texts:
 calling an early election. Since the CHP had 131 MPs during the formation of the interim government, the party was entitled to 5 ministries in the cabinet, though Kılıçdaroğlu announced that the CHP would not take part and give up their five ministries to independent politicians.<mask> subsequently declined Davutoğlu's offer, as did the four other CHP MPs that had been offered ministerial positions. His letter of declination was three pages long and was described by himself as an 'equivalent of a historical document'. Re-elected as an MP in the November 2015 general election, <mask> was once again the oldest MP in the newly elected 26th Parliament of Turkey and subsequently became interim Speaker of the Parliament on 17 November 2015. He was succeeded by İsmail Kahraman, the AKP's candidate for Speaker, who was elected on 22 November 2015 in the third round. The CHP's candidate this time round had been Ayşe Gülsün Bilgehan, the granddaughter of former President İsmet İnönü. See also

Hikmet Çetin
Altan Öymen
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
37th government of Turkey
42nd government of Turkey
52nd government of Turkey
Left of Center (Turkey)

References

1938 births
Living people
People from Antalya
Contemporary Republican People's Party (Turkey) politicians
Ankara University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Ankara University faculty
Leaders of the Republican People's Party (Turkey)
Government ministers of Turkey
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey
Deputy Prime Ministers of Turkey
Ministers of Finance of Turkey
Leaders of the Opposition (Turkey)
Deputies of Antalya
Ministers of Energy and Natural Resources of Turkey
Members of the 25th Parliament of Turkey
Members of the 24th Parliament of Turkey
Members of the 23rd Parliament of Turkey
Members of the 22nd Parliament of Turkey
Members of the 20th Parliament of Turkey
Members of the 37th government of Turkey
Members of the 42nd government of Turkey
Members of the 52nd government of Turkey
Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey
Leaders of political parties in Turkey
Members of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
Turkish people of

masks: Baykal Baykal


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born February 27, 1990) is an American football outside linebacker who plays for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). <mask> was selected by the New England Patriots in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft. He played college football at Syracuse. He is the younger brother of former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion <mask> and of former National Football League (NFL) player <mask>. Early years
<mask> attended Union-Endicott High School, where he played high school football. He was a 2007 SuperPrep All-Northeast and PrepStar All-East Region selection. <mask> was ranked as the eighth-best prospect of the state of New York by Scout.com.College career
<mask> attended and played college football at Syracuse from 2008-2011. After not playing as a freshman in 2008, he appeared in 12 games as a sophomore. He totaled 52 combined tackles and 1.5 sacks. As a junior in 2010, he recorded 57 total tackles, four sacks, four passes defensed, and three forced fumbles. As a senior in 2011, <mask> played in only seven games due to injury, but still was an All-Big East selection after recording 39 tackles and 4.5 sacks. On December 30, 2011, <mask> announced that he would enter the 2012 NFL Draft. Collegiate statistics

Professional career

<mask> was considered one of the best defensive end prospects for the 2012 NFL Draft.New England Patriots

2012 season
<mask> was drafted by the New England Patriots in the first round with the 21st overall selection. He was the highest selected player from Syracuse since defensive end Dwight Freeney in 2002. On May 23, 2012, <mask> signed a four-year contract with the Patriots. As a rookie, <mask> was immediately thrust into the starting right defensive end slot for the Patriots in 2012. In Week 1 against the Tennessee Titans, <mask> strip-sacked quarterback Jake Locker, with fellow rookie teammate Dont'a Hightower recovering the ball and returning it for a touchdown. A week later <mask> sacked Arizona Cardinals

masks:
Chandler James Jones
Jones
Jon Jones
Arthur Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


texts:
 quarterback Kevin Kolb, forcing a fumble that was recovered by the Patriots. In Week 6 against the Seattle Seahawks, <mask> recorded two sacks on quarterback Russell Wilson and managed to provide some good pressure on the Seahawks offensive line, forcing one fumble in that game.<mask> made his sixth career sack in Week 8 against the St. Louis Rams by dropping Sam Bradford to the turf in London, England. In 14 games (13 starts) of his rookie season in 2012, <mask> produced 45 tackles, 6 sacks, 5 passes defended, and 3 forced fumbles. 2013 season
In a game against the Baltimore Ravens, quarterback Tyrod Taylor fumbled the snap and <mask> recovered it in the end zone for the first touchdown of his career. <mask> started all 16 games in 2013 recording 42 tackles with 11.5 sacks, 1 forced fumble, and a fumble recovery returned for a touchdown. 2014 season
For the season, <mask> recorded 43 tackles and 6 sacks in 10 games. In Week 2, <mask> recorded 2 sacks; he also blocked a field goal and returned it for a touchdown. On February 1, 2015, he won his first Super Bowl ring when the Patriots defeated the
Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28-24 in Super Bowl XLIX.In the waning seconds of the game, <mask> and then-teammate Jonathan Casillas provided the New England coaching team with the ceremonial Gatorade shower. 2015 season
On April 30, 2015, the Patriots picked up the option on <mask>' contract. Through the first eight games, <mask> racked up 9.5 sacks, including two in an October 29 win over the Miami Dolphins on Thursday Night Football to help the Patriots move to 7-0. <mask> would finish the regular season with a team-leading 12.5 sacks, a new career high, as well as his first career interception. He was ranked 48th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016. Six days before the Patriots took on the Kansas City Chiefs in the AFC Divisional Playoffs, <mask> was hospitalized after showing up at the Foxborough Public Safety Building in a disoriented but

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones


texts:
 cooperative state. Later reports indicated that he had experienced a bad reaction to synthetic marijuana, a legal drug under Massachusetts law.<mask> would still play in the following Divisional Playoff game against the Kansas City Chiefs and the AFC Championship game against the Denver Broncos. Arizona Cardinals

2016 season
On March 15, 2016, <mask> was traded to the Arizona Cardinals in exchange for Jonathan Cooper and a second-round pick in the 2016 NFL Draft. In 2016, <mask> started all 16 games for the Cardinals, recording 49 tackles, 11 sacks, three passes defensed and four forced fumbles. He was also ranked 85th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017. 2017 season

On February 27, 2017, the Cardinals placed the non-exclusive franchise tag on <mask>. On March 10, 2017, he signed a five-year, $82.5 million contract extension with the Cardinals. On December 19, 2017, he was named to his second Pro Bowl.<mask> finished the season leading the league with 17.0 sacks, which set a new Cardinals' franchise record. He was ranked 28th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018. 2018 season
In 2018, <mask> was moved to defensive end as new Cardinals head coach Steve Wilks implemented a 4–3 defense. In Week 5, <mask> recorded a sack, pass breakup, three tackles for loss, a forced fumble and recovery in a 28–18 win over the San Francisco 49ers, earning him NFC Defensive Player of the Week. He finished the season with 49 tackles, 13 sacks, four passes defensed, and three forced fumbles. His 13 sacks led the team and were tied for seventh in the league. 2019 season
During Week 3 against the Carolina Panthers, <mask> sacked Kyle Allen twice in the 38-20 loss.During a Week 7 27–21 road victory over the New York Giants, he sacked rookie <mask> four times, one of which resulted in a forced fumble which he recovered. <mask> was named the NFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance. During Week 16 against the Seattle Seahawks, <mask> sacked Russell Wilson four

masks:
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Daniel Jones
Jones
Jones


texts:
 times and forced a fumble on David Moore which was recovered by teammate Jordan Hicks during the 27–13 road victory. <mask> finished the season with 53 tackles and set career-highs in sacks with 19, forced fumbles with eight, fumble recoveries with three, pass deflections with five. He was also the runner-up for Defensive Player of the Year. 2020 season
In Week 1 against the San Francisco 49ers, <mask> recorded his first sack of the season on Jimmy Garoppolo during the 24–20 win. In Week 5, he suffered a torn bicep and was placed on injured reserve on October 15, 2020.2021 season
In Week 1 against the Tennessee Titans, <mask> finished with five sacks as the Cardinals won 38–13. His performance tied the franchise single game sack record, and he was named NFC Defensive Player of the Week. In Week 11, <mask> had four tackles, two sacks, and a forced fumble in a 23-13 win over the Seahawks, earning NFC Defensive Player of the Week. He finished the season second on the team with 10.5 sacks, 41 tackles, four passes defensed, and a team-leading six forced fumbles. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Personal life
<mask> is the youngest of his brothers. His oldest brother, Arthur, is a former defensive end in the NFL, while his other brother Jon is an American mixed martial artist and former light heavyweight champion of the world currently competing for the UFC. <mask> graduated from Syracuse in 2012.References

External links

 Syracuse Orange bio
 New England Patriots bio
 Arizona Cardinals bio

1990 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
American football defensive ends
American football outside linebackers
Arizona Cardinals players
Syracuse Orange football players
New England Patriots players
Players of American football from New York (state)
People from Endicott, New York
Sportspeople from Rochester, New York
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
100

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<mask> (19 April 1907 – 30 August 1991) was an English actor. He was a well known stage actor in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, appeared in forty films between 1931 and 1965 and was a frequent broadcaster on radio from the 1930s to the 1990s, and on television from 1938 to 1964. His most prominent television role was the Sheriff of Nottingham in the 1950s TV series The Adventures of Robin Hood, with Richard Greene as Robin Hood; <mask> played the sheriff in 54 episodes between 1955 and 1959. Earlier, he had played Sherlock Holmes in the first television series featuring the great detective. In addition to acting, <mask> was a radio announcer during the Second World War, broadcasting to occupied Europe, where he became a well known voice. Poetry was another of his interests: he translated the poetry of Federico García Lorca and was a frequent reader of poems on air. In his later years he worked mainly in radio, as a narrator, a verse-reader and an actor.Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born in Tolworth, Surrey, on 19 April 1907, the son of William Henry <mask> and his wife Rose Eva (née Towers). He was educated at Tiffin School, and was then employed in industrial psychology. He made his first appearance on the stage at the Festival Theatre, Cambridge in October 1928, as Randall Utterword in Heartbreak House, after which he was a member of the repertory company at that theatre and later in Hull. In 1930 he toured as Sir Roger Fairfax in Sweet Nell of Old Drury with Fred Terry, and in 1931 in The Quaker Girl. In November 1931 <mask> performed in London at the Embassy and St Martin's theatres, as the Journalist in Britannia of Billingsgate. In other London productions in 1932–33 he played the Guide in Miracle at Verdun, Master Klaus in The Witch

masks:
Alan Wheatley
Wheatley
Wheatley
Wheatley
Wheatley
Wheatley


texts:
 and Godfrey Perry in Wild Justice. He appeared at the Malvern Festival in August 1933, before returning to the West End, where his roles included Edgar in King Lear to the Lear of William Devlin.For nine months in 1934–35 <mask> was leading man at the Croydon Repertory Theatre, and in 1936 he made his first appearance with the Old Vic company. He made his Broadway debut in the same year, in the Old Vic's production of St Helena, playing Las Cases to the Bonaparte of Maurice Evans. He subsequently toured in Scandinavia and adjoining countries, as Major Petkoff in Arms and the Man and Arnold Champion-Cheney in The Circle. After returning to London, <mask>'s last stage roles of the 1930s were Disraeli in Mr Gladstone, with Devlin; Mosca in Volpone, with Donald Wolfit,; Frank Harris in Oscar Wilde with Francis L. Sullivan; Sebastian in Walk in the Sun, with Terence de Marney; and Sir Patrick Cullen in The Doctor's Dilemma, with Clifford Evans. He appeared in several films in the 1930s (see Filmography below), and, already a frequent broadcaster on BBC radio, he made his first television appearance in August 1938, playing Lane in The Importance of Being Earnest. In the same year he played Sam Weller in Bardell against Pickwick, adapted from The Pickwick Papers. War and post-war
In September 1939 at the time of the outbreak of the Second World War <mask> joined the BBC Drama Repertory Company.From May to September 1940 he was an announcer on the BBC Overseas Service and then until March 1945 he was principal announcer and newsreader for the BBC European Service. The Times said of him, "His clarity of diction and balanced speaking voice became well known in war-time Europe, where people in occupied countries turned to the BBC for information". While

masks: Wheatley Wheatley Wheatley


texts:
 serving with the European Service <mask> met Rafael Nadal, a friend of Federico García Lorca, and developed an interest in the poet's works. He made English translations of several of them; "Lament on the Death of a Bullfighter" was the first to be completed, and was broadcast by the BBC in 1946. He recorded nine of his translations for the gramophone in 1953, released in Britain on the Argo label and in the US by Westminster Records. When BBC television resumed after its suspension during the war, <mask> played a wide range of characters, from Sam Weller again (1946), to the humorously cynical schoolmaster Rupert Billings in The Happiest Days of Your Life (1949) and the tragic king in Richard II (1950). The Manchester Guardian called the last "a brilliant performance: television acting at its best".<mask>'s film credits in the 1940s include Caesar and Cleopatra (1945), The Rake's Progress (1945), Appointment with Crime (1946), Brighton Rock (1947) and Calling Paul Temple (1948). In 1945 <mask> rejoined the Old Vic company, touring as Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet. At the end of the year he joined the company at the Mercury Theatre, London, where his roles included the Greek and Tegeus in a double bill of W. B. Yeats's The Resurrection and Christopher Fry's A Phoenix Too Frequent, Julian in Ronald Duncan's This Way to the Tomb (which the cast also played at the Studio Champs-Elysées in Paris and the Garrick Theatre, London), and Harry in T. S. Eliot's The Family Reunion. In 1949 he played the title role in Hamlet at the Richmond Theatre. The reviewer in The Stage thought <mask> displayed "a good voice and presence" in the role but was "rather lightweight". 1950s
In 1951 <mask> played Sherlock Holmes in a series of six televised dramatisations of

masks: Wheatley Wheatley Wheatley Wheatley Wheatley Wheatley


texts: Conan Doyle stories. Holmes had been played on television before, in one-off adaptations, but this was the first series to feature him.<mask>'s co-stars were Derek Francis as Dr Watson and Bill Owen as Inspector Lestrade. The Times commented that as Holmes, <mask> "catches the essential character. He is a figure, not merely of wonder or of fun, but of romantic possibility". No audio or video recordings of the productions are known to exist. Between 1955 and 1959 <mask> is recorded by the British Film Institute as appearing in 54 episodes of the ABC television series The Adventures of Robin Hood as the Sheriff of Nottingham, the perpetual adversary of Robin (Richard Greene). He played the role "with many a villainous smile", as The Times said, but eventually withdrew from it. His colleague Peter Cotes said that the part made him into a well known "personality", and although he was regarded by colleagues as "the best high comedy actor in Britain", and "daring", "haunting" and "moving" in various roles, nonetheless, after the Robin Hood series he was, in the words of an obituarist, "more inclined to be cast as a suave villain than as a hero".Concurrently with some of the Robin Hood series, <mask> played Pontius Pilate in a BBC television religious drama series, Jesus of Nazareth first shown in 1956. His other television roles of the 1950s included Rupert Cadell in Rope (1953) and the murderous Jonathan Brewster in the comedy Arsenic and Old Lace (1958). His film roles included Inspector Braddock in The Limping Man (1953) and Inspector MacLennan in The House Across the Lake (1954). <mask>'s entry in Who's Who in the Theatre records no stage appearances by him between 1952 and 1959. In February 1959 he played Edgar Marr in an American thriller, House

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 Without Windows. In December of the same year he played Abanazar in Aladdin, a lavish show at the London Coliseum, with songs by Cole Porter, production and choreography by Robert Helpmann, and co-starring Bob Monkhouse, Ian Wallace and Ronald Shiner. Later years
In the 1960s <mask> continued to broadcast frequently on television and radio.He played Richard D'Oyly Carte in a three-part BBC television series Gilbert and Sullivan: The Immortal Jesters (1961), and appeared in episodes of Maigret (1962 and 1963), Doctor Who and Compact, both in 1964. In the same year he played Prince Rohat, Minister of the Interior, in Victor Canning's six-part drama The Midnight Men. His last cinema role listed by the British Film Institute was Major Ronald Grey-Simmons in Clash by Night (1965). In later years <mask> worked mostly on radio, as narrator and poetry-reader as well as actor. In 1975 he played Judas Iscariot in the 12-part cycle The Man Born to be King by Dorothy L. Sayers. He acted in adaptations of plays by writers including Noël Coward and Somerset Maugham, and of novels by Alexandre Dumas, James Hilton, Anthony Powell and C. P. Snow among others. He made his final appearance in 1991 in a BBC Radio 4 adaptation of A Day by the Sea, with Wendy Hiller and Michael Hordern, both old friends of his.<mask> died of a heart attack in Westminster, London on 30 August 1991, aged 84. Filmography

References and sources

References

Sources

External links

1907 births
1991 deaths
20th-century English male actors
Male actors from Surrey
BBC people
English male film actors
English male radio actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
People from Tolworth
Radio and television announcers
Male actors from London
English psychologists
20th-century


texts:
<mask> (25 May 1882 – 5 December 1954) was an American painter, printmaker, architect, illustrator, writer, lecturer, museum director and art educator in the San Francisco Bay Area. Prior to about 1930 he used the simpler name <mask> or <mask><mask>; between 1931 and 1933 he changed the family name to <mask>, believing that he was related to the <mask> (1576–1622), patron of <mask>. Much of his work was influenced by traditional Japanese woodblock printing and the Arts and Crafts Movement. He became prominent in the field of art education, and he designed several unusual buildings in Palo Alto and Carmel, California. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 25 May 1882 in Austin, Nevada. The family settled in Oakland, California in 1888. <mask>'s parents had emigrated from the Azores in Portugal, in 1872.His father Francisco (or Frank) was a shoemaker. As a teenager he studied art intermittently with Harry Stuart Fonda, Emile Gremke, and Mary Frances Benton and at the California School of Design (now the San Francisco Art Institute). He returned to the latter school in 1910-11 and studied under Charles Judson, Harry Seawell, and Alice Chittenden. In 1913 he studied in New York with George Bridgman at the Art Students League of New York and with Arthur Wesley Dow at Columbia University. Early career
He was employed by Pacific Press Publishing Company in Oakland from 1900 to 1904. In 1904 he and his brother John started an engraving firm in San Francisco, which was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake and fire. In 1907 he married Reta Bailey of Berkeley and the three brothers, with two additional partners, started Lemos Illustrating Company in Oakland, continuing as Lemos Brothers, Artists and Engravers to 1911.Later this became known as the Lemos Brothers Art and Photography Studio, which offered art classes in copper, leather and landscaping as well as the traditional media of drypoint, etching and illustrating. Teaching
In 1911 he began teaching decorative design at the San Francisco Institute of Art. In late 1912 he was one of the founders the California Society of Etchers, and the following year he

masks:
Pedro Joseph de Lemos
Pedro Lemos
Pedro J
. Lemos
de Lemos
Count de Lemos
Miguel de Cervantes
Pedro
Pedro


texts:
 started offering the Institute's first classes in printmaking. Some of his students, such as William S. Rice and John Winkler, went on to achieve significant fame as printmakers. He helped organize the California print section of the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition (PPIE). He had five works in the PPIE exposition and received an honorable mention. He served as director of the San Francisco Institute of Art from 1914 to 1917.Museum director
Under pressure to incorporate modernist art trends like cubism in the curriculum of the San Francisco Institute of Art, he resigned in the fall of 1917 to become director of the art museum and gallery at Stanford University. He continued in that role and teaching at Stanford until his retirement in 1945, and he organized an active schedule of diverse exhibitions. In March 1922 he presented at Stanford the first solo exhibition of his own work, a collection of pastels, and in August 1922 an article about him was featured in the American Magazine of Art. He continued to exhibit his work in many media at Stanford and elsewhere, and for several years he taught summer art classes as far away as Chicago. Writings
He became a prolific author of articles and books on Mexican and Native American crafts and on the teaching of arts and crafts. In 1920 he and his brother John T<mask> co-authored Art Simplified: A Book of Practical Art for Advertisers, Commercial Artists, Teachers and Students, published by the Prang Company. Applied Art: Drawing, Painting, Design and Handicraft (Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1920) became a popular textbook for elementary and high school art classes that was revised and reprinted more than a dozen times through the 1940s.Many short pieces appeared in the SchoolArts Magazine, where <mask> served as Editor—in-Chief from 1919 to 1950. The 1922 book Color Cement Handicraft by <mask> <mask>, with an emphasis on decorative tiles, was reprinted in 2007 as Arts & Crafts Era Concrete Projects. Architecture

In 1922, there had been an old oak tree in Palo Alto that was cut down, <mask> was upset by the cutting of this old tree and in

masks:
. Lemos
de Lemos
Pedrota
Lemos
de Lemos


texts:
 reaction he bought up a parcel of land on Ramona Street (near University Avenue) in order to save the oak trees. Between the 1920s until the late 1930s, <mask> designed and built multiple buildings in Palo Alto, California including 520-526 Ramona Street and across the street at 533-539 Ramona Street, 460 Churchill Street (built in 1925) in order to house his art studio, and four Medieval Revival houses at 1550-1560-1566-1579 Cowper Street (built in the 1930s). In 1928, after meeting with the owners of the property, the Merners, <mask> and his wife Reta became involved in the founding, design and administration of the Allied Arts Guild in Menlo Park, California. He and his wife had already engaged in developing similar groups of art studios and shops in Carmel and Palo Alto. The Spanish Colonial style architecture for the six Allied Arts Guild buildings were designed by <mask> <mask> and <mask>er Dailey.Between 1931 and 1941 <mask> developed his own home with nearly 9,000 square feet on Waverley Oaks in Palo Alto, the <mask> Lemos House (or Hacienda de Lemos, Waverley Oaks) is Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and is on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979. In the 1940s they began work on a "Storybook" house in Pebble Beach, completing only the garage and caretaker's cottage. He died in his home in Palo Alto, California on 5 December 1954. Associations
<mask> was elected the first president of the Carmel Art Association in August 1927, but refused to attend most of the meetings in a bitter dispute over juried exhibitions. He also belonged to the Bohemian Club, Palo Alto Art Association, Chicago Society of Etchers, Pacific Art League, and other organizations. In 1943 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in London. References

External links

 Pinterest page on <mask> Lemos
 Cody Anderson Wasney Architects projects on de Lemos buildings

1882 births
1954 deaths
American illustrators
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
American people of Portuguese descent
20th-century American printmakers
People from Palo Alto,

masks:
de Lemos
Pedro
Pedro de
Lemos
Garden
de Lemos
Pedro de
de Lemos
de


texts:
<mask> (born November 19, 1975) is the offensive coordinator of the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He is best known for his career in the CFL as a quarterback, which was largely spent with the Edmonton Eskimos where he won two Grey Cup championships. He also spent time with the Montreal Alouettes and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He has spent time as a coach with the Toronto Argonauts and Ottawa Redblacks and was the head coach of the Eskimos from 2016 to 2019. Amateur career
During his high school career in Yuma, Arizona, <mask> gained his first notice as a football player when the Phoenix Prep Sport magazine selected <mask> as the most outstanding high-school quarterback in the state of Arizona as a senior. <mask> went to college at the University of Oregon starting in 1994 but was buried deep on the depth chart for the first two years of his career. In his second year, Maas threw only eighteen passes in unimportant situations.However, in his third year, <mask> was considered a solid bet to take Oregon's starting job, until the arrival of high-profile transfer Akili Smith. Smith was drawing rave reviews from the football establishment as a better pure athlete, but <mask>'s numbers early in the year were comparable. <mask> drew rave reviews by throwing for five touchdowns in a game against Stanford, but it was Smith who ended up taking the long-term starting job. <mask> spent the rest of his time at Oregon as a backup, finishing with career totals of 120 completions on 226 attempts, 1,763 yards, nineteen touchdowns and eight interceptions. Both <mask> and Smith left Oregon in 1999, and while Smith was

masks:
Jason Maas
Maas
Maas
Maas
Maas
Maas
Maas
Maas
Maas


texts:
 drafted third overall by the Cincinnati Bengals, Maas took a Bachelor of Science in sociology and, undrafted, tried to continue his professional career the hard way. The pattern of losing a starting job to a flashier new arrival despite his own strong play would repeat itself twice later in <mask>'s career. Professional football
As a career backup in college, Maas drew little interest through the professional ranks.On April 23, 1999, <mask> signed with the National Football League's Baltimore Ravens during preseason. He appeared in a single preseason game and did not impress the coaching staff enough to win a roster spot. Joining the CFL
For the 2000 CFL season <mask> signed with the Edmonton Eskimos, where the coaching staff intended to use him as a backup and (with Dan Crowley) the holder on field goal and extra point attempts. The Eskimos were, at the time, one of the league's deepest teams at the quarterback position, with <mask>, Crowley, and incumbent starter Nealon Greene all eventually assuming starting jobs somewhere in the CFL during their careers. <mask> dressed for all eighteen games but saw significant action in only one, going 16 of 25 for 165 yards, a touchdown, and an interception. The Eskimos were eliminated in the Western finals by the B.C. Lions.During the preseason of 2001, Eskimos head coach Don Matthews was fired in a famously messy separation, allegedly for health reasons, and was replaced by Tom Higgins. Higgins would later develop a reputation for changing quarterbacks frequently, and although the flashy Greene had been the starter in Edmonton for two years, his spotty arm was beginning to draw criticism

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texts:
 from fans. The door was wide open for the two backups, Crowley and <mask>, to show that they could take the reins from the faltering Greene. Crowley was strong and Greene fought valiantly to keep his job, but by Week 7 it was <mask> who had taken the starting quarterback spot that he would keep to the end of the year. <mask> picked the league apart in his first year as a starter, and despite his late start was a West Division All-Star and the Edmonton nominee for CFL Outstanding Player. He threw 231 complete of 391 attempts for 3,646 yards, recording 21 touchdowns and 12 interceptions. His performance in the 2001 Labour Day Classic, when Maas was the offensive star and recorded a late 23-yard run to set up the winning field goal as time expired, made him an instant fan favourite.<mask> led the Eskimos to first place in one of the weakest Western Divisions of all time, as the Esks won the division by winning only as many as they lost. The end of the year was sour as the Eskimos were blown out by the rival Calgary Stampeders in the Western Finals, 34–18. <mask> emerged with little credit in the defeat, and after two straight years of disappointment, the local media were beginning to speculate whether the Eskimos were ever going to get past the Western Final. Professional setbacks
<mask> emerged from the 2001 season secure as the incumbent starter. Potential rivals Crowley and Greene were gone for 2002, Crowley to the newly minted Ottawa Renegades in the expansion draft, where he would become their starting quarterback, and Greene to the Saskatchewan Roughriders in a trade. The two backups were Bart Hendricks and an unknown named

masks: Maas Maas Maas Maas Maas Maas


texts: Ricky Ray, neither of whom were expected to challenge Maas for the starting job. Maas was named Offensive Player of the Week in Week 2, and was on pace for another All-Star season.However, in Week 4 against Nealon Greene's Roughriders, <mask> suffered a separated shoulder in his non-throwing arm and the injury was serious enough to sideline <mask> for several games. The nominal number two was Hendricks, but he was unavailable, and the third-stringer Ray temporarily took over the starting role for the Eskimos. Ray seized his chance, and in his first CFL start threw for four touchdowns against the B.C. Lions. As fans watched with delight, Ray piled up remarkable numbers during <mask>'s recovery, leading to an inevitable showdown when the former starter returned. After missing three weeks, <mask> returned against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and was utterly forgettable. One mediocre game was all Higgins needed to see and <mask> was immediately sent to the bench in favour of Ray, who started the next five games.However, reminiscent of <mask>'s junior season in Oregon with Akili Smith, Higgins seemed unable to make up his mind. In a game against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ray struggled and <mask> came in, successfully engineering an Eskimos comeback. Ray started the next game but in the game after, the second-to-last game of the season, <mask> again appeared in relief and was again solid. Finally, in the last game of the year, <mask> got the start and played well. In his first season, Ray had recorded almost 3,000 yards and a quarterback rating over 100, helping the Eskimos win the West Division for the third consecutive year with the third

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 consecutive starting quarterback. Maas had played less often but still well, and had started to win back the confidence of the fans and of the team with a strong end to the season. But for the playoffs Higgins returned to Ray, who led the Eskimos to the 90th Grey Cup, which they lost to the Montréal Alouettes, coached by <mask>'s first CFL head coach, Don Matthews.In 2003, <mask> was looking to regain his starting job from Ray, but suffered a back injury during the off-season. The condition was severe enough to require surgery and Ray became the starter out of training camp. <mask> was the holder for kicker Sean Fleming as he healed, but by Week Eight he was completely healthy. However, Higgins had drawn criticism for his "quarterback by committee" in 2002 and had little desire to repeat the adventure. <mask> was entrenched on the bench as Ray helped deliver the Eskimos the 91st Grey Cup in a rematch with the Alouettes. Opportunity knocks
After 2003, Ray was a hot commodity. NFL scouts were known to be looking at Ray, and during the off-season Ray was able to stick with the New York Jets.The loss of the star quarterback dismayed Eskimos fans, but this was tempered with calm knowing that <mask> was around to fill the void in 2004. The pressure on <mask> was high, but his performance was up to it. <mask> threw for an incredible 5,274 yards, well higher than Ray's 2003 total of 4,640. <mask> threw for "only" 31 touchdowns, four fewer than Ray's 35 in 2003, but his 105.1 quarterback rating ranked among the great seasons ever. In an ironic scene for <mask>, he lost out on the Most Outstanding Player award to Lions quarterback Casey


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 Printers who took over the starting role after an injury to incumbent superstar Dave Dickenson, similar to Ray taking over for Maas. Maas had a strong playoff performance in his single game, throwing for 369 yards in the West Semi-Final. But despite Maas' numbers the offense just was not there as the Eskimos lost a wet and miserable game to Henry Burris and the Saskatchewan Roughriders 14–6.<mask>'s career playoff record fell to 0–2, and head coach Higgins was fired as a result of the loss. Return to the bench
Unfortunately for <mask>'s individual numbers, Ray struggled south of the border. He never threw a regular-season pass with the Jets, and after being released tried in vain to catch on with another NFL team in time for the 2005 NFL season. Conjecture immediately ran high that Ray would be lured back to the Eskimos with a relative big-money deal, which soon followed. In addition, <mask> faced additional competition from recently signed former Most Outstanding Player Khari Jones. Former offensive co-ordinator and new head coach Danny Maciocia had led Maas's offense during his 2004 season, but he also knew that the starting quarterback had to be decisively selected and stuck to. After preseason, Maciocia chose and stuck to Ray, returning <mask> to the bench for the 2005 CFL season.<mask> saw little game action in the regular season, appearing only in relief for the final game, a blowout loss to the Calgary Stampeders. However, entering into the next week's Western Semi-final game against the Stampeders, Ricky Ray was being criticized for his recent play, and after a relatively poor first half, Maciocia put <mask> in for Ray for


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 the second half. <mask> re-ignited the dormant Eskimos offense and led them to a comeback victory, resurrecting the old quarterback controversy that had plagued the Eskimos for years. <mask> followed this up by again appearing in relief during the fourth quarter over Ray in the West Division final against the Lions, scoring the winning touchdown and leading the Eskimos to another victory. Once again, perhaps because of rumours <mask> had already been traded to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats for veteran quarterback Danny McManus and lineman Tim Bakker, Maciocia opted to start Ray in the 93rd Grey Cup. Ray played the whole game and won it, being named MVP in the process. After the game, confirming what TSN called "the CFL's worst-kept secret", <mask> was traded to the Tiger-Cats.Starting in Steeltown
The Tiger-Cats had a busy off-season after the 2005 season. Along with <mask>, the Tiger-Cats also acquired running back Josh Ranek from the defunct Ottawa Renegades, running back/return man and reigning Most Outstanding Special Teams Player Corey Holmes from the Saskatchewan Roughriders in exchange for the firstoverall pick in Ottawa's dispersal draft (Saskatchewan selected quarterback Kerry Joseph). Significantly for <mask>, the team also added his former favourite target in Edmonton, receiver Terry Vaughn, from Montreal as a free agent. In spite of the big names added to the offense, the Tiger-Cats struggled immediately and badly. On July 10, 2006, the Tiger-Cats relieved head coach Greg Marshall of his duties after an 0–4 start, appointing 67-year-old veteran head coach Ron Lancaster as his replacement. The team also fired offensive


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 co-ordinator Joe Paopao, offensive line coach Kani Kauahi, and replaced interim general manager since 2005 Rob Katz with former Montreal assistant GM Marcel Desjardins later in the season. Before the Tiger-Cats' Labour Day Classic game against Toronto, Hamilton was in last place in the East Division.<mask> was seventh in the league in passing yardage, tied for seventh in touchdown passes, and tied for second in interceptions. Two of the players ahead of Maas in yardage and touchdowns, Dave Dickenson and Kerry Joseph, had struggled with injuries during the season, and the player tied with <mask>'s seven touchdowns was British Columbia backup Buck Pierce. The Tiger-Cats would fall to 2–10 after Labour Day, with <mask> getting no credit in a 40–6 pummelling by the Argonauts. For the 2007 CFL season <mask> began the year as the starter for the Tiger-Cats. They had another rough start to the season at 1–8, prompting the pick-up of NFL castoff, and 2004 CFL MOP, Casey Printers. Traded to Montreal
On September 7, 2007, in the wake of Hamilton's signing of Casey Printers, recently cut by the Kansas City Chiefs, Hamilton traded <mask> to the Montreal Alouettes in exchange for Canadian fullback Jeff Piercy. <mask> initially refused to report to his new club, a move which momentarily held up formalization of the transaction.<mask> served as the team's third-string quarterback behind Marcus Brady and Anthony Calvillo. Mass saw limited time on the field with the Alouettes and was released on December 31, 2007. Back to Edmonton
January 16, 2008 the Edmonton Eskimos announced <mask> was back in the green and gold. Come training camp, <mask> and

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 Lefors battled for the second-string quarterback spot but were both named 2 and 2A by head coach Danny Maciocca. Maas saw about two quarters of playing time in the second pre-season game of 2008 and impressed, completing 16 of 19 passes for 256 yards and a touchdown. <mask> remained the Eskimos backup for 2009, but for 2010 seemed to have been demoted to third stringer early in the season in favour of Jared Zabransky. <mask>'s new tenure was rumored to be an apprenticeship for a coaching job within the organization.However, <mask> wished to continue playing if he couldn't play for the Eskimos, so he was released on February 22, 2011, to potentially land with another team. <mask> officially retired May 26, 2011 from the CFL after an eleven-year career. Coaching career

Toronto Argonauts
On December 20, 2011, <mask> was named the receivers coach for the Toronto Argonauts. On February 24, 2012, it was announced that <mask> would shift duties to become the quarterbacks coach. He spent three seasons with the Argonauts, winning a Grey Cup championship in 2012. Ottawa Redblacks
On December 3, 2014, <mask> was introduced as the offensive coordinator of the Ottawa Redblacks. In the 2015 CFL season, Ottawa led the league in offensive yards, passing yards, and rushing touchdowns.The offense also featured the league's Most Outstanding Player in quarterback Henry Burris and four 1000-yard receivers, which was only the third time that a team featured four 1000-yard receivers in the same season. Edmonton Eskimos
<mask> was named the new head coach of the Edmonton Eskimos on December 14, 2015. The team finished with a 10–8 regular season record

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 in 2016, but finished fourth in a strong West Division. After a strong 12–6 finish and trip to the West Final in 2017, <mask>' Eskimos faltered in 2018 missing the playoffs for the first time since 2013. While the Eskimos finished with a 9–9 record, they placed fifth in a strong West Division that year. The team finished 8–10 during the following season and in fourth place, qualifying once again as the crossover team and qualified for the East Division playoffs. The Eskimos were defeated that year by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the East Final.That would be his last game as the team's head coach, as <mask> was relieved of his coaching duties on November 27, 2019. Saskatchewan Roughriders
On December 5, 2019, it was reported that <mask> had agreed to join the Saskatchewan Roughriders as their offensive coordinator, but the announcement had not yet been made official by the team. The appointment was made official on December 6, 2019, when it was announced that he was signed by the team through to the 2021 season. CFL coaching record

Personal
<mask>'s father Gary Alan <mask> (aged 29), a police officer, was shot and killed on April 9, 1986, when Maas was only ten. <mask> is married and lives in Sherwood Park, Alberta with his wife, Marjean and their two children. References

External links
Toronto Argonauts bio

1975 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football quarterbacks
Edmonton Elks coaches
Edmonton Elks players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Oregon Ducks football players
Ottawa Redblacks coaches
People from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
Toronto Argonauts coaches
Montreal


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<mask> (born November 1, 1979) is an American art photographer and filmmaker based in Los Angeles. Career
Prager began her photography practice after viewing an exhibition of William Eggleston's at the Getty Museum which was on view between 1999 and 2000. Her staged color photographs are described by Ken Johnson as being influenced by Cindy Sherman, Philip-Lorca diCorcia and Douglas Sirk. MoMA curator Roxana Marcoci has described Prager's work as "intentionally loaded", saying "it reminds me of silent movies— there is something pregnant, about to happen, a mix of desire and angst." Michael Govan the director of LACMA has said that "Prager's photographic and filmic compositions, like Eggleston's photographs, Alfred Hitchcock's films, and Edward Hopper's paintings, reveal the extraordinary lurking within the ordinary. Wreaking havoc with our involuntary voyeurism and our tendency to leap to conclusions about people's characters based on the merest details of their appearances, Prager cues our own fantasies by representing her own." In 2005, Prager created a group of works, The Book of Disquiet, as an exhibition and joint publication with artist Mercedes Helnwein.She began to gain more attention after exhibiting Polyester in 2007, which focused on what is now described as her signature cinematic styled portraits set in Los Angeles. Her next series, The Big Valley, was shown in 2008 at Michael Hoppen Gallery in London and in 2009 at Yancey Richardson Gallery in New York. In 2010 Prager exhibited


texts: Week-End at M+B Gallery in Los Angeles, Yancey Richardson Gallery and Michael Hoppen Gallery where she debuted her first short film, Despair alongside a group of photographs. Despair was conceived in London during The Big Valley Exhibition, where viewers were inquiring what happened before and after to the subjects in her photographic work. The film starring Bryce Dallas Howard was a full-sensory version of Prager's photographs in motion, showing the before, now and after of one of her images. Her intention was to create pure, cinematic melodrama through the use of an array of artistic mediums – imagery, motion, color, sculpture, painting and sound.Prager's Despair was included in Museum of Modern Art's exhibition "New Photography 2010" where she was recognized as a notable emerging talent. A pivotal moment for Prager came in 2011 when Kathy Ryan, director of photography for The New York Times Magazine commissioned her to shoot 12, 1 minute films with some of 2011's stand-out film actors inspired by "cinematic villainy".<mask> won an Emmy for her Touch of Evil short films. In 2012, Prager addressed themes of disaster and spatial turbulence with the series Compulsion. exhibited at M+B Gallery and Yancey Richardson Gallery. Prager's short film La Petite Mort starring French actress Judith Godreche with narration from Gary Oldman was shown alongside the body of work. The film was a "contemplation on death" and "a way for [her] to deal with the hopelessness [she] was feeling about the world.


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 Creating a parallel universe where tragedies happen but with a sense of lightness as well." Prager's series, Face in the Crowd, debuted at Washington D.C.'s Corcoran Gallery of Art in 2013 followed by a solo exhibition at Lehmann Maupin in New York.Prager was commissioned by the Paris Opera in 2015 to create a film for 3e Scène. The film, La Grande Sortie, explores the tension between a performer's experience on stage and the audience watching. It stars Émilie Cozette and features leading dancer Karl Paquette dancing to an adapted score by Nigel Godrich. The film was produced by Jeremy Dawson. La Grande Sortie premiered at 3e Scène on September 15, 2015. followed by solo exhibitions by Prager at Galerie des Galeries in Paris followed by solo exhibitions by Prager at Galerie des Galeries in Paris and in 2016 at Lehmann Maupin in New York, alongside a new set of photographic works. In 2019 Prager exhibited her most autobiographical body of work to date at Lehmann Maupin, which included photographs and a new film, Play the Wind. Works

Monographs
Silver Lake Drive, Thames & Hudson ()
La Grande Sortie, Lehmann Maupin (2016)()
Face in the Crowd, Corcoran (2013) ()
Compulsion, Michael Hoppen Gallery (2012) ()
The Big Valley / Week-end, M+B and Yancey Richardson Gallery (2010) ()

Exhibitions
 2010: New Photography at the Museum of Modern Art in New York
 2012: Compulsion, Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam
 2012: Compulsion, Yancey Richardson Gallery, New York
 2013: Mise-en-scène, Savannah College of


texts: <mask> (October 19, 1917 – February 8, 2019) was an American physical oceanographer. One of the first scientists to bring statistical methods to the analysis of oceanographic data, <mask> is noted for creating fruitful areas of research that continue to be explored by other scientists. <mask>'s work garnered him many prestigious awards including the National Medal of Science, the Kyoto Prize, and induction to the French Legion of Honour. Munk worked on a wide range of topics, including surface waves, geophysical implications of variations in the Earth's rotation, tides, internal waves, deep-ocean drilling into the sea floor, acoustical measurements of ocean properties, sea level rise, and climate change. Beginning in 1975, <mask> and Carl Wunsch developed ocean acoustic tomography, to exploit the ease with which sound travels in the ocean and use acoustical signals for measurement of broad-scale temperature and current. In a 1991 experiment, <mask> and his collaborators investigated the ability of underwater sound to propagate from the Southern Indian Ocean across all ocean basins. The aim was to measure global ocean temperature.The experiment was criticized by environmental groups, who expected that the loud acoustic signals would adversely affect marine life. <mask> continued to develop and advocate for acoustical measurements of the ocean throughout his career. <mask>'s career began before the outbreak of World War II and ended nearly 80 years later with his death in 2019. The war interrupted his doctoral studies at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Scripps), and led to his participation in U.S. military research efforts. <mask> and his doctoral advisor Harald Sverdrup developed methods for forecasting wave conditions which were used in support of beach landings in all theaters of the war. He was involved with oceanographic programs during the atomic bomb tests in Bikini Atoll. For most of his career, he was a professor of geophysics at Scripps at the University of California in La

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 Jolla.Additionally, <mask> and his wife Judy were active in developing the Scripps campus and integrating it with the new University of California, San Diego. <mask>'s career included a number of prestigious positions, including being a member of the JASON think tank, and holding the Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Oceanography Chair. Early life and education
In 1917, <mask> was born to a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria-Hungary. His father, Dr. <mask>, and his mother, Rega Brunner, divorced when he was ten years old. His maternal grandfather was Lucian Brunner (1850–1914), a prominent banker and Austrian politician. His stepfather, Dr. Rudolf Engelsberg, was head of the salt mine monopoly of the Austrian government and a member of the Austrian governments of Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss and Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg. In 1932, <mask> was performing poorly in school because he was spending too much time skiing, so his family sent him from Austria to a boys' preparatory school in upper New York state.His family envisioned a career for him in finance with a New York bank connected to the family business. He worked at the family's banking firm for three years and studied at Columbia University. <mask> hated banking. In 1937, he left the firm to attend the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena. While at Caltech, he took a summer job in 1939 at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Scripps) in La Jolla, California. <mask> earned a B.S. in applied physics in 1939 and an M.S.in geophysics (under Beno Gutenberg) in 1940 at Caltech. The master's degree work was based on oceanographic data collected in the Gulf of California by the Norwegian oceanographer Harald Sverdrup, then director of Scripps. In 1939, <mask> asked Sverdrup to take him on as a doctoral student. Sverdrup agreed, although <mask> recalled him saying "I can't think of a single job that's going to become available in the next ten years in oceanography". <mask>'s studies were interrupted by the outbreak

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 of World War II. He completed his doctoral degree in oceanography at Scripps under the University of California, Los Angeles in 1947. He wrote it in three weeks and it is the "shortest Scripps dissertation on record."He later realized that its principal conclusion is wrong. Wartime activities
In 1940, <mask> enlisted the U.S. Army. This was unusual for a student at Scripps: all the others joined the U.S. Naval Reserve. After serving 18 months in Field Artillery and the Ski Troops, he was discharged at the request of Sverdrup and Roger Revelle so he could undertake defense-related research at Scripps. In December 1941, a week before the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined several of his colleagues from Scripps at the U.S. Navy Radio and Sound Laboratory. For six years they developed methods related to antisubmarine and amphibious warfare.This research involved marine acoustics, and eventually led to his work on ocean acoustic tomography. Predicting surf conditions for Allied landings
In 1943, <mask> and Sverdrup began looking for a way to predict the heights of ocean surface waves. The Allies were preparing for a landing in North Africa, where two out of every three days the waves are above six feet. Practice beach landings in the Carolinas were suspended when waves reached this height because they were dangerous to people and landing craft. <mask> and Sverdrup found an empirical law that related wave height and period to the speed and duration of the wind and the distance over which it blows. The Allies applied this method in the Pacific theater of war and the Normandy invasion on D-Day. Officials at the time estimated that many lives were saved by these predictions.<mask> commented in 2009:

Oceanographic measurements during atomic weapons tests in the Pacific
In 1946, the United States tested two fission nuclear weapons (20 kilotons) at Bikini Atoll in the equatorial Pacific in Operation Crossroads. <mask> helped to determine the currents, diffusion, and water exchanges affecting the

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 radiation contamination from the second test, code-named Baker. Six years later he returned to the equatorial Pacific for the 1952 test of the first fusion nuclear weapon (10 megatons) at Eniwetok Atoll, code-named Ivy Mike. Roger Revelle, John Isaacs, and <mask> had initiated a program for monitoring for the possibility of a large tsunami generated from the test. Later association with the military
<mask> continued to have a close association with the military in later decades. He was one of the first academics to be funded by the Office of Naval Research, and had his last grant from them when he was 97. In 1968, he became a member of JASON, a panel of scientists who advise the Pentagon, and he continued in that role until the end of his life.He held a Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Oceanography Chair from 1985 until his death in 2019. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics
After receiving his doctorate in 1947, <mask> was hired by Scripps as an assistant professor of geophysics. He became a full professor there in 1954, but his appointment was at the Institute of Geophysics (IGP) at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In 1955, <mask> took a sabbatical at Cambridge, England. His experience at Cambridge led to the idea of starting a new IGP branch at Scripps. At the time of <mask>'s return to Scripps, it was still under the administration of UCLA, as it had been since 1938. It became part of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) when that campus was founded in 1958.Revelle, its director at the time, was a primary advocate for establishing the La Jolla campus. At this time <mask> was considering offers for new positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, but Revelle encouraged <mask> to remain in La Jolla. <mask>'s founding of IGP at La Jolla was concurrent with the creation of the UCSD campus. The IGPP laboratory was built between 1959 and 1963 with funding from the University of California, the U.S. Air Force Office

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 of Scientific Research, the National Science Foundation, and private foundations. (After planetary physics was added, IGP changed its name to the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP).) The redwood building was designed by architect Lloyd Ruocco, in close consultation with Judith and <mask>. The IGPP buildings have become the center of the Scripps campus.Among the early faculty appointments were Carl Eckart, George Backus, Freeman Gilbert and John Miles. The eminent geophysicist Sir Edward "Teddy" Bullard was a regular visitor to IGPP. In 1971 an endowment of $600,000 was established by Cecil Green to support visiting scholars, now known as Green Scholars. <mask> served as director of IGPP/LJ from 1962 to 1982. In the late 1980s, plans for an expansion of IGPP were developed by Judith and <mask>, and Sharyn and John Orcutt, in consultation with a local architect, Fred Liebhardt. The Revelle Laboratory was completed in 1993. At this time the original IGPP building was renamed the Walter and Judith Munk Laboratory for Geophysics.In 1994 the Scripps branch of IGPP was renamed the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. Research
<mask>'s career in oceanography and geophysics touched on disparate and innovative topics. A pattern of <mask>'s work was that he would initiate a completely new topic; ask challenging, fundamental questions about the subject and its larger meaning; and then, having created an entirely new sub-field of science, move on to another new topic. As Carl Wunsch, one of <mask>'s frequent collaborators, commented:

Wind-driven gyres

In 1948, <mask> took a year's sabbatical to visit Sverdrup in Oslo, Norway on his first Guggenheim Fellowship. He worked on the problem of wind-driven ocean circulation, obtaining the first comprehensive solution for currents based on observed wind patterns. This included two types of friction: horizontal friction between water masses moving at different velocities or between water and the edges of the

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 oceanic basin, and friction from a vertical velocity gradient in the top layer of the ocean (the Ekman layer). The model predicted the five main ocean gyres (pictured), with rapid, narrow currents  in the west flowing towards the poles and broader, slower currents in the east flowing away from the poles.<mask> coined the term "ocean gyres," a term now widely used. The currents predicted for the western boundaries (e.g., for the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio Current) were about half of the accepted values at the time, but those only considered the most intense flow and neglected a large return flow. Later estimates agreed well with <mask>'s predictions. Rotation of the Earth
In the 1950s, Munk investigated irregularities in the Earth's rotation – changes in the length of day (rate of the Earth's rotation) and changes in the axis of rotation (such as the Chandler wobble, which has a period of about 14 months). The latter gives rise to a small tide called the pole tide. Although the scientific community knew of these fluctuations, they did not have adequate explanations for them. With Gordon J. F. MacDonald, <mask> published The Rotation of the Earth: A Geophysical Discussion in 1960.This book discusses the effects from a geophysical, rather than astronomical, perspective. It shows that short-term variations are caused by movement in the atmosphere, ocean, underground water, and interior of the Earth, including tides in the ocean and solid Earth. Over longer times (a century or more), the largest influence is the tidal acceleration that causes the Moon to move away from the Earth at about four centimeters per year. This gradually slows Earth's rotation, so that over 500 million years the length of day has increased from 21 hours to 24. The monograph remains a standard reference. Project Mohole

In 1957, <mask> and Harry Hess suggested the idea behind Project Mohole: to drill into the Mohorovičić discontinuity and obtain a sample of the Earth's mantle. While such a project was not feasible on land,

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 drilling in the open ocean would be more feasible, because the mantle is much closer to the sea floor.Initially led by the informal group of scientists known as the American Miscellaneous Society (AMSOC), a group that included Hess, Maurice Ewing, and Roger Revelle, the project was eventually taken over by the National Science Foundation. Initial test drillings into the sea floor led by Willard Bascom occurred off Guadalupe Island, Mexico in March and April 1961. However, the project was mismanaged and grew in expense after the construction company Brown and Root won the contract to continue the effort. Toward the end of 1966, Congress discontinued the project. While Project Mohole was not successful, the idea and its innovative initial phase directly led to the successful NSF Deep Sea Drilling Program for obtaining sediment cores. Ocean swell

Starting in the late 1950s, <mask> returned to the study of ocean waves. Thanks to his acquaintance with John Tukey, he pioneered the use of power spectra in describing wave behavior.This work culminated with an expedition that he led in 1963 called "Waves Across the Pacific" to observe waves generated by storms in the Southern Indian Ocean. Such waves traveled northward for thousands of miles across the Pacific Ocean. To trace the path and decay of the waves, he established measurement stations on islands and at sea (on R/P FLIP) along a great circle from New Zealand, to the Palmyra Atoll, and finally to Alaska. <mask> and his family spent nearly the whole of 1963 on American Samoa for this experiment. <mask> and <mask> collaborated in making a film to document the experiment. The results show little decay of wave energy with distance traveled. This work, together with the wartime work on wave forecasting, led to the science of surf forecasting, one of <mask>'s best-known accomplishments.<mask>'s pioneering research into surf forecasting was acknowledged in 2007 with an award from the Groundswell Society, a surfing advocacy organization. Ocean tides

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Between 1965 and 1975, Munk turned to investigations of ocean tides, partly motivated by their effects on the Earth's rotation. Modern methods of time series and spectral analysis were brought to bear on tidal analysis, leading to work with David Cartwright developing the "response method" of tidal analysis. With Frank Snodgrass, Munk developed deep-ocean pressure sensors that could be used to provide tidal data far from any land. One highlight of this work was the discovery of the semidiurnal amphidrome midway between California and Hawaii. Internal waves: The Garrett–Munk spectrum
At the time of <mask>'s dissertation for his master's degree in 1939, internal waves were considered an uncommon phenomenon. By the 1970s, there were extensive published observations of internal-wave variability in the oceans in temperature, salinity, and velocity as functions of time, horizontal distance, and depth.Motivated by a 1958 paper by Owen Philips that described a universal spectral form for the variance of ocean surface waves as a function of wave number, Chris Garrett and <mask> attempted to make sense of the observations by postulating a universal spectrum for internal waves. According to <mask>, they chose a spectrum that could be factored into a function of frequency times a function of vertical wave number. The resulting spectrum, now called the Garrett-Munk Spectrum, is roughly consistent with a large number of diverse measurements that had been obtained over the global ocean. The model evolved over the subsequent decade, denoted GM72, GM75, GM79, etc., according to the year of publication of the revised model. Although Munk expected the model to be rapidly obsolete, it proved to be a universal model that is still in use. Its universality is interpreted as a sign of profound processes governing internal wave dynamics, turbulence and fine-scale mixing. Klaus Hasselmann commented in 2010, "...the publication of the GM spectrum has indeed been extremely fruitful for oceanography, both in the past and

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 still today."Ocean acoustic tomography

Beginning in 1975, <mask> and Carl Wunsch of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology pioneered the development of acoustic tomography of the ocean. With Peter Worcester and Robert Spindel, <mask> developed the use of sound propagation, particularly sound arrival patterns and travel times, to infer important information about the ocean's large-scale temperature and current. This work, together with the work of other groups, eventually motivated the 1991 "Heard Island Feasibility Test" (HIFT), to determine if man-made acoustic signals could be transmitted over antipodal distances to measure the ocean's climate. The experiment came to be called "the sound heard around the world." During six days in January 1991, acoustic signals were transmitted by sound sources lowered from the M/V Cory Chouest near Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. These signals traveled half-way around the globe to be received on the east and west coasts of the United States, as well as at many other stations around the world. The follow-up to this experiment was the 1996–2006 Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) project in the North Pacific Ocean.Both HIFT and ATOC engendered considerable public controversy concerning the possible effects of man-made sounds on marine mammals. In addition to the decade-long measurements obtained in the North Pacific, acoustic thermometry has been employed to measure temperature changes of the upper layers of the Arctic Ocean basins, which continues to be an area of active interest. Acoustic thermometry has also been used to determine changes to global-scale ocean temperatures using data from acoustic pulses traveling from Australia to Bermuda. Tomography has come to be a valuable method of ocean observation, exploiting the characteristics of long-range acoustic propagation to obtain synoptic measurements of average ocean temperature or current. Applications have included the measurement of deep water formation in the Greenland Sea in 1989,

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 measurement of ocean tides, and the estimation of ocean mesoscale dynamics by combining tomography, satellite altimetry, and in situ data with ocean dynamical models. <mask> advocated for acoustical measurements of the ocean for much of his career, such as his 1986 Bakerian Lecture Acoustic Monitoring of Ocean Gyres, the 1995 monograph Ocean Acoustic Tomography written with Worcester and Wunsch, and his 2010 Crafoord Prize lecture The Sound of Climate Change. Tides and mixing
In the 1990s, <mask> returned to the work on the role of tides in producing mixing in the ocean.In a 1966 paper "Abyssal Recipes", <mask> was one of the first to assess quantitatively the rate of mixing in the abyssal ocean in maintaining oceanic stratification. At that time, the tidal energy available for mixing was thought to occur by processes near ocean boundaries. According to Sandström's theorem (1908), without the occurrence deep mixing, driven by, e.g., internal tides or tidally-driven turbulence in shallow regions, most of the ocean would become cold and stagnant, capped by a thin, warm surface layer. The question of tidal energy available for mixing was reawakened in the 1990s with the discovery, by acoustic tomography and satellite altimetry, of large-scale internal tides radiating energy away from the Hawaiian Ridge into the interior of the North Pacific Ocean. <mask> recognized that the tidal energy from the scattering and radiation of large-scale internal waves from mid-ocean ridges was significant, hence it could drive abyssal mixing. <mask>'s enigma
In his later work, <mask> focused on the relation between changes in ocean temperature, sea level, and the transfer of mass between continental ice and the ocean. This work described what came to be known as "Munk's enigma", a large discrepancy between observed rate of sea level rise and its expected effects on the earth's rotation.Awards

<mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1956 and to the Royal Society of London in 1976. He was both a

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texts: Guggenheim Fellow (1948, 1953, 1962) and a Fulbright Fellow. He was named California Scientist of the Year by the California Museum of Science and Industry in 1969. <mask> gave the 1986 Bakerian Lecture at the Royal Society on Ships from Space (paper) and Acoustic monitoring of ocean gyres (lecture). In July 2018 at the age of 100, <mask> was appointed a Chevalier of France's Legion of Honour in recognition of his contributions to oceanography. Among the many other awards and honors <mask> received are the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, the Arthur L. Day Medal of the Geological Society of America in 1965, the Sverdrup Gold Medal of the American Meteorological Society in 1966, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1968, the first Maurice Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union and the U.S. Navy in 1976, the Alexander Agassiz Medal of the National Academy of Sciences in 1976, the Captain Robert Dexter Conrad Award of the U.S. Navy in 1978, the National Medal of Science in 1983, the William Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union in 1989, the Vetlesen Prize in 1993, the Kyoto Prize in 1999, the first Prince Albert I Medal in 2001, and the Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2010 "for his pioneering and fundamental contributions to our understanding of ocean circulation, tides and waves, and their role in the Earth's dynamics". In 1993, <mask> was the first recipient of the <mask> Award given "in Recognition of Distinguished Research in Oceanography Related to Sound and the Sea."This award was given jointly by The Oceanography Society, the Office of Naval Research and the US Department of Defense Naval Oceanographic Office. The award was retired in 2018, and The Oceanographic Society "established the Walter Munk Medal to encompass a broader range of topics in physical oceanography." Two marine species have been named after Munk. One is Sirsoe munki, a deep-sea worm. The other is Mobula munkiana, also known as <mask>'s devil

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 ray, a small relative of giant manta rays living in huge schools, and with a remarkable ability to leap far out of the water. A 2017 documentary, Spirit of Discovery (Documentary), follows <mask> in an expedition with the discoverer, his former student Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara, to Cabo Pulmo National Park in Baja Mexico, the place where the species was first found and described. Personal life
After Nazi Germany annexed Austria in 1938, an event known as the Anschluss, <mask> applied to be a citizen of the United States.In his first attempt, he failed the citizenship test by giving an overly-detailed answer to a question about the Constitution. He obtained American citizenship in 1939. <mask> married Martha Chapin in the late 1940s. The marriage ended in divorce in 1953. On June 20, 1953, he married Judith Horton. She was an active participant at Scripps for decades, where she contributed to campus planning, architecture, and the renovation and reuse of historical buildings. The Munks were frequent traveling companions.Judith died in 2006. In 2011, <mask> married La Jolla community leader Mary Coakley. <mask> remained actively engaged in scientific endeavors throughout his life, with publications as late as 2016. He turned 100 in October 2017. He died of pneumonia on February 8, 2019, at La Jolla, California, aged 101. Publications

Scientific papers
Munk published 181 scientific papers. They were cited over 11,000 times, an average of 63 times each.Some of the most highly cited papers in the Web of Science database are listed below. Books
 W<mask> and G.J.F. MacDonald, The Rotation of the Earth: A Geophysical Discussion, Cambridge University Press, 1960, revised 1975. W<mask>, P. Worcester, and C. Wunsch, Ocean Acoustic Tomography, Cambridge University Press, 1995. S. Flatté (ed. ), R. Dashen, W. H<mask>, K. M. Watson, and F. Zachariasen, Sound Transmission through a Fluctuating Ocean, Cambridge University Press, 1979. References

External links

    (1967) – a documentary showcasing

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 <mask>'s research on waves generated by Antarctic storms.The film documents <mask>'s collaboration as they track storm-driven waves from Antarctica across the Pacific Ocean to Alaska. The film features scenes of early digital equipment in use in field experiments with <mask>'s commentary on how unsure they were about using such new technology in remote locations. (1994) – a television program on the work and life of <mask> produced by the University of California. (2004) – a seminar on global sea level and climate change by <mask>. (YouTube link)
 The Sound of Climate Change (2010) – <mask>'s Crafoord Prize Lecture
 Spirit of Discovery (2017) – a documentary showcasing <mask> as he goes in search of Mobula munkiana a species that bears his name. A Conversation with <mask> (2019) – Carl Wunsch interviews <mask> about his life, career, and scientific events and people during his life on the occasion of his 100th birthday in 2017. Oral History interview transcript with <mask> Bohr Library and Archives
 The Heard Island Feasibility Test
 Tributes to <mask> (Scripps)

1917 births
2019 deaths
People from La Jolla, San Diego
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
California Institute of Technology alumni
Columbia University alumni
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Jewish American scientists
Kyoto laureates in Basic Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
American centenarians
American oceanographers
Fluid dynamicists
Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty
Scripps Institution of Oceanography alumni
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Austrian Jews
Scientists from Vienna
Austrian centenarians
Men centenarians
University of California, San Diego faculty
Members of JASON (advisory group)
Founding members of the World Cultural Council
Sverdrup Gold Medal Award Recipients
Writers from San Diego
Writers from Vienna
United States Army soldiers
21st-century

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texts: <mask><mask> is a practitioner and theorist in the field of Instructional Design and Technology. He has proposed an architectural theory of instructional design influenced by the structural principles of artifact modularization drawn from a number of design disciplines, as exemplified by the work of Baldwin and Clark. <mask>' work departs from prior work in learning design, which has historically been based on identification of design processes. Architectural design concentrates on the abstract inner architecture of the entity being designed. This architectural approach purports to make possible more nuanced and innovative designs. An architectural approach is considered by <mask> to be essential in the design of adaptive learning experiences, including both those delivered by automated systems and those delivered by live teachers or a combination of live and automated means. In another departure from the standard approach, rather than beginning with the assumption of a formal design process, the architectural approach assumes that the sequencing of design decisions should be controlled by recognition of the beginning constraints given with the design problem and then by the successive placement of additional constraints through design decision making.<mask>' philosophy of design emphasizes functional rather than physical characteristics of the entity under

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 design. This architectural theory of design identifies at least seven functional areas of designed learning artifacts, including but not limited to: provision of content, execution of strategy, formation of messages, creation of representations, provision of user controls, data management, and execution of media logic. Design oscillates between functional area design and whole-design integration. The seven functional areas are termed "layers", a term borrowed from <mask> in his description of the functional areas of a building's design. Layers define functional modules whose design can be approached semi-independently in the same manner as the functional modules of computers or other complex systems. Modular design assumes the involvement of specialists such as artists, writers, and design psychologists early, in the creative phases of design. The revision and expansion of designs becomes less disruptive because foundational interests and decisions are separated from the less foundational, the ornamental, and the derivative ones.Education
In 1969 <mask> earned a B.A. in English with a Chemistry minor from Brigham Young University. In 1974 he completed a doctorate in Instructional Psychology at Brigham Young University. During that time, he worked on the research team of M. David Merrill, assisting in the conception of Component Display Theory. Component Display

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 Theory provided the basis later for Merrill's Instructional Transaction Theory. Academic career

<mask> accumulated eighteen years of practical design experience as a project director and consultant for two start-up instructional design consultancies: Courseware Incorporated, and Wicat Systems (World Institute for Computer-Aided Instruction). The idea of computer-based instruction did not exist in the thinking of the business and educational leaders in 1974, though research was conducted in high-tech laboratories as early as the 1950s, but cost and technology factors prohibited widespread dissemination.The opportunity for creating large-scale new-technology-based designs for a variety of training clients provided <mask> many insights into the issues of creating instructional experiences efficiently that were also effective. In 1993 <mask> transitioned to a teaching and research position at the Department of Instructional Technology of Utah State University, associating himself once more with M. David Merrill's ID2 research team. From 1993 to 2003 the conceptual basis for an architecture-oriented design theory grew, resulting in the publication of a book that began to show architectural themes that would evolve into the architectural design theory. In 2003, <mask> became the department chair at Brigham Young University for the Department of Instructional

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 Psychology and Technology in the David O. McKay School of Education. During this time, the architectural design theory took its published form in a series of articles and a book. Professor Emeritus status was awarded in 2016. <mask> continues to remain active in researching and writing on architectural design theory.Research and books

<mask>' architectural design theory unifies what otherwise would appear to be separate threads of his work on design theory. The question had to be addressed early whether "theory" was an appropriate term to use referring to a system of design thinking. <mask> supported his position that it was, citing the description of a uniquely design-related type of theory by <mask> in Sciences of the Artificial. <mask> addressed the issue in a paper titled Explore, Explain, Design with co-author C. Victor Bunderson. In this view, explanation, which is the goal of science, is carried out in search of theories about how things work, leading ideally toward a hypothesized, unifying theory of everything; in contrast, research on design processes and principles is carried out in search of theories of how things can be made to work. Vincenti, Klir, Edelson and others describe research in engineering (design) that can lead to design theory that is distinct from scientific theory in several ways. Overall, <mask>' published work represents the

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texts: gradual emergence of the architectural theory and then multiple attempts to demonstrate the viability of the theory by fleshing out details.His theory of model-centered instruction, for example, separates two major concerns of instructional designers: content and strategy. The term content in this context refers to abstracted subject-matter and not media resources. Model-centered instruction proposes that the most appropriate form of content is a dynamic interactive model and that experiencing and exploring the model should be augmented by support of different types. This counters the common intuition that verbal and visual expressions of content are sufficient. Model-centering forces the designer to separate decisions about subject-matter from decisions about its expression (messaging and representation) and from the means of leading learners into interactions with it (strategic interaction). It leaves open the question of the means (expression controls) by which the learner might carry out the interactions. <mask> and his colleagues explored design considerations for simulations in the light of model-centering.As the architectural theory emerged, this led to a description of how designers might use it as a tool to guide the production of simulation designs without relying on a process design model. In the early 1990s, the interests of large-scale training


texts: distributors turned toward standard approaches for producing and distributing technology-involved instruction on a massive scale. A standard plan for product modularization was considered by them to  be a solution. The question was, which dimensions to standardize. The U.S. Department of Defense funded the Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative, and a large number of commercial interests subscribed to the [IMS Global Learning Consortium]. Each major project created a unique product packaging standard, with its own centralized data collection and learner management functions. Both standards are widely used.Both modularization plans focus on software element interoperability rather than on design element interoperability. Both prescribe how products with disparate internal architectures can be placed into standardized software containers for distribution, in the same way that any standard DVD can be played on a standard DVD player. This was a production and distribution issue. <mask>' responded to the modularization problem from the designer's point of view, taking into consideration the inner architecture of instructional experiences. He speculated that modularization based on the internal architecture of the artifact's instructional functions could lead to the creation of a pool of executive engine routines (applications) centered on the functions, rather


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 than on the packaging of media products. <mask> expects that future standards will evolve toward this new focus on artifact functionality, as the demand for more innovative and learner-responsive experiences increases, a view expressed in The Nature and Origin of Instructional Objects. (See also The interplay of learning objects and design architectures)

In a different line of work, <mask> and Langton conducted a two-year project to validate one of the claims of the architectural theory: the claim that for every functional design layer there are numerous theories from the literature of related design fields capable of informing design within that layer specifically.The control layer was selected for study, the layer within which the designer determines the kinds of expressive controls the learner will be given. An extensive literature review revealed a number of such theories that could improve the design of an interactive instructional control system. This has encouraged further studies of additional layers. As the architectural theory emerged, <mask> proposed that, in addition to bodies of theory, there exist a pools of design language terms related to different layers and that the expertise of a designer can be expressed in terms of the designer's familiarity with the languages of the different layers. Moreover, from these languages individual designers and

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 group designers draw their preferred stock of design constructs. A study of design languages of dancers and their expression through notation was described by Waters and <mask>, which demonstrated that design notation makes possible the public sharing of designs and the coordination of design concepts among design team participants. Rather than being static, it was shown that pools grow and contract as terms fall into and out of use through innovation and that, though terms may be shared among design team members, the ultimate range of an individual designer is set by the individual's knowledge of terms in the pools or the ability to invent new terms.This led to a proposal that designer training should expose novice designers to the existence of these terminologies and their usefulness in generating innovative designs within teams. On the question of the comparison of theories, <mask> and a team of collaborators studied a group of published instructional theories, seeking a basis for comparing them critically and in greater detail. This study revealed that theories had to be read in terms of the theorist's unwritten but implied conceptual categories, since theorists were found to use different terms when clearly referring to the same phenomena. Selected book chapters
 Graham, C. R., Henrie, C., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2014). Developing models and theory for blended

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texts: learning research. Blended learning: Research perspectives Volume 2 (pp. 13–33).Routledge. <mask>, A. <mask>. (2014). Eight views of instructional design and what they should mean to instructional designers.. In B. Hokanson and A.<mask><mask> (Ed. ), Design in educational technology: Design thinking, design process, and the design studio.. Springer. <mask>, A. <mask>., Boling, E., <mask>, K. M. (2014). Instructional design models.Handbook of research on educational communications technology, 4th ed. (4th edition ed.). Springer. Graham, C. R., Henrie, C. R., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2013). Developing models and theory for blended learning research. Blended learning: Research perspectives II. Routledge.<mask>, A. <mask>., Boling, E., <mask>, K. M. (2012, in press). Instructional design models. In M<mask>, M. D. Merrill, J. Elen, and M. J. Bishop (Ed. ), Handbook of research in educational communications and technology (4th ed.) (4th Edition ed.). Association for Educational Communications and Technology. <mask>, A. <mask>., Rogers, P. C. (2009).Coming at design from a different angle: Functional design. In L. Moller, J. B. Huett, and D. M. Harvey (Ed. ), Learning and instructional technologies for the 21st Century. Springer. <mask>, <mask>. T., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2008). The power of design drawing in other design fields.In L. Botturi & T. <mask>ubbs (Ed. ), Handbook

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texts: of Visual Languages for Instructional Design: Theories and Practices (pp. 18). Information Science Reference. <mask>, A. <mask>., Botturi, L., Boot, E., Nelson, J. (2008). Design languages.In J. M<mask>, M. D. Merrill, J. van Merrienboer, & M. Driscoll (Ed. ), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 3rd ed. (pp. 12). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <mask>, A. <mask>. (2008). Model-centered Instruction, the Design, and the Designer.In D. Ifenthaler & P. Pirnay-Dummer (Ed. ), Understanding models for learning and instruction: Essays in honor of Norbert M<mask> (pp. 12). Springer. <mask>, <mask>. T., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2007). Using ID layers to categorize design drawings. In Botturi, L & <mask>ubbs, T.(Ed. ), Handbook of Visual Languages for Instructional Design: Theories and Practices. Information Science Reference. <mask>, A. <mask>., <mask>, <mask>. (2007). Layered design in an instructional simulation. In Shelton, B. & Wiley, D.(Ed. ), The Design and Use of Simulation Computer Games in Education. Sense Publications. <mask>, A. <mask>., Lawless, K., Anderson, T. A., Duffin, J. R. (2000). The Web and Model-Centered Instruction. In Khan, B. (Ed.), Web-Based Instruction (vol. 2). Educational Technology Publications. <mask>, A. <mask>., Fairweather, P. G. (2000). Computer-Based Instruction. In Tobias, S. & Fletcher, D. (Ed.), Training and

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texts:
 Retraining: A Handbook for Business, Industry, Government, and Military. Division 15 of the American Psychological Association and Macmillan Reference USA. Selected journal articles
 McDonald, J., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2009). Technology I, II, and III: Criteria for understanding and improving the practice of instructional technology. Educational Technology Research and Development, 57, 377-392. www.springerlink.com
 <mask>, A. <mask>., Merrill, P., <mask>, R., Campbell, J. O., Christensen, E., Insalaco, M., Wilcken, W. (2008). Re-examining the implied role of the designer.. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 9, 127-137. <mask>, A. <mask>., Waki, R., Fairweather, P. (2008).Adding an expert to the team: The expert flight plan critic. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39, 324-335. Boot, E., Nelson, J., Van Merrienboer, J., <mask>, A. <mask>. (2007). Stratification, elaboration, and formalization of design documents: Effects on the production of materials. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38, 917-933. <mask>, A. <mask>., Fairweather, P. G. (2000). Distributed Learning: Two Steps Forward, One Back?One Forward, Two Back?. IEEE Concurrency, 8(2), 8-9+. References

Living people
Brigham Young University faculty
Brigham Young University alumni
Year of birth missing (living

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texts: Isambard <mask>  (; 9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859) was an English civil engineer who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history," "one of the 19th-century engineering giants," and "one of the greatest figures of the Industrial Revolution, [who] changed the face of the English landscape with his groundbreaking designs and ingenious constructions." Brunel built dockyards, the Great Western Railway (GWR), a series of steamships including the first propeller-driven transatlantic steamship, and numerous important bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised public transport and modern engineering. Though Brunel's projects were not always successful, they often contained innovative solutions to long-standing engineering problems. During his career, Brunel achieved many engineering firsts, including assisting in the building of the first tunnel under a navigable river (the River Thames) and the development of the , the first propeller-driven, ocean-going iron ship, which, when launched in 1843, was the largest ship ever built. On the GWR, Brunel set standards for a well-built railway, using careful surveys to minimise gradients and curves. This necessitated expensive construction techniques, new bridges, new viaducts, and the  Box Tunnel.One controversial feature was the "broad gauge" of , instead of what was later to be known as "standard gauge" of . He astonished Britain by proposing to extend the GWR westward to North America by building steam-powered, iron-hulled ships. He designed and built three ships that revolutionised naval engineering: the  (1838), the  (1843), and the  (1859). In 2002, <mask> <mask> was born on 9

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texts: April 1806 in Britain Street, Portsea, Portsmouth, Hampshire, where his father was working on block-making machinery. He was named Isambard after his father, the French civil engineer Sir Marc Isambard <mask>, and Kingdom after his English mother, <mask>.He had two elder sisters, Sophia, the eldest child, and Emma. The whole family moved to London in 1808 for his father's work. <mask> had a happy childhood, despite the family's constant money worries, with his father acting as his teacher during his early years. His father taught him drawing and observational techniques from the age of four, and Brunel had learned Euclidean geometry by eight. During this time, he also learned fluent French and the basic principles of engineering. He was encouraged to draw interesting buildings and identify any faults in their structure. When Brunel was eight, he was sent to Dr Morrell's boarding school in Hove, where he learned classics.His father, a Frenchman by birth, was determined that Brunel should have access to the high-quality education he had enjoyed in his youth in France; accordingly, at the age of 14, the younger <mask> was enrolled first at the University of Caen, then at Lycée Henri-IV in Paris. When Brunel was 15, his father, who had accumulated debts of over £5,000, was sent to a debtors' prison. After three months went by with no prospect of release, <mask> let it be known that he was considering an offer from the Tsar of Russia. In August 1821, facing the prospect of losing a prominent engineer, the government relented and issued Marc £5,000 to clear his debts in exchange for his promise to remain in Britain. When Brunel completed his studies at Henri-IV in 1822, his

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 father had him presented as a candidate at the renowned engineering school École Polytechnique, but as a foreigner he was deemed ineligible for entry. Brunel subsequently studied under the prominent master clockmaker and horologist Abraham-Louis Breguet, who praised Brunel's potential in letters to his father. In late 1822, having completed his apprenticeship, Brunel returned to England.Thames Tunnel

<mask> worked for several years as an assistant engineer on the project to create a tunnel under London's River Thames between Rotherhithe and Wapping, with tunnellers driving a horizontal shaft from one side of the river to the other under the most difficult and dangerous conditions. The project was funded by the Thames Tunnel Company and Brunel's father, Marc, was the chief engineer. The American Naturalist said "It is stated also that the operations of the Teredo [Shipworm] suggested to Mr. Brunel his method of tunneling the Thames." The composition of the riverbed at Rotherhithe was often little more than waterlogged sediment and loose gravel. An ingenious tunnelling shield designed by <mask> helped protect workers from cave-ins, but two incidents of severe flooding halted work for long periods, killing several workers and badly injuring the younger Brunel. The latter incident, in 1828, killed the two most senior miners, and Brunel himself narrowly escaped death. He was seriously injured, and spent six months recuperating.The event stopped work on the tunnel for several years. Though the Thames Tunnel was eventually completed during <mask>'s lifetime, his son had no further involvement with the tunnel proper, only using the abandoned works at Rotherhithe to further

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 his abortive Gaz experiments. This was based on an idea of his father's, and was intended to develop into an engine that ran on power generated from alternately heating and cooling carbon dioxide made from ammonium carbonate and sulphuric acid. Despite interest from several parties (the Admiralty included) the experiments were judged by Brunel to be a failure on the grounds of fuel economy alone, and were discontinued after 1834. In 1865, the East London Railway Company purchased the Thames Tunnel for £200,000, and four years later the first trains passed through it. Subsequently, the tunnel became part of the London Underground system, and remains in use today, originally as part of the East London Line now incorporated into the London Overground. Bridges

<mask> is perhaps best remembered for designs for the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol, begun in 1831.The bridge was built to designs based on <mask>'s, but with significant changes. Spanning over , and nominally  above the River Avon, it had the longest span of any bridge in the world at the time of construction. <mask> submitted four designs to a committee headed by Thomas Telford, but Telford rejected all entries, proposing his own design instead. Vociferous opposition from the public forced the organising committee to hold a new competition, which was won by <mask>. Afterwards, <mask> wrote to his brother-in-law, the politician Benjamin Hawes: "Of all the wonderful feats I have performed, since I have been in this part of the world, I think yesterday I performed the most wonderful. I produced unanimity among 15 men who were all quarrelling about that most ticklish subject—taste". Work on the Clifton bridge

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texts: started in 1831, but was suspended due to the Queen Square riots caused by the arrival of Sir Charles Wetherell in Clifton.The riots drove away investors, leaving no money for the project, and construction ceased. <mask> did not live to see the bridge finished, although his colleagues and admirers at the Institution of Civil Engineers felt it would be a fitting memorial, and started to raise new funds and to amend the design. Work recommenced in 1862, three years after <mask>'s death, and was completed in 1864. In 2011, it was suggested, by historian and biographer Adrian Vaughan, that <mask> did not design the bridge, as eventually built, as the later changes to its design were substantial. His views reflected a sentiment stated fifty-two years earlier by Tom Rolt in his 1959 book Brunel. Re-engineering of suspension chains recovered from an earlier suspension bridge was one of many reasons given why Brunel's design could not be followed exactly. Hungerford Bridge, a suspension footbridge across the Thames near Charing Cross Station in London, was opened in May 1845.Its central span was , and its cost was £106,000. It was replaced by a new railway bridge in 1859, and the suspension chains were used to complete the Clifton Suspension Bridge. The Clifton Suspension Bridge still stands, and over 4 million vehicles traverse it every year. <mask> designed many bridges for his railway projects, including the Royal Albert Bridge spanning the River Tamar at Saltash near Plymouth, Somerset Bridge (an unusual laminated timber-framed bridge near Bridgwater), the Windsor Railway Bridge, and the Maidenhead Railway Bridge over the Thames in Berkshire. This last was the flattest,

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