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 no government in Korea, either. We're going to get some breaks, and this thing is going to work." <mask> felt that Ball's memos arguing that American involvement in the war should be seen by as few as possible. At meetings of the National Security Council, <mask> consistently argued against Ball. Britain will not send troops
In 1964 and again in 1965, <mask> approached the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson to ask for British troops to go to Vietnam, requests that were refused. The normally Anglophile <mask> saw the refusal as a "betrayal".<mask> told the Times of London: "All we needed was just one regiment. The Black Watch would have done it. Just one regiment, but you wouldn't. Well, don't expect us to save you again. They can invade Sussex and we won't do a damn thing about it." Shortly before his death, Adlai Stevenson, the American ambassador to the UN, mentioned in an interview with the journalist Eric Severeid the aborted peace terms in Rangoon in 1964, saying the UN Secretary General U Thant was disappointed that <mask> had rejected the terms. When Johnson asked <mask> about the matter, the latter replied that in diplomacy "there is a difference between rejecting a proposal and not accepting it", a distinction that maintained that U Thant had missed.Bombing pause discussed
In December 1965, when McNamara first told Johnson that the "military action approach is an unacceptable way to a successful conclusion" and urged him to pause the bombing of North Vietnam, <mask> advised the president that there was only a 1 in 20 chance that a bombing pause would lead to peace talks. However, <mask> argued for the bombing pause, saying "You must think about the morale of the American people if the other side keeps pushing. We must be able to say that all

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texts: has been done." When Johnson announced the bombing pause on Christmas Day 1965, <mask> told the press "We have put everything into the basket of peace except the surrender of South Vietnam." Some of the language that <mask> included in his offer for peace talks seemed to calculate to inspire rejection such as the demand that Hanoi must publicly vow "to cease aggression" and the bombing pause was "a step toward peace, although there has not been the slightest hint or suggestion from the other side as to what they would do if the bombing stopped." On December 28, 1965, <mask> sent a cable to Henry Cabot Lodge Jr, the ambassador in Saigon, presenting the bombing pause as merely a cynical exercise in public relations as he wrote: "The prospect of large-scale reinforcements in men and defense budget increases for the next eighteen-month period requires solid preparation of the American public. A crucial element will be a clear demonstration that we have explored fully every alternative but the aggressors has left us no choice."<mask> ordered Henry A. Byroade, the ambassador in Rangoon, to make contact with the North Vietnamese ambassador to Burma with the offer that the bombing pause might be extended if North Vietnam made "a serious contribution to peace". The offer was rejected as the North Vietnamese refused to open peace talks until the bombing raids were stopped "unconditionally and for good". Like the other newly independent states in Africa and Asia, the North Vietnamese were extremely sensitive to any violation, real or perceived, of their newly achieved sovereignty, and the North Vietnamese Politburo regarded the bombing as a major violation of their nation's sovereignty. In a way that the Johnson administration had much trouble understanding, the

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 North Vietnamese felt to negotiate with the Americans reserving the right to resume the bombing would be to accept a diminution of their country's independence, hence the demand for an unconditional bombing halt. In January 1966, Johnson ordered the Rolling Thunder bombing raids to resume. France versus NATO
After President of France Charles de Gaulle withdrew France from the common NATO military command in February 1966 and ordered all American military forces to leave France, President Johnson asked <mask> to seek further clarification from President de Gaulle by asking whether the bodies of buried American soldiers must leave France as well. <mask> recorded in his autobiography that de Gaulle did not respond when asked, "Does your order include the bodies of American soldiers in France's cemeteries?"Fulbright hearings on Vietnam
In February 1966, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee chaired by Fulbright held hearings on the Vietnam War and Fulbright had called as expert witnesses George F. Kennan and General James Gavin, who were both critical of the Vietnam War. <mask> who served as Johnson's principle spokesman on Vietnam was sent by the president together with General Maxwell Taylor to serve as his rebuttal witnesses before the Foreign Relations Committee. <mask> testified that the war was a morally justified struggle to halt "the steady extension of Communist power through force and threat". Historian Stanley Karnow wrote the televised hearings were a compelling "political theater" as Fulbright and <mask> verbally dueled about the merits of the Vietnam war with both men pouncing on any weaknesses in the other's argument. 1966 hawks versus doves
By 1966, the Johnson administration had become divided between the "hawks" and the "doves", through

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 the latter term was somewhat misleading as the "doves" within the administration merely favored opening peace talks to end the war as opposed to pulling out U.S forces from Vietnam. <mask> together with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Earle "Bus" Wheeler and the National Security Adviser Walt Whitman Rostow were the leading "hawks" while the leading "doves" was <mask>'s former ally McNamara together with Harriman. <mask> equated withdrawal from Vietnam as "appeasement", through at times he was willing to advise Johnson to open peace talks as a way to rebut domestic criticism that Johnson was unwilling to consider alternative ways to end the war.1967 deescalation
On April 18, 1967, <mask> said the United States was prepared to "take steps to deescalate the conflict whenever we are assured that the north will take appropriate corresponding steps". In 1967, <mask> was opposed to the Operation Pennsylvania peace plan flouted by Henry Kissinger, saying "Eight months pregnant with peace and all of them hoping to win the Nobel Peace Prize". When Kissinger reported that the North Vietnamese would not begin peace talks unless the bombing was stopped first, Rust advocated continuing the bombing, telling Johnson: "If the bombing isn't having that much effect, why do they want to stop the bombing so much?" <mask> family issues
<mask>'s support for the Vietnam War caused considerable torment for his son Richard, who was opposed to the war but who enlisted in the Marine Corps and refused to attend anti-war demonstrations out of love for his father. The psychological strain caused the younger <mask> to suffer a nervous breakdown and led to a break between father and son. <mask> considered resignation in the summer of 1967, because "his daughter


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 planned to marry a black classmate at Stanford University, and he could not impose such a political burden on the president", after it became known that his daughter, Peggy, planned to marry Guy Smith, "a black Georgetown grad working at NASA". In response, the Richmond News Leader stated that it found the wedding offensive, further saying that "anything which diminishes [<mask>'s] personal acceptability is an affair of state."He decided not to resign after talking to McNamara and the president. A year after his daughter's wedding, <mask> was invited to join the faculty of the University of Georgia Law School, only to have his appointment denounced by Roy Harris, an ally of Alabama Governor George Wallace and a member of the university's board of regents, who stated that his opposition was because of <mask>'s interracial marriage. The university nonetheless appointed <mask> to the position. <mask> sees communists in peace movement
In October 1967, <mask> told Johnson that he believed the March on the Pentagon was the work of "the Communists", and pressed Johnson to order an investigation to prove it. The investigation was launched involving the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency and military intelligence, and found "no significant evidence that would prove Communist control or direction of the U.S. peace movement and its leaders." <mask> said that the report was "naive" and that the agents should had done a better investigation. Vietnam and 1968 election
When Johnson first discussed dropping out of the 1968 election at a National Security Council meeting in September 1967, <mask> was opposed, saying: "You must not go down.You are the Commander-in-chief, and we are in war. This would have a

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texts: very serious effect on the country." When McNamara advised Johnson in October 1967 to agree to North Vietnam's demand that the United States cease the bombing campaign as the precondition for opening peace talks, <mask> opposed the idea of a "bombing pause" as removing the "incentive for peace", and urged Johnson to continue Operation Rolling Thunder. By this time, many at the State Department were concerned by <mask>'s drinking on the job with William Bundy later saying that <mask> was a like a "zombie" until he started to drink. McNamara was shocked when he visited him at Foggy Bottom in the afternoon and saw <mask> open his desk to pull out a bottle of scotch, which he proceeded to drink in its entirety. Unlike the abrasive McNamara, who was widely disliked at the Pentagon, <mask> was sufficiently liked by his colleagues in the State Department that none leaked their concerns about his drinking to the media. On January 5, 1968, notes by <mask> were delivered to Ambassador of the Soviet Union to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin, pleading support from the US to "avoid recurrence of" claimed bombing of Russian cargo ships in the Haiphong North Vietnam port the day prior.On February 9, <mask> was asked by Senator William Fulbright over his possible information in regards to a US tactical nuclear weapons introduction in South Vietnam report. Like other members of the Johnson administration, <mask> was shaken by the surprise of the Tet Offensive. During a news briefing at the height of the Tet Offensive, <mask> who was known for his courteous manner, was asked how the Johnson administration was taken by surprise, causing him to snap in fury: "Whose side are you on? Now, I'm the Secretary of State of the United States, and I'm on our side! None of your


texts: papers or your broadcasting apparatuses are worth a damn unless the United States succeeds. They are trivial compared to that question. So I don't know why people have to be probing for things that one can bitch about, when there are two thousand stories on the same day about things that are more constructive."However, despite his rage at the media who he felt were misrepresenting the war, he admitted to finding signs that public opinion was shifting against the war. He later recalled that during a visit to Cherokee County in February 1968 that people were telling him: "<mask> if you can't tell us when this war is going to end, well then maybe we just ought to chuck it." <mask> added "The fact was that we could not, in any good faith, tell them." Shortly afterwards, in March 1968 <mask> appeared as a witness before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee chaired by Fulbright that was examining allegations that the Johnson administration had been dishonest about the Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964. Fulbright made his sympathies clear by wearing a necktie decorated with doves and olive branches. Through <mask> handled well himself under the relentless questioning by Fulbright, the televised hearings were another blow to the prestige of the Johnson administration as it became very apparent to the viewers that a number of senators were now opposed to the war or were only lukewarm in their support. When Fulbright asked <mask> to promise Congress a greater say in the war, <mask> replied that Johnson would consult "appropriate members of Congress".When Senator Claiborne Pell asked if the war was worth all the suffering, <mask> charged that he was suffering from "moral myopia" about "the endless struggle for freedom". On April 17, during an American Society of

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texts: Newspaper Editors luncheon meeting, <mask> admitted that the United States has taken "some lumps" propaganda wise but the Johnson administration should persist in trying to find a location of neutrality for the peace talks to occur. The following day, <mask> added 10 sites to the 5 proposed initially, accusing Hanoi of having a propaganda battle over neutral areas for discussion during a press conference. Just before the peace talks in Paris were due to open on 13 May 1968, <mask> advocated bombing North Vietnam north of the 20 parallel, a proposal strongly opposed by the Defense Secretary  Clark Clifford who stated it would wreck the peace talks. Clifford persuaded a reluctant Johnson to stick by his promise of 31 March 1968 of no bombing north of 20 paraellel. <mask> continued his advocacy of bombing north of 20 parallel, telling Johnson on 21 May 1968 "We will not get a solution in Paris until we prove they can't win in the South". During a meeting on 26 July 1968, Johnson briefed all three presidential candidates about the state of the war and the peace talks.<mask> who attended the meeting agreed with Richard Nixon's statement that bombing provided leverage in the Paris peace talks, saying: "If the North Vietnamese were not being bombed, they would have no incentive to do anything". When Nixon asked "Where was the war lost? ", <mask> replied: "In the editorial rooms of this country". On June 26, <mask> assured Berlin citizens that the United States along with its North Atlantic Treaty partners were "determined" in securing Berlin's liberty and security, additionally criticizing the recent travel restrictions of East Germany as violating "long standing agreements and practice". On September 30, <mask> met privately with Foreign Minister of Israel

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 Abba Eban in New York City for discussion on peace plans from the Middle East. In October 1968, when Johnson considered a complete bombing halt to North Vietnam, <mask> was opposed. On November 1, <mask> said long term allies of the North Vietnam bomb halt should pressure Hanoi to accelerate their involvement in the peace talks in Paris.End of term
Nixon won the election and <mask> prepared to leave office January 20, 1969. On December 1, 1968, citing the halt of bombing in North Vietnam, <mask> said that the Soviet Union would need to come forward and do what it could to forward peace talks in southeast Asia. On December 22, <mask> appeared on television to officially confirm the 82 surviving crew members of the USS Pueblo intelligence ship, speaking on behalf of the hospitalized President Johnson. In the last days of the Johnson administration, the president wanted to nominate <mask> to the Supreme Court. Through <mask> had studied the law, he did not have a law degree nor had he ever practiced law, but Johnson pointed out that the constitution did not require legal experience to serve on the Supreme Court and "I've already talked to Dick Russell and he said you'd be confirmed easily." However, Johnson failed to reckon with Senator James Eastland, the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, who was also a white supremacist and a supporter of segregation. Through Eastland was a fellow Southerner, he had neither forgotten nor forgiven <mask> for allowing his daughter to marry a black man.Eastland announced he would not confirm <mask> if he were nominated to the Supreme Court. On January 2, 1969, <mask> met with five Jewish American leaders in his office to assure them the US had not changed its policy in the Middle East of recognizing the

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 sovereignty of Israel. One of the leaders, the American-Israeli Public Affairs committee's Irving Kane, said afterward that <mask> had successfully convinced him. Retirement

January 20, 1969 marked <mask>'s last day as Secretary of State, and upon leaving Foggy Bottom he delivered a brief valedictory: "Eight years ago, Mrs. <mask> and I came quietly. We wish now to leave quietly. Thank you very much". At a farewell dinner hosted by Dobrynin, the longest-serving ambassador in Washington, <mask> told his host: "What's done cannot be undone."After the dinner, <mask> drove away in a modest car that barely seemed to be working, which Dobrynin considered to an apt symbolic end to the Johnson administration. Upon his return to Georgia, <mask> suffered from a prolonged bout of depression and suffered from psychosomatic illnesses, visiting doctors with complaints of chest and stomach pains that appeared to have no physical basis. Unable to work, <mask> was supported throughout 1969 by the Rockefeller Foundation who paid him a salary as a "distinguished fellow". On July 27, 1969, <mask> voiced his support for the Nixon administration's proposed anti-ballistic missile system, saying that he would vote for it, were he a senator, from an understanding that further proposals would be reviewed if any progress would be made in Soviet Union peace talks. The same year, <mask> received both the Sylvanus Thayer Award and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, with Distinction. Following his retirement, he taught international law at the University of Georgia School of Law in Athens, Georgia (1970–1984). <mask> was emotionally exhausted after 8 years as Secretary of State and narrowly survived a nervous breakdown in 1969.Roy Harris, a university regent who served as the


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 Georgia campaign manager for the presidential campaign of George Wallace in 1968, tried to block <mask>'s appointment under the ostensible grounds "We don't want the university to be a haven for broken-down politicians", but in reality because he was opposed to a man who had allowed his daughter to marry a black man. However, Harris's vote was overruled. <mask> found that the return to teaching in 1970 and the resumption of the academic career he had abandoned in 1940 was emotionally satisfying. The other professors remembered him as being like a "junior associate seeking tenure". <mask> told his son "the students I was privileged to teach helped rejuvenate my life and make a new start after those hard years in Washington." In the 1970s, <mask> was a member of the Committee on Present Danger, a hawkish group opposed to détente with the Soviet Union and distrustful of treaties to control the nuclear arms race. In 1984, <mask>'s son Richard, whom he had not spoken to since 1970 owing to the opposition of <mask> fils to the Vietnam War, surprised his father by returning to Georgia from Alaska to seek a reconciliation.As part of the reconciliation process, <mask>, who had gone blind by this point, agreed to dictate his memoirs to his son, who recorded what he said and wrote it down into what became the book As I Saw It. <mask>'s memoir
In a review of his memoir As I Saw It, the American historian Warren Cohen noted that little of the acrimony of <mask>'s relations with McNamara, Bundy and Fulbright appeared, but that <mask> was unremittingly hostile in his picture of Kennedy's closest adviser and right-hand man, his younger brother Robert, together with the UN Secretary General U Thant. In As I Saw It, <mask> expressed considerable anger at the media's

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 coverage of the Vietnam War, accusing anti-war journalists of "faking" stories and images that portrayed the war in an unflattering light. <mask> spoke about what he called the "so-called freedom of the press", as he maintained that journalists from The New York Times and The Washington Post only wrote what their editors told them to write, saying, if there were true freedom of the press, both newspapers would have portrayed the war more positively. Despite his hawkish views towards the Soviet Union, <mask> stated during his time as Secretary of State that he never saw any evidence that the Soviet Union planned to invade Western Europe and he "seriously doubted" that it ever would. Cohen noted that in contrast to his years with Kennedy, <mask> was warmer and more protective towards Johnson, whom he clearly got on better with than he ever did with Kennedy. In a review of As I Saw It, the historian George C. Herring wrote that the book was mostly dull and uninformative when it came to <mask>'s time as Secretary of State, telling little that historians did not already know, and the most interesting and passionate parts concerned his youth in the "Old South" and his conflict and reconciliation with his son Richard.<mask> died of heart failure in Athens, Georgia, on December 20, 1994, at the age of 85. He and his wife are buried at the Oconee Hill Cemetery in Athens. <mask> Eating House, the first women's eating house at Davidson College, was founded in 1977 and is named in his honor. The <mask> International Studies Program at Davidson College is also named in his honor. <mask> Middle School, located in Canton, Georgia, was named in his honor, as was <mask> Hall on the campus of the University of Georgia. Legacy
The consensus of historians is that <mask>

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 was a very intelligent man, but very shy and so deeply immersed in details and the complexities of each case that he was reluctant to make a decision and unable to clearly explain to the media what the government's policies were. Jonathan Coleman says that he was deeply involved in the Berlin Crisis, the Cuban Missile Crisis, NATO, and the Vietnam War.Typically he was highly cautious on most issues, except for Vietnam:

Regarding Vietnam, historians agree that President Johnson relied heavily on the advice of <mask>, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, and national security adviser McGeorge Bundy to the effect that a communist takeover of all of Vietnam was unacceptable, and the only way to prevent it was to escalate America's commitment. Johnson took their conclusions and rejected dissenting views. <mask>'s son Rich wrote about his father's time as Secretary of State: "With this reticent, reserved, self-contained, emotionally bound-up father of mine from rural Georgia, how could the decision making have gone any differently? His taciturn qualities, which served him so well in negotiating with the Russians, ill-prepared him for the wrenching, introspective, soul-shattering journey that a true reappraisal of Vietnam policy would have involved. Although trained for high office, he was unprepared for such a journey, for admitting that thousands of American lives, and hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese, might have been lost in vain." George Herring wrote about <mask> in 1992: "He is a man utterly without pretense, a thoroughly decent individual, a man of stern countenance and unbending principles. He is a man with a passion for secrecy.He is a shy and reticent man, who as Secretary of State sipped scotch to loosen his tongue for press conferences. Stolid

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 and normally laconic, he also has a keen, dry wit. He has often been described as the 'perfect number two,' a loyal subordinate who had strong—if unexpressed—reservations about the Bay of Pigs operation, but after its failure could defend it as though he had planned it." Summarizing the views of historians and political scientists, Smith Simpson states:
Here was a man who had much going for him but failed in crucial respects. A decent, intelligent, well-educated man of broad experience in world affairs who, early in life, evidenced qualities of leadership, seemed diffidently to hold back rather than to lead as secretary of state, seeming to behave, in important ways, like a sleeve-plucking follower of presidents rather than their wise and persuasive counselor. Media
Appearances
 Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited. Produced for The Idea Channel by the Free to Choose Network, 1983.Phase I (U1015) (January 22, 1983)
 Featuring <mask>, McGeorge Bundy, Richard Neustadt, Edwin Martin & Donald Wilson in Atlanta, Georgia. Portrayal in media
Secretary <mask> was portrayed by actor Larry Gates in the 1974 ABC television docudrama The Missiles of October, dramatizing the Cuban Missile Crisis of October, 1962. Actor Henry Strozier played Secretary <mask> in another dramatization of the Cuban Missile Crisis Thirteen Days (2000), a theatrical film directed by Roger Donaldson. Publications
 "U.S. Foreign Policy: A Discussion with Former Secretaries of State <mask>, William P. Rogers, Cyrus R. Vance, and Alexander M. Haig, Jr.". International Studies Notes, Vol. 11, No. 1, Special Edition: The Secretaries of State, Fall 1984.(pp. 10-20)

See also

Rusk documents

References

Further reading
 Cohen, Warren I. <mask> (1980). Colman, Jonathan. "The 'Bowl of Jelly': The US

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 Department of State during the Kennedy and Johnson Years, 1961–1968". The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 10.2 (2015): 172–196. online
 Harrington, Joseph F. "'I Like Your Guts, and I don't have many People around here with Guts' The Relationship Between President John F. Kennedy and Secretary of State <mask> <mask> and its Impact on American Foreign Policy".New England Journal of History(Spring/Fall 2019), Vol. 75/76 Issue 2/1, pp 129-159. Henry, John B., and William Espinosa. "The Tragedy of <mask>". Foreign Policy 8 (1972): 166–189. in JSTOR
 Loewenheim, F. L. "<mask> and the Diplomacy of Principle} in The Diplomats, 1939-1979 (Princeton University Press, 1994). pp.499-536. online

 Nuenlist, Christian. "The quiet man: <mask> and Western Europe". Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6.3 (2008): 263–278. Schoenbaum, Thomas J. Waging Peace and War: <mask> in the Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Years (1988). Snyder, William P. "<mask> to John Foster Dulles, May–June 1953: The Office, the First 100 Days, and Red China". Diplomatic History 7.1 (1983): 79–86.Stupak, Ronald J. "<mask> on international relations: An analysis of his philosophical perceptions". Australian Outlook 25.1 (1971): 13–28. Zeiler, Thomas W. <mask>: Defending the American Mission Abroad (2000). online

Primary sources
 <mask>, and Ernest K. Lindley. Winds of Freedom-Selections from the Speeches and Statements of Secretary of State <mask>, January 1961-August 1962 (1963). online
 <mask>, as told to <mask>.As I Saw It (1990), memoirs told to his son online review

External links

 "A conversation with <mask>, former U.S. Secretary of State (1961-1969)" Part of the American Diplomacy and The Lessons of Crisis: Vietnam and the Cold War collections online at Duke University

 Dean Rusk Oral History

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 Collection, from the Richard B. Russell Library
 Interview for WGBH series, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age

 Oral History Interviews with <mask>, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library

 Sully, François, "<mask> with General Khanh, Harkins and Wheeler and Lodge touring Vietnamese highlands." (photo/caption), April 1964; copyright Healey Library, UMass Boston; via openvault.wgbh.org. 1909 births
1994 deaths
People from Cherokee County, Georgia
Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)
American Presbyterians
Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats
Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
United States Secretaries of State
American people of the Vietnam War
American legal scholars
United States Army colonels
United States Army personnel of World War II
Davidson Wildcats men's basketball players
UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
University of Georgia faculty
American Rhodes Scholars
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Presidents of the Rockefeller Foundation
Lyndon B. Johnson administration cabinet members
Kennedy administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
20th-century American lawyers
Under Secretaries of State for Political Affairs
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
Trustees of charities
American men's basketball

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<mask> (, born 2 September 1948) is an Israeli politician and former government minister. A follower of the Ger Hasidic dynasty, he heads Agudat Yisrael, part of the United Torah Judaism alliance, in the Knesset. He previously served as Minister of Health and Minister of Housing and Construction. Biography
<mask> was born on 2 September 1948 to Polish survivors of the Holocaust, in a displaced persons camp in Germany. When he was two years old, the family immigrated to the East New York section of Brooklyn, and then to the Borough Park section of Brooklyn, where he grew up. In 1966, at age 17, he immigrated to Israel, and continued his Torah studies. Litzman is married, has five children, and lives in Jerusalem.He is quoted as saying that, "in some respects, I envy the low profile the Haredi community in the United States has been able to retain by staying out of politics". He also said that, in Israel, the media attention makes for misrepresentation and misunderstanding of the Haredi community. Career

His first job was as principal of the Hasidic Beis Yaakov girls' school in Jerusalem. He became active in politics under the guidance of the then-Gerrer Rebbe, Rabbi Simcha Binem Alter. Over time, Litzman became known as the rebbe's right-hand man, a role he continues under the present Gerrer Rebbe, Rabbi <mask> Arye Alter. In 1999, the present rebbe asked Litzman to join the Agudat Yisrael faction of the United Torah Judaism list for the Knesset elections that year. He was subsequently elected, and became Chairman of the Finance Committee.He headed the UTJ list for the 2003 elections, and was re-elected, again becoming the Chair of the Finance Committee. He has

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texts: since served as the leader of the UTJ and Agudat Yisrael faction in the Knesset, in which he consults the Gerrer Rebbe on a daily basis. <mask> was re-elected again in 2006, retaining his chairmanship of the Finance Committee, and for a fourth time in 2009, after which UTJ joined the new government, in which Litzman was appointed Deputy Minister of Health, despite having no medical training or expertise. After Litzman was re-elected in 2013, UTJ were excluded from the coalition government. However, following the 2015 elections, he was re-appointed Deputy Minister of Health. Subsequently, Litzman appointed the first non-physician to serve as general-director of the Ministry of Health, in a move that was criticized by the Israel Medical Association. Litzman was appointed on 27 August 2015, Minister of Health, after a court challenge filed by Yesh Atid.Litzman served on the Knesset's Internal Affairs Committee from 1999 to 2001, and as the Deputy Chairman of the Knesset Labor and Welfare Committee. As part of the coalition agreement with the ruling government of Ariel Sharon in 2001, Litzman was appointed chairman of the Knesset Finance Committee, a position he held until 2003, and again from 2005 to 2007. He formally resigned as health minister on 26 November 2017, in protest of railroad repair work happening on the Sabbath, becoming deputy health minister instead, while Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu nominally held the office, with Litzman acting as de facto minister. When Netanyahu was forced to resign the health office, among others, due to the pending prosecution of three criminal cases against him, on 29 December 2019, despite a recommendation by Israeli


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 police to criminally prosecute Litzman in two separate cases, he was again appointed health minister. The move prompted backlash, including an open letter to Netanyahu from Zionist Federation of Australia president Jeremy Leibler calling the promotion of Litzman "a slap in the face to the Australian Jewish Community, the Australian people, the community of Australian [immigrants] in Israel, and, most shockingly, to the survivors of Malka Leifer's alleged abuse". Coronavirus pandemic

Litzman has served as minister of health from the start of the coronavirus pandemic, and has been criticized for an "unprofessional handling" of the crisis. Due to his exceptionally lenient attitude toward enforcing health guidelines in ultra-Orthodox communities from the start of the crisis, major outbreaks appeared in ultra-Orthodox communities throughout Israel.In an interview in March 2020, Litzman stated: "I am sure that the messiah will come by Passover and save us the same way God saved us during the exodus, and we were freed. The messiah will come and save us all." Later in March, an open letter was penned to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Blue and White leader Benny Gantz by many heads of hospital departments and senior doctors, as well as medical officials, lamenting years of neglect that left the country's health care system at its lowest point during the time of coronavirus outbreak, and urged that Litzman be replaced as a result. On 2 April 2020, Litzman and his wife tested positive for COVID-19, while acting as Minister of Health. He was the first member of the cabinet to be infected. As a result, he self-quarantined, and began working from home. Israel's Shin


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 Bet reviewed Litzman's phone after his COVID-19 diagnosis to track his movements, and the Health Ministry maintained that anyone who came into contact with him has been contacted personally.Top ministers in Israel's government were furious at Litzman for flouting social distancing guidelines after he and his wife tested positive for the coronavirus, with senior officials accusing Litzman of putting his colleagues' lives in danger, while knowingly breaking his own ministry's safety rules regarding the virus. Litzman was spotted praying at the home of a fellow member of his Hasidic sect three days after government guidelines went into effect barring such services. Additionally, after the guidelines had further intensified, Litzman was again spotted praying at a synagogue just outside his home. With the Thirty-fifth government of Israel, Litzman resigned from the Knesset as part of the Norwegian Law, and was sworn in as Minister of Housing and Construction. On 13 September 2020, Litzman resigned as Minister of Housing and Construction, in protest over a nationwide coronavirus shutdown scheduled to begin over the High Holidays of Rosh HaShanah, Yom Kippur, and Sukkot, beginning on the first night on Rosh HaShanah, 19 September, for at least three weeks. On 18 November, he was re-appointed as Minister of Housing and Construction. Other acts

Statement on LGBT rights
During a February 2016 discussion in the Knesset about Israeli health authorities becoming more sensitive towards LGBT people, Litzman compared LGBT people to the sinners who danced around the Golden Calf.Smoking regulation
Litzman has been criticized over policies and statements that seemed to serve the


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 interests of the tobacco companies, including hindering some efforts to curb cigarette ads. For example, in his first tenure as deputy health minister (2009-2013), Litzman opposed warning labels and stickers that depict the effects of smoking, despite their role in reducing the habit in other countries. Litzman argued that the images of dirty lungs and teeth aimed at discouraging children and youth from smoking were "unaesthetic", stating, "With the help of God, we won't approve this... We don't need to disfigure the State with such images." In his second tenure (starting 2015), Litzman was criticized for opposing legislation prohibiting tobacco advertising in newspapers. Litzman argued that such laws would bankrupt newspapers, which rely on the advertising revenue. It was pointed out that Litzman had a conflict of interest due to his close association with ultra-Orthodox publications (Hamodia in particular) that rely on revenue from the many tobacco ads that they publish. Specifically, Litzman had a particularly strong conflict of interest concerning Hamodia, due to the fact that it is published by his Agudat Yisrael party (part of UTJ), and employs his wife.A bill restricting the marketing of tobacco was finally agreed upon after other MKs threatened to vote against a bill restricting retail operations on Shabbat and Jewish religious holidays. However, Litzman stipulated that he would only agree to the legislation on the (unusual) condition that the ban would not include printed publications (ultra-Orthodox Jews tend to abhor the Internet, making printed publications their primary form of media, hence Litzman's primary concern). Malka Leifer
Litzman is


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 accused of obstructing the extradition of Malka Leifer, the accused in the Adass Israel School sex abuse scandal. According to Israeli media, he attempted to obtain false psychiatric evaluations that would deem Leifer unfit to face trial in Australia. Israeli police recommended on 6 August 2019 that Litzman be indicted for "fraud and breach of trust" (both related to the Leifer case), as well as bribery in another case. In May 2021, Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit announced that he will indict Litzman for obstruction of justice and breach of trust. United Hatzalah
Eli Beer, the president of Israel's United Hatzalah ambulance service, while hospitalized in serious condition in Miami after contracting the coronavirus, lambasted Litzman from his hospital bed for sidelining his medics by refusing to allow Hatzalah's 6,000 volunteers to play any role in assisting the Health Ministry and Magen David Adom with conducting virus tests.Litzman argued that Hatzalah staff were less professional. References

External links

 Minister <mask> Wins Poll As Most Liked Minister
 Poll ranks Health Minister <mask> higher than Netanyahu - Israel News - Jerusalem Post
 “LGBT People Know That They’re Sinners” - AWiderBridge

1948 births
Living people
Agudat Yisrael politicians
American emigrants to Israel
20th-century American Jews
Ger (Hasidic dynasty)
Government ministers of Israel
Haredi rabbis in Israel
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of American-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Jewish Israeli politicians
Members of the 15th Knesset (1999–2003)
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
Members of the 17th Knesset (2006–2009)
Members of the 18th Knesset

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 (2009–2013)
Members of the 19th Knesset (2013–2015)
Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019)
Members of the 21st Knesset (2019)
Members of the 22nd Knesset (2019–2020)
Members of the 23rd Knesset (2020–2021)
Members of the 24th Knesset (2021–present)
Ministers of Health of Israel
People from Borough Park, Brooklyn
People from East New York, Brooklyn
Rabbinic members of the Knesset
United Torah Judaism leaders
21st-century American


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<mask> (November 3, 1794 – June 12, 1878) was an American romantic poet, journalist, and long-time editor of the New York Evening Post. Born in Massachusetts, he started his career as a lawyer but showed an interest in poetry early in his life. He soon relocated to New York and took up work as an editor at various newspapers. He became one of the most significant poets in early literary America and has been grouped among the fireside poets for his accessible, popular poetry. Biography

Youth and education
<mask> was born on November 3, 1794, in a log cabin near Cummington, Massachusetts; the home of his birth is today marked with a plaque. He was the second son of <mask> (b. Aug. 12, 1767, d. Mar. 20, 1820), a doctor and later a state legislator, and Sarah Snell (b. Dec. 4, 1768, d. May 6, 1847).The genealogy of his mother traces back to passengers on the Mayflower: John Alden (b. 1599, d. 1687), his wife Priscilla Mullins and her parents <mask> and Alice Mullins. The story of the romance between John and Priscilla is the subject of a famous narrative poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The Courtship of Miles Standish. He was also the nephew of <mask>, a Vermont seamstress who is the subject of Rachel Hope Cleves's 2014 book Charity and Sylvia: A Same-Sex Marriage in Early America. <mask> <mask> described their relationship: "If I were permitted to draw the veil of private life, I would briefly give you the singular, and to me interesting, story of two maiden ladies who dwell in this valley. I would tell you how, in their youthful days, they took each other as companions for life, and how this union, no less sacred to them than the tie of marriage, has subsisted, in uninterrupted harmony, for more than forty years." Charity and Sylvia Drake are buried together at Weybridge Hill Cemetery, Weybridge, Vermont.<mask> and his family moved to a new home when he was two years old. The <mask> Cullen <mask> Homestead, his boyhood home, is now a

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Peter Bryant
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Charity Bryant
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 museum. After just one year at Williams College (he entered with sophomore standing), he hoped to transfer to Yale, but a talk with his father led to the realization that family finances would not support it. His father counseled a legal career as his best available choice, and the disappointed poet began to study law in Worthington and Bridgewater in Massachusetts. He was admitted to the bar in 1815 and began practicing law in nearby Plainfield, walking the seven miles from Cummington every day. On one of these walks, in December 1815, he noticed a single bird flying on the horizon; the sight moved him enough to write "To a Waterfowl". <mask> developed an interest in poetry early in life.Under his father's tutelage, he emulated Alexander Pope and other Neo-Classic British poets. "The Embargo", a savage attack on President Thomas Jefferson published in 1808, reflected Dr. <mask>'s Federalist political views. The first edition quickly sold out—partly because of publicity attached to the poet's young age. A second, expanded edition included <mask>'s translation of classical verse. During his collegiate studies and his reading for the law, he wrote little poetry, but encounters with the Graveyard Poets and then Wordsworth regenerated his passion for "the witchery of song." Early poetry

"Thanatopsis" is <mask>'s most famous poem, which <mask> may have been working on as early as 1811. In 1817 his father took some pages of verse from his son's desk, and at the invitation of Willard Phillips, an editor of the North American Review who had previously been tutored in the classics by Dr. <mask>, he submitted them along with his own work.The editor of the Review, Edward Tyrrel Channing, read the poem to associate editor Richard Henry Dana Sr., who immediately exclaimed, "That was never written on this side of the water!" Someone at the North American joined two of the son's discrete fragments, gave the result the Greek-derived title Thanatopsis

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 ("meditation on death"), mistakenly attributed it to the father, and published it. After clarification of the authorship, the son's poems began appearing with some regularity in the Review. A portion of <mask>’s poem, Thanatopsis, is at the base of the <mask> Cullen Bryant Memorial behind the New York Public Library which was dedicated in 1911. "To a Waterfowl", published in 1821, was the most popular. On January 11, 1821, <mask>, still striving to build a legal career, married Frances Fairchild. Soon after, having received an invitation to address the Harvard University Phi Beta Kappa Society at the school's August commencement, <mask> spent months working on "The Ages", a panorama in verse of the history of civilization, culminating in the establishment of the United States.As it would in all collections he subsequently issued, "The Ages" led the volume, also entitled Poems, which he arranged to publish on the same trip to Cambridge. For that book, he added sets of lines at the beginning and end of "Thanatopsis" that changed the poem. His career as a poet was now established, though recognition as America's leading poet waited until 1832, when an expanded Poems was published in the U.S. and, with the assistance of Washington Irving, in Britain. Editorial work
From 1816 to 1825, <mask> depended on his law practice in Great Barrington, Massachusetts to sustain his family financially, but the strain of dealing with unsophisticated neighbors pushed him to trade his unrewarding profession for New York City and the promise of a literary career. With the encouragement of a distinguished and well-connected literary family, the Sedgwicks, he quickly gained a foothold in New York City's vibrant cultural life. His first employment, in 1825, was as editor of the New-York Review, which within the next year merged with the United States Review and Literary Gazette. Although literary historians have neglected his fiction, <mask>'s stories over the

masks: Bryant William Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant


texts: seven-year period from his time with the Review to the publication of Tales of Glauber Spa in 1832 show a variety of strategies, making him the most inventive of practitioners of the genre during this early stage of its evolution.In the throes of the failing struggle to raise subscriptions, he accepted part-time duties with the New-York Evening Post under <mask>; then, partly because of Coleman's ill health, traceable to the consequences of a duel and then a stroke, <mask>'s responsibilities expanded rapidly. From assistant editor he rose to editor-in-chief and co-owner of the newspaper that had been founded by Alexander Hamilton. Over the next half century, the Post would become the most respected paper in the city and, from the election of Andrew Jackson, the major platform in the Northeast for the Democratic Party and subsequently of the Free Soil and Republican Parties. In the process, the Evening-Post also became the pillar of a substantial fortune. Despite his Federalist beginnings, <mask> had shifted to being one of the most liberal voices of the century. An early supporter of organized labor, with his 1836 editorials asserting the right of workmen to strike, <mask> also defended religious minorities and immigrants, and promoted the abolition of slavery. He "threw himself into the foreground of the battle for human rights" and did not cease speaking out against the corrupting influence of certain bankers in spite of their efforts to break down the paper.According to newspaper historian Frank Luther Mott, <mask> was "a great liberal seldom done justice by modern writers". He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1855. Despite his once staunch opposition to Thomas Jefferson and his party, <mask> became one of the key supporters in the Northeast of that same party under Jackson. <mask>'s views, always progressive though not quite populist, in course led him to join the Free Soilers, and when the

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 Free Soil Party became a core of the new Republican Party in 1856, <mask> vigorously campaigned for John Frémont. That exertion enhanced his standing in party councils, and in 1860, he was one of the prime Eastern exponents of Abraham Lincoln, whom he introduced at Cooper Union. (That "Cooper Union speech" lifted Lincoln to the nomination, and then the presidency.) In the 1860 presidential election, he elected Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin as a presidential elector.Later years
<mask> edited the very successful  Picturesque America, which was published between 1872 and 1874. This two-volume set was lavishly illustrated and described scenic places in the United States and Canada. In his last decade, <mask> shifted from writing his own poetry to a blank verse translation of Homer's works. He assiduously worked on the Iliad and The Odyssey from 1871 to 1874. He is also remembered as one of the principal authorities on homeopathy and as a hymnist for the Unitarian Church, both legacies of his father's influence on him. In 1843, <mask> bought a house he christened Cedarmere (for the cedar trees around the pond, or "mere") in Roslyn Harbor, on Long Island. In 1865, he bought the farmhouse in Cummington, where he'd grown up, and summered there annually until his death.He made substantial improvements to the houses at both properties. He was known for his attention to trees on his land, and later in life he expressed concerns that deforestation in the United States would prove disastrous for American agriculture. <mask> died in 1878 of complications from an accidental fall suffered after participating in a Central Park ceremony to honor Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini. He is buried at Roslyn Cemetery in Roslyn, New York. Critical response

<mask> became one of the most significant poets in early American literary history. He is typically included among the group of poets referred to as the fireside poets, along with Longfellow, John Greenleaf


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 Whittier, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. They are considered to be among the first American poets whose popularity rivaled that of British poets, both at home and abroad and are so named because their writing was a source of entertainment for families gathered around the fire at home.<mask>'s poetry has been described as being "of a thoughtful, meditative character, and makes but slight appeal to the mass of readers." Edgar Allan Poe praised <mask> and specifically the poem "June" in his essay "The Poetic Principle":
The rhythmical flow, here, is even voluptuous—nothing could be more melodious. The poem has always affected me in a remarkable manner. The intense melancholy which seems to well up, perforce, to the surface of all the poet's cheerful sayings about his grave, we find thrilling us to the soul—while there is the truest poetic elevation in the thrill. The impression left is one of a pleasurable sadness. Editor and children's writer Mary Mapes Dodge wrote that <mask>'s poems "have wrought vast and far-reaching good in the world." She predicted, "You will admire more and more, as you grow older, the noble poems of this great and good man."Poet and literary critic Thomas Holley Chivers said that the "only thing [<mask>] ever wrote that may be called Poetry is 'Thanatopsis', which he stole line for line from the Spanish. The fact is, that he never did anything but steal—as nothing he ever wrote is original." <mask>'s poetry is tender and graceful, pervaded by a contemplative melancholy, and a love of solitude and the silence of the woods. Though he was brought up to admire Pope, and in his early youth imitated him, he was one of the first American poets to throw off his influence. <mask> had an interest in science and in geology especially. Thomas Cole was a friend and both, at different times, considered the "geological structure" of Volterra in Italy. He met Charles Lyell in England in 1845.As a writer, <mask>

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 was an early advocate of American literary nationalism, and his own poetry focusing on nature as a metaphor for truth established a central pattern in the American literary tradition. Some however, argue that a reassessment is long overdue. It finds great merit in a couple of short stories <mask> wrote while trying to build interest in periodicals he edited. More importantly, it perceives a poet of great technical sophistication who was a progenitor of Walt Whitman, to whom he was a mentor. Legacy

Although born in and with deep family ties in New England, <mask> for most of his lifetime was thoroughly a New Yorker—and a very dedicated one at that. He was a major force behind the idea that became Central Park, as well as a leading proponent of creating the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He was one of a group of founders of New York Medical College.He had close affinities with the Hudson River School of art and was an intimate friend of Thomas Cole. A statue of <mask> <mask> was one of the statues of “Eminent Americans” that surrounded the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, California. The <mask> <mask> Memorial, in Bryant Park, includes a bronze of the same work by sculptor Herbert Adams. Bryant Park, behind the New York Public Library, in New York bears his name. In 1884, New York City's Reservoir Square, at the intersection of 42nd Street and Sixth Avenue, was renamed Bryant Park, and later Herbert Adam's statue was placed, in <mask>'s honor. Just outside New York City, the Long Island village of Roslyn Harbor, New York is home to the <mask> Cullen <mask> Preserve, located on land he formerly owned next to what is now the Nassau County Museum of Art. <mask> is also the namesake of the Bryant Library in Roslyn, New York, located near his Cedarmere Estate.Other locations named after <mask> include: Bryant, a neighborhood in Seattle; Bryant Woods, one of the four original villages in

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William Cullen
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William Cullen
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 Columbia, Maryland; Cullen Bryant Park in Toronto, Ontario; the Bryant Free Library in Cummington, Massachusetts; and the Bryant House at Williams College. Several schools are named after <mask>, including <mask> Cullen Bryant High School in Long Island City, New York, and elementary schools in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Long Beach, California, Cleveland, Ohio, and Great Barrington, Massachusetts. A rural schoolhouse in Sanford, Maine was also named for <mask>. Martin Luther King Jr. quoted <mask> in his speech "Give Us the Ballot", when he said, "there is something in this universe which justifies <mask> <mask> <mask>: An American Voice by Frank Gado ()<mask> Cullen <mask> by Charles H. Brown ()

Further reading
 Muller, Gilbert H. <mask> <mask>: Author of America. New York: State University of New York Press, 2008. Symington, Andrew James.<mask> <mask>: a biographical sketch : with selections from his poems and other writings''. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1880. Internet Archive. External links

Works

 <mask>'s edition of the Odyssey
 "THE SKELETON'S CAVE" by <mask> <mask>; taken from "Tales of Glauber Spa" (1832)
Other
 Essay on <mask> <mask> by Wynn Yarborough
 Mr. Lincoln and Friends: <mask> <mask>
 William Cullen Bryant Homestead in Cummington, Mass. "Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide - An Ongoing Project" by Paul P. Reuben

1794 births
1878 deaths
19th-century American poets
American male poets
Poets from New York (state)
American people of English descent
American Unitarians
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) Free Soilers
New York (state) Republicans
New York Post people
People from Cummington, Massachusetts
People from Roslyn, New York
Romantic poets
Williams College alumni
Poets from Massachusetts
19th-century American male writers
Knickerbocker Group
Bryant Park
Translators of Homer
1860

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<mask> was born in Turin on October 4, 1947. He founded Azimut in 1969, while still a university student in the Faculty of Economics and Business. He is currently president of Azimut Benetti Group. From March 2013 to September 2015, he was a member of parliament in Italy’s Legislature XVII, after being elected in the Civic Choice List with Monti for Italy. He was Honorary Consul of Norway from 1974 to 2018. Career
<mask> graduated in June 1970 with a degree in economics and business, after a four-year course of study. Azimut
<mask>’s business career began in March 1969, when at the age of 22 and still at university he set up Azimut to build and market pleasure boats, using money saved while working student jobs.The following year he graduated with a degree in economics and business and took his company to the Genoa International Boat Show, where it was noticed by Amerglass, Europe’s most advanced shipyard at the time, which chose Azimut to import its models into Italy. <mask> then started to build boats under his own brand, which enjoyed continuous growth and evolved into Azimut Yachts. 1988 saw the creation in Avigliana of a new and extremely modern shipyard that was to become an industry leader, with one of the world’s widest and most comprehensive ranges in the market. Azimut|Benetti Group
In over half a century, the Company has grown rapidly to become the world’s leading builder of motor yachts over 24 metres in length, while remaining a private business with a great capacity for innovation and technology. The company’s growth has been almost entirely organic, with the exception of the 1985 rescue of the Benetti shipyard in Viareggio, an emblem of Italian excellence, resulting in the company name being changed to Azimut|Benetti. The Group now builds motor yachts from 10 to over 100 metres in length, under the Azimut Yachts and Benetti brands, in six shipyards: Avigliana in Piemonte, Savona in Liguria, Viareggio and Livorno

masks:
Paolo Vitelli
Paolo Vitelli
Paolo Vitelli
Vitelli


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 in Tuscany, Fano in Le Marche and Itajai in Brazil. It posts annual sales of around one million euros and employs around 2,000 people in its shipyards, while nearly 5,000 people work in its permanent supply chain.Azimut|Benetti sells 95% of its production abroad through a global network of dealers in 70 countries, supported by offices managed directly by the company in the world’s main yachting centres. <mask> currently manages the Company, led by Group CEO Marco Valle [2][3][4], with his daughter Giovanna. Over half a century of yachting industry innovation
Under the guidance of <mask>, Azimut|Benetti Group has become prominent over the years for a series of technological and design innovations introduced on board models that have written the history of Italian yachting. 1975: AZ 43 Bali is the first model produced by Azimut, in collaboration with Amerglass;
 1978: nicknamed the “Ford Model T” of the seas, AZ 32 Targa is the smallest boat for safe cruising on a limited budget. Packed with smart solutions inspired by the car industry, including an opening sunroof, it enables helmsmen to steer the boat in a standing position, with the wind in their hair;
  1982: building of the first megayacht over 30 metres in length made entirely of fibreglass, AZ 105 Falaika;
 1988: Azimut|Benetti competes in the Blue Ribband, the gripping transatlantic challenge that allows no refuelling, with the 27-metre Azimut Atlantic Challenger, built for the occasion to a design by Pininfarina. The rules require at least one paying passenger, so billionaire Winthrop Rockefeller climbs on board for the price of one dollar. The boat comes very close to beating the record for the crossing, but in any case enjoys worldwide attention thanks to its technological prowess and avant-garde design;
 1991: using a solution borrowed from the car industry, windows are now glued rather than fixed to the frames, making it possible to increase their surface area;
 1998:

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 introduction of the Benetti Classic range, a line of semi-custom fibreglass yachts featuring the quality and exclusiveness of the shipyard’s bespoke megayachts.It is an unprecedented success, with over 100 units sold;
  2000: Azimut|Benetti Group takes over refit and repair specialist Lusben, with shipyards in Viareggio and Livorno;
 2001: launch of the Atlantis Collection following the acquisition of Cantiere Gobbi. 2019 is also the year of the Giga Season for Benetti, which completes the multi-year process to build three Giga yachts, each over 100 metres. These three yachts are launched one after the other in the space of just 100 days. One of them, the MY Luminosity, has the distinction of being the world’s largest hybrid yacht;
 2020: Azimut Yachts commissions award-winning director Gabriele Muccino to make a short film to launch the new Magellano 25 Metri. In the same year, Benetti launches the Oasis 40M, a stunningly designed superyacht featuring the revolutionary Oasis Deck®, with wings that open out to create extra space;
 2021: for the 22nd year running, according to the Global Order Book 2021, the annual ranking drawn up by the highly reputed UK magazine Boat International, Azimut|Benetti Group is the world’s leading builder of yachts over 24 metres in length, with a record 128 projects under construction (equivalent to 4,601 metres in length, far more than any other player in the sector);
 2021: Azimut Yachts launches Trideck, the largest yacht ever built by the brand, with extremely innovative architectural solutions, such as its cascaded terraces. Other projects
<mask> has always diversified his business interests, with a series of major industrial projects including the construction of modern tourist ports in Varazze, Viareggio and Livorno in Italy, in the old town in La Valletta, Malta, and on Lake Chimki (Moscow) in Russia. He has also created a small chain of “Hotels de Charme” by restoring old buildings in


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 Chamonix in France and Champoluc and Mascognaz in the Italian region of Valle d’Aosta, which conferred on him the title of “Amis de la Vallée d’Aoste”.From 1974 to 2018, he was the Honorary Consul of Norway. From 1998 to 2006, he was the president of Ucina (now Confindustria Nautica), a Confindustria (Confederation of Italian Industry) association grouping businesses in the Italian yachting industry. In this period he did much to boost the industry’s development, promoting the introduction of law 172/2003 and the approval of yacht leasing and other measures that have contributed to the sector’s success. From March 2013 to September 2015, he was a member of the Italian parliament, elected in the Civic Choice List with Monti for Italy. He was a member of the Parliamentary Committee for the Security of the Republic (COPASIR) and the Transport and Finance Commissions. Honours

 1996 - Cavaliere del lavoro (Order of Merit for Labour)
 “An economics and business graduate, he founded Azimut SpA in 1969, when still only 21, to build and market pleasure craft. In its 27 years in business, the company has grown into Europe’s leading industrial group in the yachting sector.In this period, continual research and an unwavering focus on product quality has enabled the company to grow at annual rates of between 20% and 25%, even in the years of crisis in the industry (1992-1994), increasing exports to account for 95% of sales . 2004 - Honorary degree[15] in mechanical engineering from Politecnico di Torino
 2006 – Confindustria “Champions of growth” award as best Italian business in the five-year period 2001-2006 in terms of growth, innovation and internationalisation;
 2011 - Amis de la Vallée d’Aoste “for his contribution to the development of tourism in various locations by creating quality hotels in old rural buildings. External links
"Mega-yacht maker pushes out the boat" by Jorn Madslien, BBC News. Italian businesspeople
Living


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<mask> (January 7, 1923 – November 24, 2003) was a Canadian literary scholar, critic and professor. He published widely on Modernist literature with particular emphasis on James Joyce, Ezra Pound, and Samuel Beckett. His major study of the period, The Pound Era, argued for Pound as the central figure of Modernism, and is considered one of the most important works on the topic. Biography

Early years and education
<mask> was born in Peterborough, Ontario, on January 7, 1923. His father H. R. H<mask> taught classics and his mother Mary (Williams<mask> taught French and German at Peterborough Collegiate Institute. <mask> attributed his interest in literature to his poor hearing, caused by a bout of influenza during his childhood. Attending the University of Toronto, <mask> studied under Marshall McLuhan, who wrote the introduction to Kenner's first book Paradox in Chesterton, about G. K. Chesterton's works.<mask>'s second book, The Poetry of Ezra Pound (1951) was dedicated to McLuhan, who had introduced <mask> to Pound on June 4, 1948, during Pound's incarceration at St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, DC, where <mask> and McLuhan had driven as a detour from their trip from Toronto to New Haven, Connecticut. (Pound, who became a friend of <mask>'s, had suggested the book be titled The Rose in the Steel Dust.) Later, <mask> said of McLuhan, "I had the advantage of being exposed to Marshall when he was at his most creative, and then of getting to the far end of the continent shortly afterward, when he couldn't get me on the phone all the time. He could be awfully controlling." Later, when McLuhan wrote that the

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. Kenner
) Kenner
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 development of cartography during the Renaissance created a geographical sense that had never previously existed, <mask> sent him a postcard reading in full: "Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, Yours, <mask>." In 1950, <mask> earned a PhD from Yale University, with a dissertation on James Joyce, James Joyce: Critique in Progress, for Cleanth Brooks. This work, which won the John Addison Porter Prize at Yale, became Dublin's Joyce in 1956.Academic career
<mask>'s first teaching post was at the University of California, Santa Barbara (1951 to 1973); he then taught at Johns Hopkins University (from 1973 to 1990) and the University of Georgia (from 1990 to 1999). <mask> played an influential role in raising Ezra Pound's profile among critics and other readers of poetry. The publication of The Poetry of Ezra Pound in 1951 "was the beginning, and the catalyst, for a change in attitude toward Pound on the American literary and educational scenes." The Pound Era, the product of years of scholarship and considered by many to be <mask>'s masterpiece, was published in 1971. This work was responsible for enshrining Pound's reputation (damaged by his wartime activities) as one of the greatest Modernists. Though best known for his work on modernist literature, <mask>'s range of interests was wide. His books include an appreciation of Chuck Jones, an introduction to geodesic math, and a user's guide for the Heathkit H100/Zenith Z-100 computer; in his later years he was a columnist for both Art & Antiques and Byte magazine.Kenner was a friend of William F. Buckley, Jr., to whom Kenner introduced word processing, and a

masks: Kenner Hugh Kenner Kenner Kenner Kenner Kenner


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 contributor to National Review. He also shared a close correspondence with Guy Davenport, the noted scholar and fiction writer. Personal life
<mask> was married twice: his first wife, Mary Waite, died in 1964; the couple had three daughters and two sons. His second wife, whom he married in 1965, was Mary-Anne Bittner; they had a son and a daughter. Death
<mask> died at his home in Athens, Georgia, on November 24, 2003. Selected bibliography

 Paradox in Chesterton (1947)
 The Poetry of Ezra Pound (New Directions, 1951)
 Wyndham Lewis: A Critical Guidebook (1954)
 Dublin's Joyce (Indiana University Press, 1956; rpt., Columbia University Press, 1987)
 Gnomon: Essays in Contemporary Literature (1959)
 The Art of Poetry (1959)
 The Invisible Poet: T. S. Eliot (1959; rev. ed, 1969)
 Samuel Beckett: A Critical Study (Grove Press, 1961; rev.ed., 1968)
 T. S. Eliot: A Collection of Critical Essays (editor) (Prentice-Hall, 1962)
 The Stoic Comedians: Flaubert, Joyce, and Beckett (1962) (illustrated by Guy Davenport)
 Seventeenth Century Poetry: The Schools of Donne & Jonson (editor) (1964)
 Studies in Change: A Book of the Short Story (editor) (1965)
 The Counterfeiters: An Historical Comedy (Indiana University Press, 1968; The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985) (illustrated by Guy Davenport)
 The Pound Era (University of California Press, 1971)
 Bucky: A Guided Tour of Buckminster Fuller (William Morrow, 1973)
 A Reader's Guide to Samuel Beckett (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1973)
 A Homemade World: The American Modernist Writers (Alfred A. Knopf, 1975)
 Geodesic Math and How to Use It (1976)
 Joyce's Voices

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 (University of California Press, 1978)
 Ulysses (George Allen & Unwin, 1980; rev. ed., The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987)
 A Colder Eye: The Modern Irish Writers (Alfred A. Knopf, 1983)
 The Mechanic Muse (Oxford University Press, 1987)
 A Sinking Island: The Modern English Writers (1988)
 Mazes: Essays (North Point Press, 1989)
 Historical Fictions: Essays (University of Georgia Press, 1995)
 Chuck Jones: A Flurry of Drawings (1994)
 The Elsewhere Community, CBC Massey Lectures (1998)
  A Passion for Joyce: The Letters of <mask> and Adaline Glasheen ed. Edward M. Burns (University College Dublin Press, 2008)
 Questioning Minds: The Letters of Guy Davenport and <mask>, ed. Edward M. Burns (Counterpoint Press, 2018)

References

External links
<mask> Kenner: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center

1923 births
2003 deaths
Canadian literary critics
University of Toronto alumni
Yale University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
University of Georgia faculty
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
People from Peterborough, Ontario
Canadian people of German descent
James Joyce scholars
American academics of English literature
Canadian expatriates in the United

masks:
Hugh Kenner
Hugh Kenner
Hugh


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<mask> (; born 21 February 1961) is an Indian-born naturalized American economist who is currently the Ford Foundation International Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <mask> shared the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty". He and Esther Duflo, who are married, are the sixth married couple to jointly win a Nobel Prize. <mask>f Jameel Poverty Action Lab (along with economists Esther Duflo and Sendhil Mullainathan). He is a research affiliate of Innovations for Poverty Action and a member of the Consortium on Financial Systems and Poverty. <mask> was a president of the Bureau for the Research in the Economic Analysis of Development, a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, a research fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research, an international research fellow of the Kiel Institute, fellow at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a fellow at the Econometric Society. He also has been a Guggenheim Fellow and an Alfred P. Sloan Fellow.He is the co-author of Poor Economics. He also serves on the academic advisory board of Plaksha University, an upcoming science and technology university in India. His new book, co-authored with Esther Duflo, Good Economics for Hard Times, was released in October 2019 in India by Juggernaut Books. He was sent to Delhi's Tihar Jail for 10 days for participating in protests at Jadavpur University in 1983. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born to a Bengali father and to a Marathi mother in Mumbai. His father, Dipak <mask>, was a professor of economics at Presidency College, Calcutta, and his mother Nirmala <mask> (née Patankar), a professor of economics at the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta. His father, Dipak <mask>, earned a PhD in economics from the London School of Economics.He received his school education in South Point High School, a renowned educational institution in Calcutta. After his schooling, he took admission at Presidency College, then an affiliated college of the

masks:
Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee
Banerjee
Banerjeeti
Banerjee
Abhijit
Banerjee
Banerjee
Banerjee
Banerjee


texts: University of Calcutta and now an autonomous university, where he completed his BSc(H) degree in economics in 1981. Later, he completed his M.A. in economics at the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Delhi in 1983. While studying in JNU, he was arrested and imprisoned in Tihar Jail during a protest after students gheraoed the then Vice Chancellor PN Srivastava of the university. He was released on bail and charges were subsequently dropped against the students. Later, he went on to obtain a PhD from Harvard University in 1988.The subject of his doctoral thesis was "Essays in Information Economics." <mask> is currently the Ford Foundation International Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; he has taught at Harvard University and Princeton University. His work focuses on development economics. Together with Esther Duflo he has discussed field experiments as an important methodology to discover causal relationships in economics. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2004. He was also honored with the Infosys Prize 2009 in the social sciences category of economics. He is also the recipient of the inaugural Infosys Prize in the category of social sciences (economics).He also served on the Social Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2018. In 2012, he shared the Gerald Loeb Award Honorable Mention for Business Book with co-author Esther Duflo for their book Poor Economics. In 2013, he was named by the United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon to a panel of experts tasked with updating the Millennium Development Goals after 2015 (their expiration date). In 2014, he received the Bernhard-Harms-Prize from the Kiel Institute for the World Economy. In 2019, he delivered Export-Import Bank of India's 34th Commencement Day Annual Lecture on Redesigning Social Policy. In 2019, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics, together with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer, for their work alleviating global poverty. <mask> and his co-workers try to measure the effectiveness of actions (such as government programmes) in improving people's lives.For

masks:
Career Banerjee
Research Banerjee


texts:
 this, they use randomized controlled trials, similar to clinical trials in medical research. For example, although polio vaccination is freely available in India, many mothers were not bringing their children for the vaccination drives. <mask> and Prof. Esther Duflo, also from MIT, tried an experiment in Rajasthan, where they gave a bag of pulses to mothers who vaccinated their children. Soon, the immunization rate went up in the region. In another experiment, they found that learning outcomes improved in schools that were provided with teaching assistants to help students with special needs. Personal life
<mask> <mask> was married to Dr. Arundhati Tuli <mask>, a lecturer of literature at MIT. <mask> and Arundhati had one son together and later divorced.Their son, born in 1991, died in an accident in 2016. In 2015, <mask> married his co-researcher, MIT professor Esther Duflo; they have two children. <mask> was a joint supervisor of Duflo's PhD in economics at MIT in 1999. Duflo is also a Professor of Poverty Alleviation and Development Economics at MIT. Publications

Books

 <mask>, <mask> Vinayak ( 2019 ). A Short History of Poverty Measurements. Juggernaut Books.Awards

<mask> <mask> was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2019 along with his two co-researchers Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty". The press release from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences noted: "Their experimental research methods now entirely dominate development economics." The Nobel committee commented:
"<mask>, Duflo and their co-authors concluded that students appeared to learn nothing from additional days at school. Neither did spending on textbooks seem to boost learning, even though the schools in Kenya lacked many essential inputs. Moreover, in the Indian context <mask> and Duflo intended to study, many children appeared to learn little: in results from field tests in the city of Vadodara fewer than one in five third-grade students could correctly answer first-grade curriculum math test questions. "In response to such

masks: Banerjee Abhijit Banerjee Banerjee Abhijit Banerjee Banerjee Banerjee Abhijit Abhijit Banerjee Banerjee Banerjee


texts:
 findings, <mask>, Duflo and co-authors argued that efforts to get more children into school must be complemented by reforms to improve school quality." The Nobel Prize was a major recognition for their chosen field - Development Economics, and for the use of Randomised Controlled Trials.It evoked mixed emotions in India, where his success was celebrated with nationalistic fervour while approach and pro-poor focus were seen as a negation of India’s current government’s ideology as well as broader development discourse. He was awarded the Doctor of Letters (Honoris Causa) by the University of Calcutta in January 2020. See also
 Amartya Sen, economist and the first Indian to receive a Nobel prize in the field

References

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s Home Page at MIT including his CV with comprehensive lists of awards and publications
 Poverty Action Lab

 Publications at the National Bureau of Economic Research
  including the Prize Lecture 8 December 2019 Field experiments and the practice of economics

1961 births
Living people
American people of Bengali descent
American people of Marathi descent
20th-century Bengalis
21st-century Bengalis
Marathi people
People from Mumbai
People from Maharashtra
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
People with acquired American citizenship
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty
20th-century Indian economists
21st-century Indian economists
21st-century American economists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American economists
American writers
Scientists from Kolkata
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Sloan Research Fellows
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Indian emigrants to the United States
Indian microfinance people
Indian male writers
Writers from Kolkata
20th-century Indian non-fiction writers
Indian Nobel laureates
Indian political writers
American academics of Indian descent
Center for Global Development
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Business Books
American Nobel laureates
Nobel

masks: Banerjee Abhijit Banerjee


texts:
Captain <mask> (1680–1719) was an English pirate who operated during the tail end of the Golden Age of Piracy. Born in England in the late-17th century, Hornigold began his pirate career in 1713, attacking merchant ships in the Bahamas. He helped to establish the "Republic of Pirates" in Nassau and by 1717 was the captain of one of the most heavily armed ships in the region, called the Ranger. It was at this time he appointed Edward Teach, best known in history books as "Blackbeard", as his second-in-command. Mindful not to attack British-led ships during his career, his crew eventually grew tired of the tactic and Hornigold was voted out as captain. In December 1718, Hornigold accepted a King's Pardon for his crimes and became a pirate hunter, pursuing his former allies on behalf of the Governor of the Bahamas, Woodes Rogers. He was killed when his ship was wrecked on a reef near New Spain during the hurricane season of 1719.Early career
Hornigold's early life is unrecorded, although sometimes people claim he was born in the English county of Norfolk, where the surname <mask> or Hornagold appears. If so, he might have first served at sea aboard ships whose home port was either King's Lynn or Great Yarmouth. His first documented acts of piracy took place in the winter of 1713–1714, when he employed periaguas (sailing canoes) and the sloop Happy Return, alongside Daniel Stillwell, John Cockram, and John West to menace merchant vessels off the coast of New Providence and its capital Nassau, where he had established a 'Privateers' or 'Pirates' republic. Hornigold himself sailed a ship named the Marianne. After a mutiny in the summer

masks:
Benjamin Hornigold
Hornigold


texts: of 1716, he and his supporters were left with a captured sloop. By 1717, Hornigold had at his command a thirty-gun sloop he named the Ranger, which was probably the most heavily armed ship in the region, and this allowed him to seize other vessels with impunity. Hornigold's second-in-command during this period was Edward Teach, who would later be better known as the pirate Blackbeard.When Hornigold took command of the Ranger, he delegated the captaincy of his earlier sloop to Teach. In the spring of 1717 the two pirate captains seized three merchant ships in quick succession, a Spanish one carrying 120 barrels of flour bound for Havana, another a Bermudian sloop with a cargo of spirits and the third a Portuguese ship travelling from Madeira with a cargo of white wine. In March 1717, Hornigold attacked an armed merchant vessel sent to the Bahamas by the Governor of South Carolina to hunt for pirates. The merchantman escaped by running itself aground on Cat Cay, and its captain later reported that Hornigold's fleet had increased to five vessels, with a combined crew of around 350 pirates. In April 1717 Hornigold is recorded as operating alongside Captain Napin (or Napping), looting several ships off Jamaica, Puerto Bello, and Cuba before being chased away by the warship HMS Winchelsea. Hornigold had earlier forced aboard a surgeon named John Howell but released him on Nassau; when French pirate Jean Bonadvis tried to force Howell aboard his ship later in April 1717, Hornigold accepted Howell back aboard to protect him. After parting ways with Napin in June or July they sailed together sporadically until October 1717.Hornigold is


texts:
 recorded as having attacked a sloop off the coast of Honduras, but as one of the passengers of the captured vessel recounted, "they did us no further injury than the taking most of our hats from us, having got drunk the night before, as they told us, and toss'd theirs overboard". In September 1717, <mask> and Teach met Major Stede Bonnet and his ship Revenge. Bonnet, having been wounded in battle, ceded his command to Teach. In October, another sloop was added to the fleet. Overthrow and pardon
Despite his apparent maritime supremacy, Hornigold remained careful not to attack British-flagged ships, apparently to maintain the legal defence that he was a privateer operating against England's enemies in the War of the Spanish Succession. This scrupulous approach was not to the liking of his lieutenants, and in the summer of 1716 a vote was taken among the combined crews to attack any vessel they chose. Hornigold opposed the decision and was replaced as captain of Marianne by Samuel Bellamy, whose friend Paulsgrave Williams was elected quartermaster.Hornigold and his supporters were left with a captured sloop which was commanded by Teach after Hornigold acquired the Ranger. He continued piracy operations from Nassau until December 1717, when word arrived of a general pardon for pirates offered by the King. Hornigold sailed to Jamaica with the Ranger and one of the other sloops in January 1718 and received a pardon from the governor there. He later became a pirate hunter for the new governor of the Bahamas, Woodes Rogers. The King's Pardon of 1717 and 1718

On 5 September 1717, King George I Issued the Proclamation of 1717 "For


texts:
 Suppressing Pirates in the West Indies". This document granted a pardon to all pirates who surrendered themselves to any colonial governor or governor under the domain of the British Empire safe passage and were guaranteed a "clean slate" of their record. However, word of this did not get out to the West Indies and so in December 1718 another proclamation, or more famously known as the King's Pardon of 1718, was issued for the same purpose.In both of these documents, not only were pirates granted a clean slate on their record, but they were also offered a large sum of money for the capturing of other pirates who were guilty of piracy, murder, and treason against His Majesty. More specifically, for every captain who was captured, the person responsible would receive £100, , and for every lieutenant and boatswain a reward of £40 (£) was offered. Each level of member on a pirate ship had a reward placed on their heads from this point on. Pirate hunter and death
Rogers commissioned Hornigold to hunt down any and all recusant pirates, including some ex-comrades such as his former lieutenant, Teach (Blackbeard). He stalked but could not apprehend Charles Vane, capturing Vane's associate Nicholas Woodall instead, followed by John Auger, both of whom had accepted the same pardon as Hornigold, but later slid back into piracy. In December 1718 Governor Rogers wrote to the Board of Trade in London commending Hornigold's efforts to remedy his reputation as a pirate by hunting his former allies. At some point late 1719, Governor Rogers commissioned Captain <mask> and a few other of Rogers' most trusted captains to help safeguard and facilitate


texts:
 the trade of valuable wares with the Spanish.During the voyage <mask>'s ship was caught in a hurricane, somewhere between New Providence and New Spain, and was wrecked on an uncharted reef. The incident is referred to in the contemporary account A General History of the Pyrates by Captain Charles Johnson, which states, "in one of which voyages ... Captain <mask>, another of the famous pirates, was cast away upon rocks, a great way from land, and perished, but five of his men got into a canoe and were saved." The specific location of the reef remains unknown. Popular culture
Hornigold is in the 2006 television miniseries Blackbeard. He is portrayed by Stacy Keach. Hornigold appears as a non-player character in the 2013 video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag. He is voiced by Ed Stoppard.Hornigold is a supporting character in the Starz series Black Sails. He is portrayed by actor Patrick Lyster. <mask> is portrayed by Sam Callis in the 2021 Netflix original series The Lost Pirate Kingdom. See also
 Richard Noland, who had sailed with Hornigold early in his career, later accompanied Samuel Bellamy after Hornigold was voted out as Captain, and was eventually employed as Hornigold's agent and recruiter on Nassau. References

Bibliography

External links
<mask> at TheWayofthePirates.com
<mask> at AgeofPirates.com

<mask> at The Pirates Hold
Captain <mask> at SevenOceans.com

1680 births
1719 deaths
1713 crimes
17th-century English people
18th-century English people
18th-century pirates
Criminals from Norfolk
British pirates
Pardoned pirates
Recipients of British royal pardons
Deaths due to shipwreck at sea
People involved in

masks:
Hornigold
Hornigold
Hornigold
Benjamin Hornigold
Benjamin Hornigold
Benjamin Hornigold
Benjamin Hornigold


texts:
Princess <mask> of Bavaria (; 12 November 1850 – 19 December 1925) was an ethnologist, zoologist, botanist, travel writer and leader in social care. Therese was the third child and only daughter of Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, and of his wife Archduchess Augusta of Austria. Life
Therese descended from the House of Wittelsbach, one of Europe's most powerful royal families which had ruled Bavaria for 738 years. However, by the time she was born, the Bavarian crown's political power had been reduced and the 19th Century Wittelsbach kings were mostly remembered for their cultural patronage and the architectural legacy. She was born Princess <mask> of Bavaria in Munich and was the only daughter of the Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria and his wife, Augusta of Austria, the granddaughter of Ferdinand III of Tuscany. Through her mother she was also related to Empress Maria Theresa. As a child, she was instructed at home alongside her two brothers, Arnulf and Ludwig (later King Ludwig III, the last Bavarian king).She was particularly close to Arnulf, with whom she shared a keen interest in geography. Theresa showed an extraordinary ability for languages, as well as a keen interest in plants. She would eventually become fluent in 12 languages, both spoken and written. She was tutored in modern Greek and Russian together with Arnulf. Although she did attend some public courses for ladies, most of her education was provided by private tutors. While she had some enthusiasm for mathematics, her interest for natural sciences and foreign lands was significant. She also engaged in physical activities, such as swimming, bicycling and mountain walking.In 1864, when <mask> was 13, her mother died of tuberculosis. As the only female member

masks:
Therese
Therese Charlotte Marianne Augusta
Therese


texts:
 of her immediate family, <mask> took over the management of the household with the help of her aunt. That same year, her cousin, 18-year-old Ludwig became Ludwig II of Bavaria. Scientific practice
<mask> made a substantial contribution to plant and animal geography. She engaged in scientific practice for more 30 years,  foreshadowing the vigor of science in the 20th century. Her interests in geology, botany, anthropology and zoology required her to attain tutors, since women at the time were not allowed to study at universities. Women were finally allowed into universities in 1903, when Theresa`s father, Prince Regent Luitpold, legalized their admission.In 1871, at the age of 21, she started a series of journeys, first to Italy and Greece, then throughout Europe and North Africa, the Middle East and the Americas. In 1888, she visited Brazil, and, in 1893, North America and Mexico. A tour of South America followed in 1898. Before visiting a country, she studied the history of the land and its people, the local language and literature. She would usually travel with a group of people who served her, including a lady-in-waiting, and usually chose to travel incognito. She wrote a number of books about these excursions in which she described the natural history of the places she visited. Her early works were published under the pseudonym "Th.v. Bayer". Expedition to Brazil
<mask> arrived on the mouth of the Amazon River on the 25 June 1888. In the company of a servant trained in taxidermy, a lady in waiting, and a Kavalier for her protection, she travelled 1000 miles upriver to Manaus. From there they traveled up the Rio Negro. Along the way, <mask> collected plants and animals, such as monkeys, birds, snakes, and butterflies. She

masks: Therese Therese Therese Therese


texts:
 hired a creole guide who spoke 15 native Indian dialects and, with his help, bargained for ethnological artifacts. She collected weapons, such as spears, darts with iron tips, wooden arrows, but also pottery and utensils.She then traveled down the coast to Rio de Janeiro, with a considerable collection that included live animals. A railway trip through the high mountains of the Campos country followed, where she acquired a sizable collection of mineral specimens and visited the Academy of Mines in Ouro Preto. The collection of artefacts was continued throughout her trip along the Rio Santa Maria. Where she could, she visited local museums and botanical gardens, studying the collections of the National Museum of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro in great detail. In Rio de Janeiro she also met with Princess Imperial of Brazil Isabel, who had sponsored scientific expeditions and helped to establish collections that publicised Brazilian gems, minerals, plants, flowers, birds, butterflies and insects. After <mask> returned to Bavaria, it took her nine years to compile an analysis of the Brazilian collection. Her publication Meine Reise in die Brasilianischen Tropen (My Trip to the Brazilian Tropics), an illustrated travel journal of botanical, geological, and zoological information, was published in 1897.Engagement with Munich’s academic institutions
In 1892, <mask> became the first woman to be given honorary membership in the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The same year, she became an honorary member of the Munich Geographical Society. In 1897, she became the first woman to receive an honorary doctorate from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. She was also a corresponding member of the Berlin Entomological Society

masks: Therese Therese


texts:
 and her collection of anthropological materials from South America became part of the collection of the State Museum of Ethnology in Munich. Later years
<mask> died in Lindau. Honours
  : 629th Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa - . Honorary doctorate, from the Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich
 Honorary member of the Bavarian Academy of Science

A species of Peruvian lizard, Microlophus theresiae, is named in her honour.Published works
 Ausflug nach Tunis (Excursion to Tunis). 1880. Reiseeindrücke und Skizzen aus Russland (Impressions and Sketches from Russia). Stuttgart 1885. Über den Polarkreis (On the Polar Circle). 1889. Über mexikanische Seen (On Mexican lakes).Wien 1895. Meine Reise in den Brasilianischen Tropen (My Trips in the Brazilian Tropics). Dietrich Remmer, Berlin 1897. Einiges über die Pueblo-Indianer. In: Völkerschau, 2 1902, 4-6, 38-42. Reisestudien aus dem westlichen Südamerika (Study Trips to the western part of South America). 2 volumes.Berlin 1908. Ancestry

References

Films
 Wolfgang Voelker: Prinzessin <mask> von Bayern - Forscherin, Sammlerin, Weltreisende. Dokumentarfilm, 1997, gesendet auf Phoenix am Sa, 15. Februar 2003, 21.00 Uhr (Google-Cache der Phoenix-Seite)

External links
Digitised version of Meine "Reise in den brasilianischen Tropen"
Therese on the International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Therese-von-Bayern-Stiftung

1850 births
1925 deaths
20th-century German botanists
19th-century German women scientists
20th-century German women scientists
German ethnologists
19th-century German botanists
German travel writers
German philanthropists
German women philanthropists
House of Wittelsbach
Bavarian princesses
Nobility from Munich
Burials at the Theatine Church, Munich
Scientists from


texts:
<mask>. (August 29, 1942 – August 30, 1995) was an American guitarist, best known as one of the founding members of the rock group the Velvet Underground, usually playing electric guitar, occasionally bass guitar, and singing backing vocals. Unlike bandmates Lou Reed, John Cale, Maureen Tucker and Nico, <mask> never released a solo album or made recordings under his own name. He was nevertheless an essential element of the group's sound as a guitarist whose percussive and syncopated rhythm playing and melodic lead parts provided the foil for Lou Reed's improvisational rhythm and lead guitar riffs. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born on August 29, 1942, in the Long Island town of East Meadow, New York. He had two brothers and two sisters. His parents divorced when he was young and his mother remarried. He first met future Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker during childhood, through her brother Jim, who attended Division Avenue High School in Levittown, New York, with <mask>.Originally playing trumpet, <mask> switched to guitar after his teacher was drafted. <mask> majored in English at the City College of New York. While visiting his friend Jim Tucker at Syracuse University, he met Lou Reed, a friend of Tucker and a fellow English student. Before Reed graduated in 1964, they met again in New York City in 1963. By this time, Reed had met John Cale and was interested in starting a band, so when they encountered <mask>, he was invited to join. The Velvet Underground (1965–1971)

Reed, Cale, <mask> and percussionist Angus MacLise constituted the original line-up of the Velvet Underground, taking the name from Michael Leigh's sadomasochistic novel of the same name. Reed sang and played guitar, <mask> played guitar, Cale played viola, bass and

masks:
Holmes Sterling Morrison Jr
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison


texts: keyboards and MacLise was playing bongos, hand drums, tabla, tambourines and the cimbalom.MacLise was soon replaced by Maureen Tucker. <mask> primarily played guitar on the band's first two albums, although when Cale, the band's usual bassist, played viola or keyboards in the studio or on stage, <mask> often filled in on bass. Some songs (including "Heroin" and "Sister Ray") had Reed and <mask> on their usual guitars while Cale played viola and Vox Continental organ respectively, with no bass guitar. There were at least three songs where Cale played both piano and bass while Reed and <mask> played guitars and these were "I'm Waiting for the Man", "Femme Fatale" and "White Light/White Heat" and two songs where Cale played both viola and bass with Reed and <mask> on guitars: "Here She Comes Now" and "The Black Angel's Death Song", the former of which saw Cale doubling on piano. Although <mask> was a proficient bassist (as exemplified by his performances on "Sunday Morning", "Venus in Furs", "All Tomorrow's Parties" and "Lady Godiva's Operation"), he disliked playing the instrument. After Cale left the group in 1968, <mask> usually exclusively played guitar; however, photographic evidence indicates that he continued to play bass onstage for certain songs if Doug Yule, Cale's replacement, was occupied with organ. Additionally, <mask> frequently sang backing vocals and the occasional lead vocal spot (he recited many verses of Reed's poetry in "The Murder Mystery" and sang one line in "I'm Sticking With You").<mask> repeatedly remarked that "Venus in Furs", from the band's debut album, was his personal favorite of all of The Velvet Underground's songs, as he felt that the group had achieved with that one track, to a greater degree than any other, the sound

masks: Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison Morrison