texts:
 styles — canción, tango, bolero, son — until he discovered that his listeners enjoyed the guajira the most. He thereby refined the style and developed his signature salon guajira style in which he depicted in bucolic terms the life of the Cuban guajiro (the rural campesino).In typical trovadore fashion, Portabales sang and played guitar, sometimes accompanied by a small group. His guajiras have a gentle, lilting rhythm, sometimes mixing with elements of the son or the bolero. <mask> continued to perform and perfect the guajira until he went to Puerto Rico in 1937. There he became enamoured of the neighboring island and stayed there for two years, singing in theaters, clubs and on the radio. In 1939, he married Puerto Rican Arah Mina López, a journalist who joined him as he returned to Cuba in 1939. Over the years they toured together in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, New York City, and Tampa. After returning to Havana, Portabales performed on stage and radio with the Trio Matamoros.He also made a successful tour of United States and took an extended stay in Barranquilla, Colombia. In 1953, <mask> finally settled for good in Puerto Rico, where he continued to record and perform, with occasional tours of the continent. During the 1960s, he expressed his opposition to the Cuban Revolution in several discreetly poetic compositions. Impact
In 2006 the African group Kékélé released an album, Kinavana, that re-Africanized songs Portabales had composed or performed, giving them new lyrics in the Lingala language and playing them in a Congolese style. As a Washington Post writer Mark Jenkins said, the 2006 album "celebrates [<mask>], who died before learning that his music had become popular in Africa."

masks: Portabales Portabales Portabales


type: original

texts:
 Assessment
<mask>' early work is represented on Tumbao TCD 084 <mask>les: El creador de la guajira de salón 1937–1943: Al vaivén de mi carreta. It is this CD, with its liner notes, which may be the source of the incorrect dates.His voice, and particularly his guitar technique, improved greatly with experience. This is quite clear from the recordings in his fifties, represented by World Circuit WCD 023 <mask>, El Carretero. This includes examples from his three recording sessions in the 1960s

For the quality of his voice, its purity and its subtle evocation of emotion, and the exceptionally high calibre of his guitar technique – which is certainly worth attention by young musicians – <mask> must be rated as a performer of the highest calibre even given the unusually high standards of Cuban popular music. His style is on the Spanish side of creole in contrast to many other Cuban trova performers in the 20th century: his music is clearly in the tradition of the old Spanish-descent countryside people, the guajiros. His repertoire was originally wide, but he came to specialize in guajira-sons and laments, together with some guaracha-sons. With his smooth style, he was known as the creator of la guajira de salón. As a composer he was perhaps not so important as his rootsier compatriot, Ñico Saquito, but what he did compose was of high quality, and still is popular.Four of his noteworthy compositions: El carretero; Nostalgia guajira; Cumbiamba; Cuando salí de Cuba. References

External links

1911 births
1970 deaths
Cuban male guitarists
Cuban songwriters
Male songwriters
Guajira (music) musicians
World Circuit (record label) artists
20th-century Cuban male singers
20th-century guitarists
Orquesta Riverside

masks:
Portabales
Guillermo Portaba
Guillermo Portabales
Portabales


texts:
<mask> (born 12 April 1969) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender. Lenz had four different spells with BFC Dynamo during his professional playing career and has continued to serve as part of the club's backroom staff since retiring in 2008. Lenz played a total of 374 matches for BFC Dynamo between 1988 and 2008. He made two appearances for BFC Dynamo in the 1989-90 European Cup Winners' Cup. Career

Early career
<mask> was born in Warnemünde. He began playing football for the youth teams of enterprise sports community BSG Schiffahrt/Hafen Rostock in Rostock. He was admitted into the Children and Youth Sports Scool (KJS) in 1981 and then taken over by fotball club FC Hansa Rostock.Lenz joined the youth academy of BFC Dynamo in 1985. He was promoted to the reserve team of BFC Dynamo in 1987. <mask> made his first appearance with the first team of BFC Dynamo in the first round of the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal against BSG Energie Cottbus II on 10 September 1988. He started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Waldemar Ksienzyk in the 80th minute. He was thus given the opportunity to play alongside players such as Andreas Thom, Thomas Doll and Frank Rohde. <mask> then made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga against BSG Energie Cottbus on 5 May 1989.BFC Dynamo won the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal. The team was set to play the first ever DFV-Supercup against SG Dynamo Dresden on 5 August 1989. <mask> started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Jörg Fügner in the 77th minute. BFC Dynamo won the match 4–1 and became the first and only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of

masks:
Jörn Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz
Lenz


texts:
 East German football. <mask> then made his international debut for BFC Dynamo in the return leg of the first round of the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup against Valur on 26 September 1989. He started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Heiko Bonan in the 33th minute. <mask> scored the winning 2–1 goal for BFC Dynamo in the 83th minute.Lenz also played in the first leg of the second round against AS Monaco FC  at the  Stade Louis II on 17 October 1989. AS Monaco FC was coached by Arsène Wenger and fielded prominent players such as George Weah at the time. Lenz started the match in the starting line-up, but was exchanged for Eike Küttner in the 46th minute. He missed the return leg against AS Monaco FC due to an injury. Lenz made 12 appearances for BFC Dynamo in the 1989–90 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. Lenz played five matches for FC Berlin the 1990 Intertoto Cup.Jürgen Bogs returned as coach at the beginning of the  1990–91 season. Lenz was regularly included in the starting line-up and made 16 appearances for FC Berlin in the 1990–91 NOFV-Oberliga. He made 23 appearances for FC Berlin in the 1991–92 NOFV-Oberlig Nord and played all six matches for FC Berlin in the 1991–92 2. Bundesliga play-offs. However, FC Berlin failed to win promotion to the 2. Bundesliga for the second season in a row. <mask> left FC Berlin for  local rival Tennis Borussia Berlin after the season.Tennis Borussia Berlin
Lenz joined Tennis Borussia Berlin in the 1992–93 season. The former goalkeeper of BFC Dynamo and ten times East German champion Bodo Rudwaleit was the goalkeeper of Tennis

masks: Lenz Lenz Lenz


texts: Borussia Berlin at the time. Tennis Borussia Berlin reached the final of the 1992–93 Berlin Cup. The team defeated Türkiyemspor Berlin 2–0 in the final at the Mommsenstadion on 6 May 1993. <mask> would later come to win another two Berlin Cups with the club. Tennis Borussia Berlin also won the 1992–93 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. But the team finished the 1992–94 2.Bundesliga play-offs on second place. However, the winner 1. FC Union Berlin was denied a license and Tennis Borussia Berlin was therefore allowed to advance to the 2. Bundesliga instead. <mask> made his debut in the 2. Bundesliga against 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the on 27 July 1993.Tennis Borussia Berlin was qualificied for the 1993–94 DFB-Pokal as a team in the 2. Bundesliga. <mask> made his debut in the DFB-Pokal in the second round of the 1993–94 DFB-Pokal against ASV Neumarkt on 24 August 1993. <mask> made 11 appearances for Tennis Borussia Berlin in the 1993–94 2. Bundesliga. He made a brief return to FC Berlin at the end of the 1993–94 season and played nine matches for FC Berlin in the 1993–94 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. Tennis Borussa Berlin finished the 1993–94 2.Bundesliga on 17th place and was immediately relegated to the Regionalliga Nordost. <mask> became regular player in Tennis Borussia Berlin in the Regionalliga Nordost. The team won the 1995–96 Regionalliga Nordost, but was defeated by VfB Oldenburg in the Play-offs for the 2. Bundesliga. The play-offs were lost after a 2–1 goal to VfB Oldenburg on stoppage time in the return leg. <mask> has described the defeat in the play-offs as his hardest sporting moment. <mask> left Tennis Borussia Berlin for FC Energie

masks: Lenz Lenz Lenz Lenz Lenz Lenz Lenz


texts:
 Cottbus after the 1996–97 season.He made 100 appearances for Tennis Borussia Berlin in the Regionalliga Nordost between 1994 and 1997. Return to FC Berlin
Lenz joined FC Energie Cottbus in the 1997–98 season. However, he was sparingly used and played only two matches for FC Energie Cottbus in the 1997–98 2. Bundesliga. <mask> returned to FC Berlin during the winter break. He would be a key player in the team for several seasons to come. <mask> became the new team captain of FC Berlin in the 1998–99 Regionalliga Nordost.FC Berlin reverted to its old club name BFC Dynamo during the season. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup. The team defeated Berlin Türkspor 1965 4–1 in the final at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 11 May 1999. <mask> was team captain of BFC Dynamo also in the following season. BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1999–2000 DFB-Pokal as winner of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup. The team lost 2–0 to DSC Arminia Bielefeld in the second of the 1999–2000 DFB-Pokal in front of 2,400 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 7 August 1999 The team finished the 1999–2000 Regionalliga Nordost on 17th place and was relegated to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. VfB Leipzig
BFC Dynamo dominated the 2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga Nord.The team had only suffered three losses and conceded 17 goals during the league season. However, BFC Dynamo was defeated by 1. FC Magdeburg in  the play-offs for the Regionalliga. And it was now also clear that the club was in serious financial difficulties. Insolvency proceeding were opened against BFC Dynamo on 1 November 2001. The club now had to continue under amateur conditions


texts: and the team was going to be automatically relegated to the Verbandsliga Berlin. Lenz left BFC Dyamo for VfB Leipzig when the insolvency proceeding were opened.VfB Leipzig was coached by SG Dynamo Dresden legend Hans-Jürgen "Dixie" Dörner at the time. Lenz played his first match for VfB Leipzig against FSV Hoyerswerda in the 2001–02  NOFV-Oberliga Süd on 18 November 2001. He also played for VfB Leipzig in the 2002–03  NOFV-Oberliga Süd. <mask> returned to BFC Dynamo in the 2003–04 season. He once again became the team captain. BFC Dynamo finished 2003–04 Verbandsliga Berlin on first place and won promotion back to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord.The team had won all 17 matches of the second half of season. Lenz celebrated the promotion as his first athletic promotion, as Tennis Borussia Berlin had benefited from the license withdrawal of 1. FC Union Berlin in 1993. The new coach of BFC Dynamo for the 2004–04 season was Christian Backs. Lenz and Backs had played together in FC Berlin until 1992. <mask> was one of the most experienced players in the team of BFC Dynamo in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. He took over as interim player-coach together with goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski after the resignation of coach Rajko Fijalek in the September 2006.Ingo Rentzsch became the new coach in late October 2006. Lenz then again took over as interim player-coach together with Thomaschewski after the dismissal of coach Rentzsch in January 2007. Volkan Uluc then became new coach at the begininng of March 2007. Uluc decided to moved Lenz from a libero position to densive midfield position. Lenz suffered a torn cruciate ligament in the fifth match day

masks: Lenz Lenz


texts:
 of the 2007–08 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. He was out for the majority of the season and returned at the end of the season. Lenz then decided to retire as football player.He played his last match for BFC Dynamo against FC Hansa Rostock II on 1 June 2008. Lenz has played a total of 374 matches for BFC Dynamo since 1988, according to club statistics. The number includes two appearances in the European Cup Winner's Cup and five appearances for FC Berlin in the Intertoto Cup. He played for BFC Dynamo and FC Berlin in four different leagues and tiers: the DDR-Oberliga, the Regionalliga Nordost, NOFV-Oberliga Nord and Verbandsliga Berlin. <mask> continued as team manager in the BFC Dynamo after ending his playing career. He has continued to serve in the club's backroom staff since the 2008–09 season. He serves as team manager of BFC Dynamo and as the head of the Kita-Projekt as of 2021.The Kita-Projekt is a day care project of BFC Dynamo. Miscellaneous
Lenz said in an interview with the Berlin football magazine Fußball-Woche in 2008 that his favorite football clubs besides BFC Dynamo were FC Hansa Rostock  and Hamburger SV. He explained that he had played for FC Hansa Rostock and had sympathy for the North German clubs, as he grew up on the Baltic coast. He also said that he admired Dutch football player Ruud Krol in his youth. Honours

BFC Dynamo
 FDGB-Pokal
 Winner: 1988-89
 DFV-Supercup
 Winners: 1989
 NOFV-Oberliga Nord
 Winner: 1991-92, 2000-01
Verbandsliga Berlin
 Winner: 2003–04
Berlin Cup
 Winner: 1998-99
 Runner-up: 1999-00

Tennis Borussia Berlin
 Regionalliga Nordost
 Winner: 1995-96
 NOFV-Oberliga Nord
 Winner:


texts:
 1992-93
Berlin Cup
 Winner: 1992-93, 1994-95, 1995-96

References

External links

 Career stats up to 2005

1969 births
Living people
German footballers
East German footballers
Association football defenders
2. Bundesliga players
Berliner FC Dynamo players
Tennis Borussia Berlin players
FC Energie Cottbus players
1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig players
German football managers
Berliner FC Dynamo managers
DDR-Oberliga


texts:
<mask> or <mask>, CIE (27 June 1838 – 8 April 1894) was an Indian novelist, poet and journalist. He was the composer of Vande Mataram, originally in Sanskrit, personifying India as a mother goddess and inspiring activists during the Indian Independence Movement. Chattopadhyay wrote fourteen novels and many serious, serio-comic, satirical, scientific and critical treatises in Bengali. He is known as Sahitya Samrat (Emperor of Literature) in Bengali. Biography
Chattopadhyay is widely regarded as a key figure in literary renaissance of Bengal as well as the broader Indian subcontinent. Some of his writings, including novels, essays, and commentaries, were a breakaway from traditional verse-oriented Indian writings,
and provided an inspiration for authors across India. Chattopadhyay was born in the village of Kanthalpara in the town of North 24 Parganas, Naihati, in an orthodox Bengali Brahmin family, the youngest of three brothers, to <mask>ya and Durgadebi.His ancestors hailed from Deshmukho village in Hooghly District. His father, a government official, went on to become the Deputy Collector of Midnapur. One of his brothers, Sanjib <mask>y was also a novelist and is known for his book "Palamau". <mask> <mask> and his elder brother both went to Hooghly Collegiate School (then Governmental Zilla School), where he wrote his first poem. He was educated at the Hooghly Mohsin College and later at Presidency College, Kolkata, graduating with a degree in arts in 1858. He later attended the University of Calcutta and was one of two candidates who passed the final exam to become the school's first graduates. He later obtained a degree in law in 1869.Following his father's footsteps, <mask> joined the Subordinate Executive Service. In 1858, he was

masks:
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Yadav Chandra Chattopadhya
Chandra Chattopadhya
Bankim
Chandra
Bankimchandra


texts:
 appointed a Deputy Magistrate (the same type of position held by his father) of Jessore. After merging of the services in 1863, he went on to become Deputy Magistrate & Deputy Collector, retiring from government service in 1891. His years at work were replete with incidents that brought him into conflict with the colonial government. He was, however, made a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (CMEOIE) in 1894. He also received the title of Rai Bahadur in 1891. Literary career

Chattopadhyay's earliest publications were in Ishwar <mask>'s weekly newspaper Sangbad Prabhakar.He began his literary career as a writer of verse before turning to fiction. His first attempt was a novel in Bengali submitted for a declared prize. He did not win and the novelette was never published. His first fiction to appear in print was the English novel Rajmohan's Wife. Durgeshnandini, his first Bengali romance and the first ever novel in Bengali, was published in 1865. One of the many novels of Chattopadhyay that are entitled to be termed as historical fiction is Rajsimha (1881, rewritten and enlarged 1893). Anandamath (The Abbey of Bliss, 1882) is a political novel which depicts a Sannyasi (Hindu ascetic) army fighting a British force.The book calls for the rise of Indian nationalism. The novel was also the source of the song Vande Mataram (I worship my Motherland for she truly is my mother) which, set to music by Rabindranath Tagore, was taken up by many Indian nationalists, and is now the National Song of India. The plot of the novel is loosely set on the Sannyasi Rebellion. He imagined untrained Sannyasi soldiers fighting and defeated the highly experienced British Army; ultimately, however, he accepted that the British could not be


texts:
 defeated. The novel first appeared in serial form in Bangadarshan, the literary magazine that Chattopadhyay founded in 1872. Vande Mataram became prominent during the Swadeshi movement, which was sparked by Lord Curzon's attempt to partition Bengal into a Hindu majority West and Muslim majority East. Drawing from the Shakti tradition of Bengali Hindus, Chattopadhyay personified India as a Mother Goddess known as Bharat Mata, which gave the song a Hindu undertone.<mask> was particularly impressed by the historical Gaudiya Vaishnava cultural efflorescence of the 14th and 15th centuries in Bengal. Chattopadhyay's commentary on the Bhagavad Gita was published eight years after his death and contained his comments up to the 19th Verse of Chapter 4. In a long essay on Sankhya philosophy, he argues that the central philosophical foundation of the overwhelming part of religious beliefs in India, including even Buddhism, lies in the philosophy of Sankhya. He was a critique of the philosophy in the sense of its emphasis on personal vairagya (renunciation) rather than political and social power. Meeting with Ramakrishna
<mask> was highly educated and influenced by Oriental thoughts and ideas. Ramakrishna in contrast, did not had knowledge of English. Yet they had a nice relation between them.Once Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa, playing on the meaning of <mask> (Bent A Little), asked him what it was that had bent him. <mask> <mask> jokingly replied that it was the kick from the Englishman's shoe for he was a well-known critic of the British government. Legacy
Tagore penned in the memory of his mentor:
"<mask> <mask> had equal strength in both his hands, he was a true sabyasachi (ambidextrous). With one hand, he created literary works of excellence; and

masks: Bankim Bankim Bankim Bankim Chandra Bankim Chandra


texts:
 with the other, he guided young and aspiring authors. With one hand, he ignited the light of literary enlightenment; and with the other, he blew away the smoke and ash of ignorance and ill conceived notions”

Sri Aurobindo wrote in his memory:
"The earlier <mask> was only a poet and stylist, the later <mask> was a seer and nation-builder"

After the Vishabriksha (The Poison Tree) was published in 1873, the magazine, Punch wrote:

"You ought to read the Poison Tree
of <mask> <mask>." His novel Anushilan-Tattva inspired Pramathanath Mitra to start Anushilan Samiti. Bankim Puraskar (Bankim Memorial Award) is the highest award given by the Government of West Bengal for contribution to Bengali fiction.See also
 List of Indian writers

References

Further reading
 Ujjal Kumar Majumdar: <mask> <mask>y: His Contribution to Indian Life and Culture. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 2000. .
 Walter Ruben: Indische Romane. Eine ideologische Untersuchung. Vol. 1: Einige Romane <mask> Chattopadhyays iund Ranbindranath Tagore. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1964. (German)
 Bhabatosh <mask>, Editor: <mask> <mask>: Essays in Perspective (Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi) 1994.External links

1838 births
1894 deaths
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
Bengali writers
Bengali-language writers
Indian civil servants
Indian male novelists
Writers from Kolkata
People from North 24 Parganas district
University of Calcutta alumni
Writers of historical romances
Bengali people
Bengali Hindus
Indian historical novelists
19th-century Indian novelists
19th-century Indian male writers
Neo-Vedanta
Novelists from West Bengal
Poets from West Bengal
Journalists from West Bengal
19th-century Indian journalists
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Hooghly Mohsin

masks:
Bankim
Bankim
Bankim
Chandra Chatterjee
Bankim
Chandra Chattopadhya
Bankim
Chatterjee
Bankimchandra
Chatterjee


texts: Sir <mask>  (20 July 1804 – 18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist. Despite being a controversial figure, <mask> is generally considered to have been an outstanding naturalist with a remarkable gift for interpreting fossils. <mask> produced a vast array of scientific work, but is probably best remembered today for coining the word Dinosauria (meaning "Terrible Reptile" or "Fearfully Great Reptile"). An outspoken critic of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, <mask> agreed with Darwin that evolution occurred, but thought it was more complex than outlined in Darwin's On the Origin of Species. <mask>'s approach to evolution can be seen as having anticipated the issues that have gained greater attention with the recent emergence of evolutionary developmental biology. <mask> was the first president of the Microscopical Society of London in 1839 and edited many issues of its journal – then known as The Microscopic Journal. <mask> also campaigned for the natural specimens in the British Museum to be given a new home.This resulted in the establishment, in 1881, of the now world-famous Natural History Museum in South Kensington, London. Bill Bryson argues that, "by making the Natural History Museum an institution for everyone, <mask> transformed our expectations of what museums are for". While he made several contributions to science and public learning, <mask> was a controversial figure among his contemporaries, such as Thomas Henry Huxley. His later career was tainted by controversies, many of which involved accusations that

masks:
Richard Owen
Owen
Owen
Owen
Owen
Owen
Owen
Owen
Owen


texts:
 he took credit for other people's work. Biography
<mask> was born in Lancaster in 1804, one of six children of a West Indian Merchant named <mask> (1754–1809). His mother, Catherine Longworth (née Parrin), was descended from Huguenots and he was educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School. In 1820, he was apprenticed to a local surgeon and apothecary and, in 1824, he proceeded as a medical student to the University of Edinburgh.He left the university in the following year and completed his medical course in St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, where he came under the influence of the eminent surgeon John Abernethy. In July 1835 <mask> married Caroline Amelia Clift in St Pancras by whom he had one son, <mask>. He outlived both wife and son. After his death, in 1892, he was survived by his three grandchildren and daughter-in-law <mask>, to whom he left much of his £33,000 fortune. Upon completing his education, he accepted the position of assistant to William Clift, conservator of the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, on the suggestion of Abernethy. This occupation led him to abandon medical practice in favor of scientific research. He prepared a series of catalogues of the Hunterian Collection, in the Royal College of Surgeons and, in the course of this work, he acquired a knowledge of comparative anatomy that facilitated his researches on the remains of extinct animals.In 1836, <mask> was appointed Hunterian professor, in the Royal College of Surgeons and, in 1849, he succeeded Clift as conservator. He held the latter office until 1856, when he became superintendent of the natural

masks:
Owen
Richard Owen
Owen
William Owen
Emily Owen
Owen


texts: history department of the British Museum. He then devoted much of his energies to a great scheme for a National Museum of Natural History, which eventually resulted in the removal of the natural history collections of the British Museum to a new building at South Kensington: the British Museum (Natural History) (now the Natural History Museum). He retained office until the completion of this work, in December 1883, when he was made a knight of the Order of the Bath. He lived quietly in retirement at Sheen Lodge, Richmond Park, until his death in 1892. His career was tainted by accusations that he failed to give credit to the work of others and even tried to appropriate it in his own name. This came to a head in 1846, when he was awarded the Royal Medal for a paper he had written on belemnites.<mask> had failed to acknowledge that the belemnite had been discovered by Chaning Pearce, an amateur biologist, four years earlier. As a result of the ensuing scandal, he was voted off the councils of the Zoological Society and the Royal Society. <mask> always tended to support orthodox men of science and the status quo. The royal family presented him with the cottage in Richmond Park and Robert Peel put him on the Civil List. In 1843, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1844 he became an associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. When this Institute became the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1851, he joined as foreign member.In 1845, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. He died at home on 15

masks: Owen Owen


texts:
 December 1892 and is buried in the churchyard at St Andrew's Church, Ham near Richmond, Surrey. Work on invertebrates
While occupied with the cataloguing of the Hunterian collection, <mask> did not confine his attention to the preparations before him but also seized every opportunity to dissect fresh subjects. He was allowed to examine all animals that died in London Zoo's gardens and, when the Zoo began to publish scientific proceedings, in 1831, he was the most prolific contributor of anatomical papers. His first notable publication, however, was his Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus (London, 1832), which was soon recognized as a classic. Thenceforth, he continued to make important contributions to every department of comparative anatomy and zoology for a period of over fifty years. In the sponges, <mask> was the first to describe the now well-known Venus' Flower Basket or Euplectella (1841, 1857).Among Entozoa, his most noteworthy discovery was that of Trichina spiralis (1835), the parasite infesting the muscles of man in the disease now termed trichinosis (see also, however, Sir James Paget). Of Brachiopoda he made very special studies, which much advanced knowledge and settled the classification that has long been accepted. Among Mollusca, he described not only the pearly nautilus but also Spirula (1850) and other Cephalopoda, both living and extinct, and it was he who proposed the universally-accepted subdivision of this class into the two orders of Dibranchiata and Tetrabranchiata (1832). In 1852 <mask> named Protichnites – the oldest footprints found on land. Applying his knowledge

masks: Owen Owen Owen


texts:
 of anatomy, he correctly postulated that these Cambrian trackways were made by an extinct type of arthropod, and he did this more than 150 years before any fossils of the animal were found. <mask> envisioned a resemblance of the animal to the living arthropod Limulus, which was the subject of a special memoir he wrote in 1873. Fish, reptiles, birds, and naming of dinosaurs

<mask>'s technical descriptions of the Vertebrata were still more numerous and extensive than those of the invertebrate animals.His Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates (3 vols. London 1866–1868) was indeed the result of more personal research than any similar work since Georges Cuvier's Leçons d'anatomie comparée. He not only studied existing forms but also devoted great attention to the remains of extinct groups, and followed Cuvier, the pioneer of vertebrate paleontology. Early in his career, he made exhaustive studies of teeth of existing and extinct animals and published his profusely illustrated work on Odontography (1840–1845). He discovered and described the remarkably complex structure of the teeth of the extinct animals which he named Labyrinthodontia. Among his writings on fish, his memoir on the African lungfish, which he named Protopterus, laid the foundations for the recognition of the Dipnoi by Johannes Müller. He also later pointed out the serial connection between the teleostean and ganoid fishes, grouping them in one sub-class, the Teleostomi.Most of his work on reptiles related to the skeletons of extinct forms and his chief memoirs, on British specimens, were reprinted in a connected


texts: series in his History of British Fossil Reptiles (4 vols. London 1849–1884). He published the first important general account of the great group of Mesozoic land-reptiles, and he coined the name Dinosauria from Greek δεινός (deinos) "terrible, powerful, wondrous" + σαύρος (sauros) "lizard". <mask> used 3 genera to define the dinosaurs: the carnivorous Megalosaurus, the herbivorous Iguanodon and armoured Hylaeosaurus''', specimens uncovered in southern England. He also first recognized the curious early Mesozoic synapsids, with affinities both to amphibians and mammals, which he termed Anomodontia (the mammal-like synapsids, Therapsida). Most of these were obtained from South Africa, beginning in 1845 (Dicynodon) and eventually furnished materials for his Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa, issued by the British Museum, in 1876. Among his writings on birds, his classical memoir on the kiwi (1840–1846), a long series of papers on the extinct Dinornithidae of New Zealand, other memoirs on Aptornis, the takahe, the dodo and the great auk, may be especially mentioned.His monograph on Archaeopteryx (1863), the long-tailed, toothed bird from the Bavarian lithographic stone, is also an epoch-making work. With Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, <mask> helped create the first life-size sculptures depicting dinosaurs as he thought they might have appeared. Some models were initially created for the Great Exhibition of 1851, but 33 were eventually produced when the Crystal Palace was relocated to Sydenham, in South London. <mask> famously hosted a dinner for 21 prominent men of science


texts:
 inside the hollow concrete Iguanodon on New Year's Eve 1853. However, in 1849, a few years before his death in 1852, Gideon Mantell had realised that Iguanodon, of which he was the discoverer, was not a heavy, pachyderm-like animal, as <mask> was proposing, but had slender forelimbs; his death left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, and so <mask>'s vision of dinosaurs became that seen by the public. He had nearly two dozen lifesize sculptures of various prehistoric animals built out of concrete sculpted over a steel and brick framework; two Iguanodon, one standing and one resting on its belly, were included. Work on mammals

<mask> was granted right of first refusal on any freshly dead animal at the London Zoo.His wife once arrived home to find the carcass of a newly deceased rhinoceros in her front hallway. With regard to living mammals, the more striking of <mask>'s contributions relate to the monotremes, marsupials and the anthropoid apes. He was also the first to recognize and name the two natural groups of typical Ungulate, the odd-toed (Perissodactyla) and the even-toed (Artiodactyla), while describing some fossil remains, in 1848. Most of his writings on mammals, however, deal with extinct forms, to which his attention seems to have been first directed by the remarkable fossils collected by Charles Darwin, in South America. Toxodon, from the pampas, was then described and gave the earliest clear evidence of an extinct generalized hoof animal, a pachyderm with affinities to the Rodentia, Edentata and herbivorous Cetacea. <mask>'s

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texts:
 interest in South American extinct mammals then led to the recognition of the giant armadillo, which he named Glyptodon (1839) and to classic memoirs on the giant ground-sloths, Mylodon (1842) and Megatherium (1860), besides other important contributions. <mask> also first described the false killer whale in 1863.At the same time, Sir Thomas Mitchell's discovery of fossil bones, in New South Wales, provided material for the first of <mask>'s long series of papers on the extinct mammals of Australia, which were eventually reprinted in book-form in 1877. He described Diprotodon (1838) and Thylacoleo (1859), and extinct species kangaroos and wombats of gigantic size. Most fossil material found in Australia and New Zealand was initially sent to England for expert examination, and with the assistance of the local collectors <mask> became the first authority on the palaeontology of the region. While occupied with so much material from abroad, <mask> was also busily collecting facts for an exhaustive work on similar fossils from the British Isles and, in 1844–1846, he published his History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds, which was followed by many later memoirs, notably his Monograph of the Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations (Palaeont. Soc., 1871). One of his latest publications was a little work entitled Antiquity of Man as deduced from the Discovery of a Human Skeleton during Excavations of the Docks at Tilbury (London, 1884). <mask>, Darwin, and the theory of evolution

Following the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin had at his disposal a considerable collection of specimens and,


texts: on 29 October 1836, he was introduced by Charles Lyell to <mask>, who agreed to work on fossil bones collected in South America.<mask>'s subsequent revelations, that the extinct giant creatures were rodents and sloths, showed that they were related to current species in the same locality, rather than being relatives of similarly sized creatures in Africa, as Darwin had originally thought. This was one of the many influences that led Darwin later to formulate his own ideas on the concept of natural selection. At this time, <mask> talked of his theories, influenced by Johannes Peter Müller, that living matter had an "organising energy", a life-force that directed the growth of tissues and also determined the lifespan of the individual and of the species. Darwin was reticent about his own thoughts, understandably, when, on 19 December 1838, as secretary of the Geological Society of London, he saw <mask> and his allies ridicule the Lamarckian 'heresy' of Darwin's old tutor, Robert Edmund Grant. In 1841, when the recently married Darwin was ill, <mask> was one of the few scientific friends to visit; however, <mask>'s opposition to any hint of transmutation made Darwin keep quiet about his hypothesis. Sometime during the 1840s <mask> came to the conclusion that species arise as the result of some sort of evolutionary process. He believed that there was a total of six possible mechanisms: parthenogenesis, prolonged development, premature birth, congenital malformations, Lamarckian atrophy, Lamarckian hypertrophy and transmutation, of which he thought transmutation was the least likely.The

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texts: historian of science Evelleen <mask> has argued that <mask> was likely sympathetic to developmental theories of evolution, but backed away from publicly proclaiming them after the critical reaction that had greeted the anonymously published evolutionary book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation in 1844 (it was revealed only decades later that the book had been authored by publisher Robert Chambers). <mask> had been criticized for his own evolutionary remarks in his Nature of the Limbs in 1849. At the end of On the Nature of Limbs <mask> had suggested that humans ultimately evolved from fish as the result of natural laws, which resulted in his being criticized in the Manchester Spectator for denying that species such as humans were created by God. During the development of Darwin's theory, his investigation of barnacles showed, in 1849, how their segmentation related to other crustaceans, showing how they had diverged from their relatives. To both Darwin and <mask> such "homologies" in comparative anatomy were evidence of descent. <mask> demonstrated fossil evidence of an evolutionary sequence of horses, as supporting his idea of development from archetypes in "ordained continuous becoming" and, in 1854, gave a British Association talk on the impossibility of bestial apes, such as the recently discovered gorilla, standing erect and being transmuted into men, but <mask> did not rule out the possibility that humans had evolved from other extinct animals by evolutionary mechanisms other than transmutation. Working-class militants were trumpeting man's monkey origins.To crush these

masks: Richards Owen Owen Owen Owen Owen Owen


texts: ideas, <mask>, as President-elect of the Royal Association, announced his authoritative anatomical studies of primate brains, claiming that the human brain had structures that apes brains did not, and that therefore humans were a separate sub-class, starting a dispute which was subsequently satirised as the Great Hippocampus Question. <mask>'s main argument was that humans have much larger brains for their body size than other mammals including the great apes. Darwin wrote that "I cannot swallow Man [being that] distinct from a Chimpanzee". The combative Thomas Henry Huxley used his March 1858 Royal Institution lecture to deny <mask>'s claim and affirmed that structurally, gorillas are as close to humans as they are to baboons. He believed that the "mental & moral faculties are essentially... the same kind in animals & ourselves". This was a clear denial of <mask>'s claim for human uniqueness, given at the same venue. On the publication of Darwin's theory, in On The Origin of Species, he sent a complimentary copy to <mask>, saying "it will seem 'an abomination.<mask> was the first to respond, courteously claiming that he had long believed that "existing influences" were responsible for the "ordained" birth of species. Darwin now had long talks with him and <mask> said that the book offered the best explanation "ever published of the manner of formation of species", although he still had the gravest doubts that transmutation would bestialize man. It appears that Darwin had assured <mask> that he was looking at everything as resulting from designed laws, which <mask> interpreted as

masks: Owen Owen Owen Owen Owen Owen Owen Owen Owen


texts: showing a shared belief in "Creative Power". As head of the Natural History Collections at the British Museum, <mask> received numerous inquiries and complaints about the Origin. His own views remained unknown: when emphasising to a Parliamentary committee the need for a new Natural History museum, he pointed out that "The whole intellectual world this year has been excited by a book on the origin of species; and what is the consequence? Visitors come to the British Museum, and they say, 'Let us see all these varieties of pigeons: where is the tumbler, where is the pouter?' and I am obliged with shame to say, I can show you none of them" .... "As to showing you the varieties of those species, or of any of those phenomena that would aid one in getting at that mystery of mysteries, the origin of species, our space does not permit; but surely there ought to be a space somewhere, and, if not in the British Museum, where is it to be obtained?"However, Huxley's attacks were making their mark. In April 1860 the Edinburgh Review included <mask>'s anonymous review of the Origin. In it <mask> showed his anger at what he saw as Darwin's caricature of the creationist position, and his ignoring <mask>'s "axiom of the continuous operation of the ordained becoming of living things". As well as attacking Darwin's "disciples", Hooker and Huxley, for their "short-sighted adherence", he thought that the book symbolised the sort of "abuse of science... to which a neighbouring nation, some seventy years since, owed its temporary degradation" in a reference to the French Revolution. Darwin thought it

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texts: "Spiteful, extremely malignant, clever, and... damaging" and later commented that "The Londoners say he is mad with envy because my book is so talked about. It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which <mask> hates me." During the reaction to Darwin's theory, Huxley's arguments with <mask> continued.<mask> tried to smear Huxley, by portraying him as an "advocate of man's origins from a transmuted ape" and one of his contributions to the Athenaeum was titled "Ape-Origin of Man as Tested by the Brain". In 1862 (and on other occasions) Huxley took the opportunity to arrange demonstrations of ape brain anatomy (e.g. at the BA meeting, where William Flower performed the dissection). Visual evidence of the supposedly missing structures (posterior cornu and hippocampus minor) was used, in effect, to indict <mask> for perjury. <mask> had argued that the absence of those structures in apes were connected with the lesser size to which the ape brains grew, but he then conceded that a poorly developed version might be construed as present without preventing him from arguing that brain size was still the major way of distinguishing apes and humans. Huxley's campaign ran over two years and was devastatingly successful at persuading the overall scientific community, with each "slaying" being followed by a recruiting drive for the Darwinian cause. The spite lingered.While <mask> had argued that humans were distinct from apes by virtue of having large brains, Huxley claimed that racial diversity blurred any such distinction. In his paper criticizing <mask>, Huxley directly states: "if we


texts:
 place A, the European brain, B, the Bosjesman brain, and C, the orang brain, in a series, the differences between A and B, so far as they have been ascertained, are of the same nature as the chief of those between B and C". <mask> countered Huxley by saying the brains of all human races were really of similar size and intellectual ability, and that the fact that humans had brains that were twice the size of large apes like male gorillas, even though humans had much smaller bodies, made humans distinguishable. When Huxley joined the Zoological Society Council, in 1861, <mask> left and, in the following year, Huxley moved to stop <mask> from being elected to the Royal Society Council, accusing him "of wilful & deliberate falsehood". (See also Thomas Henry Huxley.) In January 1863, <mask> bought the Archaeopteryx fossil for the British Museum. It fulfilled Darwin's prediction that a proto-bird with unfused wing fingers would be found, although <mask> described it unequivocally as a bird.The feuding between <mask> and Darwin's supporters continued. In 1871, <mask> was found to be involved in a threat to end government funding of Joseph Dalton Hooker's botanical collection, at Kew, possibly trying to bring it under his British Museum. Darwin commented that "I used to be ashamed of hating him so much, but now I will carefully cherish my hatred & contempt to the last days of my life". Legacy

<mask>'s detailed memoirs and descriptions require laborious attention in reading, on account of their complex terminology and ambiguous modes of expression. The fact that very little of his terminology

masks: Owen Owen Owen Owen Owen Owen Owen Owen


texts: has found universal favour causes them to be more generally neglected than they otherwise would be. At the same time, it must be remembered that he was a pioneer in concise anatomical nomenclature and, so far at least as the vertebrate skeleton is concerned, his terms were based on a carefully reasoned philosophical scheme, which first clearly distinguished between the now-familiar phenomena of analogy and homology. <mask>'s theory of the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton (1848), subsequently illustrated also by his little work On the Nature of Limbs (1849), regarded the vertebrate frame as consisting of a series of fundamentally identical segments, each modified according to its position and functions.Much of it was fanciful and failed when tested by the facts of embryology, which <mask> systematically ignored, throughout his work. However, though an imperfect and distorted view of certain great truths, it possessed a distinct value at the time of its conception. To the discussion of the deeper problems of biological philosophy, he made scarcely any direct and definite contributions. His generalities rarely extended beyond strict comparative anatomy, the phenomena of adaptation to function and the facts of geographical or geological distribution. His lecture on virgin reproduction or parthenogenesis, however, published in 1849, contained the essence of the germ plasm theory, elaborated later by August Weismann and he made several vague statements concerning the geological succession of genera and species of animals and their possible derivation one from another. He


texts:
 referred, especially, to the changes exhibited by the successive forerunners of the crocodiles (1884) and horses (1868) but it has never become clear how much of the modern doctrines of organic evolution he admitted. He contented himself with the bare remark that "the inductive demonstration of the nature and mode of operation of the laws governing life would henceforth be the great aim of the philosophical naturalist."He was the first director in Natural History Museum in London and his statue was in the main hall there until 2009, when it was replaced with a statue of Darwin. A bust of <mask> by Alfred Gilbert (1896) is held in the Hunterian Museum, London. There is a blue plaque in his honour at Lancaster Royal Grammar School. A species of Central American lizard, Diploglossus owenii, was named in his honor by French herpetologists André Marie Constant Duméril and Gabriel Bibron in 1839. The <mask> <mask> pub in central Lancaster is named in his honour. Conflicts with his peers
<mask> has been described by some as a malicious, dishonest and hateful individual. He has been described in one biography as being a "social experimenter with a penchant for sadism.Addicted to controversy and driven by arrogance and jealousy". Deborah Cadbury stated that <mask> possessed an "almost fanatical egoism with a callous delight in savaging his critics." An Oxford University professor once described <mask> as "a damned liar. He lied for God and for malice". Gideon Mantell claimed it was "a pity a man so talented should be so dastardly and envious". <mask> Freeman described him as "the most

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Sir Richard
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texts: distinguished vertebrate zoologist and palaeontologist ... but a most deceitful and odious man". Charles Darwin stated that "No one fact tells so strongly against <mask> ... as that he has never reared one pupil or follower."<mask> famously credited himself and Georges Cuvier with the discovery of the Iguanodon, completely excluding any credit for the original discoverer of the dinosaur, Gideon Mantell. This was not the first or last time <mask> would falsely claim a discovery as his own. It has also been suggested by some authors, including Bill Bryson in A Short History of Nearly Everything, that <mask> even used his influence in the Royal Society to ensure that many of Mantell's research papers were never published. <mask> was finally dismissed from the Royal Society's Zoological Council for plagiarism. When Mantell suffered an accident that left him permanently crippled, <mask> exploited the opportunity by renaming several dinosaurs which had already been named by Mantell, even having the audacity to claim credit for their discovery himself. When Mantell finally died in 1852, an obituary carrying no byline derided Mantell as little more than a mediocre scientist, who brought forth few notable contributions. The obituary's authorship was universally attributed to <mask> by every geologist.The president of the Geological Society claimed that it "bespeaks of the lamentable coldness of the heart of the writer". <mask> was subsequently denied the presidency of the society for his repeated and pointed antagonism towards Gideon Mantell. Even more extraordinary was the way <mask> ignored


texts: the genuine scientific content of Mantell's work. For example, despite the paucity of finds Mantell had worked out that some dinosaurs were bipedal, including Iguanodon. This remarkable insight was totally ignored by <mask>, whose instructions for the Crystal Palace models by Waterhouse Hawkins portrayed Iguanodon as grossly overweight and quadrupedal. Mantell did not live to witness the discovery in 1878 of articulated skeletons in a Belgium coal-mine that showed Iguanodon was mostly bipedal (and in that stance could use its thumb for defence). <mask> made no comment or retraction; he never did on any errors he made.Moreover, since the earliest known dinosaurs were bipedal, Mantell's idea was indeed insightful. Despite originally starting out on good terms with Darwin, <mask> was highly critical of the Origin in large part because Darwin did not refer much to the previous scientific theories of evolution that had been proposed by people like Chambers and himself, and instead compared the theory of evolution by natural selection with the unscientific theory in the Bible. Another reason for his criticism of the Origin, some historians claim, was that <mask> felt upstaged by Darwin and supporters such as Huxley, and his judgment was clouded by jealousy. <mask> in Darwin's opinion was "Spiteful, extremely malignant, clever; the Londoners say he is mad with envy because my book is so talked about". "It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which <mask> hates me". <mask> also resorted to the same subterfuge he used against Mantell, writing another anonymous article in the


texts:
 Edinburgh Review in April 1860. In the article, <mask> was critical of Darwin for not offering many new observations, and heaped praise (in the third person) upon himself, while being careful not to associate any particular comment with his own name.<mask> did praise, however, the Origin's description of Darwin's work on insect behavior and pigeon breeding as Huxley, Thomas H., (1861), "On the Zoological Relations of Man with the Lower Animals", Natural History Review 1: 67–84. "real gems". <mask> was also a party to the threat to end government funding of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew botanical collection (see Attacks on Hooker and Kew), orchestrated by Acton Smee Ayrton:
"There is no doubt that rivalry resulted between the British Museum, where there was the very important Herbarium of the Department of Botany, and Kew. The rivalry at times became extremely personal, especially between Joseph Hooker and <mask>...  At the root was <mask>’s feeling that Kew should be subordinate to the British Museum (and to <mask>) and should not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden." It has been suggested by some authors that the portrayal of <mask> as a vindictive and treacherous man was fostered and encouraged by his rivals (particularly Darwin, Hooker and Huxley) and may be somewhat undeserved. In the first part of his career he was regarded rightly as one of the great scientific figures of the age. In the second part of his career his reputation slipped.This was not due solely to his underhanded dealings with colleagues; it


texts:
 was also due to serious errors of scientific judgement that were discovered and publicized. A fine example was his decision to classify man in a separate subclass of the Mammalia (see Man's place in nature). In this <mask> had no supporters at all. Also, his unwillingness to come off the fence concerning evolution became increasingly damaging to his reputation as time went on. <mask> continued working after his official retirement at the age of 79, but he never recovered the good opinions he had garnered in his younger days.Sir <mask>: the archetypal villain. Darwin.gruts.com. Retrieved on 17 September 2011.Bibliography
 Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus (1832)
 Odontography (1840–1845)
 Description of the Skeleton of an Extinct Gigantic Sloth (1842)
 On the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton (1848)
 History of British Fossil Reptiles (4 vols., 1849–1884)
 On the Nature of Limbs (1849)
 Palæontology or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and Their Geological Relations (1860)
 Archaeopteryx (1863)
 Anatomy of Vertebrates (1866) Image from
Available at Google Books:
Volume I, Fishes and Reptiles
Volume II, Birds and Mammals
Volume III, Mammals
 Memoir of the Dodo (1866) Full book on Wiki commons
 Monograph of the Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations (1871)
 Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa (1876)
 Antiquity of Man as deduced from the Discovery of a Human Skeleton during Excavations of the Docks at Tilbury (1884)

References

Further reading

  Amundson, Ron, (2007), The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought: Roots of Evo-Devo. New

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Owen
Richard Owen


texts:
 York: Cambridge University of Press. Cosans, Christopher, (2009), <mask>'s Ape & Darwin's Bulldog: Beyond Darwinism and Creationism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Desmond, Adrian & Moore, James (1991). Darwin. London: Michael Joseph, the Penguin Group. .
Darwin, Francis, editor (1887).The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin: Including an Autobiographical Chapter (7th Edition). London: John Murray. Darwin, Francis & Seward, A. C., editors (1903). More letters of Charles Darwin: A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. London: John Murray. Huxley, Thomas H., (1861),  "On the Zoological Relations of Man with the Lower Animals", Natural History Review  1: 67–84. <mask>, Evellen, (1987),  "A Question of Property Rights: <mask>'s Evolutionism Reassessed", British Journal for the History of Science, 20: 129–171.Rupke, Nicolaas, (1994), <mask>: Victorian Naturalist. New Haven: Yale University Press. Shindler, Karolyn. <mask>: the greatest scientist you've never heard of'', The Telegraph, 16 December 2010. (accessed 16 December 2010)

External links

1804 births
1892 deaths
English anatomists
English biologists
English palaeontologists
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
Employees of the Natural History Museum, London
English people of French descent
Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Fullerian Professors of Physiology
Knights Commander of the

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Richard Owen
Richard Owen
Richard Owen


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 Order of the Bath
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Non-Darwinian evolution
People educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School
People from Lancaster, Lancashire
Philosophical theists
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
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 01
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19th-century British scientists
People who have lived in Richmond


texts:
<mask> (1 January 1778 in Le Havre – 12 December 1846 in Le Havre) was a French naturalist, artist, and explorer. He was a prolific natural-history collector, gathering many type specimens in Australia, Southeast Asia, and North America, and was also responsible for describing numerous species, including the spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera), smooth softshell turtle (A. mutica), and common map turtle (Graptemys geographica). Both Mount <mask> and Lesueur National Park in Western Australia are named in his honor. Life
In 1801, Lesueur traveled to Australia as artist on the expedition of Nicolas Baudin. With François Péron, he took over the duties as naturalist after the death of the expedition's zoologist René Maugé. Together, they collected over 100,000 zoological specimens. In 1802, he made the only known sketches of the King Island emu in its natural habitat (the bird became extinct in 1822).Between May 1816 and early 1837, he lived and traveled widely in the United States, particularly in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1817. In 1833, he visited Vincennes, Indiana, where he sketched the first known drawing of Grouseland, the mansion of William Henry Harrison. The mansion is today a National Historic Landmark. From 1826 to 1837, Lesueur was based in New Harmony, Indiana, where he filled sketchbooks full of the finds discovered during the utopian adventure funded by his friend and former employer, American geologist

masks:
Charles Alexandre Lesueur
Lesueur


texts: William Maclure. He arrived in the boat Philanthropist (which he also sketched) with other intellectuals who came to live in the small town of New Harmony, on the Wabash River. He took research trips (including series of six flat-boat trips to New Orleans) and sketched people, small towns, and scenes continuously.He was in New Harmony when Prince Maximilian, Prince of Wied-Neuweid, Germany, and artist Karl Bodmer came to spend five months there in 1832–1833. Prince Maximilian said of Lesueur, "He had explored the country in many directions, was acquainted with everything remarkable, collected and prepared all interesting objects, and had already sent considerable collections to France." Indeed, Lesueur sent specimens of unique fish, animals, and fossils, as well as artifacts he had dug from the Indian Mounds in New Harmony, back to France, where they remain. Lesueur returned to France in 1837, only after his friends Thomas Say and Joseph Barabino had died and William MacClure had returned to Philadelphia, accompanied by many of his fine books. He had spent 21 years in the United States, but continued his scholarly studies and activities in France, where he resumed his occupation of artist-naturalist and began to catalogue his extensive research and artwork. At last, he was awarded the honor of Chevalier de l’Ordre Royal de la Légion d'honneur for his long years of work in the sciences. In March 1846, Lesueur was appointed curator of the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle du Havre.Nine months later, he


texts:
 died suddenly (12 December 1846) and was buried at Le Havre. In the 1900s, his work was finally published by the museum, totaling over 60 books, including reports of his zoological, geological, historical, and archaeological research, as well as studies of his life. Pictured here is the oil portrait by <mask> Peale of Lesueur. The original hangs in the reading room of the Ewell Sale Stewart Library in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Gallery

Eponyms
One species of frog, two species of lizards, and a species of jellyfish were named in honour of Lesueur (the last also honoring François Péron, also of the Baudin expedition):

Litoria lesueurii  – Lesueur's frog (Hylidae)
Amalosia lesueurii  – Lesueur's velvet gecko (Diplodactylidae)
Intellagama lesueurii  – eastern water dragon (Agamidae)
Phyllorhiza peronlesuerui  – a jellyfish (Mastigiidae)

Published works

 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Descriptions of six new Species of the genus Firola, observed by Messrs.Le Sueur and Péron in the Mediterranean Sea, in the months of March and April, 1809. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1, 3–8. Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Characters of a new genus, and descriptions of three new species upon which it is formed; discovered in the Atlantic ocean, in the months of March and April, 1816. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(3), 37–41. (Read April 15, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A.1817. Descriptions of three new species of the genus Raja. Journal of the


texts:
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(3), 41–43. (Read July 1, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Descriptions of two new species of the genus Gadus. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(5), 83–85.(Read August 26, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Descriptions of a new species of the genus Cyprinus. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(5), 85–86. (Read August 19, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. An account of an American species of Tortoise, not noticed in the systems.Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(5), 86–88. (Read September 23, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. A new genus of Fishes, of the order Abdominales, proposed, under the name of Catostomus; and the characters of this genus, with those of its species, indicated. Part 1. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(5), 88–96. (Read September 16, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A.1817. A new genus of Fishes, of the order Abdominales, proposed, under the name of Catostomus; and the characters of this genus, with those of its species, indicated. Part 2. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(6), 102–111. (Read September 16, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Descriptions of four new species, and two varieties, of the genus Hydrargira.Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(6), 125–134. (Read October 21, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1817. Observations on several


texts:
 species of the genus Actinia; illustrated by figures. Part 1. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(6), 149–154. (Read October 21, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A.1817. Observations on several species of the genus Actinia; illustrated by figures. Part 2. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(6), 169–189. (Read October 21, 1817) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1818. Descriptions of several new species of North American fishes.Part 1. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1, 222–235. (Read March 3, 1818) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1818. Observations on a new genus of fossil shells. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1, 310–313. (Read June 30, 1818) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A.1818. Descriptions of several new species of North American fishes. Part 2. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1, 359–365. (Read March 3, 1818) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1818. Description of several new species of the genus Esox, of North America.Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1, 413–417. (Read March 3, 1818) (BHL link)
 Le Sueur, C. A. 1823. Descriptions of several new species of Ascidia. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 3, 2–8. (Read March 25, 1822)

See also
 :Category:Taxa named by <mask> Lesueur
 European and American voyages of scientific exploration

References

Further reading
 Josephine Mirabella Elliott and Jane Thompson Johansen, <mask> Lesueur:

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Charles Alexandre
Charles Alexandre


texts:
 Premier Naturalist and Artist, New Harmony, Indiana, 1999. Claus Nissen: Die zoologische Buchillustration.Ihre Bibliographie und Geschichte. Vol. I: Bibliographie. Anton Hiersemann, Verlag 1969. Page 252. R. W. G. Vail, The American Sketchbooks of <mask> Lesueur, 1816–1837, American Antiquarian Society, 1938. Waldo G. Leland, The Lesueur Collection of American Sketches in the Museum of Natural History at Havre, Seine-Inferieure, Journal of American History 10(1): 53–64, June 1923.Accessed at: https://doi.org/10.2307/1888689. Cédric Crémière et Gabrielle Baglione, Lesueur, Peintre voyageur, Un trésor oublié, coll. Très Grande Bibliothèque Thalassa, Éditions de Conti, Paris, 2009 ()
 Muséum d'Histoire naturelle du Havre, Lesueur, peintre voyageur http://www.museum-lehavre.fr/fr/collections/ca-lesueur/lesueur-peintre-voyageur
 John R. Dolan, <mask> Lesueur in Philadelphia: His remarkable contributions to natural history and scientific illustration. Arts and Scoences Vol 4 n3 (2020) http://www.openscience.fr/IMG/pdf/iste_artsci20v4n3_6.pdf

External links

 <mask> Lesueur (1778–1846) naturalist, artist
 Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Le Havre (Lesueur, peintre voyageur)
 Fishes Described and Drawn by C. A. Lesueur
 Graptemys geographica Lesueur (Map turtle, first described by Lesueur)
 Maclurites magnus Lesueur
 Alex the explorer, the hero of a new graphic novel
 Baudin's voyage – State Library (South Australia)
 Historic New Harmony (Indiana)
 L'expédition Baudin en Australie – Université de La

masks:
Charles Alexandre
Charles Alexandre
Charles Alexandre


texts:
 Rochelle
 Charles A Lesueur Papers – Purdue University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections (Indiana, USA). Works of art on paper, including pencil, pastel, charcoal and watercolor sketches by artist and naturalist <mask> Lesueur, Virginia Dupalais, and Lucy Sistare [Say]. 1778 births
1846 deaths
People from Le Havre
French naturalists
Shark Bay
People from New Harmony,


texts:
<mask> (; born March 30, 1990), known professionally as Gikwang or Kikwang, is a South Korean singer, songwriter and actor. He originally debuted as solo singer with the stage name AJ (Ace Junior), releasing his first mini album First Episode: A New Hero on April 4, 2009. In October 2009, he debuted as the main dancer, visual and a lead vocalist of boy group BEAST, which was renamed Highlight in February 2017. He began his acting career with a supporting role in the popular television sitcom High Kick Through the Roof (2009–10) and had supporting roles in dramas My Princess (2011), Me Too, Flower! (2011), Mrs. Cop (2015), Monster (2016), Circle (2017), and Lovely Horribly (2018),  He also became an MC for various shows such as Hot Brothers and Inkigayo. Early life and career
<mask> was born on March 30, 1990 in Naju, South Korea. Gi-kwang found interest in hip hop and had particular liking to many classic hip hop acts.At first he was backed by his family to pursue a musical career but eventually he passed an audition and became a trainee. He was trained under JYP Entertainment for four years before being eliminated. He was asked by the former president of Cube Entertainment to join the agency without auditioning, making him the company's first trainee. He was known as the solo singer AJ or Ace Junior when he debuted and released a mini-album First Episode: A New Hero on April 4, 2009. He made his debut on April 2, 2009 on Mnet M!Countdown, and dubbed by Korean media as the next Rain. However he met controversies when

masks:
Lee Gi kwang
Lee Gi kwang


texts:
 his name created dispute among netizens for having a similar name with Paran's AJ (who later became a U-KISS member). He now goes with his original name when he re-debuted with Beast.On June 17, 2009, AJ opened for Lady Gaga's Korean showcase. Fellow Beast members Yoon Doo-joon, Yong Jun-hyung, Jang Hyun-seung and Yang Yo-seob participated as backup dancers for AJ before debuting in Beast. AJ also featured in reality show, Diary of AJ, which was hosted by MTV. The show ran on two episodes on May 9, 2009 with a total of two episodes showcasing his journey on his debut as AJ. Career

2009–2016: Debut with Beast and solo activities
Six months after debuting as soloist, Gi-kwang was chosen to debut as member of Beast, originally known as B2ST, an acronym for "Boys 2 Search the Top". However, their name was changed to BEAST (acronym for "Boys of East Asia Standing Tall"). The group debuted in October 2009.Gi-kwang made his acting debut in the MBC sitcom High Kick Through the Roof, which aired in 2009 and 2010. In 2010, Gi-kwang featured in K.Will's music video for the song, "Present". He was also selected as the MC for MBC's Sunday Sunday Night segment Hot Brothers and the KBS talk show Win Win. In May, Gi-kwang was chosen as the model for the 'Ice Tea Tio' from DongSuh Foods. In August, Gi-kwang featured on Ahn Jinkyung's single "Love is Pathetic" from the mini album Be the Voice as a rapper. He, Yoon Doojoon and IU appeared as special hosts on Music Core on August 21, 2010. On December 29, Gi-kwang was awarded with


texts:
 Popularity Award from the 2010 MBC Entertainment Awards.Gi-kwang, together with IU, were selected to be new MCs of Inkigayo in replacement of CNBlue's Jung Yonghwa from March 20, 2011. The two were paired with the existing MCs, 2AM's Jo Kwon, and f(x)'s Sulli. He was also chosen as the leading man in A Pink's music video, "I Don't Know" Sunny Hill's music video for "Midnight Circus". In July, Gi-kwang was featured on Brave Brothers' song "Break Up" alongside Electroboyz, as a part of Brave Brother's sixth project album on July 12, 2011. Also in 2011, Gi-kwang was cast in the romantic comedy drama My Princess starring Song Seung-hun and Kim Tae-hee; and played <mask>-ah's patrol partner in the drama Me Too, Flower!. Gi-kwang won the Best New Actor award at the SBS Drama Awards for his performance in My Princess. On February 8, 2012 Gi-kwang appeared in Ailee's debut music video, "Heaven".Gi-kwang also hosted  SBS K-Pop Super Concert in America on November 10 alongside Tiffany Hwang and Jung Yong-hwa and Melon Music Awards with Infinite's Woohyun, Moon Hee-jun, and Danny Ahn. In 2013, Gi-kwang had a role as a terminally ill patient with leukemia on KBS Drama Special My Friend is Still Alive. In 2014, he starred in the mobile drama 20's (Twenty Years Old). In 2015, Gi-kwang was cast in SBS's drama Mrs. Cop as the youngest detective on the team. He next starred as the younger version of Kang Ji-hwan's character in the 2016 MBC drama Monster, and the web drama Momin's Room. 2017–present: Return to solo music career
In


texts:
 September 2017, Gi-kwang returned as a soloist with his first mini album One. The lead single was a future R&B single titled "What You Like".Gi-kwang reportedly participated in 6 out of 8 tracks on the album. He held his first solo concert <mask>wang Mini Live 2018 One in January 2018. Also in 2017, Gi-kwang was cast in tvN's science fiction drama Circle. In 2018, Gi-kwang was cast in KBS' horror romance drama Lovely Horribly. On April 18, 2019, Gi-kwang began his mandatory military service as a conscripted police officer. He was discharged on November 18, 2020. Discography

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Collaborations

Music videos

Songwriting credits

Filmography

Film

Television series

Television shows

Web shows

Concerts

Korean tours

 LEEGIKWANG Mini LIVE 2018 <ONE> - Blue Square I Market Hall, Seoul (January 27–28, 2018)

 LEEGIKWANG LIVE 2019 [I] - Blue Square I Market Hall, Seoul (March 23-24, 2019)

Japan tours

 LEEGIKWANG Mini LIVE 2018 <ONE> in Japan - Mynavi BLITZ Akasaka, Tokyo (July 22, 2018)

 LEEGIKWANG LIVE 2019 [I] in Japan - Toyosu PIT by Team Smile, Tokyo (13 April, 2019)

Taiwan tours
 LEEGIKWANG LIVE 2019 [I] in Taiwan - Taiwan TICC Hall, Taipei (30 March, 2019)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Highlight (band) members
1990 births
Cube Entertainment artists
K-pop singers
Living people
South Korean male singers
South Korean pop singers
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male film actors
South Korean dance musicians
South


texts:
<mask> (27 June 1805 – 4 October 1897) was an English classical scholar and moral philosopher, prolific miscellaneous writer and activist for vegetarianism and other causes. He was the younger brother of <mask>. Thomas Carlyle in his life of John Sterling called him a "man of fine attainments, of the sharpest-cutting and most restlessly advancing intellect and of the mildest pious enthusiasm." George Eliot called him "our blessed St. <mask>" and his soul "a blessed yea". Early life
He was born in London, the third son of <mask>, a banker, and his wife Jemima Fourdrinier, sister of Henry Fourdrinier. With his brother John Henry, he was educated at Ealing School. He matriculated at Worcester College, Oxford in 1822, where he obtained a double first class and graduated B.A.in 1826. He was elected fellow of Balliol College in the same year. During his undergraduate days, his father's bank having failed, he was able to complete his degree by relying on financial support from his older brother John Henry. Early in his student period, however, lodging as he did with his brother, he disagreed enough on established religion to feel, at least as he expressed it in a late autobiographical work, that there was a breach in their relationship. He never graduated M.A., normally at Oxford a pure formality, since he shortly acquired religious scruples about signing as required the 39 Articles. In 1827 <mask> went to Delgany, co. Wicklow, where for a year he tutored the sons of Edward Pennefather, There he fell under the influence of Pennefather's brother-in-law, the Rev John Nelson Darby, one of the nascent group of Plymouth Brethren, who he describes in Phases of Faith as "the Irish Clergyman". Conscientious scruples respecting the ceremony of infant baptism then led him to resign his fellowship in 1830.Missionary
<mask> then took another position, in the family of Henry Parnell, 4th Baronet Parnell.

masks:
Francis William Newman
John Henry Newman
Francis
John Newman
Newman
Newman


texts:
 An obituary of Edward Cronin, a Catholic convert widowed in 1829, suggests a Bible study group as origin of the sequel. <mask> had recently been rejected by Maria Rosina Giberne, whom he had been courting for seven years, and had been helping his brother with parish work at Littlemore. Shortly, in September 1830, <mask> left Ireland with a party bound for Baghdad. They intended to join the independent faith mission of Anthony Norris Groves, who was working there with John Kitto and Karl Gottlieb Pfander. The party included John Vesey Parnell, who was its financial backer with John Gifford Bellett, Edward Cronin, and others. The journey, guided by the early views of Darby, ended badly.<mask>'s letters written home during the period of his mission were collected and published in 1856. There are other accounts, by the Brethren historian <mask> Neatby, and by Henry Groves, son of Anthony Norris Groves. In 1833 <mask> returned to England, via Tehran, with Kitto, arriving in June. He intended to find additional support for the mission: but rumours of unsoundness in his views on the doctrine of eternal punishment had preceded him. Academic
Finding himself looked upon with suspicion by erstwhile evangelical colleagues, including Darby, <mask> gave up on his vocation of missionary. He became classical tutor at the non-sectarian Bristol College, which existed 1831–1841 at Park Row, Bristol. <mask> in 1840 became classics professor at Manchester New College, the dissenters' college lately returned from York, at the time linked to London University.In 1846 he moved to become a professor of Latin at University College, London, where he remained until 1869. Works
<mask> studied mathematics and oriental languages, but wrote little until 1847. He is credited with the Weierstrass definition of the gamma function (1848, in reciprocal form). Linguistic
As listed in the Dictionary of National Biography. A

masks:
Newman
Newman
Newman
William Blair
Newman
Newman
Newman
Newman


texts:
 Collection of Poetry for … Elocution, 1850
Homeric Translation in Theory and Practice, 1861; a reply to Matthew Arnold. The Text of the Iguvine Inscriptions, 1864
A Handbook of Modern Arabic, 1866
Translations of English Poetry into Latin Verse, 1868
Orthoëpy … Mode of Accenting English, 1869
Dictionary of Modern Arabic, 1871, 2 vols. Libyan Vocabulary, 1882
Comments on the Text of Æschylus, 1884
Supplement … and Notes on Euripides, 1890
Kabail Vocabulary, 1887

Translations into Latin:

Religion
Prominent were:

History of the Hebrew Monarchy (1847; 1853); intended to introduce the results of German scholarship and Biblical criticism.The Soul (1849; 3rd edit. 1852) This work made a favourable impression on Charlotte Brontë. Phases of Faith (1850; 1852), autobiographical, detailing the author's passage from Calvinism to theism. Theism, Doctrinal and Practical, 1858

Others listed in the Dictionary of National Biography:

On the Relation of Free Churches to Moral Sentiment, 1847
Thoughts on a Free and Comprehensive Christianity, Ramsgate [1865]
The Religious Weakness of Protestantism, Ramsgate, 1866
On the Defective Morality of the New Testament, Ramsgate, 1867. The Bigot and the Sceptic, Ramsgate [1869]
James and Paul, Ramsgate, 1869
Anthropomorphism, Ramsgate, 1870
On the Causes of Atheism [1871]
The Divergence of Calvinism from Pauline Doctrine, Ramsgate, 1871
The Temptation of Jesus, Ramsgate [1871]
On the Relation of Theism to Pantheism, and on the Galla Religion, Ramsgate, 1872
Thoughts on the Existence of Evil, Ramsgate [1872]
On the Historical Depravation of Christianity, 1873
Ancient Sacrifice, 1874
Hebrew Theism, 1874
The Two Theisms [1874]
On this and the other World [1875]
Religion not History, 1877
Morning Prayers, 1878; 1882
What is Christianity without Christ? 1881
A Christian Commonwealth, 1883
Christianity in its Cradle, 1884; 1886
Life after Death? 1886; 1887
The New


texts:
 Crusades; or the Duty of the Church to the World, Nottingham, 1886
Hebrew Jesus: His true Creed, Nottingham, 1895

Posthumous was

Mature Thought on Christianity, 1897, edited by George Jacob Holyoake.Social and political
As listed in the Dictionary of National Biography. A State Church not Defensible, 1845; 1848
On Separating … Church from State, 1846
Appeal to the Middle Classes on … Reforms, 1848
On … Our National Debt, 1849
Lectures on Political Economy, 1851
The Ethics of War, 1860
English Institutions and their … Reforms, 1865
The Permissive Bill, Manchester, 1865
The Cure of the great Social Evil, 1869; first part reprinted as On the State Provision for Vice, 1871; second part reprinted, 1889
Europe of the near Future, 1871
Lecture on Women's Suffrage, Bristol [1869]
Essays on Diet, 1883
The Land as National Property [1886]
The Corruption now called Neo-Malthusianism, 1889; 1890
The Vaccination Question, 5th edit. 1895

Other

Physiological Arguments in Favor of Vegetarianism. The Herald of Health, 1875. Contributions chiefly to the Early History of <mask> (1891), considered deficient in fraternal feeling. Death
After his retirement from University College, <mask> continued to live for some years in London, subsequently removing to Clifton, and eventually to Weston-super-Mare, where he died in 1897. He had been blind for five years before his death, but retained his faculties to the last.In his old age, he returned to the Church of England. <mask>'s funeral address was given by John Temperley Grey. It contained the comment that he was "a saint in the very thick of life's battle." Views
<mask> once described himself as "anti-everything". Wilfrid Meynell commented that <mask> was as a "deist, vegetarian, anti-vaccinationist, to whom a monastery is even as a madhouse." Literary critic Lionel Trilling described <mask> as a "militant vegetarian, an intransigent anti-vivisectionist,

masks:
Cardinal Newman
Newman
Newman
Newman
Newman
Newman


texts:
 an enthusiastic anti-vaccinationist." "The perfection of the soul, he said, lay in its becoming woman.He believed in woman's right to vote, to educate herself and to ride astride". He sought to make life rational in all things, including clothing. He wore an alpaca tailcoat in summer, three coats in winter (the outer one green), and in bad weather, he wore a rug with a hole cut for his head. When it was muddy, he wore trousers edged with six inches of leather. Christian and secularist belief
As a young man, <mask> was a fervent evangelical, associating with Walter Mayers and Thomas Byrth. At Oxford he was acquainted with radical Calvinist evangelicals, such as the circle around John Hill (1786–1855) of St Edmund Hall. In 1827 he encountered Benjamin Wills Newton of Exeter College, a future Plymouth Brethren founder, and Joseph Charles Philpot of his own college, who was his predecessor in the Pennefeather household in Dublin, much impressed by Darby.<mask> returned from Baghdad in 1833 a deist. He remained throughout life a believer in a theism, which has been described as "versatile". He had a believer's baptism in 1836 at Broadmead Chapel. He often attended both Unitarian and Baptist religious services, but was agnostic on many aspects of Christian doctrine. In London of the 1840s <mask> associated with the radical group comprising also <mask> Ashurst, <mask> Linton, <mask>, James Stansfeld, Peter Alfred Taylor, mixing Unitarians and freethinkers. Harriet Martineau wrote to <mask> Fox in 1849 about the "religious state of the world", saying "I am in the midst of the <mask> set of friends", mentioning also Bonamy Price's praise for <mask>. The liberal theological movement to which <mask> belonged was hailed by George Jacob Holyoake, founder of British secularism.It equally received heavy criticism. The Anglican Clerical Journal, edited by Henry Burgess, wrote in 1854 of the "openly

masks:
Newman
Newman
Newman
William Henry
William James
William Shaen
William Johnson
F Newman
Newman
Newman


texts:
 destructive volumes" of <mask> and Theodore Parker. In that year, <mask> published Catholic Union: Essays Towards a Church of the Future, as the Organization of Philanthropy. Journalism and controversy
<mask> wrote, anonymously, a favorable review of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation for the first issue in 1845 of the Prospective Review, a journal edited by James Martineau, John Hamilton Thom and two other Unitarian ministers in the north of England. The content is considered to reflect the influence on <mask> at this time of Baden Powell, in the area of science and religion. With Martineau and others such as James Anthony Froude and Edward Lombe, he was one of the unorthodox but "respectable" backers when John Chapman took over the radical Westminster Review in 1851. The embattled <mask> was a figure of controversy, particularly with Henry Rogers and his The Eclipse of Faith, or, A Visit to a Religious Sceptic of 1852, to which <mask> replied.He was supported in the Westminster Review by a sympathetic article of 1858, "F. W<mask> and his Evangelical Critics", by Wathen Mark Wilks Call, that classed him as an "honest doubter". Considering the reception of ten books by <mask> from the 1850s, Call (writing anonymously) concluded that many of his opponents "failed in candour, courtesy, generosity, and conscientiousness." <mask> himself published in the Westminster Review the provocative "Religious Weaknesses of Protestantism" in 1859. Circulation dropped, but Edward Henry Stanley stepped up with financial support. One of those offended was Henry Bristow Wilson, who thought it anti-Christian. He was one of the seven authors of Essays and Reviews (1860), which argued for a different version of liberal theology; among the other authors, Baden Powell was clearly influenced by <mask>'s views, while there is evidence that Mark Pattison took Phases of Faith to heart. Returning to the

masks:
Newman
Newman
Newman
Newman
Newman
Newman
. Newman
Newman
Newman
Newman


texts:
 topic at book length, <mask> published The Religious Weakness of Protestantism in 1866.He was slow to drop the sola scriptura doctrine of Darby. Over time he developed arguments against it, under the headings of Bibliolatry and bigotry. He went on to contribute 11 articles in the early 1870s to Fraser's Magazine, edited by Froude. Social purity movement
<mask> was both a supporter of a radical individualism and opponent of a centralised state; and an ethicist who opposed free love, and was concerned with urban libertinism and prostitution. In 1869 he became involved in the opposition to the Contagious Diseases Acts. In 1873 he stood his ground, while chairing a meeting against the Acts in Weston-super-Mare, confronting disruptive protesters. In his lectures of the 1850s on political economy, <mask> had commented on the "population doctrine" of Thomas Malthus.While he did not contest it in the abstract, in his view, the practical applications of the doctrine had been "deplorably and perniciously false." An opponent of birth control, <mask> put a case that sexual excess was a danger to women's health. The Moral Reform Union, launched in 1881 and commended by The Englishwoman's Review, published <mask>'s book 1889 book The Corruption Now Called Neo-Malthusianism. Vegetarianism

<mask> joined the Vegetarian Society in 1868, and was President of the Society from 1873 to 1883. He was opposed to the dogmatic ideas of raw foodism and objected to the disuse of flavourings and salt. He commented that "the number of dogmatic prohibitions against everything that makes food palatable will soon ruin our society if not firmly resisted." In 1877, <mask> criticized a raw food book of Gustav Schlickeysen.He made an associate membership possible for people who were not completely vegetarian, such as those who ate chicken or fish. From 1875 to 1896, membership for the Vegetarian Society was 2,159 and

masks: Newman Newman Newman Newman Newman Newman Newman


texts:
 associate membership 1,785. <mask> did not like the term "vegetarian" because it implied someone who ate only vegetables. Instead, he preferred the Greek term "anti-creophagite" or "anti-creophagist" (anti-flesh eater). This idea was not supported by other members of the Society, as few people knew what the term meant. He used the phrase "V E M" diet (vegetables, eggs, milk). <mask> consumed dairy and eggs.In 1884, a hostile review of his book Essays on Diet commented that he "is no vegetarian himself in the strict acceptation of the word, for he takes milk, eggs, butter, and cheese." <mask> believed that abstinence from meat, fish and fowl should be the only thing the Vegetarian Society advocates. Some members believed that <mask> was not strict enough. However, under <mask>'s Presidency the Society flourished as income, associates and membership numbers increased. In the 1890s, <mask> converted to a pescetarian diet, and consumed white fish. Vaccination
<mask> was an anti-vaccinationist and supported the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League. He carried over arguments, against following the advice of a "medical clique", that he had used against the Contagious Diseases Acts.In 1869, an article in The Lancet journal criticized <mask> for holding this opinion and tried to convince him to withdraw his support for the League. One of <mask>'s opponents in the vaccination controversy was Henry Alleyne Nicholson (Harry), whom he had tutored, and the son of his good friend John Nicholson. He declined to answer Henry's pamphlet. Land reform
The Land as National Property: With Special View to the Scheme of Reclaiming it for the Nation Proposed by Alfred Russel Wallace (1886)

<mask> was quoted by James Platt as stating that "the ownership of land is a monstrous despotism". During the 1870s, <mask> supported Matthew Vincent's scheme for acquiring land to provide smallholdings for agricultural

masks: Newman Newman Newman Newman Newman Newman Newman Newman Newman Newman Newman


texts:
 labourers. Legacy

<mask> is listed on the south face of The Reformers' Memorial in Kensal Green Cemetery in London. Karl Marx quoted from <mask>'s "Lectures on Political Economy", given at Bedford College in Capital, Volume III, p. 595.<mask> was married twice, firstly on 23 December 1835 to Maria Kennaway (died 1876). She was the second daughter of Sir John Kennaway, 1st Baronet, and a Plymouth Sister. They had met at Escot House in 1834. <mask>'s mother Jemima was at the end of her life — she died in spring 1836 — but welcomed Maria to the <mask> family home. John Henry <mask> found that unacceptable. By 1840 the brothers were more reconciled, at least in correspondence. Maria's sister Frances married Edward Cronin in 1838.The couple had no children. Under the will of John Sterling (died 1844), <mask> became guardian of his orphaned son Edward Conyngham Sterling. Edward (Teddy) went to live with the <mask>s in Manchester; for a while his younger brother, John Barton Sterling was there also − their sisters went to their uncle Anthony Coningham Sterling. Edward Sterling was an artist, and married in 1868 Bertha Stone, a suffragist, daughter of Frank Stone. Born in 1831 on Munro Plantation, St Vincent, he died in 1877. He had a house built in Sheffield Terrace, London, in 1876, by Alfred Waterhouse. Secondly, <mask> married <mask> on 3 December 1878.References

Further reading

External links

 <mask> <mask> at the International Vegetarian Union

Attribution

1805 births
1897 deaths
19th-century English philosophers
19th-century English writers
Academics of University College London
British anti-vaccination activists
Anti-vivisectionists
Blind people from England
British Plymouth Brethren
English classical scholars
English evangelicals
English male non-fiction writers
Moral philosophers
People associated with the Vegetarian Society
Translators of Homer
Vegetarianism

masks:
Newman
Newman
Family Newman
Francis
Newman
Newman
Francis
Newman
Newman
Eleanor Williams
Francis William
Newman


texts:
<mask> (February 24, 1930 in New York City  – 20 October 2018) is one of the leading yachtsmen in the U.S. He was the first Jew to compete at the highest levels of world yachting competitions and at the time of his active career, the only Jew to win an Olympic medal in yachting. He won a bronze medal at the 1972 Munich Olympics. Years later, he twice defeated Hodgkin's disease. He came back to win a U.S. sailing championship at the age of 72. Biography
<mask> graduated from Amherst College (cum laude; 1951). There, he was a member of Beta Theta Pi.He then attended Harvard Law School. He practiced as an attorney, before going into business in real estate. He became President of Donesco Company, a real estate development firm. Sailing

<mask> began sailing in 1967 at age 37. He was on the U.S. team at the World Championships in 1969, 1970, and 1971. <mask> then won the 1972 Olympic trials, becoming the first Jew to be a member of the U.S. Olympic Team in sailing. In the 1972 Munich Summer Olympics, he was set to compete when the Munich Massacre resulted in the killing by terrorists of 11 Israeli athletes.All Jewish athletes were warned to leave, and two Israelis slated to compete in sailing were instructed to return home immediately. They handed <mask> their satin, blue and white triangular flag, emblazoned with "Sports Federation of Israel. XXth Olympiad Munich 1972," and said:  "You're representing us now. Go win a medal for us." Competing at the age of 42, he came from far back on the final day and earned a bronze medal as helmsman in the mixed three-person  Dragon class, named Caprice. He earned the medal within just five years from when he

masks:
Donald Smith Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan


texts:
 began sailing, and was the first Jew to win an Olympic medal in sailing. <mask> wrote:  "The last act of [expletives deleted] [U.S. Olympic Committee head and International Olympic Committee president] Avery Brundage was to hang an Olympic medal around my neck."Brundage had been a Nazi sympathizer. He was notorious, among other things, for having pressured to have the only two Jews on the U.S. track team at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, sprinters Marty Glickman and Sam Stoller, removed at the very last moment on the morning of their 400-meter relay race, so as not to embarrass Hitler and the Nazis with a Jewish victory. Brundage later publicly praised the Nazi regime at a Madison Square rally. <mask> has also been U.S. champion, European champion, German champion, and Australian champion. In 1984, he put his legal skills to good use. He charged Robbie Haines, one of the competitors in the Olympic yachting Soling trials, with having left too early (or "barged") at the start of the race, in Long Beach, California. Ed Baird, a fellow competitor, said that Cohan "destroyed Haines in the protest room", but that "We're all still pretty close".Haines was disqualified for the race. In the end, however, Haines qualified for the 1984 Olympics, where he won a gold medal. Hodgkin's disease
Nineteen years after winning his Olympic medal, in 1991, he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease of the lymph glands and nodes, and was found to have the most severe type (4B). He was not expected to survive. He said to himself, "<mask>, you may be very good in your line of business, but you know nothing about this one", and assembled a team around himself that he could

masks: Cohan Cohan Don


texts:
 rely on in his fight against the cancer. Cohan looked for excellent doctors who would allow him to undergo therapy usually considered too grueling for someone his age. He interviewed doctors, engaged a psychiatrist to help him deal with grief and fear, and told his wife she would be his deputy in the struggle.He went through aggressive chemotherapy and radiation therapy, suffered through fatigue, nausea, night sweats, swelling, and pain, and made it through the cancer successfully. Then, though only one percent of patients get Hodgkin's disease a second time—he found himself in that category. Again, he was not expected to survive. Again, he underwent aggressive chemotherapy and radiation therapy. And again, he defeated the cancer. Sailing, post-Hodgkins

In 2002, at the age of 72, he won the U.S. Soling Championship. He also finished 5th in the world championship.Taking a step back to ruminate on sailing competitively at his age, Cohan remarked: "I'm aware that I'm on the downwind side of the hill, and the reawakened goal of being a competitive sailor has caused me to stir up banked fires and rejuvenate neglected physical abilities." He was inducted into the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2005. In 2010, he was still sailing competitively. Philanthropy
<mask> has served as President of Jewish Employment and Vocational Service (JEVS) Human Services, as a member of the Directors Leadership Council of the University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, and as a member of the Board of Directors of The Philadelphia Orchestra. In 1986 he made a gift of a dormitory to Amherst College; it was named the Cohan Dormitory in his honor in


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<mask>  (,  ; December 15, 1912 – June 3, 1974) was a Soviet chess player, chess writer, and checkers player. Though he never attained the title of Grandmaster, he was a renowned tactician and created several brilliant games. Biographer Alex Pishkin compares him to Chigorin, Réti and Spielmann. Early life
<mask> was born in Aktubinsk, Russian Empire, in what is now Aktobe, Kazakhstan, in a Tatar family. His parents were “worked to death” when he was still very young, rendering him (and his two siblings) an orphan. <mask> was then sent to live with his uncle, in a small town on the banks of the Volga river. From 1918-1923, the Russian Civil War devastated the region, particularly with the introduction of the Prodrazvyorstka policy, a system whereby peasant’s foodgrain was confiscated at nominal prices, as per fixed quotas.The ensuing famine killed over 2 million children. But <mask> endured, thanks in large part to his poet brother –   – who secured him a place at a Kazan orphanage. <mask> later regarded this orphanage as paradise, his only prior happy memory being "the time he got to eat fish soup on the banks of the Volga." In Kazan, <mask> was well-fed for the first time in his life, learnt the Tatar language, and was initiated into Islam. During this time, <mask> developed a keen interest in history, literature and mathematics. Three years later, Nadzhmi brought <mask> into his own home, also at Kazan. Here, <mask> was thoroughly engaged in the Kazan “Palace of Pioneers,” which marked the beginning of his chess career.<mask> had a natural talent for both chess and checkers, games he had learned by watching others play; and was quickly invited to join the Kazan Chess Club. At 15, he played in Kazan's Tournament of Pioneers, winning all 15 games. He also learnt to play checkers at this time. During the same month, he won Kazan's checkers semi-final and placed second in the finals. In the same year, he placed sixth in the Russian Checkers

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Rashid Gibiatovich Nezhmetdinov
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 Championship. Later, when he gave up checkers for chess, Nezhmetdinov commented, somewhat dismissively, that all checkers contests can be reduced to rook endgames. It was around this time that Nadzhmi, now a poorly paid newspaper editor, could no longer afford Nezhmetdinov’s upkeep.<mask> then joined the Communist Party and moved to Ukraine, in the hopes of making his own way in the world. In Odessa, his Communist Party membership gave him good standing – and he worked as a stoker in a steel mill. He got to spend all his free time playing at the Odessa Chess Club

Initial Years (1933-1946)

In 1933, <mask>, now the Odessa Chess and Checkers Champion, and a Category I chess player, returned to Kazan. He secured employment with the Standards Bureau, taught at the local Pedagogical Institute and ran an informal chess circle. Over the next two years, <mask> was primarily concerned with checkers and earned himself the title of Master at the game. This was no small feat considering checkers was taken very seriously in the USSR at the time, and frequently reported in chess magazines. However, it was only after receiving (by his own admission)  a “thrashing” from “stronger Category I Chess Players” like Anatoly Ufimtsev and Pyotr Dubinin in 1936, that <mask> began to take chess seriously.He fell ill and was hospitalized for many months immediately thereafter. However, in his characteristically optimistic fashion, <mask> seized this opportunity to study endgames; typically by solving puzzles without a board. And, in his very next tournament, he won win 9 out of 10 games in his very next Category I tournament in 1939, and earn himself the Candidate Master title. After graduating in 1940, he was called to military service the following year and here his chess development took a major setback. He was deployed in Baikala, 5000 kilometers away, on the border of Mongolia. While <mask> still competed in district level tournaments, even securing wins

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