texts:
 statistics

Honours

Player
Tottenham Hotspur
 FA Cup: 1980–81, 1981–82
 UEFA Cup: 1983–84
 FA Charity Shield: 1981 (shared)

Brentford
 Football League Third Division: 1991–92

Manager
Newcastle United
 Football League Championship: 2009–10

Brighton & Hove Albion
EFL Championship runner-up: 2016–17

Individual
  Premier League Manager of the Month: February 2018
 Football League/EFL  Championship Manager of the Month: August 2009, September 2009, November 2009, April 2010, October 2011, January 2012, August 2015, April 2016, December 2016
 Football League Championship LMA Manager of the Year: 2009–10, 2015–16
 England Athletics Coach of the Year at the Lycamobile British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards (BEDSAs: 2017. Honorary doctorate, University of Sussex

See also
 List of Republic of Ireland international footballers born outside the Republic of Ireland

References

External links

<mask> in 'Soccer Players' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland

1958 births
Living people
English people of Irish descent
English sportspeople of Ghanaian descent
Irish people of Ghanaian descent
Irish sportspeople of African descent
European sportspeople of Ghanaian descent
People educated at St Bonaventure's Catholic School
Black British sportspeople
Black Irish sportspeople
Footballers from Forest Gate
English footballers
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Association football defenders
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
English Football League players
UEFA Cup winning players
Republic of Ireland international footballers
UEFA Euro 1988 players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
English football managers
Republic of Ireland football managers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. non-playing staff
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.managers
Newcastle United F.C. non-playing staff
Newcastle United F.C. managers
Birmingham City F.C. managers
Norwich City F.C. managers
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. managers
Nottingham Forest F.C. managers
Premier League managers
English Football League managers
Labour Party (UK) people
Association


type: original

texts:
<mask> (28 October 1934 – 1 April 2011) was a Central Intelligence Agency paramilitary officer born in Berkeley, California and raised in Burma and Thailand. Although he was Caucasian, he was reared in the local hill tribe culture. Because his father and brother already worked for the CIA and knew <mask>r, the Agency knew of his extensive cultural contacts with the Lahu people and other Southeast Asian hill tribes. With command of several Asian languages, he was made a natural recruiter of local guerrillas for the CIA's covert operations in the secret war in the Kingdom of Laos. He was then considered for the position of case officer to Hmong Vang Pao. He was passed over in favor of sending him on an extended reconnaissance of the Kingdom of Laos. His tour ranged westward from his start at Long Tieng—which he reported as well-sited for operations in the Plain of Jars—back to familiar territory in the Golden Triangle.While assigned to paramilitary duty in Nam Yu, Laos, in the Golden Triangle from 1962 to 1967, <mask> trained a militia army of several thousand hill tribesmen and spied on the People's Republic of China. In time, he clashed with his superiors over the increasing aerial bombing of Laos, and was fired. He spent almost all the rest of his life as a businessman in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Upon occasion, he would work security for an oil company in Sudan, or consult for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Plagued by ill-health in his later years, he committed suicide on 1 April 2011. Family background
<mask> was born on 28 October 1934 in Kengtung in British-ruled

masks:
William Young
Bill Lai
Young
Young


texts:
 Burma, into the third generation of a Baptist missionary family. The mission was first established among Lahu in the Burmese mountains by <mask>'s grandfather, William Marcus <mask>.The eldest <mask> converted many hill tribesmen to Christianity, his proselytizing aided by the Lahu cultural belief in the coming of a white god. <mask>'s father Harold inherited the mission and moved it to Chiang Mai in northern Thailand. <mask> grew up participating in the Lahu tribe's traditions of hunting, hiking, and jungle survival. Not only did his youthful adventures equip him for life as a jungle dweller, it raised him in multiple languages. His knowledge of Thai, Lahu, Shan and Lao would be a key asset to the Central Intelligence Agency in the future. So was his family's significance to the Christianized hill tribes, which <mask> would play upon to support his anti-Communist activities for the Central Intelligence Agency. Both <mask>'s elder brother Gordon and his father Harold aided the CIA with an intelligence gathering net of Lahu agents extending from northern Thailand into southern China.While Harold recruited agents and gathered the resultant intelligence, Gordon trained the agents in broadcast procedures and radio repair. <mask> met <mask>r through this family connection. Lair claimed he first met <mask> when the latter was 18 years old—"a big, strong, good looking, very innocent guy." That establishes their first meeting as being in late 1952 or early 1953. Central Intelligence Agency service

Son <mask> followed in his father's footsteps by joining the CIA after serving in the U.S.

masks:
Young
Young
Young
Bill Young
Bill Young
Young
Young
Bill Young
Bill Lai
Young
Bill


texts: Army in Germany. He was then hired by the CIA in 1958 as an interpreter and translator, as he knew five tribal languages. <mask>'s knowledge of the Golden Triangle region, command of indigenous languages, and recent military experience made him an ideal candidate for service in the CIA's paramilitary wing—then known as the Special Operations Division.The Agency's rueful joke concerning <mask> stated that he had an American exterior to disguise his Lahu interior. The very cultural background that made <mask> so valuable to the CIA would also become the font of their problems with him. He was stubbornly independent, and tended to take orders only from <mask>r. In Lahu fashion, he was not strict in observing a punctual duty schedule. He did not always observe the niceties of calendar or watch, which led to complaints from other CIA case officers. <mask> was known to have a legion of female admirers, and a penchant for the occasional French leave, thus irritating his superiors. Additionally, his personality clashed with that of coworker Pat Landry as they worked together at the Royal Thai Air Force Base at Udorn.All of these scotched his chance for which he seemed ideally suited, that of CIA adviser to Hmong General Vang Pao. Lair's solution to this personnel problem was to ship <mask> out from headquarters into the field. He used him to assist in founding the Operation Momentum guerrilla training program, before sending him out to spot locations for new guerrilla bases in Laos. <mask> flew toward the Plain of Jars and found a feasible location at Long Tieng. It would be developed by

masks:
Bill Young
Bill Young
Young
Bill Lai
Young
Young
Young


texts: the CIA paramilitary into Lima Site 20 Alternate, the center of the purportedly Secret War. Lair thought <mask> uniquely qualified to operate solo in a culture so different from American ways. Lair had <mask> work his way westward toward the mountains where he was reared.<mask>'s directions were to contact village headmen for recruitment, and to find airstrip locations for Lima Sites. He was also exploring a possible line of retreat for Vang Pao's army through Sainyabuli Province southward into Thailand. <mask> reached Sainyabuli Province in January 1962. Keeping a low profile there throughout the spring, he was able to recruit only 30 new guerrillas. Later in 1962, <mask> moved northward into far northwestern Laos, as close to the familiar Burmese hills and Shan as possible. Given the shortage of Royal Lao regulars in the vicinity, the CIA decided to raise a guerrilla force. However, given <mask>'s record of under-achievement to date, Lair thought the most <mask> might accomplish would be to organize a local force of Yao irregulars, or reactivate his father's old agent network into China.With a pool of about 100,000 Yao to draw from, plus some scattered smaller ethnic minorities, <mask> managed to raise a part-time militia of several thousand guerrillas. <mask> established his base at Nam Yu, Laos, in the Golden Triangle just south of the Chinese border; as part of his base, he opened Lima Site 118A so he could have aerial resupply. Some 20 additional dirt airstrips for STOL aircraft were carved out throughout the area by late 1963. He also established a second site nearby for

masks: Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Young


texts: refugee relief operations; the setup was analogous to that at Long Tieng and Sam Thong. Nam Yu, being near the borders of both Burma and China, offered easy access to both nations. Initially, <mask> enrolled Burmese Shan for leadership and communications roles because they spoke English. Their major drawback was their scarce numbers in the Laotian populace.However, <mask>'s family background facilitated recruitment from the Shan National Army in far northern Burma. He also had contacts within the National Chinese remnants there; indeed, Battalion Especiale 101 (Special Battalion 101) of the Laotian army was raised from this group. However, by late 1962, this source of manpower would come to be shunned by the CIA as the Kuomintang holdovers began to edge into opium trading. Their past poor performance in combat also told against their retention. The espionage teams trained by <mask> were segregated by ethnic background. Beginning in 1964, those codenamed Scope carried out reconnaissance as their military intelligence mission. Conversely, Tartar teams were tasked with road watch and ground photography duties.As part of his operations, <mask> also seeded two childhood friends as spies into an opium smuggling caravan entering China. They photographed Chinese engineers building a highway through the trackless Yunnan wilderness into Laos, and headed for Thailand. <mask> also had the telephone lines on the Chinese side of the border tapped, although no valuable information was gained. However, with no outside enemy to fight, his tribal militia tended to squabble with one another over

masks: Young Young Young Young Young


texts: ethnic differences. Nevertheless, there would be more than 50 cross-border missions between 1962 and 1971. Beginning in 1963, <mask> would also use locally recruited Kuomintang troops to raid villages occupied by the opposing Pathet Lao. After five years labor, <mask> had a guerrilla training program in full swing and teams of spies infiltrating China's Yunnan Province, as well as three radio listening posts just within the Burmese border, aimed at China.With all this was established, <mask> was replaced by Louis Ojibwe, soon killed in action, then subsequently by Tony Poe in Summer 1965. <mask> moved south to work at Ban Houayxay on the Mekong River to report on enemy boat traffic. He was tardy in submitting reports, however; Poe fired him, supposedly for this lack of diligence. However, <mask> had also argued bitterly with his superiors about the increase in air strikes throughout Laos that would lead to its becoming the most heavily bombed nation in history. Additionally, an incident in early 1964, when he supplied an unauthorized shipment of M1 Garands to Mien guerrillas, aroused extreme antipathy from the local Thai liaison officer, Captain Siri Pandy. Pandy returned to Bangkok. <mask> was recalled to CIA Headquarters for this insubordinate act in October 1964.<mask> was returned to Nam Yu in August 1965, to run the cross-border infiltrations of local intelligence teams. By the time <mask> resigned from the CIA in 1967, he had not only organized the trans-border spying operations that wiretapped the Chinese telephone network, he had founded a training program that graduated

masks: Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Young


texts:
 35 new agents every other month, and set up three communication stations in Burma near the Chinese border to monitor Chinese radio traffic. Given that legal commerce in opium permeated the population of northwestern Laos, it was inevitable that <mask> both dealt with opium smugglers and was accused of engaging in opium smuggling. <mask> maintained he followed the CIA policy of indifference to the trade. Later life

After <mask> departed CIA employ, he was employed by former Burmese Prime Minister U Nu. Beginning in April 1969, he roamed from one wealthy donor to another, swapping trade concessions in Burma for funds to establish the United National Liberated Front (ULNF). Returning from the United States, <mask> joined in recruiting ULNF troops.However, the Lahu recruits and the Chinese trainers engaged in ethnic quarrels. The UNLF failed because of this disunity. <mask> moved back to Chiang Mai. He began trading in gems, and owned an orchard and a guest house. He ran a hospitable home, throwing parties for stewardesses and nurses. He married one of the former, and made an abortive move to the United States. He divorced, and returned to Chiang Mai.Upon occasion, he would trade upon his CIA background, to work as an oil firm's security consultant in Sudan or for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Serious health problems, including emphysema, beset him during his final years and he died by his own hand on 1 April 2011. When Thai police discovered his body, he had a pistol in his right hand and a crucifix in his left. He had been paid $100,000 by a major Hollywood studio for


texts:
 his life story of adventure as a tribal warlord, but the film was never made. Notes

References

 Cockburn, Alexander (1998). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press. Verso.ISBNs 1859841392, 9781859841396. Conboy, Kenneth, and James Morrison (1995). Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Paladin Press. .
 Valentine, Douglas (2004). The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America's War on Drugs. Verso. ISBNs 1859845681, 9781859845684.McCoy, Alfred W. (2003). The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade. Lawrence Hill Books. .
 Warner, Roger (1995). Back Fire: The CIA's Secret War in Laos and Its Link to the War in Vietnam. Simon & Schuster. ISBNs 0684802929, 9780684802923. People of the Central Intelligence Agency
1934 births
2011 deaths
People of the Laotian Civil


texts:
<mask> (October 23, 1940 – August 26, 2009) was an American pop music singer, songwriter, and record producer. She wrote or co-wrote "Da Doo Ron Ron", "Be My Baby", "Then He Kissed Me", "Do Wah Diddy Diddy", "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)", "Hanky Panky", "Chapel of Love", "Leader of the Pack", and "River Deep – Mountain High", among others. Early years
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York to painter turned electrical engineer <mask>, a Catholic, and department store manager (later medical secretary), <mask>. Both parents were of Russian descent. She was not raised in either religion. She was reportedly named for Eleanor Roosevelt. Her musical interest was sparked as a child when her parents played music in their home and she listened to artists including Teresa Brewer, The Four Lads and Johnnie Ray, and she learned how to play the accordion at a young age.At age ten, she moved with her parents and younger sister, Laura, to suburban Levittown, New York. By her teens, <mask> was composing songs and said in a 1973 article, "When I was 14, I met Archie Bleyer who liked my songs but told me continue my education before trying to invade the songwriting jungle." At Levittown Memorial High School in Levittown, NY, <mask> and two friends formed a singing group, The Jivettes, which took on more members and performed at local functions. While attending high school, she started using the accordion to write love songs about her school crush. After graduating high school, <mask> applied to the Manhattan School of Music but was rejected because the school did not accept accordion players, and she subsequently enrolled at Queens College. Eventually she taught herself to compose on the piano rather than the accordion. At 17, around the time she began attending Queens College, <mask> recorded her first single for RCA

masks:
Eleanor Louise Greenwich
Eleanor Louise Greenwich
William Greenwich
Rose Baron Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich


texts:
 Records, the self-written "Silly Isn't It", backed with "Cha-Cha Charming".The single was issued under the name "<mask>" (which she chose as a reference to Barbie Gaye, singer of the original version of "My Boy Lollipop"). However, a biography about <mask> claimed that the name was changed by RCA Records to prevent mispronunciations of "Greenwich". "Cha-Cha Charming" was released in 1958 and indirectly led to her decision to transfer from Queens College to Hofstra University after one of her professors at the former institution belittled her for recording pop music. Partnership with Jeff Barry

In 1959, still at college, Greenwich met the man who became her husband and main songwriting partner. Although it is possible they had been acquainted as children, since they shared a relative, the first time <mask> and Jeff Barry met formally as adults was at a Thanksgiving dinner hosted by her maternal uncle, who was married to Barry's cousin. <mask> and Barry recognized their mutual love of music. Barry was married at that time to his first wife, who was at the dinner, but he and Greenwich married several years later and became a songwriting duo recognized as one of the most successful and prolific among Brill Building composers.<mask> and Barry began dating after his marriage was annulled, but musically they continued separate careers. Still in college, in 1962, <mask> got her first break in the business when she traveled to the Brill Building to meet John Gluck, Jr., one of the composers of the Lesley Gore hit "It's My Party". Needing to keep another appointment, Gluck installed <mask> in an office and asked her to wait. The office turned out to be that of songwriter-producers Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Hearing piano music from the cubicle, Leiber poked his head in and, expecting Carole King, was startled

masks:
Ellie Gaye
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich


texts: to see <mask>, who introduced herself and explained her reasons for being there. Recognizing her potential as a songwriter, Leiber and Stoller agreed to allow her to use their facilities as she wished in exchange for first refusal on songs she wrote. They eventually signed Greenwich to their publishing company, Trio Music, as a staff songwriter.Before marrying Barry, <mask> wrote songs with different partners, including Ben Raleigh (co-writer on Barry's first hit as a composer, "Tell Laura I Love Her," in 1960) and Mark Barkan. She was also a session singer, recording so many demos that she became known as New York's Demo Queen. Her biggest hits during this period were written with Tony Powers. The Greenwich-Powers team made the charts with tunes such as "He's Got The Power" (The Exciters), "(Today I Met) The Boy I'm Gonna Marry" (Darlene Love), and "Why Do Lovers Break Each Others' Hearts?" (Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans, with Love on lead vocal). These last two were co-written and produced by Phil Spector, who had been introduced to the songs, and to Greenwich, by music publisher Aaron Schroeder. On October 28, 1962, Barry and <mask> married, and shortly afterward decided to write songs exclusively with each other – a decision that disappointed Tony Powers as well as Barry's main writing partner, Artie Resnick.Barry was subsequently signed to Trinity Music, and he and <mask> were given their own office with their names on the door. Before the end of 1963, <mask> had scored hits with songs such as "Be My Baby" and "Baby, I Love You" (The Ronettes), "Then He Kissed Me" and "Da Doo Ron Ron" (The Crystals), "Not Too Young To Get Married" (Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans), and "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" by Darlene Love, all co-written and produced by Phil Spector. <mask> and Barry also recorded singles

masks:
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Barry Greenwich
Greenwich


texts: and an album under the name The Raindrops, with <mask> providing all the female vocals through overdubbing, and Barry singing backgrounds in a bass voice. In addition to "What A Guy" (actually a demo, with <mask> on piano and Barry on drums, sold to Jubilee Records and released as the first Raindrops single) and the U.S. Top 20 hit "The Kind Of Boy You Can't Forget," the couple wrote and recorded "Hanky Panky", which later became a hit for Tommy James and the Shondells in 1966 and, in 1964, "Do Wah Diddy Diddy", was taken to the No. 1 spot on the charts, in both the UK and the US, by Manfred Mann. Toward the end of 1963, the Raindrops recorded "That Boy John", a catchy fusion of jazz and rhythm and blues that reached the middle of the charts; President John F. Kennedy had just been assassinated and, according to Barry and <mask>, radio stations were loath to play the song. Barry and <mask> also penned songs for Connie Francis and in 1964 charted with two Lesley Gore hits, "Maybe I Know" and "Look of Love."When Red Bird Records was founded in 1964 by Leiber and Stoller, Barry and <mask> were brought in as songwriters and producers. The label's first release was The Dixie Cups' "Chapel of Love" (written with Phil Spector and originally recorded by The Ronettes), which sailed up the U.S. charts to No. 1. Barry and <mask> continued to write and/or produce hits for Red Bird, including several other releases by The Dixie Cups ("People Say") as well as The Ad-Libs ("He Ain't No Angel" and "Remember"), The Jelly Beans ("I Wanna Love Him So Bad"), and The Shangri-Las ("Leader of the Pack"), co-written by George "Shadow" Morton. Morton, Barry and <mask> penned "You Don't Know," which <mask> recorded on Red Bird under her own name in 1965, at the same time Barry recorded and released another Barry–Greenwich tune,

masks: Greenwich Greenwich Greenwich Greenwich Greenwich Greenwich Greenwich Greenwich


texts:
 "Our Love Can Still Be Saved". However, the couple's marriage could not be saved; before the end of the year, Barry and <mask> divorced. The couple continued to work together for much of 1966, partly due to Greenwich's discovery of a talented singer-songwriter named Neil Diamond.Barry, <mask> and Diamond joined to form Tallyrand Music to publish Diamond's songs. Diamond was subsequently signed to Bert Berns's Bang Records, and had a number of hits such as "Cherry Cherry" and "Kentucky Woman", all produced by Barry and <mask>, who also sang backgrounds on many tracks. In addition, Barry and <mask> teamed with Phil Spector one last time to pen "I Can Hear Music" and "River Deep - Mountain High". "I Can Hear Music" was recorded by The Ronettes in 1966 as their final single for the Philles label, and recorded by The Beach Boys in 1969. Spector produced "River Deep - Mountain High" for Ike and Tina Turner, although Ike was officially banned from the studio recording. Although "River Deep" peaked at No. 3 in the UK, the song was a commercial failure in the US, stalling at No.88. A few years later, in 1970–71, The Supremes and The Four Tops had a No. 14 (U.S. charts) hit with their revival of "River Deep". Later career
During 1967, <mask> formed Pineywood Music with Mike Rashkow, and over the next few years the Greenwich-Rashkow team wrote and/or produced recordings for <mask> herself as well as for Dusty Springfield, the Definitive Rock Chorale, the Other Voices, The Fuzzy Bunnies, and the Hardy Boys. Also in 1967, <mask> recorded her first solo album, <mask> Composes, Produces and Sings, released in 1968, which produced two chart hits, "Niki Hoeky" (#1 in Japan) and "I Want You to Be My Baby". Additionally, <mask> continued to provide background vocals and vocal arrangements for diverse artists such as Dusty

masks:
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Ellie Greenwich
Greenwich


texts:
 Springfield, Bobby Darin, Lou Christie and Frank Sinatra, as well as Electric Light Orchestra, Blondie, Cyndi Lauper and Gary U.S. Bonds. She did studio work for her ex-husband as well, singing backgrounds for Andy Kim, who was recording for Barry's Steed Records, and the Archies.At one such recording session, <mask> met Steve Tudanger, with whom she and Steve Feldman would later form the company Jingle Habitat to write and produce jingles for radio and television. Tudanger and Feldman also co-produced Greenwich's second LP, Let It Be Written, Let It Be Sung, in 1973. Her song "Sunshine After the Rain" was a hit in the UK for singer Elkie Brooks. It was produced by Leiber and Stoller and taken from the Elkie Brooks album, Two Days Away. In 1976 <mask> sang back-up for Debbie Harry on the song "In The Flesh" for Blondie's self-titled debut album "Blondie". After her partnership with Rashkow ended in 1971, <mask> collaborated with writers such as Ellen Foley and Jeff Kent; the <mask>-Foley team penned "Keep It Confidential", a hit for Nona Hendryx on the R&B charts in 1983. That same year, "Right Track Wrong Train", which <mask> wrote with Kent and Cyndi Lauper, was the B-side of Cyndi's "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun", which hit No.2 on the U.S. charts, and spent three weeks at Number One on the Australian charts. Legacy
Greenwich's affiliation with Ellen Foley and Nona Hendryx indirectly led to a Broadway show that resurrected her 1960s music. When Foley and Hendryx performed at The Bottom Line cabaret in New York City, <mask> was there to see them. The Bottom Line owner Allan Pepper convinced <mask> to meet him and discuss putting together a revue showcasing her hits. In 1984, Leader of the Pack, a show based on <mask>'s life and music, opened at The Bottom Line. <mask> appeared as herself in the second act,

masks:
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich Kent
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich


texts: which focused on her early years in Long Island and her marriage and partnership with Barry. The show was revamped for Broadway and opened at the Ambassador Theatre the following year.Cast members included <mask>, Darlene Love, Annie Golden, Dinah Manoff as young <mask>, and Patrick Cassidy as Jeff Barry. Leader of the Pack was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Musical and a Grammy Award for the cast album, and the play garnered The New York Music Critics' Award for Best Broadway Musical. During the 1990s and into the new millennium, the musical has enjoyed several revivals and continues to be performed at schools and community theaters. Leader of the Pack is still performed all over the world. In 1991, <mask> and Barry were inducted together into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 2004, Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest rock songs included six <mask> compositions, more than any other non-performing songwriting team. In 1964 alone, the duo were responsible for writing 17 singles that reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart.On December 15, 2009, The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced that <mask> and Barry would receive the Ahmet Ertegun Award in March 2010 (which was posthumously awarded to Greenwich) for helping to define the Brill Building sound. At the ceremony at the Waldorf-Astoria, which was telecast on the Fuse TV cable network, Carole King inducted <mask>, Barry, and other songwriting colleagues from the 1950s and early 1960s, including Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil, Otis Blackwell (also posthumously), Mort Shuman and Jesse Stone. <mask>'s award was accepted by her sister Laura, while Barry's acceptance was read by Steve van Zandt. On May 7, 2013, a "Garden of Ellie" that contains a statue of <mask> was placed next to Hofstra University's music school. The sculpture was commissioned by Greenwich's

masks:
Greenwich
Ellie
Greenwich
Greenwich Barry
Greenwich
Greenwich
Ellie
Greenwich


texts:
 family and created by Peter Homestead. Death
On August 26, 2009, <mask> died of a heart attack at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital (now Mount Sinai West), New York City, where she had been admitted a few days earlier for treatment of pneumonia. On September 20, 2009, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band dedicated "Da Doo Ron Ron" to <mask>, while playing the song during a concert at the United Center, Chicago.Springsteen called <mask> an "incredible rock and soul songwriter" before playing the song. On February 3, 2010, Patti Smith dedicated an improvised cover of "Be My Baby" to <mask> while playing a show on the Santa Monica Pier in California. Discography

 The Raindrops by The Raindrops with Jeff Barry (1963)
 <mask> Composes, Produces & Sings (1968)
 Let It Be Written, Let it Be Sung (1973)

Selected songs

References

Further reading
 Browne, David, "<mask>: Brill Building Legend", Rolling Stone magazine, September 17, 2009, p. 43. Kreps, Daniel, "Be My Baby songwriter <mask> dead at 68", Rolling Stone magazine, August 26, 2009. External links
<mask> at the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame

 <mask> – Daily Telegraph obituary
 – An Interview with the late <mask>

1940 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American women writers
American women pop singers
American women singer-songwriters
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American women record producers
Bell Records artists
Broadway composers and lyricists
Hofstra University alumni
Jewish American songwriters
Musicians from Brooklyn
People from Levittown, New York
Record producers from New York (state)
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American

masks:
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Greenwich
Ellie Greenwich
Ellie Greenwich
Ellie Greenwich
Ellie Greenwich
Ellie Greenwich
Ellie Greenwich


texts:
<mask> (5 December 1870 – 23 August 1935) was a German cell biologist. Working in the early 1900s, <mask> was a pioneer of cellular biology and one of few women in her field. <mask>'s work centered around the reproduction of protozoa, with a particular interest in tissue culture and in vitro cellular reproduction. Her work as a protozoologist earned her a position at Yale University as a lecturer at the graduate school, though her time in America was cut short by anti-German sentiment surrounding World War I. After a forcible incarceration and then deportation in 1919, <mask> took a research position at the Institute for Cancer Research at the Charité Hospital of the Friedrich‐Wilhelms University of Berlin. There she instituted the first department for experimental cytology in Germany. She worked at the University for almost 10 years before receiving an official professorship in 1929.Her work was interrupted yet again with the rise of Nazism in 1933, when she was stripped of her professorship. She died in Berlin in 1935. Life and education
Anna Maria <mask> <mask> was born in Hersfeld, Hessen, on December 5, 1870. The daughter of Anna Maria and Dr. Heinrick E<mask>, a high school teacher, <mask> grew up in a family of scientists and physicians. Erdmann attended St. John's school for girls in Hamburg, where she trained to be a teacher of high- and middle-school girls. Career
After passing the examination in 1892, she moved first to England and then Romania to work as a teacher, ultimately ending with a position at a Volksschule in Hamburg in 1899. In 1900, she earned first-class honors in the examination for teaching.In 1903, <mask> left her teaching position to continue her studies. She took courses in zoology and botany in Berlin,

masks:
Rhoda Erdmann
Erdmann
Erdmann
Erdmann
Rhoda
Erdmann
. Erdmann
Erdmann
Erdmann


texts: Zurich, Marburg and Munich. She worked with living animal materials at the Naples Zoological Station, and passed the university qualifying examination in 1907 which she received from the Realgymnasium in Kassel (Hessen). She received a Ph.D. in biology from the University of Munich in 1908, working in the laboratory of Dr. Richard von Hertwig. Her dissertation, Experimentelle Untersuchung der Massenverhältnisse von Plasma, Kern und Chromosomen in dem sich entwickelnden Seeigelei, (Experimental investigation of the mass ratios of plasma, nucleus and chromosomes in the developing sea urchin egg) established her career as a protozoologist. She was one of the first women doctoral students in Germany, as women had only been allowed to pursue doctoral research in 1900. After receiving her Ph.D., <mask> went on to work as a research assistant at the Institute for Infectious Diseases at the Robert Koch Institute and Charité Hospital of Berlin, where she worked from 1908 to 1913.Working with August von Wassermann, Erdmann attempted to develop vaccines against Cyanophilia viruses (now recognized at H7 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza ) in chickens. In 1913, she received a one-year fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation to conduct cytological research at the Osborn Zoological Laboratory at Yale University. At Yale, she worked with Ross Granville Harrison, the noted developmental biologist on methods to propagate cells in vitro. After her fellowship ended, she received an offer from Harrison to return to Yale as a lecturer—remarkable, given Yale's charter had to be changed to admit a woman as faculty. From 1915 to 1918, she was a member of the Yale faculty and the first woman member of the Yale Graduate Faculty. In 1915 she was named a


texts:
 research associate at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in Princeton, where she spent summers studying tissue culture techniques. <mask> was able to successfully culture chicken bone marrow cells as part of her attempts to attenuate the cyanolophia virus.These studies were important for future work in hematology and virology. In addition, her work on the survival of Paramecium cultures led to important insights on cellular senescence and methods of genetic transmission

Her work at Yale and Princeton was interrupted by World War I. Wartime hysteria cast suspicion on German citizens; as a German citizen working in biology, people began to suspect Erdmann of culturing malicious bacteria. In 1918 <mask> was accused of poisoning the New Haven drinking water supply and introducing chicken cholera to the U.S. She lost her job at Yale in February 1918, and was jailed from May until September, when she was bailed out by Harrison and a number of female friends. She was then deported to Germany the following spring. <mask> struggled to find work in Germany, and it was a full year before she got a position at the Institute for Cancer Research at the Charité Hospital of the Friedrich‐Wilhelms University of Berlin. There she established a department of experimental cell research, the first of its kind in Germany. She received faculty status in the Zoology department at the university in 1920.She was appointed to the medical faculty in 1923, and promoted to Associate Professor with full civil service status in 1929. In April 1930, her department was officially separated and named the Institute of Experimental Cytology (Institut für  Experimentell Zellforschung), where she served as director. At the institute, she introduced tissue

masks: Erdmann Erdmann Erdmann


texts:
 culture methods that she had learned in the U.S. Among her many contributions was the demonstration that cancer could be propagated by cell-free filtrates containing viruses  She was the first German woman to lead a university institute. <mask> also founded the periodical Archiv für experimentelle Zellforschung in 1925 and served as its editor until her death. She conceived the idea of an International Society for Experimental Cytology and served as permanent its general secretary. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, she was banned from laboratory work having been denounced by the eugenicist Henry Zeiss and the orthopedic surgeon Hermann Gocht as being Jewish.When this turned out to be untrue, she was accused of helping her Jewish students to secure positions and to emigrate Her institute was closed and she was forced to retire. She was jailed in the spring of 1933 for two weeks by the Gestapo, but was released due to international pressure. However, in 1934 the German Government opened another institute for experimental cytology under her direction. She was active until her death, having recently completed a manuscript

<mask> died in Berlin on August 24, 1935 at the age of 64 of a heart attack. In 1992, the German section of the European Tissue Culture Association created a research fund in Dr. <mask>'s name. In 2016, the Rhoda Erdmann House opened on the Life Sciences North Campus of Humbold University of Berlin. Due to its curved shape and green metal facade, the Rhoda Erdmann House on Philippstraβe is known as the "Green Amoeba.""References

External links

1870 births
1935 deaths
20th-century German biologists
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
Yale University faculty
German women biologists
Cell biologists
20th-century


texts:
<mask> (February 25, 1675/6 – March 1, 1731/2) was a military officer and politician in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Born into the wealthy and influential Stoughton family, he twice married into other politically powerful families. He served as lieutenant governor of the province from 1711 until 1716, and again in the early 1730s. During each of these times he was briefly acting governor. He was a political opponent of Governor Joseph Dudley, and was a supporter of a land bank proposal intended to address the province's currency problems. During his first tenure as acting governor he authorized the erection of Boston Light, the earliest lighthouse in what is now the United States. He was active in the provincial defense, and commanded a regiment in the 1710 siege of Port Royal, the capital of French Acadia, during Queen Anne's War.He was responsible for overseeing the defenses of Boston in the 1720s, and was sent to negotiate with the Iroquois and Abenaki during Dummer's War. Jonathan Belcher, initially a political opponent, later became an ally, and selected him to serve as his lieutenant governor in 1730. Tailer held the post until his death, and was interred in the tomb of his uncle, <mask>. Early life and military service
<mask> was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts Bay Colony on February 25, 1675/6 to <mask> and Rebecca Stoughton <mask>. His mother was the daughter of early Massachusetts settler Israel Stoughton and sister to magistrate <mask>. His father was a wealthy landowner and merchant. His father owned commercial real estate in Boston and was a member of the Atherton Company,  one of New England's most powerful and well-connected land development partnerships.He was also one of "a selected fraternity" of merchants engaged in the "eastward trade" with neighboring French Acadia, one of whose leading members was Boston merchant John Nelson. <mask>'s father committed suicide in

masks:
William Tailer
William Stoughton
William Tailer
William Tailer
Tailer
William Stoughton
Tailer


texts:
 1682, apparently suffering from depression which may have been brought on by financial reverses. The younger Tailer inherited a substantial estate; it was reported that in 1695 his guardians operated five mills on his behalf. He was also a beneficiary of the large estate of his uncle, who died a childless bachelor. By 1702 Tailer had married Sarah Byfield, daughter to Nathaniel Byfield, another leading colonial magistrate. She died childless in about 1708. Byfield and Tailer's father had been business partners, a relationship that Tailer continued.He served in the provincial militia during Queen Anne's War. In 1710 he commanded a militia regiment that saw action at the capture of Port Royal, Acadia. Following the victory he went London with Francis Nicholson, the expedition's leader, where he was "bigg with expectation" of advancement. His expectations were rewarded with a commission as lieutenant governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, serving under Governor Joseph Dudley. He then returned to Massachusetts, where he was again active in the defense of the colonies, serving at Fort William and Mary in New Hampshire, and reporting on the frontier defenses in what is now southern Maine (but was then part of Massachusetts). In early 1711/2 he married Abigail Gillam Dudley, widow of Joseph Dudley's grandson Thomas. The couple had six children, who they raised in the old Stoughton homestead in Dorchester.<mask> joined the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company in 1712 and was elected as its captain the same year. Acting governor of Massachusetts

<mask> was elected to the Governor's Council from 1712 to 1729,  and was on three separate occasions commissioned as lieutenant governor of Massachusetts. Despite his connection by marriage to the Dudleys, he had an awkward political relationship with the governor during the period of his first two commissions. A number of Anglicans in the colony,

masks: Tailer Tailer


texts: <mask> among them, were skeptical of Dudley's faith. (Dudley had been raised in the Puritan way, and had formally adopted Anglican practices while in England in the 1690s.) He and Dudley were also on opposite sides of the debate on the province's currency problems. Dudley favored the issuance of public bills of credit as a means to circumvent the inflationary issuance of paper currency that had become a serious problem by the end of Queen Anne's War in 1713, while <mask>, along with his father-in-law Nathaniel Byfield and others, favored the establishment of a private land bank, that would issue bills secured by the lands of its investors.Byfield in 1714 went to London to lobby on behalf of the land bank interests, and to seek for himself the post of governor, which was open for consideration after the accession of King George I to the throne. He was unsuccessful in acquiring the governorship, but was able to convince Colonel Elizeus Burges, who had been chosen to replace Dudley, to keep Tailer on as lieutenant governor. Burges, however, was bribed by land bank opponents to resign his post before leaving England. The commissions of Burges and Tailer had by then been sent to Massachusetts, and Tailer became acting governor in November 1715 after they were formally proclaimed. Immediately after taking office Tailer engaged in political housecleaning, eliminating land bank opponents and Dudley supporters from a number of provincial positions. His efforts, however, backfired: the provincial assembly elected Joseph Dudley's son Paul as attorney general, and London agents of the anti-bank party worked to ensure Tailer's replacement. (One of those agents, Jonathan Belcher, would ironically become a Tailer ally in later years and secure the lieutenant governorship for him the third time.)Through their efforts the king chose Colonel Samuel Shute, a land bank opponent, to replace Burges, and <mask> as

masks:
Tailer
Tailer
William Dummer


texts:
 Shute's lieutenant governor. <mask> was turned out of office with Shute's arrival in October 1716. Shute deliberately snubbed <mask> upon his arrival, choosing to first meet with the Dudleys instead. The only major long-term accomplishment of Tailer's tenure as acting governor was the establishment of Boston Light, the first lighthouse built in what is now the United States. While a member of the assembly, Tailer had sat on the legislative committee that drafted the enabling and funding bills, and he signed them after he became governor. Provincial military service
He next traveled to England. There he lobbied, on behalf of John Nelson, heir to Sir Thomas Temple's claims to Nova Scotia.Nelson sought recompense for the loss of the territory in the 1667 Treaty of Breda, but <mask>'s efforts were in vain. He also lobbied on his own behalf for a military pension. He successfully convinced Lord Cobham that he deserved one for his service at Port Royal in 1710, and was awarded the half pay of a colonel, amounting to £400 per year. John Nelson observed that <mask>'s loss of the lieutenant governorship (worth £50 per year) "has proved much to his advantage". <mask> eventually returned to Massachusetts. Under Shute's governorship he was several times involved in negotiations with Indians on the northern frontiers, and continued to be active in the provincial militia. <mask> accompanied Shute on an expedition to Maine to negotiate with the Abenaki of northern New England in 1717.Shute handled the negotiations poorly, raising tensions between the Abenaki and British settlers. In 1720 <mask> was one of several commissioners sent to mediate between the settlers and Abenaki. Although a potential basis for agreement was identified, continued raiding and disagreement on the details of proposed terms caused the situation to deteriorate further. Shute declared war on the Abenaki in July 1722 following raids

masks: Tailer Tailer Tailer Tailer Tailer Tailer Tailer


texts:
 against British settlements on the Maine coast. Shute's ongoing conflicts with the provincial assembly prompted him to leave for England in early 1723, leaving handling of the war in Lieutenant Governor Dummer's hands. <mask> was one of the lead members of a party sent in 1723 to Albany, New York in an attempt to convince the Iroquois to join the conflict against the Abenaki. The embassy was unsuccessful: the Iroquois resisted all attempts to bring them into the war against the Abenaki.<mask> continued to be involved in the war, where he was responsible for maintaining Boston's defenses. Reprise as acting governor
<mask>'s politics shifted during the 1720s, and he and Byfield came to align more closely with the populist faction. As a result, he and one-time opponent Jonathan Belcher became allies. When Governor <mask> died in 1729, Belcher was in London, acting as agent for Connecticut and assisting in lobbying against Burnet's unpopular insistence on a permanent salary. Belcher successfully gained for himself the post of governor, and then secured for <mask> another appointment as lieutenant governor. <mask>'s commission was proclaimed before Belcher's arrival, and he briefly served as acting governor while awaiting his superior's arrival. The few months were uneventful, as the province was then suffering from an outbreak of smallpox, because of which Tailer prorogued the assembly.<mask> died in Dorchester, while serving as lieutenant governor, in March 1731/2. His pallbearers included Governor Belcher and other leading political figures. He is buried in the tomb of his uncle, Willam Stoughton, in what is now called the Dorchester North Burying Ground. Notes

References

Colonial governors of Massachusetts
Lieutenant Governors of colonial Massachusetts
British military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession
Military personnel from colonial Massachusetts
People from colonial Boston
1676

masks:
Tailer
Tailer
Tailer
William Burnet
Tailer
Tailer
Tailer


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<mask> (born 1951 in Cologne, Germany) as <mask> is a German historian. Education and career
<mask> studied German literature and United Stateshistory at the University of Cologne, where he passed the state exam in both majors in 1977. In 1980 he received his PhD in history at Cologne. The title of the dissertation was The Gold miners of California: Conditions of Work, Standards of Living, and Political System in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. It was a cliometric study. From 1981 to 1988 <mask> taught American History as an assistant professor at the University of Cologne. In 1983/1984 he was a fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies at the University of California at Berkeley.In 1988 <mask> passed his Habilitation (qualification for a professorship) and award of the Venia Legendi (right to teach) with a study of the social history of the Rhineland during the late 18th and early 19th century. In 1990 <mask> was appointed deputy director of the German Historical Institute in Washington, D.C. In 1992 he received the chair of Modern History at the University of Hamburg as the successor of Günter Moltmann. He went to the University of Cologne in 2001 as Professor for North-American History. His research interests encompass the social history of the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries, the history of gender and sexuality and, since 2001, Australian history. From 2005 to 2007 <mask> served as vice president of the University of Cologne. Between 1996 and 2000 <mask> received several fellowships at the University of California in Berkeley, both at the Center for German and European Studies and the

masks:
Norbert Finzsch
Norbert Rollewitz
Norbert Finzsch
Finzsch
Finzsch
Finzsch
Finzsch
Finzsch


texts:
 Center for International Government Studies.2000/2001 he served as a visiting professor at the Université Michel Montaigne at Bordeaux, 2003 as visiting scholar at the Humanities Research Centre at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. 2012/13 <mask> was appointed distinguished visiting scholar at Berkeley. 2014/2015 he was received a fellowship at the International Research Center re:work at the Humboldt University in Berlin. In 2016 <mask> retired. In 2017, he received the  Meyer-Struckmann-Prize of the Heinrich-Heine-University in Düsseldorf, Germany. Currently he is teaching at the Sigmund Freud University in Berlin as a visiting professor. Research
<mask> began his career as a quantifying social historian of the US and Germany.Influenced by the linguistic turn and post-structuralist theory, he became a cultural historian, focusing on African American history, the history of penitentiaries and the history of sexualities. At the end of the 1990s, <mask> broadened his interests by researching the history of genocides and female genital mutilation in Western Europe between 1600 and 1950. Selected works
 Monographs
 Die Goldgräber Kaliforniens. Arbeitsbedingungen, Lebensstandard und politische System um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts (= Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft. Bd. 53).Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1982, . Obrigkeit und Unterschichten. Zur Geschichte der rheinischen Unterschichten gegen Ende des 18. und zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. F. Steiner, Stuttgart 1990, .
 with Hartmut Lehmann: Zukunftsvisionen. Politische und soziale Utopien in Deutschland und den Vereinigten

masks: Finzsch Finzsch Finzsch Finzsch


texts:
 Staaten im 20. Jahrhundert.Mit einem Beitrag von Wolf Biermann (Die Krefelder deutsch-amerikanische Tagung von 1999). Hrsg. von Stadt Krefeld, Oberstadtdirektor, Krefeld 2001, .
 with James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton: Von Benin nach Baltimore. Die Geschichte der African Americans. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 1999, . Konsolidierung und Dissens. Nordamerika von 1800 bis 1865 (= Geschichte Nordamerikas in atlantischer Perspektive von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart.Bd. 5). Lit, Münster u. a. 2005, . Der Widerspenstigen Verstümmelung: Eine Geschichte der Kliteridektomie im „Westen“, 1500-2000. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2021, . Edited Books
 with Hermann Wellenreuther: Liberalitas: Festschrift für Erich Angermann zum 65.Geburtstag. F. Steiner, Stuttgart 1992, .
 with Robert Jütte: Institutions of Confinement. Hospitals, Asylums, and Prisons in Western Europe and North America. 1500–1950. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1996, .
 with Jürgen Martschukat: Reconstruction und Wiederaufbau in Deutschland und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. 1865, 1945 und 1989 (=  Krefelder Hefte zur deutsch-amerikanischen Geschichte.Bd. 2). Steiner, Stuttgart 1996, .
 with Jürgen Martschukat: Different Restorations: Reconstruction and „Wiederaufbau“ in Germany and the United States, 1865, 1945, and 1989. Berghahn, Providence/Oxford 1996, .
 with Dietmar Schirmer: Identity and Intolerance: Nationalism, Racism, and Xenophobia in Germany and the United States. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1998, .
 with Hermann Wellenreuther: Visions of the Future in Germany and America. Berg, Oxford/New York 2001, .
 with


texts:
 Ursula Lehmkuhl: Atlantic Communications.The Media in American and German History from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century. Berg, Oxford u. a. 2004, . Clios Natur. Vergleichende Aspekte der Umweltgeschichte (= Studien zur Geschichte, Politik und Gesellschaft Nordamerikas. Bd. 28).Lit, Berlin u. a. 2008, .
 with Stefanie Coché: Religion und Politik in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. 1760 bis 2011 (= Studien zur Geschichte, Politik und Gesellschaft Nordamerikas. Bd. 29). Lit, Berlin u. a. 2012, .
 with Eva Bischoff und Ursula Lehmkuhl: Provincializing the United States: Colonialism, Decolonization, and (Post)Colonial Governance in Transnational Perspective.Winter, Heidelberg 2014, .
 with Krzysztof Ruchniewicz: Die Gestrichenen: Der Entzug der wissenschaftlichen Titel durch die Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau in den Jahren 1933-1945. Oficyna Wydawnicza Atut – Wrocławskie Wydawnictwo Oświatowe, Wrocław 2015, .
 with Marcus Velke: Queer | Gender | Historiographie. Aktuelle Tendenzen und Projekte (= Geschlecht – Kultur – Gesellschaft. Gender – Culture – Society. Bd. 20). Lit, Münster/Berlin 2016, .References

External links

1951 births
Living people
Writers from Cologne
German


texts:
Dame <mask>,  (26 April 1922 – 24 February 2019) was a South African-born pioneering ballet dancer who found fame as a teacher, choreographer, and school administrator in Australia. As the first director of the Australian Ballet School, she is recognised as one of the founders of the strong ballet tradition of her adopted country. Early life and training
<mask> was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, the youngest of three, including twins Joan and Barbara. As a child, she was encouraged by her free-spirited family to pursue her interest in dance, which had developed early in her childhood. Throughout her youth, she attended ballet classes at the Conmee School of Dancing, where, under the direction of London-trained Ivy Conmee, instruction was given according to the syllabus of the Royal Academy of Dancing. On graduation from the Parktown Convent School, <mask> went with her mother to London in 1939, when she was 17, and auditioned successfully for entrance to the Sadler's Wells Ballet School. There she polished her classical technique under the demanding tutelage of Dame Ninette de Valois and a faculty of renowned teachers.Dancing in England
Despite the outbreak of war with Germany in September 1939, soon after her arrival in England, <mask> decided to remain in London and continue her dance training. After some months at the Sadler's Wells school, she joined the Sadler's Wells Ballet and began her professional career. She stayed with the company only a year. Attracted by the more adventurous repertory of Ballet Rambert, she applied to Marie Rambert and was engaged as a soloist with her company. Promoted to principal dancer in 1943, <mask> spent five more years with Ballet Rambert, dancing leading and supporting roles in the repertory, including audience favourites such as Michel Fokine's Les Sylphides and Antony Tudor's Jardin aux Lilas as well as new works by Andrée Howard, Frank Staff, and Walter Gore. The war years were difficult ones for the Rambert company, but it began to recover its strength and popularity after the war. In 1947, Ballet Rambert toured

masks:
Catherine Margaret Mary Scott
Margaret Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott


texts:
 Australia, under the auspices of D. D. O'Connor and the British Council.The company's highly successful tour was extended several times until eighteen months had been spent away from home. When the tour ended, some dancers, including <mask> and Sally Gilmour, chose to remain in Australia. Dancing in Australia
In 1949, <mask> was a founding member of Gertrude Johnson's National Theatre Ballet, based in Melbourne and directed by Joyce Graeme, a former principal dancer with Ballet Rambert. During the Christmas season of 1949, <mask> appeared in a featured role in The Glass Slipper, a retelling of the Cinderella story, and early in 1950 she danced the barefoot role of the Thipa Thipa Bird in Corroboree, choreographed by Rex Reid to music by John Antill. Later that year she restaged Frank Staff's charming Peter and the Wolf, which he had created in 1940 for Ballet Rambert. In 1951, she tried her hand at original choreography, setting Apollon Musagète to the Igor Stravinsky score for Laurel Martyn's Victorian Ballet Guild. She returned to London in 1952 and was one of six dancers invited by John Cranko to perform his works at the Kenton Theatre in Henley-on-Thames and at the Aldeburgh Festival.She then rejoined the Rambert company as ballet mistress and assistant to Madam Rambert, in which roles she was responsible for directing the company on tour. Teaching in Australia
In March 1953, <mask> married Derek Denton, an Australian medical doctor and researcher, and subsequently returned with him to Australia. For the next two years she taught classes and managed the school of Paul Hammond and his wife Peggy Sager while they were on tour with the Borovansky Ballet. She then opened her own school in a church hall in Toorak, a prestigious suburb of Melbourne. In the late 1950s, she participated in negotiations with the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust that led to the formation of the Australian Ballet in 1962 under the direction of Peggy van Praagh. <mask> then undertook planning for the foundation of the Australian Ballet School, which was realised in 1964.

masks: Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott


texts:
 Appointed by Van Praagh as the first director of the school, she remained in this post for 26 years, until she retired in 1990.During her long tenure, she exerted a powerful influence on the development of the school and its students, many of whom became remarkable dancers, choreographers, directors, and teachers, including Marilyn Rowe, celebrated ballerina and former director of the Australian Ballet School, and Graeme Murphy, former director of the Sydney Dance Company and internationally known choreographer. Related activities
During her years as director and administrator of the Australian Ballet School, <mask> also choreographed several ballets, notably Recollections of a Beloved Place, set to music by Tchaikovsky, for Ballet Victoria in 1975. She expanded her activities in the performing arts as representative of Australia on the Council of the World Dance Alliance, as a jurist at international ballet competitions in Moscow, and as leader of a group of teachers at ballet companies in Beijing and Shanghai. During the 1990s, Dame <mask> returned to the stage on a number of occasions. In 1990, she danced as Aunt Sophy in a gala performance of The Nutcracker, produced in her honour by Robert Ray, and she showed herself to be a talented actress in a non-dancing role in the play In the Body of the Son by Nicholas Rowe, presented at the Darwin Festival in 1995. Her greatest triumph, however, came in 1992, when,  at the age of 70, she appeared as Clara the Elder in Nutcracker: The Story of Clara, Graeme Murphy's imaginative reinterpretation of the Christmas classic. She repeated the role during the 1994 and 2000 seasons of the Australian Ballet.Honours and awards
<mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1976, Dame Commander (DBE) in 1981, and Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in 2005. She was the recipient of many other honours and awards, including an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Melbourne in 1989 and an award for lifetime achievement at the Australian Dance Awards in 1998. Over the years,

masks: Scott Margaret Scott


texts:
 <mask> had been a part-time student of teaching methods at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), where she eventually gained a graduate diploma in visual and performing arts in 2000. She was granted an honorary degree of Doctor of Education from her alma mater in 2001. In 2007, she was the recipient of the James Cassius Williamson Award, given by Live Performance Australia in recognition of "individuals who have made an outstanding contribution in the Australian live entertainment and performing arts industry and shaped the future of the industry for the better". Personal life
<mask> met Derek Denton, a doctor at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, in 1947, when she and her friend Sally Gilmour went there to deliver flowers received after the triumphant opening night of Ballet Rambert. They married in 1953 and had two sons.Denton founded the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health. After their marriage, he continued to publish his research into the nature of consciousness in animals, and she remained actively engaged in the dance world. Late in life, she established the Dame Margaret <mask> Fund for Choreography, which assisted the creation of Alexei Ratmansky's surrealistic Cinderella, an outstanding success that played to sold-out houses in Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide in 2013 and 2014. She also had significant input into the choreographic initiatives of the Australian Institute of Classical Dance. She is the subject of a biography by Michelle Potter, Dame <mask>: A Life in Dance (2014). <mask> died, aged 96, in Melbourne on 24 February 2019. References

1922 births
2019 deaths
People from Johannesburg
South African ballerinas
British ballerinas
Australian ballerinas
British choreographers
Australian choreographers
Ballet teachers
RMIT University alumni
Companions of the Order of Australia
Australian Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Helpmann Award winners
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
South African emigrants to Australia
20th-century British dancers
20th-century Australian dancers
20th-century

masks:
Scott
Scott
Scott
Maggie Scott
Scott


texts:
<mask> (born 1 April 1961 in Suresnes, Seine department) is a French trade unionist. He has been the general secretary of the General Confederation of Labour (CGT) since 2015. Biography

Early life
His father, born at  in France, fought in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War in 1936. <mask>'s mother comes from Santander in northern Spain. <mask> attended school in Rueil-Malmaison, west of Paris. He engaged into politics as a high school student, first joining the Young Communist Movement and later the French Communist Party. Professional career
A technician in the metalworking industry, he worked for the Renault factory of Boulogne-Billancourt from 1982, before he was transferred to the Center for Motor Research at Rueil-Malmaison.A union member since 1984, he became the CGT central union delegate at Renault. He left the French Communist Party in 2002 since he disagreed with Robert Hue who wanted to disestablish the Party's sections inside the companies. In 2008, <mask> was elected general secretary of the Metalworkers' Federation (FTM-CGT), the third largest federation within the CGT with 60,000 members. In this respect, he negotiated with the employers within the scope of the reorganisation of the automotive industry, thus showing his ability to discuss by containing the most radical elements of his union. In 2013, he was elected a member of the CGT executive committee. General secretary of the CGT
Even if he was foreseen to become the general secretary of the union, <mask> was unknown to the public. Even though his team was seen as too close to the previous leading team, it was elected with 57.5 percent of the votes of the National Confederal Committee.<mask>'s partner Nathalie Gamiochipi, who was appointed to call for votes against <mask>, decided to support him with the votes of the CGT Santé, the second largest federation of the CGT with 75,000 members. <mask> was elected general secretary of the CGT by the National Confederal Committee on 3 February 2015, with

masks:
Philippe Martinez
Philippe Martinez
Philippe Martinez
Martinez
Martinez
Martinez
Martinez
Martinez


texts: 93.4 percent of the vote, and was confirmed to that position by the congress of Marseille in April 2016, after he travelled across France during one year to meet the local sections of the union to strengthen his popularity. Even though <mask> embodies the grassroots and the radical line of the union, he is open for labour relations and supportive of the traditional strategy of the union, according to newspapers Le Figaro and Libération. However, according to Les Echos, <mask> being no longer a member of the Communist Party since 2002, he has been the "first [such] general secretary of the CGT since 1946", which shows a "a further step in the detachment of both organisations", even though <mask> did not become supportive of social-democracy. Moreover, <mask> is the first technician, not worker, to lead the union. To take account of the growing influence of the ultra-left in the union, <mask> took on a hard line of struggle against employers and liberalism, notably against the Valls government by demanding the withdrawal of the 2016 Labour reform bill, to which the CGT became the main opponent. Demonstrations were accompanied by blockades of refineries, repetitive strikes in the transport sector, and stoppage of nuclear power plants, which threatened the smooth running of the UEFA Euro 2016 in France.The Filpac-CGT (Federation of Workers of the Book, Paper and Communications Industry), demanded that all national daily newspapers publish a column of <mask> —called  ("Modernity is Social Progress, not Labour Law! ")—, for them to be printed out. Only the newspaper L'Humanité published the tribune, and the Filipac voted a strike to stop printing the newspapers, which aroused criticism from newspaper leaders and the national daily press union (SPQN), in the name of freedom of the press. Faced with the internal oppositions and the decreasing importance of the CGT in the staff representatives elections, this anti-establishment opinion could enable the union to unify the militants and draw benefit

masks:
Martinez
Martinez
Martinez
Martinez
Martinez
Philippe Martinez


texts:
 from the left-wing voters' dissatisfaction toward the Socialist Party government. <mask> was re-elected as the general secretary of the CGT during the union's 51st congress in Marseille in April 2016. Under <mask>'s chairmanship, in March 2017, the CGT became the second most important union in the private sector after the French Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT). However, it remained the largest union in small businesses and in the Civil Service and therefore remained the largest organisation among all wage earners.Under <mask>'s direction, the CGT organised a 36-day strike in the first semester 2018 against the government's reform plans of the SNCF. In May 2019, <mask> was re-elected general secretary of the CGT during the 52nd congress in Dijon. He was the only candidate to his own succession and was re-elected with 90.65 percent of votes. Opinions
When he was elected the general secretary of the CGT, <mask> proposed to reduce the weekly work time to 32 hours to enable the creation of four million new jobs. He also supports a €1800 gross monthly minimum wage, a 60 years old retirement age, and opposes the payment of dividends to shareholders. Between the two rounds of the 2017 French presidential election between Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen, <mask> claimed he wanted "Macron to have the highest possible score" against the National Front candidate, thereby overstepping the original position of the GGT. <mask> supported the welcoming of migrants several time: for instance in 2018, he claimed that it was France's "duty" to "welcome them all" and considered as "scandalous" the government's decision to distinguish economic migrants from refugees.Private life
<mask> lives with Nathalie Gamiochipi, former general secretary of the CGT Santé, the second largest federation of the CGT with 75,000 members. References

External links

Members of the General Confederation of Labour (France)
Trade union leaders
People from Suresnes
French people of Spanish descent
1961 births
Living

masks: Martinez Martinez Martinez Martinez Martinez Martinez Martinez Martinez


texts:
<mask> (1950–1997) was a songwriter, guitarist and performer specializing in good-time Americana music—an idiosyncratic blend of folk, country and rock and roll. He was a largely uncredited predecessor of today's alternative country music genre. Also notorious for his pranks, he was a prodigious songwriter, specializing in sly, hilarious and soulful pieces. <mask>'s tightly crafted songs and intricate guitar work were praised by the likes of Willie Nelson, Eric Clapton, and Dan Hicks. His songs are being featured in a series of tribute albums, starting with St. Jeffrey's Day: The Songs of <mask>, Volume I (2008). <mask> and the Clamtones (his best-known group) were inducted into the Oregon Music Hall of Fame on October 8, 2011. Early life
Born in Wilmington, Delaware, to highly religious parents, Harry and <mask>, he spent most of his early years in rural Vermont.He went so far as to become an Eagle Scout, but quit the Scouts at age 14 to start his first band, the Renegades. Vermont
In the late 1960s <mask>, Jill Gross, Morgan Huber, John Raskin, and Robert Nickson (Froggy) established the original Clamtones band in Vermont. In the early 1970s, <mask> made some changes and started Automatic Slim & the Fat Boys (celebrated in Michael Hurley's song by the same name on his first Rounder Records album, Snockgrass). In addition to <mask>, the band consisted of his close friend, Michael Hurley (vocals, guitar, banjo), Doug Southworth (piano, guitar), and Melting Snow (Tom Hayes) (guitar). <mask> developed many of his best-known songs during this period, such as "What Made My Hamburger Disappear" (which was borrowed by the TV program, Sesame Street, even though it is actually

masks:
Jeffrey Sutton Frederick
Frederick
Jeffrey Frederick
Jeffrey Frederick
Edna Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick


texts:
 written from the perspective of somebody having a heart attack), "Robbing Banks" (which <mask> claimed was written for his great-uncle, "Gentleman" Willie Sutton), "Stolen Guitar", and many others. His songs were almost invariably inspired by real people and events. For instance, during this period, in northern Vermont there was increasing tension between conservative rural and establishment Vermonters and the young "hipster" crowd.A corrupt undercover officer, Paul Lawrence, staged a fraudulent drug bust at a St. Albans tavern where Automatic Slim and The Fat Boys often played. As a consequence, the proprietor, Otto Kremer, lost the bar, was forced to plead guilty to a variety of narcotics crimes and leave the state within 72 hours (all charges were later overturned). These events inspired <mask>'s song, "Poor Otto". They also helped convince <mask> to leave the area in which he had grown up. Portland
<mask> moved to Portland, Oregon, in 1975 at the urging of the Holy Modal Rounders' Robin Remaily. His singing partner, Jill Gross, joined him later that year, and together they started the Clamtones on the West Coast. In an unusual arrangement, the band performed as the Clamtones when <mask> was the frontman and as the Holy Modal Rounders when Steve Weber was frontman.These "two bands in one" often shared the same stage, with the Clamtones typically playing the opening and closing sets, as documented in <mask> and the Clamtones, B.C. and Steve Weber and the Holy Modal Rounders, B.C. (Frederick Productions). In addition to <mask> and Jill, the band consisted of Dave Reisch (bass and vocals), Robin Remaily (guitar and mandolin), Teddy Deane (horns and woodwinds), Richard

masks:
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Jeffrey Frederick
Frederick


texts:
 Tyler (piano), and R. "Willy" North (drums). They soon gained the reputation of "the greatest... f---ing bar band in America". Bicentennial tour
In 1976 the bands took off on a 9,000-mile Bicentennial tour of the perimeter of the United States. During this tour, <mask> was arrested in Texas for performing in a dress, and the band was escorted out of Alabama by the state police, for singing the irreligious gospel tune, "Let Me Down" ("Take these nails right out of my hands/And I swear you will get to the promised land/All your sins are forgiven/now let me down...").During the tour, <mask> recorded Have Moicy! ("best album of the year," Village Voice, "the top folk album of the rock era," Rolling Stone Magazine) with Jill, Michael Hurley, Peter Stampfel, Paul Presti, Dave Reisch, Robin Remaily, Wax Iwaskiewicz and Robert Nickson. His contribution to this groundbreaking record is widely recognized. For example, rock critic Robert Christgau has described <mask> as "the secret hero of my beloved Have Moicy." <mask>'s only full-length solo studio album, Spiders in the Moonlight, was recorded in 1977 after the completion of the tour. Shortly thereafter, <mask> and Jill went back to Boston for a "short break", and Steve Weber and Robin Remaily went their own ways. <mask> came back to Portland alone and formed a new band, Les Clams.The lineup was Jeff, Dave Reisch, Roger North, Bruce Sweetman or Lex Browning (depending on who was around) and Michael Shade. Nevada
Les Clams rocked the area until <mask> moved to the Comstock region of Nevada in 1983. There he gathered a group of northern Nevada musicians and formed the Jeffrey Frederick Band. The lineup consisted of Morgan Huber

masks: Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick


texts:
 (bass, mandolin, piano, guitar), Willis Allen (keyboards); Sport Arnold (drums, vocals); Darius (clarinet, sax, guitar), Johnny Fingers (lead guitar), B. B. Morse (later of Willie Nelson's band) (bass, vocals), Tommy Ward lap steel guitar, and the Horn Brothers, Dolph and Rookie Fisher (trombone and trumpet). The Jeffrey Frederick Band became wildly popular among the infamous saloons of Virginia City, the clubs of Reno and Lake Tahoe, and the bars of Dayton, Yerington and Fallon, Nevada. Later years
On New Year's Eve, 1983, <mask> married Kathryn Noel Bennett and informally adopted her children.Shortly after, <mask> and Kathryn acquired the infamous Dayton, Nevada saloon, The End Of The Trail. Owning the bar allowed <mask> to perform regularly while maintaining a stable family life. The <mask>s eventually wearied of running a bar, and <mask> returned to playing gigs, shuttling between Nevada and Portland. He was recording a new album with his Nevada band when he received a nearly fatal head injury in 1986. After a prolonged recuperation, he returned to writing and playing music as well as working a variety of jobs to help support his new family. In 1996, the <mask>s moved back to Portland, Oregon. <mask> reformed the Clams and began working with old colleagues and new musicians such as Turtle Vandemarr (Freak Mountain Ramblers, Christmas Jug Band, Anita Margarita and the Rattlesnakes, previously with Dan Hicks), Kevin "Bingo" Richey (Bingo Dream Band, Mojave Lords), and Jim Boyer (Freak Mountain Ramblers).Highly charismatic and an inveterate prankster, <mask> once again achieved near-legendary status both within and without the musical community. When he succumbed to

masks: Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick Frederick


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 liver failure (related to treatment for his head injury) in March 1997, <mask>'s memorial service was attended by hundreds of mourners, including Portland's mayor, and the local PBS television station, KOPB, played videotapes of his performances continuously all day. He was survived by his wife, Kathryn, her children Robyn and Paul Bennett, his son, Jake Ray, his sister, Eileen Gilander, and his parents. <mask>'s surviving band members, protégés and admirers are currently recording a series of tribute albums highlighting his songwriting, the first of which was released by Frederick Productions in Fall, 2008. "To <mask> it wasn't a successful show unless he 'made 'em dance' and he always had us dancing." <mask>. Partial discography
Have Moicy!(as Michael Hurley, The Unholy Modal Rounders, <mask>, & The Clamtones) (1976), Rounder Records
Spiders In The Moonlight (1977), Rounder Records. Out of print, but a remastered and expanded version has been issued on CD as Resurrection of Spiders In The Moonlight (2007), Frederick Productions. I Make a Wish for a Potato (as "Holy Modal Rounders and Friends") (2003), Rounder Records
Jeffrey Frederick Band, Live At The Icehouse (2003), Frederick Productions
Oooh La La… Les Clams (2004), Frederick Productions
<mask>, Clamtones B.C (2005), Frederick Productions
St. Jeffrey's Day: The Songs of <mask>, Volume I (2008), Frederick Productions
Ole' Bunny Brown; Jeffry <mask> & the Clamtones (2019), Frederick Productions/Red Newt Records

Notes and references

External links
jeffreyfrederick.com, Facebook, MySpace profile

 Facebook

American country singer-songwriters
1950 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American singers
Singer-songwriters

masks:
Frederick
Frederick
Jeffrey
Kathryn Frederick
Jeffrey Frederick
Jeffrey Frederick
Jeffrey Frederick
Frederick


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<mask> (born 27 March 1867: died after 1920) was a Polish-born social reformer. She lived in Vienna for slightly more than ten years, between 1899 and 1910. During that time she emerged as a highly effective pioneering advocate for child protection. Life and works
<mask> was born in Warsaw, the elder of her father's two daughters by approximately two years. Warsaw at this time was an ethnically diverse city of some 250,000 inhabitants, and the administrative capital of "Congress Poland", a semi-detached state of the Russian empire. Of <mask>'s mother nothing is known. Her father, Dr. <mask> (1832-1906) was a professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Warsaw.His name suggests that the family may have been members of the city's German-speaking minority, but there are references to <mask> having spoken German, Russian, Polish, English and Italian. (She wrote articles in French, which many in Europe still regarded as the universal language at this time.) Vienna citizen registration records for 1910/11 (by which time her father had died) show her occupations as "Gutsbesitzerin" ("property owner") and "Schriftstellerin" ("author"):  she described herself as a "Kosmopolitin auf dem Gebiete der Philanthropie" ("cosmopolitan [woman] in the philanthropy sector"). There are indications that her health was never robust. Her first contact with Vienna came about through Michael Hainisch whom she met and got to know while both of them were undergoing a hydrotherapy cure at Kaltenleutgeben. Michael Hainisch, who later embarked on a successful career in national politics, was a son to the leading women's rights activist Marianne Hainisch. Much later, in a memoire, he would recall <mask> <mask> as "a girl both beautiful and brilliant".She was awakened to the subject of child protection during the winter of 1898/99 through reading the 1897 German-language edition of "Entartete Mütter. Eine psychisch-juridische Abhandlung" (loosely, "Degenerated mothers: a

masks:
Lydia von Wolfring
Lydia von Wolfring
Lydia
Emil von Wolfring
Lydia
Lydia von
Wolfring


texts: psychological-juridical study") by Lino Ferriani. Ferriani was an Italian prosecuting magistrate based in Como. He had been troubled by cases he had encountered. <mask> reacted by getting in touch with Ferriani, whom she visited in March 1899. Under his guidance she studied the relevant literature and undertook an eight month research tour of northern Italy, Switzerland and France. She visited prisons, asylums, so-called correctional institutions and orphanages.She spoke to parents who had been convicted of child abuse. She went on to make a detailed study of child protection associations which had already been set up in the United States and in England in order to benchmark these for the future creation of a child protection office in Vienna integrated into the justice system. This auto-didactic approach to study and the acquisition of knowledge more broadly was not untypical among well informed young women impatient to learn more, at a time when university attendance was, in almost every case, accessible only to males. The decision to take a lead as a child protection activist in Austria was partly down to friendships and family connections that she and her sister already had to the country. There were more personal experiences that led her in the same direction. During a prison visit in Innsbruck she came across a case of boys aged between 10 and 12 being detained and left in solitary confinement simply in order to protect them from the adult prisoners, there being no more appropriate provision for juvenile offenders. A further trigger came from widely read press reports of two cases of child abuse leading to the deaths of victims.More broadly the reports triggered outrage among readers of mass-circulation newspapers who had previously been able to avoid awareness of the extreme outcomes to which such cases might lead. Today it must nevertheless be recognised that certain actions within the family which today would be widely seen in western Europe


texts: as abusive were still completely normal during the final decades of the nineteenth century. Parents had a "right to punish" bad behaviour by their own children:  physical punishment was most frequently carried out by fathers. On 7 November 1899 <mask> arrived in Vienna armed with an impressive collection of facts and statistics. It is not clear whether she was accompanied by her aging father, or if he was already by this stage living in Vienna. It seems likely that her younger sister Sophie, who according to at least one source had married the ambitious  young university professor of psychology, Sigmund Fuchs (1859-1903) in 1896, was already living in the city. Sophie had met her husband while she was studying at the university medical faculty.<mask> had already, in June 1899, undertaken a culture-oriented trip to Paris during the course of which she had met the pioneering Vienna feminist Marianne Hainisch. From reports provided by Hainisch it is clear that the lengthy conversations  that they held that summer, <mask> Wolfring had already formulated a clear and detailed action programme to be implemented once she moved to Vienna. She arrived with the statutes and organisation plan for an Austrian child protection association fully worked through. She recruited child protection campaigners and co-workers, at least initially, from activist members of the women's movement in Vienna, which comprised women, such as herself, from the city's haute-bourgeoisie. She sustained close contacts, in particular, with Marianne Hainisch and Auguste Fickert. The inaugural meeting of the "Kinder-Schutz- und Rettungsgesellschaft" ("Child Protection and Rescue Society") was held in Vienna on 28 December 1899. <mask> delivered a lecture on the topic "How should we protect children from mis-treatment and Crime?".The lecture was subsequently featured in the Year Book for 1903 of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. She was offered but turned down the

masks:
Lydia
Lydia
Lydia von
Von Wolfring


texts: presidency if the new association. This, in the judgement of supporters and admirers, was an error. She nevertheless accepted a critical organisational role as its "general secretary". High hopes accompanied the launch of the association, and by the time <mask> <mask> resigned from the executive committee in 1901 important progress had been made. There were 90 children being looked after in residential care, allocated between a house in Kritzendorf and two "villas" at Maria Enzersdorf (both locations being just outside Vienna). Later during 1901, becoming increasingly restless, she quit the "Kinder-Schutz- und Rettungsgesellschaft", keen to concentrate on social reform more broadly and to campaign - not without some success in the longer term - for child protection to be more firmly embedded in statute and, in the more immediate term, treated as a government priority.Implicitly, she seems to have taken the view that some of those calling the shots at the "Kinder-Schutz- und Rettungsgesellschaft" were excessively accepting about the status quo, and she began to gather friends around her in order to set up a new organisation. The "Pestalozziverein zur Förderung des Kinderschutzes und der Jugendfürsorge in Wien" ("Vienna Pestalozzi Association for the promotion of child protection and youth welfare") was launched in 1903. Residential care for abused and neglected children again became the priority, but expansion seems to have been driven by need rather than by criteria based on affordability:  finding the funds for the organisation's activities was a constant struggle. For as long as her health held out, <mask> was tireless in her fundraising efforts, while also pursuing her researches into the causes of social alienation affecting children. She continued to write articles and deliver lectures detailing the changes that were necessary in order to address society's pressing need for structured child protection. She pursued the demands, which she had first

masks:
Lydia von
Wolfring
von Wolfring


texts:
 published in a 12-page booklet published in 1902, for an end to societal acceptance of fathers' rights to commit violence against children [as a disciplinary device]. In August 1907 she organised and led the first Austrian Child Protection Congress, which was held in Vienna.<mask> <mask> left Vienna in 1910, and little is known of her final years. Research in the Vienna citizen registration records discloses only that she left the city "on health grounds". Towards the end of her time in Vienna it is known that she  suffered a health breakdown and was required to undergo a major operation which failed to deliver a cure for her condition. It is known, also, that Tuberculosis was rife in Vienna during this period, and references have been found to her having "commuted between Switzerland and Warsaw, always stopping off in Vienna along the way" during the later years of her life. Her sister's young husband had died in 1903 and when her sister died in 1920 it was at Davos, a health resort well known at the time for the healing properties against Tuberculosis of its high-altitude mountain air. Irrespective of the state of her own health, <mask> <mask> was still alive in January 1920 when her name appeared as one of the originators of the announcement, which appeared in Vienna's daily newspaper, the Neue Freie Presse, of her sister's death. In that announcement she is identified as "<mask> v.Wolfring, Warschau", indicating that she had survived for long enough to experience Poland's return to independence.<mask> <mask>'s contributions did not go unnoticed abroad. Particular joy accompanied her acceptance of an honorary membership of the respected New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. It was an honour accorded to very few. Notes

References

1867 births

19th-century women educators
20th-century women educators
Austrian women essayists
Austrian feminists
Child welfare in Austria
Social reformers
Polish women activists

People from

masks:
Lydia von
Wolfring
Lydia von
Wolfring
Lydia
Lydia von
Wolfring


texts:
<mask>Narduzzo" <mask> (born San Cataldo, September 22, 1955) is a Sicilian former mafioso who became a government informant or "pentito" in 1992. His testimony led to the arrest of over 200 mafiosi during the so-called "Operation Leopard" (). Messina has implicated several politicians and government officials with ties to Sicilian Mafia, in particular Giulio Andreotti, seven times Prime Minister for Italy. Early career
Born in San Cataldo, Caltanissetta, Messina was from a family of mafiosi going back a few generations. "I represent the seventh generation belonging to Cosa Nostra," he said. "I was affiliated not because I was a robber or because I was able to kill, but because I was bound to become a member by family tradition." He left elementary school and became involved in burglary.He was imprisoned several times. In April 1982 after serving four years for armed robbery he eventually became a "man of honour" in the local Mafia family of San Cataldo. Messina became a close friend of Giuseppe Madonia, the boss of Vallelunga – one of the most important Mafia families in the province of Caltanissetta and an ally of the Corleonesi. In 1984 he was arrested again for the killing of a drug dealer. He stayed in prison until 1989. After his release, he organized a drug trafficking ring for Giuseppe Madonia that covered several region in Italy. Madonia, in the meantime, had become the representative of the province of Caltanissetta in the Interprovincional Commission of Cosa Nostra.Arrest and pentimento
Messina was arrested in April 1992 and decided to become a government informant (pentito). He was the first mafioso to start collaborating after the Capaci massacre in which judge Giovanni Falcone, his wife and three men of his police escort were killed. He said he

masks:
Leonardo "
Messina


texts:
 was moved by emotional appeal of Rosaria Schifani – the widow of one of the police escorts of Falcone – against the Mafia. Messina started to collaborate on June 30, 1992 and was a goldmine of information to Falcone’s colleague Paolo Borsellino, especially about the workings of the Mafia in central and southern Sicily. He talked about a rival mafia-like organisation in Sicily, the Stidda. It was composed originally of mafiosi who had left the organisation during the Second Mafia War of the 1981-82. The new group was particularly strong in southern Sicily around the towns of Agrigento, Caltanissetta and Gela.As a result of his declarations 203 arrest warrants were issued on November 17, 1992, in the so-called "Operation Leopard" (Operazione Leopardo). At that time the Mafia had killed Borsellino as well. The Corleonesi reign of terror
Messina also revealed that Cosa Nostra was in the midst of a profound internal crisis around 1990. Life within the organisation had become an intolerable nightmare under the reign of terror instituted by the Corleonesi under the leadership of Totò Riina. Murder had become institutionalised instead of a measure that had to be used sparingly and rationally. Messina described how the Corleonesi organized their rise to power: "They took power by slowly, slowly killing everyone … We were kind of infatuated with them because we thought that getting rid of the old bosses we would become the new bosses. Some people killed their brother, others their cousin and so on, because they thought they would take their places.Instead, slowly, (the Corleonesi) gained control of the whole system. (…) First they used us to get rid of the old bosses, then they got rid of all those who raised their heads, like Giuseppe Greco 'the Shoe', Mario


texts:
 Prestifilippo and Vincenzo Puccio … all that’s left are men without character, who are their puppets." Public-sector contracts
An important part of <mask>’s testimony was information on how the Mafia maintained its grip on construction and public-sector contracts in Sicily, which some experts suggest is the Sicilian Mafia’s greatest source of income. He revealed the identity of Totò Riina's "minister of public works" Angelo Siino – a businessman who oversaw the Mafia’s public-sector contracts, collected the bribes, met the entrepreneurs and politicians, made the threats and, if necessary, ordered the killings. Messina himself was heavily involved negotiating the contracts as the underboss of the Mafia family with an aging leader, acting as the intermediary between business leaders and politicians. Government contracts were an important source of revenue and virtually nothing got built without Mafia approval and the necessary kickbacks. "The rule is that any firm starting a job on the territory of a family must contact a man of honour of that family, in order to establish … the percentage to be paid to the Mafia family, considering the overall value of the work," according to Messina.Masonic lodges played an important role to tie the necessary contacts. All the most senior Mafia bosses were affiliated to the Masonry, according to Messina, which represented a “meeting point for everyone”. Mafia and politics
Perhaps Messina's most devastating revelations were about the relations between Cosa Nostra and Italian politics. He was the first pentito to name Giulio Andreotti as the ultimate point of reference of a chain of political exchanges that should have adjusted the sentence of the Maxi Trial that had established Cosa Nostra a single hierarchical organisation


texts:
 ruled by a Commission and that its leaders could be held responsible for criminal acts that were committed to benefit the organisation (the so-called Buscetta theorem). The Mafia counted on judge Corrado Carnevale of the Supreme Court to modify the sentence. And Salvo Lima – Andreotti’s pro-consul on Sicily – "acted as the liaison with (…) Andreotti for the needs of the Sicilian Mafia," said Messina. However, one of the architects of the Maxi Trial, judge Giovanni Falcone, had moved to the ministry of Justice in Rome and managed to prevent that Carnevale would preside the section that would judge the Maxi Trial sentence.According to Messina, there was widespread resentment within Cosa Nostra toward the Andreotti faction of the Christian Democracy and the Craxi group of the Italian Socialist Party. The Mafia betrayed
The Mafia felt betrayed by Salvo Lima and Andreotti. In their opinion they had failed to block the confirmation of the sentence of the Maxi Trial by the Italian Supreme Court in January 1992, which upheld the Buscetta theorem. Many Mafia bosses were condemned to life in prison and Cosa Nostra reacted furiously. In March 1992, they killed Lima and in May Mafia killers blew up Giovanni Falcone, his wife, and three bodyguards. In July, a second car bomb killed Falcone's colleague and close friend Paolo Borsellino, along with five bodyguards. "As for the killings of Falcone and Borsellino, without a doubt the result of the Maxi Trial played a determining role, " Messina said."A reaction was absolutely necessary to improve morale and to re-assert the power of Cosa Nostra. That reaction had to be against the magistrates who had handled the case and against the politicians who had failed to guarantee the positive outcome of the trial and had allowed


texts:
 Carnevale to be removed from the case." Legacy
Although a mafioso of minor importance from the province of Caltanissetta, Messina’s early testimony about the links between Cosa Nostra and politics was of crucial importance at the time. The knowledge about the inner workings of the top echelon of Cosa Nostra, he obtained from Giuseppe Madonia – considered to be the number two of the Mafia around 1990. He was a key witness for the prosecution against the Mafia in the province of Caltanissetta. On December 4, 1992 he appeared before the Italian Parliamentary Antimafia Commission led by senator Luciano Violante. However, some of his declarations were far fetched.He claimed that there was Mafia Commission on a global scale, which has been discarded by most serious academics and law enforcement specialists. He also claimed Umberto Bossi and the League of the North, a political organization advocating the separation of Northern and Southern Italy, was a "creature" of the Sicilian mafia in order to set up a similar League of the South controlled by the Mafia. References

Jamieson, Alison (2000), The Antimafia. Italy’s Fight Against Organized Crime, London: MacMillan Press
Labrousse, Alain; Laurent Laniel and Alan A. Block (2002). The World Geopolitics of Drugs, 1998/1999, Dordrecht (Netherlands): Kluwer Academic Publishers
Lyman Michael D. and Gary W. Potter (2000). Organized Crime, Prentice-Hall
Paoli, Letizia (2003).Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York: Oxford University Press
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage

External links
 Messina <mask>, short biography

1955 births
Living people
People from San Cataldo, Sicily
Gangsters from the Province of


texts:
<mask> (28 August 1924 – 3 July 2014), commonly called "<mask>" (full Hebrew name: ), was one of the founders of the Jewish Renewal movement and an innovator in ecumenical dialogue. Early life
Born <mask> in 1924 to Shlomo and Hayyah Gittel Schachter in Żółkiew, Poland (now Ukraine), Schachter was raised in Vienna, Austria. His father was a liberal Belzer hasid and had Zalman educated at both a Zionist high school and an Orthodox yeshiva. Schachter was interned in detention camps under the Vichy French and fled the Nazi advance by fleeing to the United States in 1941. He was ordained as an Orthodox rabbi in 1947 within the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic community while under the leadership of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, and served Chabad congregations in Massachusetts and Connecticut. In 1948, along with Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach, Schachter was initially sent out to speak on college campuses by the Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson. In 1958, Schachter privately published what may have been the first English book on Jewish meditation.It was later reprinted in The Jewish Catalog, and was read by a generation of Jews and as well as some Christian contemplatives. Schachter left the Lubavitcher movement after experimenting with "the sacramental value of lysergic acid" from 1962. With subsequent rise of the hippie movement in the 1960s, and exposure to Christian mysticism, he moved away from the Chabad lifestyle. Career and work

From 1956 to 1975, Reb <mask> was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, though he

masks:
Meshullam Zalman Schachter Shalomi
Reb Zalman
Meshullam Zalman Schachter
Zalman


texts: travelled extensively. In Winnipeg, he worked as Hillel director and as head of Judaic Studies at the University of Manitoba. These positions allowed him to share his ideas and experiential techniques of spirituality with many Jewish and non-Jewish students, leaving lasting memories. While pursuing a course of study at Boston University (including a class taught by Howard Thurman), he experienced an intellectual and spiritual shift.In 1968, on sabbatical from the Religion department of the University of Manitoba, he joined a group of other Jews in founding a havurah (small cooperative congregation) in Somerville, Massachusetts, called Havurat Shalom. In 1974, Schachter hosted a month-long Kabbalah workshop in Berkeley, California; his experimental style and the inclusion of mystical and cross-cultural ideas are credited as the inspiration for the formation of the havurah there that eventually became the Aquarian Minyan congregation. He eventually left the Lubavitch movement altogether, and founded his own organization known as B'nai Or, meaning "Sons of Light," a title he took from the Dead Sea Scrolls writings. During this period he was known to his followers as the "B'nai Or Rebbe", and the rainbow prayer shawl he designed for his group was known as the "B'nai Or tallit". Both the havurah experiment and B'nai Or came to be seen as the early stirrings of the Jewish Renewal movement. The congregation later changed its name to the more gender neutral, "P'nai Or" meaning "Faces of Light", and it continues under this name. In the