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 shortly after birth. Although it was difficult to leave their children in the care of others, she felt her duty to be with Yehudi and organise his affairs was more important. His appearances were planned two years in advance, and <mask> would spend up to 17 hours a day organising his paperwork and travel arrangements. She pulled no punches, referring to herself as "the awfully frank and frankly awful <mask>". He referred to her as "my heavenly host on this earthly way" and "the ever-trustworthy and inspired companion of a lifetime".Yehudi Menuhin was made an honorary knight in 1965, but not being a British subject, he was not entitled to be known as Sir Yehudi, and neither did <mask> become Lady Menuhin. That changed in 1985, when he adopted British citizenship, and his knighthood became substantive. In 1993 Sir Yehudi was made a life peer, as Baron Menuhin of Stoke d'Abernon, Lord Menuhin died in Berlin in 1999, and Lady Menuhin in London in 2003, aged 90. She was survived by her two sons and her two stepchildren. She wrote two autobiographies: Fiddler's Moll (1984) and A Glimpse of Olympus (1996). These display a gift with words and a blunt, self-deprecating wit. Lady Menuhin's sister Griselda became the second wife of the pianist Louis Kentner.Bibliography
 Fiddler's Moll, 1984 autobiography
 A Glimpse of Olympus, 1996 autobiography

Sources
 The Independent, Obituaries

References

1912 births
2003 deaths
20th-century English women writers
British ballerinas
Menuhin
British autobiographers
People from Belgravia
Prima ballerinas
Rambert Dance Company dancers
Spouses of life peers
Women autobiographers
Writers from London
20th-century British

masks:
Diana
Diana
Diana Menuhin


type: original

texts:
<mask>, FBA (born <mask>; 17 January 1881 – 24 October 1955) was an English social anthropologist who developed the theory of structural functionalism and coadaptation. Biography
<mask> was born <mask> in Sparkbrook, Birmingham, England, the second son of <mask> (d.1886), a manufacturer's clerk, and his wife Hannah (née Radcliffe). He later changed his last name, by deed poll, to Radcliffe-Brown, Radcliffe being his mother's maiden name. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1905; M.A., 1909), graduating with first-class honours in the moral sciences tripos. While still a student, he earned the nickname "Anarchy Brown" for his close interest in the writings of the anarcho-communist and scientist Peter Kropotkin. "Like other young men with blood in their veins, I wanted to do something to reform the world – to get rid of poverty and war, and so on. So I read Godwin, Proudhon, Marx and innumerable others.Kropotkin, revolutionary, but still a scientist, pointed out how important for any attempt to improve society was a scientific understanding of it." He studied psychology under W. H. R. Rivers who, with A. C. Haddon, led him toward social anthropology. Under the latter's influence, he travelled to the Andaman Islands (1906–1908) and Western Australia (1910–1912, with biologist and writer E. L. Grant Watson and Australian writer Daisy Bates) to conduct fieldwork into the workings of the societies there. His time in the Andaman Islands and Western Australia were the basis of his later books The Andaman Islanders (1922) and The Social Organization of Australian Tribes (1930). At the 1914 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Melbourne, Bates accused him of plagiarising her work, based on an unpublished manuscript she had sent him for comment. Before departing for Western Australia, Brown married Winifred Marie Lyon in Cambridge; they had one daughter, Mary Cynthia Lyon Radcliffe. The couple became estranged by

masks:
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe Brown
Alfred Reginald Brown
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe Brown
Alfred Reginald Brown
Alfred Brown


texts:
 about 1926.They may have divorced in 1938 (sources disagree on whether a divorce was completed). In 1916 Brown became a director of education in Tonga. In 1921 he moved to Cape Town to become professor of social anthropology, founding the School of African Life. Further university appointments were University of Cape Town (1921–25), University of Sydney (1925–31) and University of Chicago (1931–37). Among his most prominent students during his years at the University of Chicago were Sol Tax and Fred Eggan. After these various far-flung appointments, he returned to England in 1937 to take up an appointment to the first chair in social anthropology at Oxford University in 1937. He held this post until his retirement in 1946.He died in London in 1955. While Radcliffe-Brown founded the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology at Oxford, according to Rodney Needham his absence from the Institute during the war years prevented his theories and approach from having a major influence on Oxford anthropology. Work
He has been described as "the classic to Bronisław Malinowski's romantic". Radcliffe-Brown brought French sociology (namely Émile Durkheim) to British anthropology, constructing a rigorous battery of concepts to frame ethnography. Greatly influenced by the work of Émile Durkheim, he saw institutions as the key to maintaining the global social order of a society, analogous to the organs of a body, and his studies of social function examine how customs aid in maintaining the overall stability of a society. Concept of function
Radcliffe-Brown has often been associated with functionalism, and is considered by some to be the founder of structural functionalism. Nonetheless, Radcliffe-Brown vehemently denied being a functionalist, and carefully distinguished his concept of function from that of Malinowski, who openly advocated functionalism.While Malinowski's functionalism claimed that social practices could be directly explained by their ability to satisfy basic biological needs,


texts:
 Radcliffe-Brown rejected this as baseless. Instead, influenced by the process philosophy of <mask> Whitehead, he claimed that the fundamental units of anthropology were processes of human life and interaction. Because these are by definition characterised by constant flux, what calls for explanation is the occurrence of stability. Why, Radcliffe-Brown asked, would some patterns of social practices repeat themselves and even seem to become fixed? He reasoned that this would at least require that other practices must not conflict with them too much; and that in some cases, it may be that practices grow to support each other, a notion he called 'coadaptation', deriving from the biological term. Functional analysis, then, was just the attempt to explain stability by discovering how practices fit together to sustain that stability; the 'function' of a practice was just its role in sustaining the overall social structure, insofar as there was a stable social structure (Radcliffe-Brown 1957). This is far from the 'functional explanation' later impugned by Carl Hempel and others.It is also clearly distinct from Malinowski's notion of function, a point which is often ignored by Radcliffe-Brown's detractors. "Malinowski has explained that he is the inventor of functionalism, to which he gave its name. His definition of it is clear; it is the theory or doctrine that every feature of culture of any people past or present is to be explained by reference to seven biological needs of individual human beings. I cannot speak for the other writers to whom the label functionalist is applied by the authors, though I very much doubt if Redfield or Linton accept this doctrine. As for myself I reject it entirely, regarding it as useless and worse. As a consistent opponent of Malinowski's functionalism I may be called an anti-functionalist." Concept of social structure
While Lévi-Strauss (1958) claimed that social structure and the social relations that are its constituents are theoretical constructions used to


texts:
 model social life, Radcliffe-Brown only half-agreed

"to say we are studying social structures is not exactly the same thing as saying that we study social relations, which is how some sociologists define their subject.A particular social relation between two persons (unless they be Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden) exists only as part of a wide network of social relations, involving many other persons, and it is this network which I regard as the object of our investigations. "I am aware, of course, that the term "social structure" is used in a number of different senses, some of them very vague. This is unfortunately true of many other terms commonly used by anthropologists. The choice of terms and their definitions is a matter of scientific convenience, but one of the characteristics of a science as soon as it has passed the first formative period is the existence of technical terms which are used in the same precise meaning by all the students of that science. By this test, I regret to say, social anthropology reveals itself as not yet a formed science.''" In addition to identifying abstract relationships between social structures, Radcliffe-Brown argued for the importance of the notion of a 'total social structure', which is the sum total of social relations in a given social unit of analysis during a given period. The identification of 'functions' of social practices was supposed to be relative to this total social structure.Lévi-Strauss saw social structure as a model. Evolutionism, diffusionism, and the role of social anthropology
A major view in the study of tribal societies had been that all societies follow a unilineal path ('evolutionism'), and that therefore 'primitive' societies could be understood as earlier stages along that path; conversely, 'modern' societies contained vestiges of older forms. Another view was that social practices tend to develop only once, and that therefore commonalities and differences between societies could be explained by a historical


texts:
 reconstruction of the interaction between societies ('diffusionism'). According to both of these views, the proper way to explain differences between tribal societies and modern ones was historical reconstruction. Radcliffe-Brown rejected both of these views because of the untestable nature of historical reconstructions. Instead, he argued for the use of the comparative method to find regularities in human societies and thereby build up a genuinely scientific knowledge of social life. "For social anthropology the task is to formulate and validate statements about the conditions of existence of social systems (laws of social statics) and the regularities that are observable in social change (laws of social dynamics).This can only be done by the systematic use of the comparative method, and the only justification of that method is the expectation that it will provide us with results of this kind, or, as Boas stated it, will provide us with knowledge of the laws of social development. It will be only in an integrated and organised study in which historical studies and sociological studies are combined that we shall be able to reach a real understanding of the development of human society"

To that end, Radcliffe-Brown argued for a 'natural science of society'. He claimed that there was an independent role for social anthropology here, separate from psychology, though not in conflict with it. This was because psychology was to be the study of individual mental processes, while social anthropology was to study processes of interaction between people (social relations). Thus he argued for a principled ontological distinction between psychology and social anthropology, in the same way as one might try to make a principled distinction between physics and biology. Moreover, he claimed that existing social scientific disciplines, with the possible exception of linguistics, were arbitrary; once our knowledge of society is sufficient, he argued, we will be able to form subdisciplines of anthropology


texts:
 centred around relatively isolated parts of the social structure. But without extensive scientific knowledge, it is impossible to know where these boundaries should be drawn.Ethnography

Radcliffe-Brown carried out extensive fieldwork in the Andaman Islands, Australia, and elsewhere. On the basis of this research, he contributed extensively to the anthropological ideas on kinship, and criticised Lévi-Strauss's Alliance theory. He also produced structural analyses of myths, including on the basis of the concept of binary distinctions and dialectical opposition, an idea later echoed by Lévi-Strauss. Criticisms
Radcliffe-Brown was often criticised for failing to consider the effect of historical changes in the societies he studied, in particular changes brought about by colonialism. Nevertheless, he is now considered, along with Bronisław Malinowski, as one of the fathers of modern social anthropology. Selected publications
 1912, "The Distribution of Native Tribes in Part of Western Australia", Man, 12: 143-146. 1913, "Three Tribes of Western Australia", The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 43: 143-194.1922, The Andaman Islanders; a study in social anthropology. 1926, 'Arrangements of Stones in Australia', Man, 26: 204-205. 1931, Social Organization of Australian Tribes. 1935, Structure and Function in Primitive Society, American Anthropologist, Vol. XXXVII. 1940, "On Joking relationships": Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 13, No.3 (Jul. 1940), pp. 195–210
 1948, A Natural Science of Society'': based on a series of lectures at the University of Chicago in 1937 and posthumously published by his students

References

External links

On the concepts of function and social structure in social science

English anthropologists
University of Cape Town academics
Social anthropologists
Functionalism (social theory)
People educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1955 deaths
1881


texts:
<mask> is a Walkley Award winning Australian journalist author and Brisbane Bureau Chief for Sky News Australia. He was also a political adviser to former New South Wales Premier, Morris Iemma. Journalistic career

Early career
<mask>' first job was at The Daily Advertiser, in his home town of Wagga Wagga. In 1985 he moved to Sydney, working as a reporter and newsreader for radio 2WS, 2CH and Triple M Sydney. In 1989 he joined The Daily Telegraph. Television journalism

In 1990, <mask> made the transition to television, as a crime reporter for the Seven Network. In 2000, he switched to the Nine Network, continuing in the role of crime reporter.He shared a Walkley Award for the Nine News team's coverage of the 2002 Bali bombings - also nominated in the Logie Awards of 2003. In 2006, <mask> became the Nine Network's NSW State Political Correspondent, and went on to earn Walkley and Logie award nominations for most outstanding television news reporting in 2007 after a series of stories which led to the resignation of the NSW Police Minister. Seven Network

On 20 May 2010, <mask> broke a story on Seven News in Sydney about the resignation of New South Wales Transport and Roads Minister David Campbell. The story used hidden camera footage of the Minister leaving a sex club in Sydney's eastern suburbs. Upon being told the story would air, Campbell resigned as Minister an hour prior to the news bulletin, and his resignation was accepted by Premier Kristina Keneally. Although former NSW Labor Premier Barrie Unsworth said Campbell's actions were "deplorable" for exposing himself to "blackmail and compromise" the story was criticized by other sections of the media and by politicians. Despite the criticism the Australian

masks:
Adam Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters


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 Communications & Media Authority (ACMA) ruled Seven's Campbell story was in the public interest.After Labor's 2011 election defeat Fairfax Media's The Sun-Herald State Political editor reported that the story about the former Police Minister and Chair of the NSW Crime Commission was a critical setback for former NSW Premier Kristina Keneally. In 2012 <mask> and Seven News colleagues Lee Jeloscek, Sharri Markson and Michael Mckinnon won the Walkley Award for Television News Reporting for reports demonstrating that the NSW Government had disregarded departmental advice against a ban on regular unleaded petrol. Ten Network
<mask> joined Network 10 as a reporter in mid-2015. On 9 and 10 February 2016, Ten Eyewitness News broadcast a two-part story by <mask> concerning an inquiry held by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). The reports included assertions from Sydney businessman Charif Kazal that the inquiry had "destroy[ed]" his reputation, by providing a forum for "baseless" and "false" allegations that he had engaged in corrupt conduct. The first report included a claim from Mr Kazal that the ICAC commissioner at the time was aware there was no evidence to support the allegations, which were not the subject of any recommendation for prosecution. The reports were based on Kazal's objection to the damage of a "corruption" finding, despite the conclusion in ICAC's final report that: "The Commission is not of the opinion that consideration should be given to obtaining the advice of the DPP with respect to the prosecution of Charif Kazal for an offence under section 249B(2)(b) of the Crimes Act.This is because the Commission does not consider there is sufficient admissible evidence to make out the elements of

masks: Walters Walters Walters


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 the offence." ICAC later accepted the advice of the NSW Director of Public Prosecution not to prosecute Charif Kazal for an offence under section 87 of the ICAC Act in relation to his evidence. The second report featured a direct appeal from Mr Kazal to NSW Premier Mike Baird, who agreed to meet the businessman to hear his complaints. Fairfax Media reported:

The outgoing acting inspector of NSW's anti-graft watchdog has recommended winding back the agency's ability to label people "corrupt" because he says an aspect of the power "undermines the presumption of innocence". Legislation governing the Independent Commission Against Corruption states that such a finding can be made if a person's actions "could" adversely affect those of a public official or authority. People can also be found to have acted corruptly if ICAC decides their actions "could impair" public confidence in public administration, including by fraud or collusive tendering. However John Nicholson, SC, argues the agency should only be able to find a person engaged in corrupt conduct if it "was reasonable" for the commission to expect a "tribunal of fact" would conclude the finding was sustained."Mr Nicholson argues the "problem with the 'could' ... approach is that it undermines the presumption of innocence, which is supposed to apply to all those who remain unconvicted of an offence". In 2018, almost two years after <mask> broke the ICAC/Kazal story, The Australian newspaper revealed Mr Kazal's treatment had been referred to the United Nations Human Rights Committee. In October 2019 The Daily Telegraph reported "the United Nations Human Rights Committee has reactivated an investigation into complaints by Sydney businessman, Charif Kazal, that his human


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 rights have been violated by the NSW anti-corruption watchdog." Sky News Australia

In September 2021 <mask> was appointed as Brisbane Bureau Chief for Sky News Australia. Print journalism

In 2009, <mask> reported on the proliferation of illegal brothels in NSW for The Daily Telegraph. The largest was subsequently closed down following a council investigation. <mask> also reported on alleged child sexual abuse in Australian swimming, and a secret police investigation that had been set up to investigate allegations against swimming coach Terry Buck.Four years after he broke the story in 2009 the substance of <mask>' coverage was submitted as testimony to the Royal Commission into the Institutional Responses to Child Abuse. Buck was never charged after the same allegations - examined by the Royal Commission - were made to a NSW police taskforce, suddenly disbanded just weeks after its investigations began in the months following the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. <mask> has co-authored four books, Nightmare on Norfolk, about the murder of Janelle Patton, and The Accidental Gangster – the Life and Times of Bela Csidei, The Face Without A Name - Finding Jane Doe and Cold Cases. All were co-written with fellow crime reporter Norm Lipson. <mask> was also a regular contributor to The Bulletin magazine. Political involvement

In July 2008 he resigned from the Nine Network to work as a communications adviser to New South Wales Premier Morris Iemma. He rejoined The Daily Telegraph, becoming the paper's state political editor before rejoining the Seven Network in April 2010.References

1963 births
Australian political journalists
Australian television journalists
Walkley Award winners
Living people
People from Sydney
People from

masks: Walters Walters Walters Walters Walters Walters


texts: <mask> (baptized <mask>, with surname also written as Duschek or Düssek; 12 February 176020 March 1812) was a Czech composer and pianist. He was an important representative of Czech music abroad in the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Some of his more forward-looking piano works have traits often associated with Romanticism. <mask> was one of the first piano virtuosos to travel widely throughout Europe. He performed at courts and concert venues from London to Saint Petersburg to Milan, and was celebrated for his technical prowess. During a nearly ten-year stay in London, he was instrumental in extending the size of the pianoforte, and was the recipient of one of John Broadwood's first 6-octave pianos, CC-c4. Harold Schonberg wrote that he was the first pianist to sit at the piano with his profile to the audience, earning him the appellation "le beau visage."All subsequent pianists have sat on stage in this manner. He was one of the best-regarded pianists in Europe before Beethoven's rise to prominence. His music is marked by lyricism interrupted by sudden dynamic contrasts. As well as his many compositions for the piano, he also composed for the harp: his music for that instrument contains a great variety of figuration within a largely diatonic harmony, avoids dangerous chromatic passages and is eminently playable. His concerto writing is exciting. His music is considered standard repertoire for all harpists, particularly his Six Sonatas/Sonatinas and especially the Sonata in C minor. Less well known to the general public than that of his more renowned Classical period contemporaries, his piano music is highly

masks:
Jan Ladislav Dussek
Jan Václav Dusík
Dussek


texts:
 valued by many teachers and not infrequently programmed.Franz Liszt has been called an indirect successor of <mask> in the composition and performance of virtuoso piano music. His music remained popular to some degree in 19th-century Great Britain and the USA, some still in print, with more available in period editions online. Life

Early years
The <mask> family had a long history as professional musicians, starting at least as early as <mask>'s grandfather <mask> Dusík (b. 1712), and lasting in the Moravian branch of the family at least into the 1970s. <mask>'s mother, Veronika Dusíková (née Štěbetová), played the harp, an instrument, along with the piano, for which her son went on to write much music. His father, <mask>, was also a well-known organist and composer. His sister, Katerina Veronika Anna Dusíkova, was also a musician and composer.<mask>, the oldest of three children, was born on 12 February 1760 in the Bohemian town of Čáslav, where his father taught and played the organ. His first musical instruction came from his father, who began teaching him piano at 5, and organ at age 9. His voice was also found to be good, so he also sang in the church choir. He studied music at the Jesuit gymnasium in Jihlava, where he studied with <mask> Špinar, its choir director; his grades were reported to be poor. From 1774 to 1776 he studied at the Jesuit gymnasium in Kutná Hora, where he also served as organist in the Santa Barbara Jesuit church. In 1776 he went to the New City Gymnasium in Prague, where he was again reported to be a lazy student. In 1777 he enrolled in the University of Prague, where he lasted one semester.Netherlands and

masks:
Dussek
Dussek
Jan Ladislav
Jan Josef
Jan Ladislav
Jan Josef
Jan Ladislav
Ladislav


texts:
 Hamburg
After these early studies in Bohemia he entered the services of one Captain Männer, an Austrian military man, in 1778. <mask> traveled with the Captain to what has since become Belgium in 1779, where he became the organist at the St. Rumbold's cathedral in Mechelen. In Mechelen he gave his first public recital, playing his own compositions. He then travelled to the Dutch Republic, where a well-received concert in Amsterdam brought him to the royalty's attention. He was invited to The Hague, where he gave lessons to the three children of Stadtholder William V. While at the Hague he gave a performance before Kaiser Joseph II of Austria, who acknowledged <mask>'s prowess. By 1782, after leaving Männer's service, he was in Hamburg, where he gave a concert on the "new English fortepiano". While in Hamburg, he may have studied with C. P. E. Bach.He also published his first works, three piano concertos and 3 violin sonatas (C 2–7), all of which were assigned Opus 1. Eastern and Central Europe
From Hamburg he moved to St. Petersburg, where he was a favorite of Catherine the Great. While there he was introduced to a technician named Hessel, who had developed a keyboard version of the glass harmonica, an instrument <mask> went on to master. <mask> was forced to leave Russia quite abruptly, just ahead of Catherine's secret police, amid suspicions of his involvement in a plot to assassinate Catherine. In a possibly apocryphal tale surrounding his departure, he was en route to play for Catherine when he found a ring, which he put on. Catherine recognized the ring as belonging to a known conspirator, raising her suspicions about Dussek. After <mask>

masks: Dussek Dussek Dussek Dussek Dussek


texts:
 left St. Petersburg, he took a position as music director for Prince Antoni Radziwiłł in Lithuania, where he stayed about a year.His departure from Lithuania may have been prompted by an affair he was rumored to have with the Prince's wife, the Princess of Thurn und Taxis. He toured Germany for the next few years as a virtuoso performer on the piano and on the glass harmonica, eventually arriving in Paris in 1786. The German tour was a significant success for him. One review of a Berlin concert said, "He obtained great distinction as a pianist, and was little less admired for his playing on the [glass] harmonica ... some critics pretend to trace to his skill upon this instrument many of his specialities of style both as a pianist and composer". Another reviewer wrote, of a concert in Kassel, "He entranced all listeners with a slow, harmonic, and studiously modulated prelude and chorale." He may also have been in Ludwigslust in 1786, where he would have performed his Extract from an Easter Canata (C 26) for the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. France and Italy
In Paris Dussek became a favorite of Marie Antoinette, who tried to dissuade him from going on a performing tour to Milan in 1788.However, she was unsuccessful, as <mask> wanted to visit his brother Franz in Milan. <mask>'s trip to Milan was quite successful; his performances "produce[d] quite a sensation". He returned to Paris, where he stayed until shortly before the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789. During his time in Paris he may have met and played with a violinist by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte. He also published a series of violin sonatas (C 27–29) dedicated to Eugénie de

masks: Dussek Dussek


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 Beaumarchais, daughter of writer Pierre Beaumarchais. London

<mask> left France for England in May or June 1789, where he settled in London. It is sometimes alleged that he took with him the harpist wife of the composer Jean-Baptiste Krumpholtz, who drowned himself into the Seine as a consequence; however, this is likely untrue, as Anne-Marie Krumpholtz went to London in 1788.It is also uncertain whether he left Paris because of the looming crisis in France, or if it was merely coincidental. Early biographers have generally claimed that he left because of the impending revolution. He is reported to have had a concert engagement in London in early June 1789; this would have required his departure from Paris before some of the critical steps early in the Revolution. <mask> made London his home until 1799. By 1790 he was well established as a performer and teacher. He was in such demand that Davison, in an 1860 biographic sketch, noted that "he became one of the most fashionable professors of the day, and his lessons were both sought with avidity and remunerated at a rate of payment which knew no precedent except in the instance of John Cramer." He had also established a relationship with pianomaker John Broadwood, taking delivery of one of the first 5½ octave pianos (FF-c4): Broadwood noted in his business journal for 13 November 1793: "We have made some 5 ½ octave grands these three years past, the first to please <mask>, which being liked, Cramer junior had one".His collaboration with Broadwood would continue to bear fruit when, in 1794, he also received the first 6-octave (CC-c4) piano

In the spring of 1791, Dussek appeared in a series of

masks: Dussek Dussek Dussek


texts: concerts, a number of which featured Sophia, the young daughter of music publisher Domenico Corri. In a concert on 15 June that year, the pair played a piano duet together; they were married in September 1792. Sophia Corri was a singer, pianist, and harpist who became known in her own right. They had a daughter, Olivia, but the marriage was not happy, involving liaisons by both parties. Some of the concerts in 1791 and 1792 featured both <mask> and Joseph Haydn; the older Haydn wrote quite favorably of Dussek in a letter to the latter's father following one of the 1792 concerts. The other highlights of 1792 (above and beyond his marriage to Sophia) included the beginning of a music publishing venture with Sophia's father Domenico. This business, while successful at first, fared poorly in later years, and the circumstances of its failure spurred <mask> to leave London in 1799, leaving Corri in debtors' prison.<mask>'s business acumen apparently had little impact on his performing and composing while in London. Every year, he performed in a series of concerts, at least some of which also featured Sophia, and which frequently featured new works. Some works were so successful they were repeated at later concerts in the series. Of one work, a reviewer wrote in 1798, "<mask>'s Military Concerto was repeated. We think it very deserving of encomium." The concerto (C 153), which the reviewer reported as having been a repeat performance, was played again the following week. In 1796, <mask> and his wife began having serious marital troubles.In an account of uncertain veracity, it was reported that Sophia, who had fallen in love with another man, asked Dussek


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 for money to repair her harp. She then used the money to leave the house, removing her belongings in her harp case, and claiming to have left for dinner with a female friend. A suspicious Dussek went with his father-in-law to the man's house, where Sophia locked herself in. She and Dussek argued, and she cursed him, claiming to be pregnant by the other man. Dussek, relenting, promised her freedom to do what she wanted; this led to a reconciliation of sorts. It seems unlikely that <mask> ever saw Sophia and his daughter Olivia after he left London in 1799; Sophia had to wait until she knew Dussek had died before she could remarry, which she did in 1812. Some of Dussek's compositions included arrangements of operatic and theatrical overtures for piano.He decided to try his hand at opera in 1798; the result was The Captive of Spilberg, with a libretto by Prince Hoare. The opera opened at Drury Lane on 14 November 1798, and the music was well received, with the European Magazine's critic writing, "the music, by Mr. <mask>, was such as to intitle him to rank with the first composers of the time." Business failure
In 1799, the business venture with Corri, which had never been very successful, ran into financial difficulties. <mask> and Corri managed to convince the librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte to lend them money to cover their debts. The failure to repay this debt put Corri into Newgate Prison and caused <mask> to flee. Da Ponte believed that <mask> fled to Paris; in fact he returned to Hamburg. The affair ended up bankrupting both Corri and Da Ponte.<mask> then toured Germany, where he became one of the first "glamour" pianists, preceding Franz Liszt.

masks: Dussek Dussek Dussek Dussek Dussek Dussek


texts:
 According to Louis Spohr, <mask> was the first to turn the piano sideways on the stage "so that the ladies could admire his handsome profile." Before long he took up a position with Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, who treated him more as a friend and colleague than as an employee. Together, they sometimes enjoyed what were called "musical orgies." When Prince Louis Ferdinand was killed in the Battle of Saalfeld, Dussek wrote the moving Sonata in F sharp minor, Elégie harmonique, Op. 61 (C 211). Later years
In 1807, despite his earlier affiliation with Marie Antoinette, Dussek returned to Paris in the employ of Talleyrand, the powerful French foreign minister.Having no doubt made the acquaintance of Sébastien Érard in London, he became closely associated with the Érard brothers' piano-making activities, signing an Érard grand piano of 1808 still to be seen at Talleyrand's château at Valençay, and giving the first public performance on their new stirrup-action grand in 1810. He wrote a powerful sonata (Sonata in A flat major, Op. 64, C 221) called Le Retour à Paris (The Return to Paris). This imposing sonata also received the nickname Plus Ultra in heated response to a piano sonata by Joseph Woelfl, said to be the last word in pianistic difficulties, entitled Non Plus Ultra. The remainder of his life he spent performing, teaching and composing in Prussia and France. His personal beauty had faded and he became grossly fat. He also developed a fondness for strong drink which probably hastened his death.<mask> died of gout on 20 March 1812, in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Style
Dussek was a predecessor of the Romantic composers for piano, especially


texts:
 Chopin, Schumann and Mendelssohn. Many of his works are strikingly at odds with the prevailing late Classical style of other composers of the time. The evolution of style found in <mask>'s piano writing suggests he pursued an independent line of development, one that anticipated but did not influence early Romanticism. His more notable works include several large-scale solo piano pieces, piano sonatas, many piano concertos, sonatas for violin and piano, a musical drama, and various works of chamber music, including a Trio for piano, horn and violin, and the highly unusual sonata for piano, violin, cello and percussion entitled The Naval Battle and Total Defeat of the Dutch by Admiral Duncan (1797, C 152), which is an extremely rare example of pre-20th-century chamber music that includes percussion. Solo piano works

Dussek was one of a number of foreign-born composers, including Muzio Clementi and John Field, who contributed significantly to the development of a distinct "London" school of pianoforte composition. In part, this was due to the particular nature of piano manufacture in England.Joseph Haydn, for instance, composed his famous E-flat sonata after playing a piano of greater range lent to him by Dussek. Much of <mask>'s piano writing drew upon the more modulable and powerful tonal qualities and greater keyboard range of English-manufactured pianofortes. The enhanced possibilities offered by the instrument help explain some of his stylistic innovations. <mask> wrote numerous solo piano works, including 34 Piano Sonatas as well as a number of programmatic compositions. His The Sufferings of the Queen of France (composed in 1793, C 98), for


texts:
 example, is an episodic account of Marie Antoinette with interpolated texts relating to the Queen's misfortunes, including her sorrow at being separated from her children and her final moments on the scaffold before the guillotine. Along with Clementi, <mask> may have been a source of stylistic inspiration and influence for Beethoven, whose expansion upon the idiomatic innovations of the London school led to their rapid penumbration with the appearance of Beethoven's own keyboard works. Stylistic, melodic, dynamic and even structural similarities have been observed, for instance, between Beethoven's Sonata Opus 10, No.3 and <mask>'s Sonatas Opus 31, No. 2 and Opus 35, No. 2. Similarly, the opening of Beethoven's Sonata Opus 10, No. 1 quotes directly <mask>'s Sonata Opus 39, No. 3 (see image). It is also possible that <mask>'s influence can be seen in Beethoven's famous Sonata Opus 81a, les Adieux: "both the program and the realization owed a great deal to <mask>'s The Farewell, Opus 44."Piano concertos

<mask> composed a number of piano concertos between 1779 and 1810, eighteen of which survive. <mask> introduced one noteworthy stylistic innovation to the piano concerto form. In variance with the prevailing classical concerto style, exemplified by Mozart's piano concertos, <mask> eliminated the soloist cadenza in the opening movement in all of his concertos written after 1792. Other individual characteristics are also noteworthy. His Concerto in C major, Op. 29, published in 1795, starts with an introductory Larghetto in 3/8 time, a solemn thematic declamation that is unique to the classical concerto. His last surviving work in the genre, Opus 70

masks: Dussek Dussek Dussek Dussek Dussek Dussek Dussek Dussek


texts:
 in E-flat major, was one of the first to lengthen substantially the opening movement: at 570 measures long, it is roughly a third longer than his previous contributions, and foreshadows the practice of a dominant opening movement in concerto writing, found, for example, in the concertos of Chopin and the two minor concerti Opus 85 and Opus 89 by Johann Nepomuk Hummel as well as Beethoven's fifth.Innovations to the piano
Apart from his own music, <mask> is important in the history of music because of his friendship with John Broadwood, the developer of the "English Action" piano. Because his own music demanded strength and range not available in the then current pianos, he pushed Broadwood into several extensions of the range and sonority of the instrument. It was a Broadwood instrument with Dussek's improvements that was sent to Beethoven. <mask> was also the first composer to write indications for using piano pedals. Works list

The vast majority of <mask>'s music involves the piano or harp in some way. He wrote 35 sonatas for piano and 11 for piano duet, as well as numerous other works for both configurations. His chamber music output includes 65 violin sonatas, 24 piano (or harp) trios, and a variety of works for harp, harp or piano, or harp and piano.Some sonatas had trio parts added by J. B. Cramer. Orchestral works were limited to concertos, including 16 for piano (one of them had lost and two of them are remained dubious attribution), six for harp (three of them lost), and one for two pianos. He wrote a modest number of vocal works, include 12 songs, a cantata, a mass, and one opera, The Captive of Spilberg. His compositions also included


texts:
 arrangements of other works, especially opera overtures, for piano. Cataloging <mask>'s compositions has a history of its own. <mask>'s oeuvre has historically been difficult to organize, due in part to the number of publishers who originally published his work, and to the fact that some of his works were published by more than one publisher.Some works published by multiple publishers were assigned different opus numbers; sometimes different works were given then same opus number by different publishers. <mask> further complicated this by arranging works for different instrument combinations. The Artaria Company published a thematic catalog of his works that is incomplete, prompting Howard Craw to develop a new thematic catalog in 1964. Works are numbered in the order they were written prefixed by "C" or "Craw"; works of dubious origin are listed in a separately numbered section prefixed by "Craw D". Theoretical works
<mask>'s Instructions on the Art of Playing the Pianoforte or Harpsichord (London, Corri  1796)
Kleine theoretisch-praktische Klavierschule von Pleyel, <mask> und Cramer (Vienna, Haslinger, undated)
Méthode pour le Piano Contenant tous les principes généraux du Doigté, 24 Leçons faciles et graduées des Exercices progressifs ainsi que des passages difficiles, terminée par une Fantaisie et Fugue composée Par I.L. <mask> (Paris, undated)
Dodici lezzioni progress. con arie caratteristiche di diff.nazioni (autograph in the library of the Conservatory in Florence)

Selected discography
<mask>, <mask> & Sophia: Harp sonatas by Kyunghee Kim-Sutre (Sonarti records, 2013, RT01)
J.L<mask>: Sonatas for Harp and Fortepiano by Kyunghee Kim-Sutre

masks:
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Jan Ladislav
. Dussek


texts:
 and Laure Colladant (Mandala, 1995, MAN4854)

Notes

References

 H3099

External links

Free scores at the Mutopia Project
 <mask> <mask> Piano Quintet in f minor, Op.41 Sound-bites & discussion
 Incomplete list of works In French. (See Craw for a complete list.) University of Southern California : A biography and thematic catalog of the works of J.L<mask> (1760-1812), by Howard Allen Craw, 1964.
  and a Biographical Preface, edited by H. Allen Craw. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions, 1979. .

People from Čáslav
Czech pianists
Czech Romantic composers
Czech male classical composers
Czech classical musicians
1760 births
1812 deaths
Classical-period composers
Czech classical pianists
18th-century keyboardists
19th-century classical composers
Czech expatriates in the United Kingdom
String quartet composers
Male classical pianists
19th-century Czech male

masks:
Jan Ladislav
Dussek
. Dussek


texts:
<mask> (January 1, 1912 – March 18, 2009) was an American cardiopulmonary physiologist who helped invent the G-suit, brought heart catheterization into a clinical reality and introduced dynamic volumetric computed tomography for the study of the heart and lungs. Career

G-Suit
Shortly after receiving an M.D. and PhD in physiology from the University of Minnesota medical school under the mentorship of Professor Maurice B. Visscher, MD, <mask> became a key member of a team, working in a laboratory at the Mayo Clinic, tasked with helping military pilots and flight crew survive and function in high G-force environments. Based upon extensive physiologic testing via use of the human centrifuge installed at the Mayo Clinic, it was determined that blackout and then unconsciousness was caused by reduction of blood flow to the eyes first and then the brain. The solutions the team arrived at were the M-1 breath hold maneuver and the G-suit. The M-1 maneuver consisted of a strained exhalation effort against a closed glottis designed to increase left ventricular pressure. (Although the references given are dated 1946-7, the work was performed much before then.In, see the acknowledgments section explaining the closed nature of the research with restrictions placed on publication during the war. During the war effort the Mayo Clinic laboratory  was operating with government Confidential secrecy.) The G suit was a garment, produced by the David Clark Company, which has air bladders situated at the calves, thighs, and abdomen of the wearer. The bladders inflate as the G-force acting on the aircraft increase, constricting the wearer's arteries, hence increasing blood pressure and blood flow to the brain. The G-suit was a superior solution to another alternative (a water-filled suit) being tested at the time, which was considered impractically heavy and cumbersome. The water-filled, pulsatile pressure suits were developed to effect venous return. However, <mask> and colleagues' detailed physiologic measurements demonstrated that what was required was augmentation of arterial pressure.<mask> himself regularly tested the flight suits,

masks:
Earl Howard Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood


texts:
 taking many turns in a human centrifuge and plane dubbed the "G-wiz." He calculated that during more than a thousand rides, he had lost consciousness for an aggregate of at least fifteen minutes (without any observed lasting damage). <mask> was awarded a Presidential Certificate of Merit by Harry Truman in 1947. The G-suit was adopted in the 1940s. The current models are based on the pattern <mask> and his colleagues designed. Following World War II, <mask> was recruited to participate in what was known as "Operation Paperclip" The goal was to keep the top German scientists away from Russia and working for the United States. In 1962, <mask> was the tenth scientist to be named "Career Investigator," of the American Heart Association.These funds allowed <mask> considerable flexibility in regards to the directions of his research. Other work
After his work on the G-Suit, <mask> worked on techniques for measuring cardiac blood flow. He was granted a patent for the ear oximeter, an optical instrument that measures blood oxygen levels without taking blood by examining the variation of light absorption as a function of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. Integral to the work leading to the development of the G suit was the perfection of vascular catheterization methods needed to understand the distribution of blood pressure and flow. Shortly after the end of World War II, open-heart surgery emerged with the Mayo contribution to the development of the heart-lung bypass machine initially developed by Gibbons and perfected by <mask> and colleagues. <mask>'s work at the Mayo Clinic lead to the development of many technologies allowing for the assessment of the heart and lungs including dye dilution methods serving to characterize cardiac output, methods for the assessment of central blood volume, the calculation of pulmonary vascular resistance (known as the "Wood Unit" and calculated by subtracting pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from the mean pulmonary arterial pressure and dividing by the cardiac output), analog subtraction angiography, and eventually the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR), a predecessor to modern high

masks: Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood


texts:
 speed volumetric computed tomography (CT) allowing for the evaluation of the beating heart and breathing lungs. The DSR comprised 14 X-ray tubes and a hemicylindrical fluorescent screen imaged by 14 associated television cameras.<mask>'s publication list, with more than 700 entries, is a testament to the number of fellows who trained under him and who became prominent researchers in their own right. Early life
<mask> was born to Inez Goff and William Clark <mask> in Mankato, Minnesota on January 1, 1912 and started life on a subsistence farm. <mask>, in addition to farming, was a real estate businessman. <mask> earned a B.A. in Mathematics and Chemistry from Macalester College in 1934, and his MD degree and a PhD degree in physiology from the University of Minnesota. <mask> was one of 5 brothers (<mask>, Chester, Delbert, Harland and Abe) and a sister, Louise. Family
All of <mask>'s siblings grew up to be highly accomplished.Louise A<mask> was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President Truman for her services as over-seas director of the American Red Cross during World War II. and became the executive director of the Girl Scouts of the USA from 1961 to 1972. Harland G<mask> was the first director of the Department of Biochemistry at the School of Medicine and Dean of Sciences, Case Western Reserve University. As a biochemist, he was notable for proving in 1935 that animals, humans and bacteria utilized carbon dioxide and received the National Medal of Science. Chester was a teacher and a university administrator; Delbert was, in succession, a lawyer, a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent, and a railway executive; Abe was an internist and founder of a Colorado-based medical clinic. Not surprisingly, in 1950, <mask>'s mother, Inez, was awarded the title of "Minnesota Mother of the Year."<mask> and his wife, Ada, had a daughter, Phoebe and three sons, Mark, Guy and E. Andrew. References

1912 births
2009 deaths
American physiologists
American medical researchers
Cardiovascular researchers
American biomedical engineers
Mayo Clinic people
Physicians of the Mayo Clinic
University of Minnesota Medical School

masks:
Wood
Earl Wood
Wood
William Wood
Earl Wood
Earl
Earl
Earl Wood
. Wood
. Wood
Earl Wood
Earl


texts:
<mask>. (born March 25, 1958) is an American college athletics administrator and former baseball coach who is the athletic director at the University of South Carolina, a position he took on July 13, 2012 after spending 16 successful seasons as head coach of the university's baseball program. His record since arriving at Carolina in 1997 is 738-316 (.700). He led USC to three consecutive College World Series appearances in 2002, 2003 and 2004, three consecutive College World Series Finals appearances in 2010, 2011 and 2012, two College World Series Championships in 2010 and 2011, and coached the USA Baseball National Team during the 2003 summer. His South Carolina teams have qualified for thirteen consecutive NCAA postseasons (the longest active streak in the Southeastern Conference (SEC)). On April 11, 2010, <mask> recorded the 1,000th win of his career with a 2-0 victory over Vanderbilt, becoming the 44th Division I coach in history to reach the milestone. Playing career
After graduating from South Johnston High School near his home in Benson, North Carolina, <mask> attended North Carolina State University, in Raleigh from 1977 to 1980. He played for Sam Esposito, starting four seasons at shortstop and third base.Coaching career

NC State
Tanner became an assistant coach to NCSU coach Sam Esposito immediately after his playing days were over. He remained in that position from 1980 to 1987, when Esposito retired and <mask> was named his successor. At age 28, he was one of the youngest head coaches in the country. During his first season the Wolfpack reached the NCAA tournament, playing in the East Regional. His teams earned bids to the NCAA tournament during seven of his nine seasons as head coach at NCSU, including five straight from 1990 to 1994. He was named ACC

masks:
Donald Ray Tanner Jr
Tanner
Ray Tanner
Tanner


texts:
 Coach of the Year in 1990. His nine-year record at NC State was 395-173-3.South Carolina
<mask> arrived at South Carolina prior to the start of the 1997 season. <mask> guided the Gamecocks to a 33–24 record in his first season in 1997 and finished fourth in the competitive SEC. The Gamecocks were greatly improved in 1998 and finished with 44 wins and a berth in the NCAA Tournament. In 1999, <mask> led the Gamecocks to the SEC East Division title for the school's first division crown. Starting in 2000, <mask> help guide Carolina to one of the most successful stretches in program history. The Gamecocks made the College World Series in 2002, 2003, and 2004. The 2002 team finished runner-up after losing to the Texas Longhorns in the championship game.The South Carolina baseball team has made the NCAA tournament every year since 2000, and they currently have the longest streak of NCAA tournament appearances in the Southeastern Conference. The 2010 South Carolina Gamecocks baseball team won the College World Series championship after taking the series 2-0 over the UCLA Bruins. The championship was the first men's NCAA championship in school history. The 2011 South Carolina Gamecocks baseball team completed the season 55-14 and won the program's second national title after sweeping the championship series against the Florida Gators 2-0. This marked the first time that a team repeated as national champion since 2006-2007. On the way to the second championship, the Gamecocks went 10-0 in the NCAA tournament and set new records by winning 16 straight NCAA tournament games and 11 straight College World Series games. Both streaks were started in the 2010 season.In his 16 seasons, through 2012, <mask> has posted a 738–316 overall record with six College World Series appearances.

masks: Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner


texts:
 Under <mask>, the Gamecocks have made 14 NCAA Tournament appearances, advanced to the Super Regionals ten times, and have posted fourteen 40-win and five 50-win seasons. <mask> led the Gamecocks to the 2010 and 2011 NCAA College World Series Championship. In addition, South Carolina won the 2000, 2002 and 2011 SEC regular season championships and the 2004 SEC Tournament championship. The Gamecocks have also claimed six Southeastern Conference Eastern Division titles (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2011, 2012) with <mask> as head coach. He has been named SEC Coach of the Year in 1998, 2000, and 2011. <mask> was also named National Coach of the Year in 2000 after the Gamecocks finished the season with a 56–10 record, in 2010 after the team finished 54–16, and in 2011 after a 55-14 campaign.On July 13, 2012, <mask> was named director of athletics at South Carolina. Team USA

<mask> has a longstanding commitment to USA Baseball. He served as an assistant coach in 1993 and again in 1995 and 1996, coaching at the Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. During these stints he coached together with college baseball legends such as Skip Bertman and Ron Polk. During the summer of 2002, <mask> served as the head coach of the USA Baseball National Team, composed of some of the top college players. The team went undefeated during the regular season, including a sweep of its biggest rival, Japan. The only two losses came at the Pan American Games to Nicaragua and Cuba.The team finished the tournament as the runner-up. The win total of 27 is the highest in team history. <mask> grew up in Benson, North Carolina. He received a bachelor of science degree in recreational administration from NC State in 1980 and is married to the former Karen Donald, a native of Charleston, South Carolina. The couple

masks:
Tanner
Tanner
Tanner
Tanner
Tanner
Ray Tanner
Tanner
Personal Tanner


texts:
 has three children. On November 10, 2010, <mask> was initiated into the Chi Omega chapter of the Kappa Sigma fraternity at South Carolina. According to the University of South Carolina's website, "Coach <mask>'s involvement with Kappa Sigma comes from the chapter's commitment to the <mask> Foundation, which is dedicated to bettering the lives of economically and medically disadvantaged children."Head coaching record

Achievements

 Career Record of 1133-489-3 (.699)
8th among active coaches by winning percentage
4th fastest active coach to reach 1000 wins
Top 40 among active coaches by victories
25th all-time by winning percentage
National Coach of the Year in 2000, 2010 and 2011
21 NCAA Tournament Appearances
10 Super Regional appearances, including 5 consecutive from 2000 to 2004
6 College World Series appearances, including 3 consecutive from 2002 to 2004 and 2010 to 2012
2002, 2012 CWS Runner-up
2010, 2011 CWS National Championship
2000, 2002 & 2011 SEC Championships
1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2011 & 2012 SEC East Championships
1992 ACC Tournament Title
2004 SEC Tournament Title
Five 50-win seasons
Winningest college baseball coach from 2000 to 2004 by victories
Winningest college baseball coach in the SEC from 2000 to 2012 by victories (287-190)
Second highest winning percentage among college baseball coaches in SEC history, trailing only Skip Bertman of LSU
Eight first round draft picks at South Carolina

See also

List of college baseball coaches with 1,100 wins

References

External links
 South Carolina profile

1958 births
Living people
NC State Wolfpack baseball coaches
NC State Wolfpack baseball players
People from Smithfield, North Carolina
South Carolina Gamecocks athletic directors
South Carolina Gamecocks baseball coaches
People from Benson, North

masks:
Tanner
Tanner
Ray Tanner


texts:
<mask> born in Edgware, Middlesex, England on 17 September 1959, is an English inventor, journalist and innovation specialist. He is known as a lateral thinker and is a SFEDI Gold qualified innovation consultant. He was awarded an OBE by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace in 2001, for services to innovation and business. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. Morpher

In 2011 Woolf noticed that by far the majority of cyclists on the London Barclays Cycle Hire scheme were riding without helmets. The scheme is also known as Boris Bikes as they were put in whilst Boris Johnson was London's Mayor. Woolf had a bad cycle accident some years before on the road in Hampstead, London and despite other injuries, firmly believes that a helmet saved his life.Woolf commissioned a survey to find out why helmets were not more widely used and most cyclists said that they didn't use one because they felt that they were too cumbersome to carry around all day. Woolf set out to see if he could overcome the problem by designing a helmet that could fold flat and therefore be more portable. Morpher was the result. Partially funded with crowdfunding from Indiegogo, Morpher's funding campaign was greatly oversubscribed, raising more than $400,000 against a target of $35,000. Morpher was designed to surpass all relevant safety standards and was constructed of mainly recyclable materials. Morpher was aimed at all cyclists but eventually Woolf planned to market it to other users of sports safety helmets (skiers, skaters, snow boarders, hockey players, horse riders etc.). Morpher has patent protection in many territories around the globe.Morpher was produced in China and was first shipped to consumers in December 2015. Morpher raised further funds with two successful equity crowdfunding campaigns with Seedrs, firstly raising more than £1m in 2016 Seedrs' first raise and almost £4.5m with its second Seedrs campaign in 2019 Seedrs' second raise which resulted in a post raise valuation of more than £20m. Morpher


texts:
 was one of Time Magazine's 25 best Inventions of 2016

Morpher was the recipient of Popular Science Magazine's Safety Invention of the Year 2014. This award was featured on CBS Morning Show

Morpher also won the  2015 Edison Gold Award for Athletics and Recreation in New York City

Morpher won the  2016 iF  D&I Design award at the Taipei Cycle Show

In September 2020 Morpher ceased operations and some American Morpher Helmets were recalled by the CPSC. This recall only applied to helmets sold within the US and not to helmets sold in other parts of the world. MicroMap

In 1993 he developed the MicroMap System and oversaw the design and manufacture of this invention. MicroMap was invented to overcome the problems associated with handling large paper maps outdoors, especially when exposed to the elements.It was first conceived as a piste map for use when skiing. It consisted of credit-card sized miniaturised maps which fitted into the MicroMap viewer and were held in a precisely curved plane. The viewer had a moveable lens system which re-enlarged the MicroMap cards, allowing a user to have a clear view of the miniaturised information. To save on assembly costs and handling difficulties, Woolf created an injection moulded lens that was moulded within its own hinged surround. This made assembly of the MicroMap viewer a far simpler process. He also developed systems to print miniaturised information onto credit cards at high resolutions of more than six million randomly placed and sized dots per square inch. MicroMap and Woolf were discussed during a debate on innovation in the House of Commons.During this debate, a MicroMap viewer was handed around for members of parliament to use. Woolf worked with Ron Hickman, inventor of the Black & Decker Workmate and designer of the Lotus Elan car, to some extent, benefiting from his patent experience before the final patent application was lodged. MicroMap was patented in many countries around the world. There is a display on the development of MicroMap in the Science Museum in London. MicroMap was featured


texts:
 in the Millennium Dome and was awarded Millennium product status. MicroMap cards were produced in conjunction with Ordnance Survey, the Automobile Association, USGS and Michelin. MicroMap was used by the SAS for bomb disposal and survival information.Journalism

Woolf is an occasional contributor to the media. He has had many prime time television, radio and webinar appearances where he has discussed matters relating to his inventions, innovation and new product development. <mask>'s article, 'Jamaica's Jewels' published in 2013 was nominated for 'Regional Publication Travel Feature of the Year' by McCluskey International on behalf of the Jamaican Tourist Board in the British Travel Press Awards. He is a member of the National Union of Journalists and the Chartered Institute of Journalists

Awards

Woolf has been the recipient of a number of innovation / invention awards, including the Honeywell British Innovation Awards, Sunday Times British Invention of the Year, Carlton/NatWest British Enterprise Awards, Brussels Eureka, 50th Anniversary UNESCO Award for Innovation, Medaille du Ministére de l'Intèrieur de France, 4 x Gold INPEX awards (USA), Ordnance Survey/British Cartographic Society Award for Mapping Innovation & Design, 1st World Innovation Olympics, Millennium Product Status Award, Lord Mayor of London's "Best of the Best" Award. He was also awarded the Gold award from the Worshipful Company of Tallow Chandlers. Woolf also worked on several other inventions, including Stackbuster (working title), a computerised paper filing system for the home. Stackbuster won innovation awards in the UK and in Belgium.Stackbuster won the double gold prize and Morpher won the Platinum prize in the 2010 British Invention of the Year Awards in October 2010. These two inventions also won Gold awards in the Brussels Eureka 2010 awards and Morpher was awarded a special award for best Transport product at Innova in November 2010. Additional information

<mask> has been involved in many fields as an inventor since the early 1980s, including home security,

masks: Woolf Woolf


texts:
 payment systems and children's safety devices. He also has worked as a regular guest presenter on QVC, and has represented many well-known brands, including Canon, Sony, Panasonic, JVC, Samsung, Sharp, LG, Belkin, Lexmark, Elonex etc. Woolf was chairman of the judging panel for the 2008 British Invention of the Year which was won by Bill Currie for his new riot shield design and was chairman of the judging panel for the World Innovation Awards in October 2009, 2010 and 2011 which were held at the British Innovation Show in London. He was also chairman of the judging panel for the  (2012) World Innovation Awards, which was held at The Barbican in London in November 2012. He was chairman of the judging panel for these awards until 2019.There was no award in 2020 due to COVID-19. Woolf was a judge on the Science Museum's Smart Toy Awards and was also one of three judges (the other two being Buzz Aldrin and Edward de Bono) at the Saatchi & Saatchi World Innovation Awards. Woolf spent much of the 1990s raising funds for his own companies. In 1998 he became responsible for running a £300m private equity fund, SGI Limited, in London UK, locating investment opportunities. Woolf appears to be passionate about new technologies and has worked in the private sector as well as with the government in a rename of innovation matters. He has spoken on innovation at Cambridge University, The Institute of Directors, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Procter and Gamble, The BBC, The British Library and many other venues and events. Woolf worked as the innovation specialist business advisor for Business Link in London and in this role helped inventors and SMEs with innovation matters.He  held regular innovation surgeries at the British Library in London. References

Bibliography

https://web.archive.org/web/20111006163654/http://www.southlondonbusiness.co.uk/resources/SLB%20FINAL%20NOV-DEC09%20WEB.pdf

http://www.gginternet1.co.uk/broadview/BT/london53/webinar.asp?b=hb

1959 births
Living people
British inventors
People from Edgware
Officers of the Order of the British


texts:
<mask> (4 February 1887 – 14 January 1956) was an English writer, known for her many novels set in the borderlands of Sussex and Kent in the English regional tradition. Her 1923 book The End of the House of Alard became a best-seller, and gave her prominence; it was followed by other successes, and her books enjoyed worldwide sales. Interest in her novel Joanna Godden (1921) was revived after it was adapted as a film titled The Loves of Joanna Godden (1947), which had a different conclusion. In the 1980s, this novel and Susan Spray were reissued by Virago press. Life

The daughter of a physician and his wife, <mask> was born in St Leonards-on-Sea, near Hastings, in Sussex. She lived most of her life in that county, apart from a period in London in her youth. She was a distant relative of writer M. M. Kaye (The Far Pavilions).In 1924 Kaye-Smith married Theodore Penrose Fry, an Anglican clergyman. The following year she published a book on Anglo-Catholicism. By 1929 she and her husband had converted to the Roman Catholic Church. Penrose Fry had to give up his Anglican curacy, and they moved to Northiam in Sussex, where they lived in a large converted oast house. Soon afterwards, having noted their own and some of their neighbours' need for a nearby church, they bought land on which they established a Catholic chapel dedicated to St Theresa of Lisieux, at Northiam. It still has a large congregation. Kaye-Smith is buried in the churchyard there.Their house, Little Doucegrove, was later owned by novelist Rumer Godden, another writer who had  converted to Catholicism. A new biography of Kaye-Smith by Shaun Cooper, The Shining Cord, was published by Country Books in June 2017. Writing
Kaye-Smith's fiction was noted for being rooted in rural concerns: the nineteenth-century

masks:
Sheila Kaye Smith
Sheila Kaye Smith


texts:
 agricultural depression, farming, legacies, land rents, strikes, the changing position of women, and the effects of industrialisation on the countryside and provincial life. Admirers of her work included her close friend G. B. Stern. They collaborated on two books about authors Jane Austen, Thomas Hardy, and Noël Coward. Kaye-Smith's novels encompassed more than one genre of fiction. Her earliest novels partly fit into the 'earthy' rural category, together with those of Mary E Mann, Mary Webb, D. H. Lawrence, and Thomas Hardy.This genre inspired Stella Gibbons's parody Cold Comfort Farm (1932). Kaye-Smith's response to the latter was amusement: she placed a good-natured riposte in her novel A Valiant Woman (1939), set in a rapidly modernising village undergoing some gentrification. (Pearce, 2008). A subplot has an upper middle-class teenager, Lucia, turn from writing twee rural poems to undertake the great Urban Proletarian Novel: "… all about people who aren't married going to bed in a Manchester slum and talking about the Means Test." Her philistine grandmother is dismayed, as she prefers cosy rural novels and knows Lucia is ignorant of proletarian life:
That silly child! Did she really think she could write a novel? Well, of course, modern novels might encourage her to think so.There was nothing written nowadays worth reading. The book on her knee was called Cold Comfort Farm and had been written by a young woman who was said to be very clever and had won an important literary prize. But she couldn't get on with it at all. It was about life on a farm, but the girl obviously knew nothing about country life. To anyone who, like herself, had always lived in the country, the whole thing was too ridiculous and impossible for words. Kaye-Smith's descriptions of the


texts: Sussex countryside, coast and marsh are still regarded as some of the finest. Several of her heroines are single parents and most face various gender-related trials, reflecting her early feminism as well as influences such as George Moore and Thomas Hardy (Pearce, 2004).Kaye-Smith also produced many short stories, and her journalism was published in national journals, magazines and newspapers. Joanna Godden (1921), arguably Kaye-Smith's most famous novel, was set in Romney Marsh. More than two decades later, a film adaptation was made, released in 1947 as The Loves of Joanna Godden. Starring Googie Withers, it had a score by noted composer Ralph Vaughan Williams. The screenplay by H. E. Bates includes however a very different conclusion to the story. Kaye-Smith's later books increasingly reflected her personal religious preoccupations, featuring characters tussling with spiritual crises and conversions within subtle discussions of the differences among Anglicanism, Anglo-Catholicism, and Catholicism. Her plots (e.g.in The Lardners and the Laurelwoods, A Valiant Woman, and Mrs Gailey) continued to reflect pre- and post-WW2 preoccupations of women's "middle-brow" fiction of the time. She explored national anxieties about social class, divorce, and women's "role", within a mainly rural but rapidly modernising milieu (Pearce, 2004, 2005). Her books share similarities with contemporary writers such as Barbara Pym, Marghanita Laski and H. E. Bates. Her descriptions of farming practices and economics, and village vernacular, are noted as particularly detailed and accurate for this genre (Cavalliero, 1977). Joanna Godden and Susan Spray were reissued in the 1980s by feminist publishing house Virago. Since then her books are out of print, but are readily available on the used


texts:
 book market. Literary society
The <mask>-Smith literary society is based in St Leonards-on-Sea, meets regularly, and has published a chronology of her life and works, as well producing an annual journal, The Gleam.There are extensive archives relating to <mask>-Smith in West Sussex County Library in Chichester. Works

References

Further reading
A Chronology of the Life and Works of <mask>-Smith Third edition (2005) Michael Bristow-Smith. (published by the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society)
 The Rural Tradition in the English Novel 1900–39 (1977) by Glen Cavaliero. (Macmillan)
A Gleam of Platnix – The Southern Novels of <mask>-Smith by Shaun Cooper. (Book & Magazine Collector, August 2007)
<mask>-Smith and the Loam and Lovechild School of Literature by Helen Pearce, in "The Gleam", Summer 2004. (published by the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society)
An American View of <mask>'s 'Earthiness''', by Helen Pearce, in "The Gleam", Summer 2005. (published by the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society)<mask>'s Response to 'Cold Comfort Farm by Helen Pearce, in "The Gleam", Summer 2008.(published by the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society)Sheila Kaye-Smith Letters, 1909–1937 by <mask> Kaye-Smith & Sewell Stokes.<mask>-Smith and the Weald Country (1925) by R. Thurston HopkinsWomen's Writing in English: Britain 1900–1945 (1980) by Anthea Trodd. (Longmans)<mask>-Smith'' (1980) by Dorothea Walker
"The Shining Cord of <mask>-Smith" (2017) by Shaun Cooper. (Country Books)

External links
 Sheila Kaye-Smith Society official website

1887 births
1956 deaths
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English poets
20th-century English women writers
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
English Catholic poets
English Roman Catholics
English women novelists
English women poets
People from Hastings
People from

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Sheila Kaye
Sheila Kaye
Sheila Kaye
Sheila Kaye
Sheila Kaye
Sheila
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<mask> (born 31 December 1961) is a New Zealand composer, choral conductor and teacher. He has had a number of works recorded and performed internationally. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Warkworth in 1961. In 1985 he graduated from Auckland University with a master's degree in Music. He graduated from Melbourne University with a Ph.D. degree in music composition in 2013. Collected works and positions held
In 1986 he was elected the New Zealand delegate at the International Association of the Arts Eleventh General Assembly in Baghdad, Iraq. The congress was entitled  'Artists For Peace'.His "Requiem For Peace" for mezzo-soprano, choir, woodwind, brass and percussion was premiered during International Youth Year, performed at St. Mary's Cathedral, Parnell, Auckland (1985) by mezzo Anthea Moller, the University Singers choir, and members of the Auckland Philharmonia conducted by Juan Matteucci. <mask> was appointed Composer in Residence of the Auckland Philharmonia in 1992. During his tenure, he produced Symphony Der Bote (performed by Carmel Carroll under the baton of William Boughton) and the song cycle Ways of Light and Life, among others. His sequence of cello orchestral movements entitled "The Flying Gardens" is frequently performed internationally by cellist Tom Pierard. One of the Flying Gardens, retitled Islamic Lament, played by Pierard, was recorded by Bach Musica New Zealand in 2010. <mask>'s "Fantasia For Eight Celli" was performed by the Ensemble Philharmonia of the Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra at Auckland's Aotea Centre on 20 and 21 October 1993. He worked as Director of Music at both the Senior College in Auckland (1995–2004), New Zealand, and at Baradene College in Remuera, Auckland (2004–2008).Baradene commissioned <mask> to

masks:
Andrew Perkins
Andrew Perkins
Perkins
Perkins
Andrew


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 compose a setting of the "Jubilate Deo" for SSATB choir, full symphony orchestra and pipe organ as part of the Baradene College Centennial Concert in 2009. For many years he was the musical director of the Auckland Catholic Schola, stationed at St John's Church in Parnell, Auckland. The Schola specialise in Medieval and Renaissance plainchant and liturgical music in the context of the Mass. During 2008–2016 <mask> lived in Melbourne, Australia working at the Conservatorium of Music, Melbourne University as tutor and lecturer, during which time he completed his PhD in Composition in 2013. His supervisors were renowned Australian composer Elliott Gyger and acclaimed musicologist Melanie Plesch. His doctoral studies involved investigating the impact of nodal points in musicological and compositional history on his own work as a practising composer. His "Tango-Romanza", scored for full concert band, was performed by Watsonia Military Band in 2010.Recent works
Waltz-Fantasia (2010), written as part of his PhD composition portfolio, was performed and recorded during 2012 by the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Kenneth Young. In July 2012 his major work "Christchurch Vespers" was performed by Pita Paczian and Bach Musica New Zealand at Holy Trinity Cathedral in Parnell, Auckland. Its musical language – a fusion of the ancient (Greek, Byzantine, Middle Eastern, Hebrew, Indian), the liturgical (<mask> sets seven texts from the Vespers for Pentecost liturgy) and the idiosyncratic (a duel between the harp and the vibraphone in The Announcement of the Eternal Gospel) is both academic and passionate. <mask>' setting of French-Canadian artist Louise Jalbert's The Radish and the Shoe for narrator and orchestra was recorded during 2014 by the New Zealand

masks: Perkins Perkins Perkins


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 Symphony Orchestra conducted by Hamish McKeich in English (narrated by <mask>) and in French (narrated by Luc Arnault). Concerto Grosso for Flute, Harpsichord and Strings was premiered and recorded by flautist Adrianna Lis, harpsichordist Rosemary Barnes, with the Auckland Chamber Orchestra conducted by Peter Scholes in 2016. Three Spanish Songs (2018) for mezzo and chamber orchestra was performed and recorded by mezzo-soprano Sally-Anne Russell with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra conducted by Marc Taddei. <mask> collaborated with librettist Rachel Le Rossignol, to produce a musical Singspiel entitled The Birds, based on Aristophanes' play.Different Styles:  Two Composers-in-Residence, Canzona, 33, Wellington. Apperley, Richard (Ed). 2011. International recital series. Volume 1 of Organ music by New Zealand composers. Organ music by New Zealand composers: Prelude and fugue in G minor. Fagus Music: Northwestern University. Apperley, Richard (Organist).2012. "Ave Maris Stella" for pipe organ by <mask>. CD recording ‘New Zealand Organ Music’. Organism. McAlpine, Fiona. 1993. <mask>: A Composer with a Message, Music in New Zealand, 20 (Autumn, 1993).Sounz New Zealand. 2012. "<mask>". External links
 Concerto Grosso performed by the Auckland Chamber Orchestra, 2016, on YouTube
Three Spanish Songs performed by the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra on YouTube

1961 births
Living people
New Zealand educators
Musicians from Melbourne
People from Warkworth, New Zealand
New Zealand classical composers
Male classical composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
New Zealand expatriates in Australia
20th-century Australian male musicians
20th-century Australian musicians
21st-century Australian male musicians
21st-century Australian

masks:
Andrew Perkins
Perkins
Andrew Perkins
Andrew Perkins
Andrew Perkins


texts: <mask> (c. 1601 – 1 November 1678) was an early magistrate of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and later of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. He served as the judge of Portsmouth and Newport, governor of Portsmouth and Newport, deputy governor of the four-town colony, and then governor of the entire colony. <mask> was born and raised in Lincolnshire, England. He accompanied the Winthrop Fleet on its voyage to New England in 1630, becoming an early leader in Boston. There he built the first brick house and became heavily involved in the local government as an assistant magistrate, treasurer, and deputy. <mask> was a member of the Boston church under the Reverend John Cotton, and was caught up in the events of the Antinomian Controversy from 1636 to 1638. The Reverend John Wheelwright and dissident minister Anne Hutchinson were banished from the Massachusetts colony, and many of their supporters were also compelled to leave.<mask> was not asked to depart, but he felt that the outcome of the controversy was unjust and decided to join many of his fellow parishioners in exile. He was the lead signer of a compact to form a Christian-based government away from Massachusetts. He was encouraged by <mask> to settle on the Narragansett Bay. He and other supporters of Hutchinson bought Aquidneck Island from the Narragansetts. They settled there, establishing the town of Pocasset which was later named Portsmouth. <mask> was named the first "judge" of the colony, a Biblical term for governor. A division in the leadership of the town occurred within a year, and he left with several others to establish the town of Newport at

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William Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Roger Williams
Coddington


texts: the south end of the island.In a short time, the towns of Portsmouth and Newport united, and <mask> was made the governor of the island towns from 1640 to 1647. During this period, <mask> had gone to England to obtain a patent to bring under one government the four Narragansett towns of Providence, Warwick, Portsmouth, and Newport. This was done without the consent of the island towns and these two towns resisted joining the mainland towns until 1647. <mask> was elected president of the united colony in 1648, but he would not accept the position, and complaints against him prompted the presidency to go to Jeremy Clarke. <mask> was very unhappy with <mask>' patent; he returned to England, where he was eventually able to obtain a commission separating the island from the mainland towns, and making him governor of the island for an indefinite period. He was initially welcomed as governor, but complaints from both the mainland towns and members of the island towns prompted <mask>, John Clarke, and <mask> to go to England to have Coddington's commission revoked. They were successful, and Dyer returned with the news in 1653.However, disagreements kept the four towns from re-uniting until the following year. With the revocation of his commission, Coddington withdrew from public life, focusing on his mercantile interests, and becoming a member of the Religious Society of Friends. After nearly two decades away from politics, he was elected deputy governor in 1673, then governor the following year, serving two one-year terms. The relative calm of this period was shattered during his second year as governor of the colony when the King

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Roger Williams
Coddington
Coddington
Williams
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William Dyer


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 Philip's War erupted in June 1675. It became the most catastrophic event in Rhode Island's colonial history. He was not re-elected in 1676, but he was elected to a final term as governor of the colony in 1678 following the death of Governor Benedict Arnold. He died a few months into this term, and was buried in the Coddington Cemetery on Farewell Street in Newport.England and Massachusetts

<mask> was born in Lincolnshire, England, most likely the son of Robert and <mask> of Marston. His presumed father was a prosperous yeoman; the younger <mask> possessed a seal with the initials "R.C." when he was in Rhode Island, which were likely the initials of his father. The source of his education is not known, but it is apparent that he was well educated because of his correspondence, and from his considerable command of English law. As a young man, he married by about 1626 and had two sons baptized at St. Botolph's Church in Boston, Lincolnshire. Both died in infancy and were buried at the same church. His first wife was Mary, and speculation exists that she was Mary Burt, because <mask> once mentioned his "cousin Burt" in a letter.King Charles circumvented Parliament in 1626 by raising funds through the Forced Loan, and <mask> was one of many Puritans who resisted this royal loan; his name was recorded on a list for doing so the following winter. <mask> was elected as a Massachusetts Bay assistant (magistrate) on 18 March 1629/30 while still in England, and he sailed to New England the following month with the Winthrop Fleet. His first wife died during their first winter in Massachusetts, and he returned to England aboard the

masks:
William Coddington
Margaret Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington
Coddington


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 Lion in 1631, remaining there for two years. During this visit to England, he married Mary Moseley in Terling, Essex, and she went to New England with him in 1633. She was admitted to the Boston church that summer. <mask> was a leading merchant in Boston, and he built the first brick house there. He was elected an assistant every year from his arrival in New England until 1637.He was the colony's treasurer from 1634 to 1636, and a deputy for Boston in 1637. He was also a Boston selectman in 1634, and was on several committees overseeing land transactions in 1636 and 1637. Antinomian Controversy

As a member of the Boston Church, Coddington was pleased when John Cotton arrived in the colony in 1633, as he was one of the most noted Puritan ministers of the time. The two men had been friends in England, and Cotton had arranged in a 1630 letter for a hogshead of meal to be sent to <mask>, who was at Naumkeg (Salem) at the time. Cotton became a minister of the Boston Church, joining minister John Wilson. In time, the Boston parishioners could sense a theological difference between Wilson and Cotton. Anne Hutchinson was a theologically astute midwife who had the ear of many of the colony's women, and she became outspoken in support of Cotton and condemned the theology of Wilson and most of the other ministers in the colony.Differing religious opinions within the colony eventually became public debates. The resulting religious tension erupted into what has traditionally been called the Antinomian Controversy, but has more recently been labelled the Free Grace Controversy. Many members of Boston's church disagreed with Wilson's

masks: Coddington Coddington


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 emphasis on morality and his doctrine of "evidencing justification by sanctification", meaning that one demonstrates salvation by living a more holy life. Some of Wilson's opponents labeled his views as a covenant of works, while Hutchinson told her followers that Wilson lacked "the seal of the Spirit". Wilson's theological views were in accord with those of the other ministers in the colony except for Cotton, who stressed "the inevitability of God's will" (which he termed a covenant of grace) as opposed to preparation (works). All but about five of the Boston parishioners supported Hutchinson's views, and they had become accustomed to Cotton's doctrines. Some of them began disrupting Wilson's sermons, even finding excuses to leave when he got up to preach or pray.In May 1636, the Bostonians received a new ally when the Reverend John Wheelwright arrived from England and immediately aligned himself with Cotton, Hutchinson, and other so-called free grace advocates. Yet another boost came for those advocating the free grace theology during the same month when young aristocrat Henry Vane was elected governor of the colony. Vane was a strong supporter of Hutchinson, but he also had his own ideas about theology that were considered not only unorthodox, but even radical. Fast Day Sermon
<mask> was a magistrate as the events of the controversy unfolded, elected by the freemen of the colony. Like many members of the Boston church, he sided squarely with the free grace advocates. By late 1636, the theological schism had become great enough that the General Court called for a day of fasting to help ease the colony's difficulties.


texts: During the appointed fast-day on Thursday, 19 January 1637, Wheelwright preached at the Boston church in the afternoon.To the Puritan clergy, his sermon was "censurable and incited mischief". The colony's ministers were offended by the sermon, while the free grace advocates were encouraged, and they became more vociferous in their opposition to the "legal" ministers. Governor Vane began challenging the doctrines of the colony's divines, and supporters of Hutchinson refused to serve during the Pequot War of 1637 because Wilson was the chaplain of the expedition. Ministers worried that the bold stand of Hutchinson and her supporters began to threaten the "Puritan's holy experiment". As early as March 1637, the political tide began to turn against the free grace advocates. Wheelwright was tried for contempt and sedition that month for his fast-day sermon, and he was convicted in a close vote but not yet sentenced. During the election of May 1637, Henry Vane was replaced as governor by John Winthrop.In addition, <mask> and all the other Boston magistrates who supported Hutchinson and Wheelwright were voted out of office by the colony's freemen, though <mask> was then immediately elected by the town of Boston as a deputy. By the summer of 1637, Vane sailed back to England, never to return. With his departure, the time was ripe for the orthodox party to deal with the remainder of their free grace rivals. The aggressive challenges of the free grace advocates left the colony in a state of dissension. Winthrop realized that "two so opposite parties could not contain in the same body, without apparent hazard of ruin to the whole"; he


texts:
 opted for a stern approach to the difficulties, supported by a majority of the colonists. The elections of October 1637 brought about even more change, with a large turnover of the Deputies to the General Court. In contrast to the remainder of the colony, Boston continued to be represented with strong free grace advocates, and <mask> continued as one of its three deputies.The trial
The autumn court in 1637 convened on 2 November, and Wheelwright was sentenced to banishment and ordered to leave the colony within fourteen days. Several of Hutchinson and Wheelwright's other supporters were tried and given varied sentences. Following these preliminaries, it was Anne Hutchinson's turn to be tried. She was brought to trial on 7 November 1637, presided over by Governor Winthrop, on the charge of "traducing [slandering] the ministers", among other charges. One of the Boston deputies had been dismissed, so the town was only represented at the trial by <mask> and one other deputy. The trial lasted for two days, and <mask> likely coached Hutchinson on legal matters at the end of the first day. The first day went well for her, but she made the work much easier for her accusers during the second day.She addressed the court with her own judgment, claiming divine revelations as her source of inspiration, and she threatened the court with a curse, as well. The stunned reaction of the court turned into an immediate call for Hutchinson's conviction. Cotton attempted to come to her defense but was hounded by the magistrates until Winthrop called off the questioning. A vote was taken on a sentence of banishment; only <mask> and the other

masks: Coddington Coddington Coddington Coddington


texts:
 remaining deputy from Boston dissented. Winthrop then read the order: "Mrs. Hutchinson, the sentence of the court you hear is that you are banished from out of our jurisdiction as being a woman not fit for our society, and are to be imprisoned till the court shall send you away". Aftermath
<mask> was very unhappy with the proceedings. He stood and asserted:
I do not see any clear witness against her, and you know it is a rule of the court that no man may be a judge and an accuser too.I would entreat you to consider whether those things which you have alleged against her deserve such censure as you are about to pass, be it to banishment or imprisonment. I beseech you: do not speak so as to force things along, for I do not, for my own part, see any equity in the court in all your proceedings. Here is no law of God that she hath broken nor any law of the country that she hath broke, and therefore deserve no censure. <mask>'s words were ignored, and the court wanted a sentence, but they could not proceed until some of the ministers spoke. Three of the ministers were sworn in, and each testified against Hutchinson. Winthrop moved to have her banished; in the ensuing tally, only <mask> and the other Boston deputy voted against conviction. Hutchinson challenged the sentence's legitimacy, saying, "I desire to know wherefore I am banished".Winthrop responded with finality: "The court knows wherefore and is satisfied". Within a week of Hutchinson's sentencing, additional supporters of hers were called into court and were disenfranchised. The constables were then sent from door to door throughout the colony's towns to disarm those who

masks: Coddington Coddington Coddington


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 signed a petition in support of Wheelwright. Within ten days, these individuals were ordered to deliver "all such guns, pistols, swords, powder, shot, & match as they shall be owners of, or have in their custody, upon paine of ten pound[s] for every default". A great number of those who signed the petition recanted under the pressure and "acknowledged their error" in signing the petition when faced with losing their protection and, in some cases, their livelihood. Those who refused to recant suffered hardships and, in many cases, decided to leave the colony. Rhode Island

Coddington was angry about the recent trials, considering them to be unjust, so he began making plans for his own future in consultation with others affected by the Court's decisions.He remained on good terms with Winthrop, and consulted with him about the possibility of leaving the Massachusetts colony in peace. Winthrop was encouraging and helped smooth the way with the other magistrates. The men were uncertain where to go, so they contacted <mask>; he suggested that they purchase land along the Narragansett Bay from the Narragansett Indians, near his settlement in Providence. On 7 March 1638, a group of men gathered at Coddington's home and drafted a compact. This group included several of the strongest supporters of Hutchinson and Wheelwright who had been disfranchised, disarmed, excommunicated, or banished, including John Coggeshall, <mask>, <mask>, John Porter, Philip Sherman, Henry Bull, and several members of the Hutchinson family. Some who were not directly involved in the events also asked to be included, such as Randall Holden and physician and

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 theologian John Clarke. Altogether, a group of 23 individuals signed the instrument, sometimes called the Portsmouth Compact, which was intended to form a "Bodie Politick" based on Christian principles.<mask>'s name appears first on the list of signers, and the signers elected him as their "Judge," using this Biblical name for their ruler or governor. Following through with <mask>'s proposed land purchase, these exiles established their colony on Aquidneck Island (which they called Rhode Island). They initially named the settlement Pocasset but soon renamed it Portsmouth. The split
Within a year of founding this settlement, there was dissension among the leaders. <mask>, three elders, and other inhabitants moved to the south end of the island and established the town of Newport. In 1640, the two towns of Portsmouth and Newport united, the name of the chief officer was changed to governor, and <mask> was elected to the position. The two island towns grew and prospered at a much greater rate than the mainland settlements of Providence Plantations and the newly established Shawomet (later Warwick).<mask> envisioned a union of all four settlements on the Narragansett Bay, so he went to England to obtain a patent bringing all four under one government, and he was successful in obtaining it on 14 March 1644. The corporate charter obtained by the Williams group was brought from England and read to representatives of the four towns later in 1644. <mask> was opposed to the Williams patent. As the chief magistrate of the island, he had a well-organized and thoroughly equipped government which had little in common, in his opinion,

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Roger William
Coddington
Coddington
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texts: with the unorganized, discordant elements of Providence. Because of this, the island towns ignored the 1643/44 patent, and the General Assembly of the two towns officially named the island on 13 April 1644 Rhode Island. <mask> was so unhappy over uniting with the mainland towns that he wrote a letter to Governor John Winthrop in Massachusetts in August 1644, letting it be known that he would rather have an alliance with Massachusetts or Plymouth than with Providence. This did not happen, but Coddington did manage to resist union with Providence until 1647, when representatives of the four towns finally met and adopted the Williams Patent of 1643.This is also the year that <mask>'s second wife Mary died in Newport. The General Court (later the General Assembly) met in Providence in May 1648, and <mask> was elected president of the entire colony. He did not attend the meeting, however, probably because he did not support the patent. Charges were subsequently brought against him, though the nature of them was not recorded, and he was replaced as governor by Jeremy Clarke. The 1643 patent created little more than a confederation of independent governments. In September 1648, <mask> made application for admission of the two island towns into the New England Confederation. The ensuing reply let him know that the island would have to submit to the Plymouth government to be considered.This was unacceptable to <mask> who wanted colonial independence for the two island towns. They had a well-organized government in which civil and religious liberty had been clearly defined and fully recognized, as did Providence, and these liberties

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 would be lost in a government under Plymouth. <mask> commission

Exasperated by the situation, <mask> decided to go to England and present his case to the Colonial Commissioners in London, leaving his farm and business interests in the hands of an agent. He arrived in England to find the country in the midst of a civil war, and he was delayed in getting the attention of the proper authorities. He eventually met with his old friend and associate from Boston Sir Harry Vane. Vane had helped <mask> obtain his patent, and he was now called upon to advise <mask> as to a course of action. Governor Josiah Winslow of the Plymouth Colony was also in London at the same time, urging Plymouth's claims to the two island towns.On 6 March 1650, <mask> presented his petition for an independent colonial government on Rhode Island, free from the claims of Plymouth and free from union with Providence. In April 1651, the Council of State of England gave <mask> the commission of a separate government for Rhode Island (i.e., Portsmouth and Newport) and for the smaller neighboring island of Conanicut (later Jamestown), with him as governor. Vane gave his consent to this, thus annulling the patent given to <mask> several years earlier. He thought that <mask> would be a wise and effective chief magistrate and permitted him to serve as governor for an indefinite period, subject to the will of Parliament. To complete the government, <mask> was to have a council of six men, elected by popular vote of the freemen. <mask> spent nearly three years in England, and he met and married Anne Brinley while there. She was the daughter of Thomas Brinley and

masks:
Coddington
Coddington
Roger Williams
Coddington
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Coddington
Roger Williams
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Coddington