texts:
<mask> (Jutphaas, 26 May 1965) is a Dutch author and visual artist. She is also known as Pantau, a name that was adopted after meeting the Dalai Lama at an audience at his home in McLeodganj, Dharamsala, India in 2000. The name Pantau (also written in Roman as Phentok) means "to be helpful" or "beneficial". Pantao () is also a Chinese name for a flat, small peach, reputed to be food for Taoist fairies. Early life
Renard was raised and educated in the Netherlands. She is the daughter of Annie Garda Van Unen (born 1931), a former senior accountant of the Breda Candy Company FAAM, and Wilhelmus (Wim<mask> (1931–2009), a businessman who founded the REACS Company in 1956. Renard is a descendant of the German composer/conductor Paul Albin Stenz who was awarded the Gold Medal of Orange-Nassau by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.One year prior to his death in 1918 he was naturalized as a Dutch citizen. <mask>'s grandfather, Johannes (Paul) <mask> was a cityscape painter in Rotterdam. Renard speaks (in order of fluency) Dutch, English, German, French, Thai and Tibetan. Gender reassignment
In 1982, at the age of 17, <mask> transitioned to being a woman with the support of her family, friends and people in her hometown. <mask>'s mother renamed her Véronique. In 1983, <mask> was granted permission by a court in Utrecht to change her legal name, she added her second name Françoise (after her best friend), and third name Caroline (after Caroline Cossey, a British model who appeared in the 1981 James Bond-film For Your Eyes Only with Roger Moore). Initially unaware of the phenomenon of transsexualism and gender reassignment surgery (GRS), <mask> conveyed in her 2007 memoir that the international media attention around Cossey in 1982 regarding her transition helped Renard to self-diagnose her own

masks:
Vronique Françoise Caroline Renard
) Gerardus Renard
Renard
Renard
Renard
Renard
Renard
Renard


type: original

texts:
 gender dysphoria.The day after reading about Cossey in a Dutch tabloid, <mask> consulted her doctor and shortly after, the Amsterdam Gender Team. <mask> was diagnosed with Klinefelter's syndrome, having 47 chromosomes (XXY). Females have an XX chromosomal makeup, and males an XY. Renard started hormone replacement therapy soon after. She completed her physical transition 18 months later in 1984. <mask> was one of the first 150 persons to receive contemporary GRS in the Netherlands. Louis Gooren, a professor of endocrinology at the special chair of transsexology at the Free University Amsterdam, guided her through the process.The medical team involved in her GRS included plastic surgeons Auke de Boer and J. Joris Hage as well as gynecologists C. Jager and A. Drogendijk. In 1984, at age 18, <mask> learned from the Amsterdam Gender Team that she was most likely the youngest person in the world to receive complete contemporary GRS. In October 1984, the Dutch Government granted <mask> permission to have her gender corrected on her birth certificate. <mask> is most likely the first post-operative trans woman in the world to be legally recognized as a female. In the early 1980s, Louis Gooren, a professor, put pressure on the Dutch parliament to discuss the option of legal recognition of post-operative transsexuals in the Netherlands. The Netherlands became the first country in the world to legally and fully recognise post-operative transsexuals by accepting a new law in 1985. Fearing rejection and discrimination, Renard never volunteered to mention her gender reassignment to friends, colleagues and lovers.Career

1982–1999
<mask> started her career in 1982 working for a local travel agency. Thereafter she was employed as a management assistant with Philips Electronics and Mercedes Benz. As

masks: Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard


texts: from 1984 she held various functions with the University of Utrecht. In 1987 she moved to working as the personal assistant of the vice president of Amdahl Netherlands. In 1989 <mask> was hired by Amdahl’s main competitor IBM. As she felt dissatisfied with IBM’s corporate atmosphere, she found new employment with TNT-XP. <mask> left the company  after 6 months.In 1990, while working as a temp for ExpoConsult, she was contacted by a business partner of ExpoConsult, the US-based publisher Conway Data Inc. The president asked her to set up a European branch office, launch a European edition of their business magazine Site Selection, and represent the organisation at international events. She also functioned as the administrator of Industrial Development Research Council (IDRC) Europe. In 1994 <mask> left the company in order to concentrate on her academic studies. She attained a Ph.D. in Dutch Literature in 1997. In 1997 <mask> started working as an office manager for Lucent Technologies. Five months later, <mask> was informed by one of her colleagues that there were rumours within the organisation regarding <mask>’s alleged transsexualism and upcoming lay-off.Renard threatened Lucent to take them to court, accusing them of discrimination. The dispute was settled out of court. <mask>’s last employment started in January 1999 as an office and relocation manager with Davilex, a fast-growing computer game company which was in the process of building a new head office. Days after <mask> successfully completed the company’s relocation project, the president asked her to leave the company. <mask> received word that the board of directors found out about her transsexualism. <mask> threatened Davilex to take them to court and make a major media hype out of her dismissal. Davilex and Renard's

masks: Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard Renard


texts:
 lawyers eventually settled the case out of court.2000–present
In the spring of 2000, <mask> moved to the hometown of the exiled Dalai Lama in the Indian Himalayas. There she focused on her activities as a writer and pro-Tibet activist. Concerned with the well-being of the Tibetan people and preservation of Tibetan culture, <mask> hopes to create more awareness regarding the Tibetan plight by means of the written word. In 2000 and 2001 she published three books in English, in India and Nepal regarding the Tibetan Freedom Struggle (Pantau in Dharamsala, The Fire of Hell, Pantau in India). A Dutch version of her autobiography Pantau in India has also been published in the Netherlands and Belgium in 2003. In 2006, Pantau in India has also been published in the English in the United States. In June 2007, <mask> published her follow-up memoir, Pholomolo - No Man No Woman.This book focuses on her experiences with gender dysphoria. After living in the Himalayas for nearly seven years, <mask> moved to Thailand in October 2006. In November 2009, <mask> signed a book deal with the American publisher PD Publishing. Pantau Foundation
In May 2000, <mask> established the Pantau Foundation to raise funds and help destitute Tibetan refugee children living in exile in India. Together with her Dharamsala-based spokesperson, Jonathan Blair, and New York-based friends Bobby John Parker Jr. and Sebastian Bond, the foundation supports a growing number of Tibetan children. Personal life
<mask> had numerous romantic relationships, some of which she describes in her memoirs including Malicious Mistake (1985) and Pholomolo - No man No Woman (2007). Several ended when her gender identity as a trans woman was revealed.In 1992, during a business trip to the French Riviera, she met a young British aristocrat


texts:
 residing in Paris, the son of a billionaire. Though deeply in love with each other, the man  was forced by his parents to end his relationship with her in order to marry a British lady (aristocrat). As part of her spiritual journey in the Himalayas, Renard practiced celibacy and abstinence between November 2001 and March 2005. During a vacation in Thailand in the winter of 2005 she started dating a Thai physician of Chinese descent. Renard returned to India three months later but finally decided to immigrate to Thailand. Renard lived in Bangkok for 5 years before she returned to the Netherlands in 2011. Works
 Pantau in Dharamsala, (2000) English edition published by Everest Press, New Delhi, India
 The Fire of Hell, by Lobsang Yonten and <mask> <mask> (2001), published by Pilgrims Publishers, New Delhi, India
 Pantau in India, (2001), First English edition published by Pilgrims Publishers, New Delhi, India
 Pantau in India, (2003), Dutch edition published by Aspekt Publishers, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
 Pantau in India, (2006), Revised English edition published by IUniverse, Lincoln, New York, Shanghai
 Pholomolo - No man No Woman (2007), English edition published by IUniverse, Lincoln, New York, Shanghai

References

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s personal website
 <mask> <mask>'s Press & Media page An overview of newspaper, magazine articles, books, and press releases, in both the Dutch and the English.1965 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch women writers
20th-century Dutch writers
LGBT writers from the Netherlands
LGBT memoirists
People from Nieuwegein
Intersex women
Transgender and transsexual artists
Transgender and transsexual women
Transgender and transsexual writers
Tibet freedom activists
Dutch painters
21st-century Dutch women writers
21st-century Dutch

masks: Veronique Renard Veronique Renard Veronique Renard


texts: <mask> ( ;  ;  born Raymond Thierry Liebling on 18 August 1933) is a Polish and French film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. His Polish–Jewish parents moved the family from Paris back to Kraków in 1937. Two years later, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany starting World War II and the family found themselves trapped in the Kraków Ghetto. After his mother and father were taken in raids, <mask> spent his formative years in foster homes under an adopted identity, surviving the Holocaust. <mask>'s first feature-length film, Knife in the Water (1962), was made in Poland and was nominated for the United States Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. In the United Kingdom he directed three films, beginning with Repulsion (1965). In 1968, he moved to the United States and cemented his status by directing the horror film Rosemary's Baby (1968).A turning point in his life took place in 1969, when his pregnant wife, actress Sharon Tate, and four friends were brutally murdered by members of the Manson Family. He made Macbeth (1971) in England and Chinatown (1974) back in Hollywood. In 1977, <mask> was arrested and charged with drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl. As a result of a plea bargain, he pleaded guilty to the lesser offence of unlawful sex with a minor. In 1978, upon learning that the judge planned to reject his plea deal and impose a prison term instead of probation, he fled to Paris. As a result, <mask> is a fugitive from the U.S. criminal justice system. After fleeing to Europe, <mask> continued directing.His other critically acclaimed films include Tess (1979), The Pianist (2002), The Ghost Writer (2010), Venus in Fur (2013),

masks:
Roman Polanski
Polanski
Polanski
Polanski
Polanski
Polanski


texts:
 and An Officer and a Spy (2019). During his career <mask> has received five Oscar nominations, winning the Academy Award for Best Director in 2003 for The Pianist. He has also received two Golden Globe Awards, two BAFTAs, a Palme d'Or of the 2002 Cannes Film Festival in France, as well as multiple Césars. Early life
<mask> was born in Paris; he was the son of Bula "Bella" (née Katz-Przedborska) and Mojżesz Liebling, a painter and manufacturer of sculptures, who after World War II was known as Ryszard Polański. <mask>'s father was Jewish and originally from Poland; <mask>'s mother, born in Russia, had been raised Roman Catholic and was of half Jewish ancestry. His mother had a daughter, Annette, by her previous husband. Annette managed to survive Auschwitz, where her mother was murdered, and left Poland forever for France.<mask>'s parents were both agnostics. <mask> later stated that he was an atheist. World War II
The Polański family moved back to the Polish city of Kraków in early 1937, and were living there when World War II began with the invasion of Poland. Kraków was soon occupied by the German forces, and the racist and anti-Semitic Nuremberg Laws made the Polańskis targets of persecution, forcing them into the Kraków Ghetto, along with thousands of the city's Jews. Around the age of six, he attended primary school for only a few weeks, until "all the Jewish children were abruptly expelled," writes biographer Christopher Sandford. That initiative was soon followed by the requirement that all Jewish children over the age of twelve wear white armbands with a blue Star of David imprinted for visual identification. After he was expelled, he

masks: Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski


texts:
 would not be allowed to enter another classroom for the next six years.<mask> then witnessed both the ghettoization of Kraków's Jews into a compact area of the city, and the subsequent deportation of all the ghetto's Jews to German death camps. He watched as his father was taken away. He remembers from age six, one of his first experiences of the terrors to follow:

His father was transferred, along with thousands of other Jews, to Mauthausen, a group of 49 German concentration camps in Austria. His mother was taken to Auschwitz, and was killed soon after arriving. The forced exodus took place immediately after the German liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto, a real-life backdrop to <mask>'s film The Pianist (2002). <mask>, who was then hiding from the Germans, remembered seeing his father being marched off with a long line of people. Polanski tried getting closer to his father to ask him what was happening and managed to get within a few yards.His father saw him, but afraid his son might be spotted by the German soldiers, whispered (in Polish), "Get lost!" Polanski escaped the Kraków Ghetto in 1943 and survived with the help of some Polish Roman Catholics, including a woman who had promised Polanski's father that she would shelter the boy. Polanski attended church, learned to recite Catholic prayers by heart, and behaved outwardly as a Roman Catholic, although he was never baptized. His efforts to blend into a Catholic household failed miserably at least once, when the parish priest visiting the family posed questions to him one-on-one about the catechism, and ultimately said, "You aren't one of us". The punishment for helping a Jew in German-occupied

masks: Polanski Polanski Polanski


texts:
 Poland was death. As he roamed the countryside trying to survive in a Poland now occupied by German troops, he witnessed many horrors, such as being "forced to take part in a cruel and sadistic game in which German soldiers took shots at him for target practice." Author Ian Freer concludes that Polanski's constant childhood fears and dread of violence have contributed to the "tangible atmospheres he conjures up on film."By the time the war ended in 1945, a fifth of the Polish population had been killed, with the vast majority of the victims being civilians. Of those deaths, 3 million were Polish Jews, which accounted for 90% of the country's Jewish population. According to Sandford, <mask> would use the memory of his mother, her dress and makeup style, as a physical model for Faye Dunaway's character in his film Chinatown (1974). After the war
After the war, he was reunited with his father and moved back to Kraków. His father remarried on 21 December 1946 to Wanda Zajączkowska (whom Polanski had never liked) and died of cancer in 1984. Time repaired the family contacts; Polanski visited them in Kraków, and relatives visited him in Hollywood and Paris. Polanski recalls the villages and families he lived with as relatively primitive by European standards:

He stated that "you must live in a Communist country to really understand how bad it can be.Then you will appreciate capitalism." He also remembered events at the war's end and his reintroduction to mainstream society when he was 12, forming friendships with other children, such as Roma Ligocka, Ryszard Horowitz and his family. Introduction to movies
<mask>'s fascination with cinema began very

masks: Polanski Polanski


texts:
 early when he was around age four or five. He recalls this period in an interview:

After the war, he watched films, either at school or at a local cinema, using whatever pocket money he had. <mask> writes, "Most of this went on the movies, but movie seats were dirt cheap, so a little went a long way. I lapped up every kind of film." As time went on, movies became more than an escape into entertainment, as he explains:
 He was above all influenced by Sir Carol Reed's Odd Man Out (1947) - "I still consider it as one of the best movies I've ever seen and a film which made me want to pursue this career more than anything else ...I always dreamt of doing things of this sort or that style. To a certain extent I must say that I somehow perpetuate the ideas of that movie in what I do." Early career in Poland

<mask> attended the National Film School in Łódź, the third-largest city in Poland. In the 1950s, <mask> took up acting, appearing in Andrzej Wajda's Pokolenie (A Generation, 1954) and in the same year in Silik Sternfeld's Zaczarowany rower (Enchanted Bicycle or Magical Bicycle). <mask>'s directorial debut was also in 1955 with a short film Rower (Bicycle). Rower is a semi-autobiographical feature film, believed to be lost, which also starred <mask>. It refers to his real-life violent altercation with a notorious Kraków felon, Janusz Dziuba, who arranged to sell Polanski a bicycle, but instead beat him badly and stole his money.In real life, the offender was arrested while fleeing after fracturing <mask>'s skull, and executed for three murders, out of eight prior such assaults which he had committed. Several other short films made during his study


texts:
 at Łódź gained him considerable recognition, particularly Two Men and a Wardrobe (1958) and When Angels Fall (1959). He graduated in 1959. Film director

1960s

Knife in the Water (1962)
<mask>'s first feature-length film, Knife in the Water, was also one of the first significant Polish films after the Second World War that did not have a war theme. Scripted by  Jerzy Skolimowski, Jakub Goldberg, and <mask>, Knife in the Water is about a wealthy, unhappily married couple who decide to take a mysterious hitchhiker with them on a weekend boating excursion. Knife in the Water was a major commercial success in the West and gave <mask> an international reputation. The film also earned its director his first Academy Award nomination (Best Foreign Language Film) in 1963.Leon Niemczyk, who played Andrzej, was the only professional actor in the film. Jolanta Umecka, who played Krystyna, was discovered by <mask> at a swimming pool. <mask> left then-communist Poland and moved to France, where he had already made two notable short films in 1961: The Fat and the Lean and Mammals. While in France, <mask> contributed one segment ("La rivière de diamants") to the French-produced omnibus film, Les plus belles escroqueries du monde (English title: The Beautiful Swindlers) in 1964. (He has since had the segment removed from all releases of the film.) However, Polanski found that in the early 1960s, the French film industry was xenophobic and generally unwilling to support a rising filmmaker of foreign origin. Repulsion (1965)
Polanski made three feature films in England, based on original scripts written by himself and Gérard Brach, a frequent collaborator.Repulsion


texts:
 (1965) is a psychological horror film focusing on a young Belgian woman named Carol (Catherine Deneuve). The film's themes, situations, visual motifs, and effects clearly reflect the influence of early surrealist cinema as well as horror movies of the 1950s—particularly Luis Buñuel's Un chien Andalou, Jean Cocteau's The Blood of a Poet, Henri-Georges Clouzot's Diabolique and Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho. Cul-de-sac (1966)
Cul-de-sac (1966) is a bleak nihilist tragicomedy filmed on location in Northumberland. The tone and premise of the film owe a great deal to Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, along with aspects of Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party. The Fearless Vampire Killers/Dance of the Vampires (1967)
The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967) (known by its original title, "Dance of the Vampires" in most countries outside the United States) is a parody of vampire films. The plot concerns a buffoonish professor and his clumsy assistant, Alfred (played by <mask>), who are traveling through Transylvania in search of vampires. The Fearless Vampire Killers was Polanski's first feature to be photographed in color with the use of Panavision lenses, and included a striking visual style with snow-covered, fairy-tale landscapes, similar to the work of Soviet fantasy filmmakers.In addition, the richly textured color schemes of the settings evoke the paintings of the Belarusian-Jewish artist Marc Chagall, who provides the namesake for the innkeeper in the film. The film was written for Jack MacGowran, who played the lead role of Professor Abronsius. Polanski met Sharon Tate while making the film; she played the role of the local innkeeper's daughter. They were


texts:
 married in London on  1968. Shortly after they married, <mask>, with Tate at his side during a documentary film, described the demands of young movie viewers who he said always wanted to see something "new" and "different". Rosemary's Baby (1968)
Paramount studio head Robert Evans brought Polanski to America ostensibly to direct the film Downhill Racer, but told Polanski that he really wanted him to read the horror novel Rosemary's Baby by Ira Levin to see if a film could be made out of it. Polanski read it non-stop through the night and the following morning decided he wanted to write as well as direct it.He wrote the 272-page screenplay in slightly longer than three weeks. The film, Rosemary's Baby (1968), was a box-office success and became his first Hollywood production, thereby establishing his reputation as a major commercial filmmaker. The film, a horror-thriller set in trendy Manhattan, is about Rosemary Woodhouse (Mia Farrow), a young housewife who is impregnated by the devil. <mask>'s screenplay adaptation earned him a second Academy Award nomination. On 9 August 1969, while <mask> was working in London, his pregnant wife, Sharon Tate, and four other people were murdered at the <mask>' residence in Los Angeles by cult leader Charles Manson's followers. 1970s

Macbeth (1971)
Polanski adapted Macbeth into a screenplay with the Shakespeare expert Kenneth Tynan. Jon Finch and Francesca Annis played the main characters.Hugh Hefner and Playboy Productions funded the 1971 film, which opened in New York and was screened in Playboy Theater. Hefner was credited as executive producer, and the film was listed as a "Playboy Production". It was

masks: Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanskis


texts:
 controversial because of Lady Macbeth's being nude in a scene, and received an X rating because of its graphic violence and nudity. In his autobiography, <mask> wrote that he wanted to be true to the violent nature of the work and that he had been aware that his first project following Tate's murder would be subject to scrutiny and probable criticism regardless of the subject matter; if he had made a comedy he would have been perceived as callous. What? (1973)
Written by <mask> and previous collaborator Gérard Brach, What? (1973) is a mordant absurdist comedy loosely based on the themes of Alice in Wonderland and Henry James.The film is a rambling shaggy dog story about the sexual indignities that befall a winsome young American hippie woman hitchhiking through Europe. Chinatown (1974)

<mask> returned to Hollywood in 1973 to direct Chinatown (1974) for Paramount Pictures. The film is widely considered to be one of the finest American mystery crime movies, inspired by the real-life California Water Wars, a series of disputes over southern California water at the beginning of the 20th century. It was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, including those for actors Jack Nicholson and Faye Dunaway. Robert Towne won for Best Original Screenplay. It also had actor-director John Huston in a supporting role, and was the last film <mask> directed in the United States. In 1991, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" and it is frequently listed as among the best in world cinema.The Tenant (1976)
<mask> returned to Paris for his

masks: Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski


texts:
 next film, The Tenant (1976), which was based on a 1964 novel by Roland Topor, a French writer of Polish-Jewish origin. In addition to directing the film, <mask> also played a leading role of a timid Polish immigrant living in Paris. Together with Repulsion and Rosemary's Baby, The Tenant can be seen as the third installment in a loose trilogy of films called the "Apartment Trilogy" that explores the themes of social alienation and psychic and emotional breakdown. In 1978, <mask> became a fugitive from American justice and could no longer work in countries where he might face arrest or extradition. Tess (1979)
He dedicated his next film, Tess (1979), to the memory of his late wife, Sharon Tate. It was Tate who first suggested he read Tess of the d'Urbervilles, which she thought would make a good film; he subsequently expected her to star in it. Nearly a decade after Tate's death, he met Nastassja Kinski, a model and aspiring young actress who had already been in a number of European films.He offered her the starring role, which she accepted. Her father was Klaus Kinski, a leading German actor, who had introduced her to films. Because the role required having a local dialect, <mask> sent her to London for five months of study and to spend time in the Dorset countryside to get a flavor of the region. In the film, Kinski starred opposite Peter Firth and Leigh Lawson. Tess was shot in the north of France instead of Hardy's England and became the most expensive film made in France up to that time. Ultimately, it proved a financial success and was well received by both critics and the public. <mask> won France's César Awards for Best Picture and Best

masks: Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski


texts:
 Director and received his fourth Academy Award nomination (and his second nomination for Best Director).The film received three Oscars: best cinematography, best art direction, best costume design, and was nominated for best picture. At the time, there were rumors that <mask> and Kinski became romantically involved, which he confirmed in a 1994 interview with Diane Sawyer, but she says the rumors are untrue; they were never lovers or had an affair. She admits that "there was a flirtation. There could have been a seduction, but there was not. He had respect for me." She also recalls his influence on her while filming: "He was really a gentleman, not at all like the things I had heard. He introduced me to beautiful books, plays, movies.He educated me." On an emotional level, she said years later that "he was one of the people in my life who cared, ... who took me seriously and gave me a lot of strength." She told David Letterman more about her experience working with <mask> during an interview. 1980s

In 1981, <mask> directed and co-starred (as Mozart) in a stage production of Peter Shaffer's play Amadeus, first in Warsaw, then in Paris. The play was again directed by <mask>, in Milan, in 1999. Pirates (1986)
Nearly seven years passed before <mask>'s next film, Pirates, a lavish period piece starring Walter Matthau as Captain Red, which the director intended as an homage to the beloved Errol Flynn swashbucklers of his childhood. Captain Red's henchman, Jean Baptiste, was played by Cris Campion.The film is about a rebellion the two led on a ship called the Neptune, in the seventeenth century. The screenplay was written by <mask>, Gérard Brach, and


texts:
 John Brownjohn. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, using a full-sized pirate vessel constructed for the production. It was a financial and critical failure, recovering a small fraction of its production budget and garnering a single Academy Award nomination. Frantic (1988)
Frantic (1988) was a Hitchcockian suspense-thriller starring Harrison Ford and the actress/model Emmanuelle Seigner, who later became <mask>'s wife. The film follows an ordinary tourist in Paris whose wife is kidnapped. He attempts, hopelessly, to go through the Byzantine bureaucratic channels to deal with her disappearance, but finally takes matters into his own hands.1990s

Bitter Moon (1992)
In 1992 <mask> followed with the dark psycho-sexual film Bitter Moon. Death and the Maiden (1994)
In 1994 <mask> directed a film of the acclaimed play Death and the Maiden. The Fearless Vampire Killers (1997)
In 1997, <mask> directed a stage version of his 1967 film The Fearless Vampire Killers, which debuted in Vienna followed by successful runs in Stuttgart, Hamburg, Berlin, and Budapest. On  1998, <mask> was elected a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. The Ninth Gate (1999)
The Ninth Gate is a thriller based on the novel El Club Dumas by Arturo Perez-Reverte and starring Johnny Depp. The movie's plot is based on the idea that an ancient text called "The Nine Gates of the Kingdom of Shadows", authored by Aristide Torchia along with Lucifer, is the key to raising Satan. 2000s

The Pianist (2002)
In 2001, Polanski filmed The Pianist, an adaptation of the World War II autobiography of the same name by Polish-Jewish musician Władysław Szpilman.Szpilman's experiences as a


texts:
 persecuted Jew in Poland during World War II were reminiscent of those of <mask> and his family. While Szpilman and <mask> escaped the concentration camps, their families did not, eventually perishing. When Warsaw, Poland, was chosen for the 2002 premiere of The Pianist, "the country exploded with pride." According to reports, numerous former communists came to the screening and "agreed that it was a fantastic film." In May 2002, the film won the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) award at the Cannes Film Festival, as well as Césars for Best Film and Best Director, and later the 2002 Academy Award for Best Director. Because <mask> would have been arrested in the United States, he did not attend the Academy Awards ceremony in Hollywood. After the announcement of the Best Director Award, Polanski received a standing ovation from most of those present in the theater.Actor Harrison Ford accepted the award for <mask> and then presented the Oscar to him at the Deauville Film Festival five months later in a public ceremony. <mask> later received the Crystal Globe award for outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in 2004. Oliver Twist  (2005)
Oliver Twist is an adaptation of Charles Dickens' novel, written by The Pianists Ronald Harwood and shot in Prague. <mask> said in interviews that he made the film as something he could show his children and that the life of the young scavenger mirrored his own life, fending for himself in World War II Poland. 2010s

The Ghost Writer (2010)
The Ghost Writer, a thriller focusing on a ghostwriter working on the memoirs of a character based loosely on former British prime


texts:
 minister Tony Blair, swept the European Film Awards in 2010, winning six awards, including best movie, director, actor and screenplay. When it premiered at the 60th Berlinale in February 2010, <mask> won a Silver Bear for Best Director, and in February 2011, it won four César Awards, France's version of the Academy Awards. The film is based on a novel by British writer Robert Harris.Harris and <mask> had previously worked for many months on a film of Harris's earlier novel Pompeii, a novel that was actually inspired by <mask>'s Chinatown. They had completed a script for Pompeii and were nearing production when the film was cancelled due to a looming actors' strike in September 2007. After that film fell apart, they moved on to Harris's novel, The Ghost, and adapted it for the screen together. The cast includes Ewan McGregor as the writer and Pierce Brosnan as former British Prime Minister Adam Lang. The film was shot on locations in Germany. In the United States, film critic Roger Ebert included it in his top 10 picks for 2010 and states that "this movie is the work of a man who knows how to direct a thriller. Smooth, calm, confident, it builds suspense instead of depending on shock and action."Co-star Ewan McGregor agreed, having said about <mask> that "he's a legend ... I've never examined a director and the way that they work so much before. He's brilliant, just brilliant, and absolutely warrants his reputation as a great director." Carnage (2011)
<mask> shot Carnage in February/March 2011. The film is a screen version of Yasmina Reza's play God of Carnage, a comedy about two couples who meet after their children get in a fight at school, and


texts:
 how their initially civilized conversation devolves into chaos. It stars Kate Winslet, Jodie Foster, Christoph Waltz and John C. Reilly. Though set in New York, it was shot in Paris.The film had its world premiere on 9 September 2011 at the Venice Film Festival and was released in the United States by Sony Pictures Classics on 16 December 2011. Co-stars Jodie Foster and Kate Winslet commented about <mask>'s directing style. According to Foster, "He has a very, very definitive style about how he likes it done. He decides everything. He decided every lens. Every prop. Everything.It's all him." Winslet adds that "<mask> is one of the most extraordinary men I've ever met. The guy is 77 years old. He has an effervescent quality to him. He's very joyful about his work, which is infectious. He likes to have a small crew, to the point that, when I walked on the set, my thought was, 'My God, this is it?'" Also noting that style of directing, New York Film Festival director Richard Pena, during the American premiere of the film, called <mask> "a poet of small spaces ... in just a couple of rooms he can conjure up an entire world, an entire society."<mask> makes an uncredited cameo appearance as a neighbor. Venus in Fur (2013)

<mask>'s French-language adaptation of the award-winning play Venus in Fur, stars his wife Emmanuelle Seigner and Mathieu Amalric. <mask> worked with the play's author, David Ives, on the screenplay. The film was shot from December 2012 to February 2013 in French and is <mask>'s first non-English-language feature film in forty years. The film premiered in competition at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival on 25 May 2013. Based on a True

masks: Polanski Roman Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski


texts:
 Story  (2017)

<mask>'s Based on a True Story is an adaptation of the French novel by bestselling author Delphine de Vignan. The film  follows a writer (Emmanuelle Seigner) struggling to complete a new novel, while followed by an obsessed fan (Eva Green).It started production in November 2016 from a script adapted by <mask> and Olivier Assayas. It premiered out of competition at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival on 27 May 2017 and opened in France on 1 November 2017. An Officer and a Spy (2019)
<mask>'s next film, An Officer and a Spy, centers on the notorious 19th century Dreyfus affair, The film stars Jean Dujardin as French officer Georges Picquart and follows his struggle from 1896–1906 to expose the truth about the doctored evidence that led to Alfred Dreyfus, one of the few Jewish members of the French Army's general staff, being wrongly convicted of passing military secrets to the German Empire and sent to Devil's Island. The film is written by Robert Harris, who is working with <mask> for the third time. It co-stars Louis Garrel as Dreyfus, Mathieu Amalric, Olivier Gourmet and Polanski's wife Emmanuelle Seigner. It is being produced by Alain Goldman's Legende Films and distributed by Gaumont. Filming began on 26 November 2018 and was completed on 28 April 2019.Although set in Paris, the film was first scheduled to shoot in Warsaw in 2014, for economic reasons. However, production was postponed after <mask> moved to Poland for filming and the U.S. Government filed extradition papers. The Polish government eventually rejected them, by which time new French film tax credits had been introduced, allowing the film to shoot on location in Paris. It


texts:
 was budgeted at €60m and was again set to start production in July 2016, however its production was postponed as <mask> waited on the availability of a star, whose name was not announced. In a 2017 interview <mask> discussed the difficulty of the project:

It had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on 30 August 2019. It received a standing ovation and won the Grand Jury Prize. It is scheduled to be released in France on 13 November 2019, by Gaumont.The film has received backlash due to the plot of the film relating to <mask>'s sexual abuse case and further accusations of harassment and assault. 2020s

Fifth César Award for Best Director
In February 2020, <mask> won Best Director at France's 2020 Cesar Awards. Neither <mask> nor the cast and crew of An Officer and a Spy (J'accuse) attended the awards ceremony hosted at the Salle Pleyel in Paris. <mask> said that he will not submit himself to a "public lynching" over rape accusations he denies. Addressing the accusations of sexual assault leveled at him, he said, "Fantasies of unhealthy minds are now treated as proven facts." This is <mask>'s fifth Best Director Cesar win, the record for a single director; he previously won for Tess, The Pianist, The Ghost Writer, and Venus in Fur. Prior to the awards ceremony, Polanski released a statement, saying, "For several days, people have asked me this question: Will I or won't I attend the Cesar ceremony?The question I ask in turn is this: How could I?. [...] The way the night will unfold, we already know in advance," he continued. "Activists have already threatened me with a public lynching, some have announced protests in front of the Salle

masks: Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski


texts: Pleyel. Others intend to make it a platform to denounce (the) governing body. It promises to look more like a symposium than a celebration of cinema." <mask> said he was skipping the ceremony in order to protect his team as well as his wife and children, who "have been made to suffer injuries and affronts." Making reference to the recent media scandal that led to the Cesar board's mass resignation, <mask> added: "The press and social media have presented our 12 nominations as if they were gifts offered to us by the academy's board of directors, as some authoritarian gesture that had forced their resignations.Doing so undermines the secret vote of the 4,313 professionals who alone decide the nominations and the more than 1.5 million viewers who came to see the film." Despite <mask>'s absence from the awards ceremony, his nomination and win sparked protests due to the rape charges that he still faces. The protestors held up signs with slogans like "Shame on an industry that protects rapists." Police clashed with protestors, even firing tear gas upon them. Actions were also taken by celebrities, such as Adèle Haenel, Noémie Merlant, and Celine Sciamma who walked out of the awards. Many other celebrities and feminists spoke out against Polanski online, such as NousToutes, a French feminist collective, who called the win "shameful", and Jessica Chastain tweeted, "I Fucking Stan" in regard to the protests. At the same time some celebrities came to his defense, like actress Fanny Ardant, who said, "When I love someone, I love them passionately.And I love <mask>ki a lot... a lot... So I'm very happy for him. Then, I understand that not everyone agrees but

masks:
Polanski
Polanski
Polanski
Roman Polans


texts: long live freedom!" and actress Brigitte Bardot who said, "Thankfully <mask> exists and he is saving cinema from its mediocrity! I judge him on his talent and not on his private life! I regret never having shot with him!". The actor Lambert Wilson called the protest campaign against Polanski "abominable public lynching", as did Isabelle Huppert, who stated that "lynching is a form of pornography".Likewise, Polanski's alleged victim Samantha Geimer criticized the protesters as "very opportunistic", and said that "If you want to change the world today, you do it by... demanding people be held accountable today, not by picking someone who is famous and thinking that if you demonise him for things that happened decades ago that somehow that has any value in protecting people and changing society". In an interview to promote the film, <mask> admitted: "I am familiar with many of the workings of the apparatus of persecution shown in the film... I can see the same determination to deny the facts and condemn me for things I have not done. Most of the people who harass me do not know me and know nothing about the case." In October 2020, <mask> went back to Poland and paid respects to a Polish couple who helped him hide and escape the Nazis. Stefania and Jan Buchala were recognized by Yad Vashem, Israel's Holocaust memorial, as "Righteous Among the Nations". <mask> recalled Stefania Buchala as being an "extremely noble" and courageous person.In April 2021, it was announced that <mask> will direct The Palace, a drama about the guests at a Swiss luxurious hotel on New Year's Eve 1999. <mask> co-wrote the screenplay with fellow Polish director Jerzy


texts:
 Skolimowski, who also co-wrote <mask>'s first feature, Knife in the Water, in 1962. Rai Cinema and Eliseo Entertainment will produce the film. Personal life
In 1959, <mask> married actress Barbara Kwiatkowska-Lass. She starred in his short film When Angels Fall. The couple divorced in 1961. <mask> met actress Sharon Tate while filming The Fearless Vampire Killers, and during the production, the two of them began dating.On  1968, <mask> and Tate married in London. In February 1969 <mask> and Tate began renting a Los Angeles home. In August, while <mask> was in Europe working on a film, Tate remained home, eight-and-a-half months pregnant. The Manson Family cult broke into the home late in the evening of August 8 and proceeded to murder Tate and four others. Tate's unborn child was posthumously named Paul Richard <mask>. Charles Manson, along with members of the cult, was arrested in late 1969, eventually tried, and found guilty in 1971 of first-degree murder. <mask> has said that his absence on the night of the murders is the greatest regret of his life.He wrote in his autobiography: "Sharon's death is the only watershed in my life that really matters", and commented that her murder changed his personality from a "boundless, untroubled sea of expectations and optimism" to one of "ingrained pessimism ... eternal dissatisfaction with life". Polanski was left with a negative impression of the press, which he felt was interested in sensationalizing the lives of the victims, and indirectly himself, to attract readers. He was shocked by the lack of sympathy expressed in various news stories:

Among the media-generated sensationalism were rumors that

masks: Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski Polanski


texts:
 claimed Tate and her visitors were taking drugs, despite the coroner's announcing that no traces of drugs were found after Tate's autopsy. For years afterward, notes Sandford, "reporters openly speculated about the Polanskis' home life" and their personalities in order to create more media gossip about the private lives of Hollywood celebrities. In 1989, Polanski married actress Emmanuelle Seigner. They have two children, daughter Morgane and son Elvis. Polanski and his children speak Polish at home.In May 2018, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences voted to expel <mask> from its membership. The same year, his wife Emmanuelle Seigner rejected the invitation to join the Academy, denouncing the "hypocrisy" of a group that expelled <mask>. Legal history
In 1977, <mask> was arrested and charged with drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl. As a result of a plea bargain, he pleaded guilty to the lesser offence of unlawful sex with a minor. In 1978, after learning that the judge planned to reject his plea deal and impose a prison term instead of probation, he fled to Paris. A number of other women have later accused <mask> of raping them when they were teenagers. An Interpol red notice was issued for his arrest, and he rarely leaves France.Sexual abuse case

On 11 March 1977, three years after making Chinatown, <mask> was arrested at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel for the sexual assault of 13-year-old Samantha Gailey. Gailey had modeled for <mask> during a Vogue photoshoot the previous day around the swimming pool at the Bel Air home of  <mask> was indicted on six counts of criminal behavior, including rape. At his arraignment, he pleaded not


texts:
 guilty to all charges. Many executives in Hollywood came to his defense. Gailey's attorney arranged a plea bargain in which five of the six charges would be dismissed, and <mask> accepted. As a result of the plea bargain, Polanski pleaded guilty to the charge of "unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor", and was ordered to undergo 90 days of psychiatric evaluation at California Institution for Men at Chino. Upon release from prison after 42 days, Polanski agreed to the plea bargain, his penalty to be time served (the time he had already served in jail) along with probation.However, he learned afterward that the judge, Laurence J. Rittenband, had told some friends that he was going to disregard the plea bargain and sentence <mask> to 50 years in prison: "I'll see this man never gets out of jail," he told Polanski's friend, screenwriter Howard E. Koch. Gailey's attorney confirmed the judge changed his mind after he met the judge in his chambers:

Polanski was told by his attorney that "the judge could no longer be trusted" and that the judge's representations were "worthless". Polanski decided not to appear at his sentencing. He told his friend, producer Dino De Laurentiis, "I've made up my mind. I'm getting out of here." the day before sentencing, Polanski left the country on a flight to  where he had a home. One day later, he left for  As a French citizen, he has been protected from extradition and has lived mostly in France since then.Since he fled the United States before final sentencing, the charges are still pending. In 1988, Gailey sued <mask>. Among other things, the suit alleged sexual assault, false imprisonment, seduction of a minor, and


texts: intentional infliction of emotional distress. In 1993, <mask> agreed to settle with his victim. In August 1996, <mask> still owed her $604,416; court filings confirm that the settlement was completed by 1997 via a confidential financial arrangement. The victim, now married and going by the name Samantha Geimer, stated in a 2003 interview with Larry King that the police and media had been slow at the time of the assault to believe her account, which she attributed to the social climate of the era. In 2008, she stated, "I don't wish for him to be held to further punishment or consequences."On 26 September 2009, <mask> was arrested while in Switzerland at the request of United States authorities. The arrest brought renewed attention to the case and stirred controversy, particularly in the United States and Europe. <mask> was defended by many prominent individuals, including Hollywood celebrities and European artists and politicians, who called for his release. American public opinion was reported to run against him, and polls in France and Poland showed that strong majorities favored his extradition to the United States. <mask> was jailed near Zürich for two months, then put under house arrest at his home in Gstaad while awaiting the results of his extradition appeals. On 12 July 2010, the Swiss rejected the United States' request, declared Polanski a "free man" and released him from custody. An Interpol red notice was issued in 1978 after he fled the United States, limiting his movements to France, Switzerland, and Poland.His name is no longer found on Interpol's wanted list. During a television interview on 10 March 2011, Geimer blamed the media,


texts: reporters, the court, and the judge for having caused "way more damage to me and my family than anything <mask>ki has ever done", and opined that the judge was using her and <mask> for the media exposure. In January 2014, newly uncovered emails from 2008 by a Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge, Larry P. Fidler, indicated that if <mask> returned to the United States for a hearing, the conduct of the judge who had originally presided over the case, Laurence A. Rittenband, might require that <mask> be freed. These emails were related to a 2008 documentary film by Marina Zenovich. In late October 2014, Polanski was questioned by prosecutors in Kraków. On 30 October 2015, Polish judge Dariusz Mazur denied a request by the United States to extradite <mask> (a dual French-Polish citizen) for a full trial, claiming that it would be "obviously unlawful". The Kraków prosecutor's office declined to challenge the court's ruling, agreeing that Polanski had served his punishment and did not need to face a U.S. court again.Poland's national justice ministry took up the appeal, arguing that sexual abuse of minors should be prosecuted regardless of the suspect's accomplishments or the length of time since the suspected crime took place. In a December 2016 decision, the Supreme Court of Poland dismissed the government's appeal, holding that the prosecutor general had failed to prove misconduct or flagrant legal error on the part of the lower court. Preparations for An Officer and a Spy had been stalled by the extradition request. On 3 May 2018, <mask> was removed from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, with the decision referencing the case.

masks:
Roman Polans
Polanski
Polanski
Polanski
Polanski
Polanski


texts:
 <mask> has blamed Harvey Weinstein for the renewed focus on his sexual abuse case in the 2000s and claimed that Weinstein tried to brand him a "child rapist" to stop him from winning an Oscar in 2003. In a 2018 interview with Quillette, Samantha Geimer (previously Gailey) gave her thoughts on the case:

In her book, Geimer states: "As wrong as he was to do what he did, I know beyond a doubt that he didn't look at me as one of his victims. Not everyone will understand this, but I never thought he wanted to hurt me; he wanted me to enjoy it.He was arrogant and horny. But I feel certain he was not looking to take pleasure in my pain." In the interview, Geimer clarifies some of the notions that have been written in the media: "...why do others insist I must suffer, and that if I do not display the correct amount of agony and shame, that there must be something wrong with me? I don't have to be injured to prove what <mask> did was wrong. His intent was certainly not to injure or frighten me. People don't like facts that don't fit with their preconceptions." Towards the end of the interview she concludes:

Documentary films
In 2008, the documentary film by Marina Zenovich, <mask>ki: Wanted and Desired, was released in Europe and the United States where it won numerous awards.The film focuses on the judge in the case and the possible reasons why he changed his mind. It includes interviews with people involved in the case, including the victim, Geimer, and the prosecutor, Roger Gunson. Geimer said that the judge "didn't care what happened" to her or <mask>, but "was orchestrating some little show", while Gunson added, "I'm not surprised that <mask> left

masks:
Polanski
Roman
Roman Polans
Polanski
Polanski


texts:
 under those circumstances, ... it was going to be a real circus." Former Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney David Wells, whose statements were the most damning against <mask>, and who said he advised the judge to imprison Polanski, admitted that he lied about those statements, and said that to the press to "play up" his own role. In December 2009, a California appellate court discussed the film's allegations as it denied <mask>'s request to have the case dismissed. While saying it was "deeply concerned" by the allegations, and that the allegations were "in many cases supported by considerable evidence", it also found that "Even in light of our fundamental concern about the misconduct ... flight was not Polanski's only option. It was not even his best option."It said dismissal of the case, which would erase <mask>'s guilty plea, would not be an "appropriate result", and that he still had other legal options. In September 2011, the documentary film Roman Polanski: A Film Memoir had its world premiere in Zürich, Switzerland. During an interview in the film, he offers his apology to Geimer: "She is a double victim: My victim, and a victim of the press." On this occasion, he collected the lifetime achievement award he was to have received at the time of his arrest two years earlier. Vanity Fair libel case
In 2004, <mask> sued Vanity Fair magazine in London for libel. A 2002 article in the magazine claimed that Polanski promised he would "make another Sharon Tate out of you" in an attempt to seduce a Scandinavian model while he was travelling to Tate's funeral. He received supporting testimony from Mia Farrow, and Vanity Fair "was unable to


texts:
 prove that the incident occurred".<mask> was awarded £50,000 in damages plus some of his legal costs. Matan Uziel libel case
In December 2017, Polanski filed a ₪1.5 million suit in Herzliya Magistrates' Court against Israeli journalist and filmmaker Matan Uziel. Polanski maintained that Uziel, through his website, www.imetpolanski.com, falsely reported that five women had come forward to accuse him of raping them. <mask> was suing for libel and defamation of character. Herzliya Magistrates' Court rejected <mask>'s request to be exempt from appearing in court after filing the libel suit. While <mask> gave various reasons for his inability to appear, the presiding judge, Gilad Hess, dismissed them one by one and ordered Polanski to pay Uziel ₪10,000 in costs. In November 2018, it was published that Polanski decided to drop the lawsuit, and was ordered by the court to pay Uziel ₪30,000 (US$8,000) for court costs.The court accepted Uziel's request that the suit not be dropped, but rather that it be rejected, making <mask> unable to sue Uziel again over the same issue in the future. In late December 2019, in <mask>'s interviews with Paris Match and Gazeta Wyborcza, the latter accused Matan Uziel of carefully orchestrating the attacks on his character and for playing a major role in designing an international campaign to besmirch his name and reputation in order to make his career fall from grace. Charlotte Lewis
In 2010, British actress Charlotte Lewis said that <mask> had "forced himself" on her while she was auditioning for a role in Paris in 1983, when she was 16 and he was 50. In 1999, Lewis had given a very different account of events in an


texts:
 interview with the UK's News of the World, which was unearthed by the French daily Libération. In that interview, Lewis asserted that she had a six-month tryst with <mask> when she was 17: "I knew that <mask> had done something bad in the United States, but I wanted to be his mistress," Lewis said, according to Liberation. "I wanted him probably more than he wanted me." Lewis never mentioned any sexual abuse, and she said that their relationship ended when <mask> introduced her to Warren Beatty, and she claimed that they soon began an affair.She was cast in <mask>'s 1986 film Pirates, appeared at the Cannes film festival on his arm years after the alleged incident, and in an interview the year of the film's release, Lewis stated, "I'd love to have had a romantic relationship with [<mask>], and a physical one. You can't help falling in love with him. But he didn't want me that way." Additional allegations, 2017 onwards
In October 2017, a woman named Renate Langer interviewed by Swiss police said Polanski raped her in Gstaad when she was 15, in 1972. That same month, Marianne Barnard accused Polanski of having assaulted her in 1975, when she was 10 years old. In November 2019, French actress Valentine Monnier said Polanski violently raped her at a ski chalet in Gstaad in 1975. Filmography

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

Bibliography

 <mask>, <mask> (1973) <mask>'s What?From the original screenplay, London: Lorrimer. 91p. <mask>, <mask> (1973) What?, New York: Third press, 91p,
 Polanski, <mask> (1975) Three film scripts: Knife in the water [original screenplay by Jerzy Skolimowski, Jakub Goldberg and <mask>; translated by Boleslaw

masks:
Polanski
Roman
Polanski
Polanski
Polanski
Polanski
Roman
Roman Polanski
Polanski
Roman
Roman
Roman Polanski


texts:
 Sulik]; Repulsion [original screenplay by <mask> and Gerard Brach]; Cul-de-sac [original screenplay by <mask> and Gerard Brach], introduction by Boleslaw Sulik, New York: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 275p,
 Polanski, <mask> (1984) Knife in the water, Repulsion and Cul-de-sac: three filmscripts by <mask>ki, London: Lorrimer, 214p,  (hbk)  (pbk)
 <mask>, <mask> (1984, 1985) Roman by Polanski, New York: Morrow. , London: Heinemann. London: Pan. 456p. (hbk)  (pbk)
 <mask>, <mask> (2003) Le pianiste, Paris: Avant-Scene, 126p,
 Visser, John J.2008 Satan-el: Fallen Mourning Star (Chapter 5). Covenant People's Books. Young, Jordan R. (1987) The Beckett Actor: Jack MacGowran, Beginning to End. Beverly Hills: Moonstone Press

 Further reading
 Bugliosi, Vincent, with Gentry, Kurt, (1974) Helter Skelter, The Shocking Story of the Manson Murders, Arrow, London. Cronin, Paul (2005) <mask>: Interviews, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. 200p
 Farrow, Mia (1997). What Falls Away: A Memoir, New York: Bantam.Feeney, F.X. (text); Duncan, Paul (visual design). (2006). <mask>, Koln: Taschen. Jacke, Andreas (2010): <mask>—Traumatische Seelenlandschaften, Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag. ,
 Kael, Pauline, 5001 Nights At The Movies, Zenith Books, 1982. King, Greg, Sharon Tate and The Manson Murders, Barricade Books, New York, 2000.Moldes, Diego:

masks:
Roman Polanski
Roman Polanski
Roman
Roman Polans
Polanski
Roman
Polanski
Roman
Roman Polanski
Roman Polanski
Roman Polanski


texts:
<mask> (1853–1931) (FRIBA) was a British architect, born in Brixton, Surrey, in October 1853. His parents were Christopher and <mask>. He was articled to Charles Henry Driver (1832–1900), whose offices were at 7 Parliament Street, London SW1, and who is best known as the architect for the Victoria Embankment and Abbey Mills. <mask> began his career as an architect working on a number of commissions in south London. In 1880 Sussex House, on the corner of Tooting Bec Gardens and Ambleside Avenue, was constructed as the Sussex House School (now residential). He designed a number of terraces around Mitcham Lane and Streatham station in what Pevsner calls a 'competent Queen Anne style'. At that time he favoured the use of dark red brick often carved into swags and floral designs.He was the architect for the 1880 Sussex House, on Garrads Rd, Wandsworth

In 1891 <mask> lived with his wife Elizabeth (born in Dublin) at 21 Carfax, Horsham, and in 1897 he designed the Westminster bank in the town's main square – one of his many commissions for this bank. Major works

<mask>'s best known work is St Paul's Studios on Talgarth Road, London, W14 in 1890 which have much in common with the hundreds of other domestic studios constructed towards the end of the 19th century. St Paul's studios were built by <mask> for James Fairless, a fineart publisher, to house bachelor artists. <mask> had previously built a similar house on the same street, at number 151, for Sir Coutts Lindsay, founder of the Grosvenor Gallery, which was the main showroom for

masks:
Frederick Wheeler
Mary Ann Wheeler
Wheeler
Wheeler
Wheeler
Wheeler
Wheeler


texts:
 artists of the aesthetic movement such as Whistler. Sir Edward Burne-Jones painted his last canvas there, and his son, also a painter, lived there for many years. The spaces for art and life at St Paul's Studios comprised three rooms on the ground floor, a studio 30 feet long and 22 ft wide () with a  ceiling on the top floor, and a basement flat (which was originally for the housekeeper). In 2003, one of these studios was on the market at £1,100,000 – one thousand times the cost of its original construction.In 2007, another was on the market for £1,200,000. £220,000 in 1993 article on artists' studios in London

In 1895 his office was at 22 Chancery Lane, London but he had also been present in Horsham since 1891 at the latest. Most of his work is in London, although he also designed banks, a community centre and library at Cowfold in Sussex and St James's church at Littlehampton. In 1899 (KD) his partner was Percy Dean Lodge (who may have worked at Horsham only). From 1903, when this partnership was dissolved, until 1907 he was alone and then from 1907 to 1921 C R B Godman joined him and also his son, C W <mask>. Father and son remained partners after 1921 in London only. Lit: BAL Biog file

In 1896 he designed an electricity transformer sub-station adjacent to the Roman Catholic church at the junction of Tooting Bec Gardens and Streatham High Road in Lambeth.It was built in coarse rubble with ashlar dressings in what is called a '15th century Gothic style' with large traceried windows. The building is listed but in 2012


texts:
 appears to be in a poor state of repair. Also on Streatham High Road, <mask> designed a number of grand shopping parades in the 1880s and 90s, one of the finest being The Triangle (Nos. 324-342) which has a dramatic roofline of Dutch gables, a curved fish-scale tiled roof to No. 324 and elevations of red brick with horizontal stone banding. In 1897 <mask> was commissioned by Sir Henry Harben, President of the Prudential Assurance Co., to design a convalescence home on the sea front at Rustington, Sussex. Pevsner describes this as '...dashing free-Wren design done with enough panache to give it a life of its own – a very good seaside building'.This is listed grade II. As well as St Paul's Studios, one of <mask>'s finest buildings is the Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex (still intact) (1902–04) and an associated chapel which incorporates Art Nouveau designs and motifs. This was commissioned by the London County Council as a replacement for the London Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Chest formerly at 7 Fitzroy Square, London W1. The chapel is listed grade II*. Later works

Whilst living for many years in Horsham, <mask> also lived in Sutton at least from 1911 in Cambourne Road and in 1922 designed a new house for his family at Cotlands, 86 Mulgrave Road, Sutton, in a style which for the first time included influences of the Modern Movement. He died here in 1931. He clearly knew Sutton well because he also designed Russettings, a house for George Smith, in 1899, at 25 Worcester Road, Sutton, which is now the

masks: Wheeler Wheeler Wheeler Wheeler


texts:
 London Borough of Sutton's Register Office.He was also responsible for a Westminster Bank in Sutton Court Road in 1902 and the Sutton Adult School, Benhill Avenue, Sutton, commissioned in 1909 by Thomas Wall, a local benefactor and CEO of the family's company: ice cream and sausage manufacturer. Other buildings by <mask>'s practice

Altered/extended: Holy Innocents Church, Southwater, West Sussex, was built in 1848 to a design by James Park Harrison (1817–1902) of London. In 1909 work commenced on the construction of a new vestry to the south of the chancel in accordance with plans prepared by local architects, Wheeler & Godman. The work cost £280, of which £200 was donated by the Fletcher family, and was completed in 1910. Horsham
The Carfax 1898

Rustington
convalescent home 1897

Partners

Charles Richard Bayly Godman (1879–1946) was from 1907 the partner of <mask> and his son, William Trevor <mask>, in Horsham (KD). By 1921 both Wheelers were in London and the partnership was dissolved. From then until his death Godman’s partner was Claude John Kay (b.1878), <mask>’s former assistant.They built many banks and houses. His grandson Stephen Attwood <mask> was also an established architect, responsible for many shopping arcades, cinemas, banks and some grand and multiple occupancy houses in Surrey. References

External links
Remember the Window, a blog dedicated to the St. Paul's Studios
http://www.shadyoldlady.com/location.php?loc=1043

1853 births
1931 deaths
Architects from Surrey
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British

masks:
Wheeler
Wheeler
Wheeler
Wheeler
Trevor Wheeler


texts:
<mask> (born John Martin Maher, 31 October 1963) is an English musician, songwriter and singer. He first achieved fame as the guitarist and co-songwriter of The Smiths, who were active from 1982 to 1987. He has since performed with numerous other bands and embarked on a solo career. Born in Manchester, to Irish parents, Marr formed his first band at the age of 13. He was part of several bands with Andy Rourke before forming the Smiths with Morrissey in 1982. The Smiths attained commercial success and were critically acclaimed, with Marr's jangle pop guitar style becoming distinctive of the band's sound, but separated in 1987 due to personal differences between Marr and Morrissey. Since then, Marr has been a member of the Pretenders, The The, Electronic, Modest Mouse, and the Cribs, and he has become a prolific session musician, working with names such as Talking Heads and Hans Zimmer.Having released an album titled Boomslang in 2003 under the name <mask> and the Healers, Marr released his first solo album, The Messenger, in 2013. His second solo album, Playland, was released in 2014, followed by a third, Call the Comet, in 2018. Marr's autobiography, Set the Boy Free, was published in 2016. Marr was voted the fourth-best guitarist of the last 30 years in a poll conducted by the BBC in 2010. Phil Alexander, editor-in-chief of Mojo, described him as "arguably Britain's last great guitar stylist". In 2013, NME honoured Marr with its "Godlike Genius" award: "Not content with rewriting the history of music with one of the world's greatest ever bands, the Smiths, he's continued to push boundaries and evolve throughout his career, working with some of the best and most exciting artists on the planet." Early life
Marr was born John Martin Maher on 31 October 1963 in Saint's Mary's Hospital in Manchester,  He is son of John Joseph Maher and Frances Patricia Doyle, Irish emigrants to England from County

masks:
Johnny Marr
Johnny Marr


texts:
 Kildare.The family moved to Wythenshawe in 1972. From 1975, he attended St Augustine's Catholic Grammar School, which in 1977 merged with other schools to form St John Plessington High School. Marr had aspirations to be a professional football player. He was approached by Nottingham Forest and had trials with Manchester City. At the age of 13, Marr's family moved him to a new neighbourhood in Manchester where he met up with "a bunch of guitar players" which "changed his life". The Cult guitarist Billy Duffy was in a high school band that practised across the street from Marr's new house, and Marr would hang out listening to them rehearsing. He learned to play the guitar with LP vinyl records and a guitar chords dictionary without a teacher.Marr formed his first band, the Paris Valentinos, at the age of 13, with Andy Rourke (who had gone to the same high school as Duffy) and Kevin Williams (who later became an actor, known as Kevin Kennedy), performing for the first time at a Jubilee party in Benchill in June 1977, playing Rolling Stones and Thin Lizzy covers. In 1979, he played a single gig at Wythenshawe Forum with a band called Sister Ray and re-united with Rourke in a band called White Dice. White Dice entered a demo-tape competition organised by the NME and won an audition for F-Beat Records, which they attended in April 1980 but were not signed. Around the age of 14, he began spelling his name "<mask>" to simplify the pronunciation for those who had difficulty with his birth name "Maher", and to avoid confusion with Buzzcocks drummer John Maher. In October 1980, Marr enrolled at Wythenshawe College, serving as President of the school's Student Union. White Dice dissolved in 1981. Marr and Rourke then formed a funk band, Freak Party, with Simon Wolstencroft on drums.Around this time, Marr first met Matt Johnson, with whom he would later collaborate. The Smiths

By early 1982, Freak Party had


texts: fizzled out, being unable to find a singer. Marr approached Rob Allman, singer in White Dice, who suggested Steven Morrissey, a singer with the short-lived punk band the Nosebleeds. Marr approached a mutual friend asking to be introduced and they visited Morrissey at his house in Kings Road, Stretford in May. Marr's jangly Rickenbacker and Fender Telecaster guitar playing became synonymous with the Smiths' sound. Marr's friend Andy Rourke joined as bass player and Mike Joyce was recruited as drummer. Signing to indie label Rough Trade Records, they released their first single, "Hand in Glove", on 13 May 1983.By February 1984, the Smiths' fanbase was sufficiently large to launch the band's long-awaited eponymous debut album to number two in the UK chart. Early in 1985, the band released their second album, Meat Is Murder. This was more strident and political than its predecessor, and it was the band's only album (barring compilations) to reach number one in the UK charts. During 1985 the band completed lengthy tours of the UK and the US while recording the next studio record, The Queen Is Dead. In 1989 Spin magazine rated The Queen is Dead as number one of "The Greatest Albums Ever Made". Spin was not alone in this designation—numerous periodicals rank the Smiths and their albums, especially The Queen is Dead, high on their best ever lists. NME, for example, has dubbed the Smiths the most important rock band of all time.A legal dispute with Rough Trade had delayed the album by almost seven months (it had been completed in November 1985), and Marr was beginning to feel the stress of the band's exhausting touring and recording schedule. He later told NME, "'Worse for wear' wasn't the half of it: I was extremely ill. By the time the tour actually finished it was all getting a little bit... dangerous. I was just drinking more than I could handle." Meanwhile, Rourke was fired from the band in early 1986


texts: due to his use of heroin, although he was reinstated in short order. Despite their continued success, personal differences within the band – including the increasingly strained relationship between Morrissey and Marr—saw them on the verge of splitting. In July 1987, Marr left the group, and auditions to find a replacement for him proved fruitless. By the time Strangeways, Here We Come (named after Strangeways Prison, Manchester) was released in September, the band had split up.The breakdown in the relationship has been primarily attributed to Morrissey's becoming annoyed by Marr's work with other artists and Marr's growing frustration with Morrissey's musical inflexibility. Referring to the songs recorded in the band's last session together (B-sides for the "Girlfriend in a Coma" single, which preceded the album's release), Marr said "I wrote 'I Keep Mine Hidden', but 'Work Is a Four-Letter Word' I hated. That was the last straw, really. I didn't form a group to perform Cilla Black songs." In 1989, in an interview with young fan Tim Samuels (who later became a BBC journalist), Morrissey claimed the lack of a managerial figure and business problems were to blame for the band's eventual split. In a 2016 interview, Marr agreed with this. In 1996, Smiths' drummer Mike Joyce took Morrissey and Marr to court, claiming that he had not received his fair share of recording and performance royalties.Morrissey and Marr had claimed the lion's share of the Smiths' recording and performance royalties and allowed ten per cent each to Joyce and Rourke. Composition royalties were not an issue, as Rourke and Joyce had never been credited as composers for the band. Morrissey and Marr claimed that the other two members of the band had always agreed to that split of the royalties, but the court found in favour of Joyce and ordered that he be paid over £1 million in back pay and receive 25% thenceforth. Marr and


texts:
 Morrissey have repeatedly stated they will not reunite the band. In 2005, VH1 attempted to get the band back together on its Bands Reunited show but abandoned its attempt after the show's host, Aamer Haleem, failed to corner Morrissey before a show. In December 2005 it was announced that <mask> and the Healers would play at Manchester v Cancer, a benefit show for cancer research being organised by Andy Rourke and his production company, Great Northern Productions. Rumours suggested that a Smiths reunion would occur at this concert but were dispelled by Marr on his website.In an October 2007 interview on BBC Radio Five Live, Marr hinted at a potential reformation in the future, saying that "stranger things have happened so, you know, who knows?" Marr went on to say that "It's no biggy. Maybe we will in 18 or 32 years' time when we all need to for whatever reasons, but right now Morrissey is doing his thing and I'm doing mine, so that's the answer really." This was the first indication of a possible Smiths reunion from Marr, who previously had said that reforming the band would be a bad idea. In 2008 <mask> and Morrissey met and discussed the possibility of a reunion, but after initial enthusiasm from both parties, neither pursued the idea. Marr's guitar playing "was a huge building block" for more Manchester bands that followed the Smiths. The Stone Roses guitarist John Squire has stated that Marr was a major influence.Oasis lead guitarist Noel Gallagher credited the Smiths as an influence, especially <mask>, whom he described as a "fucking wizard", also stating that "he's unique, you can't play what he plays." Post-Smiths

The Pretenders, The The, Electronic (1987–1999)
In August 1987, he was very briefly an official member of the Pretenders. In late 1987, he toured with the band and appeared on the single "Windows of the World" b/w "1969". He then left the Pretenders, and recorded and toured with

masks:
Johnny Marr
Marr
Marr


texts:
 The The from 1988 to 1994, recording two albums with the group. He simultaneously formed Electronic with New Order's Bernard Sumner. Electronic were intermittently active throughout the 1990s, releasing their final album in 1999. Session work (1987–2002)
In 1992 he recorded a cover version of Ennio Morricone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly for the NME compilation Ruby Trax together with Billy Duffy.He has also worked as a session musician and writing collaborator for artists including Pet Shop Boys, Bryan Ferry, Billy Bragg, Kirsty MacColl, Black Grape, Jane Birkin, Talking Heads, and Beck. Marr played guitar on four songs on Talking Heads' final album Naked, including the single "(Nothing But) Flowers", and he prominently appears in that song's music video. Marr played guitar on several Pet Shop Boys songs; he continues to have guest appearances on their albums, with his most significant contribution on Release (2002). The only remix that Marr has ever done was for Pet Shop Boys—it was a mix of his favourite track from their 1987 album, Actually, called "I Want to Wake Up", and was released as the b-side to 1993's "Can You Forgive Her?" He later worked as a guest musician on the Oasis album Heathen Chemistry. He also joined Oasis on stage at a gig in 2001, playing "Champagne Supernova" and "I Am the Walrus". <mask>r and the Healers (2000–present)
In 2000, Marr recruited drummer Zak Starkey (son of Ringo Starr), Cavewaves guitarist Lee Spencer and former Kula Shaker bassist Alonza Bevan for his new project, '<mask>r and the Healers'.The band had taken two years to come together as Marr had wanted members to be chosen "by chemistry". Their debut album Boomslang was released in 2003, with all lyrics and lead vocals by Marr. A second album was originally scheduled for release in April 2005, and a short tour was expected soon after, but Marr has since stated that the band is on the "side burner" for

masks:
Johnny Mar
Johnny Mar


texts:
 the time being. 7 Worlds Collide (2001–2009)

In 2001, Marr performed two Smiths songs and music by others with a supergroup called 7 Worlds Collide consisting of members from Pearl Jam, Radiohead, Split Enz and others, assembled by Neil Finn of Split Enz and Crowded House in 2001. A second set of concerts took place in December 2008/January 2009, and an album of new studio material titled The Sun Came Out was released in August 2009 to raise money for Oxfam. Modest Mouse (2006–2009)
In addition to his work as a recording artist, Marr has worked as a record producer. In 2006, he began work with Modest Mouse's Isaac Brock on songs that eventually were featured on the band's 2007 release, We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank.The band subsequently announced that Marr was a fully fledged member, and the reformed line-up toured extensively throughout 2006–07. The new album reached number one on the American Billboard charts in late March 2007. For Marr, this was the first time he had had a number one record in the US. The highest chart position before that was with Electronic, who made the Top 40 in the singles chart with "Getting Away With It". In 2007 Marr was appointed as a Visiting Professor in Music at the University of Salford, where he delivered an inaugural lecture (on 4 November 2008), and a series of workshops and masterclasses to students on the BA (Hons) Popular Music and Recording programme. In July 2012, Marr gained an honorary doctorate from the University of Salford, following his contribution to popular music, and the guidance he gave to students in his workshops and visits. While touring in Los Angeles with Modest Mouse, Marr spent a day in John Frusciante's home studio and contributed to Frusciante's album The Empyrean.He recorded several guitar tracks on songs "Enough of Me" and "Central". The Cribs (2008–2011)

In 2009, he recorded an album with the Cribs titled Ignore the


texts:
 Ignorant, which was released on 7 September. On Soccer AM on 9 September he explained he met up with the Cribs' bass player in Portland and it has gone from strength to strength. He says the Cribs last album with Marr, Ignore the Ignorant, which came out in 2009, is "as good as anything I've done". In April 2011 it was confirmed that Marr would no longer be part of the band. Marr, who had been understood to officially leave the band in January, released a statement in which he affirmed that he would be working on solo material "over the next year or so." <mask>r returned to play with the Cribs during the second of two special Christmas shows at Leeds Academy on 19 December 2013.Further session work and solo albums (2011–present)
In the late 2007, Marr's daughter Sonny performed backing vocals on the track "Even a Child" on Crowded House's album Time on Earth, on which her father Marr played guitars. He played a large role in making the score for the 2010 science-fiction/drama film Inception, which was written and directed by Christopher Nolan. Using a 12-string-guitar, he produced repetitive, simple melancholic tones that became a character theme for the protagonist, played by Leonardo DiCaprio. "I kept coming up with this phrase 'churned-up,'" Marr said, "You've got this character who all the way through the film has this underlying turmoil." Longtime Nolan collaborator, composer Hans Zimmer, penned the soundtrack. Marr has been working since 2007 with Fender to develop and design his own guitar. American Songwriter writes that "Fender had to modify their manufacturing process due to some of Marr's changes, but it will still sell for around the same price as other American-made Fenders."On 25 February 2013, Marr released his début solo album, The Messenger, in the UK through Warner Bros. and on 26 February in the US through Sire. The album was preceded by the single "Upstarts", released in the UK


texts: on 18 February 2013. Marr recorded music for the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 with Hans Zimmer, Pharrell Williams, Michael Einziger and David A. Stewart. His second solo album, entitled Playland, was released on 6 October 2014. He also announced a worldwide tour around the release of the "Playland" album that commenced in the UK on 13 October 2014. The album's lead single was "Easy Money". After the supporting tours, he is planning to work on a new album with Zimmer contributing the arrangements.In October 2014, Marr appeared as a guest musician for Hans Zimmer at his two concerts, Hans Zimmer: Revealed, at London's Hammersmith Apollo. In December 2014, Marr announced the cancellation of the remainder of his US tour, in support of Playland, due to a close family illness. In January 2016, Marr announced new and rescheduled dates as part of his West Coast 'California Jam' tour, which took place in the US throughout February and March 2016. Marr features on "Ballad of the Mighty I", the second single from Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds' Chasing Yesterday, playing lead guitar, and joined the band for this song at a concert in Manchester. Marr contributed the track "My Monster" for the Blondie album Pollinator, released on 5 May 2017. On 12 March 2018 Marr announced his third solo album, Call the Comet. Marr performed a set on The Other Stage at the 2019 Glastonbury Festival on 29 June, and later joined The Killers during their headline set on the Pyramid Stage to play guitar on "This Charming Man" and "Mr. Brightside" as part of the band's encore.As Hans Zimmer composed for the James Bond film No Time to Die, Marr was brought in to perform in the score. He also played guitar in the theme song performed by Billie Eilish, and was present during the track's live debut at the 2020 Brit Awards. On 6 August 2020, Marr posted a photo on Instagram with the caption "Joe's Corner. Crazy Face Factory. Album


texts:
 4. ", indicating he is in-progress recording his 4th solo album. In August 2021, Marr signed a new worldwide album deal with BMG.On 31st August, 2021, Marr debuted a new single titled "Spirit Power & Soul" on his social media platforms, a song taken from a forthcoming EP, Fever Dreams Pt 1, for release on 15th October, 2021. On October 13th, 2021 he announced that his fourth solo album, Fever Dreams Pts 1-4 would be a double LP to be released on February 25th, 2022. Style and influences
Marr's jangly guitar-playing was influenced by Neil Young's work with Crazy Horse, George Harrison (with the Beatles) and James Honeyman-Scott of the Pretenders. During his time in the Smiths, Marr often tuned his guitar up a full step to F to accommodate Morrissey's vocal range, and also used open tunings and is known for creating arpeggio melodies and (sometimes) unusual chord progressions and makes wide use of open strings while chording to create chiming. Citing producer Phil Spector as an influence, Marr said, "I like the idea of records, even those with plenty of space, that sound 'symphonic'. I like the idea of all the players merging into one atmosphere". Marr's other favourite guitarists are James Williamson of the Stooges, Rory Gallagher, Pete Townshend of the Who, Nile Rodgers, Jimi Hendrix and John McGeoch of Magazine and Siouxsie and the Banshees.According to Marr, since his teenage years, he praised the work of James Williamson on Raw Power and considered it as a reference album. On songs like "This Charming Man" and "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now", Marr's African highlife influences can be heard. When forming the Smiths, the Velvet Underground was a key influence, along with Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones. Marc Bolan of T. Rex also had a strong impact on him because of the groove and the sound that put the listener in a daze. Talking about his instrument, he explained : "I try to think about


texts:
 the guitar along the spectrum of James Williamson, who was in the Stooges during the Raw Power era, on the one hand to John McLaughlin and his solo record, My Goal's Beyond. I like all the spectrum in between, and that might be – and is – Richard Lloyd of Television, John McGeoch from Siouxsie and the Banshees, Nile Rodgers. To me these people are magicians and artists."When performing with the Smiths, he wanted to play a music which was pop. "100% of my focus was on providing interesting guitar hooks and putting some kind of space-age twist on the guitarist's role. The pop guitarist crossed with the mad professor. That's how I thought of myself." In a 2007 interview for the BBC, Marr reported that with The Smiths his goal was to "pare down" his style and avoid rock guitar clichés. Marr forbade himself from using power chords, distortion, lengthy solos, or "big rock chord changes", instead relying on sophisticated arpeggios to create his signature chiming guitar work for the band. When Marr started to sing as a solo artist in 2012, he explained his decision saying : "[The frontpersons] I related to were Peter Perrett, Colin Newman, Pete Shelley, Siouxsie Sioux.They were singing from the mind and had integrity." He also added : "I'm absolutely not interested in being the frontman in a band that bares my soul or feelings in song. Siouxsie Sioux, or Ray Davies, or Howard Devoto don't sing from some weird, shlocky, sentimental place. What's wrong with singing from the brain?". He also expressed admiration for Bert Jansch, Yeah Yeah Yeahs' Nick Zinner, and Franz Ferdinand's guitarists Alex Kapranos and Nick McCarthy. Guitars

Marr has used a variety of guitars throughout his career, but these are his most notable instruments:
Fender Jaguar – He has played a Jaguar since 2005, and in 2012 Fender issued the Johnny Marr Signature Fender Jaguar, which has several modifications, including specially voiced


texts: <mask>r custom pickups and a four position blade switch. Rickenbacker 330 – This guitar is most often associated with Marr due to its 'jangly' sound for which he is known.He played it with the Smiths and it can also be seen in the promotional video for "Vivid" by Electronic. He also owns a "360" 12-string model that belonged to Pete Townshend. Marr acknowledged that many of the songs that were thought to have been recorded on this Rickenbacker were, in fact, recorded on a Fender Telecaster. Fender Stratocaster - <mask>r used a 1962 Fender Stratocaster to record "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" and for much of The Smiths 1986 UK and US tours. He also used a 1963 Fender Stratocaster to record "The Boy with a Thorn in his Side" which was one of his main guitars on the 1986 tour. Fender Telecaster - while Marr was associated with the Rickenbacker 330, he admitted that many of the "jangly" songs that were recorded by The Smiths were in fact done with John Porter's 1954 Telecaster, including "This Charming Man". Gibson Les Paul – Marr owns several, including a rare 1960 model.His cardinal red Les Paul was acquired in 1984 and was used extensively with the Smiths and with The The, appearing in the video for "Dogs of Lust". He has now added a Bigsby tremolo system to this guitar as well as Seymour Duncan pick-ups with coil taps. He gave his 1960 model (also previously owned by Pete Townshend) to Noel Gallagher during Oasis's formative years. Gallagher broke the guitar's neck hitting a fan who jumped on stage. Marr then gave Gallagher yet another vintage (black) Gibson Les Paul (used on much of The Queen is Dead) so Oasis could carry on touring. Gibson ES-355 – His cherry red model was used heavily with the Smiths during 1984 and inspired Suede guitarist Bernard Butler and Noel Gallagher to buy one for themselves. It was bought for him by Seymour Stein in New York as an incentive for the Smiths to


texts:
 sign to his label, Sire Records.He also owns a black model, which appears in the videos for "Forbidden City" and "For You" by Electronic, and a sunburst, 12-string model that was used heavily on the Smiths' final LP, "Strangeways, Here We Come". This 12 string model was later given to Bernard Butler. Gibson SG – Marr used a cherry red SG as his main guitar when playing with the Healers. He also owns a unique, blonde SG. Fender Jazzmaster – Marr used several Jazzmasters while he was a member of Modest Mouse. Amplifiers and effects
Marr has used Fender Amplifiers almost exclusively throughout his career. During his time with the Smiths, he used a Twin Reverb, a Deluxe Reverb and a Bassman amongst others.He also used a Fender Champ with  and the Cribs. When playing with the Cribs, he used a Super Reverb. Marr's love of the Fender sound continues to this day with his Deluxe Reverb. He has used other amps, including the Roland JC-120, Vox AC30, Mesa Boogie and Marshall cabinets. Marr typically uses Boss effects units notably that company's CE-2 chorus effect, the TW-1 touch wah wah pedal and the OD-2 overdrive pedal. Honours, honorary doctorate
On 19 July 2012, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Salford for "outstanding achievements" and "changing the face of British guitar music". On 3 November 2018, Marr unveiled a plaque in his parents' hometown of Athy in County Kildare, Ireland.This was part of the Made of Athy project. On 19 January 2021, Marr received the Boss Lifetime Achievement Award as part of NAMM music industry trade show. In popular culture
Marr was the titular subject of the 2007 single "Johnny Marr" by the Canadian singer Carole Pope, formerly of the band Rough Trade. Pope described her inspiration and choice of Marr thus: "I was actually getting nostalgic, which I never really do, about living on a certain street in Toronto in the '80s. The Smiths were the


texts:
 soundtrack of that time. I love [...] Morrissey, but I know he's trouble." Marr is the subject of "Johnny Marr Is Dead" by The Brian Jonestown Massacre; however, he is not mentioned in the lyrics.He is also the subject of Clear's 2003 single satirising the music industry "Johnny Marr Was a Mistake"

Marr is also mentioned in the 1988 single "John Kettley Is a Weatherman" by British band A Tribe of Toffs. Personal life
Marr and his wife Angie have been together since 1979, before the Smiths formed. They have two children, Sonny and Nile Marr. Nile is also a musician, and was frontman of the band Man Made before going solo. After residing in Portland, Oregon, for more than five years, the family returned to Britain for Marr to record his solo album in Manchester. Marr gave up eating meat around 1985 in solidarity with Morrissey and Angie. He stated: "It's not a good idea to have a number one album called Meat Is Murder and be seen eating a bacon sarnie."After meeting American rap group Naughty by Nature, he was inspired by their philosophy of strength through health, and soon after quit drinking, smoking and converted to veganism. Marr is a keen runner, and completed the 2010 New York Marathon in a time of 3:54:18. Marr has been a supporter of Manchester City F.C. since 1972, and has been seen attending games. Marr is a patron of the Manchester Modernist Society. Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Albums (as band member)
The Smiths

 The Smiths (1984)
 Meat Is Murder (1985)
 The Queen Is Dead (1986)
 Strangeways, Here We Come (1987)

The The
 Mind Bomb (1989)
 Dusk (1992)

Electronic

 Electronic (1991)
 Raise the Pressure (1996)
 Twisted Tenderness (1999)

Modest Mouse
 We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank (2007)
 No One's First and You're Next (2009)

The Cribs
 Ignore the Ignorant (2009)

7 Worlds Collide
 7 Worlds Collide (2001)
 The Sun Came Out (2009)

Albums (as a


texts:
 guest musician)

In the 1980s and 1990s, Marr played on three Billy Bragg recordings. In the late 1980s, he performed on albums by Bryan Ferry and Talking Heads.In the 1990s and 2000s, he performed on three Pet Shop Boys albums, and also plays guitar and harmonica on their Xenomania-produced album, Yes, released in 2009. In the 1990s, he also performed on albums by M People, Beck and Tom Jones. In the 2000s, he played on albums by bands such as Oasis, Pearl Jam, Jane Birkin, Lisa Germano and Crowded House. He also plays guitar on Girls Aloud's fifth album, Out of Control, on a track entitled "Rolling Back the Rivers in Time", as well as harmonica on the track "Love Is the Key". He also appeared on two tracks ("Enough of Me" and "Central") on John Frusciante's album The Empyrean which was released January 2009. Marr's recording of "Life Is Sweet", the theme song he wrote for the Channel Four Sitcom The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret, was released on Echo Records and is available digitally. Marr's cover version of the Depeche Mode track “I Feel You” was in support of Record Store Day.Its B-side was a version of "Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want" (live). Both tracks are also available digitally. The non-album single "Armatopia" was selected for the soundtrack for eFootball Pro Evolution Soccer 2020. References

Sources

External links

 Official The Smiths Website

1963 births
English expatriates in the United States
English male singers
Alternative rock guitarists
English people of Irish descent
English record producers
English rock guitarists
English songwriters
British harmonica players
Living people
Musicians from Manchester
Academics of the University of Salford
People from Ardwick
The Pretenders members
The Smiths members
The The members
NME Awards winners
Warner Records artists
Modest Mouse members
The Cribs members
Electronic (band) members
English male


texts:
<mask> (born <mask> y Debayle on September 7, 1963) is a Nicaraguan American actor, director, writer, singer, songwriter, painter and photographer. Early life
Traversari was born in Los Angeles, California, but grew up in El Crucero, a municipality just outside Managua, Nicaragua. He attended the Rectory School, a junior boarding school in Pomfret, Connecticut and graduated from Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts. Traversari went on to graduate from Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida with a Bachelor of Arts in Acting. While in school he performed on stage in Twelfth Night (as Antonio), The Apple Tree (as Adam), Princess Ida (as Cyril), Macbeth (as Macduff), Infancy (as Avonzino), What the Butler Saw (as Nick), The Sea Gull (as Trigorin), Romeo and Juliet (as Romeo), The Lost Colony (as A. Dare/J. Borden) and Camino Real (as Abdullah). Career
Once Traversari graduated from college he moved to Miami, where he was hired as the co-host of Univision’s first major original production, TV Mujer (1988–1990), an international talk show which he co-hosted for three years.<mask> also starred in other popular television programs which aired in Latin America and Spain including "Mejorando su Hogar", the first home improvement show produced in Spanish in the United States, and "Casa Club Magazine". <mask> went on to produce, direct and host "Un Día de Fama" and many episodes for the "Behind the Scenes" series for E! Entertainment, in Latin America. He also became that network´s Miami-based entertainment correspondent for over three years. In 2004 he began hosting "Esotérica" on Cosmopolitan Television. He was also cast as one of the lead voices for

masks:
Gabriel Traversari
Gabriel Augusto Traversari
Traversari
Traversari


texts: the Spanish version of Duckman, the Emmy-award-winning cartoon, and as the voice of "Juan del Diablo" in the English translation of the soap opera, Corazón Salvaje. He has appeared on various television series such as Miami Vice (1988), as well as small credited appearances in movies such as Something Wild (1986), Once Upon A Time in America (1984) and Two Much (1995).He was cast as the lead in the independent low budget feature, Murder on the Border, where he starred alongside Mexican actress Alpha Acosta (2005). He has also appeared in various Spanish speaking TV shows such as "Decisiones" and "Lotería" and three Telemundo soap operas Anita no te Rajes, El Cuerpo del Deseo and Pecados Ajenos. Traversari produced, directed and hosted the TV series "Las Espectaculares Casas" for Casa Club TV, a subdivision of MGM Networks, Latin America. He returned to his country, Nicaragua, in 2008. He created and managed "Myla Vox", a young musical group. The group lasted for 5 years before disbanding. <mask> also founded the "Central American Music Conference" as an opportunity to unite regional talent with top international record industry executives.The first conference, held in Nicaragua, brought grammy winner KC Porter, music empresario Bruno del Granado, producer/composers such as Marco Flores and Victor Daniel, record label executives such as Jorge Mejía (Sony/ATV Publishing) and Aldo Gonzalez (Machete Music) and music promoters like Joe Granda. He is also the creator of the Nicaraguan Music Awards, a platform that has honored and recognized Nicaragua´s varicolored music community. He wrote his first book of poetry, Before the Dawn, in 1996. It was during the


texts: writing of that book that he became interested in drawing. He has since begun to showcase his work publicly, and in 2014 he completed and presented an exhibit entitled: "Akropolis: Rasgos y Restos de una Cultura Helénica." He launched his first photography book entitled, "Vernaculo: Encuentros con mi Tierra" which had its debut presentation at the Palace of Culture in Nicaragua in the summer of 2008, and is currently promoting his latest book, a journalistic experiment called: "La Hija del Dictador" ("The Dictator´s Daughter"), a biographical account based on the life of Lillian Somoza Debyale, daughter of Nicaragua´s notorious military dictator, Anastasio Somoza García. He founded the Fundación Cultural Hispanoamericana in the 1990s for the purpose of promoting the vision of young Hispanic artists.He has now traded his work there to support another foundation, The Future of Nicaragua Foundation, founded by his aunt Julia Sevilla. Traversari has aided in several culturally driven projects including a musical concert in the national stadium in Managua that brought together more than 50 Nicaraguan artists and some special international personalities such as Laura León, Victor Noriega and Sebastian Ligarde. Throughout his career, Traversari has hosted many beauty pageants including Miss Nicaragua, Miss Panama, Nuestra Belleza- El Paso and Miss Carnaval; song festivals such as La OTI- Nicaragua, La OTI- Nueva York and La OTI -Tampa, and television specials such as Fiesta en America and La Casa de sus Sueños for Pepsi Cola, Año Nuevo, Vida Nueva for Golden Hill Productions and numerous guest hosting appearances for Televisa Espectaculos. He has served as jury