texts: educated to Intermediate Certificate level at Mudgee, Wollongong and Rozelle Public Schools, and at Fort Street High School, Petersham. Leaving school in 1926, he worked as a clerk and studied accountancy in his spare time. On 16 February 1927, <mask> entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon, as one of four cadets sponsored that year by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), which did not yet have its own officer training college. He graduated as a lieutenant on 9 December 1930, and the following day enlisted in the RAAF. As well as the four graduates the Air Force had enrolled in 1927, budgetary constraints imposed during the Great Depression necessitated the transfer from Duntroon to Point Cook of eight other RAAF-sponsored cadets midway through their four-year course, including Alister Murdoch, Bill Garing and Douglas Candy. Initially ranked pilot officer, Hely commenced his flying training course at RAAF Point Cook, Victoria, on 15 January 1931, graduating on 10 December.His early postings as a pilot in 1932 and 1933 were to RAAF Station Richmond, New South Wales, and RAAF Station Laverton, Victoria. Qualifying in aerial photography, he served at Point Cook from 1933 to 1936. He was then transferred to No. 3 Squadron at Richmond, receiving promotion to flight lieutenant. In April 1936, <mask> took command of No. 3 Squadron's North Australia Survey Flight, one of two such flights formed by the Air Force that month to carry out photographic surveys. Flying a twin-engined de Havilland Dragon Rapide (serial number A3-2), Hely departed Richmond on 11 April for Port Hedland, which was to be the flight's base for its initial survey work in Western Australia.Over the Northern Territory, between Newcastle Waters and Wave Hill, he became lost, ran out of fuel, and had to crash land. He and his crew of two were found by RAAF search aircraft ten days later, on 22 April. The Argus had reported that

masks: Hely Hely


type: original

texts: "grave fears" were held for their safety, but they were largely uninjured, Hely having suffered cuts and abrasions to his head and leg. The aircraft was badly damaged and had to be transported back to Richmond in pieces. In February 1937, Hely took part in the search for a missing Stinson airliner that was eventually found in the McPherson Range, Queensland, five of its seven passengers and crew dead. For its 1937 aerial survey program, the RAAF formed the Communications and Survey Flight under No. 1 Aircraft Depot's Recruit Training Squadron at Laverton on 3 May.The flight was divided into Western and Eastern Air Detachments, the former under <mask>. Flying a Tugan Gannet, <mask>'s first task became searching for survey director Sir Herbert Gepp, whose Rapide (A3-2, the same one <mask> crash landed the previous year) had gone missing on an inspection flight in the Northern Territory between Tennant Creek and Tanimi. Hely located the downed Rapide on 23 May, guiding in a ground party that was able to clear a makeshift runway and allow Gepp and his team to take off and resume their journey. On 25 September, <mask> was again diverted from survey work to search for a lost plane, this time the de Havilland Gipsy Moth of flying doctor Clyde Fenton, who had gone missing north-east of Newcastle Waters. <mask>, once more piloting Rapide A3-2, found the Moth three days later and landed to rescue the lost doctor. Fenton was subsequently quoted as saying "I have only the highest praise for the efficient manner in which Hely conducted a difficult search and the skilful way in which he located me and picked me up". The rescue efforts made <mask> one of the RAAF's best-known public figures.Completing his posting to the survey flight, he served as adjutant at Laverton in 1938. He was awarded the Air Force Cross on 9 June for "zeal and initiative in searching for Sir Herbert Gepp's party and later for Dr.

masks: Hely Hely Hely Hely Hely Hely


texts:
 Fenton when lost in Central Australia". On 29 November 1938, he married secretary Jean McDonald at St Aidan's Anglican Church in Launceston, Tasmania; the couple had two daughters. Hely spent the following year in Britain, attending the Royal Air Force Staff College, Andover, and was promoted to squadron leader in September. World War II

At the outbreak of World War II, <mask> was attached to the operations room at RAF Coastal Command. On his return to Australia in January 1940, he was appointed Staff Officer Plans at RAAF Headquarters, Melbourne. In October, he joined the Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock, as a delegate to a defence conference in Singapore.The Australian contingent found the local forces ill-prepared for an attack by the Japanese and recommended significant increases in air capability, both in Australia and in the Pacific Islands, to meet the threat. <mask> was promoted to temporary wing commander the following January, and was the ranking Air Force delegate at a series of staff talks in Batavia and Singapore regarding the defence of the Dutch East Indies. He became Director of Operations at RAAF Headquarters in August. His promotion to acting group captain was announced on 17 February 1942. Two days later, the Japanese bombed Darwin, Northern Territory; Hely circulated a memo early the next month to all commands on the lessons learnt from the raid. He was posted to Darwin in May to join North-Western Area headquarters as senior air staff officer, and was granted the temporary rank of group captain in January 1943. Hely returned to RAAF Headquarters in March to become Director of Air Staff Plans.In May 1944, <mask> assumed command of No. 72 Wing at Merauke, Dutch New Guinea, succeeding Group Captain Allan Walters. Comprising fighter and dive-bomber squadrons, the wing had been established to undertake air defence and patrol tasks in and around

masks: Hely Hely Hely


texts:
 western New Guinea. Hely departed Merauke in September 1944 to establish an army cooperation formation, No. 84 Wing, in Cairns, Queensland. It was one of two such wings formed by the RAAF in the South West Pacific Theatre late in World War II. They were, as described by the official history of the RAAF in the Pacific, "essentially non-offensive in character", responsible for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, supply drops to ground forces, spraying DDT to combat malaria, and guiding close support aircraft to their objectives.The wing could also carry out its own strikes on "targets of opportunity". No. 84 Wing comprised No. 5 (Tactical Reconnaissance) Squadron, No. 17 Air Observation Post Flight, No. 10 Communication Unit (subsequently renamed No. 10 Local Air Supply Unit), and No.39 Operational Base Unit. It deployed to Torokina in October to support Australian troops during the Bougainville campaign. No. 5 Squadron, equipped with CAC Boomerangs and Wirraways, was assigned to mark targets for F4U Corsairs of the Royal New Zealand Air Force. Between December 1944 and January 1945, the wing lost one Auster, one Wirraway, and one Boomerang on operations. Despite shortages of pilots and equipment, <mask>'s formation was generally able to keep pace with the army's requirements. By the end of June 1945, it had flown over 4,000 sorties.Post-war career

<mask> relinquished command of No. 84 Wing on 12 August 1945 and returned to RAAF Headquarters in October. He was by this time among a coterie of officers at group captain level, including Val Hancock, Alister Murdoch and Bill Garing, earmarked by the Australian Air Board for leadership roles in the post-war RAAF, which was to shrink rapidly with demobilisation. At RAAF Headquarters, <mask> was appointed deputy director of Operations, in which capacity he served on a committee to investigate proposals for an officer training college, later established


texts: as RAAF College, Point Cook. Along with <mask>, all officers associated with the proposal's examination were former Duntroon students, including the Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, Air Commodore Frank Bladin, the Director of Postings, Group Captain Murdoch, and the Director of Training, Group Captain Paddy Heffernan. Another Duntroon graduate, Air Commodore Hancock, became the college's first commandant. <mask> was appointed Director of Organisation and Staff Duties in 1946.That November, he became Director of Postings. The following year, he took up the position of Director of Personal Services, before departing for Britain in December 1948 to study at the Imperial Defence College, London. Returning to Melbourne, Hely served as deputy to the Air Member for Personnel from January 1950. He became an aide-de-camp to King George VI in June 1951. In September, he was appointed Officer Commanding Western Area, Perth, taking up his new post in mid-October. He was promoted to acting air commodore in July 1952, becoming Air Officer Commanding (AOC) Western Area. His rank was made permanent in September, and the same month he was appointed aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II.Among <mask>'s duties as AOC Western Area was coordinating air support for the British atomic test on Montebello in October 1952, including supply and observation flights by Dakotas of No. 86 (Transport) Wing. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Queen's Coronation Honours promulgated on 1 June 1953, for his war service and his work during the Montebello test. In August, he was named Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (DCAS), with the acting rank of air vice marshal, effective from October; he replaced Air Vice Marshal Hancock. Between October 1953 and February 1954, the RAAF underwent major organisational change, as it transitioned from a geographically based command-and-control system to one based


texts: on function, resulting in the establishment of Home (operational), Training, and Maintenance Commands. At the same time, RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne was absorbed by the Department of Air in Canberra. <mask> was acting Air Member for Personnel from 3 January to 7 March 1955, between the terms of Air Vice Marshals Val Hancock and Fred Scherger.On 24 January 1956, he became AOC Training Command, taking over from Air Vice Marshal Murdoch. He was succeeded as DCAS by Air Vice Marshal Douglas Candy. <mask>'s rank of air vice marshal became substantive on 5 September. In January 1957, Point Cook retired its last de Havilland Tiger Moth trainers, signalling the end of the biplane era in the RAAF. That May, <mask> was seconded to the Department of Defence and posted to Washington, D.C., to head up the Australian Joint Services Staff. He was succeeded as AOC Training Command by Air Vice Marshal Ian McLachlan. Hely became Air Member for Personnel (AMP) on 28 March 1960, taking over from the acting AMP, Air Commodore Frank Headlam.Responsible for the Personnel Branch of the RAAF, the position of AMP occupied a seat on the Air Board, the service's controlling body that comprised its senior officers and was chaired by the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS). The Air Force expanded greatly during <mask>'s term as AMP, owing to Australia's increasing commitment to the security of South East Asia, and the most significant rearmament program the RAAF had undertaken outside of World War II. Its permanent establishment increased from a steady 15,000 or so in the 1950s to over 18,000 by 1966. <mask> himself initiated a scheme to attract staff from the Royal Air Force, which was suffering cutbacks, by opening a recruitment office in London and taking advantage of the Australian government's assisted passage scheme to import trained personnel and their families. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)

masks: Hely Hely Hely Hely Hely


texts:
 in the 1964 New Year Honours for his "tactful and careful handling of personnel matters", and for having "done much to improve the manning level of the Air Force". As AMP, Hely put forward proposals to increase the number of diploma-qualified engineering and equipment officers in the Air Force. He was also closely involved in deliberations concerning the balance of academic and military studies at the RAAF Academy (previously RAAF College), the outcome of which is considered to have left the course biased towards pure science, rather than its applications to air power.Retirement
<mask> retired on 24 August 1966, after almost forty years in the military. He was succeeded the following day as AMP by Air Vice Marshal Candy. In retirement, <mask> was active in the Canberra branch of the Air Force Association. He died of cancer in Canberra on 20 May 1970. Survived by his wife and children, he was accorded an Air Force funeral at St John the Baptist Church and cremated at Norwood Park Crematorium, Gungahlin. The official mourning party included Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (CCOSC) General Sir John Wilton, former CCOSC Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Scherger, Secretary of Defence Sir Arthur Tange, CAS Air Marshal Colin Hannah, former CAS Air Marshal Sir Alister Murdoch, Vice Admiral Sir Victor Smith, Air Vice Marshal Brian Eaton, and Group Captain John Waddy. The guns at Duntroon were fired in salute as the cortege left the church.Notes

References

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1909 births
1970 deaths
Australian aviators
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
People from New South Wales
Australian recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Australian Air Force air marshals
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
Alumni of the Royal College of


texts: <mask> (December 6, 1760July 17, 1829) was born <mask>. He is also known as <mask> of Hampton. He served as the  15th Governor of the state of Maryland in the United States from 1815 to 1818. He also served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1790 to 1795, and in the Maryland State Senate from 1796 to 1800. <mask> was born in Baltimore. He was the son of <mask> and <mask>, sister of Captain <mask>. The Maryland Gazette described him as an aristocrat."As a Senator or Delegate, justly appreciating the merits and demerits of the human character, he always avoided visionary schemes and dangerous experiments." (Maryland Gazette) Ridgely devoted his tenure to internal improvements. He devoted his attention to the state during the unpopular war with Great Britain. It appropriated ground for the erection of a Battle Monument in Baltimore, aided education, and chartered manufacturing and insurance companies, so that 'during his administration, the State enjoyed its greatest period of prosperity.' Ridgely passed an act which provided education for the poor in five separate counties; which was seen as important to the early development of public education in Maryland. A second act created the Commissioners of the School Fund. The act appropriated a fund to establish free schools within the state of Maryland.<mask>'s uncle, Captain <mask>, willed his estate, Hampton, to him on the condition that he assume the name <mask>; he did so legally in 1790. When <mask>'s uncle, Captain <mask>, died in 1790, <mask> became the second master of Hampton. The concept of Hampton was inspired by Castle Howard in North Yorkshire, England, owned by relatives of his grandmother. He had 10,590 feet (3,228 m) of irrigation pipes laid in 1799 from a nearby spring to provide water to the Mansion and

masks:
Charles Carnan Ridgely
Charles Ridgely Carnan
Charles Ridgely
Charles
John Carnan
Achsah Ridgely
Charles Ridgely
Hampton Carnan
Charles Ridgely
Charles Ridgely
Charles
Ridgely
Ridgely


texts:
 the surrounding gardens, which he was extensively developing. Prominent artisans of the time were hired to design geometric formal gardens, which were planted on the Mansion's grounds between 1799 and 1801. An avid horseman, <mask> also began raising Thoroughbred horses at Hampton, where he had a racetrack installed. A 1799 advertisement promoted the stud services of his racehorse, Grey Medley.Another of <mask>'s racehorses, Post Boy, won the Washington City Jockey Club cup. Under <mask> <mask>, Hampton reached its peak of 25,000 acres (10,117 ha) in the 1820s. The mansion overlooked a grand estate of orchards, ironworks, coal mining, marble quarries, mills, and mercantile interests. The vast farm produced corn, beef cattle, dairy products, hogs, and horses. More than 300 slaves worked the fields and served the household, making Hampton one of Maryland's largest slaveholding estates. Six parterres were designed on three terraced levels facing the mansion, planted with roses, peonies, and seasonal flowers. In 1820, an orangery was built on the grounds.<mask> <mask> frequently entertained prominent guests in the Mansion's Great Hall, such as <mask> of Carrollton (1737-1832), who was the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, and American Revolutionary War general and Frenchman, Marquis de Lafayette. <mask> served as Governor of Maryland between 1816 and 1819. When Governor <mask> died in 1829, he freed a portion of Hampton's slaves in his will. His ancestral home, Hampton Mansion is now in the care of the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior as Hampton National Historic Site. Founding of the Washington Jockey Club

In 1798 a mile track was laid out which extended from the rear of what is now the site of Decatur House at H Street

masks:
Charles Carnan
Ridgely
Charles Carnan
Ridgely
Charles Carnan
Ridgely
Charles Carroll
Charles Carnan
Ridgely


texts:
 and Jackson Place, crossing Seventeenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue to Twentieth Street. The inaugural match featured John Tayloe III's Lamplighter and Gen. <mask> <mask>'s Cincinnatus, for 500 guineas, ran in 4-mile heats, and won by the former, a son of Imp English bred stallion Medley. The only initial building was a small elevated platform for the judges.The "carriage folk" took to the infield for views of the contests and the strandees crested the outside of the course. The site of today's Eisenhower Executive Office Building, this first course's history was short lived as it stood in the path of L'Enfant's city plan. In 1802 the Club sought a new sight for the tract, as the current one that lay the rear of what is now the site of Decatur House at H Street and Jackson Place, crossing Seventeenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue to Twentieth Street-today the Eisenhower Executive Office Building-was being overtaken be the growth of the Federal City. With the leadership of John Tayloe III and <mask> <mask> and support of Gen. John Peter Van Ness, Dr. William Thornton, G.W. P. Custis, John D. Threlkeld of Georgetown and George Calvert of Riversdale, Bladensburg, Maryland, the contests were moved to Meridian Hill, south of Columbia Road between Fourteenth and Sixteenth Streets, and were conducted at the Holmstead Farm's one mile oval track. Family

<mask> <mask> married Priscilla Dorsey, daughter of Caleb Dorsey, Jr., of 'Belmont' and Priscilla Hill on October 17, 1782, at Old Saint Paul's Church (Episcopal/Anglican) in Baltimore, Maryland. Priscilla was the youngest sister of his uncle's wife, Rebecca Dorsey.While her husband attended politics, Priscilla was the sole mistress of 'Hampton' and attended to their thirteen children. Of the thirteen children, two are

masks:
Charles Carnan
Ridgely
Charles Carnan
Ridgely
Charles Ridgely
Carnan


texts:
 separately noticed. <mask> <mask> (1790–1867) married <mask> (1803–1867); he would inherit the mansion and 4,500 acres (18 km2). Just as <mask> was beginning his tenure as Governor of Maryland, Priscilla died on April 30, 1814. Her body was interred in the family vault at Hampton. Although she did not live to serve as First Lady of Maryland, her daughter, Prudence, would become First Lady to Governor George Howard of Maryland (1789–1846). After his final term had ended on January 8, 1819, <mask> retired to his estate at Hampton.There he devoted his attention to his farm and his iron works. In 1824, he suffered a paralytic attack from which he never fully recovered. Two later attacks caused his death on July 17, 1829. "At his death, his holdings amounted to about 10,000 acres of land in Baltimore County. He owned over three hundred slaves together with a library of about one hundred and seventy-five volumes, family silver valued at over $2,300, and a total estate of nearly $150,000." All slaves that had not reached the age of 45 were freed. It was also commented that 'from an early age, possessed of a princely estate, few individuals, perhaps ever more enjoyed what are called the good things of this life and abused them so little."He was buried with his wife, Priscilla, in the <mask> family vault at Hampton. References
 Archives of Maryland (Biographical Series), Maryland Archives:
<mask> of Hampton (1760–1829)
Priscilla Dorsey (1762–1814)

External links
 Hampton National Historic Site — National Park Service official website

American slave owners
Governors of Maryland
Maryland state senators
Members of the Maryland House of Delegates
American people of English descent
1760 births
1829 deaths
Maryland Federalists
Federalist Party state governors of the United

masks:
John Carnan
Ridgely
Eliza Ridgely
Ridgely
Ridgely
Ridgely
Charles Ridgely


texts:
<mask> (July 25, 1900 – June 2, 1968) was a Russian-American rabbi and attorney. Early life
<mask> was born in Berdichev, Ukraine, Russia, on  July 25, 1900. (However, his official Russian birth certificate, presented to the family following his death, recorded his  birth date as July 3, 1898.). Both parents were very religious  Jews. His mother, Rachel  Nemerov  <mask>,  brought all of  her  six children to the United States in 1904. His father, Maurice (<mask>), a peddler, had refused to leave Russia and died either shortly before or after  the family left for  America. The family settled in Cleveland, Ohio.They were very poor and <mask>, the fifth of the six siblings, worked a newspaper route from a very young age to help meet  the family's financial needs. Education
Shulman studied at Ohio Northern University -1920, received the Bachelor of Law degree in 1920. and was admitted to the Ohio state bar in the same year  He soon found himself increasingly interested in religion and opted for a  future career in the rabbinate. He attended  the University of Cincinnati 1922-23. From 1923-24, he studied at the University of Chicago where he received his  Ph.B  (Bachelor of Philosophy). He received his M. A. in Comparative Religion from the same university in 1930. He studied at the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio from  and was ordained as a Reform rabbi in 1927. Brief Professional Summary
<mask> first worked in the  Law Department for the  N.Y. Central Railroad, Cleveland, Ohio  (1920) and then for the  Acheson, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, Albuquerque,  New Mexico (1921).His first pulpit for the rabbinate was at Johnstown, Pennsylvania (1926–27); following this, he served at Congregation Leshem Shomayim in Wheeling, West Virginia (1927–31) . From 1931 until 1946, he was the rabbi of the North Shore  Congregation
Israel, Glencoe, Illinois,  after which he left to  become the  founding rabbi of  Riverdale Temple, The Liberal Synagogue, in

masks:
Charles Emanuel Shulman
Shulman
Shulman
Elimelech
Charles
Shulman


texts:
 the Riverdale section of the Bronx,  where he presided  from 1947 until his death in 1968. World War II
<mask>  enlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1943. He began training as a chaplain in the same year  in Norfolk, Virginia. He first served as chaplain at Newport, Quonset and Camp Endicott in Rhode Island. He was the sole Jewish Naval Chaplain in all of New England at that time. From November, 1944 to October, 1945, he served as the first  Jewish chaplain and the only rabbi among 225 chaplains in the Seventh Fleet  in the South Pacific Theater of Operations, commanded by Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid,  (also Commander of the Allied Naval Forces of the South Pacific).As such, he traveled constantly between Australia and the Philippines,  covering over 125,000 miles among 26 islands. In 1945, he received the Navy Commendation Award for outstanding service  overseas . He completed his naval service in January, 1946. He was awarded the Service  Recognition  Certificate Citation for Meritorious Service by the State of Illinois in 1947. He was honorably discharged from the Navy on Jan. 25, 1951. The Rabbinate
<mask>'s  first long-term tenure as rabbi was at the North Shore Congregation Israel in Glencoe, Illinois. Under his  leadership  there, the membership quadrupled and grew to be one of the leading Jewish congregations in the United States.He developed  forums, lectures and inter-faith activities devoted to promotion of better citizenship and spiritual and intellectual advancement. At age 34,he was the youngest reform rabbi to be listed in the Who's Who in America. In addition to his rabbinical duties, he was the president of the Chicago Rabbinical Association, vice president of the National Association of Jewish Chaplains and state chaplain of the Jewish War Veterans of Illinois. Under the auspices of the National, Conference of Christians and Jews as well as the Anti- Defamation League of the B'nai B'rith he addressed many non-sectarian audiences

masks: Shulman Shulman


texts: throughout the United States interested in the  perpetuation of religion and democracy. His messages were also broadcast  over the  radio. Under his influence, the temple  gained recognition as one of the outstanding Jewish congregations in the United States. <mask>, an avid Zionist,  resigned from his position in 1947 as a result of strongly conflicting ideologies with the majority of the board members of the Congregation, who were strongly anti-Zionist and felt that Zionism was a danger to the future of  Jewish religious life.He sought to establish  a synagogue  that would be  liberal in nature, and would  instill Jewish values that would be relevant to the congregants. He wanted to  incorporate many of the Hebrew traditions and to provide an intellectual understanding of the religion. He desired to make it exciting and challenging and democratic. "The people must feel they are sharing in it. They must be excited by the aesthetic  beauty of it, by the beauty of the music, by the originality with which religion is presented.  " And of course he also wanted a congregation that would support the new State of Israel. Thus he decided to move to New York where  a group of 25 families in the Riverdale area of the Bronx were seeking  a rabbi.During the first year, 1947–48, his congregation  grew from 25 families to 250  and to more than 1000 at the close of his life. In addition to the goals he had originally set for himself, he was a strong proponent of interfaith cooperation and understanding. He initiated interdenominational Thanksgiving services, which became a community tradition and was adopted by many religious institutions nationwide. He also became a leading spokesman on behalf of Zionism and the Jewish State. Similarly recognized were the venues that served  Riverdale Temple until the permanent edifice was completed in 1954. It was first housed in Ben Riley's Arrowhead Inn, an enormous Spanish –Moorish  building on a large hill sprawling


texts:
 over 16 acres  on the banks of the Hudson River. When this structure was demolished five years later,  to make way for luxury apartments,  <mask>  was invited to share  the premises of the parish house of the  rector of the local Episcopalian Christ Church, Reverend Gerald  V. Barry, which received national and international attention .The new Temple was dedicated in 1954. He addressed numerous groups around the country and made frequent national radio and television broadcasts. He also participated extensively in Jewish and inter-faith educational programs. He  became a nationwide lecturer for Zionist causes, fund-raising for  Bonds for the Israel Government  and the  United Jewish Appeal. In addition, he was closely associated with the leading Zionist leaders and statesmen in Israel. Professional Affiliations

President Chicago Rabbinical Assn, 1942; member:  National Advisory Board anti- Defamation League of B'nai B'rith; member:  executive  board of the Council of the New York anti- Defamation League; member, national administrative committee, American Jewish Congress; member, national  advisory council, Jewish National Fund; Chairman, committee on public schools, New York  Board of Rabbis; member, executive board, Henry Hudson School for Brain Injured Children, NYC;  Lecturer on Jewish Theology, Oberlin College Graduate  School, 1953; Trustee, Hadley Correctional  School  for the Blind; Member,  United Service Organization  Council, Chicago;  Member National Jewish Welfare Board  and its Committee on Army and   Navy religious activities;  Representative of the United Jewish Appeal to Europe, North Africa, Israel (1952–53);  Chairman,  Bronx Urban League; member, executive  board Urban League of Greater NY; member, the Bronx Council of the Boy Scouts; executive  board, Bronx section,  the National Conference of Christians and Jews;  member, Editorial Board, "The Reconstructionist" ;  Chairman, Editorial Board, "The American Zionist";


texts:
 contributor to religious and other journals. Honors

  Recipient George Washington Medal Freedom Foundation, 1953,1954,1955, 1961 and 1963 for outstanding sermons.Honorary Doctorate, Ohio Northern University,   (1954);
  Honorary Doctorate, Hebrew Union College  Jewish Institute of Religion, 1956;
  Honorary Doctorate, Boston University (1959)

Books
 Problems of Jews in the Contemporary World (1934)
 Europe's Conscience in Decline (1939
 What it Means to Be a Jew (1960);

Other publications
Religion's Message in a War- Torn World (1942)
The Test  of a Civilization (1947)
On Being a Jew (1954)
A People that Did Not Die, (1956)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1958)
Humanity's Unfinished Business (1964)

As a scholar of music, he also wrote pamphlets comprising commentary on the liturgy and on traditional chants, among them “On the Sabbath,” “On the Holydays” and a  “Book of Remembrance ” for the Yom Kippur memorial services. In addition, he wrote poetry, some of which is found in his personal letters, articles and  pamphlets. Many of his  oral addresses, articles and book reviews, numbering well over 1000,  have been published in the Congressional Record as well as in religious and other journals. He also kept annual diaries. The original diaries and copies of all are located in the Jacob Radar Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio. Family
He was survived by his wife Avis Clamitz (1908-1991), a well-known Jewish educator whom he met on the campus of the Hebrew Union College in 1929; his daughter Deborah, (b. 1941) who settled in Israel and,  posthumously, two granddaughters and a great-grandson.References

1900 births
1968 deaths
Place of death missing
Religious leaders from Cleveland
Ohio Northern University alumni
University of Cincinnati alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Hebrew Union College alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American people of


texts:
<mask> (27 January 1921 – 10 June 2012) was a French abstract painter, art theorist, and member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He is considered one of the fathers of European lyrical abstraction, a trend of informalism. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1921 in Boulogne-sur-Mer. His father, <mask>, was employed as a bank manager at Barclays. His mother, Madeleine Durpé, taught him drawing as a child. The family lived near the ramparts of the city at 38 Boulevard du Prince Albert. In 1933 <mask>'s parents divorced and he was placed in the care of his aunt at Versailles.From 1927 to 1933, he attended a variety of schools in Boulogne-sur-Mer and later in Lycée Hoche in Versailles. Thereafter, he studied English and law at the University of Lille. <mask> obtained a position as an English teacher in 1942 at the lycée of Douai in the north of France. During the ensuing years he held several jobs, serving as an interpreter for the American Army in Cambrai in 1944, teaching in the American University of Biarritz, and teaching at Istres during years 1945-46. In 1942, he executed figurative paintings of England from postcards as a hobby (Oxford Street By Night). Later during year 1944, he began his reflection on aesthetics held by the following concept: painting does not need to represent to exist. This revelation originates from the readings of Edward Crankshaw and his interpretation of the work of Joseph Conrad as an abstract literature.Consequently, he executed his first non-figurative painting, Inception. United States Lines
In 1947, he settled in Paris,

masks:
Georges Mathieu
Mathieu
Adolphe Georges Mathieu
Mathieu
Mathieu


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 employed the American Express, and rented a chambre de bonne near the Luxembourg Palace. <mask> then worked for the United States Lines in charge of public relations on the line between New York City and Le Havre: his function was to welcome and accompany the travelers during their move between Le Havre and Paris. This position was an opportunity for Mathieu to reach a prestigious clientele, and form his first network of potential customers. He meets Salvador Dalí for the first time on his occasion. From 1953 to 1963, he was proposed to be the editor-in-chief of the United States Lines Paris Revue. With a print run of 15000 copies, this yearly journal is distributed for free until 1963 : it gave Mathieu the opportunity to interview celebrities of the time, from the artistic (John Cage, Pierre Boulez, Mark Tobey, Henry Miller) and scientific scene (Albert Einstein, Norbert Wiener, Oskar Morgenstern).First exhibitions
In 1946, his first abstract paintings were featured at the Salon des moins de 30 ans exhibition in Paris. He founded the first artistic group L’Imaginaire with Wols, Jean-Michel Atlan, Hartung, Bryen, Riopelle and exposes with fourteen painters at the Galerie du Luxembourg on 16 December 1947. The exhibition was called Towards Lyrical Abstraction, but the title was later changed because of the presence of works of Pablo Picasso and Jean Arp. The same year, he exposes at the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles and at the Salon des Surindépendants. The group is later expanded,  with Michel Tapié, Picabia and François Stahly to form H.W.P.S.M.T.B., exposing at the Galerie Allendy.


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 He promoted an art free from the constraints of figurative paintings and defining the concept of Lyrical Abstraction. In 1948, he put in place the first confrontation between American and French avant-garde painters : on this occasion he revealed the importance of the American abstraction of Jackson Pollock and Alton Tobey to the French audience.He painted his first large canvases as soon as 1952. Recognition
From 1957 he traveled and painted in Japan, USA and in 1959 in Brazil, Argentina and Middle-East. Restropectives of his work started as early as 1959. <mask> and Simon Hantaï held a series of conferences called the Cérémonies commémoratives de la seconde condamnation de Siger de Brabant in 1957. During three weeks, various debates questioned the foundations of western civilisations, the role of the great men and revolutions that shaped the western culture from the Edict of Milan in 313 up to the contemporary breakthroughs in physics and philosophy. Many scholars like essayist T.S. Eliot, philosopher Stéphane Lupasco and scientists took a stand at these conferences.The event was named after the philosopher Siger de Brabant, who played a key role in the 13th-century. In 1965, <mask> exposed a hundred paintings at the Galerie Charpentier. He executed for this event Paris, Capitale des Arts, a giant canvas featuring primary colors on a blue background. Today, Galerie Charpentier's walls house the headquarters of Sotheby's France, rue Faubourg Saint-Honoré in Paris. A great retrospective at the Grand Palais opened in 1978 and covered the fifteen last years of his production. Seven

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 six meters wide paintings, executed from January to March 1978, were made especially for the occasion. He received the Legion of Honour and is Commander of Arts and Letters.<mask>'s works now appears worldwide in more than 90 museums. Academie des Beaux-Arts
In 1976 he became a member of the Academie des Beaux-Arts and was delivered the seat number 7 of the painting section. Commitment for public culture and education
<mask> advocated for the embellishment of cities, the improvement of the design of everyday objects and the debasement of culture organised by mass medias. He made influential contributions to decorative arts, craftsmanship and architecture. Concurrently, he rose up against the weak presence of arts in national education and defended the introduction of compulsory art courses in French schools, covering history of arts, practice of sensitivity and exercise of arts (drawing, sculpture, music, singing). He finally initiated political workgroups with Pierre Dehaye in 1980 to reform the cultural education at the French ministry of education and submitted a bill presented to the French parliament. The bill was refused in 1980, for lack of proper financial support.He died on 10 June 2012 at 91 years old in Boulogne-Billancourt and lies in the Montmartre Cemetery in Paris. Conception of lyrical abstraction

From 1947 <mask> published several manifestos to define his conception of a lyrical abstraction. In particular, he postulates four conditions that characterizes the movement:
 Primacy of speed of execution : speed prevails to avoid the interference of consciousness of the

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 artist. No preexisting shapes : the painter must not rely on any reference at all. No premeditated moves from the artist : painting is not a cognitive process. Ecstatic state of mind of the artist : isolation and concentration of the artist help release. Mathieu positions its work, and more generally lyrical abstraction, as the latest of all cyclical transitions to happen in history of art.Each transition concerns a specific painting characteristic : shape, color, signification of signs, ...). One full transition can be broken down into six different stages, according to the intensity of the alteration of the considered painting characteristic. <mask> reacted consistently against greco-Latin classicism, Renaissance's legacy and all forms of later geometric abstraction. He considers lyrical abstraction as the latest revolution to happen in the history of arts : freed from realism by Impressionism, from shapes by Cubism, from representation of perceptible reality by geometric abstraction, art experiences the liberation of the all its past references from nature. From his reflexion he develops his own expression of a lyrical abstraction : "Henceforth in the history of shapes as in the history of the world, the sign precedes its meaning". Thus, <mask> considered later art movements as Dadaism, Nouveau réalisme, Arte Povera as a relapse, because they appeal to representations of visible real. In addition, he criticized them for their so-called nihilist dimension, as their interpretation does not call on human sensibility.Fine arts works

Public performance and precursor of the


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 happenings
<mask> tried to move the artist and the observer closer. He often performed in front of an audience : "Few understood that painting in public represents for me a true communion amongst men". These happenings outlined the virtuosity and speed of his gestures. In 1956 was painted in front of 2000 people at the théatre Sarah Bernard Hommage aux poètes du monde entier, a 400x1200cm canvas using more than 800 paint tubes. Many of his performances were filmed, as in 1963 for the Canadian television. "The most important moments are clearly when I paint in public. In fact, this process, without me being aware of it, works in a mediumistic way to heighten the concentration of the situation.As a result, concentration is the decisive element that separates this type of art from all other art the West has known over the past twenty centuries… It is the joy of communion with the other. A little like what happens in love. What defines love is this tension between two beings with a shared focus. If it were just a simple attraction between two people, it would have none of the grandeur." He also worked with sculpture and performed light painting. Painting technique and execution
<mask> handled brushes, flannels or painted directly out of the tube. He pioneered dripping techniques in some of his early works, as in Evanescence 1945).His speed of execution very quickly became his signature style. In 1959 he painted the 2.5x6 metre painting Le Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy (The Saint-Bartholomew's Day Massacre) in less than half an hour, accompanied by the jazz drummer Kenny Clarke. "I did


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 not paint fast by lack of time or to break records, but simply because I did not need more time to do what I had to do and conversely, a longer time would have slowed down gesture, introducing doubts, would have affected the purity of strokes, the cruelty of shapes, the unity of the artwork." He occasionally wore outfits during his performances. He painted most of his major works and wrote most of his essays on Sundays. <mask> rapidly explored giant-sized canvases. "I love to paint excessively large paintings, because the risk is hereby higher".Furthermore, it allowed him to exploit graphical effects of centrifugal forces applied by wide gestures on the paint. Evolution of the style

Informalism
The first abstract works of <mask> featured organic shapes, "shapes with no possible signification". Some of his techniques anticipated the work of Jackson Pollock to come two years later and announced the movement of Action Painting. Tachisme
In 1950 his drips became more solid and aggregate around a central kernel. The palette was limited to warm colors. From 1951 <mask> studied tachism on monochromic canvases: blobs of painting appeared "because one needs a certain colored area at a certain place, and the most direct way is to lay the brush on the canvas with a varying degree of violence (inducing spatters) without having delimited the space to be so colored. ", as in Le Maréchal de Turenne, Blanche de Turenne, La Bataille de Bouvines.Lyrical abstraction
In the 1960s, his zen period features only a few strokes on monochromatic backgrounds, illuminating the power of the sign. Examples


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 include La Bataille de Brunkerberg and Bulle Omnium Datum Optimum. In 1970 Mathieu focused on the equilibrium between balance and vividness, and showed central shapes on a uniform blocks of color. From 1984 Mathieu achieved what he calls a "cosmic turning point" in his painting. His compositions did not favor a center anymore: the graphical elements multiplied on the canvas, the painting found its balance by the tension between these elements. Titles
Mathieu admitted a deep passion for history, especially for the Middle-Ages. Therefore, many works of the painter were named after historical battles and events : La Bataille de Bouvines (The Battle of Bouvines), La Victoire de Denain (The Victory of Denain) and Les Capétiens partout (Capetians everywhere).The question of the relation between the canvas names and the act of painting has often been debated, as some critics saw in his painting the renewal of historical painting. However, the painter always denied any representation of historical events in his works. He nonetheless admitted having chosen titles in relation to the place where the canvas had been painted (Hommage au général Hideyoshi, Hommage au général San Martin), the day it had been performed (La Victoire de Denain, La Bataille de Tibériade), or its tone (La Bataille des Eperons d’Or). Other titles were inspired by mathematics (Théorème d'Alexandrov), physics (Le principe de Pauli) or philosophy (Grand algorithme blanc). Other artistic contributions
Throughout his career, Mathieu fought for the introduction of art in the modern society and applied his style to a variety of


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 fields. Urbanism and architecture
In 1964 Mathieu carried out architectural plans for the city of Castellas. In 1966, industrial owner Guy Biraud commissioned him to draw up the plans of the electrical transformer factory of Fontenay-le-Comte.Tapestry and porcelain
<mask> considered handcrafts to have experienced little evolution during the 20th century and worked with French national factories. In 1966 he joined the porcelain workshop Manufacture de Sèvres and created his series of porcelain plates. He produced many tapestries in partnership with the Manufacture nationale des Gobelins in Paris. Stamps
Some of <mask>'s work have been adapted as national stamps designs. In 1972 he designed his first featured stamp  for the Indian post office of New Delhi. Later in 1974 was emitted a stamp featuring the tapestry Hommage à Nicolas Fouquet. Another stamp commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Battle of France led by General Charles de Gaulle was created in 1980.Mint
In 1973 a public contest was launched for the renewal of the ten-francs coin : <mask> was asked to participate. His project features the depiction of the industrial France on one side, and the Mathieu hexagonal shaped outline of the country on the other side. On the 31 July 1974, the French Minister of Finance announced that <mask>'s proposal had been chosen among the 342 other submitted projects. The cupronickel aluminium coin was emitted from 1974 to 1987 with a print-run of 100 million copies. Advertising
<mask> has been commissioned several advertising campaigns. In 1966 the airlines company Air France ordered Mathieu

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 a series of posters for its future advertising campaign. The series featured paintings evocative of some major destinations (New York, Brazil, Japan, Germany...), all in the style of lyrical abstraction, pointed out for the graphical coherence between the countries and their representation.The French television awards Les 7 d'or, broadcast from 1985 to 2001, offered a statue designed by <mask> to the winners. The Champagne producer Deutz created decorated bottles of Champagne designed by <mask>. Legacy

The Gutai group of Japanese artists also created a live work inspired from <mask>'s in a similar spirit to his art during the 1950s. In their 1956 manifesto, its members acknowledged their interest in the techniques of two specific painters: “Concerning contemporary art, we respect Pollock and <mask> because their work seems to embody cries uttered out of matter, pigment and enamel. Their work is about merging with matter using techniques that are particularly reflective of their own individual personalities. More precisely, they put themselves at the service of matter in a powerfully symbiotic way.”

Some of his works anticipates the revival of the modern-style Graffiti. Publications

Writings by Mathieu
1959 : De l’abstrait au possible, Ed.Cercle d’Art Contemporain. 1960 : From the abstract to the possible, Ed. Cercle d’Art Contemporain. 1963 : Au-delà du Tachisme, Ed. Julliard, Paris. 1967 : Le Privilège d’être, Ed. Robert Morel, Paris.1973 : De la révolte à la renaissance, Collection « Idées », Ed. Gallimard, Paris. 1975 : La Réponse de l’Abstraction lyrique, Ed. La Table Ronde,

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 Paris. 1976 : Notice sur la vie et les travaux d’Alfred Giess, Institut de France, Paris. 1984 : L’Abstraction prophétique, Collection « Idées », Ed. Gallimard.1994 : Le Massacre de la sensibilité, Ed. Jean Picollec, Paris. 1998 : Désormais seul en face de Dieu, Ed. l’Age de l’Homme. Writings on Mathieu
 <mask>;  Dominique Quignon-Fleuret. <mask> (New York : Crown Publishers, 1977) ;
 Michel Tapié;  <mask>;  Stable Gallery (New York, N.Y.). The significant message of <mask> (New York : Stable Gallery, 1952) OCLC 79307225
Müller-Yao, Marguerite Hui: Der Einfluß der Kunst der chinesischen Kalligraphie auf die westliche informelle Malerei, Diss.Bonn, Köln 1985. Filmography
1954 : La Bataille de Bouvines, Robert Descharnes. 1956 : Le Couronnement de Charlemagne, Robert Descharnes. 1959 : La Saint-Barthélémy, O.R.T.F. Productions. 1959 : Hommage au Connétable de Bourbon, A. Rainer. 1961 : <mask>, J. Mousseau et J. Feller.1965 : Paris, capitale des arts, O.R.T.F. Productions. 1967 : <mask>, F. Warin. 1968 : <mask>, P. Lhoste et G. Roze. 1968 : <mask>, par les Analyses Cinématographiques. 1971 : <mask>, L. Thorn. 1971 : <mask> ou la fureur d’être, par Frédéric Rossif, TéléHachette.1979 : A la recherche de <mask>, Daniel Lecomte, Antenne 2. 1986 : <mask>, Philippe Ducrest. 1992 : Spectacle son et lumière donné en août 1992 dans la cour du Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer, Th. Choumitzky. See also
Lyrical Abstraction
French art
Tachisme
Groupe Gutaï
Michel Tapié

References

External links
  Official site and reference for exhibitions and paintings
 <mask>'s selected works
 <mask> interviewed on

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Georges Mathieu
Mathieu
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 a 90 minutes dedicated TV show "L'homme en question"

Art Informel and Tachisme painters
1921 births
2012 deaths
20th-century French painters
20th-century male artists
French male painters
21st-century French painters
21st-century male artists
School of Paris
Abstract expressionist artists
People from Boulogne-sur-Mer
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
French stamp designers
Abstract painters
French abstract


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<mask> (10 December 1732 – 17 November 1807) was a French lawyer who headed the Paris police in the period immediately before the French Revolution of 1789–99. He had broad responsibility for maintaining public order, reducing dirt and disease and ensuring that the population received adequate supplies of food. He introduced many reforms into the administration of the city. Early years

<mask> was born on 10 December 1732 in Paris. His family had made its fortune under Louis XIV in the silk trade, then moved into the Paris robe. His father was a lieutenant particulier in the Châtelet. <mask> studied at the Collège Louis-le-Grand and the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris.He then became a traditional servant of the king. Like other senior administrators, he believed in enlightened despotism following the rational and reformist principles of the Encyclopédistes. <mask> entered the Châtelet and was promoted through the three grades. He was appointed adviser to the Châtelet in 1752, became a special lieutenant in 1754 and criminal lieutenant in 1759. In 1765 he was appointed maître des requêtes. He served in Rennes on the royal commission that investigated the Chalotais affair. He implemented the Maupeou reforms in Aix-en-Provence.When Louis XVI came to the throne <mask> succeeded Anne Robert Jacques Turgot as intendent at Limoges. First term as head of Paris police

Before taking up his post in Limoges <mask> was appointed lieutenant-général de police through the influence of Antoine de Sartine, who had been promoted from this post to become Minister of the Navy. <mask> took office on 30 August 1774. He objected when Turgot as controller general announced that the extremely liberal grain policies of the 1760s were to be restored without

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Jean Charles Pierre Lenoir
Jean Charles Pierre Lenoir
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 consulting <mask>. In the spring of 1775 the disorders called the Flour War spread through the heart of France. <mask> fell into disgrace and was dismissed by Turgot in May 1775 when the riots in Paris spread out of control. Second term as head of Paris police

Turgot was dismissed in 1776.<mask> was reinstalled as lieutenant general of the police on 19 June 1776. His mandate was to maintain moral order. His police secured property and public places, monitored authors and their publications, and enforced physical and moral values on the poor. They also distributed bread and grain, regulated guilds and manufactures, supervised royal funding of charities and were responsible for health and sanitation. While maintaining order in Paris, <mask> had to adapt to the constantly shifting policies and balance of power in the court of Versailles. He remained loyal to his two protectors, Sartine and Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas, and drew the hostility of their enemies such as Turgot and Necker. Intelligence

The Paris police force was the largest in Europe, with one member for every 545 inhabitants of the city, as well as 340 spies.A stock saying in Paris at the time was that when two people had a conversation, another was listening. <mask> helped the Foreign Minister, Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, monitor the opinion of the public and of his political enemies. (Vergennes was not always a reliable friend, and did not support <mask> during his later conflict with Breteuil.) The salons of Paris provided a way by which the elite could generally avoid censorship and talk freely, although the police monitored them and could lay charges for distribution of unauthorized publications or subversive talk. Under <mask> the police set up

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 their own salon. <mask> claimed that he gained more useful information from this salon than from all his inspectors and other contacts. He wrote that his salonnière,

<mask> was head of the Paris police at the same time that Benjamin Franklin arrived in Paris in 1776 to advocate for the cause of American independence.Lenoir gathered information on American correspondence, for example via mail interception, and followed British personnel that were also interested in the American cause. No British diplomat was more closely tracked than the British ambassador, Stormont, whose informants were informed upon to Lenoir. Food supplies

Lenoir considered that Turgot's instructions to maintain security yet "not to meddle with bread" had been contradictory. After returning to office <mask> instituted a more flexible form of price control to be used only when he felt the market had failed to set reasonable prices. In his view the bakers should be able to profit in good times in exchange for accepting some losses when times were hard. He instituted regular checks on prices and encouraged citizens to complain of excess prices. He was a friend of Charles Alexandre de Calonne, Controller General of Finance, who consulted him on matters related to provisioning the city and its financial administration.Under <mask>'s administration the halls and markets for provisions were well-run. A free school of bakery was established in 1782 after much discussion between <mask> and Jacques Necker, the banker and finance minister, in which scientific theory and practice were to be combined. The purpose was to research all aspects of bread manufacture and disseminate the findings throughout France. The Halle aux blés (corn exchange) was completed with a dome on 11

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 September 1783. The interior of the dome was decorated with medallion portraits of Louis XVI, <mask> and Philibert Delorme, inventor of the technique used to make the dome. Health

As well as being responsible for maintaining civil order, <mask> was concerned with reducing dirt and disease. Public health was considered a police responsibility.<mask> was chief administrator of the Hôpital Général of Paris, and the driving force behind the "new hospitals" where the aim was to help the patient recover, as opposed to the traditional hospitals of the religious orders where the aim was to save the patient's soul. However, he ensured that the statutes for hospitals included a statement that, "There is to be strict attention to morals, hours of prayer, and divine office; before childbirth all women must take the sacraments." In 1780 <mask> found a free hospital for children who had been born with venereal disease. Infected women and children were to be treated at the Hôpital de Vaugirard at the expense of the municipal government. <mask> subsidized a competition for the best memoir on the treatment of rabies. On 30 June 1777 <mask> presided over the formal installation of the College of Pharmacy, whose regulations he had prepared. The college had influence beyond Paris, since it could receive masters for provincial towns that did not have an association of apothecaries or college of medicine.<mask> appointed the first provosts to inspect the places where medicines were compounded. In 1780 <mask> made the pharmacist Antoine-Alexis Cadet de Vaux the "salubrity inspector" of Paris. Cadet de Vaux used muriatic acids, combustion of smoke, efficient ventilation and other innovative methods to disinfect insanitary workshops and public places. Other

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 measures

<mask> ensured that many improvements were made to security, lighting, fire control and public assistance in the city
He founded the Mont-de-Piété pawnbroking institution and took measures against begging, gambling and prostitution. <mask>'s appointment resulted in a slackening in the enforcement of restrictions against public entertainment. <mask> had a more tolerant attitude toward the theaters on the boulevard and at the fairs, since he regarded them as a necessary and comparatively innocuous amusement for the continually increasing working-class population of the capital. In fact, it became a requirement for the entrepreneurs of the boulevard to maintain their fairground operations, otherwise the crowds at the fairs would significantly decrease.Prostitution was widespread and practiced openly in Paris. In 1778 <mask> published an Ordonnance that imposed harsher fines on women who solicited and those who rented rooms to prostitutes. It was hoped that the result would be greater registration and control of prostitutes working in licensed brothels. The Ordonnance was not effective and clandestine arrangements continued to be widespread. The police employed spies to discover them. The police made much use of prostitutes in brothels as informants. Mercier's Tableau de Paris describes the squalid conditions and says, "Yes, there are beings lower than these women on ill repute, and these beings are men of the police."In 1777 Lenoir created the Bureau de la filature (Spinning Office) near the Porte Saint-Denis, in an area where cloth was manufactured. The purpose was "improving the quality of the workers' spun thread, finding outlets for the thread, supervising the choice of workers in order to employ those capable of carrying out

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 other types of work. Lenoir appointed the administrators and chaired their meetings. The bureau was subsidized by the crown. In the winter of 1783–84 Lenoir increased the subsidy. Of the 20,000 Parisians assisted by the government at this time, 7,000–8,000 were women employed by the Bureau. It was described as a charity of the king, but it was also seen as a way to prevent idleness and social disturbances due to extreme poverty.It also let manufacturers bypass the guilds and experiment with new techniques. After 1737 the only place in Paris where French Protestants could be buried was a wood yard on the river bank beside the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. In 1777 <mask> accepted a suggestion from the Dutch ambassador and allowed the burial of French Protestants in the courtyard of the cemetery for foreign Protestants. The first public Protestant funeral was held in Paris that year without causing any disturbances. Later years

<mask> left his post with the Paris police in August 1785, apparently due to a disagreement with Baron Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Minister of the Royal Household. He became a conseiller ordinaire in the Council of State. He was appointed king's librarian in 1785 and chairman of the Finance Commission in 1787.<mask> went into exile in 1792 after the outbreak of the French Revolution, and lived in Switzerland and then for a long time in Vienna. He returned to France after the Consulate took power and retired to the countryside near Paris on a pension from the  Mont-de-Piété. <mask> worked on a treatise that would defend his actions against the revolutionaries, and those of other police officials since 1667. He began writing in 1790, and seems to have worked on it intermittently for the remainder of his life. His


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 memoir remained unfinished when he died. It provides a valuable insight into the revolution as seen by an enlightened supporter of the Ancien Régime institutions. <mask> died on 17 November 1807 in Crosne, in what is now the department of Essonne, aged 74.Publications

Notes

Sources

See also
 William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland
 Paul Wentworth

1732 births
1807 deaths
Lawyers from Paris
Lieutenant generals of police of Paris
People of the Ancien


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<mask> ( ; born 1971) is the current Director of Intelligence of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan since September 7, 2021. He was previously the Deputy Minister of Intelligence in the former Taliban government (1996–2001). He was held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba, from 2002 to 2014. His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 4. American intelligence analysts estimate that he was born in 1971 in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan. <mask> arrived at the Guantanamo detention camps on January 11, 2002, and he was held there until May 31, 2014. He was released, along with the other four members of the so-called Taliban Five—Mohammad Fazl, Khairullah Khairkhwa, Norullah Noori, and Mohammad Nabi Omari—in exchange for the release of United States Army soldier Bowe Bergdahl, who had been held captive by the Taliban-aligned Haqqani network.Held aboard the USS Bataan
Former Taliban Ambassador to Pakistan <mask> Zaeef described being flown to the United States Navy's amphibious warfare vessel, the USS Bataan, for special interrogation. Zaeef wrote that the cells were located six decks down and were only 1 meter by 2 meters. He wrote that the captives weren't allowed to speak with one another, but that he "eventually saw that Mullahs Fazal, Noori, Burhan, Wasseeq Sahib and Rohani were all among the other prisoners." Historian Andy Worthington, author of The Guantanamo Files, identified <mask> as one of the men Zaeef recognized. He identified Mullah Rohani as Gholam Ruhani, Mullah Noori as Norullah Noori and Mullah Fazal as Mohammed Fazil. Combatant Status Review

<mask> was among the 60% of prisoners who participated in the tribunal hearings. A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for the tribunal of each detainee.<mask>'s memo accused him of the following:

Administrative Review Board hearings

Detainees who were determined to have been properly classified as "enemy combatants" were scheduled to have their dossier reviewed at annual

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Abdul Haq Wasiq
Abdul Haq Wasiq
Abdul Salam
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 Administrative Review Board hearings. The Administrative Review Boards weren't authorized to review whether a detainee qualified for POW status and they weren't authorized to review whether a detainee should have been classified as an "enemy combatant". The members of the Administrative Review Board were authorized to consider whether a detainee should continue to be detained by the United States because the detainee continued to pose a threat, whether the detainee could safely be repatriated to his home country, or whether the detainee should be released. First annual Administrative Review Board
A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for <mask> <mask>'s first annual Administrative Review Board, on July 18, 2005. The memo listed factors for and against his continued detention. The following primary factors favor continued detention

The following primary factors favor release or transfer

Joint Review Task Force

When he assumed office in January 2009, President Barack Obama made a number of promises about the future of Guantanamo. He promised the use of torture would cease at the camp.He promised to institute a new review system. That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense. When it reported back, a year later, the Joint Review Task Force classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request. <mask> Wasiq was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release. Although Obama promised that those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a Periodic Review Board less than a quarter of men have received a review. Press reports
An article in The Christian Science Monitor quotes Ahmadullah, who was told

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 by Mohammed Omar to go back to Kandahar.It quotes him:
"He called me twice to come to Kandahar. But I cannot go there easily, because a lot of people know me, and I am frightened they will capture me somewhere on the road. So I sent my assistant Mullah <mask> <mask> to Kandahar. Unfortunately he was captured by American agents in Ghazni." Release negotiations
Most Afghans had been repatriated to Afghanistan by 2009. Throughout the fall of 2011 and the winter of 2012, the United States conducted peace negotiations with the Taliban and widely leaked that a key sticking point was the ongoing detention of <mask> and four other senior Taliban, Norullah Noori, Mohammed Fazl, Khirullah Khairkhwa and Mohammed Nabi. Negotiations hinged on a proposal to send the five men directly to Doha, Qatar, where they would be allowed to set up an official office for the Taliban.In March 2012, it was reported that Ibrahim Spinzada, described as "Karzai's top aide"'' had spoken with the five men, in Guantanamo, earlier that month, and had secured their agreement to be transferred to Qatar. It was reported that Karzai, who had initially opposed the transfer, now backed the plan. It was reported that US officials stated the Obama administration had not yet agreed to transfer the five men. Release from Guantanamo Bay
<mask> and the other four members of the Taliban five were released from Guantanamo Bay and transported to Qatar where they were set free on June 1, 2014. Their release concurred with that of captured U.S. soldier Bowe Bergdahl's release in eastern Afghanistan in a deal brokered by the Emir of Qatar. <mask>, and the other members of the Taliban five, were required to stay in Qatar for 12 months as a condition of their release. References

External links

 Who Are the Remaining Prisoners in Guantánamo?Part Two: Captured in Afghanistan (2001) Andy Worthington, September 17, 2010

Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Afghan extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Living

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Wasiq
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<mask>, born in Besançon, is a French writer and musicologist, Docteur d'État ès lettres, and research director at the CNRS. Distinctions
Prix des Muses 1997 (for "La Musique à Venise", Paris, BnF, 1996). Grand Prix des Muses 2012 (for "Antonio Vivaldi", Paris, Fayard, 2011). Bibliography

Monographs ans essays
 Reconnaissance des Musiques Modernes, Brussels, Radio Télévision Belge Francophone (RTBF), 1977. Il Teatro alla Moda dei rosignoli. I cantanti napoletani al San Giovanni Grisostomo (Merope, 1734), series "Drammaturgia veneta", Milan, Ricordi, 1984. Les grands castrats napolitains à Venise au XVIIIe''', Liège, Mardaga, 1994.La musique à Venise et l'imaginaire français des Lumières, d'après les sources vénitiennes conservées à la Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 1996. This work was awarded the Prix des Muses in 1997 "for the best musicological study". Les castrats, Que sais-je? n° 3417, Paris, PUF, 1998. Antonio Schinella Conti, Lettere da Venezia a Madame la comtesse de Caylus 1727–1729, Con l'aggiunta di un Discorso sullo Stato della Francia, series Linea Veneta, n° 17 (Venice, Fondation G. Cini), Florence, L. S. Oslchki, 2003. Balades musicales dans Venise, Paris, Nouveau Monde, 2006. Passeggiate musicali a Venezia, translation of the previous work in Italian, 2006, Trévise, Vianello Libri
 Antonio Vivaldi (monograph), Paris, A. Fayard, June 2011.This work was awarded the Grand Prix des Muses in


texts:
 2012. Claudio Ambrosini, un compositeur vénitien du XXIème siècle, Paris, L'Harmattan, July 2013. Literary works
 L'Allée de Mélisande. Les jardins et la musique, essai poétique, series "Arts et Sciences de l'Art", Paris, L'Harmattan, 2004. Lettre d'une virtuose vénitienne, texte poétique, Venice, Rapport d'Etape, 2005. Veronica Franco. Ma vie brisée de courtisane, novel, series Amarante, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2012.Paris, Carnet d'été (poetry), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2014. Translations
1992: Encyclopédie de la musique, series Encyclopédies d'aujourd'hui, Paris, Le Livre de Poche, Hachette, (original : La nuova enciclopedia della musica, Garzanti, 1983). 2014: Un jardin à Venise, translation by Frederic Eden, A garden in Venice (1903), Paris, L'Harmattan

 Articles and studies
 Trois thèmes pour servir à une réflexion sur la vie musicale d'aujourd'hui, Brussels, Union européenne, Division X "Problèmes du Secteur Culturel", July 1975, 91 p.
 Pour un théâtre européen de musique vivante, Bulletin mensuel d'information du Comité national de la musique, June 1975. "Le Triomphe des Mélophilètes. Congiunzioni di Parnaso", L'invenzione del Gusto, Corelli e Vivaldi, Milan, Ricordi, 1982, p. 93–101. "L'œuvre de Giuseppe Sarti conservée à Paris", Revue Française de Musicologie, 1987, t. 73, n° 1, p. 107–12. "À propos d'un fonds de musique française des XVIIe and XVIIIe à la Bibliothèque municipale de Besançon", Revue Française de Musicologie, 1987, t. 73, n° 2,


texts: p. 253–62."I rapporti fra opera e ballo a Venezia nel Settecento", La danza italiana, 5/6, Rome, Theoria, 1987, p. 17–33. "L'Italie au cœur" (about Giulio Cesare by Haendel), Avant-Scène Opéra, Paris, April 1987, p. 86–91 ; reissued in December 2010. "L'importation des solfèges italiens en France à la fin du XVIIIe", L'opera tra Venezia e Parigi", under the direction of M.T. Muraro, Florence, L.S. Olschki, 1988, p. 67–89. "Une théorie italienne adaptée au goût français. L'enseignement du chant italien en France de la fin de l'Ancien Régime à la Restauration : transmission ou transformation ?",  Transmission et réception des formes de culture musicale, Turin, EDT, 1988, p. 198–213. "Tradizione del canto a Napoli. Giuseppe Aprile", Musicisti nati in Puglia ed emigrazione musicale tra Seicento e Settecento, under the direction of D. Bozzi and L. Cosi, Rome, Torre d'Orfeo, 1988, p. 281–98. "Il mondo del teatro," Amadeus, Milan, Rizzoli periodici, De Agostini, October 1991, addendum to n° 23 devoted to Vivaldi, p. 42–48. "Le printemps d'Antonio Vivaldi revu et corrigé à Paris par Nicolas Chédeville, Michel Corrette et Jean-Jacques Rousseau", Informazioni e Studi vivaldiani, Milan, Ricordi, 1992 (13), p. 51–65. Articles  "Anfossi, Caccini, Cavalli, Bianchi, Italie, Le chant italien en France", Dictionnaire de la musique française au XVIIIe, sous la direction de M. Benoit, Paris, Fayard, 1992. Articles "Gazzaniga, Porpora", extraits de Encyclopedia


texts: Universalis, Dictionnaire de la Musique.Les compositeurs, Paris, Albin Michel, 1998, p. 304–06, 618-19. "Le Congrès des Planètes, une sérénade de Tomaso Albinoni exécutée à l'ambassade de France à Venise, le 16 octobre 1729",  Giovanbattista Tiepolo, Nel terzo Centenario della nascita, under the direction of L. Puppi, Quaderni Venezia Arti, Venise, Il Poligrafo, 1998, p. 205–12. "Le Stabat Mater au Concert Spirituel", Studi Pergolesiani -Pergolesi Studies, under the direction of F. Degrada, La Nuova Italia Editrice, 1999, p. 233–50. "Les Fêtes Vénitiennes", Teatro nel Veneto. La scena immaginata, under the direction of C. Alberti (University of Venise), Milan, F. Motta, 2002, p. 38–63. "Drammaturgie dello spazio nei multimedia : teatro musicale, circo, opera, internet, CD-Roms e installazioni video", Drammaturgia, under the direction of S. Ferrone, University of Florence, département des arts du spectacle, issue devoted to the "Drammaturgie dello spazio. Teatro.Musica. Cinema" directed by S. Mazzoni, Rome, Salerno Editrice, 2003, p. 449–66. Articles  "Castrats ; Cimarosa ; Dramma semi-serio ; Paer, Paisiello, Spontini, Tragédie lyrique",  Dictionnaire de la musique en France au XIXe, under the direction of J.-M. Fauquet, Paris, Fayard, 2003. "L'invention de l'opéra ballet à sujet comique", Un siècle de Deux cents ans ? Les XVII et XVIII siècles : Continuités et Discontinuités, under the direction of J. Dagen et Ph. Roger, series "L'Esprit des


texts:
 lettres", Paris, Desjonquères, 2004, p. 231–247. "Il panorama operistico.Il  Mondo novo", Amadeus. Il mensile della grande musica, special issue devoted to the opéra Tito Manlio by Antonio Vivaldi, Milan, De Agostini-Rizzoli periodici, April 2004, p. 6–10. "Charles-Ferdinand Ramus. Poeta visionario", Amadeus, L'Histoire du Soldat d'Igor Stravinsky, Milan, De Agostini-Rizzoli periodici, December 2005, p. 16–17. "Les Français à Venise. Des témoignages controversés", Le Carnaval de Venise d'André Campra, series "Regards sur la musique", under the direction of J. Duron, Brussels-Wavre, Mardaga, 2010, p. 13–28. "Antonio Vivaldi aux prises avec des danseurs indisciplinés", Passi, tracce, percorsi.Scritti sulla danza italiana in omaggio a José Sasportes (dir. A. Pontremoli, P. Veroli), Rome, Aracne, 2012, p. 113–28. "Venise, Opéra ! ", in D. Gachet and A. Scarsella, Venise'', coll. "Bouquins", Paris, Éditions Robert Laffont, 2016, p. 428–40. References

External links
 <mask> <mask>
 <mask> <mask> on L'Harmattan
 <mask> <mask> on Maison des écrivains et de la littérature
 <mask> <mask> on France Culture
 Les manuscrits musicaux vénitiens en France au siècle des Lumières : Copie et réception on thèses.fr
 <mask> <mask> on BnF

People from Besançon
20th-century French musicologists
21st-century French musicologists
Women musicologists
Paris-Sorbonne University alumni
Royal Conservatory of Brussels alumni
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Living people
Year of

masks: Sylvie Mamy Sylvie Mamy Sylvie Mamy Sylvie Mamy Sylvie Mamy


texts:
<mask> (July 27, 1908 – April 28, 1957), son of <mask> and brother of <mask>, was an Austrian Spiritualist and physical medium. His career was covered extensively by the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, and he took part in a number of notable experiments conducted by paranormal researchers/debunkers, including Harry Price, Albert von Schrenck-Notzing and Eric Dingwall. Some of these researchers declared him to be a fraud while others were unable to find evidence of trickery. Early career

<mask> began participating in séances with his elder brother <mask> at age 11. Both <mask> and Willi claimed to channel a spirit entity called "Olga" who in the séance room claimed to be "Lola Montez" the nickname of Eliza Eosanna Gilbert (1821-1861) the mistress of Ludwig I of Bavaria. <mask> held his first solo séance in 1919 and is said to have been able to summon the ghostly image of a human hand, as well as a number of other manifestations that are traditionally associated with séances. Investigations
<mask> began giving demonstrations to the Vienna Institut fur Radiumforschung der Academic der Wissenschaffen in 1923.In an investigation into the mediumship of <mask> in 1924 the physicists Stefan Meyer and Karl Przibram caught <mask> evading the controls in a series of séances. After Meyer and Przibram's accusations, the institute concluded that the abilities that <mask> had demonstrated up to that point were all, based on the balance of probability, the result of trickery and that he was no-longer of interest to them. In 1926, American journalist Warren Vinton attended séances with <mask> and came to the conclusion that the movement of objects were fraudulently produced by other members of the <mask> family concealed in the room. In April 1927, Vinton published an article in Psyche which accused <mask> of being a fraud and using a hidden accomplice.

masks:
Rudi Schneider
Josef Schneider
Willi Schneider
Schneider
Willi Schneider
Rudi
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider
Schneider


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 Another researcher, J. Malcolm Bird who attended a séance with <mask> also supported Vinton's accusations. The parapsychologist Walter Franklin Prince attended a series of sittings with <mask> and no paranormal phenomena was observed. In his notes in the Bulletin VII of the Boston SPR published under Experiments with Physical Mediums in Europe (1928) he wrote "despite my studied and unremitting complaisance, no phenomena have occurred when I had any part in the control, save curtain movement which were capable of the simplest explanation."Whilst Prince did not detect any concrete evidence of fraud he found the red light too dim to observe the medium and suspected that <mask>'s spirit guide "Olga" insisted the sitters talk loudly to act as a distraction and possible cover for an accomplice in the room. According to Peter Underwood it was discovered that <mask> had a "sexual climax" during some of his séances. <mask> had an orgasm during some of his mediumship practices. Psychologist D. H. Rawcliffe wrote that <mask> "had been repeatedly and comprehensively exposed" as a fraudulent trickster. Harry Price

In 1929, <mask> took part in a number of experiments conducted by notable investigator/debunker Harry Price at the National Laboratory of Psychical Research. Price conducted a series of experiments in which <mask> was connected to a series of pressure switches that would alert observers if he moved his hands, feet or limbs in any significant way. <mask> was also physically restrained during some of the experiments.Price recorded that during his experiments various phenomena were observed; including the movement of objects placed around the room and the apparent manifestation of mysterious hands and shapes. <mask> claimed he could levitate objects but according to Price a photograph taken on April 28, 1932 showed that <mask> had managed to free his arm to move a

masks: Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider


texts: handkerchief from the table. After this, many scientists considered <mask> to be exposed as a fraud, however there was a controversy over the photograph from the parapsychology community. Price wrote that the findings of the other experiments should be revised due to the evidence showing how <mask> could free himself from the controls. After Price had exposed <mask>, various scientists such as Karl Przibram and the magician Henry Evans wrote to Price telling him that they agreed that <mask> evaded control during his séances and congratulated Price on the success of unmasking the fraud. In opposition, SPR members who were highly critical of Price, supported <mask>'s mediumship and promoted a conspiracy theory that the Price photograph was a hoax. SPR member Anita Gregory claimed Price had deliberately faked the photograph to discredit SPR research and ruin <mask>'s reputation.The psychologist Alan Gauld wrote that Gregory's analysis of the photograph was misconceived and there was no direct evidence the photograph taken by Price had been tampered with. In opposition to Gregory the photographic expert Vernon Harrison testified that the photograph was genuine. Harrison suggested that instead of fraud the shock of the flash caused <mask> to jerk involuntarily breaking free from the control, and when the second flash went off, recorded him in that position. SPR member John L. Randall who reviewed the Price and <mask> case also came to the conclusion the photograph was genuine. However, Randall disagreed with Harrison that <mask>'s movement was accidental and wrote the photograph was evidence for Price's claim that <mask> had freed his hand with fraudulent intent. V. J. Woolley criticized the electronic controls of Price's experiments. He noted they were liable to go wrong such as a broken wire and that they were not fraud proof like Price had claimed.According to

masks: Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider


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 Woolley one sitter alone could "free his feet by connecting his metal floor plates by a piece of wire... I do not feel that the electrical control excludes [fraud] any better than the older methods which Mr Price describes as obsolete". Eugéne Osty

In 1930, <mask> began working with French paranormal investigator Eugéne Osty at the Institut Metapsychique. Osty placed an object in the room with <mask> and targeted it with a camera that had an infrared trigger designed to take a picture if it detected movement around the object. The alarm was triggered several times though the photographs showed no evidence of <mask> having interfered with it. Osty concluded that he was recording the passage of an ectoplasm like substance that was indicative of telekinetic movement. He wrote that the substance registered on sound recording equipment when it moved, and that it could pass through objects put in place to impede it.Osty's experiments with <mask> have been criticized by skeptics. D. H. Rawcliffe for example noted that "various discrepancies have come to light which throw the whole of Osty's experiments into doubt. Price made a prolonged investigation of <mask> <mask> and proved conclusively that the medium resorted to trickery when he believed himself to be unobserved... Osty has too often shown in the past, despite some intellectual ability, evidence of an amateurish and uncritical approach to his subject." Other tests

In the 1920s Fritz Wittels who had attended séances with <mask> wrote that "With occult waves running high in Vienna, there was a famous medium named <mask> <mask>, a few of whose meetings I attended. Whenever I came, however, either nothing happened at all or the things which did happen were obvious frauds." It was reported by Stefan Meyer that <mask> was exposed as a fraud by Dr. Lothar Lenkei. In 1928, E. R. Dodds and V. J. Woolley attended six

masks: Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Rudi Schneider Schneider Rudi Schneider Schneider


texts:
 séances in dim red light with <mask> and absolutely no phenomena occurred.Dodds wrote that semen was found after one of the séances. In a series of mediumship sessions in 1932 which included the researchers and scientists Dr. William Brown, C. E. M. Joad, Professor D. F. Fraser-Harris, Professor John Alexander Gunn and Julian Huxley, no paranormal phenomena was observed in the séance room with <mask>. Huxley wrote that there was "no proof of any communication with departed spirits". Zoologist Solly Zuckerman also attended some séance sittings and wrote that the mediumship of <mask> had not passed any scientific tests. William Howard Livens on 15 November 1932 attended a séance with <mask> and no paranormal phenomenon was observed. Between October 1933 and March 1934 <mask> was investigated by the Society for Psychical Research in fifty-five sittings and not a single paranormal phenomenon was observed. Infrared ray apparatus was installed by Oliver Gatty working with Theodore Besterman.The experiments proved negative, no telekinetic phenomena of any kind were observed or any absorption of the infrared rays. Every chance was given to <mask> to prove his alleged paranormal abilities but nothing paranormal occurred. Another researcher, Whately Carington had proven by tests that the spirit "Olga" which <mask> channeled in reality was indistinguishable in psychological make-up from himself. Oliver Gatty and Theodore Besterman communicated their results to Nature, concluding that in their tests there was "no good evidence that <mask> <mask> possesses supernormal powers." There were no more investigations as in his later years <mask> gave up mediumship to become an auto mechanic. References

External links
<mask> brothers - Skeptic's Dictionary
The Mediumship of Willi and <mask> <mask>

1908 births
1957 deaths
German spiritualists
People from Braunau am

masks: Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Schneider Rudi Schneider Schneider Schneider Rudi Schneider


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Charlton Kenneth Jeffrey Howard (born 17 August 2003), known professionally as the <mask> (stylised as the Kid LAROI), is an Australian rapper, singer, and songwriter. Howard originally gained recognition from his association and friendship with American rapper Juice Wrld while he was on tour in Australia. He gained a local following before joining a partnership agreement with Lil Bibby's Grade A Productions and Columbia Records. and attained further popularity in 2020 with his collaboration with Juice Wrld on "Go", which peaked at number 52 on the Billboard Hot 100. His debut mixtape, F*ck Love (2020), peaked at number one on the Australian ARIA Charts, making him the youngest Australian solo artist ever to reach the top of the chart, and also reached number one on the US Billboard 200. Additionally, Howard's songs "Without You" and its remix with Miley Cyrus, and his collaboration with Justin Bieber, "Stay", reached the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100, with "Stay" peaking at number one for seven non-consecutive weeks. Among his accolades, Howard has won an APRA Award, two ARIA Awards and a National Indigenous Music Award, and been nominated for two American Music Awards, two Grammy Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, and four People's Choice Awards.Early life
Charlton Kenneth Jeffrey Howard was born on 17 August 2003 in Waterloo, New South Wales, a suburb near Redfern in the inner south of Sydney. His parents are well connected in the music industry and he has one brother. His father, Nick Howard, is a music producer and sound engineer who has worked with Australian stars such as Bardot and Delta Goodrem. His


texts: mother, Sloane Howard, was a talent manager, record label founder and music executive of Aboriginal descent who once managed Popstars winner, Scott Cain. Howard's maternal great-great grandfather was a part of the Stolen Generation of children of mixed Aboriginal descent; through this ancestor he is a Kamilaroi (or Gamilaraay) man, from which he derived his artistic name "Laroi". Howard's father was not a consistent force in his life and his uncle became his father figure as a result. In 2015, Howard's uncle was murdered.Howard attributes his inspiration to succeed to avoid a fate like his uncle and make him proud. When Howard's parents separated when he was four, his childhood became more chaotic. Howard stated that sometimes his mother sold drugs to get by. At the age of seven he moved to the rural town of Broken Hill in New South Wales and lived with his mother, brother and grandparents at the time. He attended Sacred Hart Parish School where he was a house captain and won a speaking award. After leaving Broken Hill, Howard attended a boarding school in Adelaide for a period of time until his mother could not afford it anymore and they moved back to Sydney in 2017. In Sydney he attended the highly selective, prestigious private school Australian Performing Arts Grammar School on a scholarship but he dropped out midway through grade nine to pursue his international career.During this period his family lived in a housing commission building in Redfern and he drifted between friends' houses. In a 2021 interview, he explained that his mother is his best friend and he wanted to help her through their tough financial


texts:
 situation so he found a part-time job at a fruit store. In 2019, hip-hop podcast No Jumper filmed a documentary of Howard and his friends in the streets of Redfern as they describe the area as a ghetto. Howard detailed how he hustled to make it big outside of Australia by building international relationships and stated "I would go and wait outside hotel rooms for big artists that were coming to town. I’d try to play my music and find different ways to meet them or get backstage. That was a big thing I used to do for about two years." His social engineering tactics paid off when he sent a female friend on a mission to play his music to Swae Lee in a hotel.It worked and he met and later collaborated with Swae Lee. Career

Early years
Howard started out recording raps over beats on his mother's phone and uploading them to SoundCloud. In an interview with Triple J, Howard stated that the first rap name he gave himself was "FC6". In 2015, Howard formed the duo "Dream$Team" with Adelaide rapper DJ Marcus Jr. (Aka LadyKiller) who became his mentor and support. The two recorded songs together and performed to local audiences as DJ Marcus Jr. guided him through promoting, recording and developing buzz. Howard met his now collaborator, producer Khaled Rohaim, at a recording studio in Sydney. Moved by Howard's talent and difficult living situation, Rohaim would pick Howard up from various houses that he would live in around Sydney so they could eat together and record at his rented studio in North Strathfield.Rohaim gave Howard some work writing songs for other artists. In one instance, he wrote a song that featured A Boogie


texts:
 and Howard snuck into the studio so he could meet him, eventually recording a song together. In 2017, Howard was signed to a development deal with Sony Music Australia. In the same year he was a co-host at the Fernside Festival hosted by Weave Youth and Community Services. 2018–2020: 14 with a Dream
On 16 August 2018, Howard released his debut EP, 14 with a Dream where he collaborated with Manu Crooks, B Wise and Miracle. The same month he garnered attention after becoming a finalist in the Triple J Unearthed high competition. His Triple J Unearthed profile bio simply states "14 with a dream..." and still features three songs that he uploaded; "Disconnect (demo)", "In My Feelings" and "Blessings".In the same year he jumped on stage with Manu Crook$ at Listen Out Festival, rapped with Tkay Maidza at Triple J's One Night Stand Festival, played at Newtown Festival and supported THEY. He collaborated on a song with Lil Skies who posted out a teaser to his over 3 million Instagram fans. Howard was interviewed by community station FBi Radio and presenter Darren Lesaguis stated that the interview had to be after 5pm so Howard could attend after school and he arrived in his school uniform. Howard's drive and confidence to one day be seen as a peer amongst his idols was noted in an interview with Acclaim where he was asked if he could name three Australian acts who he thought were going to be future legends and he stated "...I’d have to say… Can it be me? Can I pick myself? I hate to be that guy, but I definitely hope that I’m a legend." In March 2019, Howard did an in-store meet and greet for streetwear brand Street X in


texts:
 Darlinghurst where local fans queued to meet him.In the same year he created a partnership agreement with American rapper Lil Bibby's record label Grade A Productions and Columbia Records. Howard was mentored by late rapper Juice Wrld while he supported him on his Australian national tours in 2018 and 2019. Howard lived with Juice Wrld in Los Angeles to learn from his idol how the studio and recording process worked. He performed at Rolling Loud Festivals in Miami and New York. In December, Howard gained international attention when the music video for his song "Let Her Go" was uploaded on the Lyrical Lemonade YouTube channel. 2020–2021: F*ck Love mixtape
On 31 January 2020, Howard released "Diva" featuring American rapper Lil Tecca which was accompanied by a Lyrical Lemonade music video directed by Cole Bennett that was released on 1 February. On 22 March, he released "Addison Rae", a song named after the social media personality star of the same name.On 27 March, Howard made a cameo appearance in American rapper Lil Mosey's music video for "Blueberry Faygo". On 17 April, he released "Fade Away" with American rapper Lil Tjay. On 25 April, he was featured on "Go Dumb" by record producer Y2K also featuring Blackbear, and Bankrol Hayden. On 12 June, he released "Go" featuring late American rapper Juice Wrld, which was accompanied by a music video directed by Steve Cannon. On 26 June, Howard was featured on Bankrol Hayden's debut studio album Pain is Temporary, on a remix of "Costa Rica". On 18 July, he released "Tell Me Why", a tribute track to Juice Wrld. Howard revealed the cover art and release date of his mixtape


texts: F*ck Love on Twitter the same day.The mixtape was released on 24 July and contains features from Lil Mosey, Corbin, and Juice Wrld. The same day, he released the music video for "Not Fair" featuring Corbin. On 7 August, he released the music video for the song "Selfish". On 28 August, <mask> was featured on Internet Money's collective mixtape B4 the Storm on the song "Speak". On 18 September, the music video for "Wrong" directed by Logan Paul featuring Lil Mosey also starring ex-pornstar Lana Rhoades, was released. On 23 October, Howard released the project's lead single "So Done" which was accompanied by a Lyrical Lemonade music video directed by Cole Bennett. On 30 October, <mask> was featured on "My City" by Onefour.On 2 November, Howard revealed the next project's title to be Savage on Instagram, and would be released as a deluxe edition of F*ck Love. It was eventually released four days later on 6 November and peaked at number one on the Australian ARIA charts, as well as number 3 on the US Billboard 200. The same day, the music video for "Always Do" directed by Steve Cannon was released. On 26 November, the music video for "Maybe" was released. On 17 December, Howard released the music video for "Without You", directed by Steve Cannon. On 8 December, he was featured on "Reminds Me Of You", a posthumous song by Juice WRLD. The song samples Kim Petras' song "Reminds Me".On 29 December, he released the music video for "Tragic" featuring YoungBoy Never Broke Again, and Internet Money directed by Steve Cannon. On 19 March 2021, Howard was featured on Canadian singer Justin Bieber's song, "Unstable", from Bieber's

masks: Laroi Laroi


texts: sixth studio album Justice. On 30 April, Howard released a remix of "Without You", a collaboration with American singer Miley Cyrus. The song, which had already become extremely popular on TikTok, went on the peak at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Howard's first top-ten single as a lead artist. On 8 May, he performed the song in the first musical set with Miley Cyrus on the Saturday Night Live Mothers' Day episode, hosted by Elon Musk, with Miley Cyrus as the musical guest. In June 2021, Howard left Grade A Productions and signed a management deal with Scooter Braun. Also that month, Howard announced that the third and final instalment of the F*ck Love trilogy would be released in July.On 9 July, Howard released the song "Stay", a collaboration with Bieber. The song was accompanied by a music video, and peaked at number 1 on the Hot 100, becoming Howard's highest-charting single in the United States. The song was announced about a week prior to its release. A second deluxe of F*ck Love titled F*ck Love 3: Over You was released on 23 July. The deluxe also featured guest appearances from Polo G, Stunna Gambino, G Herbo, and Lil Durk. The second deluxe was also accompanied by an extended version, titled F*ck Love 3+: Over You, which was released on 27 July with an additional six songs. As a result, the F*ck Love project reached number one on the Billboard 200 over one year after its initial release.Howard and Bieber performed "Stay" at the 2021 VMA awards and was nominated for Best New Artist and Push Performance of the Year, for "Without You". In September 2021, Howard left SB Projects and signed with Adam


texts:
 Leber at Rebel Management. On 15 November 2021, Howard announced that he would temporarily stop dropping new music, including songs from his F*ck Love mixtape, after the music video for still chose you to focus on other stuff other than music. He was only shown on YouTube talk and interview videos at that time. On 24 November 2021, Howard won Best Artist and Best Pop Release at the 2021 ARIA Music Awards, before performing "Stay" to close out the awards show. 2022-present: The First Time
On 13 January, 2022, Howard teased a song with Don Toliver while hinting at anew album. On 22 January, "Stay" was voted 2nd in Triple J's 2021 Hottest 100, making him the highest ranking Indigenous artist ever in the annual event.On 26 February, Howard announced the title of his debut studio album on twitter as The First Time. Persona and reception

Style
Fashion has been a big part of Howard's transformation from Redfern resident to international star. Howard explained to Spout Podcast that in Australia he did not have a lot of money and was wearing a lot of sport tracksuits. Since moving to California, Howard's style has switched to high end designers such as Celine, Louis Vuitton, Comme des Garçons and is known for his love of knitted jumpers. Howard has featured in style editorials for magazines such as Flaunt and was on the cover of Wonderland magazine in Autumn 2021. Accent
Howard's accent and heavy use of American colloquial terms has been questioned since he has only been living there since 2019. In an interview with Zach Sang, he explained that he has many friends from Chicago and to make himself understood he often tweaks


texts:
 phrases and adapts as they do not understand many Australian words.Accolades

Personal life
As of 2020, Howard lives in Los Angeles with his mother and younger brother. Howard sees himself as an ambassador for Australia and told Triple J that he wants to do for Australia what Drake did to put Toronto and Canada on the map. Since 2020, Howard has been in a relationship with social media and TikTok personality Katarina Deme. On 9 August 2021, Howard noted in an Instagram post that he was recovering from COVID-19 and had been in isolation for a week. The post was live for a short period before it was edited to remove that information and Howard tweeted a video in which he stated he was quarantining with his girlfriend as they both had the virus. During the video he received an update to say he was now COVID-19 free. Discography

 F*ck Love (2020)
 The First Time (2022)

Tours

Headlining
 The End of the World Tour (2022)

References

Notes

External links

2003 births
Living people
21st-century Australian singers
ARIA Award winners
Australian child singers
Australian expatriates in the United States
Australian hip hop musicians
Australian hip hop singers
Australian male singers
Gamilaraay
Indigenous Australian musicians
Trap