texts: title without dropping a set, defeating Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Shaughnessy in the final. <mask> then traveled to the Monterrey Open. In doubles, she reunited with Grönefeld and reached the final as the top seed, falling to second-seeded pair Benešová/Záhlavová. In singles, she lost in the quarterfinals to second seed Daniela Hantuchová. At the Indian Wells Open, <mask> lost in the second round to No.2 Caroline Wozniacki. She did not enter the doubles tournament. She fared better in the Miami Open later that month. <mask> partnered with Julie Coin and reached the quarterfinals of the doubles tournament, before losing to third seeds Petrova and Samantha Stosur, who went on to become the runners-up. Her next Premier event was the Charleston Open, where she reunited with Krajicek and reached the final, before falling to top seeds Huber and Petrova. In singles, she lost to Petrova in the second round. At the Madrid Masters, <mask> paired with Chuang Chia-jung for the first time for the doubles tournament.They defeated fourth seeds Huber and Anabel Medina Garrigues, before falling in the quarterfinals to Pe'er and Francesca Schiavone. In singles, <mask> lost in the first round to Karolina Šprem. She then entered the Strasbourg International. In the doubles tournament, she partnered with Alizé Cornet and won the title after an injury to Lucie Hradecká forced top seeds Hradecká/Chuang to retire in the second round. <mask>t defeated second seeds Rodionova/Kudryavtseva in the final for her tenth tour doubles title. In singles, <mask> defeated second seed Elena

masks:
King
King
King
King
King
King Corne
King


type: original

texts:
 Vesnina in the first round and reached the semifinals, falling there to Kristina Barrois. At the French Open, she lost in the first round to Mattek-Sands.She entered the mixed-doubles tournament with Christopher Kas, reaching the semifinals, before falling to Shvedova and Julian Knowle. In women's doubles with Krajicek, she reached the second round losing to fourth-seeded Petrova and Stosur. At Wimbledon, <mask> won the ladies' doubles title in straight sets with Yaroslava Shvedova. They defeated Elena Vesnina and Vera Zvonareva in the final. At the US Open, <mask> and Shvedova won their second Grand Slam doubles title, defeating the second-seeded pair Huber/Petrova in a rain-delayed final. At the Stanford Classic, Vania lost to Sorana Cîrstea. 2011
<mask> and Shvedova made the finals of the US Open, losing to Liezel Huber and Lisa Raymond.<mask> made it to the finals of five other WTA tournaments in the course of the year, one in Monterrey with Grönefeld and in Rome, Cincinnati, Osaka, and Moscow with Shvedova. She and Shvedova won the events in Cincinnati in August and Moscow in October. 2012
<mask> reached the third round of the Australian Open at the start of the year, losing to Ana Ivanovic. She had defeated Kateryna Bondarenko in the first round. She reached the second round of the Carlsbad Open in July, losing to Marion Bartoli. In doubles, she reached the final in Stanford with Jarmila Gajdošová and in Carlsbad with Nadia Petrova, but lost to Marina Erakovic and Heather Watson in Stanford and to Raquel Kops-Jones and Abigail Spears in Carlsbad.

masks: King King King King King


texts:
 2013

In singles action, <mask> lost in the Guangzhou final to Zhang Shuai.<mask> lost in the second round of the French Open and in the first round of the other three Slans. In doubles that year, her best finish was a finals loss in Guangzhou. 2014
In doubles, <mask> made the second round at the Australian Open partnering Galina Voskoboeva. They lost to the Czech/Dutch pair of Hradecká and Krajicek. She partnered with Barbora Strýcová in Florianópolis, and they made it to the semifinals before being defeated by Medina Garrigues and Shvedova. She was eliminated in the first round in Indian Wells, and the second round in Miami, but made it to the final in Bogotá, partnering Chanelle Scheepers of South Africa. Partnering Zheng Jie, she made a quarterfinal appearance in Madrid, losing to Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci.Then followed a series of first-round losses, including Roland Garros and Wimbledon. She had some success in the late summer, making the quarterfinals in Washington, partnering Taylor Townsend, and the third round at the US Open, partnering Lisa Raymond. In singles, she made the semifinals in Shenzhen, but had to concede a walkover. She made a first-round exit at the Australian Open at the hands of Carla Suárez Navarro. At the Pattaya Open, she was defeated by Elena Vesnina in the first round. A series of first-round defeats followed in Rio de Janeiro, Florianópolis, and Indian Wells. She made the second round in Miami and Charleston, but it was not until April in Bogotá that she found some form and made it to the semifinals.She went down in the

masks: King King King


texts:
 first round in both Roland Garros and Wimbledon, but she did make the quarterfinals in Washington D.C.

At the US Open, she defeated Francesca Schiavone in the first round, but lost to eventual champion Serena Williams in the second round. 2015
<mask> missed the first three Slams of 2015 due to injury. She lost in the first round of singles and the second round of doubles there in Flushing. The highlight of her year came on hardcourts in Waco, where <mask> and Nicole Gibbs won in November, defeating Julia Glushko and Rebecca Peterson. 2016–2017
In 2017, <mask> reunited with the doubles partner with whom she had had the most success, Yaroslava Shvedova. They made it to the semifinals in Sydney, where they lost to Sania Mirza and Barbora Strýcová. At the Australian Open, <mask> and Shvedova advanced to the third round, where they lost to Mirjana Lucic-Baroni and Andrea Petkovic.They were stopped in the second round of Indian Wells by the Japanese-Chinese pair of Shuko Aoyama and Yang Zhaoxuan. In Miami, they went on to the quarterfinals, where they again lost to Mirza and Strýcová. Performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

Mixed doubles

Significant finals

Grand Slam finals

Doubles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)

Mixed doubles: 1 (runner-up)

Premier Mandatory/Premier 5 finals

Doubles: 4 (2 titles, 2 runner-ups)

WTA career finals

Singles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups)

Doubles: 33 (15 titles, 18 runner-ups)

WTA 125K series finals

Doubles: 1 (runner-up)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 2 (runner–ups)

Doubles: 8 (7 titles, 1 runner–up)

Junior Grand Slam

masks: King King King King


texts:
 finals

Doubles: 1 (runner-up)

References

External links

American female tennis players
American sportswomen of Chinese descent
Duke Blue Devils women's tennis players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California
Tennis players from Long Beach, California
1989 births
Living people
Taiwanese-American tennis players
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's doubles
Wimbledon champions
US Open (tennis)


texts:
<mask> or spelt <mask>wang () is a former Thai professional boxer and Muay Thai kickboxer in the 1990s. Biography & career
<mask> had a reputation for being a Muay Thai in Isan region in name "Toto Kangwalprai" (โตโต้ กังวาลไพร). Later, his manager Songphol "Ja Tu" <mask> led him to a regular at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium, Bangkok under a promoter Songchai Rattanasuban. He is better known for defeating the hot-tempered fighter Pongsiri "Rambo" Por Ruamrudee in the second round with elbow strikes and beat Pairojnoi "Bloody Steel" Sor Siamchai with knockout in the final round even before that, he is almost defeated. That's why he was nicknamed "Lord of Miracle" from Muay Thai fans. Later, Songphol had him change to a professional career. It's intended that to fight just three times and then become a world champion like a legendary Saensak Muangsurin.He made a total of five wins. On September 19, 1993, he faced Ricardo "El Finito" López a WBC Strawweight champion holder at Capitol City Discothèque, Ratchadaphisek Road, Bangkok. As a result, he was defeated by TKO (referee stopped contest) in the 11th round with a very injured face although he can punched López's

masks:
Toto Pongsawang
Toto Por Posa
Toto
Pongsawang


texts:
 mouthguard bounce off. Between 1993 and 1995, he continued to fight five more times, losing only once in the Philippines. In 1996, he lost again and his final fight was in 1997, where he was defeated. After Ratanapol Sor Vorapin lost IBF Mini flyweight title to Zolani Petelo in late 1997, Songphol announced that <mask> would challenge Petelo but then it didn't happen, until Songphol quit being a promoter. He returned to Muay Thai again although won two times fight of the year, one of them was a fight with Rambaa Somdet, but unsuccessfully like old so finally retired.Retirement
After retirement, <mask> works a lot because he hasn't much money as labourer, auto mechanic, furniture maker, or assistant restaurant manager. Today, his right eye is completely  blind believed to be the result of a fight with López in 1993. Muay Thai record

|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 1992-07-31 || Win ||align=left| Chartchainoi Chaorai-Oi  || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO (Punches & Low kicks) || 2 ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 1992-02-07 || Win ||align=left| Chatchai Paiseetong || Lumpinee Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-

masks: Toto Toto


texts:
<mask> (Professor <mask>, 1891 – 1950) was a pacifist and humanitarian of the Spanish Civil War, who allied himself with the Republicans but sought nonviolent ways of resisting the Nationalist rebels. His parents were Spanish and Italian. He was born in Almería, Andalucia in 1891. His father, originally from Milan, was stationed there as the Italian Consul. A forgotten history
Many people's perception of the Spanish Civil War is one of two monolithic 'sides': a war of the Republicans against the Nationalists. In fact it was by no means as simple as that, and although it was the Republican cause that was more seriously undermined by internal power struggles, there were many factions and sub-groups within both the main groupings. Almost completely overlooked by mainstream historians, there was also a vigorous element of pacifism, and the work of the Spanish arm of the organisation War Resisters' International (WRI) is almost totally forgotten in popular history and neglected by academics.Similarly, and perhaps inevitably, the history of military assistance, particularly through the International Brigades, is far better documented than the role of people dedicated to non-violence, civilian initiatives and what today we would call non-governmental organisations. Viator

As with many families, civil war meant uncertainty, movement and separation; but <mask>'s children regarded their formative years as having been spent in the small town of Viator, near Almería, and it is to Viator that family members have returned in order to visit the area with which they feel <mask> is most closely associated. <mask>

masks:
José Brocca
José Brocca Ramón
José Brocca
Brocca
Brocca


texts: was a school director at Viator in the early 1930s, and he earned a reputation as a respected community leader. For example, he was instrumental in defying local commercial interests who wanted to prevent a project to bring water to a public fountain in the village. There was once a plaque at the water fountain in Viator commemorating this event, but it has since disappeared. A lifelong internationalist and political activist, <mask> was involved in setting up Escuelas Laicas (secular schools), an initiative which became part of the Republican policy programme. Andalucia was quickly caught up in the violence and confusion of the Civil War, and one infamous incident was the shelling of the port of Almería by the Kriegsmarine.As is both metaphorically and literally the way with civil war, brother fought against brother. <mask>'s five children were: Arnulfo, Helio, Irma Leticia, Olga Teresa and Humberto. Arnulfo, the eldest, found himself on the rebel side, rose quickly through the ranks, and eventually had a distinguished post-war career as a senior officer in the regular Spanish army, mainly in La Coruňa, before retiring to Huelva then Seville to live with his daughter and family. Humberto was drawn in on the Republican side and died of wounds and sickness contracted on the battlefields. In spite of the horrors of war and the divisive nature of this war in particular, the four surviving brothers and sisters held warm memories of their childhood in Viator, and kept in touch in the post-war years. Throughout his life Arnulfo, the decorated war hero, veteran of some of the fiercest battles, and highly

masks: Brocca Brocca


texts:
 respected officer in the post-war army of Francoist Spain, spoke of his pacifist father as the 'greatest man who ever lived'. This is no paradox: it is testament to the courage and strength of character of both men, indicative of the complexities of civil war, and a victory for humanity over mere politics.It tells us that even in the most challenging circumstances the lasting strengths of the family can conquer the transient demands of the state. Helio died in 1968, Olga in 2004, Arnulfo in 2005 and Irma in 2009. <mask> aligned himself with the socialist segment of the complex political spectrum in Spain, and represented Spanish pacifists at international meetings of the peace movement (the Orden del Olivo and War Resisters' International). He was a colleague of anarcha-feminist doctor Amparo Poch y Gascón. He believed that pacifists had to support the Republican cause, but he was first and foremost a humanitarian. There is a local story in Viator which suggests that he helped a Catholic priest escape assassination by giving him his car. From 1933 to 1937 Professor <mask> was in Madrid, where his work included being a school inspector and teaching at the university, while the family home continued to be in Viator.It is believed that at one stage <mask> also spent some time in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where his brother was living. A challenge to pacifism

Many active pacifists in Europe and the USA found it difficult or impossible to take a neutral view of the Spanish Civil War (Prasad, 2005). Some prominent members of pacifist organisations, like Dr. Albert Einstein, had already renounced pacifism

masks: Brocca Brocca Brocca


texts:
 altogether, as a reaction to Hitler's rise to power in Germany. Fenner Brockway resigned from WRI in the early days of the Spanish Civil War (although after World War II with the onset of the Cold War and the nuclear threat he re-affirmed a commitment to pacifism). <mask>'s opinion of the position in Spain was that:
'...the people have had no alternative but to meet violence with violence. It is regrettable, but the entire responsibility for the tragic and bloody days we are enduring lies with those who...have let loose destruction and slaughter to defend, not ideals, but out-of-date and hateful privileges, tending to a set-back to medieval barbarism' (quoted in Brown, 1937). <mask>'s activism in response to the armed insurrection in Spain was widely quoted by pacifists in the UK and elsewhere as representing a role model.Herbert Runham Brown, Hon. Secretary of the WRI, asked 'What should I do if I were in Spain?' and in answer reproduced parts of a letter from <mask> in which he stated:
'In Barcelona, in Valencia, in the province of Cáceres and in Madrid I have acted, and continue to act, in such interesting tasks as stimulating, directing and organising the peasants so that instead of abandoning their agricultural work, even in those areas abandoned by the fascists in their flight, they work to avoid interruption in production and provision of supplies for the towns; in establishing and organising schools and homes for the children of those citizens who have fallen or who are fighting on the various fronts, and in general taking advantage of all opportunities to spread among the combatants our

masks:
José Brocca
Brocca
Brocca


texts:
 humanitarian ideals and our repugnance to oppression and cruelty' (Brown, 1937). <mask> relinquished his government post in Madrid in order to dedicate himself to organising activities such as the purchase and distribution of food and clothing, which was imported through a dock at Valencia financed by the WRI for this purpose; and in Madrid he organised a women's committee to distribute food and collect information on people who were not able to reach relief centres (Bennett, 2003). War children

During the war the French Catalan town of Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste (near Perpignan) in the Pyrenees was the location of a refuge financed by the War Resisters' International and run by Professor <mask> and his wife. Helio, Irma and Olga were also there for a time, but were then sent, in the care of <mask>'s sister-in-law, to stay with sympathisers in Rouen, until the defeat and occupation of France during the Second World War necessitated their escape from Normandy back to the south. The Prats-de-Mollo refuge housed children separated from their families, orphans and widows who had escaped from Spain; according to Hunter (1939), at any one time approximately forty people were in residence, and the care of an extra person would always take priority over the purchase of any little 'luxuries'.During his time there Professor <mask> became expert in finding pathways through the Pyrenees and crossed the border many times on various missions which took him in both directions. In effect, the refuge became part of an 'underground railroad' (Agirre, April 1996). According to Bennett (2003) <mask> disliked

masks: Brocca Brocca Brocca Brocca Brocca


texts:
 traditional orphanages and children's institutions, which to him resembled prisons. Before the war he and Amparo Poch presented the Republican government's Ministry of Health with a plan for 'homes' that would be designed to shelter twenty-five children in the care of a surrogate mother and father. Under wartime conditions, the number of twenty-five was often exceeded, but Bennett records that as well as establishing several children's colonies in southern France, with WRI support Brocca settled five hundred children in Mexico. While the majority of the children came from Republican families, there is evidence in the Sayre Papers (Swarthmore College Peace Collection) that <mask> did not turn away orphans or lost children whose parents were Nationalists. Escape and exile

After the Civil War had officially ended Professor <mask> refused to leave Prats-de-Mollo until all the children in his care had been returned to safety with their families in Spain.By this time his own life was seriously threatened by the occupying Nazis and their collaborators in Vichy France. The Prats-de-Mollo refuge was near the route of one of the four main frontier crossings now being used by hundreds of thousands of Spanish refugees as the Republican collapse became inevitable. It was not an easy journey, involving mountain tracks impassable to motor transport. Amparo Poch y Gascón was one who used this route (Rodrigo 2002). She stayed at Prats-de-Mollo for some time before finally reaching Toulouse, where she was to live the rest of her life in exile, and it is reasonable to assume that she was given shelter at the WRI's


texts: refuge. Since Prats-de-Mollo was also the location of one of the large concentration camps set up by the Nazis in this part of occupied France, and since <mask> had been crossing the frontier repeatedly to contact and make possible the flight of anti-militarists and other threatened people out of Spain (Agirre, April 1996), it was clear that his life was now in even greater danger than ever before, and an offer of asylum in the UK was made at the instigation of prominent British pacifists such as Runham Brown, George Lansbury, Grace Beaton, Ruth Fry, and Lord Ponsonby. Brown and Lansbury had initiated a unique arrangement with the British Home Secretary whereby the WRI as a body could act as sponsor for refugees it wished to bring over from Spain and other continental countries where there was a risk of persecution, the WRI itself being underwritten by a panel of guarantors whose names and standing were accepted by the Home Office (Prasad, 2005).However, before <mask> could respond to this offer he was arrested and imprisoned. Eventually, thanks to the influence of WRI, and with the active help of the French Resistance, <mask> escaped from the concentration camp and left France, finally arriving in Mexico on 17 October 1942 aboard the Portuguese vessel SS Nyassa, a ship well known to many refugees of both the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Evidence in the written archives is sketchy about the period between <mask>'s escape from arrest and his arrival in Mexico, but family testimony suggests that for some considerable time neither he nor his wife knew whether the other had survived. The Nazi

masks: Brocca Brocca Brocca Brocca


texts:
 occupation meant that making enquiries was extremely difficult, despite the best efforts of WRI to establish contact via agencies such as the Red Cross. After many further severe difficulties his wife and one of his sons (Helio) later joined him, having been separated from him for some years. They settled in San Luis Potosí and Mexico City where members of Helio's family still live. Funds towards their airline and boat fares were raised by supporters in the UK, and there was also considerable support from the USA coordinated by John Nevin Sayre of the Fellowship of Reconciliation in New York State.<mask>'s other children settled in Wales (Olga), Sweden (Irma) and Spain (Arnulfo). Professor <mask> never saw Spain again, but died suddenly in June 1950 at the age of 59. He is buried in Mexico City. Democracy and optimism

In the early 1970s, with the gradual liberalisation that preceded the death of Franco in 1975, and Spain's subsequent transition to democracy, <mask>'s widow Rosa García López was able to return to Spain, living for part of that time with relatives in Madrid and with her sister Maria García López who ran a small newspaper and magazine shop in Calle Ecuador, in the 'Casablanca' district of the port city of Vigo, Galicia. Rosa was also able to spend some time reunited with her daughter Olga Brocca Smith and her family in the village of Pyle, near Bridgend, Wales. Olga and her husband were peace activists to the end of their lives. In his book White Corpuscles in Europe (1939) the American writer Allan A.Hunter views the close of the Spanish Civil War and the opening of World War II


texts:
 from across the Atlantic, and despite the desolate outlook in Europe sees some grounds for optimism in the work of humanitarians including Philippe Vernier (France), Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze (Germany), Pierre Ceresole (Switzerland), Muriel Lester (England), George Lansbury MP (former leader of the UK Labour Party) - and <mask>, Spain. On page 76, Hunter states:

'Professor <mask> seems to recognise that to fight fascism with the weapons fascists use is self-defeating. If we do as the fascists do then we only endorse fascism. To prevent fascism we have to prevent the desperation, the poverty, the chaos and the ignorance out of which fascism is produced'. Scott H. Bennett writes of him:
'<mask>'s story demonstrates that pacifist courage is no less heroic than the military kind'. See also
 List of peace activists

Sources and references

Books and pamphlets
Bennett, Scott H. (2003) Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915-1963, Syracuse NY, Syracuse University Press, , pp. 67–68.Brown, Herbert Runham (1937) Spain: A Challenge to Pacifism, pamphlet, London, War Resisters' International/ The Finsbury Press, pp. 5–6. Hunter, Allan A. (1939) White Corpuscles in Europe (foreword by Aldous Huxley), Chicago and New York, Willett, Clarke and Company,  pp. 71–82. Poch, Amparo, et al., (1938) Notre Travail en France, pamphlet (in French), London, War Resisters' International. Prasad, Devi (2005) War is a Crime Against Humanity (foreword by George Willoughby), London, War Resisters' International, , pp.167, 179, 198, 205, 207, 212, 217, 230, 260, 462, 463, 482,


texts:
 504. Prof. <mask> is pictured seated, far left, in photographs 7 and 8 on pp. 522 and 523, and standing, far left, in photograph 27 on page 531. Sanchez, Antonio Molina (1990) Cuevas del Almanzora y Garrucha, 1880–1890, Apuntes Para Su Historia, Almeria, Grafika Ediciones. The bibliography cites a report by Professor J<mask> dated 1921. Romeu Alfaro, Fernanda, and Rahona Saure, Alexia (2017) Memoria en Sombra: La Internacional de Resistentes a la Guerra (IRG/WRI) y La Guerra Civil Espanola, (Prologo de Stasa Zajovic), , Barcelona, Ediciones de Intervencion Cultural / El Viejo Topo. Also of interest is the Spanish language biography of Amparo Poch y Gascón, an anarchist and feminist doctor who worked with Professor <mask>.She was co-founder of the famous Mujeres Libres organisation and sometime member of the Republican government:

Rodrigo, Antonina (2002) Una Mujer Libre: Amparo Poch y Gascón: Médica Anarquista (A Free Woman - Amparo Poch y Gascón : Anarchist Doctor), Barcelona, Flor del Viento Ediciones (see, in particular, pages 78, 79, and 105). This book contains a reproduction of an advertisement from the journal Solidaridad Obrera (17 July 1936) for a 'grand international meeting against war' on 18 July at the Plaza Monumental (bull ring), Barcelona, organised by Las Juventudes Libertarias (The Libertarian Youth). The speakers were to be: Fidel Miro, for Libertarian Youth; Max Muller, for the Swedish Young Anarcho-Syndicalists; Professor <mask>, for the War Resisters' International; Dra. Amparo Poch, for the War Resisters' Feminine Section;  Hem Day, for the International Committee for

masks:
Brocca
. Brocca
Brocca
Brocca


texts:
 Anarchist Defence; Dr. Félix Martí Ibáñez, for the Practical Idealists;  Manuel Perez, for the Anarchists of Barcelona; Augustin Souchy, for the International Anti-Militarist Bureau, and Federica Montseny for the CNT. Cuartillas (notes) were to be read from: Diego Abad de Santillán, Georges Pioch and Bart de Ligt, with Delso de Miguel presiding, for the Libertarian Youth. In the 1937 pamphlet by Runham Brown (see reference above), it is mentioned that this peace rally was cancelled because Franco flew to the mainland from Canarias on the very day of the proposed rally, and the Spanish Civil War began. Articles and external links
Article by Xabi Agirre in Peace News (April 1996)
Article in Green Peace News (May 1996)
Article by Xabi Agirre in Peace News (Aug./Sept.1996)
Article from The Wise Elephant ()
Article in German
Movimiento de Objección de Conciencía (2002) 'En Legítima Desobedencia: Tres Decadas de Objección, Insumisión y Antimilitarismo'
El Mundo, article in Spanish mentioning <mask>'s work, by the prominent British historian and Hispanic specialist Professor Henry Kamen
Article in German, quoting <mask>
Bart de Ligt: El Gran Olvidado (Bart de Ligt: The Great Forgotten One); article (in Spanish) by Cthuchi Zamarra,  mentioning, in passing, <mask>'s work in Spain. Un Brigadista de Paz (A Brigader of Peace); Article by Andres Bedia. WRI archives at the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam
 Papers of John Nevin Sayre, held in the Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Pennsylvania; Series B, Box 42, Spain
Academic paper by Scott H. Bennett, presented to the International

masks:
Brocca
Jose Brocca
Jose Brocca


texts:
 Conference on the Spanish Civil War, Madrid 2006 (in Spanish)
Fernanda Romeu Alfaro, Memoria en sombra: los pacifistas en la guerra civil Espanola, El Viejo Topo n 287, Dec. 2011
 Housman's Bookshop, Caledonian Road, London
War Resisters' International

Spanish language article on Wikipedia.Es

Notes

1891 births
1950 deaths
People from Almería
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish pacifists
Spanish people of Italian


texts:
<mask> (died Quillota, Chile, 12 February 1857), known simply as <mask>, was a Chilean naval officer who made a career in the Chilean Navy. He was one of the first Chilean midshipmen who entered the nascent navy in 1818. He joined the First Chilean Navy Squadron and participated in the naval war for the independence of Chile and Peru. He also spent time in the Chilean Army in the infantry branch. Furthermore, he held several important positions in the navy until his death in 1857. Early years and emancipation war
<mask> was born somewhere in the Captaincy General of Chile, part of the Spanish Monarchy. His father was <mask> and his mother Mercedes Macaya Mujica.He had a sister named Maria del Carmen. In the first months of 1818 he entered the Military Academy of Santiago as a cadet and was soon sent to fight in the battle of Maipú in April, winning a medal for it. At the beginning of September, entered the newly created Naval Academy of Valparaíso as a midshipman. <mask> was one of the thirteen cadets of the Military Academy who, at the request of Supreme Director Bernardo O'Higgins, were chosen by the ship-of-the-line captain <mask> Encalada to be the first students of the naval institution. He would be one of the few first midshipmen to continue the naval career. In the first Chilean naval squadron during the war

Campaigns between 1818 and 1822

At the end of September, embarked on the corvette Chacabuco, under the command of Captain Francisco Díaz, and joined the fleet commanded by Blanco Encalada, which sailed from Valparaíso on 9 October with the mission of intercepting in

masks:
Agustín Manuel Hipólito Orella Macaya
Manuel Hipólito Orella
Orella
Manuel de Orella Goya
Orella
Manuel Blanco


texts:
 Talcahuano a Spanish convoy that had recently left Cádiz. His naval baptism by fire culminated in November with the capture of the Spanish frigate María Isabel, renamed O'Higgins, and five transport ships.Upon returning from the mission, he won with the crew the right to wear a bracelet that had the following description: “His first trial gave Chile the dominance of the Pacific”. On 23 December, he went on to serve under Vice Admiral Thomas Cochrane, hired by the Chilean government to direct his naval fleet. Participated in the two raids to Peru that Cochrane made in 1819, aboard the flagship O'Higgins, under the command of Captain Robert Forster. In these incursions he was present in the capture of San Lorenzo Island, the attacks on Callao, the landings in the Peruvian coast and in the capture of the Spanish ships Águila and Begoña. He also participated in the capture of Valdivia in February 1820, temporarily aboard the schooner Moctezuma, earning a silver medal for his bravery. He later participated in the Liberating Expedition of Peru, again aboard the O'Higgins, earning another medal. He was in several actions of the expedition, such as the capture of the Spanish frigate Esmeralda, in which he had to command one of the frigate's boats that Cochrane arranged for the attack.Commissions and new campaigns between 1823 and 1826
At the beginning of 1823 <mask> became second lieutenant and embarked on the brig Galvarino, under the command of Captain Matías Godomar. The following year served as an assistant to Captain Carlos García del Postigo, appointed Major of the Department of the


texts:
 Navy. On 15 August, ascended to first lieutenant and embarked as an assistant in the frigate Maria Isabel (former O'Higgins), commanded by Captain Forster, and flagship of Vice Admiral Blanco Encalada. He participated in the campaigns that the Supreme Director Ramón Freire carried out in Peru and Chiloé, which tested his conditions of brave and skillful leader of forces. During the Chiloé campaign of 1826, found himself in the landing maneuver in front of the batteries of San Carlos de Ancud, in which he commanded one of the boats that captured three realistic gunboats protected in the bay and destroyed two others. Days later, repeated the attack in the battle of the Pudeto River. At the end of the campaign, for his military actions, he was promoted to a corvette captain and received a medal that on his obverse had the motto: “Colmavit gloriam suam in Chiloé”.Later years
Between 1826 and 1827 he was deputy for Quillota. By then, the war against the Spanish Monarchy ended and the Chilean squadron was disarmed for economic reasons. He went on to serve in the Chilean Army on 8 August 1828, having some experience in the institution; for having been in the Military Academy and for his actions of military landing on the Peruvian coast in 1819. He came to occupy the rank of sergeant major of infantry, being discharged in 1830 and reinstated in 1839 due to the War of the Confederation. In 1843, he was appointed Captain of the Port of Copiapó, already reintegrated in the navy with the rank of graduate frigate captain. In that period he married Avelina Echanez and later moved with her to the


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 newly created port of Caldera, a new port captaincy in replacement of Copiapó. On 2 October 1847, served as an assistant to the General Commander of the Navy and the following year, without prejudice to his position, assumed the Maritime Government of Valparaíso.Between 1851 and 1852 he was assigned to the Arsenals Command, being already an effective frigate captain. In 1852, his son <mask> <mask> Echánez was born in Caldera, who would also follow the naval career. He also had two daughters: Celmira and Celia. On 23 December 1853 he was granted sick leave. Its last designations were the Maritime Government of Atacama (Caldera) in 1854 and that of Valparaíso in 1856. At that time, its service sheet recorded multiple recommendations, one of which read as follows:

Finally, he died in Quillota, on 12 February 1857. His wife received from the government, by the laws of 30 March of that year and 28 August 1868, respectively, a pension of 543 pesos per year and one of 14 pesos per month.Posthumous tribute
In 2011, the new buildings of the Maritime Governorate of Caldera bear his name in memory of this illustrious naval officer, who was his first naval governor after the founding of Caldera in 1850. References

Sources

Year of birth missing
1857 deaths
19th-century Chilean people
Chilean Navy officers
19th-century Chilean Navy personnel
Chilean Navy officers by war
Chilean Army officers
Chilean Army personnel
19th-century Chilean military personnel
People of the Chilean War of Independence
People of the Peruvian War of Independence
Chilean Navy personnel of the Spanish American wars of

masks:
Manuel Joaquín
Orella


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Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. <mask> (4 August 1923 – 11 July 2013) was a Carnatic musician, a classical vocalist, musicologist, author and teacher, a great administrator and motivator. He was a performer on All India Radio and Doordarshan who participated in Sangeeta Sammelans, outdoor broadcasts and national programmes innumerable times. His radio lessons and Bhakti Ranjanis were very popular. He was awarded  Padma Bhushan award by the Government of India in 2010. Early life
<mask> was born in Anakapalli, Andhra Pradesh, the son of Annapurneswara Sarma and Yegnachayanamma. His father, Annapurneswara Sarma, was a 'Srividya' upasaka (a scholar and priest of high rank). His mother Yegnachayanamma gave him basic training in classical music and fostered his talent.His father always motivated and encouraged him. Career
Nookala, when young, entered the traditional theatre and handled a few boy roles but classical music attracted him from the start. He has started as violin student. Sri Kambhampati Akkaji Rao led him to Mangalampally Pattabhiramayya at Vijayawada, under whose guidance he remained for three years, after which he made his way to Vijayanagaram to learn violin under Prof. Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu garu. Nookala accompanied Prof. Naidu garu on his concerts all over India, and Prof. Naidu garu introduced Nookala to Dr. Sripada Pinakapani. His singing style developed after he came under the influence of Dr. Pinakapani. Nookala sharpened his analytical approach, achieving a deeper understanding of the science and art of music and learnt to infuse the raga bhava in every note and phrase of the kriti.Nookala was attracted by several musical greats but

masks:
Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana
Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana


texts:
 developed his own style of singing, never departing from classicism, yet expressing the beauty of 'raga' and the meaning of the 'kriti', with special emphasis on diction. Government service career
During his administrative career spans over four decades: he has held various posts and positions, including:

Professor, Maharajah's Government College of Music and Dance, Vizianagaram
Professor, Telugu University, Hyderabad
Principal, Govt. Music College of Secunderabad
Principal, Govt. Music College of Hyderabad
Principal, Govt. Music College of Vijayawada
Principal, Sri Venkateswara College of Tirupati

Personal life
Nookala was married to Sesha, daughter of Annapurna and Ayyalasomayajula Kameswar Rao, a 'Srividya' upasaka: they have seven children. Positions held
Founder President of Viswakala Parishat
Chairman Board of Studies - Andhra University
Chairman Board of Studies - Sri Venkateswara University
Expert Member - Andhra University
Expert Member - Madras Music Academy
Member Audition Board and Committee - All India Radio

Awards
 Padma Bhushan by Government of India in 2010. Hamsa Award or Kala Ratna (Cultural Council Government of Andhra Pradesh)
 Annamacharya Vidwanmani ('Sapna' - Sri Annamacharya Project of North America, Chicago)
 Sangeeta Kala Acharya (Music Academy, Chennai)
 Sangeeta Vidya Nidhi (Andhra Music Academy, Bhimily)
 Vani Kala Sudhakara (Bangalore Gayan Samaj, Centenary Celebrations, Bangalore)
 Saptagiri Sangeeta Vidwanmani (Sri Tyagaraja Festival Committee, Tirupati)
 Nada Nidhi (Sri Ganapathi Sachidananda Swamy)
 Nada Hridayagnaha (Swami Dayananda Saraswati)
 Nada Sudharnava (Murali Ravali, Madras)
 Sangeeta Sarvabuama (Sri


texts:
 Maruti Tyagaraja Gana Sabha, Tirupati)
 Sangeeta Ksheera Sagara (Sri Tyagaraja Narayanadasa Seva Samithi, Rajahmundry)
 Ganakala Ghandarva (Vamshi Arts Theatres, Hyderabad)
 Lakshya Lakshana Marthanda
 Sangeeta Sudhakara
 Emipatus Fellowship from Govt.of India
 President's Sangeeta Nataka Academy Award
 Senior Fellowship of Department of Culture Govt. of India
 Mahamahopadya
He is the Asthana Vidwan of
Sri Tirumala Tirupati Devastanam - Tirupati and Pitsburg, U.S.A.
Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham of Kanchi
Sringeri Sankara Peetham of Sringeri
Pushpagiri Peetham of Pushpagiri
Ganapati Sachidananda Ashram - Mysore

Critical views
Sri Paramaacharya of Kanchi "Your music is divine"
Sri Bhagvan Satya Sai Baba "Your music is devotional and also oceanic"
Padmasri Dwaram Venkata Swamy Naidu "Your intellectual grasp and talent are mercury"
Sri Semmangudi Srinivasa Ayyar "Your are a budhisali"

He has sung in the presence of;

Sri Jawaharlal Nehru - former Prime Minister of India
Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao - former Prime Minister of India
Sri S. Radhakrishnan - former President of India
Sri V.V. Giri - former President of India
Mayor of London and Chicago and many more

Teaching
Nookala has travelled all over India performing. He is the favourite choice of SPICMACAY Society for Promoting Interest in Classical Music and Culture among Youth. He has total command over the South Indian style and also a commendable knowledge of the Hindustani style of music which enables comparative study. Nookala has traveled to United States of America, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Malaysia, Singapore, and Mauritius.He has given performances and lecture demonstrations and


texts:
 conducted workshops in several universities including Cambridge, Oxford, Edinburgh, London and Wakefield in the U.K. and Wesleyan, Wisconsin, Colombia and Colorado in U.S.A.

His lecture demonstrations are attended by students, teachers and academics. He compares the Carnatic music system with other systems, including Hindustani as well as western classical music while being an ambassador of Carnatic music. He has a passion for teaching and enjoys it very much. The title Mahamahopadhyaya is given to a musician who has trained a hundred students. Dr. Nookala has several hundreds of students ranging from beginners to doctorate trainees, five-year-olds to 75-year-olds, prodigies to minimum gifted students. Dr. Nookala founded Viswakala Parishat, a non-profit organization for the cause of music and related activities which holds chamber music concerts and conducts music festivals and launches young and talented artists. Books
 Sangeeta Sudha a course of lessons including Saralis, Alankaras, Geethams, Varnams with notation published in English and Telugu.Ragalakshana Sangraham

A reference book of the lakshanas or features of 250 ragas with examples in sanchari listing the compositions and viseshana prayogas in detail. This is available in Telugu and in English under the name "Ragas Of Indian Music"

 The Monograph Of Tyagaraja's Pancharatna Kritis

A work on the 'Magnum Opus' of a saint composer. It covers every aspect of the five monumental compositions giving word by word meaning, extended meaning and a commentary correlating the swara sahitya relationship. He has examined and analyzed the kritis from the three angles of literature, music and


texts:
 spiritualism excelling in every aspect. This book is available in both English and Telugu. Deekshithar's Navagraha and Kamalamba Navaavarna Kritis

Meaning, sahitya with notation and an in depth commentary. This book is available in both English and Telugu.Sri Tyagaraja Saraswata Sarvaswam

All the kritis of Sri Tyagaraja with commentary and meaning. This book is available only in Telugu. Sangeeta Saastra Sudhaarnavam

Some aspects of the science and art of Indian Music. It deals mainly with Carnatic Music but some aspects of Hindustani and western music are also presented briefly. This book is available in both Telugu and English under the name "The Science of Indian Music"

Vaggeyakara Kriti Sagaram

This book contains lyrics with notations, of great composers and musicians of ancient India like Tyagaraja, Deekshitar, Syamasastry, Annamayya and also contemporary musicians like Dr.Mangalampally Balamurali Krishna and Dr.Sripada Pinakapani Garu. It is a treasure of classical Musical Compositions. This book is available in 2 volumes and is available only in Telugu.Death

Despite his advanced age and failing health, Nookala participated in many programmes and toured abroad. His condition worsened by 2013 and he died on 11 July 2013, less than a month before his 90th birthday. References

"Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. Nookala <mask> Satyanarayana", nookala.com website. External links
 Biography of Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. <mask> <mask> Satyanarayana at www.nookala.com

2013 deaths
1923 births
Male Carnatic singers
20th-century Indian male classical singers
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Recipients of the Kala Ratna
Musicians from Visakhapatnam
Singers

masks: Chinna Nookala Chinna


texts:
<mask> is a Marketing and Consumer Psychology professor and academic. She is Professor of Marketing at the Allen G. Aaronson Department of Marketing and International Business at City University of New York’s Baruch College, and Coordinator of the Marketing Specialization of the PhD Program in Business. She is also a Visiting Professor (Professor Titular) at the Department of Marketing of ESADE Business School at University Ramon Llull. Valenzuela has conducted extensive research in the areas of consumer decision-making, cross-cultural differences in purchase behavior, in-store marketing, international marketing strategy. Education
In 1992, <mask> graduated in Business & Economics from University of Madrid. She then moved to Washington DC (US) for her MBA and received her degree specializing in International Business from Georgetown University in 1995. She moved back to Spain and earned her doctoral degree in Marketing from University of Madrid in 1998.In 2001, she completed her Postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, Berkeley. Career
Following her Postdoctoral studies, Valenzuela taught at San Francisco State University from 2001 till 2005 before joining City University of New York as an Assistant Professor of Marketing at Baruch College. She was promoted to Associate Professor in 2009 and became a Full Professor of Marketing in 2016. Research
Valenzuela has worked on research questions connected to the following areas of knowledge: consumer-technology interactions, judgment and decision making, and cross-cultural consumer behavior. Consumer-Technology Interactions
Valenzuela's latest stream of research

masks:
Ana Valenzuela
Valenzuela


texts:
 deals with how technology impacts consumer decision-making. Her research in this area addresses two important questions: how the virtual display of options in customization interfaces affects trade-off saliency and the subjective difficulty of making a choice; and how the antropomorphization of technological interfaces enhances product attachment and individual performance. Valenzuela, together with Rhonda Hadi, demonstrated that haptic feedback accompanying message content can improve consumers’ task performance.This occurred because haptic feedback increases the sensation that the coach was actually present. Without this feedback, it felt like an impersonal technological exchange. In a related article, they demonstrated that the mere execution of an affectionate gesture (like a swipe) with an object can indeed enhance positive feelings towards it, but the effect is contingent on the presence of facilitating conditions, such as an anthropomorphic product design. Many companies already make humanization a determining factor of physical product design. Judgment and decision making
In this research regarding this area of judgment and decision making, <mask>, together with Florian Zettlemeyer and Ravi Dhar, highlighted the influence of differences in self-customization processes on factors including satisfaction level regarding the customized option, level of difficulty in decision making, and the degree of willingness to purchase. She also conducted various studies regarding position biases in decision-making. She investigated the schemas connected with centrality of physical position and proposed different implications for


texts:
 both people and product-based decisions.Valenzuela examined the influence of differences in cultural orientation on the behavioral outcomes in an incomplete information bargaining situation. In a different stream of research, <mask>, together with Priya Raghubir, studied the existence and implications of consumers' position‐based beliefs regarding product layouts and focused on center-stage effect. She highlighted the theoretical implications for marketplace meta‐cognitions, position effects, visual information processing, and the usage of memory‐based individuating information for making judgments. The last paper she published within this stream of research with Priya Raghubir develops the theory of position-based inferences further into a framework that includes beliefs based on both horizontal and vertical positions on shelf arrays. In particular, consumers are aware of the fact that top positions tend be associated with more expensive products than bottom positions but have not consistently confirmed their beliefs regarding horizontal positions. As a consequence, inferential processes in the horizontal orientation become less conscious and controllable than those in the vertical orientation. Cross-cultural consumer behavior
Cultural identity represents a very important dimension of the decision maker´s identity.Valenzuela´s research focuses on judgment biases that arise from differences between Western and East Asian individuals in their modes of thought as well as their feelings and desires. Valenzuela conducted extensive research on topics connected with cross-cultural consumer behavior. In 2010, she, along with


texts:
 Barbara Mellers and Judi Strebel, published a paper on comparison between East Asian and Western consumers’ emotional reactions towards unexpected incentives. Valenzuela's research on international marketing strategies focuses on identifying the elements of marketing programs, which lead to high performance and probability of involvement in foreign markets. Her study highlighted the importance of distribution network in designing export promotion policies. She published an article in 2001 explaining export regional involvement in context of marketing strategy. In her study, she highlighted the case of Spanish companies exporting to Latin America.Valenzuela also developed a model using seemingly unrelated regressions to estimate the explanatory value of the various elements of the marketing strategy, and company characteristics. Finally, <mask>, together with Tulin Erdem, conducted a cross-country validation study to investigate the importance of information economics view of brand equity in context of consumer brand choice in countries having multiple cultural dimensions. Her study indicated a significant role of brands as signals of product positions. Her study also highlighted the effect of brand credibility on consumer's choice. Awards and honors

1993 - Prize for Academic Excellence, Price Waterhouse
1993 - National Merit Prize for Academic Excellence (Ranked 1st in the All Spain Business Examinations), Spanish Ministry of Education

Bibliography
Rhonda Hadi, <mask>a (2020) "Good Vibrations: Consumer Responses to Technology-Mediated Haptic Feedback," Journal of Consumer Research, 47 (2), 256–271. Hildebrand, Diogo,

masks:
Valenzuela
Ana Valenzuel


texts:
 DeMotta, Yoshiko, Sen, Sankar and <mask>, <mask> (2017) "Consumer Responses to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Contribution Type." Journal of Consumer Research, 44(4), 738–758.<mask>, <mask> and Raghubir, Priya (2015) "Are Top-Bottom Inferences Conscious and Left-Right Inferences Automatic? Implications for Shelf Space Positions," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 21(3), 224-241. Rhonda, Hadi and <mask>, <mask> (2014) "A meaningful embrace: Contingent effects of embodied cues of affection," Journal of Consumer Psychology, 24(4), 520-532. <mask>, <mask>, Mellers, Barbara and Strebel, Judy (2010) "Pleasurable Surprises: A Cross-Cultural Study of Consumer Responses to Unexpected Incentives," Journal of Consumer Research, 36(5), 792-805. <mask>, <mask>, Dhar, Ravi and Zettlemeyer, Florian (2009) "Contingent Response to Self-Customization Procedures: Implications for Decision Satisfaction and Choice," Journal of Marketing Research, 46(6), 754-763. <mask>, <mask> and Raghubir Priya (2009) "Position-based Beliefs: The Center-Stage Effect,"  Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(2), 185-196. Erdem, Tulin, Swait, Joffre and <mask>, <mask> (2006) "Brands as Signals: A Cross-Country Validation Study," Journal of Marketing, 41(1), 86-100.Erdem, Tulin, Zhao, Ying and <mask>, <mask> (2004) "Performance of Store Brands: A Cross-Country Analysis of Consumer Store Brand Preferences, Perceptions and Risk," Journal of Marketing Research, 41(1), 86-115. References

Living people
Baruch College faculty
American people of Spanish descent
Georgetown University alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Year of birth missing

masks: Valenzuela Ana Valenzuela Ana Valenzuela Ana Valenzuela Ana Valenzuela Ana Valenzuela Ana Valenzuela Ana Valenzuela Ana


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<mask> (born December 5, 1964) is an American composer and conductor who has scored films including Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, Free Willy 3: The Rescue, and Christopher Columbus: The Discovery. Biography
One of the few Los Angeles-born composers, <mask> (born 1964) began his formal musical training at the age of 8, studying the violin. A few years later he switched to guitar as his main instrument and began performing and writing songs for his band, playing at local Los Angeles clubs before age 14. He studied Jazz guitar at the Guitar Institute of Technology before attending college and formally studying composition and conducting. <mask> has been a long time resident in Santa Monica where he has a music composing/recording studio. <mask> broke into film scoring at the age of 22 when a performance recording of one of the two concert music commissions, the ballet Once Upon a Ruler and Celebration Symphony Overture he composed while a student Santa Monica City College reached director Monica Teuber. She was so impressed that she asked him to write some music based on the reading of her script.<mask> composed eleven pieces and recorded the music at his home studio while still a student of music composition at the University of Southern California. Teuber hired him to write his first film score, Magdalene (1988), which starred Nastassja Kinski. The young composer took full advantage of this opportunity, launching his career with a huge 75 minute score. At only 22 years of age, <mask> conducted the Munich Symphony using a 110 piece orchestra, 60 piece choir and 30 piece children's choir. When director Richard Pearce heard the Magdalene score playing one morning on KCRW, he had his producers call <mask>, that afternoon, to offer him the HBO film Dead

masks:
Clifford Glen Eidelman
Cliff Eidelman
Eidelman
Eidelman
Eidelman
Eidelman
Eidelman


texts:
 Man Out (1988) which earned him a nomination for an Ace award. Within a year of completing his first film score he was approached by director Robert Young to score his epic drama of WWII, Triumph of the Spirit. It was 1989 and Eidelman was just 24.The score was impressive and deeply moving, dramatically capturing the story of survival against all odds in a German concentration camp. So much so that it has caught the attention of many conductors since its composition and been performed by numerous orchestras. <mask> created a suite from the score that was performed in June 2003 by The Los Angeles Master Chorale under the direction of Grant Gershon for their final concert at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion prior to moving to Disney Hall. Soon after the release of the film Triumph of the Spirit, legendary composer Jerry Goldsmith took a real interest in <mask>'s career. In an interview in 1999, he commented “<mask> is a great talent with amazing potential.”

As one of the youngest composers to score a feature film, <mask> has amassed an impressive body of work from film to the concert hall. He has created symphonic scores, musically captured the epic proportions of faith and despair, the whimsies of comic entertainment, and the intimacies of the human heart with a lone guitar, a one hundred piece orchestra, a solo piano and every formation in-between. Experience has given him an ease and maturity that allows his creativity to find the musical heart and vocabulary of intimate and epic films, as well as concert pieces and songs.<mask> soars while exploring the subtle nuances and bold expanses of his musical gifts. <mask>'s breakthrough came with his score Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991), a stylish and powerful score that elicited a great deal of

masks:
Eidelman
Eidelman
Cliff Eidelman
Eidelman
Cliff Eidelman
Eidelman


texts: attention and acclaim. Star Trek VI continues to not only be a favorite among fans but is rated in the top 30 best film scores on “Filmtracks.com” which has a viewer rating of 1,500 film scores spanning several decades. By the age of 24, <mask> had composed a number of epic symphonic scores including the powerful Holocaust drama Triumph of the Spirit (1989) and Christopher Columbus (1992). <mask> first ventured into comedy with back-to-back films Crazy People (1990) and Delirious (1991). Later he explored different approaches, often using a pared down orchestra, chamber orchestra, or a few chosen instruments to capture the intricacies of such character driven films as: Leap of Faith (1992), Untamed Heart (1993), A Simple Twist of Fate (1994), Now and Then (1995), the highest rated HBO film If These Walls Could Talk (1996), One True Thing (1998), Witness Protection (1999), An American Rhapsody (2001), the IMAX film Ocean Men (2001), Harrison's Flowers (2001), Sexual Life (2004), The Sisterhood Of The Traveling Pants (2005), Open Window (2006), He's Just Not That Into You (2009) and Big Miracle (2012) which is <mask>'s fifth collaboration with director Ken Kwapis. Other works include a symphonic tone poem The Tempest, which was recorded by The Royal Scottish National Orchestra under the direction of Eidelman and Wedding In The Night Garden, originally orchestrated for strings and mezzo-soprano.<mask> later developed a second version for strings, choir and mezzo-soprano which was performed in 2002 by the Los Angeles Master Chorale. It was so well received that conductor Grant Gershon requested repeat performances at Walt Disney Concert Hall in their 2005 season. My Muse is a collection of 10 songs <mask> wrote over the course of a decade. The music and lyrics are

masks: Eidelman Eidelman Eidelman Eidelman Eidelman


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 written and performed by <mask>. <mask> has conducted all of his film scores. He has conducted The Metropolitan Orchestra of London, The Munich Symphony and Chorus, Unione Musicisti Di Roma and Chorus, the Los Angeles Master Chorale, The Royal Scottish National Orchestra, The Toronto Symphony Orchestra, The Seattle Symphony Orchestra and many first call pick up orchestras for his film scores. The recognition he garnered prompted Varèse Sarabande Records to pursue Eidelman for conducting projects.On two recordings, he conducted works by Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Walton, Rozsa and Rota. Notable scores (concert music)

 The Five Tales for Solo Piano (2019)
 Night in the Gallery for Chamber Ensemble (released 2019) (performed and recorded by Members of the London Symphony Orchestra)
 Symphony for Orchestra and Two Pianos (released 2018) (performed and recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra)
 Wedding in the Night Garden (2000) (performed by the Los Angeles Master Chorale)
 The Tempest (1997) (recorded by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra)

References

External links

* <mask> at Filmtracks.com
 <mask> at SoundtrackNet

1964 births
American film score composers
American male film score composers
Living people
Musicians from Los Angeles
Santa Monica College alumni
Thornton School of Music alumni
Varèse Sarabande Records

masks:
Eidelman
Eidelman
Cliff Eidelman
Cliff Eidelman


texts:
<mask> (in Latin: Priscillianus; Gallaecia,  - Augusta Treverorum, Gallia Belgica, ) was a wealthy nobleman of Roman Hispania who promoted a strict form of Christian asceticism. He became bishop of Ávila in 380. Certain practices of his followers (such as meeting at country villas instead of attending church) were denounced at the Council of Zaragoza in 380. Tensions between Priscillian and bishops opposed to his views continued, as well as political maneuvering by both sides. Around 385, Priscillian was charged with sorcery and executed by authority of the Emperor Maximus. The ascetic movement Priscillianism is named after him, and continued in Hispania and Gaul until the late 6th century. Tractates by Priscillian and close followers, which were thought lost, were discovered in 1885 and published in 1889.Sources
The principal and almost contemporary source for the career of Priscillian is the Gallic chronicler Sulpicius Severus, who characterized him (Chronica II.46) as noble and rich, a layman who had devoted his life to study, and was vain of his classical pagan education. Life
Priscillian was born around 340, into the nobility, possibly in northwestern Hispania (Gallaecia), and was well-educated. About 370, he initiated a movement in favour of asceticism. Priscillian advocated studying not only the Bible, but also apocryphal books. His followers, who were won over by his eloquence and his severely ascetic example, included the bishops Instantius and Salvianus. Beliefs
According to Priscillian, apostles, prophets, and "doctors" (in the Latin sense of "teachers") are the divinely appointed orders of the Church, preeminence being due the doctors, among whom Priscillian reckoned himself. The "spiritual" comprehend and judge all things,


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 being "children of wisdom and light"; and the distinction between flesh and spirit, darkness and light, Moses and Christ, and the "prince of this world" and Christ, are emphasised.In asceticism, Priscillian distinguished three degrees, though he did not deny hope of pardon to those who were unable to attain full perfection. The perfect in body, mind, and spirit were celibate, or, if married, continent. Certain practices of the Priscillianists are known through the condemnatory canons issued by the 580 synod, such as receiving the Eucharist in the church but eating it at home or in the conventicle; women joining with men during the time of prayer; fasting even on Sunday; and meditating at home or in the mountains instead of attending church during Lent. According to Ana Maria C. M. Jorge, "He played the role of a catalyst among Lusitanian Christians and crystallized a variety of ascetic, monastic and intellectual aspirations that were either fairly, or even entirely, incompatible with Christianity as it was lived by the great majority of the bishops of the day." Opposition
His notable opponents in Hispania were Hyginus, bishop of Corduba, and Hydatius, bishop of Augusta Emerita. They accused Priscillian's teachings of being gnostic in nature. Through his intolerance of and severity toward Priscillian, Hydatius promoted rather than prevented the spread of his sect.Hydatius convened a synod held at Caesaraugusta in 380. Ten bishops were present at this synod from Spain, and two from Aquitaine, Delphinus of Bordeaux, and Phœbadus of Agen. Although neither Priscillian nor any of his followers attended, he wrote in reply his third tract justifying the reading of apocryphal literature, without denying that their contents were partly spurious.


texts: Neither Priscillian nor any of his disciples is mentioned in the decrees. The synod forbade certain practices. It forbade assumption of the title of "doctor", and forbade clerics from becoming monks on the motivation of a more perfect life; women were not to be given the title of "virgins" until they had reached the age of forty. Michael Kulikowski characterizes the concern at Zaragoza as the relationship between town and country, and the authority of the urban episcopacy over religious practice in outlying rural areas.In the immediate aftermath of the synod, Priscillian was elected bishop of Abila or Abela, and was consecrated by Instantius and Salvianus. Priscillian was now a suffragan of Ithacius of Ossonoba, the metropolitan bishop of Lusitania, whom he attempted to oust, but who then obtained from the emperor Gratian an edict against "false bishops and Manichees". This was a threat against the Priscillianists, since the Roman Empire had banned Manichaeism long before it legalized Christianity. Consequently, the three bishops, Instantius, Salvianus and Priscillian, went in person to Rome, to present their case before Pope Damasus I, himself a native of Hispania. Neither the Pope nor Ambrose, bishop of Mediolanum, where the emperor resided, granted them an audience. Salvianus died in Rome, but through the intervention of Macedonius, the imperial magister officiorum and an enemy of Ambrose, they succeeded in procuring the withdrawal of Gratian's edict, and an order for the arrest of Ithacius. Instantius and Priscillian, returning to Spain, regained their sees and churches.A sudden change occurred in 383, when the governor of Britain, Magnus Maximus, rebelled against Gratian, who marched against him but was assassinated. Maximus was


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 recognized as emperor of Britain, Gaul and Spain, and made Augusta Treverorum, in Gallia Belgica, his residence. There Ithacius presented his case against Priscillian, and Maximus ordered a synod convened at Burdigala in 384. After this, the matter was transferred to the secular court at Augusta Treverorum. Ithacius and Hydatius of Mérida both went there for the trial. Sulpicius Severus notes that Martin of Tours protested to the Emperor against the ruling, which said that the accused who went to Treves should be imprisoned. Maximus, a Spaniard by birth, treated the matter not as one of ecclesiastical rivalry but as one of morality and society.He is also said to have wished to enrich his treasury by confiscation of the property of the condemned. At Augusta Treverorum, Priscillian was tried by a secular court on criminal charges that included sorcery, a capital offence. Priscillian was questioned and forced to make the confession that he studied obscene doctrines, held nocturnal meetings with shameful women, and prayed while naked. Consequently, he was charged with practicing magic (maleficium), for which he was convicted and sentenced to death. Ithacius was his chief accuser. Priscillian was condemned and, with five of his companions, executed by the sword in 385. Priscillian's execution is seen as the first example of secular justice intervening in an ecclesiastical matter and the first Christian killed by other Christians for heresy.Reactions to the execution
Pope Siricius, Ambrose of Milan, and Martin of Tours protested against the execution, largely on the jurisdictional grounds that an ecclesiastical case should not be decided by a civil tribunal, and worked to reduce the persecution. Pope Siricius censured not only Ithacius but


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 the emperor himself. On receiving information from Maximus, he excommunicated Ithacius and his associates. On an official visit to Augusta Treverorum, Ambrose refused to give any recognition to Ithacius, "not wishing to have anything to do with bishops who had sent heretics to their death". Before the trial, Martin had obtained from Maximus a promise not to apply a death penalty. After the execution, Martin broke off relations with Felix, bishop of Augusta Treverorum, and all others associated with the enquiries and the trial, and restored communion only when the emperor promised to stop the persecution of the Priscillianists. Maximus was killed in his attempted invasion of Italy in 388.Under the new ruler, Ithacius and Hydatius were deposed and exiled. The remains of Priscillian were brought from Augusta Treverorum to Spain, where he was honoured as a martyr, especially in the west of the country, where Priscillianism did not die out until the second half of the 6th century. Continued Priscillianism
The heresy, notwithstanding the severe measures taken against it, continued to spread in Gaul as well as in Hispania. A letter dated 20 February 405, from Pope Innocent I to Exuperius, bishop of Tolosa, opposed the Priscillianists’ interpretation of the Apocrypha. In 412 Lazarus, bishop of Aix-en-Provence, and Herod, bishop of Arelate, were expelled from their sees on a charge of Manichaeism. Proculus, the metropolitan of Massilia, and the metropolitans of Vienna and Gallia Narbonensis Secunda were also followers of the rigorist tradition of Priscillian. Something was done for its repression by a synod held by Turibius of Asturica in 446, and by that of Toletum in 447; as an openly professed creed it had to be declared heretical once more


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 by the second synod of Bracara Augusta in 563, a sign that Priscillianist asceticism was still strong long after his execution."The official church," says F. C. Conybeare, "had to respect the ascetic spirit to the extent of enjoining celibacy upon its priests, and of recognizing, or rather immuring, such of the laity as desired to live out the old ascetic ideal." It is not always easy to separate the genuine assertions of Priscillian himself from those ascribed to him by his enemies, nor from the later developments taken by groups who were labelled Priscillianist. The long prevalent estimation of Priscillian as a heretic and Manichaean rested upon Augustine, Turibius of Astorga, Pope Leo I, the Great, and Orosius (who quotes a fragment of a letter of Priscillian's), although at the Council of Toledo in 400, fifteen years after Priscillian's death, when his case was reviewed, the most serious charge that could be brought was the error of language involved in a misrendering of the word innascibilis ("unbegettable"). Augustine criticized the Priscillianists, who he said were like the Manicheans in their habit of fasting on Sundays. Priscillianism continued in the north of Hispania and the south of Gaul. Priscillian was honored as a martyr, especially in Gallaecia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal), where his headless body was reverentially returned from Augusta Treverorum and became rediscovered and revered in the 9th century as Saint James the Great. Writings and rediscovery
Some writings by Priscillian were accounted orthodox and were not burned.For instance he divided the Pauline epistles (including the Epistle to the Hebrews) into a series of texts on their theological points and wrote an introduction to each section. These canons


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 survived in a form edited by Peregrinus. They contain a strong call to a life of personal piety and asceticism, including celibacy and abstinence from meat and wine. The charismatic gifts of all believers are equally affirmed. Study of scripture is urged. Priscillian placed considerable weight on apocryphal books, not as being inspired but as helpful in discerning truth and error. It was long thought that all his writings had perished, but in 1885, Georg Schepss discovered at the University of Würzburg eleven genuine tracts, published in the CSEL in 1886.Though they bear Priscillian's name, four describing Priscillian's trial appear to have been written by a close follower.According to Raymond E. Brown (1995), the source of the Comma Johanneum, a brief interpolation in the First Epistle of John, known since the fourth century, appears to be the Latin Liber Apologeticus by Priscillian. The modern assessment of Priscillian is summed up by Henry Chadwick (1976). References

Citations

Sources

 *

Further reading

  and in Spanish: Peregrinos de la Herejía (Bóveda 2009), offers a fictionalised version of the events in Priscillian's story and furthers the suggestion put forth by Henry Chadwick that Priscillian may be the occupant in the tomb in Santiago de Compostela

External links
 "Priscillian", España es Cultura, Ministry and Education, Culture, and Sport

385 deaths
4th-century bishops in Hispania
4th-century Christian mystics
4th-century executions
4th-century Latin writers
Anti-natalists
Christian denominations established in the 4th century
Priscillianism
People executed by decapitation
People executed by the Roman Empire
People executed for heresy
Place of birth unknown
Year of birth unknown
Year of birth


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<mask> (pen names Mrs. Madeline Leslie and Aunt Hattie; August 19, 1815 – April 26, 1893) was an American author of books for children, and editor. Her career as an author began when she was about 30 years old. She devoted herself successfully to novels; but after about 15 years, she wrote popular religious literature. Her most famous book, Tim, the Scissors Grinder, sold half a million copies, and was translated into several languages. <mask> published about 200 moral and religious tales under the pen name "Mrs. Madeline Leslie". She also wrote under her own name or initials, and under that of "Aunt Hattie". She wrote chiefly for the young, and was still writing in 1893 when she died.Early life and education
Harriette (nickname, "Hatty") <mask> <mask> was born in Andover, Massachusetts, August 19, 1815. Her parents were <mask> and Abigail Wheeler. She was one of the many children who were named after <mask>, one of the first American missionaries. She was baptized on December 10, 1815 in Theological Seminary Church, which is now Philips Academy in Andover. Her father was Dr. <mask>, the founder of Andover Theological Seminary and a friend of the polymath poet Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. She was called "Hatty" during her younger years. According to an account from her father, she nearly died of typhoid fever when she was about two years old. She had a nervous temperament, a lively imagination, and talents for composition.She also had a habit of walking in her sleep which had followed her from infancy. When she was a child, she had a guest in her house, William Schauffler. He was a German Jew who was sent to her father's care for his

masks:
Harriette Newell Woods Baker
Baker
Newell
Woods
Leonard Woods
Harriet Newell
Leonard Woods


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 theological education. He remained in Andover for several years and most of the time in the <mask>' house. Harriette saw that Schauffler had a grey overcoat that was too small for him and that he was shivering in the cold. This incident inspired her to form a sewing society with her Sunday School classmate, Elizabeth Stuart, and earn money to buy a cloak for Schauffler. After the sewing society, she and Stuart formed a literary society, which they named "The Fireside" with them being the only members.They met on alternate Wednesdays on which occasions they read a composition, a simple story, and discussed the styles with each other. This was before she published her work for the first time when she was eleven years old. She enclosed her short story to Deacon Nathaniel Willis with a note authorizing him to print it in his newspaper, The Youth’s Companion if he wished. She then received a  for a short story to The Youth’s Companion and The Puritan, the Congregational paper of that time. She provided other contributions, from time to time, without informing the editor of her age. On June 17, 1829, when <mask> was nearly fourteen, she, together with four sisters and a cousin, Almira <mask>, set off for Abbot Female Seminary, the new academy founded by Mrs. Nehemiah Abbott, She attended it during its first year of existence, though age fifteen. She then removed to an academy in Catskill, New York, where her eldest sister, Mrs. Mary G. W. Smith, lived.After this, she studied under the instruction of private tutors in mathematics, history, and philosophy. Career
At the age of 20, she married Rev. Abijah <mask>, D. D., who was then a

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Woods
Baker
Woods
Richardson Baker


texts: teacher in the Phillips Academy at Andover. She published during her residence in Medford, Massachusetts three small volumes, The String of Pearls, Louise Merton, and Frank Herbert. Of the second of these, the proof-reader in the office where it was printed, said: "I become so interested in the story that I forget to make the proper correction of typographical errors.” her duties as a clergyman's wife and mother of five sons prevented her from realizing ambition further except for occasional articles. In 1850, she removed to the city of Lynn, Massachusetts, where her husband was pastor of the Central Church. There she assisted him several years in editing two monthly journals: The Mother’s Assistant, and The Happy Home, which were extensively circulated.Many of her contributions to these periodicals were subsequently transferred to her volumes. From that period, she wrote and published constantly, her works being issued by different firms in Boston and New York City. In 1855, she published under the name of "Mrs. Madeline Leslie", The Courtesies of Wedded Life. About the same time appeared anonymously another large volume, entitled Cora and the Doctor, which was ascribed to many persons of eminence. In plot and literary finish, in power and pathos, this is considered one of her happiest efforts, and called forth flattering notices and reviews from Washington Irving and other distinguished critics. The name of its author was repeatedly called for, and at length the call was answered by its issue with other volumes from her pen in a series entitled, Home Life. Many of her books had a religious or moral theme and her style was


texts: considered very true to life, with well drawn characters.Publishers of her books include Lee & Shepard. The wave of evangelical feeling that passed over New England consequent on the preaching of Dr. Finney, the evangelist, powerfully affected <mask>, and turned her literary activities in religious channels. In the heyday of her success, the coming out of one of her books was looked upon as an event by her readers, and it was thought nothing remarkable to strike off an edition of 10,000 copies on the first appearance of a story whose title page bore the name of Madeline Leslie. Annual sales varied from 250,000 to 500,000. Most of <mask>'s books were tales for Sunday-school and general reading. They attained great popularity, and several were republished in England, and were translated into German, French and Bohemian. Included in the list are the Silver Lake, Golden Spring, Brookside, as well as the "Tim" series and the "Leslie" stories.Tim: The Scissors Grinder, was her most popular book, and (in the form of a cheap reprint) was sold or given away by thousands in England. Some of these were published over the pseudonyms "Mrs. Madeline Leslie" and "Aunt Hattie". Others, such as The Courtesies of Wedded Life (1855; new ed., 1869), and Cora and the Doctor, were published anonymously. In late years, a new generation appeared, which was somewhat out of touch with the spirit of <mask>'s writings. She was well known in the older literary circle of this country. Her literary tastes and keen zest for the study of human character and action remained with her even in later years. Possessing the Macaulayan faculty of plucking the very heart

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 out of a book in a space of time that for others would hardly more than suffice for turning its pages, she found in reading an unfailing delight.She was reading Victor Hugo's novels this week at the rate of a book a day, and on the evening previous to her death held an animated conversation with her son, Dr. Charles E<mask>, about one of the characters in Les Misérables. Personal life
While in Catskill, she had a relationship with John Maynard, whose father, before his death had been a friend to her father's. She ended the relationship when she was fifteen after hearing a sad account of John's behavior in Yale. On October 1, 1835, she married Abijah <mask> (died 1876), who for 15 years was pastor of the Congregational Church at Medford, Massachusetts. He established and built up the Central Congregational Church at Lynn, Massachusetts and was also at one period, minister of the East Street Church in Boston. She was very affected by her husband's death on April 30, 1876, that she wrote about his sickness, which was to quote in her language "bound in green in her library in Brooklyn". She had since then moved home five times.<mask>, her son, and his wife, Maggie had invited her to stay with them in Batavia. This was her first home and first journey alone. She arrived there around the winter of 1876–1877. She went east the following summer and stayed with her son <mask> in Northborough before they all returned to Boston. She visited Washington during the following winter before she went to New York. In 1880, she was living with her son, Dr. <mask>, her daughter-in-law, Mary, and her granddaughter, Sarah in Brooklyn, New York. In

masks:
. Baker
Richardson Baker
George Baker
William Baker
Charles Baker


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 Brooklyn, she became greatly interested in a large sewing class in Charles' parish where she taught the class how to knit upon her son's request.Death
<mask> died in Brooklyn, at the home of her son, Dr. Charles E<mask>, at 244, Washington Avenue, New York City on April 26, 1893. She was survived by five sons, four of whom were Episcopal clergymen. They were Dr. <mask>, rector of St. Luke's Hospital, New York; Dr. Charles E<mask>, of the Church of the Messiah, and Dr. <mask> <mask> and Dr. Walter A<mask>, of Cincinnati. Another son, <mask>, M.D., was Professor of Gynecology in Harvard University. According to her letters, on the evening of Tuesday, 11 April, two weeks before her death, she complained of feeling “poorly” and finding it difficult to sleep. Upon awakening, she coughed so incessantly that to quote in her own language, she “saw stars”. Becoming anxious, her daughter, Mollie, went over to St Luke's Hospital, New York, and secured a trained nurse.For a week after this bronchial attack, she felt very sick and prepared for death. A day before her death she was in unusually good spirits and felt so well that she left her room to walk with her daughter, Mollie through the hall into a back room to see a sunset. She held an animated conversation with her son, Dr <mask>, that evening about one of the characters in “Les Miserables”. According to the nurse, she slept unusually well that night. In the morning at four, the nurse who was called to her patient's bedside by her heavy breathing, lifted her up, as she had been directed to do at such times, when she said “I believe I am going to have another bad turn.” Then the nurse gave

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Baker
. Baker
George Baker
. Baker
Frank Woods
Baker
. Baker
William Baker
Charles Baker


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 her some medicine and rubbed her, and at a quarter before five the patient said “Thank you. I am relieved. Now I think I can sleep.” These were her last words before she almost instantly fell asleep.A few minutes later, the nurse who stood watching her was surprised at seeing a sudden change pass over the countenance of the sleeping patient, and almost immediately those signs of death which are so well known to a trained nurse, began to show themselves. Her funeral was conducted by eight clergymen of the Episcopal Church on Friday afternoon, April 28, 1893. Her death was covered in the leading papers of the U.S. and referenced to in Andover academic institutions. She had  in her possession which she left for her family. Her grave was relocated to Andover, Massachusetts, the place where she was born. Style and themes
Her characters were well drawn, and strikingly true to life. Her style was simple, chaste, often elegant; her plan was natural and progressive.Many of her scenes were picturesque and impressive, and charged with the power and pathos that belonged to the great masters of fiction. Moreover, her writings were all of moral tone, without mawkish sentimentality, but displaying a keen insight into the spiritual nature of man and woman, and a proper sense of their relations as moral and accountable beings. <mask>'s books were written in good English, and were remarkably free from catch phrases and harbarisms, from eccentricities and extravagance, from bad grammar and rhetorical faults, which might have depressed the standard of literature and corrupted public taste. Her style was simple, chaste, often elegant; her plan natural


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 and progressive. Reviewers compared her books, for literary execution, moral aim, and influence, with those of Hannah More, Mary Martha Sherwood, and Charlotte Elizabeth. They inculcated high moral and religious sentiments, but were free from the dialectics of the schools, and from all sectarianism; and therefore they were found in the libraries of all Christian denominations. Many of her books were republished in England and other countries.Few, if any of them, were more popular and useful than Tim the Scissors-Grinder, later published in what was called the Tim Series. This volume first appeared as a serial in the Boston Recorder. Long before its completion in that paper, numerous applications were received from different houses for the right to publish it in a book. From all parts of the country, positive testimonials were received of its excellence and usefulness in the conversion and sanctification of very many. Selected works

Little Frankie Series (1860)
Robin Redbreast Series (1860)
Courtesies of Wedded Life (1860)
Lost but Found (1860)
Walter and Frank (1860)
Tim, the Scissors-Grinder (1861)
The Rag-Pickers, and other Stories (1861)
Sequel to Tim the Scissors-Grinder (1862)
Up the Ladder; or, Striving and Thriving (1862)
The Two Homes; or. Earning and Spending (1862)
Bound Girl, and other Stories (1862)
Bound Boy and the Young Soldier (1862)
The Prize Bible; or, Covetousness (1863)
The Organ-Grinder (1863)
Never Give Up; or, The Newsboys (1863)
White and Black Lies; or, Truth Better than Falsehood (1864)
Worth and Wealth; or, Jessie Dorr (1864)
Tim's Sister; or, A Word in Season (1864)
Light and Shade (1864)
The Secret of


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 Success (1865)
Art and Artlessness (1865)
Every-Day Duties; or, The Schoolmates (1865)
Wheel of Fortune (1865)
Juliette; or, Now and Forever (1866)
Ingleside; or, Without Christ and With Him (1886)
Trying To Be Useful (1868)
In the Wilderness (1868)
Cora and the Doctor (1868)
Governor's Pardon (1868)
Paul Barton; or. The Drunkard's Son (1869)
Live and Learn (1869)
Behind the Curtin (1869)
Fashion and Folly (1869)
The Hard Sum, and other Stories (1869)
The Breach of Trust (1869)
Edith Withington: a Book for Girls (1871)
This and That (1887)
Minnie and Her Pets
Little Agnes
Aunt Hattie's Library for Girls
Aunt Hattie's Library for Boys
Walter and Frank; or, The Apthorp Farm

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Harriette Newell W. Baker at Wikisource
http://www.amherst.edu/~rjyanco94/genealogy/acbiorecord/1830.html#baker-ar
http://www.readseries.com/auth-les-wise/baker-bio.html
http://readseries.com/auth-les-wise/bakerbib.html

1815 births
1893 deaths
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American novelists
American children's writers
American women children's writers
People from Andover, Massachusetts
Pseudonymous women writers
Christian writers
American women novelists
Abbot Academy alumni
19th-century pseudonymous


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<mask>  (; 12 March 1869 – 17 May 1947) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 22nd prime minister of New Zealand from 28 May 1930 to 6 December 1935. <mask> was born in Lyttelton and later began farming near Christchurch. He became active in local politics. <mask> first entered the House of Representatives in 1908 as a member of the Liberal Party, and when that party declined he became the leader of the newly created United Party in 1928. His rise to power as Prime Minister was unexpected, and some believed him unsuited to the post; it was his misfortune to hold office during the very worst period of the Great Depression. He nevertheless remained in power for five years. <mask> headed the United–Reform coalition Government that eventually became the modern National Party.Often referred to as "Honest <mask>", <mask> had a reputation for probity, rare debating skill, and impressive memory. His courteous and friendly attitude earned him the liking and respect of parliamentarians from all sides of the House. Throughout his time in national politics his Hurunui constituents held <mask> in high regard: even when Prime Minister he would roll up his sleeves and help load sheep from his farm on the railway wagons for market. Early life
<mask> was born in Lyttelton, just outside the city of Christchurch. He gained his education at Christchurch Boys' High School in Christchurch, and did not attend university. He became known for his ability at sport, particularly in athletics, rowing, and rugby where he captained the Canterbury team. After finishing school he briefly worked in his father's ships' chandlery business in Lyttelton, but later established himself as a successful farmer near Cheviot, to the north of Christchurch.He quickly became active in the local politics of the region, particularly with regard to the Cheviot County Council and the Cheviot Settlers' Association. Entry to Parliament

At the , <mask> made his

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George William Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
George
Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Forbes


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 first attempt to enter national politics, standing for the  electorate. He stood as an independent, having failed to gain the Liberal Party nomination. He lost the election. At the , however, he became the Liberal Party's official Hurunui candidate, and won the seat of Hurunui. He would hold this seat for thirty-five years. <mask> remained a backbencher for some time, but became the Liberal Party's Whip when party leader Thomas Mackenzie became Prime Minister in March 1912.He retained this position when his party went into Opposition on 10 July 1912. However, he had considerably higher status within the party than his official responsibilities indicated, although few thought of him as a potential leader. By the early 1920s, the Liberal Party faced a decision as to its political future. The Reform Party government of William Massey dominated the political scene, having secured the conservative vote, while the growing Labour Party had started to undermine Liberal's progressive voter-base. Many members of the Liberal Party believed an alliance with the Reform Party inevitable, seeing such co-operation as necessary to counteract the "radicalism" of the Labour Party. When Massey died in 1925, Liberal leader Thomas Wilford decided to approach Massey's successor with a merger-proposal, suggesting that the new party could use the name "the National Party". The Liberal Party chose <mask> to represent them at a joint conference.The new Reform Party leader, Gordon Coates, rejected the proposal, although Wilford declared that Liberal would adopt the name "National" regardless. Party leader

Shortly after the merger proposal was rejected, Wilford resigned as leader, and <mask> unexpectedly became party leader. In the election later that year, however, the party did very badly, gaining only eleven seats compared with Reform's fifty-five. To compound the injury, <mask> no longer even held the post of Leader of the Opposition – the

masks: Forbes Forbes Forbes Forbes


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 Labour Party had won twelve seats, enabling its leader Harry Holland to claim seniority in Opposition, although with two independents sitting in opposition as well the position of Leader of the Opposition remained vacant until Labour won the 1926 Eden by-election. The party's poor fortune did not last long, however. In 1927, Liberal Party politician Bill Veitch secured an alliance with Albert Davy, a former Reform Party organiser who had become dissatisfied with what he saw as Reform's paternalism and intrusive governance. The former Liberal Party (still known as National) absorbed Davy's new "United New Zealand Political Organization", and adopted the name "the United Party".<mask> and Veitch both vied as candidates for the leadership of the United Party, but the position eventually went to a former Liberal Party Prime Minister, Joseph Ward. <mask> became one of two deputy leaders, having particular responsibility for the South Island. Under the United banner, bolstered by Reform Party dissidents, the remnants of the old Liberal Party once again gained traction. In the 1928 election, United formed a government with backing from the Labour Party. <mask> gained the portfolios of Lands and Agriculture. Gradually, however, Ward's health declined to the state where he was unable to carry out his duties, and <mask> became leader in all but name. In 1930, Ward finally gave his official resignation, and <mask> became Prime Minister.He also made himself Minister of Finance. Prime Minister
As Prime Minister, <mask>, described as "apathetic and fatalistic", reacted to events but showed little vision or purpose. Opponents also criticised him for relying too much on the advice of his friends. However, the depression years proved a difficult time for many governments around the world, and his defenders claim that he did the best job possible in the circumstances of the economic crisis. During his premiership, <mask> also served as the

masks: Forbes Forbes Forbes Forbes Forbes Forbes Forbes


texts: Minister of External Affairs between 1930 and 1935. The <mask> government began to show signs of instability when the Labour Party withdrew its support. Labour expressed dissatisfaction with a number of the government's economic measures – <mask> intended them to reduce the government deficit and to stimulate the economy, but Labour claimed that they unnecessarily harmed the interests of poorer citizens.<mask> had perforce to continue with reluctant support from the Reform Party, which now feared Labour's growing popularity. In late 1931, <mask> called for a "grand coalition" of United, Reform, and Labour to resolve the country's economic problems. <mask> told a joint conference that he would not implement the measures he deemed necessary without broad backing. Labour refused to join this coalition, but ex-PM Coates (prompted by the Reform Party's finance spokesperson, William Downie Stewart Jr) eventually agreed. In the 1931 election, the United-Reform Coalition performed well, winning a combined total of fifty-one seats. <mask> remained Prime Minister, but surrendered the finance role to William Stewart. Slowly, however, many people came to believe that Coates held significantly too much power, and that <mask> showed himself overwilling to give in to Coates' demands.This view became reinforced when Coates and Stewart argued over financial policy – although <mask> was known to prefer Stewart's policy, he publicly sided with Coates, and Stewart resigned. Coates replaced Stewart as Minister of Finance, and became even more dominant in the coalition. Stewart, noting this, complained that "the Prime Minister is too passive and the Minister of Finance is too active". Both <mask> and Coates, however, increasingly took the blame for the country's ongoing economic problems, and could not avoid public dissatisfaction. In the election of 1935 the Labour Party defeated the coalition government, gaining fifty-five votes to the

masks: Forbes Forbes Forbes Forbes Forbes Forbes Forbes Forbes Forbes


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 coalition's nineteen. In 1935, <mask> was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal, and in 1937, he was awarded the King George VI Coronation Medal. Retirement
By 1935 <mask> had become increasingly weary of politics, writing that he agreed with Stewart's description of the profession as "slavery that is miscalled power".Nevertheless, <mask> reluctantly allowed his colleagues to select him as Leader of the Opposition, and from May 1936 led the new National Party (created out of United and Reform) until October 1936 when Adam Hamilton became the party leader. Both party and leader agreed on <mask>'s tenure as leader of the new National Party as a temporary measure, as <mask> had indicated his desire to withdraw from the limelight, and younger figures in the party saw his past tenure as a political liability. <mask> retained his parliamentary seat until 1943, when he retired after 35 years as a Member of Parliament. He declined the offer of the customary knighthood, and four years after his retirement he died at Crystal Brook, his farm near Cheviot. The national memorial for <mask>, the <mask> Memorial Library, forms part of Lincoln University near Christchurch. References

Further reading

Work of Forbes

Works about Forbes

External links

Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 1966 (<mask> <mask>)

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Attorneys-General of New Zealand
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Local political office-holders in New Zealand
New Zealand farmers
New Zealand finance ministers
New Zealand foreign ministers
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
New Zealand National Party MPs
Leaders of political parties in New Zealand
People from Lyttelton, New Zealand
1869 births
1947 deaths
People educated at Christchurch Boys' High School
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
United Party (New Zealand) MPs
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
New Zealand members of the Privy Council of

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Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
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George Forbes
George William
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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (January 16, 1933 – October 2, 2009) was an American photographer and photojournalist. Finkelstein studied photography under Alexey Brodovitch, the art director of Harper's Bazaar and worked as a photojournalist for the Black Star and PIX photo agencies, reporting primarily on the political developments of various subcultures in New York City in the 1960s. In 1964, Finkelstein entered Andy Warhol's Factory as a photojournalist and remained for three years; <mask>'s photographs from this period are now regarded as some of the most iconic of the time. Early life
<mask> was born in Brooklyn and grew up in Coney Island, where his father worked as a cab driver. <mask> graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1950 and in 1952 he enrolled in Brooklyn College, where he first became interested in photography through the inspiration that he found in great photographers such as Edward Steichen. It was also here that developed his militant political tendencies, to the extent that he was expelled during his final semester after he threw a filing cabinet through a window to protest censorship of a campus publication. Career
After his expulsion, he managed to acquire an internship with the art director of Harper's Bazaar, Alexey Brodovitch (who famously brought Cocteau, Chagall, and Man Ray to illustrate the magazine).Brodovitch took a liking to the feisty boy from Brooklyn and allowed him to assist on fashion shoots. Fashion journalism led to photojournalism for Sport's Illustrated, covering events like bridge tournaments, dog shows, chess, and fencing matches. <mask> was signed by the PIX and Black Star

masks:
Nathan Louis
Nat
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Nat Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Finkelstein


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 agencies (the latter supplied Life magazine with much imagery) through which he was able to meet and spend time with established photographers Robert Capa, Eugene Smith, and Andreas Feininger. He specialized in chronicling the various subcultures of the United States at the time, an interest that led him to Harlem's burgeoning jazz and soul scenes, Warhol's factory, and later to cover the antiwar rallies and emerging counterculture. Andy Warhol and The Factory
In September 1962 Finkelstein was commissioned by Pageant magazine to do an article on the emerging Pop Art movement. The article was titled "What happens at a Happening?" it covered a Claes Oldenburg "happening" in Greenwich Village and was a break that would define his future.Two years later, while attending a party at the Factory, <mask> met Warhol, who had seen his photographs of Oldenburg's "happening" in Pageant. Finkelstein offered his services as a photographer to the artist, and for the next three years he was a constant presence at the Factory. His iconic images of the include subjects such as the Velvet Underground performing live, Marcel Duchamp, Bob Dylan, Edie Sedgwick, Salvador Dalí, and Allen Ginsberg. Political activist and fugitive
During his time at the Factory, Finkelstein was also involved with other affairs. A political radical, he helped organize civil rights rallies and anti-war demonstration and also became involved with the Black Panthers. As a result, in 1969 a warrant was issued for the arrest of Finkelstein in connection with an old drug case. He fled the United States, claiming he was worried that the government might try to