texts:
 manuscript of 1023, it was read out on 7 March 843, 844 or 845, which would make it one of <mask>'s last works.An encomium on Zechariah, father of John the Baptist; two encomia on the angels; one on the archangels Gabriel and <mask>; one on Saint Mocius; and one on Saints Isaac and Dalmatius. An account of the life and miracles of John of Damascus and Cosmas of Maiuma and another biography of John of Damascus. Two orations or homilies, one on the dead and one on the Holy Girdle. A polemical refutation of Islam with an account of its origins. This is found in the passage 697.12–702.9 of the Chronicon syntomon of George Hamartolos, who refers to <mask>'s summary (epitome) on the topic. This may indicate that George was using an epitome made by <mask> either of a work of his own or a work by another. Several lost writings by <mask> are known from his biography:

His correspondence with the Greek monks of Byzantine Sicily concerning the filioque.His correspondence with other iconodules during his confinement in Prousias. His correspondence during solitary confinement with the iconodules Stephen the asekretis and Kallonas the spatharios. Notes

Bibliography

760s births
846 deaths
People from Jerusalem
8th-century Christian monks
9th-century Christian monks
8th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century Byzantine people
9th-century linguists
Arab Christian saints
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Palestine
Christianity in the Abbasid Caliphate
Byzantine Iconoclasm
Filioque
Byzantine hymnographers
Christian hagiographers
Translators from

masks: Michael Michael Michael Michael Michael


type: original

texts:
James "<mask><mask> (1 January 1891 – 2 March 1971) also known as <mask> was an Australian comedian, circus clown, acrobat, writer, director and troupe leader and filmmaker. He is generally regarded as one of the four leading post-World War I comedians to work the Australasian variety circuits, the others being Nat Phillips, Roy Rene, and George Wallace. Biography
Born at Darlington, New South Wales, <mask> was the seventh son of Stephen Australia Fitzgerald, a tailor turned actor, and his wife Mary Ann, née Ingram. In his youth <mask> played truant from school to watch acrobats practising on the sandhills behind Centennial Park, learned to tumble and haunted his uncles' circus. Three of his brothers also went on the stage using the names 'Max Clifton', 'Lance Vane' and 'Cliff Stevens'. In 1898 his father apprenticed him to Oscar Pagel's Circus. He subsequently travelled the world, including South Africa, Africa, the Far East and North America for around ten years.Back in Australia by c.1907–1908, <mask> found employment with several circuses; and as 'Diabolo' was billed as the first man to loop the loop on a motorcycle. In 1910 he and two of his brothers, Lance Vane and Max Clifton, appeared in The Life and Adventures of John Vane, the Notorious Australian Bushranger. That film, also directed by his father, is now viewed as a significant landmark in the history of Australian cinema, being the first recorded involvement in narrative film production by Charles Cozens Spencer (a leading figure in the early Australian film industry). <mask>'s "move into variety entertainment began in 1912 when he toured with his father's

masks:
Jim
" Gerald
James Gerald Diabolo
Gerald
Jim
Gerald
Gerald


texts: All Stars drama and vaudeville company as both comedian and acrobat. Although he soon afterwards signed with Sir Benjaman Fullers, Fullers' Theatres vaudeville circuit]]. <mask> was immediately leased to Stanley McKay for his touring pantomime company, and over the next five to six years appeared throughout Australia and New Zealand as a specialist pantomime dame Within a year of joining McKay's company <mask> married Esther Patience Futcher, a 27-year-old actress known by stage name Essie Jennings (1886-1969). The ceremony took place on 21 July 1913 at St Peter's Anglican Church, Wellington, New Zealand,.The two latter formed a highly popular knockabout comedy sketch act, appearing in sketches such as "The Actress and the Paperhanger" and "The new Recruit." Fitzgerald enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 5 May 1916 and served in Mesopotamia as a driver with the 1st Australian and New Zealand Wireless Signal Squadron. Discharged on 12 October 1918, he returned to the Fullers' circuit and was soon asked by (Sir) Benjamin Fuller to write and produce his own revue sketches. He had seen the funny side of soldiering in Mesopotamia and his act, 'The New Recruit', remained popular for years. Unlike his contemporaries Roy Rene and George Wallace, <mask> was 'unashamedly international' in his work. Almost every Christmas he played the dame in pantomimes. He made some thirty silent films in the United States of America in 1928, and was influenced by Sir Charlie Chaplin whom he greatly admired.When the Fullers folded in 1933, <mask> continued to play six-month seasons in Sydney and Melbourne under various managements. In

masks: Gerald Gerald Gerald Gerald


texts: 1935-36 he appeared in several revues at the Garrick Theatre, including Don't Spare the Horses. Returning to Sydney, in May 1936 he featured in Shout for Joy. One critic wrote that he 'cannot particularly sing nor does he know much about dancing, but he is undoubtedly a master of patter, of quick, well-timed delivery and retort'. <mask> signed a contract with the Australian Broadcasting Commission in February 1939; he starred in 'Jim and Jitters' with <mask>'s A.B.C. Dance Band and conducted the Saturday 'After-Dinner Show'. Next year he formed his own radio-production company.On 10 April 1941 <mask> was appointed honorary lieutenant colonel in the A.I.F. Placed in charge of the Entertainment Unit, he embarked for the Middle East on 1 September in the Queen Elizabeth. A shrewd organizer and an experienced producer, he gathered Davidson and his band, comedians, singers, jugglers, acrobats and trick cyclists, as well as backstage technicians, 'among them costume designers, seamstresses and electricians'. At his headquarters at Tel Aviv, Palestine, he recruited a female chorus line. The first performance at Gaza of All in Fun was 'received with rapturous applause'. Home again in October 1942, <mask> transferred to the retired list on 31 December. He joined the Tivoli circuit and appeared in the revue, Stripped for Action (1943).In 1951 he played the happy roué in Ladies' Night in a Turkish Bath. He shared top billing with Wallace in Thanks for the Memory, at AusStage: Gateway to the Performing Arts. (sighted 19 January 2014)</ref> at the Princess Theatre, Melbourne, in 1953 and toured for three years in that revue. He was

masks:
Gerald
Jim Davidson
Gerald
Gerald


texts:
 'as uproariously funny as ever though not as spry' in The Good Old Days (Sydney, 1957). Next year he retired to St Kilda, Melbourne. <mask> enjoyed watching any kind of sport, but his passion was for motoring: he owned a succession of cars which he drove across America, through Europe, the Middle East and Britain, and all over Australia. After Essie's death in 1969, he moved into a home at Rosebud.He died there on 2 March 1971 and was cremated. '<mask> was probably best remembered for his versatility—as a big-eared oaf in baggy pants and shapeless hat, as a seemingly rubber-boned and pathetically droll clown and as Australia's greatest pantomime dame.' Notes
 A number of secondary sources (including an earlier version of this Wikipedia entry) have incorrectly claimed that <mask> was a nephew to Dan and Tom Fitzgerald (Fitzgerald Brother's Circus) and their younger brother John Daniel Fitzgerald (1862-1922), a prominent Sydney barrister, social reformer and Labor parliamentarian. In her 1996 entry on <mask> for the Australian Dictionary of Biography, Martha Rutledge writes, for example, that he was a "nephew of J. D. Fitzgerald,' and that he 'haunted his uncle's circus.' In this respect she is possibly referencing and expanding on Charles Norman's comment in When Vaudeville Was King (1983). On page 224 Norman writes: '<mask> came from a circus family. Some of his uncles were the top names of the day.'Robert Colomb, retired Reader in Information Systems, School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (University of Queensland) has discovered through extensive historical and genealogical research that the two

masks:
Gerald
Jim Gerald
Jim Gerald
Gerald
Jim Gerald


texts:
 Fitzgerald families were unrelated. In correspondence with the Australian Variety Theatre Archive (April 2013) he draws attention to Stephen Australia Fitzgerald's father, Stephen Fitzgerald, having been born in Clifton, Gloucester (England) in 1820. Columbs' evidence is given further credibility through Bede Nairn's biography of John 'Jack' Fitzgerald (Australian Dictionary of Biography). In this entry she records that he and his older brothers Dan and Tom were the sons of schoolteacher John Daniel Fitzgerald and his wife Mary Ann, née Cullen, both from Limerick, Ireland. Dan and Tom were born in New Zealand in the late 1850s, while "Jack" was born in Shell Harbour, New South Wales in 1862. There is no reference to S.A. Fitzgerald because he came from an entirely different Fitzgerald family
 The Companion to Theatre in Australia (1995) claims that <mask> began his career in variety with Harry Clay (p. 243). However, extensive research into Clay's operations by his great-great-great nephew, Clay Djubal, has failed to find any evidence of <mask> ever having working for the Sydney-based showman.<mask>'s statement in a 1928 Everyone's interview that he "started with the Fullers and planned to finish with them" (22 February 1928, p. 46), puts further doubt on the Harry Clay claim. References

External links
"<mask>" at Australian Variety Theatre Archive (sighted 19 January 2014)
"<mask>" at AustLit: The Australian Literature Resource (subscription service)
"Jim Gerald Revue Co" at Australian Variety Theatre Archive (sighted 19 January 2014)

1891 births
1971 deaths
Australian male comedians
20th-century Australian

masks:
Gerald
Gerald
Gerald
Jim Gerald
Jim Gerald


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Shuhada Sadaqat (born <mask>'Connor on 8 December 1966) is an Irish singer-songwriter. Her debut album, The Lion and the Cobra, was released in 1987 and charted internationally. Her single "Nothing Compares 2 U" was released in 1990 and named the number one world single for the same year by the Billboard Music Awards. While maintaining her singing career since then she has occasionally encountered controversy, partly due to her statements and gestures. These include her ordination as a priest, despite being a woman with a Roman Catholic background, and strongly expressing views on organised religion, women's rights, war, and child abuse. In addition to her ten solo albums, her work includes many singles, songs for films, collaborations with many other artists, and appearances at charity fundraising concerts. In 2017, O'Connor changed her name to Magda Davitt.After converting to Islam in 2018, she changed it to Shuhada' Sadaqat (). However, she continues to record and perform under her birth name. Early life
O'Connor was born in Glenageary, County Dublin on 8 December 1966. She was named <mask> after <mask> de Valera, the wife of Irish President Éamon de Valera, Marie after the mother of the doctor presiding over the delivery, and Bernadette in honour of Saint Bernadette of Lourdes. She is the third of five children; her siblings are novelist Joseph, Eimear, John, and Eoin. Her parents are Sean O'Connor, a structural engineer later turned barrister and chairperson of the Divorce Action Group, and Marie O'Connor. In 1979 O'Connor left her mother and went to live with her father and his new

masks:
Sinéad Marie Bernadette O
Sinéad
Sinéad


texts:
 wife.At the age of 15, her shoplifting and truancy led to her being placed for eighteen months in a Magdalene asylum, the Grianán Training Centre run by the Order of Our Lady of Charity. In some ways, she thrived there, especially in the development of her writing and music, but she also chafed under the imposed conformity. Unruly students there were sometimes sent to sleep in the adjoining nursing home, an experience of which she later commented, "I have never—and probably will never—experience such panic and terror and agony over anything." O'Connor's mother Marie died in an car accident in 1986, when O'Connor was nineteen. In June 1993, O'Connor wrote a public letter in The Irish Times which asked people to "stop hurting" her: "If only I can fight off the voices of my parents / and gather a sense of self-esteem / Then I'll be able to REALLY sing ..." The letter repeated accusations of abuse by her parents as a child which O'Connor had made in interviews. Her brother Joseph defended their father to the newspaper but agreed regarding their mother's "extreme and violent abuse, both emotional and physical". O'Connor said that month, "Our family is very messed up.We can't communicate with each other. We are all in agony. I for one am in agony." Musical career

1980s
One of the volunteers at Grianán was the sister of Paul Byrne, drummer for the band In Tua Nua, who heard O'Connor singing "Evergreen" by Barbra Streisand. She recorded a song with them called "Take My Hand" but they felt that at 15, she was too young to join the band. Through an ad she placed in Hot Press in mid-1984, she met


texts: Colm Farrelly. Together they recruited a few other members and formed a band called Ton Ton Macoute.The band moved to Waterford briefly while O'Connor attended Newtown School, but she soon dropped out of school and followed them to Dublin, where their performances received positive reviews. Their sound was inspired by Farrelly's interest in world music, though most observers thought O'Connor's singing and stage presence were the band's strongest features. O'Connor's time as singer for Ton Ton Macoute brought her to the attention of the music industry, and she was eventually signed by Ensign Records. She also acquired an experienced manager, Fachtna O'Ceallaigh, former head of U2's Mother Records. Soon after she was signed, she embarked on her first major assignment, providing the vocals for the song "Heroine", which she co-wrote with U2's guitarist The Edge for the soundtrack to the film Captive. O'Ceallaigh, who had been fired by U2 for complaining about them in an interview, was outspoken with his views on music and politics, and O'Connor adopted the same habits; she defended the actions of the Provisional IRA and said U2's music was "bombastic". She later retracted her IRA comments saying they were based on nonsense, and that she was "too young to understand the tense situation in Northern Ireland properly".Her first album The Lion and the Cobra was "a sensation" when it was released in 1987 on Chrysalis Records, and it reached gold record status, earning a Best Female Rock Vocal Performance Grammy nomination. The single "Mandinka" was a big college radio hit in the United States, and


texts:
 "I Want Your (Hands on Me)" received both college and urban play in a remixed form that featured rapper MC Lyte. In her first US network television appearance, O'Connor sang "Mandinka" on Late Night with David Letterman in 1988. The single "Troy" was also released as a single in the UK, Ireland, and the Netherlands, where it reached number 5 on the Dutch Top 40 chart. O'Connor named Bob Dylan, David Bowie, Bob Marley, Siouxsie and the Banshees and The Pretenders as the artists who influenced her on her debut album. In 1989 O'Connor joined The The frontman Matt Johnson as a guest vocalist on the band's album Mind Bomb, which spawned the duet "Kingdom of Rain". 1990s
Her second album – 1990's I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got – gained considerable attention and mostly positive reviews: it was rated "second best album of the year" by the NME.She was praised for her voice and her original songs. She was also noted for her appearance: her trademark shaved head, often angry expression, and sometimes shapeless or unusual clothing. The album I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got featured Marco Pirroni and Kevin Mooney, of Adam and the Ants fame, and contained her international breakthrough hit "Nothing Compares 2 U", a song written by Prince and originally recorded and released by a side project of his, The Family. Hank Shocklee, producer for Public Enemy, remixed the album's next single, "The Emperor's New Clothes", for a 12-inch that was coupled with the Celtic funk of "I Am Stretched on Your Grave". Pre-dating but included on I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got was also "Jump in the River", which


texts: originally appeared on the Married to the Mob soundtrack; the 12-inch version of the single had included a remix featuring performance artist Karen Finley. Also in 1990, O'Connor starred in a small independent Irish movie Hush-a-Bye Baby directed in Derry by Margo Harkin. In 1990, she joined many other guests for former Pink Floyd member Roger Waters' massive performance of The Wall in Berlin.(In 1996, she would guest on Broken China, a solo album by Richard Wright of Pink Floyd.) In 1991, her take on Elton John's "Sacrifice" was acclaimed as one of the best efforts on the tribute album Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin. In 1990, she contributed a cover of "You Do Something to Me" to the Cole Porter tribute/AIDS fundraising album Red Hot + Blue produced by the Red Hot Organization. Red Hot + Blue was followed by the release of Am I Not Your Girl?, an album of standards and torch songs that she had listened to while growing up. The album received mixed-to-poor reviews, and was a commercial disappointment in light of the success of her previous work. Also in 1990, she was criticised after she stated that she would not perform if the United States national anthem was played before one of her concerts. Frank Sinatra threatened to "kick her in the ass".After receiving four Grammy Award nominations, she withdrew her name from consideration. Although nominated for the Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist (which she won) she did not attend the awards ceremony, but did accept the Irish IRMA in February 1991. She spent the following months studying Bel canto


texts:
 singing with teacher Frank Merriman at the Parnell School of Music. In an interview with The Guardian published 3 May 1993 she reported that her singing lessons with Merriman were the only therapy she was receiving, describing Merriman as "the most amazing teacher in the universe." Also in 1992, she contributed backing vocals on the track "Come Talk To Me", and shared vocals on the single "Blood of Eden" from the studio album Us by Peter Gabriel. The 1993 soundtrack to the film In the Name of the Father featured "You Made Me the Thief of Your Heart", with significant contributions from U2 frontman Bono. The more conventional Universal Mother (1994) did not succeed in restoring her mass appeal; however the music videos for the first and second singles, "Fire on Babylon" and "Famine", were nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video.She toured with Lollapalooza in 1995, but dropped out when she became pregnant. The Gospel Oak EP followed in 1997, and featured songs based in an acoustic setting. In 1994, she appeared in A Celebration: The Music of Pete Townshend and The Who, also known as Daltrey Sings Townshend. This was a two-night concert at Carnegie Hall produced by Roger Daltrey of The Who in celebration of his 50th birthday. A CD and a VHS video of the concert were issued in 1994, followed by a DVD in 1998. She appeared in Neil Jordan's The Butcher Boy in 1997, playing the Virgin Mary. In 1998, she worked again with the Red Hot Organization to co-produce and perform on Red Hot + Rhapsody.2000s

Faith and Courage was released in 2000, including the single "No Man's


texts: Woman", and featured contributions from Wyclef Jean of the Fugees and Dave Stewart of Eurythmics. Her 2002 album, Sean-Nós Nua, marked a departure in that O'Connor interpreted or, in her own words, "sexed up" traditional Irish folk songs, including several in the Irish language. In Sean-Nós Nua, she covered a well-known Canadian folk song, "Peggy Gordon", interpreted as a song of lesbian, rather than heterosexual, love. In her documentary, Song of Hearts Desire, she stated that her inspiration for the song was her friend, a lesbian who sang the song to lament the loss of her partner. In 2003, she contributed a track to the Dolly Parton tribute album Just Because I'm a Woman, a cover of Parton's "Dagger Through the Heart". That same year, she also featured on three songs of Massive Attack's album 100th Window before releasing her double album, She Who Dwells in the Secret Place of the Most High Shall Abide Under the Shadow of the Almighty. This compilation contained one disc of demos and previously unreleased tracks and one disc of a live concert recording.Directly after the album's release, O'Connor announced that she was retiring from music. Collaborations, a compilation album of guest appearances, was released in 2005—featuring tracks recorded with Peter Gabriel, Massive Attack, Jah Wobble, Terry Hall, Moby, Bomb The Bass, The Edge, U2, and The The. Ultimately, after a brief period of inactivity and a bout with fibromyalgia, her retirement proved to be short-lived. O'Connor stated in an interview with Harp magazine that she had only intended to retire from making mainstream pop/rock


texts:
 music, and after dealing with her fibromyalgia she chose to move into other musical styles. The reggae album Throw Down Your Arms appeared in late 2005. On 8 November 2006, O'Connor performed seven songs from her upcoming album Theology at The Sugar Club in Dublin. Thirty fans were given the opportunity to win pairs of tickets to attend along with music industry critics.The performance was released in 2008 as Live at the Sugar Club deluxe CD/DVD package sold exclusively on her website. O'Connor released two songs from her album Theology to download for free from her official website: "If You Had a Vineyard" and "Jeremiah (Something Beautiful)". The album, a collection of covered and original Rastafari spiritual songs, was released in June 2007. The first single from the album, the Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber classic "I Don't Know How to Love Him", was released on 30 April 2007. To promote the album, O'Connor toured extensively in Europe and North America. She also appeared on two tracks of the new Ian Brown album The World Is Yours, including the anti-war single "Illegal Attacks". 2010s
In January 2010, O'Connor performed a duet with R&B singer Mary J. Blige produced by former A Tribe Called Quest member Ali Shaheed Muhammad of O'Connor's song "This Is To Mother You" (first recorded by O'Connor on her 1997 Gospel Oak EP).The proceeds of the song's sales were donated to the organisation GEMS (Girls Educational and Mentoring Services). In 2012 the song "Lay Your Head Down", written by Brian Byrne and Glenn Close for the soundtrack of the film Albert Nobbs and performed by O'Connor, was


texts:
 nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. In 2011, O'Connor worked on recording a new album, titled Home, to be released in the beginning of 2012, titled How About I Be Me (and You Be You)?, with the first single being "The Wolf is Getting Married". She planned an extensive tour in support of the album but suffered a serious breakdown between December 2011 and March 2012, resulting in the tour and all other musical activities for the rest of 2012 being cancelled. O'Connor resumed touring in 2013 with The Crazy Baldhead Tour. The second single "4th and Vine" was released on 18 February 2013. In February 2014, it was revealed that O'Connor had been recording a new album of original material, titled The Vishnu Room, consisting of romantic love songs.In early June 2014, it O'Connor's new album was retitled I'm Not Bossy, I'm The Boss, with an 11 August release date. The title derives from the Ban Bossy campaign that took place earlier the same year. The album's first single is entitled "Take Me to Church". In November 2014, O'Connor's management was taken over by Simon Napier-Bell and Björn de Water. On 15 November, O'Connor joined the charity supergroup Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording a new version of the track "Do They Know It's Christmas?" at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, to raise money for the West African Ebola virus epidemic. Retirement announced and retracted
On 4 June 2021, O'Connor announced her immediate retirement from the music industry.While her final studio album, No Veteran Dies Alone, is due to be released in


texts:
 2022, O'Connor stated that she would not be touring or promoting it. Announcing the news on Twitter, she said "This is to announce my retirement from touring and from working in the record business. I've gotten older and I'm tired. So it's time for me to hang up my nipple tassels, having truly given my all. NVDA in 2022 will be my last release. And there'll be no more touring or promo." Later, on 7 June, she retracted this statement, describing the original announcement as "a knee-jerk reaction" to an insensitive interview, and that she would be doing her already scheduled 2022 tour.Controversies

Saturday Night Live performance

On 3 October 1992, O'Connor appeared on Saturday Night Live as a musical guest. She sang an a cappella version of Bob Marley's "War", which she intended as a protest against sexual abuse of children in the Catholic Church, referring to child abuse rather than racism. She then presented a photo of Pope John Paul II to the camera while singing the word "evil", after which she tore the photo into pieces, said "Fight the real enemy", and threw the pieces towards the camera. The incident occurred nine years before John Paul II acknowledged the sexual abuse within the Church. Saturday Night Live had no foreknowledge of O'Connor's plan; during the dress rehearsal, she held up a photo of a refugee child. NBC Vice-President of Late Night Rick Ludwin recalled that when he saw O'Connor's action, he "literally jumped out of [his] chair". SNL writer Paula Pell recalled personnel in the control booth discussing the cameras cutting away.The audience was completely silent, with


texts:
 no booing or applause; executive producer Lorne Michaels recalled that "the air went out the studio". He ordered that the applause sign not be used. A nationwide audience saw O'Connor's live performance, which the New York Daily Newss cover called a "Holy Terror". NBC received more than 500 calls on Sunday and 400 more on Monday, with all but seven criticising O'Connor; the network received 4,400 calls in total. Contrary to rumour, NBC was not fined by the Federal Communications Commission for O'Connor's act, as the FCC has no regulatory power over such behaviour. NBC did not edit the performance out of the West coast tape-delayed broadcast that night. , NBC broadcasts reruns of the episode using footage from the dress rehearsal.During his opening monologue the following week, Catholic-raised host Joe Pesci held up the photo, explaining that he had taped it back together, to huge applause. Pesci also said that if it had been his show, "I would have gave her such a smack". In a 2002 interview with Salon, when asked if she would change anything about the SNL appearance, O'Connor replied, "Hell, no!" In her 2021 book Rememberings, O'Connor said of the incident: "Everyone wants a pop star, see? But I am a protest singer. I just had stuff to get off my chest. I had no desire for fame."Madonna's reaction
When Catholic-raised Madonna appeared later that season on SNL, after singing "Bad Girl", she held up a photo of Joey Buttafuoco and, saying "fight the real enemy", tore it up. Madonna also roundly attacked O'Connor in the press for the incident, telling the Irish Times: "I think there is a


texts:
 better way to present her ideas rather than ripping up an image that means a lot to other people." She added, "If she is against the Roman Catholic Church and she has a problem with them, I think she should talk about it." The New York Times called it "professional jealousy" and wrote:

Bob Guccione, Jr. in a 1993 Spin editorial was adamant in his defence of O'Connor, writing:

In November 1991, a year prior to the incident, O'Connor had told Spin magazine:

Bob Dylan tribute performance
Two weeks after the Saturday Night Live appearance, she was set to perform "I Believe in You" at the Bob Dylan 30th Anniversary tribute concert in Madison Square Garden. She was greeted by a thundering mixture of cheers and jeers. During the booing, Kris Kristofferson told her not to "let the bastards get you down", to which she replied, "I'm not down." The noise eventually became so loud that O'Connor saw no point in starting the scheduled song.She called for the keyboard player to stop and the microphone to be turned up, and then screamed over the audience with an improvised, shouted rendition of "War", which she stopped just after mentioning child abuse, emphasizing the point of her previous action. She then looked straight to the audience for a second and left the stage. Kristofferson then comforted her, as she cried. After Dark appearance

In January 1995, O'Connor made an appearance on the British late-night television program After Dark during an episode about sexual abuse and the Catholic church in Ireland. The discussion included a Dominican friar and another representative of the Catholic


texts:
 church, along with former Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald. Host Helena Kennedy described the event:

Open letter to Miley Cyrus
O'Connor published an open letter, on her own website, to American singer and actress Miley Cyrus on 2 October 2013 in which she warned Cyrus of the treatment of women in the music industry and alleged that sexuality is a factor in this, which was in response to Cyrus' music video for her song "Wrecking Ball". O'Connor stated:

Remarks about Prince
Speaking about her relationship with Prince in an interview with Norwegian station NRK in November 2014 she said, "I did meet him a couple of times.We didn't get on at all. In fact we had a punch-up." She continued: "He summoned me to his house after 'Nothing Compares 2U'. I made it without him. I’d never met him. He summoned me to his house – and it's foolish to do this to an Irish woman – he said he didn't like me saying bad words in interviews. So I told him to fuck off....He got quite violent.I had to escape out of his house at 5 in the morning. He packed a bigger punch than mine." In a 2004 interview with Graham Norton, O'Connor claimed that the story was "much exaggerated by the press" and referred to him as "a sweet guy". In her 2021 memoir Rememberings, O'Connor described her meeting with Prince in detail, which ranged from having his butler serve soup repeatedly despite no desire for soup to hitting her with a hard object placed in a pillowcase after wanting a pillow fight to stalking her with his car after she left the mansion. Tweets about non-Muslims

After her conversion to Islam, O'Connor called those who


texts:
 were not Muslims "disgusting" and criticised Christian and Jewish theologians on Twitter in November 2018. She wrote: "What I'm about to say is something so racist I never thought my soul could ever feel it. But truly I never wanna spend time with white people again (if that's what non-muslims are called).Not for one moment, for any reason. They are disgusting." Later that month, O'Connor stated that her remarks were made in an attempt to force Twitter to close down her account. In September 2019, she apologised for the remarks, saying "They were not true at the time and they are not true now. I was triggered as a result of islamophobia dumped on me. I apologize for hurt caused. That was one of many crazy tweets lord knows."Personal life

Name
In 2017, she changed her legal name to Magda Davitt, saying in an interview that she wished to be "free of the patriarchal slave names. Free of the parental curses." On her conversion to Islam in October 2018, she adopted the name Shuhada, and before mid-2019 also changed her surname from Davitt to Sadaqat. Personal and public image
While her shaved head was initially an assertion against traditional views of women, years later, O'Connor said she had begun to grow her hair back, but that after being asked if she was Enya, O'Connor shaved it off again. "I don't feel like me unless I have my hair shaved. So even when I'm an old lady, I'm going to have it." Marriages and children
O'Connor has had four children and has been married four times.She had her first son, Jake, with her first husband, music producer John Reynolds, who co-produced several of


texts: her albums, including Universal Mother. Reynolds and O'Connor married in 1987. Soon after the birth of her daughter Roisin in 1995, O'Connor and the girl's father, Irish journalist John Waters, began a long custody battle that ended with O'Connor agreeing to let Roisin live in Dublin with Waters. In 1991, O'Connor had an abortion after things did not work out with the father. She later wrote the song "My Special Child" about the experience. In mid-2001, O'Connor married British journalist Nick Sommerlad; the marriage ended in 2004. She had her third child, son Shane, in 2004 with musician Donal Lunny.In 2006, she had her fourth child, Yeshua Francis Neil Bonadio, whose father is Frank Bonadio. O'Connor was married a third time on 22 July 2010, to longtime friend and collaborator Steve Cooney, and in late March 2011, made the decision to separate. Her fourth marriage was to Irish therapist Barry Herridge. They wed on 9 December 2011, in Las Vegas, but their marriage ended after having "lived together for 7 days only". The following week, on 3 January 2012, O'Connor issued a further string of internet comments to the effect that the couple had re-united. On 18 July 2015, her first grandson was born to her son Jake Reynolds and his girlfriend Lia. On 7 January 2022, two days after her 17-year-old son Shane was reported missing from Newbridge, County Kildare, he was found dead at Bray, County Wicklow, by Irish police.O’Connor stated that her son, custody of whom she lost in 2013, had been on "suicide watch" at Tallaght Hospital, and had "ended his earthly struggle". O'Connor harshly


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 criticised Ireland's family services agency, Tusla, and the national health authority, the HSE, with regard to their handling of her son's case. Three days later, O'Connor apologised to Tusla, saying "Ok, I’m gonna do the right thing here and apologise for my lashing out. Tusla are working with very limited resources. They loved Shane. They are broken-hearted. They are human.I am sorry I have upset them." She added, "Tusla did their best. We all did: and I am deeply sorry to have blamed anyone." In January 2022 a week after the suicide of her 17 year old son Shane, she herself was then hospitalized on her own volition following a series of tweets in which she indicated she was going to take her own life. Health
On a 4 October 2007, broadcast of The Oprah Winfrey Show, O'Connor disclosed that she had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder four years earlier, and had attempted suicide on her 33rd birthday on 8 December 1999. Then, on Oprah: Where Are They Now? of 9 February 2014, O'Connor said that she had received three "second opinions" and was told by all three that she was not bipolar.In August 2015, she announced that she was to undergo a hysterectomy after suffering with gynaecological problems for over three years. O'Connor would later blame the hospital's refusal to administer hormonal replacement therapy after the operation as the main reason for her mental health issues in the subsequent years, stating "I was flung into surgical menopause. Hormones were everywhere. I became very suicidal. I was a basket case." Having smoked cannabis for 30 years, O'Connor went to a rehabilitation


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 center in 2016, to end her addiction. O'Connor is an agoraphobic.In August 2017, O'Connor posted a 12-minute video on her Facebook page in which she stated that she has felt alone since losing custody of her 13-year-old son, Shane, that for the prior two years she had wanted to kill herself, with only her doctor and psychiatrist "keeping her alive". The month after her Facebook post, O'Connor appeared on the American television talk show Dr. Phil on the show's 16th season debut episode. According to Dr. Phil, O'Connor wanted to do the interview because she wanted to "destigmatize mental illness," noting the prevalence of mental health issues among musicians. Shane died in January 2022. A week later, following a series of tweets in which she indicated that she was going to kill herself, O'Connor was hospitalised. Sexuality
In a 2000 interview in Curve, O'Connor commented, "I'm a dyke... although I haven't been very open about that and throughout most of my life I've gone out with blokes because I haven't necessarily been terribly comfortable about being a big lesbian mule. But I actually am a dyke."However, soon after in an interview in The Independent, she stated, "I believe it was overcompensating of me to declare myself a lesbian. It was not a publicity stunt. I was trying to make someone else feel better. And have subsequently caused pain for myself. I am not in a box of any description." In a magazine article and in a programme on RTÉ (Ryan Confidential, broadcast on RTÉ on 29 May 2003), she stated that while most of her sexual relationships had been with men, she has had three


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 relationships with women. Politics
O'Connor is a vocal supporter of a united Ireland, and called on the left-wing republican Sinn Féin party to be "braver".In December 2014 it was reported O'Connor had joined Sinn Féin. O'Connor has called for the "demolition" of the Irish Republic and its replacement with a new, united country. She has also called for key Sinn Féin politicians like Gerry Adams to step down because "they remind people of violence", referring to the Troubles. In a 2015 interview with the BBC, O'Connor wished that Ireland had remained under British rule (which ended after the Irish War of Independence, except for Northern Ireland), because the church took over the country instead. Following the Brexit referendum in 2016, O'Connor wrote on Facebook "Ireland is officially no longer owned by Britain". Religion
In the late 1990s, Bishop Michael Cox of the Irish Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church (an Independent Catholic group not in communion with the Catholic Church) ordained O'Connor as a priest. The Roman Catholic Church considers ordination of women to be invalid and asserts that a person attempting the sacrament of ordination upon a woman incurs excommunication.The bishop had contacted her to offer ordination following her appearance on the RTÉ's Late Late Show, during which she told the presenter, Gay Byrne, that had she not been a singer, she would have wished to have been a Catholic priest. After her ordination, she indicated that she wished to be called Mother Bernadette Mary. In August 2018, via an open letter, she asked Pope Francis to excommunicate her, as she


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 had asked of Pope Benedict XVI and Pope John Paul II. In a July 2007 interview with Christianity Today, O'Connor stated that she considers herself a Christian and that she believes in core Christian concepts about the Trinity and Jesus Christ. She said, "I think God saves everybody whether they want to be saved or not. So when we die, we’re all going home... I don't think God judges anybody.He loves everybody equally." In an October 2002 interview, she credited her Christian faith in giving her the strength to live through and overcome the effects of her child abuse. On 26 March 2010, O'Connor appeared on Anderson Cooper 360° to speak out about the Catholic sexual abuse scandal in Ireland. On 28 March 2010, she had an opinion piece published in the Sunday edition of the Washington Post in which she wrote about the scandal and her time in a Magdalene laundry as a teenager. Writing for the Sunday Independent she labelled the Vatican as "a nest of devils" and called for the establishment of an "alternative church", opining that "Christ is being murdered by liars" in the Vatican. Shortly after the election of Pope Francis she described the office of the Pope as an "anti-Christian office." O'Connor stated:

Asked whether from her point of view, it is therefore irrelevant who is elected to be Pope, O'Connor replied,
In October 2018, O'Connor converted to Islam, calling it "the natural conclusion of any intelligent theologian's journey".The ceremony was conducted in Ireland by Sunni Islamic theologian Shaykh Umar Al-Qadri. She also changed her name to Shuhada' Davitt. In a message on Twitter,


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 she thanked fellow Muslims for their support and uploaded a video of herself singing the adhan, the Islamic call to prayer. She also posted photos of herself wearing a hijab. Memoir
O'Connor's memoir, Rememberings, was published in June 2021. Discography

 1987: The Lion and the Cobra
 1990: I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got
 1992: Am I Not Your Girl? 1994: Universal Mother
 2000: Faith and Courage
 2002: Sean-Nós Nua
 2005: Throw Down Your Arms
 2007: Theology
 2012: How About I Be Me (and You Be You)?<mask>: Her Life and Music. Warner Books, 1991. .
 Hayes, Dermott. <mask> O'Connor: So Different''. Omnibus Press, 1991. . External links

Living people
Alternative rock guitarists
Nettwerk Music Group artists
Alternative rock singers
Women guitarists
Feminist musicians
Chrysalis Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Brit Award winners
Bisexual feminists
Bisexual musicians
Bisexual women
LGBT Christian clergy
LGBT Muslims
LGBT singers from Ireland
Female Christian clergy
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Irish former Christians
Converts to Sunni Islam from Catholicism
Irish Muslims
Irish pacifists
Irish pop singers
Irish priests
Irish rock guitarists
Irish rock singers
Irish women singer-songwriters
Irish women activists
Musicians from Dublin (city)
Muslim pacifists
People educated at Newtown School, Waterford
People from Glenageary
People with fibromyalgia
Religious controversies in music
Religious controversies in television
Irish-language singers
Formerly missing people
1966 births
20th-century Christian clergy
20th-century Irish women singers
21st-century Irish women

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<mask> (February 7, 1842 – February 26, 1892) was an American teacher, soldier, employee of the United States Post Office Department, a music historian, and Recorder of Deeds in Washington, D.C. Born into slavery in Mississippi, he, his two sisters and their mother Letitia were freed by their master, the child's father, and helped to move to Cincinnati, Ohio. He grew up in freedom, attending school and becoming a teacher. During the American Civil War, <mask> enlisted in the 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, the state's second black infantry regiment, and was quickly promoted; he was the second man of color to be promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the U.S. Army. After the war, he married and moved with his wife to Boston. He was the first man of color hired by the Post Office Department (now the United States Postal Service) there and worked with them for many years. He wrote a history of music in the United States which is still in print. In 1886, he was appointed by the Democratic administration of Grover Cleveland as the Recorder of Deeds in Washington, D.C., the highest federal position available at the time for African Americans.His son <mask> <mask> became a rights activist and was founder and editor of the Boston Guardian, a progressive African American newspaper. Among his publications is the Music and Some Highly Musical People, the first comprehensive history of African-American musicians. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on February 7, 1842, (some sources give <mask>'s date of birth as November 8, 1842) in the now-defunct town of Grand Gulf, Mississippi, in Claiborne County, Mississippi, 25 miles south of Vicksburg. <mask> was born into slavery; his mother Letitia was a slave and his father was her white owner, Richard S<mask>, then unmarried. After <mask> married in 1854, he freed Letitia and their mixed-race children, <mask> and two younger sisters. He sent them to Cincinnati, in the free state of Ohio. Young <mask> attended

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texts:
 Gilmore High School, a famous institution for freed slaves founded by Methodist clergyman Hiram S. Gilmore.There, he studied music with William F. Colburn, training that would serve him well later on. In Cincinnati, <mask> helped to support the family by working as a hotel bellboy and a riverboat cabin boy on a Cincinnati-to-New Orleans run. Around 1856, the family moved on to nearby Hamilton. Trotter attended Albany Manual Labor Academy in Athens County, Ohio, which was notable for accepting students regardless of race and sex. Despite its name, it offered classical academic classes as well as training in trades. Career
Trotter taught in schools for colored students in the Ohio counties of Pike, Muskingum, and Ross, where he taught at the city of Chillicothe. During his time in Chillicothe, which had become a center of free blacks and abolitionists, he met his future wife, Virginia Isaacs.Born free in 1842, she was a woman of color, the daughter of Tucker Isaacs and Ann-Elizabeth (Fossett) Isaacs from Charlottesville, Virginia. Tucker was the mixed-race son of David Isaacs, a German Jew, and Nancy West, a free woman of color; they had an established common-law marriage. Ann-Elizabeth Fossett was also of mixed race; she was born into slavery at Monticello: her father was Joseph Fossett, a grandson of Elizabeth Hemings, and her mother Edith Hern were both servants important to Thomas Jefferson. All were held as slaves by Jefferson. Her father was one of five male slaves freed in Jefferson's will of 1826, but her mother, siblings and Ann-Elizabeth (and nearly 130 other slaves) were sold on the auction block in 1827. Her father saved his money from working to purchase the freedom of his wife and children, one at a time over years, freeing Ann-Elizabeth in 1837. When all but one son were free, Fossett took his family to Chillicothe, in the free state of Ohio.His son eventually was purchased by friends and given his freedom to join his parents and family. American


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 Civil War
During the American Civil War, <mask> traveled from Ohio to Boston, Massachusetts, to enlist in one of the first African-American units of the Union Army, joining the 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry USCT, Company K, in June 1863. Educated and 21, he quickly was promoted from the rank of Private to Sergeant. He was ultimately promoted to 2nd Lieutenant, the second man of color to achieve this rank. Marriage and family
Upon completing his military service, <mask> returned to Chillicothe, where he married Virginia Isaacs, the great-great-granddaughter of Betty Hemings, in 1868. The couple moved to Boston, Massachusetts, as did Virginia's sister Mary Elizabeth and her husband William H. Dupree, also a veteran lieutenant. The two young couples were part of a wave of migration by southern blacks to Boston after the war, as they saw it as a place of opportunity and tolerance.The Trotters soon had three children together. Their son <mask> <mask> attended Harvard University and first went into business. He became a human rights activist and founded the progressive newspaper The Guardian. Boston and later years
In Boston, Trotter became the first man of color to be employed by the United States Post Office Department there. After eighteen years of service with the USPS, <mask> found that he was not being promoted as were white co-workers of equal seniority. In an act of protest, he resigned rather than continue in an inferior position. A multi-talented man, Trotter wrote a book entitled Music and Some Highly Musical People, published in 1878.It is the first comprehensive study of music ever written in the United States. It is still used by students of music history and those interested in tracing the origins of music in the United States, especially African-American music. It has been reissued at least two times, most recently in 1981. He was appointed in 1887 by President Grover Cleveland as the second African American to be Recorder of Deeds for the

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 District of Columbia, one of the highest federal offices to be held by a man of color at that time. He was preceded in that position by the activist Fredrick Douglass (1881–1886). After Trotter, U.S. Senator Blanche Kelso Bruce was appointed to the office, serving 1891–1893.<mask> died of tuberculosis after his return to Boston. Legacy and honors
The James M. Trotter Convention Center in Columbus, Mississippi, was named in his honor. Notes
"<mask> <mask> (1842–1892) was a prominent 19th-century civil rights advocate. He came to Boston to join the Massachusetts 54th* Regiment, the first African-American corps of soldiers in the Civil War. After the war, <mask> became the highest ranking, non-elected African-American in the federal government in his position as Federal Recorder of Deeds. He was the father of civil-rights leader <mask> <mask>." – The Bostonian Society, 2007

Note: Available military records indicate that Trotter mustered into the Massachusetts 55th regiment in June 1863.Thus, the Bostonian Society is apparently in error on his regiment. References

<mask>, <mask>., (1878) Music and Some Highly Musical People, Johnson Reprint Corp, 1981. , , ASIN: B00087QNHE; originally published by Charles T. Dillingham, New York, NY, 1881. Egerton, Douglas, Thunder at the Gates: The Black Civil War Regiments That Redeemed America, New York: Basic Books, 2016. Lewis, David Levering. (1994) W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919, Owl Books. External links

The Boston Historical Society and Museum
USCT – United States Colored Troops Home Page
The Civil War In Southern Ohio

James M. Trotter Convention Center

1842 births
1892 deaths
District of Columbia Recorders of Deeds
People from Gulfport, Mississippi
People from Columbus, Mississippi
Educators from Cincinnati
African-American military personnel
African Americans in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
Tuberculosis deaths in Massachusetts
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
19th-century

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<mask>  (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian film director, screenwriter, and actor. He is one of the principal originators of what is commonly known as the body horror genre, with his films exploring visceral bodily transformation, infection, technology, and the intertwining of the psychological with the physical. <mask> is best known for exploring these themes through sci-fi horror films such as Shivers (1975), Scanners (1981),  Videodrome (1983), and The Fly (1986), though he has also worked in multiple genres throughout his career. <mask>'s films have polarized critics and audiences alike; he has earned critical acclaim and has sparked controversy for his depictions of gore and violence. The Village Voice called him "the most audacious and challenging narrative director in the English-speaking world". His films have won numerous awards, including, for Crash, the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, a unique award that is distinct from the Jury Prize as it is not given annually, but only at the request of the official jury, who in this case gave the award "for originality, for daring, and for audacity". In the 2000s and 2010s, <mask> collaborated on several films with Viggo Mortensen, including A History of Violence (2005), Eastern Promises (2007), and A Dangerous Method (2011).He competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival with Cosmopolis. Early life
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Cronenberg is the son of Esther (née Sumberg), a musician, and <mask>, a writer and editor. He was raised in a "middle-class progressive Jewish family." His father was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and his mother was born in Toronto; all of his Jewish grandparents were from Lithuania. They kept the Cronenberg household full of a wide variety of books, and <mask>'s father tried to introduce him to art films such as The Seventh Seal, although at the time, Cronenberg was more interested in western and pirate films,  showing a particular affinity for those featuring Burt Lancaster. A voracious reader from an early age, Cronenberg started off

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texts: enjoying science fiction magazines like  The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Galaxy, and Astounding, where he first encountered authors who would prove influential on his own work, including Ray Bradbury and Isaac Asimov, although he wouldn't encounter his primary influence, Philip K. Dick, until much later. <mask> also read comic books, noting his favorites were Tarzan, Little Lulu, Uncle Scrooge, Blackhawk, Plastic Man, Superman and the original Fawcett Comics version of Captain Marvel, later known as Shazam.Although as an adult, <mask> feels superhero films are artistically limited, he maintains a fondness for Captain Marvel/Shazam, criticizing how he feels the character had been neglected. <mask> also read horror comics published by EC, which in contrast to the others, he described as "scary and bizarre and violent and nasty—the ones your mother didn’t want you to have." Early films that later proved influential on <mask>'s career include standard avant-garde, horror, science fiction, and thriller films, such as Un Chien Andalou, Vampyr, War of the Worlds, Freaks, Creature from the Black Lagoon, Alphaville, Performance, and Duel. However, <mask> has also cited less obvious films as influences, including comedies like The Bed Sitting Room, as well as Disney cartoons such as Bambi and Dumbo. <mask> said he found these two Disney animated films, as well as Universal's live-action Blue Lagoon, "terrifying" which influenced his approach to horror. <mask> went on to say that Bambi was the "first important film" he ever saw, citing the moment when Bambi's mother died as particularly powerful. <mask> even wished to screen Bambi as part of a museum exhibition of his influences,  but Disney refused him permission.In terms of conventional horror films that frightened him, <mask> cited Don't Look Now. <mask> began writing as a child and did so constantly, mainly working in the science fiction genre. He attended high school at Harbord Collegiate Institute and North Toronto Collegiate Institute. A keen interest in science, especially botany and

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 lepidopterology, led him to enter the Honours Science program at the University of Toronto in 1963, but he switched to Honours English Language and Literature later in his first year. <mask>'s fascination with the film Winter Kept Us Warm (1966), by classmate <mask>, sparked his interest in film. He began frequenting film camera rental houses, learning the art of filmmaking, and made two 16mm films (Transfer and From the Drain). Inspired by the New York underground film scene, he founded the Toronto Film Co-op with Iain Ewing and Ivan Reitman.After taking a year off to travel in Europe, he returned to Canada in 1967 and graduated from University College of the University of Toronto at the top of his class. Career
After two short sketch films and two short art-house features (the black-and-white Stereo and the colour Crimes of the Future) <mask> went into partnership with Ivan Reitman. The Canadian government provided financing for his films throughout the 1970s. During this period, he focused on his signature "body horror" films such as Shivers  and Rabid, the latter of which provided pornographic actress Marilyn Chambers with work in a different genre, although <mask>'s first choice for the role had been a then little-known Sissy Spacek. Rabid was a breakthrough with international distributors, and his next two horror features, The Brood and Scanners, gained stronger support. Even at this stage however, <mask> showed variety, by making Fast Company between The Brood and Rabid, a project reflecting his interest in car racing and bike gangs. <mask> has cited William S. Burroughs and Vladimir Nabokov as influences.Perhaps the best example of a film that straddles the line between his works of personal chaos and psychological confusion is <mask>'s 1991 "adaptation" of Naked Lunch (1959), his literary hero William S. Burroughs' most controversial book. The novel was considered "unfilmable", and <mask> acknowledged that a straight translation into film would "cost 400 million dollars and be banned in every country in the world". Instead—much like in his

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texts: earlier film, Videodrome—he consistently blurred the lines between what appeared to be reality and what appeared to be hallucinations brought on by the main character's drug addiction. Some of the book's "moments" (as well as incidents loosely based upon Burroughs' life) are presented in this manner within the film. <mask> stated that while writing the screenplay for Naked Lunch (1991), he felt a moment of synergy with Burroughs' writing style. He felt the connection between his screenwriting style and Burroughs' prose style was so strong, that he jokingly remarked that should Burroughs pass on, "I'll just write his next book." <mask> has said that his films should be seen "from the point of view of the disease", and that in Shivers, for example, he identifies with the characters after they become infected with the anarchic parasites.Disease and disaster, in <mask>'s work, are less problems to be overcome than agents of personal transformation. Of his characters' transformations, <mask> said, "But because of our necessity to impose our own structure of perception on things we look on ourselves as being relatively stable. But, in fact, when I look at a person I see this maelstrom of organic, chemical and electron chaos; volatility and instability, shimmering; and the ability to change and transform and transmute." Similarly, in Crash (1996), people who have been injured in car crashes attempt to view their ordeal as "a fertilizing rather than a destructive event". In 2005, <mask> publicly disagreed with Paul Haggis' choice of the same name for the latter's Oscar-winning film Crash (2004), arguing that it was "very disrespectful" to the "important and seminal" J.G. Ballard novel on which <mask>'s film was based. Aside from The Dead Zone (1983) and The Fly (1986), <mask> has not generally worked within the world of big-budget, mainstream Hollywood filmmaking, although he has had occasional near misses.At one stage he was considered by George Lucas as a possible director for Return of the Jedi (1983) but was passed over. <mask> also worked for nearly a

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texts: year on a version of Total Recall (1990), but experienced "creative differences" with producers Dino De Laurentiis and Ronald Shusett; a different version of the film was eventually made by Paul Verhoeven. A fan of Philip K. Dick's, author of "We Can Remember it For You Wholesale", the short story upon which the film was based, <mask> related in the 1992 biography/overview of his work, Cronenberg on <mask>, that his dissatisfaction with what he envisioned the film to be and what it ended up being pained him so greatly that for a time, he suffered a migraine just thinking about it, akin to a needle piercing his eye. In the late 1990s, <mask> was announced as director of a sequel to another Verhoeven film, Basic Instinct (1992), but this also fell through. His thriller A History of Violence (2005) is one of his highest budgeted and most accessible to date. He has said that the decision to direct it was influenced by his having had to defer some of his salary on the low-budgeted Spider (2002), but it was one of his most critically acclaimed films to date, along with Eastern Promises (2007), a film about the struggle of one man to gain power in the Russian Mafia. <mask> has collaborated with composer Howard Shore on all of his films since The Brood (1979), (see List of film director and composer collaborations) with the exception of The Dead Zone (1983), which was scored by Michael Kamen.Other regular collaborators include actor Robert Silverman, art director Carol Spier (also his sister) sound editor Bryan Day, film editor Ronald Sanders, his sister, costume designer <mask>, and, from 1979 until 1988, cinematographer Mark Irwin. In 2008, <mask> directed Howard Shore's first opera, The Fly. Since Dead Ringers (1988), <mask> has worked with cinematographer Peter Suschitzky on each of his films (see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations). Suschitzky was the director of photography for The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and <mask> remarked that Suschitzky's work in that film "was the only one of those movies that actually looked good", which

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texts: was a motivating factor to work with him on Dead Ringers. Although <mask> has worked with a number of Hollywood stars, he remains a staunchly Canadian filmmaker, with nearly all of his films (including major studio vehicles The Dead Zone and The Fly) having been filmed in his home province Ontario. Notable exceptions include M. Butterfly (1993), most of which was shot in China, Spider, and Eastern Promises (2007), which were both filmed primarily in England, and A Dangerous Method (2011), which was filmed in Germany and Austria. Rabid and Shivers were shot in and around Montreal.Most of his films have been at least partially financed by Telefilm Canada, and <mask>, a vocal supporter of government-backed film projects, has said: "Every country needs [a system of government grants] to have a national cinema in the face of Hollywood". <mask> has also appeared as an actor in other directors' films. Most of his roles are cameo appearances, as in the films Into the Night (1985), Blood and Donuts (1995), To Die For (1995), and Jason X (2002) and the television series Alias, but on occasion he has played major roles, as in Nightbreed (1990) and Last Night (1998). He has not had major roles in any of his own films, but he did put in a brief appearance as a gynecologist in The Fly; he can also be glimpsed among the sex-crazed hordes in Shivers; he can be heard as an unseen car-pound attendant in Crash; his hands can be glimpsed in eXistenZ (1999); and he appeared as a stand-in for James Woods in Videodrome for shots in which Woods' character wore a helmet that covered his head. In 2008, <mask> realized two extra-cinematographic projects: the exhibition Chromosomes at the Rome Film Fest, and the opera The Fly at the LaOpera in Los Angeles and Theatre Châtelet in Paris. In July 2010, <mask> completed production on A Dangerous Method (2011), an adaptation of Christopher Hampton's play The Talking Cure, starring Keira Knightley, Michael Fassbender, and frequent collaborator Viggo Mortensen. The film was produced by independent British producer Jeremy Thomas.In

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texts: 2012, his film Cosmopolis competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. In the October 2011 edition of Rue Morgue, <mask> stated that he has written a companion piece to his 1986 remake of The Fly, which he would like to direct if given the chance. He has stated that it is not a traditional sequel, but rather a "parallel story". For a time it appeared that, as Eastern Promises producer Paul Webster told Screen International, a sequel is in the works that would reunite the key team of <mask>, Steven Knight, and Viggo Mortensen. The film was to be made by Webster's new production company Shoebox Films in collaboration with Focus Features, and shot in early 2013. However, in 2012, <mask> commented that the Eastern Promises sequel had fallen through due to budget disagreement with Focus Features. Filming for <mask>'s next film, a satire drama entitled Maps to the Stars (2014)—with Julianne Moore, Mia Wasikowska, John Cusack, and Robert Pattinson—began on July 8, 2013, in Toronto, Ontario and Los Angeles.This was the first time <mask> filmed in the United States. On June 26, 2014, <mask>'s short film The Nest was published on YouTube. The film was commissioned for "David Cronenberg – The Exhibition" at EYE Film Institute in Amsterdam and was available on YouTube for the duration of the exhibition, until September 14, 2014. Also in 2014, <mask> published his first novel, Consumed. In a May 2016 interview, Viggo Mortensen revealed that <mask> is considering retiring due to difficulty financing his film projects. In February 2021 however, Mortensen said <mask> had refined an older script he'd written and hopes to film it with Mortensen that summer. He further hinted that it is a "strange film noir" and resembles <mask>'s earlier body horror films.In April 2021, the title was revealed to be Crimes of the Future. It will be shot in Greece during the summer of 2021. <mask> appears as himself in the minute long short film, The Death of <mask>, shot by his daughter Caitlin, which was offered as an NFT on September 19, 2021. A chapter on <mask>'s

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 first film was published in the book First Films 1.0 by Philip Powers. Personal life
<mask> lives in Toronto. He married his first wife, Margaret Hindson, in 1972: their seven-year marriage ended in 1979 amidst personal and professional differences. They had one daughter, <mask>.His second wife was film editor Carolyn Zeifman, to whom he was married until her death in 2017. The couple met on the set of Rabid while she was working as a production assistant. They have two children, Caitlin and Brandon. In the book Cronenberg on Cronenberg (1992), he revealed that The Brood was inspired by events that occurred during the unraveling of his first marriage, which caused both <mask> and his daughter Cassandra a great deal of turmoil. The character Nola Carveth, mother of the brood, is based on Cassandra's mother. <mask> said that he found the shooting of the climactic scene, in which Nola was strangled by her husband, to be "very satisfying". In a September 2013 interview, <mask> revealed that Roman Catholic film director Martin Scorsese admitted to him that he was intrigued by <mask>'s early work but was subsequently "terrified" to meet him in person.<mask> responded to Scorsese: "You're the guy who made Taxi Driver and you're afraid to meet me?" In the same interview, <mask> identified as an atheist. "Anytime I've tried to imagine squeezing myself into the box of any particular religion, I find it claustrophobic and oppressive," <mask> elaborated. "I think atheism is an acceptance of what is real." In the same interview, <mask> revealed that it depends on the "time of day" as to whether or not he is afraid of death. He further stated that he is not concerned about posthumous representations of his film work: "It wouldn't disturb me to think that my work would just sink beneath the waves without trace and that would be it. So what?It doesn't bother me." In <mask> on <mask>, the director further elaborated that he was raised in a secular Jewish home, and while he and his family had no disdain towards any religion, such matters were not discussed. In the

masks:
Cronenberg
Cassandra Cronenberg
Cronenberg
Cronenberg
Cronenberg
Cronenberg
Cronenberg
Cronenberg
Cronenberg
Cronenberg
Cronenberg
Cronenberg


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 same book, <mask> said that in his teens he went through a phase where he wondered about the existence of God, but ultimately came to the conclusion that the God concept was developed to cope with the fear of death. In a 2007 interview, <mask> explained the role atheism plays in his work. He stated, "I'm interested in saying, 'Let us discuss the existential question. We are all going to die, that is the end of all consciousness. There is no afterlife.There is no God. Now what do we do.' That's the point where it starts getting interesting to me." In <mask>'s later films (e.g. A History of Violence, Eastern Promises and A Dangerous Method) openly religious characters become more common. During an interview for A History of Violence, <mask> even chose to identify as a materialist rather than an atheist, stating, "I’m not an atheist, but for me to turn away from any aspect of the human body to me is a philosophical betrayal. And there’s a lot of art and religion whose whole purpose is to turn away from the human body.I feel in my art that my mandate is to not do that." In a separate 2013 interview, <mask> discussed the role religion plays in his films, using Eastern Promises as the main example:

I'm an atheist but not all my characters are atheists. So it's true that I don't think about God ever as part of my life or anything. But if you're a dramatist and you are working with characters who come from a particular culture, you have to accept their understanding of life, and with passion. So the Nikolai character, I'm pretty sure he believes in God and most of the other characters in the movie do too. Some of them are Muslim, some of them are Eastern Orthodox, and that's a part of their life, a part of their understanding of suffering. Because everybody in life suffers but not everybody thinks of that in religious terms.These people do. And they think of suffering as a way to salvation, also in religious terms. I am their God really, as I am creating them; that's religious in itself. I am a very hardcore atheist believe me but you become like an actor


texts:
 really, as a director or a writer. You must take on the character as that character is and believe in it as you're playing it. To allow that character to exist as he would exist. That's really what it's all about, so I have no problem with characters who are religious and believe in God.I would have a problem if that was the point of the whole story because that bores me and I just don't have any emotional or intellectual respect for it, frankly. Filmography

Films

Acting roles

Short films

Television

TV movies

TV series

Acting roles

Commercials

Awards and recognition

Cronenberg has appeared on various "Greatest Director" lists. In 2004, Science Fiction magazine Strange Horizons named him the second greatest director in the history of the genre, ahead of better known directors such as Steven Spielberg, James Cameron, Jean-Luc Godard, and Ridley Scott. In the same year, The Guardian listed him 9th on their list of "The world's 40 best directors". In 2007, Total Film named him as the 17th greatest director of all-time. Film professor Charles Derry, in his overview of the horror genre Dark Dreams, called the director one of the most important in his field, and that "no discussion of contemporary horror film can conclude without reference to the films of <mask>." <mask> received the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival for Crash.In 1999, he was inducted onto Canada's Walk of Fame, awarded the Silver Bear Award at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival. and that November received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts. In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, and was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada (the order's highest rank) in 2014. In 2006 he was awarded the Cannes Film Festival's lifetime achievement award, the Carrosse d'Or. In 2009 <mask> received the Légion d'honneur from the government of France. The following year <mask> was named an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College Dublin. In 2012, he received the

masks:
David Cronenberg
Cronenberg
Cronenberg
Cronenberg


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 Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.The opening of the "<mask>nberg: Evolution" Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) exhibition occurred on October 30, 2013. Held at the TIFF Bell Lightbox venue, the exhibition paid tribute to the director's entire filmmaking career and the festival's promotional material referred to <mask> as "one of Canada's most prolific and iconic filmmakers". The exhibition was shown internationally following the conclusion of the TIFF showing on January 19, 2014. In 2014, he was made a Member of the Order of Ontario in recognition for being "Canada's most celebrated internationally acclaimed filmmaker". In April 2018, it was announced that <mask> would receive the honorary Golden Lion at the 75th Venice International Film Festival. Cannes Film Festival

Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television
Best Picture

Best Director

Best Screenplay

Saturn Awards

Writings

References

Further reading

External links

 The Literary Adaptations of <mask> (via LitReactor, 2011)
 <mask> Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)
 <mask>nberg Profile by The New York Times Magazine (September 2005)
 Teleplay episode "The Italian Machine" online at the Channel4 website (RealMedia)

1943 births
Living people
Canadian atheists
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Jewish atheists
Jewish Canadian male actors
Canadian people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Horror film directors
Best Director Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Male actors from Toronto
Members of the Order of Ontario
Companions of the Order of Canada
Film directors from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
Best Screenplay Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Science fiction film directors
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian people of Jewish descent
Canadian people of American descent
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian experimental filmmakers
Writers from Toronto
Advertising directors
English-language film directors
Governor General's Performing Arts Award

masks:
David Crone
Cronenberg
Cronenberg
David Cronenberg
David Cronenberg
David Crone


texts:
<mask> is an Russian American surgeon (born on May 26, 1961 in Moscow, Russia.) He is considered to be one of the first surgeons in the world to apply the method of laparoscopic surgery and robotic-assisted surgery to urological surgery and is considered one of the world’s leading experts on minimally invasive surgery. After many years teaching, researching and conducting clinical studies on laparoscopic surgery throughout the world, <mask> is in private practice in Beverly Hills, California. His client list includes numerous Hollywood celebrities and professional athletes. Education
After receiving his M.D. degree from Moscow Medical School in 1984 and his Ph.D. degree from the Moscow Research Institute of Urology, he completed a research fellowship at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Department of Surgery in 1992 and a clinical fellowship at the UCLA Medical Center Department of Urology in 1993. Since Russian residency training is not valid in the USA, he redid urology residency training at UCLA starting in 1993 so that he could work in the USA.Academic appointments
<mask> holds numerous academic appointments, including: Assistant Clinical Professor at the UCLA School of Medicine Department of Urology and Clinical Faculty at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Department of Urology. Between 1990 and 1993 he

masks:
Alexander Gershman
Gershman
Gershman


texts:
 was previously a visiting professor at major hospitals in Vienna, Vancouver, San Diego, Oslo, Gettengem, and Amsterdam and a Clinical Instructor in laparoscopic surgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Hospital appointments
He currently holds numerous hospital appointments, including the following: Clinical Chief of Urology at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Director of Urologic Laparoscopy Division of Urology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Head of Endourology Division, Department of Surgery, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; Attending Surgeon, Laparoscopic Renal Transplant Surgery St. Mary Medical Center; Attending Surgeon at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; and Attending Surgeon at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. Publications and lectures
<mask> has written over 20 published articles and over 50 published scientific abstracts on the subject of laparoscopic surgery and has contributed chapters on the subject of surgery to several medical textbooks. Articles
1997 <mask>, A., Raz, S.: Bioengineering For Bladders. Newsletter, Department of Urology. UCLA.1995 Gill, I., Kavoussi, L., Clayman, R., McDougal, E., Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Complications Of Laparoscopic Nephrectomy: A Multiinstitutional Study. J. Urol. 1995 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Ureteroneocystostomy.

masks: Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman


texts: J. Urol. 1994 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Vesicoureteroplasty In Children. American Urological Association Annual Meeting 1994, San Francisco, California. J Urol.1994 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Antireflux Surgery In Children. J. Urol. 1993 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Renal Surgery In Children. J. Urol. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Seromyotomy For Non-neurogenic Neurogenic Bladder In A Child. J. Urol. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Ureteral Reimplantation.Society for Pediatric Urology Newsletter. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Operative Laparoscopy In Children. Society for Pediatric Urology Newsletter. 1993 Phillips, E., Carrol, B., <mask>, A.: Removal Of Common Duct Stones Using Laparoscopic Technique. J Gastroenterology, Germany. 1992 Ehrlich, R., Raz, S., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In A Child: Expending Horizons Of Laparoscopy In Pediatric Urology. J. Endourology.1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G.: Percutaneous Endoscopic Implantation of Automatic Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator (AICD). J. Laparoendoscopic Surgery. 1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G.: Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Lead Systems: Current and Future Directions. Cardio. 1992 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In

masks: Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman


texts:
 Children: Society for Pediatric Urology Newsletter. 1991 <mask>, A., Chandra, M., Grundfest, W.: Laser Induced Fluorescent Spectroscopy Of Malignant And Inflammatory Prostate In Vitro. SPIE.1991 <mask>, A., Chandra, M., Daykhovsky, L., Grundfest, W. Technical Parameters For Angioscopy: Critical Elements For Effective Instrumentation. SPIE. 1990 <mask>, A., Grundfest, W., Daykhovsky, L.: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Instrumentation And Technique. J. Laparoendoscopic Surgery. 1990 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Grundfest, W., Chandra, M., Daykhovsky, L.: Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy. J. Laparoendoscopic Surgery. 1989 <mask>, A., Morozov, A.: Functional Results Of Anatrophic Iephrolythotomy In Treatment Of Staghorn Nephrolythiasis.Journal of Urology Nephrology, Moscow. 1989 <mask>, A., Morozov, A.: Several Unrolled Questions In Surgical Management Of Staghorn Nephrolythiasis. Journal of Urology, Moscow. 1989 <mask>, A.: Lipid Peroxidation In The Murine Renal Tissue Homogenates Under Heat Ischimia In The Presence Or Absence Of Corticosteroid Protection. Journal of Urology Nephrology, Moscow. Scientific abstracts
1998 <mask>, A.; Ram-Liebig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Endoscopic Submucosal Implantation of Permanent Suture Material For The Treatment Of Urinary Incontinence. Western Section AUA.1998 <mask>, A.,

masks: Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman


texts: Ram-Liebig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Bladder Wall Replacement Using Biologically Engineered Membranes. Western Section AUA, Hawaii. 1997 <mask>, A., Ram Leibig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Bladder Wall Replacement Using Biologically Engineered Membrane. J. Endourology. 1997 <mask>, A., Ram Liebig, G., Fuchs, G., Raz, S.: Endoscopic Submucosal Implantation of Permanent Suture Material For The Potential Treatment Of Urinary Incontinence. J. Endourology. 1995 Fuchs, G., <mask> A., David, R., Patel, A., Ehrlich, R.: Transabdominal Bilateral And Unilateral Nephrectomy In Adults.American Urological Association Annual Meeting, Las Vegas. 1995 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., David, R., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In Adults: Discussion Of Different Approaches and Lessons Learned. J. Endourology. 1995 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., David, R., Patel, A., Ehrlich, R.: Transabdominal Unit And Bilateral Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In Adults. J. Urology. 1994 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy In Pediatrics. American Urological Association Annual Meeting 1994, San Francisco, California.J. Urol. 1994 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Vesicoureteroplasty In Children: Initial Case Report. J. Urol. 1994 Gill, I., Kavoussi, L., Clayman, R., McDougall, E., Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>,

masks: Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman Gershman


texts: A.:Complications Of Laparoscopic Nephrectomy. Multiinstitutional Study. J Endourology. 1994 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., Rosenthal, T.: Transabdominal Laparoscopic Bilateral Nephrectomy; The UCLA Experience.J. Endourology. Morris, B., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A.:Laparoscopic Treatment Of The Renal Cysts. J. Endourology. 1994 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., David, R., Ehrlich, R.: Transabdominal Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in Adults. J. Endourology. 1993 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Holden, S., Fuchs, G.: Complications of Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy. SPIE.1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in Adults. 11th World Congress of Endourology, Italy. 1993 Pang, K., David, R., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Treatment Of Stones In Caliceal Diverticula Using Retrograde Approach: Critical Assessment After 4 Years. American Urologic Association. San Antonio, Texas. 1993 Ehrlich, R., <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Mee, S.: Expending Horizons in Pediatric Laparoscopy. American Urologic Association.San Antonio, Texas. 1993 Fuchs, G., David, R., Pang, K., <mask>, A.: Five-Year Experience with Electrohydrolic Lithotripsy For Complex Stones In The Ureter. American Urologic Association. San Antonio, Texas. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Problem Solving In Laparoscopic Surgery. Video Urology, 5th World Congress,


texts: Florida. 1993 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Renal Surgery In Pediatrics.Video Urology, 5th World Congress, Florida. 1993 <mask>, A., Holden, S., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Treatment Of Lymphocele. Video Urology, 5th World Congress, Florida. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy. Western Section American Urologic Association. 1993 <mask>, A., Ehrlich, R., Danoff, D., Fuchs, G.: Recognition and Management Of Complications In Laparoscopic Surgery. Western Section American Urologic Association.1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Tissue Approximation in Laparoscopic Surgery. Western Section American Urologic Association. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Pediatric Laparoscopic Renal Surgery. American Urologic Association Western Section. 1993 Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Renal Surgery In Pediatrics. GU Surgeons, Phoenix, Arizona. 1993 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Principals Of Tissue Approximation In Laparoscopic Surgery.American Urologic Association. San Antonio, Texas. 1992 Fuchs, G., <mask>, A., Ehrlich, R.: Pediatric Laparoscopic Surgery. J. Endourology. 1992 Fuchs, G., Barbaric, Z., David, R., Pang, K., <mask>, A.: Renal Ablation By Retrograde Intrarenal Reflux Of Ethanol. J. Endourology. 1992 <mask>, A.: Role Of Laparoscopic Pelvic


texts: Lymphadenectomy In The Diagnosis Of Prostate Cancer.American College of Surgeons. 1992 <mask>, A.: Advanced Laparoscopy in Urology. American College of Surgeons. 1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G., Grundfest, W.: New Thoracoscopic Approach To The Epicardial Surface And Its Application In The Percutaneous Implantation Of Automatic Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator (AICD) Lead System. American College of Surgeons. 1992 <mask>, A, Fuchs, G., Ehrlich, R.: Pediatric Laparoscopic Surgery. 10th World Congress of Endourology and ESWL.1992 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Problem Solving In Laparoscopic Surgery In Urology: Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. Dublin, Ireland. 1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G: Thoracoscopic Approach to The Pericardial Surface. Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. Dublin, Ireland. 1992 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Holden, S.: Role Of Laparoscopic Pelvic Node Dissection In The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Prostate Cancer: Alternative Approaches In The Treatment Of Prostate Cancer. Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy.Dublin, Ireland. 1992 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Holden, S., Fuchs, G.; Advantages of Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy. Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. Dublin, Ireland. 1992 <mask>, A., Danoff, D., Ehrlich, R., Fuchs, G.: Laparoscopic Treatment of the Renal Cyst. Society for


texts:
 Minimally Invasive Therapy. Dublin, Ireland.1992 <mask>, A., Fuchs, G.: Principals Of Tissue Approximation In Laparoscopic Surgery. Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. Dublin, Ireland. 1992 <mask>, A., Reznik, G.: Percutaneous Endoscopic Implantation of AICD. American Heart Association. Anaheim, California. 1991 Phillips, E., Daykhovsky, L., <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Clinical Experience Of 100 Patients.SPIE. 1991 <mask>, A., Danoff, D.: Development of New Laparoscopic Techniques In Intra-abdominal Surgery. SPIE. 1991 <mask>, A., Daykhovsky, L., Grundfest, W.: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Required Equipment And Technical Details. SPIE. 1991 <mask>, A.: Laparoscopic Procedures In Urology And General Surgery. International Symposium of Colorectal Surgery, Moscow, Russia.1991 <mask>, A.: Our Technique of Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy. Ninth World Congress of Endourology, Vienna, Austria. 1991 <mask>, A.: Advanced Laparoscopic Surgery in Urology. Ninth Congress of International Society for Laser Surgery and Medicine. 1991 <mask>, A., Holden, S., Sacks, S.: Role Of Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy In Diagnosis And Treatment Of Prostate Cancer. Third International Meeting of Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy. Boston.Seminars
He has taught hundreds of scientific and continued


texts:
 education seminars in the United States, Canada and Europe, including delivering keynote addresses, at the annual meetings of the American Urological Association, the British Association of Urological Surgeons and the World Congress of Endourology and ESWL. Clinical research and grants
<mask> has conducted numerous clinical studies and trials for major pharmaceutical companies, including GlaxoSmith Kline, Eli Lilly and Company and Ingenix. He has also been awarded numerous educational and research grants. Membership
2002 American Russian Medical And Dental Association of Los Angeles, President
1993 American Urological Association, Member
1993 American Medical Association, Member
1993 Los Angeles Urological Society, Member
1991 International Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy, Member
1990 European Association for Endoscopic Surgery and Other Interventional Techniques, Member
1986 Urologic Association of Russia, Member

Awards
Gershman's awards include prizes awarded by the Los Angeles Urological Society and the Solomon Scholars Resident Research Program. Media
<mask> can be seen on Season Two, Episode 3 of Million Dollar Listing. References

External links
<mask>'s medical practice website

1961 births
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Russian emigrants to the United States
American

masks:
Gershman
Gershman
Alexander Gershman


texts:
<mask> (3 July 1746 – 4 June 1820) was an Irish politician and lawyer who campaigned for legislative freedom for the Irish Parliament in the late 18th century from Britain. He was a Member of the Irish Parliament (MP) from 1775 to 1801 and a Member of Parliament (MP) in Westminster from 1805 to 1820. He has been described as a superb orator and a romantic. With generous enthusiasm he demanded that Ireland should be granted its rightful status, that of an independent nation, though he always insisted that Ireland would remain linked to Great Britain by a common crown and by sharing a common political tradition. Grattan opposed the Act of Union 1800 that merged the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain, but later sat as a member of the united Parliament in London. Early life
Grattan was born at Fishamble Street, Dublin, and baptised in the nearby church of St. John the Evangelist in 1746. A member of the Anglo-Irish elite of Protestant background, Grattan was the son of <mask> MP, of Belcamp Park, County Dublin  and Mary, youngest daughter of Thomas Marlay, Attorney-General of Ireland, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer and finally Lord Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench and his wife Anne de Laune.Grattan attended Drogheda Grammar School and then went on to become a distinguished student at Trinity College Dublin, where he began a lifelong study of classical literature, and was especially interested in the great orators of antiquity. Like his friend <mask>, Grattan worked on his natural eloquence and oratory skills by studying models such as Bolingbroke and Junius. In the

masks:
Henry Grattan
James Grattan
Henry Flood


texts:
 late 1760s and early 1770s he spent some years in London, and he visited France in 1771. He attended debates in the British House of Commons regularly, and also enjoyed visiting the celebrated Grecian Coffee House in Devereux Court, where he met Oliver Goldsmith. It was in London where he formed his lifelong friendship with Robert Day, later a judge of the Court of King's Bench. After studying at the Middle Temple, London and then King's Inns, Dublin and being called to the Irish bar in 1772, although he never seriously practised law but was drawn to politics, influenced by Flood. He entered the Irish Parliament for Charlemont in 1775, sponsored by Lord Charlemont, just as Flood had damaged his credibility by accepting office.<mask> quickly superseded Flood in the leadership of the national party, not least because his oratorical powers were unsurpassed among his contemporaries. In the Irish Parliament
Catholics who made up the majority of the Irish population—were completely excluded from public life at this time under the Penal Laws, in force in Ireland from 1691 until the early 1780s. The Presbyterians of Ulster had a lot more power as they were primarily of British ancestry, although most of the penal laws also affected them. Power was held by the King's Viceroy and by a small element, the Anglo-Irish families loyal to the Anglican Church of Ireland who owned most of the land. The politicians of the national party now fought for the Irish Parliament, not with the intention of liberating the Catholic majority, but to set the Irish parliament free from constitutional bondage


texts: to the British Privy Council. By virtue of Poynings' Law, a statute of King <mask> of England, all proposed Irish legislation had to be submitted to the Privy Council for its approval under the Great Seal of England before being passed by the Irish Parliament. A bill so approved might be accepted or rejected, but not amended.More recent British Acts had further emphasised the complete dependence of the Irish parliament, and the appellate jurisdiction of the Irish House of Lords had also been annulled. Moreover, the British Houses claimed and exercised the power to legislate directly for Ireland without even the nominal concurrence of the parliament in Dublin. This was the constitution which William Molyneux and Swift had denounced, which Flood had attacked, and which <mask> was to destroy, becoming leaders of the Patriot movement. Calls for the legislative independence of Ireland at the Irish Volunteer Convention at Dungannon, County Tyrone, greatly influenced the decision of the government in 1782 to make concessions. It was through ranks of Volunteers drawn up outside the Irish Parliament in Dublin that <mask> passed on 16 April 1782, amidst unparalleled popular enthusiasm, to move a declaration of the independence of the Irish parliament. "I found Ireland on her knees," Grattan exclaimed, "I watched over her with a paternal solicitude; I have traced her progress from injuries to arms, and from arms to liberty. Spirit of Swift, spirit of Molyneux, your genius has prevailed!Ireland is now a nation!" After a month of negotiation the claims of Ireland were conceded. The gratitude

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Henry VII
Grattan
Grattan


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 of his countrymen to <mask> was shown by a parliamentary grant of £100,000, which had to be reduced by half before he would accept it. <mask> then asked for the British House of Commons to reconfirm the British Government's decision, and on 22 January 1783, the final Act was passed by parliament in London, including the text:
 Be it enacted that the right claimed by the people of Ireland to be bound only by laws enacted by his Majesty and the Parliament of that kingdom, in all cases whatever shall be, and is hereby declared to be established and ascertained for ever, and shall at no time be questioned or questionable. In September of the same year, <mask> became a member of the Privy Council of Ireland. He was expelled in 1798, but was re-admitted on 9 August 1806. In Dublin, he was a member of Daly's Club."<mask>'s Parliament"

One of the first acts of <mask>'s parliament was to prove its loyalty to the Constitution by passing a vote for the support of 20,000 sailors for the Royal Navy. <mask> was loyal to the Crown and the British connection. He was, however, anxious to achieve moderate parliamentary reform, and, unlike Flood, he favoured Catholic Emancipation. It was evident that without reform, the Irish House of Commons would not be able to make much use of its newly won legislative independence. Though now free from Westminster constitutional control, it was still subject to the influence of corruption, which the British government had wielded through the British and Irish borough owners, known as the "undertakers", or more directly through the great executive offices.

masks: Grattan Grattan Grattan Grattan Grattan Grattan


texts: <mask>'s parliament had no control over the Irish executive. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and his chief secretary continued to be appointed by the British ministers; their tenure of office depended on the vicissitudes of English, not Irish, party politics; the royal prerogative was exercised in Ireland on the advice of British ministers.The Irish House of Commons was unrepresentative of the Irish people at a time when democracy was rare in Europe. The majority were excluded, whom were either Roman Catholics or Presbyterians; two-thirds of the members of the House of Commons were returned by small boroughs at the disposal of individual patrons, whose support was bought by the distribution of peerages and pensions. It was to give stability and true independence to the new constitution that <mask> pressed for reform. Having quarrelled with Flood over simple repeal, Grattan also differed from him on the question of maintaining the Volunteer Convention. Drawing the attention of the House to "the alarming measure of drilling the lowest classes of the populace", Grattan implied that reformers had a duty to protect the prerogatives of property even as they protested its abuses. Better that those who had been "respectable" as the armed "property of the nation" should retire than run the risks of an "armed beggary". (Writing a generation later, Thomas MacNevin proposed that <mask>'s judgement marked "the transition point", when "composed of a different class of men, and ruled by politicians with very different views", the rump of the Volunteer movement entered upon "a career which

masks: Grattan Grattan Grattan


texts: terminated only in the establishment of the United Irishmen").<mask> also opposed the policy of protective duties in favour of Pitt's commercial propositions in 1785 for establishing Free Trade between Great Britain and Ireland. This, however, had to be abandoned owing to the hostility of the British mercantile classes. <mask> supported the government for a time after 1782, and spoke and voted for the repressive legislation that followed the Whiteboy violence in 1785; but as the years passed and without Pitt's personal favour towards parliamentary reform resulting in legislation, he gravitated towards the opposition, agitated for commutation of tithes in Ireland, and supported the Whigs on the regency question in 1788. In 1790, <mask> stood for Dublin City, a seat he held until 1798. In 1792–93, he succeeded in carrying a Roman Catholic Relief Act conferring the franchise on Catholics; in 1794, in conjunction with William Ponsonby, he introduced a reform bill which was even milder than Flood's bill of 1783. He was as anxious as Flood had been to retain the legislative power in the hands of men of property. Grattan had a strong conviction that while Ireland could best be governed by the Irish, democracy in Ireland would inevitably turn to plunder and anarchy.At the same time he wished to open membership of the House of Commons to Catholic men of property, a proposal that was the logical corollary of the Relief Act of 1793. The defeat of <mask>'s mild proposals helped to promote more extreme opinions, which, under growing influence from France, were now making inroads in Ireland.

masks: Grattan Grattan Grattan Grattan