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 internationally was no doubt her achievement in 1986 of successfully nominating Patricia Wrightson for the IBBY Hans Christian Andersen Medal for the body of her writing for children, and Robert Ingpen the IBBY Hans Christian Andersen Medal for his illustrations of children's books. This is the only time that both of these awards have gone to the same country in the same year. She was a respected critic of children's literature and contributed articles to international journals such as Bookbird. In 1971 she organised Australia's only entry for the Biennial of Illustrations in Bratislava; and in 1992 she was the Australian judge for the American Ezra Jack Keats Award in children's literature.For her services to children's literature <mask> <mask> received the Children's Book Council's Lady Cutler Award in 1983, and in 1986 she was presented with the Medal of the Order of Australia. On the occasion of the Lady Cutler Award it was said: 'In the world of children's literature Ena <mask>'s name is a password nationally and internationally. It is a password amongst those who believe that literature of quality and integrity is a powerful potential in the growth of children's imagination, insight and understanding – understanding of themselves, their society and their world; that books can be bridges linking person to person, culture to culture, nation to nation.' Maurice Saxby was nominated by Ena <mask>, and then elected to the jury of the Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1984 and 1986. Ena Noël Award for Encouragement

In 1994, Ena <mask> founded the Ena Noel Award for Encouragement to encourage young, emerging Australian writers and illustrators. The award is a mounted silver medallion designed by the first winner of the award, the Australian Aboriginal writer/illustrator Arone Raymond Meeks. The Award is presented biennially by IBBY Australia at the Australian Library and Information Association Conference.A list of the award winners is included in the IBBY Australia entry. Contribution to children's librarianship
From 1956 to 1974 she was renowned for her skill as a

masks: Ena Noël Noël Noël Noël


type: original

texts:
 teacher-librarian – especially at Fort St Girls High (now known as Fort Street High School). <mask> <mask> and Margaret Trask were early leaders in the Library Association of Australia's School and Children's Libraries Section. <mask> <mask> co-ordinated and lectured at short summer courses in secondary school librarianship at the University of Sydney in the 1960s. Awards
 1983: Children's Book Council of Australia's Lady Cutler Award for services to children's literature
 1984: the General Council of the Library Association of Australia (now the Australian Library and Information Association) created a special award, the Ellinor Archer Award, which recognised her great contributions to the development of school and children's libraries. 1986: Medal of the Order of Australia for "service to libraries, especially in the field of children's literature". 1994: Ena founded her own biennial prize – the Ena Noël Award – to encourage young emerging writers and illustrators, which is presented at the ALIA Biennial Conference.References

 Phillipena (Ena) <mask>, AOM, 1910–2003 (Obituary) Maurice Saxby Incite January – February 2004
 The Ena Noel Award for Encouragement (Australia) John Foster. Bookbird. Basel: 2007. Vol. 45, Iss. 3; p. 46
 The Australian IBBY Encouragement Award for Children's Literature <mask> Noel. Bookbird.Basel: May 2003. Vol. 41, Iss. 2; p. 62
 The New classics: a selection of award-winning children's books. 1990 / edited by <mask> Noel
 Able to enjoy; books and the young disabled: papers presented at the Australian National Section of IBBY Conference on Children's Literature, Sydney, 1981 / edited by <mask> Noel

External links
 Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA)
 International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY)
 IBBY Australia
 Children's Book Council of Australia
 Ena Noel Encouragement Award
 Ena Noel Encouragement Award titles in LibraryThing

1910 births
2003 deaths
Australian Library and Information Association
Australian librarians
Women librarians
People from New South Wales
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of

masks: Ena Noël Ena Noël Noël Ena Ena Ena


texts: <mask> (, ; 1 December 1863, in Alexandria – April 22, 1908 in Cairo) was an Egyptian jurist, Islamic Modernist and one of the founders of the Egyptian national movement and Cairo University. <mask> has been historically viewed as one of the Arab world's "first feminists", although he joined the discourse on women's rights quite late in its development, and his "feminism" has been the subject of scholarly controversy. <mask> was an Egyptian philosopher, reformer, judge, member of Egypt's aristocratic class, and central figure of the Nahda Movement. His advocacy of greater rights for women catalyzed debate over women's issues in the Arab world. He criticized veiling, seclusion, early marriage, and lack of education of Muslim women. More recent scholarship has argued that he internalized a colonialist discourse on women's issues in the Islamic world, regarded Egyptian women as objects serving to achieve national aspirations, and in practice advocated reforms that diminished the legal rights of women in marriage contracts. Greatly influenced by the works of Darwin, <mask> is quoted to have said that "if Egyptians did not modernize along European lines and if they were 'unable to compete successfully in the struggle for survival they would be eliminated."He was also influenced by the works of Herbert Spencer and John Stuart Mill who argued for equality of the sexes; <mask> believed that heightening a woman's status in society would greatly improve the nation. His friendships with Muhammad Abduh and Saad Zaghloul also influenced this thinking. <mask> blamed traditional Moslems for Egyptian women's oppression saying

masks:
Qasim Amin
Qasim Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin
Amin


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 that the Quran did not teach this subjugation but rather supported women's rights. His beliefs were often supported by Quranic verses. Born in an aristocratic family, his father was a governor of Diyarbekir Elayet, and his mother the daughter of an Egyptian aristocrat. <mask> finished law school at 17 and was one of thirty seven to receive a government scholarship to study at the University of Montepellier, in France. It was said that there he was influenced by Western lifestyles, especially its treatment of women.This would soon be his role model in his struggle to liberate the Egyptian women. His crusade began when he wrote a rebuttal, "Les Egyptiens. Response a M. Le duc d'Harcourt" in 1894 to Duke d'Harcourt's work (1893), which downgraded Egyptian culture and its women. <mask>, not satisfied with his own rebuttal, wrote in 1899 Tahrir al mara'a (The Liberation of Women), in which he blamed Egyptian women's "veiling," their lack of education, and their "slavery," to Egyptian men as being the cause of Egypt's weakness. He believed that Egyptian women were the backbone of a strong nationalistic people and therefore their roles in society should drastically change to better the Egyptian nation. <mask> is known throughout Egypt as a member of the intellectual society who drew connections between education and nationalism leading to the development of Cairo University and the National Movement during the early 1900s. Early life

Born of a Kurdish father and a Egyptian mother, Amin lived a sheltered life among Egypt's political and wealthy elite.His father, <mask> Bey, served as governor of Diyarbekir Vilayet,

masks:
Amin
Amin
Amin
Muhammad Amin


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 before moving the family to Alexandria, Egypt where <mask> was born. <mask>'s father settled in Egypt and became the commander of Khedive Isma'il Pasha's army. Qasim's father held large feudal estates in Alexandria and Diyarbekir. Qasim's mother was the daughter of Ahmad Bey Khattab a son of Tahir Pasha (Egypt) a Nephew of Muhammad Ali Pasha's family. Qasim is recorded as a hereditary Bey both paternially and materinally in the 'Imperial and Asiatic quarterly review and oriental and colonial record'. Education

As a youth, <mask> was enrolled in many of Egypt's most privileged schools. He attended primary school in Alexandria, and then in 1875, attended Cairo's Preparatory School.The curriculum at the school was said to be strict and heavily Europeanized. By 1881, at the age of 17, he received his law degree from the Khedival School and was one of thirty seven to receive a government scholarship to continue his education at Frances' University de Montpellier. His mission in France lasted four years. University of Montpellier 1881-1885
 Khedivial Law School
 Cairo preparatory school
 Alexandria palace school

Marriage

In 1894, <mask> married Zeyneb the daughter of Admiral <mask> Tafiq, the joining him to an Egyptian aristocratic family. His wife was raised by a British nanny. Therefore, he felt it was necessary for his daughters to be raised by a British nanny as well. Amin's advocacy of resisting women's wearing of the niqab was said to have perpetuated within his own family.Although, he could not change his wife from her wearing of it, his plan was to teach the younger generation of females, like his daughter,

masks: Amin Qasim Amin Amin Amin


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 to not wear it again. Career

After his accomplishment in France, <mask> became a part of the British empire's civil servant class. In 1885, he was appointed a jurist in the Mixed Courts. This court was said to be "saturated" in foreign western influence. The Mixed Courts created in 1875, was a mixture based on Napoleonic judicial system and Islamic Law. The jurists were foreigners from England, Austria, Germany, and France. Amin held a successful tenure with these foreign based legal officers.The goal of the Mixed Courts was to control the commercial life of Egypt during its chaotic control by foreign governments and people. The court's governmental tribunal often competed with the religious courts in its decision making. It was noted for its true reflection of the "right way" because it based its judgments on valid and sound reasoning. By 1887, he entered a predominately western- run Egyptian office of the Government Division of Legal Affairs. Within four years, he was selected one of the National courts' Egyptian judges. Cairo University
<mask> <mask>'s was one of the founders of the first Egyptian University, known then as the National University, it formed the nucleus of the present Cairo University, he was a member of its constituent committee. <mask> <mask> insisted that Egypt needed a Western style university.Posts

 Chancellor of the Cairo National Court of Appeals
 Secretary general of Cairo University
 Vice President of Cairo University

<mask> was appointed the first secretary general of Cairo University

Charis Waddy an Islamic scholar and writer, and the first woman graduate of Oriental Languages at

masks: Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim


texts:
 Oxford University states that Qasim was 'a brilliant young lawyer'. The Nahda (Awakening) influence

A central figure of the Nahda Movement that was said to have trickled down to Egypt during the latter part of the 19th century and into the early part of the 20th century during a period of "feminist consciousness', <mask> was greatly influenced by several pioneers of the movement particularly the exiled Muhammad Abduh whom he had become a translator for, while in France. Abduh blamed Islamic traditionalists for the moral and intellectual decay of the Islamic world which he believed caused the colonization of the Islamic society by western forces. Egypt at the time was a colony of the British Empire and partly of France. Islamic traditionalist, Abduh believed, had left the true Islamic faith and had followed cultural habits rather than the religion which would have given them greater intellect, power, and justice. Furthermore, he criticized the patriarchal domination of women within the family maintained in the name of sharia law. Abduh advocated for all Muslims to unite, return to the true message sent by Allah which gave women equal status, and resist Western Imperialism that had occupied the Moslem World.Greatly impacted by the influence of Mohammad Abduh and though a trained student of the colonial powers, <mask> accepted Abduh's philosophies which he generated into his own. He too believed that traditional Moslems had created an inferior society by not following true Islamic laws, that advocated the right of females in society, but instead followed cultural values to keep Egyptian women in submission. To him,

masks: Amin Amin


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 this created an inferior society of men and women compared to the young men and women of the Western World. <mask> spent a great portion of his life advocating the change of women's role in Egyptian society through his belief that a freer and more educated Egyptian woman would improve society for the better. Attitude on Veiling
Qasim <mask> in his book The Liberation of Women (1899) argued for the abolition of the veil. He thought that changing customs regarding women and changing their costume, abolishing the veil in particular, were key to bringing about the desired general social transformation. <mask> <mask>'s book inaugurated the battle that lead to a new discourse in which the veil came to comprehend significations far broader than merely the position of women.He pointed out the connotations of veil also had to do with issues on class and culture: the widening cultural gulf between the culture of the colonizers and that of the colonized. In this discourse, the issues of women and culture first appeared as inevitably fused in Arabic discourse. <mask> argued that the veiling and segregation constituted "a huge barrier between woman and her elevation, and consequently a barrier between the nation and its advance". However, many Muslim scholars like Leila Ahmed criticized <mask> <mask>'s motivation of liberating women from veils for not being the result of reasoned reflection and analysis but the internalization and replication of the colonialist perception. Amin's argument against seclusion and veiling was simply that girls would forget all they had learned if they were made to veil and observe seclusion

masks: Amin Amin Qasim Amin Amin Qasim Amin


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 after they were educated. The age at which girls started to be veiled and secluded, twelve to fourteen, was a crucial age for the development of talents and intellect, and veiling and seclusion frustrated that development; girls needed to mix freely with men, for learning came from such mixing. This position clearly contradicts with his earlier idea that no education for women should go beyond primary-school level.To answer conservatives who worried about abolition of the veil would have influence on women's purity, <mask> replied not from the perspective of gender equality, but from the standpoint to follow the superior Western civilization. He wrote, "Do Egyptians imagine that the men of Europe, who have attained such completeness of intellect and feeling that they were able to discover the force of steam and electricity...these souls that daily risk their lives in the pursuit of knowledge and honor above the pleasure of life, ... these intellects and these souls that we so admire, could possibly fail to know the means of safeguarding woman and preserving her purity? Do they think that such a people would have abandoned veiling after it had been in use among them if they had seen any good in it?" Words on Marriage and Divorce
<mask> <mask> believed that the marriage among Muslims was not based on love but on ignorance and sexuality, just like the missionary discourse. In his text, the blame has shifted from men to women. Women were the chief source of the "lewdness" and coarse sensuality and materialism characterizing Muslim marriages. <mask> <mask> accused Egyptian wives' souls for being not superior enough

masks: Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin


texts: to experience true love.Egyptian wives could know only whether their husbands were "tall or short, white and black." Their husbands' intellectual and moral qualities, sensitive feelings, knowledge, whatever other men might praise and respect for, were beyond the wives' grasp. To <mask> <mask>, the duty of women in marriage is mainly about doing housework and taking care of children. Therefore, a primary-school education would be enough for women to do their duties. Although seeing women as inferior to men, <mask> <mask> did support the legislation of divorce. Although according to the tradition, the divorce will become true after repeating the words three times, <mask> <mask> thought such oral agreement was not serious enough. The lack of legal system in the divorce process was what <mask> <mask> thought that contributed to the high divorce rate in Cairo.He therefore proposed that in legal situations Muslims should depend on formal statements primarily as declarations of intent. <mask> <mask> believed the formal statements could force the husband to be aware of his clear desire of separating with his wife. <mask> <mask> criticized the Muslim scholars for being narrowly interested in the word "divorce". Muslim scholars, in the mind of <mask> <mask>, focused their works on the variations of expressions of divorce, such as "I have divorced you" or "you are divorced." <mask> <mask> pointed out these efforts were only useful in the study of grammar and language, not in the development of discipline in jurisprudence. <mask> <mask> thought the benefit of having a legal system on divorce would prevent men from

masks: Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin


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 accidentally divorcing from their wives because of jokes and quarrels,

<mask> was heavily influenced by the works of Darwin, Herbert Spencer and John Stuart Mill, and was friends with Mohammad Abduh and Sa'd Zaghlul. he was an early advocate of women's rights in Egyptian society.His 1899 book The Liberation of Women (Tahrir al mara'a) and its 1900 sequel The New Woman (al mara'a al jadida) examined the question of why Egypt had fallen under European power, despite centuries of Egyptian learning and civilisation, and concluded that the explanation was the low social and educational standing of Egyptian women. <mask> pointed out the plight of aristocratic Egyptian women who could be kept as a "prisoner in her own house and worse off than a slave". He made this criticism from a basis of Islamic scholarship and said that women should develop intellectually in order to be competent to bring up the nation's children. This would happen only if they were freed from the seclusion (purdah) which was forced upon them by "the man's decision to imprison his wife" and given the chance to become educated. Some contemporary feminist scholars, notably Leila Ahmed, have challenged his status as the supposed "father of Egyptian feminism". Ahmed points out that in the gender-segregated society of the time, Amin could have had very little contact with Egyptian women other than immediate family, servants, and possibly prostitutes. His portrait of Egyptian women as backward, ignorant, and lagging behind their European "sisters" was therefore based on very limited evidence.Ahmed also concludes that through his rigorous critique and

masks:
Works Amin
Amin


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 generalizations of women in Egypt along with his zealous praise of European society and colonialism, <mask>, in effect, promoted the substitution of Egyptian androcentrism with Western androcentrism, not feminism. Books by <mask> Amin

1894-Les Egyptiens. Respone a M. le duc D'Hartcourt was written as a response to Duke Hartcourt's staunch criticism of Egyptian life and women. <mask> did not defend the Egyptian women in his rebuttal but did defend Islam's treatment of women. 1899- Tahrir al- mar'a (The Liberation of Women)- Unsatisfied with his rebuttal, <mask> called for the education of women only to primary level. He maintained his belief in patriarchal domination over women yet advocated modifying legislation affecting divorce, polygamy and abolution of the veil . The book was co-written with Muhammad Abduh and Ahmad Lufti al-Sayid.The book used many Quranic verses to support his belief. 1900- al-Mar'a al-jadida (The New woman) in his book, <mask> envisioned 'the new woman' emerging in Egypt whose conduct and actions were modeled from the Western woman. This book was considered more liberal in nature, but used social Darwinist as his argument. In his book he states "A woman may be given in marriage to a man she does not know who forbids her the right to leave him and forces her to this or that and then throws her out as he wishes: this is slavery indeed." Other works

"Huquq al-nisa fi'l-islam"("Women's rights in Islam")
"Kalimat ("Words")
"Ashbab wa nata if wa-akhlaq wa-mawa. Iz ("Causes, effects, morals, and recommendations"). "Al-a'mal al-kamila li-Qasim Amin: Dirasa wa-tahqiq" ("The Full Works of Qasim


texts:
 Amin: Study and Investigation")
 Al-Misriyyun ("Egyptians")'
"The Slavery of Women"
"They young Woman, 1892"
"Paradise"
"Mirror of the Beautiful"
"Liberation of Women"

Intellectual contribution

An advocate for social reform in his native country of Egypt, during the latter part of the 19th century when it was a colony under the British Empire, Amin called for the establishment of nuclear families similar to those in France, where he saw women not placed under the same patriarchy culture that subjugated Egyptian women.Amin believed that Egyptian women were denied their Quranic rights to handle their own business affairs and marry and divorce freely. He refuted polygamy saying it "implied an intense contempt of women," and that marriage should be a mutual agreement. He opposed the Egyptian custom of "veiling" the woman, saying it was the major pronunciation of woman's oppression. The niqab, Amin said, made it impossible to identify women. To him, when they walked with their niqab and long dresses, it made them more noticeable to men and more distrusted. Furthermore, he exclaimed that men in the West treated women with more dignity allowing them to go to school, walk without a veil, and speak their mind. This freedom, he insisted "contributed significantly" to the foundation of knowledge in the nation.He supported the idea that educated women brought forward educated children. When women were enslaved in the home, without a voice and without an education, they tended to spend their time wastefully and bring forth children that would grow to be lazy, ignorant, and mistrustful. Once educated, these women could


texts:
 become better mothers and wives by learning to manage their homes better. <mask> gave an example of the situation. He said "Our present situation resembles that of a very wealthy man who locks up his gold in a chest. This man," he said "unlocks his chest daily for the mere pleasure of see his chest. If he knew better, he could invest his gold and double his wealth in a short time."Therefore, it was important to the Egyptian nation that women's roles should be changed. Although, he maintained his view that Egypt remain a patriarchal society, its women should remove the veil and be given a primary education. This he believed was a stepping stone to a stronger Egyptian nation that which was free of English colonialism. Controversy

Critics of Amin's philosophies are quick to point out that Amin had no association with women other than aristocratic women or prostitutes and they therefore question his stance of condemning all Egyptian women. Furthermore, Leila Ahmed, a novelist and reformer, suggests in her book Women and Gender in Islam that Amin's attempt to discredit the veil as a reason for Egyptian weakness is clearly a Western view. She illustrates how Westerners tend to use the veil as a reason to colonize Islamic nations by correlating the veil with inferiority. In addition, Ahmed points out that Amin's Egyptian woman, would not have control over her own body but instead it would be used to build up the nation.To her, this is hypocrisy because the Egyptian woman would still be the slave of her husband, her family, and her nation. In addition, history professor, Mona Russell further challenges Amin's


texts:
 description of the new woman saying that it was "one of the fruits of modern society." She argues that she is not "new", does not care to be "synonymous" with the Western woman, and is her own being. <mask>, they believe, was influenced by his foreign education and upper middle class position which looked to foreign colonialism as superior rule. It was his way of integrating into foreign colonialism that held power of Egypt. His quote in which he says "We today enjoy a justice and a freedom the like of which I do not think Egypt has ever witnessed at anytime in the past"  is proof of this admiration. They therefore feel that his opinions were based on bias rather than truth.Quotes
 "I do not advocate the equality between men and women in education for this is not necessary"
 "Our laziness has caused us to be hostile to every unfamiliar idea." "The number of children killed by ignorant women every year exceeds the number of people who die in the most brutal wars." "A good mother is more useful to her species than a good man, while a corrupt mother is more harmful than a corrupt man." "It is impossible to be successful men if they do not have mothers capable of raising them to be successful." "There is no doubt that the man's decision to imprison his wife contradicts the freedom which is the woman's natural right." "The woman who is forbidden to educate herself save in the duties of the servant, or is limited in her educational pursuits is indeed a slave, because her natural instincts and God-given talents are subordinated in deference to her condition, which is tantamount to moral enslavement." See also
 Mustafa


texts:
 Sabri
 Islamic feminism
 Women and Islam
 List of women's rights activists
 Hoda Shaarawi
 Nawal el-Saadawi
 Leila Ahmed

References

Further reading
 Ahmed, Leila.(1992). Women and Gender in Islam. Drewes, G. W. J. (1958). "<mask> <mask>, Egyptisch feminist (1865-1908)." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 114.1: 55-71. online
 McLarney, Ellen. (2018)."Reviving <mask> <mask>, Redeeming Women’s Liberation." in Arabic Thought against the Authoritarian Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Present, 262+ online. Mazid, Nergis. (2012). "Western Mimicry or Cultural Hybridity: Deconstructing <mask> <mask>'s 'Colonized Voice'." American Journal of Islam and Society 19.4: 42-67. Moradi, Fateme, and Nasrin Shokrpour.(2020). "Freedom and Education of Women in the Works and Ideas of <mask> <mask> Mesri and Parvin Etesami." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7.5: 176-188 online. 19th-century Egyptian writers
20th-century Egyptian writers
1863 births
1908 deaths
Egyptian feminists
Egyptian jurists
Egyptian magazine founders
Egyptian Muslims
Egyptian people of Turkish descent
Egyptian women's rights activists
Male feminists
Proponents of Islamic

masks: Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin Qasim Amin


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<mask> is an American author, freelance writer, public speaker, and former newspaper and wire journalist. He currently resides in Los Angeles, CA. Education and early career
He was born <mask> in Bristol, Tennessee, on November 23, 1961. He grew up in Bristol, Virginia, and graduated from Bristol's Virginia High School in 1980. He is a 1986 graduate of Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia. Prior to college, he was a factory worker at Burlington Industries in Bristol, TN. For more than twenty years in print journalism he worked as a local, national and foreign correspondent for, among others, The Augusta Chronicle (Georgia), The Charlotte Observer (North Carolina), The Honolulu Advertiser, the Gannett Company's GNS/USA Today bureau in Washington, D.C., and for The Baltimore Sun.Books

His first non-fiction book, The Gospel of Father Joe: Revolutions & Revelations in the Slums of Bangkok (Wiley 2008), is the story of Redemptorist Catholic priest Rev. Joseph H. Maier, a native of Washington in the United States who lives and works in the port-side slums of Bangkok, Thailand. For more than three decades, "Father Joe" and his nonprofit Human Development Foundation and Mercy Centre helped relieve Bangkok's grinding poverty by constructing and managing more than thirty slum preschools, four orphanages and two AIDS hospices, often without church sanction or legal permits. The Nautilus Book Awards honored The Gospel of Father Joe with a silver medal in 2009 in the category of Conscious Media-Journalism-Investigative Reporting. In June 2012 <mask>'s narrative nonfiction book The Gospel of Rutba: War, Peace and the Good Samaritan Story in Iraq was released by Orbis Books, a leading U.S. publisher of religious books

masks:
Greg Barrett
Gregory Lane Barrett
Barrett


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 and the publishing arm of the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers. The book was edited by Orbis publisher Robert Ellsberg, son of Daniel Ellsberg, the whistle-blower responsible for releasing the Pentagon Papers in 1971. In The Gospel of Rutba <mask> tells the story of three U.S. Christian peacemakers who were injured in a bad car accident in Iraq during the U.S.-led bombing of that country in March 2003.He chronicles how the western desert town of Ar Rutba, a Sunni-majority town under heavy attack from the United States, turned the other cheek and cared for the injured Americans: author-activist Shane Claiborne of Philadelphia's The Simple Way; Christian Peacemaker Teams veteran Cliff Kindy; and Mennonite pastor-activist Rev. Weldon Nisly. Three days earlier, on March 26, 2003, Rutba's only hospital had been bombed by U.S. Army Special Forces. After rescuing, treating and protecting the peacemakers, Rutba locals refused the Americans' effort to pay them. Dr. Farouq Al-Dulaimi, the director of the hospital bombed three days earlier, asked for the Americans to do only one thing: "Go and tell the world about Rutba." Seven years later, <mask>, who had reported from the streets of prewar Iraq in January and February 2003 alongside three-time Nobel Peace Prize nominee Kathy Kelly, returned to Iraq with the unarmed peacemakers in an effort to tell the story of Rutba. Archbishop emeritus Rev.Desmond Tutu contributed the book's foreword and The Simple Way's Shane Claiborne, author of The Irresistible Revolution: Living as an Ordinary Radical, wrote its afterword. Foreign reporting
As a roving national and international correspondent based in the Washington, D.C. bureau for GNS/USA Today, he was dispatched to Thailand in 2000 to report

masks: Barrett Barrett


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 on the social and economic conditions that had precipitated U.N. protocols intended to combat sex trafficking. It was there that he discovered the humanitarian work of the Mercy Centre and Rev. Joe Maier. <mask> has also reported from Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Israel and the Palestinian Territories. Kamehameha Schools and Bishop Estate investigation
In 1997, <mask> was the Native Hawaiian Affairs reporter for the morning newspaper in Honolulu, Hawaii, when he began investigating the controversial management of Kamehameha Schools, a private co-educational college-preparatory school founded in 1887 by Bernice Pauahi Bishop, a Hawaiian princess, philanthropist and the great-granddaughter of King Kamehameha I. The Hawaiians-only school, formally known as Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate or KSBE, was managed by the five trustees of Bishop Estate, Hawaii's largest private landowner.<mask>'s reports on the micromanaging of Kamehameha Schools unleashed critics of Bishop Estate, which led to an investigation of the estate by Hawaii's State Attorney General. By 1998, the trustees, each of whom were being paid between $800,000 to $900,000 annually, had voluntarily resigned or been permanently removed by the state. That same year, the faculty organization at Kamehameha Schools entered <mask> for a local-news Pulitzer for reports that helped "to break open the secretive affairs of KSBE (Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate) with unprecedented charges by alumni and faculty of mismanagement of the Kamehameha Schools." <mask>'s investigation of KSBE is credited in various books for helping to bring about change at Kamehameha Schools and Bishop Estate. Freelance subjects
<mask> has freelanced for websites and publications such as The Investigative

masks: Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett Barrett


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 Reporters & Editors Journal, The Christian Science Monitor, Salon.com, Sacramento magazine, Conspire magazine, The Huffington Post and others. Topics of his freelance articles have ranged from first-person participatory journalism with him fighting PAL national middleweight champion Ahmad Hempstead in Sacramento's Arco Arena to his investigations into Congress' decades-old War on Cancer, U.S. policy in the Middle East, and essays about his methods of investigative research and reporting. Children's book

In Hawaii he co-authored a children's book with writer Jane Hopkins, adapted by Lisa Matsumoto and illustrated by Michael Furuya.The book, Wailana the Waterbug (Mutual Publishing, 1999), was inspired by the brief but inspiring life of three-year-old leukemia victim Alana Dung. Proceeds from the book benefit the Alana Dung Research Foundation, a public charity founded by Alana's parents to help support medical research on terminal illnesses and to improve the quality of life for children. In 2000 Wailana the Waterburg won Hawaii's Ka Palapala Po'okela award for excellence in children's books. One year later, in July 2001, Hawaii's Ohi'a Productions transformed the book into the theater company's first large-scale musical titled On Dragonfly Wings. On page and stage the metaphor of a waterbug's miraculous metamorphosis into a dragonfly is used to portray death as a beginning, not the end. References

External links

 Iraq Journal

Living people
1961 births
American male journalists
Virginia Commonwealth University alumni
American spiritual writers
American biographers
American male biographers
American newspaper journalists
People from Bristol, Tennessee
People from Bristol, Virginia
Writers from Tennessee
Writers from


texts:
Betty Gleadle  (11 December 1921 – 24 December 2016), known by the stage name <mask>, was an  English character actress, known for her roles in BBC sitcoms, including as Annie Brandon in I Didn't Know You Cared (1975–1979), the sisters Bette and Belle in 2point4 Children (1991–1999), Letitia Cropley in The Vicar of Dibley (1994–1996) and Norma Jean Speakman ("Nana") in The Royle Family (1998–2000, 2006). She also played Zillah in Lark Rise to Candleford (2008) and won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the 1984 film A Private Function. Early life
<mask> was born Betty Gleadle in 1921 in the Crosby area of Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire. Her mother died when she was two. Her father walked out of her life shortly afterwards, when his new wife did not wish him to have any contact with his previous life. She was brought up by her widowed grandmother and attended Crosby Junior School and the Scunthorpe Modern and Day Commercial Schools in Cole Street. During the Second World War, she served in the Women's Royal Naval Service of the Royal Navy.Career

Early roles
In 1971, aged 49, she had a career breakthrough when she appeared as the downtrodden mother in Mike Leigh's film Bleak Moments:

<mask> starred in It's a Lovely Day Tomorrow, written by Bernard Kops and directed by John Goldschmidt, which depicted the real-life drama of the Bethnal Green Tube Disaster during World War II. A role in Hard Labour followed. After that she appeared in Emmerdale Farm (as Hilda Semple), Last of the Summer Wine, Bootsie and Snudge, Crown Court, I Didn't Know You Cared and The Sweeney. She also appeared as Madame Balls in The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976), but her scenes were deleted and remained unseen until Trail of the Pink Panther in 1982. She was seen in Curse of the Pink

masks:
Liz Smith
Liz Smith
Smith


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 Panther (1983), and later Son of the Pink Panther (1993) in the same role. In the 1970s and 1980s, <mask> appeared in many popular UK television programmes, including The Duchess of Duke Street, Within These Walls, In Loving Memory, The Gentle Touch, Agatha Christie's Partners in Crime, The Life and Loves of a She-Devil, One by One as Gran Turner and The Lenny Henry Show. In 1984, <mask> received a BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as the mother of <mask>'s character in A Private Function.In 1980 <mask> won a role in Sir Henry at Rawlinson End as Lady Philippa of Staines. She later appeared in the thriller, Apartment Zero, which was featured in the 1988 Sundance Film Festival. <mask> played the role of one of two eccentric characters (the other is Dora Bryan) described by The Washington Post as two "... tea-and-crumpet gargoyle-featured spinsters who snoop the corridors." 1990s
<mask> started the 1990s by appearing in 2point4 Children (as "Aunt Belle" and "Bette"), Bottom, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and Lovejoy. In 1994, she played the lead role in the Children's BBC series Pirates and the supporting role of Letitia Cropley for seven episodes in The Vicar of Dibley. This made her a household name, but in the 1996 Easter Special episode the character died. In November 1995, she made a guest appearance in the BBC1 medical drama series Casualty.In 1998, she starred in another sitcom, The Royle Family. This aired until 2000, but came back for a special episode in 2006 when her character, Nana, died. In the meantime, she had appeared in The Queen's Nose, The Bill and Secrets & Lies. In 1999, <mask> was featured in A Christmas Carol as Mrs Dilber. She portrayed that same character in the 1984 version and also appeared as Miss Lory in Alice in Wonderland.

masks:
Smith
Liz Smith
Maggie Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


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 2000s and 2010s
<mask> continued to act until ill-health beset her in 2009, appearing in such TV programmes as Trial & Retribution V and Doctors. In 2005, she played Grandma Georgina in the film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and provided the voice of Mrs. Mulch in Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, as well as small roles in Oliver Twist and Keeping Mum.In 2001, she appeared as herself in Lily Savage's Blankety Blank. In 2006 <mask> published her autobiography Our Betty and around the same time, moved to a retirement home in Hampstead, London. In 2007, she published a series of short stories entitled Jottings: Flights of Fancy and appeared in the Little Man Tate music video "This Must Be Love". On 5 December 2007, <mask> won the Best Television Comedy Actress at the British Comedy Awards for her role in The Royle Family. In 2006 she made a cameo appearance in Kenneth Branagh's film The Magic Flute, a version in English of the Mozart opera. However, her role did not require her to sing. She portrayed Old Papagena who, later on in the film, magically transforms into Young Papagena (played by soprano Silvia Moi) and marries the birdcatcher Papageno (played by baritone Benjamin Jay Davis).In 2008 she starred in the first series of the period drama Lark Rise to Candleford. That same year she was a castaway on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs and was in the film City of Ember, which was released in October 2008. In July 2009 she featured in a one-hour BBC Four documentary called <mask>'s Summer Cruise, where she joined a group of like-minded individuals on a cruise from Croatia to Venice. That same month, having suffered a series of strokes a few months earlier, she announced her retirement from acting at the age of 87. <mask> was made a Member of the Order of the

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
Liz Smith
Smith


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 British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours. In 2010, she took part in the BBC TV programme The Young Ones, in which six celebrities in their 70s and 80s attempted to overcome some of the problems of ageing by harking back to the 1970s. Personal life and death
In 1945 she married Jack Thomas, whom she met while on service in India.They had two children but divorced in 1959. <mask> brought up her son and daughter on her own. She described this as an extremely difficult period in her life, as she struggled against financial difficulties and social disapproval of her status as a divorcee. <mask> died on 24 December 2016 at her home in Worthing, West Sussex, thirteen days after her 95th birthday. Shane Allen, controller of BBC comedy commissioning, said that <mask> had "brilliantly captured the grandparent in everyone's family" as Nana in The Royle Family. Mike Leigh said "She was a complete breath of fresh air... she was not your bog standard middle-aged actress." The final episode of the lockdown edition of The Vicar of Dibley ended with a tribute just before the closing credits reading, "In loving memory of <mask>, John, Emma and Roger", paying tribute to her and also three other late Dibley cast members (John Bluthal, Emma Chambers and Roger Lloyd-Pack).TV and filmography

References

External links

 Obituary: <mask> From BBC News

1921 births
2016 deaths
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Lincolnshire
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Women's Royal Naval Service ratings
Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners
English film actresses
English soap opera actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Scunthorpe
Women in the Royal Navy
British women in

masks:
Smith
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Liz
Liz Smith


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<mask>'Connell (born December 10, 1988) is an American singer/songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and producer from Rochester, New York. She has independently released six solo albums, and two EP's as a duo with Nataly Dawn under the group name My Terrible Friend. Early life

<mask>'Connell was born in Rochester, NY on December 10, 1988. She began playing guitar at the age of twelve and wrote her first song by the age of fifteen. Her early performing experience came from playing open mic nights with her high school friend, Julia Nunes. In 2007, O'Connell went to Saxon Recording in Rochester, New York at the suggestion of a friend and recorded her debut album Sitting in Chairs with engineer Dave Anderson. She recorded the entire album in one day, using single takes of each song.Shortly after releasing Sitting in Chairs, O'Connell began attending Binghamton University. Throughout her first year she continued to write and perform. She began uploading videos of her original songs to YouTube so that she could share them with her friends from Rochester, including Nunes. Nunes made videos as well and garnered an unexpected following, and her videos led audiences to find O'Connell's work. O'Connell's first videos were simple one-takes of original songs with guitar and voice, but they soon progressed to include cover songs with layered harmonies and accompaniment, usually with O'Connell playing all of the instruments herself. Though she generally uses traditional instruments in her songs, O'Connell has sometimes used unconventional means when recording, including wine glasses, a metal tool cabinet, kicks to a garage door, a tennis racket covered in change, and a deck of playing cards. In late 2008, she decided to leave

masks:
Lauren O
Lauren O


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 school and pursue music full-time.Career
Shortly after leaving school, O'Connell began recording her follow-up album The Shakes, which was released in early 2009. During the summer of 2009, O'Connell met Jack Conte and Nataly Dawn of Pomplamoose when they came to New York to produce Nunes' I Think You Know EP. In 2010, O'Connell moved to Sonoma County, CA where she moved into a house with Conte and Dawn. A few months after moving to California, she and Dawn began a collaboration called My Terrible Friend. The duo recorded an EP titled Room for Ghosts in their home studio and released it on July 7, 2010. On July 20, 2010 O'Connell and Dawn were featured on the YouTube homepage for Music Tuesday, both individually and as My Terrible Friend. Though O'Connell's fanbase was initially centered on the local area where she performed, her YouTube presence exposed her music to a much wider audience.In April 2009 she was scheduled to play two shows in London, but was detained by Customs and forced to cancel them. Customs agents allowed her to leave and stay the night with a friend, but sent her back to the US the next day. On November 8, 2009 she played with Pomplamoose at the wedding of Take That member Mark Owen and English actress Emma Ferguson in Cawdor Church, Scotland. Ferguson, a fan of Rufus Wainwright, discovered Nataly Dawn's cover of Wainwright's song "Cigarettes and Chocolate Milk" and invited Dawn to play the song at the wedding. She then discovered Pomplamoose and O'Connell and Dawn's "The Daylight Here" and invited Jack Conte and O'Connell to play as well. In September 2010 O'Connell was chosen as the West Regional Winner of the 2010 Mountain Stage Newsong Contest. On October 22, 2010 she joined eleven


texts:
 other finalists from across America and Canada at Arts World Financial Center's Wintergarden in New York City for the Award Round performance competition and an opportunity to record an EP with Grammy winning producer Jacquire King.On December 14, 2010, O'Connell announced that she was raising money to record a new album and was working with Pledgemusic in order to give fans an opportunity to help fund studio time, with the goal of being in the studio sometime in January 2011. In return for pledging O'Connell decided to include personalized merchandise ranging from autographed CDs and T-shirts, handwritten lyrics, and hand-drawn artwork to house concerts, her personal iPod filled with music, and even grocery shopping or mini-golf with the pledger when she comes to their city for a show. The project was set for a sixty-day pledge period, however, fan pledges exceeded the target amount in the first 24 hours, making it the fastest Pledgemusic project ever to reach its goal. One week later she added more of the incentives that sold out quickly as well as new incentives like the harmonicas she uses for her videos and albums, a Photoshop vacation photo with the pledger, and a volleyball painted with the pledger's face in the style of "Wilson" from the movie Cast Away, joking that her New Year's resolution was to make progressively weirder arts and crafts. The project raised 268% of the original goal by the time it concluded on February 14, 2011. Discography

Sitting in Chairs

O'Connell's debut album was recorded at Saxon Recording in Rochester, New York in early 2007. Sitting in Chairs was recorded in just one day, single-tracked with an acoustic guitar.Track List
Sitting in Chairs
Levers and Gears
Good


texts:
 Intentions
My Equations
I'm All Talk
Chimney Smoke
Just Be
All the Perching Crows
Somewhere in Between
There Will Be

The Shakes

O'Connell's second album was recorded in late 2008 in Rochester, New York at GFI Music. It was released in early 2009. Unlike her previous album, The Shakes features accompaniment, including drums, horns, strings, and piano. Track List
From Chambers, Slow
Chicken Wire
The Pilot
Things I Panic About
I Don't Mind
Bystander
Oncoming Traffic
1988
Sweet Lament
Tangled Up Kites

Room for Ghosts
In the summer of 2010 O'Connell collaborated with her roommate Nataly Dawn of Pomplamoose and the duo released Room for Ghosts as My Terrible Friend in July 2010. The five track EP was recorded in their home studio and includes three original songs, as well as covers of "Diamonds and Gold" by Tom Waits and "Holy Roller Novocaine" by Kings of Leon. Track list
When I Decide
Diamonds and Gold
Holy Roller Novocaine
The Daylight Here
Dying to Live

Quitters

On January 25, 2012, O'Connell announced via her website that she would be releasing a new album on March 2. Quitters was produced by O'Connell and engineered & mixed by Oz Fritz at Prairie Sun Studios in Cotati, California.Track list
Every Space
I Will Burn You Down
I Belong To You
Things Are Alright
If Found/Gravity
What Breaks (and What Doesn't)
Maybe True Stories
The Same Things
In The Next Room
White Noise

Covers
In 2012, O'Connell compiled eleven songs she had released on YouTube into her album Covers, featuring songs originally performed by Bruce Springsteen, Warren Zevon, the Everly Brothers and others, as well as two traditional American songs. Her rendition of "All I Have to Do Is Dream" was featured on The Good Wife and "House of


texts:
 the Rising Sun" was featured in television promos for American Horror Story's third season, Coven. Track list
All I Have to Do Is Dream
Dancing in the Dark
Little Maggie
The Way I Feel Inside
Peacebone
Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner
The One I Love is Gone
Other People (feat. Will Sturgeon)
Don't Think Twice, It's All Right
House of the Rising Sun

Details
On February 9, 2018, O'Connell released her fourth original album Details, an effort fan-funded via Kickstarter. The album was produced by Olivia Lee and O'Connell, and featured Lee as a guitarist as well as drummer <mask> and bassist Josh Fossgreen. It was mixed by Ian Pellicci and Beau Sorenson and mastered by T.W. Walsh.O'Connell published a companion essay for the album in which she shared about her experiences with mental health that informed some of the songs on the album. Track list
Superimposed
Moon Hang Low
In on the Joke
Shimmering Silver
Guilt
Rest Easy
Out of Focus
Under Control
Knowing Her Name
Build Yourself

Covers Two
On August 25, 2020, O'Connell released her second collection of cover songs, entitled Covers Two, featuring covers of songs by Big Star, Gillian Welch, the Magnetic Fields, Iris Dement and others. Track list
Thirteen
Laminated Cat
Ruiniation Day, Pt. II
I Hear Them All
Hungry Heart
Our Town
I Fall to Pieces
Kola
Atlantic City
Heart of Gold
I Don't Want to Get Over You

References

External links

 YouTube
 <mask>'Connell Patreon
<mask>'Connell on Bandcamp

Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
1988 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
Queer musicians
American guitarists
American folk singers
Alternative country musicians
Women guitarists
Women songwriters
American women songwriters
21st-century

masks:
Lauren Grubb
Lauren O
Lauren O


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<mask> (June 27, 1870November 5, 1947) was an American zoologist and an early pioneer of the study of embryology. Born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, <mask> moved to the United States in 1891 to study for a summer at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. <mask> formed a lifelong association with the laboratory, eventually rising to become its director in 1908. His efforts developed the MBL into a full-time institution. <mask> was appointed an Assistant Professor at the University of Chicago in 1900. He was named Chairman of the Department of Zoology in 1910 and Dean of the Division of Biological Sciences in 1931. His research there was instrumental in the development of the field of embryology.He identified the influence of potassium on cell differentiation and elucidated the biological mechanisms behind free-martins. <mask> was instrumental in founding the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and served as its first president. He also served at times as the chairman of the National Academy of Sciences and the United States National Research Council. Biography
<mask> <mask> was born on June 27, 1870, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His father was a wholesale druggist and accountant. After attending a laboratory school as a youth, Lillie enrolled at the University of Toronto. Originally intending to study theology, Lillie came under the tutelage of Robert Ramsay Wright and Archibald Macallum, who influenced Lillie to study endocrinology and embryology.<mask> graduated in 1891 and moved to the United States. He accepted a summer position at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, then became a fellow in zoology at Clark University, where he studied under Charles Otis Whitman. In 1892 he was lured by

masks:
Frank Rattray Lillie
Lillie
Lillie
Lillie
Lillie
Frank Rattray
Lillie
Lillie


texts: Whitman to the newly founded University of Chicago. In 1894 (at the age of 24) he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology summa cum laude. Between 1894-1899 he was instructor of zoology at University of Michigan. He married Frances Williams Crane, whom he met at MBL, June 29, 1895. Crane was the daughter of wealthy Chicago businessman Richard T. Crane.Between 1899–1900 he was Professor of Biology at Vassar College but in 1900 he was called back to Chicago as Assistant Professor of Zoology, where he would spend the next thirty years. In 1906, at the age of 36, he became Professor of Embryology. In 1910 he succeeded Whitman as Chairman of the Department of Zoology and continued in that capacity until 1931. From 1931 to 1935 he was Dean of the Division of the Biological Sciences. While researching at the University of Chicago, <mask> also became active in the administration of the MBL. <mask> became assistant director of the laboratory in 1900. In 1902, <mask> was able to convince representatives from the Rockefeller Foundation, Carnegie Corporation of New York, General Education Board, and brother-in-law Charles Richard Crane to provide the institution with financial support.After Whitman retired in 1908 to chair the zoology department, <mask> took his place as the director of the laboratory. He held this position until 1925, when he was appointed the president of the MBL board of trustees. <mask> oversaw the board until his retirement in 1942. Ernest Everett Just studied under Lillie from 1909 to 1930. He is credited with transforming the institution from a summer retreat to a long-term research institution. At a 1925 meeting of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), <mask> suggested that a committee be formed to begin a national

masks: Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie


texts:
 oceanography organization. The NAS agreed if Lillie could raise funds for its establishment.With a $3 million grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, <mask> was able to establish the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1930. He was named its first president and served in this role until 1939. <mask> was awarded the Alexander Agassiz Medal by the NAS in 1940 for his efforts. The American Society of Zoologists named <mask> the organization's representative to the United States National Research Council (NRC) Division of Biology and Agriculture in 1919. Three years later, he was named the chair of the division. From 1935 to 1939 he was served as President of the NAS. From 1935 to 1936, he was also Chairman of the NRC.<mask> served on the fellowship board of the latter institution for several years after his term expired. <mask> had four daughters and adopted three sons. He died in Chicago on November 5, 1947. A building on the MBL campus is named after <mask>. On May 11, 1976, the National Park Service recognized <mask>'s house in Chicago as a National Historic Landmark. Research
Embryology was still a relatively new field when <mask> began his studies. In 1901, <mask> published his first major work on the subject.After exposing eggs to abnormal concentrations of potassium, <mask> noted that unsegmented eggs underwent cellular differentiation in the absence of mitosis. In 1919, <mask> summarized his findings to that point in Problems of Fertilization, where he concluded that fertilization was a series of timed and irreversible events. <mask> was also a pioneer in the study of sex steroids in sexual differentiation. He published "The Theory of the Free-martin" in Science in 1917, which found that sex steroids in the blood controlled differentiation.

masks: Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie Lillie


texts:
 Free-martins, sterile female cows born without sex organs, were a perplexing issue for cattle ranchers. Lillie found that free-martins formed when twins shared the same placenta. The hormones from the male twin would then be shared with the female, stunting the growth of her reproductive system.Eugenics
<mask> was involved in the American eugenics movement at multiple levels: he was member of Chicago’s Eugenics Education Society, he was a committee member of the Second International Eugenics Congress, and he served on the advisory council for the Eugenics Committee of the United States. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/frank-rattray-lillie-1870-1947

<mask>'s status as a first-rate scientist likely helped to legitimize eugenics. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10999949.2016.1230821

References

Further reading
 "Addresses at the Lillie Memorial Meeting, Woods Hole, August 11, 1948" Biological Bulletin,  Vol 95, No2, 151–162, October 1948;
 "Moon Out of the Well; Reminscences," by Mary Prentice <mask> Barrows (daughter of F.R<mask>), unpublished 1970;
 "The Development of the Chick. An Introduction to Embryology. <mask>, <mask>. New York,  Henry Holt, 1908. Gilbert, S. F. 2003.Edmund Beecher Wilson and <mask><mask> and the relationship between evolution and development, Developmental Biology, Seventh edition, Sinauer

External links
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

 Guide to the Frank R. Lillie Papers 1899–1941 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1870 births
1947 deaths
American zoologists
University of Chicago faculty
Clark University fellows
University of Michigan faculty
Vassar College faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Old Toronto
Scientists from

masks:
Lillie
Lillie
Lillie
. Lillie
Lillie
Frank R
Frank R
. Lillie


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<mask> (January 1, 1916 – May 18, 1994) was a Filipino politician, journalist, businessman, and rural development advocate. He was a key government official during the administration of president Ramon Magsaysay, best known for his stint as the head of the Presidential Complaints and Action Commission. Together with Raul Manglapus, he co-founded the Progressive Party of the Philippines and served as its presidential candidate in 1957. He also served as Senator of the Philippines from 1961 until 1967. Early life and career
<mask> was the third of six children of <mask> and Cleotilde Perez. He finished high school in 1933 at the Ateneo de Manila, and acquired his bachelor of arts degree in 1937 at the same institution. After finishing his studies, <mask> began a business career, most notably in soft drinks manufacturing.In 1933, he established the Philippine Standard Products Company. In 1937, he became a business apprentice at H.E. Heacock and Company, a major department store on Escolta Street in Manila. During World War II, he was imprisoned in Fort Santiago by Japanese forces after he was suspected of being in contact with the Philippine Army. He shared a crowded cell along with other prominent Filipinos such as Eulogio Rodriguez, Colonel Jose Olivares, and Bienvenido de la Paz. He was eventually released four months later. After his release, he went on to work for the Liberator, an underground newspaper.For this he was awarded the honor of Officer of the Philippine Legion of Honor in 1950. Journalistic career
After World War II, <mask> assisted in the editing and publication of the Free Philippines, a political paper. Later, he published three Manila newspapers, namely: the Liberty News (English daily), Bagong Buhay (Tagalog daily), and La Voz de Manila (Spanish publication). In 1945, he also served as the representative of the Philippine press at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco. In 1953, he was elected as the president of the Philippine News Service. Early

masks:
Manuel Perez Manahan
Manahan
Juan Manahan
Manahan
Manahan


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 government service
In 1954, he was appointed by President Ramon Magsaysay as the head of the Presidential Complaints and Action Commission (PCAC), a newly formed commission responsible for receiving complaints against government officials and employees, among other problems. He also headed an anonymous organization responsible for screening prospective appointees of the Magsaysay administration for their moral fitness.Due to his success in managing the PCAC, he was later appointed as commissioner of customs. In his new position, he successfully implemented significant reforms in the graft-prone agency. For this, the Philippine Free Press dubbed as the "Man of the Year" in 1955. He also played a key role in four months of negotiations and the surrender of Luis Taruc, the leader of the communist group Hukbalahap, on 17 May 1954. 1957 presidential campaign
When Magsaysay died due to a plane crash in 1957, Vice President Carlos P. Garcia soon assumed office as President. With the presidential election scheduled to be held in the same year, Magsaysay's death also triggered a chaotic political situation in the country, most notably with the ruling Nacionalista Party. <mask>, among other Nacionalistas closely associated with Magsaysay, were disappointed by the "cold treatment" given to them by allies of President Garcia and decided to leave the party.Soon, <mask> co-founded the Progressive Party of the Philippines together with Raul Manglapus. The new party aimed to be an alternative to the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party. <mask> served as its candidate for the presidential election, with Vicente Araneta as his running mate. Despite having less money compared to the candidates of the two major parties, he was able to rally significant support among the masses with his popular appeal and his resemblance, both physically and ideologically, to the late President Magsaysay. On September 7, 1957, <mask> survived an assassination attempt while campaigning in Opon, Cebu. Andronico Baguio, the would-be assassin,

masks: Manahan Manahan Manahan Manahan


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 attempted to kill <mask> with a 7-inch knife. However, he was quickly apprehended by <mask>'s bodyguards.<mask> eventually asked the police to release Baguio as soon as they confiscated his knife. <mask> lost to Garcia in the presidential election, managing to rank in 3rd place with 20.90 percent of the vote. Araneta, his running mate, lost to Diosdado Macapagal of the Liberal Party. Senatorial career
In the 1959 general election, the Progressive Party collaborated with defectors from the Nacionalista and Liberal parties to form the Grand Alliance. <mask> became one of the candidates of the Alliance for the senatorial election. However, <mask> was not able to win a seat in the Senate. In the 1961 general election, the Grand Alliance joined forces with the Liberal Party to oppose President Garcia's bid for reelection and endorse Vice-President Macapagal's presidential candidacy.Under the coalition, <mask> made a second attempt for a seat in the Senate and succeeded. As senator, he headed the Senate Committee on Banks, Corporations and Franchises, as well as the Senate committees for scientific management, national defense and security, cultural minorities, and provincial and municipal governments and cities. He also served as a member of the Commission on Appointments. <mask> also worked on the decentralization bill together with longtime ally Manglapus, who was also elected as Senator in the same year. 1965 vice-presidential campaign
After President Diosdado Macapagal failed to meet the expectations of the Grand Alliance, several members, including <mask>, separated from the Liberal Party. In the 1965 general election, the Party for Philippine Progress was formed, with <mask> serving as the running mate for the party's presidential candidate Manglapus. However, both were not successful in the election, with <mask> managing to acquire only 3 percent of the vote.Post-political career and death
After leaving the Senate in 1967, <mask> served as chairman of the Cooperative Foundation of the Philippines and of the

masks: Manahan Manahan Manahan Manahan Manahan Manahan Manahan Manahan Manahan Manahan Manahan Manahan


texts:
 Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement. He also served briefly as president of Tabacalera. Prior to the declaration of martial law in 1972, <mask> served as the executive vice-president of the Manila Times Publishing Corporation. Prior to his death, he served as chairman of the board of the College Assurance Plan and the CAP Pension Corporation. <mask> was awarded with the Dona Aurora – Aragon Award for Peace and the "Lux in Domini" award of the Ateneo de Manila. He was also named "Ama ng Kooperatiba" (Father of the Cooperatives) by President Corazon Aquino. <mask> died due to heart failure on May 18, 1994 in Caba, La Union.He was survived by his wife Constancia la Guardia, with whom he has ten children. Family and legacy
After <mask>'s death, a group of family members and friends established the Manuel P. Manahan Foundation in his honor in 2002. The foundation aims to provide integrated programs to enhance the living conditions of members of the marginalized society. His daughter Maria Socorro "Muffet" <mask>, the Executive Director of the Manuel P. Manahan Foundation, was a candidate for the Philippine Senate representing the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas in the 2019 elections. His brother, Constantino P. Manhan, was a medical doctor specializing in obstetrics and was a founder of the Makati Medical Center, and his sister-in-law Elvira Ledesma <mask> (Constantino's wife) was an actress and television talk show host. His grandnephews, <mask> is a television personality, <mask>, is a politician in Hawaii and <mask>, is a public servant in the Department of the Interior and Local Government. References

External links
 Manuel P. Manahan Foundation, Inc.

1916 births
1994 deaths
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Candidates in the 1957 Philippine presidential election
Senators of the 6th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 5th Congress of the Philippines
Nacionalista Party politicians
Progressive Party (Philippines) politicians
Candidates in the 1965 Philippine vice-presidential election
Filipino

masks:
Manahan
Manahan
Manahan
Manahan
Manahan
Manahan
Johnny Manahan
Joey Manahan
Philip Manahan


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<mask>,  (born March 14, 1944) is a Canadian conductor and motivational speaker. He is one of the most internationally recognized Canadian conductors, having conducted on stages around the world, including Carnegie Hall and Covent Garden. He is known for his innovative methods of introducing classical music to new audiences. Over his career, he has commissioned, performed and recorded a wide variety of Canadian works. <mask> is the founder and artistic director of the National Academy Orchestra of Canada and the Brott Music Festival, both based in Hamilton, Ontario. He is the founding music director and Conductor Laureate of the New West Symphony in Los Angeles, and artistic director and Conductor of the Orchestre classique de Montréal (formerly the McGill Chamber Orchestra). He is a former Principal Youth and Family conductor with the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa, where he continues to conduct family and education concerts.Early life and emerging career

<mask> <mask> was born Montreal in 1944 to violinist and composer <mask> and cellist Lotte <mask>. He is the brother of cellist <mask>. He studied violin with his father, and performed at the age of five with the Montreal Symphony Orchestra at a young peoples' matinee. He took courses at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal and the McGill Conservatory, and in 1956 studied conducting at the summer school of Pierre Monteux, who engaged him as assistant for concerts in Europe. He next studied with Igor Markevitch and won first prize at the 1958 Pan-American conducting competition. In 1959, at the age of 15, he founded the Philharmonic Youth Orchestra of Montreal and led it in his conducting debut in that city. In June 1962, Brott won third prize at the Liverpool Competition.He served 1963-5 as Walter Susskind's assistant conductor with

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Boris Brott
Brott
Boris Jeremiah
Brott
Alexander Brott
Brott
Denis Brott


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 the Toronto Symphony Orchestra and then embarked on a career in England as conductor of the Northern Sinfonia at Newcastle upon Tyne (1964-8). He made several tours with this chamber orchestra, among which was one in Canada, which included concerts at Expo 67. From 1964 to 1967, Brott was principal conductor for the touring company of the Royal Ballet Covent Garden. During the 1965–6 season at Covent Garden he conducted the Royal Ballet's first production at that theatre of Stravinsky's The Soldier's Tale (1966) and toured the production in Britain. He won first prize and a gold medal at the sixth Dimitri Mitropoulos International Music Competition in 1968 and served 1968-9 as assistant conductor to Leonard Bernstein, with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Brott was named one of Canada's Outstanding Young Men in 1969 and 1973 by the Junior Chamber of Commerce. In 1972 Brott was appointed conductor of the BBC Welsh Orchestra.Later career

Development of Canadian Orchestras

Brott directed the Lakehead Symphony Orchestra (Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra) between 1967 and 1972 and the Regina Symphony Orchestra from 1971 to 1973. From 1969 to 1990 Brott was artistic director and conductor of the Hamilton Philharmonic Orchestra, which grew from an amateur ensemble to a professional one with a 42-week season and 16,000 subscribers. The orchestra also gave birth to the quintet Canadian Brass. Brott and the HPO were in the news when they performed in the middle of a steel factory blast furnace in  Hamilton's industrial core at Dofasco Inc.- now Arcelor Mittal. A charismatic maestro, Brott included visual elements, ballet dancers, Shakespearean actors, film, rock groups, even astronauts to the stages of classical music concerts. In 1975, Brott assumed directorship of the CBC Winnipeg Orchestra. In 1977 he had made


texts:
 his opera debut, conducting Donizetti's Daughter of the Regiment for the COC.Brott later directed Opera Hamilton and guest-conducted with the Canadian Opera Company and Sadler's Wells Opera. Brott served as the Principal Youth and Family conductor with the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa. From 1982 to 1985 he was artistic director of Symphony Nova Scotia. He led the Ontario Place Pops Orchestra 1983–1991. Founding of Brott Music Festival and National Academy Orchestra of Canada

In 1988, he founded the Brott Music Festival, which has since become Canada's largest orchestral music festival. It is a major cultural event in Hamilton and surrounding areas for the months of July and August. From that, he created the National Academy Orchestra of Canada, recognized in 1999 as a National School by the Department of Canadian Heritage.The NAO pairs music graduates pursuing a career with professional musicians from North American orchestras in a mentor-apprentice relationship. It is Canada's only professional training orchestra and has graduated about 1,000 musicians. Law school, and lecturing, broadcasting and recording
Brott studied law at the University of Western Ontario 1992–5, and in 1995 began giving motivational seminars to Fortune 500 companies using symphonic music as a metaphor. Brott has produced, conducted, or hosted a large number of television and radio programs for the CBC, and the BBC and ITV in the UK, and recorded with various orchestras for CBC, Mercury, Pro-Arte and Sony Classical. Brott became the first music director of the New West Symphony, California, in 1995, and was later named Conductor Laureate. 2000-present
Brott embarked on a  guest conducting schedule at Italy's opera halls, including the Teatro Petruzzelli, the Arena di Verona and the Teatro Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste. In 2000,


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 he conducted the first performance of Bernstein's Mass in Vatican City for an audience which included the late Pope John Paul II.In 2002, he took over leadership of the McGill Chamber Orchestra. In 2011 Brott was named Principal Guest Conductor of the historic Petruzzelli Theatre in Bari, Italy. As of 2021, Brott continues to direct the National Academy Orchestra of Canada and the Brott Music Festival in Hamilton, to conduct the Orchestre classique de Montréal, and to conduct performances for children with the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa. Honours

In 1986, Brott was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2006, he was made a member of the Order of Ontario. In May, 2006 he was voted one of the top five Greatest Hamiltonians of all time by Hamilton Spectator readers. In 2007, he was given the Lifetime Achievement Award by Tourism Hamilton and was also awarded Canada's National Child Day award in Ottawa for introducing classical music to over a million schoolchildren over his career to date.Also in 2007, he received the City of Hamilton Lifetime Achievement Arts Award. <mask> is married to author and attorney Ardyth <mask> and has three children. He makes his permanent home in Hamilton, Ontario. References

External links
 Official site
 Brott Music.com
 National Academy Orchestra
 McGill Chamber Orchestra now Orchestre Classique de Montréal
 New West Symphony- Los Angeles

1944 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
Male conductors (music)
Canadian motivational speakers
Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal alumni
Members of the Order of Ontario
Officers of the Order of Canada
Musicians from Hamilton, Ontario
Musicians from Montreal
University of Western Ontario alumni
21st-century Canadian conductors (music)
McGill University School of Music alumni
21st-century Canadian male

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Family Brott
Webster Brott


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<mask> (January 4, 1833 – May 2, 1864) was a Confederate States Army colonel during the American Civil War (Civil War). <mask> was mortally wounded while commanding a brigade at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, Arkansas on April 30, 1864, dying two days later. Confederate President Jefferson Davis did not act upon a request made by General E. Kirby Smith on November 8, 1863 to promote Randal to brigadier general. After <mask>'s performance at the Battle of Mansfield, General Smith, as the Confederate commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, assigned <mask> to duty as a brigadier general on April 13, 1864. <mask> was not officially promoted. Jefferson Davis subsequently revoked Smith's appointment of <mask> as a brigadier general. Randal graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1854 and was serving as a Second Lieutenant and Brevet First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army when the Deep South States seceded from the Union.<mask> resigned from the U.S. Army on February 27, 1861, and was promptly appointed colonel of the 28th Texas Cavalry Regiment. Early life
<mask> was born in McNairy County, Tennessee on January 4, 1833. His parents, Dr. <mask> and Sarah Kyle <mask>, moved the family to Texas in 1838. Dr. <mask> was an army surgeon, who later was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas. After five years in attendance, <mask> graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1854, ranking forty-fifth out of forty-six in the class. Originally assigned to the infantry, Randal transferred to the 1st U.S. Dragoons in 1855. He fought Indians in the southwest.In 1857, United States Secretary of War Jefferson

masks:
Horace Randal
Randal
Randal
Randal
Randal
Randal
Randal
Horace Randal
Leonard Randal
Randal
Leonard Randal
Horace Randal


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 Davis recommended that Randal receive the rank of brevet first lieutenant for gallant and meritorious conduct in the conflict with the Apaches. Randal married first Julia Bassett, then Nannie E. Taylor. <mask> was in Washington, D.C. during the week before Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as President of the United States. The U.S. Army's General-in-Chief. Brevet Lieutenant General Winfield Scott, offered Randal a Regular Army commission as major. Randal decided to go with his home state of Texas into the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). He resigned from the U.S. Army on February 27, 1861.American Civil War service
<mask> was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Army of the Confederate States, the regular army of the Confederacy, on March 26, 1861, to rank from March 16, 1861. By April 25, 1861, when <mask> was ordered to report to General Braxton Bragg at Pensacola, Florida to serve as quartermaster on Bragg's staff. <mask>, however, complained to President Davis that others who were junior to him in the U.S. Army had been given higher grades or ranks and resigned. <mask> intended to return to Texas to raise a regiment for the Confederate Army. At the request of his brother-in-law, Major General Gustavus Woodson Smith, he remained in northern Virginia as a volunteer aide on Smith's staff. Although Jefferson Davis was reluctant to reappoint an officer who had recently resigned, he was persuaded by Smith to appoint <mask> as a lieutenant and aide to Smith. He became a favorite officer of General Joseph E. Johnston while acting as inspector general of G. W. Smith's corps during the winter of 1861–1862.<mask> was

masks: Randal Randal Randal Randal Randal Randal Randal


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 authorized to raise a regiment of cavalry in Texas on December 19, 1861. <mask> was known by his contemporaries, such as his West Point roommate John Bell Hood, as an excellent horseman. On February 12, 1862, he returned to Texas to take command of the new 28th Texas Cavalry Regiment, which most often fought dismounted. By December 1862, <mask> commanded a brigade under Brigadier General Henry McCulloch. <mask>'s brigade was held in reserve at the Battle of Milliken's Bend during the Siege of Vicksburg. General E. Kirby Smith recommended that <mask> be promoted to brigadier general on November 8, 1863. No action was taken on the request.Historian Bruce S. Allardice says this was because the brigade was well below brigade strength at the time. At the Battle of Mansfield, April 8, 1864, during the Red River Campaign, <mask>'s brigade broke the Union line and took about 500 prisoners and the Union Army wagon train while leading the pursuit of the fleeing Federal force. On April 13, 1864, General E. Kirby Smith appointed <mask> to duty as a brigadier general. <mask> and his brigade also performed with distinction at the Battle of Pleasant Hill on April 9, 1864. <mask> was mortally wounded while leading a charge at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, the culmination of the Union Camden Expedition under Major General Frederick Steele, which was part of Major General Nathaniel P. Banks's larger Red River Campaign, on April 30, 1864. He died on May 2, 1864 and initially was buried near the battlefield. Aftermath and legacy
At a later date, <mask>'s remains were removed to Old Marshall Cemetery in Marshall, Texas.Despite the misspelling,

masks:
Randal
Randal
Randal
Randal
Randal
Randal
Randal
Randal
Horace Randal


texts:
 Randall County, Texas is named for <mask>. See also

List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate)

Notes

References
 Allardice, Bruce S. Confederate Colonels: A Biographical Register. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008. .
 Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. .
 Blessington, Joseph P. Campaigns of Walker's Texas Division. New York: Blessington, 1875. .
 Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. The Civil War Dictionary. New York: McKay, 1988. . First published 1959 by McKay.Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Evans, Clement A., ed. Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History. Volume 11 of 12. Roberts, O. M. Texas. Atlanta: Confederate Publishing Company, 1899. . Retrieved January 20, 2011. Harvey, Bill.Texas cemeteries : the resting places of famous, infamous, and just plain interesting Texans. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003. .
 Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 United States War Department. The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. Series I, Volume XXIV, Part II, 1889. 1833 births
1864 deaths
People of Texas in the American Civil War
Confederate States military personnel killed in the American Civil War
Confederate States Army generals
United States Army officers
United States Military Academy


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<mask> (; born 1956) is a Canadian philosopher and social theorist. <mask>'s research spans the fields of art, architecture, cultural studies, political theory and philosophy. His work explores the intersection between power, perception, and creativity to develop an approach to thought and social action bridging the aesthetic and political domains. He is a retired professor in the Communications Department of the Université de Montréal. Overview
<mask> was instrumental in introducing the work of French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari to the English-speaking world through his translation of their key collaborative work A Thousand Plateaus (1987) and his book A User's Guide to Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Deviations from Deleuze and Guattari (1992). His 1995 essay "The Autonomy of Affect", later integrated into his most well-known work, Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation (2002), is credited with playing a central role in the development of the interdisicplinary field of affect studies. <mask> received his B.A.in Comparative Literature at Brown University (1979) and his Ph.D in French Literature from Yale University  (1987). After a Mellon postdoctoral fellowship in the Stanford University Department of French and Italian (1987-1988), he settled in Montréal, Canada, where he taught first at McGill University (Comparative Literature Program) and later at the Université de Montréal (Communication Department), retiring in 2018. <mask> has lectured widely around the world, and his writings have been translated into more than fifteen languages. Since 2004, he has collaborated with the

masks:
Brian Massumi
Massumi
Massumi
Massumi
Massumi


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 SenseLab, founded by Erin Manning as an experimental "laboratory for thought in motion" operating at the intersection of philosophy, art, and activism. Philosophy

<mask> situates his work in the tradition of process philosophy, which he defines broadly to encompass a range of thinkers whose work privileges concepts of event and emergence. For <mask>, this includes not only Alfred North Whitehead, the philosopher most closely identified with the term, but also Charles Sanders Peirce, Henri Bergson, Gilbert Simondon, Gilles Deleuze, and Félix Guattari, on all of whose work he draws extensively. He articulates process philosophy with William James's radical empiricism, which asserts the primacy of relation.This is the doctrine that relations are real, are directly experienced, and create their own terms. <mask> has also characterized his work as "activist philosophy" (a philosophy for which the ultimate concept is activity rather than substance); "speculative pragmatism" (a philosophy for which present practice bears as much on future potential as on existing functions and known utilities); "ontogenetics" as opposed to ontology (a philosophy for which becoming is primary in relation to being); and "incorporeal materialism" (a philosophy attributing abstract dimensions of reality to the body and matter itself). Theory of power

<mask>'s earliest work on the theory of power is two-pronged. On the one hand, it examines processes of power centralization tending toward the absolutist state, which he broadly defines as fascist. On the other hand, influenced by the work of Michel Foucault, it examines processes by which

masks: Massumi Massumi Massumi Massumi


texts: power effects are distributed throughout the social field, in particular through the mass production of what he termed "low-level everyday fear." After the 9-11 attacks on the World Trade Towers, his theories of distributed power focused on the doctrine of preemption promulgated by the George W. Bush administration to serve as the framework for the "war on terror." <mask> argues that preemption is more than a military doctrine, but has engrained itself as an invasive mode of power operating in many forms throughout society.He sees this mode of power as paradoxically productive. He gives it the label "ontopower" (the power to bring to be). Ontopower, according to Massumi, is related to but distinct from disciplinary power and biopower as analyzed by Foucault. It is allied Foucault's concept of "environmentality." Massumi analyzes ontopower as entwined with neoliberal capitalism. He argues that this entwinement makes the capitalist economy a direct power formation in its own right. The idea that capitalist ontopower is a direct power formation that modulates the social field of emergence to capture becoming raises fundamental questions about what form political resistance and anticapitalist struggle can take.<mask> argues that there is no position "outside" capitalist power from which to critique or resist. The potential for political action nonetheless remains, but requires strategies of  "immanent critique" that counter-modulate the social field of emergence. These forms of resistance occur at the "micropolitical" level. The word micropolitics does not refer to the scale at which action takes place, but rather to

masks: Massumi Massumi


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 its mode. Philosophy of experience

<mask>'s approach to perception and the philosophy of experience is closely tied to his political philosophy through the theory of affect. <mask> famously distinguishes emotion from affect. Following Spinoza, he defines affect as "the capacity to affect and be affected."This locates affect in encounters in the world, rather than the interiority of a psychological subject. Emotion, he argues, is the interiorization of affect toward psychological expression. He locates affect as such in a nonconscious "zone of indistinction" or "zone of indeterminacy" between thought and action. This zone of indeterminacy is the "field of emergence" of determinate experience, but itself resists capture in functional systems or structures of meaning. Affect's resistance to capture leaves a "remainder" of unactualized capacity that continues in the world as a "reserve" of potential available for a next determination, or "taking-form" of experience in definitive action, perception and emotion. <mask> refers to this remaindering of potential across an ongoing process of serial formation as the "autonomy" of affect

Affect is implicated in all modes of experience, including language experience, as an accompanying dimension of becoming. Conversely, all modes of experience are held together in the affective field of emergence in a state of "incipiency."The difference between modes of experience is not erased in this zone of indistinction, but is present "germinally" as a minimal differential. The modes of experience untangle from each other to come to expression divergently, actualizing different

masks: Massumi Massumi Massumi


texts: tendencies. The process of the taking-form of experience is "pulsed." Each definitive taking-form reemerges from the field of emergence after a lapse that <mask> identifies with the "missing half-second" in conscious experience experimentally verified by neuropsychologist Benjamin Libet. Quoting Whitehead, he maintains that "consciousness flickers" Between pulses, experience returns to immanence in the zone of indistinction of the field of emergence, where it is "primed" (energized and oriented) for a next taking-form. This occurs at the nonconscious level of "intensity" of experience. In his later work, <mask> develops the concept of "bare activity" to aid in the analysis of the affective field of emergence in which modes of activity that divergently express, for example as "mental" versus "physical,""action" versus "perception," or "rational" versus "emotional," are in what he calls a state of "mutual inclusion."(for which "co-motion," "superposition," and "reciprocal presupposition" are synonyms in <mask>'s vocabulary). Mutual inclusion is the logic of immanence, which does not obey the law of the excluded middle. The concept of mutual inclusion in bare activity has consequences for the theory of perception. It focuses the theory of perception on the interfusion of the senses (cross-modal relay or synesthesia) and "amodal perception" (experience that is not in any particular sense mode and is in that sense "abstract"). <mask> ties amodal perception to the "proprioceptive" experience of movement perception, and argues that the experience of movement is primary in relation to objects. <mask>'s emphasis on amodal

masks: Massumi Massumi Massumi Massumi Massumi


texts: perception gives modes of abstraction ("nonsensuous perception") a direct role in the emergence of experience. This troubles the distinction between the concrete and the abstract.<mask> analyzes the constitutive role of abstract dimensions of reality in terms of the "reality of the virtual," expanding on Bergson's theory of the virtual as reinterpreted by Deleuze. He argues that the virtual, paradoxically, is itself actualized, in the form of a supplement of experience that he calls a "semblance." A semblance in <mask>'s vocabulary is the direct experience of the abstract "dynamic form" of an event. It carries a sense of vitality ("vitality affect") uniquely associated with the event. This supplementation of sensuous experience constitutes a "surplus-value of life." <mask>'s theories reject representational accounts of thought and perception, as well as any mind/body dualism. The latter is replaced by the integral event of "bodying," coinciding with the "movement of thought."His emphasis on the nonconsciousness of the field of experience challenges the model of cognition in favor of a theory of "direct perception." Direct perception, in his account, is performative and emergent. It expresses and transmits affective powers that exceed cognitive apprehension. Direct perception, or "pure" experience, is nevertheless addressable in a mode of awareness <mask> calls "thinking-feeling" (an embodied "affective attunement" to relation and potential that he glosses in terms of Peirce's logical category of abduction). <mask> argues that affect and direct perception are not confined within a human subject, but are


texts:
 "transindividual" and spread across the "nature–culture continuum." This qualifies his thought as a variety of panexperientialism, and distances it from phenomenology. In this connection, he has characterized his thought as an "extreme realism," by which he means a philosophy asserting the ultimate reality of qualities of experience, conceived as irreducible to either subjective qualia or objective properties, and as defying quantification.Creativity

<mask> works from Whitehead's notion of "creative advance," according to which the world is in a perpetual state of emergence characterized by the continual variation of form. The speculative and pragmatic aspects of his thought come together around the notion that specific practices can be developed to further this creative movement. In collaboration with Erin Manning, Massumi has developed a process-philosophical take on research-creation. Research-creation is a category in Canadian academia akin to what is called "art-based research" in Europe. Manning and Massumi extend the concept beyond the university and the specific domain of art. They advocate for an "ecology of practices" that explores how philosophical concepts formed in language can be "transduced" into other modes of experience in a way that furthers creative practice, and reciprocally, how the understanding that already imbues non-language based modes of experience can be brought to explicit expression in ways that further conceptual research. Through this two-way exchange, they see the potential to foster the emergence of new, nonstandard modes of knowledge that exceed disciplinary understanding and


texts:
 normative frames of perception.This affirmation of "minor" modes of thought and experience allies Manning and Massumi's vision of research-creation to the neurodiversity movement. As Manning and Massumi understand it, the practice of research-creation is necessarily collective and relational, and thus carries a "proto-political" force of immanent critique. Manning's SenseLab is conceived as a laboratory for the collaborative exploration of research-creation in its philosophical, aesthetic and political dimensions. Early life

Massumi is the son of <mask> (Nain, Iran) from a first marriage to Elsie Szabo (Lorain, Ohio). Massumi's early childhood was spent between Lorain, Ohio and McLean, Virginia. His teenage years were spent in Scottsdale, Arizona, where he dedicated himself to ecological activism as part of the environmental movement of the early 1970s. His work with local and national environmental organizations on issues of wilderness preservation and land use, clean energy, and water conservation culminated in an internship in Washington, D.C. with The Wilderness Society, where he specialized on the issue of shale oil development.Disillusioned with lobbying and traditional politics, Massumi later moved toward direct action in the context of the anti-nuclear movement of the late 1970s and early 1980s. During this period, he worked within a network of anarchist affinity groups called the Coalition for Direct Action at Seabrook (CDAS), an off-shoot of the Clamshell Alliance, on the organization of two occupation attempts of the Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant construction site. His particular area of focus was a


texts:
 planned prefigurative community, the Seabrook Freestate, that was established on squatted public land near the construction site in advance of the second occupation attempt to serve as a model for the anticipated occupation. Although these efforts failed, <mask> has remarked on the lasting influence that their model of direct action and direct democracy has had on his thinking. Criticism

Most critical responses to <mask>'s work focus on the 1995 essay "The Autonomy of Affect" and categorize him as an "affect theorist." The distinction he makes between affect and emotion, and his assertion that affect is "autonomous" in the sense that it extends beyond linguistic signification and resists cultural coding, are particular subjects of contention. In an influential essay, Ruth Leys asserts that <mask> establishes a "false dichotomy" between mind and matter, and thinking and feeling, and disqualifies the first term of each couple.This separates the body from subjectivity, and plays into scientistic frameworks assimilating the body to inert matter. Leys argues that this undermines intentionality and rationality, which in turn makes it impossible to account for ideology or to programmatically resist it. Leys further argues that Massumi's account of the "missing half-second" negates free will. Margaret Wetherell argues that Massumi draws too gross a demarcation between bodily experience and social action and establishes a starkly polarized distinction between controlled and autonomic processes. In Wetherell's opinion, Massumi detours the study of affect and emotion toward particular philosophical preoccupations in ways that


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 are "radically unhelpful" and undermine a more judicious and "pragmatic" approach grounded in the social psychology literature. Eugenie Brinkema, writing from a film theory perspective, similarly criticizes what she sees as Massumi's overreliance on the line of philosophical thinking about affect descending from Spinoza through Deleuze. She sees Massumi imposing a "split" between affect and emotion that cuts affect off from signification, leaving it merely "formless" and "outside structure."Works as author

 A User's Guide to Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Deviations from Deleuze and Guattari (MIT Press, 1992) ()
 First and Last Emperors: The Absolute State and the Body of the Despot (with Kenneth Dean ; Autonomedia, 1993) ()
 Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation (Duke University Press, 2002) ()
 Semblance and Event: Activist Philosophy and the Occurrent Arts (MIT Press, 2011) ()
 Thought in the Act: Passages in the Ecology of Experience (with Erin Manning; University of Minnesota Press, 2014) ()
 What Animals Teach Us about Politics (Duke University Press, 2014) ()
 The Power at the End of the Economy (Duke University Press, 2015) ()
 Politics of Affect (Polity Press, 2015) ()
 Ontopower: War, Powers, and the State of Perception (Duke University Press, 2015) ()
 The Principle of Unrest: Activist Philosophy in the Expanded Field (Open Humanities Press, 2017) ()
 99 Theses on the Revaluation of Value: A Postcapitalist Manifesto (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2018) ()Online project. Architectures of the Unforeseen: Essays in the Occurrent Arts (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,


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 2019) ()
 Couplets: Travels in Speculative Pragmatism (Duke University Press, 2021) ()
 Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Augmented twentieth anniversary edition. (Duke University Press, 2021) ()

Work as editor

Theory Out of Bounds University of Minnesota Press book series, 1993-2007. Co-edited with Michael Hardt and Sandra Buckley. The Politics of Everyday Fear (University of Minnesota Press, 1993) ()
 A Shock to Thought: Expression After Deleuze and Guattari (Routledge, 2002) ()
Technologies of Lived Abstraction MIT Press book series, 2009-2017. Co-edited with Erin Manning.Thought in the Act Duke University Press book series, begun 2017. Co-edited with Erin Manning. Immediations Open Humanities Press book series, 2015-2018. Edited by SenseLab. Immediations  (continuation) Punctum Books book series, begun 2018. Edited by SenseLab. Animals, Animality and Literature , Cambridge Critical Concepts, ed.Bruce Boehrer, Molly Hand, and <mask> (Cambridge University Press, 2018) ()

Works as translator

 The Postmodern Condition, Jean-François Lyotard, tr. <mask> and Geoff Bennington (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984). ()
 Noise: The Political Economy of Music, Jacques Attali (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985). ) Nomadology: The War Machine, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari (New York: Semiotext(e), 1986). ()
 Heterologies: Discourse on the Other, Michel de Certeau (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986). ()
 A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari (University of Minnesota Press, 1987). ()

References

External

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Brian Massumi
Brian Massumi