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 widest brick arch bridge in the world and is still carrying main line trains to the west, even though today's trains are about ten times heavier than in Brunel's time. Throughout his railway building career, but particularly on the South Devon and Cornwall Railways where economy was needed and there were many valleys to cross, Brunel made extensive use of wood for the construction of substantial viaducts; these have had to be replaced over the years as their primary material, Kyanised Baltic Pine, became uneconomical to obtain. <mask> designed the Royal Albert Bridge in 1855 for the Cornwall Railway, after Parliament rejected his original plan for a train ferry across the Hamoaze—the estuary of the tidal Tamar, Tavy and Lynher.The bridge (of bowstring girder or tied arch construction) consists of two main spans of ,  above mean high spring tide, plus 17 much shorter approach spans. Opened by Prince Albert on 2 May 1859, it was completed in the year of <mask>'s death. Several of <mask>'s bridges over the Great Western Railway might be demolished because the line is to be electrified, and there is inadequate clearance for overhead wires. Buckinghamshire County Council is negotiating to have further options pursued, in order that all nine of the remaining historic bridges on the line can be saved. <mask>'s last major undertaking was the unique Three Bridges, London. Work began in 1856, and was completed in 1859. The three bridges in question are a clever arrangement allowing the routes of the Grand Junction Canal, Great Western and Brentford Railway, and Windmill Lane to cross each other.Great Western Railway

In the early part of <mask>'s life, the use of railways began


type: original

texts: to take off as a major means of transport for goods. This influenced Brunel's involvement in railway engineering, including railway bridge engineering. In 1833, before the Thames Tunnel was complete, <mask> was appointed chief engineer of the Great Western Railway, one of the wonders of Victorian Britain, running from London to Bristol and later Exeter. The company was founded at a public meeting in Bristol in 1833, and was incorporated by Act of Parliament in 1835. It was Brunel's vision that passengers would be able to purchase one ticket at London Paddington and travel from London to New York, changing from the Great Western Railway to the Great Western steamship at the terminus in Neyland, West Wales. He surveyed the entire length of the route between London and Bristol himself, with the help of many including his solicitor Jeremiah Osborne of Bristol Law Firm Osborne Clarke who on one occasion rowed Brunel down the River Avon himself to survey the bank of the river for the route. Brunel even designed the Royal Hotel in Bath which opened in 1846 opposite the railway station.<mask> made two controversial decisions: to use a broad gauge of  for the track, which he believed would offer superior running at high speeds; and to take a route that passed north of the Marlborough Downs—an area with no significant towns, though it offered potential connections to Oxford and Gloucester—and then to follow the Thames Valley into London. His decision to use broad gauge for the line was controversial in that almost all British railways to date had used standard gauge. <mask> said that this was nothing more than a carry-over from the mine railways that George Stephenson had

masks: Brunel Brunel Brunel


texts: worked on prior to making the world's first passenger railway. Brunel proved through both calculation and a series of trials that his broader gauge was the optimum size for providing both higher speeds and a stable and comfortable ride to passengers. In addition the wider gauge allowed for larger goods wagons and thus greater freight capacity. Drawing on Brunel's experience with the Thames Tunnel, the Great Western contained a series of impressive achievements—soaring viaducts such as the one in Ivybridge, specially designed stations, and vast tunnels including the Box Tunnel, which was the longest railway tunnel in the world at that time. There is an anecdote claiming that the Box Tunnel was deliberately aligned so that the rising sun shines all the way through it on Brunel's birthday.The initial group of locomotives ordered by <mask> to his own specifications proved unsatisfactory, apart from the North Star locomotive, and 20-year-old Daniel Gooch (later Sir Daniel) was appointed as Superintendent of Locomotive Engines. <mask> and Gooch chose to locate their locomotive works at the village of Swindon, at the point where the gradual ascent from London turned into the steeper descent to the Avon valley at Bath. <mask>'s achievements ignited the imagination of the technically minded Britons of the age, and he soon became quite notable in the country on the back of this interest. After <mask>'s death the decision was taken that standard gauge should be used for all railways in the country. At the original Welsh terminus of the Great Western railway at Neyland, sections of the broad gauge rails are used as handrails at the quayside, and information boards there depict

masks: Brunel Brunel Brunel Brunel


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 various aspects of Brunel's life. There is also a larger-than-life bronze statue of him holding a steamship in one hand and a locomotive in the other. The statue has been replaced after an earlier theft.The present London Paddington station was designed by <mask> and opened in 1854. Examples of his designs for smaller stations on the Great Western and associated lines which survive in good condition include Mortimer, Charlbury and Bridgend (all Italianate) and Culham (Tudorbethan). Surviving examples of wooden train sheds in his style are at Frome and Kingswear. The Swindon Steam Railway Museum has many artefacts from <mask>'s time on the Great Western Railway. The Didcot Railway Centre has a reconstructed segment of  track as designed by Brunel and working steam locomotives in the same gauge. Parts of society viewed the railways more negatively. Some landowners felt the railways were a threat to amenities or property values and others requested tunnels on their land so the railway could not be seen.<mask>'s "atmospheric caper"

Though unsuccessful, another of <mask>'s interesting use of technical innovations was the atmospheric railway, the extension of the Great Western Railway (GWR) southward from Exeter towards Plymouth, technically the South Devon Railway (SDR), though supported by the GWR. Instead of using locomotives, the trains were moved by Clegg and Samuda's patented system of atmospheric (vacuum) traction, whereby stationary pumps sucked air from a pipe placed in the centre of the track. The section from Exeter to Newton (now Newton Abbot) was completed on this principle, and trains ran at approximately . Pumping stations with distinctive square chimneys


texts: were sited at two-mile intervals. Fifteen-inch (381 mm) pipes were used on the level portions, and  pipes were intended for the steeper gradients. The technology required the use of leather flaps to seal the vacuum pipes. The natural oils were drawn out of the leather by the vacuum, making the leather vulnerable to water, rotting it and breaking the fibres when it froze during the winter of 1847.It had to be kept supple with tallow, which is attractive to rats. The flaps were eaten, and vacuum operation lasted less than a year, from 1847 (experimental service began in September; operations from February 1848) to 10 September 1848. Deterioration of the valve due to the reaction of tannin and iron oxide has been cited as the last straw that sank the project, as the continuous valve began to tear from its rivets over most of its length, and the estimated replacement cost of £25,000 was considered prohibitive. The system never managed to prove itself. The accounts of the SDR for 1848 suggest that atmospheric traction cost 3s 1d (three shillings and one penny) per mile compared to 1s 4d/mile for conventional steam power (because of the many operating issues associated with the atmospheric, few of which were solved during its working life, the actual cost efficiency proved impossible to calculate). Several South Devon Railway engine houses still stand, including that at Totnes (scheduled as a grade II listed monument in 2007) and at Starcross. A section of the pipe, without the leather covers, is preserved at the Didcot Railway Centre.In 2017, inventor Max Schlienger unveiled a working model of an updated atmospheric railroad at his vineyard in the Northern California town


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 of Ukiah. Transatlantic shipping

Brunel had proposed extending its transport network by boat from Bristol across the Atlantic Ocean to New York City before the Great Western Railway opened in 1835. The Great Western Steamship Company was formed by Thomas Guppy for that purpose. It was widely disputed whether it would be commercially viable for a ship powered purely by steam to make such long journeys. Technological developments in the early 1830s—including the invention of the surface condenser, which allowed boilers to run on salt water without stopping to be cleaned—made longer journeys more possible, but it was generally thought that a ship would not be able to carry enough fuel for the trip and have room for a commercial cargo. Brunel applied the experimental evidence of Beaufoy and further developed the theory that the amount a ship could carry increased as the cube of its dimensions, whereas the amount of resistance a ship experienced from the water as it travelled increased by only a square of its dimensions. This would mean that moving a larger ship would take proportionately less fuel than a smaller ship.To test this theory, <mask> offered his services for free to the Great Western Steamship Company, which appointed him to its building committee and entrusted him with designing its first ship, the . When it was built, the Great Western was the longest ship in the world at  with a  keel. The ship was constructed mainly from wood, but Brunel added bolts and iron diagonal reinforcements to maintain the keel's strength. In addition to its steam-powered paddle wheels, the ship carried four masts for sails. The Great Western embarked on her maiden voyage from


texts: Avonmouth, Bristol, to New York on 8 April 1838 with  of coal, cargo and seven passengers on board. <mask> himself missed this initial crossing, having been injured during a fire aboard the ship as she was returning from fitting out in London. As the fire delayed the launch several days, the Great Western missed its opportunity to claim title as the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam power alone.Even with a four-day head start, the competing  arrived only one day earlier, having virtually exhausted its coal supply. In contrast, the Great Western crossing of the Atlantic took 15 days and five hours, and the ship arrived at her destination with a third of its coal still remaining, demonstrating that Brunel's calculations were correct. The Great Western had proved the viability of commercial transatlantic steamship service, which led the Great Western Steamboat Company to use her in regular service between Bristol and New York from 1838 to 1846. She made 64 crossings, and was the first ship to hold the Blue Riband with a crossing time of 13 days westbound and 12 days 6 hours eastbound. The service was commercially successful enough for a sister ship to be required, which <mask> was asked to design. Brunel had become convinced of the superiority of propeller-driven ships over paddle wheels. After tests conducted aboard the propeller-driven steamship , he incorporated a large six-bladed propeller into his design for the  , which was launched in 1843.Great Britain is considered the first modern ship, being built of metal rather than wood, powered by an engine rather than wind or oars, and driven by propeller rather than paddle wheel. She was the first iron-hulled,

masks: Brunel Brunel


texts: propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Her maiden voyage was made in August and September 1845, from Liverpool to New York. In 1846, she was run aground at Dundrum, County Down. She was salvaged and employed in the Australian service. She is currently fully preserved and open to the public in Bristol, UK. In 1852 <mask> turned to a third ship, larger than her predecessors, intended for voyages to India and Australia.The  (originally dubbed Leviathan) was cutting-edge technology for her time: almost  long, fitted out with the most luxurious appointments, and capable of carrying over 4,000 passengers. Great Eastern was designed to cruise non-stop from London to Sydney and back (since engineers of the time mistakenly believed that Australia had no coal reserves), and she remained the largest ship built until the start of the 20th century. Like many of <mask>'s ambitious projects, the ship soon ran over budget and behind schedule in the face of a series of technical problems. The ship has been portrayed as a white elephant, but it has been argued by David P. Billington that in this case Brunel's failure was principally one of economics—his ships were simply years ahead of their time. His vision and engineering innovations made the building of large-scale, propeller-driven, all-metal steamships a practical reality, but the prevailing economic and industrial conditions meant that it would be several decades before transoceanic steamship travel emerged as a viable industry. Great Eastern was built at John Scott Russell's Napier Yard in London, and after two trial trips in 1859, set forth on her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York on 17 June 1860. Though a


texts:
 failure at her original purpose of passenger travel, she eventually found a role as an oceanic telegraph cable-layer.Under Captain Sir James Anderson, the Great Eastern played a significant role in laying the first lasting transatlantic telegraph cable, which enabled telecommunication between Europe and North America. Renkioi Hospital

Britain entered into the Crimean War during 1854 and an old Turkish barracks became the British Army Hospital in Scutari. Injured men contracted a variety of illnesses—including cholera, dysentery, typhoid and malaria—due to poor conditions there, and Florence Nightingale sent a plea to The Times for the government to produce a solution. <mask> was working on the Great Eastern amongst other projects, but accepted the task in February 1855 of designing and building the War Office requirement of a temporary, pre-fabricated hospital that could be shipped to Crimea and erected there. In five months the team he had assembled designed, built, and shipped pre-fabricated wood and canvas buildings, providing them complete with advice on transportation and positioning of the facilities. <mask> had been working with Gloucester Docks-based William Eassie on the launching stage for the Great Eastern. Eassie had designed and built wooden prefabricated huts used in both the Australian gold rush, as well as by the British and French Armies in the Crimea.Using wood supplied by timber importers Price & Co., Eassie fabricated 18 of the 50-patient wards designed by <mask>, shipped directly via 16 ships from Gloucester Docks to the Dardanelles. The Renkioi Hospital was subsequently erected near Scutari Hospital, where Nightingale was based, in the


texts:
 malaria-free area of Renkioi. His designs incorporated the necessities of hygiene: access to sanitation, ventilation, drainage, and even rudimentary temperature controls. They were feted as a great success, with some sources stating that of the approximately 1,300 patients treated in the hospital, there were only 50 deaths. In the Scutari hospital it replaced, deaths were said to be as many as ten times this number. Nightingale referred to them as "those magnificent huts". The practice of building hospitals from pre-fabricated modules survives today, with hospitals such as the Bristol Royal Infirmary being created in this manner.Personal life
On 10 June 1830 <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. <mask> married Mary Elizabeth Horsley (b. 1813) on 5 July 1836. She came from an accomplished musical and artistic family, being the eldest daughter of composer and organist William Horsley. They established a home at Duke Street, Westminster, in London. While performing a conjuring trick for the amusement of his children in 1843 Brunel accidentally inhaled a half-sovereign coin, which became lodged in his windpipe. A special pair of forceps failed to remove it, as did a machine devised by Brunel to shake it loose.At the suggestion of his father, <mask> was strapped to a board and turned upside-down, and the coin was jerked free. He recuperated at Teignmouth, and enjoyed the area so much that he purchased an estate at Watcombe in Torquay, Devon. Here he commissioned William Burn to design Brunel Manor and its gardens to be his country home. He never saw the house or gardens finished as he died before it was completed. <mask>, a heavy smoker, who had been diagnosed


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 with Bright's disease (nephritis), suffered a stroke on 5 September 1859, just before the Great Eastern made her first voyage to New York. He died ten days later at the age of 53 and was buried, like his father, in Kensal Green Cemetery, London. He is commemorated at Westminster Abbey in a window on the south side of the nave.Many mourned <mask>'s passing, in spite and because of his business ventures; an obituary in The Morning Chronicle noted:

<mask> was the right man for the nation, but unfortunately he was not the right man for the shareholders. They must stoop who must gather gold, and Brunel could never stoop. The history of invention records no instance of grand novelties so boldly imagined and so successfully carried out by the same individual. <mask> was survived by his wife, Mary, and three children: Isambard <mask> Junior (1837–1902), Henry Marc <mask> (1842–1903) and Florence Mary <mask> (1847–1876). Henry Marc later became a successful civil engineer. Legacy

A celebrated engineer in his era, Brunel remains revered today, as evidenced by numerous monuments to him. There are statues in London at Temple (pictured), Brunel University and Paddington station, and in Bristol, Plymouth, Swindon, Milford Haven and Saltash.A statue in Neyland in Pembrokeshire in Wales was stolen in August 2010. The topmast of the Great Eastern is used as a flagpole at the entrance to Anfield, Liverpool Football Club's ground. Contemporary locations bear <mask>'s name, such as Brunel University in London, shopping centres in Swindon and also Bletchley, Milton Keynes, and a collection of streets in Exeter: Isambard Terrace, Kingdom Mews, and Brunel Close. A road, car park, and

masks: Brunel Brunel Brunel Brunel Brunel Brunel Brunel


texts: school in his home city of Portsmouth are also named in his honour, along with one of the city's largest public houses. There is an engineering lab building at the University of Plymouth named in his honour. A public poll conducted by the BBC in 2001 to select the 100 Greatest Britons, Brunel was placed second, behind Winston Churchill. <mask>'s life and works have been depicted in numerous books, films and television programs.The 2003 book and BBC TV series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World included a dramatisation of the building of the Great Eastern. Many of Brunel's bridges are still in use. Brunel's first engineering project, the Thames Tunnel, is now part of the London Overground network. The Brunel Engine House at Rotherhithe, which once housed the steam engines that powered the tunnel pumps, now houses the Brunel Museum dedicated to the work and lives of Henry Marc and Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Many of Brunel's original papers and designs are now held in the Brunel Institute alongside the  in Bristol, and are freely available for researchers and visitors. Brunel is credited with turning the town of Swindon into one of the fastest-growing towns in Europe during the 19th century. Brunel's choice to locate the Great Western Railway locomotive sheds there caused a need for housing for the workers, which in turn gave Brunel the impetus to build hospitals, churches and housing estates in what is known today as the 'Railway Village'.According to some sources, <mask>'s addition of a Mechanics Institute for recreation and hospitals and clinics for his workers gave Aneurin Bevan the basis for the creation of the National Health Service. GWR Castle Class steam


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 locomotive no. 5069 was named Isambard Kingdom Brunel, after the engineer; and BR Western Region class 47 diesel locomotive no. D1662 (later 47484) was also named Isambard Kingdom Brunel. GWR's successor Great Western Railway has named both its old InterCity 125 power car 43003 and new InterCity Electric Train 800004 as Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The Royal Mint struck two £2 coins in 2006 to "celebrate the 200th anniversary of Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his achievements". The first depicts Brunel with a section of the Royal Albert Bridge and the second shows the roof of Paddington Station.In the same year the Post Office issued a set of six wide commemorative stamps (SG 2607-12) showing the Royal Albert Bridge, the Box Tunnel, Paddington Station, the Great Eastern, the Clifton Suspension Bridge, and the Maidenhead Bridge. The words "I.K. BRUNEL ENGINEER 1859" were fixed to either end of the Royal Albert Bridge to commemorate his death in 1859, the year the bridge opened. The words were later partly obscured by maintenance access ladders but were revealed again by Network Rail in 2006 to honour his bicentenary. <mask> was the subject of Great, a 1975 animated film directed by Bob Godfrey. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 48th Academy Awards in March 1976. At the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, <mask> was portrayed by Kenneth Branagh in a segment showing the Industrial Revolution.<mask> is a central character in Howard Rodman's novel The Great Eastern, published in 2019 by Melville House Publishing. See also
 Lindsey House – <mask>'s childhood home
 Two Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) used by Crossrail were named for Brunel's wife Mary


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 and his mother Sophia. Footnotes

Notes

References

  Only the first of a planned three volumes was published

  (This is Isambard <mask> Junior, IKB's son.) (373 pages) Online at Internet Archive

Further reading

  Written by Brunel's son
  Written by Brunel's granddaughter, it adds some family anecdotes and personal information over the previous volume
  A technical presentation of Brunel's opus
  A study of how early photography portrayed Victorian industry and engineering, including the celebrated picture of Brunel and the launching chains of the Great Eastern

External links

  The Times 19 September 1859
 Brunel biography with additional images from the Design Museum

 Brunel portal

1806 births
1859 deaths

English civil engineers
British bridge engineers
British railway pioneers
19th-century British inventors
People of the Industrial Revolution
British naval architects
British railway civil engineers
Structural engineers
Viaduct engineers
Architectural designers
. Fellows of the Royal Society
01
. People from Portsea, Portsmouth
People from Portsmouth
English people of French descent
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Deaths from nephritis
Great Western Railway
19th-century British engineers
19th-century English architects
Architects from


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Jean-<mask> (1920-2014) was a French painter from the School of Paris who had the particularity of having kept his work – over 600 paintings – almost secret over his artistic lifetime. Exhibits took place in Paris at the Jeanne Bucher Gallery in 1949 and 1950 and in Brussels in 1971. Being well introduced in the artistic movement of the 40s and 50s, he was acquainted with Nicolas de Staël, Serge Poliakoff, André Lanskoy, Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, met Picasso, in particular with his brother in law Olivier Debré. He then gradually isolated himself to the point of rarely mentioning his painting. Biography
1920: Born in Bordeaux, France. He was the grandson of <mask>, vice-president of the Conseil d'État from 1898 to 1922, and the great-grandson of Eugène Pelletan and Eugène Scribe. Years 1930s: Studies at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly, then at preparatory classes to the French Grandes Ecoles at the Lycée Henri-IV, Paris.He undertook numerous visits to Germany, where he quickly became fluent, to Italy after high school with his friend and future brother in law Olivier Debré, on cargo ships along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Africa, on which he managed to board without paying any fees. He was witness to the increase of fascist ideology: he sees Hitler in Berlin then Mussolini in Rome. 1940: Jean-Michel <mask> was 20 years old when war broke out. In 1943, the Vichy regime introduced the compulsory work service so he decided to leave Paris and obtained a false identity card. He went to Megève in the French Alps with Olivier Debré. It was during this period that the two friends both decided to devote themselves to painting. 1944: Jean-Michel’s brother, Jean-Rémi – 19 years old –

masks:
Michel Coulon
Georges Coulon
Coulon


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 was shot by the Germans at the Farm du By (Loiret).1945: He began painting steadily in Paris. 1949: He met his future wife, Caroline Garabedian, an American violinist studying at the Paris Conservatory. He quickly learned English. He exhibited at the Jeanne Bucher gallery, in Paris with: Georges Braque, Picasso, Paul Klee, Jean Lurçat, Jean-Paul Laurens, Nicolas de Staël, André Lanskoy, Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, Hans Reichel, André Bauchant, Alfred Manessier, Árpád Szenes and Vassily Kandinsky. 1950: He exhibited alone at the Galerie Jeanne Bucher. The guest book shows signatures of many famous people. He takes part in a group exhibit in New York, at the Sidney Janis gallery.He spent three months at the Maison Descartes, in Amsterdam, having won a scholarship from the French Government. He became familiar with the Dutch classic painters and of course learned Dutch. 1952: His other younger brother, Jean-François – a 25 years old officer in the French Air Force – crashed in a plane during a mission in Tunisia. 1953: He married Caroline Garabedian. 1955: The house and studio in Saint-Jean de Braye, near Orleans burned down in a fire. A great number of paintings are lost. 1956: He stayed two-month in the US; discovers the huge cities and is fascinated by New York.This first visit was the first of a long series of trips, most likely, a great source of inspiration for his painting. 1957: Birth of his single daughter,

1968: When France got out of the integrated NATO commandment, he moved to Brussels, with his wife who worked at the American mission to NATO. They will remain there until 1998. From Brussels, the family traveled across Europe by car in all directions, with trips to cultural


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 and artistic sights. He took the car alone, sometimes, and left to explore some European countries, spending the night with local inhabitants, asking people to open very confidential illuminated archives or drawings kept out of the light. 1971: His exhibit in Brussels at the Regency gallery organized by Michel Vockaer was a big success. Eighteen paintings were sold.There was supposed to be a series of three shows. Only the first was held. Jean-Michel <mask> preferred to use the excuse of never being ready for the next series of paintings. 1999: He returns to live in Paris in the 16th arrondissement with a nearby studio. He did not renew close contacts with the Paris galleries. He remained discreet, almost hidden. He goes to his studio every afternoon.His work went from painting to collages, which were done on oil paintings dating from the 1950s and 1960s. 2012: His health declined and after a long hospital stay he was confined to a wheelchair. Going back and forth to the studio was no longer possible, so it remained untouched until his death. He composes collages in his apartment,
on sheets of heavy drawing paper. His spirit remaining intelligent and lively up
to the end, he was working to the very last days, still with warm and bright colors. 2014: Jean-<mask> died on October 25, at the age of 94. He is buried in Saint-Georges-de-Didonne (Charente-Maritime), with the generations of Coulons.Description of the Work

Jean-<mask> painted in the greatest secrecy until his death at the end of 2014; he did not let anyone enter his studio and he never showed his painting, even to his relatives. Around 1,000 works were discovered the day after his death at the opening of his studio. Because he

masks:
Coulon
Michel Coulon
Michel Coulon


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 had lost the use of his legs, he had not been able to work there for several years. Due to its recent discovery and the absence of comments left by the artist, the overall vision of the work of Jean-Michel <mask> is being considered and subject to discussion. The main points of reflection concern in particular:
 The positioning of Jean-Michel <mask> in the art history of the 20th century and comparing him to the painters he was close to after the Second World War (Nicolas de Staël, Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, André Lanskoy and Olivier Debré, among others),
 The evolution of his style (forms, colors, material) during the 70 years of his life as an artist,
 The impact of the dramas of his life on his artistic choices, including the brutal death of his two brothers in 1944 and 1952 and the burning of his house and some of his works in 1955,
 The secret that surrounded his artistic approach,
 The opportunity to search for a key to understanding his work in letters he wrote during his travels, particularly to the United States and Italy, which have now been published with a foreword by Annie Cohen-Solal. The art historian Lydia Harambourg proposed some answers in a first monograph of Jean-Michel <mask> published in June 2018. The evolution of the work can be schematically illustrated as follows:

Exhibitions
Exhibitions over Jean-Michel <mask>'s lifetime:
 1949 : Group exhibition at the Jeanne Bucher Gallery in Paris
 1950 : Exhibition at the Jeanne Bucher Gallery in Paris
 1950 : Group exhibition called "Young Painters from the US and France" at the Sidney Janis Gallery in New York, with Nicolas de Staël, Mark Rothko, André Lanskoy, Pierre Soulages, Jean Dubuffet, Jackson Pollock among

masks: Coulon Coulon Coulon Coulon


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<mask> (; ; born 29 February 1940) is a former Soviet football player, Soviet and Ukrainian football manager. He is of Hungarian background. He is baptized as a Greek-Catholic. Playing career

Club
Sabo began to play in 1954 for a team of Uzhhorod bread factory and his first coach was Zoltan Gyorfi (). Later until August 1957 he was playing as a forward for Khimik Kalush in competitions among KFK of the Ukrainian SSR. From September 1957 to May 1959 <mask> played in Class B (second tier) for Spartak Uzhhorod. <mask> made his name as a player at Dynamo Kyiv, appearing at the club from June 1959 to 1969.A four-time Soviet Top League champion, <mask> appeared in 317 games in the competition, scoring 51 goals. His first game he played in a friendly against Tottenham Hotspur F.C. on 1 June 1959. In July 1963 <mask> was disqualified for a year for a rough play, but in February 1964 it was changed to a conditional disqualification. Also in 1968 he was disqualified again for refusing to play for the Soviet national football team. <mask> was a member of Dynamo Kyiv when the club in 1961 for the first time gained the Soviet title, breaking the Muscovite spell. To the Kyiv's team he arrived along with two other Uzhhorod players Andriy Havasi and Vasyl Turianchyk.International
Aside from being named one of the 33 best players in the USSR for five years, <mask> capped 76 times for the USSR national side, scoring 16 goals. He played in 41 official matches and 35 friendlies. <mask> made his international debut in away game against Greece on 3 October 1965 (see 1966 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 7). <mask> mentioned that the game took place after in Greece took place the Apostasia of 1965 (Royal Coup). While his official first appearance for the Soviet team was in 1965, <mask> was on the 1962 Soviet team roster for the 1962 FIFA World Cup. Coaching career
However, <mask> became most famous for his coaching, coaching various sides in the late 70s (such as Zorya Luhansk in 1977 and Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in 1978–1979), he has coached Dynamo Kyiv numerous times

masks:
Yozhef Yozhefovich Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo
Sabo


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 (from 1993 to 1997 and 2004–2005, with breaks in between). He is also arguably the second-most successful coach of the Ukrainian national team, compiling 16 wins and 12 draws in 34 matches as coach of the side in 1994 and 1996–1999.On 20 September 2007 he was appointed as Dynamo Kyiv's manager after Anatoliy Demyanenko resigned. However, <mask> resigned in early November that year due to personal health problems. He left Dynamo Kyiv by the end of 2007 and has no longer been involved with the club since that time. Personal life
<mask> was born on a leap year on 29 February. <mask> has his house near Verecke Pass (Carpathians) where he lives with his wife. In a 2005 interview, he also said that always wanted to coach the Hungarian national football team, but the Hungarian Football Federation leaders never gave him a concrete offer. At night from 2 onto 3 October 2007 <mask> had a heart attack due to which he was immediately taken to hospital.Doctors managed to save him, but he was prohibited to work due to a weak heart. In a 2015 interview, <mask> stated that the away game against Benfica in the 1991–92 European Cup that Dynamo lost 0–5 was fixed. He also mentioned that in Moscow he was called fascist, because there knew that his father served in the Royal Hungarian Army during the World War II and later for that, he was exiled to Siberia. Russian language <mask> started to learn after arriving to Kyiv and with a help of a tutor. <mask> was offered to join Komsomol and Communist Party but declined to explain that he cannot be communist and stay religious. Even after arriving in Kyiv he continued to attend an underground Greek-Catholic service that was taken place in Sviatoshyn. <mask> said that he became the only Ukrainian who received the medal from the 1966 FIFA World Cup, while at the same time Valeriy Porkujan who also played at the Mundial was left without it.When the Soviets beat Hungary in the quarterfinals, <mask> was forced to hear all kinds of sentiments from his former compatriots. <mask> also explained that the reason why he refused to travel to

masks: Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo


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 Hungary with the Soviet national team for the quarter-final game was that he tried to finish his journalist degree in Kyiv University. The Soviet team then qualified and without <mask>, but he was disqualified. In 1970 after a short stint in Luhansk, <mask> for a couple of months was working as a sports correspondent of Ukrainian newspaper "Pravda Ukrainy". In 1960 when Dynamo was playing an away friendly against FC Bayern Munich, <mask> said that he was approached by Bayern's goalie Árpád Fazekas who offered him to remain in Munich. Honours

Player
Dynamo Kyiv
Soviet Top League: 1961, 1966, 1967, 1968
Soviet Cup: 1964, 1965–66

Dynamo Moscow
European Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1971–72

Manager
Dynamo Kyiv
 Vyshcha Liha: 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97
Ukrainian Cup: 1995–96, 2004–05

Orders
 Order of Merit, a full cavalier of the order
 3rd degree (15 October 1999)
 2nd degree (12 October 2004)
 1st degree (1 December 2011)

References

External links
  Verbytsky, I. Yozhef <mask>: In Moscow I was constantly called fascist. UA-Football.4 March 2015. Collection of articles and biography at the RussiaTeam

1940 births
Living people
People from Uzhhorod
Soviet people of Hungarian descent
Soviet footballers
Soviet Top League players
Soviet First League players
FC Kalush players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Dynamo Moscow players
FC Hoverla Uzhhorod players
FC Zorya Luhansk players
1962 FIFA World Cup players
1966 FIFA World Cup players
Olympic footballers of the Soviet Union
Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Soviet football managers
Soviet Union international footballers
FC Zorya Luhansk managers
FC CSKA Kyiv managers
FC Dnipro managers
FC Dynamo Kyiv managers
Soviet Top League managers
Soviet First League managers
Soviet Second League managers
Ukrainian Premier League managers
Olympic medalists in football
Ukraine national football team managers
Ukrainian people of Hungarian descent
Hungarian Eastern Catholics
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Ukrainian football managers
Association football

masks: Sabo Sabo Sabo Sabo


texts:
<mask> (9 September 1953 – 22 February 2020) was a British radio broadcaster, television personality, author and teacher. Warr was acquitted of allegations of historical child abuse and wrote a book about his experiences. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Haverfordwest, in South Wales. He was orphaned at the age of six. Warr was educated at the Royal Masonic School for Boys. After leaving school he embarked on an acting course at the London Drama Centre. He transferred to Goldsmiths College, University of London, qualifying as a languages teacher in 1977.He was subsequently awarded a Master's degree at the Roehampton Institute, University of Surrey. Career

Teaching

In 1981 Warr took up a post at St George's School, Stowmarket where he taught French, German and Latin. He also coached the 1st XV rugby squad. From 1983 until his arrest in 2012, Warr taught languages at the Royal Hospital School, Ipswich

Television
Warr's television career began in 2003 with BBC1's Rule the School. He was subsequently cast in the role of languages teacher and later headmaster in Channel 4's historical reality show That'll Teach 'Em which ran for three seasons from 2003 to 2006, and aimed to find out whether the standards of 1950s and 1960s boarding schools could produce better academic achievement for GCSE students. He also appeared in Channel 5's The Nightmare Neighbours Next Door. His television appearances have also included being a guest on The One Show (2007) and on Sunday Morning Live (2010-2012).He was also a contestant on Mastermind in 1981. Warr was the only person ever to have hosted Mastermind on BBC1 with Magnus Magnusson in the famous

masks:
Simon Roderick Warr
Simon Warr


texts:
 black chair as a contestant. This event is noted in Magnus Magnusson’s autobiography I've Started, So I'll Finish (1998). Radio broadcasting
Warr was a broadcaster on BBC Radio Suffolk, whose broadcasts included Saturday football reports, and he made regular appearances on BBC Radio 2's Jeremy Vine show. Between 2007 and 2012 Warr hosted The Warr Zone, a phone-in radio show. In 2015 he took on the focal role in On the Warr Path, a BBC radio programme in which he had to complete a weekly range of challenges set by the producers. To date these have included modern dance, archery, taking part in an assault course, working as a car mechanic and learning to play the guitar.In mid-January 2020, <mask> fronted a new phone-in current affairs discussion programme on BBC Radio Suffolk called Warr of Words. He made his final broadcast on 14 February, a week before he died. Author
<mask> was a columnist on the East Anglian Daily Times for several years while still a teacher at the Royal Hospital School. He published a novel, Howson’s Choice, in 2011. It is a fictional retelling of the downfall of Peter Hobson, headmaster of Charterhouse, who resigned after his relationship with a female escort was exposed by a tabloid newspaper. In March 2017 his book Presumed Guilty was published by Biteback Publishing. Presumed Guilty is <mask>'s account of spending almost two years on bail accused of historical abuse offences and his battle to clear his name after being acquitted of all charges.Presumed Guilty was reviewed by David Aaronovitch in The Times. During 2019 he was a regular contributor to the online magazine sp!ked writing about false sexual allegations

masks: Warr Warr Warr


texts:
 and criticising what he regarded as institutional shortcomings in police and prosecutorial practices, as well as what he termed the "compensation culture" which he believed fuelled false historical sexual allegations. Shortly before his death he had completed the final draft of his second novel, provisionally entitled Swinefest, a fictional account of a criminal conspiracy by former pupils to frame a teacher for historical sexual abuse in pursuit of compensation by a school insurer. False allegations of historical child abuse
In December 2012, Warr was arrested and questioned by police following a complaint of historical child sexual abuse made by a man who had been a pupil at St George's School, Stowmarket, where Warr had taught. The school had already come under scrutiny in 1982 by investigative journalist Roger Cook over headmaster Derek Slade's use of corporal punishment and a 2010 trial which led to the jailing of Slade for sexually abusing boys. Warr was subsequently charged with indecent assault on three former pupils, two from St George's School and one from the Royal Hospital School. Warr pleaded not guilty to all charges and went on trial at Ipswich Crown Court in October 2014.Serious doubts emerged during the trial when evidence was given that he had never taught two of the complainants (both of whom had previously been awarded compensation in a different abuse case at the same school), and that a witness and complainant had changed their stories. The jury returned a unanimous verdict of not guilty on all charges within a matter of minutes of being sent out by the judge. Warr later said that: "One of the biggest tragedies of


texts:
 cases like mine is that it makes it more difficult for people who have actually been abused to be believed". A spokesman for the Crown Prosecution Service justified the prosecution, saying: "We were satisfied there was sufficient evidence for a realistic prospect of conviction and it was in the public interest to prosecute". Warr appeared on BBC Newsnight after his acquittal to discuss the way in which historical allegations are handled by police and the Crown Prosecution Service. He was also interviewed about the case on BBC2 and Radio 5 Live. He subsequently wrote about his 672-day ordeal, including nearly two years on police bail, the trial, and his acquittal in an essay entitled "Something Good Has To Come From This", published in The Justice Gap magazine in 2015, followed by his 2017 book  Presumed Guilty.He also appeared on the Jeremy Vine Show, along with Sarah Champion MP, to debate how historical sexual allegations should be handled by police. Death
On 20 February 2020, Warr announced on Twitter that he had a "very serious health condition"; he died of pancreatic and liver cancer on 22 February 2020. References

External links

 Personal blog: The Warr Zone

1953 births
2020 deaths
21st-century British novelists
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
BBC radio presenters
British male novelists
British non-fiction writers
British radio personalities
False allegations of sex crimes
Deaths from cancer in the United Kingdom
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
People acquitted of sex crimes
People educated at the Royal Masonic School for Boys
People from Haverfordwest
Welsh schoolteachers
Male non-fiction


texts:
<mask> (born Yeshe Perl; December 3, 1975) is an American rapper from Hollywood, California. His debut self-titled solo album was released Nov. 7, 2006 on Interscope/Shoot to Kill Records in association with MySpace Records. Frequent topics of <mask>'s songs are his experiences with substance abuse and prostitution. Early life
<mask> was raised in a Jewish family and had a turbulent childhood. His paternal grandparents were Holocaust survivors who were imprisoned at Auschwitz. Though his father cleaned up his act and began attending Alcoholics Anonymous, he was struck and severely injured by a drunk driver leaving a meeting. At age 19, <mask> made the decision to take his father off life support, ending his life.During his late teens, <mask> briefly adhered to Orthodox Judaism in an effort to stay off the streets. <mask> continued as a sex worker and drug dealer until finding success in the music industry. By his early 20s, <mask> married, had a daughter, and moved to Portland, Oregon. While battling drug addiction, <mask> moved in with his sister (also a drug addict) with the hope that they could aid each other in recovery. During this time, his sister relapsed and died from a heroin overdose. Deciding that he wanted more out of life, <mask> decided to move back to Los Angeles and make a final attempt to clean up his act. It was shortly after this return to Southern California that <mask> met Simon Rex and began to gain recognition for his music.Street art
<mask> is a member of the Los Angeles-based graffiti crew CBS (Can't Be Stopped / City Bomb Squad). Personal life
<mask> has two younger

masks:
Mickey Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon


texts:
 half-brothers (who are identical twins). He has helped them relocate to the Los Angeles area and enter the music industry. <mask> was the main investor in a series of self-named apartment complexes in Camarillo, California and Sunnyvale, California. Style
The majority of <mask>'s work has themes of hard drug use, particularly in reference to his consumption of heroin and crack cocaine, an unusual style in hip hop, where the artist more commonly refers to the sale of such substances. Another popular theme in <mask>'s music is his seduction, and sexual encounters with women. This is coupled with his overtly sexualized image, often performing with heavy eye makeup and no shirt.Career
Upon moving to Los Angeles, he was befriended by ex-MTV VJ Simon Rex who encouraged <mask> to rap and collaborated with him. The two began passing out demos to Hollywood clubs and soon developed a following among fans of the Santa Cruz nightclub scene. Upon entering the rap scene in 2000, <mask> first adopted the stage name, "The Relevant" and made his first appearance on Met Fly (who would later be known as Andre Legacy)'s album entitled "Wiggin' Out". In 2004, <mask> first collaborated with Existereo of the Shape Shifters's on the song "No Class." He later collaborated with Existereo again on: "Couple o'Shitbags & The Fly's That Go With 'em" (2005), "Wrong Side" (2006), "I Love Who" (2007). In November 2006, <mask> released his self-titled debut solo album. Released through Interscope/Shoot to Kill Records in association with MySpace Records, the album spawned the singles "Jane Fonda" and "Mr.Right". In January 2007, <mask>

masks:
Mickey Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Mickey Avalon
Avalon


texts:
 contributed lyrics and vocals on Unwritten Law's "Shoulda Known Better." That same year, he was featured in a Boost Mobile rap commercial with fellow rappers Jermaine Dupri and Young Jeezy. In 2011, after years of back and forth wrangling with Interscope, <mask> was released from his recording contract. He is currently signed to Suburban Noize Records. On March 12, 2012 he digitally released a 4-track EP entitled On the Ave. His second solo album, Loaded was released on April 24, 2012. On October 1, 2013, <mask> released a 5 track EP titled I Get Even Even, and then later released a music video for the track Hollywood (feat.Paul Oakenfold). Three years later on November 25, 2016, he announced that his third album, Teardrops on My Tombstone would be available on Valentine's Day 2017. Dyslexic Speedreaders
After <mask> became close friends with Simon Rex, they formed a rap group called the Dyslexic Speedreaders. The group included <mask>, Simon "Dirt Nasty" Rex, Andre Legacy, and Beardo as the four members. Andre Legacy was <mask>'s friend since elementary school and Beardo was <mask>'s friend from their work together in the modelling industry. In 2004, the Dyslexic Speedreaders released their first album which was entitled Catching Up To Wilt. In 2007, the Dyslexic Speedreaders collaborated with the Living Legends and Luckiam on the song, "Nevermind."In 2008, the Dyslexic Speedreaders released the Shoot To Kill Mixtape. In 2009, <mask> released "What Do You Say?" which was also part of The Hangover soundtrack and featured Dirt Nasty and Andre Legacy. However, <mask> announced through his Myspace page

masks:
Mickey
Mickey Avalon
Mickey
Mickey Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Mickey Avalon
Avalon


texts:
 that this would be the last song that the Dyslexic Speedreaders would release. After years of friendship and musical collaborations, the group disbanded after <mask> had a dispute with the other members over unpaid loans. On November 7, 2010, <mask> announced on theFIVE10 Radio that he was leaving his label and that his relationship with Dirt Nasty and Andre Legacy had been strained due to money issues. He told JC of theFIVE10 Radio that Dirt Nasty and Andre Legacy never paid him back for all the money he had put into developing them and that was the reason they were not talking.He stated that there was still room for reconciliation by saying, "No one slept with anyone's chick." Dirt Nasty is reported to have responded to <mask>'s comment, stating "Well I know that <mask> didn't sleep with ANY chicks, because everyone knows that he prefers dick." During his July 31, 2011 interview on Stefanie's Rock Show, <mask> stated that he briefly reunited with the Dyslexic Speedreaders for an unplanned one time performance. He attended the Roxy with his daughter while Dirt Nasty and Andre Legacy were scheduled to perform that night. During the course of the show, <mask> accepted an invitation to perform on stage with his former bandmates. He said he is open to the possibility of future reunions. In November 2015, <mask> and Dirt Nasty officially reconciled by releasing a 5-song collaborative EP entitled "Married to the Game".Controversy
In March 2007, <mask> was booed off the stage while opening for the Red Hot Chili Peppers, in Oklahoma City. The next day, Red Hot Chili Peppers lead guitarist John Frusciante

masks:
Mickey
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Avalon
Mickey Avalon
Avalon


texts:
 wrote a letter to the band's fans in Oklahoma City, accusing them of booing <mask> for personal issues, and having a lack of "regard for humanity." Tours
 "Stroke Me Tour" (2009) (Feat. Beardo & Ke$ha)
 "Blazed & Confused Tour" (2009)
 "Loaded/Jaegermeister Tour" (2012)
 "Not Enough Credit for a Payday Advance Tour" (2015)
 "Married to the Game Tour" (2016)

Discography

Singles
 "Jane Fonda" (2006) - Self Titled (#36 Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart)
 "Mr. Right" (2007) - Self Titled
 "Fuckin Em All" (2009) - Non Album
 "What Do You Say?" (2009) - The Hangover Soundtrack
 "Stroke Me" (2007) - Non Album
 "I Wanna" (2010) - Non Album
 "I Luv LA!" (2010) - Non Album
 "Tight Blue Jeans" (2011) - Loaded
 "Rock Bottom" (2011) - Loaded
 "I'm Hot" (2012) - Loaded
 "Mr Right" (2013) - Loaded
 "More Junk" (2012) - Loaded
 "Girlfriend" (2012) - Loaded
 "I Like It Raw" (Feat.Speedball) (2012)
 "Hollywood" (Feat. Paul Oakenfold) (2013)
 "Red Light District" (2018)
 "End of My Line" (2018)
 "Dolly Parton" (2018)
 "Freeway" (2018)
 "Jacques Cousteau" (2018)
 "Future Atomic" (2018)
 "Two Time Loser" (2018)
 "Another Quarter" (2018)
 "Blue Medusa" (2018)
 "Davy Crockett" (2018)
 "Billy Shakespeare" (2018)
 "Black Trans-Am" (2019)
 "Woke AF" (2020)
 "Ultra-Violence" (2020)

References

External links

 Official website
 Video Interview with <mask>
 Audio Interview with <mask>

1975 births
Living people
Jewish American musicians
American hip hop musicians
Jewish rappers
Musicians from Los Angeles
People from Hollywood, Los Angeles
Rappers from California
American male prostitutes
21st-century American

masks:
Avalon
Mickey Avalon
Mickey Avalon


texts:
<mask> (born July 30, 1991) is a Canadian curler from Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. She currently plays lead on Team Suzanne Birt. She is a three-time PEI junior champion and five-time PEI Scotties champion. Career
<mask> competed at the 2007 Canada Winter Games as third for the Sarah Fullerton rink. They finished with a 1–5 record. She represented PEI at three Canadian Junior Curling Championships also as third for Fullerton from 2010 to 2012. In 2010, they finished seventh with a 6–6 record.In 2011, they improved from their previous season finishing in eighth with a 7–5 record. At her final trip to the juniors in 2012, they finished eighth, once again with a 6–6 record. While still in juniors, Team Fullerton entered the 2012 Prince Edward Island Scotties Tournament of Hearts. They finished round robin play with a 4–1 record and clinch second place. In the semifinal they played Kim Dolan. Starting off quite comfortably, Team Fullerton was up 6–1 after the fourth end, however after giving up four stolen points in ends eight and nine, they tied the game in the tenth. After some troubles in the extra end, without hammer, Team Fullerton ultimately lost the game 10–9.Out of juniors, <mask> joined the Suzanne Birt rink for the 2013–14 season with Shelly Bradley and Susan McInnis at third and lead. They won the Royal LePage OVCA Women's Fall Classic World Curling Tour event and finished second at the Curl Atlantic Championship. At the 2014 Prince Edward Island Scotties Tournament of Hearts, they missed the playoffs with a 1–3 record. The next season they were able to win the 2015 Prince Edward Island Scotties

masks:
Michelle Dianne McQuaid
McQuaid
McQuaid


texts: Tournament of Hearts by defeating Kathy O'Rourke in the semifinal. They finished in ninth place with a 4–7 record at the 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. The team disbanded after the season. After taking a season off, McQuaid joined the Robyn MacPhee rink as lead for the 2016–17 season.They won the Royal LePage OVCA Women's Fall Classic and finished runner-up at the Lady Monctonian Invitational Spiel. The team was successful at the provincial championship, defeating Veronica Smith in the semifinal of the 2017 Prince Edward Island Scotties Tournament of Hearts. They finished 3–8 at the 2017 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. Team MacPhee also won the provincial championship the following season, and finished 2–6 at the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. Birt returned to competitive curling after the season and took over as skip for the team. Team Birt had a very strong 2018–19 season, not missing the playoffs in any of their tour events. They won the WFG Jim Sullivan Curling Classic, finished runner-up at the Tim Hortons Spitfire Arms Cash Spiel and had semifinal finishes at both the Stu Sells Oakville Tankard and the New Scotland Clothing Ladies Cashspiel.The team won five straight sudden-death elimination games at the 2019 Prince Edward Island Scotties Tournament of Hearts to claim the provincial title. The team did improve their record at the 2019 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, finishing in sixth place with a 6–5 record. Team Birt played in nine tour events the following season and qualified in eight of them, only missing the playoffs at the 2019 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic. This


texts: year, they won the Tim Hortons Spitfire Arms Cash Spiel and were finalists at the Atlantic Superstore Monctonian Challenge and the Jim Sullivan Curling Classic. They had semifinal finishes at The Curling Store Cashspiel, the New Scotland Clothing Ladies Cashspiel and the Dave Jones Stanhope Simpson Insurance Mayflower Cashspiel and a quarterfinal appearance at both the Stu Sells Oakville Tankard and the Tour Challenge Tier 2. They defended their title at the 2020 Prince Edward Island Scotties Tournament of Hearts. The team had an eighth-place finish at the 2020 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, finishing with a 5–6 record.Team Birt began the 2020–21 season with two runner-up finishes at the 2020 The Curling Store Cashspiel and the 2020 Dave Jones Stanhope Simpson Insurance Mayflower Cashspiel. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island, many teams had to opt out of the 2021 Prince Edward Island Scotties Tournament of Hearts as they could not commit to the quarantine process in order to compete in the 2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. This meant that only Team Birt and their clubmates Darlene London's rink entered the event. In the best-of-five series, Team Birt defeated Team London three games to zero to earn the right to represent Prince Edward Island at the 2021 Scotties in Calgary, Alberta. At the Tournament of Hearts, they finished a 4–4 round robin record, failing to qualify for the championship round. The Birt rink had two appearances in finals to begin the 2021–22 season. The team lost in the final of the 2021 Oakville Fall Classic to Team Jamie Sinclair and the final of the 2021 Oakville Labour Day


texts:
 Classic to Team Tracy Fleury.Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, the qualification process for the 2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials had to be modified to qualify enough teams for the championship. In these modifications, Curling Canada created the 2021 Canadian Curling Trials Direct-Entry Event, an event where five teams would compete to try to earn one of three spots into the 2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials. Team Birt qualified for the Trials Direct-Entry Event due to their CTRS ranking from the 2019–20 season. The team went 1–3 through the round robin, finishing in last place and not advancing directly to the Trials. Team Birt had one final chance to advance to the Olympic Trials through the 2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Pre-Trials where they finished the round robin with a 4–2 record. This qualified them for the double knockout round, where they lost both of their games and were eliminated. The team had two more tour stops during the season, which included winning the Stu Sells 1824 Halifax Classic and reaching the semifinal of the Tim Hortons Spitfire Arms Cash Spiel.The 2022 Prince Edward Island Scotties Tournament of Hearts was cancelled due to the pandemic and Team Birt were selected to represent their province at the national women's championship. The team finished the 2022 Scotties Tournament of Hearts with a 4–4 record, fifth place in their pool. Personal life
<mask> works as a team lead for Veterans Affairs Canada. She began curling when she was 5 years old. Teams

References

External links

1991 births
Canadian women curlers
Curlers from Prince Edward Island
Living people
Sportspeople from


texts:
<mask> (born 6 March 1953) is a former actress and model best known for her roles in such 1970s British sex comedies as Confessions of a Driving Instructor (1976), Intimate Games (1976), Come Play with Me (1977), The Playbirds (1978), and Adventures of a Plumber's Mate (1978), and for her appearances on The Benny Hill Show. Early life
Born in London, <mask> grew up on the Isle of Sheppey, Kent and later in Essex at Epping, Woodford and Buckhurst Hill. She was partly raised by her grandparents "who owned bars and clubs and holidays camps". Beginning at age 13, she attended London Academy of Modeling in London. Career

Early years
She began her career as a coat model but was also a catwalk model and later a photographic model. Later, she modelled lingerie and was a contestant on Miss TV Times (broadcast on UK television on 14 June 1974 and presented by Hughie Green). In sex comedies
<mask>'s acting career in British sex comedies began in 1976, with her first film, Intimate Games.Benny Hill saw Intimate Games, and this led him to cast <mask> on his eponymous show. She appears in multiple roles on two 1977 episodes of the series (broadcast in the UK 26 January 1977 and 23 March 1977). Of Hill and Jackie Wright's famous "head slapping" routine, she said "Jackie Wright was a chain smoker and he would often hide his cigarette in his mouth or behind his back during scenes. In fact, you could often see a little plume of smoke rising behind him if you looked close enough. Benny would slap his head to

masks:
Suzy Mandel
Mandel
Mandel
Mandel


texts:
 fan the smoke away." On the big screen she quickly became a favourite of both British sex film directors and audiences. Soon she was receiving equal billing with Mary Millington, the UK's biggest sex symbol of the 1970s.Millington and <mask>'s film, Come Play With Me still stands as one of the longest-running films in British film history, and ran continuously at the Moulin Cinema in London's West End from 1977 to 1981. Performing in the US
After the release of her final British sex film, You're Driving Me Crazy, Mandel moved to Los Angeles where, in 1979, she attended the Lee Strasberg Institute for about a year, studying acting and voice. She also studied with noted voice and dialect coach Robert Easton. Mandel continued acting, appearing in the film The Mistress of the Apes (directed by B-movie specialist Larry Buchanan). She appears in the 1980 film The Private Eyes starring Tim Conway and Don Knotts as Hilda, the Upstairs Maid. She guest starred on television shows like The Love Boat. She also appeared in the hardcore film Blonde Ambition (also known as Can I Come Again), which was shot in New York City in 1977, but only released in 1980.Blonde Ambition stars <mask> as Sugar Cane, half of a talentless duo of singers who become embroiled in the search for a missing brooch. Directed by the eccentric Amero Brothers, the role required <mask> to strip while ice skating, impersonate a drag queen, play the tuba and perform in hardcore sex scenes. (She used a body double for the last.) Later

masks: Mandel Mandel Mandel


texts:
 years
<mask> eventually moved behind the scenes, working on the horror comedy Dead Men Don't Die (1991) starring Elliott Gould as well as co-producing Love Bites, starring Adam Ant, in 1993, (she appears briefly onscreen as well). In 1996, <mask> revealed in the British newspaper The People that she had quit show business to work as a nurse, caring for people dying from AIDS after several of her friends had died from the disease. For a short period of time, she ran an art gallery in Beverly Hills, California. However she returned to the nursing work, until 2001, when she was "involved in a very serious accident" which caused her to retire from that work.In 2006, she returned to producing, working with adult video director Jennifer James on a series, Inside Erotica. The 2014 tongue-in-cheek British television documentary The Golden Rules of Porn (broadcast on More4 on 9 August 2014) included <mask> discussing her roles in the soft-core British comedies Confessions of a Driving Instructor, Come Play with Me, The Playbirds and sharing her thoughts on bad chat-up lines and high heels. Personal life
<mask> has been married more than once. On 16 August 1981, she married wealthy British film financier Stanley Margolis. Margolis had owned Tigon British Film Productions, the company that released some of her best-known British films, and that would later co-produce the 1993 film True Romance. She and Margolis divorced in 1994. (TV show, BBC 1970s)
The Benny Hill Show (TV show, Thames 1977) ...Various

masks: Mandel Mandel Mandel Mandel


texts:
 roles
The Dick Emery Show (TV show, BBC 1977) ... Dawn, the biker chick
Within These Walls (TV show, LWT 1970s)
Z-Cars (TV show, BBC 1970s)
Van der Valk (TV show, 1970s)
Target (TV show, BBC 1970s)
Jackanory Playhouse (TV show, 1970s)
George Sands (TV show, 1970s)
Nice Day Tomorrow (TV show, 1970s)
The Liver Birds (TV show, BBC 1970s)
The Sweeney (TV show, Thames 1970s)
Rock Follies (TV show, Thames 1970s)
The Barry Humphries Show (TV show, BBC 1977)
The World of Pam Ayres (TV show, LWT 1977)
The XYY Man (TV show, Granada 1970s)
The Other One (TV show, BBC 1970s)
Play of the Month: The Country Wife (TV show, BBC 1977)
Mr. Big (TV show, BBC 1977)
Play of the Month: The Ambassadors (TV show, BBC 1977)
Get Some In! (TV show, BBC 1977) ... Non-responsive W.A.A.F. Pennies from Heaven (TV show, BBC, 1978)
The Love Boat  (TV show, ABC 1980) ... Trina
Kawasaki (TV Commercial, 1980s)
Toyota (TV Commercial, 1980s)
Nissan (TV Commercial, 1980s)
Red Mountain Coffee (TV Commercial, 1980s)
We're Making It (TV show, series regular, 1980s)
Sunset Strip (TV show, series regular, 1980s)
All Nonsense Network News (TV show, series regular/opera reporter, 1980s)
Love Bites (1993)

Magazine covers
Whitehouse issue 27
Whitehouse issue 25
Park Lane issue 21
Playbirds issue 14, 1977
Playbirds issue 13, 1977
National News issue 8
Lovebirds issue 6
Cine Revue 1 May 1980, Vol. 1, Iss. 18

Notes

References

External links

English pornographic film actresses
English film actresses
1953 births
Page 3


texts: <mask> (born September 28, 1942 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American songwriter and Grammy nominated record producer. He graduated from Long Island University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Music. In the era which included classic rock, country, punk, disco, pop, record producer <mask> was well known for working across genres and often crossing over genres such as country music legends Dolly Parton and Glen Campbell with "Here You Come Again" and "Southern Nights," arguably the beginnings of country music being accepted by mainstream pop audiences. From Carrie Underwood to Taylor Swift it would be difficult to imagine their mainstream pop success today without looking back to Parton and <mask>’s produced rendition of the Mann/Weill-penned “Here You Come Again.” Until then, like television actors trying to get into movies to capture mainstream success, country music had tried and failed to crossover many times before. <mask>’s production of “Here You Come Again,” with a never done before piano intro by musician David Foster playing piano, <mask> devised a sound with an ingenious idea placing masking tape across the keys inside the piano. The sound, often recreated since, had a metallic, yet subtle quality that was instantly recognizable. Record Producer <mask> liked a “memorable intro or hook,” was not alone.Nirvana’s Kurt Cobain noted on many occasions the importance of a simple catchy intro in a great pop song which Cobain, a well known Beatles fan, was trying to recreate with his own style of music. In 1962, <mask> co-wrote the international pop hit song "Bobby’s

masks:
Gary Klein
Gary Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Gary Klein


texts: Girl". He continued songwriting for a short time including “Guess Who?”(Kornfeld/<mask>), which was included on Dusty Springfield’s “Dusty” album. However, it was obvious early on that <mask> had an ear and talent for record production (technology and music) which later proved true. Singer/songwriter Tim Hardin, despite being recognized as a great songwriter in music circles had struggled to gain traction as a mainstream artist. His immense talent was difficult to capture on tape in a recording studio. In 1968, <mask> produced Tim Hardin’s ”Live in Concert 3.” Hardin changed Record Producer <mask> labels and in 1969 his first studio release for Columbia Records “Suite for Susie Moore and Damion: We are One, One, We Are” was producer by <mask> reaching 129 on Billboard’s top 200 album charts.In his review for Allmusic, music critic Bruce Eder wrote of the reissue that included Bird on a Wire: "There's a lot of pain in this disc, to be sure — it's hard to find a Hardin song that didn't have some — but also a level of lyrical and musical excellence that one should feel privileged to partake of." 1968, <mask> produced “Tim Hardin 3 Live in Concert” 1969, <mask> produced the Hardin album Suite for Susan Moore and Damion: We Are One, One, All in One. In 1974, Mac Davis, while working on a new album wrote the song "Stop and Smell the Roses". This was a phrase Doc Severinsen, band leader of The “Tonight Show with Johnny Carson” had mentioned to Davis, giving Doc co-writing credit. However, the song was not proving an easy recording as the album was being produced by Rick Hall

masks:
Klein
Klein
Klein
Gary Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein


texts: known as the “Father of Muscle Shoals Music." Columbia Records went to young record producer <mask>, then 32, asking if he'd like to give what they were hoping to release as the first single “Stop and Smell the Roses,” a shot at production and they’d choose which producers rendition they preferred as the single. Ultimately the <mask> version won out.It went to #1 on Billboard Magazine's Adult Contemporary charts and was a top 10 pop hit. In 1975, <mask> recorded Johnny Cash's album John R. Cash. In an attempt to try something new and revive his career the "Columbia bosses" wanted Cash to record other people's material, covers. It did not prove successful. Cash later blamed it on the "bosses," finding no fault in the production. He mentioned he'd work again with <mask> down the line. In 1976-1977, <mask> began working with Glen Campbell.This resulted in the pop and country #1 hit "Southern Nights". Upon Campbell's crossover to the pop charts, Dolly Parton and RCA Records wondered if he could do the same for her. In 1977, <mask> produced Dolly Parton's classic pop hit album Here You Come Again. It was the first of three albums he'd produce for Parton resulting in country and pop hit records. In 1976, Barbra Streisand had just won an Academy Award for her song "Evergreen". <mask> began working with Streisand in 1977 on her album Superman. "My Heart Belongs to Me" hit #1 on the Adult Contemporary charts and the album went to #4 on Billboard's top 100 resulting in double platinum album.In 1978, Streisand's Songbird album was released. It proved another double platinum album and

masks: Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein


texts:
 at this point, Streisand was doing an album a year with <mask>. In 1979-80 <mask> produced Streisand's Wet album. This included the #1 single "Enough is Enough,” a smash-hit duet with Donna Summer, often sites as the last great disco hit and end of an era. He would then produce Janis Ian’s 1981 album Restless Eyes, her last to dent the Billboard Top 200 and her last album to be released in the US until 1993. <mask> stopped producing records in 1987. He joined EMI Records/EMI Music Publishing’s CEO/Chairman Charles Koppelman in 1989 becoming an executive at the company.While there he transitioned to the publishing division full time working with CEO/Chairman Martin Bandier. Koppelman, Bandier and <mask> originally worked together at The Entertainment Company in (1975-1982). The company was financed by Real Estate Tycoon Samuel J. LeFrak. They were led by CEO Charles Koppelman who oversaw all aspects of the company with Martin Bandier as General Counsel and <mask> leading the creative side of the business as record producer. <mask> remained with Koppelman and Bandier at EMI and went on to have a 20 year run as an executive at the company. <mask> stopped producing records in 1990 and began 20-year career as an executive at EMI Music Publishing. References

External links
Interview with <mask> on producing Barbra Streisand: http://barbra-archives.com/bjs_library/interview/gary_klein.htmlhttps://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Record-Producers-Eric-Olsen/dp/0823076075

1942 births
Record producers from New York (state)
Living people
Musicians from Brooklyn
Songwriters from New York

masks:
Klein
Klein
Gary Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Gary Klein


texts:
<mask> (22 June 1861 – 8 December 1914) was a naval officer of the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy), who commanded the East Asia Squadron during World War I. Spee entered the navy in 1878 and served in a variety of roles and locations, including on a colonial gunboat in German West Africa in the 1880s, the East Africa Squadron in the late 1890s, and as commander of several warships in the main German fleet in the early 1900s. During his time in Germany in the late 1880s and early 1890s, he married his wife, Margareta, and had three children, his sons Heinrich and Otto and his daughter Huberta. By 1912, he had returned to the East Asia Squadron as its commander, and was promoted to the rank of Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral) the following year. After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, Spee led his squadron across the Pacific to the coast of South America. Here on 1 November, he defeated the British 4th Cruiser Squadron under Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock in the Battle of Coronel, sinking two of Cradock's cruisers and forcing his other two ships to retreat. A month later, Spee decided to attack the British naval base in the Falkland Islands, but a superior British force surprised him. In the ensuing Battle of the Falkland Islands, Vice Admiral Doveton Sturdee's squadron, which included two powerful battlecruisers, destroyed the East Asia Squadron.<mask> and his two sons, who happened to be serving on two of his ships, were all killed, along with about 2,200 other men. Spee was hailed as a hero in Germany, and several ships were named in his honor, including the heavy cruiser , which was built in the 1930s and was defeated in the Battle of the River Plate during World War II. Early career

<mask> was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 22 June 1861, though he was raised in the

masks: Maximilian Johannes Maria Hubert Reichsf von Spee


texts: Rhineland in Germany, where his family had an estate. He joined the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) in 1878 and initially served in the main German naval base at Kiel. He was commissioned an officer at the rank of Leutnant zur See (Lieutenant at Sea), and was assigned to the gunboat , which was sent to western Africa. During this voyage, the Germans signed treaties with local rulers in Togo and Cameroon, creating the colonies of Togoland and Kamerun, respectively. In 1887, Spee was transferred to Kamerun where he commanded the port at Duala.He contracted rheumatic fever while there, and had to be sent back to Germany to recover, though he occasionally suffered from rheumatism for the rest of his life. After returning to Germany in 1889, he married his wife, Margareta <mask> der Osten-Sacken. With her he had two sons—Otto, born on 10 July 1890, Heinrich, born on 24 April 1893—and one daughter, Huberta, born on 11 July 1894. In December 1897, Spee was stationed in Germany's East Asia Squadron after it seized the concession at Kiautschou Bay, with its port at Tsingtao. Here, he served on the staff of Vizeadmiral <mask> Diederichs. During the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900, Spee saw action at Tsingtao and on the Yangtze. After arriving back in Germany, he was promoted to the rank of Korvettenkapitän (Corvette Captain) and assigned as the first officer aboard the pre-dreadnought battleship .Between 1900 and 1908, Spee held command of several ships, including the aviso , the minelayer , and finally the pre-dreadnought . During this period, he was promoted to Fregattenkapitän (Frigate Captain) on 27 January 1904 and to Kapitän zur See (Captain at Sea) exactly a year later; his command of Wittelsbach followed the latter promotion. In 1908, he was assigned as the chief of staff to the

masks:
Baroness von
Otto von


texts:
 commander of the North Sea Station, and in 1910 he was promoted to the rank of Konteradmiral (KAdm–Counter Admiral). Spee was then assigned as the deputy commander for the reconnaissance forces of the  High Seas Fleet. East Asia Squadron

In late 1912, Spee was given command of the East Asia Squadron, replacing KAdm Günther <mask>igk on 4 December. Spee raised his flag on the armored cruiser , and departed on a tour of the southwest Pacific along with Scharnhorsts sister ship , during which Spee made visits to several ports, including Singapore and Batavia. Spee was promoted to Vizeadmiral the following year.Over the following year and a half, Spee met with the leaders of several East Asian countries. From 1 April to 7 May 1913, Scharnhorst took Spee to Japan to meet the Taishō Emperor. Later in the year, Spee met with Chulalongkorn, the King of Siam. In May 1914, Spee took Scharnhorst and the torpedo boat  on a visit to Port Arthur and then to Tianjin; Spee continued on to Beijing, where he met with Yuan Shikai, the first President of the Republic of China. He came back aboard Scharnhorst on 11 May and the ship returned to Tsingtao. Spee thereafter began preparations for a cruise to German New Guinea; Scharnhorst departed on 20 June. The two armored cruisers proceeded to Nagasaki, Japan, where they coaled in preparation for their tour.While en route to Truk in the Caroline Islands, they received news of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. On 17 July, the East Asia Squadron arrived in Ponape in the Carolines, where the ships remained while tensions steadily rose in Europe. In Ponape, Spee had access to the German radio network, and he learned of the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July, followed shortly thereafter


texts:
 by the Russian mobilization—tantamount to a declaration of war—against Austria-Hungary and possibly Germany. On 31 July, word came that the German ultimatum that Russia demobilize its armies was set to expire; Spee ordered his ships' crews to prepare for war. On 2 August, Wilhelm II ordered German mobilization against Russia and its ally, France. Following Germany's violation of neutral Belgium during its invasion of France, Britain declared war on Germany. World War I

The East Asia Squadron consisted of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the light cruisers , , and .At the time, Nürnberg was returning from the west coast of the United States, where Leipzig had just replaced her, and Emden was still in Tsingtao. Spee recalled his ships to consolidate his forces; Nürnberg arrived on 6 August and the three cruisers plus their colliers moved to Pagan Island in the Marianas, at that time a German colony. Emden and the liner , which had been converted into an auxiliary cruiser, joined the squadron there on 12 August. The four cruisers, accompanied by Prinz Eitel Friedrich and several colliers, then departed the central Pacific, bound for Chile. On 13 August, Commodore <mask> Müller, captain of the Emden, persuaded Spee to detach his ship as a commerce raider. On 14 August, the East Asia Squadron departed Pagan for Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands. While en route across the Pacific, Spee relaxed formalities aboard his ships, integrating the messes for officers and non-commissioned and engineering officers.To keep the German high command informed, on 8 September Spee detached Nürnberg to Honolulu to send word through neutral countries. Nürnberg returned with news of the Allied capture of German Samoa, which had taken place on 29 August. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau sailed to Apia to


texts:
 investigate the situation. Spee had hoped to catch a British or Australian warship by surprise, but upon his arrival on 14 September, he found no warships in the harbor. Spee decided against attacking the Allied troops ashore, since doing so would risk killing Samoans and damaging German property. On 22 September, Scharnhorst and the rest of the East Asia Squadron arrived at the French colony of Papeete. The Germans attacked the colony, and in the ensuing Battle of Papeete, they sank the French gunboat Zélée.The ships came under fire from French shore batteries but were undamaged. Fear of mines in the harbor prevented Spee from seizing the coal in the harbor. Spee then continued across the Pacific, passing through the Marquesas Islands, where his ships acquired supplies including fresh meat by barter, purchase, or confiscation. On 12 October, the squadron reached Easter Island, where it was reinforced by Leipzig, , and four more colliers. <mask>'s ships were off the coast of Chile by 1 November, when he learned that the British cruiser  was moored in Coronel, ostensibly alone; he decided to try to sink the ship. Battle of Coronel

Glasgow was assigned to the 4th Cruiser Squadron, under Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock; as it turned out, Glasgow was joined by the armored cruisers  and  and the auxiliary cruiser . After discovering the entire squadron off Coronel, Spee decided to engage the British ships, but he delayed the action using his ships' superior speed until later in the day, when the setting sun would silhouette Cradock's ships.The German ships would meanwhile be obscured against the Chilean coast, making the task of the British gunners more difficult. At 18:07, Spee issued the order to open fire, with his two armored cruisers battling Cradock's armored cruisers and his


texts:
 light cruisers engaging Glasgow and Otranto. Cradock quickly detached Otranto, as she had no place in the line of battle. By 18:50, Gneisenau had disabled Monmouth and so shifted fire to Good Hope; the combined firepower of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau neutralized Good Hope by 19:23. Spee then withdrew his two armored cruisers and sent in his light cruisers to finish off Monmouth and Good Hope. The British had lost both ships and suffered more than 1,600 dead, including Cradock, though the German ships had expended around 40 percent of their ammunition supply. Spee had inflicted the first defeat on a Royal  Navy squadron since the Napoleonic Wars a century earlier.After the battle, Spee took his ships north to Valparaiso. Since Chile was neutral, only three ships could enter the port at a time; Spee took Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Nürnberg in first on the morning of 3 November, leaving Dresden and Leipzig with the colliers at Mas a Fuera. There, Spee's ships could take on coal while he conferred with the Admiralty Staff in Germany to determine the strength of remaining British forces in the region. In addition, Spee sought to counter British press reports that attempted to minimize their losses and exaggerate German casualties. A reception followed at the German Club of Valparaiso, though Spee insisted that the event be restrained in tone. He received a bouquet of flowers to celebrate the victory at Coronel; Spee replied that they would do nicely for his grave. He stated that,

While in port, Spee received the order from the Admiralty Staff to attempt to break through to Germany.The ships remained in the port for only 24 hours, in accordance with the neutrality restrictions, and arrived at Mas a Fuera on 6 November, where they took on more coal from captured British and French


texts:
 steamers. Dresden and Leipzig took their turn in Valparaiso, after which the re-formed squadron continued south and rounded Cape Horn into the South Atlantic. In the meantime, the Royal Navy sent a pair of battlecruisers— and —commanded by Vice Admiral Doveton Sturdee to hunt down <mask>'s squadron and avenge Cradock's defeat. Battle of the Falkland Islands

On the morning of 6 December, Spee held a conference with the ship commanders aboard Scharnhorst to determine their next course of action. The Germans had received numerous fragmentary and contradictory reports of British reinforcements in the region; Spee and two other captains favored an attack on the Falkland Islands to destroy the British wireless station there, while three other commanders argued that it would be better to bypass the islands and attack British shipping off Argentina. Spee's opinion carried the day and the squadron departed for the Falkland Islands at 12:00 on 6 December. The ships arrived off the Falkland Islands two days later; Gneisenau and Nürnberg were delegated for the attack.As they approached, observers aboard Gneisenau spotted smoke rising from Port Stanley, but assumed it was the British burning their coal stocks to prevent the Germans from seizing them. As they closed on the harbor,  shells from the elderly battleship , which had been beached as a guard ship, began to fall around the German ships, which prompted Spee to break off the attack. As Spee withdrew, Sturdee quickly got steam up in his ships and sortied to chase the Germans. By 13:20, the battlecruisers had caught up with Spee, who realized his armored cruisers could not escape the much faster battlecruisers. He ordered the three light cruisers to attempt to break away while he tried to hold off the British squadron with Scharnhorst and


texts: Gneisenau. Sturdee instead ordered his cruisers to chase down the fleeing German light cruisers while Invincible and Inflexible dealt with Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. Spee deftly maneuvered his ships, taking the leeward position; the wind kept his ships swept of smoke, which improved visibility for his gunners.This forced Sturdee into the windward position and its corresponding worse visibility. Scharnhorst straddled Invincible with her third salvo and quickly scored two hits on the British battlecruiser. The German flagship was herself not hit during this phase of the battle. Sturdee attempted to widen the distance by turning two points to the north to prevent Spee from closing to within the range of his numerous secondary guns. Spee counteracted this maneuver by turning rapidly to the south, which forced Sturdee to turn south as well to keep within range. This allowed Scharnhorst and Gneisenau to turn back north and get close enough to engage with their secondary 15 cm guns. Their shooting was so accurate that it forced the British to haul away a second time.The British gunfire became increasingly accurate, and by 16:00, Scharnhorst had begun to list badly, while fires raged aboard the ship. Spee ordered Gneisenau to try to disengage while he turned Scharnhorst toward his attackers in an attempt to launch torpedoes at them. At 16:17, Scharnhorst capsized and sank, taking her entire crew with her, including Spee. The British, still focused on Gneisenau, made no effort to rescue survivors. Gneisenau, Leipzig, and Nürnberg were also sunk. Only Dresden managed to escape, but she was eventually tracked to the Juan Fernández Islands and sunk. The complete destruction of the squadron killed about 2,200 German sailors and officers, including both of Spee's sons; Heinrich died aboard


texts:
 Gneisenau, and Otto was killed aboard Nürnberg.<mask> was hailed as a hero in Germany and the men of the East Asia Squadron were celebrated in the press, which emphasized their bravery and refusal to surrender. In September 1917, the second  was named Graf Spee, and was christened by Spee's widow Margarete. Construction of the ship had not been completed by the time of the Armistice of 11 November 1918, and she was broken up for scrap by 1921. In 1934 Germany named the new heavy cruiser  after him; as with the earlier vessel, a member of Spee's family christened the ship, this time his daughter. In December 1939, Admiral <mask> was scuttled by her crew after the Battle of the River Plate off the coast of Uruguay. Between 1959 and 1964 the Federal German Bundesmarine operated the training frigate Graf Spee. The wreck of Spee's flagship Scharnhorst was found off the Falklands on 5 December 2019, almost 105 years to the day after her sinking.Wilhelm Graf <mask>, head of the <mask> <mask> family, called the location of the wreck "bittersweet", remarking that the family took comfort "from the knowledge that the final resting place of so many has been found, and can now be preserved, whilst also being reminded of the huge waste of life. As a family, we lost a father and his two sons on one day. Like the thousands of other families who suffered an unimaginable loss during the First World War, we remember them and must ensure that their sacrifice was not in vain." Footnotes

References

External links

1861 births
1914 deaths
Captains who went down with the ship
Imperial German Navy admirals of World War I
Counts of Germany
German military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
German military personnel killed in World War I
People from Copenhagen
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st

masks:
Legacy Spee
Graf Spee
von Spee
Graf von
Spee


texts:
<mask><mask> is a litigation and employment law attorney based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. Mr. <mask> is licensed to practice law in Florida, New York and Washington, D.C. Personal background
<mask><mask> was born in New York City on April 7, 1970, the son of <mask> and <mask>. <mask> was a vice-president for CBS in New York City from 1980 to 1987. After working in the corporate environment, <mask> pursued the artistic path, attending the Florence Academy of Art in Italy. <mask> currently has several sculptures on permanent exhibition in Asheville, North Carolina, St. Augustine, Florida, and Las Vegas, Nevada as well as The Vatican, Italy. <mask> was the namesake of his great-aunt, <mask>, who hosted a talk radio show in New York City from 1942 to 1945.Her radio show was recorded and broadcast from the 86th floor of the Empire State Building in the CBS Studios. The radio program was discontinued when a B-25 Mitchell crashed into the north side of the 79th floor of the building. In 1946, <mask> conceived the idea of the first interfaith postage stamp. It was known as "The Four Chaplains" and commemorated the sacrifice of four clergymen in the United States Army who gave up their life preservers to other service men aboard the troop transport . The four clergy died so that other servicemen could live. The United States Post Office approved the stamp in 1948 for general sale and circulation. It was the first postage stamp ever issued by the Post Office commemorating a Jew, <mask> Goode.From this recognition, there now exists a stained glass window in the chapel of the Pentagon. Educational background
<mask> attended Nova Elementary School and Nova Middle School in Davie, Florida. He went on to attend Coral Springs High School in Coral Springs, Florida. While a high school student, <mask> was a member of the National Honor Society, Debate Team and Math Team. United States Senator George S. LeMieux was a fellow debate team member at Coral Springs High School. Mr. <mask> graduated in the top five percent of his high school class in 1988. He then attended the University of Florida, in

masks:
Clifford A
. Wolff
Wolff
Clifford A
. Wolff
Judy Wolff
Malcolm Wolff
Malcolm Wolff
Malcolm Wolff
Malcolm Wolff
Clifford Alan Wolff
Claire Alice Wolff
Claire Wolff
Rabbi Alexander
Clifford Wolff
Wolff
Wolff


texts:
 Gainesville, Florida, where he majored in English literature and mathematics at the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.He was a member of Theta Chi Fraternity, was routinely appointed to the Dean's List for academic excellence, and was active in campus politics. He graduated in 1992 as a University of Florida Presidential Scholar. This award was presented to students graduating with excellent academic credentials and esteemed community service. <mask> then attended the University of Florida Levin College of Law. He was immediately recognized for his advocacy skills. He was the only first-year law student in his class chosen for both the University of Florida Trial Team and the Justice Campbell Thornal Moot Court Board. He earned the award of Champion Advocate at the 1995 Mock Trial Competition sponsored by the Association of Trial Lawyers of America in Salt Lake City, Utah.<mask> also competed in appellate argument competitions in Chicago, New York City, and St. Louis. He graduated from law school in 1995. He was one of just two law students who received upon graduation election into the international advocacy honorary known as The Order of Barristers, signifying excellence in litigation skills. Work history
Mr. <mask> was immediately admitted to the Florida Bar and went to work for Josephs, Jack and Gaebe, a litigation boutique in Miami. He represented U-Haul International and its affiliates and was also involved in multimillion-dollar commercial litigation throughout Florida. Mr. <mask> then worked for the law firm of Gunster Yoakley. Mr. <mask> was subsequently courted by the law firm of Gordon, Hargrove and James in Fort Lauderdale, later known as Sedgwick Law Firm.He accepted the position and represented AT&T, BellSouth, Yahoo!, U-Haul, Carrier Corporation, Schindler Group, Otis Elevator Corporation, the UTC Companies and W.R. Grace and Company. Mr. <mask> filed a lawsuit on behalf of W.R. Grace and Company against American International Group (AIG) seeking reimbursement of hundreds of millions of dollars paid by W.R. Grace to resolve mass tort asbestos claims denied under an alleged fraud

masks: Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff


texts:
 exclusion of various insurance policies. AIG eventually capitulated  following depositions taken by Mr. <mask> of various executive vice-presidents and days before Mr. <mask> was scheduled to take the court-ordered deposition of AIG chairman Hank Goldberg. After this success, Mr. <mask> was the youngest attorney ever made partner at Sedgwick Law Firm. Shortly after being elected a law partner, and at the request of several clients, <mask> started his own law firm, The Wolff Law Firm, in 2005. In addition to working as a commercial litigator, <mask> is currently general counsel of Lynch Holdings, L.P., a holding company for various assets including real estate, securities and intellectual property. Mr. <mask> is actively involved in the valuation, purchase, defense and licensing of such assets.He also acts as personal counsel for high net-worth individuals, directors and executive officers of companies such as Barnes & Noble, Peloton, Sam's Club, Wal-Mart, eBay, Gilt Groupe, AirTable.com, Hiller Industries, Nike, Two Sigma and CVS. Mr. <mask> also represented San Felasco Nurseries, one of the six Florida license holders for the growth and sale of medical marijuana. Mr. <mask> assisted San Felasco Nurseries during its application process, its appeal process, and ultimately its successful achievement of a license to grow and sell medical marijuana. Mr. <mask> went on to represent Acreage Holdings, one of the largest cannabis-related investment firms in the world. Mr. <mask> also represented the lead investor in a $21 million Series B capital raise for Jane Technologies, the largest online cannabis inventory reservation system in the United States. In 2020, Mr. <mask> represented the individual who became Chief Executive Officer of eBay during the global COVID-19 pandemic. This was the first, completely virtual hire of a Chief Executive Officer of a public company in the United States.Published works
In addition to his work with some preeminent clients, Mr. <mask> was involved in a matter for Boca Burger, a division of Kraft Foods. Mr. <mask>, along with other members of his law firm, were successful at

masks: Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff Wolff


texts: the trial court level. However, the Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal disagreed with Mr. <mask>, and sanctioned his law firm for defending the matter. The issue was appealed and reached the Florida Supreme Court. The Florida Supreme Court agreed with Mr. <mask> and his law firm. The Florida Supreme Court held that the appellate court incorrectly adjudicated the matter, reversed the decision of the appellate court, reversed sanctions, determined that the issue of preemption pursuant to the Florida Food Safety Act was a valid defense presented at the initial stages of litigation. These decision has been cited over forty-five (45) times by Florida courts since 2005.Mr. <mask> has been the managing partner of The Wolff Law Firm located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The Wolff Law Firm has been in continuous existence since 2005. Among other matters, Mr. <mask> successfully defended claims of usury. Mr. <mask> has countless awards and innumerable public service activities. Mr. <mask> is admitted to practice law in Florida, New York and Washington, D.C.  Mr. <mask> currently holds an AV-Rated Preeminent ranking of 5.0 out of 5.0 by the Martindale-Hubbell Peer Review System. Less than five percent of all attorneys are AV-rated by Martindale-Hubbell. In 2010, Mr. <mask> was also selected as a "Florida Super Lawyer" by Super Lawyers Magazine.Less than five percent of lawyers are selected by the magazine after a nomination and peer-review process. Mr. <mask> effectively represents Fortune 100 companies, Florida 500 Companies, and some of the wealthiest businesspersons in South Florida. <mask> has been practicing law for over 25 years, and The Wolff Law Firm has been in business for over 15 consecutive years. Mr. <mask> is listed in Who's Who of American Law, Who's Who of Emerging Leaders, has been seen on television on CNN with Wolf Blitzer on The Situation Room and in publications such as The Miami Herald, the Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel, the New York Daily News, the South Florida Business Journal and Daily Business Review. Mr. <mask> currently represents construction companies, air conditioning

masks:
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Wolff
Clifford Wolff
Wolff
Wolff


texts:
 companies, roofing companies, health care companies, marijuana-related businesses, foreign real estate investors and vitamin companies around the world. Among the most notable clients, The Wolff Law Firm represented Alcor Life Extension Foundation, the largest cryonics company in the world. Mr. <mask> advocated for—and successfully obtained—on behalf of an Alcor member the first known "virtual autopsy" in Florida.The virtual autopsy was performed using a portable CT Scan in Hillsborough County, Florida to avoid intrusion into the brain of an Alcor member after death. The matter received a great deal of media attention. In February 2010, Mr. <mask> successfully obtained an order from a court in Palm Beach County, Florida for the second virtual autopsy known in Florida for yet another Alcor member. Mr. <mask> was also interviewed extensively on ABC News, Good Morning Phoenix on KTVK, and The Denver Post in connection with litigation over an Alcor member from Colorado Springs, Colorado who left her remains to Alcor pursuant to the Colorado Disposition of Remains Act and the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act. The family of the Alcor member sought revocation of the anatomical gift based on an alleged change of a financial beneficiary in connection with a life insurance annuity. Alcor prevailed in court and the written desire of the Alcor member to be cryopreserved was fulfilled. Mr. <mask> also successfully represented San Felasco Nurseries in its application process for one of six licenses in Florida to grow and sell medical marijuana.Mr. <mask> also assisted in the challenge process, and the ultimate award process to enable San Felasco Nurseries to commence the growth, cultivation, packaging and sale of medical marijuana in throughout Florida. Mr. <mask> was often quoted in new outlets during the application and award process, including his representation of marijuana trade associations. He continues to assist early-stage cannabis companies with licensure and business development in Florida. References

1970 births
Living people
Lawyers from New York City
University of Florida alumni
Fredric G. Levin College