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 General Assembly turned into mayhem. <mask> and his supporters demanded leaving AP; in the ensuing chaos, they staged a parallel session and elected a new party executive. The opposing faction of Fernández de la Mora appealed in court and won; in December 1977 <mask> was expulsed from UNE. He then focused on Comunión, which prior to 1979 elections joined the Unión Nacional alliance; this time <mask> did not run.See also
 Carlism
 Spanish Civil War
 Carlo-francoism
 Spanish transition to democracy

Footnotes

Further reading

 Julio Aróstegui, Eduardo Calleja, La tradición recuperada: El requeté carlista y la insurrección, [in:] Historia Contemporanea 11 (1994), pp. 29–53
 Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 1975,
 Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo 1962-1977, Pamplona 1997,
 Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015
 Eduardo González Calleja, Contrarrevolucionarios, Madrid 2011,
 Jeremy Macclancy, The Decline of Carlism, Reno 2000,
 Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis UNED], Valencia 2009
 Miguel A. del Río Morillas, Origen y desarollo de Unión Nacional Española (UNE): la experiencia de la extrema derecha neofranquista de Alianza Popular (AP), [in:] Molinero, Tébar (eds. ), VIII Encuentro Internacional de Investigadores del Franquismo CD-ROM 2013
 Miguel A. del Río Morillas, De la extreme derecha neofranquista a la derecha conservadora: los orígenes de Alianza Popular (1973-1979) [PhD thesis Universitat Autonoma de


type: original

texts:
 Barcelona], Barcelona 2013
 Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015
 José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez, Reaccionarios y golpistas. La extrema derecha en España: del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia (1967-1982), Salamanca 1994,
 Julian Sanz Hoya, De la resistencia a la reacción: las derechas frente a la Segunda República, Salamanca 2006,
 Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957-1967), Madrid 2016,
 Aurora Villanueva Martinez, Los incidentes del 3 de diciembre de 1945 en la Plaza del Castillo, [in:] Principe de Viana 212 (1997), pp. 629–650

External links
 Historical Index of Deputies
 paperclip on Zamanillo and Montejurra 1976
 Zamanillo registering Communion Tradicionalista in 1977
 Vizcainos!Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda

People from Santander, Spain
Carlists
FET y de las JONS politicians
Francoist Spain
Members of the Congress of Deputies (Spain)
People of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish lawyers
Spanish monarchists
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
Spanish Roman Catholics
Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish


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<mask> (September 14, 1906 – April 27, 2000) was an American lawyer, writer, law professor, and civil rights activist. During his lengthy legal career he won some high-profile cases, most notably parole for notorious killer Nathan Leopold and the obscenity trial of Henry Miller's novel Tropic of Cancer, a book published in France but banned in the United States because of its "candid sexuality" in describing the author's life in Paris. In addition to accounts of his cases and career, he also reviewed books and edited a collection of works by Frank Harris, whom he represented as literary agent for a while. He is best remembered in the legal world, however, for a case in which he was not an advocate but a plaintiff: Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., a libel action he brought against the John Birch Society in 1969 after it accused him of being part of a Communist conspiracy to discredit local police departments. He prevailed, but only after a 14-year battle that saw the case go before the Supreme Court, which ruled that as a private figure <mask> did not have to prove actual malice on the defendants' part. When the case finally went to trial, the jury found in favor of <mask> and awarded him compensatory damages of $100,000 and punitive damages of $300,000. The award was upheld on appeal.Early life

A Jew of Lithuanian descent, <mask> was born to Morris and <mask> in Chicago's Maxwell Street neighborhood. He attended elementary school with future Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg. At the age of ten, his mother dead and his father unable to care for his children, he spent the remainder of his childhood in orphanages in Chicago and Cleveland. Education

He graduated from Crane Technical High School, where he made the acquaintance of

masks:
Elmer Gertz
Gertz
Elmer Gertz
Gertz
Grace Gertz


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 other young men who would become famous in their own right: authors Meyer Levin and Leo Rosten and newspaper magnate Leo Lerner. Afterwards, he attended the University of Chicago and its law school. He received his J.D. degree in 1930 and went to work in the firm of the well-connected Jacob Arvey.He would remain there for another 14 years. He remained involved in education throughout his life, teaching a civil rights class at The John Marshall Law School until his death in 2000. Legal career

As a law student, <mask> had been inspired by Clarence Darrow's famous argument against the death penalty in the Leopold-Loeb trial. He himself achieved national fame when he won parole for Nathan Leopold, the surviving half of the infamous thrill-killing duo, in 1958. He made a point of walking out of the prison gates with his client. He and Miller became good friends after he persuaded a court to lift the ban on Tropic of Cancer, a decision the Supreme Court upheld in 1964's Grove Press, Inc., v. Gerstein. In the mid-1960s, <mask> emulated his legal inspiration, Clarence Darrow, when he argued against the death sentence handed down to Jack Ruby for killing Lee Harvey Oswald.It was overturned, and Ruby, who was terminally ill, served the remaining few years of his life in prison. Educator

In addition to his law practice, <mask> was an adjunct professor teaching Civil Rights Law at The John Marshall Law School in Chicago, where he taught classes in civil rights. Libel suit against John Birch Society

In 1969, <mask> represented the family of a young man killed by a Chicago police officer. This drew the ire of the John Birch Society, which alleged in an article about the case in its magazine, American Opinion, that he had a criminal

masks:
Gertz
Gertz
Elmer Gertz
Elmer Gertz


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 record and was part of a Communist conspiracy to discredit local police departments in order to pave the way for Communist control by a national police force. He sued the Society for defamation and won a $500,000 judgment. On appeal, the case went all the way to the Supreme Court, which was asked to settle the question of whether or not <mask> was a public figure, who would thus have to prove actual malice to win (which he probably could not have). In 1974, the Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that he was not a public figure and that states were free to set their own standards for libel when they were alleged by a private figure.Ironically, given his successes in fighting censorship, some of the dissenting justices and other commentators have viewed his victory as limiting First Amendment rights. The case went back to a six-day trial where <mask> once again prevailed and was awarded $100,000 in compensatory damages and $300,000 in punitive damages. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit affirmed the award and the U.S. Supreme Court declined further review. A few years later, <mask> and his wife went on a round-the-world, luxury cruise with the money he won and sent "wish you were here" postcards back to Welch and his organization every chance they got. Political and social activism

In the 1940s, he was active in the fair housing movement, serving on several public bodies devoted to the subject. He presciently warned against the creation of large housing projects, advocating a more scattered approach instead. He also campaigned for the admission of African Americans to the local bar association.In 1969, he was elected to the Illinois Constitutional Convention, where he chaired the committee on its Bill of Rights,

masks: Gertz Gertz Gertz


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 working closely with the committee's legal counsel, Dallin H. Oaks. It has been called the strongest bill of rights of any state constitution at that point in time. A decade later, he chaired the equivalent committees of the Illinois and Chicago bar associations. He also served as chairman of the Lawyers' Association. After his death, the Illinois State Bar Association created the Elmer Gertz Lawyer Award in 2000 to recognize lawyers for their exceptional dedication to protecting civil liberties. <mask> received Israel's Prime Minister's Medal in 1972 for his service on that country's behalf, and considered that his finest accomplishment. "Things do change for the better," he assured some students near the end of his life, "very, very slowly."Winners of the Elmer Gertz Lawyer Award

The Illinois State Bar Association established the Elmer Gertz Lawyer Award in 2000 to recognize lawyers who have shown a continued commitment to preserve and advance human rights. For many years the award was jointly presented with the Blind Service Association, where <mask> was a board member. The award has been given to the following persons or entities:

2001 - Gregory A. Adamski
2002 - Prof. Ralph Ruebner, The John Marshall Law School (Chicago)
2003 - Prof. Victor J. Stone, University of Illinois College of Law
2004 - Fay Clayton, Chicago
2005 - Award not given
2006 - Prof. Michael P. Seng, The John Marshall Law School (Chicago)
2007 - R. Eugene Pincham, Retired Justice, Illinois Appellate Court
2008 - Prof. Doug Cassel, Notre Dame University School of Law
2009 - Award not given
2010 - Award not given
2011 - Award not given
2012 - Judge Martha A. Mills, Cook County Circuit Court
2013 - Jody Raphael, Schiller DuCanto & Fleck Family Law Center,

masks:
Elmer Gertz
Elmer Gertz


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 DePaul University College of Law (Chicago)
2014 - Barbara Blaine

Bibliography

The Best is Yet To Be
Carl Sandburg: Is He the Poet of The People? 1946
Charter for a New Age: Inside the Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention, 1980
The Diary of a Public Man, 1945
For the First Hours of Tomorrow: The New Illinois Bill of Rights, 1972
Gertz v. Robert Welch: The Story of the Landmark Libel Case, 1992
Frank Harris and Henry Miller: Two Lives Intertwined With Mine
A Handful of Clients
Moment of Madness: The People vs. Jack Ruby, 1968
Reflections on Henry Miller's Centennial Celebration
Odyssey of a Barbarian: The Biography of George Sylvester Viereck, 1979
Quest for a Constitution: A Man Who Wouldn't Quit, 1984
To Life: The Story of A Chicago Lawyer, 1990

See also

Ronald K.L. Collins & Sam Chaltain, We Must not be Afraid to be Free: Stories of Free Expression in America (Oxford U.Press, 2011)

References

Adiya, Sarbani; February 2001. <mask>: A Chicago Legal Legend. Illinois History. Tilt, Max; date unknown, <mask>z. Legal Tilt 1.03. External links
<mask>z papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division
Visual materials from the <mask>z papers, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
Plain Speaking: <mask> Remembers Harry Truman from American Legends. Save Maxwell St. Letter by Gertz urging preservation of Maxwell Street.Henry Miller Remembered A further fragment of the American Legends interview. 1906 births
2000 deaths
American legal writers
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Illinois lawyers
Writers from Chicago
Jewish American writers
Lawyers from Chicago
Literary agents
American civil rights lawyers
University of Chicago alumni
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American writers
20th-century

masks:
Elmer Gertz
Elmer Gert
Elmer Gert
Elmer Gert
Elmer Gertz


texts:
Thangam <mask> ( Singh; born 3 August 1966) is a British Labour Party politician, serving as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons since May 2021. She previously was the Shadow Secretary of State for Housing from 2020 to 2021. She was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Bristol West at the 2015 general election, when she defeated the incumbent Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams. Shortly after being elected, Debbonaire was diagnosed with breast cancer, and did not attend a parliamentary vote from June 2015 until March 2016. In January 2016, she was appointed shadow Arts and Culture Minister until resigning on 27 June 2016  because of her lack of confidence in the Labour Party Leader, Jeremy Corbyn. She rejoined his front bench team as a whip in October that year, before being made Shadow Brexit Minister in January 2020. Early life and education
Debbonaire was born in Peterborough on 3 August 1966 to a father of Indian and Sri Lankan Tamil family origin and an English mother.She was educated at two independent schools, Bradford Girls' Grammar School and Chetham's School of Music. She then took the first stage of a mathematics degree at the University of Oxford, leaving before graduating, while at the same time training as a cellist at the Royal College of Music. She went to St John's City College of Technology, Manchester. Subsequently, she gained an MSc in Management, Development and Social Responsibility at the University of Bristol. In her twenties, she changed her name by deed poll from Singh to Debbonaire, borrowed from a relative from her first marriage. Early career
Before becoming an MP, she performed professionally as a classical cellist, including for the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. She has worked as


texts:
 National Children's Officer for the Women's Aid Federation of England, for which she moved to St Werburghs in Bristol in 1991, and later as an Accreditation Officer, Fundraising Manager, then National Research Manager for Respect, an anti-domestic violence organisation.She has co-authored two books, and a number of papers, about domestic violence. In 2004, Debbonaire and her husband, Kevin Walton, co-authored (along with Emilie <mask>) a report for Ireland's Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform entitled Evaluation of work with domestic abusers in Ireland. Parliamentary career
At the 2015 general election, Debbonaire was selected as a Labour candidate via an all-women shortlist for the constituency of Bristol West. She was elected with a majority of 5,673 votes, defeating incumbent Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams, who finished in third place after the Green Party. Debbonaire was diagnosed with breast cancer on 16 June 2015. She subsequently called on Parliament to allow MPs to vote remotely after she was unable to participate in votes during her recovery. During her treatment period she was appointed as Shadow Arts and Culture Minister by Jeremy Corbyn.According to Debbonaire, she found out about the role when a journalist contacted her in hospital in response to a Labour press release announcing that she was taking it on, and was then briefly removed from the position before she got a chance to meet with Corbyn. According to Debbonaire's colleague Chi Onwurah, whose frontbench portfolio was briefly split with hers, Corbyn's communication with both women, directly or indirectly, was practically non-existent. Debbonaire resigned from her role on 27 June 2016 following a series of other resignations, saying that


texts:
 she did not believe Corbyn was the right person to lead the Labour Party into the next election. She also opposed Corbyn's call for Article 50 to be triggered on the day immediately following the referendum on the European Union. Debbonaire's resignation attracted criticism in her Constituency Labour Party (CLP), with some concerned members accusing her of being a liar, a "traitor," and a "scab". Debbonaire endorsed Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour leadership election. After Corbyn defeated Smith, on 12 October 2016, Debbonaire accepted an appointment as a shadow whip in Corbyn's front bench team, overcoming her former belief that Corbyn was not the right person to lead the Labour Party into the next election.Debbonaire was reelected in the 2017 general election with an increased majority of 37,336 votes; this was the fourth largest majority by vote size nationally. Bristol West had been the number one target for the Green Party, which slipped to third place behind the Conservatives with a 12.9% vote share. Debbonaire had resisted calls from the Green Party for her to stand aside as part of a progressive alliance. The size of Debbonaire's majority was considered a shock, as the seat had been billed as a four-way marginal. On 15 September 2017, Debbonaire held what is thought to be the UK's first constituency surgery specifically for people on the autism spectrum. In the same month, she urged local constituency members discontented about her resignation to stop planning her deselection, which she claimed was "a catastrophic waste of time". On 9 May 2021, Debbonaire was moved from the post of Shadow Secretary of State for Housing to Shadow Leader of the House of Commons in a shadow cabinet reshuffle.Views
Debbonaire describes


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 herself as a "northern European socialist – a democratic socialist". She supports "fettered capitalism". Debbonaire opposes the decriminalisation of prostitution and has called for more funding and research to help reform male perpetrators of domestic violence. She supports mandatory education classes in female equality for newly arrived male refugees, as well as more English language support for refugees as part of a broader integration strategy. She has called on Bristol City Council to stop issuing licences to strip clubs in the city. Debbonaire has also called for student accommodation providers to pay council tax. Brexit

Prior to the 2016 referendum on the UK's membership of the European Union, Debbonaire endorsed remaining in the EU.Bristol West voted to remain in the European Union by 79.3%; this was the third highest percentage result for the Remain campaign by parliamentary constituency. On 27 January 2017, Debbonaire stated that she would vote against triggering Article 50, despite being a whip herself and Labour imposing a three-line whip to vote for the government motion. She explained that this was because the government intended to leave "the Single Market or something close to it". On 29 June 2017, Debbonaire abstained from voting in an amendment by Chuka Umunna to the Queen's Speech which would have kept the UK in the Single Market and held a vote on the final Brexit deal; her abstention was criticised by Molly Scott Cato, the local Green Party candidate in the 2017 general election. Debbonaire defended her abstention, stating that she had supported a similar amendment drafted by Labour. She affirmed: "I will do everything I can to stop the UK from leaving the EU." In December 2017, Debbonaire criticised the


texts:
 quality of the Brexit impact papers published by David Davis, then the Brexit Secretary.She stated that the sectoral analyses "wouldn't get an A grade...if [the government] were submitting it as GCSE research" and believed that the papers only compiled information already publicly available. She accused the government of "a dereliction of duty". In July 2018, Debbonaire said that she did not support a referendum on the Brexit deal. She was criticised by Vince Cable, the leader of the Liberal Democrats. In response, Debbonaire said that there was insufficient public support for a final vote on the deal, and she accused the Liberal Democrats of "playing politics" on the issue. Drugs reform
Debbonaire's treatment for breast cancer led her to support greater regulation of alcohol. She supports mandatory graphic health warnings on alcoholic drinks, akin to those on cigarette packaging, and has called for parliamentary debate to raise awareness of the link between alcohol and cancer.Debbonaire has previously called for an “evidence-based policy review” of the laws around drugs such as ecstasy and marijuana. She supports sending addicted users to mandatory rehabilitation programmes. Debbonaire has also voiced support for "drug consumption rooms", telling ministers that drug-related admissions to Bristol Royal Infirmary cost the NHS £1.3 million per year. On 10 July 2018, Debbonaire co-launched a campaign for drugs policy reform alongside fellow Labour whip Jeff Smith. The campaign was launched without policy proposals, intended as a forum for Labour members to discuss drugs policy reform. Shortly after launching the campaign, Debbonaire called for drug-testing services to be made compulsory at festivals and nightclubs across the


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 UK. She had previously called for a Royal Commission to investigate the impact of drugs and had called for the Prime Minister to watch Drugsland, a BBC documentary on drugs in Bristol.Harassment
In August 2016, a student at the University of Bristol was investigated after telling Debbonaire to "get in the sea", an Internet meme, which she interpreted as a death threat. Following a complaint to the university by Debbonaire concerning that tweet and others, including one which called her a "traitor", the student apologised, deleted the tweet, and closed her Twitter account. The tweet was posted on the day of the funeral of Jo Cox, another Labour MP, who was murdered in June 2016. In November 2017, a constituent who harassed Debbonaire was jailed for 20 weeks after leaving multiple "upsetting and disturbing" racially offensive answerphone messages for a senior case worker. Personal life
Debbonaire is married to Kevin Walton, an opera singer, former actor and a director of Ark Stichting, an Amsterdam charity that works with children with special educational needs. Since her breast cancer treatment, during which time she read about the links between cancer and alcohol, Debbonaire drinks very little alcohol, is vegan and spent a month in 2017 attempting to live without single-use plastics. Debbonaire cites music, knitting and observing space as her hobbies.During her treatment for breast cancer, she credited listening to classical music with helping her recovery. Selected bibliography

Books

Chapters in books

Journal articles

Papers

References

External links

1966 births
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British politicians of Indian descent
English people of Sri Lankan Tamil


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 descent
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Living people
Members of Parliament for Bristol
People educated at Bradford Girls' Grammar School
People educated at Chetham's School of Music
Politics of Bristol
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
21st-century British women politicians
21st-century English women
21st-century English


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<mask> (born September 29, 1956) is a Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University. He served as the Henry R. Luce Director of the MacMillan Center at Yale University from 2004 to 2019. He is known primarily for interventions in debates on democracy and on methods of conducting social science research. In democratic theory, he has argued that democracy's value comes primarily from its potential to limit domination rather than, as is conventionally assumed, from its operation as a system of participation, representation, or preference aggregation. In debates about social scientific methods, he is chiefly known for rejecting prevalent theory-driven and method-driven approaches in favor of starting with a problem and then devising suitable methods to study it. His most recent work, coauthored with Michael J. Graetz, Wolf at the Door: The Menace of Economic Insecurity and How to Fight It, proposes achievable policies and strategies to mitigate economic insecurity in the United States. Life and career
Born in Johannesburg, South Africa on September 29, 1956, <mask> is the youngest of four children.He was educated at St. Stithians School in Johannesburg (1963–68); St. Albans School in Pretoria (1969); and South Africa's first multiracial high school, Woodmead School in Rivonia (1970–72). At the age of 16, he left for the United Kingdom where he completed "O" and "A" levels at Abbotsholme School in Derbyshire (1972–75). This was during South Africa's Border War and South Africa required compulsory military service, which would mean complicity in the enforcement of Apartheid. <mask> chose to remain in Britain to read Philosophy and Politics at the University of Bristol, receiving his B.Sc. (Hons) in 1978. Then he left for the United States and enrolled in Yale University's Ph.D.

masks:
Ian Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro


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 program in Political Science, where he obtained an M.Phil. in 1980 and a Ph.D., with distinction, in 1983 for his dissertation entitled “The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Political Thought: A Realist Account," which won the Leo Strauss Prize awarded by the American Political Science Association in 1985.At Yale, <mask> was a student of the important theorist of pluralism and democracy, Robert Dahl, though his work also shows the influence of Douglas Rae and Michael Walzer, who served as an external adviser of his thesis. <mask> went on to the Yale Law School, earning the J.D. in 1987. Appointed to the department of Political Science as Assistant Professor thereafter, <mask> was promoted to Full Professor in 1992, named William R. Kenan Jr. Professor in 2000, and Sterling Professor of Political Science in 2005. Additionally, <mask> served as the Henry R. Luce Director of the MacMillan Center at Yale University from 2004 to 2019. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000, the American Philosophical Society in 2008,  and the Council on Foreign Relations in 2009.He is a past fellow of the Carnegie Corporation, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He has held visiting appointments at the University of Cape Town, Nuffield College, Oxford and Keio University in Tokyo. Scholarly work

Early work
<mask>'s early work explores existing theoretical frameworks for the study of politics. In books such as The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory (1986), Political Criticism (1990) and Democracy’s Place (1996), <mask> engaged with the liberal, communitarian, and democratic theories which dominated political theory at that time. The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory (1986) examined the changing place of individual rights

masks: Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro


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 in liberal political thinking from the seventeenth century on. The book poses the questions: why did particular modes of talking about rights take hold around the English Civil War; how and why have they changed in the ways that they have; and how do they animate and constrain contemporary politics? <mask> traces liberal political ideology through four major moments, bound to larger economic and social transformations, which he dubs transitional, classical, neo-classical, and Keynesian.Each is explored by reference to an emblematic theorist: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Robert Nozick, and John Rawls. Skeptical of the claims of postmodernists, like Richard Rorty, that our intellectual commitments are contingent and, hence, subject to voluntary endorsement and revision, <mask> argues that “[m]any of our most fundamental philosophical beliefs are integral to social practices in which we engage unreflectively every day. Those beliefs are required, in nontrivial ways, by those social practices, thus generating an important limitation on how we might reasonably expect beliefs to change.... We need to take much better account of our actual circumstances, how they have come to be what they are, and how they influence our own values and actions, if we are seriously to argue for the pursuit of significantly different values in the contemporary political world.”

<mask> argues that “the liberal view of rights evolved via processes of adaptive change importantly conditioned by and functional to the evolution of capitalist markets”. Shifts in epistemological frameworks from the 17th to the 20th centuries demonstrate how this kind of adaptation functions. For example, because their epistemologies are not yet plagued by Humean skeptical worries, Hobbes and Locke were able to assume that each of us, as

masks: Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro


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 autonomous agents, would opt for a set of rights coextensive with an ‘objectively right’ set of rights, our universal moral ends. After Hume, this assumption is no longer tenable. <mask> argued that attempts to adapt the way we talk about rights to these new conditions of post-Humean skepticism sometimes resulted in incoherence.Later theorists of rights like Nozick and Rawls try to make up for this by means of a resort to economic assumptions (for Nozick, neo-classical in origin; for Rawls, Keynesian). These provide an apparently objective anchor for subjective aims. <mask> concludes “The principal reasons for the tenacity of the liberal conception of individual rights, its negative libertarian view of the substance of rights, its view of individual consent as the legitimate basis of rights, and its essentially pluralist and utilitarian conception of the purposes of rights have, in their various formulations, combined to express a view of politics that is required by and legitimates capitalist market practices”

In Political Criticism, <mask> continues to explore the theme of managing modernity’s loosened objectivity. Here, <mask> engages political frameworks articulated in opposition to Rawls’s neo-Kantian foundationalism, including the anti-foundationalist work of Richard Rorty, J.G.A. Pocock, Michael Walzer, Alasdair MacIntyre, and Allan Bloom. These thinkers attempted to ground morality in varieties of convention, tradition, and intersubjectivity. Essentially, they hoped to justify ethical and political claims through context, borrowing the insights of W.V.O.Quine’s epistemological holism. Ultimately, <mask> criticizes these attempts because they “commit the fallacy of identifying one bad kind of foundational argument with all attempts to provide adequate foundations for our

masks: Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro


texts: beliefs.”  In lieu of these flawed alternatives (foundationalism and contextualism), <mask> recommends a third way, termed “critical naturalism,” which rests on a commitment to pragmatic realism. Drawing on a modified Aristotelianism, <mask> constructs a notion of an authentic and integrated life as the goal of politics. In Democracy’s Place, <mask> collects a number of essays, which together complete the critique and groundwork for his theory of democracy. Here, he explores the question of how “democratic ways of doing things can be made to fit well with other human values, better to shape the ways in which people pursue their collective goals.”  To this end, <mask> engages a variety of approaches to the study of democratic politics. These include public choice theory, contract theories, neo-Kantian foundationalism, and neo-Schumpeterian interest-based approaches (here, in particular, with respect to South Africa's transition to inclusive democracy). <mask>'s concern is to develop a pragmatic political ethics which takes people and institutions as they are, in imagining what they might become.With that in view, it is in this book that he begins to sketch the outlines of his theory of democratic justice. Taking a cue from Michael Walzer's 'Spheres of Justice' <mask> argues for a “semi-contextualized” approach to the study and pursuit of justice. It varies over time and over the different realms of human social interaction. In these early, primarily critical, books, <mask> explores the relationship between justice and democracy and with the realities of politics and pragmatic means of overcoming injustice. In his next book, Democratic Justice (1999), which some scholars rank among the four or five most important books since Rawls's A Theory of Justice,  <mask> begins the systematic

masks: Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro Shapiro


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 articulation of his mature constructive theory. Justice and democratic theory
In Democratic Justice,  <mask> argues that democracy and justice are often mutually antagonistic ideas, but are nonetheless best pursued together. This is partly for pragmatic political reasons.Justice must be sought democratically to be legitimate in the modern world,  he argues, and democracy must be justice-promoting if it is to hold our allegiance over time. But, in addition to these political considerations, <mask> contends that there is a philosophical link between justice and democracy, rooted in the fact that the most plausible accounts of both ideals involve commitments to the idea of non-domination. Power and hierarchy are endemic to human interaction. This means domination is an ever-present possibility. The challenge is to find ways to limit domination while minimizing interference with legitimate hierarchies and power relations. This leads <mask> to his claim that democracy is a subordinate or conditioning good: one that shapes the terms of human interaction without thereby determining its course. Pursuing democratic justice involves deferring, where possible, to what <mask> describes as insider's wisdom.By this he means encouraging people to democratize - for themselves - the collective pursuit of the things they value. Imposed solutions are unlikely to be as effective as those designed by insiders, and their legitimacy will always be in question. They are solutions of last resort. When adopted, they are best pursued indirectly and designed to minimize interference with peoples’ pursuit of other human goods. In the applied chapters of Democratic Justice, <mask> shows how this can be done in different phases of the human life cycle, from childhood through the adult worlds of work and domestic


texts:
 life, retirement, old age, and approaching death. <mask> spells out the implications of his account for debates about authority over children, the law of marriage and divorce, abortion and population control, the workplace, basic incomes guarantees, health insurance, retirement policies, and decisions made by and for the infirm elderly. His arguments about democracy have been developed further in The State of Democratic Theory (2003) and The Real World of Democratic Theory (2011).The latter includes a response to critics of the theory of democratic justice and a sketch of additional projected volumes on public institutions and democracy and distribution. An elaboration of the argument's philosophical underpinnings is set out in “On Non-Domination.”  In "On Non-Domination," <mask> works through the alternative positions of Rawls, Walzer, Foucault, Habermas, Pettit, and Skinner, in addition to making his own substantive arguments about justice as
nondomination, in order to "defend a view of non-domination as providing a better basis for justice than the going alternatives." <mask> builds on this work on nondomination in "Against Impartiality," in which he argues that political theorists should focus on ways to identify and alleviate domination rather than unequivocally defending impartiality. <mask> further expands upon these arguments and more in his major work of applied political theory Politics Against Domination, in which he makes a compelling case that the overriding purpose of politics should be to combat domination. In addition to taking a more theoretical approach to the topic, <mask> discusses the implications of this work for ongoing debates electoral systems, independent courts, money in politics, minimum wages, and the vulnerabilities of minorities. Utilizing evidence from the


texts: battle against slavery, the creation of modern welfare states, the civil rights movement, Occupy Wall Street, the Tea Party, and the worldwide campaign against sweatshops, among other sources, <mask> delves into the making of effective coalitions for political change and how best to press them into the service of resisting domination - culminating in the motivating argument that individuals may reasonably hope to devise ways to combat domination. <mask> has also worked on issues related to transitions from authoritarianism to democracy.In several papers written with Courtney Jung and others, he has developed an account of the conditions that make negotiated transitions to democracy more and less likely to occur, addressing also the question of how they can be made sustainable when they do occur. This work has generated substantial scholarly debate. Turning to the matter of leadership in "Transforming Power Relationships: Leadership, Risk, and Hope," <mask> and coauthor James H. Read identify three major characteristics of successful, risk-embracing leadership. <mask> and Read state that such leadership is exemplified by Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk during South Africa's transition to democracy, and further discuss leadership successes and failures in the cases of Northern Ireland and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In his more recent work on democratic politics, "Collusion in Restraint of Democracy: Against Political Deliberation," <mask> highlights that rather than improving political outcomes, deliberation instead undermines competition over proposed political programs. He therefore asserts that political outcomes may instead be improved by "restoring meaningful competition between representatives of two strong political parties over the policies that, if elected, they will


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 implement." Additionally, <mask> has written on the negative consequences of devolving political power to the grassroots level in modern democracies.In his work coauthored with Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Responsible Parties: Saving Democracy from Itself, <mask> and Rosenbluth explore how popular democracies have eroded trust in political systems worldwide. This devolution of power to the grassroots is reflected in changing methods of candidate selection and increased amounts of ballot initiatives and referenda, as well as the increased use of proportional representation across democracies. Although these reforms are intended to bring politics closer to the people, they instead produce diminished trust in politicians, parties, and democratic institutions - culminating most recently in major populist victories democracies, including the United States and the United Kingdom. Highlighting that transferring power to the grass roots is part of the problem rather than a solution, <mask> and Rosenbluth argue that decentralize political decision-making effectively weakens political parties, thereby making governments less effective and less able to adequately address the long-term interests of their constituents. This subject also represents an ongoing joint project conducted by <mask> and Rosenbluth, among others, at the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs at Yale University. Methods and the human sciences
In several articles and books <mask> has defended distinctive accounts of the nature of social scientific knowledge, the best means of acquiring it, and its implications for political philosophy. In Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory,  <mask> and co-author Donald Green took on the reigning method in the social sciences: the use of rational choice models derived from neoclassical economics


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 to explain, predict, and interpret political action.They argued that, if rational choice theorists are going to claim to provide compelling explanations, they should also have solid predictive value — or at least they should do better than the going alternatives. By reviewing the results of rational choice models in several key areas of political science, including voting behavior, collective action, legislative behavior, and spatial theories of elections, Green and <mask> concluded that rational choice theory has achieved a great deal less than it claims. Indeed, they claim that it cannot achieve what it set out to, because, like all universalist theories, it treats all objects of study as though they were of the same type. Universalism inevitably results in what <mask> calls ‘method driven’ rather than ‘problem driven’ social science. “Hypotheses are formulated in empirically intractable ways: evidence is selected and tested in a biased fashion; conclusions are drawn without serious attention to competing explanations; empirical anomalies and discordant facts are often either ignored or circumvented by way of post hoc alterations to deductive arguments...”  These issues “generate and reinforce a debilitating syndrome in which theories are elaborated and modified in order to save their universal character, rather than by reference to the requirements of viable empirical testing. When this syndrome is at work, data no longer test theories: instead, theories continually impeach and elude data. In short, empirical research becomes theory driven rather than problem driven, designed more to save or vindicate some variant of rational choice theory rather than to account for any specific set of political phenomena.”

In effect Green and <mask> argue that rational choice methodology, which had


texts: become dominant in political science by the 1980s, was driven to “...[save]... universalist theory from discordant encounters with reality.”  Rational choice theory, they argued, rests on unsubstantiated assumptions about political reality.When these assumptions are scrutinized and tested empirically, they are all too often been found to be false. And when rational choice theory generates explanations that are true and predictive, typically such explanations turn out to be banal, obvious, and hence of little merit on that count. Pathologies generated considerable critical attention from all quarters in the political science discipline,  some of which spilled over into the realm of public debate. This work has been credited with fostering the reinvigoration of systematic empirical research in the political science discipline. In The Flight from Reality in the Human Sciences, <mask> takes a systematic look at the many ways in which the human sciences have lost sight of their objects of study, confusing apparent methodological rigor with accuracy. This matters, he argues, because the conclusions that result, even while resting on assumptions divorced from reality, can profoundly impact real outcomes. Through inefficacy, for example, this kind of social science can neuter social criticism.Along with a critique of the method-driven strategies embraced by rational choice theorists, interpretivists, and others, <mask> offers a defense of epistemological realism. He defines realism as resting on a twofold conviction: “that the world is  causal mechanisms that exist independently of our study — or sometimes even awareness — of them, and that the methods of science hold out the best possibility of our grasping their true character.” He explores its implications both for explanation in the human

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 sciences and for normative debates which, he argues, should be conducted in closer proximity to one another than is typically the case. For instance, if we are concerned with reducing injustice in the world, we should investigate both the philosophical character of justice as well as the conditions in the world that shape people's ideas about it. Policy issues
In Democracy's Place, <mask> said “...I think inquiry most likely to be fruitful if we start with first-order problems and engage higher-order commitments only to the degree necessary to tackle them.”  <mask> has engaged concrete policy issues in three works of applied political theory. Abortion: The Supreme Court Decisions, provides an extended analysis and annotation of the political and legal debate on abortion in the United States since the 1960s. Death by A Thousand Cuts: The Fight Over Taxing Inherited Wealth (coauthored with Michael Graetz) and Containment: Rebuilding a Strategy Against Global Terror. In Death by A Thousand Cuts, Graetz and <mask> explore new evidence that bears on the old question: In democracies, why don't the poor soak the rich?The prospect that, if given the vote, the poor would use it to do just that dominated nineteenth-century debates about expanding the franchise. It is also predicted by the median voter theorem in political science. In fact, majorities in democracies sometimes support regressive changes in distribution, which is to say the poor sometimes vote for measures that will increase the wealth of the richest members of society at their own expense. This was the case with the broad bipartisan support for repealing the estate tax, which had been on the books since 1916, as part of President Bush's 2001 tax cut. This tax was paid by the wealthiest two percent of taxpayers; half by the


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 wealthiest half of one percent. Yet polls revealed large majorities consistently favored getting rid of it, and the legislation to repeal the tax won strong bipartisan backing in both houses of Congress. Finding few useful insights in the political science or economics literatures to account for this, Graetz and <mask> undertook a micro-study of the estate-tax repeal's legislative success.Based on 150 interviews with congressmen, senators, staffers, civil servants, lobbyists, activists, think tank researchers, and pollsters involved on both sides of the repeal effort, they distilled a picture of “how power and politics actually operate in Washington today.”

The book develops a number of insights about what makes redistributive coalitions more and less effective in American politics, underscoring the complex pluralism of power in America and the role of moral commitments in animating lived political experience. It also provides insights into the ways in which Americans understand and make decisions about their interests. They argue that interest groups can radically change politicians behavior without substantively changing public opinion. In the case of the estate tax, interest groups were able to recast public opinion by employing priming and non-neutral wording in opinion polls. While public opinion did not change, the politicians’ perceptions of public opinion radically shifted and with it, their understanding of which actions were politically safe. This provides a partial explanation for the way that democracies can generate upward redistribution, contrary to what we might have assumed were the “objective” interests of the majority. Graetz and <mask> were to have received the 2006 Sidney Hillman award for the book, but the award was revoked at the last minute due to allegations


texts: that <mask> had intimidated graduate student assistants during a union campaign at Yale in 1995, which an administrative court later found to be an illegal partial strike.The Hillman award is sponsored by a labor union, UNITE-HERE, which represents clerical and technical workers at Yale and serves as the parent organization of the Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO). <mask> expressed regret over the withdrawal of the award and noted that the administrative law judge dismissed claims against Yale stemming from the 1995 strike, so the allegations against him were never adjudicated. In the wake of America's foreign policy decisions in the first decade of the 21st century and their consequences, <mask> wrote Containment. This was a critique both of the neoconservative Bush doctrine, which gained ascendency following the 9/11 attacks, and of the Democrats for their failure to articulate an alternative. Beginning from the claim that, “in electoral politics, you can’t beat something with nothing”,  <mask> spelled out an approach to foreign affairs in the post 9/11 age based on an adaptation of George Kennan's cold-war containment strategy. Containment, rather than aggressive regime change, is preferable from a principled perspective because it is more democratic to leave countries to choose (or refuse) democracy on their own, consistent with <mask>'s insistence on the importance of ‘insider wisdom’ in achieving just outcomes. But furthermore, aggressive foreign wars are expensive in terms of monetary and political capital, and have costs in terms of foreign reputation also.Even a trans-border threat like organized terror, he argues, can be most effectively contained by pressuring host countries. Kennan's defense of containment had been strategic all the way down, but <mask>


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 argues that the doctrine's imperative to ratchet up only enough coercive force to stop the bully, without yourself becoming a bully, embodies the central commitment to resisting domination that gives the democratic ideal its normative appeal. In a more recent work coauthored with Michael Graetz,The Wolf at the Door: The Menace of Economic Insecurity and How to Fight It, <mask> argues that Americans are more concerned with their own economic insecurity than they are about inequality - calling attention to the fact that Americans are most afraid losing what they already have, whether it be jobs, status, or safe communities. Therefore, <mask> and Graetz posit that the solution to economic insecurity is a return to the hard work of building coalitions around realistic goals and pursuing them doggedly through the political system - providing evidence of the success of this tactic in earlier reforms, such as in the cases of the abolition of the slave trade and the pursuit of civil rights legislation. Additionally, <mask> and Graetz offer concrete, achievable reforms that would make Americans more secure, and offer substantial recommendations for how to increase employment, improve wages, protect families suffering from unemployment, and provide better social services such as health insurance and child care. Other work
<mask> edited NOMOS, the yearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy, for eight years, as well as a number of other collections of scholarly work. <mask> has also contributed to the “Arts and Ideas” section of the New York Times, and journals like Dissent and Critical Review.He produces occasional op-ed pieces, too. In addition, <mask> has published The Moral Foundations of Politics  (2003). This book grew from a popular undergraduate course which <mask>

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texts: has taught at Yale University for decades. It explores three common kinds of answers to the question: “Who is to judge, and by what criteria, whether the laws and actions of states that claim our allegiance measure up?”  Through examining the utilitarian, Marxist, and social contract traditions, <mask> aims to demonstrate both the common roots of the 20th century's dominant modes of thinking about political legitimacy and the pragmatic consequences of the operationalization of these traditions. In the final chapters, he engages with contemporary critiques of the Enlightenment, arguing that even if we could reject the ideas and principles that commonly animated the political thought of that time, it would be to our detriment to do so. <mask> offers a defense of what he describes as the mature Enlightenment. Its core commitments are to a fallibilist view of science and the political importance of individual freedom as realized through representative institutions.<mask> also served as the instructor for Moral Foundations of Politics, an introductory course on political philosophy offered on Coursera by Yale University since January 2015. It is "a survey of the major political theories of the Enlightenment" and also deals with contemporary issues in modern-day politics. The course aims to answer the central question: "When do governments deserve our allegiance, and when should they be denied it?". As of 23rd January 2022, 173,901 learners have enrolled for the same. <mask> is co-chair of the executive committee of the Future of American Democracy Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan foundation in partnership with Yale University Press and the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies, "dedicated to research and education aimed at renewing and sustaining the historic vision of

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 American democracy." Notes

Works

External links

 Introduction to The State of Democratic Theory by <mask>
 Response by <mask> to critics of Democratic Justice
 "Democracy at Home," an interview with <mask>
 <mask>:: The MacMillan Center:: Department of Political Science:: Yale University
 <mask> | Political Science | Yale University

1956 births
Living people
American political philosophers
University of Cape Town academics
Yale Sterling Professors
People educated at Abbotsholme

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<mask>   (26 March 1932 – March 1999) was a Nigerian engineer, academic, author, and administrator. He was the first Nigerian dean of engineering and head of civil engineeringat the University of Lagos. He was the founding vice chancellor of the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi and emeritus professor of the University of Lagos. He was a pioneer of engineering educationin Nigeria and reputed as a great teacher. He became one of the first Nigerians to be awarded the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc) in 1976 - awarded by London University in engineering (structural mechanics). Early life
<mask> was born in Ota, Ogun State, on 26 March 1932. His father was Chief <mask>, a goldsmith and farmer of Olupe compound, Ijaiye, Abeokuta.His mother was Alhaja Ayisat Aina Ajile <mask> a successful merchant trader of local fabrics (Aso-Oke / Adire) of Otun quarters, Ota. <mask> was educated at Saint James primary school Ota from 1939 to 1946. <mask> joined the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation in 1951, where he distinguished himself as an electrical engineering assistant - he left after gaining admission to University College Ibadan. Academic achievements
<mask>'s tertiary education commenced at the University of Ibadan (1952–53) where he sat for and obtained his InterBSc London University. He was then awarded a Western Region Government scholarship to the Northampton Engineering College, London (Now City University) in 1953 and attained his BSc in engineering in 1956. His scholarship was extended on the recommendation of the Colonial Office and Sir Hubert Walker, Director of Public Works. <mask> proceeded to Imperial College of Science and Technology, London in 1956 earning his Diploma of Imperial College (DIC) in 1958 and his Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD)in 1959.<mask> authored several papers on composites

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 systems and in 1976 his contribution to the understanding of the complex relationship between the factors affecting the ultimate strength of composite beams earned him the prestigious higher doctorate degree, DSc of the University of London. Educator and administrator
After his PhD, <mask> worked briefly with the international firm of Ove Arup & Partners from 1959 to 1960. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
He commenced his teaching career with the Nigerian College of Arts, Science & Technology, Zaria, 1960 as lecturer rising to senior lecturerand acting head of department by 1962. Civil unrest caused by the buildup to the Nigerian Civil War caused him to move to the University of Lagos as associate professor and acting dean of engineering in 1965. University of Lagos
<mask> was invited to oversee the establishment of the University of Lagos faculty of Engineering and produced the first set of graduates in the field of Engineering in June 1967. <mask> became Professor (Civil Engineering) in 1968 as well as the first Nigerian Dean of the Faculty of Engineering. His inaugural paper presented several innovative solutions to infrastructure development in Nigeria and is considered to have laid seeds for the pioneering of laterite as a road construction material for developing nations.In addition, he suggested a more resilient road construction methodology with a better capacity to sustain heavy traffic loads, leading to lower maintenance cost. He remains the longest serving Dean of the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Lagos (1968 – 1971) and upon vacating his Deanship was appointed Head of Civil Engineering Department of the same Institution. In his tenure at the University of Lagos he served on the Committee of Deans (65 – 71), Development Committee (67 – 70), Library Committee (67 – 70), Academic

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 Planning Committee (72 – 74), University Council (75 – 79) and as Chairman of the Computer Management Board (73 – 76). Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi
In 1980 <mask> was appointed the pioneering Vice Chancellor of the Federal University of Technology (Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University), Bauchi where he was charged with creating and developing a greenfield technology institution. In quick order he negotiated and acquired the existing Bauchi College of Arts and Science, acquired lands for a permanent site for future development and recruited local and foreign staff in the field of Science, Engineering, Computer Science and Agriculture. <mask> aggressively drove plans; commissioning surveys, and creating the master plan for the development of a forward looking institution. By 1984 when <mask>'s tenure ended as Vice Chancellor, he had commissioned several key infrastructure and buildings, equipped the Science, Engineering and Computing laboratories and formed collaborative ventures with Loughborough University of Technology (UK) in the field of Industrial Training and Manufacturing and University of Arizona (USA) in the field of Arid Zone Agriculture.After his service to the nation at Bauchi, <mask> returned to teaching at the University of Lagos and retired as emeritus professor of Engineering in 1988. <mask> also authored several books and papers in his specialized area of structural integrity which now serve as reference texts. He was also one of the founders of the Nigerian Academy of Engineering

Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti / Federal Polytechnic Biba
<mask> went on to serve as Chairman of Council at the Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti and the Chairman of Council at the Federal Polytechnic Bida – where he served until his demise. He was awarded National honour of the Commander of the Order of

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 the Niger (CON) for his services to Nigeria in 1998. In his retirement <mask> authored two books on structural mechanics namely Mechanics of Statistically Indeterminate Structures and Elementary Structural Mechanics the later as a text book for student use. Public service
<mask>a University 1980 – 84
 Committee of Vice Chancellors 1980 -84
 Chairman of Council Federal Polytechnic Bida 1987 - 90.Chairman of Council Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti 1990 -94
 He played a credible role in the founding of Nigerian Academy of Engineering. Honours, distinctions, and awards
 Citation by the Faculty of Engineering University of Lagos: In recognition of his distinguished scholarship in the field of engineering; outstanding service as a former Dean of Engineering; and for his contribution towards the development and progress of the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Lagos. July 1984. Concord Press Award for Academic publishing in recognition of his book titled “Mechanics of Statically Indeterminate Structures” 1990
 Award of Gold Medal by the University of Lagos – 1991
 Award of D.Sc (Honoris Causa) Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi – 1994
 Award of Emeritus Professor by the University of Lagos - 1996
 National Award of Commander of the Order of the Niger by the Federal Republic of Nigeria – 1998

Death
<mask> died on 3 March 1999, at the age of 67. He was laid to rest at Ikoyi Cemetery, Lagos. He was survived by his wife, Mrs Adenrele <mask> and children. References

20th-century Nigerian engineers
University of Lagos faculty
1932 births
1999 deaths
People from Ogun State
Alumni of Imperial College London
Alumni of the University of London
University of Ibadan alumni
Alumni of City, University of London
Ahmadu Bello University faculty
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University people
Federal Polytechnic Bida

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<mask> (29 February 1912 – 26 October 1996) was a British author who lived in Cornwall for nearly fifty years. He wrote nineteen books which became known as The Minack Chronicles, about his simple life on a clifftop daffodil farm called Dorminack, affectionately referred to as Minack, at St Buryan in the far west of Cornwall with his wife Jeannie, née Jean Everald Nicol. The couple had given up sophisticated metropolitan lives, he as a newspaper columnist (during the war years he had worked for MI5) and she as a hotel PR executive, to live in isolation in a simple cottage surrounded by their beloved animals, which featured in nearly all his works. He had two older brothers <mask> who was also an author and <mask>, a Lloyds Underwriter. Their father was , in turn the son of the engineer <mask>. The first of The Minack Chronicles was A Gull on the Roof published in 1961. This was followed by a new book almost every two years.The Way to Minack, the sixth book in the series details the path they took to be at Minack, while a Cottage on a Cliff  gives an account of the author's time with MI5. Family life and old age
<mask> was not originally fond of cats and was introduced to Monty, a ginger tom kitten, which was given to Jeannie at the Savoy. <mask> told their housekeeper it should live in the kitchen, but Monty eventually ended up sleeping on their bed. Monty (named after General Montgomery) moved with <mask> and Jeannie to Minack where he leapt across the small stream that crosses the path to the cottage. <mask> dedicated one of his books (A Cat in the Window) to Monty. Later he wrote a book entitled Monty's Leap. Jeannie, after whom one of his books was named, died in February 1986 and <mask> lived on in the cottage for another ten years, dying at the age of 84 on 26 October 1996.He was in the process of writing Shadows just before his death. The thriller writer John le Carré, who lives a mile away along the cliffpath, gave the eulogy at his funeral. Towards

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 the end of their lives, the Tangyes bought the fields next to their cottage which are now preserved as a nature reserve. 'The <mask> and Jeannie Tangye Minack Chronicles Nature Trust' was set up, in accordance with <mask>'s wishes, a year after his death and the Trustees manage the 18 acres. It was called Oliver land after the cat Oliver was seen hunting there before he joined them at Minack. It is a 'Place for Solitude' and quiet contemplation. It is ultimately a place for the wildlife, flora and fauna that reside there.The nature reserve was managed by a small group of trustees selected by <mask> with the intention that at some point in the future they would handover the reins to the charity organisation he had chosen Cornwall Wildlife Trust. In 2018 the CWT took over management and maintenance of Oliver land. <mask> was reluctant to describe himself as a writer, but his simple literary style had appeal for a wide range of people who yearned to escape urban and suburban drudgery. His books described the couple's life growing potatoes and flowers (predominantly daffodils) on a cliff top smallholding in far west Cornwall. The donkeys and cats on their tiny farm all became "characters" in his books, and fans made a 'pilgrimage' from around the world, all eager to share – if only for a few hours – their rustic dream. Invariably, <mask> and Jeannie would uncork a bottle of wine and entertain visitors in their small, glazed cottage porch, where he was happy to regale them with tales of life at Minack and on occasion discuss matters of politics, environment and society in general! Published books
Omnibus volumes and anthologies are not included below.The majority of his books were published by Michael Joseph Ltd

1941: Time Was Mine. London: Hutchinson [He spent time in a cottage in Cornwall writing this book before he was called back to London to join the Army]
1942: Went the Day Well; edited by <mask> with contributions from many writers. London:

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 Harrap
--do.--(Reissued in 1995 by Michael Joseph, with subtitle: "tributes to men and women who died for freedom when Britain stood alone in the first two years of the Second World War".) 1944: One King: a survey of the dominions and colonies of the British empire. London: Harrap
1961: A Gull on the Roof. London: Michael Joseph
1962: A Cat in the Window. London: Michael Joseph (American ed.has title: Monty: biography of a marmalade cat.) 1963: A Drake at the Door. London: Michael Joseph
1965: A Donkey in the Meadow. London: Michael Joseph
1966: Lama. London: Michael Joseph
1968: The Way to Minack. London: Michael Joseph
1970: A Cornish Summer London: Michael Joseph
1972: Cottage on a Cliff. London: Michael Joseph
1974: A Cat Affair London: Michael Joseph
1976; Somewhere a Cat is Waiting.Delacorte Press 1976
1976: Sun on the Lintel. London: Michael Joseph
1978: The Winding Lane. London: Michael Joseph
1980: When the Winds Blow. London: Michael Joseph
1982: The Ambrose Rock. London: Michael Joseph
1984: A Quiet Year. London: Michael Joseph
1987: The Cherry Tree London: Michael Joseph
1988: Jeannie: a love story. London: Michael Joseph
1990: The Evening Gull.London: Michael Joseph
1993: Monty's Leap. London: Michael Joseph
1996: The Confusion Room. London: Michael Joseph

References

Further reading
 A profile of <mask> appeared in the 1996 summer edition of Cornwall Arts by editor John Marquis, who interviewed him in March of that year, just a few months before his death. The Western Morning News published a report of <mask>'s funeral, with the eulogy given by his friend, neighbour and fellow writer, John le Carré. Web resources: <mask> & Jeannie <mask>-The Minack Chronicles This website contains information, photos, special features pages and articles. External links

Desert Island Discs; <mask>ye
<mask>ye: the Cornish Gardener; by John McCarthy
<mask> & Jeannie Tangye - The Minack Chronicles

1912 births
1996 deaths
Novelists from Cornwall
20th-century

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<mask> (A.W<mask>), also known as "The Cabbage King," was one of the most successful market gardeners working in South West Middlesex, England in the 19th and 20th centuries. <mask> was born in Putney in 1855 but lived most of his life in Feltham until his death in 1927. <mask> was remembered by one of his foremen, Alfred Lucas: "He was a man of extreme modesty, was deeply but silently religious, did not drink or smoke and I never heard him use a profane expression during the whole 14 years I was in his service. He told me he never had time to read a book. He had no holiday when I was with him and he was absent only 3 months when he had a severe breakdown and fear was entertained for his life." Lucas, as the man who spent much time working with <mask>, is the main source of information relating to <mask>.Career

Humble Beginnings
In 1890, <mask> began his empire with a modest 40 acre fruit garden (Feltham Glebeland) that faced the Staines Road in Bedfont, a single horse, and a few secondhand tools. When Lucas joined the operation around 1890 <mask> only had four employees: Tom Witt, Bob Jackson, Tommy Day, and Polly Jackson. After successfully cultivating this garden for some time, <mask> expanded his reach by taking over another 40 acres on the Walton Road; this became known as No. 2 Garden. This time <mask> chose to plant half the field with fruit trees and half with brussels sprouts, onions, beetroots, and cabbages. <mask>'s empire continued to expand with 30 more acres, new employees, and new horses and materials. A dramatic new chapter began in <mask>'s life with the retirement of his father, <mask>, in

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 1891.The Rise of an Empire
After taking over his father's business, A.W<mask> continued to expand his business even further. As he entered this new chapter of business <mask> added another crop to his stock: tomatoes. To houses these plants, he built five large glass houses (250 feet long by 15 feet wide), predecessor to modern greenhouses, along the Feltham Hill road towards Sunbury. Since these houses were built on land previously used for cereal crops, <mask> had to make a few changes; he dug a five foot deep four foot wide passage to allow water to get into the houses. This new crop proved to be wildly successful, so <mask> proceeded to build seven larger glasshouses (250 ft. by 30 ft.). To cope with the water problem for these houses, <mask> built a brick water tower nearby.These additions of land and crops required new additions as well; <mask> acquired more horses, employees, and tools. This growth in horses depended upon for work led to some troubles as they often needed to be shoed, which could take valuable time, so <mask> created his own blacksmith's forge on his property. No longer limited by this, <mask> continued to expand his landholdings and stables, acquiring many more horses for work. The next notable direction <mask> took his business in was when he purchased about 45 acres of land just off of Feltham High Street. While this seems simple, it is notable because the land was not incredibly well suited or farming; however, <mask> had other plans. He ordered the construction of 20 glasshouses, the largest yet at 600 ft. by 32 ft. to be populated with tomatoes. This massive sea of glass,

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Smith
Smith


texts: incredibly expensive at the time, cost £13,500 and came to be known as The Glass City.Unfortunately, the site of the city would prove to cause trouble later on as the plants did not yield as much as planned; several solutions were attempted, including individually potting the 200,000 plants, but none completely solved the problem. Despite this, <mask> chose to move his headquarters from Feltham Hill to this new site of Feltham Farm in the year 1899. <mask> personally financed and constructed a new complex including a blacksmith's forge, wheelwright, office, and more. This establishment of the new base of operations proved to be advantageous to <mask> as his father's lease on a significant portion of land came to a close and was snatched up by his elder brother E.F<mask>. This land included the former headquarters of the group at Feltham Hill as well as <mask>'s own residence at Burnham Villa. While it was a huge blow to <mask>'s morale this event proved to be nothing he could not handle; the loss of some fields was overcome, and he found a new residence in Feltham House. <mask> made up for the 40 acres he lost to his brother by purchasing another 70 acres in Ashford.When showed this land, Lucas points out that it was very far from a point at which it could be useful to a gardener, but <mask> was not to be stopped. So, teams began to work the field and make it ready for fruit trees, but a snag arose when one plow broke on a large, mushroom-shaped piece of ironstone (about 20 ft. in diameter). Even when it was revealed that this land was dotted heavily with these ironstone protrusions, <mask> refused to be

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


texts:
 daunted; he ordered men to hand-drill holes in all the stones large enough to fit a parcel of gunpowder. <mask> then blasted each chunk of ironstone until he had enough surface room to grow the trees, about 3 ft. of dirt was needed. However, <mask> wanted to test the land with a crop of brussels sprouts first, so once the field was fully worked this crop would ensure the ground was properly cleaned for the more costly fruit trees. <mask>'s empire began to take its final form with two noteworthy acquisitions of land. The first belonged to a Mr. Batson and was approximately 200 acres in close proximity to <mask>'s already established holdings.Naturally, when Batson approached <mask> with an offer to sell his land, <mask> quickly accepted, thereby closing off the territory and extending his reach far into Feltham. The second piece of land was about 300 acres controlled by a Mr. Hatch who, when <mask> approached at the end of his lease, agreed to turn the land over to <mask>. While both of these land acquisitions required varying degrees of work to get ready for <mask>'s plans, it was well worth it to establish his over 900 acre empire. The Workers
Due to the extreme size of his operation, <mask> hired large numbers of workers for various tasks, all of which were paid quite fairly for their work. Some of the tasks taken by men were Foremen, Blacksmith, Wheelwright, repairman for glasshouses, diggers, plow workers, pieceworkers, and more. The women were employed in tasks such as weeding, hoeing, planting, and harvesting fruit. A number of Show Travelers were also employed when they came to Feltham; they were given

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


texts:
 some of the harder tasks of picking more difficult crops, thereby relieving some of the women of this stress.Even so, there was a moment when the women felt unfairly paid at work and attempted a strike; however, Lucas was able to settle the matter without loss of productivity. The most interesting aspect was <mask>'s hiring policy. He was willing to hire anyone, man or woman, who could put in an honest day's hard work, regardless of their background. Previous convicts were hired right alongside poor widows trying to get by. The Workplace Environment
As was to be expected from his upbringing, <mask> entertained specific expectations for his workers. He was never late and would reprimand workers who were late or tried to leave the job early, often outright firing the offender. He specified rules and fines regarding any avoidable problems such as careless destruction of plants, eating product, and so on, but was still seen as a benevolent employer due to his wish to keep those who needed work employed.<mask> also took care of his workers, stopping and resolving feuds before they could grow further. <mask> also defended his land within his rights; he employed a few people to guard the land at night and keep any poachers or thieves at bay. Besides ensuring security, <mask> also ensured quality. He developed a special version of hoe specifically for cutting lettuce that did not require the user to constantly bend to the ground; this allowed one man to much more quickly cut the lettuce while two or three others picked it up after him. This maintained a single standard of quality since only the one man would choose

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


texts:
 which heads of lettuce were suitable for cutting. Beyond this, <mask> outlined several specific procedures for weeding, digging, picking, and packing. Thus he ensured all the produce bearing his name was up to his high standards and packed perfectly for the journey to market.Crops of "The Cabbage King"
As is expected, <mask> was very specific with picking what varieties of crops he grew. He grew a number of fruits: apples, both the kind for eating and for cooking, plums, pears, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, strawberries, and cherries. Inside his famous glasshouses, <mask> also grew tomato plants. These plants produced on average 4 pounds of tomatoes per plant. <mask> also grew mint, both within the glasshouses and without. During various months, he was also a key supplier of parsley, spring onions, leeks, and root crops: potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, mangold worzel (mangelwurzel), turnips, parsnips, and beetroot. <mask> also grew several varieties of beans (runner, broad, and longpod) and peas throughout the season.<mask> also grew smaller quantities of large onions, marrows, and rhubarb. In all, the glasshouses alone produced somewhere around 200 tons of food per year while employing about 40 workers. But the most notable of <mask>'s crops were his greens. He was a very successful grower in that he was able to constantly be shipping greens to market throughout the year: spinach in spring, cauliflower and brussels sprouts in summer until mid Autumn, savoy cabbage in late Autumn throughout the winter, and after Christmas until the following April, kale and broccoli. His long cabbage season caused by

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


texts:
 the adeptness with which the land grew cabbages was what earned <mask> the nickname of "The Cabbage King" amongst vendors in Covent Garden and locals of Feltham. Most notably, <mask> produced one million cabbages in a single season. He very specifically chose the varieties best suited for glasshouses as well as outdoor growing in the later months.<mask> also grew lilies for a time, on the advice of his brother E.F<mask>. Starting with a small trial venture, <mask> was quite satisfied with the product and the money it brought in during the winter months, so he moved to a larger venture and constructed two glasshouses specifically for lilies. However, the large number of lilies produced by the <mask> brothers drove the market price of the lilies down that year and Lucas reports <mask> had a net loss of £500; <mask> thus abandoned lilies and turned these two houses over to cucumbers. Besides this failed venture, <mask> also grew wallflowers, forget-me-nots, honesty, and violets. Managing this vast array of plants required a large amount of fertilizer, namely manure. Originally, <mask> used a number of carts to ferry manure to Feltham from London; however, as his holdings grew and technology progressed, he chose to try a more efficient method. <mask> otained permission to build a railway leading to his farm and purchased three rail carts to carry manure as well as his own driving engine.This allowed for workers previously engaged in moving manure to spend their time elsewhere, thus creating more efficiency. Politics
The passing of the Local Government Act of 1894 caused a rift in Feltham; the once united town

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


texts:
 began to divide over the issues it raised. At this time <mask> was approached by some fellow community members and was encouraged to run, so he did in order to maintain the current rates on property. He was elected with a majority to be Chairman of the First Parish Council of Feltham; however, he only attended one meeting after which he declared public life was too slow for him. He remained nominal chair and a co-chair was elected by the rest of the group. The End of the Story
<mask> continued work in much the same manner for a number of years. He acquired more land in several different purchases as late as 1920.He worked tirelessly until his death in 1927 caused by heat failure after a bout with influenza at 71. He is buried in Feltham cemetery. References

English gardeners
English businesspeople
1855 births
1927

masks: Smith Smith


texts: <mask> (April 28, 1919 – May 10, 2008) was an American hymnist. <mask> was born to a Lutheran pastor of Slovak descent in Lorain, Ohio, where his father, Rev. <mask>, was a pastor. <mask>'s father served parishes in Emporia, Virginia, Racine, Wisconsin, and finally, from 1926 until his retirement, in East Chicago, Indiana at Holy Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church. <mask>'s father and mother (Mary Gecy) were both originally from Hazleton, Pennsylvania. <mask> had two brothers, Ludovit and Edward, both pastors, now deceased. <mask> himself pastored parishes in Cranesville, Pennsylvania (1945–1949), Alexandria, Indiana (1949–1953), Tarentum, Pennsylvania (1953–1963), and St. Louis Missouri (1963–1976).<mask> received musical training in childhood and began translating classical Slovak poetry at age 15, when three delegates from the cultural institute of Slovakia visited his father's home and left a box of books of Slovak literature. <mask> did not write his first hymn until age 49. From that time until his death in 2008 at age 89, he wrote over 200 original and translated hymns that appear worldwide in more than 65 hymnals. He also published two collections of hymn texts, numerous books, translations, and articles. <mask> served on hymnal commissions for Hymnal Supplement (1969) and Lutheran Book of Worship (1978). In recognition of his significant contributions to the world of Christian hymnody, <mask> was named a Fellow of The Hymn Society in the United States and Canada. He also received an honorary doctorate degree from his alma mater,

masks:
Jaroslav Vajda
Vajda
John Vajda
Vajda
Vajda
Jaroslav
Vajda
Vajda
Vajda
Vajda
Vajda


texts:
 Concordia Seminary, in 2007.<mask> was a Fellow of the Hymn Society in the United States and Canada, and was the recipient of numerous honorary doctorates recognizing hymnal contributions. After 18 years in a mostly bilingual ministry, he became the editor of This Day Magazine and then became a book editor and developer at Concordia Publishing House. He retired in 1986. Hymns

List of hymns written or translated by <mask> Vajda:

 "A Comet Blazed Across the Skies"
 "A Cuckoo Flew Out of the Wood"
 "A Dove Flew Down from Heaven"
 "A Life Begins, a Child Is Born"
 "A Woman and a Coin"
 "Add One More Song"
 "All Bless the God of Israel"
 "All Glory, Praise, and Blessing"
 "All Things Are Yours"
 "All Who Crave a Greater Measure"
 "Amid the World's Bleak Wilderness"
 "Around the World the Shout Resounds"
 "As Once in Eden Music Filled the Air"
 "As Out of the Stem the Branch Grows"
 "Ascending, Christ Returns to God"
 "Astonished by Your Empty Tomb"
 "Be Happy, Saints"
 "Be Happy, Then"
 "Before the Marvel of This Night"
 "Before Your Awesome Majesty"
 "Begin the Song of Glory Now"
 "Beside Your Manger-bed I Stand"
 "Blessed Be the Precious Baby"
 "Blessed Chosen Generation"
 "Blessed Jesus, Living Bread"
 "Break Forth in Praise to God"
 "Breath of the Living God"
 "By a Lake We Come to Know You"
 "Catch the Vision! Share the Glory!" "Hymn of the Night"
 "I Have a Father You Would Like"
 "I Praise You, Lord, in Every Hour"
 "If God Is Absent, All the Cost"
 "In Bethlehem a Wonder"
 "In Darkest Night"
 "In Hopelessness and Near Despair"

masks: Vajda Jaroslav


texts:
 "In the Streets, in Home and Workplace"
 "Jesus, Come and Crown This Day with Blessing"
 "Jesus, Immanuel"
 "Jesus, Take Us to the Mountain"
 "Jesus, When You Preached"
 "Just As a Happy Bride"
 "Leap, World, for Joy"
 "Let All Who Captive Lie"
 "Let Our Gladness Banish Sadness"
 "Let Us All Give Thanks and Sing"
 "Let Us Praise Our Gracious God"
 "Let Us Sing With Heart and Voice"
 "Light the Candle"
 "Lo, What a Wonder"
 "Look! Judah's Lion Wins the Strife"
 "Lord Jesus Christ, Your Presence Here"
 "Lord of Lords, Adored by Angels"
 "Lord, As You Taught Us Once to Pray"
 "Lord, I Must Praise You"
 "Make Songs of Joy"
 "Mark This Moment and This Place"
 "My Crown of Creation"
 "No Greater Love Was Ever Known"
 "Not in Lightning, Storm, and Thunder"
 "Now Go to Sleep"
 "Now Shine, Bright Glow of Majesty"
 "Now the Silence"
 "Now to This Babe So Tender"
 "Now, at the Peak of Wonder"
 "O Day of Days, the Day I Found"
 "O Dearest Friend"
 "O Father, Send the Spirit Down"
 "O God, Eternal Father, Lord"
 "O Joyous Christmas Night"
 "O Lord, How Shall I Meet You?""Of All God's Gifts"
 "Oh, What Tidings Bright"
 "On a Lonely Field"
 "One by One the Spirit Calls Us"
 "Out of the Forest a Cuckoo Flew"
 "Out to the Hills"
 "Pass in Review"
 "Peace Came to Earth"
 "Readings from Acts, Versified"
 "Remember, Lord, the Times You Called Me"
 "Rise Up, Bethl'em Shepherds, Rise"
 "Rock-a-bye, My Dear Little Boy"
 "See Mary Setting Out at Dawn"
 "See One Born in a Stable Stall"
 "See the Human Heart"
 "See This Wonder in the Making"
 "Shepherds All,


texts:
 Come"
 "Shepherds of Bethlehem"
 "Shine Like Stars"
 "Simon, Simon, Do You Love Me?" "Since You Are Risen from the Dead"
 "Sleep Softly, Softly, Beautiful Jesus"
 "Sleep Well, Dear Heavenly Boy"
 "Sleep, My Little One"
 "Slumber, Lovely Baby"
 "So Much to Sing About"
 "Someone Special (Teachers)"
 "Someone Special"
 "Son of God, Which Christmas Is It?" "What Love, Lord Jesus, That You Go"
 "What Would the World Be Like?" "When God's Dread Judgment Bursts Abroad"
 "When the Seed of Faith Is Planted"
 "When You Woke That Thursday Morning"
 "Where Shepherds Lately Knelt"
 "Where the Swallow Makes Her Nest"
 "Where You Are, There Is Life"
 "While Mary Rocks Her Child to Rest"
 "Who Can Conceive the One True God"
 "Who Could Have Dreamt a Land Like This?" "Who Is the One We Love the Most"
 "Who Is This Who Comes from Nowhere?" "Who's That Sitting on the Ground?" "Witness Our Best Gift from Heaven"
 "Wondering Child of God"
 "World, for All Your Gain and Pleasure"
 "You Are the King"
 "You Are the Rock"
 "You Are the Shepherd"
 "You Have a Special Place"
 "You Hear the Hungry Crying"
 "You Said, Pray Thus"
 "You, Jesus, Are My Shepherd True"
 "Your Brightness, Christ, Consumes the Night"
 "Your Heart, O God, Is Grieved"
 "You're My Good Shepherd"
 "Zion, Dwelling of the Lord"

References

1919 births
2008 deaths
American Lutheran hymnwriters
Christian poets
American lyricists
20th-century American poets
Slovak–English translators
American Lutherans
20th-century translators
Lutheran poets
20th-century Lutherans
Alumni of Concordia


texts:
<mask>, born in 1780 in Bordeaux, died at Valenciennes on 23 September 1822. His first name is sometimes given as Jean-Baptiste, and his family name is variously spelled as Cabri, Cabry, Cabris, Kabrit or Cadiche. He was a sailor who was shipwrecked in the Marquesas Islands in 1795 where he integrated into the local society as evidence by his full-body tattoos marked his acceptance. After leaving the island, he was presented to the courts of Europe as an object of curiosity. Falling onto hard times, he exhibited himself at fairs before dying of illness in the north of France at the age of 42. Biography
Little is know of his youth except that which comes from different brochures which were undoubtedly dictated by him as he was most likely illiterate. He said that he began his life as a sailor quite young, at the age of 14, embarking on the corsair Doumouriez commanded by a captain Renault..The Douriez captured a Spanish galleon and was returning to France when it was captured by a squadron of six English vessels and a frigate. <mask> was taken prisoner and sent to the prison ships (hulks) at Portsmouth, England for 15 months. He returned to service in the royal army and participated in skirmishes around Quiberon. He was wounded in combat and swam over to the British frigate Diamond (captained by Smith) which was anchored in the harbor. Carried to England, he recovered there before resuming work on a whaler (captained by Kuite). He left Portsmouth on May 8, 1795 for the South Seas on the

masks:
Joseph Kabris
Kabris


texts:
 English brig London captained by Gardner. He claimed that his ship was wrecked near Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands) and made it to land along with an English sailor, Edward Robarts with whom he did not remain friends.In fact, he deserted his ship in March 1798 along with an English sailor named Walker and took refuge on the island of Nuku Hiva. Shipwrecked in the Marquesas Islands
Kabris, who was thought to have been killed by cannibals, was integrated into the tribe. After a barren first marriage, he married the king's daughter. The king of Nuku Hiva was fond of him and personally tattooed Kabris over all of his body. He named him "Grand Judge of All Countries" with the corresponding tattoo (mehama: a sun on both eyelids). In May 1804, Captain Adam Johann von Krusenstern, who was making an around-the-world voyage, disembarked on the island. He was happy to find the Englishman Roberts (also called Robarts) and the Frenchman Kabris (called Cabri) to serve as his guides.It was Krusenstern and the expedition's naturalist, Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, who describe the enmity between the two men and who recorded information about Kabris, "he has become entirely Nukuhivan," with his tattoos, his swimming technique, and his comportment as a warrior. He claims to never have become a cannibal," a claim Langsdorff did not believe. Krusenstern stated that Kabris had nearly forgotten his mother tongue but that he spoke English well enough. As his memory returned, he was able to give the name of his


texts:
 father and his city of origin (Bordeaux) which he evoked in an enigmatic way, "Lots of candles, lots of violins, lots of music, the women, the ladies." Object of Curiosity in Europe
18 May 1804, Kabris embarked, perhaps by accident, on the Russian ship sailing towards Kamtchatka. In August of the same year, he finally arrived at Kamtchatka. Without knowing Russian, he crossed Siberia to reach Saint Petersburg.With his tattoos, he was presented as a curiosity to Czar Alexander I of Russia who kept him thirteen years in his service as a swimming instructor at the Naval academy of Kronstadt. He remade his life, marrying a French woman named Ariane. He frequented the company of journalist and writer Thaddeus Bulgarin who reported, in his memoirs, that Kabris spoke a very bad mixture of Russian and French which was difficult to follow as it was mixed with the language of savages." In 1817, he returned to France aboard a ship of the Russian fleet. Sometime after disembarking at Calais on 26 June 1817, he was presented by Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu to Louis XVIII who granted him a sum of money. To earn a living, he would dress as the king of Nuku Hiva, and speaking Marquesan would show his tattoos in fairs, he would also publish pamphlets retelling his life and print engravings showing his royal attributes which he would sell to those who came to see him at the fairs. He hoped to buy some tilling equipment and seed to bring back to Nuku Hiva, and rejoin his family


texts:
 which he left behind on the island of Marquise.But, he was struck by illness and did not realize his plans. He died on 23 September 1822 at the hospital of Valenciennes, 42 years old, a day after recounting his adventures to a judge in Valenciennes. Legacy
Father Patrick O'Reilly, then secretary general of the Société des Océanistes, believed that the accounts provided by Kabris and Robarts were the first ethnological observations carried out in this archipelago. The two were an indispensable help to captain Adam Johann von Krusenstern during their time in the Marquesas, thanks to their knowledge of the language and local customs. They were also the first to note the cannibalistic activities of the islanders, which neither Captain Cook, his naturalist Forster, during the second voyage of the expedition (1774), nor Captain Marchand in 1791 had noted. Captain Krusenstern wrote, "The two europeans that we found in Nuku Hiva and who had lived several years on this island, agreed that the inhabitants are depraved, barbaric, and with exception, without excluding even women, cannibals in the fullest extent of the term. He took care to verify this by examining the shattered skulls of their victims.It was also according to their information that Captain Krusenstern estimated that the population of Nuku Hiva in 1804 was 16,000 individuals. References

Further reading

Autobiographical Pamphlets by <mask>bris

Works Concerning <mask>s

1780 births
1822 deaths
Marquesas Islands
French

masks:
Joseph Ka
Joseph Kabri


texts:
<mask> is a Scottish musician, songwriter and record producer. Mair's music career spans more than 40 years. He came to prominence in the late 1970s as the co-founder and bass guitarist for the English rock band the Only Ones, co-producing their second studio album Even Serpents Shine and writing and singing "My Way Out of Here" for their third and final album Baby's Got a Gun. They released a top 60 hit in 1992 with the single "Another Girl, Another Planet". The band has maintained a cult following throughout its existence. Mair began his solo career in 2014, while still a member of the Only Ones. Career
Mair grew up in the Glasgow area.He began playing guitar at about age 13 and gained experience in various bands during the 1960s. In 1962, <mask> and Eddie Campbell formed the Glasgow band The Beatstalkers. The line-up included Davie Lennox on vocals, Eddie Campbell on guitar, <mask> on bass and 'Tudge' Williamson on drums (replaced by Jeff Allen). Later Ronnie Smith joined the group on rhythm guitar. Under the management of Joe Gaffney, the band went on to become Scotland's "top group" at the time. They were called the "Scottish Beatles" by the local press because of the screaming and riots that occurred anywhere they made an appearance; although the band toured England and Europe many times, had a 6-week sell-out residency at the famous Marquee Club and performed on the TV show Ready Steady Go!, they never achieved the same dizzy heights of success as they did in Scotland. The band signed a recording contract with Decca Records.Their records sold thousands of copies in Scotland, but with only two chart shops in Scotland their sales made no impact on the

masks:
Alan Mair
Mair
Mair


texts: UK charts. They split in 1969 after their van was stolen with all their equipment in it. After The Beatstalkers decided to call it a day in 1969 Mair began making leather clothes and hand made boots for rock bands the likes of Yes, Santana, The Tremolos, David Bowie, Uriah Heep and many more. A short time later in 1970 he opened shops in Kensington Market, Kings Road and High street Kensington selling handmade leather stacked heel boots which he was making in his own factory in Kentish Town. In 1971 he employed Freddie Mercury of the rock band Queen at his Kensington Market shop as his shop manager from 1971 until 1974. On one occasion after being at a party Freddie told <mask> that everyone at the party, including the girls, had his boots on, and said "I don’t know if you realise but you’re not considered hip unless you have on a pair of <mask>r boots". After a five-year spell in the fashion world Mair was drawn back to the music business.He joined the Al Matthews Band. who had a couple of hit records. When The Al Matthews band split, Mair answered an advert in Melody Maker and went for an audition with Roger Chapman’s band “Streetwalkers” at Mano’s Studios in Lots Road. During a break he wandered into the studio next door and found himself watching The Only Ones rehearse. On leaving the studio Mike Kellie enquired who <mask> was and found out he was a bass player. Without hearing him play Kellie said he felt a spiritual connection and that he was the bass player they were looking for. He joined The Only Ones in August 1976.They signed to CBS and recorded 3 studio albums, of which their first album “The Only Ones and “Even Serpents Shine” received

masks:
Alan
Alan Mai
Alan


texts:
 critical acclaim. The Only Ones included lead vocalist Peter Perrett, guitarist John Perry and drummer and ex-Spooky Tooth member Mike Kellie. Their first single, "Lovers of Today", was self-released on the Vengeance record label, and a year later they signed to CBS. Their next single "Another Girl, Another Planet" became the band's best-known song. The band released The Only Ones in 1978, which was well received. The next year they released Even Serpents Shine, and a year later, they released their final studio album, Baby's Got a Gun. In the summer of 1980, they supported the Who on their tour of the United States.In 1982, the band officially disbanded. In subsequent years, The Only Ones gained a cult following, and compilation albums now outnumber their official studio albums. Later career
In 2002 <mask> was asked by Alec Downie if he wanted to record a Frankie Miller song for an album that was a tribute to Miller’s song writing and also a fundraiser for the Glaswegian musician who was recovering from a brain haemorrhage. After the release of the album a concert was to follow at the Barrowland Ballroom, Glasgow in September 2002, which <mask> performed at. He said, “It was an amazing night full of Scottish talent and it was a blast to be performing at the Barrowland again”. Mair currently lives in London and has played in both of his band reunions. On 23 December 2005, he played in a Beatstalkers reunion in Glasgow.In 2007, Mair was the driving force in reforming the Only Ones, who performed to a sell-out show at Shepherd's Bush Empire. This was followed by shows at the O2 Wireless Festival in London's Hyde Park and Harewood House in Yorkshire with the

masks:
Alan Mair
Alan


texts:
 White Stripes, and the first ever Connect Festival at Inveraray Castle in Scotland where they shared bills with Primal Scream, Big Star, and Johnny Marr. In 2009, they extended their touring to take in the Netherlands, Japan, Hultsfred Festival in Sweden, and in 2012, they played at the Rebellion Festival in Blackpool and headlined the Opera House stage in The Winter Gardens on Saturday 4 August. Mair remastered all three CBS studio albums for the band, which were re-released with bonus tracks in February 2009. In 2014, Mair started to record tracks for a solo album Field of One planned for release on his own label IKA Records. His debut single "Four Winds", taken from the album was released in December 2014, and his second single "Stairway to Hell" was released in August 2015. Mair also signed other groups to IKA Records including Zal Cleminson's "Tandoori Cassette"

References

External links

Scottish bass guitarists
20th-century Scottish male singers
Scottish record producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Musicians from London
British rock bass guitarists
Punk rock bass guitarists
Scottish new wave musicians
Scottish punk rock musicians
The Only Ones members
Male bass