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 before. He served as president of the Medical Missionary Society of China after his mentor Thomas Richardson Colledge. Dr. John Glasgow Kerr followed <mask> in running the Medical Missionary Society Hospital.In 1844, <mask> worked as Caleb Cushing's main interpreter during the negotiations of the Treaty of Wanghia with the Qing Empire. In 1845 he became a secretary and interpreter to the new embassy from the United States, still keeping the hospital in operation. In the absence of the minister, <mask> acted as chargé d'affaires. In 1855, finding his health seriously impaired, he again returned to the United States. The 1844 treaty stipulated that it could be renegotiated after 12 years, and in 1856, president Franklin Pierce sent <mask> to China in order to revise the treaty and gain more concessions from the Qing Empire. <mask> was unsuccessful in this endeavor. He worked in this capacity until Pierce left office.In 1857, his health again failing, he returned to the United States. Lam Qua portraits
While in China, <mask> met Lam Qua, a Western-trained Chinese painter. <mask> commissioned Lam Qua to paint patients at the Canton Hospital with large tumors or other major deformities. Some of the paintings are part of a collection of Lam Qua's work held by the <mask> Parker Collection at the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library at Yale University. <mask> left these portraits to the Pathology Department of the Yale Medical School, which later gave them to the Library. United States
After his final return to the United States, <mask> and Harriet had son <mask>, Jr. in 1859. In the 1860s, the couple moved to the townhome on Lafayette Square that is known today as the <mask> Parker House.From here the couple regularly hosted notable figures in Washington, including Supreme Court justices, members of Congress, and President Abraham Lincoln. He became a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in 1868, a corporate member of the American Board in 1871, and was a delegate of the Evangelical Alliance to Russia the same year to memorialize

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Peter
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Peter


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 Tsar Alexander II in behalf of religious liberty in the Baltic provinces. He was president of the Washington branch of the Evangelical Alliance in 1887. He died in Washington, D.C.

Writings
Among his publications were:
 Reports of the Ophthalmic Hospital at Canton (Canton, 1836–52)
 Journal of an Expedition from Singapore to Japan, an account of his visit to the Loo Choo islands and Japan in 1837 (London, 1838)
 A Statement Respecting Hospitals in China (London, 1841)
 Notes of Surgical Practice Among the Chinese (1846)
 Eulogy on Henry Wilson (Washington, D. C., 1880)

Notes

References

 Edward V. Gulick. <mask> and the Opening of China. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Harvard Studies in American-East Asian Relations 3,  1973). . External links

<mask> collection, Medical Historical Library, Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University
Peter Parker Papers, Medical Historical Library, Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University
Lam Qua's Portraits of <mask>'s Patients, Medical Historical Library, Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University
Chang, J.A reconstructive surgeon's taste in art: Dr <mask> and the Lam Qua oil paintings  Ann Plast Surg. (1993)
 Christopher Gundman, "<mask>," Biographical Dictionary of Christianity in China
Heinrich, Ari Larissa. The Afterlife of Images:  Translating the Pathological Body Between China and the West, Chapel Hill:  Duke University Press, 2008. Hume, <mask> <mask> and the Introduction of Anesthesia into China Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (1946)
Rachman, Stephen Memento Morbi: Lam Qua’s Paintings, <mask>’s Patients Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities, Vanderbilt University

1804 births
1888 deaths
American Presbyterian missionaries
19th-century American physicians
Christian medical missionaries
Presbyterian missionaries in China
People from Framingham, Massachusetts
Yale School of Medicine alumni
American expatriates in China
19th-century American diplomats
Ambassadors of the United States to

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Peter Parker
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Peter Parker
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Edward Peter
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<mask>ing (Korean name: Kim Young Il, 김영일) was a Korean actor and martial artist, who rose his fame in South Korea through various Korean drama series from the 90. Outside of Korea, he is best known with his appearance with many kung fu films from the range of Korean, Hong Kong and Taiwanese production. Early life
At the early age, Han Ying was sent to the orphanage and was adopted by Chinese translator as well as the action director named Kim Cheong Do. Han Ying was soon to be exposed in the physical education, in particularly with the sports especially with the martial arts. At his early age he would train for Taekwondo (whom which he earned himself a black belt 24th degree) as well as the praying mantis style. Although he did not appear in any of the Shaw's production, but with his adopted father's suggestion as well as the recommendation, Han Ying would soon to be trained in Shaw Brothers studio as an actor trainee for 6 years. This soon gave him more flexibility with his film careers in both South Korea and as well as countries like Hong Kong and Taiwan.After returning to Korea, he then planned to join the army school, but due to his father's persuasion, he decided to focus his aiming on becoming an actor. He later attended Chung-Ang University in which he studied in the field of theatre and acting major. Film career
Han Ying made his first film appearance in 1977 Korean, Taiwan and Indonesian co-production films Endless Fight (Pukulan Berantai), who appeared as a thug fighting oppose to Shin Il Ryong. Following up with the Endless Fight,


texts: he then appeared in series of obscure Korean martial arts films, following with Bruceploitation film Return of the Red Tiger starring Bruce Le and Return of Fist of Fury. He was often a frequent collaborator with another Taekwondo martial artist actor Casanova Wong, with the films such as Wonderman from Shaolin (1977), South Shaolin Vs. North Shaolin (1982) and even Wong's own directorial debut Fire Lord (1981). Around 1979, Han would also collaborate with the soon to be famous Hong Kong action star Jackie Chan for twice. Both of them which worked under the Lo Wei's Hong Kong, Korean, and Taiwanese co-production with the films such as Dragon Fist (1979) and as well as making a guest appearance for Chan's directorial debut film The Fearless Hyena.Along with Chan, Han Ying would also co-star with James Tien and Yen Shi Kwan in both pictures. Han Ying's talent would soon be discovered by many of the Taiwanese directors, such as William Cheung Ki whom gave Han Ying a starring role as a villain To Ko Lam in Death Duel of Kung Fu, the film that co-stars both Secret Rivals star John Liu (actor) and Don Wong Tao, as well as the involvement with many of the stuntman from Sammo Hung's stunt group with the likes of Chung Fat, Chin Yuet Sang and Mang Hoi. He also worked with several of Shaw Brothers' famous leading faces as well as the stunt directors with the likes of Gordon Liu and Liu Chia Liang in Korean/Taiwanese co-production Shaolin Drunken Monk (1981) as well as Chang Cheh's frequent Venom Mob Shaw Brothers' pictures' choreographer Robert Tai with


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 another co-production Kung fu adventure film Ninja Vs. Shaolin Guards (1984) co-starring Alexander Lo Rei. Film Success
Following with the film success in Hong Kong, he equally had a cult status on the silver screen from his home country of South Korea. He would continue appearing in the martial arts action genre, in particularly after the success of comedic kung fu films from Jackie Chan's era. Han Ying would frequently collaborate with the veteran Korean director Kim Jeong Yong as well as to co-star with the fellow Korean martial artist actor Elton Chong. The trio worked on at least 6 pictures together.One of which was titled Chef of the Shaolin Temple (Hangul: 소림사 주방장), also known as Shaolin Drunken Monkey(1981). The film was a huge success in South Korea and currently gained the cult status in among the Korean fans. Following with the Shaolin Drunken Monkey, they've also worked together in 10 Shaolin Disciples, The Snake Strikes Back, Fist of the Golden Monkey, Dragon Against Vampire and their last on-screen collaboration Ninja of the Magnificent which came out in 1987. End of the career and death
After making several films in the 1980s, he eventually retired from acting in 1987. However, in 1992 he made the appearance once again in Walking Towards the Sky the Korean movie and in addition he also made the appearance in 1997 television series Love and War. After Walking Towards the Sky, Han became a monk in Gyeongsang Province after his retirement from filming business. In 2002 he was diagnosed with stomach cancer and died August 12,


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<mask> (4 September 1909 – 20 September 1945) was the chief SS doctor (SS-Standortarzt) at the Auschwitz concentration camp from September 1942 to January 1945. Thus, <mask> had formal responsibility for everything undertaken by the nearly twenty SS doctors (including Josef Mengele, Horst Schumann and Carl Clauberg) who worked in the medical sections of Auschwitz between 1942 and 1945. Early life
<mask> was born in Geroldshausen near Würzburg, Bavaria into a Catholic family with democratic Socialist leanings. His father served as a medical corpsman in the First World War and according to Dr. Robert Jay Lifton had emerged from the war "...in a depressed state with pacifist leanings, which were undoubtedly expressed in his (as one son put it) 'making doctors of us all...'"  Wirth's younger brother, Helmut, became a notable gynecologist (who later went to Auschwitz to visit his brother to participate in cancer experiments but said that he left after only a few days on his brother <mask>'s advice, due to a disagreement and because of his revulsion of the place). According to Lifton "...Among the boys it was <mask> who came most under the father’s influence in becoming meticulous, obedient, and unusually conscientious and reliable — traits that continued into his adult life. He never smoked or drank and was described as compassionate and "soft" in his responses to others..." The Wirths family was not known to be anti-semitic or sympathetic to radical nationalist politics. Nazi party membership
<mask>, however, became an ardent Nazi while studying medicine at the University of Würzburg (1930–35).He joined the Nazi Party and the SA in June 1933 and applied for admission into the SS in 1934. He entered the Waffen SS in 1939, saw action in Norway and the Russian Front and was classified as medically unfit for combat duty in the spring of 1942 after a heart-attack. <mask> then chose to undertake special training for Department leaders in Dachau Concentration Camp

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Eduard Wirths
Wirths
Eduard Wirths
Eduard
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 and served as chief SS psychiatrist in Neuengamme concentration camp during July 1942. Coincidentally, in 1942 Josef Mengele was also wounded at the Russian Front, pronounced medically unfit for combat, promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer before being assigned to Auschwitz. Auschwitz (1942-1945)
<mask> was promoted to SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and appointed as chief camp physician at Auschwitz in September, 1942. He was appointed on the basis of his reputation as a competent doctor and committed Nazi who would be capable of stopping the typhus epidemics that had increasingly affected SS personnel at Auschwitz. At Auschwitz, <mask> was known to be protective of prisoner doctors and other prisoners doing medical work, to have improved conditions on the medical blocks and was remembered favourably by most prisoner doctors and other inmates who had contact with him.At the same time, <mask> in recommending Dr. Josef Mengele for promotion in August 1944, was able to speak of Mengele's "open, honest, firm … [and] absolutely dependable" character and "magnificent" intellectual and physical talents; of the "discretion, perseverance, and energy with which he has fulfilled every task … and … shown himself equal to every situation"; of his "valuable contribution to anthropological science by making use of the scientific materials available to him"; of his "absolute ideological firmness" and "faultless conduct [as] an SS officer"; and personal qualities as "free, unrestrained, persuasive, and lively" discourse that rendered him "especially dear to his comrades". Rudolf Höss, the commandant of Auschwitz between 1940 and December 1943, is said to have held <mask> in particularly high regard. He is said to have remarked of Wirths that "During my 10 years of service in concentration-camp affairs, I have never encountered a better one." In 1943 the impact on inmates of Wirths' actions at Auschwitz resulted in his receiving a Christmas card from Langbein, a

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 political prisoner who worked with him, which contained the message “In the past year you have saved here the lives of 93,000 people. We do not have the right to tell you our wishes. But we wish for ourselves that you stay here in the coming year.” It was signed: “One speaking for the prisoners of Auschwitz.” The figure of 93,000 was the difference in mortality rate among prisoners from typhus in the year prior to Wirths' arrival. Prisoner experimentation
Wirths was involved in ordering medical experimentation, particularly in gynecological and typhus-related experimental tests.<mask>'s primary research concerned pre-cancerous growths of the cervix. <mask> was also interested in the sterilization of women, by removing their ovaries through surgery or radiation. It is generally acknowledged that he himself never directly participated in such experiments but delegated their conduct to subordinates. The victims of these experiments were Jewish women who had been imprisoned in Block 10 of the main camp in Auschwitz. Dr. E.W.J. Pearce, an Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Truman Medical Center has made the following observation regarding Wirths' medical experiments: ". . . <mask>, without consent, photographed the cervices of women prisoners, then amputated the pictured cervices, and sent both photographs and specimens for study to Dr. Hinselmann of Berlin".Hinselmann was the physician who developed colposcopy. Selection of prisoners
Importantly, <mask> also asserted medical control of prisoner selections at the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, which, prior to spring 1943, had been conducted by the camp commander and his subordinates. <mask> insisted upon taking his own personal turn in performing selections, which he could have deferred to physician subordinates. Witness testimony given at the Trial of Adolf Eichmann provided a useful insight into how the SS approached the issue of how to record the deaths of Auschwitz prisoners (this did not

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 include those who had been immediately selected for gassing – their admission was simply not recorded in the death registers). Those who died while imprisoned at Auschwitz were always recorded as having died from natural causes and never from being executed or murdered. <mask> was promoted to SS-Sturmbannführer (major) in September 1944. Following the evacuation of Auschwitz in January 1945 he was transferred, along with many other former Auschwitz personnel, to the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp in Thuringia.<mask> would again hold the post of chief camp physician until Mittelbau-Dora's evacuation in April 1945. Capture and suicide
<mask> was captured by the Allies at the end of the war and held in custody by British forces. Later, on 20 September 1945, knowing that he would face trial for war crimes, <mask> committed suicide by hanging. Summary of SS Career
Robert Jay Lifton has said that
. . . <mask> was significantly immersed in Nazi ideology in three crucial spheres: the claim of revitalizing the German race and Volk; the biomedical path to that revitalization via purification of genes and race; and the focus on the Jews as a threat to this renewal, to the immediate and long-term "health" of the Germanic race. While <mask> did not absolutize these convictions in the manner of Mengele — they were in him combined with a strong current of medical humanism — his commitment to the Nazi cause was probably no less strong . . .

Perhaps illustrative of Wirths' commitment to medical 'leadership' was his tendency while at Auschwitz to drive about in a car flying a Red Cross flag as well as his enthusiasm for acting as a marriage counselor and personal adviser to other SS personnel.According to Helgard Kramer, Wirths
. . . first seized on a career as a military doctor and officer in the German elite troops of the SS, because he desperately wanted to become a member of the upper class; eventually to provide his future wife with a "decent marriage". To

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 reach that goal he had to become a "tough man"...

SS ranks and awards
Ranks
September 1942, Promotion to SS-Hauptsturmführer
September 1944 Promotion to SS-Sturmbannführer
Final rank in the SS: SS-Obersturmbannführer

Awards during SS career
 War Merit Cross 1st Class With Swords
Iron Cross 2nd Class 1939
DRL-Sports Badge in Bronze
German Sosial Wellfare Medal 2nd Class
Eastern Front Winter Medal

See also
 Hans Münch
 List of people who died by suicide by hanging

References

 Hermann Langbein, (2004) People in Auschwitz. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill & London in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Dr. Robert J. Lifton, (1986) THE NAZI DOCTORS: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books. University of Linz: SS-DOCTOR DR. EDUARD WIRTHS
 Dr. E.W.J.Pearce, (1996) "Antigone: An Exercise in Medical Ethics" in History and Philosophy of Medicine  Newsletter  published by  the University of Kansas Medical Centre. Transcript (in German) of the documentary Film (1975) "Dr. <mask> – Standortarzt von Auschwitz" by Dutch film makers Roland Orthel and others. Webster University, Nazi Doctors & Other Perpetrators of Nazi Crimes  at www.webster.edu
 Holocaust at www.shoa.de
 Shoa.de - <mask> (1909-1945) at www.shoa.de
 Helgard Kramer, "The ‘Doubled Self’ of SS Doctors at Auschwitz Revisited" Paper presented at the 25th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology (ISPP) in Berlin, July 16–19, 2002. Healing-Killing Conflict: <mask>

1909 births
1945 suicides
Auschwitz concentration camp personnel
Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp personnel
Physicians in the Nazi Party
Nazi human subject research
Nazis who committed suicide in prison custody
Neuengamme concentration camp personnel
People from Würzburg (district)
SS-Sturmbannführer
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Nazis who committed suicide in Germany
Suicides by hanging in Germany
Waffen-SS

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Eduard Wirths
Eduard Wirths
Eduard Whs


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<mask><mask> is president and CEO of In Vitro ADMET Laboratories (IVAL), Columbia, Maryland, and Malden, Massachusetts. For the past three decades, <mask> has devoted his scientific career to the advancement of scientific concepts and technologies to accurately predict human drug properties. His research is focused on the development and application of human-based in vitro experimental systems in drug discovery and development. He is a pioneer in the isolation, cryopreservation, and culturing of human hepatocytes and their application in the evaluation of drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and drug toxicity. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Hong Kong. He attended St Francis Xavier College, where he excelled, particularly in the sciences. After being awarded a scholarship from the University of Wisconsin in 1969, he immigrated to the United States and in 1972 obtained a bachelor's degree in chemistry, with a minor in biology.He went on to complete a PhD in biochemical sciences in 1976 at the University of Tennessee, working with the Biology Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <mask> also holds an executive MBA from the University of Maryland, College Park (2002). Career
<mask> has held a variety of research and teaching positions throughout the biomedical field. After graduating from the University of Tennessee, <mask> took up a post as a research scientist and assistant professor at the University of New Mexico's Cancer Research and Treatment Center (1977–1979). This was followed by a position as associate scientist and group leader in

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 cellular and genetic toxicology with the Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (1979–1982). From there, <mask> joined the Monsanto Company as a senior research toxicologist. He stayed with Monsanto until 1993, eventually becoming senior fellow and head of two departments – Liver Biology and Pharmokinetics, Bioanalytics, and Radiochemistry.Other notable positions include director of the Surgical Research Institute of the St. Louis University School of Medicine (1993–1995) and chief scientific officer of In Vitro Technologies, Inc. (now owned by Celsis), Baltimore, Maryland (1998–2002). In addition to his work in the industry, <mask> has also taken on a variety of academic positions, including distinguished visiting professor at the Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis (Guangzhou Medical College), adjunct professor of pharmacology and physiology (St. Louis University Medical School), and affiliate professor of chemical engineering (Washington University, St. Louis). IVAL
In 2004, <mask> founded In Vitro ADMET Laboratories (IVAL), a product supplier and preclinical contract research organization. Specializing in in vitro testing, IVAL provides products and services to pharmaceutical development laboratories across the globe. After establishing IVAL, <mask> was the first to report successful cryopreservation of human hepatocytes to retain their viability, functions, and ability to be cultured (plateable cryopreserved human hepatocytes). <mask> and his researchers have developed numerous hepatocyte-based assays, including higher throughput assays for P450

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 inhibition, time-dependent inhibition, P450 induction, cytokine suppression of ADME gene expression, and in vitro hepatotoxicity. IdMOC
In 2007, <mask> patented the Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-Culture system (IdMOC), a method that models in vivo multiple-organ interaction in vitro.This cell culture system is based on the "wells-in-a-well" concept and offers a far more complete experimental system than traditional isolated cell culture platforms, which use only one cell type. It consists of a testing plate with multiple, inner wells grouped within a surrounding chamber. Individual wells can be seeded with cell types from different organs. They are then covered and connected by an overlying medium, allowing well-to-well communication, while keeping the individual cell types separate. The IdMOC system is patented internationally. Publications
<mask> has published over 160 research articles, book chapters, and reviews and co-edited 5 books in toxicology and drug-drug interactions. He is on the editorial board for various journals, including Current Drug Metabolism, Drug Metabolism Letters, Chemico-Biological Interactions, Journal of Toxicological Sciences, and Toxicology and Cell Biology.Notable publications include:
 <mask>. P. (2005) Preclininical in vitro screening assays for drug-like properties. Drug Discovery Today 2, 179–195. <mask>, A. P. (2008) In vitro evaluation of metabolic drug-drug interactions: concepts and practice. In A.P. <mask> (Ed. ), Drug-drug Interactions in Pharmaceutical Development (1–30). New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.<mask>, A. P. (2009)

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texts: Evaluation of luciferin-isopropyl acetal as a CYP3A4 substrate for human hepatocytes: effects of organic solvents, cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibitors, and P450 inducers. Drug Metab Dispos. 37(8),1598-603. <mask>, A. P. (2009) Metabolism Comparative Cytotoxicity Assay (MCCA) and Cytotoxic Metabolic Pathway Identification Assay (CMPIA) with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for the evaluation of metabolism-based cytotoxicity in vitro: proof-of-concept study with aflatoxin B1. Chem Biol Interact. 179(1), 4–8. <mask>, A. P. and Doshi U.(2011) Higher Throughput Screening Assays for CYP3A4 Inhibition and Induction in Human Hepatocytes. J. Biomol. Screen. 16(8), 903–909. <mask>, A. P. and Doshi U. (2011) Higher Throughput Screening Assays for Time-Dependent Inhibition of CYP3A4 in Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metabolism Letters 5(3), 183-191(9).<mask>, A. P., Uzgare A., LaForge Y. (2012) Definition of metabolism-dependent xenobiotic toxicity with co-cultures of human hepatocytes and mouse 3T3 fibroblasts in the novel integrated discrete multiple organ co-culture (IdMOC) experimental system: Results with model toxicants aflatoxin B1, cyclophosphamide and tamoxifen. Chem. Biol. Interact. 199, (1–8). <mask>, A.P., Yang Q., Vermet H., Raoust N., Klieber S., and Fabre G. (2014) Evaluation of Human Hepatocytes Under Prolonged Culture in a Novel Medium for the Maintenance of Hepatic Differentiation: Results with the Model Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin 6.Drug Metabolism Letters 8(1), 12–18. <mask>, A. P.  (2012) Editorial: metabolism and drug-drug interaction potential of biotherapeutics.

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 Current Drug Metabolism 13, 881. <mask>, A. P.  (2014) In vitro human hepatocyte-based experimental systems for early identification of drugs and drug candidates with adverse drug properties and biomarker discovery. Biomarkers Med. 8, 1–11. <mask> W.R., Chakraborty M., Korrapati M.C., Morrison J.C., Berkson J.D., Semple K., Chea L.S., Yang Q., <mask>.P., Ryan P.M., Spolski R., Leonard W.J., Bourdi M., and <mask>hl, L.R.(2014)  Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin and Interleukin-4 Mediate the Pathogenesis of Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Hepatology 60, 1741–1752. Patents
<mask> currently holds six patents:
 Biological Artificial Liver: U.S. Patent No. 5,270,192; filed 02/07/92; allowable June 1993, published Dec. 1993. Artificial liver apparatus and method: U.S. Patent No. 6,858,146; filed 02/20/02; allowed and published Feb. 22, 2005. Cell Culture Tool and Method: U.S. Patent No.US 7,186,548 B2; Date of Patent:  March 6, 2007. Cell Culture Tool and Method: The People's Republic of China Patent No. 626030; Date of Patent:  May 26, 2010. Cell Culture Tool and Method: Japan Patent No. 4609799; allowed in September 2010. Cell Preparation Method: U.S. Patent No. 9,078,430; filed Sept 10, 2013; allowed and published March 12, 2015

References

American people of Chinese descent
Hong Kong people
St. Francis Xavier University alumni
 University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
University of Tennessee alumni
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
University of New Mexico alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American

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<mask> (, ; 22 September 1945 – 27 June 2020) was a Serbian footballer and manager. <mask> was capped 43 times for Yugoslavia, participating in the 1968 European Football Championship, and in the 1974 FIFA World Cup where he scored a goal in a big 9–0 win against Zaire. He played much of his career in OFK Beograd, with a mid-career stint playing for Troyes. He began his coaching career in 1990 with his original club, OFK Beograd, and he went on to coach numerous other clubs. He coached his national team three times: first as an assistant from 1997 to 1998, then from 2000 to 2001 and most notably from 2003 to 2006 – including the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Playing career

OFK Beograd
When <mask> left his hometown Knin for the capital city Belgrade, he had not yet decided if he wanted to play football professionally because, in addition to training and playing with OFK Beograd, he simultaneously enrolled in and eventually completed the Economics college. He signed his first professional contract with OFK in 1964.Though the club was even then in the constant shadow of its big city rivals Red Star Belgrade and Partizan, it still managed to put in many memorable league campaigns as well as to win the 1965–66 Yugoslav Cup with a 6–2 final thrashing of Dinamo Zagreb. In 1972, <mask> played as a guest for Uruguayan side Peñarol where he suffered a fracture caused by Nacional defender Juan Mujica. Troyes
According to the strictly enforced sporting rules of communist Yugoslavia, no player was allowed to play for clubs outside the country before reaching the age of 28. <mask> was no different and had to wait until 1973 to complete a move to Troyes AF where he spent three seasons. OFK Beograd again
His second stint with OFK started

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Ilija Petković
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 in 1976 after returning from France at the age of 31. Even at the twilight of his career <mask> managed to be an important contributor to the team. He played until 1983, retiring from the game close to the age of 38.Unfortunately, this time around the team's overall performance wasn't as glowing as was the case during <mask>'s first stint. They constantly hovered around the relegation zone and couldn't avoid the drop in 1979–80 season meaning that <mask> played the 1980–81 campaign in Yugoslav Second League. They quickly gained promotion at the end of that year and played two more seasons in the top flight before being relegated again after 1982–83, <mask>'s last playing season. International career
<mask> debuted for Yugoslavia on 24 April 1968, at the age of 22 when Yugoslavia hosted France at Belgrade's Partizan Stadium in the second leg of the qualifying round quarter-final. The score from the first leg eighteen days earlier in Marseille was 1–1 and qualification was at stake but <mask> scored his first goal in the national team just three minutes in, before adding another one in the 33rd minute as Yugoslavia won 5–1. He went on to play for Yugoslavia at the final tournament in Italy. He also played at the 1974 FIFA World Cup in West Germany, scoring a goal in the group stage 9–0 victory over Zaire.Coaching career

FR Yugoslavia
<mask> was named as an assistant to Slobodan Santrač in 1997, prior to the 1998 FIFA World Cup. FR Yugoslavia exited the tournament in the Round of 16 to the Netherlands which was labelled a disappointing result, leading Santrač and the entire coaching staff (including <mask>) to resign after the tournament. In July 2000, <mask> became the head coach of FR Yugoslavia after their exiting

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 from UEFA Euro 2000 in the quarter-final to the Netherlands by a score of 6–1 and the subsequent dismissal of head coach Vujadin Boškov. <mask> started off well with a 2–1 away win in a friendly against Northern Ireland and a 2–0 win against Luxembourg in a 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier. As the Football Association was getting ready to choose a new president in January 2001, <mask> resigned from his post citing the departure of outgoing FA president Miljan Miljanić as the reason. Serbia and Montenegro
In July 2003, <mask> was named as the head coach of the Serbia and Montenegro national team by FA president Dragan Stojković. <mask> managed to lead the team through 2006 World Cup qualifying in impressive fashion, with Serbia and Montenegro allowing only one goal in twelve matches.However, the team's showing at the World Cup final tournament in Germany was disastrous, with three losses from three matches including a 0–6 defeat at the hands of Argentina. Furthermore, <mask> caused controversy ahead of the tournament when he named his son Dušan in the final squad as a replacement for the injured Mirko Vučinić, a move that triggered widespread outrage and condemnation. Dragan Stojković (at this time the president of Red Star Belgrade) criticized <mask> publicly. Faced with the barrage of criticism, <mask>'s son withdrew from the squad which meant that, since the squad list was already submitted, FIFA didn't allow a replacement to be named so Serbia and Montenegro ended up being the only nation at the World Cup with 22 players in the squad instead of 23. In late December 2009, <mask> accused Stojković of starting the media smear campaign against him back in late May 2006 before the World Cup. <mask> claimed that he


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 refused to name some Red Star players in the final squad that the club was looking to sell at a better price by having them showcased at the World Cup, all of which prompted Stojković's ire, with Stojković denying the claims. Death
<mask> died on 27 June 2020, in Belgrade after being hospitalized with a duodenal ulcer and becoming infected with COVID-19 amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia.He is interred in the Alley of Distinguished Citizens in the Belgrade New Cemetery. Honours

Player
OFK Beograd
 Yugoslav Cup: 1965–66

Manager
Servette
 Swiss National League A: 1993–94

Individual
 Serbian Coach of the Year: 2005

References

External links

 Profile on Serbian National Team page

1945 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Knin
Serbs of Croatia
Serbian footballers
OFK Beograd players
ES Troyes AC players
Ligue 1 players
Expatriate footballers in France
Yugoslav football managers
Serbian football managers
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<mask> (born 9 March 1943) is a German neurophysiologist. Life and career
<mask> was born in Munich and studied medicine at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU Munich) from 1965 onwards (as a scholarship holder of the German Academic Scholarship Foundation) and 1965/66 two semesters at the Sorbonne in Paris. In 1968, he received his Ph.D. from Ludwig Maximilian University with his doctoral thesis on "The role of telencephalic commissures in bilateral EEG-synchrony." His doctoral supervisor was Otto Detlev Creutzfeldt of the Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry. During his advanced training in neurophysiology, he spent a year at the University of Sussex in England. In 1970 he received his medical licence as a physician while working as a doctor at the University Hospital Munich. In 1975, he habilitated in Physiology at the Medical Faculty of the Technical University of Munich.In 1981, he was appointed a member of the Max Planck Society and Director of the Department of Neurophysiology at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt am Main. Here, together with Walter Greiner and Horst Stöcker, he founded the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) as well as the Brain Imaging Center (BIC) in 2004 and the Ernst Strüngmann Science Forum and the Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI). He is an honorary professor of physiology at the Goethe University Frankfurt. Since 2011 he has the status of an emeritus and as such continues to operate the "Singer-Emeritus-Department" at MPI Frankfurt. <mask> is the father of brain researcher and cognitive scientist Tania <mask>. Work
The aim of the work of his neurophysiological department is to elucidate the neuronal processes in the case of so-called higher cognitive performance, such as in the case of visual perception, in memory, or in other ways of cognition. In his institute, among other things, the emergence of visual disorder amblyopia is also being studied.In the neurophysiological research community, <mask> is internationally known for his research and reflections on the

masks:
Wolf Joachim Singer
Singer
Wolf Singer
Singer
Singer


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 physiological basis of attention and identification procedures. The institute, with its technically elaborate experiments, is primarily concerned with the binding problem, where the question is at the center of how different sensory aspects of an object – form, color, hardness, weight, smell, etc. - can be combined into a single object experience. The theory is based, among others, on the works by Christoph von der Malsburg. It attaches great importance to the temporal synchronicity of neuronal activity in the cortex. Corresponding oscillator frequencies of the nerve cells would then refer to the same object, while other frequencies would mark other objects. <mask> represents a naturalistic interpretation of neurophysiological data and strives to make the results of brain research known to the public.<mask> is a board member of the Mind & Life Institute. Free will and guilt
<mask>, like Gerhard Roth, became the focus of public discussions in Germany through interviews, lectures and popular science essays regarding the consequences of neurological research to political and juridical, psychological and developmental psychology, pedagogical or anthropological, as well as architectural or urban questions and even to historical and philosophical views. His thesis on the free will was particularly controversial. <mask> declined to speak of a free will. This he expressed publicly in an article published in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in 2004, whose subtitling he made in the slightly modified formulation "Brain structures determine us: We should stop talking about free will" as the main title of the reprinting of an extensive scientific contribution to the discussion "Brain as a Subject? (Part I)" in the German Journal of Philosophy. <mask> argues that the natural scientific causal model, according to which the world is to be viewed as a closed deterministic whole, excludes freedom.Proponents of the concept of freedom as Peter Bieri argue, however, that the notion of freedom of will is only under certain conditions contrary to determinism and

masks: Singer Singer Singer Singer Singer


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 that these assumptions need not to be accepted. <mask> also demands that the lack of free will must have consequences for our conceptions of guilt and punishment: if no one can decide freely from a scientific point of view, it is not useful to make people responsible for their actions. Socially intolerable persons would have to be "locked away" and "subjected to specific educational programs". In 2004, <mask> was one of the authors of Das Manifest, a declaration of eleven leading neuroscientists on the presence and future of brain research, published in the magazine Gehirn & Geist. Honors and awards
<mask> received many honors for his scientific work, including the Ernst Jung Prize for Science and Research, the Neuronal Plasticity Prize, the Zülch Prize, the Max Planck Prize for Public Relations, the Hessian Cultural Prize, the Communicator Prize of the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft, honorary doctorates of the Carl von Ossietzky University in Oldenburg and the Rutgers University, New Jersey, the Körber European Science Prize and the Medaille de la Ville de Paris. Since 1998 he has been a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and since 2003 of the German Academy for Language and Literature. He was also honored in France becoming a knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur).In 1992, <mask> was appointed a lifelong member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in Rome. In 2002, he received the Ernst Hellmut Vits Award from the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster (Westphalia). <mask> was a member of the Advisory Board of the Giordano Bruno Foundation until 2012. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Hertie Foundation. Since 2007 he has been a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He is also a member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2011, he received the Officer's cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.In the

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Singer
Wolf Singer
Singer
Singer
Singer


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 same year Pope Benedict XVI appointed him as a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture. In 2013, the Leopoldina distinguished him with the Cothenius medal. In 2014, he was elected to the European Molecular Biology Organization. Publications
Selected articles
Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties, Nature, 1989. Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex, National Academy of Sciences, 1989. Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning, Annual review of physiology, 1993
Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis, Annual review of physiology, 1995. Neuronal synchrony: a versatile code for the definition of relations?Neuron (Elsevier), 1999. Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top–down processing, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2001. Books
Neurobiology of Human Values, Springer, 2005,
Dynamic coordination in the brain: from neurons to mind, MIT Press, 2010,
Interdisciplinary Anthropology: Continuing Evolution of Man, Springer, 2011,
Vom Gehirn zum Bewusstsein ("From brain to consciousness"), Suhrkamp, 2006. Hirnforschung und Meditation: Ein Dialog ("Brain research and meditation: a dialogue"), Unseld, 2008. Der Beobachter im Gehirn: Essays zur Hirnforschung ("The observer in the brain – essays"), Suhrkamp, 2013. References

External links
<mask> Singer Emeritus Group
Society of Neuroscience – <mask> (PDF)

1943 births
Living people
German physiologists
German neuroscientists
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Goethe University Frankfurt faculty
Technical University of Munich faculty
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Physicians

masks:
Wolf
Wolf Singer


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<mask><mask> (born 1956) is a historian and professor of history at the University of Alabama. <mask> is the founder and one of the key contributors to the group weblog Liberty and Power, which is located at the History News Network. He manages the Facebook group for classical liberal and libertarian historians, Cliolibertarian. Biography
<mask> was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He received a B.A. in history from the University of Minnesota in 1980 and a Ph.D in history from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1986. Since 1994, he has taught at the University of Alabama, where he is a professor in history.He married Linda Royster <mask> on June 11, 1997 and they live in Northport, Alabama. <mask>'s research covers a wide range of topics in American history including race, tax revolts, the private provision of infrastructure, mutual aid, and the political philosophies of Zora Neale Hurston, Rose Wilder Lane, and Isabel Paterson. <mask> has published in the Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Journal of Policy History, Journal of Southern History, and Journal of Urban History among other scholarly journals. He has received fellowships from the Earhart Foundation, the John M. Olin Foundation, and the Institute for Humane Studies. He writes frequently on current controversies related to academic freedom and academic standards including the speech code issue, the Academic Bill of Rights and grade inflation. He is a former president of the Alabama Scholars Association. In February 2007, <mask> was appointed to chair the Alabama State Advisory Committee of the United States Commission on Civil

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David T
. Beito
Beito
Beito
Beito
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 Rights.In April, 2008, the Committee had an open meeting at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham which focused on eminent domain as a possible civil rights issue. It followed this up with another open meeting in April 2009 in Montgomery. Witnesses alleged that the city of Montgomery has arbitrarily used "eminent domain through the back door" (via selective use of nuisance and blight laws) to demolish buildings owned by minorities and the poor. These allegations generated stories by ABC News, Fox News, and other outlets. Books
 Taxpayers in Revolt: Tax Resistance during the Great Depression, University of North Carolina Press (Chapel Hill), 1989. From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, University of North Carolina Press (Cambridge), 1992. Black Maverick: T. R. M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power (University of Illinois Press), 2009,
 T.R.M.Howard: Doctor, Entrepreneur, Civil Rights Pioneer (Oakland: Independent Institute), 2018. , the second edition of Black Maverick, with the same text plus foreword and afterword

Edited books
 The Voluntary City: Choice, Community, and Civil Society, University of Michigan Press for The Independent Institute (Ann Arbor), 2002. Selected articles and chapters in collections
  Selling Laissez-faire Anti-Racism to the Black Masses" Rose Wilder Lane and the Pittsburgh Courier. Independent Review 15. (Fall 2010), 279–294. Let Down Your Bucket Where You Are':The Afro-American Hospital and Black Health Care in Mississippi, 1924–1966, Social Science History 30 (Winter 2006), 551–69. Blacks, Gun Cultures and


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 Gun Control: T. R. M. Howard, Armed Self Defense, and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi, The Journal of Firearms and Public Policy (September 2005). Isabel Paterson, Rose Wilder Lane, and Zora Neale Hurston on War, Race, the State, and Liberty,, Independent Review 12 (Spring 2008).T. R. M. Howard: Pragmatism over Strict Integrationist Ideology in the Mississippi Delta, 1942–1954, Glenn Feldman, ed., Before Brown: Civil Rights and White Backlash in the Modern South, University of Alabama Press (Tuscaloosa), 2004. T. R. M. Howard: A Mississippi Doctor in Chicago Civil Rights, A.M.E. Church Review (July–September 2001), 51–59. "Rival Road Builders: Private Toll Roads in Nevada, 1852–1880," Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 41 (Summer 1998), 71–91. "From Privies to Boulevards: The Private Supply of Infrastructure in the United States during the Nineteenth Century" in Jerry Jenkins and <mask>, eds., Development by Consent: The Voluntary Supply of Public Goods and Services, San Francisco: ICS Press, 1993, 23–48. The Formation of Urban Infrastructure through Non-Governmental Planning: The Private Places of St. Louis, 1869–1920, Journal of Urban History 16 (May 1990), 263–301. "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900," Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000), 555–75. "The Christian Conservative Who Opposed the Vietnam War"  History News Network, August 21, 2006.Why It's Unlikely the Emmett Till Murder Will Ever Be Solved, History News Network
 Why the '60 Minutes' Story on Emmett <mask> Was a Disappointment,  History News Network, May 6, 2005. The Grim and Overlooked

masks:
David Sisk
Till


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 Anniversary of the Murder of the Rev. George W. Lee, Civil Rights Activist  History News Network, May 6, 2005. The AHA's Double Standard on Academic Freedom (with Ralph E. Luker, and Robert K. C. Johnson) Perspectives, March 2006. Reviews of <mask>'s work and interviews
 Mark Bauerlin, "Demanding Rights, Courting Controversy: A Flamboyant Civil-Rights Leader – Doctor, Orator, Activist-Finally Gets His Due", The Wall Street Journal, August 6, 2009. "Six Questions for <mask>, Author of Black Maverick", by Scott Horton, Harper's Magazine, June 11, 2009. References

External links
 T. R. M. Howard Webpage
 Liberty and Power Group Blog

Living people
American bloggers
American book editors
American libertarians
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Libertarian historians
Historians of the United States
Earhart Foundation Fellows
University of Alabama faculty
Writers from Minneapolis
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
1956 births
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male bloggers
Historians from Minnesota
Historians from

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Beito
David Beito


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<mask> (1698 – 12 May 1750) was a French naval officer who was governor-general of the French Windward Islands from 1745 to 1750. He had dissipated a considerable fortune and was deeply in debt when he took office, and used his power in wartime conditions to establish lucrative illegal arrangements to trade with France's enemies the English and the Dutch. A young nobleman arrived in Martinique in 1748, and for several months used revenues from his family estates on the island to give meals and dances for the elite. After he left it was found that he had been an impostor. Family

<mask> was born in 1698. He was seigneur of Thubières, Lévis, Postels and Grimoard. His parents were <mask> de Pestels de Lévis, compte de Caylus (), and Marthe Marguerite Hippolyte Le Valois de Villette (1671–1729).He was the nephew of <mask>-<mask> <mask>, bishop of Auxerre. In 1686 his uncle, the marquis de Caylus, married Marie-Marguerite <mask>illète, niece of <mask> Maintenon. The famous antiquary <mask>-<mask> <mask>  (1692–1765) was his brother. Naval career

<mask> became a knight of the Order of Malta and infantry colonel. In July 1741 Caylus was capitaine de vaisseau of the Borée (66) and commander of a small French squadron that included the Aquilon (46) and the Flore (26). They were coming from Martinique. On 25 July 1741 off Cap Spartel they met a British force under Captain Curtis Barnett of the Dragon (60) with the Feversham (44) and Folkestone (44).The British asked to be allowed to board to confirm they were not Spanish, and opened fire when they refused. After the ships on both sides had suffered some damage and loss of men, the British sent a boat to the Borée under a flag of truce and discovered the truth. The French did not know whether France and Britain were still at peace, since there had been a risk of war when they left the West

masks: Charles de Tubières de Pastel de Levoy de Grimoirelus


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 Indies, and demanded that Barnet's lieutenant swear that this was the case. On 16 December 1744 the chevalier <mask> led a squadron of six vessels into the harbour of Malta during a festival that the French were holding on that island to celebrate the convalescence of the king. <mask> had all the vices of a fashionable man and had dissipated a considerable fortune. His money had gone on gambling, women and food, and he had borrowed heavily from a Marseille merchant named Roux and other creditors. To recover his fortunes he requested and obtained the governorship general of the Windward Islands.The minister wrongly complained of his predecessor Jacques-<mask> <mask>(fr), who perhaps by 1744 no longer had the same energy he had displayed at Saint Lucia against the English when he was only the governor of Martinique, but who was popular with the inhabitants of the islands. Before leaving to take up his governorship <mask> managed to gain a stay in proceedings against him by his creditors due to the state of war. Martinique

During the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) the marquis de Caylus was made governor and lieutenant-general of the Windward Islands in 1745. He replaced the marquis de Champigny. At the start of 1745 the English attacked Dominica twice, and in the absence of any French naval presence in the Antilles captured all merchant ships. The balance changed when two of the kings frigates, the Amphytrite and the Mégère, came as escort of a convoy of 10-12 merchant ships. Two days later they were followed by the Espérance, Northumberland, Sérieux, Trident, Diamant and Aquilon, which anchored at Fort-Royal, Martinique.Caylus was on the Espérance, and had given passage to a Spanish party including the archbishop of Santo Domingo. <mask> had left Toulon around the start of 1745, touched at Cadiz and anchored at

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de Caylus
Caylus
Charles Bochart
de Champigny
Caylus
Caylus


texts: Fort-Royal on 30 April 1745. He was received by <mask>, who took passage on one of the ship of the squadron. <mask> was formally recognized as governor general by the troops and the sovereign council in Martinique on 9 and 10 May 1745. Later he was named chef d'escadre. Caylus made his home in Saint-Pierre, Martinique. He was there in 1747 when, to everyone's surprise, Bertrand-François Mahé <mask> Bourdonnais, governor of the French possessions in India, arrived at Fort-Royal on his way back to France.Once in office, <mask> looked for ways to profit from his ability to define the rules of privateering and foreign trade. He invested in armaments, which he supplied to corsairs who worked for him and scoured the seas around the island for booty. Through secret agents he established relations with the governors of English islands, and arranged for goods imported from these islands to be sold as booty, and for goods bought in Saint-Pierre by his agents to be sold to the English. Through these means, he profited from the scarcity of goods in Martinique. After France declared war on Holland, <mask> established relations with Heliger, governor of Sint Eustatius, and severed ties with the English. The two governors arranged to make huge profits supplying the English, allies of the Dutch, with products supposedly from the Dutch colonies. They also arranged for French ships to sail under Dutch passports.By 1748 the islanders were suffering from an increasingly tight blockade by the English. Supplies could only be obtained from Curacao and Sint Eustatius. <mask> was blamed for the extortionate prices. In 1748 a small ship arrived in Martinique from La Rochelle, the Coureur, carrying a passenger who called himself the "comte <mask>" and put on very distinguished airs. The rumour spread that he was Ercole Rinaldo of Este, hereditary prince of

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de Champy
Caylus
de La
Caylus
Caylus
Caylus
de Tarnaud


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 Modena, grandson of the Duke of Orléans and brother of the duchess of Penthièvre. <mask> sent a letter asking him to come to Saint Pierre. The young man refused, proclaimed that he was Hercule-Renaud d'Est, and wrote that if the governor wanted to meet him he should come to Fort Royal.The governor started out then changed his mind and returned to Saint Pierre. Soon after the supposed prince came to Saint Pierre and found accommodation with the Jesuits. Later the young man moved to the Dominicans, where he entertained in style. The news of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle arrived at this time, and the blockade was lifted. The duke of Penthièvre had considerable property on the island, and his agent was persuaded to supply funds to the young man. He was neither extravagant or miserly, but lived very much as a person of his rank would be expected to live, although the islanders began to tire of the expense. Message were sent to Europe to confirm his identity, but the prince left for Portugal before a reply was received.Shortly after, a courier arrived instructing the governor to arrest the stranger. The impostor was at first accepted when he arrived in Portugal, then in Seville, when orders again came for his arrest. He escaped and disappeared forever. In August 1749 <mask> was deputy for the nobility for the province of Languedoc. The governor of Martinique, André Martin <mask>, who had been in France recovering from an illness, returned in 1750. <mask> died on 12 May 1750 in Saint-Pierre, Martinique, aged about 52. He died alone and unexpectedly in the small house named Tricolor he rented on the heights of Saint-Pierre, and was buried with little ceremony.The governor of the island died a few days later. Notes

Sources

1698 births
1750 deaths
French Governors of Martinique
Governors general of the French Antilles
Governors of French

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Caylus
Caylus
de Pointesable
Caylus


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<mask> (; born 1 October 1961) is an Italian former footballer and head coach of Serie A club Cagliari. After a 14-year playing career with Italian clubs including Reggiana and Empoli, Mazzarri coached several smaller Italian sides and in 2007 took up a managerial position with Sampdoria. With the help of the attacking partnership of Antonio Cassano and Giampaolo Pazzini, he led the team to qualify for the UEFA Cup in his first season, and subsequently reached the Coppa Italia final the next year. In 2009, he joined Napoli, where he implemented a 3–4–3 formation with which he later became associated. With the attacking trio of Ezequiel Lavezzi, Edinson Cavani and Marek Hamšík, nicknamed I tre tenori ("The three tenors"), he helped the team qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in the club's history in 2011, and won the Coppa Italia the following season, the club's first trophy in over 20 years. In his final season with the team, he managed a second-place finish in Serie A, the club's best league finish in over 20 years. In 2013, he moved to Internazionale, but was sacked halfway through his second season with the club.He later managed Torino in Serie A, and had one year in charge of Watford in England's Premier League in 2016–17. As a manager in Italy, <mask> became known for the excuses for poor performances that he made during post-match interviews. Playing career
<mask>, a midfielder and a product of Fiorentina's youth system, made his professional debut in 1981 for Pescara of Serie B, and played a short Serie A stint in Cagliari the following season, before being sold to Reggiana. He had his longest period at Empoli, who won promotion to Serie A for the first time during his time with the Tuscan side. After several spells with mostly minor teams, including a two-year stint with Acireale where he was part of

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Walter Mazzarri
Mazzarri
Mazzarri


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 the team who won a historic first promotion to Serie B, and then playing in the Italian second tier in 1993–94, <mask> ended his playing career in 1995 with Sassari Torres. Managerial career

Early years
<mask> started his coaching career as Renzo Ulivieri's assistant at Napoli in 1998. His first spell in charge came in 2001–02 for Sicilian Serie C2 team Acireale, where he had been a player from 1992 to 1994.Subsequently, he returned to his native Tuscany to coach Pistoiese of Serie C1 in 2002–03 and Livorno of Serie B in 2003–04, bringing the amaranto led by Cristiano Lucarelli back to Serie A. He was coach of Reggina from 2004 to 2007, leading the Calabrian side to Serie A survival in three consecutive seasons, the last obtained on the final day of the season despite an 11-point deduction. In May 2007, <mask> was made an honorary citizen of Reggio Calabria, after helping the club avoid relegation during the 2006–07 Serie A season. Sampdoria
On 31 May 2007 he was announced as new Sampdoria coach. He served as Sampdoria boss for two seasons, overseeing a considerable improvement in results, thanks to the likes of the attacking duo of Antonio Cassano, who publicly praised <mask>'s coaching abilities, and Giampaolo Pazzini. Sampdoria's 2007–08 campaign ended in an impressive sixth place, which ensured qualification for the UEFA Cup. <mask>'s fortunes declined slightly in 2008–09, as the blucerchiati ended their campaign in 13th place; despite this, he managed to guide his team into the Coppa Italia Final, notably defeating champions Inter 3–1 on aggregate in the semi-finals, before losing on penalties to Lazio in the final.<mask> left Sampdoria by mutual consent at the end of the 2008–09 season. Napoli
On 6 October 2009 he was appointed manager of Napoli, replacing Roberto Donadoni. He finished his debut season in sixth place in

masks: Mazzarri Mazzarri Mazzarri Mazzarri Mazzarri Mazzarri


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 Serie A, and was handed a new three-year contract at the end of the campaign. In 2010–11, <mask>'s Napoli finished third in the league and qualified directly for the group phase of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League – their first time in Europe's premier competition in 21 years. His team were known for an attacking 3–4–3 formation with a frontline of Ezequiel Lavezzi, Marek Hamšík and Edinson Cavani. They finished second in their Champions League group, behind Bayern Munich but ahead of Manchester City and Villareal, to meet Chelsea in the last 16. Napoli won 3–1 at home in the first leg; they were subsequently beaten 4–1 at Stamford Bridge after extra time, being eliminated by the eventual champions.Napoli won the 2012 Coppa Italia Final over undefeated league champions Juventus on 20 May; this was Juventus's only loss of the season, and Napoli's first title in over 20 years. On 11 August that year, the club suffered a controversial 4–2 extra-time defeat to Juventus in the 2012 Supercoppa Italiana, which saw two Napoli players sent off as well as Mazzarri. He left the Azzurri on 19 May 2013, after leading them to a 2nd-place finish and a spot in the Champions League at the end of the 2012–13 Serie A season; this was the club's best league finish in over 20 years. Inter
Mazzarri was officially appointed as the Inter manager on 24 May 2013, after Andrea Stramaccioni was dismissed for a poor performance in the 2012–13 season. On 2 July 2014, he signed a one-year extension to tie him to the team until 30 June 2016. He was sacked by Inter after a series of disappointing results on 14 November 2014, leaving the club in ninth place. He parted with the club before the 12th matchday, while they were five points below their season objective of the third position.Watford

On 21 May 2016, Watford confirmed they had reached an agreement with


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 <mask> to become Head Coach from 1 July 2016 on a three-year contract. He joined a club owned by his compatriot Giampaolo Pozzo, and worked without being able to speak English. <mask> secured Watford's Premier League status that season, finishing one place above relegation in 17th, a four-place dip on their previous campaign. It was announced on 17 May 2017 that his contract would be terminated at the end of his first season at the club. Torino
On 4 January 2018, <mask> was appointed manager of Torino, replacing Siniša Mihajlović. With a 7th-place finish in 2018–19 he led the Granata to the UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated in the play-off round by Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 4 February 2020, <mask> was dismissed following back-to-back 7–0 and 4–0 defeats to Atalanta and Lecce, respectively.Cagliari
On 15 September 2021, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Serie A club Cagliari as their new head coach, replacing Leonardo Semplici. Managerial statistics

Honours

Manager
Sampdoria
Coppa Italia Runner-up: 2008–09

Napoli
Coppa Italia: 2011–12
Supercoppa Italiana Runner-up: 2012
Serie A Runner-up: 2012–13

 Individual
Enzo Bearzot Award: 2012

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
People from the Province of Livorno
Association football midfielders
Italian footballers
Serie A players
A.C. Reggiana 1919 players
Modena F.C. players
Delfino Pescara 1936 players
Cagliari Calcio players
ACF Fiorentina players
Empoli F.C. players
Italian football managers
Serie A managers
U.S. Pistoiese 1921 managers
Reggina 1914 managers
U.S. Livorno 1915 managers
U.C. Sampdoria managers
S.S.C. Napoli managers
Torino F.C. managers
Inter Milan managers
Watford F.C.managers
Cagliari Calcio managers
Premier League managers
Italian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in England
S.E.F. Torres 1903

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<mask> (;  – 27 November 1981) was a Soviet Army colonel general and a Hero of the Soviet Union who held field army command during World War II. A decorated veteran of the Imperial Russian Army, <mask> fought as a cavalryman in the Russian Civil War and rose to division command by the late 1930s. After commanding a rifle and cavalry corps in the Soviet Far East and front reserve in 1941–1942, <mask> briefly commanded the 41st Army before being appointed commander of the 53rd Army in early 1943. He led the army for most of the rest of the war, and commanded the Soviet forces fighting in the city during the Siege of Budapest. After the end of the war in Europe, he commanded the army in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. Postwar, <mask> held army command, but retired in the early 1950s due to his health. Early life, World War I, and Russian Civil War
A Russian, <mask> was born on  in the settlement of Yenakiyevo, Yekaterinoslav Governorate.The son of a Donbass coal miner, he worked at the Donetsk Mine No. 20 and the Yenakiyevo Metallurgical Plant after completing primary school. Joining the Imperial Russian Army during World War I in September 1914, <mask> was assigned to the 5th Reserve Cavalry Regiment at Balakleya as a ryadovoy. He was then sent to the front, serving with the mounted reconnaissance platoon of the 9th Finland Rifle Regiment of the 22nd Army Corps. <mask> was wounded and invalided out in June 1915, awarded the Cross of St. George thrice for his actions. After the February Revolution, <mask> joined the Yenakiyevo Red Guard Detachment, formed from miners, in August 1917, and was chosen as its commander due to his combat experience. Following the transfer of the Red Guards to the Red Army in

masks:
Ivan Mefodyevich Managarov
Managarov
Managarov
Managarov
Ivan Mefodyevich Managarov
Managarov
Managarov
Managarov


texts:
 February 1918, <mask> became commander of the Proletarian Regiment of the 1st Steel Rifle Division in May of that year.The division was merged with the 1st Don Soviet Cavalry Brigade in late November to form the 1st Consolidated Cavalry Division, which was renamed the 4th Cavalry Division in March 1919. With the division, <mask> continued as commander of the Proletarian Regiment before leading the 1st Ukrainian Steel Regiment from March 1919. Further reorganization of the division left him as assistant commander of its 22nd Cavalry Regiment in May. With the 4th Cavalry Division, <mask> fought on the Southern and Southeastern Fronts at Tsaritsyn and in the Don Host Oblast. <mask> was transferred in July 1919 to serve as assistant commander of the 2nd Taman Cavalry Regiment, which joined the 2nd Stavropol Cavalry Division in November. With the regiment, he fought on the Southern, Southeastern, and Caucasian Fronts in the operations of the 9th Army and 2nd Cavalry Corps. Becoming a cadet at the 5th Cavalry School in Taganrog in July 1920, <mask> fought in the suppression of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine with a cadet detachment.Interwar period
Upon his graduation from the cavalry school in September 1923, <mask> was appointed a platoon commander in the 21st Cavalry Regiment of the 4th Cavalry Division, now stationed in the Petrograd Military District. Transferred to serve in the same position with the 46th Cavalry Regiment of the 8th Cavalry Division of the Turkestan Front in March 1925, he fought in the suppression of the Basmachi movement. <mask> shifted to political work when he became secretary of the party bureau of the 47th Cavalry Regiment of the 11th Cavalry Division at Troitsk in

masks: Managarov Managarov Managarov Managarov Managarov Managarov Managarov


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 April 1926, and for further political education studied at the Military-Political Academy between 1928 and 1931. Following his graduation from the academy, he was appointed political commissar of the 7th Mechanized Regiment of the 7th Cavalry Division at Minsk. Managarov soon returned to command positions, serving as commander and commissar of the 3d Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division at Proskurov from 1932, and became a colonel in 1935 when the Red Army introduced personal military ranks. After a stint as a military advisor in Xinjiang from January 1936 to June 1938, he returned to the Soviet Union to command the 8th Cavalry Division of the 1st Separate Red Banner Army of the Far Eastern Front. Promoted to kombrig on 20 November 1938, he became a major general on 4 June 1940 when the army introduced general officer ranks.World War II
After Operation Barbarossa began, <mask> remained in the Far East with the division, and was appointed commander of the 26th Rifle Corps of the army in November 1941. Sent west in January 1942 to command the 16th Cavalry Corps of the front, forming in the Moscow Military District, he took command of the 7th Cavalry Corps of the Bryansk Front on 27 March. The corps spent the rear in the front reserve and in December <mask> became commander of the 41st Army, which he led in the Rzhev-Vyazma Offensive. In March he was transferred to command the 53rd Army, which he led for most of the rest of the war in the Belgorod–Kharkov Offensive, the Uman–Botoșani Offensive, the Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive, the Budapest Offensive, and the Prague Offensive with the 2nd Ukrainian Front. He was promoted to lieutenant general on 29 August 1943. While at the observation post of the

masks: Managarov Managarov


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 116th Rifle Division during fighting to the northeast of Kirovograd on 5 December, <mask> was severely wounded by a German shell that killed the army artillery commander and the chief of the operations department. After recovering, he returned to command of the army on 28 February 1944.In July, front commander Army General Rodion Malinovsky evaluated <mask> as an "observant and disciplined commander" and a "brave and decisive general with strong willpower and steady character"  who showed initiative in both defensive and offensive operations, but tempered this praise with the statement that <mask> exhibited "insufficient operational thinking". During the Siege of Budapest, <mask> succeeded to command of the Budapest Operational Group, tasked with the assault on Buda, on 22 January 1945 following the wounding of Major General <mask>. The group, which was composed of the 75th Rifle and 37th Guards Rifle Corps, captured the city in brutal street fighting by 13 February. <mask> received the title Hero of the Soviet Union and was awarded the Order of Lenin on 28 April for his "skillful command of the army" and "personal courage and heroism" in the fighting to break through German defenses in the area of Hodonín and the crossing of the Morava, being promoted to colonel general on 29 May. After the end of the war in Europe, <mask> and the 53rd Army were relocated to the Far East to participate in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria with the Transbaikal Front. During the invasion,  the army broke through the Japanese border fortifications to cross the Greater Khingan, capturing Dandong and Chaoyang. Postwar

After the end of the war, <mask> was placed at the disposal of the Main Personnel Directorate when the army was

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Managarov
Managarov
Managarov
Ivan Afonin
Managarov
Managarov
Managarov


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 disbanded in December 1945.After completing the Higher Academic Course at the Higher Military Academy between March 1946 and February 1947, he was appointed commander of the 4th Army of the Transcaucasian Military District. Relieved of command for health reasons in April 1949, <mask> was appointed commander of the Kiev Air Defense Region two months later. Retiring for health reasons on 5 September 1953, <mask> lived in Yalta, giving speeches to students and other organizations. His memoirs, focusing on the part of the 53rd Army in the Belgorod–Kharkov Offensive, were first published in 1975. <mask> died in Yalta on 27 November 1981, and was buried at the Old Cemetery of the city. Awards and honors
<mask> was a recipient of the following decorations:

 Gold Star Medal awarded to Heroes of the Soviet Union
 Order of Lenin (3)
 Order of the October Revolution
 Order of the Red Banner (3)
 Order of Suvorov, 1st class
 Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
 Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 1st class
 Order of the Red Star
 Medals
 Foreign awards
 Cross of St. George, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th classes (not worn after 1917)

References

Citations

Bibliography

1898 births
1981 deaths
People from Yenakiieve
People from Yekaterinoslav Governorate
Soviet colonel generals
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union), 1st class
Recipients of the Cross of St. George
Russian military personnel of World War I
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Lenin Military Political

masks: Managarov Managarov Managarov Managarov


texts:
<mask> (1724 – 1784) was a Spanish soldier who served as the 4th Governor of the Californias, from 1777 to 1782. <mask> is considered one of the founders of Los Angeles and was instrumental in the foundation of San Jose and Santa Barbara. Early life and career

Early life
Born in Bailen, Spain, <mask> was the son of Mary D. Padilla y Costilla and <mask> and was born into one of the well-respected families of Andalucia. <mask> entered the military in 1744 at about 16 years of age. <mask> served as a soldier in Cantabria, Flanders, Milan, and Portugal before arriving in New Spain. During his time as a major he administered the colleges of Zacatecas, Mexico. <mask> was appointed as acting Governor of Las Californias on October 18, 1774 by Viceroy <mask> y Ursua.For the first two years of his appointment, <mask> was based in Loreto, Baja California and later moved to Monterey California. Las Californias
It was during <mask>'s administration that Lieutenant José Joaquín Moraga is credited with building the Presidio of San Francisco, after the site was selected by Juan Bautista <mask> in 1776. Moraga is also known as the founder of El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe, the present day city of San Jose, California. On 29 November 1777, Moraga founded San José on orders from Antonio María <mask> y Ursúa, the Spanish Viceroy of New Spain. It was the first Spanish colonial pueblo in the northern region of Las Californias Province, which became its own Alta California Province in 1804. The city served as a farming community to support the Presidio of San Francisco and the Presidio of Monterey. In 1781, later in <mask>'s tenure, he founded the Pueblo de Los Ángeles.Governor <mask> had applied to Viceroy

masks: Felipe de Neve Noguera Castro y Figueroa


texts:
 Bucareli for permission to establish a settlement (pueblo) near the Los Angeles River (Río de Porciúncula), where Father Juan Crespí had met local Tongva Indians. With the viceroy's approval, <mask> was granted authority from The Crown, Charles III of Spain, to found and establish the second pueblo in upper Las Californias, El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula (The Pueblo of Our Lady Queen of the Angels of the Porciúncula River), the present day city of Los Angeles, California. <mask> is credited with being one of the first urban planners because he personally drew the plans for the pueblo. <mask> traveled north to inspect the Presidio and mission of San Francisco and the mission of Santa Clara and issued several reports on recent happenings in the Californias and recommendations for establishments, including the recommendation for the site of the city of Los Angeles. “The site had been scheduled for a mission since 1769 when Franciscan Father Juan Crespi first saw it and named it Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles de la Porciuncula for the river on which it was located.”

In 1781, <mask> issued the "Reglamento para el gobierno de la provincia de Californias (Regulations for the Government of the Province of the Californias), the first rules regarding governance of secular pueblos like Los Angeles. Los Angeles
The location of the site was already inhabited by Native Americans who Father Crespi described as “very docile and friendly.” The town was called Yabit and the attitude of the Natives towards the foreigners did not change over time. <mask> arrived to the site in 1779 where he selected three dozen boys and girls for conversion to Christianity and acted as the

masks:
de Neve
Neve
Neve
Neve
Neve


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 godfather to twelve of the children.<mask> also selected a young married couple, renamed them as <mask> <mask> and Phelipa <mask> <mask> and remarried them. Governor <mask> had applied to Viceroy Bucareli for permission to establish a settlement (pueblo) near the Los Angeles River (Río de Porciúncula), where Father Juan Crespí had met local Tongva Indians. The area chosen is described below:

“The habitable spots which border the Camino Real from San Diego to Monterey with sufficient pro- portion of waters for developing cultivation are the river Santa Ana at 28 leagues from San Diego, has abundant water and it is not difficult to draw it out as it proves, at seven leagues is the river San Gabriel with much water and lands for large planting, and to raise water not proven very difficult. One league distant from the Mission of this name, which does not use its waters because they obtain abundant and suf- ficient water for lands from the various springs which flow at the foot of the mountains. At 3 leagues from the Mission is the river of Porsincula [sic] with much water easy of access for both banks and beautiful lands in which we can make use of all.”

With the Viceroy's approval, <mask> was granted authority from The Crown, Charles III of Spain, to found and establish the second pueblo in upper Las Californias, El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula (The Pueblo of Our Lady Queen of the Angels of the Porciúncula River), the present day city of Los Angeles, California was founded on September 4, 1781. Of the sixteen families <mask> planned on moving to the newly established pueblo, only eleven families made it. Throughout the journey some stayed back or became

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Neve
Felipe de
Neve
Theresa de
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de Neve
de Neve
Neve


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 too ill to travel.Other Settlements
During <mask>'s tenure as governor, he quarreled constantly with the missionaries' leader, padre Junípero Serra, over the secularization of the Missions and the redistribution of land to the Mission Indian neophytes and soldiers. During his tenure four missions were founded: Mission San Francisco de Asís also called Mission Dolores (29 June 1776), Mission San Juan Capistrano (1 November 1776), Mission Santa Clara de Asís (12 January 1777) and Mission San Buenaventura (31 March 1782). <mask> was given orders to establish a presidio at Santa Barbara and other pueblos with the goal of obtaining land and water for cultivation purposes. The presidio also served as a campaign to convert Yumi Indians or force those who did not want to convert out of the area. Jean-<mask> la Pérouse, on his expedition around the world in 1786, describes the ill treatment of natives by the ecclesiastical authorities, comparing the mission to a "plantation at Santo Domingo or any other West Indian island," noting the use of "irons and stocks," lashes of the whip, and the recourse to military authority to repossess any native converts who had chosen to return to their "relations in the independent villages." La Pérouse visited Monterrey under the governorship of Pedro Fages, but has the following to say about <mask>:

Final years and Honors
<mask> <mask> recited the Cross of the Order of San Carlos and was made a Brigadier General. Governor <mask>'s success as provincial governor won him a promotion in 1783 to succeed Teodoro <mask> as Commandante General of the Provinicas Internas, a position that had authority over al the northern provinces, including Las Californias.He held the

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Neve
Neve
François de
de Neve
Felipe de
Neve
de Neve
de Croix


texts:
 position of Comandante General of the Frontier Provinces until his death on November 3, 1784 in hacienda Nuestra Señora del Carmen de Pena Blanca, Chihuahua, Mexico. Legacy

Statue
A 7½ foot cast broke state of <mask> de Neve by Henry Lion was installed in 1932 at La Plaza Park in the El Pueblo District of Los Angeles, California, by the City of Los Angeles. The statue is mounted on a 4-foot boulder and includes a bronze plaque with the following inscription:

"<mask> <mask> (1728-84): Spanish Governor of the Californias 1775-82. In 1781, on orders of King Carlos III of Spain, <mask> <mask> selected a site near the ricer Porciuncula and laid out of the town of El Pueblo de la Reina de Los Angeles, one of two Spanish Pueblos he founded in Alta California." Other
The pueblo was proclaimed a city on May 23, 1835 by the Mexican Congress. <mask> Drive in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles is named after him, as are the student housing buildings of De Neve Plaza at the University of California, Los Angeles. The <mask> <mask> Branch Library of the Los Angeles Public Library is located in Lafayette Park in Westlake, Los Angeles is dedicated to him.See also

 History of Los Angeles

References

Sources
 <mask> (1986). <mask>'s History of San Jose. Smith McKay Printing. . The Town of Our Lady Reina of the Angels on the Porciúncula river. Bibliography

External links

USC Libraries: Felipe de Neve
California History - <mask> <mask>

Spanish explorers of North America
Explorers of California
Governors of the Californias
American city founders
Spanish explorers
People from Bailén
History of Los Angeles
History of San Francisco
History of Baja California
18th-century Spanish people
1724 births
1784

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Felipe
Felipe de
Neve
Felipe de
Neve
De Neve
Felipe de
Neve
Clyde Arbuckle
Clyde Arbuckle
Felipe de
Neve


texts: Sappho (;  Sapphō ; Aeolic Greek  Psápphō; c. 630 – c. 570 BC) was an Archaic Greek poet from Eresos or Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. Sappho is known for her lyric poetry, written to be sung while accompanied by music. In ancient times, Sappho was widely regarded as one of the greatest lyric poets and was given names such as the "Tenth Muse" and "The Poetess". Most of Sappho's poetry is now lost, and what is extant has mostly survived in fragmentary form; only the "Ode to Aphrodite" is certainly complete. As well as lyric poetry, ancient commentators claimed that Sappho wrote elegiac and iambic poetry. Three epigrams attributed to Sappho are extant, but these are actually Hellenistic imitations of Sappho's style. Little is known of Sappho's life.She was from a wealthy family from Lesbos, though her parents' names are uncertain. Ancient sources say that she had three brothers; Charaxos (Χάραξος), Larichos (Λάριχος) and Eurygios (Εὐρύγιος). Two of them, Charaxos and Larichos, are also mentioned in the Brothers Poem discovered in 2014. She was exiled to Sicily around 600 BC, and may have continued to work until around 570 BC. According to legend, she killed herself by leaping from the Leucadian cliffs due to her love for the ferryman Phaon. Sappho was a prolific poet, probably composing around 10,000 lines. Her poetry was well-known and greatly admired through much of antiquity, and she was among the canon of Nine Lyric Poets most highly esteemed by scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria.Sappho's poetry is still considered extraordinary and her works continue


texts:
 to influence other writers. Beyond her poetry, she is well known as a symbol of love and desire between women, with the English words sapphic and lesbian being derived from her own name and the name of her home island respectively. Whilst her importance as a poet is confirmed from the earliest times, all interpretations of her work have been coloured and influenced by discussions of her sexuality. Ancient sources

There are three sources of information about Sappho's life: her testimonia, the history of her times, and what can be gleaned from her own poetry – although scholars are cautious when reading poetry as a biographical source. Testimonia is a term of art in ancient studies that refers to collections of classical biographical and literary references to classical authors. The testimonia regarding Sappho do not contain references contemporary to Sappho. The representations of Sappho's life that occur in the testimonia always need to be assessed for accuracy, because many of them are certainly not correct.The testimonia are also a source of knowledge regarding how Sappho's poetry was received in antiquity. Some details mentioned in the testimonia are derived from Sappho's own poetry, which is of great interest, especially considering the testimonia originate from a time when more of Sappho's poetry was extant than is the case for modern readers. Life
Little is known about Sappho's life for certain. She was from the island of Lesbos and was probably born around 630 BC. Tradition names her mother as Cleïs, though ancient scholars may simply have guessed


texts: this name, assuming that Sappho's daughter Cleïs was named after her. Sappho's father's name is less certain. Ten names are known for Sappho's father from the ancient testimonia; this proliferation of possible names suggests that he was not explicitly named in any of Sappho's poetry.The earliest and most commonly attested name for Sappho's father is Scamandronymus. In Ovid's Heroides, Sappho's father died when she was seven. Sappho's father is not mentioned in any of her surviving works, but Campbell suggests that this detail may have been based on a now-lost poem. Sappho's own name is found in numerous variant spellings, even in her own Aeolian dialect; the form that appears in her own extant poetry is Psappho. No reliable portrait of Sappho's physical appearance has survived; all extant representations, ancient and modern, are artists' conceptions. In the Tithonus poem she describes her hair as now white but formerly melaina, i.e. black.A literary papyrus of the second century AD. describes her as pantelos mikra, quite tiny. Alcaeus possibly describes <mask> as "violet-haired", which was a common Greek poetic way of describing dark hair. Some scholars dismiss this tradition as unreliable. <mask> was said to have three brothers: Erigyius, Larichus, and Charaxus. According to Athenaeus, she often praised Larichus for pouring wine in the town hall of Mytilene, an office held by boys of the best families. This indication that <mask> was born into an aristocratic family is consistent with the sometimes rarefied environments that her verses record.One ancient

masks: Sappho Sappho Sappho


texts: tradition tells of a relation between Charaxus and the Egyptian courtesan Rhodopis. Herodotus, the oldest source of the story, reports that Charaxus ransomed Rhodopis for a large sum and that <mask> wrote a poem rebuking him for this. The names of two of the brothers, Charaxus and Larichus, are mentioned in the Brothers Poem, discovered in 2014; the final brother, Erigyius, is mentioned in three ancient sources but nowhere in the extant works of Sappho. She may have had a daughter named Cleïs, who is referred to in two fragments. Not all scholars accept that Cleïs was Sappho's daughter. Fragment 132 describes Cleïs as "παῖς" (pais), which, as well as meaning "child", can also refer to the "youthful beloved in a male homosexual liaison". It has been suggested that Cleïs was one of <mask>'s younger lovers, rather than her daughter, though Judith Hallett argues that the language used in fragment 132 suggests that <mask> was referring to Cleïs as her daughter.According to the Suda, <mask> was married to Kerkylas of Andros. However, the name appears to have been invented by a comic poet: the name "Kerkylas" comes from the word "κέρκος" (kerkos), a possible meaning of which is "penis", and is not otherwise attested as a name, while "Andros", as well as being the name of a Greek island, is a form of the Greek word "ἀνήρ" (aner), which means man. Thus, the name may be a joke. Sappho and her family were exiled from Lesbos to Syracuse, Sicily, around 600 BC. The Parian Chronicle records <mask> going into exile some time between 604 and 591. This may have been as a

masks: Sappho Sappho Sappho Sappho Sappho


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 result of her family's involvement with the conflicts between political elites on Lesbos in this period, the same reason for the exile of <mask>'s contemporary Alcaeus from Mytilene around the same time. Later the exiles were allowed to return.A tradition going back at least to Menander (Fr. 258 K) suggested that <mask> killed herself by jumping off the Leucadian cliffs for love of Phaon, a ferryman. This is regarded as ahistorical by modern scholars, perhaps invented by the comic poets or originating from a misreading of a first-person reference in a non-biographical poem. The legend may have resulted in part from a desire to assert Sappho as heterosexual. Works

<mask> probably wrote around 10,000 lines of poetry; today, only about 650 survive. She is best known for her lyric poetry, written to be accompanied by music. The Suda also attributes to Sappho epigrams, elegiacs, and iambics; three of these epigrams are extant, but are in fact later Hellenistic poems inspired by Sappho, as are the iambic and elegiac poems attributed to her in the Suda.Ancient authors claim that <mask> primarily wrote love poetry, and the indirect transmission of Sappho's work supports this notion. However, the papyrus tradition suggests that this may not have been the case: a series of papyri published in 2014 contains fragments of ten consecutive poems from Book I of the Alexandrian edition of Sappho, of which only two are certainly love poems, while at least three and possibly four are primarily concerned with family. Ancient editions
Sappho's poetry was probably first written

masks: Sappho Sappho Sappho Sappho


texts: down on Lesbos, either in her lifetime or shortly afterwards, initially probably in the form of a score for performers of her work. In the fifth century BC, Athenian book publishers probably began to produce copies of Lesbian lyric poetry, some including explanatory material and glosses as well as the poems themselves. Some time in the second or third century, Alexandrian scholars produced a critical edition of Sappho's poetry. There may have been more than one Alexandrian edition – John J. Winkler argues for two, one edited by Aristophanes of Byzantium and another by his pupil Aristarchus of Samothrace. This is not certain – ancient sources tell us that Aristarchus' edition of Alcaeus replaced the edition by Aristophanes, but are silent on whether Sappho's work, too, went through multiple editions.The Alexandrian edition of Sappho's poetry was based on the existing Athenian collections, and was divided into at least eight books, though the exact number is uncertain. Many modern scholars have followed Denys Page, who conjectured a ninth book in the standard edition; Yatromanolakis doubts this, noting that though testimonia refer to an eighth book of Sappho's poetry, none mention a ninth. Whatever its make-up, the Alexandrian edition of Sappho probably grouped her poems by their metre: ancient sources tell us that each of the first three books contained poems in a single specific metre. Ancient editions of Sappho, possibly starting with the Alexandrian edition, seem to have ordered the poems in at least the first book of Sappho's poetry – which contained


texts:
 works composed in Sapphic stanzas – alphabetically. Even after the publication of the standard Alexandrian edition, Sappho's poetry continued to circulate in other poetry collections. For instance, the Cologne Papyrus on which the Tithonus poem is preserved was part of a Hellenistic anthology of poetry, which contained poetry arranged by theme, rather than by metre and incipit, as it was in the Alexandrian edition. Surviving poetry

The earliest surviving manuscripts of Sappho, including the potsherd on which fragment 2 is preserved, date to the third century BC, and thus predate the Alexandrian edition.The latest surviving copies of Sappho's poems transmitted directly from ancient times are written on parchment codex pages from the sixth and seventh centuries AD, and were surely reproduced from ancient papyri now lost. Manuscript copies of Sappho's works may have survived a few centuries longer, but around the 9th century her poetry appears to have disappeared, and by the twelfth century, John Tzetzes could write that "the passage of time has destroyed Sappho and her works". According to legend, Sappho's poetry was lost because the church disapproved of her morals. These legends appear to have originated in the Renaissance – around 1550, Jerome Cardan wrote that Gregory Nazianzen had Sappho's work publicly destroyed, and at the end of the sixteenth century Joseph Justus Scaliger claimed that Sappho's works were burned in Rome and Constantinople in 1073 on the orders of Pope Gregory VII. In reality, Sappho's work was probably lost as the demand for it was


texts: insufficiently great for it to be copied onto parchment when codices superseded papyrus scrolls as the predominant form of book. A contributing factor to the loss of Sappho's poems may have been her Aeolic dialect, considered provincial in a period where the Attic dialect was seen as the true classical Greek, and had become the standard for literary compositions. Consequently, many readers found <mask>'s dialect difficult to understand: in the second century AD, the Roman author Apuleius specifically remarks on its "strangeness", and several commentaries on the subject demonstrate the difficulties that readers had with it.This was part of a more general decline in interest in the archaic poets; indeed, the surviving papyri suggest that <mask>'s poetry survived longer than that of her contemporaries such as Alcaeus. Only approximately 650 lines of Sappho's poetry still survive, of which just one poem – the "Ode to Aphrodite" – is complete, and more than half of the original lines survive in around ten more fragments. Many of the surviving fragments of Sappho contain only a single word – for example, fragment 169A is simply a word meaning "wedding gifts", and survives as part of a dictionary of rare words. The two major sources of surviving fragments of Sappho are quotations in other ancient works, from a whole poem to as little as a single word, and fragments of papyrus, many of which were discovered at Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. Other fragments survive on other materials, including parchment and potsherds. The oldest surviving fragment of Sappho currently known

masks: Sappho Sappho


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 is the Cologne papyrus which contains the Tithonus poem, dating to the third century BC. Until the last quarter of the nineteenth century, only the ancient quotations of Sappho survived.In 1879, the first new discovery of a fragment of Sappho was made at Fayum. By the end of the nineteenth century, Grenfell and Hunt had begun to excavate an ancient rubbish dump at Oxyrhynchus, leading to the discoveries of many previously unknown fragments of Sappho. Fragments of Sappho continue to be rediscovered. Most recently, major discoveries in 2004 (the "Tithonus poem" and a new, previously unknown fragment) and 2014 (fragments of nine poems: five already known but with new readings, four, including the "Brothers Poem", not previously known) have been reported in the media around the world. Style

Sappho clearly worked within a well-developed tradition of Lesbian poetry, which had evolved its own poetic diction, meters, and conventions. Prior to Sappho and her contemporary Alcaeus, Lesbos was associated with poetry and music through the mythical Orpheus and Arion, and the seventh-century BC poet Terpander. Nonetheless, her work is innovative; it is some of the earliest Greek poetry to adopt the "lyric 'I'" – to write poetry adopting the viewpoint of a specific person, in contrast to the earlier epic poets Homer and Hesiod, who present themselves more as "conduits of divine inspiration".Her poetry explores individual identity and personal emotions – desire, jealousy, and love; it also adopts and reinterprets the existing imagery of epic poetry in exploring these


texts: themes. Sappho's poetry seems to have been composed for multiple occasions – including wedding songs, other ritual occasions, and more private situations – and probably encompassed both monodic and choral works. Sappho's poetry is known for its clear language and simple thoughts, sharply-drawn images, and use of direct quotation which brings a sense of immediacy. Unexpected word-play is a characteristic feature of her style. An example is from fragment 96: "now she stands out among Lydian women as after sunset the rose-fingered moon exceeds all stars", a variation of the Homeric epithet "rosy-fingered Dawn". Sappho's poetry often uses hyperbole, according to ancient critics "because of its charm". An example is found in fragment 111, where Sappho writes that "The groom approaches like Ares [...] Much bigger than a big man".Leslie Kurke groups Sappho with those archaic Greek poets from what has been called the "élite" ideological tradition, which valued luxury (habrosyne) and high birth. These elite poets tended to identify themselves with the worlds of Greek myths, gods, and heroes, as well as the wealthy East, especially Lydia. Thus in fragment 2 Sappho has Aphrodite "pour into golden cups nectar lavishly mingled with joys", while in the Tithonus poem she explicitly states that "I love the finer things [habrosyne]". According to Page DuBois, the language, as well as the content, of Sappho's poetry evokes an aristocratic sphere. She contrasts Sappho's "flowery,[...] adorned" style with the "austere, decorous, restrained" style embodied in the works of later