texts: pastiches of gothic novels; works by Federico Garcia Lorca, Shakespeare, and Richard Wagner; and popular culture and old movies. These works were humorous but had serious undertones. After seeing one of Ludlam's plays, theater critic Brendan Gill famously remarked, "This isn't farce.This isn't absurd. This is absolutely ridiculous!". <mask> commented on his own work: I would say that my work falls into the classical tradition of comedy. Over the years there have been certain traditional approaches to comedy. As a modern artist you have to advance the tradition. I want to work within the tradition so that I don't waste my time trying to establish new conventions. You can be very original within the established conventions.<mask>'s Bluebeard was produced at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club, where Vaccaro's company was in residence, in March 1970. <mask> performed in this production as Khanazar von Bluebeard. Black-Eyed-Susan, Lola Pashalinski, and Mario Montez also performed in this production. He taught and/or staged productions at New York University, Connecticut College, Yale University, and Carnegie Mellon University. He won fellowships from the Guggenheim, Rockefeller, and Ford Foundations, and grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and the New York State Council on the Arts. He won six Obie Awards over the course of his career, including a Sustained Excellence Obie Award two weeks before his death in 1987, and won the Rosamund Gilder Award for distinguished achievement in the theater in 1986. Ludlam often appeared in his plays, and was particularly noted for his female roles.He wrote one of the first

masks: Ludlam Ludlam Ludlam


type: original

texts:
 plays to address, though indirectly, the AIDS epidemic. His most well-known play is The Mystery of Irma Vep, in which two actors play seven roles in a pastiche of gothic horror novels. The original production featured <mask> and his partner Everett Quinton. Rights to perform the play include a stipulation that the actors must be of the same sex, in order to ensure cross-dressing in the production. In 1991, Irma Vep was the most produced play in the United States; and in 2003, it became the longest-running production ever staged in Brazil. <mask> was diagnosed with AIDS in March 1987. He attempted to fight the disease with his lifelong interest in healthy eating and a macrobiotic diet, but died a month after his AIDS diagnosis, of PCP pneumonia, at St. Vincent's Hospital.His front page obituary in the New York Times was the newspaper's first page 1 obituary to specifically name AIDS as a cause of death (with <mask>'s parents' consent), instead of the AIDS-related illnesses such as pneumonia commonly cited at the time. The block in front of his Sheridan Square theater was renamed "<mask>am Lane" in his honor. In 2009, <mask> was inducted posthumously into the American Theater Hall of Fame. After his death, "Walter Ego", the dummy from <mask>'s 1978 play The Ventriloquist's Wife, was donated to the Vent Haven Museum in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky, where it remains on exhibit; the puppet was designed and built by actor and puppetmaker Alan Semok. References

Further reading
 Baron, Michael, The Whore of Sheridan Square (a play inspired by the life of <mask>) in Plays and Playwrights 2006 An Anthology, edited by Martin

masks:
Ludlam
Ludlam
Ludlam
Charles Ludl
Ludlam
Ludlam
Charles Ludlam


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 Denton, 2006. Edgecomb, Sean, <mask>am Lives! : <mask>, Bradford Louryk, Taylor Mac, and the Queer Legacy of the Ridiculous Theatrical Company, 2017.Kaufman, David A., Ridiculous! : The Theatrical Life and Times of <mask>, 2002. <mask>, <mask>, Ridiculous Theatre: Scourge of Human Folly: The Essays and Opinions of <mask>, edited by Steven Samuels, 1992. Ludlam. The Complete Plays of <mask>, edited by Steven Samuels. Roemer, Rick, <mask> and the Ridiculous Theatrical Company: Critical Analyses of 29 Plays by Rick Roemer, 1998. Katz, Leandro, Bedlam Days: The Early Plays of <mask> and The Ridiculous Theatrical Company,

External links

 BOMB Magazine interview with <mask> and Christopher Scott by Ted Castle (Winter, 1982)
 Charles Ludlam papers, 1967–1989.Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. Bedlam Days (the early plays by <mask>)
 "Bluebeard" The seduction of Miss Cubbidge, audio and photographs by Leandro Katz (1970) (Vimeo)
 Ludlam's page on La MaMa Archives Digital Collections
 “John Vaccaro and The Theatre of the Ridiculous” A brief interview recalling the actors’ walkout during rehearsals of The Conquest of the Universe, and his friendship with <mask>, by Leandro Katz

1943 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male actors
AIDS-related deaths in New York (state)
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American gay actors
American gay writers
Hofstra University alumni
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
LGBT people from New York (state)
Obie Award recipients
People from Floral Park, New

masks:
Charles Ludl
Charles Busch
Charles Ludlam
Ludlam
Charles
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam
Charles Ludlam


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<mask> (born July 19, 1983) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers. He is a pregame and postgame analyst for Brewers television broadcasts on Bally Sports Wisconsin. Dillard made his MLB debut with Milwaukee in 2008. He pitched in 74 games as a reliever over the course of four seasons with the Brewers. In his 18-year professional career, Dillard spent most of his playing time with the Nashville Sounds Minor League Baseball team. While with Triple-A Nashville, he appeared in 242 games across nine seasons and set the Sounds' career records for wins, games pitched, innings pitched, and strikeouts. In 2005, Dillard was named to the Florida State League postseason All-Star Team and chosen as the Milwaukee Brewers' Minor League Pitcher of the Year.He was selected for the 2006 Southern League All-Star Game the next season. His alma mater, Itawamba Community College, inducted him in their Athletic Hall of Fame in 2015. Amateur career
Dillard played catcher, and occasionally pitcher, at Saltillo High School in Saltillo, Mississippi. After his senior year, he was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 15th round (448th overall) of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft. Having recently undergone left shoulder surgery, his hitting was not as proficient as the Brewers expected, so he instead attended Itawamba Community College (ICC) in Fulton, Mississippi. In his 2003 sophomore season, Dillard pitched and won a school-record 11 games for the Itawamba Indians including a win in the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Division II College World Series. He was chosen as the NJCAA Player of the


texts:
 Year.The college honored him with induction in their Athletic Hall of Fame in 2015. In the 2002 draft, <mask> was selected again by the Brewers, this time in the 34th round as the 1,009th overall pick. He signed with Milwaukee on May 27, 2003, after the conclusion of Itawamba's postseason run. Rather than play at catcher as previously drafted, the Brewers chose to utilize him as a pitcher. Professional career

Milwaukee Brewers (2003–2018)
<mask> began his professional baseball career in 2003, pitching for the Rookie Arizona League Brewers and Helena Brewers. He played in 14 games, made 4 starts, and went 1–2 with a 3.29 ERA. In 2004, Dillard was primarily a reliever for the Class A Beloit Snappers.He went 2–5 in 43 appearances with a 3.94 ERA and was second on the team in saves (10). He played for the Class A-Advanced Brevard County Manatees in 2005, making 28 starts, and accumulating a 12–10 record with a 2.48 ERA. He led the Florida State League in games started (28), innings pitched (), complete games (5), and shutouts (2). He also came in second in wins (12) and fifth in strikeouts (128). Dillard was named to the league's postseason All-Star team in recognition of his performance. He was also selected by the Brewers as their Minor League Pitcher of the Year. In 2006, while playing for the Double-A Huntsville Stars, Dillard made 25 starts and 4 relief appearances.In those 29 games, he went 10–7 with a 3.26 ERA. He led the Stars in wins (10), starts (25), innings pitched (163), and came in second in strikeouts (108). He was also selected to participate in the midseason Southern League All-Star Game, in which he pitched a scoreless inning of relief and allowed only one

masks: Dillard Dillard


texts: hit. Dillard reached the Triple-A level in 2007, playing for the Nashville Sounds. He went 8–4 with a 4.74 ERA in 34 games (16 starts). On November 19, his contract was purchased by the Brewers, protecting him from the Rule 5 draft. He was later optioned back to Nashville on March 15, 2008, where he began the season.On May 23, <mask> was called up to the majors for the first time in his career. He made his major league debut that night against the Washington Nationals, pitching one scoreless inning and striking out Aaron Boone. He returned to Nashville in late June, but was recalled to Milwaukee that September. Over 13 games with Milwaukee, he pitched  innings of relief and accumulated a 4.40 ERA with 5 strikeouts. In Nashville, he went 6–1 with a 1.99 ERA and 55 strikeouts out of the bullpen. He was selected to participate in the Arizona Fall League with the Mesa Solar Sox after the season. Dillard played the majority of the 2009 season with the Nashville Sounds, though he did make two relief appearances with Milwaukee in late July.In 24 appearances with the Sounds, he went 11–7 with a 4.51 ERA and 64 strikeouts versus 0–1 with a 12.46 ERA and 1 strikeout with the Brewers. He was designated for assignment prior to the 2010 season to make room on the Brewers' roster for Marco Estrada. He cleared waivers and was assigned to Nashville where he played the entire season. During the 2010 campaign, Dillard completely overhauled his pitching delivery from a traditional over-the-top delivery to a sidearm delivery. In Nashville, he made 8 starts and 33 relief appearances, pitching to a 5–7 record with a 4.12 ERA and 82 strikeouts. He received an invitation to spring training with


texts: the Brewers in 2011. Beginning the season at Nashville, Dillard was recalled by the Brewers on May 13.He was subsequently optioned to Nashville and recalled twice over the course of the season. In Milwaukee, he made 24 relief appearances, going 1–1 with a 4.08 ERA and 27 strikeouts, while he made 17 relief appearances in Nashville, going 4–2 with a 3.58 ERA and 30 strikeouts. He began the 2012 season with Milwaukee, but was outrighted to Nashville on July 11 after accumulating a 4.38 ERA with 29 strikeouts over 34 games out of the bullpen. With a minor league ERA at nearly 10.00, he was reassigned to Double-A Huntsville in late August and elected free agency after the season. Between Nashville and Huntsville, his 2012 minor league record was 1–1 with an 8.38 ERA and 17 strikeouts in 17 games. Dillard signed a contract with Lancaster Barnstormers of the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball for 2013. He pitched in six games before signing a minor league contract with the Brewers on May 4.He spent the rest of the season at Triple-A Nashville before again electing free agency. Dillard signed with Lancaster for the 2014 season, appearing in two games, only to sign with the Brewers on May 1 and be assigned to Double-A Huntsville. He was promoted to Nashville on August 23. Over eight seasons with the Nashville Sounds (2007–2014), Dillard set the team's career franchise records for wins (39), innings pitched (), and runs allowed (302). He pitched for the Águilas del Zulia of the Venezuelan Winter League during the 2014–15 offseason. In 2014, Milwaukee had offered Dillard a coaching position, but he turned it down, asking instead for another playing contract. He


texts:
 attended spring training with the Brewers in 2015 and was assigned to the Rookie Helena Brewers in a paper move.He bounced back and forth between Helena's roster and pitching for the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox for the rest of the season in a fill-in role when other pitchers were injured. He chose to become a free agent after the season, but was re-signed for 2016. He spent the entire 2016, 2017, and 2018 seasons with Colorado Springs, each time becoming a free agent and ultimately re-signing for the next year. After the 2018 campaign, however, the Brewers released him unconditionally. Texas Rangers (2019–2020)

Former Nashville teammate Chris Woodward, who had been hired as the manager of the Texas Rangers in late 2018, encouraged Rangers general manager Jon Daniels to sign Dillard so as to utilize his veteran clubhouse presence in service as a mentor to younger players. On December 17, 2018, Dillard signed a minor league contract with Texas for 2019, and he was assigned to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds, which had since become part of the Rangers organization. This arrangement allowed Dillard, who resides in Nashville, the opportunity to pitch close to his family.The Rangers informed him he would not see regular play but would be used only when absolutely necessary. By the end of April, however, <mask> was added to the starting rotation, and ended the season having pitched  innings, more than other pitcher for a single team in Minor League Baseball. In his second stretch with the Sounds, he set the franchise career records for games pitched (242) and strikeouts (437) while adding to his existing marks for wins (48) and innings pitched (710). Dillard became a free


texts:
 agent following the 2019 season, but he was later re-signed to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training. He was assigned to Nashville for 2020 before the COVID-19 pandemic caused the cancellation of the minor league season. With a lack of affiliated Minor League Baseball in 2020, Dillard, still under contract with Texas, was loaned to the Milwaukee Milkmen of the independent American Association on August 15. The Milkmen, with Dillard in the starting rotation, won the American Association championship.After the conclusion of their season on September 18, he was returned to the Rangers. Dillard later elected free agency but subsequently returned to the Rangers on a minor league contract for 2021. He was, however, released by the Rangers on February 25, 2021. Dillard announced his retirement from professional baseball on March 10, 2021. Broadcasting career
After retiring from playing in 2021, Dillard was hired to serve as the primary pregame and postgame analyst on Brewers Live telecasts as well as provide color commentary for select games on Bally Sports Wisconsin. He previously appeared on Brewers pregame broadcasts in their 2018 postseason run. Personal life
Dillard is the son of former major league infielder <mask> and brother of former professional baseball player Andy Dillard.He resides in Nashville, Tennessee, with his family. Off the field, <mask> is known for his social media videos in which he often involves teammates. See also
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

References

External links

1983 births
Águilas del Zulia players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Arizona League Brewers players
Baseball players

masks:
Steve Dillard
Dillard


texts:
 from Florida
Beloit Snappers players
Brevard County Manatees players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Helena Brewers players
Huntsville Stars players
Itawamba Indians baseball players
Lancaster Barnstormers players
Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers announcers
Milwaukee Brewers players
Milwaukee Milkmen players
Nashville Sounds players
Sportspeople from Sarasota,


texts:
<mask>, KBE (29 June 1914 – 11 August 1996) was a Swiss conductor and composer who was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Son of a well-known violinist, <mask>, he was trained in Prague, and made his debut with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra at the age of 19. Having managed to maintain a career in Czechoslovakia under the Nazi occupation, he refused to work under what he considered a "second tyranny" after the Communist Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948, and took refuge in Britain. He became a Swiss citizen in 1967. <mask> was music director of  the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (1950–53), musical director of The Royal Opera, Covent Garden (1955–58), and music director of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra (1961–79), and was a frequent guest conductor for leading orchestras in Europe and America. As a composer, <mask> wrote in a neo-romantic idiom. His works include five operas, three symphonies, chamber music, choral works, and songs.Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born in Býchory, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, today's Czech Republic, the day after Archduke Ferdinand's assassination that triggered the First World War. He was the sixth child of the Bohemian violinist <mask>, whom the younger <mask> described as "a kind of god to me". His mother was a Hungarian countess, Anna Julie Marie Széll von Bessenyö. <mask> studied the violin with his father, and entered the Prague Conservatory at the age of 14,  studying violin, piano, composition, and conducting. He graduated from the conservatory in 1933, at the age of 19; at his graduation concert he played a

masks:
Rafael Jeroným Kubelík
Jan Kubelík
Kubelík
Kubelík
Kubelík
Jan Kubelík
Kubelík
Kubelík


texts:
 Paganini concerto and a composition of his own for violin and orchestra. <mask> was also an accomplished pianist, and served as his father's accompanist on a tour of the United States in 1935. Brno
In 1939, <mask> became music director of the Brno Opera, a position he held until the Nazis shut the company down in November 1941.The Nazis allowed the Czech Philharmonic to continue operating; <mask>, who had first conducted the orchestra when he was 19, became its principal conductor. In 1943 he married the Czech violinist Ludmilla Bertlová, with whom he had one son. In 1944, after various incidents, including one in which he declined to greet the Nazi Reichsprotektor Karl Hermann Frank with a Hitler salute, along with his refusal to conduct Wagner during the War, <mask> "deemed it advisable to disappear from Prague and to spend a few months undercover in the countryside so as not to fall into the clutches of the SS or Gestapo". <mask> conducted the orchestra's first post-war concert in May 1945. In 1946, he helped found the Prague Spring Festival, and conducted its opening concert. Defection
After the Communist coup of February 1948, <mask> left Czechoslovakia, vowing not to return until the country was liberated. "I had lived through one form of bestial tyranny, Nazism," he told an interviewer, "As a matter of principle I was not going to live through another."He defected during a trip to Britain, where he had flown to conduct Mozart's Don Giovanni with the Glyndebourne company at the Edinburgh Festival. He had been engaged on the recommendation of Bruno Walter,

masks: Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík


texts:
 whom <mask> had assisted in this work at the 1937 Salzburg Festival. <mask> told his wife of his decision to defect as their plane left Czechoslovakia. In 1953, the Communist government convicted the couple in absentia of "taking illicit leave" abroad. In 1956, the regime invited him back "with promises of freedom to do anything I wanted," said <mask>, but he refused the invitation. In a 1957 letter to The Times, <mask> said he would seriously consider returning only when all the country's political prisoners were freed and all émigrés were given as much freedom as he would have possessed. He was invited back by the regime in 1966 but again refused; in 1968, after the Prague Spring had been ended by the Soviet invasion, he organised an international boycott, in which many of the major classical artists of the West participated.Chicago, Covent Garden and Munich

In 1950, <mask> became music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, choosing the position over an offer from the BBC to succeed Sir Adrian Boult as chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. He left the post in 1953. Some hold that he was "hounded out of the [Chicago] job" (to quote Time magazine) by the "savage attacks" (to quote the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians) of the Chicago Tribune music critic Claudia Cassidy. But Chicago Sun-Times music critic Robert C. Marsh argued in 1972 that it was the Chicago Symphony trustees who were behind the departure. Their foremost complaint, and that of Cassidy as well, was that <mask> introduced too many contemporary works (about 70) to the


texts: orchestra; there were also objections to his demanding exhaustive rehearsals and engaging several black artists. Many recordings made by <mask> in Chicago for Mercury Records are available on CD, and have received critical praise. Kubeliki's landmark recording of "Pictures at an Exhibition" with the CSO on Mercury led New York Times music critic Howard Taubman to observe that listening to it was like "being in the living presence of the orchestra," and Mercury began releasing their classical recordings under the "Living Presence" series name.After leaving Chicago, <mask> toured the US with the Concertgebouw Orchestra,  and, in the words of Lionel Salter in the Grove Dictionary, "had a brilliant success with Janáček's Kát'a Kabanová at Sadler's Wells in London in 1954". <mask> became musical director of The Royal Opera, Covent Garden, from 1955 to 1958. Among his achievements there was, in 1957, the first practically complete production in any opera house of Berlioz's Les Troyens. Although Covent Garden sought to renew his contract, he chose to leave, partly because of a campaign by Sir Thomas Beecham against the engagement of foreign artists at Covent Garden. In 1961 <mask> accepted the position of music director of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra (BRSO) in Munich. He remained with the BRSO until 1979, when he retired. Salter considers this 18-year association the high point of <mask>'s career, both artistically and professionally.In 1961 Ludmilla <mask> died after a car crash. Also in 1961, he premiered the concerto performance version of Schoenberg's


texts:
 Jakobsleiter-Fragment in Vienna, with the Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra and choir. In 1963 <mask> married the Australian soprano Elsie Morison (1924–2016). In 1967 he became a Swiss citizen, and began an association with the Lucerne Festival, in addition to his work with the BRSO. In 1971, Göran Gentele, the new general manager of the Metropolitan Opera, New York, asked <mask> to accept the position of music director. <mask> accepted partly because of his strong artistic relationship with Gentele. The first production he conducted as the Met's music director was Les Troyens.The death of Gentele in a road accident in 1972 undermined <mask>'s reasons for working at the opera house. He had prior conducting commitments away from the Met in his first season there, which diverted his attention. He resigned from the Met in 1974, after only six months in the post. In his post-Czechoslovakian career, <mask> worked with the Berlin Philharmonic, Boston Symphony, Chicago Symphony, Cleveland, Israel Philharmonic, London Symphony, New York Philharmonic, Vienna Philharmonic and Royal Concertgebouw orchestras, among others. His final concert was with the Czech Philharmonic. Last years
In 1985, ill-health (notably severe arthritis in his back) caused <mask> to retire from full-time conducting, but the fall of Communism in his native land led him to accept a 1990 invitation to return to conduct the Czech Philharmonic at the festival he had founded, the Prague Spring Festival. He recorded Smetana's Má Vlast live with the Czech Philharmonic for Supraphon, his fifth recording of


texts:
 the piece.He also recorded the Mozart "Prague" Symphony and Dvořák's "New World" Symphony at the festival. During the rehearsal of the "New World," he told the Czech Philharmonic, "It is my joy to hear this. I always wanted it to sound like this but never really found it with any other orchestra in the world. That eighth [note] is great!" On October 18, 1991, <mask> shared the podium with Sir Georg Solti and Daniel Barenboim and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in a performance that re-created the orchestra's inaugural October 16 and 17, 1891, concerts. <mask> led the final work on the program: Antonín Dvořák's Husitská Overture. <mask> died in 1996, aged 82, in Kastanienbaum, in the Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland.His ashes are interred next to the grave of his father in Slavín, Vyšehrad cemetery in Prague. Compositions
Among <mask>'s compositions are five operas, three symphonies, three settings of the requiem, other choral works, many pieces of chamber music, and songs. Salter describes his musical style as "neo-romantic". Selected recordings
<mask> recorded a large repertory, in many cases more than once per work. There are two complete recordings of his traversals of three major symphony cycles – those of Brahms, Schumann, and Beethoven. When <mask> recorded his first complete Beethoven symphony cycle for Deutsche Grammophon, he employed nine different orchestras, one for each symphony. His complete cycle of Mahler's symphonies (recorded from 1967 to 1971 with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra) is highly regarded.Of his Mahler, Daniel Barenboim remarked,


texts:
 "I often thought I was missing something in Mahler until I listened to <mask>. There is a lot more to be discovered in these pieces than just a generalized form of extrovert excitement. That is what <mask> showed." <mask> also left much-admired recordings of operas by Verdi (his Rigoletto was recorded at La Scala with Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau), Mozart, Janáček, Dvořák and others, including Wagner, whose music he had shunned during the war, but which he conducted in later years. His recordings of Die Meistersinger and Parsifal have been ranked the top choice by many critics, including BBC Radio 3's Building a Library programme. <mask>'s complete discography is enormous, with music ranging from Malcolm Arnold to Jan Dismas Zelenka, with recordings both in the studio and in concert. In addition to complete cycles of Beethoven, Brahms, Dvořák, and Mahler, <mask> made recordings of orchestral and operatic works by Bach, Mozart, Haydn, Tchaikovsky, Berlioz, Wagner, Verdi and many others, including modern composers.In May 2018, Deutsche Grammophon released a 66-disc box-set of his complete recordings for the label. References

Bibliography

Freeman, John W. "Music First," Opera News, May 2007, pp. 42–45. External links

 Extensive discography
 František Sláma Archive – contains information on Kubelik under "Conductors – Part 2" in section "Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in Documents and Reminiscences"
 Arnold Schoenberg: Jakobsleiter conducted by Kubelik (YouTube)

1914 births
1996 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century

masks: Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík Kubelík


texts:
 Czech male musicians
Burials at Vyšehrad Cemetery
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Conductors of the Metropolitan Opera
Czech classical composers
Czech conductors (music)
Czech male classical composers
Czech opera composers
Czech people of Hungarian descent
Czechoslovak emigrants to Switzerland
Czechoslovak expatriates in the United Kingdom
Czechoslovak defectors
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Male conductors (music)
Male opera composers
Music directors (opera)
People from Kolín District
Prague Conservatory alumni
Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize
Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists
Swiss classical composers
Swiss conductors (music)
Swiss male classical


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<mask> (born June 28, 1985) is a Panamanian professional boxer. He held the WBA bantamweight title from 2008 to 2014 (promoted to Super champion status in 2011), making him the longest reigning bantamweight world champion of all time, and challenged once for the WBC super bantamweight title in 2012. Nicknamed El Fantasma ("The Phantom"), <mask> is known for his excellent defensive skills and technical fighting style. Professional career

Early career

Super-flyweight
<mask> made his professional debut against Hussein Sanchez on March 10, 2002. He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> amassed a 10–1–1 record during the next three years, with three stoppage victories, before being scheduled to face Ricardo Molina for the vacant WBA Fedecentro super flyweight title on January 28, 2005. He won the fight by a ninth-round technical knockout.The two fought an immediate rematch on August 20, 2005, with the WBA Fedecentro and Panamian super-flyweight titles on the line. <mask> won the fight by unanimous decision. Move to bantamweight
<mask> moved up to bantamweight for the next fight, as he faced Yogli Herrera on March 21, 2006. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 100–89, 100–89 and 99–89. Herrera was deducted two points for illegal blows, once in the fourth and once in the eight round. <mask> was next scheduled to face Félix Machado for the vacant WBA Fedecentro and WBA Fedebol bantamweight titles on May 5, 2006, his first title fight at a new weight. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 98–91, 97–94 and 99–91.Machado was deducted a point in the sixth round for an illegal blow. After a quick fifth-round technical knockout of Jose de Jesus Lopez on August 5, 2006, <mask> was booked to make his first title defense against Franklin Varela on September 2, 2006. He won the fight by unanimous

masks:
Anselmo Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno


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 decision, with scores of 98–92, 100–90 and 99–91. After beating the overmatched Eduardo Pacheco by technical knockout on December 7, 2006, <mask> was booked to fight Nestor Hugo Paniagua for the vacant WBA Fedecaribe bantamweight title on February 3, 2007. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 100–89, 100–90 and 100–88. <mask> made the first defense of his newly acquired regional title against Tomás Rojas on June 2, 2007. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 98–92, 99–92 and 98–94.<mask> made his second and final title defense against Ricardo Vargas on August 16, 2007, whom he beat by a first-round technical knockout. WBA bantamweight champion
<mask> was rewarded for his run of victories by being scheduled to challenge the reigning WBA bantamweight champion Volodymyr Sydorenko. The title fight was booked as the main event of a May 31, 2008, ZDF broadcast card, which took place at the Burg-Wächter Castello in Düsseldorf, Germany. <mask> won the fight by split decision. Two of the judges scored the fight 115–113 for him, while the third judge awarded the same scorecard to Sydorenko. <mask> made his second title defense against Rolly Matsushita on October 30, 2008, at the Figali Convention Center in Panama City, Panama. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 119–109, 118–110 and 120–108.<mask> fought a rematch with Volodymyr Sydorenko in his third WBA title defense. The fight was scheduled for May 2, 2009, at the Halle 7 in Bremen, Germany, and was once again broadcast by ZDF. Although the bout was closer than their first meeting, <mask> was once again victorious. He won the fight by split decision, with scores of 115–113, 115–113 and 113–115. <mask> made his third title defense against Mahyar Monshipour on July 4, 2009, at the Parc des Expositions in Poitiers, France.

masks: Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno


texts: <mask> once again won the fight by split decision, with scores of 116–112, 113–115 and 116–113. After beating Jorge Otero by a sixth-round technical knockout on October 9, 2009, <mask> was booked to make his fourth title defense against Frédéric Patrac on December 4, 2009, at the Palais des Sports in Agde, France.He won the fight by a later eleventh-round technical knockout, stopping Patrac with four seconds to spare. More made his fifth WBA Regular title defense against the undefeated interim-champion Nehomar Cermeño on March 27, 2010, at the Polideportivo José María Vargas in La Guaira, Venezuela. He won the fight by split decision. Two judges scored the fight 114–113 and 115–112 for the reigning champion, while the third judge scored it 115–112 for the challenger. The pair fought an immediate rematch on August 14, 2010, with the bout taking place in the champion's native Panama this time around. More again won the fight by split decision. <mask>, who had at that point been promoted to the status of WBA "Super" bantamweight champion, made the first defense of the Super title against Lorenzo Parra at the Roberto Durán Arena in Panama City, Panama.He had no trouble with the challenger, who retired from the bout at the end of the eight round. <mask> was booked to make his second title defense against Vic Darchinyan on December 3, 2011. The fight presented <mask>'s United States debut, as it took place at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. He won the fight unanimous decision, with scores of 120–107, 117–110 and 116–111. <mask> made his third title defense against David de la Mora on April 12, 2012. He won the fight by a ninth-round technical knockout. <mask> moved up in weight to super bantamweight for his next bout, in order to challenge the reigning WBC champion Abner Mares.The title fight was scheduled as the

masks: Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno


texts:
 event headliner of the November 10, 2012 Showtime card, which took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. Mares won the fight by unanimous decision, with two judges scoring the fight 116–110 in his favor, while the third judge awarded him a wider scorecard of 120–106. <mask> was knocked down in the fifth round, and was deducted a point in the eleventh round for pulling down the head of Mares. <mask> then returned to bantamweight, in order to make his fourth WBA Super title defense. Their fight was booked for August 10, 2013, at the Megapolis Convention Center in Panama City, Panama. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with two judges scoring the fight 118–110 for him, while the third judge scored it 116–112 for <mask>. <mask> made his fifth title defense against Javier Nicolas Chacon on March 22, 2014.He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> was booked to make his sixth title defense against Juan Carlos Payano. The fight took place on September 26, 2014, at the Mesquite Arena in Mesquite, Texas, and was broadcast by Fox Sports. The fight was stopped in the sixth round, due to a cut which was caused by an accidental clash of heads in the second round, and which worsened as the bout went on. Payano was awarded the technical decision, with scores of 59–55, 58–56 and 58–55. Later career
<mask> returned to competition a year later, in order to challenge the reigning WBC bantamweight champion Shinsuke Yamanaka. The fight took place at the Ota City General Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan on September 22, 2015.Yamanaka won the fight by a narrow split decision. All three judges scored the fight 115–113, with two of them scoring it in favor of Yamanaka and the third in favor of <mask>. After suffering his fourth professional loss, <mask> faced the former WBC super flyweight champion Suriyan Sor Rungvisai on

masks: Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno


texts:
 May 1, 2016. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 117–110, 116–111 and 117–110. After successfully bouncing back, <mask> was booked to rematch the WBC bantamweight champion Shinsuke Yamanaka on September 16, 2016. Aside from the WBC title, the vacant The Ring title was on the line as well. Yamanaka was more convincing in the rematch, winning the fight by a seventh-round technical knockout.<mask> then returned to super bantamweight, to fight Julio Ceja for the vacant WBC Silver super bantamweight title on May 27, 2017. Ceja won the fight by a quick third-round knockout. On June 3, 2017, <mask> officially announced his retirement from the sport, after suffering his fourth loss in his previous five fights. Move to featherweight
On April 9, 2019, it was revealed that <mask> would return from retirement and beginning competing at featherweight. <mask> was booked to face Daniel Colula on April 30, 2019, following a 23 month absence from the sport. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 79–72, 77–74 and 78–73. <mask> was next booked to face Luis Nino on November 27, 2019.He won by an eight-round disqualification. Referee Ivan Ballesteros disqualified Nino for an evident low blow. <mask> faced Ruben Tostado Garcia for the vacant WBA Fedelatin featherweight title on May 21, 2021. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 100–90, 96–94 and 100–90. <mask> made his first title defense against Walberto Ramos on October 15, 2021. He won the fight by a first-round knockout. Professional boxing record

References

External links

<mask> <mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

1985 births
Living people
World Boxing Association champions
Bantamweight boxers
Southpaw boxers
Panamanian male boxers
Super-flyweight boxers
Super-bantamweight boxers
World bantamweight boxing

masks: Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Moreno Anselmo Moreno


texts:
<mask> (20 August 1827 – 22 July 1870) was an Austrian composer. He was born in Mariahilf (now Vienna), the son of <mask> and Maria Anna Streim, and brother of <mask> and <mask>. His father wanted him to choose a career in the Austrian Habsburg military. He studied music with Franz Dolleschal and learned to play the violin with Franz Anton Ries. He received training as an engineer, and worked for the city of Vienna as an engineer and designer. He designed a horse-drawn revolving brush street-sweeping vehicle and published two textbooks on mathematical subjects. <mask> had talents as an artist, painter, poet, dramatist, singer, composer and inventor.Family orchestra
He joined the family orchestra, along with his brothers, <mask> II and <mask> in the 1850s. His first published work was called "Die Ersten und Letzten" (The First and the Last). When Johann became seriously ill in 1853 <mask> led the orchestra for a while. The waltz-loving Viennese were appreciative of his early compositions so he decided to continue in the family tradition of composing dance music. He was known as 'Pepi' by his family and close friends, and Johann once said of him: "Pepi is the more gifted of us two;

masks:
Josef Strauss
Johann Strauss I
Johann Strauss II
Eduard Strauss
Strauss
Johann Strauss
Eduard Strauss
Josef


texts:
 I am merely the more popular..."

Family life
<mask> married Caroline Pruckmayer at the church of St. Johann Nepomuk in Vienna on 8 June 1857 and had one daughter, Karolina Anna, who was born on 27 March 1858. Music
<mask> wrote 283 opus numbers. He wrote many waltzes, including: Sphären-Klänge (Music of the Spheres), Delirien (Deliriums), Transaktionen (Transactions), Mein Lebenslauf ist Lieb' und Lust (My Character is Love and Joy), and Dorfschwalben aus Österreich (Village Swallows from Austria), polkas, most famously the  with his brother Johann, quadrilles, and other dance music, and also some marches.The waltz The Mysterious Powers of Magnetism (Dynamiden) with the use of minor keys showed a quality that distinguished his waltzes from those of his more popular elder brother. The polka-mazurka shows influence by <mask>, where he wrote many examples like Die Emancipierte and Die Libelle. Death
<mask> was sickly most of his life. He was prone to fainting spells and intense headaches. During a tour in 1870, he fell unconscious from the conductor's podium in Warsaw while conducting his 'Musical Potpourri', striking his head. His wife brought him back home to Vienna, to the

masks:
Josef Strauss
Josef Strauss
Strauss
Josef Strauss


texts:
 Hirschenhaus, where he died on 22 July of that year. A final diagnosis cited only decomposed blood.There were rumors that he had been beaten by drunken Russian soldiers after allegedly refusing to perform for them one night. A specific cause of death was not determined, since his widow forbade any autopsy. Originally buried in the St. Marx Cemetery, <mask> was later exhumed and reburied in the Vienna Central Cemetery, alongside his mother Anna. His waltzes and polkas might have surpassed those of his elder brother Johann II had he survived, since the latter had begun to specialize in operettas and other stage works. Works of <mask>
The works of <mask> include:

Die Ersten und Letzten ('The First and the Last') waltz op. 1 (1853)
Die Ersten nach den Letzten ('The First after the Last') waltz op. 12 (1854)
Die Guten, Alten Zeiten ('The Good Old Times') waltz op.26 (1856)
Mai-Rosen ('May-Rose') waltz op. 34 (1857)
Liechtenstein-Marsch op. 36 (1857)
Perlen der Liebe ('Pearls of Love') concert-waltz op. 39 (1857)
Wallonen-Marsch ('Walloon March') op. 41 (1857)
Moulinet-Polka ('Little Mill Pond') polka francaise op. 57 (1858)
Laxenburger-Polka, Op. 60 (1858)
Sympathie ('Sympathy')

masks:
Strauss
Josef Strauss
Josef Strauss


texts:
 polka-mazurka op.73 (1859)
Lustschwärmer ('Joy Seeker') waltz op. 91 (1860)
Schabernack ('Shenanigans'), fast polka op. 98
Wiener Bonmots ('Viennese Bon-mots') waltz op. 108 (1861)
Winterlust ('Winter Joy') polka op. 121 (1862)
Brennende Liebe polka-mazurka op. 129 (1862)
Auf Ferienreisen! ('On a Holiday!')polka op. 133 (1863)
Die Schwätzerin ('The Gossip') polka-mazurka op. 144 (1863)
Wiener Couplets ('Viennese Couplets') waltz op. 150 (1863)
Dorfschwalben aus Österreich ('Village Swallows from Austria') waltz op. 164 (1864)
Frauenherz ('A Woman's Heart') polka-mazurka op. 166 (1864)
Sport-Polka op. 170 (1864)
Dynamiden (Geheimne Anziehungskräfte) ('Mysterious Powers of Magnetism') waltz op.173 (1865)
Stiefmütterchen ('Pansies') polka-mazurka op. 183 (1865)
Transaktionen ('Transactions') waltz op. 184 (1865)
Carrière, fast polka, op. 200
Die Marketenderin ('The Camp Follower') polka op. 202 (1866)
Die Libelle ('The Dragonfly') polka-mazurka op. 204 (1866)
 ('Deliriums') waltz op. 212 (1867)
Herbstrosen ('Autumn Rose') waltz op.232 (1867)
 ('Music of the Spheres') waltz op. 235 (1868)
Eingesendet ('Letters to the Editor') polka op. 240 (1868)
Plappermäulchen ('Chatterboxes') polka


texts:
 op. 245 (1868)
 ('Watercolours') waltz op. 258 (1869)
Eislauf ('Ice-Skating') polka op. 261 (1869)
Neckerei ('Teasing') polka mazur op. 262
 ('My Character is Love and Joy') waltz op.263 (1869)
Die Tanzende Muse ('The Dancing Muse') polka-mazurka op. 266 (1869)
Feuerfest! ('Fireproof!') polka française op. 269 (1869). Aus der Ferne Polka Mazur op. 270 (1869)
Ohne Sorgen!('Without a Care!') polka op. 271 (1869)
Nilfluthen ('Nile's Waters') waltz op. 275 (1870)
Frauenwürde waltz op. 277 (1870)
Jokey-Polka ('Jockey')  op. 278 (1870)
Hesperusbahnen ('Hesperus’ Path') waltz op. 279 (1870)
Die Emancipierte ('The Emancipated Woman') polka-mazurka op.282 (1870)

See also
The Strauss Family – TV Drama
 Strauss Museum Vienna

References

External links

<mask> on the Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain

<mask>
1827 births
1870 deaths
19th-century Austrian composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male musicians
Austrian male classical composers
Austrian Roman Catholics
Austrian people of German descent
Austrian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Austrian Romantic composers
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Jewish classical composers
People from Mariahilf
Composers

masks:
Josef Strauss
Josef


texts:
<mask> (1 September 1851 – 1941) was a Norwegian engineer and activist. He is known for his pamphlet Rifleringen, published in February 1884, that resulted in his arrest for lèse majesté. In the pamphlet, he called for soldiers and civilians to arm themselves and encircle the Parliament of Norway Building, creating a "Ring of Rifles", should the need arise. The political situation in Norway at the time was unstable, with an ongoing impeachment case against the conservative government started by political liberals. King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway supported the conservative politicians, and <mask> believed that a political and military counter-offensive was planned, hence the need for guarding the Parliament. The tensions between liberals and conservatives drew <mask> into politics in the first place in 1880. Before this, he was an engineer by occupation and a writer, albeit apolitical.He increased his writing after 1880, and also involved himself in non-socialist trade unions, including the unsuccessful attempt of establishing a national trade union center in Kristiania. When the conservatives lost the Impeachment case, there was a change of government and the charges against Hol were dropped. Two years later, he received an economic compensation from the Parliament. After some quiet years in which he concentrated on engineering work, <mask> returned to politics as a member of the city council of Skien, representing the local temperance movement. He stood for parliamentary election twice, without success. Early life
<mask> was born at the farm Ekornhol in Nord-Odal, the son of Gunder Johnsen and Rønnaug Haakonsdatter. He began a military education in

masks:
Jon Gundersen Hol
Hol
Hol
Hol
Hol


texts:
 1869, and later conducted self-studies as well as attending various schools, including the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry.In 1876, he married Karen Pedersdatter, a farmers' daughter from Sør-Odal and in 1878, he was hired by the city engineering corps of Kristiania. Political activism

Background
While studying, <mask> became interested in journalism. He began writing for the apolitical magazine Norsk Nationaltidende in 1877, but found his interest in politics growing as he observed the mounting political turmoil at the time. Liberal politicians in the Norwegian Parliament struggled to introduce the practice of calling government ministers in for questioning. Initially, this was not meant to function as a lever against individual ministers, but rather to increase debate on important issues. The executive branch of government was not elected, and the intention was to enhance a co-governing with the democratically elected legislature. Also, ministers were already criticized in parliamentary debates; if they were questioned in person they would have the chance to defend themselves.This required altering the Constitution, a move which the executive branch, led by King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway, continuously vetoed. The conservatives in Parliament also opposed this, fearing that the increasingly liberal-dominated parliament would use constitutional change to check the executive branch, and thereby infringe upon the separation of powers. The first royal veto came in 1872, after which the proposition was slightly altered, but it was vetoed again in 1874. Two identical propositions followed, and were defeated, in 1877 and 1880. After


texts: 1880, the question about ministers faded into the background; instead the disagreement centered around the King's right to a veto in constitutional cases. According to the Constitution, the King had the right to postpone a non-constitutional act three times. On the other hand, the Constitution did not mention any veto in constitutional cases.Three views became distinct: some argued that the King had no veto at all, the middle ground was held by people who would allow a postponing veto, while the government and the King claimed an absolute veto. Allegedly, an absolute veto was in the "spirit" of 1814 and the separation of powers principle. Those who held the first view cited the principle of popular sovereignty. Although the veto question became central, the ministers were not out of the spotlight. Since the ministers were inferior to the King within the executive branch, the King was responsible for all actions conducted by this branch; however, the ministers were responsible for the advice given to the King when they were assembled in the Council of State. If any ministers were to dissent, according to the Constitution, they had to state this explicitly in the meeting protocol, lest they be considered in agreement and thus co-responsible. The King was above the law, but the Prime Minister and his cabinet could be tried for Impeachment for advising the King to act out an unconstitutional veto.The Impeachment Court consisted of Supreme Court Justices and elected politicians from the Lagting, and as the latter group held a two-thirds majority, an Impeachment trial with a fairly certain outcome could start as soon as the liberals won control over the


texts:
 Lagting seats through general elections. Arenas for activism
<mask> sided with Johan Sverdrup, a liberal jurist who had become the spearhead of parliamentary opposition to the King. Hol also became involved in the workers' society Kristiania Arbeidersamfund, which was dominated by political liberals (not socialists) at that time, as a member of the board. From 1881, he worked on their publication Samfundet. This periodical eventually ceased publication, but was succeeded by Nordmanden in 1883, which Hol co-owned. Hol used Samfundet and Nordmanden as the main public arenas for his activism. He was also behind the rifle associations' member magazine Norsk Skyttertidende, which had been started in 1882 and edited by David Dietrichson for a short while before Hol took over.Rifle associations and the military
<mask> eventually came to believe that King Oscar II and his supporters, if opposed by the Norwegian Parliament, would usurp political power with the help of the Norwegian Army. <mask> based this view on two speeches given by Oscar in 1882, one of them at the closing of the parliamentary session that year and hence before the 1882 general election. Harald Nicolai Storm Wergeland, the Commander at Akershus Fortress, located nearby the Norwegian Parliament, was known as a staunch conservative. In 1880, he had called for Parliament to increase the military contingent in the city. The Chief of Police supported this request; in a letter to the Ministry of Justice and the Police he stated that there was a need for preparedness regarding the political situation, as a possible pretext for "disturbances and demonstrations". Otto Nyquist, a personal friend of

masks:
Jon Hol
Hol
Hol


texts: the King, was instated in 1882 as commander of the battalion stationed in Kristiania. In late 1883, Oscar suggested that the storage of bolts of rifles in depots around the country be disconnected, to prevent a situation in which uprising peasantry turned the Army's own weapons against them.Secret talks on a coup d'état supported by the military were held between Oscar and Christian Selmer at the Scanian castle Sofiero in 1883, and the newspaper Morgenbladet publicly supported such a solution. One of the means to counter this development, was the formation of semi-military forces. All over the country, local rifle associations had sprung up. The first rifle association—Centralforeningen for Udbredelse af Legemsøvelser og Vaabenbrug of 1861—was politically conservative, but a great number of the newer associations, especially in rural districts, supported the political liberals and radicals. They exercised as regular troops, but did not commit acts of political violence. Rather, a latent purpose was to deter a possible conflict. If conservative Commanders of the Army were to use force to subdue the parliamentary process, it was clear that rifle associations, too, could march upon Kristiania, possibly aided by "rogue" commanders such as Albert Jacobsen.<mask> supported the liberal rifle associations, and helped found Kristiania Folkevæbningssamlag in his city. He also chaired Nordre Skytterlag, a local rifle association based in Nordre Aker. Apart from organizational work, he wrote several articles on the issue. In Samfundet he wrote that a "coup d'etat or attempt thereof" would lead to a popular uprising, where "real Norwegians", "soldier or


texts:
 non-soldier" alike would encircle the Parliament Building with "thousands of bayonets" to "await" and the political processes and guard the Constitution. This activism was not compatible with his professional career, as he was a municipal employee. In this situation, <mask> chose to formally leave the radical organizations, resigning as a member of the board of Kristiania Arbeidersamfund and Kristiania Folkevæbningssamlag. He thereby retained his job.However, in early 1884 he was fired by the municipality. Rifleringen
In February 1884, the Impeachment trial of Prime Minister Christian Selmer and his entire cabinet was nearing its end. One of the last actions of Selmer's cabinet was to refuse to sanction a parliamentary money grant to the rifle association—the liberals had won the 1882 parliamentary election in a landslide victory—further polarizing the situation. Rumours flew that personnel of the Norwegian Army were preparing for action at Kongsvinger Fortress, some miles northeast of Kristiania. On 6 February 1884, Hol released a pamphlet which has come to be known as Rifleringen (The Rifle Ring), with the subtitle Giv Akt (At attention). Like previous writings, it called upon semi-military personnel and other weapon-able citizens to arm themselves and encircle the Parliament Building. This time, he did not call for the citizens to "await" the situation, but instead to "fire!at the traitors of the Fatherland". The pamphlet was confiscated by the police on 8 February. The person who printed the pamphlet, Nikolai Olsen, was arrested on the same day, and the apprehension of <mask> followed on 10 February. He remained in custody until 26 February, and

masks:
Hol
Jon Hol


texts:
 was indicted on 11 March, for lèse majesté. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and <mask> were indicted on the same charge. Upon the arrests, the newspaper Verdens Gang noted that no conservative writers had been sanctioned, despite openly calling for a coup d'état. In the meantime, Christian Selmer was impeached on 27 February; his cabinet members followed one by one, the last being impeached on 1 April.On 11 March, Selmer resigned. Two acting Prime Ministers were drawn from his cabinet; Ole Bachke from 11 to 29 March and Niels Mathias Rye from 29 March to 3 April. Then, a new cabinet led by Selmer's former Minister of Finance Christian Homann Schweigaard was formed, but in reality it stood no chance of surviving as it faced the Liberal-dominated Parliament, whose means of pressuring the executive branch had been strengthened following the Impeachment trial. In June, as Schweigaard entered his last month as Prime Minister, the King summoned mathematics professor Ole Jacob Broch to form a compromise cabinet, but this failed owing to Conservative opposition, spearheaded by up-and-coming politician Emil Stang. Broch gave up on 22 June, and Johan Sverdrup became Prime Minister on 26 June. In light of this change in circumstances, the case against Hol had been annulled by Royal Resolution— earlier on 6 June. Det norske Arbeiderforbund
The Conservative politicians and the King had accepted the parliamentary process without any military conflict.However, conflicts as such still existed. The country's establishment had been shocked by a number of labor conflicts, with a street battle at Kampen in 1878 and the storming of an employer's home at Etterstad in May 1880, as


texts: examples of the more volatile events. In August 1884, workers at Akers Mekaniske Verksted faced a 10% pay cut. A debate had been held in Kristiania Arbeidersamfund on 30 July, and the meeting decided to call a strike effective as of 1 August. In addition, <mask> took the initiative to found a national trade union center, Det norske Arbeiderforbund. Representatives from seventeen factories elected <mask> as the secretary of Det norske Arbeiderforbund. The printer Nikolai Olsen became treasurer.Among the union's demands were normal working hours for laborers and universal suffrage. It staunchly opposed socialist ideas, especially through the union newspaper Arbeideren. On 7 October, a new board was elected, and the first point of their manifesto was "Law-abidingness — moral conduct — sobriety". Det norske Arbeiderforbund was supported by people from individual factories, but the mainly philanthropic activists were associated with the Liberal Party. However, the strike at Akers Mekaniske had been a failure, as the laborers had returned to work by on 26 August—with a 10% pay cut. It soon faced competition from more worker-dominated trade unions, coordinated through the Fagforeningenes Centralkomite. On the political side, a Labour Party was formed in 1887, and from it the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions followed in 1899.The historical role of Det norske Arbeiderforbund, as it turned out, was to mark the transition between two kinds of trade unionism; the one dominated by the bourgeois Liberal Party and the one dominated by the socialist Labour Party. The organization became defunct around 1890. The publication Arbeideren was continued, and

masks:
Jon Hol
Hol


texts:
 beginning in 1906, Arbeideren was the party organ of the newly founded Labour Democrats, a non-socialist labour and social reform party associated with the Liberal Party. Later life
<mask> had been fired from his municipal job on 13 February 1884. After 1884, he laid low for a few years, but on 26 May 1886 he was given  by the Liberal-dominated Parliament as compensation for lost income. In 1887 he was again publicly employed, assisting in the construction of the Bandak-Nordsjø Canal. He was hired as the city engineer of Skien in 1891, holding this position for almost twenty-five years, and later worked in Notodden, Kongsberg and Risør.From time to time he wrote technical articles on water pipes, among other subjects, in the magazine Teknisk Ukeblad. He became active again in politics and the public sphere. He wrote for the liberal newspaper Dagbladet and the temperance magazine Folket, as well as for the local press. He also represented the temperance movement in the city council of Skien for twenty years. In 1906 he ran in the parliamentary elections in the constituency Skien, but was not elected. He has been called an independent candidate. At the time, however, he was denoted by Statistics Norway as loosely adhering to the Coalition Party with a leaning towards the Liberals.In the first round of voting, <mask> was a "running mate" (deputy candidate) of former parliamentarian and government minister Hans Nilsen Hauge, who adhered to the Coalition Party with a conservative leaning. They faced Carl Stousland who represented the Liberal Party and P. R. Saltvik of the Labour Party. Stousland received 732 votes, Hauge 460 votes and Saltvik 231 votes. As

masks: Hol Hol


texts:
 a "running mate", <mask> received 511 votes. He also got 8 votes as a primary candidate. In the second round of voting, the Coalition Party dropped Hauge and propped up <mask>, who now had J. A. Larsen as his running mate.Also, the Labour Party pulled out. <mask> received 595 votes, but succumbed to Stousland who got 855 votes. Hauge got 2 votes, and <mask> got 23 "running mate" votes. <mask> stood for election again in the 1924 parliamentary election, when the voting system had changed completely. The constituency was now Market towns of Telemark and Aust-Agder counties, and it was a plural-member constituency where representatives were selected from the party lists with the most votes. <mask> was fielded as the second candidate on the ballot of the Radical People's Party (Labour Democrats), the new name of the Labour Democrats. The first candidate was A. Jørgensen, police chief of Kragerø.The Radical People's Party fared well in Skien and Kragerø. With 1,050 votes in Kragerø the party prevailed over the Social Democrats and Communists. With 2,075 votes in Skien the party prevailed over Labour. However, it fared much worse in the other six cities, carried 4,571 votes in total and lost the election in the Market towns of Telemark and Aust-Agder counties. <mask> died in 1941, and was buried on 16 May 1941 at Vestre gravlund. References

Notes

Bibliography

1851 births
1941 deaths
People from Nord-Odal
People from Skien
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian male writers
Norwegian trade unionists
Norwegian temperance activists
Politicians from Telemark
Radical People's Party (Norway) politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Coalition Party (Norway)

masks: Hol Hol Hol Hol Hol Hol Hol


texts:
<mask> (June 21, 1928 – March 8, 2011), considered one of the principal figures in the renaissance of Hawaiian culture in the 1970s, was a celebrated artist-historian and author with a special interest in the seafaring traditions of the ancestral peoples of Hawaii. Kāne played a key role in demonstrating that Hawaiian culture arose not from some accidental seeding of Polynesia, but that Hawaii was reachable by voyaging canoes from Tahiti able to make the journey and return. This offered a far more complex notion of the cultures of the Pacific Islands than had previously been accepted. Furthermore, he created vivid imagery of Hawaiian culture prior to contact with Europeans, and especially the period of early European influence, that sparked appreciation of a nearly forgotten traditional life. He painted dramatic views of war, exemplified by The Battle at Nuuanu Pali, the potential of conflicts between cultures such as in Cook Entering Kealakekua Bay, where British ships are dwarfed and surrounded by Hawaiian canoes, as well as bucolic quotidian scenes and lush images of a robust ceremonial and spiritual life, that helped arouse a latent pride among Hawaiians during a time of general cultural awakening. Early life and education as an artist
<mask> (kɑh-nay) was born in the community of Marshfield, Minnesota in the United States. His father (also named <mask>) worked in family poi business, and became a paniolo (Hawaiian cowboy), then traveled the US in a Hawaiian band.He later served in the Army and Navy, and had his own practice as a Doctor of Optometry. <mask>.'s grandfather immigrated to Waipio

masks:
Herbert Kawainui Kāne
Kāne
Herbert
Herbert Jr


texts:
 Valley from China and being very industrious, he built the first poi factory in the islands, growing taro and producing poi for market. His mother's family were farmers of Danish ancestry in Wisconsin. Kāne's childhood was divided between Wisconsin and Hawaii. He describes in his book, Voyagers, an early awakening to art. In 1935 he was a barefoot child in Hilo, Hawaii, brought by his mother to the opening of a gallery exhibition of the work of D. Howard Hitchcock. He writes that he was "stunned, confronted with miracles" seeing Hitchcock's work and speaking with him briefly.Hitchcock was the first Hawaiian-born artist to achieve international recognition, and his work focused on unique Hawaiian subject matter, particularly the volcanic eruptions near Hilo. According to his own account, besides this exposure to art and the ongoing encouragement of his parents to pursue his interest in drawing, Kāne's most formative experiences in childhood were in Hawaii, where his father and his family passed along the traditional folk tales of the islands. Kāne served in the United States Navy, qualifying for veteran's educational benefits under the G.I. Bill. After he was discharged, he used those benefits to attend the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois, earning a bachelor's degree and, in 1953, a master's degree. Under an arrangement between the two schools at the time, his master's degree was awarded by the University of Chicago. Early career

<mask> had his own avertising studio on Chicago's Michigan Avenue, which is known as "The Magnificent Mile."He was a very successful


texts:
 designer/illustrator/author. His talents were expansive, working with everything from books and magazines, architectural designs, to commercial television work for Kelloggs and various companies, and more. Kāne said he found advertising work unsatisfying. "The end came when I won a Jolly Green Giant campaign, and for a year, did drawings and paintings of that big green fairy until I could no longer suffer it." Kāne had been sailing a racing catamaran on Lake Michigan, and had begun researching Hawaiian canoes in the library of the University of Chicago and in the Field Museum of Natural History, where in 1961 the museum had installed one of the most extensive collections of artifacts from Pacific Ocean cultures put on view to date. Kāne produced a series of fourteen paintings of Polynesian canoes in the 1960s, which were purchased in 1969 by the Hawaii State Foundation of Culture and the Arts, then headed by its first director, Alfred Preis, architect of the USS Arizona Memorial in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. Kāne has stated that this purchase made it possible for him to move to Hawaii, where he lived in Honolulu and continued his study of Polynesian voyaging canoes.The Hōkūleʻa and its cultural impact

In Honolulu, Kāne attracted a group of sailing enthusiasts, including University of Hawaii anthropologist Ben Finney and Tommy Holmes, author of The Hawaiian Canoe. Together they founded the Polynesian Voyaging Society and began work on the Hōkūleʻa, a voyaging canoe based on historical Polynesian design, capable of sailing between Hawaii and Tahiti. Their purpose was to prove that ancestral


texts: Polynesian voyagers could have purposely navigated in vessels of similar type to settle Hawaii. Kāne has said his goal was also to spur a revival of cultural identity among Hawaiians and peoples of the Pacific islands. He wrote that in 1973 he, with a number of others at the time, realized that "if a voyaging canoe were built and sailed today, it would function as a cultural catalyst and inspire the revival of almost-forgotten aspects of Hawaiian life." "What intrigued me was to see, if by building this canoe and putting it to active use and taking it out on a cruise throughout the Hawaiian islands, introducing it to the Hawaiian people, training Hawaiians to sail it, if this would not stimulate shock waves or ripple effect throughout the culture- in music and dance and the crafts. And we know it did."Kāne designed and named the Hōkūleʻa, which was launched on March 8, 1975. Technically, the craft is a performance-accurate full-scale replica of a waa kaulua, a Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe. The name Hōkūleʻa came to Kāne in a dream, he has said. It is the Hawaiian term for the star Arcturus, which is of critical importance to celestial navigation in the Pacific, and the zenith star of the Hawaiian Islands. He served as the skipper for two years as the canoe sailed trial cruises among the Hawaiian Islands to attract crew and support for its maiden international voyage. Kāne's role in the creation and promotion of the Hōkūleʻa helped restore pride to the peoples of the Pacific, and his paintings of traditional Hawaiian scenes and historical events have helped restore lost identity and, in


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 the words of the President of School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Tony Jones, "rewritten the history of the Pacific." Kāne's colleague, Nainoa Thompson, navigator of the Hōkūleʻa, says Kāne was "the visionary, the dreamer, and he was the architect and the engineer.He's the one that carried the burden of building, and constructing, and sailing Hōkūleʻa." Elsewhere, Thompson told an interviewer, "When you look at <mask>'s legacy, it is transforming Hawaii's society because he brought pride and culture and inspiration back, through the canoe....He is the father of the Hawaiian Renaissance." Kāne died on March 8, 2011, the 36th anniversary of the launch of the Hōkūleʻa. Art works
 Daniel Inouye, United States Senator from Hawaii, has been quoted as saying, "When you saw a <mask>e painting, you were energized and motivated to learn about the past. ...His artwork captured both ancient and modern-day Hawaii and help preserve Hawaii's unique culture for future generations." Kāne became one of the most respected figurative painters in Hawaii, with major works on view at the Bishop Museum, the largest museum in the state and the premier natural and cultural history institution in the Pacific. His work has been exhibited at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Puukoholā Heiau National Historic Site, and in the Hawaii State Capitol.His paintings of Polynesian sailing have been widely reproduced, appearing as illustrations in books and articles. Among the first of these were a series of seven paintings commissioned by the National Geographic Magazine and published in the December 1974 issue. His art is

masks:
Herb
Herb Kān


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 characterized by emphasis on realistic and precise draftsmanship when depicting historical scenes, such as his series of voyaging canoe paintings and many other paintings of battles, everyday domestic life, and ceremonial occasions, which are extensively researched. When Kāne turns his imagination to the legends of old Hawaii and the spiritual and mythological side of the Hawaiian culture, his work is more expressionistic, with bold brushwork and vivid colors. His expressionistic style is seen in his painting Pele, Goddess of the Volcano for the Jaggar Museum at Kīlauea, which depicts the supernatural figure with literal fire in her eyes and flowing lava as her hair. <mask> is well known on so many different levels. Most of <mask>'s art was heavily researched, making sure that everything was historically accurate, even when it came to the weather and cloud coverage at that time in history.He had contacts in Washington, DC, and all around the globe who helped him achieve accuracy in his research. His art was not made by someone simply reaching into the imagination. It was created by an achievement of tireless research and this all adds to the value of his paintings. <mask> was the first person to accurately paint Europeans' ships and more. After heavy research in the Maritime Museum in London, <mask> had uncovered ship plans that they never even knew they had! He used these for some of his paintings. <mask> had also designed some large, magnificently woven tapestries that had the breathtaking beauty of his paintings.Site-specific works
Kāne's paintings include several very large canvasses or murals

masks: Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb


texts: for hotel lobbies and similar public and commercial spaces. His 1973 mural, made of wool, titled Opening of the Pacific to Man, was designed for a space above the entrance to the Pacific Trade Center, on Alakea and King Streets in central Honolulu. It measures  high and  wide, and offers views of several voyaging canoes and a central monumental male figure holding a paddle. In the corner of the mural is a representation of the wayfarer's chart, traditionally made of shells and sticks, in which islands and ocean swell patterns are encoded to assist the training of a navigator. As a design consultant, Kāne worked on resorts and visitor centers in Hawaii and the South Pacific, as well as a cultural center in Fiji. Kāne was commissioned by the National Park Service in 1976 to paint "Keoua's Arrival", which is on permanent display in the Visitor Center at Puukoholā Heiau National Historic Site. Several of his large canvasses are on permanent view at the Outrigger Hotel in Waikiki in Honolulu, where the management dedicated the area as a permanent tribute to Kāne.One 1973 site-specific mural, painted on a custom-designed wall as part of a history center under construction (and never completed) at Punaluu Beach, twice gained notoriety. The historical mural, titled Ancient Punaluu, Hawaii Island measured  wide by  high. According to a news report, "The mural shows alii, warriors and commoners on the black sandbar, which separates Punaluu Bay from a pond where springs provide fresh water immediately behind the beach.....A ceiling of thatch gave the feeling of being inside an old Hawaiian shelter and the


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 thatch hid lighting, which gave a natural, daylight look to the mural. Pebbles and sand at the base of the painting met real pebbles and sand on the floor of the history center." In 1975 the mural survived a tsunami that destroyed the interior of the building. According to Kāne's account on his personal blog, quoting eyewitnesses, the wave pushed all the displays out the far side of the room and left a mud line three or four feet high on the wall—except on the mural, which was dry and undamaged. Then in 2005 the mural was stolen from the site, which was vacant and unfinished.Thieves are believed to have cut out the wall in five sections using a circular saw powered by a portable generator, and in this way stole the painting, which has never been recovered. Kāne responded by recreating a version of the mural in oil paint on canvas, saying, "Now all the thieves have is a preliminary sketch. Vengeance is mine." Stamps

Kāne's work on a much smaller scale reveals his artistic versatility. Kāne designed seven postage stamps for the U.S. Postal Service including stamps commemorating each of the 25th and the 50th anniversaries of Hawaiian statehood. His 1984 stamp for the 25th anniversary of Hawaiian statehood depicts a double-hulled voyaging canoe, a Pacific golden plover (a migratory bird which winters in Hawaii), and a volcano erupting on the flank of Mauna Loa, on the Big Island of Hawaii.On the day of its release, sales of this stamp set a new record for the U.S. Postal Service. His 2009 stamp for the State's 50th anniversary depicts a person surfing and people paddling a traditional outrigger


texts:
 canoe, all riding the same wave. This stamp engendered some controversy, as Kāne was highly critical of the typography in the final design, which he felt mistakenly substituted an apostrophe for the symbol that signals a glottal stop in the word Hawaii and is known by the term okina. He also designed postage stamps for several Pacific island nations, including French Polynesia, the Federated States of Micronesia, as well as the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Three-dimensional art
Although best known for his paintings, Kāne also produced limited-edition bronze sculpture and other three-dimensional works besides the Hōkūleʻa, which has been called his moving sculpture. His monumental bronze figure, The Young Kamehameha stands in Wailea, Maui.Last commission

Kāne's last commissioned work was for the Royal Hawaiian Hotel, a wall sized painting of Kamehameha I's landing in Oahu. His health declined and he passed before the work could be completed; however, he had left instructions that, should he die before the work was finished, he wished Brook Kapūkuniahi Parker to complete the work. Eventually the hotel decided to display the work unfinished. Publications
Kāne communicated his message of the importance of Hawaiian culture and its origins, in print (as author, publisher, and illustrator) and television. Kāne is the author of several books, including:

 Canoes of Polynesia (1974) (portfolio of 12 lithographs with accompanying booklet)

 Voyage, the Discovery of Hawaii (1976)

 A Canoe Helps Hawaii Recapture Her Past in National Geographic Magazine, April, 1976

 Pele, Goddess of Volcanoes (1987)


texts:
 Voyagers (1991, 2nd edition 2006)

 Ancient Hawaii (1997)

Kāne is illustrator of:

 The Life and Times of John Young: Confidant and Advisor to Kamehameha the Great

 The Power of the Stone: A Hawaiian Ghost Story

 Christmas Time with Eddie Kamae and the Sons of Hawaii (1977 album cover: Hawaii Sons HS-4004)

 Voyagers, The First Hawaiians (film directed and scored by Paul Csige, based on the 1976 book Voyage, The Discovery of Hawaii by <mask>e)

Online interviews include:

 Never Lost: Polynesian Navigation (The Offering)

 Ask the Experts: <mask> Kāne (The Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey) Kāne served as a member of the advisory panel for the 1998 independent film, The Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey, which was broadcast widely on television stations including those of the U.S. Public Broadcasting System. Honors
 1984—Named a Living Treasure of Hawaii by the Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Honolulu
 1987 —One of 16 chosen as Pookela (Champion) for the Year of the Hawaiian Celebration
 1988–1992 – A founding trustee of the Native Hawaiian Culture & Arts Program, Bishop Museum
 1998 – Awarded Bishop Museum's Charles Reed Bishop Medal
 2002 – Received an award for excellence from The Hawaii Book Publishers Association
 2008 – Awarded an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago

References

External links
Television interview with Nainoa Thompson

Herbert K. Kane Family Trust

1928 births
2011 deaths
Hawaii (island)
Artists from Hawaii
Historians of Hawaii
Hōkūlea
Native Hawaiian writers
Polynesian navigation
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
University of

masks:
Herb Kān
Herb Kawainui


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<mask> "Sal" <mask> (; born January 12, 1942) is an Italian mobster in the <mask> crime family. He became nationally known when he and his brothers set up a multimillion dollar heroin cartel during the 1970s and 1980s. At the turn of the century he made headline news again when members of his family were suspected of trying to get him a presidential pardon through bribery. <mask> was born as the middle son of <mask> in Palermo in Sicily on January 12, 1942. Along with his two brothers Giuseppe (Joseph) and Giovanni (John), he became a made man of the Sicilian Mafia. They are distant relatives of <mask> and his son <mask>. The family moved to the United States in 1962.After moving, <mask> started his own family and had four children. Both of his sons, Anthony and Tommaso have been suspected of being mobsters. After <mask>binos also were closely related to the Spatola, Inzerillo, and Di Maggio Mafia families in Sicily. All these families worked closely together to form a trans-Atlantic heroin smuggling operation:

"the Gambino brothers are cousins of the Spatola brothers <mask>, Vincenzo and Antonio, their father, Salvatore, being brother to the Gambino's mother; that Giuseppe Inzerillo married Giuseppa Di Maggio-sister of Calogero, Giuseppe and Salvatore Di Maggio- while Calogero Di Maggio married Dominica Spatola, thus strengthening the kinship between these families." Move to New Jersey
The Gambino family eventually made their way to New Jersey. Although they entered the country illegally in 1962, they were granted permanent residency in 1966.The brothers later joined the Gambino crime family and were made members of the criminal organization in 1975 by Paul Castellano. Older brother Giovanni (who Americanized his name to John) was named a caporegime (captain) in the crime family and <mask> and Giuseppe (who Americanized his name to Joseph) were his top lieutenants. Together the brothers formed a crew known as the "Cherry Hill

masks:
Rosario
Gambino
Gambino
Family Rosario Gambino
Tommaso Gambino
Carlo Gambino
Thomas Gambino
Gambino
Rosarioam
Rosario
Rosario


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 Gambinos", named after their city of operation, Cherry Hill, New Jersey. Together <mask> and Joseph ran a chain of restaurants called "Father and Son Pizza". They also ran pizza shops in Philadelphia and Camden, and, with a cousin, pizzerias as far south as Dover, Delaware. The two brothers were also suspects in a string of arsons in the 1980s. Despite his considerable earnings, <mask> reported little money on his income tax return.<mask> owned Sals pizza in Delran, New Jersey. Although no longer there, it's where he met with his underlings now and again wearing suits that made him a stand alone presence. According to government reports:

"one finds a financial picture which is simply not credible. His own attorney was unable to identify his occupation when asked to do so by the court. During the last few years, he has reported moderate amounts of income, approximately $20,000 in his 1982 U. S. Individual Income Tax Return and approximately $21,000 in his 1983 Income Tax Return. Yet he lives in a lavish home which is insured for $150,000 and for which he makes mortgage payments of $1,087.00 each month. Moreover, during the calendar year 1983, he made deposits totaling just under $35,000 in his checking account.He testified that he was unemployed from December 31, 1983, until his arrest on March 16, 1984. Although he allegedly had no source of income, he stated he left untouched the $20,000 in cash he had accumulated from his pizzeria. Still he was able to meet his living expenses, gamble in the casinos and pay $1,697.00 in cash to have fountain lights installed in front of his house during this time period." In 1983, Louis Eppolito – a former New York Police Department (NYPD) detective who worked on behalf of the New York Mafia – was suspected in a corruption case that he had provided NYPD intelligence reports on to <mask>. <mask> was also linked to the Pizza Connection probe, where dealers would sell drugs from pizzerias. Heroin

masks:
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario Gambino
Rosario
Rosario


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 trafficking and conviction
Despite an official ban on drug dealing by the American Mafia, the Italian Gambino brothers were heavily involved in international heroin trafficking out of Bensonhurst. The Cherry Hill Gambinos were the ultimate recipients of the heroin that was brought in by the Inzerillo-Gambino-Spatola-Di Maggio clan from Sicily.They smuggled an estimated US$600 million worth of heroin into the U.S. every year. A lot of this money was sent back to Italy to be invested in legitimate businesses. By 1982 the Inzerillo-Gambino-Spatola holdings in Palermo alone were estimated to be worth one billion US dollars. The Gambinos had a close relationship with the Italian banker Michele Sindona. When Sindona got in trouble and was indicted for the bankruptcy of the Franklin National Bank, <mask> procured a false passport and helped to stage a bogus kidnap in August 1979, to conceal a mysterious 11-week trip to Sicily before his scheduled fraud trial. However, Sindona also had put the Mafia's heroin money at risk, due to his financial malpractice. The real purpose of the kidnapping was to issue sparsely disguised blackmail notes to Sindona's past political allies – among them Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti – to engineer the rescue of his banks and recuperate Cosa Nostra's money.The Gambinos accompanied Sindona's attempt to recover the money, but the plans failed and Sindona was arrested, leading to the indictment of the Inzerillo-Spatola-Gambino network. It remains unclear if any of the Mafia money Sindona had lost was recovered. <mask> met Sindona and <mask> upon his return at JFK Airport. In 1980, Giovanni Falcone signed an arrest warrant in Italy for the three brothers on drug trafficking charges. The brothers didn't go back to Italy and the United States did not grant extradition, so they went on trial and were convicted of drug trafficking in absentia. In March 1980, <mask> and his brother Joseph were arrested by American

masks:
John Gambino
Rosario
John Gambino
Rosario


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 authorities for alleged participation in an attempt to import 91 pounds of heroin from Milan, Italy. They were both acquitted of those charges.In 1984, <mask> and three others went on trial for narcotics trafficking charges in the United States. <mask> was found guilty of selling heroin to undercover police officers and sentenced to 45 years in prison. He was then sent to Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island in Los Angeles to serve his sentence. Pardon attempt
<mask> made headlines again in 2001 when reports surfaced that in 1995 President Bill Clinton's half-brother Roger Clinton, Jr. had allegedly accepted $50,000 and a Rolex watch from <mask>'s children. According to reports, in return Roger said he could guarantee Anna and Tommaso, <mask>'s children, a presidential pardon by President Clinton. In 1995, Roger Clinton unsuccessfully lobbied officials for parole for <mask>. In 1999 when the president was prepared to decide who would be pardoned before his final days in office, <mask>'s name was on the list for consideration.Ultimately, the President did not grant <mask> a pardon. Deportation and release from prison
While in prison <mask> remained in good contact with the Los Angeles crime family members Jimmy Caci and his own son Tommaso. The Italian government attempted to extradite <mask> in 2001, based on an in absentia conviction for drug trafficking. The U.S. District Court in California denied the request because <mask> had already been convicted on similar charges in New York. In 2006, <mask> was released from prison after serving 22 years and then transferred to an immigrant detention center in California to await expulsion to Italy. In September 2007, an immigration judge in Los Angeles cited the United Nations Convention Against Torture in ruling that <mask> should not be deported. The judge found that in Italy, <mask> would probably be locked up in a harsh, life-threatening and life-shortening prison system

masks:
Gambino
Gambino
Rosario Gambino
Gambino
Rosario
Rosario Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino


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 designed to compel inmates to reveal information about the Sicilian Mafia (see article 41-bis prison regime).Similar reasoning was used to prevent his brothers from being deported after their criminal convictions. Immigration and Customs Enforcement successfully appealed the ruling. On May 23, 2009, <mask> arrived at Rome's Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, where he was taken into custody. He was released while his lawyer, Daniele Francesco Lelli, pursued an appeal with the Court of Cassation, Italy’s top criminal court. However, shortly after his release from prison, the Palermo Appeals Court issued an arrest warrant for <mask> on October 27, 2011. He was arrested in a Rome clinic where he had checked in for medical tests. <mask> appealed the conviction and on February 3, 2014, he was acquitted of drug trafficking charges and was freed from prison.In July 2019 <mask> was arrested in coordinated, international police raids triggered by a trans-Atlantic WhatsApp message. Notes

References
Davis, John H. (1993). Mafia Dynasty. The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family, New York: Harper Collins,
Salter Frank K. (ed.) (2002). Risky transactions: trust, kinship, and ethnicity, New York: Berghahn Books,
Shawcross, Tim & Martin Young (1987).Men Of Honour: The Confessions Of Tommaso Buscetta, Glasgow: Collins
Sterling, Claire (1990), Octopus. How the long reach of the Sicilian Mafia controls the global narcotics trade, New York: Simon & Schuster,
<mask>bino at the New Jersey Casino Control Commission
Roger and Me, Philadelphia Citypaper, September 6–13, 2001
Pizza Parlors: Safehouses for Drug Smugglers in 1985 Report of the Pennsylvania Crime Commission. http://news.google.ca/newspapers?id=4n0xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=p6UFAAAAIBAJ&dq=rosario%20gambino&pg=2786%2C1911660
sify.com

1942 births
Living people
Gambino crime family
American gangsters of Sicilian descent
Inzerillo-Gambino Mafia clan
Italian emigrants to the United States
Gangsters

masks:
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Rosario Gam


texts:
<mask> (5 September 1908 – 1 September 1987) was an Italian historian of the Classical antiquity, known for his work in historiography, characterised by Donald Kagan as "the world's leading student of the writing of history in the ancient world". Biography
<mask> was born on 5 September 1908 in Caraglio, Piedmont. In 1936 he became Professor of Roman History at the University of Turin, but as a Jew soon lost his position due to the anti-Jewish Racial Laws enacted by the Fascist regime in 1938, and moved to England, where he remained. After a time at Oxford University, he went to University College London, where he was Professor from 1951 to 1975. He was a Fellow of the Warburg Institute and supervised the PhD of Wolf Liebeschuetz. Momigliano visited regularly at the University of Chicago where he was named Alexander White Professor in the Humanities, and at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. He wrote reviews for The New York Review of Books.In addition to studying the ancient Greek historians and their methods, he also took an interest in modern historians, such as Edward Gibbon, and wrote a number of studies of them. After 1930, Momigliano contributed a number of biographies to the Enciclopedia Italiana; in the 1940s and 1950s he contributed biographies to the Oxford Classical Dictionary and Encyclopædia Britannica. In 1974 he was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). A number of his essays were collected into volumes published posthumously. He died on 1 September 1987 in London. Views
In the 1930s, Momigliano joined the National Fascist Party, swore loyalty to

masks:
Arnaldo Dante Momigliano
Momigliano


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 Benito Mussolini, and sought exemption from antisemitic Italian racial laws as a party member. Momigliano believed that several classical works of European literature had contributed to the nationalism and warfare in Europe, and considered works such as Germania and the Iliad as "among the most dangerous books ever written".Momigliano considered it wasteful and "comical" to spend much efforts at identifying and explaining the forces held responsible for the gradual disintegration of the Roman Empire. In the 1980s, Momigliano and fellow historian Carlo Ginzburg leveled heavy criticism against French philologist Georges Dumézil, whom they charged with being a fascist opposed to "Judeo-Christian" society. Momigliano's attacks on Dumézil, who was then in very poor health, have been described as "unfair and vicious" by Edgar C. Polomé. Works
 George Grote and the Study of Greek History, London: Lewis, 1952. The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century, Clarendon Press, 1963
 Studies in Historiography, Garland Pub., 1985,
 The Development of Greek Biography: Four Lectures, Harvard University Press, 1971; revised and expanded, Harvard University Press, 1993,
 Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization, Cambridge University Press, 1975; reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1993
 Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography, Wesleyan University Press, 1977,
 "History and Biography" and "Greek Culture and the Jews", in The Legacy of Greece, a new Appraisal, Moses I Finley (ed. ), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981
 How to Reconcile Greeks and Trojans, North-Holland Pub. Co.,


texts:
 1982
 "Premesse per una discussione su Georges Dumézil", Opus 2 (1983): 329–42.English translation: "Introduction to a Discussion of Georges Dumezil", in Studies on Modern Scholarship (see below), pp. 286–301. "Georges Dumézil and the Trifunctional Approach to Roman Civilization", History and Theory 23, no. 3 (1984): 312–20. "Two Types of Universal History: The Cases of E. A. Freeman and Max Weber," The Journal of Modern History Vol. 58, No. 1, March 1986
 On Pagans, Jews and Christians, reprint, Wesleyan University Press, 1987,
 The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography, University of California Press, 1990,
 Essays on Ancient and Modern Judaism, Editor Silvia Berti, University of Chicago Press, 1994;
 Studies on Modern Scholarship.Edited by G. W. Bowersock & T. J. Cornell. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. "The Rules of the Game in the Study of Ancient History", History and Theory 55, no. 1 (February 2016). References

Further reading

 Bowersock, G. W. "Momigliano's Quest for the Person", History and Theory, Vol. 30, No. 4, Beiheft 30: The Presence of the Historian: Essays in Memory of <mask> Momigliano.(Dec. 1991), pp. 27–36. honorificus: A.D<mask>: Studies on Modern Scholarship (eds. G.W. Bowersock and T.J. Cornell, 1994)
 Christ, Karl. "<mask> <mask> and the History of Historiography", History and Theory, Vol. 30, No.4, Beiheft 30: The Presence of the Historian: Essays in Memory of <mask> <mask>. (Dec. 1991), pp. 5–12. Ginzburg, Carlo. "Momigliano and de Martino", History and Theory, Vol. 30, No. 4, Beiheft 30: The Presence of the Historian: Essays in Memory of <mask>

masks:
Arnaldo
. Momigliano
Arnaldo
Momigliano
Arnaldo
Momigliano
Arnaldo


texts:
 <mask>.(Dec. 1991), pp. 37–48. Gould, Rebecca Ruth. "Antiquarianism as Genealogy: <mask> Momigliano’s Method", History & Theory Vol. 53 No. 2 (2014), pp. 212–233.Kagan, Donald, "<mask> Momigliano and the human sources of history", The New Criterion, Vol. 10, No. 7, March 1992. Murray, Oswyn. "<mask> Momigliano, 1908–1987: [Obituary]", The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 77. (1987), pp.xi–xii. Murray, Oswyn. "<mask> Momigliano in England", History and Theory, Vol. 30, No. 4, Beiheft 30: The Presence of the Historian: Essays in Memory of <mask> <mask>. (Dec. 1991), pp. 49–64.Phillips, Mark Salber. "Reconsiderations on History and Antiquarianism: <mask> <mask> and the Historiography of Eighteenth-Century Britain", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 57, No. 2. (Apr. 1996), pp. 297–316.Weinberg, Joanna. "Where Three Civilizations Meet", History and Theory, Vol. 30, No. 4, Beiheft 30: The Presence of the Historian: Essays in Memory of <mask> Momigliano. (Dec. 1991), pp. 13–26. Italian classical scholars
Italian historians
Jewish historians
Jewish Italian writers
1908 births
1987 deaths
MacArthur Fellows
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Academics of University College London
British Jewish writers
Fellows of the British Academy
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century Italian Jews
Italian refugees
Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism
Scholars of Roman history
20th-century British historians
20th-century British writers
20th-century Italian writers
20th-century male writers
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa faculty
People from

masks: Momigliano Arnaldo Arnaldo Arnaldo Arnaldo Arnaldo Momigliano Arnaldo Momigliano Arnaldo


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<mask> (born 3 April 1960) is a Filipino accountant and financial expert. He was the Secretary of Finance of the Republic of the Philippines under the administration of President Benigno S. Aquino III. He also served as the chair of the Cabinet Economic Development Cluster and member of the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. <mask> is a multi-awarded finance minister, recognized 7 times in 6 consecutive years by various international institutions for turning the Philippine economy around and restoring investor confidence. He had previously been Secretary of Trade and Industry and then Secretary of Finance during the term of Aquino's predecessor President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo but resigned amid the latter's involvement in the 2005 "Hello Garci scandal". <mask> is the third longest-serving Finance Secretary in history, behind <mask> and Jaime Hernandez, and is to date, the longest-serving Finance Secretary after the EDSA Revolution of 1986. Background

Education and early career
<mask> earned his bachelor's degree in accountancy at De La Salle University and pursued an MBA with specialisation in international economics, finance, and marketing at the Kellogg School of Management of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, USA.Before his stint in government, <mask>, a Certified Public Accountant, has had extensive work experience in public accounting and finance both in the Philippines and abroad. From 1999 to 2004, he served as chairman and Managing Partner of the country's largest professional services firm Sycip, Gorres, Velayo & Co. (a member firm of Andersen Worldwide until 2002 and presently member firm of Ernst & Young Global). From 2001 to 2002, he was also Area Managing Partner for Asia-Pacific for Assurance and Business Services of Andersen Worldwide, making him the first and only Filipino so far to head the Area practice of a Big 4 accounting firm. In Ernst & Young Global, he was a member of both the Global Executive Board and Global Practice Council. Government service in the Arroyo administration (2004-2005)
In 2004, President Arroyo appointed him

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Cesar Antonio Velasquez Purisima
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Cesar Virata
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 Secretary of Trade and Industry. A year after, he was appointed Secretary of Finance. <mask> held the post for 5 months until his resignation together with nine other Cabinet ministers, a group known as the "Hyatt 10" which include then-Education Secretary Florencio Abad, the late Budget Secretary Emilia Boncodin, and Secretary of Social Welfare and Development Corazon "Dinky" Soliman.Return to the private sector (2005-2010)
Together with members of the Hyatt 10, <mask> founded the International Center for Innovation, Transformation and Excellence in Governance (INCITEGov) as a trustee. INCITEGov engages in democratic politics to secure key changes in governance yielding development gains, and to scale up citizen engagement in politics. <mask> also ventured into various entrepreneurial pursuits. Government service in the Aquino administration (2010-2016)

On 30 June 2010, he returned to the finance portfolio in the cabinet of President Benigno S. Aquino III. With Purisima leading Aquino's economic management team, the Philippine economy has kept a 6-year running growth average of 6.2%, its fastest run in 40 years. Under the Aquino administration, the Philippines has also been enjoying strengthening investor and consumer confidence, upgraded to a notch above investment grade by Standard & Poor's and to investment grade by Moody's, Fitch, the National Information and Credit Evaluation (NICE) Investors Service, and the Japan Credit Rating Agency. With 24 positive credit rating actions since 2010, the Philippines is so far the world's most upgraded sovereign.Increased confidence on the Philippines’ prospects has led to a sixfold jump in foreign direct investments (FDIs), from $1.07 billion in 2010 to $6.20 billion in 2014. Under <mask>'s watch, the Philippines' debt as a percentage to GDP fell to a historic low of 44.8% as of 2015, a 10 percentage point decline from the 54.8% posted in 2009 before the Aquino administration took over with a governance philosophy espousing fiscal responsibility. <mask> was also a key champion of the Sin Tax Reform Law passed in 2013, which as of October

masks: Purisima Purisima Purisima Purisima Purisima