texts: the Mormons building a permanent settlement in the area, and <mask> favored driving them out by force.His brother, Sowiette, wanted to accommodate the Mormons. After initial disagreement, Walkara conceded to Sowiette. Instead of war, the Mormons initially had peace with the Timpanogo. The first act of violence between the Ute and the Mormon settlers occurred on March 5, 1849. Some Ute had disregarded their leaders' instruction not to steal from the Mormons, and had killed and stolen livestock from the settlers. In retaliation, the settlers set out to find those responsible. They ambushed some Ute, resulting in six killed, in an event known as the Battle Creek massacre.Later in April, Walkara supported Ute attacks on Fort Utah; nevertheless, Young and <mask> entered into a peaceful relationship by May. In late 1849, <mask> met with Young, asking him to send men to help settle Ute land, and with that request, settlers including Welcome Chapman went to the Sanpete Valley. Young dispatched a company of about 225 settlers, under the direction of Isaac Morley. The settlers arrived at the present location of Manti, Utah in November, and established a base camp for the winter, digging temporary shelters into the south side of the hill on which the LDS Church's Manti Utah Temple now stands. It was an isolated place, at least four days by wagon from the nearest Mormon settlement. Relations between the Mormon settlers and the local Ute Indians were helpful and cooperative. Morley and his settlers felt that part of their purpose was to bring the gospel to the Indians.Morley wrote, "Did we come here to enrich ourselves in the things of this world? No. We were sent to enrich the Natives and comfort the hearts of the long oppressed." During the severe winter, a measles epidemic broke out. The Mormons used their limited medicine to nurse the Indians, and likewise when Mormon supplies ran low, the

masks: Walkara Walkara Walkara


type: original

texts:
 Ute shared their food supply. In 1850, <mask> agreed to be baptized into the LDS Church with his son. <mask> regularly traded women and children as slaves in order to trade for horses, guns, and ammunition.Mormon settlers tried to stop this practice, but their efforts only angered the tribe for interfering with their Indian slave trade. Relations with the Mormon settlers deteriorated rapidly. <mask>'s raiding lifestyle was under pressure from an increasing number of federal troops in the Great Basin and Southwest and from the expansion of Latter-day Saint settlements. One conjecture holds that Mormon settlers also strongly objected to the profitable traditional trade in native slaves and interfered in many transactions. This is contradictory to the fact that Young was not, by his own account, an abolitionist. In addition, increasing numbers of non-Mormon trading expeditions and settlers were traveling through Central and Southern Utah, adding to the competition for water and resources. Some isolated natives were killed, and <mask> and other leaders became increasingly angry with both the Mormonees and the Mericats, designations used by local tribes to distinguish Mormon settlers from non-Mormon Americans.Walker War

Growing tension between the Mormon settlers and the Ute Indians resulted in the Walker War. The war was sparked on July 17, 1853, by a confrontation with James Anderson Ivie in Springville in Utah Valley. It resulted in the death of a band member, Shower-O-Cats, a relative of Walkara. The Indians wanted to trade goods near Ivie's home, when Ivie tried to intervene in an argument over a trade between a Ute and his wife. Ivie wounded several of the Indians and one died. When Ivie would not comply with Indian requests for compensation, believing that he acted in self-defense, tension between Mormon settlers and the Ute reached its peak. A militia unit went to Walkara's camp

masks: Walkara Walkara Walkara Walkara


texts: in Payson to work out a peaceful resolution; however, no arrangement was agreed upon.The Utes demanded retribution, seeking the death of a Euro-American. When the Mormons refused, the Ute shot and killed Alexander Keele on July 18, 1853, in Payson. This event was the tipping point in the relations between the two groups. Indians started attacks in nearby towns. By July 25, Walkara was reported to be gathering Ute for a war. Mormon colonels Peter Conover and Stephen Markham rounded up men and called for volunteers to pursue the Ute, and families were advised to fortify their houses, store their grains, and protect their livestock. In a defensive effort, Brigham Young directed settlers to move from outlying farms and ranches and establish centralized forts.His people began to heavily guard the travel routes between Mormon settlements. <mask> and his warriors conducted raids against Mormon outposts in central and southern Utah; in turn pioneer militias retaliated. In one case, four settlers driving oxen-drawn wagons to Salt Lake City from Manti were attacked and killed at Uintah Springs on the night of September 30, 1853. Historical accounts indicate that pioneers retaliated the next day, and intermittent fighting continued until early November. In December of that year, Young offered amnesty to all the Ute. They did not respond and continued to commit violent acts for several more weeks. On March 24, Young sent Major E.A.Bedell, the federal Indian agent, to meet with <mask> and other Ute leaders. Bedell was to inquire if they would make a treaty with Young for the sale of their land. During the meeting with Bedell, <mask> said that "he would prefer not to sell if he could live peacefully with the white people which he was anxious to do." The Walker War ended through this understanding personally negotiated between Young and <mask> that was finalized in May 1854 in Levan, near Nephi,


texts:
 Utah. In his contemporary work Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West (1857), photographer and artist Solomon N. Carvalho gives an account of the peace council held between <mask>, other native leaders in central Utah, and Brigham Young. Carvalho took the opportunity to persuade the Indian leader to pose for a portrait, now held by the Thomas Gilcrease Institute, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Although immediate hostilities ended, none of the underlying conflicts were resolved.<mask> died of "lung fever" on 29 January 1855 at Meadow Creek, Utah. At his funeral, fifteen horses, two wives, and two children were killed and buried along with him. However, tensions remained; together with some who refused to accept the peace,  another incident precipitated the longer and more costly Ute Black Hawk War a decade later. In all, casualties during the war totaled twelve white settlers and an equally modest number of Indians. In addition, U.S. surveyor John Williams Gunnison and seven members of his party were attacked and killed, apparently by local tribesmen, along the lower Sevier River in 1853. An archaeological dig in 2007 examined seven bodies of Native American men and boys found in a relatively shallow grave near Nephi. Wounds on some of the remains suggest these Native Americans were executed rather than killed in combat.One skeleton appeared to have been bound by a leather strap at the time of his death. The bodies probably belonged to members of a Utah or Goshute tribe. A rock monument was built in Memorial Park in Payson to commemorate the death of a settler during the war. Another was built in Spanish Fork, Utah at the site of the Old Palmyra Fort. Tribe joining the LDS Church by baptism

After the Walker War had ended, on July 27, 1854, under the direction of stake president Welcome Chapman, 120 members (103 males, 17 females) of <mask>'s tribe were baptized as members of the LDS


texts:
 Church in Manti's City Creek. <mask> was possibly re-baptized at this time. After his baptism, he was renamed Joseph Walker.Slavery

There is controversy over whether Chief <mask> was involved in slavery and human sacrifice. His descendants report that such activities were never cultural with them and would have been considered dishonorable. <mask> supposedly was involved with the slave trade in the Great Basin. The custom of the Ute tribes allowed for them to sell women and children in exchange for supplies and horses, which they ate. Some children were acquired for trading through war raids and then were sold to Mexican traders who sold them as slaves in California or Mexico. A boy could typically be sold for $100, and girls were for $150 to $200. At first, church leaders encouraged Walkara's slave trade.Apostle George A. Smith gave him talking papers that certified "it is my desire that they [Captain Walker and Peteetneet] should be treated as friends, and as they wish to Trade horses, Buckskins and Piede children, we hope them success and prosperity and good bargains." Brigham Young encouraged the saints to "buy up the Lamanite children as fast as they could," for the purpose of educating them and teach them the gospel of Jesus Christ. In 1906, Susa Young Gates accused Walkara of kidnapping Brigham Young's daughter, Sally Young Kanosh. However, there is little evidence that it occurred. Child sacrifice
<mask> was said to have been involved in human sacrifice. The Ute had a practice of burying children alive to serve as servants to the recently deceased and be their companion in the next life. <mask> may have had two captive children killed to relieve his own pain.When the Walker War ended, <mask>'s daughter was sick; he said that if his child died, an Indian woman must be sacrificed so that his daughter's spirit did not travel alone in the spirit world. Upon <mask>'s death, two

masks: Walkara Walkara Walkara Walkara Walkara Walkara Walkara


texts:
 Indian women, three deceased children, twenty horses, and one live boy were buried as formal sacrifices with him. Death

<mask> died after a lingering illness, possibly pneumonia, on January 28, 1855, while at Meadow Creek, Utah Territory. As Chief of the Timpanogos Utes, he reportedly had a rather elaborate burial and was entombed in a small canyon in the mountains, along with animal and human sacrifices. This burial scene involved carrying his corpse to the rocky entombment site by binding his corpse so that it sat upright on a horse. <mask>'s weapons and ammunition were laid beside him and his personal horses were killed to company him on his journey to the next life. He had a letter from Brigham Young in his hand.A live boy and girl were placed on top of the burial pit in order to watch over his grave until they joined <mask> in the afterlife. The boy broke free and cried for help. Although nearby settlers heard him, gunfire from the Indian tribe warned them not to interfere. Isaac Morley, his long time friend, had promised <mask> that he would speak at the entombment. Morley later described the terrible ordeal and reported that he dare not object to the ceremony for fear of causing an uprising in the already delicate relationship between Walkara's brothers and the white settlers. References

Sources
Mueller, Max Perry. (2017).Race and the Making of the Mormon People (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, ). Conflicts in 1853
Conflicts in 1854
Utah Territory
Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America
1800s births
1855 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
Converts to Mormonism
Great Basin
Mormonism and Native Americans
Native American leaders
People of Utah Territory
Year of birth uncertain
Timpanogos tribe
Slavery of Native Americans
American slave traders
History of slavery in Utah
People from Utah County, Utah
19th-century American


texts:
<mask> (born 16 June 1991) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a  and  for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the NRL and Australia at international level. He previously played for the Penrith Panthers in the National Rugby League, and has played at representative level for the Prime Minister's XIII, NSW City, NRL All Stars and New South Wales in the State of Origin series. <mask> was born in Baulkham Hills, New South Wales, Australia. He played his junior football for the St Clair Comets and St. Patricks before being signed by the Penrith Panthers. Playing career

Early career
Moylan played for Penrith's NYC team from 2009 to 2011. 2012

Moylan played for the Windsor Wolves, the NSW Cup feeder team to the Panthers. 2013
In round 7, Moylan made his NRL debut for the Penrith club against the Parramatta Eels in a 44–12 victory at Penrith Stadium.He became Penrith's first-choice fullback. <mask> scored his first try in round 8 against the Sydney Roosters, losing 30–6 at the SFS. He was ruled out of a match in round 13, due to second-tier salary cap issues, but was available for selection the next week due to the injury of fullback Wes Naiqama. Moylan finished his debut year in the NRL with 13 matches, 3 tries and 2 goals. He was named Penrith's Rookie of the Year. 2014
In February 2014, <mask> was selected in Penrith's inaugural 2014 Auckland Nines squad. In round 3, against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Moylan kicked a sideline goal to win the game for Penrith 18–16 at the death when winger Kevin Naiqama scored in the 79th minute to tie the match up at match at 16-all at Penrith Stadium.<mask> was selected to play for the NSW City side in the City vs Country Origin match at Dubbo’s Apex Oval. Moylan played at fullback in the 26-all draw. In round 18, against the Brisbane Broncos at Penrith Stadium, he kicked a field goal in the last minute to win the match for the

masks:
Matthew Moylan
Background Moylan
Moylan
Moylan
Moylan


texts:
 Penrith side, 35–34. In round 23, he repeated the feat by kicking the winning field goal in the 79th minute at Penrith Stadium to beat the North Queensland Cowboys, 23–22. On 9 September 2014, Moylan extended his contract with the Penrith outfit from the end of 2015 until the end of 2017. On 29 September 2014, Moylan was selected in the Australian train on squad. On the same day, he was named as fullback for the Prime Minister's XIII side to play against Papua New Guinea.On 15 October, <mask> was called into the Kangaroo's 2014 Four Nations squad to replace Jarryd Hayne, who had announced that he was leaving rugby league to play American Football in the National Football League. Moylan didn't play a match in the series. 2015
On 13 February, Moylan played at fullback for the NRL All Stars against the Indigenous All Stars in the 2015 All Stars match at Cbus Super Stadium, the NRL All Stars losing 6-20. On 3 May, he played for New South Wales City against New South Wales Country, playing at fullback in the 2015 City vs Country Origin match and kicking 3 goals in City's 22–34 loss at Wagga Wagga. In round 12, against the Parramatta Eels, he suffered a season ending foot injury in Penrith's 20–26 loss at Penrith Stadium. He finished the 2015 season having played in 11 matches, scoring 2 tries, kicking 20 goals and kicking 2 field goals for the Penrith side. 2016
On 13 January, Moylan was named in the emerging New South Wales Blues squad.On 27 January, he was named by incoming coach Anthony Griffin as the new captain of the Penrith club for the 2016 NRL season. In round 5, against the Parramatta Eels, he made his return from injury for the Panthers, making his debut as club captain in the Panthers' last minute 20–18 win at Parramatta Stadium. After showing good form in the early rounds, Moylan was leading the race for the fullback spot for New South Wales facing competition from Wests Tigers superstar


texts:
 James Tedesco and Lachlan Coote from the North Queensland Cowboys but eventually beating them to the starting number 1 jersey. On 1 June 2016, <mask> made his debut for New South Wales against Queensland, playing at fullback in the 4–6 loss at ANZ Stadium. After regaining the fullback spot for game 2, where the Blues lost 16-26 including the 2016 State of Origin series at Suncorp Stadium, Moylan was dropped from the team for James Tedesco. However, halfback Adam Reynolds was ruled out due to a shoulder injury, so Moylan, who performed solidly in the first two matches, was called back into the squad where he started game 3 at five-eighth even though he hadn't played a NRL match in the position. Moylan featured in all 3 matches for Blues in their 2–1 series loss.On 22 September 2016, Moylan extended his contract with the Penrith side until the end of the 2021 season. Moylan finished off the 2016 NRL season with him playing in 21 matches and scoring 4 tries for Penrith. At the end of the year, Moylan was named in the Australia 2016 Four Nations 24-man squad. Moylan played in one match in the tournament, in the first round against Scotland where he played at fullback in the 54–12 win at Craven Park, Hull. 2017
After Penrith's Round 5 clash against the Melbourne Storm, where they lost 28–6 at AAMI Park, Moylan alongside Waqa Blake and Peta Hiku were dropped to the Panthers NSW Cup team for 1 match after they breached the booze curfew by being out in the Melbourne nightlife into the early hours of the next morning. Moylan played the first half the season playing at fullback before switching to five-eighth where he success in the position. After being one of the main influences for Penrith to guide themselves into the top 8 after a 7-game winning streak, Moylan was a shock absentee for Penrith's finals campaign after ruling himself to due to personal issues.Moylan finished the 2017 NRL season with him


texts:
 playing in 18 matches and scoring 8 tries for the Penrith club. On 9 November 2017, it was confirmed that Moylan was released from his contract with Penrith to join the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in a swap-deal with James Maloney, being signed on for four years. It was rumoured before the swap that Moylan was “disinterested and restless” and was having a feud with coach Anthony Griffin. There is also claims that he didn't turn up to his rehabilitation sessions for his hamstring injury and that he didn't want to captain the team anymore. 2018
In round 1 of the 2018 NRL season, Moylan made his club debut for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks against the North Queensland Cowboys, starting at five-eighth in the 20–14 loss at 1300SMILES Stadium. Moylan made a total of 24 appearances for Cronulla in his first season with his new side as the club reached the preliminary final before losing to Melbourne 22–6. 2019
In round 3, Moylan suffered a hamstring injury in Cronulla's 42–16 win over North Queensland ruling him out for six weeks.Moylan returned to the Cronulla side in round 11 for their match against rivals St George which Cronulla won 22–9 at WIN Stadium. 2020
On 1 March, Moylan was ruled out of the first 4–6 weeks of the 2020 NRL season after suffering a calf injury in pre-season training. 2021
Moylan played 15 games for Cronulla in the 2021 NRL season which saw the club narrowly miss the finals by finishing 9th on the table. References

External links
Cronula-Sutherland Sharks profile

1991 births
Living people
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian rugby league players
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players
New South Wales City Origin rugby league team players
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players
NRL All Stars players
Penrith Panthers players
Penrith Panthers captains
Prime Minister's XIII players
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league fullbacks
Windsor Wolves


texts:
Countess Maria Theodora Paulina (<mask><mask> (, 10 September 1885 – 5 March 1923) was a Croatian composer and a member of the <mask> noble family. She was one of the composers to introduce the orchestral song to Croatian music and her Symphony in F-sharp minor is considered by scholars to be the first modern symphony in Croatian music. Early life
<mask> (in old documents also Pejacsevich) was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, the daughter of a Croatian ban, Hungarian-Croatian Count Teodor Pejacsevich of Virovitica and Hungarian Baroness Elisabeth Josepha Vay de Vaya (1860-1941), herself a fine pianist. Her mother was the first to give her piano lessons. Paternally, she descended from the old Croatian noble <mask> family, one of the most distinguished noble families in Slavonia, the eastern region of Croatia. Her maternal family was, for centuries intermarried with Counts Teleki de Szék, which gave them political and economical importance within the region of Budapest. Much of her mother’s prominence led to <mask> veering towards music rather than the aristocratic lifestyle that was impressed upon her.<mask> began to compose when she was 12. She studied music privately in Zagreb, Dresden and Munich and received lessons in instrumentation (from Dragutin Kaiser and Walter Courvoisier), composition (from Percy Sherwood) and violin (from Henri Petri in Munich). She was

masks:
Dora
) Pejačević
Pejačević
Dora Pejačević
Pejačević
Dora
Dora


texts:
 largely self-taught, however. Career and personal life
In 1913, <mask> composed a piano concerto, her first orchestration, marking her as the first ever Croatian composer to write a concerto. <mask>’s earlier compositions mostly consisted of piano pieces, sonatas, and songs and were considered elite in their nature. Many of her pieces premiered in Germany, played by major soloists of the era. When her Symphony in F Sharp Minor, Op.41 premiered in the »Großer Musikvereins-Saal« in Vienna, a critic was surprised when a woman came up on stage, which shows how her excellence contributed to her importance as a composer, specifically a woman composer, in the early twentieth century. Throughout her lifetime, <mask>’s compositions were performed in Budapest, Vienna, Prague, München, Dresden, and her town of Nasice. She married Ottomar, Ritter von Lumbe (1892-1978) in 1921. Although <mask> led a lonely life, she met many prominent musicians and writers, and befriended Austrian journalist and writer Karl Kraus and Czech aristocrat and patroness of arts Countess Sidonie von Thun und Hohenstein. Death
<mask> died in Munich in 1923. Multiple sources have described her passing in contradicting manners. One source claims the cause of Pejacevic’s death was kidney failure; taking place four weeks after her son, Theo’s birth.Another source mentions her passing taking place as a result

masks:
Dora Pejacevic
Dora Pejacevic
Dora
Pejačević
Dora


texts:
 from complications during childbirth. Her tombstone, per her request, has her name written solely as “<mask>” with the short phrase “Rest Now.” She is buried at the cemetery in Našice, Croatia. Legacy
<mask> is considered a major Croatian composer. She left behind a considerable catalogue of 58 opuses (106 compositions), mostly in late Romantic style, including songs, piano works, chamber music, and several compositions for large orchestra, arguably her best. Her Symphony in F-sharp minor is considered by scholars the first modern symphony in Croatian music. Most of her music has yet to be published and released on compact disc, although concerted efforts have been made recently to rectify this situation. For example, the Croatian Music Information Centre has published some of her scores, including three of her orchestral works (Piano Concerto, Symphony, and Phantasie Concertante).In 2008, the Center also published a bilingual monograph (in English and Croatian), written by the Pejačević scholar Koraljka Kos, accompanied by a first all-Pejačević CD of piano and chamber music. Her life is the subject of the fictionalized Croatian biographical film Countess <mask> (1993), directed by Zvonimir Berković and starring Alma Prica and Rade Šerbedžija. List of works

Vocal compositions
Lieder
 Ein Lied, Op. 11 (text: Paul Wilhelm; 1900)
 Warum?, Op. 13 (text: <mask>; 1901)
 Ave

masks:
Dora
Dora Pejačević
Dora
Dora Pejačević


texts:
 Maria, Op. 16, for voice, violin and organ, (1903)
 Sieben Lieder, Op. 23, (text: Wilhelmine Wickenburg-Almásy; 1907; dedicated to Eva van Osten, Melanie Páiffy-Almásy, Julia Culp)
 Sicheres Merkmal
 Es hat gleich einem Diebe
 Taut erst Blauveilchen
 Es jagen sich Mond und Sonne
 Du bist der helle Frühlingsmorgen
 In den Blättern wühlt
 Es war einmal
 Zwei Lieder, Op.27 (Text: Wilhelmine Wickenburg-Almásy; Ernst Strauss; 1909)
 Ich schleiche meine Straßen
 Verweht
 Vier Lieder, Op. 30 (Text: Anna Ritter; 1911; dedicated to Marianne Konradsheim)
 Ein Schrei
 Wie ein Rausch
 Ich glaub', lieber Schatz
 Traumglück
 Verwandlung for voice, violin and organ, Op. 37a (text: Karl Kraus; 1915; dedicated to Sidonie Nádherny von Borutin)
 Mädchengestalten, Op. 42 (text: Rainer Maria Rilke; 1916)
 Als du mich einst gefunden hast
 Viel Fähren sind auf den Flüssen
 Ich bin eine Waise
 Ich war ein Kind und träumte viel
 An eine Falte, Op. 46 (text: Karl Kraus; 1918; dedicated to Sidonie Nádherny von Borutin)
 Drei Gesänge, Op. 53 (text: Friedrich Nietzsche; 1919 - 1920)
 Venedig
 Vereinsamt
 Der Einsamste
 Zwei Lieder, Op. 55 (Text: Karl Henckell; Ricarda Huch; 1920; dedicated to Rosa Lumbe-Mladota and Juza Lumbe)
 Zu dir!Um bei dir zu sein
 Tri dječje pjesme (Three children's songs), Op. 56 (text: Zmaj Jovan Jovanović; 1921)
 Majčica, moj anđeo (Mommy, my angel)
 Dijete i baka


texts:
 (Child and grandmother)
 Mali Radojica (Little Radojica)

with orchestral accompaniment:
 Verwandlung, Op. 37b (text: Karl Kraus; 1915)
 Liebeslied, Op. 39 (text: Rainer Maria Rilke; 1915)
 Zwei Schmetterlingslieder, Op. 52 (text: Karl Henckell; 1920)
 Goldne Sterne, blaue Glöckchen
 Schwebe, du Schmetterling

Compositions for solo piano
 Berceuse, Op. 2 (1897)
 Gondellied, Op. 4 (In Erinnerung an die gemütlichen Tage in Našice von Dora, Našice, 25-VII-1898)
 Chanson sans paroles, Op.5, (1898)
 Papillon, Op. 6 (1898)
 Menuette, Op. 7 (1898)
 Impromptu, Op. 9a (1899)
 Chanson sans paroles, Op. 10 (1900; dedicated to baroness Else Szentkereszty)
 Albumblatt,  Op. 12 (1901; lost)
 Trauermarsch, Op. 14 (1902)
 Sechs Phantasiestücke, Op.17 (1903)
 Sehnsucht
 Leid
 Frage
 Klage
 Bitte
 Wahn (2 versions: A and B)
 Blumenleben - acht Klavierstücke nach der Blütenzeit im Jahresablauf komponiert, Op. 19 (1904 -1905)
 Schneeglöckchen
 Veilchen
 Maiglöckchen
 Vergißmeinnicht
 Rose
 Rote Nelken
 Lilien
 Chrysanthemen
 Berceuse, Op. 20 (1906; dedicated to her nephew, Count <mask>)
 Valse de concert, Op. 21 (1906)
 Erinnerung, Op. 24 (1908; dedicated to Marie Therese Schall-Riaucour)
 Walzer-Capricen, Op. 28 (1910; dedicated to her professor Percy Sherwood)
 Moderato
 Grazioso
 Im Laendler-tempo
 Wiegend
 Lento
 Tempo giusto
 Allegretto
 Grazioso, allegramente
 Moderato
 Vier


texts:
 Klavierstücke, Op. 32a (1912; dedicated to pianist Alice Ripper, who premiered them in Stockholm in 1917)
 (lost)
 Libelle
 Papillon
 Abendgedanke
 Vertige, Valse-Boston, (May 24th 1906; Romantic Salon Style)
Impromptu, Op.32b (1912; dedicated to pianist Alice Ripper)
 Sonata in B flat minor, Op. 36 (1914; dedicated to Anny von Lange)
 Con fuoco non troppo allegro
 Andante con molta espressione
 Allegro risoluto
 Zwei Intermezzi, Op. 38 (1915; dedicated to Olga Schulz-Granitz)
 Ruhig und innig
 Langsam und ausdrucksvoll
 Zwei Klavierskizzen, Op. 44 (1918; dedicated to Anny von Lange)
 An dich! Vor deinem Bild
 Blütenwirbel, Op. 45 (1918; 2 versions: A and B; dedicated to Sidonie Nádherny von Borutin)
 Capriccio, Op. 47 (1919; dedicated to pianist Alice Ripper)
 Zwei Nocturnos, Op.50 (1918; 1920)
 Sehr ruhig, mit innigem Ausdruck (Janowitz 20. – 21. Juli 1918; dedicated to pianist Alice Ripper)
 Leicht bewegt und ferträumt
 Humoreske und Caprice, Op. 54 (1920)
 Humoreske, allegretto vivo
 Caprice, vivace grazioso
 Sonata in A flat major, Op. 57 (in one movement; 1921)

Chamber compositions
 Rêverie for violin and piano, Op. 3 (1897)
 Canzonetta in D major, for violin and piano, Op. 8 (1899; her first printed composition; dedicated to Stefi Geyer)
 Impromptu,  for piano quartet, Op.9b (1903; arrangement of Op. 9a)
 Trio in D major, Op. 15 for violin, cello and piano


texts:
 (1902)
 Menuett in A major, Op. 18, for violin and piano (1904; dedicated to Jaroslav Kocian)
 Romanze in F major, Op. 22, for violin and piano (1907)
 Quartet in D minor, Op. 25 for violin, viola, cello and piano (1908)
 Sonata in D major, 'Frühlings-Sonate', Op. 26 for violin and piano (1909)
 Trio in C major, Op.29 for violin, cello and piano (1910)
 String Quartet in F major, Op. 31 (1911; lost)
 Elegie in E-flat major for violin and piano, Op. 34 (1913; dedicated to Johannes Nádherny-Borutin)
 Sonata in E minor,  Op. 35 for cello and piano (1913; dedicated to Olga and Ernst Schulz)
 Piano Quintet in B minor, Op. 40 for 2 violins, viola, violoncello and piano, (1915 - 1918)
 Sonata in B minor 'Slawische Sonate' for violin and piano, Op. 43 (1917; dedicated to violinist Zlatko Baloković)
 Méditation for violin and piano, Op. 51 (1919; dedicated to Viteszlav Novák)
 String Quartet in C major, Op.58 (1922)

Orchestral compositions
 Piano Concerto in G minor, Op. 33 (1913)
 Symphony in F-sharp minor for large orchestra, Op. 41 (1916 – 1917, rev. 1920; dedicated to her mother baroness Lilla Vay de Vaya)
 Phantasie concertante in D minor for piano and orchestra, Op. 48 (1919; dedicated to pianist Alice Ripper)
 Ouverture in D minor for large orchestra, Op. 49 (1919)

Songs for voice and orchestra (1915 – 1920)
 Verwandlung for voice, violin and orchestra, Op. 37b (text:


texts:
 Karl Kraus)
 Liebeslied, Op.39, (text: Rainer Maria Rilke; dedicated to her sister Gabrielle Kochanovsky)
 Zwei Schmetterlingslieder, Op. 52 (text: Karl Henckell)
 No. 1, Gold'ne Sterne, blaue Glöckchen No. 2, Schwebe du Schmetterling, schwebe vorbeiRecordings

Public video recordingsComplete Works for Piano'First integral recording of <mask>'s works for piano, by pianist Yoko Nishii with help of PTNA (Piano Teachers' National Association of Japan). The videos are public, and as follows:
 Sonata in A flat major, Op.57
 Sonata in B flat minor, Op.36
 Con fuoco non troppo allegro
 Andante con molta espressione
 Allegro risoluto

 Sechs Phantasiestücke, Op.17
 Sehnsucht
 Leid
 Frage
 Klage
 Bitte
 Wahn

 Blumenleben, Op.19
 Schneeglöckchen
 Veilchen
 Maiglöckchen
 Vergißmeinnicht
 Rose
 Rote Nelken
 Lilien
 Chrysanthemen
 Impromptu, Op.32
 Impromptu, Op.9
 Menuette, Op.7
 Valse de Concert, Op.21
 Zwei Nocturnos, Op.50
 Sehr ruhig, mit innigem Ausdruck
 Leicht bewegt und ferträumt
 Chanson sans paroles, Op.5
 Chanson sans paroles, Op.10
 Capriccio, op.47
 Gondellied, Op.4
 Berceuse, op.2
 Berceuse, Op.20
 Trauermarsch, Op.14
 Zwei Intermezzi, Op.38
 I. Ruhig und innig
 II. Langsam und ausdrucksvoll

 Walzer-Capricen, op.28
 moderato
 grazioso
 im Lëndler-tempo
 wiegend
 lento
 tempo giusto
 allegretto
 grazioso, allegramente
 moderato

 Vier Klavierstücke, op.32a
 (lost)


texts:
 Libelle
 Papillon
 Abendgedanke

 Zwei Klavierskizzen, op.44
 An dich! Vor deinem Bild
 Blütenwirbel, op.45
 Humoreske und Caprice, op.54
 Humoreske, allegretto vivo
 Caprice, vivace grazioso
 Papillon, Op.6
 Erinnerung, Op.24

CD recordings
Symphony in F-sharp minor, op. 41; Phantasie Concertante in D minor, op. 48 for Piano & Orchestra (CPO CD#777-418-2)
 Piano Trio, op.29; Cello Sonata, op. 35 (Oliver Triendl, Andrej Bielow, Christian Poltera. CPO 777-419-2)
 Piano Quintet, op.40; Piano Quartet, op.25; String Quartet, op.58; Impromptu, op. 9(Oliver Triendl, Quatuor Sine Nomine. CPO 777-421-2) [2 CDs]
 String Quartet in C major, op.58 together with String Sextet by Papandopulo (CD #5558910)
 Violin Sonata No.1 in D major, op.26 together with works by Kunc, Boris Papandopulo and J. Š. Slavenski (CD #5872221)
 Lieder ein Lied, op. 11; Warum, op. 13; 7 Lieder, op. 23; 2 Lieder, op. 27; 4 Lieder, op. 30; Verwandlung, op. 37; Liebeslied, op.39; Mädchengestalten, op. 42; An eine Falte, op. 46; 2 Schmetterlingslieder, op. 52; 3 Gesänge, op. 53; 2 Lieder, op. 55 (Ingeborg Danz, Cord Garben. CPO 2012)
Vertige, Valse-Boston (20th Century Foxtrots Volume 3.Catalogue Number GP854)

In popular culture
In the Croatian pseudo-biographical film Countess <mask>'' (1993) she is portrayed by Alma Prica. <mask>, the Croatian national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest bears the

masks: Dora Dora


texts:
 name of the composer <mask>. References

Bibliography
 Kos, Koraljka. <mask>. Zagreb: The Croatian Music Information Centre, 2008. Kos, Koraljka. <mask>: Leben und Werk.Zagreb: Musikinformationszentrum Konzertdirektion, 1987. Blevins, Pamela. “An Introduction to Croatian Composer <mask>.” The Maud Powell Society, The Maud Powell Society for Music and Education, www.maudpowell.org/signature/Portals/0/pdfs/New%20Articles/Dora%20Pejacevic%20for%20Signature.pdf. “Ethel, <mask>, & A Gent Named Ludwig.” Piano By Nature, Piano By Nature, 18 Apr. 2021, pianobynature.org/ethel-dora-a-gent-named-ludwig/
“<mask>.” ZKM | Zentrum Für Kunst Und Medien, ZKM | Zentrum Für Kunst Und Medien, zkm.de/en/dora-pejacevic. External links
 The composer's official website hosted by the Croatian Music Information Centre

Dora
1885 births
1923 deaths
19th-century Croatian people
20th-century Croatian people
20th-century Hungarian people
Austro-Hungarian people
20th-century classical composers
Croatian composers
People from Slavonia
Women classical composers
Romantic composers
Croatian nobility
Hungarian nobility
Croatian Austro-Hungarians
Hungarian people of Croatian descent
Croatian people of Hungarian descent
German people of Croatian descent
Musicians from Budapest
Deaths in childbirth
19th-century women composers
20th-century women composers
19th-century Croatian nobility
20th-century

masks:
Dora Pejačević
Dora Pejacevic
Dora Pejačević
Dora Pejačević
Dora
Dora Pejačević


texts: <mask> (May 10, 1825 – December 26, 1904) was an American soldier who fought for the Union in the American Civil War. He was a leader in the iron and nail business before the war, and his leadership abilities proved useful in the military. <mask> began as a captain, and quickly ascended to higher roles in the cavalry, including commanding a regiment, a brigade, and then a division. <mask> was awarded his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for heroism at Sinking Creek, Virginia, when, as leader of a group of 22 men, he captured an enemy camp and took over 100 prisoners. This was accomplished without the loss of any of his men on November 26, 1862. He was honored with the award on July 22, 1890. In July 1863, <mask> was shot while leading cavalry in Wytheville, Virginia.Although surgeons on both sides of the conflict believed his wound was fatal, <mask> survived—and became a prisoner of war. He was later exchanged, and returned to his command of the 2nd West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. In 1864, <mask> commanded brigades while fighting mostly in the Shenandoah Valley under the direct supervision of General <mask>. Averell in an army commanded by General Philip Sheridan. Eventually, <mask> replaced Averell as division commander. <mask> led cavalry in numerous battles, including Moorefield, Opequon, and Fisher's Hill. He resigned as a brigadier general in January 1865 to tend to family health issues. He was later brevetted to major general.<mask> returned to his original profession working in the iron making industry, and was active in the Grand

masks:
William Henry Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
William W
Powell
Powell
Powell


texts:
 Army of the Republic, a fraternal organization of Union veterans of the American Civil War. In a letter sent to headquarters in 1864, General George Crook said "Colonel <mask> has served with me often since the commencement of the war. He has distinguished himself in every battle he was engaged in under me. He has been recommended by me on several occasions, for promotion. I regard him as one of the best cavalry officers I have ever seen in the service." Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on May 10, 1825, in Pontypool, South Wales. At the time, the community was part of Monmouthshire, an iron-making region.Both of his parents, <mask> and Sarah Griffith <mask>, were Welsh. His father immigrated to the United States in 1827, and his mother followed in 1830 with the rest of the family. Originally, they lived in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, but they moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1833. <mask>'s father was an ironworker, and was employed by the Gennessee Iron Works. <mask> began to learn his father's profession while still a boy, working in a rolling mill and nail factory in Nashville. In 1840, the Gennessee Iron Works closed because of a recession. The family moved north to Wheeling, Virginia, in 1843.<mask>'s father began employment at Wheeling's Rolling Mill Nail Factory. <mask> continued learning his father's profession in Wheeling. Four years after the move to Wheeling, he built the Benwood Nail Works while only 22 years old, and became its superintendent. In 1846, he was involved in an accident at the nail iron works and lost vision of his right eye. <mask> married Sarah Gilchrist

masks:
Powell
William Henry
Powell
William
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell


texts:
 in 1847, and they eventually had six children. Two children died in infancy, and one died at age 20. In 1853, the family moved to Ironton, Ohio, which is located southwest of Wheeling along the Ohio River.In Ironton, <mask> built the Bellfonte Nail Works. When the American Civil War began in 1861, <mask> was general superintendent and financial agent of this large iron works. He left the business in August to begin service as a cavalry captain. American Civil War: Western Virginia
Between September 20, 1860, and February 1, 1861, seven southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. Fighting began on April 12, 1861, when American troops were attacked at Fort Sumpter in South Carolina. This is considered the beginning of the American Civil War. Four additional states, including Virginia, seceded during the next three months.Some of the northwestern counties of Virginia disagreed with secession and they met in Wheeling to form a Restored Government of Virginia loyal to the United States. Initially, the "War of the Rebellion" was not expected to last long. However, the war continued through the summer, and President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers to fight against the rebels of the Confederacy. <mask> resigned his civilian job on August 1, 1861, and recruited enough men to form a company of cavalry and was elected their captain. Ten companies were united to form a cavalry regiment which consisted mostly of men from the Ohio counties located close to the Ohio River. The regiment was originally intended to be the 4th Ohio Cavalry, but

masks: Powell Powell Powell


texts:
 Ohio governor <mask> refused to accept the unit's application because he had been instructed to accept no more new cavalry. The regiment's application was accepted by the provisional governor of the Restored Government of Virginia, Francis Harrison Pierpont, and became the 2nd Regiment of Loyal Virginia Volunteer Cavalry.<mask>'s company was designated Company B, and he was commissioned as its captain on August 14. The regiment's first significant action was on January 7, 1862, in Louisa, Kentucky, where it assisted a force commanded by Colonel James A. Garfield, future President of the United States. <mask> led his company, reinforced with men from the regiment's Company C, in a charge that drove back a Confederate rearguard. Kanawha Valley
During 1862–1863, the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry spent much of its time  confronting bushwhackers—who were despised. The bushwhacker was thought of as an "unprincipled scoundrel who was too cowardly to join the army and fight as a man…", who would "sneak around like a thief in the night…." Eventually, Union forces in the mountains of what became West Virginia became very ruthless in their treatment of bushwhackers. <mask> was usually stationed near the Kanawha River Valley, in the southwestern portion of present West Virginia—which was part of Virginia at the time.Entire regiments were not needed for bushwhacker duty, so the regiment often worked in detachments of two companies. In April 1862, <mask>'s regiment was divided into two battalions. <mask>'s battalion, commanded by Colonel <mask>. Bolles, joined some Ohio infantry regiments to form the

masks:
William Dennison
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
William M


texts:
 3rd Brigade of General Jacob Dolson Cox's Kanawha Division. The brigade was commanded by Colonel (later Major General) George Crook, a professional soldier with fighting experience in the American West. Crook's brigade normally operated independently from the other portion of Cox's division. Its camp was located at Meadow Bluff, west of Lewisburg in Greenbrier County. <mask>'s major fighting experience as part of this brigade happened on May 27, against Confederate General <mask>.Crook's brigade ambushed Heth's force in Lewisburg, killing or wounding over 150 enemy soldiers and capturing over 150. The cavalry pursued the fleeing rebels and stopped only when a bridge was destroyed. Shortly after this engagement, Colonel Bolles resigned and several officers of the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry were promoted. On June 25, 1862, <mask> was promoted to major because of his gallant conduct in Kentucky and to fill a vacancy caused by the Bolles resignation. Kanawha Valley Campaign
During August 1862, many of the Union soldiers stationed in western Virginia were sent to Washington to reinforce the Army of Virginia. This caused the two battalions from the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry to be reunited, and it was stationed with two infantry regiments in Kanawha Falls, close to Gauley Bridge, in what is now south central West Virginia. The small force was commanded by Colonel Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn.In September, the Confederate Army became aware of the Union Army's lack of manpower, and devised a plan of attack. The Confederates sent a large force led by General <mask>. Loring, incorrectly

masks:
Powell
Henry Heth
Powell
William W


texts:
 rumored to be 10,000 men, to attack Lightburn from the southeast. A cavalry brigade of about 550 men led by Colonel Albert G. Jenkins patrolled along the Ohio River with the intention of preventing a retreat by Lightburn. A large portion of the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry, commanded by Colonel John C. Paxton, was sent to confront Jenkins. <mask> led the advance guard, which happened to be <mask>'s company (CompanyB) before his promotion to major. On September 8, <mask>'s advance group led the attack on Jenkins' rebel camp outside of Barboursville, which is close to the Ohio River. The camp was captured, and Jenkins barely escaped.The rebel force, which was much larger than Paxton's cavalry, was driven southward up the Guyandotte River. Thus, <mask>'s advance guard for Paxton enabled a safe retreat to the Ohio River for the remaining portion of Lightburn's small force. Lightburn's report said "The Second Virginia Cavalry, under Colonel Paxton, did good service in keeping Jenkins' force at bay, thereby preventing an attack in our rear. I wish, also, to state that Colonel Paxton, with 300 men, attacked Jenkins' whole force (from 1,200 to 1,500), and drove them from Barboursville, which, no doubt, kept them from an attempt to harass our retreat." Sinking Creek raid

 Confederate gains in the Kanawha Valley did not last long, and Union troops reoccupied much of the valley. In November 1862, the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry camped for the winter along the Kanawha River, about  upriver from Charleston. Newly promoted Brigadier General George Crook commanded Union troops in the valley, and

masks: Powell Powell Powell Powell


texts: Paxton commanded <mask>'s regiment, the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry.Crook was an experienced Indian fighter, and believed that adverse weather was an advantage in the hit-and-run fighting style of raids. On November 23, he ordered Paxton to rendezvous with an infantry regiment on Cold Knob Mountain, and then lead an attack on two rebel camps in Sinking Creek Valley. Before the cavalry regiment departed, Crook confidentially told <mask> to not return without good results. The cavalry reached their meeting place near the top of Cold Knob Mountain on November 26. The 11th Ohio Infantry had arrived a few hours earlier. The men from the infantry had marched through rain, and were caught (as was the cavalry) in a snowstorm. After a conference between Paxton and the infantry's Colonel Philander P. Lane, the infantry aborted their mission and began a return to camp.Paxton also considered aborting the mission, but was persuaded by <mask> to continue. Paxton sent <mask> and 2nd Lieutenant Jeremiah Davidson with 20 men from Company G down the mountain to scout for the rebel camps. <mask> and his men found one of the camps, determined that it was poorly guarded, and decided to capture it themselves. Each member of <mask>'s advance guard was armed with a saber and two six-shot revolvers. <mask> decided to attack with sabers so that the other rebel camp would not be alarmed. They charged into the 500-man rebel camp with sabers drawn, and completely surprised the rebels. Many of the weapons captured were not loaded.Although hundreds of the rebels scattered into the countryside, a captain, a

masks: Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell


texts:
 lieutenant and 112 enlisted men were captured, along with 200 weapons, a few wagons and some camping equipment. <mask>'s only casualties were the loss of two horses. Two rebels were killed and two wounded. The trip back to camp was difficult because of the cold weather, and two men were hospitalized at the infantry's Summerville camp because of frostbite. Ten horses were lost because of cold and exhaustion. Paxton ended his report by writing "I cannot close this report without deservedly complimenting the officers and men, but, where all behaved so gallantly, it is impossible to particularize. But all honor is due Major <mask>, who led the charge...." <mask> and Davidson were promoted shortly afterwards—<mask> from major to lieutenant colonel, and Davidson from second lieutenant to first lieutenant.After the war, <mask> was awarded the Medal of Honor for his performance in the Sinking Creek raid. In 1889, Crook said that he regarded the "expedition as one of the most daring, brilliant and successful of the whole war." Regiment commander
During March 1863, <mask> became severely ill, and was unable to recover at camp. He eventually resigned from the cavalry, and returned to his home in Ohio. <mask> was also unhappy with Paxton, although this was revealed to only a few. On May 1, Paxton led a night raid (without <mask>) near Lewisburg, and the regiment was defeated with significant casualties. Total losses were sixteen killed, missing, or wounded—plus 28 horses killed.General Eliakim P. Scammon, the division commander after Crook had been sent elsewhere, dismissed Paxton after the

masks: Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell


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 regiment returned to camp. Paxton was popular with his troops, but the troops also respected <mask>. At the time of Paxton's dismissal, <mask>'s resignation had yet to be accepted, and he was still at home in Ohio regaining his health. After a petition by the regiment, <mask> was persuaded to retract his resignation. He was promoted to colonel and became the regiment's commander effective May 13, 1863. Wytheville raid

 The Wytheville raid occurred on July 18, 1863, in southwestern Virginia. <mask> was second in command of a small 800-man brigade of cavalry and mounted infantry.He had some disagreements with how his commander, an infantry veteran named Colonel John Toland, handled the cavalry, and both men were shot early in the raid; Toland being killed on a street in Wytheville, and <mask> believed to be mortally wounded. Although the Union brigade was able to secure the town, it suffered numerous casualties—and left town less than 24 hours after its arrival. <mask>'s wound was painful enough that he could not be moved, and he became a prisoner of the Confederates. The citizens of Wytheville blamed <mask> for the burning of several homes and buildings, although the damage occurred after he was wounded. When it appeared he might be harmed, a few of the local women intervened by hiding him in a hotel. <mask> unexpectedly recovered enough that he could be moved, and was eventually sent to Richmond's Libby Prison. He was placed in solitary confinement on charges of robbery and murder.One of the men from the 2nd West Virginia cavalry wrote that "It was well known that the confederate


texts:
 authorities had placed Colonel <mask> in a dungeon for some imaginary wrong...." One of the main causes for his predicament was the burning of a house and barn near Lewisburg, West Virginia, an act that the Confederate army and Lewisburg community considered unjustified and without military purpose. On January 29, 1864, <mask> was paroled for 30 days to negotiate his exchange for Confederate Colonel Richard H. Lee. This negotiation was successful (Lee was a distant relative of Confederate General Robert E. Lee), and <mask> returned to Ironton, Ohio, to continue his recuperation. On February 22, friends presented him with a gold watch, money to purchase a horse, a saber, and "a brace of Colt's ivory mounted 44 calibre navy revolvers." On March 20, 1864, he returned to Charleston and resumed command of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry regiment. Cove Mountain

Around the time of <mask>'s return, Crook was assigned command of the entire Kanawha Division. In April, General <mask>. Averell arrived in Charleston with two regiments of cavalry.On April 30, Crook organized a two prong attack against strategic Confederate locations along the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. Crook led infantry from Charleston toward the Confederate regional headquarters at the Dublin Depot in Virginia. He sent cavalry under the command of Averell to attack Saltville, Virginia. Averell found Saltville strongly defended, so he decided to attack Wytheville instead. To get to Wytheville, Averell needed to move the cavalry through the mountains at Cove Gap (also known as Grassy Lick) in northern Wythe County. On May 10,

masks:
Powell
Powell
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Powell
William W


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 Averell's path through the gap was blocked by a large force commanded by Confederate General <mask>. "Grumble" Jones reinforced by cavalry led by General John Hunt Morgan. Originally, Averell's plan was to have <mask> lead a cavalry charge into the gap with sabers drawn.However, the charge was cancelled after a reconnaissance mission discovered a mass of Confederate soldiers waiting to ambush the Union cavalry. Instead, the Union cavalry formed a battle line that drew the Confederates out of the gap. A four-hour battle ensued. Averell's forehead was grazed by a bullet, and he temporarily relinquished command. The second in command, General Alfred N. Duffié, had a "conspicuous absence", so command fell to <mask>. <mask> was unable to get the cavalry through the gap, but he was able to make effective use of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, and hold off the larger Confederate force. The result of the battle was an inconclusive standoff that ended at dusk.During the night, a local slave led Averell's force on a difficult alternative route (Crab Orchard) through the mountains, and they eventually linked with Crook. Averell's report said "The General commanding desires to express his high appreciation of the skillful evolution of the 2nd Regiment, West Virginia Cavalry, under Colonel <mask>, upon the field of battle. It was a dress parade that continued without disorder under a heavy fire for four hours." Hunter's Lynchburg Campaign

On June 9, an army commanded by General David Hunter was reorganized, and <mask> was assigned command of the 3rd Brigade under Averell's 2nd Cavalry Division of

masks:
William E
Powell
Powell
Powell
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Powell


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 the Army of West Virginia. This brigade consisted of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry and the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry. On June 10, Hunter's Lynchburg Campaign was organized, and troops departed from Stanton, Virginia, toward Lynchburg. <mask>'s brigade often took the advance for the main portion of Hunter's force, moving south to Lexington, then southeast toward Lynchburg.<mask>'s cavalry approached Lynchburg from Campbell Courthouse, and pushed cavalries led by General John McCausland and General John D. Imboden to within four miles of Lynchburg during the morning of June 17. Fighting continued periodically all day, and stopped at dusk. During this time, additional rebel troops were arriving in Lynchburg via the railroad. <mask>'s brigade was sent out during the evening, and got close enough to the city that "the church spires of the city could be plainly seen." Later during that morning, <mask> was surprised to find out that the Union army (which had an ammunition shortage) was in full retreat, leaving his brigade in a dangerous situation. The brigade caught up with the rest of the retreating army near New London—just when the pursuing Confederates caught up with them. Averell's entire division, including <mask>'s brigade, became the rear guard as Hunter's army retreated west toward Charleston.American Civil War: Shenandoah Valley
After the retreat from Lynchburg to Charleston, the Army of West Virginia rested and resupplied. During July, it was transferred to the Shenandoah Valley. <mask> commanded three West Virginia cavalry regiments as the 2nd Brigade of Averell's 2nd Cavalry

masks: Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell


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 Division. His brigade left Charleston on July 8, and arrived at a Baltimore & Ohio Railroad station in Parkersburg, West Virginia, on July 12. A few days later the brigade began its train ride to Martinsburg, West Virginia. Portions of the brigade arrived in Martinsburg on July 19, but the entire brigade did not arrive until around July 23. Rutherford's Farm and Kernstown II
The Battle of Rutherford's Farm occurred on July 20.General Averell's force of infantry and cavalry defeated a larger force commanded by General Stephen Dodson Ramseur. The battle took place on some farmland north of Winchester, Virginia, and is sometimes called the Battle of Carter's Farm. In this battle, two regiments from <mask>'s brigade (2nd West Virginia Cavalry and 3rd West Virginia Cavalry) caused the rebels to be "thrown into confusion" and "driven from the woods". A few days later (July 24), the Second Battle of Kernstown was fought. In this Confederate victory, Crook's Army of West Virginia was driven north by General Jubal Early's Army of the Valley. The Union retreat started south of Winchester and ended in the rain on the north side of the Potomac River. The disorganized retreat featured panicking soldiers, burning Union supply wagons, and one cavalry commander becoming separated from his brigade.By the next day, <mask>'s brigade was the only cavalry unit still organized, and an infantry brigade commanded by (future President) Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes was among only two that remained organized. Both units were instrumental in enabling the Union force to escape from pursuing rebel cavalry.

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 Moorefield

<mask>'s brigade participated in one of Averell's most impressive victories on August 6, when it charged across the South Branch of the Potomac River, attacked McCausland's cavalry and recovered a portion of private property taken on July 30 from the residents of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. The attack drove McCausland's brigade "to the mountains, with the loss of his remaining artillery and many prisoners." This battle ruined Early's Confederate cavalry in the Shenandoah Valley, and it was never again the dominant force it once was. Opequon and Fisher's Hill
The Third Battle of Winchester, also known as Opequon, occurred on September 19. By this time, Major General Philip Sheridan had been assigned command of Union armies in the Shenandoah Valley.This battle was a major victory for Sheridan, and it resulted in numerous casualties for both sides—including generals and colonels. <mask> remained in command of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade of Averell's 2nd Cavalry Division, which consisted of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd West Virginia Cavalry Regiments. The brigade captured 80 prisoners and two pieces of artillery in a charge on the Winchester Heights. The Battle of Fisher's Hill occurred on September 21 and 22. Sheridan wrote that the battle was "in a measure, a part of the battle of Opequon". Following the fighting at Winchester, <mask>'s brigade led the pursuit of Early's army. On July 22, they fought dismounted because of the nature of the terrain.After infantry commanded by Crook created a gap in the Confederate line, <mask>'s brigade (remounted) pushed through and pursued the


texts:
 fleeing Confederates. The pursuit was successful, and  prisoners were taken in this chase". Division commander
In early September, several of <mask>'s superiors recommended him for promotion. Averell wrote that <mask> "is a gentleman of high character, and one of the best brigade commanders that I know." In a letter sent to headquarters in 1864, Crook said "Colonel <mask> has served with me often since the commencement of the war. He has distinguished himself in every battle he was engaged in under me. He has been recommended by me on several occasions, for promotion.I regard him as one of the best cavalry officers I have ever seen in the service." Sheridan also recommended <mask> for promotion. President Lincoln wrote that <mask> should at least be given a "brevet appointment, if a full commission is impracticable". Following the Battle of Fisher's Hill, the Union army continued pursuing Early's Army as it retreated south. At this time, Sheridan became dissatisfied with the pace of Averell's pursuit, and dismissed him as commander of the 2nd Cavalry Division. <mask> was assigned command of the division on September 23. <mask>'s command consisted of two brigades and a four-gun battery.The division's manpower when <mask> became commander was 101 commissioned officers and 2,186 enlisted men present. Present and absent men totaled to 276 commissioned officers and 6,950 enlisted men. Because all but one person from Averell's staff left with Averell, and took the division's records, <mask> had difficulty with the administrative work required of division commanders. He did not submit his

masks: Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell


texts: first written report as division commander until October 27. On September 24, shortly after assuming command of the division, <mask> moved his division from the Valley Pike to a road that leads to Harrisonburg. His advance guard skirmished with some rebel pickets, and it was discovered he was nearing cavalries commanded by Generals Imboden, Bradley Johnson, and McCausland. A major battle did not ensue, but <mask> captured 18 prisoners, 14 wagons, and a large quantity of ammunition.Fifteen rebels were killed. The skirmish occurred at Forest Hill, and was the first of two that would happen over the next few days. <mask>'s division reached Harrisonburg on September 25. For the next week, the division would spend its time patrolling a region bounded mostly by Harrisonburg, Brown's Gap, and Stanton. On September 27, <mask> was ordered to cross the South River. His division crossed while leaving one regiment behind to guard their camp and wagons. After the river crossing, the guarding regiment was attacked by Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry supported by infantry.<mask> re–crossed the river, changed fronts, and eventually drove back the attackers. The main portion of this skirmish occurred at Weyer's Cave. <mask> guarded his left flank by slowly falling back toward the community of Port Republic while additional Confederate forces joined Lee and pursued. <mask> crossed the North River and moved to Cross Keys where he met with General George Armstrong Custer. At that time, Custer assumed command of the 2nd Cavalry Division. General Ulysses S. Grant, commander of all Union forces, had two major goals


texts:
 in the Shenandoah Valley:  eliminate Early's army and make the Valley unable to support any Confederate armies. With Early almost eliminated, the Union Army began to focus on the second goal.Troops were sent to destroy or consume livestock, crops, and forage. Structures such as barns, mills and tanneries were destroyed. This destruction of the fertile Shenandoah Valley became known as "The Burning". On September 29, Custer moved the 2nd Cavalry Division from Cross Keys to Mount Sidney, where the division collected local horses and livestock, and destroyed forage, grain, and flour mills. The division moved to Mount Crawford, following the same orders to make the land unable to support the Confederate Army. On September 30, Custer was assigned to command the 3rd Cavalry Division, and <mask> was again assigned to command the 2nd. <mask> and his division reported to Major General Alfred T. Torbert at Harrisonburg on September 30.Luray Valley
On October 1, <mask> moved the division north to Luray (as ordered by Torbert), "driving off all stock of every description, destroying all grain, burning mills, blast furnaces, distilleries, tanneries, and all forage". While camped in Luray until the morning of October 7, <mask> sent smaller groups on scouting expeditions and to hunt bushwhackers. On October 6, <mask> destroyed a tannery used by the rebel army. The unfinished leather was said to be worth $800,000 (over $12 million in 2016 dollars). The division moved north from Luray to Front Royal on October 7, and then departed for Sperryville October 11—passing through Chester Gap to get there.

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 This is where <mask> began to face challenges from Confederate Colonel John S. Mosby's "guerrillas". On October 13, <mask> learned that one of his soldiers had been the victim of a "cold-blooded murder" by two members of Mosby's gang.In retaliation, <mask> hanged one of his prisoners that was part of Mosby's command. He left a sign on the hanged man that said "A.C. Willis, member of Company C, Mosby's command, hanged by the neck in retaliation for the murder of a U.S. Soldier by Messrs. Chancellor and Myers". In addition, <mask> had Chancellor's house, barn, and livestock destroyed. Battle of Cedar Creek
On October 19, 1864, <mask> was promoted to brigadier general. On the same day, the Battle of Cedar Creek took place southwest of Middletown, Virginia. The battle began in the morning with a Confederate attack.At that time, <mask>'s 1st Brigade was eight miles away from <mask> and the 2nd Brigade, and closer to Cedar Creek. When the battle started, this brigade was needed to support the Union Army's left, so it was detached to General Wesley Merritt. <mask> positioned the 2nd Brigade on the road to Front Royal, and prevented the Confederate cavalry under General Lunsford L. Lomax from flanking the main Union force. A week later, the division skirmished with Lomax's Division further northwest at Middletown. Nineveh
On November 12, <mask> again fought Lomax's Cavalry. Elsewhere, Custer and Merritt attacked General Thomas L. Rosser's cavalry, and drove it back rapidly enough that Lomax was called for reinforcement. This left a smaller force (still larger than a brigade) commanded by


texts:
 McCausland to face <mask>.<mask> sent most of his 1st Brigade out beyond Front Royal, where it encountered McCausland's force. The Confederates slowly pushed the 1st Brigade back. <mask> brought his 2nd Brigade to the front, and the 1st Brigade moved to the rear. The 2nd Brigade charged, resulting in a short clash that ended with the Confederates retreating as fast as they could. They were chased for eight miles. <mask> captured all of the rebel artillery (two guns), their ammunition train, and took 180 prisoners. A newspaper account said that "Gen. <mask> was on the field in person, and superintended the formation of the line of battle...." The newspaper also added that 40 Confederates were killed or wounded.Among those killed were a colonel and two majors, and among those wounded (slightly) was McCausland—"the scoundrel who burned Chambersburg". Resigns
<mask> resigned from the Union Army on January 5, 1865, because of family issues. His father had died and his mother was seriously ill. He issued a farewell address on January 10. In accepting the resignation on January 14, Torbert wrote of his "appreciation of your valor and ability as a soldier, your zeal, efficiency and untiring energy as a cavalry commander." Sheridan thanked <mask> for his "faithful support, and for your gallantry which has contributed so much to make the victories of the Shenandoah Valley decisive." A tribute to <mask> by Sheridan and officers from <mask>'s division was published on the front page of a Wheeling newspaper.Five days later, the same newspaper published a biographical sketch and <mask>'s farewell

masks: Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell Powell


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 address. During the American Civil War, <mask> was involved in 61 battles and engagements, and rose from captain to brigadier general. On February 24, 1866, <mask> was nominated to be appointed to major general of the volunteers by brevet. The appointment was retroactive to March 13, 1865, and was for "gallant and meritorious services during the campaign of 1864 in West Virginia, and particularly at the battle of Front Royal." Animosity with Confederacy
<mask> was strongly disliked by supporters of the Confederacy. No matter what his rank was, he was often leading Union cavalry attacks. Weather and terrain were not deterrents to <mask>'s aggression, as proven in the 1862 Sinking Creek raid.<mask> had been accused by Confederate General Sam Jones of shooting a prisoner "in cold blood". In another incident, he was accused of setting fire to a home with a family asleep inside. <mask> became "one of the Confederacy's most wanted Union officers". After <mask> was wounded and captured in Wytheville, he was eventually moved to Libby Prison and initially kept in a dungeon. Jones, who was the general in command of Confederate army regional headquarters in western Virginia, wrote at that time that <mask> "is a bold, daring man, and one of the most dangerous officers we have had to contend with in the northwest of the state, and I am particularly anxious that he should not be allowed to return to the Kanawha Valley if it can be avoided." As a division commander, <mask> ordered the execution of at least three prisoners in retaliation for what he considered the murder of his men by bushwhackers.


texts:
 He called the bushwhackers "illegal and outlawed bands of horse-thieves and murderers, recognized and supported by rebel authorities".The treatment of bushwhackers by both Custer and <mask> caused Mosby to write an open letter to Sheridan threatening retaliation. <mask> reported that he would not be intimidated by threats from the Richmond press. He wrote that he wished it be known to rebel authorities that if hanging two rebels for every one of his men murdered by bushwhackers was not enough, "I will increase it to twenty-two to one". Contrary to newspaper reports that stated <mask> resigned because of family issues, one source believes that <mask> was dismissed from active duty because one of the rebels he executed was related to former Senator John Crittenden, Union General Thomas L. Crittenden, and Confederate General George Crittenden. In <mask>'s farewell speech, he said "No one regrets the existence of the cause that necessitates the act more than I." Post war
After leaving the military, <mask> returned to the iron and nail business, becoming general manager of the Ironton Rolling Mill in Ironton, Ohio. He declined a Republican nomination for congress.In the spring of 1867, he moved to Clifton, West Virginia, to form the Clifton Nail Works, which he managed. His Clifton home is now part of the National Register of Historic Places. In the Presidential election of 1868, <mask> was a Ulysses S. Grant elector in the Electoral College. In 1870, <mask> was almost killed in a horse and buggy accident, and was unable to work in the iron works business. He sold his interest in the nail


texts: works, and moved to Kansas City, Missouri. At Kansas City, <mask> worked for Standard Oil until he moved to St. Louis and worked for American Central Insurance. In 1876, <mask> had recovered enough from his accident that he could work in the iron/nail business again.This time, he moved to Belleville, Illinois, where he lived for the rest of his life. He became one of the town's most respected citizens. <mask> was manager of the Waugh Company Nail Works until 1882, when he organized the Western Nail Works. He worked at this Belleville company, as president, superintendent and general manager, until 1892. During this time, one source claimed that <mask> had "more intimate practical knowledge of the nail business than any other man in the United States". Two years after <mask>'s move to Belleville, his wife Sara died. She had been diagnosed with cancer, and died seven months later while only 54 years old.A year later in 1879, he married local resident Emma Weaver. <mask> was acquainted with two Presidents: Hayes, and a long-time friend <mask>—they all fought in the Army of West Virginia during the Civil War. McKinley also came from an iron-making family, and appointed <mask> as an Internal Revenue Collector in 1895. <mask> was a strong participant in a fraternal organization of Civil War veterans that fought for the Union, the Grand Army of the Republic. He was the Illinois department commander for that organization in 1895 and 1896. The bullet that wounded <mask> in Wytheville was never removed. It was lodged in his lung, and contributed to health difficulties that included rheumatism

masks:
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
William McKinley
Powell
Powell
Powell


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 and respiratory problems.<mask> died at his home in Belleville on December 26, 1904. He was survived by his wife and three of his children. <mask> is buried at Chicago's Graceland Cemetery. Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

External links

 George Tyler Moore Center for the Study of the Civil War
 National Park Service - The Civil War
 West Virginia Division of Culture and History - The Civil War in West Virginia
 Powell Marker

1825 births
1904 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials in Illinois
People from Ironton, Ohio
People from Pontypool
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Welsh-born Medal of Honor recipients
Welsh emigrants to the United States
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
Grand Army of the Republic


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<mask> (born May 31, 1941) is an American economist, a Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University, best known for his work in economic modeling and climate change, and one of the 2 recipients of the 2018 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. <mask> received the prize "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis". Education and career
<mask> was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the son of Virginia (Riggs) and Robert J<mask>, who co-founded the Sandia Peak Tramway. Robert J<mask> was from a German Jewish family – his father <mask> (1865–1936) immigrated from Paderborn in 1883 and was a manager of The Charles Ilfeld Company branch in Albuquerque. <mask> graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover and subsequently received his BA and MA from Yale in 1963 and 1973, respectively, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He also holds a Certificate from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques (1962) and a PhD from MIT (1967). He was a Visiting Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge in 1970–1971.He has been a member of the faculty at Yale since 1967, in both the Economics department and the School of the Environment. <mask> also served as its Provost from 1986–1988 and its Vice President for Finance and Administration from 1992–1993. He has been on the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity since 1972. During the Carter administration, from 1977–1979, <mask> was a member of the Council of Economic Advisers. <mask> served as the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Boston Federal Reserve Bank between 2014 and 2015. <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2013. <mask> lives in New Haven, Connecticut, with his wife, Barbara, a social worker recently retired from the Yale Child Study Center.Contributions to economics and the study of climate change
<mask> is the author or editor of over 20 books. One of his early works, he partnered with Paul Samuelson as a co-author for an introductory textbook entitled Economics. <mask> worked alongside Samuelson from the 12th edition until the 19th, starting in

masks:
William Dawbney Nordhaus
Nordhaus
Nordhaus
. Nordhaus
. Nordhaus
Max Nordhaus
Nordhaus
Nordhaus
Nordhaus
Nordhaus
Nordhaus
Nordhaus
Nordhaus
Nordhaus


texts: 1985. It was first published in 1948 and has appeared in nineteen different editions and seventeen different languages. It was known as a best-selling economics textbook for decades and is still extremely popular today. Economics was called a “canonical textbook”, and the development of mainstream economic thought has been traced by comparing the nineteen editions over the 1948–2010 period. He has also written several books on global warming and climate change, one of his primary areas of research.Those books include Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change (1994), which won the 2006 Award for "Publication of Enduring Quality" from the Association of Environmental and Resource Economics. Another book, with Joseph Boyer, is Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming (2000), The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World. His most recent book is The Spirit of Green (2021). In 1972 <mask>, along with fellow Yale economics professor James Tobin, published  Is Growth Obsolete?, an article that introduced the Measure of Economic Welfare (Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare) as the first attempt to develop environmental accounting. <mask> is also known for his critique of current measures of national income. He wrote, "If we are to obtain accurate estimates of the growth of real incomes over the last century, we must somehow construct price indexes that account for the vast changes in the quality and range of goods and services that we consume, that somehow compare the services of horse with automobile, of Pony Express with facsimile machine, of carbon paper with photocopier, of dark and lonely nights with nights spent watching television, and of brain surgery with magnetic resonance imaging" (1997, 30). Palda summarizes the importance of <mask>'s insight as follows: "The practical lesson to be drawn from this fascinating study of lighting is that the way we measure the consumer price index is severely flawed.Instead of putting goods and their prices directly into the index we

masks: Nordhaus Nordhaus Nordhaus


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 should reduce all goods to their constituent characteristics. Then we should evaluate how these goods can best be combined to minimize the cost of consuming these characteristics. Such an approach would allow us to include new goods in the consumer price index without worrying about whether the index of today is comparable to that of ten years ago when the good did not exist. Such an approach would also allow governments to more precisely calculate the rate at which welfare and other forms of aid should be increased. At present, such calculations tend to overestimate the cost of living because they do not take into account the manner in which increases in quality reduce the monetary cost of maintaining a certain standard of living." Contributions on economics of climate change
<mask> has written on the economics of climate change. He is the developer of the DICE and RICE models, integrated assessment models of the interplay between economics, energy use, and climate change.A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies  was published by Yale University Press in 2008. In Reflections on the Economics of Climate Change (1993), he states: "Mankind is playing dice with the natural environment through a multitude of interventions – injecting into the atmosphere trace gases like the greenhouse gases or ozone-depleting chemicals, engineering massive land-use changes such as deforestation, depleting multitudes of species in their natural habitats even while creating transgenic ones in the laboratory, and accumulating sufficient nuclear weapons to destroy human civilizations." Under the climate change models he has developed, in general those sectors of the economy that depend heavily on unmanaged ecosystems – that is, are heavily dependent upon naturally occurring rainfall, runoff, or temperatures – will be most sensitive to climate change. Agriculture, forestry, outdoor recreation, and coastal activities fall in this category." <mask> takes seriously the potentially catastrophic impacts of climate change. In

masks: Nordhaus Nordhaus


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 2007, <mask>, who has done several studies on the economics of global warming, criticized the Stern Review for its use of a low discount rate:

In 2013, <mask> chaired a committee of the National Research Council that produced a report discounting the impact of fossil fuel subsidies on greenhouse gas emissions. In a January 2020 interview with Neue Zürcher Zeitung, <mask> claimed that achieving the 2°C goal of the Paris agreement was "impossible", stating that "even if we make the fastest possible turn towards zero emissions,  will continue to accumulate in the atmosphere, because we cannot simply shut down our economy".He asserted that he was not alone in making this assessment, claiming that half of the simulation arrived at the same conclusion. He also remarked that the two-degree target was set without reference to the costs of meeting the target. Honors

Scientific and engineering academies
Among many honors, he is a Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences since 1999. He was awarded the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Prize by the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 2020. American Economic Association
In 2004, <mask> was designated a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association (AEA), along with George P. Shultz and <mask>. Brock. The accompanying AEA statement referred to his "knack for asking large questions about the measurement of economic growth and well-being, and addressing them with simple but creative insights," among them, his pioneering work on the political business cycle, ways of using national income accounts data to devise economic measures reflecting  better health, increases in leisure and life expectancy, and "constructing integrated economic and scientific models to determine the efficient path for coping with climate change".In 2013, <mask> became president-elect of the AEA, and

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Nordhaus
Nordhaus
Nordhaus
Nordhaus
William A
Nordhaus


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 served as the association's president between 2014 and 2015. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
<mask> was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2018, which he shared with Paul Romer. In detailing its reasons for giving the prize to <mask>, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences specifically recognized his efforts to develop "an integrated assessment model, i.e. a quantitative model that describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate. His model integrates theories and empirical results from physics, chemistry and economics. <mask>' model is now widely spread and is used to simulate how the economy and the climate co-evolve." Many of the news outlets that reported on <mask>'s prize noted that he was in the advance wave of economists who embraced a carbon tax as a preferred method of carbon pricing.Some climate scientists and commentators were disappointed with the Nobel Prize going to <mask> due to his embrace of substantially lower carbon taxes per ton than most scientists, along with his past history of minimal carbon taxes. Evaluations

The Nobel Foundation described <mask>'s work as follows: "<mask>’s findings deal with interactions between society, the economy and climate change. In the mid-1990s, he created a quantitative model that describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate. <mask>’s model is used to examine the consequences of climate policy interventions, for example carbon taxes." Additionally, the Nobel Prize announcement commented that <mask> Barrage summarizes its impact, stating that the "body of work also represents science at its best: integrative across disciplines, visionary in scope yet incremental in progress, transparent, and producing knowledge for the benefit of humankind." Critics of Nordhaus's DICE model focus on several aspects.One of the most important, incorporating political and moral philosophy, is the use of discounting, with an early study by <mask>. Another branch, represented by Robert Pindyck, holds that integrated assessment models

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William Nordhaus
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 cannot capture the complexity of the climate-economy nexus. Nicholas Stern  argued that the damage function does not capture many of the most important risks to society. A particularly important critique, developed by Martin Weitzman, is that the economy-climate system may have "fat tails" and therefore inadequately deal with low probability, high consequence outcomes. Steve Keen, the heterodox economist, criticises the economics of climate change:
"economists made their own predictions of damages, using three spurious methods: assuming that about 90% of GDP will be unaffected by climate change, because it happens indoors; using the relationship between temperature and GDP today as a proxy for the impact of global warming over time; and using surveys that diluted extreme warnings from scientists with optimistic expectations from economists." Publications

References

Further reading

External links

 <mask> (Yale Home Page)
 The Question of Global Warming Nordhaus exchange with Freeman Dyson and others from The New York Review of Books
 Energy: Friend or Enemy? October 27, 2012 in The New York Review of Books

  including the Prize Lecture Climate Change: The Ultimate Challenge for Economics

Living people
1941 births
American Nobel laureates
American people of German-Jewish descent
21st-century American economists
Jewish American economists
Nobel laureates in Economics
Environmental economists
Climate economists
Energy economists
Economists from New Mexico
Yale University alumni
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
Yale Sterling Professors
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
United States Council of Economic Advisers
Yale University faculty
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge
Alumni of Clare Hall,


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<mask> (1498–1582; known in Turkish as Dukaginzâde Yahyâ bey or Taşlıcalı Yahyâ bey, and in Albanian as Jahja bej Dukagjini) was an Ottoman poet and military figure. He is one of the best-known diwan poets of the 16th century. He wrote in Ottoman Turkish. The Ottomans recruited Dukagjini through the devşirme system in his early youth. In addition to being a poet, he was an important Ottoman military figure during the expansion and apogee period of the empire, serving as a bölükbaşı (senior captain) and participating in the 1514 Battle of Chaldiran, the 1516–17 Ottoman–Mamluk War, the Baghdad expedition of 1535, and the Siege of Szigetvár in 1566. Because of an elegy that he wrote about Şehzade Mustafa, Suleiman the Magnificent's first-born son, he fell out of favor with the perpetrator of the murder, Grand Vizier, Rüstem Pasha, who exiled Dukagjini back to the Balkans, where he spent his last years. As a poet, <mask> is noted for his originality.Despite borrowing some themes from Persian literature, he told stories in his own manner, such as in his poem Yusuf ve Züleyha. His subsequent work, a diwan of poems and of a collection of five mesnevî, parts ways with the influence of Persian tradition. Life

Early life
<mask> was born in 1498 in Taşlıca (modern day Pljevlja in Montenegro), therefore sometimes he is named Taşlicali () although according to the Turkish poet Muallim Naci he did not use the title "Taşlicali". He was related to the other Ottoman poet

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Dukagjini
Yahya


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 Dukaginzade Ahmad Bey. The exact year of birth is unknown but is believed to be 1498. An Albanian by birth, according to Elsie descendant of the Catholic Dukagjini tribe which lays in a mountainous region close to the Accursed Mountains range, or Dukagjini noble family according to Houtsma, his life took a different path when he was recruited as an Ottoman devşirme. <mask> was enlisted to become a janissary, he was put in the corps of "Acemi oglan" where officers for janissaries and spahis were trained and received the rank of yayabashi (infantry officer) and bölükbaşı (senior captain).The Shihāb al-Dīn, the Katib (secretary) of the janissaries, recognized his skills and accredited him a lot of freedom, which he used to get access to an intellectual coterie composed of Kadri Efendy, Ibn Kemal, Nishandji Tadji-zade Dja'fer Çelebi, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, and İskender Çelebi. <mask> stayed aware of  his origin and referenced it in his verses. Nevertheless, for <mask> Bey, the cruel devşirme was his opportunity for rise to fame, considering that back then birth did not count much, whereas good luck and particularly tact with superiors mattered greatly. Rise as a soldier and poet
<mask> Bey is known to have taken part during his youth in the Battle of Chaldiran of 23 August 1514 led by Sultan Selim I, also in the Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–17, and in Baghdad's expedition of 1535 under Sultan Suleiman. He earned the respect of powerful key people (between others the

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 Sultan himself) because of his poetry. <mask> spent most of his early years in Ottoman campaigns, which inspired him. According to E. J. W. Gibb, he was inspired to write the "Yusuf and Züleyha" while in Palestine, on the road to Mecca.Egypt was also an inspiration for him, especially Cairo, which he called "the city of Joseph". <mask> was a bitter enemy of Khayali Mehmed Bey, another contemporary poet whom he had first met in 1536. He satirically attacked Khayali Mehmed Bey in his verses. <mask> wrote a qasida (a kind of panegyric) against him and presented it during the Persian campaign to the Sultan and Grand Vizier Rüstem Paşa, who was declared as "enemy of the poets". Rustem Pasha was so delighted with the level of contempt towards Khayali, that <mask> was made administrator of several foundations in Bursa and Istanbul. Exile and last years

In 1553, near Ereğli in Konya, Suleiman the Magnificent, whilst on a military campaign to Iran, and upon false information given to him from Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha, had his first born, Şehzade (Prince) Mustafa executed. <mask> Bey wrote an elegy named Şehzade Mersiyesi (Prince's Dirge) upon the murder, which was well received by the public.But the mastermind behind the murder, Rüstem Pasha, was not happy at all about the poem. He had <mask> summoned and asked how he "dared to bewail one whom the Sultan had condemned". <mask> responded "we indeed condemned him with the Sultan, but we bewailed him with the people". The

masks: Yahya Yahya Yahya Yahya Yahya Yahya Yahya


texts: Vizier wanted and did everything he could to get <mask> executed. The Sultan prohibited his execution but approved only to deprive him from his offices, which Rüstem Pasha did in the most offensive manner. As a member of the askeri class, apparently he could not be left to starve. In order to escape persecution, <mask> went to exile back in the Balkans, without forgetting to write a satirical lament on Rustem Pasha after his death.There are divergences on the location where he was sent. According to some sources, he took over a fief near Zvornik in today's Bosnia and lived pretty well afterwards receiving a 27,000 or 30,000 akçe annual income. Others point to Tamışvar, center of the Province of Temeşvar, where he for sure fought at a certain point. Though not young anymore, he took part together with his men at the siege of Szigetvar in 1565. There he wrote a qasida and presented it to Sultan Suleiman. After that, due to his age, he turned to Islamic Mysticism. While in exile in Bosnia, <mask> met in 1574–75 with Mustafa Âlî, a local and well known Ottoman historian and bureaucrat.The life-story of <mask> made an impression on Ali, who would later use it as a baseline when he referred to himself as "a poet too talented to be supported by jealous politicians and subsequently condemned to exile in the border provinces". <mask> sent his son, Adem Çelebi, to Ali with a draft of the most recent revision of his diwan for Ali to proofread, especially the Arabic

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 construction parts, although apparently there was no need for that. There is no wide consensus for <mask>'s year of death. Most of the sources pointing to 1582, while others say he may have died in 1575, 1573 (982 in IC), 1578-79 (986 in IC), or 1582 (990). Place of death also varies. Most sources indicate Loznica, Sanjak of Zvornik, some Timișoara in Romania, There are also claims that he was buried in Istanbul, while Bursalı Mehmet Tahir Bey and Muhamed Hadžijahić place also Loznica as place of death. Poetry
<mask>'s poetry is described by E.J.W.Gibb to be as interesting as his life was.Gibb praised Dukagjini as the one who won a position of real eminence, out of all non-Turks, Asiatics, and well as Europeans, who have essayed to write Turkish poetry. According to Gibb, there is nothing in Dukagjini's language to spot him as a non-Constantinopolitan by birth and education. Gibb added that there is sustained simplicity, vigor, and originality in Dukagjini's writings. According to Gibb, the originality shows for instance in his poem Yusuf ve Züleyha. The subject of the poem is borrowed from Persian literature, which was so popular during that time, that it was considered a universal theme, nevertheless, he rejects being a translator or paraphraser, but tells the story on a manner of his own. As he declares himself in the epilogue of Yusuf ve Züleyha:

And also in Kitab-ı Usul'''s epilogue:

Dukagjini's core work consists of a large diwan of poems and of a

masks: Yahyay Yahya


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 collection of five mesnevî poems of rhymed couplets. As mentioned above, they lack the influence of Persian traditions.They were put together in a Khamsa ("five poems"). The khamsa forms the most important section of <mask>'s work. The most popular of the poems is Shâh u gedâ (The King and the Beggar), his favorite and which he claimed to had finished in just one week, and Yusuf ve Züleyha (Yusuf and Züleyha), a romance on the pure love of two young people. Unlike the first two poems of the khamse, which are mostly lyrical, the last three consist of aphorisms on morality and rules of life. Kitab-ı Usul is divided into 10 "stations" (maqām-s),: each one of them attempts to inculcate moral qualities to the reader and is illustrated by anecdotes, to demonstrate the advantages of following certain right moral paths. The anecdotes are full of descriptions, historic and fictitious, and are derived from all kind of sources. The following couplets are used as a refrain at the end of introductory cantos in most of the "stations", and elsewhere throughout the work:

His Gül-i Şadberk (Rose of a Thousand Petals) is a poem which describes Prophet Muhammed's miracles, and was written probably at an old age and has a pure religious tone.Gülşen-i Envar is divided into 40 short sections called "discourses". The first two poems were published in diwan collections in Istanbul in 1867–1868. Like many other poets, <mask>'s work was inspired by the work of Sufi poet Mevlevî (also

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 known as Rumi, Mevlânâ, or Jalāl ad-Dīn, founder of Mevlevi Order). Mevlevi is referenced in a few places inside <mask>'s diwan and khamsa as well, where he is mentioned as "Mevlana", "Molla  Hünkar", or "Molla-i Rum". Mevlana is a leading character in three of the khamsas poems: Gencine-i Raz, Kitab-i Usul, and Gulşen-i Envar. The prominent work of Mevlana, Masnavi, contains a story about Prophet Suleiman, and a mosquito (Süleyman Peygamber'le Sivrisinek), which <mask> retold, without changing it. <mask> also wrote "Şehrengiz" (City Book), where he describes the cities of Edirne and Istanbul.Works
The following is a list of <mask> Dukajini's works:

Diwan, printed in Istanbul in 1977 (selections from his Collected Poems were published by Mehmet Çavuşoğlu in 1983). Khamsa (Five Poems):
Şah ü Geda - The King and the Beggar
Yusuf ve Züleyha - Yusuf and Züleyha
Gencine-i Raz - Treasure of Secret
Gülşen-i Envar - Rose Garden of the Lights
Kitab-ı Usul - Book of Procedures
Şehrengiz-i İstanbul (City Book of İstanbul), published by Mehmet Çavuşoğlu in Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi, 1969
Şehrengiz-i Edirne (City Book of Edirne)

Two additional poems are usually attributed to Dukagjini:
Nāz ü-Niyāz (Coyness and Yearning)
Sulaimān-nāme (Book of Sulaiman: this poem is of around 2,000 verses, but left unfinished)

Legacy
A brave soldier, Dukagjini is remembered as representative of a type which admirably combined the sword with the pen. His independence intertwined with

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 frankness and courage was his most notable trait. <mask> Bey is considered today as one of the greatest Ottoman diwan poets of the time. In popular culture
<mask> bey Dukagjini is depicted in the Turkish TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (The Magnificent Century), performed by Serkan Altunorak. Notes and referencesNotesReferences'''

External links
En Hazin Mersiyenin Şairi: TAŞLICALI YAHYA BEY (in Turkish)

Divan poets of the Ottoman Empire
16th-century poets of the Ottoman Empire
Dukagjini family
1498 births
1582 deaths
15th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
15th-century Albanian people
16th-century Albanian people
Janissaries
Albanians of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Sufis
Devşirme
Male poets of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Persian


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<mask> (born 30 May 1969) is a Swedish music producer and songwriter. His musical career took off in 1994 as one of the original team members of the now-legendary Cheiron Productions, meeting great international success working with Boyzone, Britney Spears, Westlife and the Backstreet Boys. Shortly after Cheiron decided to shut down its studios in 2000, <mask> together with David Kreuger formed A Side Productions, having continued to produce and write songs for major artists such as Il Divo, Céline Dion, Josh Groban, Shayne Ward and Paul Potts. To date the duo has co-written and / or produced six UK No. 1 singles:

If I Let You Go (Westlife)
Fool Again (Westlife)
My Love (Westlife)
Evergreen (Will Young)
Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake) (Gareth Gates)
That's My Goal (Shayne Ward)

In April 2008 Leona Lewis became the first British female ever to open at No 1 on the Billboard 200. Her debut album Spirit includes the song "Footprints in the Sand", co-written by <mask> and Kreuger. Musical career

The early years
<mask> was born and raised in Tyresö on the outskirts of Stockholm.His interest in music was developed already while attending primary school, picking up the cello as his main instrument playing it for the next ten years. Over time, his commitment in pop & rock music became more and more predominantly. As a teenager, <mask> played both the guitar and keyboards in different local bands, but eventually decided to focus on producing, arranging and writing music. His first significant record appearance came in 1994 on the Swedish artist Jennifer Brown's album Giving You the Best. Besides taking part as a musician, <mask> produced the song "Take a Piece of My Heart"

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Per Magnusson
Per
Magnusson
Per Magnusson
Per
Per


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 which also was released as a single. About that time, <mask> coincidentally met with David Kreuger whom worked on the DJ scene in Stockholm. They started collaborating and have continued producing and writing songs as a team ever since.Denniz PoP & Cheiron Studios
Denniz PoP had by the early '90s become one of the most skillful and coveted DJs in the clubs of Stockholm. In 1993 he decided to start working with artists and founded Cheiron Productions together with Tom Talomaa. Its studios were located at Fridhemsplan in Stockholm, soon evolving into a great success. After playing one of their songs for PoP, <mask> and David were invited aboard as songwriters and producers. Successfully working with a wide range of artists for the next couple of years, the tandem's greatest prosperity that far came in 1998, co-writing and producing the song "Will Be Yours" for Boyzone's third consecutive UK No 1 album Where We Belong. By now Cheiron studios was one of the hottest in the world, each team member working with a different artist. But in August 1998 Cheiron shocked the music world sending out a press release that its leader Denniz PoP had died.He was only 35 years old. On top of the US charts with Britney
Just a couple of months earlier, Cheiron had started working on songs for the 16-year-old Britney Spears' debut album. <mask> and David produced Spear's second single "Sometimes" as well as her third, "(You Drive Me) Crazy", which they co-wrote with Max Martin and Jörgen Elofsson. Both singles became huge worldwide hits. The album ...Baby One More Time was released in the US in January 1999 and debuted at No 1 on the Billboard 200 where it spent six weeks straight.

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