texts: son. Despite this, the inscription describes the achievements of <mask> Satakarni, but remains silent about the exploits of his son. Based on these arguments, Bhandarkar speculated that Gautamiputra ruled eastern Deccan, while Vasishthiputra ruled western Deccan. This theory has been dismissed by several other scholars, including K. A. Nilakanta Sastri and H. C. Raychaudhuri. G.J. Dubreuil theorizes that the excavation of the cave (where this inscription was found) began during the reign of Gautamiputra.However, the work was finished only after his death, and the inscription was placed on his behalf by his mother, during the reign of his son. Bhandarkar's theory is further weakened by the fact that there is clear historical evidence of Gautamiputra's rule over western Deccan. Moreover, no inscriptions issued jointly by the father-son duo are available. It is possible that by the end of his reign, Gautamiputra lost some of his territory to the Kardamakas, a Western Kshatrapa dynasty that succeeded Nahapana's Kshaharata dynasty. The Junagadh inscription of the Kardamaka ruler Rudradaman I states that he defeated <mask>, the lord of Dakshinapatha (Deccan), twice. It also states that he spared the life of the defeated ruler because of close relations. "Satakarni" is a title common to several Satavahana kings.According to D. R. Bhandarkar and Dineshchandra Sircar, the ruler defeated by Rudradaman was <mask> Satakarni. However, E. J. Rapson believed that the defeated ruler was his son and successor Vasishthiputra Pulumavi. Shailendra Nath Sen and Charles Higham believe that the defeated ruler was Vashishtiputra's successor Shivaskanda or Shiva Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi).

masks: Gautamiputra Satakarni Gautamiputra


type: original

texts:
 Administration

The location of Gautamiputra's capital is uncertain. In the Nashik inscription dated to his 18th regnal year, he is described as the "Lord of Benakataka". Carla M. Sinopoli identifies Benakataka as a place in the Nashik region. V. V. Mirashi identified it with Pauni Bhandara district.The inscriptions of <mask> <mask> indicate that his empire was divided into units known as āhāras. Each āharā was governed by an amātya or amaca. Three types of settlements are named in the inscriptions: nagara (city), nigama (town) and gama (village). The Nashik prashasti inscription calls him ekabrahmana. One interpretation of this word is "a peerless Brahmin" or "a staunch Brahmin", since the same inscription also states that he destroyed the haughtiness of other Kshatriyas. However, this term has also been interpreted differently as "the only protector of the Brahmins" or "a proud champion of Brahmanism". Nevertheless, the king also patronized Buddhist monks.According to one of his Nashik inscriptions, the monks were exempted from taxes and granted immunity from any interference by the royal officers. The Nashik prashasti also states that the king's joys and sorrows were same as those of his citizens. It claims that he did not like to destroy life, even that of the enemies who offended him. The edict compares him to legendary heroes such as Rama, Keshava, Arjuna, Bhimasena, Nabhaga, Nahusha, Janamejaya, Sagara, Yayati and Ambarisha. In popular culture

Gautamiputra Satakarni, a Telugu language film directed by Krish and featuring Nandamuri Balakrishna in the titular role, was released on 12 January 2017. References

Bibliography

2nd-century Indian

masks: Gautamiputra Satakarni


texts:
<mask> (born 13 June 1984) is a Mexican former professional footballer who last played as a forward for Rayo Vallecano and played most matches in his career for Olympiacos. As a player of the Mexico national team he played 21 games and scored 6 goals. Early years
<mask> was born in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, where his father, a Uruguayan professional footballer, had played for the local team of San Luis. He is also of Italian descent. The family moved to South America while <mask> was still a small child. He started playing for Uruguayan side Danubio's youth team. While playing in a Brazilian tournament, <mask> was spotted by scouts from European clubs.He went on to trials with Manchester United, but failed to obtain a work permit and the transfer did not materialise. Club career

Olympiacos
At the age of 16, <mask>'s father and agent accepted an offer from the Greek club Olympiacos. Three years after he joined Olympiacos, <mask> became a regular starter in both domestic and European competitions. He became a fan favourite with the Gate 7 Ultras and was even given the number 7 shirt in deference to them. <mask> was part of the Olympiacos squad that won the next three consecutive league titles. He was the club's leading scorer during the preparatory phase for the 2006–07 season, accumulating seven goals in friendly games. He finished the season second to Rivaldo in goals scored and assists for the club, with three goals scored in five Champions League games.In early 2006, his father and agent began negotiations with the Mexico club Chivas de Guadalajara, but talks were suspended because Olympiacos weren't interested in selling the player at the time. Subsequently, in 2007, Olympiacos accepted Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk's offer of €20 million for <mask>'s services. Before this, in what <mask> correctly anticipated would be his last game for Olympiacos, he scored with a free kick shot, after "stealing" the kick from the teammate who was preparing to take it. Shakhtar Donetsk
On 31 July 2007, <mask> joined Ukrainian side Shakhtar Donetsk on a five-year contract for

masks:
Nery Alberto Castillo Confalonieri
Nery Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo


texts:
 a fee of €20 million. This became the most expensive transfer for a Ukrainian club to date. <mask> scored his first goal for Shakhtar while playing against SV Salzburg in the Champions League. He had only played in a few games for Shakhtar when, in a league match versus FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka, Shakhtar won a penalty kick.<mask> refused to give the ball to designated penalty kick-taker Cristiano Lucarelli and took the penalty himself, which was saved by the goalkeeper. <mask> was immediately substituted from the game. Coach Mircea Lucescu commented "What <mask> did, from a professional point of view, I've never seen anything like it before in my whole life. There will be some measures taken against <mask>". Manchester City (loan)
On 18 December 2007, it was announced that <mask> had signed a one-year loan agreement with Manchester City, commencing on 1 January 2008. Reportedly <mask> was keen to make the move happen and, in a highly unusual move, paid half of the loan fee himself. Sven-Göran Eriksson commented "He was desperate to come to us, desperate to come to England, desperate to come to the Premier League", and said he had never seen a player pay for half the transfer deal himself before.<mask> played his first game for Manchester City on 5 January 2008 in the third round of the FA Cup, away to West Ham United. However, in the replay on 16 January 2008, his first home appearance for the club, he was stretchered off after 32 minutes with a broken shoulder. He ended the season with nine appearances, seven of them coming in the Premier League. Failing to secure a place at Manchester City, <mask> returned to Shakhtar Donetsk at the end of his loan in January 2009. Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk (loan)
After Shakhtar Donetsk had failed to even include <mask> on the bench for the first two matches of the 2009/2010 season he was loaned to Ukrainian league rivals Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk for a year on 30 July 2009. Chicago Fire (loan)
On 17 July 2010, the Chicago Fire announced the signing of <mask> as their newest designated player. He arrived on loan with Chicago

masks: Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo


texts:
 holding the option to make the transfer from Shakhtar Donetsk permanent.In being signed as a designated player, he became the second youngest designated player in Major League Soccer history. Aris
<mask> joined Aris on a six-month loan on 19 January 2011. He played his first game for Aris on 30 January 2011, against local rivals PAOK. <mask> terminated his contract with Shakhtar Donetsk and signed a two-year contract with Aris on 1 July 2011. He scored his first league goal for Aris of the 2011/12 season on 8 January 2012 in a 1–0 win over PAS Giannina. He scored his first brace in a 3–1 victory over Doxa Drama on 22 January. He scored his second consecutive brace seven days later in a 2–1 win over Levadiakos.<mask> scored again on 5 February in a 2–0 win over Xanthi, bringing his goal tally to six. Pachuca
On 14 June 2012, <mask>'s moved to the Liga MX club Pachuca on a three-year contract. It was the first time <mask> played in the Mexico league after eight years of playing abroad. León (loan)
On 10 December 2012, <mask> was loaned to Club León for six months, for whom he made seven appearances in total. Rayo Vallecano
On 9 July 2013, he went to Spanish club Rayo Vallecano on a free transfer from Pachuca. International career

Choosing nationality
<mask> was eligible for citizenship in four countries; Uruguay because his father is from there; Italy due to his maternal grandparents; Greece because he resided there for more than six years and Mexico where he was born. His first experience of international football came when he was called up to a Uruguay U-17 training camp.However, he was released after playing a few friendly games. Next the Greek coach Otto Rehhagel tried to secure his services for the Greece national football team. Greece were reportedly willing to pay <mask> $800,000, including fast-tracked citizenship as part of the offer. Ultimately, <mask> decided to play for the country of his birth and joined the Mexico national football team. Mexico national team

He made his international debut for Mexico on 2 June 2007 vs Iran, in his hometown San Luis

masks: Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo Castillo


texts:
 Potosí with Mexico winning the game 4–0, and went on to represent his country in the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup, where he scored his first international goal against Cuba, and in the 2007 Copa America. In the 2007 Copa America, a pre-tournament injury to Jared Borgetti gave <mask> a starting berth, and he scored l in Mexico's first match of the tournament, a 2–0 win against Brazil. He scored again against Ecuador, as Mexico secured a place in the knockout stages, and scored a brace in the quarter-final against Paraguay, the first goal from the penalty spot.Overall, <mask> was the third highest goal scorer of the tournament with four goals, behind Juan Román Riquelme and Robinho. After retirement
Following his retirement from football, he dedicated himself to selling fishing equipment and gear in Athens, Greece. He also has a branch in fournoi island near Ikaria. Career statistics

Club

International goals

Honours
Olympiacos
 Super League Grecce: 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
 Greek Cup: 2004–05, 2005–06

Shakhtar Donetsk
 UEFA Cup: 2008–09

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Association football forwards
Mexican footballers
Mexican people of Italian descent
Mexican people of Uruguayan descent
Mexico international footballers
Mexican expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in England
2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2007 Copa América players
Danubio F.C. players
Olympiacos F.C. players
FC Shakhtar Donetsk players
Manchester City F.C. players
FC Dnipro players
Chicago Fire FC players
Aris Thessaloniki F.C.players
C.F. Pachuca players
Designated Players (MLS)
Club León footballers
Rayo Vallecano players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Premier League players
Super League Greece players
Major League Soccer players
Liga MX players
La Liga players
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in England
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in the

masks: Castillo Castillo


texts:
<mask><mask> is recognized for her well-established research on behavioral treatments of obesity. Dr. <mask>'s research examined positive outcomes for long-term weight loss as well as halting weight gain in individuals who are currently overweight. This led to an important development in <mask>'s research which was the layout of a lifestyle intervention for those with diabetes, particularly type 2. <mask> graduated with a Ph.D. in Social Relations and later completed her postdoctoral fellowship by 1973. Dr. <mask> was a professor at University of Pittsburgh for 25 years. During her time in Pittsburgh she took part in various organizations working on different treatments for diabetes. Currently, <mask> is a professor at Brown University as well as the director of research focused on studying weight control.Not only has she dedicated her time to serving on different councils and panels, she has published over 250 peer-reviewed articles. She achieved this while simultaneously mentoring many junior faculty members on her topic of focus. All of these accomplishments have resulted in <mask> receiving many awards. Research completed and in progress
<mask> <mask> has been actively researching behavioral treatments of obesity for about forty years. She has examined many aspects of weight loss. <mask> has completed research on four different questions examining the health benefits of modest weight loss, how behavioral treatment of obesity can be improved, whether it is possible to prevent weight gain and subsequent obesity, and the characteristics of successful weight loss maintainers. <mask> is currently studying successful weight losers comparing those with normal weight controls versus obese weight controls.Health benefits of modest weight loss
While examining the various health benefits of weight loss, <mask> developed an intervention which was ultimately used in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). DPP was a trial which tested

masks:
Rena R
. Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing
Rena
Wing
Wing
Wing
Wing


texts:
 the effective differences between lifestyle interventions or metformin, a diabetes medication, and whether these differences were significantly variant on their ability to delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. During her research on the health benefits of modest weight loss, <mask> recruited more than 3,000 overweight patients who suffered from impaired glucose tolerance. These patients were randomly assigned either a placebo, metformin, or a lifestyle intervention. The results of this study found that reduced risks of developing diabetes from an average weight loss of 14 pounds (considered to be modest weight loss) was 58% with the placebo in comparison to 31% with the patients who received the metformin. <mask> has continued to investigate this, but has changed her focus towards cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. She is currently testing over 5,000 overweight individuals who have type 2 diabetes.This study not only focuses on the effects of weight loss in terms of cardiovascular morbidity, but also has an interest in the impact this weight loss has for the long-term (12 years). Improving behavioral treatment of obesity
<mask> has also looked into how behavioral treatment of obesity can be improved. She has compared the different strategies included in behavioral programs. One example of this would be that high exercise goals and structured approaches to diet increase the chances of improving weight loss outcomes. <mask>'s studies analyzed the role of involving overweight spouses, using financial incentives, encouraging taking breaks from dieting, and creating intra-group and inter-group competitions. Currently <mask> is gathering more information on the effects of reducing variety in the diet and examining the effect of modifying the home environment. <mask> has decided to expand her studies on this particular topic by looking at how the internet has an effect on behavioral techniques.She is focusing on various approaches

masks: Wing Wing Wing Wing Wing Wing


texts:
 of e-mail counseling or automated counseling. Preventing weight gain and obesity
<mask> is curious as to whether it is statistically possible to prevent weight gain and subsequent obesity. It has been found that there are three critical points in a person's life which have the most effective weight loss. These are childhood, the time surrounding pregnancy, and the menopausal transition. Leonard Epstein worked alongside <mask> to assist in complete multiple trials on the behavior treatments of obese children around the ages of 8–12 years old and their overweight parent(s). Research has started to shift in this area towards focusing on children as young as 4–8 years old, and adolescents. <mask> concluded that the lifestyle intervention successfully reduced weight gain and the increase in LDL-cholesterol that are usually found in middle-aged women.Characteristics for maintaining weight loss
<mask> recognized that maintenance of weight loss is an important issue when it comes to the treatment of obesity. She is the founder of the National Weight Control Registry, which has a registry of over 5,000 people who have lost over at least 30 pounds, with an average loss of 70 pounds, and kept that weight off for at least one year, with an average of 5.7 years. Information has been collected on the various behaviors that are correlated with long-term maintenance of weight loss through self-reported data. <mask> has proven that it is possible to teach the strategies of successful weight losers, resulting in improving others' ability to maintain their own personal weight loss. In an effort to continue and help others, <mask> assisted in a project called STOP Regain, where she found that a self-regulation intervention through the internet or face-to-face had the ability to reduce the risk of weight regain. Knowing this, <mask> created a study which compares successful weight losers with normal weight controls and obese controls in terms of

masks: Wing Wing Wing Wing Wing Wing Wing


texts:
 behavioral measures and brain responses to food cues. <mask> focused on whether successful weight losers who have reduced to normal weight now respond to food cues as always-normal weight controls, or if they continue to respond as if obese.Career
Dr. <mask> <mask> received her bachelor's degree in psychology from Connecticut College in 1967. In 1968, she earned her master's degree and doctorate degree in Social Psychology, graduating in 1971. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the National Institute of Mental Health as well as at Harvard Medical School in the department of Psychiatry by 1973. Dr. <mask> then spent the next 25 years as a teacher at the University of Pittsburgh. She lectured in psychiatry, psychology, and epidemiology. In between her work in Pittsburgh, <mask> also spent a few years as a lecturer in psychology at Stanford University in California. During her years in Pittsburgh, she became the director of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) in 1999.After she concluded her time in Pittsburgh, she continued her teaching at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Dr. <mask> is currently a professor at Brown University, and also dedicates her time to many other research panels and councils. References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Obesity researchers
Harvard University alumni
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Brown University faculty
Connecticut College

masks: Wing Rena Wing Wing Wing Wing


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<mask> (born April 3, 1958) is a Romanian economist and politician. A former member of the National Liberal Party (PNL), he was the Minister of Public Finance of Romania in the first Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet (between August 22, 2005 and April 4, 2007) and starting from December 23, 2009 in the Emil Boc cabinet. Biography

Education
<mask> was born on 3 April 1958. <mask> graduated in 1983 from the Commerce Faculty of the Academy of Economic Studies in Bucharest and then, the postgraduation studies in Capital Markets, Direct Investments, organized by Merrill Lynch (1997). After graduating, he worked as an economist (in charge of debt collection) at COS Târgoviște (1983) and economist (in charge of carrying out investment programs, acquisitions, payments to suppliers) at IRVMR Bucharest (1983-1990). After the Revolution of December 1989, he entered the private sector as a shareholder and financial director at the following companies: Gas Prod Com SRL Bucharest (1990-1992), Comp Banc SRL Bucharest (1992-1994) and Medist S.A. Bucharest (1994-1997), dealing with the coordination of marketing and financial-banking activities, financing, payments and foreign exchange operations. Politician
Member of NLP, <mask> becomes after the parliamentary elections of October 1996, Secretary of State at the Ministry of Industry and Trade (January - June 1997), being responsible for the financial department, hiring payments including subsidies and transfers, and the representative of the Ministry of Industry and Trade negotiations with the IMF and the World Bank.In parallel, he also worked at Eximbank, in the Interministerial Commission for Guarantees for External Credits (February - August 1997). During the Romanian Democratic Convention government, he was a State Secretary and a Counselor in the Ministry of Industry and Commerce in the Victor Ciorbea cabinet (1997) and in the Ministry of Finance (between 1998 and 2000, during the premierships of Radu Vasile and Mugur Isărescu). He then serves as an adviser to the Minister of

masks:
Sebastian Teodor Gheorghe Vlădescu
Sebastian Vlădescu
Vlădescu
Sebastian Vladescu


texts:
 Industry and Trade, a representative of the MIC in negotiations with the IMF and the WB and on the implementation of agreements (July - December 1997) and an adviser to the Minister of Finance on budgetary issues, capital markets, SME development, etc. (January - April 1998). After a short journey as a shareholder and chief financial officer at Medist S.A. Bucharest (1998–1999), Vladescu returns to the Ministry of Finance as an advisor to the Minister of Finance on budgetary issues, capital markets, development of SME activities, etc. (October-December 1999) and Secretary of State (January-December 2000). In 2000 he was appointed in parallel as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of AVAB, Chairman of the Romanian Chamber of Auditors, member of the Interministerial Commission for Guarantees for External Loans at Eximbank, member of the Privatization Commission of BCR and the Board of Directors of CEC, fulfilling all these functions until January 2001.With the change of government after the elections in November 2000, <mask> returned as CFO to Medist S.A. Bucharest (2001-2005). During this period, he was appointed by PNL as a member of the Board of Directors of Petromservice (2002 - February 2003), Upetrom 1 Mai Ploiești (2002-2005) and Petrom (2005), as well as chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Banca Comercială Română. (April - August 2005). Personal life
<mask> speaks French, English and Italian very well. According to the daily Evenimentul Zilei, he is Traian Băsescu mate. Minister of Finance
On 22 August 2005, <mask> was appointed Minister of Finance in the Tariceanu Government, holding this position until April 5, 2007, when the Ministry of Finance was merged with the Government of Romania. Following the reorganization of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, Vladescu was appointed the Secretary of State for International Relations and Treasury.In the summer of 2007, he came into conflict with Minister Varujan Vosganian because he claimed that the budget did not have the financial resources to increase

masks:
Vlădescu
Sebastian Vlădescu
Sebastian Vlădescu


texts:
 pensions, posing a danger to macroeconomic stability. "It is a budgetary effort of about two billion euros, money that will be cut from investments and will be found directly in consumption," he said. Vosganian said the funding for increased pensions will be provided by additional budget revenues, driven by economic growth. <mask> resigned as Secretary of State on 22 October 2007, after the completion of the privatization process of Automobile Craiova (where Vladescu held the position of President of the Privatization Commission) with the American company Ford. <mask> is a member of two Boards of Directors, respectively Petrom S.A. and Upetrom S.A. He is also a shareholder in the following companies: PVB Euroconsulting S.R.L . ; Boss Exim Trading Group S.R.L .; Boss Construction and Consulting S.R.L . ; Hemat-Rom S.R.L . ; "Polimed" Medical Center; Romanian Soft Company S.R.L., Climate Change S.R.L., Rapid Credit S.R.L. In August 2011, <mask> became a consultant for Roșia Montană Gold Corporation, the Romanian subsidiary of Gabriel Resources, which intends to carry out the Roșia Montană gold mining project, a project contested by a large part of civil society. Controversies
In 2018 he was arrested for taking bribes linked to a railway contract. He denies the charges, but brought 3 kilograms of gold worth €110,000 EUR and an additional €315,000 in cash to bail himself on corruption charges. The bail procedure was recently introduced in the Romanian penal code and represents an alternative to preventive arrest.Since the procedure came into force in 2014, this is the first time a bail was partially or fully redeemed in gold, according to the DNA website. For the rest of the €1 million sum, Mr.Vladescu offered real-estate guarantees. The valuables were deposited in an account belonging to the National Anticorruption Directorate according to the institution's press releases. References

1958 births
Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies alumni
Living people
Romanian Ministers of Finance
Romanian bankers
Romanian

masks:
Sebastian Vlădescu
Vlădescu
Sebastian Vlădescu


texts:
<mask>. (born February 3, 1993) is an Antiguan-Lebanese professional basketball player for the Cleveland Charge of the NBA G League. A ,  center, he played at three different high schools in the Los Angeles area and was ranked as one of the top recruits in his class. He was prohibited from competing in college after failing to meet academic requirements, choosing to immediately turn professional in 2013. <mask> spent his rookie year with the Delaware 87ers of the NBA Development League. He then moved to the Dacin Tigers in Taiwan, where he was named an All-Star, and returned to the 87ers at the end of the season. In 2015, <mask> joined Lebanese club Homenetmen Beirut, leading the league in blocks. In the next season, he began a two-year stint with Pallacanestro Varese in Italy, closing the 2017–18 season with Auxilium Torino.<mask> has played in the NBA for the Philadelphia 76ers, Brooklyn Nets, Sacramento Kings, New York Knicks, and Utah Jazz. He holds Antiguan, American, and Lebanese citizenship, and has experience with the Lebanon national basketball team. Early life
<mask> was born in St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda, to <mask> Sr. and Darlene <mask>. When <mask> was three years old, his family moved to Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands, and when he was seven, they moved to United States for better work opportunities. His father was a welder, while his mother managed the garden center at a Home Depot store. High school career
In his freshman season, <mask> played basketball for Lakewood High School in Lakewood, California, where he was touted as one of the top recruits in his class. His school was located near his family's residence in Long Beach, California.As a sophomore, <mask> transferred to Manuel Dominguez High School in Compton, California, playing under head coach Duane Cooper. After Cooper was dismissed from the team, <mask> revealed plans to move to a different high school program. He moved to Frederick K. C. Price High

masks:
Norvel Pelle Jr
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Norvel
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle
Pelle


texts:
 School in Los Angeles but was sidelined for his junior season due to transfer rules. Despite his absence, the team won the CIF Southern Section Division 4AA championship, led by Allen Crabbe and Richard Solomon. With three games left in his senior campaign, <mask> was averaging 15 points, 10 rebounds, and 5 blocks per game. In his high school career, <mask> was ranked as high as the No. 1 center in his class by recruiting service Rivals.He was rated a four-star recruit by ESPN and 247Sports. Despite his success on the court, he struggled in the classroom, achieving only a 2.6 grade-point average and failing to meet college entrance exam requirements two times. After joining St. John's at the NCAA Division I level, he was ruled ineligible for taking summer classes at Northeast Preparatory School in Philadelphia. He decommitted from the program, signing a letter of intent with Iona, but was again ruled academically ineligible. He then played for Los Angeles College Preparatory Academy. Professional career

Delaware 87ers (2013–2014)
After ultimately skipping college, <mask> entered the 2013 NBA draft, attempting to become the first draftee without college or international experience since 2005. However, he withdrew days prior because of severe blisters and warts on his foot that had to be surgically removed.Later in the year, he was selected as the sixth overall pick at the 2013 NBA Development League draft by the Delaware 87ers. In the 2013–14 season with the 87ers, <mask> averaged 5.5 points, 3.1 rebounds, and 1.4 blocks in 13.1 minutes per game. He scored a season-high 18 points on December 11, 2013, against the Idaho Stampede. Dacin Tigers (2014–2015)
On July 29, 2014, <mask> signed with the Dacin Tigers of the Taiwanese Super Basketball League (SBL). In 30 games with the team, he averaged 15.3 points and 14.2 rebounds. <mask> had a notable performance in December 2014 versus Kinmen Kaoliang Liquor Basketball, posting a double-double of 27

masks: Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle


texts:
 points and 26 rebounds. He was named to the SBL All-Star Game and earned All-SBL honorable mention accolades from basketball website Asia-Basket.Return to the 87ers (2015)

On March 10, 2015, <mask> returned to the Delaware 87ers of the NBA Development League but played only four games in the 2014–15 season. His best performance came on March 20 against the Erie BayHawks, recording 10 points, 5 rebounds, and 4 blocks. He averaged 5.3 points, 3.0 rebounds, and 2.3 blocks per game. Homenetmen Beirut (2015–2016)
On December 14, 2015, <mask> signed with Homenetmen Beirut of the Lebanese Basketball League. On January 20, 2016, <mask> only scored 3 points but grabbed 23 rebounds in a 96–88 win over the Al Moutahed. After 32 games, he averaged 11.8 points, 12.7 rebounds, and a league-high 2.9 blocks per game. <mask> joined the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA) at the 2016 Orlando Pro Summer League.Varese (2016–2018)
On July 28, 2016, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Pallacanestro Varese of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). Upon his arrival, head coach Paolo Moretti said, "The qualities of <mask> that have most impressed me are his explosive strength, aggressiveness and athleticism." <mask> played for the Miami Heat at the 2017 NBA Summer League in both Orlando and Las Vegas. Auxilium Torino (2018)
On February 13, 2018, <mask> signed with Auxilium Pallacanestro Torino for the remainder of the 2017–18 season. Delaware Blue Coats (2018–2019)
After the season concluded, <mask> competed for the Philadelphia 76ers at 2018 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas, averaging 7.4 points, 4.2 rebounds, and 1.2 blocks per game through five contests. He later joined the 76ers for training camp. On October 10, 2018, <mask> was waived.He signed with the Delaware Blue Coats for their training camp roster. On January 23, 2019, <mask> was suspended for five games without pay for violating the G League's Anti-Drug program. Homenetmen Beirut

masks: Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle


texts:
 (2019)
On March 30, 2019, <mask> signed with Homenetmen Beirut of the Lebanese Basketball League for the remainder of the season. Philadelphia 76ers (2019–2020)
On July 2, 2019, <mask> signed with the Philadelphia 76ers with a two-way contract. On February 7, 2020, his deal was converted to a standard contract. Canton Charge (2021)
On December 19, 2020, <mask> was signed and then waived by the Cleveland Cavaliers. On January 22, 2021, <mask> was included in roster of the Canton Charge.Brooklyn Nets (2021)
On January 28, 2021, <mask> signed with the Brooklyn Nets, but was later waived by the Nets on February 16 after appearing in three games. Return to Canton (2021)
<mask> was officially re-acquired by the Canton Charge on February 21, 2021. Sacramento Kings (2021)
On February 25, 2021, <mask> signed a 10-day contract with the Sacramento Kings. New York Knicks (2021)
On April 2, 2021, <mask> signed a 10-day contract with the New York Knicks. On April 12, he signed a second 10-day contract. On April 22, <mask> signed a multi-year deal with the Knicks. On July 31, the Knicks waived <mask>.Cleveland Charge (2021)
On November 15, 2021, <mask> signed with the Cleveland Charge as a returning player. Boston Celtics (2021–2022)
On December 25, 2021, <mask> was signed to a 10-day contract by the Boston Celtics. Utah Jazz (2022)
On January 7, 2022, the Utah Jazz signed <mask> to a 10-day contact. He appeared in three games for the Jazz. Cleveland Charge (2022)
On January 20th, the Cleveland Charge announced that they have reacquired <mask> after his 10-day contract with the Jazz finished. National team career
<mask> is a citizen of Antigua and Barbuda, Lebanon, and the United States but represents Lebanon at the international level. He debuted for them at the 2017 FIBA Asia Cup, averaging 9.3 points, 5.0 rebounds, and 4.0 blocks per game, en route to a 6th-place finish.Against the Philippines, he nearly recorded a triple-double with 23 points, 13 rebounds,

masks: Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle Pelle


texts:
<mask> (born 26 October 1982) is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in England, he represented the Republic of Ireland in international football, qualifying through grandparents on his maternal side from Galway. Club career

Early career
Born in Leeds, West Yorkshire, Folan started his career at hometown club Leeds United, spending brief spells on loan at Rushden & Diamonds and Hull City before making a permanent move to Chesterfield in February 2003. In April 2006 he underwent a cartilage operation on a recurring knee injury. In October, he scored the winning goal against West Ham United in Chesterfield's League Cup victory, after which he signed a one-year contract extension. Wigan Athletic
After a series of impressive performances for Chesterfield, Folan was linked with a January transfer to Premier League side Wigan Athletic, and on 26 January 2007 he completed a £500,000 transfer, signing a three-and-a-half-year deal. Wigan manager Paul Jewell stated: "He's strong, he's aggressive, he's got a finisher's instinct and I think he will add competition in an area where the squad needs bolstering."He made his debut for Wigan against Reading on 30 January 2007, and on 21 February, scored his first goal for the club, an equaliser against Watford. On 3 March he scored the winner against Manchester City away at the City of Manchester Stadium in a 1–0 victory. Hull City
Championship team Hull City revealed their interest in signing him in August 2007. However, Wigan manager Chris Hutchings said he was not looking to transfer Folan. On 31 August Folan eventually did return to Hull on a three-year contract for a fee of £1 million, which broke the record highest fee paid by the club. After signing, he insisted he was not going to let the price tag pile pressure onto him and that he had arrived at the club to


texts:
 score goals. On his debut for Hull in a 2–1 defeat against Blackpool in September, Folan was taken to hospital after being stretchered off the pitch wearing a neck brace.He was kept overnight at Victoria Hospital in Blackpool. An ankle injury caused him to miss several more matches, and in March 2008 he incurred a three-match ban after being sent off in a game against Burnley. He returned to score several goals from the bench during Hull City's successful run-in. On the first day of the Premier League season, Hull played their first ever game in that league against Fulham, and Folan came on as a substitute and scored the winning goal in a 2–1 victory for Hull. He was sent off against Liverpool on 25 April 2009 for kicking out at Martin Škrtel. On 17 September 2009, Folan was loaned for three months to Middlesbrough of the Championship, and he made his debut as a substitute in a 5–0 defeat to West Bromwich Albion. Just nine days later Folan suffered a torn hamstring.After Hull manager Phil Brown criticised Folan on his appearances for Hull during the 2009–10 season, Folan hit back by saying Brown's comments were "laughable and childish". However, upon Folan's return to Hull, Brown offered him a "clean slate". Colorado Rapids
After a lengthy negotiation with Hull City, Folan was able to complete a transfer to Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer on 16 March 2011. He made his MLS debut on 26 March in a 1–0 victory over Chivas USA, and scored his first goals in Major League Soccer on 3 April in a 4–1 win over D.C. United. Folan scored six goals during the 2011 season before moving on prior to the 2012 preseason. The Rapids announced on 3 February 2012 that the club had parted ways with Folan by mutual consent. Birmingham City
After a trial, Folan signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 29 February until the end of the


texts:
 season.Folan suffered a setback during his training program at Birmingham City picking up a nerve injury, which eventually would go on to rule him out of playing football for the good part of a year. As a result, he was unable to appear for the blues and was never included in the 16-man matchday squad, Folan was released when his contract expired. T-Team
On 1 December 2012, after a lengthy period sidelined due to a previous injury, Folan announced on his official Twitter page that he had joined T-Team in the Malaysia Super League and it was confirmed shortly after. Folan scored in the team's first pre-season game against Malaysia Super League outfit ATM FA and again on his home debut in a 2–2 draw against close rivals Terengganu FA. But, on 27 March 2013, after struggling to find his previous form, Folan left the club by mutual consent after failing to score in 10 appearances. Bradford City
On 28 September 2013, after training with Bradford City, Folan signed a three-month contract with the club. He made his debut on 5 October, in a 2–0 win against Walsall.Folan left Bradford City on 26 December 2013. In March 2014 Folan turned down an offer to play for the North American Soccer League Canadian based outfit FC Edmonton in pursuit to return and play his football in Asia. Kanbawza FC
Folan spent the 2015 season with Kanbawza FC of the Myanmar National League; he scored 13 goals from 17 league appearances. International career
Through his grandfather, who was from Inis Mór, and his grandmother, from Galway, Folan is eligible to play for the Republic of Ireland. In March 2007, manager Steve Staunton called on the 'granny rule' to bring Folan into his squad for the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign, after a passport was issued at the 11th hour. The decision attracted comment for overlooking other in-form strikers playing outside the


texts:
 Premier League and with closer ties to the Republic of Ireland. However, Folan was forced to pull out of the squad due to injury.A hamstring tear also forced Folan out of the Republic's squad for games against Ecuador and Bolivia in May 2007. In October 2008, under new manager Giovanni Trapattoni, Folan was one of several uncapped players selected to play for a Republic of Ireland XI in a challenge match against Nottingham Forest, scoring the first goal in a 2–0 win. He was added to the squad for the subsequent 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Cyprus and appeared as an injury-time substitute. He was brought on as a substitute against Italy in the World Cup qualifiers, and set up the equalising goal scored by Robbie Keane in the 87th minute. Honours
Hull City
Football League Championship play-offs: 2008

See also
 List of Republic of Ireland international footballers born outside the Republic of Ireland

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Leeds
English footballers
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland international footballers
Association football forwards
Leeds United F.C. players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C.players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Colorado Rapids players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Terengganu F.C. II players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Kanbawza F.C.players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Major League Soccer players
English people of Irish descent
Black British sportspeople
Black Irish sportspeople
English expatriate sportspeople in Myanmar
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Irish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Irish expatriate sportspeople in Myanmar
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
English expatriate


texts:
<mask> (1551 – 1634) was the matriarch of the Ferrar family who with her son Nicholas Ferrar founded the Little Gidding religious community in Huntingdonshire in 1625. Early life and family
She was born in 1551 as <mask> (or Woodnoth), daughter of Lawrence Wodenoth, Esq., of Savington Hall, Cheshire and grew up on the family estate. Described as a "woman of fervent piety and a model mother", in 1581 at St Gabriel Fenchurch in London she married <mask> (1546-1620), a merchant of London, Master of the Skinners' Company and an investor in the Virginia Company who traded very extensively with the East and West Indies. He was interested in the adventures of Hawkins, Drake and Raleigh. With him she had six children:
<mask> (1583-1657), who married John Collett, of Bourn Bridge, Cambridgeshire
<mask> (1586-1613), a barrister-of-law
<mask> (1588–1657), a London merchant and Deputy Governor and Treasurer of the Virginia Company of London
<mask> (1592-1637), a scholar, courtier, businessman and ordained deacon in the Church of England
William Ferrar (1594-1637)
Richard Farrar (1596-1637). According to biographers of <mask> the youngest son Richard Ferrar was a wastrel who to spite his father changed the spelling of his name to Farrar and took no interest in the family's interests in Virginia. According to the biography of <mask> in 1631 <mask> was "a tall, straight, deep complexioned, grave matron, of eighty years of age".Little Gidding

In 1620 Esmé Stewart, the Earl of March (1579–1624) and Lord Lieutenant of Huntingdonshire (later, briefly, the 3rd Duke of Lennox), sold the manor of Little Gidding to Thomas Sheppard. The Ferrars and Wodenoths were investors in the

masks:
Mary Ferrar
Mary Wodenoth
Nicholas Ferrar the Elder
Susanna Ferrar
Erasmus Ferrar
John Ferrar
Nicholas Ferrar
Nicholas Ferrar
Nicholas Ferrar
Mary


texts: Virginia Company and other colonial projects and when the Virginia Company collapsed in 1624 taking with it a large portion of their fortune John Ferrar faced financial ruin. <mask>r realised that a home needed to be found for her family. She looked at Little Gidding and the population having declined in this rural area Sheppard sold the practically derelict property to <mask>'s son Nicholas Ferrar and her nephew Arthur Wodenoth (or Woodnoth) (c1590–c1650) in 1625 as trustees for <mask>r, using her dower to purchase the property on her behalf. Here, after considerable renovation, the Ferrar family retreated to take on a humble, spiritual life of prayer, eschewing material, worldly life. In 1625 during a period of plague in London <mask>r took refuge with her daughter Susanna Collet near Bourn in Cambridgeshire, and the following year as <mask> herself moved into Little Gidding after it had been made somewhat more habitable she persuaded her daughter and her family to join her. The popular wisdom of the time was that it took a man and a woman to successfully run a household in the persons of a husband and wife, and while it was not unusual for women to be the head of a family or to own property in the 17th-century, the situation at Little Gidding was rather more unconventional as not only did the widowed <mask>r share responsibility for the community with her unmarried son but two other adult males (and their families) also submitted to her authority in the persons of her son John Ferrar and son-in-law John Collet.Between 1625 and 1629 Nicholas Ferrar spent much of his time in London and in 1626 he was ordained as a Deacon by William Laud (1573–1645) then Bishop of

masks:
Mary Ferra
Mary
Mary Ferra
Mary Ferra
Mary
Mary Ferra


texts: St David's and later Archbishop of Canterbury. Soon the small community was joined by <mask>'s son John Ferrar and his family. <mask> and her son Nicholas worked closely together to ensure the smooth running of their community and during his absence in London Nicholas Ferrar wrote frequent letters to ensure that his strong-willed mother's wishes were heeded and acted upon as the owner of the property. She, for her part, valued his wisdom and vision and through her affection for him often deferred to his opinion. The extended Ferrar family numbering about 40 people transformed their holdings at Little Gidding into a humble Anglican religious community. When they purchased it, the property consisted of a decayed manor house and the village's medieval parish church of St John which had not been worshipped in for 60 years. The Ferrars began repairing the site, with <mask>'s first priority being the church, which had been desecrated through use as a barn and which was so full of hay that at first she was unable to enter to pray.By 1629 it was fully restored. During this period <mask>r commenced a series of charitable works among the local community, endowing an almshouse in the form of a large room in her house for four elderly local widows who were regarded as part of the household and joined the daily prayers. A school was founded for children of the family and the children of friends but excluded local children. A dispensary was set up in the house to provide broth and medicines to local residents. The community was never a formal religious community, as with a monastery or convent. They did not have an official Rule (such as the Rule of Saint Benedict), no vows were

masks:
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary Ferra


texts:
 required, and no enclosure. The Ferrar household lived a Christian life according to High Church principles and the Book of Common Prayer.They engaged in tending to the health and education of local children, and became skilled in bookbinding. The Ferrar household was criticised by Puritans and denounced as a "Protestant Nunnery" and as Arminian heresy; in 1641 it was attacked in a pamphlet entitled "The Arminian Nunnery". The fame of the Ferrars and the Little Gidding community spread and they attracted visitors. King Charles I visited Little Gidding three times, including on 2 May 1646 seeking refuge after the Royalist defeat at the Battle of Naseby and was given temporary refuge by John Ferrar. When <mask>rrar died in 1634 she was buried at St John's Church and bequeathed Little Gidding to her son Nicholas Ferrar. He died in December 1637 but the community continued under the leadership of his brother, John Ferrar until 1657, when he and his sister Susanna Collet died within a month of each other. After her death John Farrer was to describe his mother as, "the head in the Body and the Bond and Simont (cement) to hould the whole Body of our Family United not only in Cohabitation but in Hartes".Years later he wrote to his son of "Your Pious Grandmother and devoute Vnkell [as] the Founders of our Family and p[re]sent State We possess in Gidding". A family friend was to write to her nephew Arthur Wodenoth that he recalled <mask>r as "one who brought a new Religion into the world." References

Notes

1551 births
1634 deaths
17th-century Anglicans
17th-century Christian mystics
Bookbinders
Members of Anglican religious orders
People from Little Gidding
Protestant

masks:
Mary Fe
Mary Ferra


texts:
<mask> (born 13 October 1960) is an English author, screenwriter, playwright, literary critic and journalist. He is the co-founder and executive editor of Byline Times. Early life
Born in Swindon and attended Queens' College, Cambridge. His mother was an Armenian and the daughter of a man fleeing the Armenian genocide; she was later adopted by his grandfather. Television
Jukes' television writing has mainly been in the genre of prime time thrillers or TV detective fiction, with 90-minute or two-hour long stories being broadcast by the BBC. <mask> devised and wrote most of the three seasons of the BBC One prime time undercover thriller In Deep starring Nick Berry and Stephen Tompkinson; two 90-minute film length episodes of the BBC One series The Inspector Lynley Mysteries;. Burn Out, the two-hour first episode of the first season of the Emmy Award winning 'cold-case' series Waking the Dead; achieved 8.4m viewers and a 38% share.He and Ed Whitmore wrote the second series of the paranormal/science thriller Sea of Souls which won the 2005 BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Drama. <mask>' opening episode of the third season of Holby City was described by The Guardian as the "televisual equivalent of Crack Cocaine." In October 2009, <mask> wrote a critical piece for Prospect magazine, contrasting the standards of UK television drama negatively with the standard of television dramas in America. In the essay Why Can't Britain Do the Wire he argued that high-quality drama in the UK had suffered from a concentration of commissioning power, the dominance of soaps (such as the twelfth series of Holby City), and the lack of show runners or writer producers that characterise US TV drama production. Radio
His radio credits include the original BBC Radio Soul Motel (2008) (a drama taking place entirely in social networking space similar to Bebo or Facebook) and, with the comedian and actor Lenny Henry, the plays Bad Faith and Slavery: The

masks:
Peter Jukes
Jukes
Jukes
Jukes


texts:
 Making of. The latter formed part of the BBC's 2007 programming series to commemorate 200 years since Britain abolished the slave trade, "managed to extract maximum humour from the grimmest of subject matters", by using the form of a semi-comic mockumentary. As The Spectator magazine explained: "Greg Wise plays the harassed producer trying to put together a drama for which Lenny Henry has provided sheafs of research printouts from the internet – but no script... 'Whose story is this?'demands Adrian Lester in an angry exchange with Brian Blessed. Were they in character? Or were they arguing for real?" In 2008, Lenny Henry starred in another "dark comedy" by <mask> called Bad Faith: "Imagine the movie Bad Lieutenant transplanted to Birmingham, with Harvey Keitel's morally bankrupt copper replaced by Lenny Henry as a police chaplain who has lost his faith, and you have <mask>'s black comedy". Paul Donovan of The Sunday Times called Bad Faith "the best radio drama I have heard in ages, and clearly destined to become a series". In February 2010, three further episodes were broadcast on BBC Radio 4. to more positive reviews: "The scripts are strong, taut, bang up-to-the-minute, salted with ironic humour. (Lenny Henry's) performance is brilliant" according to Gillian Reynolds in The Daily Telegraph, and according to The Stage:"<mask>' writing is terrific – funny, deep, unafraid to move from the mundane to the reflective.Jake, his semi-heretical minister, is the most original creation of his kind that I can recall and Henry was born to play him.". Non-fiction
<mask>'s book A Shout in the Street was published by Faber and Faber in the UK in 1990, and by Farrar, Straus and Giroux and the University of California Press in the US. This "unusual but addictive book" (according to The Washington Post) is a series of essays and montages about modernity and city life, centred on London, Paris, Saint Petersburg and New York City. The

masks:
Jukes
Peter Jukes
Jukes
Jukes


texts:
 Journal of Sociology compared the book favourably to the work of Jane Jacobs: "He is less shrill than Jacobs, more confident in his materials, and yet more sensitive and critical." But it was the format of the book ("a courteously lucid deconstructionist text, which is part documentary lecture, part collage of quotations and photographs" according to The New Yorker) which was commended by John Berger a "dream of a book" following the traditions of Walter Benjamin:
Benjamin dreamed of making a book entirely of quotations, and there have been some remarkable books which are creative responses to that idea, like <mask>'s A Shout in the Street. Following through in these themes of urbanism and city development <mask> also co-authored, along with Anna Whyatt, Stephen O'Brien and the sociologist Manuel Castells, the monograph Creative Capital: 21st Century Regions. <mask> is the author of The Fall of the House of Murdoch, published by Unbound, a crowd-funded publisher, in August 2012.Since 2016, <mask> collaborates with Deeivya Meir on the podcast series Untold - The Daniel Morgan Murder. He also co-hosted the podcast Dial M for Mueller with journalist Carole Cadwalladr. Theatre
Jukes's early theatre work debuted at Edinburgh's Traverse Theatre: Abel Barebone and the Humble Company (1987) and Shadowing the Conqueror (1988). Shadowing the Conqueror, which transferred to Washington, D.C., was described in The Washington Post as "a depiction of the travels of Alexander the Great (Grimmette) and a contemporary photographer named Mary Ellis (Laura Giannarelli) – based very loosely on the relationship between Alexander and Pyrrho of Elis, a painter who accompanied the warrior on his expedition to the Orient – is most of all a lofty debate between two intensely committed, opposing forces." <mask> wrote the book of the London stage musical Matador, with lyrics by Edward Seago and music by Mike Leander, starring John Barrowman and

masks:
Peter Jukes
Jukes
Jukes
Peter Jukes
Jukes


texts:
 Stefanie Powers, which premiered at the Queen's Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue in April 1991. Journalism and politics
<mask> has been a book reviewer and feature writer for both The Independent and the New Statesman on themes as diverse as nationalism, art in the computer age, and apocalyptic religion. During the 1980s and 90s, <mask> was an active member of the Labour Party and was involved in the investigations around the cash for questions scandal.More recently <mask> became an active Barack Obama supporter during the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries in the US, writing for Daily Kos and then MyDD when it became a pro-Hillary Clinton site. Later he recorded his online experiences of the Primary 'Flame Wars' for Prospect. Following the primaries, he was one of 25 regular bloggers who began writing for a new political blog, The Motley Moose. During the News International phone hacking scandal trial of Rebekah Brooks, Andy Coulson and others, <mask> used the crowdfunding tool Indiegogo to raise donations to allow him to livetweet the trial from start to finish. In 2018, <mask> and Stephen Colegrave founded Byline Times. References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
British people of Armenian descent
English people of Armenian descent
English radio writers
English essayists
English television writers
English dramatists and playwrights
English literary critics
English bloggers
People educated at Aylesbury Grammar School
British male essayists
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male non-fiction writers
British magazine writers
British male television writers
British male bloggers
Writers from Wiltshire
The Independent people
People from Swindon
21st-century English writers
21st-century British dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British dramatists and playwrights
English male screenwriters
21st-century British screenwriters
21st-century English male

masks:
Jukes
Jukes
Jukes
Peter Jukes
Jukes


texts:
<mask> (August 22, 1834 – February 27, 1906) was an American astronomer, physicist, inventor of the bolometer and aviation pioneer. In addition to becoming the third secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, he was also a professor of astronomy at the University of Pittsburgh, where he was the director of the Allegheny Observatory. <mask> was born in Roxbury, Boston, on August 23, 1834. <mask> attended Boston Latin School and graduated from English High School of Boston, after which he became an assistant in the Harvard College Observatory. He then moved to a job at the United States Naval Academy, ostensibly as a professor of mathematics. However, he was actually sent there to restore the Academy's small observatory. In 1867, he became the director of the Allegheny Observatory and a professor of astronomy at the University of Pittsburgh (then known as the Western University of Pennsylvania), a post he kept until 1891 even while he became the third Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in 1887.<mask> was the founder of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. In 1875, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. In 1888 <mask> was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. In 1898, he received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society. Allegheny Observatory
<mask> arrived in Pittsburgh in 1867 to become the first director of the Allegheny Observatory, after the institution had fallen into hard times and been given to the Western University of Pennsylvania. By then, the department was in disarray – equipment was broken, there was no library and the building needed repairs. Through the friendship and aid of William Thaw Sr., a Pittsburgh industrial leader, <mask> was able to improve the observatory equipment and build additional apparatuses.One of the new instruments was a small transit telescope used to observe the position of the stars as they cross the celestial meridian. He raised money for the department in large part by

masks:
Samuel Pierpont Langley
Life Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley


texts: distributing standard time to cities and railroads. Up until then, correct time had only occasionally been sent from American observatories for public use. Clocks were manually wound in those days and time tended to be imprecise. Exact time had not been especially necessary. It was enough to know that at noon the sun was directly above the head. That changed with the arrival of railroads, which made the lack of standard time dangerous.Trains ran by a published schedule, but scheduling was chaotic. If the timepieces of an engineer and a switch operator differed by even a minute or two, trains could be on the same track at the same time and collide. Using astronomical observations obtained from the new telescope, <mask> devised a precise time standard, including time zones, that became known as the Allegheny Time System. Initially he distributed time signals to Allegheny city businesses and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Eventually, twice a day, the Allegheny time signals gave the correct time via 4,713 miles of telegraph lines to all railroads in the US and Canada. <mask> used the money from the railroads to finance the observatory. From about 1868 revenues from Allegheny Time continued to fund the observatory, until the US Naval Observatory provided the signals via taxpayer funding in 1883.Once funding was secure, <mask> devoted his time at the Observatory initially in researching the sun. He used his draftsman skills—from his first job out of high school—to produce hundreds of drawings of solar phenomena, many of which were the first the world had seen. His remarkably detailed 1873 illustration of a sun spot, observed while using the observatory's 13-inch Fitz-Clark refractor became a classic. It is featured on page 21 of his book, The New Astronomy, and was also widely reprinted in the Americas and Europe. In 1886, <mask> received the inaugural Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences for his contributions to solar physics. His publication in 1890 of infrared observations at the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh

masks: Langley Langley Langley Langley


texts:
 together with Frank Washington Very along with the data he collected from his invention, the bolometer, was used by Svante Arrhenius to make the first calculations on the greenhouse effect. In 1898, <mask> received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France (the French astronomical society).Aviation work

<mask> attempted to make a working piloted heavier-than-air aircraft. His models flew, but his two attempts at piloted flight were not successful. <mask> began experimenting with rubber-band powered models and gliders in 1887. (According to one book, he was not able to reproduce Alphonse Pénaud's time aloft with rubber power but persisted anyway.) He built a rotating arm (functioning like a wind tunnel) and made larger flying models powered by miniature steam engines. <mask> realised that sustained powered flight was possible when he found that a 1 lb. brass plate suspended from the rotating arm by a spring, could be kept aloft by a spring tension of less than 1 oz.<mask> understood that aircraft need thrust to overcome drag from forward speed, observed higher aspect ratio flat plates had higher lift and lower drag, and stated in 1902 "A plane of fixed size and weight would need less propulsive power the faster it flew", the counter-intuitive effect of induced drag. He met the writer Rudyard Kipling around this time, who described one of <mask>'s experiments in his autobiography:

His first success came on May 6, 1896 when his Number 5 unpiloted model weighing  made two flights of  and   after a catapult launch from a boat on the Potomac River. The distance was ten times longer than any previous experiment with a heavier-than-air flying machine, demonstrating that stability and sufficient lift could be achieved in such craft. On November 11 that year his Number 6 model flew more than . In 1898, based on the success of his models, <mask> received a War Department grant of $50,000 and $20,000 from the Smithsonian to develop a piloted airplane, which he called an "Aerodrome" (coined from Greek

masks: Langley Langley Langley Langley Langley Langley Langley


texts: words roughly translated as "air runner"). <mask> hired Charles M. Manly (1876–1927) as engineer and test pilot. When <mask> received word from his friend Octave Chanute of the Wright brothers' success with their 1902 glider, he attempted to meet the Wrights, but they politely evaded his request.While the full-scale Aerodrome was being designed and built, the internal combustion engine was contracted out to manufacturer Stephen M. Balzer (1864–1940). When he failed to produce an engine to the power and weight specifications, Manly finished the design. This engine had far more power than did the engine for the Wright brothers' first airplane—50 hp compared to 12 hp. The engine, mostly the technical work of men other than Langley, was probably the project's main contribution to aviation. The piloted machine had wire-braced tandem wings (one behind the other). It had a Pénaud tail for pitch and yaw control but no roll control, depending instead on the dihedral angle of the wings, as did the models, for maintaining roughly level flight. In contrast to the Wright brothers' design of a controllable airplane that could fly with assistance from a strong headwind and land on solid ground, Langley sought safety by practicing in calm air over the Potomac River.This required a catapult for launching. The craft had no landing gear, the plan being to descend into the water after demonstrating flight which if successful would entail a partial, if not total, rebuilding of the machine. <mask> gave up the project after two crashes on take-off on October 7 and December 8, 1903. In the first attempt, <mask> said the wing clipped part of the catapult, leading to a plunge into the river "like a handful of mortar," according to one reporter. On the second attempt the craft broke up as it left the catapult (Hallion, 2003; Nalty, 2003). Manly was recovered unhurt from the river both times. Newspapers made great sport of the failures, and some members of Congress strongly criticized the project.The Aerodrome was modified and flown a few hundred feet by


texts:
 Glenn Curtiss in 1914, as part of his attempt to fight the Wright brothers' patent, and as an effort by the Smithsonian to rescue Langley's aeronautical reputation. Nevertheless, courts upheld the patent. However, the Curtiss flights emboldened the Smithsonian to display the Aerodrome in its museum as "the first man-carrying aeroplane in the history of the world capable of sustained free flight". Fred Howard, extensively documenting the controversy, wrote: "It was a lie pure and simple, but it bore the imprimatur of the venerable Smithsonian and over the years would find its way into magazines, history books, and encyclopedias, much to the annoyance of those familiar with the facts." (Howard, 1987). The Smithsonian's action triggered a decades-long feud with the surviving Wright brother, Orville, who objected to the Institution's claim of primacy for the Aerodrome. Unlike the Wright brothers with their invention of three-axis control, Langley had no effective way of controlling an airplane too big to be maneuvered by the weight of the pilot's body.So if the Aerodrome had flown stably, as the models did, Manly would have been in considerable danger when the machine descended, uncontrolled, for a landing—especially if it had wandered away from the river and over solid ground. Bolometer
In 1880 <mask> invented the bolometer, an instrument initially used for measuring far infrared radiation. The bolometer has enabled scientists to detect a change of temperature of less than 1/100,000 of a degree Celsius. It laid the foundation for the measurements of the amount of solar energy on the Earth. He published an 1881 paper on it, "The Bolometer and Radiant Energy". He made one of the first attempts to measure the surface temperature of the Moon, and his measurement of interference of the infrared radiation by carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere was used by Svante Arrhenius in 1896 to make the first calculation of how climate would change from a future doubling of carbon dioxide levels. Commercial time service
Starting with his tenure at


texts:
 Allegheny Observatory in the Pittsburgh area in the late 1860s, <mask> was a major player in the development of astronomically derived and regulated time distribution services in America through the later half of the 19th century.His work with the railroads in this area is often cited as central to the establishment of the Standard Time Zones system. His very successful and profitable time sales to the Pennsylvania Railroad stood out among the many non-government-based observatories of the day who were largely subsidizing their research by time-service sales to regional railroads and the cities they served. The United States Naval Observatory's increasing dominance in this field threatened these regional observatories' livelihoods and <mask> became a leader in efforts to preserve the viability of their commercial programs. Death
<mask> held himself responsible for the loss of funds after the June 1905 discovery that Smithsonian accountant William Karr was embezzling from the Institution. <mask> refused his salary in the aftermath. In November he suffered a stroke. In February 1906 he moved to Aiken, South Carolina to recuperate, but had another stroke and died on February 27.He was buried in Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston. Legacy

Air and sea craft, facilities, a unit of solar radiation, and an award have been named in Langley's honor, including:

 Langley Gold Medal by the Smithsonian Institution
 NASA Langley Research Center (NASA LaRC), Hampton, Virginia
 Langley Air Force Base
 Langley Hall at the University of Pittsburgh
 Langley High School in Pittsburgh
 Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory
 Langley unit of solar radiation
 Mount Langley in the Sierra Nevada

 , laid down 10 July 1942 and renamed Hammann on 1 August 1942

 Seadrome Langley, intended as one in a chain of Atlantic aviation way-stations, cancelled due to the Depression
 , U.S. Liberty Ship
 Samuel P. Langley Elementary School in Hampton, VA.

Media
In the 1978 film The Winds of Kitty Hawk, he was portrayed by actor John Hoyt. See also
 Manly-Balzer


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 engine

References

Notes

Bibliography
A Dream of Wings: Americans and the Airplane, 1875-1905, by Dr. Tom D. Crouch, W. W. Norton, 1981
Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War, by Dr. Richard P. Hallion, Oxford University Press, 2003
Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers, by Fred Howard, Dover, 1987
A Heritage of Wings, An Illustrated History of Naval Aviation, by Richard C. Knott,  Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1997
Winged Shield, Winged Sword: 1907-1950: A History of the United States Air Force, by Bernard C. Nalty, University Press of the Pacific, 2003
Aviation, The Pioneer Years, edited by Ben Mackworth-Praed,  Studio Editions, Ltd., London, 1990
 To Conquer The Air—The Wright Brothers and the Great Race for Flight, by James Tobin, Free Press, division of Simon & Schuster, 2003
 "Vita ed opere dell'astronomo e costruttore aeronautico Samuel Pierpont Langley", by Giuseppe Ciampaglia. Rivista Storica; Gennaio 1996. Selling the True Time: nineteenth-century timekeeping in America, by Ian R. Bartky, Stanford University Press, 2000

External links

 Finding Aid to Samuel P. Langley's Papers at the Smithsonian Institution Archives
 Finding Aid to the Samuel P. Langley Collection at the National Air and Space Museum Archives Division
 Samuel Pierpont Langley, Flying Machines
 Samuel Pierpont Langley, Invention of the Airplane
 Centennial of Flight
 Allegheny Observatory – "UNDAUNTED: The Forgotten Giants of the Allegheny Observatory?" National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1834 births
1906 deaths
American aerospace engineers
American astronomers
19th-century American inventors
Aviation inventors
Aviation pioneers
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Harvard University staff
People from Boston
Scientists from Pittsburgh
Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution
Steam-powered aircraft
University of Pittsburgh faculty
English High School of Boston alumni
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Harvard College


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<mask> of Jin (25 September 1198 – 9 February 1234), personal name Ningjiasu, sinicized names Wanyan Shouxu and Wanyan Shouli, was the ninth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was considered an able emperor who made several reforms beneficial to the Jin dynasty, such as the removal of corrupt officials and introduction of more lenient tax laws. He also ended the wars against the Southern Song dynasty, and canceled the Treaty of Shaoxing free of obligation, instead focusing the Jin dynasty's military resources on resisting the Mongol invasion. Despite his efforts, the Jin dynasty, already weakened by the flawed policies of his predecessors, eventually fell to the Mongol Empire. He escaped to Caizhou when the Mongols besieged Bianjing, the Jin capital (coincidentally the former Song capital), in 1232. When Caizhou also came under Mongol attack in 1234, he passed the throne to his army marshal Wanyan Chenglin and then committed suicide. Early life
Ningjiasu was the third son of Emperor Xuanzong.His mother was Emperor Xuanzong's concubine, Lady Wang (王氏), who was posthumously honored as "Empress Minghui" (明惠皇后). After Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne, he gave the title "Prince of Sui" (遂王) to Ningjiasu. Emperor Xuanzong's eldest son and heir apparent, Wanyan Shouzhong (完顏守忠), as well as Wanyan Shouzhong's son, both died prematurely, so in 1216 Emperor Xuanzong declared Ningjiasu, his next oldest surviving son, as his heir apparent. Ningjiasu chose for


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 himself the sinicized name "Shouxu" (守緒). When Emperor Xuanzong died in January 1224, Wanyan Shouxu inherited the throne and became historically known as <mask>. Reign
In 1224, he instated his consort Lady Tushan (徒單氏) as his empress consort. During his reign, Emperor <mask> tried to revive the Jin dynasty, which was on the verge of collapse due to his predecessors' policies.He ended the wars against the Southern Song dynasty, canceled the Treaty of Shaoxing free of obligation, reconciled with the Jin dynasty's former ally Western Xia, instituted internal reforms in his administration, eliminated corrupt and incompetent officials, and promoted military generals who resisted the Mongol invasion and recovered lost territories from the Mongols. However, the Mongol Empire had become a formidable power by then, and in 1227 it completely conquered Western Xia and concentrated its attacks on the Jin dynasty. In 1232, the Mongols inflicted a crushing defeat on Jin forces at the Battle of Sanfengshan (三峯山之戰) and destroyed the bulk of the Jin armed forces. They pressed on and besieged the Jin capital, Bianjing (汴京; present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). The defending Jin forces put up fierce resistance. At the same time, a plague hit Bianjing; around every 50 days, over 900,000 dead bodies had to be transported out of the city, excluding the dead bodies of those who were too poor to be given a proper burial. Towards the end of 1232, Emperor <mask> fled Bianjing with an escort paid

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Emperor Aizong
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 generously by the empress dowager.He crossed the Yellow River, and sought shelter in Guide (歸德; present-day Shangqiu, Henan Province), before settling down in Caizhou (蔡州; present-day Runan County, Henan Province). The Han Chinese general Shi Tianze led troops to pursue Emperor <mask> as he retreated and destroyed an 80,000-strong Jin army led by Wanyan Chengyi (完顏承裔) at Pucheng (蒲城). In the eighth month of 1233, the Mongols asked their ally, the Southern Song dynasty, to attack the Jin dynasty at Tangzhou (唐州; present-day Tanghe County, Henan Province). Emperor <mask> sought to make peace with the Southern Song dynasty, so he sent an emissary to warn them that if the Mongols conquered the Jin dynasty, they would attack Southern Song next. The Southern Song dynasty ignored the warning. On 9 February 1234, the allied forces of the Mongols and Southern Song dynasty besieged Caizhou and conquered the city. Death
Emperor <mask> sensed that his doom was near but did not want to be remembered by history as the last emperor of the Jin dynasty, so he announced his decision to abdicate and pass his throne to Wanyan Chenglin (Wanyan Chengyi's brother).Wanyan Chenglin refused to accept, but the emperor insisted and said, "I am fat and unable to ride on horseback into battle. If the city falls, it will be difficult for me to escape on horseback. You, on the other hand, are physically fit and strong. Moreover, you are a talented military leader. If you manage to escape, you can ensure

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 that the dynasty lives on, and make a comeback in the future. This is my wish." Wanyan Chenglin reluctantly accepted.<mask> later committed suicide by hanging himself. When Wanyan Chenglin received news of Emperor <mask>'s death, he gathered his followers and held a ceremony to mourn the emperor and posthumously honor him with the temple name "Aizong". By the time the ceremony ended, Caizhou had been overrun by Mongol forces. Wanyan Chenglin was killed in action. His death marked the end of the Jin dynasty. Remains
Emperor <mask>'s remains were divided between the Mongol general Taghachar and the Song general Meng Gong (孟珙). Taghachar obtained Emperor <mask>'s hands while the rest of the emperor's remains were taken back to Lin'an (臨安; present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), the capital of the Southern Song dynasty, and offered as a sacrifice in the Song emperors' ancestral temple.Hong Zikui (洪咨夔) opposed his remains being sacrificed and instead proposed having Emperor <mask>'s remains buried in a prison vault. The Song imperial court eventually heeded Hong Zikui's suggestion and buried Emperor Aizong. Rashid-al-Din Hamadani's Jami' al-tawarikh provided a different account of the fate of Emperor <mask>'s remains: It stated that the emperor's body was cremated by his personal bodyguards and the ashes were dumped into the river. References

Jin dynasty (1115–1234) emperors
13th-century Chinese monarchs
Suicides by hanging in China
1198 births
1234 deaths
Monarchs who

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<mask> (; Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि,  ) is celebrated as the harbinger-poet in Sanskrit literature. The epic Ramayana, dated variously from the 5th century BCE to first century BCE, is attributed to him, based on the attribution in the text itself. He is revered as Ādi Kavi, the first poet, author of Ramayana, the first epic poem. The Ramayana, originally written by <mask>, consists of 24,000 shlokas and seven cantos (kaṇḍas). The  is composed of about 480,002 words, being a quarter of the length of the full text of the Mahabharata or about four times the length of the Iliad. The Ramayana tells the story of a prince, Rama of the city of Ayodhya in the Kingdom of Kosala, whose wife Sita is abducted by Ravana, the demon-king (Rakshasa) of Lanka. Valmiki's Ramayana is dated variously from 500 BCE to 100 BCE or about co-eval with early versions of the Mahabharata.As with many traditional epics, it has gone through a process of interpolations and redactions, making it impossible to date accurately. British satirist Aubrey Menen says that <mask> was "recognized as a literary genius," and thus was considered, "an outlaw," presumably because of his "philosophic scepticism," as part of an "Indian Enlightenment" period. <mask> is also quoted as being the contemporary of Rama. Menen claims <mask> is "the first author in all history to bring himself into his own composition." Early life
<mask> was born as Agni Sharma to a Brahmin named Pracheta (also known as Sumali) of Bhrigu gotra, According to legend he once met the great sage Narada and had a discourse with him on his duties. Moved by Narada's words, Agni Sharma began to perform penance and chanted the word "Mara" which meant "die". As he performed his penance for several years,

masks: Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki


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 the word became "Rama", a name of the god Vishnu.Huge anthills formed around Agni Sharma and this earned him the name of <mask>. Agni Sharma, rechristened as <mask>, learnt the scriptures from Narada and became the foremost of ascetics, revered by everyone. There also exist some legends about <mask> having been a thief before turning into a rishi. The Nagara Khanda of the Skanda Purana in its section on the creation of Mukhara Tirtha mentions that <mask> was born a Brahmin, with the name of Lohajangha and was a devoted son to his parents. He had a beautiful wife and both of them were faithful to each other. Once, when there was no rain in the region of Anarta, for twelve long years, Lohajangha, for the sake of his hungry family, started robbing people that he found in the forest. In the course of this life he met the seven sages or the Saptarishi and tried to rob them as well.But the learned sages felt pity on him and showed him the folly of his ways. One of them, Pulaha gave him a Mantra to meditate upon and the Brahmin turned thief got so engrossed in its recitation that ant-hills came up around his body. When the sages returned and heard the sound of the mantra coming from the ant-hill, they blessed him and said, "Since you achieved great Siddhi seated within a Valmīka (an anthill), you will become well-known in the world as Vālmīki." The first shloka

Valmiki was going to the river Ganges for his daily ablutions. A disciple by the name Bharadwaja was carrying his clothes. On the way, they came across the Tamasa Stream. Looking at the stream, Valmiki said to his disciple, "Look, how clear is this water, like the mind of a good man!I will bathe here today." When he was looking for a suitable place to step into

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 the stream, he saw a crane couple mating. <mask> felt very pleased on seeing the happy birds. Suddenly, hit by an arrow, the male bird died on the spot. Filled by sorrow, its mate screamed in agony and died of shock. <mask>'s heart melted at this pitiful sight. He looked around to find out who had shot the bird.He saw a hunter with a bow and arrows, nearby. <mask> became very angry. His lips opened and he cried out,

Emerging spontaneously from <mask>'s rage and grief, this is considered to be the first shloka in Sanskrit literature. <mask> later composed the entire Ramayana with the blessings of the god Brahma in the same meter that issued forth from him as the shloka. Thus this shloka is revered as the first shloka in Hindu literature. <mask> is revered as the first poet or Adi Kavi and Ramayana, the first kavya (poem). Role in Ramayana
<mask> played an important role in Uttara Kanda, the last chapter of epic Ramayana.It is believed that The Uttara Kanda was not original work of <mask>. It is believed to be taken up from Sesha Ramayana. According to the legend Rama send Sita to forest. Sita finds refuge in Sage <mask>'s ashram, where she gives birth to twin boys Lava and Kusha. Lava and Kusha were <mask>'s first disciples to whom he taught the Ramayana. Bala Kanda of the epic also telling the story of <mask> narrating the Ramayana to his disciples Lava and Kusha. Role in Mahabharata
<mask> was present during Mahabharata time and he was one of the many sages that visited Yudhisthira after war.He told Yudhisthira the benefits of worshipping Shiva. Once upon a time, some ascetics that possessed the homa fire cursed <mask> as guilty of Brahminicide. The sin possessed him as soon as he was cursed. So he prayed to

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 Shiva and he became cleansed of all his sins. He later told Yudhisthira that he should also pray to Shiva like him. https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13a018.htm

Reincarnation

Vishnudharmottara Purana says that <mask> was born in the Treta Yuga as a form of Brahma who composed Ramayana and that people desirous of earning knowledge should worship <mask>. He was later reincarnated as Tulsidas, who composed the Ramcharitamanas, which was the Awadhi-Hindi version of the Ramayana.Temples

The Balmiki sect of Hinduism reveres <mask>, where he is also known as Lal Beg or Bala Shah, as a patron saint, with a plethora of mandirs (temples) dedicated to him. An area in Chennai, Tiruvanmiyur is believed to derive its name from Sage Valmiki, Thiru-Valmiki-Oor. There is a temple for <mask> located in this place, which is believed to be 1300 years old. There is also Shree Valmiki Mata Maha Samsthana in Rajanahalli, Karnataka. In popular culture
Several Indian films have been made on the life of the poet, beginning with G. V. Sane's Valmiki (1921); it was followed by Surendra Narayan Roy's Ratnakar (1921), Ellis Dungan's Valmiki (1946), Bhalji Pendharkar's Valmiki (1946), Sundarrao Nadkarni's Valmiki (1946), C.S.R. Rao's Valmiki (starring Rajkumar 1963) and Valmiki (starring N. T. Rama Rao; 1963), and Arvind Bhatt's Sant Valmiki (1991). Bhatt's film which starred Suresh Oberoi in the titular role remains unreleased after a case was filed against Oberoi for remarks deemed offensive by members of the Valmiki caste in India.See also
 Balmiki caste
 Chuhra
 Rama
 Vyasa

References

Notes

Citations

External links

Ancient Indian poets
Epic poets
Hindu poets
Rishis
Ramayana
Sanskrit poets
Dalit Hindu saints
Dalit


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<mask>,  (27 July 1891 – 15 November 1966) was an English aviator, who served in both World War I and World War II. Early life
<mask> was born in Tarrant Keyneston, Dorset, and was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford, joining the school's contingent of the Dorset Yeomanry. <mask> spent his childhood at Tarrant Keynstone Mill on the River Stour. His family farmed  at Spetisbury in Dorset. He had seen military aircraft and the airship Beta flying over Dorset during the summer manoeuvres of 1912 when serving with the Dorsetshire Yeomanry and determined in May 1913 to become a pilot. He joined the Ewen School of flying at Hendon Aerodrome in July and gained his Royal Aero Club Aviators' Certificate, No. 575, on 5 August.On 8 October 1913 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant (on probation) in the Royal Flying Corps (Special Reserve). Just after obtaining his licence he won his first cross-country race and then won the Hendon March Meeting  race, beating his old instructor into second place. In the latter part of 1913 and early 1914, <mask> flew many hours from Hendon, instructing trainee pilots. On 4 April 1914 he appeared in Flight magazine as one of five pilots who had recently joined the "Upside Down Club" by performing a loop. RFC service
His posting to the sixth course of instruction at the RFC's Central Flying School at Upavon, Wiltshire, came in May 1914. There he was retrained to fly B.E.2b and B.E.8 military aircraft. On 20 June he took part in a Hendon–Birmingham–Manchester and return air race at the controls of an  Gnome powered Bleriot monoplane, being first to arrive at Trafford Park Aerodrome, Manchester, where the Lord Mayor greeted him.To reach <mask>'s hand, the man stood on a bracing wire to the landing gear, damaging it. On take-off to return south, the wire snapped, smashing the Bleriot's propeller and the machine was damaged, putting him out of the race. On

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Louis Arbon Strange
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 30 July 1914 <mask> was formally commissioned for service in the Regular Army as a second lieutenant in the Dorsetshire Regiment, but remained on attachment to the Royal Flying Corps, in which he was appointed a flying officer the same day. In August 1914 he was despatched to join his first operational unit, No. 5 Squadron RFC, based at Gosport, Hampshire. On 15/16 August – despite severe weather and a damaged longeron – he flew his Farman aircraft via Dover and over the English Channel to Amiens and then to the unit's new base at Maubeuge, France, being the last of the squadron to arrive. Aerial combat and bombing pioneer
<mask> soon adapted his Farman to carry a Lewis machine gun, improvising a mounting to the top of the observer's nacelle.His first armed encounter with the enemy came on 22 August when six enemy aircraft appeared at 5,000 feet over the airfield at Maubeuge. He took off in his Farman with Lieutenant L. Penn-Gaskell as gunner in the front cockpit to intercept the patrolling Germans, but with inconclusive results as the laden aircraft would not climb above . The next few days saw a general Allied retreat and the squadron had to move base several times, whilst <mask> and his fellow pilots continued their observation and light bombing sorties. Less than two weeks after arriving in France <mask>'s inventive brain designed home-made petrol bombs that on 28 August he and his observer dropped by hand from their Henry Farman biplane onto the convoys of German troops and transport north of St. Quentin; the results "sent us home very well pleased with ourselves". In October 1914 <mask> invented a safety strap allowing the observer of his Avro 504 to "stand up and fire all round over top of plane and behind". He also designed and fitted a machine gun mounting to the 504, consisting of a crossbar between the central struts over which was slung a rope, allowing the Lewis to be

masks: Strange Strange Strange Strange Strange


texts: pulled up into a position from which the observer, seating in the front cockpit, could fire backwards over <mask>'s head. On 22 November 1914 it was with this arrangement that <mask> claimed his first victory; with Lieutenant F. Small as gunner, he attacked an Aviatik two-seater and forced it down from over Armentières to make a bumpy landing in a ploughed field just behind the British lines.On 25 December 1914 <mask> flew to the German-held airfield at Lille and, as a Christmas Day prank, bombed it with footballs. <mask> next turned his talents to developing a bomb chute with Lieutenant Euan Rabagliati. Attempting to drop 7-pound shrapnel bombs through a steel tube set in the floor of the Avro 504, one bomb jammed in the tube and prompted a forced landing through a field of corn, which luckily ripped the detonator from the jammed bomb. On 16 February 1915 he was appointed a flight commander with the acting rank of captain, and posted to No. 6 Squadron. On 10 March, the first day of the battle of Neuve Chapelle, <mask> carried out one of the first tactical bombing missions of the war. He had modified his B.E.2c to carry four  bombs on wing racks which could be released by pulling a cable fitted in the cockpit.He dropped these bombs on Kortrijk railway station, from a height of no more than , causing 75 casualties and closing the station for three days. Subsequently, on 27 March, he was awarded the Military Cross, which he received from the King at Buckingham Palace on 9 December 1915. While with No. 6 Squadron, <mask> was a compatriot of Captain Lanoe Hawker. The squadron became pioneers of many aspects in military aviation at the time, driven largely by the imagination of <mask> and the engineering talents of Hawker. Their talents led to various mountings for Lewis machine guns, one of which won Hawker the Victoria Cross, and one that nearly cost <mask> his life. Having equipped

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 his Martinsyde S.1 scout with a Lewis gun mounted on the top wing above the cockpit, on 10 May 1915 <mask> sought out the enemy to try out the new arrangement and attacked a German Aviatik two-seater.In order to change the empty drum on the Lewis, <mask> had to stand up in the cockpit. Immediately the machine flipped on its back, throwing <mask> from the cockpit and developing a flat spin downwards. <mask>, hanging onto the ammunition drum of the Lewis gun, managed to swing back into the cockpit and kick the stick over to right the aircraft only 500 feet above the ground. <mask> later related:
I kept on kicking upwards behind me until at last I got one foot and then the other hooked inside the cockpit. Somehow I got the stick between my legs again, and jammed on full aileron and elevator; I do not know exactly what happened then, but the trick was done. The machine came over the right way up, and I fell off the top plane and into my seat with a bump. He safely returned to base, but was criticised by his CO for "causing unnecessary damage" to his instrument panel and seat in his efforts to regain the cockpit.The squadron's log book simply noted: "the squadron was fortunate in its personnel." On 21 September 1915 <mask> was appointed to form and command No. 23 Squadron RFC at Gosport, Hampshire. As a squadron commander he held the acting-rank of major, to which he was appointed on 5 November, the day he married his wife, Marjorie. Due to appendicitis <mask> handed over command in March 1916. <mask> then established No. 1 School of Air Gunnery at Hythe in Kent, with the acting-rank of lieutenant-colonel, and formed No.2 School of Air Gunnery at Turnberry. On 1 April 1917 he became Assistant Commandant at the Central Flying School, graded as a wing commander and retaining his acting rank. On 26 June 1918 <mask> was selected to command the newly formed 80th Wing. During the next five

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 months he was to be awarded both the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Distinguished Service Order. His wing of Sopwith Camels, S.E.5s, DH.9s and Bristol Fighters launched massed raids on the enemy airfields, reducing the effectiveness of German aerial response. Between 1 July and 11 November the seven squadrons under <mask>'s command (including Nos. 88, 92, 103, 2 AFC & 4 AFC) – the latter two of which were from the Australian Flying Corps – destroyed or drove 'down out of control' some 449 German aircraft, as well as 23 balloons.On 24 September 1918 <mask>' younger brother Gilbert John <mask>, a 7-kill ace and a captain in No. 40 Squadron, was killed in action. Between the wars
On 1 August 1919 <mask> was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force with the rank of major, resigning his commission in the Dorsetshire Regiment the same day. On 1 November 1919 he was promoted from squadron leader to wing commander. <mask> retired from the service through ill health (sciatica) on 24 February 1921. He bought  of farmland at Worth Matravers on the Isle of Purbeck, and worked them over the next seven years, helping to restore his health. <mask> operated a dairy farm with his brother Jack Ronald <mask>, but the partnership was dissolved by mutual consent on 15 October 1928 with <mask> taking over the business.By the late 1920s <mask> had become a director and chief pilot of Simmonds Aircraft Limited and remained a director when it became the Spartan Aircraft Company. He was also a director of the Whitney Straight Corporation. <mask> flew company aircraft in several competitions, including the Simmonds Spartan G-AAGN in the 1929 King's Cup Air Race, and the Simmonds Spartan G-AAMG in a  handicap race from Woodley to Hanworth and back, at the Reading Air Fete in June 1930, coming 2nd with an average speed of . RAF service in World War II
Too old for a regular commission, on 18

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Louis
Strange
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Stuart Strange
Jack Strange
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texts: April 1940 <mask> returned to military service as a 50-year-old pilot officer in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. He was posted to No. 24 Squadron, the RAF's only transport and communications services squadron at that time. On 21 May 1940 <mask> arrived in Merville in northern France as No.24 Squadron's Aerodrome Control Officer. The airfield had been evacuated by the RAF fighter squadron stationed there and No. 24 Squadron were tasked with saving what aircraft and equipment they could. Two fighters were patched up and flown back to England. All remaining Hurricanes had been cannibalised, leaving one in flying condition. With no pilot available, <mask> took off in an aircraft type he had never flown before, unarmed, and with most of the instruments missing. Anti-aircraft fire forced <mask> up to  and the lone fighter was then attacked by several Bf 109s.Surprised by the sound of machine-gun fire, <mask> dived the Hurricane to tree-top height and successfully escaped. A month later he was awarded a bar to his Distinguished Flying Cross. On 21 June 1940, Squadron Leader <mask> was appointed commanding officer of the newly created Central Landing School (CLS) at RAF Ringway near Manchester. This unit was charged with the initiation, development and organisation of the UK's sole parachute training facility, and which later pioneered the parachute training curriculum of the Allied airborne forces. The unit was later redesignated No.1 Parachute Training School RAF (PTS). Using the techniques developed under <mask>, the PTS trained over 60,000 Allied personnel and paratroopers at Ringway between 1940 and 1946. On 5 May 1941, the Merchant Ship Fighter Unit (MSFU) was established at RAF Speke near Liverpool, and <mask> was appointed as commanding officer.The MSFU was charged with the development of the CAM ship for the catapult-launching of Hurricanes for convoy defence. A catapult for


texts: training volunteer pilots was erected at the airfield. With insufficient aircraft carriers available, there was the so-called "Air Gap" within which merchant shipping was out of reach of land-based aircraft on both sides of the Atlantic. As the predatory Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condors could therefore operate with impunity, fighters launched by catapult from merchant ships were felt to be a potentially effective response. About 50 Hurricane Mk.Is were modified by General Aircraft for catapult launch and 35 merchantmen were configured to carry catapults, with the first Atlantic crossings in April 1941. The Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen (CAM) and their so-called "Hurricats" soon proved their worth: Seven Condors were destroyed through 1941–43, while the deterrent effect was even more important. In September 1941 he was posted as Commanding Officer, RAF Valley, although illness prevented him from fulfilling the post.From August 1942 until the end of the year he served with Group HQ at Uxbridge. Three months as Commanding Officer at RAF Hawkinge followed before a transfer to No. 12 Group HQ as a supplementary squadron leader. In December 1943 <mask> was posted to No. 46 Group as Wing Commander, Operations. There he assisted in the planning for Operation Overlord, landing in Normandy himself on 15 June. He had six airstrips under his control in the expanding beachhead as this time.He was also responsible for the control and administration of a series of Temporary Staging Posts (TSP) supporting the Allied campaign. During the advance that followed the break-out from Normandy, <mask> personally 'liberated' Château Lillois, 24 years after he had been the first to announce the departure of the Germans from there in 1918. In October 1944 <mask> served with the HQ, 1st Allied Airborne Army. He was also at SHAEF Forward Headquarters in Reims on 6–7 May 1945 to witness negotiations to the German

masks: Strange Strange Strange