texts:
 of evolution ... [and a] dinosaur on the brink of extinction". It began airing on 7 October 2019. On 11 May 2020, it was announced that <mask>'s Popeye project was being revived by King Features Syndicate, with T. J. Fixman writing the script. Tartakovsky later clarified that he was not working on it yet and funding was still needed, saying that if he had the time he would do it. <mask> was involved in the development of the video game Samurai Jack: Battle Through Time, which was released on 21 August 2020. On 28 October, a new series by him called Unicorn: Warriors Eternal was announced; it will focus on a group of teen heroes, drawing inspiration from world mythology, and is being billed as all-ages animation. It is being produced by Cartoon Network Studios to be aired on Cartoon Network and HBO Max as part of an attempt by WarnerMedia to reach a broader range of the "older kid and tween market."This was confirmed in a February 2021 announcement which mentioned the series. Personal life
Tartakovsky married Dawn David in 2000 and has three children with her. Filmography

Film

Television

Bibliography

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

 Genndy's Scrapbook (Samurai Jack Season 2 DVD, Disk 2)

External links

 <mask> Tartakovsky at About.com

1970 births
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Columbia College Chicago alumni
American animators
Jewish American artists
Living people
Soviet emigrants to the United States
American film directors
Russian voice directors
American voice directors
People from Moscow
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Showrunners
Russian Jews
Sony Pictures Animation people
Soviet Jews
Russian expatriates in Italy
American animated film directors
American storyboard artists
Cartoon Network Studios people
Hanna-Barbera people
Annie Award winners
Russian animators
21st-century

masks: Tartakovsky Tartakovsky Genndy


type: original

texts: <mask> (; born 27 April 1962) is a Norwegian professor of psychology and neuroscience at the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim. In 2005, he and <mask> discovered grid cells  in the brain's medial entorhinal cortex. Grid cells are specialized neurons that provide the brain with a coordinate system and a metric for space. In 2018, he discovered a neural network that expresses your sense of time in experiences and memories located in the brain's lateral entorhinal cortex. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014 with long-term collaborator and then-wife <mask>, and previous mentor John O'Keefe for their work identifying the brain's positioning system. The two main components of the brain's GPS are; grid cells and place cells, a specialized type of neuron that respond to specific locations in space. Together with <mask> he established the Moser research environment, which they lead.<mask> was born to German parents who had moved to Norway in the 1950s, and grew up in Ålesund. He received his education as a psychologist at

masks:
Edvard Ingjald Moser
May Britt Moser
May Britt Moser
May Britt Moser
Moser


texts:
 the Department of Psychology, University of Oslo and obtained a PhD in neurophysiology at the Faculty of Medicine at the same university in 1995; in 1996 he was appointed as associate professor in biological psychology at the Department of Psychology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); he was promoted to professor of neuroscience in 1998. In 2002, his research group was given the status of a separate "centre of excellence". <mask> <mask> has led a succession of research groups and centres, collectively known as the Moser research environment. He is an external scientific member of the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, with which he has collaborated over several years. Background and early life
<mask> was born in Ålesund to German parents Eduard Paul <mask> (1928–2013) and Ingeborg Annamarie Herholz (1931–). His parents had grown up in Kronberg im Taunus, a suburb of Frankfurt, where <mask>'s grandfather <mask> had been Lutheran parish priest.<mask>'s father trained as a pipe organ builder and emigrated to Norway together with his friend Jakob Pieroth in 1953 when they were offered

masks:
Edvard
Moser
Moser
Moser
Moser
Eduard Moser
Moser


texts:
 employment at a pipe organ workshop at Haramsøy. They later established their own workshop and built many church pipe organs in Norway. The <mask> family originally was from Nassau; Moser is a South German topographic name for someone who lived near a swamp or mire (South German Moos). <mask> <mask> grew up at Hareid and in Ålesund. He was raised in a conservative Christian family. <mask> <mask> married May-Britt <mask> in 1985 when they were both students. They announced that they are divorcing in 2016.Career
<mask> <mask> was awarded the cand.psychol. degree in psychology at the Department of Psychology at the University of Oslo in 1990. He was then employed as a research fellow at the Faculty of Medicine, where he obtained his dr.philos. doctoral research degree in the field of neurophysiology in 1995. He also has studied mathematics and statistics. Early in his career, he worked under the supervision of Per Andersen. <mask> went on to undertake postdoctoral training with Richard G. Morris at the Centre for Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, from 1995 to 1997, and was a visiting postdoctoral fellow at the

masks: Moser Edvard Moser Edvard Moser Moser Edvard Moser Moser


texts:
 laboratory of John O'Keefe at the University College, London for two months.<mask> returned to Norway in 1996 to be appointed associate professor in biological psychology at the Department of Psychology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim. He was promoted to full professor of neuroscience in 1998. <mask> is also head of department of the NTNU Institute for Systems Neuroscience. He is a member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the American Philosophical Society, and the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences. He is also an Honorary Professor at the Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems at the University of Edinburgh Medical School. Honours
1999: Prize for young scientists awarded by the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
2005: 28th annual W. Alden Spencer Award (College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University)
2006: 14th Betty and David Koetser Award for Brain Research (University of Zürich)
2006: 10th Prix "Liliane Bettencourt pour les Sciences du Vivant" 2006 (Fondation Bettencourt,

masks: Moser Moser


texts:
 Paris)
2008: 30th Eric K. Fernström's Great Nordic Prize (Fernström Foundation, University of Lund)
2011: Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
2011: Anders Jahre Award (with May-Britt <mask>)
2012: Perl-UNC Neuroscience Prize (with May-Britt <mask>)
2013: Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (with May-Britt <mask> and John O'Keefe)
2014: Karl Spencer Lashley Award (with May-Britt <mask>)
2014: Foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014: Körber European Science Prize
2014: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with May-Britt <mask> and John O'Keefe)
2018: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (with May-Britt Moser)

Other
Edvard Moser has been a member of the board of reviewing editors in science since 2004 and he has been reviewing editor for Journal of Neuroscience since 2005.<mask> <mask> chaired the programme committee of the European Neuroscience meeting (FENS Forum) in 2006. Selected publications

<mask>, E.I., Mathiesen, I. & Andersen, P. (1993). Association between brain temperature and dentate field potentials in exploring and swimming rats. Science, 259, 1324–1326. Brun, V.H., Otnæss, M.K., Molden, S.,

masks: Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Edvard Moser Moser


texts: Steffenach, H.-A., Witter, M.P., <mask>, M.-B., <mask>, E.I. (2002).Place cells and place representation maintained by direct entorhinal-hippocampal circuitry. Science, 296, 2089–2284. Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Witter, M.P., <mask>, E.I. and <mask>, M.-B. (2004). Spatial representation in the entorhinal cortex. Science, 305, 1258–1264 .Leutgeb, S., Leutgeb, J.K., Treves, A., <mask>, M.-B. and <mask>, E.I. (2004). Distinct ensemble codes in hippocampal areas CA3 and CA1. Science, 305, 1295–1298. Leutgeb, S., Leutgeb, J.K., Barnes, C.A., <mask>, E.I., McNaughton, B.L., and <mask>, M.-B (2005). Independent codes for spatial and episodic memory in the hippocampus.Science, 309, 619–623 . Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Molden, S., <mask>, M.-B., and <mask>, E.I. (2005). Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. Nature, 436, 801–806. Colgin, L.L, and <mask>, E.I. (2006).Rewinding the memory record. Nature, 440, 615–617. Sargolini, F., Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., McNaughton, B.L., Witter, M.P., <mask>, M.-B., and <mask>, E.I. (2006). Conjunctive representation of position, direction and velocity in entorhinal cortex.

masks: Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser


texts:
 Science, 312, 754–758. Leutgeb, J.K., Leutgeb, S., <mask>, M.-B., and <mask>, E.I.(2007). Pattern separation in dentate gyrus and CA3 of the hippocampus. Science, 315, 961–966. Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., Treves, A., <mask>, M.-B. and <mask>, E.I. (2007). Hippocampal remapping and grid realignment in entorhinal cortex.Nature, 446, 190–194. Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Bonnevie, T., <mask>, M.-B. and <mask>, E.I. (2008). Hippocampus-independent phase precession in entorhinal grid cells. Nature 453, 1248–1252. Kjelstrup, K.B., Solstad, T., Brun, V.H., Hafting, T., Leutgeb, S., Witter, M.P., <mask>, E.I.and <mask>, M.-B. (2008). Finite scales of spatial representation in the hippocampus. Science 321, 140–143. Solstad, T., Boccara, C.N., Kropff, E., <mask>, M.-B. and <mask>, E.I. (2008).Representation of geometric borders in the entorhinal cortex. Science, 322, 1865–1868. <mask>, E.I., <mask>, M-B. (2011). Crystals of the brain. EMBO Mol. Med.3, 1–4. <mask>, E.I., <mask>, M-B. (2011). Seeing into the future. Nature, 469, 303–4
Jezek, K., Henriksen, EJ., Treves, A., <mask>, E.I. and <mask>, M-B. (2011).Theta-paced flickering

masks: Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser Moser


texts:
 between place-cell maps in the hippocampus. Nature, 478, 246–249. Giocomo, LM., <mask>, E.I., <mask>, M-B. (2011) Grid cells use HCN1 channels for spatial scaling. Cell, 147, 1159–1170. Igarashi, KM., Lu L., Colgin LL., <mask> M-B., <mask> EI. (2014) Coordination of entorhinal-hippocampal ensemble activity during associative learning.Nature 510, 143–7. References

External links

1962 births
Living people
People from Hareid
People from Ålesund
Norwegian people of German descent
Norwegian neuroscientists
Norwegian University of Science and Technology faculty
Max Planck Society people
Norwegian Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
University of Oslo faculty
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Alumni of the University of

masks: Moser Moser Moser Moser


texts:
<mask> (born 2 November 1956) is an American writer and aviator known for aviation techno-thriller novels. At least thirteen of his novels have been New York Times Best Sellers. Early life
<mask> was born in Buffalo, New York, and was one of six children. At 15, he began flying instruction, eventually earning a private pilot's license. He graduated in 1978 from Penn State University with a degree in Western European history. Career

Military
<mask> joined the Air Force ROTC while in college. He received a commission in the United States Air Force in 1978.He was a navigator-bombardier (now known as a weapon systems officer (WSO)) in the B-52 Stratofortress G-model long-range heavy bomber and the FB-111A Aardvark medium range fighter-bomber. <mask> received several military decorations and awards, including the Air Force Commendation Medal, the Combat Crew Award, and the Marksmanship ribbon. He rose to the rank of Captain and has 2,500 hours of flight time in B-52s. He left the Air Force in 1986, having never seen combat. He is a Life Member of the Air Force Association and the U.S. Naval Institute. Writing
<mask>'s first paid writing was a review of Fort Apocalypse for Compute!'s Gazette. In 1986, while still in the Air Force at Mather Air Force Base in Sacramento County, California, he wrote his first book, Flight of the Old Dog. His novels have been published in 11 languages and distributed to over 70 countries. He published 11 bestsellers in 11 years. <mask> has been represented by literary agent Robert Gottlieb of Trident Media Group. Bibliography
<mask> tends to stay with the same characters over a long period of time. Many of the characters introduced in Flight of the Old Dog are still around for the latest, although a few have been killed in previous books.Most of his books occur in the same timeline, with a few exceptions. Silver Tower, published after Flight of the Old Dog, a mostly independent novel with no character references, is first linked by mention of

masks:
Dale Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown


texts:
 the SkyBolt module in Battle Born. However, the novel is merged into the Patrick McLanahan saga when some of its main characters and the fictional military space station Armstrong appear in Strike Force. Chains of Command, which features Rebecca Furness and Darren Mace, was actually a separate series, but later, the characters reappeared in Battle Born and were merged into the Dreamland and McLanahan series. Hammerheads focuses on Admiral Ian Hardcastle, who later reappeared in Storming Heaven. However, the book can be part of the overall Patrick McLanahan continuity because of his and General Elliott's appearances, plus the book taking place over two years since the events of Flight of the Old Dog (which is referred to in passing). The Dreamland series coauthored with Jim DeFelice covers the gaps between the Patrick McLanahan series novels.While most of the old characters are only mentioned in passing, some of the technology depicted in the series was later merged into the main series, starting with Air Battle Force. Henri Cazaux, the main villain of Storming Heaven, was referred to in The Tin Man. His own right-hand man, Gregory Townsend, would be the book's main antagonist. Patrick McLanahan series
<mask>'s novels mostly center on a character named Patrick McLanahan, whose exploits as a US Air Force officer date back over 25 years. Flight of the Old Dog (1987) - A Soviet anti-ballistic missile laser destroys US strategic assets while the Kremlin argues the system's legality before the UN. USAF Lieutenant General Bradley Elliott recruits a team of officers to work on a modified B-52 bomber, called the Old Dog. A raid on Dreamland, itself coupled by the discovery of a B-1 Lancer strike team on the Soviet laser, forces the Old Dog crew to take the mission on themselves.In a heroic act, crewmember David Luger risks his life to save the bomber from destruction. Sky Masters (1991) - The pullout of US forces from the Philippines in 1994 sparks Chinese plans to occupy the


texts: Spratly Islands and Mindanao with the connivance of a Filipino Communist vice-president who declares a coup. McLanahan and the heavy bombers of the US Air Battle Force lead the American counterattack over Davao City. The novel also has a small cameo appearance by Day of the Cheetah antagonist Kenneth Francis James. Night of the Hawk (1992) - A simple defector extraction raid in Lithuania in late 1992 uncovers evidence that a member of the Old Dog crew, David Luger, survived the events of Flight of the Old Dog and was brainwashed to work on a new stealth bomber at a secret facility in Vilnius. Amidst the political upheaval in the country, General Elliott, McLanahan, and John Ormack join a US Marine contingent in assaulting the facility and rescuing Luger. Day of the Cheetah (1989) - In 1996, Kenneth Francis James - a Soviet deep-cover agent posing as a USAF officer - steals the new Dreamstar thought-controlled fighter.McLanahan and the High-Technology Aerospace Weapons Center scramble to recover it from James, or destroy it if necessary. Shadows of Steel (1996) - In May 1997, the US initiates covert operations to stop Iran's new carrier task force from controlling the Persian Gulf sea lanes. Now running a diner in Sacramento after the fiasco depicted in Day of the Cheetah, Patrick McLanahan is recalled to active duty to fly a B-2 Spirit mission over Iran. Fatal Terrain (1997) - Set a month after the ending of Shadows of Steel, Taiwan's declaration of independence forces China to go to war. The Old Dog crew is brought back to save the world from Chinese domination, but not everyone could come home alive. The Tin Man (1998) - A few months after the events of Fatal Terrain, Patrick McLanahan faces a new enemy, right in his home turf in Sacramento, California. The novel also introduces his brother, Sacramento police officer Paul McLanahan.Battle Born (1999) - In 2000, McLanahan is assigned to turn a group of Nevada Air Guard B-1 pilots into America's premier tactical air


texts: strike force. A new threat created by a sudden reunification of the Korean peninsula hastens the training. Warrior Class (2001) - Set in 2001, Russian billionaire Pavel Kazakov builds a huge pipeline through the Balkans with the support of the Russian Army and everybody gets rich. To make the scheme viable, he also finances the deployment of a secret stealth fighter-bomber originally developed by the same company that employed Dave Luger. However, a new US president and his brand of leadership tie McLanahan's hands from doing anything about Kazakov. Wings of Fire (2002) - When Libya plots to invade and control Egypt, McLanahan and his advanced force, the Night Stalkers, are sent in to stop the chaos. However, the consequences are personal for his family.Air Battle Force (2003) - The US deploys a new aerial strike force into Turkmenistan to fight a ragtag Taliban army and later a Russian invasion. The humiliation forces Russian General Anatoly Gryzlov to launch a coup, especially after McLanahan's forces level the Russian Air Force's strategic bomber base in Engels. Plan of Attack (2004) - Out of revenge for what happened in Air Battle Force, General Gryzlov orders a nuclear bomber strike against the United States, eliminating nearly all of its land-based strategic forces. Demoted to brigadier general and reassigned off the Air Battle Force after defying one order too many in Turkmenistan, McLanahan tries to convince the Air Force leadership about the threat. When the Russians attack, he and the rest of the Dreamland crew take matters into their own hands to save what is left of America. Strike Force (2007) - Three years after the events of Plan of Attack, now-Lieutenant General McLanahan uses new XR-A9 Black Stallion spaceplanes to intervene during a new crisis in Iran, where Shadows of Steel antagonist General Hesarak al-Buzhazi has launched a rebellion against the fundamentalist regime. Shadow Command (2008) - Set in 2009, the novel pits McLanahan and his team


texts: against a new US president, Joseph Gardner, who connives with Russia to take him down.Rogue Forces (2009) - Reverting to the private sector, Patrick McLanahan and former US President Kevin Martindale operate their own Private military company (PMC), Scion Aviation International. Their latest contract: stabilizing Iraq as US forces withdraw from the country. However, Kurdish raids into Turkey force Ankara to unleash its arsenal of former US aircraft against the rebels and McLanahan's team is caught in the crossfire. Executive Intent (2010) - The US deploys a new orbital bombardment system, the Thor's Hammer, with a Pakistani ballistic-missile battery hijacked by terrorists firing on Indian cities as the first target. However, some of the missiles destroys a chemical weapon, of which the chemicals injure civilians, which prompts Pakistan and nearby countries to help grant Indian Ocean access to China and Russia. McLanahan must join forces with Brigadier-General Kai Raydon to prevent war. Meanwhile, US Vice-President Kenneth Phoenix begins challenging President Gardner's leadership.A Time For Patriots (2011) - An economic collapse in late 2012 triggers destabilization efforts in the entire country. Now retired and flying for the Civil Air Patrol, McLanahan and his son Bradley enlists fellow citizens to eliminate a new terrorist threat. Tiger's Claw (2012) - China's test of a new anti-ballistic missile system in 2013 threatens US forces in the Pacific. Still reeling from the recession depicted in the previous novel, President Kenneth Phoenix recalls McLanahan again for combat duty - with Bradley James along for the ride after being kicked out of the Air Force Academy. The twice-retired general uses a new combined-arms concept using B-1s to challenge the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which has rolled out a massive arsenal. However, a raid into China turns out to be the elder McLanahan's last. Starfire (2014) - Bradley struggles to live without his father by devoting his


texts:
 efforts to develop and launch a new orbital solar power plant that has the potential to aid space exploration.However, with China and Russia flexing their military muscle, US President Phoenix pushes ahead with the militarization of space. Iron Wolf (2015) - When Russia invades Ukraine to protect ethnic Russians, a small group of surviving Ukrainian soldiers provoke the Russian military, hoping for a response that will draw in NATO. The Polish government worries about Russia's aggression and hires Scion Aviation to defend them against Russia. Brad McLanahan is pulled out of his internship at Sky Masters to mold the individual hot-shot pilots of Scion into an effective fighting force. Price of Duty (2017) - Russia builds a new cyber warfare facility to take on the new Alliance of Free Nations, and Scion's Iron Wolf team must work to protect the Alliance from Russia's ambitions to bring back the old Soviet. The Moscow Offensive (2018) - Brad McLanahan and the heroes of the Iron Wolf Squadron—must counter a dangerous Russian strike from within the homeland. The Kremlin Strike (publish date May 2019) - no description given.Eagle Station (publish date May 2020) - The sixth Brad McLanahan book. Act of War series
 Act of War (2005) - The US assembles Task Force Talon, a special anti-terrorist unit of military personnel and police officers equipped with the most advanced combat equipment. Their first assignment: to destroy GAMMA, a terrorist group that detonated a nuclear device on a major facility run by top energy producer Kingman Group. Edge of Battle (2006) - Rivalry between drug lords in Mexico and an increased flow of illegal immigrants across the US border heightens the tension between both countries. Task Force Talon is assigned to man a new base in southern California to combat the threat. Independent series
 Silver Tower (1988) - The US successfully activates the new military space station Armstrong in the then-future of 1992. Feeling threatened by the station's


texts:
 potential for US space supremacy, the USSR plots to destroy it as part of a plan to invade Iran and threaten the Persian Gulf oil reserves.It is up to General Jason St Michael and his team aboard the Armstrong to stop Soviet forces coming into the area. Hammerheads (1990) - The US activates the new Border Security Force as part of efforts to stop drug smuggling operations handled by a former Cuban Air Force officer in cahoots with the Medellin cartel (with Patrick McLanahan and General Elliott making cameo appearances). Chains of Command (1993) - Russian President Valentin Sen'kov plans an invasion of the Ukraine in 1995. When the invasion gets underway, the US is prompted to send an Air Force Reserve F-111 unit to help the Ukrainians. The novel introduces future McLanahan saga characters Lieutenant Colonel Darren Mace and Major Rebecca Furness, the USAF's first female combat pilot. Storming Heaven (1994) - The absence of an air-defense network on US soil prompts terrorist Henri Cazaux to use airliners covertly equipped with bombs in attacking many airports. When the danger goes national, Hammerheads protagonist Ian Hardcastle, now an admiral, is tasked with getting the network up and running to stop Cazaux's activities.Short stories
 Leadership Material (2001) - Set in the Arabian Peninsula post-Desert Storm in March 1991, then-Major McLanahan flies with the Old Dog crew in combating an Iranian Blackjack-E, a version of the TU-160 Blackjack bomber that was reportedly upgraded with designs lifted from the Megafortress. Meanwhile, back in the US, Colonel Norman Weir, an officer on the USAF promotions board, reviews McLanahan's service record as a candidate for lieutenant colonel and recommends his discharge. However, the US president orders Weir to destroy the discharge form, saying that McLanahan has proven himself as an officer (without elaborating further). The story was <mask>'s contribution to Stephen Coonts' Combat war stories anthology. It has peripheral


texts:
 references to Hammerheads and Sky Masters (although a canonical error). Dreamland series
<mask> and Jim DeFelice have created more than a dozen <mask>'s Dreamland books. Dreamland (2001)
 Nerve Center (2002)
 Razor's Edge (2002)
 Piranha (2003)
 Strike Zone (2004)
 Armageddon (2004)
 Satan's Tail (2005)
 End Game (2006)
 Retribution (2007)
 Revolution (2008)
 Whiplash (2009)
 Black Wolf (2010)
 Raven Strike (2011)
 Collateral Damage (2012)
 Drone Strike (2014)
 Target Utopia (2015)
 Puppet Master (2016)
 Act of Revenge (2018)

Nick Flynn series

 Arctic Storm Rising (2021)

Personal life
In 1994, <mask> resided in Folsom, California, near Sacramento, California.He enjoys flying his plane, a Grumman Gulfstream II. He is a mission pilot in the Civil Air Patrol. On the ground, he enjoys tennis, motorcycling, skiing, scuba diving, and ice hockey. <mask> is married. His wife Diane is a retired Sacramento police lieutenant and (like her husband) is also a pilot. They have a son, Hunter, and they reside near Lake Tahoe, Nevada. Legal issues
In April 2004, <mask> pleaded guilty to charges of tax fraud.He was charged with creating companies in the West Indies for the purposes of receiving tax deductions from fictitious expenses. The fictitious expenses amounted to more than $440,000, which <mask> claimed on his 1998 income tax filing. He then used the tax deductions to remodel his home in Incline Village, Nevada. See also

References

External links

Aviation novels
1956 births
American military writers
American thriller writers
American people convicted of fraud
Living people
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Novelists from New York (state)
Techno-thriller writers
United States Air Force officers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
People from Incline Village, Nevada
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction

masks:
Brown
Dale Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown


texts:
<mask> () born 21 September 1959, in Tashkent, Soviet Union (now Uzbekistan) is an Uzbekistani-Russian film and stage actor. He is well known for playing mobsters, businessmen, and villains and he is well known for playing the role of Zavulon in the 2004 film Night Watch and its 2006 sequel Day Watch. He has been relatively active as an actor on both the small screen and large screen since 1994 when he starred in Timur Bekmambetov's Peshavar Waltz. He has become one of Russia's best known actors. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born on 21 September 1959 in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR. His aristocratic surname is due to his great-grandfather - a Krakow Pole. <mask> spent his childhood behind the scenes - his grandmother worked in the theater as a dresser.In 1983 he graduated from the Tashkent Theater and Art Institute named after A.N. Ostrovsky. Theatre
In 1983-1995 he played at the Tashkent Academic Drama Theater named after Gorky. In the theater, he played the role of Avrosimov in the Throat of Freedom by Bulat Okudzhava, Treplev in The Seagull by Anton Chekhov, Scipio in Caligula by Albert Camus, Obolyaninov in Zoykin's Apartment by Mikhail Bulgakov, Kolodzhero di Speleta in The Great Magic by Eduardo de Filippo and others. In the Tashkent theater Ilkhom, Verzhbitsky played in the performances Dear Elena Sergeevna Lyudmila Razumovskaya (Volodya), The Scenes by the Fountain Semen Zlotnikov (Koshkin), The house that Swift built Grigory Gorin (Someone). The actor was also busy in the performance of the Tashkent Youth Theater "Ekvus" by Peter

masks:
Viktor Alexandrovich Verzhbitsky
Viktor Alexandrovich Verzhbitsky
Viktor


texts:
 Sheffer (Dr. Daisert). In 1995-1998, Verzhbitsky worked in the Moscow New Drama Theater.The list of the roles he played was supplemented by Guatinar in the "Revenge of the Queen" by Eugene Scribe and Ernest Leguwe, Dorant in the "Jourdain" by Jean-Baptiste Molière, Menshikov in the "Assembly" of Peter Gnedich. In 1998-2005 he played at the Et Cetera Theater. They were filled with the role of the Lecturer in the "Guide for those wishing to marry" by Anton Chekhov, Okha in The Death of Tarelkin by Alexander Sukhovo-Kobylin, Lanchelot Gobbo and Antonio in William Shakespeare's "Shaylock", Henry Higgins in "My Fair Lady" Bernard Shaw, Beattie in "451 Fahrenheit" Ray Bradbury and others. Since 2007, <mask> is an actor of the A.S. Pushkin. In the theater he played the part of Freddie in the play "Locusts" and Ivan Telyatyev in "Raging Money" by Alexander Ostrovsky, Emperor Altome in the production of "Turandot" by Carlo Gozzi. In the current repertoire he plays Otto Marvulia in the "Great Magic" by Eduardo de Filippo. The actor also plays Smerdyakov and Zosima in the play "Karamazov" in the Moscow Art Theater, Pantagruel in the play "Gargantua and Pantagruel" at the Theater of Nations.Film and television
In cinema, <mask> was discovered by film director Timur Bekmambetov, who studied with the actor at the stage design department at the Tashkent Theater and Art Institute. The director directed the actor in the title role in the film Peshavar Waltz (1994) and in a number of commercials. In the advertisement of the bank "Imperial" Verzhbitsky first played the

masks: Verzhbitsky Verzhbitsky


texts:
 emperor Nicholas I, whose character he later embodied in the series Poor Nastya and One Night of Love. In the advertisement of the bank "Slavyansky" he played the role of Osip Mandelstam. Cooperation with Timur Bekmambetov continued in the films The Arena (2001), Night Watch (2004), Day Watch (2005), Black Lightning (2009) and the Yolki series of films. In total, <mask> played over 80 roles in various films and television series. Among his works of recent years are roles in the films Spy (2012), Treasures of OK (2013), Zaletchiki (2014), the series Intelligence (2012), Caesar (2013) and The Inquisitor (2014).The actor took part in several projects on television. From May to August 2011, along with Roma Zver, he led the "Game" program on the NTV channel, acting as a moderator of the game. From May 2012 to February 2013, he was the host of a series of 80 documentaries "Mystical Stories with Victor Verzhbitsky" on TV-3. In 2012, participated in the shooting of nine games "Fort Boyard", where he played the role of the magician Fur. The premiere took place in February–April 2013 at Channel One. Honors
<mask> received the title People's Artist of Russia in 2011. He was awarded the MTV-Russia award (2006), the Golden Eagle award (2008), and also the prizes of the newspaper Moskovskij Komsomolets (2009, 2012).In 2010, <mask>avar Waltz (1994) – <mask>
 Mama Don't Cry (1997) – Igor
 The Barber of Siberia (1998) – adjutant of the Great Count
 The Arena (2001) – Timarkus
 Poor Nastya (2003-2004) – emperor Nicholas I of Russia
 Countdown (2004) – Lev Pokrovsky

masks:
Verzhbitsky
Victor Verzhbitsky
Verzhbitskyesh
Viktor Dubois


texts:
 Night Watch (2004) – Zavulon
 Stealing Tarantino (2005) – Salvador
 The Fall of the Empire (2005, TV) – Ganskiy
 Day Watch (2005) – Zavulon
 The Turkish Gambit (2005) – Lukan
 The Case of "Dead Souls" (2005, TV) — Dubbel
 12 (2007) – 11th jury member
 The Irony of Fate 2 (2007) – man at the station
 Paragraph 78 (2007) – member of the war tribunal
 The Admiral (2008) Alexander Kerensky
 One Night of Love (2008) – emperor Nicholas I of Russia
 Black Lightning (2009) – <mask>
 Hooked on the Game (2009) — Boris Gromov
 Yolki (2010) – Igor Vorobyov
 Yolki 2 (2011) – Igor Vorobyov
 Iron Lord (2010) – Svyatozar
 Our Russia. The Balls of Fate (2010) – Victor Marjanovich Ryabushkin
 Spy (2011) – Lezhava
 Branded (2012) – Yuri Nikolaevich
 Yolki 1914 (2014) — Count Vostrikov
 Mafia: The Game of Survival (2015) – creator of the game
 Coach'' (2018) – mayor

References

External links

 Official Website

1959 births
Soviet people of Polish descent
Uzbekistani people of Polish descent
Russian people of Polish descent
People's Artists of Russia
Soviet male stage actors
Uzbekistani male stage actors
Uzbekistani male film actors
Russian male film actors
People from Tashkent
Living


texts:
<mask> "Lang" <mask> (September 9, 1939 – May 4, 2020)  was a Northern Mariana Islands politician as a member of CNMI Democratic Party, and also was the fourth Governor of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Elected in 1993, he served one term, leaving office in 1998. During his governorship and most of his political career, <mask> was a member of the Democratic Party of the Northern Mariana Islands, which was not then affiliated with the American Democratic Party. However, he later switched his affiliation to the Covenant Party. As of 2021, he is the last Democrat to serve as governor of the territory. Background

Education
<mask> graduated from the Territorial College of Guam in 1962 with an associate's degree before earning a bachelor's degree in civil engineering at Marquette University in 1967. Early career
<mask> was subsequently employed by the Los Angeles, California department of public works.In 1972 he was hired by the Micronesian Construction Company. He founded his own construction company two years later. <mask>'s early career in elective office consisted of one term as a CNMI Senator and three two-year terms as Washington representative. He first ran for governor in 1989. In 1993 he ran again and won. Governorship

Policies
<mask> governed as a fiscal conservative in several ways. He warned the legislature against increasing spending without accompanying measures to increase revenue.However, the legislature implemented an earned income credit which was repealed after <mask> left office because there were not enough funds to pay for it. <mask> frequently battled with the Republican-dominated legislature during his term. His first executive order was a sweeping reorganization of the commonwealth government that was contested by both litigation and by the legislature. It was eventually put into effect. The Republican legislature also frequently rejected <mask>'s appointments; Alexandro C. Castro, who was twice <mask>'s

masks:
Froilan Cruz
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio


texts:
 Supreme Court nominee, was twice rejected by the legislature. He was later appointed successfully to that court by <mask>'s successor, Pedro P<mask>, a Republican. As Governor, <mask> was a fierce opponent of federal legislation that would have extended federal minimum wage and immigration laws to the CNMI, which at that time was exempt from those laws.The predominant industry in the CNMI (outside of tourism) was the garment manufacturing industry, which drew chiefly upon female foreign workers, generally from China. These workers were generally paid far less than the minimum wage in the United States and were brought in extensively through the CNMI's immigration system, which differed from that of the United States. Federal legislation signed nearly a decade after <mask> left office altered the minimum wage regulations and immigration system of the CNMI. During his term, <mask> was praised extensively by U.S. Representative Tom DeLay of Texas, including on the House floor in 1997:

DeLay and <mask> shared strong ties to lobbyist Jack Abramoff, and both would become infamous in the Jack Abramoff CNMI scandal. Defeat for re-election
In 1997, <mask> ran for re-election in a three-way race. Ultimately, the nominee of the Republican Party, former governor Pedro P<mask>, won the election easily with 45.6% of the vote. Democratic support was split between Governor <mask> and his Lieutenant Governor, Jesus C. Borja.<mask> received 27.4% of the vote and Borja received 27%. <mask> left office in early 1998. Controversy

Ties to Tom DeLay and Jack Abramoff

In 1993, the <mask> administration, concerned that the federal government of the United States might attempt to end the CNMI's exemptions from federal minimum wage laws and federal immigration regulations, thus harming the islands' garment manufacturing industry, hired a firm, Preston Gates, to lobby on its behalf. Between October 1993 and September 2001, the firm was paid about $6.7 million by the CNMI government,

masks:
Tenorio
. Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
. Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio


texts: about 72 percent of the government's overall lobbying payments. In 1995, Jack Abramoff, employed at Preston Gates, took on the CNMI as a client. In October 1996, the contract with Preston Gates expired, but the <mask> administration broke CNMI laws and continued to pay the firm without a valid contract until <mask> left office on January 11, 1998. By the end of <mask>'s term, the CNMI government had paid the lobbyists a total of $5.21 million in public funds.The payment without contract was later judged illegal in an investigation by the CNMI Office of the Public Auditor. In March 1996, March 1997, and October 1997, Abramoff arranged trips to Washington, D.C., for <mask> and his wife. There, <mask> met with Republican leadership in Congress, including Rep. Tom DeLay (R-Texas), Rep. Newt Gingrich (R-Georgia), Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R-California), and several others. These same congressmen would later lead efforts to extend the CNMI's exemptions from federal minimum wage and immigration laws. On the October 1997 trip <mask> also met with leaders of the Choctaw tribe in Mississippi, another Abramoff client for whom DeLay manipulated legislation. Around this time, Rohrabacher attacked proponents of subjecting the CNMI to federal minimum wage and immigration laws on the House floor, calling descriptions of the human rights violations going on in the CNMI "nonstop, politically driven attack[s] on the government and people of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands." Abramoff later arranged an all-expenses paid trip to the CNMI capital, Saipan, for Rep. DeLay on New Year's Eve in 1997.Although House ethics rules at the time prohibited House members from accepting such gifts from lobbyists, the trip was funded directly by the CNMI and thus was technically allowable. While visiting the islands, DeLay praised <mask>, saying, "You represent everything that is good about what we are trying to do in America." DeLay also attended a reception hosted by Abramoff client

masks: Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio


texts:
 Willie Tan of the Tan Holdings Corporation, which had been fined in the past for numerous violations of federal labor laws. Tan, who has been described as "a local powerbroker" in the CNMI, is part of the islands' garment manufacturing industry, notorious for forcing Chinese immigrant workers to live in squalid conditions, work for far less than minimum wage, engage in forced prostitution, and be subjected to forced abortions so they could continue to work. After the trip, Abramoff helped DeLay craft policy that extended exemptions from federal immigration and minimum-wage labor laws to Saipan industries. Abramoff also allegedly paid the expenses for at least two other trips to the Marianas. In both cases, Abramoff was reimbursed by Preston Gates, which was then being paid by the Marianas government.Ultimately, the CNMI ended its relationship with Preston Gates and Jack Abramoff in 2001, years after it was originally ended by <mask> <mask>'s successor, Pedro P<mask>, only to have the contract renewed by the commonwealth legislature under the direction of then-Speaker of the House Benigno R. Fitial. After this and other scandals were publicized, Abramoff pleaded guilty to felony charges related to the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal. Named in the Abramoff scandals and surrounded by associates pleading guilty or facing criminal charges in those scandals, DeLay resigned from the House of Representatives in disgrace in 2006. In 2010, <mask> maintained that Abramoff "did the job" and deserved his pay. Executive Order 94-3 and Sonoda v. Cabrera
In June 1994, Governor <mask> submitted Executive Order 94-3 to the Commonwealth Legislature. The legislature failed to modify or disapprove of the order, thus allowing it to become effective. The order stated:

In December 1995, <mask> appointed Jose A. Sonoda as Director of the Division of Customs Services within the CNMI government's Department of Finance.Sonoda signed a two-year contract and a "Conditions of

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Froilan
Tenorio
. Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio
Tenorio


texts:
 Employment" agreement, the latter of which made reference to the fact that government employees would serve at the pleasure of the governor under E.O. 94-3. In March 1996, Sonoda received a letter from the governor's Secretary of Finance, Antonio R. Cabrera, which terminated Sonoda's employment under E.O. 94-3. He was given no cause and no notice. Three days prior to his termination, Sonoda had testified at a legislative hearing; believing that his termination was revenge by the Democratic Governor <mask> for his apparent Republican leanings in this testimony, Sonoda filed a lawsuit in district court against Cabrera and <mask>, alleging that they had violated his rights under the United States Constitution to freedom of speech and due process. The district court certified to the Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court the question of whether Governor <mask> had violated the CNMI's constitution with E.O.94-3. In April 1997, the Supreme Court answered that <mask> had exceeded his executive power, granted under Article III of the CNMI's constitution:

The Supreme Court also ruled that E.O. 94-3 usurped the power to determine which positions were exempt from the civil service system, held exclusively by the CNMI Legislature under Article XX of the CNMI's constitution. For both of these reasons, the Court said it would rule that particular section of E.O. 94-3 to be unconstitutional. <mask> and Cabrera appealed this decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which ruled in 1999 that it did not have jurisdiction in the case because it did not involve any federal rights or laws, citing the precedent set in Sablan v. Manglona. In 2000, the district court denied Sonoda's motion for summary judgment, instead sua sponte granting summary judgment in favor of the defendants, stating that the reason for Sonoda's termination was irrelevant because <mask> and Cabrera were entitled to qualified immunity as they had reasonable belief that Sonoda could be

masks: Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio


texts:
 legally dismissed under E.O.94-3. In 2001, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed this decision, ruling that the defendants were not entitled to qualified immunity:

The appellate court also held that the defendants were not entitled to qualified immunity in the due process claim either, as the Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court had ruled that only the legislature could make exemptions from the civil service system in Manglona v. Civil Service Commission in 1992, thus making it a well-established precedent by the time <mask> and Cabrera fired Sonoda. They remanded the case back to the district court to decide on that basis. Sonoda v. Cabrera, therefore, embroiled Governor <mask> in a lengthy legal controversy that lasted well beyond the end of his term and ended up striking down one of his executive orders as unconstitutional and stating that, in firing Sonoda, <mask> had far exceeded his constitutional power. Tax rebate account shortfall
During the 1997 gubernatorial election, <mask> was heavily criticized when there were reports of $29 million missing from the CNMI's trust account for tax rebates. Rumors circulated that <mask> had broken the law in some regard, perhaps by stealing the money. He lost his re-election bid that year.Later the CNMI Department of Finance stated that the $29 million was not missing as only $2 million had ever been deposited; the CNMI legislature had repealed and then reinstated the law requiring that funds be deposited in the account. Later career
After he lost his bid for re-election, <mask> repeatedly attempted to return to the governor's office. In 2001, he ran in a four-way race against Borja (running as a Democrat this time), Republican Juan N. Babauta, and Benigno R. Fitial, who was running as the candidate of the new Covenant Party. Rather than running as a Democrat as he had in the past, <mask> ran as the candidate of the Reform Party, which he had founded in 1999. <mask> was soundly defeated, and

masks: Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio Tenorio


texts:
 Babauta was elected governor. In 2005, <mask> again entered the gubernatorial race, returning to the Democratic Party. After receiving the Democratic nomination, <mask> finished fourth in a four-way contest, with approximately 18% of the vote.Fitial defeated Heinz S. Hofschneider and Babauta by a very small margin. In May 2009, <mask> announced that he had joined the Covenant Party and was allied with Governor Fitial. Rather than seeking the gubernatorial post again, <mask> ran for a seat in the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives, hoping to represent Precinct 1. <mask> ran on a platform of increased government investment in tourism, reform of the Commonwealth Utilities Corporation, and economic growth through job creation and increased purchasing power for residents, favoring job creation through new construction projects. He later said in an interview that if elected he would seek to restore the earned income credit, an anti-poverty program implemented by his administration in the 1990s, to increase employment and purchasing power. <mask> won the election and was subsequently selected for the post of Speaker of the House from 2010-2013, a unique three-year term caused by the 2009 and 2012 change in local elections from odd to even years. N.M.I.Const. art. VIII, § 1

See also
 List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress

References

External links
National Governors Association biography

|-

|-

|-

1939 births
2020 deaths
Covenant Party (Northern Mariana Islands) politicians
Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands) politicians
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
Marquette University alumni
People from Saipan
Resident Representatives of the Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands Senators
University of Guam alumni
Speakers of the Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives
Members of the Northern Mariana Islands


texts:
<mask>. "Bob<mask> (born December 16, 1949) is an American security consultant, professor and media personality from Goldens Bridge, New York. He served two terms as a member of the New York State Assembly, representing northeastern Westchester County, New York. During the Vietnam War, he served with the 7th Cavalry Regiment in the United States Army. Upon his separation from military, he became a member of the New York State Police, where he served with the elite Special Investigations Unit and the New York State Organized Crime Task Force for over two decades. A graduate of Harvard University, <mask> is a nationally recognized expert on criminal justice and security matters. He became an educator in 1996 went on to serve as Chair of the Criminal Justice Department at Iona College.After holding elective office in local government, <mask> ran for and was elected to the State Assembly in a special election in February 2010, and was reelected just eight months later for a second, and this time full two-year term. He is also a columnist for the website Politico. Early life and military career

<mask> was born in Jamaica, New York. He dropped out of high school in 1967 and volunteered to join the United States Army, and was assigned to the 1st Air Cavalry Division as an infantryman. He served in combat operations in the Republic of Vietnam from 1968 to 1969. He received an honorable discharge in 1973. Upon his return from his Army service, he worked as a Constable in South Carolina before returning to New York and beginning a 21-year career in the New York State Police, during which he worked as an intelligence officer with elite Special

masks:
Robert J
" Castelli
Castelli
Castelli
Castelli


texts: Investigations Unit and the New York State Organized Crime Task Force.<mask> held the ranks of Trooper, Sergeant, Investigator, and eventually was promoted to Station Commander. He was involved in numerous high-profile arrests during his tenure with the State Police. <mask> is a graduate of Palmer College, the State University of New York and the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he was named a Pickett Fellow in Criminal Justice Policy and Management by the National Institute of Justice in recognition of his contributions to the law enforcement community. He was also once a nationally ranked competitive  sport shooter. After retiring from the State Police he began a career as an educator, teaching at Iona College for thirteen years and rising to become Chairman of the Criminal Justice Department. He also worked as an Adjunct Professor at CUNY John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Marist College from 1996 to 2010, where he lectured on a wide variety of criminal justice and security-related subjects including criminal investigation, organized crime, white collar crime, terrorism, security management and police procedures. These credentials made him a popular guest as an expert commentator in print, radio, and television media programs throughout the United States.Prior to his transition from public service to politics, <mask> was a regular contributor on network television including ABC, CBS, Fox News, CNN, MSNBC and Court TV. <mask> also owns a professional security consulting business, holding certifications as a Certified Fraud Examiner, Crime Prevention Specialist, Certified Criminal Analyst, Certified Protection

masks: Castelli Castelli Castelli Castelli


texts:
 Professional, Certified Police and Security Officer Instructor, Certified Firearms Instructor and licensed and bonded Private Investigator. <mask>, who calls himself a public servant, resides in the Goldens Bridge hamlet of Lewisboro, New York. He has two sons, one of whom is a Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army Special Forces and also a graduate of the Kennedy School, and another who is an ordained Minister, serving a congregation in southern Florida. Political career

A Republican, <mask> was elected as a town councilman in his home town of Lewisboro from 2000 to 2004. He made his first run for the State Assembly in 2004. From February 2010 to January 2013, he represented Westchester County in the New York State Legislature, which includes the towns of Bedford, Harrison, Lewisboro, Mount Kisco, New Castle, North Castle, Pound Ridge and portions of the City of White Plains in Westchester County, New York.He writes for Politico's Arena, a daily, cross-party and cross-discipline medium which the newspaper calls its "daily debate with policy makers and opinion shapers." As <mask> counted New York State's Governor Andrew Cuomo amongst his constituents, he was generally portrayed as being closely aligned with the Governor, thus furthering the image of bipartisanship and reputation for working across the aisle he sought to cast. 2010 special election
He was elected to the New York State Assembly in a special election on February 9, 2010, defeating County Legislator Peter Harckham in an upset victory. The previous incumbent, Democratic Assemblyman Adam Bradley, had resigned after he was elected Mayor of White Plains in 2009. <mask>


texts:
 previously ran for the seat in 2004, but was defeated by Bradley. Political prognosticators viewed the suburban contest as a sign of a Republican resurgence and a barometer for coming fall elections, where Republicans would eventually go on to make large gains in the United States Senate, House of Representatives, and retake the New York State Senate. <mask> described his victory as "an expression of voter discontent with the state capitol" and the corruption prevalent in New York's State Government.2010 general election
After serving for only eight months, the freshman legislator had to run for a full term. In the 2010 general election, <mask> held the seat by defeating White Plains City Council President Thomas Roach. Winning with a slim 112 vote margin, a month-long recount was necessary before <mask> could be declared the winner, thus earning him a full two-year term representing the 89th District. The 89th Assembly District has over 10,000 more registered Democrats than Republicans, and <mask> is the first Republican to hold the seat in seventeen years. His 2010 election and subsequent reelection are considered significant, as the 89th Assembly District seat to which he was elected is gerrymandered to be a Democratic district, and happens to be the home of prominent Democratic political figures including former U.S. President Bill Clinton, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Governor of New York Andrew Cuomo, attorney <mask>. Kennedy, Jr. and George Soros, billionaire financier of numerous progressive causes. <mask> was also outspent by his opponents, although he attempted to overcome these disadvantages by running what he called a

masks:
Castelli
Castelli
Castelli
Castelli
Robert F
Castelli


texts:
 "grassroots, front-porch campaign." 2012 general election
As a Republican representing a heavily Democratic district, <mask> placed a large emphasis on bipartisanship.He decried the 2012 redistricting process as partisan gerrymandering, for which he was named a "Hero of Reform" by former New York City Mayor Ed Koch. <mask> voted against the final redistricting bill, which further gerrymandered and renumbered his district from the 89th to the 93rd Assembly District, added the town of North Salem, and significantly reoriented the portion of the City of White Plains contained within the district, which packed more Democratic-leaning voters into the already heavily Democratic district which <mask>, a member of the Republican Party, represented. <mask> sought to earn a reputation as a reformer, and frequently challenged Albany's infamous "dysfunction" in his campaign rhetoric. The press frequently said he is known for his independence from both parties. In an editorial endorsing <mask>, The New York Times called him "the kind out outsider Albany needs." Sensing political opportunity following the redistricting process, White Plains City Councilman David Buchwald launched a challenge to <mask>, citing the district's overwhelming Democratic enrollment advantage. <mask> received endorsements from every newspaper in the district and aired television and radio ads featuring Democratic Governor Andrew Cuomo saying, "Assemblyman <mask>, I'll tell you how tough Assemblyman <mask>'s job is.He is MY Assemblyman ... He's doing a great job representing me and this entire district." Despite running a spirited campaign where he was again outspent, <mask> could

masks: Castelli Castelli Castelli Castelli Castelli Castelli Castelli Castelli Castelli Castelli


texts:
 not overcome party-line voting in the high turnout for incumbent President Barack Obama, although he still managed to garner 47% of the vote in the overwhelmingly Democratic district. Political positions
 <mask> was known as a staunch fiscal conservative and held strong pro-business, anti-tax and limited government positions. Yet he also held environmentalist views considered atypical for most Republican politicians, and his pro-conservation ideals garnered him support and endorsements from organizations such as the League of Conservation Voters and Sierra Club during all of his campaigns. For instance, he was a cosponsor and vocal proponent of a ban on hydraulic fracturing in the Marcellus Shale region of upstate New York, a process for natural gas exploration which is known as "hydro-fracking." He received a perfect score on the environment from the statewide group EPL/Environmental Advocates in 2011 and 2012, on the only scorecard that grades New York State lawmakers according to their votes on the environment.His score led all Republican lawmakers in both houses in each of his three years in office. A self-described conservationist, <mask> also received top marks from the New York State Rifle and Pistol Association for what they described as "his actions in defense of our civil rights," as well as from the New York State Farm Bureau, which named him to their prestigious "Circle of Friends." According to Patch Media, a regional outlet covering the 89th Assembly District, he "earned a reputation for being an independent voice in the Legislature, especially on tax policies that he says unfairly penalize Westchester County residents and

masks: Castelli Castelli


texts:
 business owners." As one of only three combat veterans in the State Assembly, he placed a large part of his legislative focus on veterans' issues. He was credited with building the coalition that saved the five New York State Veterans Homes from elimination  in the 2011 New York State budget. The homes are disabled veteran and veterans gerontological elder-care facilities, which were facing steep budget cuts and potential closure of one or more of the facilities, until the cuts were averted due to efforts from twenty-seven State lawmakers. <mask> also introduced legislation to prevent the Federal government from spinning off the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Campus of the VA at Montrose to private developers, by requiring the State to step in and seize the property via grant, purchase, or eminent domain, in order that it be forever used for veteran's purposes.Legislative achievements
In his first 120 days in office, <mask> passed two pieces of legislation, the first of which was signed into law by Governor David A. Paterson as Chapter 294 of the Laws of 2010. <mask> showed an uncanny ability to pass his own prime-sponsored legislation despite being a member of the Assembly's minority, which has a reputation for legislative powerlessness amid the control of Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver. In 2011, <mask> became the first member of the Minority since 2007 to pass a "statewide" bill, a veterans protection measure which prohibited public employers from abolishing positions of persons absent on military duty. Six other <mask> bills have been signed into law, making him one of the more productive junior lawmakers in Albany. During the legislative

masks: Castelli Castelli Castelli Castelli Castelli


texts:
 session in 2012, <mask> authored and passed a bill to extend the statute of limitations for Vietnam Veterans to bring claims arising from exposure to Agent Orange and other phenoxy herbicides, which was signed into law by Governor Cuomo. He also cosponsored and passed a bill to increase funding for the state's Environmental Protection Fund (EPF), and conduct a health impact assessment of hydrofracking before the state considers whether or not to allow the controversial process to go forward. <mask> also authored a bill to eliminate the Mount Kisco Urban Renewal Agency, a moribund public authority, which was called an "unnecessary mandate" for the village, that successfully passed both houses of the legislature in 2012.He also authored and passed legislation to rename portions of New York State Route 120 in Chappaqua and Purchase for Staff Sergeant Kyu Hyuk Chay, and Specialist Anthony Kalladeen, soldiers from those communities who were killed in action during the wars in Afghanistan, and Iraq, respectively. Election results
 February 2010 special election, NYS Assembly, 89th AD
{| class="Wikitable"
| <mask><mask> (REP - IND - CON) ||...|| 6,966 (55.3%)
|-
| Peter B. Harckham (DEM - WOR) ||...|| 5,639 (44.7%)
|}

 November 2010 general election, NYS Assembly, 89th AD
{| class="Wikitable"
| <mask><mask> (REP - CON - TXP) ||...|| 21,263 (50.1%)
|-
| Thomas M. Roach, Jr. (DEM - IND - WOR) ||...|| 21,151 (49.9%)
|}

 November 2012 general election, NYS Assembly, 93rd AD
{| class="Wikitable"
| <mask>. <mask> (REP - CON) ||...|| 24,609 (47%)
|-
| David Buchwald (DEM - IND - WOR) ||...|| 29,394 (53%)
|}

References

Bibliography
Neubaer, David W. &

masks:
Castelli
Castelli
Robert J
. Castelli
Robert J
. Castelli
Robert J
Castelli


texts:
 Meinhold, Stephen S. Judicial Process: Law, Courts, and Politics in the United States. Fifth Ed. (Wadsworth Cengage Learning, New York 2009). .
Sifakis, Carl. The mafia encyclopedia. (Infobase Publishing, New York 2005). .
Schmalleger, Frank. Criminology today: an integrative introduction.(Prentice Hall,  New York 2002). .
White, Jonathan R. Terrorism and homeland security. Sixth Ed. (Wadsworth Cengage Learning, New York 2009). . External links
 <mask><mask> campaign website
 Faculty Page at Iona University
 <mask>'s column for Politico

1949 births
Living people
American broadcast news analysts
American columnists
American conservationists
American environmentalists
American intelligence analysts
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
American male sport shooters
American state police officers
City University of New York faculty
Empire State College alumni
Experts on terrorism
Iona College faculty
People from Jamaica, Queens
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Marist College faculty
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Republicans
People from Lewisboro, New York
Private detectives and investigators
Terrorism theorists
United States Army soldiers
Politicians from Westchester County, New York
Activists from New York (state)
21st-century American

masks:
Robert J
. Castelli
Robert Castelli


texts:
<mask> (born February 14, 1955) is an argentine actor and comedian. Besides a long history of working as a television leading man, he also has a varied theatrical and film career. <mask> is widely regarded by experts and critics of performance as one of the most influential and popular actors of his country. Biography
<mask> is the second of two brothers children of <mask>, a bank employee, gym teacher and weightlifting coach at Racing Club and Adelina Redondo. He spent his first two years of life in Villa del Parque, Buenos Aires, Argentina and later the family moved to Beccar, a northern neighborhood of Greater Buenos Aires where <mask> lived the rest of his childhood. The house was located next to that of his paternal grandparents, Domenico and Zaída; his grandfather was an Italian immigrant in Argentina who had arrived in Argentina from Falconara Albanese, Calabria and whose original last name was Frangella. He attended and received a bachelor's degree from the Institute June 20 of San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1972.Later, although he wanted to study theater, he continued studying journalism. He got a journalist's degree after studying three years and later started working for the magazine Gente, where he served as a journalist for three months before being fired. He also worked as clothing seller in a store, as an insurance salesman and as a member of a real estate company with his uncle. His father died when Francella was twenty-six years old, which was "a very strong blow" to his family. <mask> is a catholic. Career
His first approach to acting was after finishing high school when he made a play with some classmates, the comedy Charlatanes by Julio F. Escobar. In the early 1980s he acted in a commercial for Cinzano.He debuted on television in 1980, with Los hnos. Torterolo and

masks:
Guillermo Héctor Francella
Francella
Guillermo Francella
Ricardo Héctor Francella
Francella
Francella


texts: then was part of Historia de un trepador. In 1985 he filmed his first film, El telo y la tele, also participated as an extra in the film Los caballeros de la cama redonda starring Alberto Olmedo. He participated in other television series of the 1980s, such as El infiel, playing the role of Felipe for a year. In 1986, he filmed three films, Camarero nocturno en Mar del Plata and Las colegialas. He also acted in television series, such as El lobo and Juegos prohibidos. His career as a television and film actor continued during the following years with films such as Los pilotos más locos del mundo, Paraíso relax and Bañeros II, la playa loca, which had its third part in 2006.His first big hit on television was telecomedy De carne somos, broadcast by Canal 13 in 1988. After this strip he starred in Dalo por hecho, broadcast by Canal 13, playing an Argentine chanta (a scammer). <mask> also made two TV series that were very popular at the time, La familia Benvenuto and Un hermano es un hermano, with Javier Portales. In 1989 he starred in one of his greatest successes on film, the action comedy Los extermineitors, which worked mainly as a spoof on the action films of the 1980s. The following year, he filmed Extermineitors II, la venganza del dragón, the sequel and second part of the "Extermineitors saga" of comedy films; that same saga eventually became spawned into the 1992 action-comedy series Brigada Cola, an Extermineitors spinoff where <mask> played the protagonist, Francachella. Brigada Cola was a big rating success that even became a short-lived theater version of the show with the same cast. During the early 1990s, <mask> starred in two more sequels for Los extermineitors, with the saga coming to an end with the fourth part in the southern summer of 1992.When he returned to work on TV his

masks: Francella Francella Francella


texts: fame had grown exponentially, even internationally, which is why his next series, Naranja y media was translated into English and broadcast in several countries under the title My Better Halves. His next movie, Un Argentino en New York, was filmed in Spain and United States; starring alongside the Uruguayan actress/singer Natalia Oreiro, it became one of the greatest Argentine cinema hits. 1999 came with a new challenge as an actor, the series Trillizos, dijo la partera with the actress Laura Novoa. On this occasion, he had to play three Buenos Aires brothers, Luigi, Marcelo and Enzo, that integrated a classic family of Italian roots, but in turn, each with a different personality that characterized them. In 2000 he filmed Papá es un ídolo it was translated in English with the name of Daddy is My Idol in this movie Manuel Bandera and Millie Stegman. He returned to television in 2001, in one of the most definitive roles of his career, in the comic program Poné a Francella, where he took part in several sketches next to his cast. He had two seasons and aired until December 2002.There he shared the cast with Gabriel Goity, Alberto Fernández de Rosa, Roberto Carnaghi, Florencia Peña, Andrea Frigerio, Mariana Briski, Manuel Wirtz, René Bertrand, Toti Ciliberto and Cecilia Milone and with newly emerged models such as Pamela David, Luciana Salazar and Julieta Prandi. The repetitions were broadcast until 2006 during the weekends in Argentina, while in other countries of Latin America and United States it was televised until the end of 2004. In 2003, he filmed in Cuba, Un día en el paraíso, movie in which <mask> played two characters, Reynaldo and Roy. That year he starred in the unit comedy, Durmiendo con mi jefe, with Luis Brandoni broadcast by Canal 13. His next movie, Papá se volvió loco, was


texts: released in 2005 and became a hit in theaters. From 2005 to 2006 he starred in the series Casados con Hijos, an Argentine remake of Married... with Children, playing the role of José "Pepe" Argento. For that role, in the first season, Asociación de Periodistas de la Televisión y la Radiofonía Argentinas awarded the Martín Fierro Award to the "Best Leading Actor in Comedy", and in the second season, he was nominated again but lost to Facundo Arana.During these two years, he starred with Enrique Pinti at the Lola Membrives theater in Buenos Aires and then at the Auditorium Mar del Plata the musical comedy The Producers, a great success with both the public and critics. It was <mask>'s debut in the musical genre. In 2007 he starred in a new comic film, Incorregibles, together with comedian Dady Brieva and model Gisela Van Lacke. The film was a box-office success, but received negative reviews by the critics. In 2008, he made a special participation in the final chapter of the soap opera Vidas robadas which won the Martín Fierro de Oro Award 2008. At the end of the year, he traveled to Mexico to star Rudo y Cursi along with the Mexican actors Gael García Bernal and Diego Luna. In 2009, he starred alongside Ricardo Darín and Soledad Villamil in El secreto de sus ojos which sold approximately two million tickets and became the most watched movie of the year, as well as the second most successful national film of all time in its country.The movie won an Oscar for the best non-English speaking film. In 2011, he returned to the small screen with the TV comedy El hombre de tu vida, where he played the role of Hugo, a man affected by a midlife crisis who decides to work professionally as a gigolo. In addition, along with Arturo Puig, he starred in the Ana Katz comedy film Los Marziano. In 2012 saw the


texts:
 premiere of the comedy film ¡Atraco!, starring <mask> alongside Nicolás Cabré and Amaia Salamanca under the direction of Eduard Cortés, playing a fictional Peronist named Merello. In addition, he had a small role in the film El vagoneta en el mundo del cine. In 2013, he starred in the Marcos Carnevale romantic film, Corazón de León, where he played León Godoy, a short-stature man who falls in love with Ivana Cornejo (Julieta Díaz) a divorced lawyer. For this interpretation he received his second nomination for Silver Condor Award, this time as Best Actor.In 2014, he starred with Inés Estévez and Alejandro Awada in the comedy-drama El misterio de la felicidad, directed by Daniel Burman. <mask> plays the role of a man looking for his missing friend while falling in love with his friend's wife. In addition, <mask> returned to the theater and starring along Adrián Suar in Dos pícaros sinvergüenzas, where he plays Lawrence Williams, a man who scams women together with his partner. In 2015 he starred in The Clan, a crime thriller-historical film about the murders committed by the "Clan Puccio" in the early 1980s; <mask> starred in the role of Arquimedes Puccio together with Peter Lanzani in the role of Alejandro Puccio, and directed by Pablo Trapero. The film was a box-office success and received an overall positive response by the critics. Personal life
Since 1989 he is married to Marynés Breña, with whom he has two children, Nicolás <mask> (born on October 22, 1990) and <mask> (born on December 4, 1993). Filmography

Film

Television

Theater

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
Argentine male stage actors
Argentine male film actors
Argentine television personalities
Argentine people of Calabrian descent
Male actors from Buenos Aires
Argentine

masks:
Francella
Francella
Francella
Francella
Francella
Johanna Francella


texts:
<mask>  (, ) is a Somali-British novelist. She featured on Granta magazine's list "Best of Young British Novelists" in 2013, and in 2014 on the Africa39 list of writers aged under 40 with potential and talent to define future trends in African literature. Her 2021 novel, The Fortune Men, was shortlisted for the 2021 Booker Prize, making her the first British Somali novelist to get this honour. She has also written short stories, essays, memoirs and articles in outlets including The Guardian, and contributed poetry to the anthology New Daughters of Africa (ed. Margaret Busby, 2019). She was also a lecturer in Creative Writing in the Department of English at Royal Holloway, University of London until 2021. She will be Distinguished Writer in Residence at New York University in Spring 2022.Personal life
<mask> was born in 1981 in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Her father was a sailor in the merchant navy and her mother was a local landlady. In 1986, she moved with her family to London for what was intended to be a temporary stay. However, the civil war broke out shortly afterwards in Somalia, so they remained in the UK. <mask> later attended the University of Oxford, where she studied history and politics. In 2008, she visited Hargeisa for the first time in more than a decade. <mask> resides in London.Literary career
<mask>'s first novel, Black Mamba Boy (2010), described in The Guardian as "a significant, affecting book of the dispossessed", is a semi-biographical account of her father's life in Yemen in the 1930s and '40s, during the colonial period.

masks:
Nadifa Mohamed
Mohamed
Mohamed
Mohamed
Mohamed


texts: She has said that "the novel grew out of a desire to learn more about my roots, to elucidate Somali history for a wider audience and to tell a story that I found fascinating." A "fictionalized biography", it won critical and popular acclaim in countries as far away as Korea. The book won the 2010 Betty Trask Award, and was shortlisted for numerous awards, including the 2010 Guardian First Book Award, the 2010 Dylan Thomas Prize, and the 2010 John Llewellyn Rhys Prize. It was also long-listed for the 2010 Orange Prize for Fiction. In 2013, <mask> released her second novel, The Orchard of Lost Souls. Set in Somalia on the eve of the civil war, it was published by Simon & Schuster.Reviewing it in The Independent, Arifa Akbar said: "If <mask>'s first novel was about fathers and sons ... this one is essentially about mothers and daughters." In 2014 The Orchard of Lost Souls won the Somerset Maugham Award and was longlisted for the Dylan Thomas Prize. In December 2013, <mask> was one of 36 writer and translator participants at the Doha International Book Fair's Literary Translation Summit in Qatar. She was chosen as one of Granta magazine's "Best of Young British Novelists" in 2013, and in April 2014 was selected for the Hay Festival's Africa39 list of 39 Sub-Saharan African writers aged under 40 with potential and talent to define future trends in African literature. Her writing has also been published in such outlets as The Guardian and Literary Hub, as well as in the anthology New Daughters of Africa (edited by Margaret Busby, 2019), which

masks: Mohamed Mohamed Mohamed


texts:
 includes poetry by <mask>. In June 2018 <mask> was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in its "40 Under 40" initiative. She joined the English Creative Writing faculty of Royal Holloway, University of London, in 2018.Her 2021 novel, The Fortune Men, is based on the true story of Mahmood Mattan, whom her father knew. The book is about a petty criminal in Cardiff who becomes the last man to be hanged there, wrongfully convicted of murder in 1952. In The Guardian, Ashish Ghadiali wrote of <mask> that the novel "confirms her as a literary star of her generation", while Michael Donkor described the book as a "determined, nuanced and compassionate exposure of injustice". The book was shortlisted for the 2021 Booker Prize. <mask> has said that her next book will be "a contemporary novel set in the world of Somali women in London". Awards
2010: Betty Trask Prize for Black Mamba Boy
2013: Granta "Best of Young British Novelists"
2014: Africa39 list of the most promising writers under the age of 40 from Sub-Saharan Africa
2014: Somerset Maugham Award for The Orchard of Lost Souls

Works

Novels
Black Mamba Boy (2010)
The Orchard of Lost Souls (2013)
The Fortune Men (2021)

Selected shorter writings
 "Filsan", Granta 123: Best of Young British Novelists 4, 16 April 2013. "Migrants for whom the Sahara proved a graveyard started out in hope", The Guardian, 1 November 2013."Sasayama", Granta 127: Japan, 25 June 2014. "Somalis returning to the motherland are finding their foreign ways out of favour", The Guardian, 11 September 2015.

masks: Mohamed Mohamed Mohamed Mohamed


texts:
 "Britain’s clampdown on FGM is leaving young girls traumatised", The Guardian, 7 September 2017. "How many dead Somalis does it take for us to care? ", The Guardian, 23 October 2017. "What We Lost in the Grenfell Tower Fire", LitHub, 24 October 2017. References

External links
 "WDN Interview with <mask> <mask>: The Author of Black Mamba Boy", WardheerNews, 21 April 2011."Black Mamba Boy – <mask> <mask>" on YouTube. <mask> <mask> on Somali Writers, Asymptote. <mask> <mask> interviewed by Stacey Knecht for www.the-ledge.com
 Magnus Taylor, "An interview with <mask> <mask>: 'I don’t feel bound by Somalia…but the stories that have really motivated me are from there'", African Arguments, 1 November 2013. "<mask> <mask>: The Granta Podcast, Ep. 71", Granta, 22 May 2013. Granta Video: <mask> <mask>, 11 June 2013. Sameer Rahim, "<mask> <mask>'s Somali journey", The Telegraph, 16 August 2013.Annasue McCleave Wilson, "The Only Seeds Being Sown Were Bullets: PW Talks with <mask> <mask>", Publishers Weekly, 6 December 2013. John Freeman, "Novelist <mask> <mask> on the Impact of Trump's Muslim Ban", LitHub, 31 January 2017. 1981 births
Living people
Black British women writers
Somalian women novelists
British women novelists
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Somalian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Somalian Muslims
Writers from London
21st-century British novelists
People from Hargeisa
English people of Somali descent
21st-century British women writers
21st-century Somalian women writers
21st-century Somalian writers
Fellows of the Royal Society of

masks: Nadifa Mohamed Nadifa Mohamed Nadifa Mohamed Nadifa Mohamed Nadifa Mohamed Nadifa Mohamed Nadifa Mohamed Nadifa Mohamed Nadifa Mohamed Nadifa Mohamed


texts:
<mask>  (born 8 June 1928) is a Peruvian philosopher, Catholic theologian, and Dominican priest, regarded as one of the founders of Latin American liberation theology. He currently holds the John Cardinal O'Hara Professorship of Theology at the University of Notre Dame, and has previously been a visiting professor at many major universities in North America and Europe. He studied medicine and literature at the National University of San Marcos, where he also became involved with Catholic Action, which greatly influenced his theological arguments. At the Theology Faculty of Leuven in Belgium and Lyon, France, he began studying theology. He has taught at the University of Michigan, Harvard, Cambridge, Berkeley, and Montréal, among other schools. His theological focus aims to connect salvation and liberation through the preferential option for the poor, or the emphasis on improving the material conditions of the impoverished. Gutierrez proposes that revelation and eschatology have been excessively idealized at the expense of efforts to bring about the Kingdom of God on Earth.In this way, his methodology is often critical of the social and economic injustice he believes to be responsible for poverty in Latin America and the clergy within the Catholic Church. The central pastoral question of his work is: "How do we convey to the poor that God loves them?”

In 1974, <mask> founded the Lima branch of the Bartolomé de Las Casas Institute. The Institute, in its mission statement, aims to use theology as a means of addressing contemporary social issues and educating through research, engagement with lawmakers, and collaboration with grassroots organizations. <mask> is a member of the Peruvian Academy of Language. In 1993, he was awarded the Legion of Honor by the French government for his tireless work. In 2002 <mask> was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 2003 he

masks:
Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino
Gutiérrez
Gutiérrez
Gutiérrez


texts:
 received the Príncipe de Asturias award. In 2016, he received the Pacem in Terris Award from St. Ambrose University.Early life and education
On 8 June 1928, <mask> was born to mestizo parentage, being half-Hispanic and half-Indigenous. Gutiérrez was afflicted with osteomyelitis as an adolescent and was frequently bed-ridden. He had to use a wheelchair from age 12 to 18. However, he describes this time as a formative experience, claiming it instilled the value of hope through prayer and the love of family in friends. As he describes it, this experience had a profound impact on his interest in theology. He initially studied medicine at the National University of San Marcos in Peru in order to become a psychiatrist, then he realized he wanted to become a priest. He completed his theological studies in the Theology Faculty of Leuven in Belgium and in Lyon in France, where he studied under Henri de Lubac, Yves Congar, Marie Dominique Chenu, Christian Ducoq, and several others.It was also here where Gutiérrez was introduced to the Dominican and Jesuit ideologies, and was influenced by the work of Edward Schillebeeckx, Karl Rahner, Hans Küng, and Johann Baptist Metz. His time in Europe influenced Gutiérrez to discuss the openness of the Church to the contemporary world. He was also influenced by Protestant theologians such as Karl Barth and social scientists such as François Perroux and his idea of development. In 1959, Gutiérrez was ordained a priest. While studying in Europe, Gutiérrez was exposed to other, non-religious thinkers who had a profound impact on his ideology and the eventual formation of Latin American liberation theology. At the Faculty of Theology in Lyons, France he studied Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud - who he did a philosophy licentiate on at the University of Louvrain - and evolutionary theorists traditionally opposed or discouraged by the church. Marx's discussion of


texts:
 class struggle and the material conditions of poverty provided Gutiérrez a framework for understanding socio-economic inequality.<mask> was at one time a parish priest of the Iglesia Cristo Redentor (Church of the Holy Redeemer) in Rimac, Peru. Foundations of liberation theology
When he returned to Peru, <mask> began to formulate his understanding of Latin American "reality" – the foundation and driving force of Latin American liberation theology. He states: "I come from a continent in which more than 60% of the population lives in a state of poverty, and 82% of those find themselves in extreme poverty." <mask> focused his efforts on the rediscovery of love thy neighbor as the central axiom of Christian life. He felt the European theology he had studied did not reflect the oppressive material conditions in Latin America. In 2003, <mask> reminisced that his "parishioners in Lima would...  teach me volumes about hope in the midst of suffering". This relationship with Christianity would inspire his book On Job, published in 1987.An outline of <mask>'s theological proposal was drafted in his conference "Towards a Theology of Liberation" during the Second Meeting of Priests and Laity in Chimbote, Peru, between 21 and 25 July 1968. In this proposal, he cites on multiple occasions Vatican II's Gaudium et Spes and Paul VI's Populorum Progressio. To Gutiérrez, the source of the problems of Latin America was the sin manifested in an unjust social structure. His solution to this problem was to emphasize the dignity of the poor by prioritizing the glory of God present in them. This perspective would be refined over the next five years, until <mask> published A Theology of Liberation in 1973. Latin American liberation theology thus emerged as a biblical analysis of poverty. Gutiérrez distinguished two forms of poverty: a "scandalous state" and a "spiritual childhood."He noted that, while

masks: Gutiérrez Gutiérrez Gutiérrez Gutiérrez Gutiérrez Gutiérrez


texts:
 the former is abhorred by God, the second is valued. Gutiérrez identified that each form of poverty was present in Latin America, wherein one hungers for bread and for God. It is only through the manifestation of a committed faith that the purposes of God can be manifested to man, regardless of the color or social class under which he was born. Liberation theology insists on prioritizing the gift of life as the supreme manifestation of God. <mask> asserts that his understanding of poverty as a "scandalous state" is reflected in Luke's beatitude "Blessed are you poor, for the kingdom of God is yours", whereas his interpretation of it as "spiritual childhood" has precedent in Matthew's verse, "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven". He argues that there are forms of poverty beyond economic. Writings on the option for the poor
Gutiérrez calls for understanding the reality of the poor.Being poor is not simply lacking the economic resources for development. On the contrary, Gutiérrez understands poverty as "a way of living, of thinking, of loving, of praying, of believing and waiting, of spending free time, of fighting for life." On the other hand, the Dominican emphasizes that poverty is the result of flawed social institutions. While many theologians oversimplify poverty's social roots, for Gutiérrez the origin of poverty is much more complex. In Latin America, it originates from the times of the conquest and to that is added several political, geographical, and personal factors. The proclamation of the gospel in the midst of the unjust situation in Latin America leads to a praxis based on principles derived from the word of God. In the article Theology and Poverty, <mask> recalls that this option should lead to three well-defined actions, with the preferential option for the poor unfolding as a fundamental axis of the Christian life on three levels:

masks: Gutiérrez Gutiérrez


texts:
 The announcement and testimony of the reign of God denounces poverty.The intelligence of faith reveals essential aspects of God and provides a perspective for theological work. Walking in the footsteps of Jesus, otherwise known as spirituality, is, on the deepest level, the basis on which everything else rests. The main biblical foundation for this praxis lies in the kenotic incarnation of Christ. To Gutiérrez, the ministry of Christ among the rejected and despised of his time is a clear example for the contemporary Church. Furthermore, "the incarnation is an act of love. Christ becomes man, dies and rises to liberate us, and makes us enjoy freedom. To die and be resurrected with Christ is to overcome death and enter into a new life.The cross and the resurrection seal our freedom." The freedom of Christ is seen by Gutiérrez as the source of spiritual and economic freedom. Theological reflection on liberation is not just a simple discourse without practical and concrete implications. Reflection on the situation of the poor leads to what liberation theologians call "liberating praxis", where they attempt to rectify the process by which the faith of the Church builds the economic, spiritual and intellectual liberation of socially oppressed peoples as fulfillment of the kingdom of God. The liberating praxis, then, has its basis in the love that God manifests for us and in the sense of solidarity and fellowship that should exist in interpersonal relationships among the children of God. These are concepts that Gutiérrez developed in concert with education activist/philosopher Paulo Freire, whose 1971 seminal work Pedagogy of the Oppressed explored the concept of praxis and a preferential option for the poor. Legacy

<mask> is an influential figure within 20th century theology as a whole, and responses to his work have been polarized.Arthur McGovern identifies liberation theology as


texts:
 an anomaly within theologian fields, arguing that theology discourse is generally limited to academic circles. He argues that <mask>'s theories, however, have considerable and tangible impacts on the Latin America's socio-economic conditions. Liberation theology was intended as a call to all believers in Latin America to act on the biblical commitment to the poor. <mask>'s message on material and economic conditions serves to place inequality in both religious and political discourse. <mask>'s thought has influenced theology, both in Latin America and abroad. This influence can be observed from the evangelical proposal of the "integral mission" developed years after the origin of liberation, to the development of social ministries within the evangelical churches in the last decades. Among his most prominent followers are Hugo Echegaray and Luis Felipe Zegarra Russo.His friends include the German theologian Gerhard Ludwig Müller, the former Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. On the subject of <mask>'s thought, of which he was a student, Müller stated: "The theology of <mask>z, how it is considered, is orthodox because it is orthopractic and teaches us the correct Christian way of acting, since it derives from authentic faith." On <mask>'s 90th birthday, in 2018, Pope Francis thanked him for his contributions "to the church and humanity through your theological service and your preferential love for the poor and discarded of society." While <mask>'s positions were never censored by the Church, he had been asked to modify some of his propositions. Criticisms

In the early 1970s, <mask> gave a controversial lecture in Córdoba, Argentina upon being invited by the Movement of Priests for the Third World. He refused to speak unless Father Jerónimo Podestá - a fellow liberation theologian who, unlike Gutiérrez, fought for the right of priests to marry - left the

masks:
Gutiérrez
Gutiérrez
Gutiérrez
Gustavo Gutiérrez
Gustavo Gutiérre
Gutiérrez
Gutiérrez
Gutiérrez


texts:
 room. Years after, Podestá's widow and fellow critic of mandatory celibacy within the church, Clelia Luro deemed Guiterrez's attitude towards the issue to be discriminatory, criticizing him in the following letter:

In 1984, the Holy See - under Pope John Paul II - criticised aspects of liberation theology, taking particular issue with its use of Marxist economic theory.Then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger asked Peruvian bishops to examine Guiterrez's writings, voicing concerns that Gutierrez's arguments embodied a concerning "idealization of faith". As a result, he and liberation theology were the subjects of 36-page Vatican report, which declared Marxism to be incompatible with Catholic teachings. The Catholic Church in Peru then held a vote to rebuke <mask>'s ordination within the group, which ended in a tie. According to Arthur McGovern, controversy regarding Gutiérrez and liberation theology was not limited to the Catholic Church: the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal printed full-scale advertisements warning readers of a potential communist state in Mexico, arguing that "liberation theology… [would] install Communism in the name of Christianity" and encourage acts of terrorism. Selected works
 On the Side of the Poor: The Theology of Liberation. Co-authored with Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller. Orbis Books, 2015:
 In the Company of the Poor: conversations between Dr. Paul Farmer and Fr.<mask>rrez. Ed. Michael Griffin and Jennie Weiss Block. Orbis Books, 2013:
 Las Casas: In Search of the Poor of Jesus Christ, trans. Robert R. Barr (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1993). Originally published as En busca de los pobres de Jesucristo: El pensamiento de Bartolomé de las Casas (Lima: CEP, 1992). The God of Life, trans.Matthew J. O'Connell (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1991). Originally published as El Dios de la vida (Lima: CEP, 1989). On Job: God-Talk and the Suffering of the Innocent, trans.

masks:
Gutiérrez
Gustavo Gutié


texts:
 Matthew J. O'Connell (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1987). Originally published as Hablar de Dios desde el sufrimiento del inocente (Lima: CEP, 1986). The Truth Shall Make You Free: Confrontations, trans. Matthew J. O'Connell (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1990).Originally published as La verdad los hará libres: Confrontaciones (Lima: CEP, 1986). We Drink from Our Own Wells: The Spiritual Journey of a People, 20th anniversary ed., trans. Matthew J. O'Connell (Maryknoll: Orbis, 2003; 1st ed., Maryknoll: Orbis, 1984). Originally published as Beber en su propio pozo: En el itinerario espiritual de un pueblo (Lima: CEP, 1983). A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, and Salvation, 15th anniversary ed., trans. Caridad Inda and John Eagleson (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1988; 1st ed., Maryknoll: Orbis, 1973). Originally published as Teología de la liberación: Perspectivas (Lima: CEP, 1971).See also

Liberation theology
Black theology
Christian communism
Christian left
Christian socialism
Progressive Christianity
Social gospel
Social justice

References

Further reading

External links

 <mask> on the University of Notre Dame website
 Audio downloads of <mask>'s 1995 Drummond Lectures in Scotland
 Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith-August 6, 1984. Instruction on certain aspect of  "Liberation Theology"
 Liberation Theology in the World History Encyclopedia

1928 births
Living people
People from Lima
Anti-poverty advocates
Peruvian Dominicans
Peruvian Roman Catholics
Peruvian Christian theologians
Peruvian Christian socialists
Peruvian philosophers
Catholic philosophers
Liberation theologians
Christian Peace Conference members
Peruvian people of Quechua descent
University of Notre Dame faculty
Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni
National University of San Marcos alumni
Christian radicals
Catholic socialists
Christian socialist theologians
World Christianity scholars
Catholicism and

masks:
Gustavo Gutiérrez
Gutiérrez


texts:
<mask> (; born <mask> on January 22, 1901 in Viña del Mar, Chile – August 18, 1952 in Santiago, Chile), popularly known in Chile as <mask> (Spanish for "<mask>"), was a Chilean Jesuit priest, lawyer, social worker, and writer, of Basque ancestry. He founded the Hogar de Cristo foundation in 1944. He was canonized on October 23, 2005, by Pope Benedict XVI, becoming his country's second saint. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Viña del Mar, Chile, on January 22, 1901, to an aristocratic family. After the death of his father when <mask> was four years old, his mother, with just two small sons, decided to sell their large estate. Unfortunately the buyer defrauded her. The family, now impoverished, was forced to live with a succession of relatives.From an early age, <mask> experienced what it meant to be poor and without a home. Thanks to a scholarship, he was able to attend the prestigious, all-boys, Jesuit school of St. Ignacio, Santiago, Chile (1909–17). During this time, he volunteered at the Parroquia Nuestra Señora de Andacollo, Santiago, a Catholic parish and school in a poor neighborhood of Santiago, where he assisted in the office and was librarian. From 1918 to 1923, he attended the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, studying in its law school and writing his thesis on labour law. After interrupting his studies for obligatory military service, he earned his degree in August 1923. <mask> entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1923. In 1925 he went to Córdoba, Argentina, where he studied humanities.In 1927 he was sent to Barcelona, Spain, to study philosophy and theology. When the Jesuits were suppressed in Spain in 1931, he continued his studies in theology at Louvain, Belgium. He was ordained a priest there on August 24,1933, and in 1935 he obtained a doctorate in pedagogy and psychology. Educator
Before returning to Chile, <mask> visited social and educational centers in Germany, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. He returned to Chile in January 1936 and took up his post as

masks:
Alberto Hurtado
Luis Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga
Padre Hurtado
Father Hurtado
Alberto Hurtado
Alberto
Hurtado
Hurtado
Hurtado


texts:
 professor of religion at Colegio San Ignacio and of Pedagogy at the Catholic University of Santiago. He was entrusted with the Sodality of Our Lady for the students, and he involved them in teaching catechism to the poor. Conservative Catholics in Chile had difficulty accepting the church's social teachings.As late as 1931, the official organ of the party aligned with the church hierarchy refused to publish the papal encyclical Quadragesimo anno and considered it "an orientation directed to other parts of the world but not Chile." In 1936, <mask> authored an article entitled The Priesthood Crisis In Chile, which addressed the problem of the shortage of priests in Chile; his analysis was criticized as "exaggerated". He criticized the quality of catechism instruction offered in Chile and wrote that young men often signed up as catechists but lacked the necessary certificate. Social apostolate

In 1940, <mask> was appointed diocesan director of the Catholic Action youth movement and he served as its national director from 1941 to 1944. Also in 1941, <mask> authored Is Chile a Catholic Country? The book published statistics demonstrating a lack of priests assigned to the working class and rural populations, and it reported on parishes that had one priest assigned to 10,000 laypeople spread across huge geographic areas. He advocated an increase in the number of priests and better education for them.Almost half of Chile's clergy were foreigners, including missionaries from the United States and Canada, who rode circuits of towns to administer the sacraments. Most Chileans regarded devotion to the Virgin and the saints as more important than attending Mass or receiving the Eucharist, which they could not do regularly. In the book, <mask> published the results of a 1939 survey of Chilean religious practices and reported that only 9% of Chilean women and 3.5% of Chilean men regularly attended Mass. The book was heavily criticised by more conservative Catholics, who accused <mask> of being a Communist.

masks: Hurtado Hurtado Hurtado Hurtado Hurtado