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Nikola Nakima Bogojevic (born December 21, 1991) is an American professional wrestler and singer. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name <mask>, and is one half of the WWE Raw Tag Team Champions with Chad Gable as Alpha Academy in their first reign. After signing with WWE in 2016, he was assigned to their developmental brand NXT, teaming with Tucker Knight as part of Heavy Machinery. They were promoted to WWE's main roster in 2018. During his time on the main roster, <mask> won the 2020 men's Money in the Bank ladder match. Prior to his professional wrestling career, Bogojevic was an amateur wrestler, winning the 2008 Greco-Roman junior Nationals in his weight class, the national title in the 2018 Junior Pan-American Games, and a bronze medal in Greco-Roman wrestling at the Pan-American Games, and was a prospect for the 2018 Olympic Games team, but was not chosen. In 2018, he was named the Rookie of the Year by Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI).Early life
Nikola Bogojevic was born on December 21, 1991 in Duluth, Minnesota, to parents of Serbian descent. Amateur wrestling career

Bogojevic attended Superior High School, where he was a successful amateur wrestler; he was the 2010 285lb undefeated WIAA State Champion. He was a champion at the 2009 Greco-Roman junior Nationals. He placed third at the 2009 Junior Freestyle championships. Originally committed to the University of Wisconsin, he wrestled at collegiate level for Augsburg College and Colorado State University-Pueblo. He won the national title in Greco-Roman wrestling at the Junior Pan-American Games in 2011 and a Greco-Roman bronze at the 2014 Pan-American Games. He was at one point considered a prospect

masks: Otis Otis


type: original

texts:
 for the U.S. Greco-Roman wrestling team at the 2012 Summer Olympics and spent some time training at the Olympic Training Center in Colorado.Professional wrestling career

Early career (2015–2016)
In 2015, Bogojevic trained to become a professional wrestler at the Mercury Pro Wrestling Academy in Arvada, Colorado. He wrestled under the ring name Dozer for several regional promotions in Colorado and Utah, including Ultra Championship Wrestling-Zero (UCW-Zero) and New Revolution Wrestling, where he won the NRW Charged Championship. WWE

Heavy Machinery (2016–2020)

Bogojevic was scouted by WWE scout Gerald Brisco, who specialized in scouting award-winning amateur wrestlers. On April 12, 2016, Bogojevic signed a contract with WWE and was assigned to the WWE Performance Center. He made his debut at a NXT house show on July 8, 2016, teamed with Adrian Jaoude in a loss to  The Authors of Pain (Akam and Rezar). During this time, he formed a tag team with Tucker Knight, calling themselves Heavy Machinery. In October, with he now renamed <mask>, the duo participated in the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament, and they made their television debut on the October 19 episode of NXT, losing to the team of Austin Aries and Roderick Strong.The duo returned and had their first televised victory on the March 29, 2017 episode of NXT, defeating the team of Jonathan Ortagun and Mike Marshall. On the July 12 episode of NXT, Heavy Machinery unsuccessfully challenged The Authors of Pain for the NXT Tag Team Championship. In March 2018, Heavy Machinery once again participated in the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament, but were eliminated by The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) in the first round. On the December


texts: 19 episode of NXT, Heavy Machinery wrestled their final match on NXT, defeating Blake Howell and Danny D'Accardo. On December 17, 2018, it was announced that Heavy Machinery would be debuting on the main roster. They debuted on the January 14, 2019 episode of Raw, interrupting an interview between Alexa Bliss and Paul Heyman. The following week on Raw, they defeated The Ascension (Konnor and Viktor) in their in-ring debut.In February, his ring name was shortened to <mask>, while Knight's ring name was shortened to Tucker. The duo made their pay-per-view debut at WrestleMania 35, where they both competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but neither would win the match. As part of the Superstar Shake-Up, Heavy Machinery was moved to the SmackDown brand. At Stomping Grounds on June 23, Heavy Machinery faced Daniel Bryan and Rowan for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, but were unable to win the titles. The following month at Extreme Rules, Heavy Machinery again competed for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, this time in a triple threat tag team match involving Bryan and Rowan, and The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods), which The New Day won. At Crown Jewel on October 31, Heavy Machinery competed in a tag team turmoil match, but were eliminated by The New Day. At Survivor Series, Heavy Machinery participated in an interbrand tag team battle royal, which was won by Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode.By the end of 2019, <mask> entered into a romantic storyline with Mandy Rose. On the February 14, 2020 episode of SmackDown, <mask> had a date with Rose, but Dolph Ziggler appeared in <mask>'s place during the date, the storyline then evolved into a love triangle involving a feud between <mask> and Ziggler over

masks: Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis


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 Rose. On the April 3 episode of SmackDown, it was revealed that Sonya Deville was working with Ziggler to keep <mask> from Rose. At WrestleMania 36, <mask> defeated Ziggler with the help of Rose, who kissed him after the match. On the May 1 episode of SmackDown, <mask> defeated Ziggler to qualify for the Money in the Bank ladder match. At the Money in the Bank pay-per-view, <mask> won the Money in the Bank ladder match, earning him a world title match at the time of his choosing. On the September 11 episode of Smackdown, <mask> and Tucker began a feud with John Morrison and the Miz after they stole the Money in the Bank briefcase from <mask>.However, the briefcase did not contain the Money in the Bank contract as the contract was inside <mask>' lunchbox. On the September 18 episode of SmackDown, <mask> was sued by Miz and Morrison and was told to relinquish the contract but <mask> refused and opted to go to court instead. As part of the 2020 Draft in October, <mask> remained on SmackDown, while Tucker was drafted to the Raw brand, disbanding the team,  however, on the October 19 Raw, <mask> tagged with Tucker but disguised under a mask and using the name El Gran Gordo. At Hell in a Cell, <mask> lost his Money in the Bank briefcase to the Miz, after Tucker betrayed him, hitting him with the briefcase. Alpha Academy (2020–present)
On the November 6 episode of SmackDown, <mask> would be defeated by Seth Rollins in a Survivor Series qualifying match. On the November 13 episode of Smackdown, <mask> would defeat Dolph Ziggler. Following this, <mask> would be confronted by Chad Gable who proposed to <mask> that he would help him discover his "Inner Alpha".On the November 20 episode of SmackDown, WWE Official, Adam Pearce

masks: Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis


texts: would announce <mask> as the final member of the Men's SmackDown Survivor Series team. At Survivor Series, <mask> would go on to be eliminated by Braun Strowman and Team SmackDown would go on to lose in a clean sweep. On the November 27 episode of SmackDown, <mask> was set to have a match with King Corbin but was attacked with a steel chair by Jey Uso and the match was called off after <mask> could no longer compete. On the December 4 episode of SmackDown, <mask> would team with Kevin Owens to take on Roman Reigns and Jey Uso. In the match Reigns would attack <mask> thus making him unable to continue. <mask> and Kevin Owens would win the match via disqualification after Reigns who wasn't the legal man choked Owens out with his submission move. After SmackDown went off the air, Chad Gable was seen assisting <mask> to the backstage area.On the December 11 episode of SmackDown, <mask> teamed with Chad Gable in a losing effort to The Artist Collective. On the December 18 episode of Smackdown, <mask> would go on to defeat Shinsuke Nakamura. At TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs, the team of <mask>, Gable, Big E and Daniel Bryan would defeat Shinsuke Nakamura, Cesaro, King Corbin and Intercontinental Champion Sami Zayn in an eight-man tag team match. At the Royal Rumble, <mask> competed in his first rumble match but was quickly eliminated by King Corbin. On the February 19, 2021 episode of Smackdown, <mask> attacked Rey Mysterio at the orders of Gable after their tag team match, thus turning heel for the first time in his career. On the April 2 episode of SmackDown, <mask> and Chad Gable would team with the SmackDown Tag Team Champions Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode to defeat The Street Profits (Montez Ford and Angelo

masks: Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis Otis


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 Dawkins), Rey Mysterio and Dominik Mysterio in an eight-man tag team match. On Wrestlemania Smackdown, Gable and <mask> along with the previous three teams all participated in a Fatal Four-way Tag Team Match for Ziggler and Roode's championships, Ziggler and Roode ended up retaining.As part of the 2021 Draft, both <mask> and Gable were drafted to the Raw brand. On the January 10, 2022, episode of Raw, Alpha Academy defeated RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle) to win the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship, marking <mask>'s first championship in his WWE career. Professional wrestling style and persona
During his storyline with Mandy Rose in 2020, <mask> was shown as a shy man with problems when he talks to women, which Bogojevic admits is based on his real life personality. <mask> used The Caterpillar as a finishing maneuver during his matches when he was a babyface, which is very similar to Scotty 2 Hotty's finishing maneuver, The Worm. Other media
Bogojevic made his video game debut as a playable character in WWE 2K19, and has since appeared in WWE 2K20, and WWE 2K Battlegrounds. Filmography

Championships and accomplishments
New Revolution Wrestling
NRW Charged Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 151 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2021
Ranked No.69 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2020
Rookie of the Year (2017)
WWE
 WWE Raw Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Chad Gable
Money in the Bank (Men's 2020)

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
American male professional wrestlers
American male sport wrestlers
American people of Serbian descent
Sportspeople from Superior, Wisconsin
Augsburg Auggies wrestlers
CSU Pueblo


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<mask> 'Bisto' <mask> (born 31 December 1984) is a retired Irish footballer who played as a striker. Career

St. Patrick's Athletic
After raising eyebrows at youth level, Anto began his top-flight career by signing for St. Patrick's Athletic in 2005. With regular first team opportunities limited at the Inchicore side, <mask> was imminently loaned out for the majority of the 2005 season to First Division Athlone Town in order to gain valuable experience. <mask> returned to the Saints at the beginning of the 2006 season but found himself back in a similar situation. First team opportunities were again limited and he was eventually loaned out by Pats again, this time to Dublin rivals Shamrock Rovers in July 2006. Anto scored 3 league goals in 9 league appearances in the 2006 season including the opening goal in Rovers 1000th League win. Dundalk
After spending effectively two seasons on loan from St. Patrick's Athletic, Anto departed the Saints in December 2006 to sign for First Division Dundalk.<mask> made a bright start to his Dundalk career becoming a regular in the side and scored his first Dundalk goal in 6-2 victory against Athlone Town on 29 March 2007 at Oriel Park. Things took a sharp turn for the worse for <mask>'s Dundalk career in May 2007 when his contract was terminated by the club due to a 'breach of discipline'. Shelbourne
As a free agent, <mask> remained out of the game for two months until the next transfer window in July 2007 when he was snapped up by First Division side, Shelbourne, in order to boost their attacking options. He made his Shelbourne debut against Wexford Youths at Tolka Park on 6 July 2007. Anto ironically scored his first goal for Shelbourne against the club that had dismissed him a few short months previously, scoring the winner in a 1-0 victory over Dundalk at Tolka Park on 27 July 2007. He ended up scoring 11 goals for the Reds during the 2007 season, and the 2 goals he scored earlier in the season with Dundalk ensured he was tied with Davin O'Neill of Cobh Ramblers for the second top scorer in the First Division. <mask> was one of just

masks: Anthony Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood


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 four Shelbourne first team players who played in 2007 to be retained for the following season.A prolific start to the 2008 season saw <mask> hit the top of the goalscoring charts while Shels reached the top of the First Division table. Both Shels and <mask> could not maintain this form consistently over the course of the season as Shels were pipped to the title in the dying seconds of the season by Dundalk. <mask> finished 2nd in the 2008 First Division goalscoring charts with 14 goals. He returned to Shelbourne for their latest assault on the First Division title in 2009 where he scored 12 goals that season. After Shelbourne failed to achieve promotion with a 2nd-place finish in 2009, <mask> parted ways with the club after 3 seasons where he scored 38 goals in 83 competitive appearances. Galway United
Galway United announced on 18 March 2010 that they had signed <mask>. On 8 July 2010, <mask> was offered a contract at St Mirren on trial with a view to signing along with teammate Stephen O'Donnell but turned it down to join Örebro SK.Örebro SK
With not joining St Mirren, <mask> was told that there was a club in the Swedish top division of Allsvenskan that wanted him for a trial. On 28 July 2010, <mask> joined Örebro SK on trial. The club were searching for a new center forward since the departure of the Danish striker Kim Olsen. On 30 July, the club announced that they had signed <mask> on a short term contract until the end of the year. Bohemians
<mask> signed for Bohs in February 2011 just in time for the new season. He scored his first goal for the club on his League debut against Bray Wanderers on 4 March 2011 in the Carlisle Grounds. <mask> followed this good start by scoring the winner the following week against Drogheda United <mask> was a free agent at the end of the season.Southend United
On 13 January, <mask> signed a contract with Southend United until the end of the season, having impressed manager Paul Sturrock in a trial game earlier in the month.He was selected as a substitute for the game against Morcambe and made his first and only appearance for

masks: Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood


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 Southend as a 90th-minute substitute against Burton Albion. On 18 May 2012, <mask> was one of eleven players to be released at the end of their contract. Return to St. Patrick's Athletic
<mask> announced that he had rejoined his first professional club, St Patrick's Athletic, via his Twitter account. He was included in the Saints squad for the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League campaign, with the first round tie against Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja from Iceland. <mask> made his debut in the 86th minute in the home leg and did well, holding up the ball to run down the clock to secure the 1-0 win. <mask>'s league debut for the club came against archrivals Shamrock Rovers in a Dublin derby that ended all square (1-1). Move to Australia
<mask> joined ESFA Premier League side, Dunbar Rovers in March 2014 to play alongside former League of Ireland players, Clive Delaney (Derry City), Thomas Crawley (Derry City) and Craig Mooney (Shelbourne).He made his debut in the Waratah Cup where he scored a hat-trick against Parramatta City in a 5-1 win. <mask> signed for the Marconi Stallions in 2015. Bray Wanderers
<mask> returned to Ireland from Australia in December 2016 and on 7 January 2017 it was announced that he had signed for Bray Wanderers for the 2017 season. Honours

Club

 League of Ireland (1):
 St Patrick's Athletic – 2013

Individual

 League of Ireland Player of the Month (1):
 St Patrick's Athletic – September 2013

References

External links
Anto <mask>'s profile at www.shelbournefc.com

Living people
1984 births
Association footballers from County Dublin
League of Ireland players
Allsvenskan players
Örebro SK players
Shelbourne F.C. players
Dundalk F.C. players
Galway United F.C. (1937–2011) players
Shamrock Rovers F.C.players
Athlone Town A.F.C. players
St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players
Bohemian F.C. players
Bray Wanderers F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
English Football League players
Marconi Stallions FC players
Association football forwards
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers
Expatriate footballers

masks: Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood


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<mask> (4 May 1853 – 30 January 1933) was a French civil servant, colonial administrator and politician. He trained as a lawyer, then worked his way up the ranks in the Ministry of Commerce and then the Colonial Ministry. He was governor in turn of Martinique, French Guiana, French Sudan, French Congo and French Guiana for a second term. Although forceful, he lacked leadership skills and had poor judgement. In the French Sudan he was unable to stop the army from ignoring government instructions and pursuing a costly expansionist policy. He tried but failed to suppress slavery, at a time when the local troops often expected a share of booty in the form of slaves. After retiring he was Deputy of French Guiana from 1910 to 1919.Early years (1853–73)

<mask> <mask> was born in Saint-Fargeau, Yonne on 4 May 1853. His father was an employee of the Paris Octroi (shipment tax office). He earned a degree in law by the age of 18. He then joined the Ministry of Commerce for a career in the administration. He did his military service in 1873 in the 14th Infantry Regiment. Civil servant (1873–87)

<mask> quickly moved up through the hierarchy of the administration. He was a rédacteur in 1875 and deputy chief of office in 1881, when he served as deputy chief in the office of the Minister of Commerce.He was named a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1881. In 1882 he became chief of office, and in 1883 was appointed deputy director at the central office. In 1883 he transferred from the Ministry of Commerce to the Colonial Ministry. In January 1886 he was promoted to Officer of the Legion of Honour. In January 1887 <mask> was admitted the Paris Bar as a trainee advocate, but resigned after the probationary period in March 1887. In 1887 the Ministry of Commerce named him an Honorary Deputy Director. Colonial administrator (1887–1905)

Martinique and Guiana
<mask> was

masks:
Louis Albert Grodet
Louis Albert
Grodet
Grodet
Grodet
Grodet


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 appointed Governor of Martinique in September 1887, serving for just over a year.He then went into the reserve for a few years. He gave his support to the Congrès colonial national that opened on 10 December 1889 with the goal of "creating permanent relations among the diverse societies that are occupied with colonial questions." This was an early step in creating the influential colonial lobby in France. In April 1891 he was appointed Governor of French Guiana. He was particularly interested in developing public education in the colony. He was recalled in 1893. In Martinique and French Guiana Grodet gained a reputation as a tough boss who would keep tight control over his subordinates.He also became known for poor judgement and mismanagement. Sudan
In 1893 Théophile Delcassé, Under-Secretary for Colonies, appointed <mask> commandant-supérieur of French Sudan in place of Louis Archinard in the hope of regaining control of the Sudanese budget and administration. Delcassé told Grodet, "the period of conquest and territorial expansion must be considered definitely at an end." <mask> was thought to be strong enough to face down the army officers, and certainly was not intimidated by them. He felt no need to be tactful. However, as a civilian Grodet had no control over his senior officers, who greeted him with "a wall of silence deliberately calculated to prevent me from taking any action." The code books had been removed so that he could not even monitor army communications.The only way he could have asserted his authority would have been to install civilians in key administrative posts, but this was impossible due to the unsettled state of the country. When <mask> reached Sudan the acting commandant-supérieur, Eugène Bonnier, had already left on an expedition against Timbuktu despite strict instructions by the government to the contrary. <mask> reached

masks: Grodet Grodet Grodet Grodet


texts: Kayes on the Senegal River on 26 December 1893. The same day Bonnier left Ségou  to the east on the Niger River bound for Timbuktu, which he expected to take without difficulty. Bonnier was following instructions he had been given by Archinard to continue the prepared plan for occupation of Timbuktu. At Mopti on 1 January 1894 a message reached Bonnier from <mask> ordering him to return to Ségou. Bonnier replied that his gunboats under Lieutenant Boiteux, which had gone in advance, had run into trouble at Kabara and he had to rescue them.On 5 January 1894 a furious <mask> sent letters that relieved Bonnier of his command. On 10 January 1894 Bonnier reached Timbuktu, which he entered without opposition, and joined Boiteux. Bonnier continued on from Timbuktu, and in the early morning of 15 January 1894 he and most of his column were massacred by a force of Tuaregs. Samori Ture made a treaty with <mask> in which the French were to pay him an annual tribute in return for peace, then retired to the area south of French Sudan along the borders of what are now Mali, Guinea and the Ivory Coast. The war against Samori continued at increasing cost. During the war the only way the French could maintain the loyalty of the tirailleurs was to give them plunder, which meant slaves. The French also depended on slaves as porters, and the liberty villages became pools of forced labour.The practice was clearly illegal under the French law of 1848, which said "the principal that the soil of France liberates the slave who touches it is applied to colonies and possessions of the Republic." <mask> wrote in September 1894, "I cannot admit that on territory of the Republic at the headquarters of a cercle, among the articles of purchase and of sale are representatives of the human species." <mask> asked that liberty villages be established where there were none, and complained

masks: Grodet Grodet Grodet Grodet Grodet


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 strongly about distribution of slaves. In 1894 <mask> tried to abolish the practice, but his army commanders made every effort to ensure the tirailleurs did not hear of this, since they might desert. <mask> was anti-clerical and was disliked by the missionaries, but one of them wrote of him

Henri Gaden wrote of <mask> after dining with him on 7 February 1895 that he was "well received, polite and talkative... With the eye of a half-deranged person, he is impulsive. A droll individual. Not at all what is needed for the countries around here, despite the high opinion he has of himself.[He] found a very difficult situation here and much hostility, but he has managed to make the situation even worse in attracting everyone's rancour." In May 1895 Graden wrote "... what a blunder to appoint a civilian Governor in a colony where the Governor would be the only civilian; and an individual who knows absolutely nothing about the country! It is unimaginable!". <mask> was blamed for the lack of economic growth in the colony and for the defeat by Samori in the Ivory Coast of Parfait-Louis Monteil's Kong column. <mask> returned to France on leave in July 1895. He was replaced by Colonel Edgard de Trentinian. The Sudan was returned to military control as part of the newly formed French West Africa federation.Switzerland, Congo and Guiana

While waiting for his next posting <mask> assisted the French Ambassador in Bern during arbitration of the  Franco-Brazilian conflict over the borders of French Guiana, which had been referred to the President of the Swiss Confederation. In 1900 he was appointed Acting Governor of the Congo, holding office until 1902. He was again appointed Governor of French Guiana in 1903 and recalled in 1904. He retired from the colonial service in 1905. Later career (1905–33)

<mask> was readmitted to the Paris Bar on 2 August 1907, and

masks: Grodet Grodet Grodet Grodet Grodet Grodet Grodet


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 enrolled in the Grand Tableau on 20 November 1907. He does not seem to have been very active in this occupation. On 24 April 1910 <mask> was elected Deputy of Guiana as an independent socialist in the first round.In the chamber he was mainly concerned with administrative organization and budgetary issues. He became in turn a member of the committees on External Affairs of the Protectorates and Colonies, on Economies, on Octrois, on Final Accounts and on the 1914 Budget. In 1911 he supported giving constitutional status to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. He was reelected in the first round on 26 April 1914. He continued to be much involved in budgetary issues, and made many speeches on the subject. Blaise Diagne, an indigenous Senegalese, was elected deputy for Senegal in 1914 despite protests about whether he had French nationality. He made his first speech in 1917, where he said that he had the right to serve as a deputy as a French citizen.The text of his speech was countersigned by  Louis-<mask> (Guiana), Paul Bluysen (French India), Joseph Lagrosillière, Gratien Candace (Guadeloupe), Georges Boussenot (Réunion), Achille René-Boisneuf (Guadeloupe), Henry Lémery (Martinique), Lucien Gasparin (Reunion) and Ernest Outrey (Cochinchina). In the 1919 general elections <mask> was defeated in the first round by Jean Galmot. He resigned from the Paris Bar on 19 October 1927, at the age of 74. <mask> died in Paris on 30 January 1933. Notes

Sources

Further reading

1853 births
1934 deaths
People from Yonne
Politicians from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Republican-Socialist Party politicians
Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
French Governors of Martinique
Governors of French Guiana
Colonial Governors of French Mali
Officiers of the

masks:
Grodet
Albert Grodet
Grodet
Grodet


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<mask> (June 25, 1868 – February 20, 1957) was the wife of <mask>, an indefatigable organizer of his huge evangelistic campaigns during the first decades of the twentieth century, and eventually, an evangelistic speaker in her own right. Early life and marriage

<mask>, called "Nell" or "Ma" by her husband, was born to William and <mask> in Dundee, Illinois. Her father, a prosperous businessman and a staunch Presbyterian of Scottish heritage, moved the family to Chicago in 1869. As a teenager, Nell taught a Sunday School class at Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church, and by eighteen, she had been made supervisor of the Intermediate Department and was an influential member of the Christian Endeavor Society, the Presbyterian youth organization. Recognizing her executive abilities, her father sent her to business college, although her mother objected to such "unladylike" pursuits. According to an oft-repeated story, <mask> said that she had met <mask> at a church social shortly after his conversion to Christianity. <mask> at first objected to the noted White Stockings baseball player becoming the suitor of his daughter.Nevertheless, he softened, and the couple was married in the <mask> home on September 5, 1888. The Sundays had four children: <mask> (1890), George Marquis (1892), William Ashley Jr. (1901) and <mask> (1907). Evangelistic campaign manager

<mask> had left professional baseball for religious work in 1891, and by 1896, he had begun his own evangelistic career. Billy, who was naturally shy and who had suffered a series of losses as a child, leaned on Nell for emotional support as well as for such mundane chores as paying his bills, making his

masks:
Helen Amelia Thompson Sunday
Billy Sunday
Helen Sunday
Ellen Binnie Thompson
Helen
Billy Sunday
William Thompson
Thompson
Helen Edith
Paul Thompson
Billy Sunday


texts:
 travel arrangements, and generally putting his affairs in order. Billy trusted Nell's "good horse sense" and averred that he had "never yet gone contrary to Mrs. Sunday's advice" without finding himself "up against it." In 1908, Nell and Billy agreed that she would travel with him, leaving the three younger children in the care of a nanny. Nell managed the campaign organization and energized the Sunday publicity machine.Her formidable manner "struck terror to the hearts" of those who tried to take advantage of her husband. Her loyalty and sincerity made her Billy's mainstay. Nell acted as a buffer between Sunday and the outside world, making it possible for him to concentrate on his preaching. It is doubtful that without her assistance he could have become the sensational attraction that he became. As Sunday's campaigns grew larger, Nell herself began to speak regularly at women's meetings and civic organizations, becoming a significant religious figure in her own right. She answered Sunday's voluminous mail, and for a few years at the height of her husband's popularity during World War I, Nell even wrote (or at least, had ghost written) a syndicated feature called "Mrs. Billy Sunday’s Column," in which she dispensed advice to women about such dangers to their womanhood as dancing and flirting. Nell Sunday supported greater opportunities for women, including women's work during World War I.In one column she wrote, "At last, the doors of the Doll House have been opened and women have been invited to come into the great world outside. The rest is in their own hands." Children

The Sundays’ three sons, pampered but largely reared by strangers,


texts:
 embarrassed their parents with their errant lifestyles. George was arrested for drunkenness and auto theft before he committed suicide in 1933. Billy Jr. died in an automobile accident in 1938; and Paul, a test pilot, died in an airplane crash in 1944. Furthermore, their oldest child, <mask>, though happily married, developed a degenerative disease and died of pneumonia in 1932. The boys’ ex-wives remained a continuing dilemma for the Sundays.Some blackmailed the evangelist to keep quiet about their son's infidelities. Others used gentler techniques to extract money, and Nell often provided friendly advice to the women when she responded with financial assistance. A career of her own

When <mask> died in 1935, Nell became the guardian of her husband's image while also embarking on her own 22-year ministry, preaching, encouraging young evangelists and raising money for Christian organizations, especially rescue missions such as the Pacific Garden Mission, where her husband had been converted. On one occasion she told Grace Theological Seminary President Alva J. McClain, who was introducing her, "You sit down now so I can talk to these young people about the Lord!" A "sketchy housekeeper," <mask> was noted for scavenging food for later meals when invited to dinner. Thriftier than anyone else in the Sunday family, Nell was nonetheless generous with both her time and her money, especially where she perceived a genuine need. Furthermore, she had a sense of humor that "helped her bear heavy tragedies and got her easily over some rough places."And she could laugh at herself as well as others. <mask> lived long enough to speak at early Billy Graham crusades,

masks:
Helen Haines
Billy Sunday
Nell Sunday
Nell Sunday


texts:
 and she frequently visited Bob Jones College, where she was given an honorary degree in 1940. (A residence hall on the Greenville campus was also named in her honor.) In her later years, <mask> suffered from cataracts, heart attacks, and cancer. In 1957, she died in Phoenix, Arizona, where she had been spending the winter with her grandson, Paul Haines. Old friends conducted her funeral. After two eulogies, Bob Jones Jr. said, "I can hear Ma Sunday now saying, 'That's enough of this foolishness.Let's get down to business and talk about Jesus.'" Notes

External links
 Billy Sunday On-line Compiled by the pastor of King's Valley Chapel in Kingfield, Maine, this website contains Sunday sermons, images, audio, biographical timeline, and online bookstore. Billy Sunday Home Museum The Sunday family home, known as "Mount Hood", is located in Winona Lake, Indiana. The home is maintained as a museum by the Winona History Center at Grace College. The Morgan Library—Grace College holds the complete Sunday papers, and a near exhaustive collection of Sunday print materials including biographies, collected sermons, published campaign pieces, and over twenty-five Sunday dissertations and theses. Archives of the Billy Graham Center The Billy Graham Center has a large collection of Sunday images and content, including part of the Sunday papers on microfilm (Collection 61), Sunday ephemera (Collection 29), and campaign music (Collection 41). Ma Sunday's grave and

1868 births
1957 deaths
American evangelists
Women evangelists
People from Chicago
People from West Dundee, Illinois
American evangelicals
American people of Scottish descent
Burials at Forest Home


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<mask> (November 18, 1891—April 26, 1982) was an American political scientist. She specialized in the study of money in politics, United States presidential primaries, and comparative party systems, particularly those of Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. She was one of the first professors to teach government at Wellesley College, where she was a faculty member from 1925 until 1957, and helped to establish the Wellesley Department of Political Science in 1940. Education and early work
Overacker was born in Centreville (now Fremont), in the East Bay area around San Francisco, California. Her father owned a fruit growing business, but he later became a rancher, and the family moved to St. Helena, California, where Overacker attended high school. In 1911, she was admitted to Stanford University, which had opened the same year she was born. However, the school had limited women's attendance to only 500 at a time, and Overacker arrived in her first semester to discover that they had exceeded the cap and she was forced to return home.Enough women had dropped out by the start of the second semester that Overacker was able to attend, and she graduated successfully in 1915. She earned a BA in economics, with honors from Phi Beta Kappa. Overacker continued to study at Stanford with the political scientist Victor J. West, and she earned an MA in 1917 with a thesis entitled The Police Department of San Francisco. During WWI, Overacker worked as a clerk in the Bureau of War Risk Insurance within the United States Bureau of Efficiency. After the end of the war, she traveled around Europe with the YMCA to assist with administration there, before returning to Stanford in 1919. In 1920, she was offered a position as an instructor at Vassar College, which then had only one other


texts:
 political science instructor.Two years later she moved to the University of Chicago to obtain a PhD. There she studied with Charles Edward Merriam, and graduated in 1924. Her thesis focused on the study of American presidential primaries. According to Victoria Schuck, Overacker was one of only 19 women to complete a PhD in political science during the 1920s, out of about 200 political science degrees awarded during that period. Career
Overacker was offered a faculty position by the head of the political science department at the University of Indiana, but the position was vetoed by the university because the only available office would have to be shared with a man. Instead she obtained a position at Wilson College in Pennsylvania where she was an instructor in both government and economics for a year. In 1925 she moved to Wellesley College where she became an Assistant Professor in the History Department.Overacker was one of the first professors to teach political science at Wellesley, 15 years before a dedicated political science department was established there. Wellesley College has credited Overacker with playing a leading role in introducing a serious concentration on political science into the Wellesley history department, as well as in the subsequent founding of the political science department in 1940. Overacker helped to give the new political science department an early focus on practical topics like bureaucracy and government administration, in response to the academic disruptions caused by WWII. Together with her former PhD supervisor Charles Merriam, Overacker published the 1928 update and revision of Merriam's 1926 book on Primary Elections. When her former undergraduate advisor Victor J. West died in 1927, Overacker was invited to compile his lectures and notes into a


texts: book, which she published under the title Money in Elections in 1932. In 1945, Overacker was invited by Boston University to deliver the Gaspar G. Bacon lecture series; Victoria Schuck wrote that it was rare for a woman to be invited to deliver a named lecture series at that time.She chose to deliver lectures on the topic of campaign finance in America, and her lectures were compiled and published in the 1946 book Presidential Campaign Funds. Overacker also studied how the Great Depression affected the sources and quantities of funding for presidential campaigns, as well as research on the political activities of labor unions as campaign funding sources. Because of Overacker's early work on the topic of campaign finance, she was chosen by the Citizen's Research Foundation as one of the namesakes for their Overacker-Heard Campaign Finance Data Archive, later maintained by the Institute of Governmental Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1951, Overacker was awarded the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1952, Overacker published The Australian party system. The book aimed to increase American interest in the party politics of Australia, specifically the relationship between the Australian Labor Party, the parties of the center-right, and the Communist Party of Australia. As a scholar of the American presidential primary system, Overacker was particularly interested in the pre-selection process in Australian presidential politics, which she viewed as the closest foreign analogue to American presidential primary elections.The Australian party system was one of the first investigations of Australian politics available to American political scientists, even though Australia had several distinctive features such as the combination of a Westminster system with an


texts:
 American-style single constitutional document, together with compulsory voting. <mask> retired from Wellesley in 1957, 32 years after her first appointment there. After her retirement, she held several temporary academic positions. She was the John Hay Whitney Visiting Professor at Bethany College in West Virginia during the 1957–1958 school year, a Visiting Scholar for Phi Beta Kappa from 1958 to 1960, and a substitute professor during 1960–1961 at the University of California, Los Angeles when a professor there was named Chancellor of The University of California at Santa Cruz and had to leave to lay out the new Santa Cruz campus. In 1963, Overacker taught at the Inter-American University in Puerto Rico. Before Overacker's death in 1982, the American Political Science Association had been preparing a special symposium in her honor. Overacker's influence on the early development on the discipline of political science has been noted political scientists, journalists, and university presidents like Victoria Schuck, Elizabeth Drew, and Nannerl O. Keohane.In citing her work, Robert Caro referred to Overacker as her "era's leading academic expert on campaign finance". Selected works
Primary Elections, 2nd edition, with Charles Merriam (1928)
Money in Elections, expanded from notes by Victor J. West (1932)
Presidential Campaign Funds (1946)
The Australian party system (1952)

Selected awards
John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship, 1951
Namesake, Overacker-Heard Campaign Finance Data Archive

References

American women social scientists
American women political scientists
American political scientists
20th-century American women writers
1891 births
1982 deaths
Stanford University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Wellesley College faculty
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
American


texts:
<mask> I (died 29 BCE), also called Mariamne the Hasmonean, was a Hasmonean princess and the second wife of Herod the Great. She was known for her great beauty, as was her brother Aristobulus III. Herod's fear of his rivals, the Hasmoneans, led him to execute all of the prominent members of the family, including Mariamne. Her name is spelled Μαριάμη (Mariame) by Josephus, but in some editions of his work the second m is doubled (Mariamme). In later copies of those editions the spelling was dissimilated to its now most common form, Mariamne. In Hebrew, Mariamne is known as , (Miriam), as in the traditional, Biblical name (see Miriam, the sister of Moses and Aaron). Life
Mariamne was the daughter of the Hasmonean Alexandros, also known as Alexander of Judaea, and thus one of the last heirs to the Hasmonean dynasty of Judea.Mariamne's only sibling was Aristobulus III. Her father, Alexander of Judaea, the son of Aristobulus II, married his cousin Alexandra, daughter of his uncle Hyrcanus II, in order to cement the line of inheritance from Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, but the inheritance soon continued the blood feud of previous generations, and eventually led to the downfall of the Hasmonean line. By virtue of her parents' union, Mariamne claimed Hasmonean royalty on both sides of her family lineage. Her mother, Alexandra, arranged for her betrothal to Herod in 41 BCE  after Herod agreed to a Ketubah with Mariamne's parents. The two were wed four years later (37 BCE) in Samaria. Mariamne bore Herod four children: two sons, Alexandros and Aristobulus (both executed in 7 BCE), and two daughters, Salampsio and Cypros. A fifth


texts: child (male), drowned at a young age – likely in the Pontine Marshes near Rome, after Herod's sons had been sent to receive educations in Rome in 20 BCE.Josephus writes that it was because of Mariamne's vehement insistence that Herod made her brother Aristobulos a High Priest. Aristobulos, who was not even eighteen years old, drowned (in 36 BCE) within a year of his appointment; Alexandra, his mother, blamed Herod. Alexandra wrote to Cleopatra, begging her assistance in avenging the boy's murder. Cleopatra in turn urged Mark Antony to punish Herod for the crime, and Antony sent for him to make his defense. Herod left his young wife in the care of his uncle Joseph, along with the instructions that if Antony should kill him, Joseph should kill Mariamne. Herod believed his wife to be so beautiful that she would become engaged to another man after his death and that his great passion for Mariamne prevented him from enduring a separation from her, even in death. Joseph became familiar with the queen and eventually divulged this information to her and the other women of the household, which did not have the hoped-for effect of proving Herod's devotion to his wife.Rumors soon circulated that Herod had been killed by Antony, and Alexandra persuaded Joseph to take Mariamne and her to the Roman legions for protection. However, Herod was released by Antony and returned home, only to be informed of Alexandra's plan by his mother and sister, Salome. Salome also accused Mariamne of committing adultery with Joseph, a charge which Herod initially dismissed after discussing it with his wife. After Herod forgave her, Mariamne inquired


texts: about the order given to Joseph to kill her should Herod be killed, and Herod then became convinced of her infidelity, saying that Joseph would only have confided that to her were the two of them intimate. He gave orders for Joseph to be executed and for Alexandra to be confined, but Herod did not punish his wife. Because of this conflict between Mariamne and Salome, when Herod visited Augustus in Rhodes in 31 BCE, he separated the women. He left his sister and his sons in Masada while he moved his wife and mother-in-law to Alexandrium.Again, Herod left instructions that should he die, the charge of the government was to be left to Salome and his sons, and Mariamne and her mother were to be killed. <mask> and Alexandra were left in the charge of another man named Sohemus, and after gaining his trust again learned of the instructions Herod provided should harm befall him. Mariamne became convinced that Herod did not truly love her and resented that he would not let her survive him. When Herod returned home, Mariamne treated him coldly and did not conceal her hatred for him. Salome and her mother preyed on this opportunity, feeding Herod false information to fuel his dislike. Herod still favored her; but she refused to have sexual relations with him and accused him of killing her grandfather, Hyrcanus II, and her brother. Salome insinuated that Mariamne planned to poison Herod, and Herod had Mariamne's favorite eunuch tortured to learn more.The eunuch knew nothing of a plot to poison the king, but confessed the only thing he did know: that <mask> was dissatisfied with the king because of the orders given to Sohemus.

masks: Mariamne Mariamne


texts:
 Outraged, Herod called for the immediate execution of Sohemus, but permitted <mask> to stand trial for the alleged murder plot. To gain favor with Herod, Mariamne's mother even implied Mariamne was plotting to commit lèse majesté. Mariamne was ultimately convicted and executed in 29 BCE. Herod grieved for her for many months. Children
 son Alexander, executed 7 BCE
 son Aristobulus IV, executed 7 BCE
 daughter Salampsio
 daughter Cypros

Talmudic reference

There is a Talmudic passage concerning the marriage and death of Mariamne, although her name is not mentioned. When the whole house of the Hasmoneans had been rooted out, she threw herself from a roof and was killed.She committed suicide because Herod had spared her life, so that he could marry her. If he were to marry her, then he would be able to claim that he was not actually a slave, but rather that he had royal blood. Out of love for her, Herod is said to have kept her body preserved in honey for seven years. There is an opinion that he would use her to fulfill animalistic desires. In the Talmud this sort of action is called a "deed of Herod". Josephus relates also that after her death Herod tried in hunting and banqueting to forget his loss, but that even his strong nature succumbed and he fell ill in Samaria, where he had made Mariamne his wife. The Mariamne Tower in Jerusalem, built by Herod, was without doubt named after her; it was called also "Queen".Mariamne in the arts
She is remembered in De Mulieribus Claris, a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio, composed in 136162. It is


texts:
 notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature. From the Renaissance to contemporary times, there has been a long tradition of works of art (dramas, operas, novels, etc.) devoted to Mariamne and her relationship with Herod the Great. The list includes:

 Marianna (1565), an Italian drama by Lodovico Dolce
 The Tragedy of Mariam, the Faire Queene of Jewry (1613) an English drama by Elizabeth Tanfield Cary
 Herod and Antipater, with the Death of Faire Mariam (1622), an English drama by Gervase Markham and William Sampson
 Mariamne (1636), a French drama by François Tristan l'Hermite
 El mayor monstruo los celos (1637) a Spanish drama by Pedro Calderon de la Barca
 La mort des enfants d’Hérode; ou, Suite de Mariamne (1639), a French drama by Gathier de Costes de la Calprenède
 Herod and Mariamne (1673), an English drama by Samuel Pordage
 Herodes en Mariamne (1685), a Dutch translation of Tristan l'Hermit's play by Katharina Lescailje
 La Mariamne (1696), an Italian opera by Giovanni Maria Ruggeri (mus.) and Lorenzo Burlini (libr.) Mariamne (1723), an English drama by Elijah Fenton
 <mask> (1723), a French drama by Voltaire
 Mariamne (1725), a French drama by Augustin Nadal
 La Marianna (1785), an Italian ballet by Giuseppe Banti (chor.)Marianne (1796), a French opera by Nicolas Dalayrac (mus.) and Benoît-Joseph Marsollier (libr.) "Herod’s Lament for Mariamne" (1815), an English song by <mask> (mus.) and George Byron (libr.) Erode; ossia, Marianna (1825), Italian opera by Saverio Mercadante (mus.) and Luigi Ricciuti (libr.) Herodes und Mariamne (1850), a German drama by

masks:
Mariamne
Isaac Nathan


texts:
 Christian Friedrich Hebbel
 Mariamne Leaving the Judgment Seat of Herod (1887), a painting by John William Waterhouse
 "Herod and Mariamne" (1888), an English poem by Amelie Rives
 Myriam ha-Hashmonayith (1891), a Yiddish drama by Moses Seiffert
 Tsar <mask>rod I tsaritsa Mariamna (1893), a Russian drama by Dmitri Alexandrov
 "Mariamne" (1911), an English poem by Thomas Sturge Moore
 Herodes und Mariamne (1922), incidental music by Karol Rathaus
 Lied der Mariamne (ohne Worte) (1927), incidental music by Mikhail Gnesin
 En Idealist (1929), a Danish drama by Kaj Munk
 Hordos u-Miryam (1935), a Hebrew novel by Aaron Orinowsky
 Herod and Mariamne (1938), an English drama by Clemence Dane
 <mask> (1967), a Swedish novel by Pär Lagerkvist

See also
1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees for the family history.Hasmonean Kingdom for the history the Hasmonean dynasty. Mariamne for the derivation of her name. Notes
Kiddushin 70 B

References
 Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 15.23–31, 61–85, 185, 202–246; Jewish War 1.241, 262, 431–444. Maurice J. Valency (1940). The Tragedies of Herod and Mariamne.New York: Columbia University Press. External links
Mariamne entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
Mariamne entry in Jewish Encyclopedia by Richard Gottheil and Samuel Krauss
Kittymunson.com, the Hasmonean Maccabeus Mariamne family tree

Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
Hasmonean dynasty
Herodian dynasty
29 BC deaths
Executed Roman women
Herod the Great
Executed royalty
People executed for attempted murder
Jewish royalty
1st-century BC executions
Year of birth unknown
1st-century BC women
1st-century BCE Jews
Ancient

masks: I Mariamne


texts:
<mask> (14 November 177529 May 1833) was a German legal scholar. His major achievement was a reform of the Bavarian penal code which led to the abolition of torture and became a model for several other countries. He is also well-known for his work on Kaspar Hauser. Biography
He was born in Hainichen, near Jena. He received his early education at Frankfurt on Main, where his family had moved soon after his birth. At the age of sixteen, however, he ran away from home, and, going to Jena, was helped by relations there to study at the university. In spite of poor health and the most desperate poverty, he made rapid progress.He attended the lectures of Karl Leonhard Reinhold and Gottlieb Hufeland, and soon published some literary essays of more than ordinary merit. In 1795 he took the degree of doctor of philosophy, and in the same year, though possessing little money, he married. It was this step which led him to success and fame, by forcing him to turn from his favourite studies of philosophy and history to that of law, which was repugnant to him, but which offered a prospect of more rapid advancement. At 23 he came into prominence by a vigorous criticism of Thomas Hobbes' theory on civil power. Soon afterwards, in lectures on criminal jurisprudence he set forth his famous theory, that in administering justice judges should be strictly limited in their decisions by the penal code. This new doctrine gave rise to a party called Rigorists, who supported his theory. <mask> was the originator of the famous maxim nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali: "There is no crime and hence there shall not be punishment if at the time no penal law existed".In 1801 <mask> was appointed extraordinary professor of law without

masks:
Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach
Von Feuerbach
Feuerbach


texts: salary, at the University of Jena, and in the following year accepted a chair at Kiel, where he remained two years. His chief work was the framing of a penal code for Bavaria. In 1804, he had moved from the University of Kiel to the University of Landshut, but, on being commanded by King Maximilian Joseph to draft a penal code for Bavaria (Strafgesetzbuch für das Königreich Bayern), in 1805 he moved to Munich where he was given a high appointment in the Ministry of Justice and was ennobled in 1808. The practical reform of penal legislation in Bavaria was begun under his influence in 1806 by the abolition of torture. Out of his practical experience in the Ministry of Justice with evaluating death penalties by Bavarian courts for royal pardon he published the most notable cases 1808/11 in Merkwürdige Criminalfälle and 1828/29 a much enlarged collection Aktenmäßige Darstellung merkwürdiger Verbrechen (Notable crimes presented according to the court records). With this legal handbook of criminal cases in the tradition of the famous "Causes Célèbres" of the French lawyer Gayot de Pitaval (1673–1743) <mask> intend to establish a modern criminal psychology ("Seelenkunde") for crime investigation, criminal judges, etc. In the course of time, his work has been misinterpreted merely as a literary collection of fictional sensational crimes and many of his court cases have been edited and published as trivial popular crime stories.However, Gerold Schmidt has newly researched that <mask> has recorded true historical events at true localities and persons with their real names etc. and that, therefore, his work is a rich historical source for Bavarian local and social history, mentality, biography etc. In his Betrachtungen über das

masks: Feuerbach Feuerbach


texts: Geschworenengericht of 1811, <mask> declared against trial by jury, maintaining that the verdict of a jury was not adequate legal proof of a crime. Much controversy was aroused on the subject, and the author's view was subsequently to some extent modified. The result of his labours on the Bavarian penal code was promulgated in 1813. The influence of this code, the embodiment of <mask>'s enlightened views, was immense. It was at once made the basis for new codes in Württemberg and Saxe-Weimar; it was adopted in its entirety in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg; and it was translated into Swedish by order of the king.Several of the Swiss cantons reformed their codes in conformity with it. <mask> had also undertaken to prepare a civil code for Bavaria, to be founded on the Code Napoléon. This was afterwards set aside, and the Codex Maximilianus adopted as a basis. But the project did not become law. During the war of liberation (1813–1814), <mask> showed himself an ardent patriot, and published several political brochures. In 1814 <mask> was appointed second president of the court of appeal at Bamberg, and three years later he became first president of the court of appeal at Ansbach. In 1821 he was deputed by the government to visit France, Belgium, and the Rhine provinces for the purpose of investigating their juridical institutions.As the fruit of this visit, he published his treatises Betrachtungen über Öffentlichkeit und Mündigkeit der Gerechtigkeitspflege (1821) and Über die Gerichtsverfassung und das gerichtliche Verfahren Frankreichs (1825). In these he pleaded unconditionally for publicity in all legal proceedings. In his later years, he took a deep interest in the fate of the strange foundling Kaspar Hauser who had

masks: Feuerbach Feuerbach Feuerbach Feuerbach Feuerbach


texts:
 excited much attention in Europe. He was the first to publish a critical summary of the ascertained facts, under the title Kaspar Hauser, ein Beispiel eines Verbrechens am Seelenleben (1832). <mask> died on 29 May 1833 in Frankfurt. There is some controversy over the cause and circumstances of his death which remain largely unclear - his family as well as he himself shortly before his death believed that he had been poisoned due to his protection of and research work on Kaspar Hauser, who himself died later the same year under suspicious circumstances. Family
Feuerbach had five sons, and three daughters: <mask> <mask> (1798–1851), Karl Wilhelm <mask> (1800–1834), Eduard August <mask> (1803-1843), Ludwig Andreas <mask> (1804–1872), Heinrich Friedrich <mask> (1806–1880), Rebecca Magdalena (1808–1891), Leonore <mask> (1809-1885), and <mask> (1813–1883).Writings
<mask>, <mask> <mask>, <mask>: The Wild Child The unsolved mystery of Kaspar Hauser. Translated from the German with an Introduction by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson/ NY Free Press 1997 1st ppb ptg
<mask> Anselm von Feuerbach/Gerold Schmidt, "Alltag im Alten Bayern", Norderstedt (Books On Demand GmbH) 2006, 357 pages (with local register and index of names)

See also
List of unsolved deaths

References

Sources

Gustav Radbruch <mask> <mask> <mask> - ein Juristenleben, Springer, Vienna (1934)

External links

1775 births
1833 deaths
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German writers
19th-century German philosophers
Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery
Jurists from Thuringia
People from Saale-Holzland-Kreis
People from Saxe-Weimar
Philosophers of law
Scholars of criminal law
University of Jena alumni
University of Jena faculty
University of Kiel faculty
Unsolved

masks:
Feuerbach
Joseph Anselm
Feuerbach
Feuerbach
Feuerbach
Feuerbach
Feuerbach
Feuerbach
Elise Feuerbach
Feuerbach
Paul Johann
Anselm
Ritter von
Paul Johann
Paul Johann
Anselm
Feuerbach


texts:
<mask> (born May 17, 1982) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. He is a winner of two World Golf Championship events, the 2010 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and the 2012 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship. <mask> has spent 19 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He reached a career-high world ranking of No. 4 on April 1, 2012, becoming the highest ranked American golfer at the time. Amateur career
<mask> was born in Orange, California. He had a successful amateur career, winning the 1999 5A Texas State High School Golf Championship while attending McKinney High School and the 1999 U.S.Junior Amateur. After high school, <mask> enrolled at the University of Southern California, where he was named Pacific-10 Conference Freshman of the Year. <mask> only played one year at USC before he transferred to Oklahoma State University, where he was a two-time Big 12 Conference Player of the Year and a two-time first-team All American. <mask> was the runner-up at the U.S. Amateur in 2002, in which he was defeated by Ricky Barnes 2 & 1. In 2003 he won the Haskins Award for outstanding collegiate golfer and was co-winner of the Ben Hogan Award. Professional career
<mask> turned professional in 2003 and made it through qualifying school to earn a PGA Tour card for the 2004 season.His first PGA Tour victory, which came at the 2007 Travelers Championship, lifted Mahan into the top 100 of the Official World Golf Rankings. In August 2007 <mask> entered the top 50 in the world rankings, and in that year finished 15th in the FedEx Cup. His performances in 2007 saw U.S. Presidents Cup

masks:
Hunter Myles Mahan
Mahan
Mahan
Mahan
Mahan
Mahan
Mahan
Mahan


texts: captain Jack Nicklaus choose <mask> as one of two captain's picks for the U.S. team. By March 2008 he had reached the top 30. On February 28, 2010, <mask> won his second PGA Tour event, beating Rickie Fowler by one stroke at the Waste Management Phoenix Open. On August 8, 2010, <mask> won his third PGA Tour title at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He beat Ryan Palmer by 2 strokes.<mask> won his second WGC tournament in February 2012 at the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship. He defeated Rory McIlroy, 2 and 1, in the final. <mask> recorded his fifth career PGA Tour victory in April at the Shell Houston Open and moved to fourth in the Official World Golf Ranking, making him the highest-ranked American for the first time. In defense of his title he won in 2012, <mask> reached the final of the 2013 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship but was beaten 2&1 by Matt Kuchar. In August 2014, <mask> won the first of the year's four FedEx Cup playoff events, The Barclays. He won by two strokes from Stuart Appleby, Jason Day and Cameron Tringale during a final round that saw six different players share the lead at some point. He birdied three of his last four holes to pull clear of the field.This was <mask>'s first ever playoff victory and his sixth overall title on the PGA Tour. <mask> was selected by Tom Watson as one of his three captain's picks for the 2014 Ryder Cup team, finishing with a record of 1–2–1 in the four matches he participated in. This included a halved match against Justin Rose in the singles competition. <mask> began struggling with his golf game as of the 2015–16 PGA Tour season, during the next

masks: Mahan Mahan Mahan Mahan Mahan Mahan Mahan Mahan Mahan Mahan


texts:
 four years, Mahan finished 183rd, 130th, 159th and 184th in the season-long FedEx Cup rankings and had to compete in the Korn Ferry Tour Finals on multiple occasions to try to keep his full tour card. Between 2015–16 and 2020-21, Mahan had only one top-10 finish on the PGA Tour and 69 missed cuts. As of April 1st 2021, Mahan had fallen to 1738th in the Official World Golf Ranking. Endorsements
Mahan's sponsors include Under Armour, Titleist, Ping, BioSteel Sports Supplements Inc., NetJets, FootJoy, Clubface Golf, RBC Golf Pigeon, and Ace Hardware.Personal life
<mask> is one of four golfers in the PGA Tour boy band "Golf Boys" (with Rickie Fowler, Ben Crane, and Bubba Watson). The Golf Boys have a popular YouTube video for the song "Oh Oh Oh". Farmers Insurance donates $1,000 for every 100,000 views of the video. The charitable proceeds support both Farmers and Ben Crane charitable initiatives. <mask> married Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader and Dallas Mavericks dancer Kandi Harris in 2011. On July 27, 2013, <mask> withdrew from the RBC Canadian Open before the third round after getting news that his wife had gone into labor. Mahan was the 36-hole leader at that point, taking a two-stroke advantage into the third round.A daughter, Zoe, was born early the next morning. PING (one of his sponsors) created two gold-plated putters to celebrate her birth (the putters have her name, birthday, and vital statistics inscribed on them). Amateur wins (2)
1999 U.S. Junior Amateur, Western Junior

Professional wins (9)

PGA Tour wins (6)

PGA Tour playoff record (1–2)

Other wins (3)

Other playoff record (1–0)

Results in major

masks: Mahan Mahan Mahan


texts:
 championships

CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 4 (twice)
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (three times)

Results in The Players Championship

CUT = missed the halfway cut
WD = withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place

World Golf Championships

Wins (2)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order before 2015. QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
Junior Ryder Cup: 1999
Eisenhower Trophy: 2002 (winners)
Palmer Cup: 2002 (winners)

Professional
Presidents Cup: 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners)
Ryder Cup: 2008 (winners), 2010, 2014

See also
2003 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2005 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2018 Web.com Tour Finals graduates
List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

References

External links

American male golfers
Oklahoma State Cowboys golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Golfers from California
Golfers from Texas
Sportspeople from Orange, California
People from Colleyville, Texas
1982 births
Living


texts:
<mask> (born May 12, 1936) is an American painter, sculptor and printmaker, noted for his work in the areas of minimalism and post-painterly abstraction. <mask> lives and works in New York City. Biography
<mask> was born in Malden, Massachusetts, to parents of Italian descent. His father was a gynecologist, and his mother was a housewife and artist who attended fashion school and later took up landscape painting. After attending high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he learned about abstract modernists Josef Albers and Hans Hofmann, he attended Princeton University, where he majored in history and met Darby Bannard and Michael Fried. Early visits to New York art galleries fostered his artistic development, and his work was influenced by the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Franz Kline. <mask> moved to New York in 1958, after his graduation.He is heralded for creating abstract paintings that bear no pictorial illusions or psychological or metaphysical references in twentieth-century painting. In the 1970s he moved into NoHo in Manhattan in New York City. As of 2015, <mask> lived in Greenwich Village and kept an office there but commuted on weekdays to his studio in Rock Tavern, New York. Work

Late 1950s and early 1960s
Upon moving to New York City, he reacted against the expressive use of paint by most painters of the abstract expressionist movement, instead finding himself drawn towards the "flatter" surfaces of Barnett Newman's work and the "target" paintings of Jasper Johns. He began to produce

masks:
Frank Philip Stella
Stella
Frank Stella
Stella
Stella


texts: works which emphasized the picture-as-object, rather than the picture as a representation of something, be it something in the physical world, or something in the artist's emotional world. <mask> married Barbara Rose, later a well-known art critic, in 1961. Around this time he said that a picture was "a flat surface with paint on it – nothing more".This was a departure from the technique of creating a painting by first making a sketch. Many of the works are created by simply using the path of the brush stroke, very often using common house paint. This new aesthetic found expression in a series of new paintings, the Black Paintings (1959) in which regular bands of black paint were separated by very thin pinstripes of unpainted canvas. Die Fahne Hoch! (1959) is one such painting. It takes its name ("The Raised Banner" in English) from the first line of the Horst-Wessel-Lied, the anthem of the National Socialist German Workers Party, and <mask> pointed out that it is in the same proportions as banners used by that organization. It has been suggested that the title has a double meaning, referring also to Jasper Johns' paintings of flags.In any case, its emotional coolness belies the contentiousness its title might suggest, reflecting this new direction in <mask>'s work. <mask>'s art was recognized for its innovations before he was twenty-five. In 1959, several of his paintings were included in "Three Young Americans" at the Allen Memorial Art Museum at Oberlin College, as well as in "Sixteen Americans" at the Museum of Modern Art in New York

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 (60). From 1960 <mask> began to produce paintings in aluminium and copper paint which, in their presentation of regular lines of color separated by pinstripes, are similar to his black paintings. However they use a wider range of colors, and are his first works using shaped canvases (canvases in a shape other than the traditional rectangle or square), often being in L, N, U or T-shapes. These later developed into more elaborate designs, in the Irregular Polygon series (67), for example. Also in the 1960s, <mask> began to use a wider range of colors, typically arranged in straight or curved lines.Later he began his Protractor Series (71) of paintings, in which arcs, sometimes overlapping, within square borders are arranged side by side to produce full and half circles painted in rings of concentric color. These paintings are named after circular cities he had visited while in the Middle East earlier in the 1960s. The Irregular Polygon canvases and Protractor series further extended the concept of the shaped canvas. Late 1960s and early 1970s

<mask> began his extended engagement with printmaking in the mid-1960s, working first with master printer Kenneth Tyler at Gemini G.E.L. <mask> produced a series of prints during the late 1960s starting with a print called Quathlamba I in 1968. <mask>'s abstract prints used lithography, screenprinting, etching and offset lithography. In 1967, he designed the set and costumes for Scramble, a dance piece by Merce Cunningham.The Museum of Modern Art in New York presented a retrospective of <mask>'s work in

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texts: 1970, making him the youngest artist to receive one. During the following decade, <mask> introduced relief into his art, which he came to call "maximalist" painting for its sculptural qualities. The shaped canvases took on even less regular forms in the Eccentric Polygon series, and elements of collage were introduced, pieces of canvas being pasted onto plywood, for example. His work also became more three-dimensional to the point where he started producing large, free-standing metal pieces, which, although they are painted upon, might well be considered sculpture. After introducing wood and other materials in the Polish Village series (73), created in high relief, he began to use aluminum as the primary support for his paintings. As the 1970s and 1980s progressed, these became more elaborate and exuberant. Indeed, his earlier Minimalism [more] became baroque, marked by curving forms, Day-Glo colors, and scrawled brushstrokes.Similarly, his prints of these decades combined various printmaking and drawing techniques. In 1973, he had a print studio installed in his New York house. In 1976, <mask> was commissioned by BMW to paint a BMW 3.0 CSL for the second installment in the BMW Art Car Project. He has said of this project, "The starting point for the art cars was racing livery. In the old days there used to be a tradition of identifying a car with its country by color. Now they get a number and they get advertising. It's a paint job, one way or another.The idea for mine was that it's from a drawing on graph paper. The graph paper is what it

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 is, a graph, but when it's morphed over the car's forms it becomes interesting, and adapting the drawing to the racing car's forms is interesting. Theoretically it's like painting on a shaped canvas." In 1969, <mask> was commissioned to create a logo for the Metropolitan Museum of Art Centennial. Medals incorporating the design were struck to mark the occasion. 1980s and afterward

From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, <mask> created a large body of work that responded in a general way to Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick. During this time, the increasingly deep relief of <mask>'s paintings gave way to full three-dimensionality, with sculptural forms derived from cones, pillars, French curves, waves, and decorative architectural elements.To create these works, the artist used collages or maquettes that were then enlarged and re-created with the aids of assistants, industrial metal cutters, and digital technologies. La scienza della pigrizia (The Science of Laziness), from 1984, is an example of <mask>'s transition from two-dimensionality to three-dimensionality. It is fabricated from oil paint, enamel paint, and alkyd paint on canvas, etched magnesium, aluminum and fiberglass. In the 1990s, <mask> began making free-standing sculpture for public spaces and developing architectural projects. In 1993, for example, he created the entire decorative scheme for Toronto’s Princess of Wales Theatre, which includes a 10,000-square-foot mural. His 1993 proposal for a Kunsthalle and garden in Dresden did not come to fruition. In 1997, he painted and oversaw

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 the installation of the 5,000-square-foot "Stella Project" which serves as the centerpiece of the theater and lobby of the Moores Opera House located at the Rebecca and John J. Moores School of Music on the campus of the University of Houston, in Houston, TX.His aluminum bandshell, inspired by a folding hat from Brazil, was built in downtown Miami in 2001; a monumental <mask> sculpture was installed outside the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

<mask>'s wall-hung Scarlatti K Series was triggered by the harpsichord sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti and the writings of the U.S. 20th-century harpsichord virtuoso and musicologist Ralph Kirkpatrick, who made the sonatas widely known. (The title's "K" refers to Kirkpatrick's chronology numbers.) Scarlatti wrote more than 500 keyboard sonatas; <mask>'s series today includes about 150 works. From 1978 to 2005, <mask> owned the Van Tassell and Kearney Horse Auction Mart building in Manhattan's East Village and used it as his studio. His nearly 30-year stewardship of the building resulted in the facade being cleaned and restored. After a six-year campaign by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, in 2012 the historic building was designated a New York City Landmark. After 2005, <mask> split his time between his West Village apartment and his Newburgh, New York studio.By the turn of the 2010s, <mask> started using the computer as a painterly tool to produce stand-alone stars-shaped sculptures. The resulting stars are often monochrome, black or beige or naturally metallic, and


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 their points can take the form of solid planes, spindly lines or wire-mesh circuits. His Jasper’s Split Star (2017), a sculpture constructed out of six small geometric grids that rest on an aluminum base, was installed at 7 World Trade Center in 2021. Artists' rights
<mask> had been an advocate of strong copyright protection for artists such as himself. On June 6, 2008, <mask> (with Artists Rights Society president Theodore Feder; <mask> is a member artist of the Artists Rights Society) published an Op-Ed for The Art Newspaper decrying a proposed U.S. Orphan Works law which "remove[s] the penalty for copyright infringement if the creator of a work, after a diligent search, cannot be located". In the Op-Ed, <mask> wrote,

Gallery of works

Exhibitions
<mask>'s work was included in several exhibitions in the 1960s, among them the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum’s The Shaped Canvas (1965) and Systemic Painting (1966). The Museum of Modern Art in New York presented a retrospective of <mask>'s work in 1970.His art has since been the subject of several retrospectives in the United States, Europe, and Japan. In 2012, a retrospective of <mask>'s career was shown at the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg. Selected solo exhibitions

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, "The Shaped Canvas," New York, NY, December 9–January 3, 1964
Museum of Modern Art, "<mask>," New York, NY, March 26–May 31, 1970
Phillips Collection, "<mask>," Washington, D.C., November 3–December 2, 1973
Baltimore Museum of Art, "<mask>: The Black Paintings," Baltimore, MD, November 23, 1976 – January

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 23, 1977
Fort Worth Art Museum, "Stella Since 1970," Fort Worth, TX, March 19–April 30, 1978
The Museum of Modern Art, "<mask>: The Indian Bird Maquettes," New York, NY, March 12–May 1, 1979
Jewish Museum (Manhattan), "<mask>. Polish Wooden Synagogues –Constructions from the 1970s," New York, NY, February 9–May 1, 1983
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, "Resource / Response / Reservoir. Stella Survey 1959-1982," San Francisco, CA, March 10–May 1, 1983
Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University Art Museum, "<mask> Stella: Selected Works," Cambridge, MA, December 7, 1983 – January 26, 1984
The Museum of Modern Art, "<mask>: 1970-1987," New York, NY, October 10, 1987 – January 5, 1988
Waddington Galleries, "<mask>," London, UK, March 29–April 20, 2000
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, "What You See Is What You See: <mask> and the Anderson Collection at SFMOMA," San Francisco, CA, June 11–September 6, 2004
Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard Art Museums, "Frank Stella 1958," Cambridge, MA, February 4–May 7, 2006
Metropolitan Museum of Art, "Frank Stella: Painting into Architecture," New York, NY, May 1–July 19, 2007
Neue Nationalgalerie, "Stella & Calatrava. The Michael Kohlhass Curtain," Berlin, Germany, April 15–August 14, 2011
The Phillips Collection, "Stella Sounds: The Scarlatti K Series," Washington, D.C., June 11 –September 4, 2011
Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, "Frank Stella. The Retrospective.Works 1958-2012," Wolfsburg, Germany, September 8, 2012 – January 20, 2013
Royal Academy of Arts, Annenberg Courtyard, "Inflated Star and Wood Star," London,

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 UK, February 18–May 17, 2015
Whitney Museum of American Art, "<mask>: A Retrospective," New York, NY, October 30, 2015 – February 7, 2016
POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, "<mask> and the Synagogues of Old Poland," Warsaw, Poland, February 18–June 20, 2016
NSU Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale, "<mask>: Experiment and Change," Fort Lauderdale, FL, November 11, 2017 – July 29, 2018
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, "<mask>: Selection from the Permanent Collection," Los Angeles, CA, May 5–September 2, 2019
Marianne Boesky Gallery, "<mask>: Recent Work," New York, NY, April 25–May 31, 2019

Collections
In 2014, <mask> gave his sculpture Adjoeman (2004) as a long-term loan to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. The Menil Collection, Houston; the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; National Gallery of Art; the Toledo Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; the Portland Art Museum, Oregon; and many others. Recognition
Among the many honors he has received was an invitation from Harvard University to give the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures in 1984. Calling for a rejuvenation of abstraction by achieving the depth of baroque painting, these six talks were published by Harvard University Press in 1986 under the title Working Space. In 2009, <mask> was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama. In 2011, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award in Contemporary Sculpture by the International Sculpture

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 Center. In 1996 he received an honorary Doctorate from the University of Jena in Jena, (Germany), where his large sculptures of the "Hudson River Valley Series" are on permanent display, becoming the second artist to receive this honorary degree after Auguste Rodin in 1906.Art market
Since 2014, <mask> has been represented represented worldwide in an exclusive arrangement shared by Dominique Lévy and Marianne Boesky. In May 2019, Christie's set an auction record for <mask>'s Point of Pines, which sold for $28 million. In April 2021, his Scramble: Ascending Spectrum/ascending Green Values (1977) was sold for £2.4 million ($3.2 million with premium)in London. The painting was bought for $1.9 million in 2006 from the collection of Belgian art patrons Roger and Josette Vanthournout at Sotheby’s. Personal life
From 1961-1969 <mask> was married to art historian Barbara Rose; they had two children, Rachel and Michael. In 1978 he married pediatrician Harriet McGurk. Selected bibliography
 Julia M. Busch: A decade of sculpture: the 1960s, Associated University Presses, Plainsboro, 1974;
 <mask> and Siri Engberg: <mask> at Tyler Graphics, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, 1997;
 <mask> and Franz-Joachim Verspohl: The Writings of <mask>.Die Schriften Frank Stellas, Verlag der Buchhandlung König, Cologne, 2001; ,  (bilingual)
 <mask> and Franz-Joachim Verspohl: Heinrich von Kleist by <mask>, Verlag der Buchhandlung König, Cologne, 2001; ,  (bilingual)
 Andrianna Campbell, Kate Nesin, Lucas Blalock, Terry Richardson: <mask>, Phaidon, London,

masks:
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Stella
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Frank Stella
Frank Stella
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 2017;

References

External links
<mask> works at the National Gallery of Art
Unbounded Doctrine: Encountering the Art-Making Career of <mask> ArtsEditor.com, December 29, 2015. <mask> in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler Collection
Word Symbol Space An exhibition featuring work by <mask> at The Jewish Museum, NY. <mask> interviewed by Robert Ayers, March 2009
Works of art, auction & sale results, exhibitions, and artist information for <mask> on artnet
Guggenheim Museum online Biography of <mask>
<mask>'s work in the Guggenheim Collection
Stella mural installation, Princess of Wales Theatre, Toronto
<mask>: An Illustrated Biography by Sidney Guberman
<mask> Papers at the Smithsonian's Archives of American Art
<mask>: Scarlatti and Bali Sculpture Series / Paracelsus Building, St. Moritz. Video at VernissageTV. <mask> 1958 poet William Corbett writes about the exhibition titled <mask> 1958 at the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts February 4 – May 7, 2006
Laying the Tracks Others Followed; Early Work at L&M Arts; The New York Times; Roberta Smith; April 26, 2012
<mask> in the Guggenheim collection

20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century male artists
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century male artists
American male sculptors
American abstract artists
American contemporary painters
American muralists
Minimalist artists
Abstract painters
Modern painters

1936 births
Living people
Artists from New

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 York City
Painters from Massachusetts
People from Greenwich Village
Art Students League of New York people
Phillips Academy alumni
Princeton University alumni
American people of Italian descent
People from Malden, Massachusetts
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
20th-century American printmakers
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
Sculptors from New York (state)
Sculptors from


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Subramaniam s/o <mask> (; born 26 October 1944), or S<mask> as he is known to his supporters, is a Malaysian politician of Indian origin who was deputy president of the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), a major component party of the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN), from 1979 to 2006. He was also Member of Parliament for Segamat and served as Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs. Political history

When V. Manickavasagam became president of the Malaysian Indian Congress, he decided to introduce new faces to the party in leadership positions. This was the time when <mask>, K. Pathmanaban, a Harvard MBA holder, and several others entered the political arena to infuse new blood into MIC, and Manickavasagam gave them preference. They were young, well-educated and ambitious but lacked grassroots experience. This made Samy Vellu bitter as he was one of the five leaders who dared defy former president V.T. Sambanthan and propel Manickavasagam to the presidency of the party.<mask>, then the Secretary General of MIC, was hand-picked by Manickavasagam to succeed him; however, Samy Vellu fought back, literally, and in 1977 party elections edged over Subramaniam by a mere 26 votes to become the Deputy President of MIC. When Manickavasagam died suddenly on 12 October 1979, Samy Vellu became the Acting President. But it was a divided party that Samy Vellu took over, with the rank and file on his side, and much of the Indian intelligentsia backing Subramaniam. In the ensuing years, Samy Vellu worked hard to remake MIC in his image. In 1981, Samy Vellu almost moved to sack Subramaniam, but following a 20-minute private talk with the latter, both came

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. Subramaniam
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 to some form of understanding, and peace prevailed in the party for the next five years. Bad blood with Samy Vellu
Subramaniam is known for not to be in good terms with  MIC's president, Dato' Seri S. Samy Vellu as Subramaniam was dropped as a candidate for the 11th general election by Samy Vellu - three days before nomination day. According to Samy Vellu, Subramaniam has enjoyed his time as a Member of Parliament, parliamentary secretary, and deputy minister, citing "now it was the turn of others to taste such fame."Subramaniam stood to defend his deputy president post in the 2006 party elections, but Samy Vellu went around campaigning that a vote for Subramaniam was a vote against Samy and that he endorsed Dato' G. Palanivel. In the 2006 party elections , Samy Vellu was eventually returned as president uncontested and Dato' G. Palanivel trumped Subramaniam for the deputy president's post. Samy Vellu's image started to tarnish and he lost ethnic Indian support after Hindu Rights Action Force (HINDRAF) organised a rally on 25 November 2007 in Kuala Lumpur demanding 18 points to prevent further discrimination against ethnic Indians, who had been marginalised for 50 years since the country's independence. As a result of this, Samy Vellu lost the Sungai Siput parliamentary seat. Only 3 out of 9 MIC candidates for the 12th general election were selected. This was the worst defeat for MIC since the party was formed. However, Samy Vellu claimed that he was not responsible for MIC's lost.According to Australian political analyst, the Indian community did not reject Malaysian Indian congress but only Samy Vellu and his cronies . Many branch members agreed


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 that the next man who can save the party is Dato Subra but the problem arose when the present president is not vacating the post. Many tricky methods and pressure were implied to corrupt Dato Subra's image because this is the only way for Samy Vellu to remain in the post. However, the new generation are educated and broad minded. All the foolish attempt against Dato Subra has been reflected. It is also predicted that the Samy Vellu could destroy MIC and lead the Indians into his slavery. According to some political analyst a shift of power will take place soon and Dato Subra will bring a fresh air for Indians.Resignation of MIC youth chief S.A. Vickneswaran is another blow for Samy Vellu. Dato Subra stated a blog to communicate with all Indians from all background. The blog can be found on https://web.archive.org/web/20090817134714/http://datosubra.com/. For 2009 MIC deputy presidency election likely to be held on 12 September and it is a three corner fight between Dato' Subra, Palanivelu and Sothinathan. Some political analyst believe that Sothinathan was planted by Samy Velu to split Dato Subra vote and gain easy win for Palanivel. Dato Palanivel won the deputy post for the second time with a narrow majority. Maika controversy
Officials said about 900 shareholders including Subramaniam, Samy Vellu and Democratic Action Party member of Parliament M. Kulasegaran attended the Maika (MIC's debt-ridden investment arm) annual general meeting, the first time that such a huge number had turned up in the company's history.Abdul Rashid, the CEO of Maika had a tough time controlling the crowd. One faction aligned with MIC president Samy Vellu and the other


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 with Subramaniam, shouting at each other. Despite the heated exchanges, the meeting went on smoothly, with Abdul Rashid replying to the questions put forward by the various shareholders including DAP's Ipoh Barat MP M. Kulasegaran. At about 1pm, the shareholders were asked to vote on the various resolutions including one calling for the sale of the insurance company Oriental Capital Assurance Berhad (OCAB) for RM129.8 million. Maika's management claimed that the sale of OCAB would enable the company to clear its outstanding debts and repay the shareholders who wanted to withdraw their investments. Speaking to reporters later, Subramaniam said he was pushed when he tried to put forward a suggestion at the meeting. He said he was not opposed to the sale of OCAB but wanted Maika should give the first option to an Indian community-linked company or cooperative so that its majority stake would remain in the community's hands.Subramaniam then lodged a police report. Election results

Honours

Honours of Malaysia
  :
  Medal of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PPN) (1981)
  Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (2012)
  :
  Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (DPMJ) – Dato' (1989)
  :
  Knight Companion of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (DSNS) – Dato' (1985)

References

Living people
Malaysian Hindus
Malaysian people of Indian descent
Malaysian politicians of Tamil descent
1944 births
Malaysian Indian Congress politicians
Members of the Dewan Negara
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Medallists of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of


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<mask> (27 September 1792 – 1 February 1878) was a British caricaturist and book illustrator, praised as the "modern Hogarth" during his life. His book illustrations for his friend Charles Dickens, and many other authors, reached an international audience. Early life
<mask> was born in London. His father, Edinburgh-born <mask>, was one of the leading caricaturists of the late 1790s and Cruikshank started his career as his father's apprentice and assistant. His older brother, Isaac Robert, also followed in the family business as a caricaturist and illustrator. Cruikshank's early work was caricature; but in 1823, at the age of 31, he started to focus on book illustration. He illustrated the first, 1823 English translation (by Edgar Taylor and David Jardine) of Grimms' Fairy Tales, published in two volumes as German Popular Stories.On 16 October 1827, he married Mary Ann Walker (1807–1849). Two years after her death, on 7 March 1851, he married Eliza Widdison. The two lived at 263 Hampstead Road, North London. Cruikshank had fathered 11 illegitimate children with a mistress named Adelaide Attree, his former servant, who lived close to where he lived with his wife. Adelaide was ostensibly married and had taken the married surname 'Archibold'. Sociopolitical caricatures and illustrations

Cruikshank's early career was renowned for his social caricatures of English life for popular publications. He achieved early success collaborating with William Hone in his political satire The Political House That Jack Built (1819).In the same year he produced the now-infamous anti-abolitionist piece The New Union Club. It satirised a dinner party organised by abolitionists with black guests. While this piece was praised as “the finest of G.C.’s caricatures” during the 19th century, it is now viewed as one of the most racist prints of its era. His 1819 print, The Belle Alliance, or the

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 Female Reformers of Blackburn!! !, criticised the role of women in the reform movement, portraying them as unfeminine and grotesque.His first major work was Pierce Egan's Life in London (1821) in which the characters Tom and Jerry, two 'men about town' visit various London locations and taverns to enjoy themselves and carouse. This was followed by The Comic Almanack (1835–1853) and Omnibus (1842). Cruikshank gained notoriety with his political prints that attacked the royal family and leading politicians.In 1820 he received a royal bribe of £100 for a pledge "not to caricature His Majesty" (<mask> of the United Kingdom) "in any immoral situation". His work included a personification of England named John Bull who was developed from about 1790 in conjunction with other British satirical artists such as James Gillray, and Thomas Rowlandson. Cruikshank replaced one of his major influences, James Gillray, as England's most popular satirist. For a generation he delineated Tories, Whigs and Radicals impartially. Satirical material came to him from every public event – wars abroad, the enemies of Britain (he was highly patriotic), the frolic, among other qualities, such as the weird and terrible, in which he excelled. His hostility to enemies of Britain and a crude racism is evident in his illustrations commissioned to accompany William Maxwell's History of the Irish rebellion in 1798 (1845) where his lurid depictions of incidents in the rebellion were characterised by the simian-like portrayal of Irish rebels. Among the other racially engaged works of Cruikshank there were caricatures about the "legal barbarities" of the Chinese, the subject given by his friend, Dr. W. Gourley, a participant in the ideological battle around the Arrow War, 1856–60.Charles Dickens

For Charles Dickens, Cruikshank illustrated Sketches by Boz (1836), The Mudfog Papers (1837–38) and Oliver Twist


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 (1838). He also illustrated Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi (1838), which Dickens edited under his regular , "Boz". Cruikshank even acted in Dickens's amateur theatrical company. On 30 December 1871 Cruikshank published a letter in The Times which claimed credit for much of the plot of Oliver Twist. The letter launched a fierce controversy around who created the work. <mask> was not the first Dickens illustrator to make such a claim. Robert Seymour who illustrated the Pickwick Papers suggested that the idea for that novel was originally his; however, in his preface to the 1867 edition, Dickens strenuously denied any specific input.The friendship between <mask> and Dickens soured further when Cruikshank became a fanatical teetotaler in opposition to Dickens's views of moderation. In Somerset Maugham's short story "Miss King", Cruickshank's influence is referenced

Temperance and the Volunteers
In the late 1840s, <mask>'s focus shifted from book illustration to an emphasis on alcohol temperance and anti-smoking. Formerly a heavy drinker, he now supported, lectured to, and supplied illustrations for the National Temperance Society and the Total Abstinence Society, among others. The best known of these are The Bottle, 8 plates (1847), with its sequel, The Drunkard's Children, 8 plates (1848), with the ambitious work, The Worship of Bacchus, published by subscription after the artist's oil painting, now in the Tate Gallery, London. For his efforts he was made vice president of the National Temperance League in 1856. When the invasion scare of 1859 led to the creation of the Volunteer Movement, Cruikshank was one of those who organised Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs). At first his unit was the 24th Surrey RVC, which recruited from working men who were total abstainers and was named 'Havelock's Own' in honour of Major-General Sir Henry Havelock, a hero of the Indian Mutiny and

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 pioneer of Temperance Clubs in the army.However, Cruikshank received little encouragement from the Lord-Lieutenant of Surrey, and was rebuked for crossing into Kent to recruit. Disgusted, he disbanded his unit in 1862 and began anew in Middlesex, organising the 48th Middlesex RVC (Havelock's Temperance Volunteers). The unit ran into financial difficulties and when Cruikshank was forced to retire due to age, he was replaced as commanding officer by Lt-Col Cuthbert Vickers, a wealthy shipowner. However, the Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette of 3 September 1868 reported that Cruikshank had resigned as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Volunteers "in consequence, it is said, of the reinstatement in the service of certain officers of his corps who some time since had a difference with their Lieutenant-Colonel and were cashiered". The 48th Middlesex merged with the 2nd City of London RVC, also a working-men's unit, composed mainly of printers from the Fleet Street area, and the combined unit had a long history as the City of London Rifles. Later years

After he developed palsy in later life, <mask>'s health and work began to decline in quality. He died on 1 February 1878 and was originally buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.In November 1878 his remains were exhumed and reburied in St. Paul's Cathedral. Punch magazine, which presumably did not know of his large illegitimate family, said in its obituary: "There never was a purer, simpler, more straightforward or altogether more blameless man. His nature had something childlike in its transparency." In his lifetime he created nearly 10,000 prints, illustrations, and plates. There are collections of his works in the British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum. A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque commemorates <mask> at 293 Hampstead Road in Camden Town. Samples of his work
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy,

masks: Cruikshank Cruikshank