texts:
 partnership between the two as the party's greatest ever. The two men proved a study in contrasts: Hawke was a Rhodes Scholar; <mask> left high school early. Hawke's enthusiasms were cigars, betting and most forms of sport; <mask> preferred classical architecture, Mahler symphonies and collecting British Regency and French Empire antiques. Despite not knowing one another before Hawke assumed the leadership in 1983, the two formed a personal as well as political relationship which enabled the Government to pursue a significant number of reforms, although there were occasional points of tension between the two. <mask>, along with Hawke, oversaw a "National Economic Summit" in their first month in office, with <mask> leading several sessions outlining the Government's economic agenda. The Summit, which brought together a significant number of senior business and industrial figures alongside trade union leaders and politicians, led to a unanimous adoption of a national economic strategy, generating sufficient political capital for the Government to begin a wide-ranging programme of economic reform previously resisted by much of the Labor Party.Macroeconomic reforms

<mask> used the authority and relative autonomy provided to him by Hawke to become one of the major driving forces behind the various extensive macroeconomic reforms of the Government. In December 1983, Hawke and <mask> approved the floating of the Australian dollar, disregarding advice from the Treasury Secretary John Stone to retain the fixed currency framework. The success of the move, which was lauded by economic and media commentators, gave confidence to <mask> to pursue even more reforms. Over the Hawke Government's first and second terms, <mask> oversaw the gradual elimination of tariffs

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating


type: original

texts: on imports, the privatisation of several state-owned companies such as Qantas, CSL Limited, and the Commonwealth Bank, the deregulation significant sections of the banking system, including allowing for numerous foreign-owned banks to begin operating in Australia for the first time, and the granting of autonomy on decision-making to the Reserve Bank of Australia. <mask> was also instrumental in the establishment of the Hawke's Government signature industrial relations and wages policy, the Prices and Incomes Accord. This was an agreement directly between the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the Government to guarantee a reduction in demands for wage increases, in exchange for the Government providing a significant increase in social programmes, including the introduction of Medicare and the Family Assistance Scheme; in so doing, the Government was able to reduce inflation and unemployment over the decade. <mask>'s management of the Accord, and the close working relationship he developed with ACTU Secretary Bill Kelty, became a source of significant political power for <mask>, who negotiated multiple versions of the Accord with Kelty throughout the Hawke Government.Through the power given to him, <mask> was often able to bypass the Cabinet altogether, notably in exercising monetary policy, and he was regularly referred to as "the most powerful Treasurer in modern times". In the wake of the raft of macroeconomic reforms introduced by <mask> throughout the first term of the Hawke Government in particular, in 1984 he was awarded the Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year, an award which became colloquially known in Australia as the "World's Greatest Treasurer", becoming the first Australian Treasurer to be presented with the award.

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating


texts:
 Microeconomic reforms

Throughout the second and third terms of the Hawke Government, <mask> led a significant overhaul of the long-stagnant Australian taxation system. In 1985, he became a passionate advocate within the Cabinet for the introduction of a broad-based consumption tax, similar in nature to the goods and services tax that was later introduced by the Howard Government, as a means of addressing Australia's chronic balance of payments issue. In the build-up to the 1984 election, Hawke promised a policy paper on taxation reform to be discussed with all stakeholders at a "National Taxation Summit". Three options – A, B and C – were presented in the paper, with <mask> and his Treasury colleagues fiercely advocating for C, which included a consumption tax of 15% on goods and services along with reductions in personal and company income tax, a fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax. Although <mask> was able to win the support of a reluctant Cabinet, Hawke believed that the opposition from the public, the ACTU, and the business community would be too great.He therefore decided to abandon any plans for a consumption tax, although the remainder of the reforms were adopted in the tax reform package. The loss of the consumption tax was seen a defeat for <mask>; he later joked about it at a press conference, saying, "It's a bit like Ben Hur. We've crossed the line with one wheel off, but we have crossed the line." Whilst the remainder of the package represented the biggest overhaul of the Australian taxation system for decades, <mask> continued to agitate for further changes to address the balance of payments problems faced by Australia. On 14 May 1986, frustrated at the slow pace of dealing with the issue, <mask> caused considerable public comment

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating


texts: and a degree of controversy when he declared on a radio programme that if Australia did not address the problem, it risked degenerating to the status of a "banana republic". Although the remark was quickly disowned by Hawke in public, the Government increased efforts to deal with the growing balance of payments crisis. With no consumption tax to generate a significant increase in incomings, <mask> and his ministerial colleagues led a process to significantly reduce Government outlays instead, resulting in some criticism from the grassroots of the Labor Party, who opposed cuts to spending.Despite the criticism, the Government was able to produce a national budget surplus for the years 1988, 1989 and 1990, with the surplus of 1988 proving to be the largest budget surplus in Australian history. During the campaign for the 1987 election, <mask> was credited as dealing a "fatal" blow to the Liberal-National Coalition's hopes for victory, after giving a press conference in which he exposed a significant accounting error in the costings the Liberal Party had released to demonstrate how its economic policies would be paid for. Then-Opposition Leader John Howard accepted the error, and subsequent opinion polling reported that the mistake greatly contributed to Labor's vote in what proved to be a landslide victory. <mask>'s later tenure as Treasurer was heavily criticised by some for consistently high interest rates, which <mask> argued was necessary to reduce economic growth gradually so that demand for imports did not grow out of control. Throughout the 1980s, both the global and Australian economies grew quickly, and by the late 1980s, inflation had grown to around 9%. By 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia began tightening monetary policy, and household

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating


texts:
 interest rates peaked at 18%. It is often said that the Bank was too slow in easing monetary policy, and that this ultimately led to a recession.In private, <mask> had argued for rates to rise earlier than they did, and fall sooner, although his view was at odds with the Reserve Bank and his Treasury colleagues. Publicly, Hawke and <mask> had said there would be no recession – or that there would be a "soft landing" – but this changed when <mask> announced the country was indeed in recession in 1990, several months after the Hawke Government had won an unprecedented fourth consecutive term in office. Announcing the recession, <mask> memorably stated that the recession was a "recession Australia had to have". The remark was referred to by political journalist <mask> as "perhaps the most stupid remark of <mask>'s career, and it nearly cost him the Prime Ministership." Kelly did also concede that, "...however, it is largely true that the boom begat the recession." The economic reform package throughout the 1980s has been claimed by numerous economic commentators and journalists to have been the basis for an unprecedentedly long period of economic growth, with Australia's gross domestic product increasing unbroken every year for 30 years, and the end of chronic inflation and balance of payments difficulties, along with the increasingly globalised domestic economy, enabling long periods of stability and growth. Leadership challenges
At the end of 1988, <mask>, who had long believed that he would succeed Hawke as prime minister, began to put pressure on Hawke to retire in the new year.Hawke rejected this advice, but reached a secret agreement with <mask> that he would remain as leader through to the 1990 election, and that he would resign in <mask>'s favour

masks:
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Paul Kelly
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating


texts: shortly after the election, which he convinced <mask> he could win. Hawke subsequently won that election, albeit narrowly, and appointed <mask> his deputy prime minister to replace the retiring Lionel Bowen. However by the end of 1990, frustrated at the lack of any indication from Hawke as to when he might retire, <mask> delivered a provocative speech questioning the direction of the government. As a result, Hawke told <mask> he would renege on the deal on the basis that <mask> had been publicly disloyal. Although tensions between the two remained private for some time, <mask> eventually resigned from the Cabinet in June 1991 and challenged for the leadership. Hawke won the ballot by 66 votes to 44, and in a press statement afterwards <mask> declared that he had fired his "one shot" as regards the leadership. Publicly, at least, this seemed to spell the end of his leadership ambitions.Having failed to defeat Hawke, <mask> realised that events would have to move very much in his favour for a second challenge to be even possible, and he strongly considered retiring from politics altogether. However, Hawke's leadership was regarded by many as being "wounded" as a result of losing his long-term political partner and the growing confidence of the Liberal-National Coalition under the new leadership of John Hewson. After Hawke was forced to sack John Kerin, the man appointed to replace <mask> as Treasurer, for a public gaffe in attempting to combat the Coalition's new 'Fightback!' policy, <mask> took the opportunity to challenge a second time in December 1991, this time emerging victorious by 56 votes to 51. <mask> paid tribute to Hawke's nine years as Prime Minister, and stated that he would provide a robust challenge to Hewson. Prime Minister of

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating


texts:
 Australia

On 20 December 1991, <mask> was sworn in as Prime Minister by the Governor-General Bill Hayden. On becoming Prime Minister, <mask> thought of becoming Treasurer again, noting that state premiers had often served as their own Treasurers, but decided against it.John Dawkins was appointed Treasurer instead. <mask> entered office with an extensive legislative agenda, including pursuing reconciliation with Australia's Indigenous population, deepening Australia's economic and cultural ties with Asia, and making Australia a republic. The addressing of these issues came to be known as <mask>'s "big picture." Indigenous land rights and domestic policy

Shortly after <mask> became prime minister, the High Court of Australia handed down a judgment in a long-running case on Indigenous land rights; the judgement would come to be known as Mabo, and declared that a right to native title did exist in Australia, overturning terra nullius, but not clarifying exactly who had the right to access the title. <mask> led the Government's response to the ruling, beginning a high-profile public campaign on raising awareness of the issue, and advocating repeatedly in favour of the judgment and for an expansion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land rights. On 10 December 1992, <mask> delivered a major address which came to be known as the Redfern Park Speech on Aboriginal reconciliation, a speech which has since regularly been cited as among the greatest in Australian political history, in which he explicitly noted the responsibility of settler Australians for destroying much of Indigenous society. This work culminated in the passage of the Native Title Act in 1993, which "provide(d) a national system for the recognition and protection of native title and for

masks: Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating Keating


texts:
 its co-existence with the national land management system".As well as creating the legal field of native title, the Act established an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, who was required to prepare an annual report to the Attorney-General on the operation of the Native Title Act and its effect on the exercise and enjoyment of human rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and to report, when requested by the Attorney-General, on any other matter relating to the rights of Indigenous people under the Act. Elsewhere in domestic policy, <mask> established and promoted the first Commonwealth cultural policy, known as 'Creative Nation'. The policy allocated AU$250 million over four years to promote the cultural and creative arts sectors in Australia. <mask> had frequently espoused the benefits of the arts in public, and used the policy as an opportunity to develop the Australian cultural sector. During the <mask> Government, mandatory detention for asylum seekers was also introduced for the first time. Superannuation and economic policy

Arguably <mask>'s most far-reaching achievement as prime minister was the full introduction of the National Superannuation Scheme, implemented to address Australia's long-term problem of chronically low national savings. This initiative built on policies that <mask> had pursued whilst Treasurer, and was aimed at ensuring that most Australians would have enough money to retire.In 1992, the compulsory employer contribution scheme became a part of a wider reform package addressing this retirement income dilemma. It had been demonstrated that Australia, along with many other Western nations, would experience a major demographic shift in the coming decades, due to ageing population,


texts: and it was claimed that this would result in increased pension payments that would place an unaffordable strain on the Australian economy. <mask>'s solution was a "three pillars" approach to retirement income, requiring compulsory employer contributions to superannuation funds, permitting further contributions to superannuation funds and other investments, and introducing, where this was insufficient, a safety net consisting of a means-tested government-funded age pension. The compulsory employer contributions were branded "Superannuation Guarantee" (SG) contributions. As a result of this policy, along with the gradual increases in the minimum contribution amount, Australia grew to become the fourth largest holder of pension fund assets in the world, with a balance of nearly AU$3 trillion in superannuation assets by 2020. In the aftermath of the 1990 recession, <mask> appointed his close ally John Dawkins as Treasurer, and together the two developed an economic package to counter the Liberal-National Coalition's 'Fightback!' proposals; this package came to be known as 'One Nation', and involved using funding from the budget surplus to produce new welfare-to-work programmes, as well as introducing a new degree of competition within the telecommunications and communications industries and creating the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA).'One Nation' also proposed a series of further tax cuts for middle-income workers coming in two tranches, in 1993 and 1995, although these would later be deferred to 1995 and 1998, a move which cost the Government considerable political support among the public. A further major economic policy development was the introduction of an enterprise bargaining scheme as part of the final stage of the Prices and Incomes

masks: Keating Keating


texts:
 Accord, intended to allow for greater flexibility and economies of scale within industrial wage arbitration, although much of this was curtailed by the Howard Government after 1996. Foreign policy

Throughout his time as prime minister, <mask> took a number of steps to strengthen and develop bilateral links with Australia's closest neighbours; he frequently said that there was no country in the world that was more important to Australia than Indonesia, and undertook his first overseas visit to the country, becoming the first Australian prime minister to do so. <mask> made a conscious effort to develop a personal relationship with Indonesian President Suharto, and to include Indonesia in multilateral forums attended by Australia. <mask>'s friendship with Suharto was criticised by human rights activists supportive of East Timorese independence, and by Nobel Peace Prize winner José Ramos-Horta. The Keating Government's cooperation with the Indonesian military, and the signing of the Timor Gap Treaty, were also strongly criticised by these same groups. It was alleged by some that Keating was overlooking alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian government as part of his effort to dramatically increase Australia's cultural, diplomatic and economic ties with Asia.Following the creation of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Forum by Bob Hawke, <mask> developed the idea further, winning the support in 1993 of recently-elected US President Bill Clinton and Chinese Premier Li Peng to expand APEC to a full Leaders' Meeting. This led to APEC becoming one of the most significant high-level international summits, and at the 1994 APEC Leaders' Meeting, hosted by Indonesia, members agreed to the Keating Government's proposals for what became


texts:
 known as the Bogor Declaration, which set targets for a significant increase in free trade and investment between industrialised APEC countries by 2010 and between developing APEC countries by 2020. In December 1993, <mask> became involved in a diplomatic incident with Malaysia when he described Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad as "recalcitrant". The incident occurred after Mahathir refused to attend the 1993 APEC summit. <mask> said, "APEC is bigger than all of us – Australia, the U.S. and Malaysia, and Dr. Mahathir and any other recalcitrants." The translation of the word "recalcitrant" into Malaysian rendered the word a more egregious insult, and Mahathir demanded an apology from <mask>, threatening to reduce diplomatic ties and trade drastically with Australia, which became an enormous concern to Australian exporters. Some Malaysian officials talked of launching a "Buy Australian Last" campaign; <mask> subsequently apologised to Mahathir over the remark.1993 and 1996 elections

As prime minister, <mask> maintained his aggressive debating style. When asked by Opposition Leader John Hewson why he would not call an early election, <mask> replied, "because I want to do you slowly." He referred to the Liberal Party as "a motley, dishonest crew", and the National Party as "dummies and dimwits; desperadoes". During an opposition debate that sought to censure <mask>, he described being attacked by Peter Costello as "like being flogged with warm lettuce". Despite this renewed attack on the Opposition, and a busy legislative agenda, many commentators predicted that the 1993 election was "unwinnable" for Labor. During the campaign, <mask> focused a great amount of effort on attacking the Coalition's proposed goods and services tax (GST), arguing that it would


texts: prove "a dead weight" on the economy, and stating that "every time you put your hand in your pocket, Dr. Hewson's will be in there with you". He was helped by Hewson struggling towards the end of the campaign to explain exactly which products would have the GST levied on them, and which would not.Having begun the campaign far behind the Coalition in opinion polls, on 13 March <mask> led Labor to an unexpected and record-breaking fifth consecutive election victory, picking up a two-seat swing. The speech <mask> delivered at the victory celebration has been described as one of the great Labor speeches. Opening with "This is a victory for the true believers; the men and women of Australia who, in difficult times, have kept the faith", the speech has been described as providing a source of inspiration for Labor Party faithful to the present day. Like Hawke before him, <mask> was able to benefit from disunity in the Liberal Party. Fourteen months after the March 1993 election, John Hewson was replaced as Liberal Leader by Alexander Downer, whose leadership was quickly marred by gaffes and controversies within months. <mask> routinely succeeded in outwitting Downer within Parliament, and in early 1995, Downer resigned to be replaced by John Howard, who had previously led the Liberals from 1985 to 1989. Howard was able to give the Coalition renewed momentum after Labor lost the seat of Canberra in a by-election.In contrast to Hewson, Howard adopted a "small target" campaign strategy for the 1996 election, publicly committing to keep numerous Labor reforms such as Medicare, and defusing the republic issue by promising to hold a constitutional convention. This combined with a narrative of "time for a change" led to a heavy defeat for the <mask> Government on 2


texts:
 March 1996, suffering a five percent two party preferred swing and losing 29 seats, making it the second-worst defeat of a sitting government in Australian history. <mask> announced he would retire as Labor Leader and from Parliament, and tendered his resignation as prime minister on 11 March, 13 years to the day after Bob Hawke had first taken office. Post-political career

After leaving Parliament in 1996, <mask> moved to the affluent eastern Sydney suburb of Woollahra. He accepted appointment as a director for various companies, and also became a senior adviser to Lazard, an investment banking firm. <mask> was also appointed to the Advisory Council to the Chinese Government Development Bank. He was also appointed a Visiting Professor of Public Policy at the University of New South Wales and was awarded honorary doctorates in law from Keio University in Tokyo (1995), the National University of Singapore (1999), the University of New South Wales (2003) and Macquarie University (2012).In 1997, <mask> declined appointment in the Australia Day Honours as a Companion of the Order of Australia, an honour which has been offered to all former prime ministers since the modern Australian Honours System was introduced in 1975. On his refusal, <mask> expressed that he had long believed honours should be reserved for those whose work in the community went unrecognised and that having been prime minister was sufficient public recognition. In 2000, he published his first book since leaving office, Engagement: Australia Faces the Asia-Pacific, which focused on foreign policy during his time as prime minister. In 2002, <mask>'s former speechwriter and adviser, Don Watson, published Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of <mask> PM. The book first drew

masks:
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Paul Keating


texts: criticism from <mask>'s by then-estranged wife, Annita <mask>, who said that it understated her contribution, a complaint Watson rejected. <mask> himself was so unhappy with the book that it brought the two men's friendship to an abrupt end. <mask> initially avoided public political comment during the Howard Government, although made occasional speeches criticising his successor's social policies.Ahead of the 2007 election, <mask> joined former Labor Prime Ministers Gough Whitlam and Bob Hawke to campaign against Howard, describing Howard as a "desiccated coconut" who was "Araldited to the seat", as an "...old antediluvian 19th century person who wanted to stomp forever...on ordinary people's rights to organise themselves at work...he's a pre-Copernican obscurantist". He also described Howard's deputy, Peter Costello, as being "all tip and no iceberg" when referring to an alleged pact made by Howard to hand the leadership over to Costello after two terms. In February 2008, after Labor's victory in the 2007 election, <mask> joined former Prime Ministers Whitlam, Fraser and Hawke in Parliament House to witness new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd deliver the National Apology to the Stolen Generations. In August 2008, he spoke at the book launch of Unfinished Business: <mask>'s Interrupted Revolution, authored by economist David Love. Among the topics discussed during the launch were the need to increase compulsory superannuation contributions, as well as to restore incentives for people to receive their superannuation payments in annuities. In 2013, <mask> took part in a series of four-hour-long interviews with Kerry O'Brien which were broadcast on the ABC in November of that year. The series covered <mask>'s early life, his entry into Parliament, his years as

masks:
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Paul Keating
Keating
Keating


texts: treasurer and prime minister, and canvassing his academic, musical and artistic interests, economic and cultural vision for Australia, and commitment to Australia's integration into Asia.O'Brien used these conversations as the basis for a 2014 book <mask>: The Interviews. <mask> repeatedly declared he would not write a memoir, so his cooperation with O'Brien was perceived as the closest he would come to producing an autobiography. In 2016, Troy Bramston, a journalist for The Australian and a political historian, wrote an unauthorised biography that <mask> cooperated with titled <mask>: The Big-Picture Leader. Bramston was given full access to <mask>'s personal papers, was granted a series of interviews with <mask> and also interviewed more than 100 other people. It was described as the "authoritative" and "definitive" <mask> biography written by a "first class" political historian. In 2019, during campaigning for that year's federal election, <mask> spoke out against the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation by calling them "nutters." His remarks attracted media criticism, and Labor Leader Bill Shorten distanced himself from <mask>'s views.<mask> later issued a joint statement with Bob Hawke endorsing Labor's economic plan as part of the election campaign, and condemning the Liberal Party for "completely [giving] up the economic reform agenda". They stated that "Shorten's Labor is the only party of government focused on the need to modernise the economy to deal with the major challenge of our time: human induced climate change"; it was the first joint press statement released by the two since 1991. After Hawke's death in the same month, <mask> gave an address at Hawke's state memorial service at Sydney Opera House on 14 June, where he reflected

masks:
Keating
Keating
Keating
Paul Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating


texts:
 on the "great friendship and partnership" the two had enjoyed. In September 2021, following the announcement of the AUKUS trilateral military alliance between the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, <mask> criticised the alliance, saying that "Australia turns its back on the 21st century, the century of Asia, for the jaded and faded Anglosphere" and the deal would be "locking the country and its military forces into the force structure of the United States by acquiring US submarines". <mask> went on to criticize Labor's opposition foreign affairs spokesperson Penny Wong, accusing the Labor opposition of being complicit with the Liberal government in "false representation of China’s foreign policy". His comments were criticised by Labor MPs Anthony Byrne and Peter Khalil. In January 2022, <mask> accused British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss of making "demented" comments about Chinese military aggression in the Pacific, saying that "Britain suffers delusions of grandeur and relevance deprivation."Personal life
In 1976, <mask> married Annita van Iersel, a Dutch-born flight attendant for Alitalia. They had four children, who spent some of their teenage years in The Lodge, the prime minister's official residence in Canberra. The couple separated in November 1998. While they did not formally divorce until 2008, Annita had resumed her maiden name long before then. Before his marriage to van Iersel, <mask> had in 1972 announced his engagement to fashion consultant Kristine Kennedy, but they did not marry. Since 1998, <mask>'s partner has been the actress Julieanne Newbould. <mask>'s daughter, <mask>, is a former adviser to former New South Wales Minister Craig Knowles as well as former New South Wales Premier Bob Carr.In the early 1970s, <mask> moved

masks:
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Katherine Keating
Keating


texts:
 from the family home in Bankstown when he purchased a new brick-veneer house at 12 Gerard Avenue, Condell Park, two doors up from his parent's new home at No. 8 Gerard Avenue. This became the family home after his marriage in 1976 until 1983, when the <mask>s sold the property for $123,000 and moved to a one-storey rental house in the Canberra suburb of Red Hill to be closer to work. <mask>'s interests include the music of Gustav Mahler and collecting French antique clocks. He currently resides in Potts Point, in inner-city Sydney, and has a holiday home on the Hawkesbury River. Popular culture
In 2005, Keating!, a musical based on <mask>'s life and career, premiered at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival. It went on to run until 2010, winning a number of awards and eventually being broadcast on ABC2.See also

 Keating Government
 <mask> Government
 First Keating Ministry
 Second Keating Ministry
 Redfern Speech

References

Further reading

 Bramston, Troy (2016), <mask>: The Big-Picture Leader, Scribe. Carew, Edna (1991), <mask>ating Prime Minister, Allen and Unwin. Edwards, John (1996), Keating: The Inside Story, Viking. Gordon, Michael (1993), A Question of Leadership. <mask>. Political Fighter, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland. Gordon, Michael (1996), A True Believer: <mask>, UQP.<mask>, <mask> (1995), Advancing Australia, Big Picture. <mask>, <mask> (2011), "After Words", Allen & Unwin,
 Lowe, David (2008), Unfinished Business: <mask>'s interrupted revolution, Scribe. Watson, Don (2002), Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of <mask> PM, Knopf. <mask> (2011), After Words: The Post-Prime Ministerial Speeches, Allen & Unwin. External links

 <mask>'s official website

 <mask> Insults Archive
 <mask> at the

masks:
Keating
Keating
Keating
Hawke Keating
Paul Keating
Paul Ke
Paul Keating
Paul Keating
Keating
Paul
Keating
Paul
Paul Keating
Paul Keating
Paul Keating
Paul Keating
Paul Keating
Paul Keating


texts:
 National Film and Sound Archive
 Photo – Delivering the annual John Curtin Prime Ministerial Lecture 2009
 Text – 2009 John Curtin Prime Ministerial Lecture
 Painting – <mask>
 Video of the Redfern Address

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

1944 births
Living people
Australian people of Irish descent
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
Australian republicans
Australian trade unionists
1975 Australian constitutional crisis
Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Blaxland
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Republic Advisory Committee
People from Sydney
Prime Ministers of Australia
Treasurers of Australia
Australian Roman Catholics
Articles containing video clips
Leaders of the Australian Labor Party
Keating Government
20th-century Australian politicians
Government ministers of Australia
Sydney County


texts: Sir <mask> (24 May 185523 November 1934) was an English playwright and, early in his career, actor. <mask> was drawn to the theatre from an early age, and became a professional actor at the age of 19. He gained experience as a supporting actor in British provincial theatres, and from 1876 to 1881 was a member of Henry Irving's company, based at the Lyceum Theatre, London. <mask> wrote his first play in 1877. Seven years later, having written 15 more, three of them highly successful, he abandoned acting and became a full-time playwright. He first became known for a series of farces, of which The Magistrate (1885) was the longest-running. During the 1890s he turned to serious subjects.The Second Mrs Tanqueray (1893), dealing with a woman with a scandalous past, was regarded as shocking, but ran well and made a large profit. His other successes included Trelawny of the "Wells" (1898), a romantic comedy celebrating the theatre, old and new, and The Gay Lord Quex, about a reformed roué and a feisty young woman. A venture into opera, with a libretto for The Beauty Stone (1898), was not a success, and <mask> thereafter generally stuck to his familiar genre of society dramas and comedies. Although he continued to write throughout the first three decades of the 20th century and into the fourth, it is <mask>'s work from the 1880s and 1890s that has endured. There have been numerous revivals of many of his plays; and some have been adapted for the cinema or as musicals. By his later years, <mask> was seen as old-fashioned, and his last plays were not

masks:
Arthur Wing Pinero
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero


texts:
 successful. He died in London at the age of 79.Life and career

Early years

<mask> was born in London, the only son, and second of three children, of John Daniel <mask> (1798–1871), and his wife Lucy, née Daines (1836–1905). <mask>'s father and grandfather were London solicitors. They were descended from the Pinheiro family, described by <mask>'s biographer John Dawick as "a distinguished family of Sephardic Jews who rose to prominence in medieval Portugal before suffering the persecutions of the Inquisition". <mask>'s branch of the family fled to England. His grandfather abandoned the Jewish faith, became a member of the Church of England, married a Christian Englishwoman, <mask>, and became a highly successful lawyer. His younger son, <mask>'s father, also took up the legal profession, but was much less successful; <mask> was brought up in circumstances that were not poor but were not affluent. He attended Spa Fields Chapel charity school in Exmouth Street, Clerkenwell, London, until the age of ten, when he went to work in his father's office.John Daniel <mask> died in May 1871, leaving very little money. To contribute to the family income, <mask> continued to work as a solicitor's clerk, earning £1 a week. In the evenings he studied elocution at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution. He and his fellow students staged several productions of plays, and Pinero became irresistibly drawn to the theatre. In May 1874 he abandoned the legal profession and joined R. H. Wyndham at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh, as a "general utility" actor.

masks:
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero
Margaret Wing
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero


texts:
 He made his professional debut in the small role of a groom in an adaptation of Wilkie Collins's The Woman in White. Actor and rising playwright: 1874–1884

As a junior member of Wyndham's company <mask> quickly gained experience in a range of roles, supporting E. A. Sothern in Our American Cousin, and Charles Mathews in the Balzac adaptation A Game of Speculation, and graduating to larger parts such as Crosstree in Black-Eyed Susan.His engagement in Edinburgh came to a sudden end in February 1875 when the theatre was destroyed by fire. He was fortunate in being offered another provincial engagement, at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Liverpool, where he began to be noticed by the press, gaining approving reviews for his acting in supporting roles. A production of Miss Gwilt, an adaptation of Wilkie Collins's Armadale, starring Ada Cavendish, was reported by the theatrical paper The Era as "a genuine triumph"; the play transferred from Liverpool to the West End, and <mask> retained his role as an elderly solicitor. The production was not the hoped-for success in London, but <mask> received good notices for his performance, and when the run finished after ten weeks he was immediately engaged by Henry Irving's manager, Mrs Bateman, as a member of the supporting cast for Irving's forthcoming provincial tour. Although the tour was uncongenial, and <mask> gathered some highly critical notices, he continued to work as a supporting actor to Irving for five years. He first appeared at the Lyceum, Irving's London base, in December 1876 and played a total of

masks: Pinero Pinero Pinero Pinero


texts: 21 parts there between then and 1881. His Shakespearean roles were Lord Stanley in Richard III (1877), Rosencrantz in Hamlet (1878), Guildenstern in Hamlet (1879), Salarino in The Merchant of Venice (1879), and Roderigo in Othello (1881).In a revival of the melodrama The Bells, with which Irving's name was already synonymous, he played Dr Zimmer (1878). While in Irving's company <mask> wrote his first plays. He began with £200 a Year, a one-act comedy written in a single afternoon for a colleague to present at a benefit performance in 1877. The play was well received and was given several further performances, bringing <mask>'s name a modest amount of publicity. His first full-length play, La Comète, was staged in a theatre in Croydon in 1878, and he wrote four more one-act comedies, staged in London in 1878–1880, playing in two of them – Daisy's Escape and Bygones – at the Lyceum. Another of these, Hester's Mystery (1880), written for the comic actor J. L. Toole, ran for 300 performances at the Folly Theatre. <mask>'s profile as a playwright was further raised by The Money Spinner, a full-length comedy, first given at the Prince's Theatre, Manchester in November 1880 and then at the St James's in London in January 1881.The theatre historian J. P. Wearing regards the play as of particular importance in the history of the St James's, a theatre previously known more for its failures than its successes. <mask>'s play was regarded as daringly unconventional and a risky venture, but it caught on with the public, particularly for the character Baron


texts:
 Croodle, a "disreputable but delightful old reprobate and card-shark" played by John Hare. The following year <mask> wrote the first of eleven more plays for the St James's, The Squire (1881). It caused controversy by its supposed similarity to Thomas Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowd. After leaving Irving's company <mask> joined another well-known London management, Squire Bancroft and his wife Effie, who ran the Haymarket Theatre. For them he played the Marquis de Cevennes (Plot and Passion, 1881), Sir Alexander Shendryn (Ours, 1882), Hanway  (Odette, 1882) and finally Sir Anthony Absolute in The Rivals (1884) as part of a starry cast that included Squire Bancroft, Johnston Forbes-Robertson, Lionel Brough and Julia Gwynne. <mask> received mixed notices, some unfavourable, and others among the best of his acting career.This was his last professional engagement as an actor. During his time at the Haymarket <mask> married Myra Emily Wood (c. 1852–1919), who had acted under the stage name of Myra Holme, a widow with two children, Angus and Myra, from her first marriage. The wedding took place on 19 April 1883. There were no children of the marriage to <mask>. Farces and drawing-room comedies: 1884–1893

With the exception of two adaptations of serious French works, The Ironmaster (1884) and Mayfair (1885), <mask>'s output between 1884 and 1893 consisted of six farces and five comedies. During this period he became particularly associated with the Court Theatre, where five of his farces were presented, with great success at the box office, between

masks: Pinero Pinero Pinero Pinero Pinero Pinero


texts: 1885 and 1892, beginning with The Magistrate. Wearing writes that in these plays Pinero "attacked facets of Victorian society by creating credible though blinkered characters, trying to preserve their respectability while trapped in a relentless whirlpool of catastrophically illogical events".<mask> told an interviewer that with the first of his Court farces, The Magistrate, he had tried "to raise farce a little from the low pantomime level". Instead of relying on the Parisian stereotype, revolving around potentially adulterous liaisons, he tried to create believable characters in credible situations. The piece played for 363 performances in its first run, the first play in the history of the Court to run for more than a year. When its star, <mask>, required a summer break, Beerbohm Tree deputised for him for three weeks. Three touring companies were needed to meet the demand for the play in the British provinces, and local managements in Australia, India and South Africa were licensed to stage it; <mask> travelled to New York for the American premiere, at Daly's Theatre in October 1885. He had turned 30 earlier that year. A retrospective review of his career published in 1928 pointed out that <mask> – who had recently celebrated 50 years as a West End playwright – achieved fame at an unusually early age: his contemporaries Bernard Shaw, J. M. Barrie and John Galsworthy were all in their thirties before their plays were produced in London.<mask> Dick (1887), The Cabinet Minister (1890) and The Amazons (1893) – ran for 291, 262, 199 and 114

masks:
Pinero
Arthur Cecil
Pinero
Pinero
Pinerody


texts:
 performances respectively, an aggregate of 866. Their success was outstripped by that of the gentler comedy Sweet Lavender, which ran at Terry's Theatre for 684 performances from March 1888 to January 1890. This piece concerns an impoverished clerk, a bibulous but wise barrister, fraudulent bankers, a long-lost sweetheart and happy endings all round. It was billed as "a domestic drama", and was mainly comic, but, The Era reported, "there are scenes where the laughter is hushed, where smiles give way to tears, and where mirth is merged in heartfelt sympathy". Serious plays
Plays in a similar vein to Sweet Lavender – The Weaker Sex (1888) and Lady Bountiful (1891) – did not match its success, running for 61 and 65 performances respectively. Nonetheless <mask>'s attention continued to turn more to serious than to farcical topics. Wearing comments that <mask> began to write "problem plays", considering "the double standard of morality, applied unequally to men and women".His first was The Profligate (1889), in which past misdeeds come to haunt a seemingly respectable man. It was chosen to inaugurate the new Garrick Theatre, but the lessee, John Hare, persuaded a reluctant <mask> to tone down the ending to avoid alienating his respectable society audience: in the final version the protagonist does not kill himself, as <mask> had written, but is forgiven by his wife. The play ran for 129 performances. When his next such drama came to be produced <mask> remained firm: the play would, and did, end in tragedy. This was his best-known serious work, The

masks: Pinero Pinero Pinero Pinero Pinero


texts: Second Mrs Tanqueray (1893). While he was planning it, several plays of Henrik Ibsen were presented in London for the first time, regarded by much of polite society as avant garde, blunt and shocking. Seeing Ghosts led <mask> to reconsider his approach to playwriting, which now seemed old-fashioned by comparison.He was far from uncritical of Ibsen's plays, but recognised that if he was to be a serious dramatist he must treat social problems and human misconduct frankly. The Second Mrs Tanqueray centred on "a woman with a past". Hare declined to present it, and George Alexander, the actor-manager running the St James's Theatre, to whom <mask> then offered the play, said, "Sorry, I daren't do it". He had second thoughts, and accepted it. The production was scheduled to replace Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan, which also focused on a woman with a far from respectable past. Unlike <mask>'s play, Wilde's ended happily, and was seen by the respectable habitués of the St James's as mildly shocking but acceptable. In <mask>'s play Paula Tanqueray kills herself.In Wearing's words, "although not as avant-garde as Ibsen's plays, Tanqueray confronted its fashionable St James's audiences with as forceful a social message as they could stomach". Both <mask> and Alexander were apprehensive about the public reception of the piece, but it was a sensational success at its opening in May 1893, made a profit of more than £10,000, and was still playing to full houses when Alexander, who disliked acting in long runs, closed the production in April 1894 after 225


texts:
 performances. Wearing comments that the public's appetite for similar Pinero plays varied. The Notorious Mrs Ebbsmith (1895) managed a run of 88 performances, The Benefit of the Doubt (1895) ran for 74, The Thunderbolt (1908) and Mid-Channel (1909) both ran for 58. Fin de siècle
The year 1898 saw one of Pinero's most enduring successes and his most  conspicuous failure. The first was Trelawny of the "Wells", the second, The Beauty Stone. In Trelawny of the "Wells", described by a 21st-century critic as "Pinero's love letter to theatre", the author addressed his regular topics of class and inexorable change, to which he added a study of the enduring power of the theatre.The play shows a popular actress in mid-Victorian melodramas marrying into the aristocracy, regretting it, returning to the stage and finding that she can no longer make the old style of plays work, successfully switching to works in the new realistic style. Wearing calls the play <mask>'s homage to Tom Robertson, whose pioneering theatrical realism influenced two generations of writers including W. S. Gilbert and Bernard Shaw as well as <mask>. The critics were confused by the play. <mask> commented that they seemed "divided as to whether the piece is a weak farce or an imperfect realistic drama". It had a good, though not outstanding, run of 135 performances at the Court, but subsequently became one of <mask>'s most revived plays. At the same time the impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte was in need of a new opera for his Savoy Theatre after the end of Gilbert and Sullivan's long


texts: partnership. It is not clear why Carte chose to commission a libretto from two writers with no experience in the genre, but for <mask>'s The Beauty Stone he brought together <mask> and J. Comyns Carr, an art critic, gallery owner and part-time author of dramas.Sullivan, who was used to Gilbert's skill and flexibility, quickly found his new collaborators inept: "gifted and brilliant men, with no experience in writing for music, and yet obstinately refusing to accept any suggestions from me as to form and construction". He later wrote in his diary, "heartbreaking to have to try to make a musical piece out of such badly constructed (for music) mess of involved sentences". The musical analyst William Parry describes the libretto as "a verbose mess ... suffused with a fussy air of arch medievalism". At its premiere, on 28 May 1898, the piece ran for four hours, and <mask> and Carr had to accept some drastic cuts to their words, which also meant sacrificing some of Sullivan's best music. The reviews for the music ranged from polite to enthusiastic; for the libretto they ranged from polite to damning. Max Beerbohm, who had succeeded Shaw as theatre critic of The Saturday Review and who was to become a persistent irritant to <mask>, was particularly waspish. Besides the shortcomings of the libretto, the uncomic, romantic style of the piece was not in keeping with the traditions of the Savoy or the expectations of its audience, and the opera closed on 16 July after 50 performances – the worst run for any of Sullivan's operas.Within a year of the

masks:
Arthur Sullivan
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero


texts:
 disappointment of The Beauty Stone <mask> returned to successful form with a four-act play The Gay Lord Quex, a comedy of manners, in succession to two others in the genre, The Times (1891) and The Princess and the Butterfly (1897). The Gay Lord Quex, a story of a determined and resourceful young woman and a reformed aristocratic philanderer, had an initial run of 300 performances,  and has proved one of <mask>'s more revivable plays. 20th century

In the first decade of the century <mask> continued to be regarded as among the forefront of British playwrights. His comedy of manners Iris (1901) ran for 115 performances, and in 1906 he had one of his biggest successes, with His House in Order, another work for Alexander and the St James's. This piece is a drama about a put-upon second wife who eventually triumphs over the domineering family of her husband's dead first wife and wins his undivided love. It was a triumph for Irene Vanbrugh and Alexander in the lead roles, and for <mask>; it ran for 430 performances and took more than £78,000 at the box-office. The alliance between Alexander had by now become a firm friendship, punctuated by occasional arguments between the actor-manager and the author, who became extremely prescriptive about the staging of his plays and the delivery of his lines.Another of <mask>'s friends was Shaw. As authors they held very different views of the nature and purpose of drama. Although both addressed social problems in their plays, Shaw, who held that all good art is didactic, concentrated on the problem itself,


texts: whereas <mask> focused more on the people affected by it, which Shaw felt weakened the argument. Nevertheless, they were on good terms and both were prominent in campaigns for a national theatre and the reform or abolition of theatre censorship. Shaw conceived the idea that playwrights needed a titled figure to lead their campaigns, and lobbied the British government to secure a knighthood for <mask>. Whether because of Shaw's canvassing or not is unknown, but <mask> was knighted in 1909, only the second dramatist to receive the honour (Gilbert having been knighted two years earlier). <mask> rarely used the title, but shortened his signature from "<mask><mask>" to "<mask>".In the second decade of the century <mask> had his last two real successes. The comedy The "Mind the Paint" Girl ran at the Duke of York's Theatre for 126 performances in 1912, and The Big Drum, his last play for Alexander had 111 performances at the St James's in 1915. The First World War badly affected his wish and ability to write. He had suffered an emotional blow in 1913 when his stepson killed himself, and the outbreak of war the following year appalled <mask>. Following the sinking of  by a German U-boat on 7 May 1915, he wrote to The Times calling on naturalised British citizens of German origin to make public statements of their loyalty to the King and reject Germany's methods of warfare. In the following days, numerous letters were received by the newspaper from naturalised Britons affirming their loyalty, including public figures such as Sir Ernest Cassel, Sir George

masks:
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero
Arthur W
. Pinero
Arthur Pinero
Pinero
Pinero


texts:
 Henschel, Sir Carl Meyer and Sir Felix Schuster. Among others who came under public pressure because of the war was Shaw, who opposed it strenuously, and was much vilified by the public and even by his colleagues.<mask> refused to join in the chorus of disapproval, and his friendship with Shaw endured, although they saw less of each other after Shaw resigned from the Dramatists' Club under pressure from its pro-war members led by <mask> Jones. <mask>'s wife died in 1919, having been an invalid for some time. Although her death was foreseen it caused <mask> deep distress, and after it he was often despondent, despite the devoted attention of his stepdaughter. During the last years of his life <mask> gradually ceased to be a figure of importance in the theatre. After the end of the war he wrote eight more plays; two of them remained unstaged and of the four that were produced in London the longest-running lasted for 64 performances. His heart weakened by a serious bout of influenza, <mask> failed to survive an operation for a hernia. He died on 23 November 1934 in Marylebone Nursing Home.A memorial service was held at St Marylebone Parish Church on 28 November 1934, after which, by Pinero's request, his ashes were buried in his wife's grave in the churchyard of Chiddingfold, Surrey, close to their former country house. Works

Plays

Source: Dawick. Broadway productions
The original London productions that were followed by New York productions were: The Money Spinner (New York, 1882); The Squire (1882); Girls and Boys (1883); Lords and Commons

masks:
Pinero
Henry Arthur
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero
Pinero


texts:
 (1884); In Chancery (1885); The Magistrate (1885); The Schoolmistress (1886); Dandy Dick (1887); Sweet Lavender (1888); Lady Bountiful (1891); The Cabinet Minister (1892); The Second Mrs Tanqueray (1893); The Amazons (1894); The Notorious Mrs Ebbsmith (1895); The Benefit of the Doubt (1896); The Princess and the Butterfly (1897); Trelawny of the Wells (1898); The Gay Lord Quex (1900); Iris (1902); Letty (1904); A Wife without a Smile (1904); His House in Order (1906); Mid-Channel (1910); Preserving Mr. Panmure (1912); The "Mind-the-Paint" Girl (1912); and The Enchanted Cottage (1923). Revivals
Among the notable British revivals of Pinero plays singled out in John Dawick's 1993 study of the dramatist were:
The Magistrate: Old Vic, 1959; Chichester Festival and then Cambridge Theatre, London, 1969; National Theatre, 1986
The Schoolmistress: Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, 1979
Dandy Dick: Mermaid Theatre, London, 1965; Chichester and then the Garrick, London, 1973
Sweet Lavender: Ambassadors Theatre, London, 1922
The Cabinet Minister: Royal Exchange, 1987; Albery Theatre, London, 1991
The Second Mrs Tanqueray: Playhouse Theatre, London, 1922; Haymarket 1950; National Theatre, 1981
Trelawny of the "Wells": Old Vic, 1965;Comedy Theatre, London, 1992; National Theatre, 1993
The Gay Lord Quex: Albery, 1975
Source: Dawick. In 2012 The Times remarked on a revival in interest in Pinero, with new productions of The Second Mrs Tanqueray at the Rose Theatre, The Magistrate at the National Theatre, starring John Lithgow in the title role, Trelawney of the


texts:
 "Wells" at the Donmar, and Dandy Dick, with Patricia Hodge and Nicholas Le Prevost. The paper commented, "Like Terence Rattigan in recent years, Pinero is being dusted down, reappraised and hailed as one of the great British playwrights". Adaptations

Musicals
Four of Pinero's plays have been adapted as musicals: The Magistrate as The Boy (1917) with words by Fred Thompson, Percy Greenbank and Adrian Ross and music by Lionel Monckton and Howard Talbot; In Chancery as Who's Hooper?(1919) with lyrics by Thompson and music by Talbot and Ivor Novello; The Schoolmistress  as My Niece (1921) with words by Greenbank and music by Talbot; and Trelawny of the "Wells" as Trelawny (1972), adapted by Aubrey Woods, George Rowell and Julian Slade. Cinema
The first of <mask>'s works to be filmed was The Second Mrs Tanqueray, in an unauthorised American silent version in 1914, which prompted a successful but not very lucrative lawsuit by the author. With his approval, eight of his plays were adapted for the silent cinema, an authorised version of The Second Mrs Tanqueray (1916) with George Alexander in his first film role, reprising the part he created in 1893; Trelawny of the "Wells" (1916); Sweet Lavender (twice: in 1915 and 1920); Iris (twice: 1916 and as A Slave of Vanity, 1920); The Profligate (1917); The Gay Lord Quex (twice: 1917 and 1919); Mid-Channel (1920); His House in Order (1920) and The Enchanted Cottage (1924). After the days of silent films there were adaptions of  His House in Order (1928) Trelawny of the "Wells" (as The Actress, 1928), The


texts:
 Magistrate (as Those Were the Days, 1934), Dandy Dick (1935), The Enchanted Cottage(1945 film), and The Second Mrs Tanqueray (1952). Television
There have been many adaptations of <mask>'s works for broadcasting. Television versions include The Gay Lord Quex (1946, 1953 and 1983, starring respectively  Ronald Ward, André Morell and Anton Rogers); The Magistrate (1946, 1951 and 1972, Desmond Walter-Ellis, Richard Goolden and Michael Hordern); Trelawny of the "Wells" (1949, 1971 and 1985, Bransby Williams,  Roland Culver, Michael Hordern); Dandy Dick (1948, directed by Athene Seyler) and The Second Mrs Tanqueray starring Elizabeth Sellars (1962). Reputation
In 1906, The Times commented:
When Mr. Pinero is at his best we reckon ourselves as close upon the high water mark of theatrical enjoyment.… This or that playwright may show more "heart" than Mr. Pinero or a more delicate subtlety, a third may easily outclass him in intellectual gymnastic, but in his command of the resources of the stage for the legitimate purposes of the stage he is without a rival. As it was said of Euripides that he was τραγικώτατος, the most tragic of the tragic writers, as it might be said of Molière that he was the most comic of comic writers, so it may be said of Mr. Pinero that of all our dramatists to-day he is the most "dramatic". The art of drama is, quintessentially, the art of story-telling, as the sculptors say, "in the round". Mr. Pinero is supreme as a story-teller of that sort. We are always keenly interested in what his people are doing at the moment; we always


texts:
 have the liveliest curiosity about what they are going to do a moment later. By the time of <mask>'s death in 1934 the paper had become less enthusiastic. Both The Times and The Daily Telegraph published polite obituaries that respectfully relegated his works to a bygone era.For twenty years after his death <mask>'s reputation remained in what Dawick calls "a state of near-eclipse". From the 1950s onwards interest in his Court farces grew. In a 1972 study of the playwright, Walter Lazenby wrote, "Pinero cannot be outranked as a farceur by any other English writer; not even Shakespeare consistently expended on this form the care and art which went into the Court Theatre farces or achieved such thoroughly satisfying results". Reviewing the book, the academic Robert Ronning agreed that the farces were <mask>'s most enduring works:
The fact that students will continue to read The Second Mrs Tanqueray instead of The Magistrate does not mean much except for what they learn about craftsmanship, and this could be learned equally well from the farces. ... While we have seen considerable interest in the field of nineteenth century drama in recent years, one doubts if <mask>'s social and problem plays will ever catch on. In 2012 the director Stephen Unwin wrote:

One of the most heartening developments in recent years has been the critical rehabilitation of the oft-scorned giants of the commercial theatre.Thus Coward has been revealed as an English Chekhov and Rattigan as the supreme explorer of the hidden heart. But neither would have been possible without


texts:
 <mask>, whose surprisingly moving, amazingly theatrical and deeply humane plays still have the power to astonish and delight 100 years after they first created such a stir. Notes, references, and sources
Notes

References

Sources

External links

Plays by <mask> <mask> at Great War Theatre
 , contains a speech by <mask> on The Drama''
Guide to the <mask> Wing Pinero Collection 1885–1892 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1855 births
1934 deaths
English male dramatists and playwrights
English people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
Knights Bachelor
Writers from London
Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London
19th-century English dramatists and playwrights
20th-century English dramatists and playwrights
19th-century English male writers
20th-century English male

masks:
Pinero
Arthur Wing
Pinero
Pinero
Arthur


texts:
<mask> (January 8, 1840 - September 2, 1914), was an American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient and a major in the United States Army. <mask> was born in Assonet, Massachusetts to <mask> and Lydia (Andros) <mask>. His maternal grandfather, Thomas Andros, was a veteran of the Revolution. He attended local schools in Assonet and Myricks, and later at the Foxboro English and Classical School. After completing his own schooling, Deane served as a schoolteacher at Berkley Common and at the South School of Assonet Village. The Rebellion

Through the 1850s, increasing tension between the slave and free states gave a new purpose to the monthly, quarterly, and annual drills and exercises of the various state militias. Since the start of the republic, the bulk of any army during a war was initially expected to be supplied by trained recruits from local, organized militias fleshing out the professional regulars until raw recruits could be trained and equipped if needed.In the decades between the Mexican–American War and the Civil War, the militias were funded and trained by the states. As common with militias at the time, Company Officers were elected to their rank. In Massachusetts, companies of militia were based in various towns and had individual, distinct unit identities as a source of civic pride. As an 18-year-old school teacher, Deane enlisted in Assonet's militia company, the Assonet Light Infantry, in September, 1858. The local companies, as in 1775 were organized as part of a regionally-based regiment. In southeastern Massachusetts, this meant that the Assonets were Company G of the 3rd Regiment, Massachusetts Militia. Annually, the companies would go into an encampment with the parent regiment for drill.He was appointed Sergeant and Company Clerk in August 1860 and elected as the third Lieutenant a month later. Service with the "Minute men of '61"
The 3rd Massachusetts was organized for active service on April 15, 1861 in response to President Lincoln's call

masks:
John Milton Deane
Anbellum Deane
John
Deane


texts: for 75,000 troops to put down the insurrection in the southern states. The Assonet Light Infantry, as Company G, received word to mobilize from its commander, Colonel David W. Wardrop of New Bedford, Massachusetts, during the night of April 15–16. As a member of one of the first Massachusetts regiments to report for service in Boston on April 16, Deane became a member of a group of militia men known as the "Minutemen of '61," in reference to the Minutemen who turned out in April 1775 during the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant upon federal mobilization, <mask> and Company G joined the regiment in Boston. The 3rd only had seven out of fourteen companies required by its table of organization so it added seven newly recruited companies of three-year recruits to come up to strength (after the regiment's 90 day obligation expired, these three companies transferred to the 1st Battalion, Massachusetts Volunteers and later the 29th Massachusetts) before sailing from Boston. Arriving via ship at Fort Monroe in the morning of April 20, 1861, Deane crossed Hampton Roadson board the USS Pawnee to the Gosport Navy Yard.To prevent the expected fall of the yard, its vessels, and valuable stores into Confederate hands, G Companythe 3rd Massachusetts was tasked with setting fire to all buildings, vessels and stores. Although Wardrop felt the 3rd could successfully defend the yard, he was ordered to destroy it. <mask>'s company and the regiment returned aboard the Pawnee which towed the USS Cumberland to Fortress Monroe, saving the frigate from falling into enemy hands. In executing this assignment, the 3rd Massachusetts claimed that they were the first Union troops to make an incursion on territory held by the Confederacy. During May and June 1861, the 3rd Massachusetts garrisoned Fort Monroe and conducted occasional patrols beyond the fort. On July 1, the regiment was ordered to occupy Fort Calhoun and the town of Hampton, Virginia just four miles

masks: Deane Deane


texts:
 from the Monroe. For a few weeks, Deane commanded the men of Company G acting as the garrison of Fort Calhoun.Confederate forces were massing nearby at Big Bethel and the post was considered a dangerous one due to the proximity of the enemy and the secessionist sentiments of the local population. One soldier of the 3rd Massachusetts was shot and beaten while at Hampton, though he survived. On July 16, the regiment marched to Fortess Monroe and boarded a steamship for Boston. They were mustered out at Camp Wightman on Long Island in Boston harbor on July 22. Deane again took up teaching at South School. Service with 29th Massachusetts

After teaching in Assonet for one school year, Deane was offered and accepted a commission as a 2nd Lieutenant with the 29th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment. This assignment was a bit of a reunion as seven of the companies had filled out the 3rd Massachusetts Militia during its service the year prior.Deane joined the regiment at White House Landing on the Pamunkey, a major Army of the Potomac supply base and rail head, just as the 29th Massachusetts was assigned to the Irish Brigade (2nd Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps). Contemporaries and historians alike have wondered at this unusual assignment. due to the significant social friction in New England between established Protestant families and Irish immigrants. 2LT <mask> and the bulk of the 29th Massachusetts were descended, largely, from old-stock English families (like his mother's family), some with heritage dating back to the Mayflower. While the regimental historian observed that the 29th was heartily welcomed to the Irish Brigade, other historians point out the oddity of the "aristocratic 29th Massachusetts ... thrown in with three regiments of New York Irishmen." Historian Daniel Callaghan quotes period sources describing the "unlikely matching of ancient political foes," and the manner in which the men of the 29th tolerated the Irish-born commander of the Irish


texts: Brigade, Brig. Gen. Thomas Francis <mask>, "coldly, in a pinched and critical silence."<mask> and his fellow Yankees made it work as the 29th Massachusetts and the rest of the brigade fought well together, earning plaudits for hard campaigning during the Seven Days Battles; most notably at Savage's Station, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. After Malvern Hill, Deane, the 29th, and the rest of the brigade remained at Harrison's Landing while other units were transferred to northern Virginia during the summer of 1862 to fight under Gen. <mask>. After Pope was defeated during the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 30, 1862, the 29th Massachusetts joined the Army of the Potomac south of Washington. Emboldened by the 2nd Bull Run, Lee invaded Maryland in September 1862. Deane was with the 29th Massachusetts when the two armies met at Sharpsburg, Maryland and fought the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862. Deane was with the Irish Brigade in its assault on the "Sunken Road" or "Bloody Lane." The 29th, despite advancing in good order under heavy fire and delivering effective fire in return, did not reach the Sunken Road.The brigade retired, the regimental historian observed, "as steadily as on drill.". The casualties of the 29th were nine killed, 31 wounded and four missing. After Antietam while in camp in Falmouth in late November, the officers of the 29th learned that <mask> had arranged for a green Irish Brigade flag to be presented to the regiment, recognizing their role as "honorary Irishmen" and their bravery during the Battle of Antietam. Barnes declined the gift because while "proud to receive the flag for the regiment as a token of the respect of their Irish comrades ... it was not an Irish regiment." As a result, on 30 November, <mask> and his comrades were transferred over to Brig. Gen. Benjamin C. Christ's brigade in the IX Corps. The originally intended regiment, the 28th Massachusetts, took its place.The transfer spared the 29th from the Battle of

masks:
Meagher
Deane
John Pope
Meagher
Deane


texts: Fredericksburg in which their new brigade played almost no role. Their former comrades in the Irish Brigade, however, made a harrowing charge during the battle and suffered severe casualties. For his performance with the regiment, <mask> was promoted to 1st Lieutenant in Falmouth, VA 29 December 1862. On 5 February 1863, the 29th as part of IX Corps, transferred to the Department of the Ohio and Union operations in Kentucky and east Tennessee. The 29th Massachusetts reached Cincinnati via railroad on March 26, then marched into Kentucky. <mask> was appointed Acting Assistant Adjutant General at Paris, Kentucky on 1 April. He remained there through September while the regiment served in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi.In September 1863, Deane detached and reported to temporary duty at Draft Rendezvous, Boston Harbor where he helped organize, process, and escort recruits to the fronts. Of note, he escorted the 54th and 55th Massachusetts from Boston to Morris Island, South Carolina in January 1864. In May 1864, he returned to the 29th in time for the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg. He was promoted to captain and company command 8 June 1864. In the pre-dawn hours of June 17, the divisions of the IX Corps formed up for an assault on the entrenched Confederate position outside Petersburg. While other divisions of the IX Corps attacked and were repulsed, the 29th in the 1st Division moved to its assigned position in the late afternoon and received the order to attack. The division, including the 29th, charged from their protected position in a ravine out into an open plain in front of the Confederate entrenchments.According to the regimental historian, "They had scarcely emerged upon the open plain, when the whole crest of the Confederate works was fringed with fire and smoke; grape, canister, and musket balls filled the air.". The 29th was forced to pause in its advance and retired a short distance. The 1st Division of the IX Corps eventually


texts: captured the Confederate works in their front, however little had been accomplished by the assault on Petersburg overall. The Confederates remained strongly entrenched and the long Siege of Petersburg began. The 29th, numbering just 100 men at this time, lost six killed and 23 wounded. Deane and the 29th fought on through the fall of 1864 into the spring of 1865. Throughout this period, Deane served as a company commander and regimental adjutant.Before dawn on March 25, <mask> captured and disarmed a Captain of the 4th North Carolina. Despite this incident, Confederate troops achieved complete surprise just before dawn and easily overran Fort Stedman entering the rear sally port almost unchallenged. Major Charles T. Richardson, then in command of the 29th, hearing some light gunfire, ordered the 29th to fall in. No general alarm had yet been raised, but Richardson given <mask>'s capture of a prisoner, he felt certain that an attack was underway. Within minutes, approximately 500 Confederates, a small part of the overall offensive, swept over Battery 11. The 29th held their ground, however, engaging in heated hand-to-hand combat and eventually capturing 300 Confederates—more than twice their own number. The Confederates still occupied Fort Stedman, however, and soon sent another offensive to occupy Battery 11.This time, the 29th was forced to retreat back to Fort Haskell, the nearest defensible position. In the retreat, Richardson was captured and Dean took command. At Fort Haskell he worked the guns on his pursuers to such an effect as to stop them. He only left the guns to successfully recapture Battery 11. After recapturing Battery 11, Dean captured another Confederate officer, a major in the 4th Georgia who was caught trying to make off with the personal belongings of one of <mask>'s brother officers. After four hours, the Confederate attack lost momentum, and their forces began to pull back into Fort Stedman. An overwhelming Union counterattack eventually

masks: Deane Deane Deane


texts:
 recaptured the fort.The 29th took part in the counterattack, re-capturing Battery 11. Color-bearer Conrad Homan of the 29th was the first to re-enter Battery 11 and was later awarded the Medal of Honor. The regiment lost 10 killed and an unknown number of captured in this engagement. The 29th was crucial in the victory at the Battle of Fort Stedman on 25 March for which Deane won the Medal of Honor for his conduct. He was also breveted to Major as a result of his gallantry on 25 March. When the siege ended, the 29th was pulled back to The 29th did not take part in the pursuit of Lee's army during the Appomattox Campaign. The small regiment was instead withdrawn to Washington shortly after Lee's surrender and served as provost guards in the capital.On August 11, 1865, the 29th was mustered out of service. <mask>'s service took him to thirteen states, and he traveled thousands of miles. He fought the war as part of the II, V, and IX Corps. He was never sick nor wounded. Postbellum Life

After discharge  he returned to teaching at the South School in Assonet. At the end of the next school year, he left teaching and went into business as a partner in Hathaway & Deane in Fall River in general merchandise. On November 20, 1866, Deane married <mask> Pearce (1846–1923).She was the daughter of Abner Tompkins and Sarah Read (Briggs) Pearce. With <mask>, he had three children:
 <mask> <mask> — 30 April 1868-11 February 1952 served in the US Navy during the Spanish-American War
 Richard Boynton <mask> — 12 July 1869 – 23 November 1950
 Charles Learned <mask> — 25 August 1871 – 9 July 1955
 Anna Louise Andros <mask> — 23 July 1877 – 1 October 1957
 Wallis Pearce <mask> — 2 May 1881 – 7 August 1949

in 1885, he became involved with the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), an early veterans' organization, when he joined the Richard Borden Post No. 46 In Fall River He was very active in veterans' affairs and served the organization as the Post Commander, as various

masks:
Deane
Mary Gray
Mary
Milton Irving
Deane
Deane
Deane
Deane
Deane


texts:
 district/departmental/national offices, and as Commander of the Department of Massachusetts in 1897. His wife, <mask> was alongside him helping establish the auxiliary of the GAR, the Woman's Relief Corps, at the Richard Borden Post. Like her husband, she was also very active in veterans affairs and relief. He was elected a resident member of the Old Colony Historical Society in 1902. In 1896-97, he had erected a home on Water Street in Assonet that is now the Assonet Inn.On September 2, 1914, <mask> died at the age of 74. He is buried in the Assonet Burying Ground. His wife <mask> survived him until 11 February 1923 when she passed at age 76. In 1989, a ceremony was held in the Assonet Burying Ground during which a government marker was placed on Deane's grave. In 2005, Deane's diaries from the period 1861-1865 were published by the Freetown Historical Society as Civil War Diaries of Maj. <mask><mask>, Medal of Honor Winner, 1861-1865. Medal of Honor citation
In a letter dated March 8, 1895, Col. W. F. Ainsworth informed Deane that he had been awarded the Medal of Honor "for most distinguished gallantry in action at Fort Steadman, Virginia, March 25, 1865, in serving with other volunteers, a previously silenced and abandoned gun, mounted en barbette, at Fort Haskell, being exposed to a galling fire from the enemy's sharpshooters." See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F
3rd Massachusetts Volunteer Militia Regiment
29th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Grand Army of the Republic

Notes

References

External links

Acton Memorial Library Civil War Archives: Third Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
3rd Massachusetts Infantry in the Civil War
Civil War Index: 29th Massachusetts Infantry in the Civil War

1840 births
1914 deaths
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
People from Assonet, Massachusetts
American Civil

masks:
Mary
John Deane
Mary
John M
. Deane


texts: <mask>, also known as Kientpaush, Kientpoos, and Captain Jack (c. 1837 – October 3, 1873), was a chief of the Modoc tribe of California and Oregon. Kintpuash's name in the Modoc language meant 'Strikes the water brashly.' He led a band from the Klamath Reservation to return to their lands in California, where they resisted return. From 1872 to 1873, their small force made use of the lava beds, holding off more numerous United States Army forces for months in the Modoc War. <mask> was the only Native American leader ever to be charged with war crimes, and he was executed by the Army, along with several followers, for their ambush killings of General Edward Canby and Reverend Eleazar Thomas at a peace commission meeting. The Modoc leaders were hanged for war crimes by the Army. <mask> was born about 1837 into a Modoc family in their ancestral territory near Tule Lake.The Modoc occupied about 5,000 acres here, along what became the California-Oregon border after European colonization. In 1864, the Modoc still lived in their ancestral home near Tule Lake. Due to the pressure of white colonizers who wanted to steal and farm the fertile land in this territory, <mask> and his family were among the Modoc forcefully removed by the United States to the Klamath Reservation in southwestern Oregon. This was primarily occupied by their traditional rivals, the much larger Klamath tribe. The Klamath outnumbered the newcomers, and the reservation was on traditional Klamath land; the Modoc complained of poor treatment and conflict with the Klamath. In 1865, <mask>, by then informally called Captain Jack by American colonizers, led a band of Modoc from the reservation back to their home in California. In 1869, the band

masks:
Kintpuash
Kintpuash
Life Kintpuash
Kintpuash
Kintpuash


texts:
 were rounded up by the United States Army and returned to the Klamath Reservation.Finding conditions had not improved, in April 1870, Captain Jack led a band of about 180 Modoc back to the Tule Lake area. Modoc War, 1872-73
In 1872, US Army forces were sent to capture <mask>'s band and force them back to the reservation. On November 29, while their surrender was being negotiated at the Lost River in Oregon, fighting broke out between a soldier and one of the Modoc warriors. The brief Battle of Lost River ensued. <mask> fled with his band into the area now protected as the Lava Beds National Monument. The band settled into this natural fortress. His warriors made use of its many caves and trenches in the lava beds for defensive fighting, and women and children could be sheltered.When the Modoc were finally located, the Army launched an attack on January 17, 1873; the Army was left with 35 dead and many wounded, while the Modoc suffered no casualties. <mask>'s advisers, not understanding differences between Modoc and Euro-American culture, suggested that the Army would leave if their warriors killed its leader General Edward Canby. <mask> hoped for a peaceful solution that would allow his people to stay in their territory. He entered into negotiations with a federal peace commission. During the months-long negotiations, the Modoc hawks gained in influence. <mask> was shamed, his opponents throwing the hat of a Modoc woman at him to symbolically strip him of his manhood. To bolster his influence, <mask> agreed to their plan: he called for a meeting with the commission (of which Canby was then the chairman) with the intention of killing them all.During the next meeting of the peace commission on April 11,

masks: Kintpuash Kintpuash Kintpuash Kintpuash Kintpuash Kintpuash


texts:
 <mask> and several other Modoc drew pistols at a prearranged signal; he shot General Canby twice in the head and cut his throat, and Boston Charley killed Reverend Eleazar Thomas, a California minister; two other commissioners were wounded. The Modoc fled to the lava beds. Canby was the only general killed during the Indian Wars. (Custer's permanent rank was lieutenant colonel). In reaction, Canby's successor, General Jefferson C. Davis, brought in more than 1000 soldiers as reinforcements, determined to crush the Modoc resistance. On April 14, the Army attacked the lava stronghold, and many of the Modoc scattered to escape capture. Surrender and execution

Over the next several months, various groups of Modoc continued to fight the army, while some began to surrender.<mask> successfully evaded the Army until some Modoc agreed to capture him and turn him in; these men included Hooker Jim, Bogus Charley, Shacknasty Jim, and Steamboat Frank. On June 1, <mask> surrendered, ceremonially laying down his rifle. He was taken to Fort Klamath. After being tried by a military court and found guilty, <mask> was hanged on October 3, 1873, for the murders of General Canby and Reverend Thomas. Black Jim, John Schonchin, and Boston Charley had also been convicted and were hanged with him. Some other warriors were sent to prison. Fate of remains
After the execution, <mask>'s body was transported by freight train to Yreka.There were rumors that his body was embalmed to be used as a carnival attraction in the Eastern states. This was never documented. The Army had tried to keep the fate of the Modoc remains a secret. They severed the Modocs' heads after the executions at Fort Klamath, sending them on October 25 by train

masks: Kintpuash Kintpuash Kintpuash Kintpuash Kintpuash


texts:
 to Washington, DC, to the Army Medical Museum for study. In 1898, the Army transferred the skulls to the Smithsonian Institution. In the 1970s, descendants of <mask> learned that his skull was at the Smithsonian and appealed for its return. In 1984 the Smithsonian returned <mask>'s skull to his relatives, who acted as tribal representatives to receive also the skulls of Boston Charley, Black Jim, and John Schonchin, and of an unknown Modoc woman whose remains had been recovered from the Lava Beds.Legacy
The area where the Modoc established their defense is now known as Captain Jack's Stronghold. It is part of the protected area of the Lava Beds National Monument. Captain Jack Substation, a Bonneville Power Administration electrical substation, was named in honor of Kintpuash. It is located near what is now called Captain Jack's Stronghold. It forms the northern end of Path 66, a high-power electric transmission line. See also
 Oliver Cromwell Applegate

References

Further reading
Arthur Quinn, Hell with the Fire Out: A History of the Modoc War (1997), includes coverage of Kintpuash. External links

 "Oregon Experience: The Modoc War", Oregon Public Broadcasting, July 2012.—Video (57:14)
 Indian Country Today June 15, 2016

Modoc people
Native American leaders
Native American people of the Indian Wars
People of the Modoc War
Executed people from California
Executed Native American people
19th-century executions by the United States
19th-century executions of American people
People executed for murder
People executed by Oregon by hanging
People executed by the United States military by hanging
1830s births
1873 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
1873 murders in the United States
19th-century Native

masks: Kintpuash Kintpuash


texts:
<mask> (born February 23, 1976, in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian model, television personality and jockey in North American Thoroughbred horse racing. She is referred to as the Danica Patrick of horse racing. She is known for her appearances on the reality tv show, Jockeys on Animal Planet, as well as being the poster girl for the Del Mar racetrack. During an interview on Sky Sports in the lead-up to the Dubai World Cup race, she said that her primary vocation was jockey. <mask> grew up in the Toronto, Ontario area where her father Hugh owned a horse farm and trained standardbreds. As a young girl, she played competitive field hockey and was invited to try out for Canada's junior World Cup team. She rode horses in equestrian events but after graduating from York University with a degree in communications and psychology, she decided to explore the opportunity to ride Thoroughbreds in flat racing.Career
Beginning in the year 2000, the Del Mar Racetrack's Del Mar Thoroughbred Club marketing team went through a major shift in their marketing direction. They realized they had to attract a more youthful audience as well as a female audience. They focused Del Mar as a fashionable destination, using social media and other avenues to market the racetrack. They hired jockey and model <mask> <mask> to be the new face of the Del Mar racetrack. Their strategy paid off, as over 13 years later Del Mar has changed their demographics and audience attendance. On October 9, 2000, at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, <mask> won her first career race. The following year, she was voted the Sovereign Award as Canada's top apprentice jockey, repeating in 2002 when she was one of Canada's highest-paid female athletes, earning $5.7 million in purses in eight months.She finished

masks:
Chantal Sutherland
Background Sutherland
Chantal
Sutherland
Sutherland


texts: third in the Woodbine standings that year with 124 victories with earnings of $5,751,417. She finished 31st in the national earnings title in that same year as she earned $5,968,460 with victories of 136 and had 754 mounts. She remained in Canada until the end of 2004. In the winter of 2004, she rode the winter months in the Maryland Circuit riding at Laurel Park Racecourse. She participated in the second annual Colombian Emeralds International Jockey Challenge on New Year's Day 2005 in Barbados, guided Maeve ($11.80) to victory in the first race, leading a 'Woodbine' sweep, as Jono Jones (Band Dancer) and Patrick Husbands (Blazing Colours) finished second and third, respectively. In 2005, she went to race in Florida and New York, where jockeys Ángel Cordero Jr., Shane Sellers and Edgar Prado helped her hone her skills. She rode the winter meet at Aqueduct in 2007.Her highlight in New York was a victory in the Tom Fool Handicap with Smokume at Belmont Park. During her time in New York, she rode for Hall of Fame trainer H. Allen Jerkens and trainer Todd Pletcher. In 2006, she partnered Gigawatt to win the Grade 3 Miami Mile Handicap. <mask> quickly became a top rider in Canada, but she realized that riding in Canada was never going to land her in the Kentucky Derby or the Breeders' Cup races. She then relocated to Southern California. In 2007, she returned to Canada to ride at Woodbine after a 2-year stint in the New York and Florida circuit. She finished seventh in the Woodbine standings with 69 victories out of 572 mounts with earnings of $3,246,387.She finished 77th in the national earnings title that same year with 79 victories out of 668 mounts with earnings of $3,480,229. From December 2007 to April 2008, <mask> competed at Santa Anita Park in

masks: Sutherland Sutherland


texts: California. Retired U.S. Racing Hall of Fame jockey Gary Stevens said: "She has become the queen of the longshots. She has won several photos against top jockeys, which shows she is a strong finisher." Allen Gutterman, Santa Anita racetrack's head of marketing, said <mask> "could become the best female jockey since Julie Krone." <mask> returned to Toronto for the 2008 racing season, and on August 9 she rode five winners on a single race card.In the summer of 2008, she rode future Kentucky Derby winner Mine That Bird to stakes wins in the Silver Deputy, Swynford and Grey Stakes at Woodbine and finished 12th aboard Mine That Bird in the 2008 Breeders' Cup Juvenile at Santa Anita. She also rode Van Lear Rose in that year Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies to finish sixth. She rode the 2008 Oak Tree meeting as she left Canada in October 2008 to ride in California. She spent a total of 6 months in California as she rode also the 2008 Hollywood Park fall meeting and the 2009 Santa Anita meeting. In 2008, she finished seventh in the Woodbine standings with earnings of $4,947,630 and had 89 victories out of 590 mounts. She finished 38th in the national earnings title with earnings of $5,937,965 and with victories of 116 out of 832 mounts. She got publicity when she was one of the jockeys featured on the reality tv show Jockeys on Animal Planet.It lasted for two seasons. <mask> had an on-again-off-again relationship with Hall of Fame jockey Mike E. Smith for six years, until 2010. Although engaged at one point, they broke the engagement in June 2010, two weeks before they raced each other at the Queen's Plate in Woodbine. In August 2011, the two were paired in a match race nicknamed the "Battle of the Exes". <mask> finished second in the 2009 Woodbine jockey

masks: Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland


texts: standings with earnings of $7,588,868 with victories of 139 and had 981 mounts. She finished in 2009 22nd in the national earnings title as she earned $7,451,964 with victories of 159 and had 1,131 mounts. She was a finalist for the 2009 Sovereign Awards for Outstanding Jockey of the year.<mask> rode the 2010 Woodbine meet in Canada, and enjoyed a degree of success in California, winning both the Grade 2 Santa Ynez Stakes and the Grade 2 El Encino Stakes. It was her best year on earnings wise and peak position wise which placed her 13th on the National Earnings List with $8,778,038 on earnings with 152 wins. Since 2011, she now rides daily on the Southern California Circuit. In March 2011 <mask> rode Game On Dude in the Santa Anita Handicap and won by a nose in a victory that was as controversial as it was historic. It included a 12-minute stewards' inquiry due to heavy contact between her horse and two others at the top of the stretch. Ultimately the results were upheld by a 2–1 vote, making her the first woman jockey to win the Hundred Grander. In the Breeders' Cup Classic on November 5, 2011, she again led in the stretch with Game On Dude, as she sought to become the first women jockey to win the Classic.However, she was passed by Drosselmeyer, ridden by Smith, near the wire and finished 2nd to her ex-boyfriend. On March 31, 2012, again riding Game On Dude, she made history as the first woman jockey to ride in the world's richest horse race, the $10 million Dubai World Cup. Running third at one point in the race, her mount faded towards the end, and finished 12th of 13 runners. <mask> married businessman Dan Kruse in May 2012, nine months after meeting him on a blind date. They divorced in 2016. In July 2012, once again on board Game On Dude, <mask>


texts:
 became the first woman jockey to win the Hollywood Gold Cup. On Sunday October 21, 2012 at Woodbine Race Course she announced her retirement from the sport of horse racing as a jockey.This would be short-lived, as she returned to racing in July, 2013 at Hollywood Park Racetrack. On May 6, 2017, aboard Giro Candito in the third race at Santa Anita, <mask> joined Emma-Jayne Wilson and Francine Villeneuve as the only Canadian-born women jockeys to reach the 1,000 wins plateau. After The Wire
<mask> <mask>'s good looks have garnered much publicity. She has been featured in Sports Illustrated and had a four-page spread in Vogue magazine. She appeared in a 2004 TV commercial for Esquire watches. As well, she was chosen one of People magazine's "100 Most Beautiful People." In August 2008 it was announced that the Ottawa, Ontario-based cosmetics firm Mistura Inc. had signed <mask> <mask> as the new face for their Mistura Beauty product line.She holds a pilot's license and has lent her time and efforts to several marketing and community endeavors at various racetracks throughout North America. <mask> appeared in five episodes of the television series Luck, which began airing in North America on HBO in February 2012, portraying the character Lizzy. Year-end charts

References

External links

 Photos of <mask> <mask> at York University
 CTV interview of <mask> <mask> at YouTube
 CNW Group Ltd news report on <mask> <mask> signing with Mistura Inc.
 April 03, 2008 KABC TV, Los Angeles article titled Canadian jockey makes 'Most Beautiful' list

1976 births
Living people
York University alumni
Canadian female jockeys
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
American female jockeys
Participants in American reality television series
Canadian emigrants to the United

masks: Sutherland Chantal Sutherland Chantal Sutherland Sutherland Chantal Sutherland Chantal Sutherland Chantal Sutherland


texts:
<mask> (; born ) is a Dutch actress and former fashion model. She played Xenia Onatopp in GoldenEye (1995), Jean Grey / Phoenix in the X-Men film series (2000–2014), Ava Moore on Nip/Tuck, and Lenore Mills in the Taken film trilogy (2008–2014). In 2008, she was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador for Integrity by the United Nations. She made her directorial debut with Bringing Up Bobby in 2011. She is also known for her role in the Netflix original series Hemlock Grove and for her role in ABC's How to Get Away with Murder. <mask> starred in the 2017 NBC crime thriller The Blacklist: Redemption. Early life and education
<mask> was born  in Amstelveen, the Netherlands.She has two sisters, director Antoinette Beumer and actress Marjolein Beumer, both of whom changed their surnames to Beumer after their parents divorced. In addition to her native Dutch, <mask> speaks English and French. She learned German, but has not kept up with it. Following her high school graduation, <mask> studied economics for a year at the University of Amsterdam, which she later called "the stupidest idea I ever had." In the early 1990s, she enrolled at Columbia University's School of General Studies to study creative writing and literature. Career

Modelling and early 1990s
In 1984, <mask> moved to the United States to begin her professional career as a fashion model. She signed with Elite Model Management and worked for Yves Saint Laurent, Giorgio Armani, Chanel, and Victoria's Secret.She starred in a 1988 commercial for the perfume Exclamation by Coty, Inc. Her looks have been compared to 1940s movie stars like Hedy Lamarr. After retiring from modelling in the early 1990s, <mask> had guest roles on several television series, including a starring role in the 1992 Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Perfect Mate", as empathic metamorph Kamala,

masks:
Famke Beumer Janssen
Janssen
Famke Beumer Janssen
Janssen
Janssen
Janssen
Janssen


texts:
 opposite Patrick Stewart, with whom she later starred in the X-Men film series. That same year, <mask> was offered the role of Jadzia Dax in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, but turned it down to pursue film roles. Her first film role was alongside Jeff Goldblum in the 1992 crime drama film Fathers & Sons. 1990s

In 1995, <mask> appeared in Pierce Brosnan's debut James Bond film, GoldenEye, as femme fatale Xenia Onatopp. She appeared in Lord of Illusions with Scott Bakula.In an attempt to fight against typecasting after her Bond girl performance, <mask> began seeking out more intriguing support roles, appearing in John Irvin's City of Industry, Woody Allen's Celebrity, Robert Altman's The Gingerbread Man, and Ted Demme's Monument Ave. Denis Leary, her co-star in Monument Ave., was impressed by how easily she blended in, initially not recognizing her, as she was already in character. In the late 1990s, she appeared in The Faculty, Rounders, Deep Rising, and House on Haunted Hill. X-Men films
In 2000, <mask> played superhero Dr. Jean Grey in the Marvel Studios film X-Men. She later reprised the role in the 2003 sequel, X2, where her character shows signs of increasing powers, but at the end of the film, she is presumably killed. <mask> returns as Jean, whose death in X2 awoke her dark alternate personality, Phoenix, in X-Men: The Last Stand (2006). For that role, she won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. She returned as Jean in the 2013 film The Wolverine as a hallucination of Wolverine.In 2014, <mask> reprised her role of Jean Grey in a brief cameo for X-Men: Days of Future Past. 2002–present
In 2002, <mask> landed the role of villainess Serleena in Men in Black II, but had to abandon the film due to a death in her family and was replaced by Lara Flynn Boyle. <mask> had a prominent role in the second season of the TV

masks: Janssen Janssen Janssen Janssen Janssen Janssen Janssen Janssen


texts: series Nip/Tuck, as the seductive and manipulative life coach Ava Moore, which earned her Hollywood Life's Breakthrough Artist of the Year Award. She reprised her role in the final two episodes of the series. In 2007, she starred in Turn the River, for which she was awarded the Special Recognition Best Actress Award at the Hamptons International Film Festival. The following year, she starred in Luc Besson's Taken. <mask> continued to work in television, appearing in TV pilots for NBC's police drama Winters and Showtime's The Farm, a spinoff of The L Word set in a women's prison.Both pilots were rejected by their networks. <mask> provided the Dutch language narration for the Studio Tram Tour at all Disney theme parks. In 2011, <mask> made her directorial debut with the drama Bringing Up Bobby. She wrote the screenplay to the film, which stars Milla Jovovich, Bill Pullman, and Marcia Cross. She reprised her role as Lenore Mills in Taken 2 (2012) and Taken 3 (2014). She starred as the main villain Muriel in Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters (2013). <mask> has starred in the Netflix original horror thriller television series Hemlock Grove since 2013, wherein she plays the role of family matriarch Olivia Godfrey.<mask> had a recurring role in the ABC crime thriller television series How To Get Away With Murder, appearing in 9 episodes throughout the series, beginning her role in season two of the show and concluding it in the series finale. <mask> was cast in a starring role in the NBC crime thriller, The Blacklist: Redemption, a spin-off of the NBC series The Blacklist, in March 2016; it was picked up to series in May 2016. In 2019, she served as a juror for the Tribeca Film Festival. Also in 2019, <mask> joined Jeffrey Dean Morgan in The Postcard Killings, which was released in 2020. In 2021, <mask> will star in the Christian