texts:
 been a contributor to the development of the field of symplectic geometry and topology. She gave the first example of symplectic forms on a closed manifold that are cohomologous but not diffeomorphic and also classified the rational and ruled symplectic four-manifolds, completed with François Lalonde. More recently, partly in collaboration with Susan Tolman, she has studied applications of methods of symplectic topology to the theory of Hamiltonian torus actions. She has also worked on embedding capacities of 4-dimensional symplectic ellipsoids with Felix Schlenk, which gives rise to some very interesting number-theoretical questions. It also indicates a connection between the combinatorics of J-holomorphic curves in the blow up of the projective plane and the numbers that appear as indices in embedded contact homology. With Katrin Wehrheim, she has challenged the foundational rigor of a classic proof in symplectic geometry.With Dietmar Salamon, she co-authored two textbooks Introduction to Symplectic Topology and J-Holomorphic Curves and Symplectic Topology. Honours and recognition
<mask> was the first to be awarded the Satter Prize, in 1991, for her work on symplectic geometry; she is a Fellow of the Royal Society (1994), a Noether Lecturer (1998) and a member of both the United States National Academy of Sciences (1999) and the American Philosophical Society (2013). In 2008 she was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. She was a Plenary Lecturer at the 1998 International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) and an Invited Speaker at the 1990 ICM. In 2012 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 1999,


type: original

texts:
 she was the first female Hardy Lecturer, an award from the London Mathematical Society. She is also a member of the Academia Europaea,
and is part of the 2019 class of fellows of the Association for Women in Mathematics.In 2010, she was awarded the Senior Berwick Prize of the London Mathematical Society. For 2017 she received, jointly with Dietmar Salamon, the AMS Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition. In 2018 she received the Sylvester Medal by the Royal Society. References

Further reading
 Speech delivered to the American Mathematics Society, Jan. 1991, in San Francisco, on the occasion of receiving the Satter Prize

External links
 "<mask> McDuff", Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Agnes Scott College
 Home page and Vita – <mask> <mask>, Stony Brooks Mathematics Department
 Video interview with <mask> at the Centre International de Rencontres Mathématiques

1945 births
Living people
20th-century mathematicians
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Warwick
Barnard College faculty
English expatriates in the United States
English mathematicians
Fellows of Girton College, Cambridge
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Fellows of the Association for Women in Mathematics
Fellows of the Royal Society
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of Academia Europaea
People from Stony Brook, New York
Stony Brook University faculty
British women academics
British expatriate academics
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
20th-century women mathematicians
Members of the American Philosophical

masks: Dusa Dusa McDuff McDuff


texts:
<mask> (December 31, 1929 – March 20, 2017) was an American editor who served as editor of The New York Review of Books from 1963 to 2017. Raised on Long Island, New York, <mask> graduated from the University of Chicago in 1947 and attended Yale Law School, but he left before graduating and worked as press secretary to <mask> in 1950. He was sent by the U.S. Army to Paris in 1952 as a speechwriter and press aide, while finishing his education at the Sorbonne and Sciences Po. He soon joined The Paris Review as an editor under the guidance of George Plimpton. From 1959 to 1963, he was an associate editor of Harper's Magazine in New York. <mask> was co-editor of The New York Review of Books with <mask> for 43 years, until she died in 2006, and was the sole editor of the magazine after that until his own death in 2017. Philip Marino of Liveright Publishing wrote of him: "Like a chemist pairing ingredients to induce a specific reaction, <mask> has built his career matching the right author and subject, in hopes of generating an exciting and illuminating result."<mask> edited or co-edited several essay anthologies. He appeared prominently in the 2014 documentary film about the Review, The 50 Year Argument. Silvers' awards and honorary degrees include the National Book Foundation's Literarian Award, the American Academy of Arts and Letters' Award for "Distinguished Service to the Arts", the Ivan Sandrof Award for Lifetime Achievement in Publishing and a National Humanities Medal. Among other honors, he was a Chevalier of the French Légion d’honneur and a member of the French Ordre National du Mérite. Life and career

<mask> was born in Mineola, New York, and grew up

masks:
Robert Benjamin Silvers
Silvers
Chester Bowles
Silvers
Barbara Epstein
Silvers
Silvers
Silvers


texts: in Farmingdale and then Rockville Centre, New York, the son of James J<mask> (1892–1986), a salesman, sometime farmer and small business owner, and Rose Roden <mask> (1895–1979), a music and arts columnist for The New York Globe, restaurateur, and one of the first female radio hosts for RCA. He had one brother, Edwin D<mask> (1927–2000), a civil engineer. His paternal grandparents were Romanian Jewish immigrants, and his maternal grandparents were Russian Jews.<mask> graduated from the University of Chicago with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1947 (at the age of 17) after completing an accelerated two-year program and attended Yale Law School for three semesters. <mask> worked as press secretary to Connecticut Governor <mask> in 1950, who was campaigning for reelection. During the Korean War he served in the U.S. Army, which sent him to the SHAPE Headquarters in Paris in 1952 as a speechwriter and press aide. While in Paris, he attended the Sorbonne and Paris Institute of Political Studies (best known as Sciences Po), eventually receiving its certificate. His official duties left him time to work as an editor of a quarterly magazine published by the World Assembly of Youth and as a commissioning editor representing a small publishing company, Noonday Press. In 1954, while working for Noonday, he met and befriended George Plimpton, editor of the new magazine The Paris Review, and after <mask>' discharge from the Army a few months later, Plimpton invited him to become managing editor. Plimpton returned to the US in 1955, leaving <mask> in charge.He later said that <mask> "made The Paris Review what it was". <mask> continued his studies at the same time. In 1958,

masks:
. Silvers
Silvers
. Silvers
Silvers
Silvers
Chester Bowles
Silvers
Silvers
Silvers
Silvers


texts: he returned to New York, becoming associate editor of Harper's Magazine, where he remained until 1963. For an issue of the magazine in 1959 focusing on the state of writing in America, he engaged Elizabeth Hardwick to contribute her essay "The Decline of Book Reviewing", which fifty years later he described as "one of the most thrilling pieces I've ever published". It became an inspiration for the founding of The New York Review of Books. In 1960, he edited the book Writing in America and translated La Gangrene, which describes the brutal torture of seven Algerian men by the Paris Security Police in 1958, shortly after Charles de Gaulle came to power. During the 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike, when The New York Times and six other newspapers suspended publication, Hardwick, her husband <mask>, and Jason and <mask>, saw an opportunity to introduce the sort of vigorous book review that Hardwick had imagined.Jason Epstein knew that book publishers would advertise their books in the new publication, since they had no other outlet for promoting new books. The group asked <mask>, who was still at Harper's, to edit the issue, and <mask> asked <mask> to co-edit it with him. <mask> and Epstein "became an inseparable double act", editing The New York Review of Books together for the next 43 years, until her death in 2006. <mask> continued as sole editor until his death in March 2017. In later years, he described his motivation for continuing to edit the Review: "I feel it's a fantastic opportunity – because of the freedom of it, because of the sense that there are marvelous, intensely interesting, important questions that you have a chance to try to deal with

masks:
Robert Lowell
Barbara Epstein
Silvers
Silvers
Barbara Epstein
Silvers
Silvers


texts: in an interesting way. That's an extraordinary opportunity in life. And you'd be crazy not to try and make the most of it."He said on another occasion: "We do what we want and don't try to figure out what the public wants." Asked in 2007 about who might succeed him as editor, <mask> replied: "It's not a question that's posing itself". In 2012, he added, "I can think of several people who would be marvelous editors." <mask> also edited or co-edited several essay anthologies, including Writing in America (1960); A Middle East Reader: Selected Essays on the Middle East (1991); The First Anthology: Thirty Years of the New York Review (1993); Hidden Histories of Science (1995); India: A Mosaic (2000); Doing It: Five Performing Arts (2001 (a collection of essays on the performing arts)); The Legacy of Isaiah Berlin (2001); Striking Terror (2002); The Company They Kept (vol. 1, 2006; vol. 2, 2011); The Consequences to Come: American Power After Bush (2008); and  The New York Review Abroad: Fifty Years of International Reportage (2013). In 2009, he wrote the essay "Dilemmas eines Herausgebers" ("Dilemmas of an editor") appearing in the Austrian journal Transit – Europäische Revue.He also served on the editorial committee of La Rivista dei Libri, the Italian-language edition of the Review, until it closed in 2010. <mask> never married or had children. He was linked romantically in the 1960s with Lady <mask>. For more than four decades from 1975 until her death, he lived with Grace, Countess of Dudley (1923–2016), widow of the 3rd Earl of Dudley, with whom he shared a passion for opera. Silvers commented that Dudley's "fineness of mind and spirit has been the center of

masks:
Silvers
Silvers
Silvers
Caroline Blackwood


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 my life." A long-time pescetarian, Silvers "was struck by the essays of ... moral philosopher Peter Singer, who has written extensively about animal rights." <mask> died on March 20, 2017, at the age of 87, at his Manhattan home "after a brief illness".A memorial service was hosted by the New York Public Library in April 2017. Reputation

According to John Richardson in a 2007 Vanity Fair article, "Jason Epstein's assessment of <mask> as 'The most brilliant editor of a magazine ever to have worked in this country' has been 'shared by virtually all of us who have been published by <mask>'". The British newspaper  The Guardian called <mask> "the greatest literary editor there has ever been", while Library of America remembered him as "an unsurpassed editor who helped define and sustain the literary and intellectual culture of New York and America". The New York Times described him as "the voracious polymath, the obsessive perfectionist, the slightly unknowable bachelor-workaholic with the colossal Rolodexes and faintly British diction", and, in his obituary, stated that "under his editorship [The Review] became one of the premier intellectual journals in the United States, a showcase for extended, thoughtful essays on literature and politics by eminent writers." Author <mask> wrote, "the ideal editor of my – and I would guess every writer’s – dreams is ... <mask><mask>, the editor, brain, and heart of the NYRB. When I write a piece for his magazine, of course I have the immeasurable good luck to be edited by him. There is no experience quite like it.<mask> knows everything that's worth knowing, a consequence of his unflagging curiosity." "<mask>'s edits are

masks:
Silvers
Silvers
Robert Silvers
Silvers
Louis Begley
Robert B
. Silvers
Bob
Bob


texts: scrupulous, comprehensive, and precise. They are frequently aimed at saving the reviewer's face." Roger Cohen wrote, after <mask>' death, "No eye for imprecise thought was ever more discerning; no edit a sharper yet gentler distillation than his. ... He was a stickler for accuracy. The pencil in his hand went to the heart of the matter."In a 2012 profile of Silvers, The New York Times noted: "His greatest pleasure ... is simply good writing, which he talks about as others talk about fine wine or good food. Speaking about writers he likes, he sometimes flushes with enthusiasm. 'I admire great writers, people with marvelous and beautiful minds, and always hope they will do something special and revealing for us.'" Philip Marino, in The University of Chicago Magazine, commented: "Like a chemist pairing ingredients to induce a specific reaction, Silvers has built his career matching the right author and subject, in hopes of generating an exciting and illuminating result. ... 'he puts a writer together with material that even the writer might not have thought was appropriate,' says Daniel Mendelsohn". Glen Weldon, writing for NPR, concurred: "He encouraged writers to craft each review as a vigorous intellectual argument, and delighted in pairing reviewers with books that challenged their personal or political worldview." Professor <mask> wrote: "Reviewing for <mask> was like playing in the sprinkling rain of a mighty fountain ... to be doused in the sheer, bubbling delight of <mask>’s own unquenchable enthusiasm and alert, discerning curiosity.It widened the heart". In The Nation, Harvard professor Stanley Hoffmann observed that, in publishing some of the earliest

masks:
Silvers
Peter Brown
Bob Silvers
Bob


texts: criticisms of the Vietnam and Iraq wars, <mask> realized what other commentators missed: "In both instances, <mask>s was, in effect, whether deliberately or not, compensating for the weaknesses of the more established media. ... It was important that a journal which has the authority of the Review in a sense took up the slack and presented viewpoints which were extremely hard to get into the established media." The Nation added, during the Iraq war:One suspects [the editors of the Review] yearn for the day when they can return to their normal publishing routine – that gentlemanly pastiche of philosophy, art, classical music, photography, German and Russian history, East European politics, literary fiction – unencumbered by political duties of a confrontational or oppositional nature. That day has not yet arrived. If and when it does, let it be said that the editors met the challenges of the post-9/11 era in a way that most other leading American publications did not, and that The New York Review of Books ... was there when we needed it most.<mask> said: "The great political issues of power and its abuses have always been natural questions for us". His obituary in The New York Times commented that "Silvers made human rights and the need to check excessive state power his preoccupations, rising at times to the level of a crusade. ... [Silvers said], 'skepticism about government ... is a crucial point of view we have had from the first'." In his 1974 book The American Intellectual Elite, Columbia University sociologist Charles Kadushin interviewed "the seventy most prestigious" American intellectuals of the late 1960s, including <mask>. The Time magazine review

masks:
Silvers
Bob Silver
Silvers
Silvers


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 of the book expressed surprise at <mask>' position near the top of the list: "<mask>, the editor of the New York Review of Books, the magazine that [Kadushin] indicates is favored by intellectuals who want to reach other intellectuals ... is an able editor but an infrequent writer; it must be assumed that his ranking at the top ... is due to a power not unlike that of the maître d' of an exclusive restaurant." Silvers had a reputation for hiring and developing assistants who later became prominent in journalism, academia and literature. In 2010, New York magazine featured several of these, including Jean Strouse, Deborah Eisenberg, Mark Danner and A. O. Scott.Two of his former assistants, Gabriel Winslow-Yost and Emily Greenhouse, were appointed co-editors of the Review in February 2019. In February 2011, Oliver Sacks identified <mask> as his "favorite New Yorker, living or dead, real or fictional", saying that the Review is "one of the great institutions of intellectual life here or anywhere." Timothy Noah at Politico concluded that <mask> "made the New York Review the country’s best and most influential literary journal". Work habits and editorial approach
Jonathan Miller said of <mask>' work habits: "He isn't just conscientious beyond the call of duty. He defines what duty is. You will often find him working until two in the morning in the office, with his little assistants from Harvard around him. He never stops.He's always meeting people, and talking". Claire Messud wrote in 2012 that she was impressed, when submitting reviews for novels to the Review, that <mask> had "read the novel at hand, and sometimes with more sensitivity than I had ... he pointed

masks:
Silvers
Robert Silvers
Silvers
Silvers
Silvers
Silvers


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 out, delicately, that I'd attributed a quotation to the wrong character, and upon another occasion, that I'd summarized an event in a misleading way ... [but] <mask> is unfailingly generous and kind, someone who carefully suggests rather than commands alteration. He is an extraordinary editor in part because he is always respectful, of even the least of his contributors, or the least contribution." Charles Rosen elaborated:

<mask> [has not] sunk his personality into his profession; rather... he has found a means of transforming his profession into a fundamental way of being human. Extracting reviews from writers is not, in his case, a métier, or even a way of life, but a genuine form of self-expression, and he exercises it with dignity, tact and what sometimes feels like excessive sympathy. He has made writers feel that producing articles for him is not a business transaction or even process of communication, but simply a reciprocal act of friendship. A Financial Times interviewer, Emily Stokes, wrote in 2013 that Silvers viewed editing as "an instinct.You must choose writers carefully, having read all of their work, rather than being swayed by 'reputations that are, shall we say, overpromoted', and then anticipate their needs, sending them books and news articles" while seeking greater clarity, comprehensiveness and freshness in the writing. Stokes commented that Silvers "radiates a genial warmth [but told her that] it is part of the editor's role ... not to be swayed by friendships with authors but to let reviewers express their genuine views." Silvers described some of the diplomatic aspects of the job: "The act of reviewing can have a deep emotional

masks: Bob Bob


texts:
 effect. People get hurt and upset. You have to be aware of that, but you can't flinch. [You must also reject reviews] sometimes. You say, 'No, I'm terribly sorry, I can't visualise that in the paper.I don't think it's adequate to the subject.'" James Atlas wrote of a typical day for Silvers: "In the late afternoon, he'd rush out to a lecture at the Council on Foreign Relations, show up at a dinner party, and then head back to the office to deal with the next breaking crisis." Timothy Noah wrote: "Silvers edited three successive galleys for every piece, sharpening the argument, requesting additional evidence, removing pompous jargon and infelicitous phrases." His New York Times obituary noted: "Silvers brought to [the Review] a self-effacing, almost priestly sense of devotion. ... [He was] loath to grant interviews. ... He arrived at the office early and left late, if at all, to the kind of heavyweight cocktail party that was, for him, a happy hunting ground for writers and ideas."Legacy
At the time of his death, <mask> left the Review with a circulation of more than 130,000, its book publishing operations, and a reputation as "the country’s best and most influential literary journal. ... It's hard to imagine that Hardwick ... would complain today that book reviewing is too polite." The 50 Year Argument, a 2014 documentary film about the Review, co-directed by Martin Scorsese, is "'[a]nchored by the old-world charm' of its editor, <mask>". In 2019, <mask>' estate created the Robert B. Silvers Foundation to support writers of in-depth political, social, economic, and scientific commentary, long-form arts and literary criticism, and intellectual essays. Daniel

masks:
Silvers
Robert Silvers
Silvers


texts:
 Mendelsohn is the foundation's director, and Rea Hederman is its president. It awards annual prizes, called the Silvers-Dudley Prizes, recognizing outstanding writing, including the Robert B. Silvers Prize for Journalism; the Robert B. Silvers Prize for Criticism; and the Grace Dudley Prize for Writing on European Culture.Prizes are in the amounts of $30,000 each for writers over 40, and $15,000 each for those under 40. The first prizes were awarded in 2022. Besides serving as a trustee of the New York Public Library, <mask> was "personally, and very discreetly, involved in the struggle to keep neighbourhood libraries open in the poorest precincts of New York." The annual <mask><mask> lectures at the New York Public Library were established by Max Palevsky in 2002 and are given by experts in the fields of "literature, the arts, politics, economics, history, and the sciences." The lectures have been given by Joan Didion, J. M. Coetzee, <mask>, Michael Kimmelman, Daniel Mendelsohn, Nicholas Kristof, Zadie Smith, Oliver Sacks, Derek Walcott, <mask>, Darryl Pinckney, Lorrie Moore, Joyce Carol Oates, Helen Vendler, and Paul Krugman. Honors and awards

On November 15, 2006, <mask>, together with Epstein, received the National Book Foundation Literarian Award for Outstanding Service to the American Literary Community. With Epstein, he also received in 2006 the Award for "Distinguished Service to the Arts" from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.The National Book Critics Circle honored <mask> with the Ivan Sandrof Award for Lifetime Achievement in Publishing for 2011, and in 2012, he was honored with the Hadada Prize by The Paris Review, and a "N.Y.C. Literary

masks:
Silvers
Robert B
. Silvers
Ian Buruma
Mary Beard
Silvers
Silvers


texts:
 Honor" "for contributions to literary life" in New York City. At the N.Y.C. Literary Honors, readings were given, and, "in what may have been the most moving reading, [Silvers] excerpted architecture critic Martin Filler's rhapsodic review of the 9/11 Memorial designed by the young architect Michael Arad, which appeared in the NYRB last year." In 2013, the French-American Foundation honored him with its Vergennes Achievement Award. Also in 2013, he was awarded the 2012 National Humanities Medal by President <mask> "for offering critical perspectives on writing. ... [H]e has invigorated our literature with cultural and political commentary and elevated the book review to a literary art form."Among other honors, <mask> was a member of the executive board of the PEN American Center, the American Ditchley Foundation and the American Academy in Rome; he served as a trustee of the New York Public Library from 1997 and on the Paris Review Foundation. He was also a Chevalier of the French Légion d’honneur and a member of the French Ordre National du Mérite. In 1996, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2007, Harvard University awarded him an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters. and in 2013 he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the British Academy. In 2014, he received honorary Doctor of Letters degrees from both the University of Oxford and Columbia University. <mask> was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Century Association.References

External links
"Mr. Silvers, Will You Peek at My Books? ": article on Silvers in New York Observer, 2008
NPR interview of Silvers, 2013
2014 interview of Silvers by Alaine

masks:
Barack Obama
Silvers
Silvers


texts:
 Elkann
Hear Silvers discuss 2008 books with Ramona Koval
<mask>' acceptance speech for Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award, 2012
Interview with Silvers on the 45th anniversary of the Review, on Thoughtcast
Silvers in trailer of The 50 Year Argument

1929 births
2017 deaths
Sciences Po alumni
American male journalists
American magazine editors
American book editors
American publishers (people)
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish American journalists
Journalists from New York (state)
Military personnel from New York (state)
The New York Review of Books
National Humanities Medal recipients
The New York Review of Books people
People from Mineola, New York
People from Farmingdale, New York
People from Rockville Centre, New York
Honorary Fellows of the British Academy
21st-century American


texts:
<mask> AO DSc FASSA FAA FRSN FAHMS (, born 6 December 1944) is a Greek Australian neuroscientist, born in Ithaca, Greece. He completed his BA in psychology at the University of California at Berkeley and his PhD at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. After a postdoctoral year at Yale University, he moved to the School of Psychology of the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. He is currently an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow at Neuroscience Research Australia and Scientia Professor of Medical Sciences at the University of New South Wales. He is a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, the Australian Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, and the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences. He was also awarded a Distinguished Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 2019. <mask> is a corresponding member of the Academy of Athens, and the only Australian with this award.Personal life
Although known for his impact within neuroscience, <mask> has a history of campaigning for the environment. For more than 10 years (1989 - 2000), <mask> was the leading proponent of light rail for the city of Sydney. His motivation had been to reduce atmospheric pollution from automobile use. He founded the Light Rail Association and, through this organization, produced a plan for a comprehensive light rail system to complement the heavy rail network of Sydney. He organized demonstrations to preserve tramway infrastructure for a future light rail system. One of these demonstrations was a march on the Harbour Bridge that attracted more than 400 people. He also founded the Randwick Environment Group and the Coastal Walk Group – groups engaged in local activities in Randwick and Tamarama/Bronte, respectively.He wrote his novel Κατ’ Εικόνα to sensitize people on environmental issues. He stood as candidate for the Australian Cyclists Party for the 2015 state elections in New South Wales. Research
<mask> has published 54 research books, 1 textbook, 165

masks:
George Paxinos
Paxinos
Paxinos
Paxinos
Paxinos


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 refereed journal articles, 30 book chapters, and 17 CDROMs. He has identified 94 nuclei (areas) in the rat and human brains. Comparing rats and humans, he has identified 64 homologous nuclei. He has identified 180 nuclei and homologies in birds. He was the first to produce a reliable stereotaxic space for the brain of rats, mice, and primates — a factor fuelling the explosion in neuroscience research since the 1980s.He developed the first comprehensive nomenclature and ontology for the brain, covering humans, birds, and developing mammals. Further, <mask> constructed the most frequently cited atlases of the brain and spinal cord of rats, mice, monkeys, birds and humans. He also published developmental atlases of rats and mice, and the only comprehensive MRI/DTI atlas of the rat brain

Impact
He produced two paradigm shifts in the field of neuroscience. (i) During a sabbatical at Cambridge in 1977, he learned immunohistochemistry and applied it for the first time in brain atlases. That is, he used the chemical phenotype of neurons as a criterion for identifying brain regions and for establishing brain homologies across experimental animals and humans. (ii) In his avian brain atlas, he used neuromeric criteria to delineate the entire brain for the first time. Most scientists working on the relation between the human brain and neurologic or psychiatric diseases, or animal models of these diseases, use his maps and concepts of brain organization.His human brain atlases are the most accurate ones for identification of deep structures and are used in surgical theatres. In community impact, his 2018 discovery of the human endorestiform nucleus was widely reported. Citation record and grant support
In the field of neuroscience, he is the author of the most cited publication internationally (The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates; Paxinos and Watson, 1986.). This is the third most cited book in science after Molecular Cloning and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental


texts:
 Disorders (68,471 citations over its 7 editions). Currently is ranked 14th in the 100 Most Cited Books of All-Time – BooksIcon.com In total, his works have been cited 109,177 times, with 80,070 as first author. <mask> holds two National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) project grants and is a chief investigator at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function and of the NIH grant "Towards quantitative cell type-based mapping of the whole mouse brain". Until 2013, he held an NHMRC Australia Fellowship ($4 million) with UNSW support ($1.5 million) as well as two grants from NIH (USD150,000 and USD528,951).He was a member of the first International Consortium for Brain Mapping. Unlike most academic books, some of his atlases have been commercially successful; he was able to obtain grants for his laboratory from the publishers development to fund eight prizes from book royalties. Editorial boards of international refereed journals
Paxinos has served on 16 journal editorial boards, including Frontiers in Neuroanatomy (2008–present), Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience & Mental Health (2018 - present), Brain Structure and Function (2007–present), Translational Neuroscience (2008–present), ISRN Neurology (2010–present), PLoS ONE, for the SBMT NeuroMapping and Therapeutics Collection (2012–present), Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy (2004–2014), BrainNavigator (2009–12), Neuroscience and Bio-behavioral Reviews (2000–11), Journal of Comparative Neurology Human Brain Mapping, Posters in Neuroscience, Journal fur Hirnforschung, International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal, and NeuroImage. Contribution to the Profession

 President of the Australian Neuroscience Society (ANS; 2004-5). President, World Congress of Neuroscience (2004-7). Chairperson, IBRO World Congress & Regional Meetings Committee (2007–11). Honorary Life Memberships

 Society of Speech Therapists of Greece (Σύλλογος Επιστημόνων Λογοπαθολόγων Λογοθεραπευτών Ελλάδος)
 Hellenic Neuropsychology


texts:
 Society

Conference Organizing

 President of the Local Organizing Committee for the 2007 Melbourne IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience (and President of the Melbourne consortium bid for the Congress).Mai, Saper and <mask> organized the International Conference on the Structural Basis for Understanding Human Brain Function and Dysfunction; Roma 5-10 Oct 2002. He was a founding member of the international committee that organizes the International Human Brain Mapping Conferences. He was the co-organizer of the 1988 Neuropsychology symposium that took place on Heron Island as a satellite of the International Congress of Psychology in Sydney. Contribution to teaching
He wrote the internationally used textbook The Brain: an Introduction to Functional Neuroanatomy (2010) which is used in the Australian and New Zealand Brain Bee Challenge and has contributed to Australia’s dominance in the International Brain Bee Challenge competition. He taught psychology for 27 years and served on the Academic Board and Council of UNSW. He is currently supervising two postdoctoral fellows and a PhD student. Professional service
President of the Australasian Neuroscience Society (ANS; 2004–5).President, World Congress of Neuroscience (2004–07). Chairperson, IBRO World Congress & Regional Meetings Committee (2007–11). Community service
Founder and President of the Light Rail Association (1989–2000)
Founder and former Secretary of the Migrants' Rights Committee
Member of the Australian Cyclists Party
Founder of the Living Junction Facebook Community, the Coastal Walk Group and the Randwick Environmental Group. The award is named after the late sister of Professor <mask> and was initially funded by him. References

1944 births
Living people
Australian neuroscientists
Greek emigrants to Australia
Greek atheists
Officers of the Order of Australia
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Health and

masks:
Paxinos
George Paxinos


texts:
<mask> (born 22 January 1973) is an English football goalkeeping coach and retired player. He was recently employed by Football League One side Doncaster Rovers, having previously been employed as a player-goalkeeping coach at Oldham Athletic. Gerrard started his career in the Premier League with Oldham Athletic as a goalkeeper, and his 22-year playing career saw him play for Oldham, Everton, Oxford United, Ipswich Town, Sheffield United, Nottingham Forest, Blackpool and Stockport County, before he finished his playing career in a second spell at Oldham. Towards the end of his playing career, he was employed as a part-time goalkeeping coach by Oldham and Shrewsbury Town, before signing on as a full-time player/coach with Oldham at the start of the 2011–12 season. Gerrard is also a former England Under 21 international, having made 18 appearances between 1993 and 1996, but he never made an appearance for the full national side. Playing career

Oldham Athletic
Born in Heywood, Lancashire, Gerrard started his career as a goalkeeping apprentice at Oldham Athletic. He made his Premiership debut at the age of 19 on 5 December 1992 in a 3–2 defeat at Queens Park Rangers.In all, he made 118 League appearances for The Latics in his first spell. Everton
Nearly two years after Joe Royle had left Oldham for Everton, he returned to buy Gerrard for £1.5 million in July 1996. He made his debut for Everton as a half-time substitute for Neville Southall in a 7–1 win at home to Southampton on 16 November 1996. When Royle left Everton, Southall returned as first choice goalkeeper for Everton, and Gerrard decided to go on loan to Oxford United in 1997 for regular first team action. However, soon afterwards Howard Kendall took


texts:
 over for his second spell as team manager at Goodison Park and recalled Gerrard from Oxford. In December 2000, he suffered a knee injury in a Premier League match against West Ham United, and sparked a surprise reaction from West Ham striker Paolo Di Canio who spurned the opportunity to score the winning goal in order to attend to the injured Gerrard. This act of sportsmanship saw Di Canio awarded with the FIFA fair play award the following year.Royle, now at Ipswich Town, signed Gerrard on a month-long loan in November 2002, although Gerrard returned to Everton early after suffering from a dislocated kneecap, having made five appearances for Ipswich. During the 2003–04 season, he was signed on loan by Sheffield United covering for injured goalkeeper Paddy Kenny, and he spent three months at the club. He played a total of 16 games for the Blades, before joining Nottingham Forest on loan in March 2004 for the final two months of the season. Nottingham Forest
In the summer of 2004, Gerrard signed permanently for Nottingham Forest. At the end of his first season the club was relegated to League One. Despite ending the 2004–05 season as first-choice goalkeeper and Player of the Year at Forest, Gerrard found himself as second choice goalkeeper behind new signing Rune Pedersen, having sustained a knee injury during a pre-season tour to Denmark. Although he handed in a transfer request, Gerrard returned to first team action at the end of August in a 3–1 win against Gillingham.Gerrard was again dropped from the first team when manager Gary Megson signed Russell Hoult on loan from West Bromwich Albion. However, Hoult was recalled by West Brom in October, and Gerrard once again became the preferred goalkeeper. On 15


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 February 2006, Gerrard limped off in a 3–0 defeat against former club Oldham Athletic, having sustained a knee injury that later required surgery. He played only one game under Ian McParland and Frank Barlow due to a knee injury. Gerrard was released from Forest at the end of the 2005–06 season, following the club's failure to secure promotion to the Championship. Sheffield United
On 27 September 2006, he signed a four-month contract with the Blades to add depth to the goalkeeping department. The 33-year-old, who had a loan spell at Bramall Lane in 2003, was signed to provide cover for Paddy Kenny and Ian Bennett.On 1 January 2007, Gerrard made his Premiership debut for Sheffield United against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium. He made two further appearances for the Blades, but was released at the end of the 2006–07 season. On 6 August 2007, he was re-signed on a 12-month deal by new Sheffield United manager Bryan Robson for the upcoming Championship campaign. On 24 January 2008, he signed on loan for Blackpool until the end of the 2007–08 season. On 3 March it was revealed that Gerrard had undergone a knee operation which ended his season prematurely. He was subsequently released by the Blades when his contract expired at the end of the season. Stockport County
After leaving Bramall Lane, he joined Stockport County, but failed to make a competitive appearance for the club.Return to Oldham Athletic
On 5 November 2011, while working as goalkeeping coach at Oldham, he was brought on as a substitute for Alex Cisak, who had been sent off. Gerrard's first contribution in a competitive match for over two years, and first for Oldham for fifteen years, was to save a penalty. He made his first start in his


texts:
 second spell at the club in the 3–1 victory over Crewe Alexandra, on 8 November 2011.

International career
Gerrard never played for England at full international level, but he was capped 18 times by the under-21 side between 1993 and 1996. Coaching career

Oldham Athletic
He was confirmed Oldham Athletic's goalkeeping coach on a part-time basis on 30 June 2010. On 20 August he signed a pay as you play contract to provide cover for number one keeper Dean Brill. In July 2011 he was given a full-time permanent contract as goalkeeping coach. He left Oldham on 21 June 2013, with his former club claiming that he was moving to Doncaster Rovers, following former Oldham boss <mask>.Shrewsbury Town
In July 2010, he was confirmed Shrewsbury Town goalkeeping coach on a part-time basis. This ended in July 2011, when his contract at Oldham was made full-time, with Gavin Ward replacing him in the post. Doncaster Rovers

On 24 June 2013, he was confirmed as the new goalkeeping coach at Doncaster Rovers. Gerrard left the club on 29 November 2021 by mutual agreement, having worked with seven different managers. References

External links

1973 births
English footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C.players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
England under-21 international footballers
Living people
People from Heywood, Greater Manchester
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. non-playing staff
Shrewsbury Town F.C.non-playing staff
Doncaster Rovers F.C. non-playing staff
Association football goalkeeping


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<mask> (1927–2012) was an Indian chemical engineer, author and academic, known for his contributions in developing Organic synthesis engineering as a modern science discipline. Chemical Engineering journal of McGraw Hill listed him among the 10 most distinguished chemical engineers in the world in 1988. He was the author of nine texts in chemical engineering, including Organic Synthesis Engineering, a 2001 publication which is known to have introduced the topic as a definitive scientific stream and Heterogeneous reactions: Analysis, Examples, and Reactor Design, reportedly the first comprehensive text in chemical engineering. He was a recipient of honorary doctorate degrees from University of Salford, and University of Wisconsin, besides several other awards and honors which included Om Prakash Bhasin Award, Richard H. Wilhelm Award, William H. Walker Award and Homi Bhabha Medal. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1990, for his contributions to science. Early life
<mask>, born in Karnataka, did his schooling at Methodist Boys High School, Hyderabad before graduating in chemistry (BSc) from Nizam College, then under the University of Madras. <mask>'s English skills had prompted his school principal to advise him to take up literature as a career.He also wrote poetry but none of his poems were published. Choosing chemical engineering for his further education, he secured the degree of BS, in 1946, from Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology (Accet), one of the only two Indian institutions offering chemical engineering for advanced studies at that time. His performance in the engineering examinations earned him a scholarship from the Government of Andhra Pradesh which helped him to pursue further studies at the University of Wisconsin and the twenty one-year old reached Wisconsin when the winter of 1948 was its peak in December. It was during his stay at the University of Wisconsin, he had the opportunity to meet Olaf Andreas Hougen, a known academic in chemistry and a later-day Professor Emeritus of Wisconsin University, After completing

masks:
Laxmangudi Krishnamurthy Doraiswamy
Laxmangudi Doraiswamy
Doraiswamy


texts:
 his master's degree in 1950, he continued at the university to secure his doctoral degree in chemical engineering in 1952 for which Hougen reportedly assisted him in getting permission from the Nizam government of Hyderabad, who wanted <mask> to return to India to start serving the government. His doctoral thesis was on semichemical pulping, prepared under the supervision of Hougen and John McGovern of the Forest Products Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture. Academic and professional career

<mask>'s career started at R. L. Carlisle Chemical and Manufacturing Company of Brooklyn for a short stint of two years and he left US for India in 1954 to take up the position of a scientist at the National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune where he continued his researches in chemical engineering. His tenure at NCL lasted a quarter of a century, rising in ranks as a senior scientist, assistant director (1961), deputy director (1966) and superannuating in 1989, as the first non-chemist to head the organization, after holding the post of the director since 1978.In between, he was reportedly offered the post of the director general of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the largest research and development (R&D) organisation in India, controlling 38 national laboratories, 39 outreach centres, 3 Innovation Complexes and 5 units, but he declined the offer to stay with NCL. It was at this time, NCL entered into a bilateral co-operation agreement with the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering of the Iowa State University and this led to his visit to Iowa where he met Peter Reilly, the then Anson Marston Distinguished Professor of the university. It is reported that Reilly persuaded <mask> to join the university as the Glenn Murphy Visiting Professor of Engineering which he agreed to and, later, joined the institution as a permanent faculty in 1992 as the Herbert Stiles Professor. During his stay in Iowa, he was involved in various visiting lectures and symposia and became the Anson Marston Distinguished Professor, the highest academic honour for engineering academics at the university. He continued

masks: Doraiswamy Doraiswamy Doraiswamy


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 his association with the university even after his retirement in 2001 till his death 2012. Legacy

Academic contributions
In 2001, <mask> published a seminal work, Organic Synthesis Engineering, which defined the subject and introduced it as an independent science discipline. The book emphasized on catalysis and the role of process intensification in enhancing overall productivity and explained the applications of catalysis in organic synthesis.This is reported to be a pioneering attempt in chemical reactions engineering and assisted in conjoining the disciplines of chemical and chemical engineering processes. Another of his work, Heterogeneous Reactions: Analysis, Examples, and Reactor Design, co-authored by M. M. Sharma, is considered as the first comprehensive text on chemical engineering. At NCL as well as at Iowa State University, he mentored 45 research scholars in their post graduate and doctoral studies. He was a visiting professor at six universities and sat at the editorial boards of many refereed journals like Indian Chemical Engineer, the official journal of the Journal of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE). It was during his tenure as the head of NCL, a Centre of Excellence in Catalysis was established which eventually returned several scientific contributions. He headed the working group on Catalysis of the Indo-Russian Science and Technology Cooperation and was instrumental in NCL starting collaborative ventures with Salford University, UK and with the University of Erlangen, Germany. Scientific contributions
<mask> was known to have introduced several innovations in chemical reaction engineering.Gas-solid catalytic and non-catalytic reactions, solid-solid reactions, phase-transfer catalysis mediated reactions, stochastic modelling, fluidization, adsorption and catalysis and catalytic reactor analysis are some of the areas where his researches reportedly made improvements. He launched radical changes in the processing of dimethylaniline, chloromethanes, methylchlorosilanes, ethylenediamine and vitamin B6. He introduced a complete process for methyl, ethyl, butyl and

masks: Doraiswamy Doraiswamy


texts:
 2-ethylhexylacrylates while the process initiated by him, jointly with G. D. Rihani in 1965 for calculating enthalpy, entropy and the Cp for an ideal gas is known as Rihani-Doraiswamy method. Verma-Doraiswamy method for the estimation of Standard enthalpy of formation is another process that bears his name. The invention jointly made with Thomas Wheelock of a calcium based sorbent for coal gas desulphurization, introduction of zeolite catalysts, the development of a xylene isomerization process and a new methodology for the alkylation of benzene with alcohols are some of his other contributions. It was at the tissue culture pilot plant established by him where a method of propagation of bamboo by tissue culture was identified for the first time. Publications
<mask>, who reportedly had good English language skills, published nine books, five of them original works and four edited books, as well as over 180 scientific papers published in peer-reviewed national and international journals.These writings are known to have assisted in expanding the canvass of chemical engineering beyond its conventional boundaries by introducing themes such as phase transfer catalysis and sonochemical reactions. Apart from Organic Synthesis Engineering and Heterogeneous Reactions: Analysis, Examples, and Reactor Design, the other three books published by him are The Analysis of Chemically Reacting Systems : A Stochastic Approach (1987), Excellence in an Overlapping Culture: The Big History of India’s National Chemical Laboratory (2011) and Chemical Reaction Engineering : Beyond the Fundamentals (2014). The lectures delivered by <mask> in the Hougen Lecture Series were compiled by the University of Wisconsin and published in 1988 under the title, Across Millennia : Some Thoughts on Ancient and Contemporary Science and Engineering. Frontiers in Chemical Reaction Engineering (1984), Transport processes in Fluidized Bed Reactors (1987), Recent Advances in the Engineering Analysis of Chemically Reacting Systems (1987), and Transport in Fluidized Particle Systems (1989) are the four books edited by him. Social contributions
<mask> was


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 reported to have contributed in bringing order to various departments at NCL and in recruiting talents. As the head of the organization, he introduced the scheme of preferential recruitment of widows of the former NCL employees and established a local school and shopping centre in NCL campus. Awards and honors
<mask>, an Anson Marston Distinguished Professor of the Iowa State University, was elected as the fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1974, and the Indian National Science Academy followed suit in 1977.He was also a fellow of The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) (1997) and the National Academy of Sciences, India. The Chemical Engineering magazine of McGraw-Hill listed him among the 10 most distinguished chemical engineers in the world in 1988. He received the degree of Doctor of Science (honoris causa) from the University of Salford in 1982 and the University of Wisconsin Madison in 1991. In 2010, the National Academy of Engineering inducted him as a member. The Indian National Science Academy awarded him the Syed Hussain Zaheer Medal in 1983 and he was awarded the Om Prakash Bhasin Award for Science and Technology of the Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation in 1986. He received the Jawaharlal Nehru Lifetime Achievement Award in 1987, followed by the Personal Achievement Award of Chemical Engineering magazine in 1988. The Government of India included him in the Republic Day Honours list for the civilian award of the Padma Bhushan in 1990, the same year as he received the Richard H. Wilhelm Award of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.In 2001, he received the Padma Vibhushan Prof. M. M. Sharma Medal of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE)  and IIChE repeated the honor with Dr. B. P. Godrej Life Time Achievement Award in 2003. He received another award, the William H. Walker Award, for Excellence in Contributions to Chemical Engineering Literature from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers in 2004. He was also a recipient of the Homi Bhabha Medal. On his 60th birthday, the Indian Academy of Sciences published one of their books, re-titled as Reactions and Reaction Engineering in


texts:
 <mask>.K. <mask> Festschrift. The Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers have instituted an annual oration, Padma Bhushan Prof. L. K<mask> Chemcon Distinguished Speaker Award, in his honor, running since 2001.Two of the institutions he was closely associated with, viz. Iowa State University and the National Chemical Laboratory, honor <mask> by jointly organizing a US-India lectureship every year. Personal life
<mask> was born in a Brahmin family as the only brother of three sisters born to <mask> <mask> and <mask>a in Bengaluru on 13 May 1927. <mask> was the head of Geological Survey of India at their Hyderabad branch and the young <mask> was brought up in Lingasugur, a small hamlet near Hatti Gold Mines and home to many archaeological sites, in the south Indian state of Karnataka. He was married to Rajalakshmi, the marriage taking up place in 1952 after his return to India from Wisconsin, and the couple had a son, Deepak, a doctor in chemical engineering and a daughter, Sandhya, an MPhil and CPA holder. Both continue to live in Pennsylvania, Deepak at Landenberg and Sandhya at Danville. <mask>, towards the later days of his life, suffered from heart ailments and underwent a bypass surgery.However, he could not survive for long and died on 2 June 2012, while recuperating from the surgical trauma, survived by his children; his wife had preceded him in death. Though the latter part of his life was spent mostly in US, he retained his Indian citizenship till the end. See also

 National Chemical Laboratory
 Nizam College
 List of Iowa State University people
 List of University of Wisconsin–Madison people

References

External links

Further reading

Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
1927 births
2012 deaths
University of Madras alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
Indian chemical engineers
20th-century Indian inventors
Indian scientific authors
Iowa State University faculty
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
TWAS fellows
Fellows of The National Academy of Sciences, India
Scientists from

masks:
DoraiswamyL
Doraiswamy
. Doraiswamy
Doraiswamy
Doraiswamy
Laxmangudi
Krishnamuy
Kamal
Krishnamurthy
Doraiswamy
Doraiswamy


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<mask> (28 December 171721 July 1771) was one of the leading German political economists in the 18th century. Life
<mask> was born in Brücken. From 1750 to 1753, <mask> taught at the Theresianum Knights Academy in Vienna, Austria, where he established close contacts with Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz whose administrative reforms exerted a strong influence on his political ideas. After briefly settling in Erfurt and Leipzig, <mask> was appointed Director of Police in Göttingen in 1755. In Göttingen <mask> started his systematic study of contemporary French works, in particular Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws. In 1757, he accepted an invitation of the Danish minister Bernstorff to Copenhagen. In 1758, he settled in Altona.Hoping for a permanent position in Prussia, <mask> moved to Berlin in 1760. Five years later, in 1765, he was appointed Prussian Inspector of Mines, Glass, and Steel Works. In 1768, he was accused of misappropriating government funds and imprisoned in Küstrin. New archival research by Andre Wakefield has revealed in how far <mask>'s activities as Prussian official in the Neumark can be considered 'a disaster in almost every way'. After being released in April 1771 he moved back to Berlin where he died soon after. Oeuvre

<mask>'s oeuvre consists of more than 50 independent works dealing with philosophical, literary, technological, geological, chemical, physical as well as political and economic issues. For most of his life, <mask> did not hold a permanent position in academia or public administration but had to live from the royalties of his writings.Accordingly, he tried to present at least two new titles at each of the two large annual German book fairs in Leipzig and Frankfurt. This circumstance accounts for the manifold textual similarities that can be found within <mask>'s works. Writing against the background of the European power struggle during the Seven Years' War, <mask>'s central aim was to create modern commercial monarchies in the

masks:
Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi
Justi
Justi
Justi
Justi
Justi
Justi
Justi
Justi
Justi
Justi


texts: larger states of the Holy Roman Empire that could equal the military strength, political standing and economic performance of England and France. In so doing, <mask> took recourse to ideas of French thinkers such as Fénelon, Saint-Pierre, d'Argenson and Montesquieu. In his political writings, <mask> stressed that a country could only be economically and commercially successful if it was run by a moderate government that recognised the inviolability of private property. By contrast, despotism necessarily led to the impoverishment and military weakening of a country. Under the influence of Montesquieu Justi extensively discussed the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of government, yet concluded that the only form of government that would be able to coordinate and implement wide-ranging economic reforms was a modernised monarchical regime.Justi came up with a broad range of ideas for economic reform. Apart from measures supporting population growth and fostering competition (by reducing the power of guilds and corporations), <mask> viewed the increase in private consumption (by abolishing sumptuary laws), the spread of manufactures and companies as well as the growth in external trade (with the help of government-sponsored trade companies and the abolition of prohibitions regarding the import and export of goods) as cornerstones for economic success. These measures had to be accompanied by improvements in mining and agriculture. Ultimately, these reforms could only be successful if they were supported by a comprehensive tax reform that would lead, among other things, to the abolition of the excise tax (Akzise). In his financial writings, the influence of contemporary French writings as well as cameralistic theories developed by Wolff and Pufendorf shines through. On various issues, Justi seems to take positions that resemble the views of Adam Smith. However, his overall argument – the need for short-term government interventions in order to obtain a

masks: Justi Justi Justi


texts:
 liberal economic order in the long term – is far closer to thinkers such as Sir James Steuart (economist).Research on Justi has primarily focused on his works on political economy (see overview studies by Ferdinand Frensdorff and Ulrich Adam). Other parts of his comprehensive oeuvre have not yet been studied in detail. Secondary literature
 Ulrich Adam: The Political Economy of J.H.G. Justi. Peter Lang, Oxford 2006,
 Ferdinand Frensdorff: Über das Leben und die Schriften des Nationalökonomen J.H.G. von Justi. Göttingen 1903
 Dirk Fleischer: Kirchenverständnis aus polizeiwissenschaftlicher Sicht.<mask> <mask> von Justis Verständnis der Kirche. in: Albrecht Beutel et al.(ed. ): Christentum im Übergang. Neue Studien zu Kirche und Religion in der Aufklärungszeit. Leipzig 2006, pp. 71–83,
 Andre Wakefield: The Disordered Police State. German Cameralism as Science and Practice.University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2009. Selected writings
 Staatswirtschaft oder systematische Abhandlung aller ökonomischen und Cameralwissenschaft, 2 volumes, I+II (1755)
 Entdeckte Ursachen des verderbten Münzwesens in Teutschland; Leipzig 1755 Breitkopf
 Grundsätze der Polizeywissenschaft (1756)]
 Die Chimäre des Gleichgewichts von Europa (1758)
 Vollständige Abhandlung von denen Manufakturen und Fabriken, 2 Bände, I (1758), II (1761)
 Staatswirthschaft, oder systematische Abhandlung aller Oekonomischen und Cameral-Wissenschaften, die zur Regierung eines Landes erfodert werden. In zweien Theilen sgefertigt. Erster Theil, Welcher die Lehre -von Erhaltung und Vermehrung des Vermogens des Staats, und mithin die Staatskunst, die Policey- und Commereien-Wissenschaft nebst der Haushaltungskunst in sich begreifft. Zweyte stark vermehrte Auflage (1758)
 Die Chimäre des Gleichgewichts der Handlung und Schiffahrt (1759)
 Der Grundriss einer guten Regierung (1759)
 Psammitichus, 2 volumes, I (1759), II (1760)
 Natur und Wesen der Staaten (1760)
 Leben und Charakter des Königl. Polnischen und

masks:
Johann Heinrich
Gottlob


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<mask> is an American artist whose work includes performance art, music, films and multimedia projects. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Los Angeles, California, to Karen and <mask>. She has an older brother, Micah, and a younger brother, Josh. Her mother was initially a journalist and her father worked as a special effects engineer in the film industry. When her parents got into financial difficulties in the mid-1970s, they got jobs distributing porn magnate Larry Flynt's Hustler magazine as well as gay porn publications. In 1982, <mask>'s parents took over the gay porn bookshop Circus of Books in West Hollywood, without telling their children what they did for a living. They also produced gay porn videos, starring Jeff Stryker.<mask> attended Wonderland Avenue Elementary, Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies (LACES) and Cleveland High School in Reseda. <mask> received a BFA in art from UCLA and an MFA from Yale University. In New York she worked as an assistant to video and performance artist Joan Jonas. Performance art works

On January 20, 2017, <mask>'s character FutureClown performed a live streamed lip-synch Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions of President Trump's inaugural address as he was delivering it on national television. In 2013, FutureClown lip-synched a full 13 hour filibuster speech delivered by Senator Rand Paul. <mask>'s earliest works included performances and centered around the body and architecture. As an undergraduate, <mask> scaled the eight-story (now demolished) UCLA art building dressed as her fictional character, Terrestrial Being.This piece represents one of a series of performances for video focused on this character. Between 2004 and 2010, <mask> staged performances where she transformed into political leaders singing selections of works from her two Songs of the Ambassadors albums. Ranging from Manuel Noriega to Saddam Hussein. For the research into these songs, <mask> conducted interviews with Ramsey Clark, former U.S. Attorney General who provided insight into some of the political leaders such as Fidel Castro, Saddam Hussein, Manuel Noriega, with

masks:
Rachel Mason
Mason
Barry Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason


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 whom she struck up a correspondence from his prison cell in Florida. Her performances often included dancers and collaborations with musicians and guest artists. Performances occurred at the Park Avenue Armory (New York), Museum of Contemporary Art in Detroit (MOCAD), JMOCA in Los Angeles (Justin Hansch's Museum of Contemporary Art), and Kunsthalle Zürich. Sculpture

While a student at Yale University, she created Kissing President Bush which was featured on the cover of the New York Times Art Section during the Republican National Convention held in New York, in 2004.In this sculptural work, the artist depicts herself kissing President George W. Bush. Between 2006 and 2010, <mask> created a collectible set of porcelain figurines of the various political figures involved in conflicts during her lifetime. In each conflict she included herself as an imagined ambassador. In 2014, <mask> created an exhibition of polymer clay doll sculptures with mirrored bodies, of female identified artists. The series, Starseeds, was presented first at Envoy Enterprises gallery in New York and then LTD Gallery in Los Angeles. Musical works

In 2016, <mask> released Das Ram, an album of eight synth based pop songs on the Los Angeles label, Cleopatra Records. In 2013, the soundtrack to her film The Lives of Hamilton Fish was released as an album of 21 songs.In 2012, <mask> released an album with her band Little Band of Sailors which featured an original album cover made by John Baldessari, her mentor and teacher. <mask> released two albums of songs whose lyrics imagine being inside the minds of various political leaders. These albums, called The Ambassadors, Vol. I and Vol. II include songs written in collaboration with guest writers, artists and musicians including Josephine Foster, Jennifer Herrema, John Knuth, Julian Hoeber, Emory Holmes III, Sarah Lehrer-Graiwer. <mask> performed at art institutions, and which entailed costume changes where she morphed into leaders such as Saddam Hussein, Mobutu Sese Seko, Deng Xiaopeng, and Jimmy Carter. Films

Her debut feature film The Lives of Hamilton Fish is a musical art film

masks: Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason Mason


texts:
 with no dialogue.<mask> often performed the entire soundtrack live in front of an audience while touring the film to museums and festivals. The film's story is based on a true coincidence <mask> discovered. Two obituaries of two men, both named Hamilton Fish, were printed on the front page of a newspaper from January 16, 1936. Hamilton Fish (aka Albert Fish) had been a serial killer while Hamilton Fish II had been a statesman. The latter was a descendant of 18th century politician Alexander Hamilton, who was killed in a duel by Aaron Burr; a large part of the film was shot on location at the Morris–Jumel Mansion where Burr once lived. The film also portrays one of the first known psychics, The White Crow, aka Leonora Piper. The Lives of Hamilton Fish premiered at London's Raindance Film Festival in 2015, and <mask> performed with the film as a live performance at museums including LACMA, Art in General, Henry Art Gallery, Corcoran Gallery, Albany Institute of History and Art, The Horse Hospital (London), Pineapple Underground Film Festival (Hong Kong), and Night Gallery (Los Angeles).<mask>'s 2019 documentary feature film Circus of Books was acquired by Netflix and executive produced by Ryan Murphy. It is based on the story of the historic gay landmark Circus of Books, a book and magazine store that her parents ran from 1982 until 2019. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26, 2019 and was the opening night gala presentation at the 2019 Outfest film festival. It was available for streaming on Netflix on April 22, 2020. "<mask>'s art is fluid — it's always easing in and out of different forms. She is a songwriter and performer; she's an actress, of a sort, who performs as if channeling the poetic inner souls of controversial leaders like Fidel Castro and Manuel Noriega." -- Claudine Ise

External links
Official website
Twitter

References

21st-century American women artists
Artists from Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
American women sculptors
American performance artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Yale University

masks: Mason Mason Mason Mason Rachel


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<mask> (; born 1 April 1979) is a Croatian former professional handballer who is currently working as assistant coach of the Croatia national handball team. He was voted five times in a row as the most valuable player in major international competitions, and is one of only four male handball players who received the IHF World Player of the Year award on two occasions (2003, 2006). He was voted the best handball player in history in an online poll organized by the International Handball Federation (IHF). <mask> was a 2003 World and 2004 Olympic champion with Croatia. Early life
Born in Split, <mask> was the only child of handball players, mother Stjepanka and father <mask>. After the first three months of his birth, <mask> moved with his parents to Italy because of his father's professional career. During his time in Italy Balić lived in Rovereto and Prato.At age of seven <mask> and his mother returned to Split. When his father came back playing for RK Split in the Yugoslav Second League, <mask> would always love to watch his father's play. <mask> started playing basketball with KK Split due to him being a big fan of the club, which at the time was three time European champion. He played basketball until 1995 when his father's friend and coach at RK Split, Mate Bokan, at the time suggested he should play handball. Club career
<mask> began his senior handball career with RK Brodomerkur Split which competed in the top-tier Croatian First A League. In his first season Brodomerkur finished second in the league and got to the semi-finals of the EHF Cup where they lost to THW Kiel which won the Cup. He played for Brodomerkur for three more seasons reaching top positions in the league and reaching the quarter-finals of the EHF Cup.In 2001 <mask> moved to RK Metković Jambo. His first season started out with winning the Croatian Cup and

masks:
Ivano Balić
Balić
Ivano
Žarko Balić
Balić
Balić
Balić
Balić
Balić
Balić


texts:
 league championship. Even though Metković won the league, their title was stripped away administratively and given to Badel 1862 Zagreb. This season was also his first season playing the EHF Champions League. The next few seasons <mask> spent perfecting his game which was mostly seen in 2003 when he became the first Croatian handballer to win the IHF World Player of the Year award and was voted Croatian Handballer of the Year in 2004. <mask> moved to Portland San Antonio in 2004. He chose San Antonio so he could play with his idol Jackson Richardson.During his first season, he helped the club win the league championship and reached the quarter-final of the Champions League. The next season saw <mask> in his first and only Champions League final. Unfortunately, San Antonio lost to a very strong BM Ciudad Real in both final matches (losing 19–25 in the first and 28–37 in the second leg). Although he did not win the Champions League, he got his second IHF World Player of the Year award in 2006. In 2007 <mask> was voted best Croatian athlete by Sportske novosti. Between 2008 and 2012, <mask> played for Croatian powerhouse RK CO Zagreb, winning the Croatian Premier League and Croatian Cup four times. In 2012 <mask> returned to Spain to play for Atlético Madrid.He stayed for only a season because the club went through bankruptcy. At the club he had a fantastic season winning the IHF Super Globe and Copa del Rey while finishing second in the league championship. In 2013 <mask> signed with German team HSG Wetzlar. After two seasons spending there, <mask> announced his retirement from professional handball at the beginning of the 2014–15 season. On 5 June, <mask> played his last professional handball game in a 29–24 win against Göppingen, in which he scored one goal and made five assists. International career
In 1998 <mask> started

masks: Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić


texts: playing for Croatia under-20 and under-21 national teams at the same time. Next year he was called up to play for the senior Croatia men's national team, but he got pneumonia.He came to training and the physiotherapist noticed that he was sick so they gave him some antibiotics and sent him home. In December 2000 <mask> was called up to train for the 2001 World Championship. In training, <mask> got injured by trying to catch a reflected ball to which Petar Metličić fell on his foot and ruptured his ligaments. Because of this injury, <mask> had to rest for twenty days and missed the World Championship in France. <mask> finally made his debut for the senior national team at the 2001 Mediterranean Games in Tunisia where Croatia won first place. Next year <mask> played at the 2002 European Championship in Sweden where Croatia finished in last place. Although they finished last in the tournament, they shocked the world a year later at the 2003 World Championship in Portugal where they won first place; after losing their opening match against Argentina (29–30), they beat Saudi Arabia, Russia, France, Hungary, Egypt, Denmark, Spain, and lastly Germany in the final.In January 2004 <mask> was called up to play at the 2004 European Championship in Slovenia. Croatia had a good start in the group stage beating Spain and Denmark, and conceding a draw against Portugal. Croatia came all the way to the semi-finals where they lost against hosts Slovenia and finished fourth losing to Denmark in a third place game. <mask> was included in the all-star team and was voted the best player and the best play maker at the tournament. In August of the same year <mask> was selected to play at the 2004 Summer Olympics where the national team won first place. Croatia went undefeated through the tournament and <mask> was selected in the all-star team and was

masks: Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić


texts: the best play maker at the tournament. For winning the gold medal, all players were awarded the Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport yearly award.<mask> won the award with the team, as he also won another yearly award by himself. At the 2005 World Championship in Tunisia, Croatia came in second place losing to Spain in the final game. <mask> was voted MVP of the tournament and the best play maker. At the 2006 European Championship in Switzerland, Croatia came in fourth. <mask> was once again voted MVP of the tournament and the best play maker, also being the fourth top goalscorer with 43 goals and top field goalscorer. The same year <mask> was also part of the team that won the Stratoil World Cup in Sweden and Germany. During this tournament <mask> invented the nickname of the Croatian national team: Kauboji ().At the 2007 World Championship in Germany, Croatia came in fifth place, with <mask> was voted MVP once again. <mask> also played during the 2008 European Championship in Norway where Croatia suffered a defeat from Denmark in the final. That silver medal was the first European championship medal <mask> had won. <mask> was also voted best centre back and was joint top goalscorer alongside Nikola Karabatić and Lars Christiansen with 44 goals. In the 2008 European Championship, he was the equal top scorer with 44 goals as he led Croatia to a silver medal and was also voted to the all-star team of the tournament. The same year <mask> was selected to be Croatia's flagbearer at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Unfortunately, the tournament did not go so well.Croatia finished in fourth place losing the third place for the bronze medal to Spain in an awful defeat of 29–35. <mask> did not play his best at the tournament failing to receive an award. The next national team challenge <mask> faced was the 2009 World Championship in

masks: Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić


texts:
 Croatia. Even though Croatia went undefeated throughout the tournament, France beat them in a painful final match, during which a rivalry emerged between <mask> and Nikola Karabatić, which the media named "clash of the titans". At the 2010 European Championship in Austria, Croatia won another silver medal losing to France in the final game. Following unsuccessful 2011 World Championship, where Croatia came in fifth place, in 2012 <mask> won two bronze medals with Croatia–at the European Championship in Serbia and at the Olympics in London. Prior to the 2013 World Championship in Spain, <mask> was dropped from the national team by then head coach Slavko Goluža, thus he retired from the national team.After the match, there was a special ceremony dedicated to Balić. During the ceremony, Jackson Richardson, his handball idol, came to congratulate him on his career. Post-playing career
Following his retirement from playing professional handball, <mask> joined the Croatia men's national handball team coaching staff under newly appointed head coach Željko Babić as team's coordinator, alongside his old colleagues Petar Metličić as assistant and Valter Matošević as goalkeeper coach. As part of that staff he won the bronze medal at the 2016 European Championship in Poland with the rest of the team, and was also part of the fifth-place placement at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. On 8 April 2021, the Croatian Handball Federation appointed <mask> as assistant coach to Hrvoje Horvat in the coaching staff of the senior Croatian national handball team. Personal life
From 1999 to 2006 <mask> was married to his wife Ivana. They have together one son, Dino, born 2000.In 2014 <mask> got his second child, first with girlfriend Mirela Delić, a son named Vigo. In 2016 <mask> became a father for the third time. Balić enjoys watching

masks: Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić Balić


texts:
<mask>, DMS (née Pellissier; 1 November 1889 — 8 January 1979) was a South African educator, writer, journalist, cultural leader, politician and pioneer in the promotion of Afrikaans, as well as the spouse of the penultimate Governor-General of the Union of South Africa, E.G<mask>. She was a founding member of the Saamwerkersunie (Cooperative Union), the Voortrekkers (an Afrikaans pioneer organisation), the Vroue-Nasionale Party (Women's national party) in Natal, the Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge (FAK) (Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisations), and the first woman member of the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns (South African Academy of Science and Arts). She was the author of numerous dramas and novels, as well as the first Afrikaans grammar guide. She was involved in the founding of Voortrekkerpers (Pioneer publishers) and Die Transvaler (The Transvaler newspaper), a leading figure in the education and upliftment of impoverished Afrikaans railway workers, and an avid supporter of the preservation of cultural-historical monuments. Background

<mask> was the youngest of six children, a daughter of Samuel Henri Pellissier (1850 - 1921) and a granddaughter of Rev. Jean Pellissier, a French missionary who arrived in South Africa in 1831 and took over the London Missionary Society's mission station at Bethulie in the southern Free State on behalf of the French Missionary Society after Rev.Clark abandoned the work in July 1833 as hopeless. Her mother, Josephine Elise Johanna Roux (1857 - 1907), was a daughter of Rev. Piet Roux (1825 - 1913), the first pastor and founder of the Dutch Reformed community of Smithfield. Jansen was educated

masks:
Martha Mabel Jansen
. Jansen
Jansen


texts:
 in Bethulie and later Riversdale, Western Cape. She matriculated at Girl's School in Paarl and was placed first in the senior certificate examination in South Africa. She completed a MA in Greek and Latin at the Huguenot College in Wellington, Western Cape in 1909. The accepted work for an educated women at that time was botany or teaching, so after a year as a teacher she was appointed a lecturer at the Training College in Pietermaritzburg.Teacher

<mask> not only advocated for the Afrikaans language, but also for Afrikaans education and welfare in that she started the first on-site further education of Afrikaans railway workers in Natal. From 1924 the poor whites in the Witwatersrand area were sent to Natal to work on the railways so as to alleviate some of the social pressures in the Witwatersrand area. <mask> arranged for them to be housed in the hall of the Dutch Reformed church in Pietermaritzburg and she established one of the first railway hostels for the displaced workers, later named after her. Over the period 1924 to 1936, <mask> and a group of six teachers taught lessons to the railway workers while on the trains and arranged for a welfare worker, Henning Klopper, to visit them. Author

<mask>'s first published work was the historical melodrama Afrikanerharte, written in 1914 but only published in 1918. The work was not well received by either G. Dekker in his Afrikaanse literatuurgeskiedenis (1935) or F.E.J Malherbe in his Aspekte van Afrikaanse Literatuur (1940). Dekker commented, "That our playwrights would make an eager use of historical material was to be expected, especially when we consider that the play was a beloved propaganda tool in the

masks: Jansen Jansen Jansen Jansen


texts:
 language struggle.These historical dramas have also become part of the national awareness and played a role that should not be underestimated, even though the pure dramatic value of these works is generally low." Malherbe compared her works to J.F.E. Celliers' Liefde en Plig (Love and Duty) (1909) and Heldinne van die Oorlog (Heroines of the War) (1924); and C.J. Langenhoven's Die Hoop van Suid-Afrika (The Hope of South Africa) (1913) and Die Vrou van Suid-Afrika (The South African Woman) and commented, "With the advent of the Afrikaans movement, dramas, especially those with motifs from the patriarchal history, are avidly produced. They have little literary value and are mostly propaganda; but much beloved, they have helped to raise and strengthen the consciousness of the people of the nation." In 1919, <mask>'s collection of stories Die veldblommetjie (The field flower) was published followed by similar collections Sommerso (Just so), and Erfenis (Heritage) in 1940. Under the pseudonym "Marta", <mask> published a children's play Die onnut (The useless) in 1923 and a recipe book Vrugte-heerlikheid: meer as duisend maniere om Suid-Afrikaanse vrugte voor te berei (Fruit glory: more than a thousand ways to prepare South African fruit) in 1942.Afrikanerharte and Die veldblommetjie are of historical value but she was not recognised for her contributions to literature, but rather due to her actions in politics and Afrikaans-cultural life. Journalist

From its first edition in Bloemfontein in 1919, the Landbouweekblad (Farmer's Weekly) had a women's section managed by Jansen. It was published as a separate leaflet first known as "Housewife" and later as "The House Page"

masks: Jansen Jansen


texts:
 She dealt with anything the farmer's wife might be doing around the house: cooking, crafts, sewing, other household affairs and flower gardening. She had a section that responded to letters from readers and later wrote about Afrikaans language under the pseudonym "Marta". Politician

<mask> was politically active before voting rights were granted to white women in South Africa in 1930 and had been appointed provincial chairman of the National Women's Party, which she founded in 1923. In 1933 she was elected deputy leader of the National Party in Natal and served on the Federal Council. After a large part  of the National Party merged with the South African Party in 1934, she assisted J.G.Strijdom and C.J.H. de Wet in the reconstruction of the National Party in the Transvaal. The process had started at the Transvaal congress of the National Party on 9 August 1934 in Pretoria. At this meeting J.G. Strijdom voted against the merger while J.B.M Hertzog voted in favour of it and the overwhelming majority of the delegates (281, including <mask>'s husband) agreed with him while a minority (38, composed mostly of women including <mask>) were opposed to it. This small group left the meeting and set up their own meeting at the Polleys Hotel on Pretorius Street. They decided to keep the original party name (although they were referred to as the Purified National Party and from 1939 as the Reunited National Party) and decided to establish their own party newspaper, Die Vaderland (The Fatherland).<mask>'s husband resigned from the United Party in 1939, and rejoined the National Party. <mask> only stood once as a candidate for the Volksraad (literally People's Council, the

masks: Jansen Jansen Jansen Jansen Jansen


texts:
 Parliament of South Africa) in 1938, but lost to Abraham de Kock. Cultural work

Saamwerkersunie

Jansen did groundbreaking work in Natal from 1917 to 1929. She advocated for the introduction of Afrikaans language exams which led to the Taalbond (language board) exams from 1920. The Saamwerkersunie was established in 1917 to unite the various unions and encourage the use of Afrikaans language in examinations in the Natal province. The Afrikaans language exams created an urgent need for an Afrikaans grammar guide, which <mask> created in collaboration with C.M. Booysen in 1917.The work was not universally well received even within the Afrikaans community. However, in July 1959 the Saamwerkersunie presented <mask> with a gold medal as a recognition of her "great cultural work". Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns

In 1920, <mask> became the first female member of the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns, and in 1969, they gave her an honorary lifelong membership. Voortrekker movement

<mask> was closely involved in the founding of the Voortrekker movement on 30 September 1931 in the old town hall in Bloemfontein. Present at the meeting were several prominent members of the Afrikaans community including prime minister JBM Hertzog, N.J van Der Merwe (leader of the National Party in Natal), S.H. Pellissier (Jansen's cousin and leader of the Volkspelebeweging (People's games movement)), C.F. Visser  (who established the precursors to the Voortrekkers) and Rachel Steyn (widow of president M.T.Steyn). <mask> was elected provincial leader of Natal and later was appointed deputy leader, a position that had to be held by a woman. At the meeting, the


texts:
 first group of recruits to the Voortrekkers were recognised. Amongst them was the daughter of C.F. Visser, Marie Visser, who was presented with a Voortrekker flag that had been made by Jansen. Jansen also served on the Voortrekker Monument Committee, of which her husband was the chair, and participated in the cornerstone laying on 16 December 1938 and the inauguration on 16 December 1949. Other

Jansen served on the management of the Kruger Committee, the Union Flag Committee and the Archives Committee and was also a member of the Enforcement Association.With the establishment of the Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Societies (FAK) in 1929, she became the first female member of the executive committee and retained this distinction for decades. She served as a member until 1935, and on 11 July 1974, the FAK awarded her the Public Service Honorary Award. Both E.G<mask> and <mask> were involved in the preservation of historic sites within Pietermartizburg, such as the Voortrekker Church of the Vow, and the erection of monuments, such as that in honour of Piet Retief, Gerrit Maritz and Piet Uys that had been funded by donations from the public and unveiled by Jansen on 6 April 1962. Selected works

<mask> published both fiction and non-fiction works including the first book on Afrikaans grammar:

Voortrekkerpers published her work recounting the pledge made by the pioneers before the Battle of Blood River, as recounted by Sarel Cilliers:

Jansen published an historical, melodramatic play entitled Afrikaner-harte in 1918. It had six editions and was translated into English. It is amongst her most widely held work:

Personal life

<mask> was secretary of the

masks:
. Jansen
Mabel Jansen
Jansen
Jansen


texts: Christian Women's Association of Natal, a Sunday School teacher and a church organist.In 1912 she married Advocate E.G<mask>, who had started practicing as a lawyer in Pietermaritzburg in 1906. Her husband had already played a leading role in the promotion of Afrikaans language and culture in the predominantly English-speaking Natal. He was prominent in the cultural-historical life of this province and served on the board of the Debats- en Letterkundige Vereniging (Pietermaritzburg Debate and Literary Society), which he founded in 1908, and also of the Voortrekker Museum Committee. Jansen was involved in a car accident in the 1930s from which she never fully recovered, although it had no effect on her mentally. E.G<mask> died in 1959, and from that point on <mask> lived alone in her home in Irene with her dog, Referendum.The <mask>s only had one child, Erns <mask>, who became a Transvaal judge and later appellate judge and died in Pretoria on 23 May 2011. One of his three daughters, <mask>, SC, followed in her grandfather and father's legal footsteps and chaired the Pretoria Bar Council from 2003 to 2004. The other two daughters are Erna Heyns and Christine Loubser. At the time of his death, there were seven grandchildren. On her 86th birthday celebration in 1975, the prime minister, John Vorster, paid tribute to her and in 1976 she was honoured by State President N.J. Diederichs with the Decoration for Meritorious Services. <mask>'s epitaph in the cemetery in Centurion, Gauteng reads, in Afrikaans:"Gelowend in God het sy haar volk met eer gedien." (in English: "Believing in God, she served her people with honour.")She remained steadfastly true to her principles

masks:
. Jansen
. Jansen
Mabel Jansen
Jansen
Louis Jansen
Mabel Jansen
Jansen


texts:
 throughout her life, to the extent that when her husband followed JBM Hertzog from the National Party to the United Party in 1933, she remained a Nationalist and helped build the party up after the merger. On the eve of World War II, E.G<mask> returned to the party his wife had been faithful to all the time. References

Sources

C.J. Beyers & J.L. Basson (eds). 1987.Suid-Afrikaanse biografiese woordeboek Pretoria: RGN, volume V
G. Dekker 1935. Afrikaanse Literatuurgeskiedenis Cape Town, Bloemfontein and Pretoria: NASPERS Ltd.
F.E.J. Malherbe 1940. Aspekte van Afrikaanse Literatuur. Studies van Belangrike werke  Cape Town, Bloemfontein and Pretoria: NASPERS Ltd. External links

Website of the FAK

1889 births
1979 deaths
Colony of Natal people
Afrikaner people
South African writers
South African women writers
20th-century South African women


texts:
Grand Duke <mask> of Russia (; 24 November 1877 – 9 November 1943) was a son of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, a grandson of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and a first cousin of Tsar Nicholas II. He followed a military career. After graduating from the Nikolaevsky cavalry School in 1896, he served as coronet in the life Guards Hussar regiment. He took part in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 and became a major general in the Russian Army in 1914. During World War I, he commanded the regiment of the Ataman Cossacks in 1915. He was known in Imperial Russia for his restless behavior and as a notorious playboy. After the fall of the Russian monarchy, he was put under house arrest by the provisional government in March 1917, but he managed to escape the former Imperial capital in September that year and joined his mother and younger brother in the Caucasus.He departed revolutionary Russia in March 1919 with his longtime mistress, whom he married in exile. Eventually, he settled in France where he spent the rest of his life. He died in occupied Paris in 1943. Early life
Grand Duke <mask> was born on  at his parents' palace in Saint Petersburg. He was the third child and second surviving son among the five children of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, née Duchess Marie Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. His parents were very wealthy and lived in the luxurious Vladimir Palace in Saint Petersburg. His father, Vladimir Alexandrovich, a brother of Tsar Alexander III of Russia, was a renowned patron of the arts; his mother, Maria

masks:
Boris Vladimirovich
Boris Vladimirovich


texts:
 Pavlovna, one of the greatest hostesses of Russian society.<mask>, more extrovert than his siblings, was his mother's favorite. Grand Duke <mask> was educated at home. He initially was raised by a British nanny,  the first language he spoke was English. As was customary in the Russian Imperial family, <mask> and his siblings also have a sailor "nanny", a male attendant from the Imperial navy, who served as the children's companion looking after them. <mask>'s education emphasized languages and military training. The parents chose the tutors, governors and friends for their children with care. The four siblings spent most of their time at their parents villa in Tsarkoe Selo where they had a lot of freedom and were able to visit a park with a pond.It was traditional for the male members of the Romanov family to follow a military career. From his birth, Grand Duke <mask> was appointed patron of the 45th Azov Infantry Regiment, and enrolled into the Semeonovsky Life Guards and the Life Guards Dragoon regiment, the 4th Life Guard Rifle Battalion of the Imperial Family. In 1896, at the age of eighteen, he graduated from the Nikolaievsky Cavalry School with the rank of Cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. The following year, he was appointed aide-de-camp to the Emperor. A Russian Grand Duke

At age eighteen, upon coming of age, Grand Duke <mask> received from his father a plot of land at Tsarskoye Selo on the eastern bank of the Kolonistky pond near the Moskovskaya Gate. There, in 1895, the Grand Duke built his own residence in the style of an English country house. All the

masks:
Boris
Boris
Boris
Boris Vladimirovich
Boris
Boris


texts: materials were imported from England and construction was finished in less than a year.The estate, named Wolf Garden, compromised a cottage, coach house, stables, and a small tea house, where the grand duke could entertain his friends. The interiors were designed by Maples importing everything from England. To complement the British atmosphere, the servants were hired from England including a British butler. <mask> lived in Wolf Garden all year round while still serving in the army. The property was run as a modern farm and in 1899 a small house was added for the servants. From his early youth <mask> was notorious for his restless life style. He was an extrovert, very social, he liked to drink, gamble and womanizing.He became a famous playboy. In 1896 during the coronation ceremonies of Tsar Nicholas II, he flirted with Crown Princess Marie of Romania, who was his first cousin and was already married. The next year, he visited her in Bucharest, fueling more rumors. She said that "he had an attractive, rather husky voice, kind eyes, and humorous smile, which crinkled his forehead into unexpected lines. Not exactly handsome, he had nevertheless great charm." The grand duke also got entangled with a Mademoiselle Demidov. He was the cause of her engagement breaking off on the eve of her wedding.The famous ballerina Anna Pavlova was one of <mask>' lovers. Princess Catherine Radziwill called him "the terror of jealous husbands as well as of watchful mothers". His trips abroad became legendary, his escapades in doubtful taste. He drank in the company of spongers and prostitutes. Although

masks:
Boris Vladimirovich
Boris
Boris


texts:
 loaded with wealth and privilege, Grand Duke <mask> found his income insufficient and ran up a huge debt of nearly half a million rubles with his mother. In one year, he spent more than 25,000 rubles for meals, 16,000 for servants and 8,000 for automobiles, giving 46 rubles to the church. His mother protected him from the wrath of the family.In 1901, Grand Duke <mask>, age twenty five, had a liaison with a Frenchwoman, Jeanne Aumont-Lacroix, and had a son by her, born in Paris. The child, <mask> Lacroix (1902–1984), was not recognized. To break the relationship and strengthen his character <mask>'s parents sent him, with the Tsar's approval, on a world tour. World tour

Grand Duke <mask>' tour around the world lasted from   until . It began in France, when in the autumn 1901, he met with his parents and brother Kirill in Paris. As there was an unexpected delay in the expedition, he spent the holidays with his aunt Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna and his cousin Victoria Melita in their winter home in Nice. The long trip began in January 1902 on board the German ship Bremen, accompanied by a large entourage.He visited Egypt and later India. He was a guest of Maharaja Surjyakanta Acharya Chowdhury of Muktagacha, Mymensingh now in Bangladesh. He was a guest of the Maharaja of Kapurthala in his kingdom near Punjab where he went tiger hunting. His trip continued with stops in Ceylon and French Indochina. He spent eight days in Siam as guest of King Chulalongkorn. After that, he visited Japan, and on his way to the United States, he stopped in Honolulu. On 1 August 1902, Grand Duke

masks:
Boris
Boris
Jean Boris
Boris
Boris


texts: <mask> arrived in San Francisco where he toured the city; attended the opera and went to a boxing match.His visit to the United States drew a great deal of attention from American news papers. A journalist in California described him as "a handsome young man of very pleasant manner who spoke good English." While in Chicago it was reported that he drank champagne from the satin slipper of a chorine from The Wizard of Oz and tipped showgirls with $20 bills. He claimed that those stories had been fabricated. He then spent two weeks in Newport, Rhode Island where he was entertained by the American society of the gilded age. In Newport, <mask> was invited to dinners and parties, he played tennis and even learned to play golf. He continued his trip sailing to New York City in Cornelius Vanderbilt's yacht.The grand duke was favorable impressed with the city's skyline and the modern use of electricity <mask> visited president Theodore Roosevelt at his estate Sagamore Hill, on the North Shore of Long Island. Because his bad reputation had preceded him, First lady Edith Roosevelt, who regarded his presence as both "a scandal and an insult" was conspicuously absent. After six hectic weeks in America, Grand Duke <mask> sailed back to Europe. Jovial and increasingly stout, <mask> was famous for his wild and unpredictable behavior, but eventually these excesses began to lose their appeal. He remarked to his brother Kirill, "After a while every woman is the same, nothing is new except the face". In October 1903, he enlisted in the Tsar's retinue. On 26 February, he left Russia for the Far East

masks:
Boris
Boris Vladimirovich
Boris
Boris
Boris


texts:
 to take part in the Russo-Japanese War.He served under the command of the Russian governor in the Far East at the headquarters of the commander in chief of the Army, General A.N. Kuropatkin, taking part in combat

On the morning of 31 March 1904, while galloping from the heights of Dacha Hill on the rim of Port Arthur, he witnessed the sinking of the Russian battleship Petropavlovsk in which more than 600 men died; his brother <mask> Duke Kirill was among the few survivors. In December 1904, for his bravery in battle, he was awarded a golden sword with the caption For Courage and was promoted to staff captain. In 1905, in Nice, Grand Duke <mask> proposed to Princess Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg. They had met two years before in the Isle of Wight. She was seventeen years old and hesitated, deciding to postpone her decision until she had made her debut in society. By then she had forgotten about <mask> and in the next season she met her future husband King Alfonso XIII of Spain.1911 was a busy year for the grand duke. He was made colonel and in April he represented Russia at the Turin World Fair and the Fine Arts Exhibition in Rome during the celebrations for the 50th anniversary of Italy's unification. On 22 June 1911, he represented his cousin Tsar Nicholas II at the coronation of Britain's King George V in Westminster Abbey. In November the same year, he was Russia's emissary at the coronation of Vajiravudh the King of Siam. On his way back to Europe, he visited Egypt and Greece. Between 1910 and 1914, he wore the uniform of colonel of His Imperial Highness the Tsarevich

masks: Grand Boris Boris