texts:
 liberation from Nazi occupation.After the end of the war, he remained in Berlin to work as an editor for the Overseas News Agency, based in New York. Academic career

<mask> was an instructor of political science at Brown University from 1938 to 1940. He then became an associate professor at Beloit College, and in 1948 he became a professor of political science at Earlham College. He was promoted to the position of General Secretary of Earlham in 1955, and in 1958 he became president of the college, a position he held for fifteen years. After his term ended in 1973, <mask> became the president of the Lilly Endowment, a large grant making foundation; he stayed in this position until 1978, when he became chief executive officer of the Council on Foundations. In these positions <mask> helped to fund research at colleges and universities across the country. In 1982 he served as research professor of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service for one year.He was also chairman or board member of the Associated Colleges of Indiana, the Indiana Conference on Higher Education, the National Association of Protestant Colleges and Universities, and the Association of American Colleges. Earlham College presidency

<mask> was president of Earlham College from 1958 to 1973, during which time the college began to become nationally known. Under his leadership, the college gained a Phi Beta Kappa chapter and hired its first African American faculty member, William Cousins. <mask> greatly expanded off-campus and international programs and supported building initiatives, adding the Lilly Library, Hoerner Residence Hall, the Runyan Center, and Noyes and Stanley Halls to the facilities the school offered. After his resignation, <mask> was named an honorary trustee of Earlham College. In 2002, the college named its new social sciences building, the Landrum Bolling Center

masks: Bolling Bolling Bolling Bolling Bolling Bolling


type: original

texts:
 for Interdisciplinary Studies and Social Sciences, after him, as a tribute to his work to promote peaceful, socially just cooperation between different groups of people. Governmental work and activism

<mask> was an activist for peace and social justice throughout his life, both in the United States and abroad.After working as a journalist, he worked in the government to help improve communications between the U.S. and Palestine for many years, under several presidents. Most notably, during Jimmy Carter's administration, he was a highly trusted unofficial backchannel from the White House to the Palestine Liberation Organization and its leader, Yaser Arafat. He maintained his connections to leaders on all sides of the conflicts in the Middle East throughout his career. Later, he worked with non-governmental organizations, government officials, and religious leaders in Bosnia to promote cooperation between ethnic and religious groups. He also worked extensively with Mercy Corps, an international humanitarian agency, serving first as Director-at-Large and subsequently as a senior advisor, and was president of Pax World Service, a non-profit group affiliated with Mercy Corps. From 1983 to 1988, he was president and rector at the Tantur Ecumenical Institute in Jerusalem. He was also a senior advisor and board member of the Conflict Management Group in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a senior fellow at the Center for International Policy in Washington, D.C.

On the eve of Bolling's centennial birthday, former president Jimmy Carter emailed a tribute to the daily newspaper in the city where Earlham College is located:

A longtime friend and colleague, <mask> <mask> is renowned for his many achievements as an educator and journalist, leader in philanthropic, humanitarian, and interfaith efforts, and as a citizen peacemaker.Knowing of his personal acquaintance with Israeli and Arab leaders and his experience in

masks: Bolling Landrum Bolling


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 the region, I turned to him for advice and assistance while negotiating the Camp David Accords while I was president. Throughout the years, he has remained a trusted and valued adviser in our work at The Carter Center. Publications

<mask> wrote or co-wrote several books. His first book, Search for Peace in the Middle East (American Friends Service Committee 1970), is an analysis of the conflict in the Middle East that helped to inspire today's two-state solution. His other books include This is Germany, Private Foreign Aid: U.S. philanthropy for relief and development (Westview Press 1982), Reporters Under Fire: U.S. Media Coverage of Conflicts in Lebanon and Central America (Westview Press 1984), and Conflict Resolution: Track Two Diplomacy. <mask> also wrote the documentary Searching for Peace in the Middle East. Honors and awards

<mask> received honorary doctorates from over thirty foreign and American colleges and universities, including the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, the University of Notre Dame, Oberlin College, Haverford College, Indiana University, and Waseda University.In 1998, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville awarded him its prestigious Founders Medal. In 2000, the National Peace Foundation honored him with the Peacemaker/Peacebuilder award. In 2005, he received the James L. Fisher Award for Distinguished Service to Education by the Council for Advancement and Support of Education, and in 2010 he received the lifetime achievement award from the National Council on U.S.-Arab Relations. References

1913 births
2018 deaths
People from Polk County, Tennessee
University of Tennessee alumni
Beloit College faculty
Brown University faculty
Earlham College faculty
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Educators from Tennessee
Journalists from Tennessee
20th-century Quakers
21st-century Quakers
American pacifists
American centenarians
American diplomats
Men

masks: Bolling Bolling Bolling


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<mask> (9 February 1880 – 9 September 1916) was an Irish economist, journalist, barrister, writer, war poet, soldier and Home Rule politician. As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for East Tyrone from 1906 to 1910 at Westminster. He joined the Irish Volunteers in 1913, then on the outbreak of World War I in 1914 enlisted for service in the British Army, with which he was killed in action on the Western Front in the Autumn of 1916. He was a much admired old comrade of James Joyce, who considered him to be his best friend in Ireland, as well as the likes of Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Oliver St. John Gogarty and Robert Wilson Lynd. He was one of the leading figures of the generation who at the turn of the twentieth century gave new intellectual life to Irish party politics, and to the constitutional movement towards All-Ireland Home Rule. A gifted speaker with an incisive mind and devastating wit, his death was regarded as a great loss to Ireland's political and intellectual life. As G. K. Chesterton surmised, "<mask> was perhaps the greatest example of that greatness of spirit which was so ill rewarded on both sides of the channel [...] He was a wit, a scholar, an orator, a man ambitious in all the arts of peace; and he fell fighting the barbarians because he was too good a European to use the barbarians against England, as England a hundred years before has used the barbarians against Ireland".Family background
<mask> was born in Malahide or Artane, Dublin, the seventh of twelve children of Andrew J<mask> (1833–1916), a leading Irish nationalist politician, progressive farmer, agrarian agitator and founding member of the Irish Land League, and his wife, Margaret (née McCourt). One of his brothers was the industrial pioneer, <mask>. <mask> influenced his son considerably through his political activities, having been involved from an early age in the constitutional movement to achieve Home Rule. Andrew joined Michael Davitt in the foundation of the Irish Land League and was

masks:
Thomas Michael Kettle
Thomas Michael Kettle
Thomas Kettle
. Kettle
Laurence Kettle
Andrew Kettle


texts:
 one of the signatories of the "No Rent Manifesto". He had adhered to Charles Stewart Parnell in the 1890 crisis, and stood for election as a nationalist candidate on several occasions. Early life
Thomas was raised in comfortable rural surroundings. Like his brothers he was educated at the Christian Brothers' O'Connell School at Richmond Street, Dublin, where he excelled.In 1894 he went to study with the Jesuits at Clongowes Wood College in County Kildare, known as a wit and a good debater. He enjoyed athletics, cricket and cycling and attained honours in English and French when leaving. Entering University College Dublin in 1897, he was regarded as a charismatic student. Surrounded by ambitious and politically minded young men he quickly established himself as a leading student politician and a brilliant scholar. He was elected to the prestigious position of auditor of the Literary and Historical Society, 1898–1899. His friends and contemporaries at UCD included Hugh Kennedy, Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Oliver St. John Gogarty and James Joyce. <mask> distributed pro-Boer leaflets during the early months of the South African Second Boer War, and protested against the Irish Literary Theatre production of Yeats' The Countess Cathleen in 1899 over its irreligious story of an unlikely kind-hearted aristocrat who sells her soul to save her tenants.Due to illness he interrupted his studies in 1900, his health always being fragile. He went abroad to renew his spirits by travelling on the continent, improving his German and French. Returning to Dublin he renewed his studies, and in 1902 took a BA in mental and moral science. Journalism
He then read law after admission to the Irish Law bar in 1903, qualifying as a barrister in 1905. He practiced sporadically, devoting most of his time to political journalism. He maintained his contacts to University College and his fellow students, participating in debates, contributing to and becoming editor of the college newspaper. He helped to found the Cui Bono Club, a discussion group


texts:
 for recent graduates.A vocal supporter of the Home Rule-seeking Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), <mask> strengthened his links with the constitutional movement by co-founding and becoming president of the Young Ireland Branch of the United Irish League in 1904. He attracted the attention of the Irish Party leader John Redmond. <mask> declined the offer to stand for a parliamentary seat, instead edited a newspaper, The Nationist, an unconventional weekly journal. The paper pursued an extreme pro-Irish Party line, at the same time reflecting <mask>'s liberal and often controversial views on a wide range of topics, education, women's rights, the Irish Literary Revival. He resigned his editorship in 1905 on the grounds of a controversy about an allegedly anti-clerical article. Parliamentarian
After the death in 1906 of Patrick Doogan, the MP for East Tyrone, <mask> accepted the candidature for the vacant parliamentary seat at the resulting by-election. He won the seat by a narrow majority of 18 votes, becoming one of the few young men to gain admission to the aging Irish Party in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, during the first two decades of the twentieth century.Lauded as a future party leader, in late 1906 he went to America, participating in a number of propaganda and fund-raising meetings. In the House of Commons at Westminster he was renowned as an amusing and often caustic speaker, as a staunch supporter of the Irish Party and its constitutional path to Home Rule, also engaging in debates for the provision of higher education for Irish Catholics and on Ireland's economic condition. He was deeply steeped in European culture. <mask>'s ideal was an Ireland identified with the life of Europe. In "Ireland" he wrote,"My only programme for Ireland consists in equal parts of Home Rule and the Ten Commandments. My only counsel to Ireland is, that to become deeply Irish, she must become European." Academic career
In 1908 he was the first Professor of National Economics at

masks: Kettle Kettle Kettle Kettle Kettle


texts:
 University College Dublin, a constituent college of the new National University of Ireland.One of its liveliest spirits and increasingly busy and in demand as a speaker, he had difficulty combining academic work with his work as an MP. He was a popular professor and his genuine interest in economics reflected in a number of publications concerning financial issues. He was friends with Thomas MacDonagh, and wrote for his magazine The Irish Review. In 1911, he helped to establish the Legal & Economic Society of the university along with his fellow professor J.G. Swift MacNeill. In September 1909 he married Mary Sheehy, a fellow graduate who had been the muse of the adolescent James Joyce and is the model for the lead female character in Joyce's story Araby from his collection Dubliners, as well as Miss Ivors in his story The Dead from the same collection. He retained his East Tyrone seat in the January 1910 general election but did not contest the second election in December.Even though out of parliament he remained an active IPP member publishing a number of essays reiterating his support for attaining Home Rule by constitutional means. He enthusiastically greeted the 1912 Home Rule Bill, likewise the removal of the veto power of the Lords, this veto being the last obstacle to Home Rule. On the other hand, he brusquely dismissed Unionist fears of the bill's possible effects, giving the cause of Home Rule prevalence before all other considerations. On 12 January 1912, he gave a talk to the National Liberal Club's Political and Economic Circle. 1913–1914
During the 1913 Dublin strike and lockout, unlike other contemporary upper-class commentators, Kettle supported the locked out workers and published a series of articles which revealed the terrible living and working conditions of Dublin's poor, and was involved in the formation of a peace committee which endeavoured to negotiate a settlement between workers and employers. In 1913 <mask> also became involved with the paramilitary Irish Volunteers, a new Irish


texts:
 Nationalist militia that formed in response to the creation in the north of the Ulster Volunteers by Edward Carson to oppose the creation of an all-Ireland government based in Dublin via the passage in the British Parliament in London of the Government of Ireland Act 1914. In July 1914 he left Dublin and travelled to Belgium on behalf of the Irish Volunteers seeking to purchase rifles and ammunition for the organization's armoury.Whilst he was in Belgium World War I broke out, and, finding this more interesting than militia arms procurement, he became an on the scene war correspondent for the Daily News, reporting on the opening moves of the armies of the II Reich as they marched Westwards. Travelling throughout Flanders in August and September 1914, he became increasingly alarmed by the punitive measures that he witnessed being implemented against the Belgian civilian population by the Imperial German Army against even the lightest civil resistance to the passage of its troop columns moving through that country heading into France. Kettle perceived at this moment a threat to Europe's liberty from the nature of the II Reich, and began dispatching war reports from the Brussels warning against the dire threat to Europe from Prussian militarism, depicting the conflict as "A war of Civilization vs Barbarianism". World War I
With Ireland having become embroiled in the Great War Kettle returned to Dublin. On arrival back home he sided with the National Volunteers in a split within the Irish Volunteers nationalist militia's ranks between those for whom Irish independence was all, and were increasingly eying the possibility an armed confrontation with the British Government (with the threat of an armed insurrection against Irish Nationalism from Ulster having abated with the Ulster Volunteers having enlisted en masse into the British Army to fight in World War I), and those who followed John Redmond's constitutional lead in accepting the Government of the United Kingdom's public undertaking of a restoration of


texts: self-government to Ireland in its domestic affairs, temporarily deferred until the war's end, and who were also concerned about matters beyond Ireland's shores with Europe's future in the 20th Century now being decided. In consequence Kettle volunteered for active service with the 7th Battalion of the Leinster Regiment, but was refused on the grounds of fragile health. He subsequently received a commission into the British Army with the rank of Lieutenant, restricted to garrison service at home.He applied to be an Irish Parliamentary Party candidate for a by-election in East Galway, and though not selected his support for the party did not abate, continuing to advocate both home rule and voluntary enlistment with the British Arms, maintaining that Irishmen had a moral duty to join the allied stand against the displayed tyranny on the European continent of the II Reich. He asserted that "Having broken like an armed burglar into Belgium, Germany was thereby guilty of a systematic campaign of murder, pillage, outrage, and destruction, planned and ordered by her military and intellectual leaders." By 1916 <mask> had published more than ten books and pamphlets, contributed numerous articles to journals and newspapers on Irish politics, literary reviews, poetry and essays, philosophical treatises and translations from German and French. Although at times melancholy at the war's immense escalating intensity across Europe, consuming ever more men and causing destruction to its nations, he continued to apply to be sent to the Western Front on active service, until, with his health somewhat improved, he received a commission into the 9th Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, amidst the 16th (Irish) Division, which in early 1916 he went to France with, serving alongside Emmet Dalton, a 19-year-old subaltern, whose family Kettle had known and frequented the Dublin home of pre-war. The conditions in the trenches of the Western Front broke his health again, and he returned to Dublin shortly after the failure of the abortive


texts: Easter Revolution on sick leave, seeing the wreckage of the city's centre caused by the fighting that had occurred there. He was also beginning to rely too heavily on alcohol in this period as a psychological palliative to the stress of military active service. Whilst in Dublin he rejected offers of a permanent staff position, and returned to rejoin the Battalion in the line.On leaving Ireland on 14 July 1916 he predicted that the Easter Revolutionaries of 1916 would be lionized as patriots in the near future of Ireland's history, whilst those who had fought with the British Arms in World War I would be condemned. <mask> was angered by actions of the Revolutionary faction that had staged the failed revolt, feeling that they were marring Constitutional Nationalism's long worked for strategy of the rebirth of a sovereign Irish state finding its place amidst the nations in a civilized fashion, with good spirit amidst its neighbours of the British Isles. It was as an Irish soldier in a war in the defence of European civilisation that he entered the war. He was deeply steeped in Europe's cultures. <mask>'s ambition for Ireland in the 20th century was a land and culture with the European continent as its polestar. He wrote: "My only programme for Ireland consists in equal parts of Home Rule and the Ten Commandments. My only counsel to Ireland is, that to become deeply Irish, she must become European"; and later, "Used with the wisdom that is sown in tears and blood, this tragedy of Europe may be and must be the prologue to the two reconciliations of which all statesmen have dreamed, the reconciliation of Protestant Ulster with Ireland, and the reconciliation of Ireland with Great Britain."In a letter, sent to his friend Joseph Devlin from France shortly before his death, <mask> wrote: "I hope to come back. If not, I believe that to sleep here in the France that I have loved is no harsh fate, and that so passing out into silence, I shall help towards the Irish settlement. Give my love to my colleagues – the Irish people

masks: Kettle Kettle Kettle


texts:
 have no need of it." Death
<mask> was killed in action with 'B' Company of the 9th Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in an attack on German lines on 9 September 1916, near the village of Ginchy during the Somme Offensive in France. During the advance <mask> was felled when the Dublin Fusiliers were 'struck with a tempest of fire', and having risen from the initial blow, he was struck again and killed outright. His body was buried in a battlefield grave by the Welsh Guards, but the grave was subsequently lost trace of. His name is etched on the monumental arched gateway for the missing of the Somme at Thiepval.He was 36-years old. The poet George William Russell wrote about <mask>, comparing his sacrifice with those who led the 1916 Rising:

You proved by death as true as they,In mightier conflicts played your part,Equal your sacrifice may weigh
Dear Kettle of the generous heart. Legacy
The erection by of a commemorative bronze bust of <mask> in Dublin, commissioned from the sculptor Albert Power and finished in 1921, was beset for almost twenty years by controversy and bureaucratic obstruction due to the antipathy of the State authorities post-Independence towards Irishmen who had fought in World War I. It was finally raised in 1937, without an unveiling ceremony, in St. Stephen's Green. A stone tablet commemorates him in the Island of Ireland Peace Park, at Messines, Belgium and he is listed on the bronze plaque in the Four Courts Dublin which commemorates the 26 Irish barristers killed in the Great War. Kettle is commemorated on Panel 1 of the Parliamentary War Memorial in Westminster Hall in London, one of 22 present and former Members of Parliament that lost their lives during World War I to be named on that memorial. A further act of commemoration came with the unveiling in 1932 of a manuscript-style illuminated book of remembrance for the House of Commons, which includes a short biographical account of the life and death of <mask>.The Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin) has


texts:
 historically held an annual wreath-laying ceremony at the bust in St. Stephen's Green. The UCD Economics Society has also named their life membership award in memory of <mask>. Notable recipients include Professor Joseph Stiglitz, Irish Central Bank Governor Patrick Honohan, and Peter Sutherland, former Director-General of The World Trade Organization. At the time of his death a tribute to him appeared in the French journal L'Opinion:

Family
On 8 September 1909, Kettle married Mary Sheehy (born 1884), a fellow graduate of the Royal University, a suffragist, and like Kettle a member of a well-known nationalist family. Her father, David Sheehy, was a nationalist MP. <mask> and <mask> had one child, a daughter, Elisabeth ("Betty"), who was born in 1913. <mask> was also the brother-in-law (by his wife, the former Mary Sheehy) of both Francis Skeffington and the journalist Frank Cruise O'Brien, father of the Labour TD and Irish government minister, later UK Unionist Party politician, Conor Cruise O'Brien.Father Eugene Sheehy, a brother of David Sheehy, was a priest, president of the local branch of the Irish National Land League at Kilmallock and founder member of the Gaelic Athletic Association. Poetry
<mask>'s best known poem is a sonnet, "To My Daughter Betty, the Gift of God", written just days before his death. The last lines are an answer to those who criticised Irishmen for fighting in the British Armed Forces saying that they "Died not for flag, nor King, nor Emperor/But for a dream, born in a herdsman's shed/and for the secret Scripture of the poor." A less well-known poem, "Reason in Rhyme", was said by <mask>'s friend Robert Lynd to represent "his testament to England as his call to Europeanism is his testament to Ireland." Notes

Works
 The Day's Burden, Studies, Literary and Political (1910)
 Home Rule Finance. An Experiment in Justice (1911)
 Christianity and the Leaders of Modern Science (1911
 The Open Secret of Ireland (1912)
 Poems and Parodies (1912)
 Irish Orators and Oratory (1915) editor
 Battle

masks:
Thomas Kettle
Tom
Mary Kettle
Tom Kettle
Kettle
Kettle


texts:
 Songs of the Irish Brigades (1915)
 To My Daughter Betty, The Gift of God (1916)
 The Ways of War (1917), reasons for serving in World War I (posthumous publication))
 An Irishman's Calendar, edited by <mask>

References

 A Dictionary of Irish History since 1800, D. J. Hickey & J. E. Doherty, p. 279, Gill & MacMillan (1980)
 The Enigma of <mask>: Irish patriot, essayist, poet, British soldier J. B. Lyons (1983)
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography p. 459, Oxford University Press (2004)
 Wigs and Guns, Irish Barristers and the Great War, Anthony B. Quinn, Four Courts Press (2005);
 The Glorious Madness, Tales of The Irish and The Great War, Bunbury, Turtle,  <mask> Kettle and Emmet Dalton; Mad Guns and Invisible Wands pp.99–115, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin 12 (2014)
 " The Somme: The Darkest Hour on the Western Front",Peter Hart, Pegasus Books (2008); , p. 340–342

Great War memorials
 Irish National War Memorial Gardens, Dublin. Island of Ireland Peace Park Messines, Belgium. Thiepval Memorial, Thiepval, France
 Menin Gate Memorial Ypres, Belgium. External links

Department of the Taoiseach: Irish Soldiers in the First World War

1880 births
1916 deaths
Irish economists
Irish barristers
Irish journalists
Irish Catholic poets
Irish poets
Irish non-fiction writers
Irish male non-fiction writers
Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Tyrone constituencies (1801–1922)
Auditors of the Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)
Academics of University College Dublin
Alumni of University College Dublin
People educated at O'Connell School
Royal Dublin Fusiliers officers
Irish people of World War I
Irish World War I poets
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in the Battle of the Somme
People educated at Clongowes Wood College
Politicians from County Dublin
20th-century Irish writers
Military personnel from Dublin (city)
20th-century male writers
Alumni of King's Inns
People from

masks:
Mary Kettle
Tom Kettle
Tom


texts:
<mask> (born 18 July 1981 in Brisbane, Queensland) is a professional Australian indigenous boxer in the middleweight division. He represented his nation Australia at the 2004 Summer Olympics finishing his amateur career with an incredible record of 187 fights 150 wins 37 losses, before turning himself into pro by the following year. From then on, Pittman held a record of twenty-five bouts throughout his professional career (twenty-two victories, eleven knockouts, and three losses). Amateur career
Pittman started boxing as a form of rehabilitation at the age of ten, when he fell through the window that left him with 72 stitches in his arm. Since then, he trained most his sporting career for the Newcastle PCYC in Newcastle upon Tyne, New South Wales, and later selected to be the member of the boxing team under the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra. Pittman sought his official bid to compete for the host nation at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, but the match was called off during the AIBA Oceania Qualification Tournament, because of a controversial decision. According to him, he got a cut under his eye, in which doctors presumed that it was counted as a punch from the opponent.<mask> represented Australia at the 2002 Commonwealth Games. In his first bout, he defeated Hassan Mraba Mzonge of Tanzania, but lost his quarterfinal contest to Jean Pascal of Canada. Pittman won 3 fights in 3 days to Win the Gold medal at the 2003 Commonwealth Championships, beating Eamonn_OKane from Northern Ireland in the final. <mask> then qualified for the men's middleweight division (75 kg) at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Having trained eight years for his Olympic debut in Sydney and missed out, he bounced back to guarantee a spot on the Australian boxing team after finishing first from the AIBA Oceania

masks:
Jamie Michael Pittman
Pittman
Pittman


texts:
 Qualification Tournament in Tonga. <mask> suffered a contentious one-point defeat to Germany's Lukas Wilaschek with a tough 24–23 decision in his opening match. Professional career
Shortly after the Games, <mask> turned himself into pro in 2005.Because of his unorthodox athleticism, tremendous amateur tactics, and daunting fists to punish his opponents, he was considered one of the young prospects in boxing. As of August 2014, <mask> obtains a combined record of twenty-two victories (8 KO) in twenty-five professional bouts with three defeats. At the peak of his pro career, <mask> campaigned his defence with PABA and WBA Asia Pacific middleweight titles to establish an impressive 15–0 boxing record, until he swiftly moved into the super middleweight division three years after his pro debut. On 5 April 2008, <mask> faced three-time defending WBA super middleweight champion Felix Sturm in Düsseldorf, Germany. He enjoyed his early success at the start of the match with two straight victories over Sturm upon the decision of the judges. After two rounds, Pittman continued to box Sturm with another quick punch, but his opponent rocked him at the very end with his right eye being severely cut. As the fight sustained in the fifth round, Sturm took control the ring, and knocked Pittman down with a body shot.With only 36 seconds left into the seventh round, he was floored and battered again by Sturm with a flurry of punches until referee Russell Mora stepped in to halt the fight, declaring Sturm a champion in a one-sided defence of his WBA middleweight title. Nevertheless, Pittman claimed a professional defeat in his sporting career for the first time, since he captained the Australian team at the Olympics. Following his first ever defeat in pro career, Pittman bounced back to earn three boxing bouts and

masks: Pittman Pittman Pittman Pittman Pittman


texts:
 generated a boxing record of 18–1. In early 2010, <mask>'s game plan had been overwhelmed with another debacle, after being knocked out by Ghana's Joseph Kwadjo for the IBF Australasian super middleweight title during the seventh round of their match at Le Montage Reception Centre in Sydney. In 2011, <mask> lost the PABA super middleweight title to fellow Australian boxer Serge Yannick in an unprecedented second round of their match in Hobart, Tasmania. Two years later, <mask> restored his form in the boxing scene with a clinical shutout over Zac Awad in the eighth round of their match, and ultimately clinched the PABA super middleweight title at the Sydney Entertainment Centre, hastening his pro record to 22–3 (8 KO). Professional boxing record

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|22 Wins (8 knockouts, 14 decisions),  3 Losses, 0 Draws
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.He is currently the National Regional Development Coach and the head of talent identification and development for Boxing Australia. <mask>'s coaching experience includes being the Australian Assistant Coach at the AIBA World Junior Championships in Russia 2015 and Australian Assistant Coach at the AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships where Australia won a gold and a bronze medal. Pittman has Coached at 2 @ufc tournaments and in 2019 was named the National Futures Coach for Boxing Australia. References

External links

Australian Olympic Team Bio

1981 births
Living people
Boxers from Brisbane
Middleweight boxers
Commonwealth Games competitors for Australia
Boxers at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Olympic boxers of Australia
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Australian Institute of Sport boxers
Indigenous Australian Olympians
Indigenous Australian boxers
Australian

masks: Pittman Pittman Pittman Pittman


texts:
<mask> (born 27 February 1984) is a Swedish former professional footballer who most recently played as a striker for FC Rosengård of the Damallsvenskan. She made her debut for the Sweden national team in March 2004 and was appointed joint captain alongside Caroline Seger in October 2012. <mask> has represented her country in the 2005, 2009, 2013 and 2017 editions of the UEFA Women's Championship, as well as the 2007, 2011 and 2015 FIFA Women's World Cups. She also played at the Olympic football tournaments in 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016. In October 2014 <mask> became Sweden's all-time record goalscorer by scoring her 73rd international goal in a friendly defeat by Germany. <mask> began her senior club career with Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC (then known as Landvetter FC) in 2001. She developed into a prolific goalscorer in the Damallsvenskan then made a lucrative transfer to Olympique Lyon in 2008, rejecting a competing offer from the American Women's Professional Soccer league.During her eight-season stay at Lyon she won eight consecutive Division 1 Féminine titles, five Coupes de France Féminine, three UEFA Women's Champions Leagues and was the top goalscorer in the 2012–13 and 2014–15 Division 1 Féminine seasons. In 2013, she became the first foreign UNFP Player of the Year. In 2016, she returned to Swedish football with FC Rosengård, departing Lyon as the French club's all-time record goalscorer with 225 goals in 225 appearances. She has been awarded Diamantbollen (the Diamond Ball), given to the Swedish player of the year, a record five times, including four consecutive times from 2011 to 2014. On 30 August 2018, she announced her retirement due to chronic head and neck pain resulting from an injury suffered while playing for FC Rosengård in 2017. Early life
Although <mask> was born in Stockholm, her family moved away from the capital when she was two years old. With father Kjell and mother Nina, she grew up in Kållered outside Gothenburg and began to play football for Kållereds SK along with her older sister, Camilla.She has also played for Hällesåkers IF and Mölnlycke IF. Schelin

masks:
Charlotta Eva Schelin
Schelin
Schelin
Schelin
Schelin


texts:
 was also adept at sports including table-tennis, track and field, and snowboarding before opting to focus on football full-time. As a teenager, she developed problems with her spine and was advised to stop playing the sport. Schelin went through intensive strength training and recovered by the time she turned 17. She credited her sister and former teammate Camilla and Tina Nordlund as important role models for her. Club career

Göteborg FC
In 2001, when she was 17 years old, Schelin made her debut in the Damallsvenskan for Landvetter FC, now known as Göteborg FC. Her debut season yielded eight goals in 19 appearances.After an injury in August 2002, she was out of the league for almost a year and a half, returning in June 2003. In 2004 <mask> was named Breakthrough Player of the Year after netting 14 goals in 15 games for Göteborg. In 2006, Schelin scored 21 goals in 21 league games. At the end of season Fotbollsgalan, she was named Forward of the Year, Player of the Year and Top Goalscorer. She was also shortlisted for the 2006 FIFA World Player of the Year and was recognised by Swedish referees with a special award for her sporting treatment of opponents and officials. In 2007, she retained her top scorer title by scoring 26 league goals. Despite persistent interest from leading Damallsvenskan clubs including Umeå IK and Linköpings FC, Schelin opted to stay at her hometown team.She ultimately played in over 120 league matches with Göteborg, establishing herself as one of the club's most prominent players. Lyon

After the re-branding and re-launch of the new United States-based league, Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), <mask> declared that she would be interested in playing in the league. However, after the 2008 Summer Olympics, <mask> announced that she would instead be joining Division 1 Féminine club Olympique Lyonnais in France. Upon signing her contract, it was reported by Göteborgs-Posten that Schelin would be earning over 1 million kr (US$160,000) per year. The move to France was criticised in Sweden, as, although Lyon were a well-resourced club, the overall standard of

masks: Schelin Schelin Schelin


texts: the Division 1 Féminine was considered much weaker than the Damallsvenskan. On 24 September 2008, <mask>'s American transfer rights were drafted by the Saint Louis Athletica in the 2008 WPS International Draft. She declined the chance to join WPS, citing her contract with Lyon as the primary reason.Saint Louis signed Schelin's compatriot Sara Larsson instead. Schelin arrived in Lyon in poor condition, after a thigh injury disrupted her 2008 spring season with Göteborg and migraines and stomach aches afflicted her at the 2008 Olympic Games. When she told Lyon's coach Farid Benstiti that she could also play on the wing, he shook his head and replied that he had signed her to score goals. Alongside Brazil's Kátia Cilene Teixeira, Schelin formed a productive attack for Lyon as the club defended its French title and reached the 2008–09 UEFA Women's Cup semi-final, where they lost to FCR 2001 Duisburg. The following season, Schelin was afflicted by injuries and was ruled out of Lyon's 2010 UEFA Women's Champions League Final defeat by Turbine Potsdam with ligament damage. Schelin did play in the 2011 final, as Lyon avenged the previous year's defeat to beat Turbine Potsdam 2–0 at Craven Cottage and secure their first continental title. She had scored nine times on Lyon's route to the final, including twice in the semi-final, to bring about what she termed "the proudest moment" of her career.Lyon won a domestic double in 2011–12 and retained their European title by beating Frankfurt 2–0 in the 2012 final at the Olympic Stadium in Munich. In 2012–13 <mask> was in the best form of her career and finished as Division 1 Féminine top scorer with 24 goals in 16 appearances. She was also named French Player of the Year for the first time, but missed out on a third successive Champions League winner's medal when Lyon lost the final 1–0 to Wolfsburg at Stamford Bridge. In May 2013 she signed a new three-year contract with Lyon, reportedly worth an annual 2 million kr. In 2013–14 <mask> Potsdam in the Champions League round of 16. Her form had slumped after a breakdown in her working relationship

masks: Schelin Schelin Scheline


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 with coach Patrice Lair. She rebounded the following season, scoring Lyon's 1000th Division 1 Féminine goal in a 7–0 home win over Rodez on 16 November 2014.Her second goal in the same match drew her level with Sandrine Brétigny as Lyon's all-time record scorer. She finished 2014–15 as Division 1 Féminine top scorer with 34 goals in 21 games, but Lyon were upset by French rivals Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League round of 16. Towards the end of another successful season in 2015–16, Lyon announced that Schelin would depart the club at the end of her contract. Her final game for the club was the 2016 UEFA Women's Champions League Final; in which she scored in the penalty shootout win over Wolfsburg. With Lyon Schelin won eight consecutive Division 1 Féminine titles, five Cups and three Champions Leagues. She left as the team's all-time record goalscorer with 225 goals in 225 appearances. Schelin's 41 goals for Lyon in the UEFA Women's Champions League left her fourth in the competition's all-time top scorer list.She held the record for Champions League goals for a single club, since Anja Mittag (49), Conny Pohlers (48) and Marta (46) all accrued their totals with more than one club. Rosengård
On 8 June 2016, <mask> was presented as a player for Swedish champions FC Rosengård, of Malmö. She rejected an offer to rejoin Göteborg FC because they were unable to offer Champions League football. Schelin made her Rosengård debut slightly earlier than expected, substituting in for the injured Nataša Andonova after 22 minutes of a league fixture against Djurgårdens. Schelin scored a 90th-minute goal to salvage a 2–2 draw. International career

In March 2004 Schelin scored twice on her debut for the Swedish under-21 team, in their 6–0 win over the full Republic of Ireland national team in Dublin. She previously scored three goals in six appearances for Sweden's under-16 team and two goals in seven appearances for the under-18s.<mask> made her senior national team debut for Sweden on 16 March 2004; a 3–0 Algarve Cup defeat by France. In the fifth place play-off against China, <mask>


texts: was praised for scoring in Sweden's penalty shootout win after a 1–1 draw. She had been called into the squad as a replacement for Sara Johansson who had flu. <mask> retained her place and represented her nation at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Throughout this period, Schelin endured injuries to the groin and hamstring, which required extensive rest. She was selected by coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors for UEFA Women's Euro 2005 in North West England. She entered play as a second-half substitute but failed to score as Sweden lost 3–2 to rivals Norway in extra time of the semi-final in Warrington.<mask> was a key player in the 2006 edition of the Algarve Cup; leading Sweden to their third-place finish. She scored the only goal in the bronze medal victory over France. After overcoming her injury problems, <mask> was awarded the Diamond Ball as the country's best female football player. That same year, she was named the Forward of the Year in the Damallsvenskan. <mask>'s success brought her to mainstream attention in her country and she was rewarded with selection to attend the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup draw in China on behalf of Sweden. At the World Cup in China, <mask> scored two goals in three matches (one start) but Sweden unexpectedly failed to progress out of their group. After that failure some experienced players retired and coach Thomas Dennerby gave Schelin and other younger players a more prominent role in the team.Back in China the following year for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, she contributed three goals in four games but the Swedes lost 2–0 to Germany in the quarter-final. <mask> helped Sweden to a bronze medal position at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany and was named in the All-Star Team. She featured in Sweden's 3–1 semi-final defeat to eventual winners Japan in Frankfurt. Sweden secured third place by beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim, Schelin scoring her second goal of the tournament. Third place also ensured Sweden's qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in London. Dennerby kept <mask> in Sweden's Olympic squad for London, where they

masks: Schelin Schelin Schelin Schelin Schelin Schelin Schelin


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 lost to France in the quarter-finals. <mask> scored twice in four matches but felt Dennerby's emphasis on defence had left her isolated in Sweden's attack.In October 2012, new national team coach Pia Sundhage decided that <mask> and Caroline Seger would share the captaincy. Sundhage named <mask> in the squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013, which Sweden hosted. <mask> finished as the tournament top scorer with five goals but was disappointed when Sweden lost 1–0 to Germany in the semi-final. She criticised the decision of Swiss referee Esther Staubli, who disallowed her equalising goal for a very questionable foul on Germany's centre-back Annike Krahn. <mask>'s goal against Germany in October 2014's 2–1 home friendly defeat was her 73rd goal for Sweden, which broke the national record previously set by Hanna Ljungberg. <mask> arrived at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup suffering from persistent knee pain. In Sweden's opening game she was unable to make any impression on Nigeria's defence, as the Africans recovered from 3–1 down to draw 3–3.In the team's 4–1 second round loss to Germany, goalkeeper Hedvig Lindahl made several saves to prevent an even heavier defeat for the disorganised Swedes. With 165 caps and 84 goals, <mask> was the most experienced member of Sweden's 18-player squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics. When the team suffered a record 5–1 defeat by hosts Brazil in the second match, <mask> scored the late consolation goal and tried to lift the spirits of her demoralised teammates. In the quarter-final against the United States, captain <mask> had an extra-time goal incorrectly ruled out for offside and the match finished 1–1. She scored in Sweden's penalty shootout win. Sweden reached the gold medal match, but lost 2–1 to Germany. <mask> was disappointed by the defeat but proud to win a silver medal.Matches and goals scored at World Cup & Olympic tournaments

Matches and goals scored at European Championship tournaments

Style of play
In June 2015 Schelin described herself as "not a typical centre-forward" as she likes to drop deep or go wide in order to find space: "I always

masks: Schelin Schelin Schelin Schelin Schelin Schelin Schelin Schelin Schelin Schelin


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 think of the collective because the danger can come from all players. Even if I do not score, I pass, I run to attract defenders. In the end, I want to win." She attributes her unselfish play to her upbringing in communal Swedish culture. After moving to Lyon, her instinct to pass to better-placed teammates annoyed her coach Farid Benstiti, who wanted her to concentrate on converting chances herself. Sweden's former coach Thomas Dennerby felt that Schelin became more comfortable on the ball after moving to Lyon, but retained her pace and ability in one-on-one situations. Schelin is capable of playing as a winger.But when Dennerby deployed her wide in the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, her Göteborg coach Martin Pringle called for her to be given a more central role: "she is too good a player to play out there". China's coach Shang Ruihua highlighted Schelin as Sweden's best player ahead of the countries' opening match at the 2008 Summer Olympics: "Schelin has fast pace and excellent technique, and few defenders could keep up with her." Although tall and slender, she is also physically strong; England captain Steph Houghton rated Schelin as the "toughest opponent" of her career. As a tall, skilful and prolific Swedish forward, Schelin has frequently drawn comparison with the contemporary male footballer Zlatan Ibrahimović. Former Denmark national team manager Peter Bonde branded Schelin "the female Zlatan" in 2005. In December 2013, Ibrahimović made an outspoken rejection of any comparison: "I was asked [by Swedish media] in the summer who was the better player, me or <mask> Schelin. You're kidding me, right?When I've broken all these records, this goal record, the goals in the national team, who shall I compare it to? Shall I compare it to whoever has the record, or the ladies?" Schelin's national team coach Pia Sundhage described his comments as sad and boring. Johanna Frändén, a journalist specialising in coverage of Ibrahimović, noted Schelin's contrasting temperament: "She is polite, charming, she does not have the same arrogance". Personal life
Schelin came out publicly as a


texts:
 lesbian in August 2018. She has been married to her wife Rebecca since 2018. 2006: Topscorer in Damallsvenskan
2007: Topscorer in Damallsvenskan
2011: FIFA Women's World Cup All Star Team
2011: Diamantbollen Winner, Forward of the Year
2012: Diamantbollen Winner
2013: Best player in France
2013: Topscorer in Division 1 Féminine
2013: Golden Boot UEFA Women's European Championship
2013: UEFA Women's European Championship All Star Team
2013: UEFA Best Women's Player in Europe Award Third place
2013: Diamantbollen Winner, Forward of the Year
2014: Diamantbollen Winner, Forward of the Year
2015: Topscorer in Division 1 Féminine
 All-Time Top Scorer Sweden women's national football team with 88 goals.In popular culture

Television and film
Schelin featured in the Sveriges Television documentary television series The Other Sport from 2013. In 2021 Schelin participated in the Swedish version of the South Korean game show Masked Singer as Jokern (The Joker). References

Match reports

External links

 (archive)
 (archive)
Player French football stats at statsfootofeminin.fr
Profile at Olympique Lyonnais
pre-2004 Olympic tournament interview with Lotta Schelin at SVT's open archive

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Stockholm
Sportspeople from Gothenburg
Swedish women's footballers
Women's association football forwards
BK Häcken FF players
Olympique Lyonnais Féminin players
FC Rosengård players
Damallsvenskan players
Division 1 Féminine players
Olympic footballers of Sweden
Sweden women's international footballers
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
FIFA Century Club
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in football
Swedish expatriate footballers
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate women's footballers in France
Lesbian sportswomen
LGBT association football players
LGBT


texts:
<mask> (9 December 1881 – 30 August 1951) was an Australian biologist and parasitologist. He championed the efforts to eradicate the invasive prickly pear. Life and times
<mask> was born in 1881 at Balmain, Sydney, Australia the son of <mask>, an Irish-born foreman mason, and his Australian-born wife Mary, née McLeod. On 1 January 1907, <mask> married Alice Maude Pearce at Petersham, New South Wales, Australia. On 30 August 1951, he died of coronary thrombosis at Adelaide, South Australia. He was survived by his wife and daughter. His son predeceased him.He was cremated. Academic career
<mask> attended Sydney Teachers College and received the Jones Memorial Medal. He then attended the University of Sydney and earned a BA in 1906, the BSc and MA in 1907 and received the DSc in parasitology in 1911. From 1903 to 1906, <mask> taught at Fort Street Public School. He then accepted a position at Sydney Technical College and from 1907 to 1908 taught zoology and physiology. In 1908, he was appointed assistant director at Bathurst Technical College. In 1909, <mask> accepted a position as assistant microbiologist at the New South Wales Health Department in the Bureau of Microbiology.The next appointment came in 1911, at the University of Queensland as lecturer in charge of the department of biology. In 1919, <mask> was promoted to professor. In 1922, <mask> received an appointment at the University of Adelaide as professor of zoology and remained in that position for the rest of his life. From 1928 to 1934, he held the position as professor of botany. <mask> joined a university anthropological expedition to Nepabunna Mission in the northern Flinders Ranges in May 1937 led by J.B. Cleland, which included Charles P. Mountford as ethnologist and photographer, virologist Frank Fenner, and others. Prickly pear

In 1912, <mask> was appointed chairman for a committee, the Prickly-Pear Travelling

masks:
Thomas Harvey Johnston
Johnston
Thomas Johnston
Johnston
Johnston
Johnston
Johnston
Johnston
Johnston
Johnston
Johnston


texts:
 Commission, formed to investigate control measures for the prickly pear cactus. In 1788, Governor Philip and the early colonists are credited with the introduction of the prickly pear to Australia.The plant came from Brazil to Sydney and the prickly pear grew in Sydney. The plant was introduced for use as an agricultural fence and with hopes to establish a cochineal dye industry. Cochineal dye is the red or carmine dye used to colour the historic British "Red Coats". The prickly pears spread from New South Wales and caused great ecological damage in the eastern states of Australia. From 1912 to 1914, <mask> travelled abroad with Henry Tryon to study the problem. The team became known as "The Prickly Pair". They successfully introduced Dactylopius ceylonicus, the cochineal insect that was effective in the control of one species of the pear Opuntia monacantha.In 1920 <mask> was appointed controller of the Commonwealth prickly pear laboratories. During 1920 to 1922, he travelled overseas yet again to seek a solution to the prickly pear problem, travelling from Sydney to Java, Ceylon, Europe, the US, Mexico and South America. Efforts had been made to introduce the insect Cactoblastis cactorum in 1914, and it did feed on the prickly pear, but died out in 1921. In 1924, Cactoblastis cactorum was reintroduced, this time with success and destruction of the prickly pear. Marine ecology
<mask> was keenly interested in the marine ecology of Caloundra and the southern Great Barrier Reef islands. He performed studies on the flora and fauna of Caloundra. He identified Pseudobonellia, a new echiuroid genus from the Great Barrier Reef.In 1920, <mask> identified a new species of Bonellia from Port Jackson. Parasitology and helminthology
<mask> had an interest in descriptive parasitology, and was a leading world expert on helminthology. He was a frequent and prolific contributor of new material to the

masks: Johnston Johnston Johnston Johnston Johnston


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 collections of the South Australian Museum. In Queensland, he conducted studies in diverse areas as cattle tick, blowflies, muscidae, onchoceriasis and fish epidemics. Working with John Burton Cleland he studied worm nests in cattle due to Filaria gibsoni. He explored the internal parasites of Australian birds that included the emu. He studied the parasite mallophaga from marsupials.<mask> made significant contributions to the study of flies and parasitic worms, including Habronema and Musca domestica or housefly. He sought to develop a solution to the sheep maggot fly problem and the use of the parasitoid wasps as a possible answer. Parasites of freshwater fish
<mask> pursued the parasitology of freshwater fish. The first paper of this kind was an account of an epidemic of Saprolegnia in the fishes of the Thomson River in Queensland. James Douglas Ogilby provided some of the fish identifications and <mask> quoted his account of the infection near Sydney. Some years later, <mask> worked with <mask> Bancroft's daughter Jo, Mabel Josephine Bancroft, and investigated parasites in freshwater fish in the rivers near Queensland and described several new species of sporozoans. <mask> and Bancroft noted in the paper that the specimens were identified by James Douglas Ogilby of the Queensland Museum and as tribute for these efforts names one of the parasites, Myxosoma ogilbyi, in his honour.In a work published in 1921, the team summarized their experience of episodes of mass mortality in the fishes of Queensland rivers and ventured a theory for the possible causes. Later at the University of Adelaide, <mask> published with Patricia M. Mawson, daughter of Douglas Mawson, work on nematodes that included descriptions of new species found in freshwater fish of Australia. Several nematode species were discovered in the birds of Australia. Professional service
From 1915 to 1916, <mask> was president

masks:
Johnston
Johnston
Johnston
Johnston
Thomas Lane
Johnston
Johnston
Johnston


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 of the Royal Society of Queensland. From 1916 to 1917, he was president of the Queensland Field Naturalists' Club. He was a founding member of the Great Barrier Reef Committee and a member of the Australian National Research Council until his death. In 1929, <mask> was invited by Douglas Mawson to serve as chief zoologist with the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition.During 1929 to 1931, he went on two voyages aboard the RRS Discovery. He was editor of the zoological and botanical reports. From 1929 to 1937, he accompanied John Burton Cleland in expeditions to Central Australia. Awards and honours
Jones Memorial Medal, Sydney Teachers College
David Syme Research Prize, 1913
Walter and Eliza Hall fellowship in economic biology, University of Queensland – initial recipient
Sir Joseph Verco Medal, 1935, from the Royal Society of South Australia
Mueller Medal, 1939, Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science
He was awarded the Polar Medal, in recognition of his research on British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic expeditions led by Douglas Mawson in 1929 and 1931. Publications
On the anatomy and possible mode of transmission of Filaria (Onchocerca) gibsoni. (1910). Royal Society of New South Wales.The helminth parasites of man in Australia. (1912). An experiment: ["in the production of newspaper articles" on public health]. (1930). Acanthocephala, (Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914. Scientific reports. Series C. Zoology and Botany).(1937). References

External links

Pseudobonellia

1881 births
1951 deaths
Australian biologists
Australian parasitologists
Scientists from Sydney
University of Queensland faculty
University of Adelaide faculty
Australian botanists
20th-century Australian zoologists
Antarctic expeditions
University of Sydney alumni
Nematologists
Opuntia
Caloundra
Great Barrier Reef
Royal Society of


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‘<mask>-<mask>Abdus-Samad (), or <mask> or, <mask> (1927 – 30 November 1988) was an Egyptian Quran reciter and is regarded as one of the best reciters of the Quran who ever lived. He had won three world Qira'at competitions in the early 1970s. ‘Abdus-Samad was one of the first huffaz to make commercial recordings of his recitations, and the first president of the Reciters' Union in Egypt. At 10, <mask>t finished learning the entire Quran by heart in his village. He also learned 7 styles of Quran recitation by the age of 12 and the 10 styles by 14. He came to be called the Golden Throat and the Voice of Heaven due to his melodious style, remarkable breath control, and unique emotional and engaging tone. He has a son, <mask>, who is also a known sheikh in Egypt; he has done many interviews on his father's life, family and career.Birth and Upbringing
Sheikh <mask> <mask> was born in the year 1927 in the village of Al-Maarazeh situated in Qena Governorate (Egypt). From a very early age, he was very committed with the memorization and recitation of the Quran. His grandfather, Sheikh <mask>, was well known for his memorization of the Quran and known for his ability to memorize the Quran according to its rules of recitation (al-tajwid and al-ahkam). His father, <mask> Samad, was also one of the great reciters of the Quran and worked as a civil servant in the Ministry of Communications. Sheikh <mask> <mask> had two older brothers, Mahmoud and <mask> <mask>. Both brothers were memorizing the Quran at the Quranic elementary school, so their younger brother <mask>t joined them when he was six years old. The teacher of <mask>t noticed that his young student was quick in his memorization and very observant and keen to follow his teacher

masks:
Abdul
Basit ‘
Abdel Basit Abdel Samad
Abdul Basit Muhammad Abdus Samad
Abdul Basi
Tareq Abd El Basit Abd El Samad
Abdul Basit
Abdul Samad
Abdul Samad
Muhammad Abdul
Abdul Basit
Abdul Samad
Abdul Hamid
Abdul Samad
Abdul Basi
Abdul Basi


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 with all the pronunciation of the letters and the stop and start positions.His teacher also noticed his talent for recitation and great voice. Education
Sheikh <mask> <mask> completed his memorization of the Qur'an at the age of ten and then requested his grandfather and father to continue his education with the Qira’at (recitations). They both agreed and sent him to the city of Tanta (Lower Egypt) to study the Quranic recitations (‘ulum al-Quran wa al-Qira’at) under the tutelage of Sheikh Muhammad Salim. Although the distance to travel to Tanta was very far, the young student was convinced and prepared to travel the long distance since this would lay an important foundation for his future. One day before his departure to Tanta, the family heard about the arrival of Sheikh Muhammad Salim to the Religious Institute in Armant in order to settle here as a teacher of Recitations. The people received and welcomed him in the best way, because he was well known for his knowledge and abilities as a scholar of the Quran. It was as if fate brought this scholar to his family at the right time.The people of the city established an association in Asfun Al-Matanah to preserve the Quran, so that Sheikh Muhammad Salim could teach the memorization of the Quran and its recitations. <mask>t went to him and reviewed the entire Qur’an with him, and then memorized the Al-Shatibia, which is the classical text of the science of the seven recitations. When Sheikh <mask>t reached the age of twelve, requests came from all the cities and villages of Qena Governorate (Egypt), especially Asfun Al-Matanah, with the help of Sheikh Muhammad Salim, who recommended Sheikh <mask>t everywhere he went, as Sheikh Salim’s testimony was trusted by all people. Career

masks:
Abdul Basit
Abdul Samad
Abdul Basi
Abdul Basi
Abdul Basi


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Sheikh <mask> <mask> officially started his career as a Quran reciter in Cairo at the age of 23, when he was invited to attend the celebration of the birth of Sayyida Zainab. On the final night of the celebration, the guests were greeted by the top reciters of the era, namely Sheikh <mask> Al-Shashaa’i, Sheikh Mustafa Isma’il, Sheikh <mask> Zahir, Sheikh Abu Al-Aynayn Sha’iisha, and others. The young Sheikh <mask>t was trying to find a place for him among the audience of listeners to listen to these famous giants, see them and sit with them. After midnight, Sheikh <mask>t was accompanied by one of his relatives, who knew the officials in the Sayyida Zainab Mosque.He asked them for permission so that Sheikh <mask>t could also recite. He said: “I present to you a reader from Upper Egypt, whose voice is sweet and beautiful, and he will recite to you for ten minutes.” At that moment, the mosque was completely full to end, and the audience listened to his amazing voice that took the hearts of the listeners to the point that all attendees of the mosque yelled on top of his voice “Allah Akbar” ("God is the greatest"). Every time Sheikh <mask>t wanted to finish the recitation with “Sadaqallahul Azim” ("Allah Almighty has spoken the truth"), the audience insisted that he keeps on reading and he continued for about two hours and finished the recitation in the early morning. After this experience, Sheikh <mask>t began to think about applying to the radio station as a Quran reciter, but he hesitated a lot due to his affiliation with the Upper Egypt, nevertheless, he choose to pursue a career as a Quran reciter. Sheikh <mask>t was appointed as a Quran reciter on the radio in the year 1951. Travels
Sheikh <mask> <mask> travelled to several

masks:
Abdul Basit
Abdul Samad
Abdul Fattah
Abdul Azim
Abdul Basi
Abdul Basi
Abdul Basi
Abdul Basi
Abdul Basi
Abdul Basi
Abdul Basit
Abdul Samad


texts:
 places, including:

 He travelled to Pakistan and was received by the Pakistani President at the airport. In 1955, he travelled to Jakarta, Indonesia, where the people received him in the best way.The mosque was filled with attendees and they were outside the mosque for a distance of about a kilometer. The square opposite the mosque was filled with more than a quarter of a million Muslims listening to the Sheikh standing on their feet until dawn. He also travelled to South Africa, and upon his arrival, officials sent him radio and television journalists to interview him. He also travelled to India to celebrate a major religious ceremony held by one of the rich Muslims there. After his arrival, Sheikh <mask>t faced a moving situation. All those present were taking off their shoes and standing on the ground and they bowed their heads down looking at the place of prostration and their eyes overflowed with tears crying until the Sheikh finished recitation and his eyes tears shed from this humble attitude. He also travelled to Jerusalem and read in the Al-Aqsa Mosque as well as the Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron in Palestine and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and the most famous mosques in Asia, Africa, the United States, France and London.Honours and Awards
Through the travels of Sheikh <mask> <mask> around the world, he received a large number of honours and awards. In 1956, Syria honoured him and awarded him the Order of Merit. He received the Order of Cedar from Lebanon, the Golden Medal from Malaysia, a medal from Senegal, and another medal from Morocco. A Medal from the Prime Minister of Syria in 1959. A Medal from the Prime Minister of Malaysia in 1965. The Order of Merit from the Senegalese President in 1975. The Golden Medal

masks:
Abdul Basi
Abdul Basit
Abdul Samad


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 from Pakistan in 1980.The Order of Scholars from Pakistani President Zia-ul-Haq in 1984. The Egyptian Radio Medal on its fiftieth anniversary. The Order of Merit from the former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak during the celebration of the Day of Preachers in 1987. In 1990, he received the last honours after his departure from former President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak in the celebration of Laylat al-Qadr. Illness and death
He suffered from complications from diabetes later in life, but his liver problems coincided with diabetes, and he could not fight these two conditions together. He contracted hepatitis less than a month before his death. He was admitted to a hospital but his health deteriorated further.This prompted his children and doctors to advise him to travel London for treatment, where he stayed for a week. He was accompanied by his son Tariq, who asked to take him back to Egypt. He died on Wednesday, November 30, 1988,  and his funeral was national and official at the local and global levels. So great was the attendance at his funeral, it included ambassadors of various countries attending on behalf of their people, as well as kings and heads of state, in appreciation of his role in the field of advocacy in all its forms. His surviving relatives included (from oldest to the youngest): Yasir, Hisham, and Tariq. Following his father's footsteps, Yasir also became a Qari. In 2006, a mosque in his native village of Armant in Luxor, Southern Egypt, was opened under his name.References

External links
 <mask> Biography  at assajda.com
 <mask> Abdus-Samad at quran-e-majeed.com

Egyptian Quran reciters
Egyptian imams
1927 births
1988 deaths
People who memorized the

masks:
Abdul Baset
Abdul Basit


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<mask> (December 13, 1917 – December 12, 1979) was a twentieth century American artist and illustrator who worked for many of the magazines of his day and extensively for Life (magazine). His book illustrations include The Life Treasury of American Folklore, The World We Live In (Life magazine), The Golden Bough written by Sir <mask> and published by the Limited Editions Club (see The Heritage Press) and The Golden Book of Christmas Tales, written by his wife, Lillian. <mask> also explored the Christmas theme in magazines and created cards for the American Artists Group. Life and Works

Life History
<mask>, the second child of Ukrainian immigrants was born on December 13, 1917 in Buffalo, New York to Max and <mask>. His teachers recognized his talent from an early age and Jim went on to attend Buffalo Technical High School, the Albright–Knox Art Gallery, the Art School of the Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts (now College for Creative Studies), and Pratt Institute, where he graduated in Illustration in 1939. He married Lillian Schalow in 1943, also an Illustration major at Pratt Institute, who partnered with him on many projects throughout his career as researcher, draftsman, studio assistant and secretary. They had two children, <mask> and <mask>.First living in Brooklyn, then Hollis, New York, they moved to Centerport, New York (on Long Island) in 1952, where they built a house and studio. As an illustrator, Jim was always looking for a story to turn into pictures, and that included tapping personal experience. In 1952 he sold Life Goes Camping with the Lewickis to Life magazine, and in the 1970s wrote and illustrated The Territory for Yankee (magazine), based on his experiences with a cherished vacation home in the woods of northern Vermont. When not working on illustration assignments, Jim enjoyed painting landscapes and sketching outdoors. He worked in watercolor up to the 1960s and later in acrylics. He exhibited annually with

masks:
James Lewicki
James Frazer
James
James Lewicki
Alexandra Lewicki
Roy Lewicki
Lisa Lewicki Hermanson


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 Audubon Artists and the American Watercolor Society and was a member of these two groups as well as Rotary International and the Society of Illustrators. Later, he did a series of graphite and pen drawings, as well as mixed media works in collage.Printmaking also became an outlet, producing etchings, monoprints, and working in dry lithography, a "green" process invented by his C.W. Post colleague, Harry Hoehn. During the 1960s and 70’s Jim switched gears and became a professor, sharing his expertise with both graduate and undergraduate students in the Fine Arts Department of LIU Post (formerly known as the C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University). Illustration career

Early Assignments
Jim completed his first book project while still at Pratt in 1939; From Village to Metropolis by R.W. Swan, a pictorial history of New York City from its early days as a Dutch settlement up through modern times. Jim started to get work from Life magazine directly after Pratt, honing his skills with a wide variety technical black and white illustrations, many related to World War 2, such as Anatomy of Bombs.Jim also did quick spots for The New York Times on very short deadlines. Christmas
In 1943, Jim entered a Christmas card competition; the challenge, to depict the Christmas message in a time of war, sponsored by the American Artists Group. His painting of a bombed out church, with a large stained glass window of a Madonna and Child miraculously preserved, won second prize. Asked to do a commission the following year he recalled the Buffalo winters of his childhood, where a lighted paper star was paraded from house to house as carols were sung, following Ukrainian tradition. This led to a lifelong association with the theme of Christmas, starting with the series of cards, Christmas 'Round the World, also for American Artists Group. Additional research on the Christmas theme led to "The Customs of Christmas" for Life magazine. Jim also made a rebus of


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 The Night Before Christmas published by Hallmark Cards.Later on, he completed a pictorial essay for Life (magazine) - Christmas Legends. These paintings later appeared in book form published by Simon and Schuster as The Golden Book of Christmas Tales, with the stories written by Lillian. Jim continued to produce Christmas cards in a variety of decorative styles for American Artists Group through the 1960s. The World We Live In
A detailed record of nature is evident in Jim's paintings for the Life magazine series, The World We Live In, for which Jim was one of the featured illustrators. Jim's illustrations of undersea life appears on the cover and in Part 2, Miracle of the Sea, published on February 9, 1953, in Part 4, The Canopy of Air, published on June 8, 1953 and in Part 5, The Pageant of Life, published on September 7, 1953. After running successfully in Life, The World We Live In was released in book form in 1955, for which Jim did the cover art - a dramatic scene of a full solar eclipse presiding over a landscape of all manner of living creatures. American Folklore
It was while working on Christmas legends that a neighbor commented to Jim that the United States really had no strong tradition of folklore and cultural heritage.Jim went to the library to see if this was so, and found volumes to the contrary. He proposed the theme of folklore to Life magazine, and they asked for a dummy presentation of 12 pages. Jim found it impossible to condense it down to one article, so he suggested a series, and much to his surprise the editors agreed. This assignment lasted for five years. Legends from all over the country, representing the diverse cultures of Native Americans, early explorers, and immigrants were included, requiring an enormous amount of background research. The final paintings were completed in a detailed egg tempera style on gesso panel, preceded by multiple color studies and pencil sketches. American Folklore appeared in


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 Life as a 5 part series over a year and half, followed by the hard cover book, The Life Treasury of American Folklore, featuring additional paintings created just for the book.Lillian worked side by side with Jim during this time, assisting with in depth research and studio support, including hand mixing the egg tempera paints for the gessoed panels and completing preparatory drawings. Maps
Pictorial map making was also a staple of Jim’s repertoire, with Lillian assisting extensively. Memorable examples include the poster The Fabulous Fifties, created for Time (magazine) in 1960, and resort and trail maps for the Stowe Ski Association, also from the sixties. Maps also appeared in Christmas themes tracing the journey of Mary and Joseph to Egypt. The Golden Bough
In 1969 Jim completed a series of illustrations for The Golden Bough by Sir <mask>, centered on the beliefs, customs and traditions of cultures from around the world. For this assignment Jim worked in a freer style, overlaying fine, fluid line drawings on abstract patterned fields of color, to suggest the mystery and mood of ancient and tribal rituals. Bibliography

Major Book Illustration Projects
 Frazer, <mask> (1970).The Golden Bough. Limited Editions Club (see The Heritage Press). Turnbull, Agnes Sligh (1964). Little Christmas. The Riverside Press (now Riverside Publishing, a subsidiary of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt). Dolch, E. & M. (1964). Stories From Old Russia.Garrard Publishing Company. The Life Treasury of American Folklore (1960). Time Life. Miracle of the Sea - Evolution and The Atmosphere (1955). The World We Live In (Life magazine). Simon & Schuster, Inc.
 <mask>, Lillian (1963). The Golden Book of Christmas Tales, Legends From Many Lands.Golden Press (now Western Publishing). Swan, Robert W. (1939). From Village to Metropolis. Grosset & Dunlap. In the Collections Of
 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston - From Village to Metropolis 1939 original illustrations, book dummy,

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 sketches and supporting letters
 The Lilly Library of Indiana University - Original paintings and research from the Life American Folklore magazine series and book
 La Jolla Map and Atlas Museum, La Jolla, California - Original paintings and printed pictorial maps for LIFE magazine, Stowe Ski Association, Map of Antarctica for Liberty magazine and others. The New York Public Library Main Branch - Stephen A. Schwarzman Building, Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division - pictorial maps by James
 New Britain Museum of American Art - Miracle of the Sea cover painting for The World We Live In Life magazine series (Feb. 9, 1953)
 Society of Illustrators - Rip Van Winkle large pencil sketch from the Life American Folklore series
 Originally purchased by Clare Booth Luce - Christmas illustrations from The Golden Book of Christmas

Periodicals Featuring <mask> Pierson (Editor).The Artists' Bluebook: 34,000 North American Artists to March 2005. (AskART.com, Inc., 2005)
 Davenport, Ray. Davenport's Art Reference: The Gold Edition. 2005. The Illustrator in America, 1860-2000 The Society of Illustrators by  Walter Reed (2001). Who's Who in American Art, 1564–1975, 3 volumes edited by Peter Falk
 Cohn, Jan. Covers of the Saturday Evening Post: Seventy Years of Outstanding Illustration.Dictionary of Signatures & Monograms by Peter Falk
 Opitz, Glenn B. (Editor), Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers. 1986. Two Hundred Years of American Illustration from  The Society of Illustrators by Henry Pitz (artwork by Albino Hinojosa). Feature Magazine Articles
 American Artists Magazine - feature article, The Importance of Thorough Research. December 1962. North Light Magazine - feature article.Winter 1971. American Artists Magazine - feature article, collaboration with printmaker Harry Hoehn, demonstrating dry lithography, an innovative paper based process). January 1973. References

American artists
1979 deaths
1917


texts: <mask>  (; born May 12, 1947) is a Canadian author, academic and former politician who served as the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and Leader of the Official Opposition from 2008 until 2011. Known for his work as a historian, Ignatieff has held senior academic posts at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, and Toronto. Most recently, he was rector and President of Central European University; he held this position from 2016 until July 2021. While living in the United Kingdom from 1978 to 2000, <mask> became well known as a television and radio broadcaster and as an editorial columnist for The Observer. His documentary series Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism aired on BBC in 1993, and won a Canadian Gemini Award. His book of the same name, based on the series, won the Gordon Montador Award for Best Canadian Book on Social Issues and the University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize. His memoir, The Russian Album, won Canada's Governor General's Literary Award and the British Royal Society of Literature's Heinemann Prize in 1988.His novel, Scar Tissue, was short-listed for the Booker Prize in 1994. In 2000, he delivered the Massey Lectures, entitled The Rights Revolution, which was released in print later that year. In the 2006 federal election, <mask> was elected to the House of Commons as the member of Parliament (MP) for Etobicoke—Lakeshore. The same year, he ran for the leadership of the Liberal Party, ultimately losing to Stéphane Dion. He served as the party's deputy leader under Dion. After Dion's resignation in the wake of the 2008 election, <mask> served as interim leader from December 2008 until he was elected leader at the party's May 2009 convention. In the 2011 federal

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 election, <mask> lost his own seat in the Liberal Party's worst showing in its history.Winning only 34 seats, the party placed a distant third behind the Conservatives and NDP, and thus lost its position as the Official Opposition. On May 3, 2011, <mask> announced that he would resign as leader of the Liberal Party, pending the selection of an interim leader, which became effective May 25, 2011. Following his electoral defeat, <mask> taught at the University of Toronto. In 2013, he returned to the Harvard Kennedy School part-time, splitting his time between Harvard and Toronto. On July 1, 2014, he returned to Harvard full-time. In 2016, he left Harvard to become president and rector of the Central European University in Budapest; he resigned from this position in July 2021. He continues to publish articles and essays on international affairs as well as Canadian politics.Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 12, 1947, in Toronto, the elder son of Russian-born Canadian Rhodes Scholar and diplomat <mask>, and his Canadian-born wife, Jessie Alison (née Grant). Ignatieff's family moved abroad regularly in his early childhood as his father rose in the diplomatic ranks. At the age of 11, <mask> was sent back to Toronto to attend Upper Canada College as a boarder in 1959. At UCC, Ignatieff was elected a school prefect as head of Wedd's House, was the captain of the varsity soccer team, and served as editor-in-chief of the school's yearbook. As well, Ignatieff volunteered for the Liberal Party during the 1965 federal election by canvassing the York South riding. He resumed his work for the Liberal Party in 1968, as a national youth organizer and delegate for Pierre Elliott Trudeau's leadership campaign. After high

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 school, Ignatieff studied history at the University of Toronto's Trinity College (B.A., 1969).There, he met fellow student Bob Rae, from University College, who was a debating opponent and fourth-year roommate. After completing his undergraduate degree, <mask> took up his studies at the University of Oxford, where he studied under, and was influenced by, the famous liberal philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin, whom he would later write about. While an undergraduate at the University of Toronto, he was a part-time reporter for The Globe and Mail in 1964–65. In 1976, <mask> completed his Ph.D. in history at Harvard University. He was granted a Cambridge M.A. by incorporation in 1978 on taking up a fellowship at King's College there. Family

<mask>'s paternal grandfather was Count <mask>, the Russian minister of education during the First World War and son of Count Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev, an important Russian statesman and diplomat.His mother's grandfathers were George Monro Grant and Sir George Robert Parkin, and her younger brother was the Canadian Conservative political philosopher George Grant (1918–1988), author of Lament for a Nation. His great-aunt Alice Parkin Massey was the wife of Canada's first native-born Governor General, Vincent Massey. He is also a descendant of William Lawson, the first president of the Bank of Nova Scotia. <mask> is married to Hungarian-born Zsuzsanna M. Zsohar and has two children, Theo and Sophie, from his first marriage to Londoner Susan Barrowclough. He also has a younger brother, Andrew, a community worker who assisted with Ignatieff's campaign. Although he says he is not a "church guy", Ignatieff was raised Russian Orthodox and occasionally attends services with family. He describes

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 himself as neither an atheist nor a "believer".University professor, writer, broadcaster

Early career
<mask> was an assistant professor of history at the University of British Columbia from 1976 to 1978. In 1978 he moved to the United Kingdom, where he held a senior research fellowship at King's College, Cambridge, until 1984. He then left Cambridge for London, where he began to focus on his career as a writer and journalist. His book The Russian Album documented a history of his family's experiences in nineteenth-century Russia (and subsequent exile), and won the 1987 Governor General's Award for Non-Fiction and the British Royal Society of Literature's Heinemann Prize in Canada. During this time, he travelled extensively. He also continued to lecture at universities in Europe and North America, and held teaching posts at Oxford, the University of London, the London School of Economics, the University of California and in France. While living in Britain, <mask> became well known as a broadcaster on radio and television.His best-known television work has been Voices on Channel 4, the BBC 2 discussion programme Thinking Aloud and BBC 2's arts programme, The Late Show. He was also an editorial columnist for The Observer from 1990 to 1993. His documentary series Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism aired on BBC in 1993, winning a Canadian Gemini Award. He later adapted this series into a book, Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism, detailing the dangers of ethnic nationalism in the post-Cold War period. This book won the Gordon Montador Award for Best Canadian Book on Social Issues and the University of Toronto's Lionel Gelber Prize. <mask> also wrote the novel, Scar Tissue, which was

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 shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1994. In 1998, he was on the first panel of the long-running BBC Radio discussion series In Our Time.Around this time, his 1998 biography of Isaiah Berlin was shortlisted for both the Jewish Quarterly Literary Prize for Non-Fiction and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Human rights policy
In 2000, <mask> accepted a position as the director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. <mask>'s influence on policy continued to grow, helping to prepare the report The Responsibility to Protect for the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. This report examined the role of international involvement in Kosovo and Rwanda, and advocated a framework for 'humanitarian' intervention in future humanitarian crises. He delivered the Massey Lectures in 2000, entitled The Rights Revolution, which was released in print later that year. He would eventually become a participant and panel leader at the World Economic Forum in Geneva. 2001 marked the September 11 attacks in the United States, renewing academic interest in issues of foreign policy and nation building.<mask>'s text on Western interventionist policies and nation building, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, won the Orwell Prize for political non-fiction in 2001. As a journalist, <mask> observed that the United States had established "an empire lite, a global hegemony whose grace notes are free markets, human rights and democracy, enforced by the most awesome military power the world has ever known." This became the subject of his 2003 book Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan, which argued that America had a responsibility to

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texts: create a "humanitarian empire" through nation-building and, if necessary, military force. This would become a frequent topic in his lectures. At the Amnesty 2005 Lecture in Dublin, he offered evidence to show that "we wouldn't have international human rights without the leadership of the United States". <mask>'s interventionist approach led him to support the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. According to Ignatieff, the United States had a duty to expend itself unseating Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in the interests of international security and human rights.<mask> initially accepted the argument of George W. Bush administration that containment through sanctions and threats would not prevent Hussein from selling weapons of mass destruction to international terrorists. <mask> wrongly believed that those weapons were still being developed in Iraq. In 2004, he published The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, a philosophical work analyzing human rights in the post-9/11 world. <mask> argued that there may be circumstances where indefinite detention or coercive interrogations may need to be used on terror suspects to combat terrorism. Democratic institutions would need to evolve to protect human rights, finding a way to keep these necessary evils from offending democracy as much as the evils they are meant to prevent. The book attracted considerable attention. It was a finalist for the Lionel Gelber Prize, but also earned him some criticism.In 2005, he was criticized by his peers on the editorial board for the Index on Censorship, where human rights advocate Conor Gearty said Ignatieff fell into a category of "hand-wringing, apologetic apologists for human-rights abuses". Ignatieff responded by resigning from the


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 editorial board for the Index, and has maintained that he supports a complete ban on torture. By 2005, <mask>'s writings on human rights and foreign affairs earned him the 37th rank on a list of most influential public intellectuals prepared by Prospect and Foreign Policy magazines. Return to Canadian academia

Around 2005, Ignatieff became more frequently mentioned as a possible Liberal candidate for the next federal election, and rumours swirled about the beginnings of a political career. At this time, he left Harvard to become the Chancellor Jackman Professor in Human Rights Policy at the University of Toronto and a senior fellow of the university's Munk Centre for International Studies. He continued to write about the subject of Iraq, reiterating his support, if not the method in which it was conducted. According to Ignatieff, "what Saddam Hussein had done to the Kurds and the Shia" in Iraq was sufficient justification for the invasion.His support for the war began to wane as time passed. "I supported an administration whose intentions I didn't trust," he averred, "believing that the consequences would repay the gamble. Now I realize that intentions do shape consequences." He eventually recanted his support for the war entirely. In a 2007 New York Times Magazine article, he wrote: "The unfolding catastrophe in Iraq has condemned the political judgment of a president, but it has also condemned the judgment of many others, myself included, who as commentators supported the invasion." <mask> partly interpreted what he now saw as his particular errors of judgment, by presenting them as typical of academics and intellectuals in general, whom he characterized as "generalizing and interpreting particular facts as instances

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 of some big idea". In politics, by contrast, "Specifics matter more than generalities".Samuel Moyn, Harvard University historian of human rights and humanitarian intervention, asserts that Ignatieff is among those whose who "soiled their reputations" through their defence of the Iraq war, and labelled his later public apology "embarrassingly vacuous." Post politics academic career and return to Harvard
In mid-2011, following his electoral defeat, <mask> became a senior resident with the University of Toronto's Massey College, where he taught courses in law and political science for the Munk School of Global Affairs, the School of Public Policy and Governance, and the Faculty of Law. In January 2013, <mask> rejoined the Harvard Kennedy School and divided his time between Toronto and Cambridge, Massachusetts. The next year, <mask> returned to Harvard full-time, and left the University of Toronto, to become Edward R. Murrow Chair of Press, Politics and Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School effective July 1, 2014. President and Rector of Central European University

On May 5, 2016, it was announced that <mask> would succeed John Shattuck to become the fifth president and rector of the Central European University (CEU) in Budapest, Hungary. On September 1, he was appointed the rector with the term ending on August 31, 2021. <mask> is overseeing a tumultuous period in the university's history, during which it has accused the Hungarian government of challenging its legal right to continue to operate in Hungary.The position of <mask> and CEU is that the intervention from the Hungarian government is part of a wider vendetta on the part of prime minister Viktor Orbán against wealthy financier George Soros, the university's

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 chief benefactor. <mask>'s personal position is that the strain between the Hungarian government and CEU is part of a wider tension in Europe between democratic ideals and authoritarian tendencies within the European conservative right. In 2019, <mask> was awarded the Dan David Prize for his contribution to defending democracy. On July 31, 2021, <mask> stepped down as rector of CEU to be replaced by Shalini Randeria and announced he would step back into the classroom as a professor of history at CEU in January, 2022. Writings
<mask> is a historian, a fiction writer and public intellectual who has written several books on international relations and nation building. He has written seventeen books, and has been described by the British Arts Council as "an extraordinarily versatile writer," in both the style and the subjects he writes about. He has contributed articles to publications such as The Globe and Mail, The New Republic, and The New York Times Magazine.Maclean's named him among the "Top 10 Canadian Who's Who" in 1997 and one of the "50 Most Influential Canadians Shaping Society" in 2002. In 2003, Maclean's named him Canada's "Sexiest Cerebral Man." Fictional works
His fictional works, Asya, Scar Tissue, and Charlie Johnson in the Flames cover, respectively, the life and travels of a Russian girl, the disintegration of one's mother due to neurological disease, and the haunting memories of a journalist in Kosovo. The works are to some extent autobiographical; for instance, <mask> travelled to the Balkans and Kurdistan while working as a journalist, witnessing first hand the consequences of modern ethnic warfare. Historian and biographer
A historian by training, he wrote A Just Measure of Pain, a history of prisons

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 during the Industrial Revolution. His biography of Isaiah Berlin reveals the strong impression the celebrated philosopher made on Ignatieff. Philosophical writings by Ignatieff include The Needs of Strangers and The Rights Revolution.The latter work explores social welfare and community, and shows Berlin's influence on <mask>. These tie closely to <mask>'s political writings on national self-determination and the imperatives of democratic self-government. <mask> has also written extensively on international affairs. His historical memoir, The Russian Album, traces his family's life in Russia and their troubles and subsequent emigration as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution. Canadian studies
In The Rights Revolution, <mask> identifies three aspects of Canada's approach to human rights that give the country its distinctive culture: 1) On moral issues, Canadian law is secular and liberal, approximating European standards more closely than American ones; 2) Canadian political culture is social democratic, and Canadians take it for granted that citizens have the right to free health care and public assistance; 3) Canadians place a particular emphasis on group rights, expressed in Quebec's language laws and in treaty agreements that recognize collective aboriginal rights. "Apart from New Zealand, no other country has given such recognition to the idea of group rights," he writes. <mask> states that despite its admirable commitment to equality and group rights, Canadian society still places an unjust burden on women and gays and lesbians, and he says it is still difficult for newcomers of non-British or French descent to form an enduring sense of citizenship.<mask> attributes this to the "patch-work quilt of distinctive

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 societies," emphasizing that civic bonds will only be easier when the understanding of Canada as a multinational community is more widely shared. International studies
<mask> has written extensively on international development, peacekeeping and the international responsibilities of Western nations. Blood and Belonging, a 1993 work, explores the duality of nationalism, from Yugoslavia to Northern Ireland. It is the first of a trilogy of books that explore modern conflicts. The Warrior's Honour, published in 1998, deals with ethnically motivated conflicts, including the conflicts in Afghanistan and Rwanda. The final book, Virtual War, describes the problems of modern peacekeeping, with special reference to the NATO presence in Kosovo. His 2003 book Empire Lite attracted considerable attention for suggesting that America, the world's last remaining superpower, should create a "humanitarian empire".This book continued his criticism of the limited-risk approach practiced by NATO in conflicts like the Kosovo War and the Rwandan genocide. <mask> became an advocate for more active involvement and larger scale deployment of land forces by Western nations in future conflicts in the developing world. <mask> was originally a prominent supporter of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. However, Ignatieff attempts to distinguish the empire lite approach from neo-conservativism because the motives of the foreign engagement he advocates are essentially altruistic rather than self-serving. <mask>'s 2004 book The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, argued that Western democracies may have to resort to "lesser evils" like indefinite detention of suspects, coercive interrogations, assassinations, and pre-emptive wars in order to


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 combat the greater evil of terrorism. He states that as a result, societies should strengthen their democratic institutions to keep these necessary evils from becoming as offensive to freedom and democracy as the threats they are meant to prevent. The 'Lesser Evil' approach has been criticized by some prominent human rights advocates, like Conor Gearty, for incorporating a problematic form of moral language that can be used to legitimize forms of torture.But other human rights advocates, like Human Rights Watch's Kenneth Roth, have defended <mask>, saying his work "cannot fairly be equated with support for torture or 'torture lite'." In the context of this "lesser evil" analysis, <mask> has discussed whether or not liberal democracies should employ coercive interrogation and torture. <mask> has adamantly maintained that he supports a complete ban on torture. His definition of torture, according to his 2004 Op-ed in The New York Times, does not include "forms of sleep deprivation that do not result in lasting harm to mental or physical health, together with disinformation and disorientation (like keeping prisoners in hoods)." Political career
In 2004, three Liberal organizers, former Liberal candidate Alfred Apps, Ian Davey (son of Senator Keith Davey) and lawyer Daniel Brock, travelled to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to convince <mask> to move back to Canada and run for the House of Commons of Canada, and to consider a possible bid for the Liberal leadership should Paul Martin retire. Rocco Rossi, who was at that time a key Liberal Party organizer, had previously mentioned to Davey that Davey's father had said that Ignatieff had "the makings of a prime minister". In January 2005, as a result of the efforts of Apps, Brock