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<mask> (1903–1979) was a Jewish Romanian acarologist, a remarkable researcher and a gifted academic, whose work continues to influence by many generations of biologists, some of whom studied zoology under his supervision. His name as a researcher is forever associated with the enigmatic group of Acari a.k.a. Acarina (a taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks), for which he arduously worked to perfect their taxonomy. Alone or in collaboration with his numerous disciples, he described and created 1 phalanx and 2 sub-phalanxes, 16 families and 8 subfamilies, 40 genera, 4 subgenera, and 145 species new to science. One could only compare professor <mask>'s work with that of Aristide Caradgea, who studied micro-Lepidoptera, attracting all the world researchers of that group to come in a pilgrimage to his modest place in Grumazesti, Neamț, Romania. Similarly, <mask>'s strenuous line of work encompassed Acari collections from all over Europe, St. Helen Island, North Korea, Nepal, Mongolia, India, Vietnam, Brazil, Venezuela, and Chile, making his lab in the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University (Romanian: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza"; acronym: UAIC), of Iași, Romania, a Mecca of the world's acarologists. Early life
<mask> was born on April 17, 1903, in Roman, in the province of Moldova, Romania, the eldest of seven children of Beila and Daniel (Idel) <mask>, of Ashkenazy Jewish ethnicity.Beila and <mask> were owners of a small rotary-shop (wagons were then in great demand), and as the Jewish tradition still demands, they saved most of their income to offer their son the best opportunity to study to become a "doctor". Their hopes were sustained by the excellent performance of their young studious son Zicman, who graduated the gymnasium and the prestigious

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 Lyceum "Roman Vodă", with best possible grades. Higher education
In 1922, after receiving his baccalaureate, he enrolled in the University of Pavia, Italy, as a foreign student. From 1923 to 1925, <mask> attended Histology and Pathology classes of the famous professor Camillo Golgi, the scientist-physician who discovered the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex. Unfortunately, the student <mask> was feeding himself poorly, and in 1925, after three years of starvation, he contracted pulmonary tuberculosis, which was still ravaging lives at the time. Forced to leave his studies in Italy, he returned to Romania, and was admitted to the Tuberculosis Sanatorium of Bârnova, close to Iași, where he strictly followed the rudimentary anti-tuberculous of treatment of that time. Weakened, but still willing to study Medicine he enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine of Iași University, and in 1928, he was immediately accepted due to his fine work in Pavia.Most unfortunately, the rise of anti-Semitic feelings throughout most of the students and some faculty members, and the lack of Jewish cadavers for Anatomy study (Jewish students were not allowed to dissect Christian cadavers), forced Zicman to quit studying medicine at Iași. Nevertheless, his desire to continue studying was paramount, so he enrolled at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, at the University of Chernivtsi (founded in 1875 as the Franz-Josephs-Universität Czernowitz), when Chernivtsi (Cernăuți in Romanian) was the capital of the Duchy of Bukovina, nicknamed "Little Vienna", part of the Austrian Empire. <mask> <mask> studied only one year there, and then moved back to Iași, province of Moldova. Back in Iași,  he studied from 1930 to 1933, at the Natural Sciences section, of the

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 Science Faculty at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, previously known as "Michaelian Academy" of Iași, from which he graduated with honors in 1933. During this time, he learned from famous academicians, professors and academic researchers, like Ioan Borcea, Paul Bujor, and Constantin Motaș. Here, he also begun working with his future illustrious zoologist colleagues Mihai Băcescu, Sergiu Cărăușu, and Alexandru V. Grossu. Post-graduation and early working years

<mask> started as a teacher in his native city of Roman, and then taught in the town of Târgu Ocna until he passed his Teacher's Capacity Examination in 1935.Having obtained his Capacity Degree, he was hired as teacher of Natural Sciences at the "St. O. Iosif Boys Lyceum" in Odorheiu Secuiesc (Hungarian: Székelyudvarhely), Harghita County, Transylvania, Romania. The renowned educational institution, which preserves until today inside its yard the ruins of a Roman castrum, was named after a prematurely dead Romanian pre-symbolist poet, Ștefan Octavian Iosif,. In 1938, <mask> married Ilona Pal, a local Székely person, who was a graduate of Benedek Elek Teachers' College, who eagerly defended her right to marry a Jew, during the reign of an antisemitic right-wing government. <mask> permanently maintained his association with the professors from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, and the eminent biologist Constantin Motaș, renowned specialist in hydro-Acari, who suggested that he should start researching the earth-Acari. As a result, the still young and very passionate Zicman was rummaging through the litter of the orchards of Harghita County in search of mites. He had the admiration and support of the Lyceum principal, Professor Ioan Steriopol, who was proud to befriend him. Working intensively as a

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 teacher, researcher and pedagogue, Professor <mask> helped establish the Natural Science Museum in Odorheiu Secuiesc.In 1938, <mask> <mask> published in the "Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" one of the discoveries of his passionate, under the title "Sur une espèce nouvelle de genre Euthrombidium" (About a new species of Euthrombidium). Unfortunately, the atmosphere in   Odorheiu Secuiesc became incendiary after the 30 August 1940 - "Vienna Diktat", when Hungary received northern Transylvania from Romania, and the anti-Semitic manifestation became so pervasive that <mask> and his pregnant wife were forced to leave Transylvania for Moldova. Temporarily jobless and stigmatized as a Jew, Zicman sought to work as a teacher in Piatra Neamț, and eventually he found an opportunity to teach at the "Jewish Lyceum" of the city of Roman, Romania, at the end of 1940. His industrious work and his leadership skills were so well respected, he became the Principal of the "Jewish Lyceum", where he worked until 1944, during World War II. From 1944 to 1949, he continued to work as a Biology teacher at "Roman's Boys Lyceum" and at the "Commercial Lyceum" of the City of Roman. Meanwhile, his research was extremely active, resulting in the publication of several papers on Trombidiidae (a.k.a. Red Velvet Mites or Rain Bugs, arachnids found in soil litter known for their bright red colors), in 1945.Academic and scientific activity
In 1947, he successfully defended his Ph.D. thesis under the supervision of Professor Constantin Motaș, entitled "The Respiratory Apparatus in Trombidiidae and Superior Prostigmata". For his extraordinary work, <mask> <mask> obtained the qualification magna cum laude. In 1949, he was appointed as an associate professor at the Department of

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texts: Zoology of the Natural Science Faculty at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, and his alma mater. In 1950, he was coopted in the formal "Research Group for Romanian Fauna", affiliated with the Scientific Section of the Romanian Academy, as head of the "Fauna Group" from the Iași Branch. In 1955, <mask> published a remarkable work "The Monograph of Trombidiidae", included in the "Fauna" collection of the Romanian Academy Press. In 1959, he became Full Professor with tenure at the Department of Zoology of the Natural Science Faculty at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași. He was designated  as titular for the Course of Vertebrate Zoology (the biological discipline that consists of the study of Vertebrate animals, i.e., animals with a backbone, such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) (see  Curs de zoologia vertebratelor).He also taught other courses like General Zoology, and Parasitology. In 1965, he published "Superfamily Ixodoidea" (containing the family Ixodidae – hard ticks), another monograph in the "Fauna" collection of the Romanian Academy Press. In the same year 1965, after years of collaborative work with his Romanian colleagues from the universities of Bucharest and Cluj, Professor <mask> <mask> published the first edition of "The Vertebrate Zoology". This monumental work was reedited twice (see ZOOLOGIA VERTEBRATELOR de Z. FEIDER, AL. V. GROSSU, ST. GYURKO si V. POP 1967 & ZOOLOGIA VERTEBRATELOR - Z. FEIDER, AL. V. GROSSU, ST. GYURKO si V. POP BUCUREȘTI. 1976), and can be found as PDF file on Internet.As a vertebrate zoologist, <mask> surrounded himself with other members of the department of Zoology, developing several lines of research for each of them, mentoring them to successfully defending their Ph.D. theses. All those

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texts: collaborators – Libertina Solomon, Viorica Simionescu, Iulia Mironescu, Nicolai Valenciuc, and Iordache Ion became full professors and accomplished researchers. Some of their joint lines of research topics were "The hyoid-mandibular apparatus in fishes" and "The relative growth in some fish species". The work was done at the "Marine Biological Station Professor Doctor Ioan Borcea", Agigea, Romania, founded in 1926 at the Border of the Black Sea, as an external research institution pertaining to the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași. Concomitantly, <mask> supervised other Ph.D. theses of several zoologists working at other Romanian Universities or at some remote biology research centers. He also never lost contact with the high-school education in Romania, and was invited almost every year to preside over Baccalaureate Committees in the largest cities of the Province of Moldova, Romania. In fact, the textbooks of Zoology for high schools in Romania all had his magisterial book "The Vertebrate Zoology" as reference.<mask>'s work with mites and ticks became very well known abroad, and more specialists in the field were interested in his work. He carried out the taxonomical and systematical study of many Acarina groups: Ixodoidea, Oribatidae, Gamasidea, Rhinonyssidae, Erythraeidea, and Prostigmata from Romania; Nicolletiellidae and Sternostoma genus throughout the world. He found phylogenetic indicators in the structures of trichobotrias, aspis, and genital and anal plaques in the larva chetotaxis and visual organs at Ixodidae or in the breathing apparatus, metopic edge and genital structure of Trombidia. Meanwhile, he joined several scientific societies in Europe and the US, and was appointed to the  editorial board of the publication Acarologia – a

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 quarterly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering all aspects of acarology, established by Marc André and François Grandjean in 1959. Some acarologists sent him their own collections for studying, to avoid name-redundancy. <mask> therefore was comparing Acari from all over the world with the holotypes (holotype - a single type specimen upon which the description and name of a new species is based) pertaining to his personal collection. <mask> transmitted his passion for acarology to a group of researchers from the Center for Biological Research - Nicu Vasiliu, Magda Călugăr, Mărioara Huțu, Maria Calistru and few others, who were his devoted disciples, while working at the "General and Applied Biology Institute" of the Iași branch of the Romanian Academy.They represented the growing school of Romanian acarologists, unparalleled until today. <mask> died after his fourth heart attack (he survived three previous attacks), while his third monography about Trombiculoidea was given for publication to the "Fauna" collection of the Romanian Academy Press. Legacy
The personal "Acari and Ixodidae collection" of <mask>, a true scientific thesaurus gathered during decades of arduous work, was donated to the Natural History Museum of Iași, a prestigious institution founded in 1834, and is the first museum of this kind in Romania. As evidence of the appreciation for his dedication to the science, several acarologists felt compelled to immortalize the name Zicman <mask>, by dedicating his name to newly identified species of Acari. For instance, Subias created the genus Feiderzetes - Feiderzetes latus in 1977. After his passing, one of his collaborators and colleagues, Libertina Solomon created the species Myonyssus feideri, and two of his close scientific

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 correspondents, Balogh and Mahunka created the species Phteracorus zicmani. <mask> remains in the memory of those who knew him as an eminent academic figure, with not only a vast knowledge of biology, but also a person who spread human warmth.He was a devoted father and grandfather, whose three children followed his example, choosing academic careers: Noemi Bomher - professor of Romanian literature, Daniela Kocsis – teacher of mathematics, and the junior Almos Bela Trif – physician and professor of pathology. References

Contribution of the Romanian Jews to Culture and Civilisation, Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania, Hasefer Press, Bucharest, 2004,
 Contribuția evreilor români la cultură și civilizație, Federația Comunităților Evreiești din România, Editura Hasefer, București,
Ionel Maftei - Personalități Ieșene, Vol. IV. Omagiu, Comitetul de cultură și educație socialistă al județului Iași, 1982
 Profesor dr. docent <mask> <mask>. Flacăra Iașului, 36, nr. 10261, 30 sept. 1979, p. 3
Libertina Solomon - <mask> <mask> (1903-1979). Acarologia (Paris), tome XXI, fasc.1, Jan.1980, p. 1-2
Neculai Vasiliu, Magda Călugăr, Marina Huțu - <mask> <mask> (1903-1979).Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle Grigore Antipa (București), vol. XXI, 1980, p. 385-386. Vasiliu, George D. – <mask> Zicman in "Biologi din România: (Biologie animală)", Editura Ion Borcea, 705 pages, pp. 219–225, 2001. Gheorghe Mustață, Mariana Mustață – "Prof. Dr. <mask> <mask>" (1903 – 1979) "Personalități ale biologiei românești și universale" (Personalities of Romanian and World's Biologists), Editura Academiei Oamenilor de Știință din România, 2014, 796 pages, pp. 199 – 202,

1903 births
1979 deaths
20th-century Romanian zoologists
Romanian entomologists
Romanian Jews
Moldavian

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<mask>, KC (17 May 1855 – 26 March 1931) was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and a controversial Irish Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His political career began in the 1880s under Charles Stewart Parnell's leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and continued into the 1920s, when he was the first governor-general of the Irish Free State. Family background

He was born in Bantry, County Cork, the second son of <mask>, clerk of the Bantry Poor Law Union, and <mask> (née Sullivan). His elder brother <mask> (1854–1924) was a solicitor and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Wexford and his younger brother <mask> (1859–1923), with whom he held a lifelong close relationship, was a solicitor and MP for Cork City. His father was descended from a family line which in holding to their Catholic faith, lost their lands,  which he compensated by being a scholarly gentleman. His father was transferred in 1862 to a similar position in Lismore, County Waterford, holding the post until his death in 1906. <mask> was educated at the Christian Brothers school in Fermoy, and was otherwise largely self-educated, in 1869 at the age of fourteen going to live with his uncle <mask> MP in Dublin.Early life

He then moved to England finding employment in 1871 with the North Eastern Railway Company in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There he became deeply involved in the Irish Home Rule politics of the local Irish community. After leaving for London in 1878 <mask> worked as a confidential clerk in a factory owned by his relative, then worked as a parliamentary correspondent for The Nation newspaper owned by his uncle, writing numerous articles in support of Parnell, the newly emergent and more militant home rule leader, and his policy of parliamentary obstructionism. Parnell admired <mask>'s intelligence and energy after

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 <mask> had established himself as part of Parnell's broader political circle. He became Parnell's secretary but was denied contact to Parnell's small inner circle of political colleagues. Parnell, however, brought <mask> into the Irish Party (IPP) and supported him as a nationalist candidate when elected MP for Wexford Borough in 1880–83 against the aspiring John Redmond whose father, William Archer Redmond, was its recently deceased MP. <mask> was returned unopposed to parliament, aided by the fact that Redmond stood aside and that he had survived an agrarian court case which alleging intimidation.Political career

In parliament, <mask> did not physically cut an imposing figure but impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the Healy Clause in the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements. By the mid-1880s <mask> had already acquired a reputation for a scurrilousness of tone. He married his cousin Eliza Sullivan in 1882, they had three daughters and three sons and he enjoyed a happy and intense family life, closely interlinked both by friendship and intermarriage with the Sullivans of west Cork. Through his reputation as a friend of the farmers, after having been imprisoned for four months following an agrarian case, and backed by Parnell, he was elected in a Monaghan by-election in June 1883–5, deemed to be the climax in the <mask>-Parnell relationship. In 1884 he was called to the Irish bar as a barrister (in 1889 to the inner bar as K.C., in London in 1910). His reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice, particularly in land cases. Parnell chose him unwisely for South Londonderry in 1885, which Ulster seat he only held for a year.He was then elected in 1886–92 for North Longford. Prompted by the depression in the prices of dairy

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 products and cattle in the mid-1880 as well as bad weather for a number of years, many tenant farmers unable to pay their rents were left under the threat of eviction. <mask> devised a strategy to secure a reduction in rent from the landlords which became known as the Plan of Campaign, organised in 1886 amongst others by <mask>. In his novel The Man Who Was Thursday G.K. Chesterton describes one of his characters as a "... little man, with a black beard and glasses – a man somewhat of the type of Mr <mask> ...". Invective rift

Initially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after <mask> opposed Parnell's nomination of Captain William O’Shea to stand for a by-election in Galway city. At the time O’Shea was separated from his wife, Katharine O'Shea, with whom Parnell was secretly living. Healy objected to this, as the party had not been consulted and he believed Parnell was putting his personal relationship before the national interest.When Parnell travelled to Galway to support O’Shea, <mask> was forced to back down. In 1890 in a sensational divorce case O'Shea sued his wife for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent. <mask> and most of Parnell's associates rejected Parnell's continuing leadership of the party, believing it was recklessly endangering the party's alliance with Gladstonian Liberalism. <mask> became Parnell's most outspoken critic. When Parnell asked his colleagues at one party meeting "Who is the master of the party? ", <mask> famously retorted with another question "Aye, but who is the mistress of the party?" – a comment that almost led to the men coming to blows.His savage onslaught in public reflected his conservative Catholic origin. A substantial minority of the Irish people never forgave him for his role during the divorce crisis, permanently damaging his own standing in public life. The rift prompted nine-year-old Dublin schoolboy

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 James Joyce to write a poem called Et Tu, Healy?, which Joyce's father had printed and circulated. Only three lines remain:

His quaint-perched aerie on the crags of Time
Where the rude din of this century
Can trouble him no more. Estrangement

Following Parnell's death in 1891, the IPP's anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation (INF) under John Dillon. <mask> was at first its most outspoken member, when in 1892 he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, who in all won seventy-one seats. But finding it impossible to work with or under any post-Parnell leadership, especially Dillon's, he was expelled in 1895 from the INF executive committee, having previously been expelled from the Irish party's minor nine-member pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) under John Redmond.In the following decades, largely due to his expanding legal practice, he became a part-time politician and estranged from the national movement, setting up his own personal 'Healyite' organisation, called the "People's Rights Association", based on his position as MP for North Louth (the seat he held until the December 1910 election when defeated by Richard Hazleton). He waged war during the 1890s with Dillon and his National Federation (INF) and then intrigued with Redmond's smaller Parnellite group to play a substantial role behind the scenes in helping the rival party factions to reunite under Redmond in 1900. <mask> was extremely embittered by the fact that both his brothers and his followers were purged from the IPP list in the 1900 general election, and that his support for Redmond in the re-united party went unrewarded; on the contrary, Redmond soon found it wiser to conciliate Dillon. But two years later <mask> was again expelled. He remained "the enemy within", recruiting malcontent MPs to harass the party and survived politically by dint of his assiduous constituency

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 work, as well as through the influence of his clerical ally Dr. Michael Cardinal Logue, Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh. <mask> remained rooted in the extended 'Bantry Gang', a highly influential political and commercial nexus based originally in West Cork, which included his key patron, the Catholic business magnate and owner of the Irish Independent, William Martin Murphy, who provided a platform for <mask> and other critics of the IPP. Coalition of a kind

However, at least after 1903, <mask> was joined in his estrangement from the party leadership by William O'Brien.O’Brien had been for years one of <mask>'s strongest critics, but now he too felt annoyed both by his own alienation from the party and by Redmond's subservience to Dillon. Involved with the Irish Reform Association 1904–5, they entered a loose coalition, which lasted throughout the life of the IPP. They were in agreement that agrarian radicalism brought little return, and with <mask> practically becoming a Parnellite, they preferred to pursue a policy of conciliation with the Protestant class in order to further the acceptance of Home Rule. Redmond was sympathetic to this policy but was inhibited by Dillon. Redmond, in an act of rapprochement, briefly re-united them with the party in 1908. Fiercely independent, both split off again in 1909, responding to real changes in the social basis of Irish politics. In 1908 <mask> acted as counsel for Sir Arthur Vicars, former Ulster King of Arms, in connection with the 1908 investigation of the previous year's theft of the Irish Crown Jewels.By the 1910s, it looked as though <mask> was to remain a maverick on the fringes of Irish nationalism. However, he came into notoriety once more when returned in the January 1910 general election in alliance with William O'Brien's newly founded All-for-Ireland Party (AFIL), their alliance based largely on common opposition to the

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 Irish party. He lost his seat in the following December 1910 election, but soon afterwards rejoined the O'Brienites, O’Brien providing the 1911 north-east Cork by-election vacancy created by the retirement of Moreton Frewen. <mask>'s reputation was not enhanced when he represented as counsel his associate William Martin Murphy, the industrialist who sparked the 1913 Dublin Lockout. <mask> assiduously cultivated relationships with power brokers in Westminster such as Lord Beaverbrook, and once they were introduced at Cherkley, was great friends with Janet Aitken for the remainder of his life. Realignment

Redmond's and the IPP's powerful position of holding the balance of power at Westminster—and with the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill assured—left <mask> and the AFIL critics in a weakened position. They condemned the bill as a 'partition deal', abstaining from its final vote in the Commons.With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the <mask> brothers supported the Allied and the British war effort. Two had a son enlist in one of the Irish divisions, <mask>'s eldest son, Joe, fought with distinction at Gallipoli. Having done much to damage the popular image and authority of constitutional nationalism, <mask> after the Easter Rising was convinced that the IPP and Redmond were doomed and slowly withdrew from the forefront of politics, making it clear in 1917 that he was in general sympathy with Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin movement, but not with physical force methods. In September that year he acted as counsel for the family of the dead Sinn Féin hunger striker Thomas Ashe. He was one of the few King's Counsel to provide legal services to members of Sinn Féin in various legal proceedings in both Ireland and England post the 1916 Rising. This included acting for those interned in 1916 in Frongoch internment camp in North Wales. During this time, <mask> also represented Georgina Frost,

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 in her attempts to be appointed a Petty Sessions clerk in her native County Clare.In 1920 the Bar Council of Ireland passed an initial resolution that any barrister appearing before the Dáil Courts would be guilty of professional misconduct. This was challenged by <mask> and no final decision was made on the matter. Before the December 1918 general election, he was the first of the AFIL members to resign his seat in favour of the Sinn Féin party's candidate, and spoke in support of P. J. Little, the Sinn Féin candidate for Rathmines in Dublin. Governor-General

He returned to considerable prominence in 1922 when, on the urging of the soon-to-be Irish Free State's Provisional Government of W. T. Cosgrave, the British government recommended to King George V that <mask> be appointed the first 'Governor-General of the Irish Free State', a new office representative of the Crown created in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and introduced by a combination of the Constitution of the Irish Free State and Letters Patent from the King. The constitution was enacted in December 1922. <mask> was the uncle of Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice in the new Free State.Initially, the Government of the Irish Free State under Cosgrave wished for <mask> to reside in a new small residence, but, facing death threats from the IRA, he was moved as a temporary measure into the Viceregal Lodge, the former 'out of season' residence of the Lord Lieutenant, the former representative of the Crown until 1922. <mask> officially entered office as Governor-General on 6 December 1922. He never wore, certainly not in public in Ireland, the official ceremonial uniform of a Governor-General in the British Empire. At that time, in the 1920s, <mask> was unique amongst viceregal representatives in the British Empire in this regard. <mask> was also unique (along with his successor, James

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texts: McNeill) amongst all the Governors-General in the British Empire in the 1920s in that he was never sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Nor was he ever sworn into the Privy Council of Ireland, a body that ceased to exist in early December 1922. Thus, unusually for a Governor-General within the Empire, he never gained the prefix 'The Right Honourable' nor the post-nominals 'PC'.<mask> proved an able Governor-General, possessing a degree of political skill, deep political insight and contacts in Britain that the new Irish Government initially lacked, and had long recommended himself to the Catholic Hierarchy: all-round good credentials for this key symbolic and reconciling position at the centre of public life. He joked once that the government didn't advise him, he advised the government: a comment at a dinner for The Duke of York (the future King George VI) that led to public criticism. However, the waspish <mask> still could not help courting further controversy, most notably in a public attack on the new Fianna Fáil and its leader, Éamon de Valera, which led to republican calls for his resignation. Much of the contact between governments in London and Dublin went through <mask>. He had access to all sensitive state papers, and received instructions from the British Government on the use of his powers to grant, withhold or refuse the Royal Assent to legislation enacted by the Oireachtas. For instance, <mask> was instructed to reject any bill that abolished the Oath of Allegiance. However, neither this nor any other bill that he was secretly instructed to block were introduced during his time as Governor-General.That role of being the UK government's representative, and acting on its advice, was abandoned throughout the British Commonwealth in the mid-1920s as a result of an Imperial Conference decision, leaving him and his successors exclusively as the King's representative and

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 nominal head of the Irish executive. <mask> seemed to believe that he had been awarded the Governor-Generalship for life. However, the Executive Council of the Irish Free State decided in 1927 that the term of office of Governors-General would be five years. As a result, he retired from the office and public life in January 1928. His wife had died the previous year. He published his extensive two-volume memoirs in 1928. Throughout his life he was formidable because he was ferociously quick-witted, because he was unworried by social or political convention, and because he knew no party discipline.Towards the end of his life he mellowed and became otherwise more diplomatic. He died on 26 March 1931, aged 75, in Chapelizod, County Dublin, where he lived at his home Glenaulin, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery. Notes

References
 Bew, Paul: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
 Cadogan, <mask> & Falvey, Jeremiah: A Biographical Dictionary of Cork (2006)
 Jackson, Alwin: Home Rule 1800–2000 pp. 100–103 (2003)

 Maume, Patrick: The long Gestation, Irish Nationalist life 1881–1918 (1999)

Works

 Why is there an Irish Question and an Irish Land League? (1881)
 Why Ireland is not Free, a study of twenty years in Politics  (1898)
 The Great Fraud of Ulster (1917)
 Stolen Waters (1923)
 The Planter's Progress (1923)
 Letters and Leaders of My Day memoirs, 2 vols. (1928)

Further reading

 Frank Callanan, T. M <mask> (Cork University Press, 1996) ()
 George Abbott Colburn, "T.M. <mask> and the Irish Home Rule Movement, 1877–1886" (PhD Dissertation, 2 vols., Michigan State University, 1971).Foster, R. F. Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923 (2015)  excerpt
 David Foxton, Revolutionary Lawyers, Sinn Féin and Crown Courts, (4 Courts Press, 2008), ()
 Sir Dunbar Plunket Barton, P.C., <mask>: Memories and Anecdotes. (Dublin: Talbot Press Limited, and London: Faber &

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<mask> of Praeneste (died 9 August 1122) was a German Cardinal and papal legate, an influential diplomatic figure of the early 12th century, active in France and Germany. He held numerous synods throughout Europe, and excommunicated the Emperor Henry V numerous times, in the struggle over the issue of lay investiture of ecclesiastical offices. He spent six years promoting the acceptance of Thurstan of York as archbishop by King Henry I of England, without making York subject to Canterbury. He was seriously considered for election to the papacy in 1119, which he refused. Early life
According to Salvador Miranda, he was created cardinal-priest in 1073. This is not in accord with other facts of <mask>'s career. He was a Canon Regular, and, around 1090, along with Heldemar of Tournai and a layman named Roger, was one of the founders of the abbey of Arrouaise.In a letter of 21 October 1097, Bishop Lambert of Arras granted the priest <mask> and his associate Heldemar the privilege of having to answer only to the bishop. The little oratory belonging to the members was replaced by a stone church, which was consecrated by Bishop Godfrid of Amiens and Bishop Joannes of Therouanne on 23 September 1106. <mask> apparently met Pope Paschal II for the first time at the Council of Troyes in May 1107. Cardinal
He was bishop of Palestrina, and thus a cardinal, c. 1108. According to the Chronicon of Peter the Deacon of Montecassino, in 1111, at a Council in Jerusalem, <mask> pronounced the Emperor Henry V excommunicated and stripped of his power. From

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 the previous year, <mask> had been trying to influence papal policy with regard to the emperor, and this hostile move was without the Pope's agreement. In the sixth session of the Lateran synod, on 23 March 1112, Cardinal <mask> actjually demanded that the pope stand by his legate, and ratify the legate's acts.In embarrassment, the Pope Paschal did so. <mask> was at his old monastery of Aroasia (Arrouaise) on 7 May 1112, when he officially presented the institution a collection of relics which he had brought from Rome, including Saints Sebastian, Hippolytus, the Four Crowned Martyrs, Felicissimus, Caecilia, the tomb of Jesus, and the manger of Bethlehem. Cardinal <mask> had returned to Italy by the end of the year 1112. He traveled south with Pope Paschal II, and was with the pope at Benevento for his synod in the second week of February 1113. He subscribed bulls for the pope at Benevento on 13 and 15 February. Legate in France and Germany
In 1114 and 1115 he was back in France as papal legate. Pope Paschal had sworn to the emperor that he would not excommunicate him; but a papal legate had such powers and had not sworn an oath not to use them.<mask> summoned a synod on 6 December 1114 at Beauvais; another at Soissons on 6 January 1115, where he also held talks with King Louis VI of France; and another at Reims on 28 March 1115. At each of these meetings, he again excommunicated Henry V. On 19 April 1115, the Legate held a council at Cologne, where he once again excommunicated the emperor. From 6—12 July 1115, <mask> presided over a

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 synod held at Chalons-sur-Marne. He also suspended all the bishops and abbots of Normandy, for ignoring his invitation to attend the council at Chalons. In fact, they had been forbidden to do so by King Henry I of England. Ivo of Chartres attempted to calm the legate by pointing out that the Norman prelates were subject to a foreign prince. The king appealed to Rome, in defense of the tradition that no papal legate except the archbishop of Canterbury might hold power in the king's realms.The Thurstan Affair
Cardinal <mask> first became acquainted with the Thurstan case in 1114, shortly after his election to the see of York. Thurston was a royal chaplain and a subdeacon, but was ordained a deacon by Bishop William of Winchester. He was unwilling to be ordained a priest by the new archbishop of Canterbury, Ralph d'Escures, or by one of his suffragans, since the taking of oaths of obedience was involved, and Thurston did not want to create a situation in which Canterbury could claim jurisdiction or authority over him or York. He therefore went to Normandy just before Christmas, and laid his problem before King Henry I, announcing his intention to go to Rome to seek satisfaction. The king consulted the Legate <mask>, who advised that Thurstan should be ordained a priest by any bishop who happened to be at the royal court, and then sent to him; he would send Thurstan on to the papal court, provided with appropriate letters. But Thurstan had returned to York, and nothing was settled by the end of June 1115. The king, therefore, summoned a

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 council of the kingdom's leaders to meet in London at Michaelmas (29 September), at which the king ordered Thurstan to seek consecration from the archbishop of Canterbury.Thurstan appealed to the pope, but the king refused to allow him to go or to send representatives. When Pope Paschal replied to the formal notice of Thurstan's election by the Chapter of York, he replied, ordering that Thurstan be consecrated by the archbishop of Canterbury, but without any of the controversial oaths. The king, however, insisted on the oaths and threatened to depose Thurstan. Ralph of Canterbury stayed out of his own province in order to avoid carrying out the pope's commands, and was still in Normandy when Pope Paschal died in February 1118. Owing to obstruction by the king and Archbishop Ralph, Thurstan was unable to reach Pope Gelasius during his brief reign, though the pope had ordered both archbishops to present themselves before him. The new pope, Calixtus II, summoned the archbishops of England to the council which he intended to hold in Reims in October 1119, and, despite attempted obstruction on the part of Henry I, Thurstan appeared, and was consecrated a bishop on 20 October 1119 by Calixtus himself. For the next six months, as far as the papal visit to Gap, Thurstan was in constant attendance at the papal court.Subsequently, <mask> worked with Thurstan, Archbishop of York to broker peace between Henry I and Louis VI of France. Pope Gelasius
On 13 April 1118, Holy Saturday, Pope Gelasius wrote a letter from Capua to Cardinal <mask>.


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 First, he related everything that had happened since his election in January. He then informed his legate that he and the cardinals had excommunicated the Emperor Henry and his antipope Gregory VIII (Maurice Burdinus) on Palm Sunday, and that <mask> was to inform all the bishops in his legation of the fact; Cuno was to gird himself to revenge the wrongs done to Holy Mother the Church. On 20—22 May 1118, Cardinal <mask> held a synod at Cologne, where the Emperor Henry V was excommunicated. These excommunications were repeated wherever <mask> held a synod or council. He then moved to Germany, stirring up opposition to the Emperor.<mask> presided as papal legate at the concilium Fridislariense (Hesse), on 28 July 1118, in which the excommunication of the emperor was confirmed, and St Norbert was accused of various irregularities, including preaching while not yet a priest, and wearing a religious habit while not a monk. Offered the papacy
In March 1118, the newly elected Pope Gelasius II was driven out of Rome by the forces of the emperor Henry V. After staying at his native Gaeta, then Capua, then Pisa, he crossed to France in October. In December, he settled a dispute between Abbot Pontius of Cluny and Bishop Guy of Lescar. On 1 January 1119, he held a synod in Vienne, and then travelled by way of Lyon to Mâcon, where he held another synod. During the synod he became seriously ill, suffering from pleurisy according to Pandolfus Pisanus, and asked to be taken to his next stop, the abbey of Cluny. When he perceived the seriousness of

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 his condition, he summoned Cardinal <mask> von Urach, and, according to Falco of Benevento, offered him the papacy. Kuno immediately and emphatically turned the pope down.Gelasius died on 29 January 1119, and, in accordance with the papal bull In Nomine Domini of Pope Nicholas II, the right to nominate the candidate to be his successor belonged to the cardinal-bishops. Two cardinal-bishops were present, <mask> of Palestrina (who had precedence) and Lamberto of Ostia, and they chose Archbishop Guy of Vienne, the brother of the duke of Burgundy and uncle of the King of Castile and León. The other cardinals, as well as the Roman clergy and laity who were present at Cluny ratified the choice, and Archbishop Guy became Pope Calixtus II. Cardinal <mask> followed the pope-elect to Lyon and then Vienne, and, when the ratification of the election by the cardinals and clergy at Rome was received, he participated in the enthronement of Calixtus II in the cathedral of Vienne on 9 February 1119. He wrote a letter to the bishop of Nevers describing the events. Legate in France again

Immediately after the enthronement, Cardinal <mask>, still papal legate, hastened to Vézelay, on reports of terrible atrocities. Clients of Guillaume II, Count of Nevers, had broken into the monastery, destroyed the relics of four saints, desecrated a gold cross containing some of the wood of the cross of Jesus, and beaten and raped some of the monks.The count appeared to have denied all knowledge or connection with the incident, and <mask> ordered the bishop of


texts: Nevers to have the count come to the legate and defend himself against the abbot of Vézelay, Renaud de Semur, and other accusers. Nineteen others who were named by the legate as participants in the sacrilege were ordered to appear and face judgment or be excommunicated. <mask> was not able to settle the case, since the abbot made an appeal to the French king in April. In July 1119, <mask> was with Pope Calixtus in Toulouse, where the pope held a church synod. The council legislated against simony, against the granting of church offices to persons who had not been ordained to the diaconate; it anathematized persons who denied four of the seven sacraments; it legislated against the seizing of the income of bishops and clerics by princes and lay persons, and against making ecclesiastical offices or benefices hereditary. <mask> subscribed one of Calixtus' bulls on 14 July and another on 15 July. Pope Calixtus travelled by way of Paris and Soissons to Reims.His long-advertised synod began on 20 October 1119, with fifteen archbishops and more than 200 bishops in attendance, as well as King Louis VI of France. Calixtus and the emperor Henry had been making plans to meet, but ultimately distrust and suspicions on both sides brought the project to nothing. On the sixth day of the synod, 30 October, the emperor and his antipope were again excommunicated. Cardinal <mask> was in attendance. After the council, while Calixtus was still in Reims, he was approached by Archbishop Thurstan, Cardinal <mask>, and the other cardinals, who entreated the


texts: pope to hold a meeting with the king of England, and, if possible, make peace between England and France. The meeting took place, near Gisors, on 22 November 1119. but the discussion was mostly about Thurstan. Henry demanded the oaths of fealty, which Calixtus and Thurstan refused, and therefore the meeting ended without result.<mask> and the other cardinals had been present at Gisors, but were not at the meeting, about which they complained loudly. Henry returned to England, and seized all of the archbishop's property. In the first week of December 1119, at Sens, Pope Calixtus again named Cardinal <mask> his legate in France, with England and Normandy added. In February 1120, Ralph of Canterbury persuaded King Henry to send Bishop Warlewast of Exeter to the pope, to see if something could be salvaged for the see of Canterbury. On his way, the bishop happened to meet Cardinal <mask>, the Legate in France, who sent a report immediately to the pope about what he had learned of the mission. Henry proposed that Thurstan make his profession to Canterbury, and then he could be sent as legate to England. Bishop Warlewast, who reached the papal court when it was at Valence, made a bad impression, if only because of his clumsy attempt to pass out bribes, and failed completely.On 11 March 1120, the cardinal was with Pope Calixtus II at Gap in the Alps of France. On that day, the pope publicly conferred the pallium on Archbishop Thurstan of York, and declared that York was in no way subject to Canterbury. He also sent King Henry a letter about

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 taking back Archbishop Thurstan. Cardinal <mask> presided at the synod of Beauvais on 18 October 1120. The principal matter was the request of  Bishop Lisiard of Soissons for the disinterment of the remains of Bishop Arnulf of Soissons (died 1087), and his consideration for canonization. Despite objections by the bishop of Tournai, the legate and the council agreed to the transfer. Another synod was held at Soissons in March 1121, at which Abelard was accused of the Sabellian heresy, and forced to recant and burn his book, the Theologia Summi Boni.<mask> was back at the Lateran Palace in Rome on 17 April 1121. Death
<mask> (Kono) died at Palestrina on 9 August 1122, less than three months before Pope Calixtus and Henry V signed the Concordat of Worms. References

Books
 Hüls, Rudolf (1977). Kardinal, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer 1977. (pp. 113–116)

 Raine, James (ed.) (1886).The Historians of the Church of York and Its Archbishops. Volume II (London: Longman 1886), pp. 92–227. 1122 deaths
12th-century German cardinals
Cardinal-bishops of Frascati
Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina
Year of birth unknown
Papal legates to


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<mask> (16 October 1921 – 3 December 2003) was an Indian historian, religious and political activist, writer, and publisher in the late twentieth century. He had left leanings during the 1940s, but later became an outspoken anti-communist and also wrote extensively on the damage to Bhārātiyā (Indian) culture and heritage wrought by expansionist Islam and missionary activities of Christianity. In his later career he emerged as a commentator on Indian politics, and adhered to Dharmic nationalism. Life

Early life
<mask> was born to a Hindu family in Punjab, in 1921; though his childhood was spent in Calcutta. The family looked upon Sri Garibdas, a nirguna saint comparable to Kabir, were often recited at their home. <mask> graduated in history from the University of Delhi in 1944. As a student, he was a social activist and worked for a Harijan Ashram in his village.His sympathies for the Arya Samaj, the Harijans and the Indian freedom movement, along with his strong support for Mahatma Gandhi, brought him into conflict with many people in his village; <mask> also learned to speak and write Sanskrit during these college days. Direct Action Day
On 16 August 1946, during the Direct Action Day riots in Calcutta that were instigated by the Muslim League shortly before Partition of India, <mask>, his wife and their eldest son narrowly escaped with their lives. In his autobiography, How I became a Hindu, <mask> writes that he "would have been killed by a Muslim mob" but his fluent Urdu and his Western dress saved him. He further relates, that the next evening they "had to

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 vacate that house and scale a wall at the back to escape murderous Muslim mobs advancing with firearms." He subsequently wrote and circulated a lengthy article on the riots, titled "The Devil Dance in Calcutta", in which he held Hindus and Muslims equally responsible for the tragedy. His friend <mask>, however, criticised him for equating Muslim violence with Hindu violence, claiming that Muslim violence was "aggressive and committed in the furtherance of a very reactionary and retrograde cause, namely the vivisection of India". Communism to anti-communism
In mid-1940s <mask> met members of the CSP (Congress Socialist Party), translated writings by Narendra Deva and Jayaprakash Narayan into English, and was offered a position as an editor of a CSP publication.But his first editorial for the weekly was deemed to be pro-communist, and he had to stop writing for the weekly. <mask> <mask> had developed a strong Marxist leaning during his student days and was on the verge of joining the Communist Party of India in 1948. The Communist Party, however, was banned in Bengal on the day he planned to officially become its member. He read Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, Harold Laski's "Communism", and "came to the conclusion that while Marx stood for a harmonised social system, Sri Aurobindo held the key to a harmonised human personality." Later, books by Aldous Huxley, Victor Kravchenko, and Suzanne Labin ("Stalin's Russia") convinced him to abandon communism. Subsequently, he wrote many books critical of communism in Calcutta, and worked for the

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 anti-communist "Society for the Defence of Freedom in Asia" (SDFA). According to <mask>, when he wanted to apply for a passport in 1955, he was told that his case was receiving attention from the Prime Minister himself, and his application was not granted.'Nehruism' and censorship
<mask> wrote regularly for the "Organiser" weekly, whose editor K. R. Malkani was his friend. In 1961–1962 he used the pseudonym Ekaki (solitary) while writing the series In Defence of Comrade Krishna Menon, critical of Indian National Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru. Although the series was widely read and praised, he was later admonished by a leader of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) for being too focused on Nehru, and the series was discontinued. The collected series was published in December 1963 by Vaidya Gurudatta  and an updated version released as Genesis and Growth of Nehruism  thirty years later. However <mask>'s writings about Nehru in the Organiser cost him his job and disillusioned him of the RSS. According to <mask>, he was under surveillance by the Indian government during the 1962 Sino-Indian War. He was not arrested, even though this was according to him demanded by some government leaders, including future Prime Minister I. K. Gujral.In November 1962, he was recruited to participate in a guerrilla war against communist China, but he refused, saying "that so long as Pandit Nehru was the Prime Minister of the country, I could be only a traitor to it." During the 1980s, <mask> worked on a series titled Muslim Separatism: Causes and Consequences, but some passages

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 from his articles were censored by the Organiser. He discovered that his series was considered too controversial by the RSS leadership who thought that it was alienating Muslims from the party, and <mask> had to stop writing for the Organiser after the completion of the series Perversion of India's Political Parlance. K.R. Malkani, who was the editor for the Organiser for three decades, was sacked because of his support for Goel. <mask> also noted that on other occasions that some of his articles, e.g. his article on the Vedapuri Iswaran Temple controversy, were suppressed in the Indian media.Publisher and writer
<mask> founded the publishing house Biblia Impex India (Aditya Prakashan) in 1963, which published books by authors such as Dharampal, <mask>, K. D. Sethna and K.R. Malkani. <mask> <mask> joined the non-profit publishing house Voice of India in 1982. Voice of India was founded in 1982 by <mask>, and published works by Harsh Narain, A.K. Chatterjee, K.S. Lal, Koenraad Elst, Rajendra Singh, Sant R.S. Nirala, and Shrikant Talageri among others .Early versions of several of <mask>'s books were previously published as a series in periodicals like Hinduism Today, Indian Express or the Organiser. <mask> speculates that a series of articles he published in Indian Express in 1989 regarding the destruction of Hindu temples by Muslims may have contributed to the firing of its editor, Arun Shourie, the following year. In August 1990, while releasing two books published by Voice of India, Bharatiya Janta Party leader L. K. Advani chided Goel for using "strong

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 language". <mask> also worked as a part-time secretary for the All India Panchayat Parishad whose manager was his friend Jayaprakash Narayan. Narayan was impressed by <mask>'s Hindi book Samyak Sambuddha and said to Goel, "If Sanatana Dharma is what you say it is, I am all for it. You can count me as a Sanatanist from today. You can say to whomsoever you please that JP has become a Sanatanist."<mask> was fluent in Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, English and Sanskrit, and read Persian. Opinions

On rewriting of history books
<mask> claimed that there was a systematic distortion of India's history which the Marxist historians of Aligarh and the JNU had undertaken. In particular, he claims that the history of medieval India and the Islamic invasions is being rewritten. He described it as an "experiment with Untruth" and an exercise in suppressio veri suggestio falsi. According to him, the Ministry of Education has extended this experiment to school-level text-books of history. <mask> called it "an insidious attempt at thought-control and brainwashing" and argued that the NCERT guidelines are "recommendations for telling lies to our children, or for not telling to them the truth at all." On Indian secularism
<mask> has criticised Indian secularism, alleging that "this concept of Secularism is a gross perversion of the concept which arose in the modern West as a revolt against Christianity and which should mean, in the Indian context, a revolt against Islam as well."On media bias
<mask> claimed that there is a media bias in India, in particular with regard to criticism of

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 Islam or people like Nehru. In 1955 <mask> asked one of his friends, who was supportive of Nehru and who had published in many international and national journals, to write an article critical of Nehru's policies. But the Indian publications didn't accept his critical article, and he claims that his standing as a scholar in India suffered thereby. <mask> described an incident during a seminar on "Hurdles To Secularism" in 1963 which <mask> attended, and which was presided over by Jayaprakash Narayan. As <mask> tells it, most participants in the seminar criticised only "Hindu communalism." But when one Muslim speaker took up the issue of Muslim communalism, he was shouted down by the other Muslims of the seminar, and had to stop talking. On Indian nationalist organisations
Goel criticised Hindu nationalist organisations like the RSS.He claimed that with few exceptions they "shared the Nehruvian consensus on all important issues", and that "the RSS and the BJS stalwarts spent almost all their time and energy in proving that they were not Hindu communalists but honest secularists." He also claimed that RSS members are worried almost only about the reputation of their organisation and their leaders,  and are rather ignorant to Hindu causes. When a Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) leader asked him to write a book about the BJS, <mask> replied that his book "would be pretty critical on the score of their policies." <mask> edited the book "Time for Stock-Taking", a collection of papers critical of the RSS. According to Belgian writer Koenraad Elst, <mask> and <mask> <mask>

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 wrote in defence of Hinduism, never of "Hindutva". On Christianity
<mask> was outspoken in his criticism of Christianity. He was critical of missionaries' attempts to indigenize Christianity by adopting aspects of Hinduism, particularly as they have also demonized it, in attempts to gain new followers.<mask> also held the belief that Jesus was the intellectual author behind Western imperialism and the Holocaust, as he was "no more than an artifice for legitimizing wanton imperialist aggression. He does not symbolize spiritual power or moral uprightness." He made his case based on the gospels, which he thought cast too dark a shadow on unconverted Jews (see for instance ). From there he drew parallels between Jesus and Adolf Hitler, the latter of whom was, in <mask>'s words, the first to "completely grasp the verdict passed on the Jews by the Jesus of the gospels". <mask> also ridiculed what he termed "the cult of the disentangled Christ", whereby Christian revisionism attempts to salvage the figure of Jesus from the atrocious historical outcomes he inspired — and only from the bad ones — as though missionary proselytism and Western expansionism were to be perceived in the separate as mere coincidence. He wrote several works on the topic of Christianity and in 1995, sent Pat Robertson his book Jesus Christ: An Artifice for Aggression, and a letter in protest to Robertson's remarks towards the religion of Hinduism. Goel received criticism for his works and standpoints on Christianity.On Islam and Muslims
<mask> has criticised the history and doctrines of Islam in


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 some of his writings. His works are also cited by critics of Islam like Robert Spencer and Arun Shourie. Despite his criticism of Islam, he said that he is not opposed "to an understanding and reconciliation between the two communities. All I want to say is that no significant synthesis or assimilation took place in the past, and history should not be distorted and falsified to serve the political purposes of a Hindu-baiting herd." He argues that the Muslims should evaluate the Islamic history and doctrines in terms of rationalism and humanism "without resort to the casuistry marshalled by the mullahs and sufis, or the apologetics propped up by the Aligarh and Stalinist schools of historians", just as the European Christians did centuries earlier with Christianity. He believed that the "average Muslim is as good or bad a human being as an average Hindu", and warned:
Some people are prone to confuse Islam with its victims, that is, the Muslims, and condemn the latter at the same time as they come to know the crudities of the former. This is a very serious confusion, which should be avoided by all those who believe in building up a broad-based human brotherhood as opposed to narrow, sectarian, self-centred, and chauvinistic nationalism or communalism.On decline of Buddhism
Arun Shourie wrote about Goel:
"Marxists cite only two other instances of Hindus having destroyed Buddhist temples. These too it turns out yield to completely contrary explanations. Again Marxists have been asked repeatedly to explain the construction they have been circulating -- to no avail.


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 Equally important, <mask> <mask> invited them to cite any Hindu text which orders Hindus to break the places of worship of other religions -- as the Bible does, as a pile of Islamic manuals does. He has asked them to name a single person who has been honoured by the Hindus because he broke such places -– the way Islamic historians and lore have glorified every Muslim ruler and invader who did so. A snooty silence has been the only response ". Literary influences
He wrote and published books in English and Hindi.He also translated George Orwell's 1984, three Dialogues of Plato, Denis Kincaid's The Great Rebel (about Shivaji) and other books into Hindi. Goel was well-read in Western and Eastern literature, and among his most favourite writers or works were Thomas Hardy, Shakespeare's Hamlet, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Aldous Huxley, Plato, Tagore, Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay, Vaishnava and Baul poets, the Kathamrita written by Mahendranath Gupta (Sri M.) and Thomas Gray's poem "Elegy". His favourite book was the Hindu epic Mahabharata, which he would read in its original language Sanskrit. <mask> <mask> was influenced by Indian writer and philosopher <mask>. He said that his masters have been "Vyasa, Buddha and Sri Aurobindo, as elucidated by <mask>." He was also influenced by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Dayananda Sarasvati and Mahatma Gandhi. Banned books

Understanding Islam through Hadis

In 1983, <mask> reprinted <mask>'s Understanding Islam through Hadis.The book was a summary of the Sahih Muslim Hadith and consisted of extracts from the Hadiths. In 1987, he

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 again reprinted the book, but the copies of a Hindi translation were seized by the police and <mask> was arrested briefly. In due course, some Muslims and the Jamaat-e-Islami weekly Radiance claimed that the book was offensive. In 1990, the Hindi translation of the book was banned. In March 1991, the English original was banned as well. The "criminal case" against <mask> for printing the book was dismissed after some years on 5 May 1997, but the book still remains banned. Indian intellectuals protested against the arrest of <mask>.Arun Shourie commented on the criminal case:

No one has ever refuted him on facts, but many have sought to smear him and his writing. They have thereby transmuted the work from mere scholarship into warning. (...)The forfeiture is exactly the sort of thing which had landed us where we are: where intellectual inquiry is shut out; where our traditions are not examined, and reassessed; and where as a consequence there is no dialogue. It is exactly the sort of thing too which foments reaction. (...)"Freedom of expression which is legitimate and constitutionally protected," it [the Supreme Court] declared last year, "cannot be held to ransom by an intolerant group or people." Hindu View of Christianity and Islam (1993)
In 1993 the MP Syed Shahabuddin, who in 1988 asked for the ban on The Satanic Verses, demanded a ban on <mask>'s book Hindu View of Christianity and Islam. <mask> and Swarup went into hiding because they feared that they could get arrested.The court accepted a bail and the authors came out of hiding. Arun Shourie and K. S.

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 Lal protested against the ban. Colin Maine's The Dead Hand of Islam
In 1986, Goel reprinted Colin Maine's essay The Dead Hand of Islam . Some Muslims filed a criminal case against Goel, alleging that it violated Sections 153A and 295A of the Indian Penal Code and similar articles of the Indian Customs Act. The judge discharged Goel and referred to the earlier court precedent "1983 CrLJ 1446". Speaking of the importance of that precedent, the judge in his discussion said: "If such a contention is accepted a day will come when that part of history which is unpalatable to a particular religion will have to be kept in cold storage on the pretext that the publication of such history would constitute an offence punishable under Sec. 153A of the Penal Code.The scope of S-153A cannot be enlarged to such an extent with a view to thwart history. (...) Otherwise, the position will be very precarious. A nation will have to forget its own history and in due course the nation will have no history at all. (...) If anybody intends to extinguish the history (by prohibiting its publication) of the nation on the pretext of taking action under the above sections, his act will have to be treated as malafide one." The Calcutta Quran Petition
Goel published The Calcutta Quran Petition with Chandmal Chopra in 1986. On 31 August 1987, Chopra was arrested by the police and kept in custody until 8 September for publishing the book with Goel. Goel absconded to avoid arrest.Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them
There were proposals in November 1990 in Uttar Pradesh to ban <mask>'s book


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 Hindu Temples - What Happened to Them. Legacy
<mask> <mask>el has been described by Koenraad Elst as an "intellectual kshatriya". David Frawley said about <mask> that he was "modern India's greatest intellectual kshatriya", and "one of India's most important thinkers in the post-independence era". According to Frawley, "<mask>m followed a strong rationalistic point of view that did not compromise the truth even for politeness sake. Hindu society under siege, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1981, 48 p. A revised edition released in 1994. vol. 1, Commitment to Communism, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 231 p. Reprint with changes of the 1963 book In defence of Comrade Krishna Menon.Stalinist "historians" spread the big lie, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 38 p.
 Jesus Christ : an artifice for aggression, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1994, 114 p.

Editor
 Hindu temples, what happened to them : Vol. I, A preliminary survey, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1990, 191 p. With Arun Shourie et al. Volume II would be released in 1993, 440 p.
 Freedom of expression : secular theocracy versus liberal democracy, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1998, 179 p. Mostly articles. Time for stock taking, whither Sangh Parivar?, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1997, 468 p. Criticisms of the BJP and RSS, including their responses. Vindicated by Time: the Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1998, 1006 p. A reprint, with an introduction by <mask>, of the official report on the missionaries' methods of subversion and conversion, from 1956. Prefaces,

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 introductions or commentaries
 Introduction to Joseph Stalin's World Conquest in Instalments, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1952, 56 p.
 Commentary of Mao Zedong's The conquest of China, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1954, 276 p.
 Preface to Chandmal Chopra's The Calcutta Quran Petition, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1986, 71 p. A third revised and enlarged edition would appear in 1999, with more writing by <mask>, 325 p.
 Preface to Tipu Sultan: Villain Or Hero? : an Anthology, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 85 p.
 Preface to the reprint of Mathilda Joslyn Gage's Woman, Church and State (1997, ca.1880). A feminist critique of Christianity. Hindi
Author
 Pathabhṛshṭa, 1960. Saikyularijma : deśadroha kā dūsrā nāma, 1983.Yashpal Sharma would translate it into English as India's secularism, new name for national subversion, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1999, 107 p.
 Udīyamāna raṣṭra-dṛṣṭi, 1983. Hindū samāja : saṅkeṭoṃ ke ghere meṃ, 1988. Saptaśīla, 1999. Translator
 Satyakama Socrates, three dialogues of Plato : (Apology, Crito and Phaedo))
 Victor Kravchenko's I Chose Freedom
 Thomas Gray's poem Elegy.'Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's <mask>er Alochona The God that Failed, a testimony on Communism by Arthur Koestler, André Gide and others. <mask>'s Communism and Peasantry
 George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
 Shaktiputra Shivaji, Denis Kincaid's The Grand Rebel
 Panchjanya, Taslima Nasrin's Lajja''

Further reading
 India's only communalist: In commemoration of Sita <mask>el; Edited by Koenraad Elst; Voice of India, New Delhi.

masks:
Goel
Ramayan
Ram Swarup
Ram Go


texts:
 (2005)  (With contributions by Subhash Kak, David Frawley, Lokesh Chandra, Shrikant Talageri, Vishal Agarwal, N.S. Rajaram and others.) Elst, Koenraad. India's Only Communalist: an Introduction to the Work of <mask> <mask>. In "Hinduism and Secularism: After Ayodhya", Arvind Sharma (ed.)Palgrave 2001

See also
 <mask>
 Koenraad Elst
 Robert Spencer
 Ibn Warraq
 Srđa Trifković
 Oriana Fallaci
 Andrew Bostom
 Swapan Dasgupta

Notes

References
 India's only communalist – A short biography of Sita <mask>el Koenraad Elst
 Elst, Koenraad, Ayodhya and After: Issues Before Hindu Society (1991)
 Goel, S.R. Freedom of Expression (1998)

External links
 India's only communalist A short biography of Sita <mask>el by Koenraad Elst, Leuven (Belgium), 28 May 1999. (pdf)
 Many books of Sita <mask>el online

1921 births
2003 deaths
Critics of Christianity
Indian anti-communists
Indian political writers
Indian publishers (people)
Converts to Hinduism from atheism or agnosticism
Indian Hindus
Islam and politics
Hindu critics of Islam
Anti-Christian sentiment in Asia
Voice of India writers
Businesspeople from Punjab, India
20th-century Indian businesspeople
Journalists from Punjab, India
Indian male

masks:
Sita
Ram Goel
Ram Swarup
Ram Go
Ram Go
Ram Go


texts:
<mask> (born July 21, 1949 in Columbus, Ohio) is an African American documentary filmmaker and activist. She founded the gallery Just Above Midtown (JAM), which will be the focus of an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in the fall of 2022 organized by curator Thomas Lax. In 2009, <mask> started Project EATS, an urban farming initiative for black and brown communities in New York City. Early life, family, and education
<mask> was born in Columbus, Ohio to parents Floyd and <mask>. In 1972 <mask> received her Bachelors of Art degree in studio art with a minor in drama at Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1980 she received her Master of Business Administration degree in management from Columbia University in New York City. Career
After graduating from Spelman College, <mask> moved to New York City in 1972 and became a fellow at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and then was hired as the director of education at the Studio Museum in Harlem.Her work in museums highlighted the disparities in the art world and led her to found Just Above Midtown (JAM), a gallery that supported African-American artists and artists of color. Just Above Midtown (1974-1986)
In 1974, at the age of 23, <mask> <mask> founded Just Above Midtown (JAM), a New York City non-profit interdisciplinary artists’ space that spotlighted and supported new work by African-American artists and artists of color, many of whom created abstract work, used affordable materials, and created video and performance art. The first exhibition at the gallery, Synthesis: A combination of parts or elements into a complex whole on view from November 19–December 23, 1974, featured work by David Hammons, Camille Billops, Elizabeth Catlett, and Norman Lewis. Originally located on West 57th Street, JAM was the first gallery space to exhibit the work of African-American artists and other artists of color in a major gallery district. At JAM’s inception, works by artists of color were primarily exhibited in community centers and cultural institutions in African-American, Native American, Latino and Asian communities. JAM was met with resentment and hostility from nearby galleries. JAM emerged during the

masks:
Linda Goode Bryant
Goode Bryant
Goode Bryant
Josephine Goode
Goode Bryant
Goode Bryant
Goode
Bryant


texts:
 recession and was created with the purpose to initiate social change.During this time there was a distinct difference in the value of white artists compared to non-white artists within the art industry. <mask> <mask> intended JAM to be a place where black artists could be free from the oppressive views of the commercial industry. In 1977, JAM moved to 178-80 Franklin Street in Tribeca as a result of an increase in rent costs. Tribeca offered a larger space and was located further downtown compared to the location on West 57th Street. While it continued to operate as a commercial gallery and exhibition space, <mask> <mask> and her team emphasized live events, such as performances, readings, video screenings, and lectures which included business seminars. JAM initiated a seminar and service program called "The Business of Being an Artist". This program was meant to provide materials and opportunities for artists.In May 1982, <mask> <mask> and Janet Henry published the first issue of Blackcurrant, a broadsheet publication that focused on the work of artists affiliated with JAM. in 1984, JAM moved to its final location at 503 Broadway and ceased being a commercial gallery instead functioning as studio space for artists. JAM's publication Blackcurrant became B Culture, was edited by Greg Tate and musician and producer Craig Dennis Street, and included features on music, art, literature, and popular culture. JAM officially closed in 1986. JAM offered artists, many of which are now established figures in the field, early opportunities to show their work including David Hammons, Butch Morris, Senga Nengudi, Lorraine O’Grady, Maren Hassinger, Adrian Piper, Fred Wilson, and Howardena Pindell. The Museum of Modern Art will present "Just Above Midtown: 1974 to the present," the first museum exhibition on the gallery. It will be curated by Thomas J. Lax and open in the Fall of 2022.It will present archival material historicizing the gallery alongside artwork shown at JAM. Filmmaking
<mask> <mask> co-produced and directed Flag Wars (2003) with Laura Poitras, which became a cinéma vérité Emmy Award-nominated documentary. Flag Wars was filmed over four years and was

masks: Goode Bryant Goode Bryant Goode Bryant Goode Bryant


texts:
 set in her hometown, Columbus, Ohio. The film explores the events that take place when white homosexual homebuyers move to a working class primarily black neighborhood resulting in conflicts due to the strong difference in culture and values of each group. This film displays themes of prejudice, gentrification, privilege, poverty, and politics. <mask> <mask> and Poitras received the Center for Documentary Studies Filmmaker Award in 2003 for Flag Wars. She also directed other films including a segment of Time Piece (2006), a documentary displaying the reflections of several American and Turkish Artists, Hurricane Teens (1998), Can You See Me Now?(2006), and a reality television documentary called Mustafa (2004). Apart from directing, <mask> <mask> was also a part of the film Colored Frames, a documentary that looks at the influences and experiences of black artists in the past fifty years. Awards
<mask> <mask> has been recognized with numerous awards including a Guggenheim Fellowship (2004) and Peabody Award. In 2020 she was recognized for her achievements by Anonymous Was A Woman, a grant-making organization focused on supporting women artists over 40 years of age. Activism

Active Citizen Project (ACP) and Project EATS
<mask> <mask> is a Founder and the Executive Director of the Active Citizen Project (ACP), a non-profit organization that serves as a catalyst and laboratory for broad-based public activism using art and new media as tools for social change. Under the auspices of the Active Citizen Project, <mask> <mask> also developed Project EATS in 2008 during the Global Food Crisis. Project EATS is a network of New York City urban farms that offers community programs and economic opportunities.She has a philosophy on art and how it relates to food and life. She expresses this through her involvement in Project EATS and believes in the importance of caring for others. References

External links
 Project EATS

1949 births
African-American film directors
American activists
Spelman College alumni
Columbia Business School alumni
Living people
Artists from Columbus, Ohio
Film directors from Ohio
African-American art dealers
American art dealers
Women

masks:
Goode
Bryant
Linda Goode
Bryant
Goode
Bryant
Goode
Bryant
Goode
Bryant


texts:
<mask> of Jin (; 362–396), personal name Sima Yao (), courtesy name Changming (), was an emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (266–420) in China. During his reign, Jin saw his dynasty survive a major attempt by Former Qin to destroy it, but he would nevertheless be the last Jin emperor to actually exercise imperial power, as his sons Emperor An and <mask> would be controlled by regents and warlords. Emperor <mask> died an unusual death—he was killed by his concubine Honoured Lady Zhang after he insulted her. Early life
Sima Yao was born in 362, when his father Sima Yu was Prince of Kuaiji and prime minister for his grandnephew, <mask>. Sima Yao's mother, Li Lingrong, was originally a servant involved in textile production but, based on a magician's words that she would bear his heir (his sons all having died early by that point), Sima Yu took her as his concubine and she gave birth to Sima Yao. As he was born at dawn, she named him Yao, with the courtesy name Changming, both meaning "dawn". A year later she gave birth to his brother, Sima Daozi.As the oldest surviving son of Sima Yu, Sima Yao was designated as the heir apparent early in his life, and in 365, when he was just three years old, Emperor Fei offered the greater title of Prince of Langya to his father and the title of Prince of Kuaiji to him. Sima Yu declined, both personally and on his son's behalf, and Emperor Fei did not insist on them taking on the greater titles. In 371, having lost a devastating battle to the Former Yan general Murong Chui in 369, the paramount general Huan Wen accused Emperor Fei of impotence and of not being the biological father of his

masks:
Emperor Xiaowu
Emperor Gong
Xiaowu
Emperor Ai


texts:
 sons. He then deposed him and made Sima Yu the new emperor (as Emperor Jianwen), although actual power was in Huan's hands. In 372, Emperor Jianwen grew ill and he named Sima Yao crown prince but in his will, he offered the throne to Huan, if he wanted it. When his official Wang Tanzhi () objected, Emperor Jianwen gave approval for an amendment, written by Wang, wherein Huan was only compared to the statesmen Zhuge Liang and Wang Dao. Nevertheless, when <mask>wen died, many officials were apprehensive of Huan, and not immediately willing to declare Crown Prince Yao as the new emperor.Finally, at the instigation of Wang Biaozhi (), Crown Prince Yao took the throne as Emperor <mask>. Early reign
The new emperor was only 10 years old, therefore his cousin; Empress Dowager Chu (Emperor Kang's wife), served as regent, but the decisions were actually being made by Xie An and Wang Tanzhi; Huan Wen, apparently fearful of being entrapped, declined an offer to be regent. In 373, Huan Wen died and the fears of a Huan usurpation dissipated as his brother and successor, Huan Chong, was committed to the survival of the imperial government. A major issue for the Jin government was the continued military pressure exerted by the powerful northern rival, Former Qin. In 373, Former Qin attacked and seized Jin's Liang (梁州, modern southern Shaanxi) and Yi (益州, modern Sichuan and Chongqing) provinces. Internally, however, Jin was apparently well-governed by Xie and Huan Chong. In 375, Emperor <mask> married Wang Fahui (the daughter of the official, Wang Yun () as his empress.He was 13 and she was 16. He also started studying the Chinese

masks:
Emperor Jian
Xiaowu
Xiaowu


texts:
 classic texts and writing poetry. In 376, Empress Dowager Chu officially removed herself from the regent position and returned her powers to Emperor <mask>, although the decisions were still largely being made by Xie. In 376, the Jin vassal, Former Liang, was attacked by Former Qin. Jin forces, under Huan Chong's command, attempted to relieve the pressure on Former Liang by attacking Former Qin, but Former Liang fell quickly and Huan Chong withdrew his forces. In apprehension of a Former Qin attack, Jin evacuated much of its population north of the Huai River to regions south of the river. In 378, Former Qin made major attacks against the important Jin cities of Xiangyang, Weixing (魏興, in modern Ankang, Shaanxi), and Pengcheng.While general Xie Xuan was able to immediately recapture Pengcheng after it fell, Xiangyang and Weixing were taken by Former Qin forces in 379. In 380, Empress Wang died. Emperor <mask> did not have another empress for the rest of his life. In 381, Emperor <mask> began to study Buddhist sutras and he established a Buddhist study hall inside his palace, inviting monks to live within. In 383, Huan Chong made a counterattack against Former Qin, hoping to recapture Xiangyang and the southwest. However, after initial losses, Huan abandoned the campaign. The Battle of Fei River

Later in 383, Former Qin's emperor, Fu Jiān, launched a major attack against Jin, intending to destroy it and unite China.At the Battle of Fei River, however, his forces panicked after trying to retreat to draw Jin forces across the river, and his army was routed with great losses, including his brother and prime minister, Fu

masks: Xiaowu Xiaowu Xiaowu


texts:
 Rong. Former Qin began to collapse after this defeat and never again posed a threat to Jin. Middle reign
After defeating Former Qin forces, Xie Xuan spearheaded a campaign to regain lost territory, and Jin captured most of the Former Qin provinces south of the Yellow River, as well as regaining Liang and Yi provinces. However, Prime Minister Xie An, who was most credited with the victory, began to lose favor in Emperor <mask>'s eyes; Xie's son-in-law, Wang Guobao (), unhappy that Xie did not give him important posts, began to flatter both Emperor <mask> and his brother, Sima Daozi, the Prince of Kuaiji, as a means of undercutting Xie. Xie remained prime minister, however, until his death in 385; he was replaced by Sima Daozi. Both Emperor <mask> and Sima became obsessed with feasting and drinking, and neither spent much time on affairs of state. In 387, Emperor <mask> named his oldest son, five-year-old Sima Dezong, crown prince, notwithstanding the fact that Sima was developmentally disabled—so severely that even after he grew older, he was described as not being able to talk, dress himself, or to tell whether he was full or hungry while eating.In 390, <mask> began to tire of how his brother, Sima Daozi, was taking his favors for granted, and he decided to look for counterbalancing forces. He made the officials Wang Gong (王恭, Empress Wang's brother) and Yin Zhongkan () key regional governors, despite warnings that both Wang and Yin were talented but narrow-minded, and might create issues later. Late reign
By 395, the conflict between Emperor <mask> and Sima had flared into the open, but because of the intercession of

masks:
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Emperor Xiaowu
Xiaowu


texts:
 Empress Dowager Li, Emperor <mask> did not remove his brother. After further mediation by Xu Miao (), the relationship between the brothers seemed to be restored. By 396, <mask> was spending so much of his time on drinking and women that he was not tending to important matters of state. His favorite consort was the beautiful Honoured Lady Zhang. In late fall 396, when she was almost 30 years old, Emperor joked at a feast saying, "Based on your age, you should yield your position.I want someone younger." That night, after Emperor <mask> fell drunk, she ordered all the eunuchs away, bribing them with wine, and then ordered her servant girls to suffocate Emperor <mask> by putting a blanket over his face. She further bribed the attendants and claimed that the emperor died suddenly in his sleep. The death was not investigated and the next day, Sima Dezong assumed the throne as Emperor An, with Sima Daozi as regent. Era names
 Ningkang (寧康 níng kāng) February 19, 373 – February 8, 376
 Taiyuan (太元 tài yuán) February 9, 376 – February 12, 397

Family
Consorts and Issue:
 Empress Xiaowuding, of the Wang clan of Taiyuan (; 360–380), personal name Fahui ()
 Empress Dowager Ande, of the Chen clan (; 362–390), personal name Guinü ()
 Sima Dezong, Emperor An (; 382–419), first son
 Sima Dewen, Emperor Gong (; 386–421), second son
 Guiren, of the Zhang clan ()
 Unknown
 Princess <mask>ling (; d. 432)
 Married Xie Hun of Chen, Duke Wangcai (; d. 412)
 Married Wang Lian of Langya ()

Ancestry

References

362 births
396 deaths
Jin dynasty (266–420) emperors
Jin dynasty (266–420) Buddhists
Chinese Buddhist monarchs
4th-century Chinese

masks:
Xiaowu
Emperor Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Jin


texts: <mask> is an amazing American keyboardist, composer, record producer, conductor, business, realty and fashion designer executive. Born in Brooklyn, New York, he started touring as a teenager playing with jazz fusion violinist Michał Urbaniak and singer Jean Carne, while still in high school in New York. At that time <mask> replaced Urbaniak's keyboardist Barry Eastman (who wrote "You Are My Lady" years later for Freddie Jackson). Burrus was brought to Jean Carne through percussionist-producer Norman Hedman who was one of Burrus's musical mentors as a child. Later on through these types of associations, Burrus went on to play with trumpeter Tom Browne, drummer Lenny White and singer Melba Moore. Recommended by his friend pianist Kenny Kirkland, who was the keyboardist for Sting during the mid-1980's, Burrus had moved on to play with the great Lena Horne in her award-winning show Lady and Her Music in 1984. The Lena Horne Quintet consisted of <mask> on piano and keyboards, Ben Brown on bass, Rodney Jones on guitar, Wilby Fletcher on drums, Ron Bridgewater on Saxophone along with music director Linda Twine and an array of musicians from the London Symphony Orchestra.While still playing for artists, Burrus was releasing solo recordings and concertizing on his own. In 1983 <mask> released his first solo single, called "Love Rockin'", for Arista Records a funk/electro/soul piece written and with all vocals and instruments by Burrus, with high-school buddy Omar Hakim on drums. This was known as <mask> Burrus And Transe, produced by <mask> and Marcus Miller, another high-school friend. Burrus and Miller, along with drummer Poogie Bell, Bobby Broom, another high-school guitar friend, and Bernard Wright (also a high-school companion) went on to play for an off-Broadway show written by Weldon Irvine in 1977 called Young Gifted And Broke at the Billie

masks:
Terrance Corley Burrus
Burrus
Terry
Terry
Terry
Burrus


texts: Holiday Theater in Brooklyn, New York. Irvine had co-written with Nina Simone the famed song "To Be Young, Gifted and Black". Return To Forever's drummer and jazz fusion pioneer Lenny White joined the "Young Gifted And Broke" crew of musicians as a replacement drummer for Poogie Bell at times, and this is where Burrus became estatic over the magic of Lenny White. This was during the high post Chick Corea Return to Forever season.As time went on, <mask> became a highly respected and successful recording session man, playing on recordings of Michael Jackson, Toni Braxton, Janet Jackson, Swing Out Sister, Mariah Carey, The Cardigans, Donna Summer, Lisa Stansfield, Gloria Estefan, Madonna, Aretha Franklin, Phyllis Hyman, Frankie Knuckles, David Morales, Satoshi Tomiie, <mask> and others. Being no stranger to synthesizers and electronic sounds, Burrus is said to own just about every electric keyboard that has come out since the Wurlitzer electric piano. In addition Burrus has always been intrigued by the great classical masters, having studied the artistry of Mozart, Beethoven, Handel and others during his school days in New York, and in his contemporary piano compositions and playing can be heard classical influences. He performs many classical piano recitals around the world as well playing as in the jazz and pop genres. Burrus has been sideman/music director on many tours of Jazz Explosion, as they were known in the 1980s and '90s, as well as on soul, dance and gospel concerts with the Harlem Gospel Singers, Lionel Hampton, Gato Barbieri, George Benson, Angela Bofill, Larry Carlton, Bill Withers, Ramsey Lewis, Crown Heights Affair, Chaka Khan, Ronnie Laws, The Main Ingredient, Johnny Kemp, Stanley Clarke, Noel Pointer, Bobbi Humphrey. Burrus also wrote and produced with the president of Philadelphia International Records, Kenny Gamble,

masks:
Terry
Todd Terry


texts:
 including "Living In Confusion" and "Forever With You" for Phyllis Hyman. Burrus wrote "I Just Love You So Much" for Billy Paul and wrote/produced "Love Goddess" for Lonnie Liston Smith.Burrus also wrote and produced "I'll Wait for You" and "The One And Only Lady In My Life" for Virgin recording group Burrell, among a long list of other compositions and productions to his credit. With contributions to the many remixes of artists from the 1980s and '90s to the present day, reinforcing the sound of house music and electronic music, his early associations working with Def Mix Productions, Frankie Knuckles, David Morales, Satoshi Tomei and <mask>, Junior Vasquez, Paul Simpson, Winston Jones, Dave Shaw, Jellybean Benitez, Tony Humphries, François K and many other international and American DJ producers have rooted him well on the dance-floor and in the remix world. Burrus has created sounds in electronica that he has extended into the world of Techno, Trance, Ambient, World music and more, his piano style especially being prevalent and dominant in the 1990s on many recordings by well known and new artists around the world. From his teenage days as a jazz fusionist to funkster to house and electronica pioneer, Burrus has been an ambassador of electronic music. Early life
<mask>'s interest in the organ and piano began at the age of five in Brooklyn at the Washington Temple Church Of God In Christ, a Pentecostal church under the founder Pastor Bishop F.D. Washington. <mask>'s mother Carter Lee and father James had been singing in the choir there since the mid-1950's.By the time <mask> was five his parents enrolled him at the Alfred Miller Music school where he excelled to the point where he was playing gospel hymns a year or so later. He went on to study music in New York City at the La Guardia School of Arts (formerly known as the High School Of

masks:
Todd Terry
Terry Burrus
Terry
Terry


texts:
 Music and Art) and later attended Long Island University in New York. He gained a deeper affection for jazz, improvising, classical and composing. All the time while in school he was recording in his personal home recording studio and public studios as well as playing concerts worldwide as a sideman with Jean Carne, Michael Urbaniak, Tom Browne, Stanley Turrentine, Lenny White, Lena Horne, Phyllis Hyman, Crown Heights Affair and The Main Ingredient with Cuba Gooding. <mask> always credits Sticks Evans, his junior high-school music teacher at John Coleman I.S.271 Junior High School in Brooklyn, for giving him encouragement and inspiration as a youngster. Stick Evans played drums for Aretha Franklin and Sammy Davis, Jr. Apart from being his teacher and mentor, Stick Evans regarded <mask> as a little brother or even a son, and it was through this relationship that Burrus acquired strength to go on in the music world in life. In the late 1980's <mask> even took a newly built apartment in mid-Manhattan in the area where Evans lived for many years until his death in 1994.Blog Talk Radio
 Paris Events
 Broadway World Bonnie Rose, Stephen S. Miller (2021). OndaJazz
 Fran James Cross Rhythms (1992). <mask>us Review
<mask>us Soul Of Jazz Review. Peter's Contemporary Jazz (1996). Lena Horne Quintet https://sentinelarchivemrdia.blogspot.com
Allmusic.com

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century classical composers
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
African-American classical composers
African-American classical pianists
African-American male classical composers
American classical pianists
American keyboardists
American male pianists
American pop pianists
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Living people
Musicians from Brooklyn
21st-century African-American

masks:
Terry Burrus
Terry
Burrus
Terry Burr
Terry Burr


texts:
<mask> (; born ) is a Russian-American animator, director, producer, screenwriter, voice actor, storyboard artist, comic book writer and artist. He is best known as the creator of various animated television series on Cartoon Network and Adult Swim, including Dexter's Laboratory, Samurai Jack, Star Wars: Clone Wars, Sym-Bionic Titan, and Primal. He co-created Sym-Bionic Titan and directed the first three films in the Hotel Transylvania series. Additionally, he was a pivotal crew member of The Powerpuff Girls and worked on other series such as 2 Stupid Dogs and Batman: The Animated Series. Tartakovsky is known for his unique animation style, including fast-paced action and minimal dialogue. Throughout his career, Tartakovsky has won five Emmy Awards (3 Primetime and 2 Creative Arts), three Annie Awards, one WAC Winner, one OIAF Award, one Winsor McCay Award, among other nominations for his works. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> () on 17 January 1970, in Moscow, to Jewish parents.His father worked as a dentist for government officials and the Soviet Union national ice hockey team. <mask> felt that his father was a very strict and old-fashioned man, but they had a close relationship. His mother, Miriam, was an assistant principal at a school. He has a brother, Alexander, who is two years older and a computer consultant in Chicago. Before coming to the United States, his family moved to Italy. There, <mask> was first drawn to art, inspired by a neighbor's daughter. Tartakovsky later commented, "I remember, I was horrible at it.For the life of me, I couldn't draw a circle". <mask>'s family moved to the United States when he was seven due to concerns about the effect of antisemitism on their children's lives. The family originally settled in Columbus, Ohio and later moved to Chicago. He was greatly influenced by the comics he found there; his first

masks:
Tartakovsky
Tartakovsky
Gennady Tartakovsky
Genndy
Tartakovsky
Tartakovsky


texts:
 purchase was an issue of Super Friends. <mask> began attending Chicago's Eugene Field Elementary School in the third grade. School was difficult because he was seen as a foreigner. He went on to attend Chicago's prestigious Lane Tech College Prep High School and says he did not fit in until his sophomore year.When he was 16, his father died of a heart attack. Afterwards, <mask> and his family moved to government-funded housing, and he began working while still attending high school. To satisfy his ambitious family, which was encouraging him to be a businessman, Tartakovsky tried to take an advertising class, but signed up late and thereby had little choice over his classes. He was assigned to take an animation class and this led to his study of film at Columbia College Chicago before moving to Los Angeles to study animation at the California Institute of the Arts with his friend Rob Renzetti. There he met Craig McCracken. At CalArts, Tartakovsky directed and animated two student films, one of which became the basis for Dexter's Laboratory. After two years at CalArts, Tartakovsky got a job at Lapiz Azul Productions in Spain on Batman: The Animated Series.There, "he learned the trials of TV animation, labor intensive and cranking it out". While he was in Spain, his mother died of cancer. Career
Craig McCracken acquired an art director job at Hanna-Barbera for the show 2 Stupid Dogs and recommended hiring Rob Renzetti and <mask> as well. This was a major turning point in <mask>'s career. Hanna-Barbera let <mask>, McCracken, Renzetti and Paul Rudish work in a trailer in the parking lot of the studio, and there <mask> started creating his best-known works. Dexter's Laboratory grew out of a student film with the same title that he produced while at the California Institute of the Arts. <mask> co-wrote and pencilled the 25th issue of the Dexter's

masks: Tartakovsky Genndy Tartakovsky Tartakovsky Tartakovsky Tartakovsky Tartakovsky


texts: Laboratory comic book series, titled "Stubble Trouble", as well as several stories which are collected in the Dexter's Laboratory Classics trade paperback.Additionally, he helped produce The Powerpuff Girls, co-directed several episodes and served as the animation director and a cinematographer for The Powerpuff Girls Movie; he co-wrote one of the franchise's comics. Both Dexter's Laboratory and The Powerpuff Girls were nominated repeatedly for Emmy Awards. Tartakovsky created the action-adventures series Samurai Jack, which premiered in 2001; he also wrote comics for the franchise. The series won him an Emmy in the category of "Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour)" in 2004. Star Wars creator George Lucas hired Tartakovsky to direct Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–2005), an animated series taking place between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. The series won three Emmy awards: two for "Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming One Hour or More)" in 2004 and 2005, and another for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation" (for background designer Justin Thompson in 2005). Tartakovsky was not involved in the 2008 follow-up series.In 2005, <mask> was appointed creative president of Orphanage Animation Studios. In 2006, he was chosen as the director for a sequel to The Dark Crystal, but was replaced and the film was later scrapped. Tartakovsky served as animation director on the pilot episode of Korgoth of Barbaria, which aired on Adult Swim in 2006 but was not picked up as a series. He also directed a series of anti-smoking advertisements, one for Nicorette in 2006 and two for Niquitin in 2008. In 2009, Tartakovsky created a pilot entitled Maruined for Cartoon Network's The Cartoonstitute program, which was not picked up. In 2009, it was announced that Tartakovsky would write and direct a Samurai Jack


texts: film from Fred Seibert's Frederator Studios and J. J. Abrams' Bad Robot Productions. In June 2012, Tartakovsky said that he had a story to conclude the series and title character's story, but the project had been shelved after Abrams moved on to direct Star Trek.In 2010, Tartakovsky created storyboards for Jon Favreau's Iron Man 2. He created a new series for Cartoon Network, Sym-Bionic Titan, between 2010 and 2011. He had hoped to expand on the initial season, but it was not renewed. On 7 April 2011, an animated prologue by Tartakovsky for the horror film Priest premiered online. In early 2011, <mask> moved to Sony Pictures Animation, where he made his feature film directing debut with Hotel Transylvania (2012). In July 2012, he signed a long-term deal with Sony to develop and direct his own original projects. In June 2012, Sony announced that <mask> was slated to direct a computer-animated Popeye feature.On 18 September 2014, Tartakovsky revealed an "animation test". In March 2015, Tartakovsky announced that despite the well-received test footage, he was no longer working on the project. He moved onto directing original story Can You Imagine?, announced in 2014, but it was cancelled. Tartakovsky directed Hotel Transylvania 2, the sequel to Hotel Transylvania, released in 2015. In December 2015, Adult Swim announced that <mask> would return for a final season of Samurai Jack, during which he stepped away from Sony Pictures Animation. When the series finished airing in 2017, <mask> returned to Sony and directed Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018). After its financial success, two original projects were announced: an R-rated comedy called Fixed and an action-adventure film entitled Black Knight.In May 2019, it was announced that Adult Swim had commissioned a new series from Tartakovsky entitled Primal, which is about "a caveman at the dawn

masks: Tartakovsky Tartakovsky Tartakovsky Tartakovsky