texts:
 no documentation. The  1940 Federal Census  showed him living on National Avenue in Burbank, California, gives his age as "45" and the highest attained academic grade for him as "H1", which would be only one year of high school. On October 8, 1914, Washington, D.C.'s Evening Star newspaper reported that <mask><mask> was appointed to the student staff of The Balance Sheet, a newly planned newspaper of that city's "Business High School", as its "Athletic Editor". Currently, no books authored by <mask> refer to any specific educational accomplishments, but a 1977 publication he co-authored with <mask>, titled The Shocking Truth about Water, appends the titles of N.D. and Ph.D. behind his name,  although in earlier booklets he published under only his name prior to his death, such as "Bragg Apple Cider Vinegar System" (Thirteenth Printing 1972) and "Building Powerful Nerve Force..." (Fifth Printing 1973), he uses the titles "N.D." and "Ph.T", not "Ph.D" as editions printed after his death indicate. Business

<mask>, <mask>'s former daughter-in-law, according to official records, has since taken over <mask>'s health empire, having previously married (and later divorced) <mask>'s son, Robert Elton <mask>. She has stated that she was legally adopted by <mask>. The company they started and ran, Bragg Live Food Products, Inc. was sold to an investment group in 2019, and <mask>.Death

<mask>  died of a heart attack in the emergency room of South Shore Hospital in Miami, Florida on December 7, 1976. He was 81 years old. <mask> reported that <mask> "was injured by a wave in the surf six months ago and his health began

masks:
Paul C
. Bragg
Bragg
Patricia Bragg
Patricia Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Paul
Patricia Bragggar
Bragg
Patricia Bragg
Bragg


type: original

texts:
 to decline after the accident". <mask> was cremated on December 10, 1976, by the Lithgow Funeral Center, Miami. A memorial service was held in Hawaii and "participants brought flowers to scatter with Mr. <mask>'s ashes in the Ft. DeRussey Beach waters off Waikiki." Health beliefs
<mask> advocated using deep breathing, fasting, organic foods, drinking distilled water, juicing, exercise, listening to one's body, and many other techniques as methods of prolonging life span. Medical experts criticized <mask> as a food faddist and promoter of quackery.In 1931, the Bureau of Investigation of the American Medical Association (AMA) issued an article on <mask> which stated that he was a "food faddist and sexual rejuvenator debarred from the mails." Arthur J. Cramp of the AMA dismissed <mask> as a "charlatan". <mask> held pseudoscientific views about dieting and disease. He stated that tonsillitis is the result of people eating "mucus forming foods", cancer is caused by "gooey, slimy foods" and that colds are caused by the consumption of white bread or ice cream. <mask> firmly opposed the use of white bread and white flour and sold a substitute for each. <mask> was criticized for his involvement in "mail-order quackery". He advertised a patent medicine called "Glantex" which he said could make people feel twenty years younger.In December, 1930 after a hearing the Postmaster General issued a fraud order against <mask> and his health center. He got around this by advertising himself as "<mask>uis". In June 1932, ten dozen packages of <mask>'s O.K.-Lax were seized. The product was misbranded with false and fraudulent

masks:
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Paul Chapp
Bragg


texts:
 curative effects. <mask> advertised O.K.-Lax as a "miracle substance" that cleanses the intestines and cures asthma, catarrh, and diabetes. An analysis of a sample by the United States Department of Agriculture revealed the product was made from ground leaves, bark, roots, fruit, and a laxative drug. In February 1933, the court ordered the packages to be destroyed by the United States marshal.In March 1935, Washington, D.C. officials arrested and charged <mask> with practicing healing art without a license. He was fined $100. <mask> was known to have misbranded his food products with false health claims. His products were investigated by the Food and Drug Administration and Federal Trade Commission. He advertised "<mask>'s Grass Tablets" as being rich in Vitamin A, promoting health, and preventing sickness. In October 1941, <mask> agreed not to publish any further health claims about the product. The FDA reported in 1967 that <mask>'s papaya tablets and other dietary tablets "contained false and misleading therapeutic claims and lacked adequate directions for use for the purposes attended."<mask> was an anti-vaccinationist. He argued that vaccines are deadly and recommended that people not take them. Selected publications
The Truth About Sex (1929)
Cure Yourself (1929)
Live Food Cook Book and Menus (1930)
<mask><mask>'s Personal Health Food Cook Book and Menus (1935)
The Bragg Toxicless Diet Body Purification and Healing System (1967)
How to Keep the Heart Healthy and Fit (1968)
Building Powerful Nerve Force (1969)
The Shocking Truth About Water: A Universal Fluid of Death (1970)
Bragg Apple Cider Vinegar

masks:
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Bragg
Paul C
. Bragg


texts:
 System (1972)
<mask><mask>'s Four Generation Health Food Cook Book and Menus (1972)
The Miracle of Fasting (1972)
Your Hair and Your Health (1972)
Hi-Protein Meatless Health Recipes (1978)

References

External links
Bragg.com, <mask> and <mask>'s website
How a Health Guru Helped L.A. Discover its Hiking Trails By Nathan Masters
How Cultists, Quacks, and Naturemenschen Made Los Angeles Obsessed With Healthy Living By Bianca Barragan

1895 births
1976 deaths
Alternative cancer treatment advocates
Alternative detoxification promoters
American health and wellness writers
American nutritionists
American anti-vaccination activists
Fasting advocates
Orthopaths
People associated with physical culture
People convicted for health fraud
People from Batesville, Indiana
Pseudoscientific diet advocates
Medical controversies in the United

masks:
Paul C
. Bragg
Paul
Patricia Bragg


texts:
<mask> made his Internazionale debut on 1 February 2015 by appearing in the last minutes of a 3–1 loss to Sassuolo in the 2014–15 Serie A matchday 21. On 26 February 2015, he made his UEFA Europa League debut as a substitute replacing Rodrigo Palacio in the 89th minute of a 1–0 home win over Celtic. On 4 April 2014, <mask> played his first match as a starter for Internazionale, a 1–1 home draw against Parma, he was replaced by Mateo Kovačić in the 46th minute. Loan to Bari
On 4 August 2015, <mask>, along with his teammate Gaston Camara, were sent on loan at Serie B for the 2015–16 season. On 9 August he made his debut for Bari as a substitute replacing Anthony Partipilo in the 60th minute of a 2–1 home defeat against Foggia in the second round of Coppa Italia. He played his first Serie B match later on 22 September 2015 in the 4–1 away loss to Crotone, starting and playing for 57 minutes.On 22 February he played his first entire match for Bari, a 1–0 away defeat against Virtus Lanciano. On 1 March, <mask> scored twice in a 4–0 home win over Ternana. <mask> ended his loan to Bari with 18 appearances, 5 goals and 1 assist. Loan to Benevento
On 15 July, <mask> was loaned to Serie B side Benevento on a 2-years loan deal. On 7 August he made his debut in a match loss 4–2 at penalties after a 0–0 home draw against Salernitana in the second round of Coppa Italia; he was replaced by Fabio Mazzeo in the 68th minute. On 27 August he made his Serie B debut for Benevento as a substitute replacing Fabio Ceravolo in the 71st minute and scoring his first goal 8 minutes later in a 2–0 home win over SPAL. On 20 September he played his first entire match for Benevento, a 1–1 home draw against Pro Vercelli.On 19 November, <mask> scored his second goal, again as a substitute, in the 89th minute of a 4–0 home win over Brescia. In June 2017 he scored the goal that sealed Benevento's promotion to Serie A.

<mask> started his second season with Benevento

masks:
George Alexandru Pușcașușcaș
Pușcaș
Pușcaș
Pușcaș
Pușcaș
Pușcaș
Pușcaș
Pușcaș


texts:
 by playing 80 minutes in a 4–0 home defeat against Perugia in the third round of Coppa Italia. On 20 August, <mask> made his Serie A debut for Benevento in a 2–1 away defeat against Sampdoria. On 3 December 2017, <mask> scored his first Serie A goal in the 2–2 home draw versus Milan that gave Benevento their first ever point in the top flight. In January 2018 he was recalled by Inter, thus leaving Benevento with a total of 34 appearances and 8 goals. Loan to Novara
On 29 January 2018, <mask> was again sent on loan, this time returning at Serie B to Novara. He debuted for his new team five days later in the 1–2 home defeat to Ascoli, netting his team's only goal in the first half.The following week, in his second appearance, <mask> scored his first career hat-trick to give his side the 3–1 win at Cittadella. Palermo
On 8 August 2018, <mask> joined Palermo and subsequently signed a four-year contract. The deal was reported to be worth €3.25 million plus bonuses. On 3 November 2018, he registered his first league goal for the Sicilian team by scoring in the 90th minute of a 2–1 victory over Cosenza. At the end of the season, with Palermo relegated to Serie D, Internazionale exercised their buy back option for the Romanian forward. Reading
On 7 August 2019, <mask> signed for Reading on a five-year contract from Inter Milan for €8 million euros plus €2 million in bonuses, becoming Reading's most expensive signing in history. He scored his first goal for Reading in an EFL Cup tie against Wycombe Wanderers on 13 August 2019, and also went on to score one of the penalties as Reading won the shoot-out.On 18 August 2019 he scored two goals on his home league debut for the Royals against Cardiff City. <mask> scored his first EFL Championship hat-trick against Wigan Athletic on 30 November 2019 in a 3-1 victory, with the goals all coming in the space of 4 minutes 54 seconds. Loan to Pisa
On 31 January 2022, <mask> returned to Italy, joining

masks: Pușcaș Pușcaș Pușcaș Pușcaș Pușcaș Pușcaș Pușcaș Pușcaș


texts:
 Pisa on loan with a conditional obligation to buy. International career
<mask> scored seven times for Romania under-21 in the 2019 UEFA European Championship qualifying competition, as his side won its group and progressed to the final tournament in Italy. On 18 June 2019, he obtained the penalty from which he scored the opener in a 4–1 victory over Croatia at the San Marino Stadium. He netted again in the next group game against England, surpassing Ionuț Luțu as the highest scorer of the Tricolorii mici. <mask> then gave Romania a half-time lead after scoring a double against Germany in the semi-finals, but Romania eventually lost the match 2–4.He earned his first full cap for the nation on 23 May 2018, entering in the 74th minute of a 3–2 win against Chile. On 17 November that year, he scored his first goal in a UEFA Nations League 3–0 defeat of Lithuania. Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
As of 11 November 2020. Romania score listed first, score column indicates score after each Pușcaș goal. Honours
Individual
Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year runner-up: 2019
UEFA European Under-21 Championship Silver Boot: 2019
UEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2019

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
People from Marghita
People from Bihor County
Romanian footballers
Association football forwards
CF Liberty Oradea players
FC Bihor Oradea players
Inter Milan players
S.S.C. Bari players
Benevento Calcio players
Novara Calcio players
Palermo F.C. players
Reading F.C.players
Pisa S.C. players
Liga II players
Serie A players
Serie B players
English Football League players
Romania youth international footballers
Romania under-21 international footballers
Romania international footballers
Romanian expatriate footballers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in

masks: Pușcaș Pușcaș


texts:
<mask>  (18 October 192621 September 2015) was a Polish-born, Australian producer of children's and family entertainment. He was known for his adaptation of children's characters from books and films and best known for the production of the films Dot and the Kangaroo and Blinky Bill: The Mischievous Koala. Early life
<mask> was born in Kraków, Poland and was the brother of Jewish film director <mask>. <mask> endured World War II under the Nazi regime. His family was on Oskar Schindler's list, but chose to make their own risky escape, moving hiding places 72 times. <mask> studied music and musicology at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow (also known as Krakow University). He first entered the film industry in 1947 at the age of 20 when he became one of the first students of Jerzy Toeplitz (founder of the Polish Film Institute, the Swiss Film Institute and the Australian Film and Television School).Early career
<mask> began his career as an assistant to Polish directors Eugene Cenkalski and Leonard Buczkowski as well as the Dutch director Joris Ivens and studied script writing under Carl Foreman. In 1950, <mask> moved from Poland to Israel, where he worked as a newsreel and documentary cameraman. He then became an independent film producer and director and began winning prizes at international film festivals. His full-length feature, Joseph the Dreamer (1962), a biblical story, received special prizes in many countries. His experimental film Chansons Sans Paroles (1958) was heralded by some international film critics as the most interesting film of 1959. Another comedy, One Pound Only (1964), set the box office record of the year. Australian career
In 1967, <mask>, his wife Sandra and young family migrated to Australia and lived

masks:
Yoram Jerzy Gross
Gross
Natan Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross


texts:
 in Sydney.They established Yoram Gross Film Studio, initially working from home. <mask> continued to make experimental films and to win awards. He originally produced film clips for the popular weekly television music program Bandstand for such artists as John Farnham. At the Sydney Film Festival in 1970, he was awarded second prize for The Politicians in the category of best Australian-made film, and at the 1971 Australian Film Awards, his film To Nefertiti won the bronze award. Animated films and TV series
After 1977, <mask> devoted his energies to animated films and series, but maintained an interest in experimental films with awards to assist young filmmakers including the Yoram Gross Award for Best Animated Film at the Sydney Film Festival and the Yoram <mask> Best Animation Award at the Flickerfest International Film Festival. <mask> wrote a book on making animated films titled The First Animated Step (1975) and produced a film of the same title. Dot series
The first animated feature film produced by the Yoram Gross Film Studio, called Dot and the Kangaroo (1977), utilised a special aerial image technique of drawings over live action backgrounds.The film was based on an Australian classic best seller by Ethel Pedley, and was described by ABC film critic John Hinde as a "brilliant technical success and the best cartoon film originated in Australia". It won Best Children's Film in Tehran and also won a Sammy Award for the Best Animated Film at the 1978 Australian Film Institute Television Awards. <mask> went on to produce, direct and script a total of sixteen feature films for 19 children. Eight films featuring the adventures of Dot from the original film Dot and the Kangaroo. Dot and the Bunny (1984) was the winner of the

masks: Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross


texts:
 1983 Best Animated Film at the 28th Asia Pacific Film Festival, and Dot and Keeto (1985) won the Red Ribbon Award at the 1986 American Film and Video Festival. Coinciding with the release of the films, <mask> also published books based on the films Dot and the Kangaroo, The Little Convict and Save the Lady. Magic Riddle
<mask>'s 1991 animated film The Magic Riddle was based on an original story and is a mixture of fairy tales from Hans Christian Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, and others.Blinky Bill
In 1992, <mask>  released Blinky Bill: The Mischievous Koala, based upon the Australian children's classic by Dorothy Wall. This film featured an Australian koala and introduced Blinky Bill to an international audience. Blinky Bill generated one of Australia's most successful merchandising programs, bringing in millions of dollars in export earnings. In 1993, Yoram Gross Film Studio diversified into animated series for television. The first two of the Blinky Bill series, The Adventures of Blinky Bill and Blinky Bill's Extraordinary Excursion, totalled 52 half-hour episodes and achieved significant international success, particularly in Europe. After Blinky Bill, <mask> co-produced the series Tabaluga (26 half hours) with EM.TV & Merchandising AG, which became a top-rated children's show in Germany. An animated series adapting Australia's best-known kangaroo, Skippy, was completed in 1998, whereupon the studio commenced the animation of Flipper and Lopaka.Both series comprise 26 half-hour episodes. Later career
In March 1999, EM.TV a 50% share ownership in Yoram <mask> Film Studio acquired from Village Roadshow Limited to form Yoram <mask>-EM.TV Pty Ltd (YGEM) was created. This new partnership marked the transition from a family business

masks: Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross


texts:
 to a world brand. EM.TV and YGEM committed to the production of 10 new series over the next 5 years. The new millennium cemented Gross and EM.TV's position as the number one family entertainment business in Australia and supplier of quality children's content to the world. The studio completed a second series of both Tabaluga and Flipper and Lopaka, as well as a brand new series, Old Tom. The Seven Network programmed a dedicated block of television produced by <mask> <mask> – a fulfilment of its commitment to screen quality 'C classified' drama for children.<mask> and EM.TV also launched the Junior (TV channel) in Germany. <mask>'s autobiography, My Animated Life was released in April 2011. Death
<mask> died in Sydney at the age of 88 on 21 September 2015. Honours and recognition
<mask> won more than 80 international awards for his various films. <mask> was honoured in the 1995 Australia Day Honours with a Member of the Order of Australia for his services to the Australian film industry, particularly in animation techniques. <mask> celebrated his 60th anniversary in the film industry in May 2007. To celebrate the milestone, the New South Wales Film and Television Office honoured him by hosting a special retrospective screening of his career highlights, including the screening of <mask>'s most recent project, Autumn in Krakow, a poignant short film on his home town of Kraków, based on his late brother Nathan's poetry.In 2011, <mask> was awarded the Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland and the Medal for Merit to polish Culture – “Gloria Artis”..

For users in Australia, Greece, Germany, and Israel, a Google Doodle was made for what would have been his 95th birthday to celebrate his life and

masks: Yoram Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross


texts:
<mask> is the professor of online communication at the University of Münster, Germany. He has a particular interest in online communication, digital games and (online) journalism. He (co)authored more than 150 scientific articles and several books, including Participatory Journalism, which was influential in establishing the citizen journalism model. He has edited numerous books, primarily in the field of online media and digital games research, including the books Multiplayer and The Video Game Debate. His work was awarded with several scientific prizes, including international Top Paper Awards, the dissertation award of the German Communication Association, and an ERC grant (European Excellency Programme). Education and career
<mask> graduated with a master's degree in Communication Studies from the University of Bochum. He began teaching in 1998 at the Technical University of Ilmenau, where he received his doctoral degree in 2004.From 2003 to 2007, he worked as a senior researcher at the Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) in Munich. In 2007 and 2008, he was an assistant professor at the Free University Berlin, and he received his habilitation from the LMU in 2008. In 2009, he obtained the chair of Interactive Media and Online Communication from the University of Hohenheim, where he also served as the Director of the Institute of Communication Studies. Since 2012, he has been the chair  for online communication at the University of Münster, Germany. Quandt has given lectures at various other universities, and was a visiting professor at Stanford University, the University of Oxford, the University of California, Santa Barbara and a visiting researcher at the Indiana University, Bloomington. Quandt is the founding chair of the “Digital Games Research” section of the European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA), and a member of the Executive Board of ECREA. He is currently an Associate Editor of the Journal of Communication, and  a board

masks:
Thorsten Quandt
Quandt


texts:
 member of the journals Communication Theory and Digital Journalism.He has been the secretary of the Journalism Studies Division in the International Communication Association (ICA), and the chairman of the Journalism Studies Division in the German Communication Association. Quandt has been a member of various boards and committees, including committees of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the European Research Council, the Academy of Finland, the Helsingin Sanomat Foundation, ECREA, the German Communication Association DGPuK, and he worked as a reviewer for numerous scientific journals. He received several international and national research awards, as well as an ERC grant (European excellency programme). He was nominated twice on the top list of „40 most significant young scientists in Germany“ by the national trade journal Capital. Research fields
Quandt's work is focusing the impact and social aspects of digital games use, participatory journalism, and risk factors of online communication, like online and video game addiction, media induced aggression and cyberbullying. While Quandt's work is also focusing the problematic side of digital media use, he asks for a neutral and balanced perspective on media use, including positive aspects of use. Quandt argues that research on digital media has to ‘normalize’ and move beyond a state of repeating moral panics.He is one of the authors of an open debate paper to the WHO, criticizing the introduction of Gaming Disorder as a "disorder due to addictive behaviors" in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases, which they see as a result of a "moral panic around the harm of video gaming". The authors mention several "fundamental issues" of Gaming Disorder in their paper, which triggered a public debate. <mask>'s large-scale, representative survey studies on online gamers  were widely cited, as they did not support the popular notion of notable differences between gamers and non-gamers. This


texts:
 is especially true for his analyses on digital games addiction that showed a relatively low level of stable problematic behavior. His team's  work on sexism among gamers  was picked up by the international press and gamers alike, as the measured differences between gamers and non-gamers in the study were marginal. The research was also discussed in relation to the gamergate controversy. However, <mask> and colleagues pointed out that their research does not necessarily prove the non-existence of sexism in specific gamer groups or the content itself, but that it rather supports the notion that gaming has become mainstream entertainment in modern societies thus approaching an average level of sexism.In an interdisciplinary project on the analysis of social bots and their use in online propaganda, <mask> and colleagues develop computer-supported and automatic identification methods. During the project, they observed the German elections 2017. The team identified attempts at manipulating the public, including an unsuccessful Twitter attack on the electoral debate between chancellor Merkel and the social-democrat Schulz. The attackers were identified by journalists as a right-wing extremist group called Reconquista Germanica. Selected books
 Kowert, R. & <mask>, T. (Eds.) (2015).The video game debate. Unravelling the physical, social, and psychological effects of digital games. New York, London: Routledge. <mask>, T., & Kröger, S. (Eds.) (2014). Multiplayer: The social aspects of digital gaming.London: Routledge. Singer, J., Hermida, A., Domingo, D., Heinonen, A., Paulussen, S., <mask>, T., Reich, Z., & Vujnovic, M. (2011). Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers. Malden, Oxford, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Selected journal publications

References

German computer scientists
Free University of Berlin faculty
German technology writers
Living people
University of Münster faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
European Research Council

masks: Quandt Quandt Quandt Quandt Quandt


texts:
<mask>,  (born 1 November 1950 in Cape Town) is a South African singer who performs in both Afrikaans and English. She had a hit single in 1979 with Kinders van die Wind (Children of the Wind), written by Koos du Plessis. The song featured prominently in the Afrikaans television series "Phoenix & Kie" in the late seventies. Early life

<mask> was born in Cape Town on 1 November as the youngest child of Fritz and <mask>. Her father was the public relations manager at Old Mutual until his retirement and her
mother was a trained social worker, the editor of Die Huisvrou magazine and was also very involved in charity work, especially amongst the elderly. She started playing the piano at the age of five, and sang alto in Oom Hannes Uys se Kindersangkring, a children’s choir from Pinelands, for 10 years. <mask> matriculated at Jan van Riebeeck High School in Cape Town, studied drama at the University of Stellenbosch and obtained her degree in 1972.She moved to Gauteng in 1974 and became a household name in 1979 with the release of her first hit, Kinders van die wind. It was the first Afrikaans song in the late seventies to simultaneously reach the number one position on the Radio 5 and Springbok radio hit parades. Career

She was an actress with PACT PLAYWORK in 1975-1976 under the leadership of Robin Malan. In the early eighties she also attracted attention with her interpretation of Jacques Brel’s music
with her performances in Taubie Kushlick’s two Jacques Brel productions at the Chelsea Theatre in Hillbrow. In August 1996 <mask> performed with the Transvaal Philharmonic Orchestra (renamed NAPOP, now disbanded) in the Opera of the State Theatre in a program that consisted entirely of her repertoire. Both performances were sold out. <mask> has performed in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, London, the Czech Republic, New Zealand and Australi.In December 1993 she performed

masks:
Laurika Rauch
Laurika
Rina Rauch
Laurika
Laurika
Laurika


texts:
 for an audience of 13 000 people in Utrecht, accompanied by the well-known Metropole Orchestra. In March 1997 the Charles University in Prague invited her and her pianist (Fanie Fouché) to represent Afrikaans as the youngest member of the Dutch language group to an audience of academics from Europe and
Eastern Europe. The performances formed part of the Department of Neerlandistiek’s 75th Jubilee festivities at the university. <mask> is married to Christopher Torr, the composer and writer of many of her hits, such as Stuur Groete aan Mannetjies Roux, Op Blouberg se Strand, Hot gates, Die Gang, Die mense op die Bus, My ou Tante Koba, Die Siener, Stille waters and many more. In 2011 Chris’s first musical - Stuur groete aan Mannetjies Roux - was staged. It played to more than 50 sold-out
performances in four main centres. The film titled Stuur groete aan Mannetjies Roux, which is based on the play, with Anna-Mart van der Merwe and Ian Roberts in lead roles, was released in 2013.In September 2013 she toured to Australia and New Zealand. <mask> and her team visited and
performed in Auckland, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth. <mask> released her first album in 4 years, Wals, wals, Willemien in 2014, Die reis followed in October 2016 and Gunstelinge in October 2017. In 2018 she performed with Loki Rothman at the Festival voor het Afrikaans in Amsterdam. In 2019 se commemorated her 40 years in the music industry by releasing a limited edition (1000 copies) box set of 15 of her most loved albums, titled Laurika Rauch: 40 Jaar. Chris and <mask> have two children - Simon and Nina, and a first grandchild. ‘Encore!Brel’ and ‘Met permissie gesê’

After the success of ‘Kinders van die wind’ and her ‘Debuut’-album, the singer and songwriter Anton Goosen asked her in October 1979 to accompany him on a tour. At that time Goosen was also establishing a name for himself with his original

masks: Laurika Laurika Laurika Laurika


texts:
 Afrikaans music and his hit ‘Kruidjie-Roer-my-nie’. Before him it was often the case that German and other songs of foreign origin were translated and released in South Africa. Original local songwriters were few and far between. The tours did much to further establish <mask>'s name. Around this time the ‘grand dame’ of theatre, Taubie Kushlick, heard of <mask>. In 1980 she asked her for an audition as she was looking for somebody to interpret the music of the Belgian songwriter Jacques Brel in a new production with Ann Hamblin and Ferdie Uphof.Kushlick quickly decided that this "boeremeisie" (Afrikaner girl)– as she called <mask> – was the appropriate choice for her new production, ‘Encore! Brel’. It was a great success and played for six months in the Chelsea Theatre in Hillbrow. An ensuing production, ‘The Best of Brel’, followed in 1983. In 1981 she was also in the cast of ‘Met permissie gesê’, written by Hennie Aucamp. " The show was the first Afrikaans cabaret." With Janice Honeyman as director and people such as Amanda Strydom, Rina Nienaber, Gerben Kamper and Bill Curry in the cast, it was a form of "civilised protest" against the government of the day.Christopher Torr develops as a songwriter

In 1984, English-speaking husband, Christopher Torr, wrote a song in English about the bank robber André Stander, who had obtained almost legendary notoriety in South Africa. The song was never recorded or performed. When somebody gave <mask> a cassette recording of the music of the Udo Jürgens, she didn't listen to it at first, choosing to focus on original Afrikaans material, rather than translating foreign songs. Torr began listening to the German songs, and without knowing what the German meant, wrote Afrikaans words for one of the songs which was eventually recorded and released as one of <mask>'s greatest hits –‘Op Blouberg se strand’. Torr still provides much of

masks: Rauch Rauch Rauch Rauch Rauch


texts:
 <mask>'s most successful material. <mask> <mask> as a songwriter

<mask> has put quite a few poems to music and recorded them, such as Nalekokers and Niks hang so rooi soos wingerdblaar by Hexrivier by Boerneef, Ballade vir ‘n koningsdogter by ID du Plessis and Windliedjie and Toemaar die donker man by Ingrid Jonker. Career highlights and awards
<mask> received a ‘Sarie’ award in 1980 as most promising singer.She was the first recipient of a medal of honour awarded by the ‘South African Academy for Arts and Science’ for her contribution to light Afrikaans music in 1997. In 2006 ‘Huisgenoot Skouspel’ crowned her with an award for her lifelong achievement. ‘Van Berlyn tot Bapsfontein’, together with Jannie du Toit in 1988, was another highlight for her. Stephan Bouwer was the director of this singular production. She took part in Huisgenoot Skouspel in 2000 for the first time, with further performances in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008 en 2009. She was also involved in the ‘Huisgenoot's Kaapse Jol’ in 2007, and ‘Skouspel Plus' in 2009 and 2010. There were various overseas performances, amongst them a concert tour to Belgium in 1985 (a documentary for television was also made during this tour), performances in the Netherlands in 1993 and 1994, three performances in London (2002–2004) at the Ukkasie festival, two performances in Prague (1997 and 1998) and a performance in Antwerp in 2006.‘Samekoms/Kopano’ with Vusi Mahlasela in 1998/99 is another high point of her career. <mask> was producer and singer, and Deon Opperman the director. In 2011 her husband, Christopher Torr, completed the musical theatre piece, Stuur groete aan Mannetjies Roux, and sold-out runs at the Atterbury Theatre in Pretoria, the Artscape in the Cape, Emperor's Palace in Johannesburg and the Sand du Plessis theatre in Bloemfontein, were completed at the end of July. Her most popular songs were used

masks: Rauch Laurika Rauch Rauch Rauch Rauch


texts:
 in the production, and <mask> also sang and acted in the show. The musical, with a cast of 12 actor/singers, surpassed all expectations – artistically and at the box office. In 2016 she was awarded the Order of Ikhamanga for "her outstanding contribution in the field of music and raising awareness on political injustices through music." Discography

‘Debuut’ (1979), ‘ ’n Jaar in my lewe’ (1980), ‘Vir Jou’ (1981), ‘Jy is te dierbaar’ (1983) ‘Laurika op versoek’ (1985) and ‘Encore!Laurika’ (1988):

These vinyl albums provided some of <mask>'s greatest hits. Anton Goosen still provided many of the compositions on Debuut, with songs such as ‘Neanderdalman’ and ‘Vergeet om my te vergeet/onthou om te onthou’. Kupido, who would later achieve fame as a country singer, provided ‘Jy is te dierbaar’ and ‘Lied van die natuur’ on the 1983 album ‘Jy is te dierbaar’. With ‘Encore!Laurika’ Chris Torr emerged on the scene as a songwriter with tracks such as ‘Miekie’ and ‘Die ballade van Jakob F de Beer’. It was actually ‘Op Blouberg se strand’ – his translation of the Udo Jürgens song – that was particularly popular with the public. 'Stuur groete aan Mannetjies Roux’ (1990), ‘Die gang’ (1992) and afterwards:

'Stuur groete aan Mannetjies Roux’ was her first Afrikaans album to reach platinum status, and it was the first female Afrikaans album ever to appear in South Africa as a CD. Chris Torr provided the title track about the legendary rugby player Mannetjies Roux.Die gang was the first album that <mask> released in the name of her own record company, ‘Laurika Rauch Productions’. The gripping title track of the ‘Hot Gates’ album of 1995 was also one of Torr's compositions. It remains one of <mask>'s greatest hits. <mask> received a SAMA for this album. With The Brel Album (1997) she returned to her roots as a great interpreter of the music of Jacques Brel. Although there have been other


texts:
 successful greatest hits compilations, her ‘19 Treffers van 21 jaar’ (1999) was a collection spanning more than 20 years of her career. This compilation has obtained double platinum status with sales of more than 120 000 and remains a good seller.Gian Groen provided the title track of Vier Seisoene Kind (2002) and it remains one of her most popular songs. My ou tante Koba (2004) was nominated for a SAMA. On her album Tweeduisend-en-tien! (2010), she performs a duet with Kurt Darren (‘Slang in die gras’) and the Robbie Wessels song Skouspel 2010, about a baboon that creates chaos in a hotel room, provides comic relief with the aid of baboon sounds provided by the musician Leon Ecroignard. Her first and only full-length DVD of a performance, with Deon de Bruyn as director and Louis Brittz as musical director, appeared in 2006. The title is LAURIKA RAUCH: Grootste treffers LIVE. Including compilations of her greatest hits, Rauch has released 22 albums.Debuut (1979) – (Gold status) Arranged and directed by Dan Hill
'n Jaar in my lewe (1980) –  Arranged and directed by Dan Hill
Vir jou (1981) – Arranged and directed by Dan Hill
Jy is te dierbaar (1983) – (Gold status) Arranged and directed by Zane Cronjé
Laurika op versoek (1985) – compilation
Encore! Laurika (1988) – (Gold status) Arranged and directed by Peter McLea
Stuur Groete aan Mannetjies Roux (1990) – (Platinum status) Arranged and directed by Peter McLea
Grootste Treffers Vol. 1 (1991) – (Gold status) Compilation
Die gang (1992) – Arranged and directed by Peter McLea
Hot gates (1995) – (Gold status) Arranged and directed by Peter McLea
Grootste treffers Vol.2 (1996) – Compilation
The Brel album (1997) – Arranged and directed by Peter McLea
19 Treffers van 21 Jaar (1999) – (Triple Platinum status) Compilation of hits until 1999
Die Mense op die bus (1999) – (Gold status) Arranged and directed by Marshall Harmse. The


texts:
 title track was the theme song of the popular Afrikaans TV series - Iemand om lief te hê
Hei Mevrou Brown (dit gaan goed) (2000) –  Arranged and directed by Jahn Beukes
Vier seisoene kind (2002) – Arranged and directed by Peter McLea
My ou tante Koba (2004) – Leon Ecroignard, Wouter van de Venter and Clinton Waring (her band members between 1998 and 2004) were the musical directors. Peter McLea managed the production and did the supporting arrangements. Die nuwe trefferalbum (2004) – Compilation
Chris se trefferliedjies (2005) – Compilation of all Christopher Torr’s songs between 1988 en 2006
'n Lekker verlang liedjie (2007) – Arranged and directed by Louis Brittz
Tweeduisend-en-tien! (2010) – The album consisted of one CD with brand new songs plus a bonus CD with 11 previous songs.Arranged and directed by Peter McLea
<mask> Rauch sing die liedjies uit Stuur groete aan Mannetjies Roux (2011) - This compilation album also includes three new songs of Christopher Torr. Lulu van der Walt was the arranger and musical director of the three new tracks. Wals, wals Willemien (2014) - This album was <mask>’s first featuring mainly original songs since Tweeduisend-en-tien!. The album was well-received and As ek eendag oud is and Murg en Been were placed on high rotation on all the important radio stations. Wals, wals Willemien reached gold status within three months of its release. Jaconell Mouton was main arranger and musical director, together with Juan (Floors) Oosthuizen. Die reis (2016) - Juan (Floors) Oosthuizen – was die main arranger and Devereaux van der Hoven-Oosthuizen, Loki Rothman and Bittereinder also contributed as arrangers.Arnold Coleske was responsible for the musical direction, production and vocal production. Gunstelinge (2017) - A compilation of some of <mask>’s favourite songs that she recorded between 2000 and 2017. A new version of Kyk hoe glinster die maan

masks: Laurika Laurika Laurika


texts:
 can also be heard on this compilation. <mask> Rauch – 40 Jaar (Limited edition box set to commemorate her 40 years in the industry) (April 2019)

DVDs

Kom laat ons sing - 'n musikale reis van <mask> Rauch (2002) - A documentary on the development of Afrikaans songs from the 1930s until 2002. <mask> is the narrator and presenter and Johan Badenhorst the director. 6 Episodes. <mask> <mask>: Grootste Treffers LIVE (Gold Status) (2006) - This is a live recording of <mask> performing her best-known songs accompanied by a band.Louis Brittz is the musical arranger and Deon de Bruyn is the video director. Stuur groete aan Mannetjies Roux (2013) - The film, released in December 2013. <mask> plays a character role and is responsible for all the vocals on the sound track. Hart en See (2015) - With Elvis Blue - released in 2015. Huisgenoot is the media partner. <mask> an Elvis receive a Tempo-award in 2016 for best seller and DVD of the year and a Ghoema award in the same year for best DVD production for Hart en See. At the time he was a lecturer in economics (later to become a professor).They have two children, Simon and Nina and a grandchild. Awards

Sarie-award for the most promising singer (1980)
Dalro-nomination for the best performance in a musical for Taubie Kushlick’s Encore! Brel (1980)
Gallo-award for her performance in the musical Van Berlyn tot Bapsfontein (1988)
Octave-award for her album Stuur groete aan Mannetjies Roux (1990)
FAK-award for her sustained and exceptional promotion of Afrikaans songs (1995)
FNB/SAMA-award for Hot Gates (1996)
The first award of its kind by the South African Academy for Arts and Science for her contribution to light Afrikaans music. (1997)
Honorary-award from her high school, Jan van Riebeeck, in Cape Town (1997)
Standard Bank/SAMA nomination in the category BEST ADULT CONTEMPORARY ALBUM: Afrikaans, for Hei mevrou Brown (dit gaan goed).

masks: Laurika Laurika Laurika Laurika Rauch Laurika Laurika Laurika


texts:
 (1999)
GERAAS-award, sponsored by SABC 2 en PUKK, for her life-long contribution to South African music (2001)
Two Vonk-Oscars for: Life-long contribution to Afrikaans music and Album of the year – Die nuwe Trefferalbum (2004)
SAMA-nomination for best adult contemporary album for My ou Tante Koba (2004)
GERAAS-award for the best compilation album - Die nuwe Trefferalbum (2005)
<mask> is chosen as one of five Afrikaans icons (chosen by independent market research) as part of the ATKV’s media campaign for AFRIKAANS KOOK. (2005)
KANNA-nomination for PLAKBOEK (together with Amanda Strydom) (2005)
RAPPORT en CITY PRESS prestige-award (2005)
HUISGENOOT Life-long achievement award (2006)
An award from Dames Aktueel for her Contribution to Afrikaans music. (2009)
An award from the Gariep Arts festival, Kimberley, for her Outstanding contribution to the Arts in South Africa (2009).An award from the organisation Want ons kan!/’Cause we can! For Years of Inspiration. (2012)
An award from Cultivaria for Exceptional Hits in Afrikaans (2012)
KANNA-award for the production Dorothy 60 jaar at the KKNK– Laurika performs with the legendary Dorothy Masuka, Karen Zoid and Zolani Mahola Directed by Carien Loubser. Musical director: Melissa van der Spuy. Woordtrofee from the US Woordfees for Best contemporary Musical Production (Beste kontemporêre musiekproduksie) at the festival for Liedjies vir alle tye. She is accompanied by Llewellyn George (piano and musical director), Kenny Williams. (2014)
Laurika is the VLU’s (Vroue landbou Unie) artist of the year.(2014)
KANNA-nomination for ‘Hart en See’ at the KKNK. This is a duet production with Elvis Blue. Director: Deon Opperman and musical director: Janine Neethling. (2014)
The Clover-award for the Most popular production at Aardklop, for Nie as ek sing nie with Juan (Floors) Oosthuizen (guitar), Devereaux van der Hoven-Oosthuizen (piano and


texts:
 musical direction) and Vernette Rautenbach Wessels (backing vocals). (2015)
Versnit award in Recognition of her exceptional contribution to Afrikaans Culture. (Erkenning vir ‘n besondere bydrae tot die Afrikaanse Kultuurskat) (2015)
Ghoema- award for Best female contemporary album for Wals, wals Willemien. (2015)
Kyknet Fiësta-nomination for Best achievement in a musical production as well as a nomination for Best music-driven production both for Nie as ek sing nie.(2016)
A Gold status award from Coleske Artists for Sales in excess of 20,000 units for Wals, wals Willemien (2016)
Ghoema-award together with Elvis Blue, for Best DVD-production for Hart en See. (2016)
Tempo-award together with Elvis Blue, for Hart en See (DVD) as Top seller and DVD of the year. (2016)
FAK Prestige-award for a Lifetime’s contribution to the advancement of Afrikaans music. (2016)
An award of the order of Ikhamanga (bronze) from the Presidency. (2016)
A Ghoema-award for Ringtone of the year for ‘Blou’ with Loki Rothman. (2017)
Ghoema-award for Best female contemporary album of the year for ‘Die reis’. (2017)
Bokkie award for Lifetime achievement from Bokradio.(2017)
A Lifetime achievement award from Innibosfees – awarded jointly to her and her husband and collaborator/songwriter, Chris Torr (2019)
<mask> is inducted in the South African Hall of Fame for her contribution to the performing arts. (2019)

See also
List of Afrikaans singers
List of South African musicians
Music of South Africa

References

 https://maroelamedia.co.za/vermaak/musiek/laurika-rauch-die-musiek-ma-van-ons-menswees/

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s Homepage

1950 births
Living people
Musicians from Cape Town
Afrikaner people
20th-century South African women singers
South African people of German descent
Afrikaans-language singers
Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga
Alumni of Hoërskool Jan van Riebeeck
21st-century South

masks: Laurika Laurika Rauch


texts:
Ahn Hye-jin (Korean: 안혜진, born July 23, 1995), known professionally by her stage name Hwasa (Korean: 화사, most often stylized as Hwa Sa), is a South Korean singer, songwriter, fashion model and rapper currently signed to RBW. She debuted as a member of the girl group Mamamoo in 2014. She made her debut as a solo artist in February 2019, with the digital single "Twit". Early life
Ahn Hye-jin was born on July 23, 1995, in Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea, where she lived with her parents and two elder sisters. She graduated from Wonkwang Information Arts High School. Hwasa often cites Beyoncé as her music inspiration, when she opened up in an interview and said that after hearing someone say that she is unique and good at singing but is fat and not pretty, she went home and watched videos of Beyoncé performing all night. Even before her K-pop debut, a number of South Korean artists – including Solbi and the band Standing Egg – recognized her talent and featured her on their tracks when she was 18.Career

2014–present: Debut with Mamamoo and solo projects
Hwasa debuted as a member of the girl group Mamamoo on June 19, 2014, being one of the leading voices with the release of the lead single "Mr. Ambiguous" from their first extended play (EP) Hello. She wrote and composed her first solo song, "My Heart/I Do Me," from Hello. In March 2018, Hwasa released her second solo song, "Be Calm," as part of Mamamoo's sixth EP, Yellow Flower. The music video for the song was uploaded on March 25 and has gained 6.3 million views as of January 2021. "Be Calm" charted at number 35 on the Gaon Download Chart. 2018–2019: Solo debut with "Twit" and further solo projects

In April 2018, Hwasa joined the cast of KBS reality television show Hyena on the Keyboard; the appearance spawned a collaboration with rapper Loco titled "Don't".Hwasa took part in writing and composing the song and it topped the South Korean's Gaon Digital


texts:
 Chart. "Don't" was later certified Platinum for 100 million streams in January 2019 and again for 2.5 million downloads in August 2019. In February 2019, Hwasa made her debut as a solo artist with the digital single, "Twit," which she participated in writing and composing. The song was a commercial success, peaking atop the Gaon Digital Chart and scored a "Triple Crown," topping the Gaon Digital, Gaon Download and Gaon Streaming charts. "Twit" also peaked at number three on Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart for the week of March 2, 2019. Hwasa released the single "In The Fall," a collaboration with South Korean hip-hop producer Woogie, in October 2019. In December 2019, "Twit" was featured in Billboard "The 25 Best K-pop Songs of 2019: Critics' Pick" list at number 8."Twit" was also ranked at number 13 of 29 songs on Refinery29's "The Best K-Pop Songs Of 2019," and Rolling Stone India featured the music video in their "10 Best K-pop Music Videos of 2019." 2020–present: María and continued solo success

In March 2020, Hwasa collaborated with the English singer Dua Lipa for a remix of Lipa's "Physical," which features Korean lyrics. In April, it was reported that Hwasa had joined the original soundtrack lineup of the Korean drama The King: Eternal Monarch and would be releasing her first solo soundtrack song, titled "Orbit." The song debuted at number 16 on Billboard World Digital Song Sales Chart on May 2, 2020. On June 29, Hwasa released her debut EP, titled Maria, and the lead single of the same name. The EP debuted at number seven on the Billboard World Albums chart and peaked at number eighty-one on the Billboard Top Current Albums Sales charts on July 11, 2020. After release, the EP ranked first in 20 countries on the iTunes Album Chart around the world, including United States.Consequently, <mask> became the first Korean female solo artist to rank on top of the United States iTunes Albums Chart.


texts: Lead single "Maria" was composed by Hwasa and producer Park Woo-sang with the goal of showing her growth as a singer-songwriter. Hwasa also wrote the lyrics for "LMM" and composed "Why." For the week of September 26, 2020, "Maria" peaked at number two on Billboard K-pop Hot 100 and on the week of October 3, 2020, it peaked at number 79 on Billboard Japan Hot 100. "Maria" also debuted at number six on the Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart. On season six of JTBC's entertainment show Hidden Singer, Hwasa was one of the contestants for the episode airing on September 11, 2020. In the final round, Hwasa won by an overwhelming 79 votes, which ended the four consecutive losing streaks from previous contestants and earned the singer her second win as an original singer of the season.Hwasa joined the cast of MBC reality-variety show How Do You Play? On October 10, she debuted with Refund Sisters, the project supergroup created through Hangout with Yoo. The group released their debut single, "Don't Touch Me." "Don't Touch Me" peaked atop the Gaon Digital Chart for two consecutive weeks. At the end of 2020, "Maria" was featured in Billboard's article "A Look Back at Billboard's K-Pop 100 Chart in 2020 and All Its Big Players." "Maria" charted with a record 19 consecutive weeks in the top-ten, making it the song with the second most weeks in the chart's top-ten. Streaming service Spotify also announced their "2020 Most Played Female Korean K-pop Artists," and Hwasa was ranked 4th.One of Hwasa's side tracks, "LMM" was featured in MTV News' "The Best K-POP B-sides of 2020" at number eight. "Maria" also landed at second place in Rolling Stone India's "20 Best K-pop Music Videos of 2020." "Maria" was then featured in Paper Magazine at number 27 of their "40 Best K-pop Songs of 2020". The article mentioned that "Hwasa is known to many as a fearless person but her single 'Maria' deconstructs that image, casting an


texts:
 image of a young woman who is at once vulnerable and confident, playful and seductive — idol and human." Time magazine released an article titled, "The Songs and Albums That Defined K-Pop's Monumental Year in 2020," and stated that "of the solo releases this year, Hwasa's "Maria" leaves the most searing impression. The track is sleek and sultry, oozing with her distinct charisma as she sings in her low-toned, rounded voice over syncopated drum beats." With her continuous success, Hwasa managed to rank ninth on the "Top 100 Kpop Idols YouTube Worldwide Search Rankings for 2020."On July 23, 2021, Hwasa launched her YouTube channel, "Hwasa Official" and posted her first video. On November 24, 2021, Hwasa released her single album Guilty Pleasure, and its lead single "I'm a B". Impact and influence

Hwasa has appeared on Korea Power Celebrity 40 list placing 26th in 2019, and was featured by Forbes in their 30 Under 30 Asia list of 2021. She was ranked as the 16th most popular K-pop idol in 2018 and 9th in 2019 in annual surveys conducted by Gallup Korea. Also, she was ranked 9th in annual survey for Gallup Korea's Singer of the Year in 2020 under the category selected by respondents in age group 13 to 39. She also has been placed first occasionally on the Korean Business Research Institute's monthly "Individual Girl Group Members Brand Power Ranking". Hwasa's appearances on reality shows, I Live Alone and Let's Eat Dinner Together, has been credited for influencing restaurant habits, food recipes and increased sales of foods and accessories in South Korea.Endorsements
In September 2018, Hwasa was selected as an ambassador for outdoor brand The North Face. In October 2018, she became the first female model for Lotte Crunky Gold since its release in 1984. In March 2019, Hwasa became an endorser for Davich's 'Trevues' lenses. In March 2019, Coca-Cola ice tea brand Gold Peak Tea selected Hwasa as their new model.


texts:
 She then became the newest muse for make up brand Rarekind in April 2019. In June 2019, Hwasa became the new model for Everland Caribbean Bay. Hwasa later on was featured on the cover of Cosmopolitan Korea's August 2019 issue.In November, she teamed up with Vogue magazine and Urban Decay cosmetics for their "Pretty Different" and "Queen" inspired concepts. Ottogi revealed in November 2019 that their newest model for their Jjamppong instant noodles was <mask>. In January 2020, The Sims 4 announced that Hwasa will be part of their advertising campaign. EA Korea released "Play With Life," a Sims 4 commercial film video featuring Hwasa. She then teamed up with MCM for the February issue of Elle Korea, a fashion magazine. In February of that year, Hwasa was chosen as an ambassador for sports brand Adidas. Hwasa later on became Kiss New York's new muse in April, and the following month, she was chosen as a model for a hangover drink by Lotte Chilsung Beverage.Hwasa was featured on the cover of Cosmopolitan Korea's August 2020 issue. Tommy Jeans released a campaign pictorial with Hwasa on September 16 for the 2020 Fall Season. In September, Vogue and Gucci had a collaboration campaign from the idea of having time with themselves. In 2021, Hwasa was featured in Vogue's February 2021 issue. Discography

Extended plays

Single albums

Singles

As lead artist

Collaborations

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Other songs

Other charted songs

Composition credits
All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database unless stated otherwise. Filmography

Television shows

Web shows

Television series

Host

Radio Show

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
K-pop singers
South Korean women pop singers
South Korean women rappers
South Korean female idols
South Korean jazz singers
21st-century South Korean women singers
Mamamoo


texts:
<mask> (born 6 September 1984) is a Northern Irish cricketer and former captain of the Ireland cricket team. He played first-class cricket for Gloucestershire and Warwickshire. A left-handed batsman, he has played for Ireland since 2006, and has captained Ireland at all levels from Under-13 and is considered one of the greatest Irish cricketer of all time. During Afghanistan T20I series in March 2017, he passed 1,000 runs in T20Is and became the first player from Ireland to do so. In May 2018, he was named as the captain of Ireland's squad for their first ever Test match, against Pakistan. In December 2018, he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract by Cricket Ireland for the 2019 season. In July 2019, <mask> scored his 4,000th run in ODI cricket and recorded his 50th win as captain of Ireland's One Day International team.In January 2020, he was one of nineteen players to be awarded a central contract from Cricket Ireland, the first year in which all contracts were awarded on a full-time basis. Later the same month, in the second ODI against the West Indies, <mask> played in his 300th international match for Ireland. International career
<mask> made his first-class cricket debut on 17 May 2006, for Ireland against Namibia in the 2006–07 ICC Intercontinental Cup. On 31 January 2007, he scored his maiden ODI century with an unbeaten 112 to guide his side to victory over Bermuda. He followed it up in his next game with 104 not out against Kenya. In the 2007 World Cup he was man of the match with 85 against Bangladesh during a Super Eight game, which Ireland won. <mask> scored his maiden first-class century in late August 2007.In a match against Bermuda as part of the 2007–08 ICC Intercontinental Cup, <mask> scored

masks:
William Thomas Stuart Porterfield
Porterfield
Porterfield
Porterfield
Porterfield
Porterfield


texts:
 166 runs from 326 balls. In the 2011 Cricket World Cup, <mask>
<mask> was appointed Ireland captain at the start of the 2008 season, succeeding Trent Johnston. <mask> said "I've learnt a lot from Trent – he brought young players through, looked after them and he set an example by how he went about his game and how he prepared on and off the field. I may be young but I've plenty of experience of captaincy and I love it, being out there right in the mixer. I was vice-captain under Trent and I filled in when he was off the field so I've had a taste of it".Despite being Ireland's official captain, <mask> chose to represent his county (Gloucestershire) instead of leading Ireland in their ODIs against Scotland and New Zealand in July 2008 in an attempt to secure a permanent position at Gloucestershire. He said "It's definitely the hardest decision I've ever had to make ... I feel it's the right decision for me at this stage in my career". <mask> was one of seven Ireland players to be nominated for the 2009 Associate and Affiliate Player of the Year (there were fourteen nominees in all); he eventually won the award. Speaking about the award, Portfield said "It's been a fantastic year for us. This award caps it off on a personal note but it's great for the team to be going to the World Cup having won the ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier early this year. This award is great for Irish cricket and it shows how much we have done on the field.If we continue onwards and keep on making improvements in that department then other awards will follow." A side made up of some of the best players from Associate and Affiliate teams was put together to face England in Dubai in January 2012. The three-day match was part of England's preparation for a series

masks: Porterfieldcy Porterfield Porterfield Porterfield Porterfield


texts:
 against Pakistan later that month. <mask> captained the squad and was one of four Ireland players included. 2011 World Cup
<mask> was selected in Ireland's 15-man squad for the 2011 World Cup. He led them to a famous victory over England and to narrow defeats to Bangladesh, West Indies and India, as well as hitting the hundredth six of the tournament during the match against hosts India. He captained Ireland to a victory over the Netherlands.Test cricket and beyond
In May 2018, <mask> was named as the captain of a fourteen-man squad for Ireland's first ever Test match, which was played against Pakistan later the same month. He made his Test debut for Ireland, against Pakistan, on 11 May 2018. In January 2019, he was named in Ireland's squad for their one-off Test against Afghanistan in India. In July 2019, <mask> played in his 250th match as captain of Ireland, in the first ODI match against Zimbabwe, at Bready Cricket Club Ground in Magheramason. In the third ODI of the series, <mask> scored his 4,000th run in ODI cricket. Ireland went on to win the series 3–0, their first clean-sweep in ODIs against a Full Member side. With the victory in the third match, <mask> recorded his 50th win as captain of Ireland in ODIs.On 10 July 2020, <mask> was named in Ireland's 21-man squad to travel to England to start training behind closed doors for the ODI series against the England cricket team. Domestic career
Between 2004 and 2006, <mask> played Second XI cricket for Durham, MCC Young Cricketers, Northamptonshire, Derbyshire and Kent. <mask> attracted interest from Gloucestershire during the 2007 World Cup and was given a trial with the county in between international commitments. In the 2007 season, <mask> became the first Irishman to score

masks: Porterfield Porterfield Porterfield Porterfield Porterfield Porterfield Porterfield Porterfield Porterfield Porterfield


texts:
 1,000 runs in a calendar year, and towards the end of the season Gloucestershire offered him a two-year contract. He guided Ireland to their first victory against a county side in two years against Warwickshire with an innings of 69 from 110 balls. <mask> was absent from Ireland's last two Friends Provident Trophy matches as he was called into the Gloucestershire squad, Kyle McCallan took over the role of captain. After Gloucestershire batsman Craig Spearman sustained an injury, <mask> was given the opportunity to play for Gloucestershire opening the batting.He came close to scoring his maiden first-class century for Gloucestershire in a match against Glamorgan County Cricket Club in August 2008 but was out for 93. On 10 September, he and Kadeer Ali shared in Gloucestershire's highest opening partnership of the season; he scored 66. In August 2010, he set a new career best in scoring 175 in the first innings of a County Championship Division Two match between Gloucestershire and Worcestershire at Cheltenham

At the end of the season, <mask> was one of several players to leave Gloucestershire. In October 2010 he signed a three-year contract with Warwickshire, joining fellow Ireland international Boyd Rankin. References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Ireland Test cricketers
Irish cricket captains
Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Ireland One Day International cricketers
Ireland Twenty20 International cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
Sportspeople from County Tyrone
Gloucestershire cricket captains
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Warwickshire cricketers
Cricketers from Northern Ireland
North West Warriors cricketers
Irish

masks: Porterfield Porterfield Porterfield


texts:
<mask> (; born 1956) is a Chinese neuroscientist, known for his foundational contributions to optogenetics. He is the Edward T. and Ellen K. Dryer Endowed Professor of Ophthalmology at Wayne State University, and Scientific Director of the Ligon Research Center of Vision at the university's Kresge Eye Institute. Education and career
<mask> was born 1956 in Pujiang County of Jinhua, Zhejiang, China. After graduating from Jinhua No. 1 High School, he entered the University of Science and Technology of China in 1978 and earned his B.S. degree in 1982. He earned his M.S.in 1984 from the Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and became an instructor at Zhejiang University afterwards. In 1986, he moved to the United States to further his studies at the State University of New York at Buffalo. He earned his Ph.D. in 1990 and conducted postdoctoral research for another year. From 1991 to 1997 he was an instructor of neurology at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital. In 1998, he became an assistant professor of neurosurgery at Harvard and Brigham and Women's Hospital. He moved to Wayne State University School of Medicine in 1999, and was promoted to associate professor in 2003 and professor in 2007. In 2011, he was appointed the Edward T. and Ellen K. Dryer Endowed Professor of Ophthalmology and Kresge

masks:
Zhuo Hua Pan
Pan


texts:
 Eye Institute, and Scientific Director of the Ligon Research Center of Vision.Optogenetics
In the early 2000s, <mask> envisioned implanting a light-sensitive protein, which converts light to electrical signals for neurons, into the eye to cure blindness. The method is now known as optogenetics. In the summer of 2004, he used a virus carrying the channelrhodopsin DNA to infect the ganglion cells in the eyes of blind mice, and successfully detected electrical activity when the cells were stimulated with light, a "revolutionary" first step in potentially restoring eyesight to the blind. <mask> and his collaborator, Alexander Dizhoor, submitted their paper reporting their work to Nature in November 2004. However, they were directed to the specialized journal Nature Neuroscience, which rejected the paper. In early 2005, they submitted it to the Journal of Neuroscience, but were again rejected. In May 2005, <mask> presented his work at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology conference in Florida, which became the clearest public evidence of his invention.Around the same time, other scientists around the world were doing similar research to Pan. In August 2005, Nature Neuroscience, the same journal that had rejected Pan's paper, published a paper by Stanford University scientists Edward Boyden and Karl Deisseroth

masks: Pan Pan Pan


texts:
 describing their work using channelrhodopsin to make neurons detect light. Their research was hailed as a major breakthrough and caught the attention of mainstream media including The New York Times. When the journal Neuron finally published Pan's paper in April 2006, it was met with indifference. Boyden and Deisseroth have since been rewarded with major grants and prizes, including The Brain Prize and the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences with a $3 million prize for each scientist, while <mask> only won awards from his own university. In 2016, Stat News published a report which credits <mask> as the inventor of optogenetics and brought attention to his contributions. RetroSense Therapeutics
Based on <mask>'s research, Sean Ainsworth started the company RetroSense Therapeutics in 2009.The company develops treatment for the genetic disease retinitis pigmentosa, which causes blindness and affects about 100,000 people in the United States. In 2016, Allergan bought RetroSense for $60 million. Publications

 <mask>, Z.-H. Differential expression of high- and two types of low-voltage-activated calcium currents in rod and cone bipolar cells of the rat retina. J. Neurophysiol. 83:513–527, 2000. <mask>, Z.-H. and Hu, H.-J.Voltage-dependent Na+ currents in mammalian retinal cone bipolar cells. J. Neurophysiol. 84:2564–2571,

masks: Pan Pan Pan Pan Pan


texts:
 2000. <mask>, Z.-H., Hu, H.-J., Perring, P., and Andrade, R. T-type Ca2+ channels mediate neurotransmitter release in retinal bipolar cells. Neuron 32:89–98, 2001
 Cui, J., Ma, Y.-P., Lipton, S.A., <mask>.-H. Glycine receptors and glycinergic synaptic input at the axon terminals of mammalian retinal rod bipolar cells. J. Physiol. 553:895–909, 2003.Bi, A., Cui, J., Ma, Y.-P., Olshevskaya, E., Pu, M., Dizhoor, A.M., and <mask>.-H. Ectopic expression of a microbial-type rhodopsin restores visual responses in mice with photoreceptor degeneration. Neuron 50:23–33, 2006. Ivanova, E, <mask>, Z.-H. Evaluation of virus mediated long-term expression of channelrhodopsin-2 in the mouse retina. Mol. Vision 15:1680–1689, 2009. Zhang, Y., Ivanova, E., Bi, A., and <mask>, Z.-H. Ectopic expression of multiple microbial rhodopsins restores ON and OFF light responses in the retina after photoreceptor degeneration.J. Neurosci. 29:9186–96, 2009. Ivanova, E., Hwang, G.-S., <mask>, Z.-H., and Troilo, D. Evaluation of AAV-mediated expression of chop2-GFP in the marmoset retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.51:5288–5296, 2010. Wu, C., Ivanova, E., Cui, J., Lu Q. and <mask>. Z.-H. Action potential generation at an AIS-like process in the axonless retinal AII amacrine cell. J. Neurosci. 31:14654–14659, 2011. Lu, Q., Ivanova, E., Ganjawala, H. T., and

masks:
Pan
Pan Z
Pan Z
Pan
Pan
Pan
Pan


texts:
 <mask>, Z.-H. Cre-mediated recombination efficiency and transgene expression patterns of three retinal bipolar cell-expressing Cre transgenic mouse lines. Mol.Vision, 19:1310–1320, 2013
 Wu, C., Ivanova, E., Zhang, Y., <mask>, Z.-H. AAV-mediated subcellular targeting of optogenetic tools in retinal ganglion cells. PLOS One, 8(6):e66332, 2013. <mask>, Z.-H., Ganjawala, T.H., Lu, Q., Ivanova, E., and Zhang, Z. ChR2 mutants at L132 and T159 with improved operational light sensitivity for vision restoration. PLOS One, 9(6):e98924, 2014. <mask>, Z.-H., Lu, Q., Bi, A., Dizhoor, A.M., and Abrams, G.W. Optogenetic approaches to restoring vision. Ann.Rev. Vision Sci. 1:185-210, 2015. Lu, Q., Ganjawala, H.T., Ivanova, E., Cheng , J.G., Troilo, D., and <mask>, Z.-H. AAV-mediated transduction and targeting of retinal bipolar cells with improved mGluR6 promoters in rodents and primates. Gene Therapy, 23:680–9, 2016. Source:

References

1956 births
Living people
American neuroscientists
Chinese neuroscientists
Scientists from Jinhua
University of Science and Technology of China alumni
University at Buffalo alumni
Zhejiang University faculty
Harvard Medical School faculty
Wayne State University faculty
Chinese emigrants to the United States
University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences alumni
Educators from Jinhua
Biologists from


texts:
<mask> (September 7, 1919 – May 20, 2014) was an American entrepreneur who was involved with many successful business adventures in the mining and shipping industry. He also served as United States Deputy Secretary of State. He was president of CBTF Co. and M Ship Co., a board member of Nike and Chairman of Nike’s Finance Committee. Biography
<mask> was born in Long Beach, California and spent his early years on a ranch overlooking the Antelope Valley in the Western Mojave Desert. He received his bachelor's degree cum laude in international economics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1941. After graduating from a 90-day engineering program at the United States Naval Academy in May 1942, he stayed on as an instructor for another year. He then received an assignment to the heavy cruiser USS Tuscaloosa and spent nearly two years on the treacherous Murmansk run.The young lieutenant found himself in charge of the main engine division on the ship during the D-Day landing of Normandy, during which the Tuscaloosa engaged in a long battle with a German battery (reported by the Pulitzer Prize-winning war correspondent <mask> in the August 1944 issue of Reader's Digest). After further duty in the Pacific at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, in February 1946, <mask> had earned enough points to be discharged from the Navy and left for Palo Alto, California to enter the Stanford University Business School. He graduated with a business degree through an accelerated program in May 1947. He died on May 20, 2014, aged 94, in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Timeline
1941–45 US Navy Engineering Officer
1947–49 Golden State Dairy. Managed the company’s manufacturing plants in California. Received several patents for creative, but not necessarily successful ideas, including “Nucaroma”—which packaged

masks:
Charles Wesley Robinson
Robinson
Ira Wolfert
Robinson


texts:
 the smell of a new car in an aerosol can.Became president of a new startup subsidiary company—Harvestaire Corp.
1950 McKinsey & Company. Served as management consultant to Meier & Frank. 1951–52 Utah Construction Company. Sent to Panama to set up a timber operation. 1952–74 Founder and President of the Marcona Mining Company (financed by Utah Construction Company and Cyprus Mines), which began by operating an iron ore mine out of San Juan, Peru. (This region was named the District of Marcona by the Peruvian government in 1955.) The Marcona board members from Utah Construction consisted of Mariner Eccles, Ed Littlefield and Alan Christensen see photo.Through <mask>’s innovative vision, the Marcona company expanded into the shipping industry. In an effort to support the transport of iron ore to Japan, <mask> continued to push for larger ships eventually designing and in 1961 constructing the first Panamax, the largest vessel to navigate the Panama Canal. This 105,000-ton ship received much press coverage at the time. Other innovations included the development of a slurry system (Marconaflo) to transport iron ore from mine into and out of ships in a fluid state and development of the first joint oil/ore carriers. 1950–74 Mining/steel operations and port development in Brazil, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, Australia, India and Chile. This includes establishment of Samarco (joint venture between Marcona and Samitri, a Brazilian company) through which iron ore mined at Minas Gerais (Brazil) was transported via slurry pipeline to a port they developed at Ponta Ubu. <mask> selected Al-Jubail (Saudi Arabia) as the location to develop a port to deliver the iron ore and develop Saudi Arabia's first steel mill.Oil was then transported back to Brazil from Saudi Arabia in the same ships.

masks: Robinson Robinson Robinson


texts: 1974 Appointed as Undersecretary of State for Economic Affairs during the Gerald Ford administration. Newsweek Magazine (November 3, 1975) referred to <mask> as a ‘Maverick’ and “A master of statecraft”. 1976 Appointed as United States Deputy Secretary of State (Number two ranking position in the State Department then headed by Henry Kissinger). Negotiated the US-Soviet grain deal, among other accomplishments. 1976 Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Wall Street investment banking firm. Senior Managing Partner.1977 Blyth, Eastman, Dillon. Wall Street investment banking firm. Vice-chairman. 1979–87  Founded and was president of ETCO (Energy Transition Corporation) based out of Santa Fe, New Mexico. (The four other stockholders were <mask>. Casey, <mask>. Turner, Robert W. Fri, and Frank G. Zarb). 1988–2014. Set up the DynaYacht Company (now CBTF Co.)  based in San Diego, California.Worked with Alberto Calderon, Bill Burns, Matt Brown and Peter Isler to create a radical new appendage design that uses a canting ballast for righting moment and two foils - one forward and one aft of the keel - for side force and steering functions of the yacht. The prototype had been used on the boat called the US in the America’s Cup Race. The Canting Ballast Twin Foil technology (CBTF technology) design won Sailing World’s “Boat of the Year Award" in 2001. 1992–2014. Development of a  ranch near La Cienega, New Mexico. 1998–2014. M-Ship Co. Another concept, the ‘M-Hull’ was originally designed to reduce bow waves to reduce erosion in the canals of Venice, Italy.This technology has been used on an  boat called the M80 Stiletto, under construction by the US Military, as well as a recreational  sailing Dinghy called the Wahoo. The Wahoo received the Bronze award in the 2003 Industrial Design Excellence Awards

masks:
Robinson
William J
William C


texts:
 competition. Boards and other organizations
Trilateral Commission (one of the original members, joining in 1976)
Brookings Institution
Arthur D. Little
North American Institute
Allen Group (Allen Telecom)
Northrop Corporation
Clark Oil, Inc.
Pan American Airways
Nike, Inc. (Board of directors since 1977; Chairman of the Finance committee; until 2004)
Mills College (trustee)
Pacific Basin Economic Council
Santa Fe Concert Association

<mask> was married since 1957 to Mara (Lindovna) <mask>, who was a founder of the Opera-West Company in San Francisco in the 1950s and was active in the '60s in trying to dissolve racial barriers. She has served on many boards including the San Francisco Opera Company, St. John's College and Save Venice Inc. They have three daughters, Heather L<mask> (b. 1957), Lisa A<mask> (b. 1959) and <mask><mask> (b.1962). References

Further reading
Uncharted Seas. Autobiography written by <mask><mask> with Don J. Usner

Quotes
“ If I knew ahead of time, it wouldn’t be any fun”—Reply in response to a San Francisco Business magazine reporter’s question in 1974 as to what <mask> thought he would accomplish in the job of Under-Secretary of State. “Management by self-induced crisis”—<mask>’s description of his business style. "No one who has any self-doubts would ever wear a bow-tie"—<mask> quoted in a New York Times article April 22, 1979 on the returning fashion of bow-ties (<mask> had always worn a bow tie)

External links
 Mr. <mask> manager at M Ship Co.

American businesspeople
1919 births
2014 deaths
United States Deputy Secretaries of State
Nixon administration personnel
Ford administration personnel
Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Operation Overlord

masks:
Family Robinson
Robinson
. Robinson
. Robinson
Wendy P
. Robinson
Charles W
. Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson


texts:
<mask> (Russian: Александр Николаевич Слепков; 1899 – 26 May 1937) was a Russian Soviet journalist and Communist Party functionary, executed for his opposition to the forced collectivization of agriculture. Early career
<mask> was born in Ryazan province, in Russia, one of six children. His father, Nikolai, was a peasant's son, who completed high school and became a teacher, and later a beekeeper. In his teens, he may have been a supporter of the Kadets, a liberal pro-monarchist party, before he, and his father, joined the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in the town of Ludza, in Latvia, where Nikolai was elected the town's first Commissar for Education, and <mask> was elected the first Commissar for Justice. When the German army occupied Latvia, both were arrested and sentenced to death, but they were released by local population when the Germans withdrew. <mask> graduated from Sverdlov University in 1921, and from the Institute of Red Professors in 1924. While at the Institute, he became a leading member of the 'Bukharin School' - a group of young party intellectuals who looked to Nikolai Bukharin, rather than Joseph Stalin, as their mentor.In September 1924 he was appointed an editor of the authoritative journal Bolshevik, and later also an editor of Pravda. He was also recruited by Bukharin to work for the political secretariat of Comintern. In 1925-28, he was chief editor of Komsomolskaya Pravda. A prolific writer, he wrote numerous pieces attacking the Left Opposition, led by Leon Trotsky, but from about May 1928, he followed Bukharin in opposing the methods used to force peasants to hand over grain to the state, and the drive towards rapid industrialisation. In June, he was embroiled in a public argument over an article published in Bolshevik with Stalin's right hand man, Vyacheslav Molotov, who accused <mask> of lying. In June 1928, Bukharin

masks:
Alexander Nikolaevich Slepkov
Alexander Slepkov
Alexander
Alexander Slepkov
Slepkov


texts:
 sent him to Leningrad to help organise the opposition there. In August or September 1928, he was dismissed from the staff of Pravda and Bolshevik and posted to Samara, as head of Agitprop for the Central Volga regional communist party.In 1932, he was transferred to an academic post in Rostov-on-Don. The Ryutin affair

Around 1932, <mask> and Martemyan Ryutin formed a conspiratorial group who called themselves the 'Union of Marxist-Leninists', but was known in the Stalinist press as the 'Ryutin-Slepkov Group', who distributed an almost book-length manifesto, written by Ryutin, attacking Stalin over the brutal treatment of the USSR's rural population. After the group was betrayed to the OGPU, <mask> was arrested on 26 September, and sentenced to three years exile in Tara, in Siberia. He was arrested again in April 1933, accused of being leader of the "anti-party counter-revolutionary group of the right-wing <mask> and others". On 16 April, he was sentenced to five years in prison, which he served in Verkhneuralsk, in Chelyabinsk region. Thirty three members of this supposed organisation were sentenced to prison terms on the same day. Death
<mask> was brought back to Moscow for interrogation after the assassination of Sergei Kirov in December 1936, and executed on 26 May 1937.His name was mentioned repeatedly during the last of the Moscow Show Trials, in March 1938, at which Bukharin, the main defendant, 'confessed' that he had dispatched <mask> to the Kuban in 1932 "to prepare a kulak revolt.". Bukharin's widow said, in her memoirs, that she was "surprised by Bukharin's forced admission that he had sent his former protégé Alexandr <mask> to the North Caucasus to organise a kulak uprising there. On the contrary, I knew very well that Nikolai Ivanovich's protégés, <mask> among them,  had been sent by Stalin to the provinces in order to isolate him, which made

masks: Slepkov Slepkov Slepkov Slepkov Slepkov Slepkov Slepkov


texts:
 him very sad." <mask> was 'rehabilitated' in June 1988. His party membership was posthumously restored in 1989. Personality
In 1970, a memoir written by a former political prisoner was smuggled out of the USSR and published in Paris, and later translated to English. The writer said he had shared a cell with <mask> in summer 1933.He wrote:

This memoir has to be treated with caution, because "the text is disjointed and contains quite a few erroneous or even bizarre statements." The writer claimed that <mask> committed suicide by hanging himself in his cell, to avoid incriminating himself under torture, though most sources say that he was shot. Family
<mask>'s younger brother, Vasili Nikolaevich <mask> (1902-1937) also studied at the Institute of Red Professors after graduating from Leningrad University, and then worked in the genetics laboratory of the Moscow Zootechnical Institute. In the second half of the 1920s, he studied in Germany with the geneticist Curt Stern. On his return, in August 1927, he enrolled in Kazan University, as a philosophy lecturer at the Tatar Communist University. In November 1930, he was expelled from the Communist Party and banned from teaching, as a suspected supporter of Bukharin. After an investigation, he was allowed to resume teaching, and in September 1930 resumed work as Kazan University first ever lecturer in genetics, In 1932, he was appointed Director of the university's Biological Institute, and reinstated in the Communist Party.Arrested in 1933, he denied all knowledge of the Ryutin Affair, or his brother's political activities, but was convicted and sentenced to three years in the political isolator in Suzdal He was released in June 1934, and exiled to Ufa. When his term of exile ended, he moved to Baku, where he was arrested again on 14 January 1937, and taken back to Kazan, and accused of heading a terrorist

masks: Slepkov Slepkov Slepkov Slepkov Slepkov


texts:
 group, which included a large number of his colleagues and past and former students. One of those arrested Yevgenia Ginzburg, who survived years in the gulag,  heard from a fellow prisoner, an ethnic Tatar, that <mask> gave his interrogators the confession they wanted, and provided the NKVD with more than 150 names of people he claimed to have 'recruited' to a fictitious underground terrorist organisation in Kazan, capital of Tatarstan. A woman he had named, when confronted by him in prison, called him a liar, to which he is said to have responded "We must disarm! We must go on our knees to the party." Ginzburg wrote:

This passage is sometimes mistakenly cited as referring to <mask>. Vasili <mask> was sentenced to death on 1 August 1937, and shot the same day.His widow, Yevgenya, survived ten years in prison and the gulag. He was 'rehabilitated' in December 1957. A third brother, Vladimir Nikolaevich <mask> (1907-1937), worked as a journalist on the science magazine 'Young Proletarian'. He also supported the opposition, like his brother, and was expelled from the Communist Party in 1933. In 1935, he was arrested and sentenced to four years exile  in Surgat, in Siberia, where he worked as a statistician for the forestry commission. Arrested again on 1 September 1936, he was transferred to Moscow, accused of being a member of the same terrorist group as his brothers, and shot on 3 August 1937. He was rehabilitated in 1957.All three of their sisters were also arrested. One, Anastasia (born 1901), was shot. The others, Sophia and Zhenya, survived years of imprisonment. References

20th-century Russian journalists
Bolsheviks
Executed people from Ryazan Oblast
Sverdlov Communist University alumni
1899 births
1937 deaths
Soviet newspaper editors
Great Purge victims from Russia
Soviet rehabilitations
Pravda people
Soviet journalists
Institute of Red Professors

masks:
Slepkov
Alexander Slepkov
Slepkov
Slepkov


texts:
<mask> ( ; Acronym: MaHaRHaF or HaVIF) (January 28, 1788– February 10, 1868) was a Jewish-Turkish chief rabbi of Smyrna (İzmir) and author in Ladino and Hebrew. His titles included Hakham Bashi and Gaon. He is likely a descendant of Samuel Pallache or his brother Joseph Pallache of 16th-century Fez and early 17th-century merchant, diplomat and pirate. He was also father of grand rabbis Abraham Palacci and Isaac Palacci (Rahamim Nissim Palacci) and rabbi Joseph Palacci. He was a member of the Pallache family. (Alternative spellings include: <mask>, Hayyim Pallache, Hayyim Palache, <mask>, Hayim Palacci, Hayyim Palaggi (and Falaji), Chaim Palagi, and <mask>, died the 17 Shevat 5628, according to the Jewish calendar, his mother's name was Kaden.) Background
Pallache was born in İzmir, Turkey, then known internationally as Smyrna, part of the Ottoman Empire.His parents were Jacob Pallache (a rabbi and kabbalist) and Kali Kaden Hazan. His maternal grandfather was Joseph Raphael ben Hayyim Hazzan (1741–1820), chief rabbi of İzmir. He studied under his grandfather and also Isaac ben Elyakim Gatigno. Career

Early years

By 1813, aged 25, Palacci was already a rabbi. In 1828, aged 40, he became head of the Bet Yaakov rabbinical seminary. In 1837 or 1838,  he became head of a religious court and then became dayan (jurist), marbiš torah (teacher of Torah), and rav korel (head rabbi). By 1854 or 1856, he

masks:
Haim Palachi
Hayim Palachi
Haim Palacci
Haim Palatchi


texts:
 had become Hakham Bashi or Chief Rabbi of Smyrna, appointed by Sultan Abdülmecid I during the Tanzimat period.He served as chief rabbi until his death in 1868. In 1864, he received the award of Mecidiye Order, third class. In 1867, he received a Greek Orthodox delegation:  SMYRNA.—Interchange of Visits.—We are happy to learn that a most friendly feeling prevails at Smyrna among the ecclesiastical heads of the several religious bodies. The Greek Archbishop, accompanied by his clergy, lately went to pay a visit to the Chief Rabbi, <mask> Palacci. He was received with all the honors due to his rank. The Archbishop told the rabbi that a similar visit would be paid by the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople to the Chief Rabbi of the capital. This friendly understanding was brought about by the generous act of the Jews who bought six bells carried away by the Turks from Candia and presented them to the clergy of Smyrna, with the request to restore them to the churches whence they had been carried away.Murder (1859)
Following a murder on March 17, 1859, local police apprehended a Greek meat butcher and Jewish broker as suspects. Rav Hayim Palaçi (as his name appears in modern Turkish) wrote to Baron Lionel de Rothschild for support and protection. He also write a liturgy, in which he stated "Müslüman Türkler Yahudilere inanıp güveniyorlar." ("Muslim Turks believe and rely on Jews."). "Haim Palacci


texts:
 Dispute"
By 1865, attempts by secular leaders of Izmir's Jewish community to exploit <mask>'s declining health led to communal conflict. Historian D. Gershon Lewental describes the conflict as follows. In November 1865, an administrative committee forced Pallache to accept its oversight, after which a group of lay leaders purchased at reduced cost the concession for the gabelle tax on kosher food and alcohol.The concessionaires refused audit; Pallache repealed the tax completely. The concessionaires went over Pallache as Izmir's hakham bashi to the regional head (hakham bashi kayakami), whose representative conducted an investigation that recommended Pallache's removal in favor of himself (the representative). The Ottoman government accepted the recommendation. Widespread opposition to the Ottoman decision led to delay, repeal, and finally reinstitution of Pallache by October 1867. Pallache agreed to some reforms but died before they took effect. Historian Stanford J. Shaw describes the conflict in his book The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic (1991). He recounts that Palacci was more conservative than other religious leaders during the Tanzimat period.However, the dispute started in November 1865, when other members of the Jewish religious council speculated on the gabelle (food tax) on wine, alcohol, and salt; Palacci annulled the tax. In December 1866, Yakir Geron, grand


texts:
 rabbi of Adrianople, intervened by sending an emissary, rabbi Samuel Danon to resolve the matter; he recommended that Geron dismiss Palacci (and appoint himself, Danon, instead). Jewish members of the Izmir community asked their vali (governor) to hold off, while they sent a mission to Istanbul. The decision that came back was to appoint Palacci as chief rabbi for life. (A longer description appeared in the French L'Histoire des Israelites de l'Empire Ottoman by Moïse Franco in 1897.) Personal and death
<mask> had three sons:  Abraham, Isaac, and Joseph, all three of whom were rabbis and the first two succeeded him as grand rabbi. He was conservative in his views and opposed innovations, e.g., adoption of European dress.He died on February 10, 1868. "His funeral hearse was attended by all of the city's dignitaries", escorted by a battalion of troops, an honor given by the Turkish authorities to only two or three chief rabbis. Legacy

"Haim Palacci Dispute"
The Pallache dispute (above) led to a fifty-year delay in implementation of the Organic Statute of 1865 [sic – (1856?)] in Izmir, according to Shaw. Succession
Some dispute arose over <mask>'s succession. A minority in the local community championed Rabbi Joseph Hakim of Manissa to succeed. A majority wanted his son Abraham to succeed him, including Jews with foreign citizenship.Abraham succeeded his father on October 7, 1869. The second son

masks: Palachi Palachi


texts:
 Isaac (Rahamim Nissim) succeeded his brother Abraham. The third son Joseph was unable to succeed his brothers because he was too young (in this case, under the age of seventy-five). Personal reputation
Journey into Jewish Heritage states:  Rabbi <mask> Palaggi... was the 'Haham Bashi' of Izmir in the middle of the 19th century, and founder of the 'Beit Hillel' Synagogue and beit madras (study hall). He was very knowledgeable, and received letters from all over the world with questions about Halacha. He wrote 82 books addressing important issues in Jewish life. The community today is very proud of his legacy, and speak of him with great respect.In the synagogue, when his name is mentioned or cited, the congregation stands up and bows with respect. Turkish Jews still refer to his writings and opinions in their ceremonies and writings, particularly :tr:Rav İzak Alaluf in Şalom newspaper:  2015, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008. Opinions
His rabbinical opinions continue to receive attention worldwide today, e.g., his 1869 opinion "On the Possibilities of Synagogue Reform:  An Ottoman Rabbi's Answer to a Query in Paris," reprinted in 2014. He has been called a Gaon in memory of the Geonim, e.g., "And the Lion of the gaonim, the elderly Gaon Chaim Palaji of Izmir..." and a "19th century living Gaon." Pilgrimage gravesite
A main attraction of Gurcesme is "the grave of Rabbi Palaggi, which was moved to this


texts:
 cemetery from its original burial place, in the 1920s... and people from all over the world come to pray at his grave" as "pilgrimage to Rabbi Palaggi's grave." Journey into Jewish Heritage (Zalman Shazar Center) recommends that "Rabbi <mask> Palaggi's grave should be marked as a landmark for orientation, and the building of a pergola should be considered for the visitors’ comfort." Palacci's grave lies in Plot B.4.It is one of the graves "brought over from the old cemetery and put in between the existing graves. This is the reason why the grave is at right angles to all the rest." Synagogue
A synagogue in Izmir is named after him (Beth Hillel Synagogue according to Shaw, Beyt Hillel Pallache according to Lewental) or his son Abraham. According to Jewish Izmir Heritage, "In the 19th century, Rabbi Avraham Palache founded in his home a synagogue named Beit Hillel, after the philanthropist from Bucharest who supported the publication of Rabbi Palache's books. However, the name 'Avraham Palache Synagogue' was also used by the community." This synagogue forms a cluster of eight extant (from a recorded peak of 34 in the 19th century), all adjacent or in the Kemeraltı Çaršisi (Kemeraltı marketplace) in Izmir. The heritage organization states, "Izmir is the only city in the world in which an unusual cluster of synagogues bearing a typical medieval Spanish architectural style is preserved ...[and]


texts:
 creating an historical architectural complex unique in the world."In its record, Journey into Jewish Heritage calls the Beit Hillel synagogue "Avraham Palaggi's synagogue" but then states that "the synagogue was founded by [the] Palaggi Family in 1840" and that Rav Avraham Palaggi "used" it. "The building had been used as a synagogue and a Beit Midrash. The synagogue has not been used since the 1960s." It concludes, "The synagogue was founded by the Palaggi family and is therefore very important." Beit Hillel Yeshiva
Journey into Jewish Heritage states that Palacci founded the Beit Hillel Yeshiva in the middle of the 19th century. Current sources are unclear, but it is likely the same as the Beit Midrash mentioned above. Bnei Brak yeshiva
A seminary was named in <mask>'s honor in Bnei Brak, Israel.Family members
An index for Abraham Galante's Histoire des Juifs de Torque (Jews of Turkey) includes the following details about Palacci family members:

 Samuel Palacci, died 1732, "among the most ancient graves in Kuşadası cemetery"
[...]
 Isaac Palacci, brother of <mask>
 <mask> Palacci (1788–1869) ("Effendi"), chief rabbi, member of Communal Council in Istanbul, died February 9, 1869
 Abraham Palacci (1809–1899), funded for Beit Hilel yeshiva 1840, chief rabbi 1869, died 1899
   Salomon Palacci, eldest son of Abraham, whose candidacy for grand rabbi failed
   Nissim Palacci, son of Abraham, who

masks: Palachi Haim Haim


texts:
 supported his brother Salomon for grand rabbi
 Isaac Palacci, son of Haim a.k.a. Rahamim Nissim Palacci (1813–1907), grand rabbi after Haim and Abraham and author of Avot harosh [published] at Isaac Samuel Segura printing house, Izmir, 1869
 Joseph Palacci (1819–1896), printed book Yosef et ehav at Mordekhai Isaac Barki printing house in Izmir, 1896
[...]
 Benjamin Palacci 1890, later rabbi in Tire (a district of Izmir)
 Hilel Palacci, member of Izmir communal council 1929–1933
 Jacob Palacci, director of choir Choeur des Maftirim in Istanbul 19th-20th century
 Nissim Palacci, helped the Jewish Hospital Istanbul in the early 20th century, member of Galata community committee 1928–1931, member Haskeuy community committee 1935–1939

(The first name "Nissim" appears with "Palacci" four times in the Galante index cited. Specifically, it names Nissim ben Abraham ben Haim and Nissim ben Isaac (ben Jacob and brother of Haim), but the other two mentions of "Nissim" have no patronymic or clear reference to other family members. The Nissim of 1928–1931 and 1935–1939 must be a third person, as the previous must have died by then. Unassigned are the details for a Nissim who was "ca. 1895: Member of First Instance Court in Izmir.") Works
Palacci began writing at the age of sixteen and wrote more than 70 or 80 religious works, published in Salonica, Istanbul, Jerusalem, and Izmir.Of these, he wrote: 7 works on


texts:
 the Bible, nine essays on the Talmud, 15 books of Midrash and homiletics, moral books, and 24 connected to law, acceptance, Q&A, and other subjects. Some of his works were handwritten. Many remain in print (reprinted) to this day. Major works named in transliterated Hebrew include:

 Tokhahot Hayyim (Reproofs of Life)
 Collected homilies
 Hayyim be-Yad, halachic responsa
 Nishmat Kol Hay (Soul of Every Living Thing) (2 volumes, 1832–1837), responsa
 Massa Hayyim or Masa Hayim (Burden of Life) (1834)–in Ladino
 Responses on taxation (1877)
 Arsot ha-Hayyim (Lands of the Living) (1877)
 Qol ha-Hayyim
 Mo'ed le-Khol Hay (Appointed Place for All Living), laws of the festivals
 Hiqeqe Lev (Resolves of the Heart) (2 vols., Salonica, 1840–49), responsa
 Kaf ha-Hayyim (Power of Life), halachic rulings and morals

Other works found named in transliterated Hebrew include:
 Sefer Shoshanim Le’David (Salonica, 1815), halachic response
 Darche Hayyim 'al Pirke Abot (Smyrna, 1821), commentary on Pirke Avot
 Leb Hayyim (vol. i, Salonica, 1823; ii.-iii., Smyrna, 1874–90), responsa and comments on the Shulchan Aruch
 De-Rahamim le-Hayyim
 Semichah le-Hayyim (Salonica, 1826)
 Tsedakah Hayyim (Smyrna, 1838)
 Tochahat Hayyim (2 vols., ib. 1840–53), moral counsel and sermons
 Ateret Hayyim
 Yimmatse le-Hayyim, prayers for different needs
 Nefesh Hayyim (ib. 1842)
 Torah ve-Hayyim
 Hayyim Tehillah
 Treatises on


texts:
 various subjects plus eulogy of Sir Moses Montefiore with appendix "Derachav le-Mosheh" on the Damascus affair (ib.1845)
 Hayyim Derachav (ib. 1850)
 Hayyim la-Roshe
 Re'e Hayyim (3 vols., ib. 1860)
 Hayyim ve-Shalom (Smyrna, 1862)
 Katub le-Hayyim
 Sippur Hayyim
 Birkat Mordekai le-Hayyim (ib. 1868)
 Sefer Hayyim (Salonica, 1868)
 Ginze Hayyim (Smyrna, 1872)
 Eine Kol Hai'  (Izmir, 1878), photo)
 Refuat Hayyim, spiritual remedies for diseases
 Mismatch Hayyim, on significance of names

Miscellaneous
Palacci's professional stamp survives in a book (see photo). See also
 Ladino
 Kemeraltı cemetery
 Pallache family
 Pallache (surname)
 Joseph Palacci (son)
 Abraham Palacci (son)
 Rahamim Nissim Palacci (son)
 Juda Lion Palache (relative)
 Charles Palache (relative)
 Samuel Pallache (ancestor)
 Joseph Pallache (ancestor)
 Moses Pallache (ancestor)
 David Pallache (ancestor)
 Isaac Pallache (ancestor)
 Samuel ha-Levi (ancestor)
 Hakham Bashi
 History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
 History of the Jews in Turkey

References

External sources
Primary:

Other:

Franco, Histoire des Israélites de l'Empire Ottoman, pp. 198–202, 245
Hazan, Solomon, Ha-Ma'alot li-Shelomoh, s.v. Sephardi rabbis
Rabbis of the Ottoman Empire
Exponents of Jewish law
Turkish Jews
Smyrniote Jews
19th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
19th-century rabbis
1788 births
1868 deaths
Authors of books on Jewish