texts:
 while also earning Most Valuable Player honors on his soccer team his senior year. He also was named an honorable mention from the Alabama Sports Writer's Association for all-state honors in football his senior year and was by his team and coaches as the Best Defensive Player on his football team.College career
<mask> attended and played college football at Huntingdon College in Montgomery, Alabama. He played wide receiver and wore No. 1 for the Hawks' football program under head coach Mike Turk. In his freshman season in 2008, he saw action in seven varsity games and two junior varsity games. He caught two receptions for 19 yards and returned back five punts for 65 yards. In his sophomore season in 2009, he played in 11 games and started nine of them. He led the team with 48 receptions for 769 yards and five touchdowns.He returned 10 punts for 104 yards and 15 kickoffs for 354 yards. As a junior in 2010, <mask> played in 10 games, starting nine of them, and caught 51 passes for 1,078 yards with 12 touchdowns. He also had three rushing attempts for nine yards and returned three punts for 23 yards and nine kick returns for 121 yards. <mask> played in and started all 10 games of his senior season in 2011. He recorded 46 receptions for 766 yards and eight touchdowns receiving. He had two rushing attempts for -1 yards and one rushing touchdown. He also had five punt returns for 28 yards and seven kick returns for 135 yards.He ended his collegiate playing career as Huntingdon's all-time leading receiver. He was named as both Preseason All-American and All-Region in 2010 for his junior year. His senior year he was named a team captain and was named Male Athlete of the Year. College statistics

Professional career

Pre-draft
Huntindgon College did not host a pro day, so Pearcy attended the pro day hosted by Alabama State, a FCS University located less than one mile away in Montgomery, Alabama. He recorded a 4.31-second 40 yard dash time. He

masks: Pearcy Pearcy Pearcy


type: original

texts:
 also recorded a 44-inch vertical jump and a 6.67-second time in the three-cone drill as well as a 3.76-second time in the short shuttle. Atlanta Falcons
Pearcy went undrafted at the 2012 NFL Draft but was immediately signed as an undrafted free agent by the Atlanta Falcons.He was released before the start of the 2012 NFL season. Cleveland Gladiators
<mask> signed with the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League in 2013. During the 2013 AFL season, <mask> played as a wide receiver as well as playing some defense. During the season he had nine receptions for 83 yards and three touchdowns as well as returning three kickoffs for 29 yards. On the defensive side of the ball, he recorded 7.5 tackles (seven solo and one assisted) and one fumble recovery. Following the end of the season which saw the Gladiators finish with a disappointing 4-14 record, <mask> signed with the Columbus Lions of the Professional Indoor Football League.He was cut following the 2014 PIFL season thus ending his playing career. Coaching career

Huntingdon Hawks
Following being released by the Columbus Lions and retiring from professional football, <mask> returned to Huntingdon College as a graduate assistant. He served in this role for two seasons. The 2015 season saw Huntingdon win a USA South Conference Championship and receive a playoff appearance (for just the second time in school history). Birmingham-Southern Panthers
In 2016, <mask> was hired to become the wide receivers coach at Birmingham-Southern. In 2017, he was promoted to strength and conditioning coordinator, while also retaining the position as their wide receivers coach. References

External links

Living people
1989 births
People from Phenix City, Alabama
Players of American football from Alabama
American football wide receivers
Huntingdon Hawks athletes
Atlanta Falcons players
Cleveland Gladiators players
Columbus Lions players
Huntingdon Hawks football coaches
Birmingham–Southern College

masks: Pearcy Pearcy Pearcyearcy Pearcy Pearcy


texts:
<mask> (born 1948 in Pistoia), is an Italian poet, philosopher, and translator, supported since the beginning from Piero Bigongiari, one of the major exponents of Florentine Hermeticism. Considered one of the most important poet and intellectual of his generation he has been influenced by having a very difficult illness to cope with. Biography
Since his university years Carifi was attracted by French and German philosophy, in his mature age he also crossed paths with Buddhist, getting influenced for instance in his collections, such as Tibet and The Secret.. Alongside philosophical studies, there are those of psychoanalysis, first carried out at L'École Freudienne in Paris, as an auditor at the lectures held by Jacques Lacan, and continued in Milan. Carifi poetic has been deeply influenced by the lyrical voices of Rainer Maria Rilke and Georg Trakl, on which he also practiced as a translator. In addition of being a poet, he plays the 'activity as a literary critic, attracted since his university years by French and German philosophy. In 2004 he got a stroke which affected and slow down his creativity. In 2019 he was awarded with the Cilento Poetry Prize at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera.Works

Poetry collections
Infanzia (Società di Poesia, Milan 1984 - rist. Raffaelli, Rimini 2012);
L’obbedienza (Crocetti, Milan 1986);
Occidente (Crocetti,


texts:
 Milan 1990);
Amore e destino (Crocetti, Milan 1993);
Poesie (I Quaderni del Battello Ebbro, Porretta Terme 1993);
Casa nell’ombra (Almanacco Mondadori, Milan 1993);
Il Figlio (Jaca Book, Milan 1985);
Amore d’autunno (Guanda, Parma-Milan 1998);
Europa (Jaca Book, Milan 1999). Il gelo e la luce (Le Lettere, Firenze 2003);
La pietà e la memoria (Edizioni ETS, Pisa 2003) ISBN 88-467-0782-6;
D'improvviso e altre poesie scelte (Via del Vento edizioni 2006);
Nel ferro dei balocchi (Crocetti, Milano 2008);
Tibet (Le Lettere, Firenze 2011);
Madre (Le Lettere, Firenze 2014);
Il Segreto (Le Lettere, Firenze 2015);

Essays
Il gesto di Callicle (Società di Poesia, Milano 1982);
Il segreto e il dono (EGEA, Milano 1994);
Le parole del pensiero (Le Lettere, Firenze 1995);
Il male e la luce (I Quaderni del Battello Ebbro, Porretta Terme 1997);
L’essere e l’abbandono (Il Ramo d’Oro, Firenze 1997);
Nomi del Novecento (Le Lettere, Firenze 2000);
Nome di donna (Raffaelli, Rimini 2010). Iacuzzi, Morte di madre. S. Ramat, Roberto Carifi nel nome della madre, "Il Giornale", 01 settembre 2007;

References

External links
Roberto Carifi nell'Enciclopedia Treccani
An interview in Italian
Roberto Carifi: Tre poesia (with brief biography) (in Italian)

20th-century Italian poets
Italian male poets
Italian philosophers
Living people
1948 births
20th-century Italian male


texts: Colonel <mask>  (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer, who became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918) against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and his ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as <mask> Arabia, a title used for the 1962 film based on his wartime activities. He was born out of wedlock in August 1888 to Sarah Junner (1861–1959), a governess, and Sir <mask>, 7th Baronet (1846–1919), an Anglo-Irish nobleman. Chapman left his wife and family in Ireland to cohabit with Junner. Chapman and Junner called themselves Mr and Mrs <mask>, using the surname of Sarah's likely father; her mother had been employed as a servant for a <mask> family when she became pregnant with Sarah. In 1896, the <mask>s moved to Oxford, where <mask> attended the High School and then studied history at Jesus College, Oxford from 1907 to 1910. Between 1910 and 1914 he worked as an archaeologist for the British Museum, chiefly at Carchemish in Ottoman Syria.Soon after the outbreak of war in 1914 he volunteered for the British Army and was stationed at the Arab Bureau (established in 1916) intelligence unit in Egypt. In 1916, he travelled to Mesopotamia and to Arabia on intelligence missions and quickly became involved with the Arab Revolt as a liaison to the Arab forces, along with other British officers, supporting the Arab Kingdom of Hejaz's independence war against its former overlord, the Ottoman Empire. He worked closely with

masks:
Thomas Edward Lawrence
Lawrence of
Thomas Chapman
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thomas


texts:
 <mask> Faisal, a leader of the revolt, and he participated, sometimes as leader, in military actions against the Ottoman armed forces, culminating in the capture of Damascus in October 1918. After the First World War, <mask> joined the British Foreign Office, working with the British government and with Faisal. In 1922, he retreated from public life and spent the years until 1935 serving as an enlisted man, mostly in the Royal Air Force (RAF), with a brief period in the Army. During this time, he published his best-known work Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926), an autobiographical account of his participation in the Arab Revolt. He also translated books into English, and wrote The Mint, which detailed his time in the Royal Air Force working as an ordinary aircraftman.He corresponded extensively and was friendly with well-known artists, writers, and politicians. For the RAF, he participated in the development of rescue motorboats. <mask>'s public image resulted in part from the sensationalised reporting of the Arab revolt by American journalist <mask>, as well as from Seven Pillars of Wisdom. In 1935, <mask> was fatally injured in a motorcycle accident in Dorset. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born on 16 August 1888 in Tremadog, Carnarvonshire, Wales, in a house named Gorphwysfa, now known as Snowdon Lodge. His Anglo-Irish father <mask> had left his wife <mask> after he had a first son with Sarah Junner who had been governess to his daughters. Sarah had herself been an illegitimate child, having been born in Sunderland as the daughter of <mask>, a servant employed by a family named <mask>; she was dismissed four months before Sarah was born, and

masks:
Emir
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lowell Thomas
Lawrence
Thomas Edward
Lawrence
Thomas Chapman
Edith
Elizabeth Junner
Lawrence


texts: identified Sarah's father as "John Junner, Shipwright journeyman".<mask>'s parents did not marry but lived together under the pseudonym <mask>. In 1914, his father inherited the Chapman baronetcy based at Killua Castle, the ancestral family home in County Westmeath, Ireland. The couple had five sons, <mask> (called "Ned" by his immediate family) being the second eldest. From Wales, the family moved to Kirkcudbright, Galloway, in southwestern Scotland, then to Dinard in Brittany, then to Jersey. The family lived at Langley Lodge (now demolished) from 1894 to 1896, set in private woods between the eastern borders of the New Forest and Southampton Water in Hampshire. The residence was isolated, and young <mask> had many opportunities for outdoor activities and waterfront visits. Victorian-Edwardian Britain was a very conservative society, where the majority of people were Christians who considered premarital and extramarital sex to be shameful, and children born out of wedlock were born in disgrace.<mask> was always something of an outsider, a bastard who could never hope to achieve the same level of social acceptance and success that others could expect who were born legitimate, and no girl from a respectable family would ever marry a bastard. In the summer of 1896, the family moved to 2, Polstead Road in Oxford, where they lived until 1921. <mask> attended the City of Oxford High School for Boys from 1896 until 1907, where one of the four houses was later named "<mask>" in his honour; the school closed in 1966. <mask> and one of his brothers became commissioned officers in the Church Lads' Brigade at St Aldate's Church. <mask> claimed that

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Thomas Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence


texts:
 he ran away from home around 1905 and served for a few weeks as a boy soldier with the Royal Garrison Artillery at St Mawes Castle in Cornwall, from which he was bought out. However, no evidence of this appears in army records. Travels, antiquities, and archaeology

At age 15, <mask> and his schoolfriend Cyril Beeson cycled around Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire, visiting almost every village's parish church, studying their monuments and antiquities, and making rubbings of their monumental brasses.<mask> and Beeson monitored building sites in Oxford and presented the Ashmolean Museum with anything that they found. The Ashmolean's Annual Report for 1906 said that the two teenage boys "by incessant watchfulness secured everything of antiquarian value which has been found." In the summers of 1906 and 1907, <mask> toured France by bicycle, sometimes with Beeson, collecting photographs, drawings, and measurements of medieval castles. In August 1907, <mask> wrote home: "The Chaignons & the Lamballe people complimented me on my wonderful French: I have been asked twice since I arrived what part of France I came from". From 1907 to 1910, <mask> read history at Jesus College, Oxford. In July and August 1908 he cycled 2,200 miles (3,500 km) solo through France to the Mediterranean and back researching French castles. In the summer of 1909, he set out alone on a three-month walking tour of crusader castles in Ottoman Syria, during which he travelled  on foot.While at Jesus he was a keen member of the University Officers' Training Corps (OTC). He graduated with First Class Honours after submitting a thesis titled The Influence of the

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence


texts:
 Crusades on European Military Architecture—to the End of the 12th Century, partly based on his field research with Beeson in France, and his solo research in France and the Middle East. <mask> was fascinated by the Middle Ages; his brother Arnold wrote in 1937 that "medieval researches" were a "dream way of escape from bourgeois England". In 1910, <mask> was offered the opportunity to become a practising archaeologist at Carchemish, in the expedition that D. G. Hogarth was setting up on behalf of the British Museum. Hogarth arranged a "Senior Demyship" (a form of scholarship) for <mask> at Magdalen College, Oxford, to fund his work at £100 a year. He sailed for Beirut in December 1910 and went to Byblos, where he studied Arabic. He then went to work on the excavations at Carchemish, near Jerablus in northern Syria, where he worked under Hogarth, R. Campbell <mask> of the British Museum, and Leonard Woolley until 1914.He later stated that everything which he had accomplished he owed to Hogarth. <mask> met Gertrude Bell while excavating at Carchemish. He worked briefly with Flinders Petrie in 1912 at Kafr Ammar in Egypt. At Carchemish, <mask> was frequently involved in a high-tension relationship with a German-led team working nearby on the Baghdad Railway at Jerablus. While there was never open combat, there was regular conflict over access to land and treatment of the local workforce; <mask> gained experience in Middle Eastern leadership practices and conflict resolution. Military intelligence

In January 1914, Woolley and <mask> were co-opted by the British military as an archaeological smokescreen for a British military survey of the

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Thompson Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence


texts: Negev Desert. They were funded by the Palestine Exploration Fund to search for an area referred to in the Bible as the Wilderness of Zin, and they made an archaeological survey of the Negev Desert along the way.The Negev was strategically important, as an Ottoman army attacking Egypt would have to cross it. Woolley and <mask> subsequently published a report of the expedition's archaeological findings, but a more important result was updated mapping of the area, with special attention to features of military relevance such as water sources. <mask> also visited Aqaba and Shobek, not far from Petra. Following the outbreak of hostilities in August 1914, <mask> did not immediately enlist in the British Army. He held back until October on the advice of S. F. Newcombe, when he was commissioned on the General List. Before the end of the year, he was summoned by renowned archaeologist and historian Lt. Cmdr. David Hogarth, his mentor at Carchemish, to the new Arab Bureau intelligence unit in Cairo, and he arrived in Cairo on 15 December 1914.The Bureau's chief was General Gilbert Clayton who reported to Egyptian High Commissioner Henry McMahon. The situation was complex during 1915. There was a growing Arab-nationalist movement within the Arabic-speaking Ottoman territories, including many Arabs serving in the Ottoman armed forces. They were in contact with Sharif Hussein, Emir of Mecca, who was negotiating with the British and offering to lead an Arab uprising against the Ottomans. In exchange, he wanted a British guarantee of an independent Arab state including the Hejaz, Syria, and Mesopotamia. Such an uprising would have been very helpful to

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence


texts: Britain in its war against the Ottomans, greatly lessening the threat against the Suez Canal. However, there was resistance from French diplomats who insisted that Syria's future was as a French colony, not an independent Arab state.There were also strong objections from the Government of India, which was nominally part of the British government but acted independently. Its vision was of Mesopotamia under British control serving as a granary for India; furthermore, it wanted to hold on to its Arabian outpost in Aden. At the Arab Bureau, <mask> supervised the preparation of maps, produced a daily bulletin for the British generals operating in the theatre, and interviewed prisoners. He was an advocate of a British landing at Alexandretta which never came to pass. He was also a consistent advocate of an independent Arab Syria. The situation came to a crisis in October 1915, as Sharif Hussein demanded an immediate commitment from Britain, with the threat that he would otherwise throw his weight behind the Ottomans. This would create a credible Pan-Islamic message that could have been very dangerous for Britain, which was in severe difficulties in the Gallipoli Campaign.The British replied with a letter from High Commissioner McMahon that was generally agreeable while reserving commitments concerning the Mediterranean coastline and Holy Land. In the spring of 1916, <mask> was dispatched to Mesopotamia to assist in relieving the Siege of Kut by some combination of starting an Arab uprising and bribing Ottoman officials. This mission produced no useful result. Meanwhile, the Sykes–Picot Agreement was being negotiated in London without the

masks: Lawrence Lawrence


texts:
 knowledge of British officials in Cairo, which awarded a large proportion of Syria to France. Further, it implied that the Arabs would have to conquer Syria's four great cities if they were to have any sort of state there: Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo. It is unclear at what point <mask> became aware of the treaty's contents. Arab Revolt

The Arab Revolt began in June 1916, but it bogged down after a few successes, with a real risk that the Ottoman forces would advance along the coast of the Red Sea and recapture Mecca.On 16 October 1916, <mask> was sent to the Hejaz on an intelligence-gathering mission led by Ronald Storrs. He interviewed Sharif Hussein's sons Ali, Abdullah, and Faisal, and he concluded that Faisal was the best candidate to lead the Revolt. In November, S. F. Newcombe was assigned to lead a permanent British liaison to Faisal's staff. Newcombe had not yet arrived in the area and the matter was of some urgency, so <mask> was sent in his place. In late December 1916, Faisal and <mask> worked out a plan for repositioning the Arab forces to prevent the Ottoman forces around Medina from threatening Arab positions and putting the railway from Syria under threat. Newcombe arrived and <mask> was preparing to leave Arabia, but Faisal intervened urgently, asking that <mask>'s assignment become permanent. <mask>'s most important contributions to the Arab Revolt were in the area of strategy and liaison with British armed forces, but he also participated personally in several military engagements:

 3 January 1917: Attack on an Ottoman outpost in the Hejaz
 26 March 1917: Attack on the railway at Aba el Naam
 11 June 1917: Attack

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence


texts:
 on a bridge at Ras Baalbek
 2 July 1917: Defeat of the Ottoman forces at Aba el Lissan, an outpost of Aqaba
 18 September 1917: Attack on the railway near Mudawara
 27 September 1917: Attack on the railway, destroyed an engine
 7 November 1917: Following a failed attack on the Yarmuk bridges, blew up a train on the railway between Dera'a and Amman, suffering several wounds in the explosion and ensuing combat
 23 January 1918: The battle of Tafileh, a region southeast of the Dead Sea, with Arab regulars under the command of Jafar Pasha al-Askari; the battle was a defensive engagement that turned into an offensive rout and was described in the official history of the war as a "brilliant feat of arms".<mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership at Tafileh and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. March 1918: Attack on the railway near Aqaba
 19 April 1918: Attack using British armoured cars on Tell Shahm
 16 September 1918: Destruction of railway bridge between Amman and Dera'a
 26 September 1918: Attack on retreating Ottomans and Germans near the village of Tafas. The Ottoman forces massacred the villagers and then Arab forces in return massacred their prisoners with <mask>'s encouragement. <mask> made a 300-mile personal journey northward in June 1917, on the way to Aqaba, visiting Ras Baalbek, the outskirts of Damascus, and Azraq, Jordan. He met Arab nationalists, counselling them to avoid revolt until the arrival of Faisal's forces, and he attacked a bridge to create the impression of guerrilla activity. His findings were regarded by the British as extremely valuable and there was serious consideration of awarding


texts:
 him a Victoria Cross; in the end, he was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and promoted to Major. <mask> travelled regularly between British headquarters and Faisal, co-ordinating military action.But by early 1918, Faisal's chief British liaison was Colonel Pierce Charles Joyce, and <mask>'s time was chiefly devoted to raiding and intelligence-gathering. Strategy
The chief elements of the Arab strategy which Faisal and <mask> developed were to avoid capturing Medina, and to extend northwards through Maan and Dera'a to Damascus and beyond. Faisal wanted to lead regular attacks against the Ottomans, but <mask> persuaded him to drop that tactic. <mask> wrote about the Bedouin as a fighting force:
The value of the tribes is defensive only and their real sphere is guerilla warfare. They are intelligent, and very lively, almost reckless, but too individualistic to endure commands, or fight in line, or to help each other. It would, I think, be possible to make an organized force out of them.… The Hejaz war is one of dervishes against regular forces—and we are on the side of the dervishes. Our text-books do not apply to its conditions at all.Medina was an attractive target for the revolt as Islam's second holiest site, and because its Ottoman garrison was weakened by disease and isolation. It became clear that it was advantageous to leave it there rather than try to capture it, while continually attacking the Hejaz railway south from Damascus without permanently destroying it. This prevented the Ottomans from making effective use of their troops at Medina, and forced them to dedicate many resources to defending and repairing the


texts:
 railway line. It is not known when <mask> learned the details of the Sykes-Picot Agreement, nor if or when he briefed Faisal on what he knew, However, there is good reason to think that both these things happened, and earlier rather than later. In particular, the Arab strategy of northward extension makes perfect sense given the Sykes-Picot language that spoke of an independent Arab entity in Syria, which would only be granted if the Arabs liberated the territory themselves. The French, and some of their British Liaison officers, were specifically uncomfortable about the northward movement, as it would weaken French colonial claims. Capture of Aqaba

In 1917, <mask> proposed a joint action with the Arab irregulars and forces including Auda <mask>, who had previously been in the employ of the Ottomans, against the strategically located but lightly defended town of Aqaba on the Red Sea.Aqaba could have been attacked from the sea, but the narrow defiles leading through the mountains were strongly defended and would have been very difficult to assault. The expedition was led by Sharif Nasir of Medina. <mask> carefully avoided informing his British superiors about the details of the planned inland attack, due to concern that it would be blocked as contrary to French interests. The expedition departed from Wejh on 9 May, and Aqaba fell to the Arab forces on 6 July, after a surprise overland attack which took the Turkish defences from behind. After Aqaba, General Sir <mask>, the new commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, agreed to <mask>'s strategy for the revolt. <mask> now held a powerful position as an adviser to Faisal and a

masks:
Lawrence
Lawrence
Abu Tayi
Lawrence
Edmund Allenby
Lawrence
Lawrence


texts:
 person who had Allenby's confidence, as Allenby acknowledged after the war:

Dera'a
<mask> describes an episode on 20 November 1917 while reconnoitring Dera'a in disguise, when he was captured by the Ottoman military, heavily beaten, and sexually abused by the local bey and his guardsmen, though he does not specify the nature of the sexual contact. Some scholars have stated that he exaggerated the severity of the injuries that he suffered, or alleged that the episode never actually happened.There is no independent testimony, but the multiple consistent reports and the absence of evidence for outright invention in <mask>'s works make the account believable to some of his biographers. Malcolm Brown, John E. Mack, and Jeremy Wilson have argued that this episode had strong psychological effects on <mask>, which may explain some of his unconventional behaviour in later life. <mask> ended his account of the episode in Seven Pillars of Wisdom with the statement: "In Dera'a that night the citadel of my integrity had been irrevocably lost." Fall of Damascus

<mask> was involved in the build-up to the capture of Damascus in the final weeks of the war, but he was not present at the city's formal surrender, much to his disappointment. He arrived several hours after the city had fallen, entering Damascus around 9 am on 1 October 1918; the first to arrive was the 10th Australian Light Horse Brigade led by Major A. C. N. "Harry" Olden, who formally accepted the surrender of the city from acting Governor <mask> Said. <mask> was instrumental in establishing a provisional Arab government under Faisal in newly liberated Damascus, which he had envisioned as

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Emir Lawrence


texts:
 the capital of an Arab state. Faisal's rule as king, however, came to an abrupt end in 1920, after the battle of Maysaloun when the French Forces of General Gouraud entered Damascus under the command of General Mariano Goybet, destroying <mask>'s dream of an independent Arabia.During the closing years of the war, <mask> sought to convince his superiors in the British government that Arab independence was in their interests, but he met with mixed success. The secret Sykes-Picot Agreement between France and Britain contradicted the promises of independence that he had made to the Arabs and frustrated his work. Post-war years
<mask> returned to the United Kingdom a full colonel. Immediately after the war, he worked for the Foreign Office, attending the Paris Peace Conference between January and May as a member of Faisal's delegation. On 17 May 1919, a Handley Page Type O/400 taking <mask> to Egypt crashed at the airport of Roma-Centocelle. The pilot and co-pilot were killed; <mask> survived with a broken shoulder blade and two broken ribs. During his brief hospitalisation, he was visited by King <mask> III of Italy.In 1918, <mask> went to Jerusalem where he met <mask>, "whose enigmatic figure in Arab uniform fired his imagination", in the words of author Rex Hall. <mask> and his cameraman Harry Chase shot a great deal of film and many photographs involving <mask>. <mask> produced a stage presentation entitled With Allenby in Palestine which included a lecture, dancing, and music and engaged in "Orientalism", depicting the Middle East as exotic, mysterious, sensuous, and violent. The show premiered in New York in March 1919. He was invited to

masks:
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Victor Emmanuel
Lowell Thomas
Lawrence
Thomas
Lawrence
Thomas


texts: take his show to England, and he agreed to do so provided that he was personally invited by the King and provided the use of either Drury Lane or Covent Garden. He opened at Covent Garden on 14 August 1919 and continued for hundreds of lectures, "attended by the highest in the land". Initially, <mask> played only a supporting role in the show, as the main focus was on Allenby's campaigns; but then <mask> realised that it was the photos of <mask> dressed as a Bedouin which had captured the public's imagination, so he had <mask> photographed again in London in Arab dress.With the new photos, <mask> re-launched his show under the new title With Allenby in Palestine and <mask> in Arabia in early 1920, which proved to be extremely popular. The new title elevated <mask> from a supporting role to a co-star of the Near Eastern campaign and reflected a changed emphasis. <mask>' shows made the previously obscure <mask> into a household name. <mask> worked with <mask> on the creation of the presentation, answering many questions and posing for many photographs. After its success, however, he expressed regret about having been featured in it. <mask> served as an advisor to Winston Churchill at the Colonial Office for just over a year starting in February 1920. He hated bureaucratic work, writing on 21 May 1921 to Robert Graves: "I wish I hadn't gone out there: the Arabs are like a page I have turned over; and sequels are rotten things.I'm locked up here: office every day and much of it". He travelled to the Middle East on multiple occasions during this period, at one time holding the title of "chief political officer for Trans-Jordania". He campaigned

masks: Lawrence Thomas Lawrence Lawrence Thomas Lawrence Lawrence Thomas Lawrence Lawrence Thomas Lawrence


texts: actively for his and Churchill's vision of the Middle East, publishing pieces in multiple newspapers, including The Times, The Observer, The Daily Mail, and The Daily Express. <mask> had a sinister reputation in France during his lifetime and even today as an implacable "enemy of France", the man who was constantly stirring up the Syrians to rebel against French rule throughout the 1920s. However, French historian Maurice Larès wrote that the real reason for France's problems in Syria was that the Syrians did not want to be ruled by France, and the French needed a scapegoat to blame for their difficulties in ruling the country. Larès wrote that <mask> is usually pictured in France as a Francophobe, but he was really a Francophile. Having seen and admired the effective use of air power during the war, <mask> enlisted in the Royal Air Force as an aircraftman, under the name John Hume Ross in August 1922.At the RAF recruiting centre in Covent Garden, London, he was interviewed by recruiting officer Flying Officer W. E. Johns, later known as the author of the Biggles series of novels. Johns rejected <mask>'s application, as he suspected that "Ross" was a false name. <mask> admitted that this was so and that he had provided false documents. He left, but returned some time later with an RAF messenger who carried a written order that Johns must accept <mask>. However, <mask> was forced out of the RAF in February 1923 after his identity was exposed. He changed his name to T. E. Shaw (apparently as a consequence of his friendship with G. B. and Charlotte Shaw) and joined the Royal Tank Corps later that year. He was unhappy there and repeatedly


texts: petitioned to rejoin the RAF, which finally readmitted him in August 1925.A fresh burst of publicity after the publication of Revolt in the Desert resulted in his assignment to bases at Karachi and Miramshah in British India (now Pakistan) in late 1926, where he remained until the end of 1928. At that time, he was forced to return to Britain after rumours began to circulate that he was involved in espionage activities. He purchased several small plots of land in Chingford, built a hut and swimming pool there, and visited frequently. The hut was removed in 1930 when Chingford Urban District Council acquired the land; it was given to the City of London Corporation which re-erected it in the grounds of The Warren, Loughton. <mask>'s tenure of the Chingford land has now been commemorated by a plaque fixed on the sighting obelisk on Pole Hill. <mask> continued serving in the RAF based at RAF Mount Batten near Plymouth, RAF Calshot near Southampton, and RAF Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire. He specialised in high-speed boats and professed happiness, and he left the service with considerable regret at the end of his enlistment in March 1935.In late August or early September 1931 he stayed with Lady Houston aboard her luxury yacht, the Liberty, off Calshot, shortly before the Schneider Trophy competition. In later letters Lady Houston would ask <mask>'s advice on obtaining a new chauffeur for her Rolls Royce car ('Forgive my asking, but you know everything') and suggest that he join the Liberty, for she had discharged her captain, who had turned out to be a 'wrong 'un.' In the inter-war period, the RAF's Marine Craft Section began to


texts:
 commission air-sea rescue launches capable of higher speeds and greater capacity. The arrival of high-speed craft into the MCS was driven in part by <mask>. He had previously witnessed a seaplane crew drowning when the seaplane tender sent to their rescue was too slow in arriving. He worked with Hubert Scott-Paine, the founder of the British Power Boat Company (BPBC), to introduce the  long ST 200 Seaplane Tender Mk1 into service. These boats had a range of 140 miles when cruising at 24 knots and could achieve a top speed of 29 knots.<mask> was a keen motorcyclist and owned eight Brough Superior motorcycles at different times. His last SS100 (Registration GW 2275) is privately owned but has been on loan to the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu and the Imperial War Museum in London. He was also an avid reader of <mask>'s Le Morte d'Arthur and carried a copy on his campaigns. He read an account of <mask>'s discovery of the Winchester Manuscript of the Morte in The Times in 1934, and he motorcycled from Manchester to Winchester to meet Vinaver. Death

On 13 May 1935, <mask> was fatally injured in an accident on his Brough Superior SS100 motorcycle in Dorset close to his cottage Clouds Hill, near Wareham, just two months after leaving military service. A dip in the road obstructed his view of two boys on their bicycles; he swerved to avoid them, lost control, and was thrown over the handlebars. He died six days later on 19 May 1935, aged 46.The location of the crash is marked by a small memorial at the roadside. One of the doctors attending him was neurosurgeon Hugh Cairns, who consequently began a long study of the loss of life by motorcycle

masks:
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thomas Malory
Eugene Vinaver
Lawrence


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 dispatch riders through head injuries. His research led to the use of crash helmets by both military and civilian motorcyclists. The Moreton estate borders Bovington Camp, and <mask> bought it from his cousins the Frampton family. He had been a frequent visitor to their home Okers Wood House, and had corresponded with Louisa Frampton for years. <mask>'s mother arranged with the Framptons to have his body buried in their family plot in the separate burial ground of St Nicholas' Church, Moreton. The coffin was transported on the Frampton estate's bier.Mourners included Winston Churchill, E. M. Forster, Lady Astor, and <mask>'s youngest brother Arnold. Writings
<mask> was a prolific writer throughout his life, a large portion of which was epistolary; he often sent several letters a day, and several collections of his letters have been published. He corresponded with many notable figures, including George Bernard Shaw, <mask>, Winston Churchill, Robert Graves, Noël Coward, E. M. Forster, Siegfried Sassoon, John Buchan, Augustus John, and Henry Williamson. He met Joseph Conrad and commented perceptively on his works. The many letters that he sent to Shaw's wife Charlotte are revealing as to his character. <mask> was a competent speaker of French and Arabic, and reader of Latin and Ancient Greek. <mask> published three major texts in his lifetime.The most significant was his account of the Arab Revolt in Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Homer's Odyssey and The Forest Giant were translations, the latter an otherwise forgotten work of French fiction. He received a flat fee for the second translation, and negotiated a generous fee plus royalties for the

masks:
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Edward Elgar
Lawrence
Lawrence


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 first. Seven Pillars of Wisdom

<mask>'s major work is Seven Pillars of Wisdom, an account of his war experiences. In 1919, he was elected to a seven-year research fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford, providing him with support while he worked on the book. Certain parts of the book also serve as essays on military strategy, Arabian culture and geography, and other topics. He rewrote Seven Pillars of Wisdom three times, once "blind" after he lost the manuscript.There are many alleged "embellishments" in Seven Pillars, though some allegations have been disproved with time, most definitively in Jeremy Wilson's authorised biography. However, <mask>'s own notebooks refute his claim to have crossed the Sinai Peninsula from Aqaba to the Suez Canal in just 49 hours without any sleep. In reality, this famous camel ride lasted for more than 70 hours and was interrupted by two long breaks for sleeping, which <mask> omitted when he wrote his book. In the preface, <mask> acknowledged George Bernard Shaw's help in editing the book. The first edition was published in 1926 as a high-priced private subscription edition, printed in London by Herbert John Hodgson and Roy Manning Pike, with illustrations by <mask>, Augustus John, Paul Nash, Blair Hughes-Stanton, and Hughes-Stanton's wife Gertrude Hermes. <mask> was afraid that the public would think that he would make a substantial income from the book, and he stated that it was written as a result of his war service. He vowed not to take any money from it, and indeed he did not, as the sale price was one third of the production costs, leaving him in substantial debt.As a specialist in the Middle East,

masks:
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Eric Kennington
Lawrence


texts:
 Fred Halliday praised <mask>'s Seven Pillars of Wisdom as a "fine work of prose" but described its relevance to the study of Arab history and society as "almost worthless." Revolt in the Desert

Revolt in the Desert was an abridged version of Seven Pillars that he began in 1926 and that was published in March 1927 in both limited and trade editions. He undertook a needed but reluctant publicity exercise, which resulted in a best-seller. Again he vowed not to take any fees from the publication, partly to appease the subscribers to Seven Pillars who had paid dearly for their editions. By the fourth reprint in 1927, the debt from Seven Pillars was paid off. As <mask> left for military service in India at the end of 1926, he set up the "Seven Pillars Trust" with his friend D. G. Hogarth as a trustee, in which he made over the copyright and any surplus income of Revolt in the Desert. He later told Hogarth that he had "made the Trust final, to save myself the temptation of reviewing it, if Revolt turned out a best seller."The resultant trust paid off the debt, and <mask> then invoked a clause in his publishing contract to halt publication of the abridgement in the United Kingdom. However, he allowed both American editions and translations, which resulted in a substantial flow of income. The trust paid income either into an educational fund for children of RAF officers who lost their lives or were invalided as a result of service, or more substantially into the RAF Benevolent Fund. Posthumous
<mask> left The Mint unpublished, a memoir of his experiences as an enlisted man in the Royal Air Force (RAF). For this, he worked from a notebook that he

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence


texts: kept while enlisted, writing of the daily lives of enlisted men and his desire to be a part of something larger than himself. The book is stylistically very different from Seven Pillars of Wisdom, using sparse prose as opposed to the complicated syntax found in Seven Pillars. It was published posthumously, edited by his brother Professor A. W<mask>.After <mask>'s death, A. W<mask> inherited <mask>'s estate and his copyrights as the sole beneficiary. To pay the inheritance tax, he sold the US copyright of Seven Pillars of Wisdom (subscribers' text) outright to Doubleday Doran in 1935. Doubleday still controls publication rights of this version of the text of Seven Pillars of Wisdom in the US, and will continue to until the copyright expires at the end of 2022 (publication plus 95 years). In 1936, A. W<mask> split the remaining assets of the estate, giving Clouds Hill and many copies of less substantial or historical letters to the National Trust, and then set up two trusts to control interests in his brother's residual copyrights. He assigned the copyright in Seven Pillars of Wisdom to the Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust, and it was given its first general publication as a result. He assigned the copyright in The Mint and all <mask>'s letters to the Letters and Symposium Trust, which he edited and published in the book T. E. <mask> by his Friends in 1937. A substantial amount of income went directly to the RAF Benevolent Fund and to archaeological, environmental, and academic projects.The two trusts were amalgamated in 1986, and the unified trust acquired all the remaining rights to <mask>'s works that it had not owned on the death of A.

masks:
. Lawrence
Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


texts:
 W<mask> in 1991, plus rights to all of A. W<mask>'s works. The UK copyrights on <mask>'s works published in his lifetime and within 20 years of his death expired on 1 January 2006. Works published more than 20 years after his death were protected for 50 years from publication or to 1 January 2040, whichever is earlier. Writings
Seven Pillars of Wisdom, an account of <mask>'s part in the Arab Revolt. ()
Revolt in the Desert, an abridged version of Seven Pillars of Wisdom. ()
The Mint, an account of <mask>'s service in the Royal Air Force. ()
Crusader Castles, <mask>'s Oxford thesis.London: Michael Haag 1986 (). The first edition was published in London in 1936 by the Golden Cockerel Press, in 2 volumes, limited to 1000 editions. The Odyssey of Homer, <mask>'s translation from the Greek, first published in 1932. ()
The Forest Giant, by Adrien Le Corbeau, novel, <mask>'s translation from the French, 1924. The Letters of T. E. <mask>, selected and edited by Malcolm Brown. London, J. M Dent. 1988 ()
The Letters of T. E. <mask>, edited by David Garnett.()
T. E<mask>. Letters, Jeremy Wilson. (See prospectus)
Minorities: Good Poems by Small Poets and Small Poems by Good Poets, edited by Jeremy Wilson, 1971. <mask>'s commonplace book includes an introduction by Wilson that explains how the poems comprising the book reflected <mask>'s life and thoughts. Guerrilla Warfare, article in the 1929 Encyclopædia Britannica
The Wilderness of Zin, by C. Leonard Woolley and T. E<mask>. London, Harrison and Sons, 1914. Sexuality
<mask>'s biographers have discussed his sexuality at considerable length and this discussion has spilled into the popular press.There

masks:
. Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lawrence


texts:
 is no reliable evidence for consensual sexual intimacy between <mask> and any person. His friends have expressed the opinion that he was asexual, and <mask> himself specifically denied any personal experience of sex in multiple private letters. There were suggestions that <mask> had been intimate with Dahoum, who worked with him at a pre-war archaeological dig in Carchemish, and fellow serviceman R. A. M. Guy, but his biographers and contemporaries found them unconvincing. The dedication to his book Seven Pillars is a poem titled "To S.A." which opens:

<mask> was never specific about the identity of "S.A." Many theories argue in favour of individual men or women, and the Arab nation as a whole. The most popular theory is that S.A. represents (at least in part) his companion Selim Ahmed, "Dahoum", who apparently died of typhus before 1918. <mask> lived in a period of strong official opposition to homosexuality, but his writing on the subject was tolerant. He wrote to Charlotte Shaw, "I've seen lots of man-and-man loves: very lovely and fortunate some of them were."He refers to "the openness and honesty of perfect love" on one occasion in Seven Pillars, when discussing relationships between young male fighters in the war. He wrote in Chapter 1 of Seven Pillars:

There is considerable evidence that <mask> was a masochist. He wrote in his description of the Dera'a beating that "a delicious warmth, probably sexual, was swelling through me," and he also included a detailed description of the guards' whip in a style typical of masochists' writing. In later life, <mask> arranged to pay a military colleague to administer beatings to him, and to be


texts:
 subjected to severe formal tests of fitness and stamina. John Bruce first wrote on this topic, including some other statements that were not credible, but <mask>'s biographers regard the beatings as established fact. French novelist André Malraux admired <mask> but wrote that he had a "taste for self-humiliation, now by discipline and now by veneration; a horror of respectability; a disgust for possessions". Biographer <mask> wrote that the evidence suggested a "strong homosexual masochism", noting that he never sought punishment from women.Psychologist John E. Mack sees a possible connection between <mask>'s masochism and the childhood beatings that he had received from his mother for routine misbehaviours. His brother Arnold thought that the beatings had been given for the purpose of breaking his brother's will. Angus Calder suggested in 1997 that <mask>'s apparent masochism and self-loathing might have stemmed from a sense of guilt over losing his brothers Frank and Will on the Western Front, along with many other school friends, while he survived. Aldington controversy
In 1955 Richard Aldington published <mask> of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry, a sustained attack on <mask>'s character, writing, accomplishments, and truthfulness. Specifically, Aldington alleges that <mask> lied and exaggerated continuously, promoted a misguided policy in the Middle East, that his strategy of containing but not capturing Medina was incorrect, and that Seven Pillars of Wisdom was a bad book with few redeeming features. He also revealed <mask>'s illegitimacy and strongly suggested that he was homosexual. For example: "Seven Pillars of Wisdom is rather a

masks:
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence James
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


texts: work of quasi-fiction than history.", and "It was seldom that he reported any fact or episode involving himself without embellishing them and indeed in some cases entirely inventing them." It is significant that Aldington was a colonialist, arguing that the French colonial administration of Syria (strongly resisted by <mask>) had benefited that country and that Arabia's peoples were "far enough advanced for some government though not for complete self-government." He was also a Francophile, railing against <mask>'s "Francophobia, a hatred and an envy so irrational, so irresponsible and so unscrupulous that it is fair to say his attitude towards Syria was determined more by hatred of France than by devotion to the 'Arabs' - a convenient propaganda word which grouped many disharmonious and even mutually hostile tribes and peoples." Prior to the publication of Aldington's book, its contents became known in London's literary community. A group Aldington and some subsequent authors referred to as "The Lawrence Bureau", led by B. H. Liddell Hart tried energetically, starting in 1954, to have the book suppressed. That effort having failed, Liddell Hart prepared and distributed hundreds of copies of Aldington's 'Lawrence': His Charges--and Treatment of the Evidence, a 7-page single-spaced document. This worked: Aldington's book received many extremely negative and even abusive reviews, with strong evidence that some reviewers had read Liddell's rebuttal but not Aldington's book.Aldington wrote that <mask> embellished many stories and invented others, and in particular that his claims involving numbers were usually inflated - for example claims of


texts:
 having read 50,000 books in the Oxford Union library, of having blown up 79 bridges, of having had a price of £50,000 on his head, and of having suffered 60 or more injuries. Many of Aldington's specific claims against <mask> have been accepted by subsequent biographers. In Richard Aldington and <mask> of Arabia: A Cautionary Tale, Fred D. Crawford writes "Much that shocked in 1955 is now standard knowledge--that TEL was illegitimate, that this profoundly troubled him, that he frequently resented his mother's dominance, that such reminiscences as <mask>. <mask> by His Friends are not reliable, that TEL's leg-pulling and other adolescent traits could be offensive, that TEL took liberties with the truth in his official reports and Seven Pillars, that the significance of his exploits during the Arab Revolt was more political than military, that he contributed to his own myth, that when he vetted the books by Graves and Liddell he let remain much that he knew was untrue, and that his feelings about publicity were ambiguous." This has not prevented most post-Aldington biographers (including Fred D. Crawford, who studied the Aldington claims intensely) from expressing strong admiration for <mask>'s military, political, and writing achievements. Awards and commemorations

<mask> was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 7 August 1917, appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order on 10 May 1918, awarded the Knight of the Legion of Honour (France) on 30 May 1916 and awarded the Croix de guerre (France) on 16 April 1918. King George V offered <mask> a knighthood on 30 October 1918 at a private audience in Buckingham Palace

masks:
Lawrence
Lawrence
T E
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


texts:
 for his services in the Arab Revolt, but he declined.He was unwilling to accept the honour in light of how his country had betrayed the Arabs. A bronze bust of <mask> by <mask> was placed in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 29 January 1936, alongside the tombs of Britain's greatest military leaders. A recumbent stone effigy by Kennington was installed in St Martin's Church, Wareham, Dorset, in 1939. An English Heritage blue plaque marks <mask>'s childhood home at 2 Polstead Road, Oxford, and another appears on his London home at 14 Barton Street, Westminster. <mask> appears on the album cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by The Beatles. In 2002, <mask> was named 53rd in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.In 2018, <mask> was featured on a £5 coin (issued in silver and gold) in a six-coin set commemorating the Centenary of the First World War produced by the Royal Mint. In popular culture

Film
 Alexander Korda bought the film rights to The Seven Pillars in the 1930s. The production was in development, with various actors cast as the lead, such as Leslie Howard. Peter O'<mask> was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of <mask> in the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia. <mask> was portrayed by Robert Pattinson in the 2014 biographical drama about Gertrude Bell, Queen of the Desert. Peter O'<mask>'s portrayal of <mask> inspired behavioural affectations in the synthetic model called David, portrayed by Michael Fassbender in the 2012 film Prometheus, and in the 2017 sequel Alien: Covenant, part of the Alien franchise. Literature
 T.E.<mask> (T.E.ロレンス) is a seven-volume

masks:
Lawrence
Eric Kennington
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Toole
Lawrence
Lawrence
Toole
Lawrence
Lawrence


texts:
 manga series by <mask> Kosaka, which retells <mask>'s life story from childhood onward. The Oath of the Five Lords tells a fictional story including several references to T.E<mask> and his memoirs in which he describes how the United Kingdom did not honour its promises to the Arab nation. The comic is the twenty-first book in the Blake and Mortimer comic series. The story was written by Yves Sente and drawn by André Juillard and was released in 2012. The T.E. <mask> Poems was published by Canadian poet Gwendolyn MacEwen in 1982.The poems rely heavily, and quote directly from, primary material including Seven Pillars and the collected letters. Television
 He was portrayed by Judson Scott in the 1982 TV series Voyagers! Ralph Fiennes portrayed <mask> in the 1992 British made-for-TV movie A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia. Joseph A. Bennett and Douglas Henshall portrayed him in the 1992 TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. He was also portrayed in a Syrian series, directed by <mask> Mousa, called <mask> Al Arab. The series consisted of 37 episodes, each between 45 minutes and one hour in length. Theatre
<mask> was the subject of <mask>'s controversial play Ross, which explored <mask>'s alleged homosexuality.Ross ran in London in 1960–61, starring Alec Guinness, who was an admirer of <mask>, and Gerald Harper as his blackmailer, Dickinson. The play had originally been written as a screenplay, but the planned film was never made. In January 1986 at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, on the opening night of the revival of Ross, Marc Sinden, who was playing Dickinson (the man who recognised and blackmailed <mask>, played by Simon Ward),

masks:
Tomoko
Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thaer
Lawrence
Lawrence
Terence Rattigan
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


texts: was introduced to the man on whom the character of Dickinson was based. Sinden asked him why he had blackmailed Ross, and he replied, "Oh, for the money. I was financially embarrassed at the time and needed to get up to London to see a girlfriend. It was never meant to be a big thing, but a good friend of mine was very close to <mask>gan and years later, the silly devil told him the story." Alan Bennett's Forty Years On (1968) includes a satire on <mask>; known as "Tee Hee Lawrence" because of his high-pitched, girlish giggle."Clad in the magnificent white silk robes of an Arab prince ... he hoped to pass unnoticed through London. Alas he was mistaken." The character of Private Napoleon Meek in George Bernard Shaw's 1931 play Too True to Be Good was inspired by <mask>. Meek is depicted as thoroughly conversant with the language and lifestyle of the native tribes. He repeatedly enlists with the army, quitting whenever offered a promotion. <mask> attended a performance of the play's original Worcestershire run, and reportedly signed autographs for patrons attending the show. <mask>'s first year back at Oxford after the War to write was portrayed by <mask> in a play, The Oxford Roof Climbers Rebellion, written by Canadian playwright Stephen Massicotte (premiered Toronto 2006).The play explores <mask>'s reactions to war, and his friendship with Robert Graves. Urban Stages presented the American premiere in New York City in October 2007; <mask> was portrayed by actor Dylan Chalfy. <mask>'s final years are portrayed in a one-man show by Raymond Sargent, The Warrior and the Poet. His 1922 retreat from public life forms the subject of Howard

masks:
Terence Ratti
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Tom Rooney
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


texts:
 Brenton's play Lawrence After Arabia, commissioned for a 2016 premiere at the Hampstead Theatre to mark the centenary of the outbreak of the Arab Revolt. A highly fictionalised version of <mask> featured in the 2016 Swedish-language comedic play Lawrence i Mumiedalen. Video games

 A fictionalized <mask> is an NPC who assists the party in Shadow Hearts: Covenant (2004). A fictionalized <mask> is an NPC who appears in cutscenes and guides the player through missions in Battlefield 1 (2016).<mask> and his work are referenced multiple times throughout the video game Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception (2011). See also

 Hashemites, ruling family of Mecca (10th–20th century) and of Jordan since 1921
 Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958)
 Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E<mask> by Jeremy Wilson (1989)
 The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, US TV series (1992–1993) with episodes depicting moments from <mask>'s life
Related individuals
 Richard Meinertzhagen (1878–1967), British intelligence officer and ornithologist, on occasion a colleague of <mask>'s
 Rafael de Nogales Méndez (1879–1937), Venezuelan officer who served in the Ottoman Army and was compared to <mask>
 Suleiman Mousa (1919–2008), Jordanian historian who wrote about <mask>
 Oskar von Niedermayer (1885–1948), German officer, professor and spy, sometimes referred to as the German <mask>
 Max von Oppenheim (1860–1946), German-Jewish lawyer, diplomat and archaeologist. <mask> called his travelogue "the best book on the [Middle East] area I know". Wilhelm Wassmuss (1880–1931), German diplomat and spy, known as "Wassmuss of Persia" and compared to

masks:
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


texts:
 <mask>

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Digital collections

T. E<mask>'s Original Letters on Palestine Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Works by T. E. <mask> at Wikilivres

Physical collections
T. E<mask>'s Collection at The University of Texas at Austin's Harry Ransom Center
"Creating History: <mask> and <mask> of Arabia" online history exhibit at Clio Visualizing History. Europeana Collections 1914–1918 makes 425,000 World War I items from European libraries available online, including manuscripts, photographs and diaries by or relating to Lawrence
T. E. Lawrence's Personal Manuscripts and Letters

News and analysis
The Guardian 19 May 1935 – The death of Lawrence of Arabia
The Legend of Lawrence of Arabia: The Recalcitrant Hero
T. E. Lawrence: The Enigmatic Lawrence of Arabia article by O'Brien Browne
Lawrence of Arabia: True and false (an Arab view) by Lucy Ladikoff

Documentaries
Footage of Lawrence of Arabia with publisher FN Doubleday and at a picnic
Lawrence of Arabia: The Battle for the Arab World, directed by James Hawes. PBS Home Video, 21 October 2003. (ASIN B0000BWVND)

Societies
T. E. Lawrence Studies, built by Lawrence's authorised biographer Jeremy Wilson (no longer maintained)
The T. E. Lawrence Society

1888 births
1935 deaths
20th-century archaeologists
20th-century British writers
20th-century translators
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Arab Bureau officers
Arab Revolt
British archaeologists
British Army General List officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British guerrillas
British people of Irish descent
Castellologists
Chevaliers of the Légion

masks:
Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lowell Thomas
Lawrence


texts:
 d'honneur
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
French–English translators
Greek–English translators
Guerrilla warfare theorists
Motorcycle road incident deaths
People educated at the City of Oxford High School for Boys
People from Caernarfonshire
People of Anglo-Irish descent
Road incident deaths in England
Royal Air Force airmen
Royal Garrison Artillery soldiers
Royal Tank Regiment soldiers
Welsh people of Irish descent
Translators of


texts:
is a Japanese serial killer who both defrauded and tortured his victims in what is collectively known as the Kitakyūshū Serial Murder Incident (). <mask> was convicted of six counts of murder and one count of manslaughter between 1996 and 1998 and sentenced to death. He murdered his victims with an accomplice, Junko Ogata, who received a life sentence. <mask>'s crimes were so atrocious that most Japanese media were not willing to report the details. The Japan Times reported that prosecutors said the case is without comparison in the criminal history of Japan. Several writers, including Ryūzō Saki, published the details of the crimes. Early life

<mask> was born in Kokurakita Ward of the city of Kitakyūshū in Fukuoka Prefecture, and grew up in Yanagawa.Matsunaga received good grades in school and had a charming personality, but tended to exhibit disciplinary problems. He was transferred to another high school after engaging in a relationship with a junior high school girl. He married at 19 and had a son. Despite being married, Matsunaga was involved with at least ten mistresses. In October 1982, during his marriage, he became involved with Junko Ogata, one of his former schoolmates from Yanagawa. In 1984, Matsunaga promised to marry Junko, but her mother, Shizumi Ogata, did not approve of the relationship because of Matsunaga's abuse of her daughter. Matsunaga raped Shizumi as a result.In 1985, Matsunaga convinced Junko that her family hated her because of a suicide attempt and persuaded her to move in with him. That same year, <mask> also purchased a building in which he could operate a futon business. Afterwards, he began to electrically shock

masks:
Matsunaga
Matsunaga
Futoshi Matsunaga
Matsunaga


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 employees on the third floor. Matsunaga would sometimes suddenly shout towards other men, saying things like, "There is a spirit behind you! It is sucking away your fortune!" He also made references to religious terms like saṃsāra and kami. By 1992, Matsunaga had stolen 180 million yen (about US$2.2 million) through fraud or blackmail.He and Junko evaded police capture and were put on Japan's most wanted list. Murders
<mask> lived in a condominium in Kokurakita-ku. His first victim was a married woman with three children. In April 1993, he convinced her to leave her husband and run away with him, telling the woman that Junko was his sister. One of her children died under mysterious circumstances in September 1993. Her two other children went to live with their father and grandfather the following month. During their relationship, Matsunaga defrauded the woman for 11.8 million yen (about US$145,510).She died mysteriously in March 1994, and the police were unable to prove that Matsunaga had killed the woman or her child. Later that year, Matsunaga began victimizing Kumio Toraya and his daughter. Kumio had previously confided to <mask> about his previous criminal history; Matsunaga used this information to blackmail Kumio. Kumio and his daughter were held captive in <mask>'s apartment, where Matsunaga tortured him with electric shocks, forced him to eat his own feces, and forced his daughter to bite her father. Kumio died as a result of this abuse on February 26, 1996. Matsunaga convinced Kumio's daughter that she had murdered her father. He told Junko and the girl to dispose of the remains, which were thrown into the sea near the Kunisaki Peninsula

masks: Matsunaga Matsunaga Matsunaga


texts: after being pulverized.Soon after, Matsunaga found another target in a female acquaintance of Kumio. He convinced the woman that he was a graduate of Kyoto University and promised to marry her. Instead, he defrauded her of 5.6 million yen (about US$69,066). As before, the woman and her daughter were confined to Matsunaga's apartment. The woman escaped by jumping from the second floor in March 1997. She was put into the care of a mental hospital and her daughter was released. The following month, Junko left for work and did not return.Matsunaga contacted her family, threatening them and blackmailing Shizumi over the 1985 rape. <mask> then faked his own suicide, prompting Junko to return, whereupon she was subjected to continued abuse. He also raped Junko's married sister, Rieko. Junko's family gave 63 million yen (about US$777,116) to Matsunaga, after which he held them captive and psychologically controlled them in ways similar to the methods of cult-leader Shoko Asahara. On December 21, 1997, Matsunaga coerced Junko to shock her 61-year-old father, Takashige, to the point of death. When Shizumi's mental state began to deteriorate, Matsunaga commanded Rieko and her husband, Kazuya, to strangle her on January 20, 1998. Several weeks later, he commanded Kazuya to strangle Rieko while their 10-year-old daughter, Aya, held her down.Matsunaga and Junko then confined Kazuya to a bathroom, where he starved to death on April 13, 1998. Matsunaga then forced Junko and Aya to kill Rieko's 5-year-old son, Yuki. During the trial, Kumio's daughter testified that <mask> and Junko had tortured Aya with electricity. Junko's testimony differed, saying the girl's

masks: Matsunaga Matsunaga


texts:
 recollections might have been inaccurate because of guilty feelings about committing her first murder. Kumio's daughter strangled Aya on June 7, 1998. <mask> and Junko dismembered and boiled their victims' remains in pots, then finally disposed of them in washrooms or into the sea. Matsunaga blamed the murders on Junko, who, with their two children, were the only survivors in her family.In July 2000, Matsunaga convinced another woman to go away with him, lured by the prospect of marriage. In August 2001, she gave her twin children to him and Junko. <mask> and Junko then convinced the woman to give them 20 million yen (about US$246,580), telling her that they would need the money to bring up her children. Arrest and trial
Kumio's daughter, who was being held captive, escaped from Matsunaga on January 30, 2002, but Matsunaga found the girl on February 15 and took her back into captivity. He then tortured the girl with electric shocks. On March 6, the girl escaped from Matsunaga again and reported the crimes to the police. She was 17 years old.The police arrested <mask> and Junko the next day when they tried to retrieve the girl. The twins and the couple's two children were taken into police protection. The media initially reported only that <mask> and Junko had held their victims captive, similar to the case of Fusako Sano, until details of the couple's murders emerged. The pair were charged with Aya's murder on September 18, 2002; Takashige's murder on October 12, 2002; Shizumi's murder on December 6, 2002; Yuki's murder on January 11, 2003; Kumio's murder on February 3, 2003; Rieko's murder on February 25, 2003; and Kazuya's murder on May 30, 2003. No

masks: Matsunaga Matsunaga Matsunaga Matsunaga


texts:
 murder charges were brought against Kumio's daughter. Junko calmly confessed to her part in the murders, but <mask> insisted that the women had fabricated their stories about him. Police never recovered any human remains and found no physical evidence, so they relied primarily upon the testimonies of Kumio's and Junko's daughters during the investigation.On September 28, 2005, a district court in Fukuoka sentenced <mask> and Junko to die by hanging. The court tried six cases, but considered that they had not killed Takashige directly, but had only injured him by electric shocks which later resulted in his death. The pair appealed the verdict. On September 26, 2007, the Fukuoka High Court upheld <mask>'s original sentence, but Junko's sentence was changed from death to life imprisonment because <mask> had exerted control over Junko to force her to kill the victims. Victims
  – The girl's father, 35 year-old, his daughter escaped from Matsunaga again and reported the crimes to the police. She was 17 years old. – Junko's father, 61 year-old
  – Junko's mother, 58 year-old
  – Junko's sister, 33 year-old
  – Rieko's husband, 38 year-old
  – Junko's nephew, 5 year-old
  – Junko's niece, 10 year-old

In film
In 2019, Sion Sono announced the making of his project The Forest of Love, which is based on Matsunaga's crimes.It was released by Netflix on October 11, 2019. See also
Milgram experiment – experiment using electric shocks
Murder of Junko Furuta – another high-profile torture murder in Japan
Capital punishment in Japan
List of serial killers by country

Further reading
Ryūzō Saki (2005)  (Naze kazoku wa koroshiatta noka, translation; Why did the


texts:
<mask> (born Rudy McDaniel; June 11, 1956) is an American free jazz bassist born in Hempstead, New York. He was a bandleader on the Gramavision label and worked with Ornette Coleman during the 1970s and 1980s, mostly in Coleman's Prime Time band. Tacuma showcased a unique style of avant-garde jazz on Coleman's 1982 album Of Human Feelings, and became widely viewed as one of the most distinctive bassists since Jaco Pastorius. He formed his own group, and recorded albums that incorporated commercially accessible melodies while retaining Prime Time's elaborate harmonies. Biography
<mask>, raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, showed interest in music at a young age, performing with the organist Charles Earland in his teens. Through Earland, <mask> came to know the record producer Reggie Lucas, who introduced <mask> to Ornette Coleman in 1975 at age 19. As the electric bassist for Coleman's funky harmolodic Prime Time group, <mask> rose to prominence quickly; guitarist Bern Nix was another band member.While with Prime Time, <mask> relied mostly on traditional technique, picking with his fingers. His later work revealed a master improviser and showcased a more rhythmic, thumb-slapping funk approach. The first three Prime Time recordings (Dancing in Your Head, Body Meta, and Of Human Feelings, all recorded in the late 1970s) feature <mask>'s work on a Rickenbacker bass, a model popular among progressive rock musicians, but rarely used on jazz recordings. He switched to a Steinberger bass in the 1980s, an

masks:
Jamaaladeen Tacuma
Tacuma
Tacuma
Jamaaladeen
Tacuma
Tacuma
Tacuma


texts: instrument that helped him create his readily identifiable sound. <mask>'s work with Prime Time landed him his most high-profile gig to date: an appearance with the band on Saturday Night Live on April 14, 1979, which <mask> later cited in Musician magazine as his "best live performance ever". Besides the work with such musicians as James "Blood" Ulmer, Walt Dickerson, Chuck Hammer, and David Murray, he collaborated with the upcoming artists of the New York Downtown scene like Kip Hanrahan, David Moss, Bill Laswell and Anton Fier (The Golden Palominos, 1983) that further heightened his reputation. <mask>'s first solo album, Show Stopper, came in 1983 on the Gramavision label; the album grew out of the jazz-funk style he developed in his work with Coleman.His other works as leader at Gramavision followed that formula. In the 1980s, he started to perform in a relatively straightforward funk/R&B setting with his group Cosmetic. He was frequently featured in music magazines thanks to his aggressive, driving playing style and his angular fashion sense. In 1981, <mask> received the highest number of votes ever for an electric bassist in the "talent deserving wider recognition" category of the DownBeat magazine critics poll. Since the early 1990s, he has remained active but has maintained a lower profile. He has made numerous solo and collaborative recordings, including several CDs of duets with saxophonist Wolfgang Puschnig. AllMusic cited Mirakle, a recording that features <mask>, drummer Grant Calvin

masks: Tacuma Tacuma Tacuma Tacuma Tacuma


texts: Weston, and guitarist Derek Bailey as one of the "most important recordings of year 2000."In 2006, he returned to the jazz spotlight with an appearance on the World Saxophone Quartet's Political Blues. In 2007, he joined with Weston and guitarist Vernon Reid (known for his work in Living Colour and with Ronald Shannon Jackson) to form the power trio Free Form Funky Freqs. He has also recorded two albums with Basso Nouveau, a group that features multiple bassists playing together on a variety of instruments, including electric bass, upright bass and acoustic bass guitar, and that also includes bassist Gerald Veasley. He has received the following awards and fellowships : "Parallel Culture" Award 2009, Marcus Garvey Foundation 50th Anniversary Award 2011,  The Pew Fellowship in the Arts 2011 and The Uptown Theater Hall of Fame Award in 2014, Gerald Veasely's Bass Boot Camp "Living The Dream Award - 2016, The Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz Best Bassist 2017. He has received The MacDowell Colony 2011, Headlands Center for the Arts 2012 and Civitella Ranieri 2014 residency fellowship. In 2017 he received The Philadelphia Club Club of Jazz Best Bassist Award, in 2018 he received the City of Philadelphia's Benny Golson Award, The Benny Golson Award includes a City proclamation and the Liberty Bell award - one of the highest honors from the City of Philadelphia . Since 2015, Tacuma presents the annual Outsiders Improvised & Creative Music Festival in Philadelphia and continues to tour, produce and record


texts:
<mask> (March 28, 1857 – March 27, 1924) was an American businessman and diplomat. He worked in various executive positions at Carnegie Steel Company and later served as an ambassador for the United States. Early life
<mask> was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on March 28, 1857. He was the only son of Scots-Irish immigrants <mask><mask> (1827–1857) and Amelia Henderson (1832–1905). His father drowned in the Allegheny River the same year in which he was born. Leishman began a lifetime of work at age ten, as an assistant for a Pittsburgh physician. Over the next seventeen years, Leishman would rise to become a trusted confidant of both Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie.Career
Prior to his entry into the Carnegie service, <mask>man had been in the service of Shoenberger Steel Company, as what was termed a "mud clerk". Mud clerks were the steel industry's representatives on the river wharf, responsible for tracking the shipping of goods: the arrival of raw materials and the departure of finished products. To guarantee efficiency and success, mud clerks lived 24 hours a day in small sheds on the riverbank. This work led first to an unsuccessful venture as an independent steel broker and then a successful partnership with his friend and colleague from Shoenberger Steel, William Penn Snyder. As senior partner in Leishman and Snyder, Leishman caught the attention of Andrew Carnegie, who convinced Leishman to enter Carnegie's service on October 1, 1884, as Special Sales Agent. Carnegie saw more than a little of himself in the younger man; throughout his life, Carnegie continued to think of Leishman as one of his "boys" and included Leishman in the official "History of the Carnegie Veterans Association". Leishman occupied the following positions: Vice Chairman, Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd.; Vice President and Treasurer, Carnegie Steel Company and President, Carnegie Steel Company.The Leishmans' social and business

masks:
John George Alexander Leishman
John George Alexander Leishman
John B
. Leishman
John Leish


texts: connections provided entrée into an extraordinarily exclusive circle of sixty-odd families, called the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. It was conceived as an idyllic summer colony, bought and developed by Henry Clay Frick in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, a short, convenient train ride away from the smoke and soot of Pittsburgh's industry. To create the summer colony, an abandoned Pennsylvania Railroad earthen dam was rebuilt and increased in size to create a mountaintop reservoir for pleasure boating, which was named Lake Conemaugh. Among the Club's members were Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Mellon. The Club's earthen dam failed on May 31, 1889, contributing to the Johnstown Flood disaster. Many of the Pittsburgh members of the Club were hastily assembled in an ad hoc meeting and formed "The Pittsburgh Relief Committee." Two decisions were made at that meeting.One was to make immediate, generous and tangible gifts to help the flood relief efforts. The other was a pledge never to speak of the Club or the Flood in public or in private. All litigation was handled by attorneys Philander Knox and his partner James Hay Reed, of the firm Knox and Reed (now Reed Smith LLP), both of whom were themselves South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club members. On July 23, 1892, <mask>, a self-proclaimed anarchist, sought to destroy Henry Clay Frick, the man Berkman blamed for the carnage of the Homestead steel strike in the preceding weeks. Armed with a pistol and a sharpened rat-tailed file, Berkman gained easy access to the headquarters of Carnegie Steel and found his way into the second floor private office of the chairman, 43-year-old Henry Clay Frick. Berkman forced his way into Frick's private office on the heels of a porter who had taken in his card. He opened fire, and Frick fell to the ground with three bullets in his body.Berkman was fended off by <mask>, Frick's second in command, who was in Frick's office at

masks:
Alexander Berkman
Leishman


texts:
 the time. Amid the growing rancor between Frick and Carnegie, Leishman attempted to steer a middle course. This was thwarted when Frick engaged a stratagem to orchestrate the ouster of the man who had saved his life from the presidency of Carnegie Steel, and his removal from the Western Pennsylvanian business scene. Frick alerted Carnegie to Leishman's speculation in the stock market, a practice that Carnegie engaged in freely, but abhorred in his subordinates. Frick worked behind the scenes, with Philander Knox to see that Leishman would be offered the post as ambassador to Switzerland. Diplomatic career

Under pressure from both men, Leishman withdrew from Carnegie service in June 1897, to accept the appointment by President William McKinley as United States Ambassador to Switzerland. Thereafter, Leishman became United States Minister to the Ottoman Empire in 1900 (raised to Ambassador in 1906) , United States Ambassador to Italy in 1909 and United States Ambassador to Germany in 1911.Years later, as a board member of the Equitable Life Insurance Company, Frick used a similar scheme to arrange the removal of James Hazen Hyde (the founder's only son and heir) from the United States to France by seeking an appointment for him to become United States Ambassador to France. Unlike Leishman a decade before, Hyde rebuffed the offer. However, he did go to live in France, where he met and eventually married Leishman's eldest daughter, Marthe. While serving in the Ottoman Empire, Leishman was instrumental in effecting the safe release of missionary Miss Ellen Stone as well as bringing about the purchase of the first overseas property to serve as a United States embassy, the Palazzo Corpi. He also distinguished himself for diplomatic tact and dexterity in his negotiations with the Ottomans for full rights for American citizens and schools in that country, and in his pressing with equal success his insistence that the American


texts:
 minister should have access to the Sultan. His office was elevated to the rank of Extraordinary Ambassador and Plenipotentiary in 1906. While serving in Italy, Leishman purchased the much beloved and often reproduced painting called the Madonna of the Streets.The painting's current whereabouts is not known. Personal life
On September 9, 1880, at Homewood Chapel, Leishman married Julia Crawford (1864–1918), the daughter of Edward Crawford and Nancy Harriet (née Ferguson) Crawford of Pittsburgh. They were the parents of three children:

 <mask> (1882–1944), who later styled herself Marthe, married first Count Louis de Gontaut-Biron on June 27, 1904. In Switzerland in 1898 she was painted by the Swiss-born American portrait painter Adolfo Müller-Ury. As the Countess de Gontaut-Biron, Marthe was a society hostess and couturier Coco Chanel's first aristocratic client. Marthe was a favorite of <mask> and a close personal friend of Mr. and Mrs. Cole Porter and Francis Poulenc. After the death of her husband in 1907, she married James Hazen Hyde in Paris on November 25, 1913.Hyde was the only son and heir of Henry Baldwin Hyde and the AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company fortune. Their son was Henry Baldwin Hyde of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in World War II. Nancy Louise <mask> (1894–1983), who married Karl Rudolf, 13th Duke of Croÿ (1899–1974), amid extensive newspaper coverage in Europe and the United States of a notoriety not to be surpassed until the romance between Wallis Simpson and Edward VIII, because Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to give his official permission for their marriage; Nancy, being a commoner and an American, was not considered a good match for the prince who ranked among the highest nobility of titled Europeans. Karl's aunt, the formidable Princess Isabella of Croÿ, wife of Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen, was chief among the European nobility who vehemently protested the match. Nancy married

masks:
Martha Leishman
George V
Leishman


texts:
 secondly to Andreas d'Oldenberg, the Danish Ambassador to France. <mask>. A<mask> Jr. (1887–1942), who married to New York socialite Elizabeth Helene Demarest, daughter of Warren G. Demarest. They divorced and she remarried to Lord Alastair Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (son of the Duke of Sutherland), becoming the mother of Elizabeth Sutherland, 24th Countess of Sutherland.Leishman's daughters made European marriages that were much talked of at the time. The American press considered these notably brilliant matches even among the many monied American young ladies (those "lovely trans-Atlantic invaders" as Edith Wharton called them) who found suitable titled European husbands in the pre-World War I marriage market. However, some titled Europeans felt that the Leishman girls had wed above their social station. While serving abroad, the Leishmans were often in Paris, at Deauville, Monte Carlo, or in the Swiss or Italian lakes, always a part of a glittering circle of celebrated American and European friends. <mask> was instrumental in forming and serving as the first president of the Paris Skating Club; among her intimate friends who shared in this Paris innovation was the Baroness Henri de Rothschild. Later life
As a result of the impasse between himself and Kaiser Wilhelm II which was created by his daughter Nancy's marriage to Karl von Croy, Leishman left Berlin and retired to private life in 1914. His wife Julia died in 1918 in Monte Carlo.He died on March 27, 1924 in Monte Carlo. They are buried in the Cimetière de Monaco. References

External links

1857 births
1924 deaths
American manufacturing businesspeople
Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland
Ambassadors of the United States to the Ottoman Empire
Ambassadors of the United States to Germany
Ambassadors of the United States to Italy
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
19th-century American diplomats
20th-century American

masks:
John G
. Leishman
Julia Leishman


texts: <mask>  (Irish: Seosamh Máire Pluincéid; 21 November 1887 – 4 May 1916) was an Irish nationalist, republican, poet, journalist, revolutionary and a leader of the 1916 Easter Rising. <mask> married Grace Gifford in 1916, seven hours before his execution. <mask> was born at 26 Upper Fitzwilliam Street in one of Dublin's most affluent districts. Both his parents came from wealthy backgrounds, and his father, <mask>, had been made a papal count. <mask> contracted tuberculosis (TB) at a young age and spent part of his youth in the warmer climates of the Mediterranean and North Africa. He spent time in Algiers where he studied Arabic literature and language and composed poetry in Arabic. He was educated at the Catholic University School (CUS) and by the Jesuits at Belvedere College in Dublin and later at Stonyhurst College, in Lancashire, England where he acquired some military knowledge from the Officers' Training Corps.Throughout his life, <mask> took an active interest in Irish heritage and the Irish language, and also studied Esperanto. <mask> was one of the founders of the Irish Esperanto League. He joined the Gaelic League and began studying with Thomas MacDonagh, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. The two were both poets with an interest in theatre, and both were early members of the Irish Volunteers, joining their provisional committee. <mask>'s interest in Irish nationalism spread throughout his family, notably to his younger brothers George and John, as well as his father, who allowed his property in Kimmage, south Dublin, to be used as a training camp for young men who wished to escape conscription

masks:
Joseph Mary Plunkett
Joseph Mary Plunkett
Background Plunkett
George Noble Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett


texts:
 in Britain during the First World War. IRB involvement

Sometime in 1915, <mask> joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood and soon after was sent to Germany to meet with Roger Casement, who was negotiating with the German government on behalf of Ireland. Casement's role as emissary was self-appointed, and, as he was not a member of the IRB, that organisation's leadership wished to have one of their own contact Germany to negotiate German aid for an uprising the following year.He was seeking (but not limiting himself to) a shipment of arms. Casement, on the other hand, spent most of his energies recruiting Irish prisoners of war in Germany to form a brigade to fight instead for Ireland. Some nationalists in Ireland saw this as a fruitless endeavour and preferred to seek weapons. <mask> successfully got a promise of a German arms shipment to coincide with the Rising. According to Ernest Blythe, <mask>'s republicanism did not prevent him from suggesting, at a briefing of Irish Volunteer organisers in January 1915, that in certain circumstances it would be in Irish interests for a German Catholic prince to be crowned king of Ireland, nor did anyone present object. During the Easter Rising, <mask> and Patrick Pearse argued in a conversation with Desmond Fitzgerald that it would be beneficial for Prince Joachim of Prussia to be crowned king. Easter Rising
<mask> was one of the original members of the IRB Military Committee that was responsible for planning the Easter Rising, and it was largely his plan that was followed.Shortly before the rising was to begin, <mask> was hospitalised following a turn for the worse in

masks:
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett
Plunkett


texts:
 his health. He had an operation on his neck glands (probably goiter) days before Easter and had to struggle out of bed to take part in what was to follow. Still bandaged, he took his place in the General Post Office with several other of the rising's leaders such as Patrick Pearse and Tom Clarke, though his health prevented him from being terribly active. His energetic aide de camp was Michael Collins. Marriage and execution
Following the surrender, <mask> was held in Kilmainham Gaol, and faced a court martial. Seven hours before his execution by firing squad at the age of 28, he was married in the prison chapel to his sweetheart Grace Gifford, a Protestant convert to Catholicism, whose sister, Muriel, had married his best friend Thomas MacDonagh, who was also executed for his role in the Easter Rising. Grace never married again.Aftermath

His brothers George Oliver <mask> and <mask> joined him in the Easter Rising and later became important IRA men. His father's cousin, <mask>, was a Protestant and unionist who sought to reconcile unionists and nationalists. <mask>'s home was burned down by the Anti-Treaty IRA during the Civil War. <mask> named his sister, Geraldine, literary executor of his will. She published a volume of his poetry a month after his execution in June 1916. The main railway station in Waterford City is named after him as was <mask> Tower in Ballymun which has since been demolished. Plunkett barracks in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare is also named after him.In popular culture
The Irish ballad "Grace", written by Seán and Frank O'Meara, is a monologue of <mask> expressing his love to Grace

masks:
Plunkett
Plunkett
Jack Plunkett
Horace Plunkett
Horace Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett


texts:
 and his love for the cause of Irish independence in the small hours before his execution. The ballad has been notably covered by
Jim McCann. He is also mentioned in the Irish rebel song “Seán South of Garryowen”. His religious poem "I See His Blood upon the Rose" is well-known in Ireland. References

Further reading
 Augusteijn, Joost (ed. ), The Irish Revolution 1913-1923 (Basingstoke 2002)
 Boyce, George D., Nationalism in Ireland (London 1982)
 Kee, Robert, The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism (London 1972)
 Kelly, Matthew, The Fenian Ideal and Irish Nationalism 1882-1916 (Woodbridge 2006)
 Mansergh, Nicholas, The Unresolved Question: The Anglo-Irish Settlement and its Undoing (New Haven and London 1991)
 Martin, F.X. (ed.), Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916 (London 1967)
 Novick, Ben, Concerning Revolution: Irish Nationalist Propaganda during the First World War (Dublin 2001)
 O Brolchain, Honor, <mask> (Dublin 2012)
 <mask> Dillon, Geraldine (edited Honor O Brolchain): All in the Blood (A. & A. Farmar)
 Townshend, Charles, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion (London 2005)

External links

Grace – By Seán and Frank O' Meara
The Poems of <mask> <mask> (1916)

1887 births
1916 deaths
20th-century poets
Executed participants in the Easter Rising
Executed writers
Irish Catholic poets
Irish Esperantists
Irish nationalists
Irish poets
Irish republicans
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
People educated at Belvedere College
People educated at Stonyhurst College
People from County Dublin
Signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic
People educated at Catholic University

masks:
Joseph Plunkett
Plunkett
Joseph Mary
Plunkett


texts:
<mask> (9 March 1911 – 10 May 1998) was a Lithuanian classical violin prodigy and a virtuoso performer of the theremin, an electronic musical instrument. She was the sister of pianist Nadia Reisenberg. Life and career

Early years

<mask> was born in Vilnius, then in the Russian Empire, to a family of Lithuanian Jews. She had two elder sisters, Anna and Nadia. Early in her childhood she emerged as a violin prodigy. At the age of four, she became the youngest ever student at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, where she studied under the prominent violinist Leopold Auer. After the October Revolution the family moved back to Vilnius, and then to Warsaw, before obtaining visas and leaving for the United States in 1921.In America, <mask> enrolled at the Curtis Institute of Music. As a teenager, tendinitis affected her bow arm, attributed to childhood malnutrition, and resulted in her giving up the violin. However, after meeting fellow immigrant Léon Theremin and being introduced to his electronic instrument, the theremin, she became its most prominent player. She performed widely and helped Theremin to refine his instrument. Career
<mask> made orchestral appearances in New York and Philadelphia and went on coast-to-coast tours with Paul Robeson, but it was not until 1977 that she released a commercial recording called The Art of the Theremin. The album, which was produced by Bob Moog and Shirleigh Moog, featured <mask>'s theremin playing with piano accompaniment by her sister Nadia. <mask>’s approach to theremin playing emphasized physical and emotional control.As she described it herself in an interview: "You must not only hit a note, but you must hit the center of it. You cannot register any of your internal emotion at all. You cannot shake your head, for instance, or sway

masks:
Clara Reisenberg Rockmore
Clara Reisenberg
Rockmore
Rockmore
Rockmore
Rockmore


texts:
 back and forth on your feet. That would change your tone." Personal life and death
Although Léon Theremin had proposed to her once, she married attorney <mask>, and thereafter used his name professionally. They had no children. She died in New York City on May 10, 1998, aged 87.Although her health had been in rapid decline for almost a year, she declared her determination to live to see the birth of her great-grandniece, who was born just two days before her death. Contributions to the theremin
<mask>'s classical training gave her an advantage over the many other theremin performers of the time. The intonation control she acquired as a violinist and her innate absolute pitch were both helpful in playing the instrument. She had extremely precise, rapid control of her movements, important in playing an instrument that depends on the performer's motion and proximity rather than touch. She developed a unique technique for playing the instrument, including a fingering system that allowed her to perform accurately fast passages and large note leaps without the more familiar portamento, or glide, on theremin. She also discovered that she could achieve a steadier tone and control the vibrato by keeping the tips of her right-hand thumb and forefinger in contact. Developmental influence
<mask> saw limitations of the original instrument and helped to develop the theremin to fulfill her needs.Working together with Léon Theremin her suggestions and changes included increasing the sensitivity of the theremin's volume control to facilitate rapid staccato, lowering the profile of the instrument so the performer is more visible, increasing the sensitivity of the pitch antenna, and increasing range from three octaves to five. Public influence
By the time Rockmore was playing large scale

masks:
Robert Rockmore
Rockmore
Rockmore


texts:
 public concerts, such as New York City's Town Hall in 1938, she was becoming increasingly known for impressing critics with her artistry of the theremin during a time in which much of the general public had come to rather negative conclusions of what was possible on the instrument. These performances with world class orchestras were also critical in establishing “electronic and experimental music as a viable art form in the public imagination.”

<mask> owned an RCA theremin given to her and substantially modified by Theremin. Through his modifications, the instrument's normal 5 to 5.5 octave playable range was expanded by 1.5 octaves. Theremin made several other customizations including improvements to tonal quality and its responsiveness to hand movements. The tubes are also customized and labeled in Theremin's own writing. This instrument was later restored by Robert Moog in October 1998; it can be viewed at the <mask>more exhibit in the Artist's Gallery of the Musical Instruments Museum in Phoenix, Arizona and is on long-term loan to the museum by Peter Sherman of the Reisenberg family.Albums
 The Art of the Theremin (1977)
 <mask>'s Lost Theremin Album (2006)
Music in and on the air. (2011) Romeo Records. Music and Memories: <mask> (2020) Romeo Records. Music and Memories: <mask> (Bonus Album) (2020) Romeo Records. Film and video

In popular culture
The Irish electropop band The Garland Cult included the song "<mask>more" on their 2007 album Protect Yourself from Hollywood. Sean Michaels' novel Us Conductors, the winner of the 2014 Scotiabank Giller Prize, is a fictionalized account of the relationship between <mask> and Léon Theremin. <mask> was the subject of a Google Doodle on March 9, 2016, which would have been her 105th birthday.In Bill & Ted Face the Music,

masks:
Clara
Clara Rock
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rock
Rockmore
Rockmore


texts:
 Bill's daughter Thea compliments Ted's theremin playing at Missy's wedding, saying that it rivaled <mask>. Ted admits she was an inspiration for him. See also
Electronic musical instrument
Léon Theremin
Synthesizer

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 The Official Nadia Reisenberg Clara Rockmore Foundation Website
 The <mask> papers at Special Collections in Performing Arts at the University of Maryland
 In <mask>'s Words – An interview <mask> gave to Bob Moog in 1977. In <mask>’s Home – Her Last Years, and the Summer of 1997 – An essay, written by Steve J. Sherman, <mask>'s great-nephew and Nadia Reisenberg's grandson, providing an in-depth account of <mask>’s life during her last decade, up until her death in 1998. A MySpace page devoted to <mask>
 Nadia Reisenberg / Clara Rockmore Foundation
 Streamable NPR "All Songs Considered" show featuring 'Summertime' performed by <mask>
 <mask>. La diva del éter (Spanish bio by Audionautas)
 Clara Rockmore's Lost Theremin Album, notes on sources and production

1911 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American musicians
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
Jewish musicians
Lithuanian electronic musicians
Lithuanian Jews
Musicians from New York City
People from Vilensky Uyezd
Musicians from Vilnius
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
Theremin players
Women in electronic

masks:
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara
Clara Rockmore
Clara
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore