texts:
 systematically compares attitudes towards gender equality worldwide, comparing almost 70 nations, ranging from rich to poor, agrarian to postindustrial. This volume is essential reading to gain a better understanding of issues in comparative politics, public opinion, political behavior, development and sociology.Sacred and Secular
Inglehart's 2004 book with Pippa Norris, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide reexamines the secularization thesis. This book draws on a base of new evidence generated by four waves of the World Values Survey executed from 1981 to 2001 in eighty societies, covering most of the world’s major faiths. Examining religiosity from a broader perspective and in a wider range of countries than have been done before, this book argues that religiosity persists most strongly among vulnerable populations, especially those in poorer nations and in failed states, facing personal survival-threatening risks. Exposure to physical, societal and personal risks drives religiosity. Conversely, a systematic erosion of traditional religious practices, values and beliefs may have occurred among the more prosperous strata in rich nations. But at the same time, a growing proportion of the population—in both rich and poor countries—spends time thinking about the meaning and purpose of life. It is argued that in developed countries, the established churches are losing their ability to tell people how to live their lives, but spiritual concerns, broadly defined, may be becoming increasingly important.Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy
Written with Christian Welzel, Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human


type: original

texts:
 Development Sequence (2005) demonstrates that people's basic values and beliefs are changing, in ways that affect their political, sexual, economic, and religious behavior. These changes are roughly predictable because they can be interpreted on the basis of a revised version of modernization theory presented here. Drawing on evidence from societies containing 85% of the world's population, the authors argue that modernization is a process of human development, in which economic development triggers cultural changes that make individual autonomy, gender equality, and democracy increasingly likely. Cosmopolitan Communications
Written with Pippa Norris. In Cosmopolitan Communications: Cultural Diversity in a Globalized World (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) he argues that societies around the world have experienced a flood of information from diverse channels originating beyond local communities and even national borders, transmitted through the rapid expansion of cosmopolitan communications. For more than half a century, conventional interpretations, Norris and Inglehart argue, have commonly exaggerated the potential threats arising from this process. A series of fire-walls protect national cultures.This book develops a new theoretical framework for understanding cosmopolitan communications and uses it to identify the conditions under which global communications are most likely to endanger cultural diversity. The authors analyze empirical evidence from both the societal level and the individual level, examining the outlook and beliefs of people in a wide range of societies. The study draws on evidence from the World Values


texts:
 Survey, covering 90 societies in all major regions worldwide from 1981 to 2007. The conclusion considers the implications of their findings for cultural policies. Cultural Evolution
The book Cultural Evolution: People's Motivations Are Changing, and Reshaping the World (Cambridge University Press, 2018) updates the results and theories published in <mask>'s previous books,  presenting the first full statement of <mask>'s Evolutionary Modernization theory, describing how social values and human priorities have evolved through history as a consequence of rising existential security. The book culminates with an explanation of the recent rise of xenophobic authoritarian populist parties, driven by rapid cultural change, large-scale immigration and rapidly-rising economic inequality due to an inherent tendency for knowledge societies to have winner-takes-all economies. On December 16, 2018, Fareed Zakaria chose Cultural Evolution as his book of the week, describing it as "really brilliant work.The presentation is based on longitudinal survey data from more than a hundred countries in the World Values Survey collected in six waves from 1981 to 2014. Evolutionary modernization theory holds that economic and physical insecurity elicits an authoritarian reflex leading to xenophobia, strong in-group solidarity, authoritarian politics and rigid adherence to traditional
cultural norms. Modernization and economic development have led to a degree of security in many countries after World War II where people take survival for granted. This has led to decreasing authoritarianism and the rise of Postmaterialist Values: egalitarian norms, secularization, tolerance of

masks: Inglehart Inglehart


texts:
 foreigners, gender equality, and tolerance of divorce, homosexuality, and abortion. The existential security and the egalitarian norms that develop under the feeling of security are necessary for democracy to develop. The freedom of choice in postmaterialist societies also leads to improved happiness. Inglehart now sees a backlash in terms of increasing authoritarianism, political populism, and erosion of democracy as a consequence of the decreasing economic security that follows the growing economic inequality.Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties: The Silent Revolution in Reverse. The essay 'Trump and the populist authoritarian parties: the silent revolution in reverse' is a piece co-written by <mask> and Pippa Norris and explores the themes that led to the rise in Populist parties in the modern world. This is explored through various examples, such as Brexit, France's National Party and the rise of Trumpism in the Republican Party in the USA. <mask> states that the economic gains of the last 3 decades have gone almost entirely to those at the top, whilst those lower down the ladder have instead dealt with declining real wages as well as cutting costs decreasing the security of their jobs. <mask> and Norris also explain two questions that arise during their piece, the first being what motivates people to support populist parties, and why have the votes for populist parties risen so high compared to three decades ago. Awards and recognitions
Inglehart has received the following honors:
Doctor, honoris causa, Uppsala University, Sweden, 2006. Doctor, honoris causa, Free University of Brussels, Belgium, 2010.Doctor, honoris causa, University

masks:
Ronald Inglehart
Inglehart
Inglehart


texts:
 of Lüneburg, Germany, 2012
Fellow, The American Academy of Political and Social Science
Fellow, The American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Winner of Johan Skytte prize in Political Science, 2011. Bibliography
Inglehart has written more than 250 publications, including:

The Silent Revolution, Princeton University Press, 1977. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton University Press, 1990. Value Change in Global Perspective, University of Michigan Press, 1995 (with Paul R. Abramson). Modernization and Postmodernization, Princeton University Press, 1997. (with Wayne Baker) “Modernization, Cultural Change and the Persistence of Traditional Values.”  American Sociological Review. (February, 2000).Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change around the World, Cambridge University Press, 2003 (co-authored with Pippa Norris). Human Beliefs and Values: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook based on the 1999–2002 values Surveys. Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 2004 (co-edited with Miguel Basanez, Jaime Deiz-Medrano, Loek Halman and Ruud Luijkx). Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, Cambridge University Press, 2004 (co-authored with Pippa Norris).
 . Cultural Evolution: People's Motivations are Changing, and Reshaping the World, Cambridge University Press, 2018, . "Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion", Foreign Affairs, vol. 99, no.5 (September / October 2020), pp. 110–118. "From 2007 to 2019, only five countries [studied] became more religious, whereas the vast majority [...] moved in the opposite direction. [...] India is the most important exception to the [...] declining religiosity. [...] The most dramatic shift away from


texts:
 religion has taken place [in the US]." (p. 112.)In the past, "Religion emphasized the importance of fertility because [...] [i]n the world of high infant mortality and low life expectancy that prevailed until recently, the average woman had to produce five to eight children [...] to simply replace the population." (p. 115.) "[W]hen a society reached a sufficiently high level of economic and physical security, younger generations grew up taking that security for granted, and the norms around fertility receded." (p. 116.) "Countries with low levels of economic and physical security tend to have high levels of religiosity and also high levels of corruption."(p. 117.) Religion's Sudden Decline: What's Causing it, and What Comes Next? Oxford University Press; 2021, . References

External links
Website at the University of Michigan. World Values Survey worldvaluessurvey.org
Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies
Laboratory for Comparative Social Research
Modernization, values and happiness: Russia and the world <mask>hart's Presentation in the Context Club (St.Petersburg, Russia)

1934 births
2021 deaths
Writers from Milwaukee
University of Michigan faculty
Higher School of Economics faculty
Writers about globalization
Populism


texts:
Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn <mask>ribi () (Aleppo, May 981 – Mayyafariqin, 1027), also called al-wazir al-Maghribi ("the Western Vizier") and by the surname al-Kamil Dhu'l-Wizaratayn ("Perfect Possessor of the Two Vizierates"), was the last member of the Banu'l-Maghribi, a family of statesmen who served in several Muslim courts of the Middle East in the 10th and early 11th centuries. Abu'l-Qasim himself was born in Hamdanid Aleppo before fleeing with his father to Fatimid Egypt, where he entered the bureaucracy. After his father's execution, he fled to Palestine, where he raised the local Bedouin leader <mask>fal to rebellion against the Fatimids (1011–13). As the rebellion began to falter, he fled to Iraq, where he entered the service of the Buyid emirs of Baghdad. Soon after he moved to the Jazira, where he entered the service of the Uqaylids of Mosul and finally the Marwanids of Mayyafariqin. He was also a poet and author of a number of treatises, including a "mirror for princes". Life

Early life and career in the Fatimid court
Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn was the son of Abu'<mask>ribi, himself the grandson of the family's founder, Abu'<mask>ribi, a Persian official who had originally served at the Abbasid court of Baghdad as head of the diwan al-maghrib, the "Bureau of the West", whence the family's nisbah of "al-Maghribi".In the late 940s, Abu'l-Qasim's grandfather entered the service of the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo, serving as a secretary (katib) under Emir Sayf al-Dawla (r. 946–967), a post to which he was followed by Abu'l-Qasim's father <mask>. According to the 13th-century Aleppan historian Ibn al-Adim, Abu'l-Qasim was born in May 981 in

masks:
Ali al Magh
Mufarrij ibn Dagh
l Hasan Ali ibn al Hun al Magh
l Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al Magh
Ali


texts:
 Aleppo. The later Egyptian historian al-Maqrizi reports that he was born in Egypt instead, but this is in all likelihood incorrect. In 989/90, Abu'l-Qasim was forced to flee the Hamdanid domains when his father <mask> sided with the rebellious governor of Homs, Bakjur, in his effort to capture Aleppo from Sayf al-Dawla's son and heir, Sa'd al-Dawla (r. 967–991). <mask> defected to the rebel camp, but Bakjur's  assault failed, and the Banu'l-Maghribi were forced flee to Egypt and the "lusher pastures of the Fatimid court", in the words of Hugh N. Kennedy. In Egypt, <mask> rose to senior posts in the caliphal administration, while Abu'l-Qasim received his education as a katib, and in the early reign of Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021) acquired an influential position in the Diwan al-Sawad (the fiscal bureau responsible for the land tax). Flight from Egypt and the Jarrahid revolt
Soon, however, the Banu'l-Maghribi became involved in the intrigues between various factions of the Fatimid court, and in 1009/10, the powerful Christian vizier, Mansur ibn Abdun, convinced al-Hakim to have all the members of the family executed.According to the poet Ibn al-Qarih, who had been tutor to the Banu'l-Maghribi before the massacre, Abu'l-Qasim was largely responsible for this turn of events: in a polemical text (hija) written against him, Ibn al-Qarih accused him of "having been the indirect instigator of his family's ruination through his own intrigues" (P. Smoor). This provoked the reaction of the famous Syrian poet Abu'l-Ala al-Ma'arri, who had been in contact with Abu'l-Qasim and later wrote an elegy on the latter's death; nevertheless, in the

masks: Ali Ali Ali


texts:
 exchange of letters that followed al-Ma'arri himself recognized that Abu'l-Qasim's intrigues played a role, although he tried to minimize this by ascribing them to "youthful ambition and inexperience, and their terrible result as being the ultimate effect of crushing Fate". Abu'l-Qasim was the only one of his family to escape death, and fled to the Jarrahids of Palestine in 1011. Driven by a flaming desire to avenge himself upon the Caliph, he persuaded the Jarrahid emir, Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah, to raise the Bedouins in open rebellion against al-Hakim. The revolt spread swiftly through the Palestinian hinterland. Even the provincial capital, Ramlah, fell to the Bedouin, and the coastal cities were besieged, but not taken. Abu'l-Qasim went as far as orchestrating the proclamation of an anti-Caliph, the Alid Sharif of Mecca, Abu'l-Futuh al-Hasan ibn Ja'far, in July 1012.Despite the rebellion's initial success, the Jarrahids were susceptible to bribery by the Caliph and did not inspire trust in their confederates: dismayed by the lack of respect shown to him by the Jarrahids, Abu'l-Futuh abandoned the revolt and returned to Mecca, while Abu'l-Qasim himself fled to Iraq. Later career in Iraq and the Jazira
In Iraq, Abu'l-Qasim tried to seek refuge in the Abbasid administration (then under Buyid control). Ibn al-Adim reports that the Abbasid caliph, al-Qadir (r. 991–1031) was initially suspicious of Abu'l-Qasim's intentions due to his nisbah, which implied Fatimid sympathies, and Abu'l-Qasim was forced to remain at Wasit until the true origin of his surname could be explained. From the Baghdad court, he switched to the service of the


texts:
 Uqaylid ruler of Mosul, Qirwash ibn al-Mukhallad, as his vizier, before entering the court of Nasr al-Dawla ibn Ahmad, the Marwanid ruler of Mayyafariqin. He then returned briefly to Baghdad to serve as vizier under al-Qadir, but soon fell out with the Caliph due to his support for pro-Alid factions in Kufa, and was forced to return to Nasr al-Dawla's service, where he remained as vizier until his death in 1027. In accordance with his will, he was buried in Karbala. Writings
Abu'l-Qasim was also an author and poet of some note.His more important works were a compilation of Ibn al-Sikkit, a work on Arab tribal nomenclature, and a short manual on statecraft, or "mirror for princes", the Kitab fi'l-si'yasa, probably written for his patron, Nasr al-Dawla ibn Ahmad. In his work, al-Ma'ari records al-Maghribi's possession of a precious library. It survived long after his death in Mayyafariqin, where Ibn Shaddad reported it as still extant two centuries later. Legacy
Abu'l-Qasim's alleged conversations with the Nestorian archbishop Elijah of Nisibis form the basis of that cleric's Book of Sessions (), covering religious, literary, and linguistic topics. References

Bibliography

 N. Seleznyov, Book of Sessions by Mar Elias (ʾIliyyā), Metropolitan of Nisibis, with Wazir Abū ʾl-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Maghribī and the Epistle of Metropolitan Elias (ʾIliyyā) to Wazir Abū ʾl-Qāsim

981 births
1027 deaths
11th-century people of the Fatimid Caliphate
11th-century Iranian people
Viziers
Viziers of the Abbasid Caliphate
Medieval Iraqi people
People from Aleppo
Poets of the Abbasid Caliphate
Medieval Iraqi writers
Husayn
Islamic mirrors for


texts:
<mask> (born January 2, 1983) is a former American football wide receiver. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at Oregon State. <mask> has also played for the Chicago Bears, Seattle Seahawks and Omaha Nighthawks. Early years
Hass played on the varsity football team as a wide receiver and defensive back at Jesuit High School for three years. He helped lead the team to an OSAA 4A State Championship in 2000 over North Medford High School as a senior, recording 79 receptions for 1,739 yards and 21 touchdowns. He finished the championship game with an interception return for a touchdown.In the quarterfinals against co-#1 team and rival Central Catholic he scored a state playoff-game record seven touchdowns. He was on the First-team All-State Offense and Defense, First-team All-Metro Offense and Defense, and was the OSAA Football Offensive Player of the Year in 2000. Despite his gaudy statistics as a senior, he was not offered a single NCAA Division 1 scholarship and elected to walk-on at Oregon State. College career
Hass was a starting wide receiver for Oregon State University from 2003 - 2005. Although he was an outstanding player in high school, most college scouts felt his limited size and speed would prevent him from excelling at the collegiate level, and was not offered a football scholarship by any Division I schools, and ended up as a walk-on at Oregon State. After playing mostly on special teams in 2002, he was awarded a scholarship and a starting role as he broke out with the first of three consecutive 1,000+ receiving yard seasons in 2003. He kept the pace in 2004, breaking more school and conference records on his way to being named a Third-team All-American.In 2005, his senior season, <mask> won the Fred Biletnikoff Award and was named an AP, Walter Camp and ESPN First-team All-American. He was invited to the 81st annual East-West Shrine Game recording four receptions for 107 yards, including the game-winning touchdown for the West. Records
Despite only playing three seasons, <mask> currently holds many Oregon State records, as well as

masks:
Mike Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass


texts:
 several Pac-10 records. Some of these include:
 The first receiver in Oregon State and Pac-10 history to have three consecutive 1,000-yard seasons, and is only the 10th player in NCAA history to do so. Holds the Oregon State record and is third in the Pac-10 for receiving yards in a career with 3,924
 The only player in Oregon State and Pac-10 history with two 225-plus yards receiving games. His 293 receiving yards against Boise State in 2004 is an Oregon State and Pac-10 record for most receiving yards in a single game. His 14 receptions against Arizona State in 2004 is an Oregon State record for most receptions in a game.His 20 receiving touchdowns ties him for the school record for receiving touchdowns in a career. His 90 receptions in the 2005 season is an Oregon State record for most receptions in a single season. His 220 receptions in his college career was an Oregon State record for most receptions in a career
 His 1,532 receiving yards in the 2005 season is an Oregon State and Pac-10 (Not including pac-12 records) record for most receiving yards in a single season. Professional career

Pre-draft

Although some pre-draft analysis had Hass projected as a third or fourth round pick, he was selected in the sixth round (171st overall) of the 2006 NFL Draft by the New Orleans Saints. It was reported by writers Jim Beseda and Paul Bucker of The Oregonian that Heisman Trophy winner Reggie Bush played a part in the selection, putting in a good word for Hass with Saints' executives. It was also reported that Bush had requested for Hass to be his roommate at the rookie mini-camp, but Hass ended up rooming with cornerback Josh Lay instead. New Orleans Saints
Hass wore jersey #18 with the Saints, a change from the #28 he wore in college due to the NFL's positional jersey numbering rules.On July 27, 2006 <mask> signed a three-year contract with the Saints, details were undisclosed. He recorded three receptions for 28 yards in his first preseason game on August 12 against the Tennessee Titans. However, he was released by the Saints on September 3, 2006. Chicago Bears
The Chicago Bears signed <mask> to their practice

masks: Hass Hass


texts:
 roster on September 4, 2006. He remained there throughout the season, until the team signed him to their active roster on February 8, 2007. During the next preseason finale, he made a leaping touchdown catch. He finally earned a spot on the Bears' active roster as the team's sixth wide receiver on September 1, 2007.On August 29, 2008, <mask> was waived by the Bears. He was re-signed to the team's practice squad on September 30, only to be released again on October 11. He was re-signed to the practice squad on October 15. <mask> was released again on December 23. Seattle Seahawks
Hass was signed to a future contract by the Seattle Seahawks on January 7, 2009. Despite scoring a touchdown in the first preseason game, <mask> was cut by Seattle on September 5, 2009. He was signed to the Seahawks' practice squad two days later.On November 3, the Seahawks signed <mask> to their 53-man roster. On November 12, 2009, <mask> was moved to the Seahawks practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster again on December 26 when the team waived defensive end Derek Walker. <mask> was placed on injured reserve with a dislocated shoulder on December 30. On August 23, 2010, <mask> was released by the Seahawks. Omaha Nighthawks
Hass was signed by the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League on August 31, 2010. Post-football life
After playing with the Nighthawks in 2010, <mask> left football to pursue a career with Nike, Inc.He worked for the company's development department and  designs sporting equipment. He now is a project manager at Pacific Geosource , providing advanced innovative solutions to he pavement industry. He is married to his wife, Rebecca and has two kids Logan and Gwyneth. See also
 List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
Chicago Bears bio
Seattle Seahawks bio

1983 births
Living people
Players of American football from Portland, Oregon
American football wide receivers
Oregon State Beavers football players
New Orleans Saints players
Chicago Bears players
Seattle Seahawks players
Omaha Nighthawks players
Jesuit High School (Beaverton, Oregon)

masks: Hass Hass Hass Hass Hass Hass Hass Hass


texts:
<mask> (born 27 April 1994) is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a forward for Major League Soccer club Houston Dynamo. Club

Youth
<mask> became a member of the Woolwich Soccer Association, of which his father Jeff was president, at age 6. He  trained with English club Newcastle United on multiple occasions throughout his youth. The first time he travelled to Newcastle as a schoolboy, he stepped right into training with the academy, something that no other Canadian had ever done. <mask> originally made contact with Newcastle through a local coach and his son, David Edgar, a fellow Canadian who was also at Newcastle. Between the ages of 9 and 16, <mask> trained with the club during his two-week school break each March and for two months each summer. He played for the academy between the ages of 9 and 13 before being part of the first team reserves between age 14 and 16.A combination of UK work permit difficulties, injury, and wishing to return home to Canada prompted <mask> to leave the club, at which time he joined the TFC Academy in the Canadian Soccer League. PS Kemi Kings
<mask> left Toronto FC and signed a 1+2 contract with PS Kemi Kings in the Kakkonen, the third tier of Finnish football, on 5 April 2013. He made his debut for PS Kemi on 24 April 2013 in a 2–0 defeat to VPS in a Finnish Cup match. On 27 April he made his first league appearance for the club in a 2–1 win over Kerho 07. <mask> scored his first goal for Kemi on 19 May in a 2–2 draw with Vasa IFK. <mask> made 22 appearances and scored 11 goals in the regular season to help PS Kemi win the Kakkonen Pohjoinen (Northern) Division and advanced to the promotion

masks:
Tyler Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher


texts:
 playoff series, where they lost 2–0 on aggregate to HIFK, with <mask> appearing in both legs. Lansing United
After leaving PS Kemi, <mask> trained with Lansing United of the National Premier Soccer League for most of the season but was able to appear in only a limited number of matches because of contractual complications with his former club.<mask> was home for the summer and decided to join the club, of which a good friend was assistant coach, to stay fit while waiting to be signed by a professional club. At that time, it was believed that <mask> would return to Toronto FC after impressing head coach Ryan Nelsen. About the way in which <mask> ended up with the club, Lansing head coach Eric Rudland described it as, "[He] fell into our lap through a comedy of errors." In total, <mask> made ten appearances during his time with the club, tallying three goals and six assists while also battling injuries after deciding to stay with the club for the season. Following the season, <mask> was named to the NPSL's Supporters' XI team after helping Lansing earn the NPSL Great Lakes West conference title in the club's inaugural season. Pittsburgh Riverhounds
In january 2015 <mask> signed with the Pittsburgh Riverhounds of the United Soccer League, the third tier of the United States soccer league system, after trialing with the club during preseason. On 8 April 2015 it was announced that <mask> had received his international transfer clearance and would be available for the Riverhounds' third match of the season, an away fixture against Saint Louis FC on 11 April.<mask> made his Riverhounds debut as a starter in the match, a 1–1 draw. He scored his first

masks: Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher


texts:
 league goal for the Riverhounds on 25 April, the final goal of a 5–1 victory over Toronto FC II. <mask> finished the season with 21 league appearances for the Riverhounds while scoring two goals, helping Pittsburgh finish 5th in the Eastern Conference and qualify for the playoffs. He did not appear in the Riverhounds playoff game, a 4–2 loss to New York Red Bulls II in extra time. Swope Park Rangers
<mask> signed with USL side Swope Park Rangers on 2 March 2016. He made his Rangers debut on 26 March in 2–1 win over Portland Timbers 2. <mask> scored his first two goals for Swope Park on 14 May against Tulsa Roughnecks FC.In August 2016, Sporting Kansas City, Swope Park's MLS affiliate, announced that they had signed <mask> on a short-term loan to play in the 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League against Central FC. He made his CCL debut in a 1–2 defeat to the Vancouver Whitecaps on 13 September 2016. He was called up to Sporting's squad again for the tournament in October 2016 for the final match of the group stage, the return fixture against Central FC. On 18 September <mask> had a goal and assist to help Swope Park defeat OKC Energy 3–0. He ended the regular season with 5 goals and 1 assist from 24 appearances, helping the Rangers finish 4th in the Western Conference and qualify for the playoffs. <mask> played every minute of Swope Park's 4 playoff games and had 3 assists to help the Rangers reach the final, where they lost 5–1 to New York Red Bulls II. Sporting Kansas City
After a successful 2016 season, <mask> signed a first-team contract with Sporting Kansas City on 2 December 2016.He made his MLS debut on 20 May 2017, getting the start in a 2–0

masks: Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher


texts:
 loss to the Vancouver Whitecaps. <mask> spent most of 2017 on loan with SKC's USL affiliate, Swope Park Rangers. He 3 assists from 24 appearances in the regular season for the Rangers, helping Swope Park qualify for the playoffs after finishing 4th in the Western Conference. <mask> played 3 times in the playoffs to help the Rangers reach the final. He would not appear in the final, a 1–0 loss to Louisville City. On 27 November, upon conclusion of the 2017 season, Sporting KC announced they would not exercise <mask>'s option for the 2018 season. On 10 December 2017 <mask>'s MLS rights was traded by Kansas City, along with the rights to Kévin Oliveira and a second-round selection in the 2018 MLS SuperDraft, to Atlanta United in exchange for goalkeeper Alexander Tambakis, the MLS rights to forward Kenwyne Jones, and a fourth-round selection in the 2021 MLS SuperDraft.<mask> did not sign with Atlanta. Indy Eleven
On 7 February 2018, <mask> joined Indy Eleven of the United Soccer League. He made his debut for Indy on 24 March in a 1–0 win over the Richmond Kickers. On 7 April he scored his first goal for Indy to give them a 1–0 win over North Carolina FC. <mask> ended the 2018 season with 1 goal and 1 assist in 10 appearances in the regular season as Indy Eleven finished 7th in the Eastern Conference. <mask> did not appear in Indy's playoff game. On 20 April, <mask> scored his first goal of the 2019 season to help Indy defeat Bethlehem Steel 3–0.He scored in the 84th minute on 18 May to give Indy a 1–0 win over Charleston Battery. <mask> scored 5 goals and had 1 assist during a 6 match stretch in June, including a game winning goal in the 89th minute


texts:
 on 15 June in a 2–1 win against Loudoun United, helping Indy record 5 wins and 1 draw during the month. <mask> ended the regular season with 32 appearances, 11 goals, and 4 assists as he helped Indy finish 3rd in the Eastern Conference. He was named to the USL Championship Team of the Week seven times during the season. In the playoffs, <mask> scored twice in 3 appearances as he helped Indy reach the conference finals, where they lost 3–1 to Louisville City in extra time. <mask> and Indy Eleven opened the 2020 season on 7 March by beating Memphis 901 4–2, with <mask> scoring twice and adding an assist during the game. Soon after, the USL Championship season was paused due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Indy returned to play on 11 July, with <mask> scoring once in a 2–0 win against Saint Louis FC. In Indy Eleven's next game, <mask> scored again, helping Indy to a 2–1 win over Sporting Kansas City II. On 22 July, <mask> scored seven minutes into stoppage time to give Indy a 1–0 win against the Pittsburgh Riverhounds and to bring his scoring streak to 6 straight games (including Indy's final 2 games of the 2019 playoffs). For this goal, <mask> picked up the ball slightly behind midfield, dribbled down the right flank, cut inside and shot it into the top left corner from over 25 yards out. <mask> finished the shortened regular season with 10 goals and 2 assists in 15 appearances, however Indy failed to qualify for the playoffs. His goal tally was tied for the 5th highest in the league. <mask> was named to the 2020 All-League Second Team, was named the USL Championship Player of the Month for July, and made the Team of the Week four times.Houston Dynamo
On


texts:
 14 January 2021, <mask> returned to Major League Soccer, signing with the Houston Dynamo. He made his Dynamo debut in their season-opening 2–1 victory against the San Jose Earthquakes on 17 April, getting an assist on Maxi Urruti's game-winning goal. In <mask>'s third game with the Dynamo on 1 May, he scored his first goal for the club, netting the equalizer in a 1–1 draw with Los Angeles FC. He missed the next 3 games due to a hip injury. On 4 August, <mask> scored in a 3–2 loss to Austin FC, but left the game in the first half due to an ankle injury. He missed Houston's next 4 games. <mask> returned and played in the Dynamo's next 2 games before suffering another injury, keeping him out for 4 games.<mask> ended the season with 4 goals and 3 assists in 19 appearances. He was hampered by injuries for the back half of the season, making 9 appearances, just 1 of them a start, and picking up no goals or assists over the final 17 games. It was a disappointing season for the Dynamo as a team, finishing bottom of the Western Conference, failing to qualify for the playoffs. In December 2021, Houston picked up <mask>'s contract option, keeping him at the club through the 2022 MLS season. International
In 2005, <mask> was one of the final 140 players narrowed down to represent Canada at the Under-12 level in the Danone Nations Cup in France. However, he was not selected for the final squad. At that time, <mask> was invited back in April 2006 for tryouts for the next edition of the tournament.<mask> received his first national team call up at any level for a pair of U17 friendlies against Mexico in Morelia in April 2011 in preparation for the upcoming U17

masks: Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Pasher Tyler Pasher


texts:
 World Cup. He came on as a 69th-minute substitute in the second match, a 0–3 defeat. He was then was named to Canada's final U17 squad for the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Mexico but withdrew due to a concussion. In July 2012 he was named to Canada's U20 squad for a training camp and two friendlies in Mexico. In 2013, he was then included in Canada's U20 squad for the 2013 Francophone Games in Nice. He went on to appear in two of Canada's three matches in the tournament. In May 2014, head coach Benito Floro called up <mask> to the senior squad for the first time for a training camp and friendlies against Moldova and Bulgaria in Austria but he once again withdrew because of injury.He was called up to the senior squad again, this time as an injury replacement for Sam Adekugbe and André Hainault, in March 2015 for friendlies against Puerto Rico and Guatemala. He didn't appear in either match, but he made the bench against Puerto Rico. In June 2021 after a hot start with the Houston Dynamo, <mask> was named to Canada's 60-man provisional squad for the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup. On July 1, he was confirmed as part of the final 23-man squad. At the Gold Cup, he made his senior debut as a substitute for Tajon Buchanan, in a 4–1 group stage victory over Haiti. He made 2 appearances at the Gold Cup, both in the group stage, as Canada reached the semifinals, where they lost 2–1 to Mexico. Career statistics

International

Honours

Individual
NPSL Supporters' XI team: 2014
USL Championship All-League Second Team: 2020
USL Championship Player of the Month: July 2020

Club
PS Kemi
Kakkonen Pohjoinen Champion: 2013
Lansing United
NPSL Great Lakes West Conference

masks: Pasher Pasher


texts:
 Champion: 2014

References

External links
Canada Soccer profile

1994 births
Living people
Association football defenders
Association football midfielders
Canada men's youth international soccer players
Canadian Soccer League (2006–present) players
Canadian soccer players
Houston Dynamo FC players
Indy Eleven players
Major League Soccer players
National Premier Soccer League players
People from Woolwich, Ontario
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC players
Soccer people from Ontario
Sporting Kansas City players
Sporting Kansas City II players
Toronto FC players
USL Championship players
Ykkönen players
Expatriate footballers in Finland
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Finland
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Canada men's international soccer


texts:
<mask> (August 28, 1920 in Orland, California – May 10, 1998 in Glendale, California) was an American musician, possibly  the most famous virtuoso of the theatre organ of the modern era. <mask> was best known for his virtuoso performances on the huge Wurlitzer theater pipe organs at the famed Fox Theater on Market Street in San Francisco and the ornate Paramount Theaters in both New York City and Oakland. In the early1940s he was an active performer on radio, first on the west coast; in 1944 he was transferred to New York City by NBC, and played numerous radio shows from 1944-1951. In 1948 he was hired as solo organist at the Paramount Theatre in Times Square. He left New York in 1951. The early 50s brought fame via his iconic recordings on HIFI Records, using the 5-manual Wurlitzer originally from the Paradise Theatre, Chicago, installed in the home of HIFI owner Richard Vaughn. The 60s brought more fame through his recordings (primarily on the DOT label) on the organ sponsored by Leslie organ speaker inventor Don Leslie and installed in his warehouse on S. Fair Oaks Blvd.in South Pasadena. In the 70s, he installed a theatre pipe organ in his home in the Hollywood Hills, and recorded numerous CDs on the BANDA label. He concertized widely across the United States. He also played two concerts in the UK (one on a Conn electronic organ, as a Conn promotional event, the other on the Wurlitzer organ in the Gaumont State Theatre, Kilburn, London). Early years
<mask> learned to play the piano at an early age from his aunt who was a private music teacher. His mother was a movie accompanist on the piano for silent movies played at the Orland Theatre. He grew up in Stockton and Sacramento, where he graduated from Grant Union High School in 1938.One of his first projects was installing a theater organ there, where it still remains and plays. Career
In 1938, he had his first playing job at a Chinese night club in Oakland, called the New Shanghai Cafe and Terrace Bowl, which boasted a 2-manual, 6-rank Wurlitzer; the show

masks:
George Wright
Wright
George Wright


texts: was broadcast nightly by an Oakland radio station. In 1941, he joined San Francisco radio station KFRC and on the Blue Network by 1942. In December, 1942 he started performing at the San Francisco Fox Theater on Saturday nights. In late 1944, he relocated to New York City to work as organist for NBC radio. He began recording at this time, first cutting 78 RPM records for Syd Nathan's King Records and Regent Records, in addition to securing contracts for transcription disks on the Thesaurus, Associated, and Muzak labels. In New York, he was a guest on the Paul Whiteman"Stairway to the Stars" radio program (May 21, 1946) and Percy Faith, as well as on the network shows of Bing Crosby and Perry Como.He also conducted his own orchestra on the Robert Q. Lewis show and began a seven-year stint playing in a trio with Charles Magnante, accordionist, and Tony Mottola, guitarist, for Jack Berch's NBC show sponsored by the Prudential Insurance Company. The trio, with added bassist Bobby Haggart, recorded five "Soundies," as well. In 1948, he signed on as house organist for the Paramount Theater in New York. There, he played with many of the great jazz and pop artists of the time, including Frank Sinatra, Frankie Laine and Ella Fitzgerald. During his time in New York he made several recordings on both the organ in the New York Paramount's theatre and on the organ in the studio above the theatre - the organ on which Jesse Crawford made many of his most famous recordings. These recordings were first released as 78rpm single and later compiled into LP releases on the King (organ in the theatre) and Regent (organ in the studio with the addition of Cozy Cole on drums) labels. He moved to Los Angeles in 1951 and in the mid 50's began making a series of recordings for Richard Vaughn's High Fidelity Recordings, Inc. label on a 5-manual, 21 rank Wurlitzer organ which Vaughn had acquired from the Paradise Theatre in Chicago (he was the first act signed to the label after its founding).Vaughn claimed that <mask>'s first seven


texts: albums for HIFI Records sold 1,000,000 copies in their first two years of release. He went on to record 20 albums for the HiFi label. By the late 1950s, <mask> developed an avid, if cult-sized, following for his solo organ concerts during this time and was able to fill big variety-era theaters long after their main audiences had shriveled. <mask> became renowned among theater organists for his pyrotechnic virtuosity, devising novel effects and pulling off lightning fast stop changes. In 1963 he became ABC's musical director for the West Coast, including becoming the studio organist (and eventual musical director) for the soap opera General Hospital. <mask> remained with the show even after it switched from live broadcasts to video tape in the 1970s, and as musical cues modernized, he even began composing piano arrangements for GH'''s underscore. In his next-to-last year with the soap, <mask> was asked to compose new theme music for GH, a piano-dominated tune which debuted on the program in April 1975.Over a year later, in July 1976, then-executive producer Tom Donovan chose to replace <mask>'s music with the style of another director. <mask>, his scores, and his GH theme song were history (with the latter being replaced by the piece that will forever be the closest association of GH in history, "Autumn Breeze" by Jack Urbont). During his long career, <mask> played a key role in reviving interest in theater organ music. He recorded more than 60 albums. <mask> was the first act signed to Richard Vaughn's HIFI Records and recorded 20 albums as their featured organist in the late 1950s before switching to Dot Records in 1963. On his HIFI albums, <mask> is a perfect complement to the label's star, Arthur Lyman. His Dot albums are somewhat less showy, though he continues to work with a considerable range of material, from old standards to Dave Brubeck's "It's a Raggy Waltz."In August 1970, however, the studio/warehouse (owned by organ speaker inventory Don Leslie) where he kept his personal pipe organ burned and

masks:
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
George Wright
Wright
Wright


texts:
 he stopped recording for over 10 years. <mask> bought a house in the Hollywood Hills less for its location than for its capacity to accommodate his own mighty Wurlitzer pipe organ. He worked on it constantly, swapping out pieces he collected in his travels around the U.S. In 1980, his friend Bob Power founded BANDA Records for the purpose of recording <mask>, and many of his albums were available from BANDA. In 1995, he was presented with the first Lifetime Achievement Award by the American Theatre Organ Society. He continued to play at concerts and make recordings to the end, and many unreleased tapes have been digitized after the acquisition of BANDA. He finished his last album, Salon, just 60 days before his death.BANDA has released almost nothing since the early 2000s however, but the new owner of BANDA (<mask> biographer William L. Coale, Ph.D.) has issued numerous new offerings, including Back to School and an all-piano offering Gin & Tonic'' viewable at https://www.geniusofgeorgewright.com/store/c2/<mask>_CDs_.htmlhhttps://www.geniusofgeorgewright.com/store/c2/<mask>_CDs_.html

<mask>'s organ recordings were distributed on the Associated Program Service Transcriptions, Muzak, Thesaurus Transcription Service, Armed Forces Radio Service, RCA Custom (under the pseudonym Jocelyn McNeil), RCA Camden (under the pseudonym Guy Melendy), Malar, King, Regent, Lurite, Doric, Century, Hamilton, Reader's Digest, Essential, BANDA, HiFi, SOLO, and DOT labels. <mask> died of heart failure on May 10, 1998, in Los Angeles. His remains were cremated by the Neptune Society and scattered in the organization's Rose Garden. References

External links
<mask> Biography and CDs
American Theatre Organ Society
Reflection on <mask> by Ron Mussleman
The Theatre Organ Home Page

1920 births
1998 deaths
American keyboardists
Theatre organists
Musicians from Sacramento, California
RCA Victor artists
Dot Records artists
20th-century American musicians
People from Orland, California
Musicians from Stockton, California
20th-century

masks:
Wright
Wright
George Wright
George Wright
George Wright
Wright
Wright
George Wright
George Wright


texts:
Princess <mask>na <mask> (; 1844-1868), was a Russian lady in waiting. She is known for her love affair with the future Alexander III of Russia, who attempted to renounce his place as heir to the throne in order to marry her, a plan he was forced to abandon. She married Pavel Pavlovich Demidov, 2nd Prince of San Donato in 1866. Early life
Princess Maria Elimovna <mask> was born in the family of the diplomat, Prince Elim Petrovich Meshchersky and Varvara Stepanovna (1819-1879), the daughter of the writer S.P. Zhikharev . In 1844, when Mary was not yet a year old, her father died. Maria Elimovna spent her childhood in Paris and Nice, constantly moving between her mother and grandmother.Abroad, Varvara Stepanovna led such an eccentric lifestyle that Empress Alexandra Feodorovna took her daughter to and placed Varvara in an institute. The Empress was forced to turn for help to her relative Princess Elizaveta Nikolaievna Chernysheva (widow of the Minister of War Alexander Chernyshyov ) and asked her to take Maria in. When she was eighteen years old Maria, was received in the house of her aunt, Princess Elizabeth Baryatinskaya (daughter of Chernyshyov). But she was jealous of her niece because her husband was particularly attached to her, some sources even say in love. "It cannot be said that Princess Baryatinskaya spoiled her. On the contrary, she rather kept her in a black body. She took the last place in the house..."

- Count Sergei Dmitrievich Sheremetev

Romance with Grand Duke Alexander
Not long after, her relitives petitioned and Maria became a Lady-in-waiting to Empress Maria Alexandrovna and settled in the Winter Palace.In the spring of 1864, at the court, Maria met with the Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich, the second son of the Empress. Her name appeared in the Grand Duke's letters. In

masks:
Mariya Elimov
Meshcherskaya
Meshcherskaya


texts: June of the same year, he wrote to his mother: “We went with the company to Pavlovsk to the farm and drank tea there. M. E<mask> also rode with us on horseback and often visited Pavlovsk with us ”.Gradually she is included in the company formed at the court from the representatives of the "golden youth". In addition to the Grand Duke Alexander, it included: Tsarsevich Nicholas, Grand Duke Vladimir, and their cousins Nikolai Leuchtenberg , Nikolai Konstantinovich, Prince Meshchersky , Count Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov, Prince Vladimir Baryatinsky, and Lady-in-Waiting Alexandra Zhukovskaya. The youth had fun, danced, played cards, and more and more often Alexander tried to choose Maria as a partner. According to a contemporary, the princess was "extraordinarily beautiful, wonderfully built, rather tall, her black eyes, deep and passionate, gave her graceful face an extraordinary charm.The sound of her voice was methodical, and the stamp of some mysteriously restrained sad feeling, very charming, was imposed on her whole being." In 1865, Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich died, and Alexander became the heir to the throne. In the same year, the feelings of the Grand Duke also changed: from friendly to something more serious. On June 7, he wrote in his diary: "Every day is the same, it would be unbearable if it were not for M." They allegedly met by chance on a walk in the park, but soon the Emperor and Empress learned about this relationship. Maria Alexandrovna found this behavior of her son "indecent". On June 19 on the English road from Tsarskoe Selo to Pavlovsk, the Tsarevich said that "they can no longer be in such a relationship as they were up to now" As a souvenir, Marie presented her photo with Sasha Zhukovskaya with the inscription: " In remembrance of the last day in dear Tsarskoe ." On


texts: November 4 of the same year, the princess gave Alexander her self-portrait.Maria's cousin, Vladimir Meshchersky, stole the letters to her from the heir to the throne and handed them over to the empress, after which a scandal erupted in the imperial family though they continued to meet. They were helped by Alexandra Zhukovskaya, who delivered notes, settled disagreements, and guarded the peace during walks. The Tsarevich was not sure of Maria's feelings, he was afraid that she might accept someone elses proposal, so he offered his close friend and heir to a huge fortune, Count Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov, to marry Maria. However, the count soon married Countess Elizaveta Shuvalova. The meetings became more frequent, and <mask> was reprimanded. Countess Catherine Tiesenhausen claimed that the Maria was behaving indecently, openly running after the heir. And in order to avoid 'serious consequences' she must stop seeing the Tsarevich.In November 1865, Alexander II expressed a desire for the Tsarevich and Nikolai's former bride, the Danish princess Dagmar of Denmark, to marry. The Tsarevich felt conflicted between his feelings for <mask> and duty. He wrote in his diary on March 15: “I really love her, and if I were a free man, I would certainly marry, and I am sure that she would completely agree”. At a ball on April 18,  Meshcherskaya informed the heir that Prince Wittgenstein had proposed to her. The Tsarsevich's parents insisted on a trip to Denmark, and in May the he wrote in his diary: “I only think now about giving up my plight and, if possible, marrying sweet M.E. I want to refuse to marry Dagmar, which I cannot love and do not want ... Maybe it will be better if I renounce the throne ... I do not want another wife, like M. E." At the same time, the Grand Duke feared that “when the decisive

masks: Meshcherskaya Meshcherskaya


texts:
 moment comes, she will abandon me, and then everything was lost”.In May 1866 the emperor announced that an article was published in Danish newspapers that the Tsarevich did not want to marry Dagmar because of his feelings for <mask>. Christian IX of Denmark sent a letter to the imperial family asking them to confirm the heir's plans for his daughter. There was a major quarrel, during which Alexander declared his desire to abdicate the throne and marry 'dear Dusenka', which was not understood by Alexander II, who threatened to expel the Maria. After explaining himself to Maria, Alexander decided to go to Denmark. The only thing he asked his father about was not to punish the girl. The Empress reassured her son that <mask> would go to Paris with her aunt Princess Chernysheva. The engagement of Tsarevich Alexander and Princess Dagmara of Denmark took place on June 17, 1866, and a wedding followed on October 28.Princess <mask> saw the heir again in 1867 in Paris, where he came with his father at the invitation of Emperor Napoleon III. Later life
After leaving the imperial court, Maria lived with Princess Chernysheva. In March 1867, at the Austrian court, she met the secretary of the Russian embassy in Vienna, the wealthy Pavel Pavlovich Demidov (1839-1885). Soon, on June 7, 1867, their wedding was solemnly celebrated. The guarantors for the groom were Prince A. I. Baryatinsky and Baron A. F. Budberg ; the guarantors for the bride are Count D. K. Nesselrode and Count I. I. Vorontsov-Dashkov . The young couple spent their honeymoon near Florence at the Villa San Donato . Demidov adored his young wife, and surrounded her with luxury.Maria Elimovna had the most beneficial influence on her husband. According to a contemporary, after marriage, Demidov became a completely different person, his crazy


texts:
 spending and evenings in the casino stopped. In the spring of 1868, before the birth of her son, Maria and her husband moved to Vienna in order to be able to use the advice a famous professor. In Vienna, she often went to church, where she was seen praying in tears. Her pregnancy was difficult, Aurora Karlovna came to Vienna from Finland in order to support her son and daughter-in-law. Both women became very friendly and spent a lot of time together. On July 25, 1868, Maria Elimovna gave birth to her son Elim, named after her father, and died the next day from eclampsia .The doctors managed to save the boy who was also in danger. On the eve of her death, Maria Elimovna confessed to her friend A. Zhukovskaya that “she never loved anyone except the Tsarevich”. Her husband found a letter in his own name, in which she said goodbye to him and thanked him for the happiness that he gave her and which lasted less than a year. Grief-stricken Demidov refused to see his son for several months, and considered himself the culprit of his wife's death. He starved himself and was on the verge of suicide. After meeting with the Jesuit Fathers from the Catholic order "Heart of Jesus" Pavel came to his senses and became very religious. He lived modestly, walked often, no longer wore a tailcoat, and spent a lot of money on charity work.In memory of his wife, he established the Mariinsky needlework workshop in Paris. Princess Maria Demidova was buried in Vienna at the Orthodox cemetery of St. Mark. Allegedly, her ashes was later transported to the family tomb of the Demidov's at the Pere Lachaise cemetery in Paris. Though according to the diary of Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich in 1880, her ashes were still in France. References

1844 births
1868 deaths
Ladies-in-waiting of the Russian Empire
Deaths in


texts:
<mask> (born as <mask> on June 11, 1977 in Santurce, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican former reggaeton artist. A pioneer of the reggaeton genre, <mask> retired from music in 2014 and dedicated himself to preaching  Christianity. His nickname came to be as the result of an accident. Before joining Karel, he worked as an electrician. One day, he stuck his hand in the wrong place and got shocked. Everyone then called him "Bombillo" (Light Bulb) and "Corto Circuito" (Short Circuit), until eventually giving him a nickname that stuck: "Voltio" (Spanish word for volt). <mask> now identifies as a born-again Christian.<mask> said in an interview: "Yes, really I accepted Christ as my savior, I really do because sometimes you have a void in the hearts and therefore need to search for Christ." Music career
Growing up in the Parque Ecuestre section of Carolina, <mask> entered the music business as a teenager. Together with Rey 29 and Héctor Delgado (AKA Hector "El Father"), he formed The Masters of Funk. Although the trio released no listed albums, they were influential in starting the reggaeton movement. Shortly after separating from The Masters of Funk, Voltio partnered with Karel, a neighborhood friend, to form Karel y Voltio. They released their debut album Los

masks:
Julio Voltio
Julio Irving Ramos Filomeno
Voltio
Julio Voltio
Julio
Voltio


texts: Dueños del Estilo in 2003. The album languished, however, and the duo's enthusiasm dwindled.Karel was last featured in La Mision 4. <mask> was signed under Pina Records company. Pina stole money from <mask> and he left that company, then went into a musical battle (Tiraera Pina, Bling Bling, Wasa Wasa) against Lito y Polaco, Pina Records main artists. With few options, <mask> was preparing to exit the music business when Tego Calderón, a leading artist with White Lion Records, convinced him to sign with the label. Having taken Tego's advice, Voltio released the album Voltage AC, with the hits "Bumper", "No Amarres Fuego" (featuring Zion & Lennox) and "Julito Maraña". Voltio also featured on a remix of the song "Locked Up" by Akon, which was released in the UK as part of Locked Up-Global Remixes. Having experienced relative success, <mask> returned with his a self-titled release in 2005, which included his biggest hit to date "Chulín Culín Chunflai", which features Residente Calle 13 and a remix version with Three 6 Mafia.In 2006, <mask> was on Frankie 2006 remix of his "Puerto Rico". Voltio recently teamed up with Calle 13 to speak out against police brutality in Puerto Rico. On August 11, 2008, announced the publication of a documentary titled "En vivo

masks: Voltio Voltio Voltio Voltio Voltio


texts:
 desde Oso Blanco". The production covers the time that Voltio spent in prison. <mask> is also included on the Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack with his song Pónmela from the 2007 release of En lo Claro. He made collaborations with Jowell & Randy (Welcome to my crib). En lo Claro has experienced mild success in contrast to Voltio's first two releases, garnering #36 on the U.S.Billboard Top Latin Albums chart. The album also peaked at #24 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart. In 2014, Voltio left reggaeton and converted to Christianity. Discography

Albums
Solo albums
 2004: Voltage AC
 2005: Voltage DC
 2007: En lo Claro

Other albums
 2003: Los Dueños del Estilo

Singles

 2004: "Julito Maraña" (feat. Tego Calderón)
 2004: "Bumper"
 2004: "Lock Up" (Akon feat Voltio)
 2005: "Mambo"
 2005: "Bumper (Official Remix)" (feat. Pitbull & Lil Rob)
 2005: "Chulin Culin Chunfly" (feat. Residente Calle 13)
 2005: "Chulin Culin Chunfly (remix)" (feat.Residente Calle 13 & Three 6 Mafia)
 2005: "Se Van, Se Van" (feat. Tego Calderón)
 2005: "Matando La Liga"
 2005: "Culebra"
 2005: "Chévere" (feat. Notch)
 2006: "Claro de Luna"
 2006: "Let's Go To My Crib" (feat. Jowell & Randy)
 2007: "Los Capo" (feat. Ñejo & Dalmata, Guelo Star, Zion, De La Ghetto, Syko, Hector "El


texts:
 Father" & Jowell & Randy)
 2007: "El Mellao"
 2008: "Pónmela" (feat. Jowell & Randy)
 2008: "Un Amor Como Tú" (feat. Arcangel)
 2009: "Esto Es A Palo"
 2009: "Dimelo Mami"
 2009: "Dimelo Mami (Remix)" (feat.Daddy Yankee)
 2009: "Tumba El Piquete" (feat.J-Alvarez)
 2012: "La Kiebra nuka remix" (feat.Mr.Pelón (503))
 2014: "Siempre Estoy" (feat. Ñengo Flow)

Guest appearances
 1993: "No Te Canses, El Funeral" Daddy Yankee (feat. Voltio)
 1998: "Muévela" DJ Dicky (feat. Voltio)
 2003: "Mi Libertad"  (feat. Jerry Rivera)
 2004: "12 Discípulos" (Eddie Dee feat. Daddy Yankee, Tego Calderon, Ivy Queen, Zion & Lennox, Vico C, Nicky Jam, <mask>, Gallego, Wiso G and Johhny Prez)
 2005: "En Este Infierno" K-Narias (feat. Voltio)
 2005: "Amor de Una Noche" (feat.N'Klabe)
 2005: "So Amazing"  Jagged Edge (feat. Voltio)
 2006: "Lo Que Son Las Cosas (Reggaeton Version)" Anaís (feat. Voltio)
 2006: "En Mi Puertorro"  Andy Montañez (feat. Voltio)
 2006: "Abusando Del Genero"  DJ Joe (feat. Yomo, Voltio, Trebol Clan, Zion & Lennox, Tempo)
 2006: "Mil Caminos"  Leonor (feat. Voltio)
 2006: "Payaso"  Tego Calderón (feat. Voltio & Eddie Dee)
 2006: "Gansta"  Baby Ranks (feat.Voltio)
 2006: "Llegaron Los Rebuleros"  Maestro (feat. Voltio)
 2007: "Ella Volvió" (feat.


texts:
 N'Klabe)
 2007: "Dale Mami Damelo"  DJ Nelson (feat. Voltio)
 2007: "Lo Hecho Hecho Esta"  Tego Calderón (feat. Pirulo, <mask>, Ñejo, Chyno Nyno)
 2007: "Get Me Bodied"  Beyoncé (feat. Voltio)
 2007: "Si Me Matan"  Alexis & Fido (feat. Lapiz Conciente, Luis Vargas, Voltio, De La Ghetto, Jadiel, Primer Mandatario & Sofla)
 2007: "Easy" Don Omar (feat.Zion, Voltio, Eddie Dee, Tego Calderón & Cosculluela)
 2008: "Don't Stay Away from the Sunlight"  Turbulence (feat. Voltio)
 2008: "Levántate" J-King & Maximan (feat. Voltio, Guelo Star)
 2008: "Na De Na (Remix)" Angel & Khriz (feat. John Eric, Gocho, Alexis, <mask>, Arcangel, & Franco "El Gorila")
 2008: "Ella Menea (Remix)" NG2
 2010: "Hipnótika" A.B. Quintanilla Y Los Kumbia All Starz (feat. <mask> and Marciano Cantero from Los Enanitos Verdes)
 2012: "Ella Lo Que Quiere Es Salsa" (Víctor Manuelle (feat. Voltio and Jowell & Randy)

Filmography
 2008: Feel The Noise as himself
 2009: Talento de Barrio as himself
 TBA: Julito Maraña

Note

References

External links

 Official MySpace

1977 births
Living people
People from Santurce, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican rappers
Puerto Rican reggaeton musicians
Sony Music Latin artists
Converts to Christianity
Puerto Rican Christians
21st-century American

masks: Voltio Voltio Voltio


texts:
<mask> (born March 26, 1984, Moscow) is a contemporary artist, a multi-disciplinary media-artist whose works are often performed in the form of total installations, including graphics, video-art, sculpture, and painting. He is a teacher at the Design School of the National research university the Higher School of Economics. Career
Born in Moscow (in the Tushino district), into a family of biological scientists, which is where he picked up his first impressions of the visual structure of scientific knowledge. He became interested in drawing and graphic design as early as his school days, and upon leaving he began work as the art director of KULT, a Moscow music club. He trained as an art director at the Humanitarian Institute of Television and Radio Broadcasting (2001-2002), and at the International Advertisement Institute (2003-2006). In 2003 he became a member of the Zunge Design studio in Moscow, where he later became an art director. In 2006 he became a member of The Tsekh (The Guild) world illustrators association.Since 2009, Protey focused on multi-media art, working, in the fields of generative video, installation and performance which were new to him, in parallel with classical art practices. In 2009 <mask>, together with the artist Dima Kavko, founded the Gruppa Krovi art-association. Since 2011 he has been a member of the Moscow Union of Artists, a participant in the “Partnership of Placard Makers”, regional public organization. In 2012 he graduated from the Institute of Contemporary Art, from a course in “New Artistic Strategies”. At the same time, together with other ICA graduates, he created an art group named GZKRKP (Glazun, Zhuravlev, Kiryusha, Ryumin, Kavko, Protey) and took part in group exhibitions as a member thereof. His first solo museum exhibition took place in 2014 in the Moscow Museum of Modern Art in Petrovka Street. As part of the process of forming his own aesthetic system and artistic language, in 2013 <mask> began working with Oleg Stavitsky, a game developer, to create a series of mobile art applications, Bubl, which develop

masks:
Protey Temen
Temen
Protey


texts:
 children’s fundamental habit patterns.When developing interactive games designed for children aged from 1 to 6, <mask>, as art director, was concerned with the development of perception of shape, colour and sound. In a year, Fox & Sheep, a German mobile application publisher, announced their acquisition of Bubl Studio

At present, <mask> <mask> is a regular participant in art expositions, professional discussions and multi-format festivals in Australia, Brazil, South Korea, Russia, USA, Great Britain and continental Europe. <mask> defines his current art practice using two key terms: “abstract identity” and “routine spectacularity”. Works by <mask> <mask> are held by the collections of the Moscow Museum of Modern Art, the Russian State Library, Komnata (The Room) gallery, and in private collections in Russia, Germany, France and Spain. He was a participant in the Venice Biennial 2011 (Internet pavilion), the European Biennial of Modern Art Manifesta 10, and the international biennial of digital art The Wrong. Works
The artist describes the surrounding world with the language of abstract graphics. Since his early childhood, Protey has developed a particular, well-recognized style which he has realized in his work both as an art director or illustrator, and in his strictly personal work.Dobrotarism
The movement of Dobrotarism appeared in 2007, founded on the basis of the simplification of an image on a geometrical level, bright, contrasting colours and ostentatious joy. The basic goal of the artist during this period was the study of the models and structures of daily life. This resulted in the exhibition “Iconography of Dobrotarism”, held in the “Dom” (The House) cultural centre in 2007. From 2008 to 2009, within his “Post-Dobrotarism” cycle, Protey delved even deeper into abstract imaging, still remaining within the confines of his initial graphic language. “My work is about ritual, about the soul, about a kind of pure thing. And a number of symbols which I constantly used — masks, images, costumes — they are also about this pure thing. A text and an

masks: Protey Protey Temen Temen Protey Temen


texts:
 emotional experience would stand behind each picture.I came to this realisation just a short time ago, but it was true earlier too. That same Dobrotarism is mixed up in religion, in the basics of Russian icon-painting. In fact, I became drawn into the idea of identity. And what does identity mean? It is a system of signs and symbols”. The monochrome cycle
In 2010 the monochrome period of his work began, which featured a break from the full colour palette, beginning to describe the surrounding world via independent abstract systems. By 2013 the final abandonment of colour and semi-tones occurred.The approach that arose was also applied by Protey to alternative media: to sculpture, to video-shots, to 3D monochrome textures. The basic theme of the period was the study of an object as a body, a line, a black spot: “The spot was one of the basic images which I used earlier; and even now it attracts me for many reasons: in one case it can disguise extra items in an image, concealing their essence; in another case it becomes a silhouette and almost a sign, it is both the shadow of a man and a hole in the universe”. Surritualism
In 2014, Protey formulated Surritualism as a new method. It is based on two inseparable parts: ritual, and the principle of surrealism to denude the absurdity of this or that action. In 2015 <mask> decided not to use computer technologies in his works. His basic focus in 2016 was the representation of information and the practice of visual communication. Many images were inspired by book graphics inside scientific literature, including texts devoted to biology.The artist elaborated a system of image analysis based on a toolkit of frequently used representation models. Works of 2015-2016 are the beginning of the Inner School of Open Studies. These works unite images representing “knowledge”, using popular educational guides, explanations on table-napkins and other presentational practices of exact and sensory sciences. “Via the plastic multiplication of these layers, Protey Temen fixes such routine processes as consideration, memory


texts:
 and thinking”. Inner School of Open Studies
In 2017 Protey opened the Inner School of Open Studies, where he is both a teacher and a student. He is creating a series of textbooks and atlases within his school and gives lectures, in particular, the spring cycle of lectures at ММОМА. “The core theme Protey Temen is now working with — that is, researching the environment, analyzing it and fixing it with the plastic language of abstract art and graphics — has remained unchanged for many years, yet the artist’s aesthetics have obviously changed.From the pagan territory of myth and the method of surritualism developed by him, Protey approaches, step by step, a quasi-scientific way of interpreting the world. How does the gaze work, what is information, what are objects made of, why do we see a spot and perceive a symbol in a definite way, how do we influence what is occurring around us, acting as witnesses to various processes? Everything that can be conventionally laid into the sphere of sensory, reflexive personal experience, facts that cannot be checked, are codified and converted into common, popular knowledge by Protey. Gradually proving his hypotheses, he explains his own intuitive discoveries about the structure of the world, using the approach and vocabulary of a rationalist scientist. Nevertheless, the artist remains within the field of art: packing these pieces of knowledge into customary formats used by enlightenment institutions (texts, illustrative materials, graphs, visual aids) he returns the aesthetic focus to theory’s dry language. The scientific style of learning about reality usually implies the abandonment of the aesthetic component in favour of understanding the meaning of something. Protey combines the emotional experience of “the beautiful” and the search for “the truth”, unites the abstract and the concrete, manifests to us as spectators and students of his “inner school” the similarity between the fundamental strategies of the scientific approach and art practices aimed at the revelation of the only true and faithful version of


texts: <mask>  (5 July 1896 – 16 June 1981) was an Australian politician from the state of South Australia. He served continuously as Premier of South Australia and leader of the Liberal and Country League (LCL) from 5 November 1938 to 10 March 1965. Though controversial, it was the longest term of any elected government leader in Australian history. His tenure as premier was marked by a period of population and economic growth unmatched by any other Australian state. He was known for his parochial style in pushing South Australia's interests, and was known for his ability to secure a disproportionate share of federal funding for the state as well as his shameless haranguing of federal leaders. His string of election wins was enabled by a system of malapportionment and gerrymander later dubbed the 'Playmander'. Born into an old political family, <mask> was the fifth <mask> and the fourth to have lived in South Australia; his grandfather <mask> II had served as premier in the 19th century.He grew up on the family farm in Norton Summit before enlisting in the Australian Imperial Force in World War I, fighting in Gallipoli and Western Europe. After serving, he continued farming until his election as a representative for Murray at the 1933 state election. In his early years in politics, <mask> was an outspoken backbencher who often lambasted LCL ministers and their policies, and had a maverick strategy, often defying party norms and advocating unadulterated laissez faire economics and opposing protectionism and government investment, in stark contrast to his later actions as premier. With the resignation of the LCL's leader, Richard Layton Butler, <mask> became premier in 1938, having been made a minister just months earlier in an attempt to dampen his

masks:
Sir Thomas Playford
Playford
Thomas Playford
Thomas Playford
Playford
Playford


texts: insubordination. <mask> inherited a minority government and many independents to deal with, and instability was expected; he was seen as a transitional leader. However, <mask> dealt with the independents adroitly and went on to secure a one-seat majority at the next election. In office, <mask> turned his back on laissez faire economics and used his negotiating skills to encourage industry to relocate to South Australia during World War II, as the state was far from the battlefield.He built upon this in the post-war boom years, particular in automotive manufacturing; although a liberal conservative, his approach to economics was pragmatic, and he was derided by his colleagues for his "socialism" as he nationalised electricity companies and used state enterprises to drive economic growth. Generally, <mask> had more dissent from within his own party than the opposition centre-left Labor Party; the main obstructions to his initiatives came from the upper house, where the restriction of suffrage to landowners resulted in a chamber dominated by the conservative landed gentry. Labor leader Mick O'Halloran worked cooperatively with <mask> and was known to be happy being out of power, quipping that <mask> could better serve his left-wing constituents. <mask>'s policies allowed for the supply of cheap electricity to factories, minimal business taxes, and low wages to make the state more attractive to industrial investment. He kept salaries low by using the South Australian Housing Trust to build public housing and government price controls to attract workers and migrants, angering the landlord class. Implemented in the 1940s, these policies were seen as dangerous to <mask>'s control of his party, but they proved successful and he cemented his position

masks: Playford Playford Playford Playford Playford Playford Playford Playford


texts:
 within the LCL. During the 1950s, <mask> and the LCL's share of the vote declined continually despite economic growth, and they clung to power mainly due to the Playmander.<mask> became less assured in parliament as Labor became more aggressive, their leading debater Don Dunstan combatively disrupting the previously collaborative style of politics, targeting the injustice of the Playmander in particular. <mask>'s successful economic policies had fuelled a rapid expansion of the middle class, which wanted more government attention to education, public healthcare, the arts, the environment and heritage protection. However, <mask> was an unrelenting utilitarian, and was unmoved by calls to broaden policy focus beyond economic development. This was exacerbated by <mask> and his party's failure to adapt to changing social mores, remaining adamantly committed to restrictive laws on alcohol, gambling and police powers. A turning point in <mask>'s tenure was the Max Stuart case in the 1950s, when <mask> came under heavy scrutiny for his hesitation to grant clemency to a murderer on death row amid claims of judicial wrongdoing. Although <mask> eventually commuted the sentence, the controversy was seen as responsible for his government losing its assurance, and he eventually lost office in the 1965 election. He relinquished the party leadership to Steele Hall and retired at the next election, serving on various South Australian company boards until his death in 1981.Family

The <mask> family heritage can be traced back to 1759, when a baby boy was left at the door of a house in Barnby Dun, Yorkshire, England, with a note to christen the child '<mask>'. The occupants of the house, who were to raise the child, were given instructions to receive money from a

masks:
Playford
Playford
Playford
Playford
Playford
Playford
Playford
Playford
Playford
Thomas Playford


texts: bank account for the deed. The child grew up to be a simple farmer in the village, and had a son in 1795 whom he christened '<mask>'. The tradition of naming the firstborn son in the family in this way has continued since. The second <mask> was something of a loner, but at the age of 15 he developed a relationship with a girl five years his senior with whom he fathered a child. In order to avoid the social stigma of the situation, and on the advice of his parents, <mask> enlisted in the British Army in 1810. While three years under the acceptable age, <mask>'s height (6 ft 2 in) enabled him to pass as eighteen.He spent 24 years in the service of the Life Guards, fighting all over Europe in Portugal, Spain and France, including the Battle of Waterloo at the age of 20. While a soldier, <mask> became a devout Christian; he journeyed to many churches and listened to a great variety of sermons. He was sceptical of many pastors and church men, dismissing their "high sounding barren words". He left the Life Guards in 1834, received a land grant in Canada for his service, and journeyed there with his wife and family. His wife and a child died in the country, so he and his remaining kin returned to England. He worked as a historian for the Life Guards until 1844 when he migrated to the then-province of South Australia. <mask> became a pastor there, built a property at Mitcham, and preached regularly for his own 'Christian Church', which was essentially Baptist in character.The third Playford, <mask> II, was born at Bethnal Green, London in 1837, to the second wife of <mask>. He was raised on the Mitcham property in South Australia, was intellectual and bookish, and wished to attend the prestigious Anglican St Peter's College to study law. He was rebuked by

masks:
Thomas Playford
Playford
Playford
Playford
Playford
Playford
Thomas Playford
Pastor Playford


texts: his father and subsequently became a farmer like his predecessors, buying property at Norton Summit and growing vegetables, plums and apples. He was elected to the local East Torrens Council in 1863 at the age of 27; and then to the State Parliament in 1868 as a 'liberal' (parties had not yet formed), representing the constituency of Onkaparinga. He became known as 'Honest Tom' for his straightforward and blunt ways. He lost his seat in 1871 and regained it in 1875 only to lose it again until he was re-elected in 1887, upon which he became Premier of South Australia. He subsequently lost the premiership in 1889, regained it in 1890, and then spent a great deal of his term absent in India.After losing an election, he relocated to London to represent South Australia as Agent General to the United Kingdom. While in England, <mask> was thrice offered a knighthood, but declined it each time. He returned to South Australia to assist Charles Kingston in his government, but ultimately crossed the floor to bring down Kingston over his plans to lessen the power of the Legislative Council. With the advent of Australian Federation, <mask> became a Senator for South Australia. He was leader of the Senate and the 7th Minister for Defence. After one term as a Senator, <mask> was defeated. He ran again in 1910, was unsuccessful, and retired to Kent Town, where he died in 1915, aged 78.The fourth <mask>, father of Sir <mask>, was born in 1861. Unlike his own father and grandfather, who had led lives as soldiers, churchmen and politicians, he became a simple farmer at the Norton Summit property and was dominated by his wife, Elizabeth. He was, like his forebears, a regular churchgoer, and only once was involved in politics with a short stint on the East Torrens

masks: Playford Playford Playford Playford Thomas


texts:
 District Council. In comparison, Elizabeth was the local correspondent of The Advertiser, treasurer and chief member of the local Baptist Church, and a teacher. Four children were born to the couple; three daughters and one son, Sir <mask>. Early life

<mask> was the third child born to the family, with two sisters before him and one following. He started school at the age of six, going to the local Norton Summit School.The school had one room, one teacher, two assistants and 60 students, and taught children aged six to twelve. <mask>, while an adept learner, frequently argued with his teacher, and was the first child to have been caned there. While learning, he accompanied his father down to the East End Markets with their farming produce. It was the influence of <mask>'s mother, Elizabeth, that contributed to his relative Puritanism and social habits. She was a devout Baptist Christian, and it was primarily because of her that he publicly abstained from alcohol, smoking, and gambling throughout his lifetime. However, despite her influence on his social habits, he did not regularly attend church like his family. His father suffered a fall and a broken leg when Playford was thirteen.He requested permission to leave school and take over the family farm; this was granted, and the boy, even after his father had recovered, dominated the management of the farm. While out of school, <mask> continued to learn; he joined the local Norton Summit Society, and took part in classes and debates in Adelaide. He won a public speaking award for a speech he made to an Adelaide literary society. World War I broke out in 1914, and <mask> wished to join the Australian Imperial Force. His parents persuaded him to assist them on the farm until close to his 19th

masks:
Thomas
Thomas Playford
Playford
Playford
Playford
Playford


texts: birthday. He entered Keswick Barracks on 17 May 1915, was enlisted as a private and placed in the 27th Battalion, 2nd Division. <mask> was one of those who left Adelaide on HMAT Geelong on 31 May.The Geelong picked up more soldiers at Perth, and then sailed to Suez, Egypt. The Australian soldiers received training in Egypt, but during the evenings left their camps to indulge themselves in the Egyptian towns and cities. Frequent fights broke out between the Australian troops and the locals, with responsible soldiers left to take the rest back to camp. <mask> assisted in this and dragged Australian soldiers from the beds of Egyptian prostitutes. Training was completed after two months and <mask> landed at Anzac Cove on 12 September 1915. After taking part in the Gallipoli Campaign, <mask> and his battalion left for France on 15 March 1916. He fought on the Western Front and was shot and wounded on 20 October, evacuated to London, and kept out of action for a year.<mask> endured many operations during this time to remove the shrapnel that had penetrated his body, although some of it remained within him, and his hearing was permanently damaged. Turning down an offer for a staff job in India, <mask> returned to his battalion in October 1917 and continued fighting in Belgium and France. With the end of the Great War, <mask> returned to South Australia with his battalion, disembarking at Outer Harbor, Adelaide on 2 July 1919. He had received no decorations, but had been commissioned from the ranks as an officer and was honourably discharged in October with the rank of lieutenant. Despite <mask>'s intellectual capability, he shunned the Government's offer of free university education for soldiers and returned to his orchard. He continued growing cherries


texts:
 on the property, and engaged in his hobby of horticulture. His involvement in various organisations and clubs was renewed.Through relatives <mask> met his future wife Lorna Clark (1906–1986), who lived with her family in Nailsworth. Although both families were religiously devout, the Clarks were even more so than the <mask>s, and a long courtship ensued. Taking her out on his Harley Davidson motorcycle at night, the two were forced to leave the theatre halfway through performances so as to not raise the ire of the Clarks. Before their wedding on 1 January 1928, they were engaged for three years. During their engagement, <mask> built their new house on his property, mostly by his own hands and indented in the hills themselves; it remained their home throughout their lives. Two years later, on Christmas Day, 1930, the family's first daughter was born, Margaret. Two more children were born to the family; Patricia in 1936, and <mask> V in 1945.All three of them attended private schools: Patricia attended the Presbyterian Girls' College, becoming a teacher; and Margaret attended Methodist Ladies' College, later training as a child psychiatrist. The sixth <mask> wanted to attend university, but, like his forebears, was rebuked and worked on the orchard. Like a <mask> before him, he became a minister of religion in his later life. Political career
Among the organisations that <mask> belonged to was the local branch of the Liberal Federation, yet until the months preceding his eventual election, he never talked of holding political office. The Liberal Federation was considering a merger with the Country Party to avoid Labor retaining office during the Great Depression. Archie Cameron, an old wartime friend of <mask>'s and a federal Coalition MP,

masks:
Playford
Playford
Playford
Thomas Playford
Thomas
Playford
Playford
Playford


texts: influenced <mask> to run for office when he heard of the merger. In 1932 the Liberal and Country League (LCL) was created, and <mask> ran for the multi-member constituency of Murray at the 1933 election.Along with the other LCL hopefuls, <mask> journeyed around the electorate advocating his platform. The constituency had a considerable German element, descendants of refugees who had escaped persecution in the German Empire. Grateful for the past help of <mask>'s grandfather, they swung their strong support behind him and he was comfortably elected to the South Australian House of Assembly. With a split in the Labor vote, the first LCL government was formed with Richard Layton Butler as Premier. For the next five years <mask> was to remain a backbencher, and to involve himself relatively little in government matters. His speeches were short, but to the point, and, running against the norm, he often attacked the government itself when he saw fit. The historian Peter Howell said that <mask> was "an unusually insolent and disloyal backbencher, always concerned to cut a figure and ridicule his party's leader".A new member's maiden speech is traditionally heard politely without the interruption and heckling prevalent in Australian politics, but <mask>'s aggressive debut in parliament was not accorded this privilege as "a casual visitor could have mistaken him" for an opposition member. At one point, a visibly angry Premier Butler interjected after Playford attacked the members of the Employment Promotion Council. In his opening address, <mask> individually mocked the bureaucrats who comprised various government bodies, and then condemned public transport monopolies, as well as declaring "It is not our business to worry whether people go broke or not".


texts: This comment provoked interjections from both government and opposition members—in the midst of the Great Depression, <mask>'s unashamed and aggressive promotion of his unbridled laissez faire philosophy stood out amidst the increasing prevalence of government intervention. During his first term in parliament, <mask> also gained attention for his unconvincing command of the English language; he developed a reputation for mispronouncing common words, using bad syntax, and speaking in a monotone. He continued to attack his ministers, and complaints from the likes of Public Works Minister Herbert Hudd only encouraged <mask> to further mock him. He consistently opposed the liberalisation of liquor trading, having been unimpressed by the drunken behaviour he had witnessed while in the military.He continued to stridently support economic rationalism, something he would later renege on as premier. He opposed government investment in capital works as a means of generating employment and stimulating the economy during the Depression, and called for a decrease in dairy production within the state on the basis that it was more efficient to import from interstate, where rainfall was higher and grazing was more effective. <mask> further criticised government subsidies to work farms designed to alleviate unemployment among Indigenous Australians, claiming that the cost exceeded that of the standard jobless payment. He also endorsed the privatisation of unprofitable state railways and denounced tariff protection as rewarding inefficiency and non-innovation. In 1936, <mask> defied his party by voting against the formation of the South Australian Housing Trust. Nevertheless, despite his refusal to toe the party line, <mask> was well regarded for his studious

masks: Playford Playford Playford Playford Playford Playford


texts: attitude to research and his preparation of his speeches. Around Playford, much activity was occurring.Legislation provided for the tools that he was to inherit later as Premier: aggressive economic initiatives, a malapportioned electoral system and a staid internal party organisation. The state had been persistently in deficit in recent times, and as an agriculture-dominant state, had been at the mercy of commodity prices, so a strategy of industrialisation was initiated under the guidance of senior politicians, public servants and industrialists. The creation of the LCL was dependent on the implementation of various policies to ensure the strength of the party's country faction. There had been an electoral bias in favour of rural areas since the Constitution Act of 1857, but it was now to dramatically increase. In 1936, legislation was brought in that stipulated that electoral districts were to be malapportioned to a ratio of at least 2:1 in favour of country areas. In addition, the 46 multimember districts were replaced with 39 single-member districts—13 in Adelaide and 26 in the country. Over the next three decades, Adelaide's population grew until it had triple the population of the country, but the distribution of seats in the legislature gave rural voters a disproportionate influence by a factor of six.The desired long-term effect was to lock the opposition Labor Party out of power; the unexpected short-term effect was a large number of dissatisfied rural independents in the 1938 election. Although he played no part in its development or implementation, the electoral system gerrymander was later christened the 'Playmander', as a result of its benefit to <mask>, and his failure to take action towards reforming it. After the Liberals won the


texts: 1938 election, with <mask> having transferred to Gumeracha, Butler sought to tame <mask>'s aggressive oratory approach towards the LCL cabinet by offering him a ministry. <mask> entered the cabinet in March 1938 as the Commissioner of Crown Lands, and held portfolios in Irrigation and Repatriation. The new frontbencher subsequently adopted a more moderate style of parliamentary conduct. Butler abandoned the Premiership in November to seek election for the federal seat of Wakefield, a Liberal stronghold that had been vacated by the death of sitting member Charles Hawker in an aviation accident. Despite having been in cabinet for only a few months, <mask> was unanimously elected as the new leader of the LCL by his peers, and thus became the 33rd Premier of South Australia.Like Butler, he also served as Treasurer of South Australia. Regarded as a compromise candidate who was able to appeal to both urban and rural voters, it was thought that <mask> would only be a transitional leader before someone else took over the Liberal leadership, but he was to remain for almost 27 years. <mask>'s tenure was the premiership in which the title was officially applied; until that point, the Treasurer was the head of the government, although Premier had been in de facto use for several years. Upon his ascension, <mask> headed a minority government; the LCL only held 15 of the 39 seats in the lower house. The balance of power was held by 13 mostly conservative independents. Many had gained from discontent over Butler's relatively liberal social stances, so <mask> sought to assuage them by having his LCL colleagues refrain from upsetting social conservatives. He also used the threat of an early election to deter the independents from stalling his initiatives—with


texts:
 their lack of party infrastructure and funding, they would be the most vulnerable to election campaigns.World War II
<mask> became a wartime Premier in 1939 when Australia, as part of the British Empire, entered World War II. Later in the war, cut off from traditional suppliers of manufactures, the country was forced to create its own. Armaments and munitions factories needed to be created to supply the war effort, and Playford was vociferous in advocating South Australia as the perfect location for these. It was far from the battlegrounds and had the most efficient labour force in the nation. British Tube Mills opened a mill in the inner-northern suburbs. Ammunition factories were built in the northern and western suburbs of Adelaide, as well as in some smaller installations in regional centres, and construction on a shipyard began in Whyalla. Having strenuously opposed a construction of a pipeline to pump water from Morgan in the River Murray to Whyalla for the steelworks and blast furnace there before his ascension to the premiership, <mask> oversaw approval of the Morgan-Whyalla pipeline in 1940 and its completion in 1944.He also reversed his previous opposition to Butler's pine plantation and sawmill program, authorising an expansion of the program in the state's southeast. Salisbury, then a dormitory town to the north of Adelaide, became a defence centre; the shipyards at Whyalla began launching corvettes in 1941 just as Japan entered the war. All of these developments were done under <mask>'s watch, with most of the factories being built by the Department of Manpower and the South Australian Housing Trust. In Woodville in western Adelaide, a large plant for Actil cotton was built. The explosives factory at Salisbury was converted into an

masks: Playford Playford Playford


texts: aerospace research facility after the war, as various companies worked on matters related to rocket testing at Woomera in the state's far north; the Salisbury complex became the second largest employer of South Australians for a period after the war. The munitions factory in the western suburb of Hendon was later converted into a plant for the electrical appliance firm Philips and at its peak employed more than three thousand people. In order for these developments to occur, <mask> personally had to attend to the bureaucracy that stood in the way.He confronted public service workers, and successfully negotiated with the heads of private companies. But it was negotiations with the Federal Government that were to prove the hardest. In his time as Premier, <mask> was to confront seven different Prime Ministers: Lyons, Page, Menzies, Fadden, Curtin, Forde and Chifley. Strangely, he enjoyed best relations with the Laborite Chifley, and had a poor rapport with his fellow conservative, Menzies. During the wartime years, Menzies' reluctance to meet with <mask> initially hampered industrial efforts, but <mask>'s other federal colleagues made sure that deals could be made. To <mask>'s advantage there was usually a disproportionate number of South Australians in federal cabinets, both Liberal and Labor. This clout, combined with his own intensive and unconventional negotiating tactics, made sure that South Australia regularly received more federal funds than it would have been allocated otherwise.This was to Robert Menzies' chagrin, who said: "Tom [<mask>] wouldn't know intellectual honesty if he met it on the end of a pitch fork but he does it all for South Australia, not for himself, so I forgive him." By the time of his departure from power, <mask> gained

masks: Playford Playford Playford Playford Playford Playford Playford


texts: the reputation of being "a good South Australian but a very bad Australian", and for using "threats to bully recalcitrant Prime Ministers". For his part, <mask> remained unrepentant, claiming that federal authorities had infringed the constitution of Australia and had consistent exercised powers over the states that were not rightfully theirs. <mask> accused the High Court of Australia of helping the federal parliament under Curtin to legislate to give itself a monopoly on the acquisition of income tax, which he claimed was contrary to the intention of the constitution to prevent excessive centralisation of power in the federal government. In 1958, he threatened to take the federal government to the High Court, which led to South Australia being given more compensation under the River Murray Waters Agreement for the loss of water from the Snowy River. Three years later he went to the High Court in an attempt to have Canberra pay for the standardisation of the gauge on the Broken Hill-Port Pirie railway. During the war, two state elections were held, in 1941 and 1944.In the 1941 election, there was a significant decrease in the independent vote, and both the Labor Party and the LCL made gains, with <mask> forming the LCL's first majority government. This was in large part due to the LCL's shift to the right on social issues to usurp the independents' appeal. In 1942, compulsory voting (but not enrolment) was introduced, and first took effect at the 1944 election, with an increase in voter turnout from 51% to 89%. Again <mask> won with a one-seat LCL majority, hanging on with the help of the malapportioned electoral system. Power and water schemes were expanded to be able to cope with the industrial development occurring. The state was at a

masks: Playford Playford Playford Playford


texts:
 disadvantage in that it was completely reliant on imports for its fuel supply. South Australia's near-monopoly electricity supplier, the Adelaide Electricity Supply Company (AESC), was reluctant to build up coal reserves in case of a transportation problem.They ran on coal that was shipped over from New South Wales (NSW), where the mines were inefficient and plagued by communist-agitated industrial strife. <mask> demanded that supplies be built up so the factories could keep producing; he managed to secure eight months worth of coal reserves from NSW, but even that began to dwindle due to the continued industrial action. Coal supplies were ordered from South Africa in desperation, at <mask>'s behest. The frustration he experienced while dealing with the AESC would later prove disastrous to the company as the Premier took action against them. Industrialisation
The AESC continued to snub the government. <mask> advocated the use of brown coal from the South Australian Leigh Creek mine to avoid supply complications, and even made into law a bill encouraging its use. He also championed the development of the town and the expansion of the mine, which had been dormant for several decades, to ease the state's dependency on imported coal.Much state and federal government money was invested in the scheme, the town infrastructure was built, and the production started in February 1944. Shortly afterwards, the AESC responded by buying new boilers which would only be able to the more productive black coal. With more conflicts ensuing, and even with the company slowly relenting, <mask> did not stop his struggle. A Royal Commission in March 1945 was appointed to ascertain a solution between the two parties, and presented its report in August with a recommendation


texts: that the AESC be nationalised. A few months later, <mask>'s stance received a boost when heavy strikes in New South Wales forced shutdowns in South Australia that saw thousands of labourers out of work. By then at the head of the only conservative government in the nation, when <mask> requested commonwealth funds to assist in the nationalisation of the AESC Prime Minister Chifley responded with glee and enthusiasm. On 11 October, he presented a bill to Parliament to nationalise the AESC and create the Electricity Trust of South Australia.Labor, astonished that such an action was to come from a Liberal Premier, resolutely supported the bill, guaranteeing it passage through the House of Assembly 29–6, the only dissenters being LCL members. However, the Legislative Council was dominated by economic conservatives, fierce adherents of free enterprise and opponents of what they considered to be undue government intervention in the economy. The LCL councillors tried to have the bill watered down to allow merely for government control of AESC for a brief period. In the Council, where suffrage was reliant upon wage and property requirements, the ALP only held four seats out of twenty, and only five LCL members supported the nationalisation. Thus, on 7 November, the bill failed to pass and it was not put to the Parliament again until 1946. On 6 April, after months of campaigning on <mask>'s part, he managed to change the mind of MLC Jack Bice, and the bill passed. The Electricity Trust of South Australia was formed, and was to become a major aid to post-war industrialisation.The decision to nationalise AESC and develop Leigh Creek proved to be prescient. In early 1947, mines in New South Wales were again crippled by strikes. The worst strike came in 1949,