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<mask> (10 August 1845 – 27 August 1928) was a prominent Cleveland attorney, a chess connoisseur, and a bibliophile. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1845 to Bushnell and Elizabeth Brainard (Clark) <mask>, both originally from Massachusetts. <mask>'s birthplace was located on what was then Lake Street (near the present-day City Hall). Both of <mask>'s parents valued education, and <mask> once wrote a letter to the Cleveland Herald and Gazette in March 1847 that read in part: "Freedom and equal rights have ever, and always will, exist in proportion to the knowledge of the people." <mask> graduated from Williams College, and <mask> graduated from Troy (NY) Female Seminary. <mask><mask> was born near-sighted but was not diagnosed until he was a teenager. Although fitted with glasses eventually, <mask> usually read without them, preferring (according to his contemporaries) to hold the books close to his face.<mask> received early education in the Little Red School House of Northford, Connecticut, at home, and at Canandaigua Academy. In  Connecticut, where books and money were scarce, <mask> learned to read quickly. He befriended a nearby town's bookseller, who allowed him to read while his mother did her weekly shopping. He later attended Central High School in Cleveland and Western Reserve College in Hudson, Ohio, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Two of <mask>'s favorite college professors were Nathan Perkins Seymour (classics) and Charles Augustus Young (mathematics and science). He played chess with Young every Wednesday evening, often into the early hours of the morning. <mask> was the salutatorian at Western Reserve College at his 1865 graduation,

masks:
John Griswold White
John Griswold White
White
White
John Griswold White
Bushnell White
Bushnell White
Elizabeth White
John G
. White
White
White
White
White
White


type: original

texts:
 and delivered the address in Latin.After graduation, he studied law under his father. Career
In 1868, <mask> was admitted to the Ohio Bar, and practiced in the U.S. District and Northern District of Ohio. In 1903, he was admitted to the U.S. Court of Appeals, and to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1910, receiving the degree of Doctor of Laws from Western Reserve in 1919. <mask> practiced law in 1870, partnering with Robert E. Mix and Judge Conway W. Noble. The law firm's name changed as partners retired or died, and as it joined or absorbed other firms. Currently named Schneider Smeltz Spieth Bell LLP, the firm remains in operation. One of <mask>'s most prominent cases was as special counsel for the Cleveland Railway in litigation against Tom L. <mask> over the Municipal Railway.Later, he helped Federal Judge Robert W. Tayler in writing the Tayler grant. <mask> also was the attorney for the Catholic Diocese of Northern Ohio under three bishops, though <mask> himself was not Catholic. <mask> was elected to the Cleveland Public Library's board of directors for the first time on May 5, 1884. He was elected president at a meeting of the "Board of Managers of the Public Library" on May 13, 1884,  and served the following year in 1885 as president, also. He became Library Board President again in 1910 until his death in 1928. He also helped appoint William Brett as director and Linda Eastman as Brett's successor. Marilla Waite Freeman served as head of the library's Main Library building during <mask>'s tenure.In 1884, Cleveland Public Library was thought to be mismanaged. Together with William Brett, <mask> began a survey to discover how other libraries were being managed. In succeeding years,

masks: White White White Johnson White White White White White


texts:
 this led to: a newer shelf-classification system for the Cleveland Public Library derived from the Dewey Decimal System; an open-shelf system allowing patrons access to the collection; and establishing branches, sub-branches, deposit stations, and delivery stations. <mask>, being concerned about Cleveland Public Library staff, established one of the earliest staff annuity plans for public employees. Personal life
When taking walks, <mask> and his father would engage in intellectual activities such as only speaking Latin one day, Greek another, and having a "Chess Day" where they would play chess by memory with neither pieces nor a board. <mask> loved romantic novels and stories of the Wild West, in which reading was his primary relaxation. His house on 1871 East 89th Street was permeated with novels and hundreds of books on chess.<mask> wore a beard long after it became unfashionable. He never owned an automobile, and often rode streetcars between his home on Bolton Street, and later East 89th Street and his office downtown. <mask> was a bachelor until his death at age 83. <mask>. <mask> Collection
<mask>riswold <mask> began donating books to the Cleveland Public Library in 1885, presenting William H. Brett with 122 maps and four books. By 1913, the number had reached 25.000. It was that same year in 1913 the Cleveland Public Library moved to the Kinney-Levan  building on upper Euclid Avenue. This warehouse-looking building provided William H. Brett with space to open <mask>'s collection to the public.<mask><mask>'s fascination with chess was lifelong, from the "chess walks" with his father to his collecting chess-related books, information, and materials. "Over a period of some fifty

masks:
White
John
White
White
White
John G
White
John G
White
White
John G
. White


texts: years he conducted a determined quest, throughout the world, for desirable additions to his library," the chess master and author Al Horowitz wrote in 1969. <mask>'s donation of folklore and Orientalia books to the library was influenced by the fact that the library had few books about the Philippines, which the United States acquired, and the major reduction in funds by Mayor Robert McKisson. Thus, when Brett asked for advice on library financial assistance, <mask> agreed to help out by purchasing books out of his own pocket. After <mask> left the Cleveland Public Library Board in 1886, he noticed the library purchased cheaper, popular books, which prompted him to donate scholarly books to the library. Also, to fill the void of his mother passing away, he had a vision of public service to the Cleveland Public Library. <mask> owned two personal copies of Das erste Jartausend der Schachlitteratur (850-1880) zusammengestellt (The First Thousand Years of Chess Literature (850-1880) Compiled) by Antonius van der Linde and turned one into a personal inventory of his collection of books.<mask> would note the items he owned within the text of the book itself but note new titles published since 1880 on a blank page inserted behind each page of van der Linde's work. <mask>'s goal was to collect everything published specifically on chess as well as chess manuscripts and any other texts that mentioned or were related to chess, (e.g., Through the Looking-Glass, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam). Chess historian H. J. R. Murray, who called <mask>'s chess library the largest in the world, made extensive use of the collection in writing his classic treatise A History of Chess. <mask> donated his collection to

masks: White White White White White White White White


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 the Cleveland Public Library to form the <mask><mask> Collection on Folklore, Orientalia, and Chess. At the time of <mask>. G<mask>'s death in 1928, the valuable collection numbered 60,000 volumes. Gordon W. Thayer shaped the collection through his perceptive knowledge and patterns set by <mask>'s will.In 1969, an exhibit titled: "The Remarkable Mr. White," included medieval manuscripts, 16th century chivalry romances, treatises on astrology and witchcraft, books of  proverbs and folklore, early dictionaries and grammars in some 7,000 languages represented in the collection and personal diaries. The library has since split the collection into three:
 The John G. <mask> Chess and Checkers Collection is described as the "[l]argest chess library in the world (32,568 volumes of books and serials, including 6,359 volumes of bound periodicals.)" The John G. <mask> Folklore Collection contains 47,040 volumes, "one of the largest in the nation. It is broadly defined in scope and international in coverage without period restrictions. Included are primitive, peasant, native, and folk cultures within geographic restrictions." The <mask> G. <mask> Collection of Orientalia includes "materials on Asia, the Near and Middle East, Africa, Australia and Oceania," emphasizing "the humanistic and social science aspects of traditional cultures prior to the impact of European influence." Death
Mr. <mask> left Cleveland for a fishing trip at his favorite mountain resort in Jackson Lake, Wyoming with his friend and former law associate T.A.McCaslin for a fishing trip. Four weeks into his vacation,  <mask> passed away from pneumonia on August 27, 1928. The funeral service was held at the First Unitarian Church

masks:
John G
. White
John
. White
White
White
White
John
White
White
White


texts:
 on Euclid Avenue and East 82nd Street, with the Reverend Dilworth Lupton conducting. In attendance were Judge <mask>. Hutchins, and many of <mask>'s young apprentices from his White, Cannon, & Spieth Firm. The Cleveland Public Library closed its doors in the afternoon. In attendance were the Cleveland Public Library administrators, the library's board members, and over 100 librarians who passed Mr. <mask> in Cleveland Public Library halls with occasional glances. The Reverend Lupton stated "Mr. <mask> was a man rich of deeds, a man who shunned the limelight and publicity.His friends speak of his honesty, courageous thinking and speaking. His love of nature, people and books. He was a man who grew around him a group of friends to whom he was constantly loyal." References

External links
 Diary and Views of Fishing Trips - An 18-volume series of scrapbooks of photographs and notes compiled by <mask><mask> on his trips to the American West and Canada, available via Cleveland Public Library
 John G. <mask> Archive - Finding aid to collection at Cleveland Public Library. According to the description at the site: "The John G. <mask> Archive contains biographical information, personal correspondence and photographs of Cleveland attorney, President of the Cleveland Public Library's Board of Trustees and internationally known chess collector <mask> <mask> (1845-1928). The correspondences include communication with librarians William Howard Brett, Linda Eastman and Gordan Thayer, fellow chess enthusiasts and researchers, and friends, including Major Harry A. Auer. The collection also includes awards, personal records and professional legal papers."<mask> <mask>, Trustee, and the <mask> Collection

masks:
John C
White
White
White
John G
. White
White
White
John Griswold
White
John Griswold
White
White


texts:
 in the Cleveland Public Library - A Ph.D. thesis by Motoko B. Yatabe Reece. <mask>'s personal copy of Das erste Jartausend der Schachlitteratur (850-1880) zusammengestellt (digitized) with his notations, Digital Gallery, Cleveland Public Library
 Cleveland Public Library, Special Collections Department

1845 births
1928 deaths
Chess patrons
American book and manuscript collectors
Lawyers from Cleveland
19th-century American


texts:
Walter Braden "<mask><mask> (born <mask>; October 2, 1911 – November 14, 1995) was an American writer. His best-known works are science fiction and thrillers, including The Body Snatchers and Time and Again. The former was the basis for the 1956 film Invasion of the Body Snatchers and its remakes. Personal life
<mask> was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and given the name <mask>. After his father died when Finney was three years old, he was renamed <mask> in honor of his father, but continued to be known as "<mask>". He attended Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois, graduating in 1934. He married Marguerite Guest, and they had two children, Kenneth and Marguerite.After living in New York City and working for an advertising agency there, he moved with his family to California in the early 1950s. He lived in Mill Valley, California, and died of pneumonia and emphysema in Greenbrae, California, at the age of 84. Writing career
<mask>'s first article, "Someone Who Knows Told Me …", published in the December 1943 issue of Cosmopolitan, reflects the message of the Office of War Information's (OWI) "Loose Lips Sink Ships" campaign of World War II. As an advertising copywriter, <mask> was doing his part, driving home the point that careless remarks by otherwise patriotic citizens can aid enemy agents, resulting in the death of US servicemen. His story "The Widow's Walk" won a contest sponsored by Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine in 1946. His first novel, 5 Against the House, was published in 1954. It was made into a movie the following year.<mask>'s novel The Body Snatchers (1955) was the basis for the 1956 movie Invasion of the Body Snatchers (and its remakes). Another novel, Assault on a Queen (1959), became the film

masks:
Jack
" Finney
John Finney
Finney
John Finney
Walter Braden Finney
Jack
Finney
Finney
Finney


texts: Assault on a Queen with Frank Sinatra as the leader of a gang that pulls a daring robbery of the RMS Queen Mary. <mask>'s greatest success came with his science fiction novel Time and Again (1970). It involves time travel to the past, a theme he had experimented with previously in short stories. Its protagonist, Simon Morley, is working in advertising in New York City when he is recruited for a secret government project to achieve time travel. Morley travels to the New York City of 1882. The novel is notable for <mask>'s vivid and detailed picture of life in the city at that time and for the art and photographs supposedly made by Morley during his experiences, which are reproduced in the pages of the novel.Morley sees many actual historical sites, some now gone (e.g., the post office that, until 1939, stood in what is now the southern tip of City Hall Park) and some still existing (e.g., St. Patrick's Cathedral, then the tallest building in its Fifth Avenue neighborhood). In 1987, <mask> was given the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement at the World Fantasy Convention, held in Nashville, Tennessee. <mask>'s story "Such Interesting Neighbors" (Collier's, 6 January 1951) was the basis for the second episode of Science Fiction Theatre, entitled "Time Is Just a Place". It was first broadcast on 16 April 1955. It co-starred Don DeFore and Warren Stevens; it was then published in 1957, in the collection The Third Level by Rhinehart and Company; later, the story appeared as an episode of the Steven Spielberg-created anthology series Amazing Stories, starring Adam Ant and Marcia Strassman. Spielberg's version was first broadcast on 20 March 1987. In 1995, twenty-five years after Time and Again, <mask> published a

masks: Finney Finney Finney Finney Finney


texts:
 sequel called From Time to Time featuring the further adventures of Morley, this time centering on Manhattan in 1912.<mask> died at the age of 84 not long after finishing the book. The 1998 television movie The Love Letter, starring Campbell Scott and Jennifer Jason Leigh, is based on <mask>'s short story of the same name, which appeared in The Saturday Evening Post in 1959. The Third Level, Knox College's science fiction and fantasy publication, is named for <mask>'s short story "The Third Level", published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction in October 1952. Amigo! (2006 Shin-Ei Animation film starring Akiko Yajima, Miki Narahashi, Keiji Fujiwara, Akeno Watanabe; based on Yoshito Usui's original manga that was inspired by The Body Snatchers)

References

External links

  Obituary. [Obituaries from Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, San Francisco Examiner, Dayton Daily News, and The New York Times]
  Academic journal article on time-slip in science fiction, with special reference to Time and Again and The Love Letter. An appreciation of <mask> on the 100th anniversary of his birth.Annotated bibliography with other materials. The Dell Paperback Collection at the Library of Congress has first edition paperbacks of <mask>'s works. 1911 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
American thriller writers
Deaths from emphysema
Knox College (Illinois) alumni
People from Mill Valley, California
World Fantasy Award-winning writers
Writers from Milwaukee
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from California
Novelists from

masks:
Finney
Finney
Finney
Jack Finney
Finney


texts:
<mask> (born 24 July 1976) is a singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer from Northern Ireland. He is a member of the bands Snow Patrol and Vega4, and has written songs with other artists including Ed Sheeran, P!nk, and Robbie Williams. Early life
One of six children of John and <mask>,  McDaid attended St Brigid's Primary School, Carnhill, and St Columb's College. <mask> was the singer and songwriter of the band Vega4, whose second album You and Others was produced by Jacknife Lee. Its first single, "Life Is Beautiful", was featured on the US Contemporary Radio Charts Top 40 for 12 weeks in 2007, and was the song used for the theatrical trailer of My Sister's Keeper. In 2009, <mask> was the first person to sign to Snow Patrol's publishing company, Polar Patrol Publishing. <mask> went on to play guitar and piano and sing backing vocals in the alternative rock band Snow Patrol.While on the road with Snow Patrol, <mask> was developing his unique style of writing and working with artists in a variety of genres, scoring a hit with Example's “Say Nothing” which went to number 2 in the UK singles chart in 2012. Collaborations with artists as diverse as Robbie Williams' “Love My Life”, Biffy Clyro “Howl”, Rudimental “Never Let You Go”, “Bloodstream”, Birdy “Wild Horses”, and Kodaline “Love Will Set You Free”. <mask>'s songs have been featured on many television shows, including One Tree Hill, The Hills, Pushing Daisies, and Defying Gravity, and have been used for many HBO network season campaigns, among others. His songs have also been used on various advertising campaigns including: Land Rover, Jeep,

masks:
John McDaid
Pauline McDaid
Career McDaid
McDaid
McDaid
McDaid
McDaid


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 and RTÉ, and in feature films, including Into the Blue, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, and Sex Drive. <mask> produced the "Snow Patrol Remix" of U2's "Unknown Caller" in January 2010. <mask> also has a studio, Fieldwork Music, in North London where he writes, produces, and mixes with and for various artists and songwriters. He has used Fieldwork as a project name for song releases, including the single "This Is Not The End", which featured in a trailer for the film Edge of Tomorrow.In 2012, Example released his album The Evolution of Man. The debut single "Say Nothing", co-written with <mask> was released in September 2012, debuting at number two on the UK Official Charts. The song was received positively overall and became the best selling song from the album. Digital Spy rated it four stars, calling it "an electronic anthem that's ready to take over the airwaves" and commenting that it "maintains a sense of depth, proving that despite his questionable celebrity jibes his talent still comes out on top." Collaborations
Known to work with styles of music from dance and pop to acoustic singer songwriters, <mask> has written and produced tracks for Ed Sheeran, Harry Styles, Carina Round, Ingrid Michaelson, Gary Go, Example, Birdy, Kodaline, Rudimental, Biffy Clyro and Rosi Golan. He has also worked with Iain Archer, Declan O'Rourke, Tonio K, and Freelance Hellraiser. He wrote and produced the title track for the movie House of Fools, which was directed by Academy Award-nominated director Eva Isaksen, and has written and produced records for Sony BMG, Universal Music Group, EMI, PIAS Recordings,

masks: McDaid McDaid McDaid McDaid


texts: Mushroom Records, and Capitol Records.<mask> worked with Paul Van Dyk, resulting in "Time of Our Lives", the number one club chart single from the Grammy Award-nominated album Reflections. He also wrote and performed the number one club chart hit "Home" for Paul van Dyk. The single was awarded Best Track at the 2009 Trance Awards. <mask> has performed with Paul van Dyk at selected shows. In January 2013, <mask> and Gary Lightbody performed at the "Sons & Daughters" concert in Derry, <mask>'s hometown, to mark the opening of the city's UK City of Culture year. In early 2013, <mask> moved to Nashville, Tennessee with singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran to work with him on his second album. Sheeran and <mask> are close friends and later moved to Los Angeles together to continue working on Sheeran's second record.In November 2013, Sheeran posted a picture of himself and <mask> on Instagram stating that they had been making the record together for two years and that it was now complete. Sheeran's X album was released in June 2014 with <mask> having co-written seven of the songs, including "Photograph", which went on to go platinum and win a BMI Pop Award, and hit song "Bloodstream", which was nominated for Best Song Musically and Lyrically at the 2016 Ivor Novello Awards. For his work on the album, <mask> was nominated for a Grammy Award and a BRIT Award, with the record going on to win the 2015 BRIT Award for Album of the Year. In 2016 he co-wrote "Love My Life" with Robbie Williams & Gary Go  from Robbie Williams "The Heavy Entertainment Show" album. In 2017, <mask> had his first hit with his co-write of Ed

masks: McDaid McDaid McDaid McDaid McDaid McDaid McDaid McDaid McDaid McDaid


texts:
 Sheeran's 'Shape Of You' (co-written with Ed Sheeran and Steve Mac). The song went to number 1 in the UK and US and remained number 1 in the UK for four weeks. The song had 240,000 downloads in the first week of its release, with 12.71 million streams on Spotify in the first 48 hours  He also developed a lot of Ed's third album.In 2017, <mask> co-wrote the single "What About Us" by Pink. On October 6, 2017, country music duo Tim McGraw and Faith Hill released the single “Rest Of Our Life”, written by <mask>, Ed Sheeran, Amy Wadge, and Steve Mac. Personal life
<mask> began dating actress Courteney Cox in late 2013. The couple announced their engagement on 26 June 2014. In 2019, Cox announced that the couple broke off their engagement but are still in a relationship. <mask> lives in London and divides his time between the UK and the US, where Cox lives. <mask> has a tattoo on his left arm reading  ("When I need to get home you're my guiding light"), an Irish translation of the song "Guiding Light" by fellow Northern Irish musician Foy Vance.Ed Sheeran and Vance both have the same tattoo, as does <mask>'s younger sister Maev. The song was written for <mask>'s late father, <mask>, Sr., who died in July 2011. "Guiding Light" was recorded with Sheeran featured on vocals, and Vance on vocals and piano. Songwriting and production credits

References

Sources

External links
 <mask> on Myspace. Archived from the original on December 16, 2011. 1976 births
Living people
Snow Patrol members
Songwriters from Northern Ireland
Record producers from Northern Ireland
Musicians from Derry (city)
People educated at St

masks:
McDaid
McDaid
McDaid
McDaid
McDaid
McDaid
McDaid
John McDaid
Johnny McDaid


texts:
<mask> (22 June 186314 September 1927) was an English actor and theatre manager. He married and later divorced the actress Violet Vanbrugh. Bourchier was noted for roles both in classical drama, particularly Shakespeare, and in contemporary plays, including works by W. S. Gilbert, Anthony Hope, <mask> and Alfred Sutro. He managed several West End theatres during his career, including the Royalty, the Criterion, the Garrick (for a total of eight years), His Majesty's and the Strand. In his later years Bourchier became active in British politics as a member of the Labour Party. Biography
Bourchier was born in Speen, Berkshire, England. He was the only son of Fanny (née Farr) and Captain <mask>.He was educated at Eton, where he played cricket, and at Oxford University, chiefly at Christ Church. At Oxford he acted with an amateur group called the Philothespian Society, with whom he played Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. With the encouragement of the Vice-Chancellor, Benjamin Jowett, Bourchier founded the Oxford University Dramatic Society (OUDS), which succeeded the Philothespians. With the OUDS, Bourchier played Hotspur, Falstaff, Feste, Thanatos (in Alcestis), and  Brutus to the Caesar of H. B. Irving. Early career
Bourchier's first professional appearance was with Lillie Langtry in 1889, as Jaques in As You Like It. He also acted with Charles Wyndham at the Criterion Theatre and travelled to America to appear with Augustin Daly's company, for whom he later played the part of Robin Hood in Tennyson's The Foresters at its London premiere. In 1893, he appeared together with Violet Vanbrugh, elder sister of Irene Vanbrugh, in Daly's production of Love in Tandem at Daly's Theatre in London.The two married the following year and had a daughter, Prudence <mask> (b. 1902), who also became an actress and took the stage name Vanbrugh. In 1895, Bourchier became

masks:
Arthur Bourchier
Arthur Wing Pinero
Charles John Bourchier
Bourchier


texts:
 lessee of the Royalty Theatre, and Violet Vanbrugh became his leading lady in many productions, including  The Chili Widow (an adaptation of his own, which ran for over 300 nights), Mr and Mrs, Monsieur de Paris and The Queen's Proctor. Bourchier, Vanbrugh and her sister Irene toured America beginning in 1897. Returning to England, Vanbrugh played the title role in Teresa, which he produced at the Metropole. In partnership with Charles Wyndham in 1900 at the Criterion, Bourchier produced His Excellency the Governor, Lady Huntworth's Experiment, The Noble Lord, and Mamma. He became lessee of the Garrick Theatre in September 1900.Over the six years of his management at the Garrick, he produced many plays, often starring himself and Vanbrugh, including The Bishop's Move, My Lady Virtue, Whitewashing Julia, The Arm of the Law and W. S. Gilbert's The Fairy's Dilemma (1904). Their production of The Walls of Jericho by Alfred Sutro, in 1904, ran for a very successful 423 performances. <mask> and Vanbrugh appeared in command performances before King Edward VII in November 1902 in Dr Johnson at Sandringham with Henry Irving's company, and in November 1905 in The Merchant of Venice at Windsor. They toured in 1908 in John Glayde's Honour. In 1910, <mask> joined Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree at His Majesty's Theatre and appeared in Shakespearian roles including Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Brutus in Julius Caesar, Sir Toby Belch in Twelfth Night and Ford to Tree's Falstaff in The Merry Wives of Windsor. He had a notable success as the title character in Henry VIII with Tree as Wolsey and Vanbrugh as Queen Katherine, followed by Tree's silent film of a shortened version of the play in February 1911. In 1913, <mask> and Vanbrugh produced their own movie in Germany of scenes from Macbeth.Later years
Bourchier returned to manage the Garrick in 1912 for two years. In

masks: Bourchier Bourchier Bourchier


texts: 1913, he appeared in a revival of London Assurance in aid of King George's Actors' pension fund with other stars including Tree, Henry Ainley, Charles Hawtrey, Weedon Grossmith and Marie Tempest. In 1916 he again played Brutus in Julius Caesar, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, for the Shakespeare tercentenary with Frank Benson as Caesar, H. B. Irving as Cassius and Ainley as Antony. The same year, Bourchier took over management of His Majesty's. In 1917, he created the part of Bruce Bairnsfather's "Old Bill" in a stage adaptation called The Better 'Ole at the Oxford Music Hall, where it ran for over 800 performances. <mask> and Vanbrugh continued to play in Shakespeare and other pieces through World War I, but their marriage was becoming difficult. A contemporary later observed, "He treated her very much as Henry VIII treated Anne Boleyn – except he didn't quite cut off her head."They toured together in 1916 but then separated and finally divorced in 1918. Bourchier remarried a much younger actress, Violet Marion Kyrle Bellew in 1918, with whom he continued to appear in contemporary melodramas. Bourchier managed the Strand Theatre from 1919 to 1923. There, in 1922, he appeared as Long John Silver in J. B. Fagan's adaptation of Treasure Island. He toured with the play in 1923, and brought it back to the Strand the following year. In 1921 he appeared in the Hugh Ford film The Great Day.He also played Iago in 1920. In his later years, Bourchier became involved in politics, writing a pamphlet for the Independent Labour Party in 1926 on "Art and Culture in Relation to Socialism". At the time of his death he had been selected as Labour Party parliamentary candidate for Gloucester. At the subsequent election, his Labour Party successor failed by the narrow margin of 493 votes to defeat the Conservative candidate. In the last year of his life Bourchier embarked


texts:
 on a tour of South Africa. His departure was marked by a luncheon at Claridge's at which he was presented with a bronze bust of himself commissioned by old members of the OUDS in recognition of his work in founding and later subsidising the society. Bourchier became ill in South Africa and died of pneumonia in Johannesburg in 1927 at the age of 64.Reputation

The Manchester Guardian wrote of Bourchier, "A certain coarseness, a certain bluff geniality and with it a certain slyness, were all part of his composition as a stage personality, [but] in spite of his great vitality it was not in violent or exuberant parts that he shone... his artistic merit was that he could always get his best effects very quietly." The Times said, "Never a great actor, he was nevertheless always a conspicuous figure in the theatrical world. He brought to his work an enthusiasm for the stage which gave to performances not artistically distinguished a curious effect of personal distinction.... Sometimes his interpretations seemed to be misguided and his methods extravagantly theatrical, but here at least was an actor who was never colourless and, therefore, seldom dull." The critic C. E. Montague was quoted as saying of Bourchier's Macbeth, "Even murder cannot be as serious as all that." Gilbert said of Bourchier's Hamlet, "At last we can settle whether Bacon or Shakespeare wrote the plays. Have the coffins opened and whichever has turned in his grave is the author."Notes

References

 Pearson, Hesketh. Gilbert and Sullivan, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1950

External links

1863 births
1927 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
English male stage actors
English male silent film actors
Actor-managers
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
People from Speen, Berkshire
20th-century English male actors
19th-century theatre managers
20th-century theatre


texts:
<mask>f (, , ; 20 November 1858 – 16 March 1940) was a Swedish author and teacher. She published her first novel, Gösta Berling's Saga, at the age of 33. She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she was awarded in 1909. Additionally, she was the first woman to be granted a membership in the Swedish Academy in 1914. Life

Early years

<mask>f was born on 20 November 1858 at Mårbacka, Värmland, Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Lagerlöf was the daughter of Erik Gustaf Lagerlöf, a lieutenant in the Royal Värmland Regiment, and Louise Lagerlöf (née Wallroth), whose father was a well-to-do merchant and a foundry owner (). Lagerlöf was the couple's fifth child out of six.She was born with a hip injury, which was caused by detachment in the hip joint. At the age of three and a half, a sickness left her lame in both legs, although she later recovered. She was a quiet, serious child with a deep love for reading. She wrote poetry but did not publish anything until later in life. Her grandmother helped raise her, often telling stories of fairytales and fantasy. Growing up, she was plain and slightly lame, and an account stated that the cross-country wanderings of Margarethe and Elisabet in Gösta Berling's Saga could be the author's compensatory fantasies. She received her schooling at home since the Volksschule compulsory education system was not fully developed yet.She studied English and French. After reading Osceola by Thomas Mayne Reid at the age of seven, she decided she would be a writer when she grew up. In 1868, at the age of 10, <mask>

masks:
Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlö
Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlö
Selma


texts:
 began reading the Bible. At this time her father was very ill, and she hoped that God would heal him if she read the Bible from cover to cover. Her father lived for another 17 years. In this manner, Lagerlöf became accustomed to the language of Scripture. The sale of  in 1884 had a serious impact on her development.<mask>'s father is said to have been an alcoholic, something she rarely discussed. Her father did not want <mask> to continue her education or remain involved with the women's movement. Later in life, she would buy back her father's estate with the money she received for her Nobel Prize. Lagerlöf lived there for the rest of her life. She also completed her studies at the Royal Seminary to become a teacher the same year as her father died. In her early life she supposedly was on very good terms with Lovisa Larsson. Teaching career
Lagerlöf studied at the Högre lärarinneseminariet in Stockholm from 1882 to 1885.She worked as a country schoolteacher at a high school for girls in Landskrona from 1885 to 1895, while honing her story-telling skills, with particular focus on the legends she had learned as a child. She liked the teaching profession and appreciated her students. She had a talent for capturing the children's attention through telling them stories about the different countries about which they were studying or stories about Jesus and his disciples. During this period of her life, <mask> lived with her aunt Lovisa Lagerlöf. Through her studies at the Royal Women's Superior Training Academy in Stockholm, Lagerlöf reacted against the realism of

masks: Selma Selma Selma


texts:
 contemporary Swedish-language writers such as August Strindberg. She began her first novel, Gösta Berling's Saga, while working as a teacher in Landskrona. Her first break as a writer came when she submitted the first chapters to a literary contest in the magazine Idun, and won a publishing contract for the whole book.At first, her writing only received mild reviews from critics. Once a popular male critic, Georg Brandes, gave her positive reviews of the Danish translation, her popularity soared. She received financial support of Fredrika Limnell, who wished to enable her to concentrate on her writing. Literary career
A visit in 1900 to the American Colony in Jerusalem became the inspiration for Lagerlöf's book by that name. The royal family and the Swedish Academy gave her substantial financial support to continue her passion. Jerusalem was also acclaimed by critics, who began comparing her to Homer and Shakespeare, so that she became a popular figure both in Sweden and abroad. By 1895, she gave up her teaching to devote herself to her writing.With the help of proceeds from Gösta Berling's Saga and a scholarship and grant, she made two journeys, which were largely instrumental in providing material for her next novel. With Elkan, she traveled to Italy, and she also traveled to Palestine and other parts of the East. In Italy, a legend of a Christ Child figure that had been replaced with a false version inspired Lagerlöf's novel  (The Miracles of the Antichrist). Set in Sicily, the novel explores the interplay between Christian and socialist moral systems.


texts: However, most of Lagerlöf's stories were set in Värmland. In 1902, Lagerlöf was asked by the National Teachers' Association to write a geography book for children. She wrote  (The Wonderful Adventures of Nils), a novel about a boy from the southernmost part of Sweden, who had been shrunk to the size of a thumb and who travelled on the back of a goose across the country.Lagerlöf mixed historical and geographical facts about the provinces of Sweden with the tale of the boy's adventures until he managed to return home and was restored to his normal size. The novel is one of Lagerlöf's most well-known books, and it has been translated into more than 30 languages. She moved in 1897 to Falun, and met Valborg Olander, who became her literary assistant and friend, but Elkan's jealousy of Olander was a complication in the relationship. Olander, a teacher, was also active in the growing women's suffrage movement in Sweden. <mask> Lagerlöf herself was active as a speaker for the National Association for Women's Suffrage, which was beneficial for the organisation because of the great respect which surrounded Lagerlöf, and she spoke at the International Suffrage Congress in Stockholm in June 1911, where she gave the opening address, as well as at the victory party of the Swedish suffrage movement after women suffrage had been granted in May 1919. <mask> Lagerlöf was a friend of the German-Jewish writer Nelly Sachs. Shortly before her death in 1940, Lagerlöf intervened with the Swedish royal family to secure the release of Sachs and Sachs' aged mother from Nazi Germany, on

masks: Selma Selma


texts:
 the last flight from Germany to Sweden, and their lifelong asylum in Stockholm.Personal life

Relationships
In 1894, she met the Swedish writer Sophie Elkan, who became her friend and companion. Over many years, Elkan and Lagerlöf critiqued each other's work. Lagerlöf wrote that Elkan strongly influenced her work and that she often disagreed sharply with the direction Lagerlöf wanted to take in her books. <mask>'s letters to Sophie were published in 1993, titled  ('You Teach me to be Free'). Beginning in the 1900s, she also had a close relationship with Valborg Olander, who had some influence as a literary adviser, agent and secretary of sorts as well; their correspondence was published as  ('A Proper Writer's Wife'). There appears to have been a strong rivalry between Elkan and Olander while both lived (Elkan died approximately twenty years before the other two women). Both relationships were close, emotional, exclusive and described in terms suggestive of love, the boundary between expressions of friendship and love being somewhat vague at the time.Still, it is primarily the surviving correspondence with Olander that contains passages implying decidedly erotic and physical passion, even though Lagerlöf took care to destroy many of the letters she found too risky. Homosexual relations between women were taboo as well as illegal in Sweden at the time, so none of the women involved ever revealed such a thing publicly. Literary adaptations

In 1919, Lagerlöf sold all the movie rights to all of her as-yet unpublished works to Swedish Cinema Theatre (), so over


texts:
 the years, many movie versions of her works were made. During the era of Swedish silent cinema, her works were used in film by Victor Sjöström, Mauritz Stiller, and other Swedish film makers. Sjöström's retelling of Lagerlöf's tales about rural Swedish life, in which his camera recorded the detail of traditional village life and the Swedish landscape, provided the basis of some of the most poetic and memorable products of silent cinema. Jerusalem was adapted in 1996 into an internationally acclaimed film Jerusalem. Awards and commemoration

On 10 December 1909, <mask> Lagerlöf won the Nobel Prize "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination, and spiritual perception that characterize her writings", but the decision was preceded by harsh internal power struggle within the Swedish Academy, the body that awards the Nobel Prize in literature.During her acceptance speech, she remained humble and told a fantastic story of her father, as she 'visited him in heaven'. In the story, she asks her father for help with the debt she owes and her father explains the debt is from all the people who supported her throughout her career. In 1904, the academy had awarded her its great gold medal, and in 1914, she also became a member of the academy. For both the academy membership and her Nobel literature prize, she was the first woman to be so honored. In 1991, she became the first woman to be depicted on a Swedish banknote, when the first 20-kronor note was released. In 1907, she received the degree of doctor of letters from Uppsala University. In 1928, she received


texts:
 an honorary doctorate from the University of Greifswald's Faculty of Arts.At the start of World War II, she sent her Nobel Prize medal and gold medal from the Swedish Academy to the government of Finland to help raise money to fight the Soviet Union. The Finnish government was so touched that it raised the necessary money by other means and returned her medal to her. Two hotels are named after her in Östra Ämtervik in Sunne, and her home, , is preserved as a museum. Published works
Original Swedish-language publications are listed primarily. The vogue for Lagerlöf in the United States was due in part to Velma Swanston Howard, or V.S. Howard (1868–1937, a suffragette and Christian scientist) – who was an early believer in her appeal to Americans and who carefully translated many of her books. (1891; novel).Translated as The Story of Gösta Berling (Pauline Bancroft Flach, 1898), Gösta Berling's Saga (V.S. Howard and Lillie Tudeer, 1898), The Story of Gösta Berling (R. Bly, 1962)
  (1894; short stories). Translated as Invisible Links (Pauline Bancroft Flach, (1869–1966) 1899)
  (1897; novel). Translated as The Miracles of Antichrist (<mask> Ahlström Trotz, 1899) and The Miracles of Antichrist (Pauline Bancroft Flach (1869–1966), 1899)
  (1899; short stories). Translated as The Queens of Kungahälla and Other Sketches From a Swedish Homestead (Jessie Bröchner, 1901; C. Field, 1917)
  (1899; short stories). Translated as The Tale of a Manor and Other Sketches (C. Field, 1922)
  (1901; novel). Translated as Jerusalem (Jessie Bröchner, 1903; V.S.Howard, 1914)
  (1902;


texts:
 novel). Translated as The Holy City : Jerusalem II (V.S. Howard, 1918)
  (1903; novel). Translated as Herr Arne's Hoard (Arthur G. Chater, 1923; Philip Brakenridge, 1952) and The Treasure (Arthur G. Chater, 1925) – adapted as the 1919 film Sir Arne's Treasure. (1904; short stories). Translated as Christ Legends and Other Stories (V,S. Howard, 1908)
  (1906–07; novel).Translated as The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (V.S. Howard, 1907; Richard E. Oldenburg, 1967) and Further Adventures of Nils (V.S. Howard, 1911)
  (1908; short stories). Translated as The Girl from the Marsh Croft (V.S. Howard, 1910) and Girl from the Marsh Croft and Other Stories (edited by Greta Anderson, 1996)
  (1911; non-fiction). Translated as Home and State: Being an Address Delivered at Stockholm at the Sixth Convention of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, June 1911 (C. Ursula Holmstedt, 1912)
  (1911; novel). Translated as Liliecrona's Home (Anna Barwell, 1913)
 Körkarlen (1912; novel).Translated as Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness! (William Frederick Harvey, 1921). Filmed as The Phantom Carriage, The Phantom Chariot, The Stroke of Midnight. (1913) with Bernt Fredgren
  (1914; short stories)
  (1914; novel). Translated as The Emperor of Portugallia (V.S. Howard, 1916)
  (1914; play)
  (1915; short stories)
  (1915, 1921; novel). Translated as The Changeling (Lagerlöf novel) (Susanna Stevens, 1992)
  (1918; novel).Translated as The Outcast (Lagerlöf novel) (W. Worster, 1920/22)
  (1918; novel), with illustrations by Einar Nerman
  (1920; non-fiction), biography of Zachris Topelius


texts:
 (1922; memoir). Translated as Marbacka: The Story of a Manor (V.S. Howard, 1924) and Memories of Marbacka (Greta Andersen, 1996) – named for the estate Mårbacka where Lagerlöf was born and raised
The Ring trilogy – published in 1931 as The Ring of the Löwenskölds, containing the Martin and Howard translations,
 Löwensköldska ringen (1925; novel). Translated as The General's Ring (Francesca Martin, 1928) and as The Löwensköld Ring (Linda Schenck, 1991)
 Charlotte Löwensköld (1925; novel). Translated as Charlotte Löwensköld (V.S. Howard)
 Anna Svärd (1928; novel). Translated as Anna Svärd (V.S.Howard, 1931)
  (1929; play), based on 1899 work
  (1930; short stories)
  (1930; memoir). Translated as Memories of My Childhood (Lagerlöf) Further Years at Mårbacka (V.S. Howard, 1934)
  (1932; memoir). Translated as The Diary of <mask> Lagerlöf (V.S. Howard, 1936)
  (1933; short stories). Translated as Harvest (book) (Florence and Naboth Hedin, 1935)
  (1936)
  (1936)
  (1943–45)
  (1959)
  (1984)

Works about <mask> Lagerlöf
Berendsohn, Walter A., <mask> Lagerlöf: Her Life and Work (adapted from the German by George F. Timpson) – London : Nicholson & Watson, 1931
Wägner, Elin, <mask> Lagerlöf I (1942) and <mask> Lagerlöf II (1943)
Vrieze, Folkerdina Stientje de, Fact and Fiction in the Autobiographical Works of <mask> Lagerlof – Assen, Netherlands : Van Gorcum, 1958
Nelson, Anne Theodora, The Critical Reception of <mask> Lagerlöf in France – Evanston, Ill., 1962
Victor Folke Nelson, The Mårbacka Edition of the Works of <mask> Lagerlöf in The Saturday Review of

masks: Selma Selma Selma Selma Selma Selma Selma Selma


texts:
 Literature, 1929. Olson-Buckner, Elsa, The epic tradition in Gösta Berlings saga – Brooklyn, N.Y. : Theodore Gaus, 1978
Edström, Vivi, <mask> Lagerlöf (trans.by Barbara Lide) – Boston : Twayne Publishers, 1984
Madler, Jennifer Lynn, The Literary Response of German-language Authors to <mask> Lagerlöf – Urbana, Ill. : University of Illinois, 1998
De Noma, Elizabeth Ann, Multiple Melodrama: the Making and Remaking of Three Selma Lagerlöf Narratives in the Silent Era and the 1940s – Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Research Press, cop. 2000
Watson, Jennifer, Swedish Novelist <mask> Lagerlöf, 1858–1940, and Germany at the Turn of the Century: O du Stern ob meinem Garten – Lewiston, NY : Edwin Mellen Press, 2004

See also
 List of female Nobel laureates

References

Further reading

External links

 portrait in old age

Resources

 List of Works

 The background to the writing of The Wonderful Adventures of Nils

Works online

 Works by <mask> Lagerlöf at Project Runeberg
 Works by <mask> Lagerlöf at Swedish Literature Bank

1858 births
1940 deaths
People from Sunne Municipality
Writers from Värmland
Swedish women novelists
Swedish-language writers
19th-century Swedish novelists
Nobel laureates in Literature
Members of the Swedish Academy
Swedish Christian pacifists
Christian writers
Swedish feminists
Swedish suffragists
Liberals (Sweden) politicians
Swedish Lutherans
Swedish Nobel laureates
LGBT writers from Sweden
LGBT Lutherans
LGBT Nobel laureates
Women Nobel laureates
Swedish children's writers
Swedish women children's writers
20th-century Swedish

masks: Selma Selma Selma Selma Selma


texts:
<mask> (2 March 1905 – 25 November 1985) was a British poet, writer, editor, critic, exhibition curator, anthologist and naturalist. In the 1930s he was editor of the influential magazine New Verse, and went on to produce 13 collections of his own poetry, as well as compiling numerous anthologies, among many published works on subjects including art, travel and the countryside. <mask> exhibited in the London International Surrealist Exhibition at New Burlington Galleries in 1936, and in 1946 co-founded the Institute of Contemporary Arts. <mask>'s autobiography The Crest on the Silver was published in 1950. At various times he was involved in teaching, journalism and broadcasting. Fiercely combative, he made many literary enemies. Life and work
<mask> was born at the vicarage in Pelynt, a village near Looe in Cornwall.His childhood in rural Cornwall had a significant influence on his poetry and writing. As a boy, his love of objects of nature (plants, bones and stones) was sparked at the house of family friends at Polperro who were painters and amateur naturalists. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead, and at St Edmund Hall, Oxford. After graduating from Oxford University, <mask> took a job at the London office of the Yorkshire Post, from where he moved on to become literary editor of the Morning Post. He first came to prominence in the 1930s as a poet, then as editor from 1933 to 1939 of the influential poetry magazine New Verse. Among important works by many influential poets — notably Louis MacNeice, Stephen Spender, Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden, Paul Éluard and <mask> himself — New Verse

masks:
Geoffrey Edward Harvey Grigson
Grigson
Grigson
Grigson
Grigson
Grigson


texts: featured concrete poetry by the sculptor Alberto Giacometti (translated by David Gascoyne) and folk poetry from tribal villages of the Jagdalpür Tahsil district of Bastar State, Chhattisgarh, transcribed from the Halbi language by <mask>'s brother Wilfrid <mask>. During this period, Grigson published some of his own poetry under the pseudonym Martin Boldero.An anthology of poems that appeared in the first 30 issues of New Verse was published in hardback by Faber & Faber in 1939, and re-published in 1942; the second edition states that the first "came out on the day war was declared". During World War II <mask> worked in the editorial department of the BBC Monitoring Service at Wood Norton near Evesham, Worcestershire, and as a talks producer for the BBC at Bristol. In 1946 <mask> was one of the founders of the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) in London, together with Roland Penrose, Herbert Read, Peter Watson and Peter Gregory. In 1951 <mask> curated an exhibition of drawings and watercolours drawn from the British Council Collection, which for three decades toured worldwide to 57 art galleries and museums. The exhibition consisted of more than 100 works, including those of David Bomberg, Edward Burra, Cecil Collins, John Craxton, Frances Hodgkins, Barbara Hepworth, Augustus John, David Jones, Wyndham Lewis, John Minton, Henry Moore, Paul Nash, Ben Nicholson, Eduardo Paolozzi, John Piper, Graham Sutherland and Edward Wadsworth. Later in life he was a noted critic, reviewer (for the New York Review of Books in particular), and compiler of numerous poetry anthologies. He published 13 collections

masks: Grigson Grigson Grigson Grigson Grigson


texts:
 of poetry, and wrote on travel, on art (notably works on Samuel Palmer, Wyndham Lewis and Henry Moore; he also had a volatile friendship with the painter John Piper), on the English countryside, and on botany, among other subjects.In 1951, he was General Editor of the 13-volume About Britain series of regional guidebooks published by William Collins to coincide with the Festival of Britain. After the repression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, at the initiative of Stephen Spender, <mask> joined a group of British writers and artists who applied for visas to visit dissidents in Hungary. The visas were refused. <mask> was the castaway featured in an edition of Roy Plomley's Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio 4 first broadcast on 16 October 1982. In 1984, he was interviewed by Hermione Lee in an edition of Channel 4's Book Four. <mask> in his later life lived partly in Wiltshire, England, and partly in a cave house in Trôo, a troglodyte village in the Loir-et-Cher département in France, which features in his poetry. He died in 1985 in Broad Town, Wiltshire, and is buried there in Christ Church churchyard.Family
Born in 1905, <mask> was the youngest of seven sons of Canon William Shuckforth <mask> (1845–1930), a Norfolk clergyman who had settled in Cornwall as vicar of Pelynt, and Mary Beatrice Boldero, herself the daughter of a clergyman. The inscription on his father's slate headstone in Pelynt Churchyard is the work of Eric Gill, 1931. Five of <mask>'s six brothers died serving in the First and Second World Wars, among them <mask>. This was one of the highest rates of mortality suffered by any

masks:
Grigson
Grigson
Grigson
Grigson
Grigson
Grigson
John Grigson


texts:
 British family during the conflicts of the 20th century. <mask>'s one surviving brother, Wilfrid <mask>, was killed in an air crash in 1948 while serving as a post-Partition official in Pakistan. <mask>'s first wife was Frances Franklin Galt (who died in 1937 of tuberculosis). With her, he founded the poetry magazine New Verse.They had one daughter, Caroline (who was married to designer Colin Banks). With his second wife, Berta Emma Kunert, Grigson had two children, Anna and <mask>. Following divorce from his second wife, Grigson married <mask>, née McIntire (1928–90). Their daughter is <mask>. Among Grigson's grandchildren is the political scientist Giacomo Benedetto. Honours and legacy
Grigson was awarded the Duff Cooper Prize for his 1971 volume of poetry Discoveries of Bones and Stones. A collection of tributes entitled Grigson at Eighty, compiled by R. M. Healey (Cambridge: Rampant Lions Press), was published in 1985, the year of his death.In 2005, to mark the centenary of <mask>'s birth a conference was held at St Edmund Hall, Oxford. In 2007 Pallant House Gallery in Chichester presented the exhibition Poets in the Landscape: The Romantic Spirit in British Art. The exhibition explored "the creative links between poetry, the pastoral vision and British art in the work of Romantic artists of the 18th and 19th centuries, and the Neo-Romantic artists of the mid-20th century", with exhibits of <mask>’s anthology The Poet's Eye, featuring lithographs by John Craxton, and copies of New Verse. In 2017 the British Museum presented a major exhibition of British landscape paintings from the century

masks:
Grigson
Grigson
Geoffrey Grigson
Lionel Grigson
Jane Grigson
Sophie Grigson
Grigson
Grigson


texts:
 following the death of J. M. W. Turner. The exhibition title was "borrowed from the poet and critic <mask>'s 1949 collection of essays Places of the Mind", and, in doing so, "acknowledges how every landscape drawing is a construct of the mind and imagination of its creator". Works

New Verse: An Anthology (1942 edition)
Compiled by Grigson. Poets included were:

C. Day-Lewis – Bernard Spencer – Philip O'Connor – Louis MacNeice – George Barker – Kathleen Raine – Frederic Prokosch – A. J.Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, 2002. (Contains a comprehensive <mask> bibliography.) Ostrom, Hans. "The Mint," in British Literary Magazines: The Modern Age, 1914–1984. Ed. Alvin Sullivan. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1986, 264–267.(Grigson edited The Mint.) External links
 <mask> page at Faber. "<mask> – alumnus of St Edmund Hall, Oxford". Julian Symons, "<mask>, <mask> Harvey (1905–1985)", rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 2 December 2013. "<mask> – Poet, writer, critic, broadcaster, 1905–1985" at colander.org
 I. Woncewas, "A Centenary Reconsideration: Thinking About <mask>". Parameter Magazine."Correspondence. William Empson and <mask>son on climbers, criticism, and the morality of rudeness", Poetry Foundation. "<mask>son" at My Poetic Side. 1905 births
1985 deaths
English literary critics
People from Pelynt
Poets from Cornwall
People educated at St John's School, Leatherhead
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
20th-century English poets
Anthologists
English essayists
English naturalists
20th-century essayists
20th-century male writers
20th-century

masks:
Geoffrey Grigson
Geoffrey Grigson
Geoffrey Grigson
Geoffrey Grigson
Grigson
Geoffrey Edward
Geoffrey Grigson
Geoffrey Grigson
Geoffrey Grig
Geoffrey Grig


texts:
<mask> (born December 15, 1987), best known as <mask>, is an American professional boxer. He has held multiple world championships in four weight classes, including the lineal junior welterweight title from 2018 to 2020; previously he held the WBO and Ring magazine featherweight titles in 2013, the WBO junior lightweight title from 2013 to 2014, the WBC and IBF lightweight titles between 2017 and 2019, and the IBF junior welterweight title in 2018. He has also challenged once for the IBF welterweight title in 2019. Early life and education
Born to Mexican parents, Miguel Angel's father, Eduardo, was an amateur boxer and trainer of world champion boxer Fernando Vargas at La Colonia Youth Boxing Club. His older brother, Roberto was a professional boxer and a former IBF Super Featherweight Champion who lost his belt to the late Diego Corrales. His oldest brother, Daniel, was a boxer and trainer. He has been featured on ABC's show American Latino TV and he talked about balancing studies with the demands of boxing.<mask> has said he grew up in a "gang-related neighborhood" in Oxnard, California. <mask> said that his parents were both strawberry pickers. Amateur career

<mask> started his amateur career at the age of fourteen. In 2003, he won a silver medal at the National Junior Olympic Championships in the 125 lb division. In 2004, he won a gold medal at the National Junior Golden Gloves Championships and a silver medal at the National Police Athletic League Championships, both in the 132 lb division. In 2005, he won a bronze medal at the National Golden Gloves

masks:
Miguel Angel Garcia Cortez
Mikey Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia


texts:
 Championships and a gold medal at the National Police Athletic League Championships, both in the 132 lb division. Amateur highlights
2003 National Junior Olympic Championships (Silver Medal, 125 lbs)
2004 National Junior Golden Gloves Championships (Gold Medal, 132 lbs)
2004 National Police Athletic League Championships (Silver Medal, 132 lbs)
2005 National Golden Gloves Championships (Bronze Medal, 132 lbs)
2005 National Police Athletic League Championships (Gold Medal, 132 lbs)

Professional career

Featherweight

Early career
<mask> is known as a patient fighter with good punching power, a natural right-hander who likes to switch to southpaw during some of his fights.He turned pro in 2006 and signed with Bob Arum's Top Rank. <mask> was undefeated in his first 20 professional fights with 17 of them coming by way of knockout. In April 2010, <mask> <mask> beat the veteran Tomas Villa by T.K.O. in the first round, to win the USBA Featherweight Championship. He then beat Matt Remillard to win the WBO NABO Featherweight Championship. This would not only be the last boxing bout but also the last event Nick Charles would broadcast, Charles would die a few days later from cancer. In his next fight HBO asked <mask> to turn down a world title shot against Billy Dib to fight on the undercard of Julio César Chávez, Jr. vs. Sebastian Zbik.After his win over Rafaël Guzmán, <mask> sent his well wishes to Genaro Hernández who was struggling with cancer, Hernández would die a few days later. Months later he beat Juan Carlos Martinez in under four rounds at the Madison Square

masks: Garcia Garcia Mikey Garcia Garcia Garcia


texts:
 Garden in New York City. <mask> vs. Salido
<mask>'s first major step up in competition came on January 19, 2013 against WBO Featherweight champion and Ring No. 1 ranked featherweight, Orlando Salido. His fight with Salido was originally supposed to happen on November 10, 2012 at Wynn Las Vegas but Salido broke his finger and had to pull out of the fight with <mask> fighting Jonathan Victor Barros as a late replacement. <mask> would get his chance again In front of a near sell out crowd of 4,850 at The Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City, <mask> dominated the bout from the very beginning, keeping Salido at range with the jab. <mask> knocked Salido down four times early on in the fight, building up a large lead on the scorecards.During the 8th round, Salido accidentally clashed heads with <mask>, causing <mask>'s nose to break. The fight was stopped between rounds, with the decision going to the scorecards. <mask> won with the scores of 79–70, 79–69, 79–69 to win his first world title. Speaking of the headbutt, <mask> said, "I had the perfect fight going on. I was beating him up good, and then he drove his head into my face -- but it was accidental." <mask> earned a career-high $220,000 purse for the fight. <mask> vs. <mask> was scheduled to make his first title defense against Juan Manuel López in Dallas on June 15, 2013.<mask> failed to make 126 lb weight limit coming in two pounds overweight. He was stripped of the title. The fight went ahead after <mask> paid Lopez a penalty of $150,000 for missing weight. <mask> claimed the reason for not making

masks:
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
López Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia


texts:
 weight was due to missing several days of training. On fight night, <mask> re-hydrated to 142 pounds, whilst Lopez weighed 137.5 pounds on the HBO scales. In front of a crowd of 5,605 at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas, <mask> dominated the fight from the opening bell, dropping Lopez in round 2 following a right straight hand. In round 4, <mask> landed a left hook to Lopez, knocking him down again.At 1 minute and 35 seconds of round 4, referee Raphael Ramos waved the fight off, giving <mask> the win. After the fight, <mask> said, "I was able to land my jab and stand pretty comfortable. When I knocked him down, that gave me confidence that I could put him out early." <mask> landed 53 punches, with 40 of them being jabs. Super featherweight

<mask> vs. Martínez
On August 1, 2013 the WBO ordered their junior lightweight champion Román Martínez (27–1–2, 16 KOs) to make a mandatory defence against <mask>. On September 9, the date of the purse bid, a deal was set for the fight to take place on November 9 at the American Bank Center in Corpus Christi, Texas. The attendance was announced as 5,124.<mask> went down in the second round from a Martínez counter right hand. <mask>, however, recovered and dominated the rest of the fight before knocking out Martínez with a left hook to the body in the eighth round. Speaking off the knockout punch, <mask> said, "I thought it was a very good punch when I landed it. I felt I really hurt him, enough to where he wouldn't get up. I had a feeling it would be over after I connected." <mask> landed nearly half of his total

masks: Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia


texts:
 127 power punches. This included 52 punches landed in the last three rounds compared to 8 landed by Martínez.The victory meant <mask> became a two weight world champion. <mask> vs. Burgos
On December 14, 2013 it was announced that <mask> would make his first title defense against mandatory challenger, 25 year old Mexican boxer Juan Carlos Burgos (30–1–2, 20 KOs). The fight was set for January 25, 2014 at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City on a live double-header on HBO Boxing After Dark, with Bryant Jennings vs. Artur Szpilka as co-main event. Burgos was known to have fought to a split draw with former champion Román Martínez on the <mask>-Salido undercard in January 2013. <mask> went into the fight with a 11-fight knockout streak. After being staggered in the second round, <mask> took control of the fight and won close to every round for the remainder of the bout. At the end of the fight, <mask> won via unanimous decision (118–110, 118–110, 119–109), improving to 34–0.<mask> landed 163 of 567 punches thrown (29%) and Burgos landed 89 of his 564 thrown (16%). In the post fight interview, <mask> admitted he had trouble at the start, "His height gave me difficulty. But I found my range and I found my distance and that was it." Burgos snapped <mask>'s knockout streak which stretched back 4 years to 2010 and the fight also marked the first time <mask> saw out the 12 round distance. <mask> called out Yuriorkis Gamboa for a potential fight. The fight averaged 829,000 viewers and peaked at 911,000 viewers. Contract dispute with Top Rank
<mask> had been

masks: Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia


texts:
 unhappy over his purses, which had been increasing to career-high six-figure levels fight after fight, sued Top Rank in April 2014 to get out of the agreement.Although in arbitration with his promoter, <mask> had expressed plans of returning to the ring under a new contract with Top Rank. On October 15, <mask> vacated his WBO title. He was due to make a mandatory defence against Interim champion Orlando Salido. <mask> also cited difficulty in making the 130 pound limit, the main reason he vacated. On April 8, 2016, it was confirmed that <mask> and Top Rank, who were locked in a dispute over his promotional contract, had reached a settlement, according to Bob Arum. Top Rank vice president Carl Moretti told ESPN.com. "All parties came to a mutual agreement, details of that agreement are a confidential matter.We all move on and do what we do." Although <mask>'s Top Rank contract was up in August, they reached a deal. Light welterweight

<mask> vs. Rojas
Top Rank announced on June 28, 2016, after 2 and a half years off, <mask> would be returning to the boxing ring against former world featherweight titleholder Elio Rojas on July 30 on Showtime in a 10-round bout at Barclays Center in Brooklyn on the undercard of Santa-Cruz-Frampton. This would be a one-fight deal with promoter Lou DiBella and Showtime. They met at approximately 138 pounds. The weight had not been contractually hashed out, however <mask> planned to move down with the hopes of challenging for a world title in the 135-pound lightweight division. <mask> scored four knockdowns, before finishing Rojas in the

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 5th round via knockout.<mask> hit Rojas face-first with a left hand and dropping him with a right uppercut-left hook combination. Rojas, who was only fighting for the second time in four years, beat the count, but referee Claudio waved it off at 2 minutes, 2 seconds. After the fight, <mask> said, "I think it was a very good performance. Even though I've been out for two-and-a-half years, people haven't forgotten about me. I did miss [boxing], but the time off helped me regain that fire." CompuBox stats showed that <mask> landed 53 of 162 punches thrown (42%) and Rojas landed 47 of 168 thrown (28%). Rojas came off a 23-month lay-off.The fight averaged 427,000 viewers. Lightweight

<mask> vs. Zlatičanin
<mask> announced he would be fighting at lightweight to challenge undefeated WBC champion Dejan Zlatičanin (22–0, 15 KOs). Zlatičanin claimed the vacant title by knocking out Franklin Mamani in June and also holds decision victories over the likes of Petr Petrov and former multiple weight world champion Ricky Burns. The fight would take place at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas and again serve as a co-feature to the anticipated rematch between Carl Frampton and Leo Santa Cruz on January 28, 2017. <mask> stopped Zlatičanin in round three to win the title and give Zlaticanin his first professional defeat. The end came after <mask> hit a two punch combination starting with an uppercut which led Zlatičanin open for a final right hook which dropped him backwards on the floor, a knockout of the year candidate. The referee stopped the fight immediately.<mask> became a three-weight

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 world champion with this knockout win. <mask>'s purse for the fight was $375,000 compared to the $320,000 that Zlatičanin received. In the post fight interview, <mask> said that he would like to unify the division and also mentioned fighting undefeated Terence Crawford at light welterweight. <mask> landed 50 punches of 176 thrown (28%), whilst Zlatičanin landed only 16 of 60 (27%). The fight averaged 544,000 and peaked at 617,000 viewers. Return to light welterweight

<mask> vs. Broner
On May 25, 2017 it was announced that talks were underway for a fight between <mask> and four-weight world champion Adrien Broner on July 29, 2017 at Barclays Center in Brooklyn. A deal which would include a catchweight of 140 pounds, the super lightweight limit, with Showtime the likely network to broadcast the fight.On Monday, May 22, Broner was sentenced to 72 hours at the Kenton County Detention Center in Covington, Kentucky, on a contempt charge, after failing to make multiple court appearances. <mask> said he would be returning to lightweight after the fight, adding that the Broner fight was 'too good and too lucrative' to pass up. If Broner missed weight, he would be fined $500,000. He said he would be more disciplined because he won't give up half a million dollars and claimed he had a reason to not miss weight. On July 20, 8 days before the official weigh in, Broner reportedly weighed 144 pounds and said that he would 'comfortably make weight tomorrow'. On July 21, the WBC announced that their Diamond light welterweight title would be at stake for the fight. <mask> weighed

masks: Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia Garcia


texts: in a career high 139.5 pounds and more than Broner, who weighed 138.7 pounds.<mask> won the fight by unanimous decision with the three judges scoring the fight 117–111, 116–112, 116–112. The fight started tentatively, with both boxers landing few punches in the opening round. But over the course of the fight, <mask> took over and by the championship rounds he was significantly outpacing Broner in punches landed and thrown. ESPN scored the fight 120–108 shutout win for <mask>. In the post fight interviews, <mask> praised his performance and Broner, "This is definitely one of my best performances ever. I think I controlled the fight in the early rounds and I kept the activity up. Broner is a great fighter who has great skills.I was the superior fighter tonight." Broner was humble in defeat, but stated that he had to catch <mask>, who he claimed was running, "It was a good fight. At the end of the day, I come to fight, I come to win and I put my heart on the line. It was Tom & Jerry – I had to catch the mouse." Both fighters earned a $1 million purse for the fight. CompuBox statistics showed that <mask> was the more active boxer, landing 244 of 783 punches (31%), Broner landed only 125 of 400 thrown (31%). <mask> threw over 200 punches in the last four rounds alone, trying to get the stoppage win.<mask> said he was open to any boxer coming over to showtime, whether that be at 135, 140 or even 147 pounds. The fight drew an average 881,000 viewers on Showtime and peaked at 937,000 viewers, making it the most watched fight on Showtime since Deontay Wilder defeated


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 Bermane Stiverne to win the WBC heavyweight title in January 2015. That fight drew an average of 1.24 million. <mask> vs. Lipinets
In early September 2017, <mask> took to social media and called out four-weight world champion Miguel Cotto for a fight in December, possibly being Cotto's final fight. <mask>'s trainer and brother Roberto explained that it was his friend Rudy Hernandez who first mentioned taking Mikey up to 154 pounds for a one off fight. On September 21, he reiterated his desire to move up to 154 to be Cotto's final foe. Cotto's trainer was also open for the fight to take place.<mask> said if <mask> is unable to land a fight with Cotto, he could potentially fight Robert Easter Jr. in a unification fight in December. On October 5, the WBC ordered a fight between <mask> and Jorge Linares (43-3, 27 KOs), as Linares holds the WBC Diamond title, in addition to the WBA lightweight title. <mask> commented on Twitter that the Cotto fight couldn't happen as Golden Boy Promotions required him signing an exclusive long-term contract with them in order to make the fight. <mask> also mentioned that the fight with Linares wouldn't happen before the end of the year as Linares was unavailable on December. Lance Pugmire reported for the Los Angeles Times that <mask> would most likely return on December or January against Robert Easter Jr.

Eric Gomez, president of Golden Boy sent out a message to <mask> stating if he wanted the fight with Linares, it could be made, without any add-ons to the contract. <mask> later replied, "No need to put it out [in] public. You also

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Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Robert Garcia
Mikey
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
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Garcia


texts: have my number, I'll call you later bro."Gomez later announced that <mask> had rejected their offer for a one-fight agreement with a 50-50 purse split. <mask> said he had received a more lucrative offer. He said, "I have more options, in fact [...] the guaranteed purse is better[...] just as Golden Boy is looking to do what's best for their company, I am also looking to do what's best for me." On December 14, 2017 RingTV.com announced that <mask> would next challenge recently crowned IBF light welterweight champion Sergey Lipinets (13-0, 10 KOs) on February 10, 2018 on Showtime for a package reportedly worth approximately $3.5 million. According to early reports, the fight was likely to take place at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. WBC president Sulaiman announced that <mask> would keep his lightweight title regardless of the result. On January 17, 2018 it was reported the fight would be postponed due to Lipinets suffering a hand injury whilst in training.Lipinets co-manager, Alex Vaysfeld stated the hand injury occurred in December 2017 and Lipinets had begged him not to postpone the fight. A doctors report suggested he could be out for a month. A few days later, the fight was rescheduled to take place on March 10. The bout would remain in San Antonio, however the Freeman Coliseum was announced as the new venue. <mask> dropped Lipinets in round 7, en route to becoming a four-weight world champion via unanimous decision after 12 rounds. The final scorecards read 116-111, 117-110 and 117-110 in favor of <mask>. Many of the rounds were close with <mask> doing


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 more to win each round.Lipinets landed the harder punches. <mask> came in to the fight with a gameplan knowing Lipinets was the bigger man, he used different angles behind his jab and remained patient. A left hook to Lipinets's face dropped him for the first time in his professional career. Lipinets managed to get up and finish the round on steady legs. CompuBox Stats showed that <mask> landed 169 of 679 total punches (25%) and Lipinets landed 144 of his 509 thrown (28%). <mask> landed 46% of his power punches; 92 to Lipinets' 73. With the victory, <mask> also became the lineal light welterweight champion and joined Manny Pacquiao and Juan Manuel Marquez as the only fighters in history to win titles at 126, 130, 135 and 140 pounds.The fight averaged 618,000 viewers and peaked at 689,000 viewers on Showtime. Return to lightweight

<mask> vs. Easter
On March 12, 2018, the IBF wrote to <mask>, giving him until March 22 to decide whether he wants to keep his IBF title at light welterweight as they had a mandatory challenger, Ivan Baranchyk (18–0, 11 KOs) lined up next. On April 17, <mask> vacated the IBF title, confirming he would drop back to lightweight to defend his WBC title. On April 24, WBC president Sulaiman stated <mask> would participate in a lightweight unification with IBF beltholder Robert Easter Jr. in the summer. On May 1, it was reported that the fight would likely take place in July or August at the Staples Center in Los Angeles. On May 4, it was reported that <mask> was close to signing a deal with UFC president Dana White's Zuffa Boxing promotions.


texts: July 28 was later confirmed as the fight date.Before a crowd of 12,560, <mask> dropped Easter in round 3 on his way to a unanimous decision win with scores of 116–111, 117–110 and 118–109, to become the unified WBC and IBF lightweight champion. The fight started with Easter using his distance well to keep <mask> at arms reach. In round 3, <mask> knocked Easter down with a left hook to the head. <mask> did not seem to struggle to get close as Easter, who was using his long jab effectively as <mask> himself was also managing to land his jab, despite the reach disadvantage. From round 6, <mask> controlled the fight. It appeared that Easter became wary of <mask>'s power and began to fight more cautiously. Both fighters traded in round 9 with <mask> landing hard shots to the body and Easter landing with his left hand.In rounds 10 and 11, Easter took punishment against the ropes. <mask> then finished strong in the final round. CompuBox showed that <mask> outlanded him 95–34 in total punches over the final four rounds. Overall, <mask> landed 176 punches of 555 thrown (32%) and Easter landed 129 of  his 507 (25%). Easter landed 89 of 343 jabs, however he had more success in the first half of the fight. On unifying, <mask> said, "It's a great accomplishment. Now we're back.I told you guys I was coming for bigger things and now we're one step closer to achieving that. I knew he was a tough opponent. He's a tough warrior. He gave a great fight, but I was the better fighter. I was in control of the fight and I did what I had to do to win." Easter was humble in defeat and gave


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 full credit to <mask>, "He was just a better man tonight. I take my hat off to Mikey.He's a true warrior. Whenever we step in the ring, we are both putting our lives on the line, and tonight <mask> was victorious. I just couldn't find the timing and I just couldn't let my right hand go." <mask> also re-iterated his desire to fight IBF welterweight champion Errol Spence Jr. by the end of 2018. Spence, who was sat ringside also admitted the fight was too big to turn down and would not be hard to make. <mask> reportedly earned around a $1 million purse. The fight averaged 680,000 viewers and peaked at 725,000 viewers.Welterweight

<mask> vs. Spence
On July 31, 2018, the IBF ordered <mask> to defend his newly-won title against mandatory challenger Richard Commey (26–2, 23 KOs), with a deal to be reached by August 30. Then-IBF champion Easter was ordered to fight Commey before March 30, 2018 however the IBF granted an exception for the <mask> unification bout as long as the winner satisfied their mandatory next. On October 19, Commey tweeted that the IBF had ordered the bout to go to purse bids as <mask> had not signed his side of the contract. On October 25, BoxingScene.com reported that negotiations between <mask> and Spence (24–0, 21 KOs) were progressing, with the fight likely to take place in February 2019 on Showtime PPV. On October 30, 2018, <mask> vacated his IBF lightweight title and the purse bid for the potential Commey fight was cancelled. On November 13, PBC made an official announcement for their 2019 schedule. It was announced the fight between <mask>

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 and Spence would take place at the welterweight limit at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas on March 16, 2019 exclusively on FOX PPV.Many fans reacted to fight being announced. Some welcomed the fight and praised <mask> for 'daring to be great' and some fans believed the size difference would be too much as Spence is considered a big welterweight. Ultimately, <mask> was dominated by Spence in a convincing fashion, resulting in a 12 round unanimous decision for Spence in which <mask> failed to win a single round on all 3 fight scorecards. <mask> vs. Vargas
On February 29, 2020, <mask> returned to the ring in Frisco, Texas after a layoff of almost a year. In his second bout at welterweight, he faced former two-division world champion Jessie Vargas. Vargas was ranked #4 by the WBO at welterweight. In a hard-fought battle, <mask> dropped his opponent in the fifth round and earned a unanimous decision victory, with scores of 114-113, 116-111, and 116-111.CompuBox punch stats saw <mask> land 151 of 478 (32%) total punches thrown, while Vargas landed 142 punches of 671 (21%) total punches thrown. In his post-fight interview, <mask> stated his intentions to continue fighting in the welterweight division, saying, "I would love to fight against Manny Pacquiao, or a rematch with Errol Spence. I’m better now at this weight class. I want to continue to campaign at 147 [lbs] and seek a title in a fifth division.”

<mask> vs. Martin
After a layoff of almost twenty months since his last fight, <mask> returned to the ring to face European super lightweight champion Sandor

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 Martin on October 16, 2021, in Fresno, California. Despite being the heavy pre-fight betting favorite, <mask> suffered his second professional defeat, when he was outboxed to a majority decision loss, with scores of 95–95, and 97–93 twice in favor of Martin. In his post-fight interview, <mask> offered his opinion on the fight: "I thought it was a good fight. He [Martin] fought a very good fight.I thought I did the necessary to close the gap, putting the pressure, looking for the fight. He was the one moving, running around a lot. He countered me a few times, but I was the one actively looking for the fight; I thought I was ahead on the cards." Summit for brain health
In February 2014, <mask>, along with Bernard Hopkins and a few other such (Jake Adams) athletes, attended a summit at the Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health at the United States Capitol, in support of furthering the research of preventing brain damage and other mental risks in competitive activity. The summit consisted of speeches about preventing brain damage and research to aid already suffering victims. Professional boxing record

Exhibition boxing record

Filmography

See also
Notable boxing families
List of boxing quadruple champions
List of featherweight boxing champions
List of super-featherweight boxing champions
List of lightweight boxing champions
List of light-welterweight boxing champions
List of Mexican boxing world champions

References

External links

<mask> <mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

1987 births
Living people
World featherweight boxing champions
World

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 super-featherweight boxing champions
World lightweight boxing champions
World light-welterweight boxing champions
World Boxing Organization champions
World Boxing Council champions
International Boxing Federation champions
The Ring (magazine) champions
American male boxers
American boxers of Mexican descent
Boxers from California
Sportspeople from Oxnard, California
Sportspeople from Ventura County, California
Welterweight


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<mask> (17 January 1939 – 28 January 2008) (, born Christos Paraskevaidis, Χρήστος Παρασκευαΐδης) was Archbishop of Athens and All Greece and as such the primate of the Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Greece, from 1998 until his death, in 2008. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Xanthi, Thrace, Northern Greece in 1939. His civil name was Christos Paraskevaidis. When he was two years old, his family moved to Athens to escape German and Bulgarian occupation of the area during World War II. His father subsequently returned to Xanthi following the war and ran a successful bid for mayor. <mask> attended high school at the Roman Catholic Marist Leonteion Lyceum of Athens. He then studied law at the University of Athens, graduating in 1962, after having been ordained a deacon in the Orthodox Church in 1961.He also attended a graduate school at the University of Athens for a degree in theology. <mask> was ordained a priest in 1965 and graduated from the School of Theology in 1967. He worked as a parish priest in Palaio Faliro, a suburb of Athens, between 1965 and 1974. During that time he also became Chief Secretary of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece. In 1974, he was elected bishop of Demetrias in Volos, Thessaly, a post which he held until his election as Archbishop of Athens in 1998. <mask> was a Doctor of Theology, had a degree in French and English, and also spoke Italian and German. He was the author of a number of theological books and received Honorary Doctorates from the University of Craiova and the University of Iasi.Due to <mask>' attending a Catholic high school, he felt open to dialogue between the Orthodox and Catholic churches having experienced both sides. Tenure as Archbishop
<mask> succeeded Archbishop Seraphim to the seat of the Prelate of the Greek church in 1998. At 59 years of age, he was the youngest Archbishop to head the Greek Church. His chief rivals in ballot were Metropolitan Anthimos of Alexandroupolis and Metropolitan Ieronymos of Thebes. The latter would eventually succeed him in 2008. Supporting the existing Church social

masks: Christodoulos Christodoulos Christodoulos Christodoulos Christodoulos Christodoulos Christodoulos


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 services, he launched new services to face social issues such as the welfare of drug addicts and immigrants, the support for single mothers and abused women, the care for the victims of trafficking, the establishing of a chain of nurseries and infant schools, the provided assistance to poor families and families with many children. He also established "Solidarity", an NGO of the Church of Greece, which allowed a humanitarian intervention of the Church on an international level in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe."Solidarity" caused several controversies, such as the case where it received 5.6 million Euros from the Greek State in order to send humanitarian relief to Iraq. Instead, "Solidarity" only spent 740 thousand Euros to buy food, which it kept in storage houses without ever sending it to Iraq, and kept the rest in a bank account. After the death of Archbishop <mask>, the Greek Church started an investigation of the financial activities of "Solidarity" and found gross irregularities. In 2003, he fell out with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew over who should have the final say in the appointment of bishops in northern Greece. As a result, <mask>' name was stricken off the Diptych of the Church as a punishment. He was reinstated three months later, as the conflict seemed to be coming to a resolution. The rift was mended a month later.The visit of Pope John Paul II in Athens and Archbishop <mask>' visit to Pope Benedict XVI in Rome were significant steps towards the cause of Church unity. On May 20, 2001, Konstantinos Poulios (Κωνσταντίνος Πούλιος in Greek), an Old Calendarist, attacked <mask> and slapped him in the face, while the Archbishop was giving an interview to a TV crew outside the Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens. The attack was broadcast on live television; Poulios was arrested by <mask>' police bodyguards, but in the end he faced no charges. Views

Support for Serbia
The Archbishop played a leading role in supporting Serbia (a mainly Orthodox country), and stoking public opposition to NATO and the Kosovo War of 1999 in which Greece,

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 as a NATO member, played a significant, though largely non-interventionist, role. He also spoke out strongly against the intention of the Greek government under Costas Simitis to follow EU directives, especially where they clashed with what he regarded as traditional Greek policies. Shortly after his swearing in, <mask> stated that it was "a disgrace for the modern Greeks to decide on the basis of what directives from Brussels might ask, at one time or another. Identity cards controversy
In 2000, a major clash between church and state erupted when the then Greek socialist government sought to follow a decision of the Greek Data Protection Authority, by removing the "Religion" field from the national ID cards carried by Greek citizens.<mask> opposed the decision, complaining that socialist prime minister Costas Simitis did not consult with the Greek Church on the matter and saying that it was part of a wider plan to marginalise the Church from Greek public life; he also stated that the decision was "put forward by neo-intellectuals who want to attack us like rabid dogs and tear at our flesh". The archbishop organised two demonstrations in Athens and Thessaloniki, alongside a majority of bishops of the Church of Greece, supporting the inclusion of religious data on a voluntary basis, and asked for a referendum on the matter. For this purpose, he was greatly supported as more than three million Greek citizens signed and asked for a referendum. In 2001, <mask> prompted international criticism after saying that the ID decision had been instigated by Jews. The Central Board of the Jewish Community in Greece subsequently sent him a letter on 20 March 2001, asking him to clarify the matter and expressing their opposition to the mandatory writing of religious status in identity cards. The Archbishop replied in a letter that his source was the official web site of the USA Jewish Community where it was stated that the US Jewish Community had asked the Greek Government to remove religious status from Greek identity cards. He also said that in Israel, the writing of religious


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 status in identity cards is mandatory.The official position of the Greek Church became that the writing of religious status on identity cards should be optional. However, the Greek Government proceeded to remove the writing of religious status completely from new identity cards. Military junta
It emerged the same year that despite <mask>' saying that he had no knowledge of nor involvement with human rights violations by the Greek military junta of 1967-1974, because those seven years he was busy studying to become a priest, he had been present in the swearing-in ceremony of the new regime while he held the office of Arch-Secretary of the "Holy Synod", the collective council of Metropolitan bishops of the Church of Greece. At the same time, he was serving as chief advisor to Archbishop Hieronymus, a regime appointee and supporter. Ecumenical relations
<mask> consented in 2001 to the Greek government's decision to allow Pope John Paul II to visit Greece. He commented that he would not "close the door" on the Pope, because he was coming to the country as a pilgrim. The two men met for discussions during the Papal visit in May 2001, though they did not pray together.<mask>' decision led to major controversy in Greece, where many Orthodox Christians regard the Pope (and the Catholic Church as a whole) as a schismatic heretic. He also consented in 2002 to the construction of a mosque in Athens, to end the fact that Athens is the only EU capital without a Muslim place of worship. On the other hand, he asked that the mosque will be outside the city center, a wish that was granted by the government who chose a site 20 km outside Athens against the wishes of the Muslim community. Archbishop <mask> visited Pope Benedict XVI in Rome in 2006. They issued a common proclamation together that included the statement that: "We look forward to a fruitful collaboration to enable our contemporaries to rediscover the Christian roots of the European Continent which forged the different nations and contributed to developing increasingly harmonious links between them. This will help

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 them live and promote the fundamental human and spiritual values for all people, as well as the development of their own societies"

Role of the clergy in Greek schools

In 2006, Greek newspapers reported the Archbishop's displeasure at a decision by the centre-right government of New Democracy under Kostas Karamanlis to discontinue the practice of allowing Greek Orthodox priests to use public schools for confessionary purposes. Until then, calling in priests to hold private confession sessions within schools, was at the discretion of local educational authorities; the sessions took place on a voluntary basis for children.Greek media reported that the Archbishop characterised the move a "hostile act" against the Church, while the Synod of the Greek Orthodox Church, presided by <mask>, sent a letter of complaint to the Ministry for National Education and Religious Affairs under Marietta Giannakou. The decision, however, was applauded by representatives of the Greek Teachers' Association, who supported it as a measure that safeguarded freedom of belief and fostered respect for cultural and religious differences in schools. Greek politics
<mask> supported views on Greek politics and culture that were criticized by The New York Times, an American newspaper, as conservative and nationalist and supported by others as "standing up" for Greece and Greek culture. He led protests in 2002 against Greece's version of the television programme Big Brother, urging followers to "pray for the young kids" on the shows and to "turn off our television sets". Greek history
The Archbishop attacked the authors of the Greek elementary schools' official state sixth-grade history book, accusing them of attempting to "enslave Greek youth" and conceal the Church's role in defending Greek national identity during Ottoman occupation. In reference to the same issue, he has castigated the "yannisaries" (i.e. traitors to the Greek nation) "who dare raise an audacious head and question unimpeachable things".The state issued textbook was later removed in 2007 by the Greek Government, after the

masks: Christodoulos Christodoulos


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 Athens Academy, a Legal Entity of Public Law supervised by the Ministry of National Education and Religion, as well as a number of Greek historians and intellectuals also criticised the book for historical inaccuracies. Globalization
The Archbishop was intensely critical of globalisation, to which he referred, on repeated occasions, in disparaging terms as a global, or alternatively, "foreigner" plot to deprive people of their national identities. In 2004 he criticized globalisation as a "bulldozer that is out to demolish everything, on account of those who want to rule the world without resistance or obstacles", adding that Greeks live in a paradise compared to other Europeans, because "they have a strong faith, they build churches, follow traditions, and resist globalisation". In 2006, he castigated globalisation as a "crime against humanity" and "a vehicle to Americanise the life of all humankind". He has also said that "globalisation wants to turn us into gruel, soup, sheep, or better yet, turkeys, so that we may be led with a cane". In 2002, he asked students in a Greek school whether they wanted to be "mince meat or meat", explaining that "foreigners want to turn us into the meat-grinder, while meat is a solid thing". On another occasion he stated that "the forces of Darkness cannot stand it [that Greece is a predominantly Orthodox country], and for this reason they want to decapitate it and flatten everything, by means of globalization, the novel deity that has appeared alongside another deity called human rights, and on account of which they expect us to curtail our own rights".In 2006, he decried the establishment of the monotonic orthography, as a "globalization plot" to impose "cultural uniformity" and "support the sale of multi-national Olivetti's typewriters". He also sarcastically referred to the lawmakers' "kindness of relieving our race from the darkness of Aristophanes", with regards to the same matter. Human rights
Some comments by the archbishop on human rights also raised controversy. During a 2006 speech,  <mask> stated that the Church is


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 bound to "come into many conflicts with the movement for human rights", despite the fact "it not only does not oppose human rights, but supersedes them". His proposed reason for these conflicts is that "the Church cannot accept what the Lord of This World is promoting through the human rights movement : the abolishment of sin". The Archbishop has attributed human rights to a ploy by Satan on a second occasion, stating that "the forces of Darkness cannot stand it [that Greece is a predominantly Orthodox country], and for this reason they want to decapitate it and flatten everything, by means of globalization, the novel deity that has appeared alongside another deity called human rights, and on account of which they expect us to curtail our own rights". The Archbishop was also criticised for frequently judging the internal and foreign policies of the elected Greek governments, usually during sermons in the liturgy.In 1999, he complained during a sermon that the Education Ministries were "experimenting on students" with their continuous innovations on the educational system, causing the dissatisfaction of then Minister Gerasimos Arsenis, who was pushing substantial changes in secondary education at the time. Enlightenment philosophy
<mask> frequently criticized the principles and values of what he characterized "the atheist Enlightenment", and which he contrasted to Christian values. Turkey and the European Union
<mask> created a major controversy in 2003 when he denounced proposals to let Turkey enter the European Union, calling the Turks "barbarians". Despite the fact a number of Greeks are also opposed to Turkey's entrance (as, indeed, are many other Europeans), <mask>' statements were seen as an unwarranted intervention in foreign affairs, based on a discriminatory and racialist logic. Statements to the same effect had been made—and retracted—in the past by former Foreign Affairs Minister Theodoros Pangalos. The Archbishop was accused of fusing ethnic stereotypes and homophobic ideas when, on another occasion, he proclaimed that "Because we are not German,