texts: Our Nixon, directed by <mask> and co-produced by Frye. The documentary depicts a unique portrait of Richard Nixon and his closest aides, chief of staff H.R.Haldeman, domestic affairs adviser John Ehrlichman, and special assistant Dwight Chapin. The film contains footage from 26 hours of Super 8 home movies filmed by Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and Chapin, as well as relevant news broadcasts and interviews. Among numerous films about the Nixon and Watergate era, Our Nixon stands out for its distinct, intimate perspective and the stylized all archival editing choice. Our Nixon had its world premiere at the 42nd International Film Festival in Rotterdam and its North American premiere at 2013 South by Southwest. The film screened at multiple film festivals, including Ann Arbor Film Festival, where it won the Ken Burns Award for “Best of the Festival,” and Seattle International Film Festival, where it won the Best Documentary Award. Our Nixon was selected as the Closing Night Film at 42nd New Directors/New Films. On August 1, 2013, CNN broadcast the film, and Cinedigm handled the film's theatrical release.The Wall Street Journal wrote that the "highly personal view of the Nixon years is, for obvious reasons, a sad and wrenching one - a film that is nonetheless filled with spirit, humor, and a bountiful sense of irony.” Amy Entelis, senior vice president for development for CNN Worldwide, praised the film for its “original material” and “unconventional” storytelling. Nuts! After encountering Charlatan, an authorized biography written by Pope Brock, in her local public library in 2009, <mask> developed an interest in John Romulus Brinkley, a doctor who attempted to cure impotence via goat testicle transplantation in 1917. The experimental documentary Nuts! mainly consists of animated reenactments and narration voiced by both actors and Brinkley himself. “Brinkley’s story is not

masks: Lane Lane


type: original

texts:
 presented as the object of a neutral nonfiction gaze, but the opportunity for viewers to actively wrestle with the ethical and epistemological issues central to the narrative nonfiction form,” <mask> wrote in the home page of NUTS! Nuts!premiered at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival on Jan. 22, 2016, and won the Special Jury Award for Editing in the U.S. Documentary Competition of the festival. The documentary premiered theatrically on June 22, 2016, at Film Forum in New York. Rolling Stone named Nuts! one of the 12 best movies they saw at Sundance 2016, saying “the fact that it’s all true didn’t stop <mask>’s film from ending with the best twist of this year’s fest.”

The Pain of Others
<mask>'s third feature-length documentary The Pain of Others (2018), an all-archival documentary about the controversial illness known as Morgellons, world premiered at International Film Festival Rotterdam and was later screened at BAMcinemaFest, Maryland Film Festival and Sheffield Doc/Fest. The film is composed entirely of YouTube vlogs and does not answer the scientific question of the physiological causes of Morgellons—rather, it focuses on need for human proximity and unexplained suffering of the vloggers, as well as the specific formal and emotional qualities of 2010s era YouTube. <mask> has described the film as both "YouTube body horror," and a "work of media archeology" which asks the questions, "When doctors send you away, to whom do you turn for help?When suffering has no explanation, what rushes to fill the void? How does false information spread on the internet? If a supportive and loving community forms around a shared delusion, can that be a good thing? What do you do in the face of someone else’s pain if you believe the pain stems from a delusion?" <mask> was inspired to make the film by reading a 2013 essay in Harpers Magazine by Leslie Jamison describing the

masks: Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane


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 phenomenon. Hail Satan? An examination of the origins of The Satanic Temple and their brand of grassroots activism.The documentary premiered at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival and is distributed by Magnolia Pictures. <mask> described the editing for the film occurred in approximately six months, "concurrent with the bulk of shooting." Listening to Kenny G

<mask>’s film on the musician Kenny G was released on HBO, as part of the ‘Music Box’ strand, and in theaters on December 2, 2021, and was one of Glenn Kenny’s Critic’s Picks in his December 2 review in the New York Times. Short films

The Abortion Diaries (2005)
The Abortion Diaries is a short documentary film released in 2005 which <mask> completed as her MFA thesis project at iEAR Studios, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's electronic arts graduate program. The 30-minute documentary was made for approximately $3,000 and directed and edited by <mask>. It features intimate interviews with 12 women who speak candidly about their experiences with abortion. Critics have written of the film, "[t]hough the conceit is simple, it is also profoundly radical" and described it as "clear-eyed and surprisingly compelling".Part of <mask>'s research process was to research the history of abortion stories in American popular media (film and television) and share it publicly on a widely consulted timeline. <mask> said she made the film to address a "generational gap in language" around abortion after having an abortion in her early 20s which she found "horrifically isolating" and feeling that her experiences were not represented in the popular media. "I felt guilty for not feeling guilty . . . I expected I would suffer a lot. Because I didn't, I felt like a monster." <mask> looked "literally all over the Internet" for advice to help her handle her emotions, but found mainly pro-life literature disguised as unbiased pregnancy

masks: Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane


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 resources and pro-choice websites that failed to offer much beyond statistics.She made this film to correct the lack of representation and to "approach a divisive issue and go beyond bumper stickers." The Abortion Diaries was a DIY film primarily self-distributed by the director herself. It became important organizing and discussion tool, screening at hundreds of colleges, churches, community centers, basements, and bars in every US state. It won several awards, including an Audience Award at New Orleans International Human Rights Film Festival, Best Student Documentary at Carolina Film/Video Festival, and Choice USA's  “Spirit of Communication” Award. The Voyagers (2010)
The Voyagers is an experimental documentary that tells the story of the NASA project to launch two spacecraft, each carrying golden phonograph records holding a wealth of human culture, into space in 1977. Space probes Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 pioneered research of the far reaches of our solar system and continue to hurtle further into outer space today. In the process of putting together these time capsules of human experience, Carl Sagan and the project's creative director, Ann Druyan, fell in love.Their story resonated with <mask>, who created a personal take on it for her own wedding, as a meditation on the nature of love in an uncertain universe. <mask> said the film is "a valentine to Carl Sagan and the way that he . . . embodies the place where scientific skepticism meets child-like awe and wonder and joy and optimism." Brainpickings founder Maria Popova described the film as "a living testament to the creative capacity of remix culture" and critic Collin Souter described it as "a beautiful film, one that never resorts to over-the-top sentiment to make a point about love and the cosmos." Critic Andrew S. Allen described the film as "a profound story about love and the fearless ability of the


texts:
 human spirit to stand in awe of its vastness, to dream of its mysteries, and to catch a glimpse of its incomprehensible complexity, and, knowing what triumphs and heartache lie ahead, still boldly jump in headfirst." The Voyagers won many awards, including Best Essay Film (2012 Short of the Week), Best Film (FLEX Film Festival 2011), Winner of the Hammer to Nail Short Film Contest (July 2012). Honorable Mention, Disposable Film Festival (March 2012),  Honorable Mention, AFI FEST, Los Angeles (November 2011) and Best Experimental Film, New Orleans Film Festival, NOLA (October 2011).Controversy
In 2016, <mask> discovered that the Tribeca Film Festival was planning to screen Vaxxed, an anti-vaccination documentary directed by Andrew Wakefield. She wrote a widely cited open letter to the festival, originally posted to Facebook and later reposted to Filmmaker Magazine, in which she asked the festival to remove the film from their lineup. In the letter she wrote, "the problem is not that Vaxxed is controversial, or even that it's deceptive. Honestly, I consider a large number of well-made, popular documentary films fairly deceptive. The problem is that it is dangerous misinformation being legitimized under the banner of your considerable prestige." After the ensuing controversy, Tribeca Film Festival eventually removed the film from its lineup. Awards and honors
 Creative Capital Award (2012)
Sundance Film Festival, Special Jury Award for Editing (2016)
Chicken & Egg Breakthrough Award (2018)
Vanguard Award, San Francisco DocFest (2018)
Wexner Center for the Arts Artist Award (2017)
Sundance Institute Momentum Fellowship (2020)

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
American documentary film directors
American women film directors
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Vassar College alumni
People from Lynn, Massachusetts
Film directors from


texts:
<mask> (February 24, 1811 – November 2, 1893) was an American bishop, educator, college administrator and author. A major shaper of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E.), <mask> stressed education and preparation of ministers and introduced more order in the church, becoming its sixth bishop and serving for more than four decades (1852–1893) as well as becoming one of the founders of Wilberforce University in Ohio in 1856. In 1863 the AME Church bought the college and chose <mask> to lead it; he became the first African-American president of a college in the United States and served in that position until 1877. By quickly organizing AME missionary support of freedmen in the South after the Civil War, <mask> gained 250,000 new members for the AME Church during the Reconstruction era. Based first in Charleston, he and his missionaries founded AME congregations in the South down the East Coast to Florida and west to Texas. In 1891 <mask> wrote the first history of the AME Church, a few years after publishing his memoir. Early life and education
<mask> was born free in Charleston, South Carolina, on February 24, 1811, of African, European and Native American descent.<mask> stated later in his autobiographical writings  "as far as memory serves me my mother was of light-brown complexion, of middle stature and delicate frame. She told me that her grandmother was of the tribe of Indians known in the early history of the Carolinas as the Catawba Indians." He also stated that he descended from the Goings family, who were a well known free colored/Native American family. His father was one of six brothers who served in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)  and his paternal grandfather was an Englishman. His parents London and <mask> were part of the "Brown Elite" of free blacks in the coastal southern city. Both died before he reached maturity. While his great-aunt assumed <mask>'s care, the Minors' Moralist Society assisted his early education.<mask> was raised in the Methodist Church like his parents. He also studied at

masks:
Daniel Alexander Payne
Payne
Payne
Payne
Payne
Daniel Alexander Payne
Daniel
Martha Payne
Daniel
Payne


texts: home, teaching himself mathematics, physical science, and the classical languages. In 1829, at the age of 18, he opened his first school in Charleston. After the infamous and feared Nat Turner Rebellion of 1831 in Virginia, South Carolina and other southern states passed legislation further restricting the rights and movement of free people of color and slaves. They enacted a law several years after the uprising on April 1, 1835, which made teaching literacy to both free people of color and slaves illegal and subject to fines and imprisonment for both whites and blacks. With the passage of this law, <mask> had to close his school. In May 1835, <mask> sailed from Charleston north to Philadelphia in search of further education.Declining the Methodists' offer, which was contingent on his going on a religious evangelist  mission to the Republic of  Liberia in West Africa, (which was then being organized as a colony for free black, established as a colony for free blacks and emancipated slaves from the United States by some abolitionist groups and American Colonization Society movement in the 1820s-1850s, <mask> instead connected about a hundred miles west and studied at the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg (founded several yeàrs earlier in 1826)  in Gettysburg (Adams County) in rural farming area of south-central Pennsylvania. The Gettysburg Seminary, only a decade old was the second Lutheran theological seminary in North America (another named Hartwick in Connecticut did not last very long) and the current oldest in American Lutheranism. With then only a small number of theology students in one three-stories building capped by a cupola, later known as Old Dorm (today restored and renamed as Schmucker Hall and used today by the Adams County Historical Society), then led by prominent, talented but controversial Evangelical Lutheran theologian and professor Rev. Samuel Simon Schmucker (1799-1873). <mask> never was later called or served as a Lutheran minister (priest/presbyter/pastor) though but he was the first to be

masks: Payne Payne Payne Payne


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 educated and ordained in 1835 by an American Lutheran church body - the then liberal/moderate General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the U.S.A., itself also recently organized 15 years before (1820-1917) as the third major Lutheran synod in America and first nation-wide confederation of regional / state synods and  congregations, ancestor to the modern Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (formed by mergers 1988). One source claims he had to drop out of school because of problems with his eyesight. Another source claimed no congregation called him and the leaders and other ministers in the General Synod of the Lutheran Church told him to work through the  Methodist Episcopal Church (ancestor body from 1784 to 1939 of the current United Methodist Church) which had a number of "colored" / "Negro" congregations and very strong in Baltimore and Philadelphia, plus the recently organized off-shoot of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.Marriage and family
<mask> married in 1847, but his wife died during the first year of marriage from complications of childbirth. In 1854, he married again, to Eliza Clark of Cincinnati. Career in AME Church
By 1840, <mask> started another school. He joined the  African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) which had been organized in 1794, a decade after the first organized American grouping of "Methodists" at the famed Christmas Conference at the old original Lovely Lane Chapel off South Calvert and German (now Redwood) Streets in Baltimore Town in December 1784 following the teachings of British leaders George Whitefield (1714-1770), John Wesley (1703-1791) and his brother Charles Wesley (1707-1788) (both well-known musical authors and hymn-writers) who were active in the Church of England seeking to revive the Christian Protestant spiritual life in Anglicanism which they feared was becoming staid, stiff and hard. After being recommended by other ministers, seven years after his Lutheran General Synod ordination of 1835 at the Lutheran Theological Seminary under Rev. Samuel Simon

masks: Payne Payne


texts: Schmucker (1799-1873), in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Rev. <mask> gravitated in 1842 towards the African Methodist Episcopal Church, then 26  years old as an organized functioning church denomination since 1816, with Richard Allen and <mask>, centered in eastern cities of Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond which had split off from the Methodist Episçopal Çhurch (organized in Baltimore in December 1784 with its famous "Christmas Conference" / first General Conference ordaining  first Bishop Francis Asbury (1745-1816), with famed traveling evangelist Robert Strawbridge and visiting German Reformed Church pastor Philip William Otterbein, 1726-1813).That new M.E. Church had a few  integrated congregations usually with "Negro" members sitting in balconies or off-sides, but was generally mostly white. Rev. <mask> with his extensive Evangelical Lutheran theological education at the Gettysburg Seminary agreed with A.M.E.'s founder of a congregation in 1794, Bishop Richard Allen (1760-1831), that a visible and independent black denomination was a strong argument against slavery and racism. <mask> had always worked to improve the position of blacks within the United States; he opposed calls for their emigration from North America and resettlement to the proposed new nation of  Liberia where a county was being set up in the proposed African settlement taking the name of "Maryland" or other parts of Africa, as urged by the American Colonization Society which had strong support among many white abolitionists (including future President Abraham Lincoln)  and supported by some free blacks. <mask> worked to improve education for AME ministers, recommending a wide variety of classes, including grammar, geography, literature and other academic subjects, so they could effectively lead the people. In the ensuing decades' debates about "order and emotionalism" in assemblies and conventions/conferences of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, he sided consistently with order.The AME's first task was "to improve the ministry; the second to improve the

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Daniel Coke
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 people". At a denominational meeting in Baltimore in 1842, <mask> recommended a full program of study for ministers, to include English grammar, geography, arithmetic, ancient history, modern history, ecclesiastical history, and theology. At the following 1844 AME General Conference, he called for a "regular course of study for prospective ordinees", in the belief they would lift up their parishioners. In 1845, Pastor <mask> tried to establish a short-lived AME seminary, and succeeded in gradually raising the educational preparation required for its ministers. <mask> also directed reforms at the style of music, introducing trained choirs and instrumental music to church practice. He supported the requirement that ministers be literate. <mask> continued throughout his career to build the institution of the church, establishing literary and historical societies and encouraging order.At times he came into conflict with those who wanted to ensure that ordinary people could advance in the church. Especially after expansion of the church following the end of the Civil War into and across the South, where different styles of worship had taken root and prevailed, there were some continuing tensions about the direction of the denomination. Bishop and college president
In 1848, fourth Bishop William Paul Quinn (1788-1873), named <mask> as the historiographer of the AME Church. In 1852, <mask> was elected and consecrated as the sixth bishop of the AME denomination. He served in that position for the rest of his life to 1893. Together with the Rev. Lewis Woodson (1806-1878) a sympathetic white minister and AME member and two other African Americans representing the AME Church, and 18 European-American representatives of the Cincinnati Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church (M.E.C.),  <mask> served on the founding board of directors and which later purchased  Wilberforce University in Wilberforce, Ohio in 1856. It was named for the now deeply revered William Wilberforce, (1759-1833) who was a long serving British political and

masks: Payne Payne Payne Payne Payne Payne Payne


texts: social leader, firm abolitionist and deep Christian believer in the Gospel, who worked tirelessly for his anti-slavery and abolishing the African trans-Atlantic slave trade causes for decades as a longtime member of the lower chamber of the British Parliament in the House of Commons. Among the trustees who supported the abolitionist cause and African-American education was Salmon P. Chase, previously Governor of Ohio, who was appointed in 1864 as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court by 16th President Abraham Lincoln after serving as U S. Secretary of the Treasury in Lincoln's cabinet for 3 years during the early American Civil War, to succeed longtime Chief Justice Roger B. Taney who had died. The denominations jointly sponsored Wilberforce in 1856 to provide collegiate education to African Americans. It was the first historically black college in which African Americans were part of the founding. The town of Wilberforce was located at what had been a popular summer resort, called Tawawa Springs. It was patronized by people from Cincinnati further south on the Ohio River, including abolitionists, as well as many white planters from the South, who often brought their mistresses of color and "natural" (illegitimate) multi-racial children with them for extended stays.In one of the paradoxical results of slavery, by 1860 most of the college's more than 200 paying students were mixed-race offspring of wealthy southern planters, who gave their children the education in Ohio which they could not get in the South. The men were examples of white fathers who did not abandon their mixed-race children, but passed on important social capital in the form of education; they and others also provided money, property and apprenticeships. With the outbreak of Civil War in the Spring of 1861, the planters withdrew their sons from the college, and the Cincinnati Annual Conference of the M.E, Church (which was generally white-only)  felt it needed to use its resources to support social efforts related to the war. The college had to close


texts: temporarily because of these financial difficulties. In 1863, Rev. <mask> persuaded his fellow ministers and lay members of the AME Church to buy the debt and take over the college outright from the Methodist Episcopalians of Cincinnati. <mask> was then selected as president, becoming the first African-American college president in the United States.The AME had to reinvest in the college two years later, when a southern sympathizer damaged buildings by an arson fire. <mask> helped organize fundraising and rebuilding. White sympathizers gave large donations, including $10,000 donations each from founding board member Salmon P. Chase and another supporter from Pittsburgh, as well as $4200 from a white woman. The United States Congress, then dominated by Radical Republicans passed a $25,000 grant for the college to aid in its rebuilding. <mask> led the college until 1877. <mask> traveled twice to Europe, where he consulted with other British Methodist clergy there and studied their several colleges and  education programs. In April 1865, after the Civil War, <mask> returned to the South for the first time in 30 years.Knowing how to build an organization, he took nine missionaries and worked with others in Charleston to establish the AME denomination. He organized missionaries, committees and teachers to bring the AME Church to freedmen. By only a year later, the church had grown by 50,000 congregants in that part of the South. By the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877, AME congregations existed across the South from Florida to Texas, and more than 250,000 new adherents had been brought into the church. While it had a northern center, the growing AME Church was strongly influenced by its expansion in the South. The incorporation of many congregants with different practices and traditions of worship and music styles helped shape the national AME Church. It began to reflect more of the African-American culture of the South.In 1881, he founded the Bethel Literary and Historical Society, a club which invited speakers to present and

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 speak on topics relevant to African-American life and a part of the flourishing "Lyceum movement". Bishop <mask> died on November 2, 1893, having served the African Methodist Episcopal Church for more than 50 years. Works
 1888, Recollections of Seventy Years, a memoir. 1891, The History of the A. M. E. Church, the first history of the denomination. Legacy and honors

The historian James T. Campbell wrote of <mask> in his Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa (1995): "No single individual, with the possible exception of Richard Allen himself, did more to shape the trajectory and tone of African Methodism." Daniel Payne College, a historically black college that operated in Alabama from 1889 to 1979, was named in his honor. After the college closed, the city of Birmingham renamed a street <mask> Drive.Payne Theological Seminary in Wilberforce, Ohio, is named in his honor. A Pennsylvania State Historical Marker was installed in his honor at 239 N. Washington St. at Gettysburg College, recognizing his study there. He is celebrated on the Lutheran liturgical calendar
 Payne elementary school in Washington, DC is named for him. References

Further reading
Howard D. Gregg, History of the African Methodist Episcopal Church: (The Black Church in Action), AMEC, 1980
Thomas, Rhondda R. & Ashton, Susanna, eds. (2014). The South Carolina Roots of African American Thought. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press."<mask> (1811-1893)," p. 17-28. External links

<mask>, <mask>, Recollections of Seventy Years, 1888, Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 1811 births
1893 deaths
19th-century Methodist bishops
African Methodist Episcopal bishops
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
Wilberforce University
African-American educators
African-American Methodist clergy
American Methodist clergy
University and college founders
American people who self-identify as being of Native American

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Daniel Payne
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Jean-<mask> (23 June 1950 – 18 September 2021) was a French harpsichordist and organist. Biography
Born in Le Mans on 23 June 1950, <mask> gradually followed a complete artistic training at the conservatory of Le Mans (harpsichord with Françoise Petit, organ, chamber music, writing, conducting), Conservatoire de Paris, the Accademia Musicale Chigiana, and the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts of Paris (in architecture). At twenty-three, after a major tour of chamber music concerts in the US and South America, he became organist and harpsichordist of the Ars Antiqua ensemble of Paris, the Ensemble polyphonique (conducted by Charles Ravier) and the Orchestre de la Radio, then the Orchestre de chambre de Paris and the  (for the EMI recordings). He was then the appreciated partner of great interpreters such as Henryk Szeryng, Jean-Pierre Wallez, Jean-Pierre Rampal, Maurice André, Frédéric Lodéon, Arto Noras... and accompanied singers such as Gundula Janowitz, Rita Streich, Hugues Cuénod, Isabel Garcisanz, Derek Lee Ragin, Michel Sénéchal and Cecilia Bartoli. He participated in the activities of the Jeunesses musicales de France, for which he gave numerous concerts, and then recorded his first records as soloist: complete works by Henry Purcell, Clérambault and Jacques Duphly EMI, Bach's sonatas with Jean-Pierre Wallez at IPG (later reissued by Universal). He played the great orchestral works: Poulenc's Concertos for harpsichord and organ, Camille Saint-Saëns's Symphony with organ, Manuel de Falla's and Frank Martin's Concertos, Sauguet's Church sonata... with the biggest ensembles:

masks:
Patrice Brosse
Brosse


texts: Monte-Carlo, RAI, National et Philharmonique de Radio-France, Orchestre national des Pays de la Loire, Capitole de Toulouse..., under the direction of Georges Prêtre (with whom he recorded Poulenc's Concert Champêtre for EMI), Emmanuel Krivine, Jean-Pierre Marty, Marek Janowski, Michel Plasson... Henri Sauguet wrote his Church sonata to him (issued by Arion), Jean-Michel Damase's Pastorales for organ, Joaquin Nin-Culmell's Symphonie des Mystères... Deepening the study of baroque treaties and instruments, he founded the Concerto Rococo (with Alice Piérot and Paul Carlioz), a small group of early instruments dedicated to the 18th century harpsichord and concert organ repertoire (Bach, Johann Schobert, Claude Balbastre, Michel Corrette, Mozart, Soler, Haydn...).Through his musicological research, Jean-Patrice <mask> also worked on the restitution of baroque religious services alternating organ and Gregorian chant. (Messe Agatange, Messe de Bordeaux, Vœu de Louis XIII...), and ensured the revision of old works at Éditions J. M. Fuzeau (Johann Schobert, Antonio Soler etc.). A recitalist, concertist, chamber musician, he was regularly invited to the great French festivals: Festival de musique de La Chaise-Dieu, Sully, Septembre musical de l'Orne, Saou, Saint-Riquier, Lessay, the , , Prades, Centre baroque de Versailles, Orangerie de Sceaux, Avignon, Aix, Art sacré de Paris, Toulouse les Orgues, Printemps des Arts de Nantes, Radio-France-Montpellier, Albi, Nuits d’Uzès, Festival baroque de Pontoise, Mai de Bordeaux, Saint-Lizier, Comminges, Maguelone, Déodat de Séverac à Saint-Félix-Lauragais,


texts: Bourges, La Rochelle, Dijon... He performed in most European countries, in the US, in South America, in the Far East, in tours - often illustrated with lectures and master classes - or in prestigious festivals: Echternach, Brussels, Antwerp, Frankfurt, Berlin, Dresden, Bonn, Düsseldorf, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Zagreb, Warsaw, Istanbul, Madrid, Milan, Naples, Hong Kong. <mask> made a series of recordings dedicated to the Parisian harpsichordists of the Enlightenment era (Michel Corrette, Claude Balbastre, Armand-Louis Couperin, Joseph Nicolas Pancrace Royer, Simon Simon, Jacques Duphly...), in parallel with the work he wrote on this subject, Le Clavecin des Lumières for Bleu nuit publisher. He is also the author of Le clavecin du Roi Soleil. The musical and literary richness of this period inspired him to create a poetic evocation, "Le Soir des Lumières", which he shared on stage with the actress Françoise Fabian, as well as a series of concerts-readings Mozart et le clavecin des Lumières and Les derniers jours du Roi Soleil after Saint-Simon's Mémoires.With Marie-Christine Barrault, he also conceived a series of poetic and musical shows around works ranging from the Renaissance to the present day. His eclectic tastes also made him approach the repertoire of the romantic and contemporary organ. Artistic director of the , he was honorary professor of baroque organ and harpsichord at the École normale de musique de Paris. Jean-Patrice <mask>'s independent spirit and very personal style are reflected in his writings on music and fine arts, as well as in

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 the sixty or so recordings he made for EMI, Virgin, Universal, Arion, Vérany... whose originality has been supported several times by the  and awarded Grand Prix record awards and nominations at the Victoires de la musique. Jean-Patrice <mask> held the rank of chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. <mask> died on 18 September 2021 at the age of 71 due to a cancer. Discography
Arion:
 Nicolas Lebègue:
 Premier Livre d'orgue (July 1981, Arion ARN268561)
 Troisième livre d’orgue 2 CDs  1982
 L’Orgue français à la Renaissance  1983
 Claude Balbastre: Noëls pour orgue  1983
 Mélodies espagnoles (with Isabel Garcisanz)  1984
 Henri Sauguet: Sonate d’église (dir.J.W. Audoli)  1988
 Mozart : Church sonatas (with the Concerto Rococo) 2002
EMI :
 Louis-Nicolas Clérambault: L’œuvre d’orgue et de clavecin  1978
 Henry Purcell: L’œuvre d’orgue et de clavecin 2 CD  1979
 Jacques Duphly: L’œuvre de clavecin 3 CD  1980
 Francis Poulenc: Concert Champêtre pour clavecin et orchestre (dir. I, II, II, XVII (Fuzeau)
 Johann Schobert: Sonatas en quatuor op. VII (Fuzeau)
 Soler: 6 Quintets for Harpsichord and Strings (Fuzeau)

References

External links
 Jean-Patrice <mask>, directeur artistique du festival du Comminges (ResMusic)
 Official website
 Jean-Patrice <mask>'s discography (Discogs)
 Jean Patrice <mask> - Balbastre - Sonatas (YouTube)

French harpsichordists
French classical organists
French male organists
Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
1950 births
2021 deaths
People from Le Mans
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
21st-century organists
21st-century French male

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<mask> (December 25, 1837 – February 18, 1927), usually called "Commodore" <mask> due to the office he held with the New York Yacht Club from 1886 to 1892, was an American lawyer and reformer who was the grandson of U.S. Vice President <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born on December 25, 1837, In Charlestown, Rhode Island, the son of <mask> (1794–1848), who was active in the Sons of the American Revolution, and Hannah Green Goelet (1804–1845), of another prominent family. In 1857, <mask> graduated from Columbia College, with honors. His paternal grandfather was Founding Father, Massachusetts Governor and U.S. Vice President <mask>. His cousins included <mask>, who was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maine, George Goelet Kip, and Robert Walton Goelet, who was a financier and real estate developer in New York City. His maternal grandfather was the merchant and landowner Peter P. Goelet and his great-grandfather was Peter Goelet. In 1879, he inherited $500,000 after the death of his unmarried uncle, Peter Goelet.Career
After graduation from Columbia, he read law with William Curtis Noyes and was admitted to the New York bar in 1860. He later became partner with Noyes until his death, after which he joined William F. Allen and Vaughn Abbot, practicing as Allen, Abbott & Gerry. In 1874, <mask> took up the case of Mary Ellen McCormack, who had been abused by her foster parents, which he eventually argued before the Supreme Court of New York. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
In 1875, as a result of Mary Ellen McCormack's case, he co-founded the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children "SPCC", sometimes called the Gerry Society, together with Quaker philanthropist John D. Wright and

masks:
Elbridge Thomas Gerry
Gerry
Elbridge Gerry
Gerry
Thomas Russell Gerry
Gerry
Elbridge Gerry
Elbridge Gerry
Gerry


texts:
 Henry Bergh, who he had previously helped found the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. SPCC was known as one of the first child protection societies in the country and he helped pass numerous laws to protect children. <mask> served as vice-president of SPCC, then as Wright's successor from 1879 to 1901, and finally as legal advisor until his death. The Society's deputies, nicknamed "<mask> men" or "the cruelty," aroused controversy by enforcing various laws, including child labor laws concerning public performances and were allowed to remove children from homes.Some criticized their activities as interfering with family life, or for imposing aristocratic white Protestant values upon immigrants, many of whom were Catholic or black. After 1903, many such child protection societies changed their focus from police to welfare work, following a Massachusetts model. The U.S. Supreme Court, in the widely reviled 1918 case Hammer v. Dagenhart, found the new federal child protection law, the Keating-Owen Act of 1916, violated the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, in a case now known for its dissent by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.  Two years later, with <mask> as the organization's legal advisor, SPCCC bought the former House of Mercy for use as a temporary facility to house juveniles awaiting judicial action, since they had previously either been held at stationhouses or jailed with adult prisoners, where they were often victimized. House of Mercy had been organized in 1863 by Harriet Starr Cannon to assist abandoned and delinquent women and girls. New York Yacht Club
<mask> was Commodore of the New York Yacht Club. He held office from 1886 to 1892. The pilot boat <mask> T. <mask> was named in

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 honor of him.Politics and boards
<mask> was a notable member of Tammany Hall, the Democratic political machine of Boss Tweed, for more than 35 years. In 1867, he served as a delegate to New York State Constitutional Convention, but never again sought elective office. From 1878 until 1912, he served as governor of the New York Hospital and was also a trustee of the New York Life Insurance Company. From 1886 until 1888, <mask> served as chairman of the New York State Commission on Capital Punishment, which replaced hanging with the electric chair. For this decision, a proposed name for this method before "electrocution" was adopted was "gerrycide". He was also chairman of the New York City Commission on Insanity in 1892. Personal life

In 1867, <mask> married Louisa Matilda Livingston (1836–1920).Louisa was the daughter of Robert James Livingston (1811–1891) and Louisa Matilda Storm (1807–1883) and the granddaughter of Maturin Livingston (1769–1847) and Margaret Lewis (1780–1860). Margaret was the only child and sole heiress of Gov. Morgan Lewis (1754–1844). Together, <mask> and Louisa had six children:

 Angelica Livingston <mask> (1871–1960), died unmarried. <mask> (1872–1930), who married Francis Saxham Elwes Drury (1859–1937), a widower, in 1925. Drury had previously been married to Mary Gertrude Peek (1861–1921)
 Lillian Goelet <mask> (1873-1891)
 Margaret "Pearl" <mask> (1868-1872)
 Robert Livingston <mask>, Sr. (1877–1957), who married Cornelia Averell Harriman (1884–1966), the second daughter of railroad executive E. H. Harriman and his wife Mary Williamson Averell, in 1908. Peter Goelet <mask> (1879–1957), U.S. Representative and Senator from Rhode Island, who married Mathilde Townsend in 1910.They divorced in 1925 and he

masks:
Gerry
Gerry
Gerry
Elbridge
Gerry
Mabel Gerry
Gerry
Louisa Gerry
Gerry
Gerry


texts:
 later married Edith Stuyvesant Dresser (1873–1958), the widow of George Washington Vanderbilt II (1862–1914). In 1904, the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947) painted <mask>'s portrait, which still hangs in the New York Yacht Club. <mask> died on February 18, 1927, about two weeks after breaking his hip in a fall, outliving his wife by seven years. He was entombed in the churchyard of St. James Church in Hyde Park, New York. The associated Episcopal church is best known for its association with Franklin D. Roosevelt, who served on the vestry and as senior warden, and tours of the cemetery continue to be offered. At his death, <mask> was reputed to be worth $26 million, primarily in landholdings, making him one of the city's wealthiest men. Residences

His family's New York mansion at 2 East 61st Street had long been a center of cultivated and fashionable life, even as it came to be surrounded by skyscrapers.When he built it, he told architect Richard Morris Hunt specifically about needing to house his collection of 30,000 law books and cost a reported $3,000,000. After his death, the family mansions in Manhattan were soon demolished, to make way for the Pierre Hotel. <mask> maintained a summer home named "Seaverge" on Bellevue Avenue in Newport, Rhode Island. His wife's estate in the Catskill Mountains was called "Aknusti", supposedly from an American Indian word meaning "expensive proposition." References

External links

Finding aid to the Elbridge <mask> papers at Columbia University Rare Book & Manuscript Library

1837 births
1927 deaths
<mask> family
Goelet family
American sociologists
Lawyers from New York City
Members of the New York Yacht Club
New York (state) Democrats
Columbia College (New York)

masks:
Gerry
Gerry
Gerry
Gerry
Thomas Gerry
Gerry


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<mask> OBE HonFRPS (née Adey; 14 April 1933 – 18 April 2020) was the founder of The Photographers' Gallery in 1971, Britain's first independent gallery of photography, which she directed until 1991. Early life
<mask> was born in Abadan, Iran, on 14 April 1933 where her father Stanworth Adey was working as an engineer at the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, and the family later moved to New York. Her mother was Joan (née Charlesworth). They returned to  the U.K. when she was 14 and she went to school in Kent and London before training as a secretary. In 1954, at the age of 21, she married jazz musician John R.T<mask> (1927–2004), also a sound restorer of early jazz recordings. The couple had three children, Joanna, Jessica and Stephanie. (Stephanie, the youngest, died from cancer in 1988.)<mask> worked on the Municipal Journal and then started a part-time job at the Artists Placement Group in London before taking a job at the Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA) in 1968 where she was exhibitions secretary to Roland Penrose, the ICA's co-founder. Her interest in photography was aroused by the presence there of Bill Jay who was using the venue for his Photo Study Centre seminars. At the suggestion of Julie Lawson, Penrose's personal assistant, Davis installed the ICA's Spectrum exhibition (3 April-11 May 1969) a large group exhibition from Stern magazine on the subject 'Woman'. A parallel show  included British artists Dorothy Bohm, Tony Ray-Jones, Don McCullin, and Italian Enzo Ragazzini, and it was the British photographers who were among those to suggest <mask> open a dedicated photography gallery. Founder, The Photographers' Gallery
One of five staff at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in Dover Street London, and one of 36 after it moved to The Mall, <mask> experienced its period of anarchic management and overrun budget. She decided to rectify the lack of a permanent gallery space for photography as a serious art form, encouraged by the success of Bill Jay's 'Do Not Bend Gallery' which he opened in 1970, though he did not show

masks:
Susan Elizabeth Davies
Davies
. Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies


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 photography exclusively. On 14 January 1971, bankrolled by a second mortgage on her house, she launched such a gallery in a derelict J. Lyons tea room which she had been in the habit of visiting after jazz sessions.Deciding against the title 'Photography Gallery', in a democratic spirit she named it The Photographers' Gallery. It was well positioned at 8 Great Newport Street, Covent Garden next to the Arts Theatre and near Leicester Square, but was in a state of disrepair. Her application to the Arts Council for financial support drew the response “Well, why can't you finance the Gallery by selling prints?” It took the Arts Council two years to grant the Gallery any aid. <mask> registered the business as a charity and found patrons and supporters in Magnum agency photographers such as David Hurn, and newspaper publishers Tom Hopkinson and David Astor, who with Roy Strong (who in 1968 was encouraged by success in showing Cecil Beaton at the National Portrait Gallery) assisted her in managing the first year expenses of £12,000 paid from the entry fees of 20,000 visitors, and further funding from the Arts Council covering a deficit of around £7,000. That year, on November 7 an Observer newspaper report described her effort;

Around The Photographers' Gallery <mask> formed a photographic community in London rivalling that already established in New York. 3500sq.ft. of space accommodated exhibitions and room for the public to meet and to listen to speakers.International figures such as Arthur Tress and JH Lartigue, showed in the space, presented talks and workshops, and were offered accommodation in <mask>' small flat at the top of 5 Great Newport Street as a way of encouraging their interaction with the Gallery patrons and attendance at parties that became legendary. Impact

Exhibitions were wide-ranging in subject matter; the first was The Concerned Photographer curated by Cornell Capa, and the second, a show of Andy Warhol's Polaroids, was followed by exhibitions with themes devoted to industry, fashion and landscape, and

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texts: young photographers. Not all exhibitors met with approval of critics however, and in particular <mask>' showings—three in as many years—of David Hamilton were condemned by Euan Duff for its "clichéd pictorial symbolism, exploiting soft focus, pastel colours, country landscapes and old houses, old fashioned clothes and even white doves to give a phoney impression of heaIth-food ad naturalness; they are a sort of wholemeal stoneground pornography," exhibited "because the gallery needs the money." Support for British photography was empowered by the appointment of Barry Lane as the first photography officer of the Arts Council in 1973 who increased access to financial support for photographic initiatives, and The Photographers' Gallery was followed shortly afterwards by the creation in 1972 of Half Moon Gallery (later Camerawork,) in London, Impressions Gallery in York (also 1972) and the Ffotogallery in Cardiff in 1978, by which date The Photographers' Gallery was attracting 20,000 visitors a month and was staffed by six including Australian Graham Howe, with Dorothy Bohm an early supporter whose husband was a trustee. Curator India Dhargalkar started her career at the Photographers' Gallery, and Francis Hodgson, who went on in 1994 to run Zwemmer Fine Photographs, worked in the Gallery's Print Room when in 1980 the gallery expanded to occupy No. 5 Great Newport Street and the freehold was purchased, as did Zelda Cheatle, starting 1983, who in 1989 set up her eponymous commercial space. Other workers included; from 1975, Helena Srakocic-Kovac in the Print Room, who 1980 in co-owned Contrasts gallery then with Dorothy Bohm co-founded Focus gallery (1998-2004); and over 1976–86, Claire de Rouen (c.1930-2012) who became founder and proprietor of the eponymous independent fashion and photography bookshop in Soho.During <mask>' period of tenure the Gallery held some 150 major exhibitions, as well as countless smaller shows. Photographs of Walker Evans, W. Eugene Smith, Florence Henri, William Klein, Imogen Cunningham, Helen Levitt,

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 and hundreds more were among the offerings. Thematic exhibitions included Concerned Photographers 1 (1971), The Press Show (1973), European Colour (1978), and Modern British Photography (1981). The Gallery hosted the first British exhibitions by Irving Penn, J H Lartigue, André Kertesz, William Klein, Bert Hardy and George Rodger, and David Goldblatt's conscience-provoking images of apartheid in South Africa were presented by <mask> in 1974, in his earliest solo show. Many of the exhibitions travelled throughout England under the auspices of the Arts Council of Great Britain. From 1981–1982 Professor Margaret Harker presented a lecture series at the Gallery on developments in photography in Britain. Current director of The Photographers' Gallery, Brett Rogers, notes:

Later career
In 1991 <mask> stepped down from The Photographers' Gallery when she found her time usurped by fund-raising needed due to changes to London boroughs contributions.On her departure the Gallery occupied two venues, employed 23 staff, showed 21 exhibitions each year in three galleries, housed a profitable bookshop and sold works in from its Print Room stock. She was replaced by <mask> Ford, previously Director of the Serpentine Gallery, and continued to be involved in photography as a visiting lecturer and curator as well as serving as Sculpture Coordinator for the 1984 Liverpool Garden Festival. She was founder Exhibitions Coordinator of Manchester Cornerhouse and Director of Wakefield Centenary Festival. Death
<mask> died in Hereford, on 18 April 2020, four days after her 87th birthday, and in the year before the 50th anniversary of The Photographers' Gallery. Awards
 1982 Royal Photographic Society Progress Medal and Honorary Fellowship
 1988 Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the Birthday Honours

References

External links
 The Photographers' Gallery

1933 births
2020 deaths
British women curators
Photography museums and galleries
Fellows of the Royal Photographic Society
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Photography

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Davies
Davies
Sue Grayson
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<mask>  (born 1955 in Bristol) is an English potter, academic and writer. He makes groups of work using a variety of materials, from fine glazed porcelain to coarse engineering brick clays. His work ranges in scale from hand-sized cups and teapots to monumental jars at over 6 feet tall and weighing half a ton. <mask> has exhibited internationally over the last 30 years and has work in thirty public collections including the Victoria & Albert Museum, British Museum, American Museum of Art & Design, Hong Kong Museum of Art, Boymans Museum, Netherlands, Mashiko Museum of Ceramic Art, Japan, Kolumba Museum, Cologne, Germany and Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, UK. In 2004 he was awarded the European Achievement Award by the World Crafts Council for the project Extended Inhumation, and received a Queen Elizabeth Scholarship to research the making of monumental ceramics at Wienerberger's brick factory in Sedgley. In 2008 the Art Fund purchased Monumental Jar V for Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (mima) and in 2014 purchased "Reliquary for a Common Man" for the Crafts Council. In 2017 <mask> was the recipient of the bavarois State Prize in recognition of outstanding contribution to contemporary art and design.Recent projects include the solo exhibitions: "Quotidian", the re-imagining of the historic 'Grand Service at Corvi-Mora Gallery, London and  Quietus: The Vessel, Death and the Human Body which was commissioned by mima and supported by Arts Council England. This exhibition addressed the containment of the human body in death and featured a series of funerary works, from cinerary jars to life-size sarcophagi. Education and work
<mask> studied ceramics at Camberwell School of Art from 1974–1978, and at the Royal College of Art from 1978–1981. He completed a PhD in Critical Writing on English Studio Pottery: 1910–1940 at the Royal College of Art in 2002. He was a trustee of the Crafts Council and is a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. He lives and

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Julian Francis Stair
Stair
Stair
Stair


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 works in South London. <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to ceramics.Academic career
<mask> was a Principle Research Fellow at the University of Westminster 2012-14. He was Senior Lecturer at the University of Roehampton, London, (1987–1998); Fellow in Craft & Criticism at Northumbria University, (1998–1999); Research Fellow at the Royal College of Art, (2004); and Senior Research Fellow at University of Arts, London, (2002–2011). He is an alumnus of Cape Farewell, UK, an interdisciplinary programme that explores a sustained artistic response to climate change. He joined the 2008 Disko Bay Expedition, visiting West Greenland with over 40 international artists, journalists and scientists. He has been a regular contributor to ceramic journals since the mid-1980s. Recent publications include 'The Employment of Matter: Pottery of the Omega Workshop’, contributing essay to Beyond Bloomsbury: Designs of the Omega Workshop 1913–19, Courtauld Gallery, London, ‘Factive Plasticity: The Abstract Pottery of William Staite Murray’, catalogue essay for Ben Nicholson, Winifred Nicholson, Christopher Wood, Alfred Wallis & William Staite Murray: Art and Life 1920-1931, Leeds Art Gallery, Kettle’s Yard, Cambridge & Dulwich Picture Gallery, London, ‘The Origins of Studio Pottery: From Precepts to Praxis’, catalogue essay for Things of Beauty Growing, Yale Centre for British Art, USA, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, and ‘The spark that ignited the flame: 1923, Hamada, Paterson’s Gallery and English studio pottery’, Ceramics, Art and Cultural Production in Modern Japan. Selected exhibitions and installations
<mask> works to commission.Recent commissions include a group of works for the state apartments at Chatsworth House, Derbyshire, a 130-piece installation for a private London client, and an external installation of work in the gardens of the American Ambassador's residence at Winfield House,

masks: Stair Stair Stair


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<mask> (born January 4, 1972) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1992 to 2010, and held the WBA heavyweight title twice between 2001 and 2005. <mask> is of Puerto Rican descent, and is the first Latino boxer to win a world heavyweight title. Amateur career
 1991: Competed as a light heavyweight at the World Championships in Sydney, Australia. Results were:
 Defeated Mohamed Benguesmia (Algeria) PTS (22–11)
 Defeated Miodrag Radulovic (Yugoslavia) RSC-3
 Lost to Andrey Kurnyavka (Soviet Union) PTS (14–20)
 1992: Competed at the Olympic Trials in Worcester. Result was:
 Lost to Jeremy Williams PTS

Professional career
His professional record is 44–9–1–1, with 30 knockouts. Frustrated by years of criticism from the boxing press and fans, he retired upon his second loss of the WBA title on April 30, 2005 (to James "Lights-Out" Toney). <mask> un-retired in 10 days, after finding out that James Toney had tested positive for anabolic steroids.The official outcome, a unanimous-decision defeat, was changed to a no-contest; the WBA ordered that <mask> retain the title. <mask> then filed a lawsuit against Toney, claiming that he had damaged <mask>'s boxing career (due to Toney's use of illegal steroids before their bout). On December 17, 2005, he lost his title for the first time—in controversial fashion—to Nikolai Valuev. <mask> lost a rematch for the vacant WBA Heavyweight title with Valuev on August 30, 2008, once again in controversial fashion. First reign as WBA heavyweight champion

After Lennox Lewis defeated Evander Holyfield for the undisputed (WBA, WBC, and IBF) heavyweight title in late 1999, the WBA ordered Lewis to defend the title against mandatory challenger <mask>, but Lewis refused. Though he had been undefeated since his 1st round 19 second loss against David Tua in 1996, the level of competition <mask> had been facing was

masks:
John Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz
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Ruiz


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 suspect and the only name he had beaten (to date) was a nearly 40-year-old Tony Tucker. <mask> and his management sued, claiming that WBA rules entitled him to a title shot.A judge agreed, but rather than face <mask> in a bout that was seen as commercially unattractive, Lewis instead fought Michael Grant, considered to be a very worthy contender at the time, having knocked out a series of recognized "name" opponents on HBO. After learning of this, the judge decreed that upon entering the ring against Grant on April 29, 2000, Lewis would automatically forfeit the WBA title. <mask> vs. Holyfield
<mask> fought former champion Holyfield to fill the vacancy on August 12, 2000, losing by unanimous decision (this result made Holyfield the first to win a world heavyweight title on four occasions). Many observers and boxing reporters felt that the underdog <mask> had done enough to win. Due to this controversial decision, the WBA ordered an immediate rematch in early 2001, and <mask> won the WBA title. Some critics still believe the decision was controversial (<mask> was on the ground for a few minutes after Holyfield appeared to deliver a low punch to the groin). Footage following the match showed that the punch may have been legal, but it wasn't disputed.<mask> defended the title twice: a controversial draw in a third match against Holyfield where the press believed Holyfield to have won, and a disqualification victory against <mask> where the Canadian contender was disqualified for repeated low blows in the tenth round. <mask> was accused in both the second Holyfield fight and the <mask> fight of faking low blows that actually seemed to be closer to his beltline than his groin (although <mask> was shown on replays to hit <mask> below the belt several times). <mask> vs Jones Jr.
On March 1, 2003, <mask> was contracted to fight Roy Jones, Jr., who at the time was

masks:
Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz
Kirk Johnson
Ruiz
Johnson
Johnson
Ruiz
Ruiz
Ruiz


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 The Ring light heavyweight champion. If Jones was to beat <mask> in the fight, he would join Bob Fitzsimmons, Michael Spinks, and Michael Moorer as the only three fighters to win titles at light heavyweight and heavyweight as well as becoming the second fighter (Fitzsimmons being the first) to win titles at both middleweight and heavyweight. <mask>, who said referee Jay Nady "wouldn't let me fight my fight", lost a unanimous decision to Jones and moved back into the WBA's contender pool. Second reign as WBA heavyweight champion

<mask>, however, would receive another shot before 2003 was out. As champion Jones was required to face the WBA's number one contender, former WBO champion Vitali Klitschko.Neither the Jones nor the Klitschko camps were able to agree to a fight by an imposed deadline, so Jones became a champion-in-recess. Klitschko, however, did not want to fight the #2 contender, former WBC, IBF, and lineal champion Hasim Rahman, for the interim championship. After David Tua, the #3 contender, also turned down the fight against Rahman, <mask>, the #5 contender and the only one interested in the fight, decided to accept. He fought Rahman on December 13, 2003, and with a unanimous decision victory became the WBA's interim champion. When Jones announced on February 24, 2004, that he would return to competing in the light heavyweight division, the WBA took the interim tag off <mask>, and he became an official two-time WBA heavyweight champion. On April 17, 2004, <mask> fought the first defense of his second world title. He retained it with an eleventh-round technical knockout of Fres Oquendo at Madison Square Garden.This fight was historic in that it was the first time two Hispanics/Latinos faced each other for a version of world heavyweight title. On November 13 of that same year, <mask> retained the belt with a controversial unanimous decision over

masks: Ruiz Ruiz Ruiz Ruiz Ruiz Ruiz Ruiz


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 Polish-American Andrzej Gołota (a.k.a., "Andrew" Golota) – among other things he suffered two knockdowns and a one-point deduction by referee Randy Neumann. <mask> vs Golata was the Main event of Don King's Night of Heavyweights card, it did 120,000 Pay-Per-View buys

On April 30, 2005, <mask> lost the title to James "Lights Out" Toney in Madison Square Garden by unanimous decision, marking the second time that <mask> had lost to a former middleweight champion. However, after Toney failed the post-match drug test (for stanozolol, an anabolic steroid), the New York Athletic Commission suspended him from boxing in the United States for 90 days, and fined him $10,000 (U.S.). The WBA banned the aging (then 36 years old) Toney from fighting for its heavyweight title for the next two years. This resulted in Toney's win being changed to a "no contest"—basically, a nullification. <mask> came out of retirement before it was found out that Toney would be suspended and he would be reinstated as champion.Controversial loss to Valuev
On December 17, 2005, <mask> lost the WBA Championship in Berlin to 7 ft. tall, 324-lb. Russian Nikolai Valuev. The official outcome was a majority decision (scored 114–116, 113–116, and 114–114), but it was also a controversial one. <mask> was convinced that his jab/combination-punch technique had given him a clear victory. He demanded that his promoter, Don King, set up an immediate re-match with the now-first-ever Russian world heavyweight champion. <mask>'s long-time manager, Norman Stone, declared that they would also formally petition the WBA: after all, the 10,000 German spectators booed when the decision was announced. <mask>'s camp claimed that the Germans booed because they too felt that the outcome was unjust.Wilfried Sauerland, the manager who rescued Valuev's career from obscurity two years earlier, angrily countered that the

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 fans had booed because Stone's in-ring behavior had agitated them. In September 2006 <mask> announced that he would be managed by Sauerland. His former manager Norman Stone retired on December 22, 2005, stating that the decision in the loss to Valuev was the last straw, and he would continue to support <mask> from retirement. Road back to title contention
After the loss Don King announced his intention to still promote <mask>. King had become aware of <mask> after his KO win over the former IBF title holder Tony Tucker in 1998. <mask> followed up the loss to Valuev with a fight against up-and-coming contender Ruslan Chagaev. In a close fight, Chagaev prevailed, taking a split decision with scores of 117–111 and 116–112 for Chagaev, and 115–114 for <mask>.Chagaev became the mandatory challenger for a shot at Valuev, whom he defeated on April 14, 2007, to claim the WBA heavyweight championship. Another comeback
<mask> faced Otis Tisdale on October 13, 2007, and ended the fight with a TKO victory in the second round as referee Pete Podgorski called a halt to the bout as Tisdale went down for the third time. The bout was scheduled for 10 rounds. On March 8, 2008, <mask> won a 12-round unanimous decision over Jameel McCline in Mexico. <mask> vs. Valuev II
Valuev defeated <mask> by unanimous decision on August 30, 2008. Scores were 114–113, 116–113, and 116–111. The result was initially declared a split decision win for Valuev.The 114–113 score by ringside judge Takeshi Shimakawa was announced in favor of <mask>. Shimakawa alerted WBA officials after that his score was intended for Valuev. One of the scorecards had the names of the fighters in opposite order, resulting in the confusion. The decision was once again unpopular with the live crowd as some booed the outcome, much like the first match in December 2005. Final world title shot
After petitioning the WBA

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 to protest against the outcome of his controversial fight with Valuev, <mask> was made the WBA's mandatory challenger to fight the winner of Chagaev-Valuev II in 2009. As that bout was cancelled, <mask> stepped aside as mandatory challenger so Valuev could fight Cruiserweight Champion David Haye. On the undercard to that fight <mask> stopped Adnan Serin in 7 rounds.<mask>, coming in at 226 pounds (his lightest since 2001), dominated his overmatched opponent to retain his mandatory challenge to the WBA belt. Valuev later lost a majority decision to David Haye, meaning <mask> would now fight Haye for the WBA title, after Haye had recovered from a hand injury. When the fight took place on April 3, 2010 at the M.E.N. Arena in Manchester, <mask> lost to Haye by TKO when his corner threw in the towel in the ninth round after suffering four knockdowns in the previous rounds. <mask>, whose face was covered in blood, could not stand up to Haye's greater speed and power. Retirement
Following his loss to David Haye, <mask> announced his retirement after an 18-year boxing career. In 2013, he opened Quietman Sports Gym in Medford, Massachusetts, offering both boxing and MMA (mixed martial arts) training to all ages.While all ages are welcome, he focuses on providing an alternative for at-risk children and teenagers in the Greater Boston area. He has also indicated that he wants to return to boxing in some capacity as either a manager or trainer at some point. In 2014, boxing.com ranked <mask> as number 83 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Heavyweights of All Time". Professional boxing record

See also
 List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions

References

External links

1972 births
American male boxers
American people of Puerto Rican descent
Living people
Sportspeople from Chelsea, Massachusetts
World Boxing Association champions
World heavyweight boxing

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<mask> (10 May 1739, County Dublin – 11 May 1823, Dublin) was an Irish Dominican and Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Life

Dominican
Of Anglo-Norman stock, <mask> was born at Annefield House, near Porterstown and received his early education at Liffey Street, Dublin. At the age of sixteen he joined the Dominican Order and proceeded to their house of St. Clement, at Rome. Amenable to discipline, diligent in his studies, and talented, he made rapid progress, and while still a student was appointed to give lectures in philosophy. Subsequently, he professed theology and canon law, and finally became prior of the convent in 1772. Bishop of Ossory
When the Bishop of Ossory died, in 1776, the priests of the diocese recommended one of their number, Father Molloy, to Rome for the vacant see, and the recommendation was endorsed by many of the Irish bishops. But Dr <mask>, who was held in high esteem at Rome, had already been appointed Bishop of Ossory.He was consecrated at Louvain in June 1777 by the nuncio to Flanders  Archbishop (later Cardinal) Ignazio Busca. <mask> arrived at Kilkenny in August 1777 and for the next nine years he laboured hard for the spiritual interests of his diocese. Maddened by excessive rents and tithes, and harried by grinding tithe-proctors, farmers had banded themselves together in a secret society called the "Whiteboys", so called from the white smocks the members wore in their nightly raids. They attacked landlords, bailiffs, agents, and tithe-proctors, and often committed fearful outrages. Bishop <mask> frequently and

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John Thomas Troy
Troy
Troy
Troy
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 sternly denounced them, declaring any who joined the secret society to be excommunicated. Bishop <mask> had no sympathy with oppression, but he had lived long in Rome, and did not fully appreciate the extent of misery in which the poor Catholic masses lived. He was ready to condemn all violent efforts for reform, and had no hesitation in denouncing not only all secret societies in Ireland, but also "our American fellow-subjects, seduced by specious notions of liberty".This made him unpopular. He was zealous in correcting abuses in his diocese and in promoting education. So well was this recognized at Rome that in 1781, in consequence of some serious troubles which had arisen between the primate and his clergy, Dr. <mask> was appointed Administrator of Armagh. This office he held till 1782. Archbishop of Dublin
Upon the death of Archbishop <mask> of Dublin) in 1786, Bishop <mask> was appointed to succeed him. At Dublin, as at Ossory, he showed his zeal for religion, his sympathy with authority, and his distrust of popular movements, especially when violent means were employed.Though his circular, issued on 15 March 1792, disavowing the authority of any ecclesiastical power to absolve subjects from their allegiance, is believed to have influenced the concession in that year of the relaxations embodied in Langrishe's Act, and the extension of the franchise to Roman Catholics in 1793, he declined to associate himself with <mask> and other Catholic reformers in their demands for further relief. In 1798 he issued a sentence of excommunication against all

masks:
Troy
Troy
John Carpenter
Troy
John Keogh


texts: those of his flock who would join the rebellion. In a pastoral read in all the churches, he spoke of the clerical organisers of the rebellion as ‘vile prevaricators and apostates from religion, loyalty, honour, and decorum, degrading their sacred character, and the most criminal and detestable of rebellious and seditious culprits.’ <mask>'s action at this time appears to have endangered his life; but the influence he had acquired with the government enabled him to moderate the repressive measures taken by the authorities. Believing that Catholic emancipation could never be conceded by the Irish parliament, he was one of the most determined supporters of the Union. In 1799 he agreed to accept the veto of government, on the appointment of Irish bishops; and even when the other bishops, feeling they had been tricked by Pitt and Castlereagh, repudiated the veto, Dr <mask> continued to favour it. However, in 1809, he recommended Daniel Murray be appointed his coadjutor. Murray was an uncompromising opponent of the "veto", and while Troy's coadjutor, made trips in 1814 and 1815 to Rome concerning the controversy.In April 1815, Archbishop <mask> laid the foundation of St Mary's Pro-Cathedral in Marlborough Street, Dublin, but did not live to see it completed. Archbishop <mask> died on 11 May 1823 at the age of eighty-four. He died very poor, leaving scarce sufficient to pay for his burial, and was interred in the unfinished St Mary's Pro-Cathedral. In the administration of his diocese and in his private life, <mask> was eminently zealous, pious, and

masks: Troy Troy Troy Troy Troy


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 charitable; and although his cordial relations with the government exposed him to many suspicions and accusations, there is no ground for questioning the integrity of his motives and conduct, which were inspired by his views of the interest of his church. He fully shared that distrust of revolutionary tendencies in civil affairs which dominated the ecclesiastical policy of the Vatican throughout his career. <mask>'Alton, speaks of <mask> as " a truly learned and zealous pastor, … a lover and promoter of the most pure Christian morality, vigilant in the discharge of his duty, and devotedly solicitous not only for the spiritual good of those consigned to his charge, but also for the public quiet of the state." See also
 Dominicans in Ireland

Further reading
Brady, Episcopal Succession (Rome, 1876)
William Carrigan, History of the Diocese of Ossory (Dublin, 1905)
Wyse, History of the Catholic Association (London, 1829)
Moran, Spicilegium Ossoriense (Dublin, 1874–84)
McNally, Vincent J Reform,Revolution and Reaction: Archbishop <mask> <mask> and  the Catholic Church in Ireland 1787-1817 London: University Press of America, 1995 Only biography of <mask> <mask>.References

Sources
 D'Alton, History of the Archbishops of Dublin (Dublin, 1838)
 McNally, Vincent J., Reform, Revolution and Reaction: Archbishop <mask> <mask> and the Catholic Church in Ireland 1787-1817. London: University Press of America, 1995, p. 10

External links

1739 births
1823 deaths
Irish Dominicans
Roman Catholic archbishops of Dublin
Roman Catholic bishops of Ossory
People from

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<mask> (March 17, 1804 – July 17, 1881) was an American mountain man, trapper, Army scout, and wilderness guide who explored and trapped in the Western United States in the first half of the 19th century. He was known as Old Gabe in his later years. He was from the <mask> family of Virginia, English immigrants who had been in North America since the early colonial period. Bridger was part of the second generation of American mountain men and pathfinders that followed the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804 and became well known for participating in numerous early expeditions into the western interior as well as mediating between Native American tribes and westward-migrating European-American settlers. By the end of his life, he had earned a reputation as one of the foremost frontiersmen in the American Old West. He was described as having a strong constitution that allowed him to survive the extreme conditions he encountered while exploring the Rocky Mountains from what would become southern Colorado to the Canadian border. He had conversational knowledge of French, Spanish, and several indigenous languages.In 1830, <mask> and several associates purchased a fur company from Jedediah Smith and others, which they named the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. Early life and career
James Felix <mask> was born on March 17, 1804, in Richmond, Virginia. His parents were <mask>, an innkeeper in Richmond, and his wife Chloe. About 1812, the family moved near St. Louis at the eastern edge of America's vast new western frontier. At age 13, Bridger was orphaned; he had no formal education, was unable to read or write, and was apprenticed to a blacksmith. He was illiterate the whole of his life. On March 20, 1822, at age 18, he left his apprenticeship after responding to an advertisement in a St. Louis newspaper, the Missouri Republican, and joined General

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James Felix Bridger
Bridger
Bridger
Bridger
James Bridger


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 William Henry Ashley's fur trapping expedition to the upper Missouri River.The party included Jedediah Smith and many others who would later become famous mountain men. For the next 20 years, he repeatedly traversed the continental interior between the Canada–U.S. border and the southern boundary of present-day Colorado, and from the Missouri River westward to Idaho and Utah, either as an employee of or a partner in the fur trade. Hugh Glass ordeal

The account of the bear attack and subsequent desertion of Hugh Glass has been repeated by many, but it is of dubious origin that <mask> was involved at all. Bridger was employed by Ashley's at the time of the attack near the forks of the Grand River in present-day Perkins County, South Dakota. John Fitzgerald and a man known as 'Bridges' stayed, waiting for him to die, as the rest of the party moved on. They began digging Glass's grave.Claiming they were interrupted by an Arikara attack, the pair grabbed Glass's rifle, knife, and other equipment and took flight. Bridges and Fitzgerald later caught up with the party and incorrectly reported to Ashley that Glass had died. It is plausible but unlikely that 'Bridges' was in fact <mask>. Yellowstone and the Great Salt Lake

Bridger was among the first mountain men to explore the natural wonders of the Yellowstone region. In the fall of 1824, Bridger explored the Great Salt Lake region, reaching it by bull boat. He was one of the first people to explore Yellowstone’s springs and geysers. He also shared that the creek split in two, with one side going to the Pacific Ocean and the other side the Atlantic Ocean.Bridger took a raft on the rapids at the Big Horn River; he was the only man to do this. Guide and adviser
In 1843, <mask> and Louis Vasquez established Fort Bridger on the Blacks Fork of the Green River along the Oregon Trail. Bridger had

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Jim Bridger
Bridger


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 explored, trapped, hunted and blazed new trails in the West since 1822 and later worked as a wilderness guide in these areas. He could reportedly assess any wagon train or group, their interests in travel, and give them expert advice on any and all aspects of heading West, over any and all trails, and to any destination the party had in mind, if the leaders sought his advice. In 1846, the Donner Party came to Fort Bridger and were assured by <mask> and Vasquez that Lansford Hastings' proposed shortcut ahead was "a fine, level road, with plenty of water and grass, with the exception before stated (a forty-mile waterless stretch)." The 40-mile stretch was in fact 80 miles, and the "fine level road" was difficult enough to slow the Donner Party, who become trapped in the Sierra Nevada in the winter. From 16 July 1857 until July 1858, Bridger was employed as a guide during the Utah War.In 1859, <mask> was paid to be the chief guide on the Yellowstone-bound Raynolds Expedition, led by Captain William F. Raynolds. Though unsuccessful in reaching Yellowstone, because of deep snow, the expedition explored Jackson Hole and Pierre's Hole. In 1861, Bridger served as a guide for Edward L. Berthoud. From October 1863 until April 1864, Bridger was employed as a guide at Fort Laramie. Bridger then served as a scout under Colonel Henry B. Carrington during Red Cloud's War. Bridger was stationed at Fort Phil Kearny during the Fetterman Fight, and the Wagon Box Fight. Bridger was discharged on 21 July 1868.Suffering from goiter and rheumatism, <mask> returned to Missouri in 1868. He was unsuccessful in collecting back rent from the government for lease on Fort Bridger. By 1875, he was blind. Bridger Pass and the Bridger Trail

In 1850, while guiding the Stansbury Expedition on its return from Utah, Bridger discovered what would eventually become known as

masks: Bridger Bridger Bridger


texts:
 Bridger Pass, an alternate overland route which bypassed South Pass and shortened the Oregon Trail by 61 miles. Bridger Pass, in what is now south-central Wyoming, would later become the chosen route across the Continental Divide, for the Overland Stage, Pony Express, the Union Pacific Railroad Overland Route, and Interstate 80. In 1864, Bridger blazed the Bridger Trail, an alternative route from Wyoming to the gold fields of Montana that avoided the dangerous Bozeman Trail. In 1865, he served as Chief of Scouts during the Powder River Expedition.Family and death
In 1835, Bridger married a woman from the Flathead tribe that he named "Emma", with whom he had three children. After her death in 1846 from fever, he married the daughter of a Shoshone chief, who died in childbirth three years later. In 1850, he married Shoshone Chief Washakie's daughter Mary Washakie <mask> and they raised two children. Some of his children were sent back east to be educated. His firstborn Mary Ann was killed by a band of aborigines while being tutored. His son Felix, who fought with the Missouri Artillery, died of sickness on Bridger's farm. His daughter Josephine, who married <mask>, also died, leaving his daughter Virginia as his only living child.Bridger died on his farm near Kansas City, Missouri, on July 17, 1881, at age 77. Legacy

Historical reputation
Bridger is remembered as one of the most colorful and widely traveled mountain men of the era. In addition to his explorations and his service as a guide and adviser, he was known for his storytelling. His stories about the geysers at Yellowstone, for example, proved to be true. Others were grossly exaggerated or clearly intended to amuse: one of Bridger's stories involved a petrified forest in which there were "petrified birds" singing "petrified songs" (though he may have seen the petrified trees in

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 the Tower Junction area of what is now Yellowstone National Park). Over the years, Bridger became so associated with telling tall tales that many stories invented by others were attributed to him. Supposedly one of Bridger's favorite yarns to weave to greenhorns told of his pursuit by one hundred Cheyenne warriors.After being chased for several miles, Bridger found himself at the end of a box canyon, with the Indians bearing down on him. At this point, Bridger would go silent, prompting his listener to ask, "What happened then, Mr. Bridger?" Bridger would then reply, "They killed me." Places and things named for <mask>r
 Fort Bridger
 Fort Bridger, Wyoming
 Bridger, Montana
 Bridger, South Dakota
 Bridger Bay, Utah, a bay in the Great Salt Lake at Antelope Island
 Bridger Bay Beach, Utah, a beach on Antelope Island in the Great Salt Lake
 Bridger Mountains (Wyoming)
 Bridger Mountains (Montana)
 Bridger Peak in Utah
 Bridger Pointe, a neighborhood complex in Logan, Utah
 Bridger Wilderness
 Bridger Bowl Ski Area
 Bridger-Teton National Forest
 Bridger Pass
 Bridger Center and Bridger Gondola at Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, Teton Village, WY. <mask> Bridger Power Station
 Bridger Lake, a lake and campground near Mountain View, Wyoming
 Bridgerland in Cache Valley in Utah and Idaho is a name that is used in many Logan, Utah-based businesses and institutions, such as Bridgerland Television and the Bridgerland Technical College. Bridgerland Park, a city park in Logan, Utah
 James Bridger Middle School in Independence, Missouri
 <mask> Bridger Drive, Centerville, Utah
 Jim Bridger Drive, Eagle Mountain, Utah
 Jim Bridger Drive, Huntsville, Utah
 <mask>r Elementary School in Portland, Oregon
 <mask> Elementary School in West Jordan, Utah
<mask>r Trail Run outside Bozeman, Montana
 Bridger Avenue in Las Vegas, Nevada
 Bridger Drive in Logan,

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Jim Bridge
Jim
Jim
Jim Bridge
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texts:
 Utah
 Bridger Drive in Springville, Utah
 Bridger Road in Salt Lake City, Utah
 Bridger Street in Pocatello, Idaho
 The <mask>r cabins, a motel in Gardiner, Montana, outside the entrance to Yellowstone National Park.In 2013, <mask>'s Battle was announced as the new name for an old college football rivalry between Utah State and Wyoming. The winner receives a .50-caliber Rocky Mountain Hawken rifle, the "Bridger rifle", as a traveling trophy. The Weber mandolin company of Montana had a mandolin model named the Bridger. Media portrayals
 Raymond Hatton portrays Bridger in the 1940 film Kit Carson. Van Heflin plays Bridger in the 1951 film Tomahawk. Dennis Morgan portrays Bridger in the 1955 film The Gun That Won the West. Karl Swenson plays <mask> in the episode "The <mask> Bridger Story" of NBC's Wagon Train, broadcast on May 10, 1961.James Wainwright plays <mask> in the 1976 TV movie Bridger, opposite Ben Murphy as Kit Carson. Gregg Palmer portrays Bridger in the 1977 episode "Kit Carson and the Mountain Man" of NBC's Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color. Reb Brown portrays Bridger in the 1978 TV miniseries Centennial. Brad Pitt portrays Lt. Aldo Raine, "a direct-descendent of the mountain man <mask>" in the 2009 film Inglourious Basterds
 Will Poulter portrays a fictionalized version of <mask> in the 2015 film The Revenant. References

Sources

Further reading

 "Affidavit discussing <mask>'s property and Fort Bridger"
 <mask> in Idaho

1804 births
1881 deaths
19th-century American people
American explorers
Mountain men
American hunters
American fur traders
Explorers of the United States
Montana articles lacking sources
People from Franklin County, Missouri
People from Richmond, Virginia
American folklore
Tall tales
History of Idaho
History of Montana
History of Utah
History of Wyoming
History of the Rocky Mountains
Explorers

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<mask> (; 4 November 1941 – 17 February 2021) was an Italian crime boss, leader of the Nuova Camorra Organizzata (NCO), an organisation he built to renew the Camorra. <mask> had a variety of nicknames including 'o Vangelo ("the gospel"), 'o Princepe ("the prince"), 'o Professore ("the professor") and 'o Monaco ("the monk"). Apart from 18 months on the run, <mask> lived entirely in maximum-security prisons or psychiatric prisons after 1963. At the time of his death he was serving multiple life sentences for murder. Early years
<mask> was born in Ottaviano, a municipality in the hinterland of Naples, in a family without ties in the Camorra. His fatherless youth was spent in a close-knit Catholic environment. His father was an agricultural labourer who for years tilled a field as a sharecropper as a means to support his family.While still a child, the landowner told <mask>'s father that the following year the field would be used for a different purpose and that his services were no longer required. In desperation, his father turned to the local Camorra boss, whose word was law in the village. The boss invited the <mask> family to his home and promised to settle everything. A short time later, the landowner changed his mind and the contract was renewed. A bad student, violent and inattentive, at 12 <mask> was already roaming the streets with a gang of teenagers, committing petty burglaries and harassing shopkeepers. As soon as he could drive he bought a car, both for prestige and because it allowed him greater mobility in his raids. At the age of 21, on 24 February 1963, he committed his first homicide.He killed a man whose girlfriend had been slapped by <mask> due to an alleged insult. In the ensuing fight, <mask> pulled out a gun and shot him to death. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, reduced to 24 years after appeal. He was sent to Poggioreale prison in Naples. Entering the prison world on a murder conviction made <mask> a “tough guy”. In prison <mask> learned the

masks:
Raffaele Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo
Cutolo


texts:
 rules of the criminal world: he became a man of honour, paid respect to more powerful inmates, and started gathering personal prestige because of his striking personality. He never lost sight of his ambition and his desire to become one of the biggest bosses of the Neapolitan underworld.<mask> had established himself as a ringleader, when Antonio Spavone, known as "'o Malommo" (The Badman), was transferred to Poggioreale prison. He challenged Spavone to a knife fight in the courtyard (a practice called 'o dichiaramento, the declaration), but Spavone refused. The challenged boss allegedly limited himself to a reply: "Today's young men want to die young by whatever means." Spavone was released from prison shortly after this event. From his prison cell, <mask> ordered the murder of Spavone. A hitman, allegedly <mask>'s friend, shot Spavone in the face from short range with a shotgun. Spavone survived the ambush, but the shotgun blast left considerable damage to his facial structure, which required plastic surgery.Spavone immediately resigned from his highly visible role as a Camorra boss. <mask> was soon able to gather under him a small group of prisoners, the nucleus of which would later become the leadership of the NCO. They were Antonino Cuomo known as "'o Maranghiello" (The Cudgel), Pasquale Barra known as "'o Nimale" (The Animal), Giuseppe Puca known as "'o Giappone" (Japanese), Pasquale D'Amico known as "'o Cartunaro" (The Cardboard picker) and Vincenzo Casillo known as "'o Nirone" (The Big Black). After being released, they would set up criminal activities on the outside which would be directly controlled by Cutolo from within the penitentiary system. Nuova Camorra Organizzata
From within Naples' Poggioreale prison <mask> built a new organisation: the Nuova Camorra Organizzata (NCO). He began by befriending young inmates unfamiliar with jail, giving them a sense of identity and worth, so much so that when they were released they would send Cutolo ‘flowers’ (i.e. money), which

masks: Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo


texts: enabled him to increase his network.He helped poorer prisoners by buying food for them from the jail store, or arranging for food to be sent in from outside. In such ways Cutolo created many ‘debts’ or ‘rain cheques’ which he would cash at the opportune moment. As his following grew, he also began to exercise a monopoly of violence within a number of prisons, thus increasing his power. By the early seventies, <mask> had become so powerful that he was able to decide which of his followers would be moved to which jails, use a prison governor's telephone to make calls anywhere in the world, and allegedly even slap the prison governor on one occasion for daring to search his cell. Another key bond <mask> created was regular payments to the families of NCO members sent to prison, thereby guaranteeing the allegiance of both prisoners and their families. What is unusual about Cutolo is that he has a kind of ideology, another factor that appealed to rootless and badly educated youths. He founded the NCO in his home town Ottaviano on October 24, 1970, the day of Cutolo's patron saint, San Raffaele.In such a way <mask> created the most powerful organization ever to exist in the Neapolitan hinterland. Using his personal appeal and almost magic charisma, he was able to achieve this single-handedly. <mask> had strong ties with the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta. According to some pentiti, <mask>'s career started with his affiliation with the 'Ndrangheta, supported by important bosses such as Piromalli, Paolo De Stefano, and Mammoliti. <mask> based his organisation of the NCO on the model of the 'Ndrangheta, its internal codes and rituals. The NCO strongholds were the towns to the east of Naples, such as Ottaviano, and Cutolo appealed to a Campanian rather than Neapolitan sense of identity, perhaps as a result of his poor peasant background. For instance, <mask> is once reported as having said: "The day when the people of Campania understand that it is better to eat a slice of bread as a free man than to eat

masks: Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo


texts: a steak as a slave is the day when Campania will win."The organisation was unique in the history of the Camorra in that it was highly centralised and possessed a rudimentary form of ideology. For example, he publicly declared that children were not to be kidnapped or mistreated and allegedly arranged the assassination of at least one kidnapper. Perhaps the most potent ideological weapon was the cult of violence, which sometimes bordered on a kind of death wish, as <mask> once wrote: "the value of a life doesn’t consist of its length but in the use made of it; often people live a long time without living very much. Consider this, my friends, as long as you are on this earth everything depends on your will-power, not on the number of years you have lived." Through his book of thoughts and poems, Poesie e pensieri and his many interviews with journalists, <mask> was able to create a strong sense of identity among his members. The book was published in Naples in 1980, but never distributed to the public. The book, containing 235 pages of poems and pictures, was seized by the police and censored as an "apology of a criminal organization."According to the Justice department, this book was viewed by NCO members as the "Bible of the NCO" and was particularly popular in prison, due to <mask>'s own distribution by mail. Even though his book was impounded by magistrates within days of its publication, many prisoners, alienated from society both inside and outside jail, wrote to <mask> and other NCO leaders asking for a copy. Its possession alone would later be considered incriminating evidence. <mask> openly supported the young inmates, who were confronted with abuse, brutality, physical aggression and rape. He provided them with advice and protection from the brutalities of other inmates. At the same time they learned how to behave as a good picciotto, the lowest entry level into the Camorra. <mask> challenged the old Camorra bosses and gave the youngsters a structure to belong to: “The new

masks: Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo


texts:
 Camorra must have a statute, a structure, an oath, a complete ceremony, a ritual that must excite people to the point that they would risk their lives for this organization.” <mask> was revered by his soldiers.They called him Prince and kissed his left hand as if he were a bishop. <mask> spent a great amount of time researching the 19th century Camorra and reconstructed the old Camorristic ritual of initiation. He took great care in making the ritual a binding social practice. In his cell, he created a ceremony in which the initiate received the award of the primo regalo (first gift) also called abbraccio (embrace) or fiore (flower). He infused the old Camorristic traditions with Catholicism and reconstituted the ritual of initiation of the traditional Camorra. Sister running the business
In Poggioreale, where on average there were 25 prisoners to a cell, <mask> managed to get a cell to himself with a shower, while Giovanni Pandico, his own personal cook and underwriter occupied the cell next door so that he could serve up dishes on request. When he was transferred to a smaller penitentiary (where his cell was carpeted, and fitted with a colour television and sound system) in Ascoli Piceno, he requested that Pandico follow him, and his request was promptly granted by the prison authorities.<mask> referred to the prison as "the state of Poggioreale" and is once reported to have stated, "I am the king of the Camorra. I take from the rich and give to the poor." As a prisoner, he dressed impeccably with ties and designer shirts, a gold watch and shoes of crocodile skin. His daily meals consisted of lobster and champagne. The Justice Department found out that between 5 March 1981 and 18 April 1982, <mask> received money orders for an amount of 55,962,000 lire (the equivalent in 1982 of $55,000) to take care of his daily expenses, of which he reportedly spent half (30,600,000 lire or $29,000) on food and clothes. As <mask> spent most of his time behind bars from where he sent out his


texts: instructions, the everyday running of the enterprise was entrusted to his elder sister Rosetta <mask>. Her nickname was "Occh'egghiaccio", meaning Ice Eyes.Rosetta, a grey-haired, pious-looking woman, lived alone for years, tending her roses. She ruled in the Castle Mediceo, the headquarters of the organisation: a vast 16th-century palace with 365 rooms and a large park with tennis courts and swimming pool. The castle was bought for several billion lire, and provided direct contact for <mask> from the prisons of Poggioreale and Ascoli Piceno. Brilliant with figures, Rosetta <mask> negotiated with South American cocaine barons, narrowly failed to blow up a police headquarters and was glamorised in a film, Il Camorrista. After her plan to blow up a police headquarters narrowly failed, her stronghold was raided; <mask> escaped under a rug in a car driven boldly past checkpoints by the neighbourhood priest. She then went underground, remaining at liberty for the next 10 years. In 1993 she gave herself up and was charged only with mafia association: prosecutors alleged she had been running her brother's organisation.She was acquitted nine times of murder. Rosetta had persuaded the authorities she was harmless, and her frumpy image definitely helped. However, <mask> <mask> has always maintained that Rosetta knew nothing of his criminal activities and did only what he asked: "Rosetta has never been a Camorrista... She only listened to me and sent me a few suitcases of money to prisoners like i told her to." Nevertheless, it is clear that <mask> had always wanted to maintain a male-only organization based on principles such as criminal fraternity and so could never be seen giving a role to his sister. It could be argued that he did not want to implicate her and therefore, always insisted that she was innocent. Moreover, many important members did not believe that she held an important role because she was a woman. For instance, former NCO lieutenant and pentiti, Pasquale Barra argued: "What has

masks: Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo Cutolo Raffaele Cutolo Cutolo


texts:
 <mask> got to do with it?What have woman got to do with the Camorra?" <mask> <mask> decided to expand the Camorra to Apulia. The final outcome was not what he had planned. At first local criminals were managing the illegal trades while the Camorra lent financial resources and support demanding 40% of all profits derived from illegal activities. This arrangement proved to be an unstable one: soon the local criminals tried to free themselves from the masters. In 1981, one of them, Giuseppe Rogoli, founded the Sacra Corona Unita, a new Mafia invoking the regional Pugliese identity against the intrusion of the foreign Neapolitans. Nuova Camorra Organizzata–Nuova Famiglia feud
The NCO spread like wildfire in the crisis-ridden Campanian towns of the late 1970s, offering alienated youths an alternative to a lifetime of unemployment or poorly paid jobs.Hundreds of young men were employed as enforcers. Initially, the main specialisation of NCO gangs was extorting money through protection rackets from local businesses. While the traditional Camorristic families held territorial powers and the consequent responsibility over their controlled areas, the NCO had no qualms over breaking the established social fabric by extorting shopkeepers, small factories and businesses, and building contractors. In its quest for cash, it even targeted individuals such as landlords, lawyers and professionals. The NCO's protection racket even included a transient circus. The NCO later branched out to cocaine trafficking, partly because it was less subject to police investigation than heroin, but also because the Sicilian Mafia was less involved in the cocaine trade. At the end of the 1970s two different types of Camorra organisations were beginning to take shape.On one side there was Cutolo's NCO, which dealt mainly in cocaine and protection rackets, preserving a strong regional sense of identify. On the other side, the business-oriented Camorra clans linked to the Sicilian Cosa Nostra like the clans of Michele Zaza

masks:
Rosa Cutolo
Raffaele
Cutolo


texts: and Lorenzo Nuvoletta, who dealt in cigarettes and heroin, but soon moved on to invest in real estate and construction firms. Cutolo's NCO became more powerful by encroaching and taking over other group's territories. The NCO was able to break the circle of traditional power held by the families. Cutolo's organisation was too aggressive and violent to be resisted by any individual families. Other Camorra families initially were too weakened, too divided, and simply too intimidated by the NCO. He requested that if other criminal groups wanted to keep their business, they had to pay the NCO protection on all their activities, including a percentage for each carton of cigarettes smuggled into Naples.This practice came to be known as ICA (Imposta Camorra Aggiunta, or Camorristic Sale Tax), mimicking the state VAT sale tax IVA (Imposta sul Valore Aggiunto). For instance, Michele Zaza, the biggest Neapolitan cigarette smuggler, was reported to have paid the NCO more than 4 billion lire in the first three months after the imposition of the racket. However, no hierarchy between Camorra gangs or stable spheres of influence had been created, and no gang leader was likely to agree to be subdued by Cutolo without making a fight of it. In 1978, Zaza formed a ‘honourable brotherhood’ (onorata fratellanza) in an attempt to get the Sicilian mafia-aligned Camorra gangs to oppose Cutolo and his NCO, although without much success. A year later, in 1979, the more successful Nuova Famiglia was formed to contrast Cutolo's NCO. It consisted of various powerful and charismatic Camorra clan leaders from the areas around Naples, such Carmine Alfieri of Saviano, Pasquale Galasso of Poggiomarino, Mario Fabbrocino of the Vesuvius area, the Nuvoletta clan of Marano, Antonio Bardellino from Casal di Principe (patriarch of the so-called "Casalesi") and Michele Zaza, known as o Pazzo or the Madman from Portici who made France his base of operations. From 1980-1983 a bloody war raged in and around Naples, which left