texts:
 September 11, 2010, the Centre Etienne Desmarteau in Montreal, named one of the two rinks in the arena in Ouellette's honour. <mask> is involved in raising funds for the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, a disease has affected the <mask> family.On January 21, 2011, <mask>, along with University of Minnesota Duluth Bulldog alumni Jenny Potter and Maria Rooth, took part in a ceremonial faceoff to mark the first ever game at Amsoil Arena at her alma mater in Duluth. She participated in various festivities commemorating the 2012 NHL All-Star Game in Ottawa, Ontario. Said festivities included an interview (along with a fan question and answer period) at the Sirius XM Stage at the Scotiabank NHL Fan Fair, the Energizer Night Skate at the Ottawa Rink of Dreams (relocated from the Rideau Canal), and attended the Molson Canadian NHL All-Star Skills Competition on Saturday, January 28, 2012. On April 17, 2012, <mask> (along with Meghan Agosta, Gillian Apps, Courtney Birchard, and head coach Dan Church) took part in the opening faceoff of the playoff game between the Ottawa Senators and the New York Rangers at ScotiaBank Place. <mask> is married to American hockey player and Olympic silver-medalist Julie Chu. <mask> and Chu announced the birth of their daughter Liv in November 2017. They welcomed their second child, Tessa, in May 2021.Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

Hockey Canada
2019 Hockey Canada Female Breakthrough Award
 Isobel Gathorne-Hardy Award, 2013

CWHL
 Clarkson Cup Top Forward, 2009
 Clarkson Cup Top Scorer, 2009
 CWHL Most Valuable Player, 2008–09 and 2010–11
 CWHL First All-Star Team, 2008–09
 Angela James Bowl, 2010–11

NCAA
<mask>, 2003 NCAA Division I Women's Ice Hockey Tournament Most Valuable Player
 <mask>, NCAA leader, 2003–04 season, Points per game, 2.38
 <mask>, NCAA

masks:
Caroline Ouellette
Ouellette
Ouellette
Ouellette
Ouellette
Ouellette
Caroline Ouellette
Caroline Ouellette
Caroline Ouellette


type: original

texts:
 leader, 2003–04 season, Assists per game, 1.47
 February 7, 2005: <mask> became the third Minnesota Duluth player to be named a Patty Kazmaier Top-10 Finalist for two straight seasons. March 3, 2005: <mask> is named UMD's first ever WCHA Student-Athlete of the Year, while also earning a spot on the All-WCHA First Team. In addition, she is named to the WCHA All-Academic Team. March 6, 2005: <mask> is named to the WCHA All-Tournament Team. March 14, 2005: <mask> becomes the second Bulldog to be named a Patty Kazmaier Top-3 Finalist. March 23, 2005: <mask> is honored with the USCHO.com Sportsmanship Award and a Second Team selection. March 28, 2005: <mask> is named a CCM All-America First Team selection for the second straight season.National Honours
 In 2019 She was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada. This will give her the Post Nominal Letters "OC" for Life. References

External links

 <mask> website
  Live The Dream, <mask>, Life After the World Championships for Ouellette
   Interview de <mask>lette à la revue Elle Québec

1979 births
Living people
Angela James Bowl winners
Canadian women's ice hockey forwards
Clarkson Cup champions
French Quebecers
Sportspeople from Montreal
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
LGBT ice hockey players
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey players
Montreal Canadiennes players
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic ice hockey players of Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Officers of the Order of Canada
LGBT sportspeople from Canada
21st-century

masks:
Caroline Ouellette
Caroline Ouellette
Caroline Ouellette
Caroline Ouellette
Caroline Ouellette
Caroline Ouellette
Caroline Ouellette
Caroline Ouellette
Caroline Ouel


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<mask> (born 1945) is an American materials research engineer at NASA Glenn Center, Cleveland, Ohio. Hurwitz is known for her work on heat-resistant materials, aerogels, Space Shuttle Columbia Accident Investigation and Shuttle Return to Flight. Hurwitz studied at Harpur College -SUNY Binghamton, Syracuse University, and Case Western Reserve University. She has been and continues to be instrumental in the development of aerogels used at NASA and in developing and testing new aerospace materials. Education
Born in New York City, Hurwitz attended Harpur College at SUNY Binghamton from 1963-1966 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Chemistry. She worked as a chemist at a pharmaceutical company for a short time before returning to school at Syracuse University, where she received a Master's degree in Library Science at the School of Information Studies at Syracuse in 1968. While at Syracuse University, she was employed as an indexer at Upstate Medical Center on one of the first medical information retrieval systems based upon the National Library of Medicine's indexing system; her first published paper was on literature indexing.On completion of her M.S. in Library Science, she worked in a pharmaceutical company as a technical reference librarian. Hurwitz then went on to pursue her M.S (1976) and Ph.D. (1979) degrees in Macromolecular Science and Engineering at Case Western Reserve University’s School of Engineering in the Department of Macromolecular Science

Career
<mask> was initially hired by NASA as a chemist in 1979 at the Glenn Research Center. She has now become a Senior Materials Research Engineer specializing in thermal protection systems and in aerogels based materials, creating new materials for

masks:
Frances Irene Mazze Hurwitz
Frances Hurwitz


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 aeronautics and space applications. Hurwitz is a member of the American Chemical Society, the American Ceramic Society and the Society of Women Engineers

She served as Chief of the Polymers Branch of the Materials and Structures Division from February 2012 to February 2013. She was also a member of several Space Shuttle Return to Flight teams and has represented NASA on various Department of Defense Technical Advisory Committees. She currently works as Senior Materials Research Engineer at NASA Glenn Center.Space Shuttle Columbia
On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia broke apart upon re-entry to Earth. <mask> was a consultant to the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB). Her efforts contributed to receipt of a NASA Team Achievement Award in 2003 for testing of materials to resolve failure mechanisms as part of the CAIB investigation. Since Return to Flight, she has continued research on thermal aging of space materials and has led research efforts in ceramic matrix composites, thermal protection systems, and lightweight aerogel materials. Aerogels
Aerogels are composed of 99.8% air, or empty space. This solid matter is usually made by removing the liquid from Silica Gels, leaving behind just the molecular structure of Silicon Dioxide (SiO2). Hurwitz has, instead, researched producing aerogels with a different chemical composition so the properties of aerogels, like the temperature limits, would increase and allow space travel to be safer.She has helped create an Aluminosilicate aerogel, which caused the lower thermal conductivities of the aerogels to be able to withstand temperatures higher than 900. This allows this material to better insulate space shuttles and materials in space and in re-entry


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 of the space objects, causing less damage to the shuttle itself and the people inside it. In the same research project, she experimented with aerogels by adding in Titanium to the Aluminosilicate gels, which allowed for bigger average pore sizes and higher pore volumes. She concluded that by adding Titanium to Aluminosilicate gels, the lower thermal conductivities can now go up to temperatures of 1,200 instead of the 900 limit of regular Silicon Dioxide gels. In addition, Hurwitz has conducted research that has shown a way to image aerogels with very small pores through the use of scanning electron microscopes. She and her team inserted nitrogen gas to neutralize negative charges in the gels which can then allow the SEM to be able to scan and successfully plot out the aerogel in detail with the pores shown, even pores as small as 3 nm in diameter

Current research
Since 2007, she has established techniques for fabricating composites for entry, descent, landing, and space power systems. She has also continued her work with aerogels at over 700.She is a technical advisor on materials for NASA programs including space power systems. Since 2012, she has been involved in research on insulation for inflatable decelerators for planetary and earth entry. The insulation used in the research is made of the aerogels that she has helped develop as they can withstand higher temperatures than others (see Previous Research section). These aerogels are also better to use because they are lighter than other materials which can resist the same amount of heat, causing the shuttle to be lighter than it would with the other materials and would make it easier to launch into space. These materials make it safer for re-entry since they are


texts:
 very good at heat insulation and can help reduce the risk of a shuttle burning up upon re-entry. She is currently exploring the shrinkage and toxicity of various Aluminosilicate gels that are being investigated. Personal life
The first person in her family to go to college was her uncle, who received a B.S.and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering. Her parents did not go to college, but they did place a high value on education for their children. However, her parents had expectations of them to go to college, get a bachelor's degree and go straight into the workforce, which caused Hurwitz to put off going to graduate school. She eventually went back to school and completed master's degree. <mask> has one sister who also graduated from SUNY Binghamton. <mask> married <mask> in 1968.They moved to Cleveland, Ohio in 1969 when Leon accepted a position as an instructor in the Department of Political Science at Cleveland State University. <mask> and Leon have 2 children, Elise J<mask> (b. 1970) and Jonathan S<mask> (b.1972), and four grandchildren. Awards and honors
<mask> has won over 20 NASA awards and the Society of Women Engineers Achievement Award. Two NASA awards have highlighted her career: the NASA Medal for Exceptional Achievement in 2000 “for exceptional scientific and leadership contributions that have had major impacts on several NASA and Department of Defense national ceramics programs.” She also was recognized with a NASA Team Achievement Award in 2003 due to her work on the Columbia Space Shuttle disaster (see Space Shuttle Columbia). In 2014, she received the Society of Women Engineers’ highest award and recognition, the Achievement Award, based upon her research for NASA, “exceptional leadership skills

masks:
Frances Hurwitz
Frances
Leon Hurwitz
Frances
. Hurwitz
. Hurwitz
Frances Hurwitz


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 across disciplines”, and her work to make the work environment more equal for women. She has over 60 publications, has been cited over 550 times, and has contributed to 4 book chapters, over 100 scholarly articles, a patent), and has several patents pending

Selected publications
 <mask><mask>, Haiquan Guo, Richard B. Rogers, Erik J.Sheets, Derek R. Miller, Katy N. Newlin, Molly K. Shave, Anna R. Palczer, Michael T. Cox, “Influence of Ti addition on Boehmite-Derived Aluminum Silicate Aerogel: Structure and Properties”, J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 64(2): 367-374 DOI 10.1007/s10971-012-2866-8 (2012). F. I<mask>, M. K Shave, Richard B. Rogers, A. R. Palczer, H. Guo, “Influence of Boehmite Precursor on Structure and Properties of Aluminosilicate Aerogels”, Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 5(3) 276-286 (2014). DOI:10.1111/ijag.12070. <mask>, <mask> (2011).“Thermal Protection Systems”. Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering. Volume 4: Materials Technology. , DOI: 10.1002/9780470686652 eae211. Sola, Francisco, <mask>, Jijing Yang. 2011. "A New Scanning Electron Microscope Approach to Image Aerogels at the Nanoscale."IOPScience. Volume 22. <mask>, <mask>., Meghan Gallagher, Tracy C. Olin, Molly K. Shave, Marlyssa A. Ittes, Katy N... Olafson, Meredith G. Fields, Haiquan Guo, Richard B. Rogers. "Optimization of Alumina and Aluminosilicate Aerogel Structure for High-Temperature Performance". International Journal of Applied Glass Science 5 (3): 276-286. doi:10.1111/ijag.12070. References

1945 births
Living people
21st-century American engineers
21st-century American inventors
American materials scientists
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Harpur College alumni
NASA people
Syracuse University alumni
American women

masks:
Frances I
. Hurwitz
. Hurwitz
Hurwitz
Frances
Frances Huwitz
Hurwitz
Frances I


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<mask> (, born October 7, 1986) is a Vietnamese-American former soccer midfielder and current assistant coach for the Washington Spirit in the NWSL. Nguyen holds dual citizenship in the United States and Vietnam. Youth and college
Nguyen graduated from Plano East Senior High School in his native Texas and was named National Gatorade Boys Soccer High School Player of the Year in 2005. He played one season for Indiana University in 2005, producing five goals and 12 assists in 22 games and was selected as 2005 National Freshman of the Year by Soccer America and Soccer Times. Nguyen was also a first team All-Big Ten selection and Big Ten Freshman of the Year. Club career

PSV Eindhoven
Nguyen began his professional career by signing a three-and-half-year deal with Dutch Eredivisie team PSV Eindhoven in February 2006, but after making just two appearances with the club's senior team, he moved on to get more first-team time somewhere else. Randers FC
On January 31, 2008, Nguyen signed with the Danish Superliga club Randers FC until the summer of 2009.He made 23 appearances with the club in parts of two seasons. Hoàng Anh Gia Lai
With Nguyen still hoping to remain in Europe but ready for a change of scenery, V.League 1 club Hoàng Anh Gia Lai, based in the centrally located city of Pleiku, gave his Vietnamese father a contract offer in January 2009 to pass along to his son. The offer was much more lucrative than what he could have hoped for anywhere else, but by accepting it he took himself completely off the United States Men's National Team radar at the age of 23 after just three appearances. Nguyen became the Vietnamese league's first American player when he signed with Hoàng Anh Gia Lai on January 17, 2009. He scored 13 goals and 16 assists in 24 appearances in all competitions for the club in 2009. Through club partnership connections, Nguyen spent the middle of 2009 training with English club Arsenal in the hopes of earning another contract in Europe. Becamex Binh Duong
In January 2010, Nguyen signed with another


texts:
 V.League 1 club, Becamex Binh Duong F.C.in Thủ Dầu Một. Injuries limited his impact as he scored just one goal in five appearances for the club in one and a half years. His desire to play for the U.S. was rekindled, however, by the August 2011 hiring of head coach Jurgen Klinsmann, whose style Nguyen hoped would better fit his midfield skills. Despite a large new contract offer in Vietnam, he decided to return to the U.S.

New England Revolution
Nguyen signed a multi-year deal with Major League Soccer on December 7, 2011 and was originally allocated to the Vancouver Whitecaps FC in a weighted lottery. He made three preseason appearances with Vancouver before being waived on March 1, 2012. On March 2, 2012, he was selected by the New England Revolution with the second overall pick in the MLS Waiver Draft. Nguyen made 30 regular-season appearances for the Revolution in 2012, including 27 starts.He finished second on the team with five goals and was voted the Midnight Riders Man of Year by the fans. His second career MLS goal—and second goal of the game against Vancouver on May 12—was one of four finalists for the MLS Goal of the Year Award. In 2013, Nguyen appeared in 33 league matches, scoring four goals and recording seven assists. In 2014, Nguyen led the Revolution with 18 goals and 5 assists, which is the most ever by a midfielder in an MLS season, and was again voted the Midnight Riders Man of the Year. For his contributions to the team—including 9 game-winning goals in the regular season—Nguyen was named as a finalist for the 2014 version of the Major League Soccer MVP Award along with Seattle Sounders forward Obafemi Martins and Los Angeles Galaxy forward Robbie Keane. Nguyen's goal against the Houston Dynamo also made it to the final round of voting for the 2014 version of the MLS Goal of the Year Award. Nguyen led the team in assists and finished second in scoring during the 2015 season.During the 2016 season, <mask> became the Revolution's team captain. He led the team in assists, with 10, and finished 3rd


texts:
 in goals scored, with 6. In August 2017, The Revolution reportedly rejected a $1 million bid for Nguyen from Israeli Premier League side Maccabi Haifa. He would finish the 2017 season first in assists, and second in goals scored, with 15 and 11 respectively. Citing frustration over his contract (he was at the time the seventh-highest paid player on the team, making $500,000, despite ranking fifth in the league in over-all goals over the previous four seasons), Nguyen reportedly demanded a trade at the end of the 2017 season on three separate occasions. The dispute would ultimately lead to his sitting-out the team's pre-season training camp. Los Angeles FC
On May 1, 2018, New England traded Nguyen to Los Angeles FC in exchange for $350,000 in General Allocation Money and $350,000 in Targeted Allocation Money.On July 26, 2018, Nguyen scored on a free kick leading Los Angeles FC to a 2–0 lead over LA Galaxy. The match ultimately ended 2-2 after a second-half comeback by their crosstown rival. Inter Miami CF
On November 19, 2019, Nguyen was selected by MLS expansion side Inter Miami CF in the 2019 MLS Expansion Draft. Return to New England Revolution
Nguyen was traded back to the Revolution on September 8, 2020 for a fourth-round selection in the 2021 MLS SuperDraft and up to $50,000 in General Allocation Money. International
After playing for several United States junior level squads, namely the Under-18s, Under-20s, and Under-23s, including being the only high school player named to the Under-20 roster for the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship, Nguyen made his debut for the senior United States Men's National Team in a friendly against China on June 2, 2007. He made two other appearances with the team in 2007 as part of the Copa América roster. On November 10, 2014, Jürgen Klinsmann called up Nguyen for the first time in seven years for friendlies against Colombia and Ireland, and again on January 9, 2015, for the training camp ahead of friendlies versus Chile and Panama.Nguyen made his reappearance with the USMNT


texts:
 as a substitute in a friendly match against Costa Rica on October 13, 2015. Coaching career
On February 4, 2022, Nguyen announced his retirement from professional soccer and re-signed with the Washington Spirit as an assistant coach. Honors

Club
PSV Eindhoven
Eredivisie: 2006–07, 2007–08
Johan Cruijff Shield: 2008

Los Angeles FC
Supporters' Shield: 2019

Individual
MLS Best XI: 2014
Gatorade High School Soccer Player of the Year: 2005

Career statistics

Club

International

Personal life
<mask>'s father, Pham Nguyen, fled to the United States a few years before the fall of Saigon, in 1973, and they were later resettled in Richardson, Texas, where <mask> was born. His father was an avid soccer fan but he was forced to quit playing due to ongoing Vietnam War. In 2012, Nguyen was named one of The Boston Globe's 25 Most Stylish Bostonians. References

External links

1986 births
Living people
American sportspeople of Vietnamese descent
Sportspeople of Vietnamese descent
People from Richardson, Texas
Sportspeople from the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Soccer players from Texas
American soccer players
Association football midfielders
Indiana Hoosiers men's soccer players
Ajax Orlando Prospects players
PSV Eindhoven players
Randers FC players
Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC players
Becamex Binh Duong FC players
New England Revolution players
Los Angeles FC players
Eredivisie players
Danish Superliga players
V.League 1 players
Major League Soccer players
United States men's youth international soccer players
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
United States men's under-23 international soccer players
United States men's international soccer players
2007 Copa América players
American expatriate soccer players
American expatriate sportspeople in Vietnam
American expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
American expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in Vietnam
Expatriate footballers in Denmark
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Inter Miami CF players
Washington Spirit

masks:
Lee Nguyen
Lee


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<mask> (born April 12, 2000) is an American gun control activist. He rose to prominence during the 2018 United States gun violence protests as a student survivor of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, helping lead several high-profile protests, marches, and boycotts, including the boycott of The Ingraham Angle. He has also been a target and scapegoat of several conspiracy theories and right-wing accusations. With his sister <mask>, he wrote #NeverAgain: A New Generation Draws the Line, a book that made The New York Times bestseller list. They pledged to donate to charity all income from the book. As of September 2019, <mask> is a student at Harvard University. <mask> was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2018.He is the co-founder of Good Pillow, a pillow manufacturing company. Early life and education
Before attending Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, <mask> lived in Los Angeles, California. He is the son of <mask>, a former agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. His mother is Rebecca Boldrick, born in San Diego County, California and a teacher for Broward County Public Schools in Broward County, Florida. <mask> chose to attend Stoneman Douglas because it offered television production classes. He is a Teenlink reporter for the Sun Sentinel. He graduated on June 3, 2018.<mask> suffers from dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. <mask> had been accepted to several universities, but decided to take a year off before starting college to work on the 2018 mid-term elections. In December 2018, he announced that he had been accepted by Harvard University and started

masks:
David Miles Hogg
Lauren Hogg
Hogg
Hogg
Hogg
Kevin Hogg
Hogg
Hogg
Hogg


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 in the fall of 2019. <mask> reportedly had a 1270 SAT score and 4.2 weighted GPA. After <mask>'s sister <mask> graduated from Stoneman Douglas in 2021, he and his family relocated to Washington, D.C.

Stoneman Douglas High School shooting

On February 14, 2018, <mask> was a senior at Stoneman Douglas and on campus when a 19-year-old former student of the school entered Building 12 and started shooting with a semi-automatic rifle that coincided with the activation of the fire alarm. <mask>, who was in his AP environmental science class, told the teacher that the repeated "pop" sounds the class heard sounded like gunshots. <mask> and other students made an attempt to exit the building, but a janitor instructed the students to go back into the classroom.<mask> credits the janitor for saving them, as the group of students were inadvertently heading towards the shooter. A culinary arts teacher pulled <mask> and others inside her classroom and they hid in a closet. <mask> checked social media and discovered that the shooting was occurring at his high school. He used his cell phone to record the scene in real time, to interview the other students hiding in the closet, and to leave a record in the event that they did not survive the shooting. <mask>'s sister, <mask>, who was a freshman student at the time, corresponded with her brother via text message while the shooting was taking place. After about an hour, SWAT team police officers came into the classroom and escorted them out. <mask> reunited with his sister and father later that day.Gun control advocacy

Protests

After the school shooting, <mask> emerged as a leader in the 2018 United States gun violence protests.

masks:
Hogg
Hogg
Lauren Hogg
Hogg
Hogg
Hogg
Hogg
Hogg
Hogg
Hogg
Lauren Hogg
Hogg
Hogg


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 Along with Alfonso Calderon, Sarah Chadwick, X González, Cameron Kasky and other students, he turned to the media to talk about their role as survivors in the shooting and voice his opinion on gun control and gun violence. He called on elected officials to pass gun control measures and has been a vocal critic of officials who take donations from the NRA, and he has been urging them to compromise on legislation to save lives. <mask> joined the social media movement and student-led gun control advocacy group Never Again MSD shortly after its formation. <mask> flew to Los Angeles on February 21, 2018, to be on The Dr. Phil Show, along with his sister, to discuss the shooting. There, they met with survivors of the Columbine High School massacre. <mask>, along with González, blamed the National Rifle Association and the politicians to which they donate as being complicit in school shootings.He declined to go to the White House on February 21 to meet with President Donald Trump, saying that he had to be in Tallahassee, and that Trump could come to Parkland if he wanted to talk. Reactions by politicians
When Republican candidate Leslie Gibson, who was running unopposed for the Maine House of Representatives, described González as a "skinhead lesbian", and also insulted <mask> as a "bald-faced liar", Hogg called for somebody to challenge the Republican; Eryn Gilchrist, who was "horrified and embarrassed" by Gibson's comment, decided to run as a Democrat to challenge Gibson for the position, as did Republican former State Senator Thomas Martin, Jr., who said Gibson's remarks did not represent the Maine Republican Party and that he planned to contact the survivors to

masks: Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg


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 commend their courage. Gibson dropped out of the race in response to public reaction critical of his comments. Following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, <mask> tweeted, "They can put up all the fencing around the capitol the real threats of @mtgreenee and @laurenboebert will still be inside until @GOPLeader takes a stand." Congresswoman Lauren Boebert (R-CO) retorted, “Give your keyboard a rest, child.” A video of Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA) harassing Hogg in 2019 went viral in January 2021. Recognition

<mask> was featured on the cover of an April 2018 edition of Time, along with fellow activists Alex Wind, Jaclyn Corin, González, and Kasky. 2nd Amendment views

Hogg states that he is a supporter of the Second Amendment and supports NRA members' right to own guns legally, saying, "We're calling out the NRA a lot and 99.9 percent of the people that are in the NRA are responsible, safe gun owners and I respect them for that, joining an organization that wants to support safe gun ownership is excellent."In an interview with Fox News, <mask> said he was for reasonable gun control such as regulations that prohibit those suffering from mental illnesses from acquiring guns. Asked what new legislation he wants to see, <mask> replied: "Raising the federal age of gun ownership and possession to the age of 21; banning all bump stocks; making sure that we have universal background checks; making sure that people that have committed acts of domestic violence are no longer able to get a gun, which in Florida, it's harder, it's just not impossible, fully, yet; and making sure that people with a criminal history and a history of mental illness

masks:
David Hogg
Hogg
Hogg
Hogg


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 are not able to obtain these weapons of mass destruction." Activism

Hogg criticized the media coverage of the Parkland shooting as well as its aftermath in that black students were not given a voice by the media; he said that his school was 25% black but "the way we're covered doesn't reflect that". In April 2018, Hogg initiated an effort to urge Speaker of the House Paul Ryan to bring a bill to the House of Representatives that required mandatory background checks for gun buyers; on Twitter, Hogg urged people to contact speaker Ryan and demand a vote on universal background checks. Hogg worked to develop an anti-NRA advocacy group to encourage young people to register and vote in the 2018 midterm elections and elect candidates who promise better gun control legislation. In May 2018, Hogg and other Never Again MSD students led a "die-in" protest at a Publix supermarket, with a mass of students lying down on the store's floor, as a rebuke of the supermarket's financial support of pro-NRA gubernatorial candidate Adam Putnam; the supermarket had contributed more than $670,000 to Putnam's campaign over three years. In addition, Hogg called on people to boycott Publix until the chain's support of Putnam stopped.As a result of the protest, Publix made a statement suspending support for Putnam. In August 2018, <mask> announced he was planning on running to become a member of the United States House of Representatives when he turns 25 years old (due to age of candidacy laws). On February 10, 2021, March For Our Lives announced that <mask> would take a leave of absence "to take some time for himself to reflect and recommit to the mission." Boycotts

Hogg called for

masks: Hogg Hogg


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 students to boycott spring break in Florida and instead travel to Puerto Rico if gun control legislation was not passed by the Florida state government. Having finished high school in May 2018, <mask> took a gap year to campaign for politicians in favor of gun reform in the midterm elections. <mask> initiated a boycott of companies who advertise during The Ingraham Angle. <mask> called for the boycott after television host Laura Ingraham attacked him in a tweet about his lack of college acceptances, which Hogg characterized as cyberbullying.In response to the boycott, 24 advertisers left the show. Following the loss of advertisers, Ingraham apologized. <mask> dismissed the apology as insincere. The boycott drew mixed reactions. Ingraham was supported by Ted Nugent, Bill Maher, and by Russian bots on Twitter. Fox News continued to support Ingraham. Public polling showed that public perception of Fox News declined more than that of any advertiser.Simultaneously, Ingraham's viewership increased in the weeks following the boycott. Before, her viewership averaged 2.5 million. It jumped to 3 million when she returned after the boycott. Conspiracy theories and harassment

Shortly after the shooting, false claims appeared on social media claiming that the event never happened, and others accused <mask> and other students of being "crisis actors". After a series of televised interviews following the shooting, far-right figures and conspiracy theorists attacked <mask> in online media. <mask>'s family received death threats from various conspiracy theorists, according to <mask>'s mother. Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram reported removing posts that attack the students or

masks: Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg David


texts:
 accuse them of being actors.The conspiracy theories about <mask> and other Parkland activists were named PolitiFact'''s 2018 Lie of the Year. In April 2018, <mask> was threatened by Sinclair Broadcast Group TV host Jamie Allman from station KDNL-TV in St. Louis, who wrote a tweet threatening to insert a hot poker in his anus. Following a boycott of advertisers initiated by <mask> on The Allman Report, Allman resigned and his show was canceled. On the morning of June 5, 2018, Broward County Sheriff's Office received a false report from an anonymous caller claiming that there was a hostage situation in <mask>'s family home. The harassment tactic known as swatting was described by <mask>, several media organizations, and the sheriff's department as a prank. During a June 2019 interview with the Washington Post Magazine, <mask> said there have been seven attempts on his life. Business venture

In February 2021, <mask> announced that he and progressive tech entrepreneur William LeGate would start a company to compete with MyPillow, whose CEO Mike Lindell has spread unsubstantiated claims of voter fraud as a staunch supporter of former President Trump.<mask> announced the new venture in a series of tweets. The company name was later announced as Good Pillow. In early April 2021, <mask> announced in another series of tweets that he had resigned, released all his interest in the company to LeGate, and was leaving the venture. Bibliography

 The March for Our Lives Founders (2018). Glimmer of Hope: How Tragedy Sparked a Movement'' (contributor). Razorbill. .

References

External links

 On the Bill Maher show YouTube video
 CBS News Interview with <mask> and

masks: Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg Hogg


texts:
 Gonzalez

2000 births
Living people
21st-century American writers
21st-century American journalists
Activists from California
Activists from Florida
American gun control activists
American shooting survivors
American child activists
American YouTubers
American male journalists
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American newspaper writers
American political writers
American activist journalists
Articles containing video clips
Crime witnesses
Gun politics in the United States
Place of birth missing (living people)
Journalists from California
Journalists from Florida
Male YouTubers
People from Los Angeles
People from Parkland, Florida
Stoneman Douglas High School shooting activists
Writers from Los Angeles
Writers from California
Writers from Florida
Video bloggers
People with dyslexia
People with post-traumatic stress disorder
American


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<mask> (September 10, 1883 – January 8, 1926) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Pennsylvania (1909–1912), Purdue University (1913–1915), and the University of California, Berkeley (1916–1925), compiling a career college football record of 116–32–13. As head coach of the California Golden Bears football program, <mask> guided his "Wonder Teams" to a record of 74–16–7, captured five Pacific Coast Conference titles, and three national championships. <mask> was the winningest football coach in school history until he was surpassed by Jeff Tedford in 2011. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951. Early life
<mask> was born in Dubois, Pennsylvania on September 10, 1883. As a freshman, he played for Penn State as a fullback.He shined at his position, both fearless and dominating on the field. In two years, he was convinced to transfer to Pennsylvania, then a superior program. There, in his senior season of 1904, he was named first-team All America for the national champion Quakers. After college, he entered the workforce with a degree in chemistry. Coaching career

Early coaching career
<mask> returned to Penn in 1905 as the coach of the freshmen team and in 1909, when he was 26, he became the head coach of Penn until 1912. During those four years <mask> had 30 wins, 10 losses and 3 ties. Following this success he switched to Purdue in 1913, where until 1915, he went 12–6–3.Cal and the "Wonder Teams"
The University of California had fielded a competitive football team since 1886. However, in 1906 it began playing rugby instead of football. This was because by that time football was considered a dangerous sport that could lead to serious injuries. California switched back to football in 1915, partly due to the fact that by that time rule changes made

masks:
Andrew Latham Smith
Smith
Smith
Andrew Latham Smith
Smith
Smith


texts: the game considerably safer. Due to his reputation, <mask> was recruited to come out west and became the first head coach of California's golden era. In 1916, his first year at Cal, <mask> posted 6 wins, 4 losses and 3 ties. In 1918, Cal won its first Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) championship.Also in 1918 <mask> hired future Cal football and basketball head coach Clarence Nibs Price as his assistant. Price had a southern California connection and was able to recruit key players to the team including Harold "Brick" Muller. The 1919 freshmen team went 11-1 and became the core of next year's varsity squad, to be known as the "Wonder Team." The 1920 Golden Bears team won all 9 games, outscored their opponents, 510 to 14, and capped off the season by defeating Ohio State in the Tournament of Roses East-West Game (now known as the Rose Bowl)  28–0. The NCAA has officially recognized them as the national champion of that season, the first from the Pacific Coast. "The Wonder Team at California in 1920 changed the entire picture of Western football." Next year the 1921 Golden Bears also finished undefeated and were again invited to play in the Rose Bowl.<mask> initially declined this invitation because he thought it was problematic that Cal's opponent, a little known team named the Washington and Jefferson Presidents, had players better than the average college, and at the same time had scholarship requirements well below California's. Eventually <mask> agreed to the match. With California being the overwhelming favorite, the match went nothing like it was expected. Because of the heavy rain the night before, it was played in a virtual mud pit. Both defenses were able to hold off their opponents and the game finished in a 0–0 tie. This Rose Bowl was <mask>'s last. The 1922 team was also undefeated and won the PCC.And same with the 1923

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


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 team. Both years the teams were invited to the Rose Bowl, however because of <mask>'s continuing disputes with the Rose Bowl committee, California declined both invitations. Like the 1920 team, the 1921 and 1922 teams are recognized as a national champion by the NCAA. On January 1, 1925, instead of the Rose Bowl, the 1924 Bears played an independently scheduled game against Pennsylvania at California's Memorial Stadium. Cal had 7 wins, 0 losses, and 2 ties, while 1924 Penn had 9 wins and 1 tie. Some consider Penn to be the best team of that year. California won that game 14–0.During an incredible five-season span from 1920 to 1924, <mask>'s "Wonder Teams" went undefeated, running up a record of 44 wins, 0 losses and 4 ties. Even though the two had never met during the Roaring Twenties, <mask>'s "Wonder Teams" are thought to rival Knute Rockne's Notre Dame teams. Furthermore, when in 1960 the Helms Athletic Foundation considered both the Wonder Teams and the Four Horsemen among others, it crowned the 1920 Cal Bears as the greatest football team in American history. Strategy and approach to coaching
<mask> said: "There are four mental qualifications necessary for success -- Aggressiveness, Obedience, Concentration and Determination. Add to this, Harmonious co-operation and you have the making of a real team." Always tough on his players, <mask> drilled them until a technique was perfected regardless of the time that it took. Despite this, his players were known to idolize <mask>, for they felt his respect towards them and his commitment to the team."Kick and wait for the breaks"
<mask>'s strategy is encapsulated in a motto: "Kick and wait for the breaks." He became known for his emphasis on the kicking game and defense-oriented strategy out of the short punt formation. During this era, the ball was often moved up the field not through

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


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 offensive plays, but rather through punting. For <mask> this was standard when the ball was held deep in one's territory. And once the opposing team got the ball, the defense was relied on to make the other team's offense lose yards or fumble. To confuse the opponent, the punting could be done on first or second downs. If the opponent's safeties were close to the line of scrimmage, anticipating a short pass or a run, then the ball could be kicked over their heads resulting in a longer punt.This was repeated until a breakthrough play like a long yard rush would eventually occur and flip the field position. It was not uncommon for a team to kick more than 40 punts a game. <mask> also became known for trick plays such as the now-classic lateral to the halfback followed by a long, forward pass. At the time, because of the plump, rugby-like ball, long passes were unanticipated. Brick Muller, both an offensive and defensive star of the Wonder Teams, became known for this play. His 50-yard passes were previously thought impossible. Death and legacy

While in Philadelphia shortly after the 1925 season, <mask> was hospitalized with pneumonia.Several weeks later on January 8, 1926, he died at age 42 at the University of Pennsylvania Hospital. He left no family, all of his $30,000 estate going to the Berkeley community, including the Elks Club, California chapter of his fraternity Sigma Alpha Epsilon, and California Skull & Keys Society, with $10,000 going towards football scholarships. <mask>'s memorial service was held on January 16 at the gates of California Memorial Stadium, and in accordance with his wishes, his ashes were scattered over the stadium field. In 1927, the <mask> Bench on the sideline was dedicated in his honor. Built  in 1923, the stadium is still known as "The House that <mask> built" because the Wonder Teams' season

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Andy Smith
Andy


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 tickets completely paid for it. <mask> was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951. Both of the following quotes are inscribed on the Memorial Stadium's <mask> Smith Bench -
 "We do not want men who will lie down bravely to die, but men who will fight valiantly to live" and
 "Winning is not everything; it is far better to play the game squarely and lose than to win at the sacrifice of an ideal."The first was <mask>'s coaching creed and the second was reportedly said by him during his last interview in Philadelphia. In 1949, Garff Wilson, Professor of Dramatic Art and Speech, was asked to write a eulogy for <mask>, which was delivered by the ASUC President at the annual Big Game Bonfire Rally. Since then, the <mask> Eulogy has been delivered annually by candlelight at the conclusion of the bonfire. Coaching tree
<mask> often hired his former players as his assistant coaches. Walter Gordon who played on both offensive and defensive lines and became a third-team All American in 1918. Shortly after graduating, he was hired as an assistant coach and likely became the first African-American coach at a predominantly white college or university. Similarly, after graduating Brick Muller was hired by <mask> to coach the defensive ends.<mask>'s coaching tree includes:
Ernest Cozens
Charles F. Erb
Walter A. Gordon
Edwin C. Horrell
Leroy Mercer
Brick Muller
Alvin Pierson
Nibs Price
Crip Toomey

Head coaching record

References

External links

1883 births
1926 deaths
American football fullbacks
California Golden Bears football coaches
Penn Quakers football coaches
Penn Quakers football players
Purdue Boilermakers football coaches
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
All-American college

masks:
Smith
Andy
Andy Smith
Andy Smith
Andy Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


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<mask> (31 March 1902 – 20 January 1961) was a German musicologist and university lecturer. He was professor at the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. Life
Born in Magdeburg, <mask> was son of <mask> (chief engineer) and Klara Emmy Brandt in Magdeburg, Province of Saxony. He spent his childhood and youth in Essen, where he already prepared himself for the music teacher examination during his  period at the Essener Konservatorium (1911–1921) and completed this in 1921 in the main subject piano. In 1921 he began studying musicology. After one semester at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität he moved to the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, where he was a student of Johannes Wolf, Hermann Abert, Curt Sachs and Erich Moritz von Hornbostel. In 1925 <mask> was awarded the title of Dr. phil."composer" by Johannes Wolf at the Philosophical Faculty in Berlin with a dissertation on the performance practice of Italian music of the 14th century. After the Seizure of control of National Socialism, he joined the National Socialist German Workers' Party on 1 April 1933. (No. 1,691,130). From 1 June 1933 to 1 January 1934 he was Blockleiter and local group culture warden. 1934 he became leader of the Landesmusikerschaft Rheinland of the Reichsmusikkammer. From November 1935 to 1937 he was regional director of the Reichsmusikkammer im Gau Köln-Aachen.Heinz Drewes, whom he knew from his time as a student in Berlin, brought him to the Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda in 1937, where he was a consultant in Department X (music) until 1939. Still mentioned in 2007 in the Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Ernst Klee waived <mask>'s inclusion in

masks:
Joachim Hans Albrecht
Albrecht
Theodor Albrecht
Albrecht
Albrecht


texts: the completely revised edition of 2009. Until 1937 <mask> held several teaching positions at music schools, among other at the Witte Conservatory Essen (1925–1933), at the Sievert Conservatory Wuppertal (1925–1935) and at the Folkwang School Food (1933–1937). He was also a member of the Deutsche Bühnenkorrespondenz. He also organized music festivals in Bremen (1929), Essen (1931) and Aachen (1933). For the Reichsverband Deutscher Tonkünstler he co-designed the Rheinische Musikfeste. A habilitation was initially not possible for him, since the musicological institutes in University of Cologne and the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn had no free chair.In 1939 he joined the State Institute for Music Research in Berlin as a research assistant (until 1941). On 1 October 1940 he was appointed professor there despite being barred from the title. On 4 June 1942 he was habilitated at the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel with a thesis on the life and work of Caspar Othmayr. The habilitation thesis was published in 1950 by Bärenreiter-Verlag in Kassel. He followed Max Seiffert in 1941, after his emeritus, as provisional director of the State Institute for German Music Research. In 1942/43 he was also a representative of musicology in the Senate of the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin. When the institute was closed at the end of 1944, <mask> retired from this position.He took care of the inventory of subdivision 3 (instrument museum) at  near Liegnitz in Silesia. In February 1945 he was called up for military service. After 1945 he was classified as "exonerated" within the framework of the denazification. In 1947 he joined the

masks: Albrecht Albrecht


texts:
 musicological institute of the Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel as private lecturer in Kiel, where he taught until his death. He worked as an expert for the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. His research interests included the late 15th and early 16th century (Renaissance music). From 1954 to 1959 he worked as a research assistant at the German Music Historical Archive in Kassel, which was supervised by the .From 1953 to 1959 he was the director of  series. In 1946 he co-founded the Gesellschaft für Musikforschung. From 1948 to 1960 he was editor of the organ Die Musikforschung and from 1958 to 1961 the Acta Musicologica of the International Musicological Society. He was also chairman of the reaction committee of the facsimile series Documenta Musicologia. He headed the Kiel State Institute for Music Research from 1947 to 1961. In 1953 he re-founded the Institute's series of publications. From 1949 he continued Max Seiffert's collection Organum.From 1951 to 1961 he also worked as director of the Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Institut at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. He was a close advisor Friedrich Blume and from 1947 to 1958 belonged to the editors of the encyclopaedia Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. <mask>, a Protestant, was married and father of two children. His son Gerd <mask> (1935–2014) was conductor. He died in Kiel at age 58. Publications
 Caspar Othmayr: Leben und Werk. Bärenreiter-Verlag, Kassel/Basel 1950.Die Bedeutung der Zeichen Keil, Strich und Punkt bei Mozart: 5 Lösungen einer Preisfrage (Musikwissenschaftliche Arbeiten. No. 10). Bärenreiter-Verlag, Kassel/Basel/London 1957 (hg. im Auftrag der Gesellschaft für


texts:
 Musikforschung). Autobiography:
 Friedrich Blume: Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart on MGG1

References

Further reading
 Anna Amalie Abert: <mask> zum Gedächtnis. In Die Musikforschung 14 (1961) 2, .<mask> on Grove Music
 Friedrich Blume: <mask>, 31 March 1902 – 20. January 1961. In Acta Musicologica 33 (1961) 2/4, . Wilfried Brennecke, <mask> (edit. ): <mask> in Memoriam – Gedenkschrift mit Beiträgen von Freunden und Schülern. Bärenreiter, Kassel 1962. Enthält eine (geschönte) Bibliographie der wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen .Wilfried Brennecke: In Memoriam <mask>. In: Revue belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Muziekwetenschap 15 (1961) 1/4, . Mariano Pérez: Diccionario de la música y los músicos. Volume 1: A–E. Ediciones Istmo, Madrid 2000, , . Fred K. Prieberg: Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933–1945. 2nd edition., Kopf, Kiel 2009, , .Wolfgang Sykorra: Von der Penne in die Welt: Borbecker Porträts. Edited by Lothar Böning. Ed. Rainruhr, Essen 2013, , . "<mask>, <mask>." Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. Encyclopedia.com.15 June 2018.<http://www.encyclopedia.com>

External links

 <mask> in

German music historians
University of Kiel faculty
Bach scholars
Nazi Party members
1902 births
1961 deaths
Writers from

masks:
Hans Albrecht
Hans Albert
Hans Albrecht
Hans Haase
Hans Albrecht
Hans Albrecht
Albrecht
Hans
Hans Albrecht


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was a Japanese admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Heavier and taller than the average Japanese person, in his youth he was nicknamed "King Kong" by his friends. Biography
<mask> was born in Matsue city in Shimane Prefecture. He graduated from the 39th class of the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy in 1911, ranking 85th out of his class of 149 cadets. As a midshipman, he served on the cruiser  and the battlecruiser . After his promotion to ensign, he was assigned to  and then to the . After attending both torpedo school and naval artillery school, <mask> was promoted to sublieutenant and then he served on the destroyer , followed by the cruiser , and then the battleship  during World War I.However, it does not appear that he saw action. After the end of World War I, <mask> returned to naval school again for advanced study in torpedo warfare during 1918–19. Then he served as the chief torpedo officer on the destroyer , followed by the destroyer  in 1921, and then the cruiser  in 1922. <mask> attended the Naval Staff College in 1923–24 and then was promoted to lieutenant commander. In December 1926, <mask> was assigned to his first command, that of the destroyer . He was promoted to the rank of commander in 1929, and then he served as an instructor at several of the naval ordnance schools during the early 1930s. <mask> was given command of the gunboat  in 1932, and he was promoted to captain in 1933.During 1933–34, <mask> was assigned as the naval attaché at the Japanese Embassy in Washington, D.C. When he returned to Japan, <mask> took command of the cruiser  from November 1934 to November 1935, and next he held a number of staff positions in the Imperial Japanese Navy until he was promoted to rear admiral on November 15, 1939. During World War II

During World War II, <mask> was the commanding

masks: Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara


texts: officer of the Fifth Carrier Division of the Imperial Japanese Navy for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. His command contained the two brand-new aircraft carriers  and . During the Battle of Coral Sea in the South Pacific, his 5th Carrier Division successfully sank the American carrier , but Shōkaku was heavily damaged by bombs and a large number of planes and pilots from Zuikaku were lost. These damages put both aircraft carriers out of the war for many months, and they both missed the Battle of Midway. Meanwhile, <mask> was reassigned to command the 8th Cruiser Division, containing the large, fast heavy cruisers  and , and their escorting destroyers, during the long, bitter struggle with the Americans for the Solomon Islands.<mask> and his warships were present for two large battles in the South Pacific: the Battle of the Eastern Solomons and the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. During the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, light carrier  was detached from Chuichi Nagumo's main carrier force and assigned to <mask>'s division with the task of attacking Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. <mask> sent a strike force, consisting of six Nakajima B5N bombers and 15 Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters, which inflicted minor damage to the Allied airbase. Soon afterwards, USN aircraft from  and  found and sunk Ryūjō. This was the last time <mask> commanded a task force that included a carrier in a battle. After the large American carrier air attack on the large Japanese base at Truk (Operation Hailstone) in 1944, Admiral <mask> was assigned to replace Admiral Masami Kobayashi as the commanding officer of the Japanese "4th Fleet", though he actually commanded the land base at Truk with no warships assigned to him. Truk was left behind by the U.S. Navy in a rear area to "wither on the vine" in isolation, rather than being invaded

masks: Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara


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 and occupied.(This was the fate of many Japanese bases on Pacific islands, including the large one at Rabaul and several on New Guinea.) Admiral <mask> was trapped at Truk without reinforcements or fresh supplies all the way through the final surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945. Following the end of the War in the Pacific, <mask> was arrested by authorities of the U.S. Navy and then taken back to Japan to be held in the Sugamo Prison in Tokyo because he had been accused of war crimes. <mask> was sent to face a military tribunal on the American island of Guam, and there he was convicted along with other Japanese officers  of "neglect of duty in connection with violations of the Laws of War committed by members of their command" for allowing the execution of U.S. Navy aircrewmen who had been captured during air raids on Truk. Since he was the commander of the atoll, Vice Admiral <mask> was of course the highest-ranking officer from Truk to be tried for war crimes. <mask> was convicted, and he was sentenced to six years in prison. He was then sent back to Sugamo Prison to serve his imprisonment.<mask>'s son Nobuaki graduated from the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy just as World War II ended. When <mask> was released from prison on April 19, 1951, Nobuaki took him home to a very small house in Tokyo. <mask> dedicated the remainder of his life to securing Japanese government pensions and relief for the families of Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese servicemen imprisoned for war crimes. <mask> served as a Councilor of the Ministry of Justice (Japan) until his death at age 74 in 1964. <mask>'s sword

Shortly after the surrender in August 1945, the commander of Allied forces ordered all Japanese swords collected and turned over to the occupation forces. Many of the swords were mass-produced government issue, but some

masks: Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara


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 were ancient masterpieces of the swordmakers' art which had been cherished for generations. Many swords were distributed indiscriminately to American servicemen as souvenirs.<mask> surrendered his family sword to the American Vice Admiral commanding the Marianas so the sword might be displayed at the United States Naval Academy Museum in Annapolis. <mask> was in possession of a second sword which he presented to Rear Admiral Calvin T. Durgin while Durgin was interviewing <mask> as part of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey conducted immediately following the war. In 1959, <mask> requested through diplomatic channels return of a family sword belonging to 85-year-old Ryūtarō Takahashi, president of the six-million-member Bereaved Families Association. The sword was one of the great blades forged in Bizen Province in the 15th century. It had been carried by Ryūtarō's son, Hikoya Takahashi. Hikoya had asked <mask> to care for the sword while he was assigned to a minesweeping assignment he did not survive. <mask> revealed that the sword carefully preserved in the Naval Academy Museum was Takahashi's sword, and the <mask> family sword which should have been in the museum was in the possession of Admiral Durgin.Retired Admiral Durgin drove to the museum to correct the error, and the Bizen sword was delivered to the old man who had lost his son. Portrayal in media
<mask> <mask> appeared in the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora! and was portrayed by Japanese actor Kan Nihonyanagi. References

Notes

Sources

Further reading

External links

 Surrender of Truk per USN Archives

1889 births
1964 deaths
People from Shimane Prefecture
Japanese admirals of World War II
Imperial Japanese Navy admirals
Japanese people convicted of war crimes
Japanese prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of the United States

masks: Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Hara Chūichi Hara


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<mask><mask> is an American economist, academic, author and researcher. He is a Distinguished Professor of Economics at the University of California, Irvine. Brueckner has published over 150 papers. His research interests fall into areas encompassing urban economics, public economics, and real estate finance. He has also worked extensively in the field of industrial organization, focusing particularly on the economics of the airline industry. He is also the author of a textbook entitled Lectures on Urban Economics. Brueckner is a fellow of the Regional Science Association International, and of the Air Transport Research Society.He served as editor of the Journal of Urban Economics from 1991 until 2007. Education
Brueckner received his A.B. degree in Economics from the University of California in 1972. He then enrolled at Stanford University, Berkeley, and earned a Doctoral Degree in Economics in 1976. Career
Following his Doctoral studies, Brueckner joined the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and subsequently worked there as Assistant and Associate Professor, before becoming a full professor in 1985. In late 1990s, he held concurrent appointments at the Institute of Government and Public Affairs, and as Distinguished Professor of Economics, before joining the University of California as a Professor of Economics in 2005. In 2015, he was appointed as Chancellor’s Professor, and later on became a Distinguished Professor of Economics in 2018 at the University of California, Irvine.Brueckner also held several visiting appointments in his career. He has served as visiting professor at UC Santa Barbara and UC San Diego, and has been a visiting scholar at

masks:
Jan K
. Brueckner


texts:
 many foreign universities, including Sapienza University of Rome, Charles University, Aix-Marseille University, City University of Hong Kong, University of British Columbia, Einaudi Institute of Economics and Finance, and Universite du Maine. Research
Brueckner has focused his research on urban economics, public economics, industrial organization, and real estate finance. His research works regarding social interaction in the suburbs, airline bag fees, airline fuel efficiency, and the job effects of airport downsizing have been featured in the press several times. He has provided theoretical motivation regarding spatial econometric examination of strategic interactions among local governments, and is one of the first to demonstrate the usage of economic theory in producing spatial econometric model specifications. Urban and public economics
In his studies of urban economics, Brueckner discussed urban spatial expansion and regarded it a consequence of three powerful forces: a growing population, rising incomes, and falling commuting costs. He studied market failures that can disrupt the allocation of land between agricultural and urban uses, justifying criticism of urban sprawl, and provided remedies in context of the market failures.He also provided unified treatment of the Muth-Mills version of the urban model, and described its implications regarding intracity spatial variation of specific urban variables. In 2008, he examined the premises of Putnam’s argument that low-density living reduces social capital and social interaction. While employing spatial econometric methods, he investigated property-tax competition among local governments and provided an


texts:
 estimation of the reaction function of a representative community, linking a community's property-tax rate to its own characteristics and to the tax rates in competing communities. He also showed that choosing local public spending to maximize property values leads to economic efficiency, and discussed the relationship between airline traffic and employment in US metropolitan areas. Real estate finance
Brueckner evaluated mortgage-market equilibrium in a situation when borrower default costs are private information. He also analyzed the portfolio choices of homeowners, focusing on the investment constraint introduced by Henderson and Ioannides (1983). Furthermore, he explored the problem of optimal space allocation in shopping centers in the presence of inter-store externalities.Airline economics
Brueckner provided some of the first economic analysis of airline hub-and-spoke networks and pioneered the analysis of international airline alliances, showing that they reduce fares for passengers connecting between two airlines. In analyzing airport congestion, he was among the first to argue that airlines internalize a portion of the congestion they create, ameliorating part of the congestion externality. More recently, he has studied airline emissions, and product unbundling in the airline industry, showing how bag fees affect airfares. Awards and honors
2001 - Richard Musgrave Prize, National Tax Association (with Luz A. Saavedra)
2002 - Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
2005 - Fellow, Regional Science Association International
2008 - Walter Isard Award, North American Regional Science Council
2015 - John


texts:
 M. Quigley Medal, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association
2018 - Fellow, Air Transport Research Society

Bibliography

Books
Lectures on Urban Economics (2011) ISBN 9780262016360

Selected articles
Brueckner, J. K. (1987). The structure of urban equilibria: A unified treatment of the Muth-Mills model. Handbook of regional and urban economics, 2(20), 821-845. Brueckner, J. K., Thisse, J. F., & Zenou, Y.(1999). Why is central Paris rich and downtown Detroit poor? : An amenity-based theory. European economic review, 43(1), 91-107. Brueckner, J. K. & W.T. Whalen (2000). The price effects of international airline alliances.Journal of Law and Economics, 43(2), 503-546. Brueckner, J. K. (2000). Urban sprawl: diagnosis and remedies. International regional science review, 23(2), 160-171. Brueckner, J. K. & Saavedra, L. A. (2001). Do local governments engage in strategic property—tax competition?.National Tax Journal, 54(2), 203-229. Brueckner, J. K. (2002), Airport congestion when carriers have market power. American Economic Review 92(5), 1357-1375. References

Living people
American economists
University of California, Irvine faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Stanford University alumni
Year of birth missing (living


texts:
<mask> (October 2, 1891 – February 21, 1969), nicknamed "Honest <mask>", was an American professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball for the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox and Pittsburgh Pirates. He appeared in three World Series. His first two were with the Athletics in 1913 and 1914 World Series. <mask> appeared in the 1919 World Series as a member of the Chicago White Sox, a series best known for the Black Sox Scandal. Early life
<mask> was born on October 2, 1891, the youngest child of Charles and <mask>. <mask> was a college educated man which afforded him the ability to stay out of the coal mines of Pennsylvania, which was considered dangerous work.Instead, he worked as a hotel manager which was located near a rail line. The education of his father also helped provide a future for young <mask> that kept him out of the coal mines. Professional baseball career

<mask> began his professional baseball career with the Baltimore Orioles of the Eastern League, later named the International League. On August 24, 1912, the Orioles traded <mask> and Jimmy Walsh to the Philadelphia Athletics for Bris Lord, Claud Derrick, and cash. <mask> made his professional debut at the age of nineteen for the Scranton Miners of the New York State League in 1911. The team was managed by former MLB star Monte Cross. After getting 97 hits with a .300 batting average, <mask> moved on to the Baltimore Orioles.Before he made his pro debut, <mask> played as a ringer, more or less, for the Honsdale of the semi-pro Anthracite League. <mask> played in his first major league game on August 26, 1912. During his first season, he posted a batting average of .317 over 33 games. During the 1913 season, he became a "regular" in the outfield and participated in the A's

masks:
John Edward Murphy
Eddie
Murphy
Eddie Murphy
Theresa Murphy
Charles Murphy
Eddie
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


texts: World Series contest against the New York Giants. In 1915, the Chicago White Sox purchased his contract. <mask> played the remainder of the 1915 and next six seasons for the White Sox. <mask> was a base stealing threat in the early part of his career, finishing eighth in the American league in 1914 with 36 steals and ninth the following season with 33 stolen bases.He would go on steal 111 bases throughout his career in the majors. <mask> had played for an A's team that was one of the best in the American League. However, after the underdog Boston Braves upset and swept the A's in the 1914 World Series, an angry Connie Mack sold off or outright released his best players. <mask> was one of the few hold overs on a depleted A's squad. However, his fortunes would change when Philadelphia went to Chicago to face the White Sox, and <mask> was informed by Mack that his contract had just been sold....to the White Sox. <mask> was mainly a pinch hitter for most of his time in Chicago. In 1917, <mask> was on his third pennant winning team in five season, but did not appear in the World Series, as White Sox manager Clarence Rowland left <mask> off the play off roster in favor of Shano Collins.With "Shoeless" Joe Jackson and Happy Felsch called up by the military to build ships in the shipyard, <mask> regained a starting role. The depleted White Sox fell to sixth place and Rowland was fired and replaced by Kid Gleason. In 1919, <mask> appeared in 30 games and hit for a .486 batting average. That year, the White Sox made the World Series. It was an infamous series, and as a result of the Black Sox Scandal, six members of the White Sox were banned from Major League Baseball; <mask> was not one of those players. Consequently, he was given the nickname "Honest <mask>." Unlike before, <mask>

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Eddie Murphy


texts: was on the roster and made a few pinch hit appearances.As the 1920 season rolled along, the White Sox were fighting with the Cleveland Indians and New York Yankees for the pennant. Rumors swirled around that the fix was in for that season just as it had been in the World Series. After seven players were implicated in the fix, <mask> replaced the now suspended Buck Weaver at third base. The suspension took its toll on the White Sox, who quickly fell out of contention. White Sox owner Charles Comiskey issued checks in the amount of $1,500 to the players like <mask> who did not partake in the fix, telling the players they were wronged out of money that should have been theirs under no fault of their own. The saga of the Black Sox scandal didn't end there for <mask>. In 1926, <mask> was called to testify before the baseball Commissioner Landis.Swede Risberg and Chick Gandil claimed that in 1917, the Detroit Tigers threw a series and that the members of the White Sox paid them to do so. <mask> admitted that a collection was taken up among the players of the White Sox, but it wasn't for the Tigers to throw the series, but it was as a "reward" for the Tigers beating the Red Sox. <mask> testified that he never gave money to the collection and that he had no clue of the reward money being collected. After a brief investigation, Landis cleared <mask> and the other white Sox players and dismissed the claims of Risberg and Gandil. On June 1, 1921 the Cleveland Indians placed a waiver claim on <mask> and purchased his contract from the White Sox. From 1921 until 1925, <mask> played for the Columbus Senators of the International league. Through his stint with Columbus, <mask> continued to be an excellent hitter, hitting .397 in 1925 at the age of 33, which won him the league's batting

masks:
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Eddie Collins
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


texts:
 title.In 1927, he played for the Rochester Tribe (who would later go on to be called the Rochester Red Wings ), playing for manager George Stallings and alongside former MLB star Rabbit Maranville. At the age of 35, <mask> appeared in 83 games for the Tribe, again batting over three hundred, batting .341 for the season. <mask> ended his MLB career with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1926. In 11 years, he had 680 hits, scored 411 runs with 111 stolen bases, and a .287 lifetime batting average with 4 home runs and 195 RBI. In his final major league game, <mask> only had one at bat. Giants pitcher Jimmy Ring got <mask> to hit into a double play in the Pirates 9-5 loss to New York. After his brief return to the majors, <mask> split the 1927 season between the Montreal Royals and Jersey City Skeeters before he retired for good.Post MLB career
After retiring <mask> relocated with his wife, son & daughter - to Dunmore, Pennsylvania. he managed the local semi-pro team and later worked as a supervisor with Works Progress Administration and helped arrange exhibition for visiting troops during World War II. <mask> passed away on February 21, 1969, at the age of 77. He was buried at Queen of Peace Cemetery in Hawley, PA.

Notes

References
 Kashatus, William C. (2002). Diamonds in the Coalfields: 21 Remarkable Baseball Players, Managers, and Umpires from Northeast Pennsylvania. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. . External links

Fangraphs stats

1891 births
1969 deaths
Baseball players from New York (state)
Major League Baseball right fielders
Philadelphia Athletics players
Chicago White Sox players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Scranton Miners players
Baltimore Orioles (IL) players
Columbus Senators players
Rochester Tribe players
Montreal Royals players
Jersey City Skeeters

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts:
<mask> (March 9, 1933May 3, 2021) was an American R&B and swing singer-songwriter, record executive and bandleader, known as "Mr. Personality", after his 1959 million-selling hit, "Personality". His first recording, "Lawdy Miss Clawdy", was a hit for Specialty Records in 1952. He continued to release records, but none were as popular until several years later, when he refined the New Orleans beat and achieved a series of national hits. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. Early life, family and education
<mask> was born on March 9, 1933, in Kenner, Louisiana, a suburb of New Orleans, and raised in Kenner. His mother, <mask>, owned the Fish 'n' Fry Restaurant.<mask> picked up lifelong interests in business and food from her. He and his younger brother Leo were both musical. He had formal training on trumpet and piano, sang in his church's gospel choir, and was a member of a combo in high school. Career
Art Rupe, the owner of Specialty Records, based in Los Angeles, came to New Orleans in 1952 to record the distinctive style of rhythm and blues developing there, which had been highly successful for his competitor Imperial Records. Rupe heard <mask>'s song "Lawdy Miss Clawdy" and wanted to record it. Because <mask> did not have a band, Rupe hired Dave Bartholomew to create the arrangements and Bartholomew's band (plus Fats Domino on piano) to back <mask> in the recording session. The song was a massive hit.His next release, "Oooh, Oooh, Oooh", cut at the same session, was a much smaller hit. <mask> continued making recordings for Specialty, but none of them reached the charts at that time. In 1954,

masks:
Lloyd Price
Price
Beatrice Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price


texts: he was drafted into the US Army and sent to Korea. When he returned he found he had been replaced by Little Richard. In addition, his former chauffeur, Larry Williams, was also recording for the label, having released "Short Fat Fannie". He eventually formed KRC Records with Harold Logan and Bill Boskent. Their first single, "Just Because", was picked up for distribution by ABC Records.From 1957 to 1959, <mask> recorded a series of national hits for ABC that successfully adapted the New Orleans sound, including "Stagger Lee" (which topped the Pop and R&B charts and sold over a million copies), "Personality" (which reached number 2), and "I'm Gonna Get Married" (number 3). When <mask> appeared on the television program American Bandstand to sing "Stagger Lee", the producer and host of the program, Dick Clark, insisted that he alter the lyrics to tone down its violent content. "Stagger Lee" was <mask>'s version of an old blues standard, recorded many times previously by other artists. Greil Marcus, in a critical analysis of the song's history, wrote that <mask>'s version was an enthusiastic rock rendition, "all momentum, driven by a wailing sax." In all of these early recordings by <mask> ("Personality", "Stagger Lee", "I'm Gonna Get Married", and others) Merritt Mel Dalton was the lead sax player; he was also in the traveling band and appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show with <mask>. The personnel on the original hit recording of "Stagger Lee" included Clarence Johnson on piano, John Patton on bass, Charles McClendon and Eddie Saunders on tenor sax, Ted Curson on trumpet and Sticks Simpkins on drums. In 1962, <mask> along

masks: Price Price Price Price Price Price Price


texts:
 with business partner, Harold Logan formed Double L Records.Wilson Pickett got his start on this label. <mask> and business partner Logan also formed a club together called Birdland in New York on 1674 Broadway in New York City. In 1969, Logan was murdered in the office connected to the club. <mask> then founded a new label, Turntable. During the 1970s, <mask> helped the boxing promoter Don King promote fights, including the "Rumble in the Jungle" boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire and its accompanying concert which featured James Brown and B. B. King.He and Don King formed a record label, LPG, which issued <mask>'s last hit, "What Did You Do With My Love", to limited success. <mask> toured Europe in 1993 with Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, and Gary U.S. Bonds. He performed with soul legends Jerry Butler, Gene Chandler, and Ben E. King on the "Four Kings of Rhythm and Blues" tour in 2005; concerts were recorded for a DVD and a PBS television special. <mask> appears in performance footage in the 2005 documentary film Make It Funky!, which presents a history of New Orleans music and its influence on rhythm and blues, rock and roll, funk and jazz. In the film, he performs "Lawdy Miss Clawdy" with Allen Toussaint and band. On June 20, 2010, he appeared and sang in the season 1 finale of the HBO series Treme. he continued to sing.Other pursuits
<mask> was a prolific entrepreneur. In addition to his music production and publication ownership, he started and owned businesses in various industries. He owned two construction companies, erecting middle-income housing in the 1980s in the


texts:
 Bronx and also homes in Staten Island. He managed Global Icon Brands (a.k.a. Lloyd Price Icon Food Brands), which makes a line of Southern-style foods, including Lawdy Miss Clawdy food products, ranging from canned greens to sweet potato cookies, and a line of Lloyd Price foods, such as <mask>'s Soulful 'n' Smooth Grits and <mask>'s Energy-2-Eat Bar, plus Lawdy Miss Clawdy clothing and collectibles. In 2011, <mask> released his autobiography, The True King of the Fifties: The <mask> Story, and worked on a Broadway musical, Lawdy Miss Clawdy, focused on his life and rise to stardom with a team that included the producer Phil Ramone. The musical also told how rock and roll evolved from the New Orleans music scene of the early 1950s.Honors and awards

 The city of Kenner, Louisiana celebrates an annual Lloyd Price Day. Personal life and death
<mask> and his wife resided in Westchester County, New York. He died from diabetes complications on May 3, 2021, at a long-term care facility in New Rochelle, New York, aged 88. Discography

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

References

External links

 Lloyd Price Icon Food Brands
 Lloyd Price at History-of-Rock.com
<mask> Price Interview (2016), NAMM Oral History Library

1933 births
2021 deaths
African-American military personnel
American military personnel of the Korean War
People from Kenner, Louisiana
Military personnel from Louisiana
Rhythm and blues musicians from New Orleans
American rhythm and blues singers
Specialty Records artists
ABC Records artists
Singers from Louisiana
20th-century African-American male singers
21st-century African-American

masks:
Lloyd Price
Lloyd Price
Price
Lloyd Price
Price
Lloyd


texts:
<mask><mask> (September 29, 1918 – October 19, 1994) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as a field of inquiry and research. Birdwhistell coined the term kinesics, meaning "facial expression, gestures, posture and gait, and visible arm and body movements". He estimated that "no more than 30 to 35 percent of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by the words." Stated more broadly, he argued that "words are not the only containers of social knowledge." He proposed other technical terms, including kineme, and many others less frequently used today. Kendon, Harris and Key (1975), Kendon (1977), Sarles (1977), Wolfgang (1979), and Davis (1982). Birdwhistell's students include:
University of Toronto: Erving Goffman
Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute: Paul Byers, Alan Lomax
University of Pennsylvania: Lorraine V. Aragon, Maria Catedra, Mary Moore Goodlett, Jane Jorgenson, Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz, Barbara A. Lynch, Christopher Musello, Stuart J. Sigman, Yves Winkin, James Veihdeffer

Goffman became one of the best-known sociologists with an international reputation, and nearly all of his publications became best sellers.Birdwhistell influenced Lomax's development of cantometrics and choreometrics. Byers was quite important in the study of visual communication. Winkin went on to develop the anthropology of communication in Europe. Leeds-Hurwitz and Sigman developed social communication theory, Jorgenson studies family communication, and

masks:
Ray L
. Birdwhistell


texts:
 Musello studies material culture. What is important about this list is the wide variety - those who never studied with Birdwhistell often assume that kinesics was the start and end of his interests, but that was not at all the case. Birdwhistell's first book Introduction to Kinesics, was published in 1952, but as this was essentially an internal publication for the Department of State, his second book, Kinesics and Context has been cited far more often, and, along with a brief encyclopedia article on kinesics, has had far greater influence on the study of communication behavior. Many of Birdwhistell's publications were short pieces, gathered together to make up Kinesics and Context.Birdwhistell viewed communication as a continuous, multichannel (today, the more common term is multimodal) process through which and in which social interaction occurs. Although he is best known for inventing kinesics, his influence was much larger: he helped establish the logical underpinnings of language and social interaction research generally, and such approaches as the coordinated management of meaning. Publications
Books
<mask>, R. L. (1952). Introduction to Kinesics: An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture. Washington, DC: Department of State, Foreign Service Institute. <mask>, R. L. (1970). Kinesics and Context: Essays on Body Motion Communication.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Shorter publications (partial)
 <mask>, R. L. (1956). Kinesic analysis of

masks: Birdwhistell Birdwhistell Birdwhistell


texts: filmed behavior of children. In B. Schaffner (Ed. ), Group Processes: Transactions of the second conference (pp. 141–144). New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.<mask>, R. L. (1959). Contribution of Linguistic-Kinesic Studies for the Understanding of Schizophrenia. In A. Auerback (Ed. ), Schizophrenia (pp. 99–123). New York: Ronald Press. <mask>, R, L. (1960).Implications of Recent Developments in Communication Research for Evolutionary Theory. In W. M. Austin (Ed. ), Report of the Ninth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Study (pp. 149–155). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. <mask>, R. L. (1961). Paralanguage 25 Years After Sapir.In H. W. Brosin (Ed. ), Lectures on Experimental Psychiatry (pp. 43–63). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. <mask>, R. L. (1962). Critical Moments in the Psychiatric Interview. In T. T. Tourlentes (Ed.), Research Approaches to a Psychiatric Problem (pp. 179–188). New York: Grune and Stratton. Birdwhistell, R. L. (1971). Kinesics: Inter- and Intra-channel communication research. In J. Kristeva, J. Rey-Debove & D. J. Umiker (Eds. ), Essays in semiotics/Essais de semiotique (pp.527–546). The Hague: Mouton. <mask>, R. L. (1971). Chapter 3: Body Motion, In N. A. McQuown (Ed. ), The Natural History of an Interview (pp. 1–93). Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts on Cultural Anthropology, Fifteenth Series, Chicago: University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library, Department of Photoduplication.<mask>, R. L. (1971).

masks: Birdwhistell Birdwhistell Birdwhistell Birdwhistell Birdwhistell Birdwhistell


texts:
 Appendix 6: Sample Kinesic Transcription. In N. A. McQuown (Ed. ), The Natural History of an Interview (pp. 1–29). Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts on Cultural Anthropology, Fifteenth Series. Chicago: University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library, Department of Photoduplication.<mask>, R. L. (1974). The language of the body: The natural environment of words. In A. Silverstein (Ed. ), Human communication(pp. 203–220). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. <mask>, R. L. (1975).Background considerations of the study of the body as a medium of 'expression.' In J. Benthall & T. Polhemus (Eds. ), The body as a medium of expression (pp. 34–58). New York: E. P. Dutton. <mask>, R. L. (1977). Some Discussion of Ethnography, Theory, and Method, In J. Brockman (Ed.), About Bateson (pp. 101–141). New York: E. P. Dunon. Birdwhistell, R. L., C. F. Hockett, & N. A. McQuown. (1971). Chapter 6: Transcript, Transcription and Commentary. In N. A. McQuown (Ed,), The Natural History of an Interview [n,p,].Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts on Cultural Anthropology, Fifteenth Series, Chicago: University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library. Department of Photoduplication. See also
Macy Conferences
Kinesics

References

1918 births
1994 deaths
American anthropologists
Miami University alumni
Ohio State University Graduate School alumni
People from Brigantine, New Jersey
University of Chicago alumni
University of Louisville faculty
Temple University faculty
University of Pennsylvania


texts: <mask> II (September 23, 1829 – May 12, 1863 [contested]) was the son and heir of Queen Ranavalona I and ruled from 1861 to 1863 over the Kingdom of Madagascar, which controlled virtually the entire island. Radama's rule, although brief, was a pivotal period in the history of the Kingdom of Madagascar. Under the unyielding and often harsh 33-year rule of his mother, Queen Ranavalona I, Madagascar had successfully preserved its cultural and political independence from European colonial designs. Rejecting the queen's policy of isolationism and persecution of Christians, <mask> II permitted religious freedom and re-opened Madagascar to European influence. Under the terms of the Lambert Charter, which Radama secretly contracted in 1855 with French entrepreneur Joseph-François Lambert while Ranavalona still ruled, the French were awarded exclusive rights to the exploitation of large tracts of valuable land and other lucrative resources and projects. This agreement, which was later revoked by Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony, was key to establishing France's claim over Madagascar as a protectorate and, in 1896, as a colony. The dramatic contrast between Ranavalona's isolationism and her son's pro-European stance represented an abrupt reversal of policy that threatened the traditional sociopolitical order.Radama's absolutism in pursuing dramatic reforms in disregard of the advice of his ministers ultimately turned them against him. In a coup led by his prime minister, Rainivoninahitriniony, <mask> <mask> was strangled on May 12, 1863. His wife Rabodo, who took the throne name Rasoherina, was allowed by the ministers to succeed her husband on the condition that she and future sovereigns would no longer rule unilaterally, but rather in concert with the Hova (the class of free citizens) as represented by the position of prime minister. The public was informed that Radama had committed suicide and that his body had been unceremoniously interred in a tomb in Ilafy. However, there soon

masks: Radama Radama Radama II


texts:
 emerged rumors – believed by prominent foreigners Jean Laborde and William Ellis – that Radama lived and was making plans to reclaim the throne. A strong case has since been made on the basis of significant evidence that Radama may indeed have revived after the strangling and lived to old age in anonymity near Lake Kinkony in the northwestern part of the island. Upbringing and early years
<mask> II was born Prince Rakoto (Rakotosehenondradama) on September 23, 1829 in the Imasoandro building on the compound of the Rova of Antananarivo.He was officially recognized as the son of King <mask> I and his widow Queen Ranavalona I, although the king had died more than nine months before the prince's birth. He was likely fathered by a lover of his mother, Andriamihaja, a progressive young officer of the Merina army who the queen may have been tricked into putting to death by conservative ministers at court. After his mother succeeded <mask> I on the throne, she instituted an increasingly regressive regime that attempted to restore traditional values and contain or eliminate westernization. The prince, however, who had been highly influenced by the French adviser to the queen, Joseph-François Lambert, was favorably impressed by European culture, knowledge and its state of economic, political and technological development, and was troubled by some of the socially repressive policies pursued by Ranavalona I. According to a British account, the French played on this sympathy in 1855 by pressuring Prince Rakoto into signing a request for French aid that would have enabled France to establish control over Madagascar had the true nature of the letter and its signing not been uncovered by Rakoto and his British contacts. An alternate explanation was offered by Lambert, who maintained that the prince had knowingly supported the attempt to put an end to his mother's harsh policies, and was a willing collaborator in a failed 1857 plot to remove her from the throne. Prior to Queen Ranavalona's

masks: Radama Radama Radama


texts:
 death, the conservative and progressive factions within the Merina court waged a tactical power struggle to secure a successor favorable to their own political agenda.The conservative faction favored Ramboasalama, the son of the Queen's sister, while the Queen's prime minister, Rainivoninahitriniony and head of the army, Rainilaiarivony, brothers and progressives, supported Radama II. The latter successfully obtained key strategic allies within the court that enabled Radama to seize the throne without violence following his mother's death. Ramboasalama was obliged to swear a public oath of allegiance to Radama, and was later sent into exile in the highland village of Ambohimirimo where he died in April 1862. Reign
Prince Rakoto acceded to the throne on August 16, 1861 upon the natural death of his mother, Queen Ranavalona I, assuming the throne name <mask> II. His coronation ceremony was held the following year on September 23, 1862. Once upon the throne, he immediately initiated a rapid and dramatic reversal of many of his mother's traditionalist policies. He reopened the country to foreign powers and concluded treaties of friendship with Britain and France.The Lambert Charter opened up business possibilities for French investors. Freedom of religion was declared, persecution of Christians ceased, missionaries returned to the island and their schools were reopened. Radama abolished the traditional trial by ordeal of tangena, in which the guilt or innocence of an accused person was determined based on the outcome of consuming the poison of the tangena nut, and inhabitants of Antananarivo were permitted to raise swine within the city walls, a practice previously forbidden by a fady (taboo) forbidding them from being kept near the royal talismans (sampy). The sampy were dispersed to the sacred villages where they had originated under 16th-century Merina king Ralambo and other early monarchs. Significantly, Radama freed numerous political prisoners captured under Ranavalona I


texts:
 during provincial wars of subjugation and offered repatriation of confiscated property. This pardon was reciprocated by many of the beneficiary ethnic groups around the island, and good will between the coasts and central administration at Antananarivo improved significantly. These changes, and the king himself, were unequivocally praised by Madagascar's European partners:

The reaction within Imerina was less one-sided.The abrupt and dramatic policy changes pursued by the progressive king both alienated and disfranchised the established conservative factions among the andriana (nobles) and Hova (freemen) at court. Especially controversial were the special privileges accorded to Joseph-François Lambert and his partners under the Lambert Charter, including the exclusive implementation of public works projects (felling trees, making roads, building canals etc. ), control over minting coinage, lucrative mining rights and more as part of the purview of Lambert's proposed Compagnie de Madagascar (French Madagascar Company). The citizens' concern stemmed primarily from clauses in the agreement that would have permitted Lambert's company to become permanent owners of Malagasy lands. Until this point, land in Madagascar, which was viewed by the populace as the sacred ground of the ancestors, could only ever be temporarily possessed by foreigners until their death, at which point the land would revert to the crown. The threat of permanently losing any part of sacred Malagasy soil to foreigners was deeply troubling. Assassination plot

The legalization of dueling was ultimately the issue that brought to a head the tension between King <mask> II's entourage (mostly friends and some established political figures, known collectively as the menamaso or "red-eyes") and representatives of the opposition led by Radama's prime minister Rainivoninahitriniony.On May 7, 1863, <mask> II announced his intention to allow disputes to be settled by a duel, much to the disapproval of many of his

masks: Radama Radama


texts:
 advisers at court who feared the practice would lead to anarchy. The prime minister prevented the law from being publicly declared at the Zoma (Friday) market the following day. Friday afternoon, the prime minister's younger brother, Rainilaiarivony, who was head of the army, called several thousand troops into the city to besiege a number of the menamaso and members of the royal family at the Rova palace compound, and by Saturday morning the decision had been made and carried out to execute eleven of the menamaso and other key political figures who had counseled Radama to legalize dueling. On Sunday, May 10, Rainivoninahitriniony demanded that Radama hand over the menamaso he was sheltering in the palace, which he refused to do until the prime minister agreed to spare their lives; they were handed over but by Monday morning had all been speared to death. The drama ended on Tuesday morning, May 12, 1863, when a group of officers and soldiers forced their way into the Rova and seized the king. His wife, Queen Rabodo, pleaded for his life to be spared and attempted to stop them but was forcibly removed. The soldiers threw a lamba over Radama's head and strangled him with a silk sash until he was believed to be dead, thereby avoiding the shedding of royal blood as was the custom for royal executions in Imerina.The nobles informed Rabodo that she would have their support as queen on the condition that she would accept to abide by certain articles that would form a new contract between rulers and ruled in Madagascar:

Rabodo agreed to these conditions. The next morning, it was publicly announced in the marketplace that Radama had taken his own life due to grief over the deaths of his compatriots the menamaso and that Rabodo would succeed him as Queen Rasoherina. To cement the new power-sharing agreement between the ruler, the nobles and the heads of the people, a political marriage was contracted between the queen and Prime Minister Rainivoninahitriniony, who had been


texts:
 instrumental in her first husband's death. Radama's name was struck from the list of kings and it was declared illegal to mourn his death. Rumors of survival
Following <mask> II's apparent death, rumors spread that he had only been rendered unconscious by the attempt on his life and had revived as his body was being transported to Ilafy for interment in his designated tomb. French historian Delval presents evidence  that supports a scenario wherein the group tasked with carrying Radama's body to Ilafy became frightened as the king began to revive, prompting them to abandon the body and then falsely maintain that they had completed their task to place him in the tomb. Within months after his reported death, rumors began circulating that Radama was alive, residing on the west coast of the island and was amassing supporters for a political comeback.The rumors persisted to the point of causing political turmoil in Antananarivo. These claims may have had some substance judging by the actions of others. Prominent Christian missionaries outside the capital made extensive efforts to visit and support Radama but seemingly never succeeded. Traditionalist factions within the government were concerned enough by the rumors to have put to death sixteen of his supporters, as well as fining hundreds of others. According to evidence in Delval's study, Radama may indeed have survived and, failing to regain the throne, lived to old age as an ordinary citizen in the north of the island. With the apparent murder of <mask> II, the power of the Merina monarchs was broken. Subsequent monarchs were controlled by influential Hova, particularly Rainilaiarivony, who became prime minister after his brother and successively married all three remaining queens of the monarchy: Rasoherina, Ranavalona II and Ranavalona III.Notes

References

Bibliography

1829 births
1863 deaths
Merina people
19th-century murdered monarchs
Malagasy monarchs
Assassinated Malagasy people
People murdered in


texts:
<mask> (born 1928) is a British academic, writer and art critic. He spent much of his career in the United States and at Dalhousie University in Canada. He wrote three printed books and many other works published in digital form, and publicised the work of his late wife, the American artist <mask>. Biography

Born in North London in 1928, and educated at a provincial grammar school, <mask> entered  Balliol College, Oxford, in 1948 as an Exhibitioner (junior scholar)and read English. In 1953 he moved to the States, taking the Barzun-Trilling and doing a Ph.D. at the University of Minnesota, with a dissertation on George Sturt, rural labouring life, and the rhetoric of sociological presentation, plus a minor in Philosophy, including classes from Wilfred Sellars and Alan Donagan. In 1961, he and the Minnesota artist <mask> moved to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he taught at Dalhousie University, retiring in 1993 as George Munro Professor of English. During his academic career he published three books with Cambridge University Press, and numerous articles.In 1990 he gave the Alexander Lectures at the University of Toronto, on Nihilism, Modernism, and Value. He is an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. After Carol's death in 1991 he co-curated a show of her work, A Visionary Gaze (1993), and engaged in extensive archival work on her art and life. His website, Jottings.ca, was conceived as a vehicle for extending her reputation. It rapidly branched out, and now includes the equivalent of several print books. A reviewer of his Violence in the

masks:
John Fraser
Carol Hoorn Fraser
John Fraser
Carol Hoorn Fraser