texts: at his grandparents' home, and this influenced his decision later on to study botany in college. <mask>'s parents went through a series of separations starting in 1916, and during those periods <mask> lived with his mother and her parents. His parents reconciled for a while in 1922 and remained together until they divorced in 1929.By the time <mask> graduated from high school he was already aware of his latent homosexuality. In 1927 he wrote about his feelings for men in his diary, and to his dismay his parents read his diary without his permission. After what he called a brief crisis period, during which he left home for the summer, he returned to live with his family while he started college. His parents never spoke of his homosexuality again. <mask> entered the University of Minnesota in 1927 and majored in botany. By the time he should have graduated in 1931 he had not met the requirements for a science degree, and he left the university for a while. During this period he became very interested in writing, and he started a personal journal that he called "Memorable Fancies."In it he wrote poems, intimate thoughts about his life and his struggles with his sexuality, excerpts from letters that he wrote to others, occasional diary-like entries about his daily life, and, later on, extensive notes about his photography. He continued to fill the pages of his journal until he directed most of his energy into teaching around 1970. In 1932 <mask> re-entered the university and studied both writing and botany. With his previous credits, he was able to graduate in 1934. The next year he took some graduate classes in botany, but after six months he decided that he lacked real

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 interest in becoming a scientist. He spent the next two years doing odd jobs and exploring his writing skills. During this period he began creating a set of 100 sonnets on the theme of sexual love, his first attempt at grouping his creative output.Launching a career:1937–1945
In late 1937 <mask> decided to move to Seattle. He purchased a 35mm Argus camera and took a bus trip across country toward his destination. He stopped in Portland, Oregon, on his way and decided to stay there. For the next  years, he lived at the YMCA in Portland while he explored photography in depth for the first time. It was at the YMCA that he taught his first class in photography, to a small group of young adults. He also joined the Oregon Camera Club to learn about how photographers talk about their own images and what photography means to them. <mask> was offered a job in 1938 as photographer for the Oregon Art Project, which was funded by the Works Progress Administration.One of his tasks was to photograph historic buildings in downtown Portland before they were demolished for a new riverfront development. At this same time he made publicity photos for the Portland Civic Theater, documenting their plays and taking portraits of the actors and actresses. In 1940 <mask> was hired to teach photography at the La Grande Art Center in eastern Oregon. He quickly became immersed in his work and taught classes three days a week, lectured on art of local students, reviewed exhibitions for the local newspaper and delivered a weekly radio broadcast about activities at the Art Center. In his spare time he traveled throughout the region, taking photographs of the landscape, farms and small town

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texts: buildings. He also wrote his first article on photography, "When is Photography Creative?," which was published in American Photography magazine two years later. <mask> resigned from the Art Center in late 1941 and returned to Portland where he intended to start a commercial photography business.That year three of his photographs were accepted by the Museum of Modern Art in New York for inclusion in their "Image of Freedom" exhibition. At the close of the exhibition the museum purchased all three prints, the first time his images entered a public collection. The following year the Portland Art Museum gave <mask> his first one-man show, exhibiting four series of photos he made while in eastern Oregon. He wrote in his journal that with that show "a period came to a close." In April 1942 <mask> was drafted into the United States Army and hid his homosexuality from the recruiters. Before leaving Portland he left most of his negatives of historic Portland buildings with the Oregon Historical Society. <mask> spent the first two years of World War II in Hawaii and in Australia, and later he became Chief of the Divisional Intelligence Branch in the southern Philippines.During this period he rarely photographed, choosing instead to write poetry and extended verse. Three of his longer poems, "Elegies," "Free Verse for the Freedom of Speech," and "Minor Testament," spoke to his experiences during the war and to the bonds of men under extreme conditions. Later he would use some of the text from "Minor Testament" in his photographic sequence Amputations. After the war <mask> traveled to New York City and enrolled in Columbia University. While in New York he met and became close


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 friends with Beaumont and Nancy Newhall, who were working in the newly formed photography department at the Museum of Modern Art. <mask> was offered a job as photographer for the museum and spent many hours talking with and learning from Nancy Newhall, who he said strongly influenced his thinking about and his direction in photography. Mid-career: 1946–1964
In February 1946 <mask> had the first of several meetings with photographer Alfred Stieglitz in New York.<mask> knew of Stieglitz's deep understanding of photography from his various writings, and through their conversations <mask> adopted much of Stieglitz's theory of equivalence, where the image stands for something other than the subject matter, and his use of sequencing pictorial imagery. At one of their meetings <mask> wrote in his journal that he expressed his doubt that he was ready to become a serious photographer. He wrote that Stieglitz asked him "Have you ever been in love?" <mask> answered "yes," and Stieglitz replied "Then you can photograph." During this time, <mask> met and became friends with some of the major photographers of the time, including Berenice Abbott, Edward Steichen, Paul Strand, Edward Weston, and Harry Callahan. Steichen, who was director of the photography department at the Museum of Modern Art, offered <mask> a curatorial position at the museum, but instead <mask> accepted an offer from Ansel Adams to assist him at the newly created photography department at the California School of Fine Arts (CSFA) in San Francisco. <mask> moved to San Francisco in July and lived in the same house as Adams for several years.While there Adams taught <mask> about his Zone System method of exposing

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texts: and developing negatives, which <mask> used extensively in his own work. He wrote extensively about it, published a book and taught the exposure and development method as well as the practice of (pre)-visualization to his students. While in San Francisco <mask> became close friends with Edward Weston in Carmel, and for the remainder of his life Weston had a profound influence on <mask>'s photography and philosophy. Later he said "...Stieglitz, Weston and Ansel all gave me exactly what I needed at that time. I took one thing from each: technique from Ansel, the love of nature from Weston, and from Stieglitz the affirmation that I was alive and I could photograph." Over the next several years <mask> spent a great deal of time photographing at Point Lobos, the site of some of Weston's most famous images, approaching many of the same subjects with entirely different viewpoints and creative purposes. By mid-1947 <mask> was the primary teacher at CSFA and had developed a three-year course that emphasized personal expressive photography.Over the next six years he brought in as teachers some of the best photographers of the time, including Imogen Cunningham, Lisette Model, and Dorothea Lange. During this time <mask> created his first grouping of photos and text in a non-narrative form, a sequence he called Amputations. Although it was scheduled to be shown at the California Palace of the Legion of Honor, the exhibition was canceled because <mask> refused to allow the photographs to be shown without text, which included some wording that expressed his ambiguity about America's post-war patriotism. The next three years were some of <mask>'s most prolific in terms of creative

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texts: output. In addition to taking dozens of land- and waterscapes, he made dozens of photographs that evolved into some of his most compelling sequences. Three in particular showed his continuing struggles with his sexuality. Song Without Words, The Temptation of St. Anthony Is Mirrors, and Fifth Sequence/Portrait of a Young Man as Actor all depict "the emotional turmoil he feels over his love and desire for men."In 1949 <mask> purchased a small Zeiss Ikonta camera and began a series of urban street photographs. Over the next four years he took nearly 6,000 images, all inspired by his newfound interest in the poetry of Walt Whitman. The project, which he called City of Surf, included photographs of San Francisco's Chinatown, the docks, people on the streets and various parades and fairs around town. The period of 1951–52 is one of the formative times in <mask>'s career. He participated in a Conference on Photography at the Aspen Institute, where the idea of creating a new journal of photography was discussed by Ansel Adams, Dorothea Lange, Beaumont and Nancy Newhall, Frederick Sommer and others. Soon after Aperture magazine was founded by many of these same individuals. <mask> volunteered for and was approved as editor, and the first issue appeared in April 1952.Aperture quickly became one of the most influential magazines about photography, and <mask> remained as editor until 1975. Near the end of 1952 <mask>'s father, from whom he had been estranged for many years, died in Long Beach, California. In 1953 Walter Chappell introduced <mask> to the I Ching, an ancient Chinese book of philosophy and divination, and <mask> continued to be influenced by and refer to this text

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texts: throughout the rest of his life. He was especially intrigued by the concepts of yin and yang, in which apparently opposite or contrary forces may be conceived as complementary. Later that same year a reorganization at CSFS resulted in <mask>'s teaching role being cut back, and as a result he began to think about a change in his employment. Concurrently, Beaumont Newhall had recently become the curator at the George Eastman House in Rochester, New York, and Newhall invited <mask> to work with him there as a curatorial assistant. He exhibited September 28 – November 3, 1954 at Limelight Gallery in New York and was included in that gallery's Great Photographs at the end of that year.Over the next three years <mask> organized three themed exhibitions that demonstrated his particular interests: Camera Consciousness, The Pictorial Image and Lyrical and Accurate. In 1955 he joined the faculty at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), where he taught one day a week. <mask>'s photographic output declined during this time due to his teaching and editorial work, but he continued to produce enough images that by the end of 1955 he had created a new sequence, Sequence 10/Rural Cathedrals, which included landscape images from upstate New York that were shot on regular and infrared film. By 1955 <mask> was fully engaged in teaching, having been appointed as instructor at the new four-year photography program at RIT as well as conducting classes and workshops at Ohio University and Indiana University. Walter Chappell moved to Rochester later in the year to work at the George Eastman House. Chappell engaged <mask> in long discussions about various Eastern religions and

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texts: philosophies. <mask> began practicing Zen meditation and adopted a Japanese style of decoration in his house.Over the next two years the discussions between <mask> and Chappell metamorphosed into lengthy discourses about the writing and philosophy of George Gurdjieff. <mask> gradually became an adherent of Gurdjieff's teachings and started to incorporate Gurdjieff's thinking into the design and implementation of his workshops. Gurdjieff's concepts, for <mask>, were not just intellectual exercises but guides to experience, and they greatly influenced much of his approach to teaching and photography throughout the rest of his life. During this same period <mask> began making his first color images. Although he is better known for his black-and-white photography, he produced many color photographs. His archive contains nearly 9,000 35mm transparencies taken between 1955 and 1975. In 1959 <mask> mounted a large exhibition of 115 photos of his Sequence 13/Return to the Bud at the George Eastman House.It was his largest exhibition to date. It later traveled to the Portland Art Museum in Oregon. <mask> was invited to teach a 10-days', all-expense-paid workshop in Portland to accompany the exhibition. He took advantage of the funding to photograph landscapes and did nature studies across the country. From his experience in Portland he developed the idea for a full-time residential workshop in Rochester in which students would learn through both formal sessions and, following a combination of thinking from Gurdjieff and from Zen, through an understanding gained by the discipline of such tasks as household chores and early morning workouts. He would continue this style of


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 residential teaching until he died. In the early 1960s <mask> also studied hypnosis and incorporated the practice into some of his teachings as a way of helping students experience photographs.<mask> continued to teach extensively both privately and at RIT for the next several years. During this time he traveled across the U.S. in the summers taking photographs along the way. In his journal he referred to himself during this period as "The Wanderer," which had both literal and metaphorical meanings due to his search for understanding life. In 1962 he met Michael Hoffman, who became a friend, colleague and, later, assumed the editorship of Aperture magazine. <mask> later named Hoffman to be the executor of his will. Late career: 1965–1974
In 1965 <mask> was invited to help design a newly formed program in visual arts at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Boston. After being appointed as a Visiting Professor, <mask> moved to the Boston area and purchased a 12-room house in suburban Arlington so he could increase the size of his residential workshops for selected students.Soon after moving to the Boston area, he completed a different kind of sequence called Slow Dance, which he would later integrate into his teachings. He continued to explore how people understand and interpret photography and began to incorporate techniques of Gestalt psychology into his teachings. To help his students experience the meaning of "equivalence," he started requiring them to draw certain subjects as well as photograph them. <mask> began to experience periodic discomfort in his chest in 1966, and his doctor diagnosed his ailment as angina. His


texts: symptoms continued throughout the rest of his life, leading him to intensify his study of spiritual matters and meditation. He turned to astrology in an attempt to increase his understanding about life, and his interest in it became so significant that he required all of his current and prospective students to have their horoscopes completed. By this point in his life <mask>'s unorthodox teaching methods were well established, and students who went through his workshops were both mystified and enlightened by the experience.One student who later became a Zen monk said "I really wanted to learn to see the way he did, to capture my subjects in a way that didn't render them lifeless and two-dimensional. I didn't realize that <mask> was teaching us exactly that: not only to see images, but to feel them, smell them, taste them. He was teaching us how to be photography." <mask> began writing the text for Mirrors, Messages, Manifestations, which was the first monograph of his photographs, in late 1966, and three years later the book was published by Aperture. It included 243 of his photographs and text, including poems, notes from his journal and other writings. Peter Bunnell, who was one of <mask>'s early students and then Curator of Photography at the Museum of Modern Art, wrote a lengthy biography of <mask> for the book. During this same time <mask> completed Sequence 1968, a series of landscape images from his recent travels.During the next several years <mask> conceived of and directed four major themed photography exhibitions at MIT, starting with "Light7" in 1968 and followed by "Be-ing without Clothes" in 1970, "Octave of Prayer" in 1972 and "Celebrations" in 1974.

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texts: Anyone could submit images for the shows, and <mask> spent a great deal of time personally reviewing all of the submissions and selecting the final images. <mask> continued to teach extensively and make his own photographs even though his health was declining. He devoted more and more time to his writing and began a long text he called "Consciousness in Photography and the Creative Audience," in which he referred to his 1965 sequence Slow Dance and advanced the idea that certain states of heightened awareness were necessary to truly read a photograph and understand its meaning. To complete this work he applied for and received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1970, and Consciousness in Photography and the Creative Audience became required reading for a new course he taught at MIT called "Creative Audience." in 1971 he traveled to Puerto Rico to explore more of his color photography, and in 1974 and 1975 he journeyed to Peru to teach and to further his own Gurdjieff studies. In 1975 <mask> traveled to England to lecture at the Victoria and Albert Museum and to teach classes at various colleges.He continued on a hectic travel schedule for several weeks, then flew directly to the University of Arizona in Tucson to take part in a symposium there. When he returned to Boston after nearly six weeks of travel, he suffered a heart attack and was hospitalized for several weeks. After this <mask>'s focus turned even more inward, and he photographed very little. He spent much of his time with his student Abe Frajndlich, who made a series of situational portraits of <mask> around his home and in his garden. A few months before his death <mask> published a short article in Parabola


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 magazine called "The Diamond Lens of Fable" in which he associated himself with Gilgamesh, Jason and King Arthur, all heroes of old tales about lifelong quests. On June 24, 1976, <mask> died of a second heart attack while working at his home. He bequeathed all of his personal archives and papers, along with a large collection of his photographs, to Princeton University.He left his house to Aperture so they could continue the work he started there. Equivalence
<mask> was greatly influenced by Stieglitz's concept of "equivalence," which <mask> interpreted as allowing photographs to represent more than their subject matter. He wrote "when a photograph functions as an Equivalent, the photograph is at once a record of something in front of the camera and simultaneously a spontaneous symbol. (A 'spontaneous symbol' is one which develops automatically to fill the need of the moment. A photograph of the bark of a tree, for example, may suddenly touch off a corresponding feeling of roughness of character within an individual.)" In his later life he often made photographs of rocks, surf, wood and other natural objects that were isolated from their context, so that they became abstract forms. He intended these to be interpreted by the viewer as something more than what they actually present.According to <mask>, "When a photographer presents us with what to him is an Equivalent, he is telling us in effect, 'I had a feeling about something and here is my metaphor of that feeling. '...What really happened is that he recognized an object or series of forms that, when photographed, would yield an image with specific suggestive powers that can direct the viewer into a specific and

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 known feeling, state, or place within himself." In the introduction to his Fourth Sequence (1950), <mask> wrote:

 While rocks were photographed, the subject of the sequence is not rocks; while symbols seem to appear, they are barely pointers to significance. The meaning appears in the mood they raise in the beholder; and the flow of the sequence eddies in the river of his associations as he passes from picture to picture. The rocks are only the objects upon which the significance is spread like sheets on the ground to dry. Not everyone agreed with or understood <mask>'s philosophy. Some of <mask>'s abstract images "have an indeterminacy that forestalls any conventional response."One critic wrote "Without a capacity to see in rocks some glimmer of essential form, as Weston did, or in clouds some hint of a universal life force, as Stieglitz did, one cannot understand <mask>'s pictures....One gets the impression that <mask> did not develop as an artist in a linear sense so much as he oscillated between conflicting poles." Sequences
In the mid-1940s <mask> began to articulate a philosophy about the importance of how his photographs are presented to the viewer. He was influenced initially by Stieglitz, who in his teaching emphasized that photographs shown in a structured content may support each other and may create a total statement that is more complex and meaningful that the individual images by themselves. When <mask> began working as a photographer at the Museum of Modern Art in 1945 he became friends with Nancy Newhall, who was organizing a retrospective of Edward Weston's photographs for the museum. Newhall had a gift for creating highly distinct groupings of


texts: images, and <mask> said later that her installation of the Weston exhibit was a revelation to him. For the rest of his life he spent a great deal of time grouping and regrouping his photographs into specific sets of images that varied in number from 10 to more than 100 prints. He described what he called a sequence as a "cinema of stills" that he felt would impart a "feeling-state" created by both the photographer and the personality of the individual viewer.In his early sequences (through 1952) he included various poems and other texts with his images. As he evolved his thinking about sequences, he gradually stopped using texts. At the same time many of his images became more and more abstract. Although he felt strongly about the particular groupings of his images, in his early sequences he purposely did not prescribe a specific order for how they should be presented. He said he wanted his sequences to be subjective interpretations, and as such he wanted viewers to gain insights into themselves by allowing them to contemplate his work as they saw fit. This concept was limited to those viewers who were part of his workshops and teachings, where they could handle the prints individually rather than see them in a gallery. Later, as he became more interested in anthropology and myth, he began to experiment with how individual images influenced a viewer by how they were presented.In a work he called Totemic Sequence, composed of 10 photographs, he included the same image as both the opening and the closing picture. The last picture is the first picture turned upside down. <mask> felt that this change illustrated the simultaneous reality and unreality in a photograph. The

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 title he gave to the first image was "Power Spot." <mask> wrote extensively about his thought about sequences, both in his journal and in articles. In his journal he wrote "The photographs in a Sequence or Constellation may be compared to a dance or theme. The major points of the whole are stated and restated with variations until the very last member of the audience has encountered it or them."He also wrote "Sequence now means that the joy of photographing in the light of the sun is balanced by the joy of editing in the light of the mind." During his lifetime <mask> created or planned about 100 groups of his photographs, including sequences (with multiple versions), series and portfolios. Many were named simply "Sequence" followed by a number, but for several he added artistic titles that reflected his ideas that photographs represent more than their obvious subject matter. Some of his major sequences are:
Song Without Words (1947)
Second Sequence: Amputations (1947)
The Temptation of St. Anthony Is Mirrors (1948). This sequence is <mask>'s most personal body of work, composed entirely of photos of a model at CSFA named Tom Murphy. The 32 images include intimate portraits and figure studies, many of which showed Murphy's frontal full-nude body. At the time it was illegal to either exhibit or publish images that explicitly showed male genitals, and if <mask> would have let it be known that he had taken the photographs he would have been exposed as a homosexual and subjected to harassment and loss of his job.He mounted and bound two copies of the photos into small, hand-made books, gave one to Murphy and kept the other copy for himself. Many of the photos in this


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 sequence were never published during his lifetime, and the complete sequence was exhibited for the first time only in 2014 at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. Sequence 11 / The Young Man as Mystic (1955)
Sequence 13 / Return to the Bud (1959)
Sequence 16 / The Sound of One Hand (1960)
Sequence 17 / Out of My love for You I Will Try to Give You Back Yourself (1963)
Slow Dance (1965). <mask> stepped outside of his usual methods in creating this sequence, which consists of 80 color slides intended to be seen on dual projectors. It was inspired by his interest in movement as interpreted through Gurdjieff's "rhythmic rituals." Totemic Sequence (1974)

Quotations
"At first glance a photograph can inform us. At second glance it can reach us.""Be still with yourself until the object of your attention affirms your presence." "Camera and I have gotten into some eye pursuit of intensified consciousness." "Equivalency functions on the assumption that the following equation is factual: Photograph + Person Looking Mental Image." "In becoming a photographer I am only changing medium. The essential core of both verse and photography is poetry." My own place in this thing called "photography"? Lately it has come to my attention that perhaps I have a place in it, not entirely held by others."One should not only photograph things for what they are but for what else they are." "When the photograph is a mirror of the man and the man is a mirror of the world, then Spirit might take over." "Everything has been photographed. Accept this. Photograph things better." "No matter how slow the film, Spirit always stands still long enough for the photographer It has chosen." See also
 List


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 of LGBT people from Portland, Oregon

Notes

References
Bunnell, Peter.<mask>: The Eye That Shapes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Art Museum, 1989. Caponigro, John Paul. 22 Quotes by Photographer <mask>. Comer, Stephanie, Deborah Klochko and Jeff Gunderson. The Moment of Seeing: <mask> at the California School of Fine Arts. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2006.Daido Loori, John. "Meeting a Man of the Way." Tricycle, Spring, 2003. http://tricycle.org/magazine/meeting-man-way/
Druckrey, Timothy. "A Private Sequence by <mask>." Center for Creative Photography, No 9, June 1979, 34–35. Frajndlich, Abe. Lives I've Never Lived: A  Portrait of <mask>.Cleveland Heights: Arc Press, 1983. Gassan, Arnold. "Report: <mask> Workshops and a Dialogue Failed. "Camera Lucida, no 6 & 7, 1983, pp 1–136. Grunberg, Andy. "<mask>'s Quest for Symbolic Significance." New York Times, April 30, 1989.Hall, James Baker. <mask>: Rites & Passages. New York: Aperture, 1978. Hill, Paul and Tom Cooper. "Camera Interview: <mask> 1906–1978." Camera, No. 1, January 1977, 36–41.Hill, Paul and Tom Cooper. "Camera Interview: <mask> 1906–1978, 2nd Part." Camera, No 2, February 1977, 36–42. Lyons, Nathan. Eye Mind Spirit: The Enduring Legacy of <mask>. New York: Howard Greenberg Gallery, 2009. Martineau, Paul.Minor White: Manifestations of the Spirit. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2014. Marshall, Peter. <mask> White – Spiritual Journey. https://web.archive.org/web/20061021192301/http://www.vasculata.com/minor_white.htm
Marshall, Peter. <mask> – Equivalents. http://www.vasculata.com/minor_white1.htm
<mask>, <mask>.Equivalence: The Perennial Trend." PSA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 7, 17–21, 1963. Available

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 online at http://www.jnevins.com/whitereading.htm
<mask>, <mask>. Mirrors, Messages and Manifestations. New York: Aperture, 1969.<mask>, <mask>. Be-ing Without Clothes. New York: Aperture, 1970. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i24471036

Further reading
 Green, Jonathan., American Photography: A Critical History  (Abrams, 1984). Chapter 3, "The Search for a New Vision"
 The Moment of Seeing: <mask> at the California School of Fine Arts (2006)
 <mask>, <mask>. 1957, "Found Photographs", in Photography: Essays and Images, ed. Newhall, Beaumont
 Wilkinson, Dave., "WORKSHOP: A Teaching Tale" (CreateSpace, 2014) , [novel based on <mask> workshop, https://web.archive.org/web/20140417023335/https://www.createspace.com/3455381]

External links
 Samples of <mask> photographs at the Masters of Photography site. 1908 births
1976 deaths
Gay artists
LGBT photographers from the United States
LGBT people from Minnesota
Artists from Minneapolis
Artists from Portland, Oregon
Works Progress Administration in Oregon
San Francisco Art Institute faculty
United States Army personnel of World War II
Rochester Institute of Technology faculty
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
Photographers from Oregon
20th-century American photographers
LGBT people from Oregon
20th-century LGBT

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<mask> is a Thai theoretical physicist. He is a scientist, educator, writer, translator, columnist, science communicator, producer and host of radio and television programmes. He focuses on science communication and the popularization of science through writing, radio and television media and public speaking. Kupratakul was nominated twice for the UNESCO Kalinga Prize in 1981 and 2004. Biography
Kupratakul was born to Sheng Hiang, an herb doctor, and Siew Tiang, in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, on 20 September 1940. He received his primary education (Prathom 1-Prathom 6, 1949–1953) at Tesbaln 1 School (Boorapa Vidhakorn) and his secondary education (Mathayom 1-Mathayom 8, 1953–1961) at Ratchasima Vidhyalai School, both in Nakhon Ratchasima. He attended Chulalongkorn University at the Faculty of Science for one-and-a-half years, from 1961–1962.In 1962, Kupratakul won a Columbo Plan scholarship, from the Australian Government, to study physics in Australia. He graduated with a BSc (Honours) in Physics from Monash University in 1966, and a PhD (Physics), also from Monash University, in 1970. Since returning to Thailand, <mask> has worked as a lecturer, university administrator, and educational development project committee member or leader. He has also written non-fiction and fiction works with the aim of educating people in the area of science. He met Isaac Asimov in New York in November 1977, and Arthur C. Clarke at Colombo, Sri Lanka, in February 1980. In 1977, Kupratakul visited Princeton, Albert Einstein's last residence. His science writing is inspired by Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, Jules Verne, H.C. Wells and Juntri Siriboonrod (จันตรี ศิริบุญรอด); the last of whom was proclaimed "Father of Thai Science Fiction."Kupratakul worked in the

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Shaiwatna Kupratakul
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 Department of Physics, first at Khon Kaen University from 1970–1982, and then at Srinakharinwirot University (Prasarnmit) from 1982–1999. He retired in 1999, but continues to give talks at universities, schools and for the public. He also write articles and science fiction (both short science stories and science novels), hosts radio and television programmes, and serves as a committee member of several academic and national Councils. <mask> married Shusri Chulusthira in 1968. They have a son (Juckrich) and a daughter (Chollada). He remarried Sansiri Chairat in 1999. Administrative duties
<mask>'s administrative duties have included:

Head of Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, during 1970–1976 and 1978–1982.Assistant Dean of Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, during 1974–1978. Head of Department of Physics, Srinakharinwirot (Prasammit), during 1983–1985. Assistant Dean of Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwiot University, during 1983–1985. Professional appointments and activities
Kupratakul has also participated in the following activities:

Assistant Professor of Physics, during 1974–1981
Associate Professor of Physics, since 1981. Executive committee member, Asian Physical Society, (APSO), 1979. Vice-President, Asian Science Communicators Organization, (ASCO), 1980. Member, the Science Society of Thailand, since 1972.Member, the Writers’ Association of Thailand, since 1976. Member, P.E.N. International Thailand Center, since 1976. Chairman, Science Writers’ and Publishers’ Group of Thailand, 1984. Executive board member, National Research Council of Thailand, since 2003. Chairman, Physical Science and Mathematical Branch, the Office of the National Research Council of Thailand, since 2003. Committee member, Academic University

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 Council, Rajabhat University Nakhon Ratchasima, 2005–2008.Publication
Kupratakul wrote, edited, and translated in a variety of formats including articles, essays, short stories, novels and textbooks. He wrote on both science and non-science subjects for audiences of all ages. More than 100 books, written or translated, have been published. Kupratakul has also published under the pen names of Shaikupt, Tachyon, Watanachai, and Sriwat. Radio and television
Kupratakul has hosted, produced, or served as commentator for several radio programmes, in Khon Kaen (1970–1982) and in Bangkok (since 1982). These programmes were usually focused on science communication and involved direct interaction with audiences. Examples of the radio programs are: Science and You (วิทยาศาสตร์และท่าน), Life and Universe (ชีวิตกับจักรวาล), Life and Science (ชีวิตกับวิทยาศาสตร์), Colorful Life With Science (สีสันชีวิตกับวิทยาศาสตร์), Scientific Wisdom (ภูมิปัญญากับวิทยาศาสตร์), For the Future (สาระเพื่ออนาคต).On television, Kupratakul has hosted, co-hosted, or produced programmes at Khon Kaen national television station (Channel 5 Khon Kaen), 1970–1982, and in Bangkok starting in 1982.. These television appearances are also focused on communicating and popularizing science to the general public. Examples of the television programmes hosted by Kupratakul are: Science And You (วิทยาศาสตร์และท่าน), Keeping Up With World Progress (ทันโลกก้าวหน้า), Science And Life Update (ทันโลก ทันชีวิต), The Path Of The Future (วิถีอนาคต). Research fields
Kupatakul's major research interests are the energy band structures of noble metals, the pressure effects of noble metals on the energy of band structures, and solar energy. His Ph.D. thesis was titled, "The Electron Band Structures Calculation


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 of Gold By The APW Method". His Ph.D. research was published in 1969–1970 (see external links). Awards and prizes
Kupatakul has received the following awards and prizes:
Outstanding Science Communicator Award for the year 1995 from the Science Society of Thailand Under the Patronage of His Majesty the King.“Surintaraja” Award for the year 2009 from the Translators and Interpreters Association of Thailand (TIAT). An award for outstanding senior translator. The book “Immortal Life” (ชีวิตอมตะ), winner of two consolation prizes for non-fiction book for young readers, National Book Fair (Thailand) and The National Youth Bureau (Thailand), both in 1982. The book “Laser” (เลเซอร์) winner of a consolation prize for non-fiction book for young readers, National Book Fair (Thailand), 1986. The book “Amazing Space” (อวกาศมหัศจรรย์), winner of a consolation prize for illustrated book for children, National Book Fair (Thailand), 1997. The book “Project X” (โปรเจกต์เอกซ์), winner of a consolation prize for novel, National Book Fair (Thailand), 2003. Honours and recognition
Kupatakuln has received national and international honours and recognition:
Outstanding alumnus (ศิษย์เก่าดีเด่น) of Ratchasima Vidhayalai School, 1997
Outstanding alumnus (ศิษย์เก่าดีเด่น) of Tesabaln 1 (Boorapa Vidhayalai) School, 2005.Presenter of a TV spot promoting Thailand National Science Week Events, 2000, broadcast during the month of August 2000. Works
 <mask>, S. and G. C. Fletcher (1969) Electron band structure of gold. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 2, p. 1886-1887. <mask>, S. (1970) Relativistic electron band structure of gold. J. Phys.C: Solid State Phys. 3, p. S109-S119. References

Shaiwatna Kupratakul
1940 births
Living people
Monash University alumni
<mask> Kupratakul
<mask>

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<mask> (born November 12, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He was the Attorney General of Minnesota from 1999 to 2007, commissioner of the Minnesota Department of Commerce from 1983 to 1989, and chair of the Minnesota DFL Party from 1980 to 1983. Early life and career
<mask> is a 1966 graduate of East High School in Duluth. In the 1960s, he attended the University of Minnesota, Duluth before dropping out and serving 18 months in the Merchant Marine. There he earned $1.91 an hour shoveling coal into the engines of ore boats crossing the Great Lakes, and made stops in the ports of Rust Belt cities along the shores of the Great Lakes. He was in port in South Chicago during the riots after Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in 1968 and witnessed the clashes between Vietnam War protesters and police during the 1968 Democratic convention. He got mugged at a port in Milwaukee.<mask> later said of this time in his life, "I wasn’t political at the time, but I was awakening to this stuff." He got into a scuffle with a ship's officer who made a derogatory comment about Robert F. Kennedy’s defense of African Americans. "And that is when I became a Democrat," <mask> said. He hitchhiked to Cleveland, called his father for money to return to Minnesota, and returned to the University of Minnesota Duluth to finish his degree with honors. Of the problems in the Rust Belt cities he saw while working the boats, <mask> has said, "There was despair. I took an interest. I thought, 'you know what, I’m going to do something about it.'"<mask> earned a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1973. He was a trial lawyer in private practice in the 1970s and became chair of the state DFL Party in 1980. In 1983 Governor Rudy

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 Perpich appointed <mask> commissioner of the state Department of Commerce, a position he served in until 1989. In 1998 he was elected state attorney general, a position to which he was reelected in 2002, receiving more votes than any previous candidate for any statewide office. State Democratic chairman (1980-1983)
In 1976, the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) was Minnesota's dominant political party. It held two U.S. Senate seats, the governor's office, four of eight Congressional seats, 104 of 134 seats in the Minnesota House of Representatives and 49 of 67 seats in the Minnesota Senate. In 1978 the DFL suffered devastating losses in what is known as the "Minnesota Massacre."The two U.S. Senate seats and governorship went Republican, Republicans picked up an additional Congressional seat, and the DFL lost its majority in the state House, ending up with a 67–67 tie. (The Minnesota Senate was not up for election in 1978.) The DFL party chair was elected at the state party convention, conducted in June of each election year. In 1980, the prevailing issue was how the DFL could recover from the devastating loss in 1978. There were six candidates for chair, all but one of whom had significant interest groups or officeholders supporting them. <mask>, the one candidate without significant support from an interest group, ran a geographically based campaign focused primarily on the support of county and congressional district chairs. The convention was tumultuous, with various interest groups opposed to each other over abortion, labor, and farm issues.<mask>, who had the least amount of political experience, campaigned as a centrist who focused on economic issues and promised to elect more Democrats in the 1980 election. He was elected chair on

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texts: the third ballot. At the time of his victory in June 1980, the mortgage on the party headquarters was in default and the party had no campaign funds for the 1980 election. Under <mask>, the DFL became the first state Democratic party to acquire a computer and jet printer. He published a monthly newspaper that was printed on the computer and mailed to each contributor of a "Sustaining Fund." In spring 1981, <mask> invited Vice President Mondale and Senator Ted Kennedy, the likely Democratic presidential candidates in the 1984 election, to a "Jefferson-Jackson Day" dinner. The invitation to Kennedy to a dinner in Mondale's home state was controversial, but the dinner, with 5,000 in attendance, was the largest and most profitable in the history of the DFL Party.In 1980, the DFL Party was deeply divided over issues ranging from abortion to gay rights to gun control. The party rules encouraged division by requiring delegates to be elected from "sub-caucuses" organized around specific issues or interest groups. In 1981, <mask> printed political buttons, posters and letterhead under the name "The Centrists," promoting the notion that the party had to stand for more than just a conglomeration of interest groups. Feminists, pro-lifers, gun control organizations, and gay rights supporters opposed the "Centrists," who tried to end the sub-caucus system but were defeated by a united coalition of pro-life and pro-choice activists. <mask> "ran the party with a focus on winning elections and an intense dislike of its internal squabbles." By 1982 the "Centrists" began exerting influence on party affairs, and the interest groups turned their focus on <mask> for organizing the group. Nonetheless, the "Centrists" remained an influence in the 1982

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 elections, stifling the intraparty fights between the interest groups during an important election campaign.A longtime political reporter said of <mask>'s tenure as chair: "He worked to rebuild the bitterly divided, debt-ridden DFL Party after its disastrous 1978 election losses. He showed his prowess, both at raising money and organization building. He raised $50,000 to pay off the mortgage and head off the foreclosure on the party headquarters in south Minneapolis, scrounged up another $50,000 to buy a state-of-the-art, 5-megabyte computer the size of a piano, and raised a total of $1.2 million. The DFL is believed to be the first Democratic Party in the country to use the technology of computers, direct mail and telemarketing." The DFL had a banner year in 1982. It won two additional Congressional seats (5 out of eight), the House of Representatives (77 of 134 seats), the State Senate (42 out of 67) and the governorship. In September 1982 <mask> was instrumental in getting the DFL Party to endorse Rudy Perpich, who defeated DFL-endorsed candidate Warren Spannaus for governor in the primary election.It was the first time that the DFL endorsed a candidate for statewide office who had defeated the convention-endorsed candidate. In January 1983, Perpich appointed <mask> commissioner of Securities and Real Estate. Commissioner of Commerce
On December 7, 1982, Governor Perpich appointed <mask> commissioner of the Department of Securities and Real Estate. <mask>'s first task was to reorganize the Department of Insurance, the Department of Banking, and the Department of Securities and Real Estate into one Minnesota Department of Commerce. The reorganization was completed in July 1983. Insurance company accountability
The Minnesota insurance


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 industry was largely unregulated in 1983. The Associated Press wrote that "<mask> vigorously embraced the role of consumer advocate."One of his first actions as commissioner was to create an enforcement division that eventually handled 40,000 complaints a year from the public. <mask> proposed a series of regulations to provide protections for insurance policyholders. He got enacted into law several dozen new standards to provide fair processing of insurance claims for policyholders. These provisions are collectively called the Unfair Claims Practices Act. He also got enacted legislation to provide that an insurance agent and company must not sell a policy that is not suitable for the policyholder. To limit the arbitrary cancellation of automobile policies, <mask> established a point system to determine when an automobile policy may be cancelled by an insurer. He also implemented a set of regulations to stop misleading statements in insurance solicitations.<mask> adopted rules that made agents holding themselves out as "financial planners" owe their clients a fiduciary duty. President Barack Obama proposed a similar provision over 30 years later at the federal level. <mask> also proposed that commercial insurers must give 30 days' notice of any change in the terms of a commercial policy or increase in rates. Farm crisis
<mask> was commerce commissioner during the farm crisis of the mid-1980s. In 1983 Minnesota had over 430 banks and savings and loan associations. Most were in rural areas and depended on the success of the rural economy. Interest rates were at record levels, with a few banks paying up to 15% annual interest on some deposits.The combination of volatile interest rates and the failure of rural farms affected the banking

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 industry. Farmers couldn't pay back the loans, falling grain and land prices shrank the value of collateral, and double-digit interest rates on deposits put banks in an impossible squeeze. Bank examiners forced banks to write down the value of the loan collateral, which resulted in more banks being labeled insolvent and subject to liquidation. This accelerated foreclosures. The depth of the rural recession resulted in few buyers willing to buy used equipment or land at auction, causing further depreciation of farm assets. <mask> helped enact several laws to help farmers. One was the mandatory Farmer-Lender Mediation Act of 1986, which required a lender to offer mediation with the farmer before instituting a foreclosure proceeding.<mask> also created an "Interest Buydown Program" in 1985 to pay a portion of the farmer's interest on farm loans. To lessen the regulatory pressure from bank examiners, <mask> directed them to allow banks to value collateral at the appraisal made at the time of the loan. Minnesota also established a rural farm advocate program to assist farmers through the loan process and instituted a voluntary mortgage foreclosure moratorium. Despite these programs, the Commerce Department shuttered over 25 financially unstable Minnesota banks between 1984 and 1989. Commercial insurance
The 1980s financial crisis also affected insurance companies, with commercial insurers doubling and tripling rates to make up for "cash flow" underwriting in the late 1970s. In cash flow underwriting, an insurer undercuts premiums, expecting to make substantial profit on an anticipated investment return of 15% to 20%. The problem was that when the rate of return lowered from 20% in 1980 to 8% in 1984, the loss in anticipated investment profit


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 could not sustain the outflow of cash necessary to pay insurance claims.The losses sustained by cash flow underwriting were particularly hard on commercial insurers that expected to earn a high profit for many years until claims came due. This created problems for policyholders in securing coverage, because few insurers specialized in certain fields of commerce. In 1984, Minnesota had only one liquor liability insurer, two medical malpractice insurers, and few insurers that concentrated coverage in specific areas, such as foster parents or psychologists. <mask> responded to the doubling and tripling of rates on two fronts. First, he established a Joint Underwriting Association (JUA), which could issue policies to keep an industry operational if there was a shortage of insurers in a particular field, since some industries could not operate without insurance coverage. Second, he undertook several studies of whether the increased premiums had anything to do with increased claims. The St. Paul Companies, based in St. Paul and the primary issuer of medical malpractice policies, argued that <mask>'s studies were flawed.The dispute between Hatch and the insurer ended up on ABC Nightline on February 14, 1989. The televised debate resulted in insurance hearings around the country, with St. Paul Companies dropping its premiums for medical malpractice insurance by 25% on April 15, 1989. Drought insurance
In 1988, rural Minnesota experienced a fierce drought. At the time, Chubb Insurance was selling "rain insurance", which paid a farmer if the rain gauge nearest their farm had accumulated less than a certain amount of rain between June1 and August 31. Chubb's agents were selling the coverage as late as July 15 that summer, halfway through the

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 drought. Farmers stood in line outside insurance agencies to buy the coverage in July. When farmers filed claims for their losses due to the drought, Chubb responded that it would not pay on the policy, claiming it was essentially a gambling contract having nothing to do with the success or failure of the farmer's crop.The company also disavowed any responsibility for the actions of the agents who sold the coverage. <mask> said that the insurer was responsible for its agents' actions and that it had to pay on the policies. The dispute between Chubb and <mask> ended up in federal court in Cincinnati, Ohio, with one issue being whether <mask> could suspend Chubb's insurance license if it didn't pay on the policies. The court ruled for <mask>, and he was allowed to proceed with a hearing to determine whether Chubb's license should be revoked. Shortly before the hearing, Chubb paid the farmers under the policies. Corporate takeover hearings
One of Hatch's early focal points was the regulation of corporate takeovers. The 1980s was a time of high-profile corporate raids around the nation, in which leveraged buyout artists made bids that often resulted in the closure or liquidation of the target company.In 1984, several Minnesota public companies secured enactment of a law that empowered the commerce commissioner to delay a tender offer to acquire securities of a Minnesota public company if the offer did not fully disclose the consequences of the takeover. In September 1984, just two months after the law became effective, <mask> issued the first in a series of orders that scheduled hearings designed to slow down the takeover of local companies, including Scientific Computers, Conwed, Dayton Hudson Corporation, St. Paul Companies, Pillsbury


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 Companies, and Northwest Airlines. The hearings were controversial, with several takeovers thwarted by the hearing and testimony process, including bids for Scientific Computers, Dayton Hudson, St. Paul Companies, and Northwest Airlines. It became apparent over time that the hearings were interfering with shareholders' rights and simply serving to raise the bid on the stock being acquired. The takeover hearings largely stopped by 1989. Health insurance
As insurance commissioner, <mask> liquidated several HMOs and self-insured health trusts that were insufficiently financed. Insolvent insurers and HMOs included the Duluth Employee Benefit Program, the Minnesota Real Estate Benefit Trust and Plan, More HMO of Virginia, and the LTV Self Insured Trust.Only a handful of major insurers and HMOs dominated the Minnesota health insurance market in 1987. Blue Cross, PHP and HealthPartners were the dominant players, and all had HMOs that were poorly reserved. PHP, an HMO with 400,000 enrollees, was on the brink of insolvency. PHP had 4,600 medical providers on its panel, over one-third of whom joined a "PHP Oversight Committee" whose goal was to take over the organization. If PHP became insolvent, the other HMOs were not in a position to offer coverage to its enrollees. PHP and the Oversight Committee were engaged in a court fight in Hennepin County District Court, and, to break the logjam, the parties asked Governor Perpich to intervene. On August 15, 1987, Perpich agreed to intervene and appointed Hatch and Health Commissioner Mary Ashton as mediators.Over the next week, the two conducted marathon negotiation sessions culminating in a verbal settlement at 4:00 a.m. the following Friday. The PHP settlement involved a change in the composition of


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 its board of directors. A Minnesota political reporter wrote that <mask> was "a zealous consumer watchdog in the regulation of banks, insurance companies, securities and real estate firms." Attorney general of Minnesota (1999 to 2006)

Campaign
As an attorney in private practice with his own Minneapolis law firm, <mask> represented over 50 women pro bono in lawsuits to receive coverage from their HMOs for breast cancer treatment. The experience led <mask> to run for attorney general in 1998. He ran as a populist who promised to tackle problems in the health care system and malfeasance by large corporations. His campaign featured TV ads with testimonials from some of the breast cancer patients he had represented.<mask> quickly made health care reform one of his top priorities as attorney general. First six months
As attorney general <mask> got off to a quick start in implementing his campaign promises. He had pledged to be an active attorney general who would be the "people’s lawyer," not just represent state agencies. A former insurance regulator, <mask> brought complex, heavily litigated lawsuits against major corporations and health care companies throughout his tenure. In March 1999 he filed suit against American Family Mutual for failing to pay for repairs after storms. American Family had initially sued <mask> to keep him from investigating it, so <mask> ended his investigation and sued the company instead. He alleged that the company violated the law when it paid only for the portion of a consumer's roof or siding that was damaged by hail or wind, leaving homeowners with mismatched roofs and siding when the replacement siding or shingles did not match those on the rest of the house.American Family challenged <mask>'s standing to

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texts: file the suit, claiming that only the state Commerce Department could bring such actions. In April 2000 the Minnesota Court of Appeals upheld <mask>'s standing to bring the suit. In October 2000, <mask> prevailed in the lawsuit, securing a court order requiring American Family to pay for both the damaged portion of the roofing and siding and the undamaged portion if matching shingles and siding were no longer available. On June 9, 1999, <mask> drew national attention when he became the first state official in the country to file a lawsuit against a national bank for violating customers’ privacy. <mask> sued U.S. Bank, one of the largest banking systems in Minnesota, for entering into a "joint marketing agreement" with 15 telemarketing companies and disclosing to them the names, addresses, account numbers, Social Security numbers, and credit histories of almost one million customers. The lawsuit was resolved on June 30, 1999, with US Bank agreeing to stop the sale of customer data to marketing companies and to pay $3 million. A number of other large banks, including Bank of America and Wells Fargo, quickly announced they would end similar agreements.Editorial boards praised <mask>'s lawsuit, with one noting that "the attorney general’s action has already had sweeping effect. Bank customers nationwide—and not just U.S. Bancorp depositors—who value the privacy of their accounts and other information are the potential beneficiaries." <mask> later testified in Congress, asking it to strengthen consumer privacy protections. When he tried to enact state legislation to protect consumers’ privacy, 118 lobbyists showed up to oppose his bill. <mask> stayed active in privacy lawsuits. In December 2000, he brought the first case in the country

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 against a mortgage lender (Fleet Mortgage) for selling customer account information to telemarketers. Health care
The month before he took office, <mask> announced the formation of a hotline to take complaints from patients with problems with HMOs.In his first month in office, he announced an HMO bill of rights to give patients greater protection from abusive health insurance practices, such as paying bonuses to doctors who limit the number of referrals given to patients. One of <mask>'s most cited accomplishments as attorney general was his lawsuit against Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota. In October 2000, he filed suit against Blue Cross, the state's largest health insurer, alleging that it routinely refused to pay for treatment for children and young adults suffering from mental illness, eating disorders, and chemical dependency. The suit alleged that Blue Cross told some patients who asked the insurance company to pay for treatment for their mentally ill children that they should instead relinquish their children to the juvenile justice system or foster care. Blue Cross vehemently denied the allegations. When <mask> filed the suit, only six families were willing to be named in it because of privacy concerns for their children. <mask> later expanded the lawsuit to include testimony from many more families and from former Blue Cross employees who said they intentionally declined coverage simply to save the insurer money.<mask> eventually secured a legal settlement with Blue Cross that created a three-judge panel to automatically review any decision by the insurer to deny mental health care for children. Blue Cross also paid $8 million to reimburse the state for the cost of shifting care onto the state that the insurer should


texts: have paid. The settlement required Blue Cross to reimburse families for treatment it had refused to pay, to process urgent claims within 24 hours, to process appeals within one day, to pay for court-ordered treatment, and to cover 28-day inpatient treatment for chemical dependency and eating disorders. At the time of the settlement, Blue Cross said that "we’ve failed these families in some important ways" and credited Hatch's lawsuit as a wake-up call that forced the company to change its practices. Mental health experts praised the settlement as a "major step forward in terms of people being able to access the services they need." Hatch soon expanded the settlement terms to apply to HealthPartners and Medica, the state's other two leading health insurance companies. In 2000, Hatch launched a year-long compliance review of Allina Health System, the state's largest hospital system.Allina at the time owned Medica Health Plans, one of the state's largest HMOs. Allina and Medica are nonprofit organizations. <mask> launched his probe under the nonprofit laws after the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services found that an unnamed Minnesota nonprofit HMO had spent Medicare premium revenue on sports tickets and other lavish perks for executives. When Allina refused to cooperate with the compliance review, <mask> sued it to gain access to its books and records. He ultimately issued a multi-volume compliance report with hundreds of adverse findings against the organization. Among other things, the review found that top executives at the company spent tens of millions of dollars on golf trips, parties, beachfront condominiums, maid service for executives, spas, image consultants, executive enrichment and unearned executive bonuses,


texts: foreign travel, consultants, and gifts. <mask> issued a report stating that conflicts of interest within the organization resulted in Medica HMO's premium dollars being diverted to shore up the financial position of Allina's corporate headquarters, resulting in higher premiums for policyholders.<mask> urged Allina to split into two companies, separating Medica, an HMO with one million members, from Allina, which ran 19 hospitals and 48 clinics. Three days later, Allina announced that it would split off HMO Medica from its hospitals and clinics. The CEOs of Allina and Medica soon departed. The new Allina chairman agreed that the lavish spending and executive perks were wrong for a nonprofit health care system. Allina and Medica then entered into a regulatory agreement with Hatch to curb conflicts of interest and inappropriate expenditures. The Rochester Post Bulletin wrote, "<mask> is performing a genuine public service in giving people an insight into some of the spending habits and accounting practices of Allina Health System." The Canby News wrote, "Attorney General <mask> was absolutely within his rights to go after Allina Health System on grounds that golf trips, $800,000 consultant fees, health spas and so on are way outside the lines of delivering health care."The Star Tribune noted that "<mask> has changed the rules of the game for an industry used to a quiet, low-key scrutiny." <mask> then launched a compliance review of HealthPartners, another nonprofit HMO, in 2001. The yearlong compliance review found that executives ate lavish meals, traveled the world, gave gifts of Waterford crystal, and engaged in inappropriate entertainment spending inconsistent with the mission of an HMO. A Star Tribune editorial from the time said, "It

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texts: is remarkable that HealthPartners would spend money on exotic foreign travel…or overtly political opinion polling at a time when executives knew that their industry was under scrutiny, and it is imperative that health-care executives understand that Minnesotans expect a higher standard of stewardship." The Rochester Post-Bulletin wrote, "The business practices he cites would be wrong in any company, but they are particularly objectionable in a non-profit company in the health care field." HealthPartners agreed to new spending restrictions and the appointment of a third-party advisor to its board to remedy the deficiencies found in the review. <mask> then launched a probe of Fairview Health Systems, another hospital system, finding that it aggressively collected debts from patients too poor to pay their bills and did not offer charity care, in violation of its mission as a nonprofit hospital.<mask> obtained a first-in-the-country settlement with Fairview in which it was required to stop using aggressive debt collection tactics, to expand its charity care for poor patients, to give discounts to middle-income families, and to give a third-party monitor appointed by <mask> broad authority to oversee the company's collection practices. Another oft-cited accomplishment of <mask>'s was the 2005 agreement he reached with every hospital in Minnesota over their billing and collection practices. Under the agreement, the hospitals agreed to charged uninsured patients with household incomes less than $125,000, the same discounted prices their largest insurance company got. Before the agreement, hospitals charged uninsured patients up to four times more than they charged insurance companies. The hospitals also agreed to change their debt-collection

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texts: practices to offer more charity care and give patients greater rights to negotiate payment terms. In a May 9, 2005 editorial, the Star Tribune wrote, "It is good to see Minnesota Attorney General <mask> adopting the uninsured, the orphans of the health care system, and getting them a better deal." In 2005 and 2006, <mask> conducted a compliance review of Blue Cross, the state's largest health insurer, which found that it had amassed more than $1 billion in financial reserves while raising premiums and shifting costs to consumers.<mask> said at the time, "The obligation of Blue Cross is to provide affordable health care. Their statutory purpose is not to become the wealthiest nonprofit." <mask> was active in protecting vulnerable patients in care facilities from abuse. In March 2000 he filed a lawsuit against Alterra, a Wisconsin-based assisted living facility, for misrepresenting that it was qualified to take care of memory-impaired patients. The suit was featured in a Time magazine article about abuses at assisted-living facilities. Alterra charged patients up to $4,000 per month, but family members reported patients with Alzheimer's lying in their own feces and urine-soaked garments for hours, and local police frequently discovered dementia patients wandering the streets in the cold. <mask> noted at the time that assisted-living facilities were "essentially unregulated nursing homes," and called for them to be licensed.The state legislature did not act on his proposal, and in 2017 the Star Tribune ran a multi-part investigative special report exposing abuses of patients in such facilities. One of the major legislative proposals following the Star Tribune exposé was that the state license assisted-living facilities. <mask> also took on

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 pharmaceutical companies. In 2002, he filed a lawsuit against Pharmacia Corporation, making Minnesota one of the first states to sue a drug company for defrauding patients and Medical Assistance by quoting "average wholesale prices" that did not reflect the prices insurers actually paid the pharmaceutical company for its drugs. In 2003, he filed lawsuits against several more drug companies alleging that they misrepresented the prices of inhalers for asthma patients by up to seven times the true cost. 2000-2006

<mask> took on other causes on behalf of the vulnerable. In 2000, he drafted and got enacted the Safe Place for Newborns Act, which allows mothers to take unwanted babies to any hospital for adoption.After 15 people were arrested in multi-million-dollar rings spanning 24 states that solicited young girls for prostitution, <mask> formed a task force to recommend legislative improvements. He secured $6 million in legislative funding for shelters for teenage runaways and prostitutes and drafted legislation that increased penalties for sex offenders. <mask> wielded the antitrust and regulatory powers of the office to promote market competition and regulate markets that were dominated by monopolies. In August 2000, he was an early opponent of the movement to deregulate electricity, issuing a several-hundred-page report claiming it would lead to higher prices for consumers. The year after <mask> issued this report, California experienced widespread power blackouts and 800 percent rate hikes after it deregulated electricity markets. In 2005, Allina Health System dropped its efforts to buy two cardiology practices after <mask> filed a lawsuit claiming that its proposal would give it a monopoly in local cardiac care. <mask> handled many


texts: constitutional cases as attorney general.In 2001, Minnesota state government nearly shut down when Governor Jesse Ventura and legislative leaders reached an impasse in budget negotiations. <mask> filed a petition to ask a court to order that essential state government services be funded in the event of a shutdown. The court granted <mask>'s request, the first time that a Minnesota court had issued an order to authorize the government to continue to operate in the absence of a legislative appropriation. <mask> obtained a similar court order in 2005 requiring the state to continue to fund essential government services during a partial government shutdown that year. <mask> was an advocate for utility ratepayers. In 2001 he petitioned the Public Utilities Commission to put the brakes on a "no surprise bill" program by Reliant Energy Minnegasco that was marketed as a way for consumers to bring predictability to their home heating costs but resulted in customers paying as much as 20 percent more on natural gas. In 2005 he issued a scathing report faulting CenterPoint Energy for deliberately violating the law designed to protect low-income people from having their heat turned off in the winter."They violated the law and every standard of human decency," <mask> said at the time. He got the company to reconnect power to 5,000 people. In 2006 he asked the Public Utilities Commission to roll back a rate hike proposed by Xcel Energy after discovering that it was asking for higher rates to collect taxes it would never pay and saddling residents with larger rate hikes than businesses. <mask> was active in protecting consumers in other sales transactions. In 2002 he won sweeping concessions from several automobile dealers that sold optional warranties


texts: and financial products, requiring them to tape-record all sales transactions in which they sold such products. In 2001 he obtained a settlement with US Bancorp requiring the bank to make refunds to customers (one-third of whom were over 80 years old) who were misled into buying long-term 10- and 20-year brokered certificates of deposit, thinking they were regular, short-term bank CDs. He sued the nation's largest maker of bulletproof vests for police officers, claiming the company continued to sell vests it knew would degrade in light.The company later filed bankruptcy. In October 2002, an airplane carrying Senator Paul Wellstone crashed in northern Minnesota, killing Wellstone 11 days before the state general election. <mask>, a Democrat, worked closely with the state's Republican secretary of state to ensure that people who already voted for Wellstone on absentee ballots would get another chance to vote. <mask> was reelected to a second term as attorney general on November 5, 2002. Republicans won every other constitutional office that year. <mask> won more votes in that election than any candidate in any previous race for constitutional office in Minnesota history. After learning that the legislature had appropriated only $10,000 to Governor-elect Tim Pawlenty’s transition office in 2003, <mask> voluntarily transferred $250,000 of his budget to help fund the transition.In his inaugural address in 2002, <mask> called for the state not to forget that "there are children who don’t always have enough to eat and too many families without health insurance." An editorial noted of his inaugural remarks that "Since Sen. Paul Wellstone’s death, <mask> is one of the few voices speaking out on behalf of those who have not shared in the nation’s


texts: prosperity." <mask> took action against unlawful bill collection practices. In 2003 he filed a lawsuit against Cross Country Bank for selling subprime credit cards with low balance limits to poor people and then harassing them with debt-collection calls. The suit alleged that the bank called some consumers as many as 60 times a week, including on holidays, using profanities and racist epithets. The bank fought the lawsuit to the Minnesota Court of Appeals, but <mask> prevailed, resulting in a precedent-setting ruling that arbitration clauses in consumer contracts do not apply to a lawsuit by the attorney general. In 2004, <mask> sued AT&T for attempting to collect bills from people who did not owe the money.Later that year, he sued two more debt collection agencies, including one that threatened to sue people for debts that were too old to be collected and another that made relentless telephone calls. <mask> was an early leader in taking to task illegal practices in the real estate and mortgage industries. In 2001 he filed a lawsuit against Countrywide Mortgage for not notifying borrowers of their right to cancel mortgage insurance that cost some homeowners hundreds of dollars per year. In 2003 he filed a lawsuit against a company that engaged in an equity-stripping scheme. The company purchased homes in foreclosure, promising to lease the homes back to the people who, when they couldn't afford the rent, would lose their home equity to the company. <mask> secured a court order barring the company from buying foreclosed homes. In 2005, he launched a probe of Ameriquest for aggressive mortgage lending to people with subprime credit histories.He then reached a settlement with the company requiring it to pay money to 22,000 Minnesota


texts:
 borrowers who were defrauded by aggressive sales practices. In 2004 and 2005, <mask> challenged Minnesota's efforts to release sex offenders into the public rather than civilly commit them to a security hospital. In 2004 he sued a nursing home that locked vulnerable patients in a ward with sex offenders, some of whom assaulted patients. The Minnesota Department of Corrections sent the patients to live in the nursing home, where they were housed with regular patients amid rat and roach infestations. Employees were instructed to tell residents the rats were "bunnies." The nursing home was shut down. In 2005 <mask> appeared in court to argue that an insurance company should pay the claim of two little girls who survived an airplane crash that killed their mother in northern Minnesota.One of his former chief deputies said of <mask>'s tenure as attorney general: "You could expect his light to be on before eight in the morning and you could expect that he was going to go late into the night." 2006 gubernatorial campaign

<mask> was endorsed in June at the DFL state convention in Rochester, Minnesota. The endorsement was not binding. In the battle for the endorsement, <mask> defeated state senators Steve Kelley and Becky Lourey. Kelley conceded, but Lourey said she would run in the September primary. <mask> selected former state auditor Judi Dutcher (who had left the Republican party in 2000) as his lieutenant governor candidate, and won the September primary. On November 7, 2006, <mask> lost the general election by less than 1% to the Republican incumbent, Tim Pawlenty, in a four-way race that included Independence Party nominee Peter Hutchinson and Green Party nominee Ken Pentel.<mask> returned to private law practice after his term ended in

masks: Hatch Hatch Hatch Hatch Hatch Hatch Hatch Hatch


texts:
 January 2007. In 2019 he and Lori Swanson co-founded Swanson Hatch, P.A., a Minnesota law firm. Electoral history

1998

2002

2006

References

External links
Campaign 2006: <mask> (Minnesota Public Radio)

|-

1948 births
Living people
Minnesota Attorneys General
Minnesota Democrats
People from Burnsville, Minnesota
Politicians from Duluth, Minnesota
State cabinet secretaries of Minnesota
State political party chairs of Minnesota
University of Minnesota Law School


texts:
<mask> (; born March 27, 1985), is a Belarusian welterweight Muay Thai kickboxer fighting out of Minsk for Patriot Gym. He is a seven time amateur Muay Thai world champion and is the K-1 World MAX 2010 East Europe champion currently competing in Kunlun Fight. Singer of the rock band Brutto. Amateur career

<mask> has been a prominent member of the Belarusian Muay Thai national team. He won his first international tournament in his teens, winning gold at the 2001 I.F.M.A. European Championships. He followed this up two years later aged just 17 by winning a gold medal in the 61 kg category at the 2003 I.A.M.T.F.World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand. Between 2004 and 2008 <mask> would win four gold medals at the W.M.F. world championships (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007) along with a gold medal at the 2004 W.K.P.F. World Championships and gold at the 2006 W.A.K.O. European Championships. In 2008 <mask> entered the 4th Busan TAFISA World Games in Busan, South Korea which was holding the 2008 I.F.M.A. World Championship.He made the final but had to make do with silver – losing his final match to the

masks:
Vitaly Hurkou
Vitaly
Vitaly
Vitaly


texts:
 Ukrainian Petr Nakonechnyi. He returned with a vengeance the following year winning the 2009 I.F.M.A. European Championship and the 2009 I.F.M.A. World Championship. At the world championship <mask> defeated Marcus Öberg in the quarter finals before gaining his revenge on Nakonechnyi in the semi finals en route to winning gold. At the I.F.M.A. world championships in 2010, <mask> made it through to the final but lost in the gold medal match, although he would win gold earlier on in the year at the I.F.M.A.European Championships in Italy. So far in his amateur career he has nine medals at World championships (seven gold, two silver) and three golds at European championships from 61 kg through to his current weight of 71 kg. On July 30, 2017 <mask> became the first 75 kg Muay Thai Gold-medalistat The World Games 2017 in Wroclaw, Poland. Professional career

As a result of his successful amateur career, <mask> has increasingly become involved in professional competitions. In 2007, he entered the W.M.C. Brute Force 8 Judgment Day - 72 kg tournament in Melbourne, Australia. <mask> showed his

masks: Vitaly Vitaly Gurkov Gurkov Gurkov


texts: amateur skills were not lost on the professional circuit, defeating Australian Greg Foley in the final to win the event.In 2008, he attempted to qualify for The Contender Asia Season 2 Muay Thai reality show in Chelyabinsk, Russia. He defeated amateur rival Petr Nakonechnyi in the semi-finals but lost to reigning 75 kg I.M.F.A. World Champion Artem Levin by TKO in the final. In 2009, he had more disappointment, losing in the final of the Tatneft Cup - 70 kg category. In 2010, <mask> made his mark on the professional circuit at the K-1 World MAX 2010 East Europe Tournament on March 19 in Minsk, Belarus. He defeated his first two opponents by decision before facing Zamin Guseynov from Azerbaijan in the final. After three rounds, <mask> was crowned K-1 World MAX 2010 East Europe champion, defeating his opponent by unanimous decision.This victory meant that <mask> qualified for kickboxing’s most prestigious competition at the forthcoming K-1 World MAX 2010 Final 16. At the event, <mask> was given the toughest draw, having to face reigning K-1 champion Giorgio Petrosyan in Seoul. After three

masks: Gurkov Gurkov Gurkov Gurkov


texts: rounds, Vitaly failed to cause an upset, his K-1 MAX dream finished by a unanimous decision defeat. A few weeks later, he was knocked out of another high-profile tournament, losing to Petchmankong Petchfocus in the second round of the Izuzu Thai Fight Muay Thai competition. He beat Fares Bechar via decision in the quarter-finals of the 2012 Thai Fight 70 kg Tournament at Thai Fight 2012: King of Muay Thai in Bangkok, Thailand on October 23, 2012. He then beat Antero Hynynen in the tournament semi-finals in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand on November 25, 2012. He lost to Buakaw Banchamek in the final on December 16, 2012.He defeated Kem Sitsongpeenong by decision to win the WBC Muaythai World Super Welterweight (-69.8 kg/154 lb) Championship at Ring Wars in Milan, Italy on January 25, 2014. He was expected fight Tony Hervey at Kickboxing Empire II in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States on March 8, 2014, but Hervey was replaced with Jaseem Al Djilwi. <mask> won by TKO in round three after barraging Al Djiwali with a knee to the body and subsequent unanswered follow-up punches in round three. In 2017


texts:
 <mask> joined Banchamek Gym and had his first fight representing the camp at Kunlun Fight 62. He defeated Nurla Mulali of China by decision on June 10, 2017 in Bangkok, Thailand. On November 5, 2017 Gurkov won eight-man 75 kg tournament at Kunlun Fight 66 in Wuhan, China. He defeated Chinese Nurla Mulali, Thai Arthit Hanchana, and Iranian Hossein Karami.On July 27, 2019 <mask> won the 75 kg tournament in Beijing, China to become the first athlete in the promotion to win the belt twice. Titles

Professional:
Kunlun Fight
 2019 Kunlun Fight 75kg Tournament Champion
 2017 Kunlun Fight 75kg Tournament Champion

World Boxing Council Muaythai
 2014 WBC World Super Welterweight (-69.8 kg/154 lb) Championship

K-1
 2010 K-1 World MAX East Europe Champion
Tatneft Cup
 2009 Tatneft Cup Runner Up

The Contender Asia
2008 Season 2 Russia Super 8 Qualifier Runner Up

World Muay Thai Council
 2007 W.M.C. Brute Force 8 Judgement Day ChampionAmateurWorld Games2017 The World Games 2017 in Wroclaw, Poland  -75 kgInternational Federation of Muaythai Associations
2013 I.F.M.A. European Championships in Lisbon,

masks: Gurkov Gurkov


texts:
 Portugal  -71 kg
2010 I.F.M.A. World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand  -71 kg
2010 I.F.M.A. European Championships in Velletri, Italy  -71 kg
2009 I.F.M.A. World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand  -71 kg
2009 I.F.M.A.European Championships in Liepāja, Latvia  -71 kg
2008 I.F.M.A. World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand  -71 kg
2001 I.F.M.A. European Championships

World Muaythai Federation
2007 W.M.F. World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand  -71 kg
2006 W.M.F. World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand  -67 kg
2005 W.M.F. World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand
2004 W.M.F. World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand

World Association of Kickboxing Organizations
2006 W.A.K.O.European Championships in Skopje, Macedonia  -67 kg (Thai-Boxing)

2004 W.K.P.F. World Championships
2003 I.A.M.T.F. World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand  -61 kg

Kickboxing Record

|-
|-  style="background:#CCFFCC;"
|  2019-07-27 || Win || align="left" | Saiyok Pumpanmuang || Kunlun Fight 81 75kg World Tournament (Finals ) || Beijing, China || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white


texts:
 colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2010-10-03 || Loss ||align=left| Giorgio Petrosyan || K-1 World MAX 2010 Final 16 - Part 2 || Seoul, South Korea || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-08-29 || Win ||align=left| Jong Hyun Ko || THAI FIGHT Final 16 || Bangkok, Thailand || TKO (Referee Stoppage) || 3 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-03-19 || Win ||align=left| Zamin Guseynov || K-1 World MAX 2010 East Europe Tournament, Final || Minsk, Belarus || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-03-19 || Win ||align=left| Enriko Gogokhia || K-1 World MAX 2010 East Europe Tournament, Semi Finals || Minsk, Belarus || Ext.R Decision (Unanimous) || 4 || 3:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-03-19 || Win ||align=left| Lukasz Szul || K-1 World MAX 2010 East Europe Tournament, Quarter Finals || Minsk, Belarus || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2009-10-23 || Loss ||align=left| Uranbek Esenkulov ||


texts:
 Tatneft Cup 2009, Final || Kazan, Russia || Decision || 6 || 3:00
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-09-16 || Win ||align=left| Armen Israelyan || Tatneft Cup 2009, Semi Finals || Kazan, Russia || Decision || 4 || 3:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-05-26 || Win ||align=left| Vladimir Shakaya || Tatneft Cup 2009 2nd Selection, Quarter Finals || Kazan, Russia || TKO (Knee to Body) || 2 ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-02-19 || Win ||align=left| Andrey Khovrin || Tatneft Cup 2009 4th Selection, 1st Round || Kazan, Russia || Decision || 4 || 3:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2008-12-19 || Loss ||align=left| Artem Levin || "The Contender Asia" Season 2 Russia Super 8 Qualifier, Final || Chelyabinsk, Russia || TKO (Cut) || 1 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-12-19 || Win ||align=left| Petr Nakonechnyi || "The Contender Asia" Season 2 Russia Super 8 Qualifier, Semi Finals || Chelyabinsk, Russia || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-12-19 || Win ||align=left| Mickael Piscitello


texts:
 || "The Contender Asia" Season 2 Russia Super 8 Qualifier, Quarter Finals || Chelyabinsk, Russia || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2007-03-25 || Win ||align=left| Greg Foley || W.M.C. Brute Force 8 Judgement Day, Final || Melbourne, Australia || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2007-03-25 || Win ||align=left| Jason Scerri || W.M.C. Brute Force 8 Judgement Day, Semi Finals || Melbourne, Australia || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2007-03-25 || Win ||align=left| Marcin Olczak || W.M.C. World Games 2017, Finals -75 kg || Wroclaw, Poland || Decision ||  ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2017-07-29 || Win ||align=left| Troy Jones || I.F.M.A.World Games 2017, Semi Finals -75 kg || Poland || TKO || 3 ||
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2017-07-28 || Win ||align=left| Diogo Calado || I.F.M.A. World Games 2017, Quarter Finals -75 kg || Poland || Decision || 3 ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2016-05-29 || Win ||align=left| Tengnueng Sitjesairoong || I.F.M.A. World


texts:
 Muaythai Championships 2016, Finals -75 kg || Jonkoping, Sweden || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2012-09-11 || Win ||align=left| Kem Sitsongpeenong || I.F.M.A. World Muaythai Championships 2012, Semi Finals -71 kg || Saint Petersburg, Russia || Decision (Majority) || 4 || 2:00
|-
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2011-09-25 || Win ||align=left| Konstantin Khuzin || I.F.M.A. World Championships 2011, Final -71 kg || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 4 || 2:00
|-
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2011-09-25 || Win ||align=left| Enriko Gogokhia || I.F.M.A.World Championships 2011, Semi finals -71 kg || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 4 || 2:00
|-
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2011-09-25 || Win ||align=left| Thongnoon || I.F.M.A. World Championships 2011, Quarter Finals -71 kg || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 4 || 2:00
|-
|-
|-  bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
| 2010-12-05 ||No Contest||align=left| Magomedov Zaynalabin || I.F.M.A. World Championships 2010, Final -71 kg || Bangkok, Thailand || || ||
|-
!


texts:
 style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-05-30 || Win ||align=left| Almaz Smagulov || I.F.M.A. European Muaythai Championships 2010, Final -71 kg || Velletri, Italy || || ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-05-29 || Win ||align=left| Ismail || I.F.M.A. European Muaythai Championships 2010, Semi Final -71 kg || Velletri, Italy || || ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-05-28 || Win ||align=left| Viktor Zaman || I.F.M.A.European Muaythai Championships 2010, Quarter Final -71 kg || Velletri, Italy || || ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-05-27 || Win ||align=left| Mathias Karlsson || I.F.M.A. European Muaythai Championships 2010, 1st Round -71 kg || Velletri, Italy || || ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-12-05 || Win ||align=left| Almas Smagulov || I.F.M.A. World Championships 2009, Final -71 kg || Bangkok, Thailand || || ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-12-? || Win ||align=left| Petr Nakonechnyi || I.F.M.A. World Championships 2009, Semi Finals -71 kg || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision


texts:
 || 4 || 2:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-11-29 || Win ||align=left| Marcus Öberg || I.F.M.A. World Championships 2009, Quarter Finals -71 kg || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 4 || 2:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-05-?|| Win ||align=left| Konstantin Khuzin || I.F.M.A. European Championships 2009, Final -71 kg || Liepāja, Latvia || || ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-05-? || Win ||align=left| Viktor Zaman || I.F.M.A. European Championships 2009, Semi Finals -71 kg || Liepāja, Latvia || || ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-05-? || Win ||align=left| Barnabas Szucs || I.F.M.A. European Championships 2009, Quarter Finals -71 kg || Liepāja, Latvia || || ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-05-?|| Win ||align=left| Almas Smagulov || I.F.M.A. European Championships 2009, 1st Round -71 kg || Liepāja, Latvia || || ||
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-10-02 || Win ||align=left| Petr Nakonechnyi || 4th Busan TAFISA World Games, Final -71 kg || Busan, Korea || || ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-09-30 || Win


texts:
 ||align=left| Nariman Satiyev || 4th Busan TAFISA World Games, Semi Finals -71 kg || Busan, Korea || || ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2007-03-11 || Win ||align=left| Shane Campbell || W.M.F. World Championships 2007, Final || Bangkok, Thailand || || ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2006-03-26 || Win ||align=left| Alexander Morev || W.M.F. World Championships 2006, Final || Bangkok, Thailand || || ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2006-03-24 || Win ||align=left| Adem Bozkurt || W.M.F.World Championships 2006, Semi Finals -67 kg || Bangkok, Thailand || || ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2006-11-26 || Win ||align=left| Nikolay Bubnov || W.A.K.O. European Championships 2006, Thai-Boxing Final -67 kg || Skopje, Macedonia || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 2:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2006-11-25 || Win ||align=left| Mikhail Mishin || W.A.K.O. European Championships 2006, Thai-Boxing Semi Final -67 kg || Skopje, Macedonia || || ||
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2006-11-24 || Win


texts:
 ||align=left| Piotr Kobylanski || W.A.K.O. European Championships 2006, Thai-Boxing Quarter Final -67 kg || Skopje, Macedonia || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2006-11-23 || Win ||align=left| Ramil Nadirov || W.A.K.O. European Championships 2006, Thai-Boxing 1st Round -67 kg || Skopje, Macedonia || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 2:00
|-
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2003-03-12 || Win ||align=left| Nuno Neves || I.A.M.T.F. 6th World Championships 2003, Final -61 kg || Bangkok, Thailand || || ||
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

See also
List of male kickboxers
List of K-1 events

References

External links

<mask> <mask> (Minsk, Belarus) - FightLife.ru

Belarusian male kickboxers
Welterweight kickboxers
Belarusian Muay Thai practitioners
Sportspeople from Minsk
1985 births
Living people
Kunlun Fight

masks: Gurkov Vitaly


texts:
<mask>. (June 24, 1931 – February 7, 2015) was an American professional golfer. He was one of the most prolific tournament winners on the PGA Tour from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s. In his youth, <mask> started as a caddie and emerged from the junior golf hotbed of San Diego, where golf could be played year-round, to rank seventh all-time in career Tour wins with 51, across a 20-year period between 1956 and 1975. Fellow San Diegan great Gene Littler was a friend and rival from teenager to senior. <mask> won three major championships, represented the United States on a then-record eight Ryder Cup teams, and holds the U.S. record for career Ryder Cup points won. After reaching age 50, <mask> regularly played the Senior PGA Tour and was a winner there until 1989. In his later years, <mask> successfully developed businesses in golf course design and management of golf facilities.<mask> served as Ryder Cup captain in 1979, was twice PGA Player of the Year (1966 and 1970), was twice leading money winner, and won five Vardon Trophy awards for the lowest seasonal scoring average on the Tour. Respected for his extraordinary putting and short-game skills, <mask> was a superior strategist who overcame his distance disadvantages against longer-hitting competitors such as Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus with moxie, creative shot-making, and clever golf-course management abilities. Never a flashy gallery favorite, <mask> developed his own self-contained style, relying on solid technique, determination, concentration, and perseverance. He converted to the LDS Church in 1966. <mask> was inducted to the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1978. Early years
<mask> was born in San Diego, California. His father started him in golf at age five.<mask> caddied during his youth at San Diego Country Club to earn money for golf, and spent one semester at the University of Notre Dame on a golf scholarship, after

masks:
William Earl Casper Jr
Casper
Casper
Casper
Casper
Casper
Casper
Casper
Casper
Casper
Casper


texts:
 graduating from high school. He returned to San Diego to marry his wife Shirley in 1952. <mask> competed frequently as an amateur against fellow San Diegan Gene Littler. He turned professional in 1954. Professional career

<mask> had 51 PGA Tour wins in his career, with his first coming in 1956. This total places him seventh on the all-time list. His victories helped him finish third in McCormack's World Golf Rankings in 1968, 1969 and 1970, the first three years they were published.He won three major championships: the 1959 and 1966 U.S. Opens, and the 1970 Masters Tournament. He was the PGA Tour Money Winner in 1966 and 1968. He was PGA Player of the Year in 1966 and 1970. <mask> won the Vardon Trophy for lowest scoring average five times: 1960, 1963, 1965, 1966, and 1968. <mask> was a member of the United States team in the Ryder Cup eight times: 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, and a non-playing captain in 1979. <mask> has scored the most points in the Ryder Cup by an American player.<mask> won at least one PGA Tour event for 16 straight seasons, from 1956 to 1971, the third-longest streak, trailing only Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus, who each won on Tour in 17 straight years. On the senior circuit, <mask> earned nine Senior PGA Tour (now the Champions Tour) wins from 1982 to 1989, including two senior majors. Legacy
Much has been written in the annals of golf that <mask> was the most underrated star in golf history, and the best modern golfer who never received the accolades he deserved. He was not considered one of the "Big Three" — Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer and Gary Player — who are widely credited with popularizing and bringing enormous commercial success to the sport around the world; however, between 1964 and 1970, <mask> won 27 tournaments on the PGA Tour, two more than Nicklaus and six more than Palmer and Player combined, during that time period.

masks: Casper Casper Casper Casper Casper Casper Casper Casper Casper


texts:
 He is considered by many to have been the best putter of his era. <mask>'s 20-year period of winning on the PGA Tour—between 1956 and 1975—was an era of extraordinary growth in tournament purses, television coverage and depth of competition. <mask> faced legends such as Palmer, Nicklaus, Sam Snead, Cary Middlecoff, Gary Player and Lee Trevino when they were all at or near their peaks.<mask> was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1978. In 2000, he was ranked as the 15th greatest golfer of all time by Golf Digest magazine. <mask>'s grandson, <mask>, played for the Utah Valley University golf team. Mason qualified for NCAA post-season play in 2012. Personal life
<mask> was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, joining in early 1966 at age 34, at the height of his playing career. <mask> died at age 83 in 2015 of a heart attack at his home in Springville, Utah. He was survived by his wife of more than 60 years, Shirley Franklin <mask>, 11 children, six of whom are adopted, 71 grandchildren and numerous great-grandchildren.Other ventures

Golf course design and management

After his professional career, <mask> was a designer for many golf courses, such as The Highlands, The Palm and Eagle Crest in Sun City Summerlin, Nevada. He also designed the Hidden Oaks Golf Course, 9 holes of a beloved Par 3 in a residential neighborhood just north of Santa Barbara, CA. As of 2017, Billy Casper Golf (BCG) is one of the largest privately owned golf course management companies in the United States, with roughly 150 owned or managed courses in their portfolio. Billy Casper Golf annually hosts the "World's Largest Golf Outing" – a national golf outing fundraiser benefiting military charities. Acting
<mask> had a cameo appearance in the movie, Now You See Him, Now You Don't. Billy's Kids
<mask> was active in charitable work for children and hosted fundraisers,

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Mason Casper
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texts:
 including an annual tournament at San Diego Country Club for "Billy's Kids". Books

Professional wins (71)

PGA Tour wins (51)

PGA Tour playoff record (8–8)

Source:

European Tour wins (1)

Latin American wins (4)

Other wins (5)

Senior PGA Tour wins (9)

Senior PGA Tour playoff record (2–3)

Other senior wins (1)
1984 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (with Gay Brewer)

Major championships

Wins (3)

1 Defeated Palmer in an 18-hole playoff: <mask> 69 (−1), Palmer 73 (+3).2 Defeated Littler in an 18-hole playoff: <mask> 69 (−3), Littler 74 (+2). Results timeline

CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = withdrew
"T" = tied

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 27 (1962 PGA – 1971 Masters)
Longest streak of top-10s – 4 (twice)

Champions Tour major championships

Wins (2)

1 18-hole playoff finished in a tie, <mask> (75) to Funseth (75), <mask> won with a birdie on the first sudden-death hole. U.S. national team appearances
Professional
Ryder Cup: 1961 (winners), 1963 (winners), 1965 (winners), 1967 (winners), 1969 (winners), 1971 (winners), 1973 (winners), 1975 (winners), 1979 (winners, non-playing captain)

See also
List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins
List of men's major championships winning golfers
List of longest PGA Tour win streaks

References

Further reading

External links

<mask> Golf Academy

World Golf Hall of Fame profile

American male golfers
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
PGA Tour Champions golfers
Winners of men's major golf championships
Winners of senior major golf championships
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
World Golf Hall of Fame inductees
Golf course architects
Golf writers and broadcasters
Golfers from San Diego
American businesspeople
American memoirists
Writers from San Diego
Latter Day Saints from California
Converts to Mormonism
Sportspeople from Chula Vista, California
People from Springville, Utah
1931

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Billy Casper