texts:
 to the entire circuit, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). He was said to have governed simply and honestly, and was praised by both the people and subordinates. In winter 755, however, the general An Lushan rebelled at Fanyang Circuit (范陽, headquartered in modern Beijing). As <mask> was a civilian official not learned in military matters, the imperial government was concerned that he would not know how to defend the commandery. <mask> was therefore recalled to Chang'an and replaced with the general Lü Chongbi (呂崇賁).<mask> was also created the Baron of Weiyuan. In summer 756, when Emperor Xuanzong was forced to flee Chang'an in light of An's troops approaching Chang'an, <mask> escaped Chang'an as well and caught up with Emperor Xuanzong's train, attending Emperor Xuanzong on his way to Chengdu. Emperor Xuanzong's son and crown prince <mask>ng, however, did not follow Emperor Xuanzong to Chengdu, but instead went to Lingwu, where he was declared emperor (as Emperor Suzong), a declaration that Emperor Xuanzong recognized after the news reached him. Emperor Xuanzong, now using the title Taishang Huang (retired emperor), however, did not stop exercising imperial authority, and when he arrived at Chengdu, he initially made <mask> deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang) and Shangshu Zuo Cheng (尚書左丞), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng). He soon made <mask> the minister of justice (憲部尚書, Xianbu Shangshu). As chancellor and death
In spring 757, Emperor Xuanzong gave <mask> the designation Tong

masks:
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li He
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin


type: original

texts:
 Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor de facto. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong had already sent several other chancellors that he had commissioned during his journey to Chengdu and during the duration he was at Chengdu — Wei Jiansu, Fang Guan, Cui Huan, and Cui Yuan — to Emperor Suzong's court, but kept <mask> with him on account of the fact that <mask> was an imperial clan member.<mask> oversaw all of the affairs of Emperor Xuanzong's court in Chengdu. In winter 757, after Emperor Suzong recaptured Chang'an and welcomed Emperor Xuanzong back to Chang'an, for <mask>'s accomplishments, he was given the honorific title Jinzi Guanglu Daifu (金紫光祿大夫). He continued to be the minister of justice, now under the title Xingbu Shangshu (刑部尚書). His chancellor de facto designation was promoted to Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin (同中書門下三品), a more honorific designation, and he was created the Duke of Bao. At that time, the most powerful figures at Emperor Suzong's court were his wife Empress Zhang and the eunuch <mask>o. <mask>'s chancellor colleagues Miao Jinqing and Cui Yuan both carefully followed Empress Zhang's and <mask>o's wishes, but <mask> refused to do so. This displeased <mask>o and, in 758, at his instigation, <mask> was removed from his chancellor office and made Taizi Shaofu (太子少傅), an advisor to the crown prince <mask>.He died in fall 759 and was buried with honors. Notes

References
 Old Book of Tang, vol. 112. New Book of Tang, vol. 142. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 219, 220.694 births
759 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Suzong of

masks:
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Lin
Li Fugu
Li Lin
Li Fugu
Li Lin
Li Fugu
Li Lin
Li Chu


texts:
<mask> bin <mask> (; born 1978) is a Yemeni prisoner held in extrajudicial detention at the United States' Guantanamo Bay detention camp. The Office of the Director of National Intelligence described him as a "scion of a terrorist family". American prosecutors at the Guantanamo military commissions allege that he helped in the preparation of the 1998 East Africa Embassy bombings and the USS Cole bombing and acted as a bodyguard to <mask>, gaining himself the reputation of an "errand boy". He is formally charged with selecting and helping to train several of the hijackers of the September 11 attacks. Attash was given victim status in Poland for his alleged torture by Americans in a CIA black site on Polish soil. Life
Hailing from a prominent Saudi family on friendly terms with <mask>, Attash had several brothers fighting during the tumultuous 1990s in Afghanistan. His family was deported from Yemen based on his father's radical views, and he grew up in Saudi Arabia.He studied at the University of Islamic Studies in Karachi, Pakistan. Attash lost his right leg in 1997 while fighting against the Northern Alliance and wore a metal prosthesis in its place, leading to the nickname "Father of the Leg". His brother was killed in the same battle, and his death led Attash to join al-Qaeda. He was asked to help obtain explosives to target the USS The Sullivans in 1999, as part of the intended 2000 millennium attack plots. In late 1999, while using the nom de guerre Khallad, Attash phoned Khalid al-Mihdhar, informing him of the upcoming Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit. In January 2000, Attash flew to Malaysia, ostensibly to receive a new prosthetic leg, and attended the summit. On January 8, Malaysian Special Branch informed the CIA that Attash had flown to Bangkok together with al-Mihdhar and Nawaf

masks:
Walid Muhammad Salih
Mubarak bin Attash
Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden


texts:
 al-Hazmi.While there, the FBI received a transcript of a phone call from Fahd al-Quso and one of the  bombers, which mentioned giving Attash $5,000 to purchase a new prosthesis. During later interrogation, al-Quso confessed that he was handing over $36,000, and that it wasn't actually meant to purchase a prosthesis. In October 2000, Attash was identified as the mastermind behind the USS Cole bombing which took place in Aden, Yemen. On September 11, 2002, his 17-year-old brother <mask> <mask> was taken prisoner by Pakistani forces raiding the Tariq Road House, handed over to the Americans and sent to The Dark Prison. Capture, <mask> was captured together with Ali Abdul Aziz Ali in Karachi, on April 29, 2003. He was sent to The Dark Prison, and his brother was moved to Guantanamo Bay detention camps in 2003 or 2004. While there, he was interrogated under harsh circumstances and confessed that Abderraouf Jdey had been known to him.Despite having only one leg, he was forced to stand in stress positions, "an acutely difficult technique for him" as the Americans took away his false leg, forcing him to balance awkwardly on one foot until losing his balance and ripping at the tendons in his arms. He was transferred to Guantanamo on September 6, 2006, together with 13 other "high-level detainees" the CIA had been holding in secret detention. Combatant Status Review Tribunal

Having been brought to Guantanamo from black sites, the new prisoners were accorded a new series of Combatant Status Review Tribunals, to determine whether the captives met the new definition of an "enemy combatant". They had been instituted in 2004 to mitigate the Supreme Court's findings that the holding of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay was unconstitutional. A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for the tribunal, listing

masks:
Hassan bin
Attash
tribunal Attash


texts: the alleged facts that led to his detainment. These included that Mohammad Rashed Daoud al-Owhali had stated that Attash had told him to prepare for a suicide carbombing against East African embassies of the United States a month or two before the attacks occurred. The memo alleged that Attash had trained in close-combat in the Lowgar training camp and seen Osama <mask> give a speech to graduates of the camp.The memo also alleged that Attash used a Yemeni merchant's registration card that had been forged by "a suspect of the USS Cole bombing". An unnamed participant in the Cole bombing also confessed to being given a letter written by Attash which asked for his assistance with the bombing, and was the only reason he aided the bombers. It also said  that authorities knew of an al-Qaeda cell dubbed "Father of the Leg" that revolved around a senior member, and believed this was a reference to <mask> due to his missing limb. It also stated that a contact stored in the phone belonging to Attash was also listed as a contact  in a notebook belonging to "a senior al Qaida operative", and that his University ID card had been found "at an alleged al Qaida residence" in Karachi. He was also "implicated" by a notebook found during a raid, which listed payments made to various al-Qaeda members. An unnamed source also claimed to have seen him at al Farouq training camp. <mask> attended his Tribunal.A week after the March 12, 2007, tribunal, <mask> was reported to have confessed to his role in preparing both the Cole and Embassy attacks. He confessed purchasing the explosives and small boat used in the Cole bombing, as well as recruiting the perpetrators, and planning the operation 18 months before the actual attack; he stated that he was in Kandahar, Afghanistan with <mask> at the time of the Cole

masks:
bin Laden
Attash
Bin Attash
Attash
bin Laden


texts:
 attack, and in Karachi at the time of the simultaneous embassy bombings meeting with the mastermind of the attack. The DoD was later to publish a ten-page transcript from the unclassified portion of the Tribunal. His Personal Representative met with him on February 13, and told the tribunal that Attash confirmed that many of the allegations were basically correct, but that he had never owned a telephone and that he had forged the Yemeni registration card himself. Faces charges before military commission

<mask>, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ammar al Baluchi chose to serve as their own attorney. They requested laptops, and internet access, in order to prepare their defenses. In October 2008, Ralph Kohlmann ruled that they be provided with the computers, but not the internet access.On December 8, 2008, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed told the judge that he and the other four indictees wished to confess and plead guilty; however, the plea would be delayed until after mental competency hearings for Hawsawi and <mask>-Shibh. Mohammed said, "We want everyone to plead together." On May 17, 2010, Saba News reported that <mask> bin Attash, and four other Yemenis would face charges in the summer of 2010. Two of the other Yemenis Saba News reported would face charges were: Ramzi <mask>-Shibh and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri. References

External links
 New Evidence About Prisoners Held in Secret CIA Prisons in Poland and Romania Andy Worthington

Saudi Arabian al-Qaeda members
Saudi Arabian amputees
Living people
Saudi Arabian extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
People associated with the September 11 attacks
Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Place of birth missing (living people)
People subject to extraordinary rendition by the United States
Saudi Arabian expatriates in Pakistan
1978

masks:
Bin Attash
bin al
Walid
bin al


texts:
<mask> (November 17, 1931 – December 31, 2011) was an American literary agent, editor, and publisher of the prose and poetry of fellow Texan Robert E. Howard (1906–1936), and the first and most important researcher and scholar of Howard's life and writings. Background and discovery
<mask> was born November 17, 1931, in Pelican, De Soto Parish, Louisiana. A Korean War veteran and a paper warehouse manager by trade, he discovered Howard through Skull-Face and Others (1946) around 1951. He sought out earlier publications with Howard's work, most notably the pulp magazines of the 1920s and 1930s. Starting in 1956, he scoured the country for all Howard stories, poems, and letters. Over the course of his life he amassed the world's largest collection of such publications and original manuscripts (actually typescripts). Literary agent
<mask> became literary agent for the Howard heirs around March 1965 and served as such for 28 and a half years.In 1965, he tracked down the contents of Robert E. Howard's famous storage trunk, which were then owned by pulp writer and Howard friend E. Hoffmann "Ed" Price. The contents consisted of tens of thousands of pages typed by Howard, including hundreds of unpublished stories, poems, and fragments. Using the contents of the trunk as well as his vast collection of previously published REH materials, <mask> provided the source text for almost every published Howard work appearing in books, magazines, or chapbooks from 1965 through 1997, including collections of Howard letters  <mask> also provided introductions, afterwords, or commentary for dozens of Howard books. Tirelessly promoting Howard's stories, <mask> secured their publication in any promising venue, leading directly to the Howard Boom of the 1970s. In many cases,

masks:
Glenn Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord
Lord


texts: he was also the uncredited editor of the published version of the Howard works. He also supplied texts to amateur publications and to literally hundreds of books and magazines in non-English languages, including Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, and Yugoslavian. In the fall of 1977, he arranged with Berkley Medallion to put out three Conan paper- and hardbacks of Conan stories edited by Karl Edward Wagner, the first Conan series without any posthumous revisions and pastiches, which previous collections had in excess.<mask> published a few REH collections on his own, such as the periodical The Howard Collector #1–18 and the chapbook Etchings in Ivory. In The Howard Collector, from 1961 to 1973, <mask> featured previously unpublished (or very rare) pieces by Howard, letters by REH and those who knew him, indices of poems and stories, reprints of articles related to Howard, and news about upcoming publications and other events. Thereafter, he published similar material in fanzines of the Robert E. Howard United Press Association, the Hyperborian League, and the Esoteric Order of Dagon (an amateur press association primarily concerned with the writings of H. P. Lovecraft). An early admirer of Howard's poetry, <mask> published the first Howard poetry collection Always Comes Evening (1957) through famed Arkham House, subsidizing the costs of the printing himself. Later, he was instrumental in the publication of the Howard verse collections Etchings in Ivory (1968), Singers in the Shadows (1970), Echoes from an Iron Harp (1972), The Road to Rome (1972), Verses in Ebony (1975), Night Images (1976),

masks: Lord Lord Lord


texts:
 Shadows of Dreams (1989), and A Rhyme of Salem Town and Other Poems (2007). He published the first comprehensive bibliography of Howard, complete through 1973, in his The Last Celt: A Bio–Bibliography of Robert Ervin Howard (1976), a bible for REH scholars and collectors. The book also contains biographical and autobiographical material about Howard, as well as letters, story synopses and fragments, ephemera, covers illustrating REH stories, and photographs.<mask> wrote many articles on Howard (e.g. in The Dark Barbarian). <mask> contributed much information to the latest bibliography, The Neverending Hunt (2006, 2008), by Paul Herman and the online bibliography Howardworks. When Conan Properties was incorporated in 1978 to establish a single entity to deal with Hollywood in negotiations that led to the two Conan movies, <mask> served as a corporate director. Legacy, honors and personal life
<mask> befriended, assisted, advised, and mentored two generations of Howard fans, scholars, and editors, providing copies of his typescripts, letters, and vast knowledge to many of them. For his dedication, achievements, and scholarship, <mask> received the World Fantasy Convention Award in 1978 and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the fan magazine The Cimmerian, in 2005. The next year, he was Guest of Honor at the Centennial Robert E. Howard Days festival in Howard's hometown of Cross Plains, Texas, and in 2007 was Guest of Honor at PulpCon 36 in Dayton, Ohio.He served as Director Emeritus of the Robert E. Howard Foundation and lived with his wife in Pasadena, Texas, where he died on December 31, 2011. They had a son and a daughter. References

1931 births
2011 deaths
Robert E. Howard
American literary critics
American book editors
American male non-fiction

masks: Lord Lord Lord Lord Lord


texts:
Georgios "<mask>" <mask>  ( ; born 4 June 1981) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a right-back and occasionally as a centre-back. He has last played in 2013 for Greek Superleague side Panathinaikos, having played previously at PAS Giannina, Porto, Dynamo Moscow and Atlético Madrid. He is a former member of the Greece national football team, for which he made a total of 72 international appearances, scoring one goal. He was part of their team which won Euro 2004, for which he was voted into the Team of the Tournament. "Giourkas" means "Giorgos" in the Pontic Greek dialect and is his grandfather's name. Both his grandfather and father, <mask>, were footballers and eventually managers. Club career

PAS Giannina
Of Pontic Greek heritage, <mask> started his professional career with northern Greek side PAS Giannina, nicknamed Ajax of Epirus, in 1997, becoming an important right full-back for the club.Seitaridis helped the team towards the promotion of the Super League 2 in the 1999–2000 at the Greek Superleague. He made a total of 40 league appearances with PAS Giannina, scoring 5 goals. Panathinaikos
He was soon spotted by Athens-based club Panathinaikos, and on 12 January 2001 he signed a 5-year contract with them for a total fee of 300 million drachmas. He quickly established himself as a regular player for the team and at the age of 22 he won his first silverware by helping Panathinaikos do the double at the 2003–04 season, winning the 2003–04 Alpha Ethniki and the Greek Cup against rivals Olympiacos. He scored his first European goal against Manchester United on 7 March 2001, in a game for the second group stage of the 2000–01 UEFA Champions League. In September of the same year, he was named Greek Young Footballer of 2001, along with Pantelis Kafes and Angelos Charisteas. Porto
On 11 June 2004, a day before the eventually successful UEFA Euro 2004 campaign for Greece, it was rumored

masks:
Giourkas
Seitaridis
Dimitris Seitaridis
Seitaridis


texts:
 that <mask>, Costinha, Maniche and Thiago Silva, who also moved to the Russian club the same year. Soon however, <mask> began to show his discomfort at the club, failing to settle in Moscow, and claimed the reasons he wanted to leave was that the weather was different from his native Greece and that he could not adapt to the cold. In his one-year spell at the club, he only managed to make 8 league appearances before deciding to leave. Atlético Madrid
On 16 June 2006 he was transferred to Atlético Madrid for a fee of €12 million, being the second Greek footballer to play for Atlético after striker Demis Nikolaidis.The latter was the one who convinced him to join the club, together with his ex-Dynamo teammate Costinha who joined Atlético  the same year. <mask> was sent off in the first half of his debut game, in the La Liga opening match away to Racing Santander on 27 August 2006. On 15 October 2006, he received his second red card only six games into the season, as he was cautioned twice in a home league game against Recreativo Huelva. He scored his first goal for Atlético the following year, on 21 July 2007, in a game against Gloria Bistriţa for the Intertoto Cup. In November 2007, Seitaridis damaged his achilles tendon in a match against UD Almería, which meant he needed to undergo surgery. His period of absence was initially evaluated at about six weeks, but he was ready two and a half months later, in April 2008. Due to his injury problem, he only managed to make 14 league appearances for Atlético in the 2007–08 season.The 2008–09 season did not start well for Seitaridis, as he lost his place in the first team to new signings Tomáš Ujfaluši and John Heitinga, and his heavy contract meant that Atlético was looking to sell him. Despite that, Seitaridis was a starter in Atlético's opening game, in a 4–0 victory over Málaga CF, and went on to make 14 league appearances that season. On 29 April 2009 however,

masks: Seitaridislei Seitaridis Seitaridis


texts:
 him and teammate Maniche were suspended by Atlético's president Enrique Cerezo because they failed to appear in an Atlético home match against Sporting Gijón despite not being included in the 18-man squad. Two weeks later on 13 May 2009, it was announced that Seitaridis was released by Atlético a year before his contract was to expire, with a statement on the club's official website reading "Seitaridis is therefore free to negotiate with other clubs who may be interested in signing him". Return to Panathinaikos
On 10 September 2009, the last day of the Greek transfer period for free agent players, Seitaridis signed a 4-year deal with Panathinaikos, returning to the team after five years. It soon became apparent that <mask> was unfit and was struggling to re-establish himself due to frequent injuries, missing most of the 2009–10 season's matches. However, on 21 March 2010, he surprisingly returned to the line-up for the big derby against rivals Olympiacos, and despite their defeat, Panathinaikos managed to end the season positively by winning the double.<mask> himself didn't appear at the 2009–10 Greek Cup final against Aris Thessaloniki due to injury, but made 2 appearances on the road to the final. The 2010–11 season started well for Seitaridis, being a starter at Panathinaikos' opening league fixture against Skoda Xanthi on 27 August 2010 and giving a good performance. However, another muscle injury meant that <mask> would return at a league game against Panserraikos two months later, on 4 December. Due to the player's poor condition he was placed on the transfer list in January 2011, but despite various offers from foreign teams during the summer transfer period, he stayed at Panathinaikos. The 2011–12 season was even more disappointing for him, as he was only used for 45 minutes in an away game against Atromitos, where he was substituted at half-time due to poor performance. He played for a second time

masks: Giourkas Seitaridis Seitaridis


texts:
 in an away game against Asteras Tripoli, staying on the pitch a full 90 minutes. The 2012–13 season started well for Seitaridis, playing as a starter in the first three league matches at the beginning of the season.He also contributed with one assist in Panathinaikos' 2012–13 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Tottenham Hotspur, which ended 1–1. At the summer of 2013 he didn't renew his contract and left the club. International career

Youth career
<mask> is a former Greece under-21 international, making his debut on 6 October 2000, in a 2002 UEFA Under-21 Championship qualifier against Finland under-21. He participated at the finals of the 2002 UEFA Under-21 Championship in Switzerland, where his team was eliminated from the group stage, having collected one point in three games. First steps & UEFA Euro 2004
Seitaridis made his international debut with the senior team on 13 February 2002, in an international friendly match against Sweden. He helped Greece qualify to the UEFA Euro 2004 in Portugal for the second time in history, and was also one of the key players during Greece's successful campaign, a win that shocked the footballing world as Greece were considered outsiders before the tournament started. <mask> won a penalty at the first match against Portugal as he was knocked down by Cristiano Ronaldo.In the final, he also won the important corner by playing the ball in the center which was blocked from Cristiano Ronaldo. Overall his contributions for the victorious team were recognised by naming him as part of the 23-man UEFA 2004 All-Star squad, together with fellow Greek players Antonis Nikopolidis, Traianos Dellas, Theodoros Zagorakis and Angelos Charisteas. FIFA Confederations Cup 2005
As a result of Greece's Euro 2004 win, they qualified to the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup in Germany as European champions. <mask> <mask> was a member of the 23-man squad. UEFA Euro 2008 & 2010 FIFA World

masks: Seitaridis Seitaridis Giourkas Seitaridis


texts:
 Cup
He scored his first international goal on 2 June 2007 against Hungary in a Euro 2008 qualifying match, helping the Greek national team to qualify to the UEFA Euro 2008 championship. He played twice in the disappointing Euro 2008 campaign for Greece, having been injured during the second game against Russia. Despite concerns about his fitness, Greece national manager Otto Rehhagel called Seitaridis in his 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.He only played for 90 minutes in the first game of the group stage against South Korea, losing 2–0. After this game, Seitaridis played two consecutive European and a World Cup with Greece national football team. Career statistics

Club

International goal
Score and result list Greece's goal tally first, score column indicates score after <mask> goal. Honours
PAS Giannina
 Super League 2: 1999–2000

Panathinaikos
 Superleague Greece:2003–04, 2009–10
  Greek Cup: 2003–04, 2009–10

Porto
 Portuguese Super Cup: 2004
 Intercontinental Cup: 2004
 UEFA Super Cup Runner-up: 2004

Greece
European Championship: 2004

Individual
Greek Young Footballer of the year: 2001
 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2004

References

External links

 FootballDatabase.com statistics for Giourkas Seitaridis

1981 births
Living people
Greek footballers
Greece international footballers
Greece under-21 international footballers
PAS Giannina F.C. players
Panathinaikos F.C. players
FC Porto players
FC Dynamo Moscow players
La Liga players
Atlético Madrid footballers
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2005 FIFA Confederations Cup players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
Primeira Liga players
Russian Premier League players
Sportspeople from Piraeus
Super League Greece players
Football League (Greece) players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Greek expatriates in Portugal
Greek expatriates in Spain
Greek expatriates in Russia
Association football defenders
Pontic


texts:
Rhee Woo Seok (), also credited as <mask>, is a South Korean music producer, songwriter, and vice-president of JYP Entertainment in the United States. He is best known for composing and producing the Wonder Girls' 2009 international hit song, "Nobody." Biography
From an early age, Woo S. Rhee/RAINSTONE had an ear for music as well as hitting number one. He was classically trained in piano, violin, and viola and in high school, he expanded his wings and started a Rock Band called "Feel." In 1993, as a junior in High School, Woo S. Rhee/RAINSTONE and his band mates entered a college only rock festival, Korean Rock Group Festival and won first place. Although, there were many issues regarding their win because of their age, Woo S. Rhee/RAINSTONE and his band proved that talent is more important than experience. But as Woo S. Rhee/RAINSTONE started to mature as a musician, he started to embrace Jazz and began taking private classes behind his band mates.This opened his eyes and ears to a new world of music as well as coming across Stevie Wonder and discovering urban music. He realized with his new burning passion, Korea was very limited and decided to study in America. In 1999, he received his Bachelor's from Berklee College of Music majoring in Professional Music, concentrating on composition and arrangements. After his undergrad, he received his Masters in Media writing and Production from University of Miami in 2003. Music career
Upon completion of his master's degree in music engineering in 2003, Woo S. Rhee/RAINSTONE took his talents to New York City, where he met international music producer extraordinaire


texts: Park Jin-Young also known as J.Y. Park. Together this formidable duo collaborated in extensive pieces, producing and co-producing for artists such as G.O.D and Rain.But they are most notable from the success of Wonder Girls "Tell Me" and "Nobody". The song "Tell Me" was the lead single from the Wonder Girls' first full-length album, Nobody (Wonder Girls song)The Wonder Years, which was created in Woo S. Rhee/RAINSTONE's basement studio in Jersey with J.Y. Park. It immediately hit #1 on various charts and received #1 on KBS's music TV series, staying at that position for 7 consecutive weeks. The song received a triple crown at SBS Inkigayo and won Cyworld Digital Music Awards: Song of the Month (October) ("Tell Me")[5] and 5th Korean Music Awards: Best Dance & Electronic Song Award ("Tell Me")[6]. "Tell Me" is notable for its choreography, which was widely imitated and featured on various online video sites. [1] This phenomenon started the 'Girl Group Syndrome,' being the first movement for Girl Groups in the K-POP Scene.In 2013, Online Research Panel Korea ran a survey from June 26 to the 30th asking voters to pick the song they felt is the best idol song. After 21,955 votes were counted, Wonder Girls' "Tell Me" topped the list with 27% (5866 votes). Their second major hit, "Nobody", sold 4,648,973 digital downloads in South Korea alone, Most YouTube video viewed in 2011, and the first Asian song #1 in 8 Different Asian Countries. At the 2008 MNet KM Music Festival Awards, the Wonder Girls received three awards: the "Song of the Year" award, "Best Music Video" for "Nobody" and "Best Female Group". [20] The


texts:
 group also won an award at the 2008 Golden Disk Awards a month later for high digital sales. [21] At the 18th Seoul Music Awards, the Wonder Girls won the Daesang ("Artist of the Year" award), the highest award offered, for "Nobody", and two other awards. [22]

With the hit singles like "Tell Me" and "Nobody" garnering huge International success, and creating a YouTube phenomenon with people from all walks of life copying their dance moves and catchy tunes; it cemented Woo S. Rhee/RAINSTONE’s reputation in Asia as a highly sought after talent that brings a big and new sound to the cache of JYP Entertainment’s music production team.In 2012, Woo S. Rhee/RAINSTONE produced Wonder Girls "Like money" featuring superstar Akon and collaborating with Samsung in their music video. This was the first official U.S Single and in its first week of release the song debuted at number 11 in South Korea with 161,542 downloads. By the end of August 2012 the song was downloaded 583,737 times in South Korea alone, making the song one of the best-selling English-language songs of the year in Korea and as well as ranking #46 on top charts. Woo S. Rhee/RAINSTONE also had a chance to work with his beloved mentor Stevie Wonder and produced Wonder Girls "Wonder Love" released in Japan. Not only has Woo S. Rhee/RAINSTONE generated non-stop hits for the Wonder Girls but also took major parts in the careers of all his JYP Artist such as Rain, 2PM, 2AM, Miss A, and 15& and much more. For example, 2PM's "Heartbeat" was released as the lead single for The First Album 01:59PM peaking at No. 1 on the Gaon Chart.Currently, Woo S.


texts:
 Rhee/RAINSTONE collaborated with China's biggest game and IT company QQ Games with 2PM. He produced 2PM's game theme song "Shining in the Night," official launch date on 4/18/13 in Beijing

Business career
With Woo Rhee’s new sound and business acumen, and JY Park’s dynamic company backing them up, they formed JYP Entertainment USA in 2007, an offshoot of the larger company in Korea, JYP Entertainment. Among Woo Rhee’s better known attributes is his affinity to finding creative ways to do more than just produce music, but to create brand exposure and power from it. Together, Woo Rhee and JY Park helped design, create, and brand what is now one of the world’s best-selling headphones, the Diamond Tears. This headphone is a joint venture between Monster and JYP USA. To this date, the headphones are one of the most highly sought-after headphones in the market as well as one of the highest-rated. Woo Rhee is also invited to 2013 Dubai International Awards in November as a representative of Asia.Production credits

Source: Korea Music Copyright Association, ID: W0438700. References

External links
Rainstone on JYP Publishing

Living people
South Korean songwriters
South Korean producers
Year of birth missing (living


texts:
<mask> (; November 28, 1938 – February 17, 2017) was an American philosopher who specialized in animal rights theory. He was professor emeritus of philosophy at North Carolina State University, where he had taught from 1967 until his retirement in 2001. <mask> was the author of numerous books on the philosophy of animal rights, including The Case for Animal Rights (1983), one of a handful of studies that have significantly influenced the modern animal rights movement. In these, he argued that non-human animals are what he called the "subjects-of-a-life", just as humans are, and that, if we want to ascribe value to all human beings regardless of their ability to be rational agents, then to be consistent, we must similarly ascribe it to non-humans. From 1985, he served with his wife Nancy as co-founder and co-president of the Culture and Animals Foundation, a nonprofit organization "committed to fostering the growth of intellectual and artistic endeavors united by a positive concern for animals." The Vegan Society remembers him as "a stalwart vegan and activist." Education and career
<mask> graduated from Thiel College in 1960, receiving his M.A.in 1962 and his PhD in 1966 from the University of Virginia. He taught philosophy at North Carolina State University from 1967 until 2001. <mask> directed the 1986 film We Are All Noah which is available on VHS videotape. Animal rights

In The Case for Animal Rights, <mask> argued that non-human animals bear moral rights. His philosophy aligns broadly within the tradition of Immanuel Kant, though he rejects Kant's idea that respect is due only to rational beings. <mask> points out that we routinely ascribe inherent value, and thus the right to be treated with respect, to humans who are not rational, including infants and the severely mentally impaired. The crucial attribute that all humans have in common, he argues, is not rationality, but the fact that each of us

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texts: has a life that matters to us; in other words, what happens to us matters to us, regardless of whether it matters to anyone else.In <mask>'s terminology, we each experience being the "subject-of-a-life." If this is the true basis for ascribing inherent value to individuals, to be consistent we must ascribe inherent value, and hence moral rights, to all subjects-of-a-life, whether human or non-human. The basic right that all who possess inherent value have, he argues, is the right never to be treated merely as a means to the ends of others. In <mask>'s view, not to be used as a means entails the right to be treated with respect, which includes the right not to be harmed. This right, however, is not absolute, as, there are times when to respect someone' s right not to be harmed, another' s right not to be harmed must be overridden. His philosophy employs principles such as the miniride principle (a.k.a. minimize overriding) and the worse-off principle to deal with these situations.The miniride principle is that when faced with overriding the rights of many innocent beings versus the rights of few innocent beings—when each individual involved would be equally harmed—we should override the rights of the few. The worse-off principle states that, when individuals involved are not harmed in a comparable way given a certain course of action, we should mitigate the situation of those who would be worse-off. Thus, if the harm of a few innocent beings is greater than the harm to many innocent beings, the right action is to override the rights of the many. As this relates to animal rights, <mask> asserts the harm in the death of an animal is not tantamount to the harm in the death of a normal, healthy human. This is supposedly because the ending of an animal life entails the loss of fewer opportunities when compared to the loss of a normal, healthy human. According to <mask>, there would be more harm in the death

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 of a normal, healthy dog than there would be in the death of a person who was irreversibly comatose, as the dog would have more opportunities for satisfaction than the irreversibly comatose human. Supporters argue that <mask>'s argument for animal rights does not rely on a radical new theory of ethics, but that it follows from a consistent application of moral principles and insights that many of us already hold with respect to the ethical treatment of human beings.However, others criticize the lack of certainty with which <mask>'s "inherent value" or "subject-of-a-life" status can be determined, and note that the sufficient conditions he lists—for example, having sense-perceptions, beliefs, desires, motives, and memory—in effect reduce to "similarity to humans". According to <mask>, it follows from the ascription to animals of the basic right to be treated with respect that we should abolish the breeding of animals for food, animal experimentation, and commercial hunting. Starting as a leather-wearing, circus-visiting meat eater, a series of musings, experiences, and insights led him to conclude he was morally unable to use animals for meat, clothing, or any other purpose that does not respect their rights. G. E. Moore scholarship

In the 1980s, <mask> published three books on G. E. Moore's philosophy. The first book, G. E. Moore: The Early Essays, is a collection of essays that were originally published between 1897 and 1903, none of which Moore himself anthologized. <mask> argues that these papers reveal Moore' s early taste for speculative metaphysics; in "The Nature of Judgment", for example, Moore maintains that "the world consists of concepts", including existence, "which is itself a concept . . .Thus, all that exists . . . is composed of concepts necessarily related to one another in specific manners, and likewise to the concept of existence." In another paper, "Freedom", Moore enthusiastically

masks: Regan Regan Regan Regan Regan


texts: affirms his agreement with F. H. Bradley, writing: "I can only say that the arguments by which Mr. Bradley has endeavoured to prove the unreality of Time appear to me perfectly conclusive." <mask>' s second book, The Elements of Ethics, is a series of ten lectures Moore delivered in 1898. Large parts of these lectures were carried over by Moore into Principia Ethica and, <mask> maintains, these lectures cast important light on Principia' s pages. <mask>' s third book, Bloomsbury' s Prophet: G. E. Moore and the Development of His Moral Philosophy, represents <mask>' s major contribution to Moorean scholarship. Representative reviews include E. D. Klemke writing that Bloomsbury' s Prophet is "a marvelous book", while Aurum Stroll writes "[t]he portrait of the man Moore that <mask> gives us is not only unique .. . but it is well done, indeed." In this book, <mask> relies on a trove of unpublished material, housed in the Moore Archive at the University of Cambridge, including Moore' s two dissertations, on Kant' s moral philosophy; correspondence, consisting of letters that Moore wrote as well those he received; scores of papers he read at meetings of the Cambridge Conversazione Society, also known as the Apostles, and at the Sunday Essay Society; and a diary Moore kept throughout his formative years, breaking off on April 19, 1916. Using these materials, <mask> argues that Principias primary purpose was (as Moore wrote) to "humble the Science of Ethics" by exposing the "lies" told by "would-be scientific ethicists" ("Art, Morals, and Religion": May 5, 1901). In Moore' s view, a truly scientific ethic is able to prove very little concerning values, rules, duty, and virtues. Regarding values: such an ethic cannot establish anything concerning what has intrinsic value—what is good in itself. That must be left to the judgment of individuals who, taking due precautions, ask themselves what things would be good

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texts: if they were the only things to exist in the world. Regarding rules of conduct: a truly scientific ethic can at most establish that "a very few rules" (Principia, xxii, italics in the original) ought always to be followed.Not even all the rules commended by Common Sense qualify: only "most of those most universally recognized by Common Sense" are possible candidates, and even in their case Moore maintains only that the requisite type of justification "may be possible" (p. xxii, italics in the original). That being so, almost all our decisions will need to be made without relying on any rule: in almost all cases, Moore writes, "rules of action should not be followed at all" (Ibid., p. xiii). In all cases of this sort, individuals should guide their choice "by a direct consideration of the effects which the action may produce" (p. XX), doing what one thinks will promote one' s own interests, as these are enlarged by the lives of others in whom one has "a strong personal interest" (Ibid., XX) instead of attempting to satisfy the demands of "a more extended beneficence," as in "the greatest good for the greatest number." And of the goods to be aimed at, the more immediate are generally to be preferred to the more distant. In short, in virtually all our activities in our day-to-day life we are at liberty to live and choose without troubling ourselves about whether we are doing what duty, in the form of the rules of morality, requires. Regarding virtues: a truly scientific ethic should promote the private virtues of prudence, temperance, and industry (the only virtues Moore discusses in Principia), not the (so-called) virtues of beneficence, charity, civic-mindedness, social justice, patriotism, piety, reverence, or altruism. Such an ethic should promote the virtues of the creative self, not the virtues of the conscientious citizen.On this basis <mask> argues that Moore genuinely is "Bloomsbury' s prophet,"


texts:
 advocating, as he does, the values, the rules of conduct, and the virtues that are synonymous with the name, "Bloomsbury." As <mask> notes, "theirs was an anarchy of the bedroom, not the streets." Writing in the Library Journal, Leon H. Brody assessed the work as follows. "<mask>'s thesis is that an adequate understanding of Moore's ethical philosophy can be achieved only when seen against the backdrop of Bloomsbury--the avant-garde group of free spirits (among whom were Lytton Strachey, Virginia Woolf, and John Maynard Keynes) who met weekly in London between 1905 and 1920. When seen in that light, <mask> argues, Moore's thought as expressed in Principia Ethica is a "radical defense of the freedom of the individual to choose," rather than a defense of conformity to the status quo, as is usually assumed. Written with the verve appropriate to its subject, and yet philosophically scrupulous, this book deserves a place in philosophy and cultural history collections in both public and academic libraries." Personal life
<mask> and his wife Nancy had two children, Bryan and Karen.<mask> died of pneumonia at his home in North Carolina on February 17, 2017. Selected works

Books

Understanding Philosophy. Encino, California: Dickenson Publishing Co. 1975. . Animal Rights and Human Obligations; with Peter Singer. Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1976. All That Dwell Therein: Essays on Animal Rights and Environmental Ethics.Berkeley: University of California Press. 1982. . The Case for Animal Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1983. . Animal Sacrifices: Religious Perspectives on the Use of Animals in Science. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.1986. .
Bloomsbury's Prophet: G. E. Moore and the Development of His Moral Philosophy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1986. .
G. E. Moore: The Early Essays; edited by <mask>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1986. . The Struggle

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 for Animal Rights. Clarks Summit, Pennsylvania: International Society for Animal Rights.1987. . The Thee Generation: Reflections on the Coming Revolution. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1991. .
G.E. Moore: The Elements of Ethics; edited and with an introduction by <mask>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1991. .Defending Animal Rights. Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 2000. . The Animal Rights Debate; with Carl Cohen. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2001. . Animal Rights, Human Wrongs: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy.Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2003. . Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2004. .
Other Nations: Animals in Modern Literature; with Andrew Linzey. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press. 2010. .
Maud's Place and Other Southern Stories.Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu Press Inc. 2014. .
A Better Life and Other Pittsburgh Stories. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu Press Inc. 2014. . Films

We Are All Noah (1986)
Voices I Have Heard (1988)

Papers

See also
Animal liberationist
Animal liberation movement
Argument from marginal cases
Gary Francione
Intrinsic value (animal ethics)
List of American philosophers
 List of animal rights advocates
Peter Singer

Notes

External links

Culture & Animals Foundation
<mask> Animal Rights Archive
Guide to the <mask> Papers
Guide to the <mask> Animal Rights Honorary Collection 2016
Tribute to <mask>, by Rainer Ebert
Animals 24-7 obituary for <mask>: "Evolved from butcher to leading advocate of vegan philosophy"

1938 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American philosophers
American activists
American animal rights scholars
Deaths from pneumonia in North Carolina
Moral philosophers
North Carolina State University faculty
People associated with the Oxford Group (animal rights)
Veganism activists
Writers from

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<mask> (; born January 21, 1985) is a former United States Army soldier and the first living person since the Vietnam War to receive the United States Armed Forces' highest decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor. <mask> was cited for saving the lives of members of his squad on October 25, 2007, during the War in Afghanistan. He left the United States Army in June 2011. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Clinton, Iowa, on January 21, 1985, to an Italian American family. <mask> grew up in Cedar Rapids and Hiawatha. His parents, Steven, a medical equipment technician, and Rosemary, a preschool teacher, live in Hiawatha. He has two younger siblings, Mario and Katie.<mask> attended John F. Kennedy High School in Cedar Rapids. At age 17, while working in a Subway, he decided to enlist and joined the United States Army in November 2003. He was the first in his immediate family to serve in the armed forces since his grandparents emigrated from Italy. Military career
<mask> attended basic training and infantry school at Fort Benning, Georgia. He was deployed to Afghanistan from March 2005 until March 2006 and again from May 2007 until July 2008. He was promoted to staff sergeant in August 2009. <mask> was last stationed at Caserma Ederle, the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team's base near Vicenza, Italy.He served in the 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team, and worked in a support role for members of his unit then deployed in Afghanistan. In 2007, <mask> was stationed at Firebase Vegas in the Korengal Valley—an area about  near the

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Salvatore Augustine Giunta
Giunta
Giunta
Giunta
Giunta
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 Afghanistan–Pakistan border—which the soldiers had nicknamed the Valley of Death. In late October, his company launched a six-day mission known as Operation Rock Avalanche. On October 23, Taliban fighters killed Staff Sergeant Larry Rougle and wounded two other infantrymen when Rougle's position on "Honcho Hill" was overrun. On October 25, company commander Captain Dan Kearney sent 2nd and 3rd Platoon back to meet with the local village elders and to recover from them the U.S. equipment that the Taliban had captured when Rougle was killed. 1st Platoon was tasked with providing protective cover and interdicting enemy forces from a nearby ridge. Medal of Honor action
Shortly after nightfall on October 25, 2007, rifle team leader <mask> and the rest of the seven troops of 1st Platoon had just finished a day-long overwatch of 2nd and 3rd Platoon in the valley below.Although dark, there was sufficient moonlight that night vision equipment was not needed. They were returning to Combat Outpost Vimoto and Korengal Outpost. They walked about  apart through the thin holly forest, along the Gatigal Spur of Honcho Hill at about  elevation. Within  of leaving their position, 10 to 15 insurgents ambushed the main body of the squad from cover and concealment only about  away, so near that the Apaches overhead could not provide close air support. The ambushing force was armed with AK-47 assault rifles, 10 rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) launchers, and 4 belt-fed PKM machine guns. They fired an unusually high proportion of tracer rounds. Giunta described it later:

Sergeant Joshua Brennan,


texts: leader of Alpha Team and one of Giunta's best friends, was walking point.He was followed by SPC Frank Eckrode, squad leader Erick Gallardo, and then <mask>, who was then a specialist. PFC Kaleb Casey and Garrett Clary followed Giunta. A 13-man Headquarters (HQ) unit led by Lt. Brad Winn, including a five-man gun team from weapons squad, along with a nurse who volunteered for the mission, followed immediately behind them. When the Taliban opened fire, Brennan was struck by eight rounds and Eckrode was hit by four rounds. Gallardo attempted to sprint forward, but RPGs exploding among the thin trees and -high bushes around him along with machine gun and small arms fire stopped him. Unable to advance, he fell back to join  <mask>'s Bravo Team. While backpedaling and firing at the same time, he fell and was in the same moment struck in the helmet by an AK-47 round.The round penetrated his helmet but only grazed his scalp. An RPG round struck very near <mask>, who was returning fire and directing Bravo Team from a small defilade. <mask> was puzzled that the lip of the small depression he lay in was not protecting him from rounds cracking by his head, that they appeared to be coming from the north as well as the west. Giunta saw Gallardo take the bullet to his head and fall. Assuming Gallardo had been shot, <mask> rose and ran through the intense wall of fire to his side. As he helped the uninjured sergeant find cover, the ceramic plate in the front of <mask>'s protective vest was struck by a bullet. Another round struck the SMAW-D weapon slung over his back.Giunta recognized that

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texts: the extremely heavy tracer fire was coming not just from his west but from the north as well, a classic L-shaped ambush that threatened to flank the squad. He recalled from basic training that to survive an ambush like this he had only one choice: advance on the enemy. He ordered Casey and Clary to pull back a few steps to prevent the Taliban from flanking them. Casey was firing his M249 Squad Automatic Weapon cyclic and Clary was firing his M203 grenade launcher as well. The platoon leader in the HQ unit, Lieutenant Brad Winn, radioed Captain Kearney to advise him that their unit had five wounded men. The squad's medic, Specialist Hugo Mendoza, was among them. He had been shot through the femoral artery at the beginning of the ambush and died.Kearney ordered Second Platoon to assist Winn's platoon, but Second Platoon was in the valley below, some distance away, and had to first cross a river to reach them. <mask> and Gallardo gathered Casey and Clary. They were pinned down by the concentrated small arms and cyclic machine gun fire from a number of Taliban positions at close range. Less than 15 seconds into the ambush, <mask> and the others disrupted the attack by throwing volleys of fragmentation grenades towards the Taliban about  to their west and attacked north. Firing PFC Casey's M249, Clary's M203, and their other weapons, they advanced until they reached Eckrode. Shot twice in one leg and with two other wounds, Eckrode was attempting to unjam his M249 SAW. Gallardo, who later received a Silver Star for his actions, dressed Eckrode's wounds and called for

masks: Giunta Giunta


texts: medevac.<mask>, seeing that Eckrode was tended to, advanced with PFC Clary through the intense enemy gunfire, looking for Brennan. When they could not locate him where they expected to find him, Giunta ran further forward through the effective small arms fire and over the exposed, open crest of the ridge. Giunta saw three individuals and then recognized that two of them were Afghans dragging Sgt. Brennan, one by the legs and one by his arms. Giunta pursued them, firing his M4 carbine as he ran, killing one (later identified as Mohammad Tali, considered a high-value target) and wounding the other. The second Afghan dropped Brennan and fled. An AC-130 gunship shortly afterward spotted someone carrying Brennan's rucksack and killed him.<mask> said, "I ran through fire to see what was going on with [Brennan] and maybe we could hide behind the same rock and shoot together ... He was still conscious. He was breathing. He was asking for morphine. I said, 'You'll get out and tell your hero stories,' and he was like, 'I will, I will.'" After reaching Brennan, Giunta pulled him back towards the rest of the squad and cover, comforted him, and examined him for wounds in the dark. Brennan was grievously hurt.The 2nd and 3rd Platoons arrived to reinforce 1st Platoon and render aid. <mask> continued to assist the medic and adjust security while they waited for evacuation. The ambush had lasted three minutes. Later the next day, Brennan died while in surgery. Gallardo told <mask> later on, "You don't understand ... but what you did was pretty crazy. We were outnumbered. You stopped the

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 fight.You stopped them from taking a soldier." Eckrode said of Giunta, "For all intents and purposes, with the amount of fire that was going on in the conflict at the time, he shouldn't be alive." Medal of Honor award

<mask> learned two days later from Kearney that the latter was going to recommend him for the Medal of Honor. He was uncomfortable about being singled out and labeled a hero. "If I'm a hero, every man that stands around me, every woman in the military, everyone who goes into the unknown is a hero," he says. "So if you think that's a hero—as long as you include everyone with me." <mask> insists that his actions were those of any man in his unit."In this job, I am only mediocre. I'm average." "I did what I did because in the scheme of painting the picture of that ambush, that was just my brush stroke. That's not above and beyond. I didn't take the biggest brush stroke, and it wasn't the most important brush stroke. Wearing the Medal of Honor is like a slap in the face." On September 10, 2010, the White House announced that Giunta would be awarded the United States' highest military decoration, the first awarded to a living recipient since the Vietnam War.He received the medal from President Barack Obama during a ceremony at the White House on November 16, 2010. All of his surviving squad members also attended the ceremony. On July 5, 2017, during a dedication ceremony for the Medal of Honor Walkway, located outside of the 173rd Airborne Brigade Headquarters building in Vicenza, Italy, <mask> chose to give his Medal of Honor to the brigade. He stated "I want

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 this to stay here in Vicenza, Italy with the 173rd to the men and women that earn this every single day through their selflessness and sacrifice." Addressing the attention he has received due to the medal, he stated:

<mask> is the fourth Medal of Honor recipient from the War in Afghanistan, after U.S. Navy Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy, U.S. Army Sergeant First Class Jared C. Monti, and U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Robert James Miller, the others being posthumously awarded the medal. All four were decorated for actions in eastern Afghanistan's small but highly-lethal Kunar Province. Personal life

<mask> chose not to re-enlist and left the army in June 2011.<mask> and his wife moved to Colorado where he studied at Colorado State University. <mask> has also written an autobiography titled Living with Honor, published by Simon & Schuster. <mask> and Jennifer Lynn Mueller, a native of Dubuque, were married in October 2009 after dating for several years. The couple are parents of a daughter born on October 6, 2011. On December 31, 2010, <mask> was invited by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg to attend the New Year's Eve celebrations in Times Square. There, he pressed a button upon the start of a sixty-second countdown to initiate the ball drop. On February 6, 2011, <mask> was honored on the field and via international television broadcast at the beginning of the second half of Super Bowl XLV, which the Green Bay Packers eventually won over the Pittsburgh Steelers.As of June 2014, Giunta lives in Fort Collins, Colorado. Awards and decorations
Giunta's military decorations

masks: Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta Giunta


texts:
 include:

Medals and ribbons

Medal of Honor citation

His publications

See also

List of post-Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipients

References

External links

United States Army website for SSG Giunta and the MOH action. General Orders No. 2012–20 Award of the Medal of Honor to Specialist <mask><mask>
The <mask> Story Giunta interviewed by the directors of Restrepo. Interview at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library. 1985 births
Living people
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
American shooting survivors
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Hiawatha, Iowa
American people of Italian descent
People from Clinton, Iowa
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Military personnel from

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<mask>, MBE (10 May 1910 – 27 January 1989) was a British writer, raconteur and broadcaster, born in Barnes, London in the UK. He was best known as a team captain on the BBC's Call My Bluff. Early life
<mask> was the son of <mask>, an electrical engineer from Colchester and Dorothy, née Lee, from Manchester. He was enrolled at the kindergarten section of the Froebel Institute in Hammersmith in 1916, for two years, and then went to Ranelagh House, a co-educational school overlooking Barnes Common. In the summer of 1920 his father moved the family to Newbury in Berkshire and <mask> was sent away to a preparatory boarding school, Stirling Court, on the Hampshire coast where his brother was already a pupil. He described it later as a 'traumatic experience'. He was educated at Oundle School from 1924 to 1928, and Christ's College, Cambridge from 1928 to 1931, where he studied modern languages, became President of the Cambridge University Amateur Dramatic Club, and wanted to be an actor.His obsession with the theatre had begun at the age of four when he had been taken to see Peter Pan, played by Madge Titheradge, at the Kings Theatre, Hammersmith. At Cambridge <mask> appeared as Elizabeth in Somerset Maugham's The Circle in 1929 and his performance was praised by George Rylands. The last play in which he appeared for the ADC was directed by Rylands, a production of George Bernard Shaw's Captain Brassbound's Conversion, starring Michael Redgrave in the title role and who was, according to Noel Annan, 'acted off the stage by <mask> as Lady Cicely'. Early career
As <mask> could not find enough acting work, or convince his parents that they should support his desire to pursue a career in the theatre, in 1931 he became a teacher of modern languages, again at Oundle School. His first work in entertainment was writing scripts for three-minute radio sketches.

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Arthur Marshall
Charles Arthur Bertram Marshall
Charles Marshall
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 In 1934 a BBC producer asked him to appear on Charlot's Hour, a late-night revue on the Home Service. He signed a contract in 1935 with Columbia and made five gramophone records featuring sketches involving headmistresses and schoolgirls – he was an avid reader of books for girls from childhood and had been performing skits from the early thirties for his friends.He began reviewing for the New Statesman in 1935 too at the invitation of the literary editor Raymond Mortimer who admired his skits. He was asked to contribute an article each Christmas on the best books for girls published during the year – Angela Brazil was nearing the end of her career but Winifred Darch, May Wynne and Dorita Fairlie Bruce were still very productive. World War II interrupted this reviewing of books for girls. World War II
During World War II <mask>'s knowledge of French and German led to his being enrolled in the British Intelligence Corps, and he was soon sent as part of the British Expeditionary Force to northern France. After the rapid German advance he became a part of the Dunkirk evacuation. He wrote in his autobiography, "Absence of food, coupled with exhaustion, made the nights seem unusually cold and there is little of comfort, save protection of a sort, to be found in a sand dune. One's childhood love of sand and beaches disappeared in a trice."Back in England he spent three months with a security section on the Cumbrian coast before being sent to Lisburn in Northern Ireland. In April 1942 he was transferred to the London headquarters of Combined Operations in Richmond Terrace, off Whitehall. He was appointed a security officer and by the end of 1943 was transferred to the headquarters of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force in Bushy Park, Twickenham. In 1945 <mask> was in Flensburg and lodged on Adolf Hitler's yacht at the time that Alfred Jodl

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 and Wilhelm Keitel were being interrogated. At the end of the war, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and an MBE, he returned to Oundle School as a Housemaster. Later career
During and immediately after World War II, <mask> had some success on radio and the stage. His wartime radio programme A Date with Nurse Dugdale was popular, and he wrote numerous revue sketches for performers such as Hermione Gingold.He appeared on radio and TV occasionally and published books of humorous pieces among other writings. The most widely known of these were his skits on the life and antics of girls at private schools. From a relatively early age he had been an ardent admirer of the girls' school stories of Angela Brazil. He found them hilarious, although he noted "Miss Brazil had, of course, no comic intention when she started, in 1906, to write her books." In 1954 he left Oundle and, after being private secretary to Victor, Lord Rothschild, worked for the London theatrical firm H. M. Tennent. In the 1950s, he began work in the theatre in London as a scriptwriter and also began having his humorous books published. He adapted the novel Every Third Thought by American writer Dorothea Malm into the play Season of Goodwill.This starred Sybil Thorndike and Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies, but was not a success. He also wrote the British version of the French play Fleur de Cactus which had been adapted for the American stage by Abe Burrows as Cactus Flower. This starred Margaret Leighton and Tony Britton and was a hit on the West End stage, until Leighton left to go to Broadway. As he became better known he appeared on radio and television (although his first radio broadcast had been in 1934), and then in 1979 began his time as a regular team captain on Call My Bluff, which continued until shortly before his death. <mask> took over from Patrick Campbell. They had been


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 friends for many years, ever since they both used to write, from around 1948 onwards, for Lilliput. <mask> was also a newspaper and magazine columnist, writing for The Sunday Telegraph in the 1970s and 1980s.His association with the New Statesman ended in 1981 when he was sacked from its "First Person" column by editor Bruce Page, allegedly for being overtly sympathetic to Margaret Thatcher. He had been writing the column since January 1976, when then-editor Anthony Howard asked him to replace Auberon Waugh, who had gone to The Spectator. During that time <mask> also compiled several collections of the best entries from the weekly New Statesman literary competition, embracing parodies and pastiches. Having retired to Devon in 1970, he lived in Christow for the last fifteen years of his life, where he shared a cottage with Peter Kelland, a former schoolmaster. Their home, Pound Cottage, was the 'Myrtlebank' from which he sent dispatches to the New Statesman and Sunday Telegraph. He suffered a minor heart attack in 1988; he began writing the second part of his autobiography, but died shortly after a more serious illness. Personal life
In his autobiography, Life's Rich Pageant, <mask> was quoted as saying, "I cannot help being happy.I've struggled against it but to no good. Apart from an odd five minutes here and there, I have been happy all my life. There is, I am well aware, no virtue whatsoever in this. It results from a combination of heredity, health, good fortune and shallow intellect." <mask>ine; Whimpering in the Rhododendrons; and Giggling in the Shrubbery.References

Bibliography

1910 births
1989 deaths
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
British columnists
British radio people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Oundle School
New Statesman people
British Army personnel of World War II
Intelligence Corps

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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born January 5, 1979) is an American mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the Lightweight division of Bellator. A professional competitor since 2007, Bronzoulis has competed for Strikeforce, Legacy FC, Titan FC, Shark Fights, and was a finalist on Spike TV's Bellator: Fight Master reality show. Background
Bronzolis began practicing martial arts when he was around seven years old, when his father, a martial artist himself, brought the young Bronzoulis to a karate school. From the beginning, Bronzoulis had found his passion, eventually learning Tae Kwon Do, Tang Shu Do, Shotokan, Shotoru, American Freestyle, and kickboxing. When he turned 16, Bronzoulis spent most of his time at the Fairtex Thai kickboxing camp and also watched Jean-Claude Van Damme movies. Bronzoulis is a lifetime registered sex offender, having been convicted of aggravated sexual assault of a 14 year-old girl in 1997. Mixed martial arts career
Bronzoulis made his professional debut in 2007.On April 25, 2009 he fought UFC veteran Kamal Shalorus to a majority draw. Shark Fights
Bronzoulis made his Shark Fights debut in 2010 at Shark Fights 12 where he defeated Anselmo Martinez via disqualification. His next fight under the organization was at Shark Fights 14: Horwich vs. Villefort against Lucas Lopes where he won via unanimous decision. Legacy Fighting Championship
On March 20, 2010, Bronzoulis was defeated by Levi

masks: Mikel Mike Bronzoulis


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 Forrest via unanimous decision at Legacy FC 2 for the Legacy Welterweight Title. On November 5, 2010, Bronzoulis defeated Jonathan Harris at Legacy FC 4 via TKO due to punches in round one to win the Legacy FC Welterweight Championship. On January 29, 2011, Bronzoulis defeated Joe Christoper at Legacy FC 5 via TKO due to punches in round three to retain the Legacy FC Welterweight Championship, he later vacated the title when he signed with Strikeforce. On December 16, 2011, Bronzoulis returned to Legacy FC against Jorge Patino at Legacy FC 9 losing via unanimous decision.On May 11, 2012, Bronzoulis lost to UFC vet Gerald Harris at Legacy FC 11 via split decision. On November 16, 2012, Bronzoulis defeated Robert Shawn Machado at Legacy FC 15 via unanimous decision. Strikeforce
On May 25, 2011 it was announced that Bronzoulis had signed a four-fight deal with Strikeforce. Bronzoulis made his debut for the promotion on June 18, 2011 against WEC veteran Todd Moore at Strikeforce: Overeem vs. Werdum. He lost the fight via unanimous decision (29-28, 29-28, 29-28). Bronzoulis rebounded from this loss just two months later when he defeated Chad Leonhardt via TKO in the third round on the undercard of Strikeforce Challengers: Gurgel vs. Duarte. Bellator MMA
On May 6, 2013, it was announced that Bronzoulis would be featured as a participant on Bellator MMA's reality TV show Fight Master: Bellator MMA.In his preliminary fight to get


texts:
 on the show, Bronzoulis defeated Gareth Joseph by unanimous decision. During the team selection, he chose Randy Couture to be his coach. In his second fight, Bronzoulis defeated Jason Norwood by knockout in the third round. In the quarter-finals, Bronzoulis faced friend Chris Lozano and won via unanimous decision. In the semifinals, he fought Eric Bradley and, despite being controlled for most of two rounds, mounted a comeback and won via TKO in the second round. He was set to face Joe Riggs in the tournament final scheduled to take place at Bellator 98, but the bout was canceled after Riggs suffered an eye injury. The bout eventually took place on November 2, 2013 at Bellator 106 and Bronzoulis lost via unanimous decision.Post-Bellator
Bronzoulis faced Brandon Farran at Triple A MMA 4: Caged Hostility on January 16, 2014. Bronzoulis lost the fight via TKO (punches) in the first round, marking the first KO/TKO loss of his career. Bronzoulis faced Keith Johnson at Titan FC 29 on August 22, 2014. He lost via rear naked choke submission in the third round. Return to Legacy FC
Bronzoulis returned to the promotion as he faced Justin Reiswerg at Legacy FC 37 on November 14, 2014. He won the fight by submission in the second round, ending his three-fight losing streak over the past year. In his next fight for the promotion, Bronzoulis faced Jonathan Harris at Legacy FC 39 on February 27, 2015.He won the fight via TKO in the first


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<mask> (May 1580 – c. 8 October 1647) was an English noblewoman. She was the eldest daughter of the Earl of Derby and, through her two marriages, became Baroness Chandos and later Countess of Castlehaven. She was a distant relative of Elizabeth I of England and for some time was seen as a possible heiress to the English throne. In 1630, her second husband, the Earl of Castlehaven, was arrested and charged with being an accomplice to her rape by a servant. He was also accused of sodomy, found guilty and sentenced to death. <mask>'s testimony against her husband was crucial in ensuring his conviction and set the precedent that a wife could give evidence against her husband. After the trial, she lived a very secluded life; her reputation had been severely damaged by the scandal.Possible heiress to the throne

<mask> was the daughter of Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby (1559–1594), and Alice Spencer (1556–1637). The Earls of Derby were among the most influential and prominent noble families in England. Ferdinando Stanley was a great-grandson of Mary Tudor, the younger sister of King Henry VIII. Henry VIII had stipulated in his will that in the line of succession Mary's descendants would follow immediately after his own children. In doing so, he excluded the kings of Scotland, descendants of his elder sister Margaret. By 1580, it was obvious that Queen Elizabeth I would have no children, and this focused attention on the Earl of Derby as a possible future king. After his death in 1594 opinion in the matter of the succession began to favour King James VI of Scotland, who in 1603 indeed succeeded Elizabeth I.However, some believed that this succession was contrary to the will of Henry VIII, and therefore illegal. <mask> herself never made a claim to the throne. Childhood, family and first marriage
<mask> was the eldest of three daughters. When Ferdinando Stanley died, they inherited

masks:
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley


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 his considerable fortune. The title Earl of Derby went to his younger brother William. For <mask> and her sisters Frances and Elizabeth prestigious husbands were sought. Frances married John Egerton, who became the 1st Earl of Bridgewater; Elizabeth married Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon.There were plans for <mask> to marry a son of the Tsar of Muscovy. This marriage did not come about, and in 1607 she married the very wealthy Gray Brydges, Baron Chandos of Sudeley, who was known as the King of the Cotswolds. She lived with him in great style in Sudeley Castle. They had at least five children. The Dowager Countess of Derby and her three daughters had access to an extensive network of highly influential people, including the royal court. The Dowager Countess and her daughter Elizabeth, Countess of Huntingdon, were politically active and promoted the interests of their family through that network. All four Stanley women were interested in drama and poetry, and supported theatre groups, writers and poets, including Edmund Spenser, John Donne and John Milton.Marriage to Earl of Castlehaven
In 1621 <mask>'s husband Baron Chandos died. Three years later she married the widower Mervyn Touchet, Earl of Castlehaven (ca. 1593–1631). This marriage was controversial. The title Earl of Castlehaven had only been granted to the Touchet family in 1616. Furthermore, it was a title in the Irish peerage and therefore seen by the old English aristocracy as somewhat inferior. Lord Castlehaven was also more than ten years younger than his new wife, had previously shown to harbour Catholic sympathies and generally not behaved in the manner expected of a nobleman.It was felt that <mask>, who was connected to the most important and oldest noble families of England, had married beneath her. However, Lord Castlehaven was rich and <mask> was described by her mother as a spendthrift. The Earl and

masks:
Anne
Anne
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley


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 Countess of Castlehaven lived mainly in Fonthill Gifford, the country seat of the Touchets in southern England. Some time after their marriage <mask>'s eldest daughter Elizabeth Brydges married James, the eldest son of Lord Castlehaven (1612–1684) who used the courtesy title Lord Audley. Elizabeth was probably twelve years old at the time. It was not unusual for a stepbrother and stepsister to marry, as a way to ensure that wealth remained within the family. The marriage was not a success and Lord Audley left Fonthill Gifford while his wife Elizabeth continued to live there.Accusations
In 1630 Lord Audley, Lord Castlehaven's son, appealed to the Privy Council stating that his father was planning to disown him. Audley claimed that his father had encouraged his (Audley's) wife Elizabeth to have sex with Henry Skipwith, a favorite servant of Castlehaven's. Should Elizabeth become pregnant by Skipwith, Castlehaven planned to make this child his heir, thus depriving his own son of his inheritance. Audley also stated that his stepmother <mask> behaved in a lewd manner and had taken servants as her lovers. The Privy Council started an investigation in November 1630 and interviewed family members and servants at Fonthill Gifford. Elizabeth Audley admitted to having been coerced by her father-in-law into having a sexual relationship with Skipwith. According to Elizabeth Audley, her mother <mask> had been raped by one of the servants at the instigation of Lord Castlehaven.When questioned about this, <mask> testified that soon after their marriage, Castlehaven had declared that as a husband he had absolute control over his wife's body, and that she was obliged to do whatever he demanded. He had ordered her several times to sleep with one of his servants, but she had always refused. Eventually, Castlehaven had ordered the page Giles Broadway to rape her in his presence; he had assisted in the

masks:
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley


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 rape by restraining his wife. <mask> stated that she had made a suicide attempt after the rape, but she had never discussed the incident with anyone. The inhabitants of Fonthill Gifford told the Privy Council's investigators that Lord Castlehaven had sexual relations with both male and female staff, including the footman Lawrence Fitzpatrick, and that he was a voyeur. He showered sexual partners with gifts and had his eldest daughter marry one of his favorites, who had joined the household as a page. <mask>'s account of the rape and her subsequent suicide attempt was confirmed, also by the alleged rapist Giles Broadway.The investigators recorded only the testimony of male servants; women were considered unreliable witnesses, especially if they were of lower class. Lord Castlehaven was formally charged with the rape of his wife and sodomy with the servant Lawrence Fitzpatrick on 6 April 1631. He was imprisoned in the Tower and his properties were confiscated by the Crown. Giles Broadway was charged with the rape of <mask>, and Lawrence Fitzpatrick was charged with sodomy. <mask> was ordered by the Privy Council to temporarily take up residence with the Bishop of Winchester. Her younger children from her first marriage were placed in the care of their grandmother, the Dowager Countess of Derby. The Dowager Countess was not prepared to take in her granddaughter Elizabeth, Lady Audley, whom she feared would be a bad influence on her younger siblings.Lord Castlehaven denied all charges and claimed his wife and son were conspiring against him. He called his wife a whore, to whose statements no value should be attached, and accused her of having given birth to an illegitimate child during their marriage. The servants who had made incriminating statements against him had done so out of spite and jealousy, he said. Trial

In the 17th century, rape and sodomy were seen as serious, morally


texts: reprehensible crimes; they were capital offences but prosecution and convictions were rare. It was certainly unusual for a peer to be prosecuted for either rape or sodomy. Prosecution for rape occurred mainly if another offense had also been committed, or if the rape was considered to be a flagrant violation of social order. Rape within marriage was not recognized by law; the charge of rape made against Lord Castlehaven related to his complicity in the rape of <mask> by Giles Broadway.In the case of people of high rank, the charge of sodomy was usually added to charges such as conspiracy or corruption, and served mainly to raise doubts about the moral character of the accused. The trial of Lord Castlehaven was remarkable in that the judges explicitly ruled that a woman could testify against her husband in criminal proceedings, especially if she was a victim. This had previously not been clear under English law and set an important precedent. In response to a question by Lord Castlehaven whether it could legally be called rape if the victim was a woman of loose morals, the judges responded that the reputation of the woman did not matter. They also ruled that it was irrelevant that <mask> herself had never spoken out about the rape by Broadway. The trial of Lord Castlehaven began on 25 April 1631 and lasted just one day. The jury consisted of 27 men from the nobility.Of these, at least ten had close ties to the Stanley family. There is little doubt that <mask>'s influential mother and sisters made efforts to influence the case in their favour. <mask> and her daughter Elizabeth Audley did not appear in court; it was unthinkable that a noblewoman would speak publicly about sexual matters. Their statements were read out. The prosecutors emphasized the fact that Lord <mask>'s behaviour was immoral and unworthy of a nobleman. On 26 April the jury unanimously found Lord Castlehaven guilty of

masks:
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Castlehaven


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 rape, and a majority also found him guilty of sodomy. He was sentenced to death.The Touchet family urged King Charles I to pardon Lord Castlehaven, arguing that <mask> was a promiscuous woman and an unreliable witness. The King, however, refused, and Castlehaven was beheaded on 14 May 1631 on Tower Hill. He maintained his innocence to the last. The trial of Giles Broadway and Lawrence Fitzpatrick took place in June 1631. Both withdrew the confessions they had made during the trial of Lord Castlehaven, possibly because they had been falsely promised immunity, and claimed they were innocent. <mask> was present in court to declare under oath that her recorded statement was true. Broadway was found guilty of rape, and Fitzpatrick found guilty of sodomy.They were hanged on 6 July 1631. On the scaffold, Broadway declared <mask> to be the most wicked woman who ever lived; he claimed she had sexual relations with servants and had killed her own child. Later life
After the execution of her husband, <mask> withdrew from public life. She always maintained that she was blameless. However, already during the trial pamphlets had been published that questioned her innocence or even identified her as the evil mastermind behind the events in Fonthill Gifford. Lord Castlehaven's sister, the poet and Protestant prophetess Eleanor Davies Touchet, wrote a number of these leaflets. The fact that both Lord Castlehaven and Giles Broadway had portrayed her as immoral and evil minutes before they were executed further damaged her reputation.In the years after the trial, <mask> lived with her mother, the Dowager Countess of Derby, who managed to obtain a formal pardon from the King for <mask>'s  "sexual immorality and debauchery". It was common at that time to grant pardons when people had transgressed against their will. The possessions of the Earl of Castlehaven were confiscated by the Crown after his death.

masks:
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley


texts:
 <mask> was financially dependent on the income she still received from the estate of her first husband, and on the support from her mother and brothers-in-law. After the death of her mother in 1637, she moved to Heydons House in Harefield, where she died in 1647. Legacy
It is widely assumed that the masque Comus by John Milton refers to the Castlehaven scandal. This work describes the triumph of chastity over debauchery; it was written by Milton in 1634 for the Earl of Bridgewater, who was married to <mask>'s sister Frances.The trial of Lord Castlehaven remained notorious well into the 18th century. In the 17th century it was often presented in an anti-Catholic or anti-monarchist context. In the 18th century it was cited as an example of immoral behavior by the aristocracy. After about 1750 the case was largely forgotten, though it remained known by legal historians. In the 21st century, the Castlehaven affair was rediscovered by LGTB- and gender studies scholars. It is seen by them as an important landmark in the development of the relationship between the state and sexuality, and a step in the recognition of the position of women under the law. Children
<mask> and her first husband Gray Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, had the following children
 Elizabeth Brydges, deceased March 1678/79
 Robert Brydges, deceased on 20 June 1611
 <mask>, believed to have been born in 1612 and married to gentleman described as Mr. Torteson.Few facts about her life but many older genealogies show her. George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, 9 August 1620 – February 1654/55
 William Brydges, 7th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, circa 1620 - August 1676. References

1580 births
1647 deaths
Heirs to the English throne
Daughters of British earls
Anne
16th-century English women
Chandos
Irish countesses
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English women
17th-century English people
17th-century

masks:
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Stanley
Anne Brydges


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<mask> of Fleckenstein Dagstuhl (2 February 1588 – 31 January 1644) was the last baron of the house of Fleckenstein. He was the eldest son of Philipp Wolfgang of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl (d. 1618) and his first wife, Anna Alexandria of Rappoltstein (7 March 1565 – 9 April 1610). <mask> II gained considerable power as guardian and regent of the still underage Count Friedrich Casimir and the counties of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Hanau-Münzenberg during the final phases of the Thirty Years' War. Childhood
At twelve, he became a squire at the court in Nancy of Duke <mask> of Lorraine. Later, he was employed by Württemberg on a diplomatic mission to England. After that, he began a career in the military. Military career
He served in Hungary during the Long War.He climbed to the rank of colonel in the army of the Protestant Union. After the Union was dissolved in 1621, he entered the service of Margrave Friedrich V of Baden-Durlach. During a feud between the Hanseatic League and the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, he killed a member of the House of Isenburg with a pistol shot. He retired in 1622 — turning down offers to become a general in the Danish, English or Swedish army — and focussed on the administration of his own barony. Reign
The Lordship of Fleckenstein came to feel the full force of the Thirty Years' War in 1622, when commander Ernst von Mansfeld spent the winter in the Upper Rhine area. <mask> tried to follow the example of Counts Johann Reinhard I and his cousin Philipp Wolfgang of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1595–1641) and remain neutral. However,

masks:
Georg II
Georg
Charles III
Georg


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 when the imperial side grew stronger, he found it impossible to maintain this policy.He sold the Dagstuhl part of his territory to Archbishop Philipp Christoph of Trier. <mask> went into exile in Strasbourg, where he was joined by the ruling family of Hanau-Lichtenberg. He resided at "Fleckenstein Court" on Münstergasse street. Fleckenstein was administered by a member of the Fleckenstein-Bickenbach-Sulz line of his family. Regency of Hanau

Hanau-Lichtenberg
In Strasbourg, Count Philipp Wolfgang of Hanau-Lichtenberg wrote his will, in which he made his son Friedrich Casimir his sole hier and successor, based on the primogeniture decree, which was in force in the ruling family of Hanau since 1375. In case Friedrich Casimir was still underage when he inherited the county, his regents would be <mask> and Count Johann Ernst of Hanau-Münzenberg. <mask> was selected, because there were no male-line members of the Hanau-Lichtenberg line left, and <mask> was related in the female line, his grandmother being Anna Sibylle of Hanau-Lichtenberg, a daughter of Count Philipp IV.This was the only case in the history of Hanau where a regent was appointed who was of lower rank than his ward. However, Count Johann Ernst, who was the closest living relative, and had the proper feudal rank, however, he lived in faraway Hanau. Philipp Wolfgang died on . He was survived by his second wife, Dorothea Diana of Salm and his underage children Friedrich Casimir, Johann Philipp, Johann Reinhard <mask>, Sophie Eleonore and Agatha Christine. As these children were

masks:
Georg II
Georg II
Georg II
Georg II
II


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 underage, a guardian was needed. <mask> took up this task, although he had been offered an attractive alternative: to become governor of the Duchy of Württemberg, which had been confiscated by the Emperor. Hanau-Münzenberg
Count Johann Ernst died on 12 January 1642, leaving <mask> as the only remaining guardian and regent.His ward, Count Friedrich Casimir, inherited Hanau-Münzenberg in a politically precarious situation:
 Even travelling to Hanau-Münzenberg through enemy territory was difficult. Friedrich Casimir had to travel in disguise, with only a numerically small company, including <mask>. The liege lords of several of Hanau-Münzenberg's possessions, especially the Archbishop of Mainz, but also the Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, the Bishop of Würzburg, and the Abbey of Fulda, held that Friedrich Casimir was only distantly related to Johann Ernst and saw this as an opportunity to terminate the fief. Their legal position was fairly weak, since there was a clear family relationship between Johann Ernst and Friedrich Casimir, and moreover the inheritance treaty from 1610 between the Hanau-Lichtenberg and Hanau-Münzenberg lines clearly applied. However, in the confusion of the Thirty Years' War, things were decided by a nobleman's military power, not by the legality or otherwise of his legal position. <mask> acknowledged the problem and ensured his position was supported by Hesse-Kassel. Landgravine Amalie Elisabeth, the widow of Landgrave Wilhelm V who had been born a Countess of Hanau-Münzenberg and was Regent of

masks:
Georg II
Georg II
Georg II
Georg II


texts: Hesse-Kassel at the time, provided <mask> II with diplomatic and political support.She aimed to preserve all of Hanau-Münzenberg's territory, because the county was heavily indebted to Hesse-Kassel. In return, <mask> II as regent of Hanau-Münzenberg, signed an inheritance treaty with Hesse-Kassel, promising that if the House of Hanau were to die out in the male line, then Hanau-Münzenberg would fall to Hesse-Kassel. He also gave Hesse-Kassel the district of Schwarzenfels and the territory of the former monastery in Naumburg as securities for the debt. Hanau, the capital of the county, consisted to two legally separate cities: The old and the new town. The latter had been created at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries to settle Calvinist refugees from France and the Spanish Netherlands (today's Belgium). City politics in New Hanau were dominated by wealthy merchants and traders who had acquired a very strong position in Hanau-Münzenberg due to their economic power. They intended to use the weak position of the new count and his regent to demand some concessions before he would accept his inheritance.After negotiating for ten days, <mask> concluded that he had no option but to give in to their demands. Their main demand was continuation of the religious status quo. Friedrich Casimir, like all counts from the Hanau-Lichtenberg line, was a Lutheran. Hanau-Münzenberg, however, had been Calvinist since the reign of Count Philipp Ludwig <mask> (1576–1612). Fifty years earlier, Philipp Ludwig <mask> had been able to prescribe the confession

masks:
Georg
Georg
Georg II
II
II


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 in his county under the principle . <mask>, however, found himself forced, not only to allow Calvinists to worship freely, but even to limit Lutheranism to the chapel in Hanau's city palace. Only in 1658 was Friedrich Casimir able to build a Lutheran church in Hanau, the St. Johann's church.In 1670, Hanau-Münzenberg officially became bi-confessional, although that did not stop the fierce debate among the confessions. It wasn't until 140 years later that the two churches in Hanau-Münzenberg could be united. Death
<mask> of Fleckenstein died on 31 January 1644 at Hanau, the last baron of the Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl line. He was buried in St. Mary's Church, Hanau. Count Friedrich Casimir of Hanau was still considered underage in 1644, as the coming of age only happened at age 25. Count <mask> of Erbach was appointed as the new regent. Ancestors

References
 Reinhard Dietrich: Die Landesverfassung in dem Hanauischen, in: Hanauer Geschichtsblätter, vol.34, Hanau, 1996,
 Ferdinand Hahnzog, <mask>. von Fleckenstein, Freiherr zu Dachstuhl. Ein Hanauer Administrator in der Endphase des Dreißigjährigen Krieges, in: Hanauer Geschichtsblätter, vol. 18, 1962 pp. 223–242
 Detlev Schwennicke: Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, new series, vol. VII, table 26
 Ernst J. Zimmermann: Hanau Stadt und Land, 3rd ed., Hanau, 1919, reprinted: 1978

Footnotes

German people of the Thirty Years' War
People from Alsace
People from Saarland
Barons of Germany
Regents of Germany
1588 births
1644 deaths
17th-century German

masks:
Georg II
Georg II
Georg Albrecht
Georg II


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<mask> (born 2 July 1931) is an English actor. He is best known for playing vicars and other members of the clergy, most notably Timothy Farthing, the vicar in the BBC comedy Dad's Army. <mask> also appeared in similar roles in You Rang, M'Lord?, Hi-de-Hi!, What’s Up Nurse, The Worker, and Vanity Fair. Ian Lavender and <mask> are the series' last surviving major cast members. He reprised the role of Farthing in the 2016 film adaptation of the series. As of 2020, he is also the last surviving cast member of The Army Game. Early life
Born in London, <mask> was educated at Ardingly College, West Sussex, and Hendon School (then Hendon County School).Career
<mask> started his acting career in repertory theatre, most notably with the Watford Palace Theatre, which was being run by Jimmy Perry, who would go on to create Dad's Army. <mask> also met many of his future co-stars including Michael Knowles, Colin Bean, Donald Hewlett and Mavis Pugh. At the time, television was in its infancy and it was this sector of the industry that <mask> wished to get in to. He made several television appearances throughout the 1950s, during series one of The Army Game he made various small appearances and in 1957 was invited back as a regular character, the commanding officer Captain Pocket. <mask> continued to play the role until the series ended in 1960. In total, he appeared in 116 episodes of The Army Game which were transmitted live across the nation on a weekly basis. His first film appearance was as an uncredited extra in The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan in 1953, his first larger role came in 1956

masks:
Frank Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


texts: with the film The Extra Day in which he played the role of Sid.<mask> went on to appear in three films with Norman Wisdom including: The Square Peg (1958), The Bulldog Breed (1960) and A Stitch In Time (1963). He then  appeared in films such as: Inn for Trouble (1960), Just for Fun (1963), Hide and Seek (1964), Headline Hunters (1968), One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing (1975), Jabberwocky (1977), What's Up Nurse! (1977), The Human Factor (1979) and Oh! Heavenly Dog (1980). He had a leading role in the BBC TV series Diary of a Young Man (1964), which was partly directed by Ken Loach, in addition to small parts in numerous TV series of the 1950s and 1960s. His best-known role is in Dad's Army as the vicar. His first appearance on the show was in the episode "The Armoured Might of Lance Corporal Jones", which was the first episode of series three.He had worked with David Croft  before on Hugh and I and had also worked with Jimmy Perry at the Watford Palace Theatre. He thought he had come to make a one-off appearance and did not realise that he would become a regular fixture of the show. He would go on to appear in half of the 80 episodes and both feature films. In 2021, <mask> said of his time working on Dad’s Army that "it was the happiest period of my professional life." Coincidentally, while at Hendon County, <mask> wrote in his memoir, he had played the lead in the school play of his final year, The Ghost Train, written nearly thirty years earlier by Arnold Ridley, who would become one of his fellow actors in Dad's Army. <mask> featured with Tessie O'Shea in the short-lived sitcom

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams


texts: As Good Cooks Go (1970). He appeared in an episode of All Gas and Gaiters as one of the vicars choral in episodes broadcast in 1967 and 1971.At the height of his Dad's Army fame, he had a cameo role in Monty Python's Flying Circus (1972), and later appeared as a record producer in the Rutles movie All You Need Is Cash (1978). He appeared in the short-lived television sitcom High & Dry as a bank clerk. He had a recurring role in You Rang, M'Lord? which was also written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft. <mask> played Lord Bishop Charles appearing in 14 out of a total of 26 episodes. He was a guest on This Morning on Thursday 31 July 2008, talking about Dad's Army with fellow cast members, Ian Lavender and Bill Pertwee. He also appeared on BBC1's Jonathan Ross Salutes Dad's Army show on Sunday 3 August 2008.With other surviving members of the Dad's Army cast he walked in the 100th Birthday parade for Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, because Dad's Army was her favourite programme. He is the author of several plays, including The Playing Fields and Murder Weekend, some of which have been performed in the pro-amateur theatre. His autobiography, Vicar to Dad's Army: the <mask> story, was published in 2002. In 1993, <mask> co-founded with Bill Pertwee the Dad's Army Appreciation Society. He was the society's vice president until the death of Bill Pertwee in 2013 when he became the President and now attends many society events. <mask> reprised his role of the vicar for the 2016 reboot of Dads Army. He later went on to recall his time on set, saying "It meant four days work, which I

masks:
Williams
Frank Williams
Williams
Williams


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 thoroughly enjoyed.The film was pretty successful but received a mixed reaction from Dad's Army fans because seeing other people playing roles made famous by the likes of Arthur and John wasn’t easy to accept." Personal life
For many years, <mask> has lived in Edgware, Greater London. Until 2000, he was a member of the House of Laity in the General Synod of the Church of England. <mask> is the patron of Veneratio, a charity established to prevent the social isolation of the elderly. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> reported that "I share the house with my good friend Ronald Grainge, who I met on the Dad's Army stage show way back in 1975, so the two of us have been self-isolating and watching TV. We enjoy good dramas, and catch up with an old film occasionally." He then went on to say that the programmes which he enjoyed the most are "older comedies, but programmes like Would I Lie to You?are great fun. And chat programmes where comedy people get together." In a 2017 Telegraph interview, he had answered a question on his best financial decision as "buying a house. ...Initially, I rented out the downstairs rooms and it produced some money but there were problems, like tenants not paying the rent. So, about 10 years ago, my great friend Ronnie Grainge, who was in the Dad's Army'' stage show, moved in." References

External links

1931 births
Living people
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
British male comedy actors
English male radio actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
People educated at Ardingly College
People

masks: Williams Williams Williams