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 artist for the Canadian Music Week.<mask>'s recordings were also selected for the Japan Trade Mission in 2009. <mask> was also the first Canadian to perform at the Sa Ma Pa Music Festival in New Delhi, on 23 November 2013. <mask> was signed by the Yarlowe Artist Group in 2008. He fired his management in 2009 and hired Reboot Management in 2016, before terminating their service four months later. <mask>'s Ghazal album Mushtari, a live concert, released in 2011, was nominated for "World Album of the Year" by the Western Canadian Music Awards (WCMA) and was a tribute to <mask>'s guru and teacher, Mushtari Begum, with a selection of classical Ghazals and a tabla solo recital. This was the first album ever recorded with Ghazal and tabla simultaneously by one artist. He also released a tabla solo single, "Sparks of Energy", in 2011.Both of these albums feature <mask>'s wife Amika Kushwaha as the Harmonium soloist. <mask>'s other collaborations include: Dark Clouds (2006) with Jazz pianist Stu Goldberg of Mahavishnu Orchestra; a collaboration with slide guitarist Ellen McIlwaine entitled Mystic Bridge, a Blues/Indian music album which was shortlisted for the Juno Award for Roots & Traditional Album of the Year in 2008; I Feel Love Again (2002) with Mediterranean guitarist Pavlo; Mani Licks (2002) with Heavy Metal/shred guitarist Dan Mani; A Demon's Dream (2002) and The Alchemists (2002) with acoustic/electric guitarist Dave Martone; and Angel of Sevilla (1990) with the Spanish guitarist D'Arcy Greaves. <mask> has also collaborated with the inventor of the Mohan Veena, artist Pandit Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, Satvik Veena performer Pandit Salil Bhatt, Kathak artist/Harmonium soloist and many other figures of Indian classical music and Ghazal singers. <mask> has also worked in television and is featured in a commercial for Nanak Foods as a tabla player who finds musical inspiration after being served the halwa sweet dish by his wife, Amika Kushwaha. Recognition
<mask> was awarded the "Salute to Excellence Award" in 2005 by the City of Edmonton for his contribution to Indian classical music, and the "Bernie Legge Artist of the Year" by the

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 City of New Westminster Chamber of Commerce in 2019. He was nominated (with Ellen McIlwaine) for a Juno Award for their album Mystic Bridge in 2008, and a WCMA Award nomination for his album Mushtari-a live concert. He has also performed in Geneva, Switzerland, for the United Nations, World Intellectual Property Organization and the Permanent Mission of India for Namaste Geneva, an initiative created by the Indian Ambassador to the UN, Rajiv Chander, in 2017/2018.With his wife, Amika Kushwaha, <mask> founded the Mushtari Begum Festival of Indian Classical Music and Dance, which took place for the first time on 25 August 2012 at the Massey Theatre in New Westminster, British Columbia.He is an honorary Cultural Ambassador to the City of New Westminster. He hosted a radio show entitled "The Cassius Khan Show: Connecting Classical Music to Your Hearts". <mask> is also the official spokesperson for the tabla makers Ustad Qasim <mask> Niyazi and Sons in Laxminagar, New Delhi, India, and is endorsed by Aman Kalyan's Lehra Studio apps based in Sydney, Australia. He is also the Curator of the Massey Unlimited Global Tea Series at the Massey Theatre in New Westminster, and was a 2021 Artist Resident at the Anvil Centre in the same city. <mask> is also a visiting music instructor at the international private Mulgrave School, where he teaches young students Indian Classical music. Personal life

<mask> lives in New Westminster, British Columbia. He married Kathak dancer Amika Kushwaha in 2006, and they are each other's chief accompanists in her solo Kathak dance concerts and his Ghazal and tabla concerts.<mask> refused to perform in Israel in 2009 in protest at the treatment of Palestinians. He has been critical of the term World Music, and the lack of representation of non-Western disciplines in the Canadian music scene. References

External links
Fijitimes.com
Eyeweekly.com
Mehfilmagaine.com
<mask> <mask> website

1974 births
Living people
Fijian Muslims
Male ghazal singers
People from Lautoka
Fijian emigrants to Canada
Tabla players
Canadian people of Fijian descent
Fijian musicians
21st-century drummers
21st-century Canadian male

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<mask> (March 20, 1856 – March 21, 1915) was an American mechanical engineer. He was widely known for his methods to improve industrial efficiency. He was one of the first management consultants. In 1911, <mask> summed up his efficiency techniques in his book The Principles of Scientific Management which, in 2001, Fellows of the Academy of Management voted the most influential management book of the twentieth century. His pioneering work in applying engineering principles to the work done on the factory floor was instrumental in the creation and development of the branch of engineering that is now known as industrial engineering. <mask> made his name, and was most proud of his work, in scientific management; however, he made his fortune patenting steel-process improvements. As a result, Scientific management is sometimes referred to as Taylorism.Biography
<mask> was born in 1856 to a Quaker family in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. <mask>'s father, <mask>, a Princeton-educated lawyer, built his wealth on mortgages. <mask>'s mother, Emily Annette <mask> (née <mask>), was an ardent abolitionist and a coworker with Lucretia Mott. His father's ancestor, <mask>, settled in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1677. His mother's ancestor, <mask>, was one of the fifteen original Mayflower Pilgrims who brought servants or children, and one of eight who had the honorable distinction of Mister. <mask> served for many years as the Governor of the Plymouth colony. Educated early by his mother, <mask> studied for two years in France and Germany and traveled Europe for 18 months.In 1872, he entered Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, with the plan of eventually going to Harvard and becoming a lawyer like his father. In 1874, <mask> passed the Harvard entrance examinations with honors.

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texts: However, due allegedly to rapidly deteriorating eyesight, <mask> chose quite a different path. Instead of attending Harvard University, <mask> became an apprentice patternmaker and machinist, gaining shop-floor experience at Enterprise Hydraulic Works in Philadelphia (a pump-manufacturing company whose proprietors were friends of the <mask> family). He left his apprenticeship for six months and represented a group of New England machine-tool manufacturers at Philadelphia's centennial exposition. <mask> finished his four-year apprenticeship and in 1878 became a machine-shop laborer at Midvale Steel Works. At Midvale, he was quickly promoted to time clerk, journeyman machinist, gang boss over the lathe hands, machine shop foreman, research director, and finally chief engineer of the works (while maintaining his position as machine shop foreman).<mask>'s fast promotions reflected both his talent and his family's relationship with Edward Clark, part owner of Midvale Steel. (Edward Clark's son Clarence Clark, who was also a manager at Midvale Steel, married <mask>'s sister.) Early on at Midvale, working as a laborer and machinist, <mask> recognized that workmen were working their machines, or themselves, not nearly as hard as they could (a practice that at the time was called "soldiering") and that this resulted in high labor costs for the company. When he became a foreman he expected more output from the workmen. In order to determine how much work should properly be expected, he began to study and analyze the productivity of both the men and the machines (although the word "productivity" was not used at the time, and the applied science of productivity had not yet been developed). His focus on the human component of production <mask> labeled scientific management. While <mask> worked at

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texts: Midvale, he and Clarence Clark won the first tennis doubles tournament in the 1881 US National Championships, the precursor of the US Open.<mask> became a student of Stevens Institute of Technology, studying via correspondence and obtaining a degree in mechanical engineering in 1883. On May 3, 1884, he married Louise M. Spooner of Philadelphia. From 1890 until 1893 <mask> worked as a general manager and a consulting engineer to management for the Manufacturing Investment Company of Philadelphia, a company that operated large paper mills in Maine and Wisconsin. He was a plant manager in Maine. In 1893, <mask> opened an independent consulting practice in Philadelphia. His business card read "Consulting Engineer - Systematizing Shop Management and Manufacturing Costs a Specialty". Through these consulting experiences, <mask> perfected his management system.His first paper, A Piece Rate System, was presented to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in June 1895. In 1898 he joined Bethlehem Steel to solve an expensive machine-shop capacity problem. While at Bethlehem, he discovered the best known and most profitable of his many patents: between 1898 and 1900 <mask> and Maunsel White conducted comprehensive empirical tests, and concluded that tungsten alloyed steel doubled or quadrupled cutting speeds. The inventors received  for the English patents alone, although the U.S. patent was eventually nullified. <mask> was forced to leave Bethlehem Steel in 1901 after discord with other managers. Now a wealthy man, <mask> focused the remainder of his career promoting his management and machining methods through lecturing, writing, and consulting. In 1910, owing to the Eastern Rate Case, <mask> <mask> and his Scientific Management methodologies became famous worldwide.In 1911,

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 <mask> introduced his The Principles of Scientific Management paper to the ASME, eight years after his Shop Management paper. On October 19, 1906, <mask> was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Pennsylvania. <mask> eventually became a professor at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. In early spring of 1915 <mask> caught pneumonia and died, one day after his fifty-ninth birthday, on March 21, 1915. He was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Work

<mask> was a mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He is regarded as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants and director of a famous firm.In Peter Drucker's description,

<mask>'s scientific management consisted of four principles:
Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task" (Montgomery 1997: 250). Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks. Future US Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis coined the term scientific management in the course of his argument for the Eastern Rate Case before the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1910. Brandeis argued that railroads, when governed according to <mask>'s principles, did not need to raise rates to increase wages. <mask> used Brandeis's term in the title of his monograph The Principles of Scientific Management, published in 1911.The Eastern Rate Case

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 propelled <mask>'s ideas to the forefront of the management agenda. <mask> wrote to Brandeis, "I have rarely seen a new movement started with such great momentum as you have given this one." <mask>'s approach is also often referred to as <mask>'s Principles, or, frequently disparagingly, as Taylorism. Managers and workers

<mask> had very precise ideas about how to introduce his system:

Workers were to be selected appropriately for each task. <mask> believed in transferring control from workers to management. He set out to increase the distinction between mental (planning work) and manual labor (executing work). Detailed plans, specifying the job and how it was to be done, were to be formulated by management and communicated to the workers.The introduction of his system was often resented by workers and provoked numerous strikes. The strike at Watertown Arsenal led to the congressional investigation in 1912. <mask> believed the laborer was worthy of his hire, and pay was linked to productivity. His workers were able to earn substantially more than those under conventional management, and this earned him enemies among the owners of factories where scientific management was not in use. Rhetorical techniques
<mask> promised to reconcile labor and capital. Scholarly debate about increased efficiency moving pig iron at Bethlehem's Iron and Steel
Debate about <mask>'s Bethlehem study of workers, particularly the stereotypical laborer "Schmidt", continues to this day. One 2009 study supports assertions <mask> made about the quite substantial increase in productivity, for even the most basic task of picking up, carrying and dropping pigs of iron.Management theory
<mask> thought that by analysing work, the "one best way" to do it would be found. He is most remembered for developing the

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 stopwatch time study, which, combined with Frank Gilbreth's motion study methods, later became the field of time and motion study. He broke a job into its component parts and measured each to the hundredth of a minute. One of his most famous studies involved shovels. He noticed that workers used the same shovel for all materials. He determined that the most effective load was 21½ pounds, and found or designed shovels that for each material would scoop up that amount. He was generally unsuccessful in getting his concepts applied, and was dismissed from Bethlehem Iron Company/Bethlehem Steel Company.Nevertheless, <mask> was able to convince workers who used shovels and whose compensation was tied to how much they produced to adopt his advice about the optimum way to shovel by breaking the movements down into their component elements and recommending better ways to perform these movements. It was largely through his disciples' efforts (most notably Henry Gantt's) that industry came to implement his ideas. Moreover, the book he wrote after parting company with the Bethlehem company, Shop Management, sold well. Relations with ASME
<mask>'s written works were designed for presentation to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). These include Notes on Belting (1894), A Piece-Rate System (1895), Shop Management (1903), Art of Cutting Metals (1906), and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911). <mask> was president of the ASME from 1906 to 1907. While president, he tried to implement his system into the management of the ASME but met with much resistance.He was able to reorganize only the publications department and that only partially. He also forced out the ASME's longtime secretary, Morris Llewellyn Cooke, and replaced him with Calvin W. Rice. His tenure as president was

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 trouble-ridden and marked the beginning of a period of internal dissension within the ASME during the Progressive Age. In 1911, <mask> collected a number of his articles into a book-length manuscript, which he submitted to the ASME for publication. The ASME formed an ad hoc committee to review the text. The committee included <mask> allies such as James Mapes Dodge and Henry R. Towne. The committee delegated the report to the editor of the American Machinist, Leon P. Alford.Alford was a critic of the <mask> system and his report was negative. The committee modified the report slightly, but accepted Alford's recommendation not to publish <mask>'s book. <mask> angrily withdrew the book and published Principles without ASME approval. <mask> published the trade book himself in 1912. <mask>'s influence

United States

Carl G. Barth helped <mask> to develop speed-and-feed-calculating slide rules to a previously unknown level of usefulness. Similar aids are still used in machine shops today. Barth became an early consultant on scientific management and later taught at Harvard.H. L. Gantt developed the Gantt chart, a visual aid for scheduling tasks and displaying the flow of work. Harrington Emerson introduced scientific management to the railroad industry, and proposed the dichotomy of staff versus line employees, with the former advising the latter. Morris Cooke adapted scientific management to educational and municipal organizations. Hugo Münsterberg created industrial psychology. Lillian Gilbreth introduced psychology to management studies. Frank Gilbreth (husband of Lillian) discovered scientific management while working in the construction industry, eventually developing motion studies independently of <mask>. These logically complemented <mask>'s time studies, as time and motion are

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 two sides of the efficiency improvement coin.The two fields eventually became time and motion study. Harvard University, one of the first American universities to offer a graduate degree in business management in 1908, based its first-year curriculum on <mask>'s scientific management. Harlow S. Person, as dean of Dartmouth's Amos Tuck School of Administration and Finance, promoted the teaching of scientific management. James O. McKinsey, professor of accounting at the University of Chicago and founder of the consulting firm bearing his name, advocated budgets as a means of assuring accountability and of measuring performance. France
In France, Le Chatelier translated <mask>'s work and introduced scientific management throughout government owned plants during World War I. This influenced the French theorist Henri Fayol, whose 1916 Administration Industrielle et Générale emphasized organizational structure in management. In the classic General and Industrial Management, Fayol wrote that "<mask>'s approach differs from the one we have outlined in that he examines the firm from the 'bottom up.'He starts with the most elemental units of activity – the workers' actions – then studies the effects of their actions on productivity, devises new methods for making them more efficient, and applies what he learns at lower levels to the hierarchy..." He suggests that <mask> has staff analysts and advisors working with individuals at lower levels of the organization to identify the ways to improve efficiency. According to Fayol, the approach results in a "negation of the principle of unity of command." Fayol criticized <mask>'s functional management in this way: In Shop Management,  <mask> said « ... the most marked outward characteristics of functional management lies in the fact that each

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 workman, instead of coming in direct contact with the management at one point only, ... receives his daily orders and help from eight different bosses... these eight were (1) route clerks, (2) instruction card men, (3) cost and time clerks, (4) gang bosses, (5) speed bosses, (6) inspectors, (7) repair bosses, and the (8) shop disciplinarian. » Fayol said that this was an unworkable situation and that <mask> must have reconciled the differences in some way not described in <mask>'s works. Around 1922 the journalist Paulette Bernège became interested in <mask>'s theories, which were popular in France in the post-war period. Bernège became the faithful disciple of the Domestic Sciences Movement that <mask> had launched earlier in the United States, which Bernège adapted to French homes. <mask> had transferred the concepts of Taylorism from the factory to domestic work.These included suitable tools, rational study of movements and timing of tasks. Scientific standards for housework were derived from scientific standards for workshops, intended to streamline the work of a housewife. The Comité national de l'organisation française (CNOF) was founded in 1925 by a group of journalists and consulting engineers who saw Taylorism as a way to expand their client base. Founders included prominent engineers such as Henry Louis Le Châtelier and Léon Guillet. Bernège's Institute of Housekeeping Organization participated in various congresses on the scientific organization of work that led up to the founding of the CNOF, and in 1929 led to a section in CNOF on domestic economy. Great Britain
Older historical accounts used to suggest that British industry had less interest in <mask>'s teachings than in similarly sized countries. More recent research has revealed that British engineers and managers

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 were as interested as in other countries.This disparity was largely due to what historians have been analysing: recent research has revealed that <mask>'s practices diffused to Britain more through consultancies, in particular the Bedaux consultancy, than through institutions, as in Germany and to a lesser extent France, where a mixture was most effective. Particularly enthusiastic were the Cadbury family, Seebohm Rowntree, Oliver Sheldon and Lyndall Urwick. In addition to establishing a consultancy to implement <mask>'s system, Urwick, Orr & Partners, Urwick was also a key historian of F.W. <mask> and scientific management, publishing The Making of Scientific Management trilogy in the 1940s and The Golden Book of Management in 1956. Switzerland
In Switzerland, the American Edward Albert Filene established the International Management Institute to spread information about management techniques. Lyndall Urwick was its director until the IMI closed in 1933. USSR
In the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin was very impressed by Taylorism, which he and other Bolshevik leaders tried to incorporate into Soviet manufacturing.When Joseph Stalin took power in the 1920s, he championed the theory of "Socialism in one country" which denied that the Soviet economy needed foreign help to develop, and open advocates of Western management techniques fell into disfavor. No longer celebrated by Soviet leadership, Taylorism and the mass production methods of Henry Ford remained silent influences during the industrialization of the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, "[...] <mask>'s methods have never really taken root in the Soviet Union." The voluntaristic approach of Stalin's Stakhanovite movement in the 1930s, fixated on setting individual records, was intrinsically opposed to <mask>'s systematic approach and

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 proved to be counter-productive. The stop-and-go of the production process – workers having nothing to do at the beginning of a month and 'storming' during illegal extra shifts at the end of the month – which prevailed even in the 1980s had nothing to do with the successfully taylorized plants e.g., of Toyota which are characterized by continuous production processes (heijunka) which are continuously improved (kaizen). "The easy availability of replacement labor, which allowed <mask> to choose only 'first-class men,' was an important condition for his system's success." The situation in the Soviet Union was very different."Because work is so unrhythmic, the rational manager will hire more workers than he would need if supplies were even in order to have enough for storming. Because of the continuing labor shortage, managers are happy to pay needed workers more than the norm, either by issuing false job orders, assigning them to higher skill grades than they deserve on merit criteria, giving them 'loose' piece rates, or making what is supposed to be 'incentive' pay, premia for good work, effectively part of the normal wage. As Mary McAuley has suggested under these circumstances piece rates are not an incentive wage, but a way of justifying giving workers whatever they 'should' be getting, no matter what their pay is supposed to be according to the official norms." <mask> and his theories are also referenced (and put to practice) in the 1921 dystopian novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin. Canada
In the early 1920s, the Canadian textile industry was re-organized according to scientific management principles. In 1928, workers at Canada Cotton Ltd. in Hamilton, Ontario went on strike against newly introduced Taylorist work methods. Also, Henry Gantt, who was a close associate of <mask>,


texts:
 re-organized the Canadian Pacific Railway.With the prevalence of US branch plants in Canada and close economic and cultural ties between the two countries, the sharing of business practices, including Taylorism, has been common. The Taylor Society and its legacy
The Taylor Society was founded in 1912 by <mask>'s allies to promote his values and influence. A decade after <mask>'s death in 1915 the Taylor Society had 800 members, including many leading U.S. industrialists and managers. In 1936 the Society merged with the Society of Industrial Engineers, forming the Society for Advancement of Management, which still exists today. Criticism of <mask>
Many of the critiques of <mask> come from Marxists. The earliest was by Antonio Gramsci, an Italian Communist, in his Prison Notebooks (1937). Gramsci argued that Taylorism subordinates the  workers to management.He also argued that the repetitive work produced by Taylorism might actually give rise to revolutionary thoughts in workers' minds. Harry Braverman's work Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, published in 1974, was critical of scientific management and of <mask> in particular. This work pioneered the field of Labor Process Theory as well as contributing to the historiography of the workplace. Management theorist Henry Mintzberg is highly critical of <mask>'s methods. Mintzberg states that an obsession with efficiency allows measurable benefits to overshadow less quantifiable social benefits completely, and social values get left behind. <mask>'s methods have also been challenged by socialists. Their arguments relate to progressive defanging of workers in the workplace and the subsequent degradation of work as management, powered by capital, uses <mask>'s methods to render work repeatable and


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 precise yet monotonous and skill-reducing.James W. Rinehart argued that <mask>'s methods of transferring control over production from workers to management, and the division of labor into simple tasks, intensified the alienation of workers that had begun with the factory system of production around the period 1870 to 1890. Criticism of <mask> and the Japanese model, according to Kōnosuke Matsushita:

"We are going to win and the industrial west is going to lose out; ... the reasons for failure are within yourselves. Your firms are built on the <mask> model. Even worse, so are your heads. With your bosses doing the thinking while workers wield the screwdrivers, you’re convinced deep down that it is the right way to run a business. For the essence of management is getting ideas out of the heads of the bosses and into the heads of labour. We are beyond your mindset.Business, we know, is now so complex and difficult, the survival of firms so hazardous in an environment increasingly unpredictable, competitive and fraught with danger, that their continued existence depends on the day-to-day mobilisation of every ounce of intelligence." (See https://vanguard-method.net/library/management-thinkers/konosuke-matsushita/)

Tennis and golf accomplishments
<mask> was an accomplished tennis and golf player. He and Clarence Clark won the inaugural United States National tennis doubles championship at Newport Casino in 1881, defeating Alexander Van Rensselaer and Arthur Newbold in straight sets. In the 1900 Summer Olympics, <mask> finished fourth in golf. Publications
Books:
 1903, 1911. Shop management, by <mask> <mask> ... with an introduction by Henry R. Towne .... New York, London, Harper & Brothers. 1911.The Principles of Scientific Management. New York and London, Harper & Brothers. 1911. A

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 treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced: materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete. (2d ed). New York, J. Wiley & Sons. 1912.Concrete costs. New York, J. Wiley & Sons. Articles, a selection:
 1894. "Notes on Belting," Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XV, 1893, pp. 204–259. 1895."A Piece-rate System" in: The adjustment of wages to efficiency; three papers ....
 1903. "Shop management," Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 24: 1337-480
 1906. "On the Art of Cutting Metals," Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XXVIII, 1906, pp. 31–350. References

Sources

Atta, Don Van (1986), "Why Is There No Taylorism in the Soviet Union?" in: Comparative Politics, Vol.18, No. 3. (Apr. 1986), pp. 327–337
Copley, Frank Barkley, <mask><mask>, Father of Scientific Management (Harper and Brothers, 1923) 2 vols. online at Archive.org
Head, Simon (2005), The new ruthless economy. Work and power in the digital age, Oxford University Press, Paperback Edition

Epstein, Marc J."<mask>, <mask> (1856-1915)." In History of Accounting: An International Encyclopedia, edited by Michael Chatfield and Richard Vangermeersch. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. pp. 579–580. Fayol, H. (1987). General and industrial management: Henri Fayol's classic revised by Irwin Gray. Belmont, CA: David S. Lake Publishers.Montgomery, David (1989), The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925, Cambridge University Press, Paperback edition

Further reading
Aitken, Hugh (1960), Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal. Scientific management in action, 1908–1915, Harvard UPCompara
Braverman, Harry (1974) Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth

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 Century (Monthly Review Press, New York, 1974)

Copley, Frank Barkley (1923) <mask><mask>, Father of Scientific Management (Harper and Brothers, 1923) 2 vols. online at Archive.org

Kanigel, Robert (1997) The one best way: <mask> <mask> and the enigma of efficiency (London : Little, Brown)

Primary sources

<mask>, <mask>, Scientific Management (includes "Shop Management" (1903), "The Principles of Scientific Management" (1911) and "Testimony Before the Special House Committee" (1912)), Routledge, 2003,

External links

 Special Collections – F.W. Taylor Collection , Stevens Institute of Technology has an extensive collection at its library

American industrial engineers
American mechanical engineers
American steel industry businesspeople
1856 births
1915 deaths
American business theorists
American management consultants
Bethlehem Steel people
Motivational theories
Patternmakers (industrial)
Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Public administration scholars
Quality experts
Amateur golfers
American male golfers
American male tennis players
American people of English descent
Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery
Germantown Academy alumni
Golfers at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Golfers from Philadelphia
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Deaths from pneumonia in Pennsylvania
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Olympic golfers of the United States
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Stevens Institute of Technology alumni
Tennis players from Philadelphia
Time and motion study
Tuck School of Business faculty
United States National champions (tennis)
19th-century male tennis players
19th-century American engineers
20th-century American engineers
19th-century American writers
20th-century American

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<mask> (June 30, 1931 – April 20, 2007) was an American jazz pianist and composer. Jazz critic John Fordham described <mask> as a "uniquely gifted composer, pianist and educator" although "his status remained largely inside knowledge in the jazz world for most of his career." <mask> recorded for Blue Note Records for nearly a decade, producing a dozen albums. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois (not in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, nor was he born in 1937, as was reported by many earlier jazz reference books), to William and <mask>. He had a brother, Robert, who was a singer and classical violin player. <mask> took up the piano at the age of thirteen, and was encouraged by Earl Hines. As a child, he attended the University of Chicago Experimental School.He was referred by jazz composer Bill Russo to Paul Hindemith, with whom he studied informally until 1952. While a teenager, he performed in rhythm and blues bands and with touring jazz musicians, including Charlie Parker and Miles Davis. <mask> recalls some of his experience as a youngster, during a 1964 interview with Leonard Feather: "I started out in music as a boy soprano, singing and playing the accordion, and tap dancing. I had a little act and made quite a few of the talent shows around town from 1943 until 1947. I won turkeys at two Thanksgiving parties at the Regal Theatre," parties sponsored by the newspaper Chicago Defender, which <mask> coincidentally used to sell on the streets. Career
In 1950, <mask> learned his first blues changes on the piano from the saxophonist Pat Patrick and in 1953, he played his first professional job as a musician, with Paul Williams' band. "At that time", he recalls, "I was

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texts: playing baritone sax as well as piano."During the next few years, the piano gigs brought him into contact with many musicians, some of whom became relevant influences: Joe Segal and Barry Harris, among others. In 1961, after travelling as an accompanist for Dinah Washington, the young pianist settled in New York City in 1961, where he worked for Johnny Hartman and Al Hibbler, then briefly moved to Los Angeles County, where he worked with Roland Kirk's quartet and at the jazz club Lighthouse Café, in Hermosa Beach. <mask> first recorded as a sideman in 1954, but his reputation was made by his Blue Note recordings as leader from 1963 to 1970, which featured several other important post-bop musicians including Joe Chambers, Richard Davis, Eric Dolphy, Bobby Hutcherson, Joe Henderson, Freddie Hubbard, Elvin Jones, Woody Shaw, Tony Williams, and John Gilmore. <mask> also played on albums by Henderson, Hutcherson, and Hank Mobley. His compositions accounted for three of the five pieces on Bobby Hutcherson's Dialogue album. <mask> rarely worked as a sideman after the 1960s, preferring to play his own compositions. This may have limited his public exposure.He later taught in California and held a tenure-track faculty appointment at Portland State University from 1989 to 1996. While at PSU, he established a Summer Jazz Intensive program, in addition to performing, conducting workshops and attending residencies at Wesleyan University, the University of Michigan, the University of Toronto, Harvard University, Bennington College and other schools. <mask>'s album Dusk was selected best album of 2001 by both DownBeat and JazzTimes; and in 2003, <mask> received the Jazzpar Prize. <mask>'s earlier

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 work also received renewed attention as a result of the belated release of several unissued sessions recorded in the 1960s for Blue Note, notably the ambitious large-group date Passing Ships. In 2004, he appeared on SOLOS: The Jazz Sessions. As a consequence of his renewed prominence, a new Blue Note album titled Time Lines was released on February 21, 2006. His final public performance was on March 29, 2007 at Trinity Church in New York City.Private life
It was while working at the Lighthouse Café, in Hermosa Beach that he met his future wife, Laverne Gillette, at the time an organist at the Red Carpet. They married in 1963 and moved to New York. Laverne died following a long illness in California, where the couple had settled, in 1989. He married dancer/educator Joanne Robinson <mask> in Portland in 1992. They moved to New York City in 1995. From 2000, <mask> and his wife lived in Jersey City, New Jersey. <mask> suffered from lung cancer during the last years of his life.He died at his home in Jersey City, New Jersey. In May 2007, he became the first person to receive a posthumous honorary doctorate from Berklee College of Music. Playing style
<mask>'s main influences were pianists Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell and Art Tatum. "Monk's like Ravel and Debussy to me, in that he put a lot of personality into his playing [...] it's the personality of music which makes it, finally," he said in a 1963 interview with A. B. Spellman. Powell was an even greater influence, but <mask> thought that his music was a dead end: "If you stay with Bud too much, you'll always sound like him, even if you're doing something he never did." <mask> referred to Tatum as the epitome of "all modern piano

masks:
Hill
Hill
Andrew Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill


texts:
<mask> (born 23 June 1961) is a Scottish journalist, broadcaster and Scottish National Party (SNP) politician. Since the 2019 general election he has been the SNP Member of Parliament (MP) for Ochil and South Perthshire. He was previously the MP for East Dunbartonshire, having been elected at the 2015 general election, and defeated at the 2017 general election. He is the SNP Shadow Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, a member of the House of Commons Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee and Depute Chair of the APPG on Global LGBT+ Rights. Early life
<mask> was born in Glasgow, the son of <mask> and <mask>. His ancestry is Hebridean and Orcadian on his father's side. His mother came from Scotstoun in Glasgow.His father died of lung cancer when he was at school. He won a bursary to Hutchesons' Grammar School. <mask> is the first generation of his family to go to university. He graduated from the University of Glasgow with a MA (Hons.) in English literature and Politics. He was awarded a Kennedy Scholarship for postgraduate study in the United States, and was Harkness Fellow in American Government at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard. He was a member of Adams House at Harvard.As a student, he won the Scottish, British Isles Observer Mace (now the <mask> Memorial Mace), and World Universities Debating Championship in the same year, winning the World Championship with his debate partner Frank McKirgan at Princeton University, New Jersey. He returned to the Glasgow University Union in 2012 to debate against other former World Universities' Championship winners on a motion welcoming Scottish independence. After Harvard, he worked as a speechwriter on Capitol Hill for Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Democrat, New York) specialising in Israel-Palestinian issues, the Irish peace process, and gun control. Broadcasting career

BBC
While a student, <mask> appeared on BBC Scotland's Mr Speaker Sir – a series pitting

masks:
John MacKenzie Nicolson
John Nicolson
John Donald Nicolson
Marion Nicolson
Nicolson
John Smith
John Nicolson


texts:
 undergraduate debaters against prominent politicians and public figures. He went on to replace Magnus Magnusson as presenter of the show. He returned from Washington D.C. to work full-time for the BBC when offered a job presenting the network 'DEF 2' youth strand discussion programme 'Open to Question'. After three series he moved to London as one of the launch reporters for the BBC's flagship Sunday politics programme On the Record.He made the pivotal documentary 'A Question of Consent' for the BBC's Public Eye. The documentary examined the discriminatory laws targeting gay men in the UK, and asked why the Conservative Party continued to support them. He went on to work as a reporter for a range of high-profile BBC news and current affairs shows including Panorama, Assignment, and Newsnight. He also presented Watchdog Healthcheck on BBC1, appeared as a panellist on Radio 4's comedy show The News Quiz and was a guest reporter on both the BBC's arts magazine The Late Show and its travel show Holiday. He was a correspondent on numerous live General Election, European Election, and Budget programmes. He was the BBC presenter on 11 September 2001 when the Twin Towers in New York were attacked, anchoring and providing live commentary on BBC News 24 and BBC One – a broadcast which won the BBC a Foreign Press Association award for best live breaking news coverage. Of the broadcast, <mask> has said, "My time on air seemed dream like, with hours passing in an instant, and yet individual moments seeming to linger endlessly."ITV
After more than fifteen years at the BBC, <mask> moved to ITV as a presenter, anchoring both ITV 1 news bulletins, and the ITV News Channel show Live with <mask>, a three-hour morning news magazine. Other media work
<mask> has written for a wide range of newspapers and magazines including The Times, The Herald, The New York Times, The Boston Globe, The Sunday Times, The Sunday Telegraph, The Guardian, New Statesman, The Daily Record,

masks:
Nicolson
Nicolson
John Nicolson
John Nicolson


texts:
 and the Harvard International Review. He appeared as himself in The Trial of Tony Blair for Channel 4. He has worked as a radio presenter for BBC Radio Scotland, BBC Radio 4 where he presented The Westminster Hour, and BBC Radio 5. He is a regular commentator on UK politics for American audiences on the Cumulus Media Networks radio programme The John Batchelor Show. He presented the daily breakfast '<mask>lson and Jane Moore Show' on LBC 97.3 and has, since 2017, been the host of The Week with <mask> on Talkradio. His final Talk Radio show was on Sunday 28 March 2021.He has been one of the SNP's most prominent media spokespeople since being elected to Parliament in 2015 with regular appearances on The Andrew Marr Show, Question Time, Any Questions?, This Week with Andrew Neil, Westminster Hour on Radio 4, Channel 4 News and The Wright Stuff on Channel 5. During his campaign to be re-elected in 2017, <mask> told The Irish Times, "People like that they can see me on the telly, talking about East Dunbartonshire." In 2020 <mask> worked 98 and a half hours for News UK – three hours each Sunday – as a journalist. He declared outside earnings of £19,700, amounting to an hourly wage of £200. In 2021 his contract with the outlet was terminated, something he alleged was due to an editorial desire for "uniform views". Political career

Early career
<mask> joined the Scottish National Party aged 16, but let his membership lapse whilst working as a BBC and ITV journalist. He rejoined the party in the run up to the Scottish independence referendum.He was a member of the National Collective, the cultural movement campaigning for Scottish independence during Scotland's Referendum. Member of Parliament for East Dunbartonshire (2015–17)
Ahead of the 2015 United Kingdom general election, <mask> took part in SNP candidate selection contests in Linlithgow and East Falkirk, North Ayshire and Arran, Midlothian and West Dunbartonshire and East Dunbartonshire. Upon being

masks:
John Nico
John Nicolson
Nicolson
Nicolson
John Nicolson
Nicolson


texts: selected as the SNP candidate for East Dunbartonshire, <mask> withdrew his candidacies in the other seats. He became an MP after defeating the sitting MP, Jo Swinson, in the 2015 general election. <mask> was appointed Shadow SNP Spokesperson for Culture, Media and Sport shortly after his election. A strong supporter of public service broadcasting, he led the campaign at Westminster to prevent Channel 4 from being privatised. He also campaigned for the establishment of a separate BBC Scottish Six O'Clock News – a proposal which won the unanimous support of members of the Commons Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee on which he sat.The BBC subsequently announced a separate Scottish channel with a 9 o'clock news hour. <mask> used his position to cross examine the BBC Chair Rona Fairhead, revealing the unorthodox way in which she had been appointed without due process. She withdrew her candidacy for the new BBC Board shortly afterwards. He also proposed that the BBC publish all presenter pay, arguing that it would reveal some hugely inflated salaries, a shortage of BME presenters at the top of the BBC earnings league, and a significant gender pay gap. His proposal was accepted by the DCMS Select Committee, and the Government. When BBC presenter salaries were subsequently published there was public controversy as a significant underpayment of women at the corporation was revealed. As a member of the DCMS Select Committee, <mask> used the platform to talk about homophobia in sport, persuading the committee to launch an inquiry.He was also actively involved in the parliamentary inquiries into "fake news", the abuse of ticket sales by touts, complaints against the press, combating doping in sport, and the impact of Brexit on the creative industries, tourism and the digital single market. An opponent of Brexit, <mask> campaigned for Scotland to remain in the Single Market. A supporter of Palestinian rights and an independent homeland for the

masks: Nicolson Nicolson Nicolson Nicolson Nicolson


texts: Palestinian people, <mask> visited Israel and the Palestine territories with Medical Aid for Palestinians and the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding soon after his election. In 2016, <mask> put forward a Private Member's Bill for an "Alan Turing law" which would retrospectively pardon all gay men who had been convicted of offences no longer on the statute books. The Conservative government initially promised to support his proposed legislation, but then reversed its position following Theresa May's election as Conservative leader, causing a number of Tory MPs to condemn their own front bench as untrustworthy. <mask>'s bill was filibustered by Conservative government Justice Minister Sam Gyimah. The SNP Scottish Government subsequently announced that it would pick up and pass a Scottish version of the bill with all party support at Holyrood.In 2016, The Herald newspaper dubbed him "bottom of the league for written questions", after reporting that he had submitted fewer than any other newly elected SNP MP. Commenting on the story, the Scottish National Party said this was "traditional for senior frontbenchers who can question ministers in other ways." In 2016, <mask> repeatedly criticised on social media STV's Digital Politics and Comment Editor, Stephen Daisley, who had published critical opinion pieces about the SNP. He tweeted: "[Daisley] is meant to be a neutral journalist – not an activist." <mask> and another SNP MP, Pete Wishart, complained about him to STV bosses and Daisley alleges he was told, "We can't afford to have a member of the Culture, Media and Sport Committee complaining about us." Daisley stopped writing opinion pieces for STV and <mask> and Wishart were accused of "gagging" him. However, the SNP said: "At no point did they ask for Mr Daisley to stop writing and any suggestion otherwise is completely untrue.Any editorial decisions are entirely a matter for STV." STV denied censoring any of its journalists.

masks: Nicolson Nicolson Nicolson Nicolson Nicolson Nicolson


texts:
 <mask> described the 2017 campaign against him by the Liberal Democrats in East Dunbartonshire as "relentlessly negative". However, 61% of <mask>'s constituents in East Dunbartonshire had voted for the Union in 2014 and, amid strong opposition to a second independence referendum from voters, Jo Swinson retook the seat with a majority of 5,339 over the SNP. East Dunbartonshire was one of 21 SNP seats lost on election night as the party's vote dropped nationwide by 13%. The election was investigated by Police Scotland who launched an inquiry into Swinson's election expenses, though later said they were “unable to establish criminality". Member of Parliament for Ochil and South Perthshire (2019–present)

At the 2019 general election, <mask> stood as the SNP candidate in Ochil and South Perthshire.During the 2019 general election campaign, <mask> was heckled at a hustings in Alloa after telling the audience, "Only the Scottish National Party can beat the Tories here in East Dunbartonshire." Afterwards, <mask> said "I made a slip of the tongue. We're all human." He gained the seat from Luke Graham with a majority of 4,498. As a member of the DCMS Committee, <mask> has taken evidence from witnesses and cross-examined ministers as part of inquiries on a number of issues including public service broadcasting, the economics of music streaming, concussion in sport and the impact of Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic on culture and the arts. Following an exchange between <mask> MP and BBC Director-General Tim Davie on the DCMS Committee, the BBC revealed it had spent in excess of a million pounds on external lawyers fighting women and BAME staff over equal pay and race discrimination cases. During the first coronavirus lockdown, <mask> fundraised to donate tablet devices to hospitals serving constituents of Ochil and South Perthshire, so that patients in COVID-19 ICU wards could stay in contact with friends and family members.He said, "Having my own mum in

masks:
Nicolson
Nicolson
Nicolson
Nicolson
Nicolson
John Nicolson
John Nicolson
Nicolson


texts:
 hospital recently brought home to me again how important it is for patients to be able to stay in touch with relatives and friends, especially now that hospital visits aren’t possible." As a result of the coronavirus pandemic, in-person constituency surgeries were not permitted and <mask> became the first parliamentarian in Britain to launch an automated 'virtual surgery' booking system. In March 2021 <mask> called for a debate in parliament on the disposal of unexploded mines and bombs on the seabed left there during the World Wars: "These explosions will kill any sea life nearby. If they do not die instantly, the pressure wave causes traumatic harm, such as lesions, haemorrhages and decompression sickness." Personal life
In 1999, when he was a presenter on BBC Breakfast, <mask> came out as gay in various newspapers. He was the first BBC network television presenter to do so. He told the House of Commons that although the decision was tough, and not welcomed by his bosses at the BBC who were unsupportive, he is glad that he made it."I've lost track of the number of people who've told me subsequently that when I came out in the papers they told their parents. Gay kids should have role models. They should know that being gay doesn't stop you doing anything as an adult." <mask> lives with his long-term partner Juliano Zini in Bearsden. <mask> is a landlord. References

External links

 profile on SNP website

 <mask> on talkRADIO

Alumni of the University of Glasgow
BBC newsreaders and journalists
BBC World News
Harkness Fellows
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
ITN newsreaders and journalists
LGBT politicians from Scotland
LGBT writers from Scotland
Gay politicians
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Glasgow constituencies
Politicians from Glasgow
Scottish National Party MPs
Scottish television journalists
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2019–present
LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
1961 births
People educated

masks:
Nicolson
Nicolson
Nicolson
Nicolson
Nicolson
John Nicolson


texts: <mask> (June 11, 1912 – June 10, 2001) was a journalist with a long and distinguished career as a reporter, correspondent, and syndicated columnist in Washington, DC. Later in life she transitioned to a career as a psychic and authored a number of books on metaphysical and New Age subjects. The polar shift of the early 21st century was among many predictions made by a spirit guide group from whom she regularly translated messages. She was a biographer of paranormal medium Jeane Dixon and a protégée of Arthur Ford, who claimed that he, like Edgar Cayce, could access the Akashic Records (or database) of the Universe. Soon after meeting celebrity medium Arthur Ford, <mask> began automatic writing, first with a pencil and later with a typewriter, and said she was able to communicate with Ford after his passing. These post-mortem communications became the basis for a lengthy series of books which resulted in her achieving minor celebrity status, when <mask> became a regular on the morning talk show circuit. During the 1960s and 1970s she became a household name.<mask>, whose prolific New Age writings earned her a loyal and enthusiastic following, believed her mission on Earth was to educate the public regarding her views on life after death, which is not uncommon among spiritualists. She also studied reincarnation and came to believe that mental and physical illnesses often have their origins in past lives. <mask> wrote of such things as birth marks indicating the possible sites of past life injuries and commented that often children born with serious defects or illnesses are in fact repaying debts incurred in previous existences. Her books sometimes discussed the past lives of the famous among her contemporaries, stating that Ernest Hemingway had once been a Hun warrior and that in a previous incarnation Jacqueline Kennedy was a famed French queen. <mask> was a believer in the existence of extraterrestrial contact

masks:
Ruth Shick Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery


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 and documented meetings she had with non-human aliens on a number of occasions, particularly when she resided in Mexico in the 1970s. With other like-minded mystics, <mask> founded the Association for Past Life Research and Therapy. Her many books (allegedly channeled via automatic writing from her spirit guides) popularized spiritualist notions in public consciousness in the 1960s through the 1990s, and paved the way for what is now known as the New Age movement.<mask> is particularly noted for documenting the walk-in theory whereby a person's soul can depart a hurt or anguished body and be replaced with a new soul which overtakes the body. In her writings she presented an extensive list of present-day and historical individuals she said were examples of "walk-ins" including several US presidents. Journalism
<mask> began her long journalism profession as a cub reporter for Waco-News-Tribune while receiving her education at Baylor University (1930–1935). Later she graduated from Purdue University (1934) and began work as a reporter on the Louisville Herald-Post. In 1943, she became the first female reporter in the Washington bureau of the New York Daily News, and embarked on her extensive Washington, DC career. She covered notable foreign affairs (the Berlin Airlift among them), was a syndicated columnist for Hearst Headlines and United Press International and was a well-read correspondent with the International News Service. At Franklin D. Roosevelt's funeral, <mask> was the only female of the 12 invited reporters.In 1950, while a reporter for the New York Daily News, she was voted president of the Women's National Press Club. In 1959, she was a member of then Vice-president Richard Nixon's press corps on his tour of Russia. <mask> wrote of her 25 years covering Washington in her 1970 book, “Hail to the Chiefs; My Life and Times with Six Presidents”. <mask> wrote annual newspaper columns listing predictions

masks: Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery


texts:
 by psychic Jeane Dixon beginning in 1952. In 1962, “Once There was a Nun: Mary McCarran's Years as Sister Mary Mercy” was published and thus began <mask>'s long career as a non-fiction author. In 1965 her book, “A Gift of Prophecy” about Jeane Dixon was published and became a best-seller, selling over 3 million copies. <mask> retired from her journalism career in 1969.As part of their Texas Collection, the Archives Division at Baylor University contains a research collection which include papers of <mask>. She held honorary doctor of law degrees from Baylor University and Ashland College. Past Life Regression

In her book A World Beyond, <mask> revealed that in a past incarnation she had been alive during the time of Christ and known as Lazarus' third sister <mask>, who is not mentioned in the Bible. As this woman, <mask> claims to have witnessed Jesus' circumcision. Predictions

Echoing the earlier predictions of Edgar Cayce, <mask> believed that ancient advanced civilizations of Mu and Atlantis had destroyed themselves thousands of years in the pre-history of modern man. <mask> claimed we would see remnants of the lost continent of Atlantis rise from the sea after a "Polar Shift" which she foretold coming to pass in 1999. <mask> predicted in the 1970s (with the help of her supposed spirit guides) that World War III would begin in the mid-1980s when a brush-fire conflict, started by Ethiopian strongman Mengistu Haile Mariam, would spread first to the Middle East, and then Europe.<mask>'s "guides" stated that humans have free will and can make their own decisions regarding their destiny, and after the failure of her predictions regarding global strife, she attributed her error to this cause. <mask> also predicted that Ronald Reagan would be a one-term President to be followed in 1984 by a big-spending Democrat, and that in the 1970s and 1980s, America would have a "walk-in" as president in the 199 ("unsure

masks: Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Ruth Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery Montgomery


texts:
 which term, 1992 or 1996") before a Polar Shift, which was to happen "in the last months of the century" would eradicate most human life on Earth, and greatly alter existing coastlines. The Guides predicted in her 1999 book The World To Come that the walk-in president would not come until 2008 at the earliest, and therefore the Shift would be delayed until 2010–2012 at least. The potential catastrophe of the shift was also reduced by human free will. Except for Florida and the coast of California, the Guides reported, most of America will survive, a direct contradiction of <mask>'s earlier forecast of significant global destruction in the coming event. Influence in popular culture
<mask>'s book "Aliens Among Us" has been cited by Sammy Hagar as the inspiration for the 1985 Van Halen song "Love Walks In". The book's account of benevolent aliens residing on earth in human form for the purpose of assisting humanity during a critical time is the template for speculation in UFOlogy communities.Alleged extraterrestrial candidates include far-reaching public figures such as technology visionary Steve Jobs, psychic medium Danielle Egnew and the Dalai Lama. Bibliography

<mask> was a prolific writer on the subject of clairvoyance, reincarnation, past life regression, psychic phenomena, and clandestine extraterrestrials, most of which were sold as popular mass market paperbacks. Once There was a Nun: Mary McCarran's years as Sister Mary Mercy (Putnam, 1962)

Mrs. LBJ (Avon, 1964)

A Gift of Prophecy: The Phenomenal Jeane Dixon (William Morrow & Company, 1965) first appeared in a condensed version as story in Reader's Digest entitled "The Crystal Ball" (July 1965). The World to Come: The Guides' Long-Awaited Predictions for the Dawning Age. ;

1912 births
2001 deaths
20th-century apocalypticists
21st-century apocalypticists
New Age writers
American political writers
Pseudohistorians
Atlantis proponents
American

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texts:
<mask> (March 1872 – June 18, 1953) was an attorney and, along with fellow student John Scott, founder of the University of Pittsburgh's football program. Smyers is also considered to be the University's first quarterback. Prep school

Born in Marion Center, Pennsylvania, Smyers attended Bucknell University when it was a college preparatory school during his senior year of 1888-89. At Bucknell, he had an academic average of 9 out of a scale of 10, considered an outstanding academic achievement, in course that included Natural Philosophy, Rhetoric, Algebra, Caesar, Scriptural History, Composition, Declamation, and Elocution. While there, Smyers was involved in an informal football team, not part of the school's regular sports, which was probably learned from older brothers attending other schools and then taught to pals after school. University years

In the fall of 1889, the 130 pound Smyers enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh, then called the Western University of Pennsylvania (WUP), to continue his education. He and senior student John Scott assembled a football team of which only three of the players had previously witnessed the sport.Smyers made himself quarterback and Scott was the center and one informal game was played, a loss to Shadyside Academy in 1889. In preparation for the following season, the first official football season of football recognized by the University of Pittsburgh, <mask> and his teammates took up a collection and purchased a football for practices and games, however players were responsible for their own uniforms and Smyers' own uniform was pieced together by his mother and sister. The first official game for the University was held on October 11, 1890 when the

masks:
Bertrand Hunter Smyers
Smyers


texts: Allegheny Athletic Association's opponent, Shadyside Academy, failed to appear for its game at Exposition Park. Allegheny A.A.  called Smyers who brought the WUP team as a replacement. WUP was defeated 38-0. Smyers' team next faced Washington & Jefferson College, losing 32-0, but closed out its inaugural three game season with a win over Geneva College 10-4. The following season saw Smyers suffer a broken nose in a 40-6 losing effort against Washington and Jefferson and the team finished 2-5 with wins over Western Pennsylvania Medical College, which became affiliated with WUP in 1892 and later merged with the University in 1908 to become its medical school, and Geneva College, who WUP lost two other contests to that same season.Perhaps the most important development for the second season of football had been Smyers recruitment of Joeseph Trees from Normal University of Pennsylvania, who at 210 pounds became WUP's first subsidized athlete. Later in life, Trees made millions in the oil industry and became an important benefactor for the University and athletic department. Today, an athletic facility named Trees Hall still bears his name on the University of Pittsburgh's Oakland campus. In a letter from <mask>, <mask>'s daughter-in-law and wife of son William Hays <mask>, to the University of Pittsburgh in 1990, sent in preparation for celebration of 100 years of football there, further details about <mask> are given, as follows: Once they were near the goal line and having trouble getting over so (<mask>) whispered to his pals just to pick him up bodily and throw him over and he'd hold out the ball. Since he was only about 131 pounds this was easy and they made the touchdown. He told the grandchildren,

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Harriet Smyers
Bert
Smyers
Bert
Bert


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 'I was Pitt's first forward pass.' The flying wedge as I'm sure you know was outlawed because of the serious injuries that resulted.The team locked arms in form of a wedge and plowed through (or over) the opposing team. At one game only 10 men on the (Pitt) team showed up. The opposing team let them "borrow" another man "elsewhere" and make up the 11. Your guess is as good as mine as to where the extra man came from. (<mask>) claimed he was the 2nd strongest man at Pitt. The strongest man could chin himself with ond arm and (<mask>) never managed that. Legacy

A press release from Pitt, circa 1930, gave the following account of <mask>'s place in football history: The man who started football at the University of Pittsburgh (at that time, 1889, Western University of Pennsylvania) is still at it.He is <mask>, attorney, member of the Ohio State Game committee, working to enthuse the followers of the Panthers for the trip to Columbus, Nov. 15. Keen of eye and hard of muscle, though somewhat heavier, Pitt's first quarterback is knee deep in the present campaign, as enthused as he was that fall 41 years ago. He's chairman of the sub-committee working with the former varsity men and managers of which association he also is president. Forty one years ago this fall Smyers, a youth weighing 131 pounds, but hard as nails, arrived at the union station from Marion Center, Indiana County. Money wasn't so plentiful with him so he walked from the station to the university. Walking wasn't much of an item to him, anyhow, as he used to drive a herd of cattle from his home town to a neighboring town, walking both ways a total of fourteen miles. And he did that three times a week at $1.25 per trip.It was this walking

masks:
Bert
Bert
Bert
Bert Smyers


texts:
 schedule that made his legs so hard and his wind so good. And it was working about his father's blacksmith shop the other three days that hardened the muscles in his arms and shoulders. Those muscles are still hard. Arriving at the university <mask> was the inspiration for a football team, the first on the hill... where now one of the finest stadiums in the country stands and where one of the nation's greatest teams holds forth. "I played four years, as did most of the boys... And the last two years nearly all of us wore beards or moustaches. Football didn't bring in any revenue then. When we started the game we started very modestly.The boys had to supply their own equipment. I had no money to spend recklessly so I wrote home to mother and told her I needed a pair of football pants and she made them by cutting off the legs of an old gray pair and putting rubber elastic around the knees. The stockings were contributed by my sister. The girls wore heavier stockings than they do now. Football players wore jackets and I tried to describe in a letter to my mother that they were made of canvas. But all the canvas they had was some canvas from some old oat sacks around the barn. So she made me a vest of that with laces from an old corset and I was all ready to play!It was a lot of fun even if the game was not so well organized as today. We played the teams of this section, colleges, prep schools, clubs, etc...."

Personal life

<mask> was married to Flora Bell Hays, on 20 July 1898 at Allegheny. He enjoyed target shooting with his sons. Based on the obituary of son <mask>., Smyers was also the village blacksmith in Marion Center. <mask> died on June 18, 1953 at Pittsburgh, and is buried at Marion Center

masks:
Bert
Smyers
Bertrand Jr
Bertrand


texts:
 Cemetery. Smyers had 3 sons:  <mask>., William, and Edward. <mask>'s daughter-in-law Harriet also recalled in a letter an incident later in <mask>'s life when he was 60:Once at a Rotary Club picnic they had a contest to see who could climb furthest up the flag pole.The pole was over 100 feet tall and so wide for the first few feet that his arms could not reach around it. He had to grip it with his legs and arms alternately inching up by grasping the pole with his thighs, reaching up with his arms to get a higher hold and holding with his arms while he moved his legs up an inch or two. He stopped at 60 feet and won the contest. He said he could have gone further but since he was 60 years old that year it seemed a good place to stop. He played tennis every Saturday from April to November and once, when in his 60s beat the Pittsburgh High School Tennis champion at an informal set....

A clipping from "The Rotarian" from 1947, six years prior to his death, had the following to say about <mask>ers: Busy Bert. Although writing doggerel is one of his hobbies, BERT H. SMYERS, a member of the Rotary Club of Pittsburgh, Pa., keeps more active physically than many men half his age. Last August, at age 75, he "caught" a game of soft ball at a Rotary picnic, played three sets of tennis, won a prize in a horse-shoe pitching contest, and won another prize in a waltz contest on the dance floor that evening.He is the only surviving member of the first football team... of the University of Pittsburgh....

References

1953 deaths
1872 births
19th-century players of American football
American football quarterbacks
Pittsburgh Panthers football players
People from Indiana County, Pennsylvania
Players of American football

masks:
Bertrand Jr
Bert
Bert
Bert Smy


texts:
<mask> (April 24, 1945 – February 16, 2020) was an American computer scientist who worked in the field of human–computer interaction. <mask> worked at Xerox PARC, Apple, Amazon, and Yahoo! While at PARC, <mask>'s work included Smalltalk, the first dynamic object-oriented programming language, and Gypsy, the first word processor with a graphical user interface (GUI) for the Xerox Alto. During this, along with colleague Tim Mott, <mask> developed the idea of copy and paste functionality and the idea of modeless software. While at Apple, <mask> worked on the Apple Lisa and the Apple Newton, and helped to develop Object Pascal and its use in application programming toolkits including MacApp. Biography

Early career
<mask> was born on April 24, 1945, in the Bronx in New York City, to Jewish parents Isidore, an anesthesiologist, and Muriel (). <mask> lived in the Bronx through his childhood and graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1961.While in high school, he was guided towards computers by a teacher after showing the teacher an algorithm for generating prime numbers. Through this, he learned of a program at Columbia University where he was able to spend a half-hour each week on their computer systems, through which he taught himself programming before college. He went on to Stanford University in 1961 when he was 16, studying computer science and graduating in 1965 with a degree in mathematics. At Stanford, he had spent time as a student programmer for Joshua Lederberg on the LINC platform, and was a colleague of <mask>, Charles Brenner, Douglas Hofstadter, Roger Moore, and Bill Strachan. During college and afterward, <mask> did some programming jobs on the side, and after graduation, worked as a consultant offering his programming services in the area. As he was one of only a few computer programmers listed in the

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Lawrence Gordon Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Larry Breed
Tesler


texts:
 Palo Alto phone directory he received a good deal of work. However, a regional recession caused this consulting work to dry up.<mask> also worked at Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) in the late 1960s. With Horace Enea he designed Compel, an early single assignment language. This functional programming language was intended to make concurrent processing more natural and was used to introduce programming concepts to beginners. During his time at Stanford, <mask> had participated in the counterculture of the 1960s, including the anti-Vietnam War protests. In the late 1960s, <mask> became involved in the Midpeninsula Free University, part of the Free Speech Movement, where he taught classes with titles such as "How to end the IBM Monopoly", "Computers Now", and "Procrastination". Xerox PARC

<mask> left Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory due to a number of factors in the early 1970s; he recognized that artificial intelligence would not be a usable technology for many years, and his marriage to his college girlfriend had recently ended in divorce. He took his daughter and moved to Oregon with a number of Vietnam War veterans who were returning there to build homes.There was little computing technology in this area and he could not get a job with the local bank, the only firm nearby with a computer system. He called Stanford to see if they had anything, and learned that Alan Kay, whom <mask> had worked with while at SAIL and then a member of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), had been actively looking for him shortly after his departure. Kay wanted <mask> to join him at PARC. <mask> could not be hired at PARC due to a hiring freeze, so <mask> instead took a short-term project offered by Les Earnest from SAIL to write a "document compiler", a means to easily produce printable manuals from simple

masks: Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler


texts: text files. In order to carry out this project, <mask> wrote Pub, which was then recognized as one of the first uses of markup language; it was later distributed on ARPANet. PARC approached Tesler with an offer in 1971, but wanted to place <mask> in the On-Line Office System Group. <mask> had been more interested in Xerox's work with personal computers, so he turned down the offer.By early 1973, PARC had established development of the Xerox Alto, the first computer system designed around a graphical user interface (GUI), and <mask> accepted an offer for a position splitting his time between the Office System Group and the Learning Research Group, which Kay was heading. Some of <mask>'s main projects at PARC were the Gypsy word processor for the Office System Group, and Smalltalk, the first dynamic object-oriented programming language, with the Learning Research Group. While working on Gypsy, <mask> and his colleague Tim Mott started writing ideas down envisioning the future of interactive computer use, considering current text-based user interfaces would move to GUIs with icons representing documents, and to develop ease-of-use. From there, the two developed the basic copy and paste function, now a standard feature in computing. <mask> also established the idea that computer interfaces should be modeless, where all actions are available to a user at all times, rather than modal, requiring the user to enter a specific mode to perform them. Gypsy was programmed to include both of these concepts. <mask> also was part of a team with Adele Goldberg and Douglas Fairbairn that worked on the Xerox NoteTaker, a portable computer system Alan Kay had envisioned.<mask>, then a novice to hardware programming and design, worked with Fairbairn on the design, which included the first functioning Ethernet protocol written in software rather

masks: Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler


texts: than on hardware. <mask> and Fairbairn took the  NoteTaker prototype on cross-country trips to demonstrate the unit to Xerox executives. At one layover during the trip, <mask> and Fairbairn briefly tested the unit at an airport and while in flight, which <mask> believed was the first-ever use of a computer in these situations. The NoteTaker did not gain traction as Xerox had turned its attention back to the Xerox Alto. <mask> was a proponent of ease-of-use for user interfaces while at PARC. <mask> is considered the originator of the phrase "user-friendly" as a measure of usability after a salesman told him that word processors were difficult to sell because they were "just so unfriendly". <mask> is also tied to the origins of the phrase "what you see is what you get"; he and his colleagues were complaining about the way documents printed out differently to their appearance on the screen.<mask> said, "What you see on the screen should be what you get when you print it." Another person simplified this to the well-known abbreviation "WYSIWYG" which gained traction as a functional goal within PARC and beyond. <mask> also is credited with coining the term "browser" after creating a Smalltalk code browser in response to a coworker having difficulty in parsing through someone else's code. <mask> had been present during both of Steve Jobs's fateful visits to PARC in late 1979, a couple of years after Jobs had cofounded Apple Computer. During the first visit, <mask> demonstrated to Jobs the Xerox Alto, including its computer mouse-driven GUI features, Gypsy, and Smalltalk. While the Alto had been a mere curiosity for Xerox, Jobs saw a huge amount of potential in the graphical interface, and immediately after returning to Apple's headquarters, set his team on creating a similar graphical user interface for their first product, the

masks: Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler


texts:
 Apple Lisa, incorporating additional information provided by Xerox, later refined into the first Apple Macintosh. However, while the Macintosh was Apple's flagship to becoming a major manufacturer of personal computers, Xerox fell behind.Apple Computer

Tesler was one of several Xerox PARC employees who left the company in 1980 to join Apple Computer following Jobs's visits. <mask> said his reasons for leaving included the fact that Apple had clearly gotten the idea of computers and was much more excited in the work PARC was doing while Xerox still thought itself a copier company, and that he found Apple's management much more approachable than Xerox's. <mask> started at Apple in July 1980 supporting the development of the Apple Lisa, and worked for them until 1997, holding various positions, including Vice President of AppleNet, the division within Apple working on Internet technologies (not to be confused with AppleNet, the never-shipped network for the Lisa), Vice President of the Advanced Technology Group, and Chief Scientist. Part of <mask>'s work with the Lisa was to develop object-oriented programming extensions to the Pascal programming language allowing easier manipulation of the GUI. <mask> worked with Pascal's creator, Niklaus Wirth, to develop Object Pascal in 1985 which was used to create the Lisa Toolkit. When Apple moved onto the Macintosh platform, the same concepts were brought forward to create MacApp, a similar Object Pascal-based class library for the Macintosh's GUI functions released in 1985. Starting in 1990, <mask> was named vice president of Apple's Newton Group under the Advanced Technology Group, and led the efforts of developing the Apple Newton, one of the first personal digital assistants and predecessor of the tablet computer.However, <mask> claimed some decisions related to the Newton's

masks: Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler


texts:
 release, such as deciding against an Apple-developed handwriting recognition software, over a third-party which slowed down the device, were estimated to have cost Apple millions of dollars. <mask> voluntarily left the group just before the Newton shipped in 1993 and became Apple's chief scientist within the Advanced Technology Group. He explored a number of potential projects being developed by the group, but these had been too risky for Apple at the time, so the group focused on networking strategies. <mask> decided to leave Apple in 1997. One of his last acts was to close the Advanced Technology Group as Apple was struggling too much financially to support such a research program at that time. In 1991, <mask> contributed the article "Networked Computing in the 1990s" to the Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks of September 1991. Later career
One of the last programs that <mask> oversaw at Apple was a programming language aimed for use by schoolchildren, named Cocoa (unrelated to the Cocoa application programming interface later released by Apple).With Apple's permission, <mask> spun out and cofounded Stagecast Software in Palo Alto in 1997, where his small team further developed Stagecast Creator, a programming environment aimed for educational uses that had been under development at Apple. Stagecast Creator was released in 1999, just at the time that the education market had turned financially downhill, and sales of the program were not sufficient to keep the company in business. <mask> dismissed most of the employees in mid-2000, and then left, leaving two employees to continue the company. <mask> joined Amazon in Seattle in October 2001. Initially he had been hired as a vice president of engineering, and was shortly thereafter promoted to the vice president of shopping

masks: Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler Tesler


texts:
 experience, where he helped to improve the Amazon website interface, including developing its book preview program. While <mask> enjoyed the job at Amazon, his wife had remained in Silicon Valley, and he also felt distant from venture capitalists that were plentiful in Silicon Valley, and opted to leave Amazon. <mask> moved back to Silicon Valley in 2005 to join Yahoo!as vice president of their User Experience and Design group. After three years, he found that Yahoo! had too many competing product lines and a lack of focus, and left in 2008. He worked for a year at the personal genetics information company 23andMe as product fellow, before establishing himself as an independent consultant in December 2009 to help Silicon Valley companies with designing their user interfaces and experiences. Personal life
After his first marriage ended in divorce in 1969, <mask> married Colleen Barton, a geophysicist. <mask> had kept his countercultural attitudes beyond his early career, which he became known for at his other positions. He also maintained an attitude that being successful in Silicon Valley was a "rite of passage", and those who succeed should try to help fund new ventures and to educate others.The Computer History Museum, on <mask>'s death, described <mask> as having "combined computer science training with a counterculture vision that computers should be for everyone". <mask> maintained his strong preference for modeless software well beyond his time at PARC. To promote his preference, as of 1995, <mask> equipped his automobile with a personalized California license plate reading "NOMODES". Along with others, he had also been using the phrase "Don't Mode Me In" for years, as a rallying cry to eliminate or reduce modes. His personal website was located at "nomodes.com" and on Twitter had used the handle "@nomodes". <mask>


texts:
 died in Portola Valley, California, on February 16, 2020, at the age of 74. See also

AI effect
List of programmers
List of computer scientists
Law of conservation of complexity

References

External links

Publications by <mask> from Interaction-Design.org
 Computer History Museum, <mask> Oral History Interview
 Stagecast site
Founders
1999 Lecture on Novice Programming
<mask> home page
Publications by <mask> from Interaction-Design.org
 Computer History Museum, <mask>sler Oral History Interview
 Stagecast site
Founders
1999 Lecture on Novice Programming

1945 births
2020 deaths
American computer programmers
American computer scientists
Human–computer interaction researchers
Programming language designers
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
Scientists at PARC (company)
Scientists from New York (state)
Apple Inc. employees
The Bronx High School of Science alumni
Stanford University alumni
American

masks:
Larry Tesler
Larry Tesler
Larry Tesler
Larry Tesler
Larry Te


texts:
<mask> (March 12, 1866 – November 2, 1945) was a German-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the bishop of the Diocese of Toledo (1911–21) and the Diocese of Cleveland, Ohio (1921–45). Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born in the village of Wutzlhofen (since 1924 a township of Regensburg), Bavaria. One of sixteen children, he was born to George and Mary (née Gäß) <mask>. Shortly afterwards he and his family moved to Regensburg, where <mask> received his early education. In 1877 he came to the United States under the patronage of Bishop Rupert Seidenbusch, and enrolled at St. Vincent's College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, where his older brother Rudesind had become a Benedictine monk. After completing his classical course at St. Vincent's at age sixteen, he taught at the parochial school of St. Martin's Church until 1884.He was then accepted as a seminarian by Bishop Henry Richter of Grand Rapids, Michigan, who sent him to study philosophy and theology at the Grand Seminary of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. Ordination and ministry
Returning to Grand Rapids in March 1889, <mask> was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Richter on June 29, 1889. He then served as a curate at St. Mary's Church in Saginaw until 1895, when he became pastor of St. Mary of the Assumption Church in West Bay City, Michigan, where he preached every Sunday in both English and French. He was named pastor of St. Mary Church in Grand Rapids in 1900. St. Mary's parish was established in 1857 to meet the spiritual needs of the German population in the Grand Rapids area. While on a tour of Europe in 1902, Father <mask> purchased a grotto of

masks:
Joseph Schrembs
Joseph Schrembs
Schrembs
Joseph
Schrembs
Schrembs


texts:
 Our Lady of Lourdes, which is still present in the church. In 1903 he was named vicar general of the Diocese of Grand Rapids.During his tenure as pastor, St. Mary's school was used as a local relief station when the Grand River flooded in 1904, and in 1905, a new convent was built for the sisters. In January 1906 he was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness by Pope Pius X. Under the direction of Monsignor <mask>, collections were taken up for victims of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and in 1907 he presided over St. Mary's Parish Golden Jubilee. Auxiliary Bishop of Grand Rapids, Michigan
On January 8, 1911, <mask> was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Grand Rapids and Titular Bishop of Sophene by Pius X. He received his episcopal consecration on the following February 22 from Bishop Richter, with Bishops Camillus Paul Maes and John Samuel Foley serving as co-consecrators. Bishop of Toledo, Ohio
Shortly after his consecration in February, <mask> was named the first Bishop of Toledo, Ohio, on August 11, 1911. <mask> requested the Sisters of Saint Francis of Rochester, Minnesota
send members to the Toledo area to work with the children of the Polish immigrants.Sister Adelaide Sandusky, directress of the College of St. Teresa and 22 other Sisters established a home in Toledo and began teaching in area schools. This community became the Sisters of St. Francis of Sylvania, Ohio  From 1911 to 1921 Bishop <mask> established thirteen new parishes and thirtythree schools. At Bishop <mask> invitation, Visitation nuns came to Toledo in 1915 from the Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) Monastery. In a September 27, 1914 sermon in

masks: Schrembs Schrembs Schrembs Schrembs Schrembs Schrembs


texts:
 Baltimore, before a meeting of the American Federation of Catholic Societies, <mask> criticized the failure of the United States government to insist upon the protection of Catholics in Mexico. During World War I, he served on the Administrative Committee of the National Catholic War Council. Bishop of Cleveland, Ohio
On June 16, 1921, he was appointed the fifth Bishop of Cleveland. <mask> once described Prohibition as "fanaticism."On June 12, 1924, he offered the invocation at the opening of the third day of the 1924 Republican National Convention; he characterized President Calvin Coolidge as "a chieftain whose record of faithful public service, and whose personality, untarnished and untainted by the pollution of political corruption, will fill the heart of America with the new hope of a second spring." In 1925 the body of St. Christina was presented to Schrembs by Pope Pius XI, and moved from its resting place in a Roman monastery to St. John's Cathedral. When physicist Charles F. Brush advocated birth control as a means of the "betterment of the human stock" and population control, Schrembs condemned his remarks, saying, "In older times we referred to humans as the human race, but according to this foundation we are being classed with the animals on the farm, the cow, the horse, the mule...According to this foundation, I have no right to be born, for I am the youngest of 16 children and God bless my mother for every one of them!" He promoted the cause for canonization of Kateri Tekakwitha. In 1927, Schrembs charged that a large group of "Godless Jews combined nationally and internationally in activities in the amusement world, the

masks: Schrembs Schrembs


texts:
 results of which were to menace public morality." When fan dancer Sally Rand rode in Cleveland's St. Patrick's Day parade in 1937 next to a float dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Schrembs declared, "I am deeply humiliated and ashamed...[Rand's] inclusion does not represent the mind of the great Irish people." Schrembs was given the personal title of Archbishop on March 25, 1939.In 1940 he placed Holy Redeemer Church in Cleveland under interdict for refusing to accept his appointment as pastor. During his tenure, he erected 27 parishes in Cleveland and 35 outside the city. See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

References

External links
 Photosite of Rt. Rev. Bishop Schrembs
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo

Episcopal succession

1866 births
1945 deaths
Bavarian emigrants to the United States
Saint Vincent College alumni
People from Regensburg
Roman Catholic bishops of Cleveland
Roman Catholic bishops of Toledo
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United


texts: <mask>, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos  (10 September 1823 – 26 March 1889), styled Earl Temple until 1839 and Marquess of Chandos from 1839 to 1861, was a British soldier, politician and administrator of the 19th century. He was a close friend and subordinate of Benjamin Disraeli and served as the Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1867 to 1868 and Governor of Madras from 1875 to 1880. <mask> was the only son of <mask>, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, and was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He joined the British Army, eventually rising to become a colonel. <mask> entered politics, as Lord Chandos, in 1846 when he was elected unopposed from Buckinghamshire as a candidate of the Conservative Party. <mask> served as Member of Parliament from 1846 to 1857, when he resigned. He contested a re-election in 1859, but lost.<mask> served in various political offices during his tenure. In March 1867, he was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies and served until December 1868. He also served as Governor of Madras from 1875 to 1880. As Governor, he handled the relief measures for the victims of the Great Famine of 1876-78. <mask> also served as Lord of the Treasury, Keeper of the Privy Seal of the Prince of Wales, Deputy Warden of the Stannaries, Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire, Chairman of the London and North-Western Railway, member of the Imperial Privy Council, Lord President of the Council and chairman of the committees in the House of Lords. He died on 26 March 1889 at the age of 65. Background and

masks: Richard Plantagenet Campbell Temple Nugent Brydges Chandos Grenville


texts:
 education
<mask> was the second child and only son of <mask>, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, and his wife Lady Mary, younger daughter of John Campbell, 4th Earl of Breadalbane and Holland (later The 1st Marquess of Breadalbane).His sister, Lady Anna Eliza Mary Gore-Langton, was a women's rights campaigner. As his father's son and heir apparent, he was styled Earl Temple from birth. He was 15 years of age when his paternal grandfather died and his father became the 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. From this time, he was styled Marquess of Chandos until he succeeded his father as Duke. Upon his father's death in 1861, his titles were Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, Marquess of Chandos, and Earl Temple of Stowe in the Peerage of the United Kingdom; Marquess of Buckingham, Earl Temple, Viscount and Baron Cobham in the Peerage of Great Britain; and Earl Nugent in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1868, he was also recognised by the House of Lords as Lord Kinloss in the Peerage of Scotland. The young Lord Temple, later Lord <mask>, attended Eton until 1841 and graduated from Christ Church, Oxford, from which he later received an honorary degree of D.C.L.Two years after graduation, <mask> (as he then was) was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry and he would eventually become Honorary Colonel of that regiment. He was also Hon. Colonel of the 1st Administrative Battalion, Middlesex Artillery Volunteers and later of the City of London Artillery. Early career

In 1846, <mask>, as the Marquess of <mask>, entered

masks:
Buckingham
Richard
Chandos
Lord Chandos
Buckingham
Chandos


texts: Parliament as Conservative MP for Buckinghamshire, and remained as an unopposed MP until 1857. The young Lord <mask> was appointed a deputy lieutenant for Oxfordshire on 3 February 1846, Hampshire on 17 February, and Northamptonshire on 29 May. In 1852, he entered Lord Derby's administration as a Lord of the Treasury, a position he held for exactly ten months. That year, he was also appointed Keeper of the Privy Seal of the Prince of Wales, Deputy Warden of the Stannaries, deputy lieutenant of Buckinghamshire, and chairman of the London and North-Western Railway.In 1857, he resigned as MP for Buckinghamshire and did not stand for re-election due to the deteriorating family fortunes and his father's bankruptcy. In 1859, Lord <mask> contested against William Ewart Gladstone for the constituency of Oxford University, but lost by 859 to 1,050 votes. In 1861, he succeeded his father as Duke of Buckingham and <mask> (and in various other titles across four Peerages) and took his seat in the House of Lords; he also resigned as chairman of the London and North-Western Railway. In the 1860s he was chairman of the London Pneumatic Despatch Company. <mask>'s political career was stagnant until 1866, when he was appointed to the Privy Council and became Lord Derby's Lord President of the Council. During the interregnum, <mask> served as chairman of the executive committee of the royal commission for the Great Exhibition of 1862. He served as Lord President of the Council until 8 March 1867, when he succeeded Lord Carnarvon as Secretary of

masks: Chandos Chandos Chandos Buckingham Buckingham


texts:
 State for the Colonies.As Secretary of State for the Colonies

<mask> was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies when Lord Carnarvon resigned in March 1867 over the Reform Bill and served from 8 March 1867 to 1 December 1868. During this period, he was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire. As Secretary of State for the Colonies. <mask> had to deal with the British North America Act. He also attracted controversy over his dispute with Bishop Colenso of Natal. <mask>'s tenure ended in December 1868 when the Conservative Party ministry of Benjamin Disraeli resigned. He was succeeded as Colonial Secretary by Lord Granville.On 21 July 1868, the House of Lords recognised him as the 10th Lord Kinloss in the Peerage of Scotland, which had been dormant since the death of the 6th Lord Kinloss, his three-times great-grandfather Charles Bruce, 4th Earl of Elgin, in 1747. Through the House of Lords ruling, <mask>'s father was recognised posthumously as de jure 9th Lord Kinloss, his maternal grandmother Lady Anna Brydges as de jure 8th Lady Kinloss, and his great-grandfather James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos as de jure 7th Lord Kinloss. Though the lordship was the most minor of <mask>'s many titles, it was the only one that could be inherited by his daughters, and he established his right to it at a time when the likelihood emerged that he would leave no male heir. Governor of Madras

When the Conservative Party was re-elected to power in the United Kingdom in 1874 and Disraeli became the Prime Minister once again, <mask>

masks: Buckingham Buckingham Buckingham Buckingham Buckingham Buckingham


texts: was appointed Governor of the Madras Presidency, British India. <mask> moved to Madras and took his seat on 23 November 1875. <mask> served as the Governor of Madras from 1875 to 1880. His tenure was plagued by deteriorating socio-economic and health conditions.In 1876, the Great Famine of 1876–78 broke out in Madras Presidency. By August 1877, the famine had spread all over the Presidency and over 18 million people were affected. To make matters worse, the rains failed in parts of Madras and Mysore. Large quantities of grain were shipped from Bengal to Madras port, and through his efforts, famine relief was distributed to 839,000 people in the Madras districts, besides 160,000 in the Bombay Districts and 151,000 in the Mysore districts. The Governor appealed to the principal cities of England, Scotland, Ireland and India for assistance. At <mask>'s suggestion, the Lord Mayor of London collected relief funds of up to £475,000 in 1877 (£ as of ). Though the famine eventually came to an end in 1878, the issue had far-reaching effects.As a part of the famine relief work, <mask> had commenced the construction of a navigation channel between Madras city and the northern part of the Madras Presidency so that transportation of supplies to the interior in cases of emergency would be easy. More than 715,000 people were employed as labourers in Madras to assist with the relief work. Opened in 1878, this canal was named after Buckingham as Buckingham Canal. Buckingham Street in Penang, Malaysia was also named after him by the Tamil labourers

masks: Buckingham Buckingham Buckingham Buckingham