texts: disorderly conduct, obstructing government administration, and resisting arrest. Later, Volpe admitted his accusation about Louima being his assailant was a lie. On the ride to the station, the arresting officers beat Louima with their fists, nightsticks, and hand-held police radios. On arriving at the station house, they had Louima strip-searched and put in a holding cell. The beating continued later, culminating with Louima being raped in a bathroom at the 70th Precinct station house in Brooklyn.Volpe kicked <mask> in the testicles, and while <mask>'s hands were cuffed behind his back, he first grabbed onto and squeezed his testicles and then forced a broken broomstick up his rectum. According to trial testimony, Volpe walked through the precinct holding the bloody, excrement-stained instrument in his hand, bragging to a police sergeant that he "took a man down tonight." <mask>'s teeth were also badly damaged in the attack when the broom handle was jammed into his mouth. He testified that a second officer in the bathroom helped Volpe in the assault but could not positively identify him. The identity of the second attacker became a point of serious contention during the trial and appeals. <mask> also initially claimed that the officers involved in the attack called him a racial slur and shouted, "This is Giuliani-time" during the beating. <mask> later recanted that claim.The reversal was used by police defense lawyers to cast doubt on the entirety of his testimony. The day after the incident, police took <mask> to the emergency department at Coney Island Hospital. Escorting officers explained away his serious injuries, saying they were the result of "abnormal homosexual activities." An Emergency Department (ED) nurse, Magalie Laurent, suspecting that <mask>'s extreme injuries were not the result of consensual sex, notified <mask>'s family and the Police Department's Internal Affairs Bureau of the likelihood that he had been raped

masks: Louima Louima Louima Louima Louima Louima Louima Louima


type: original

texts:
 and beaten in custody. <mask> suffered severe internal damage to his colon and bladder in the attack, which required three major operations to repair. He was hospitalized for two months after the incident. Public reaction
Reports of the incident and the severity of <mask>'s injuries provoked national outrage.On August 29, 1997, an estimated 7,000 demonstrators marched to the New York City Hall and the 70th Precinct station house at 154 Lawrence Avenue where the attack took place. The march was dubbed "Day of Outrage Against Police Brutality and Harassment." The case was mentioned in the 1998 Amnesty International report on the United States, among several other cases of police brutality, torture, and abuse. Amnesty International also uses the incident as a case study on a treatise in the campaign against torture. Mike McAlary, a New York Daily News journalist, investigated and reported an exposé of the brutalization of Louima by NYPD officers. He won the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for distinguished commentary for this reporting. Criminal trials
Volpe was charged with several counts in federal court of violating Louima's civil rights, obstruction of justice, and making false statements to police; he pleaded "not guilty".Midway through the trial, Volpe changed his plea to guilty, confessing to having sodomized Louima. Although <mask> had suffered several broken teeth, Volpe denied that he ever struck Louima in the mouth with the stick and claimed that he only put it very close to Louima's mouth. Volpe also admitted that he had threatened Louima's life. Volpe was convicted of the charges. On December 13, 1999, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison, without the possibility of parole, as well as a $525 fine and restitution in the amount of $277,495. Charles Schwarz was convicted on June 27, 2000 for helping Volpe assault <mask> in the bathroom, and he was sentenced to 15 years in prison. At the time of his conviction, numerous questions were

masks: Louima Louima Louima Louima


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 raised about whether he could receive a fair trial in the highly charged atmosphere.Volpe identified Wiese, not Schwarz, as the second man in the bathroom, in a recorded interview on news show 60 Minutes, a fact not brought up in the trial. The conviction was overturned by the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which found that Schwarz was denied a fair trial. However, in 2002, Schwarz pleaded guilty to a perjury charge for testifying that he did not lead Louima to the bathroom, and he was sentenced to five years in prison. His request for leniency was rejected on March 30, 2006. He was released to a halfway house in February 2007, and as of 2019 works in New York City as a carpenter. Three other NYPD officers (Bruder, Wiese, and Sergeant Michael Bellomo) were indicted for trying to cover up the assault. On March 9, 2000, Wiese and Bruder, along with Schwarz, were convicted on the charge of conspiracy to obstruct a federal investigation into the assault on Louima, but their convictions were reversed by a federal appeals court in February 2002 for insufficient evidence.Bellomo was found not guilty of trying to cover up the beating of <mask> and that of another Haitian immigrant by Volpe earlier that evening. Volpe is serving his 30-year sentence at a minimum security facility at the Federal Correctional Institution, Beaumont in Texas; he is scheduled for release on January 9, 2025. He was assigned BOP Inmate #49477-053. In February 2021, Volpe's request for a COVID-related compassionate release was denied. Aftermath
<mask> was represented by attorney Sanford Rubenstein in a subsequent civil suit against the City of New York; this was settled for $8.75 million on July 30, 2001, the largest police brutality settlement in New York City history. After legal fees, <mask> collected approximately $5.8 million. In February 2003, <mask> Louima Foundation, a nonprofit organization to raise additional money to build a community

masks: Louima Louima Louima Louimabner


texts:
 center and hospital in Haiti. <mask> indicated he had plans to use his own money and donations to open community centers in Haiti, New York, and Florida for Haitians and others seeking legal, financial or other aid. <mask> paid the school tuition for 14 poor children in Thomassin, the small community where he grew up. During his visit to Haiti, he met with the President of Haiti, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a former priest whom Louima knew from his school days. In a rare interview, <mask> said he is convinced that he can make a difference in his impoverished homeland: "Maybe God saved my life for a reason, I believe in doing the right thing." In 2007, <mask> was residing in Miami Lakes, Florida. He owns homes in suburban Miami and Port-au-Prince, and several investment properties in Florida.<mask> has since participated in anti-police brutality protests with Al Sharpton, notably over the shooting of Sean Bell in November 2006, and on August 9, 2007, exactly 10 years after his attack. On the latter date, <mask> was honored in New York City by the National Action Network (an organization founded by Al Sharpton), at the House of Justice, for his resolve and for helping others who have suffered from police brutality. See also

 Joseph Gray (police officer)
 Frank Lino
 NYPD subway sodomy incident
 Police brutality in the United States

References

External links
 Duke Law Journal (48 Duke L. J. 1157) Prosecuting race by Anthony V. Alfieri
 McAlary, M. (1997.) They Saw Louima's Terror, The New York Daily News – 1998 Pulitzer Prize winner for distinguished commentary. Original police incident reports, interviews, and other documents at The Smoking Gun.1966 births
Living people
American torture victims
New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct
Haitian emigrants to the United States
Crimes in New York City
People from Brooklyn
People from Miami Lakes, Florida
Activists from New York (state)
Victims of police brutality in the

masks: Louima Louima Louima Louima Louima Louima


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<mask>, 3rd Baronet, ARCM (b. 28 June 1935), is a biblical scholar, unitarian Christian theologian, author and professor on the faculty of Atlanta Bible College. Early life
<mask> was born on 28 June 1935 in Surrey, England, the son of prominent Royal Navy officer and Director of Naval Intelligence <mask>, and grandson of the Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford Sir Edward Farquhar Buzzard. He succeeded to the title of Baronet of Munstead Grange in the Parish of Godalming, co. Surrey on the death of his father in 1972, and has a younger brother Tim and younger sister Gill. Education

Buzzard was educated at Charterhouse, and served in the Royal Navy as a sub-lieutenant in the secretarial branch between 1954 and 1956. In 1960 he graduated in Modern Languages in French and German from the University of Oxford. <mask> was a 1963 graduate of Ambassador College, part of the Worldwide Church of God founded by Herbert W. Armstrong.Upon graduation in Pasadena, California, Buzzard then transferred to teach music at its campus in Bricket Wood, England. In the early 1970s, Buzzard left the Worldwide Church of God and published theological views refuting those of Armstrong. He became a close associate of Charles F. Hunting, an American evangelist who had been an official of the Bricket Wood campus. Education and teaching
Buzzard gained a Diploma in Biblical Hebrew from the University of Jerusalem in 1970. He attended the University of London. He gained a Masters in Theology from Bethany Theological Seminary, Chicago, in 1990. Buzzard taught French and German at The American School in

masks:
Sir Anthony Farquhar Buzzard
Anthony
Anthony Buzzard
Anthony Buzzard


texts:
 London and taught theology and Biblical languages for 24 years at Atlanta Bible College, McDonough, Georgia (formerly Oregon [IL] Bible College).Restoration Fellowship
Following his break with Armstrong, in 1981 Buzzard, founded with the help of Charles F. Hunting, the Restoration Fellowship, a Christian group dedicated to missionary and teaching work all over the world. It is affiliated with the Church of God General Conference, a group founded in 1921, holding Adventist and Unitarian beliefs, similar to the Church of the Blessed Hope and Christadelphians. Buzzard publishes a monthly newsletter Focus on the Kingdom, and is co-editor of A Journal from the Radical Reformation, which explores continuity between the beliefs of Reformation groups - such as some Anabaptists, Socinians, early Unitarians and "Biblical Unitarian" groups today. Buzzard has been noted as one of the principal writers seeking a revival of early Unitarian beliefs. Music
Apart from excelling in languages and biblical studies, <mask> also has a love of classical music. He studied at the Royal College of Music, London, where he gained Diplomas in oboe in 1959 and piano in 1961. Theological views
Buzzard shares the following beliefs, as expressed on his Restoration Fellowship website:
 There is one God, the Father (1 Cor.8:6), the one God of the creed of Israel affirmed by Jesus Christ (Mark 12:28ff). The Father is "the only true God" (John 17:3). There is one Lord Messiah, Jesus (1 Cor. 8:6), who was supernaturally conceived as the Son of God (Luke 1:35), and foreordained from the foundation of the world (1 Pet. 1:20). The


texts: Holy Spirit is the personal, operational presence and power of God extended through the risen Christ to believers (Ps. 51:11).The Bible, consisting of the Hebrew canon (Luke 24:44) and the Greek New Testament Scriptures, is the inspired and authoritative revelation of God (2 Tim. 3:16). In the atoning, substitutionary death of Jesus, his resurrection on the third day, and his ascension to the right hand of the Father (Ps. 110:1; Acts 2:34-36), where he is waiting until his enemies are subdued (Heb. 10:13). In the future visible return of Jesus Christ to raise to life the faithful dead (1 Cor. 15:23), establish the millennial Kingdom on earth (Rev.20:1-6, etc.) and bring about the restoration of the earth promised by the prophets (Acts 1:6; 3:21; 26:6, 7). In the regenerating power of the Gospel message about the Kingdom (Matt. 13:19; Luke 8:12; John 6:63), enabling the believer to understand divine revelation and live a life of holiness. In baptism by immersion upon reception of the Gospel of the Kingdom and the things concerning Jesus (Acts 8:12; Luke 24:27). In the future resurrection of the saved of all the ages to administer the renewed earth with the Messiah in the Kingdom of God (1 Cor. 6:2; 2 Tim.2:12; Rev. 2:26; 3:21; 5:10). In the existence of supernatural, cosmic evil headed by (the) Satan (Matt. 12:26) or Devil, as distinct from and in addition to human enemies and the natural evil of the human heart. Satan is the name of a wicked spirit personality, "the god of this age" (2 Cor. 4:4; cp. Eph.6:12). And in the existence of demons (daimonia) as non-human personalities whom Jesus


texts:
 addressed and they him (Luke 4:41; James 2:19). In the freedom "under grace" and not "under law," inaugurated at the cross in the New Covenant, in contrast to and replacing the Mosaic covenant enacted at Sinai (Gal. 3 and 4; 2 Cor. 3). Issues of physical circumcision and "the whole law" (Gal. 5:3) associated with circumcision, including calendar and food laws, are concerns of the old and not the new covenant.Compare Col. 2:16-17 where the temporary shadow is contrasted with the permanence and newness of Christ. Christians ought never to take up arms and kill their enemies and fellow believers in other nations (Matt. 26:52; John 15:19; 18:36; 1 Pet. 2:9-11; 1 Chron. 22:8). Books
 The Coming Kingdom of the Messiah: A Solution to the Riddle of the New Testament (1988)
 Our Fathers Who Aren’t in Heaven: The Forgotten Christianity of Jesus the Jew (1995)
 The Doctrine of the Trinity: Christianity's Self-Inflicted Wound (1998) – original edition with Charles F. Hunting
 The Law, the Sabbath and New Covenant Christianity (2005)
 The Amazing Aims and Claims of Jesus (2006)
 Jesus Was Not a Trinitarian (2007)

Booklets
 "Who Is Jesus? A Plea for a Return to Belief in Jesus the Messiah" (1984)
 "What Happens When We Die?A Biblical View of Death and Resurrection" (1986)

References

External links
Restoration Fellowship
Charles F. Hunting - initial partner after leaving Armstrong church organizations - details of conference with Hunting and others. 1935 births
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Royal Navy officers
People educated at Charterhouse School
People from Surrey
English


texts:
<mask> (7 October 1880 – 21 December 1972) was a German general and then a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS who played a key role in the post-war efforts by former members of the Waffen-SS to achieve historical and legal rehabilitation. Hausser served as an officer in the Prussian Army during World War I and attained the rank of general in the inter-war Reichsheer. After retirement, he joined the SS and was instrumental in forming the Waffen-SS. During World War II, he rose to the level of army group commander. He led Waffen-SS troops in the Third Battle of Kharkov, the Battle of Kursk and the Normandy Campaign. Hausser was the highest-ranking officer in the Waffen-SS alongside Sepp Dietrich. Unlike Dietrich, Hausser was a trained staff officer before joining the SS.After the war he became a founding member and the first spokesperson of HIAG, a lobby group and a revisionist veterans' organisation, founded by former high-ranking Waffen-SS personnel in West Germany in 1951. It campaigned for the restoration of legal and economic rights of the Waffen-SS employing a multi-prong propaganda campaign to achieve its aims. Hausser wrote two books, published by right-wing imprints, arguing the purely military role of the Waffen-SS and advancing the notion that its troops were "soldiers like any other", according to the title of the second book. Under Hausser's leadership, HIAG reshaped the image of the Waffen-SS as a so-called pan-European force that fought honorably and had no part in war crimes or Nazi atrocities. These ahistorical notions have since been discredited by historians. Early life and military career
<mask> was born on 7 October 1880 in Brandenburg an der Havel into a Prussian military family and entered the army in 1892. In 1899, he graduated from a cadet academy and was

masks:
Paul Hausser
Hausser


texts:
 commissioned as a lieutenant in the 155th (7th West Prussian) Infantry Regiment.Hausser graduated from the Prussian Military Academy in Berlin in 1911. Hausser married Elisabeth Gerard in 1912; the couple had one daughter who was born in December 1913. During World War I he served in the German General Staff and in staff roles on the Eastern Front, primarily serving with the 109th Infantry Division between 1916 and 1918. He was promoted to major in 1918 and was retained in the postwar Reichswehr, reaching the rank of Oberst (colonel) by 1927. Hausser retired from the Reichswehr in 1932 with the rank of Generalleutnant, having filled various appointments including chief of staff of Wehrkreis II (Military District 2) in Stettin, commander of the 10th Infantry Regiment, and deputy commander of the 4th Infantry Division. Hausser joined the right-wing World War I veterans' organization Der Stahlhelm, becoming the head of its Brandenburg-Berlin chapter in 1933. Soon after, the Stahlhelm was incorporated into the Sturmabteilung (SA), and, with the SA's demise, into the SS.SS career
In November 1934 <mask> was transferred to the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS Dispositional Troops; SS-VT) and assigned to the SS-Junkerschule Bad Tölz. He became the Inspector of the SS-VT in 1936. In this role, Hausser was in charge of the troop's military and ideological training but did not have command authority. The decision on deployment of the troops remained in Heinrich Himmler's hands. This aligned with Hitler's intentions to maintain these troops exclusively at his disposal, "neither [a part] of the army, nor of the police", according to Hitler's order of 17 August 1938. Hausser served during the 1939 invasion of Poland as an observer with the mixed Wehrmacht/SS Panzer Division Kempf. In October 1939 the


texts:
 SS-VT was formed as a motorized infantry division known as the SS-Verfügungs-Division with Hausser in command.He led the division, later renamed 2nd SS Division Das Reich, through the French campaign of 1940 and in the early stages of Operation Barbarossa. For his service in the Soviet Union, Hausser was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in 1941 and the Oak Leaves in 1943 (he received the Swords for his service in Normandy). He was severely wounded, losing an eye. After recovering, he commanded the newly formed SS-Panzer Corps (renamed II SS Panzer Corps in June 1943) and against Hitler's explicit orders withdrew his troops from Kharkov to avoid encirclement. He led the 1st, 2nd and 3rd SS divisions during the Battle of Kursk. After Kursk, his Corps was reformed (substituting the 1st, 2nd and 3rd SS Panzer Divisions with the 9th and 10th SS divisions) and sent to Italy, then to France where he commanded them in the early stages of the Normandy Campaign. After the death of Friedrich Dollmann, commander of the Seventh Army, Hausser was promoted to its command.During the Falaise encirclement in 1944, Hausser was seriously wounded (shot through the jaw). Hausser was promoted to SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer in August 1944 and subsequently commanded Army Group Oberrhein and later Army Group G until 3 April 1945. On the day he was relieved, Joseph Goebbels wrote, "He has definitely not stood the test." He ended the war on the staff of Field Marshal Albert Kesselring. At the Nuremberg Trials, he claimed that the Waffen-SS only had a military role and denied that it was involved in war crimes and atrocities. Post-war activities

Work for U.S. Army Historical Division
Following the war, Hausser participated in the work of the U.S. Army Historical Division, where under the guidance of


texts:
 Franz Halder, German generals wrote World War II operational studies for the U.S. Army, first as POWs and then as employees. In the late 1940s, Hausser authored an operational study on the Seventh Army's response to the Allied Normandy breakout.The study, together with contributions from Rudolf Christoph von Gersdorff, Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz, Wilhelm Fahrmbacher and Heinrich Eberbach, was published in 2004 as Fighting the Breakout: The German Army in Normandy from COBRA to the Falaise Gap. Leader of Waffen-SS lobby group
From 1950, Hausser was active in HIAG, a revisionist organization and a lobby group of former Waffen-SS members. HIAG began in late 1950 as a loose association of local groups; by October 1951, however, it claimed to embrace 376 local branches across West Germany. In December 1951, Hausser became its first spokesperson. With the publication of its first periodical in late 1951, HIAG was beginning to draw attention to itself and generate public controversy, including speculation that it was a neo-Nazi organization. In response, Hausser wrote an open letter to the Bundestag denying these accusations and describing the HIAG as an advocacy organisation for former Waffen-SS troops. Hausser asserted that its members rejected all forms of radicalism and were "upstanding citizens".As part of its lobbying efforts, HIAG attempted to "manipulate historical record or simply to ignore it", according to the historian David C. Large, who studied HIAG in the 1980s. HIAG's rewriting of history included significant multi-prong propaganda efforts, including tendentious periodicals, books and public speeches, along with the publishing house of Munin Verlag, to serve as a platform for its publicity aims. The express aim of Munin Verlag was to publish the "war narratives" of


texts:
 former Waffen-SS members, in cooperation with HIAG. Memoirs
<mask>'s 1953 book Waffen-SS im Einsatz ("Waffen-SS in Action") was the first major work by one of the HIAG leaders. It was published by , owned by a right-wing politician and publisher . A foreword from the former Wehrmacht General Heinz Guderian provided an endorsement for the Waffen-SS troops and referred to them as "the first realization of the European idea". The book described the growth of Waffen-SS into a multinational force where foreign volunteers fought heroically as a "militant example of the great European idea".Historians have refuted this characterisation, arguing that it was largely Nazi propaganda employed to bolster the ranks of the Waffen-SS with foreign volunteers. The message was later repurposed by HIAG as it sought historical and legal rehabilitation of the force. Waffen-SS in Action was included in the index of objectionable war books maintained by West Germany's Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons. The index was created in the early 1960s to limit the sale of such works to minors due to their chauvinism and glorification of violence. Hausser later wrote another book, published in 1966 by HIAG's imprint , under the title Soldaten wie andere auch ("Soldiers Like Any Other"). According to the military historian S.P. MacKenzie, the work epitomised how HIAG leaders wanted the Waffen-SS to be remembered, while the historian Charles Sydnor described it as "equally tendentious".Hausser's books, along with those by other key HIAG members and former Waffen-SS Generals Felix Steiner and Kurt Meyer, have been characterised by the historian Charles Sydnor as the "most important works of [Waffen-SS] apologist literature." These works demanded rehabilitation of the military branch of the Nazi


texts:
 Party and presented Waffen-SS members as both victims and misunderstood heroes. Historical revisionism
By the mid-1950s, under Hausser's guidance, HIAG attempted to establish a position that separated the Waffen-SS from other SS formations and shifted responsibility for crimes that could not be denied to the Allgemeine-SS (security and police), the SS-Totenkopfverbände (concentration camp organisation, "Death's Head troops") and the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units). The Waffen-SS, according to this position, could thus be successfully integrated into the parallel myth of the clean Wehrmacht. Hausser continued to deny that there was any connection between the Waffen-SS and Nazi atrocities. In 1957, he wrote an open letter in Der Freiwillige, HIAG's official publication, to West Germany's minister of defence, stating that Death's Head troops "merely served as external guards in the concentration camps without the possibility of interfering with the internal procedure". He did not mention that the guards accompanied prisoners on external labor details and that commanders of concentration camps generally came from the Waffen-SS.This apologist position also ignored the fact that the organizational structure of the SS tied the Waffen-SS to the Nazi annihilation machine through transfer of personnel between various SS units and the shifting responsibilities of the units themselves, as they may perform frontline duties at one time and then be reassigned to "pacification actions", the Nazi term for punitive operations in the rear. The German historian Karsten Wilke, who wrote a book on HIAG, Die "Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit" (HIAG) 1950–1990: Veteranen der Waffen-SS in der Bundesrepublik ("HIAG 1950–1990: Waffen-SS veterans in the Federal Republic"), notes that, by the 1970s,


texts:
 HIAG attained a monopoly on the historical representation of the Waffen-SS. Its recipe was simple and contained just four ingredients:
The Waffen-SS was apolitical
It was elite
It was innocent of all war crimes or Nazi atrocities
It was a European army par excellence, the Army of Europe. Historians dismiss, and even ridicule, this characterisation. The French author <mask> Picaper labels it as a "self-panegyric", while David Clay Large uses the words "extravagant fantasies about [Waffen-SS's] past and future". The historian James M. Diehl describes HIAG's claims of the Waffen-SS being the "fourth branch of the Wehrmacht" as "false", and HIAG's insistence that the force was a precursor to NATO as "even more outrageous". Hausser's last project within HIAG was the five-hundred page SS picture tome under the nostalgic title Wenn alle Brüder schweigen ("When All Our Brothers Are Silent"); the project was spearheaded by Hausser, with Jochen Peiper, another prominent Waffen-SS figure, as a contributor.The publication was released in 1973. <mask> died at the age of 92, on 21 December 1972 at Ludwigsburg. Summary of his military and SS career

Dates of rank
 Leutnant: 20 March 1899
 Oberleutnant: 19 August 1909
 Hauptmann i.G. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

1880 births
1972 deaths
People from Brandenburg an der Havel
People from the Province of Brandenburg
German military personnel of World War I
Prussian Army personnel
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer
Burials at Munich Waldfriedhof
Lieutenant generals of the Reichswehr
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Waffen-SS personnel
Operation Overlord people
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Historical

masks:
Jean Paul
Hausser


texts:
<mask> is a professional musician raised in Basking Ridge, NJ. He began playing drums at the age of ten, inspired by the likes of Neil Peart, Bill Bruford, and Terry Bozzio. In 2008, Honoshowsky represented the United States at the YMCA Europe Festival in Prague, Czech Republic, giving two solo drum performances on the center stage. Honoshowsky studied briefly under Chris Pennie (Dillinger Escape Plan, Coheed and Cambria) and is currently studying under percussionist Billy Martin (Medeski Martin and Wood). He has performed with Cyro Baptista and Billy Martin's Student Bodies, with Billy's Mystery Riddim Band (featuring Kato Hidecki  and Shahzad Ismaily), as well as Billy's Fang Percussion Ensemble. He is also featured in Billy's DVD entitled "Life on Drums", which was released on October 8, 2010. Honoshowsky is most commonly known as the founder of No Use For Humans (NUFH), an avant-garde electronica band from New Jersey, and he's also the founder of the drumming collective Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick.Honoshowsky has performed and recorded with many metro New York City/ New Jersey bands, from hip-hop band Universal Rebel to world/avant-garde group In Petto, has toured the United States with hardcore band Hungry Housewives, and also performs solo sets under the name Soul Amputation. In addition to performing, Honoshowsky teaches private lessons, hosts drum workshops, and is a facilitator The Rhythmic Arts Project (TRAP) program for therapy and to increase coordination and motor skills for physically and mentally disabled people. In addition, Honoshowsky plays bass and a variety of keyboards/electronics/vocals. Background
<mask> was born on February 7, 1979, in Morristown,

masks:
Steve Honoshowsky
Steve


texts:
 NJ. Growing up, he had aspirations to play the electric guitar, but was dissuaded  by his parents who informed him he could not play guitar in the high school concert band, which like his older brothers he intended on joining. Drums were the next best thing in his mind, so he picked up the sticks and began practicing his rudiment every day while listening to bands like Rush, Yes, and Frank Zappa. Beginning in middle school, <mask> performed with guitarist Jay Sorce  and bassist Rob Gorman in the band Pigs In Space.Pigs in Space gained a cult following in central New Jersey in the early 1990s until eventual breakup in 1995. He attended St. Thomas Aquinas College, graduating in 2001. Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick
In 2008, Honoshowsky founded the drumming collective Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick. Speak Softly has opened doors to what can be created in the medium of "percussion only music". Each guest drummer was asked to record a drum piece. They were given no parameters as to what to play. Upon receiving each recording, Honoshowsky would listen to them just once and then record a duet piece over top of it.The idea was to keep it sounding as "in the moment" as possible. On Valentine's Day 2008, <mask> and Amir Ziv performed their drum duets at the Issue Project Room  in Brooklyn, NY, as part of Billy Martin's Week of Drums and Percussion. This style was dubbed "experimental electronic math rock". "The music was based on a freewheeling style blending imrpov-centric electronics and ethnic motifs with a complex patchwork of oddly linked themes and shifting time signatures." Their debut self-titled EP was recorded in October 2003 and was often compared to the likings of a

masks: Steve Honoshowsky


texts:
 Frank Zappa or Mike Patton project, while much of the sound gives it the feel of an obscure Sci-Fi or video game soundtrack. "Almost entirely instrumental (only "Robots! (V. Brue)" contains some distorted vocals), the music is based on quickly rotating riffs, each seldom lasting more than a few bars."Lesson From A Dying Breed was their sophomore release. Its eight studio tracks were recorded in September 2004, followed by 6 tracks recorded live at the Brighton Bar on September 14, 2004 in Long Branch, NJ, during an opening act for the band Captured! By Robots. As read on jambands.com, Lesson's "...eight studio tracks careen cinematically through bizarre melodic percussion, hip-hop, metal, and other sonic chicanery...No Use For Humans is the virtual definition of what it means to be adventurous, to abandon received wisdom (and musical traditions) and just get loose." An uncovering of <mask>'s love for 1970s and 1980s music and soundtracks is exposed with covers of "99 Luftballons" by Nena, "The Imperial March" from Star Wars, and "Obituaries/Candyman" by Danny Elfman and Philip Glass, respectively. March 2005–September 2006

In March 2005, Alicia Testa joined the band and added a new dynamic with her powerful vocals, keyboards, flute, and the 1980s-esque omnichords. This trio went into the studio in March 2005 and recorded a full length, self-titled album.A common reaction to the album was an appreciation of the originality of its sound. High Times magazine described it as there being "no way to satisfactorily pigeonhole this music. Compositions will begin with fits of high energy, synthesized drumming, then dissipate and dissolve into a mellow and melodious groove then snap


texts:
 into something else...it is musical experimentation the mainstream frowns upon and its power is in keeping listeners on their toes." Music journalist Jesse Jarnow explained "they prove themselves steeped in the maximalist tradition — though not in a theatrical wanky way, and not in a jamband way, either. The music is almost all synthesized. If there's anything acoustic present, it just sounds like a really good imitation." Also in 2005, <mask> began performing as a solo act under the name "Soul Amputation".This project allowed <mask> to improvise on a drum kit while incorporating keyboards and other electronics. 2007–2010
This lineup of No Use For Humans includes Honoshowky, Mike Biskup on electric guitar, and Willy Carmona on trumpet, keyboards, and percussion. Biskup and Honoshowsky have history performing together, going back to the 1990s when they both performed in the NYC-based world/avant-garde band, In Petto. In June 2008, this lineup, including Sean Wegeler on keyboards, entered the studio and recorded the album An Index of Fecal-Oral Transmission. "The tracks of An Index of Fecal-Oral Transmission blend jazz-fusion and world-beat flourishes with soundtrack-style/ambient textures." According to the album's cover, "Since time existed, this planet's unseen organisms had wiped out billions of humans before they could earn their immunity to them. Bacteria is ever changing; ever evolving...This music was insipred by the little creatures humans infect each other with when they are affected by one another".Solo NUFH

2011 found <mask> shifting gears, moving from an evenly balanced acoustic and electronic mix to an almost all electronic presentation. "Live at Retromedia"

masks: Steve Steve Steve


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 serves as the debut release of this direction, and features a mostly solo <mask> with a few NUFH alumni sitting in for a song or two. A vast repertoire of synth, percussion, keyboard, reverb, echo, and wave manipulation make the electronic orchestration a strong suit of this album. Following the release of "Retromedia", <mask> was quick to enter the studio again, this time recruiting a core group of guests in a strictly collaborative effort. Not only does "Humanoids: A No Use For Humans Collective" contain some very deep electronic music, several tracks have him back behind the acoustic drums. Daughter Vision
Formed in the winter of 2013, <mask> and fellow NJ musician Brian Powell have teamed up to form the electro-pop power duo "Daughter Vision". Formed in late 2012, they released their self-titled debut under the NJ label Nacht Records.DV is known for having a visually stimulating live show as well as a mostly electronic, dance party sound. Equipment

Drums

 Pork Pie snare drum
 DW Soprano snare
 DW 6 piece Collector's Series
 Tama 5 piece Stagestar (depending on the gig)
 occasional original Tama Octobons

Cymbals

 18" Zildjian Custom K Ride
 16" Zildjian Trash China
 Hi-Hats= 14" Ziljian Field (top), 14" Ziljian Schimitar (bottom), 10" Zildjian Splash (top) 10" Sabian Neil Peart Paragon Splash (bottom)
 FX CYMBALS (various, interchangeable)
 Zildjian Trash Spiral
 Several 8" Stagg & LP cup chimes/icebells
 Zildjian Zilbells
 Sabian Will Calhoun Alien Disc
 various firebells and found objects

Other percussion

 Several hand made cowbells and gongs
 Zildjian gongs
 LP Talking Drum
 LP Udu
 kalimba
 bamboo, blocks, chains, caxixis, pandeiros,  animal calls etc.


texts:
<mask> (January 2, 1898 – November 1, 1989), was a pioneering Black professional and civil rights activist of the early-to-mid-Twentieth Century. <mask> was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. in economics in the United States (1921). A few years later, she was first woman to receive a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School (1927), becoming the first Black woman to practice law in Pennsylvania. She was also the first national president of Delta Sigma Theta sorority, serving from 1919 to 1923. <mask> and her husband were active in civil rights, both in Philadelphia and nationally. In 1946 she was appointed to the President's Committee on Civil Rights established by Harry Truman. In 1952 she was appointed to the city's Commission on Human Relations, serving through 1968.She was a founding member of the national Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law (1963). She served on the board of the National Urban League for 25 years. U.S. President Jimmy Carter appointed her in 1979 to chair the decennial White House Conference on Aging, an honor later withdrawn by the Reagan administration. Biography

<mask> <mask> was born on January 2, 1898, in Philadelphia to Aaron Albert <mask> II and Mary Louisa <mask> (born 1867). <mask> attended high school in Washington, D.C., at the M Street School, now known as Dunbar High School, graduating in 1915. <mask> returned to Philadelphia to study at the School of Education at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1918. There, she faced numerous hardships, due to her race and gender, such as poor advising, false accusations of plagiarism, and other students stealing her intellectual property.She pursued graduate work in economics, also at Penn, earning her master's in 1919. Awarded the Francis Sergeant Pepper fellowship, she was able to continue her studies and in 1921 became the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D from an American university. Finding

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Mossell Alexander
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texts: it difficult to get professorship work in Philadelphia as an African-American even with her doctorate, <mask> decided to take an actuarial job with the black-owned North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company in Durham, North Carolina, and worked there for two years. In 1919, <mask> <mask> was elected the first national President of Delta Sigma Theta. <mask> <mask> also served as the legal advisor to Delta Sigma Theta sorority for 35 years. She was in contact with the Alpha Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta since 1915 when she arrived at the University of Pennsylvania. However, she needed five students to charter a chapter of the sorority, which was not possible until 1918.In March 1918, the Gamma Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta was established with <mask> as its first President. At the request of the Alpha Chapter, the four existing chapters of Delta Sigma Theta were called to convene at Howard University in December 1919. The sorority planned to host their meetings in the women's dormitory on campus until Mossell's uncle Lewis Baxter Moore offered his office as a meeting place. At this convention, the Grand Chapter of the sorority was established, taking the sorority from a loose federation of chapters to a national body. Under, <mask>'s leadership the Sorority expanded to new locales in the West, the South, and further into the Midwest and Northeast. She also initiated Delta's first national program, May Week. In 1923, <mask> married Raymond Pace <mask> shortly after he was admitted to the bar, then returned with him to Philadelphia.Mossell received job offers from several Black colleges and universities, but none of them were located in Philadelphia, and she had no desire to leave her new family. So she stayed home for a year, did volunteer work, and eventually entered law school. She was the first African-American woman admitted to the University of Pennsylvania Law School. In 1927, she was its first African-American woman graduate, and the first to

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Sadie Tanner
Mossell
Mossell
Alexander
Mossell
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 be admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar. <mask> <mask> practiced law from 1927 until her retirement in 1982. Upon admission to the Bar, she joined her husband's law practice as partner, specializing in estate and family law. They both were active in civil rights law as well.In 1928 she was the first African-American woman appointed as Assistant City Solicitor for the City of Philadelphia, serving to 1930. She was reappointed from 1934–1938. From 1943–1947, she was the first woman to serve as secretary of the National Bar Association. She was appointed to the Commission on Human Relations of the City of Philadelphia, serving from 1952–1968. In 1959, when her husband was appointed to the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia, she opened her own law office. She continued to practice law independently until her husband's death in 1974. In 1976, she joined the firm of Atkinson, Myers, and Archie as a general counsel, where she remained until her retirement.<mask> <mask> died on November 1, 1989, at Cathedral Village in Andorra, Philadelphia, from pneumonia as a complication from Alzheimer's disease. She was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery. Family

Her maternal grandfather was Benjamin Tucker <mask> (1835–1923), a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) and editor of the Christian Recorder. <mask> and his wife had seven children, including Henry Ossawa <mask> (1859–1937), who became a noted painter, and Hallie <mask>, the first female physician to practice medicine in Alabama and who established the Nurses' School and Hospital at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Her father, Aaron Albert <mask> II (1863-1951), was the first African-American graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Law and practiced as a lawyer in Philadelphia. In 1899, when his daughter <mask> was a one year old, he abandoned his family and moved to Wales. Her uncle, Nathan Francis <mask> (1856–1946) was the first African-American graduate of the University

masks:
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Alexander
Mossell
Alexander
Tanner
Bishop Tanner
Tanner
Tanner Johnson
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Mossell


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 of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.<mask> <mask>'s siblings include Aaron Albert <mask> III (1893–1975), who became a pharmacist; and <mask> (1894–1975), who became a Dean of Women at Virginia State College, a historically black college. During her high school years, <mask> lived in Washington, DC, with her uncle, Lewis Baxter Moore, who was dean at Howard University. On November 29, 1923, <mask> <mask> married Raymond Pace <mask> (1897–1974) in her parents' home on Diamond Street in North Philadelphia, with the ceremony performed by her father. <mask>, the son of slaves, grew up in Philadelphia. He attended and graduated from Central High School (1917, valedictorian), Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (1920), and Harvard Law School (1923). At the time of this marriage, he had established a law practice in Philadelphia. <mask> and Raymond had four premature children, with only the last two surviving.They were able to raise two daughters: Mary Elizabeth <mask> (born 1934), who married Melvin Brown; and Rae Pace <mask> (born 1937), who earned a PhD. and married Archie C. Epps III. After her divorce with Epps, in 1971 Rae Pace <mask> married Thomas Minter, and they had two sons together. Views and activities

According to Nina Banks, <mask>'s opposition to racial oppression was within a tradition of 19th century scholars Frederick Douglass and T. Thomas Fortune, and with later scholars W.E.B. DuBois and A. Philip Randolph. <mask>'s focus was frequently on racial and economic justice for the working class, especially for working men and women. However, unlike Dubois or Randolph, <mask> never embraced socialism.<mask> also can be contrasted with Howard University radicals Ralph Bunche, E. Franklin Frazier, and fellow black economist Abram Harris. For example, Harris wrote that the fundamental problems facing blacks could be overcome through multi-racial labor organizing and did not support direct action for civil rights until blacks had

masks:
Mossell
Alexander
Mossell
Elizabeth Mossell
Mossell
Sadie Tanner
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Sadie
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Alexander
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Alexander


texts: achieved economic power. <mask>, on the other hand, was outspoken against white dominance in political, social, and economic spheres. <mask>'s work and views are recorded in speeches kept in the University of Pennsylvania archives. Among her earliest works are from the 1920s and discuss black workers in the US economy. In 1930, <mask> published an article, "Negro Women in Our Economic Life", which was published in Urban League's Opportunity magazine advocating black women's employment, particularly in industrial jobs. <mask> generally supported the Republican Party, suspicious of the control of conservative southern whites over the Democratic Party, although she also criticized Republican political appointments, as well as what she saw as uneven benefits of the New Deal which did not do enough to help blacks who were most hurt by the great depression.During World War II, <mask> saw similarities in a rise in racial violence and discrimination in the US as paralleling the treatment of Jews in Germany. Near the end of the war, she supported integrating labor unions to increase their bargaining power once the war economy slowed and industrial employment moved toward pre-war levels. Her interest in labor economic issues extended to advocating for government regulation to smooth fluctuations in the business cycle, modification of tariffs, regulation of public utilities, and regulation of securities and securities markets. After the war she was appointed to Truman's Presidential Committee on Human Rights and shifted her focus to civil and human rights. Evidence in the archives suggests that her focus was in this direction for over a decade. In 1949, <mask> and six other Philadelphians formed the Citizens' Council on Democratic Rights to "protect and extend the enjoyment of human rights." In 1951, joined by Henry W. Sawyer, the Council became the Greater Philadelphia Branch of the American Civil Liberties Union; <mask> continued to serve on that

masks: Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander


texts:
 organization's Board of Directors for many years.In 1963 she gave a speech to the Annual Conference of Commission on Human Rights and she returned to the topic of economic justice, advocating for universal employment. In a 1981 interview she did with the Geriatric Nursing journal about her position as chair of the WHCoA, <mask> expressed her disapproval of anti-abortion legislation. She advocated for better benefits for nurses and stressed their vitality to the healthcare system. She also expressed that everyone, no matter their age or educational level, can add value to the economy with the proper support. Legacy and honors

 In 1948, the National Urban League featured <mask> as "Woman of the Year" in its comic book of Negro Heroes. In 1970, <mask> was finally granted membership into Phi Beta Kappa, an honor she had been denied as an undergraduate at University of Pennsylvania. In 1974, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Pennsylvania, her first of seven such honors.She received the degree at University of Pennsylvania Law School. In 1980, <mask> received the Distinguished Service Award from the University of Pennsylvania's Law School. An elementary school in West Philadelphia, the Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander University of Pennsylvania Partnership School ("Penn Alexander"), is named after her. The public school was developed in partnership with the University, which supports the school financially and academically. The Raymond Pace and <mask> Mossell <mask> Professorship at the University of Pennsylvania is named in her honor. In 2018, The Sadie Collective, an organization for Black Women in quantitative fields was created in her honor. It hosted the first U.S. conference for Black Women in Economics in 2019, drawing attention from press outlets such as NPR, Forbes, Bloomberg, and Quartz as well as notable economists like Janet Yellen, former Chair of the Federal Reserve System, and James Poterba, current president

masks:
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Sadie Tanner
Alexander


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 and CEO of the NBER.The conference was attended by her daughter, Dr. Rae Pace <mask>er, and took place at Mathematica Policy Research's Washington, D.C., office. In 2018, Philadelphia City Councilwoman Cherelle Parker proposed a measure to erect a statue of <mask>. On February 24, 2021, <mask>'s life and accomplishments were the subject of an episode of the podcast Broads You Should Know

See also
List of first women lawyers and judges in Pennsylvania

References

Further reading
 Mack, Kenneth W., (2012). Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer (2012). .
 Mack, Kenneth W., (2002) "A Social History of Everyday Practice: <mask>.M. <mask> and the Incorporation of Black Women into the American Legal Profession, 1925-60," Cornell Law Review, Vol. 87, p. 1405 A Social History of Everyday Practice: <mask>.M. <mask> and the Incorporation of Black Women into the American Legal Profession, 1925-60
 Nier, Charles Lewis.(1998) "Sweet are the Uses of Adversity: The Civil rights Activism of <mask> <mask> <mask>," Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review 8. no.59
 Obituaries: New York Times and Philadelphia Inquirer, November 3, 1989. External links

 <mask> Mossell <mask> material in the <mask> family papers, 1817-2005 (bulk 1925-1983) at the University of Pennsylvania University Archives and Records Center

1898 births
1989 deaths
Economists from Pennsylvania
American women economists
African-American economists
African-American women lawyers
African-American lawyers
<mask> family of Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Lawyers from Philadelphia
Delta Sigma Theta members
Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Pennsylvania
Deaths from pneumonia in Pennsylvania
Mossell family
Pennsylvania Republicans
20th-century American economists
Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
20th-century American women lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
Delta Sigma

masks:
Alexander Mint
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Sadie T
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<mask> (October 15, 1897 – April 10, 1993) was a prominent American literary agent in New York City during the 1930s and 1940s. The Soviet spy Whittaker Chambers named him as an accomplice in 1949, and <mask> fled first to Mexico and then Poland not long after Alger Hiss's conviction in 1950. Background

<mask> was born on  October 15, 1897, in Warsaw, then Congress Poland, to a family of Jewish origin. Both parents came from Opoczno, Poland. His family left Hamburg, Germany for New York City aboard the S. S. Pennsylvania in 1907 and lived in the Bronx. <mask>'s father served as a typesetter for the Yiddish social-democratic newspaper The Jewish Daily Forward, suggesting that one parent (if not both) was secularist. Young <mask> attended public schools, including Townsend Harris Hall (then part of New York City College) and Morris High School (Bronx, New York).Career

In 1918, <mask> joined the West Ontario Regiment of the Canadian Over-Seas Expeditionary Force. In 1919, he enlisted in the U.S. Army Medical Corps. In 1920, he received an honorable discharge as a Sergeant. (In 1951, Lieber testified that he had served in World War I, stationed at Camp Meade in the replacement battalion in medical service, that he received U. S. naturalization in Washington in 1919, and that he left the U.S. Army as a sergeant in the Army Medical Corp at Walter Reed Hospital.) Literary agency
After serving in the Army, <mask> helped set up a publishing house, Lieber & Lewis (which Albert Boni took over in

masks:
Maxim Lieber
Lieber
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Maxim
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 1923). He co-edited a book, published in 1925, and then traveled abroad using the advance paid him by the publisher (R. M. McBride). Returning to the States in 1926, he worked for Brentano's as head of publishing through 1930.At that point, Brentano's went into involuntary bankruptcy. In 1930 <mask> set up the Maxim Lieber Literary Agency. Over the next 20 years, he would represent some 30 clients. In 1931, his office address (advertised in New Masses magazine) was "55 West 42nd St., New York" and telephone Penn. 6-6179." Clients
According to one writer (and client), <mask>'s client list included Louis Adamic, Erskine Caldwell, Katherine Anne Porter, John Cheever, Josephine Herbst, Albert Maltz, John O'Hara, Albert Halper, James Farrell, Nathanael West, <mask>, Theodore Dreiser, and Langston Hughes. Other clients included Thomas Wolfe, Allen Tate, Saul Bellow, Carson McCullers, Claude McKay, Otto Katz (as "Andre Simon") and Egon Kisch, Carey McWilliams and Robert Coates, and Alma Mailman (wife first of James Agee and then Bodo Uhse) and Anna Seghers and Ludwig Renn, James Wexley, E. P. O'Donnell, and Tom Kroner.Another client was Phillip Bonosky, who wrote a biography of Detroit-based communist leader Bill McKee. Staff
Elizabeth Nowell, who went on to become Thomas Wolfe's agent later, got her start as an agent with Lieber as early as 1933. Other authors with whom she dealt include:  Alvah Bessie, Daniel Fuchs, David de Jong, and Nancy Hale. By February 1935, she had left to form her own

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 agency. Sally Tanenbaum headed plays for Lieber by January 1936:  "<mask>, literary agent, has placed Sally Tanenbaum, formerly with the play reading department of the Theatre Guild and M-G-M, in charge of his play department". Espionage
J. Peters introduced Lieber to Whittaker Chambers in late 1934. The two became friends, and Chambers often used Lieber's apartment when visiting New York.Chambers wrote of <mask> (using his alias "Paul"): After the Alger Hisses, Paul, of all the people in the underground, had been closest to me. In many ways our relationship was freer than mine with the Hisses. Paul was engaged in less hazardous activities than Hiss. He had a lively sense of humor which Hiss lacked. We shared a common intense love of music and books. And Paul knew my real name and had known and respected me as a Communist writer before either of us went underground. According to Chambers in his 1952 memoir Witness, Lieber helped the underground network in New York City.Initially, Chambers secured <mask>'s cooperation in setting up a branch of his agency in London, which Chambers would run under the name of "David Breen." Then, he secured <mask>'s support for operations in East Asia. During the summer of 1935, the Chambers family lived with the <mask> in Smithtown, Pennsylvania. After Chambers' defection in 1938, Peters used "Paul" (<mask>) to contact him. Later, when Chambers wanted to let Peters & Co. know about his life preserver (see Pumpkin Papers), he contacted Lieber to relay his

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 message. While the London operation was getting under way (it would eventually fall through), Chambers asked <mask> to cooperate with fellow underground operator John Loomis Sherman (under the alias "Charles Francis Chase" and Chambers as "Lloyd Cantwell") in establishing the American Feature Writers' Syndicate. Together, these three filed a registration of trade in New York City and opened a bank account at the Chemical Bank.(Chambers also mentioned that Charles Angoff was involved, though conspiratorially or otherwise remained unclear. He also mentions Japanese artist Hideo Noda/野田英夫.) Sherman was to go to Tokyo and set up a network separate from that of Richard Sorge. According to Chambers' testimony: <mask> went among various feature syndicates and various newspapers and tried to get various interests or sales ... and Sherman went to work in <mask>'s office, had a desk there, and his name was written on the door and I think some stationery was got out and deposits were made, I think, in the Chemical Bank in New York in the name of the syndicate. These deposits were to finance the operation in Japan. Then Peters, who was in on most of this operation, supplied a birth certificate in the name of Charles Chase [for Sherman] and, on the basis of that certificate, which was a perfectly legal document procured in the way I have described in earlier testimony, John Sherman took out a passport and on that passport he traveled to Tokyo. Testimony, flight, and later years
In 1949, J. Peters

masks: Lieber Lieber Lieber


texts: left the United States at his own volition (ahead of near-certain deportation) for Hungary, where he lived for the rest of his life.Shortly thereafter, Noel Field (like Hiss not only as an employee of the U.S. Department of State, but one named by Chambers as part of his spy ring) fled from Switzerland to Poland (behind the Iron Curtain). This left House Un-American Committee (HUAC) with few people who had not yet pleaded the Fifth to corroborate Chambers' story. On February 27 and March 1, 1950, Sherman appeared before HUAC without counsel and pleaded the Fifth to nearly every question asked him. On June 13, 1950, Lieber appeared with lawyer Milton H. Friedman (brother-in-law of New York State Justice Philip M. Halpern) before HUAC during executive session with House representatives Francis E. Walter, Burr P. Harrison, and Morgan M. Moulder. As with Sherman, HUAC read out excerpts from Chambers' testimony that mentioned their names or aliases. They also asked <mask> (as Sherman) whether he knew either Alger Hiss or J. Peters. (Chambers had recounted a meeting between, Lieber, himself, and Hiss on Lieber's farm: Lieber confirmed only ownership of 103-acre farm in Ferndale, Pennsylvania, in Bucks County from about 1935-1945.)They asked whether his clients included Louis Adamic, Howard Fast, V. J. Jerome, or Paul Robeson. They asked whether he knew Otto Katz (reputed to be involved in the death of Walter Krivitsky and in Soviet attempts to seize Chambers after defection) or Katz's associate


texts: Erwin Kisch. They asked whether he knew Osmond K. Fraenkel or whether he had ever contributed to a publication (probably Freies Deutschland) by Anna Seghers in Mexico. To all such questions, Lieber pleaded the Fifth on the grounds of self-incrimination. As he explained, he had also testified twice already in 1948 before the grand jury in New York City, which then indicted Hiss on two counts of perjury. During testimony, Lieber listed three by name of some 30 clients: Erskine Caldwell, Carey McWilliams, and Robert Coates. <mask> left the U. S. for Mexico in 1951 with his wife Minna and their two children.After one year in Cuernavaca, Mexico, they moved to Mexico City, where they resided another two years. Following his departure from the US, <mask> was stripped of his US citizenship. He resided in Mexico as a stateless person. The US authorities returned his citizenship in 1964. In late 1954, on instructions from Moscow, <mask> moved with his family to Warsaw, Poland. They spent the next 14 years in Poland. Professor Erwin Marquit knew the Liebers in Poland and recollects:  A few weeks after our arrival in Poland, we began to encounter in the Hotel Bristol a number of U.S. Communist emigres.Although Esther and I had not known any of them personally in the United States, they quickly accepted us into what was to become a community of some dozen U.S. Communists in Poland ... Max, a naturalized U.S. citizen, had been a literary agent, whose clients included, among others, Whittaker Chambers,


texts:
 of Pumpkin Papers fame ... The Liebers said that they had left the United States because Max had been stripped of the possibility of earning a livelihood ... Although I had some sporadic contact with them, the Liebers rarely attended gatherings of the American group. In August 1968 they left for the United Kingdom, from where they were expelled by the British Home Office three months later. The Liebers then returned to the States. There, Lieber lived out the rest of his life quietly in East Hartford, Connecticut. Soon after his return to the US he was interviewed by the FBI.In the late 1970s, <mask> gave a series of interviews to historian Allen Weinstein, who then was working on his book, "Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case." Personal life and death

In 1924, <mask> married to Irma Cohen, with whom he had one son and whom he divorced by 1933. He married Sally Tanenbaum in May 1936, whom he divorced before 1939. (The marriage though not the dates were corroborated by Whittaker Chambers and his wife during questioning by the FBI in 1951.) Minna Edith Zelinka was a co-respondent in the second divorce; <mask> married her before 1939. They had two children. <mask> died age 95 in East Hartford, Connecticut on April 10, 1993.Impact on McCarthy era
<mask>'s flight abroad in 1951, following Peters, Field, and others, left the U. S. Government with few witnesses to corroborate Chambers' testimony about Hiss. A second trial had found Hiss guilty of two counts of perjury a few months earlier, in

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Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Maxim Lieber
Lieber


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 January 1950. Witnesses included Hede Massing and a former housemaid. (In 1952, Nathaniel Weyl would testify further about Hiss.) Publications
<mask> told HUAC, "Prior to that I had edited a book, an anthology of short stories, which I am happy to say is in the Library of Congress. " Great short stories of the world; an anthology selected from the literatures of all periods and countries,  edited by Barrett H. Clark and <mask> Cynarski and <mask> (Polska Akademia Nauk. : Komitet Nauk Historycznych, 1968)

See also

Clients

 Louis Adamic
 Erskine Caldwell
 Katherine Anne Porter
 John Cheever
 Josephine Herbst
 Albert Maltz
 John O'Hara
 Albert Halper
 James Farrell
 Nathanael West
 <mask>
 Theodore Dreiser
 Langston Hughes

Books Published By Lieber & Lewis (1922-1923)

 Johns, Orrick.Blindfold. New York, Lieber & Lewis, 1923
 Connor, T.P, The hat of destiny, New York: Lieber& Lewis, 1923
 De Gourmont, Remy, Mr. Anthiphilos, Satyr, Translator-John Howard; Introduction-Jack Lewis, New York, Lieber and Lewis, 1922
 Frueh, Alfred Joseph, Stage Folk: A Book of Caricatures by Frueh, New York, Lieber & Lewis, 1922
 Joris Karl Huysmans, Against the Grain, trans. John Howard, Introduction by Havelock Ellis, New York: Lieber & Lewis, 1922
 Smith, Paul Jordan, Cables of cobweb, New York: Lieber & Lewis, 1923
 Tirso de Molina (1571?-1648) The Love-Rogue: A Poetic Drama in Three Acts. Transmuted from the Spanish of Tirso de Molina by Harry Kemp. New York : Lieber & Lewis, 1923
 Mirbeau, Octave,

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 translated from the original French by Louis Rich from Le Calvaire, New York, Lieber & Lewis, 1922
 Ades, Albert & Albert Josipovici. Goha the Fool. With a preface by Octave Mirbeau.Translated by Morris Colman. New York: Lieber & Lewis, 1923
 Memoirs of Jacques Casanova in Two Volumes Wallis, Kenne, ed. New York: Lieber & Lewis, 1923
 Decasseres Benjamin Chameleon: Being the Book of My Selves, New York: Lieber & Lewis, 1922
 Lermontov, Mikhail; Robbins, J. J. (ed) A Sheaf From Lermontov Lieber & Lewis 1923
 Alexander Lawton Mackall, Bizarre (illustrated by Lauren Stout), Lieber & Lewis, New York, 1923

Espionage

 Whittaker Chambers
 Alger Hiss
 J. Peters
 Noel Field
 Hede Massing
 Nathaniel Weyl
 espionage
 Communism
 HUAC

References

Primary sources

External links
 <mask> in "Eight Generations: Europe and America" (family genealogical website)

1897 births
1993 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
Members of the Communist Party USA
American spies for the Soviet Union
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Anti-communism in the United States
Espionage in the United States
Literary agents
American expatriates in


texts:
<mask> (born May 18, 1955) is an American constitutional law scholar who served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit from 2002 to 2009. Since 2009, <mask> has been a professor and Director of the Stanford Constitutional Law Center at Stanford Law School. He is also a senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, and Senior Of Counsel to the Litigation Practice Group at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati. In May 2020, Facebook appointed him to its content oversight board. In 2020, <mask> published "The President Who Would Not Be King: Executive Power under the Constitution" by Princeton University Press. Biography
<mask> graduated from Michigan State University's James Madison College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1976. He received his Juris Doctor (J.D.)from the University of Chicago Law School in 1979, where he was an editor of the University of Chicago Law Review. He was a law clerk for J. Skelly <mask>, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1979 to 1980 and for United States Supreme Court justice <mask>. Brennan Jr., from 1980 to 1981. He was an assistant general counsel at the Office of Management and Budget from 1981 to 1983 and an assistant to the Solicitor General from 1983 to 1985. From 1985 to 1996 <mask> was a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, where he brought Barack Obama on a fellowship after being impressed with a

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Michael William McConnell
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 suggestion Obama, the Harvard Law Review president, had made about one of McConnell's articles. He has been a professor at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law and a visiting professor at Harvard Law School and the New York University School of Law. Scholarship

As a law professor, <mask> has published a variety of legal articles and edited several books.As a lawyer, he has argued cases in federal courts of appeals and before the Supreme Court, including a 5–4 victory in Rosenberger v. University of Virginia. He is widely regarded as one of the preeminent constitutional law scholars on the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses. In 1996, <mask> signed a statement supporting a constitutional amendment to ban abortion, which read, "Abortion kills 1.5 million innocent human beings in America every year. ... We believe that the abortion license is a critical factor in America's virtue deficit." As a respected constitutional scholar during his law school tenure, <mask> contended that originalism is consistent with the Supreme Court's 1954 desegregation decision Brown v. Board of Education, as opposed to critics of originalism who argue that they are inconsistent. He has likewise argued that the Court's decision in Bolling v. Sharpe was correct but should have been reached on other grounds, as Congress never "required that the schools of the District of Columbia be segregated." <mask> was highly critical of the Supreme Court's decision in Bush

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 v. Gore:

I imagine that Gov.Bush and his supporters will put on a brave face and defend this decision, but I cannot imagine that there is much joy in Austin tonight. The Supreme Court, with all the prestige of its position in American public life, could have brought closure to this matter. But instead, by straddling the fence, the court has produced a combination of holdings that can please no one.<mask> expressed skepticism on First Amendment grounds about restrictions on religious exercise imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, <mask>'s argument that Trump could be tried by the Senate after he left office because the second impeachment occurred while he was in office was frequently cited in Senate debates and in the media. Tenth Circuit nomination and confirmation

On September 4, 2001, President George W. Bush nominated <mask> to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. The United States Senate confirmed him unanimously on November 15, 2002, by voice vote. Notable cases
While on the Tenth Circuit, <mask> wrote scores of judicial opinions.The Supreme Court reviewed four cases in which <mask> wrote an opinion; in each case the Court reached the same result as <mask>. First, in Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal (2006), a case involving the religious use of a hallucinogenic tea, the Supreme Court affirmed 8–0 a Tenth Circuit en banc decision to which Judge <mask> wrote a concurring opinion. Second, in

masks: McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell


texts:
 Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales (2008), a case involving the retroactive application of a statutory provision limiting appeals from immigration removal orders, the Supreme Court affirmed 8–1 a Tenth Circuit panel decision written by Judge <mask>. Third, in Begay v. United States (2008), a case about whether a felony conviction for driving under the influence is a crime of violence for purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act, the Supreme Court reversed 6–3 a Tenth Circuit panel decision from which <mask> dissented. Fourth, in Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009), a case involving whether the presence of a Ten Commandments monument on government property gave another religion a First Amendment right to place its own monument on the same property, the Supreme Court unanimously reversed a Tenth Circuit panel decision that <mask> had challenged by writing a dissent from the denial of rehearing en banc. Significant opinions by <mask> include:
 Christian Heritage Academy v. Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association, 483 F.3d 1025, 1037 (2007) (concurring and dissenting). Equal Protection Clause.United States v. Pruitt (2007) (concurring). Criminal sentencing. United States v. Allen (2007). Criminal sentencing. The case was covered by How Appealing and Decision of the Day. United States v. Medley (2007) (concurring). Criminal sentencing.Shrum v. City of Coweta, Oklahoma, 449 F.3d 1132 (2007). Free Exercise Clause. O Centro Espirita Beneficiente Uniao do


texts:
 Vegetal v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 973 (2004) (en banc) (<mask>, J., concurring), affirmed by Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal, 546 U.S. 418 (2006). Free Exercise Clause; Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Geddes v. United Staffing Alliance Employee Medical Plan (2006). United States v. Patton (2006). Commerce Clause.Writing for the court, <mask> upheld a federal statute prohibiting the possession of body armor by felons. Even though the statute, as applied to Patton's intrastate and noncommercial possession of body armor, could not be sustained under any of the three Lopez categories the Supreme Court established, it fell within the Commerce Clause under another line of Supreme Court precedent (Scarborough) and noted the tension between the two sets of precedents. The court also rejected Patton's due process and necessity claims. The case was covered by Decision of the Day and The Volokh Conspiracy and was the subject of a constitutional law final exam at Cornell. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. BCI Coca-Cola. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance v. Bureau of Land Management (2006). Supreme Court speculation

<mask> was mentioned as a potential nominee to the Supreme Court during the Bush administration.In June 2005, amid expectations that Chief Justice <mask>. Rehnquist would retire at the end of the Court's term, some sources cited <mask> as a frontrunner for Rehnquist's seat, which ultimately went to John Roberts.

masks:
McConnell
McConnell
McConnell
William H
McConnell


texts:
 Professor Stephen B. Presser of Northwestern University School of Law argued that <mask> was "high on the White House's short list" because:

 [<mask>] does believe that the Supreme Court has gone too far in reading the total separation of church and state into the Constitution, and because he ... understands that Roe v. Wade has no firm constitutional foundation. He might be acceptable to the left not only because so many liberal professors support him, but also because he has been public in his criticism of Bush v. Gore and the impeachment of President Clinton. <mask> was also mentioned as a possible Supreme Court nominee in a John McCain or Mitt Romney presidency. Testimony on constitutional term limits for Supreme Court justices
On June 30, 2021, <mask> provided testimony to the Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States on the dangers of increasing the Court's size. He proposed a constitutional amendment to address such dangers, including an 18-year term limit on justices and appointment of a justice in each odd year, unless the Senate voted against the appointment. Highlights of his testimony include:
Any attempt to increase the size of the Court would be widely, and correctly, be regarded as a partisan interference with the independence of the Court....It is no exaggeration to say that this would destroy one of the central features of our constitutional system, the independent judiciary. This [<mask>’s] proposal, if

masks: McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell McConnell


texts:
 adopted, would have several salutary effects. It would make the power of the president to name Supreme Court justices regular, fair, and consistent, and thus likely would lower the political stakes of each nomination. The political balance of the Court would reflect the opinions of the people over time as expressed in their choice of presidents and senators, rather than the happenstance of health or accident or the strategic timing of the justices. See also
George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates

References

Further reading

 A selection of <mask>'s essays for the Wall Street Journal
 McConnell's Faculty Profile at Stanford Law School

His academic scholarship includes, among other publications, the following:

 The Booker Mess, 83 Denv. U. L. Rev. 665 (2006)."Book Review: Active Liberty: A Progressive Alternative to Textualism and Originalism? ", 119 Harv. L. Rev. 2387 (2006). The Ethics of Etiquette: An Introduction to a Symposium in Honor of Dean Lee E. Teitelbaum, 2006 Utah L. Rev. 1. Establishment and Disestablishment at the Founding, Part I: Establishment of Religion, 44 Wm.& Mary L. Rev. 2105 (2003). Religious Freedom, Separation of Powers, and the Reversal of Roles, 2001 BYU L. Rev. 611. Two-and-a-Half Cheers for Bush v. Gore, 68 U. Chi. L. Rev. 657 (2001).The Supreme Court's Earliest Church-State Cases:  Windows on Religious-Cultural-Political Conflict in the Early Republic, 37 Tulsa L. Rev. 7 (2001). State Action and the Supreme Court's


texts: Emerging Consensus on the Line between Establishment and Private *Religious Expression, 28 Pepp. L. Rev. 681 (2000). The Redistricting Cases:  Original Mistakes and Current Consequences, 24 Harv. J. L. & Pub.Pol'y 103 (2000). The Problem of Singling Out Religion, 50 DePaul L. Rev. 1 (2000). The New Establishmentarianism, 75 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 453 (1999). Why is Religious Liberty the First Freedom, 21 Cardozo L. Rev. 1243 (1999).Five Reasons to Reject the Claim That Religious Arguments Should Be Excluded from Democratic Deliberation, 1999 Utah L. Rev. 639 (1999). Freedom From Persecution or Protection of the Rights of Conscience? : A Critique of Justice Scalia's Historical *Arguments in City of Boerne v. Flores, 39 William and Mary Law Review 819 (1998). Tradition and Constitutionalism before the Constitution, 1998 U. Ill. L. Rev. 173. Equal Treatment and Religious Discrimination in Equal Treatment of Religion in a Pluralistic Society, Stephen V. Monsma and J. Christopher Soper, eds.(William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1998). Governments, Families, and Power:  A Defense of Educational Choice, 31 Conn. L. Rev. 847 (1998). Institutions and Interpretation: A Critique of City of Boerne v. Flores, 111 Harvard Law Review 153 (1997). The Importance of Humility in Judicial Review: A Comment on Ronald Dworkin's 'Moral Reading' of the Constitution, 65 Fordham Law Review 1269 (1997). "Believers As Equal Citizens," Law and Religion: Obligations of Democratic


texts:
 Citizenship and Demands of Faith Symposium, Brown University (April 1997). The Right to Die and the Jurisprudence of Tradition, 1997 Utah Law Review 665.Establishment and Toleration in Edmund Burke's "Constitution of Freedom" 1995 Supreme Court Review 393. Segregation and the Original Understanding—A Reply to Professor Maltz, 13 Constitutional Commentary 233 (1996). The Importance of Humility in Judicial Review:  A Comment on Ronald Dworkin's Moral Reading of the Constitution, 65 Fordham L. Rev. 1269 (1996). The Originalist Case for Brown v. Board of education, 19 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 457 (1995).(May 1995). See also Response to <mask>:
Response to Klarman by <mask>: (October 1995). The Forgotten Constitutional Moment, 11 Const. Comment. 115 (1994). Doubtful Constitutionality of the Clinic Access Bill, 1 Va. J. Soc. Pol'y & L. 267 (1994) (with <mask> Paulsen).Book review: Religion and the search for a principled middle ground on abortion, 92 Mich. L. Rev. 1893 (1994). Christ, Culture, and Courts:  A Nielbuhrian Examination of First Amendment Jurisprudence, 42 De Paul L. Rev. 191 (1993). God is Dead and We Have Killed Him:  Freedom of Religion in the Post-Modern Age, 1993 BYU L. Rev. 163. When Cities Go Broke: A Conceptual Introduction to Municipal Bankruptcy, 60 U. Chi.L. Rev. 425 (1993) (with Randal Picker). Accommodation of Religion:  An Update and a Response to the Critics, 60 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 685 (1992). Should Congress Pass Legislation

masks:
McConnell
McConnell
Michael Stokes


texts: Restoring the Broader Interpretation of Free Exercise of Religion, 15 Harv. J. L. & Pub.Pol'y 181 (1992). Religious Participation in Public Programs – Religious Freedom at a Crossroads, 59 U. Chi. L. Rev. 115 (1992). The Fourteenth Amendment:  A Second American Revolution or the Logical Culmination of the Tradition, 25 Loy. L. A. L. Rev. 1159 (1991).Book review: How Not To Promote Serious Deliberation About Abortion, 58 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1181 (1991). A Response to Professor Marshall, 58 U. Chi. L. Rev. 329 (1991). Multiculturalism, Majoritarianism, and Educational Choice: What Does Our Constitutional Tradition Have to Say?, 1991 U. Chi.Legal F. 123 (1991). The Origins and Historical Understanding of the Free Exercise of Religion, 103 Harv. L. Rev. 1409 (1990). The Selective Funding Problem: Abortions and Religious Schools, 104 Harv. L. Rev. 989 (1990).Academic Freedom in Religious Colleges and Universities, 53 Law & Contemp. Probs. 303 (1990). Free Exercise Revisionism and the Smith Decision, 57 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1109 (1990). An Economic Approach to Issues of Religious Freedom, 56 U. Chi.L. Rev. 1 (1989) (with Richard A. Posner). Unconstitutional Conditions: Unrecognized Implications for the Establishment Clause, 26 San Diego L. Rev. 255 (1989). The Origins and Historical Understanding of Free Exercise of Religion, 103 Harv. L. Rev. 1409 (1989).Contract Rights and Property Rights: A Case Study in the Relationship between Individual Liberties and


texts:
 Constitutional Structure, 76 Cal. L. Rev. 267 (1988). A Moral Realist Defense of Constitutional Democracy, 64 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 89 (1988). The Religion Clause of the First Amendment: Where Is The Supreme Court Heading?, 32 Cath. Law.187 (1988). The First Amendment Jurisprudence of Judge Robert H. Bork, 9 Carozo L. Rev. 79 (1987). The Rule of Law and the Role of the Solicitor General, 21 Loy L. A. L. Rev. 1105 (1987). Why Hold Elections – Using Consent Decrees to Insulate Policies from Political Change, 1987 U. Chi. Legal F. 295 (1987).You Can't Tell the Players in Church-State Disputes without a Scorecard, 10 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 27 (1987). On Reading the Constitution, 73 Cornell L. Rev. 359 (1987). Political and Religious Disestablishment, 1986 BYU L. Rev. 405 (1986).Neutrality under the Religion Clauses, 81 Nw. U. L. Rev. 146 (1986). Accommodation of Religion, 1985 Sup. Ct. Rev. 1. Coercion:  The Lost Element of Establishment, 27 Wm.& Mary L. Rev. 933 (1985). The Politics of Returning Power to the States, 6 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 103 (1982). The Appealability of Orders Denying Motions for Disqualification of Counsel in the Federal Courts, 45 U. Chi. L. Rev.450 (1977) (student note). External links

 Appearances at the U.S. Supreme Court from the Oyez Project

1955 births
Living people
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American judges
American legal scholars
Federalist Society members
Harvard Law School


texts:
 faculty
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Kirkland & Ellis alumni
Michigan State University alumni
Stanford Law School faculty
United States court of appeals judges appointed by George W. Bush
University of Chicago faculty
University of Chicago Law School alumni
University of Utah faculty
Utah lawyers
Facebook Oversight Board


texts:
<mask> (李克寧) (died March 25, 908) was a younger brother of the late Chinese Tang Dynasty warlord <mask> the Prince of Jin. After <mask>'s death, <mask> initially served as a key advisor to <mask>'s son and successor <mask>, but soon was persuaded by his wife Lady Meng to try to take over from <mask>u. His plot was discovered, and <mask>u put him to death. Background
It is not known where or when <mask> was born, but it is known that he was <mask>'s youngest brother and therefore would have been born after 856, when <mask> was born. Their father was the ethnic Shatuo general <mask>, whose name was originally Zhuye Chixin but was later bestowed the Tang Dynasty imperial clan name of <mask> and a new name of Guochang, but because <mask>'s birth year is unknown, it is not known whether he would have been born with the name of <mask> or Zhuye. He was said to be kind and filially pious, and (despite his eventual fate) described to be the most virtuous among <mask>'s brothers and cousins. Service under <mask>
When <mask> rose in rebellion against Duan Wenchu (段文楚) the Tang defender of Datong Circuit (大同, headquartered in modern Datong, Shanxi) in 878, <mask> served under him and carried the title of commander of Fengcheng Base (奉誠軍).When <mask>'s enemy Helian Duo subsequently attacked the Shatuo base Huanghua (黃花, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), <mask> helped defend the city and protect <mask> and the other brothers, and also participated

masks:
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Cunxu
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Guochang
Li
Li Kening
Li
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Keyong


texts: in the later defense of <mask>'s then-power base of Wei Prefecture (蔚州, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei). Presumably, when <mask> subsequently was defeated and forced to flee to the Dada (達靼) tribes, then in the Yin Mountains region, <mask> followed him, for later, when <mask> returned from Dada to aid the Tang cause against the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao's state of Qi in 881, <mask> was said to be part of that army; he followed <mask> in <mask>'s subsequent campaigns against Huang. After <mask> was made the military governor (Jiedushi) by then-reigning Emperor Xizong of Tang in 883 for his contributions against Huang, <mask> was made the prefect of Liao Prefecture (遼州, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi), and then the defender of Yun Prefecture (雲州, in modern Datong). Early in the Qianning era (894-898) of Emperor Xizong's brother and successor Emperor Zhaozong, <mask> was made the prefect of Xin Prefecture (忻州, in modern Xinzhou, Shanxi). He served under <mask> when <mask> defeated the warlord Wang Xingyu (the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi)) in 895, and for this achievement was given the honorary title of acting Situ (司徒, one of the Three Excellencies). There was an incident in 902 when Hedong's capital Taiyuan came under siege by <mask> Keyong's archrival Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan); at that time, <mask> Kening

masks:
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li
Li


texts:
 was set to return from Taiyuan to his post at Xin Prefecture, but hearing of Zhu's attack, returned to Taiyuan and showed determination in helping in the defense by stating, "This city is where I will die. Where else can I go from here?"<mask>'s remarks helped the morale of the soldiers, and the city's defenses held. Early in the Tianyou era (904 and on — used by Emperor Zhaozong, Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai, as well as post-Tang regimes that refused to recognize the subsequent Later Liang, founded by Zhu), <mask> was made the commander of all Han and non-Han soldiers within <mask>'s realm, acting Taibao (太保), and the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), and he made the decisions that did not needed to be submitted to <mask>. In 908, <mask> — who was then the prince of his own state of Jin after Zhu usurped the Tang throne in 907 and established Later Liang, which he refused to recognize — became deathly ill. He entrusted his son and heir <mask>u to <mask>, the eunuch monitor of the army Zhang Chengye, the generals <mask> and Wu Gong (吳珙), and the secretary Lu Zhi (盧質), before dying, on February 23. After <mask>'s death
After <mask>'s death, <mask> initially took over the discipline of the army, and no one dared to create a disturbance. By contrast, the officers and the soldiers did not then respect the young (then 22) <mask>, and they were constantly commenting

masks:
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Cunzhang
Li Keyong
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Cunxu


texts: about him. <mask>, in fear, offered the command of the army to <mask>, but <mask> declined, pointing out that he was <mask>'s lawful heir.Under <mask>'s and Zhang Chengye's insistence, <mask>u took the titles of Prince of Jin and military governor of Hedong. Many of <mask>'s adoptive sons who served as officers, however, were older and more accomplished militarily than <mask>u, and they did not respect him; many refused to meet him to pay homage, and some refused to bow to him. One of those, <mask> (李存顥), tried to persuade <mask> to take over the command himself, but <mask> refused <mask>'s overture, going as far as to threaten him with execution. However, <mask> and several other adoptive sons sent their wives to persuade <mask>'s wife Lady Meng. (Lady Meng was a sister to the Jin officer Meng Zhixiang, who would later become the founding emperor of Later Shu.) Lady Meng agreed with their idea, and therefore urged <mask> to go with the idea, causing <mask>'s resolve to support <mask> to be shaken. Further, he was also encountering policy disagreements with Zhang and <mask> and argued with them frequently.He thereafter killed an officer, <mask> (李存質), without <mask>u's approval, and also requested to be made the military governor of Datong Circuit. <mask>u agreed. Despite <mask>u's agreement with <mask>, the conspiracy around <mask> continued. <mask> specifically planned, with <mask>'s understanding, to seize <mask>u when <mask>u

masks:
Li Cunxu
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Keyong
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Keyong
Li Cunx
Li Cunhao
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Cunhao
Li Cunhao
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Cunxu
Li Cunzhang
Li Cunzhi
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Kening
Li Cunhao
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Cunx


texts:
 would visit <mask>'s mansion, deliver <mask> and his mother Lady Dowager Cao to the Later Liang emperor, and take over Hedong Circuit. <mask> met the officer Shi Jingrong (史敬鎔) to try to get Shi to join the plot and to surveil <mask>u. Shi pretended to agree, and then informed the plot to <mask>u. <mask>u met with Lady Dowager Cao and Zhang and initially offered to resign to try to avoid a conflict, but Zhang persuaded him to act against <mask>ing.Zhang summoned <mask>, Wu Gong, as well as the officers <mask> (李存敬) and Zhu Shouyin to prepare against <mask>. On March 25, 908, <mask>u held a feast at his own mansion, and all the high-level officers attended. At the feast, soldiers that <mask>u had previously hidden seized <mask> and <mask>. <mask>, weeping, stated to <mask>ing:

<mask> responded, ambiguously:

That day, <mask>u executed <mask> and <mask>. Notes and references

 History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 50. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol.14. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 263, 266. 9th-century births
908 deaths
Executed Jin (Later Tang precursor) people
People executed by Jin (Later Tang precursor)
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhenwu Circuit
Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi of Zhenwu Circuit
Jin (Later Tang precursor) politicians
People executed by a Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms state by decapitation
Jin (Later Tang precursor) people born during Tang
People from North China
10th-century Turkic people
9th-century Turkic

masks:
Li Kening
Li Cunxu
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Cx
Li Cunx
Li Ken
Li Cunzhang
Li Cung
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Cunhao
Li Cunxu
Li Ken
Li Kening
Li Cunx
Li Kening
Li Cunhao


texts:
<mask> (born August 1947) is a Canadian retired diplomat and senior civil servant. He served as the Director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS). He was appointed to the position by Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin on November 29, 2004 and retired from the position on June 27, 2009, before the end of his term. He was succeeded by Richard Fadden, the former Deputy Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Early life
<mask> was born in August 1947 in Montreal, Quebec. Before entering university, he lived in Germany and the Netherlands, and several places in Canada, including Edmonton, Fort Nelson, Whitehorse, Carleton Place and CFB Borden. He graduated from Carleton University  where he received his Honours B.A.in Political Science and a Master's degree majoring in International affairs at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs. Career

Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
Between 1973 and 1987, <mask> worked in several positions within Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT), both in Ottawa and outside of Canada. He spent two years (1975 to 1977) serving as Second Secretary at the Canadian Embassy in Caracas, Venezuela. Between 1977 and 1981, he worked at the Personnel Operations Bureau of the Department of External Affairs. From 1981 to 1982, <mask> worked as the Secretary of the Restrictive Trade Practices Enquiry on Competitiveness in the Canadian Petroleum Industry. Afterwards, between 1982 and 1983, <mask> worked as a senior advisor to the Deputy Minister (for Reorganization) at the Department of External Affairs. Between 1983 and 1987 he was Counsellor and Congressional Liaison at the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C.

Other roles in government
Between 1987 and 1990, he was the Senior Departmental Assistant in the Canadian Office of the Secretary of State for External Affairs.Between 1991 and 1992, he served as Chief of Staff to the President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and Minister Responsible for Constitutional Affairs.

masks:
James Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd


texts:
 Between 1992 and 1994, he was the Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet for Foreign and Defence Policy in the Privy Council Office

In September 1994, <mask> was working on Special Assignment in the Deputy Minister's Office of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade until, in July 1995, he became Assistant Deputy Minister Corporate Services in the department. Department of Finance
In November 1996, <mask> was appointed G-7 Deputy and Assistant Deputy Minister, International Trade and Finance of the Department of Finance. National Defence
In February 1998, he was named Deputy Minister of National Defence. Treasury
On May 13, 2002, <mask> was appointed Secretary of the Treasury Board and Comptroller General of Canada. He later declared that the Public Works Department, not the Prime Minister, was responsible for the mismanagement of funds investigated by the Gomery Inquiry. Director of CSIS (2004–2009)
On November 29, 2004, <mask> was appointed to the position of director of Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), by Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin.War on terrorism

On March 8, 2005, <mask> was asked by Canadian Senator David Paul Smith about whether Canadian mosques were being monitored by CSIS, to which <mask> replied that he was unaware of any such policy. Assistant Director Dale Neufeld then interjected, and confirmed that CSIS was indeed monitoring Canadian mosques, which it suspected of recruiting and funding terrorism. Later that month, <mask> addressed the Senate of Canada and said that Kassem Daher was a Canadian citizen, and member of Usbat-al-Ansar. In August 2005, <mask> announced that Canadian citizens were fighting as part of the Iraqi insurgency, an announcement that was met with derision from the Prime Minister's office. In October 2005, <mask> said that the 2003 Invasion of Iraq was creating "long-term problems" for other countries, including Canada. While facing criticism for CSIS's role in handling the case of Mohamed Harkat and other Muslim-Canadians detained under Security

masks:
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Jim Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd
Judd


texts:
 certificates in November 2005, he offered the Members of Parliament the chance to "ride along with agents" as they conducted interrogations of others. In July 2006, he announced that several hundred Canadians were being investigated for "pro-al-Qaeda sympathies"

In August 2006, he referred to the concept of racial profiling as "fundamentally stupid".On March 31, 2009, veteran CSIS lawyer and advisor Geoffrey O'Brian told the Commons Committee on Public Safety that CSIS would use information obtained under torture. Testifying on the same committee on April 2, 2009, <mask> said O'Brian would be recanting his statement in a letter. WikiLeaks cables
On November 29, 2010 online whistleblower WikiLeaks released a U.S. diplomatic cable sent from the U.S. Embassy in Ottawa dated July 2, 2008 that reported a meeting between <mask> and US State Department official Eliot Cohen. In the meeting <mask>, then head of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, tells Eliot Cohen that the Canadian spy agency was still  "vigorously harassing" known sympathizers of Hezbollah in Canada. In the same cable the American officer quotes <mask> as he laments a soon to be released video of Canadian citizen Omar Khadr being interrogated by CSIS's officers at American Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba. <mask> refers to video saying that it "would likely show three ... adults interrogating a kid who breaks down in tears. He adds the comment that the release of the video would trigger "knee-jerk anti-Americanism" and "paroxysms of moral outrage, a Canadian specialty," he says.In another instance, <mask> said Canadians and their courts had an "Alice in Wonderland" worldview and he "derided" Canadian court judgments that, as per his view, threaten foreign governments' intelligence-sharing with Canada. The cable goes on reporting <mask> as having said that "These judgments posit that Canadian authorities cannot use information that 'may have been' derived from torture, and that any Canadian public official who conveys such information may be subject to

masks:
Jim Judd
Judd
Jim Judd
Jim Judd
Judd
Jim Judd
Judd


texts:
 criminal prosecution." Views on China
In testimony before the Senate Committee on National Security and Defence in April 2007, <mask> appeared concerned about Chinese espionage activities. The alarm had been raised publicly in 2005 by Chen Yonglin, a former Chinese diplomat who defected to Australia, insisting that China had 1,000 agents operating there. Chen also claimed that similar numbers of Chinese spies also surveil in Canada. As of April 2007, <mask> had almost half of CSIS resources devoted to counter the Chinese. From its inception in January 2006, the Harper government took a hard line with the Chinese.As of 2007, they maintained that position. The government stance has changed radically since then, signalled in spring 2009 by the purchase of a 17% share fraction of Teck Resources by the China Investment Corporation. Since that time, the Canada China Energy and Environment Forum has seen a vast increase in business associated with the National Energy Administration of China. For example, a framework agreement was signed in October 2013 by Alberta Energy Minister Ken Hughes to give provincial officials "unprecedented access" to Chinese decision-makers, strengthening ties to "what we believe will become one of our key markets" for energy products. Retirement from CSIS 8 months before schedule

In April 2009, <mask> announced his resignation from the post effective in June of that year, before his term was scheduled to end in November 2009. He resigned 8 months after the appointment of cancer specialist Professor Arthur T. Porter to the Security Intelligence Review Committee which has the mandate to review the activities of <mask>'s operations or the operations of any future Director of CSIS. He was succeeded by Richard Fadden, who had his own controversies over the Chinese in 2010.Sources
CSIS profile on <mask> from University of Saskatchewan

References

1947 births
Carleton University alumni
Canadian diplomats
Living people
People from Montreal
Directors of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service
Anglophone

masks:
Judd
Judd
Judd
Jim Judd
Judd Bio