texts:
 University of Notre Dame, where he eventually received a master's degree in American history. Career
After graduating from Rutgers University in 1989, Ozersky wrote for several publications on media and cultural history topics, most frequently in Tikkun.The first articles he was paid to write appeared in a short-lived satirical weekly called "The Hoboken Review," based in Hoboken, NJ, where <mask> lived at the time. Among his earliest works for The Hoboken Review was an article titled, "I like it greasy," in which he celebrates his disdain for overly-health-conscious eating—a recurring theme in his future food writing. From 1990 to 1993 he wrote two weekly columns for the West Side Spirit, a free weekly newspaper in New York City: a semi-humorous "TV Picks" column and a cheap-eats column called "The Impoverished Gourmand" under the name "Casper Gutman." Many consider this guise, which was loosely based on the character from The Maltese Falcon, as a forerunner of "Mr. Cutlets," his later fictive persona. In the mid-1990s, he wrote for Suck.com under the name "The Boob", as well as for Newsday, where he frequently contributed essays on culture and media. His book "Archie Bunker's America: TV in an Era of Change" (2003 ), a cultural history of television programming, received a disappointing critical reception. Although his ambition at this time was to establish himself as a public intellectual after the example of his mentors, Neil Postman and Mark Crispin Miller, he eventually turned to food writing full-time with the publication of his 2003 book "Meat Me in Manhattan" ().2008's "The Hamburger: A History" () was a critical success, receiving


type: original

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 positive reviews in publications on both sides of the Atlantic, including The Economist, The Times, The Observer and Forbes. Subsequent to "Meat Me in Manhattan"'s publication, <mask> was a contributing restaurant critic for Newsday (2004–2006), and wrote regularly for the website Slashfood and the New York Law Journal. He became the founding editor of New York Magazine food blog Grub Street, a position he held until 2008, when he moved over to Citysearch as National Restaurant Editor. There he ran a daily food blog based on the model of Grub Street called The Feedbag, along with his regular Citysearch duties. He left in 2009 to start Ozersky.TV, a venture with Eater founder Ben Leventhal, featuring short films about restaurants and cooking, which debuted in July 2010. He wrote the "Taste of America" column for Time from 2010 to 2012. Both Ozersky TV, "Taste of America," and his work in The Wall Street Journal was nominated for James Beard Awards.Essays by <mask> were also included in "The Best Food Writing" anthologies of 2009, 2012 and 2014. In 2010, <mask> was criticized by Robert Sietsema for writing about his wedding in Time without disclosing that the chefs who participated donated the food as wedding gifts. <mask> defended himself, saying that the chefs involved were among his closest friends, and that the most prominent of them, Michael White, had his daughter in the wedding party as a flower girl. Death
<mask>
<mask> was the founder of Meatopia, a large meat-centric outdoor culinary event, which has been held in New York City for the past ten years. In 2013 Meatopia events were held in London, England and San Antonio, Texas, with

masks: Ozersky Ozersky Ozersky Ozersky Ozerskyia Ozersky


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 more cities planned for 2014.Meatopia held a very small event in 2013 in New York City while focusing the majority of its efforts on the London and Texas events. Each year has had a different theme such as "Slaughter of the Innocent" (baby animals); "Lamb Bam Thank You M'aam" (whole lambs); "City Meat," (NYC 2012) in which the festival was divided up into multiple "neighborhoods" such as Offalwood, Carcass Hill, and Beaktown; and most recently (NYC 2014) The Carnivore's Ball, a celebration of the 10th annual Meatopia which was hosted by Michael Symon. Meatopia has been called "a glorious city of meat" by The Huffington Post and "a bacchanal of pork, beef, lamb, chicken, duck, turkey and quail" by The New York Times. Bibliography
 Colonel Sanders and the American Dream May 2013 ()
 The Hamburger: A History May 2009 ()
 Meat Me in Manhattan: A Carnivore's Guide to New York October 2003 ()
 Zagat Long Island Restaurants 2005–06 May 2005 ()
 Readings for the 21st Century: Tomorrow's Issue for Today's Students / Edition 3 August 1996 ()
 Aquarius Super Day-by-Day Horoscope 1990
 Archie Bunker's America: TV in an Era of Change 1968–1978 March 2003 ()

Footnotes

External links

 Meatopia.org
 Josh Ozersky and Grub Street's Early Days

1967 births
2015 deaths
American food writers
Atlantic City High School alumni
Writers from Miami
Writers from Atlantic City, New Jersey
Writers from New York City
Rutgers University alumni
American restaurant critics
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
New York University alumni
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American


texts:
<mask> (; born 19 May 1975) is a former badminton player from the People's Republic of China. She won the Olympic gold medal twice for women's singles in both 2004 and 2008. She has played badminton on the world scene since the mid-1990s and has been particularly successful since 2002 while in her late twenties and early thirties, relatively late for singles at the highest level, and especially for top players in the Chinese system who are developed very early. She is known for her consistency of shot, deception and constant pressure, dictating the pace of rallies and working her opponents in all four corners of the court. She is the only female player to win consecutive Olympic singles gold medals. She also became World champion in 2003 and has a total of five medals of all colours in the competition. <mask> first represented China in the Uber Cup (women's world team championship) competition in 1994 and last represented it in 2006.Though she was not always chosen to play in each of the biennial editions of this tournament, the span of her Uber Cup service is the longest of any Chinese player. Career

2003
Although she had previously won a number of international open titles dating from the mid-1990s, <mask>'s breakthrough as a dominant player on the world circuit came in the 2003 IBF World Championships, where she stormed into the final. There, 28-year-old <mask> defeated compatriot Gong Ruina easily 11-6, 11-3. 2004
The following year, <mask> played badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics for China. In women's singles, she defeated Marina Andrievskaya of Sweden and Kelly Morgan of Great Britain in the first two rounds. In the quarterfinals, <mask> beat Wang Chen of Hong Kong 9-11, 11-6, 11-7 to advance to the semifinals. There, she defeated countrywoman Zhou Mi 11-6, 11-4.<mask> defeated Netherlands's Mia Audina 8-11, 11-6, 11-7 in the final to win the gold medal. It was sweet revenge for the 29-year-old, who had lost to Audina 10 years earlier in

masks:
Zhang Ning
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang Ning
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang


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 the decisive match of the Uber Cup. With her Olympic win, she became one of three singles players in the world to win the World Championship and the Olympic Games (in either order) in successive  years, the others being  Susi Susanti and Taufik Hidayat. 2005
<mask> also claimed many titles after her breakthrough wins. She bested Xie Xingfang in the 2005 China Open 3-11, 11-4, 11-8, but in the 2005 World Championships final <mask> fell to Xie Xingfang, 8-11, 11-9, 3-11. 2006
In 2006, <mask> reached the finals of the World Championships yet again, but she was still unable to defeat Xingfang. This time, she lost 16-21, 14-21.However, <mask> claimed revenge in the Japan Open, defeating Xingfang 21-11, 16-21, 30-29. This was the 19th time they had met in an international tournament, with the head-to-head tied at 9-9. During this year the well known Dutch documentary filmmaker Roel van Dalen made the documentary film Olympic Journey - The Road to Beijing on the life of <mask>, which was broadcast on television worldwide. 2007
In 2007, <mask> won her fifth Singapore Open title in six times, beating Xingfang 21-18, 19-21, 21-3. In the World Championships, Xingfang was defeated in the third round by Malaysian Wong Mew Choo, making <mask> a favourite for the title. However, she was stopped in the semi-finals by Wang Chen. This was the second time Wang Chen had beaten her in 2007, after the Indonesian Open.<mask>'s compatriot Zhu Lin went on to beat Wang in the final 21-8, 21-12. In the Beijing Good Luck Invitational tournament, <mask> reached the semi-finals to face Zhu Lin but pulled out due to injury. In the Danish Open, she reached the final, but lost 17-21, 14-21 to compatriot Lu Lan due to a thigh injury. <mask> also reached the semi-finals of the French Open, but was upset by local hope Pi Hongyan. In the China Open, <mask> lost in straight sets to Malaysia's Wong Mew Choo in the semi-finals. <mask> cited injury and fatigue as the main reasons for her

masks:
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang Ning
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang


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 loss. 2008
<mask>'s 2008 season started with a first round loss in the Malaysian Open.She was seen coaching her younger teammates in the tournament as well. In the Korean Open, she lost to her former compatriot, Zhou Mi, in the quarter-final. Zhou now plays for Hong Kong. In the All England, <mask> and Xie, the top 2 seeds, lost in the first round. However they both bounced back strongly in the Swiss Open to reach the final, for their 22nd international meeting. To be in the final was a relief for <mask>, who had failed to get past the quarter-finals in three previous tournaments. Still, Xie beat <mask> 21-18, 21-17, bringing their head to head stands to 11:11.Later, at the Beijing Olympic Games, <mask> progressed to the quarter-final after overcoming South Korean Jun Jae Youn in the third round. She then subdued fifth-seeded Pi Hongyan of France and Indonesia's Maria Kristin Yulianti 21-15, 21-15 to reach the final. There she faced compatriot and world number 1 Xie Xingfang and won in a tough three-setter, 21-12, 10-21, 21-18, to extend her gold medal reign. <mask> became the first badminton player to ever defend an Olympic singles title even though many questioned her ability to do so at the age of 33. She was additionally chosen to represent China as the flag bearer for the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. Retirement
Having previously announced her plans to retire after the 2008 Olympic Games, a retirement ceremony for <mask> and other retiring members of the Chinese national team was held at the 2008 China Open Badminton Championships in Shanghai in November 2008. She was in tears receiving an award during the ceremony to mark her retirement with five other teammates from the Chinese national badminton team on the sidelines of the China Open badminton event in Shanghai, November 23, 2008.After her retirement, <mask> immediately began working with the Chinese national team in coaching and developing the up-and-coming women's singles players.

masks:
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang Ning


texts:
 In 2018 however she was replaced by Luo Yigang as the coach of China's women's badminton team following the below par performance of team at the Uber Cup. Achievements

Olympic Games
Women's singles

World Championships
Women's singles

World Cup
Women's singles

Asian Championships
Women's singles

Asian Cup
Women's singles

East Asian Games
Women's singles

Women's doubles

BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries has two levels, the Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries features twelve tournaments around the world, introduced in 2011, with successful players invited to the BWF Superseries Finals held at the year's end. Women's singles

  Superseries tournament
  Superseries Premier tournament
  Superseries Finals tournament

IBF World Grand Prix
The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) from 1983 to 2006. Women's singles

Women's doubles

Record against selected opponents
Record against year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists.References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Badminton players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Badminton players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Badminton players from Liaoning
Olympic badminton players of China
Olympic gold medalists for China
People from Jinzhou
Olympic medalists in badminton
Asian Games medalists in badminton
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Badminton players at the 2002 Asian Games
Badminton players at the 2006 Asian Games
Badminton players at the 1998 Asian Games
Chinese female badminton players
Chinese badminton coaches
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
World No. 1 badminton


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<mask> (Wanblí Ta Hócoka Washté or Good Eagle Center) (born 1942) is an Oglala Lakota American painter, collage artist, educator, and author. Biography
<mask> was born on March 25, 1942, in Pine Ridge, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. He was given the name Warpa Tanka Kuciyela or Low Black Bird as an infant, but received his second Lakota name in 1972. Amiotte's parents are <mask> and Olive Louise Mesteth. His great-grandfather Standing Bear (1859–1933) was at the Battle of Little Big Horn. Amiotte lived in the reservation until he was six and then visited it during summers up to the age of 15. During his studies at Northern State University in Aberdeen, South Dakota, <mask>te attended a workshop from Oscar Howe in 1961.By this encounter, <mask> got a concrete example of how a native artist can be a contemporary artist. <mask> received his bachelor's degree in Art and Art Education and was subsequently a teacher at Woodrow Wilson Junior High School in Sioux City from  1964 to 1966. Two mentors, in particular, guided Amiotte. From 1969 to 1975, his grandmother Christina Standing Bear, a sacred bundle keeper, taught him the heritage of his great-grandfather Standing Bear (Mató Nájin), who illustrated Black Elk Speaks. In the period from 1972 to 1981, <mask> was influenced by the Lakota medicine man Pete Catches (Oglala Lakota), who introduced Amiotte to Lakota spirituality and rituals belonging to Lakota traditions. He received his Masters of Interdisciplinary Studies in 1983 from the University of Montana-Missoula. Amiotte was professor of Native American art history at Brandon University, Manitoba, but in 1985, he decided to dedicate himself to art and he established his studio in Custer, South Dakota, in 1986.Amiotte curated exhibitions

masks:
Arthur Douglas Amiotte
Arthur Amiotte
Walter Douglas Amiotte
Arthur Amiot
Arthur Amiotte
Arthur Amiotte
Arthur Amiotte


texts:
 about the culture of the tribes on the Great Plains, such as at the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian in Santa Fe, New Mexico; the Akta Lakota Museum in Chamberlain, South Dakota; the Buffalo Bill Historical Center of Cody, Wyoming; and the Museum of World Cultures of Frankfurt am Main, Germany in 2006. In 2004, <mask>te lectured  Oscar Howe Memorial Lecture

Works

Main exhibitions and artworks
Lakota philosophy and oral history form the foundation of Amiotte's artistic work. His creativity as a whole is an expression of the Lakól wicóh'an washtélaka – the love of the Lakota traditions. Amiotte promotes Lakota rituals and the visionary experiences during the traditional ceremonies also find their impact on his artistic work. Amiotte defines his work as being bound to the reservation culture which bridges the gap between yesterday and today, a split which is often mastered in an amazing manner. Amiotte has said, "I realized that contemporary art was ignoring the whole reservation period. This had been a dynamic time.Some people were going to school in the east, to Carlisle and Hampton... People were moving onto land allotments. They were familiar with print media, exposed to lots of magazines, pictures, photographs... Daily life was infused with this mixture of nonliterate/literate. There were new technologies... it seemed to me that it was more honest to deal with all this in my art, rather than to create a fake hide painting." His collage work is inspired by Ledger art but takes it to a new level. In a pointed and sharp-witted manner, they reveal the discrepancy of Lakota culture between tradition and modernism ("The Visit," 1995, Acrylic-Collage; Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Wyoming). He also explores experiences of Lakota people in Europe,


texts:
 during the Wild West show era of the early 20th century. Amiotte has participated in over 100 exhibitions, including over 20 solo exhibitions.He has shown throughout the United States and Europe, including at the Kunsthallen Bradts Klaedefabrik in Odense, Denmark in 1994-5. His work, ranging from painting to sculpture and textile objects, is present in 26 public and about 200 private collections. His work is included in such public collections as the Denver Art Museum, the Sequoyah National Research Center in Little Rock, Arkansas, the National Museum of Natural History, as well as the following institutions. The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, The Ethel Morrison Van Derlip Fund
 Prince Albert, 1989, Collage and acrylic on canvas
 1913 Spring/Summer 1913- Giving Away His Suit, 1990

Joslyn Art Museum
 New Horse Power in 1913, 1994, acrylic and collage on canvas
 Ascent of the Maiden, 1964, casein (tempera) on paper

Hood Museum of Art
 "Saint Agnes" Manderson, S.D. Pine Ridge Rez, 2001, Acrylic and collage on canvas, Purchased through the Phyllis and Bertram Geller 1937 Memorial Fund

Whitney Gallery of Western Art
 The Visitors from Oklahoma, 1996, Collage and acrylic

Publications and lectures

He frequently lectures at home and abroad and is a published author. In 1989 Amiotte wrote with a chapter about Sioux Arts in the important volume, Illustrated History of the Arts in South Dakota, published during the state's centennial. Indian Arts and Crafts Board of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Photographs and Poems by Sioux Children, from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, selected by Myles Libhart and <mask>, with an essay by <mask>te, Rapid City 1971.Honors
From 1979 to 1981, Amiotte served on the Presidential Advisory Council for the

masks:
Arthur Amiotte
Arthur Amiot


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 Performing Arts in Washington, DC. In 1980, he was awarded the South Dakota Governor's Award for Outstanding Creative Achievement in Arts. That same year, Amiotte was awarded the Bush Leadership Fellowship, which allowed him to study Northern Plains art collections in the United States and Europe at the University of Montana-Missoula. Amiotte was awarded various fellowships and grants, including the Lila Wallace Readers Digest Artists at Giverny, France in 2002; the Bush Artist Fellowship; and the Getty Foundation Grant in 1994-5. In 1999, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award as Artist and Scholar by the Native American Art Studies Association. <mask> holds honorary doctorates from the Oglala Lakota College  and the Brandon University, Manitoba. Notes

References
Bates, Sara, curator.Indian Humor. San Francisco: American Indian Contemporary Arts, 1995. .
Lester, Patrick D. The Biographical Directory of Native American Painters. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. .
McFadden, David Revere and Ellen Napiura Taubman. Changing Hands: Art without Reservation 2: Contemporary Native North American Art from the West, Northwest and Pacific. New York: Museum of Arts and Design, 2005. .

Bibliography

 Vigil, Jennifer Claire. "Drawing Past, Present and Future: The Legacy of the Plains Indian Graphic Tradition in the Works of <mask>te." Ph D Dissertation, University of Iowa, 2004

Museums and exhibitions catalogs

External links

 <mask>, Vision Project

Oglala people
Artists from South Dakota
Native American painters
Native American writers
1942 births
Living people
People from Pine Ridge, South Dakota
Northern State University alumni
University of Montana alumni
Brandon University faculty
People from Custer, South Dakota
First Nations

masks:
Arthur Amiotte
Arthur Amiot
Arthur Amiotte


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Skipper <mask>, DSC, RNR (28 April 1876 – 15 August 1917) was an English posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross. <mask>, in civilian life a commercial fisherman operating from Lowestoft in Suffolk, earned his award after being killed during the defence of his vessel, the armed naval smack Nelson, in the North Sea against an attack from a German submarine in 1917. <mask>'s self-sacrifice in the face of this "unequal struggle" was used by the government to bolster morale during some of the toughest days of the First World War for Britain, in late 1917, during which Britain was suffering heavy losses at the Battle of Passchendaele. His exploit was read aloud by David Lloyd George in the Houses of Parliament and made headline news for nearly a week. Early life
<mask> was born into a family of shipwrights and fishermen in Lowestoft, one of ten children to William and <mask>. Although his father was the owner of a successful boatbuilding firm and thus could afford an education for his children, <mask> did not enjoy school, instead showing a "marked preference for quayside adventure to school routine". Leaving school, <mask> took to the sea, spending several years as a herring fisherman before joining a fishing trawler out of Lowestoft.He was a natural to the work, being a remarkably good sailor, but tired of it quickly and joined the Atlantic steamship SS Mobile, becoming her quartermaster and making several trans-Atlantic voyages. In 1895, aged 19, he met and married Harriet Elizabeth Alp and settled with her at 48 Staithe Road in Burgh St. Peter near Lowestoft, where they had two sons and a daughter, including <mask> Jr, who would be with his father on the day he won the Victoria Cross. Establishing himself as a fisherman, <mask> achieved his mate and then skipper

masks:
Thomas Crisp VC
Crisp
Crisp
Thomas Crisp
Mary Anne Crisp
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Crisp
Thomas Sr


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 qualifications, entitling him to captain a fishing vessel sailing from the port. In 1902 he was taken on by Chambers, one of the largest boat owning families in Lowestoft, to crew and then captain their ketch George Borrow, in which he remained for thirteen years. In 1907 the family moved to Lowestoft while <mask> continued his work at sea, proving one of the most popular fishing captains in Lowestoft and joined on his ketch by his son in 1913. When the First World War began in July 1914, Crisp was at sea. Unaware of the outbreak of war, he remained in the North Sea for several days, and was surprised on his return to learn that enemy submarines were expected off the port at any moment.When this threat failed to materialise, <mask> returned to fishing, considered too old for military service and in an occupation vital to Britain's food supplies. In late September, George Borrow passed ,  and  shortly before they were all sunk, with over a thousand lives lost, by German U-boat . <mask> Jr. later wrote of finding bodies in their fishing nets for weeks afterwards. War service
In early 1915, <mask> Jr left the vessel to join the Royal Navy. A few weeks later the U-boat threat expected so many months before arrived, as submarines surfaced among the undefended fishing fleets and used dynamite to destroy dozens of them after releasing the crews in small boats. This offensive was part of a wider German strategy to denude Britain of food supplies and took a heavy toll on the fishing fleets of the North Sea. George Borrow was among the victims, sunk in August, although it is not known if <mask> (father) was aboard at the time.While temporarily working in a net factory following the loss of his vessel, he was scouted by a Navy officer recruiting experienced local fishing

masks:
Crisp
Thomas Crisp
Tom Crisp
Tom Crisp
Tom Crisp


texts:
 captains to command a flotilla of tiny fishing vessels, which were to be secretly armed. The boats were intended to be working fishing vessels fitted with a small artillery piece with which to sink enemy submarines as they surfaced alongside. In this manner it was hoped they would protect the fishing fleets without the diversion of major resources from the regular fleet, in the same manner as Q-ships deployed in the commercial sea lanes. Agreeing to this proposal, <mask> became first a Seaman and by mid-1916 a Skipper in the Royal Naval Reserve, arranging for his son to join the crew of his boat, the HM Armed Smack I'll Try, armed with a 3-pounder gun. On 1 February 1917 in the North Sea, I'll Try had its first confrontation with the enemy when two submarines surfaced close to the smack and her companion the larger Boy Alfred. Despite near misses from enemy torpedoes, both smacks scored hits on their larger opponents and reported them as probable sinkings, although post-war German records show that no submarines were lost on that date. Both skippers were awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and a present of £200 for this action, and Crisp was offered a promotion and transfer to an ocean-going Q-ship.He was forced to turn down this offer due to his wife's sudden and terminal illness. She died in June 1917. Victoria Cross action

In July, I'll Try was renamed Nelson and Boy Alfred became Ethel & Millie, in an effort to maintain their cover. The boats continued to operate together and <mask>'s crew was augmented with two regular seamen and a Royal Marine rifleman, providing Nelson with a crew of ten, including Crisp and his son. The smacks set out as usual on 15 August and pulled in a catch during the morning before making a sweep near the Jim Howe Bank in search of

masks: Crisp Crisp


texts: cruising enemies. At 2.30 pm, Crisp spotted a German U-boat on the surface  away. The U-boat also sighted the smack and both vessels began firing at once, the U-boat's weapon scoring several hits before Nelsons could be brought to bear.By this stage in the war, German submarine captains were aware of the decoy ship tactics and no longer stopped British merchant shipping, preferring to sink them from a distance with gunfire. With such a heavy disparity in armament between the smack's 3-pounder and the submarine's 88 mm deck gun the engagement was short lived, the submarine firing eight shots before the Nelson could get within range of her opponent. The fourth shot fired by the U-boat holed the smack, and the seventh tore off both of <mask>'s legs from underneath him. Calling for the confidential papers to be thrown overboard, Crisp dictated a message to be sent by the boat's four carrier pigeons: like many small ships of the era, Nelson did not possess a radio set. Nelson being attacked by submarine. Skipper killed. Jim Howe Bank.Send assistance at once. The sinking smack was abandoned by the nine unwounded crew, who attempted to remove their captain, who ordered that he should be thrown overboard rather than slow them down. The crew refused to do so, but found they were unable to move him and left him where he lay. He died in his son's arms a few minutes later. It is said that he was smiling as he died and remained so as the ship sank underneath him. Ethel & Millie had just arrived on the scene as Nelson sank, and her captain Skipper Charles Manning called for Nelsons lifeboat to come alongside. Realising that this would greatly overcrowd the second boat, the survivors refused and Manning sailed onwards towards the submarine, coming under lethal fire as he did


texts: so.His vessel was soon badly damaged and began to sink. The crew of Ethel & Millie then abandoned their battered boat and were hauled aboard the German submarine, where the Nelson survivors last saw them standing in line being addressed by a German officer. The seven British sailors of Ethel & Millie were never seen again, and much controversy exists surrounding their disappearance. Prevailing opinion at the time was that they were killed and dumped overboard by the German crew or abandoned at sea without supplies, as the German government had made it clear they regarded the crews of merchant ships who fought back against U-boat attacks as francs-tireurs, and thus liable to execution. These scenarios cannot be substantiated. Another theory is that they were taken prisoner and killed when the submarine was sunk. The son of Arthur Soanes, a sailor who disappeared in this incident, later claimed to have contacted his father through his powers as a spiritual medium, reporting that he had died on board the German vessel.UC-63 has been named as the submarine that sank both vessels. The survivors of Nelson drifted for nearly two days until they arrived at the Jim Howe Buoy, where they were rescued by the fishery protection vessel Dryad. A pigeon named "Red Cock" had reached the authorities in Lowestoft with news of the fate of the boats and caused the Dryad to be despatched to search for survivors. A court of enquiry praised the surviving crew and their dead captain and authorised the award of the Victoria Cross posthumously to <mask> and Distinguished Service Medals to his son and another member of the crew. On 29 October 1917, David Lloyd George made an emotional speech in the House of Commons citing Crisp's sacrifice as representative of the Royal Navy's commitment


texts:
 "from the icy waters of the Arctic Ocean to the stormy floods of Magellan", which promoted Crisp into an overnight celebrity whose story ran in all the major London papers for nearly a week, containing as it did a story of personal sacrifice, filial devotion and perceived German barbarity. The medal presentation was made to <mask> Jr at Buckingham Palace on 19 December 1917. <mask>, VC, DSC, is memorialised on his wife's gravestone in Lowestoft Cemetery.Citations

Admiralty, 2nd November, 1917
HONOURS FOR SERVICES IN ACTION WITH ENEMY SUBMARINES
The KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the award of the following honours, decorations and medals to officer and men for services in action with enemy submarines: —
Posthumous Award of the Victoria Cross. Skipper <mask>, R.N.R., 10055D.A. (Killed in action). The London Gazette, 30 October 1917

Action of H.M. Armed Smack "Nelson" on the 15th August, 1917. On the 15th August, 1917, the Smack "Nelson" was engaged in fishing when she was attacked with gunfire from an enemy submarine. The gear was let go and the submarine's fire was returned. The submarine's fourth shot went through the port bow just below the water line and the seventh shell struck the skipper, partially disembowelling him, and passed through the deck and out through the side of the ship.In spite of the terrible nature of his wound Skipper <mask> retained consciousness, and his first thought was to send off a message that he was being attacked and giving his position. He continued to command his ship until the ammunition was almost exhausted and the smack was sinking. He refused to be moved into the small boat when the rest of the crew were obliged to abandon the vessel as she sank, his last request being that he might be thrown overboard. (The

masks:
Tom Crisp
Thomas Crisp
Thomas Crisp
Crisp


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 posthumous award of the Victoria Cross to Skipper <mask>, D.S.C., R.N.R., 10055 D.A., was announced in London Gazette No. 30363, dated 2 November 1917). The London Gazette, 20 November 1918

Post-war remembrance

After the war, a small display in memory of Crisp was set up in Lowestoft Free Library and another in Lowestoft Maritime Museum. The former contained a specially commissioned painting and parts of the sunken Nelson, which were dredged up years later.This display was destroyed during the Second World War when the building was gutted in the Blitz. A new display featuring a replica of the Victoria Cross awarded to <mask> currently stands in Lowestoft Town Hall. The original is held securely by the local council after <mask>'s family felt his interests would not be served if the medal were held privately. It can be viewed on request. <mask>'s name is inscribed on the Chatham Naval Memorial for those lost at sea during the First World War, as well as two church memorials in Lowestoft to the town's war dead, St. John's and St. Margaret's. The latter church also contains a "VC Bell" dedicated to his memory. <mask> Way, a street in his native Lowestoft, is named in his honour.In a footnote to the action, the pigeon "Red Cock", which brought news of the engagement to the authorities, was stuffed upon his death and was mounted in the <mask> display at Lowestoft Town Hall for many years before being reportedly relocated to a museum in South Kensington. Notes

References

External links

1876 births
1917 deaths
People from Lowestoft
Royal Navy officers
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
British military personnel killed in World War I
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross
Royal

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Thomas Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Crisp
Tom Crisp
Thomas Crisp


texts:
is a Japanese actress, voice actress, and narrator
who is most famous for the role of Sazae Fuguta from the long-running family anime Sazae-san. She is also known for voicing Yoshiko in Sally the Witch and Osomatsu Matsuno in Osomatsu-kun (1966). Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born  on 15 November 1939 in Tokyo Prefecture, which would later become Tokyo Metropolis four years after her birth, in the Empire of Japan. She was educated at  in Suginami ward and
, the now-defunct school of the  troupe. She originally wanted to be an actress in shinpa, but she was unable to perform any of the required arts, and she expected that it would change if it was taught at a low price. Several of the students she was in the same graduating class with included actresses Chieko Baisho and . In 1959, the Japanese national broadcasting organization NHK was recruiting tarento for television, and Katō subsequently moved the NHK's actor training school.The following year in April 1960, she made her broadcast debut in NHK's Tenshi no Heya, and in the same year, she was also the founder of a theatrical troupe called "Sanju Jinkai". She was also a member of three voice acting offices:  the Tokyo Actor's Consumer's Cooperative Society, and Sigma Seven. After the expiration of her three-year priority contract with NHK, Katō met a producer at Toei Doga (later Toei Animation) and started her career as a voice actor in anime television. She voiced the titular character of Osomatsu-kun, Yoshiko Hanamura in Sally the Witch,


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 and Kan-chan in The Genie Family. She also performed the song in a commercial for Meiji Milk Chocolate (a chocolate bar manufactured by Meiji Dairies) that is best known for the Chocolate wa Meiji phrase. Sazae-san

In 1968, Katō was cast as the titular character of Sazae-san, Sazae Fuguta. She participated at the audition with the intent to audition for another character, Katsuo Isono, and wanted to voice him and Sazae, but it was vetoed.She was asked to step down from all other anime work, and no longer played any anime characters other than Sazae. Although the series is now long-running, Katō would later recall in 2009 that she initially thought it would last only three months. For about 10 years since the broadcast started, Katō played freely and ad libitum, but later decided to use scripts after self-reflecting that the scriptwriters are not actors if they are not writing every word. This was because Kazue Takahashi, who was the second voice actor of Katsuo, was able to do his words perfectly without being affected by Kato's ad libitum acting. During the fifteenth anniversary of Sazae-san around 1984, Katō had an opportunity to meet the writer of the original Sazae-san manga, Machiko Hasegawa. Katō told Hasegawa, "Sensei, watashi, this year, it's just bad", and Hasegawa told her, "I'm sure there's something good to come". This was the only time Katō ever met Hasegawa before the latter's death on 27 May 1992.In 2009, Katō and her Sazae-san co-star Ichirō Nagai made brief cameo appearances in the fourth


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 live-action adaptation of Sazae-san, Katō appearing as a female employee. Katō told Oricon Style that she had not appeared in drama for the past 45 years and felt nervous during her appearance. She was invited to the  held on 25 October 2012, where she exchanged words with then-Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko. Kato introduced herself as "Sazae", believing that she would be recognized with just the nameplate, and the Emperor and Empress responded with a smile. After the Crown Prince Naruhito and his younger brother the Prince Akishino said that they were watching Sazae-san, Kato said "Dad, mom, I'm thrilled, I don't want to go home anymore. Officials from the Imperial Household Agency reported that Aiko, Princess Toshi was able to recognize Katō's voice as Sazae's. In 2013 Guinness World Records recognized Sazae-san as the longest running animated series, surpassing The Simpsons which went on air in 1989.On 6 October 2019, Katō and fellow Sazae-san voice actor Takako Sasuga were recognized by Guinness World Records in the category of "longest career as a voice actor for the same character in an animated television series", having at that point voiced their characters for 50 years and 1 day. Other work
In 1989, Katō began performing on her own stage, receiving a request from a producer of a television station who watched the stage. Katō was also the narrator of Makeover! Dramatic Before & After, a documentary series which aired on TV Asahi. The series' selection in the 2003 "New Word / Buzzword Awards"


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 earned her an appearance at an award ceremony there. Katō was awarded the 45th Anniversary Special Prize by the  in 2015. Filmography

Anime
Shōnen Ninja Kaze no Fujimaru (1964) - <mask>, Mika
Osomatsu-kun (1966) - Osomatsu-kun (episodes 1 and 2)
Sally the Witch (1966) - Yoshiko Hanamura, Ultra Bā-san
Tobidase!Bacchiri (1966) - Benmatsu
Kaminaribō ya Pikkari Bi (1967) - Pontarō
Pyunpyunmaru (1967) - Chibimaru
Dokachin the Primitive Boy (1968) - Pak
Fight Da!! Pyūta (1968)
Yuuyake Banchō (1968) - Chuji Akagi
Sazae-san (1969) - Sazae Fuguta
Hakushon Daimaou (1969) - Kan-chan
Mōretsu Atarō (1969) - Dekoppachi,
Itazura Tenshi Chippo-chan (1970)

TV drama
Fushigi'na Pack (1960, voice)
Oyako (1960)
Tenshi no heya (1960), Yōko Harada
Nōfu arite (1961)
Speed Jidai episode 1 "Speed no miryoku" (1963)
Tegami no Onna (1963)
Docchi ga docchi (1972)
Wild 7 (1972-1973, episodes 1, 2, 3 and 9)
Ganbare!! Robocon (1974-1976) - Mama/Shoko Oyama
Dakara Seishun: Naki Mushikōshien (1983)
Nihon no On'na Series II: Haru no Kage (1981)
Watashi no Kawaii Hito (1986)
Sazae-san (2009) - Namihei's co-worker

Puppetry
Uriko Himeko: Nippon Mukashibanashi (1978, voice)Ōsama no Mimi wa Roba no Mimi: Girisha Shinwa yori'' (1999, voice)

References

External links

1939 births
Living people
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
People from Suginami
Sigma Seven voice actors
Tokyo Actor's Consumer's Cooperative Society voice actors
Voice actresses from Tokyo
20th-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese


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<mask> (August 31, 1792February 22, 1839) was a prominent American Methodist minister, educator and theologian. He was the first President of Wesleyan University. Family background
<mask> was born in Guilford, (near Brattleboro), Vermont on August 31, 1792. His father, the Hon. <mask> (1763–1859), was from Massachusetts and descended from <mask> who emigrated to America from England in about 1637. His mother, Hannah (née Bacon, c. 1760–1845) was also from Massachusetts and was descended from John Bacon who came to America in 1640. Isaiah and <mask> married on May 2, 1786 and moved to Guildford, where Isaiah's father, <mask>, had purchased land at the outbreak of the American Revolution.Their first child, Isaiah Jr. was born in 1789, and died as a youngster in 1793. Polly, their second child, was born in Brattleboro in 1790. <mask>, their third child, was born two years later in 1792. Unfortunate business interests caused a financial hardship for Isaiah and Hannah, and they moved with their children from Guilford to Lyndon, Vermont in Caledonia County, about forty miles from the Canada–US border. <mask> became a respected citizen in Lyndon, and he was elected by his fellow citizens as Assistant Judge, Caledonia County Court from 1808–1813 and Chief Judge, Caledonia County Court from 1815–1823. He was also a presidential elector in the 1816 presidential election. Early life
<mask> <mask> was raised in Lyndon, and at age 16 he was admitted to the Peacham Academy in Vermont where he completed a course of instruction in two years.After leaving the Academy, he began attending Burlington College in Vermont in 1812 (now the University of Vermont). The outbreak of the War of 1812, however, caused classes to be suspended. He then transferred to Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island in 1814 and graduated in 1815. While at Brown he determined to pursue a career in law, and upon graduation returned to Lyndon where he began working at the law office of the Hon. Isaac Fletcher. <mask> was not known as a

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Willbur Fisk
Fisk
Isaiah Fisk
William Fisk
Hannah Fisk
Amos Fisk
Willbur
Isaiah Fisk
Willbur
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Fisk


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 particularly devoted student while in college, but after a year or so decided that a career in law was at odds with his Christian character. He left the legal profession behind and moved to Baltimore where he was engaged as a tutor.<mask> was plagued by respiratory problems throughout his life, and ill health in Baltimore caused him to move back home to Lyndon to recuperate. While in Lyndon, he came in contact with the great religious revival sweeping the state of Vermont. His mother, Hannah, had forsaken her New England Calvinist roots to become a Methodist, and her home was a center of Methodist activity in northern Vermont. After much contemplation, <mask> decided to become a Methodist minister and was appointed an itinerant minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1818. His influence with the conference reversed its opinion from principled opposition to higher education to the establishment of secondary schools and colleges. <mask> only served as a minister for three years in Vermont and Massachusetts before becoming interested in furthering educational opportunities in New England. In about 1820 he suffered a relapse in his health and did not resume his preaching until about 1822.Wesleyan Academy and Wesleyan University
While still engaged in his ministerial duties, <mask> became actively involved with the New Market Academy in New Market, New Hampshire, and in 1824 was appointed to the Board of Trustees. When it was relocated to Wilbraham, Massachusetts (and renamed the Wilbraham Wesleyan Academy), he was appointed to the position of principal in 1826. The success of the Academy under his direction was noted by many Methodists, and he was then offered the presidency of the new Wesleyan University which was being established in Middletown, Connecticut. He accepted that position and remained as its first president from its opening in 1831 until his death in 1839. As an indication of the high esteem with which he was regarded by his contemporaries, he was elected to the office of Bishop in

masks: Fisk Fisk Fisk Fisk


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 1835, which he declined to devote his energies to educational matters. In 1851, Wesleyan Academy (now Wilbraham & Monson Academy) erected Fisk Hall in his honor. Under his leadership the university became an important center for Methodist education in New England.Many of his ideas were regarded as unusual in his day: admission was not dependent on religious affiliation, he encouraged the "bodily health" of students, and he regarded modern languages as being as important as classical languages. His views may be summed up with this quote from his writings: "The great object which we propose to ourselves in the work of education is to supply, as far as we may, men who will be willing and competent to effect the political, intellectual, and spiritual regeneration of the world." To that end, he worked to insure the physical, moral and intellectual developments of his students. European travel
In 1835, <mask> suffered another relapse in his battle with what appears to have been some sort of chronic respiratory disease. His physician advised him to take a sea voyage to try to regain his health. The trustees of the Wesleyan University were anxious for him to make a complete recovery and offered to let him take a year off to travel to Europe to acquire books and laboratory equipment for the university. <mask> and Ruth left New York in the company of a faculty member and friend, Wilbur B.Lane, in 1835. Before their departure in 1835 the Board of Fellows of Brown University awarded him a Doctor of Divinity degree. While in England, <mask> gave many sermons, and throughout his trip he was actively engaged in carrying out his assignment of acquiring supplies for the university. In addition to sightseeing, the European tour proved to be quite strenuous for his frail constitution. His health did improve, however, and after he returned to Middletown in 1836, he resumed his duties as president of the university. In 1838 Harper's published his book describing the European tour: Travels On The Continent Of Europe;

masks: Fisk Willbur Fisk


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 Viz., In England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, And The Netherlands. Slavery, temperance and Indian missions
The question of slavery was one of the burning issues of the day, and one that often put <mask> <mask> at odds with many of his fellow Methodists.He was a colonizationist who favored sending America's slaves to Africa. He opposed the abolitionists within the church who sought to deny membership to any slaveholder or any supporter of slavery. <mask> felt that the abolitionist approach would split the church and prevent those who needed Christian love and teachings the most from receiving it. He endorsed what he believed was a truly Christian, non-violent way of solving this social evil. Many felt his approach would not bring about emancipation. Toward the end of his life he regretted some of his arguments, but still stood on the principle that a unified church was the quickest way to emancipate slaves. Whether his way would have worked is open to debate, however, in one sense he was correct—in 1844 the Methodist church did split along exactly the lines that he predicted, and only twenty years after his death the nation was plunged into war as the time for talking about slavery ended.<mask> was an early advocate for temperance throughout the 1830s and often wrote and lectured on the "evils of alcohol." He believed that a person should abstain entirely and felt that "drinking rum and going to hell are synonymous terms." (Prentice p. 188)

<mask> was instrumental in securing funds for a translation of the Bible into the Mohawk language in 1831 (the project was completed in 1839). Marriage and family
<mask> most likely met his wife, Ruth Peck of Providence, at some point while he was in Rhode Island. They carried on a seven-year engagement, primarily through correspondence, until they decided marry on June 9, 1823 in Providence. She was an Episcopalian prior to her marriage. Prentice indicates that most friends believed that <mask> and Ruth had an unhappy marriage, and

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 her letters indicate dissatisfaction with her ability to have a harmonious relationship.<mask> expected to outlive his wife, and did not prepare adequately for his early demise. He expressed concern for Ruth's continuing welfare on his deathbed. In an expression of true friendship and Christian charity, faculty members and students of Wesleyan University helped Ruth for the remainder of her life. She lived in indigency in a small house on Foss Hill, near Foss House, (the house was later moved to the lower Union Street section of Middletown, where it was demolished in the 1960s). The <mask>s adopted a daughter, Martha S<mask>, who was born on October 24, 1824. She lived with her parents in Middletown and then with her mother and grandmother, Lydia Peck, after her father's death in 1839. Martha died at age twenty on April 25, 1844 in Middletown.She is buried in the Wesleyan Cemetery (on campus). Ruth's mother, Lydia (Lyon) Peck was born May 9, 1769 in West Woodstock, Connecticut and came to live with <mask> and Ruth in her old age. She is mentioned in Prentice's biography (though not by her first name) as living with them in Middletown. Lydia was the daughter of Amos Lyon (1733–1812). She died on June 25, 1843 in Middletown and is buried in the Wesleyan Cemetery. <mask> <mask> died after a long, painful illness in Middletown on February 22, 1839 with his wife by his side. He is buried in the Wesleyan Cemetery.Wilbur Wright was named after him. Bibliography
This is a partial bibliography of works by and about <mask> <mask>. Also see entries in the Dictionary of American Biography, the Encyclopædia Britannica, as well as many Methodist histories. 348–349

Notes

References

Presidents of Wesleyan University
1792 births
1839 deaths
Methodist theologians
University of Vermont alumni
Brown University alumni
History of Methodism in the United States
American Methodist clergy
Wesleyan University
American religion academics
American sermon writers
Arminian ministers
Arminian theologians
19th-century

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. Fisk
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<mask> (8 December 1959 – 25 November 2011) was an Australian experimental music artist and member of The Loop Orchestra; he also worked as a radio broadcaster and documentary maker, and as a civil engineer. In 1982 he was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and used a wheelchair from 1993. In 2010, his radio documentary, The Too Hard Basket, won the Walkley Award for 'Social Equity Journalism – All Media', and the 'Radio Documentary of the Year Award' from the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union. <mask> died on 25 November 2011 after complications from cancer therapy. Biography

Experimental music bands
<mask> was born in December 1959 as the son of Douglas and <mask> with a brother Bruce. He grew up in Sydney and from the mid-1970s he listened to local radio, Double Jay, "[It] was like the breath of fresh air that people like me needed who had been swamped by disco, American soft rock ... rock opuses ... and the English Glam rock". In 1977 Blades and a group of school friends provided their favourite music for a radio presentation on Double Jay.His early preferences were for punk music by Ramones and The Saints, innovative music of Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention and reggae. By 1978 he preferred Peter Doyle programme which featured post-punk and experimental music, "[which] incorporated the punk ideal with new elements such as electronic noise and rhythms, spoken word, dub, electronically processed voice and experimental acoustic and electronic sound". In 1980 while studying civil engineering at University of Sydney, Blades was a founding member of electronic music group The East End Butchers with Doyle. In 1982 he was a founding member of The Loop Quartet, with Richard Fielding (ex-Severed Heads), Ron Brown and Jaimie Leonarder. During that year, the quartet performed a radio studio live to air experimental performance using loops on reel-to-reel tape machines. Blades also formed and performed in other groups: War Meat and the Dictator, and Men Like Licorice, both in 1982. That year, Blades also

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John Thomas Blades
Blades
John Thomas Blades
Pam Blades


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 started working as a structural engineer for Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA): he specialised in bridge engineering.He was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) – his mother Pam also had the disorder – and he was hopeful of retaining mobility. In 1982 The Loop Orchestra was formed by Blades, Fielding and Anthony Maher; and in 1983, Doyle joined. In 1990, the band's first release, Suspense, was launched at the AFI Cinema, Sydney. Annette Shun Wah from SBS TV's The Noise programme interviewed the band and <mask> described their work,
for the piece, Suspense, the sound sources were all concrete, that is, all pre-existing sounds, and it was a study of the way sounds and music is constructed for suspense in horror movies. So it's all taken from scores for those films – generally untreated sections of the scores from those films, from the 1940s, through to films like Creature from the Black Lagoon of the 1950s, right through to Texas Chainsaw Massacre in the 1970s and Evil Dead in the 1980s, and so they're fragments of sound. It's like deconstructing an existing sound source and reconstructing – or structuring – something else out of that deconstruction. By 1993 Blades' MS had progressed and he was wheelchair-bound but he continued with his work at RTA, with The Loop Orchestra and on radio.In 2007, Australian violinist, Jon Rose, spoke at the 9th Annual Peggy Glanville-Hicks Address (see Peggy Glanville-Hicks), Rose discussed Blades' enthusiasm and commitment to the Sydney music community:
Multiple sclerosis sentenced <mask> to a wheelchair, where no doubt it was expected that he would spiral slowly out of view. The contrary happened and with committed zeal, he has become a major figure in the Sydney alternative music scene, organising & conducting his Loop Orchestra, promoting & supporting new music and outsider art. Not only have his activities kept his mental state together, he tells me that his condition has actually been reversed through his involvement with music. Physical healing with music is not just

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 the province of new agers – music can be as practical as taking aspirin. Radio
During 1981 <mask> was invited by Ian Hartley to appear on the 2MBS' radio programme, Disc Noir, to present samples of his music collection. Hartley asked Blades to host his own show, Hot Dog You Bet, which was broadcast by 2MBS (102.5 MHz) from 1982 to 1985. Fielding had suggested the name of the show, inspired by "a flexi disc released with a New York art magazine called Smegma, an audio collage".In March 1998, due to the severity of his MS which reduced his mobility, Blades finished working at the RTA. His most pleasing work as an engineer was on the Glebe Island Bridge: "I designed water drainage system from the bridge deck to the underground stormwater system". From 1998 Blades presented a fortnightly radio programme, Background Noise, with initial co-host Fielding, and from 2003, another ex-Severed Heads musician, Garry Bradbury on 2MBS. The programme featured "mainly experimental music with innovative film soundtracks, radio plays and spoken word". During his time at 2MBS FM, <mask> also founded the Contemporary Music Collective (CMC), a group of radio broadcasters and producers who supported noise and experimental music programmes after midnight, which differs from the station's usual programming of classical music during daytime. Other programmes include Eclectic Chair, The Dust Museum and Our World Through Seratonin. In 2004 CMC organised a fund-raiser in 2004 called Dis-Co-LLaboration to celebrate 22 years on-air – Severed Heads played live, along with radio presenters and CMC members.In 2010, <mask>' documentary, "The Too Hard Basket", was broadcast on ABC Radio National, 360 Documentaries programme. It won the Walkley Award for 'Social Equity Journalism – All Media', and the 'Radio Documentary of the Year Award' from the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union. Blades died on 25 November 2011 after complications from cancer therapy. References

1959 births
2011 deaths
Australian radio presenters
20th-century Australian

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John Blades
Blades
Blades


texts: <mask> (September 10, 1847 – November 2, 1939) was an American writer, attorney, military officer, author, and Republican politician who served as Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives and represented Mississippi in the United States House of Representatives. <mask> was born into slavery in Louisiana and became free in 1863 under the Emancipation Proclamation. During Reconstruction, <mask> became a prominent political leader in Mississippi. In 1873, <mask> was elected as the first African-American Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives; he is considered the first Black man to hold this position in any state. He was among the first generation of African Americans from the South elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the 44th, 45th, and 47th Congresses. In 1884, he was elected temporary chair of the Republican National Convention and delivered the convention's keynote address. After Democrats regained power in the Mississippi legislature, they disenfranchised much of the majority-black electorate by raising barriers to voter registration.<mask> then studied law and was admitted to the Mississippi bar in 1896. Seeing the effects of disenfranchisement, <mask> left the state and returned to Washington, D.C. to practice law. He served in the United States Army during the Spanish–American War and for a decade into the early 1900s, achieving the rank of major. After retiring, <mask> moved to Chicago, where he lived for more than two decades and was active in law and real estate. Beginning with the end of federal Reconstruction in 1877, <mask> wrote and published four books analyzing the political situation in the South. The best known of these is The Facts of

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John Roy Lynch
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Lynch
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 Reconstruction (1913), which argued against the prevailing view of the Dunning School, conservative white historians who downplayed African-American contributions and the achievements of the Reconstruction era. Early life and education
<mask><mask> was born into slavery in 1847 on Tacony Plantation near Vidalia, Concordia Parish, Louisiana.He was the third son of his mother Catherine White, who was enslaved. She had four boys in total. Born in Virginia, she was of mixed race, as were both of her parents, <mask> and Elizabeth White. Under slavery law, the children of slave mothers were slaves, regardless of paternity. <mask>'s father <mask> was the overseer on the plantation; he had a common-law marriage with Catherine White. A young immigrant, <mask> had come to the United States with his family from Dublin, Ireland. They settled in Zanesville, Ohio.As young men, Patrick and his older brother <mask> moved South; Patrick became an overseer at the Tacony Plantation. There he fell in love with Catherine and they became a couple, living together as man and wife. (They were prohibited from marrying by state law.) To protect his family, <mask> planned to buy Catherine and their mixed-race sons from the Tacony Plantation owner. Before the transaction was completed, a new owner bought the plantation and hired a different manager. <mask> could no longer afford to post the $1,000 bond required by the legislature for each person in his family in order to free them. (The state legislature was trying to reduce the number of free people of color, and it severely restricted the number of manumissions, ending approval altogether in 1852.)In addition, he would have to submit a request for these manumissions to an Emancipation

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John R
. Lynch
Robert
John
Patrick Lynch
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Edward Lynch
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texts: Court. <mask> planned to move with his family to New Orleans, where his brother Edward lived, and try to save money there to secure his family's freedom. He thought the city would be a good place to live, as he had learned that it had a large population of free people of color. Many had achieved some education and economic status. <mask> died in 1849 of illness before carrying out his plan. Before his death, <mask> arranged for his friend, William G. Deal, to take title of Catherine, William and <mask>, with the understanding that this was a legality to protect the family, who continued to work at Tacony plantation. But after a time, Deal sold them to Alfred Vidal Davis, a planter in Natchez, Mississippi.When she met Davis, Catherine was shocked to learn of the sale. She told him her family's story. Davis offered to keep her and her two sons with her (one had died by this time), and to have her work in his household. He also allowed her to hire out and save some of the money she earned. He mostly kept his word, but Catherine and her two sons did not gain freedom until 1863, under the Emancipation Proclamation. Because of an argument with Mrs. Davis, the boy <mask> had been sent to field labor on the plantation. He was 16 when he and his family gained freedom.<mask> worked with elements of the Union Army in the Natchez area. After the Civil War ended in 1865, a friend of his father's arranged for him to work for a photographer. <mask> took on increased responsibilities until he managed the entire operation and its finances. He built a successful business in Natchez. Wanting to continue his education, <mask> attended a night school taught by Northerners. (By the end of 1866, many such teachers were driven out

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Lynch
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Patrick Lynch
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 of the state by whites' violent opposition to the education of freedmen.) <mask> also read widely in books and newspapers during lulls in his business day.As <mask>'s business was near a white school, the young man often eavesdropped on lessons through the open windows. Career

<mask>'s leadership abilities were quickly recognized in Natchez, and he gained post-war political opportunities. He became active in the Republican Party by the age of 20. Although too young to participate as a delegate, he attended the state's constitutional convention of 1867, studying its developments closely. The first proposed constitution was defeated, largely because it required the temporary disenfranchisement of former Confederates, an unpopular proposal. In April 1869 at the age of 22, <mask> was appointed by the military governor, Adelbert Ames, as a Justice of the Peace in Natchez. Later that year <mask> was elected as a Republican to the Mississippi State House.He was re-elected, serving until 1873. In his last term, January 1872 he was elected as Speaker of the Mississippi House, the first African American to achieve that position. At the age of 26 in 1872, <mask> was elected as the youngest member of the US Congress from Mississippi's 6th congressional district, as part of the first generation of African-American Congressmen. (This district was created by the state legislature in 1870.) He was the only African American elected from Mississippi for a century. In 1874 <mask> was the only Republican in the Mississippi House delegation to be elected in the face of a Democratic campaign against Republicans and blacks. Elections in the state were increasingly accompanied by violence and fraud as Democrats worked to regain

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 political power.In 1874, the White League, a white paramilitary group active on behalf of the Democratic Party, had worked openly to intimidate and suppress black voting, assassinating blacks and running Republican officers out of town. In 1875 Democrats dominated the House of Representatives for the first time since the Civil War. <mask> introduced many bills and argued on their behalf. Perhaps his greatest effort was in the long debate supporting the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to ban discrimination in public accommodations. He was one of seven African-American Congressmen present, who all testified in 1874 as to personal and known experience of the effects of discrimination in this area. Another speech included the following:

In 1876 <mask> spoke out against the White League and racial divisions in his state. The Democratic Party dominated the state legislature, redrawing his district and guaranteeing white majorities in the other five.<mask> contested the victory of Democrat James R. Chalmers from the 6th district, but, with Congress dominated by Democrats, the Elections Committee refused to hear the case. As a result of a national Democratic Party compromise, in 1877 the federal government withdrew its troops from the South, and Reconstruction was considered ended. The Democrats kept control of the state legislature. In 1880 <mask> re-entered politics. He ran against Democrat James R. Chalmers from the 6th district and contested his claim of victory in the majority-black 6th district. When his case came before the Committee on Elections on April 27, 1882, <mask> argued that in five counties, more than 5,000 of his votes had been counted for Chalmers. He further asserted that several thousand Republican

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 ballots had been thrown out after a secret hearing because of technicalities such as a clerical failure to send a list of names with the returns and the presence of unusual marks on the ballots.<mask>'s strongest arguments were based on Chalmers's remarks that <mask>'s votes had been thrown out and that he (Chalmers) was 'in favor of using every means short of violence to preserve [for] intelligent white people of Mississippi supreme control of political affairs.' The committee ruled in <mask>'s favor, and on April 29, 1882, the House voted 125 to 83 to seat him; 62 Members abstained. <mask> was awarded the seat by Congress in 1882. He had little time to campaign and lost re-election in 1882 by 600 votes, ending his career in Congress. He continued to have influence in Mississippi and in the Republican Party. In 1884, <mask> became the first African American to chair a political party's National Convention. Future president <mask> made a moving speech nominating <mask> as Temporary Chairman of the 1884 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Illinois.<mask> served as a member of the Republican National Committee for Mississippi from 1884 to 1889. Marriage and family
In 1884, at the age of 37, <mask> married Ella Sommerville; they had a daughter before divorcing. Years later, in 1911, after <mask> retired from the Army, he married again, to Cora Williams. They left Mississippi the following year, part of the Great Migration to Northern industrial cities, and  settled in Chicago. They lived there until <mask>'s death in 1939. Later political and military career

<mask> was appointed by the Republican national administration as Treasury Auditor of the Department of Navy (1889-1893). He returned to Mississippi

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Theodore Roosevelt
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texts:
 after this and studied law; he passed the state bar in 1896.As the state legislature had disenfranchised blacks by its new 1890 constitution, based on poll taxes and literacy tests, <mask> returned to Washington, DC the following year to set up his law practice. He wanted to live where he could participate politically. During the Spanish–American War, <mask> was commissioned in 1898 as a major and appointed as paymaster in the Army by President William McKinley. In 1901, <mask> entered the Regular Army as a captain. He was promoted to major and served tours of duty in the United States, Cuba, and the Philippines. After <mask> retired from the Army in 1911, he married again and moved to Chicago in 1912. There he set up his law practice.He also became involved in real estate, as the city became a destination of tens of thousands of rural blacks in the Great Migration, including many from Mississippi. It was also attracting European immigrants and rapidly expanding based on its industrial jobs. After his death in Chicago in 1939 at the age of 92, <mask> was buried with military honors in Arlington National Cemetery, due his service as a Congressman and military officer. <mask>'s writings
At the turn of the 20th century, the struggle for memory and meaning of the Civil War and Reconstruction continued. <mask> wrote a book, The Facts of Reconstruction (1913), and several articles criticizing the then-dominant Dunning School of historiography. Dunning and followers, many of whom were prominent in major Southern universities, evaluated Reconstruction largely from the viewpoint of white former slave owners and ex-Confederates; they expressed the discriminatory views of their societies. They routinely downplayed any


texts:
 positive contributions of African Americans during Reconstruction, said they were dominated by white carpetbaggers, and could not manage political power.(This was in keeping with the disfranchisement of blacks throughout the former Confederacy from 1890 to 1910, and the imposition by state legislatures of racial segregation and Jim Crow law to restore white supremacy.) <mask> argued that blacks had made substantial contributions during the period. He also published articles on this topic in 1917 and 1918 in the Journal of Negro History. His views were later supported by historians such as W.E.B. Du Bois in his Black Reconstruction in America (1935) and Eric Foner in Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988), among others. Since the late 20th century, new histories and research have changed the perception of the achievements during Reconstruction. The Facts of Reconstruction is freely available online, courtesy of the Gutenberg Project.Since <mask> participated directly in Reconstruction-era governments, historians consider his book to be a primary source in study of the period. <mask>'s memoir, Reminiscences of an Active Life: The Autobiography of <mask> <mask>, which he worked on near the end of his life, was not published until 1970. A number of chapters dealing with Reconstruction are close to material published first in his 1913 The Facts of Reconstruction. A new edition of his memoir was issued by the University of Mississippi Press in 2008. Much is available for preview online at Google books. Books
Colored Americans: <mask><mask>'s Appeal To Them. Milwaukee: Allied Printing, [1900?]The Facts of Reconstruction (New York, 1913)
[https://archive.org/details/somehisterrors00lyncrich

masks:
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
John Roy
Lynch
John R
. Lynch


texts:
 Some Historical Errors of James Ford <mask>]. Boston: The Cornhill Publishing Co., 1922 (reprint of articles first published in the Journal of Negro History in 1917 and 1918). Reminiscences of an Active Life: The Autobiography of <mask> <mask> (ed. <mask> Franklin) (Chicago, 1970). Articles
<mask><mask>, "Some Historical Errors of James Ford <mask>", The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 2, No. 4, Oct., 1917
Pittsburgh Courier article, February 22, 1930.Speeches
The Late Election in Mississippi (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1877). See also
Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
List of African-American United States representatives
List of United States representatives from Mississippi
U.S. House election, 1872
U.S. House election, 1874
U.S. House election, 1876
U.S. House election, 1882

References

Bibliography
 Bell, Frank C. "The Life and Times of <mask><mask>: A Case Study 1847–1939", Journal of Mississippi History, 38 (February 1976): 53–67. DeSantis, Vincent P.<mask> Face the Southern Question: The New Departure Years, 1877-1897 (Baltimore, 1959)
 Foner, Eric ed. "<mask>, <mask>" in Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction, Revised Edition. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996). .
 Franklin, <mask>. "<mask>, <mask>" in Dictionary of American Negro Biography, edited by <mask> W. Logan and Michael R. Winston, pp. 407–9.New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1982. Franklin, <mask> editor, Reminiscences of an Active Life: The Autobiography of <mask> <mask> (Chicago, 1970). Franklin, <mask>. "<mask> <mask>: Republican Stalwart from Mississippi" in <mask>, (ed. ), Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era (Urbana, 1982);  reprinted in John Hope

masks:
Rhodes
John Roy
Lynch
John Hope
John R
. Lynch
Rhodes
John R
. Lynch
Republican
Lynch
John Roy
John Hope
Lynch
John Roy
Rayford
John Hope
John Roy
Lynch
John Hope
John Roy
Lynch
Howard Rabinowitz


texts:
 Franklin, Race and History: Selected Essays, 1938–1988 (Louisiana State University Press, 1989)
 "<mask> <mask>" in Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1989. Prepared under the direction of the Commission on the Bicentenary by the Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1991.McLaughlin, James Harold. <mask><mask>, The Reconstruction Politician: A Historical Perspective. Ph.D. diss., Ball State University, 1981. Mann, Kenneth Eugene. "<mask> <mask>: U.S. Congressman from Mississippi", Negro History Bulletin, 37 (April/May 1974): 238–41.Schweninger, Loren. Black Property Owners in the South 1790–1915 (Urbana, Ill., 1990)
 The Amazing World of <mask> <mask> (Eerdmans Publishing, 2015), a biography for children, written by Chris Barton and illustrated by Don Tate. External links

 Biography at the African American Registry

|-

|-

1847 births
1939 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American lawyers
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era
African-American state legislators in Mississippi
American people of Irish descent
19th-century American slaves
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Illinois Republicans
Members of the Mississippi House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi
Mississippi lawyers
Mississippi Republicans
People from Vidalia, Louisiana
Historians of the Reconstruction Era
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Speakers of the Mississippi House of Representatives
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Dunning School
20th-century African-American

masks:
John Roy
Lynch
John R
. Lynch
John Roy
Lynch
John Roy
Lynch


texts:
<mask> (April 26, 1845 – August 13, 1920) was a career officer in the United States Army. A veteran of the American Civil War, American Indian Wars, Spanish–American War, and Philippine–American War, he attained the rank of brigadier general before retiring in 1903. A native of Burke, Vermont, he attended Lyndon Institute, St. Johnsbury Academy, and Bryant & Stratton Business College in Burlington, Vermont. He enlisted for the American Civil War, joining the Union Army's 10th Vermont Infantry Regiment in 1862. He was promoted from private to corporal, was wounded at Battle of Cold Harbor in 1864, and convalesced in Vermont until being discharged at the end of the war. In 1867, <mask> was appointed to the United States Military Academy. He graduated in 1871, was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Infantry, and assigned to the 7th Infantry Regiment.<mask> was assigned to frontier duty and took part in the American Indian Wars, including the Sioux Wars and Nez Perce War. He was severely wounded at the Battle of Big Hole in 1877. After recovering, he transferred to the Commissary department. He continued to serve in commissary and subsistence assignments, and had high profile staff positions in the Spanish–American War and Philippine–American War. <mask> was promoted to brigadier general in July 1903 and retired the following day. In retirement he was active in several business ventures and resided in San Francisco before moving to Berkeley, California. He died in Berkeley on August 13, 1920 and was buried at San Francisco National Cemetery.Early life
<mask> was born in Burke, Vermont on April 26, 1845, the son of Erastus <mask> and Eliza (Quimby) <mask>. He attended the elementary schools of Burke, Lyndon Institute,

masks:
Charles Albert Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff


texts:
 and St. Johnsbury Academy. After graduating from the academy, <mask> went on to graduate from Bryant & Stratton Business College in Burlington, Vermont. Civil War
<mask> volunteered for the Union Army during the American Civil War, enlisting as a private in Company A, 10th Vermont Infantry Regiment on June 5, 1862. He was promoted to corporal June 3, 1863. <mask> was slightly wounded three times at the Battle of Cold Harbor on June 1, 1864. He was captured after being wounded, but escaped later the same night.On June 3, 1864, <mask> was wounded again, this time severely. He had recently been commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 117th Infantry Regiment, United States Colored Troops, but could not accept because of his need to convalesce. He convalesced at Sloan General Hospital in Montpelier, Vermont. As a result of his wounds, <mask> was discharged from the Army on August 18, 1865. Post-Civil War
In 1867, <mask> passed a competitive examination to obtain appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Among the other applicants for the appointment was Willie H. Johnston. <mask> graduated in 1871 ranked 11th of 41 in overall standing, and first in military discipline.He was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Infantry and assigned to the 7th Infantry Regiment. American Indian Wars
<mask> served on frontier duty at Fort Shaw, Montana from September 1871 to January 1872. From January to May 1872 he was posted to Fort Benton, Montana. He then returned to Fort Shaw where he was posted until March 1876, including participation in expeditions to explore the area around Fort Colville, Washington from August to October 1873 and Camp Lewis, Montana from June to October 1875. As part of the

masks: Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff


texts: 7th Infantry, <mask> took part in the Great Sioux War of 1876, assigned as regimental adjutant and commander of a battery that consisted of one Napoleon gun and two Gatling guns. After the Battle of the Little Bighorn, <mask> continued to be interested in the events surrounding the fight and the personalities involved. In addition to maintaining a correspondence with other participants in the campaign with whom he discussed his experiences, he also communicated with several writers and historians who researched the subject.In the summer of 1908, Edward S. Curtis, an ethnologist and photographer of the American Indians, walked the Little Bighorn battlefield with three Crow scouts who had served with the U.S. Army during the 1876 campaign. <mask> accompanied them so that Curtis could have the scouts' recollections of the fight considered by an experienced army officer who had knowledge of the battle. The accounts of the Crow scouts differed from the widely accepted version of events, placing more blame on George Armstrong Custer for the defeat that led to the deaths of Custer and most of his command. Curtis and <mask> both thought the scouts were accurate, but Curtis decided the scouts' version of events was too controversial to publicize. As a result, Curtis left the account of the Crow scouts out of the volume of Sioux history he published later that year. <mask> served as regimental adjutant during the Nez Perce War of 1877. On August 9, he was wounded three times at the Battle of Big Hole.After being treated locally until October, <mask> took convalescent leave, and he remained in this status until May 1878. <mask> was promoted to first lieutenant to rank from August 9, 1877. After recovering from his wounds,

masks: Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff


texts:
 <mask> transferred to the Army's Commissary department. He received promotion to commissary captain to date from March 28, 1877 and served in the Washington, D.C. office of the Commissary General from June to August 1878. He was assigned as chief commissary and acting assistant adjutant of the Department of the Missouri at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas from August 22, 1878 to October 9, 1879. He was chief commissary of subsistence for the District of New Mexico and the post at Fort Marcy, New Mexico until October 31, 1884, and also served as acting assistant adjutant and acting engineer officer. From November 1884 to May 1889, <mask> served as chief commissary of the Department of the Columbia at Vancouver Barracks, Washington and performed several temporary staff assignments, including assistant adjutant, judge advocate, ordnance officer, and signal officer.While with the Department of the Columbia, <mask> was part of the Army contingent that took part in responding to the Seattle riot of 1886. Later career
<mask> was purchasing and depot commissary of subsistence for the Department of California in San Francisco from August 1889 to April 1894. In 1890 he received a promotion to captain by brevet to recognize his heroism at the Battle of Big Hole. In 1891, he delivered a speech during events commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the Grand Army of the Republic. It was so well received that afterward, the GAR's George H. Thomas Post Number 2 in San Francisco paid to print and distribute 10,000 copies. In December 1892, he was promoted to temporary commissary major. In April 1894, <mask> was assigned as assistant to the Commissary General of Subsistence in Washington, D. C., and he served until May

masks: Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff


texts:
 1896.He was then assigned as chief commissary for the Department of the East at Governors Island, New York. In February 1898, <mask> was promoted to commissary lieutenant colonel, and in May he received promotion to commissary colonel. During the Spanish–American War, <mask> was purchasing and depot commissary in New York City from May to December 1898. In December, he took charge of the Subsistence Branch of the Army Transport Service. He was assigned to inspect subsistence operations in Cuba from February to March 1899, after which he was assigned to inspect subsistence operations in San Francisco. <mask> was assigned from July 1900 to August 1902 as chief commissary for the Military Division of the Pacific in Manila, Philippines during the Philippine–American War. He served as chief commissary for the Department of California from September 1902 to July 1903.He was simultaneously superintendent of the Subsistence Branch of the Army Transport Service in San Francisco (October 1902 to July 1903) and purchasing and depot commissary for the depot in San Francisco (October 1902 to July 1903). On July 27, 1903, <mask> was promoted to brigadier general. On July 28, he retired from military service. Later work
From December 1904 to May 1905, <mask> worked in Nicaragua as director of the Nicaragua Finance and Improvement Company, a company created to construct electricity plants and railroads in the Central American coountry. In 1905, he was a member of San Francisco's Fusion Campaign Committee, a coalition of Republicans and Democrats that sought to overthrow the corrupt government of Abe Ruef and his Union Labor Party. <mask> also served as a director of San Francisco's State Savings and Commercial Bank and in 1906 was

masks: Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff Woodruff


texts:
 appointed to the Board of Visitors of the United States Naval Academy. He was also active in veterans' organizations, including the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Grand Army of the Republic, and United Spanish War Veterans.From 1909 to 1914, <mask> was commandant of the state veteran's home in Yountville, California. After retiring as commandant, he was a resident of Berkeley, California. In the years prior to World War I and during the war, <mask> engaged in high-profile activities to support the U.S. war effort, including leadership roles with the local American Red Cross and the American Protective League. Death
<mask> died in Berkeley, California on August 12, 1920. Organizations providing honors at his funeral included the Grand Army of the Republic, National Indian Wars Veterans, United Spanish War Veterans, American Legion, and United Veterans of the Republic. He was buried at San Francisco National Cemetery. Family
In 1874, <mask> married Louise Virginia Duff (1854-1942).They were the parents of three sons and three daughters:

Mary (1875-1876)
James (1877-1969), U.S. Army major general
Edith (1878-1970), the wife of Roger Williams of Berkeley, California
Genevieve (1880-1941), the wife of General Malin <mask> (1884-1945), a United States Navy officer who retired as a commander and joined the Canadian military for World War I. He later became a merchant ship captain, and committed suicide in Brooklyn, New York. Edwin (1885-1970), a World War I veteran who attained the rank of major and later pursued a financial services career in California
Virginia (1890-1901)

References

Further reading

1845 births
1920 deaths
People from Caledonia County, Vermont
People from San

masks:
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Woodruff
Craig Charles


texts:
 Francisco
People from Berkeley, California
St. Johnsbury Academy alumni
Bryant and Stratton College alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army generals
Union Army soldiers
Union Army officers
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
United States Army personnel of the Indian Wars
Burials at San Francisco National Cemetery
Military personnel from


texts:
<mask> () (14 July 1854 – 4 June 1932), (also famously known as শ্রীম, Master Mahashay, and M.), was a disciple of Ramakrishna (a great 19th-century Hindu mystic) and a great mystic himself. He was the author of Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita (5 vols. ), a Bengali classic; in English, it is known as The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna. He was also an early teacher to Paramahansa Yogananda, a famous 20th-century yogi, guru and philosopher. In his autobiography, Yogananda noted that <mask> ran a small boys' high school in Kolkata, and he recounted their visits, as they often traveled to the Dakshineshwar Kali Temple  together. Having a devotional nature, <mask> worshipped the Divine Mother in the form of Kali, and often reflected the wisdom of his guru Ramakrishna in his daily life and mannerisms. Yogananda reverentially regarded <mask>'s spirituality, calling him an "Incarnation of purity" and "the greatest man of humility I ever knew."Life

Birth and education
<mask> was born to Madhusudan <mask> and Swarnamayi Devi in a Baidya family in the Shimuliya section of Calcutta of West Bengal. After elementary education at the Hare School, he attended Presidency College, receiving his B.A. in 1874. <mask> was a gifted student and performed consistently well until 1874 till he graduated from Presidency College. In 1874 he was married to Nikunja Devi, daughter of Thakur Charan Sen and a relative of Keshub Chandra Sen, a Brahmo Samaj leader. After some time working for the government and a merchant house, he began teaching English, Psychology, and Economics at various colleges. Eventually he became headmaster of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's high school, where he was called

masks:
Mahendranath Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Mahendranath
Gupta
Gupta


texts:
 "Master Mahashay"—just as he was often addressed in Ramakrishna's circle and later by Yogananda.Meetings with Ramakrishna

As an adult, Mahendranath, like some of the other disciples of Ramakrishna, was connected with the Brahmo Samaj for several years. Mahendranath had lost his mother at a very early age and was experiencing domestic friction in the joint family. As the friction within the joint family increased, Mahendranath decided to commit suicide. At this critical juncture, Mahendranath's nephew took him to the temple garden of Dakshineswar Kali Temple, where Ramakrishna, a mystic and the chief priest of the Kali temple lived. It was here that <mask> met Ramakrishna for the first time and this meeting was a turning point in his life. Years later, when Mahendranath was asked about the greatest day in his life, he said, "the day I had my first darshan of Thakur [Ramakrishna] in February 1882." According to other traditional accounts, Mahendranath related that he may have met Ramakrishna for the first time when he was four years old and became separated from his mother while visiting the Dakshineswar Kali Temple.He began crying, and a blissful and youthful man came up and consoled him. He believed it to be Ramakrishna, who was then a priest at the Kali temple. Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita

M had the habit of maintaining a personal diary since the age of thirteen. M met Sri Ramakrishna in 1882 and, attracted by the latter's teachings, started to maintain a stenographic record of Sri Ramakrishna's conversations and actions in his diary, which finally took the form of a book Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita. Initially when M began writing the diaries, he had


texts:
 no plans of publication. Regarding his methodology M wrote,

In each of his Kathamrita entries, M records the date, time and place of the conversation. The title Kathamrita, literally "nectarine words" was inspired by verse 10.31.9 from the Vaishnava text, the Bhagavata Purana.Both Sri Ramakrishna's wife, Holy Mother Sarada Devi, and Swami Vivekananda later testified to Mahendranath's faithfulness to Sri Ramakrishna's words. The first four volumes were published in 1902, 1904, 1908 and 1910 respectively and the fifth volume in 1932, delayed because of M's health problems. The Kathamrita contains the conversations of Sri Ramakrishna from 19/26 February 1882 to 24 April 1886, during M's visits. The Kathamrita is regarded as a Bengali classic and revered among the followers as a sacred scripture. Famous translations of Kathamrita include works by Swami Nikhilananda(1942), and Dharma Pal <mask>. Teacher to Paramahansa Yogananda
Paramahansa Yogananda, a 20th-century philosopher and a yogi, was a student of <mask> <mask>. Mahendranath moved to 50 Amherst Street in Calcutta, where he ran a small boys' high school.It was also formerly Paramahansa Yogananda's family home—a site especially poignant to Yogananda because it was the site of his mother's death. In his Autobiography of a Yogi, Yogananda dedicated an entire chapter to describing his friendship with <mask>, whom he referred to as "Master Mahasaya," which was along spiritual rather than academic lines. Yogananda described Mahendranath as having a "silky white beard and large lustrous eyes" and described his personality thus:
"His role in the world was humble, as befitted the greatest man of humility I ever

masks: Gupta Mahendranath Gupta Mahendranath


texts:
 knew. In this Amherst Street house, Master Mahasaya conducted a small high school for boys. No words of chastisement passed his lips; no rule and ferule maintained his discipline. Higher mathematics indeed were taught in these modest classrooms, and a chemistry of love absent from the textbooks. He spread his wisdom by spiritual contagion rather than impermeable precept.Consumed by an unsophisticated passion for the Divine Mother, the saint no more demanded the outward forms of respect than a child." Yogananda went on to describe several seemingly miraculous experiences with Mahendranath. Later, Yogananda said about him that "I would roll on the ground where he'd walked, so great was my love for him. I felt that even that ground had been sanctified." Later life and death
In 1922, M. lived in Mihijam, a town 144 miles from Kolkata, for nine months. In 1932, when the fifth Volume of Kathamrita was at the printers Mahendranath died at his home, now called Kathamrita Bhavan, located near the Thanthania Kali Temple in Calcutta. Kathamrita Bhavan is a pilgrimage place for followers of Ramakrishna due to numerous visits there by Ramakrishna and Sarada Devi, and several relics associated with their lives.References

Bibliography

 (full book is 16 volumes)

External links

 Table of Contents for "M" – The Apostle and the Evangelist (16-volumes)
 Sources of Biographical Information about M.

Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Bengali people
19th-century Indian non-fiction writers
Writers from Kolkata
Ramakrishna Mission
Lay disciples of Ramakrishna
1854 births
1932 deaths
20th-century Indian non-fiction writers
Indian spiritual


texts: <mask>va is a Ugandan writer, poet, actress, literary activist, and biographer. She is the founder of the Babishai Niwe (BN) Poetry Foundation formerly The Beverley Nambozo Poetry Award for Ugandan women, which began in 2008 as a platform for promoting poetry. It has since grown to include all African poets and runs as an annual poetry award. In 2014, the award will extend to the entire continent, targeting both men and women. The same year, the foundation will also publish an anthology of poetry from poets of Africa. She is also the founder of the Babishai Niwe Women's Leadership Academy..<mask> joined the Crossing Borders Scheme British Council Uganda in 2003 under the short stories genre. She was nominated for the August 2009 Arts Press Association (APA) Awards for revitalising poetry in Uganda after initiating the Beverley Nambozo Poetry Award, the first poetry award for Ugandan women.Nambozo has worked at the Eastern African Sub-Regional Support Institute for The Advancement of Women (EASSI), British Council, as a radio show morning host of two years at 104.1 Power FM in Kampala. She also served as an Audience Relations Manager, conducting regular market surveys. Before that she was a teacher and dance instructor at Rainbow International School in Kampala. Since 1999, she has been in an active dance group that usually holds concerts in and around church and the community. Nambozo has also been involved in several HIV/AIDS sensitisation campaigns amongst youth in

masks:
Beverley Nambozo Nsengiyun
Nambozo


texts:
 secondary schools and universities. Early life and education

Nambozo was born to Herbert Mugoya and Betty Mugoya. Her father was a diplomat and so she lived in the UK for about eight years of her childhood.She studied at Kampala parents school, Gayaza High School and Makerere College School, before joining Makerere University where she received a Bachelor of Education (literature, English) degree. She has a Certificate in French from Alliance Française de Kampala and a master's degree (Distinction) in creative writing from Lancaster University. Nambozo was a child when she became interested in poetry. Her father was very artistic, being a diplomat who was very well-traveled. He translated his explorations into the home, which influenced her. The schools she attended also supported writing and reciting during assembly, in class and even in the dormitories. She often composed raps or poems for her dormitory or class and weaved them into dance routines.Writing

<mask> is a member of FEMRITE and is the author of Unjumping, a chapbook collection of poetry that was published by erbacce-press in 2010 after she emerged a joint first runner-up in their annual poetry competition. Her hybrid play entitled GA-ad, which she wrote collaboratively with Ugandan playwright Judith Adong, featured as the play of the month at the New York National Black Theater in August 2013. Her story "The Best Non-crier on Purley Avenue" was published at postcolonial.org. She participated in the


texts:
 Caine Blogathon. Her short stories, poetry and articles have been published in Drumvoices Review, Femrite, Kwani?, Enkare Review, Copperfield Review, Postcolonial text, Feast, Famine and Potluck anthology and other local and international journals. Many of her travel articles on visits to Mexico, Lamu, Kenya, Egypt, Lake Mburo National Park, Kingfisher Resort, Queen Elizabeth National Park, and other places have been published in UGPulse and the New Vision newspaper. In 2013, she was shortlisted for the Poetry Foundation Ghana prize for her poem "I Baptise You with My Child's Blood", and longlisted for Short Story Day Africa prize.Her work has been featured on the Pan-African poetry platform Badilisha Poetry Radio. In 2013, she appeared on BBC Radio 3's Cabaret of the Word. Her poem "Lake Nalubaale. Lake she Uganda" was selected as the Uganda poem for the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Published works

Poetry collections

Poems

"I baptize you with my child's blood", "Sseebo gwe Wange", "Lamu", in
 "Microwave", "I will never be you", in
Ha!Ha!Ha!Ha!, in
"Unjumping", in
"Bujumbura", Wasafiri, 2015
"I Baptize You with my Child's Blood", shortlisted for Poetry Foundation Ghana 2013 prize and will be published in the anthology, 2014
"Nyali Beach-Mombasa, Please Boss", in revistamododeusar.blogspot.com, 2014
"Lake Nalubaale. Lake she Uganda", Uganda poem, commonwealth games 2014
Ga-AD, hybrid poetry and theatre with Judith Adong, performed during the 45th reading, Black


texts:
 Series, New York City, 2013. "At the Graveyard, Nyali Beach-Mombasa", New Black Magazine, 2011
"Al Qaeda", "Eloped", "High heels" and "Nyali Beach-Mombasa", published in Loamshire Review, a UK magazine, 2010
"Dance Partner", "In the Restaurant" and "Crocodile Farm in Mombasa", published in Drumvoices Revue, A confluence of Literary, Cultural and Vision Arts, published by Southern Illinois University English Department, 2007
"Al Qaeda", published in Kwani?4, an East African literary journal, 2006

Short stories

"Looking", in
 "Miss Nandutu", in
Kampala Kuyiiya, upcoming US academic journal, 2014
"The best non-crier on 50 Purley Avenue" in Postcolonial Journal, Vol. 8, no. 15 – <mask> Nambozo's poems on are pp. 101–102. "POETRY SLAM KAMPALA"

Living people
Ugandan women poets
Makerere University alumni
Women biographers
Ugandan women short story writers
Ugandan short story writers
21st-century Ugandan women writers
21st-century Ugandan poets
Alumni of Lancaster University
21st-century biographers
21st-century short story writers
People educated at Gayaza High School
Year of birth missing (living