texts:
 2002 <mask> had looked into complaints by Ericsson over the conduct of Motorola in trying to win a contract, and on the basis of his findings, the contract was awarded to Ericsson. <mask> was not accused of wrongdoing in this case. Later career

PDP leader
In June 2004 <mask> was elected as PDP National Vice Chairman for the North West Zone, which consisted of the states of Kaduna, Katsina, Kano, Kebbi, Sokoto, Jigawa and Zamfara.< In March 2008 <mask> became Deputy National Chairman of the PDP. In August 2008, <mask> received the Diamond Nigerian Telecoms Award at a ceremony in Lagos. In January 2011 he was appointed Acting National Chairman of the PDP after Okwesilieze Nwodo was suspended by the Enugu High Court. <mask> supported a change to the PDP's zoning system so that President Goodluck Jonathan could run for reelection in 2011, rather than making a northerner the party's candidate.Minister of Defense

<mask> was Minister of Defense under President Goodluck Jonathan between 2011 and 2012. He was removed on 22 June 2012 during a period of escalating security problems in the north including bomb attacks by Boko Haram extremists. Acting Chairman of the PDP

Following the resignation of PDP Board of Trustees (BOT) Chairman, Anthony Anenih, the BOT appointed <mask> <mask> as its Acting Chairman. <mask>’s nomination was endorsed on 25 May 2015 by the BOT at a meeting at the Aso Rock presidential villa in Abuja. The decision was unexpected, as Anenih had said he was resigning so that Jonathan could take the post. On 10 February 2016, Bello was relieved of his duty after it was revealed that he was being prosecuted in connection with the alleged diversion of arms procurement funds. Controversy
The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission has already filed charges against him for their alleged role in the diversion of funds meant for the procurement of arms in the office of the National Security Adviser.References

Living people
Federal ministers of Nigeria
1945 births
Ahmadu Bello University alumni
Ahmadu Bello University faculty
National Working Committee chairs
People from Kebbi

masks: Mohammed Mohammed Mohammed Mohammed Mohammed Mohammed Mohammed Haliru Mohammed Mohammed


type: original

texts:
<mask> (29 July 1954 — 31 December 2001) was an Indian stockbroker. <mask>'s involvement in the 1992 Indian securities scam made him infamous as a market manipulator. Of the 27 criminal charges brought against <mask>, he was only convicted of four, before his death (by sudden heart attack) at age 47 in 2001. It was alleged that <mask> engaged in a massive stock manipulation scheme financed by worthless bank receipts, which his firm brokered for "ready forward" transactions between banks. <mask> was convicted by the Bombay High Court and the Supreme Court of India for his part in a financial scandal valued at  which took place on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). The scandal exposed the loopholes in the Indian banking system and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) transaction system, and consequently the SEBI introduced new rules to cover those loopholes. He was on trial for 9 years, until he died at the end of 2001.Early life
<mask> Shantilal <mask> was born on 29 July 1954, at Paneli Moti, Rajkot district, in a Gujarati Jain family. His early childhood was spent in Borivali, where his father was a small-time textile businessman. Education
He did his early study in Janta Public School, Camp 2 Bhilai. A cricket enthusiast, <mask> did not show any special promise in school and came to Mumbai after his schooling for studies and to find work. <mask> completed his B.Com in 1976 from Lala Lajpatrai College, Bombay and worked a number of odd jobs for the next eight years. Work and life
Jobs, often related to sales, including selling hosiery, cement, and sorting diamonds. <mask> started his career as a sales person in the Mumbai office of New India Assurance Company Limited (NIACL).During this time, he got interested in the stock market and after a few days, resigned and joined a brokerage firm. In the early 1980s, he moved to a lower level clerical job at the brokerage firm Harjivandas Nemidas Securities  where he worked a jobber for the broker Prasann Pranjivandas Broker who he considered his "Guru". Over a period of ten years,

masks:
Harshad Shantilal Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Harshad
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta
Mehta


texts: beginning 1980, he served in positions of increasing responsibility at a series of brokerage firms. By 1990, he had risen to a position of prominence in the Indian securities industry, with the media (including popular magazines such as Business Today) touting him as "Amitabh Bachchan of the Stock market". Grow More Research and Asset Management, with the financial assistance of associates, when the BSE auctioned a broker's card. He actively started to trade in 1986. By early 1990, a number of eminent people began to invest in his firm, and utilize his services.It was at this time that he began trading heavily in the shares of Associated Cement Company (ACC). The price of shares in the cement company eventually rose from 200 to nearly 9,000 due to a massive spate of buying from a set of brokers including <mask>. <mask> justified this excessive trading in ACC shares by stating that the stock had been undervalued, and that the market had simply corrected when it revalued the company at a price equivalent to the cost of building a similar enterprise; the so-called "replacement cost theory" that he had put forward. During this period, especially in 1990–1991, the media portrayed a heightened deified image of <mask>, calling him "The Big Bull". He was covered in a cover page article of a number of publications including the popular economic magazine Business Today, in an article titled "Raging Bull". His flashy lifestyle of a sea facing 15,000 square feet penthouse in the tony area of Worli complete with a mini golf course and swimming pool, and his fleet of cars including a Toyota Corolla,  Lexus LS400, and Toyota Sera were flashed in publications. These further exemplified his image at a time when these were rarities even for the rich people of India.In criminal indictments later brought by the authorities, it was alleged that <mask> and his associates then undertook a much broader scheme, which resulted in manipulating the rise in the Bombay Stock Exchange. The scheme was financed by supposedly collateralised bank

masks: Mehta Mehta Mehta Mehta


texts:
 receipts, which were in fact uncollateralised. The bank receipts were used in short-term bank-to-bank lending, known as "ready forward" transactions, which <mask>'s firm brokered. By the second half of 1991 <mask> had earned the nickname of the "Big Bull", because he was said to have started the bull run in the stock market. Some of the people who worked in his firm included Ketan Parekh, who later would be involved in his own replicate scam. Background of the 1992 security fraud

Stamp paper fraud
Up to the early 90's banks in India were not allowed to invest in the equity markets. However, they were expected to post profits and to retain a certain ratio (threshold) of their assets in government fixed interest bonds.<mask> cleverly squeezed capital out of the banking system to address this requirement of banks and pumped this money into the share market. He also promised the banks higher rates of interest, while asking them to transfer the money into his personal account, under the guise of buying securities for them from other banks. At that time, a bank had to go through a broker to buy securities and forward bonds from other banks. <mask> used this money temporarily in his account to buy shares, thus hiking up demand of certain shares (of good established companies like ACC, Sterlite Industries and Videocon) dramatically, selling them off, passing on a part of the proceeds to the bank and kept the rest for himself. This resulted in stocks like ACC (which was trading in 1991 for ₹200/share) skyrocketing to nearly ₹9,000 in just 3 months. Bank receipt fraud
Another instrument used in a big way was the bank receipt. In a ready forward deal, securities were not moved back and forth in actuality.Instead, the borrower, i.e. the seller of securities, gave the buyer of the securities a BR. The BR serves as a receipt from the selling bank, and also promises that the buyer will receive the securities they have paid for at the end of the terms. Having figured this out, <mask> needed banks, which could issue fake BRs, or

masks: Mehta Mehta Mehta Mehta Mehta


texts:
 BRs not backed by any government securities. Once these fake BRs were issued, they were passed on to other banks and the banks in turn gave money to <mask>, plainly assuming that they were lending against government securities when this was not really the case. He took the price of ACC from ₹200 to ₹9,000 (an increase of 4,400%). Since he had to book profits in the end, the day he sold was the day when the markets crashed.Outbreak of 1992 securities fraud

On 23 April 1992, journalist Sucheta Dalal exposed illegal methods in a column in The Times of India. <mask> was dipping illegally into the banking system to finance his buying. A typical ready forward deal involved two banks brought together by a broker in lieu of a commission. The broker handles neither the cash nor the securities, though that was not the case in the lead-up to the fraud. In this settlement process, deliveries of securities and payments were made through the broker. That is, the seller handed over the securities to the broker, who passed them to the buyer, while the buyer gave the cheque to the broker, who then made the payment to the seller. In this settlement process, the buyer and the seller might not even know whom they had traded with, either being known only to the broker.This the brokers could manage primarily because by now they had become market makers and had started trading on their account. To keep up a semblance of legality, they pretended to be undertaking the transactions on behalf of a bank. <mask> used forged BRs to gain unsecured loans, and used several small banks to issue BRs on demand. Once these fake BRs were issued, they were passed on to other banks and the banks in turn gave money to <mask>, assuming that they were lending against government securities when this was not really the case. This money was used to drive up the prices of stocks in the stock market. When time came to return the money, the shares were sold for a profit and the BR was retired. The money due to the bank was returned.This went on as long as the


texts:
 stock prices kept going up, and no one had a clue about <mask>'s operations. Once the fraud was exposed, though, a lot of banks were left holding BRs which did not have any value – the banking system had been swindled out of a whopping . They knew that they would be accused if people came to know about his involvement in issuing cheques to <mask>. Subsequently, it transpired that Citibank, brokers like Pallav Sheth and Ajay Kayan, industrialists like Aditya Birla, Hemendra Kothari, a number of politicians, and the RBI Governor S.Venkitaramanan all had played a role in allowing or facilitating <mask>'s market rigging. In popular culture

Books
 <mask>'s life and his 1992 scam are covered in great detail by Sucheta Dalal and Debashis Basu in their book The Scam: from <mask> <mask> To Ketan Parekh. Films and television
 Scam 1992,  streaming on SonyLIV and produced by Applause Entertainment is based on his life, which was inspired from Sucheta Dalal's book The Scam. Actor Pratik Gandhi played <mask>.It is one most highly rated television shows in the world on IMDb
 The character Natwar Shah in movie Aankhein (1993), placed under scanner for a multi-crore scandal, was inspired by <mask> <mask>. The Mehta scandal was portrayed in the Hindi movie, Gafla. It was premiered in Times BFI 50th London Film Festival on 18 October 2006. <mask> <mask> was mentioned in the 2018 TV show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai based on 1990s' Ahmedabad. The <mask> scandal was portrayed in the Hindi Webseries, The Bull Of Dalal Street. It was premiered in Ullu App on 21 February 2020. A Bollywood film The Big Bull (2021), starring Abhishek Bachchan, loosely based on his life and financial crimes.See also
 Ramalinga Raju
 Hasan Ali Khan
 List of scandals in India

References

External links
 NY Times Article on <mask> <mask>

1954 births
2001 deaths
Businesspeople from Mumbai
Scandals in India
People from Rajkot district
Indian fraudsters
Stockbrokers
Indian investors
20th-century Indian Jains
20th-century Indian businesspeople
20th-century Indian

masks: Mehta Mehta Mehta Mehta Harshad Mehta Mehta Harshad Mehta Harshad Mehta Mehta Harshad Mehta


texts:
<mask> (1508  – June 3, 1568) was a maritime explorer for the Spanish Empire, an Augustinian friar of Basque heritage. At the age of seventeen, he accompanied the Loaísa expedition to the Spice Islands where he spent more than eight years. Around 1540 he settled in New Spain and became an Augustinian monk in 1552. At the request of Philip II he joined the Legazpi expedition for a return to the Philippines. In 1565, Urdaneta discovered and plotted an easterly route across the Pacific Ocean, from the Philippines to Acapulco in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The route made it practical for Spain to colonize the Philippines and was used as the Manila galleon trade route for more than two hundred years. He played an important role in establishing the Catholic faith in the Philippines and was considered a "protector of the Indians" for his treatment of the Philippine natives.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in 1508, near Ordizia, a Basque town then known as Villafranca, in the Crown of Castile. He was well-connected in society. His father, Juan Ochoa <mask>, served as mayor of Villafranca and his mother, Gracia <mask>, came from a family of good standing in the region. He received his education in Ordizia. Loaísa expedition
When he was seventeen, Urdaneta was invited to join the Loaísa expedition, serving as a page to Juan Sebastián Elcano, the Basque mariner who had recently captained the first ship to circumnavigate the globe. Almost as soon as Elcano returned from his historic voyage in 1522, a second expedition was commissioned by Emperor Charles V to return to the Spice Islands and secure a Spanish foothold in the lucrative spice trade. García Jofre <mask> was appointed commander of the expedition and Elcano was appointed pilot-major of the fleet and captain of the second-largest ship.The seven-ship fleet left the harbor of A Coruña on July 24, 1525.

masks:
Andrés de Urdaneta
Andrés de
Urdaneta
de Urdaneta
de Cerain
de Loaísa


texts: Much of what is known about the expedition and its aftermath comes from Urdaneta's detailed journals and charts. The voyage was long and difficult. Two ships deserted rather than risk passage through the Magellan Straits and four ships were lost to terrible storms encountered in the Pacific. A year into the voyage the crew suffered from scurvy and both Loaísa and Elcano died. By the time the one remaining ship, Santa Maria de la Victoria, reached the Spice Islands in October 1526, only 105 of the original 450 crewmen remained. The expedition found that the Portuguese had already established a presence on Ternate.For the next several years, the Spaniards and Portuguese contended for control of the islands and the lucrative spice trade. Despite his relative youth, Urdaneta was assigned a variety of important roles. He acted as an emissary to the local leaders in hopes of building alliances against the Portuguese; he was sent on numerous reconnaissance missions to gain an understanding of the geography, trade, and sailing routes of the region; and he led numerous sorties against the Portuguese. During one fight, a keg of gunpowder exploded, severely burning Urdaneta and permanently disfiguring him. Urdaneta and the dwindling remnants of the expedition remained in the Spice Islands for more than eight years, fighting a losing effort against the Portuguese to maintain a presence in the region. Unbeknownst to them, in 1529 Charles V signed the Treaty of Zaragoza which effectively recognized Portuguese control of the Spice Islands. Late in 1530, when Urdaneta first learned of the treaty from the new Portuguese commander, Gonçalo <mask>, he refused to believe it.Gradually, the Spaniards came to accept the fact that their cause had been abandoned by their king. After further threats and negotiations, the Portuguese agreed in 1534 to repatriate the surviving


texts:
 members of the Loaísa expedition. On February 15, 1535, Urdaneta left the Spice Islands on a Chinese junk bound for Java. From Java he traveled to Malacca and then Cochin where he boarded a Portuguese spice ship, the Sao Roque, and returned to Europe. On June 26, 1536, Urdaneta reached Lisbon where all his maps and journals were confiscated by the Portuguese authorities. The Spanish ambassador warned him it was dangerous to remain in Portugal, so he fled across the border to Spain at his earliest opportunity. In addition to his papers, Urdaneta left behind an illegitimate daughter, conceived with an Indian woman in the Spice Islands.When he arrived in Valladolid, <mask> was interviewed by the Council of the Indies and wrote an extensive report detailing the events of the expedition and adding information regarding regional geography, trade, history and anthropology. The council was satisfied with his report, completed in February, 1537, and impressed by the detail and clarity of his narrative. Nevertheless, it must have been disappointing to be awarded only 60 gold ducats by the Crown for his eleven years of service. New Spain
While still in Valladolid, Urdaneta met <mask> Alvarado, a celebrated conquistador and then-governor of Guatemala. Alvarado was preparing an expedition to cross the Pacific in search of new opportunities for trade and conquest. He was assembling a fleet of vessels on the Pacific coast of New Spain and invited Urdaneta to serve as chief navigator. Urdaneta quickly accepted the offer and set sail for the New World on October 16, 1538.In transit, he stopped at Hispaniola where he related the story of the Loaísa expedition to historian Gonzalo <mask> Oviedo. By June, 1540, the Alvarado expedition was ready to sail for Asia when word arrived from Cristóbal <mask>te that a serious native rebellion in New Galicia threatened to overwhelm

masks:
Urdaneta
Pedro de
Fernández de
de Oña


texts: Spanish control of the region. Alvarado disembarked with his soldiers and marched to aid Oñate. Urdaneta was appointed captain of 150 infantrymen and cavalry. The rebellion was put down but Alvarado was killed in the fighting. After Alvarado's death, Viceroy <mask> Mendoza divided the ships into two fleets and ordered one to the Philippines under Ruy <mask> Villalobos and the other to explore the coast of North America under the command of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. Urdaneta took no part in either venture, but remained in New Spain working for the viceroy on a variety of assignments.In 1543 he was appointed corregidor (commissioner) of a district in Michoacán. In the same year <mask> was appointed visitador (auditor), an important office that reported directly to the viceroy and was responsible for investigating official corruption, mistreatment of the natives, or other misdeeds. Urdaneta also remained interested in maritime activities in the Pacific. In 1543, when the survivors of the Cabrillo expedition returned from California, Urdaneta interviewed them about the journey and wrote what became the only surviving manuscript account of the voyage. In 1547, Urdaneta was appointed commander of a fleet and ordered to put down the revolt of Gonzalo Pizarro in Peru. Just as he was ready to sail with six hundred men, word was received that Pizarro had been defeated in battle on April 18, 1548. <mask>'s career took a surprising turn in 1552 when he set aside his secular life and joined the Augustinians, a Catholic religious order that observed a strict vow of poverty and focused on education and missionary work.After just one year as a novice, Urdaneta professed his religious vows in 1553 and was ordained a priest in 1557. In 1558 he was appointed Master of Novices at the Priory of San Augustin, where he was responsible for the education of the novices. Legazpi

masks:
Antonio de
López de
Urdaneta
Urdaneta


texts:
 expedition

In 1558, Viceroy Luís <mask> wrote to Philip II and suggested that an expedition should be sent from Mexico to "the Islands of the West" (the Philippines). Velasco was convinced that the islands were in the Spanish sphere of control and would be a valuable addition to the Spanish empire. Velasco further suggested that Urdaneta would be the ideal leader of the initiative because of his previous experience in the region and his knowledge of navigation, geography, and native languages. Philip agreed with the proposal and in 1559 ordered Velasco to assemble a fleet and secure the services of Urdaneta. He also wrote directly to Urdaneta, summarizing Urdaneta's qualifications for the job and ending with the directive "I therefore command, and entrust you, to go in the said ships, and to do as the Viceroy may require of you further in the service of Our Lord."After receiving permission from his religious superiors, Urdaneta agreed to accompany the expedition but declined to lead it. Based on Urdaneta's recommendation, the viceroy appointed Miguel López <mask> to command the initiative. Urdaneta would participate as an advisor and lead a small group of Augustine missionaries to establish the Catholic Church and evangelize the Pacific islanders. After years of delay, a small fleet was eventually assembled in 1564, consisting of two galleons, the San Pablo and San Pedro, and two smaller vessels called pataches, the San Juan and San Lucas. The ships set sail from La Navidad, Mexico, on November 21, 1564 with 150 seamen and 200 soldiers. Like most early Pacific crossings, the voyage was long and difficult. In addition to spoiled food and a shortage of drinking water, scurvy afflicted the crew.Urdaneta's expertise and experience was essential to keeping them on course. The ships' pilots consistently overestimated their progress and derided Urdaneta when

masks:
de Velasco
de Legapi


texts:
 he (correctly) argued that the fleet was far short of where they estimated. When they anchored off Guam on January 23, 1565, the pilots were convinced they had reached the Philippines. Urdaneta recognized the lateen sails of the native vessels from his previous visit and knew they had reached Guam. They remained there for about a week while Urdaneta celebrated Mass daily and explored the coast. He urged Legazpi to establish a permanent settlement on Guam that could serve as a base for further exploration of the region. Legazpi refused the suggestion but took formal possession for Castile and then ordered the expedition to proceed to the Philippines.The fleet left Guam on 3 February 1565 and reached the Philippines at Samar on 13 February. After taking formal possession, they continued to explore the islands. As a result of earlier Portuguese slave raids, they found a hostile reception wherever they went ashore. Finally, Legazpi established a fortified settlement on Cebu, where food was plentiful and a commercial center for trade with China was already in place. Importantly, Urdaneta advised it would be a suitable starting point for a return voyage to New Spain. Urdaneta founded the first churches in the Philippines, the St. Vitales Church and the Basilica del Santo Niño; he served as the first prelate of the Church in Cebu. Return voyage
After the Cebu settlement was established, Legazpi determined it was time to attempt a return voyage to New Spain.As planned, <mask> was the chief advisor and Legazpi's seventeen-year-old grandson, <mask> Salcedo, was named commander of the San Pedro, their largest ship and the one in best condition to face the difficult trip home. Per Urdaneta's recommendation, they left Cebu on 1 June 1565, an ideal time to catch the south-west monsoon winds but avoid the typhoons that occurred later in the season. The ship carried a

masks:
Urdaneta
Felipe de


texts:
 crew of 200 and enough food and water for up to nine months. They also loaded a small cargo of spices collected in the Philippines. On the first leg of their journey they threaded their way through the dangerous passages of the Philippine archipelago. After reaching clear water, the San Pedro sailed northeast to the 38th parallel where the ship encountered favorable westerly winds that carried them across the Pacific. The passage was slow but uneventful.After considerable debate as to where they were in relation to the cost of North America, they finally spotted Catalina Island on 18 September 1565. From there, they followed the coast and reached Acapulco on 8 October 1565, completing a voyage of four months and eight days. Most of the crew was suffering from scurvy and only 18 remained strong enough to sail the ship. Upon his arrival, <mask> was surprised to learn that another ship in their expedition, captained by <mask> Arellano, had actually beaten them back to New Spain, arriving at Barra de Navidad in Jalisco in August of the same year. However, Arellano was suspected of mutiny and desertion and his account of the return voyage was vague and imprecise. Urdaneta was ultimately recognized as the pioneer of the return route, based on his detailed notes and his solid reputation as a geographer and navigator. Later years
<mask>'s successful voyage from the Philippines was acknowledged a great feat and widely celebrated in New Spain.He returned to his monastery in Mexico City where he was able to rest and recover from the difficult trip. In January, 1566, he embarked from Vera Cruz for Spain. Urdaneta stopped at Havana and gave an account of his voyage to <mask> <mask>vilés before reaching Spain in April 1566. In Seville, he gave his account to the Casa de Contratación and then proceeded to Madrid where he shared his experiences and observations with

masks:
Urdaneta
Alonso de
Urdaneta
Pedro Mendez
de A


texts:
 Philip II at the royal court. Urdaneta sailed back to New Spain in 1567. His request to return to the Philippines and continue his missionary work was refused by his superior because of his age. He died at the friary in Mexico City on June 3, 1568.Legacy

He wrote two accounts of his voyages: one giving the account of the Loaisa expedition was published; the other, which gives the account of his return voyage, is preserved in manuscript in the archives of the Council of the Indies. For more than 200 years, Spanish ships, particularly the annual Manila-Acapulco trading Galleon, used "Urdaneta's route." In the Philippines, the city of Urdaneta in Pangasinan was founded in 1858 but there is uncertainty whether it was named after <mask> Urdaneta. See also
Exploration of the Pacific
Manila galleon
Volta do mar

Notes

References
English

 McDougall, Walter (1993). Let the Sea Make a Noise: Four Hundred Years of Cataclysm, Conquest, War and Folly in the North Pacific. New York: Avon Books. {{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=Mairin |authorlink=Mairin Mitchell|title=Friar <mask> Urdaneta, O.S.A.(1508–1568) Pioneer of Pacific Navigation from West to East | date=1964 |publisher=Macdonald and Evans |location=London}}

 "Expedition of García de Loaisa 1525-26." In The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898''. Cleveland, Ohio: A.H. Clark Company, 1903–9. Vol. 2, 1529–1561. Pp. 33.Spanish

1508 births
1568 deaths
Spanish explorers of the Pacific
Circumnavigators of the globe
Explorers of Asia
People of Spanish colonial Philippines
People of New Spain
People from Goierri
Augustinians
Augustinian friars
Basque explorers
Colonial Mexico
Catholic Church in the Philippines
Spanish Roman Catholic priests
16th-century Roman Catholic priests
16th-century Spanish people
16th century in the Spanish East Indies
Spanish East Indies
16th-century explorers
Basque Roman

masks:
Andrés de
Andrés de


texts:
<mask> (born 16 April 1986) is an Australian water polo centre back/centre forward. She attended Hartwick College and Griffith University, earning a Bachelor of Biomedical Science, and works as a laboratory assistant. She started playing water polo when she was fourteen. She played for the National Water Polo League's Queensland Breakers before switching to the Victorian Tigers for the 2012 season. In 2013–14 season she played for the Greek powerhouse Olympiacos in the European competitions, winning the LEN Trophy. <mask> has represented Australia as a member of Australia women's national water polo team on both the junior and senior levels. She has won the gold medal at the 2006 FINA World Cup, the silver medal at the 2007 World Championship, the 2010 FINA World Cup and the 2010 FINA World League, and the bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2008 FINA World League.She was a member of the Australia women's Olympic team that won a bronze medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. <mask> was born on 16 April 1986 in Brisbane, Queensland. Her grandfather was <mask>, a prominent Queensland politician. Her parents are Andrew and Helen, and she has four siblings named Kirsty, Tom, Hamish and Meredith. Her parents and siblings were in Beijing to watch her win a bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. She is  tall, weighs , is right-handed and has a tattoo featuring the Olympic rings. She lives in Brisbane, Queensland, and has resided in Windsor, Queensland.<mask> attended Hartwick College in New York on a water polo scholarship, and Griffith University, where she earned a Bachelor of Biomedical Science. She currently works as a laboratory assistant. Water polo
<mask> plays centre back/centre forward and prefers to wear cap number six. She started playing water polo as a fourteen-year-old for a local Brisbane side. She has served as a member of the Australian Water Polo Athlete's Commission. Club team
<mask> played club water polo for the Queensland Breakers in the Australian National Water Polo League. She was with the team in 2007, 2008 and 2009.The annual match between the KFC Breakers and the Barracudas is

masks:
Bronwen Knox
Knox
Personal Knox
William Knox
Knox
Knox
Knox


texts:
 considered by The Courier-Mail as a grudge match. She participated in the 2008 game with her team. In 2010, they played in the finals tournament, and she was named to the league finals' All Star team. , she plays for the Victorian Tigers in the same league. In 2013–14 season <mask> played for the Greek powerhouse Olympiacos in the European competitions, winning the LEN Trophy. <mask> was the hero of the final against Firenze (10–9), scoring Olympiacos' winning goal with a spectacular shot with only 23 seconds to go. Junior national team
<mask> has represented Australia at the junior national level.In 2002, she was a member of the national youth girls team that toured the United States in June, and competed in an international series in Sydney in August. In 2004, she was a member of the team that toured Europe in July and August. She was a member of Australia's junior national team in 2005, and she was on the junior side that competed in the VI FINA World Junior Championships in Perth in January of that year. The team defeated Greece 10–4 for the bronze medal, with its only loss a 4–5 loss to the United States. Senior national team
<mask> is a member of the Australia women's national water polo team, nicknamed the Stingers. She received her first call up to Australia's senior team to compete at the 2005 World Championships in Canada, where she scored her first international goal in her first game, which was against Germany. In 2006, she was part of the gold medal-winning side at the FINA World Cup in Tianjin, China, and the silver medal-winning team at the World Championships in Melbourne in 2007.<mask> was part of Australia's Oceania Olympic qualification campaign in 2008. In an 18–1 victory over New Zealand during the qualifiers, she scored three goals. In 2008, <mask> was named to the team that competed at the FINA world league preliminary round in Tianjin, China, and competed in the Women's International Series. In a 2008 Asia-Oceania qualifier against China for the World League Super Finals, she played in the 11–9 win that went to a penalty shoot out, scoring three of the goals for Australia. The World League

masks: Knox Knox Knox Knox Knox Knox


texts: Finals were held in Spain, and Australia ultimately took home a bronze medal. <mask> was the captain of the team that won a bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Her team ended up in the bronze medal match after losing 8–9 to the United States in the semi finals and playing against Hungary for the bronze.Earlier in the Olympics, her team had tied with the Hungarians. In 2009, <mask> was a member of a team that competed at the FINA World Championships. She played in the semi-finals game against New Zealand that Australia won 14–4, scoring four goals. <mask> was the captain of the national team in December 2010 and May 2011. In February 2010, she attended a national team training camp in the Gold Coast in preparation for the team's appearance at the April Commonwealth Championships. In May 2010, she was a member of the team that competed at the FINA World League Asia-Oceania zone held in Osaka, Japan, and Tianjin, China. She went on to compete in the FINA World League Finals in La Jolla, California, and Australia took home a silver medal.In August 2010, <mask> was a member of the Australian national side at a training camp at the Australian Institute of Sport. During the camp, she participated in a series of scrimmages against the United States. That month, she also represented Australia at the Six Nations Cup that was held in Sydney. She was a member of the Stingers squad that competed in the 2010 FINA World Cup. She was again the captain during this tournament, and on the second day of the competition, helped lead her team to a 7–5 victory of the United States. She competed Australia's 10–8 defeat of Russia. Her coach was quoted in The Age about her performance in the match, saying "<mask> <mask> was excellent at centre back and the pressure allowed us to get steals and counter-attacks."In the team's 10–8 final victory over the United States, she scored two goals. In April 2011, she attended a training camp at the Australian Institute of Sport where the coach was "selecting a team for the major championships over winter." In 2011, she was one of five Queensland women to compete for the Australian

masks: Knox Knox Knox Knox Bronwen Knox


texts:
 Stingers in the FINA World League competition held in Auckland, New Zealand. In a May 2011 match against China, she scored three goals in a 9–7 game that saw Australia score six goals in the second period. In July 2011, <mask> was a member of the Australian Stingers that competed in the 2011 FINA World Championships in Shanghai as a field player. In preparation for this tournament, she attended a team training camp in Perth, Western Australia. She competed in the Pan Pacific Championships in January 2012 for the Australian Stingers.In February 2012, she was named to a member of the 2012 Summer Olympics training squad. The team of seventeen players will be cut to thirteen before the team departs for the Olympic games, with the announcement being made on 13 June. She was part of the Stingers squad that competed in a five-game test against Great Britain at the AIS in late February 2012. This was the team's first matches against Great Britain's national team in six years. In the first game of the test series on 21 February 2012 that Australia won 13–5, she scored three goals. Against Hungary, <mask> missed the penalty that eliminated from the 2016 Summer Olympics. See also
 Australia women's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
 List of Olympic medalists in water polo (women)
 List of players who have appeared in multiple women's Olympic water polo tournaments
 List of women's Olympic water polo tournament top goalscorers
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Australian female water polo players
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic water polo players of Australia
Water polo players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in water polo
Olympiacos Women's Water Polo Team players
Sportswomen from Queensland
Water polo players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Brisbane
Greek female water polo players
World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo
Water polo players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 2020

masks: Knox Knox


texts:
<mask> (19 September 1862 – 9 December 1936) was a Swedish rear admiral, industrialist and conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from 1906 to 1911 and again from 1928 to 1930. He was also the leader of the conservative General Electoral Union (Allmänna valmansförbundet) between 1912 and 1935 as well as leader of Lantmanna- och borgarepartiet (a member party of the General Electoral Union) from 1913 to 1935, except for a short while during 1917 when he served as Minister for Foreign Affairs. His two tenures as Prime Minister, from 1906 to 1911 and from 1928 to 1930, spanned the introduction of parliamentarianism and universal suffrage. <mask> married Annie Almström in 1888, with whom he had three children. He was a cousin of <mask>. Biography
<mask> was born in Österbybruk, Sweden, the son of managing director <mask> and Ebba Dahlgren. His career as a naval officer 1882–92 reached its peak in 1907 when he was appointed as Rear Admiral in the naval reserve.During his political career following this he became known primarily as "the Admiral". <mask> was CEO of Iggesunds Bruk from 1892 to 1903 and of Strömbacka bruks AB between 1903 and 1923. In 1904, he also became Director-general of Televerket. In 1902 he had declined the post as Minister for Finance in Boström's second cabinet but started a political career in 1905 when he became both Ministry for Naval Affairs (for the Navy and the Coastal Artillery) in Lundeberg's broad-based cabinet and a member of the Riksdag's first chamber. Staaff's liberal cabinet had hoped to instate complete suffrage for all draft-abiding male citizens under the first past the post system, with implicit support for women's suffrage as well; during the proposal <mask> was appointed Prime Minister at head

masks:
Salomon Arvid Achates Lindman
Lindman
Alex Lindman
Arvid Lindman
Achates Lindman
Lindman
Lindman


texts: of a moderate-conservative government. Through great political skill <mask> managed to enact universal suffrage for male citizens according to the principle of "double proportionality" – in both chambers of parliament – in 1907–09. His six-year government oversaw a number of reforms in the areas of industry, schools and social politics.A defence committee was appointed, decisions were made to build up the navy, and the international position of Sweden was confirmed in the Nordic and Baltic Sea agreements. Political and economic opposition resulted in the general strike of 1909, but the strike failed, and <mask>'s government was allowed to remain in power, ostensibly supported by the king. Extended suffrage and proportional representation (under the d'Hondt method) had preserved the right as a parliamentary force yet contributed to a success for the left-wing coalition, when the Liberals and the Social Democrats won the election for the second chamber in 1911. <mask> transferred to the second chamber where he was chairman for the second-chamber right 1912-35, with an interruption in 1917 when he became Minister for Foreign Affairs in Swartz's cabinet. As a leading right-wing politician he had given advice to the King about the creation of the Hammarskjöld and Swartz cabinets, with the goal of blocking the more hard-edged conservative leader of the first-chamber right, Ernst Trygger. During the years 1913-35, <mask> was chairman for the national organisation of right-wing parties, the General Electoral Union – the predecessor of the present Moderate Party – and as such was a driving force in the work to modernize the party organisation, especially after the constitutional change in 1918 which instituted universal male suffrage. Among other innovations he

masks: Lindman Lindman Lindman Lindman


texts: hired an airplane to take him on speaking tours of the country and introduced the political poster.The GEU lost its status as largest party in 1917 to the Social Democrats, which has retained it since (with near-equal support for the parties in the general election of 2010). Proportional representation, however, managed to sustain a considerable support though surpassed by both Liberals and Social Democrats; with the single-member constituencies advanced by Staaff's Liberals had likely diminished all influence. After a hard-fought electoral campaign in 1928, when the Social Democrats had controversially formed a coalition with some Communists and suffered great losses in the election, <mask> formed a right-wing government in minority, after the liberals and the Freeminded (pro-Prohibition liberals) had turned down the King's request for a broader center-right majority government. Among the things this government did, the calling of the conference on peace in the workplace (a move to try to end frequent strikes and lock-outs) in 1928 is worth mentioning. The government resigned in 1930 after the Freeminded and the Social Democrats blocked the proposition for raised customs duty on grain, the goal of which was the strengthening of the agrarian sector. No party or union commanded a majority, which made the 1920s and early 1930s notoriously turbulent. <mask> was a modern kind of party leader, who with involvement and eloquence turned directly to the voters.Both as an industrialist and as a politician he was energetic and goal-oriented. He was a pragmatic conservative without losing his principles and an effective political peace-broker, who sought a policy of compromise with his adversaries. During the growth of the anti-democratic movements in Europe he

masks: Lindman Lindman


texts:
 acted as a guardian for the principles of government by the people, and he spoke out strongly against nazism and fascism . When his party's youth organisation started organising uniformed fascist action groups in the 1930s, he saw to it that they were expelled from the party . The "honest thanks over the battle lines" from the social democratic leader Per Albin Hansson when Lindman resigned as party leader in favor of the younger academic and professor Gösta Bagge in 1935 was an expression of the wide-ranging respect that he had. <mask> died in an aircraft crash on 9 December 1936, when the Douglas DC-2 in which he was travelling crashed into houses near Croydon Airport just after taking off in thick fog. References

1862 births
1936 deaths
People from Östhammar Municipality
Leaders of the Moderate Party
Members of the upper house of the Riksdag
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in England
State leaders killed in aviation accidents or incidents
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Swedish Ministers for Foreign Affairs
Swedish Navy rear admirals
Members of the lower house of the Riksdag
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen
Great Depression in Sweden
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1936
Accidental deaths in London
Knights of the Order of Charles XIII
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian


texts:
<mask> (March 15, 1928 – July 10, 1959), or <mask>n Tân Văn,  was a Vietnamese Redemptorist  brother. During his life, he reported receiving locutions and visions from Thérèse of Lisieux, Jesus Christ, and the Blessed Virgin Mary. He is called "The Apostle of Love", continuing the teachings of Therese of Lisieux's "Little Way." He died in a North Vietnam internment camp, and his cause for beatification was opened in 1997 by Nguyễn Văn Thuận. Biography

Early childhood (1928-1935)
Born to a devout Catholic family in Ngam Giao, a village in northern Vietnam, Van was baptized under the patronage of Saint Joachim. During his childhood, he was joyful and mischievous. As early as the age of three, he often expressed a desire to become a saint.When his sister Anne-Marie Tê was born in 1932, his family sent him to live with his aunt, since they considered his excessive displays of affection dangerous for the newborn child. He returned to live with his parents two years later at age six. Since Van then wanted to make his First Communion, his pastor allowed him to begin his catechism. Despite his young age, Van made his First Holy Communion six months later, as he had been well prepared by his mother. On that day, he asked the Lord for two graces:
To keep his heart pure so that he could love Him with all his heart. To give all men and women a perfect and rock solid faith. Rectory at Huu-Bang (1935–1941)
Expressing a strong desire to become a priest, in May 1935 his mother took Van to live with the priest Joseph Nha in

masks:
Marcel Van
Marcel Ngễ


texts: the rectory of Huu-Bang, where he would receive special preparation for the priesthood.Such arrangements were common in Vietnam during that time period, and several other boys lived with Van. But what should have been a time of joy, in fact was a period of great difficulties. As at Ngam Giao, Van had permission to receive Holy Communion every day. This brought about admiration from his comrades, but eventually made some of the adult catechists jealous. One of them, Master Vinh, made his life particularly difficult. He tormented Van severely, allowing him to receiving Holy communion only days when he agreed to be beaten, depriving him of food, and preventing him from reciting his rosary. The pastor was unaware of all this.Van courageously resisted, attributing his strength to his devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. "Thanks to her", he writes, "The devil was never able to win." Eventually, the catechist was punished by the pastor for misbehavior and left the rectory. In 1936, when Van was eight, two typhoons struck the region in quick succession, causing famine and destroying his family's farm. They fell into deep poverty and were unable to financially support his education. He was then forced to become a servant at the rectory, and put to the side his preparation for the priesthood. The pastor exploited him as a slave.After Van obtained his primary school education at 12 years old, Nha definitively stopped his formation. Due to these severe difficulties, and seeing that he would no longer receive training to


texts:
 become a priest, Van escaped. He wandered around for some time, was temporarily homeless, and eventually was able to return to his family. His time there was also difficult, since they thought that he was guilty of bad behavior, and such rumors had been circulated in the village. Nha eventually visited his family, declaring him innocent of any wrong, and Van eventually agreed to return to work at the rectory of Huu-Bang. But this time, he started with the other boys a resistance league to improve the spiritual poverty that had settled there, and encourage each other in the practice of virtue. Minor seminary (1942-1943)
In 1942, at age 13 Van entered the minor seminary of Lan-Song, which was under the responsibility of Dominican friars.But after only six months of studies, it was closed and occupied by the Japanese military. Van then continued his studies at the rectory of St. Thérèse's parish in Qang Uyên, under Maillet, a Dominican missionary. In the summer of 1942, it was there that he discovered Therese of Lisieux's autobiography, the Story of a Soul, which was a turning point in his spiritual life. Indeed, Van had felt in his heart for a long time an ardent desire to become a saint, but knew his own weakness. He knew that holiness through harsh penances and exercises would be impossible for him to achieve. Therese's book showed him that holiness is possible even for the little ones, and from then on she was his spiritual sister. A short time afterwards, Van recounted having receiving the great grace of


texts:
 having Therese appear to him and spoking with him familiarly, and that this occurred on a regular basis for a period.According to Van, she personally taught him her "little way," and asked him to pray for the French, whom he had previously disliked due to their colonisation of Vietnam. Thérèse spoke to him about God, his love, his paternity, and invited him to converse with God as would two friends. She showed him that God, in fact, was interested in the everyday things of our lives. Soon after, Van had a vision of Alphonsus Liguori, founder of the Redemptorists, though Van only recognized him later, at first believing that it had been Our Lady of Sorrows. Upon reading a Redemptorist publication he felt the desire to join the order, and he recounted a little later that Therese also encouraged him in this vocation. But the missionary who had been educating him, Maillet, had plans to send him to a Dominican seminary and was shocked at Van's refusal. This being one of a string of misunderstandings, and thinking that Van was being stubborn and prideful, Maillet drove him away for the minor seminary in June 1943.He then returned to the rectory of Huu-Bang, before staying briefly with his family. Redemptorists (1944-1959)
In June 1944, Van was accepted at the Redemptorist convent in Hanoi. He arrived on July 16, but was sent home due to his small size, since the religious brothers had a heavy work load. In effect, though he was only 16 years old, he looked like he was 12. However, by his prayer and perseverance he


texts:
 was admitted three months later to the community, and became a postulant on October 17, receiving the name <mask>. In his biography, Van indicated that it was during this period that he had his conversations with Jesus. At the request of the novice master, Van wrote the story of his childhood, as well as his conversations with Jesus, Mary and Therese.After initial difficulties, notably due to his young age and small size, he eventually became an exemplary religious. In July 1954, after the Geneva Accords, Vietnam was split in two. While many Christians were fleeing to seek refuge in South Vietnam, <mask> asked to return to the north which had become communist. He was arrested on May 7, 1955, and was tried and sentenced to 15 years hard labor. He spent much of his time in prison ministering to the other prisoners, and was a great source of comfort for many of them. Witnesses described him as being radiant in faith, peace and joy. He died from exhaustion, tuberculosis and beriberi on July 10, 1959 at the age of 31 years.In December 1949, he had written to his superiors: "Who can know the power of love, who can know the sweetness... there will come a day when I will die, but I will die consumed by love". Spirituality
<mask>’s spirituality was heavily influenced by Therese of Lisieux’s “Little Way,” as well as by Alphonsus Liguori, the founder of the Redemptorist order. Of a joyful and playful nature, he is a model of intense faith lived in simplicity, humility and trust in God. Due to the intense trials he went

masks:
Marcel
Marcel Van
Marcel Van


texts:
 through, he was also deeply united to Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross throughout his life. A religious order located in Argancy, France, "Les Missionaires de l’Amour de Jésus" (The Missionaries of Jesus’ Love), has been founded based on the spiritualities of <mask> and Saint Therese of Lisieux. The Conversations
In the foreword to the Conversations, Cardinal Christoph Schönborn has written on their spiritual and doctrinal value. While he reminds the reader that it is the church’s prerogative to authenticate such happenings, he states that: “The message that little Van transmits to us is of a theological and spiritual accuracy which far surpasses his own intellectual knowledge.” Summarizing the general message of the Conversations, Schönborn says that what is “at the heart of little Van’s experience and message: his unbounded confidence in Him who is Love.”

Unbaptized children

In the Conversations, <mask> affirms that Jesus Christ gave some clues as to the solution of the ancient Catholic debate on the topic of unbaptized children:

"JESUS: Remember this well.When the intelligence of little children is still undeveloped, the same applies to will. Intelligence is used to understand whether a thing is good or bad and the will is used to act in accordance with what the intelligence discerns. These two faculties are essential [700], and it is these essential faculties that little children lack. It is therefore necessary for another will to settle within the hearts of these little children. If this will acts in

masks:
Marcel Van
Marcel Van


texts: accordance with good, it is equivalent to the little children acting in this way of their own volition. However, for this will to manifest itself, it must act in accordance with good, with truth itself. If this will acts in a way opposed to good, to truth, it will not produce any effect.You must place your will within the hearts of little children. In this way they will also belong to the Holy Church. Should they come to die before attaining the use of reason, they will nonetheless ascend to Heaven with Me, for they will have your will with them. You have the will to believe everything the Holy Church teaches you to believe, and you also possess the will to love Me. Because of this, the children will share your will and their souls will belong to the Holy Church and to Me in their entirety. These children may know nothing, but within them resides the will of another who knows, and though they may not know, they will understand. Do you understand this, little brother?Offer Me your will and I will put it in the souls of children on earth. Henceforth you can rest assured that all little children already belong to Me. Little brother, this notion of will I have revealed to you was not known until now. Little children were always saved in this manner without man ever realizing it. Come little brother, banish your sadness and be joyful. You are the apostle of children. It was necessary for you to know this.Children saved in this manner are baptized in Love itself. They are allowed to confess their faith in love.


texts:
 This act of love is accomplished by will." Beatification
The process of beatification for <mask> was opened in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Belley-Ars on March 26, 1997, and the Cardinal Francis-Xavier Nguyen Van Thuan was the first General Postulator. The current actor for <mask>'s beatification is the French association "Les Amis de Van." Complete works
Antonio Boucher, a French Canadian Redemptorist, was <mask>'s spiritual director. After Van's death, Boucher spent 20 years compiling and translating his writings from Vietnamese into French.Since he mastered the Vietnamese language and knew Van intimately, his translation is considered to be of a very high quality. Boucher wrote about the Conversations: "When reading the text, I felt that this very little brother whom Jesus, Mary and Therese guided by the hand, would have a role to play in the Church and in the world. Also, I felt pressured not to lose this treasure that passed through my eyes, through my hands and through my heart. I humbly admit that Br. <mask> taught me more about the spiritual life than I taught him." <mask>’s writings are divided into four volumes:
Autobiography. Which was written in obedience to his novice master and spiritual director.Conversations. Which were interior conversations that <mask> had with Jesus, Mary and St. Therese. Correspondence. This includes letters to his spiritual director, to his sister Anne-Marie, superiors, confreres, family and friends. Other Works. This includes poems, letters to Jesus, etc. Bibliography

masks:
Marcel Van
Marcel Van
Marcel Van
Marcel
Marcel Van
Marcel


texts:
In English:
The Complete Works, in four volumes:
Autobiography, by <mask>, foreword by Cardinal Ngyuen Van Thuan, Amis de Van Editions, 2005
Conversations, by <mask>, foreword by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, Amis de Van Editions, 2001
Correspondence, by <mask>, foreword by Archbishop Renato Boccardo, Amis de Van Editions, 2006
The Other Works are currently being translated into English, as of January 2016.Short History of Van, by Fr. Antonio Boucher, foreword by Cardinal Ngyuen Van Thuan, Amis de Van Editions, 2001
<mask>: the Trial of Love, by Catherine Saint-Pierre, Magnificat Editions, 2006
The Combat of Love, by Alexandre Ilic and Catherine Bouvier, Amis de Van Editions, 2014

'In French:
  The Complete Works, in four volumes:
 Autobiographie, foreword by Cardinal Ngyuen Van Thuan, Amis de Van Editions, 2000. Colloques, foreword by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, Amis de Van Editions, 2001. Correspondances, foreword by Archbishop Renato Boccardo, Amis de Van Editions, 2006. Autres Écrits, foreword by Cardinal Marc Ouellet, Amis de Van Editions, 2014.Petite histoire de Van, Père Antonio Boucher C.Ss.R., Amis de Van Editions, 2001.<mask>, ou l'infini pauvreté de l'Amour, Père Gilles Berceville o.p., Éditions de l'Emmanuel/Amis de Van, 2009.Tu as du prix à mes yeux, Conference presented by the Père Gilles Berceville, o.p., Éditions de l’Emmanuel/Amis de Van, 2010. Quel est ton secret, petit Van ?, Collective, Amis de Van Editions, 2000. Van, petit frère de Thérèse Revue Vianney n°80, Alain d'Orange, Mission

masks:
Marcel Van
Marcel Van
Marcel Van
Marcel Van
Marcel Van


texts:
 Thérésienne, juin 2004.Une pensée par jour, Texts assembled by Sophie Hudault, Médiaspaul, 2012.Van, dis-nous en qui tu crois, Bénédicte Delélis, Anne-Sophie Rahm, Eric Puybaret, MAME - Graine de Saints, 2013.Les voyages de Van, Carnet de voyage, Camille Ledigarcher, Alexandre Ilic, Amis de Van Editions, 2014.Prier 15 jours, Père Jean-Philippe Auger, C.Ss.R., Éditions Nouvelle Cité, 2012.Le Combat de l’Amour, (Manga), Alexandre Ilic, Catherine Bouvier, Amis de Van Editions, 2014. Van, la force de l’amour, (Comic book), Christelle Pécout, Gwendolyn Levier, Amis de Van Editions, 2015. Collection "Une mission extraordinaire" ("An Extraordinary Mission"):
1) La grâce d’une mère admirable, Georgette Blaquière, Amis de Van Editions. 2) Un saint de poche, Renée de Tryon-Montalembert, Amis de Van Editions. 3) Ô Marie, tu es ma véritable mère, Père Eric de Kermadec, Amis de Van Editions. 4) Van, un fils de Saint Alphonse, Père Joseph Lê Phung, C.Ss.R. et Père Dominique Joly, C.Ss.R., Amis de Van Editions.5) Van, petit frère spirituel de Thérèse, Père Pierre Descouvemont et Monseigneur Guy Gaucher, Amis de Van Editions. 6) Un novice à l’école de l’Amour, Père Olivier de Roulhac, O.S.B., Amis de Van Editions. 7) Van et la relation sponsale à Jésus, Père Francis Frost, Amis de Van Editions. 8) "Mon âme est mère", Père Jules Mimeault, C.Ss.R., Amis de Van Editions. 9) L’âme sacerdotale, Père Jean-Christophe Thibaut, Amis de Van Editions. 10) Van s’efface pour laisser parler Dieu, Père Antoine Birot, Amis de Van Editions.


texts:
 11) Les missions de Van, Père Olivier de Roulhac, O.S.B., Amis de Van Editions.12) Les armes de Van dans les combats de la vie, Grégoire Corneloup, Amis de Van Editions. 13) Le mystère de la souffrance chez Van, Père Olivier de Roulhac, O.S.B., Amis de Van Editions. 14) Van, en route vers la sainteté à travers les blessures de la vie, Bernadette Lemoine, Amis de Van Editions. 15) Van, un veilleur dans l’amour, Père Olivier de Roulhac, O.S.B., Amis de Van Editions. 16) Avec <mask>, redécouvrons la filiation, Père Jules Mimeault, C.Ss.R., Amis de Van Editions. 17) Van, enraciné dans la foi et dans l’amour, Père Louis Pelletier, Amis de Van Editions. 18) La famille asiatique dépassée ou prophétique?, Elizabeth Nguyên, Amis de Van Editions.19) Van : un enfant devenu prophète de la vie, Père Dominique Joly, C.Ss.R., Amis de Van Editions. 20) Thérèse et Van- souffrance et joie: le paradoxe de l’amour, Père Louis Menvielle, Amis de Van Editions. 21) L’enfance sauvera le monde - Témoignage de <mask> et de Georges Bernanos, Père Gilles Berceville, o.p., Amis de Van Editions. 22) Le salut des enfants non baptisés, Laurent Aventin, Amis de Van Editions. Collection "Prier avec Van" ("Praying with Van"):Rosaire en 35 mystères sur 7 jours, Père Jules Mimeault, C.Ss.R., Amis de Van Editions.Chemin de croix – textes tirés des écrits de Marcel Van, Amis de Van Editions.Neuvaine avec <mask> Van'', Amis de Van Editions. References

Citations

Sources
  « <mask>, Un coeur à coeur avec Jésus » (accessed September 10, 2013)
 "Les

masks:
Marcel Van
Marcel Van
Marcel
Marcel Van


texts:
 Amis de Van" [archive], on  Les Amis de Van, amisdevan.org (accessed September 10, 2013)

External links
Marcel Van Association
Les Amis de Van
Marcel Van Documentary (52 minutes)
 Sách Tự Thuật (Thầy Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn, CSsR)

Redemptorists
Vietnamese Roman Catholics
1928 births
1959 deaths
Vietnamese Servants of God
History of Catholicism in Vietnam
People from Bắc Ninh


texts: <mask> ( English pronunciation:  ; born November 12, 1984), also known by her stage name Dara (Korean: 다라 English pronunciation:  ), is a South Korean singer, actress and television presenter. She rose to fame in the Philippines as a contestant on the talent show Star Circle Quest in 2004, after which she had a successful acting and singing career before returning to South Korea in 2007. She made her South Korean debut in 2009 as a member of the K-pop group 2NE1, which went on to become one of the best-selling girl groups of all time before their disbandment in 2016. <mask> is one of the most popular South Korean celebrities in the Philippines, where she is known by fans as the Pambansang Krung-Krung (National Crazy Personality). She is considered an influential figure in the Korean Wave, and has been called the "BoA of the Philippines", in reference to South Korean singer BoA who also experienced great success abroad. In 2004, <mask> released her first EP, Sandara, which sold over 100,000 physical copies, making it the only album by a South Korean artist to be certified platinum by the Philippine Association of the Record Industry (PARI). She acted in several Philippine films between 2004 and 2007, including Bcuz of U, for which she won the award for Best New Actress the 21st PMPC Star Award for Movies.In 2009, <mask> debuted as a member of 2NE1 with the single "Fire", which immediately catapulted the group to fame. She also released her first Korean single, "Kiss", featuring fellow 2NE1 member CL, in 2009. The group's hiatus beginning in 2015 allowed <mask> to focus on her television career, co-hosting the South Korean variety show Two Yoo Project Sugar Man, and appearing as a judge on the Philippine talent show Pinoy Boyband Superstar. She also acted in several web series, including Dr. Ian (2016), for which she won Best Actress at a Korean web festival. Following 2NE1's disbandment at the end of 2016, <mask> renewed her contract with YG Entertainment. She would later leave YG following her contract expiration in May 2021. That September, Abyss Company

masks:
Sandara Park
Park
Park
Park
Park
Park


texts:
 announced that <mask> would be joining the agency.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on November 12, 1984, in Busan, South Korea. Her unusual three-syllable given name means "wise and clever" and is based on the childhood nickname of 7th century general Gim Yu-sin. She has two siblings: Thunder, who is a former member of K-pop boy group MBLAQ, and a younger sister named Durami. Aside from her native Korean, she is also fluent in English, Filipino, Chinese and Japanese. <mask>'s family moved to Daegu in 1993. However, <mask>'s father was unable to make ends meet, and the family moved to the Philippines in hopes of rebuilding his career in 1994. According to <mask>, she was initially lonely in the Philippines because she wasn't fluent in Filipino, the national language, and her pronunciation of the language was not good.She later said she worked hard to correct her pronunciation in hopes of one day becoming a celebrity, which was a dream she had harbored since hearing K-pop boy band Seo Taiji and Boys in 1992. Career

2004–2013: Star Circle Quest, Philippine success and 2NE1

In 2004, <mask> met Filipina actress Pauleen Luna, who encouraged <mask> to audition for Star Circle Quest, a talent search television program on ABS-CBN. Over the course of the season, <mask> escaped elimination several times, and reached the final ten contestants. During the last elimination round, <mask> received approximately half a million text votes and finished in second place, behind Hero Angeles. After the show, <mask> signed a contract with ABS-CBN subsidiary, Star Magic. In 2004, she starred in her first film, the romantic comedy Bcuz of U, opposite Hero Angeles. For her performance, <mask> won Best New Actress at the 21st PMPC Star Award for Movies.<mask> and Hero Angeles collaborated again for the 2005 movie Can This Be Love, which reportedly grossed almost 100 million pesos. Her third movie was 2006's D' Lucky Ones, in which she was paired with Star Circle Quest alumnus, Joseph Bitangcol. In the same year, her fourth, Super Noypi, was shown in December and was an

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texts: official entry in the 32nd Metro Manila Film Festival. <mask> also embarked on a music career in the Philippines that led to the release of her self-titled six-track album, Sandara, which included the novelty dance hit "In or Out", a song that parodied her experiences on Star Circle Quest. The album ultimately sold over 100,000 physical copies, making it the only album by a South Korean artist to be certified platinum by the Philippine Association of the Record Industry. <mask> left the Filipino show business and returned to South Korea with her family in 2007, as she was not offered to renew her contract with Star Magic. Shortly after, she signed a contract with YG Entertainment, whose CEO Yang Hyun-suk had scouted her back in 2004 after she appeared on a KBS documentary.<mask> took on the stage name Dara, and together with Bom, CL and Minzy, debuted as K-pop girl group 2NE1 in 2009. The group collaborated with label-mates Big Bang for the promotional single "Lollipop", before officially debuting with their first single "Fire". That same year, the group released their first EP, 2NE1, and achieved significant success with the hit single "I Don't Care", which won the Song of the Year award at the 2009 Mnet Asian Music Awards. <mask> also made her solo Korean debut in 2009. She was featured on the single "Hello" from Big Bang member G-Dragon's album Heartbreaker, and later released her first solo single, "Kiss", which featured fellow 2NE1 member CL as a rapper. The song was used in a video promoting Cass Beer, which <mask> starred in alongside actor Lee Min-ho. The video became popular for a kissing scene between the two performers, and the single topped South Korean music charts.<mask> again teamed up with a Big Bang member in 2010, when she made an appearance as the female lead in Taeyang's "I Need A Girl" music video. During this era, 2NE1 continued to release hit albums and songs, including  "I Am the Best" (2011), "I Love You" (2012) and "Falling in Love" (2013), which topped the majority of charts in South Korea and made the group the second South

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 Korean artists after Psy to top the U.S. Billboard World Digital Songs chart. As a result of 2NE1's growing fame, <mask>'s earlier Philippine movies Bcuz of U, Can This Be Love, and D' Lucky Ones were screened in South Korea in 2012. 2014–2015: Return to the Philippines, renewed acting and Sugar Man
In May 2014, ABS-CBN announced that <mask> would be a guest on Pinoy Big Brother, which set off a social media frenzy, dominating both the Philippines and worldwide Twitter trending topics. She guest-starred on the show on May 15, and later appeared as a celebrity house-guest in the telecast, All In Über, during its live episode. <mask> also appeared on Gandang Gabi, Vice!, a Philippine talk show hosted by Vice Ganda.Back in South Korea, <mask> replaced close friend Yoo In-na as a DJ for her Let's Crank Up the Volume radio program from May to June due to scheduling clashes. Later in the year, <mask> made a surprise cameo appearance as a top actress in the last episode of the highly rated Korean drama My Love from the Star. On November 12, 2014 BeFunny Studios made an unannounced release of a three-part mini web series starring The Walking Dead'''s Steven Yeun and <mask>, titled What's eating Steven Yeun. <mask> played the role of Steven Yeun's American girlfriend who is left behind as her boyfriend pursues a career in "Mokbang", a popular Korean internet broadcast where generally attractive people paid to eat in front of a webcam. The comedy sketch went viral, and reached over a million views in the few days after release. In 2015, seven years after her last acting role, <mask> returned to the small screen through the web-drama Dr. Ian, starring alongside Kim Young-kwang. Expectations were high as the series featured <mask> in her first leading role since returning to South Korea, coupled with the involvement of director Kwon Hyeok-chan (Secret Garden, Master's Sun).The series enjoyed global popularity, not only in Korea but also in the United States, Taiwan, and Thailand, surpassing 500,000 views within three days of its broadcasting. <mask> became the

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texts: first actress to win the "Best Actress" award at the K-web festival for her performance. The same month, <mask> featured in label-mate Jinusean's stage for their single "Tell Me", on You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook. Her natural performance impressed the group which led to a second collaboration, where <mask> featured on their "Tell Me One More Time" comeback stage in place of the original singer, Jang Hana, on KBS2's Music Bank on May 1. <mask> then took on her second leading role in We Broke Up, a web-drama based upon a web-toon of the same name. She played the role of Noh Woo-ri, an optimistic and bright girl preparing to get a job. Premiering in June, the series was a success, becoming the fourth most watched web-drama on Naver with 16 million views.Due to the positive reception, the cast held a personal 'mini concert' on August 17. <mask> also made cameo appearances in the television series The Producers, playing a fictional 2 Days & 1 Night variety program cast member alongside her We Broke Up co-star Kang Seung-yoon. On September 15, 2015 <mask> was cast opposite Goong star Kim Jeong-hoon in Missing Korea, a romantic-comedy set in the fictional year of 2020, in which the North and South are working towards unification through non-governmental exchanges and economic cooperation, leading to the first-ever 'North-South Joint Miss Korea Pageant'. Though not as successful on the global market as her previous web-dramas, <mask> received acting recognition and earned her another nomination for "Best Actress" in the 2016 K-web festival, making her the first idol-turned-actress to be nominated for the award in succeeding years. <mask> later joined JTBC variety show Sugar Man from 2015 to 2016, alongside Yoo Jae-suk, You Hee-yeol, and Kim Eana as a co-host. The first episode was broadcast on October 20. The production team stated, "We think that <mask> <mask> has a unique strength that encompasses the emotions of the younger generation and the memories of the older generation.We predict she will actively radiate new, never-before-seen charms." Through her

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 involvement as YG Entertainment's public relations director, artists such as Akmu, Winner, iKon, and Lee Hi were able to perform on the show, and during an episode for which she wasn't present, friend and fellow actress Yoo In-na replaced her. 2016–present: 2NE1's disbandment, domestic film debut, first solo concert, and new agency
Park started the year 2016 with a special appearance in the MBC drama One More Happy Ending, as a beloved but spoiled star of a popular girl group. The producer of the drama expressed the difficulty of casting an actress who could play the role, as the character's beauty was meant to overshadow characters played by actresses like Yoo In-na, Jang Na-ra, Yoo Da-in, and Seo In-young. It was because of Yoo In-na that they came in contact and the matter was resolved. <mask> also participated in the promotional single "Loving U" as part of the drama's soundtrack. <mask> was officially promoted from being YG Entertainment's public relations head to director.<mask> then joined the judging panel of ABS-CBN's reality singing competition show Pinoy Boyband Superstar, alongside Filipino top stars Yeng Constantino, Vice Ganda, and Aga Muhlach. The show is based on the format created by Simon Cowell and was first shown in U.S. through La Banda. The show premiered on September 10, and became the most watched weekend program, and the second highest program in television viewership nationwide. As the show was still filming the day after 2NE1 announced their disbandment, <mask> became the first member to respond after the event by handing a handwritten letter in English to fans on November 26, 2016, and allowing them to upload the contents on her behalf. YG also revealed that <mask> and CL had signed solo contracts, hinting at the departure of <mask> from the company. In 2017, <mask> became the host of OnStyle's beauty program Get It Beauty, alongside Honey Lee and Gugudan's Kim Se-jeong. <mask> then starred alongside Han Jae-suk in her domestic debut film One Step.Billed as the Korean remake of Begin Again, she portrayed Si-hyun, a

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texts: convenience store part-timer who seeks out a mysterious melody she hears every night in her dreams, and meets the producer of an Internet broadcasting program who tries to help her find out the music. The film premiered in South Korea on April 6, 2017, and opened on May 10, in the Philippines. She received acting praise from its director, Jeon Jae-hong, who noted that she only had one retake during the filming process due to her professionalism. <mask> participated in another OnStyle project titled Relationship Appeal, where she reviewed trending topics and travel to popular tourist spots. Controversy arose when rude remarks directed at <mask> were made during MBC's SeMoBang: All Broadcasting in the World collaboration segment with Piki Pictures mobile variety team 'This is Real'. The concept was for the MCs to 'overhear' the constructive criticism of everyday netizens (picked by the 'This is Real' team) by separating the two groups with a thin wall. Viewers who watched the program criticized the teams selection and expressed discomfort with the remarks as they were believed to be personal attacks made in a subjective way.Piki Pictures issued an apology soon after and MBC deleted the video featuring the incident. <mask> closed the year by performing 2NE1's past hits in a solo headlining concert, one year after the band's disbandment. <mask> scored her first mainstream big screen role in the film adaption of the popular webtoon Cheese in the Trap as the heroine's best friend, Jang Bo-ra. The film premiered exclusively in CGV theatres on March 14, and placed among the top five at the weekend box office. This was followed by a leading role in an indie Vampire action film directed by Lee Won Jun, titled 107th Year of Night, which went on to win the category “Foreign Suspense Thriller Award” at the 2018 International Horror Hotel Festival for the Short Film Division at Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.. The year also continued <mask>'s increased regular appearances on television with Mimi Shop, Borrowing Trouble, and MBC's Real Man 300.In January 2019, <mask> served as a


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 special guest and support act for labelmate Seungri on his Hong Kong and Manila tour dates for The Great Seungri tour. During that month, <mask> became a permanent co-host for the all-female talk show Video Star.<mask> reunited with former 2NE1 bandmate <mask>m as a featured artist for her single, "Spring", which was released on March 13. <mask> also became a judge and advisor in Stage K, a K-pop challenge variety television show, which premiered in April 2019. In 2020, <mask> made her musical debut through the stage adaptation of the (tvN) drama Another Oh Hae-young, is set to cameo in the melodrama Shall We Have Dinner Together as a patient seeking physiological help to remedy her eating habits. and became new hosts of a Korean program Idol League with BTOB's leader Eunkwang. In March 2021, the cast of an interactive sitcom called ON AIR – The Secret Contract'' were revealed, including <mask> as the female lead named Shin Woo-ri, a writer that knows the secret of DJ Aaron, an arrogant top idol portrayed by actor Hong Joo-chan. On May 14, 2021, it was announced that <mask> left YG Entertainment as her exclusive contract has expired. On September 1, 2021, Abyss Company announced that <mask> had signed an exclusive contract with the agency.Public image and legacy
<mask> <mask> is credited as one of the leading figures in the 'Reverse-Hallyu' Wave. She is dubbed the 'BoA of the Philippines' by Korean fans due to the similar success between the two, as BoA was the first Korean artist to break through the Japanese market. She holds the national title of 'Pambansang Krung Krung ng Pilipinas' (The Philippines' national crazy or unique personality) given to her by Filipino fans, and her popularity in the region is likened to comedian Yoo Jae-suk's fame in South Korea. Face
In popular culture, <mask> is the icon of "baby-face" amongst celebrities and the public, which is an individual who looks younger than their actual age. Despite being born in the early 80s, <mask> is known to top and beat other competitors in surveys, often with a large gap between their

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 ages, thus earning herself the nickname "vampire" for her youthful skin and look. She is noted for having the ideal facial proportions, called "the golden ratio" by plastic surgeons. Attesting to the quality of her skin, she was described to be a popular choice for both advertisers and consumers, who would be drawn to her clear and seemingly poreless face.In 2012, she was announced to be one of the most beautiful women of her time (1980s). <mask> features some of the most iconic and memorable styles in the Korean industry, ranging from her signature tail lilt eye make-up, to her bold hair styles and clothing. Labeled a pioneer of unconventional trends, her first appearance in Lollipop sporting her 'palm-tree' hairstyle became the most famous and widely parodied style in 2009 and remains an iconic piece in K-pop. In particular, her 2012 look, for which she had shaved a portion of her trademark locks for the promotional single "I Love You", attracted massive media attention and initially garnered mixed reactions, but was nonetheless praised for its shock factor and contradictory styling to the typical girl-group 'look'. The style is considered to be her most noteworthy transformation. Endorsements and promotions

<mask> is one of the most in-demand faces in both the Philippines and South Korea, having appeared in many TV commercials and print ads over the course of her career. <mask>'s huge popularity led to her instantly signing many Philippine and foreign endorsement deals ranging from personal care and food products to everyday items at the end of the competition.Her first endorsement was for Dong-A pens. Along with other Star Circle Quest finalists, <mask> modeled for and endorsed BNY Jeans in 2004. She served as the face for Tekki Asian Classic Noodles, and helped promote Canon, a Japanese camera brand looking to solidify their power in the Philippines. She endorsed Confident feminine napkins, and Rejoice shampoo as well. In addition to the shampoo's advertisements, <mask> also contributed a single to go along with the brand. <mask> also campaigned

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texts: for Maxi-Peel with Kristine Hermosa. Following the revival of her career as a member of 2NE1, <mask> endorsed high-profile local brands without the group.In 2009, she became the endorsement model for Oriental Brewery's Cass beer series, one of Korea's most famous alcoholic beverages, alongside actor Lee Min-ho. To help promote the beer, an accompanying music video and song was released to nationwide attention. While promoting alongside 2NE1 for an endorsement deal with Mitsubishi's subsidiary Nikon Corporation, <mask> was solely chosen to become their main model for their new Nikon Coolpix p300 camera. Dongkook Kim, brand manager of Nikon Korea, stated that signing her would increase their products "attractiveness", and motivate buyers to purchase their items. After her campaign debuted, the company reported a massive increase in sales that put them only behind Samsung, the largest business conglomerate in South Korea, for the year of 2012. The company named the camera after her, going by the official name of "Sandara Digicam". <mask> is also well known for endorsing makeup brands.Despite having already worked with Etude House in 2010 alongside her group, the makeup brand sought to continue with her for an additional two years with the belief that her image would be a "good influence" to potential buyers. Over the course of her endorsement with Etude, the brand was able to compete with popular local makeup companies and were launched to international success. An umbrella called 'Sweet Bunny' was made available online and in stores to be given to buyers who paid for a certain number of items. The limited special not only increased Etude House's sales, but also attracted a foreign consumer base who, moments after <mask> was seen holding the item, visited the South Korean stores specifically to purchase the umbrella, where it was bought in every color. In a week, Etude House sold over 40,000 of the umbrellas, ultimately selling out the product. A representative described the reactions of the public as "surprising". The makeup brand won several web awards

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 for their achievements in marketing, services and makeup as well.In 2013, <mask> became the new makeup model for Clio, a well-established makeup company founded in 1993. Immediately after, sites recorded increased sales and her 'bloody series' makeup became a top-seller. The following year, the company's mascara, Salon de Cara, was launched with <mask> as its model and sold out 130,000 units of its initial stock nationwide in three weeks. The mascara went on to sell a record-breaking 300,000 units in the months following. A fan-signing event was held on November 14 as a thank-you to the buyers. Clio then closed the year with four awards, three of which were modeled by <mask>. In 2015, <mask> joined the likes of supermodels Cara Delevingne, Sean O'Pry, and fashion model/TV personality Kendall Jenner as Penshoppe's ambassador.The following year, <mask> and G-Dragon were chosen as exclusive models for the cosmetic brand Moonshot, launched previously by YG Plus in 2014, a subsidiary company of YG Entertainment. Days after launching products released in their namesake, the product was sold out and required immediate restocking. A representative of Moonshot noted that it was the first time their products left stores at such a high rate and that the overall reservations had gone up substantially. In June, <mask> became the new endorser for American shampoo brand Head & Shoulders. Aside from her solo endorsements, <mask> has endorsed Adidas, 11st, Intel, Baskin Robbins, Italian sports brand Fila, Samsung, Yamaha, Bean Pole, and Nintendo Wii with her group. Philanthropy
<mask> regularly volunteers for label-mate Sean's annual briquette charity event every New Year's Eve. In November 2013, Dara and her brother lent their support for the campaign effort "WEGENERATION" to help the devastated survivors of Super Typhoon Yolanda.Having long considered the Philippines their second home after spending their childhood there, the <mask> siblings responded to the desperate situation by collaborating with both "WEGENERATION" and charity organization "World Share" to launch

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 an online emergency aid fundraising system. By January, they raised 3 million won (₱116,721) for survivors. In 2016, she provided her services to Purme Foundation Children's Rehabilitation Hospital, donating gifts given to her by fans over the years to the children. In October 2020, <mask> donated 30,000 face masks to Korea Children's Incurable Disease Association, WE START, and the Korea Pediatric Cancer Foundation. The masks were given to children suffering from leukemia and pediatric cancer to protect themselves from COVID-19. Personal life
During a promotional visit with 2NE1, <mask> was caught in the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated Japan in 2011. Feeling unwell, <mask> had remained on the 34th floor of the hotel she and her members were staying in when the earthquake hit.She managed to contact CL using the hotel phone, prompting her to walk up several flights of stairs to rescue her. Assisted by a staff member, they walked down 34 flights and were relocated to a safer location. They were included in Fuse's list of '14 Female Friendships In Music' because of the story. Discography

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Soundtrack appearances

Filmography

Films

Television series

Documentary

Reality television

Web shows

Hosting

Awards and nominations

References

  This article contains quotations from 2NE1 at the Generasia, which is available under a Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) license. External links

1984 births
South Korean expatriates in the Philippines
Star Circle Quest participants
Star Magic
Star Magic Batch 12
ABS-CBN personalities
Living people
People from Busan
South Korean female idols
South Korean women pop singers
South Korean film actresses
South Korean television actresses
South Korean voice actresses
South Korean web series actresses
English-language singers from South Korea
Japanese-language singers of South Korea
Mandarin-language singers of South Korea
Tagalog-language singers of South Korea
2NE1 members
YG Entertainment artists
21st-century South Korean

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<mask> (1902 - 1995) was a Swedish archaeologist, anthropologist, art historian, photographer, and philanthropist. She established a research foundation, the Berit Wallenberg Foundation, that awards funds to these areas. Since its establishment, it has been providing support to cultural heritage institutions, art historians, and archaeologists. In 1936, she became the first Swedish woman to be appointed as a supervisor for the national heritage committee, responsible for the restoration of the . <mask> became the only woman to receive an honorary doctorate from the Stockholm University. Her career was devoted to various forms of research, local history, and the preservation of monuments. Scientific knowledge, Christian beliefs, and local historical work, especially around Drottningholm Island and Lovå, became the most significant aspects of her life.Throughout her career, she participated in numerous archaeological excavations. The self-portrait of one of the most famous late medieval Swedish painters, Albertus Pictor, was found by Wallenberg in Lids Church during an excavation. She photographed significant places and monuments, which have been used in several historic and archaeological types of research. Her photographs constitute culturally and historically valuable time documentation. Her collection of approximately 25,000 photographs were handed over as a gift to the Swedish National Heritage Board's archives in the early 1980s with the hope that it would be preserved for future research. Early life and family
<mask> <mask> was born on 19 February 1902, in Skeppsholm parish, Stockholm. She was the daughter of <mask> (1872 - 1939), and his wife Beatrice, née Keiller.She was the granddaughter of André Oscar <mask>, who founded the Stockholms Enskilda Bank. She was the cousin of <mask>'s father Raoul Oscar <mask>. Her father was a naval officer, and a businessman. Her mother, Beatrice Keiller was the daughter of the factory owner, manufacturer, and wholesale merchant Alexander Keiller Jr., from Gothenburg. <mask> <mask> had a brother, Carol, with whom she was brought up in , a region

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 where lived the numerous individuals who were dynamic in business, and the social elites additionally lived. The family also lived in Särö for a brief time, where her mother had grown up. They also lived in Lovön, Drottningholm, in a summer cottage they owned.Education

In 1922, at the age of 20, she decided to become an art historian, thus learned Latin to get herself into high school, against her parent's wishes. However, her father supported and admired her academic life and career when she got into university. In 1925, she graduated from the , a former private girls' school in Stockholm. Later that year, she attended Stockholm University. Her focuses of study were on archaeology and art history of classical Northern Europe, Cyprus, and China. She also studied ethnology. She specialized in the medieval frescoes of Finland, Denmark, and Sweden, within art history.As a part of her advanced program in archaeological history, she finished her licentiate degree in 1931 on the subject of the Bronze Age period, even though she held up until the following year to get her Bachelor's certificate. That year she went to the Swedish Institute in Rome and while she was in Italy, she got a diploma from the Byzantine Institute in Ravenna. In 1942, <mask> became a philosophy licentiate in art history and archeology at Stockholm University, where she studied art history. Career

Archaeology

During her student years, <mask> participated in several excavations. In 1924, she participated in the bronze-age excavation of Laholm. Later on, she participated in the 1926 excavation of the heathen temple of Gamla Uppsala. From 1927 - 1930, she participated in four excavations that took place at the Alvastra convent church, and at the Vendel church.During the Alvastra excavation, she got acquainted with archaeologist Greta Arwidsson. The long-sought graves of the Sverker family were discovered by her during the 1927 excavation. The restoration of the Lovö church began in 1935, and <mask> continued to be involved. Her involvement and participation were noticed and authorized by Sigurd Curman, who was the head of

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 the National Heritage Board. She was chosen for that board, becoming the first Swedish woman to do so, and her commitments and contributions seemed to have far surpassed what the position required. In the fall of 1939, <mask> directed an archaeological excavation of four tombs under the rune cliffs of Skänninge. This was done following the instructions of the Gotland Museum and the National Heritage Committee.Over the years, <mask> was involved in excavations, mainly in the Stockholm area. She created a lot of documents, especially during her travels. Subsequently, she collected a large number of photographic materials, regarding many ancient buildings and residential areas in Europe that were destroyed in World War II. The images and oral descriptions she collected subsequently published will help preserve the knowledge of this cultural heritage for future generations. She donated many of her photographs to the Heritage Board in the 1980s, hoping they would be of use to future researchers. Philanthropy
On 19 November 1955, she founded the Berit Wallenberg Foundation with a donation of 406,000 Swedish kronor. The foundation promotes research in archeology and art history, preferably until the end of the 19th century.Grants of funds are given primarily for research relating to Swedish and Nordic material. Photography

<mask> began taking photos at an early age. Her collection of approximately 25,000 photographs were handed over as a gift to the National Heritage Board's archives in the early 1980s with a wish that it would be preserved for future research. A representative selection of approximately 5,000 images from the collection has been digitized by the Swedish National Heritage Board, which has been made possible through a grant from the Berit Wallenberg Foundation. The digitized images are searchable in the National Heritage Board's image database Kulturmiljöbild. The pictures were taken from the 1920s to the 1980s. Most of the pictures are in black and white.The motifs reflect <mask>'s professional interests as an archaeologist and art historian. She has photographed ancient

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 monuments, archeological excavations, churches, frescoes, other buildings, urban environments, and landscapes. Many photos were taken during her study trips to Europe, mainly during the 1920s and 1930s. In addition to the Nordic countries, she traveled to France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Russia. <mask> traveled to Þingvellir, Iceland in 1930 and took many photos documenting the 1000th anniversary of the national parliament Althing. Other photos show the private sphere with schoolmates, relatives, and friends, scout activities, Christmas celebrations, and holidays. There are pictures from the homes on Villagatan 4, Malmvik on Lindö and Viken on Lovön, and pictures from an international student meeting in Iceland in 1930.<mask>'s photographs constitute culturally and historically valuable time documentation. Environments and buildings that do not exist today or have changed significantly have been photographed, for example, urban environments in Germany before the Second World War. Personal life
<mask> was unmarried. Her personal life was influenced by the three pillars of family, kinship, and religious beliefs. She was an active missionary, writer of newspaper columns, and a cantata, and her social environment includes religious and spiritual leaders. Several close friends of <mask> played important roles in her professional and private life, including writer Stina Ridderstad, Dean Gustaf Brunkrona, and Gerda Boëthius, the director of the Gerda Boethius Art Museum. Later served as the regional curator of antiquities and archaeology, Greta Arwidsson, and the curator and art historian Agnes Geiger, their friendship with <mask> lasted until her death.Death
<mask> <mask> died on 4 September 1995. Like many of her family members, she was buried in Lovö Church by the priest Lars Djerf on 14 September. He later wrote her biography, which was published in 2003. Legacy
<mask>'s career has been devoted to various forms of research, local history, and the preservation of monuments. Scientific knowledge, Christian beliefs, and local historical work,

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 especially around Drottningholm Island and Lovön, became the most significant aspects of her life. Photographs and documents donated by her to various museums and archival organizations have been used in historic researches. Her photographs constitute culturally and historically valuable time documentation.Environments and buildings that do not exist today or have changed significantly have been photographed by her, which are being proved useful for various historic and archaeological researches. Since the beginning of her foundation's establishment, it has been providing support to cultural heritage institutions, art historians, and archaeologists. Awards and honors

 Illis quorum (1952)
 Honorary doctorate of philosophy from Stockholm University
 Hazelius medal in silver by Nordiska museet (1973)
 Hononary membership of the S:ta Ingrids Gille local history association (1940)
 Commendation award by

Gallery

References

Bibliography
 Lövkvist, Linda (2018). Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon, (In Swedish). University of Gothenburg. ISBN 978-91-639-7594-3. Grosjean, Alexia.Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon [Biographical Dictionary of Swedish Women], (In English). University of Gothenburg. ISBN 978-91-639-7594-3. Studies in North-European Archaeology (in Swedish). Almqvist & Wiksell. 1984. ISBN 978-91-22-00700-5.Museum, Statens Historiska; Andersson, Aron (1980). Medieval Wooden Sculpture in Sweden. Almqvist & Wiksell. ISBN 978-91-7402-091-5. Marton, Kati (1 October 2011). Wallenberg: The Incredible True Story of the Man Who Saved the Jews of Budapest. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-61145-337-9.Fornvännen (in Swedish). Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien. 2008. External links

1902 births
1995 deaths
Swedish archaeologists
Swedish women archaeologists
Swedish photographers
Swedish women photographers
Swedish anthropologists
Swedish women anthropologists
20th-century Swedish photographers
20th-century archaeologists
20th-century women photographers
20th-century Swedish women writers
Swedish art historians
Women art historians
20th-century art collectors
People