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 aimed at advancing the Coalition's agenda. It was later revealed that the inquiry had a number of legal and procedural issues that were directly linked back to <mask>. On 31 October <mask> anonymously registered the domain stoptheretirementtax.com to allow people to register to speak before the inquiry. The site had a commonwealth coat of arms and also solicited submissions.<mask> sent a letter out urging people "to campaign against Labor's retirement tax". The letter had both the Commonwealth logo and Liberal party branding, a clear breach of commonwealth guidelines. <mask> arranged for meetings to coincide with an activist group opposing Labor's policy and contained the "possible intention to engage in protest activity at the hearing". As the chair he also tolerated the handing out political party material at the hearings. This was one of the actions he would later be rebuked for by the speaker. <mask> brought in a cousin, <mask>, to assist in the inquiry. <mask> managed an investment fund that he founded.The fund was revealed to have the value of $3 billion, and <mask> had funds under management. <mask> was recorded talking about how he was using a taxpayer funded inquiry to defeat a policy that he was opposed to. In February 2019, Labor accused <mask> of improperly interfering with the committee's inquiry into dividend imputations and had committed a contempt of parliament. The Speaker found that while no contempt had been committed, <mask> had not honoured committee conventions and rebuked <mask> for the manner in which the inquiry took place. Superannuation and housing
<mask> has been a long time opponent of the superannuation industry and an advocate for using super contributions to fund a deposit on housing. In September 2020, <mask> was criticised in responding to concerns regarding the level of the superannuation guarantee rate for women on Twitter with "[I'd prefer that] they can buy their own home so they're not homeless". He then began a push for people to be able to use their superannuation to pay for a deposit on a

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 house.<mask> began using the hashtag on Twitter of #homefirstsupersecond to support his campaign. There were a number of negative reactions to <mask>'s policy including former prime minister Malcolm Turnbull calling it "the craziest idea I've heard" and said that the policy had "some really poor arguments". According to a study by The McKell Institute <mask>'s idea would send house prices soaring and would leave most investors worse off in the long term. Others focused on several tweets by <mask>'s that appeared to be giving unlicensed financial advice. The chief executive of Industry Super Australia said that <mask> had "a clear conflict of interest", <mask> responded by saying the group was "bullying" the government. COVID-19
Amid the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> wrote to the Australian Human Rights Commission (as a previous head) and the Victorian Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission asking whether the Andrews Government's COVID-19 curfew could be justified on human rights grounds and whether there were ground for the commissions to take action to protect rights and freedoms. <mask> stated that he believed the curfew was "unjustified and does not meet the justification for a limitation on Victorians' human rights" due to public statements by the Chief Health Officer and Victorian Police Commissioner.During the pandemic, <mask> was also critical of the actions of commercial airlines in relation to excessive fees charged to stranded overseas Australians describing the process as "gouging". <mask> called on National Cabinet to increase the number of Australians able to return from overseas on a state-by-state basis. MyHealth
Following the announcement by the Turnbull government of a deadline for Australians to opt out of the MyHealthRecord scheme, <mask> publicly opted-out and called for the Government to make 'opt-in' the default position because of privacy concerns. Wikipedia editing
In October 2021, Crikey reported that a Wikipedia user account named "TimWilsonMP" claiming to be <mask> suggested a series of edits to

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 remove negative parts of <mask>'s article. <mask> did not respond to questions regarding the user account. The block was removed after a week. Australian relations with China
When he was at the IPA, <mask> accepted an all expenses paid trip to China, paid for by Huawei.After entering parliament, <mask> became a member of the "Wolverines", an informal parliamentary group that take a critical view of Chinese diplomatic policy. Alongside fellow Wolverine James Paterson, <mask> accused Chinese telecoms company Huawei of creating surveillance systems for the Chinese government and urged the United Kingdom to ban the company. He has said that Huawei is a “greater moral evil” than poker machines. <mask> has supported anti-government protestors in Hong Kong. <mask> has been criticised by Chinese dissident artist Badiucao for being “all talk, no action”. Personal life
<mask> grew up in the Mornington Peninsula, with his mother, Linda. His stepfather is Victorian politician David Morris.<mask> is openly gay. <mask> proposed to his partner, Ryan Bolger, on the floor of parliament while giving a speech on the amendments to the marriage act on 4 December 2017. Both the proposal and Bolger's affirmative answer were recorded in Hansard and went viral on the internet. They were married on 11 March 2018. <mask> said about his religious beliefs "I'm more of an agnostic, but I prefer to say that I haven't found God but I'm on a journey and I may one day find God." Publications
 <mask>, <mask> (2020). The New Social Contract: Renewing the liberal vision for Australia Kapunda Press.ISBN 978-1922449030

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Australian agnostics
Gay politicians
Politicians from Melbourne
LGBT legislators in Australia
Monash University alumni
Free speech activists
LGBT rights activists from Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Goldstein
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
21st-century Australian

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<mask> (born March 11, 1920) is an American lawyer. He was an investigator of Nazi war crimes after World War II and the chief prosecutor for the United States Army at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, one of the 12 Subsequent Nuremberg Trials held by the U.S. authorities at Nuremberg, Germany. Later, he became an advocate of international rule of law and for the establishment of an International Criminal Court. From 1985 to 1996, he was adjunct professor of international law at Pace University. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born on March 11, 1920, in Csolt, Szatmár County, Kingdom of Hungary, located close to the historical Transylvania region (today part of Șomcuta Mare, Romania). A few months later, Transylvania was ceded to Romania under the Treaty of Trianon (1920), the result of World War I. When <mask> was ten months old, his family emigrated to the United States, which, according to his own account, was to avoid the persecution of Hungarian Jews by Romania after Romania gained formal control of Transylvania and Eastern Hungary.The family settled in New York City, where they lived on the Lower East Side in Manhattan.<ref name="ushmm">USHMM: "Chief prosecutor <mask> presents his case at the Einsatzgruppen Trial", encyclopedia.ushmm.org; accessed November 23, 2021.</ref>

<mask> studied crime prevention at the City College of New York, and his criminal law exam result won him a scholarship to Harvard Law School. At Harvard, he studied under Roscoe Pound and also did research for Sheldon Glueck who, at that time, was writing a book on war crimes. <mask> graduated from Harvard in 1943. After his studies, he joined the U.S. Army. His time as a soldier in the army began bleakly with a job as a typist in Camp Davis in North Carolina. At that time, he was not familiar with using a typewriter, and he couldn't fire a weapon. His job duties also consisted of unceremoniously cleaning toilets and

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 scrubbing pots and floors.In 1944, he
served in the 115th AAA Gun Battalion, an anti-aircraft artillery unit. In 1945, he was transferred to the headquarters of General Patton's Third Army, where he was assigned to a team tasked with setting up a war crimes branch and collecting evidence for such crimes. In that role, he was sent to the concentration camps that had been liberated by the U.S. army. Nuremberg trial prosecutor

On Christmas 1945, <mask> was honorably discharged from the Army with the rank of sergeant. He returned to New York, but was recruited only a few weeks later to participate as a prosecutor (and now made a full Colonel as part of his agreement to go) in the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials in the legal team of Telford Taylor. Taylor appointed him chief prosecutor in the Einsatzgruppen Case —<mask>'s first case. All of the 22 men on trial were convicted; 13 of them received death sentences, of which four were eventually carried out.Apart from East Germany, they were the last executions performed on German soil, and in the federal republic. In a 2005 interview for The Washington Post, he revealed some of his activities during his period in Germany by way of showing how different military legal norms were at the time:

<mask> stayed in Germany after the Nuremberg Trials, together with his wife Gertrude, whom he had married in New York on March 31, 1946. Together with Kurt May and others, he participated in the setup of reparation and rehabilitation programs for the victims of persecutions by the Nazis, and also had a part in the negotiations that led to the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany signed on September 10, 1952 and the first German Restitution Law in 1953. In 1956, the family—they had four children by then—returned to the U.S., where <mask> entered private law practice as a partner of Telford Taylor. While pursuing claims of Jewish forced laborers against the

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texts:
 Flick concern (the subject of the Flick trial), <mask> observed the "interesting phenomenon of history and psychology that very frequently the criminal comes to see himself as the victim". Role in forming the International Criminal Court
Experiences just after World War II left a defining impression on Ferencz. After 13 years, and under the impression of the events of the Vietnam War, <mask> left the private law practice and henceforth worked for the institution of an International Criminal Court that would serve as a worldwide highest instance for issues of crimes against humanity and war crimes.He also published several books on this subject. Already in his first book published in 1975, entitled Defining International Aggression-The Search for World Peace, he argued for the establishment of such an international court. From 1985 to 1996, <mask> also worked as an adjunct professor of international law at Pace University at White Plains, New York. An International Criminal Court was indeed established on July 1, 2002, when the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court came into force. Under the Bush administration, the U.S. signed the treaty, but didn't ratify it. The administration of George W. Bush concluded a large number of bilateral agreements with other states that would exclude U.S. citizens from being brought before the ICC. <mask> has repeatedly argued against this procedure and suggested that the U.S. join the ICC without reservations, as it was a long-established rule of law that "law must apply equally to everyone", also in an international context.In this vein, he has suggested in an interview given on August 25, 2006, that not only Saddam Hussein should be tried, but also George W. Bush because the Iraq War had been begun by the U.S. without permission by the UN Security Council. He also suggested that Bush should be tried in the International Criminal Court for '269 war crime


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 charges' related to the Iraq War. In 2013, <mask> stated once more that the "use of armed force to obtain a political goal should be condemned as an international and a national crime." <mask> wrote in 2018, in a preface to a book on the future of international justice, that "war-making itself is the supreme international crime against humanity and that it should be deterred by punishment universally, wherever and whenever offenders are apprehended". Later years
In 2009, <mask> was awarded the Erasmus Prize, together with Antonio Cassese; the award is given to individuals or institutions that have made notable contributions to European culture, society, or social science. On May 3, 2011, two days after the death of Osama bin Laden was reported, The New York Times published a Ferencz letter which argued that "illegal and unwarranted execution – even of suspected mass murderers – undermines democracy".Letter to NY Times re: Bin Laden's Killing  2011-05-03 Also that year he presented a closing statement in the trial of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo in Uganda. On March 16, 2012, in another letter to the editor of The New York Times, <mask> hailed the International Criminal Court's conviction of Thomas Lubanga as "a milestone in the evolution of international criminal law".In April 2017, the municipality of The Hague announced the naming of the footpath next to the Peace Palace the <mask>cz Path"), calling him "one of the figureheads of international justice". The city's Deputy Mayor Saskia Bruines (International Affairs) traveled to Washington to symbolically present the street sign to Ferencz. In 2018, <mask> was the subject of a documentary on his life, Prosecuting Evil, by director Barry Avrich, which was made available on Netflix. In the same year, <mask> was interviewed for the 2018 Michael Moore documentary, Fahrenheit 11/9. On June 20, 2019, artist & sculptor Yaacov Heller honored Ferencz -- presenting him

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 with a bust he created -- commemorating his extraordinary life dedicated to genocide prevention. On January 16, 2020, The New York Times printed <mask>'s letter denouncing the assassination of the Iranian general Qassem Soleimani, unnamed in the letter, as an "immoral action [and] a clear violation of national and international law". He became a centenarian two months later.Six months later on September 7, the documentary Two Heads Are Better Than One: Making of the Ben Ferencz Bust, starring <mask> and sculptor Yaacov Heller, had a world premiere, produced by Eric Kline Productions and directed by Eric Kline. On June 22, 2021, he became the first recipient of the Pahl Peace Prize in Liechtenstein. Personal life
<mask> married his teenage sweetheart Gertrude Fried, in New York in 1946. They were  married for more than 70 years, “without a quarrel”, until her death in 2019. They had four children. He is the last surviving individual of all the prosecutors who served at the Nuremberg Trials. Selected bibliography
 <mask>, B.: "The 'Immoral' Killing of the Iranian General", New York Times Letter to Editor, January 16, 2020.<mask>, B.: "Kriegsverbrechen, Restitution, Prävention. Aus dem Vorlass von <mask>. <mask>", ed. by Constantin Goschler, Marcus Böick, Julia Reus, Göttingen 2019 (collection of documents, open access). <mask>, B.: Mémoires de Ben, procureur à Nuremberg et avocat de la paix mondiale, (an autobiography), Michalon, Paris, 2012. <mask>, B.: New Legal Foundations for Global Survival: Security Through the Security Council, Oceana 1994; . <mask>, B.: Keyes, K. Jr.: Planethood: The Key to Your Future, Vision Books 1988. Reprint 1991; .<mask>, B.: A Common Sense Guide to World Peace, Oceana 1985. <mask>, B.: Enforcing International Law: A Way to World Peace, Oceana 1983. <mask>, B.: Less Than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation, Harvard 1979. Reprint 2002, Indiana

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<mask> (23 January 1873 – 13 July 1958) was a militant French trade unionist and communist. During World War I (1914–18) he took an internationalist and pacifist position. After the war he tried to establish a radical Communist party that blended Bolshevism with anarchist concepts. Early years

<mask> was born on 23 January 1873 in Gretz-Armainvilliers, Seine-et-Marne. He entered the building trade, and soon became involved in union activities. He was secretary of the Building Federation (Fédération du Bâtiment) from 1908 to 1912. Péricat represented the Federation of Building Trades Workers at the CGT's Conférence Ordinaire des Fédérations Nationales et des Bourses du Travail held on 13–15 July 1913.This was the last general meeting of the CGT before World War I (1914–18). Péricat was in favor of fusing the national federations and bourses, while Léon Jouhaux and Alphonse Merrheim were in favor of keeping a degree of autonomy. World War I

During World War I (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) Péricat devoted much effort to fighting the nationalist unions that supported the war, along with Merrheim, Albert Bourderon and Fernand Loriot. On 31 July 1914 he was the only member of the National Confederal Committee of the CGT to propose to implement the decision made by its congress and launch an insurrection against the war. The International Action Committee (CAI: Comité d'action internationale) was founded in December 1915 by French syndicalists who supported the pacifist declarations of the Zimmerwald Conference. Péricat was secretary of the CAI. In 1916 the CAI merged with the Socialist Minority Committee to form the Committee for the Resumption of International Relations (Comité pour la réprise des rélations internationales).<mask> was a member of the executive of this committee. Albert Bourderon proposed and Louise Saumoneau supported a manifesto that said the Committee would function "until the party majority and the International Socialist Bureau resume international relations." In February 1917 the Committee for the Resumption of

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Raymond Péricat
Raymond Louis Péricat
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 International Relations split up. Alphonse Merrheim withdrew to concentrate on union work. Pierre Brizon, Jean Raffin-Dugens and Bourderon joining the SFIO minority led by Jean Longuet. The socialists Fernand Loriot, Charles Rappoport, Louise Saumoneau and François Mayoux took control of the committee. <mask> disagreed with the committee's direction and founded a Committee of Syndicalist Defense (Comité de défense syndicaliste) early in 1917 to campaign for a general strike and demand an immediate peace.When a series of strikes began in the spring of 1918 in the Loire Basin, centered on Saint-Étienne, Pericat and Andrée Andrieux tried to convert the strikes into a general strike against the war along the same lines as the Bolshevik actions in Russia. The strikes were suppressed and the leaders of the Committee of Syndicalist Defense were arrested. Merrheim had disagreed with the strikes, but defended Péricat and told the premier Georges Clemenceau and the Left deputies that they must listen to the proletariat and understand their grievances if France was to avoid the fate of Russia in being forced into peace on disadvantageous terms. Péricat was released in November 1918. Later career

Péricat's position after the war has been called "Ultra-Left", a blend of Bolshevism with syndicalist anarchism. He founded and became editor of the newspaper L'Internationale. In the first edition, published on 15 February 1919, he disparaged the Second International and called for a true International to be established.On 8 May 1919 the Committee for Resumption, the Committee of Syndicalist Defense and other anarchist elements decided to combine into the Committee for the Third International (Comité pour la 3e Internationale.) The secretaries of the committee were Alfred Rosmer, Péricat, Loriot and Saumoneau, all Anarcho-Syndicalists. They decided not to break with the CGT, but to spread propaganda for the new International. Pericat disagreed with this approach, wanting to form a Communist Party. Péricat accused the committee of being unrevolutionary, and


texts:
 even of taking a parliamentary approach. He wanted to expand the strikes that broke out in the spring of 1919 into a full-scale revolution. Péricat founded a new party, officially the Parti Communiste, Section Française de l'Internationale, which published a manifesto and by-laws at the start of June 1919.It called for a general strike to overthrow the state. The civil service and the state itself were to be abolished, replaced by a system of corporations, or soviets, administering themselves with a confederation. On 1 September 1919 Leon Trotsky chose to ignore Péricat's dispute with the mainstream French Communists and wrote a letter to Pierre Monatte, Loriot, Péricat and Alfred Rosmer in which he talked of his "bonds of friendship" with them all, and said the revolution in France would be in strong hands. In October 1919 Lenin wrote in an article that Pericat's L'Internationale and Georges Anquetil's Titre Censuré were the two Communist newspapers in Paris. He did not mention La Vie Ouvrière. At the CGT's first post-war congress, held in Lyon on 15–21 September 1919, Monatte, Péricat, Gaston Monmousseau and Joseph Tommasi led the minority that wanted to bring the CGT into the Third International, seize power and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat. They led a committee of 26 minority unions that was formed in October 1919, later named the Comité Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CST).L'Internationale was forced to stop publication in September 1919. In late December 1919 <mask>'s group, harassed by the government and the press, split into a Parti Communiste and a Fédération Communiste des Soviets. In 1920 the anarchist militants in these two groups became disillusioned with the Bolsheviks, and in 1921 and 1922 became extremely hostile opponents of the Communist Party. <mask> died in Paris on 13 July 1958 at the age of 85. References

Sources

1873 births
1958 deaths
People from Seine-et-Marne
French Communist Party politicians
Members of the General Confederation of Labour (France)
French pacifists
French military personnel of World

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<mask> (born 1964, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire) is a British artist who lives and works in New York City. Gillick deploys multiple forms to make visible the aesthetics of the constructed world and examine the ideological control systems that have emerged along with globalization and neoliberalism. He utilizes materials that resemble everyday built environments, transforming them into minimalist abstractions that deliver commentaries on social constructs, while also exploring notions of modernism. Life and career
<mask> graduated from Goldsmiths College in 1987 with a degree in fine art. In 1989 he mounted his first solo gallery exhibition, 84 Diagrams, through Karsten Schubert in London. <mask> has exhibited in galleries and institutions in Europe and the United States, many of which have been collaborative projects with other artists, architects, designers and writers. In 1991, together with art collector, and co-publisher of Art Monthly, Jack Wendler, <mask> founded the limited editions and publishing company G-W Press.The company produced limited editions by artists including Jeremy Deller and Anya Gallaccio. In the early 1990s <mask> was a member of the band Soho and is credited with providing samples during their live performances. Together with Damien Hirst, Sarah Lucas, Angela Bulloch and Henry Bond, he was "the earliest of the YBAs" — the Young British Artists who dominated British art during the 1990s. Gillick was  included in the 1996 exhibition Traffic, curated by Nicholas Bourriaud, which first introduced the term Relational Aesthetics. In 2002, Gillick was selected to produce artworks for the canopy, the glass facade, the kiosks, the

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texts: entrance ikon, and the vitrines, of the then-recently completed Home Office building, a United Kingdom government department, at Marsham Street, London. In 2002, Gillick was nominated for the annual British Turner Prize. In the Winter 2006 edition of October (No.115) Gillick's response to Claire Bishop's October article "Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics", was published as "Contingent Factors: A Response to Claire Bishop's 'Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics'." <mask> has contributed written articles to fine art journals Frieze and Artforum. In 2008, <mask> was short-listed for the Vincent Award of the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. In 2009, <mask> represented Germany in the Giardini Pavilions of the Venice Biennale. On 1 October 2010, in an open letter to the British Government's culture secretary Jeremy Hunt — co-signed by a further 27 previous Turner Prize nominees, and 19 winners—<mask> opposed any future cuts in public funding for the arts. In the letter the cosignatories described the arts in Britain as a "remarkable and fertile landscape of culture and creativity." In October 2010, <mask> contributed a recipe for a vodka and lime juice-based cocktail as his participation in the Ryan Gander art project "Ryan's Bar".The beverage titled "Maybe it would be better if we worked in groups of two and a half," was sold for £50 per serving. In 2010, he composed a score of "zingy electronica" for the artists' film Beijing, made by his ex-wife, Sarah Morris. In 2019, <mask> and New Order (band) released a new live album. The album, titled "? (No,12k,Lg,17Mif)", was recorded live at the 2017 Manchester International Festival. It features new

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 renditions of New Order (band) classics, as well as rarities that the band had not performed in years. Alongside Ingrid Schaffner, Tirdad Zolghadr and others, <mask> is a member of the Graduate Committee of the Center for Curatorial Studies and Art in Contemporary Culture at Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.He has been on the faculty of Columbia University School of the Arts in New York City since 1997. Since 2017, he has been a founding member of The American Friends of the ICA, a support group for the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA). <mask> is on the board of Artists Space, which is a non-profit arts organization, founded in 1972 in New York. Artistic practice
<mask>'s artistic output is characterized by diversity. As Caoimhin Mac Giolla Leith of University College Dublin has said, "<mask>'s practice to date has encompassed a wide range of media and activities (including sculpture, writing, architectural and graphic design, film, and music) as well as various critical and curatorial projects, his work as a whole is also marked by a fondness for diversions and distractions, tangents and evasions." The focus of <mask>' practice is evaluations of the aesthetics of social systems with a focus on modes of production rather than consumption. He is interested in forms of social organization.Through his own writings and the use of specific materials in his artworks, <mask> examines how the built world carries traces of social, political and economic systems. As art critic Ina Blom has said,

"Artists such as <mask> ... no longer address abstraction as the principle for the creation of distinct minimalist objects, but rather try to create

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 through design spaces for open social interaction [artworks] whose actual use is to be constantly redefined within the situation of the exhibition - without necessarily producing relational-aesthetic models of community." Central to <mask>'s practice are the publications that function in parallel to his artworks. An anthology of these "Allbooks" was published by Book Works, in 2009. Documents Series with Henry Bond

Between 1990 and 1994, <mask> collaborated with artist Henry Bond on their Documents Series, a group of 83 fine art works which appropriated the modus operandi of a news gathering team, in order to produce relational art. In order to make the work, the duo posed as a news reporting team—i.e., a photographer and a journalist—often attending events scheduled in the Press Association's Gazette — a list of potentially newsworthy events in London. Bond worked as if a typical photojournalist, joining the other press photographers present; whilst <mask> operated as the journalist, first collecting the ubiquitous press kit before preparing his audio recording device.The series was first shown commercially in 1991, at Karsten Schubert Limited and then, in 1992, at Maureen Paley's Interim Art —two of the galleries that were pioneers in the development of the YBA art movement. The series was subsequently exhibited at Tate Modern in the show Century City held in 2001, and at the Hayward Gallery in the exhibition How to Improve the World, in 2006. Artist books

Exhibitions
Major solo exhibitions include <mask>ick: Annlee You Proposes at Tate Modern, London, 2001-2002; The Wood Way at Whitechapel Gallery in London 2002; Projects 79: <mask>,

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 Literally at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2003; A short text on the possibility of creating an economy of equivalence at Palais de Tokyo, Paris, 2005; and the retrospective project <mask>: Three perspectives and a short scenario 2008-2010, which toured the Kunsthalle Zürich, the Witte de With in Rotterdam, Kunstverein München, and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. The U.S. presentation of the exhibition was the most comprehensive of <mask>'s work in an American museum. Accompanying his solo exhibition at the MCA was the show The one hundred and sixty-third floor: <mask> Curates the Collection, curated by <mask> from the MCA collection. In 2016, <mask> presented a solo exhibition, titled Campaign at Serralves Museum of Contemporary Art, Porto. Art market
<mask> is represented in the UK by Maureen Paley, in the US by Casey Kaplan, and in Ireland by Kerlin Gallery.Personal life and family
<mask> is cousin to British artists James and <mask>. He was married to artist Sarah Morris, in 1998 at a ceremony in Miami. They divorced in 2012. Other relatives include sculptor <mask>, medallionist <mask>, and anti-abortion activist <mask>. References

Further reading

Literature
 <mask>, Proxemics: Selected writing 1988-2006 (JRP Ringier, 2007). Lilian Haberer, <mask>: Factories in the Snow (JRP-Ringier, 2007). Monika Szewczyk (ed.)Meaning <mask> (MIT Press, 2009). 1964 births
Living people
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
British conceptual artists
English contemporary artists
English installation artists
Columbia University faculty
People from Aylesbury
English art critics
English expatriates in the United States
Bard College

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<mask> () née Feinberg, a dual Israeli-British citizen, was a hostage on Air France Flight 139 from Tel Aviv to Paris. The flight was hijacked on 27 June 1976 after a stopover in Athens and rerouted to Entebbe, Uganda. <mask> became ill on the plane and was taken to a hospital in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. She was not rescued with the other hostages during Operation Entebbe, and went missing from the hospital. Her disappearance led to Britain cutting diplomatic ties with Uganda. Her body was discovered in 1979 in a sugar plantation near the capital. In February 2007, declassified British documents confirmed that she was killed on the order of Ugandan president Idi Amin.Biography
<mask> was born in Jaffa, then a part of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire and now a part of Israel. Her father, Joseph Feinberg, was among the founders of the Jewish agricultural settlement of Rishon LeZion along with his brother, <mask>'s uncle, Israel Feinberg. After her father's death, she was raised by an uncle in Egypt. She moved to Jerusalem as an adult. She spoke Hebrew, Arabic, Russian, German, Italian, and English. In 1920, she met Aharon <mask> () whilst he was serving in the British Army in Palestine. The two married in 1925.As Aharon <mask> was a naturalised citizen of the United Kingdom, this gave <mask> British citizenship. They had three sons. In 1976 she was a grandmother and a widow living in Tel Aviv. Disappearance

On 27 June 1976, Bloch, aged 74 or 75, was on Air France Flight 139, an Airbus A300 plane, travelling to New York City for her youngest son Daniel's wedding. The flight was hijacked by terrorists after a stopover in Athens and was redirected to Entebbe, Uganda. With her fluency in languages, Bloch

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Bloch
Dora


texts: served as an interpreter between the hostages and hijackers. Bloch became ill on the plane and was transferred to Mulago Hospital in Kampala.She is believed to have choked on food, and Foreign and Commonwealth Office papers say that she was also being treated for leg ulcers while at the hospital. <mask>'s son Ilan Hartuv, who was released during the subsequent Operation Entebbe counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission, was able to speak to a Ugandan doctor about his mother's health. Henry Kyemba, then Uganda's Minister of Health, said that he had allowed <mask> to stay in hospital for an extra night before being returned to the other hostages. As a result of this, Bloch was not with the other hostages, and so was not freed during the Operation Entebbe raid. During Operation Entebbe, <mask>'s family in Israel were taken to the HaKirya military complex in Tel Aviv, before going to the airport. Once at the airport, they were told that Bloch was still in Uganda. They spent an hour observing the traditional mourning ritual (shiva), but no longer as she was not confirmed dead.On 4 July, the British Government were informed that Bloch was not among the hostages released during Operation Entebbe. As a result, she was visited by James Hennessy, then-High Commissioner of the United Kingdom to Uganda, and Peter Chandley, second secretary of the British High Commission in Kampala. <mask> told Chandley that she had been treated well in the hospital, but did not like the food. They were also told that Bloch was going to be moved to the Grand Imperial Hotel in Kampala. Chandley and his wife went to get some food for Bloch, but when they returned, they were denied entry to the hospital. The reason for this was that four men including

masks: Bloch Bloch Bloch Bloch


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 Farouk Minawa, head of the State Research Bureau (Ugandan secret police) and Idi Amin's Chief of Protocol Nasur Ondoga had taken Bloch from her hospital bed and murdered her. The policeman guarding Bloch was also killed.Aftermath

A Ugandan police search did not find Bloch, and the Ugandan government informed the UK that they "had no responsibility" for Bloch after Operation Entebbe. In early July, a Ugandan traveller reported seeing a body, which he believed to be Bloch, near a group of Ugandan soldiers, around  from Kampala. On 9 July, the United Nations debated the Entebbe hijacking incident. The United Kingdom suggested a resolution that condemned both the hijack and the loss of life, so as not to endanger the lives of Britons in Uganda, including Bloch. During the debate, the Ugandan government reiterated their claim that <mask> had been returned to Entebbe airport. On 13 July, Minister of State for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Ted Rowlands said that Bloch was presumed dead. On 15 July, the British Government demanded a full search for "Bloch or her body", a request that was never fulfilled.A suggested motive for her killing was retaliation for the deaths of 50 Ugandan soldiers during Operation Entebbe. Amin later expelled Chandley from the High Commission, alleging that he was pro-Israeli and had supported the death of Ugandan troops. As a result of <mask>'s disappearance, Britain withdrew their High Commissioner to Uganda, and on 28 July, Britain cut all diplomatic ties with Uganda. It was the first time in 30 years that Britain had severed ties with a Commonwealth country. The British Government said that the main reason for cutting ties was the disappearance of <mask>, although other events during Amin's

masks: Bloch Bloch Bloch


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 leadership had also contributed. In retaliation, Amin declared himself the "Conqueror of the British Empire (CBE)", and the unofficial King of Scotland. He added "Conqueror of the British Empire" to his list of official titles.After the fall of Amin in 1979, Britain recommenced diplomatic relations with Uganda. In 1987, Kyemba said that Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and murdered by members of the Ugandan Army loyal to Amin. Declassified British documents released in February 2007 confirmed that <mask> had been killed on Amin's orders. According to the documents, a Ugandan citizen told the British High Commissioner in Kampala that Bloch had been shot and her body deposited into the boot of a car with Ugandan intelligence services number plates. The documents also showed that Britain continued to press Amin for information on <mask>'s whereabouts, and that Amin continually denied knowledge of her fate. Recovery of body

After the Uganda–Tanzania War, Tanzanian troops discovered <mask>'s body in 1979 in a sugar plantation around  from Kampala, near the Jinja Road. Visual identification was impossible because her face was badly burned, but the corpse showed signs of a leg ulcer.A pathologist working with the Israel Defense Forces formally identified <mask> from the remains. Her remains were returned to her son in Israel, where she was given an Israeli state funeral. She was buried in Jerusalem's Mount of Quietudes. References

1970s missing person cases
1976 murders in Africa
Burials at Har HaMenuchot
Deaths by firearm in Uganda
Deaths by person in Africa
Female murder victims
Formerly missing people
Jewish martyrs
Missing person cases in Greece
Operation Entebbe
People from Jaffa
Uganda–United Kingdom


texts:
<mask> (6 July 1900 – 18 April 1987) was a British zoologist, an authority on both natural and military camouflage, and a scientific illustrator and photographer. Many of his field studies took place in Africa, where he was especially interested in the Nile crocodile, the evolution of pattern and colour in animals. During the Second World War, <mask> worked as a camouflage expert for the British Army and helped to influence War Office policy on camouflage. His book Adaptive Coloration in Animals (1940), popular among serving soldiers, was the major textbook on camouflage in zoology of the twentieth century. After the war, he became a Fellow of Selwyn College, Cambridge. As a Fellow of the Zoological Society of London, he undertook expeditions to Africa and the Amazon to collect specimens, mainly reptiles and amphibians. Life and career

<mask> was born in Ashby Magna, Leicestershire, England, on 6 July 1900; his father was the rector there.He was schooled at Rugby. In 1919, he graduated from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned into the Leicestershire Regiment. Between 1922 and 1925, he studied at Selwyn College, Cambridge. He had intended to become a priest, and went to Cambridge to read theology, but after his first year he went on the university expedition to South America, where he studied natural forms in eastern Brazil in 1923, led by the entomologist <mask> <mask>, where he became fascinated by natural history, and changed his studies to zoology on his return. He then went on an expedition to the lower Amazon (1925–1926), and on research trips to the Zambesi river area in Africa (1927), including Mozambique, Zambia and East Africa, and Lanzarote (1930). He married Joyce Radford in 1928. He was a lecturer in Zoology at Bristol

masks:
Hugh Bamford Cott
Cott
Cott
Frank Balfour
Browne


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 University from 1928 until 1932, when he moved to Glasgow University.He studied under another advocate of military camouflage, John Graham Kerr. His thesis, which he completed in 1935 under a Carnegie Fellowship, was on 'adaptive coloration' – both camouflage and warning coloration – in the Anura (frogs). In 1938 he was made a Doctor of Science at Glasgow, and he became a Zoology lecturer at Cambridge University and Strickland Curator of Birds at the university's Museum of Zoology. <mask> served in the Leicestershire Regiment of the British Army as a camouflage expert from 1919 to 1922, and, during the Second World War, with the Royal Engineers as a camouflage instructor from 1939 to 1945. <mask> was chief instructor at the Camouflage Development and Training Centre at Helwan, Egypt, under filmmaker <mask> from its inception in November 1941. After the war, <mask> returned to Cambridge, becoming a Fellow of Selwyn College in 1945; he worked there until he retired in 1967. He gave the Fison Memorial Lecture of 1958 on 'Protective Coloration in Animals'.He continued to work from time to time after his retirement, for instance conducting a survey of crocodile nests on the Victoria Nile for the Uganda National Parks in 1972. He died at the age of 86 on 18 April 1987. Camouflage

While trying to photograph a hen partridge on her nest, <mask> waited for hours for the bird to return, finally taking some pictures of the empty nest before giving up. On developing the photographs, he realized the bird had been there all along, perfectly camouflaged. As a camouflage expert during the Second World War, <mask> likened the functions of military camouflage to those of protective coloration in nature. The three main categories of coloration in his book Adaptive Coloration in

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Cott
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Geoffrey Barkas
Cott
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 Animals are concealment, disguise, and advertisement. He studied, described and presented examples of such diverse camouflage effects as obliterative shading, disruption, differential blending, high contrast, coincident disruption, concealment of the eye, contour obliteration, shadow elimination, and mimicry.In his wartime lectures at Farnham Castle, he described nine categories of visual deception:

 merging, e.g. hare, polar bear
 disruption, e.g. ringed plover
 disguise, e.g. stick insect
 mis-direction, e.g. butterfly and fish eyespots
 dazzle, e.g. some grasshoppers
 decoy, e.g. angler fish
 smokescreen, e.g.cuttlefish
 the dummy, e.g. flies, ants
 false display of strength, e.g. toads, lizards

<mask>'s account of all this (illustrated by his own pen and ink drawings) is the 550-page book Adaptive Coloration in Animals (1940). It was proof-read by Kerr, who commented on its publication 'It is by far the finest thing of the kind in existence'. His co-workers' first-hand accounts of his work in military camouflage can be found in the memoirs of two of his fellow camoufleurs: Julian Trevelyan and Roland Penrose. Peter Forbes wrote of <mask>'s book:

The book was written as war loomed, and published in wartime. <mask> makes use of his knowledge of natural history to draw parallels between survival in nature and in war, and to advise on military camouflage, for example commenting:

Forbes notes that Adaptive Coloration in Animals is a narrative, short on the experimentation that followed after the war, but Forbes continues:

Cott attempted to persuade the British army to use more effective camouflage techniques, including countershading.For example, in August 1940, with the Battle of Britain imminent, he painted two rail-mounted coastal guns, one in

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 conventional style, one countershaded. In aerial photographs, the countershaded gun is essentially invisible. <mask> was triumphant, announcing:

However (like Kerr before him in the First World War), <mask> did not succeed in influencing policy on camouflage, and he resigned from the Camouflage Advisory Panel in 1940. Artwork

<mask> was a founding member of the Society of Wildlife Artists, and a fellow of the Royal Photographic Society. From material gathered in field expeditions, he made contributions to the Cambridge University zoological museum. <mask> possessed considerable artistic skill. Like Abbott Thayer, he used his artistry in his scientific work, including in Adaptive Coloration in Animals, to help argue the case he was making.For example, his black-and-white potoo shows this rainforest bird sitting motionless on a mottled tree trunk, its behaviour and disruptive pattern combining to provide effective camouflage. The philosopher and jazz musician David Rothenberg wrote of <mask>'s art:

Writings

In addition to Adaptive Coloration in Animals, <mask> wrote two essays on camouflage: “Camouflage in nature and in war” and ”Animal form in relation to appearance”. As a scientific illustrator and photographer, he also wrote three other books: Zoological photography in practice (1956); Uganda in black and white (1959); and Looking at animals: a zoologist in Africa (1975). He became interested in the relationship of bird colours with their role as warning colours, an idea that arose when he observed hornets attracted to some birds being skinned while ignoring others. This led him to study the palatability of birds and their eggs. Among his papers were several studies on the relative palatibility of the eggs based initially on the preferences of ferrets,

masks: Cott Cott Cott Cott Cott Cott


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 rats and hedgehogs and later on the use of a panel of expert egg tasters. In one study he found that of 123 species of bird, the kittiwake eggs scored highly with 8.2 out of 10.Legacy

Forbes praised <mask>'s balance of science and artistry:

Over 60 years after its publication, Adaptive Coloration in Animals remains a core reference on the subject; the
evolutionary biologists Graeme Ruxton, Thomas N. Sherratt and Michael Speed conclude their book on animal coloration by writing

The biologist Steven Vogel commented that:

An exhibition of his art, writing, and photographs, 'Life, Lines & Illusion', was held at the Nature in Art gallery in Gloucester in September and October 2018. References

Bibliography

By Cott

 Books

 <mask>, <mask>. (1975). Looking at Animals: a Zoologist in Africa. Scribner. <mask>, <mask>. (1959).Uganda in Black and White. Macmillan. <mask>, <mask>. (1956). Zoological Photography in Practice. Fountain Press. Journals

 <mask>, <mask>.(1938). Wonder Island of the Amazon Delta; on Marajo Cowboys Ride Oxen, Tree-Dwelling Animals Throng Dense Forests. National Geographic Magazine. About Cott

External links
 Janus: <mask>'s papers
 Archives Hub: <mask>'s own copies of books, with personal annotations, at Cambridge University Museum of Zoology
 University of Glasgow Story: <mask> <mask>

Scientific illustrators
20th-century British zoologists
Photographers from Leicestershire
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Fellows of Selwyn College, Cambridge
British Army personnel of World War II
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
1900 births
1987 deaths
Royal Engineers officers
Camoufleurs
British naturalists
Alumni of Selwyn College, Cambridge
People from Harborough District
English nature writers
Camouflage

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Hugh B
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Hugh B
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Hugh B
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<mask> () is the current spouse of the Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan. She and Khan married six months before he assumed office as Prime Minister. Early life
<mask> was born to a conservative, politically influential family from central Punjab. She belongs to the Wattoo clan, of whom the Manekas are a sub-clan. She originates from the town of Pakpattan, located 250 km southwest of Lahore. The town is known for being home to the Shrine of Baba Farid, of whom both she and Khan are spiritual followers, and where they first met. Personal life

First marriage
Before her marriage to Khan, <mask> was married to Khawar Maneka.Khawar Maneka was a senior Customs official and a son of Ghulam Muhammad Maneka, a former federal minister in Benazir Bhutto's cabinet. His brother Ahmad Raza Maneka is currently a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan, and is affiliated with the PML-N. They divorced in 2017. She has three daughters and two sons from her first marriage. Her sons Musa and Ebrahim Maneka graduated from the Aitchison College in Lahore in 2013, and pursued higher education abroad. Her eldest daughter Mehru Maneka is the daughter-in-law of politician Mian Atta Muhammad Manika. Another of her daughters is also married.On 6 August 2018, it was reported that Mehru Maneka had joined Khan's PTI following a meeting with him. Marriage to Imran Khan
Imran Khan and <mask> <mask> reportedly met for the first time in 2015. According to Dawn, Khan, noted for his increasing inclination towards Sufism in recent decades, was a frequent visitor of Baba Farid's shrine in Pakpattan, where he would pay homage to the renowned 12th century Sufi saint. He usually visited the town in the evening escorted by his private guards, and would later stay for a few hours at the Maneka family's residence, his local hosts, after which he would return to Islamabad. The Manekas were influential locally, and shared a "spiritual relationship" with Khan. Bushra, who was at that time married to Khawar Maneka, was a known and respected Sufi scholar,

masks:
Bushra Bibi Khan
Bushra Bibi
Bushra Bibi
Bushra
Bibi


texts: spiritual mentor and faith healer, also referred to as a pir or murshid, and this is what reportedly drew Khan closer to her. She has been described as a leader of pilgrimages to Baba Farid's shrine.During his visits, Khan would often consult her on spiritual matters whenever he found himself in a "difficult situation." According to Khan, the couple were introduced via <mask> Bibi sister Maryam Riaz Wattoo, who is a PTI member, whilst he was trying to understand the teachings of a 13th-century Sufi saint. He would visit <mask> Bibi house to receive counsel and advice on these and other religious matters, and "read the books she would recommend". According to sources, Khan interacted with <mask> <mask> shortly before the 2015 by-election in Lodhran for the NA-154 constituency. He became "very pleased" when his candidate Jehangir Tareen won that election, which she had correctly predicted, and started visiting and consulting her more regularly for guidance. According to a family source, Khan held "a lot of reverence for [Bushra] as a true follower." As the visits became more frequent, their personal understanding also grew.However, the prospect of marriage never surfaced until Khan learnt of <mask>'s divorce. In an interview after his marriage, Khan said he "did not catch a glimpse" of his wife's face until after they were married; "I proposed to her without seeing her because she had never met me without her face being covered with a full veil." He acknowledged that he had only seen an "old photograph" of her at her house prior to that. When he finally did see her, he was not disappointed and is "now happily married." Talking about how her life changed after marrying Imran, she said that before her marriage her life revolved around praying to God but Imran taught her that serving the helpless and needy is equally important. Khan, known for his previous relationships, insisted his attitude had changed over time and he came to believe that "the character of a person and the mind, the intellect, is much more important

masks: Bushra Bushra Bushra Bibi Bushra


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 than the physical, because in my experience that has the smallest shelf life." He has referenced his respect to his wife based on her intellect and character.A few months after their marriage, the couple went on a pilgrimage to Makkah. <mask> has been described as an introvert who prefers to stay at home rather than attending social functions and gatherings very frequently, to which Khan admittedly has no objections, as he himself is "past the age of socialising". According to Khan, his two sons have met <mask>, while he has also had time to get to know Bushra's children following their marriage. With regards to her marriage with Imran, <mask> <mask> has clarified that, contrary to some reports in the media, her Nikkah with Imran took place seven months after the ‘Iddat period’ following the dissolution of her first marriage. <mask> <mask> has also clarified that she is not present on social media and any accounts attributed to her are fake. As First Lady
<mask> <mask> is reportedly the first veil-wearing spouse of a Pakistani Prime Minister. The decision to wear a veil, <mask> <mask> said, is her personal choice in line with religious teachings and she is not seeking to impose it on anyone else.Shortly after Khan took office, <mask> <mask> was quoted by the media as having commented, "I am sure Imran Khan will fulfill his promises to Pakistan. Allah has given us a great responsibility. Power comes and goes. Imran Khan aims to eliminate poverty from the country. He wants to improve the health and education system in Pakistan." <mask> <mask> has described Imran as an "extremely simple man". Talking about the PTI's slogan and promise of "change", she claimed that only Imran can bring about the promised change in the country but it would take time.See also
 Family of Imran Khan
 Bhumman Shah

References

Living people
Pakistani spiritual teachers
Pakistani Sufis

Sufi teachers
Imran Khan family
People from Okara District
People from Pakpattan District
1970s births
Spouses of prime ministers of Pakistan
Pakistani

masks: Bushra Bushra Bushra Bibi Bushra Bibi Bushra Bibi Bushra Bibi Bushra Bibi Bushra Bibi


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<mask><mask> (born 1948) is an American politician who served as the 39th Mayor of Burlington, Vermont. Prior to his tenure as mayor he was active in local politics with him serving on the school board and the city council. After his tenure as mayor he served in the Vermont Senate. He is the most recent Republican elected as mayor of Burlington. <mask> was born in New York City, and was educated at Choate Rosemary Hall, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Vermont. After serving in the United States Air Force he moved to Burlington, Vermont, where he would enter politics. He was elected to the city's school board in 1983, and again in 1986.<mask> was elected to the city council in a 1989 special election and reelected in the 1990 and 1992 elections. <mask> ran in the 1993 Burlington mayoral election against incumbent Progressive Coalition Mayor <mask> despite Clavelle's fundraising and campaign volunteer advantage. His victory was the first time a Republican held the mayoralty since Edward A. Keenan in 1965. <mask> lost reelection to Clavelle in 1995. He was elected to the state senate in the 1996 election and reelected in 1998, but lost renomination in 2000 due to his support for same-sex civil unions. Early life and education

<mask> was born in New York City, New York, in 1948, to Mary Hester Gaskill (1916–2007) and Lincoln C<mask> (1914–2010). Chauncey W<mask>, his great-grandfather, served as Secretary of State of Vermont and in the Vermont Senate.During his childhood he traveled between Long Island, New York and Saigon, South Vietnam, due to his father's business. <mask> graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall. He married Christina Bratton, who he had met while at the University of Pennsylvania, in Maryland in 1969. In 1970, he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree in sociology, after having originally majored in chemical engineering, and graduated from the University of Vermont with a master's degree in business administration in 1978. He served in the United States Air Force for six years. He moved his family to Burlington, Vermont, in

masks:
Peter C
. Brownell
Brownell
Brownell
Brownell
Peter Clavelle
Brownell
Brownell
. Brownell
. Brownell
Brownell


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 1978. Brownell worked as a financial analyst for General Electric for fifteen years.Career

School board

Brownell attempted to gain a job on the Burlington police or airport commissions, but he was rejected every time. In 1983, Diana Gallagher, a member of the school board, ran for a seat on the city council from the 6th district. Brownell won the Republican nomination to succeed her on the school board from the 6th district by a unanimous vote and defeated independent Hans J. Puck in the general election. He did not seek reelection as he wanted to spend more time with his family in 1985, and Elizabeth Van Buren, a member of the Democratic Party, was unopposed to succeed him. <mask> won the Republican nomination to run for the school board from the 6th district in 1986, and won in the general election without opposition. He did not run for reelection in the 1988 election. During his tenure on the board he served as chair of the Finance committee and consider running for chair of the board in 1986, but he did not have enough support.City council

In 1989, David Thelander, a Republican member of the city council, resigned to work in Washington, D.C. for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. <mask> received the Republican nomination and defeated Democratic and Progressive Coalition nominee Greg Guma in the special election. During the campaign Brownell raised $2,170 and spent $472 while Guma raised $875 and spent $640. He defeated Green Party nominee Bea Bookchin in the 1990 election. He won reelection without opposition in 1992. After <mask> was elected as mayor he resigned from the city council. A special election was held to fill the vacancy and it was won by Republican nominee Tom Ryan.During his tenure on the city council <mask> served on the Finance committee. Following the resignation of Jane Watson, a member of the city council from the 5th district, Browell became interested in running for chair of the city council as Watson's resignation left the Democrats without enough votes, but <mask> later declined to run. Mayoralty

Elections

The Republican Party had not ran a

masks: Brownell Brownell Brownell Brownell Brownell


texts:
 candidate in the 1985, 1987, 1989, and 1991 mayoral elections. <mask> announced on January 14, 1993, that he would run for the Republican nomination and won the nomination on January 20. <mask> defeated Clavelle in the election while only winning two of the city council wards despite Clavelle having outraised <mask> and Clavelle having 220 volunteers compared to Brownll's 20. <mask>'s victory ended the Progressive Coalition's control of the mayoral office that it had held since the 1981 election and he became the first Republican to hold the office since Edward A. Keenan left office in 1965. Clavelle stated that he had lost due to him passing legislation to have Burlington pay for the health care benefits for domestic partners of city workers.Former Republican Mayor Robert K. Bing was happy with <mask>'s victory while United States Representative Bernie Sanders, who served as mayor from 1981 to 1989, stated that he was disappointed by Clavelle's defeat. <mask> victory in the 1993 election is the most recent time the Republicans have won election as mayor of Burlington. <mask> announced on January 8, 1995, that he would seek reelection to another term. However, he was defeated in the general election by Clavelle. During the campaign Clavelle had raised $41,020 and spent $40,644, Brownell raised $22,263 and spent $16,527, and Paul Lafayette raised $16,152 and spent $16,040. Tenure

In 1993, Brownell made multiple appointments which was illegal under a rarely enforced section of Burlington's city charter which required all officials appointed by the mayor to be voters in Burlington. The city council voted to approve his nomination's despite complaints from councilor Maurice Mahoney.During his tenure as mayor <mask> made multiple trips to Montpelier to lobby for a $63.9 million capitol construction bill, which included $1.3 million to buy twenty-five acres of waterfront on Lake Champlain from a land trust. The city borrowed $1.2 million from the retirement fund to develop the waterfront which made the city pay $120,000 in interest per year. Brownell proposed leasing three to five acres of the

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 waterfront to pay back the debt. <mask>'s 1993 budget reduced the city's budget by $1 million, eliminated ten positions in the city government, and reduced all general fund operating budgets while increasing property taxes by 2.8%. The budget was approved by the city council by a vote of seven to six. Brownell proposed merging the police and fire departments in 1994, but the city council voted twelve to two against the measure. On September 27, 1993, the city council voted seven to four in favor of passing legislation to create a new tax to pay for a citywide recycling program.All three Republican members of the city council voted against the tax and <mask> conducted his first veto in office against the legislation. However, the city council voted to overturn his veto on October 12, with only the Republican members voting to sustain his veto. In the 1993 election the Republicans gained one seat on the city council from the Democrats while the Progressives retained all of their seats bringing the composition of the city council to six Progressive Coalition members, four Democratic members, and three Republican members. The Republicans lost one seat on the city council in the 1994 election while the Progressive Coalition gained two seats on the fourteen-member city council. During the 1994 elections there were two ballot initiatives to increase taxes, one was a $3.5 tax increase and another was a $1.26 school tax increase, and <mask> supported both ballot measures, but both were defeated in the election. The Republicans gained two seats in the 1995 election. Vermont Senate

Elections

In 1991, <mask> had considered running for a seat in the Vermont House of Representatives to succeed Helen Riehle.After losing the mayoral election <mask> considered either running for a seat in the Vermont Senate or running for mayor again in the 1997 election. On July 11, 1996, he announced that he would run for one of six seats in the state senate from Chittenden County. <mask> placed second out of eight candidates in the Republican primary and fourth out of twelve candidates in the general election. Brownell

masks: Brownell Brownell Brownell Brownell Brownell Brownell


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 spent $11,039 during the campaign. <mask> ran for reelection in the 1998 election, placed first out of six candidates in the Republican primary, and placed fourth out of fourteen candidates in the general election. Brownell spent $9,051 during the campaign. During the 2000 election <mask> and other state senators were targeted by Reverend David Stertzbach, an anti-gay pastor, due to Brownell's support for civil unions.<mask> lost renomination in the Republican primary after placing eighth out of eight candidates and it was stated that his defeat was caused by Stertzbach. Representatives John Edwards, Marion Milne, William Fyfe, and Robert Kinsey, who had also supported civil unions, also lost renomination. He chose to not run in the general election as an independent candidate. Tenure

<mask> endorsed John Carroll for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor during the 1996 election. During his tenure in the state senate <mask> served on the General Affairs and Housing, and Education committees. <mask> considered running for a seat in the United States House of Representatives from Vermont's at-large congressional district in the 2000 election. During the 2000 presidential election <mask> supported Senator John McCain for the Republican nomination and served as McCain's campaign manager in Vermont.Later life

<mask>'s wife served as chair of the Voter Registration Board for three months in 1996, until she was replaced by Kathleen Butler, a member of the Progressive Coalition. His wife stated that she was removed as chair for political reason while Butler stated that Brownell's election as chair was only due to several members being absent. Kurt Wright, a member of the city council, proposed a resolution to call her removal "an extraordinary and high unusual vote", but it failed by a seven to six vote. His wife also served as treasurer of the Burlington Republican Party. <mask> married Linda B. Anderson on July 8, 2000. <mask> was selected to serve as director of administration for the Vermont State Board of Education in 2001. He declined to run for the Republican nomination for

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 lieutenant governor in the 2002 election.Political positions

In 1990, the Burlington city council voted to end the city's advertising in The Burlington Free Press after the newspaper ended negotiations with its union workers. Brownell voted against ending advertisement in the newspapers stating that it was government intrusion into a private business. He supports abortion. The Burlington city council voted seven to five, with Brownell against, in favor of a resolution opposing military action against Iraq calling for President George H. W. Bush to find avoid military action in the defense of the Gulf countries against Iraq. However, the city council later voted seven to five, with Brownell in favor, in favor of a resolution, which was sponsored by <mask>, praising President Bush and gave support to the United States' soldiers in Saudi Arabia. In 1992, Brownell voted against making Arad, Israel, and Bethlehem sister cities of Burlington stating that he believes that it was "beyond the scope of what a small city should do". Bronwell supported school choice and was a member of the Vermonters for Educational Choice committee.<mask> and Senator Nancy Chard considered redistricting Vermont's school districts to decrease them from sixty-two to fourteen, which would have been one per county. The state senate voted seventeen to thirteen, with <mask> against, against legislation to amend the Constitution of Vermont to only allow marriages between one man and one woman. The state senate voted twenty-one to nine, with Brownell against, against amending the Vermont Constitution to overturn a ruling by the Vermont Supreme Court giving same-sex couples the rights and benefits of marriage. The state senate voted nineteen to eleven, with <mask> in favor, in favor of allowing civil unions for same-sex couples. Electoral history

References

External links
 <mask>'s 1993 inaugural address
 <mask>'s farewell address

1948 births
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Living people
Mayors of Burlington, Vermont
Politicians from Burlington, Vermont
University of Vermont

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Brownell
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<mask> (; born 31 May 1971) is a German soprano who achieved international fame for her performances, primarily in opera, but also in concert and lieder. She has been successful in coloratura soprano roles since her early career, and gradually proceeded into heavier roles 19th-century Italian bel canto repertoire. Her signature roles include the Queen of the Night in The Magic Flute, Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos, Lucia in Lucia di Lammermoor, and Violetta in La traviata. Educated at the Hochschule für Musik Würzburg, she had been engaged at the opera companies in Würzburg, Mannheim, and Frankfurt. Since beginning her freelance career in 2002, she has been performing on leading stages frequently, such as the Bavarian State Opera, Vienna State Opera, and Metropolitan Opera, where she appeared in consecutive 12 seasons since her debut in 2005/06. She also leads concert performances with French bass-baritone Nicholas Testé, whom she married in 2010. Damrau has recorded dozens of opera and lieder recital albums since signing to EMI/Virgin Classics (absorbed into Warner/Erato Records in 2013).She was invested as Bavarian Kammersängerin and has been awarded the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art and the Bavarian Order of Merit. Early life
<mask> was born in Günzburg, Bavaria on 31 May 1971. She was inspired to become an opera singer after watching Zeffirelli's 1983 film of La traviata, which featured Plácido Domingo and Teresa Stratas. She began her operatic studies with  at the Hochschule für Musik Würzburg. During her studies, she developed an edema on a vocal cord. After consulting with several doctors, she decided to undergo an alternative therapy without surgery. The treatment lasted about one and a half years.After graduating from music conservatory she worked in Salzburg with Hanna Ludwig. Career

Early career, debuts, coloratura soprano roles
Damrau made her operatic debut in 1995

masks:
Diana Damrau
Damrau


texts: as Barbarina in The Marriage of Figaro at the Mainfranken Theater Würzburg. In the next two years, she was engaged at the same theatre, featuring as Eliza Doolittle in My Fair Lady, and then as the Queen of the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute, her debut in that role, and in the world premiere of Salieri's Cublai, gran kan de' Tartari (1998). Next, she performed with the Mannheim National Theatre and Oper Frankfurt for two years each. She made her Bavarian State Opera debut in 1999 with Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos, and her Vienna State Opera debut with the Queen of the Night in 2000. In 2001, she made her Salzburg Festival debut, portraying the Naiad alongside Natalie Dessay's Zerbinetta; she became a regular in Salzburg and returned in the subsequent six editions. Since 2002, she embarked a freelance career, and had frequent engagements with the Bavarian State Opera in roles such as Adele in Die Fledermaus, Marzelline in Fidelio, and the Queen of the Night.She took part in the world premiere of Cehra's Der Riese vom Steinfeld in the role of Small Woman in Vienna. Her engagements in Salzburg consist exclusively of roles in Mozart operas: The Magic Flute (Queen of the Night, 2002), Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Blonde, 2003; Konstanze, 2004), The Marriage of Figaro (Susanna, 2007). In the 2006 edition, which celebrated Mozart's 200th anniversary, she played the Queen of the Night in the premiere of Pierre Audi's production of The Magic Flute, and Fauno in Ascanio in Alba. Damrau made her Royal Opera, London debut in January 2003, in David McVicar's new production of The Magic Flute, and then appeared in Arabella (Fiakermilli), Ariadne auf Naxos (Zerbinetta), and the world premiere of Maazel's 1984 in two consecutive seasons. At the Opera Frankfurt, she sang her first Konstanze in Die Entführung, a role she then repeated in Munich and Salzburg. In March 2004, she sang the role of Zdenka in


texts:
 Arabella for the first time in Munich. In December 2004, she was invited to sing the title role in Salieri's Europa riconosciuta, conducted by Riccardo Muti, for the reopening of La Scala in Milan.In 2005, she portrayed Gilda in the premiere of Doris Dörrie's controversial production of Rigoletto in Munich, and later in the year, made her Metropolitan Opera debut in New York City in the role of Zerbinetta. Transition, more lyric soprano and bel canto roles
Damrau sang her first Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro in February 2006 at La Scala, and subsequently in Vienna. Apart from Konstanze in a new production co-produced with the Burgtheater, she had been featured at the Vienna State Opera in three consecutive seasons with several other roles. Since her debut in the 2005/06 season, she appeared in consecutive seasons at the Met, where she starred in new productions of The Barber of Seville (Rosina, 2006), Die ägyptische Helena (Aithra, 2007), and Rossini's comic opera Le comte Ory (Countess Adèle, 2011), besides revivals of Die Enführung aus dem Serail, Lucia di Lammermoor (role debut as Lucia), La fille du régiment, Rigoletto, and L'elisir d'amore. She made Metropolitan Opera history in the 2007/08 season by appearing as both Pamina and the Queen of the Night in different performances of The Magic Flute in the same run, after which she retired from playing the Queen, a role that she had sung in more than 15 productions. She made guest appearances at the Teatro Real (Zerbinetta), Semperoper in Dresden (Gilda), Theater an der Wien (Pamina), Festspielhaus Baden-Baden (Sophie in Der Rosenkavalier). She continued to be associated with the Bavarian State Opera, with performances including a new production of Ariadne auf Naxos in 2008.In the 2008/09 season she returned to Royal Opera, London for Gretel in Hänsel und Gretel and Adina in L'elisir d'amore. The 2009/10 season saw her Rosina and role debut


texts:
 in the title role in Manon (Vienna State Opera), role debuts of Marie in La fille du régiment (San Francisco Opera) and Donna Anna in Don Giovanni (Grand Théâtre de Genève), and her last Konstanze at the Liceu, in the 2003 Christof Loy production she premiered. Damrau has furthered her exploration of the bel canto repertoire with highlights including role debut in Elvira in I puritani in Geneva in January 2011, and the title role in Donizetti's Linda di Chamounix at the Liceu. She has since brought her portrayal in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor to Berlin and Vienna. She premiered in a new production of Strauss' Die schweigsame Frau at the 2010 Munich Opera Festival, and portrayed all four heroines in Offenbach's The Tales of Hoffmann in a new production at the Bavarian State Opera premiered in October 2011. In May 2012, she returned to Geneva for Philine in Ambroise Thomas' Mignon. Following the birth of her second child in autumn 2012, Damrau returned to the stage with a new production of Verdi's Rigoletto at the Metropolitan Opera in February 2013; this was followed by her role debut in the title role of Verdi's La traviata in the same house.In October 2013, she sang in the world premiere of Iain Bell's A Harlot's Progress at the Theater an der Wien. In March 2014 she sang in La sonnambula at the Metropolitan Opera. She debuted in the role of Countess d'Almaviva in the new production of The Marriage of Figaro at La Scala, which premiered on 26 October 2016. She took up the title role in Maria Stuarda at the Zürich Opera House in April 2018. In 2019 she debuted as Ophélie in Hamlet in concert performances at the Liceu and later at the Deutsche Oper Berlin. Concert career
As well as performing in operas, Damrau is a regular on the concert stage. She performed alongside Plácido Domingo at the concert program "3 Orchester und Stars" in Munich to mark the opening of the 2006 FIFA World Cup.She


texts:
 has performed lieder at Vienna's Musikverein, Carnegie Hall, Wigmore Hall, La Scala, the Schubertiade in Schwarzenberg, the Kissinger Sommer and both the Munich and Salzburg Festivals, especially with Xavier de Maistre as her accompanist. Her concert repertoire includes Mozart's Great Mass in C minor, Requiem and Exsultate, jubilate as well as Handel's Messiah. She has performed with conductors as James Levine, Zubin Mehta, Lorin Maazel, Sir Colin Davis, Christoph von Dohnányi, Leonard Slatkin, Pierre Boulez, Nikolaus Harnoncourt and Jesús López Cobos. Personal life
Damrau married French bass-baritone Nicolas Testé in May 2010. They have two sons, Alexander and Colyn, born respectively in October 2010 and October 2012. The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 January 2020 (). Discography
Early recordings include Verdi's canzoni, Mahler's Des Knaben Wunderhorn, and Schumann's Myrthen, Op.25, with the Telos label and live recordings of her summer 2005 Liederabend at the Salzburg Festival and her summer 2006 Liederabend at the Schubertiade are released on the Orfeo label. Damrau also appears on Deutsche Harmonia Mundi's release of Mozart's Zaide in the title role, and performs in the trio finale from Richard Strauss' Der Rosenkavalier alongside Adrianne Pieczonka on Elīna Garanča's first solo release with Deutsche Grammophon. Since 2007 Damrau has had an exclusive recording contract with EMI/Virgin. Arie di Bravura, her first release (2007) is a recital of Mozart, Righini and Salieri arias; Le Cercle de l'Harmonie, Jérémie Rhorer. Donna: Opera and Concert Arias by Mozart (November 2008) is a collection of Mozart opera and concert arias; Rhorer and Le Cercle de l'Harmonie. Coloraturas (November 2009). Munich Radio Orchestra, Dan Ettinger.Poesie: Richard Strauss Lieder (January 2011) is a collection of Richard Strauss' orchestral songs; Munich Philharmonic, Christian Thielemann.


texts:
 Liszt Lieder (October 2011) is a collection of classical songs by Liszt, accompanied by pianist Helmut Deutsch. Forever (2013) is a collection of operetta and musical theatre numbers; Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, David Charles Abell. Fiamma del belcanto (2015) is a collection of belcanto compositions by Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi, Puccini and Leoncavallo; recorded with the Orchestra Teatro Regio Torino, Gianandrea Noseda. Meyerbeer: Grand Opera (2017) is a recording of pieces by Giacomo Meyerbeer; Orchestre de l'Opéra National de Lyon, Emmanuel Villaume. Robert Schumann: Myrthen Op. 25 (2018).Iván Paley, Stephan Matthias Lademann. (Profil/Hänssler)
 Hugo Wolf: Italienisches Liederbuch (2019) with Jonas Kaufmann, accompanied by Helmut Deutsch
Richard Strauss: Vier letzte Lieder, Lieder (2020). Mariss Jansons, Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks, Helmut Deutsch. Tudor Queens (2020). Antonio Pappano, Chorus and Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia. Videography
DVDs are available of her performances in the following operas:

 Rossini's Le comte Ory (Metropolitan Opera)
 Verdi's Rigoletto (Semperoper Dresden, Metropolitan Opera)
 Strauss's Rosenkavalier (Baden Baden)
 Humperdinck's Hansel and Gretel (Covent Garden)
 Mozart's The Magic Flute (Covent Garden, Salzburg Festival)
 Mozart's Ascanio in Alba (Salzburg Festival)
 Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Oper Frankfurt)
 Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Liceu)
 Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro (La Scala)
 Lorin Maazel's 1984 (Covent Garden)

Streaming videos are available at Met Opera on Demand of her performances in the following operas:

 Rossini's Le comte Ory (9 April 2011)
 Verdi's Rigoletto (16 February 2013)
 Bizet's Les pêcheurs de perles (16 January 2016)
 Gounod's Roméo et Juliette (21 January 2017)
 Verdi's La traviata (15 December 2018)

Opera roles
Roles which have been fully performed on stage or in


texts: <mask> (30 November 1016; , ; sometimes also known as <mask>) was King of the English from 23 April to 30 November 1016. He was the son of King Æthelred the Unready and his first wife, Ælfgifu of York. <mask>'s reign was marred by a war he had inherited from his father; his cognomen "Ironside" was given to him "because of his valour" in resisting the Danish invasion led by Cnut the Great. <mask> was not expected to be King of England; however, by June 1014 two elder brothers had died, making him heir apparent. At the end of the same year, England was conquered by Sweyn Forkbeard, who died shortly thereafter. Æthelred was able to reclaim the throne, despite opposition. Sweyn's son, Cnut, was defeated and returned to Denmark, where he assembled an invasion force to re-conquer England.It would not arrive for another year. After regaining the throne, the royal family set about strengthening its hold on the country with the assistance of Eadric Streona (<mask>'s brother-in-law). People who had sided with the Danes in 1014 were punished, and some were killed. In one case, two brothers, Morcar and Sigeferth, were killed and their possessions were taken by Æthelred. Sigeferth's widow  Ealdgyth was imprisoned within a monastery, but she had already captured <mask>'s attention. Cnut returned to England in August 1015. Over the next few months, Cnut pillaged most of England.<mask> joined Æthelred to defend London, but in 1016 <mask> unofficially named himself the Earl of the East Midlands and raised a revolt against his father.

masks:
Edmund Ironside
Edmund II
Edmund
Edmund
Edmund
Edmund
Edmund
Edmund


texts:
 Without the king's permission he took Ealdgyth from the monastery, and married her; it would have been a politically advantageous marriage, since she was a member of one of the strongest families in the Midlands. Æthelred died on 23 April 1016, making <mask> king. It was not until the summer of 1016 that any serious fighting was done: <mask> fought five battles against the Danes, ending in his defeat on 18 October at the Battle of Assandun, after which they agreed to divide the kingdom, <mask> taking Wessex and Cnut the rest of the country. <mask> died shortly afterwards on 30 November, leaving two sons, Edward and <mask>; however, Cnut became the king of all England, and exiled the remaining members of <mask>'s family. Early life
The exact date of <mask>'s birth is unclear, but it could have been no later than 993 when he was a signatory to charters along with his two elder brothers. He was the third of the six sons of King Æthelred the Unready and his first wife, Ælfgifu, who was probably the daughter of Earl Thored of Northumbria.His elder brothers were Æthelstan (died 1014) and Egbert (died c. 1005), and younger ones, Eadred, Eadwig and Edgar. He had four sisters, Eadgyth (or Edith), Ælfgifu, Wulfhilda, and the Abbess of Wherwell Abbey. His mother died around 1000, after which his father remarried, this time to Emma of Normandy, who had two sons, Edward the Confessor and Alfred and a daughter Goda. Æthelstan and <mask> were close, and they probably felt threatened by Emma's ambitions for her sons. The Life of

masks: Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund


texts:
 Edward the Confessor, written fifty years later, claimed that when Emma was pregnant with him, all Englishmen promised that if the child was a boy they would accept him as king. However that claim may just be propaganda. Warrior prince
When Sweyn Forkbeard seized the throne at the end of 1013 and Æthelred fled to Normandy, the brothers do not appear to have followed him, but stayed in England.Æthelstan died in June 1014 and left <mask> a sword which had belonged to king Offa of Mercia. His will also reflected the close relationship between the brothers and the nobility of the East Midlands. Sweyn died in February 1014, and the Five Boroughs accepted his son Cnut as king. However, Æthelred returned to England and launched a surprise attack which defeated the Vikings and forced Cnut to flee England. In 1015 Sigeferth and Morcar came to an assembly in Oxford, probably hoping for a royal pardon, but they were murdered by Eadric Streona. King Æthelred then ordered that Sigeferth's widow, Ealdgyth, be seized and brought to Malmesbury Abbey, but <mask> seized and married her in defiance of his father, probably to consolidate his power base in the East Midlands. He then received the submission of the people of the Five Boroughs.At the same time, Cnut launched a new invasion of England. In late 1015 <mask> raised an army, possibly assisted by his wife's and mother's links with the midlands and the north, but the Mercians under Eadric Streona joined the West Saxons in submitting to Cnut. In early 1016 the army assembled by

masks: Edmund Edmund Edmund


texts:
 <mask> dispersed when Æthelred did not appear to lead it, probably because of illness. <mask> then raised a new army and in conjunction with Earl Uhtred of Northumbria ravaged Eadric Streona's Mercian territories, but when Cnut occupied Northumbria Uhtred submitted to him, only to be killed by Cnut. <mask> went to London. King of England
Æthelred died on 23 April 1016, and the citizens and councillors in London chose <mask> as king and probably crowned him, while the rest of the Witan, meeting at Southampton, elected Cnut. <mask> then mounted a last-ditch effort to revive the defence of England.While the Danes laid siege to London, <mask> headed for Wessex, where the people submitted to him and he gathered an army. He fought inconclusive battles against the Danes and their English supporters at Penselwood in Somerset and Sherston in Wiltshire. He then raised the siege of London, which had been successfully resisted by the citizens, and defeated the Danes near Brentford. They renewed the siege while <mask> went to Wessex to raise further troops, returning to again relieve London, defeat the Danes at Otford, and pursue Cnut into Kent. Eadric Streona now went over to <mask>, but at the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October, Eadric and his men fled and Cnut decisively defeated <mask>. There may have been one further battle in the Forest of Dean, after which the two kings, persuaded by the Witan, negotiated a peace dividing the country between them. <mask> received Wessex while Cnut took Mercia and probably

masks: Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund


texts:
 Northumbria.Death

On 30 November 1016, <mask> died. The location of his death is uncertain, though it is generally accepted that it occurred in London, rather than in Oxford where Henry of Huntingdon claimed it to be in his version of events, which included <mask>'s death from multiple stab-wounds whilst he was defecating on a privy. Geoffrey Gaimar narrates a similar occurrence with the weapon being a crossbow; but with a number of other medieval chroniclers, including the Encomium Emmae Reginae, not mentioning murder, it is thought <mask>'s cause of death may possibly have been wounds received in battle or some disease. It is certainly possible, however, that he was murdered. <mask> was buried near his grandfather King Edgar the Peaceful at Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset. However, the abbey was destroyed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century, and any remains of a monument or crypt may have been plundered; hence the location of his remains is unclear. Reputation
In the view of M. K. Lawson, the intensity of <mask>'s struggle against the Danes in 1016 is only matched by Alfred the Great's in 871, and contrasts with Æthelred's failure.<mask>'s success in raising one army after another suggests that there was little wrong with the organs of government under competent leadership. He was "probably a highly determined, skilled and indeed inspiring leader of men". Cnut visited his tomb on the anniversary of his death and laid a cloak decorated with peacocks on it to assist in his salvation,

masks: Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund Edmund


texts:
 peacocks symbolising resurrection. Descendants
<mask> had two children by Ealdgyth: Edward the Exile and <mask>ling. According to John of Worcester, Cnut sent them to Sweden where he probably hoped they would be murdered and forgotten, but King Olof of Sweden instead forwarded them on to Kiev, where his daughter Ingegerd was the grand princess. The boys eventually ended up in Hungary where <mask> died but Edward prospered. Edward returned from exile to England in 1057 only to die within a few days of his arrival.His son Edgar Ætheling was briefly proclaimed king after the Battle of Hastings in 1066, but later submitted to William the Conqueror. Edgar lived a long and eventful life: fighting in rebellion against William the Conqueror from 1067 to 1075; fighting alongside the Conqueror's son Robert Curthose in campaigns in Sicily (1085–1087); and accompanying Robert on the First Crusade (1099–1103). He was still alive in 1125. In 1070 Edward the Exile's daughter, Margaret, became queen of Scotland. Through her and her descendants, <mask> is the ancestor of subsequent British monarchs. In culture

 <mask> is an Elizabethan play about him, which some critics believe to be a very early work by William Shakespeare. <mask> is played by John Horn in the 1970 television movie The Ceremony of Innocence.<mask> is one of the main characters in Justin Hill's novel Shieldwall (2011), first in the Conquest Trilogy. <mask> is a recurring character in the 2022 Netflix historical drama series Vikings: Valhalla, played by Louis

masks:
Edmund
Edmund Æthe
Edmund
Edmund
Edmund Ironside
Edmund
Edmund
Edmund


texts:
 Davison. See also
 House of Wessex family tree

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
 Clemoes, Peter. The Anglo-Saxons: Studies Presented to Bruce Dickins, 1959

External links

Monarchs of England before 1066
10th-century births
1016 deaths
Burials at Glastonbury Abbey
Anglo-Saxon warriors
10th-century English people
11th-century English monarchs
Christian monarchs
House of


texts:
<mask> "Trudi" Duby Blom (born <mask>; July 7, 1901 – December 23, 1993)  was a Swiss journalist, social anthropologist, and documentary photographer who spent five decades chronicling the Mayan cultures of Chiapas, Mexico, particularly the culture of the Lacandon Maya. In later life, she also became an environmental activist. Blom's former home Casa Na Bolom is a research and cultural center devoted to the protection and preservation of the Lacandon Maya and La Selva Lacandona rain forest. Europe 1901-1940
<mask> was born in the Swiss Alps, in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. She grew up in the village of Wimmis, where her father Otto Lörtscher was a minister and much of her childhood play was influenced by the wild west tales of Karl May. After completing a horticulture degree in 1918, Blom attended a school for social work in Zurich. There she became a member of the Socialist Party and developed an interest in journalism and politics.She left school and traveled throughout Europe, speaking and organizing on behalf of the Socialist Party. In 1925 she married Kurt Düby (1900–1951). Her marriage ended a few years later when Blom moved to Germany to report on Adolf Hitler and growing Nazi brutality for Swiss newspapers. Working as an anti-fascist organizer, speaker, and journalist led Blom to Paris, where she joined the international movement against Hitler's Germany. In 1939, after Blom was arrested and deported back to Switzerland, she planned to travel to New York and raise funds for war refugees, but a sudden change of heart led her to join the mass emigration of  pacifists, communists, labor leaders, artists and Jews welcomed to Mexico by President Lázaro Cárdenas. Mexico

masks:
Gertrude
Gertrude Elisabeth Lörtscher
Gertrude Bm


texts:
 1940-1969
In Mexico City, Blom was hired as a government social worker to study and report on the working conditions of Mexican women. Later, while researching women who had fought as zapatistas with Emiliano Zapata's revolutionary army, Blom bought her first camera to help document her work.In 1943, influenced by the adventures of French anthropologist Jacques Soustelle, whose book on jungle exploration she had read on the boat to Mexico, Blom convinced a government minister to let her join a Chiapas expedition going in search of the legendary and rarely photographed Lacandon Maya. Blom later credited her attractive appearance and the camera she wore around her neck for her place on this first official Lacandon expedition, which was to be conducted on horseback. Blom had never ridden a horse before. Not only did Blom become an expert horsewoman, photograph the Lacandon, and write a book about the 1943 expedition, she found in the Lacandon Mayan people and their jungle home her life's avocation. Later that year, on a second expedition to visit another Lacandon settlement, she met Frans Blom, a Danish archeologist and cartographer who was in the jungle searching for the Mayan ruin of Bonampak. They teamed up on several subsequent jungle explorations, which later provided the material for a two-volume study La Selva Lacandona. By 1951, Frans and <mask>lom had married.To be closer to the jungle, they moved from Mexico City to San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. With an inheritance from Frans' mother, the Bloms purchased a neoclassical building on the outskirts of San Cristóbal de las Casas. It was built in 1891 and was originally intended to be a seminary. They restored the


texts:
 building and grounds and renamed it Casa Na Bolom, or House of the Jaguar. To support the household and Frans' Mayan studies, the Bloms took in paying guests for meals. Eventually, Casa Na Bolom evolved into an inn attracting visitors from all over the world, including archeologists from major American universities and guests as notable as Diego Rivera, François Mitterrand, Helen Hayes, and Henry Kissinger. For the next 12 years, until Frans <mask>'s death in 1963, the Bloms shared a passion for expeditions in search of Mayan ruins.On  these trips and sometimes as a paid jungle guide for others, <mask> continued photographing the Mayan people. She had little interest in the technical side of photography. Blom considered her camera a tool for documenting the people and culture of a rapidly changing place. Once a picture was taken, Blom often lost interest or forgot to develop prints. Mexico 1970-1993
In the early 1970s the direction of Blom's life changed yet again. She had become increasingly disturbed by the systematic deforestation of La Selva Lacandona by loggers, immigrant settlers, the petroleum industry, and the Mexican government. Blom decided she must speak out, and thus became one of the first environmental activists of the twentieth century.On her own, she made lecture tours with slide shows of her documentary photographs, traveling in Mexico, the United States, Germany and Switzerland to raise awareness of the irreparable damage being done to the jungle. She wrote hundreds of articles in three different languages protesting Mexican policies. Blom appeared on Mexican television shows and lobbied Mexican government officials. In 1975, within the grounds of Na Bolom,

masks:
Blom
Gertrude Bm


texts:
 she started El Vivero, a tree nursery which has distributed thousands of free trees for reforestation. In her essay The Jungle is Burning, Blom writes "If mankind continues abusing the planet as we are today, the effects in the near future will be far worse than the devastation that would be caused by any atomic bomb." In 1983 Blom oversaw the first published collection of her photographs Gertrude Blom - Bearing Witness, a project sponsored by The Center for Documentary Studies, Duke University. Reina de la Selva, a film of Blom's life in which she appears, was made by Robert Cozens in 1989.Blom died at age 92. She was buried next to Frans Blom in the municipal cemetery of San Cristobal de Las Casas. In 2011, the remains of Frans and <mask>lom were disinterred and transported to the jungle village of Naha, Chiapas where Blom had kept a jungle camp for many years. The Bloms were finally laid to rest according to their wishes, in La Selva Lacandona and near the grave of Chan K'in Viejo, a Lacandon spiritual leader whom Blom considered her best friend. References

External links and other resources

 Documentary Photographs of <mask> Blom
 Casa Na Bolom and Na Bolom Cultural Association
 The house of the jaguar: The engaged anthropology of <mask> Blom at Museo Na Bolom by Mary L. Robison
 Traveler's Tales Mexico

 Blom, <mask>. Imagenes lacandones. Coneculta, Libros de Chiapas, 1999.Swiss women anthropologists
Social anthropologists
Swiss Mesoamericanists
Women Mesoamericanists
Mesoamerican anthropologists
Mayanists
20th-century Mesoamericanists
1901 births
1993 deaths
Swiss women photographers
Swiss women journalists
20th-century women scientists
20th-century women

masks:
Gertrude B
Gertrude Duby
Gertrude Duby
Gertrude Duby


texts:
<mask> (23 July 1824 – 5 July 1907) was a German philosopher, a historian of philosophy and a critic. Biography

After studying philosophy at Leipzig and Halle,
became a privatdocent at Heidelberg in 1850. The Baden government in 1853 laid an embargo on his teaching owing to his liberal ideas, but the effect of this was to rouse considerable sympathy for his views, and in 1856 he obtained a professorship at Jena, where he soon acquired great influence by the dignity of his personal character. In 1872, on Eduard Zeller's move to Berlin, <mask> succeeded him as professor of philosophy and the history of modern German literature at Heidelberg. He was a brilliant lecturer and possessed a remarkable gift for clear exposition. His fame rests primarily on his work as a historian and commentator of philosophy. As far as his philosophical views were concerned, he was, generally speaking, a follower of the Hegelian school.His writings in this direction, especially his interpretation of Kant, involved him in a quarrel with F. A. Trendelenburg, professor of philosophy at the University of Berlin, and his followers. In 1860, <mask>'s Kants Leben und die Grundlagen seiner Lehre (Kant's life and the foundations of his doctrine) lent the first real impulse to the so-called “return to Kant.”

In honor of his 80th birthday, celebrated in 1904, Otto Liebmann, Wilhelm Wundt, Theodor Lipps and others published Die Philosophie im Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Festschrift für <mask> <mask> (Heidelberg, 1907). Philosophy
One of <mask>'s most

masks:
Ernst Kuno Berthold Fischer
Fischer
Fischer
Kuno
Fischer
Fischer


texts:
 significant and lasting contributions to philosophy was the use of the empiricism/rationalism distinction in categorising philosophers, particularly those of the 17th and 18th centuries. These include John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume in the empiricist category and René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza and G.W. Leibniz in the rationalist category.Empiricism, it is said, claims that human knowledge is derived from sensation, i.e. experience, while rationalism claims that certain knowledge can be acquired before experience through pure principles. Although influential, in more recent times this distinction has been questioned as anachronistic in its failure to represent precisely the exact claims and methodologies of the philosophers it categorises. Reception
<mask> <mask>'s History of Modern Philosophy had a strong impact on Friedrich Nietzsche and his view on modern philosophy, particularly regarding Spinoza. Frege and W. Somerset Maugham were amongst his students. Hermann Weyl, writing about pre-WWII academic life in Germany, told the following anecdote about <mask>:

A little anecdote of German university life in the nineties may illustrate the point. <mask> <mask>, a second-rate philosopher at Heidelberg, was one day disturbed by the noise of workers who were putting in new cobblestones in the street before his house.He had at that time been offered a professorship in Berlin. So he opened his window and shouted to the workmen, "If you don't stop that noise at once, I'll accept the call to Berlin". Whereupon the

masks: Kuno Fischer Fischer Kuno Fischer