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<mask> (born 4 September 1971) is a former Northern Ireland international football goalkeeper and, since June 2019, goalkeeping coach at Walsall. At club level, <mask> played non-League football for Petersfield Town, Basingstoke Town and Farnborough Town before moving into the Football League with Barnet. He went on to play for Southampton, Fulham, Birmingham City, where he spent eight years before his release at the end of the 2010–11 season, Leeds United and Millwall. In international football, he played for Northern Ireland, qualifying for that country through his British passport which at that time, as he was born abroad, entitled him to play for any of the Home Nations. Early life
<mask> was born in Hildesheim, West Germany, to a German mother and an English father who was serving as a staff sergeant in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) regiment of the British Army. <mask> began his football career at ASC Nienburg of Nienburg, Lower Saxony, in Germany before moving to England as a schoolboy. He later followed in his father's footsteps by joining the REME based at Arborfield in Berkshire, where he attended Princess Marina College.He later moved to Bordon in Hampshire where he played football for his regiment and for the Army and Combined Services representative sides. During this period he also played for Petersfield Town, Basingstoke Town and Farnborough Town, with whom he won the Southern League Premier Division title in 1993–94. Career
In June 1995, he joined Barnet of the Football League Third Division for a fee of £700. Eighteen months later he was signed by Southampton of the Premier League for a fee of £500,000. Southampton
<mask> had become a "Saints" fan as a schoolboy so when Graeme Souness brought him to The Dell in January 1997, no-one was more delighted than <mask> himself. <mask> immediately went into the first-team, replacing Dave Beasant, and made his debut on 11 January in a 1–0 victory at Middlesbrough. During his first season at Southampton, the team struggled near the foot of the table, missing relegation by one point, having been in last place with five matches to play.Souness left the club in

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 the summer of 1997, being replaced by Dave Jones who brought in several new players, including goalkeeper Paul Jones from his previous club, Stockport County. <mask> spent the rest of his time at Southampton on the bench and was sold to Fulham in November 1997. Fulham
<mask> was bought by Fulham in 1997 from Southampton at a cost of £800,000. Fulham's manager Kevin Keegan rated him as the "best taker of a cross I've ever seen" and he proved to be a good signing for the Cottagers, helping them win the Second Division title in 1999. The First Division championship followed in 2001 and thus promotion to the Premier League. Whilst at Craven Cottage, <mask> earned his first international cap for Northern Ireland in a 3–0 defeat by Germany on 27 March 1999. He went on to make over 80 appearances for his adopted country.He was the first-choice goalkeeper at Craven Cottage until Fulham reached the Premier League, when manager Jean Tigana signed Edwin van der Sar, thus relegating <mask> to the bench. <mask> made only one Premier League appearance in 2001–02, but an injury to Van der Sar sustained at Newcastle United on 21 December 2002 ruled him out for several months, allowing <mask> to return to the side, and he retained his place for the remainder of the season. Birmingham City
<mask> signed for Birmingham City in August 2003, initially on a year-long loan deal with the possibility of a permanent contract. Manager Steve Bruce made the contract permanent in March 2004 for a £1.5 million fee. <mask> continued his impressive form and was rewarded by being nominated as the goalkeeper for the Premiership team of the 2003–04 season. <mask> was replaced as Birmingham's first choice goalkeeper in February 2007 by Colin Doyle, but regained his place after the first three matches of the 2007–08 Premier League season. He was again replaced as the first choice keeper in the 2009–10 Premier League season by loan signing Joe Hart, playing only the two fixtures against Hart's parent club, Manchester City.He spent the rest of the season on the bench. In May 2010, <mask> signed a new one-year deal with Birmingham just after they had signed new keeper Ben

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 Foster from Manchester United. He played only four matches in 2010–11, all in cup competitions, and was on the bench as Birmingham won the 2011 Football League Cup Final. He was not offered a new contract at the end of the season. Final playing years
After training with the club for two weeks in November 2011, and saving a penalty in a friendly against a Chelsea XI, <mask> signed a short-term contract, until January 2012, with Championship club Leeds United. <mask> took his place on the bench behind loan goalkeeper Alex McCarthy two days later against Barnsley. His contract was extended until the end of the season, to act as backup for Andy Lonergan,

But in March, having made no appearances for Leeds and with new manager Neil Warnock preferring not to name a goalkeeper among the substitutes, <mask> agreed to move to fellow Championship club Millwall on loan for the remainder of the season.After a string of clean sheets, <mask> was nominated for the Championship player of the month award for April. After his six-month deal came to an end, <mask> was told he would be released by Leeds at the expiry of his contract. In May 2012, <mask> agreed a 12-month contract with Millwall, staying with them for one season before retiring. Coaching career
In July 2013, <mask>who had studied UEFA B Licence and UEFA A Licence, Part 1was hired as goalkeeping coach for the Northern Ireland national team. On 8 March 2019 he agreed a short-term deal to become the goalkeeping coach at Bradford City, signing a deal until the end of the 2018–19 season. In June 2019 he left Bradford to take up a similar role at Walsall. International career

<mask> was born in Germany to an English father and a German mother.As a British citizen who was born abroad, FIFA eligibility rules at the time of <mask>'s first international selection entitled him to represent any of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom at international level. He opted for Northern Ireland, despite having no family connection to that country. <mask> made his debut for the Northern Ireland U21 team in April 1998 at the age of 27, as an over-age player in a 2-1 friendly victory over Switzerland.


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 His senior debut was against Germany in 1999: Northern Ireland lost 3–0. In an August 2005 friendly <mask> saved an injury time penalty from Malta's George Mallia to keep the score at 1–1. He became a regular in the Northern Ireland national team, and played 88 matches, including the famous 1–0 victory over England in September 2005. <mask> was replaced by Lee Camp as first choice goalkeeper, but was recalled to the Northern Ireland squad in August 2011 despite not being registered with a club since leaving Birmingham City.He made his 88th appearance for Northern Ireland on 11 October 2011, captaining his country in a 3–0 defeat away to Italy in a Euro 2012 qualifier. While working as the national goalkeeping coach, the 43-year-old <mask> made an emergency return to the squad in June 2015 as a back-up goalkeeper, following an injury to Roy Carroll the day before a Euro 2016 qualifier against Romania. Career statistics

Honours

Club
Farnborough Town
 Southern League Premier Division: 1993–94
Fulham
 Second Division: 1998–99
 First Division champions: 2000–01
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2002
Birmingham City
 Championship runner-up: 2006–07, 2008–09
 Football League Cup: 2010–11

Individual
 1998–99 Football League Second Division PFA Team of the Year
 2000–01 Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year

References

External links
Profile at the Irish Football Association website
Profile at Premier League website

1971 births
Living people
People from Hildesheim
Northern Ireland international footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Petersfield Town F.C. players
Basingstoke Town F.C. players
Farnborough F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Southampton F.C.players
Fulham F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Southern Football League players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers soldiers
British people of German descent
Footballers from Lower Saxony
Association footballers from Northern Ireland
Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Walsall F.C. non-playing staff
Association football goalkeeping coaches
People from Bordon
German

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<mask> (born January 21, 1988) is a retired American decathlete and two-time Olympic champion, who holds the world record in the indoor heptathlon event. <mask> was the second decathlete (after Roman Šebrle) to break the 9,000-point barrier in the decathlon, with 9,039 points, a score he bettered on August 29, 2015, when he beat his own world record with a score of 9,045 points, and remains the only person to exceed 9000 points twice. His world record was broken by Frenchman Kevin Mayer on September 16, 2018 with a total of 9,126 points, who became the third man to pass the 9,000-point barrier. He competed for the Oregon Track Club Elite team based in Eugene, Oregon. In college, <mask> competed for the University of Oregon, where he was a five-time NCAA champion, and won The Bowerman award in 2010. In 2011, <mask> won the first international medal of his career, a silver, in the decathlon at the 2011 World Championships. The following year, <mask> broke his own world record in the heptathlon at the 2012 World Indoor Championships, and then broke the world record in the decathlon at the Olympic Trials.After setting the world record, <mask> won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He successfully defended his Olympic title in Rio 2016 by winning the decathlon gold medal and tying the Olympic record. <mask> is only the third Olympian (after Bob Mathias of the US and Great Britain's Daley Thompson) to achieve back-to-back gold medals in the decathlon. He announced his retirement from the sport just a few months later on January 3, 2017. Personal life
<mask> was born in Portland, Oregon, on January 21, 1988, the only child of Roslyn <mask> and Terrance Wilson. His father is Black and his mother is Caucasian. His maternal grandfather, <mask>, played football at Michigan State University, and his father also played the sport.His mother was an athlete and a dancer. He has three paternal siblings, including Verice

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Jim Eaton


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 Bennett, a first sergeant in the United States Marine Corps, who received the Silver Star in December 2011 for serving with valor in Afghanistan. <mask>'s parents separated when he was two years old. His mother, Roslyn, moved to La Pine, Oregon. He was athletic from a young age, competing in football, basketball, running, soccer, wrestling, and he earned a black belt in taekwondo. When <mask> was in the fifth grade, he and his mother relocated to Bend, Oregon, where he later attended Mountain View High School. Interested in track and field, he was coached by Tate Metcalf and John Nosler.In 2006, he won the state high school 400 m championship in 48.69 seconds and the long jump championship with . Only a few colleges recruited <mask>. He considered playing football at a Division III college. In the spring of 2006, Metcalf asked <mask> if he would consider the decathlon while in college. Metcalf suggested that <mask> attend a university with a strong decathlon program, and <mask> chose the University of Oregon. <mask> married his University of Oregon teammate, Canadian multi-event athlete Brianne Theisen, on July 15, 2013, one year after both competed in the London Olympics. The two first met in 2006 during <mask>'s freshman year at Oregon and fell in love at the 2007 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships, held in Brazil: Theisen won the gold medal for Canada and then followed <mask> to enroll at the University of Oregon.Since retirement <mask> and Brianne have explored moving from Eugene to San Francisco. Collegiate career
<mask> was initially coached at Oregon by Dan Steele, the associate director of track and a former decathlete. Under Steele, <mask> rapidly improved in the 1500 m, high jump, hurdles, and pole vault. He improved his pole vault by nearly  in one year, and reached 8,000 points by his sixth collegiate decathlon. After Steele left in 2010 to coach at the University of Northern Iowa, the university

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 hired decathlon coach Harry Marra (who had trained Olympic decathletes Dan O'Brien and Dave Johnson) to further develop <mask>'s skills. In his first year as an Oregon Duck 2006-07, he was one of only three freshmen nationwide to qualify provisionally for NCAAs in the combined events, both indoors and outdoors. Finished second in Pac-10 Championships decathlon with a season-best 7,123 points in only his second career decathlon.He then placed third at the USA Junior Championships decathlon (7,155 points) and second in the long jump (24-0.25), the latter of which earned him a trip to Brazil for the 2007 Pan American Junior Championships. In 2008, <mask> won the decathlon at the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship. In 2009, <mask> defended his decathlon title at the NCAA Championships to win with 8,241 points. He also won the heptathlon title at the 2009 NCAA Indoor Championships with 5,988 points. <mask> won the Division I field athlete of the year award in 2009. At the 2010 NCAA Indoor Championships, <mask> broke the heptathlon world record with a score of 6,499, eclipsing Dan O'Brien's 17-year-old mark by 23 points. In June 2010, he won his third consecutive NCAA decathlon title by finishing first in the decathlon with a personal best of 8,457 points.He was the first male athlete to win 3 consecutive titles in the decathlon. In 2010, <mask> won The Bowerman, given annually to the best male and female U.S. collegiate track and field athletes. <mask> graduated from the University of Oregon the same year. International career

2008–2009
At the 2008 United States Olympic Trials, <mask> placed fifth overall with 8,122 points. At the 2009 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, <mask> placed second in the decathlon behind Trey Hardee with 8,075 points. This earned him a place at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, in Berlin, where he finished 18th with 8,061 points. 2011–2012
<mask> improved his own world

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 record in the indoor heptathlon at the International Indoor Combined Events Meeting in Tallinn in February 2011.Despite under-performing in the high jump he managed a score of 6568 points. In August 2011, at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, <mask> won the silver medal in the decathlon competition with a final points tally of 8505, losing first place to his compatriot Trey Hardee. In March 2012, at the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships held in Istanbul, <mask> won the gold medal in the heptathlon competition with a new world record 6645, winning five events (60 m, 60 m hurdles, long jump, pole vault and 1000 m) out of seven and finished third for the rest (high jump and shot put). His stand-out events were the Long Jump (scoring 1,102 points with a jump of 8.16m/26' 9-1/4") and the final event, the 1,000 m run, where he set a Championship record of 2:32.78 (only one-tenth of a second off his personal best time). He defeated silver medal winner Oleksiy Kasyanov by 574 points (6071). 2012 Summer Olympics

Trials
At the 2012 United States Olympic Trials, the qualifying meet for the 2012 Summer Olympics, <mask> started day one of the decathlon competition with two world decathlon bests, the equivalent of a world record for athletes competing in a full decathlon. The first in the 100-meter (10.21), and then in the long jump ().To emphasize the quality of <mask>'s first two marks, the 100-meter time equaled the minimum (season wide) time required for men to qualify for the trials 100-meter race and only .03 short of the Olympic "A" standard. The long jump was  farther than the top qualifier in the long jump preliminary round held that same day at the trials,  beyond the "A" standard, and would have tied for second in the final. He went on to finish fifth in the shot put (), first in the high jump (), and first in the 400 m (46.70) held in a pouring rainstorm. After day one, <mask>'s points total of 4728 was more

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 than 300 points ahead of second-place competitor Trey Hardee. On the second day of competition, <mask> finished first in the 110-meter hurdles with a time of 13.70. In the discus, however, he had an eighth-place finish. He bounced back in the pole vault, posting a height of , good enough for first place.In the javelin throw, <mask> had a distance of  for fifth place. Going into the final event, the 1500 m run, <mask> held a 317-point lead over his closest competitor, Hardee. <mask> ran a new personal best in the 1500 m with a time of 4:14.48, finishing first. In the process, he brought his total score for the decathlon to 9039, breaking Roman Šebrle's previous world record of 9026 points. <mask> broke Dan O'Brien's American record of 8891 points set in 1992. Olympics
At the 2012 Olympics, <mask>'s primary rival was (now) teammate Trey Hardee. <mask>'s 10.35 100 m was the top time of the day, with Hardee the next best.His 8.03 long jump was almost half a metre farther than any other competitor, building him a sizeable lead. His 14.66 shot put was just 12 cm short of his personal record. And his 2.05 high jump tied with several members of the field for second best. In the final first day event his 46.90 400 metres was over a full second faster than anybody else in the field. His first day total was 4661, with a 220-point lead over Hardee. Day two started with a virtual tie between Hardee and <mask>, <mask> getting 13.56 in the 110m hurdles. <mask>'s discus throw of 42.53 gave up almost 6 metres and 120 points to Hardee, but by that point <mask> still had a 100-point lead.<mask> more than gained that back with a 5.20 pole vault, the third best competition. In the javelin throw Hardee pulled back 70 points with a good throw, but this advantage was limited by <mask> setting a new personal best of 61.96. With <mask> holding a 150+ point lead and a superior personal record in the 1500 m over Hardee, the medals were already

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 determined. Nobody made a serious run at improving his position, and <mask> just went through the formality of completing the event in 4:33.59 to take the gold medal. 2013 World Championships
<mask> won the 2013 world title in the decathlon with an 8809-point performance in Moscow. 2014 World Indoor Championships

In a February 2014 interview with Track & Field News (Vol. 67, no.3), <mask> - and his coach Harry Marra - said 2014 would be a "rest" year, with no decathlon competitions. His only multi-event would be the heptathlon at World Indoors, which he entered having broken the world record in his last 3 consecutive indoor competitions. <mask> won the gold medal in the Heptathlon at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships held in Sopot, Poland on 7 & 8 March 2014. As the defending champion he received an automatic entry and did not have to enter a qualifying meet. He opened the competition at the 15th world indoor championships at Ergo Arena with his fastest time ever for the 60 m, 6.66 seconds and never trailed. He followed that up with an excellent long jump, a good shot put and an excellent high jump (2.06m/6' 9") for a first day score of 3,653, which was just a single point less than when he set the Heptathlon record at the 2012 World Indoor meet. On Day 2, he opened with an outstanding time of 7.64 in the 60 m hurdles - a Championship meet record - and an excellent pole vault of 5.20m/17' 0-3/4".He won the 1,000 m by 3 seconds, however his time of 2:34.72 was 2 seconds slower than in 2012 and he fell 13 points short of his world record. His total of 6,632 points ranks as #2 all-time. Andrei Krauchanka of Belarus was 2nd with a new national record of 6,303 points, and Belgium's Thomas Van Der Plaetsen was 3rd with 6,259 (also a Belgian national record.) <mask> told Track & Field News that during the 2014 outdoor season he planned to run some 400 m hurdles races for the first time in his career, as means of "doing


texts:
 something fun" while building his stamina for the 400 and 1,500 in future decathlon competitions. He also hoped to compete in some (world class) Diamond League meets in (variously) the 100 m, 110 m hurdles and/or the long jump. After resting from the grueling grind of decathlon training in 2014, <mask> would resume a program aimed at defending his titles at the 2015 Worlds in Beijing, China, the 2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Portland, Oregon, and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2015 World Championships
<mask> won the 2015 world title in the decathlon improving his own world record with a 9045-point performance in Beijing.Major competition record

Personal bests

Outdoor

 World record
 Decathlon best

Indoor

. World record
 Heptathlon best

World records

See also
 Decathlon world record progression
 Men's heptathlon world record progression

References

External links

 <mask> at Decathlon 2000

 <mask> at University of Oregon Ducks

1988 births
African-American male track and field athletes
American male decathletes
American people of English descent
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Living people
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Oregon Ducks men's track and field athletes
Track and field athletes from Portland, Oregon
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics record holders
World Athletics indoor record holders
Olympic decathletes
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Championships winners
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century

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<mask> (alternatively spelled Dubnov, ; , Shimen Dubnov; 10 September 1860 – 8 December 1941) was a Jewish-Russian historian, writer and activist. Life and career
In 1860, <mask> was born Shimon Meyerovich Dubnow (Шимон Меерович Дубнов) to a large poor family in the Belarusian town of Mstsislaw (Mahilyow Voblast). A native Yiddish speaker, he received a traditional Jewish education in a heder and a yeshiva, where Hebrew was regularly spoken. Later Dubnow entered into a kazyonnoe yevreyskoe uchilishche (state Jewish school) where he learned Russian. In the midst of his education, the May Laws eliminated these Jewish institutions, and Dubnow was unable to graduate; Dubnow persevered, independently pursuing his interests in history, philosophy, and linguistics. He was particularly fascinated by Heinrich Graetz and the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement. In 1880 Dubnow used forged documents to move to St Petersburg, officially off-limits to Jews.Jews were generally restricted to small towns in the Pale of Settlement, unless they had been discharged from the military, were employed as doctors or dentists, or could prove they were 'cantonists', university graduates or merchants belonging to the 1st guild. Here he married Ida Friedlin. Soon after moving to St. Petersburg Dubnow's publications appeared in the press, including the leading Russian–Jewish magazine Voskhod. In 1890, the Jewish population was expelled from the capital city, and Dubnow too was forced to leave. He settled in Odessa and continued to publish studies of Jewish life and history,

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Simon Dubnow
Simon Dubnow


texts: coming to be regarded as an authority in these areas. Throughout his active participation in the contemporary social and political life of the Russian Empire, Dubnow called for modernizing Jewish education, organizing Jewish self-defense against pogroms, and demanding equal rights for Russian Jews, including the right to vote. Living in Vilna, Lithuania, during the early months of 1905 Russian Revolution, he became active in organizing a Jewish political response to opportunities arising from the new civil rights which were being promised.In this effort he worked with a variety of Jewish opinion, e.g., those favouring diaspora autonomy, Zionism, socialism, and assimilation. In 1906 he was allowed back into St Petersburg, where he founded and directed the Jewish Literature and Historical-Ethnographic Society and edited the Jewish Encyclopedia. In the same year, he founded the Folkspartei (Jewish People's Party) with Israel Efrojkin, which successfully worked for the election of MPs and municipal councilors in interwar Lithuania and Poland. After 1917 Dubnow became a Professor of Jewish history at Petrograd University. He welcomed the first February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, regarding it, according to scholar Robert van Voren, as having "brought the long-anticipated liberation of the Jewish people", although he "felt uneasy about the increasing profile of Lenin".<ref>Voren, Robert van (2011). "Undigested Past: The Holocaust in Lithuania. Amsterdam: Rodopi.p. 40, note 128. .</ref> Dubnow did not consider such Bolsheviks as Trotsky (Bronstein) to


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 be Jewish, stating: "They appear under Russian pseudonyms because they are ashamed of their Jewish origins (Trotsky, Zinoviev, others). But it would be better to say that their Jewish names are pseudonyms; they are not rooted in our people. "Dubnow, Speech given June 9, 1917, at St. Petersburg, redacted by his daughter <mask>-Erlich, [biography of Dubnow (in Russian)] (New York 1950); Yiddish translation, Dos Lebn un shafn fun Shimen Dubnov (Mexico City 1952) at 212-213; passage from this Speech quoted by Pinson, "<mask>now" at 13-69, 26, in Dubnow, Nationalism and History (1958). In 1922 Dubnow emigrated to Kaunas, Lithuania, and later to Berlin. His magnum opus was the ten-volume World History of the Jewish people, first published in German translation in 1925–1929. Of its significance, historian Koppel Pinson writes: With this work Dubnow took over the mantle of Jewish national historian from Graetz.<mask>'s Weltgeschichte may in truth be called the first secular and purely scholarly synthesis of the entire course of Jewish history, free from dogmatic and theological trappings, balanced in its evaluation of the various epochs and regional groupings of Jewish historical development, fully cognizant of social and economic currents and influences ...

During 1927 Dubnow initiated a search in Poland for pinkeysim (record books kept by Kehillot and other local Jewish groups) on behalf of the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut (YIVO, Jewish Scientific Institute), while he was Chairman of its Historical Section. This spadework for the historian netted

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Sophie Dubnow
Simon Dub
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 several hundred writings; one pinkes dated to 1601, that of the Kehillah of Opatów. In August 1933, after Hitler came to power, Dubnow moved to Riga, Latvia. He chose Latvia in part for its government's support for Jewish self-reliance and the vigorous Jewish community in the small country. There existed a Jewish theater, various Jewish newspapers, and a network of Yiddish-language schools. There his wife died, yet he continued his activities, writing his autobiography Book of My Life, and participating in YIVO, the Institute for Jewish Research. On the initiative of a Latvian Jewish refugee activist in Stockholm and with help from the local Jewish community in Sweden, Dubnow was granted a visa to Sweden in the summer of 1940 but for unknown reasons he never used it.Then in July 1941 Nazi troops occupied Riga. Dubnow was evicted, losing his entire library. With thousands of Jews, he was transferred to the Riga ghetto. According to the few remaining survivors, Dubnow repeated to ghetto inhabitants: Yidn, shraybt un farshraybt (, write and record"). He was among thousands of Jews to be rounded up there for the Rumbula massacre. Too sick to travel to the forest, he was murdered in the city on 8 December 1941. Several friends then buried <mask>w in the old cemetery of the Riga ghetto.Political ideals
Dubnow was ambivalent toward Zionism, which he felt was an opiate for the spiritually feeble. Despite being sympathetic to the movement's ideas, he believed its ultimate goal, the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine achieved with international


texts: support and substantial Jewish immigration, to be politically, socially, and economically impossible, calling it "a beautiful messianic dream". In 1898, he projected that by the year 2000, there would only be about 500,000 Jews living in Palestine. Dubnow thought Zionism just another sort of messianism, and he thought the possibility of persuading the Jews of Europe to move to Palestine and establish a state fantastical. Beyond improbability, he worries that this impulse would drain energy away from the task of creating an autonomous Jewish center in the diaspora. Much stronger than his skepticism towards Zionism, Dubnow rejected assimilation. He believed that the future survival of the Jews as a nation depended on their spiritual and cultural strength, where they resided dispersed in the diaspora.Dubnow wrote: "Jewish history [inspires] the conviction that Jewry at all times, even in the period of political independence, was pre-eminently a spiritual nation,""The most distinguishing characteristic of Jewish nationalism for Dubnow is its spiritual quality." Pinson, "<mask>now" at 13-69, 43, in Dubnow (1958). and he called the push for assimilation "national suicide". His formulated ideology became known as Jewish Autonomism,Israel Friedlaender, Dubnow's Theory of Jewish Nationalism (New York: The Maccabaean Publishing Co. 1905). once widely popular in eastern Europe, being adopted in its various derivations by Jewish political parties such as the Bund and his Folkspartei. Autonomism involved a form of self-rule in the Jewish diaspora, which Dubnow


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 called "the Jewish world-nation". The Treaty of Versailles (1919) adopted a version of it in the minority provisions of treaties signed with new east European states.Yet in early 20th-century Europe, many political currents began to trend against polities that accommodated a multiethnic pluralism, as grim monolithic nationalism or ideology emerged as centralizing principles. After the Holocaust, and the founding of Israel, for a while discussion of Autonomism seemed absent from Jewish politics. Regional history

Dubnow's political thought perhaps can better be understood in light of historical Jewish communal life in Eastern Europe. It flourished during the early period of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), when it surpassed the Ottoman Empire and western Europe as a center of Judaism. "The Jews of Poland had once been the elect of world Jewry." Howard Morley Sachar, The Course of Modern Jewish History (Cleveland: World Pub. Co. 1958; reprint by Dell) at 31.Regarding Jewish autonomy, at 25-27 (west Europe) and 31-33 (east Europe), Sachar describes it, commenting that the great superficial differences between Jewish self-government in east and west belies a fundamental similarity. Dubnow here describes the autonomous social-economic and religious organization developed by the Jewish people under the Commonwealth government:

Constituting an historical nationality, with an inner life of its own, the Jews were segregated by the Government as a separate estate, an independent social body. ... They formed an entirely independent class of


texts: citizens, and as such were in need of independent agencies of self-government and jurisdiction. The Jewish community constituted not only a national and cultural, but also a civil, entity. It formed a Jewish city within a Christian city, with its separate forms of life, its own religious, administrative, judicial, and charitable institutions. The Government of a country with sharply divided estates could not but legalize the autonomy of the Jewish Kahal."The Jews also did not speak Polish, but rather Yiddish, an Hebraicized German. "The sphere of the Kahal's activity was very large." "The capstone of this Kahal organization were the so-called Waads, the conferences or assemblies of rabbis and Kahal leaders. [They became] the highest court of appeal." Their activity "passed, by gradual expansion, from the judicial sphere into that of administration and legislation. Each provincial council or Waad (Hebrew vaad: committee) eventually joined with others to form a central governing body which began to meet regularly. Its name became "ultimately fixed as the Council of the Four Lands (Waad Arba Aratzoth)."These four lands were: Wielkopolska (Posen), Malopolska (Cracow and Lubin), Ruthenia (Lvov (Lemberg)), and Volhynia (Ostrog and Kremenetz); the fifth land Lithuania (Brest and Grodno) withdrew to form its own high Waad. The 'Council of the Four Lands' consisted of the six "leading rabbis of Poland" and a delegate from the principal Kahalem selected by their elders, in all about thirty members. "As a rule, the Council assembled in Lublin in early spring,


texts: between Purim and Passover, and in Yaroslav (Galicia) at the end of summer, before high holidays." The Council or Wadd Arba Aratzoth "reminded one of the Sanhedrin, which in ancient days assembled... in the temple. They dispensed justice to all the Jews of the Polish realm, issued preventive measures and obligatory enactments (takkanoth), and imposed penalties as they saw fit. All difficult cases were brought before their court. To facilitate matters [the delegates appointed] 'provincial judges' (dayyane medinoth) to settle disputes concerning property, while they themselves [in plenary session] examined criminal cases, matters pertaining to hazaka (priority of possession) and other difficult matters of law.""The Council of the Four Lands was the guardian of Jewish civil interests in Poland. It sent its shtadlans to the residential city of Warsaw and other meeting-places of the Polish Diets for the purpose of securing from the king and his dignitaries the ratification of the ancient Jewish privileges. ... But the main energy of the Waad was directed toward the regulation of the inner life of the Jews. The statute of 1607, framed [by] the Rabbi of Lublin, is typical of this solicitude. [Its rules were] prescribed for the purpose of fostering piety and commercial integrity among the Jewish people. This firmly-knit organization of communal self-government could not but foster among the Jews of Poland a spirit of discipline and obedience to the law.It had an educational effect on the Jewish populace, which was left by the Government to itself, and had


texts: no share in the common life of the country. It provided the stateless nation with a substitute for national and political self-expression, keeping public spirit and civic virtue alive in it, and upholding and unfolding its genuine culture.Cf., Bernard D. Weinryb, The Jews of Poland. A social and economic history of the Jewish community in Poland from 1100-1800 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society 1972), chapter 7 "Legal Status, theory and practice" at 119-155. Yet then the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth suffered grave problems of institutional imbalance.Hillel Levine, Economic Origins of Antisemitism. Poland and Its Jews in the Early Modern Period (Yale University 1991) provides another perspective on the tardy and then incomplete modernization, interrupted and defeated by the 18th-century partitions of Poland. Eventually, the Commonwealth was removed from the map of Europe by successive partitions perpetrated by her three neighboring states, each an autocracy, the third and extinguishing partition coming in 1795. Following the Congress of Vienna (1815) the Russian Empire uneasily governed most of these Polish and Lithuanian lands, including the large Jewish populations long dwelling there.Polish revolutionary slogans employed symbolism from the Bible."References to the Maccabees, the very core of this mythology, can be found everywhere." 1860s Warsaw was compared to ancient Jerusalem. Machabej "gradually come to denote a Jew sympathetic to or actually involved in the Polish insurrectionary movement." Magdalena Opalski and Israel Bartel, Poles


texts: and Jews. A failed brotherhood (Brandeis University 1992) at 51-54, 123-127. After the second Polish revolt was crushed, however, more Jews began to see their future with the occupying powers. Not all were assimilators, e.g., the autonomist <mask>, who spoke Russian and maneuvered to enter St. Petersburg (see here "Life and career"), yet speaking Russian was state coerced as well as perhaps chosen.Also, Yiddish is a German idiom, with reference to the other two occupying powers: Imperial Germany, and the Austrian Empire. The Russian Empire first restricted Jewish residence to their pre-existing Pale of Settlement, and later began to further confine Jewish liberties and curtail their self-government. Not only were their rights attacked, but several of the Tzars allowed the imperial government to propagate and to instigate a series of murderous pogroms against the Jewish people of the realm. In the cruel atmosphere of this ongoing political crisis in the region, <mask>w wrote his celebrated histories and played an active rôle in Jewish affairs. He supported the broad movements for change in the Russian Empire; yet in the main he sought to restore and to continue the Jewish autonomy, described above at its zenith under the old Commonwealth, into the 20th century. During his life various large and tragic events were to impact the region, which can be considered as the most horrific of places during the first half of the 20th century. Among these events, ranging from a few positive to news headlines to crimes against humanity, were: the pogroms, the

masks:
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Simon Dubno


texts:
 co-opted 1905 Russian Revolution, the founding of the Folkspartei, the First World War, the February Revolution followed by the October Bolshevik, the Balfour Declaration, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Versailles Treaty, the Polish–Soviet War, the Weimar inflation, the U.S.A. Immigration Act of 1924, exile of Leon Trotsky by Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Gulag, the Great Depression, collectivization of the Ukraine, the Nazi regime, the Nuremberg racial laws, Stalin's Great Purge, Kristallnacht, the 1939 White Paper, the Nazi–Soviet Pact, the Second World War, the Soviet-Nazi War, and the Shoah.The catastrophe of the genocide claimed the life of the aged historian. National values
Spiritual values were highly esteemed by Dubnow, who viewed the Jewish people as leaders in their advancement. In his Weltgeschichte he discusses the ancient rivalry between Sadducee and Pharisee, as a contest between the ideal of a political nation versus a spiritual nation. He favored the latter, and mounted a critique of the warlike policies of Alexander Jannaeus (r. 103-76 BCE), a king of the Jewish Hasmonean dynasty (167-63 BCE), which was founded by the Maccabees:

This was not the kind of state dreamed of by their predecessors, the hasidim, when the independence of Judea was attained and when the star of the Hasmoneans first began to gleam. Had Judea battled against the Syrian yoke, sacrificed for a quarter of a century its material goods and the blood of its best sons, only in order to become, after attaining independence, a 'despotism' or warrior state after the


texts:
 fashion of its pagan neighbors? The Pharisees believed that the Jewish nation was created for something better; that in its political life it was not to strive for the ideal of brute force but rather for the lofty ideal of inner social and spiritual progress. Not only is there the issue of inner purpose and drive of the communal life of a nation, but also of the ethics of nationalism, relations between nations.Dubnow writes: "There is absolutely no doubt that Jewish nationalism in its very essence has nothing in common with any tendency toward violence." Because of the diaspora experience, "as a Jew, I utter the word 'national' with pride and conviction, because I know my people... is not able to aspire anywhere to primacy and dominance. My nationalism can be only a pure form...." The prophets "called Israel a 'light to the nations' [and taught] the spiritual mission of the people of Israel... to bring other peoples, that is, all 'mankind,' to spiritual perfection." Thus, the nation inspired by Judaism, "the descendants of the Prophets," will promote and inspire the social ethics of humanity, and will come to harmonize with its realization: "the equal worth of all nations in the family of mankind." The "Jewish national idea, which can never become aggressive and warlike" will raise aloft its flag, which symbolizes the joining of the prophetic vision of "truth and justice with the noble dream of the unity of mankind." Jewish History
Earlier in a long and well-regarded essay, Dubnow wrote about the "two halves" of Jewish history. The first "seems to


texts: be but slightly different from the history of other nations."But if we "pierce to its depths" we find a spiritual people. "The national development is based upon an all-pervasive religious tradition... embracing a luminous theory of life and an explicit code of morality and social converse." Their history reveals that the Jewish people "has been called to guide the other nations toward sublime moral and religious principles, and to officiate for them, the laity as it were, in the capacity of priests." "The Prophets were the real and appointed executors of the holy command enjoining the 'conversion' of all Jews into 'a kingdom of priests and a holy nation'." After the close of the Tanakh era in Israel, this first half of their history, the "strength and fertility" of the Jews as a spiritual nation "reached a culminating point".Dubnow later distanced himself from the non-sociological approach of his essay Jewish History. Koppel S. Pinson, "<mask>w: Historian and political philosopher" at 13-69, 68, in Dubnow, Nationalism and History (1958). Yet then "the providence of history" changed everything and scattered them "to all ends of the earth"."State, territory, army, the external attributes of national power" became a "superfluous luxury" for the Jews, a hardy and persevering people. Already in the Biblical times, their "character had been sufficiently tempered", they had learned how to "bear the bitterest of hardships" and were "equipped with an inexhaustible store of energy", thus they could survive, "live for centuries, yea, for thousands of years"


texts: under challenging conditions in ethnic enclaves mostly in Southwest Asia and later throughout Europe, during their post-Biblical "second half". "Uprooted from its political soil, national life displayed itself [in the] intellectual fields exclusively. 'To think and to suffer' became the watchword of the Jewish people." They brought their "extraordinary mental energy" to the task. "The spiritual discipline of the school came to mean for the Jew what military discipline is for other nations." Dubnow notes that the Jewish people without an army live as if in a future world where nations no longer rise up against each other in war.Hence, for the Jews, their history has become "spiritual strivings" and cultural contributions. "If the inner life and social and intellectual development of a people form the kernel of history, and politics and occasional wars are but its husk, then certainly the history of the Jewish Diaspora is all kernel." "In spite of the noteworthy features that raise Jewish history above the level of the ordinary and assign it a peculiar place, it is nevertheless not isolated, not severed from the history of mankind." These "pilgrim people scattered in all the countries" are "most intimately interwoven with world-affairs". On the negative, when "the powers of darkness and fanaticism held sway" the Jews were subject to "persecutions, infringement of the liberty of conscience, inquisitions, violence of every sort." Yet when "enlightenment and humanity" prevailed in the neighborhood, the Jews were to benefit by "the intellectual and


texts:
 cultural stimulus proceeding from the peoples with whom they entered into close relations." Across the centuries in our history, such tides seem to ebb and flow.On its side, Jewry made its personality felt among the nations by its independent, intellectual activity, its theory of life, its literature, by the very fact indeed, of its ideal staunchness and tenacity, its peculiar historical physiognomy. From this reciprocal relation issued a great cycle of historical events and spiritual currents, making the past of the Jewish people an organic constituent of the past of all that portion of mankind which has contributed to the treasury of human thought. Dubnow states that the Jewish people in the first Biblical half of its history "finally attained to so high a degree of spiritual perfection and fertility that the creation of a new religious theory of life, which eventually gained universal supremacy, neither exhausted its resources nor ended its activity." In its second "lackland" half the Jews were "a people accepting misery and hardship with stoic calm, combining the characteristics of the thinker with those of the sufferer, and eking out existence under conditions which no other nation has found adequate." For this people "the epithet 'peculiar' has been conceded" and Jewish history "presents a phenomenon of undeniable uniqueness." Philosophy
In a short article, Dubnow presented a memorable portrait of historical depth, and its presence in contemporary life:

Every generation in Israel carries within itself the remnants of worlds created and


texts:
 destroyed during the course of the previous history of the Jewish people. The generation, in turn, builds and destroys worlds in its form and image, but in the long run continues to weave the thread that binds all the links of the nation into the chain of generations.... Thus each generation in Israel is more the product of history than it is its creator. ... We, the people of Israel living today, continue the long thread that stretches from the days of Hammurabi and Abraham to the modern period. ... We see further that during the course of thousands of years the nations of the world have borrowed from our spiritual storehouse and added to their own without depleting the source. ... The Jewish people goes its own way, attracting and repelling, beating out for itself a unique path among the routes of the nations of the world... .

Another writer of Jewish history although from a younger generation, Lucy Dawidowicz, summarizes the personal evolution and resulting weltanschauung of <mask>w:

Early in his intellectual life, Dubnow turned to history and in the study and writing of Jewish history he found the surrogate for Judaism, the modern means by which he could identify as a Jew, which would give him inner satisfaction and keep him part of the Jewish community. ...Even in his pioneering studies of hasidism, <mask>'s rationalism shines through. ... Yet despite his rationalism, despite his modernity, Dubnow believed in a mystic force--the Jewish will to live. Dubnow himself adumbrates his own philosophical and religious understanding: "I am agnostic

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Simon Dubno
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 in religion and in philosophy.... I myself have lost faith in personal immortality, yet history teaches me that there is a collective immortality and that the Jewish people can be considered as relatively eternal for its history coincides with the full span of world history." "Dubnow with his profound historical approach, weaves into his automomist theories all the strands of Jewish past, present and future." Dubnow Institute in Leipzig

In honor of <mask>w and as a center for undertaking research on Jewish culture, in 1995, the Leibniz Institute for Jewish History and Culture – <mask>w was founded.It is an interdisciplinary institute for the research of Jewish lived experience in Central and Eastern Europe from the Early Modern Period to the present day. The Dubnow Institute is dedicated to the secular tradition of its namesake. At the Dubnow Institute, Jewish history is always regarded in the context of its non-Jewish environs and as a seismograph of general historical developments. The institute is contributing courses to several degree programs of Leipzig University and offers a Ph.D. research scheme. See also
 History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union
 Timeline of Jewish history
 Dubnow Park in Tel Aviv (named after <mask>w)

References

Bibliography

Published titles
 World History of the Jewish People. His Russian manuscript История еврейского народа translated into German by Dr. A. Steinberg, published as: Weltgeschichte des Jüdischen Volkes (Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag 1925–1929), in ten volumes. Published in Russian (1936).Hebrew: Divre

masks:
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texts: Yemei 'Am 'Olam (Berlin, Tel Aviv: Dvir 1923–1940), ten volumes. English: see below. The newest history of the Jewish people, 1789–1914. German: Die neueste Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes (Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag 1920–1923), three volumes. Russian: Новейшая история еврейского народа, in three volumes, updated in 1938. The ancient history of the Jewish people. German: Die Alte Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes (Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag 1925–1930), 7 vols.Jewish history textbook. Russian: Учебник еврейской истории, in 3 volumes, 1901. English: see below. Jewish history for school and home. Yiddish: Idishe Geshikhte far Shul un Haym (Riga 1934). French: Précis d'histoire juive des origines à nos jours (Paris 1936). Portuguese: Historia Judáica (Rio de Janeiro: Circulo Bibliofilo Hebráico 1948), 543 pp.Spanish: "Manual de la Historia Judía" (Buenos Aires: Editorial S. Sigal, seven editions through 1970), 672 pp. A History of Hassidism, 3 vols; Yiddish: Geshikhte fun khasidizm (Vilna 1930). Hebrew: Toldot ha-hasidut (Tel Aviv 1930–1932). German: Geschichte des Chassidismus (Berlin 1931–1932). Spanish: Historia del Jasidismo (Buenos Aires: Conferación Pro-Cultura Judía 1976). Records of the Lithuanian Council. Hebrew: Pinkas Medinat Lita (Berlin 1925).Book of <mask>w. Hebrew: Sefer Shimon Dubnov (London, Jerusalem: 1954), essays and letters, edited by S. Rawidowicz. Book of My life. Russian: Моя  жизнь or Kniga zhizni (Riga: Jaunátnes Gramata 1934–1935), three volumes. German: Buch des Leben (Berlin 1937; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck Ruprecht 2004), three


texts: volumes; selections: Mein Leben (Berlin 1937). Yiddish: Dos bukh fun mayn lebn (New York-Buenos Aires: Congress for Jewish Culture 1962–1963), three volumes. In EnglishHistory of the Jews (South Brunswick, NJ: T. Yoseloff 1967–1973) in 5 volumes, translated from Russian by M. Spiegel of the ten-volume, 4th edition Istoriia Evreiskogo Naroda (History of the Jewish People).Nationalism and History.Essays on old and new Judaism (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America 1958), edited [collected, introduced, partly translated] by Koppel S. Pinson. [The "External Links" below provide limited access to some of its contents. ]A Short History of the Jewish People (London: M. L. Cailingold 1936), two volumes, translation by David Mowshowitch of the Russian Uchebnik evreiskoi istorii (1901).History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. From the earliest times until the present day (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America 1916–1920), three volumes, translated by Israel Friedlaender.Jewish History. An essay in the philosophy of history (London: Macmillan 1903), translated from Russian to German by Israel Friedlaender, then from German to English by Henrietta Szold, 62 pages. Reprint 2004. First published in the Jewish journal Voskhod (St. Petersburg 1893).[English translation included by the editor Pinson (1958): see above.] In Jewish Encyclopedia (New York 1903–04): "Council of the Four Lands" IV:304-308; "Jocob Frank" V:475-478; "Hasidism" VI:251-258. Two short excerpts from his autobiography (Riga 1934–1935), translated from its Yiddish


texts:
 version (1962–1963), in Dawidowicz, editor, The Golden Tradition. Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe (Boston: Beacon Press 1967): "Under the Sign of Historicism" at 232–242, and "Jewish Rights between Red and Black" at 461–470. Commentary
K. Groberg and A. Greenbaum, editors, A Missionary for History: essays in honor of <mask> (University of Minnesota 1998). A. Steinberg, editor, <mask>now. L'homme et son oeuvre (Paris: Section Française de Congrés Juif Mondial 1963).Several languages. Josef Fraenkel, <mask>, Herzl, and Ahad Ah-am: Political and cultural Zionism (London: Ararat Publishing Society 1963). Joshua Rothenberg, Shim'on Dubnov: tsu zayn hundert-yorikn geboyrntog (New York: Idish-natsyonaler arbeter farband 1961). YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, <mask>w 1860-1941. Life & work of a Jewish historian (New York 1961), exhibition catelogue. Sofia Dubnova-Erlikh, Zhizn i tvorchestvo S. M. Dubnova (New York 1950), memoir and biography by his daughter, translated from the Russian as: The Life and Work of S. M. Dubnow. Diaspora nationalism and Jewish history (Inidiana University & YIVO 1991); introduced by Jonathan Frankel, "S. M. Dubnow.Historian and Ideologist" at 1-33. Elias Tcherikower, editor, <mask> lekoved zayn finf um zibetsikstn yoyvl (Vilna: Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut 1937). Israel Friedlaender, Dubnow's Theory of Jewish Nationalism'' (New York: The Maccabaean Publishing Co. 1905). External links
Autonomism
Dubnow biography
Shimon Dubnow (1860-1941)
Simon Dubnow Institut
Papers of <mask>now. ; RG 87; YIVO Institute for

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texts:
<mask> (born January 2, 1975) is a Dominican-American attorney and diplomat who is the United States Ambassador to Spain. Most recently, she was the chief of staff to First Lady Jill Biden. She formerly served as a litigation and international arbitration partner with the international law firm Winston & Strawn LLP. She was previously a partner with Chadbourne & Parke LLP, practicing in the firm's International Arbitration and Latin America groups. <mask> is also affiliated with the faculty at Columbia University School of Law and the School of International and Public Affairs. From March 2012 until December 2014, she served as United States ambassador to Uruguay. She is a former deputy assistant secretary for the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs at the United States Department of State.President Biden nominated her to be the next United States Ambassador to Spain on July 27, 2021, being confirmed on December 18, 2021. Early life and education
A native of the Dominican Republic, <mask> immigrated to the United States in 1982. She graduated valedictorian of her class at Aquinas High School in the Bronx. She was admitted to Harvard University, where she helped found several student groups and was active with the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government. After earning an A.B. in government from Harvard University in 1997, <mask> was named the John Harvard Scholar and earned a Master of Philosophy in development studies in 1998 from Emmanuel College, Cambridge. <mask> also earned a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School in 2001.At Columbia, she was the editor for the Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. Her graduate studies were supported by The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans. After law school, she clerked for Judge Laura Taylor Swain. Career
In 2008, <mask> was active in the Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign before joining the Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign. Prior to joining the Obama administration, <mask> was an attorney in private practice at the international law firm of Simpson

masks:
Julissa Reynoso Pantaleón
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso


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 Thacher & Bartlett LLP in New York. <mask> resided in the Washington Heights neighborhood in Manhattan and served on the boards of several non-profit groups. She also served as a legal fellow at Columbia Law School and the Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University School of Law.In 2006, <mask> served as deputy director of the Office of Accountability in the New York City Department of Education. <mask> has published widely in both Spanish and English on a range of issues including regulatory reform, community organizing, housing reform, immigration policy and Latin American politics for both popular press and academic journals. <mask> is a member of the Council of Foreign Relations and a World Economic Forum Young Global Leader. <mask> is the recipient of various public interest awards, including recognitions from Columbia University, New York University, the NorthStar Foundation, the Legal Aid Society, and the Hispanic National Bar Foundation. She serves on the boards of several nonprofit and advocacy organizations. She is also a member of a Washington, D.C.–based Western Hemisphere think tank, the Inter-American Dialogue. Obama administration
In 2009, <mask> joined former secretary of state Hillary Clinton to serve as Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs.During her tenure, Reynoso was charged with developing and implementing a comprehensive security and rule of Law strategy for Central America and the Caribbean. In October 2011, President Barack Obama expressed his intention to nominate Reynoso as United States ambassador to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, a nomination that required the advice and consent of the United States Senate. On March 30, 2012, the U.S. Senate confirmed Reynoso as United States ambassador to Uruguay. As an ambassador, Reynoso focused on trade and commerce, with particular interest in agricultural trade, and on science, technology and education cooperation. In 2014, during her time as Ambassador to Uruguay, <mask> was allegedly denied entry into a restaurant in Montevideo

masks: Reynoso Reynoso Reynoso Reynoso Reynoso Reynoso Reynoso


texts:
 because of racial discrimination, though they initially claimed it was due to lack of reservation and dress code despite others entering without a reservation. Uruguayan media called it a "diplomatic mess" and the restaurant apologized, claiming the host incorrectly discerned who could enter. <mask> escalated this incident with the State Department.Biden administration

In November 2020, <mask> was named chief of staff to the then-incoming First Lady of the United States, Jill Biden. On July 27, 2021, President Joe Biden announced the nomination of <mask> to be the United States ambassador to Spain and Andorra. Her nomination was sent to the Senate the following day. Her nomination was reported favorably by the Senate's Foreign Relations Committee on November 3, 2021. On December 18, 2021, her nomination was confirmed in the Senate by voice vote. <mask> arrived in Spain on January 17, 2022. On February 2, 2022, she presented her credentials to King Felipe VI.Recognition
<mask> was recognized in Crain's New York's 2017 "List of Leading Women Lawyers in NYC". She and her colleague Nicole Silver were recognized in Latinvex's 2017 ranking of "Latin America's Top 100 Female Lawyers." In 2017, Winston & Strawn was ranked as an international firm for its Latin America practice, of which <mask> is a member, in the international arbitration category. References

External links

<mask> <mask> Pantaleón's profile from the Biden-Harris transition website

|-

1975 births
Living people
21st-century American women
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Ambassadors of the United States to Andorra
Ambassadors of the United States to Spain
Ambassadors of the United States to Uruguay
American women ambassadors
Biden administration personnel
Columbia Law School alumni
Dominican Republic emigrants to the United States
Harvard University alumni
Hispanic and Latino American diplomats
Members of the Inter-American Dialogue
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) lawyers
People associated with Winston & Strawn
Simpson Thacher & Bartlett
United States Department of

masks: Reynoso Reynoso Reynoso Reynoso Reynoso Reynoso Julissa Reynoso


texts:
<mask> (also spelled as Pliev; ; ;  — 2 February 1979) was a Soviet military commander. <mask> would rise to become the premier cavalry general of the Soviet Army. He became Army General (1962), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (16 April 1944 and 8 September 1945), Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (1971). During World War II, <mask> commanded several mechanized cavalry units, ranging from regiments to army corps. The military historians David Glantz and Jonathan House described <mask> as a "great practitioner of cavalry operations in adverse terrain". <mask> became known in the West largely for his involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Early life and career
<mask> started his military career in the Red Army in 1922.He graduated from the Leningrad Cavalry school in 1926, from the Frunze Military Academy in 1933 and from the Soviet General Staff Academy. He joined the Communist party in 1926. World War II
At the start of the invasion of the Soviet Union, <mask> commanded the 50th Cavalry Division (renamed 3rd Guards Cavalry Division). His unit participated in the Battle of Moscow and the Battle of Stalingrad. <mask> served with Lev Dovator who fought alongside Rokossovsky with the crucial 16th Army. These forces along with that of Pavel Belov were the most successful cavalry units of the Battle of Moscow. During the Battle of Stalingrad, his forces were the first to complete the encirclement of the German 6th Army, thus trapping 330,000 men inside the pocket.He commanded cavalry-mechanized group consisting of 4th Guards Cavalry Corps and 4th Mechanized Corps during the Bereznegovatoye–Snigirevka Offensive along the Black Sea coast, as part of the 3rd Ukrainian Front under Army General Rodion Malinovsky. During Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944, part of the 1st Belorussian Front, <mask>'s cavalry-mechanized group attacked towards Slutsk. According to Glantz and House, the unit was highly successful in exploiting the operational breakthrough. In the fall of

masks:
Issa Alexandrovich Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Issa Pliyev
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texts:
 1944, he commanded a cavalry-mechanized group consisting of two divisions during the Battle of Debrecen. The operations of Lieutenant General Pliev's 1st Guards Cavalry Mechanized Group demonstrates its usefulness as it fought through Ukraine, Eastern Europe and into Germany. With Dovator killed in action and Belov promoted to an army commander, Pliev was able to apply deep battle operations better than any other general which eventually made him the only Soviet cavalry personnel to receive two Heroes of the Soviet Union. His valuable experience serving directly under Lev Dovator while planning and fighting with the best especially in the early stages of the war made him stand out among others.When more tanks were added to the cavalry corps, <mask> became the pioneer in the newly cavalry mechanized groups who immediately proved themselves in battle. This made him well respected among his peers and soldiers. He ended the war in command of the Soviet-Mongolian Cavalry-Mechanized Group of the Transbaikal front in Manchuria, fighting against the Japanese Kwantung Army. Post-war
After the war, <mask> continued his career in the military, and took command of the Stavropol Military District in February 1946. In June he became commander of the 9th Mechanized Army, stationed in Romania with the Southern Group of Forces. He commanded 13th Army between February 1947 and 1949, in western Ukraine. <mask> graduated from higher academic courses at the Military Academy of the General Staff in 1949, and in April took command of the 4th Army in the Transcaucasian Military District.In June 1955, he was appointed First Deputy commander of the North Caucasus Military District, succeeding to command of the district in April 1958. On 27 April 1962 <mask> was promoted to Army General. In June his troops took part in suppressing Novocherkassk riots. During the Cuban Missile Crisis he was the commander of Group of Soviet forces as part of the Operation Anadyr in Cuba from July 1962 to May 1963.

masks: Pliyev Pliyev Pliyev Pliyev


texts:
 After returning from Cuba, he assumed command of the North Caucasus Military District again. In June 1968, <mask> became an advisor for the Ministry of Defense of the USSR's Group of Inspectors General, a position for elderly senior officers. He lived in Rostov-on-Don and died on 6 February 1979 in Moscow.<mask> was buried in the Walk of Fame in Vladikavkaz. Awards
<mask> was awarded five Orders of Lenin, three Orders of the Red Banner, two Orders of Suvorov (1st Class), Order of Kutuzov (1st Class), numerous medals and nine foreign orders. He was decorated twice Hero of the Soviet Union. Books authored

Плиев И.А.. Через Гоби и Хинган (Through the Gobi Desert and the Khingan Mountains). 1965. Плиев И.А.. Конец Квантунской армии (The End of the Kwantung Army). 1969

See also
 Soviet invasion of Manchuria
 Pavel Belov
 Lev Dovator

References

Harrel, John (2019).Soviet Cavalry Operations During The Second World War: The Genesis Of The Operational Manoeuvre Group. Pen & Sword Military. Cited sources

1903 births
1979 deaths
People from Pravoberezhny District, North Ossetia–Alania
People from Terek Oblast
Ossetian people
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union candidate members
Second convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Fourth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Fifth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Sixth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Seventh convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Army generals (Soviet Union)
People of the Soviet invasion of Poland
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Frunze Military Academy

masks: Pliyev Pliyev Pliyev


texts: <mask> (3 June 1787 in Bernay, Eure – 14 July 1859 in La Vaupalière) was a French geologist, philologist, archaeologist and historian. While studying classics and law, <mask>t developed a passion for history and archeology. To further it, he learned, besides Latin and Greek, English, Italian, German, Swedish, Hebrew and Sanskrit. His encyclopedic knowledge, the critical and rigorous method he applied to his research, were clearly an innovation in his time. As an historian, <mask> pioneered, along with his friend Arcisse de Caumont, research on the Romanesque and Gothic architecture in Normandy and France. In 1824, he cofounded with de Caumont, Charles de Gerville and Father Gervais de La Rue, the Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, a veritable "school in motion of specialists of architecture". He was elected a member of the Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Rouen in 1813, and chaired, on various occasions, the learned societies of Seine-Inférieure and Eure.He was elected a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1838. <mask> Prévost, who was fascinated by the History of Normandy, published the five volumes of the Norman chronicler Orderic Vitalis' work. He showed his versatility by authoring, among many scientific papers, a Discours sur la poésie romantique in 1825. In 1830, he published two sets of detailed notes on the important discovery of "the treasure of Berthouville", a fabulous collection of Gallo-Roman silverware listed today among the most valuable pieces medal cabinet of the Bibliothèque nationale de France. He is responsible for the restoration of the Parlement de Normandie in Rouen and conservation of Roman theater of Lillebonne. He began a political career with his election as general counselor

masks:
Auguste Le Prévost
Le Prevos
Le Prevost
Le


texts:
 in Bernay in 1831, then as deputy in 1834. He was consistently re-elected until the Orleans family fell from power after the French Revolution of 1848. he did not oppose the republic, but said humorously, "The Republic and I greet one another, but we do not talk."He then resumed scholarly activities he had never really abandoned, and earned the nickname of "Norman Pausanias". When he died in 1859, he had gone almost blind. He is featured in Jean de La Varende's most famous novel, Leather-Nose (1936), when the hero, Roger Tainchebraye, meets "a black man feverishly measuring, looking, counting, an active and tiny insect: it was <mask> Prevost, the archaeologist of Bernay, semi-founder of the science that would get such a upswing" walks through the ruins of the Abbey of Saint-Evroul. Nez-de-Cuir also mentions a mysterious crypt in the abbey with "miscellaneous valuables, rings and bits of sticks, which come from a discovery made around here"... The innumerable unpublished Notes historiques et archéologiques by <mask>t were later published in several volumes between 1866 and 1869 by Louis Passy and Léopold Delisle. They have been widely used by generations of researchers, and are still authoritative. <mask> was appointed sub-prefect of Bernay in August 1814 before he was discharged in November 1815.A street of his native town of Bernay was named after him. ], Londres, 1860

Numerous articles in the journals of various learned societies. References
 Adolphe-André Porée, <mask> Prévost, archéologue et historien, Bernay, Vve <mask>èvre, 1881

1787 births
1859 deaths
People from Bernay, Eure
French geologists
French botanists
French philologists
French historians
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
French male non-fiction

masks:
Auguste Le
Le Prevos
Le Prévost
Auguste Le
Lef


texts:
<mask> (born August 22, 1937) is an American professional baseball executive. He previously served as the general manager of four MLB teams: the Toronto Blue Jays (1978–1994), Baltimore Orioles (1996–1998), Seattle Mariners (2000–2003), and Philadelphia Phillies (2006–2008). He guided the Blue Jays to World Series championships in 1992 and 1993, and later with the Phillies in 2008. He won a national championship in college while pitching for the University of Southern California (USC). <mask> was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1997, the National Baseball Hall of Fame on July 24, 2011, the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2013, and the Phillies Wall of Fame in 2018. Early life
<mask> was born to former minor league baseball player <mask> in Chico, California. In 1951, he earned his Eagle Scout from the Boy Scouts of America.He continued to stay involved in Scouting and received the Order of the Arrow's Vigil Honor mere months after winning the College World Series at USC. After graduating from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California, he hitchhiked to Vulcan, Alberta, to toil as a kid pitcher with the semi-pro Vulcan Elks of the Foothills-Wheatbelt League. <mask> had to wire his grandmother for $25 to finance his last leg from Montana to Vulcan. He attended USC and joined the Delta Chi Fraternity. He graduated in 1958 with a degree in business. He was also a gifted pitcher, playing on the 1958 National Title baseball team at USC and spending five years in the minor league systems of the Baltimore Orioles and Pittsburgh Pirates, venturing as high as Triple-A. A left-hander, <mask> posted a win/loss record of 45–32 with an earned run average of 3.42 in 164 minor league games.Front office career

<mask> retired from playing and began a front-office career in 1963, when he became the assistant farm director with the Houston Colt .45s. He would eventually work his way up to the position of

masks:
Lawrence Patrick David Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Larry Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick


texts: Director of Scouting before moving to the New York Yankees system in 1974, as a Coordinator of Player Development. In 1976, he moved, this time to the expansion Toronto Blue Jays, becoming their Vice President of Player Personnel, and in 1977, their Vice President of Baseball Operations and General Manager. In 1984, he was named Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations. As Toronto's general manager, <mask> won five division titles (1985, 1989, 1991, 1992 and 1993) and led the club to their first World Series championships in 1992 and 1993. Shortly after <mask> resigned in 1994, the Blue Jays went into decline, not finishing higher than third place until 2006, and failing to make the playoffs until 2015. In 1995, <mask> was named the general manager of the Baltimore Orioles to replace Roland Hemond, who had resigned.He cited the fact that they were close to winning a championship as a factor to his decision to come out of retirement. He guided the Orioles to the playoffs in 1996 and 1997. He announced on September 20, 1998 his departure from the Orioles when his three-year contract expired after the conclusion of the season. The Orioles struggled shortly after his departure, failing to achieve a winning season until 2012. <mask> then became the general manager of the Seattle Mariners, who had parlayed their incredible 1995 playoff run into a new ballpark and the financial resources to become a perennial contender. Upon his hiring, the responsibility fell on <mask> to trade Ken Griffey, Jr. to Cincinnati after Griffey played out his final season in Seattle. The Mariners made back-to-back playoff appearances for the only time in franchise history in 2000 and 2001, and the 2001 team, with a 116–46 record, tied the 1906 Chicago Cubs for the all-time Major League Baseball record for most wins in a single season.However, the Mariners failed to make it past the American League Championship Series in either year,

masks: Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick


texts:
 and did not make the playoffs for the rest of <mask>'s tenure as GM and advisor. The Mariners have not reached the playoffs since his departure. On November 2, 2005, <mask> was named the Philadelphia Phillies' general manager, after which his first big move was to trade Jim Thome and cash to the Chicago White Sox for Aaron Rowand along with prospects Gio González and Daniel Haigwood, being a move which cleared the way for Phillies' Rookie of the Year Ryan Howard to become the permanent starter. Howard would be named NL MVP that year. <mask> had permanent residence in Toronto with his wife Doris, however they have since relocated to Seattle after he became the Phillies GM. He had become a Canadian citizen in 2004. <mask> retired from his position as general manager after leading the Phillies to a World Series championship in 2008.Assistant general manager Rubén Amaro, Jr. was named his successor. <mask> remained in the organization as a senior advisor to Amaro and Phillies president David Montgomery. In August 2014, <mask> became interim president of the Phillies while Montgomery was on medical leave. In January 2015, Montgomery returned but became Phillies chairman, while <mask> assumed the club presidency on a permanent basis. <mask> returned to his senior advisor role after the Phillies promoted Andy MacPhail to president, who first joined the Phillies organization as a special assistant to <mask> during the 2015 season. Since 2016, <mask> served as part-owner of teams in the collegiate woodbat Great West League such as the Chico Heat and Yuba-Sutter Gold Sox. He won championships with the Heat in the league's inaugural season in 2016 and their final season in 2018.Honors and awards
In 1993, Sporting News awarded its Sportsman of the Year honor to <mask> and Blue Jays manager Cito Gaston. In 1997, <mask> was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. In 2002, <mask> was inducted into the Toronto Blue

masks: Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick Gillick


texts:
 Jays' Level of Excellence
In 2008, baseball fans nationwide voted him the MLB "This Year in Baseball Awards" Executive of the Year. Also in 2008, he was named "King of Baseball", a ceremonial title awarded by Minor League Baseball to one person each year in recognition of longtime dedication and service to professional baseball. In December 2009, Sports Illustrated named him as number 7 on its list of the Top 10 GMs/Executives of the Decade (in all sports). On December 6, 2010, <mask> was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame by the new Expansion Era Committee which considers Expansion Era candidates identified from the Expansion Era, 1973–present. He was the fourth general manager ever enshrined.He was formally inducted on July 24, 2011, with former major league players, Roberto Alomar and Bert Blyleven. In 2015 he received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America
In 2018, <mask> became the first executive inducted into the Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame

References

External links

<mask> at B-R Bullpen
Alumni report from USC

1937 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball people in Canada
Baltimore Orioles executives
Baseball players from California
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Columbus Jets players
Elmira Pioneers players
Fox Cities Foxes players
Houston Astros executives
Houston Astros scouts
Little Rock Travelers players
Los Angeles Valley Monarchs baseball players
Marshall School of Business alumni
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball scouting directors
Minor league baseball players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
New York Yankees executives
Philadelphia Phillies executives
Rapiños de Occidente players
Rochester Red Wings players
Seattle Mariners executives
Sportspeople from Chico, California
Sportspeople from Toronto
Stockton Ports players
Toronto Blue Jays executives
USC Trojans baseball players
Vancouver Mounties

masks:
Gillick
Gillick
Pat Gillick


texts:
<mask> RWA FRSA is a British painter and performance artist of Ghanaian descent who uses her body as the starting point for much of her work. Themes of particular interest include feminism, colonialism, religion and spirituality. Damoah's debut exhibition entitled "Black Brits," took place in 2006 in Charlie Allen's Boutique, Islington, London, UK and received some media attention. It was featured on BBC News, Channel 5 News and other regional and local media outlets in the UK. Damoah's solo exhibitions to date also include Genesis, This is Us, Supermodels, Black Lipstick, and a domestic violence exhibition for the National Centre for Domestic Violence. Performances to date include This is Me the Inconsistency of the Self, My Body is Present, Homage to Ana Mendieta and #MYFACE. Education
Damoah studied Applied Biology at Kingston University in South West London, England graduating with honours in 1999.Career
Damoah worked in the pharmaceutical industry as a medical representative for six years. During that time, Damoah was diagnosed with endometriosis. As a result of the condition she left the industry. She then pursued oil painting. Damoah's debut exhibition Black Brits was launched in 2006. The exhibition sought to examine the role of race and identity in iconography. The series, through a series of portraits, sought to question whether the race of major British icons as diverse as the Krays and David Beckham was relevant to their given status as icons.They were portrayed with reversed skin colours. On 6 March 2006, Damoah arranged a demonstration at Parliament Square as part of Endometriosis awareness week with the Endometriosis charity Endometriosis UK. The event was marked by a communal scream by participants followed by a march to 10 Downing Street to hand in a 13,000 signature petition for the Prime Minister Tony Blair. <mask>'s second exhibition was “Supermodels" exhibited at Nolia's Gallery, London in 2008. The series of large oil paintings examined the size zero discussion, which became a popular social debate in 2006.

masks:
Adelaide Damoah
Damoah


texts: Subsequent exhibitions include "Black Lipstick" in 2008 and "NCDV" in 2009. Damoah was invited to Hungary in 2009 to take part in an exhibition entitled "British Art in the Twenty First Century" at Opera Gallery in Budapest.In November 2015, Damoah put on her fifth solo exhibition in Camden, London entitled "This is Us." In October 2018, <mask> launched her sixth solo show entitled Genesis in London. Simultaneously referencing and inverting Yves Klein’s 1960 performance Anthropométrie de l’époque bleue, which saw the artist use female participants as malleable ‘printmaking tools’, Damoah has instead assumed the role of living paint brush, using her own body to make painterly gestures, exerting her power as a black female artist. The shift from male director to female protagonist has enabled Damoah to redefine how the black female body is portrayed, deconstructing stereotypes as a means of reconstructing wider socio-cultural narratives. The artist has cited David Hammons and Ana Mendieta as key influences in the production of Genesis. The exhibition, which comprised paintings, prints and performative works, was accompanied by a dynamic events programme, including a live streamed performance by <mask>, democratising the way in which the work is consumed, but also interrogating the complexities of internet culture and how we connect through performance. Though the work itself is complex and multi-faceted, it was built around a minimal palette of black and gold.Speaking of this decision, the artist explained that "black and gold have been used both for aesthetic and metaphorical reasons. Black is evoking skin colour, but also absence as a lived experience. Meanwhile, gold is referring to Ghana's historical source of wealth which gave it its colonial name (Gold Coast)." Group shows in 2018 included Bonhams "We face Forward!" A celebration of contemporary Ghanaian artists including El Anatsui, Professor Ablade Glover and fellow BBFA Collective member and founder Enam Gbewonyo; BBFA Presents at Tafeta London and Muse, Model or Mistress in

masks:
Damoah
Adelaide Damoah


texts:
 London. Damoah's current work involves using her own body as "a paintbrush of sorts," by covering herself with oil paint and pressing her body onto her painting surface, leaving impressions, or traces of herself behind. Only too aware of the historic hyper-sexualisation of the black female body, Damoah is resolute that this is far from what she wishes to explore in the work.Gender and race are obvious issues which are apparent, however, Damoah maintains that the work is about much more than this. Writing on her painting surfaces using text in English, Twi and Ga, (the latter two being the languages of the artists parents) Damoah expresses a deep desire to connect with her Ghanaian roots, while entering into a conversation about where she fits in as a child of the African Diaspora. The influence of artist Artist Ana Mendieta is apparent in this new work, while direct references in her written text to artist Jean Michele Basquiat, reflect a self-confessed admiration for the artist. Damoah cites Frida Kahlo as her main artistic influence. To date, Damoah has examined social issues in her work including issues regarding race, identity, sexuality, and domestic violence. Damoah is a founding member of the BBFA Collective and the INFEMS Collective. In September 2019, Damoah appeared in the Visual Collaborative electronic catalogue, in an issue themed Vivencias which translates to "Experiences" in Spanish.She was interviewed alongside 30 people from around the world that included Kelli Ali, Dakore Akande and Desdamona. She was a guest artist of Museum Week in Paris at the Cite nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration. References

English painters
Living people
Modern painters
English contemporary artists
English women painters
English people of Ghanaian descent
20th-century British women artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Black British artists
People educated at St Ursula's Convent School
21st-century British women artists
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
21st-century English women
21st-century English


texts:
<mask> (; born 12 September 1969) is an Argentine professional golfer who has played on both the European Tour and PGA Tour. He is known affectionately as "El Pato" in Spanish ("The Duck") for his waddling gait. He is a two-time major champion, with wins at the U.S. Open in 2007 and the Masters in 2009; he was the first (and still only as of 2021) Argentine and South American to win either. He also lost in a sudden death playoff at the Masters in 2013. Background and personal life
Born in Córdoba, Argentina, <mask>'s father, Miguel, was a handyman, and his mother worked as a maid. He was three or four when his parents split up and was left in the care of his paternal grandmother. <mask> stayed with her until he was 16, when he moved in a few feet away, to the house of Silvia, twelve years his senior, and a mother of four boys.They had a son, Federico, followed by another, <mask>. When <mask> was 10, he became a caddy at the Córdoba Country Club, which he says almost became his home. He learned golf playing against other caddies for money. His fierce determination and powerful swing soon caught the eye of members, one of whom, Juan Cruz Molina, a local real estate magnate, bought him his first set of clubs when he was 16. With his stocky figure and habit of smoking at every hole, <mask> cut a distinctive figure on the course. He is also acknowledged as having one of the biggest swings in the game. His son Federico became a professional golfer in 2008 and entered the PGA Tour's qualifying school in 2011, but was eliminated in the second stage.His other son, <mask>, became a professional in 2012 and joined the Canadian Tour. The elder <mask>

masks:
Ángel Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Ángel
Cabrera
Cabrera
Ángel
Ángel


texts:
 and his sons also compete on PGA Tour Latinoamérica. In January 2021, <mask> was arrested in Rio de Janeiro as a result of Interpol issuing a red notice due to him having left Argentina without authorisation following the start of a trial where he was facing a number of criminal charges, including assault, theft and illegal intimidation. In March 2021, he remained imprisoned in Brazil awaiting extradition. <mask> was extradited to Argentina in June 2021. In July 2021, he was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison. Professional career

Early career
<mask> turned professional at age twenty and his first three visits to the European Tour Qualifying School were unsuccessful.On his fourth trip in 1995, made with Molina's financial assistance, he qualified for membership of the European Tour in 1996. <mask> retained his card comfortably in his first three seasons and improved substantially to tenth on the Order of Merit in 1999. He has since finished in the top 15 of the Order of Merit on seven occasions, with a best placing of fifth in 2005. European Tour wins
<mask>'s first European Tour win was the 2001 Argentine Open, which was sanctioned by the European Tour on a one-time basis that year. In 2005, he won the BMW Championship, the most prestigious event on the European Tour outside the majors and the World Golf Championships. However, it was only his third European Tour win, a tally which was perhaps disappointing given his consistent form on the tour. At that point, <mask> had also won seven non-European Tour events in Latin America, where the standard of play is much lower than on the European Tour.<mask> featured a highest of 9th

masks: Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera


texts:
 in the Official World Golf Ranking on 2 October 2005. He was the top-ranked Latin American player for a number of years before the emerging pair of Andrés Romero and Camilo Villegas won PGA Tour tournaments in 2008. <mask> earned enough money ($623,504) on the PGA Tour in 2006 playing as a non-member to earn a tour card for 2007. He has played almost full-time in 2007, 2008, and 2009. In 2009, Cabrera announced partnership with Gary Player Design to collaborate on a golf course design business with a focus in Latin America. This coincides with golf, the Olympics and Brazil coming together in 2016. 2007 U.S. Open win
<mask> won his first major championship at the 2007 U.S. Open at Oakmont near Pittsburgh.He finished the tournament at 5-over, topping runners-up Tiger Woods and Jim Furyk by one stroke. <mask> entered the third round as the leader at even par, after finishing the first round at 1-under, and shooting 1-over on the second day. He struggled during the third round, finishing 6 strokes over par, putting him 4 strokes behind Aaron Baddeley and two behind Woods. <mask> rebounded and came back strong on the last day. He birdied one of the longest par-3 holes in major championship history when he sunk a  putt at the 8th hole, which played at a lengthy  on Sunday. <mask> finished one stroke under par, bringing him down to 5-over (285) for the championship, just enough to secure his first career major victory. At a post-round interview <mask> said "Well, there are some players that have psychologists, some have sportologists, I smoke."<mask> became the first Argentine player to win the U.S. Open and the second to win a major, joining


texts:
 Roberto De Vicenzo, who won the British Open in 1967 at Royal Liverpool (Hoylake). <mask> received the 2007 Olimpia de Oro ("Golden Olympia") as Argentina's sportsperson of the year. 2009 Masters win
<mask> won the Masters Tournament in 2009 in a three-way sudden-death playoff, seeing off Chad Campbell after the first playoff hole, and defeating Kenny Perry on the second. On the first playoff hole, the 18th, <mask> missed right of the fairway, leaving his ball stymied directly behind a tree. On his second shot, he hit a shot right of the tree that would have sent the golf ball onto the 10th hole fairway, but ended up hitting another tree about  ahead, bouncing left and settling in the center of the 18th fairway. He and Perry both got up-and-down for par, while Campbell missed his  par putt and was eliminated. On the second playoff hole, the 10th, <mask> made par to defeat Perry, becoming the first Argentine to win the Masters.He was the lowest-ranked golfer to win the Masters, having been ranked 69th before the tournament. <mask> struggled with injuries throughout most of the 2010 season and was forced to miss a number of events after undergoing surgery. In that year he was granted the Platinum Konex Award as the best golfer from the last decade in Argentina. 2011
In 2011, <mask> was in the mix to win a second Green Jacket at Augusta when he was in the final pairing on Sunday, four strokes behind leader Rory McIlroy. <mask> started the round solidly and even tied for the lead at one point during the afternoon, but bogeys on 12 and 16 derailed his chances. He posted a final round 71 which placed him in sole seventh, five strokes behind the


texts:
 South African Charl Schwartzel. This was however <mask>'s best finish in a major tournament since his win back in 2009.He missed the cut in the years other three major championships and failed to qualify for the season ending FedEx Cup playoffs, finishing 154th in the standings. His best finish of the season was a T6 in the fall season at the McGladrey Classic. 2013
At the Masters in 2013, <mask> was again in the final pairing on Sunday. After taking a two shot lead on the front nine, <mask> proceeded to lose the lead and after failing to birdie the par-5 15th and was two shots behind leader Jason Day. Day then bogeyed two holes in succession and when <mask> made a 20-foot putt for birdie at the 16th he tied Adam Scott and Day briefly for the lead. As <mask> stood on the 18th fairway, up ahead on the green and playing in the penultimate group, Scott holed a birdie putt to take the lead. <mask> hit a  7-iron to  and knocked in the putt to force a playoff.On the first playoff hole, Scott's second shot was  out, but rolled back off the front of the green. <mask>'s second shot also came up short, rolling back off the green and coming to rest behind Scott's ball. <mask>'s chip just slid by the hole. Both players then made par sending them onto the 10th for the second playoff hole. Scott and <mask> hit their tee shots in the fairway and matched each other with approach shots which landed on the green giving both birdie chances, <mask> with  uphill and Scott a downhill right to left 12 footer. <mask>'s putt was a turn away from dropping in, giving Scott a chance to win with his putt. Scott made the putt defeating <mask> and bringing Australia

masks: Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera


texts:
 their first ever green jacket.Although Cabrera was fully exempt on the PGA Tour, he occasionally competed in Argentinian events on PGA Tour Latinoamérica, a developmental tour in Latin America whose 2013 members included former PGA Tour winners Carlos Franco and Ted Purdy. <mask> won the 2012 Visa Open de Argentina and the 2013 Abierto del Centro. 2014
<mask> won the Greenbrier Classic in West Virginia on 6 July 2014, his first PGA Tour victory since claiming the green jacket in 2009. It was his third win in the United States, but his first non-major win on the PGA Tour. <mask> shot a six-under-par 64 on both Saturday and Sunday to secure the title, winning $1.17 million

2015
Cabrera had a down year on the 2015 PGA Tour season. He finished in the top-25 only twice and wound up 170th on the PGA Tour's money list. Team golf career
Cabrera was a member of the international squad in the Presidents Cup in 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2013.Results timeline

WD = withdrew
CUT = missed the half way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place. Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 7 (2008 PGA – 2010 U.S. Open)
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (2001 Masters – 2001 U.S. Open)

Results in The Players Championship

CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place. Results in World Golf Championships

1Cancelled due to 9/11

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
NT = No tournament
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. Results in senior major championships

"T" indicates a tie for a place
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

Team appearances
Alfred Dunhill Cup (representing

masks: Cabrera Cabrera Cabrera


texts:
 Argentina): 1997, 1998, 2000
World Cup (representing Argentina): 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
Presidents Cup (International Team): 2005, 2007, 2009, 2013

References

External links

<mask> fought his way from the barrio to the U.S. Open

Argentine male golfers
European Tour golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Winners of men's major golf championships
People from Córdoba Province, Argentina
1969 births
Living


texts:
<mask> (born December 7, 1994) is a Filipina actress, cosplayer, host, singer, songwriter and gamer who rose to prominence after being declared the Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition 4 Big Winner. <mask> started her career under ABS-CBN where she was launched as one of the Star Magic Angels. She is currently managed and under contract with GMA Artist Center. <mask> was the Official VJ or Anime Jockey for Hero TV, the main female presenter for ABS-CBN Sports and Action's NCAA Basketball Championship (Philippines), a feature host for the morning show, Umagang Kay Ganda  and a performer on the second season of the show, Your Face Sounds Familiar. She was also the cover girl of various magazines and became the 2018 Calendar Girl of Ginebra San Miguel. After signing a record deal with Ivory Music & Video (Sony Music Philippines) in 2016, <mask> released her major-label debut studio album, Now Playing: <mask> (2016) which was awarded a certified Gold Award by the Philippine Association of the Record Industry for its outstanding album sales. Aside from writing all her songs from her album, she also wrote the songs for other artists namely Jennylyn Mercado and Maja Salvador.<mask> graduated cum laude from the Philippines' top university, University of the Philippines, with a degree in broadcast communication and served as the Sangguniang Kabataan President in her hometown Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo. Personal life
<mask> was born to Rodolfo <mask> Jr., a Filipino politician and Tam Porlucas, a Filipina accountant. <mask> was born and raised in Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo, Visayas, Philippines. At the age of fourteen, Sarrosa started participating in Cosplay Conventions and won several awards for cosplaying in the Philippines. By the age of

masks:
Myrtle Abigail Porlucas Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Myrtle
Sarrosa
Myrtle Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa