texts: born in 1914. Ann was the daughter of Joseph Rooney, of Maynetown, the Rooney family later moved to the extant thatched cottage in the village of Baldoyle. <mask> and his family lived on Station Road (by Sutton Train Station—where Sutton meets Baldoyle), in ‘Sutton Cottages’ (or 'The Knock of Howth Cottages').In the 1911 Census of Ireland <mask> and Ann had three boarders listed as living in their home, her two brothers-in-law: <mask> (47) and Lawrence Rooney (38), as well as  a 'William Kennedy'—also later members of the Fingal branch of the ICA. <mask>, Joseph McDonagh and Michael Nolan - socialists, activists and members of the United Irish League, were instrumental in the establishment of the ITGWU. They later organized its founding meeting in Baldoyle, Dublin. Soon there after, they were to found, and lead, the area branch of the Irish Citizens Army (ICA). Had <mask> lived he would have no doubt achieved a high ranking political office as his surviving colleagues later did. The Irish Citizen Army (ICA) was an armed and well-trained body of civilian men & women whose aim was to defend workers and strikers, particularly from the frequent brutality of the Dublin Metropolitan Police. Though the ICA only numbered about 250 at most, their goal soon became the establishment of an independent and socialist Irish nation.Other prominent members included Constance Markievicz, Kit Poole, Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Seán O'Casey and P. T. Daly. In 1916, they took part in the Easter Rising – an armed insurrection aimed at ending British rule in Ireland. The ICA uniform was dark green with a slouched hat and badge in the shape of the Red Hand of Ulster. Their banner was the Plough and the Stars. The

masks:
James McCack
James
James
James McCack
James


type: original

texts:
 significance of the banner was that a free Ireland would control its own destiny from the plough to the stars, and the symbolism of the flag was evident in its earliest inception of a plough with a sword as its blade. Taking inspiration from the bible and following the internationalist aspect of socialism it reflected the belief that war would be redundant with the rise of the Socialist International. This was flown by the Irish Citizens Army during the 1916 rising.The Easter Rising/The Easter Rebellion (1906–1916)

On Easter Monday morning in 1916, Lieutenant <mask>, the Military Commanding Officer of the collective Baldoyle, Sutton and Howth branch (Fingal, Section 7) of the Dublin county contingent of the Irish Citizen's Army, led his battalion of men to Liberty Hall in Dublin city centre to join the uprising against the oppression of the British Empire. Members of the same battalion were already at work severing the communications of the Royal Irish Constabulary to London. About 1,200 members of the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army mustered at several locations in central Dublin, among them members of the all-female Cumann na mBan.The British Imperial forces brought 20,000 in reinforcements, as well as artillery and a gunboat. A joint force of about 400 Volunteers and Citizen Army gathered at Liberty Hall under the command of Commandant <mask>. This was the rebel headquarters, and it also included Commander-in-Chief Patrick Pearse, as well as Tom Clarke, Seán MacDermott and Joseph Plunkett. <mask>, because of his military prowess, was assigned to the General Post Office, on Sackville Street (now "O'Connell Street"). Organised by members of the Military Council of the Irish Republican

masks:
James McCormack
James Connolly
James


texts: Brotherhood, the Rising began on (Easter Monday) 24 April 1916, and lasted for six days.Members of the Irish Volunteers — led by schoolmaster and Irish language activist Patrick Pearse, joined by the smaller Irish Citizen Army and 200 women of Cumann na mBan — seized key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic. They marched to the General Post Office (GPO) on O'Connell Street, Dublin's main thoroughfare, occupied the building and hoisted two republican flags. Pearse stood outside and read the Proclamation of the Irish Republic. Copies of the Proclamation were also pasted on walls and handed out to bystanders by Volunteers and newsboys. The GPO would be the rebels' headquarters for most of the Rising. There was fierce street fighting on the routes into the city centre, where the rebels put up stiff resistance, slowing the British advance and inflicting heavy casualties. Elsewhere in Dublin, the fighting mainly consisted of sniping and long-range gun battles.The main rebel positions were gradually surrounded and bombarded with artillery shells. Lieutenant <mask> served as a Military Commander (Fingal, Section 7) to <mask>, the Commandant and Commander-in-Chief of the Dublin Brigade in The Easter Rising of 1916. <mask> was a member of the Irish Labour Party and the Irish Trades Union Congress and, like Connolly, an advocate of socialism. In 1913, <mask> joined the Irish Citizen Army (ICA), founded by <mask>, <mask>, and ex-British officer, Jack White, in response to the Lockout of 1913. Connolly's leadership in the Easter rising was considered formidable. Michael Collins said of Connolly that he "would have followed him through hell."" <mask> and his colleagues were stationed at the GPO,

masks:
McCormack
James Connolly
McCormack
McCormack
James Larkin
James Connolly
McCormack


texts:
 and during that faithful Easter Week on Wednesday, 26 April 1916, he was shot by a sniper's bullet.The location of his killing is variously recorded as in the GPO and Moore Lane. A total of eleven Citizen Army men were killed in action in the rising, in the City Hall/Dublin Castle, Stephen's Green and the GPO areas. Connolly issued orders to surrender following a week of relentless shelling by the British forces and the civilian casualties that ensued. He and his Chief of Staff Michael Mallin were executed by British army firing squad some weeks later. The surviving ICA members were interned in Frongoch in Wales and in English prisons for nine to 12 months. The ICA was only rebel force that accepted female recruits so a number of women joined their ranks. The best known was the Countess Markievicz who became Honorary Treasurer and acted under Michael Mallin at St Stephen’s Green.It ceased to be a major military force in its own right, but former members donned uniforms again to provide a guard of honour at the funeral on Countess Markievicz in 1927, and again at the funeral of <mask> in 1947. Posthumous decorations, commemorations and legacy

<mask> was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery  alongside many of his fallen comrades and joined the list of civilians and volunteers men and women  who had given their life in the fight for the freedom and independence of Ireland—his name appears on the memorial there (also in Gaelic as ‘Seamus Mac Chormaic’). <mask> based away in 1928 at age 45, her cousin Cecilia 'Sissy' Shaw took on the responsibility of raising the three sons. The bronze medals awarded posthumously to <mask>, for recognized military service to Ireland, are on a green and orange ribbon stamped

masks:
James Larkin
James McCormack
Ann McCormack
James McCormack


texts:
 with the message “Seachtmhain na Casga 1916”. A native of the Dardistown, Lisdornan and the Bellewstown area, Meath County Council and The Bellewstown Heritage Group unveiled a Commemoration Plaque to <mask> on the Lisdornan/Dardistown boundary exactly 100 years to the day he was shot, newly named <mask>ack Memorial Bridge. In civilian life, <mask>'s expertise was in the envisaging, fabrication and maintenance of racecourses—at Bellewstown Racecourse and later Baldoyle Racecourse, both renowned. In 2016, a one hundred-year commemorative plaque and park bench were dedicated in his name at the Baldoyle Racecourse Community Garden.Many of his descendants still living in Baldoyle/Sutton/Howth area, and from further afield, were able to attend this 2016 memorial and plaque installation. <mask> Gardens, named to his memory, is the secluded development of houses and private cul-de-sac built by the local authority off Burrowfield Road, Dublin in 1949. <mask>'s son, Joseph, raised his family on that road, and his daughter, <mask> senior's granddaughter, <mask>, raised her family on Station Road in 'Sutton Cottages'—the a few house down from where <mask> and his family had lived from 1908. In December 2015, local Dublin historian Philip O’Connor said at a lecture:
“A diverse community, unlike any other, Howth, Sutton, and Baldoyle reveals an extraordinary story of a North Dublin rural and suburban community in a time of national revolution. Baldoyle produced the only substantial unit of the Citizen Army ... several of whom fought bravely and honourably in the 1916 Rising and later struggles including for social justice in the Free State of the hard 1920s.”

References

1877 births
1916 deaths
Irish

masks:
James McCormack
James McCorm
James McCormack
James McCormack
McCormack
James
Ann McCormack
James


texts:
was a Japanese actor. He appeared in over 200 films, including Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, Rashomon, Yojimbo, and Ikiru. He also worked repeatedly for noted directors such as Yasujirō Ozu, Mikio Naruse and Kenji Mizoguchi. Career
Born as <mask> to a theatrical family, his older brother was the actor Kunitarō Sawamura and his older sister the actress Sadako Sawamura. He joined the Zenshinza Theatre Company in 1933 and appeared in a number of stage and film productions under the stage name Enji Ichikawa, including Sadao Yamanaka's Humanity and Paper Balloons and Kenji Mizoguchi's The 47 Ronin. After spending the war in New Guinea, he returned to Japan and signed with the Daiei Film studio, appearing now under the name <mask>. In addition to appearing in traditional jidaigeki roles, notably as one of Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, Katō became a popular everyman in contemporary shōshimin-eiga movies.His transfer to Toho in 1951 was an astute career choice, as he emerged as one of their most prolific performers; by the late 1950's he was headlining minor films and co-starring in major ones, including their Company President (Shachō) comedies. Toho leveraged Katō's cherubic appeal, featuring him heavily in promotional materials, and his celebrity grew beyond the typical status of a supporting

masks:
Tokunosuke Katō
Daisuke Katō


texts:
 player. His 1961 book about his wartime experiences, Minami no shima ni yuki ga furu (Snow in the South Seas), was adapted by Toho as a showcase for <mask>, who was top-billed, paired with major studio comic actor Junzaburō Ban (who received the only other solo screen credit), and supported with guest appearances by A-list Toho stars Hisaya Morishige, Tatsuya Mihashi, Keiju Kobayashi, and Frankie Sakai. The book later became an NHK television drama, a stage play, and a second film. Honors
<mask> Katō won the Blue Ribbon Award and Mainichi Film Concours for Best Supporting Actor in 1952 for Kettō Kagiya no Tsuji and Mother, and the Blue Ribbon Award in 1954 for Bloody Spear at Mount Fuji and Koko ni izumi ari. On June 7, 1963, Katō was the subject of the Asahi Shimbun Interview, a distinction reserved for notable members of the arts, sports, political, and business communities. In 2008, Katō was one of the actors commemorated in the Seven Supporting Characters film festival held at the now-defunct Cinema Artone in Tokyo's Shimokitazawa entertainment district.Family
Kato's nephews are the actors Masahiko Tsugawa and Hiroyuki Nagato. His son, Haruyuki <mask>, married Kazuko Kurosawa, the costume designer and daughter of Akira Kurosawa. His grandson by Harayuki and Kazuko is actor Takayuki

masks: Katō Daisuke Katō


texts:
<mask> (born 18 March 1932 in Cairo, Egypt), is a linguist who specializes in Kurdish language and literature. <mask>, editor-in-chief of Kurdish Studies, has taught at the National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations (INALCO). She is a member of the research team "Monde Iranien" of CNRS, <mask> is the author of numerous studies on the language, literature and civilization of the Kurds. <mask> was a close associate of the left-wing activist Henri Curiel and shared in much of his activities, starting when both were living in Egypt and continuing during many years of shared French exile. Following Curiel's assassination in 1978, <mask> founded and headed the Comité Palestine et Israël Vivront, which throughout the 1980s continued Curiel's work in promoting dialogue between the PLO and Israeli Peace Movement. Publications

 1963, The Kurdish problem, sociological and historical essay, publication of the Center for the Study of the Problems of the Contemporary Muslim World, Brussels, 80 p. + a card. 1964, "Intercommunity Relations in Iraq", in: Studies, Correspondence d'Orient, n ° 5-6, published by the Center for the Study of the Problems of the Contemporary Muslim World, Brussels, p. 87-102.1965, "Three texts of Kurdish folklore", in: Etudes, Correspondence d'Orient, published by the Center for the Study of the Problems of the Contemporary Muslim World, Brussels, pp. 29–50. 1965, Kurdish Dictionary / Kurdish Dictionary, Center for the Study of the Problems of the Contemporary Muslim World,

masks:
Joyce Blau
Joyce Blau
Joyce Blau
Blau
Joyce Blau


texts:
 Brussels. 1966, "Iraq," in: Minorities and Dissent in Muslim Countries, Acta Orientalia Belgica, Brussels, p. 237-240. 1968, Kurdish Kurmandji Modern Texts, Introduction, Selection and Glossary, Iranische Text, ed. by Georges Redard, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 58 p.
 1975, The Kurd of 'Amadiya and Djabal Sindjar, linguistic analysis, folklore texts, glossaries, Works of the Institute of Iranian Studies of the University of the New Sorbonne, Klincksieck, 252 p.
 1975, Ferheng kurdî û Tirkî, publ. Sivan, Federal Republic of Germany, 109 p.
 1977, Translation from Russian of I.O.Oranskij, The Iranian languages, preface by Gilbert Lazard, Institute of Iranian Studies of the Sorbonne Nouvelle University, C. Klincksieck, Paris 239 p. + 1 card. 1980, Handbook of Kurdish, Sorani dialect, C. Klincksieck, 287 p.
 1980, "Djassem Djelil", in: Dictionary of Authors of all time and all countries, Laffont-Bompiani, coll. "Books" (2e) ed., P. 545. 1982, "The Kurds," in: Frontiers, Border Problems in the Third World, L'Harmattan, Paris VII University, pp. 128–135. 1983, "Studies of Kurdish linguistics and lexicographies: historical and current developments", in: Verbum, Revue de linguistique published by the University of Nancy II, Vol. VI, fasc, 1/2, pp.2–18. 1984, "The Kurdish National Movement", in: Les Temps Modernes, no. 456-457, Turkey, from authoritarian reformism to muscular liberalism, pp. 447–461. 1984, "Problems in the unification of the Kurdish Language", in: New Pesh Merga, no. 18, Nacka (Sweden), p. 14-19.


texts:
 1984, Memory of Kurdistan, a collection of oral and written literary tradition, preface Maxime Rodinson, editions Findakly Paris, 221 p.
 1984, "A short story by Hassan Mela Ali Qizilji, Diwakhane tea", in: Le Monde Diplomatique, June.1985, Articles: "Chamilov" (Ereb Semo), Djagarkhwin (Cegerxwin), Goran (Abdullah Sulayman), Hawar (Appeal), Khani (Ahmadê Khanî), Koyi (Hadji Qadir Koyi), Kurdish (Kurdish literature), in: Historical, thematic and technical dictionary of LITTERATURES, Larousse, Paris. 1985, "The Jews in Kurdistan", in: Linguistic Mixes Offered to Maxime Rodinson by Students, Colleagues and Friends, ed. Christian Robin, Geuthner, Paris pp. 123–132. 1985, "Mirîna Hesen Qizilcî (The Death of Hasan Qizilcî)", in Hevi, No. 4, Kurdish Institute of Paris, p. 7-10. 1986, Kurdish Tales, International Council of the French Language, coll.Fleuve et Flamme, Paris 1986, 167 p.
 1986, "Bîranîna Thomas Bois (In memory of Thomas Bois)", in: Hêvî, N ° 4, Kurdish Institute of Paris, pp. 11–13. 1986, "Mirina zanayê mezin Qanatê Kurdo (Death of the great scholar Kanatê Kurdoev)", p. 7 - 15; and "Hêmin jî mir (Hêmin is also deceased)" pp. 19–24, in: Hêvî, kovara çandiya gistî, n ° 5, Kurdish Institute of Paris. 1986, "Qanate Kurdoev, 1908-1985", in: Studia Iranica, Volume 15 - fasc. 2, Publ. of the Association for the Advancement of Iranian Studies, CNRS, Paris, p. 249-256.1987, "My days, from Goran, "The Pain of the People (Jani Gel), by Ibrahim Ahmed", "Black Wound (Birîna Res / Kara yara)" by Musa Anter ", in:


texts:
 Dictionary of works of all ages and all countries, Literature, philosophy, music, coll. Books, 5th ed. Paris. 1988, "Gulchine, a Kurdish tale", in: Bulletin of the Alumni Association of the National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations, pp. 57–61. 1988, "Bibliography of Kurdology books since the founding of the Kurdish Institute of Paris: 1983-1985", in: Studia Kurdica. 1989, "Kurd", "Gurânî", "Zâzâ", in: Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, edited collective work dir.Rüdiger Schmitt, Wiesbaden, pp. 326–340. 1989, "The Kurdish lori", in: Iranian-Aryan Studies Available to Gilbert Lazard, Studia Iranica, Cahier 7, pp. 37–58. 1990, "The role of the Naqshbandi sheikhs in the Kurdish national movement", in: Naqshbandis, Paths and Current Situation of a Muslim Mystical Order, ed. by Marc Gaborieau, Alexandre Popovic and Thierry Zarcone, Editions Isis, Istanbul-Paris, p. 371-377. 1990, "Reform of Kurdish", in: The Reform of Languages, ed.Claude Hagège and I. Fodor, Cologne. 1990, The Kurds and the Kurdistan, Critical Bibliography 1977 - 1986, French Institute of Research in Iran, Tehran-Paris, 146 p.
 1990, Preface to the book I Curdi nella Storia, Mirella Galletti, ed. Vecchio Faggio, Rome. 1991, "Kurdish Language and Literature", in: International Conference of Paris 14–15 October 1989, The Kurds: Human Rights and Cultural Identity, Kurdish Institute of Paris, p. 44-50. 1991, Kurtçe / Türkçe, Kürtçe / Fransizca, Kürtçe / Ingilizce Sözlük, Kurdish / Turkish / French / English dictionary, Sosyal


texts:
 Yayinlar, Istanbul, 342 p.
 1991, "The Poetry of Kurdistan, Kurdish National Unity", in: The Word and I, Publication of the Washington Times Corporation, Vol. 6, No. 8, Washington, p. 623-637.1992, "The Kurds," in: Historians and Geographers, No. 336, May–June, The Middle East in Paris, p. 305-320. 1992, "Die Wissenschaft von der Kurdischen Sprache", in: Kurden, Azadi Freihheit in de Bergen, Alfred Janata, Karin Kren und Maria Anna Six, Schallaburg, November 1992, Katalog des NÖ Landesmuseums, Neue Folge Nr 294, Wien, pp. 180–191. 1992, "Kurdische Literatur," p. 192-205. 1993, "The cagani: lori or Kurdish? ", In: Studia Iranica, Volume 22, fasc.1, publ. Association for the Advancement of Iranian Studies, Paris, p. 93-119. 1994, "Goran", "Literature in Gorani", "Folklore and Kurdish literature", "Mem o Zin", in: Universal Dictionary of Literature, Presses universitaires de France, pub. under the direction of Béatrice Didier. 1994, Kürtler ve Kurdistan, elistirel bir bibliyografya 1977 - 1990, Mezopotamya, Sweden, 165 p.
 1994, "Deldar Yunes", in: Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. VII, fasc. 3, Mazda, California, p. 238.1994, "Kurdish literature", in: The Kurds and the States, Mediterranean Peoples, n ° 68-69, pp. 77–94. 1995, "Kurdish literature", in: The Kurds and the States, Mediterranean Peoples, n ° 68-69, July–December, pp. 77–93. 1995, "Kurdologie als Spiegel der Politischen Situation", in: Kurdologie, Bibliotek Feqiyê Teyran, Berlin, pp. 43–56. 1995, "Jiyan û berhemên Ehmedê Xanî (1650-1707)", in: Çira,


texts:
 kovara komeleya nivîskarên kurd the Swêdê, sal 1, hejmar 3.1995, "Life and Work of Thomas Bois, 1900-1975", in: Journal of Kurdish Studies, Vol. 1, Peeters Press, Leuven, pp. 85–96. 1996, "Kurdish written literature", in: Kurdish Culture and Identity, ed. Philip Kreyenbroek & Christine Allison, Zed Books, Middle Eastern Studies pp. 20–28. 1999, Manual of Kurdish Kurdish, in collaboration with Veysi Barak, L'Harmattan, 225 p.
 1999, "Relations between Jews and Muslims in Kurdistan", in: Islam of the Kurds, The Annals of the Other Islam, No.5, INALCO, Paris, p. 199-224. 2000, Method of Kurdish Sorani, The Harmattan, 323 p.
 2000, "The development of Kurdish literature in the city", in: The Journal of Kurdish Studies, vol. III, 1998-2000, Louvain, Peeters Press, p. 85-91. 2005, "Kurdish literature", in: Passerelles, Kurdistan, Revue d'Etudes interculturelles, Thionville, pp. 287–296. 2010, "Written Kurdish Literature", in: Oral Literature of Iranian Languages, ed. by Philip G. Kreyenbroek & Ulrich Marzolph, A History of Persian Literature XVIII, I.B.Tauris, pp. 1–31. 2012, "Kurdish Literature," in: Kurdish Studies, Kurdish Literature, The Harmattan, pp. 5–36. See also

Related articles
 Kurdish Institute of Paris
 Kurd of 'Amadiya and Djabal Sindjar

References

External links
 Information on the Kurdish language by <mask>LAU
 Titles Etudes Kurdes
 KURDE MANUAL Kurmanji, Veysi Barak, <mask>, Editions de l'Harmattan, 1999

Linguists from France
Women linguists
Kurdish language
Kurdologists
1932 births
People

masks:
Joyce B
Joyce Blau


texts: <mask> is an Australian/American musician. In 1984, with bass player Mark Ferrie, guitarists Terry Doolan and Andrew Pendlebury, and drummer Des Hefner, <mask> formed the Slaughtermen in Melbourne, a mid eighties post-punk alternative Southern gospel group (albeit 12,000 miles away from their original source of inspiration, America's Deep South Bible Belt). Around this time <mask> began private voice lessons with vocal coach Eve Godley and later at the Melba Conservatorium. Much earlier <mask> had studied piano at the Andrios School of Music in Footscray, which was also attended by Mark Ferrie, although not at the same time. Prior to the Slaughtermen, <mask>'s checkered career included The Armchairs, a satirical four piece outfit co-founded with Johnny Topper which had its debut in 1979 at the infamous Crystal Ballroom in St Kilda. Other members included guitarist Pierre Jaquinot, Andrew Snow, drums, and Fred Cass, bass. Later incarnations featured Rod Haywood, guitar, and Sue Parncutt, bass.The Armchairs released a 7-inch Ep, Ski Lo Lo, and a 12" album, Party Time, on Missing Link Records with the entire B side taken up by a 20-minute version of "La Bamba". The Armchairs, later with the help of <mask>, who in the early 1980s <mask> had struck up a songwriting partnership with, morphed into the mildly successful, yet short lived 11 piece group, Go Wild in French, which featured songs of Elvis Presley, as well as original compositions. Fed up with the claustrophobic Melbourne scene, <mask> moved to Sydney in 1989 and recorded a solo album with some members of The Danglin' Bros and others, entitled Workin' on The Nightshift, which was released on Agape records

masks:
Ian Stephen
Ian
Ian
Ian
Ian
Stephen Cummings
Ian
Ian


texts: through EMI. This was followed in 1996 by King of the Cross, released on the Massive label. A collection of original and Southern gospel songs. In 1998, he recorded and self-released Cementville, the title inspired after visiting the town of the same name while driving through Indiana en route to Memphis, Tennessee. in 1997.The album contained bleak and acerbic observations of Australian life. In 2000, <mask> moved to San Francisco and while living in the Mission District continued recording and releasing a number of left of center albums. In 2003 <mask>, together with Broadway and cabaret star, Houston Allred, (the son of James V. Allred, 33rd Governor of Texas), "Genetically Challenged Drag queen" Anita Cocktail, her partner Sharon Boggs and Norman Anderson collectively known as The Shakers, performed at various venues in San Francisco, Millbrae and their hometown bar, in Brisbane, California, the infamous 23 Club. The group split somewhat acrimoniously in 2006, and <mask> returned to creating new music in the Brisbane environment. In 2004, <mask>, along with Brisbanite Sharon De Milo and Australian singer/guitarist, Sally De Jesus recorded and released the self-titled album Capital Expressway. Capital Expressway was recorded in four days and largely improvised. The CD contains original compositions, and has been described as "The Shaggs meet The Stooges".A San Francisco Indie Music Festival review panel described it in so many words, "It seems as though the band is purposefully singing and playing badly, so if this is the intention, why not make it worse?" Since 2006 a compilation series, Eden vol 1 and Eden vol 2, featuring <mask> musical highlights

masks:
Ian
Ian
Ian
Ian
Ian Stephen


texts:
 from the past 25 years has also been commercially available. In June 2006, <mask> moved to Orange County, in upstate New York recording and releasing a new CD, Singing Is A Hobby and a Waste of Time, which featured music]al content such as "Amish Man", "U Two Suck on Wheels" and "Welcome to the New Fascism" under a musical banner described as Psychedelic existential urban alternative rock. In Nov 2009 <mask> released "War is Peace" an album psychedelic comedy music, featuring the musical and instrumental contributions of fellow Australians now residing in the USA, Keith Glass and Randy Bulpin. John Cobbin and MaryAnne Slavich from Sydney, Australia contributed as well. In Dec 2006, at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York City <mask> became a United States citizen. In 2010 <mask> released "Tea First Then Sex", a 13 track CD of original compositions recorded at Granite Fortess an 1895 Romanesque style Frank Estabrook designed house, in Upstate New York.Several of these compositions were the result of an earlier project, with Keith Glass involving the poetry of John Laws, which was terminated for reasons unknown. Players on the CD include Randy Bulpin, and Keith Glass, who co-wrote several of the songs. In January 2011, under the nom-de-plume of Sabrage, <mask> released "This is Very Gay", a nine track Electronica/Dance CD on the IAW label. Tracks included "Frostcreep", "Velvet Cough" and "Strollermeat"
In January 2012 saw the release of "Great Wall of Sound", a completely instrumental project, recorded in Sydney Australia in 2000, and unreleased until the present time. August 2013 saw the release of "Per Sempre" <mask>'s 9th album. An album of "love"

masks: Ian Ian Ian Ian Ian Ian


texts:
 songs described as "like looking at a Diorama in a natural history museum". To coincide with its release, <mask> and the Imperfectionists.(Johnny Moonlight-guitar, Barry Divola -bass, Mary Anne Slavich -vocals and Tony Slavich- keyboards, and 'Bird' David Two Hill – drums), played a one-off show on 15 August 2013, at the Green Room Lounge in Enmore, NSW. In 2014 <mask>  and the Imperfectionists featuring the 2013 line up, minus MaryAnne and Tony Slavich, played a one-off show in August at the Petersham Bowling Club in Sydney Australia. This show was replicated in 2015 with the addition of Graham Osborn on guitar and vocals. On March 6, 2015 <mask> released 9, his tenth solo album. 2016 saw the release of <mask>'s 11th solo album, Uncivilization recorded at the Granite Fortress. Randy Bulpin played guitar on a two of the tracks. In November 2016, a limited pressing, live recording was made available by mail order only."Far Out Man - Live at the Fortress" Featuring <mask> on guitar and vocals, along with Randy Bulpin on guitar, Scott Kenyon, keyboards, Patrick O'Gorman drums, and Gary Ferraro bass. In 2017 it was decided that all further <mask> releases for the foreseeable future would be under the Far Out Man name. This coincided with the release of Far Out Man - Far Out, a ten track album of original songs, recorded at "The Fortress" in Upstate New York. In 2018 Far Out Man was effectively mothballed, and <mask> returned to eponymous releases with Insanity in 2019 and International Excellence in 2020. Discography

1979 <mask>'s Schizoprenia 4 track 7" EP Reverse Records
1980 The Armchairs – Ski Lo Lo 4 track 7" EP Reverse Records
1982 The Armchairs – Party

masks:
Ian Stephen
Ian Stephen
Ian
Ian
Ian Stephen
Ian Stephen
Ian Stephen
Ian Stephen


texts:
<mask> is a Bulgarian composer for film and television and a concert pianist. He performs on the piano and improvises in the styles of jazz, classical and world music. <mask>v's father was a concert trumpeter and his mother a concert pianist. In 1968, the Sofia Conservatorium suspended its age requirement of seven years of age to allow a 5-year-old Grigorov to begin his classical studies. In 1969, <mask>’s father took the opportunity to play in the Shah’s handpicked orchestra, and the family relocated for 6 years. <mask>’s tutelage in classical piano continued, and he was exposed to the sounds of the new culture he found himself surrounded by. In 1976, again for Mr. Grigorov’s symphony career, the family relocated, this time to East Germany.While finishing out the 1970s with a classical regimen, <mask> and family moved to Vienna where <mask> studied under renowned 20th century composer Thomas Christian David at the Vienna Conservatorium. In the early 1980s <mask> moved to Sydney, Australia where he took classes in electronic music and Jazz studies with Don Burrows. He worked with many Australian rock groups. He has lived in Iran, Austria, Australia, Bulgaria, Germany and USA, now resides between Berlin and London. Career

Grigorov began composing for television, commercials and film in Sydney, Australia. In 1992, Miles Goodman, a film composer helped <mask> relocate to the United States. Three days after Grigorov's move to Los Angeles an A&R executive from Warner Brothers Records, Bob James, heard him

masks:
Mario Grigorov
Mario Grigoro
Mario
Mario
Grigorov
Mario
Mario
Mario


texts: improvising in a music store and signed him to his first major-label recording contract.Grigorov then recorded his debut album Rhymes with Orange. Grigorov toured the album at Europe and North America supporting musicians such as Wynton Marsalis, Joshua Redman, Charlie Haden and Béla Fleck. His second album, Aria, a collaboration with Paul Schwartz, was released on 14 October 1997 by Astor Place Records. Aria was a darker crossover with funk along with operatic themes from Carmen, The Magic Flute, Madame Butterfly and Dido and Aeneas. The album reached No. 4 on Billboard’s Top Classical Crossover chart. In 2000, Grigorov  began composing music for screen in United States.He is most recognized for his musical scores on films by director Lee Daniels. They worked together on Shadowboxer (2005), Tennessee (2008), Precious (2009) and The Paperboy (2012). In 2005 he opened his own commercial music company called Siblings Music, Inc. Siblings existed from 2005 - 2010 creating original music for the moving picture. For its duration, <mask> has selected immensely talented musicians to compose on behalf of the company. In 2011 he wrote the score for Patang by Indian director Prashant Bhargava which premiered at the same year Berlin International Film Festival, The Hopes and Dreams of Gazza Snell by director Brendan Donovan and three films by Leonardo Ricagni’s: 29 Palms, The Life Jacket is Under Your Seat and El Chevrolé, for which Grigorov received 'Best Original Score' at the Hamptons International Film


texts:
 Festival. In 2013, he won 'Best Music Feature' at the Massachusetts Independent Film Festival for his work on Susan Seidelman's Musical Chairs. In 2014 <mask> met with director David Yates and they worked together on Yates' film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.<mask> composed and co-wrote an original song, "Blind Pig", with J. K. Rowling, which was performed by Emmi. As a television film composer he wrote the musical score for Lifetime’s 2014 made for television films, Flowers in the Attic and Petals on the Wind. He continued to work with Lifetime on several other television movies including Harry and Meghan: A Royal Romance. <mask> also has provided the music several documentaries, including: Third Wave: A Volunteer Story presented by Sean Penn, the Anna Halprin biographical film Breath Made Visible by filmmaker Ruedi Gerber, and the war documentary Taxi to the Dark Side by Alex Gibney, which won a 2008 Academy Award for best Documentary. As well as being a composer and performer, <mask> is also an artist and creates two-handed symmetrical drawings. He combined his drawing style to his piano playing to develop an experimental type of keyboard play known as Mirror Tones. Filmography

 Glass (1989)
 Fear in America (1992 TV Movie documentary)
 This Won't Hurt a Bit (1993)
 A Song for You (1993 Short)
 Young at Hearts (1994)
 Edge City (1998)
 Razor's Edge (1999 Short)
 Here (2001 Short)
 29 Palms (2002)
 Grasp (2002 Short)
 The Life Jacket Is Under Your Seat (2002)
 The Americans (2004 Short)

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<mask> (born August 15, 1970) is an American media executive. He is the co-CEO and Chairman of the entertainment production company Propagate. From 2007–2009, <mask> served as co-chairman of NBC Entertainment and Universal Media Studios. He is also an Emmy and Golden Globe-winning executive producer of such shows as The Office, Jane The Virgin, Ugly Betty, Marco Polo, The Tudors, The Biggest Loser,  and الآنسة فرح. Silverman also produced CW's praised No Tomorrow and Apple's first reality television show Planet of the Apps. On July 10, 2014, The Banff World Media Festival presented Silverman with the Award of Excellence in Digital Innovation. As of the fourth quarter 2016, Silverman's most recently released feature film Hands of Stone starring Edgar Ramirez, Robert De Niro and Usher, and was released theatrically in North America on August 26, 2016 through The Weinstein Company.Life and career
<mask> was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He was raised in a Reform Jewish family in Manhattan. <mask> is a 1992 magna cum laude graduate of Tufts University, where he majored in history and belonged to the Epsilon Theta chapter of the Theta Chi fraternity. His mother, Mary (Delson) <mask>, was an actress and programming executive whose career included employment at the Disney Channel, BBC, USA Network, Lifetime Television, and Court TV. His father, <mask>, is a music composer/arranger. He had summer internships at Warner Bros., and after college in 1993, worked at CBS and then worked for Brandon Tartikoff at New World Entertainment. He worked for the William Morris Agency starting in 1995; Silverman was in charge of the international packaging division, where he was the company's youngest division head, packaging more than 25 television series, including Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, The Weakest Link, Big Brother, and Queer as Folk.He worked for William Morris Agency until 2002, when he left to found Reveille. In 2007, <mask> received the P.T. Barnum Award from Tufts University for his exceptional work in the field of media and entertainment. <mask> is involved with multiple

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 philanthropic endeavors, including Seeds of Peace, a group helping to foster peace among young people from adversarial cultures. In addition, <mask> sits on the Cedars-Sinai Hospital board of governors. Silverman also serves on the board of directors of Best Buddies, a non-profit organization dedicated to enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disabilities by providing guidance and integrated employment. In 2008, Silverman received an Honorary Rose for lifetime achievement the Rose d'Or ceremony.<mask> married Jennifer Cuoco, a real estate agent, in December 2010. Reveille
<mask> is the founder of Reveille, a television, film, and theater production and distribution company now owned by Shine Limited under News Corporation. He founded Reveille in 2002 in order to exploit international formats by selling them in the United States. Through his work at Reveille, he is the executive producer of such shows as NBC's The Office, The Restaurant, The Biggest Loser, and ABC's Ugly Betty, as well as several cable shows, including Nashville Star, on USA Network, 30 Days on FX, MTV's Parental Control and Date My Mom, Blow Out on Bravo, and House of Boateng on the Sundance Channel. Journalist Michael Wolff wrote a 2001 profile of <mask> in New York Magazine a year before he founded Reveille. "In some sense, he's like those boy geniuses of the eighties and nineties who invented new financial instruments -- junk bonds and derivatives and whatnot. The discovery and marketing of a new format is really like that.It's creating something that is negotiable and transferable and that people believe in deeply -- it solves all their problems. Now, obviously, there is a certain obsolescence to these formats (with junk bonds you had inevitable bankruptcies). And <mask>, of course, is already searching the world for new formats. Variety shows might be a possibility," Wolff wrote. NBC

<mask> was named co-chairman of NBC Entertainment in 2007 (along with Marc Graboff), succeeding Kevin Reilly. That same year, <mask> was the first producer since Norman Lear, 34 years earlier, to have two shows

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 nominated for an Emmy in the best comedy category (The Office and Ugly Betty). He is credited for his role in saving the critically acclaimed but low-rated NBC drama Friday Night Lights by striking an innovative deal with DirecTV.The satellite television provider agreed to take on a substantial amount of the show's production budget in exchange for exclusive first-window airing rights on its 101 channel. NBC would then repurpose the episodes to be aired on the network later in the season. Electus
On July 27, 2009, <mask> announced he was leaving NBC to form a new company, Electus, with Barry Diller's IAC/InterActiveCorp that will produce and distribute programs across media platforms, for television, the Web and mobile devices. As part of its inception, IAC partnered Electus with the interactive comedy portal CollegeHumor. In January 2010, <mask> and Electus partnered with Jason Bateman and Will Arnett to launch their sponsor-driven advertising and digital production company DumbDumb. Electus also has partnerships with 5x5 and DiGa. On May 8, 2014, The CW announced a first season order for <mask>'s new television show Jane The Virgin.On July 8, 2019, MBC 4 announced a first season order for <mask>'s new television show Al Anisa Farah. Acting roles
<mask> had a cameo appearance in the first episode of the fifth season of the television show Entourage. Silverman read a single line in which he expressed annoyance at Johnny Drama wasting his time. Silverman appeared in four episodes during the ninth season of the television show The Office, starting with "Here Comes Treble"; he played Isaac, one of Jim's business partners. Credits

References

External links

 "TV's Hot Property", Tufts e-news, July 02, 2003
 "Like Mother, Like Son - And Made for TV"
 "Meet <mask>'s Boring Successor"

1970 births
Living people
American reality television producers
American Reform Jews
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
NBC executives
People from Pittsfield, Massachusetts
People from Manhattan
Presidents of NBC Entertainment
Tufts University alumni
Television producers from New York City
American

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<mask> (born Jona(s) Leib: 26 March 1901 - 2 January 1982) was an Austrian-German left-wing political activist. In 1933 he switched his party membership from the Social Democratic Party to the Communist Party. During the fascist ascendancy he participated in the Spanish Civil War as an anti-Franco Interbrigadist and later, in the Great Patriotic War, served as an officer in the Soviet Red Army. Between the two he studied successfully for a higher degree at the University of Moscow, receiving his Habilitation degree in 1940 in return for a dissertation of Contemporary Catholicism. Emerging from the war in 1945, almost certainly by now closely networked with members of Soviet military intelligence, and more committed than ever to Soviet-style communism, he made his home in occupied Vienna where he taught at the university. In 1950 he relocated to the newly launched Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic (East Germany), taking East German citizenship in 1952. He made his home at Halle, accepting a teaching position at the university and quickly becoming one of the best known Marxist historians in the country.Between 1953 and 1959 he served as University Rector (Chief Officer and Administrator) at the merged (since 1817) Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. Life and works

Provenance and early years
Jonas Leib <mask> was born into a large Jewish family at Voloka, a village near Czernowitz (as Chernivtsi was then known). Today (since 1991) the region is part of Ukraine, but at the time of Leib's birth it was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire: between (approximately) 1920 and the Second World War it was part of Romania. His father, Zalman <mask> (1861-1901/2), is described as a farmer-businessman. Jonas was the youngest of his parents' twelve recorded children born between 1888 and

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 1901. His three elder brothers included the communist activists <mask> (1896–1954), believed to have worked for Soviet intelligence in China the United States, and Wolfgang "Wolf" <mask> (1897–1961), a military historian. (The fourth of the brothers, Dr. Filipp <mask>, left less of a footprint in the historical record of twentieth century political activism.)1901 (applying the Gregorian calendar) was the year both of the <mask>'s birth and of his father's death. The region in which he was born and grew up was an impoverished one. Jonas Leib grew up with his mother, born Henriette "Yetty" Korn (1863-1934) and siblings, in circumstances of some poverty. At the age of ten he was already working in order to pay for his own schooling, doing odd jobs and tutoring. His school costs were also subsidised by means of a small bursary. Despite the financial pressures he attended both elementary and secondary schools at Czernowitz, passing his Matura (school graduation exam) in 1921. By that time he had already, in 1918, joined the Young Socialists.Vienna
On leaving school he moved to Vienna, registering his residency in the Austrian capital on 14 October 1921. It was normal across the Austrian empire for citizens to register their place of residence with the local town hall: he registered under the name "Jonas Leib" and entered his citizenship as Romanian, reflecting recent frontier changes. More intriguingly, when registering his residency he gave his religion as Muslim and his mother tongue as German There is also a reference in at least one source to his having worked as a middle-school teacher on conclusion of his school career, which probably reflected the need to "work his way" through his university-level education. Directly after registering his residency he enrolled for what turned out to be a

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texts: four-year lower and higher degree course at the University Faculty of Laws and Political Sciences, in time for the winter term of 1921/22. He studied Jurisprudence, Applied Economics (Nationalökonomie) and History. It was also in 1921 that <mask> became a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ). According to <mask>'s own later recollection, the three professors at the University of Vienna who most influenced his thinking and future course were the philosopher-historian Carl Grünberg (1861-1940), the jurist-politician Max Adler (1873-1937) and the noted legal scholar Hans Kelsen (1881-1973).From a Marxist perspective, the politics of the university were overwhelmingly "Bourgeois" and conservative. Grünberg, Adler and Kelsen stood out as professors around whom the relatively few left-wing students tended to gravitate. Having obtained his residency permit in 1921, on 23 September 1923 he took citizenship from the city authorities, and then on 2 October 1923 took the vow that made him a citizen of Austria. At this point he gave his residence as Porzellangasse 53, in the "Vienna 9" (Alsergrund) quarter, a five-minute walk from the university main building. In 1925 <mask> earned his doctorate ("Doctor rerum politicarum") with a dissertation on the modalities of Mercantilism. This work was supervised by Carl Grünberg. He now stayed on at the university, working as a personal research assistant for Max Adler till 1932.He combined this with a teaching job at the Adult Education Centre in Vienna between 1927 and 1934. There are various references to his having engaged during this period as an education advisor to the "Free Trades Unions" organisation. In addition, between 1926 and 1934, <mask> headed up the "Marxism Study Group" ("Marxistische Studiengemeinschaft") at the university department of

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texts: Socio-economics. He taught a number of one and two years courses on various related topics, falling under the broad subject areas of "Sociology" and "Applied Economics". Much of the same teaching material also turned up in his contributions on political-history to left-wing political journals and magazines, such as "Der Kampf", "Arbeit und Wirtschaft", "Die Weltbühne" and "Internationale Rundschau". They were published not under a name by which he was commonly known, but using one of three pseudonyms: F. Schneider, L. Taylor and L. Hofmeister. He also found time to continue with his own academic studies, passing his "Absolutorium" (government higher-level jurisprudence exam) in 1927 or 1928, and then pursuing his researches "on the state theory of Marxism" in preparation for a dissertation intended to lead to a habilitation degree.<mask> was also engaged in terms of more direct political involvement. As in much of the rest of Europe, so in Austria, the later 1920s were a period of intensifying political polarisation both among the politicians in Vienna and on the streets, and the tensions were only exacerbated by the economic austerity that arrived as part of the powerful backwash of the Wall Street Crash. In 1927 <mask> was still a member of the Social Democratic Party, although he was regarded by many, including himself, as part of the party's extreme left-wing. He participated in the 1927 "July revolt", teaming up with his comrade Ernst Fischer with whom he worked closely. Later, probably during the early or middle 1930s, there would be a spectacular falling out between the two men. Although for many years, out of respect for party discipline, <mask> set aside or concealed his dislike of his former partner in activist politics, it is clear from a letter that he wrote in 1968 to Eduard

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texts: Rabofsky (1911-1994), that under the surface, <mask>'s mistrust and loathing of Fischer persisted. At the government level, during 1933 events in Austria broadly tracked those in Germany.In March 1933 all three speakers of the National Council (the principal power-house of the Austrian parliament) resigned and Chancellor Dollfuss determined that parliament had eliminated itself. Opposition parties proved ineffectual in their attempts to re-establish parliamentary governance, and government by decree became the default mechanism for controlling the country. A rapid slide towards post-democratic "Austro-Fascism" followed. Among Social Democratic Party activists there was intense frustration at the seeming unwillingness or inability of the party leadership to prevent this political catastrophe; and there was a growing view, especially on the left of the party, that when it came to preparations for defending workers' rights in a fascist state, the Communist Party was organising itself more effectively than the SPÖ. Throughout much of 1933 <mask> seems to have been in touch with Communist Party activists in Vienna, and in October of that year he made the switch, quitting the SPÖ and joining the KPÖ. A number of workers, students and intellectuals in his immediate circle followed his example. The move came shortly after an ideological and political break between <mask> and his old mentor, Max Adler.<mask> would remain an influential member of the Austrian Communist Party till 1950, though for most of that time he would be exiled, like many Austrian Communist leaders and other politically engaged comrades, in Moscow. In 1934 it was, accordingly, as a Communist that <mask> took part, in Vienna, in the brief but intensely brutal February uprising. Sources are largely silent as to the nature of his

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 contribution. He was arrested and taken into police detention on 18 February 1934. At some stage during the next five months he was moved to a section of the vast former munitions factory at Wöllersdorf (a short distance to the south of Vienna) that had been converted the previous year into a detention camp. After his release, which took place on 15 July 1934, <mask> returned to his "party work", which by this point had become unambiguously illegal. He worked in the party "Agitation Department", based in the study-library of the Vienna Chamber of Labour (AK), supported by the pioneer of "Popular Education" ("Volksbildung"), Viktor Matejka (1901-1993).Meanwhile the party sustained an "underground" organisation structure into which <mask> was drawn, becoming at some stage Head of the Propaganda Department of the Party Central Committee. There was always an element of uncertainty as to how much or how little the authorities knew about <mask>'s secret party work, but in the early Autumn/Fall of 1935, believing him to be in danger of imminent police arrest, the party leaders, who were by this time themselves based in Czechoslovakia, ordered <mask> to join them in Prague. This he did in October 1935. Prague
<mask> remained in Prague for slightly more than half a year, during which he authored a work on "the left-wing opposition from within the Social Democratic Party of Austria" In May 1936, again in compliance with party instructions, he emigrated again, this time to the Soviet Union. Although Russia would be his home base for almost ten years, his initial stay there would be relatively brief. Moscow
In Moscow he was accommodated in the famous Hotel Lux, a large luxury hotel opened in 1911 as the "Hotel Franzija" ("Гостиница Франция"), and subsequently further enlarged. By the time of <mask>'s

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 arrival it had become home to large numbers of political exiles and (in some cases) their families.Most had fled from Germany in the aftermath of 1933. Other nationalities were already well represented among the "guests", however, including Austrians, and the hotel was by this time being used as an informal headquarters location for exiled communist parties from various countries in central and western Europe. <mask> as well as two of his three brothers, Manfred and <mask>, all lived at the Hotel Lux during the later 1930s. During this time he was employed as a tutor-lecturer at the International Lenin School. He combined this with work in the press department of the Comintern; and he contributed as an "editor" in respect of new German language versions of "classic works" of "Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism". Spanish Civil War
Following a basic military training he volunteered or was seconded for military service with the anti-Franco International Brigades, set up a year earlier by the Communist International to assist the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic. <mask> served in Spain with the Soviet brigades between January 1937 and April 1938.Few details are available of <mask>'s contributions during the Spanish Civil War: according to at least one source <mask>, <mask> and <mask> (identified in Comintern communications of the time under the code name "Fred") all participated as military intelligence officers. Back to Moscow
The dictator's paranoia was at its peak when <mask> was recalled to Moscow, early in 1938: he had good reason to be apprehensive. Many comrades who had escaped from political or race driven persecution in Germany and Austria earlier in the decade were being summarily arrested by the authorities and shot or deported to concentration camps far away from

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texts: Moscow. <mask>'s elder brother Manfred returned to Moscow at around the same time, only to be arrested and, in May 1939, condemned to fifteen years of hard labour: in February 1954 <mask> died in a Soviet labour camp three months short of the fifteenth anniversary of his conviction. Fate, or Stalin's security services, dealt less brutally with <mask>, however. He was employed, till the end of 1939, by the "Publisher for International Literature" as an "Editor for Classics of Marxism-Leninism". As before, this was combined with work in the press department of the Comintern.Professor? According to sources that take their lead from official information made available after 1949 by the East German Socialist Unity Party, during or soon after 1940 <mask> received his habilitation (higher university degree), which would have opened the way to a full professorship and, under normal circumstances, a life-long teaching career in the Soviet universities sector. It was at the instigation of Klawdija Kirsanowa that he was installed, in June 1940, as a Professor of Modern at Moscow State University. In this capacity he taught both at the university and at the Moscow Pedagogical Institute. Kirsanowa, who at this time was a leading figure at the People's Commissariat for Education and at the International Lenin School, based her support for <mask>'s appointment partly on articles he had recently had published in Soviet specialist journals. She may also have been impressed by three substantial essays <mask> had produced back in Vienna, when still under the mentorship of Max Adler, and from which lengthy exerts had subsequently been reproduced in Soviet academic publications during 1936/37. But Kirsanowa's backing for <mask>'s professorial appointment was based chiefly on a piece of work he had produced more

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 recently on "Contemporary Social and Political Catholicism".Mystery persists, however, given that no printed version of <mask>'s dissertation on contemporary Catholicism ever appeared. According to detailed biographical essay provided by the University of Halle, where <mask> built his career and considerable reputation as a historian after 1950, the Moscow habilitation qualification has "still not been authenticated". <mask> was an able linguist. Alongside German and Russian, he had usable English, French, Italian and Spanish. For several months during 1940 he was assigned as a specialist in foreign-languages literature on socio-economics with the "All Russian Committee for University Affairs". Red army
On 22 June 1941 the Germany army launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, in flagrant defiance of the (formally still in most respects secret) non-aggression pact concluded between the German and Soviet dictators slightly less than two years earlier. In Moscow, <mask> volunteered for service with the Soviet Red Army on 7 July 1941.He served as a Soviet army officer between 1942 and 1945, concluding the war as a bemedaled "Lieutenant Colonel", and then serving for a further five years as an officer in the Soviet army of occupation in Vienna. Records indicate that during the initial part of his time with the Red Army he was assigned to a number of "special projects", at least some of which seem to have involved desk-bound work. During the early part of 1942 he composed a series of "teaching aids" on Austrian History and the History of the Austrian Labour Movement for the "International Lenin School", relocated, between 1941 and 1943, from Moscow to Kushnarenkovo in Bashkortostan. Of possibly greater immediate importance in terms of Soviet strategic objectives was the work <mask>

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 undertook with Johann Koplenig (1891-1968) to create a "Committee of Austrian Liberation Movements". In October 1942 he was posted to the battle front at Stalingrad, taking part in the fighting till the capitulation of what was left of the German army there on 2 February 1943. He was then transferred to the fighting on the Southwestern Front till May 1943 before being moved again in order to work on a series of "special projects" for the Soviet Information Bureau (international press agency) which occupied his time till September 1944. He then returned to the fighting front for the final months of the war, participating as a member of the army that liberated Vienna in April 1945.In the immediate aftermath of the war he was frequently called upon to work as a simultaneous translator for Marshal Tolbukhin and other Soviet leaders of what was now a Soviet army of occupation. His formal position was as "Cultural Officer", however. He continued to serve as a senior Red Army officer of the Soviet Control Commission in Vienna till 1950, despite having been "demobilised" in respect of military operations in September 1945. Karl Renner
In the aftermath of the war, the Soviet commanders were keen to stabilise the situation in Vienna on Soviet terms as rapidly as possible, in part so as to forestall any alternative versions of post-war Vienna that American military commanders approaching from the west might have in mind. Stalin already had a carefully picked "Austrian government in exile" which he was about to fly in from Moscow when Marshal Tolbukhin, the military leader "on the ground", persuaded the Soviet leader that it would be better and quicker to install a government under Karl Renner who was already in Vienna and was well networked with surviving Austrian politicians of the political


texts: centre-left. Despite his longstanding socialist credentials Karl Renner was hopelessly compromised in the eyes of a younger generation of Austrian socialists and communists, however, on account of his record during the 1930s of compromising with Austro-fascism and, after 1938, urging Austrians to vote in favour of what mounted to the annexation of Austria and its summary integration into Hitler's Germany. As an Austrian citizen who was also a Red Army officer, <mask> was in a position to argue bitterly with senior Soviet officers against the installation of 74 year-old Karl Renner as Austrian Chancellor in April 1945 and as Austrian president in December 1945.The decision to appoint Renner, who was perceived by many as a longstanding anti-Semite, as head of government had already been taken by Tolbukhin and endorsed by Moscow, however. There are two not entirely complementary versions of <mask>'s role in Renner's appointment. According to sources drawing on information subsequently approved by the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party, <mask> loyally complied with the orders relayed to him by his commanding officer and helped push through the Renner appointment. Other sources insist that he refused to involve himself in it. <mask> shared his recollections of the matter later with his friend, the antifascist jurist Eduard Rabofsky: "Let me tell you, I was one of the political officers in the army staff meeting at Hochwolkersdorf who took an unchanging and very well based position against calling in Renner. But after several days, when a statement came through directly from Moscow about my opinions, General Sheltov, the commander of the political department of the 3rd Ukrainian Front [which had just liberated Vienna from fascism] ordered me not to utter another word about Karl Renner. As a

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 soldier, I have obeyed that order to this day".Post-war Vienna
Multi-party politics had returned to Austria with the fall of National Socialism, and behind the scenes he pushed for a merger between the Social Democratic Party and the Communist party in order to reduce the risk that political divisions on the political left might again open the way for populist tyranny from the right. He shared the enthusiasm of many comrades when the local parties at Bruck an der Mur implemented such a merger. Others Vienna communists judged that after the nightmare of Hitlerism, the Communist party would be able to win any national election without the need to draw support from the centre-left Social Democrats. <mask>'s former political ally Ernst Fischer took this view. and arranged for the local party merger at Bruck to be reversed. <mask> evidently took Fischer's intervention personally. The November 1945 general election demonstrated that the Communists were nothing like as popular as party comrades had assumed in the wake of Vienna's liberation by the Red Army, but the party merger lost its momentum and, at least in Austria, there was never again any serious discussion of a merger between the two traditionally largest parties of the political left.Meanwhile, between 1945 and 1950 <mask> served as head of the "Agitation Department" of the Party Central Committee, remaining an influential voice at the party's top table even as the party itself became ever more marginalised in Austrian post-war politics. Starting in 1945 or 1946, <mask> started to teach as a "guest lecturer" at the University of Vienna. In addition, in 1946 he accepted an appointment as head of the Social Sciences Department at the Vienna Institute for Sciences, Arts and Humanities. In 1946/47 he took a "visiting professorship" at the

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texts: "Vienna Academy for International Trade" (as the "WU" was then known). In a letter dated 17 February 1947 which he addressed to the University Rector Ludwig Adamovich, <mask> announced that "in account of overwork and bureaucratic obstructions [he] was currently not in a position" to continue with his programme of guest lectures at the University of Vienna. There is no reason to doubt that the expressions of regret in the replies he received from Adamovich and from the Dean of the Law Faculty in respect of this resignation were genuine. As the decade drew towards its close <mask> continued to teach at the "Vienna Academy for International Trade": he worked on a significant research project for the Soviet Academy of Sciences and Humanities.By 1947 it was obvious that the politics of the Austrian Communist Party, and across occupied Austria more generally, were not unfolding as <mask> had hoped; while he himself had less power to influence events than, given his own links to Soviet military leaders and intelligence circles, he might have anticipated. The country itself would remain under military occupation, geographically divided into zones of occupation, till 1955. That provided a context of constraint and unreality to public affairs, and to the competing political pressures impinging on the universities sector. Furthermore, according to at least one source, <mask> was aware of a powerful toxic undercurrent of antisemitism persisting in the country's emerging political establishment. On 1 May 1947 he was physically attacked during a local election meeting at Klein-Pöchlarn, a country town to the west of Vienna. He sustained injuries in the course of an incident blamed on "reactionary forces" with support from the socialist Arbeiter-Zeitung (newspaper). Although the Klein-Pöchlarn attack

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 seems to have been the only serious physical assault that <mask> suffered during his time in post-war Vienna, it was followed by a series of verbal personal attacks in respect of which it was all too easy to infer quiet endorsement by powerful residual antisemitic elements in the universities establishment.Alice Melber
It was probably soon after arriving with the Soviet liberating army that, in 1945, <mask> met and married Alice Melber, hitherto a young anti-fascist resistance activist under the German "occupation". Their children were born in 1946 and 1949. <mask> (1946-2018) would follow his father into the universities sector, becoming a professor of Mathematics, with a particular focus on Algebra and Lattice Theory, at the University of Halle. <mask> would become a physician at Springe am Deister, near Hannover. Halle
Early in 1950, in response to an invitation received from the Minister for People's Education in the State government for Saxony-Anhalt, <mask> relocated with his family to Halle to what had been administered, till a few months earlier, as the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. In October 1949, responding to equivalent developments in the western zones earlier that year, the Soviet occupation zone was rebranded and relaunched as the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Halle was home to one of the new country's leading universities.On 1 March 1950 <mask> took up the professorial chair at the university for "Modern History, with respect to the Labour Movement". He was the fifth "big fish" among Marxist historians appointed to top university positions in the German Democratic Republic following the country's launch, after Jürgen Kuczynski, Alfred Meusel (both at Berlin since 1946), Walter Markov and Ernst Engelberg (at Leipzig since 1948 and 1949). In 1952 <mask> was

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texts: appointed director of the university's Institute for German History, a position he retained till 1966. On leaving Austria in 1950 <mask> resigned his member ship of the Austrian Communist Party and immediately joined East Germany's Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands"/ SED). The SED had been formed four years earlier by means of a contentious merger - which never really took effect beyond the confines of the Soviet occupation zone - between the Communist Party of Germany and the (East German) Social Democratic Party. Ironically, it was a party merger very similar to the one that <mask> had advocated, without conspicuous support from party comrades, for Austria during 1945. It is likely that the party merger in what became East Germany succeeded precisely because party comrades in Moscow, concerned by the unexpected electoral humiliation suffered by the (unmerged) Austrian Communist Party in November 1945, were persuaded by the experience to contribute muscular hands-on backing for the equivalent party merger achieved in April 1946 in the Soviet Zone / East Germany.In 1952 <mask> was granted East German citizenship and became a member of the district leadership team (Berzirksleitung) for the local party in Halle. Despite a somewhat bumpy relationship with the party establishment over the next few years, he remained a member of the Halle party leadership without a break till 1959 or 1960. As early as 1951, <mask> was appointed University pro-rector, with direct responsibility for the politically important "Basic Social Sciences" course which all students were required to complete as a precondition for progressing to their chosen degree subjects. As a result of the "illness" of Eduard Winter, the University Rector, by the end of 1951 <mask> had also become,

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texts: officially, the "Acting Rector", undertaking the administrative tasks that would otherwise have been the responsibility of Eduard Winter, his fellow historian. The two men already knew each other, both having been born in the Austro-Hungarian empire, and the two of them having worked closely together directly after the war at the Vienna Institute for Sciences, Arts and Humanities. They had been united (with others) by a shared determination to re-establish and re-launch Austrian scholarship through the working together of all academics keen to establish a new world, based on truth and reality, unclouded by illusion. After 1950, again finding themselves as colleagues at Halle, there was no equivalent meeting of minds between <mask> and Winter, however.An article contributed by Winter for a three volume tome to be published for in celebration of the university's 450th anniversary was rejected by the project's editor-producer who found it superficial. Winter already had a well-established academic reputation, and it is not impossible that there were political undercurrents involved at which sources only hint. In 1951 Eduard Winter began to teach at Berlin University, resigning the rectorship and leaving his other academic posts at the University of Halle at the same time. In October 1953, prompted by a recommendation the previous year from the party Halle district leadership team, <mask> was himself appointed University Rector (Chief Officer and Administrator) at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. <mask>'s seven year incumbency, which came after two years during which the economist Rudolf Agricola had filled the position, was not without controversy, but as an organiser and administrator, belying the characteristics imputed by some sources to history professors in general, he

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 proved highly competent. Rector
Early in during his time as rector a senior party officer at the university included in his report to the Ministry of State Security (whose responsibilities included keeping track of such matters) the assessment that <mask>, as University Rector, did not have good relations with university staff, which was reflected in an atmosphere of varying levels of general anxiety among the university personnel. Viewed from other angles, such anxiety was not without reason, since <mask> saw it as his job to run the university in the spirit of the country's ruling political party.Several "purges" were carried out during his tenure, notably in 1958 when he moved against the so-called "Spirituskreis" (loosely, "Spiritual circle"), a little group of unacceptably "bourgeois" professors. Earlier on, in 1952 and 1953 he several times used his influence with the university senate to stop protest actions by university deans in support of students arrested in the context of the growing discontent that preceded the brief but savagely suppressed (with the active participation of Soviet troops) uprising of June 1953. Also controversial among comrades at the university was the way in which <mask> was content to appoint former Nazis to professorial chairs, and, where appropriate, reappoint them, provided they proved dutiful and compliant backers of the party under the new kind of one-party dictatorship that had been installed in the East German state, built according to Soviet-style Leninist-Socialist principles, on foundations that had, before 1949, been the Soviet occupation zone. From the point of view of sympathetic sources, <mask> felt secure in the belief that he had come across plenty of committed left-winger activists who, having once acquired status and position, had been


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 content to betray and abandon the labour movement. There was no monopoly of political betrayal for the political right. "Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft"
Also in 1953, <mask>, Alfred Meusel and Heinz Kamnitzer co-founded and for several years co-produced the Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft (ZfG), a monthly academic journal for serious historians, in which <mask> himself published several very substantial contributions. It was noted that despite his own Jewish provenance and record as a Red Army officer in the war against Hitler's Germany, at the ZfG, just as with his appointments at the university, he never shied away from commissioning contributions from scholars identified as "former Nazis", just as long as they demonstrated appropriate historical knowledge, insight and detachment in their submissions.<mask> also instigated the launch of the series "Archivalische Forschungen zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung" (loosely, "Archival Researches on the History of the German Labour Movement"). <mask> was involved in the creation of several other learned journals, but Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft stands out as unusual because, after nearly seventy years, it is one of very few academic journals founded in the single-party German Democratic Republic which successfully transitioned reunification in 1990 and is still, in 2021, published monthly. Academy of Sciences and Humanities
In 1952 <mask> was proposed for membership of the prestigious [East] German Academy of Sciences and Humanities. His three proposers were the pre-historian Wilhelm Unverzagt (1892-1971), the professor of ancient history Ernst Hohl (1886-1957) and the jurist-philosopher Arthur Baumgarten (1884-1966). A fourth, the agronomist Asmus Petersen (1900-1962), added himself to the list of proposers

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texts: on 24 April 1952. The proposal nevertheless failed. It may have been on account of contacts established when fighting alongside Soviet comrades in the Red Army or it may simply have been through an above average level of self-belief that throughout the 1950s <mask> seems to have been less accommodating to the opinions of colleagues and comrades than was normal in East German universities.It is certainly the case that election to the Academy was, by the standards of western academic institutions at that time, a highly politicised process. The party was, to the full extent possible, omnipresent, and the early 1950s were a nervous time for the East German party leadership as they struggled to establish and extend party control in the face of acute economic austerity across the country. <mask>'s candidacy for membership seems to have had backing from leading figures in the university community that extended far beyond his four proposers. That it nevertheless failed demonstrates, in the opinion of one commentator, determination on the part of a small number of influential activist hard-line communists in the party hierarchy to crush and eliminate "bourgeois thinking" among academic colleagues during the early years of the East German dictatorship. With regard to "bourgeois thinking" it may have counted against <mask>'s candidacy that one of his four proposers was a former member of the National Socialist ("Nazi") Party (albeit - as far as one can tell - fully exonerated and/or rehabilitated after 1945) and another had spent the Hitler years exiled in Switzerland. <mask>'s next membership proposal for membership of the Academy was yet more carefully choreographed. It was formulated and submitted by Alfred Meusel, seconded by Wolfgang Steinitz (1905-1967).In a country where scholarship was


texts: traditionally respected, these were two of the most high-profile university professors of their generation. Steinitz was a close friend of Jürgen Kuczynski who, despite his slightly semi-detached attitude to the political establishment, had achieved iconic status with party leaders, partly on account of his long-standing ties to Soviet intelligence. The main speaker in support of <mask>'s candidacy, Carl Max Maedge (1884-1969), was unstinting in his praise of <mask>'s scholarly merits. When it came to a vote, <mask> was elected a member of the [East] German Academy of Sciences and Humanities on 29 December 1954. His installation as a full "ordinary member" of the academy took effect on 24 February 1955. The next year he took over as head of the history department at the Academy. Although he continued to live in Halle, <mask>'s responsibilities at the Academy in Berlin after 1956 involved him in frequent involvement with Eduard Winter.Relations between the two men had been frosty ever since they had worked together at Halle back in 1950/51, when the roles of university pro-rector and o university rector had overlapped uncomfortably before Winter's transfer to Berlin at the end of 1951. Relations soured further during the 1950s. More generally, the little quarrels, jealousies and vanities between university professors tended to focus on <mask> as the decade progressed. Jürgen Kuczynski, like <mask>, was elected to membership of the Academy only in 1955. They were both exceptionally erudite History professors of Jewish provenance with a long-standing focus on labour-movement history and long-standing links to the political establishment in Moscow and - almost certainly - to the world of Soviet intelligence. They might have been expected to have much in common, but Kuczynski somehow managed to


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 become an "aristocrat of communism" as <mask> never would; and relations between the two men alwats remained distant. The historian-economist Kuczynski was a prolific author.His autobiographical memoires published in the 1990s become at times almost garrulous when the author discusses academic colleagues: they make absolutely no mention of <mask>, however. Nevertheless, through the robustness of his own intellect and academic rigour <mask> emerged during the later 1950s as one of the most influential historians of the German Democratic Republic, never slow to tangle with what he, as a Marxist historian, would have characterised as the "disorienting reactionary interpretations" to be identified in the "bourgeois" historiography of the period, championed in the other Germany by men such as Hermann Heimpel at Göttingen or Gerhard Ritter at Freiburg. Dismissal
By the end of the 1950s <mask> had become a member of the History Advisory Board at the East German Secretariat for Higher Education. During this time party loyalists among his younger colleagues produced a textbook on German History. A member of a later generation of east German historians later dismissed the work as "incompetent". It was nevertheless used for teaching History at East Germany universities for three decades between 1959 and 1989. This provides context for <mask>'s dismissal from his position as rector of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg in February 1959, through what one source describes as "an intrigue by party comrades" and another describes simply as "internal party conflicts".In view of the close links between the universities and the party it is unremarkable that <mask> reacted by submitted a letter of complaint to the Party Central Committee, but this was without obvious effect. Following his

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 dismissal from the rectorate he also lost his membership of the Halle local party leadership team (Bezirksleitung). According to one source, it was only through the personal intervention of First Party Secretary Walter Ulbricht, that <mask> was "spared further humiliations". The list of honorary doctorates and "state honours" which <mask> received during the final 23 years of his life, between 1959 and 1982, indicates that, slightly unusually, his falling out with the party leadership in Halle in 1959 was not followed by any national fall from grace. Later years
Nor was there any shortage of important work related to his position as a leading East German historian. Meanwhile, the administrative and organisational duties that had been <mask>'s as Halle university rector now passed to his successor in the position, the economist Gerhard Bondi. While sidelined at Halle, <mask> remained active in Berlin as a member, and later as chairman, of the History Advisory Board at the East German Secretariat for Higher Education.Although his published works on the history of the labour movement and his tally of awards during the 1960s demonatrate the effectiveness of his determination to sustain good relations with the party establishment, it is evident that he continued to be a focus of mistrust at some levels inside the homeland security services. When surviving files from old the Ministry for State Security were made available to researchers after 1990, several volumes stuffed full with reports and associated commentaries, bear testimony to the very extensive state surveillance to which <mask> was subjected, even by the standards of East German surveillance state, and even after removal from his high-profile role at Halle in 1960. At the Academy in Berlin, <mask> served in succession to Wolfgang

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 Steinitz between 1963 and 1968 as Academy Vice-president and as chairman of the academy's working group for Social Sciences institutes and facilities. After that he served between 1968 and 1981 as director of the academy's History Research Centre. <mask> died at Halle a few weeks short of what would have been his 82nd birthday on 2 or 3 January 1982. Recognition (selection)

Notes

References

20th-century German historians
University of Vienna alumni
Moscow State University alumni
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg faculty
Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians
Communist Party of Austria politicians
Emigrants from Nazi Germany
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
International Brigades personnel
Soviet colonels
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
1901 births
1982


texts: <mask> (born 1942) is an English classical pianist, composer, arranger, producer and educator. He is best known for his orchestration of George Harrison albums such as All Things Must Pass (1970) and for his association with Indian sitar maestro Ravi Shankar. <mask> trained at the Royal College of Music and the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, before establishing himself during the mid 1960s as a composer of piano interpretations of Indian classical ragas. He became a student of Shankar, for whose East–West collaborations with Yehudi Menuhin and others he transcribed Indian melodies into Western musical annotation. Through Shankar, <mask> began a long friendship with Harrison in 1966, then a member of the Beatles, which assisted Harrison's own education in Indian music as well as his promotion of the genre to Western audiences. <mask> collaborated with Harrison on the latter's Wonderwall Music soundtrack album (1968), before providing the orchestral arrangements for All Things Must Pass songs such as "Isn't It a Pity" and "My Sweet Lord", and for Harrison's 1973 album Living in the Material World. Most often in the role of orchestral or choral arranger, <mask> also contributed to albums such as the Beatles' Let It Be, <mask>'s Imagine and Gary Wright's Footprint in the early 1970s.His projects as a music producer during the same period included three albums by progressive rock band Quintessence, and he has worked on film or TV soundtracks for directors Otto Preminger, Alejandro Jodorowsky and Jonathan Miller. Other artists with whom <mask> has worked include <mask>, André Previn, Phil Spector, Roger Daltrey, Yoko Ono and Jackie Lomax. Continuing his interest in Indian music, <mask> released an album with sarodya Aashish Khan in 1973, Jugalbandi, and contributed to Shankar's final collaboration with Harrison, Chants of India, in 1996. Among his educational

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 positions, he has taught at Trinity College of Music, London, and in Ghana at the Achimota School. Early recognition and work with Ravi Shankar
Born in London in the 1940s, <mask> studied piano, trumpet and music composition at the Royal College of Music. He then attended London University's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), where he developed an interest in Indian classical music. Among English classical musicians of the mid 1960s, <mask>'s piano compositions based on Indian ragas were unprecedented and brought him to the attention of members of India's cultural community in London.Some of his works were first performed and recorded for radio broadcast by British pianist <mask> (Reflections and Piano Concerto). <mask> became a student of Indian sitarist and composer Ravi Shankar, whose international popularity by 1966 had grown to include Western rock audiences. In June that year, <mask> attended the Bath Music Festival in the west of England, where Shankar and American violinist Yehudi Menuhin were due to perform an historic duet. At Shankar's request, <mask> transcribed the sitarist's adaptation of Raga Tilang into Western musical annotation for Menuhin's benefit, after Shankar had been dissatisfied with German musician Peter Feuchtwanger's attempt to adapt the same raga. Later in 1966, on Menuhin and Shankar's Grammy Award-winning album West Meets East, <mask> supplied liner notes, explaining the various musical terms particular to Indian music. He served as musical annotator on several subsequent East–West collaborations by Shankar, who described him as "a brilliant young pianist". One such project was Shankar's score for Alice in Wonderland (1966), a BBC TV film directed by Jonathan Miller.Association with George Harrison
During this period, <mask> met George Harrison of the Beatles through Shankar, who had adopted the guitarist as his sitar student. Harrison

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 was fascinated by <mask>'s interpretations of ragas, and based his 1967 song "Blue Jay Way" on a piano piece that <mask> had derived from Raga Marwa. In March 1967, <mask> attended the recording session for Harrison's Indian-styled composition "Within You, Without You", released on the Beatles' seminal album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. <mask> later wrote the choral arrangements for Phil Spector's controversial production of "The Long and Winding Road" and "Across the Universe", issued on the band's final album, Let It Be (1970). Several commentators credit Harrison as the person most responsible for Indian music's surge in popularity in the West from 1966 onwards, via his work with the Beatles and his public endorsement of Shankar. Among these, author Simon Leng has described <mask> as both a "birth partner" and the "closest confidant and fellow traveler" to Harrison during the latter's immersion in the genre.Harrison solo albums
<mask> played a key collaborative role on Harrison's soundtrack to the Joe Massot-directed film Wonderwall (1968). In addition to participating in recording sessions held at London's Abbey Road Studios in late 1967, <mask> transcribed Harrison's melodies into an annotation that the Beatle was then able to share with Indian musicians in Bombay, where part of the album was recorded in January 1968. Released as Wonderwall Music, and described by author Peter Lavezzoli as "a charming potpourri of Indian and Western sounds", it features <mask> on piano, harmonium and flugelhorn, and in the role of orchestral arranger. Following the Beatles' break-up in April 1970, <mask> supplied the orchestral arrangements on Harrison's acclaimed triple album All Things Must Pass (1970). The album was co-produced by Spector, whose "distant and authoritarian" style <mask> says he found difficult to adapt to after the "intimate, friendly atmosphere" typical of

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 Harrison sessions. The songs to which <mask> contributed include the international hits "My Sweet Lord" and "What Is Life", the album's title track, and "Isn't It a Pity". The last of these, Leng writes, "captures the depth of the musical understanding between George Harrison and <mask>", in the interplay between slide guitar, orchestra and choir.<mask> provided the orchestration for Harrison's successful follow-up to All Things Must Pass, Living in the Material World (1973). His arrangements on that album include the string, brass and choral parts on "The Day the World Gets 'Round", "Who Can See It" and "That Is All". Other Beatles-related recordings
<mask> also worked on Harrison's projects with acts signed to the Beatles' Apple record label. Among these releases was Is This What You Want? (1969) by Jackie Lomax, That's the Way God Planned It (1969) by Billy Preston, and Radha Krishna Temple (London)'s 1970 hit single "Govinda". The latter was a musical adaptation of a sacred Hindu poem from the Satya Yuga. Through his connection with Harrison, <mask> also played harpsichord on Yoko Ono's "Who Has Seen the Wind?", released in February 1970 as the B-side to <mask>'s Spector-produced single "Instant Karma!" Following the success of All Things Must Pass, <mask> contributed to Ronnie Spector's "Try Some, Buy Some" single, Lennon's song "Jealous Guy" (from Imagine) and Gary Wright's album Footprint, all recorded in 1971. He has said of working with Wright and Harrison that "there was a strong [musical] rapport among the three of us" and describes Wright's song "Love to Survive" as "one of the most emotionally powerful love songs that I have ever worked on". In his book Phil Spector: Out of His Head, music journalist Richard Williams writes of <mask>'s orchestration on "Try Some, Buy Some": "[The strings and mandolins] sweep and soar in great blocks of sound, pirouetting around each

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 other like a corps de ballet in slow motion. The closing portions of the orchestral arrangement are breathtaking, displaying a geometrical logic which makes use of suspended rhythms drawn out to screaming point." Production for Quintessence and Jugalbandi album
Barham became involved in music production in the late 1960s, working with Quintessence. The latter were a Notting Hill-based progressive rock band who, like Harrison, incorporated a Hindu-aligned spiritual message in their music.<mask> produced and provided arrangements on the band's first three albums – In Blissful Company, Quintessence and Dive Deep – all released on Island Records between 1969 and 1971. Reviewing Quintessence (1970) in Melody Maker, Richard Williams described Barham's production as "quite superb". In a 2014 feature article on Quintessence, for Record Collector, Colin Harper praised <mask>'s contributions to the band's work, labelling him "their very own George Martin … honing their onstage magic into sublime studio sculptures". Following singer Shiva Shankar Jones's departure from Quintessence, <mask> produced his new band's eponymous album, Kala (1972). In 1973, <mask> and Indian sarod player Aashish Khan released an album on Elektra Records, titled Jugalbandi – the word commonly used for duets in Hindustani classical music. Produced by <mask>, with tabla accompaniment from Zakir Hussain, the album featured a piece called "Piano Solos", on which he combined the ragas Nat Bhairav, Brindavani Tilang, Marwa and Mishra-Kalavati. Asked in a 2009 online interview about the long-unavailable Jugalbandi, <mask> said: "I haven't composed any more music like that, although I still do compose regularly, but in a more Western style."Work on film soundtracks and in music education
Among his work in films, <mask> provided the soundtrack for El Topo (1970), directed by Alejandro Jodorowsky. In 1979, he arranged

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 Richard and Gary Logan's score for The Human Factor, the final film by director Otto Preminger. <mask>'s Indian compositions have featured in BBC documentaries by director Manjira Dhatta. He also supplied the musical score for one of Katharine Hepburn's last screen appearances, before her retirement from acting in 1994. His teaching activities have included a role as tutor in Schenkerian analysis at Trinity College of Music, London. <mask> also taught at the Achimota School in Ghana, where William Chapman Nyaho was among his students. Later projects
In 1996, <mask> collaborated again with Shankar and Harrison on the album Chants of India (1997), providing Western annotation for some of the musicians at Harrison's Friar Park studio, in Henley, Oxfordshire.Chants of India was one of Shankar's favourite releases among his six decades of recordings, and <mask> has said of his own role in the project: "it was a pleasure working on this beautiful record." In August 2000, just over a year before Harrison's death, he and <mask> met at a local performance of a choral work by Jon Lord, which <mask> was conducting, where Harrison asked him to supply an orchestral arrangement for a new song he had recorded. <mask> has played or collaborated with a number of other significant figures in the entertainment industry, including <mask>, André Previn, Roger Daltrey, Gene Pitney and Badfinger. With Simon Leng and former Splinter songwriter Bob Purvis, he formed Inscribe Music in 2007, a company providing services in composing and producing music. Late that year, as part of an initiative by Inscribe, <mask> worked with Newcastle College in the north-east of England on a recording of Purvis's song "Sail Away", for release as a single to benefit Cancer Research UK. In line with his past achievements in promoting Indian music, the company sought to establish partnerships in the Indian film industry. In

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 June 2010, <mask> reunited with Quintessence when the band performed at the 40th Anniversary Glastonbury Festival.He subsequently produced their live album Rebirth: Live at Glastonbury 2010, for which he is also credited as a composer and liner-note writer. Citations

Sources

 Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; ). Alan Clayson, George Harrison, Sanctuary (London, 2003; ). Joshua M. Greene, Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison, John Wiley & Sons (Hoboken, NJ, 2006; ). Peter Lavezzoli, The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ). Simon Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; ). Mark Lewisohn, The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career, Chicago Review Press (Chicago, IL, 2010; ).Mojo: The Beatles' Final Years Special Edition, Emap (London, 2003). Nat Segaloff, Final Cuts: The Last Films of 50 Great Directors, BearManor Media (Duncan, OK, 2013; ). Ravi Shankar, Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar, Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; ). Bruce Spizer, The Beatles Solo on Apple Records, 498 Productions (New Orleans, LA, 2005; ). Richard Williams, Phil Spector: Out of His Head, Omnibus Press (London, 2003; ). World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific), Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; ). English classical pianists
English classical composers
British music arrangers
English record producers
British music educators
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Living people
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century pianists
21st-century British male


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<mask> (born April 7, 1931) is an American economist, political activist, and former United States military analyst. While employed by the RAND Corporation, <mask> precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of the U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times, The Washington Post and other newspapers. On January 3, 1973, <mask> was charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 along with other charges of theft and conspiracy, carrying a total maximum sentence of 115 years. Because of governmental misconduct and illegal evidence-gathering, and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson, Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. dismissed all charges against Ellsberg on May 11, 1973. <mask> was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2006. He is also known for having formulated an important example in decision theory, the Ellsberg paradox, his extensive studies on nuclear weapons and nuclear policy, and for having voiced support for WikiLeaks, Chelsea Manning, and Edward Snowden. <mask>f Palme Prize for his "profound humanism and exceptional moral courage."Early life and career

<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 7, 1931, the son of Harry and Adele (Charsky) <mask>. His parents were Ashkenazi Jews who had converted to Christian Science, and he was raised as a Christian Scientist. He grew up in Detroit and attended the Cranbrook School in nearby Bloomfield Hills. His mother wanted him to be a concert pianist, but he stopped playing in July 1948, two years after both his mother and sister were killed when his father fell asleep at the wheel and crashed the family car into a bridge

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 abutment. <mask> entered Harvard College on a scholarship, graduating summa cum laude with an A.B. in economics in 1952. He studied at the University of Cambridge for a year on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, then returned to Harvard for graduate school.In 1954, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps and earned a commission. He served as a platoon leader and company commander in the 2nd Marine Division, and was discharged in 1957 as a first lieutenant. <mask> returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow in the Society of Fellows for two years. RAND Corporation and PhD
Ellsberg began working as a strategic analyst at the RAND Corporation for the summer of 1958 and then permanently in 1959. He concentrated on nuclear strategy and the command and control of nuclear weapons. <mask> completed a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard in 1962. His dissertation on decision theory was based on a set of thought experiments that showed that decisions under conditions of uncertainty or ambiguity generally may not be consistent with well-defined subjective probabilities.Now known as the Ellsberg paradox, this formed the basis of a large literature that has developed since the 1980s, including approaches such as Choquet expected utility and info-gap decision theory. <mask> worked in the Pentagon from August 1964 under Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara as special assistant to Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs John McNaughton. [At this point of Lyndon Johnson's escalation into the Vietnam War, <mask> would later discover the lies and subsequent cover-up of the "non-attacks" upon the USS Maddox, in the Gulf of Tonkin ("by North Vietnam"), which led to bombing raids into North Vietnam on August 2 and 4, 1964, under orders

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