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<mask><mask> (August 9, 1929 – February 13, 2014) was an American linguist and Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Michigan in 1961. Fillmore spent ten years at Ohio State University and a year as a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University before joining Berkeley's Department of Linguistics in 1971. <mask> was extremely influential in the areas of syntax and lexical semantics. A three–day conference was held at UC Berkeley in celebration of his 80th birthday in 2009. <mask> received the 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association for Computational Linguistics. He died in 2014.Early years

Fillmore spent three years in the U.S. Army stationed in Japan, where he intercepted coded Russian conversations on short-wave radio and taught himself Japanese. Following his discharge, he taught English at a Buddhist girls' school while also taking classes at Kyoto University. He returned to the US, receiving his doctorate at the University of Michigan and then teaching at The Ohio State University in Columbus. At the time, he was still a proponent of Noam Chomsky's theory of generative grammar during its earliest transformational grammar phase. In 1963, his seminal article The position of embedding transformations in a Grammar introduced the transformational cycle. The central idea is to first apply rules to the smallest applicable unit, then to the smallest unit containing that one, and so on. This principle has been a foundational insight for theories of syntax since that time.Cognitive linguistics

By 1965, Fillmore had

masks:
Charles J
. Fillmore
Fillmore
Fillmore


type: original

texts: come to acknowledge that semantics plays a crucial role in grammar. In 1968, he published his theory of Case Grammar (Fillmore 1968), which highlighted the fact that syntactic structure can be predicted by semantic participants. An action can have an agent, a patient, purposes, locations, and so on. These participants were called "cases" in his original paper, but later came to be known as semantic roles or thematic relations, which are similar to theta roles in generative grammar. Following his move to the University of California, Berkeley, in 1971, this theory eventually evolved into a broader cognitive linguistic theory called Frame Semantics (1976). A commercial event, for instance, crucially involved elements such as a seller, a buyer, some good, and some money. In language, such an event can be expressed in a variety of different ways, e.g.using the verb 'to sell' or the verb 'to buy'. According to frame semantics, meaning is best studied in terms of the mental concepts and participants in the minds of the speaker and addressee. Around the same time, <mask>'s Santa Cruz Lectures on Deixis, delivered in 1971 and published in 1975, contributed to establishing the field of linguistic pragmatics, which studies the relationship between linguistic form and the context of utterance. In all of this research, he illuminated the fundamental importance of semantics, and its role in motivating syntactic and morphological phenomena. His collaboration with Paul Kay and George Lakoff was generalized into the theory of Construction Grammar. This work aimed at developing a complete theory of grammar that would fully acknowledge the role of semantics right from the


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 start, while simultaneously adopting constraint-based formalisms as popular in computer science and natural language processing. This theory built on the notion of construction from traditional and pedagogical grammars rather than the rule-based formalisms that dominate most of generative grammar.One of <mask>'s most widely noticed works of the time (with Paul Kay and Cathy O'Connor) appeared in 'Language' in 1988 as "Regularity and Idiomaticity in Grammatical Constructions: The Case of Let Alone". Their paper highlighted the merits of such a theory of by focusing on the 'let alone' construction. Over time, construction grammar developed into a research area of its own, and a number of variants have been proposed over the years by different researchers. <mask> is now widely recognized as one of the founders of cognitive linguistics. The first chapter of “Cognitive Linguistics” by Cruse and Croft (2004), for instance, begins with a summary of <mask>'s work. <mask> served as President of the Linguistic Society of America in 1991 and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Chicago in 2000. His legacy continues with his many notable students, including Adele Goldberg, Laura Michaelis, <mask>, Miriam R. L. Petruck, Len Talmy, and Eve Sweetser.FrameNet

In 1988, <mask> taught classes in computational lexicography at a summer school at the University of Pisa, where he met Sue Atkins, who was conducting frame-semantic analyses from a lexicographic perspective. In their subsequent discussions and collaborations, <mask> came to acknowledge the importance of considering corpus data. They discussed the "dictionary of the future", in which every word

masks:
Fillmore
Fillmore
Fillmore
Fillmore
Christopher Johnson
Fillmore
Fillmore


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 would be linked to example sentences from corpora. After 23 years at the University of California, Berkeley, <mask> retired in 1994 and joined Berkeley's International Computer Science Institute. There, he started a project called FrameNet, an on-line structured description of the English lexicon implementing much of what he had earlier proposed more theoretically in his theory of Frame semantics, while implementing the idea of emphasizing example sentences from corpora. In FrameNet, words are described in terms of the frames they evoke. Data is gathered from the British National Corpus, annotated for semantic and syntactic relations, and stored in a database organized by both lexical items and Frames.FrameNet has inspired parallel projects, which investigate other languages, including Spanish, German, and Japanese. Due to the project's influence, issue 16 of the International Journal of Lexicography was devoted entirely to FrameNet. The project has been highly influential in computational linguistics and natural language processing as well. FrameNet led to the establishment of the task of shallow semantic parsing or automatic semantic role labelling (SRL). The first automatic SRL system was developed by Berkeley graduate student Daniel Gildea. Semantic Role Labelling has since become one of the standard NLP tasks. In recognition of his contributions to computational linguistics, Fillmore received the 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association for Computational Linguistics.Together with Collin F. Baker, he also received the 2012 Antonio Zampolli Prize, awarded by the European Language Resources Association. Publications
His seminal publications


texts:
 include:

"The Position of Embedding Transformations in a Grammar" (1963). In Word 19:208-231. "The Case for Case" (1968). In Bach and Harms (Ed. ): Universals in Linguistic Theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1-88."Frame semantics and the nature of language" (1976): . In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Conference on the Origin and Development of Language and Speech. Volume 280: 20-32. "Frame semantics" (1982). In Linguistics in the Morning Calm. Seoul, Hanshin Publishing Co., 111-137. (with Paul Kay and Mary Catherine O'Connor) "Regularity and Idiomaticity in Grammatical Constructions: The Case of Let Alone" (1988).Language. Vol. 64, No. 3 (Sep., 1988), 501-538
 (with Sue Atkins) "Starting where the dictionaries stop: The challenge for computational lexicography". (1994). In Atkins, B. T. S. and A. Zampolli (Eds.) Computational Approaches to the Lexicon.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 349-393. (with Paul Kay) "Construction Grammar" (1995). Stanford: CSLI
Lectures on Deixis (1997). Stanford: CSLI Publications. (originally distributed as Fillmore (1975/1971) Santa Cruz Lectures on Deixis by the Indiana University Linguistics Club)

Personal life
Fillmore was married to Lily Wong <mask>, a linguist and professor emeritus at Berkeley. References

External links
Official website

1929 births
2014 deaths
University of Michigan alumni
Ohio State University faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Linguists from the United States
Cognitive scientists
Syntacticians
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
Linguistic Society of America presidents
Computational linguistics


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<mask>, known as J<mask>, is an American photojournalist who won a Pulitzer Prize for his portfolio showing the brutal treatment of prisoners by Rhodesian Security Forces in the fall of 1977. Early life and photographic career
<mask> was born in Dearborn, Michigan to Charles T<mask>, an executive for the Ford Motor Company and <mask>. He attended Marion L. Steele High School in Amherst, Ohio, where he worked on the school newspaper staff and was the salutatorian of his graduating class in 1971. After graduating from Kent State University in 1975, where in his junior year he became editor of the school yearbook, The Chestnut Burr, Baughman started work as a photojournalist for The Lorain Journal of Lorain, Ohio, about 30 miles west of Cleveland (now The Morning Journal). In 1976, while at The Journal, he infiltrated a branch of the American Nazi Party in Cleveland called the United White People's Party, and spent seven months recording both its activities and those of an affiliated group in Chicago called the National Socialist Party of America, headed by Frank Collin. The resulting investigative series "Nazis in America" was initiated June 4, 1977, with a front page story on the murder of Chicago-area businessman Sydney Cohen by Raymond Lee Schultz, who had ties to the American Nazi Party in the 1960s and then became affiliated with the National States' Rights Party. The story also contained details about possible other murders and bombings being planned by Nazi groups.A series of five more front-page stories ran from

masks:
John Ross Baughman
. Ross Baughman
Baughman
. Baughman
Patricia Baughman


texts:
 June 12 to 16, 1977. The Journal was invited by  Richard T. Baker, professor at Columbia University and secretary to the Pulitzer Prizes advisory board, to submit the series for the 1978 Pulitzer Prizes. The series won a first place award for investigative reporting in the Ohio division of the Associated Press Managing Editors competition. Upon leaving The Journal in 1977, Baughman moved to London and accepted a contract with the Associated Press (AP). From there he was sent to Salisbury, Rhodesia to cover the Rhodesian Bush War. While in Rhodesia, he obtained permission to accompany the Grey's Scouts, a Rhodesian Security Forces mounted infantry unit established in 1975 to combat nationalist guerrilla forces. During the two weeks he spent with the Scouts he captured photographs of troops brutalizing their prisoners.Much of his film was confiscated by Rhodesian government officials but he successfully hid several rolls and smuggled them out of the country. Three of the photographs were submitted by AP for the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography, which Baughman won—at age 23, the youngest professional to win a journalism Pulitzer. Rhodesian photo debate
The release of the photographs on December 2, 1977 created a furore among both Rhodesian government officials and Baughman's fellow journalists, with the government claiming inaccuracies in the written report that accompanied the photos and journalists questioning both the means by which the photos were acquired and their authenticity. In order to accompany the


texts:
 Scouts, Baughman had to prove he could ride a horse and was required to carry a weapon and wear an Army uniform, thus making himself indistinguishable from the troops. In addition, he presented himself as sympathetic to the aims of the Rhodesian government and military. While the AP stood behind the authenticity of the photographs, and Rhodesian government officials never questioned them, AP General Manager Keith Fuller expressed doubts about Baughman's methods of acquiring them. Enough speculation was raised that the photographs were withdrawn from consideration for the Robert Capa Gold Medal Award of the Overseas Press Club after the Club's Annual Awards Committee meeting in February 1978.When the same photos won the Pulitzer only weeks later several members of the Overseas Press Club jury apologized for their decision, stating that lack of information about the circumstances under which the photos were taken led them to their conclusion. In September 2010 Baughman donated his Pulitzer Prize certificate, one of the cameras he used in Rhodesia and a number of prints made from the film he shot there to the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History, along with other photos and artifacts collected from his career. Career after the Pulitzer

While the debate over the Rhodesian photographs took place in the United States, Baughman continued to work for AP overseas, where he was subsequently sent to the Cairo, Egypt bureau and spent two days in March 1978 photographing a raid on Israeli forces in southern


texts:
 Lebanon conducted by the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a Marxist guerilla group. Baughman worked for AP until the end of May 1978. In June he and two partners, Mark Greenberg and Stephen Schneider, founded the Visions photo agency as part of Independent Visions International in New York City. Visions specialized in investigative photo features which were mainly published by premier news magazines. While working for Visions, Baughman completed a number of assignments for Newsweek, Life magazine, and other major magazines.He remained with the agency as a senior partner until 1996. Injury in El Salvador

On March 3, 1982, while Baughman and photojournalist <mask> were on assignment in El Salvador covering the Salvadoran Civil War for Newsweek, he tripped a land mine while trying locate guerrilla forces. The accident resulted in severe injuries to Baughman's left leg and minor injuries to Nachtwey. Baughman would later call for changes in the way journalists were assigned to cover such wars, after the death of another photojournalist, <mask>. He suggested that editors assign journalists to cover only one side of the conflict at a time, thus eliminating the risks of traveling between enemy lines. Leaving the press pool in Grenada

On October 28, 1983, while on assignment for Newsweek during the invasion of Grenada, Baughman left the press pool that had been formed by the U.S. Government as a means of protesting the tight restrictions that had been placed on journalists covering the invasion. He called

masks:
James Nachtwey
John Hoagland


texts:
 leaving the pool a "matter of civil disobedience" and spent three days on the island.On October 29, a spokesman for the Joint Information Bureau announced that Newsweek would no longer be included in the press pool. Editor Maynard Parker, while stating that he felt the press restrictions were "totally outrageous and unnecessary", also said that Newsweek would curtail further dealings with Baughman on the assignment. Nevertheless Baughman's photo of a visit to the island by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff <mask> Vessey <mask>. did appear in Newsweek. Work for Life magazine

From 1980 to 1996 while with Visions, Baughman was assigned a number of investigative photo essay projects for Life magazine, including the following:

 "No Haven for the Last of Cuba's Outcasts" (November 1980, with reporter Steve Robinson), which examined the issues surrounding the Marielito boat refugees from Cuba being detained at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas. "Saturday Night in El Barrio" (May 1982, with reporter David Friend), which focused on the lives of members of the 18th Street Gang in Los Angeles. "The Double Closet" (May 1983, with writer Anne Fadiman), about two gay fathers raising their four children in a combined household. "A Haven for AIDS Outcasts" (January 1984, self-reported with later writing by Dianna Waggoner), covering the first hospice for terminally ill AIDS patients in San Francisco."Hunting Parole Violators" (July 1984 with reporter Ed Barnes), following undercover detectives in New York City hunt for parole violators in

masks:
John William
Jr


texts:
 an environment made more dangerous by the 'three strikes' laws. "Disarmers of Terror: The World's Busiest Bomb Squad" (December 1984 with reporter David Friend), describing the work of Israeli Defense Forces in Jerusalem in disabling terrorist bombs. The Washington Times

In 1999, Baughman accepted the position of photo editor at The Washington Times, being promoted to deputy director of photography in June 2000, director of photography in March 2003  and finally senior editor, overseeing television, radio and new media development. Baughman also contributed regularly to the print and online editions as a columnist and literary critic,  before leaving in December 2009. During this time, The Washington Times photography staff was a finalist for the Breaking News Photography Pulitzer in 2003 for its coverage of the Washington D.C. Beltway sniper story and Mary F. Calvert was a Feature Photography finalist in 2007 for her depiction of sub-Saharan African women afflicted with fistula after childbirth. Journalistic ethics work

Baughman has lectured extensively on the subject of journalistic ethics and methods, including programs at the Smithsonian Institution, the International Center of Photography, and the Rhode Island School of Design, along with other major American universities such as Columbia University, Dartmouth College, and Rutgers University. In lectures and interviews, he has expressed the belief that it is a journalist's duty to record events with as little disruption or interference in those events as


texts:
 possible, even in circumstances where there is danger to the subject.In 2003 while at The Washington Times, he assisted in revising the National Press Photographers Association Code of Ethics, which was officially adopted by the NPPA Board in July 2004. Teaching

<mask> was on the faculty of the photo department at the New School for Social Research and Parson's School of Design in New York City from 1979 to 1997. He was an adjunct professor for the University of Missouri Graduate Program in Journalism in New York City from 1984 to 1986, and also taught at New York University from 1980 to 1982. In addition he was a co-founder and program director for the Focus Photography Symposiums in New York City from 1981 to 1988. Gallery

Other interests

From 1989 to 2005, Baughman wrote five non-fiction history books on topics ranging from folk art to the Protestant Reformation and the American colonial era. Until April 2009, he also served as curator of colonial history collections at the Bachmann Publick House, a museum in Easton, Pennsylvania. This same collection of family artifacts is now exhibited at the Woodstock Museum of Shenandoah County, Virginia.In addition, he was one of the earliest proponents and administrators of Y-chromosome genetic testing for genealogical purposes. Books by J. <mask>man
Graven Images: a Thematic Portfolio, 1976. A series of individual images depicting themes of childhood, courtship, marriage, old age and death. ASIN B0006CVB2S. Forbidden Images: a Secret Portfolio, 1977. A series of photo

masks:
Baughman
Ross Baugh


texts:
 essays depicting people on the fringes of society (Ku Klux Klan members, transvestites, carnival sideshow workers, the institutionalized mentally ill). ASIN B0006CP7FA .Some Ancestors of the <mask> Family in America: tracing back twelve generations from Switzerland through Virginia, & c. growing along with the nation, across its heartland, 1989. Genealogical history of the Baughman family. . Harvest Time: being several essays on the history of the Swiss, German & Dutch folk in early America named Baughman, Layman, Moyer, Huff, and others across New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, and four centuries, 1994. Family history focused on colonial American history in New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia.<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.worldcat.org/title/harvest-time-being-several-essays-on-the-history-of-the-swiss-german-dutch-folk-in-early-america-named-baughman-layman-moyer-huff-and-others-across-new-york-pennsylvania-virginia-tennessee-missouri-arkansas-and-four-centuries/oclc/031204535 |title=Harvest Time: being several essays on the history of the Swiss, German & Dutch folk in early America named Baughman, Layman, Moyer, Huff, and others across New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, and four centuries |publisher=WorldCat |accessdate=February 26, 2016}}</ref> .Apart from the World: an account of the origins and destinies of various Swiss Mennonites who fled from their homelands in remote parts of Cantons Zurich, Aargau and Bern, 1997. Centers on histories of medieval


texts:
 Europe, the Protestant Reformation and its impact on the New World. .A Lake Beneath the Crescent Moon: some of the history, legends & folkart from around Zurich, ranging from prehistoric times through the 18th century: along with the families thereabout named Bachman, Hiestand, Ringger & Strickler, 2000. Centers on mythology and folk art..The Chain Rejoined: or the bonds of science and mystery amongst family, including many attempts to recover ties across the Atlantic Ocean to ancestors and cousins of Baughmans and Bachmans, 2005. Focuses on cycles of justice and injustice among the races throughout European and American history. .Angle: Fighting Censorship, Death Threats, Ethical Traps and a Land Mine, While Winning a Pulitzer Along the Way'', 2014. Memoir. .

References

External links
 Reddit IAmA thread
 'Disarmers of Terror': LIFE With an Israeli Bomb Squad, 1984. LIFE archive gallery. Amazon.com biography

1953 births
American photojournalists
Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography winners
Kent State University alumni
Living people
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers
People from Dearborn, Michigan
Photographers from


texts:
<mask> (born January 25, 1971), better known mononymously as Joi, is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer associated with the Dungeon Family collective based in Atlanta, Georgia, and as such often performs with OutKast, Organized Noize, and Goodie Mob (her ex-husband, Big Gipp, is a member of the latter group). Her signature songs include "Sunshine & the Rain", "Lick", and "Freedom". Biography
Joi is the daughter of NFL Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Joe Gilliam and granddaughter of Tennessee State Tigers football coach Joe Gilliam, Sr.

Music career

The Pendulum Vibe (1994)
In 1994, Joi released her debut album, The Pendulum Vibe, on EMI with Dallas Austin as the executive producer. While the lead single "Sunshine & the Rain" received heavy airplay on video outlets such as VH1 and MTV, the single failed to become a hit and album sales were disappointing, selling only 76,000 copies in the U.S. Even though album sales were low, Joi received widespread praise from critics, some calling her the new "Madonna". Madonna herself was so impressed  with Pendulum Vibe that she changed the direction of her 1994 album Bedtime Stories. Madonna was also responsible for assisting <mask> in becoming the first black model in a major Calvin Klein print ad campaign.While Joi was receiving heavy media attention she released two more singles: "I Found My Niche" and "Freedom". During this time, Joi's personal and musical style was the first to be dubbed as "neo soul". The track "Freedom" from Pendulum Vibe was later used for the Mario Van Peebles film Panther in a re-record featuring Aaliyah, Mary J. Blige, En Vogue, Me'shell Ndegeocello, TLC, Queen Latifah, Vanessa Williams, SWV, Brownstone and many more. Amoeba Cleansing Syndrome (1997)
In 1997, Joi prepared for the

masks:
Joi Elaine Gilliam
Joi


texts:
 release of her second album, Amoeba Cleansing Syndrome on Dallas Austin's FreeWorld label. Joi and creative partner Austin brought in the assistance of Fishbone to be her backing band. The song "I Believe" was originally picked to be the first single, a video, which featured a then pregnant Joi was shot, but weeks before its release EMI wanted more "Radio Friendly" tracks for the album, and the video's release was canceled and the album's release was put on hold. Before returning to the studio, Joi gave birth to a healthy baby girl Keypsiia "Blue-Daydreamer" Gipp and took a short hiatus.After almost a year delay, Joi returned with a new single "Ghetto Superstar" which featured her then husband rapper Big Gipp, the song, written for her father Joe Gilliam, coined the term "Ghetto Superstar". A video was shot and released, it featured both Big Gipp and their 1-year-old daughter Keypsiia. Yet, despite its MTV buzz status, when her label Rowdy/EMI folded, so did the release of the album. Even though the album never saw the light of day commercially, months after its cancellation, the album began circulating due to heavy boot-legging, several media outlets were able to obtain copies of the album, giving the project 4 to 5 Star Reviews, calling it "Ahead of its time". But in spite of the positive feedback received for the album, Joi was disappointed about its cancellation and decided to take a hiatus to take care of her family. Lucy Pearl (2000)
In 2000, Joi joined Raphael Saadiq's group, Lucy Pearl, replacing Dawn Robinson (of En Vogue). the group made their first public appearance with Joi on January 25, 2001 on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno performing "You" which was also featured on the Save the Last Dance soundtrack.Even though Joi performed and shot two videos with


texts:
 the group, they never released a follow-up studio album together and the group later disbanded. Star Kitty's Revenge (2002)

In 2002. Joi released her third album Star Kitty's Revenge, on Universal Records. The lead single "Missing You" was produced by Dallas Austin with whom she had not worked since doing background vocals on TLC's "Silly Ho". While the first single failed to become a hit, the second single "Lick" which featured fellow Dungeon Family member Sleepy Brown was included in the film XXX received a large amount of attention from Andrew Soeder courtesy of the film's soundtrack, with no video and little airplay from radio stations across the country, sales for the single soared becoming Joi's most successful single to date, the song would later be sampled by fellow ATL recording artist Gucci Mane on his 2007 hit "Freaky Gurl". The following year, she was released from Universal after the sales of Star Kitty's Revenge failed to impress label executives. In spite of the widespread attention received from "Lick," the album sold only 101,217 copies in the U.S. according to Nielsen SoundScan.Tennessee Slim Is The Bomb (2006)
After leaving Universal, she signed with Raphael Saadiq's Pookie Entertainment label preparing for the release of her fourth album, but due to distribution issues with the boutique label, the album's release was canceled. To avoid having another project shelved, Joi decided to release the project independently. In late 2004, Joi developed her own independent label "Joilicious Records" and put finishing touches to her album. The album was set to be released in 2005, but was eventually released on March 28, 2006 as her fourth album under the title Tennessee Slim Is the Bomb. The first single, "I'm So Famous", was released commercially in late


texts:
 2006. In spite of moderate airplay from commercial radio, the single received widespread popularity courtesy of online, satellite, and college radio stations across the globe; by late 2006 sales increased dramatically, making physical copies of the album scarce and raising digital sales. A second single "Dance With Yesterday" was also released.Collaborations
Throughout the years, as a member of Atlanta's famous Dungeon Family, Joi has been featured on tracks by many different artists such as Outkast, Goodie Mob, TLC, Robbie Williams, Big Tymers, George Clinton, Curtis Mayfield, Queen Latifah, Too Short, Fishbone, Jim Crow, Shaquille O'Neal, Joss Stone, Run The Jewels and the D.O.C. Discography
The Pendulum Vibe (1994)
Amoeba Cleansing Syndrome (1997)
Star Kitty's Revenge (2002)
Tennessee Slim Is the Bomb (2006)
S.I.R. Rebekkah HolyLove (2018)

Guest Appearances
 "Down" (with Run The Jewels) on Run the Jewels 3 (2016)
 "Miss Georgia Fornia" (with Big K.R.I.T.) on 4eva Is a Mighty Long Time (2017)
 "Kush" (with Organized Noize and 2 Chainz) on The Art Of Organized Noize (2018)

Singles
"Sunshine & the Rain"
"Freedom"
"I Found My Niche"
"Ghetto Superstar"
"I Believe"
"Missing You"
"Lick"
"It's Your Life"
"I'm So Famous"
"Dance With Yesterday"
"Another Rocket"
"Kush"
"Stare At Me"
"No Grey Matter"
"It Is Best"

Filmography
 (2010) Smiles & Cries
 (2018) Luke Cage (season 2)

References

1971 births
American female models
Dungeon Family members
Living people
American neo soul singers
American hip hop singers
American women rock singers
American funk singers
Place of birth missing (living people)
American contemporary R&B singers
20th-century African-American women singers
21st-century African-American women singers
Lucy Pearl members
African-American women


texts: <mask> (4 May 1927 – 16 March 2009) was an Australian psychologist and author, best known for his sociological works of the 1970s and 1980s, including The Great Australian Stupor which sold around 70,000 copies (a considerable number by Australian standards), and The Land of the Long Weekend (1978). Among other books by him were The End of Stupor? (1984), Being Male (1985), The Rage for Utopia (1994) and a memoir, Conway's Way (1988). <mask> was born in the Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh, the second son of <mask> and his wife Elizabeth, and grew up as an only child (his brother Keith having died before <mask> was born). In later years, he said that his love of books came from his father and his mother taught him to stand up to the world (his Who's Who entry does not mention her). He also suggested that single-child families should be banned by governments. His early education was constrained by the Great Depression and the family's limited finances, as well as his parents' alleged lack of interest in his abilities.He went to both state and Catholic schools, including Hawksburn state school (where he won a prize for his essay about The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Andersen) and later, when the fees for Christian Brothers College were too much his family, he attended St Joseph's Technical College in the Melbourne suburb of Abbotsford, which he left aged 15 for a job at the well-renowned Hill of Content bookshop in Bourke Street, in Melbourne's central business district. During the final years of the Second World War, <mask> progressed to electrical fitting in the Royal Australian Air Force which he had joined in late 1944. He was later employed as a psychologist by Melbourne's St Vincent's Hospital, from 1961 until his retirement. He also maintained a busy private practice at his homes in the Melbourne suburbs of Canterbury and (later) Hawthorn, specialising in male difficulties and personal issues. Many of <mask>'s articles appeared in The Age, The Australian, Quadrant

masks:
Ronald Victor Conway
Career Conway
Leslie Conway
Ronald
Conway
Conway


texts: and the now defunct National Times. He had a long-standing association with the National Civic Council (NCC), led by right-wing Catholic activist B. A. Santamaria; at times Santamaria published <mask> in the NCC's flagship journal, News Weekly.This association ended when an impassioned censure by <mask> of the NCC, particularly concerning the issues of contraception, homosexuality and the parameters of papal infallibility ("Mr Santamaria - And Goodbye To All That", Quadrant, December 1990), led to a lasting estrangement between the two men. <mask> also regretted the 1980s' split in the NCC which saw industrial elements of the organisation ejected. He believed Santamaria to have been the guiding force behind the split. <mask> also worked as a consultant for the Melbourne Catholic archdiocese, assessing seminary candidates. His admirers included Tony Abbott, Prime Minister 2013-15 (and Catholic). In his books and essays (as the above-mentioned reference to the Quadrant piece implies) <mask> questioned Catholic teaching on sexual matters, allying himself with Freud, with Jung (both Freud and Jung are openly praised in The Great Australian Stupor as great pioneers in the study of the human psyche) and, periodically, with Eastern mysticism. This was chiefly because of <mask>'s interest in world religions and human belief systems in general.He emphasised the importance of wider human experience as an antidote to the "psychophobia" present in so many public exchanges. <mask> questioned the validity of Catholic teaching on artificial contraception, pointing to the misery of Africa and South America and maintaining that women had the right to regulate the size of their families in an acceptable fashion. He saw contraception as a "morally neutral" issue that the Church had no reason or right on which to opine. He also believed the church over-emphasised sexual sin above all others, which bemused him. One staunch defence of Freud by <mask> was an article published in The

masks: Conway Conway Conway Conway Conway Conway Conway Conway


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 Australian on 22 June 1994: "Integrity Attack Ignores Fruit of Freud's Genius". <mask> also praised the psychotherapeutic use of LSD in the 1960s and 1970s, under the guidance of trained practitioners, and was critical of its withdrawal from use in the early 1970s. In his opinion the ban on LSD was caused largely by the questionable professional machinations of Timothy Leary in the US.<mask> was also friends with Stanislav Grof, an early pioneer in the use of LSD as an aid in his consulting practice. He never changed his opinion that LSD was the most useful tool available for psychotherapists. Politically, <mask> saw himself as an "old-time Whig conservative" with "gnostic" leanings and professionally "eclectic". Others saw him broadly as a neo-Freudian. After the 1996 accession to Melbourne's archiepiscopate of George Pell, <mask> grew less prominent in the media, although now and then he wrote for the Sydney Catholic magazine Annals Australasia, and Melbourne's Herald Sun newspaper, as well as periodically appearing on television. <mask> died at St Vincent's Hospital after suffering from Parkinson's disease and peripheral brain damage. He was farewelled in a Funeral Mass at St Patrick's Cathedral, attended by many prominent friends and former clients.His ashes were then interred at the cemetery in Brighton alongside the remains of his parents. Following his death, accusations that he had sexually interfered with male patients were published by Broken Rites and, in 2019, by The Age. Bibliography

 The End of Stupor? : Australia Towards the Third Millennium (Melbourne: Sun Books, 1984)
 Being Male: A Guide for Masculinity in a Time of Change (South Melbourne: Macmillan, 1985)
 <mask>'s Way: Memories, Endeavours and Reflections (Blackburn, Victoria: Collins Dove, 1988)
 The Rage for Utopia (St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin, 1992)

References

1927 births
2009 deaths
Australian psychologists
Quadrant (magazine) people
Writers from Melbourne
20th-century

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<mask> (April 29, 1871 – March 27, 1938), born <mask>, was a German psychologist and philosopher. He is known for the development of personalistic psychology, which placed emphasis on the individual by examining measurable personality traits as well as the interaction of those traits within each person to create the self. <mask> also coined the term intelligence quotient, or IQ, and invented the tone variator as a new way to study human perception of sound. <mask> studied psychology and philosophy under Hermann Ebbinghaus at the University of Berlin, and quickly moved on to teach at the University of Breslau. Later he was appointed to the position of professor at the University of Hamburg. Over the course of his career, <mask> wrote many books pioneering new fields in psychology such as differential psychology, critical personalism, forensic psychology, and intelligence testing. <mask> was also a pioneer in the field of child psychology.Working with his wife, Clara Joseephy <mask>, the couple kept meticulous diaries detailing the lives of their 3 children for 18 years. He used these journals to write several books that offered an unprecedented look into the psychological development of children over time. Biography

Personal life

<mask> was born on April 29, 1871 in Berlin, Germany to Rosa and <mask> (1837-1890). The couple named their only child <mask>, but he later dropped his first name and was known simply as <mask>. <mask>'s father owned a small design studio in Berlin, although the business was not very successful. When Joseph died in 1890, he left his family very little money, and <mask>, who was studying at university, had to take up tutoring to support his sickly mother until her death in 1896.

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 <mask> met his future wife, Clara Joseephy, while on a bicycle ride through Berlin.Joseephy's parents were unhappy with the match, as <mask> had little money, but Clara persisted despite her parents’ disapproval and the two married early in 1899. They had their first daughter, Hilde, on April 7, 1900, which began the Stern's 18-year long project in child development. The couple also had a son, Günther, in 1902 and another daughter, Eva, in 1904. <mask> spent the final five years of his life in exile due to the increased antisemitism in Germany. He spent one year in Holland before moving to America to accept a job as a professor at Duke University, despite knowing little English. <mask> died suddenly on March 27, 1938 of coronary occlusion. Academic career
<mask> studied at the University of Berlin under the guidance of Hermann Ebbinghaus.He received his PhD in 1893. He then taught at the University of Breslau for 19 years, from 1897 to 1916. From 1916 to 1933 he was appointed Professor of Psychology at University of Hamburg. After the rise of the Nazi power he left to teach at Duke University, where he was appointed Lecturer and Professor until he died of a heart attack in 1938. Major contributions

Work in Child Development
<mask> greatly influenced the area of child development with the work he did with his wife, Clara. They used his three children, Hilde, Gunther, and Eva, as subjects, studying the development of language as well as other aspects of child development that they observed. His children were born in 1900, 1902, and 1904 respectively, and <mask> and his wife started the journaling from the day each were born up until they were 12, 10, and 7, respectively.The data that they recorded

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 included reactions, babbling, the ability to recall events, lying, moral judgement, and even systematic recording sessions where the child would elicit story narratives and descriptions with one parent while the other jotted down the notes. Through their observations <mask> found what is called "game theory", which is that child's play is necessary for the personal development of a child. Intelligence Quotient

During <mask>'s time, many other psychologists were working on ways to qualitatively assess individual differences. Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon, for instance, were developing tests to assess the mental age of children in order to identify learning disabilities, but lacked a standardized way to compare these scores across populations of children. <mask> suggested a change in the formula for intelligence, which has previously been calculated using the difference between an individual's mental age and chronological age. Instead, <mask> proposed dividing an individual's mental age by their chronological age to obtain a single ratio. This formula was later improved by Lewis Terman, who multiplied the intelligence quotient by 100 to obtain a whole number.<mask>, however, cautioned against the use of this formula as the sole way to categorize intelligence. He believed individual differences, such as intelligence, are very complex in nature and there is no easy way to qualitatively compare individuals to each other. Concepts such as feeble mindedness cannot be defined using a single intelligence test, as there are many factors that the test does not examine, such as volitional and emotional variables. Tone Variator

<mask> invented the tone variator in 1897, which allowed him to study human sensitivity

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 to changes in sound. Whereas his predecessors had limited themselves to studying thresholds and noticeable differences using constant, discrete stimuli, <mask> studied the continuous change of one stimulus into the next. Forensic Psychology
<mask> was a pioneer in the field that would become forensic psychology. Like Hugo Münsterberg, <mask> explored the psychology of eyewitness testimony with particular attention to its accuracy.A student of memory research pioneer, Hermann Ebbinghaus, <mask> had participants look at photographs and later asked them to recall details. He collaborated with criminologist, Franz v. Liszt, and in 1901 conducted a study in which law students witnessed a staged classroom argument in which one protagonist drew a revolver at which point the professor stopped the mock fight. Students were then asked to give written and oral reports of the event. <mask> and Franz found that, in such demonstrations, the subsequent recall was poor when tension was high, leading them to conclude that emotional states could affect eyewitness testimony. Other studies investigated the impact of questioning techniques, differences between children and adult witnesses, differences between male and female witnesses, and the way events occurring between the time of an event and the time of recall can affect the accuracy of testimony. <mask> noted that memory was fallible and sought ways to differentiate between intentional and unintentional falsification of testimony. These findings had the potential to improve the criminal justice system and illustrated practical applications of psychological research.<mask> also noted the effects that the courtroom could have on children and advocated for the consultation


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 of a professional psychologist whenever child testimony was used. <mask> also hypothesized that men were more reliable witnesses than women  but subsequent work has challenged this suggestion. The study found there to be no significant sex differences among the participants concerning recall accuracy and resistance to false information. <mask>'s early work in forensic psychology has allowed for follow-up and scrutiny. Publications

 <mask>, W. (1900). Über Psychologie der individuellen Differenzen: Ideen zu einer 'differentiellen Psychologie’ (On the psychology of individual differences: Toward a ‘differential psychology’). Leipzig: Barth.<mask>, W. (1906). Person und Sache: System der philosophischen Weltanschauung. Erster Band: Ableitung und Grundlehre (Person and thing: System of a philosophical worldview (Rationale and basic tenets, Vol. one). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, C., & <mask>, W. (1907). Die Kindersprache (Children's speech).Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, C., & <mask>, W. (1909). Erinnerung, Aussage und Lüge in der ersten Kindheit (Recollection, testimony, and lying in early childhood). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, W. (1911). Die Differentielle Psychologie in ihren methodischen Grundlagen (Methodological foundations of differential psychology). Leipzig: Barth.<mask>, W. (1914). Psychologie der frühen Kindheit bis zum sechsten Lebensjahr (The psychology of early childhood up to the sixth year of age). Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. <mask>, W. (1916). Der Intelligenzquotient als Maß der kindlichen Intelligenz, insbesondere der Unternormalen (The intelligence quotient as measure of intelligence in children, with special reference to the subnormal). Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie. <mask>, W. (1917).Die

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 Psychologie und der Personalismus (Psychology and Personalism). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, W. (1918). Person und Sache: System der philosophischen Weltanschauung. Zweiter Band: Die menschliche Persönlichkeit (Person and thing: System of a philosophical worldview. Volume two: The human personality). Leipzig: Barth.<mask>, W. (1924). Person und Sache: System der kritischen Personalismus. Dritter Band: Wertphilosophie (Person and thing: The system of critical personalism. Volume three: Philosophy of value). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, W. (1924). The psychology of early childhood up to the sixth year of age (trans: Barwell, A.).London: Allen & Unwin. <mask>, W. (1927). Selbstdarstellung (Self-portrait). In R. Schmidt (Ed. ), Philosophie der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellung (Vol. 6, pp. 128–184).Barth: Leipzig. <mask>, W. (1930). Eindrücke von der amerikanischen Psychologie: Bericht über eine Kongreßreise (Impressions of American psychology: Report on travel to a conference). Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, experimentelle Pädagogik und jugendkundliche Forschung. <mask>, W. (1938). General psychology from a personalistic standpoint (idem) (trans: Spoerl, H. D.). New York: Macmillan.References

Bibliography
 Werner Deutsch (1991), "Über die verbogene Aktualität W. <mask>s"

 Lamiell, J. T. (2012). Introducing <mask> (1871–1938). History of Psychology, 15(4), 379–384. Kreppner, K. (1992). <mask><mask>, 1871-1938: A neglected founder of developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 539–547. Lamiell, James T. (2012)."6". In Wertheimer, Michael; Kimble, Gregory A.; Boneau, Alan. Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, Volume 2. Psychology Press. pp. 73–85. .

"Tone variator". Brass Instrument

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 Psychology.University of Toronto. URL accessed 2018-10-12. External links
Biography from Indiana University
Profile at Museum of the Jewish Diaspora
Biography at Radical Academy

1871 births
1938 deaths
German psychologists
Intelligence researchers
People from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Hamburg faculty
Duke University


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<mask> (February 26, 1837 – October 19, 1910) was an American Baptist minister, military officer, and politician. Shortly after graduating from seminary and taking his first job as a pastor, he left his church to lead a company during the American Civil War. Injuries sustained on the battlefield eventually led to his discharge from the military. Following the war, <mask> moved to Kansas where he grew one church and established several others. He continued in ministerial and evangelical efforts in Colorado and California before becoming an U.S. Army chaplain. After retiring from the army, <mask> moved to the Salt River Valley where he founded and was active in the early promotion of Scottsdale, Arizona. Despite being an ordained minister, <mask> preferred the style "Chaplain, U.S.A." to "Reverend".Biography
<mask> was born to James Burt and Margaret E. (Covert) <mask> in West Novi, Michigan, on February 26, 1837. His family moved to Interlaken, New York when he was a child. <mask> was baptized into the Baptist church in February 1853. He graduated from the University of Rochester in 1859 and Rochester Theological Seminary in 1861. <mask> married Helen Louise Brown on July 13, 1859. The union produced four daughters. <mask>'s daughter Minnie was the wife of brigadier general Frank Herman Albright.A Baptist church in Syracuse, New York called <mask> as their pastor following his graduation from seminary. He left this position in 1862 to raise a company to fight in the American Civil War and was commissioned a captain in the U.S. Volunteers. <mask> became known as the "Fighting Parson" while he commanded Company C, 126th New York Volunteers. He was wounded during Battle of Harpers Ferry and twice each during the battles at Gettysburg and Spotsylvania Court House. As a result of his injuries, <mask> was medically discharged from the military on September 23, 1864. Following the war, <mask> became pastor for the First Baptist Church of Leavenworth, Kansas.During his 6 years in Leavenworth, his church grew from 19 to 250 members

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texts: and he organized churches in three nearby communities. The city of Winfield, Kansas, was named in <mask>'s honor after he promised to build a church there. <mask> moved to Denver, Colorado, where he served as a pastor January 1872 to September 1875. He moved to California in late 1875 and was editor of Evangel from February through October 1876. <mask> was called to the pastorate of a church in Los Angeles in 1877. In 1878 he was Associate Pastor Metropolitan Church in San Francisco. The year he was in San Francisco also saw him receive a Doctor of Divinity from a California university.<mask> served at churches in Petaluma and Oakland before becoming pastor of a church in San Jose, California, in February 1880. <mask> became an U.S. Army Chaplain in 1882, a position he held til 1893. He was initially served at Fort Canby and Fort Stevens before transferring to Angel Island in 1885. In February 1888, <mask> visited the Salt River Valley. Valley leaders hoped the chaplain would help promote the area. <mask> was so impressed he purchased  of land in the valley for US$2.50/acre. The plot he chose was abutted the soon to be completed Arizona Canal.<mask> transferred to Fort Huachuca in 1893 and made frequent visits to his property. His brother, George Washington <mask>, meanwhile moved to Arizona Territory. There he cleared the land of brush and began planted citrus orchards. <mask> moved to his homestead in 1893 on terminal leave. Health problems caused by his old war wounds prompted his retirement. Formal retirement occurred on March 26, 1889. As the first person to grow peanuts, citrus trees, and grapes in the Salt River Valley, <mask> advocated the area's potential as a health resort as well as its agricultural potential.A couple years after <mask>'s arrival there were a number of families living near his ranch. <mask> and his wife founded the Arizona Baptist Foundation and became part of the area's local leadership. In 1896 the area added a school and the settlement around <mask>'s ranch was officially named Scottsdale.

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 <mask>'s influence extended beyond just Scottsdale. In 1897, Governor Myron H. McCord appointed him  Chaplain of the Arizona National Guard. He was elected to represent Maricopa County in the lower house during the 1899 session of the territorial legislature. During the session, he was a leader in efforts to limit gambling and the liquor trade but was unsuccessful in efforts to pass legislation limiting either.As part of his efforts, he announced his intentions to give a three-hour speech on the evils of gambling before the legislature but the session adjourned for the day five minutes after he began his speech. Ministerially, <mask> was pastor of the Lone Star Baptist Church (now First Baptist Church) in Prescott from September 1899 till August 1900. He organized churches in Naco, Arizona and Douglas, Arizona in 1902 and was named Chaplain in chief of Grand Army of the Republic in 1903. <mask> was appointed to the Arizona Board of Regents in 1902 and served as Chancellor (board chairman) the next year. In 1906, <mask> made an unsuccessful run to the Arizona Territorial Legislature. In 1909, <mask> moved to San Diego, California. While in Phoenix, Arizona, he became ill and underwent surgery to treat a strangulated hernia shortly before his death on October 19, 1910.<mask> was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in San Diego. San Diego's Scott Memorial Baptist Church (now Shadow Mountain Community Church) is named in his honor. References

1837 births
1910 deaths
People from Oakland County, Michigan
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
University of Rochester alumni
Members of the Arizona Territorial Legislature
American city founders
19th-century Baptist ministers
Baptist ministers from the United States
United States Army chaplains
Union Army officers
Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School alumni
19th-century American politicians
Baptists from Michigan
Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery (San Diego)
Grand Army of the Republic officials
19th-century American clergy
Military personnel from

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<mask> (4 July 1916 – 28 September 2006), better known as <mask>, was a British academic, known for his work in social psychology, pedagogy, development studies and peace studies. After holding posts at the University of Oxford, University of Exeter, University of Ghana and Harvard University, in 1973 he became the inaugural Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford, following the establishment of the University's Department of Peace Studies. <mask>'s works included several books on education, including Educational Strategy for Developing Societies (1963), and a number of books on peace and peacemaking, including Making Peace (1971). He was also, throughout his career and after his retirement in 1978, active in peacemaking and mediation, and visited Nigeria and Biafra several times as part of a Quaker contingent during the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–70. Early life and education
<mask> was born in L'Isle-Adam, Val-d'Oise, France, on 4 July 1916, as the Battle of the Somme raged nearby. His father was the British author, critic and journalist Richard Curle. His mother was Cordelia Curle (née Fisher), whose siblings included the historian H. A. L. Fisher, the cricketer and academic Charles Dennis Fisher, the naval officer William Wordsworth Fisher, the banker Edwin Fisher, and Adeline Vaughan Williams, the wife of the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams.Their other relatives included the historian Frederic William Maitland, the photographer Julia Margaret Cameron, the author Virginia Woolf and the painter Vanessa Bell. He was named after three of his mother's brothers, and took the name <mask>, after his birthplace, after returning to France in 1919. He grew up in Wheatfield, Oxfordshire, where he developed an affection

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 for animals and a sensitivity to landscape. <mask> was not a frequent presence in his son's childhood; <mask> did not meet his father until he was three years old. Curle later described how they became closer in Richard's later life, however, "on a man-to-man basis," having "somehow missed the father–son phase". Curle attributed his pacifism to the influence of his mother, who lost three of her brothers to war and instilled a hatred of war in her son. Woodhouse argued that Curle's mother was also responsible for the "self-confidence which was to enable him later to make a series of unconventional moves at critical turning points in his life".His "inclination to kick against convention", however, was identified by Woodhouse as closer to that of Richard Curle. Curle attended Charterhouse School, where he was unhappy, later recalling having "survived a dreadful conventional schooling ... by playing the flute (mainly Bach), writing poems and reading the mystics". From 1935 he attended New College, Oxford, at first studying history with the intention of becoming a civil servant, then switching to anthropology. He continued his studies at Exeter College, Oxford and the Oxford Institute of Social Anthropology, and in 1938 travelled to Sápmi and the Sahara Desert on field trips. Career

Britain and Pakistan
Curle served in the British Army for six years during World War II, rising to the rank of Major and becoming a research officer in the Civil Resettlement Units (CRUs). In this role he was involved in the development of a residential rehabilitation programme which provided counselling, skills training, medical and recreational facilities, and opportunities for social contact, and was tasked with evaluating the effectiveness of the

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texts: CRUs' work. In this period he developed an interest in psychology, in particular the integration of psychological and anthropological approaches to society, and the psychological effects of traumatic experiences.He received a postgraduate degree in anthropology in 1947, having drawn on his experiences with the CRUs in his work. He began his academic career with a series of journal articles also drawing on those experiences, the first of which was a paper in Human Relations on the experiences of prisoners of war in returning to their communities and the relationship between individual and community. In 1947 <mask> took up a position at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, where he researched rural decay in South West England. This work led to his appointment, in 1950, as a lecturer in social psychology at the University of Oxford. While at Oxford in the early 1950s he developed an interest in the connections between social psychology and education policy. While he remained interested in the social psychiatry approach that Tavistock Institute emphasised, he also came to believe in the necessity of education for individuals' psychological stability and positive relationships with others, and published several articles on education policy. His work at Oxford led to his appointment in 1952 to the Chair in Education and Psychology at the University of Exeter, where he remained until 1956.While at Exeter he became involved in a project focused on development in Europe, and his work took on an international dimension. In 1956 he was invited, via Harvard University, to advise on education policy in Pakistan. Initially planning to stay in Pakistan for a year, he later decided to remain for two additional years, and resigned from


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 his position at Exeter in order to do so. From 1956 to 1959 he was an advisor to the Pakistan Planning Board, in which capacity he travelled in Pakistan (including present-day Bangladesh), including in the Hindu Kush. In addition to education policy, his work in Pakistan concerned health care, housing, labour relations, welfare and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, where he worked among the Pashtun and Kho peoples. He would later frequently refer to his experiences in Pakistan in his lectures and books. Ghana and Harvard
In 1959 Curle was appointed Professor of Education at the University of Ghana.While in Ghana he became a Quaker, which, like his pacifism, he attributed to his mother's influence. He also travelled widely in Africa during this time, and advised the Ghanaian government on education and development. His inaugural lecture, entitled The Role of Education in Developing Societies, was published in 1961. He resigned from the University in 1961, having reached the conclusion that the institution, which was then predominantly white, was "out of place" in a political context marked by the growth of African nationalism. That year he travelled to South Africa with the intention of establishing a college for Black Africans, but was arrested. Also in 1961 he was appointed director of Harvard University's Centre for Studies in Education and Development, a position he would hold until 1971. While at Harvard he participated in field projects in Barbados, Central America, Nigeria and Tunisia, and returned to Pakistan in 1963 and 1964 as a consultant on education, contributing to Pakistan's third five-year plan.The fieldwork he conducted at Harvard led him to see education policy as vital in achieving and maintaining


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 peace. In 1964 he also became an advisor to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. Indo-Pakistani War
<mask> visited India and Pakistan as part of a Quaker contingent in the wake of the Tashkent Declaration, the January 1966 agreement which ended the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. The team's roles included gathering information, facilitating communication between the Indian and Pakistani sides, offering assessments of the situation, and proposing possible measures for achieving peace. <mask> was selected for the role due to his knowledge and experience of Pakistan. His role involved presenting the case for conciliation to the younger people involved in the conflict and those sceptical of possibilities for peace. The Quakers played only a minor role in maintaining peace in India and Pakistan and did not facilitate a breakthrough in relations, but did help to maintain the less tense relations that had developed.Their report described the history of Quaker activity in the region, outlined Indian and Pakistani viewpoints, and described their own work, and concluded that the onus was on India to take conciliatory measures towards Pakistan. Nigerian Civil War
Known by this time for his work in the fields of pedagogy and development studies, <mask> was consulted by governments and charities, and provided mediation in the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–70 as part of a group of three Quakers alongside John Volkmar and Walter Martin. Prior to becoming a mediator in Nigeria Curle had been involved in establishing a model school in Ayetoro, Nigeria. On their initial trip in 1967, their intention was to listen to the parties in conflict and to aid them through conciliation or relief. Arriving before the

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texts: war began, <mask>, Martin and Volkmar met with C. Odumegwu Ojukwu, Hamzat Ahmadu and Okoi Arikpo, and remained hopeful that peace could be maintained; a week after the team left, however, Ojukwu declared the secession of the Republic of Biafra. In early 1968 Curle and Volkmar hosted initial informal talks and met with Yakubu Gowon. In March 1967 <mask> and Martin visited Biafra, where they met with Louis Mbanefo and again with Ojukwu and Gowon.When the Commonwealth Secretariat arranged for public talks to be held in Kampala, Uganda, in May, <mask> and his wife Anne were selected to attend as a Quaker delegation. The Curles' role in the Kampala talks involved mediating between Commonwealth Secretary-General Arnold Smith and the Biafrans and proposing possible terms of settlement. In Making Peace <mask> described his and Anne's role as involving "persuasion, clarification, message carrying, listening, defusing, honest brokering, encouraging, and liaison with the Commonwealth Secretariat". The Curles then returned to Nigeria, where <mask> met again with Gowon. In August 1967 <mask> and Volkmar attended the continuing negotiations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. When Gowon announced a "final push" against Biafra, the Quakers turned their attention to relief operations. <mask>, Volkmar and Martin embarked on another series of trips in September and October 1968.In the continuing impasse, the proposal made by Hamani Diori, the president of Niger, for a Quaker-sponsored meeting was taken up. Ojukwu's representatives expressed interest in Diori's proposal, and <mask> discussed the proposal with Smith and a representative of the British government. The stalemate that continued through 1969, however, led the Quakers to once again turn their

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texts: attention to providing relief. In October 1969, <mask> met again with Gowon alongside Volkmar and Kale Williams. In London, Curle and Williams met with Smith and a Biafran representative to discuss issues including the possibility of the Commonwealth Secretariat again becoming involved in negotiations. In January 1970, however, the war ended with the Biafrans' surrender. <mask> and Volkmar rejoined Williams on Nigeria days after the surrender, in order to observe the post-war climate and offer conciliation.C. H. Mike Yarrow, in his study of Quaker reconciliation efforts, argues that the personal qualities and personalities of the Quaker contingent played a pivotal role in their success in building connections with Nigerian and Biafran leaders, though from mid-1968 Yarrow argues the Quaker organisation and the faith it engendered came to play a similar role. While Yarrow argues their listening process was a success, he describes their effectiveness at changing the parties' perceptions of one another in more ambivalent terms. In concluding, Yarrow argued that while the negotiated peace the Quakers sought was not achieved, Yarrow argues that "the peace terms resulting after the military solution were imbued with the spirit of conciliation." <mask>'s experiences of the Indo–Pakistani and Nigerian conflicts contributed to his interest in the causes of war and informed his research on the relationships between violence, social transformation, and the goals of development. At Harvard he responded to the 1968 student protests and the emergence of the New Left by teaching history to schoolchildren in a working-class neighbourhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he was struck by similarities to the "underdeveloped world". Professor of


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 Peace Studies
In 1973 <mask> became the United Kingdom's first Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford. Robert A. McKinlay, who was involved in the selection of the new Department of Peace Studies's inaugural professor, recalled contacting Curle after a fellow Quaker suggested <mask> would disabuse him of the viability of position, after which <mask> expressed an interest in the post.As Professor of Peace Studies he was responsible for both the department's administration and its academic development. His first year at Bradford was spent recruiting staff, seeking especially those with experience in peacemaking, and developing a postgraduate programme. Among those he appointed were Tom Stonier, who would later head Bradford's School of Science and Society; Aleksandras Štromas, a Russian lawyer and Soviet dissident; David Bleakley, a former Minister of Community Relations in the Government of Northern Ireland; Michael Harbottle, a former chief of staff of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus; Uri Davis, who had been involved in peacemaking among Jews and Arabs in the Middle East; Vithal Rajan, a Gandhian who had worked in India; Nigel Young, a political scientist formerly based at the University of Birmingham; and Tom Woodhouse, who became Curle's research assistant. While at Bradford, Curle contributed to the development of peace studies and drew on his own experiences of mediation. In his 1975 inaugural lecture, entitled "The Scope and Dilemmas of Peace Studies", he argued for the necessity not only of resolving individual conflicts but also of addressing the underlying causes of war, which he identified as injustice and inequality. Departments of peace studies, he argued, should thus seek to create


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 fair, just and open societies that would not foster the resentments that ultimately lead to war. Accordingly, he sought to operate his department in a democratic, participatory and non-hierarchical manner, and saw his own role as that of a co-ordinator rather than a leader.Retirement
Towards the end of his tenure at Bradford, <mask> began to feel the need to return to more direct involvement in international reconciliation, and so left the university in 1978, after five years. After his retirement, <mask> continued to practice peacemaking and track two diplomacy, and worked with Quaker Peace and Service as a mediator in Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, the Balkans and elsewhere. In 1983 a proposal formulated by <mask> and others to assess the teaching of conflict resolution in schools was taken up by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe as part of a plan to ensure compulsory education contain a focus on non-violent behaviour. <mask> and his wife Anne visited the former Yugoslavia several times during the Yugoslav Wars of 1991–2001. In 1992 <mask> co-founded the Centre for Peace, Human Rights and Non-Violence in Osijek, Croatia, a contested area that was the site of significant violence. The organisation sought to cultivate a culture of non-violence through education, and provided civil rights education, community mediation, groups for parents, legal and practical support, peace education programmes, self-help groups, and programmes for survivors of domestic violence. In Županja, Croatia, a multi-ethnic community which had similarly seen conflict and dispossession, <mask> co-founded Mir i dobro (Peace and Good), which sought to aid the local community in adjusting to the war's aftermath and to

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 build peace.In his work in Croatia, <mask> emphasised the necessity for aid workers to respond to the needs of communities and encouraged dialogue to discern what those needs were. As part of this emphasis, in 1996 he convened a workshop to explore ways to mitigate the effects of the war on Županja's children. A further workshop in 1997 sought to explore ways to develop a culture of non-violence and to facilitate reintegration as refugees returned to their homes. Barbara Mitchels has argued that these workshops combined peacemaking with aspects of counselling. <mask> continued to visit Županja into the 2000s. In his later years he was also influenced by Tibetan Buddhism and the 14th Dalai Lama. In the 1990s and 2000s he worked with the Oxford Research Group as an advisor and a patron.Later in his career he also revisited his earlier work with prisoners of war and reaffirmed his argument that efforts to heal the psychological wounds of war ought to form part of a holistic programme of interventions. In 2000 he was awarded the Gandhi International Peace Award. Thought

Overview
In the 1960s Curle published work on education and development that reflected conventional views about the relationship between economic modernisation and social progress. In this work he did, however, emphasise the role of the social and cultural, and in particular the concept of human potential, in development, rather than identifying development as a solely economic phenomenon. In this period he also sought to develop new teaching methods drawing on social psychology. From the late 1960s he came to question development per se, and questions relating to violence and conflict, informed by his experiences of the Indo-Pakistani War and the Nigerian Civil

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 War, came to play a greater role in his work. Around this time, informed by the movement in opposition to the Vietnam War and the 1960s counterculture, he also looked to the roots of conflict that lay in developed countries.<mask>'s turn to peace studies was the result of these experiences, which instilled a desire to understand the causes of conflict. Peace studies
In his work in peace studies, <mask> developed an approach in which peace has both negative dimensions, relating to the prevention of violence, and positive dimensions, relating to the fulfilment of human needs and the freeing of human potential. Curle viewed peace in terms of human development rather than in terms of organisations or rules that would enforce peace. Finding the word "conflict" to be too ambiguous, Curle preferred to speak of "peaceful" and "unpeaceful" relationships, defining the former as relationships in which "the various parties did each other more good than harm", and the latter as those "doing  more harm than good" to those involved. The development of peaceful relationships, rather than the containment of conflict, was at the core of Curle's conception of peace. While other peace researchers have tended to analyse social, political, and military systems, Curle's work focused on the values and attitudes of individuals within those systems. Curle played an important role in the emergence of peace studies as a separate field from international relations, and in the incorporation of insights from psychology, especially humanistic psychology, into the field.Curle's work also addressed the problems of occupational burnout and apathy among peace studies scholars and practitioners. <mask> saw peace studies as an interdisciplinary endeavour benefiting


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 from a variety of backgrounds and skills. From the late 1960s he was aware of the work of Johan Galtung and Kenneth Boulding, whose work he saw as sharing a common goal with his own. Curle's work in peace studies was also influenced by the Russian esotericist P. D. Ouspensky and the Russian philosopher George Gurdjieff; by Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism), Sufism and his involvement with the Quakers; and by the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, who was his colleague at Harvard. In keeping with Quaker thought, Curle saw the Inner Light as a force in each human akin to a universal mind. Drawing on Buddhist philosophy, he argued that the three poisons (ignorance, greed and hatred) caused social alienation and formed the basis of most violence. Drawing on Vajrayana and Quakerism, he viewed all living things as connected, and believed that every human action has effects on humans' environment.He also emphasised the artistic and creative aspects of peacemaking and of writing on the subject. Mediation and reconciliation
Mediation was, in <mask>'s view, the foremost tool of peacemaking. Its purpose, in Curle's account, was to eliminate misperceptions between parties in conflict and to allay violent emotions. <mask>'s proposed mediation process has four parts: first, mediators develop and improve communications; second, they provide information to, and between, the parties; third, they "befriend" the parties; and fourth, they encourage a willingness to engage in negotiations. <mask> criticised "top down" forms of mediation as ineffectual, though, and argued mediation ought to be accompanied by the transformation of attitudes and of economic and social conditions. He saw this form of mediation as applicable on conflicts at all


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 scales, from wars between nations to disputes within families. His theory of mediation draws on Quaker practices, on humanistic psychology, and on his own experiences in the field.It is distinct from John Burton's approach to conflict resolution, but shares with Burton several commitments: both saw the role of the mediator as one of structuring discussions and providing information, both thought mediation involved exploring and analysing the conflict in question, both used psychological principles to mitigate against misperceptions and misunderstandings, and both envisioned new understandings resulting that feed into the development of policy. In his later works, published in the 1990s and 2000s, <mask> continued to revise his theory of reconciliation and its role in peacemaking. His work with the Osijek Centre for Peace led to the realisation that the model of peacemaking by neutral parties that he had advanced in In the Middle (1986) was insufficiently nuanced to resolve the Yugoslav Wars, and that affected communities themselves ought to play a greater role in the process. He came to favour a form of conflict resolution in which outsiders' involvement would focus on training and supporting local peacemakers, and argued that effective peacemaking processes ought not to focus on the proliferation of peace treaties by elites, but rather ought to empower communities affected by war to construct peace "from below". Works

Educational Strategy for Developing Societies (1963)

Curle's Educational Strategy for Developing Societies (1963) is a review of the role of education in economic growth and social and political transformation. Planning for Education in Pakistan (1966)
Planning for Education in Pakistan: A Personal Case Study


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 (1966) is an account of <mask>'s experiences as an advisor to the Planning Commission of Pakistan in 1963 and 1964. In it, he assesses problems with education in Pakistan and discusses the role of foreign advisors to governments.Drawing on his experiences with the Planning Commission and with educational bodies, <mask> shows significant differences between East Pakistan and West Pakistan in education and literacy. Curle presents those involved in educational planning as complex, conflicted figures rather than aloof arbiters of objective facts. Richard S. Wheeler, reviewing the book in The Journal of Asian Studies, described <mask>'s assessment of Pakistan's educational problems as "authoritative" and the insight provided into the role of foreign advisors as "rewarding". J. A. Keats and Daphne M. Keats, writing in the Australian Journal of Education, characterised the book as "an unusual and in some ways courageous approach to a serious examination of the problems of  educational planning in a newly developing country", but argued that <mask>'s subjective approach was not wholly successful and queried the omission of certain important individuals from his account. Keats and Keats concluded that while Curle "has succeeded in showing the interaction between persons and action, he has achieved this at the expense of an objectivity which might well have led to an even more valuable exposition." Educational Problems of Developing Societies (1969)
Educational Problems of Developing Societies: With Case Studies of Ghana, Pakistan, and Nigeria was first published in 1969, then in a revised and expanded edition in 1973.The book comprises 12 essays on various topics. After introducing the educational problems faced by developing

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 societies, <mask> describes background conditions in these societies and factors in educational development in Pakistan. As in Educational Strategy for Developing Societies, <mask> here understands development in social psychological terms. Drawing on his experiences in Pakistan, he argues that development requires flexibility and an appreciation of cultural differences, and that solely economic approaches to development risk fomenting conflict. Woodhouse describes the book as the best illustration of "the progress of <mask>'s intellectual development toward the distinct field of peace research". Philip Foster, in his review in the International Journal of Comparative Sociology, argued that the essays show only limited awareness of broader debates in the field, and questioned <mask>'s methodology in some of the essays, but concluded "that the good far outweighs the less than satisfactory." Joseph Kivlin, meanwhile, reviewing the book in Social Forces, argued that it "does not contribute much that is new to the understanding" of developing societies' educational problems, and noted that several of its chapters are only tangentially connected to the topic of education.Making Peace (1971)

<mask>'s Making Peace (1971) applies ideas from peace studies to his own experiences, explores the definition of peacemaking and considers what constitute peaceful and non-peaceful relationships and what cause them. Education for Liberation (1973)
<mask>'s Education for Liberation was published in 1973. Drawing on his personal experiences and responding to the educational environment of the 1970s, and dealing with similar topics to Making Peace, <mask> considers how education can contribute to the achievement of peace and social change. More so

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 than in his previous works, Curle is critical of existing forms of education, which he sees as contributing to authoritarianism, social hierarchy and economic materialism. He identifies this as especially problematic in developing countries, where education is "attuned to the competitive and materialistic ideologies of the rich nations". The book was strongly influenced by Paulo Freire's thought, and contains an appendix contrasting Curle's views with those of B. F. Skinner. Richard D'Aeth, reviewing the book in the British Journal of Educational Studies, described <mask>'s analysis as "humane and warmly personal" and the book as "a pleasure to study, despite its pessimism".In his review in the British Journal of Educational Psychology, Ken Pease expressed enthusiasm for the book but argued its use of the concept of awareness was too insubstantial to form "the cornerstone of an educational system". The Fragile Voice of Love (2006)
<mask>'s final book, The Fragile Voice of Love (2006), was published shortly before he died. The book, which includes aspects of memoir and travelogue, offers a personal account of the human condition and human despair at the beginning of the 21st century. Curle comments on alienation, greed, and commercialism as causes of conflict, and proposes ways to combat certain damaging illusions, such as the idea that material wealth results in happiness. Drawing on the insights of the Buddha on the ultimate emptiness of reality, denial of which he identifies as the cause of suffering, Curle proposes that suffering can be overcome first by cultivating and applying virtue, and second by acquiring wisdom. <mask> concludes by discussing globalisation, which he argues is driven by the desire for power and profit.


texts:
 Reviewing the book in Peace and Conflict, William H. Long described the book as "straight from the heart", and suggested "like your grandfather's advice, it's best to pay it some mind."Other works
Mystics and Militants: A Study of Awareness, Identity and Social Action (1972) deals with similar themes to Making Peace and examines the personal beliefs, qualities and skills of peace makers. It also considers the psychological aspects of social action, social awareness and identity, and the inner and outer, or private and public, aspects of peacemaking. <mask>'s interest in the concepts of awareness and identity was based on his observation of people in conflict situations. Like Making Peace, Mystics and Militants contributed to <mask>'s reputation as an influential figure in the field of peace research. Both books contributed to the emergence of peace studies. Peacemaking Public and Private (1978) continued to explore the question of the inner and outer aspects of peacemaking first taken up in Mystics and Militants. True Justice (1981) draws on Quaker theology and <mask>'s own experiences as a peacemaker, and focuses on personal solutions rather than structural ones.It explores the question of human nature in relation to religion, and continues to consider public and private levels of peacemaking. <mask> argues here that feelings of hatred, anger, jealousy and the like are not unchangeable features of any individual, but rather the result of failures to understand and develop their own potential. Michael Hare Duke, in his review for the New Internationalist, acknowledged the importance of the interpersonal phenomena on which Curle focuses, but argued that the book lacked "a clear recognition of the economic realities which lie


texts: behind any justice in the distribution of the world's resources." In the Middle (1986) argues for the importance of mediation and reconciliation in both peace research and peacemaking practice. In it, <mask> introduces his account of mediation as a four-part process, and identifies three types of activity as central to peacemaking: the development of co-operative economic and social systems, nonviolent opposition to violent and oppressive regimes, and the achievement of reconciliation between conflicting parties, including through mediation. In concluding, Curle proposes the creation of an international organisation within the United Nations dedicated to mediation, which would conduct research and provide mediation, training and resources. Tools for Transformation (1990), like Making Peace and Mystics and Militants, frames conflict as a dynamic force capable of effecting changes in individuals and social structures.Barbara Mitchels and Tom Woodhouse argue that this perspective influenced the development of peace studies by providing a holistic account of conflict that goes beyond merely ending or preventing wars. In To Tame the Hydra (1999), <mask> describes a global situation in which violence, successfully subdued, immediately flares up elsewhere, akin to the Hydra, a mythological monster which grew a new head each time one was cut off. Curle saw these outbreaks of violence as fuelled by the pursuit of money and power, and argued for the continuing necessity of peacemaking techniques. <mask> also wrote poetry and fiction. His collection Recognition and Reality: Reflections & Prose Poems was published in 1987. Norbert Koppensteiner described the volume as "a poetic transrationality." His poem "Indra's Net" (1999), named for


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 the metaphor used in Buddhist philosophy, reflects on the ideas of human interconnection that also formed part of his work on peace.Personal life
<mask> married Pamela Hobson in 1939. They had two daughters and divorced after the end of <mask>'s military service. In 1958 he married Anne Edie, a New Zealander who he had met in Dhaka during his travels. They had one daughter. Later in life he lived with Anne in London. Death and legacy
<mask> died from acute leukaemia on 28 September 2006 in Wimbledon, London. Barbara Mitchels' study of <mask>, Love in Danger, was published in 2006.It was followed in 2016 by <mask>: Radical Peacemaker, a collection of <mask>'s writings edited by Tom Woodhouse and John Paul Lederach. In a 2003 article Mitchels described <mask> as "one of the pioneers of the academic study of peace". In his obituary in The Guardian, Tom Woodhouse wrote that "the legitimacy and growth of peace studies" would be <mask>'s "greatest and enduring legacy". Mitchels and Woodhouse argue <mask>'s works "were instrumental in establishing the legitimacy of peace studies in universities worldwide and in advancing the scholarly agenda of peace research." Lederach described <mask> as "a beacon of orientation" for his own work and "one of the most important influences relevant to many of our contemporary debates" in peace

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Pierre-<mask> (11 June 1758 – 3 March 1796) was a French Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Congregation of the Mission – also known as the "Vincentians". <mask> exercised his pastoral duties in his hometown of Vannes and was known for his short stature and devotion to the faith. He was killed after he refused to take the oath of allegiance to the new French government. The townsfolk of Vannes nicknamed him "the wee priest" due to his short stature. His death at the guillotine as being in hatred of the faith allowed for Pope Pius XI to preside over the late priest's beatification in 1934 in Saint Peter's Basilica. Life
Pierre-<mask> was born on 11 June 1758 as the sole child to <mask> (d. c. 1758) and Francisca Loisea (d. 1812). His mother nicknamed him as "Renotte".He was born at the same time his father was absent on a business trip and died before he could return home. <mask> was baptized on 12 June and suffered from six bouts of pneumonia before the age of twelve. After he completed his studies at the age of seventeen in Saint-Yves college in 1775 he moved to Bourges with maternal relatives and then returned home before he decided to commence his studies for the priesthood. He commenced his studies in 1776. The Congregation of the Mission staffed it and oversaw the education of the prospective priests. He received tonsure and the minor orders in 1779 while receiving the subdiaconate in 1780 and the diaconate in 1781. <mask> received his ordination on 21 September 1782 from the Bishop of Vannes Sébastien-Michel Amelot.He celebrated his first Mass the following 22 September. <mask> entered the Vincentians and after he spent time at the Paris mother-house was

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texts: professed as a member on 25 October 1786. He became a professor of theological studies in 1787. The French Revolution saw the overthrow of King Louis XVI and the Kingdom of France after its outbreak in 1789. The oath of allegiance that the new government proposed caused consternation for the Catholic Church for it required priests to pledge themselves to the government rather than to the church itself. <mask> was one of the priests who rallied in 1791 to the call of Pope Pius VI to refuse the oath despite Bishop Amelot fleeing to Switzerland. Monsignor Le Masne – Amelot's successor – was appointed on 27 March 1791 but dispersed seminaries in the area and fled to Spain despite high hopes he would promote the call of the pope.The parish he exercised his duties in was abolished on 30 April 1791. It was around this time he sought refuge with his mother on 2 January 1792 though soon fled and continued moving from place to place while changing clothes to continue his pastoral mission without being noticed. His mother's home was monitored at all times in order to see if <mask> would return so that the authorities could arrest him. His refusal to take the oath came on 14 August 1792 and <mask> went unnoticed for the most part during the Terror. Vannes authorities granted a full pardon to all priests who hid after refusing to take the oath in March 1795. This also halted the monitoring of his mother's home. It also allowed him to resume his pastoral duties.A man named Le Meut who found work due to <mask>'s mother – and still received financial aid from her – alerted the authorities to <mask> and his "opposition" to the new French government which would result in <mask>'s arrest. On the

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 evening of 24 December 1795 he went to give the Viaticum to a sick man but was arrested and jailed in Vannes. He comforted other inmates and fellow jailed priests for two months. His first interrogation was held on 29 February 1796 despite the reluctance of officials who did not want to interrogate nor list him in a future trial. <mask>'s mother was present at the tribunal of 2 March 1796 that condemned him to death while a citizen said to her: "You reared a monster!" upon her responding to his question of whether or not the priest was her son. The trial was conducted in the church that <mask> was ordained in.On 3 March 1796 at 3:00pm he and another priest were led out of the prison with their collars cut and their hair shaved from the neck with their hands tied behind their back. The pair were to be taken to the guillotine in the market square and he sang a song he wrote in prison on the path to the scaffold. He arrived at the scaffolding and noticed Le Meut there and so gave him his watch. The executioner was in fact one of <mask>'s former pupils and was unsure of what he should do – but he nevertheless followed his orders. After he died a soldier present said: "He was not a man: he was an angel!" His mother was present at his death. Believers rushed to the guillotine to collect his blood on cloth brought forward.He was exhumed in 1934 and reinterred under the altar of the Vannes Cathedral. Appearance
<mask> stood at four feet ten inches tall in his lifetime. He had brown hair around a bald pate with brown brows above weak-sighted blue eyes. He also had dimpled chin with a beard. Beatification

The beatification proceedings commenced in an informative process that started on 22

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 February 1908 and closed after the conclusion of its business on 9 January 1912. The process was tasked with collecting available evidence on <mask>'s life and attesting to his potential saintliness. The process was conducted in the Diocese of Vannes where <mask> lived and worked.Theologians garnered all of his writings and issued their approval in a decree dated 22 March 1922. The role of the theologians was to compile a dossier on all of his letters and other writings in order to ascertain whether or not such texts remained inline with the magisterium of the Roman Catholic Church. The approval of <mask>'s works allowed for the cause to continue to the next stage despite the fact that an apostolic process was dispensed. These processes occurred despite the fact that the formal introduction of the cause did not come until 12 June 1929 in a move that bestowed the title of Servant of God on the late priest. The processes that had occurred were ratified before it could proceed to the Congregation of Rites for further assessments and received the approval of the historical commission on 1 June 1933 in a move that clarified no obstacles existed to the cause. Pope Pius XI approved the beatification of <mask> on 22 April 1934 and beatified him on 10 May 1934 in Saint Peter's Basilica. References

External links
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN

1758 births
1796 deaths
18th-century venerated Christians
18th-century French Roman Catholic priests
18th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Beatifications by Pope Pius XI
Congregation of the Mission
French beatified people
People executed for treason against France
Publicly executed people
Religion and the French Revolution
Vincentians
Breton beatified


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<mask> (born March 11, 1973) is a Japanese American writer of romance novels. She also writes under the pseudonyms S.J<mask> and Livia Dare. She is a number one bestselling author in 28 countries. Career
<mask> writes romance novels, speculative/paranormal fiction, historical fiction, and futuristic fiction (under the pseudonym Livia Dare). She has also published fiction under the pseudonym S. J<mask>, and non-fiction.She is the co-founder of Passionate Ink, a special interest chapter of Romance Writers of America (RWA), and served on RWA's Board of Directors from 2009-13. She was the 22nd President of RWA. <mask> presently serves on the Authors Guild Board of Directors. She presents workshops for writing groups and has been a speaker at events such as the RT Booklovers Convention, Romance Writers of America's National Convention, and Comic-Con. In March 2013, Harlequin Enterprises and Hearst Corporation announced the signing of <mask> to a seven-figure contract to write two novellas to launch "Cosmo Red Hot Reads from Harlequin," a new collaboration between the publisher and communications giant. In June 2013, Penguin USA agreed on an eight-figure deal for two more "Crossfire" books, with Penguin UK acquiring UK and Commonwealth rights for an additional seven-figures. In January 2014, Macmillan's St. Martin's Press announced a two-book, eight-figure agreement with <mask> for a new "Blacklist" series.Penguin UK acquired UK and Commonwealth rights to the series for an additional seven-figures. In April 2019, Amazon Publishing announced a deal for a new novella from <mask> for seven figures. Crossfire

Day's Crossfire series has 13 million English-language copies in print and international rights licensed in over 40 territories as of January 2014. Bared to You was #4 on the Amazon.com's list of top 10

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 best-selling books of 2012, #5 on iTunes' Top Ten Books of the Year, and #7 on Bookscan's Top 10 Print Book Sales of 2012 – Adult Fiction. Bared to You spent forty-five weeks on The New York Times trade paperback bestseller list and sixty-seven weeks on the USA Today bestseller list. The Crossfire series was acquired by Lionsgate Television Group for television adaptation, but <mask> declined a third renewal of the option and the rights have reverted to her. Beyond Words
In September 2015, <mask> launched the digital lifestyle magazine Beyond Words, which publishes daily articles covering travel, entertainment, style, wellness, and philanthropy.Honors

<mask> has been honored with the Romantic Times Reviewers' Choice Award, the EPPIE Award, the National Readers' Choice Award, and several nominations for Romance Writers of America's RITA Award. 2007 RITA Award nominee ("Her Mad Grace")
 2007 Romantic Times Magazine Reviewers' Choice Award nominee (Passion for the Game)
 2008 RITA Award nominee ("Mischief and the Marquess")
 2008 Romantic Times Magazine Reviewers' Choice Award Winner (Don't Tempt Me)
 2008 National Readers' Choice Award Winner (Heat of the Night)
 2009 Romantic Times Magazine Reviewers' Choice Award Nominee (In the Flesh)
 2009 National Readers Choice Award Winner (In the Flesh)
 2010 Readers' Crown Award Winner (In the Flesh and Eve of Darkness)
 2012 Goodreads Choice Award Best Romance Nominee (Bared to You)
 2012 Goodreads Choice Award Best Goodreads Author Nominee
 2012 Amazon's Best Books of the Year in Romance editors' selection (Bared to You)
 2013 Goodreads Choice Award Best Romance Nominee (Entwined with You)
 2014 Amazon's Best Books of the Year in Romance editors' selection (The Stranger I Married)
 2015 Goodreads Choice Award Best Romance Nominee (Captivated by

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 You)

Bibliography

Novels
 Bad Boys Ahoy! (2006)
 Ask For It (2006)
 The Stranger I Married (2007)
 Eve of Darkness (2009)
 Eve of Destruction (2009)
 Eve of Chaos (2009)
 In the Flesh (2009)
 Pride and Pleasure (2011)
 Seven Years to Sin (2011)
 A Touch of Crimson (2011)
 Bared to You (2012)
 A Hunger So Wild (2012)
 Reflected in You (2012)
 Entwined with You (2013)
 Spellbound (2013)
 Captivated by You (2014)
 One with You (2016)
 Butterfly in Frost (2019)

Novellas
 "Magic Fingers" in Wicked Words: Sex on Holiday (2005) and Black Lace Quickies 7 (2007) and Wicked (2012)
 "Catching Caroline" (2005)
 "Misled" (2005)
 "Kiss of the Night" (2005)
 "Snaring The Huntress" (2005)
 "Wish List" (2005) in White Hot Holidays, Vol. II (2006)
 "Treasure Hunters" in Ellora's Cavemen: Dreams of the Oasis II (2006)
 "A Familiar Kind of Magic" in Alluring Tales: Awaken the Fantasy (2007)
 "Salacious Robinson" in Got a Minute? (2007)
 "Magic and Mayhem" (2007)
 "Mischief and the Marquess" in Perfect Kisses (2007)
 "That Old Black Magic" in Alluring Tales: Hot Holiday Nights (2008)
 "Eve of Sin City" (2010)
 "Eve of Warfare" (2010) in The Mammoth Book of Paranormal Romance 2 (2010)
 "Lucien's Gamble" (2011) in Bad Boys Ahoy! Day)
 Eve of Darkness (2009)
 Eve of Destruction (2009)
 Eve of Chaos (2009)
 Eve of Sin City (2010)
 Eve of Warfare (2010) in The Mammoth Book of Paranormal Romance 2 (2010)

Renegade Angels
 A Dark Kiss of Rapture (2011)
 A Touch of Crimson (2011)
 A Caress of Wings (2012)
 A Hunger So Wild (2012)
 A Lush Kiss of Surrender
 A Taste of Seduction

Sapphire Series (w/a Livia Dare)
 In the Flesh (2009)

Non-Fiction
 Perfectly Plum: Unauthorized Essays on the Life, Loves and Other Disasters of Stephanie Plum, Trenton Bounty Hunter (2007)
 The Write Ingredients: Recipes from Your Favorite Authors