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<mask>, pseudonym of <mask> (Turin, 10 October 1909 – Turin, 13 February 1990), was an Italian journalist, poet, painter and writer. Biography

Childhood
Born <mask> on 10 October 1909 in Turin, he belonged to a Jewish family of Egyptian origin which had settled in Liguria. He was the son of Adolfo Hess, a mountaineer, and a descendant of Moses Hess. The choice of the Seborga pseudonym comes from a small town west of the Ligurian hinterland. It is linked to his love for the sea and for the city which he considered his true hometown: Bordighera, a constant point of reference in his many trips abroad. His lived at Via Pelloux 44

Bordighera and its hinterland are the background of Seborga's literary works; the Vallée des Merveilles and the Ligurian Sea are the references of his art. The antifascist youth
Seborga lived in an apartment at Corso Galileo Ferraris.He attended the Massimo d'Azeglio Classical Lyceum, where was taught by Augusto Monti. He had his first artistic experiences with Casorati. He lived in Berlin just before the arrival of Nazism, and then in Paris, a city in which he frequently returned throughout his life. In Turin, he became friends with Umberto Mastroianni, who came from Rome in 1928, and with Lojze Spazzapan. Seborga also met the painters Mattia Moreni and Albino Galvano, the art critic Piero Bargis, the philosopher Óscar Navarro, the director Vincenzo Ciaffi, the architect Carlo Mollino, and the music critic Massimo Mila, with whom he discussed art and politics. Antifascist groups in Turin led him to join the Italian resistance, first with the Action Party along with Giorgio Agosti, Alessandro Galante Garrone, Ada Gobetti and then as a partisan in the .

masks:
Guido Seborga
Guido Hess
Guido Hess


type: original

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 Post-war
After the war, he joined the Italian Socialist Party.In Rome with Lelio Basso he directed the magazine Socialismo and he managed the propaganda of the Popular front, which was the union of the leftist parties. Since the 1930s, he had worked together with Italian cultural magazines, such as Circoli, Campo di Marte, Prospettive, Letteratura Maestrale. After the war, he contributed to the republishing of the Turin newspaper Avanti!. He participated with Ada Gobetti, Franco Antonicelli, Felice Casorati, Massimo Mila and others in the foundation of the Unione culturale di Torino ("Cultural Union of Turin"). He was among the organizers of the production of the play Woyzeck by Georg Büchner, with Raf Vallone and performed in 1946 for the reopening of the Gobetti Theatre in Turin. In 1947 he decided to return to Paris, where he became the director of Italia Libera and worked with Europe and Minuit. From Paris, he continued to collaborate with the Italian newspapers writing about Parisian life and its intellectuals.Once back from Paris, Seborga lived between Turin and Bordighera. His love for Bordighera came to expression in his participation in the cultural life of western Liguria. In the 1950s and 60s, Seborga was part of the organization and of the jury of the "Cinque Bettole" award in the categories literature and painting, with the likes of Italo Calvino, Giancarlo Vigorelli, Elio Philip Accrocca, Charles Betocchi and Giuseppe Balbo. In the 1960s he chaired the lecture series "Meet the man" in Sanremo, featuring, among others, Salvatore Quasimodo. He also contributed to the creation and the development of the Cultural Democratic Union of Bordighera, for which he helped to


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 organize exhibitions, debates, lectures and plays. <mask> died in Turin on 13 February 1990. Painting
From an early age Seborga stayed in Bordighera and wandered in its hinterland.He was impressed by the Vallée des Merveilles and its rock incisions which were studied by Clarence Bicknell. From the 60s he started sketching and painting by creating "ideograms", a form of original painting that combines dynamic signs and the black silhouette of archaic figures on a background of contrasting chromatic levels. Full of energy, he began painting with great enthusiasm, working for the realization of several exhibitions. Of its monographic exhibitions, the best known are those of Sforza Castle in 1973 and the Galleria Schettini in 1977 in Milan. He also exhibited in Turin in 1969 at the Galleria Il Punto in 1974 at the Galleria Narciso and Galleria Civica d'Arte Moderna in Rivoli. He also personal exhibitions in Liguria, including Alassio at Sanremo and several in Bordighera, where he spent long months in his house in Via Pelloux 44. He also exhibited abroad, in Amsterdam at the Sphynx Gallery (1969), in Menton in the Gallery Arts and Letters and during the Biennale (1970–1972), in Paris at the UNESCO Palace (1972), in Monte Carlo in 1979, in Marseille with the City Museum, in the Biennial of Bamberg, in Strasbourg in 1980, and then in other large cities such as Kraków, London, Lugano, Antibes, etc.<mask>a always had a special focus on youth. There were many exhibitions and conferences in schools and high schools, with the stated goal of opening the minds of young people to the new artistic trends that roamed the world. His works are in private collections and Italian and foreign museums.

masks:
Guido Seborga
Guido Seborg


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 Journalism
Journalism was the first love of Seborga and he would work all his life with several Italian and French newspapers. From the '30s he began working with small political papers to eventually end his journalistic career with the great Italian weekly press such as La Stampa, Il Giorno, Il Secolo XIX La Repubblica, etc. In the ‘40s he was appointed by Maria Luisa Spaziani as editor in chief of the literary magazine "Il girasole" first and then of "Il Dado». In the late '40s he lived in Paris where he was director of the Magazine "Italia libera".Literature
Arnoldo Mondadori Editore published in 1948 in the prestigious series Medusa, "L'uomo di Camporosso" and, in 1949, "Il figlio di Caino". The two novels, set in western Liguria, will be greeted by Italian and foreign critics with great interest. Seborga is a writer of strong realistic inflection and, in his novels, he speaks generally of a world of outcasts who are struggling to survive in a tough and difficult land of Liguria, where work is hard and dangerous and where it becomes dangerous to defend beliefs at the time of the fascist regime. These first two novels will be followed by four other titles translated into several languages and a newspaper published in 1968. Seborga's characters are part of the drama of life, for better or for worse. They have no chance of escape without risking betrayal and of therefore becoming an accomplice of society. For Seborga automation is a danger, namely the risk of bloodshed by the techno-industrial society to which he opposes the moral rigor of Piero Gobetti which refers to civil commitment.Seborga also approached poetry, his first collection of poems was published in 1965 with the


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 title "Se avessi una canzone", is dominated by the sea, the sun, the wind, rich olive border valleys and vineyards as wild as its inhabitants. He participated in the political and musical experience of the Turin group Cantacronache, which offered an alternative to commercial ditties by putting in music some of his poems. Literary and theatrical works
 5 novelle del viver moderno (<mask> il caso di B. Calderini), Gulia 1935
 25 aprlile – La resistenza in piemonte (<mask>: Rossa di sole bandiera che vive) Orma Editrice Torino 1946
 L'uomo di Camporosso, Editions Mondadori 1948 – Finalist for the Premio Viareggio and nominated for the Premio Strega (1949). Il figlio di Caino, Editions Mondadori 1949. La tua donna, segnalato Premio Riccione '50
 Spartaco vuoi essere libero? – Drama in 3 acts with Umberto Mastroianni (1951)
 Licia pesca a ponenete- theatre play (1947)
 Amori capitali – Editions Rebellato (1959), finalist Premio Viareggio 1959. Gli innocenti – Editions Ceschina (1961), finalist Premio Viareggio 1961, best book of Liguria for 2006.Ergastolo – 1963. Se avessi una canzone – Poems – Edizioni dell'albergo 1964. Maona – Drama published in the magazine Il Dramma 1965. Il Cristo degli abissi – Drama in 3 acts published in the magazine Il Dramma 1965. Parigi due amori – Editions dell’Albero1968
 Occhio folle occhio lucido – Editions Ceschina 1968. Seborga, poesie inedite – Editions Martano 1970. Vivere e disvivere – Editions Carte segrete 1973
 Sangue e cerebrum – Editions Sugarco 1980

Bibliography

References

1909 births
1990 deaths
Italian male journalists
Italian literature
20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian journalists
20th-century

masks:
Guido Hess
Guido Hess


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<mask> (August 22, 1902 Winthrop, Massachusetts – April 10, 1982 Boston, Massachusetts) was an American author and historian. Life
He was the son of <mask> and Alice Nichsols (<mask>) <mask>. He graduated from Harvard University, and Boston University, with an M.A. <mask> married Anna Myrle Haegg, on July 8, 1932, and they had a daughter Dorothy Caroline (<mask>) Bicknell. He was a high school teacher in Winthrop, Massachusetts. During World War II, he served with the XII Bomber Command, and he became a first lieutenant. He was wounded in North Africa in 1942, and discharged because of this in 1943.He was a daily columnist at The Patriot Ledger newspaper in  Quincy, Massachusetts, from 1957–82. Career

<mask> is widely known for his stories of pirates and other nautical subjects; he wrote over forty books and many shorter publications. In all, he was the author of more than 100 publications, mainly about New England coastal history. Mr. <mask> was also a major chronicler of New England maritime history. With the publication of The Islands of Boston Harbor in 1935, he became famous as a historian of the New England coast and also as a popular storyteller, lecturer, preservationist, and treasure hunter. Forty years later, he was still publishing.He is also famous for carrying on the tradition of the "Flying Santa" for over forty years (1936–1980). Every Christmas he would hire a small plane and drop wrapped gifts to the lighthouse keepers and their families. In the 1940s and early 1950s he hosted a weekly

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Edward Rowe Snow
Edward Sumpter
Rowe
Snow
Snow
Snow
Snow
Snow


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 Sunday radio show for youngsters and early teens called "Six Bells" where one precisely at 3:00 PM would join in hearing of the adventures of pirates and buccaneers along the Atlantic Coast. Many credit him with saving Fort Warren, located on Georges Island in Boston Harbor, in the 1950s. In August 2000, a plaque was dedicated to Mr. <mask> on his beloved Georges Island. A Boston Harbor ferry boat was named for him.Since 2002, several of his books were released in new editions published by Commonwealth Editions of Beverly, Massachusetts. Publications
 Castle Island, Its 300 Years of History and Romance (Andover MA: Andover Press, 1935)
 [https://books.google.com/books?id=-oNCNoMuwjgC&printsec=frontcover The Islands of Boston Harbor, their history and romance, 1626–1935] (1935, updated by Jeremy D'Entremont and republished by Commonwealth Editions, 2002)
 Sailing Down Boston Bay (Yankee Publishing Company, 1941)
 Historic Fort Warren (Boston: Yankee Publishing, 1941)
 Storms And Shipwrecks of New England (1943, updated by Jeremy D'Entremont and republished by Commonwealth Editions, 2005)
 The Romance of Boston Bay (Boston: Yankee Publishing, 1944)
 Pirates and Buccaneers of the Atlantic Coast (Boston: Yankee, 1944; republished by Commonwealth Editions, 2004)
 The Lighthouses of New England (1945 and later editions; updated by Jeremy D'Entremont and republished by Commonwealth Editions, 2002)
 A Pilgrim Returns to Cape Cod (Boston: Yankee Publishing Company, 1946; republished by Commonwealth Editions,


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<mask> (born August 6, 1942) is an American country songwriter based in Nashville. More than 350 of his songs have been recorded. His most successful compositions are the Grammy-winning Kenny Rogers song, "You Decorated My Life" and the Grammy-nominated "Lookin' for Love," the theme song for the 1980 John Travolta film, Urban Cowboy, recorded by Johnny Lee. <mask> was ASCAP's "Country Songwriter of the Year" in 1978, 1980, 1981 and 1982 and was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2016. He has a college degree in nuclear engineering  and was a Hollywood film actor and a recording artist prior to becoming a full-time songwriter. His songs have been recorded by artists in a variety of genres, including Reba McEntire, The Carpenters, Sammy Davis Jr., Dottie West, Barbara Mandrell,  Jerry Lee Lewis, the Oak Ridge Boys and <mask>. <mask> was awarded "Songwriter of the Year"(1980) by the Nashville Songwriters Association International (NSAI) and has earned more than 40 ASCAP songwriting citations.Early life
<mask> was born in Biloxi, Mississippi. His father was a jukebox operator who left the house every two weeks to go to New Orleans to pick up a new stack of 45s to restock the local jukeboxes. <mask> received an athletic scholarship (track) to  Mississippi State University  where his squad won the SEC championship. He graduated with a degree in nuclear engineering in 1965. A self-taught guitarist, <mask> began playing in local bands at age 15 and later performed in clubs as a solo folk singer. While still in college, he came to the attention of noted producer and record executive John Hammond who signed him to record several singles for Columbia Records. One of those singles, released in 1965, was "The

masks:
Robert Edwin Morrison
Morrison
Bobby Goldsboro
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison


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 Shadow of Your Smile (Love Theme from The Sandpiper)"; and <mask> was the first singer to record it; however, <mask>'s version was eclipsed by subsequent recordings by Tony Bennett and other established artists that made it a hit.<mask> moved to Hollywood in 1967 and worked as a contract actor for Screen Gems and released an album on Capitol Records, entitled "Friends of Mine", which included his original songs. He had a few successes, but after seven years, he gave up his quest for a motion picture career and left Los Angeles. Career

In 1973 <mask> moved to Nashville with some aspiration to be a recording artist; he released an album "Home Again" (Monument/MG7618) in the pop-rock genre without much success. He got a job as staff writer for <mask> at Nashville's Combine Music and was paired up to write with Johnny MacRae, whom he considered a mentor;  In 1977, <mask> told the Tennessean, "Nashville was kind of the final stand for me... I knew I didn't want to be an engineer, and for a while I thought I wanted to become an actor. But I saw quickly that your body is a very expendable commodity, while songs that you write last forever." His first hit as a songwriter was "The River's Too Wide", recorded by Olivia Newton-John and Sammy Davis Jr.Some of his other early hits were "Angels, Roses and Rain" (Dickey Lee), "You Lift Me Up to Heaven" (Reba McEntire) and "You're the One" (Oak Ridge Boys). The ABC Television Network used the latter song "You're the One" as the slogan for the network's national promotion in 1978, adapting it to say "We're the One!". To do this, ABC re-recorded the song with different lyrics after they struck an agreement with <mask>. <mask> says he always has five or ten songs in the works; if one

masks:
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Bob Beckham
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison


texts: isn't coming along, he rotates to the next one. <mask>'s Grammy-winning song "You Decorated My Life" began as a poem written by Debbie Hupp, a Kentucky mother of five who began writing songs while working in a liquor distillery as a nightwatchman. Hupp and <mask> developed a writing relationship. She brought <mask> the first verse and the title, "You Decorated My Life".<mask> supplied the direction for the second verse, and wrote the chorus melody; together they finished the lyric. <mask> suggested the song to Dottie West, who declined it, but suggested it for Kenny Rogers. Rogers' recording, released in 1979, became a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Country Singles chart, and No. 2 on the Adult Contemporary chart. <mask>'s song "Lookin' for Love" was one of the few huge hits that originated from unsolicited amateur songwriters. Two Gulfport, Mississippi school teachers, Patti Ryan and Wanda Mallette, had songwriting aspirations.When they saw <mask> on television accepting an award for his song "You Decorated My Life" , they realized Mallette's older brother had gone to school with him, so they sent some of their songs to <mask>; he rejected them. After a while, they sent some more songs that showed some improvement and among them was "Lookin' for Love". <mask> revised a couple of lyric lines that didn’t work, cut the bridge in half and changed the chorus melody of the song slightly. Despite the song initially being turned down more than 20 times, <mask> gave a cassette to a friend in Hollywood who dropped it off at Paramount Pictures. It was chosen by Irving Azoff for the film Urban Cowboy and was sung on the soundtrack by Johnny Lee. It rose to No. 1 on the country charts and No.5 on the pop charts in 1980. Other noted

masks: Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison


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 songs by <mask> are Gary Morris' "The Love She Found in Me", Conway Twitty's "Don't Call Him a Cowboy", and Highway 101's "Whiskey, If You Were a Woman". On the craft of songwriting, <mask> stated "Inspiration is fine, but very undependable. It's a very demanding life, and even when you're successful, you're not sure you want it." Awards and honors
Over 350 songs written or co-written by <mask> have been recorded. A partial list is found here:  :Category: Songs written by <mask> (songwriter). <mask> was ASCAP's "Country Songwriter of the Year" in 1978, 1980, 1981 and 1982 His songs have been recorded by artists including  The Carpenters, <mask>, Highway 101, Barbara Mandrell, Jerry Lee Lewis and <mask>.<mask> was awarded "Songwriter of the Year"(1980) by the Nashville Songwriters Association International (NSAI) and, as of 2018, has earned 43 ASCAP songwriting citations. He was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2016. On the subject of composing songs, <mask> said the inherent constant rejection is hard to overcome. "The enjoyment comes in seeing the results. If you can make people feel something — even if it's rage — then you've done something," he told a reporter. Personal life

<mask> is tall, standing about 6 ft 3in. According to the Tennessean in 1977, he "has the appearance of a well-kept college athlete".He is one of Nashville's celebrity tennis players and practices often. <mask> said, "To me, these songs of mine are like little children going out into the world...some may be great, and others might fall flat— you just never know". Notes

References

Living people
1942 births
Singer-songwriters from Mississippi
American country singer-songwriters
Country music composers
Country musicians from

masks:
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Bob Morrison
Morrison
Bobby Vinton
Bobby Goldsboro
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison


texts: <mask> (March 24, 1898January 7, 1979) was a Canadian sports executive involved in ice hockey, baseball, fastpitch softball, athletics, football and curling. He was president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) from 1955 to 1957, after he served five years as a vice-president. He assumed control of the CAHA when it had lost the confidence of the people to produce a Canada men's national team which would win the Ice Hockey World Championships, and recommended forming a national all-star team based on the nucleus of the reigning Allan Cup champion. He wanted to create more goodwill towards Canada in international hockey, accompanied the Kenora Thistles on an exhibition tour of Japan, then arranged for the Japan men's national team to tour Canada. In junior ice hockey, he was opposed to the mass transfers of players to the stronger teams sponsored by the National Hockey League, and supported weaker provincial champions to have additional players during the Memorial Cup playoffs. After his presidency, he represented the CAHA as a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame selection committee for 15 years. <mask> began his hockey career as secretary of the Winnipeg Junior and Juvenile Hockey League in 1926, followed by 17 years as secretary, convenor and timekeeper at the Olympic Rink after joining the Manitoba Junior Hockey League (MJHL).He was a member of the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association (MAHA) executive from 1929 to 1954, served three years as a vice-president, and was president from 1945 to 1950. He was committed to discussing issues openly with the press invited and dealt with ongoing disagreements between the MJHL divisions. He encouraged rural Manitoba communities to develop hockey

masks:
James Archibald Dunn
Dunn


texts: programs and rearranged playoffs to give them a better chance against urban teams. His presidency coincided with the MAHA's biggest growth, best financial situation, and annually increased grants to develop minor ice hockey. He later served as commissioner of the MJHL from 1964 to 1966, agreed to televise games, and experimented with Sunday evening games to increase attendance. He co-founded an annual golf tournament in 1937 to benefit retired hockey players, which led to the establishment of the Manitoba Hockey Players' Foundation in 1968, where he served eight years as its secretary-treasurer. In 1928, <mask> became president of the Uneeda Club in Winnipeg which began his career as a baseball and softball executive.He managed the club's baseball team during the early 1930s, was elected to the Manitoba Diamond Ball Association executive in 1934, and was president of the Greater Winnipeg Senior Baseball League from 1942 to 1946. He helped establish the Western Canada Baseball Association to govern senior and junior baseball, and was its first vice-president in 1945. He oversaw girls' fastpitch softball games at Osborne Stadium, and served as president of the Greater Winnipeg Senior Girls' Softball League from 1941 to 1946. He led efforts to establish a provincial governing body for men's and women's fastpitch softball, became the founding president of the Manitoba Fastball Association in 1946, and sought to increase participation in the game in rural Manitoba. <mask> was elected the first president the Manitoba Senior Baseball League in 1948, and oversaw its reorganization into the Mandak League with expansion into North Dakota in 1950. He served as league president for two seasons and arranged

masks: Dunn Dunn


texts:
 benefit games to raise money for local recovery efforts from the 1950 Red River flood. <mask> was a lieutenant with the Canadian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I, and a Canadian Army Reserve commanding officer during World War II.As an executive with the Manitoba branch of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada, he was a timekeeper at wrestling and boxing events and an on-field official at track and field events. He was also a timekeeper for high school football games and the Manitoba Rugby Football Union, and was the original timekeeper of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers without missing a home game for 42 years. He was an executive for several curling leagues, president of the Winnipeg Thistle Curling Club, and served on the Manitoba Curling Association executive. He was married to fellow sports executive <mask>, and was known locally as "Mr. Hockey". The Winnipeg Tribune wrote that "no single individual in Manitoba has made a more significant contribution to sport", and that his leadership assured the success of any sport organization. He received life memberships from multiple sporting organizations, was inducted into the builder category of the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1968, and was posthumously inducted into the builder category of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985. Early life

James Archibald <mask> was born on March 24, 1898, in Winnipeg, Manitoba.He grew up as the youngest in a family of four daughters and three sons to parents John and <mask>. His family had Scottish heritage, and his father worked as a pipefitter and a Canadian Pacific Railway foreman. <mask> played soccer and lacrosse as a youth. He attended Kelvin Technical High School during its inaugural year of

masks:
Dunn
Mary Dunn
Dunn
Christina Dunn
Dunn


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 operation in 1912, and claimed to have begun the school's athletic cheer while he was a student. <mask> worked as a law clerk when he enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) in Winnipeg on February 25, 1916. He was assigned to 184th Battalion, CEF, where he played ice hockey and served in France during World War I. He stated that his most cherished memory while in France was playing baseball against Hank Gowdy of the New York Giants, who was stationed at an American aerodrome.<mask> had achieved the rank of lieutenant when discharged in 1918. During his service, he was wounded and earned a military medal which he would not talk about, and quit playing hockey as a result of trench foot. After the war, he began a career working for the Canadian National Railway (CN) in 1920 as a clerk at the Fort Rouge railway yard in Winnipeg. Ice hockey career

Winnipeg league executive

<mask> began his ice hockey executive career as the secretary of the Winnipeg Junior and Juvenile Hockey League during the 1926–27 season. The league became the north division of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League (MJHL) when it affiliated with the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association (MAHA) in 1927, and he served as the league's secretary, convenor and timekeeper at the Olympic Rink until 1943. He helped oversee revisions to the league's constitution in 1929, and was a member of the MAHA executive representing the league and junior ice hockey in Manitoba from 1929 to 1942. The league had it greatest number of teams during the 1930–31 season when it welcomed the Kenora Thistles as an out-of-province team, then divided its 16 teams into two divisions.The Great Depression reduced the league to eight teams for the 1936–37

masks: Dunn Dunn Dunn


texts: season when it accepted another out-of-town team in the Brandon Wheat Kings. Both the north and south divisions wanted to play games at the larger Winnipeg Amphitheatre since they could increase their share of the gate receipts. Multiple disputes arose over the scheduling of games, which led to <mask> and fellow MAHA executives forming a special committee to arbitrate that all north division games be played at the Olympic Rink. Teams in the north division of the MJHL struggled financially during World War II and sought a new financial arrangement for the 1940–41 season. The teams also disagreed on who played in which division, with some teams threatening to disband if their demands were not met. <mask> recommended to split the gate receipts evenly between the teams and the rink owners, and for the MAHA to subsidize the teams as needed. The north division played the season reduced to four teams.In the next season, <mask> arranged a three-day carnival at the Olympic Rink as a fundraiser to benefit the teams in the north division. During his time with the Winnipeg Junior and Juvenile Hockey League, <mask> oversaw applications for the on-ice officials, and implemented a two-man refereeing system. He was credited by journalist Ralph Allen in The Winnipeg Tribune for employing more on-ice officials so they were not overworked, and that spectators had not developed any hatred towards any single referee. <mask> experimented with coloured hockey pucks in the midget age group of minor ice hockey, and had the CN paint shop prepare pucks in orange and later in yellow. In the 1940–41 season, <mask> was elected president of the Winnipeg and District Intermediate League which included six teams at the Olympic

masks: Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn


texts:
 Rink, and also served as president of the CN Hockey Club that played in the intermediate league. <mask> later organized the Big Four Hockey League, which included teams from CN, the Hudson's Bay Company and Eaton's. He recalled in a 1954 interview, that enthusiasm was high for the league and once the door of his office was torn off in a rush to buy tickets for a game.Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association

Vice-president
<mask> served as second vice-president of the MAHA from 1942 to 1945, was chairman of the junior hockey committee and sat on the registration committee. The MAHA agreed to his recommendation to subsidize and maintain junior hockey during the war for the morale of the people and players. At the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) general meeting in 1944, <mask> supported resolutions to strictly enforce the ice hockey rules due to rough play in the 1944 Memorial Cup and for consistency in officiating. For the MJHL 1944–45 season, he oversaw negotiations that resulted in the first interlocking schedule between the north and south divisions, implemented of limits on the number of player transfers for balanced competition, encouraged rural communities to establish hockey programs, and rearranged divisions in the provincial playoffs to give rural teams a better chance against urban teams. President

<mask> was elected president of the MAHA at the general meeting in October 1945, and served five consecutive one-year terms until 1950. He was immediately faced with an ultimatum from the north division teams of the MJHL who threatened to withdraw from the MAHA unless several demands were met. The teams felt that the south division was given preferential treatment, and sought to

masks: Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn


texts: equally share games at the larger Winnipeg Amphitheatre and the profits from gate receipts.The north division complained about the lack of available ice time for practices and the deplorable dressing room conditions at the Olympic Rink, and felt that the MAHA had an obligation to make the upgrades if the rink would not. The Winnipeg Tribune reported that the concerns had developed over years of mismanagement and that <mask> committed the MAHA to discussing issues openly instead of closed-door meetings without the local press invited. After negotiations broke down, three junior teams withdrew and the MJHL operated with five teams in one division. Despite the loss of teams, MAHA registrations grew by more than 600 players and profits increased six fold. The stronger MJHL teams — the Winnipeg Rangers, Winnipeg Monarchs, Brandon Wheat Kings and Portage Terriers — were sponsored by National Hockey League (NHL) clubs and wanted to form an "A" division and play all games at the Winnipeg Amphitheatre for the 1946–47 season, and relegate all other teams to the "B" division at the Olympic Rink. The four teams were also opposed to any other teams being added to their division. The Winnipeg Tribune felt that these teams had pursued their own selfish interests with disregard for the general welfare of the league, and that creating the division would perpetuate the previous issues unless <mask> could negotiate a "minor miracle".<mask> and the MAHA executive chose to include the St. James Orioles as a fifth team in the "A" division after being convinced that the team was soundly operated and would be able to compete. The MAHA implemented a 10-minute overtime period for all tied games as of the 1946–47 season.


texts: <mask> felt it was best for the teams to get used to the rules in place for the playoffs, and that spectators wanted to see overtime "to get their money's worth". During the same season, the MAHA executive encouraged construction of community rinks and targeted rural regions of Manitoba for growth. The MAHA also divided the juvenile, midget and bantam age groups of minor hockey into tiers, to give teams based in rural Manitoba an opportunity to enter the provincial playoffs at a lower calibre than urban teams. The MAHA established a "C" division of the MJHL to play at the Olympic Rink and retain more players who had graduated from minor hockey. <mask> felt that the 1947–48 season had been the most successful yet, praised rural communities for building rinks, and sought more rural leagues to operate for the whole season instead of forming a team solely for the provincial playoffs.<mask> represented the MAHA at general meetings of the CAHA, was a member of the national rules committee, sat on the Western Canada intermediate hockey committee to oversee the inter-provincial playoffs, and sought to establish a juvenile championship for minor hockey in Western Canada. His recommendation to the CAHA was approved that the location of the Allan Cup and Memorial Cup finals alternate between Eastern and Western Canada annually as of 1947. <mask> was one of three nominees from Western Canada to be second vice-president of the CAHA in a vote which elected Doug Grimston in 1947. <mask> wanted the professional-amateur agreement between the CAHA and the NHL to benefit minor hockey in addition to junior and senior ice hockey. In 1948, the CAHA placed limits on the number of players which a junior hockey league

masks: Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn


texts:
 could import from any minor hockey organization. He was pleased with the changes since he felt that Manitoba's players had been targeted by other parts of Canada and that losing fewer players would improve the MAHA's chances in the Memorial Cup or Allan Cup playoffs. He was opposed to players from Western Canada being transferred to the wealthy junior teams in Ontario and Quebec supported by the NHL, but his motion to stop the professional influence in junior hockey and the movement of players was defeated at the CAHA general meeting in 1949.By the 1949–50 season, registrations with the MAHA had grown to exceed 4,000 players and included 125 teams outside of Winnipeg for the intermediate and minor hockey playoffs. Grants by the MAHA for the development of minor hockey in Manitoba grew from C$1,525 in 1946, to more than $6,000 by the end of the 1949–50 season. The Winnipeg Free Press wrote that <mask>'s presidency coincided with the MAHA's biggest growth and best financial situation that was driven by profits from the junior hockey playoffs. Journalist Maurice Smith credited <mask>'s leadership for the sustained growth, and that "when it came to making an important decision he has been unafraid upon whose toes he might tread". Past-president
<mask> declined a sixth term as MAHA president and was succeeded by Harry Foxton in October 1950. In the 1950–51 season, <mask> was named to an executive position within the Winnipeg Buffaloes senior hockey team, and was president of the States-Dominion Hockey League which included teams in Manitoba and North Dakota. He remained involved with the MAHA and served as its convenor of senior hockey and chairman of the finance committee from 1951 to 1954.He


texts:
 advocated for small towns to develop their own talent in local leagues rather than importing players, and noted that hockey in rural Manitoba had continued to grow and compensated for poor attendance in Winnipeg. The City of Winnipeg held a referendum during the civic elections on October 26, 1955, to decide whether to allow sports on a Sunday afternoon between 1:30pm and 6:00pm. <mask> was elected chairman of the Manitoba Sunday Sports Association which represented multiple local sporting organizations in favour games on Sundays. He argued that amateur sports were driven by gate receipts and felt that games on a Sunday "would be a God-send to local amateur sports". He felt that Sunday sports "would also counter juvenile delinquency [and] get the kids off the corners". The referendum was defeated by 147 votes after a recount and the issue referred back to the Winnipeg City Council for further discussion. <mask> hoped for another referendum and a longer campaign to convince more to vote in favour of Sunday sports.Canadian Amateur Hockey Association

Second vice-president
<mask> served two one-year terms as the second vice-president of the CAHA beginning in June 1950, and was chairman of both the Allan Cup and Memorial Cup playoffs for Western Canada during 1951 and 1952. He was a member of the CAHA's committee to negotiate relations with the NHL, and helped reach an agreement to set a January deadline for the NHL to call up players from the Major Series of senior hockey and avoid a shortage of players during the Alexander Cup playoffs. He also voiced opposition to raising the age limit in junior hockey to 21 years old, since he did not want to give professional teams more control over


texts:
 junior-aged players without signing them to a contract. First vice-president

<mask> was elected first vice-president of the CAHA in June 1952, and served three one-year terms in the position. As chairman of the junior and senior playoffs in 1953, <mask> was faced with multiple branches of the CAHA not participating. He wanted to include as many teams as possible since the CAHA and all of its branches were primarily funded by gate receipts from the playoffs and could not afford the loss of income. The CAHA had suspended the Quebec Amateur Hockey Association for the season due to registration violations, and the Alberta Amateur Hockey Association chose to withdraw from senior hockey.<mask> went to extraordinary efforts to retain the Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association teams, which included rescheduling multiple series due to delays in the Saskatchewan playoffs and demands to play against the MAHA champion rather than the British Columbia Amateur Hockey Association champion. The CAHA wanted to renegotiate its professional-amateur agreement with the NHL to have more say into the operation of amateur hockey and to regulate the signing of junior-aged players to contracts. <mask> sat on the negotiation committee and did not envision junior hockey in Canada being operated on a professional basis. The NHL wanted a better financial arrangement for the junior teams it sponsored, usage of the same rules of play in professional and amateur hockey, and to remove restrictions on the transfer of junior players between teams. The CAHA had placed a moratorium on transferring players to Eastern Canada as supported by <mask>, to prevent the loss of talent in Western Canada and to counteract Eastern Canadian


texts: teams dominating the Memorial Cup playoffs. In January 1954, a new financial agreement gave the junior teams sponsored by the NHL a greater proportionate share of playoffs profits, but <mask> and the CAHA continued to resist the movement of players to Eastern Canada and sought further discussion. In 1952 and 1953, <mask> and the CAHA debated the financial merits of international tours by Canadian hockey teams and whether or not the tours created goodwill towards Canada.The CAHA chose not to participate at the 1953 World Championships since it struggled to finance the Canada men's national ice hockey team and because of persistent criticism by Europeans on the physical playing style of Canada. The CAHA settled on sending the senior B-level East York Lyndhursts as Canada's representative at the 1954 World Championships when it had become too expensive to fund a higher level team for an international tour. The Lyndhursts lost by a 7–2 score to the Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team and placed second at the World Championships, which led to public dissatisfaction and widespread media criticism of the CAHA in Canada. The CAHA chose <mask> as its representative to accompany the Kenora Thistles on an international goodwill exhibition tour of Japan in March 1954. Journalist Ted Bowles of the Winnipeg Free Press wrote that <mask>'s selection to represent the CAHA "could be classed as a reward for his labours in the cause of sport for many years, especially the sport of hockey". On the seven-week tour, <mask> handled the business affairs for the Kenora Thistles and travelled with the team aboard the Japanese ocean liner Hikawa Maru from Vancouver. <mask> had been expected to become CAHA


texts: president in May 1954, but was re-elected to the first vice-president position instead of the customary change of presidents every two years.He accepted the decision and since the second vice-president Wilfrid Duranceau had been ill for most of his two-year term, the CAHA opted to keep the same slate of officers for a third term instead of promoting <mask> to president and having an inexperienced first vice-president and newly elected second vice-president. In August 1954, <mask> attended a meeting with junior hockey representatives from the five CAHA branches in Western Canada in addition to the Western Canada Junior Hockey League and the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL). Western Canada sought permission for any of its league champions to add three players during the inter-provincial playoffs for the Memorial Cup. They contended that the imbalance in competition compared to Eastern Canada teams had caused lack of spectator interest and less prestige for the event, and suggested that the Abbott Cup champion to have an additional three players added for the Memorial Cup final. The CAHA decided to allow the Abbott Cup champion to add three players from its own branch as of the 1955 Memorial Cup. At the semi-annual meeting in January 1955, the CAHA discussed cost-cutting measures when its budget was reduced from $70,000 to $55,000. <mask> extended another invitation to the Japan Ice Hockey Federation to send a team on an exhibition tour of Canada after a planned tour in 1955 failed due to lack of funding.The CAHA felt it had to send the most competitive team possible to the 1955 World Championships, and spared no expense in selecting the Penticton Vees since regaining the World


texts:
 Championships title was a matter of national pride. The CAHA lost $5,000 in sending the team to the 1955 World Championships, but Penticton regained the title for Canada with a 5–0 victory over the Soviet Union in the decisive game. President

First term
The CAHA elected <mask> as president to succeed W. B. George on May 27, 1955. <mask> became the first Manitoban elected to the position since E. A. Gilroy in 1936, and assumed control of the CAHA at a time when it had lost the confidence of Canadians to produce a winning national team. The CAHA looked for private sponsorships to fund the national team, considered garnishing a greater portion of gate receipts for amateur games in Canada, and resolved to pay for the national team ice hockey at the 1956 Winter Olympics only as necessary. The Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen were chosen to represent Canada, and <mask> travelled with the team on their two-week European exhibition tour through Scotland and England on route to the Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. During the Olympics, <mask> stated that the standard of officiating in Europe needed to improve and that it had been an ongoing issue anytime when Canada played.After a victory versus the Italy men's national ice hockey team where Canada was assessed 11 of the 15 penalties called, he protested against the future use of German referee Hans Unger and described the game as "one of the worst exhibitions of refereeing I have ever had the misfortune of seeing". Despite that Canada won the bronze medal with a third-place finish, <mask> praised the team and said "I am proud to say that although we were not successful in winning the Olympic title, the players and team executives were wonderful


texts:
 ambassadors for Canada at all times". <mask> felt that Canada lost due to the Soviet Union's superior physical conditioning, skating abilities and textbook defending. He noted that the national teams from the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia were operated by the state with the players individually selected. He recommended that Canada send a national all-star team to future international hockey events as did all other nations at the Olympics. He suggested that the reigning Allan Cup champion could be used as the nucleus to add the best players from across Canada, and that simply sending an intact senior hockey team was no longer good enough to win. He sought for the team to be a truly national effort supported by all since the CAHA could not finance the venture itself.The CAHA and <mask> sought to negotiate a greater portion of the gate receipts from games played in Europe by the Canadian team. He felt that trips to Europe were too costly and did not create any goodwill for Canada, and stated that there was a "strong possibility" of Canada not attending future World Championships and only playing at the Olympic Games. At a special meeting of the International Ice Hockey Federation, he said that Canada would only attend the 1957 World Championships in Moscow if all expenses were guaranteed for the return trip to and from the Soviet Union since Canada was a major drawing card at games in Europe. Second term
<mask> was re-elected president of the CAHA in May 1956. His recommendation for a national all-star team was approved, to be based on the nucleus of the 1956 Allan Cup champions Vernon Canadians for the 1957 World Championships. The CAHA sought financial backing from corporate sponsorships in


texts: addition to fundraising efforts pledged by supporters in Vernon, British Columbia. A committee was established to choose the best coaches, and CAHA teams all age groups from senior to junior were asked to nominate their best players for a one-month training camp prior to a North American exhibition tour.Despite the approval of the all-star team, the CAHA decided it would only send a team to the Olympics or World Championships if it did not have to pay all of the expenses due to budget constraints. The CAHA executive to met in November 1956 to discuss whether to continue with plans to raise the $75,000 required to send the Vernon Canadians to Moscow, or whether to send an intact senior team or no team at all. <mask> announced that the CAHA deemed the all-star team no longer feasible since it lacked organization and public support, and recommended that the Vernon Canadians and the Ottawa Junior Canadiens meet in a special series to decide Canada's representative. Later in November, <mask> and the CAHA abandoned plans to attend the 1957 World Championships when several Western Bloc countries agreed to boycott event in response to the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary. Prior to the 1957 Memorial Cup playoffs, the MJHL requested permission for its champion to be allowed three additional players if the team reached the Abbot Cup final. When the request was approved by a vote of CAHA branch presidents, the Flin Flon Bombers and the SJHL objected despite a ruling by <mask> that the decision was made according to the constitution. The Winnipeg Tribune reported that the decision had "started the old country-city mud-slinging campaign".Flin Flon Daily Miner editor Harry Miles wrote that, "<mask> in Winnipeg

masks:
Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
Jimmy Dunn


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 [was] shovelling new players into the Winnipeg junior club with reckless abandon", and implied that Winnipeg had long dominated amateur sports in Manitoba and that the decisions of various sports associations made it more difficult for Flin Flon to compete. When supporters of the Bombers hanged <mask> in effigy, he responded by saying "All I hope is that the effigy looked like me. I'd hate to think they had hanged somebody else by mistake". At the 1957 general meeting, <mask> felt that relations with the NHL were the most important item on the agenda since the bodies had operated for two seasons without a written agreement. Discussions were held behind closed doors without a resolution finalized. The CAHA attempted to correct the imbalance in Memorial Cup competition and approved additional players for the weaker provincial champions during the national playoffs. <mask> continued to make plans for a Japanese team to visit Canada and named a CAHA committee to explore how to finance a proposed exhibition tour.Past-president
<mask> was succeeded by Robert Lebel as president. <mask> was placed in charge of the senior and junior playoffs for Western Canada in 1959. He oversaw arrangements for the Japan men's national ice hockey team tour of Canada in January 1960, which included entertainment and luncheons during a four-day stopover in Winnipeg. He later represented the CAHA serving as a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame inductee selection committee from June 1961 until June 1976. MJHL commissioner

<mask> was hired as commissioner of the MJHL in May 1964. The league had been reduced to four teams based in the Greater Winnipeg area after the withdrawal of the Brandon Wheat Kings and the Fort Frances


texts: Royals. The MJHL transitioned from a draft of players in the Greater Winnipeg Minor Hockey Association, into a system where each team chose players from a set geographic district.The new "zoning" arrangement was planned to be in effect for three seasons to stimulate more localized interest in junior hockey and aimed to keep teammates together from the minor hockey level to the junior hockey level. <mask> supported the change and noted that the concept had produced forward lines on previous Memorial Cup championship teams from Winnipeg. For the 1964–65 MJHL season, the Charlie Gardiner Memorial Trophy series was revived as a preseason tournament for the league's teams. <mask> reached an agreement to televise MJHL games on CJAY-TV, and the league experimented with playing games on Sunday evenings instead of afternoons to increase its attendance and avoid competing with televised football games. <mask> requested to the CAHA that the MJHL waive its bye into the Abbott Cup finals and its playoffs champion meet the Thunder Bay Junior A Hockey League champion in the first round. He felt that the loss of gate receipts from a bye was a financial hardship for the MJHL, and shorten the league's playoffs to accommodate the change approved by the CAHA. For the 1965–66 MJHL season, <mask> implemented an automatic one-game minimum suspension for any player who received a match penalty.He felt that professional hockey influenced fisticuffs in junior hockey and said that, "Any time there's a big fight in the National Hockey League, the kids drop their sticks and put up their dukes in the next game. It happens almost every time". The MJHL expanded from four to six teams for the 1966–67 MJHL season when it


texts:
 readmitted the Brandon Wheat Kings and accepted the Selkirk Steelers. <mask> announced his resignation as commissioner on October 24, 1966, and cited personal reasons. Despite being offered a pay raise, he felt that the increase in teams made the job too much for him and had "taken the fun out of it". His resignation came shortly after a game between the Winnipeg Rangers and the Brandon Wheat Kings in which 242 penalty minutes were given in the first period. Later hockey career
<mask> was the commissioner of both the 1967 Canadian Centennial tournament hosted in Winnipeg, and the Manitoba Senior Hockey League for the 1967–68 season.From 1968 to 1972, he was one of four citizen members who sat on the board of directors of the Winnipeg Enterprises Corporation which oversaw the operation and management of sports stadiums in Winnipeg. For the 1970–71 season, he was appointed by the MJHL to a committee for handling appeals to regulations and constitutional matters. When the 1970 World Championships were scheduled to be hosted in Winnipeg, <mask> sat on the ticket sales committee and travelled to the 1969 World Championships in Stockholm as part of a sales campaign. He later stated that the biggest disappointment of his hockey career was Winnipeg's loss of hosting the World Championships when the Canadian national team withdrew from international play in 1970. In 1967, the Manitoba Old Timers' Association named <mask> to a committee to establish a benevolent association for Manitoba's hockey players and a hall of fame for hockey in Manitoba; and to provide more places to play hockey, and social, educational and coaching benefits. The Manitoba Hockey Players' Foundation was established in September


texts:
 1968, and <mask> volunteered for eight years as its secretary-treasurer until 1975. The new foundation assumed control of the annual hockey-golf tournament which <mask> had co-founded with Johnny Petersen in 1937.<mask> assisted in co-ordinating annual fundraising dinners for the foundation, and helped arrange exhibition games for Manitoba's professional all-stars versus the Canadian national team. In 1972, he arranged and travelled with a team of NHL old-timers from Manitoba on a European exhibition tour. Baseball career

Greater Winnipeg leagues

In 1928, <mask> became president of the Uneeda Club in Winnipeg and was involved with its amateur baseball teams for seven years. He managed the team for two seasons which saw regular attendance between 4,000 to 5,000 spectators per game at Wesley Park. The Uneeda Club reached the league's championship finals in 1929, and played in an international tournament in Minneapolis. In an interview in 1954, <mask> stated that he probably gave up the longest home run hit while pitching at Wesley Park. <mask> was elected to the executive of the Manitoba Diamond Ball Association in 1934.The Greater Winnipeg Senior Baseball League elected him its second vice-president in 1936, and then its vice-president in 1941. He served as president of the league from May 1942, until he resigned in April 1946. The Western Canada Baseball Association was founded in September 1945 to govern senior and junior baseball in Western Canada, then immediately named <mask> its first vice-president, and welcomed the Greater Winnipeg Senior Baseball League into its membership in the 1946 season. During World War II, <mask> represented baseball in Winnipeg on the Athletic Patriotic

masks: Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn


texts:
 Association which sought to donate sporting equipment to servicemen in the Canadian Armed Forces. After resigning as a league executive, he was a regular behind the microphone at Osborne Stadium and entertained spectators during baseball games. Winnipeg Free Press journalist Harvey Dryden described his style by writing that, "<mask>'s quips are very sharp indeed and keep the crowd in good humour". Manitoba and Dakota leagues
<mask> was elected the first president the newly established Manitoba Senior Baseball League in May 1948, which returned an independent baseball league to Manitoba since the Winnipeg Maroons of the Northern League folded in 1942.The new league included three teams in Winnipeg and one in Brandon, Manitoba, but plans for a team based in Grand Forks, North Dakota were not realized. <mask> was re-elected president in 1949, and continued negotiations for a team in Grand Forks in addition to the four returning teams. When negotiations failed, an entry from Carman, Manitoba, was admitted as the fifth team in the league. In January 1950, the Manitoba Senior Baseball League added a team from Minot, North Dakota, and was reorganized into the Mandak League with <mask> elected as president for the season. The league drafted a new constitution, decided that its teams would wear a patch including both the flags of Canada and the United States, and planned a parade with a marching band through downtown Winnipeg on its opening day. <mask> described the opening day plans by saying that, "the Mandak baseball league this year will be more colourful than a Scotman's kilt". Opening day was postponed due to the 1950 Red River flood inundating Osborne Stadium, and the schedule was changed for the


texts:
 Winnipeg teams begin on the road.<mask> and the league arranged several benefit games to raise money for local charities. <mask> planned a league all-star game in mid-June as a fundraiser for Winnipeg's Flood Fund, with the players picked by the Winnipeg Free Press and The Winnipeg Tribune. In July 1950, <mask> stated that the Mandak League planned to speak with Major League Baseball commissioner Happy Chandler about joining the professional baseball structure for the following season. The Winnipeg Free Press expressed concerns that the Korean War could negatively affect the league, but also that the popularity of the Mandak League had led to decreased attendance for women's softball in Manitoba. After the season, team executives lauded <mask> for his leadership of the league despite that only one of the five teams made a profit. He was unanimously re-elected as president and the league assumed the control of scheduling umpires instead of the home teams doing so. The league's schedule was increased from 48 to 64 games with the hope that more games would make the season profitable.<mask> resigned as Mandak League president at the conclusion of the 1951 season. Softball career

<mask> served as president of the Greater Winnipeg Senior Girls' Softball League from 1941 to 1946. He oversaw girls' fastpitch softball games at Osborne Stadium, and operated the league with four or five teams playing each season. He convinced owners of the teams to continue on with playing the 1942 season despite the economic struggles during the World War II, but withdrew the league from the Western Canada playoffs that season since paying the travel costs was not feasible. The league had recovered by the 1944 season


texts:
 which <mask> felt was the most successful yet in terms of talent and finances, then renamed itself to the Greater Winnipeg Girls' Fastball League as of the 1945 season. <mask> led efforts to establish a provincial governing body for men's and women's fastpitch softball, and became the founding president of the Manitoba Fastball Association in April 1946. He laid out plans for a constitution and the provincial playoffs, and sought to increase participation in the game from the rural areas of Manitoba.As a delegate to the Western Canada Fastball Association, he assisted in enacting uniform playing rules for men and women, and convinced the association to award hosting duties of the 1947 women's Western Canada championship to Winnipeg. After one season as president, he retired from the Manitoba Fastball Association in 1947. Athletics and football career

<mask> served as secretary of the Manitoba branch of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAU of C) from 1930 until succeeded by Sydney Halter in 1932. <mask> later served on the board of governors for the Manitoba branch of the AAU of C from 1935 to 1942, and sat on the executive committee of the Winnipeg Athletic Association for two years beginning in 1936. He was named to the track and field record keeping committee of the Manitoba branch of the AAU of C in 1937, and to the national record keeping committee of the AAU of C in 1939. From 1931 until 1942, he served as a timekeeper at wrestling and boxing events, and was an on-field official and a public address announcer at provincial track and field events. <mask> began working regularly as a timekeeper for high school football games in Winnipeg in 1926, and later did the same job with the


texts:
 Manitoba Rugby Football Union.He was the original timekeeper of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers when the team was founded in 1930, and never missed a home game until he retired before the 1972 season. The Winnipeg Tribune journalist Vince Leah wrote that, "if [<mask>] had a dime for every football and hockey game he has timed in the past 40 years he could buy the Arena". The Winnipeg Tribune reported that during a Blue Bombers home game on October 20, 1956, <mask> fired his timekeeper's pistol for the end of a quarter and killed two birds with one shot when a spectator threw a dead duck onto the field at the same time. Curling career
<mask> was the skip of a curling rink within the Transcona and Fort Rouge CN Curling League. He also curled with the Fidelity Masonic Lodge, and regularly at the Thistle Curling Club in Winnipeg. As of 1941, <mask> was an executive in the CN league and the Masonic Curling Club. The Thistle Curling Club elected <mask> its second vice-president for the 1960–61 season, and its first vice-president for the 1961–62 season, when the club sought to build a new six-sheet rink in the West End neighbourhood.He served as president of the Winnipeg Thistle Curling Club during the 1962–63 season and co-ordinated its 75th anniversary celebration at the Fort Garry Hotel. He also served on the Manitoba Curling Association executive council during the same season. Personal life

After World War I, <mask> played basketball with the YMCA Argonauts in Winnipeg, and won a couple of trophies played golf. He later participated in the CN five-pin bowling league, and once had the highest individual men's score for a season at 327. <mask> was married to <mask> (née Armitage). She was a former

masks:
Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
Mary Dunn


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 university athlete who served as president of the Manitoba branch of the Women's Amateur Athletic Federation of Canada and the Dominion Women's Amateur Hockey Association. They had one child together, a son named Gary born in 1936.<mask> coached his son on a team of nine-year-olds at the West End Athletic Club . In February 1944, <mask> accepted a Canadian Army Reserve commission as the commanding officer of the Fort Garry Horse Cadet Corps. He formed a softball team for the horse cadets and coached them in the local Army Cadets' Softball League. He was a charter member of the Royal Canadian Legion in Fort Rouge and was a member of the Fidelity Masonic Lodge No. 145. The <mask>s maintained a summer cottage in Sandy Hook, Manitoba, and he served as a treasurer of the Sandy Hook Community Club. <mask> retired from CN in February 1963 after 43 years of service.He had been promoted to chief clerk at the Fort Rouge Yards in 1941, then became the chief clerk at the CN motive power and car department office at the Transcona Yard in 1960. <mask> died at age 61 on January 10, 1965. He died at age 80 on January 7, 1979, at the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg. He was interred with his wife in Garry Memorial Park in Winnipeg – later known as Thomson in the Park Cemetery. Honours and legacy

<mask> was known as "Mr. Hockey" in Winnipeg and Manitoba. Ted Bowles wrote in the Winnipeg Free Press that, "<mask> had a thankless job and had always worked in the best interest of hockey, and tried to please as many people as possible", and The Winnipeg Tribune sports editor Jack Matheson wrote that "no single individual in Manitoba has made a more significant contribution to sport". Vince Leah of The Winnipeg

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Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
Mary Dunn
Dunn
Dunn


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 Tribune credited <mask> for "seeing the job is done right", and his leadership assured the success of any sport organization.Leah also wrote that, "When you mention the name "<mask>" you automatically think of <mask>, who has been around the local sports scene for so long there is a grave suspicion he invented it"; but felt that both <mask> and his wife deserved recognition for "tremendous contributions to sport in Winnipeg". The Greater Winnipeg Senior Girls Softball League bestowed a life membership on <mask> in 1947. He received the Amateur Hockey Association of the United States citation award in 1956, in recognition of his contributions to ice hockey internationally and in the United States. He was made a life member of the CAHA in May 1974, and was the first person to be appointed a life member of the Manitoba Hockey Players' Foundation when the honour was established in 1975. He was made an honorary president of the MAHA in June 1975, and received  past-president's rings from both the CAHA and the MAHA. <mask> was elected to the builder category of the Hockey Hall of Fame on June 12, 1968, and was formally inducted during a ceremony at Exhibition Place in Toronto on August 25, 1968. He was the guest of honour at a testimonial dinner on October 29, 1970, which included more than 400 guests from the various sports he had been involved with.Winnipeg City Council honoured him in 1976 with a 50-year service plaque for local sports. He was posthumously inducted into the builder category of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985. References

1898 births
1979 deaths
Athletics (track and field) officials
Baseball people from Manitoba
Canadian Amateur Hockey Association presidents
Canadian

masks:
Dunn
Dunn
Jimmy Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
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 Amateur Hockey Association vice-presidents
Canadian Expeditionary Force officers
Canadian National Railway people
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian sports builders
Canadian sports executives and administrators
Curlers from Winnipeg
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Law clerks
Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association executives
Manitoba Junior Hockey League executives
Rugby union people in Canada
Softball people from Manitoba
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
Winnipeg Blue Bombers


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<mask> is a Japanese Muay Thai fighter, also known as <mask>ym in Thailand. He is the current WBC Muaythai Super Bantamweight champion. Muay thai career
Shinagawa won his first major title in May 2020, when he defeated Yuzuki Sakai to capture the MA Japan Kick Flyweight title. He was scheduled to fight Naki Sirilakmuaythai for the Muay Siam Isan Bantamweight title. Shinagawa won the fight by a second-round TKO. <mask> fought for the Lumpinee Stadium Japan Super Bantamweight title in June 2019, and won by a second round left hook KO. Shinagawa made his ONE Championship debut during the ONE Japan Series: Road to Century event, against Satsuma Sazanami.He knocked Sazanami out in the first round. He challenged Petchawalit Sor.Chitpattana for the IBF & WBC Muay Thai World Bantamweight titles. Petchawalit won the fight by unanimous decision. In February 2020, <mask> fought Sing-Udon Aor.Aood-Udon for the WBC Muay Thai World Super Bantamweight title. He won

masks:
Asahi Shinagawa
Asahi P K Saenchaimuaythaig
Asahi
Asahi


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 the fight by a second-round low kick KO. Shinagawa fought for ONE Championship for the second time during Road to One 3: Tokyo Fight Night, when he was scheduled to fight KING Kyosuke. He defeated Kyosuke by unanimous decision.Shinagawa fought Jomrawee Refinas Gym for the IMC Featherweight title at BOM WAVE 03. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Shinagawa was scheduled to fight Pon-chan BraveGym at BOM WAVE 04. On February 2, 2021, it was announced that Shinagawa had signed with ONE Championship. He faced Joseph Lasiri at ONE Championship: Winter Warriors 2 on December 17, 2021. He lost the bout via knockout in the first round. style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 2020-09-10||Win||align=left| KING Kyosuke || Road to One 3: Tokyo Fight Night || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 2020-02-09||Win||align=left| Sing-Udon Aor.Aood-Udon ||


texts:
 The Battle Of Muay Thai SEASON II vol.7 || Tokyo, Japan || KO (Right Low Kick) || 2 || 1:44
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 2019-12-08||Loss||align=left| Petchawarit Sor.Jitpattana || The Battle Of Muay Thai SEASON II vol.6 pt.2 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2019-09-01|| Win ||align=left| Satsuma Sazanami|| ONE Japan Series: Road to Century || Tokyo, Japan || KO (Left Hook) || 1 || 1:37
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2019-06-01|| Win ||align=left| Samsien Sirilakmuaythai|| The Battle Of MuayThai SEASON II vol.2 || Yokohama, Japan || KO (Left Hook) || 2 || 1:20
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2019-04-14|| Win ||align=left| Naki Sirilakmuaythai|| The Battle Of MuayThai SEASON II vol.1 || Yokohama,


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 Japan || TKO (Left Hooks) || 2 || 2:20
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-11-06|| Win||align=left| Tokimasa Yamaguchi || BOM Amateur 17 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision  || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-04-29|| Win||align=left| Uta Ishida|| SMASHERS 179 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) ||  ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-03-27|| Win||align=left| Kohei Ohashi|| Shizuoka Kick || Shizuoka, Japan || TKO || 2 ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-02-21|| Win||align=left| Ryuya Okuwaki || Bigbang Amateur 32 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision || 3 || 1:30
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-02-07|| Win||align=left| Kikuchi || MuayThaiOpen 34 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2015-12-20|| Loss || align=left| Ryuya Okuwaki|| Suk Wan


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 Kingthong, Real Champion Tournament 42 kg Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision || ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-12-20|| Win || align=left| Ryuta Nishimura|| Suk Wan Kingthong, Real Champion Tournament 42 kg Semi Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision || ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-12-06|| Win||align=left| Yushin Noguchi|| BOM 10 ～The 10th anniversary tournament～ || Yokohama, Japan || Decision || 5 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2015-08-02|| Loss||align=left| Hyuga Umemoto || Muay Thai Super Fight Suk Wan Kingthong, Real Champion Tournament 42 kg Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous)|| 2 || 1:30
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2015-02-08 || Win ||align=left| Haruki Ohno ||BOM Amateur 9 || Yokohama, Japan || Decision  || 3 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-12-21 || Win||align=left| Kazuki Miburo || WINDY SPORTS || Tokyo, Japan || Decision || 5 ||
|-
!


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 style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-12-14 || Win||align=left| Shogo Nakajima || BOM Amateur 8 || Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan || Decision || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2014-10-19 || Loss ||align=left| Nadaka Yoshinari || WPMF BOM Amateur, Final || Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan || Decision || 2 || 2:00
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! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2014-04-13 || Loss ||align=left| Nadaka Yoshinari ||  BOM Amateur 5|| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan || Decision || 2 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2014-01-19 || Loss ||align=left| Rento Komiyama ||  BOM Amateur 4 || Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan || Decision || 2 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2013-12-01 || Loss ||align=left| Nadaka Yoshinari  || 3rd BOM Amateur Competition, Final || Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan || Decision || 2 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-


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| 2013-12-01 || Win ||align=left| Ryuya Okuwaki || Battle of Muay Thai || Yokohama, Japan || Decision || 2 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2013-09-01 || Win ||align=left| Issei Koizumi || Bigbang Amateur 16 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision || 3 ||


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; August 28, 1891 – June 23, 1969) was an American actor perhaps best known as the voice of Daddy Warbucks on the radio program Little Orphan Annie and later as "The Old Ranger", the first host of the syndicated western anthology television series, Death Valley Days. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois as <mask>. Little is known of his early years, except that he was reared in the Midwest. As a young adult, he acted on stage and in radio. Career
<mask> worked in stock theater early in his career. In an interview in 1957, he credited acting in Minneapolis in 1916 for giving him the confidence necessary "to embark on a successful career." He recalled that the troupe presented a different play each week for 52 weeks.His first big role was on radio as Daddy Warbucks in the Little Orphan Annie series, where he starred from 1931 to  1936. He appeared in more than 250 movies, which included Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Beau Geste, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, The Ox-Bow Incident, It's a Great Life, State of the Union, The Lemon Drop Kid, Superman and the Mole Men (the very first theatrical Superman film); his final film role in Cry Terror! in 1958.·

Besides his regular appearances on Death Valley Days, he appeared in seventeen episodes of The Range Rider, with Jock Mahoney and Dick Jones, eleven segments of Annie Oakley, ten episodes of The Gene Autry Show, seven episodes of The Lone

masks:
Stanley Andrews
Stanley Andrzejewski
Andrews
Stanley Martin Andrzejewski
Andrews


texts:
 Ranger, six appearances on Buffalo Bill, Jr., again with Dick Jones, and four times each on Tales of the Texas Rangers and the western aviation series, Sky King. In the latter series with Kirby Grant and Gloria Winters, <mask> was cast as Jim Herrick in "Danger Point", and as Josh Bradford in "The Threatening Bomb" (both 1952) and as Old Dan Grable in "Golden Burro" and as Pop Benson in "Rustlers on Wheels" (both 1956). <mask> portrayed Dr. Henry Fulmer in the 1955 episode "Joey Saves the Day" of the NBC children's western series, Fury. His role as the Old Ranger began in 1952 and ended in 1963, when the sponsors of Death Valley Days, U.S. Borax, decided upon a younger man to be the series host, who turned out to be Ronald Reagan.When Reagan left the show to run for Governor, hosting duties were taken over by Reagan's good friend, Robert Taylor. Taylor died of cancer during the series run and was succeeded by Dale Robertson. Death
In 1969, <mask> died in Los Angeles, California, aged 77. Selected filmography

 Roman Scandals (1933) - Official (uncredited) (film debut)
 Evelyn Prentice (1934) - Judge (uncredited)
 Wings in the Dark (1935) - Jack, an Official (uncredited)
 After Office Hours (1935) - Theatre Patron (uncredited)
 All the King's Horses (1935) - Count Batthy
 Transient Lady (1935) - Judge (uncredited)
 Times Square Lady (1935) - Doctor at Hockey Game (uncredited)
 Private Worlds (1935) - Dr. Barnes
 It

masks: Andrews Andrews Andrews


texts:
 Happened in New York (1935) - Plainclothesman (uncredited)
 Mississippi (1935) - Gambler with 4 Aces (uncredited)
 The Call of the Savage (1935, Serial) - Emperor Mena [Ch. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) - James Cedar (uncredited)
 Florida Special (1936) - Armstrong, the Railroad President
 Counterfeit (1936) - Duffield (uncredited)
 Parole! (1936) - Williams (uncredited)
 White Fang (1936) - Police Sergeant Drake (uncredited)
 The Texas Rangers (1936) - First Higgins Henchman (uncredited)
 The Devil Is a Sissy (1936) - Doctor (uncredited)
 In His Steps (1936) - Broderick
 Alibi for Murder (1936) - Earl Quillan (uncredited)
 Craig's Wife (1936) - Police Officer Davis (uncredited)
 Wild Brian Kent (1936) - Tony Baxter
 The Plainsman (1936) - Officer (uncredited)
 Pennies from Heaven (1936) - Detective Stephens (uncredited)
 Let's Make a Million (1936) - Cliff Spaulding
 Happy Go Lucky (1936) - Capt. Matzdorf
 Find the Witness (1937) - District Attorney
 The Devil's Playground (1937) - Salvage Boat Commander
 She's Dangerous (1937) - Franklin Webb
 A Doctor's Diary (1937) - Dr. Wilson (uncredited)
 John Meade's Woman (1937) - Mr. Westley (uncredited)
 Nancy Steele Is Missing!Dorn (uncredited)
 The Lone Ranger (1938, Serial) - Capt. Hooker
 Golden Boy (1939) - Driscoll - Fight Official (uncredited)
 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) - Senator Hodges (uncredited)
 The Housekeeper's Daughter (1939) - Police Captain


texts:
 (uncredited)
 Geronimo (1939) - Colombus Delano (uncredited)
 Joe and Ethel Turp Call on the President (1939) - George - Policeman (uncredited)
 Charlie McCarthy, Detective (1939) - Freight Captain (uncredited)
 Hi-Yo Silver (1940) - Captain Smith / Colonel Jeffries (archive footage)
 The Green Hornet (1940, Serial) - Police Commissioner [Chs. 1, 5, 8, 9, 13]
 The Man Who Wouldn't Talk (1940) - Colonel (uncredited)
 The Blue Bird (1940) - Wilhelm
 Convicted Woman (1940) - Prosecutor (uncredited)
 Little Old New York (1940) - Patrol Captain
 Strange Cargo (1940) - Constable (uncredited)
 Johnny Apollo (1940) - Welfare Secretary
 Maryland (1940) - Dr. John Trimble (uncredited)
 Brigham Young (1940) - Hyrum Smith
 Kit Carson (1940) - Larkin
 The Westerner (1940) - Sheriff (uncredited)
 Colorado (1940) - Colonel Gibbons (uncredited)
 King of the Royal Mounted (1940, Serial) - Tom Merritt Sr. [Ch. 1]
 So You Won't Talk (1940) - Press Foreman (uncredited)
 The Mark of Zorro (1940) - Commanding Officer (uncredited)
 The Son of Monte Cristo (1940) - Turnkey
 Play Girl (1941) - Joseph Shawhan
 Meet John Doe (1941) - Weston
 In Old Colorado (1941) - George Davidson
 Las Vegas Nights (1941) - Sheriff (uncredited)
 Dead Men Tell (1941) - Inspector Vesey (uncredited)
 Strange Alibi (1941) - Lieutenant-Detective Pagle
 Time Out for Rhythm (1941) - James Anderson
 Lady Scarface (1941) - Police Capt. L. Andrews (uncredited)


texts:
 Wild Geese Calling (1941) - Delaney
 Man at Large (1941) - FBI Chief Ed Ruby (uncredited)
 Borrowed Hero (1941) - Mr. Taylor, Defense Attorney
 The Bugle Sounds (1942) - Veterinarian (uncredited)
 North to the Klondike (1942) - Tom Allen
 Mr. and Mrs. North (1942) - Policeman (uncredited)
 The Fleet's In (1942) - Lt. Commander (uncredited)
 The Power of God (1942) - Edward Hale
 Valley of the Sun (1942) - Major at Court Martial (uncredited)
 Reap the Wild Wind (1942) - Turnkey (uncredited)
 Canal Zone (1942) - Cmdr. Merrill
 To the Shores of Tripoli (1942) - Doctor (uncredited)
 Mississippi Gambler (1942) - Colonel (uncredited)
 My Gal Sal (1942) - Mr. Dreiser
 Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942) - Capt.Sloane
 The Postman Didn't Ring (1942) - Postal Insp. Brennan
 The Major and the Minor (1942) - Conductor #1 (uncredited)
 The Navy Comes Through (1942) - Judge Advocate (uncredited)
 Flight for Freedom (1943) - Prosperous Gent (uncredited)
 Crash Dive (1943) - Shipwrecked Captain (uncredited)
 Daredevils of the West (1943, Serial) - Col. <mask> [Ch. The Daltons Ride Again (1945) - Tex Walters (uncredited)
 Road to Utopia (1945) - Joe - Official at Ship (uncredited)
 Adventure (1945) - Bit Part (uncredited)
 God's Country (1946) - Howard King
 The Hoodlum Saint (1946) - Chronicle Publisher (uncredited)
 The Virginian (1946) - Rancher (uncredited)
 Bad Bascomb (1946) - Col. Cartright (uncredited)
 Smoky (1946) -


texts:
 Fred Kramer - Rancher (uncredited)
 Mr. Harmon
 Perilous Waters (1948) - Capt. Porter
 Panhandle (1948) - Tyler
 The Man from Texas (1948) - Sheriff (uncredited)
 I Remember Mama (1948) - Minister (uncredited)
 Docks of New Orleans (1948) - Theodore Von Scherbe
 Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948) - Mr. Murphy (uncredited)
 State of the Union (1948) - Senator (uncredited)
 The Dead Don't Dream (1948) - Jesse Williams
 Best Man Wins (1948) - Sheriff Dingle
 The Fuller Brush Man (1948) - Det. (1953) - Gen. Sheridan (uncredited)
 Dangerous Crossing (1953) - Ship's Pilot (uncredited)
 El Paso Stampede (1953) - Marshal Zeke Banning
 The Great Adventures of Captain Kidd (1953, Serial) - Trapper (uncredited)
 Appointment in Honduras (1953) - Capt. McTaggart
 Those Redheads from Seattle (1953) - Sheriff (uncredited)
 All the Brothers Were Valiant (1953) - Matthew Shore's Father (uncredited)
 Southwest Passage (1954) - Constable Bartlett (uncredited)
 Dawn at Socorro (1954) - Old Man Ferris
 The Steel Cage (1954) - Roy, Head Guard (segment "The Hostages")
 Treasure of Ruby Hills (1955) - Marshal Garvey
 The Night Holds Terror (1955) - Mr.Courtier (uncredited)
 The Twinkle in God's Eye (1955) - Sheriff (uncredited)
 Star in the Dust (1956) - Ben Smith
 The Three Outlaws (1956) - Railroad President
 Frontier Gambler (1956) - Constable Philo Dewey
 Gun for a Coward (1957) - Old Nester (uncredited)
 Untamed Youth (1957)


texts:
 - Farmer Collingwood (uncredited)
 Cole Younger, Gunfighter (1958) - The Judge (uncredited)
 Cry Terror! (1958) - Older Executive (uncredited) (final film)

References

External links

Article on Great Character Actors website

1891 births
1969 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Chicago
20th-century American male


texts: Edward Teach (alternatively spelled Edward Thatch,  – 22 November 1718), better known as <mask>, was an English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of Britain's North American colonies. Little is known about his early life, but he may have been a sailor on privateer ships during Queen Anne's War before he settled on the Bahamian island of New Providence, a base for Captain Benjamin Hornigold, whose crew Teach joined around 1716. Hornigold placed him in command of a sloop that he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy. Their numbers were boosted by the addition to their fleet of two more ships, one of which was commanded by Stede Bonnet; but Hornigold retired from piracy toward the end of 1717, taking two vessels with him. Teach captured a French slave ship known as La Concorde, renamed her Queen Anne's Revenge, equipped her with 40 guns, and crewed her with over 300 men. He became a renowned pirate, his nickname derived from his thick black beard and fearsome appearance; he was reported to have tied lit fuses (slow matches) under his hat to frighten his enemies. He formed an alliance of pirates and blockaded the port of Charles Town, South Carolina, ransoming the port's inhabitants.He then ran Queen Anne's Revenge aground on a sandbar near Beaufort, North Carolina. He parted company with Bonnet and settled in Bath, North Carolina, also known as Bath Town, where he accepted a royal pardon. But he was soon back at sea, where he attracted the attention of Alexander Spotswood, the Governor of Virginia. Spotswood arranged for a party of soldiers and sailors to capture him; on 22 November


texts:
 1718 following a ferocious battle Teach and several of his crew were killed by a small force of sailors led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard. Teach was a shrewd and calculating leader who spurned the use of violence, relying instead on his fearsome image to elicit the response that he desired from those whom he robbed. He was romanticized after his death and became the inspiration for an archetypal pirate in works of fiction across many genres. Early life
Little is known about Blackbeard's early life.It is commonly believed that at the time of his death he was between 35 and 40 years old and thus born in about 1680. In contemporary records his name is most often given as <mask>, Edward Thatch or Edward Teach; the latter is most often used. Several spellings of his surname exist—Thatch, Thach, Thache, Thack, Tack, Thatche and Theach. One early source claims that his surname was Drummond, but the lack of any supporting documentation makes this unlikely. Pirates habitually used fictitious surnames while engaged in piracy, so as not to tarnish the family name, and this makes it unlikely that Teach's real name will ever be known. The 17th-century rise of Britain's American colonies and the rapid 18th-century expansion of the Atlantic slave trade had made Bristol an important international sea port, and Teach was most likely raised in what was then the second-largest city in England. He could almost certainly read and write; he communicated with merchants and when killed had in his possession a letter addressed to him by the Chief Justice and Secretary of the Province of Carolina, Tobias Knight.The author Robert Lee speculated that Teach may


texts:
 therefore have been born into a respectable, wealthy family. He may have arrived in the Caribbean in the last years of the 17th century, on a merchant vessel (possibly a slave ship). The 18th-century author Charles Johnson claimed that Teach was for some time a sailor operating from Jamaica on privateer ships during the War of the Spanish Succession, and that "he had often distinguished himself for his uncommon boldness and personal courage". At what point during the war Teach joined the fighting is, in keeping with the record of most of his life before he became a pirate, unknown. New Providence

With its history of colonialism, trade and piracy, the West Indies was the setting for many 17th- and 18th-century maritime incidents. The privateer-turned-pirate Henry Jennings and his followers decided, early in the 18th century, to use the uninhabited island of New Providence as a base for their operations; it was within easy reach of the Florida Strait and its busy shipping lanes, which were filled with European vessels crossing the Atlantic. New Providence's harbour could easily accommodate hundreds of ships but was too shallow for the Royal Navy's larger vessels.The author George Woodbury described New Providence as "no city of homes; it was a place of temporary sojourn and refreshment for a literally floating population," continuing, "The only permanent residents were the piratical camp followers, the traders, and the hangers-on; all others were transient." In New Providence, pirates found a welcome respite from the law. Teach was one of those who came to enjoy the island's benefits. Probably shortly after the signing of the Treaty of


texts: Utrecht, he moved there from Jamaica, and, along with most privateers once involved in the war, became involved in piracy. Possibly about 1716, he joined the crew of Captain Benjamin Hornigold, a renowned pirate who operated from New Providence's safe waters. In 1716 Hornigold placed Teach in charge of a sloop he had taken as a prize. In early 1717, Hornigold and Teach, each captaining a sloop, set out for the mainland.They captured a boat carrying 120 barrels of flour out of Havana, and shortly thereafter took 100 barrels of wine from a sloop out of Bermuda. A few days later they stopped a vessel sailing from Madeira to Charles Town, South Carolina. Teach and his quartermaster, William Howard, may at this time have struggled to control their crews. By then they had probably developed a taste for Madeira wine, and on 29 September near Cape Charles all they took from the Betty of Virginia was her cargo of Madeira, before they scuttled her with the remaining cargo. It was during this cruise with Hornigold that the earliest known report of Teach was made, in which he is recorded as a pirate in his own right, in command of a large crew. In a report made by a Captain Mathew Munthe on an anti-piracy patrol for North Carolina, "Thatch" was described as operating "a sloop 6 gunns  and about 70 men". In September Teach and Hornigold encountered Stede Bonnet, a landowner and military officer from a wealthy family who had turned to piracy earlier that year.Bonnet's crew of about 70 were reportedly dissatisfied with his command, so with Bonnet's permission, Teach took control of his ship Revenge. The pirates' flotilla now consisted of three ships;


texts:
 Teach on Revenge, Teach's old sloop and Hornigold's Ranger. By October, another vessel had been captured and added to the small fleet. The sloops Robert of Philadelphia and Good Intent of Dublin were stopped on 22 October 1717, and their cargo holds emptied. As a former British privateer, Hornigold attacked only his old enemies, but for his crew, the sight of British vessels filled with valuable cargo passing by unharmed became too much, and at some point toward the end of 1717 he was demoted. Whether Teach had any involvement in this decision is unknown, but Hornigold quickly retired from piracy. He took Ranger and one of the sloops, leaving Teach with Revenge and the remaining sloop.The two never met again and, as did many other occupants of New Providence, Hornigold accepted the King's pardon. Blackbeard

On 28 November 1717 Teach's two ships attacked a French merchant vessel off the coast of Saint Vincent. They each fired a broadside across its bulwarks, killing several of its crew, and forcing its captain to surrender. The ship was La Concorde, a large French Guineaman registered in Saint-Malo and carrying a cargo of slaves. This ship had originally been the English merchantman Concord, captured in 1711 by a French squadron, and then changed hands several times by 1717. Teach and his crews sailed the vessel south along Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to Bequia, where they disembarked her crew and cargo, and converted the ship for their own use. The crew of La Concorde were given the smaller of Teach's two sloops, which they renamed Mauvaise Rencontre (Bad Meeting), and sailed for Martinique.Teach may have recruited some of their


texts: slaves, but the remainder were left on the island and were later recaptured by the returning crew of Mauvaise Rencontre. Teach immediately renamed La Concorde as Queen Anne's Revenge and equipped her with 40 guns. By this time Teach had placed his lieutenant Richards in command of Bonnet's Revenge. In late November, near Saint Vincent, he attacked the Great Allen. After a lengthy engagement, he forced the large and well-armed merchant ship to surrender. He ordered her to move closer to the shore, disembarked her crew and emptied her cargo holds, and then burned and sank the vessel. The incident was chronicled in the Boston News-Letter, which called Teach the commander of a "French ship of 32 Guns, a Briganteen of 10 guns and a Sloop of 12 guns."It is not known when or where Teach collected the ten-gun briganteen, but by that time he may have been in command of at least 150 men split among three vessels. On 5 December 1717 Teach stopped the merchant sloop Margaret off the coast of Crab Island, near Anguilla. Her captain, Henry Bostock, and crew, remained Teach's prisoners for about eight hours, and were forced to watch as their sloop was ransacked. Bostock, who had been held aboard Queen Anne's Revenge, was returned unharmed to Margaret and was allowed to leave with his crew. He returned to his base of operations on Saint Christopher Island and reported the matter to Governor Walter Hamilton, who requested that he sign an affidavit about the encounter. Bostock's deposition details Teach's command of two vessels: a sloop and a large French guineaman, Dutch-built, with 36 cannons and a crew of 300 men. The captain believed that the larger


texts: ship carried valuable gold dust, silver plate, and "a very fine cup" supposedly taken from the commander of Great Allen.Teach's crew had apparently informed Bostock that they had destroyed several other vessels, and that they intended to sail to Hispaniola and lie in wait for an expected Spanish armada, supposedly laden with money to pay the garrisons. Bostock also claimed that Teach had questioned him about the movements of local ships, but also that he had seemed unsurprised when Bostock told him of an expected royal pardon from London for all pirates. Bostock's deposition describes Teach as a "tall spare man with a very black beard which he wore very long". It is the first recorded account of Teach's appearance and is the source of his cognomen, Blackbeard. Later descriptions mention that his thick black beard was braided into pigtails, sometimes tied in with small coloured ribbons. Johnson (1724) described him as "such a figure that imagination cannot form an idea of a fury from hell to look more frightful." Whether Johnson's description was entirely truthful or embellished is unclear, but it seems likely that Teach understood the value of appearances; better to strike fear into the heart of one's enemies, than rely on bluster alone.Teach was tall, with broad shoulders. He wore knee-length boots and dark clothing, topped with a wide hat and sometimes a long coat of brightly coloured silk or velvet. Johnson also described Teach in times of battle as wearing "a sling over his shoulders, with three brace of pistols, hanging in holsters like bandoliers; and stuck lighted slow matches under his hat", the latter apparently to emphasise


texts:
 the fearsome appearance he wished to present to his enemies. Despite his ferocious reputation though, there are no verified accounts of his ever having murdered or harmed those he held captive. Teach may have used other aliases; on 30 November, the Monserrat Merchant encountered two ships and a sloop, commanded by a Captain Kentish and Captain Edwards (the latter a known alias of Stede Bonnet). Enlargement of Teach's fleet
Teach's movements between late 1717 and early 1718 are not known. He and Bonnet were probably responsible for an attack off Sint Eustatius in December 1717.Henry Bostock claimed to have heard the pirates say they would head toward the Spanish-controlled Samaná Bay in Hispaniola, but a cursory search revealed no pirate activity. Captain Hume of  reported on 6 February that a "Pyrate Ship of 36 Guns and 250 men, and a Sloop of 10 Guns and 100 men were Said to be Cruizing amongst the Leeward Islands". Hume reinforced his crew with soldiers armed with muskets, and joined up with  to track the two ships, to no avail, though they discovered that the two ships had sunk a French vessel off St Christopher Island, and reported also that they had last been seen "gone down the North side of Hispaniola". Although no confirmation exists that these two ships were controlled by Teach and Bonnet, author Angus Konstam believes it very likely they were. In March 1718, while taking on water at Turneffe Island east of Belize, both ships spotted the Jamaican logwood cutting sloop Adventure making for the harbour. She was stopped and her captain, Harriot, invited to join the pirates. Harriot and his crew accepted the invitation, and Teach


texts:
 sent over a crew to sail Adventure making Israel Hands the captain.They sailed for the Bay of Honduras, where they added another ship and four sloops to their flotilla. On 9 April Teach's enlarged fleet of ships looted and burnt Protestant Caesar. His fleet then sailed to Grand Cayman where they captured a "small turtler". Teach probably sailed toward Havana, where he may have captured a small Spanish vessel that had left the Cuban port. They then sailed to the wrecks of the 1715 Spanish fleet, off the eastern coast of Florida. There Teach disembarked the crew of the captured Spanish sloop, before proceeding north to the port of Charles Town, South Carolina, attacking three vessels along the way. Blockade of Charles Town

By May 1718, Teach had awarded himself the rank of Commodore and was at the height of his power.Late that month his flotilla blockaded the port of Charles Town in the Province of South Carolina. All vessels entering or leaving the port were stopped, and as the town had no guard ship, its pilot boat was the first to be captured. Over the next five or six days about nine vessels were stopped and ransacked as they attempted to sail past Charles Town Bar, where Teach's fleet was anchored. One such ship, headed for London with a group of prominent Charles Town citizens which included Samuel Wragg (a member of the Council of the Province of Carolina), was the Crowley. Her passengers were questioned about the vessels still in port and then locked below decks for about half a day. Teach informed the prisoners that his fleet required medical supplies from the colonial government of South Carolina, and that if none were


texts:
 forthcoming, all prisoners would be executed, their heads sent to the Governor and all captured ships burnt. Wragg agreed to Teach's demands, and a Mr. Marks and two pirates were given two days to collect the drugs.Teach moved his fleet, and the captured ships, to within about five or six leagues from land. Three days later a messenger, sent by Marks, returned to the fleet; Marks's boat had capsized and delayed their arrival in Charles Town. Teach granted a reprieve of two days, but still the party did not return. He then called a meeting of his fellow sailors and moved eight ships into the harbour, causing panic within the town. When Marks finally returned to the fleet, he explained what had happened. On his arrival he had presented the pirates' demands to the Governor and the drugs had been quickly gathered, but the two pirates sent to escort him had proved difficult to find; they had been busy drinking with friends and were finally discovered, drunk. Teach kept to his side of the bargain and released the captured ships and his prisoners—albeit relieved of their valuables, including the fine clothing some had worn.Beaufort Inlet
Whilst at Charles Town, Teach learned that Woodes Rogers had left England with several men-of-war, with orders to purge the West Indies of pirates. Teach's flotilla sailed northward along the Atlantic coast and into Topsail Inlet (commonly known as Beaufort Inlet), off the coast of North Carolina. There they intended to careen their ships to scrape their hulls, but on 10 June 1718 the Queen Anne's Revenge ran aground on a sandbar, cracking her main-mast and severely damaging many of her timbers. Teach ordered


texts:
 several sloops to throw ropes across the flagship in an attempt to free her. A sloop commanded by Israel Hands of Adventure also ran aground, and both vessels appeared to be damaged beyond repair, leaving only Revenge and the captured Spanish sloop. Pardon

Teach had at some stage learnt of the offer of a royal pardon and probably confided in Bonnet his willingness to accept it. The pardon was open to all pirates who surrendered on or before 5 September 1718, but contained a caveat stipulating that immunity was offered only against crimes committed before 5 January.Although in theory this left Bonnet and Teach at risk of being hanged for their actions at Charles Town Bar, most authorities could waive such conditions. Teach thought that Governor Charles Eden was a man he could trust, but to make sure, he waited to see what would happen to another captain. Bonnet left immediately on a small sailing boat for Bath Town, where he surrendered to Governor Eden, and received his pardon. He then travelled back to Beaufort Inlet to collect the Revenge and the remainder of his crew, intending to sail to Saint Thomas Island to receive a commission. Unfortunately for him, Teach had stripped the vessel of its valuables and provisions, and had marooned its crew; Bonnet set out for revenge, but was unable to find him. He and his crew returned to piracy and were captured on 27 September 1718 at the mouth of the Cape Fear River. All but four were tried and hanged in Charles Town.The author Robert Lee surmised that Teach and Hands intentionally ran the ships aground to reduce the fleet's crew complement, increasing their share of the spoils. During the