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 born. In November 2000, <mask> received the tribute of the Canary Island “Friends of the Zarzuela”, who gave him a Plaque in recognition of his long career. Complete recordings

La tempestad (1958),
Marina (1963). Ed. : Carillón
Video.Marina 1974 Teatro Municipal de Caracas. Omac. “Selección de Zarzuelas”:

El Cantar del Arriero,
La Calesera,
El Caserío,
El Huésped del Sevillano,
La Parranda,
La Canción del olvido,
Molinos de viento,
Los Gavilanes,
La del Soto del Parral. Ed. : Belter (1973). TV film, German TV ZDF Reiselust. “Gran Canaria”.References
http://www.promocionlaspalmas.com/prensa.php?fot_seccion=2&id=675 María Suarez Fiol (Spanish) Las Palmas city Hall
Ayuntamiento de Las Palmas. Tribute to Opera singers. https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/mcvr1234/krausf.htm&date=2009-10-26+02:27:05

Antología de la Opera en Caracas, Photographer Gilberto Noguera. Caracas, Venezuela. Escuela de Música Prudencio Esaa. Founded in 1970 Maestro Innocente Carreño
Address:: Calle 1, Quinta Caniza
Urb. : Montalbán Caracas, Venezuela

Escuela Superior de Música J.A.Lamas
Av. Urdaneta, Caracas, Dtto. Federal, Venezuela

Zarzuela History. Spanish Operetta

https://web.archive.org/web/20070920202442/http://biblia.com/radio/zarzuela.htm#Reseña%20Histórica%20de%20la%20Zarzuela:Zarzuela in Spain Composers titles, history. 1926 births
2016 deaths
People from Las Palmas
Spanish people of Austrian descent
Spanish operatic baritones
20th-century Spanish  male opera


type: original

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Jean-<mask> (; ; ; 10 August 1924 – 21 April 1998) was a French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist. His interdisciplinary discourse spans such topics as epistemology and communication, the human body, modern art and postmodern art, literature and critical theory, music, film, time and memory, space, the city and landscape, the sublime, and the relation between aesthetics and politics. He is best known for his articulation of postmodernism after the late 1970s and the analysis of the impact of postmodernity on the human condition. Lyotard was a key personality in contemporary Continental philosophy and author of 26 books and many articles. He was a director of the International College of Philosophy founded by Jacques Derrida, François Châtelet, Jean-Pierre Faye, and Dominique Lecourt. Biography

Early life, educational background, and family

<mask> was born on August 10, 1924, in Vincennes, France, to <mask>, a sales representative, and Madeleine Cavalli. He went to school at the Lycée Buffon (1935–42) and Louis-le-Grand, Paris.As a child, Lyotard had many aspirations: to be an artist, a historian, a Dominican friar, and a writer. He later gave up the dream of becoming a writer when he finished writing an unsuccessful fictional novel at the age of 15. Ultimately, Lyotard described the realization that he would not become any of these occupations as "fate" in his intellectual biography called Peregrinations, published in 1988. Lyotard served as a medic during the liberation of Paris in the Second World War, and soon after began

masks:
François Lyotard
Jean François Lyotard
Jean Pierre Lyotard


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 studying philosophy at the Sorbonne in the late 1940s, after failing the entrance exam to the more prestigious École normale supérieure twice. His 1947 DES thesis, Indifference as an Ethical Concept (L'indifférence comme notion éthique), analyzed forms of indifference and detachment in Zen Buddhism, Stoicism, Taoism, and Epicureanism. In 1950, Lyotard took up a position teaching philosophy in Constantine in French Algeria but returned to mainland France in 1952 to teach at the Prytanée military academy in La Flèche, where he wrote a short work on Phenomenology, published in 1954. Lyotard moved to Paris in 1959 to teach at the Sorbonne: introductory lectures from this time (1964) have been posthumously published under the title Why Philosophize?Having moved to teach at the new campus of Nanterre in 1966, Lyotard participated in the events following March 22 and the tumult of May 1968. In 1971, Lyotard earned a State doctorate with his dissertation Discours, figure under Mikel Dufrenne—the work was published the same year. Lyotard joined the Philosophy department of the experimental University at Vincennes, later Paris 8, together with Gilles Deleuze, in the academic year 1970-71; it remained his academic home in France until 1987. He married his first wife, Andrée May, in 1948 with whom he had two children, Corinne and Laurence, and later married for a second time in 1993 to Dolores Djidzek, the mother of his son David (born in 1986). Political life

In 1954, Lyotard became a member of Socialisme ou Barbarie ("Socialism or Barbarism"), a French


texts: political organization formed in 1948 around the inadequacy of the Trotskyist analysis to explain the new forms of domination in the Soviet Union. Socialisme ou Barbarie and the publication of the same name had an objective to conduct a critique of Marxism from within the left, including the dominance of bureaucracy within the French Communist Party and its adherence to the dictats of the Soviet Union. His writings in this period are mostly concerned with far-left politics, with a focus on the Algerian situation—which he witnessed first-hand while teaching philosophy in Constantine.As the principle correspondent on Algeria for Socialisme ou Barbarie, during the period of Algeria's struggle for independence, Lyotard wrote a dozen essays analyzing the economic and political situation (1956–63), which were later  reproduced in La Guerre des Algeriens (1989) and translated in Political Writings (1993). Lyotard hoped to encourage an Algerian fight for independence from France, and a social revolution, actively supporting the FLN in secret, whilst also being critical of its approach. Following disputes with Cornelius Castoriadis in 1964, Lyotard left Socialisme ou Barbarie for the newly formed splinter group Pouvoir Ouvrier ("Worker Power"), from which he resigned in turn in 1966. Although Lyotard played an active part in the May 1968 uprisings, he distanced himself from revolutionary Marxism with his 1974 book Libidinal Economy. He distanced himself from Marxism because he felt that Marxism had a rigid structuralist approach and they were imposing


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 "systematization of desires" through a strong emphasis on industrial production as the ground culture. Academic career
Lyotard taught at the , Algeria from 1950 to 1952. In 1952 Lyotard returned to mainland France to teach at the Prytanée military academy, La Flèche, Sarthe.He published the book La phénoménologie (Phenomenology) in 1954 and began to write for the journal Socialisme ou Barbarie under the psudonym François Laborde. In 1972, Lyotard began teaching at the University of Paris VIII; he taught there until 1987 when he became Professor Emeritus. In 1982-3 Lyotard was involved in the foundation of the Collège International de Philosophie, Paris, serving as its second Director in 1985. Lyotard frequently lectured outside France as visiting professor at universities around the world. From 1974, these included trans-Atlantic visits, including: Johns Hopkins University, University of California, Berkeley, Yale University, Stony Brook University and the University of California, San Diego in the U.S., the Université de Montréal in Quebec (Canada), and the University of São Paulo in Brazil. In 1987 he took a part-time professorship at the University of California, Irvine where he held a joint post with Jacques Derrida and Wolfgang Iser in the Department of Critical Theory. Before his death, he split his time between Paris and Atlanta, where he taught at Emory University as the Woodruff Professor of Philosophy and French from 1995-8.Work

Lyotard's work is characterized by a persistent opposition to universals, métarécits (meta-narratives),


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 and generality. He is fiercely critical of many of the "universalist" claims of the Enlightenment, and several of his works serve to undermine the fundamental principles that generate these broad claims. In his writings of the early 1970s, he rejects what he regards as theological underpinnings of both Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud: "In Freud, it is Judaical, critical sombre (forgetful of the political); in Marx it is catholic. Hegelian, reconciliatory (...) in the one and in the other the relationship of the economic with meaning is blocked in the category of representation (...) Here a politics, there a therapeutics, in both cases a laical theology, on top of the arbitrariness and the roaming of forces". Consequently, he rejected Theodor W. Adorno's negative dialectics because he viewed them as seeking a "therapeutic resolution in the framework of a religion, here the religion of history." In Lyotard's "libidinal economics" he aimed at "discovering and describing different social modes of investment of libidinal intensities". Academic legacy
Throughout his academic career Jean-François Lyotard has contributed to the magazines L'Âge nouveau, Les Temps modernes, Socialisme ou barbarie, Cahiers de philosophie, Esprit, Revue d'esthétique, Musique en jeu, L'Art vivant, Semiotexte, October, Art Press International, Critique, Flash Art, Art Forum, Po&sie, among others.The Postmodern Condition
Lyotard is a skeptic of modern cultural thought. According to his 1979 The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, the impact of the postmodern condition


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 was to provoke skepticism about universalizing theories. Lyotard argues that we have outgrown our needs for metanarratives () due to the advancement of techniques and technologies since World War II. He argues against the possibility of justifying the narratives that bring together disciplines and social practices, such as science and culture; according to James Williams, for Lyotard "the narratives we tell to justify a single set of laws and stakes are inherently unjust." A loss of faith in metanarratives has an effect on how we view science, art, and literature. Little narratives have now become the appropriate way for explaining social transformations and political problems. Lyotard argues that this is the driving force behind postmodern science.As metanarratives fade, science suffers a loss of faith in its search for truth, and therefore must find other ways of legitimating its efforts. Connected to this scientific legitimacy is the growing dominance for information machines. Lyotard argues that one day, in order for knowledge to be considered useful, it will have to be converted into computerized data. Years later, this led him into writing his book The Inhuman, published in 1988, in which he illustrates a world where technology has taken over. The Inhuman (1988)
In his book, The Inhuman, Lyotard explores the philosophy of Kant, Heidegger, Adorno, and Derrida, as well as the works of modernist and postmodernist artists like Cézanne, Debussy, and Boulez, in a wide-ranging debate. Time and memory, the sublime and the avant-garde, and the


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 link between aesthetics and politics are all topics Lyotard addresses in the book. He analyzes the close but problematic ties between modernity, development, and humanity, as well as the shift to postmodernity, throughout his study.The job of literature, philosophy, and the arts, according to Lyotard, is to give witness to and explain this arduous shift. Lyotard rejected classical humanism mainly because he paradoxically assumes that the humane is something that every person has inherently from birth but can only be realized through education. Lyotard essentially asks if humanity is so inherent to all of us, can we only gain it by undergoing education? By using the concept of the inhuman, Lyotard described all those things that humanism has excluded from its definition of man. He developed a science fiction thought experiment that would take place in 4.5 billion years, at the time of the explosion of the sun. Should the human species put itself in the position to live on without Earth, and if so what would then remain of "humanity"? Everything that is of importance for our present determination of what is "human" would fall away if the human species began living an extra-planetary existence.Lyotard's opinion on this remained divided: on the one hand, he criticized the dehumanizing effects of modern technology that can already be observed today; on the other hand, he saw in them the chance to open up a space of possibilities, since they do not fix the human being to one image. The collapse of the "grand narrative" and "language-games"

Most


texts: famously, in La Condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir (The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge) (1979), he proposes what he calls an extreme simplification of the "postmodern" as an 'incredulity towards meta-narratives'. These meta-narratives—sometimes 'grand narratives'—are grand, large-scale theories and philosophies of the world, such as the progress of history, the knowability of everything by science, and the possibility of absolute freedom. Lyotard argues that we have ceased to believe that narratives of this kind are adequate to represent and contain us all. He points out that no one seemed to agree on what, if anything, was real and everyone had their own perspective and story. We have become alert to difference, diversity, the incompatibility of our aspirations, beliefs, and desires, and for that reason postmodernity is characterized by an abundance of micronarratives. For this concept, Lyotard draws from the notion of "language-games" found in the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein.Lyotard notes that it is based on the mapping of society according to the concept of the language games. In <mask>'s works, the term "language games", sometimes also called "phrase regimens", denotes the multiplicity of communities of meaning, the innumerable and incommensurable separate systems in which meanings are produced and rules for their circulation are created. This involves, for example, an incredulity towards the metanarrative of human emancipation. That is, the story of how the human race has set itself free that brings together the


texts: language game of science, the language game of human historical conflicts, and the language game of human qualities into the overall justification of the steady development of the human race in terms of wealth and moral well-being. According to this metanarrative, the justification of science is related to wealth and education. The development of history is seen as steady progress towards civilization or moral well-being. The language game of human passions, qualities and faults (c.f.character flaws (narratives)), is seen as steadily shifting in favor of our qualities and away from our faults as science and historical developments help us to conquer our faults in favor of our qualities. The point is that any event ought to be able to be understood in terms of the justifications of this metanarrative; anything that happens can be understood and judged according to the discourse of human emancipation. For example, for any new social, political or scientific revolution we could ask the question, "Is this revolution a step towards the greater well-being of the mass of human beings?" It should always be possible to answer this question in terms of the rules of justification of the metanarrative of human emancipation. This becomes more crucial in Au juste: Conversations (Just Gaming) (1979) and Le Différend (The Differend) (1983), which develop a postmodern theory of justice. It might appear that the atomization of human beings implied by the notion of the micronarrative and the language game suggests a collapse of ethics. It has often been thought


texts: that universality is a condition for something to be a properly ethical statement: "thou shalt not steal" is an ethical statement in a way that "thou shalt not steal from Margaret" is not.The latter is too particular to be an ethical statement (what's so special about Margaret? ); it is only ethical if it rests on a universal statement ("thou shalt not steal from anyone"). But universals are impermissible in a world that has lost faith in metanarratives, and so it would seem that ethics is impossible. Justice and injustice can only be terms within language games, and the universality of ethics is out of the window. Lyotard argues that notions of justice and injustice do in fact remain in postmodernism. The new definition of injustice is indeed to use the language rules from one "phrase regimen" and apply them to another. Ethical behavior is about remaining alert precisely to the threat of this injustice, about paying attention to things in their particularity and not enclosing them within abstract conceptuality.One must bear witness to the "differend". In a differend, there is a conflict between two parties that cannot be solved in a just manner. However, the act of being able to bridge the two and understand the claims of both parties, is the first step towards finding a solution. "I would like to call a differend the case where the plaintiff is divested of the means to argue and becomes for that reason a victim. If the addressor, the addressee, and the sense of the testimony are neutralized, everything takes place as if there were no damages.


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 A case of differend between two parties takes place when the regulation of the conflict that opposes them is done in the idiom of one of the parties while the wrong suffered by the other is not signified in that idiom." In more than one book, Lyotard promoted what he called a new paganism.Plato, in Book II of the Republic, condemns pagans for their shape-shifting and deceitful gods, antithetical to universal truth. Lyotard prefers a mirror image of Plato's critique, vindicating the pagans as Plato sees them. A new paganism would revolt against a Greek masculinist, such as that of Plato. The revolt would be led by women, for woman is antirational and anti-philosophical (at least as Plato understands what it is to be philosophical). Woman, as "the little girl", is "the antonym of the adult male questioner" and would release us from the mental illness evident in Platonic philosophy, in Judaism and in the American, French and Russian revolutions. The Differend

In The Differend, based on Immanuel Kant's views on the separation of Understanding, Judgment, and Reason, Lyotard identifies the moment in which language fails as the differend, and explains it as follows: "...the unstable state and instant of language wherein something which must be able to be put into phrases cannot yet be… the human beings who thought they could use language as an instrument of communication, learn through the feeling of pain which accompanies silence (and of pleasure which accompanies the invention of a new idiom)". Lyotard undermines the common view that the meanings


texts: of phrases can be determined by what they refer to (the referent).The meaning of a phrase—an event (something happens)--cannot be fixed by appealing to reality (what actually happened). Lyotard develops this view of language by defining "reality" in an original way, as a complex of possible senses attached to a referent through a name. The correct sense of a phrase cannot be determined by a reference to reality, since the referent itself does not fix sense, and reality itself is defined as the complex of competing senses attached to a referent. Therefore, the phrase event remains indeterminate. Lyotard uses the example of Auschwitz and the revisionist historian Robert Faurisson’s demands for proof of the Holocaust to show how the differend operates as a double bind. Faurisson will only accept proof of the existence of gas chambers from eyewitnesses who were themselves victims of the gas chambers. However, any such eyewitnesses are dead and are not able to testify.Either there were no gas chambers, in which case there would be no eyewitnesses to produce evidence, or there were gas chambers, in which case there would still be no eyewitnesses to produce evidence, because they would be dead. Since Faurisson will accept no evidence for the existence of gas chambers, except the testimony of actual victims, he will conclude from both possibilities (gas chambers existed and gas chambers did not exist) that gas chambers did not exist. This presents a double bind. There are two alternatives, either there were gas chambers or there were not, which lead to


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 the same conclusion: there were no gas chambers (and no final solution). The case is a differend because the harm done to the victims cannot be presented in the standard of judgment upheld by Faurisson. The sublime
Lyotard was a frequent writer on aesthetic matters. He was, despite his reputation as a postmodernist, a great promoter of modernist art.Lyotard saw postmodernism as a latent tendency within thought throughout time and not a narrowly limited historical period. He favored the startling and perplexing works of the high modernist avant-garde. In them he found a demonstration of the limits of our conceptuality, a valuable lesson for anyone too imbued with Enlightenment confidence. Lyotard has written extensively also on many contemporary artists of his choice: Valerio Adami, Daniel Buren, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Monory, Ruth Francken, Shusaku Arakawa, Bracha Ettinger, Sam Francis, Karel Appel, Barnett Newman, René Guiffrey, , and Albert Ayme as well as on earlier artists, notably Paul Cézanne and Paul Klee. He developed these themes in particular by discussing the sublime. The "sublime" is a term in aesthetics whose fortunes revived under postmodernism after a century or more of neglect. It refers to the experience of pleasurable anxiety that we experience when confronting wild and threatening sights like, for example, a massive craggy mountain, black against the sky, looming terrifyingly in our vision.A sublime is the conjunction of two opposed feelings, which makes it harder for us to see the injustice of it, or a solution to it.


texts: <mask> found particularly interesting the explanation of the sublime offered by Immanuel Kant in his Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urtheilskraft, more exactly Critique of the Power of Judgment). In this book, Kant explains this mixture of anxiety and pleasure in the following terms: there are two kinds of "sublime" experience. In the "mathematically" sublime, an object strikes the mind in such a way that we find ourselves unable to take it in as a whole. More precisely, we experience a clash between our reason (which tells us that all objects are finite) and the imagination (the aspect of the mind that organizes what we see, and which sees an object incalculably larger than ourselves, and feels infinite). In the "dynamically" sublime, the mind recoils at an object so immeasurably more powerful than we, whose weight, force, scale could crush us without the remotest hope of our being able to resist it. (Kant stresses that if we are in actual danger, our feeling of anxiety is very different from that of a sublime feeling.The sublime is an aesthetic experience, not a practical feeling of personal danger.) This explains the feeling of anxiety. What is deeply unsettling about the mathematically sublime is that the mental faculties that present visual perceptions to the mind are inadequate to the concept corresponding to it; in other words, what we are able to make ourselves see cannot fully match up to what we know is there. We know it is a mountain but we cannot take the whole thing into our perception. Our sensibility is incapable of coping with


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 such sights, but our reason can assert the finitude of the presentation. With the dynamically sublime, our sense of physical danger should prompt an awareness that we are not just physical material beings, but moral and (in Kant's terms) noumenal beings as well. The body may be dwarfed by its power but our reason need not be.This explains, in both cases, why the sublime is an experience of pleasure as well as pain. Lyotard is fascinated by this admission, from one of the philosophical architects of the Enlightenment, that the mind cannot always organize the world rationally. Some objects are simply incapable of being brought neatly under concepts. For Lyotard, in Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime, but drawing on his argument in The Differend, this is a good thing. Such generalities as "concepts" fail to pay proper attention to the particularity of things. What happens in the sublime is a crisis where we realize the inadequacy of the imagination and reason to each other. What we are witnessing, says Lyotard, is actually the differend; the straining of the mind at the edges of itself and at the edges of its conceptuality.Aesthetics
Lyotard's thesis, published under the title Discours, Figure (1971), focused on aesthetics. Lyotard devoted himself a lot to aesthetic issues, in a way that sought to break with the Hegelian perspective, in which art had to think of itself as a materialization of the mind. Lyotard's thought on modern and contemporary art focused on a few artists who allowed him to emphasize the flagship issues of French thought


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 after the Second World War, particularly those of conceptual mastery of the artist as an author: Paul Cézanne and Wassily Kandinsky as well as Bracha L. Ettinger, Albert Ayme, Daniel Buren, Marcel Duchamp, Valerio Adami, Jacques Monory, Shusaku Arakawa, Ruth Francken, Sam Francis, Barnett Newman, Joseph Kosuth, Karel Appel, René Guiffrey, and Gianfranco Baruchello. Libidinal Economy

In one of Lyotard's most famous books, Libidinal Economy, he offers a critique of Marx’s idea of "false consciousness" and claims that the 19th-century working class enjoyed being a part of the industrialization process. Lyotard claims that this was due to libidinal energythe term "libidinal" coming from the term libido, used in psychoanalysis to refer to the desires of our deeper consciousness. Libidinal Economy has been called an achievement in our attempts to live with the rejection of all religious and moral principles through an undermining of the structures associated with it. Structures conceal libidinal intensities while intense feelings and desires force us away from set structures.However, there also can be no intensities or desires without structures, because there would be no dream of escaping the repressive structures if they do not exist. "Libidinal energy comes from this disruptive intervention of external events within structures that seek order and self-containment." This was the first of Lyotard's writings that had really criticized a Marxist view. It achieved great success, but was also the last of Lyotard's writings on this particular topic


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 where he really opposed the views of Marx. Les Immatériaux
In 1985, Lyotard co-curated the exhibition Les Immatériaux at the Centre de Création Industrielle at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, together with the design theorist and curator Thierry Chaput. At that point, Les Immatériaux was the largest exhibition held at the Centre Georges Pompidou. The exhibition was framed in a pre-1989 context that predicted globalization to be a melancholy foreshadowing of contemporary art's shifting function in the era of increasing transnational exchange, and as a turning point in a history of exhibits in the aftermath of what was formerly known as aesthetics.John Rajchman says this about the exhibition: "We might imagine Les Immatériaux as an extravagant staging of a peculiar moment in the role of information in the history of aesthetics after so-called ‘modernism’, yet before the ‘contemporary’ configuration of biennials that was already taking shape in the 1990s, within or against which the question of a new ‘history of exhibition’ now itself arises." "Mainmise"
Lyotard was impressed by the importance of childhood in human life, which he saw as providing the opportunity of creativity, as opposed to the settled hubris of maturity. In "Mainmise", however, he also explored the hold of childhood experience on the individual through the (Roman) concept of mancipium, an authoritative right of possession. Because parental influences affect the new-born before it has the linguistic skill even to articulate them, let alone oppose them, Lyotard considered


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 that "We are born from others but also to others, given over defenseless to them. Subject to their mancipium." Later life and death

Some of the latest works that Lyotard had been working on were both writings about a French writer, activist, and politician, André Malraux. One of them being a biography, Signed, Malraux.Lyotard was interested in the aesthetic views of society that Malraux shared. Lyotard's other book was named The Confession of Augustine and was a study in the phenomenology of time. This work-in-progress was published posthumously in the same year of Lyotard's death. Two of his latest essays on art were on the artwork of artist Bracha L. Ettinger: Anima Minima (Diffracted Traces), 1995, and Anamnesis (L'anamnese), 1997. Lyotard repeatedly returned to the notion of the Postmodern in essays gathered in English as The Postmodern Explained to Children, Toward the Postmodern, and Postmodern Fables. In 1998, while preparing for a conference on postmodernism and media theory, he died unexpectedly from a case of leukemia that had advanced rapidly. He is buried in Division 6 of Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.Criticism

There are three major criticisms of <mask>'s work. Each coincides with a school of thought. Jacques Derrida and Jean-Luc Nancy have written deconstructions of <mask>'s work (Derrida 1992; Nancy 1985). They focus on Lyotard's postmodern work and on The Differend in particular. A differend depends upon a distinction drawn between groups that itself depends upon the heterogeneity of language games and genres of discourse.

masks: Lyotard Lyotard


texts: Why should these differences be privileged over an endless division and reconstruction of groups? In concentrating on specific differences, Lyotard's thought becomes overly dependent on differences; between categories that are given as fixed and well defined.From the point of view of deconstruction, Lyotard's philosophy gives too much credit to illegitimate categories and groups. Underlying any differend there is a multiplicity of further differences; some of these will involve crossing the first divide, others will question the integrity of the groups that were originally separated. Manfred Frank (1988) has put the Frankfurt School criticism best. It attacks Lyotard's search for division over consensus on the grounds that it involves a philosophical mistake with serious political and social repercussions. Lyotard has failed to notice that an underlying condition for consensus is also a condition for the successful communication of his own thought. It is a performative contradiction to give an account that appeals to our reason on behalf of a difference that is supposed to elude it. So, in putting forward a false argument against a rational consensus, Lyotard plays into the hands of the irrational forces that often give rise to injustice and differ ends.Worse, he is then only in a position to testify to that injustice, rather than put forward a just and rational resolution. In turn, these criticisms have been met with responses arguing that Frank misreads Lyotard's work, for example, failing to recognize the role of the sublime, as well as


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 failing to see that Lyotard wants to go beyond the monopoly of the cognitive, argumentative genre, in order to give other genres a right to exist as well. From a Nietzschean and Deleuzian point of view (James Williams 2000), Lyotard's postmodern philosophy took a turn toward a destructive modern nihilism that his early work avoids. The different and the sublime are negative terms that introduce a severe pessimism at the core of Lyotard's philosophy. Both terms draw lines that cannot be crossed and yet they mark the threshold of that which is most valuable for the philosophy, that which is to be testified to and its proper concern. It is not possible repetitively to lend an ear to the sublime without falling into despair due to its fleeting nature. Whenever we try to understand or even memorize: the activity of testimony through the sublime, it can only be as something that has now dissipated and that we cannot capture.Charles J. Stivale reviewed Lyotard's The Differend (in English translation) in 1990, stating:

Influence
The collective tribute to Lyotard following his death was organized by the Collège International de Philosophie, and chaired by <mask> and Jean-Claude Milner, the College's director at that time. The proceedings were published by PUF in 2001 under the general title Jean-François Lyotard, l'exercice du différend. Lyotard's work continues to be important in politics, philosophy, sociology, literature, art, and cultural studies. To mark the tenth anniversary of Lyotard's death, an international symposium about Jean-François


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 Lyotard organized by the Collège International de Philosophie (under the direction of <mask>, Jean-Claude Milner and Gerald Sfez) was held in Paris from January 25–27 in 2007. Miscellaneous

 In Pierre Gripari's novel Pierrot la lune, he writes about a Lyotard, who is given the name "Jef" in the novel, saying that he was the only person with whom he could open up about his homosexuality: "I do not understand Jef, but I need him." In a 1984 interview with Georges Van Den Abbeele, Lyotard discusses how he views all the work he's published as rough drafts, noting that, "Even Le différend (1984), which I spent nine years elaborating and writing, remains a sketch, whose master I have not been. And in this sense, I can without lying plead limited responsibility.That is to say: a reader cannot incorrectly locate in a piece of writing an aspect which, according to me, is not at all there." Lyotard was quoted as having privately said, in a conversation with David Hawkes, that "capital is the enemy". Selected publications
Phenomenology. Trans. Brian Beakley. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991 [La Phénoménologie. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1954], .Discourse, Figure. Trans. Antony Hudek and Mary Lydon. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011 [Discours, figure. Paris: Klincksieck, 1971], . Libidinal Economy. Trans.Iain Hamilton Grant. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993 [Économie libidinale. Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1974], . Duchamp's TRANS/formers. Trans. Ian McLeod. California: Lapis Press, 1990 [Les


texts: transformateurs Duchamp.Paris: Editions Galilée, 1977], . Just Gaming. Trans. Wlad Godzich. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985 [Au juste: Conversations. Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1979], . The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge.Trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984 [La Condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir. Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1979], . Pacific Wall. Trans. Bruce Boone.California: Lapis Press, 1989 [Le mur du pacifique. Paris: Editions Galilée, 1979]. The Differend: Phrases in Dispute. Trans. Georges Van Den Abbeele. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988 [Le Différend. Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1983].The Assassination of Experience by Painting – Monory. Trans. Rachel Bowlby. London: Black Dog, 1998 [L’Assassinat de l’expérience par la peinture, Monory. Bègles: Castor Astral, 1984]. Driftworks. Ed.Roger McKeon. New York: Semiotext(e), 1984. [Essays and interviews dating from 1970 to 1972.] Enthusiasm: The Kantian Critique of History. Trans. George Van Den Abbeele. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009 [L'enthousiasme, la critique kantienne de l'histoire.Paris: Galilée, 1986]. The Postmodern Explained: Correspondence, 1982–1985. Ed. Julian Pefanis and Morgan Thomas. Trans. Don Barry. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993 [Le Postmoderne expliqué aux enfants: Correspondance, 1982–1985.Paris: Galilée, 1986]. The Inhuman: Reflections on Time. Trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,


texts: 1991 [L’Inhumain: Causeries sur le temps. Paris: Galilée, 1988]. Heidegger and "the jews."Trans. Andreas Michael and Mark S. Roberts. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990 [Heidegger et "les juifs." Paris: Galilée, 1988]. The Lyotard Reader. Ed. Andrew Benjamin.Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. Peregrinations: Law, Form, Event. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988 [Pérégrinations: Loi, forme, événement. Paris: Galilée, 1990]. Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime: Kant’s Critique of Judgment, §§ 23–29. Trans. Elizabeth Rottenberg.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994 [Leçons sur l’"Analytique du sublime": Kant, "Critique de la faculté de juger," paragraphes 23–29. Paris: Galilée, 1991]. The Hyphen: Between Judaism and Christianity. Trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 1999 [Un trait d’union. Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Le Griffon d’argile, 1993].Political Writings. Trans. Bill Readings and Kevin Paul Geiman. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. [Political texts composed 1956–1989.] Postmodern Fables. Trans.Georges Van Den Abbeele. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997 [Moralités postmodernes. Paris: Galilée, 1993]. Toward the Postmodern. Ed. Robert Harvey and Mark S. Roberts. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1993.[Essays composed 1970–1991]. Signed, Malraux. Trans. Robert Harvey. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999 [Signé Malraux. Paris: B. Grasset, 1996]. The Politics of Jean-François Lyotard.Ed. Chris Rojek and Bryan S. Turner. New York: Routledge,


texts:
 1998. The Confession of Augustine. Trans. Richard Beardsworth. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000 [La Confession d’Augustin.Paris: Galilée, 1998]. Soundproof Room: Malraux’s Anti-Aesthetics. Trans. Robert Harvey. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001 [Chambre sourde: L’Antiesthétique de Malraux. Paris: Galilée, 1998]. Jean-François Lyotard : Writings on Contemporary Art and Artists, Six volumes.Ed. Herman Parret, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2010–2013. Jean-François Lyotard: The Interviews and Debates. Ed. Kiff Bamford. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. See also
Continental philosophy
Post-structuralism
Aestheticism

References
Notes

Further reading
Bamford, Kiff.Jean-François Lyotard: Critical Lives. London: Reaktion Books, 2017. Bamford, Kiff. Lyotard and the "figural" in Performance, Art and Writing. London: Bloomsbury, 2012. Callinicos, Alex. Social theory: a historical introduction.New York: New York University Press, 1999. Elliott, Anthony, and Larry J. Ray. "Jean Francois Lyotard." Key contemporary social theorists. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2003. Ford Derek R. Inhuman Educations: Jean-Francois <mask>, Pedagogy, Thought. Leiden: Brill.2021. Grebowicz, Margret. Gender After Lyotard. SUNY Press, 2007. Lemert, Charles C.. "After Modern." Social theory: the multicultural and classic readings. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993.Lewis, Jeff. Cultural Studies. London: Sage, 2008. <mask>, Dolorès, et al. Jean-François Lyotard. L'Exercice du Différend (with essays by Alain Badiou, Jean-Luc Nancy,


texts:
 Jacques Derrida, Jean-Claude Milner). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001.Mann, Doug. "The Postmodern Condition." Understanding society: a survey of modern social theory. Don Mills, Ont. : Oxford University Press, 2008. Parker, Noel. The A–Z guide to modern social and political theorists.London: Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1997. Readings, Bill. Introducing Lyotard: Art and Politics. New York: Routledge, 1991. Robbinis, Derek, ed. 2004 J.F. Lyotard.Sage Publishing. Sica, Alan. Social thought: from the Enlightenment to the present. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2005. The critical analysis of David Harvey in his book The Condition of Postmodernity (Blackwell, 1989). External links

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Jean-François Lyotard
Jean-Francois Lyotard at European Graduate School (Biography, bibliography, quotes and web resources)
The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (The first 5 chapters)
International symposium. Collège International de Philosophie January 25–27, 2007
Les Immatériaux: A Conversation with Jean-François Lyotard

1924 births
1998 deaths
People from Versailles
20th-century French philosophers
Continental philosophers
Critical theorists
Deconstruction
French literary theorists
Philosophers of art
Postmodern theory
Postmodern writers
French rhetoricians
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Emory University faculty
University of Paris alumni
Deaths from leukemia
French male writers
Libertarian socialists
French Marxists
French Modern Pagans
French feminist writers
Male feminists
Modern Pagan


texts:
<mask> (27 March 184111 July 1913) was a captain in the United States Revenue Cutter Service and was appointed in 1895 by Secretary of the Treasury John G. Carlisle to be Chief of the Revenue Marine Division of the Department of the Treasury. <mask> was noted for his leadership in gaining improvements in the retirement system for officers in the Revenue Cutter Service and for leading the service at a time when there were many engineering improvements made in the construction of vessels used by the service. During his tenure he worked successfully with three different Secretaries of the Treasury as an appointee to improve the personnel standards and the vessels used by the service. Although he was never formally known as Commandant, he is recognized today as the second Commandant of the Coast Guard. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Iowa Territory on 27 March 1841. His father, William R<mask> was an officer in the ordnance department of the U.S. Army and moved his family from one post to another many times during his army career. As a child, <mask> was educated at home by members of his family and he became adept at mathematics.At 17, <mask> received an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy from Miguel Otero, the congressional delegate from New Mexico Territory. At the end of three years, he resigned from the academy and was commissioned as a third lieutenant in the Revenue Cutter Service on 20 November 1860. Career

His first assignment was aboard the USRC Lewis Cass stationed at Mobile, Alabama. In the days leading up to the Civil War his commanding officer, Captain James J. Morrison, resigned his commission, turned the cutter over to Alabama state authorities and left <mask> to lead his officers and men back to

masks:
Charles Frederick Shoemaker
Shoemaker
Shoemaker
. Shoemaker
Charles Shoemaker
Shoemaker
Shoemaker


texts: Union territory. He served on several revenue cutters guarding the Port Of New York until 4 April 1864 when he resigned his commission to go into private business. <mask> was re-commissioned a third lieutenant on 25 June 1868 and promoted to a second lieutenant on 12 March 1872 serving at various stations on the Atlantic coast.In 1875, he was serving on , homeported at New Bedford, Massachusetts until he was assigned the duties of assistant inspector of the U.S. Life-Saving Service at New York City. In 1876 he was appointed assistant inspector of the Third Life Saving District of the U.S. Life-Saving Service and while serving in that billet was promoted to first lieutenant on 25 March 1878. In 1878, <mask> was transferred to the office of Sumner I. Kimball, then the Chief of the Revenue Marine Bureau and was assigned investigating duties and heard complaints against keepers at all Life-Saving Service stations. In 1880, he was assigned to investigate the sinking of the British barque M & S Henderson near the Pea Island Life-Saving Station. After taking statements from the station crew and survivors of the shipwreck, <mask> concluded that the surfman on watch had been negligent as a lookout and that the station's keeper had lied under oath. Both were dismissed and Shoemaker appointed Richard Etheridge, a black surfman as the new keeper. Etheridge was the first black keeper of a life saving station and was permitted to have an all black crew on the recommendation of <mask>; a situation that lasted until 1947 when the station was disestablished.<mask> was assigned as executive officer on the USRC Seward in 1882 which at the time patrolled the Gulf Coast and was homeported at Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi. In 1885 he was once

masks: Shoemaker Shoemaker Shoemaker Shoemaker Shoemaker


texts:
 again detailed to the USLSS, first as an assistant inspector of the Third District and later as inspector of all districts except the Twelfth district on the Pacific coast. During this assignment, he located and obtained sites for stations, conducted 300 investigations and brought serious charges against four assistant superintendents of the service. In April 1891 he was assigned as commanding officer of USRC Washington at the Port of New York. After shifting Washington to Philadelphia in 1893, he assumed command of the newly commissioned USRC Hudson in Philadelphia and returned to New York for harbor patrol duty. Chief of Revenue Cutter Service

On 19 March 1895, Secretary of the Treasury, John Griffin Carlisle appointed <mask> to replace Leonard G. Shepard as Chief of the Revenue Cutter Division and promoted him to senior captain. Improvements in service retirement
As a result of Secretary Carlisle's and predecessor Shepard's efforts, legislation passed during March 1895 allowed <mask> to place 39 disabled officers that had been on active duty since the Civil War on a retired list, thus giving younger officers a chance at promotion.Since retirement practices of the period were non-existent, so many long serving officers were kept on active duty status well beyond their ability to actually serve effectively because of age and health related issues. Because the number of officers in the RCS was limited by Congressional legislation, this caused senior officers to serve in multiple billets and junior officers oftentimes had to serve in billets that required a senior officer, but they couldn't be promoted or paid the senior officer's pay. The legislation of March 1895 allowed the Chief of the Revenue Cutter Division to take

masks: Shoemaker Shoemaker


texts:
 steps to retire the disabled officers at half pay; in turn opening the ranks to younger qualified officers. This helped officer morale of the Revenue Cutter Service. Unfortunately it only affected those officers that were on active duty and incapacitated at the time the legislation was enacted so it was not a permanent solution. Both Shoemaker and Carlisle continued to push for retirement reforms for officer corps, asking Congress to approve retirement at three-quarters pay any officer that had reached the age of 64 or had served for thirty years and declared physically or mentally disqualified for duty by a medical officer. Lyman Gage, who succeeded Carlisle as Secretary of the Treasury, called for enlisted men injured in the line of duty to be included on a pension list; Shoemaker endorsed this reform also.Congress didn't take action on legislation allowing this to occur until the Overland Relief Expedition of 1897–1898 and the Spanish–American War brought public attention to the Revenue Cutter Service. By 1901, the service faced a shortage of qualified officers once more because of the temporary nature of the 1895 retirement law; the officer ranks were again filled with the aged and infirm and lieutenants had to fill billets that would have normally been reserved for a captain. Finally, at the urging of both Gage and Shoemaker, Congress passed Senate Bill 1025 on 12 April 1902 that recognized the discrepancies in the treatment of Revenue Cutter Service officers versus officers in the other services:

By 30 June 1902, the service had retired, under the new law, nine captains, and five chief engineers because of age and one chief engineer, one third lieutenant and two assistant engineers because of disability; thus


texts:
 opening up opportunities for promotion for the lower ranks. New cutter construction
Building on the foundation laid by Shepard, <mask> oversaw the acquisition of new steel-hulled cutters and increased the number of cutters in service including five cutters over 200 feet in length. Older cutters dating back to before the Civil War were retired and newer cutters replaced them, all were designed with steam propulsion. Changes in the RCS School of Instruction
Shoemaker was responsible as the new Chief of the Revenue Cutter Service in enlarging the school's training cutter, USRC Salmon P. Chase so that it could accommodate more cadets. The training cutter had no specific homeport and put into various ports to only to re-provision and get mail.During his tenure, <mask> acquired the land for Chase to use as a homeport and for repairs at Arundel Cove in Curtis Bay, Maryland. A small two-story building was built for the school as well as a 400-foot pier for the Chase. This site eventually became the service's vessel construction and overhaul facility and today is known as the United States Coast Guard Yard. Retirement and death
Upon reaching the statutory retirement age of 64, <mask> was placed the Retired List on 27 March 1905. He was succeeded by Senior Captain Worth G. Ross. On 8 May 1908, <mask> was promoted to the rank of Captain-Commandant on the Revenue Cutter Service Retired List by Act of Congress. He died at his home in Woodstock, Virginia on 11 July 1913 and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery

See also

Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References cited

External links
Historian's Office  U.S. Coast Guard Official website

1841 births
1913 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Commandants of the United States

masks: Shoemaker Shoemaker Shoemaker Shoemaker


texts:
<mask> (August 1773 – May 1858) was a French explorer and botanist who traveled with Alexander von Humboldt in Latin America from 1799 to 1804. He co-authored volumes of the scientific results of their expedition. Biography
<mask> was born as <mask>ud in La Rochelle, France, on 22, 28, or 29 August 1773. His father was a physician and, around 1790, he joined his brother Michael in Paris, where they both studied medicine. From 1791, they attended courses given at Paris's Botanical Museum of Natural History. Their teachers included Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, and René Louiche Desfontaines; Aimé further studied under Jean-Nicolas Corvisart and may have attended classes given by Pierre-Joseph Desault at the Hôtel-Dieu. During this period, Aimé also befriended his fellow student, Xavier Bichat.Amid the turmoil of the French Revolution and Revolutionary Wars, <mask> served as a surgeon in the French army or navy. Having befriended Alexander von Humboldt at Corvisart's house, he joined him on a five-year journey to Tenerife and the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas,  traveling to what later became the independent states of Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico, as well as the Orinoco and Amazon basins, with a last stop in the United States. During this trip, he collected and classified about 6,000 plants that were mostly unknown in Europe up to that time. His account of these findings was published as a series of volumes from 1808 to 1816 entitled Equatorial Plants (). Upon his return to Paris, Napoleon granted him a pension of 3000 francs per year in return for the many specimens he bestowed upon the Museum of Natural History. The Empress Josephine was very fond of him and installed him as superintendent over the gardens at Malmaison, where many seeds he had brought from the Americas were cultivated. In 1813, he published his Description of the Rare Plants Cultivated at Malmaison and in Navarre ().During this period, he

masks:
Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland
Bonpland
Aimé Jacques Alexandre Gouja
Bonpland


texts: also became acquainted with Gay-Lussac, Arago, and other eminent scientists and, after the abdication of Fontainebleau, vainly pleaded with Napoleon to retire to Venezuela. He was present at Josephine's deathbed. In 1816, he took various European plants to Buenos Aires, where he was elected professor of natural history. He soon left his post, however, to explore the interior of South America. In 1821, he established a colony at Santa Ana near the Paraná for the specific object of harvesting and selling yerba mate. The colony was located in territory claimed by both Paraguay and Argentina; further, José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, dictator of Paraguay, "feared that Bonpland's success in cultivating mate would interfere with his own attempt to monopolize that business." The Paraguayans therefore destroyed the colony on December 8, 1821, and Bonpland was arrested as a spy and detained at Santa Maria, Paraguay until 1829.During his captivity, he married and had several children. He was given freedom of movement and acted as a physician for the local poor and the military garrison. At the same epoch, the Swiss naturalist Johann Rudolph Rengger also stayed in Paraguay: he was not allowed to cross the strictly guarded border, but was free to circulate pending the request of a special permit for each excursion. <mask> was freed in 1829 and in 1831 returned to Argentina, where he settled at San Borja in Corrientes. There, aged 58, he married  a local woman and made a living farming and trading in yerba mate. In 1853, he returned to Santa Ana, where he cultivated the orange trees he had introduced. He received a piastre estate from the Corrientes government in gratitude for his work in the province.The small town around it is now known as "Bonpland" in his honor. A different small town in Misiones province just south of Santa Ana (Misiones) is also named Bonpland. He died at age 84, at San Borja, Santa Ana, or Restauración on 4 or 11 May 1858, before his planned


texts:
 return to Paris. Legacy
His collection of plant specimens deposited in Paris at the National Museum of Natural History, France was curated by Alicia Lourteig. Bonpland's biography was written by Adolphe Brunel. A fictionalized account of his travels with Humboldt occurs in Daniel Kehlmann's Die Vermessung der Welt, translated by Carol Brown Janeway as Measuring the World: A Novel. Bonpland Street in the upscale Buenos Aires neighborhood of Palermo Hollywood lies among streets named after Charles Darwin, Robert FitzRoy, and Alexander von Humboldt.There is also a Bonpland Street in the city of Bahía Blanca, Argentina, in Caracas, Venezuela, and in Montevideo, Uruguay. Many animals and plants are also named in his honor, including the squid Grimalditeuthis bonplandi and the orchid Ornithocephalus bonplandi. The lunar crater Bonpland is named after him. Also Pico Bonpland in the Venezuelan Andes is named to his honor, although he never visited the Venezuelan Andes. A peak of over  in New Zealand also bears his name. The mountain is near the head of Lake Wakatipu in the South Island. Taxonomic descriptions
The following genera and species have been named or described by <mask> <mask>.Genera

Species

Works
1805: Essai sur la géographie des plantes. Written with Alexander von Humboldt. English translation from 2009. 1811: A collection of observations on zoology and comparative anatomy written with Alexander von Humboldt, Printing JH Stone, Paris. Digital version at the website Gallica. 1813: Description of rare plants grown at Malmaison and Navarre by <mask> <mask>. Printing P. The elder Didot, Paris.By <mask> <mask> dedicated to the Empress Joséphine. Digital version at the website Botanicus, and Digital version of the illustrations at the website of the Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé (Interuniversity Library of Health). 1815: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 1, Lutetiae Parisiorum,

masks: Aimé Bonpland Aimé Bonpland Aimé Bonpland


texts:
 Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus. 1816: Monograph Melastomacées including all plants of this order including Rhexies, Volume 1, Paris. 1817: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 2, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.1818: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 3, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus. 1820: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 4, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus. 1821: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 5, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus. 1823: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 6, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris.Digital version at the website Botanicus. 1823: Monograph Melastomacées including all plants of this order including Rhexies, Volume 2, Paris. 1825: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 7, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus. See also
 Rengger, Johann Rudolph (1795-1832)
 von Humboldt, Alexander (1769-1859)
 :Category:Taxa named by <mask> Bonpland

References

Citations

Bibliography

 . External links

 View biographical information in Australian National Botanic Gardens
 View biographical information on and digitized titles by Aimė <mask> in Botanicus.org

19th-century explorers
19th-century French botanists
19th-century French physicians
1773 births
1858 deaths
Alexander von Humboldt
Botanists active in North America
Botanists active in South America
French emigrants to Argentina
French explorers
French phycologists
People from La

masks: Aimé Bonpland


texts:
<mask> (October 12, 1958 – May 20, 2012) was a leading aviation regulatory lawyer, who held several key posts in the public and private sectors in the United States. He served until 2008 as the Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs within the United States Department of Transportation, after being confirmed to the position by the U.S. Senate on September 29, 2006, following appointment by President George W<mask>. Prior to that post, he had been appointed by the President in May 2003, as the Chief Counsel of the Federal Aviation Administration, where he served as the top legal advisor to FAA Administrator Marion C<mask>. <mask> was a partner in the Washington D.C. office of the international law firm of Jones Day, where he led the firm's aviation regulatory practice, a post once held by aviation pioneer L. Welch Pogue. Education and career

From 2000 to 2002, <mask> was Executive Vice President of Administration, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary for Travelocity.com, Inc., the online travel site, following its acquisition of Preview Travel, Inc.

From 1996 to 2000, he was Senior Vice President and then Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Sabre, Inc., a leading provider of computerized reservation systems and information technology to the travel industry. From 1990 to 1996, he held a number of senior positions within the legal department of American Airlines, Inc., serving as Associate General Counsel in charge of the airline's employment and environmental legal practice, and Senior Attorney responsible for antitrust matters. From 1986 to 1990, he was associated with the Los Angeles-based law firm of Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, where he practiced antitrust law and commercial litigation.Immediately prior to joining the Department of Transportation, <mask> was Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Church & Dwight Co., Inc., a diversified consumer packaged goods and industrial products company with $1.5 billion in sales. <mask> earned his

masks:
Andrew Bart Steinberg
. Bush
. Blakey
Steinberg
Steinberg
Steinberg
Steinberg


texts:
 bachelor's degree in politics magna cum laude from Princeton University and graduated cum laude from Harvard Law School. After law school he served as a judicial law clerk to the Honorable Richard A. Gadbois, Jr. in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs

As Assistant Secretary, <mask> handled several heavily contested and controversial matters. He granted economic authority to Virgin America to begin flights in the U.S., over the heavy opposition of U.S. airlines and labor unions, finding that the airline was not under the control of Virgin Group’s <mask>. He tried unsuccessfully to end federally subsidized flights to 65 smaller communities, saying the Essential Air Service program did not work and needed reform. About a possible merger in 2007, between US Airways and Delta Air Lines, <mask> said in congressional testimony that while any merger immediately reduces the number of competitors, ultimately market forces would play out to benefit consumers.On the international front, under Secretary Mary Peters, he led DOT’s efforts in 2007, to secure an “Open Skies” agreement with the European Union. <mask> helped negotiate an agreement with the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) that doubled air routes to the U.S., and then signed an order giving United Airlines and Delta Air Lines access to coveted new routes to China (from San Francisco to Guangzhou and from Atlanta to Shanghai respectively). He opposed the inclusion of aviation in Europe's Emissions Trading Scheme, claiming it "would violate international law and undercut international efforts to better manage the impact of aviation emissions," a position disputed by EU authorities. He also promoted the use of  satellite-based air traffic systems as part of efforts to modernize legacy air traffic control systems in the U.S. and elsewhere. FAA Chief Counsel

At the FAA, <mask> oversaw a staff of 290 individuals, including approximately 200

masks:
Steinberg
Richard Branson
Steinberg
Steinberg
Steinberg


texts:
 aviation lawyers, located in Washington and in the agency's 11 regional offices and technical centers. In 2006, he issued a cease and desist order against a jet management company that the FAA claimed was involved in illegal operations as an air carrier and was linked to a crash at Teterboro Airport. He also defended the agency’s decision, after an impasse with the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, to impose a new contract on NATCA.Private law practice

At Jones Day, <mask> has represented large airline clients opposed to FAA efforts to increase safety regulation, including new limits on pilot work hours. He also defended a commuter airline, Gulfstream International Airlines, against FAA safety allegations over alleged maintenance and work rule violations after the airline’s training academy came under scrutiny in the Colgan Flight 3407 crash. He has been critical of the slow pace of modernization of the air traffic control system under the FAA “NextGen” program. He claimed that President <mask>'s National Mediation Board would take various procedural steps to benefit airline labor unions, which later occurred. Earlier in his career, <mask> represented American Airlines in defeating claims of predatory pricing and attempted monopolization by Continental Airlines and Northwest Airlines, who were represented by prominent plaintiff’s attorneys <mask> and Joe Jamail. Awards

In 2008, <mask> won the Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award (now known as the Montreal Protocol Award) from the Environmental Protection Agency for his work representing the United States at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), on preservation of the ozone layer. In 2013, <mask> was awarded (posthumously) the L. Welch Pogue Award for Lifetime Achievement in Aviation.References

United States Department of Transportation officials
California lawyers
1958 births
Princeton University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
2012 deaths
Antitrust lawyers
People associated with Gibson Dunn
20th-century American

masks:
Steinberg
Barack Obama
Steinberg
David Boies
Steinberg
Steinberg


texts:
<mask>, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1095–1177) was the second son of Roger Bigod (also known as Roger Bigot) (died 1107), sheriff of Norfolk and royal advisor, and Adeliza, daughter of Robert de Todeni. Early years
After the death of his elder brother William, who perished without issue in the sinking of the White Ship on 25 November 1120, <mask> was allowed to inherit his brother's office of royal steward and many estates in East Anglia. He also succeeded his aunt Albreda, heiress of her brother Berengar de Tosny, with lands in Yorkshire and in Normandy. <mask> became Constable of Norwich Castle in 1122. During King Stephen's reign
<mask> initially supported Stephen of Blois as king of England. On the death of Henry I in 1135, his nephew Stephen usurped the throne, despite the oath Stephen and the barons had sworn to accept Henry's daughter Empress Matilda as his successor. It was Bigod who asserted that, in his last days, Henry I had named Stephen to become king at the expense of his daughter Matilda.Civil war resulted when, in 1139, Matilda commanded the military strength necessary to challenge Stephen within his own realm. King Stephen initially had the support of the English barons, but in 1136 he was stricken with sickness and a report of his death was quickly spread abroad. <mask> seized and held Norwich castle. Stephen, quickly recovering, laid siege to the city and <mask> was compelled to surrender. In February 1141 Bigod fought on Stephen's side in the First Battle of Lincoln, after which the Earl deserted the captured king. In July of that year he was granted the earldom of Norfolk by the Empress Matilda but he appears to have assumed a position of armed neutrality during

masks:
Hugh Bigod
Hugh
Hugh
Hugh
Hugh Bigod
Hugh


texts:
 the civil war, rather than actively siding with the supporters of the empress. He supported his first wife's brother-in-law, <mask> Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex, during his rebellion against King Stephen in 1143–44.During the disagreement between King Stephen and Archbishop Theobald in 1148, <mask> sided with the archbishop and received him in his stronghold, his Castle of Framlingham, but joined with others in negotiating a reconciliation between the king and the archbishop. Rise of King Henry II
Five years later, in 1153, when Henry, Duke of Normandy, soon to become King Henry II (r. 1154–89), landed in England to assert his claim to the throne, Bigod held out in Ipswich against Stephen's forces, while Henry II, on the other side, laid siege to Stamford. Both places fell to Stephen. In the critical state of his fortunes, however, Stephen was in no position to punish the rebel earl. Negotiations between the two parties resulted in Henry's recognition as Stephen's heir and <mask> eluded retaliation. On Henry II's accession in December 1154, Bigod received confirmation of the possession of his earldom and office of royal steward by a charter issued apparently in January of the next year. The first years of the new reign were spent in restoring order to the shattered kingdom and in breaking the power of the independent barons, which had grown out of control during King Stephen's reign.It was not long before Bigod became agitated under the rule of law initiated by Henry. He grew restless with measures such as the scutage, a fee paid by vassals in lieu of military service, which became the central feature of Henry II's military system of operation by 1159. The Earl showed signs

masks:
Geoffrey de
Hugh Bigod
Hugh


texts:
 of resistance, but was at once put down. In 1157 Henry II marched into the eastern counties and received the earl's submission. After this incident <mask> makes no significant appearances in the chronicles for some time; he is named among those who had been excommunicated by Becket, in consequence of his retention of lands belonging to the monastery of Pentney in Norfolk. The revolt of 1173

In 1173 the young Crown Prince Henry (also known as Henry the Young King) raised a revolt against his father Henry II. This gave <mask> a fresh occasion for rebellion, with the English barons and the kings of France and Scotland leagued in his favour.He at once became a leader in the cause, being eager to revive his feudal power which Henry II had curtailed, and because the conflict which inevitably resulted was, at least in England, centred upon his own territorial possessions. The custody of Norwich Castle was promised by the young prince as his reward. The king's energy and good fortune were equal to the occasion. While he held in check his rebel vassals in France, the loyal barons in England defeated his enemies there. Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester (died 1190) landed at Walton, in Suffolk, on 29 September 1173 and marched to Framlingham, joining forces with <mask>. Together they besieged and took the castle of Hagenet in Suffolk on 13 October, held by Randal de Broc for the crown. But the Earl of Leicester was defeated and taken prisoner setting out from Framlingham at the Battle of Fornham, near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, by the justiciar Richard de Luci and other barons.These then turned their arms against Earl <mask>, who, not being strong enough to fight, opened

masks:
Hugh Bigod
Hugh Bigod
Hugh
Hugh


texts:
 negotiations with his assailants. It is said he bought them off, and at the same time secured a safe passage home for the Flemings in his service. Final days
Though defeated and compelled to surrender his castles, Bigod kept his lands and his earldom, and lived at peace with Henry II until his death reportedly in 1177 in Palestine. On 1 March 1177, his son Roger Bigod appealed to the king on a dispute with his stepmother. <mask> was dead at the time of Roger's appeal, the date of his father's death is fixed  'ante caput jejunii',  (i.e. before 9 March). If, then, he died in Palestine, his death must have taken place in the preceding year, 1176, to allow time for the arrival of the news in England.Henry II took advantage of Roger's appeal to seize upon the late Earl's treasure. Earl <mask> had possessed vast estates, which he inherited, and was also the recipient of the third penny of judicial fines levied in the county of Norfolk by right of his earldom. Marriage and family
Bigod married firstly to Juliane de Vere (died c. 1199). She was the daughter of Aubrey de Vere II and Adeliza de Clare, the daughter of Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Clare. The marriage was dissolved before 1156. They had one son:
Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk (born c. 1144–5). He married Ida de Tosny, had issue.Bigod married secondly Gundreda (c. 1135–1200), daughter of Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick. They had two children:
 <mask> (born c. 1156)
 <mask> Bigod (born 1168)

References

Attribution:

External links
 Medieval Lands Project on <mask>, 1st Earl of Norfolk

1095 births
1177 deaths
1st Earl of Norfolk
Anglo-Normans
Norman warriors
<mask> of The Anarchy
Peers created by

masks:
Hugh
Hugh
Hugh Bigod
William Hugh
Hugh Bigod
Hugh People


texts:
Charles Henry "<mask><mask> (May 20, 1883 – April 24, 1942) was an American boxer and boxing trainer. Fighting in the first half of his career as a lightweight and later a welterweight, he was known for an exceptional defense and fought many men above his weight class, including six bouts with the great Sam Langford. He fought Joe Gans three times in no-decision bouts, defeating him once according to newspaper accounts and made good showings against Harry Lewis, Philadelphia <mask>'Brien, and Harry Greb. He found most of his fame training 1937 World Heavyweight Champion Joe Louis, but also had a significant role in training 1926 Lightweight Champion Sammy Mandell. He helped to train World Bantamweight Champion Bud Taylor and World Light-Heavyweight Champion John Henry Lewis as well. Early life and career

Birth in Versailles, Kentucky, May 1883
<mask> was born the son of a minister on May 20, 1883, in Versailles, Kentucky. At the age of ten he moved to Indiana, where he was raised in Indianapolis and Terra Haute.In one of his earliest bouts, according to the Pittsburgh Courier, he knocked out Eddie Gardner, brother of the better known Oscar, in eleven rounds in 1899. Frank Sutton was his trainer for a large portion of his career after <mask> came to Pittsburgh to box around 1903. At one time Sutton operated a boxing club on Ross Street in Pittsburgh, though <mask> did much of his mid-career boxing in Philadelphia. <mask> fought 147 recorded professional fights, often against considerably heavier opponents, though many of his fights were never recorded. He fought notable boxing legends Joe Gans, Sam Langford, Philadelphia <mask>'Brien, Panama Joe Gans, and Harry Greb and finished with a final record omitting

masks:
Jack
" Blackburn
Jack O
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Jack O


texts:
 newspaper decisions of 99-26-19. After retiring from boxing around 1923, he became a trainer, most notably of legendary heavyweight champion Joe Louis. Bouts with Black Philadelphian boxer Dave Holly
<mask> met Black Philadelphia boxer Dave Holly on at least five occasions.He first met Holly on May 4, 1903, drawing with him in a newspaper decision at the Sports Club in Philadelphia. <mask> likely lost to Holly in a close six-round newspaper decision on November 21, 1903, at the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia. On August 26, 1904, three Philadelphia newspapers considered <mask> the victor over Holly in a close six-round match at the Manhattan Athletic Club in Philadelphia. On January 20, 1905, the two met again in a no-decision bout in Philadelphia. On January 10, 1906, Blackburn defeated Holly at the National Sporting Club in Wilmington, Delaware, in a close six-round newspaper decision. <mask> floored Holly with a right to the jaw in the second round, but in the third Holly sent <mask> to the mat for a count. In the fourth through the sixth, the Pittsburgh Press considered Blackburn to have the advantage, though the fighting was close.On October 11, 1906, the Philadelphia Item considered <mask> the victor over Holly in a six-round match at the Broadway Athletic Club in Philadelphia. All of these matches were likely originally no-decision bouts. Holly was a Black Philadelphian boxer who would meet Sam Langford and Joe Gans on several occasions, including a bout with Joe Gans in a World Lightweight Championship bout on July 23, 1906. Boxing career highlights

Bouts with World Lightweight Champion Joe Gans

Boxing with a three-inch reach advantage on November 2, 1903, <mask> impressively defeated the

masks: Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn


texts: great World Lightweight Champion Joe Gans in a close non-title, six-round newspaper decision at the Washington Sporting Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. <mask> was actually down in the first round from a short right to the jaw, but fought on gamely. <mask> scored frequently with straight lefts to Gans, as well as blows to the body. On March 25, 1904, <mask> lost to Joe Gans in Baltimore, Maryland in a fifteen-round points decision.The Philadelphia Item noted that "Gans won easily". It was <mask>'s first loss by decision, but it was to one of the greatest black lightweights in history. On December 31, 1903, boxing as a light welterweight at 142, <mask> lost to 1907 World Welterweight Champion Mike "Twin" Sullivan at the Chelsea Athletic Club in Chelsea, Massachusetts in fifteen rounds in the opinion of most of the Boston newspapers. The bout was most likely a pre-arranged draw. On January 8, 1904, <mask> drew with Black boxer Sam Bolen in a close fifteen-round decision at Shlegel's Hall in Baltimore, Maryland. The Scranton Republican felt strongly that Bolen had the better of the bout in every round but the second, when he was briefly down on the mat. He fought Bolen one other time, in a six-round win by newspaper decision on December 3, 1904, before the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia.On October 13, 1905, <mask> fought a fifteen-round pre-arranged draw at the Marlborough Theatre in Marborough, Massachusetts, with Black New York based boxer Larry Temple. A talented adversary, Temple would fight Joe Walcott, Sam Langford, and Harry Lewis in his career. <mask> fought Temple on September 4, 1905, in a twelve-round draw in Sharon Pennsylvania, sandwiched between two bouts with Sam Langford. Boxing later

masks: Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn


texts:
 on June 9, 1906, <mask> lost to Gans in a six-round bout decided in Gans' favor by newspaper decision at the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Boston Morning Journal wrote that "Gans showed that he was his opponent's master in every department of the game." Bouts with future World Colored Middleweight Champion Sam Langford
<mask> fought the extraordinary Sam Langford a noteworthy six times in his career. On December 23, 1903, perhaps in one of his most memorable fights, <mask> met Langford for the first time in a twelve-round pre-arranged draw at the Central Athletic Club in Boston, Massachusetts.Three local Boston papers, including the Boston Globe and Herald wrote that Blackburn likely had the better of the bout. On January 11, 1904, Blackburn and Langford fought a six-round draw at the Washington Sporting Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On September 9, 1904, Blackburn drew with Langford at the Marlborough Opera House in Marlborough, Massachusetts in a fifteen-round points decision. The fight was sensational, and Blackburn may have been outweighed by Langford by well over thirty pounds. On September 20, 1905, in front of a substantial crowd of 600, at the Lyric Athletic Club in Allentown, Pennsylvania, Blackburn and Langford met in a ten-round draw. The boxing was fierce and drew blood and both boxers had the better of their opponent at times, with Langford finding a way to counter the keen left of Blackburn. In the third round Blackburn was doubled over the ropes by Langford, and may have been out but for the bell.Gans and <mask> met earlier on August 18, 1905, in Leiperville, Pennsylvania, in what was considered a great bout, though <mask> lost in a fifteen-round points

masks: Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn


texts:
 decision. Langford would rightfully claim the World Colored Heavyweight Championship when <mask> vacated it in July 1909, and defend it for several fights, though he would be denied a chance at Johnson's new World Heavyweight Title. Langford would take the World Colored Middleweight Championship defeating Young <mask> in a twenty-round bout on November 12, 1907, at the Pacific Athletic Club in Los Angeles. Wins over Jimmy Gardner, Blink McCloskey, and George Cole 1904–07
On January 2, 1904, <mask> defeated well known light and welterweight Jimmy Gardner at the Central Athletic Club in Boston, Massachusetts in a twelve-round points decision. On September 14, 1904, <mask> defeated prolific Jewish Philadelphian boxer Blink McCloskey in a six-round newspaper decision by the Philadelphia Inquirer and Philadelphia Record. McCloskey was a boxer of considerable ability and usually lost only to boxers of considerable talent. On June 10, 1905, Blackburn first met Black Philadelphian boxer George Cole in Philadelphia, losing in a six-round newspaper decision of the Philadelphia Item.Cole's win was something of an upset. On January 1, 1907, <mask> decisively won his first newspaper decision over Cole at the Philadelphia Athletic Club, giving Cole a "bad whipping". On June 7, 1907, at the New Pen Art Club in Philadelphia, <mask> won again in a six-round newspaper decision over Cole. Ten bouts with Black boxer George Gunther
On January 3, 1906, <mask> first met Black boxer George Gunther at New Castle, Pennsylvania in a fifteen-round bout, defeating him in the opinion of several newspapers. On January 31, 1906, <mask> defeated Gunther by newspaper decision in a ten-round bout in Newcastle, Pennsylvania, though <mask> was

masks:
Jack Johnson
Peter Jackson
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn


texts:
 down in both the third and sixth rounds. Fighting as a 132-pound lightweight, <mask> was outweighed by ten pounds though having a three-inch height advantage. On February 7 he would defeat Gunther in a six-round newspaper decision in Pittsburgh in the opinion of three Pittsburgh newspapers as well as the smaller Newcastle Herald.He would meet Gunther a total of ten times drawing with him once, and fighting many close bouts in which he was usually the victor in the opinions of most newspapers. In their December 6, 1907 bout, Blackburn knocked out Gunther in the fifth round at the Industrial Athletic Club in Philadelphia. After sidestepping a rush by Gunther, Blackburn's knockout blow was the result of a well-timed right on Gunther's jaw. The fifth saw some heavy blows on both sides. In their April 18, 1907 six round bout at the Broadway Athletic Club in Philadelphia, Blackburn had the better of the close match, in the opinion of the Philadelphia Item but was still battered by the end. Gunther was dropped for a count of nine in the second, but showed a slight advantage in the remaining rounds and took the lead in the sixth when Blackburn showed fatigue. On May 23, 1907, against at Philadelphia's Broadway Athletic Club, Blackburn fought what the local papers ruled a draw with Gunther, though the Pittsburgh Press felt a hard left hook to Gunther's face in the fourth gave him the advantage in the bout.Gunther would face many great boxers in his career including Sam Langford, Harry Lewis, and George Carpentier in France. Bouts with Jim Barry, July, September 1907
On July 8, and September 5, 1907, <mask> won by newspaper decision and then lost on points to talented opponent Jim Barry who outweighed him by about

masks: Blackburn Blackburn


texts:
 twenty pounds in both matches. The bouts were in Philadelphia, and Bridgeport, Connecticut. In their July bout Barry was down in the middle of the sixth round from a hard blow to the head and the Wilkes-Barre Evening News wrote that <mask> had the best of every round. Barry had been a Montana cowboy and would fight some talented heavyweights in his career including Sam Langford, Battling Levinsky, and Billy Miske, though he would die tragically in a shooting after a boxing match in Ancon, Panama in March 1917. Impressive bout with 1908 World Welterweight Champion Harry Lewis, November 1907

On November 20, 1907, before around 3000 spectators, Blackburn impressively defeated 1908 World Welterweight Champion Harry Lewis, though the six-round, no-decision bout at the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia was decided by newspaper decision of the Philadelphia Item and Philadelphia Record. The bout was a carefully boxed defensive show with neither boxer landing knockout blows.Showing an effective defense against such an exceptional boxer as Lewis was a considerable achievement for Blackburn. Blackburn appeared to land more blows than Lewis in the first two rounds, but was cautious in the third and fourth. He opened up in the fifth and sixth, being urged on by the crowd, and connected with a few powerful rights, particularly one to the ribs of Lewis which caused him to cover up. Characteristic of <mask>'s style, he effectively used his left jab throughout the bout. Blackburn's three inch reach advantage was used to his benefit. The Wilkes-Barre Evening News wrote that "the bout was so palpably one sided, even the most ardent admirers of Lewis were quieted before the third round was over." Each man collected around


texts:
 $1000 from the well attended bout.The New York Age wrote that "<mask> was a marvel of science, and self-possession, outboxing his opponent at every angle, judging distance better and hitting a harder blow." Loss to 1905 World Light Heavyweight Champion Philadelphia <mask>'Brien, June 1908
Boxing as a 147-pound welterweight on June 10, 1908, <mask> was defeated by Philadelphia <mask>'Brien in a six-round bout at the National Athletic Club. O'Brien knocked <mask> down in the first round and had him groggy in the third, but <mask> evaded a knockout in the no-decision bout. <mask> was outweighed in the bout by slightly under twenty-five pounds, though both boxers were near equal in height. <mask> was very briefly down in the fifth from a slip. The sixth saw many heavy blows landed but neither men down for a count. The bout was fast throughout.<ref>"<mask>'Brien Won From Blackburn", Trenton Evening News", Trenton, New Jersey, pg.11, 11 June 1908</ref> O'Brien had taken the World Light Heavyweight Championship in December 1905. On December 10 and 14, 1908, <mask> met competent Southpaw boxer <mask> at the Broadway and West End Athletic Clubs in Philadelphia, winning in a close newspaper decision on the tenth, and again in a six-round newspaper decision on the fourteenth. Four bouts with Mike Donovan
<mask> first defeated Mike Donovan on October 18, 1907, in a six-round bout at Industrial Hall in Philadelphia in the opinion of the Philadelphia Record, though several newspapers considered the close fight a draw. On December 24, 1907, <mask> defeated Donovan in Reading, Pennsylvania at the Bijou Theatre in a ten-round newspaper decision. On April 21, 1908, <mask> drew with Donovan in ten rounds at the Abel Opera House

masks:
Blackburn
Jack O
Blackburn
Jack O
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Jack O
Blackburn
Jack Robinson
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn


texts:
 in Easton, Pennsylvania. In their November 23, 1908, six round bout, at the opening of Duquesne Gardens as a fight venue in Pittsburgh, the Pittsburgh Daily Post wrote that "from start to finish, <mask> danced around the Rochester man (Donovan), landing six blows to his opponent's one," and that he used a large repertoire of blows against which Donovan's only effective defense was to clinch. Trouble with the law, manslaughter conviction, 1909–14
<mask> fought outside the ring at times, which caused him trouble in his life.He served four years and eight months for manslaughter as the result of a tragic shooting spree he instigated that led to several deaths in Philadelphia in 1909. In 1935, <mask> was indicted for manslaughter, as a result of two shootings in October of that year, though the charges were later dropped. He was briefly held in jail on October 21, 1935, and probably for a period later in that year.Louis's Trainer Suspected of Shooting Girl", Nevada State Journal, Reno, Nevada, pg. 1, 22 October 1935

Second half of career, and return to boxing after jail sentence
After the completion of his jail sentence, <mask> usually fought closer to the welterweight and light middleweight divisions, but continued to fight highly skilled opponents. His loss of training and advancing age caused by his sentence affected his boxing somewhat, and he won fewer bouts subsequent to his jail term. Close loss to heavyweight Gunboat Smith, May 1914
In one of his first bouts after his prison term, fighting as a 150-pound light middleweight, he lost to Gunboat Smith in a six-round newspaper decision in front of 3000 fans at the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia on May 20, 1914. Smith was a 6' 2" heavyweight who

masks: Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn


texts:
 outweighed him by thirty pounds.<mask> was down for a count of nine from a right to the forehead in the first round. <mask> took another count of nine in the fifth round, but throughout the fight he showed pluck and often was the aggressor. In the fourth and particularly the third rounds, <mask> kept the boxing close and may have taken the third. Smith would meet Battling Levinsky and <mask> on several occasions in his career, and was considered one of the top white heavyweight contenders at the time. Exciting bout with 1923 World Middleweight Champion Harry Greb, January 1915

On January 25, 1915, <mask> met 1923 World Middleweight Champion Harry Greb at Duquesne Gardens in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, losing in a six-round newspaper decision of the Pittsburgh Post. Even against the great competitor Greb who was known to throw an exceptionally large number of punches, the Post wrote that <mask> "blocked, side-stepped, slipped, rode, and ducked", putting up an excellent defense. The bout was reasonably close with Greb clearly taking around four of the six rounds.<mask> opened up in the third, sending a stiff left to the jaw of Greb and another to the mouth. <mask> may have taken the sixth, but Greb's ability to throw far more punches, characteristic of his style, probably helped him to win on points. The Pittsburgh Press noted <mask>'s "eel-like evasions of Greb's short range stuff", and that he "served flashes of former brilliancy", but Greb's youth, stamina, and strength was the final determinant of the fight's outcome. The Pittsburgh Daily Post wrote that <mask> was "so elusive that not one punch in ten that Greb started ever connected." On August 23, 1916, <mask> defeated Young Ahearn, a noted welter and

masks:
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Jack Dempsey
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn


texts:
 middleweight based in Brooklyn, at the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in a six-round newspaper decision of Philadelphia's Public Ledger, and Record. <mask> had a two-inch advantage in height and reach, though Ahearn was six years younger at only twenty-three to <mask>'s thirty-four, an advancing age for a competitive boxer. One month later on August 8, <mask> and Ahearn would fight a ten-round draw at the Harlem Sports Club in New York City.On October 20 and November 3, 1916 Blackburn lost twice to powerful hitter Joe Borrell by six-round newspaper decisions at the Nonpareil Athletic Club in Philadelphia. In their October 20 bout, Blackburn staggered Borrell in the first with a right hook to the jaw, making Borrell fight more cautiously. In the sixth and final round, Borrell took the advantage, staggering Blackburn, and showing more aggression. Borrell was ten years younger than Blackburn at only twenty-four. In their November 3, bout, Borrell gave Blackburn a "severe whipping", and never let up on his opponent. Borrell reached both the head and body. In their last bout on June 15, 1917, in a six-round bout at the Cambria Club in Philadelphia, Blackburn defeated Borrell in the opinion of the Philadelphia Record, though the boxing was close.Late career loss to the future Colored Light Heavyweight Champion Kid Norfolk, June 1920
On June 22, 1920, <mask> met the great future 1923 Colored Light Heavyweight World Champion Kid Norfolk, originally William Ward, losing in a fourth-round knockout at Madison Athletic Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Norfolk reportedly had a twenty-pound advantage on <mask> and was about thirteen years younger, requiring the referee to stop the bout in the fourth


texts:
 round, as <mask> could do little against his far stronger opponent. A match with such a glaring weight discrepancy would not have been made among more contemporary boxers, though <mask> had a slight advantage in height and reach. Loss to Panama Joe Gans, July 1922
<mask> fought the Barbados-born boxer Panama Joe Gans, who had boxed extensively in Panama where he lived prior to 1917. Panama Joe held the World Colored Middleweight Championship from 1920 to 1924, and held a Panamanian Lightweight Title in his youth. On July 24, 1922, <mask> lost one of his last bouts to Gans in Indianapolis, Indiana, in a fourth-round technical knockout of a scheduled ten round bout. Panama Joe was a formidable boxer and fourteen years younger than <mask> when they met, though <mask> had a three-inch advantage in height and reach.Boxing at forty, <mask> probably should not have been matched with the twenty-six year old Gans. On March 7, 1923, Gans fought Ray Pelkey, in what was likely his last recorded bout, at the Auditorium in Oakland, California, losing in a third-round knockout. <mask> went down to one knee in the third round and remarked to the referee that he lacked the wind to continue. The referee ended the bout as a knockout. <mask> was boxing at forty to Pelkey's twenty-four years. Eleven years later, <mask> would begin training Joe Louis. Sammy Mandell takes World Lightweight Championship, July 1926
On July 3, 1926 Sammy Mandell took the World Lightweight Championship, defeating Rocky Kansas in Chicago.<mask> had trained Mandell on his punching skills from his earliest start in boxing. Working as a trainer to Joe Louis, 1934–42
After retiring from boxing around 1923, <mask> drifted from job to job before Black Chicago

masks: Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn


texts:
 businessman, Julian Black chose him to train Joe Louis, who was fresh from his achievements in the Golden Gloves. <mask> wrote he had trained Louis since June 1934, shortly before Louis's first recorded professional bout, a knockout against <mask> in Chicago. He helped Louis to properly time his blows, improve his punching accuracy, and to focus on proper balance. <mask>'s greatest achievement as a trainer came on June 22, 1937, when Joe Louis took the World Heavyweight Championship from Jim Braddock at Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois in an eighth-round knockout. <mask> had trouble with drinking in his later years while training Joe Louis that likely caused the deterioration of his health.Julian Black chose him as trainer in "<mask>'s Death Toughtest Blow for Lewis", The News-Herald, Franklin, Pennsylvania, pg. 7, 25 April 1942

List of <mask>'s trainees
In his career, besides his long work with Joe Louis, <mask> had roles training Light Heavyweight Champion John Henry Lewis, Bantamweight Champion Bud Taylor, as well as Art Lasky, <mask>, Lew Tendler, Sailor Freedman, and Von Porat.He also trained Billy Ryan a welterweight from Cincinnati. While in Philadelphia, <mask> briefly trained Jersey Joe Walcott. Early death by heart attack in 1942
He died on April 24, 1942, of a heart attack while he was being given a routine physical examination. He had been suffering from pneumonia for two months, beginning shortly before Joe Louis met Abe Simon at Madison Square Garden in March of that year. Only months before his death, <mask> was in Louis's corner giving him advice. <mask>'s death came particularly hard for his greatest training protégé, world heavyweight champion Joe Louis whom he had trained since Louis's

masks:
Blackburn
Jack Kracken
Blackburn
Blackburn
Jack Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn
Jackie Fields
Blackburn
Blackburn
Blackburn


texts:
 first professional bout. His funeral, which several thousand attended, took place on the South side of Chicago at Pilgrim Baptist Church on April 29, 1942.He was buried at Chicago's Lincoln Cemetery. Chicago businessman Julian Black, who had helped recruit him as a trainer for Joe Louis, attended, as did Louis's manager Mike Jacobs. He was survived by his widow Laura, a stepson, a brother John, and a sister. Legacy
He is an inductee of the World Boxing Hall of Fame and was an inductee of the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the non-participant category in 1992. He appeared as a character in the opera, Shadowboxer, based on the life of Joe Louis. He was portrayed by actor Richard Roundtree in the 2002 film Joe and Max and also by James Edwards in the 1953 movie The Joe Louis Story''. Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.Official record

All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted as a win, loss or draw. Unofficial record

Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions to the win/loss/draw column. References

1883 births
1942 deaths
American male boxers
American boxing trainers
Lightweight boxers
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Joe Louis
Boxers from Kentucky
People from Versailles,


texts:
<mask> (June 16, 1917 – July 17, 2001) was an American newspaper publisher. She led her family's newspaper, The Washington Post, from 1963 to 1991. <mask> presided over the paper as it reported on the Watergate scandal, which eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. She was the first twentieth century female publisher of a major American newspaper. <mask>'s memoir, Personal History, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998. Early life

<mask> was born in 1917 into a wealthy family in New York City, to Agnes Elizabeth (née Ernst) and Eugene Meyer. Her father was a financier and, later, Chairman of the Federal Reserve.Her grandfather was Marc Eugene Meyer, and her great-grandfather was rabbi Joseph Newmark. Her father bought The Washington Post in 1933 at a bankruptcy auction. Her mother was a bohemian intellectual, art lover, and political activist in the Republican Party, who shared friendships with people as diverse as Auguste Rodin, Marie Curie, Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, John Dewey and Saul Alinsky. Her father was of Alsatian Jewish descent, and her mother was a Lutheran whose parents were German immigrants. Along with her four siblings, <mask> was baptized as a Lutheran but attended an Episcopal church. Her siblings included Florence, Eugene III (Bill), Ruth and Elizabeth Meyer. Meyer's parents owned several homes across the country, but primarily lived between a "castle" on a large estate near Mount Kisco, New York, and a mansion in Washington, D.C. Meyer often did not see much of her parents during her childhood, as both traveled and socialized extensively; she was raised in part by nannies, governesses, and tutors.<mask> endured a strained relationship with her mother. Agnes was reportedly very negative and condescending towards <mask>, which had a negative impact on Meyer's self-confidence. Her older sister Florence Meyer was a successful photographer and wife of actor Oscar Homolka. Her father's sister, Florence Meyer Blumenthal, founded the Prix Blumenthal. Meyer was an alumna of The Madeira School (to which her father had donated much land) and attended Vassar

masks:
Katharine Meyer Graham
Graham
Graham
Katharine Meyer
Katharine
Katharine
Katharine