texts: gangrene, and had lost the ability to ingest food and was living on a diet of Ensure, Jerry Cantrell told Kerrang!that the members of Alice in Chains regularly hung out at <mask>'s house. On June 22, 1998, <mask> made a phone call to radio program Rockline and gave a rare interview while Cantrell was promoting his first solo album, Boggy Depot. <mask> called the show to talk to Cantrell and stated that he had loved the album. In October 1998, <mask> re-emerged to record two tracks with Alice in Chains, "Get Born Again" and "Died", which were released on the Music Bank box set in 1999. Additional reports of <mask>'s deteriorating condition persisted in the midst of the sessions. Dirt producer Dave Jerden—originally chosen by the band for the production—said, "<mask> weighed 80 pounds…and was white as a ghost." Cantrell refused to comment on the singer's appearance, and band manager Susan Silver said she had not seen him since "last year".<mask> made his final public appearance on October 31, 1998, when he attended a Jerry Cantrell solo concert in Seattle. He declined Cantrell's request to sing with him on stage. A photo taken of <mask> backstage at this show is the most recent photo of him that has been publicly released. Thereafter, <mask> was thought to have left behind his "self-imposed rock & roll exile", when in November 1998 he laid down additional vocal tracks as part of a supergroup called Class of '99, featuring members of Rage Against the Machine, Jane's Addiction, and Porno for Pyros. On July 19, 1999, the radio program Rockline was hosting

masks: Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley


type: original

texts:
 Cantrell, Inez, and Kinney for a discussion on the release of Nothing Safe: Best of the Box, when, unexpectedly, <mask> called in to participate. This was <mask>'s last interview. From 1999 to 2002, <mask> became more reclusive and depressed, rarely leaving his Seattle condo; little is known about the details of his life during this period.<mask> was rumored to spend most of his days creating art, playing video games, or nodding off on drugs. <mask>'s one time roommate and friend Morgen Gallagher later said that around 2001 <mask> was going to audition for Audioslave; this claim was later debunked by Audioslave guitarist Tom Morello. <mask>'s mother, Nancy McCallum, told The Seattle Times in 2007 that despite his isolation, he was never far from the love of his family and friends, who filled his answering machine and mailbox with messages and letters. "Just because he was isolated doesn't mean we didn't have sweet moments with him." McCallum has also claimed that she saw <mask> on Thanksgiving of 2001, and again just around Valentine's Day of 2002, when he visited his sister's baby. This was the last time that McCallum saw her son. Sean Kinney has commented on <mask>'s final years and isolation period:

<mask>'s physical appearance had become even worse than before: he had lost several teeth, his skin was sickly pale, and he was severely emaciated.Close friends such as Matt Fox said, "If no one heard from him for weeks, it wasn't unusual". <mask> grew increasingly disconnected from his friends and bandmates who repeatedly tried to get him into rehab, but

masks: Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley


texts:
 <mask> refused. <mask>'s close friend Mark Lanegan said, "He didn't speak to anybody as of late… It's been a few months since I talked to him. But for us to not talk for a few months is par for the course." Death
On April 19, 2002, <mask>'s accountants contacted his former manager, Susan Silver, and informed her that no money had been withdrawn from the singer's bank account in two weeks. Silver then contacted <mask>'s mother, Nancy McCallum, who placed a call with 911 to say she had not heard from him "in about two weeks". The police went with McCallum and her ex-husband, Jim Elmer, to <mask>'s home.It was reported that the  <mask> weighed only  when his body was discovered. <mask>'s body was partially decomposed when he was found. Medical examiners had to identify the body by comparing dental records. Years later, McCallum revealed that two days before <mask>'s body was found, she went to his apartment to let him know about the death of Demri Parrott's brother, but there was no answer. When she got the phone call to check on her son two days later, she was not surprised that <mask> had not responded. There was some mail by his door. <mask> owned a cat named Sadie at the time, who was usually quiet; upon hearing Sadie meow, McCallum became worried it was a call of distress.Still not receiving an answer from <mask>, McCallum called 911. The autopsy and toxicology report on <mask>'s body revealed that he died from a mixture of heroin and cocaine, known as a speedball. The autopsy concluded that <mask> died two weeks before his body was found, on April

masks: Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley


texts:
 5—the same day fellow grunge icon Kurt Cobain died eight years prior. <mask>'s death was classified as "accidental." <mask>'s Alice in Chains bandmates issued the following statement:

It's good to be with friends and family as we struggle to deal with this immense loss … and try to celebrate this immense life. We are looking for all the usual things: comfort, purpose, answers, something to hold on to, a way to let him go in peace. Mostly, we are feeling heartbroken over the death of our beautiful friend.He was a sweet man with a keen sense of humor and a deep sense of humanity. He was an amazing musician, an inspiration, and a comfort to so many. He made great music and gifted it to the world. We are proud to have known him, to be his friend, and to create music with him. For the past decade, <mask> struggled greatly—we can only hope that he has at last found some peace. We love you, <mask>. Dearly.And we will miss you … endlessly. In 2010, in an interview on VH1's Celebrity Rehab with <mask>'s mother, Nancy McCallum, former Alice in Chains bass player Mike Starr said that he was the last person to see <mask> alive and had spent time with him the day before he died, as Starr's birthday was on April 4, 2002. Starr claimed that <mask> was very sick but would not call 911. They briefly argued, which ended with Starr storming out. Starr stated that <mask> called after him as he left and said: "Not like this, don't leave like this." Since <mask> is believed to have died a day later, on April 5, Starr expressed regret for not calling 911 to save his life.

masks: Staley Staley Layne Layne Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley


texts:
 Starr reported that <mask> had threatened to sever their friendship if he did, and also stated that he wished he had not been high on benzodiazepine that night and wouldn't have just walked out of the door.The interview ended with Starr apologizing to McCallum for not calling 911, but she was insistent that neither she nor anyone in her family blamed Starr for <mask>'s death. She also told Starr: "<mask> would forgive you. He'd say, 'Hey, I did this. Not you.'" Starr still blamed himself for the death of <mask>. Starr kept this story a secret until his appearance on Celebrity Rehab in February 2010. During this same interview, McCallum also said that <mask> had attempted rehab 13 times, although it is not clear whether any of these attempts were during his reclusive years.Starr was found dead on March 8, 2011, as a result of prescription drug overdose. Aftermath
An informal memorial was held for <mask> on the night of April 20, 2002, at the Seattle Center, which was attended by at least 100 fans and friends, including Alice in Chains bandmates Cantrell, Starr, Inez and Kinney, and Soundgarden frontman Chris Cornell. <mask>'s body was cremated and a private memorial service was held for him on April 28, 2002, on Bainbridge Island in Washington's Puget Sound. During her appearance on Celebrity Rehab in 2010, <mask>'s mother said she has her son's ashes in a box. <mask>'s private memorial was attended by his family and friends, along with his Alice in Chains bandmates, the band's manager Susan Silver and her then husband Chris Cornell, as well as other music

masks: Staley Staley Layne Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley


texts: personalities. Chris Cornell, joined by Heart's Ann and Nancy Wilson, sang a rendition of The Rolling Stones' "Wild Horses" at the funeral. They also performed The Lovemongers' song "Sand".Jerry Cantrell dedicated his solo album, Degradation Trip, released two months after <mask>'s death, to his memory. Cantrell also took in <mask>'s cat, Sadie, and he and the family cared for the pet for eight years until Sadie passed away in 2010 at the age of 18. Shortly after <mask>'s death, his parents Nancy McCallum and <mask> started receiving donations from fans all over the world. Nancy and Phil worked with Seattle's Therapeutic Health Services clinic to create the Layne Staley Memorial Fund to help other heroin addicts and their families in the Seattle music community. Alice in Chains remained inactive following <mask>'s death. For the next several years, the band refused to perform together out of respect for him. In 2005, Cantrell, Kinney, and Inez reunited for a benefit concert for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, with several vocalists filling in for <mask>.Following positive response, the band decided to reunite formally in 2006. Comes with the Fall vocalist William DuVall, a member of Cantrell's solo touring band who often sang <mask>'s parts on the Alice in Chains songs that Cantrell performed, was announced to sing <mask>'s part for the reunion shows. In an interview with MTV News, Kinney noted that the band would use the reunion concerts to pay tribute to the songs and to <mask>. The band used to have an intermission to include a five-minute

masks:
Staley
Staley
Staley
Phil Staley
Staley
Staley
Staley
Staley
Staley


texts:
 filmed tribute to <mask> in between sets. DuVall has since become <mask>'s full-time replacement in the band, contributing to three full-length releases. Tributes and influence
Billy Corgan of The Smashing Pumpkins stated that <mask> "had an amazing voice that had such a beautiful, sad, haunting quality about it. He was different because his heaviness was in that voice."The song "Bleeding The Orchid" from The Smashing Pumpkins' 2007 album Zeitgeist was indirectly inspired by the death of <mask>. Cold's song "The Day Seattle Died" from their 2003 album Year of the Spider was an ode to <mask>, as well as fellow grunge figurehead Kurt Cobain. That same year Staind featured a song called "Layne" in memory to the singer on their album 14 Shades of Grey. In their 2004 album Hangover Music Vol. VI, Black Label Society also included a tribute to <mask>, titled "Layne". Eddie Vedder, lead singer of Pearl Jam, wrote a song eulogizing <mask>, titled "4/20/02" (the day Vedder heard the news). The song featured only Vedder singing and playing the guitar in a ukulele-inspired tuning, and was released as a hidden track on Pearl Jam's 2003 B-sides and rarities album, Lost Dogs, roughly four minutes and twenty seconds after the conclusion of the final listed song, "Bee Girl".Vedder also paid tribute to <mask> during a Pearl Jam concert in Chicago on August 22, 2016, which would have been <mask>'s 49th birthday, and dedicated the song "Man of the Hour" to his late friend. Jerry Cantrell said <mask> gave him the self-assurance to sing. "<mask> was really responsible for

masks: Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Layne


texts: giving me the confidence to become more of a singer. He'd say, 'You wrote this song, this means something to you, sing it.' He kicked my ass out of the nest. Over the years I continued to grow, and <mask> started to play guitar, and we inspired each other". Since 2002, Seattle has hosted an annual tribute concert for <mask> on his birthday.Venues such as the Moore Theatre, The Showbox The Fenix, and The Crocodile have hosted the event. The show proceeds benefit the Layne Staley Memorial Fund. <mask> ranked at No. 27 on Hit Parader magazine's list of "Heavy Metal's All-Time Top 100 Vocalists" published in the November 2006 issue, and at No. 42 on Complex's magazine list of "The 50 Best Lead Singers of All Time" in 2012. <mask> was an inspiration for the title of Metallica's 2008 album, Death Magnetic. The band recorded a song in tribute to him, titled "Rebel of Babylon".In 2009, Alice in Chains released their first studio album in 14 years, Black Gives Way to Blue, with Cantrell and then-new vocalist and rhythm guitarist William DuVall sharing lead vocals. The title track is a tribute to <mask>. Cantrell invited Elton John to join Alice in Chains and pay tribute to <mask> playing the piano in "Black Gives Way to Blue", the closing song in the album. The song was written and sung by Cantrell, who described it as the band's goodbye to <mask>. The first concert that <mask> attended was Elton John's and he was blown away by it. According to Cantrell, the album's cover art featuring a heart surrounded by a black background was inspired by the fact that the

masks: Layne Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley


texts: members of the band had their hearts broken by losing <mask>. <mask>'s former bandmates also thanked him in the album's liner notes.On September 6, 2011, Hank Williams III released his Attention Deficit Domination album and dedicated it to <mask>. <mask>'s Alice in Chains bandmates have stated that one of the saddest aspects of his legacy is to hear him remembered primarily for his drug use rather than the other aspects of his personality. Kinney and Cantrell have also expressed their frustration over the Grammys ignoring <mask> during their annual tribute to the musicians who have died in the past year. In 2013, Alice in Chains' drummer, Sean Kinney, added the initials "LSMS" on his drum kit, a tribute to <mask> and the band's former bassist, Mike Starr, who died in 2011. The music video for Alice in Chains' 2013 single, "Voices", features a picture of <mask> next to a photo of Nirvana's frontman, Kurt Cobain, at the 2:20 mark. Since Alice in Chains reunited, Jerry Cantrell started paying tribute to <mask> before performing the song "Nutshell". Since 2011, Cantrell pays tribute to both <mask> and Mike Starr before performing the song at concerts.In April 2017, Nancy Wilson revealed that she started writing the song "The Dragon" for <mask> in the '90s. The song was recorded in 2016 and is part of the EP of Wilson's new band, Roadcase Royale, released in 2017. On <mask>'s 50th birthday, August 22, 2017, Alice in Chains released a video paying tribute to him, featuring Jerry Cantrell, Ann Wilson, Mike McCready and Barrett Martin. William DuVall revealed


texts:
 that he was thinking about <mask>, his grandmother and the late Soundgarden lead vocalist Chris Cornell while writing the Alice in Chains' song "Never Fade", from their 2018 album, Rainier Fog. The album's title track, written by Cantrell, is partly a tribute to <mask> and Mike Starr. Layne Staley Day in Seattle
On August 22, 2019, which would have been <mask>'s 52nd birthday, Seattle mayor Jenny Durkan officially proclaimed that day as "Layne Staley Day" in the city in honor of <mask>'s contributions to the world of music. The day was also a call to attention to the Layne Staley Memorial Fund, established by his parents in 2002.Books
Two biographies have been written about <mask>, both authored by Adriana Rubio—<mask>: Angry Chair released in 2003, which contains an alleged final interview of <mask> that Rubio claimed to have conducted less than three months before his death, and <mask>: Get Born Again, released in 2009, a revised and updated version of her earlier book. <mask>'s family has disputed Rubio's work, stating they do not believe she interviewed him in 2002. <mask>'s last interview was for the radio Rockline on July 19, 1999, promoting the release of the compilation album Nothing Safe: Best of the Box with the other members of Alice in Chains. The content of Rubio's book, including what she referred to as <mask>'s final interview, was called into question in journalist David De Sola's 2015 book Alice in Chains: The Untold Story. De Sola questions not only the content of the interview, which portrays <mask> as using his lyrics in casual

masks:
Staley
Staley
Staley
Staley
Staley
Layne Staley
Staley
Layne Staley
Staley
Staley
Staley
Staley


texts:
 conversation, it also indicates that Rubio never talked to him, citing her refusal to release the tape with the interview and the fact that not even her publisher had access to the tape. One of <mask>'s sisters, Liz Coats, likewise doubted the veracity of the book. <mask> was featured on the books Grunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music (2009) by Greg Prato, and Everybody Loves Our Town: An Oral History of Grunge (2011) by Mark Yarm.Both books explored the history of grunge in detail and touch upon Alice in Chains and <mask>'s life and death via interviews with <mask>'s mother, friends and bandmates, including Cantrell, Kinney, Starr and Inez. In August 2015, journalist David de Sola released the biography Alice in Chains: The Untold Story, which is mainly focused on <mask> and features interviews with his friends and relatives; the surviving members of Alice in Chains did not partake in interviews for this book. Discography

Alice in Chains

Staley appeared on all Alice in Chains releases from We Die Young up to the song "Died", later taking part in reissues and compilations containing material from his time in the band. Other appearances

References

External links

Archive Seattle Police incident report at The Smoking Gun

1967 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American male singers
Accidental deaths in Washington (state)
Alice in Chains members
Alice N' Chains members
Mad Season (band) members
Musicians from Kirkland, Washington
Musicians from Seattle
Singer-songwriters from Washington (state)
American heavy metal singers
American male

masks: Staley Staley Staley Staley Staley


texts:
 singer-songwriters
American rock songwriters
American tenors
Alternative rock singers
Alternative metal singers
Grunge musicians
Glam metal musicians
Columbia Records artists
Deaths by heroin overdose in Washington (state)
American people of Danish descent
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Swiss-German descent
Critics of religions
Class of '99 members
Former Christian


texts:
<mask> (7 February 1819 – 10 May 1909) was an active participant in the commercial, political and social life of Singapore and the Malay states between 1841 and 1887. Early life
<mask> was born in Scotland, the son of <mask>, co-partner of A. L. Johnston & Company. Aged 22, he travelled to Singapore to take his father's place at A. L. Johnston & Company, Singapore's leading merchant company at that time, his father retiring and returning to England the following year (1842). Alexander Laurie Johnston, his father's co-partner, retired and left Singapore in December. <mask> headed the company until his own retirement in 1887. <mask> was predeceased by his wife, <mask> at age 21 on 24 June 1849. Cumming-<mask> was the daughter of banker John Cumming of Forres, Scotland and there is a stone marker in her memory as his "beloved and lamented wife" at St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore.Contributions to early colonial Singapore
<mask> was appointed Special Constable to deal with ethnic riots between the Colony's Hokkien and Cantonese communities in 1854. He is credited with using his powers of negotiation and mediation to settle the conflict. Also in 1854, <mask> was the first volunteer of the Singapore Rifle Corps, a militia unit in which he remained active for 25 years. In 1857 <mask>, who was fluent in French, was made Counsul for the Netherlands in Singapore, a post he held until 1885. For his service as the Dutch Counsul, he was awarded the Order of the Netherlands Lion (Knight Commander). By 1865, <mask> was Chairman of the Singapore Chamber of Commerce. During his tenure in the then British Straits Settlement, Singapore passed from control of

masks:
William Henry Macleod Read
Read
Christopher Rideout Read
Read
Read
Marjory Cumming Read
Read
William Read
William Read
Read
Read


texts: British India to the British Colonial Office in 1867.<mask> was a member of the Legislative Council that oversaw the transfer. In 1868, <mask> was appointed Companion of the Order of St. Michael & St. George (C.M.G. ), by Queen Victoria. An announcement in the London Gazette noted, Chancery of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Downing Street, February 3, 1885. THE Queen has been graciously pleased to give directions for the following appointment to the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George : To be an Ordinary Member of the Third Class, of Companions of the said Most Distinguished Order :— <mask> <mask> <mask>, Esq., for long and valuable services rendered in the Straits Settlements. <mask> had ongoing involvements in regional politics, including the establishment of the  British Colonial presence in Borneo through co-chairmanship of the British North Borneo Provisional Association in 1881. The charter of the British North Borneo Company, lists merchant <mask> <mask> <mask>, of 25 Durham Terrace, in the Country of Middlesex, as one of its petitioners.On 23 February 1843 <mask>, an avid horseman, won the first prize in the inaugural Singapore Cup, Singapore's first horse derby. In March of that year, he organised the Colony's first rowing regatta. The Singapore Turf Club, the island's home of horse racing, began as <mask>'s Singapore Sporting Club on 4 October 1842. His interest in educational and cultural life are evidenced by his involvement with the National Library (first treasurer), trusteeship of Singapore (later Raffles) Institution, and founding of the first Sailor's Home (appointed Honorary Secretary).

masks:
William Read
Read
William Henry
Macleod
Read
Read
William Henry
Macleod
Read
Read
Read


texts:
 <mask> was also active as a Freemason, being the second person to be initiated to the Masonic Lodge Zetland in the East and soon becoming its Worshipful Master. He eventually rose to become leader of the Freemasons' Eastern Archipelago, District Grand Lodge. He officiated over Masonic ceremonies which included the laying of the Foundation Stone of Raffles Lighthouse in 1854.One of <mask>'s last duties as a Singapore resident was laying the first cylinder of a bridge over the Singapore River – a bridge that today still bears his name, Read Bridge. Municipal assessment funds
In January 1845, at a public meeting, <mask> put forward a motion proposing that municipal assessment funds (see Act XIII of 1839 allowing for an assessment fund to be used for municipal purposes) be controlled by one person appointed by government and two persons appointed by ratepayers. The motion was carried by a large majority. However a new bill was passed (Act IX of 1848 that provided for two officials and three non-officials, all nominated by the Governor to administer the funds. Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements
<mask> was made a member of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements by Royal appointment. A notice in the London Gazette, reads,Downing Street, May 18, 1882. THE Queen has been pleased to appoint George Macfarlane Sandilands, Esq., and <mask> <mask> <mask>, Esq., to be Members of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements.and again

"Downing Street, March 17, 1868. The Queen has been pleased to appoint <mask> <mask> <mask>, Forbes Scott Brown, Thomas Scott, and Robert Little, Esqrs., to be Members of. the Legislative Council

masks:
Read
Read
Read
Read
William Henry
Macleod
Read
William Henry
Macleod
Read


texts:
 of the Straits Settlements ; and <mask>, Alfred James Harrigan,. and <mask> Harrigan, Esqrs., to be Members of the Legislative Council of the Virgin Islands." Freemasons
On 27 September 1878 a land grant was issued in favour of R. W. Bro. <mask> <mask> <mask>, District Grand Master, and his successors in office for the use of Masons under the United Grand Lodge of Antient, Free and Accepted Masons of England. <mask> laid the foundation stone for the new building on 14 April 1879.The new hall was consecrated on 27 December 1879 by the District Grand Master, <mask>, Thomas Cargill, the civil engineer who designed the building, was installed as Master of Lodge Zetland-in-the-East. <mask> was eventually succeeded in his role as District Grand Master by Major Samuel Dunlop in 1885. The Singapore Turf Club
The Singapore Turf Club, formerly known as the Singapore Sporting Club, was founded by <mask> on 4 October 1842. Marking the 24th anniversary of the founding of Singapore by Sir Stamford Raffles, the first races were held on 23 and 25 February 1843. <mask> himself won the first Derby, called the Singapore Cup, and took home the prize money of $150. Return from the Colonies
<mask> returned to Britain in February 1887. He had spent almost 46 years in Singapore.In 1901, <mask> published his memoirs "Play and Politics, Recollections of Malaya by an Old Resident". <mask> died on 10 May 1909, aged 91. In 1910, the Governor of Singapore unveiled a memorial tablet to the memory of <mask> <mask> <mask> in St. Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore, for his outstanding contributions to Singapore. This tablet dedication can be still seen on the left side, behind

masks:
William Bagnell
Henry Stephens
William Henry
Macleod
Read
Read
Read
Read
Read
Read
Read
Read
Read
William Henry
Macleod
Read


texts:
 the main entrance door of the church. <mask>'s imprint on the Straits Settlements also survived his passing through descendants in the local Eurasian community bearing his <mask> surname. <mask> was buried on 13 May 1909 at Brompton Cemetery, London. See also
 Tan Kim Ching
 Chung Keng Quee
 Klang War
 Larut War

References
 Play and politics recollections of Malaya by an old resident.(1901). London: W.Gardner Darton (Call no. : RRARE 959 503 REA)
 Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore: 1819–1867 (pp. 135, 367–369). Singapore: Oxford University Press.(Call no. : RSING 959.57 BUC)
 Edwards, N. & Keys, P. (1988). Singapore: A guide to buildings, streets, places (p. 506). Singapore: Times Books International. (Call no. : RSING 959.57 EDW)
 Freemasons. (1873).Ceremony of layaing the foundation stone of the Clyde Terrace Market, at Singapore, the 29th day of March 1873, by the Rt. Worshipful, the District Grand Master, W. H<mask> [Microfilm: NL 5876]. Singapore: Straits Times Press. (Call no. : RSEA 959.51 FRE)
 Turnbull, C. M. (1995). Dateline Singapore: 150 years of the Straits Times (pp. 22–35, 45–46).Singapore: Times Editions: Singapore Press Holdings
(Call no. : RSING 079.5957 TUR)
 Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The Straits Settlements 1826–1867: Indian presidency to crown colony (pp. 24–25, 321–322). London: Athlone Press
(Call no. : RCLOS 959.57 TUR)
 Tyers, R. K. (1993). Ray Tyers' Singapore: Then and now (p. 26).Singapore: Landmark Books. (Call no. : RSING 959.57 TYE)

Online links

British colonial police officers
1819 births
1909 deaths
People of British Malaya
People of British Singapore
Burials at Brompton

masks:
Read
Read
Read
. Read


texts:
<mask> (6 August 1908 – 1996), code names Emile and Bob, was a British artist and an agent in France of the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) organization during World War II. He was the organiser (leader) of the Acrobat network (or circuit) which operated in Dijon. The purpose of SOE in occupied France was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance. SOE agents allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England. <mask> was wounded and captured by the German SS on 18 July 1943 and imprisoned for the remainder of the war. After World War II, <mask> was accused by several other SOE agents of collaboration with the Germans while he was a captive. <mask>'s brother <mask> was also an SOE agent.Early life
<mask> was born in Heaton Moor, Lancashire, the son of an American father, Alfred Demarest <mask>, a bookkeeper who became a naturalised British subject, and an English mother, <mask>, he was a grandson of William Robert <mask>. He studied art in Paris and in 1934 he married a French woman, Michelle Vergetas, and the couple had one child, Ethel. <mask> tried to join the Royal Air Force in 1938 but was rejected because his father was an American. He was in Paris when World War II began in 1939, and in early 1940 joined the King's Own Scottish Borderers and later was assigned to the Field Security Police. He escaped to England when France was overrun by Nazi Germany. He joined the SOE in early 1941. Special Operations Executive

First Mission
<mask> parachuted "blind" (without being met on the ground) near Valence on the night of 27–28 August 1942.His job was to evaluate the food requirements for the CARTE network, a

masks:
John Ashford Renshaw Starr
Starr
Starr
John Starr
George Starr
Starr
Starr
Ethel Renshaw
Renshaw
Starr
Starr


texts:
 resistance group which claimed that, with SOE support, it could raise an army of 300,000 men to resist the German occupation of France. <mask> made his way from Valence to a villa in Cannes where he met SOE agent Peter Churchill and CARTE leader Andre Girard. <mask> learned from Churchill and his own experience that CARTE was largely a fantasy of Girard's. He returned to England in November. Oddly enough, as he was boarding a small boat to slip out of France, he encountered his older brother George who was arriving in France as an SOE agent. Second Mission

<mask> was held in high regard by SOE and, along with a wireless operator, <mask>, he parachuted into France again on the night of 15–16 May 1943, landing near Blye in the French Alps. He was designated as the organiser (leader) of the Acrobat network, operating around Saint-Étienne and Dijon.Shortly after his arrival, <mask> narrowly escaped being captured in Clermont-Ferrand. The Germans had penetrated several SOE networks and captured agents in that area. <mask> was joined in Acrobat by saboteur Harry Rée and courier Diana Rowden. Rée soon departed for another network. He did not like <mask>'s "assertive manner" and believed the network was insecure. Capture and collaboration
On 18 July 1943 <mask> was captured by the Germans after being betrayed by a Frenchman he had recruited. He attempted to escape en route to a prison in Dijon and was shot twice in the thigh and foot.He was placed in the custody of the Sicherheitsdienst (or SD), the intelligence service of the SS. In Dijon, he said the Germans tortured him by beating on his wounded thigh but he didn't reveal any significant information to them. He was transferred to Fresnes Prison in Paris and in late

masks:
Starr
Starr
Starr
John Young
Starr
Starr
Starr
Starr


texts:
 September to SD headquarters at 84 Avenue Foch in Paris. The head of the Paris SD was an ex-policemen named Hans Kieffer, a man more dedicated to persuasion than torture. Kieffer persuaded <mask> to use his artistic talents to redraw a map and some charts of SOE operations in France. In return, <mask> was given a private room in the building and dined in the officer's mess which served excellent food. Another SOE prisoner at 84 Avenue Foch was Gilbert Norman who told <mask> that the Germans knew everything about SOE and that nothing he said would be news to them.<mask> justified his cooperation with the SD by saying he was gathering information on SD operations that would be useful to SOE if he could escape. Along with SOE wireless operator, Noor Inyat Khan, and a French colonel, Leon Faye, he tried to escape in late 1943 by climbing out the skylight of his room onto the roof of the building, but the three were soon recaptured. Kieffer threatened to shoot them, but relented on condition that they gave their word of honor not to attempt another escape. Khan and Faye declined; but <mask> gave his word. Khan and Faye were sent to concentration camps in Germany and later executed. After the escape attempt, <mask> again became friendly with the Germans, even going out to restaurants with some of them and on an operation to identify the bodies of British airmen who had been shot down near Paris. He helped the SD send bogus wireless messages by correcting spelling and editing mistakes.The Germans he worked with later described him as "weak and misguided rather than knowingly treacherous." A German concentration camp
<mask> remained at Avenue Foch until August 1944 when, after the Normandy Invasion and with allied armies

masks: Starr Starr Starr Starr Starr Starr Starr


texts:
 approaching Paris, he was transported to the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen near Berlin. According to his account he avoided execution in 1945 due to a quarantine resulting from a typhus outbreak within the camp. The opportunity arose to smuggle himself into a group of prisoners who were being transferred to the Mauthausen concentration camp near Linz. By using his ability to pass himself off as a Frenchman, he joined a group of French and Belgian prisoners who were released into the custody of the Red Cross and taken to Switzerland as the war in Europe drew to a close. Post World War II
<mask> testified at the war crimes trial of Josef Kieffer. He said that Kieffer had not mistreated prisoners and that he did not believe that Kieffer would "take part in the deliberate murder of British prisoners."Kieffer was found guilty and hanged. Stories from other SOE agents who shared his captivity at Avenue Foch resulted in doubts being raised about <mask>'s loyalty, and his case became the subject of an MI5 investigation, which concluded that although his behaviour was suspicious, there were no grounds for criminal prosecution. After the war, <mask> opened a night-club in Hanley, Staffordshire, with Alfred and Henry Newton, SOE agents (and brothers) whom he had met during his training and also at the Avenue Foch. The brothers had been at Buchenwald concentration camp. <mask> later returned to live in Paris, then moved to Switzerland where he died in 1996. References

External links
Biography
S.O.E. British Special Operations Executive personnel
British Army personnel of World War II
British World War II prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
1908 births
1996 deaths
Date of death missing
Place of

masks: Starr Starr Starr Starr


texts:
<mask> is an Irish music video and commercial director. <mask> has directed videos for artists such as Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, U2, Avril Lavigne, Paramore, Alanis Morissette, Flyleaf, Jennifer Lopez, New Found Glory and Josh Groban, Ariana Grande amongst many others. His work has won multiple awards and nominations including a Grammy Award for U2's "Where The Streets Have No Name" and MTV Music Video Awards for U2's "With or Without You" and Ryuichi Sakamoto and Iggy Pop's "Risky". His commercial clients include Toyota, Pioneer, Lexus and The Los Angeles Times and have received international recognition, most notably the Grand Clio and the Cannes Gold Lion. (2003)
 The All-American Rejects – "Time Stands Still" (2003)
 Matchbox Twenty – "Unwell" (2003)
 Jennifer Lopez – "Baby I Love U!"

masks:
Meiert Avis
Avis


texts:
<mask> (born 31 March 1955) is an Australian musician, best known as the co-founder, lead guitarist, songwriter, and sole constant original member of the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. He is known for his energetic performances, schoolboy-uniform stage outfits, and his own version of Chuck Berry's duckwalk. <mask> was ranked 24th in Rolling Stone magazine's 100 greatest guitarists of all-time list. In 2003, <mask> and the other members of AC/DC were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Early life
In the 1950s, <mask>'s father, <mask> (16 February 1911 – 30 May 1985), his mother, Margaret (14 July 1913 – 1988; maiden name also <mask>), and his elder seven siblings lived at 6 Skerryvore Road in the Cranhill district of Glasgow in Scotland. Cranhill was a tough, working-class suburb with high unemployment. Prior to moving to Cranhill, William worked first as a wheel boy in a rope works and then as a machine/saw operator in an asbestos/cement business.In 1940 William joined the Royal Air Force serving in World War II as a flight engine mechanic. After the war William worked as a yard man for a builder and then as a postman. Margaret was a housewife. <mask> spent the first seven years of his life in Cranhill. His siblings were Stephen Crawford (24 June 193313 December 1989), Margaret (2 May 1935 – 11 November 2019), John (17 May 1938), Alexander (28 December 1938 – 4 August 1997), William (1941), George (6 November 1946 – 22 October 2017), and Malcolm (6 January 1953 – 18 November 2017). Music was part of family life. Stephen played the piano accordion and the piano, <mask>'s sister Margaret was passionate about music, John played the guitar, Alexander was an accomplished singer, bass guitarist, and saxophonist who in the early 1960s left for a career in music in Europe, and George and Malcolm eventually became founding members of the Easybeats and AC/DC respectively.Stephen was the father of <mask> who in later

masks:
Angus McKinnon Young
Young
Young
Young
William Young
Young
Young
Young
Stevie Young


texts: years took over from Malcolm in AC/DC. <mask> himself took up the guitar at the age of five or six, receiving one lesson from Alexander, after which he was self-taught. <mask> also learned how to fight on Cranhill's tough streets, and, on one occasion was struck by a car. Prompted by the worst winter on record in Scotland and TV advertisements offering assisted travel for families to immigrate to Australia, William, Margaret, George, Malcolm, and <mask> flew from Scotland to Sydney, Australia in late June 1963. Also aboard were <mask>'s brother Stephen and his family, sister Margaret Horsburgh, and brother William. <mask>'s brother John had migrated to Australia separately. Initially staying at Villawood Migrant Hostel (a site later developed as Villawood Immigration Detention Centre) in Nissen huts, brother George met and became friends with another migrant, Harry Vanda, a relationship that grew into their professional careers in music.<mask>'s family moved into a semi-detached house at 4 Burleigh Street in the Sydney suburb of Burwood. After primary school, <mask> attended Ashfield Boys High School, dropping out at age 15. While at high school, <mask> enjoyed only the art classes. He practised the guitar in his bedroom after school. After high school, <mask> worked at various jobs, including night shifts at a butcher shop. Then he became an apprentice printer. For one week, a soft porn magazine called Ribald moved into the print shop where <mask> worked.<mask> set some type for that magazine, but, despite some claims, was never its employee. <mask> first started playing on a banjo, re-strung with six strings. <mask>'s first guitar was a cheap acoustic model purchased second-hand by his mother. After high school, and with a pay packet, <mask> bought his first Gibson SG second-hand around 1970 from a music shop just down the street from his home: "I got out and got a Gibson SG that I played until it got wood rot

masks: Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Young


texts:
 because so much sweat and water got into it. The whole neck warped. I bought it second-hand; it was about a '67. It had a real thin neck, really slim, like a Custom neck.It was dark brown." Career

Both <mask> and Malcolm were in a band with George and his music partner Harry Vanda called Marcus Hook Roll Band. The project released an album in Australia called Tales of Old Grand Daddy. Prior to forming AC/DC, <mask> played in a local group called Kantuckee. Kantuckee's line-up included Bob McGlynn (vocals), <mask> (guitar), Jon Stevens (bass), and Trevor James (drums). The band split and was later called Tantrum with the following line up: Mark Sneddon (vocals-guitar), <mask> (guitar), Jon Stevens (bass) and Trevor James (drums). <mask> was 18 when he and Malcolm formed AC/DC in 1973.<mask> was on lead guitar, Malcolm on rhythm guitar, Colin Burgess on drums, Larry Van Kriedt on bass guitar and Dave Evans on vocals. The band had a recording contract with Albert Productions; it had also produced the work of the Easybeats. "Can I Sit Next To You Girl," the band's first single, was later re-recorded with Bon Scott as their vocalist. They decided upon the name AC/DC, suggested by their sister Margaret, who saw the letters "AC/DC" on the back of her sewing machine. <mask> tried a number of stage costumes, such as Spider-Man, Zorro, a gorilla, and a parody of Superman, named Super-Ang, before settling on his signature schoolboy look at the suggestion of his sister. To match this image the press and public were told that <mask> was born in 1959, not 1955. The original uniform was created by his sister Margaret and when it fell apart from wear and tear, he used his uniform from Ashfield Boys High School in Sydney.AC/DC released their debut album,High Voltage, exclusively in Australia on 17 February 1975, along with a single Baby, Please Don't Go / "Love Song". Over the next three years AC/DC cemented themselves as a popular

masks:
Young
Angus Young
Angus Young
Angus Young
Young
Young
Young
Young


texts: hard rock act, especially in Australia, with the follow-up albums, T.N.T., Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap, Let There Be Rock and Powerage. All their albums until this point were produced by <mask>'s brother George in partnership with Harry Vanda. Their 1979 studio album, Highway to Hell, became their best-selling at the time and launched them to new heights of fame. Months after this, Scott died from alcohol poisoning. Questions were raised as to whether the band could continue without him. <mask> and his other bandmates soon decided they should finish the work they had begun for their new album, so they recruited ex-Geordie singer Brian Johnson to replace Scott.Five months later, Back in Black was released as a tribute to Scott. It quickly became a huge success, far outselling any of their previous albums, and going on to reach 22x multi-platinum in the US alone, and selling 50 million copies, the second highest-selling album worldwide, behind only Michael Jackson's Thriller. AC/DC's next album, For Those About to Rock We Salute You, cemented their position as the most popular hard rock act of the time. AC/DC's popularity declined with their next three albums, Flick of the Switch, Fly on the Wall and Blow Up Your Video. AC/DC looked as though they had reached their peak early in the 1980s and by the end of the decade were in decline. <mask> missed the majority of the band's 1988 Blow Up Your Video World Tour to address his drinking problem. He eventually became sober and returned to the band.During his absence he was replaced by his nephew, <mask>. The band's 1990 studio album, The Razors Edge, brought them back into the spotlight, reaching 5x multi-platinum in the US alone and selling between 10 and 12 million copies worldwide. Over the next 10 years AC/DC released two other studio albums, Ballbreaker and Stiff Upper Lip, which confirmed their renewed popularity and success. After a lengthy eight-year hiatus, AC/DC

masks:
Young
Young
Malcolm Young
Stevie Young


texts:
 returned with a new studio album, Black Ice, in 2008. Black Ice debuted at number 1 in 29 countries and was certified multi-platinum in 14 of those, becoming one of their most successful albums worldwide, and was followed by a hugely successful world tour. In 2010, AC/DC released an album of songs used for the Iron Man 2 soundtrack they had put together; this reached number one in many countries around the world, including the UK, and number four in the US. <mask> confirmed in 2011 that AC/DC were working on a 16th studio album.In April 2014 Malcolm was forced to leave the band due to ill health, leaving <mask> the sole continuous founding member left in the band. In May it was revealed that <mask>, Malcolm and <mask>'s nephew, would stand in for his uncle to record AC/DC's latest record. In September Malcolm officially retired and Stevie was made AC/DC's official full-time rhythm guitarist. AC/DC released Rock or Bust in the fall of 2014. In March 2016, after the departure of both <mask> and drummer Phil Rudd, AC/DC was set back with yet another departure; long time lead singer Brian Johnson was ordered by doctors to stop performing or face total hearing loss. <mask>, determined to finish what the band started, recruited Guns N' Roses singer Axl Rose to stand in for Johnson for the remainder of the Rock or Bust World Tour. On September 30, 2020, the band's official Twitter account announced the pending release of a new album, Power Up, with the lineup of <mask>, <mask>, Brian Johnson, Cliff Williams and Phil Rudd.In 2003, AC/DC were inducted into the Rock and Roll hall of fame and the following year they were ranked number 72 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 greatest artists of all time." VH1 ranked them number 23 on their list of the "100 greatest artists of all time" and number 4 in their list of the "100 greatest artists of hard rock." Personal life
<mask> is married to a Dutch woman named Ellen van

masks:
Malcolm Young
Young
Stevie Young
Young
Malcolm Young
Young
Angus Young
Stevie Young
Young


texts:
 Lochem. They own homes in Australia, the UK, and the Netherlands. A heavy smoker, <mask> is a teetotaler and has been all his life. He is a supporter of Rangers F.C. On 24 August 2006, <mask> received Kerrang!magazine's Legend Award from the editor, Paul Brannigan, who called AC/DC "one of the most important and influential rock bands in history". On 16 May 2012, he was named the "Best Australian Guitarist of All Time" in a poll conducted by Australian Guitar Magazine. Equipment

Guitars

<mask> has used Gibson SGs in various forms (his original, and the basis for his current signature model, was a 1969 - 1971 SG Standard) throughout his career. He also used a modified version of the SG called the Jaydee SG, which was made custom for <mask> by Jaydee guitars. At least two of his SGs (whether modified Gibson product or ground-up construction) circa 1977 and the Paris Let There Be Rock tapings featured on-board wireless going to his amplifiers, the circuitry installed in a cavity routed into the back of the body. This practice was discontinued due to the potential for electrical shorts due to sweat, and at least one of these guitars would be repaired and used for the Rock or Bust tour. The Jaydee SG featured signature lightning bolt inlays on the fretboard.Gibson made a custom SG for <mask> with lightning bolt inlays to replace the Jaydee SG. <mask>'s '69 - '71 SG has T Top humbucking pick-ups. Another 1964 SG that he used on the recording of Ballbreaker, has patent # pick-ups. All of these are vintage-output Alnico II or V pick-ups with matched coils typically reading 7.5k - 7.8k DCR. Beginning in 2009, <mask> started fitting Seymour Duncan humbuckers to all of his touring guitars. He uses Ernie Ball Super Slinky guitar strings (.009-.042) and Fender "Extra Heavy" picks. <mask> Young SG
Young and Gibson Guitar Corporation have collaborated to make the Angus Young SG.It features a pick-up designed by <mask> himself (the

masks: Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Angus Young


texts:
 <mask> Signature Humbucker) in the bridge position, and a '57 Classic Humbucker in the neck. The neck has "lightning bolt" inlays. Amplifiers
<mask> mainly uses Marshall 1959 100 watt Super Lead Plexi heads and model 1960 AX and BX 4x12 cabinets with Celestion G12-65 speakers. Later amplifiers included Marshall JMP 2203 and most recently, Wizard Amplifiers. Early wireless systems, the Schaffer-Vega Diversity System that he would begin using in 1977, was also used as a compressor and a booster in his signal to "fatten up" his tone. Ever since adding it to his rig, it was used on several albums in the studio for chosen rhythm guitar tracks and all lead guitar tracks. Beginning with Rock or Bust, due to the discontinuation of the Schaffer system, <mask>
<mask> has stated that he first began playing guitar when he was "little, teeny. I would sort of dabble around five or six years old. That's when I started hearing Little Richard." In an interview with The Guitar Show, <mask> noted his influences include his brother <mask>, Chuck Berry, Freddie King, and Muddy Waters, while playing licks relating to Jimi Hendrix, Pete Townshend, John Lee Hooker, and the Kinks' "You Really Got Me". <mask> has indicated that he was also influenced by Keith Richards, as well as Chuck Berry's performing style, including his banter with audiences and duck walk. When the band covered Chuck Berry songs in their early years, audiences would recognise the song, while noting their renditions were very different from the source material. Style

<mask>'s playing style is influenced by straight blues playing in both the minor and major pentatonic twelve bar blues-type progressions.In AC/DC's earlier recordings, power chords can be heard in songs such as "T.N.T." and "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)". He also utilises touches of Scottish folk in his playing, and pull-off arpeggios (pull-offs played one-handed) are a popular

masks:
Angus Young
Young
Youngnce
Young
Young
Malcolm Young
Young
Young


texts: trick, appearing in songs such as "Who Made Who", "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap", "Sin City", and live renditions of "Let There Be Rock". In 1976, the band recorded an instrumental arrangement of the Scottish traditional song "Loch Lomond", retitled "Fling Thing", which has appeared in their stage act over the years. The title refers to the Highland Fling. <mask> occasionally provides backing vocals along with Malcolm on songs such as "T.N.T." and "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap".A common criticism of AC/DC is that their songs are excessively simple and formulaic. In reply, <mask> stated in an interview with the Atlanta Gazette in 1979: "It's just rock and roll. A lot of times we get criticised for it. A lot of music papers come out with: 'When are they going to stop playing these three chords?' If you believe you shouldn't play just three chords it's pretty silly on their part. To us, the simpler a song is, the better, 'cause it's more in line with what the person on the street is." <mask> is famous for his wild onstage antics, such as intense jumps and running back and forth across the stage.Once, he would clamber onto Bon Scott's or Brian Johnson's shoulders during concerts and they would make their way through the audience with smoke streaming from a satchel on <mask>'s back, while he played an extended improvised guitar solo, usually during the song "Rocker" with Scott or "Let There Be Rock" with Johnson. He frequently does his own version of Chuck Berry's duck walk, as well as a "spasm" during which he throws himself to the ground, kicking, shaking, and spinning in circles while playing the guitar. In earlier years he might remove his jacket and shirt mid-song as a form of 'striptease' to the confused bemusement of the crowd. <mask> was advised by older brother George that, if he ever tripped over his guitar cable, to keep playing and make it look like part of the act. <mask> also included a sort of striptease as

masks: Young Young Young Young Young Young


texts:
 part of a mid-show ritual, during which he slowly took off his schoolboy outfit, running across the stage to elicit cheers from the audience, culminating in a "mooning" gesture to expose his underwear, generally chosen with the colours of the local flag or occasionally offering a brief glimpse of his bare buttocks. He would then grab his guitar and play the remainder of the show topless. According to AC/DC video director David Mallet, although <mask> performs many of his trademark feats sometimes from a series of platforms, risers, and ramps, he suffers from a fear of heights; this was discovered when Mallet chose to have <mask> lowered from a second story balcony onto a stage floor by wires for the video for "Who Made Who".Discography

Marcus Hook Roll Band
 Tales of Old Grand Daddy (1973 Australia, 1978 America, 2014 international)

AC/DC

 High Voltage (1975, Australia only)
 T.N.T. (1975, Australia only)
 High Voltage (1976, International version)
 Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (1976)
 Let There Be Rock (1977)
 Powerage (1978)
 If You Want Blood You've Got It (1978)
 Highway to Hell (1979)
 Back in Black (1980)
 For Those About to Rock We Salute You (1981)
 Flick of the Switch (1983)
 Fly on the Wall (1985)
 Who Made Who (1986)
 Blow Up Your Video (1988)
 The Razors Edge (1990)
 Ballbreaker (1995)
 Stiff Upper Lip (2000)
 Black Ice (2008)
 Iron Man 2 (2010)
 Rock or Bust (2014)
 Power Up (2020)

References

External links

 ACDC.com Official Website

1955 births
Living people
AC/DC members
APRA Award winners
Australian multi-instrumentalists
Australian rock guitarists
Kerrang! Awards winners
Lead guitarists
Australian male guitarists
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People from Cranhill
Musicians from Sydney
Musicians from Glasgow
People from the Sutherland Shire
Scottish emigrants to Australia
Angus
Australian expatriates in the Netherlands
People educated at Ashfield Boys' High School
Marcus Hook Roll Band

masks: Young Young


texts:
尤方玉屏, <mask> (2 March 1905 -  19 December 2000) was the first Chinese American public school teacher and a community organizer in San Francisco, California. She was a founding member and first president of the Square and Circle Club (方圓社), and was a prominent leader in the San Francisco Chinatown community. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in the small gold-mining town of Washington in Nevada County, California. Her Chinese name was <mask> P'ing, a variation of which she used as a pen name later in life. She was born on March 2, 1905, to Lonnie Tom and <mask> (Suey Chang). While in Washington, <mask> was superintendent of a leased gold mine and also ran a general store for Chinese miners. <mask> was the second of ten children, seven of which were also born in Washington.The youngest three were born after the family moved to Vallejo. The family's eldest child was a son named Theodore, and <mask> <mask>'s younger siblings were Minnie, who often went by Mickey, Taft, Helen, Albert, Marian, Leslie, Martha and Lorraine. After many years of running the mine in Washington and making improvements, <mask> Chow lost the lease when its owners decided to take it back for themselves. Unable to support his family, <mask> Chow relocated to Vallejo, California where he opened The Oriental Market on Georgia Street. <mask> Chow was a progressive and educated Chinese Nationalist, and encouraged all of his children, both daughters and sons, to pursue an education. Encouragement for Chinese girls to get an education and join professions was not standard in Chinese and Chinese American families at the time, though it was more common in Chinese Christian households. All six Fong sisters graduated from college and four of the sisters, including <mask> <mask>, were the first Chinese American women to enter their chosen

masks:
Alice Fong Yu
Alice Fong Yu
Alice Fong
Fong Yu
Fong Chow
Fong Chow
Fong Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Fong
Fong
Alice Fong
Yu


texts:
 professional fields.Of these women, <mask> <mask> became the first Chinese American public school teacher and her sisters Mickey, Marian and Martha Fong became the first Chinese American public health nurse, dental hygienist and nursery school teacher respectively. Identity as Chinese American and Christian
<mask> <mask> became familiar with anti-Chinese racial discrimination at a young age. In interviews, <mask> <mask> has recalled being taunted and shunned by white students as a child in Washington. Of the experience she has said:

The Fong siblings found comfort in the words of their parents and in the acceptance of local Christian communities. The Fong parents encouraged their children to take pride in their Chinese heritage, calling their children's tormentors “barbarians” whose taunts shouldn't be allowed to bother them. They assured their children that their people had a rich culture and a long history, and that once they gained an education, they would be looked up to when they returned to China. Once the family moved to Vallejo, they were invited into the Vallejo Christian community.The Presbyterian church first sent a Sunday school teacher to the Vallejo Chinatown to teach the community's children, eventually leading to the Fong's joining the larger, majority-white congregation. This was unusual for the time, and <mask> <mask> has praised the congregation as “ the ones who accepted us in the early days... [and] gave us a chance to intermingle with other races." Both <mask> <mask>'s Chinese heritage and Christian faith would remain strong influences on her life. Together, they would form the bedrock of her future career in community service. <mask> <mask> did not perceive any conflict between these two facets of her identity, and indeed believed that the virtues of both overlapped. According to <mask>

masks:
Alice Fong
Yu
Alice Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong


texts:
 <mask>, the teachings of Confucius “'contained all the virtues of Christian teachings'” and “'that only those who were unfamiliar with the heritage of China’s wisdom failed to see that'”. Marriage and family
On December 22, 1940, in Tucson, Arizona, <mask> <mask> married Jon Yong <mask>, a writer and journalist who wrote editorials for the Young China newspaper.The couple met through the Chinese War Relief Association, where <mask> <mask> served as the Square and Circle Club's representative and <mask> served as the organization's secretary and news release writer. They had two sons, Alon and Joal. Jon Yong <mask> died of a sudden illness in 1966, while the couple was on a trip to Asia to visit members of Jon's family that he had not been able to see in decades. Career as an Educator

After graduating from high school in 1923, <mask> <mask> moved to San Francisco to attend the San Francisco State Teachers College. When she had applied in 1922, she was personally introduced the president of the college, Dr. Frederic Lister Burke. This introduction was made by the head of the local Red Cross, whom she had worked with and impressed with her fundraising work for the YWCA Girls Reserve. She was initially denied admission to the college, being told by Dr. Burke that she would not be hired for a teaching job anywhere in the country because she was Chinese.<mask> <mask>, frustrated because “”[She'd] faced so much discrimination’”, told Dr. Burke that she has no intention of staying in the US, and was instead planning on moving to China to “’teach my people’”. This convinced Dr. Burke to admit <mask> <mask> to the program, and she graduated in 1926. Commodore Stockton Elementary School
<mask> <mask> never moved to China to teach, and instead was hired directly after her graduation by Commodore Stockton Elementary School

masks:
Yu
Alice Fong
Yu
Chang Yu
Fong
Yu
Yu
Chang Yu
Alice Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Alice Fong
Yu


texts: (formerly known as the Oriental Public School). Commodore Stockton was the required primary school for Chinese children in San Francisco at the time. However, before <mask> <mask>’s hiring, the school had no Chinese speaking teachers. The school’s new principal recognized the need to rectify this language barrier and hired <mask> <mask> as the first Chinese American to teach in the San Francisco public school system. <mask> <mask> continued to experience discrimination throughout her time at Commodore Stockton.While she was hired as a schoolteacher, she was often required to serve in many different administrative and non-classroom roles. Her ability to speak Chinese, unlike the rest of the school staff, led her to be asked to fulfill almost all the duties that are required to run school, including those of an assistant principal, a translator, councilor, a nurse and a social worker. Despite 31 years of teaching experience, <mask> <mask> was never promoted and only received the salary of a normal teacher. <mask> <mask> was offered the position of principal in the 1950s near the end of her career at Commodore Stockton, but she turned the position down in order to care for her child and her husband who were experiencing health difficulties. During her time at Commodore Stockton, <mask> <mask> worked to help her students navigate the bi-cultural experience of being Chinese American as her family had done for her. In a 1926 article by the San Francisco Examiner, <mask> <mask> explained that she believed that "'the Chinese boy or girl who wants to make a good American citizen cannot be one unless he retains the fineness and restraint of his own race," something that she "'[tried] to make plain to all the girls and boys I teach". To that end, she "'sought to show her students how to manage a dual culture, [not only

masks: Fong Yu Fong Yu Fong Yu Fong Yu Fong Yu Fong Yu Fong Yu


texts:
 appreciating] their ancient Chinese culture but also learning how to be modern and progressive.'”

Speech Therapy
<mask> <mask>'s youngest son, Joal, was born with cerebral palsy due to complications in childbirth. Seeking to help her son face the challenges of his condition, <mask> <mask> enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, and took courses in speech therapy. She received her certification in 1957 and was then commissioned to teach speech therapy in schools throughout the San Francisco area. Until her retirement in 1970, <mask> <mask> served as the speech correction teacher-at large for many San Francisco schools. <mask> <mask> recalled that she "'was sent to different schools, on a different route every day, five days a week'" as her "'special assignment up to [her] retirement'". During her years as a speech therapist, <mask> <mask> began the practice of grouping students with the same speech problem and teaching them together. According to <mask> <mask>, this method of speech therapy made the children "'more comfortable – not singled out, not awful... just kids with something they need to learn, can learn.'”

Community leader and activist
In addition to her work in the San Francisco public school system, <mask> <mask> was a noted community leader and activist. She was involved with many Chinatown organizations including the Square and Circle Club, Chinese Needlework Guild, the YWCA, and the Lake Tahoe Christian Conference. She also contributed to the Chinese Digest, a progressive Chinese language newspaper founded in 1935. By the time <mask> <mask> was in her early 30s, she had already developed a reputation as a community organizer who was ready and willing to take on whatever project San Framcisco Chinatown had a need for. Later in life, <mask> <mask> recalled that "'being so useful in the

masks:
Alice Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Alice Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu


texts:
 community, they put me in everything,'" and that "'[she] was always the superintendent wherever [she] went'". The Square and Circle Club
In 1924, <mask> <mask> and six other young women who were members of the Chinese Congregational Church founded the Square and Circle Club, the oldest Chinese women's service organization in the United States. <mask> <mask> served as the club's first president.The immediate impetus behind the club's creation was to raise money for flood and famine victims in China. However, the founding members had long spoke about ways to better their community and perform public service, and also organized the club to serve these more long-term objectives. Of the club and its founding goals, <mask> <mask> has said that at the time, "so much community service had to be done, and nobody was doing it... We felt that we could bring women together and use our talents, our energy, and be more loving and caring in doing things for the community"". <mask> <mask> advocated for the women of the Square and Circle Club to be allowed to perform community service work that was previously the domain of Chinatown men's organizations. Regarding the organizations' first benefit dance organized to fundraise for Chinese Flood and Famine Relief, <mask> <mask> was quoted by a local newspaper as saying, "Usually the Chinese Chamber of Commerce or the Six Companies are in charge of these charitable and public affairs... But we wanted to help, too. American girls can do these things.Why shouldn't we?'" In this way, <mask> <mask> was a vital part in starting the Square and Circle Club's tradition of community service, leadership, sisterhood and pride that has impacted several generations of Chinese and Asian American women. Journalism and Writing
<mask> <mask> was a prolific journalist, writing many opinion and

masks:
Alice Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Alice Fong
Yu


texts: lifestyle articles that spoke on many political, social, and day-to-day issues of her time. Some of her earlier writing was published in the Chinese Christian Student, which was the official newspaper of the Chinese Christian Student Organization (CSCA). However, it wasn't until 1937 that she began writing her own regular column for the Chinese Digest aimed at Chinese American women entitled the "Jade Box”. For this column, she wrote under the pen name “Lady P’ing” and later “Lady P’ing <mask>” after her marriage. This was a reference to her Chinese name, <mask> <mask> P’ing, though she used different Chinese characters in her pen name.Through the “Jade Box”, <mask> <mask> offered advice on fashion, recipes, men, and marriage alongside political and social commentary regarding issues of race, women's issues and American life. <mask> <mask> often used the “Jade Box” as an extension of the community activism and advocacy she performed in other part of her life. For example, when the Square and Circle Club was rejected from the Federation of Women's Clubs on racial grounds, <mask> <mask> wrote about this act of discrimination in her column, connecting it to the larger phenomenon of anti- Chinese racism. She also often used her column to advocate more generally for the rights of women, particularly Chinese American women, to be seen and treated as equals by their male counterparts. Finally, with the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the later entrance of the United States into WWII, <mask> <mask> often wrote in support of strikes, fundraisers, and anti-Japanese boycotts that she was involved in through organizations like the Square and Circle Club and the Chinese War Relief Association. Under her leadership, the Square and Circle Club was the major player in the “Non-Silk Movement”, a nationwide boycott of

masks: Yu Fong Yu Fong Yu Fong Yu Fong Yu Fong Yu


texts:
 Japanese silk stockings. During this time, the “Jade Box” praised Chinatown merchants who “submitted to the coercion of group conscience and have openly stopped their trade with the Japanese” and admonished women who did not join the “Non- Silk Movement”.In response to a letter written to the column criticizing Chinese American women who did not support the boycott, the column agreed and openly criticized women who “weep openly and sicken over the ghastly reports on the rape of Chinese women by Japanese soldiers, and yet feel no shame to have their money go to support these soldiers on Chinese soil by continuing to buy Japan[ese] silk.”

However, despite her criticism of women who did not support the boycott, <mask> <mask>'s general approach to war was from a feminist and pacifist perspective. She was of the opinion that women knew better than men about the horrors of war. This was because she felt women in wartime experienced the “piecemeal” and heart-wrenching deaths of their sons and loved ones over time, while men are often sold the myth of the glorious sacrifice of war. In her mind, “war was neither right nor reasonable” and saw efforts to support China in the war against Japan as means to “banish war from the face of the earth". Chinese Needlework Guild
While she was teaching at Commodore Stockton Elementary School, <mask> <mask> worked to help her students' families if they were in need. One way she accomplish this was by establishing the Chinese chapter of the Needlework Guild. This group was started partially because many of her students' parents could not speak English well enough to participate in the Commodore Stockton PTA.In response to this issue, <mask> <mask> started her chapter of the Needlework Guild to serve as an alternative PTA. This group provided shoes and clothes to children in

masks:
Fong
Yu
Alice Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu


texts:
 Chinatown, as well as provided a space for Chinese mothers to sew for their own children. <mask> <mask> has described the guild as a place where she and other Chinese women “'got together to sew and talk about things,'” and that “'whenever [the group] found out about an impoverished family, we would help them to get on welfare'”. In this way, <mask> <mask> used her position at Commodore Stockton to support Chinatown families in need. YWCA
<mask> <mask> worked with the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) at many points in her life. Her career in public service started in the YWCA Girls Reserve during her teenage years. In her adult life, <mask> <mask> became highly involved in the San Francisco Chinatown YWCA, acting as "forum leader, fund raiser, and den mother".In her role as the YWCA's first house mother, <mask> <mask> ran a Friday breakfast club and started a Bible class for Sunday School teachers. She also participated in and facilitated activities to help second-generation women acclimate to life in the United States, including language classes, social dinners, sports, and group discussions on topics such as race prejudice, Chinese culture, current events, marriage, and parenting. Lake Tahoe Chinese Young People's Christian Conference
In 1932, inspired by their experiences at YMCA and YWCA conferences, <mask> <mask> joined with two other politically active Chinese American Christians, <mask> <mask>'s future brother-in-law Ira Lee and the future Chinese Methodist minister Edwar Lee, to organize a liberal Christian conference for Chinese American youth. These plans would come to fruition in 1933, when the trio was able to organize what would become the first annual Lake Tahoe Chinese Young People's Christian Conference, known colloquially as simply the "Tahoe Conferences". Although the Tahoe

masks:
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Alice Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu
Alice Fong
Yu
Fong
Yu


texts:
 Conferences had their origins in Church organizations and discussed Christian issues, non-Christians were encouraged to attend and the conferences were not meant to proselytize. Instead, the Tahoe Conferences provided a space for second generation Chinese Americans to meet, socialize, and discuss social and political issues as a larger community outside of their local Chinatowns. These conferences would become annual events in the Chinese American community that would meet through the 1960s, and then continue on as a family conference into the early 2000s.Tahoe conference participants, or "Tahoeites", would go on create several offshoot organizations and events inspired by their experiences at the conferences. One of these offshoot organizations was an East Coast variation on the Tahoe Conferences held at the Silver Bay Conference Grounds at Lake George, New York. These conferences were organized by "Tahoeites" George Kan, Eddie Leong Way, and Paul Louie, and were held from the early 1940s to the 1960s. <mask> <mask> also created her own offshoot organization called "The Chinese Young People's Forum". This interdenominational organization met at the Donalinda Cameron House to discuss issues affecting the San Francisco Chinatown community. <mask>'s legacy

In 1996 San Francisco's Chinese immersion school was named <mask> Fong <mask> Alternative School in <mask>'s honor. At the San Francisco Jazz Festival in October 2007, composer and jazz pianist Jon Jang performed the world premiere of "Unbound Chinatown: A Musical Tribute to <mask> <mask> Jang called the piece a "musical portrait" of <mask>'s experience as an activist in the late-1930s.External links
Alice Fong Yu Alternative School
America Media – UpFront: Harriet Tubman, <mask> <mask>, After the Quake

References

American academics
1905 births
2000

masks:
Fong
Yu
Yu
Alice
Yu
Yu
Alice Fong
Yu ”
Yu
Alice Fong
Yu


texts: Count <mask> et Szeged (archaically English: <mask>, or in short simple form <mask>; 22 April 1861 – 31 October 1918) was a Hungarian politician, prime minister, political scientist, international lawyer, macroeconomist, member of Hungarian Academy of Sciences and champion duelist. The outbreak of World War One played the most important role in his second term as prime minister. However, his life was cut short when he was fatally shot on 31 October 1918 during the Aster Revolution - that day when Hungary declared its independence and, as a result, Austria-Hungary dissolved. <mask> held favorable views on the maintenance of Austria-Hungary. In fact, he was the most zealous adherent of the Dual Monarchy and the partnership with Austria among the Hungarian political leaders and was a supporter of consensus between liberals and conservatives. He was a Member of Parliament since 1887 and came to realize how the unyielding temper of the Emperor on the one hand, and the revolutionary spirit of the extremists on the other hand, led to a complete impasse. <mask> stubbornly opposed on principle any governmental program involving the redistribution of agricultural land, lest the large landed estates should be broken-up; and furthermore, he opposed extending suffrage to soldiers fighting on the frontlines  (before 1918 only 10% of the Hungarian population could vote and hold public office).Besides he supported reforms in the industry aimed at modernizing Hungary and in that respect, he was an opponent of Anti-Semitism. He was aware of the major role of the Jews in the economy and he feared that Anti-Semitism could put Hungary's economic development in jeopardy.

masks:
István Imre Lajos Pál Tisza de Borosjeő
Stephen Emery Louis Paul Tisza
Stephen Tisza
Tisza
Tisza


texts:
 Public perception showed <mask> <mask> to be unpopular among ethnic Hungarian voters and therefore - similarly to his father Kálmán <mask> - he could rely mostly on the political support of ethnic minorities during the parliamentary elections. In a diplomatic capacity, <mask>'s role model was Otto von Bismarck. As an economist, he followed the concepts of the English historical school of economics, and as a political scientist, <mask> was heavily influenced by the social and political development of England, which he considered the best way forward. Early life and education
Born into the Tisza family as the son of Kálmán <mask> de Borosjenő, who served as prime minister of Hungary between 1875 and 1890 from the Liberal Party. The Tiszas were originally Calvinists of untitled lower noble origins (regarded as equivalent to the British gentry).His mother, Countess Helene von Degenfeld-Schonburg, was a Hungarian-German aristocrat from Baden-Württemberg (born: Helene Johanna Josepha Mathilde Gräfin von Degenfeld-Schonburg). The young István raised in a puritanical and authoritarian Calvinist environment with high expectations. He had studied at home until the age of twelve, before he gained entry to grammar school named the Calvinist Gymnasium of Debrecen. After completing his secondary education, he took legal studies in Budapest, and then went on to study international law at Heidelberg University, followed by studies at the faculty of economics of Humboldt University of Berlin, obtaining a PhD, and eventually he put himself through the faculty of political science at the University of Oxford, earning a doctorate in political science. At first, he

masks: István Tisza Tisza Tisza Tisza Tisza


texts:
 became acquainted with the practical issues of the public administration at the Ministry of the Interior. He had done several studies on agricultural issues that were published in the Budapest Review. After serving 1 year as a volunteer hussar in the Royal Hungarian Honvéd army; where he got promoted to the rank of hussar officer, he settled in Bihar County and took an active part in the political and economic life of the county as a committee member and honorary chief notary of Bihar county.Political career

<mask> as a member of parliament
After overseeing his family estates in Bihar County and Geszt for five years, he decided to pursue a career in politics. He won his first parliamentary electoral mandate in 1886 with the Liberal Party in Vízakna (Now: Ocna Sibiului, Romania), a Transylvanian electoral district that he represented until 1892. Subsequently, he won his second seat in 1892 as a representative of Újbánya district (Now: Nová Baňa, Slovakia). In 1896, he won the seat of Ugra district (Now: Ungra, Romania). Meanwhile, he also became a member of the economic committee of the Hungarian parliament, where he was engaged in conferring about macroeconomic issues. In the 1890s, having capitalized on a phenomenon that was prevalent among prestigious European politicians at that time, he held a number of sinecures, which thereby provided extraordinary income to him. He was the president of the Hungarian Industrial and Commercial Bank (Magyar Ipar- és Kereskedelmi Bank); and, besides, he took on positions on numerous corporate boards, e.g., on boards of numerous joint-stock companies and industrial enterprises.In the face of the financial crisis


texts:
 of the 1890s, many of these enterprises became the fastest emerging companies of the country under his lead; some of them could even become inevitably important enterprises in their own sectors. As a result, the mediocre Hungarian Industrial and Commercial Bank was transformed into the largest Bank of Hungary in a decade. His uncle, the childless Lajos <mask> received the title of Count from Emperor Franz Joseph in 1897. However, Lajos <mask> conferred his new title upon his nephew Stephen with the consent of the Monarch, on 16 February 1897. Prime minister for first time, 1903–1905

He was chairman and board member of several financial institutions (e.g., the Hungarian Industrial and Commercial Bank) and many industrial companies but resigned from all of his memberships before he was appointed as Prime minister. In this period of time, he managed to get the remains of prince Francis II Rákóczi repatriated from Turkey and interred in the St Elisabeth Cathedral of Kassa, today Košice. Target of Leftist and socialist circles
On 19 April 1904, a nationwide strike of railroad workers broke out, which paralyzed the Hungarian economy.<mask> solved the crisis quickly but drastically:  the organizers of the strike got arrested, and the participant railway workers got recruited into the Hungarian Honvéd army. Besides parliament introduced a Bill increasing the number of draftees and the police came down heavily on peasants for taking part in a Socialist gathering in Bihar, leaving 33 dead and several hundred wounded. Target of anti-Semite circles
<mask> often used his influence in parliament to grant titles to wealthy Jewish families; especially for

masks: Tisza Tisza Tisza Tisza


texts:
 successful industrialists and bankers, of whose lives he thought had set a good example to the people worth following. Many of the young middle-class families were Jews or baptized Jews. <mask> often gathered influential men of Jewish extraction around himself as advisors. He even offered many positions in his cabinets to Jews. His first appointment was Samu Hazai as Minister of War.Two years later he picked János Teleszky as minister of finance. The third Jewish member of his cabinet was János Harkányi, minister of trade. <mask> appointed Samu Hazai as Minister of War during his second premiere. They all served for the duration of <mask>'s seven years in office. The Liberal Party passed legislation for the Jewish emancipation in 1867 and appointed many Jewish origin MEPs to parliament (both to the upper and lower houses). In return, many Jews supported the party. Many districts of Budapest, where Jews made up half of the voters, reliably voted for the Liberal candidates.Similarly to the policy of his father, <mask> <mask> allowed the unrestricted immigration of Jewish refugees from the Russian Empire, who fled from the Tzarist pogroms. His philosemitic political attitude made him a target of anti-Semite politicians and political circles. Target of radical nationalists
At the beginning of the 20th century, only 54.5% (1910 census) of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary considered themselves to be Hungarians. The <mask>'s party —i.e. "The Liberal Party of Hungary" urgently needed the support of minorities to maintain the majority of the party in the Hungarian parliament. The liberal party was the most popular political force in the electoral

masks: Tisza Tisza Tisza István Tisza Tisza


texts:
 districts where the ethnic minorities represented the local majority. However, his main political opponents —i.e."The nationalist Party of Independence and '48 and Catholic People's Party" could collect mandates only from the Hungarian majority electoral districts. "Election by handkerchief" and the victory of nationalist opposition

The rules of the parliamentary procedure of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Dual Monarchy were based on the common law which was the feature of feudal parliaments, meaning that everybody could deliver speeches without any time limit, so, the most prominent speakers could take the stage for as long as 4–8 hours. However, this paralyzed the procedure of the Hungarian legislature. For decades, the opposition often wielded this tactic to obstruct legislation in important cases where the government should have been exercised its authority without disruption. <mask> decided to have the rules of Parliament modified to get the obstructions of the opposition out of the way. On behalf of The Liberal Party, it was deputy Gábor Dániel who made the proposal to Parliament to modify the rules in a way to substantially have the possibility of the stonewalling tactics of the opposition narrowed. This took place, on 18 November 1904, after <mask> <mask> had delivered a short speech.President of the House, Dezső Perczel had, in violation of the House rules, silently announced the start of the voting on the proposition and then by waving a handkerchief, he gave the members of The Liberal Party the signal to start voting. In response to what happened; out of curiosity, the members of the opposition stood up because they did not understand the

masks: Tisza István Tisza


texts:
 situation. At that time, however, standing up was the means of approving a proposal and staying put was the means of turning down a proposal in Parliament. And after reading the King's handwritten message out to Parliament, Dezső Perczel declared that the proposal passed amid an ear-splitting tumult and then the session got adjourned until 13 December. But the next day the opposition unified into an alliance, and shortly afterwards many prominent members left the Liberal Party—e.g.,Kálmán Széll,Gyula Wlassics,Pál Teleki,Gyula Andrássy,Miklós Bánffy. Some members of them headed up by Gyula Andrássy broke away to form a rival party and joined the opposition. They first named themselves "The Dissidents" but then their name was changed to The National Constitution Party.For the rest of the year, the opposition made it impossible for Parliament to proceed with the legislative work and by January 1905, the situation became ex lex or anarchical. As a result, the King dissolved Parliament and scheduled to hold a new parliamentary election. However, these events that went down in history as "election by handkerchief" cost The Liberal Party dear. After the 1905 election, Parliament approved a new coalition government, ending the historic 30-year rule of The Liberal Party and sending the polarizing leader into the opposition which eventually led to the dissolution of The Party. National Party of Work, electoral victory in 1910

On 19 February 1910, <mask> established the National Party of Work (Nemzeti Munkapárt) which subsequently won the election of 1910. This time around he had no intention of forming a government, primarily due to his conflict with Franz


texts:
 Ferdinand who sought to centralise the Habsburg Monarchy with universal suffrage. <mask> opposed this initiative, as he believed that this might lead to the weakening of the Hungarian supremacy over ethnic minorities.In addition, he claimed that demagogues — i.e., "politicians of communists and agrarian socialist movements" might manipulate peasants to put the politicians into power that are not in favour of democratic government. Although <mask> had the emperor's support, he feared that the faults of his first prime ministership could be repeated and therefore called on Károly Khuen-Héderváry to form the new government. However, despite the fact that <mask> was not in office as prime minister again until 1913, his power and influence on the ruling party was completely absolute. Act of Protection

As Speaker of the House of Representatives from 22 May 1912 to 12 June 1913 <mask> supported the reform of the common Austro-Hungarian army to enhance the military power of the dual monarchy. The Hungarian side was fighting for more Hungarian interests (i.e., use of the Magyar language in the army). <mask> and his party refused the idea of universal suffrage. According to his threatening prediction, the majority votes of peasants – manipulated by primitive demagogues – would result in the domination of groups whose goals are just contrary to the ideals of metropolitan intellectuals and socialists who call for democracy.The Socialists strongly opposed his acts and decided to organize a protest march. Socialist agents organised a worker rebellion on 22 May 1912 (Blood-Red Thursday), calling for <mask> to resign as President of the House and calling for

masks: Tisza Tisza Tisza Tisza Tisza Tisza


texts:
 universal suffrage. On the next day, the protesters and workers marched toward the Parliament building, meanwhile the events transformed to violence, protesters broke the shop windows in the surrounding streets, automobiles and tramcard were damaged by the masses. However, the protesters were stopped by the storm of hussar cavalry units, and they were arrested by the police. Six people died in the clashes, nearly two hundred were injured and three hundred were arrested. This event became known as "Blood-Red Thursday" in the contemporary press and later in the history books. <mask> tried to solve the question of ethnic minorities based on a clerical approach (like the representation of Orthodox and Greek Catholic Church in The Upper House of the parliament).He was convinced that the challenging foreign situation called for military preparation and he strongly pushed against opposition obstruction. He did not allow the opposition to speak up regarding rules of House of Parliament. Referring to an act of 1848, he called for the police force to force out numerous opposition representatives. He managed to pass the Act of Protection, resulting in the removal of some members of the opposition party. As a result, Gyula Kovács, an opposition party representative, tried to assassinate <mask> in the Parliament Building on 7 June 1912. His shots missed and the marks are still visible in the Hungarian Parliament Building to this day. With his last shot Kovács shot himself, but he survived.<mask> then continued the session. Prime minister for second time, 1913–1917

<mask> became prime minister again on 7 June 1913. Freedom of the press
Inspired by the Western


texts:
 European model, <mask>'s cabinet introduced for the first time in the history of Hungarian journalism the legal category of defamation, libel and "scare-mongering", thus the press became actionable before the courts. Journalists and newspapers had to pay compensations for the victims of defamation and libel. Despite the fact that these institutions and laws worked well in Western Europe and in the United States, the contemporary Hungarian newspapers and journalists considered it as the violation of the Freedom of Speech and the Freedom of Press. Croatia
Count <mask> <mask> tried to solve the longstanding Hungarian-Croatian issue, namely to clarify the relationship; for this matter, he met Count Tivadar Pejácsevich, Count of Verovce, Croatian Ban, and a year later, Baron Lomnica, Ivan Skerlecz, the new Croatian Ban. <mask> maintained his conciliatory position, promising to reestablish the Croatian Constitution, which had been suspended in May 1912.<mask> appointed his old family friend Baron Ivan Skerlecz, of Šokci origin, as the new ban of Croatia. Negotiations between the Croatian representatives and <mask> bore fruit and allowed the restitution of the Croatian constitutional government in November 1913. Foreign policy and the Great War

A few days before the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, which resulted in World War I, <mask> supported a strong stand against Serbia. However, after the assassination he was against going to war against Serbia, a rare view in Austria-Hungary. He knew the army's strength, and he was afraid that with the increase of more Slavic territories the equilibrium inside the monarchy would be upset. Moreover, he

masks: Tisza István Tisza Tisza Tisza Tisza Tisza


texts: was afraid that Romania would seize Transylvania. However he came to realize that ending the alliance with Germany would have meant the end of Austria-Hungary as a Great Power, so he gave in and supported the war.He then became a relentless supporter of the war until its end. <mask> believed Romania to be an enemy from the beginning. He was afraid that if Romania attacked Hungary then the Romanians in Transylvania would revolt against Hungary. In the end, 40,000 soldiers were moved to protect Transylvania. During the war, the reformists became more and more powerful, but he continued to oppose them. At the time, <mask> was seen as forcing the continuation of the war and was losing a great deal of support. He opposed the ideas of the new Emperor, Karl I, and was asked to resign; he did so on 23 May 1917.However, he retained great political influence, and was able to delay the enactment of universal suffrage. The very existence of the dual monarchy came into question during the war. <mask> wanted to solidify the government. He appointed Baron Stephan Burián von Rajecz who planned to increase the prestige of the monarchy and to get parity with Germany but also to negotiate peace with the help of the Americans. But Berlin alienated the United States by announcing full submarine warfare in 1917, with the goal of sinking American ships bringing supplies to the Allies. Towards the end of the war, <mask> had wanted to give the Serbs and Bosnians autonomy within Austria-Hungary. As a homo regius ("king's man"), he went to Sarajevo to attempt this, but they demanded independent states.By late October 1918, the dissolution of the dual monarchy and the surrender


texts:
 of Germany, were imminent and there was nothing that foreign minister Burián (who was still in that role) could do to change the course of history. His view on war against Serbia

<mask> opposed the expansion of the empire on the Balkan (see Bosnian crisis in 1908), because "the Dual Monarchy already had too many Slavs", which would further threaten the integrity of the Dual Monarchy. In March 1914, <mask> wrote a memorandum to Emperor Francis Joseph. His letter had a strongly apocalyptic, predictive and embittered tone. He used the expression "Weltkrieg" (meaning World War) - a term hitherto unknown - in his letter. "It is my firm conviction that Germany's two neighbors [Russia and France] are carefully proceeding with military preparations, but will not start the war so long as they have not attained a grouping of the Balkan states against us that confronts the monarchy with an attack from three sides and pins down the majority of our forces on our eastern and southern front." On the day of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, <mask> immediately traveled to Vienna where he met Minister of Foreign Affairs Count Berchtold and Army Commander Conrad von Hötzendorf.They proposed to solve the dispute with arms, attacking Serbia. <mask> proposed to give the government of Serbia time to take a stand as to whether it was involved in the organisation of the murder and proposed a peaceful resolution, arguing that the international situation would settle soon. Returning to Budapest, he wrote to Franz Joseph saying he would not take any responsibility for the armed conflict because there was no proof that Serbia had plotted the assassination. <mask> opposed a

masks: Tisza Tisza Tisza Tisza Tisza


texts: war with Serbia, stating (correctly, as it turned out) that any war with the Serbs was bound to trigger a war with Russia and hence a general European war. He thought that even a successful Austro-Hungarian war would be disastrous for the integrity of Kingdom of Hungary, where Hungary would be the next victim of Austrian politics. After a successful war against Serbia, <mask> adumbrated a possible Austrian military attack against Kingdom of Hungary, where the Austrians want to break up the territory of Hungary. He did not trust in the Italian alliance, due to the political aftermath of the Second Italian War of Independence.He also felt the threat of Romania and Bulgaria after the Balkan wars and was afraid of Romanian attack from the east, while Austro-Hungarian forces had to fight against the Russian Empire and maybe against Italy. He was also not sure about the stand of the Germans. Germany's stand was of ultimate importance due to the security of the state. During a conversation between Franz Joseph and Conrad von Hötzendorf, Hötzendorf asked, "If Germany's reply is that they are on our side, do we engage in war with Serbia?" The emperor replied, "Then yes", "But what if they reply differently? ", "Then the Monarchy will be alone". Kaiser Wilhelm II supported the war, promised to neutralize a Romanian attack, and put pressure on Sofia.After this, <mask> still sought a peaceful solution, but most of all he wanted to wait for the result of the official investigation into the assassination. The only proposal of <mask>, which was accepted, was that the Monarchy should not annihilate Serbia completely in order to avoid Russian support for Serbia. The

masks: Tisza Tisza Tisza


texts:
 council finally addressed an ultimatum to the Serbian government and immediately commenced mobilisation of troops. After sending the ultimatum, his view changed. The ultimatum had expired after 48 hours, so <mask> wrote: "it was a difficult decision to take a stand to propose war, but now I am firmly convinced of its necessity" He was, however, still opposed to the annexation of Serbia to the Monarchy, but failed. On 4 August 1914 Russia, Germany, Britain and France also entered the war, enlarging it to a world war. <mask> did not resign as Prime Minister, as he thought that, with his connections in Vienna, remaining in this position was the best way he could represent Hungarian interests inside Austria-Hungary.Moreover, his resignation would have sent a message of weakness to the Entente at the outbreak of war. His initial opposition to the conflict, only became public after the end of World War 1, on 17 October 1918, when he spoke in the Parliament. He said, "the Monarchy and the Hungarian nation were longing for peace all the way until there were proofs that the enemy was systematically trying to humiliate and destroy us as soon as possible (...) As we have found proofs that the Serbian government took part in organising the assassination, we could not but address an ultimatum to Serbia ... where we stipulated that the war is preventive." The struggle of a WW1 political leader in the trenches

The 57-year-old <mask> joined the 2nd Hussar Regiment of Hungary - which served on the Italian front - as a hussar colonel, and personally led his hussar units during the attacks. <mask> at the front: "<mask> already felt the not too friendly atmosphere


texts: surrounding him at the first days of his joining up to the regiment and at first he tried to ease the general mood by informal behavior. (...) He made an effort from the beginning to use an informal tone both with the staff of officers and - of course within the limits of the service regulations - with the rank and file. In order to get to know his fellow officers better, he invited some young officers to his table every day.In this way he tried to establish better personal relations with his environment. The troops had slowly started to recognize him as a "tough to those above and humane to those below" kind of commander. He distributed his tobacco provisions among the officers and he used his commander pay to improve the catering of the troops, and these of course left a good impression on everybody. <mask>'s paternalistic attitude towards his subordinates also manifested itself in civil law cases: he helped with his personal influence in getting done of those petitions what he considered fair, he interceded with notaries, judges, alispáns (deputy-lieutenants) for advancing the home affairs of his men, due to this both the officers and the troops more and more came to like and embrace him. <mask> himself also felt that the front service had been quite useful and productive since on the one hand he could personally experience the dangers of the battleground an on the other hand-at least he was thinking that way and there is a lot of truth in it-he could truly become familiar with the real nature of the simple, peasant origin soldiers. He wrote about peasant soldiers in this way in a letter to Archduke Joseph: "I’ve got to truly know the ordinary

masks: Tisza Tisza