flight. Journalist Ben Macintyre, author of several works on espionage, wrote in his 2014 book on Philby that MI6 might have left open the opportunity for <mask> to flee to Moscow to avoid an embarrassing public trial. <mask> himself thought this might have been the case, according to Macintyre.Moscow
Upon his arrival in Moscow in January 1963, <mask> discovered that he was not a colonel in the KGB, as he had been led to believe. He was paid 500 rubles a month (average soviet salary in 1960 was 80.6 rubles a month and 122 in 1970) and his family was not immediately able to join him in exile.


texts: <mask> was under virtual house arrest, guarded, with all visitors screened by the KGB. It was ten years before he was given a minor role in the training of KGB recruits. Mikhail Lyubimov, his closest KGB contact, explained that this was to guard his safety, but later admitted that the real reason was the KGB's fear that Philby would return to London. Secret files released to the National Archives in late 2020 indicated that the government had intentionally conducted a campaign to keep <mask>'s spying confidential "to minimise political embarrassment" and prevented the publication of his memoirs, according to a report by The Guardian. Nonetheless, the information was publicized in 1967 when Philby granted an interview to Murray Sayle of The Times in Moscow.<mask> confirmed that he had worked for the KGB and that "his purpose in life was to destroy imperialism". <mask> occupied himself by writing his memoirs, which were published in the UK in 1968 under the title My Silent War; it was not published in the Soviet Union until 1980. In the book, <mask> says that his loyalties were always with the communists; he considered himself not to have been a double agent but "a straight penetration agent working in the Soviet interest". <mask> continued to read  The Times, which was not generally available in the USSR, listened to the BBC World Service, and was an avid follower of cricket. <mask>'s award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. <mask> claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce. Despite reports to the contrary, <mask>'s wife claimed in

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 a 1997 interview that the idea of Philby becoming depressed and destitute in Moscow was "a myth".In the same interview, she confirmed that <mask> was a heavy drinker when they first met, but later became sober. Certain aspects of Soviet life did indeed disappoint <mask>, with his wife claiming he was "particularly irritated by Brezhnev". Philby found work in the early 1970s in the KGB's Active Measures Department churning out fabricated documents. Working from genuine unclassified and public CIA or US Department of State documents, Philby inserted “sinister” paragraphs regarding US plans. The KGB would stamp the documents “top secret” and begin their circulation. For the Soviets, Philby was an invaluable asset, ensuring the correct use of idiomatic and diplomatic English phrases in their disinformation efforts. <mask> died of heart failure in Moscow in 1988.He was given a hero's funeral, and posthumously awarded numerous medals  by the Soviets: Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Friendship of Peoples, Order of the Great Patriotic War, Lenin Medal, Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945". Motivation
In a 1981 lecture to the East German security service, Stasi, Philby attributed the failure of the British Secret Service to unmask him as due in great part to the British class system—it was inconceivable that one "born into the ruling class of the British Empire"  would be a traitor—to the amateurish and incompetent nature of the organisation, and to so many in MI6 having so much to lose if he was proven to be a spy. He had the policy of never confessing—a document in his own handwriting was dismissed as a forgery. He said that at the time of his recruitment as a


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 spy there were no prospects of his being useful; he was instructed to make his way into the Secret Service, which took years, starting with journalism and building up contacts in the establishment. He said that there was no discipline there; he made friends with the archivist, which enabled him for years to take secret documents home, many unrelated to his own work,  and bring them back the next day; his handler took and photographed them overnight. When he was instructed to remove and replace his boss, Felix Cowgill, he asked if it was proposed "to shoot him or something", but was told to use bureaucratic intrigue. He said "It was a very dirty story—but after all our work does imply getting dirty hands from time to time but we do it for a cause that is not dirty in any way".Commenting on his sabotage of the operation to secretly send thousands of Albanian anti-communist into their Albania to overthrow the communist government, which led to many being killed, <mask> rebutted that he helped prevent another World War. Personal life

In February 1934, <mask> married Litzi Friedmann, an Austrian Jewish communist whom he had met in Vienna. They subsequently moved to Britain; however, as <mask> assumed the role of a fascist sympathiser, they separated. Litzi lived in Paris before returning to London for the duration of the war; she ultimately settled in East Germany. While working as a correspondent in Spain, <mask> began an affair with Frances Doble, Lady Lindsay-Hogg, an actress and aristocratic divorcée who was an admirer of Franco and Hitler. They travelled together in Spain through August 1939. In 1940 he began living with Aileen Furse in London.Their first three children, Josephine, John and <mask>, were born

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 between 1941 and 1944. In 1946, <mask> finally arranged a formal divorce from Litzi. He and Aileen were married on 25 September 1946, while Aileen was pregnant with their fourth child, Miranda. Their fifth child, Harry George, was born in 1950. Aileen suffered from psychiatric problems, which grew more severe during the period of poverty and suspicion following the flight of Burgess and Maclean. She lived separately from Philby, settling with their children in Crowborough while he lived first in London and later in Beirut. Weakened by alcoholism and frequent sickness, she died of influenza in December 1957.In 1956, <mask> began an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of The New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Following Eleanor's divorce, the couple married in January 1959. After <mask> defected to the Soviet Union in 1963, Eleanor visited him in Moscow. In November 1964, after a visit to the United States, she returned, intending to settle permanently. In her absence, <mask> had begun an affair with Donald Maclean's wife, Melinda. He and Eleanor divorced and she departed Moscow in May 1965. Melinda left Maclean and briefly lived with <mask> in Moscow.In 1968 she returned to Maclean. In 1971, <mask> married Rufina Pukhova, a Russo-Polish woman twenty years his junior, with whom he lived until his death in 1988. In popular culture

Fiction based on actual events
 <mask>, Burgess and Maclean, a Granada TV drama written by Ian Curteis in 1977, covers the period of the late 1940s, when British intelligence investigated Maclean until 1955 when the British government cleared <mask> because it did not have enough evidence to convict him. <mask> has a key role in Mike Ripley's short story Gold Sword published


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 in 'John Creasey's Crime Collection 1990' which was chosen as BBC Radio 4's Afternoon Story to mark the 50th anniversary of D-Day on 6 June 1994. Cambridge Spies, a 2003 four-part BBC drama, recounts the lives of <mask>, Burgess, Blunt and Maclean from their Cambridge days in the 1930s through the defection of Burgess and Maclean in 1951. <mask> is played by Toby Stephens. German author Barbara Honigmann's Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben tells the history of <mask>'s first wife, Litzi, from the perspective of her daughter.Belgian comic authors Olivier Neuray and Valerie Lemaire wrote a series of three historical comics entitled "Les Cinq de Cambridge" involving <mask>. It was published by Casterman in 2015

Speculative fiction
 One of the earliest appearances of <mask> as a character in fiction was in the 1974 Gentleman Traitor by Alan Williams, in which <mask> goes back to working for British intelligence in the 1970s. In the 1980 British television film Closing Ranks, a false Soviet defector sent to sow confusion and distrust in British intelligence is unmasked and returned to the Soviet Union. In the final scene, it is revealed that the key information was provided by <mask> in Moscow, where he is still working for British intelligence. In the 1981 Ted Allbeury novel The Other Side of Silence, an elderly Philby arouses suspicion when he states his desire to return to England. The 1984 Frederick Forsyth novel The Fourth Protocol features an elderly Philby's involvement in a plot to trigger a nuclear explosion in Britain. In the novel, <mask> is a much more influential and connected figure in his Moscow exile than he apparently was in reality.In the 1987 adaptation of the novel, also named The Fourth Protocol,

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 <mask> is portrayed by Michael Bilton. Even though he was still alive at the time of the film's release, he is executed by the KGB in the opening scene. In the 2000 Doctor Who novel Endgame, the Doctor travels to London in 1951 and matches wits with <mask> and the rest of the Cambridge Five. The Tim Powers novel Declare (2001) is partly based on unexplained aspects of <mask>'s life, providing a supernatural context for his behaviour. The Robert Littell novel The Company (2002) features <mask> as a confidant of former CIA Counter-Intelligence chief James Angleton. The book was adapted for the 2007 TNT television three-part series The Company, produced by Ridley Scott, Tony Scott and John Calley; <mask> is portrayed by Tom Hollander. <mask> appears as one of the central antagonists in William F. Buckley Jr.'s 2004 novel Last Call for Blackford Oakes.The 2013 Jefferson Flanders novel The North Building explores the role of <mask> in passing American military secrets to the Soviets during the Korean War. Daniel Silva's 2018 book, The Other Woman is largely based on <mask>'s life mission

In alternative histories
 The 2003 novel Fox at the Front by Douglas Niles and Michael Dobson depicts <mask> selling secrets to the Soviet Union during the alternate Battle of the Bulge where German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel turns on the Nazis and assists the Allies in capturing all of Berlin. Before he can sell the secret of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union, he is discovered by the British and is killed by members of MI5 who stage his death as a heart attack. The 2005 John Birmingham novel Designated Targets features a cameo of <mask>, under orders from Moscow to assist Otto Skorzeny's mission to assassinate Winston

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