texts:
 France, the Sahara, Persia, Singapore, and the Philippines. In that global flight, <mask> performed aerobatics for the first air meet in Oran, Algeria, aerobatics for the first air meet in Fez, Morocco, rescued Elly Beinhorn a famous German aviator, and flew aerobatics for the Maharajah of Nepal. Among the highlights of his trip was the first aerial photograph of Mount Everest. He and Halliburton were the first Americans to fly to the Philippines.He flew Crown Prince Ghazi of Iraq. In Persia, Princess Mahin Banu  climbed into the front cockpit for a ride with him. In Borneo, he took Sylvia Brett, known as Ranee Sylvia of Sarawak, for a ride, the first woman to fly in that country. At the Rajang River there, he took the chief of the Dyak head-hunters for a flight. Northrop Corporation
In the Northrop News, March 27, 1981, <mask> is described as "one of the founders of Northrop Corporation." <mask> said, "Tom Ellsworth was talking to my brother-in-law <mask>re. He said, 'It's a shame for that fellow Northrop to be working for other people.He should head his own company.'" In 1939, <mask> used his lawyerly skills to scout the countryside for a site to erect Northrop Aviation's first buildings. He was one of the men who brought John K. "Jack" Northrop together with Gage H. Irving  and La Motte Cohu. <mask> was appointed to the board as secretary and was chief of the flight division. As chief test pilot, he flew the first flying wing, the Northrop N-1M, prototype of today's B-2 bomber. In 1939 he was instrumental in the promotion and organization of Northrop Aircraft, Inc., in consideration of which he was awarded stock interest in the company and was made Assistant Corporate Secretary. Following the departure of the original secretary, he was moved into that position by the board of electors.The Northrop N-1M , was the

masks:
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Wesley LeFev
Stephens
Stephens


type: original

texts:
 first aircraft Northrop produced. The "M" stood for "mock-up", as the craft was intended to explore the controllability and stability of the all-wing aircraft concept. <mask> did most of the experimental test flying in the two-year test program. The ship was vastly overweight, severely underpowered, and was plagued with constant engine problems. Still, it fulfilled its design purpose. The test program produced the general configuration for the subsequent Northrop flying wings. <mask> also tested other experimental Northrop aircraft: the N-3PB float plane patrol bomber, the A-31 Vengeance dive bomber, and the P-61 Black Widow night fighter.In the 1920s he had given Jack Northrop flying lessons. (He also taught Jerry Vultee, of Vultee Aircraft, maker of jets such as the F-102, F-106 and B-58.) Further career and recognition
In 1932, shortly after the return of the Flying Carpet, he was invited to become an inaugural member of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Aero Squadron. In 1937 he became a founder and board member of the Aviation Country Club of California, Inc. That same year he took leave of absence from Pacific Aircraft Sales, and enjoyed his honeymoon on a lengthy business trip: Lockheed sent him to New Zealand and Australia to promote sales and to check out the pilots of Union Airways and Ansett Airways in their new Lockheed Model 10 Electra airplanes. In 1942, he was presented an award of Distinguished Service by the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce in recognition of this work. At the close of World War II, <mask> and Ted Coleman, Northrop sales manager, left Northrop to start an air cargo business in the interior of Brazil. They obtained a franchise from the Brazilian government, but the climate severely affected his young son's health so <mask> returned to the United States.In 1948, John K. Northrop awarded

masks: Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens


texts:
 him a lifetime membership in the Flying Wing Club as "one of a small group of distinguished pilots who have participated in the historical development and pioneered in the public acceptance of this revolutionary and highly efficient type of aircraft". In 1982, he was made a member of the OX-5 Aviation Pioneers. In 1989, he was elected to the OX-5 Aviation Pioneers Hall of Fame; he was chosen to join Charles Lindbergh, Howard Hughes, Jimmy Doolittle and some 50 other "carefully selected...eminent individuals in the aerospace field" "<mask> <mask>: Aviation Pioneer and Adventurer" by Ronald Gilliam, originally published in the July 1999 issue of Aviation History. In 1983, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of The Society of Experimental Test Pilots in the San Diego Aerospace Museum. In 1990, his interview as a pioneer aviator appeared on a PBS television series, The American Experience, on the life of Charles Lindbergh, produced by Ken Burns. References

Further reading
Alt, John H. Don't Die in Bed: The Brief, Intense Life of Richard Halliburton. Atlanta: Quincunx Press, 2013.Chapters on <mask> <mask> from his private papers. Gilliam, Ronald, "<mask> <mask> Piloted More Than 100 Types of Aircraft and Flew Around the World in the Flying Carpet." Aviation History, vol. 9, issue 6 (July 1999). Max, Gerry, Horizon Chasers - The Lives and Adventures of Richard Halliburton and Paul Mooney. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishers, 2007. Root, Jonathan, Halliburton - The Magnificent Myth.New York: Coward-McCann, 1965. Schultz, Barbara H., Flying Carpets, Flying Wings - The Biography of <mask> <mask> (PlaneMercantile, c2011)
Taylor, <mask>., A Shooting Star Meets the Well of Death, Why and How Richard Halliburton Conquered the World. Moonshine Cove Publishing, 2013

External links
 History Net (About <mask> <mask>)

1907 births
1995

masks:
Moye
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
William R
Moye
Stephens


texts:
<mask> (May 31, 1963 – August 21, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter and visual artist. Diagnosed with schizophrenia in 1989, <mask> began a career as an underground singer-songwriter in the outsider music tradition. <mask>' songs are typically partially spoken in an MC style, and partially sung in a nasal and out-of-tune manner reminiscent of punk rock vocals. They feature bizarre, humorous and sometimes obscene or absurd lyrics sung over melodies created by using the auto accompaniment feature on his Technics KN keyboard. His songs cover a wide variety of topics, with mental illness and consumerism being the most prominent themes. <mask> gained a large cult following in the 1990s, particularly after the release of his 1995 Greatest Hits album on the Alternative Tentacles label. Jello Biafra compiled the album's track list.In addition to a large body of solo musical work, <mask> fronted his own punk rock band, the <mask> Willis Fiasco, during the 1990s. He was a visual artist long before he developed an interest in music, and produced hundreds of intricate, unusual, colored ink-pen drawings, most of them depicting Chicago streetscapes; he frequently sold these on the street for between $20 and $40. Despite his mainly underground career, <mask> has influenced a variety of media. For example, music software company Nullsoft took their slogan "It really whips the llama's ass!" for Winamp from <mask>'s song "Whip the Llama's Ass". Life and career
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, on May 31, 1963, to Walter and <mask>. He had a brother named Ricky, who is also a disabled artist.According to the Los Angeles Times, "<mask> grew up in Chicago's projects as one of 10

masks:
Wesley Lawrence Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley
Willis
Willis
Willis
Annie Willis
Willis


texts: children of parents who had a violent relationship and separated when he was young; he spent time in several foster homes and was essentially raised by two older brothers, who went with him from home to home." <mask> began hearing voices during a period of living at his mother's home in the 1980s, when her abusive boyfriend Roger Lee Carpenter held a gun to his head and robbed him of $600 <mask> had saved. By the end of the 1980s, he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and institutionalized for two months after his diagnosis. During childhood, <mask> developed an interest in art, and in 1988, he was featured in a Chicago public access documentary feature created by Carl W. Hart titled <mask>: Artist of the Streets. In Artist of the Streets, he was shown walking through Chicago's Loop neighborhood, producing his ink pen drawings outside of the Marshall Field and Company Building, and interacting with people curious about his art. The drawings typically encompass detailed Chicago streetscapes, including buildings, vehicles, trees, and landmarks. <mask> was known for his ability to draw from memory a completely different location than the one in which he was sitting.During his lifetime, he frequently gave his drawings away to friends or sold them for small amounts (typically $10 or $20) in Chicago parks. However, after his death, <mask> began to receive recognition in the art community for his large body of visual art. In 2008 his artwork was exhibited at the Mohamed Khalil Museum of Egypt, and he was the subject of a special exhibit entitled Drawn By <mask> at Dominican University. In 1991, after befriending some musicians from Chicago's alternative rock scene and

masks:
Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis


texts:
 recording several solo albums, he formed the punk rock band The Wesley <mask> Fiasco. The band developed a popular underground following as well as attention from musicians such as Eddie Vedder, Henry Rollins, Mike D., Jello Biafra, and the members of White Zombie; and soon caught the attention of Rick Rubin at American Recordings, an independent label distributed by The Warner Group. In early 1994, <mask> recorded with the Canadian industrial-metal band Monster Voodoo Machine and appeared on their Juno Award-winning debut album Suffersystem (RCA Records). In 1995, American Recordings signed <mask> as a solo musician; the <mask> Fiasco subsequently broke up in 1996.He went on to record numerous solo albums of novelty rock (two for American Recordings and the remainder for several independent labels or recorded, marketed and released independently by <mask> himself), toured frequently, and was profiled on MTV. On September 26, 1996, he was a guest on The Howard Stern Show where he played nearly identical songs about Baba Booey and Howard Stern. During his many tours and live appearances, <mask> became "famous for greeting fans with a headbutt"; this left him with a distinctive permanent bruise on his forehead. In early 2003 the documentary The Daddy of Rock 'n' Roll was released, chronicling <mask>' daily life and interests. In 2004, <mask>'s song "Rock N Roll McDonald's", about the McDonald's restaurant of the same name, was used in the soundtrack of the documentary Super Size Me. Death
On August 21, 2003, <mask> died due to complications from chronic myelogenous leukemia in Skokie, Illinois. Legacy
In 2013, a supporting character named Milan was introduced for the

masks:
Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis


texts:
 ongoing Wonder Woman comic.A blind demigod with the power of far-sight and half-brother to Wonder Woman, his physical appearance and mannerisms are based on <mask>. <mask> has been honored with a star on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. Receiving a star "might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis", according to journalist Steve Marsh. <mask> is referenced on the song "Get Famous" by American indie rock band The Mountain Goats, released on September 14, 2020, with the line "<mask> taught me how to write about you". The song references themes of fame and the exploitation and downfall of those who achieve it. Song structure and themes
"Hellride" was the term used by <mask> to describe his encounters with "demons" (delusions brought on by schizophrenia), which occurred mainly on the CTA bus lines in Chicago. According to <mask>, his demons were trying to ruin his "Harmony Joy Music" or "Joy Rides".He used the term in many of his songs, such as "I Deserve a Warhellride". The <mask> Fiasco songs were punk rock songs with <mask> howling his obscene, absurd rants as lyrics. The band recorded three cover songs: Thin Lizzy's "Jailbreak", Pure Prairie League's "Amie", and Duran Duran's "Girls on Film", the last of which was recorded for a 1997 Duran Duran tribute album. Another song by the <mask> Fiasco, "The Bar Is Closed", recreates a section of Rush's "Tom Sawyer"; the song "Casper the Homosexual Friendly Ghost" does the same with Van Halen's "Jamie's Cryin'". As a solo

masks:
Wesley Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis


texts:
 artist, <mask> filled his albums with funny, bizarre, tense, and often obscene statements about crime, fast food, cultural trends, bus routes, violent confrontations with superheroes, commands for his "demons" to engage in bestiality (in The Daddy of Rock 'n' Roll, <mask> explained that these songs would "gross out" the demons enough to make them leave him alone), and praise for his favorite actors, friends, politicians, and hip hop and rock artists. Songs about rock artists were usually confined to describing a show performed by the band that <mask> had attended or opened for, recycling key phrases such as "The crowd roared like a lion", "A lot of people met the band", or "The band got down like a Magikist". Most songs end with the phrase "Rock over London, rock on, Chicago", followed by a product slogan, such as "Wheaties: Breakfast of Champions", "Ford: Quality is Job One", "Diet Pepsi: Uh-Huh!"or "Blockbuster Video: Wow, What a Difference!" Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote that despite <mask>' prolific output his songs were essentially variations on the same simple structure, melody and lyrical themes. He also questioned record company motives for releasing albums by <mask>: "It's certainly admirable that <mask> has decided to not be tied down by his schizophrenia, but it often seems that his audience is laughing at him, not with him." Erlewine also wrote that listening to a <mask> record felt "exploitive". Partial discography
The only records from <mask> that were professionally released for download or streaming are Greatest Hits Vol. 1-3, "Rock 'n' Roll Will Never Die", and "Rock Power". 1994 Radiohead
 1994 Double Door
 1994 Machine Gun Kelly
 1994

masks: Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis


texts:
 Mr. Magoo Goes to Jail
 1994 Prisonshake
 1994 Rev Norb #1
 1994 Reverent Norb No.2
 1995 Atomic Records
 1995 Delilah's
 1995 Drag Disharmony Hellride
 1995 Fireman Rick
 1995 Greatest Hits
 1995 Jason Rau
 1995 Rock Power
 1995 Tammy Smith
 1995 Never Love A Fish
 1995 Dr. Wax
 1995 <mask> (Fuse Records)
 1995 Daren Hacker (Wesley Willis Records)
 1995 <mask> (Alternative Tentacles)
 1996 Spookydisharmoniousconflicthellride (with the <mask> Fiasco) (Urban Legends Records)
 1996 Mr. Magoo Goes to Jail Vol. 1
 1996 Mr. Magoo Goes to Jail Vol. 2
 1996 Mr. Magoo Goes to Jail Vol. 3
 1996 New York New York
 1996 Fabian Road Warrior (American Recordings)
 1996 Feel the Power (American Recordings)
 1996 Rock 'n' Roll Will Never Die (Oglio Records)
 1996 Black Light Diner
 1997 Metal Clink Punishment Jail
 1998 Rock 'N' Roll Jackflash
 1998 SMD Promotions
 1999 Dead End Street
 1999 Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (Alternative Tentacles)
 1999 Silver Fish Sea World
 2000 Guitar Rock of Ages
 2000 Shake Your Piggy Bank (Coldfront Records)
 2000 Joe Hunter (Wesley Willis Records)
 2000 Joe Hunter #2
 2000 Never Kill an Ape (Wesley Willis Records)
 2000 Rush Hour (Alternative Tentacles)
 2001 ASCAP
 2001 Fool's Gold
 2001 Torture Demon Hellride
 2001 Full Heavy Metal Jacket
 2001 Live EP (with the <mask> Fiasco) (Cornerstone R.A.S.) 2001 North Carolina Highway Patrol (Wesley Willis Records)
 2003 Greatest Hits Vol. 3 (Alternative Tentacles)

References

External links

 <mask> Art (archive), drawings by <mask> of scenes in Chicago

1963 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
American electronic musicians
Outsider musicians
Singers from Chicago
People with schizophrenia
American street

masks:
Wesley Willis
Wesley Willis
Wesley Willis
Wesley Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis


texts:
 performers
Outsider artists
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
Culture of Chicago
Alternative Tentacles artists
African-American Christians
American punk rock singers
American rock keyboardists
African-American rock musicians
American alternative rock musicians
20th-century African-American male singers
Artists with disabilities
African-American male  singer-songwriters
21st-century African-American male singers
Singer-songwriters from


texts:
<mask> (born after 1610, died after 1670) was a Poor Clare nun, abbess, and Irish historian. Background
A daughter of <mask> fitz Oliver, a wealthy merchant and a member of The Tribes of Galway. She was a niece of <mask>, whose townhouse doorway, the Browne doorway, now stands in Eyre Square. Andrew was a first cousin of Sir <mask>, former Mayor of Galway and the father of <mask>, OFM, Provincial of Franciscans 1629-1635. Her elder brother, Francis, later joined the Franciscans, while <mask> and her sister Catherine joined the Poor Clares in 1632. In that year her father Andrew was elected one of the town sheriffs but refused to take the Oath of Supremacy, as had his father in 1609, and thus was not sworn in. The Poor Clares
Following their banishment from Dublin in November 1630, the Poor Clares removed to Bethleham, in what was then the townland of Bleanphuttogue, parish of Kilkenny West, County Westmeath, a remote area on the shores of Lough Ree some eight miles (13 km) north-west of Athlone and four and a half miles southwest of Ballymahon, County Longford.Within a few years there were sixty members. Following a request from some citizens of Galway, twelve sister and two novices moved there during or immediately after January 1642. <mask> and Catherine, who were professed at Bethlehem in 1633, were among the group. The Abbess at Bethleham was Mother Cicely Dillon, a sister of Sir James Dillon (officer) and both children of Theobald Dillon, 1st Viscount Dillon. At Galway the Abbess was, successively, <mask> Martyn, <mask> Kennedy, and <mask> during 1647-50, being succeeded by her sister Catherine. The convent was located

masks:
Mother Mary Bonaventure Browne
Andrew Browne
Martin Browne
Dominick Browne
Valentine Browne
Mary
Mary
Mary Gabriel
Mary Clare
Mary


texts:
 in or near what is now St. Augustine Street. Abbess in Galway
In her first year, <mask> commissioned Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh to complete the work of translating The Rule of St. Clare and related documents into Irish.This had been begun prior to October 1636 by Father Aodh O Raghailligh and Séamus Ó Siaghail. It was transcribed in mid-October 1636 by Brother Mícheál Ó Cléirigh. Mac Fhirbhisigh translated and transcribed the remaining sections (some two-thirds of the total) from English into Irish and "designed it to be a continuation of the manuscript executed by Ó Cléirigh". It was completed on 8 December 1657, and is now Royal Irish Academy MS D i 2. Helena Concannon remarks that "It is additional proof of <mask>'s keen interest in Irish to find that she had brought this MS with her from Bethleham". The fact that she commissioned Mac Fhirbhisigh to complete the work is a very interesting marker of the high status of the Irish language, all the more surprising in a convent twelve of whose members were of Old English stock. While Abbess, <mask> oversaw plans for founding a daughter-house of the Galway convent at Loughrea.The foundation document, now preserved in the Poor Clare archives in Galway, led to the house's apparent existence in 1649-50, but due to the warfare which soon arose in the county seems to have been short-lived. In the summer of 1649, <mask> sent a petition to the "Mayors, Sheriffs, Free Burgesses and Commonalty of the Towne of Galway" stating that, due to excessive rent, they would be obliged to leave their current home at the end of the lease, which occurred the following May. Therefore, she petitioned

masks:
Mary
Mother Bonaventure
Mother Mary
Mother Mary


texts:
 that "you may be pleased to grant them sufficient room for building a monastery and rooms convenient thereunto a garden and orchard in the next island adjoining to the bridge Illaun Altenagh." The Mayor and Recorder recommended the grant on 1 July and on 10 July the Corporation unanimously agreed and granted the petition. The convent on Oileán Ealtanach - now called Nun's Island - was "a good large and spacious house with other conveniences with the cost and charge of two hundred and odd pounds of the Sisters' portions in timber and other materials". Exile
Though at least one new sister was professed as late as 1652, the years during and after the move to Nun's Island was marked by a visitation of plague, a nine-month siege, warfare and famine. Galway surrendered to Sir Charles Coote and his army in April 1652, marking the advent of a very different regime.In January 1653 an edict "commanding all nuns of whatsoever condition, to marry or quit the kingdom." Most of the Galway community travelled by ship to Spain; Mother Cicely Dillon died en route. <mask>'s sister, Mother Catherine <mask>, died in Madrid in 1654. Her work as a historian
During her years of exile in Madrid, <mask> wrote "a huge work, in quarto, in the Irish language." Written c. 1670 at the convent of El Cavallero de Garcia, "it is particularly regrettable that the original of the great work is no longer extant, since a prose work in Irish by a pre-twentieth century female author would be a very rare thing indeed." While almost the entire of the records of El Cavallero de Garcia, including this book, are now thought to be lost, there is a strong suggestion

masks:
Mary
Bernard Browne
Mother Mary


texts:
 that the narrative which opens the annals of the Poor Clares of Galway could be an English translation of the second tractae of her book. <mask>'s work comprised the following:

I    - Historical disquisition concerning haeresiarchs and the persecutions for which they are responsible.II   - The Martyrdom of certain Poor Clares and Tertiaries during the reign of terror in Ireland. III  - The Life of Henry VIII. IV   - the Life of Anne Boleyn. V    - the Life of Queen Catherine. VI   - the Acts of Saint Colette. VII  - The Life of Blessed Margaret del Pilar, Poor Clare. VIII - The Life of the Saintly Queen of Sicily.IX   - Historical Tract concerning various people who lived devout lives in the world. X    - Concerning the Devotion of the Rosary and its origin. XI   - Concerning other Rosaries granted by the bounty of God to those devout to him. Celsus O'Brien quotes the Poor Clare Annalist: "The Third Abbess of said Convent, <mask> (alias) <mask>, was a very good holy and perfect religious Sister, and was endowed with many rare virtues, as obedience, poverty, chastity, humility and charity. She was prudent and wise, well spoken in English, Irish and Spanish. She was the mirror and looking glass of religious observance that belonged to her Rule and status all of her lifetime. She left a True Chronicle written under her own hand, which she sent to this convent of Saint Clare, Galway, and a Remonstrance, a chalice, a holy curious relic, many pictures, books, ornaments, and other fine things fitting for the altar and Divine Service.All the aforesaid things were lost and burnt in the late wars, 1691." In addition, she is said to

masks:
Mother Mary
Mary Bonaventure
Browne


texts:
 have written a life, in English, of her sister, <mask>. The dowry of Catherine - "due by bond of <mask> and Sir Dominick <mask>, knight, was put in trust for them in the names of Patrick D'Arcy and Richard Óge Martyn, Esq." Sir Dominick's wife was a sister of Darcy, while he and Richard Martyn were married to two of the sisters and heiress, <mask> and Magdalene, who were daughters of Sir Peter French. Her year of death is unknown, but she is believed to have been after 1670, and before 1691. See also
 Tadhg Og Ó Cianáin
 Peregrine Ó Duibhgeannain
 Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh
 Mícheál Ó Cléirigh
 James Ussher
 Sir James Ware
 Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh
 Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh
 Uilliam Ó Duinnín
 Charles O'Conor (historian)
 Eugene O'Curry
 John O'Donovan (scholar)

Sources
 Historic Galway Convents. I.The Poor Clares, Studies, xxviii (1949), pp. 439–46, Helena Concannon
 Poor Clares, Galway, 1642-1992, by Celsus O'Brien, 1992
 Aspects Intellectual Life in Seventeenth Century Galway, Nollaig Ó Muraíle, in Galway:History and Society, ed. Gerard Moran and Raymond Gillespie, pp. 149–211, 1996. .
 Martyn, Adrian (2016). The Tribes of Galway:1124-1642

External links
 Profile, poorclares.ie
 Profile, ainm.ie

1610s births
1670s deaths
17th-century Irish historians
Irish women non-fiction writers
People from County Galway
Irish book and manuscript collectors
Poor Clares
Roman Catholic activists
Franciscan nuns
Irish chroniclers
Irish scribes
17th-century Irish women writers
Year of birth unknown
Irish emigrants to Spain
Irish-language writers
Women historians
Irish Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Irish Roman Catholic

masks:
Catherine Browne
Andrew Browne
Browne
Mary


texts: <mask>  (; , born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician who is the 23rd and current prime minister of Canada since November 2015 and the leader of the Liberal Party since April 2013. <mask> is the second-youngest prime minister in Canadian history after Joe Clark; he is also the first to be the child or other relative of a previous holder of the post, as the eldest son of <mask>. Born in Ottawa, <mask> attended Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf, graduated from McGill University in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in literature, then in 1998 acquired a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of British Columbia. After graduating he taught French, humanities, math and drama at the secondary school level in Vancouver. Initially relocating back to Montreal in 2002 to further his studies; advocacy work related to youth and environmental issues would be his primary focus serving as chair for the youth charity Katimavik and as director of the not-for-profit Canadian Avalanche Association. In 2006, he was appointed as chair of the Liberal Party's Task Force on Youth Renewal. After a successful campaign during the 2008 federal election, he was elected to represent the riding of Papineau in the House of Commons.He served as the Liberal Party's Official Opposition critic for youth and multiculturalism in 2009, and the following year he became critic for citizenship and immigration. In 2011, he was appointed as a critic for secondary education and sport. <mask> won the leadership of the Liberal Party in April 2013 and led his party to victory in the 2015 federal election, moving the third-placed Liberals from 36 seats to 184 seats, the largest-ever numerical increase by a party in a Canadian federal election. As

masks:
Justin Pierre James Trudeau
Trudeau
Pierre Trudeau
Trudeau
Trudeau


texts:
 Prime Minister, major government initiatives he undertook during his first term included legalizing recreational marijuana through the Cannabis Act; attempting Senate appointment reform by establishing the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments and establishing the federal carbon tax; while grappling with ethics investigations concerning the Aga Khan affair and later, the SNC-Lavalin affair. In foreign policy, <mask>'s government negotiated trade deals such as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, and signed the Paris Agreement on climate change. <mask> led the Liberals to consecutive minority governments in the 2019 and 2021 federal elections, despite losing the popular vote in both elections. During his second term, he confronted the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, announced an "assault-style" weapons ban in response to the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks, and was cleared of wrongdoing during a third ethics investigation surrounding the WE Charity scandal.In foreign policy, he led Canada's failed 2020 bid on temporary membership of the United Nations Security Council. During his third term, he has responded to the Freedom Convoy protests, and invoked the Emergencies Act in response to the demonstrations in Ottawa, the first time the Act has been brought into force since it was enacted in 1988. Early life

Ancestry and birth
On June 23, 1971, the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) announced that Prime Minister <mask>'s wife of four months, the former Margaret Sinclair, was pregnant and due in December. <mask> was born on Christmas Day 1971 at 9:27 pm EST at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. He is the second child in Canadian

masks:
Trudeau
Trudeau
Pierre Trudeau
Justin Trudeau


texts: history to be born to a prime minister in office; the first was John A. Macdonald's daughter Margaret Mary Theodora Macdonald (February 8, 1869 – January 28, 1933). <mask>'s younger brothers Alexandre (Sacha) (born December 25, 1973) and Michel (October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998) were the third and fourth. Trudeau is predominantly of Scottish and French Canadian descent.His grandfathers were businessman Charles-Émile <mask> and Scottish-born James Sinclair, who served as minister of fisheries in the cabinet of Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent. <mask>'s maternal great-grandfather Thomas Bernard was born in Makassar, Indonesia and immigrated to Penticton, British Columbia, in 1906 at age 15 with his family. Through the Bernard family, kinsmen of the Earls of Bandon, <mask> is the fifth great-grandson of Major-General William Farquhar, a leader in the founding of modern Singapore; Trudeau also has remote ethnic Malaccan and Nias ancestry. <mask> was baptized with his father's niece Anne Rouleau-Danis as godmother and his mother's brother-in-law Thomas Walker as godfather at Ottawa's Notre Dame Basilica on the afternoon of January 16, 1972, which marked his first public appearance. On April 14, 1972, <mask>'s father and mother hosted a gala at the National Arts Centre, at which visiting U.S. president Richard Nixon said, "I'd like to toast the future prime minister of Canada, to <mask> <mask>" to which Pierre Elliott <mask> responded that should his son ever assume the role, he hoped he would have "the grace and skill of the president". Earlier that same day U.S. first lady Pat Nixon had come to see him in his nursery to deliver a gift, a stuffed toy Snoopy. Nixon's White House audio tapes later revealed Nixon

masks:
Trudeau
Trudeau
Trudeau
Trudeau
Trudeau
Trudeau
Justin Pierre
Trudeau
Trudeau


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 referred to that visit as "wasting three days up there.That trip we needed like a hole in the head." Childhood
<mask>'s parents announced their separation on May 27, 1977, when he was five years old; his father was given primary custody. There had been repeated rumours of a reconciliation for many years afterwards. However, his mother's attorney Michael Levine filed in Toronto to the Supreme Court of Ontario for a no-fault divorce on November 16, 1983, which was finalized on April 2, 1984, with his father announcing his intention to retire as prime minister on February 29 of that year. Eventually his parents came to an amicable joint-custody arrangement and learned to get along quite well. Interviewed in October 1979, his nanny Dianne Lavergne was quoted, "<mask> is a mommy's boy, so it's not easy, but children's hurts mend very quickly. And they're lucky kids, anyway."Of his mother and father's marriage, <mask> said in 2009, "They loved each other incredibly, passionately, completely. But there was 30 years between them, and my mom never was an equal partner in what encompassed my father's life, his duty, his country." <mask> has three half-siblings, Kyle and Alicia, from his mother's remarriage to Fried Kemper, and Sarah, from his father's relationship with Deborah Coyne. <mask> lived at 24 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, the official residence of Canada's prime minister, from his birth until his father's government was defeated in the federal election on May 22, 1979. The <mask>s were expected to move into Stornoway, the residence of the leader of the Official Opposition, but because of flooding in the basement, Prime Minister Joe Clark offered them Harrington Lake, the prime minister's official country retreat in

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texts: Gatineau Park, with the expectation they would move into Stornoway at the start of July. However, the repairs were not complete, so <mask> took a prolonged vacation with his sons to the Nova Scotia summer home of his friend, MP Don Johnston, and later sent his sons to stay with their maternal grandparents in North Vancouver for the rest of the summer while he slept at his friend's Ottawa apartment. <mask> and his brothers returned to Ottawa for the start of the school year but lived only on the top floor of Stornoway while repairs continued on the bottom floor.His mother purchased and moved into a new home nearby at 95 Victoria Street in Ottawa's New Edinburgh neighbourhood in September 1979. <mask> and his sons returned to the prime minister's official residence in February 1980 after the election that returned him to the Prime Minister's Office. His father had intended Trudeau to begin his formal education at a French lycée, but <mask>'s mother convinced his father of the importance of sending their sons to a public school. In the end, <mask> was enrolled in 1976 in the French immersion program at Rockcliffe Park Public School, the same school his mother had attended for two years when her family relocated to Rockcliffe Park while her father served as a federal Cabinet minister. He could have been dropped off by limousine, but his parents elected he take the school bus albeit with a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) car following. This was followed by one year at the private Lycée Claudel d'Ottawa. After his father's retirement in June 1984, his mother remained at her New Edinburgh home while the rest of the family moved into his father's home at 1418 Pine Avenue, Montreal known as Cormier House, where

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 the following autumn he began attending the private Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf, his father's alma mater.The school had begun as a Jesuit school but was non-denominational by the time <mask> matriculated. In 2008, <mask> said that of all his early family outings he enjoyed camping with his father the most, because "that was where our father got to be just our father – a dad in the woods". During the summers his father would send him and his brothers to Camp Ahmek, on Canoe Lake in Algonquin Provincial Park, where he would later work in his first paid job as a camp counselor. <mask> and his brothers were given shares in a numbered company by their father, from which they received regular dividends, up to $20,000 per year. As of August 2011, <mask>'s company had assets of $1.2 million. University and early career
Trudeau has a bachelor of arts degree in literature from McGill University and a bachelor of education degree from the University of British Columbia. In his first year at McGill, Trudeau became acquainted with his future principal secretary, Gerald Butts, through their mutual friend, Jonathan Ablett.Butts invited <mask> to join the McGill Debating Union. They bonded while driving back to Montreal after a debate tournament at Princeton University, in which the Princeton team included Ted Cruz, who would go on to be elected a U.S. senator for Texas in 2013 and be candidate for the U.S. Republican Party's presidential nomination in 2016. After graduation, <mask> stayed in Vancouver where he became a substitute teacher at local schools such as Killarney Secondary and worked permanently as a French and math teacher at the private West Point Grey Academy. He became a roommate at the Douglas Lodge with fellow

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texts: West Point Grey Academy faculty member and friend Christopher Ingvaldson. From 2002 to 2004, he studied engineering at the École Polytechnique de Montréal, affiliated with Université de Montréal. He started a master's degree in environmental geography at McGill but withdrew from the program to seek public office. In August 2000, <mask> attended the Kokanee Summit in Creston, British Columbia, to raise funds in honour of his brother <mask> and other avalanche victims.After the event, an unsigned editorial in the Creston Valley Advance (a local newspaper) accused <mask> of having groped an unnamed female reporter while at the music festival. The editorial stated <mask> provided a "day-late" apology to the reporter, saying, "If I had known you were reporting for a national paper, I never would have been so forward". In 2018, <mask> was questioned about the groping incident but said he did not remember any negative incidents from that time. His apology and later statement about the event have been described as hypocritical, while responses to the story have been described as a witch hunt or non-story. In October 2000, <mask>, then 28, emerged as a prominent figure after delivering a eulogy at his father's state funeral. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) received numerous calls to rebroadcast the speech after its initial transmission, and leading Quebec politician Claude Ryan described it as "perhaps ... the first manifestation of a dynasty". A book issued by the CBC in 2003 included the speech in its list of significant Canadian events from the past fifty years.In 2007, <mask> starred in the two-part CBC Television miniseries The Great War, which gave an account of Canada's participation in the First

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 World War. He portrayed his fifth cousin, twice removed, Major Talbot Mercer Papineau, who was killed on October 30, 1917, during the Battle of Passchendaele. <mask> is one of several children of former prime ministers who have become Canadian media personalities. The others are Ben Mulroney (son of Brian Mulroney), Catherine Clark (daughter of Joe Clark), and <mask>'s younger brother, Alexandre. Ben Mulroney was a guest at <mask>'s wedding. Advocacy

<mask> and his family started the Kokanee Glacier Alpine Campaign for winter sports safety in 2000, two years after his brother Michel died in an avalanche during a ski trip. In 2002, <mask> criticized the Government of British Columbia's decision to stop its funding for a public avalanche warning system.From 2002 to 2006, <mask> chaired the Katimavik youth program, a project started by longtime family friend Jacques Hébert. In 2002–03, <mask> was a panelist on CBC Radio's Canada Reads series, where he championed The Colony of Unrequited Dreams by Wayne Johnston. <mask> and his brother Alexandre inaugurated the Trudeau Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Toronto in April 2004; the centre later became a part of the Munk School of Global Affairs. In 2006, he hosted the presentation ceremony for the Giller Prize for literature. In 2005, <mask> fought against a proposed $100-million zinc mine that he argued would poison the Nahanni River, a United Nations World Heritage Site located in the Northwest Territories. He was quoted as saying, "The river is an absolutely magnificent, magical place. I'm not saying mining is wrong ... but that is not the place for it.It's just the wrong thing to be doing." On September 17, 2006, <mask> was the master

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 of ceremonies at a Toronto rally organized by Roméo Dallaire that called for Canadian participation in resolving the Darfur crisis. Political beginnings
<mask> supported the Liberal Party from a young age, offering his support to party leader John Turner in the 1988 federal election. Two years later, he defended Canadian federalism at a student event at the Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf, which he attended. Following his father's death, <mask> became more involved with the Liberal Party throughout the 2000s. Along with Olympian Charmaine Crooks, he co-hosted a tribute to outgoing prime minister Jean Chrétien at the party's 2003 leadership convention, and was appointed to chair a task force on youth renewal after the party's defeat in the 2006 federal election. In October 2006, <mask> criticized Quebec nationalism by describing political nationalism generally as an "old idea from the 19th century", "based on a smallness of thought" and not relevant to modern Quebec.This comment was seen as a criticism of Michael Ignatieff, then a candidate in the 2006 Liberal Party leadership election, who was promoting recognition of Quebec as a nation. <mask> later wrote a public letter on the subject, describing the idea of Quebec nationhood as "against everything my father ever believed". <mask> announced his support for leadership candidate Gerard Kennedy shortly before the 2006 convention and introduced Kennedy during the candidates' final speeches. When Kennedy dropped off after the second ballot, <mask> joined him in supporting the ultimate winner, Stéphane Dion. Rumours circulated in early 2007 that <mask> would run in an upcoming by-election in the Montreal riding of Outremont. The Montreal newspaper La Presse reported

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 despite <mask>'s keenness, Liberal leader Stéphane Dion wanted Outremont for a star candidate who could help rebuild the Liberal Party. Instead, <mask> announced that he would seek the Liberal nomination in the nearby riding of Papineau for the next general election.The riding, which had been held for 26 years by André Ouellet, a senior minister under his father, had been in Liberal hands for 53 years before falling to the Bloc Québécois in 2006. On April 29, 2007, <mask> won the Liberal party's nomination, picking up 690 votes to 350 for Deros and 220 for Giordano against Mary Deros, a Montreal city councillor and Basilio Giordano, the publisher of a local Italian-language newspaper. Opposition, 2008–2015
Prime Minister Stephen Harper called an election for October 14, 2008, by which time <mask> had been campaigning for a year in Papineau. On election day, <mask> narrowly defeated Bloc Québécois incumbent Vivian Barbot. Following his election win, Edward Greenspon, editor-in-chief of The Globe and Mail, noted that Trudeau would "be viewed as few other rookie MPs are—as a potential future Prime Minister—and scrutinized through that lens". The Conservative Party won a minority government in the 2008 election, and <mask> entered parliament as a member of the Official Opposition. <mask>'s first legislative act was a motion that called for the creation of a "national voluntary service policy for young people".He later co-chaired the Liberal Party's April 2009 national convention in Vancouver, and in October of the same year he was appointed as the party's critic for multiculturalism and youth. In September 2010, he was reassigned as critic for youth, citizenship, and immigration. During that time, he criticized


texts: the government's legislation targeting human smuggling, which he argued would penalize the victims of smuggling. <mask> sparked controversy when it was revealed that he earned $1.3 million in public speaking fees from charities and school boards across Canada, $277,000 of which <mask> received after becoming an MP. He encouraged an increase of Canada's relief efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and sought more accessible immigration procedures for Haitians moving to Canada in the time of crisis. His own riding includes a significant Haitian community. <mask> was re-elected in Papineau in the 2011 federal election, as the Liberal Party fell to third-party standing in the House of Commons with only thirty-four seats.Ignatieff resigned as party leader immediately after the election, and rumours again circulated that <mask> could run to become his successor. On this occasion, <mask> said, "I don't feel I should be closing off any options ... because of the history packaged into my name, a lot of people are turning to me in a way that ... to be blunt, concerns me." Weeks after the election, Toronto MP Bob Rae was selected to serve as the interim leader until the party's leadership convention, which was later decided to be held in April 2013. Rae appointed <mask> as the party's critic for post-secondary education, youth and amateur sport. After his re-election, he travelled the country hosting fundraisers for charities and the Liberal Party. <mask> wanted to take part in a charity boxing match on behalf of the cancer research fundraising event Fight for the Cure, but was having difficulty finding a Conservative opponent until Conservative senator Patrick Brazeau agreed when asked on Trudeau's behalf by their


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 mutual hairdresser Stefania Capovilla. The fight on March 31, 2012, in Ottawa at the Hampton Inn was broadcast live on Sun News with commentary by Ezra Levant and Brian Lilley and Trudeau won in the third round, the result considered an upset.Leader of the Liberal Party

Earlier speculation
After Dion's resignation as Liberal leader in 2008, <mask>'s name was mentioned as a potential candidate with polls showing him as a favourite among Canadians for the position. However, <mask> did not enter the race and Ignatieff was named leader in December 2008. After the party's poor showing in the 2011 election, Ignatieff resigned from the leadership and <mask> was again seen as a potential candidate to lead the party. Following the election, <mask> said he was undecided about seeking the leadership; months later on October 12 at Wilfrid Laurier University, he announced he would not seek the post because he had a young family. When interim leader Bob Rae, who was also seen as a frontrunner, announced he would not be entering the race in June 2012, <mask> was hit with a "tsunami" of calls from supporters to reconsider his earlier decision to not seek the leadership. Opinion polling conducted by several pollsters showed that if <mask> were to become leader the Liberal Party would surge in support, from a distant third place to either being competitive with the Conservative Party or leading them. In July 2012, <mask> stated that he would reconsider his earlier decision to not seek the leadership and would announce his final decision at the end of the summer.2013 leadership election

On September 26, 2012, multiple media outlets started reporting that <mask> would launch his leadership bid the following week. While <mask>

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texts: was seen as a frontrunner for the leadership of the Liberal Party, he was criticized for his perceived lack of substance. During his time as a member of Parliament, he spoke little on policy matters and it was not known where he stood on many issues such as the economy and foreign affairs. Some strategists and pundits believed the leadership would be the time for <mask> to be tested on these issues; however, there was also fear within the party that his celebrity status and large lead might deter other strong candidates from entering the leadership race. On October 2, 2012, <mask> held a rally in Montreal to launch his bid for the leadership of the Liberal Party. The core people on his campaign team were considered longtime friends, and all in their 30s and 40s. His senior advisor was Gerald Butts, the former president of WWF-Canada who had previously served as principal secretary to former Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty.Other senior aides included campaign manager Katie Telford, and policy advisors Mike McNeir and Robert Asselin, who had all worked for recent Liberal Party leaders. His brother Alexandre also took a break from his documentary work to be a senior advisor on <mask>'s campaign. During the leadership campaign three by-elections were held on November 26, 2012. The riding Calgary Centre was expected to be a three-way race between the Conservatives, Liberals and Green Party. A week before by-election day Sun Media reported on comments <mask> had made in a 2010 interview with Télé-Québec, in which he said, "Canada isn't doing well right now because it's Albertans who control our community and socio-democratic agenda." <mask>'s campaign advisor said that the comments were being brought up now because

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texts: of the close race in Calgary Centre. The following day, <mask> apologized, saying he was wrong to use "Alberta" as "shorthand" in referring to Stephen Harper's government.The Conservatives held onto Calgary Centre in the by-election by less than 1,200 votes. Liberal candidate Harvey Locke said he lost the by-election on his own and that comments made by <mask> did not influence the outcome. Fellow leadership candidate Marc Garneau, seen as <mask>'s main challenger in the race, criticized <mask> for not releasing enough substantial policy positions. Garneau called on him to release more detailed policies before members and supporters begin to vote. Garneau later challenged <mask> to a one-on-one debate, and said that if <mask> could not defend his ideas in a debate against him, he wouldn't be able to do so against Prime Minister Harper. <mask> clashed in debates with challenger Joyce Murray, who was the only Liberal leadership candidate to speak out strongly in favour of electing the House of Commons with a system of proportional representation. She challenged <mask> over his support for a preferential ballot voting system.On March 13, 2013, Garneau dropped out of the leadership race, saying that polling conducted by his campaign showed he would be unable to defeat <mask>. With Joyce Murray, the last challenger, receiving significant press time, more Liberal politicians and public figures declared themselves for <mask>. <mask> was declared the winner of the leadership election on April 14, 2013, garnering 80.1 per cent of 30,800 votes. Joyce Murray finished in second place with 10.2 per cent points, ahead of Martha Hall Findlay's 5.7 per cent. <mask> had lost only five ridings, all to Murray and all in BC.

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 Leadership, 2013–2015

In the days following his victory in the leadership race, snapshot polls recorded a surge in support for the Liberal party. In 2013, <mask> chose to give up his seat at the funeral of Nelson Mandela, in deference to Irwin Cotler as representative of the Liberal Party of Canada, because of Cotler's work for and with Nelson Mandela in fighting apartheid.During the leadership campaign <mask> pledged to park all his assets, exclusive of real estate holdings, into a blind trust which is atypical for opposition MPs, including leaders. According to documents obtained by the Ottawa Citizen, he fulfilled the pledge in July 2013 when the blind trust was set up by BMO Private Banking. On January 27, 2014, <mask> and MP Carolyn Bennett escorted Chrystia Freeland into the House of Commons, as is traditional for by-election victors. <mask> launched an internet video the week before the 2014 Liberal party convention titled "An economy that benefits us all" in which he narrates his economic platform. He said that Canada's debt to GDP ratios have come down in recent years and now it's time for Ottawa to "step up". 2015 federal election

On October 19, 2015, after the longest official campaign in over a century, <mask> led the Liberals to a decisive victory in the federal election. The Liberals won 184 of the 338 seats, with 39.5% of the popular vote, for a strong majority government; a gain of 150 seats compared to the 2011 federal election.This was the second-best performance in the party's history. The Liberals won mostly on the strength of a solid performance in the eastern half of the country. In addition to taking all of Atlantic Canada and Toronto, they won 40 seats in Quebec—the most that the


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 Liberals had won in that province since <mask>'s father led them to a near-sweep of the province in 1980, and also the first time since then that the Liberals won a majority of Quebec's seats in an election. The 150-seat gain was the biggest numerical increase for a single party since Confederation and marked the first time that a party had rebounded from third place in the Commons to a majority government. In addition to the appeal of his party's platform, <mask>'s success has been credited to his performance both on the campaign trail and televised leaders' debates exceeding the lowered expectations created by Conservative advertisements and conservative media outlets. <mask> declared victory shortly after CBC News projected that he had won a majority government. He began his speech with a reference to former Liberal prime minister Wilfrid Laurier's "sunny ways" () approach to bringing Canadians together despite their differences.According to <mask>, Laurier "knew that politics can be a positive force, and that's the message Canadians have sent today". Harper announced his resignation as the head of the Conservative Party that night. Prime Minister of Canada (2015–present)

<mask> and the rest of the Cabinet were sworn in by Governor General David Johnston on November 4, 2015. He said that his first legislative priority was to lower taxes for middle-income Canadians and raise taxes for the top one per cent of income earners after parliament was reconvened on December 3, 2015. <mask> also issued a statement promising to rebuild relations with Indigenous peoples in Canada and run an open, ethical and transparent government. On November 5, 2015, during the first Liberal caucus meeting since forming a majority

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texts: government, the party announced that it would reinstate the mandatory long-form census that had been scrapped in 2010, effective with the 2016 census. <mask> was criticized by opposition members in November 2016 for his fundraising tactics which they saw as "cash for access" schemes.<mask> attended fundraisers where attendees paid an upward of $1500 for access to him and other cabinet members. In some instances, the events were attended by foreign businessmen who needed government approval for their businesses. <mask> defended his fundraising tactics, saying that they were not in breach of any ethics rules. He also stated that he was lobbied at the fundraisers but not influenced. In 2017, <mask> introduced legislation that would eliminate such exclusive events by requiring increased transparency for political fundraisers. In January 2017, the ethics commissioner, Mary Dawson, began an investigation into <mask> for a vacation he and his family took to Aga Khan IV's private island in the Bahamas. The ethics commissioner's report, released in December 2017, found that Trudeau had violated four provisions of the Conflict of Interest Act.He became the first sitting prime minister to break federal conflict of interest rules. In February 2018, <mask> was criticized when his government invited Khalistani nationalist Jaspal Atwal to the Canadian High Commission's dinner party in Delhi. Atwal had previously been convicted for the shooting and attempted murder of Indian Cabinet minister Malkiat Singh Sidhu in 1986, as well as the assault on former BC premier Ujjal Dosanjh in 1985. Following the dinner, the PMO rescinded the invitation, and apologized for the incident. During his time as Prime Minister, <mask> has been

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 the target of multiple death threats and assassination plots. Assessment of campaign promises
In July 2019, a group of 20 independent academics published an assessment on <mask>'s first term as Prime Minister, called Assessing <mask>'s Liberal Government: 353 Promises and a Mandate for Change. The assessment found that <mask>'s Liberal government kept 92 per cent of pledges, including complete and partial pledges.When calculating completed and realized pledges, they found <mask>'s government kept 53.5 per cent of their campaign promises. <mask>'s government, along with the "last Harper government had the highest rates of follow-through on their campaign promises of any Canadian government over the last 35 years," according to the assessment. Domestic policy

The <mask> government's economic policy initially relied on increased tax revenues to pay for increased government spending. While the government did not balance the budget in its first term, it reduced Canada's debt-to-GDP ratio every year until 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic hit. <mask>'s progressive social policy has included strong advocacy for feminism and abortion rights. His government introduced the bill that made conversion therapies illegal in Canada. In his first term, Canada set targets to welcome an increased number of immigrants and refugees.Canada introduced the right to medically-assisted dying in 2016 and legalized cannabis for recreational use in 2018. In 2021, <mask> announced the creation of a national child care plan with the intention of reducing day care fees for parents down to $10 a day per child within five years. His environmental policy included introducing new commitments to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30% before

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 2030, and to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. His main tool for reaching this target is a federal carbon pricing policy. <mask>'s parliament also adopted legislation for marine conservation, banning six common single-use plastic products, and strengthening environmental impact assessments. However, <mask> is in favour of oil and gas pipelines to bring Canadian fossil fuel resources to foreign markets. Foreign policy

Trudeau enjoyed good relations with the like-minded United States President Barack Obama, despite <mask>'s support for the Keystone Pipeline which was rejected by the Democratic President.<mask>'s first foreign policy challenges included follow-through on his campaign promise to withdraw Canadian air support from the Syrian civil war and to welcome 25,000 Syrian war refugees. When Donald Trump became President, Canada-US relations deteriorated. The Trump administration forced the renegotiation of NAFTA to create the CUSMA, in which Canada made significant concessions in allowing increased imports of American milk, weakening Canada's dairy supply management system. Donald Trump also implemented Tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminium, to which <mask> retaliated by imposing Tariffs on American steel, aluminium and a variety of other American products. Canada's relationship with China also deteriorated during <mask>'s time as Prime Minister. The turmoil led to the Arrest of Meng Wanzhou at the Vancouver International Airport in December 2018 at the behest of the United States, and the arrest of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig in China 12 days later. As these three individuals were released at the exact same time in September 2021, many observers speculated they were exchanged as part of a deal

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 between the United States and China.In a similar fashion, Canada's relationship with Saudi Arabia was also put under strain, as human rights groups called on <mask> to stop selling military equipment to that country under a deal struck by the Harper government. In 2018, Saudi Arabia recalled its Canadian ambassador and froze trade with the country in response to Canada's call for the Saudis to release opposition blogger Raif Badawi. However, in 2019, Canada doubled its weapons sales to Saudi Arabia, despite a "moratorium on export permits following the killing of the Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi and mounting civilian deaths from the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen." In 2020, Canada lost its bid to join the United Nations Security Council. This was the second time Canada had failed an attempt to join the Security Council, the first time being in 2009 under Prime Minister Stephen Harper. SNC-Lavalin affair

On February 8, 2019, The Globe and Mail reported that sources close to the government said that the Prime Minister's Office had allegedly attempted to influence Attorney General Jody Wilson-Raybould concerning an ongoing prosecution of SNC-Lavalin. When asked about the allegations, <mask> said that the story in the Globe was false and that he had never "directed" Wilson-Raybould concerning the case.Wilson-Raybould did not comment on the matter, citing solicitor-client privilege. Soon after, <mask> voluntarily waived privilege and cabinet confidences, permitting her to speak. On February 11, the ethics commissioner announced the opening of an investigation into the allegations. <mask> said he "welcomed the investigation". The Justice Committee of the House of Commons has conducted a series of

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 hearings on the alleged interference. The investigation heard from several witnesses, including Jody Wilson-Raybould, who submitted as evidence a telephone call she secretly recorded between herself and Privy Council Clerk Michael Wernick, which was subsequently released to the public. On the recording, Wernick is heard asking to understand why the "DPA route" is not being used, stating that people were "talking past each other", and suggesting <mask> obtain independent legal advice from former Supreme Court chief justice Beverly McLachlin.Wilson-Raybould is heard suggesting that <mask> would be "breaching a constitutional principle of prosecutorial independence". On March 19, 2019, the Liberal committee members voted as a bloc to shut down the Justice Committee's investigation. <mask> was the subject of an investigation by the ethics commissioner, pursuant to the Conflict of Interest Act, in regards to criminal charges against SNC-Lavalin in the SNC-Lavalin affair. The commission's final report, issued August 14, 2019, concluded "Mr. <mask> contravened section 9 of the Act". 2019 federal election

On September 11, 2019, <mask> visited Governor General Julie Payette, to request the dissolution of Parliament, and formally triggering an election. Prior to the formal start of the campaign, <mask> announced his intention to only participate in the three leaders' debates, two organized by the Leaders' Debates Commission, and one organized by TVA. Other leader's debates were either cancelled or took place with an empty podium left on stage for <mask>.In September 2019, controversial pictures and video were published showing <mask> in brownface and blackface. On September 18, 2019, Time magazine published a

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 photograph of <mask> wearing brownface makeup in the spring of 2001, at an Arabian Nights-themed gala, while <mask> was a teacher at West Point Grey Academy. <mask> publicly apologized, agreeing the photo was racist and saying: "I shouldn't have done that. I should have known better and I didn't. I'm really sorry." He further went on to say "It was something that I didn't think was racist at the time, but now I recognize it was something racist to do". <mask> also admitted to wearing blackface makeup in high school while singing "Day-O" at a talent show that was subsequently published by Global News.A third instance, a video, of <mask> in racist dress was also published. After this video was published, <mask> admitted he could not remember how often he had worn blackface makeup. In the days following the scandal, pollsters pointed out that many Canadians either were not bothered by the scandal or had accepted <mask>'s apology. Additionally, minority community groups, racialized commentators and some of <mask>'s opponents came to his defence. Others were more critical, including members of his own party. 2019 election results

While <mask>'s Liberal Party lost 20 seats in the House of Commons (lowering its total from 177 to 157) from the time of dissolution, they still won the most seats of any party—enough seats to allow <mask> to form a minority government. For the first time since 1979, the party that garnered the largest share of the national popular vote did not win the most seats; the Liberals under <mask> had 33.1 per cent of the popular vote, while the Conservatives under Andrew Scheer had 34.4 per cent.It was also the first time a government took power with less than 35 per cent of the national

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 popular vote since the Conservatives of John A. Macdonald, in 1867, who had 34.8 per cent of the votes. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the Liberal party won 14 per cent and 10 per cent of the popular vote, respectively. In Ontario, Liberals won all 25 Toronto seats and 24 of 29 seats in the surrounding suburbs of the Greater Toronto Area—reportedly due in part to the unpopularity of the Progressive Conservative party government of Premier Doug Ford. COVID-19 pandemic

<mask> was Prime Minister during the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. His government's response to the pandemic included funds for provinces and territories to adapt to the new situation, funds for coronavirus research, travel restrictions, screening of international flights, self-isolation orders under the Quarantine Act, an industrial strategy, and a public health awareness campaign. Initially, Canada faced a shortage of personal protective equipment, as the <mask> government had cut PPE stockpile funding in the previous years. To deal with the economic impact of the pandemic in 2020, <mask> waived student loan payments, increased the Canada Child Benefit, doubled the annual Goods and Services Tax payment, and introduced the Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB) as part of a first package in March.In April 2020, <mask> introduced the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy, the Canada Emergency Business Account, and the Canada Emergency Student Benefit. <mask> also deployed the Canadian Forces in long-term care homes in Quebec and Ontario as part of Operation LASER. Throughout the pandemic, the federal government was also responsible for the procurement of COVID-19 vaccines. On May 12, 2020, the <mask> government announced it had reached an exclusive deal

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 with CanSino Biologics. However, due to deteriorating Canadian-Chinese relations, the Cansino deal fell through. On August 5, 2020, the Trudeau government created a plan to secure doses of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. Starting in December 2020, <mask> oversaw the implementation of Canada's mass-vaccination program.The spread of COVID-19 in Canada continued beyond the initial outbreak, with a strong second wave in the fall of 2020 and an even more serious third wave in the spring of 2021. Throughout the crisis, <mask> periodically extended the scope and duration of the federal aid programs. The 2021 Canadian federal budget planned to phase them out by the end of September 2021, and projected a $354.2-billion deficit in the 2020-21 fiscal year. While CERB was indeed phased out on September 26, the Canada Recovery Benefit (CBR) continued to provide support until October 23. The Canada Worker Lockdown Benefit was introduced that month to replace the CBR, and expanded during the spread of the Omicron variant in December 2021. WE Charity ethics investigation

Following complaints by opposition parties that the <mask> family had ties to WE Charity, the ethics commissioner on July 3, 2020, announced an investigation into <mask>'s and the government's decision to have the charity administer a summer, student-grant program which could assist students financially during the COVID-19 pandemic. <mask> responded by saying WE was the charity that had the capability to administer such a program.WE and the federal government decided to "part ways" leaving administration of the grant program to the federal government. We Charity was criticized for its close ties to the <mask> family; the investigation came after


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 revelations that <mask>'s mother, brother, and wife were paid nearly $300,000 in total to speak at WE Charity events. On July 16, 2020, the ethics commissioner also announced the investigation was being expanded to include Finance Minister Bill Morneau. <mask> was ultimately cleared of any wrongdoing by the ethics commissioner though Morneau was found to have broken the conflict of interest law. 2021 federal election

On August 15, 2021, <mask> advised Governor General Mary Simon to dissolve parliament, scheduling an election for September 20. The election was called on the same day as the Fall of Kabul. In the first two weeks of the campaign, <mask> received criticism for not acting fast enough in the face of the 2021 Taliban offensive to evacuate Canadian citizens and Afghans who supported Canada’s military and diplomatic efforts during the War in Afghanistan.In the 2021 federal election, <mask> secured a third mandate and his second minority government after winning 160 seats. He received 32.6 percent of the popular vote, the lowest percentage of the national popular vote for a governing party in Canadian history. 2022 convoy protest

The Canada convoy protest, called the Freedom Convoy, is an ongoing protest in Canada against COVID-19 vaccine requirements for truckers to re-enter the country by land introduced by the Government of Canada on January 15, 2022. Originally composed of several routes traversing all of the Canadian provinces, the truck convoys converged on Ottawa. On January 29, the first day of protest at Parliament Hill, Prime Minister <mask> moved to an undisclosed location. According to The Guardian, the demonstration developed to express a number of "antigovernment grievances",


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 particularly against Prime Minister <mask>. On January 31, <mask> called the protests an "insult to truth".On February 3, he said that a military response was "not in the cards right now". On February 11, Reuters reported that <mask> promised the US "quick action" regarding protesters who have forcefully blocked the Ambassador Bridge on the US-Canada border, the continent's busiest land border crossing." <mask> subsequently indicated that there would be "robust police intervention" and called for all protesters to "go home." <mask> invoked the Emergencies Act on February 14, for the first time since it was enacted in 1988, as a result of the public order emergency caused by the demonstrations in Ottawa. Personal life

Family

<mask> first met Sophie Grégoire when they were both children growing up in Montreal; Grégoire was a classmate and childhood friend of <mask>'s youngest brother, Michel. They reconnected as adults in June 2003, when Grégoire, by then a Quebec television personality, was assigned as <mask>'s co-host for a charity ball; they began dating several months later. <mask> and Grégoire became engaged in October 2004 and married on May 28, 2005, in a ceremony at Montreal's Sainte-Madeleine d'Outremont Church.They have three children: a boy Xavier born in 2007, a girl Ella-Grace born in 2009, and a boy Hadrien born in 2014. In June 2013, two months after <mask> became the leader of the Liberal Party, the couple sold their home in the Côte-des-Neiges neighbourhood of Montreal. They began living in a rented home in Ottawa's Rockcliffe Park, the neighbourhood near where <mask> resided as a child during his father's time as prime minister. On August 18, 2014, an intruder broke into the house while

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 Grégoire and the couple's three children were sleeping and left a threatening note; however, nothing was stolen and there was no damage to the property. Following the incident, <mask>, who was in Winnipeg at the time of the break-in, stated his intention to inquire with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police about his home security. After his 2015 electoral victory, <mask> opted to live at Rideau Cottage, on the grounds of Rideau Hall. On March 12, 2020, the <mask> family self-isolated at Rideau Cottage after Sophie began exhibiting flu-like symptoms and later tested positive for COVID-19.By March 28, she had recovered. On January 31, 2022, <mask> announced on Twitter that he tested positive for COVID-19. Religion
<mask>'s father was a devout Catholic and his mother converted from Anglicanism to Catholicism just before their wedding. <mask> himself became a lapsed Catholic at age 18, as he felt that much of his day-to-day life was not addressed by the formality and structure of the church. <mask> described his faith during this period as "like so many Catholics across this country, I said, 'OK, I'm Catholic, I'm of faith, but I'm just not really going to go to church. Maybe on Easter, maybe midnight Mass at Christmas. After the death of his brother Michel in 1998, <mask> was persuaded by a friend to participate in an Alpha course, during which he regained his faith.In 2011, <mask> stated, "My own personal faith is an extremely important part of who I am and the values that I try to lead with." Honours
110px

Honorary degrees

Electoral record

Published works

 <mask>, <mask> (October 20, 2014). Common Ground. HarperCollins Canada. . .

Footnotes

References

External links

 Liberal Party of Canada profile

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 House of Commons profile

1971 births
21st-century Canadian politicians
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian feminists
Canadian people of Anglo-Irish descent
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of French descent
Canadian people of Indonesian descent
Canadian people of Malaysian descent
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian Roman Catholics
Canadian schoolteachers
Catholic feminists
Children of prime ministers of Canada
Franco-Ontarian people
French Quebecers
Leaders of the Liberal Party of Canada
Liberal Party of Canada leadership candidates
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Male feminists
McGill University alumni
Members of the 29th Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
<mask>
Politicians from Montreal
Politicians from Ottawa
Prime Ministers of Canada
Justin
University of British Columbia Faculty of Education


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Da'<mask> (born May 26, 1988) is a former American football running back. He was selected in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft by the New York Giants. He played college football for the University of Maryland, where he was a starting running back. During the 2008 season, he was the second-leading rusher in the Atlantic Coast Conference, behind Jonathan Dwyer of Georgia Tech. <mask> played interscholastic football as a running back and free safety at Plymouth-Whitemarsh High School. He was moderately recruited, but Scout.com thought he was more suited to the position of wide receiver or cornerback at the intercollegiate level. In 2006, he enrolled at the University of Maryland, where he was moved to wide receiver, but he spent the entire season on redshirt status.The following season, he saw limited action as a reserve running back behind starters Lance Ball and Keon Lattimore. He also played on special teams as a kickoff returner, which was the coaching staff's attempt to get him on the field in some capacity because of his speed (4.31 seconds in the 40-yard dash and sub 10.5 seconds in the 100 meters)

In 2008, <mask> took over as Maryland's starting running back and spent much of the season as the leading rusher in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). He was eventually surpassed by Dwyer, although both players were named to the All-ACC first team at the season's end. <mask> also became the 2008 Humanitarian Bowl most valuable player when he broke the University of Maryland bowl game rushing record, and he finished the season with 1,133 rushing yards, the seventh Terrapin player to surpass a thousand yards in a single

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 season. Early life
<mask> was born on May 26, 1988 in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania to Gloria and <mask> Sr. He has two older brothers, <mask> Jr., who played football as a defensive back at La Salle, and James, who ran track at Saint Joseph's. When Da'Rel <mask> was eight years old, his parents had a falling out, which prompted his father to leave the family.Thereafter, <mask> Sr. was no longer involved in raising his sons and would often miss scheduled visits. Da'Rel <mask> said, "He just kept letting me down. Just day by day, I was thinking, 'I need a father figure in my life.'" In high school, his attitude changed, and he said, "I don't need him." Despite the absence of his biological father, <mask> grew up with the support of his mother, two brothers Lee and James, cousin Leroy, family friend and youth football coach Mike Shaw, and high school athletic director Charlie Forster. He attended Plymouth Whitemarsh High School in Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, where he was a four-year letterwinner in football, track, and basketball. In football, <mask> was a three-year starter and played as both a tailback and free safety.During his senior year, he rushed for 2,523 yards and 38 touchdowns on 232 attempts. As both a junior and senior, he received the Maxwell Award for the conference player of the year. As a senior, The Times Herald named him the area player of the year, the Associated Press named him an all-state player, and he was invited to the Big 33 Football Classic all-star game. SuperPrep named him an all-region player. Rivals.com rated him a four-star prospect and assessed him as the 21st-ranked "athlete" recruit in the

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 nation. Scout.com assessed him as a three-star prospect, and wrote of him, "This kid can flat out fly. He runs a sub 10.5 100 meters, and a sub 21.0 200 meters.<mask> needs to get physically bigger to be a college running back; he may project better as a wide receiver or cornerback." <mask> received scholarship offers from Georgia Tech, Penn State, Virginia, and his ultimate choice, Maryland. In 2006, he enrolled at the University of Maryland, where he studied kinesiology. Track and field
<mask> was also a standout track athlete. During his junior year, he won the state championship in the 100 meters, with a time of 10.56 seconds. He lettered four years in track and field. As a senior in 2010, he competed in the 60 meters, posting a personal best of 6.87 seconds.College career

2006 season
<mask> sat out the 2006 season as a redshirt. After summer training camp, the coaching staff moved <mask> to wide receiver, a position that lacked depth, but head coach Ralph Friedgen said that <mask> had some difficulty making the adjustment. He was, however, named the offensive scout team player of the week for his performance in the practices before the Florida State game. 2007 season
During 2007 spring practice, <mask> was third on the depth chart, but suffered a left knee injury, which forced him to miss most of camp. During the 2007 season, he played in nine games as a reserve tailback behind Lance Ball and Keon Lattimore and as a kickoff returner. Despite the team's abundance of running backs, Friedgen wanted to utilize <mask> in some capacity because of his speed, which had been recorded at 4.25 seconds in the 40-yard dash.

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 Maryland wide receiver Darrius Heyward-Bey said, "On paper it says I'm faster, but Da'Rel, he's just a different type of animal."Against Wake Forest, he saw his first action when he returned four kickoffs for 101 yards. <mask>'s special teams performance in that game sufficiently impressed head coach Friedgen that he said, "I think I've got to try to get him involved within the offense. I think he's a guy that can make some plays for us." The following week, unranked Maryland upset 10th-ranked Rutgers, and <mask> made his first career appearance as a tailback. He had three carries for 29 yards. After sitting out the Georgia Tech game because of an ankle injury, he returned four kicks for 68 yards against Virginia, three for 56 yards against Clemson, and two for 40 yards against North Carolina. Against eighth-ranked Boston College, <mask> caught a short screen pass from quarterback Chris Turner and ran 57 yards for a touchdown.It was his first career reception and first career touchdown. It was one of just two offensive plays for <mask> in that game, and incidentally, he was not intended to be in it. Friedgen said

When he was in the game, I didn't even know he was in the game. I called a screen pass. I looked up, and it was Da'Rel in there. I figured we were just giving Lance a rest, but I asked [running backs coach Phil] Zacharias about it Sunday and he started laughing. I said 'Did you put Da'Rel in for that screen pass?'He said, 'Lance's equipment was broken, so he had to go in the game.' In the loss to Florida State, <mask> rushed twice for 17 yards and returned four kickoffs for 132 yards. On one return, <mask> gained

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 60 yards and nearly broke away for a touchdown, but Maryland was unable to capitalize on the gain during the subsequent possession. The next week, Maryland secured bowl eligibility by winning its regular season finale against NC State. <mask> returned the opening kickoff 36 yards and recorded 89 yards on eight carries to lead the team in rushing. In the 2007 Emerald Bowl against Oregon State, <mask> had one carry for no gain and returned two kickoffs for 36 yards. <mask> finished the season as the team's all-purpose yardage leader with 84.2 yards per game and kick return leader with 566 yards, which set a school record for a freshman.Rivals.com named him a freshman All-ACC all-purpose player. 2008 season
After the graduation of running backs Ball and Lattimore, <mask> competed with Morgan Green for the starting position. At the conclusion of spring practice, it appeared they would share the duties, as they had complementary running styles: <mask> had breakaway speed, while Green was a hard runner for short-yardage gains. However, Green suffered a quadriceps injury that caused him to fall to the third-string position behind true freshman Davin Meggett. During the season, <mask> played in 12 of 13 games, including 11 starts, and recorded 1,133 rushing yards and eight touchdowns. In the first game of the 2008 season against Delaware, <mask> ran for 197 yards in his first career start, which was enough to place sixteenth on the list for school all-time single-game rushing. The following week, underdog Middle Tennessee stunned Maryland, 24–14, but <mask> set the game-high for rushing with 123 yards.He tallied his career-first


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 rushing touchdown with a 63-yard run on the second play of the game. <mask> "dominated early" against 23rd-ranked California with 19 carries for 87 yards and two touchdowns, but in the third quarter, he suffered a game-ending shoulder injury. His first-half effort helped Maryland take a quick lead and eventually upset California, 35–27. <mask> sat out the next game against Eastern Michigan, but returned for the road game at 20th-ranked Clemson. <mask> made 23 carries but gained only 39 yards, a mark that was surpassed by receiver Heyward-Bey on one reverse that gained 76 yards to spark a second-half comeback. Head coach Friedgen said

I told Da'Rel he needed to run a little more north–south. Clemson has such good team speed.If you go east–west on them, you're not going to go very far. I thought he had a couple runs when he tried to bounce it outside. Normally, Da'Rel can do that. Not against this team . . . I told him this is a game where three yards is a good running play . . .I don't know if Da'Rel has been in a game like this, playing the whole game that way in a tough environment. He came out in the second half and said 'I'm going to go, coach.' He patted me on the butt. 'Just get me the ball.' <mask> tallied the go-ahead touchdown to complete Maryland's comeback, 20–17. The following week, Maryland fell to a heavy underdog again when a reeling Virginia team engineered a 31–0 shutout. <mask>, then the leading rusher in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), had 11 carries but was held to just 36 yards.Despite the setback, <mask> retained the lead in the ACC with 96.4 rushing yards per game. After a bye week, Maryland


texts: shutout 21st-ranked Wake Forest, 26–0. <mask> had 18 carries for a game-high of 73 yards, threw a nine-yard touchdown pass, and had three fumbles. In the first quarter, <mask> fumbled at the Wake Forest 25-yard line, but was able to recover the ball. Two plays later, he executed a halfback option, where he took the handoff and threw a nine-yard pass to Heyward-Bey for a touchdown. It was <mask>'s first pass attempt and completion. <mask> fumbled twice more in the first half, and Wake Forest recovered only to miss a field goal attempt each time.Against NC State, <mask> had 23 carries for 163 yards and a 24-yard touchdown. In the fourth quarter, after the third play of Maryland's game-winning drive, Meggett replaced <mask>, who had re-injured his shoulder. With the sixth win, Maryland attained bowl eligibility. <mask> remained the ACC leading rusher with 102.6 yards per game. He was deemed questionable before the Virginia Tech game, but did see action. However, the Virginia Tech line held <mask> to 11 yards on 10 carries, although he did manage five receptions for 57 yards. Against 17th-ranked North Carolina, <mask> recorded 129 rushing yards and a three-yard touchdown run.Maryland entered its penultimate regular season game against Florida State still within reach of the Atlantic Division title, and with it, a berth in the ACC Championship Game. Florida State, however, dashed Maryland's title hopes in a 37–3 rout in which <mask> recorded 82 rushing yards, but fumbled twice. In the fourth quarter, defensive end Everette Brown forced <mask> to fumble, which was seen as the end to any potential comeback. Against a tough Boston

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texts: College line, the Maryland rushing attack faltered, which forced quarterback Chris Turner to resort mostly to the pass. <mask> rushed 13 times for a gain of just 19 yards. In the postseason, Maryland accepted an invitation to the Humanitarian Bowl to play the Western Athletic Conference runner-up, Nevada. Before the game, however, head coach Ralph Friedgen caught <mask> and six other players breaking curfew.<mask> declined to comment to the media about why he had missed curfew, and Friedgen said only that <mask> had tried to "help somebody and got put in a bad situation." Friedgen initially intended to send the offenders back to College Park by bus, but athletic director Deborah Yow convinced him to issue partial-game suspensions instead. <mask> was benched until halfway through the third quarter. He said, "I made a bad decision. I felt I had to run with a purpose." <mask> was put into the game on Maryland's third possession of the half but did not receive a carry until the following series. On his first attempt, he ran for 14 yards and then ran 11 yards on his second.During the next drive, he broke free on a 49-yard touchdown run. On the next possession, <mask> rushed on all four plays and gained 66 yards and another touchdown. Maryland won, 42–35, and <mask> was named the Terrapins' most valuable player of the game. Nevada head coach Chris Ault said, "He just ran through us like we weren't there. They ran the weak-side gap, we knew that was one of their base plays, and he did a great job. He's a heck of a back, no question about it. He was breaking tackles, and that's not only a difference-maker but a morale-changer."He


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 ran for 174 yards, which broke the school record for rushing in a bowl game previously set by Lu Gambino in the 1948 Gator Bowl. <mask> also became just the seventh Maryland player to surpass the 1,000-yard single-season rushing benchmark. Earlier in the season, <mask> set that mark as one of his goals, and he adorned his room with the statistics of the Terrapins who accomplished that feat in the past, such as Chris Downs in 2002. <mask> spent much of the season as the leading rusher in the ACC, but he was eventually surpassed by Jonathan Dwyer of Georgia Tech and finished second in the conference. In early October, <mask> was added to the Maxwell Award watch list. The Atlantic Coast Conference named <mask> to the All-ACC first team alongside Dwyer. 2009 season
During a practice in April 2009, <mask> and cornerback Nolan Carroll collided, which injured both players.<mask> suffered a sprained knee which forced him to sit out the Red–White spring game. He entered summer practice at the top of the depth chart, but Davin Meggett's camp performance was impressive enough to earn a share of the number-one position. In its 2009 preseason issue, Phil Steele's listed <mask> Walker Award and Maxwell Award watch lists. In the season opener at 12th-ranked California, <mask> recorded 13 carries for 90 yards. He scored the Terrapins' only touchdown on a 39-yard rush in the third quarter of the 52–13 rout, Maryland's worst opening loss since 1892.The following week, <mask> had 17 carries for 68 yards and a touchdown in an overtime win against James Madison. He recorded a 48-yard touchdown run against Middle Tennessee, but also two fumbles

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 in the first quarter. <mask> finished the game with 13 attempts for 117 yards., but coach Friedgen relied mostly on Meggett after the second turnover. <mask> suffered a broken wrist against Clemson, a game that also saw Maryland left tackle Bruce Campbell injured. He sat out the next five games, before he returned in the penultimate game against Florida State, in which he ran 83 yards on 19 attempts and also had two receptions for 21 yards. The performance prompted Scout.com to note, "It's almost like this stud running back never missed a game for the Terps … it is impressive to see the junior hard at work and making up for lost time." In the season finale against Boston College, Maryland opened the game with <mask> attempting a pass to wide receiver Torrey Smith on a halfback option play; it fell incomplete but drew a defensive pass interference call.<mask> rushed for 45 yards and a touchdown on 11 attempts, and caught three passes for 20 yards. 2010 season
In the winter, <mask> competed on the indoor track team and ran a 60-yard dash in 6.87 seconds, and he claimed to have regained the speed he had in high school. During spring football camp, he recorded the fastest 40-yard dash time among the running backs at 4.33 seconds. Head coach Ralph Friedgen praised <mask> for the strength and size he added in the offseason, and offensive coordinator James Franklin described <mask> as a "complete back". Before the season, <mask> was added to the Maxwell Award and Doak Walker Award watch lists. Maryland entered the 2010 season with <mask> and Meggett sharing time as the number-one running back. Head coach Friedgen said, "At this

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texts: point in time, I would say <mask> and Meggett are 1A and 1B."In the season opener against Navy, <mask> recorded 58 yards on ten carries, which included five touches on the opening drive for 36 yards and a five-yard touchdown run. The following week against Division I FCS , <mask>, Meggett, and redshirt freshman running back D. J. Adams all averaged over five yards per carry in the 62–3 rout. <mask> amassed eight carries for 42 yards and three receptions for 31 yards. Maryland's rushing attack struggled in the 31–17 loss to West Virginia, and <mask> had four carries for six yards and three catches for 26 yards. Against Florida International, he gained 103 yards and scored two touchdowns on 15 carries. <mask> scored on a 56-yard run and a nine-yard run in which he broke three arm tackles. Duke held <mask> to 26 yards in the first half, but in the third quarter, he caught a short pass from quarterback Danny O'Brien and ran down the sideline for a 71-yard touchdown.O'Brien said he repeatedly checked down through his available receivers and <mask> was his final option. <mask> finished with 14 carries for 50 yards. At Clemson, <mask> threw a four-yard touchdown pass to quarterback Danny O'Brien on a trick play for Maryland's only score in a 31–7 loss. He had four rushing attempts for 18 yards. During that game, <mask> became the tenth player in school history to amass 3,000 all-purpose yards. At Boston College, <mask> rushed nine times for 19 yards and caught one pass for four yards. He also filled in for injured kickoff returner Torrey Smith and had one return for 25 yards.Against Wake Forest, he had eleven carries for 50 yards

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texts: and one reception for ten yards. At Miami, <mask> rushed nine times for 30 yards and had a 12-yard reception. At Virginia, he carried the ball 11 times for 55 yards and had two catches for eight yards including a two-yard reception for a touchdown. Against 25th-ranked Florida State, <mask> rushed ten times for 87 yards and caught two passes for eight yards. <mask> was held to negative ten rushing yards on four touches by 23rd-ranked North Carolina State in his final home game on Senior Night, but Maryland still won, 38–31. In the Military Bowl against East Carolina, <mask> rushed for a career-high 200 yards on 13 carries, including two touchdowns on 61- and 91-yard runs, and was named the game's Most Valuable Player. He broke the school record for rushing in a bowl game that he previously set in 2008.His performance was described as "utterly electrifying", and left his "stock among draft-eligible running backs soaring with NFL scouts". His 15.4 yards per carry was the best single-game performance in school history. <mask> ended the 2010 season with 708 rushing yards on 122 attempts and five touchdowns. He finished his college career with 2,401 rushing yards on 430 attempts and 17 touchdowns, and 3,509 all-purpose yards. <mask> ranked seventh in school history in career rushing yards and second in career yards per carry with an average of 5.58. <mask> was invited to play in the East–West Shrine Game on January 22, 2011 in Orlando. He also participated in the Senior Bowl, and The New York Times praised him for his practice leading up to the game.In the Senior Bowl, <mask> recorded five carries for 15 yards, including a


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 touchdown on a one-yard run. College statistics

Professional career

2011 NFL Combine

New York Giants
The New York Giants selected <mask> with the 221st overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft. Giants general manager Jerry Reese said, "We took a flyer on the guy because he is big and fast… We hope this guy develops into a Willie Parker, one of those kinds of things." At the NFL Combine, <mask> ran the 40-yard dash in 4.34 seconds, the fastest time recorded by any of the participating running backs. <mask> secured a spot on the active roster behind Ahmad Bradshaw and Brandon Jacobs with a strong preseason performance. In the game against the Chicago Bears, he had one carry for a 97-yard touchdown. Against the New England Patriots, <mask> took a snap on a fake punt, which he ran 65 yards for a touchdown.He made his regular season debut in Week 1 against the Washington Redskins, but recorded no statistics. <mask> only recorded five carries for 15 yards in 11 games played. He was a member of the Super Bowl XLVI champion team that defeated the New England Patriots by a score of 21–17. On October 20, 2012, <mask> was placed on season-ending injured reserve due to a knee injury. On October 1, 2013, the Giants waived him after his first career start in the Week 4 loss against the Kansas City Chiefs. On October 8, 2013, the Giants re-signed <mask> after running back David Wilson was out with a neck injury. On October 15, 2013, the Giants waived him again after he injured his hamstring in the Week 6 loss against the Chicago Bears.Winnipeg Blue Bombers
<mask> signed with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in April 2015. He was released by the


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 Blue Bombers on January 6, 2016. Hamilton Tiger-Cats
<mask> was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on May 28, 2016. Personal life
<mask> motivates himself for games by channeling the anger at his father's abandonment. He said, "I am always going to have anger because of how he did me. It is always going to be there. It is not going away.No way at all." While basketball player Michael Jordan was <mask>'s childhood sports idol, he says Jordan was not the inspiration for his jersey number of 23. <mask> chose it as a combination of his older brothers' high school numbers: James wore number 20, and Lee Jr. wore number 3. <mask> said, "They were my father." References

External links
 Maryland Terrapins football bio
 Maryland Terrapins track bio

1988 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
American football running backs
Canadian football running backs
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Maryland Terrapins football players
New York Giants players
People from Conshohocken, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American

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