texts:
 agitating for reform. In a surprise visit he forced staff to open doors which revealed female patients kept in "a number of secret cells in a state of filth, horrible beyond description...the most miserable objects I ever beheld." Most of the staff were dismissed and <mask> was able to secure a government enquiry into the management of the asylum, at which he gave evidence. <mask> was appointed as a Governor of the Asylum. He proceeded to investigate a suspicious fire that had destroyed many of the asylum's records, concluding that it was unlikely to have started by accident. Writings on mythology
He developed a regimen to study the meaning of life and religion, and wrote:
I came to a resolution to devote six hours a day to this pursuit for ten years. Instead of six hours daily for ten years, I believe I have, upon the average, applied myself to it for nearly ten hours daily for almost twenty years.In the first ten years of my search I may fairly say, I found nothing which I sought for; in the latter part of the twenty, the quantity of matter has so crowded in upon me, that I scarcely know how to dispose of it. A keen antiquarian, <mask> was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. According to Ross Nichols, <mask> was also a "Chosen Chief" of the Order of Druids, founded by John Toland in 1717. <mask> was claimed a member of An Uileach Druidh Braithreaches (The Druid Order), an ancient Druid order that predates the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn; however, these claims are unsubstantiated. Regardless, <mask> demonstrated extensive knowledge and familiarity with the traditions of Druid orders in his work, The Celtic Druids. <mask>' wife died on 18 May 1822. <mask>' own death, on 9 August 1833, resulted from an illness which he suffered while attending a meeting of The British Association for the Advancement of Science at

masks: Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins


type: original

texts:
 Cambridge.Writings

<mask>' main writings were part of the syncretism of the day, which was an attempt to associate Biblical narratives to evidence emerging about other religious traditions. <mask> discussed, and argued with, other authors of this tradition such as Jacob Bryant, Roger O'Connor and William Jones. <mask>' own writings, especially Anacalypsis, were later to have a major influence on the development of Theosophy, through the publications of Helena Blavatsky. According to Ronald Hutton, <mask>' Anacalypsis says that,

These ideas "lay dormant for about forty years, and was then taken up and given a considerable popularity by one of the century's truly international figures, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky". Hutton describes <mask> as an "occultist and mystic", and Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke also terms him an "occultist". Nevertheless, Wouter Hanegraaff, who has written a detailed history of esotericism, says that <mask> had no interest in either occultism or esotericism. <mask> main interests were the history of religious beliefs and practical sociology.Principal works
Horae Sabbaticae, published in 1826, was a study of the Sabbath. <mask> recommended the Sabbath remain a festival instead of a "gloomy" fast. The Celtic Druids, published in 1827 and 1829 as three parts, was intended as a precursor to Anacalypsis. The Celtic Druids was "an attempt to show that the druids were the priests of oriental colonies who emigrated from India, were the introducers of the First or Cadmean System of Letters, and the builders of Stonehenge, Carnac, and other Cyclopean works in Asia and Europe." <mask> prefaced the 1829 second edition stating that he was preparing a review of "all the ancient Mythologies of the world, which, however varied, and corrupted in recent times, were originally one, and that one founded on principles sublime, beautiful, and

masks: Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins


texts:
 true." This review would become Anacalypsis. An Apology for the life and character of the celebrated Prophet of Arabia called Mohamed, or the Illustrious was published in 1829.Anacalypsis was written in 1833 and published posthumously in 1836 as two quarto volumes numbering 1,436 pages with meticulous references to hundreds of books. Anacalypsis was printed initially as a limited edition of 200 copies, reprinted partially in 1878, and reprinted completely in a limited edition of 350 copies in 1927. The full title is Anacalypsis; An Attempt to Draw Aside the Veil of the Saitic Isis; or an Inquiry into the Origin of languages, Nations and Religions. The book is a review of the history of religions; however, due to his death <mask> was unable to complete the final chapter on Christianity. In it he claims that the Druids and Jews originated in India, that Abraham is really Brahma, and that there is a secret "pandeist" global movement. Quotations
 In Anacalypsis <mask> asserts a commonality among various religious myths:

'"One thing is clear—the mythos of the Hindus, the mythos of the Jews and the mythos of the Greeks are all at bottom the same; and what are called their early histories are not histories of humankind, but are contrivances under the appearance of histories to perpetuate doctrines." <mask> bluntly declares that every ancient author, without exception, has come to us through the medium of Christian editors who have "either from roguery or folly, corrupted them all.”

 In the same publication <mask> makes some interesting claims, stating that all the Greek Gods and Goddesses of Greece were black, such as Jupiter: "Osiris and his Bull were black; all the Gods and Goddesses of Greece were black: at least this was the case with Jupiter, Bacchus, Hercules, Apollo, Ammon.The Goddesses Venus, Isis, Hecati, Diana, Juno, Metis, Ceres,

masks: Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins


texts:
 Cybile, are black.The Multi-mammia is black in the Campidoglio at Rome, and in Montfaucon, Antiquity explained." Page 138
In Anacalypsis he states that the Jews of Jacob or Israel were Ethiopians:
"There seems to be nothing improbable in these Ethiopians being the tribe of the Jews—the tribe of Jacob or Israel. I think these Ethiopians did come under Jacob, and did settle in Goshen, and gave the names of Maturea and Avaris to the city in which they dwelt." Page 399

In Anacalypsis he states that the Jews of Asia minor were a tribe and colony of black Buddhists from India: "Solomon was a personification or incarnation of wisdom, and the Jews, of Asia Minor were a tribe or colony from India, of black Buddhists, at or about the same time with the Ioudi to Syria, under the Brahmin." He also states that all the hero Gods and saviours were black too. "All the hero Gods Theseus, Bacchus, Æsculapius, &c., were saviours and black saviours too. These black icons were made when man himself was black.He made his God after himself, and then said that man was made after the image of God." See also
Gerald Massey
Kersey Graves
Druidry
Freemasonry

References

External links

Anacalypsis Vol. I, Vol. II
"The Anacalypsis of <mask> — Precursor of Isis Unveiled and The Secret Doctrine" (Theosophical History: Volume 1, Issue 3; 1983)
"Timeline of <mask>" (The New Age Observer; same information as above)
Mandaean Bibliography: The Anacalypsis
The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors (Chapter 16, Kersey Graves)
The Celtic Druids is located at the Special Collections/Digital Library in Falvey Memorial Library  at Villanova University. 1772 births
1833 deaths
Neo-druids
Christ myth theory
People from the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster
Pseudohistorians
Atlantis proponents
British social reformers
English historians
English antiquarians
Freemasons of the Premier

masks:
Godfrey Higgins
Godfrey Higgins


texts:
<mask> (born February 4, 1956) is an Argentine speech therapist, businesswoman, and Justicialist Party politician. She was elected to the Argentine Senate in 2009, and in 2011 became the first woman and first Jew to be designated as its Provisional President; the post put her second in Argentine line of succession, after Vice President Amado Boudou. Both Rojkés and her husband, <mask>, who has been governor of Tucumán since 2003, are considered leading “K” (or Kirchner) politicians who are “very close to the Casa Rosada.” Their lavish way of life has been severely criticized, as has the fact that several of their relatives have been given high-level government jobs. Both of them have been the subject of corruption allegations. Also, Rojkés has frequently made remarks that have been viewed in the media as insensitive to the poor and to crime victims. In 2015, she visited flood victims in the town of El Molino and made headlines when she called one of them a “lazy bum” and boasted of having ten mansions. Early life and education
<mask> was born in San Miguel de Tucumán to Luisa Werblud and Salomón Rojkés, both Ashkenazi Jews who emigrated from Europe.Salomón <mask> inaugurated a textile mill in the city, Textil Americana. She earned a degree in Psychopedagogy and married a fellow member of Tucumán's Jewish community, <mask>, with whom she had four children. Career
She became a partner in her father-in-law's auto dealership, León Alperovich de Tucumán S.A., in 1997, and by 2010 controlled 98% of the firm (one of Tucumán's largest Ford and Volkswagen distributors). Following the election of her husband as Governor of Tucumán, she was elected in 2005 to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies on the Front for Victory ticket (the majority, center-left Justicialist Party faction then headed by President Néstor Kirchner). She

masks:
Beatriz Liliana Rojkés de Alperovich
José Alperovich
Beatriz Liliana Rojkés
Rojkés
José Alperovich


texts:
 introduced numerous bills advancing children's rights, women's rights and nutrition, among other issues. She was elected to the Senate in 2009. Her stake in the Rojkés and <mask> family businesses made her the wealthiest woman in the Senate by 2010, and the fourth-wealthiest overall.She was named to the Senate committees on Constitutional Affairs, Labor, Health, Ombudsmanship, and Bermejo River works. In early 2010, the opposition was able to transfer <mask> <mask>'s position on the Congressional Bicameral Committee to an opposition politician, Luis Juez. The government protested. On April 29, 2010, the Appeals Court confirmed Rojkés's reinstatement on the committee. She said that “We will be able to work normally from now on.”

Rojkés was elected Provisional President of the Senate on November 30, 2011. Married to one of the few Jews in Argentina to be elected governor, she herself made history by becoming both the first Jew and the first woman to hold this key post. Rojkés promised the President her “loyalty.” In a radio interview, <mask> <mask> said that she “fully supports the political system” of the Kirchner government and that she was “proud” to have been selected for the position.The Provisional President of the Senate is second in the line of succession to the Presidency in Argentina. Speculation mounted in the days leading to the second inaugural of President <mask> <mask> that Senator <mask> might be asked to administer the Oath of Office in lieu of Vice President Julio Cobos, who had been distanced from the rest of the administration since his surprise tie-breaking vote in 2008 against an export tax increase supported by the president. President <mask> Kirchner ultimately opted to take the oath independently, as did Vice President Amado Boudou. In June 2013, Cristina Kirchner criticized opposition

masks:
Alperovich
Rojkés
de Alperovich
Rojkés
de Alperovich
Cristina Fernández
de Kirchner
Alperovich
Fernández de


texts:
 politicians for failing to come up with new ideas so as to make possible “a healthy democratic debate.” When she made the remarks, she was flanked by <mask> and Rojkés, whom the Buenos Aires Herald described as “two staunch supporters of her administration.” In February 2014, it was announced that <mask> <mask> would be replaced as provisional leader of the Senate by Zamora. Controversies
At a public event in March 2006, Rojkés condemned the writer and journalist Tomás Eloy Martínez, calling him a former Tucumáno – effectively disowning him as a resident of the province – because he had published an article in La Nación about the high level of poverty in the province. She was criticized in November 2011 by a political opponent, Senator Jose Cano, for saying that there were no street urchins in the province of Tucumán. Cano said that her remark gave him the feeling that “she lives in another province.”

<mask> caused controversy in 2012 by commenting on the brutal murder of a six-year-old girl, <mask>, saying that her parents were “drunks” who had not cared for her properly and that as First Lady she could not associate herself with such people.She later apologized for the remarks. Marita Verón case
The disappearance of a young woman named Marita Verón in Tucumán became a public issue and was held up as an example of the extent of human smuggling in the province. Suspects went on trial but were acquitted on December 12, 2012, in a verdict widely seen as exemplary of the corruption of courts in the province and the collusion of judges with gangsters. Rojkés said that she was “shocked” and “surprised” by the court's decision to free all of the defendants, but also, in what became a very controversial statement, added that prostitution and human trafficking “exists and will continue to exist.”

El Molino incident
In

masks:
Alperovich
Rojkés
de Alperovich
Rojkés
Mercedes Figueroa


texts: March 2015, Rojkés visited the southern town of El Molino, which had recently experienced serious flooding. In response to local residents who had been affected by the flooding and who were angry at delays in government assistance, she told them, “Don’t get angry, because you will make the whole world go crazy and you won’t solve anything.” She added, “We are listening, but it’s not my fault if the river floods.” This statement caused outrage among the locals, and led to a heated discussion. When one flood victim was particularly critical of the government's response and of her attitude, she responded dismissively. This led to a heated argument between the two in which she called the man a "bum" and he called her a "crook".During the argument she called out that she owned ten mansions. Her remarks were caught on video and quickly went viral. Rojkés later denied that she actually had ten houses. On March 23, 2015, she called the incident a set-up and said that she “fell for it in the worst way.” She added: “I reacted like an idiot” and attributed her reaction to “a mix of pain, impotence, of being unable to provide a solution. It made me lose my temper.” The flood victim told a television reporter “that he was only trying to get the provincial government to send machinery that could help prevent floods in the future.” Rojkés apologized for her remarks to the man, while Cabinet Chief Aníbal <mask> accused the man of provoking her. Radical Civic Union (UCR) gubernatorial candidate José Manuel Cano criticized Rojkés for her remarks in El Molino, saying “she belonged to a caste of political leaders who believe they are superior to everyday citizens” and noting that she had “a long history of outbursts.” For example, she had “drunkenly called the family of the assassinated girl (six-year-old <mask>gueroa), she threatened

masks:
Fernández
Mercedes Fi


texts:
 the doctors that protested in favour of higher salaries and questioned mothers that take drugs for not taking care of their children.”

In a March 25, 2015, commentary headlined “Adding insult to injury,” the editors of the Buenos Aires Herald condemned Rojkés <mask> for the remarks she made to the flood victims. “Throwing in the face of somebody who has just lost his home her possession of 10 mansions (in any case a false claim, according to her) is so obviously wrong that it becomes hardly necessary to elaborate,” they stated.“This is not the first evidence of an authoritarian regime in the province governed by her husband for the last 12 years – remember that by far the bloodiest repression of the late 2013 looting occurred in Tucumán. The latest Rojkés gaffe thus largely serves to suggest that this is an authoritarian style where the sticks are much longer than the carrots.”

In an April 2015 commentary for La Nación, Fernando Bracaccini and Renzo Lavin suggested that the incident in El Molino underscored the lack of accountability for public officials under the Kirchner government. They noted that Rojkés had not made public any information about her income or fortune since 2009, and that there was no way to know how many houses she owned. A 2013 federal law, they explained, enabled public officials to avoid disclosing their private financial or property information by putting it in the names of their spouses or children, and under provincial legislation her husband, even though serving as governor of Tucumán, was not required to disclose such data. Alleged Nepotism
A July 2012 article in La Nación held up the province of Tucumán, and particularly the relatives of Rojkés and Alperovich, as “a crude example” of nepotism in government and the enrichment of Kirchner-connected families with government funds. At the


texts:
 time the article was published, Rojkés's sister Silvia Rojkés Temkin was the provincial Minister of Education, her brother Carlos Rojkés was an officer in the national Senate, her niece Veronica Rojkés was a member of the National Congress, and her brother was a supplier to the province of Tucumán state. Also, Paul Zeitume, Alperovich's son, was Director of Commerce for Tucumán province; Isaac Bromberg, an Alperovich cousin, was a national deputy; another cousin, Beatriz Mirkin, was a former Minister of Social Development and a current national deputy; Oscar Mirkin, yet another cousin, was Secretary of Public Works in Tucumán; and Lucia Temkin, niece of Alperovich's private secretary, was provisional president of the national Senate.Corruption allegations
In November 2014, <mask> was criticized by opposition leaders for claiming that there had been “no corruption” in Tucumán during her husband's term as governor. Opposition politician Manuel Avellaneda said that she must have a “very poor memory,” given the number of allegations of corruption that had been made against her husband, his efforts to control the judiciary, and his refusal to take action for greater transparency. Avellaneda said that according to Enrique Romero, <mask>'s administration is the “most corrupt in history.” Avellaneda stated that “as in dictatorships, corruption is the soul of the government of her husband, which is the most corrupt in the democratic history of Tucumán.”

References

1956 births
Living people
Argentine Jews
People from San Miguel de Tucumán
Argentine businesspeople
Jewish Argentine politicians
Justicialist Party politicians
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Tucumán
Members of the Argentine Senate for Tucumán
Women members of the Argentine Senate
Argentine women in business
Women members of the Argentine

masks: Rojkés Alperovich


texts:
<mask> (October 30, 1942 – April 18, 1998) was an American Mesoamerican archaeologist who was an expert in the field of Maya epigraphy and iconography. She played an invaluable role in the decipherment of much of the Maya hieroglyphs. She produced a massive volume of drawings of stelae and inscriptions, which, following her wishes, are free for use to scholars. In 1978, she founded the annual Maya Meetings at The University of Texas at Austin. She was from Hendersonville, TN, a northern suburb of Nashville. Her mother Ruby Richmond was active in historic preservation at Historic Rock Castle in the 1980s. Early life
Born in Nashville, Tennessee, <mask> began taking commercial art courses at the University of Cincinnati in 1960 and graduated in Education and Art in 1964.With an increasing interest in literature, she spent another four years in Cincinnati's graduate program and obtained her master's degree in Art in 1968. She married the architect <mask> in 1968, and started teaching Studio Art at the University of South Alabama, remaining there till 1980, by which time she was Professor. Work
In 1970 she traveled with her husband, <mask>, to photograph Mesoamerican monuments in Yucatán on behalf of the University. An obligatory visit to Palenque the next summer turned into a 12-day stay spent drawing and studying Maya architecture after she was fascinated by the art. She decided to investigate the culture and history of the ancient people who had created the city. Mentored by Merle Greene Robertson, Schele worked with Peter Mathews to decipher a major section of the list of Palenque kings, presenting her work in the 1973 conference Mesa Redonda de Palenque, organized by Robertson. This meeting established

masks:
Linda Schele
Linda Schele
David Schele
David Schele


texts: the previously unknown <mask> as a major figure in the Maya studies, not only of art and history, but also of dirt archaeology and epigraphy, and her work stimulated several later discoveries, by herself and others.In 1975, Schele was invited to the Second International Archaeoastronomy Conference at Colgate to present an exploratory paper on Palenque hierophanies and their link to emblem and skull variant glyphs, which she later published in 1977. A strong supporter of collaborative scholarship, Schele became a Fellow in pre-Columbian Studies at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C. in 1975. Alongside Peter Mathews; David Kelley; and one of her longtime mentors, Floyd Lousbury, she participated in a series of miniconferences at Dumbarton Oaks which pushed further developing and refining of the Palenque series and also opened new epigraphic frontiers. She focused on the study of word ordering in Maya inscriptions for the next two years there. Still attending graduate school, Schele founded the Maya Hieroglyphic Workshop in Texas in 1977 which consisted of 21 consecutive seminars concerning Maya hieroglyphic writing and introduced more people intrigued by the Maya field than many other books from that time that were considered "popular". Twenty years later, the workshop expanded into what is known as the Maya Meetings at Texas, and includes a symposium of research papers by major scholars and the Forum on Hieroglyphic Writing. By this time in her life, Schele realized her destiny as a Mayanist; she enrolled as a graduate student in Latin American Studies at the University of Texas shortly before resigning from her position at South Alabama.She was awarded a Doctorate in Latin American studies by the


texts: University of Texas in 1980. She continued her teaching career there, in the department of Art/Art History. At the time of her death, she was the John D. Murchison Regents Professor of Art in the department. Schele joined the Copán Mosaics Project in the mid 1980s, working with David Stuart, Barbara Fash, and Nikolai Grube on the texts of that site. In 1986, Schele and Stuart identified Copan’s dynastic founder, K’inich Yax K’uk’ Mo’. Shortly after, she began a related series called the Copán Notes, reports on epigraphy and iconography, which were aimed at rapid dissemination of information amongst Maya scholars. In 1986, Schele co-curated a ground breaking exhibition and catalog of Maya art, "The Blood of Kings: A New Interpretation of Maya Art", with Mary Miller, a project initiated by InterCultura and the Kimbell Art Museum, where it opened in 1986, and the two co-authored the catalog to the exhibition, which was published under the title "The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art".The exhibition spoke of an obsession with royal descent, of incessant warfare, and of bloody sacrifice and self-mutilation which was inconsistent with the models proposed by previous generations of Mayanists. According to Michael D. Coe, the catalog presented by Schele and Miller "might as well stand as the most influential book on the Maya published in the past half-century." She also began taking an interest in the culture of the contemporary Maya. For a decade beginning 1988, she organized 13 workshops, along with Nikolai Grube and Frederico Fahsen, on hieroglyphic writing for them in Guatemala and Mexico. Michael D. Coe claims that "<mask>'s most important contribution to Maya scholarship" is represented in her


texts:
 book Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path published in 1993 with David Freidel and Joy Parker. Death
On April 18, 1998, she died  of pancreatic cancer, aged fifty-five. Upon being diagnosed with this disease, Schele planned ahead knowing she would not have long to live and resumed her lectures until a few days before her passing.Just before her death, she established the <mask> Precolumbian Endowment, which provides financial support for the <mask> and <mask> Chair in Mesoamerican Art and Writing at UT Austin. Recognition
Her doctoral dissertation, "Maya Glyphs: the Verbs" was published in 1982 and won "The Most Creative and Innovative Project in Professional and Scholarly Publication" an award given by the Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers. The Blood of Kings was awarded the Alfred H. Barr Jr. Award of the College Art Association for the best exhibition catalogue of 1986. She was awarded diplomas of recognition of the Museo Popol Vuh and the Universidad Francisco Marroquin by the government of Guatemala in March 1998. Texas Notes

The Texas Notes were informal reports produced by <mask> and others between 1990 and 1997 to allow for the quick dissemination of results in the rapidly evolving field of Maya

masks:
Linda Schele
Linda
David Schele
Linda Schele


texts:
<mask> (born 1938) is a feminist, child-welfare advocate, African-American activist, public speaker, author, pioneering African-American small business owner, and mother of three daughters. Early life
<mask> was born 1938 in Lumpkin, Georgia. When <mask> was ten years old, her father was beaten and left for dead on the family's doorstep; the family believes it to be a crime committed by Ku Klux Klan members. <mask> decided as a child in reaction to her family's experiences she would devote her life to improving the circumstances of people through activism. Early career and founding West 80th Street Community Childcare Center

<mask> moved from Georgia to New York City in 1957. Through the 1960s in New York, she worked  as a salesperson, house cleaner, and nightclub singer. She began her activism by raising bail money for civil rights protesters.In the late 1960s, needing care for her own children (by 1970, she had three daughters) <mask> <mask> organized a multiracial cooperative day care center on the West Side, the West 80th Community Childcare Center, which would be profiled by New York Magazine columnist, Gloria Steinem. <mask> <mask> and Steinem became friends, with <mask> <mask> encouraging Steinem to begin speaking in public with her about the Women's Movement. The two of them traveled around the country for two years, sharing the stage. Based on the publicity the duo received, <mask> <mask> encouraged Steinem to found a female-operated media source, Ms. Magazine. <mask> <mask> organized the first shelter for battered women in New York City and co-founded the New York City Agency for Child Development, pioneering child-care and noting that "too many women were being forced to leave their children home alone while they worked to feed their families". <mask>

masks:
Dorothy Pitman Hughes
Dorothy Pitman Hughes
Dorothy
Pitman Hughes
Pitman Hughes
Pitman
Hughes
Pitman
Hughes
Pitman
Hughes
Pitman
Hughes
Pitman
Hughes
Pitman


texts:
 <mask> also co-founded with Gloria Steinem the Women's Action Alliance, a pioneering national information center that specialized in nonsexist, multiracial children's education, in 1971. The two women toured together speaking about race, class and gender throughout the 1970s.<mask> <mask> and Steinem are pictured together in an iconic black and white photograph, now part of the National Portrait Gallery collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Taken by photographer Dan Wynn for Esquire Magazine and published in October 1971, Wynn captured Steinem and <mask> <mask> signaling their feminist solidarity by raising their fists in the raised-fist salute first popularized by members of the Black Power movement. <mask> <mask> noted the unlikely nature of their friendship at the time, admitting the terror she felt of being seen in public with a white woman in her hometown of Lumpkin, Georgia when Steinem would visit. Ms. <mask> <mask> commissioned photographer Dan Bagan to create an homage portrait of the two friends together again in a similar pose for Ms. Steinem's 80th birthday. In 1972, <mask> <mask> was a signer of the Ms. campaign "We Have Had Abortions" which called for an end to "archaic laws" limiting reproductive freedom, they encouraged women to share their stories and take action. Later career and activism
<mask> <mask> has been a guest lecturer at Columbia University, taught a course called "The Dynamics of Change" at the College of New Rochelle, and a guest lecturer at City College, Manhattan. In 1992, <mask> <mask> co-founded the Charles Junction Historic Preservation Society in Jacksonville, Florida using the former Junction homestead to combat poverty through community gardening and food production. In 1997 <mask> <mask> became the first

masks: Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes


texts: African-American woman to own an office supply/copy center, Harlem Office Supply, Inc., and to become a member of the Stationers Association of New York (SANY).In May 1997, <mask> <mask> began to offer HOS stock at $1.00 a share to individuals, corporations, partnerships and non-profit organizations focused on African-American children. She wrote about her experiences in Wake Up and Smell the Dollars! (2000), advocating small business ownership to other African Americans as a form of empowerment. <mask> <mask> was involved in the Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone (UMEZ), a federal program instituted by the Clinton administration in 1994 designating $300 million of federal, state, and city money for the economic development of Harlem. <mask> <mask> was part of the research team that created the Business Resource and Investment Service Center (BRISC), focused on the development of small, locally owned businesses in Harlem. However <mask> <mask> later became a critic. The programs brought large businesses like Old Navy and Disney into Harlem to create jobs but ultimately created more competition for locally owned businesses."Some are convinced that empowering large corporations to provide low paying jobs for our residents will bring economic empowerment to the community.... [But] without African-American ownership, there is ultimately no local empowerment" stated <mask> <mask>, believing BRISC's resources were being unevenly distributed among small businesses in Harlem. <mask> <mask> later wrote Just Saying... It Looks Like Ethnic Cleansing (The Gentrification of Harlem) providing advice to African American business owners who might want to utilize similar government programs such as the JOBS Act, signed into law by U.S. President Barack Obama in 2012. <mask> <mask> and

masks: Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes Pitman Hughes


texts:
 Steinem spoke again in 2008 at Eckerd College where they reenacted their raised fist pose together. Steinem has partnered in <mask> <mask>' efforts in the Northside community of Jacksonville, Florida to combat hunger with community gardens, by appearing as a speaker and funding support.
. Personal life
<mask> <mask> is the mother of three daughters, and is the aunt of actress Gabourey Sidibe. Honors
Oprah Winfrey honored <mask> <mask> as one of America’s "Great Moms".In Popular Culture
Janelle Monaé portrayed <mask> <mask> in the 2020 film The Glorias. Works

 Life Is About Choices, Not Excuses: The Life of Ruther Youmans Tyson (2014) Jacksonville, Fla.: DPH Book Publishing  (as editor)
 I'm Just Saying, It looks Like Ethnic Cleansing: The Gentrification of Harlem (2012) Jacksonville, Fla.: DPH Book Publishing. Wake Up and Smell the Dollars! Whose Inner-City Is this Anyway! : One Woman's Struggle Against Sexism, Classism, Racism, Gentrification, and the Empowerment Zone (2000) Phoenix, AZ: Amber Books. References

External links
 Interview with <mask> <mask> for WNED Public Television series "Woman", 1973
 <mask> <mask> papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections
 Laura Lovett, ''With Her Fist Raised: <mask> <mask> and the Transformative Power of Black Community Activism'

African-American feminists
American women activists
African-American non-fiction writers
American non-fiction writers
American civil rights activists
American community activists
Child welfare activism
Child care
People from Lumpkin, Georgia
1938 births
Living people
Activists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Women civil rights activists
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century

masks:
Pitman
Hughes
Pitman
Hughes
Pitman
Hughes
Pitman
Hughes
Dorothy Pitman
Hughes
Dorothy Pitman
Hughes
Dorothy Pitman
Hughes


texts:
<mask> (born 24 June 1945) is a Dutch former professional tennis player. She is best remembered for reaching the ladies' singles final, the ladies' doubles final and the mixed doubles final during the same year at Wimbledon in 1977. She also won ten Grand Slam titles in women's doubles and mixed doubles. Career
Stöve began playing tennis internationally in the mid-1960s. She made her Grand Slam debut at the 1964 Wimbledon. A virus, complicated by a malfunctioning thyroid gland, forced Stöve out of tennis for an 18-month period in the late 1960s. Despite being advised that she should never play tennis again, Stöve recovered to have her best years on the circuit.Stöve was an accomplished singles player reaching several finals on tour and attaining a singles ranking of number 5. Stöve's best grand slam singles performance was at the 1977 Wimbledon where she reached the final beating fellow doubles partner Martina Navratilova en route in the quarterfinals, and Sue Barker in the semi-finals preventing an all-England final. She lost the final to Virginia Wade: 4–6, 6–3, 6–1. Queen Elizabeth II attended the final. In addition she also reached the final of the women's doubles (with Navratilova) and the final of the mixed doubles with Frew McMillan, unfortunately losing them all. She is notably the last player in any Grand Slam event to


texts: earn such a record. Later that year Stöve was also a semifinalist at the 1977 US Open, losing to Chris Evert.This time she won the women's doubles with Navratilova and the mixed doubles with McMillan. In 1978 Stove reached the semi-finals or better at 9 of the singles events she contested reaching 5 finals but failing to win any of them. Notable players she beat in singles include Martina Navratilova, Sue Barker, Maria Bueno, Virginia Ruzici, Tracy Austin, Kerry Reid, Billie Jean King, and Claudia Kohde-Kilsch. One notable player she was never able to beat was Chris Evert whom she lost to all 10 times they played. Stöve had her greatest success in doubles. She won 10 Grand Slam doubles championships, six in women's doubles and four in mixed doubles. She won two women's doubles championships with Billie Jean King and two with Wendy Turnbull.Her other two titles were won with Françoise Dürr and Martina Navratilova. All of her mixed doubles championships were with Frew McMillan. <mask> was the runner-up in 17 Grand Slam doubles tournaments, eight in women's doubles and nine in mixed doubles. She won a total of 75 doubles titles on tour and ranked World No. 1 in doubles. She competed for the Netherlands Fed Cup team in 1966, 1969, 1970-1972, and 1976-1983. The Dutch rock band Bettie Serveert is named after her book Bettie Serveert,


texts:
 meaning "Bettie serves" or "service to Bettie" in Dutch.Post-retirement activity
Stöve coached Hana Mandlíková from 1980 through 1990. She also coached Kristie Boogert. Stöve is a former member of the ITF Committee of Management, its first female member. She served three terms as president of WTA Tour Players Association and received the WTA Tour Honorary Membership Award in November 1987. In 1989, Stöve and Mandlíková wrote Total Tennis, a tennis instruction book. Stöve speaks six languages and is an accomplished photographer. Major finals

Grand Slam finals

Singles (1 runner-up)

Doubles: 14 (6 titles, 8 runner-ups)

Mixed doubles: 13 (4 titles, 9 runners-up)

Year-End Championships finals

Doubles: 3 (1 title, 2 runners-up)

Career finals

Singles (11)

(*) Note that Tokyo was a non-tour event in 1976, and some events listed above are before the inception of the WTA in June 1973.Doubles (75)
Grand slam events in boldface. See also
 Performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final

References

External links

1945 births
Living people
Dutch female tennis players
French Open champions
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's doubles
Sportspeople from Rotterdam
People from


texts:
<mask> (also spelled Vexler or Wechsler, 4 November 1870 – 14 May 1917) was a Romanian socialist activist and journalist, regarded as one of the main Marxist theorist of the early Romanian workers' movement. Active in the first Romanian socialist party, the Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party, he became dissatisfied with the party's passivity and its failure to openly support political rights for the Romanian Jews, initiating a separate Jewish socialist group. Following the party's demise, he was one of the main activists for the revival of the socialist movement in Iaşi, introducing to Marxism many future leaders of the Romanian socialist parties. Sympathetic to the 1917 February Revolution, he was arrested after attempting to gain the support of Russian soldiers present in the country during World War I. <mask> was assassinated in custody shortly after, with the Romanian authorities suppressing any formal enquiry into his death. Biography

Early life and the PSDMR
<mask> was born in Iaşi, north-eastern Romania, in a family of Jewish origin. After finishing his compulsory education, having noted Romanian writer Ion Creangă as a teacher during the primary school, he enrolled in the local Superior School of Commerce, graduating as an accountant in 1899. He would later study towards becoming a candidate in philosophy and literature at the Université Nouvelle, a left-wing splinter of the Free University of Brussels.Learning about socialist ideas during his commercial school years, <mask> joined the informal Socialist Party of Iaşi at nineteen, which was to join forces with the other socialist clubs in the nationwide Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party (PSDMR) in 1893. Around the same period he met Litman Ghelerter, who became a close friend and one of his principal political collaborators. Gradually becoming one of the leaders of the Iaşi socialists, <mask> became involved in PSDMR's national politics. In

masks:
Max Wexler
Wexler
Max Wexler
Wexler
Wexler


texts: 1894, after the leadership decided to curb the radicalism of Munca, the party newspaper, by appointing moderate Ioan Nădejde as editor, Wexler-led socialists authored a proposal that sought to expand the journal outreach. Among the envisioned actions were an increase in publication frequency and an expansion of discussed themes to include scientific and literary topics, news about foreign socialist movements, and articles related to the agrarian question. While the proposal was rejected, <mask> continued to press for a more militant position of the Romanian socialists. He therefore co-wrote, with L. Ghelerter, the draft for a new party statute, which was presented before the Third PSDMR Congress in April 1895.In the draft several proposals were made towards a better organization of the party, providing the formalization of local party sections and the establishment of clear duties for the party leadership and responsibilities for the various party bodies. Notable were also the provision that forbade simultaneous membership in the PSDMR and in other political organizations, and the one requiring any dispute among members to be first discussed within the party. Due to the opposition of the bourgeois members of the party leadership, the draft was rejected by the Congress, which mandated the General Council to draft a new statute project for a future Congress. Soon after, <mask> and the other socialists around the periodical Lumina emerged as a dissident group, which was eventually excluded from the party. The dissidents deplored the tactics adopted by party leadership, which in their opinion did not actively seek to increase the party's influence among the urban proletariat. Furthermore, they accused the party organ, Lumea Nouă, of losing its socialist character. The break with the official party was also partly motivated by disagreement of the Lumina supporters with the formers ambiguous position towards the question of

masks: Wexler Wexler


texts:
 Jewish naturalization in Romania.Thus, the dissident group quickly evolved as a primarily Jewish socialist grouping, acting until 1897 as separate from the Iaşi Workers' Club. Beginning with 1896, the leaders of the group, <mask>, Ghelerter and Leon Gheller, also edited a Yiddish language weekly, Der Veker. As none of the editors were familiar with literary Yiddish, at first they wrote mostly in Romanian and had their articles translated by a local teacher. A labour organizer, <mask> was elected president of the Clerks' Society in 1896 and worked together with Bucharest-based Vintilă Rosetti in order to obtain improvements of working conditions, such as the eight-hour day and Sunday rest. During the same period, together with Barbu Brănişteanu, he was a delegate to the national conference of civil servants and commerce, finance and industry clerks. Towards the restoration of a Social Democratic Party
As the PSDMR had disbanded in 1899 in the aftermath of the defection of several of its leaders to the National Liberal Party (PNL), <mask> was one of the supporters of a renewed socialist party. Thus, between 1899 and 1900, became a regular writer for Lumea Nouă, by then edited by a group of mostly proletarian socialists.Towards the same objective, in August 1903 he established the Iaşi Circle of Social Studies, of which he was one of the foremost lecturers, with the support of Dr. Ghelerter. Many of the students attending the Circle would later become leading figures of the Romanian socialist movement: Mihail Gheorghiu Bujor, Ion Sion, Ottoi Călin, Ilie Moscovici. <mask>'s lecture topics included party tactics, the Erfurt Program, the history of Christianity and the Jewish question. During the Circle sessions he exposed A. C. Cuza's PhD thesis as a plagiarism, with many of the arguments being later presented in a book published by another member of the Circle, Emanoil Socor. Active in the Socialist Union of Romania,

masks: Wexler Wexler Wexler Wexler


texts: established in 1907, he was elected during its January 1908 conference a member in the commission tasked with revising the political program of the organization. The commission also included  Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Christian Rakovsky, Mihail Gh. Bujor, N. D. Cocea and Ion Sion.Beginning with the refoundation of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in 1910, Wexler was to become one of the main leaders of its Iaşi section. In 1914, together with Dr. Ghelerter, he rented a building in Iaşi that would serve during the following years both as their home and the headquarters of the local Social-Democratic Club and Trade Union Commission. Throughout his life, Wexler kept in contact with several luminaries of the European socialist movement of the time, such as Karl Kautsky, <mask>, Franz Mehring, Heinrich Cunow, Georg Ledebour, Arthur Stadthagen and Rosa Luxemburg. Friend and collaborator of Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, he was an active contributor to the Romanian socialist press, writing for, among others, Munca, România Muncitoare (known as Lupta beginning with 1914), Lumina, Viitorul Social, Convorbiri sociale. In order to avert the anti-Jewish prejudice prevalent among the Romanian public, Wexler commonly used pseudonyms. Thus, he notably signed one of his major contribution to Romanian Marxism, The socialism in Romania published in Viitorul Social, under the name of a fellow party-member, ethnic Romanian Ion Sion. The article considers the applicability of socialist ideas in the specific context of Romanian economy, paralleling Gherea's theory about the "Marxism in backward countries".A speaker of German, French, Polish and Russian, <mask> wrote articles for Die Neue Zeit and other European socialist newspapers and magazines, also translating several socialist works into Romanian. The articles he authored dealt primarily with theoretical problems of the workers' movement, and in his writings he opposed both

masks:
Max Beer
Wexler


texts:
 antisemitism and zionism. Beside his socialist activity, <mask> also published his translation of Émile Zola's Germinal, took interest in  prehistory and philology, and published works related to his professional activity, such as a study of interest rates presented at the St. Louis World's Fair. During the first decades of the twentieth century he helped smuggle over the Pruth, towards the Russian Empire, left-wing literature written in Russian, Polish and Yiddish, most of it originating in Switzerland. His frequent contacts with the Russian revolutionaries also made him a target of surveillance by the police and the Siguranţa. World War I and assassination
During the internal PSD debates that followed the start of World War I, Wexler disagreed with the party's support for the resolutions of the Zimmerwald Conference. Specifically, he concluded that the call to overthrow capitalism in case of war was not applicable to Romania, which had not yet fully experienced a "bourgeois-democratic revolution".After Romania entered the war on the side of Entente, <mask> was mobilized as chief accountant and cashier in an Iaşi enterprise. In 1917 he welcomed the Russian February Revolution, and, along with Bujor, took part in the May Day parade organized by revolutionary Russian soldiers in the city. As a result, two days later his mobilization order was overturned and he was drafted into the active army duty, despite his age and failing health. Suspected of taking part in Rakovsky's escape during the demonstrations, he was brought under armed escort before the court martial in Bacău. Briefly released and sent back to Iaşi, he was soon placed under the guard of the 2nd Huntsmen Regiment. There, on the night of 14 May, he was sent towards the local command post, under an escort headed by Lieutenant Romalo, close friend of the Romanian heir apparent, Carol. On the way, while passing through a forest, <mask> was shot in the back of

masks: Wexler Wexler Wexler


texts:
 his head by one of the guards, ostensibly because he was attempting to escape custody.According to the socialist press, his assassination had been planned by the military authorities with the acknowledgement of the PNL leadership, and his killer was rewarded with a bottle of rum, an insignificant amount of money, and promotion to the rank of sergeant. <mask>'s death was followed by public outcry, leading to agitation among the Russian soldiers present on Romanian territory and bringing the attention of the Petrograd government. Summoned by the Russian envoy to Romania, prime-minister Ion I. C. Brătianu expressed regret about the death, undertook to suspend the application of the death penalty, and promised a thorough investigation will take place. War minister Vintilă Brătianu sent two letters to the General Headquarters requesting further research into the matter, also enquiring whether the shooting was deliberate or was the result of a misinterpretation of orders. Nevertheless, no formal inquiry was ever started into the death of <mask>. According to the memories of Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu, member of the government at the time, the story of an attempted escape had been proven false, but the investigation was suppressed following the intervention of Romalo's father, the physician of the Romanian royal family.As late as 1922, the whereabouts of <mask>'s remains were unknown. Notes

References

Assassinated Romanian politicians
Deaths by firearm in Romania
Extrajudicial killings
Politicians from Iași
People murdered in Romania
Prisoners who died in Romanian detention
Jewish Romanian politicians
Jewish socialists
Romanian Marxists
Romanian newspaper editors
Romanian people of World War I
Romanian people who died in prison custody
Social Democratic Party of Romania (1910–1918) politicians
Romanian translators
Yiddish-language journalists
1870 births
1917 deaths
20th-century translators
19th-century translators
Prisoners


texts:
<mask> (born 3 May 1976) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Hawthorn and the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was the coach of the North Melbourne Football Club from 2010 until 2019. AFL career

Hawthorn
Scott was recruited to Hawthorn in the 1994 national draft at pick 60, without playing a game, he was delisted and then re-drafted by Hawthorn in the 1996 draft, where he won the reserves best-and-fairest. Making his senior debut in 1997, <mask> played all 22 games and was seen as a very solid contributor, but was traded at the end of that season to the Brisbane Lions, enabling him to play in the same side as his brother Chris. Brisbane Lions
<mask> was a very solid contributor over a number of years with the Lions and was seen as a fearless figure in defence. While defiant, <mask> battled numerous injuries including one incurred during his milestone

masks:
Bradley David Walter Scott
Brad
Scott
Scott


texts:
 150th game late in 2005. Like his brother, <mask> was renowned for being one of the hardest players in the league.They were both integral members of the Lions' first two premierships in 2001 and 2002. Injuries saw him miss the 2003 premiership and sidelined for the latter part of 2004. <mask>'s lacklustre form in 2004 and 2005 fed speculation that his contract with the Lions would not be renewed, however he remained with the club and announced on 10 August 2006 that he would retire at the end of the season. <mask> played his farewell game in Round 22 against the Saints. Coaching career
Retirement from playing saw <mask> as the development coach at Collingwood, where he had success working closely with a number of young Magpies and other players. <mask> was also a candidate for the vacant coaching position at Richmond, however he believed his skill set suited North far better and was appointed as

masks: Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott


texts: North Melbourne coach for the 2010 season, signing a three-year contract on 17 August 2009. <mask> had a terrible start to his coaching career, with three of the first four matches resulting in losses, including a 104-point thrashing from 2009 runners-up St Kilda.Since then, North made steady progress and finished outside the top eight on percentage. Although North Melbourne missed the finals for the second year in succession, <mask> was rewarded with a contract extension as Kangaroos coach, with president James Brayshaw stating that he was satisfied with the club's progress under <mask>. He led the team to 8th position and a spot in the finals at the end of the 2012 home and away season, with the side winning ten of its last twelve matches (including six in a row between Rounds 16–21) since a 115-point loss to Hawthorn in Round 10. The club was then defeated in their elimination final match against

masks: Scott Scott Scott


texts: West Coast by 96 points. Following North Melbourne's disappointing season in 2013 after losing 10 matches by 16 points or less, the 2014 season began with a positive outlook as Nick Dal Santo was added to North Melbourne's list as a restricted free agent at the end of the 2013 season. With North Melbourne's now silky midfield looking strong, the success of the 2014 season saw <mask> lead North Melbourne into his second finals series as coach after finishing 6th at the end of the premiership season. Winning their elimination final match against Essendon by 12 points, then defeating Geelong in the semi final to progress to Scotts' first preliminary final as coach against Sydney, the 71-point loss ended North Melbourne's finals run.The beginning of the 2015 season once again saw <mask> make some vital inclusions to North Melbourne's list, with the addition of tall-forward Jarrad Waite and medium

masks: Scott Scott


texts:
 forward/midfielder Shaun Higgins. Despite finishing 8th, <mask> was under scrutiny after a highly controversial decision to rest 9 players in Round 23 against Richmond, which was deemed by many to be a form of 'tanking'. <mask>'s 'plan' however, proved to be successful after defeating Richmond in the elimination final the following week by 17 points and going on to defeat Sydney in the semi final to become the first ever team to reach a preliminary final after finishing 8th in the premiership season. North Melbourne's run was ended by West Coast at Domain Stadium by 25 points. <mask> currently ranks 3rd for most AFL/VFL games coached without making a grand final and is the only one of those three coaches to do it solely at the one club. <mask> resigned as Kangaroos coach on 26 May 2019. Statistics

Playing statistics

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" |

masks: Scott Scott Scott Scott


texts:
 scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2016
|
| 22 || 12 || 10 || 0 || 52.2% || 8 || 18
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2017
|
| 22 || 6 || 16 || 0 || 27.3% || 15 || 18
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2018
|
| 22 || 12 || 10 || 0 || 54.5% || 9 || 18
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
!scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2019
|
| 10 || 3 || 7 || 0 || 30% || 17 || 18
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=2| Career totals
! 211
! 106
! 105
! 0
! 50.23%
!colspan=2|
|}

Personal life
<mask>'s identical twin brother <mask> played alongside him at the Brisbane Lions and is now the coach of Geelong. <mask> is the younger twin by a few minutes. In September 2014, <mask>'s wife Penny gave birth to their first child, a son. References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria

masks:
Scott
Chris Scott
Brad
Scott


texts:
 (Australia)
Brisbane Lions players
Brisbane Lions Premiership players
Hawthorn Football Club players
North Melbourne Football Club coaches
People educated at St Kevin's College, Melbourne
Eastern Ranges players
Twin people from Australia
Twin sportspeople
Identical twins
Australia international rules football team players
Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership


texts:
Pt. <mask> (31 August 1903 - 14 October 1975) was an Indian lawyer and independence activist. He was the Advocate General of Uttar Pradesh from 1952 to 1969. Early life
<mask> was born in a Brahmin family of Mariyadpur (now in Mau) in district Azamgarh of Uttar Pradesh. As he was born on Krishna Janmashtami his parents named him <mask>. He was the eldest of four sons and one daughter of <mask>, a civil and a criminal lawyer, at the Azamgarh Bar, and a long-serving M.L.C. Advocate General U.P.(India)

<mask> was the fourth Advocate General of the state of Uttar Pradesh since the creation of the position of Advocate General in 1937, the year that saw the formation of the first responsible representative government in the province by the Indian National Congress, under the Government of India Act, 1935. He held this position for 17 years - 1952 till 1969 - during which period different political parties across the political spectrum were elected and formed the government. This remains a record as of date - October 2015. He resigned as Advocate General U.P. in 1969 - the year his wife died. Advocate Generals appointed till Pt. <mask> <mask>ra:
 First Advocate General 	1937
- Dr. Narain Prasad Asthana
 Second Advocate General 	1942 and First Advocate General of Pakistan	1947
- Mr. Mohammad Wasim
 Third Advocate General 	1947
- Sir Peary <mask>ji
 Fourth Advocate General	1952 till 1969
- Pt.<mask> <mask>ra

Marriage and children

Pt. <mask> <mask>ra married twice. His first marriage was to Savitri Devi who bore two children Shanti (daughter) and Vijay Prakash (son). After the demise of Savitri Devi, he married Gayatri Devi who gave birth to the remaining children: Ravindra Prakash (son),  Justice Ajay Prakash (son), Jyoti (daughter), Priti (daughter),

masks:
Kanhaiya Lal Misra
Misra
Kanhaiya Lal
Baidnath Misra
Misra
Kanhaiya
Lal Mis
Lal Baner
Kanhaiya
Lal Mis
Kanhaiya
Lal Mis


texts:
 Ranjan (son) and  Munindra (son). Smt Gayatri Devi died on 29 April 1969. Timeline

Pt. <mask> <mask>ra studied at Banaras (Varanasi) in the Theosophical School under Dr. Mrs. Annie Beasant.1925 - Graduated with honours in Economics securing 91% marks in English. 1926 - Sat for the Indian Civil Service Examination and securing 150/150 in the English paper, an unbreakable record. However, due to his student day's speeches of freedom and his influence by Mahatma Gandhi he was not selected. 1927 - Passed his Law Examination and joint the District Bar. 1930 - October, shifted to the Allahabad High Court. He had an exceptional command of the Hindi, English and Urdu language. 1942 - Imprisoned during the Indian freedom struggle in the Naini Central Jail along with Pt.Jawaharlal Nehru, <mask> Shastri, P. D. Tandon and others. 1951 - Offered Judgeship but on his request he was reluctantly not appointed. He attained eminence in the legal field with his flare of advocacy, depth of learning, sweet trapping court craft, humility, and a photogenic memory. His simplicity and brilliance was his landmark. 1952 - Appointed Advocate General, U.P. and continued till 9 March 1969 irrespective of the political party which came to power during this period. 1955 - Offered Supreme Court Judgeship (being the first advocate to receive such distinction) without being a judge.He requested through the Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court – Justice B. Malik, the then Chief Minister and Home Minister to spare him which again they did reluctantly. His reason was that he wanted to be in public life, serving institutions and the public at large. 1969 - Resigned as Advocate General U.P. - the year his wife expired. As Advocate General U.P. he was closely associated with the

masks:
Kanhaiya
Lal Mis
Lal Bahadur


texts:
 Government and the Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh:
 Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant,
 Dr. Sampurnanand,
 Sri C.B.Gupta,
 Smt. Sucheta Kripalani and
 Sri Charan Singh. He attained excellence in the legal profession in the country and appeared in most High Courts and Supreme Court of India. During the time he was Advocate General of U.P. and even thereafter he appeared for several states of the country in important cases, viz. Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal etc. Some famous cases conducted by him were the Blitz case in the Bombay High Court, Maharashtra – Mysore boundary dispute, case of Sri Pratap Singh Kairon, for States of West Bengal and Bihar, in-famous Symbol Case before the Election Commission, Gorakhnath Case in the Supreme Court and in the case against Murdhra etc.He had the distinction of appearing against almost all the top advocates of the country. He appeared successfully for the state of Bihar against the Raja of Ramgarh in the Calcutta High court. He commanded the top position on both civil and criminal side and attained the position of a legal luminary and senior advocate. Pt. K.L. Misra conducted on behalf of the ruling Congress, the Indian Congress Party Symbol Case in the Supreme Court, was also responsible for defending the State Government in the State Zamindari Abolition case and defended for some time Mrs Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister, in her election petition case at the Allahabad High Court prior to his falling ill and thereafter the case was handed over to Mr. Sri Satish Chand Khare, Senior Advocate. Mrs Gandhi subsequently lost this case which led to the Emergency being imposed in India

Social works

He was the Chairman of the Bar Council (17/12/1961 to 09/03/1969), President of the Bar Association


texts:
 of Allahabad, President of the Harish Chandra Research Institute and member of its executive council, President of the Prayag Sangeet Samiti, President of the  to name a few.He also had the honour to serve the Allahabad University as its Hon' Treasurer and as a member of its executive council and also judged answer papers of the Law examination way above the L.L.B. degree that he held as his personal educational qualification in Law. A relatively unknown trait of Punditji was his poetry writing capabilities (in Hindi) when emotionally charged - like on demise of his wife, Gayatri Devi. Demise

Further reading
 Sri Siddhartha Shankar Ray
 'Pt. <mask> <mask>ra - My Father' by Munindra Misra
 'Courting Destiny' by Shanti Bhushan
 'Before Memory Fades: An Autobiography' by Fali S. Nariman

References

External links

 Pt. K.L<mask>, Advocate General U.P.Poem by Pt. K.L. Misra
 Some Articles by Pt. <mask> <mask>ra
 Many Splendoured Man by Sri Siddhartha Shankar Ray (Allahabad High Court Centenary)
 Pt. <mask> <mask>ra
 Pt. K.L. Misra
 Allahabad High Court Centenary Celebration (1866-1966) Vol.1 & 2 and Post Centenary Silver Jubilee Celebration (1866-1991) Vol. 1 & 2
 Keynote Address on the 100th Birth Anniversary of Pt. K.L Misra - Lecture on Spirituality and Law

Advocates General for Indian states
Advocate General Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian lawyers
Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh
Indian solicitors
Indian legal scholars
Indian Senior Counsel
Indian barristers
Quit India Movement
Senior Advocates in India
Allahabad High Court
University of Allahabad
Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh
1903 births
1969 deaths
People from Azamgarh
People from Mau
Politicians from Allahabad
Uttar Pradesh politicians
Scholars

masks:
Kanhaiya
Lal Mis
. Misra
Kanhaiya
Lal Mis
Kanhaiya
Lal Mis


texts:
<mask> was born in a Chitpavan caste family in 1707 and died in 1740, commonly referred to as <mask> or Bhau, was the son of Balaji Vishwanath Bhat and the younger brother of Bajirao Peshwa of Maratha Empire. He was an able military commander who liberated the western coast of India from Portuguese rule. The high watermark of his career was the capture of Vasai fort from the Portuguese in a hard-fought battle. He was known to run strategy for the Maratha Empire and was known to plan all the battles for Bajirao. Maratha campaigns against the Portuguese

<mask> concentrated his energies towards the Western Ghats. Vasai (formerly known as Bassein) was the ultimate objective of the war, as this was the capital of the provincial government of Portugal's northern Indian

Capture of Belapur Castle
In 1733, the Marathas, led by <mask>, with Sardar Shankarbuwa Shinde wrested control of the Belapur Fort from the Portuguese. Sardar Janojirao Shinde actual Great grandfather of Ranojirao Shinde and real younger brother of Dattajirao Shinde [The First] (Scindia) opened the attack from maratha side.He had made a vow that if it were to be successfully recaptured from the Portuguese, he would place a garland of beli leaves in a nearby Amruthaishwar temple, and after the victory the fort was renamed as Belapur Fort. The capture of Vasai

After careful planning, <mask> <mask> led Maratha armies into the occupied territories in 1737. <mask>'s strategy was to go for the weakest link in the chain to the strongest, thereby progressively weakening the

masks:
Chimaji Balaji Bhat
Appa
Chimaji Appa
Chimaji Appa
Chimaji
Appa
Chimaji


texts: Portuguese. On 28 March 1737, Maratha forces led by Ranojirao Shinde and Shankarbuwa Shinde captured the strategic island fortress of Arnala, thus cutting off a crucial relief line to Vasai. Thane and Salsette Island were freed in 1737. In November 1738, <mask> <mask> captured the fort of Dahanu and on 20 January 1739, Mahim capitulated. This was speedily followed by the capture of the forts of Kelve/Mahim by Chengojirao shinde, Sirgão – by Ranojirao shinde, Tarapur – by Janojirao shinde, and Asserim on 13 February 1739 by Chimnajirao Peshwa self.On 28 March 1739 Portuguese lost the island and the fortress of Karanja to Raoloji Shinde's forces. Finally in February 1739, <mask> <mask> invaded Bassein Fort. He first occupied Versova fort., Dharavi and blockaded Bassein Creek. Then mines were laid at various points under the fort walls and detonated, causing a breach in the wall. As the Marathas including Ranojirao Shinde and his cousin grandfather Janojirao son of Shrimanat Changojirao poured into the fortress, the Portuguese fought on desperately and viciously, using their technically advanced weapons and artillery, they caused high casualties among the Marathas. Inch by inch the fort was secured and resistance contained in small pockets. At this stage the tower of Saint Sebastian collapsed in an explosion, and Portuguese morale plummeted.All resistance ceased immediately. On 16 May the Portuguese army surrendered. Portuguese Captain Caetano de Souza Pereira signed the surrender as most of the top army officers were already dead.

masks: Chimaji Appa Chimaji Appa


texts: <mask> was magnanimous in victory, and surviving Portuguese were given a safe passage from the city. Portuguese were given eight days to take all their movable property and move out. Accordingly, the last remnants of Portuguese army and administration pulled out of Vasai by 23 May 1739. Great Maratha warrior Manajirao, alias Jankoji Shinde, son of Chengojirao Shinde (and father of Ranoji), killed Portuguese top official General Martinho da Sylveira, General Pedro de Mello and Lt.Colonel João Malhão. The Portuguese sources record that during the entire war with <mask> <mask> during 1737–1740, besides the Northern Province's capital Baçaim (Portuguese name for Vasai), they further lost eight cities, four chief ports, twenty fortress, two fortified hills and 340 villages. The losses amounted to nearly the whole of the Northern Provinces. To celebrate his victory and to fulfill a vow taken in front of Devi Vajreshwari, Chimaji appa had a temple built for the goddess nearby. The Vajreshwari Temple still stands there as a relic of Maratha glory. <mask> <mask> collected five large bells after he won in war against the Portuguese from Vasai Fort. He offered the bells at Bhimashankar, at Menavali near Wai in front of a Shiva Temple on the banks of the Krishna river, Banshanker temple( Pune), Omkareshwar Temple ( Pune) and Ramlinga temple Shirur.<mask> <mask> is a well known and highly respected figure within Vasai, Bhayandar, Virar, Thane and Navghar region. Konkani celebrate his victory even today on Gudi Padwa a Maharashtri new year.

masks: Chimaji Chimaji Appa Chimaji Appa Chimaji Appa


texts:
 <mask>'s contribution to Agri history is carried forward through generations through classic Powada across Maharashtra. He founded and renamed many villages including Vasai now a suburb, Bhayandar now a suburb, Virar now a town, Navghar now a town, Murdha, Rai, Morva, Dongri, Gorai and many more. <mask> <mask> died in 1740. The conquest of Bassein was long cherished by the Marathas as a matter of national pride and glory. A relationship built on trust and camaraderie between Bajirao and <mask> was the key to the meteoric rise of the Marathas during Bajirao Peshwa's reign.Family
<mask> was married to Rakhmabai (Pethe family). Rakhmabai was loving wife of Chimaji appa . They had a son Sadashivrao known popularly as Sadashivrao Bhau who led the Maratha forces in the historic Third Battle of Panipat against Ahmad Shah Durrani. Rakhmabai died shortly after Sadashivrao's birth. In popular culture

In the 2015 drama film Bajirao Mastani directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, <mask> <mask> was portrayed by Vaibhav Tatwawadi
In the popular historical drama Peshwa Bajirao, which has been telecasted on Sony TV from 23 January 2017, the character of <mask> <mask> has been portrayed by the young child artist Ayaan Zubair Rehmani and the elder version is being played by actor Saurabh Gokhale. Legacy
The ground in Vasai, a suburb of Mumbai, is named after him. The name of Ground is Chimaji <mask> kridangan.External links

The history of Vasai

People of the Maratha Empire
Peshwa dynasty
Marathi people
History of Vasai
1707 births
1740 deaths
History

masks: Appa Chimaji Appa Chimaji Chimaji Chimaji Appa Chimaji Appa Appa


texts:
<mask>  (born October 1, 1956) is an American intelligence officer who served as director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 2018 to 2021. She was the first woman to hold the post on a permanent basis and was previously the deputy director under Mike Pompeo during the early days of Donald Trump's presidency. She became acting director following Pompeo's resignation and was nominated by President Donald Trump to become the official Director of the CIA. On May 17, 2018, she was confirmed as the director of the CIA, the first woman to serve in the role in CIA history. She was officially sworn as director of the CIA on May 21, 2018. She was also the second female deputy director of the agency. <mask> has attracted controversy for her role as chief of a CIA black site in Thailand in 2002 in which prisoners were tortured with so-called "enhanced interrogation techniques", including waterboarding.At that time, the Bush Administration considered the techniques legal based on a set of secret, now-rescinded legal opinions which expansively defined executive authority and narrowly defined torture. <mask>'s involvement in torture was confirmed in August 2018 when a Freedom of Information lawsuit by the George Washington University-based National Security Archive brought to light CIA cables either authorized by or written by <mask> while base chief at the Thailand black site. The cables describe acts of deliberate physical torture of detainees, including waterboarding and confinement. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> Walker in Ashland, Kentucky. Her father served in the United States Air Force. She has four siblings. Haspel attended high school in the United Kingdom.She was a student at the University of Kentucky for three years and transferred for her senior year to the University of

masks:
Gina Cheri Walker Haspel
Haspel
Haspel
Haspel
Haspel
Gina Cheri


texts:
 Louisville, where she graduated in May 1978 with a Bachelor of Science in languages and journalism. From 1980 to 1981, she worked as a civilian library coordinator at Fort Devens in Massachusetts. She received a paralegal certificate from Northeastern University in 1982 and went on to work as a paralegal until she was hired by the CIA. Early career

Early CIA career
<mask> joined the CIA in January 1985 as a reports officer. She held several undercover overseas positions. Her first field assignment was from 1987–1989 in Ethiopia, Central Eurasia, Turkey, followed by several assignments in Europe and Central Eurasia from 1990 to 2001. From 1996 to 1998, <mask> served as station chief in Baku, Azerbaijan.From 2001 to 2003, her position was listed as Deputy Group Chief, Counterterrorism Center. Between October and December 2002, <mask> was assigned to oversee a secret CIA prison in Thailand Detention Site GREEN, code-named Cat's Eye, which housed persons suspected of involvement in Al-Qaeda. The prison was part of the US government's "extraordinary rendition" program after the September 11 attacks, and used torture techniques such as waterboarding. According to a former senior CIA official, <mask> arrived as station chief after the interrogation of Abu Zubaydah but was chief during the waterboarding of Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri. On January 8, 2019, Carol Rosenberg, of the Miami Herald, reported that partially redacted transcripts from a pre-trial hearing of Guantanamo Military Commission of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, seemed to indicate that <mask> had been the "Chief of Base" of a clandestine CIA detention site on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Station, in the 2003–2004 period. Torture and destruction of evidence controversy

In late October 2002, Haspel became a chief of base for a "black site"

masks: Haspel Haspel Haspel Haspel Haspel


texts: CIA torture prison located in Thailand. She worked at a site that was codenamed "Cat's Eye", which would later become known as the place where suspected al Qaeda terrorist members Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri and Abu Zubaydah were detained and tortured with waterboarding.In early February 2017, The New York Times and ProPublica reported that these waterboardings were both conducted under <mask>. In March 2018, U.S. officials said <mask> was not involved in the torture of Zubaydah, as she only became chief of base after Zubaydah was tortured. ProPublica and The New York Times issued corrections to their stories but noted that <mask> was involved in the torture of al-Nashiri. In August 2018, cables from the site, dating from November 2002 and likely authorized by if not written by <mask>, were released due to a Freedom of Information lawsuit, and described the torture of Nashiri in detail, including slamming him against a wall, confining him to a small box, waterboarding him, and depriving him of sleep and clothing, while threatening to turn him over to others who would kill him. Interrogators involved would also call Nashiri "a little girl," "a spoiled little rich Saudi," and a "sissy". <mask> played a role in the destruction of 92 interrogation videotapes that showed the torture of detainees both at the black site she ran and at other secret agency locations. A partially-declassified CIA document shows that the instruction for a new method of record keeping at the black site in Thailand, re-recording over the videos, took place in late October 2002, soon after Base Chief <mask>'s arrival.On December 17, 2014, the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR) pressed criminal charges against unidentified CIA operatives, after the US Senate Select Committee published its

masks: Haspel Haspel Haspel Haspel Haspel Haspel


texts:
 report on torture by US intelligence agencies. On June 7, 2017, the ECCHR called on the Public Prosecutor General of Germany to issue an arrest warrant against <mask> over claims she oversaw the torture of terrorism suspects. The accusation against her was centered on the case of Saudi national Abu Zubaydah. On May 1, 2018, Spencer Ackerman, writing in The Daily Beast, reported that former CIA analyst Gail Helt had been told some of the controversial torture recordings had not been destroyed, after all. On May 9, 2018, the day prior to her confirmation vote, The New York Times reported that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, architect of the 9/11 attacks, requested to submit six paragraphs of information for the Senate committee to review before its vote. From 2004 to 2005, <mask> was Deputy Chief of the National Resources Division. After the service in Thailand, she served as an operations officer in Counterterrorism Center near Washington, DC.She later served as the CIA's station chief in London and, in 2011, New York. National Clandestine Service leadership
<mask> served as the Deputy Director of the National Clandestine Service, Deputy Director of the National Clandestine Service for Foreign Intelligence and Covert Action, and Chief of Staff for the Director of the National Clandestine Service. In 2005, <mask> was the chief of staff to Jose Rodriguez, Director of the National Clandestine Service. In his memoir, Rodriguez wrote that <mask> had drafted a cable in 2005 ordering the destruction of dozens of videotapes made at the black site in Thailand in response to mounting public scrutiny of the program. At the Senate confirmation hearing considering her nomination to head the CIA, <mask> explained that the tapes had been destroyed in order to protect the identities of CIA officers whose


texts:
 faces were visible, at a time when leaks of US intelligence were rampant. In 2013, John Brennan, then the director of Central Intelligence, named <mask> as acting Director of the National Clandestine Service, which carries out covert operations around the globe. However, she was not appointed to the position permanently due to criticism about her involvement in the Rendition, Detention and Interrogation program.Her permanent appointment was opposed by Dianne Feinstein and others in the Senate. Deputy Director of the CIA
On February 2, 2017, President Trump appointed <mask> Deputy Director of the CIA, a position that does not require Senate confirmation. In an official statement released that day, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Chairman Devin Nunes (R-CA) said:

On February 8, 2017, several members of the Senate intelligence committee urged Trump to reconsider his appointment of <mask> as Deputy Director. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) quoted colleagues Ron Wyden (D-OR) and Martin Heinrich (D-NM) who were on the committee:

On February 15, 2017, Spencer Ackerman reported on psychologists Bruce Jessen and James Mitchell, the architects of the "enhanced interrogation" program that was designed to break Zubaydah and was subsequently used on other detainees at the CIA's secret prisons around the world. Jessen and Mitchell are being sued by Sulaiman Abdulla Salim, Mohamed Ahmed Ben Soud, and Obaid Ullah over torture designed by the psychologists. Jessen and Mitchell are seeking to compel <mask>, and her colleague James Cotsana, to testify on their behalf. Director of the CIA

Nomination

On March 13, 2018, President Donald Trump announced he would nominate <mask> to be the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, replacing Mike Pompeo—whom he tapped to become the


texts: new Secretary of State.Once confirmed by the Senate, <mask> became the first woman to serve as permanent Director of the CIA (Meroe Park served as Associate Deputy Director from 2013-2017 and acting director for three days in January 2017). Robert Baer, who once supervised <mask> at the CIA, found her to be "smart, tough and effective. Foreign liaison services who have worked with her uniformly walked away impressed." Republican senator Rand Paul said he would oppose the nomination, saying "To really appoint the head cheerleader for waterboarding to be head of the CIA? I mean, how could you trust somebody who did that to be in charge of the CIA? To read of her glee during the waterboarding is just absolutely appalling." Soon after Paul made this statement, the allegation that <mask> had mocked those being interrogated was retracted.Doug Stafford, an aide for Paul, said, "According to multiple published, undisputed accounts, she oversaw a black site and she further destroyed evidence of torture. This should preclude her from ever running the CIA." Republican senator and former presidential candidate John McCain called on <mask> to provide a detailed account of her participation in the CIA's detention program from 2001–2009, including whether she directed the use of so-called "enhanced interrogation techniques" and to clarify her role in the 2005 destruction of interrogation videotapes. In the Senate, McCain was a staunch opponent of torture, having been tortured as a prisoner of war in North Vietnam. McCain further called upon <mask> to commit to declassifying the 2014 Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture. Multiple senators have criticized the CIA for what they believe is selectivity in declassifying superficial and positive information about her career to generate


texts: positive coverage, while simultaneously refusing to declassify any "meaningful" information about her career. More than 50 former senior U.S. government officials, including six former Directors of the CIA and three former directors of national intelligence, signed a letter supporting her nomination.They included former Directors of the CIA John Brennan, Leon Panetta and Michael Morell, former Director of the NSA and CIA Michael Hayden, and former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper. In April, a group of 109 retired generals and admirals signed a letter expressing "profound concern" over <mask>'s nomination due to her record and alleged involvement in the CIA's use of torture and the subsequent destruction of evidence. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting criticized press coverage that portrayed <mask>'s nomination as a victory for feminism. On May 10, The Washington Post Editorial Board expressed its opposition to <mask>'s nomination for not condemning the CIA's now-defunct torture program as immoral. On May 12, the first two Senate Democrats, Joe Donnelly of Indiana and Joe Manchin of West Virginia, announced their support for <mask>'s nomination. On May 9, 2018, <mask> appeared before the Senate Intelligence Committee for a confirmation hearing. On May 14, <mask> sent a letter to Senator Mark Warner of Virginia stating that, in hindsight, the CIA should not have operated its interrogation and detention program.Shortly thereafter, Warner announced he would back <mask> when the Senate Intelligence Committee voted on whether to refer her nomination to the full Senate. She was approved for confirmation by the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 16 by a 10–5 vote, with two Democrats voting in favor. The next day, <mask> was confirmed by the full Senate, on a mostly

masks: Haspel Haspel Haspel Haspel Haspel Haspel Haspel Haspel


texts:
 party-line, 54–45 vote. Paul and Jeff Flake of Arizona were the only Republican nays, and six Democrats — Donnelly, Manchin, Warner, Heidi Heitkamp of North Dakota, Bill Nelson of Florida, and Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire — voted yes. McCain, who had urged his colleagues to reject her nomination, did not cast a vote, as he was hospitalized at the time. Tenure

<mask> was officially sworn in on May 21, 2018, becoming the first woman to serve as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on a permanent basis. On January 29, 2019, during a Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, <mask> reported that the CIA was "pleased" with the Trump administration's March 2018 expulsion of 61 Russian diplomats following the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal.<mask> added that the CIA did not object to the Treasury Department's decision in December 2018 to remove sanctions on three Russian companies tied to Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska, a close associate of Russian President Vladimir Putin. On the subject of recent relations between North Korea and the United States, <mask> stated, "I think our analysts would assess that they value the dialogue with the United States, and we do see indications that Kim Jong-un is trying to navigate a path toward some kind of better future for the North Korean people." By May 2019, <mask> had hired many women in senior positions. In December 2020, she became the subject of a death hoax. According to social media claims, which appear to originate with QAnon groups, <mask> was either killed, injured, or arrested in a CIA raid on a server farm in Frankfurt. Several fact-checking projects debunked these claims, and were unable to find any evidence that <mask> had died or that a raid had taken place. <mask> announced her retirement from the CIA after 36 years of


texts:
 service on January 19, 2021, one day prior to the presidential transition from Trump to Joe Biden.William Burns had been selected by Biden on January 11 to succeed <mask> pending Senate confirmation. Burns was sworn in as the new director on March 19, 2021. After retiring from the CIA, <mask> began advising the law firm King & Spalding in July 2021. Awards and recognition
<mask> has received a number of awards, including the George H. W. Bush Award for excellence in counterterrorism, the Donovan Award, the Intelligence Medal of Merit, and the Presidential Rank Award. Personal life
<mask> married <mask>, who served in the United States Army,  1976; they were divorced by 1985. From 2001 to 2018 she owned a home in Ashburn, Virginia. She does not use social media.See also
 Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States

References

External links

 Director of the CIA  biography

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1956 births
Deputy Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Living people
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Presidential Rank Award recipients
Recipients of the Intelligence Medal of Merit
Trump administration cabinet members
People from Ashland, Kentucky
People from Ashburn, Virginia
University of Kentucky alumni
University of Louisville alumni
Women members of the Cabinet of the United States
21st-century American

masks:
Haspel
Haspel
Haspel
Haspel
Jeff Haspel


texts: <mask> (4 September 1942 Shiraz - 15 July 2006 Walla Walla, Washington) () was a prominent Persian archaeologist, Iranologist and a world expert on Achaemenid archaeology. <mask> got a BA degree in and an MA degree in East Asian archaeology from SOAS. <mask> had a doctorate degree in Achaemenid archaeology from University of London. <mask> was a lecturer in Achaemenid archaeology and Iranology at Harvard University. He was also a full professor of archaeology at Shiraz University and founded at Persepolis the Institute of Achaemenid Research in 1974. After the Islamic revolution, he moved to the US, firstly teaching at Columbia University and then later becoming a full professor of history in Eastern Oregon University. While employed at Columbia, <mask> became involved with the formation of the Encyclopædia Iranica.<mask>, who also served as visiting associate editor until 2003, would also author 76 articles of varying topics covering the Achaemenids, Arsacids, and Sasanian

masks:
Alireza Shapour Shahbazi
Shahbazi
Shahbazi
Alireza Shapour Shahbazi
Shahbazi
Shahbazi


texts:
 periods of Iran. <mask> wrote numerous classic books and articles on archaeology (Achaemenid, Sassanid and Islamic) in English, German, French, and the Persian language He died on 15 July 2006 after a long battle with cancer. He was transferred to Shiraz and buried in the memorials surrounding the Tomb of Hafez. Works

Books
I. Publications:
A. Book (see also D. Translation)

1. Cyrus the Great: Founder of the Persian Empire (Shiraz University Publication, No.19, Shiraz 1970; awarded Book of the Year Prize, 1970). 2. Darius the Great (Shiraz University Publication, No. 26, Shiraz 1971), second revised version is in preparation. 3. A Persian Prince: Cyrus the Younger (Shiraz University Publication, No. 29, Shiraz 1971).4. Illustrated Description of Naqš-i Rustam, (Tehran, 1978). Second revised edition in the press. 5. The Irano-Lycian Monuments: The Antiquities of Xanthos and Its Region as Evidence for the Iranian Aspects of the Achaemenid Lycia (Institute of Achaemenid Research


texts: Publication, No. II, Tehran 1975) [1973 Doctoral Thesis for London University]. 6.Persepolis Illustrated (Institute of Achaemenid Research Publication, No. IV, Tehran 1976), second edition, Tehran (1997); third revised edition due out in April 2003. 7. Sharh-e Mosawwar-e Takht-e Jamshid (Institute of Achaemenid Research Publication, No. VI), Tehran 1966; third revised edition in the press. 8. Persepolis Illustre (French tr.by A. Surrat, Institute of Achaemenid Research Publication, No. III, Tehran 1977). 9. Illustrierte Beschreibung von Persepolis (German tr. by E. Niewoehner, Institute of Achaemenid Research Publication, No. V, Tehran 1977). 10.The Medes and The Persians, Tehran Open University text book, Tehran (1977). 11. A History of Iranian Historiography to A.D. 1000, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation sponsored study [publication ready]. 12. Old Persian Inscriptions of Persepolis, I: Texts from the Platform Monuments [Corpus inscriptionum iranicarum I, 1. Portf. 1.], London


texts:
 (1985). 13. Persepolis IV: A comprehensive analysis of Persepolitan inscriptions and monument studied since E. F. Schmidt (in preparation). 14. Ferdows: A Critical Biography, Centre for Near Eastern Studies, Harvard University, (1991). Revised Persian version in preparation. 15.Passargadae. A Comprehensive and Illustrated Guide, Tehran 2000. 16. A Political History of the Sasanian Period, Persian Heritage Series, New York (forthcoming). 17. A Commentary on Tabari’s History of the Sasanian Kings, The University Press of Iran, Tehran (due June 2003). 18.The Authoritative Guide to Persepolis, SAFIR Publication, Tehran, 2004

19. Rahnamaye Mostanade Takhte-Jamshid, Parsa-Pasargadae Research Foundation Publication, No. 1, Tehran, 2005. Collaborations
20. Annotated ed. of P. J. Junge, Darieos I. König der Perser [Leipzig 1944], Institute of Achaemenid Research Publications, No. VIII.Shiraz (1978). 21. [Assistant Editor], Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, London 1987. 22. [With O. P.


texts:
 Skaervø], Festschrift for Professor Richard Nelson Frye = Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4, 1990). 23.[Collaborator with Dina Amin and M. Kasheff], Acta Iranica 30. Papers in Honor of Professor Ehsan Yarshater Leiden (1990). 24. The Splendour of Iran, Vol. I: Ancient Times, Booth-Clibborn Editions of London and The University Press of Iran, London 2001. 25. [Associate Editor], Encyclopædia Iranica, vols.X-XI, New York, 2002–2003

Articles

26. “Cyrus the Great and Croesus”, Khirad va Kushish 2 (1969), 157–74. 27. “The Expedition of Cyrus the Younger”, Khirad va Kushish, 3 (1970), 332–50. 28. “An Achaemenid Tomb: The Gur-i Dukhtar at Buzpar”, Bastanshinasi va hunare Iran, IV (1971), 54–6, 92–99. 29.“The ‘One Year' of Darius Re-examined”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies [University of London] 30 (1972) 609–614. 30. “An Achaemenid Symbol. I: A Farewell to ‘Fravahr' and ‘Ahuramazda'”, Archäologische Mitteilungen ans Iran NF. [Berlin] 7 (1974), 135–44. 31. “Some


texts: remarks on the Sh_hn_meh of Firdausi”, Hunar va Mardum, Nos.153-45 (1975), 118–120. 32. “The Persepolis ‘Treasury Reliefs' once more”, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran NF. 9 (1976), 152–56. 33. ‘The ‘Traditional date of Zoroaster' explained”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies [University of London] 34 (1977), 25–35. 34.“From Parsa to Takht-i Jamshed”, Archäologische Mitteilungen ans Iran 10 (1977), 197–207. 35. “New aspects of Persepolitan studies”, Gymnasium 85 (1978), 478–500. 36. “Archaeological, historical and onomastical notes” on the Persian tr. of Herodotus' Historiae by Gh. Vahid Mazandarani, Tehran (1979, pp.522–74). 37. “An Achaemenid Symbol II. Farnah ‘(God given) Fortune' symbolised", Archäologische Mitteilungen ans Iran 13 (1980), 119–47. 38. “Firdaus's Date of Birth,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 134 (1984), 98-105. 39.“The Sixth International Congress of Iranian Arts and Archaeology”, Rahnamaye Ketab, 15


texts:
 (1351/1972), 692–702. 40. “Darius in Scythia and Scythians in Persepolis,” Archäologische Mitteilungen ans Iran 15 (1982), 189–236. 41. “Studies in Sasanian Iconography I. Narse's Investiture at Naqš-i Rustam”, Archäologische Mitteilungen ans Iran 16 (1983), 255–68. 42. “Vareγna, the royal falcon,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 134 (1984), 314–17.44. “Studies in S_s_nian Prosopography II. The relief of Ardašir II at Taq-i Bustan”, Archäologische Mitteilungen ans Iran 18 (1985), 181–85. 45. “Darius' Haft-Kišvar”, Archäologische Mitteilungen ans Iran. Erg_nzungsband 10 [Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte der Achämenidenzeit und ihr Nachleben, eds. H. M. Koch-D. N.
Makenzie], Berlin (1983), 239–46.46. “Iranian Notes 1-6”, Acta Iranica 25 [=Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce], Leiden (1985), 497–510. 47. “Iranian Notes 7-13”, Archäologische Mitteilungen ans Iran 19 (1986), 163–170. 48. “Zadroz-e Firdausi” Ayanda: A Journal of Iranian Studies, 12


texts: (1365/1986), 42–7. 49.“Babr-e Bayan”, Ayanda 13 (1367/1988) 54–8. 50. “Guzidaha-ye Iranšinenasi”, Ayanda 13 (1367/1988), 354–61. 51. “The Three Faces of Tigranes”, American Journal of Ancient History Vol. 10, No. 2 (1985 [1993]), 124-36 (Harvard University).52. “On the Xwaday-namag”, Acta Iranica 30 [=Papers in Honor of Professor Ehsan Yarshater], Leiden (1990) 208–29. 53–58. “Huns”; “Isfahan”; “Panjikant”; “Pasargadae”; “Persepolis”; “Xerxes” in R. C. Bulliet ed., Encyclopaedia of Asian Studies (Middle East), New York (1988). 59. “Amazons” in E. Yarshater ed. Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol.I (London 1985), 929. 60. “Amorges”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, 986–87. 61. “Apama” Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II (London 1987), 150.62. “Ardašir II”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 380–81. 63. “Ardašir III”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 381–82. 64.“Ardašir Sakanšah”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 383–84. 65. “Ariaeos”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 405–406. 66. “Ariaramaeia”, Encyclopædia


texts: Iranica, Vol.II, 407–408. 67. “Ariobarzanes #2”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 407–408. 68. “Ariyaramnes”,. Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol.II, 410–411. 69. “Army in Ancient Iran”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 489–99. 70. “Arnavaz”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 517.71. “Arsacid Origins”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 525. 72. “Arsacid Era”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 451–52. 73.“Arsacid Chronology in Traditional History”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 542–43. 74.“Aršama”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 46. 75. “Arsites”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 548.76. “Artachaias”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 651. 77. “Artyphios”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 655. 78.“Asb (Horse) in Ancient Iran”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 724–30. 79. “Aspacana”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 786–87. 80. “Aspastes”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol.II, 88. 81. “Astodan”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, 851–53. 82. “Bab-e Homayon”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. III (London 1989), 284–85.83. “Bahram


texts: I”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. III, 515–16. 84. “Bahram II”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. III ibid., 516–17. 85.“Bahram-e Cobina”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. III, 519–22. 86. “Bestam o Bendoy”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. IV (London 1990), 180–82. 87. “Byzantine-Iranian Relations”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol.IV, 588–599. 88. “Capital Cities”, in E. Yarshater ed., Encyclopædia Iranica IV, 768–70. 89. “Cambadene”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. III, 724. 90.“Carrhae, Battle of”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. V (1991), 9-13. 91. “Characene in Rhagae”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. V, 365–66. 92. “Clothes: Iranian Costumes in the Median and Achaemenid Periods”; Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol.V, 722–737. 93. “Coronation: in Pre-Islamic Iran”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. V, 277–79. 94. “Croesus”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. V, 401–2.95. “Crowns: iv - of Persian rulers from the Islamic conquest to the Qajar period”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. V, 421–25. 96. “Cunaxa:: battle of”, Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol.


texts:
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