texts:
 against players like Victor Baturinsky and Konstantin Klaman, these appearances were very rare. The war eventually created a five-and half-year period in which <mask> did not participate in any tournament.There was a silver lining though – <mask> was actually quite lucky. He always seemed to arrive or leave before an apocalyptic battle. He arrived in Baikala right after the Red Army had fought a brutal battle with Japan’s Kwantung Army. He was then sent to Berlin immediately after the Soviets had stormed it. <mask> successfully avoided every major combat zone in a war that killed over 11 million Soviet soldiers. Glory Years (1946-1958)
And in Berlin, from 1946, <mask> was able to resume his long-interrupted chess career and devoted himself entirely to it. In 1946, he won Championship of the Berlin Military District, winning 14 out of 15 games, and finishing ahead of future Ukrainian Champion, Isaac Lipnitsky.Later that year, <mask>, then 34 years old, returned to civilian life and his primary occupation was to serve as the captain of the DSO Spartak chess team. In 1947, <mask> finished in shared second place at the All-Union Candidate Master tournament at Yaroslavl. This marked the beginning of a tumultuous friendship between Nezhmetdinov, Vitaly Tarasov (the winner), Ratmir Kholmov (shared second). With this performance, <mask> had also earned his second Master norm. He now had the right to play an examination game for the title of Soviet Master. Georgy Lisitsin was appointed as Nezhmetdinov’s examiner. However, after studying Lisitsin’s games for many months, <mask> received a telegram from the Soviet Chess Federation, merely days before his match, stating that his examiner would be Vladas Mikenas.Mikenas was a far more formidable opponent. In his renewed preparations, <mask> came across an Article written by Mikenas on the Alekhine’s Defense, in Shakhmaty v SSSR, a popular chess magazine of the day. Mikenas claimed it was his preferred

masks: Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov


type: original

texts: response to 1. e4 (<mask>’s favorite first move). This must have been particularly intimidating considering Mikenas had only recently beaten the legendary Alexander Alekhine at the 1937 tournament in Kemeri, Latvia, with the black pieces no less. Nevertheless, the fearless <mask> still played 1. e4 in their first game and, even entered the “Hunt Variation” of the Alekhine Defense; Mikenas’ favorite. He crushed Mikenas in 17 moves. He beat Mikenas again, in the same variation, in Game 11.However, the Game was drawn 7-7 and <mask> did not gain the coveted Master title, because the examiner got draw odds. However, <mask> was not discouraged and this result only reinforced his belief that the title was within his grasp. However, this optimism must have led to a very few frustrating years for Nezhmetdinov, especially considering how brutally frank he was about his own performance. His next breakthrough came in 1950, when he earned the right to play at the prestigious RSFSR Championship at Nizhny Novgorod (this Championship was limited to the Russian Federation and thereby second to the USSR Championship). The competition was fierce, with Masters like Isaac Boleslavsky (the tournament's favorite), among many others. <mask> drew his game with Boleslavsky and went on to become the 10th Champion of the Russian Federation. He was finally a Soviet Master.He returned to Kazan, where a hero’s welcome awaited him. He went on to win the RSFSR Championship again, in 1951 at Yaroslavl. But his other tournament performances were relatively underwhelming. For instance, at the Baku International in 1964, Nezhmetdinov could only secure 4 points in 12 rounds; a performance he said owed to his underestimation of his opponents. He finished in third place, behind Vladimir Antoshin and Vladimir Bagirov. It is worth noting that around this time, <mask>, Vitaly and Ratmir had become boisterous drinking buddies. As the story goes, in Baku, they treated their hotel rooms

masks: Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov


texts: like they were rockstars.<mask> is said to have hurled crockery out the window, and eventually gotten into an argument with Ratmir. Vitaly tried to defuse the situation, but to no avail. By this time, the commotion had caught the attention of GM Alexander Kotov, an observer on behalf of the Soviet Sports Committee. He reported all the three Masters to the Sports Committee. Ratmir and Vitaly received the worst of it (the reason for this is unclear, but some say it is because <mask> was the only Communist Party member among them), with each receiving a one-year ban from tournaments and having governments stipends suspended. <mask> retained his stipend, and was banned for a shorter period of time . This marked a turning point in <mask>’s life and he turned a new leaf.He gave up the “party all night” lifestyle, and married Tamara Ivanovna (little is known about her apart from the fact that she is the mother of Nezhmetdinov’s children). It was also around this time that Nezhmetdinov wrote the first ever chess book in the Tatar language. <mask>’s next major tournament was the 1953 RSFSR Championship at Saratov, which he won. And in 1954, <mask> finally managed to play on the grand stage, the 21st USSR Championship at Kiev – the holy grail of Soviet Chess. This proved to be <mask>’s toughest competition so far as it included other masters like Tigran Petrosian and Efim Geller, who were already ranked amongst the best players in the world. <mask> finished the tournament in shared 7th place, but, finishing with 4½ wins in 7 matches against grandmasters, was a great achievement in itself. With the death of Stalin in 1953, <mask> was finally able to play chess internationally.Nikita Khrushchev adopted a far less repressive regime, pertinently, removing most travel restrictions for sportsmen. It was also around this time that the Russian Sports Committee came under fire from the international press for only ever sending their “strongest Grandmasters”


texts:
 abroad. The idea was for Russia to send four of their “mere Masters” to the 1954 international tournament at Bucharest. <mask> was chosen along with Semyon Furman, Viktor Korchnoi and his old friend, Ratmir Kholmov. Prior to leaving for the tournament, the four masters were summoned to Moscow, where they underwent rigorous training under Isaac Bolevslavsky and David Bronstein. 1954 International Tournament at Bucharest

This was the first time <mask> had left the USSR, and the first time he faced top level players outside of the Soviet Union. Despite all the pressures, his performance was exemplary as indicated below:

 Lost to IM Luděk Pachman

 Won against IM Miroslav Filip

 Won against IM Robert Wade

 Won against IM Bogdan Sliwa

 Won against GM Gideon Ståhlberg

 Won against GM Enrico Paoli

<mask> and Korchnoi were both leading until the last round when Korchnoi overtook him and went on to win the tournament.Despite <mask> finishing in second place, this performance earned him the title of International Master. Later Years (1958-1961)

<mask>’s next tournament was the 1958 USSR Team Championship at Vilnius, where he served as the captain of his team – RSFSR. They finished in third place, among the nine teams at the competition. By now it was 1959, and a 46-year-old <mask> was finally feeling the effects of age, only accentuated by his former, hard-living lifestyle. He noted in his autobiography that he was the oldest participant at the opening ceremony of the 1959 USSR Championship in Tbilisi. But his legendary win against Bronstein with the white pieces must have offered him some consolation. In 1961, he finished second at the Chigorin Memorial Tournament at Rostov on Don, behind only Mark Taimanov.In the same year, <mask> would then try to win the prestigious RSFSR Championship at Omsk for a record sixth time. Here, things got off to a rocky start, and <mask> finally found himself in a group of five, tied for second place, behind

masks: Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov Nezhmetdinov


texts:
 Lev Polugaevsky. A clear second had to be chosen since the top two players would get a chance to play in the next USSR Championship. <mask> triumphed, winning the tie-break and finishing ahead of Vladimir Antoshin and Anatoly Lein. And with that, <mask> qualified to participate at the 29th USSR Championship in Baku later the same year. Unfortunately in that tournament, <mask> only finished in 19th place; but won many notable games. Final Years (1961-1974)

The next decade marked a particularly uninteresting period of <mask>’s life.In 1961, he competed in his fifth USSR championship at Kharkov. The competition was diluted as over 120 players were invited, in a bid to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the October Revolution. <mask> still only finished in 27th place, a position he shared with 14 other players. His next tournament, almost 12 years later, was the 1973 Latvian Open at Daugavpils. However he fell ill during the tournament, and was unable to finish his last game. He finished in third place. In his last few years, he coached the Kazan Chess team at the Old City Chess Club and regularly gave simultaneous exhibitions in his hometown.He was said to be an approachable and joyful man, who was always ready to discuss anything under the sun; especially chess. <mask> passed on in the summer of 1974. Developments in his Checkers career

In 1949, the Russian Checkers Semifinals were held in Kazan. Nezhmetdinov attended as a spectator, but when one of the participants failed to show up, Nezhmetdinov agreed to substitute for him even though he had not played checkers for 15 years. He won every game, qualifying him for the finals, which were to be held immediately after a chess tournament in which he was also participating. He won the tournament and immediately thereafter placed second in the Russian Checkers Championship. Chess career

Playing style
<mask> was a fierce, imaginative, attacking player who beat many of the best players in the

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texts:
 world.Known for his committal, aggressive, forward moving playing style, he was occasionally referred by the nickname, "No Reverse Gear" <mask>. Russian Championship
Nezhmetdinov got the historical record of five wins of the Russian Chess Championship, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1957 and 1958.

International Master title
FIDE awarded him the International Master title for his second-place finish behind Viktor Korchnoi at Bucharest 1954, the only time he was able to compete outside of the Soviet Union. The elusive grandmaster title
There are few schools of thought on why Nezhmetdinov never became a grandmaster. The first, believes that Nezhmetdinov was obsessed with attack, and played for tactics and complications, even when there was none. Accordingly, they believe it was his ineptitude for defence that led to him never receiving the title. Grandmaster Yuri Averbakh, a strong positional and endgame player, suggested this in his interview by Dirk Jan ten Geuzendam in The Day Kasparov Quit:

Others believe he was discriminated against because he was a Muslim (tatar) and therefore given fewer chances to go abroad. Korchnoi remembered Nezhmetdinov:
I played my first tournament after my marriage in Sochi.This was the Russian SFSR championship, and it was won by <mask>, one of the strongest Soviet masters. For some reason, he was very rarely allowed to go abroad, and obviously, he never became a grandmaster because of that. As a consequence of living behind the “iron curtain” for many decades, he only left the USSR a total of three times. Another popular explanation was the one advanced by Marat Khasanov:

 Let us also consider the other Soviet Players who became GMs around the time <mask> should have (emphasis added) become one. 1954 - No player. 1955 - One player, Boris Spassky. He won the youth world chess championship and qualified for the Interzonal, where he got his grandmaster's norm.Boris was very lucky. The world championship in Antwerp ended

masks: Rashid Nezhmetdinov Rashid


texts:
 on 8th August, and the Interzonal, which, luckily, was held in Gothenburg, began in a week - on 15th August. And Spassky got there in time, which, considering the Soviet bureaucracy of the time, was quite a feat. 1956 - One player, Viktor Korchnoi, by accumulated results. 1957 - One player, Mikhail Tal. He won the Soviet championship that year. In 1958 and 1959, no Soviet players became grandmasters.Therefore, in six years, from 1954 to 1959, only three Soviet players became grandmasters: Spassky, Tal and Korchnoi. How was <mask> supposed to become a grandmaster if he never played in a tournament with grandmaster norms? However, even without the title, Nezhmetdinov had a prolific chess career, and a lifetime positive score against World Champions – an achievement that is usually exclusive to former world champions. But, perhaps the most humbling explanantion is the one we got from Nezhmetdinov himself:

 I came to chess too late, as a 17-year-old man with no theoretical knowledge, whereas all the champions — Botvinnik, Smyslov, Spassky, Petrosian and Tal received training from the age of seven or eight….Yes, I could play some games with brilliance, and win prizes for beauty, but I was never able to achieve the holistic skills necessary for Grandmaster level”

Results against world champions
Nezhmetdinov won a number of games against world champions such as Mikhail Tal, against whom he had a lifetime positive score, and Boris Spassky. He also had success against other world-class grandmasters such as David Bronstein, Lev Polugaevsky, and Efim Geller. He achieved a positive score in the 20 games he contested against World Champions. But in addition to his aforementioned dismal score against Averbakh, he could not win against excellent defenders like Tigran Petrosian (+0-3=2) and Korchnoi(+0-3=3).Memorial
Kazan Chess school is currently named after <mask>. <mask> is buried in the Arskoe Cemetery, in Kazan, Tatarstan Republic, Russia (memorial

masks:
Nezhmetdinov
Rashid Nezhmetdinov
Rashid Nezhmetdinov


texts:
<mask> of Ohrid (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian: Свети Климент Охридски, ; ; ;  – 916) was one of the first medieval Bulgarian saints, scholar, writer and enlightener of the Slavs. He was one of the most prominent disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius and is often associated with the creation of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts, especially their popularisation among Christianised Slavs. He was the founder of the Ohrid Literary School and is regarded as a patron of education and language by some Slavic people. He is considered to be the first bishop of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, one of the Seven Apostles of Bulgarian Orthodox Church and one of the premier saints of modern Bulgaria. The mission of Saint <mask> was the crucial factor which transformed the Slavs in Macedonia into Bulgarians. Saint <mask> is also the patron saint of North Macedonia, the city of Ohrid and the Macedonian Orthodox Church. Life

The exact date of his birth is unknown.Most probably, he joined Methodius as a young man following him later to the monastery on Mysian Olympus. According to his hagiography by Theophylact of Ohrid, <mask> knew the life of Methodius like no other. That is why most scholars think he was born in the Byzantine Empire in the territory where Methodius served during his political career, i.e. that he was a Slav from Southern Macedonia. This gives rise to some researchers to indicate the area of Thessaloniki as the possible place of birth of <mask>. According to others, the area of Southern Macedonia, including the northern approach to Thessaloniki, where he maybe was born, was then part of the First Bulgarian Empire. Most of Macedonia became part of Bulgaria between 830 and 840, i.e when <mask> was born.The Short Life of St. <mask> by Theophylact of Ohrid testifies to his Slavic origin, calling him "the first bishop in the Bulgarian language," while

masks:
Saint Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement
Clement


texts: The Ohrid Legend written by Demetrios Chomatenos describes him as one of the European Moesians, commonly known as Bulgarians. Because of that, some scholars label him a Bulgarian Slav, while Dimitri Obolensky calls <mask> a Slav inhabitant of the Kingdom of Bulgaria. A fringe view on his origin postulates that <mask> was born in Great Moravia. This view is based on the lexicographical analysis of <mask>'s works. <mask> participated in the mission of Cyril and Methodius to Great Moravia. In 867 or 868 he became a priest in Rome, ordained along with two other disciples of Cyril and Methodius, Saint Gorazd and Saint Naum, by bishops Formosus and Gauderic. After the death of Cyril, <mask> accompanied Methodius on his journey from Rome to Pannonia and Great Moravia.After the death of Methodius himself in 885, <mask> headed the struggle against the German clergy in Great Moravia along with Gorazd. After spending some time in jail, he was expelled from Great Moravia and in 885 or 886 reached Belgrade, then in the borders of Bulgaria together with Naum of Preslav, Angelarius and possibly Gorazd (according to other sources, Gorazd was already dead by that time). Thereafter, the four of them were sent to the Bulgarian capital of Pliska where they were commissioned by Boris I of Bulgaria to instruct the future clergy of the state in the Old Slavonic language. After the adoption of Christianity in 865, religious ceremonies in Bulgaria were conducted in Greek by clergy sent from the Byzantine Empire. Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state, Boris viewed the adoption of the Old Slavonic language as a way to preserve the political independence and stability of Bulgaria. With a view thereto, Boris made arrangements for the establishment of two literary academies where theology was to be taught in the Slavonic language. The first of the schools was

masks: Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement


texts:
 to be founded in the capital, Pliska, and the second in the region of Kutmichevitsa.According to his hagiography by Theophylact of Ohrid, while Naum stayed in Pliska working on the foundation of the Pliska Literary School, <mask> was commissioned by Boris I to organise the teaching of theology to future clergymen in Old Church Slavonic in the southwestern part of the Bulgarian Empire, in the region then known as Kutmichevitsa. For a period of seven years (between 886 and 893) <mask> taught some 3,500 disciples in the Slavonic language and the Glagolitic alphabet. At that time, <mask> translated Christian literature into Old Church Slavonic, and in this way, he and his co-workers laid the foundations of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. In 893 he was ordained archbishop of Drembica, Velika (bishopric). Upon his death in 916 he was buried in his monastery, Saint Panteleimon, in Ohrid. Soon after he was canonized as a saint by the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the South Slavs into neighbouring Byzantine culture, which promoted the formation of a distinct Bulgarian identity in the Empire.During the first quarter of the 10th century, the ethnonym “Bulgarians” was adopted by the Slavic tribes in most of Macedonia, while their names were abandoned. <mask>'s life's work played a significant role in this transformation. Legacy

Saint <mask> of Ohrid was one of the most prolific and important writers in Old Church Slavonic. He is credited with the Panonic Hagiography of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius. <mask> also translated the Flower Triode containing church songs sung from Easter to Pentecost and is believed to be the author of the Holy Service and the Life of St. <mask> of Rome, as well as of the oldest service dedicated to St. Cyril and St. Methodius. The invention of

masks: Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement


texts:
 the Cyrillic alphabet is also usually ascribed to him although the alphabet is most likely to have been developed at the Preslav Literary School at the beginning of the 10th century (see Cyrillic script). Medieval frescoes of Saint <mask> exist throughout the modern-day territories of North Macedonia, Serbia and northern Greece, with the vast majority being located in North Macedonia.The Church of St. Clement of Ohrid is located in Skopje and is the largest cathedral of the Macedonian Orthodox Church. The first modern Bulgarian university, Sofia University, was named after <mask> upon its foundation in 1888. The Macedonian National and University Library, founded on November 23, 1944, also bears his name. The University in Bitola, established in 1979, is named after <mask>, as well as the Bulgarian scientific base, St. Kliment Ohridski on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. In November 2008, the Macedonian Orthodox Church donated part of <mask>'s relics to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as a sign of good will. In May 2018 was announced that in the ruins of a Ravna Monastery, near the village of Ravna in Provadiya Municipality, the signature of Saint <mask> was identified on a stone plate with a large amount of graffiti on it. The signature is dated as of April 24, 889.The finding gives reason to assume that the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius were settled there at one stage, after being expelled from the Great Moravia and their reception in Bulgaria. See also
 Chernorizets Hrabar

References

External links

9th-century births
916 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
9th-century Bulgarian people
10th-century Bulgarian people
Medieval Bulgarian saints
Creators of writing systems
Medieval Bulgarian writers
Bulgarian male writers
10th-century Christian saints
Medieval Ohrid
Saints of medieval Macedonia
People from

masks: Clement Clement Clement Clement Clement


texts:
<mask> (; born April 15, 1982) is a Canadian actor, comedian, and filmmaker. Originally a stand-up comedian in Vancouver, he moved to Los Angeles for a part in Judd Apatow's series Freaks and Geeks, and then got a part on the sitcom Undeclared, which also hired him as a writer. After landing his job as a staff writer on the final season of Da Ali G Show, Apatow guided <mask> toward a film career. As a staff writer, he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series. His first movie appearance was a minor role in Donnie Darko (2001). <mask> was cast in a supporting role and credited as a co-producer in Apatow's directorial debut, The 40-Year-Old Virgin. Universal Pictures subsequently cast him as the lead in Apatow's films Knocked Up and Funny People.<mask> co-starred as Steve Wozniak in Universal's Steve Jobs biopic in 2015. In 2016, he developed the AMC television series Preacher with his writing partner Evan Goldberg and Sam Catlin. He also serves as a writer, executive producer, and director, with Goldberg. <mask> and Goldberg co-wrote the films Superbad, Pineapple Express, The Green Hornet, This Is the End, and directed both This Is the End and The Interview, all of which <mask> starred in. He has also done voice work for the films Shrek the Third, Horton Hears a Who!, the Kung Fu Panda trilogy, The Spiderwick Chronicles, Monsters vs. Aliens, Paul, Sausage Party, the 2019 version of The Lion King, and the forthcoming Mario film. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on April 15, 1982, in Vancouver, British Columbia to a Jewish family of Ukrainian and Russian origin. His mother, Sandy Belogus, is a social worker, and

masks:
Seth Aaron Rogen
Rogen
Rogen
Rogen
Rogen
Rogen
Seth Aaron
Rogen


texts: his American father, <mask>, worked for non-profit organizations and as an assistant director of the Workmen's Circle Jewish fraternal organization.Of his dual citizenship, <mask> has stated, "I definitely associate with being Canadian much more than being American" because he grew up in Canada. He has described his parents, who met on kibbutz Beit Alfa in Israel, as "radical Jewish socialists". <mask> has an older sister named Danya. He attended Vancouver Talmud Torah Elementary School and Point Grey Secondary School, incorporating many of his classmates into his writing, and took up kyokushin karate for ten years. He was also known for the stand-up comedy he performed at Camp Miriam, a Habonim Dror camp. As a child, <mask> did not want to pursue any career other than comedy, stating, "As soon as I realized you could be funny as a job, that was the job I wanted." He got his start in show business at age 12 after enrolling in a comedy workshop taught by Mark Pooley.His early comedy routines involved jokes about his bar mitzvah, his grandparents, and his camp counsellors. During his teenage years, he would perform stand-up comedy routines at places like bar mitzvahs and small parties, later shifting to bars. A mohel paid him to write jokes. At the age of 13, he co-wrote a rough draft of Superbad with childhood friend Evan Goldberg, whom he had met at bar mitzvah classes. Based on their teenage experiences, <mask> and Goldberg spent the rest of their time in high school polishing the script. They initially worried that American Pie (1999) had beaten them to the idea for the movie, but they decided that the film "'managed to totally avoid all honest

masks:
Mark Rogen
Rogen
Rogen
Rogen
Rogen


texts:
 interaction between characters,' which is what we're going for." His mother was supportive of his comic endeavours and would often drive him to stand-up gigs at the comedy club Yuk Yuk's.With his deadpan humour, he placed second in the Vancouver Amateur Comedy Contest at 16 years old. Also when <mask> was 16, his father lost his job and his mother quit hers, forcing them to put their house up for sale and relocate to a significantly smaller apartment. Around this time, he landed a role on Judd Apatow's television show Freaks and Geeks after attending a local casting call. <mask> dropped out of high school, began working for Apatow, and relocated with his family to Los Angeles. <mask> paid the bills and had become the main wage earner at just 16. Career

1999–2006: Early work and friendship with Judd Apatow
<mask>'s acting debut was as Ken Miller, a cynical, acerbic "freak", in Apatow's Freaks and Geeks, a cult hit series first released in 1999. Revolving around a group of teenagers' lives, Freaks and Geeks first aired in 1999.Although well reviewed, the show was NBC's lowest-viewed program and was cancelled after one season due to poor ratings. Impressed with <mask>'s improvisational skills, Apatow then chose him as the lead in another of his shows, Undeclared. <mask> was originally set to play a fairly popular but nerdy college freshman, but the network did not think he was leading man material. Apatow opted not to go along with the show. <mask> also served as a staff writer to the short-lived production. Following the show's cancellation in 2002, <mask> did not get many auditions, which was not upsetting to him as he always thought he would achieve

masks: Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen


texts: better success as a writer. He would soon be a part of Apatow's "frat pack," a close-knit group that includes Steve Carell and Paul Rudd.Of the awkwardness of a grown man spending so much time with a teenaged <mask>, Apatow said: "I'm such a comedy fan that, even though he's 16, I know I'm hanging out with one of the guys who's going to be one of the great comics." Around this time, Apatow would come up with odd requests for <mask> and Goldberg, such as turn an idea of his into a movie in 10 days and come up with 100 one-page ideas for films. Regarding Apatow's professional effect on <mask>, the actor said in 2009, "Obviously, I can't stress how important Judd's been to my career." <mask> had roles in Donnie Darko (2001) and Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004). A big career point for him was becoming a staff writer for Sacha Baron Cohen's last season of Da Ali G Show in 2004. Along with the show's other writers, <mask> received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. He became familiar to audiences as one of the main character's co-workers in Apatow's well-reviewed buddy comedy directorial debut feature The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005).<mask> also co-produced it and improvised all his dialogue. "[<mask>] hadn't done any screen work that indicated he could carry as memorable and convincing a performance as he does with the character Cal," MTV's John Constantine wrote. The Boston Globe reviewer Wesley Morris wrote that <mask>, along with co-stars Rudd and Romany Malco, were each hilarious in their own right and Orlando Sentinel Roger Moore believed that <mask> had his moments in the film whereas Moira Macdonald of The Seattle Times said the actor was

masks: Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen


texts:
 "droopily deadpan". He followed this with a small role in You, Me and Dupree (2006), a critically panned comedy featuring Matt Dillon, Kate Hudson and Owen Wilson. 2007–2009: Breakthrough as a leading man

His breakthrough came when Universal Studios greenlit him for the lead in yet another Apatow production: Knocked Up (2007), a romantic comedy that follows the repercussions of a drunken one-night stand between his slacker character and Katherine Heigl's just-promoted media personality that results in an unintended pregnancy. Upon completing The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Apatow had approached <mask> about potential starring roles, but the actor suggested many high-concept science fiction ideas. After Apatow insisted that he would work better in real life situations, the two agreed on the accidental pregnancy concept of this production.<mask> called shooting sex scenes with Heigl "nerve-racking" and found comfort with the supporting cast since, even though he played a lead, the focus was not all on him. Made on a $30 million budget and released on June 1, Knocked Up was a critical and commercial hit, garnering an approval rating of 90 percent on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes and grossing $219 million. <mask> also received favourable reviews. Later that year, he played a supporting part as an irresponsible police officer in Superbad, which he had written with his writing partner and was co-produced by Apatow. Michael Cera and Jonah Hill originate the main roles, two teenage best friends whose party plans go wrong, based on them. The film and their writing was praised, with critics finding it to be very authentic. It topped the US box office for two weeks

masks: Rogen Rogen Rogen


texts: in a row.He made a vocal cameo appearance in the animated film Shrek the Third, also released in 2007. <mask> hosted Saturday Night Live in October 2007. <mask>'s projects in 2008 included Jimmy Hayward's Horton Hears a Who!, an animated film based on the Dr. Seuss book, in which <mask> voiced Morton the Mouse, and the fantasy film The Spiderwick Chronicles, in which he voiced a hobgoblin. <mask> additionally co-wrote Drillbit Taylor, also produced by Apatow and starring Owen Wilson as the homeless titular character. He based the screenplay on a 70-page scriptment done by John Hughes. The movie was panned by critics who thought its plot – a grown man becoming three kids' bodyguard and beating up their bullies – had no focus and was drawn out. "If Superbad were remade as a gimmicky Nickelodeon movie, it would probably look something like Drillbit Taylor" Josh Bell wrote in the Las Vegas Weekly.He again lent his voice to another animated movie, this time Kung Fu Panda, with Jack Black and Angelina Jolie. It did exceptionally well in theatres, making more than $630 million. <mask> made a cameo appearance in the comedy Step Brothers, released in July. <mask>, Goldberg and Apatow were behind the stoner action comedy Pineapple Express directed by David Gordon Green at Columbia Pictures. Apatow produced it while <mask> and Goldberg wrote the script. <mask> was chosen to play the film's protagonist, a 25-year-old who accidentally witnesses a murder while delivering a subpoena. James Franco was cast as his hippie pot dealer that he goes on the run with.When asked about its inspiration, <mask> said he wrote what he knew. Pineapple Express was released to theatres


texts: in August and made $101 million in ticket sales against its $27 million production budget. Movie critics lauded it, appreciating their performances and its humor. In April 2008, Empire reported <mask> and Goldberg would write an episode for the animated television series The Simpsons. He also voiced a character in the episode, entitled "Homer the Whopper," which opened the twenty-first season. Kevin Smith's romantic comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno rounded out 2008 for the actor. He and Elizabeth Banks portrayed the title roles: Pennsylvania roommates who try to make some extra cash by making an adult film together.After having difficulty trying to secure an R rating, <mask> commented to MTV, "It's a really filthy movie," but complained, "It's really crazy to me that Hostel is fine, with people gouging their eyes out and shit like that... But you can't show two people having sex – that's too much." The picture was distributed on Halloween by The Weinstein Company and disappointed at the box office. Along with Reese Witherspoon, he voiced a character in the animated science fiction Monsters vs Aliens (2009), which did well commercially, with a total of $381.5 million. He then starred in the Jody Hill-directed mall cop comedy Observe and Report, in which he portrayed bipolar mall security guard Ronnie Barnhart. The film opened in theatres on April 10. Critics noted a departure in <mask>'s acting style from playing laid-back roles to playing a more sadistic character; Wesley Morris from The Boston Globe opined that "Often with <mask>, his vulnerability makes his coarseness safe... Ronnie is something altogether new for <mask>.Vulnerability never arrives.

masks: Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen


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 He's shameless." Later in 2009, <mask> starred in Apatow's third directorial feature, Funny People, with Adam Sandler. <mask> played a young, inexperienced comic while Sandler played a mentor of sorts to his character; the film had more dramatic elements in it than Apatow's previous efforts. Funny People was a commercial failure, coming up short of earning back its $75 million budget. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, with a consensus that it had "considerable emotional depth". <mask> hosted Saturday Night Live again in 2009, where the music video for the Lonely Island song "Like a Boss," in which he starred, premiered.2010–2014: Venture into directing and controversy

After years of development, a feature film adaptation of The Green Hornet was handled by <mask> and Goldberg, with a theatrical release in January 2011. <mask> chose to do a re-imagining of the title character. He was executive producer of the movie and also cast himself as the main character. <mask> later admitted to having been overwhelmed by handling its $120 million budget. "It's insane. But it's not so much the specific amount of money that's stressful, it's all the things that go along with making a movie of that size." The actor also went on a strict weight-loss diet to play the slim crime fighter.The Green Hornet was a critical disappointment; Adam Graham of the Detroit News called it "a big, sloppy, loud, grating mess of a movie" and the Arizona Republics Bill Goodykoontz found its story to have fallen apart. Nonetheless, it still opened at number one at the box office, making $33 million in its opening weekend before going on to gross more than

masks: Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen


texts: $225 million. In 2011, <mask> and Evan Goldberg founded the production company Point Grey Pictures, named after Point Grey Secondary School, which they both attended. <mask> provided the voice and motion capture for the title character, a grey alien, in the science fiction comedy Paul (2011). The film also starred Simon Pegg and Nick Frost as a pair of geeks who help Paul escape from FBI agents. He reprised his voice role in Kung Fu Panda 2, as well as produced and took a supporting role in Jonathan Levine's 50/50. The dramedy about cancer was based on an autobiographical script by screenwriter Will Reiser, and was released in September 2011.The drama Take This Waltz, his fourth film of 2011, featured <mask> as a man whose wife (played by Michelle Williams) explores a new relationship with another man. From 2011 to 2015, <mask> played Dirty Randy, a librarian and pornographer, in the sitcom The League, in addition to writing two episodes. <mask> hosted the 27th Independent Spirit Awards in February 2012 and the road movie The Guilt Trip, also starring Barbra Streisand, was released in cinemas that December. The film was about an inventor (<mask>) who invites his mother (Streisand) on a road trip, as he attempts to sell his new product while also reuniting her with a lost love. In 2013, <mask> along with screenwriting collaborator Evan Goldberg made their directorial debut with This Is the End, a comedy featuring <mask>, Jay Baruchel, James Franco, Jonah Hill, Craig Robinson, and Danny McBride playing fictional versions of themselves facing a global apocalypse. The film received positive reviews and was number two in the box office on its opening


texts: weekend. <mask> recurred on the revived fourth season of the comedy series Arrested Development in May 2013, playing a young George Bluth Sr. (played by Jeffrey Tambor) in several flashback scenes.He co-wrote the foreword for the 2014 book Console Wars: Sega, Nintendo, and the Battle that Defined a Generation by Blake J. Harris. and was reported be working on an adaptation with Goldberg. <mask> hosted Saturday Night Live for a third time in 2014. That May, <mask> starred in Neighbors with Rose Byrne and Zac Efron, which was directed by Nicholas Stoller. In the film, <mask> and Byrne played a couple who come into conflict with a fraternity, led by Efron's character, living next door. The film became <mask>'s highest grossing non-animated film, having grossed over $270 million globally. <mask> and Evan Goldberg co-directed and co-wrote the story to the action comedy The Interview, starring <mask> and James Franco as a pair of journalists who are recruited by the CIA to assassinate North Korean leader Kim Jong-un after setting up an interview with him.In June 2014, North Korea threatened a "merciless" retaliation on the United States if it did not ban The Interview, labelling the movie "an act of war" and a "wanton act of terror," and <mask> himself a "gangster filmmaker". In December, Sony Pictures announced that it was cancelling the release of the movie after a cyber attack on the studio, allegedly tied to North Korea and threats made subsequently by Kim Jong-un. As a result of criticism of this decision, Sony subsequently made the film available online and it allowed theatrical release on December 25, 2014, drawing mixed opinions from film critics.


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 Scott Foundas of Variety found the film to be "about as funny as a communist food shortage, and just as protracted," while The Daily Telegraph critic Robbie Collin opined that it was "a raucous, abrasive, snort-out-loud satire with mischief in its heart and methane in its gut". It grossed $11.3 million in theatres, but had strong online sales and rentals. Also in 2014, <mask> made cameo appearances in the comedy 22 Jump Street as the double of Jonah Hill's character and in James Franco's drama The Sound and the Fury as a telegrapher. During the time, both <mask> and Goldberg through his Point Grey Pictures company had set up a joint venture with major client Good Universe to set up mainstream comedy films.2015–present: Continued film and television work
<mask> portrayed Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Wozniak in the Danny Boyle-directed Steve Jobs biopic (2015), from a screenplay by Aaron Sorkin. His performance in the film was widely praised and <mask> was commended for doing an "excellent job" by Wozniak himself. In November 2015, <mask> starred alongside Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Anthony Mackie in the Christmas-themed comedy The Night Before as three best friends who annually reunite to celebrate Christmas Eve. In 2016, he reprised his voice role in Kung Fu Panda 3 and in the Neighbors sequel Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising. Along with Goldberg and Sam Catlin, <mask> developed the television series Preacher for Sony Pictures Television, which premiered on AMC in May 2016. The show is based on the comic book series of the same name created by Garth Ennis and Steve Dillon and follows a small-town preacher named Jesse Custer (played by Dominic Cooper) who


texts: possesses a superpower that allows him to command others to do as he says. His last release of 2016 was the animated comedy Sausage Party, which in addition to voicing the lead character Frank—a sausage who tries to escape his fate in a supermarket—he co-wrote and produced.Sausage Party became the most commercially successful R-rated animated film of all time, overtaking South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). Associated Press critic Lindsey Bahr wrote of the film: "There is no one out there making comedies quite like <mask> and Goldberg. They are putting their definitive stamp on the modern American comedy one decency-smashing double entendre at a time." Along with Evan Goldberg, <mask> directed and executive produced the science fiction comedy series Future Man, starring Josh Hutcherson, which premiered on the streaming service Hulu in November 2017. The same year, <mask> and Goldberg also co-directed a short commercial film for Walmart, titled Bananas Town, and <mask> portrayed the script supervisor, Sandy Schklair, to The Room director and star Tommy Wiseau (played by James Franco), in the Franco-directed film The Disaster Artist, based on the book of the same name, which chronicles the making of the 2003 film The Room. <mask>, as the founder of Hilarity for Charity, an organization that raises funds for Alzheimer's research and support, hosts an annual fundraising comedy event named after the organization. The sixth event was broadcast through the streaming service Netflix in April 2018.In July 2018, it was announced that <mask> was to voice public service announcements in his native Vancouver's TransLink transit system and Toronto's Toronto


texts: Transit Commission. <mask> co-starred alongside Kristen Bell and Kelsey Grammer as the love interest of Bell's character in the 2018 comedy-drama Like Father, directed by <mask>'s wife, Lauren Miller. In 2019, <mask> starred opposite Charlize Theron in the romantic comedy Long Shot, as an unemployed journalist who re-connects with his childhood love interest and babysitter (Theron), who has become a major political figure. <mask> co-starred in the 2019 remake of the animated musical film The Lion King (1994), voicing the warthog Pumbaa, who rescues the film's protagonist Simba with his friend Timon, voiced by Donald Glover and Billy Eichner, respectively. He sang three songs in the film, which were included on the soundtrack release. <mask> said that, "[a]s an actor, I don't think I'm right for every role — there are a lot of roles I don't think I'm right for even in movies I'm making — but Pumbaa was one I knew I could do well." Despite middling critical reception towards the film, it became one of the highest-grossing films of all time, and <mask> and Eichner received praise for their chemistry.In 2019, <mask> also produced the comedy Good Boys, starring Jacob Tremblay for Universal Pictures, and the television shows The Boys and Black Monday, directing the pilot for the latter show with Goldberg. In 2021, he voiced Allen the Alien in the animated series Invincible in which he also serves as producer. <mask> filmed scenes for the James Franco film Zeroville in 2014, which was not released until 2019. <mask> has a guest chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' self-help book Tools of Titans. <mask>'s first book, Yearbook, was published in May 2021.

masks: Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen


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 Yearbook is a memoir that features a collection of essays spanning from <mask>'s adolescence to his experiences in Hollywood. In September 2021, Nintendo announced in a Nintendo Direct presentation that <mask> would be voicing Donkey Kong in the 2022 computer-animated Mario film, with a spin-off film focused around the character planned as well.Political views and activism
Politically, <mask> describes himself as "left wing". <mask> has been active in raising awareness of Alzheimer's disease. The disease runs in his wife's family and has affected his mother-in-law for several years. "I think until you see it firsthand, it's kind of hard to conceive of how brutal it is," <mask> said to CNN. "Until I saw it, you just don't get kind of how heartbreaking it can be." During the interview, he talked about how he tries to be emotionally supportive and around as much as he can for Miller's mother. Both he and Miller spoke to Larry King for A Larry King Special, Unthinkable: The Alzheimer's Epidemic, which aired in April 2011.<mask> testified about the disease and his charity before the United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services on February 26, 2014. <mask> started the Hilarity for Charity movement, to inspire change and raise awareness of Alzheimer's disease among the Millennial Generation. <mask> and his wife also initiated the Alzheimer's and Dementia Care Grant Program with Home Instead Senior Care to provide free at-home care to senior citizens. On February 25, 2016, <mask> and Miller were honoured with the unite2gether accolade from unite4:humanity for their work promoting awareness and raising money for


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 Alzheimer's research through Hilarity for Charity. <mask> appeared in a Bud Light commercial celebrating LGBT Pride Month and the Supreme Court of the United States ruling that granted same-sex couples the right to marry. <mask> is a member of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity (Lambda Delta chapter) at the University of Vermont. He was initiated in April 2017 after his fourth visit to the campus for his Hilarity for Charity movement.<mask> is also a member of National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws and an open marijuana user. <mask> and his longtime friend and collaborator Evan Goldberg launched the cannabis company Houseplant in Canada in 2019. In June 2018, <mask> was invited by Mitt Romney to speak at a seminar for awareness of Alzheimer's disease hosted by Romney in Park City, Utah. Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan was in attendance, asking <mask> for a photo after Ryan's children engaged <mask> in conversation. <mask> refused, stating in an interview with Stephen Colbert, "I look over and his kids are standing right there expectantly, clearly fans of mine, and I said, ‘No way, man!’” and telling Ryan “Furthermore, I hate what you’re doing to the country at this moment and I’m counting the days until you no longer have one iota of the power that you currently have.”

On July 3, 2018, <mask> criticized Twitter and its CEO Jack Dorsey, claiming he had a "bizarre need to verify white supremacists". Variety magazine reported that he was "directly in touch" with Dorsey over the issue. Several media outlets, including Fortune, speculated that <mask> was referring to alt-right figure Jason Kessler, and the Proud Boys in


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 particular.<mask> is a supporter of the Black Lives Matter movement. Views on Israel
During his July 2020 promotional tour for his comedy, An American Pickle, <mask> said he was "fed a huge amount of lies about Israel" growing up. "They never tell you that, 'Oh, by the way, there were people there'. They make it seem like it was just like sitting there, like the fucking door’s open." He said that antisemitism remains pervasive and prevalent, but also spoke to the importance of a strong Jewish diaspora, "You don’t keep something you’re trying to preserve all in one place." <mask> later expanded on his comments, stating in an interview: "I think that it's a tricky conversation to have in jest. And that's something that perhaps I now look at and say, 'Oh, now that we joked about that, perhaps we could clarify some things so people don't run around thinking that I think Israel shouldn't exist anymore.'And I'm sensitive to Jewish people being hurt, as a Jewish person. And I'm sensitive to Jewish people thinking I'm not a proud Jewish person, which I am. Truthfully, I think my pride in being Jewish and how deeply I identify as a Jewish person perhaps made me feel like I was able to say things without as much context as perhaps I should give them – you know what I'm saying? And I am sensitive to Jews thinking that I , and that there are a lot of Jewish people who are alive who wouldn't be without Israel. And my parents met in Israel; I've been to Israel several times." Personal life

<mask> began dating writer/actress Lauren Miller in 2004. The two met while he was working on Da Ali G Show.The couple became engaged on September 29, 2010, and married on October

masks: Rogen Rogen Rogen Rogen


texts: 2, 2011, in Sonoma County, California. Miller has had minor on-screen roles in a few of <mask>'s films. They have stated they do not plan to have children. <mask> has created a cannabis brand in the city of Toronto, Ontario, with his friend Evan Goldberg. After attending pottery classes with his wife in 2017, he began making ceramics. He cites artist Kenneth Price as an inspiration. In January 2021, <mask> revealed on Twitter that he has mild Tourette syndrome, which runs in his


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<mask> (born 24 September 1975), known as <mask> is a Malagasy saxophonist, flutist, bandleader and composer. His music combines elements of jazz, blues and traditional musics of Madagascar, including: the hira gasy of the Centre, the beko from the South and the salegy from the North of the Great Island. He is also recognized as one of the heirs of the malagsy flute sodina tradition and of its last great master: Rakoto Frah (Philibert Rabezoza Rakoto). <mask> has played and/or recorded in Europe, Africa (Senegal and Madagascar), as well as in the United States with: Miriam Makeba, Rakoto Frah, Paco Sery, Eric Le Lann, Regis Gizavo, Solorazaf, Lionel Loueke, Mokhtar Samba, Tony Rabeson, Serge Rahoerson, Linley Marthe, Idrissa Diop, Hanitra Ranaivo, Silo Andrianandraina and Jaojoby Eusèbe. He was invited by Joe Zawinul to play at his concert at the Parc Floral Paris 2002, but he could not honour the invitation. Since 2004, he has lived and performed in Madagascar, where he created the "Vatomanga Band" which appeared for the first time in quartet form during the Madajazzcar Festival 2005 and gradually enlarged to a septet after 2010. In 2011, the band took the name MadaJazz.Biography

Early life
Vatomanga started with classical music at age four at the National Center for Music education (CNEM) in Antananarivo, Madagascar. He was taught by Mrs Alisera and Seta Ramaroson Andrianary (flutist, saxophonist

masks:
Nicolas Vatomanga Andrianaivo Rakotovao
Nicolas Vatomanga
Nicolas Vatomanga


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 and composer), both renowned teachers there. Choosing the flute as his first instrument, Vatomanga continued training with Seta at the Cercle Germano-Malagasy (CGM) of Antananarivo. A precocious child, he composed for piano at age eight and played frequently in classical concerts (NCCM, CGM) from age ten. His mother, he claimed, had a great influence on his tastes and his passion for music: classical music, blues, gospel and traditional Malagasy music (such as the hira gasy, the Kalon'ny Fahiny, Ny Antsaly, Rakotozafy and Rakoto Frah in particular); she learned to play valiha (the Malagasy bamboo zither) when he started on flute. Jazz
At age fourteen, at Seta's invitation, Vatomanga attended a concert given by American saxophonist and flutist of Caribbean origin, TK Blue (Talib Kibwe). Following the concert, he learned on the flute, from ear and by heart, the theme and the solo of "Pinnacle of Joy" of the album Egyptian Oasis (1987) of the American jazzmen.He, therefore, decided to learn the saxophone and a new form of expression for him: improvised music. Seta, also a jazz saxophonist, taught him jazz basics, especially harmonization of improvisation. Further encouraged by Silo Andrianandraina (also a young Malagasy jazzman), a friend from second class in high school, Vatomanga listened and explored the world of jazz fundamentals, particularly through the works of Charlie Parker, Miles Davis,


texts: George Shearing, Oscar Peterson, Sonny Rollins, Stan Getz, Bill Evans, McCoy Tyner, Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Joe Zawinul and John Coltrane. "Trane" in particular became a great influence. Attuned to his African roots, he listened to South African jazz, including Makeba, Hugh Masekela and Bheki Mseleku. At age fifteen, he began learning the saxophone in a band with Solomiral, an Antananarivo jazz fusion band, then informally with Toty Band and a more traditional music group from Southern Madagascar, Tsimihole. In 1992, he participated in his first Madajazzcar Festival, accompanied by an informal group created for the occasion.Bassist Olver "Toty" Andriamampianina became Vatomanga's second mentor. Seta and Toty provided him constant encouragements to pursue a musical career. Throughout the years of his BSc diploma, he attended the Jazz Club of Mahamasina, founded by pianist and composer Sammy Andriamanoro.<ref>Anjara Rasoanaivo, "Sammy Andriamanoro: a musical genius full of humility" in Midi Madagasikara 'August 7, 2009, daily </ref> Sammy taught him jazz standards for one year. After earning his BSc in 1993, <mask> enrolled in Mathematics at the University of Aix-Marseille III (France) and completed two years of courses, while continuing his music. In 1994 he passed the entrance examination at the Conservatoire d'Aix-en-Provence where he studied jazz for a year, alongside math. During this


texts:
 period, he met Alain "Belain" Rabeson, cousin of drummer Tony Rabeson. Bassist, drummer and jazz teacher, Belain invited him to play in his Bossa Nova and Samba band.Accompanied on drums by Belain, in 1995 he entered Conservatoire à Rayonnement Régional de Marseille – jazz section - where he studied for one year. Under Belain's coaching, in 1996 he entered the American School of Modern Music of Paris (affiliate of Berklee College of Music) where he covered the course in three years instead of five. There, he deepened his skills in composition, arrangement and conducting. In the fifth year, he received a scholarship to pursue a final year at Berklee, but declined. At this school he met another American school graduate, Lionel Loueke and a musicologist specializing in Madagascar: Victor Randrianary. Jazz and World Music (1999-2004)
Along with his musical studies in Paris, the young saxophonist was invited to play in the trio of drummer Tony Rabeson and trumpeter Eric Le Lann with whom he first played in Duc des Lombards in 1998. These exchanges with Tony Rabeson round off his musical training.During this same period, he played jam sessions with Serge and Nivo Rahoerson in the restaurant's Jazz Club The Arbuci at St. Germain in the Latin Quarter. He also played with bassist Sylvain Marc. Following his musical studies, over a period of five years from 1999 and 2004, he pursued a career as a sideman. He


texts: met guitarist "Solorazaf" Solo Razafindrakoto, then Miriam Makeba's lead guitar. He accompanied the South African singer and attended her 2002 concert in Olympia. He also worked with the Malagasy singer Hanitra and accompanied her at the Jazz à Vannes 2000 Festival. He worked as a sideman for Mossan of Mokhtar Samba, performing at the 2001 Nice Jazz Festival and participated under the name <mask> on his 2005 album Dounia along with Régis Gizavo.Vatomanga accompanied various international Malagasy and African musical leaders, such as Clement "Kilema" Randrianantoandro-for whom he played on the 1999 album Ka Malisa with Justin Vali, Erick Manana, Regis Gizavo and Rakoto Frah. Along with it, he participated in a series of recordings that led to the albums Chants et Dances en Imerina (2000), and Madagascar: Pays Merina (2001). This work was Rakoto Frah's last album before his death in 2001. Vatomanga played with Senegalese singer Idrissa Diop during a tour in Dakar where he discovered Senegalese music. He also appeared on Germain "Rajery" Randrianarisoa's 2001 album Fanamby. Finally, Vatomanga joined bassist Julio Rakotonanahary (co-founder of the group Wa Zimba) with whom he recorded the 2003 album Mande Wazy. Open to all forms of artistic expression, he befriended renowned sculptor and composer Jonny "R'afa" Andriamanankoavy, with whom he recorded some of Andriamanankoavy's compositions - the same way


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 he met writer Michèle Rakotoson with whom he also often collaborated.Malagasy roots (2004 –today)
In 2004, motivated by the desire to return to Madagascar, Vatomanga moved to Antananarivo. He played in local bands of all genres, but never denying his core: improvisation. During his inland travels, Vatomanga played and recorded with Silo Andrianandraina (jazz & world jazz), Eusèbe Jaojoby (salegy) whom he had accompanied on the 2001 albumAza Arianao, Ghomy Rahamefy (free jazz), Solo Andrianasolo (jazz & world jazz), Fanja Andriamanantena (jazz & world jazz), Jackie Ralph (world jazz), "Hajazz" Haja Rasolomahatratra (world jazz) Other album work included Melo Gasy with Fanaiky Rasolomahatratra (world jazz) (2008) and Goma (2011), Hazolahy (Music South East), or the Social Fusion Group (world jazz) and Rajery (world). Vatomanga is featured, along with a dozen Malagasy jazzmen, on the album Malagasy Jazz Social Club: Mada In Blue (2008) initiated by Boussat and Arly Rajaobelina. He performs two of his own compositions. Bandleader
In 2005, Vatomanga created the "Vatomanga Band", with whom he appeared regularly in clubs and at the Madajazzcar International Festival. He trained young Malagasy musicians in jazz and other modern music.The band developed and promoted young talents, including Mahatozo Ravelonjaka, who joined the group after winning the First National Jazz Contest organized by Malagasy Jazz


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 Radio RLI in 2005 at age 23 and Joel “Rabesl” Rabesolo, who joined after winning the same competition in 2006. In 2011, <mask> and his group, in collaboration with the writer Michèle Rakotoson, were actively involved in the creation of the "Slam Jazz Project", a new art form that combines improvised poetry (Slam) with improvised Jazz. The same year, the Vatomanga Septet took the new name of MadaJazz. Band members
 2005 to 2007: "Vatomanga Quartet" : Mahatozo Ravelonjaka (keyboard), Henintsoa Andriamasimanana (bass), Miora Rabarisoa (drums) and <mask> (soprano, alto and tenor saxophone; sodina flute ). 2008 to 2009: "Vatomanga Quintet": Joel  “Rabesl” Rabesolo (guitar), Mahatozo Ravelonjaka (keyboard), Miora Rabarisoa (drums), Henintsoa Andriamasimanana (bass) and <mask>manga (soprano / alto / tenor sax, flute sodina) . 2010: "Vatomanga Septet": Joel "Rabesl" Rabesolo (guitar), Mahatozo Ravelonjaka (keyboard), Miora Rabarisoa (drums), Henintsoa Andriamasimanana (bass), Ludovic (bass), Kim's (keyboard) andriantiana "Nata" Andrianantenaina (trumpet) and <mask>manga (soprano / alto / tenor, flute sodina). 2011: The Septet became "MadaJazz", with: Joël "Rabesl" Rabesolo (guitar), Miora Rabarisoa (drums), Mika "Kim's" Rajaonarivelo (bass), Ludovic "Dovs" Rakotondraina (keyboard) andriantiana "Nata" Andrianantenaina (trumpet), Laurent Amouric (percussion) and <mask> Vatomanga (soprano/alto/tenor sax,

masks:
Vatomanga
Nicolas Vatomanga
Nicolas Vato
Nicolas Vato
Nicolas


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 sodina flute) (featuring :  Panayotis Dourantonis, congas, for the Slam Jazz Projekt)

 Quotes
 "Music is a great journey during which you are in a constant discovery."(Interview on Jazz Radio RLI)
 "Jazz music in Madagascar is still perceived both hermetic and elitist: it is a misappropriation of the spirit of jazz itself." (Interview on nocomment)

 Discography
{{column
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 Jazz Collective album 2008: Malagasy Jazz Social Club: In Mada Blue(CD) - Harmonia Mundi
 2009: SocialFusion - Social Group ProductionWith Mokhtar Samba 2005: Dounia- O + MusicWith Julio Rakotonanahary 2003: Mande Wazy- TyndaWith Fanaiky Rasolomahatratra 2007: MeloGasy - Fan Prod
 2011: Goma- Fan ProdWith Fanja Andriamanantena 2009:


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<mask> (May 4, 1960 - April 18, 1987)  was an American artist, writer, illustrator and performer. He was a seminal figure in the early East Village art scene of New York City's Lower East Side. <mask>'s prolific output – his crossing of visual art with literature, performance, and cinema – along with his connection to and activity within the nightclub milieu of the post punk "downtown" culture of New York City in the 1980s, when high culture merged with entertainment – is illustrative of the period before AIDS decimated an entire generation. In many opinions, such as that of writer Sarah Schulman, the loss of such potential arbiters as Kurtti changed the course of world culture forever. <mask> was a member of Allied Productions, a not-for-profit arts organization based in New York City. With Allied's collective umbrella as a  resource and guide for social and aesthetic experimentation, he collaborated on performances, films and Arts in education workshops. Though his life was brief his output was relatively prolific - like many figures in this history of the fervent, feverish climate of New York City's Lower East Side in the '80s.He exhibited at ABC No Rio, Club Armageddon, Pyramid Club, 8BC and Life Café – the East Village hangout featured in Rent. Background
Kurtti was one of seven children born to Claire Marie <mask> (née Stokes) and Jeremiah Joseph <mask> in Yonkers, New York. He was shy and somewhat introverted but known for his love of reading and early artistic abilities. <mask> had a vivid imagination and an affinity for comic book art, monster movies and outer space. He grew up drawing elaborate spaceships complete with flight instructions and statistics. He admired and drew mythical heroes like Prince Valiant and

masks:
Gordon Stokes Kurtti
Kurtti
Kurtti
Kurtti
Kurtti
Gordon


texts:
 was inspired by the first existentialist, Hamlet. He graduated from Yonkers Preparatory High School and was accepted into New York's School Of Visual Arts at a time when alumni such as Keith Haring were exploding onto the downtown New York scene.There he met and formed a lifelong friendship and artistic collaboration with  classmate Kembra Pfahler. Career
Kurtti collaborated on various art projects with many of his peers placing him within the circle of second generation of co-directors at Abc No Rio that included Jack Waters, Peter Cramer, and Carl George, and Colab predecessors Bradley Eros and Aline Mare - then performing as the partnership Erotic Psyche. This circle also included the artists Valerie Caris, Leslie Lowe, Brad Taylor, Leslie Lowe, Richard Hofmann, and  Tony Pinotti  among others. With this grouping Kurtti frequently performed and presented his work at the Pyramid Club and Danceteria. In 1984 Pfahler and <mask> organized The Extremist Show at ABC No Rio . This was a watershed exhibition that coincided with the introduction of many of New York's sub-culture artists and groups. Included in the Extremist Show curation was the resident dance company of the Pyramid Club P.O.O.L., The performance series Church of the Little Green Man, The Cinema of Transgression featuring the films of Nick Zedd, Lydia Lunch and Richard Kern, Borbetomagus and Redtape Magazine.<mask> was influenced by all of these, and he in turn contributed to their impact through his creative activities and his presence in their fomentation. Fashion
After art school he began training as an illustrator for advertisers and the fashion industry for burgeoning designer Diane Pernet and worked in the art department of The Limited Company. He

masks: Kurtti Kurtti


texts:
 collaborated with Carl George on a showroom design for Yumi Katsura, Japan's pre-eminent wedding gown designer and again collaborated on the fashion show launch event featuring a young Brooke Shields. Kurtti designed the stage and room decor one of the first AIDS fund-raising events for the Henry Grethel menswear line in 1986. Theater
<mask> worked with theatrical producer Liz Dunn to create °∞One Night Stands°± at La Mama Cabaret in Ellen Stewart's legendary La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club. He adopted the pseudonym Sketch Louis for his on site illustrations capturing performers like Hapi Phace, Edgar Oliver, Lypsinka (AKA John Epperson), Samoa, the theater group Watchface, Taboo! (AKA Stephen Tashjian), Kimberly Flynn among others.Kurtti also drew a spot-on caricature of Sam Shepard for the 1984 La Mama presentation of Shepard Sets,  a series of three short plays: Suicide in B Flat, Angel City and Black Bog Beast. <mask> proved himself to be a master of realist drawing with a wry sense of humor. Kurtti created and performed his work The Bearded Bride in the 1985 production Foho Tell Dreams at Danspace Project at Saint Mark's Church. Film
<mask> was an early collaborator on many experimental film works by Carl George, Jack Waters, Bradley Eros and Leslie Lowe and Brad and Brian Taylor. He, like most of his art friends, wore many hats from cameraman to set designer to lead actor. Sets often consisted of whatever was found on the street and easily painted, hung or reconfigured. Costumes were assembled from thrift shop racks, flea market finds or abandoned closets.The preferred medium was Super-8 film easily cut and edited on a kitchen table. Screenings were organized through Naked Eye Cinema, the media branch of Allied

masks: Gordon Kurtti Gordon


texts:
 Productions and took place at The Film-Makers' Cooperative, Millennium Film Workshop, Anthology Film Archives, ABC No Rio, abandoned lots, alleys and nightclubs. Many of the films including The Lost 40 Days and La Belle Fleur and DHPG Mon Amour by Carl M. George and Nocturnes and The Blond Leading The Blond  by Jack Waters now reside in the permanent collections of The New York Public Library, The Library of Congress, The Museum of Modern Art, NYC, and other important collections and archives. The film and moving image works in which <mask> appears and in whose production to which he principally contributed are in the collections of Anthology Film Archives, The Film Makers Cooperative, the Reserve Film and Video Collection of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts  and the Downtown Collection of New York University's Fales Library. Kurti's life and work are the subject of an archival, preservation, and distribution project by Allied Productions, Inc.

Filmography
 La Belle Fleur  (Actor, Set/Prop Designer) dir. Carl M. George 1985
 Brains By Revlon (Co-Writer, Costume/Set Designer, Storyboard Artist) dir. Jack Waters 1986
 The Blond Leading The Blond [unproduced] (Co-Writer Costume/Set Designer, Storyboard Artist) dir.Jack Waters 1986
 The Lost 40 Days  (Actor, Art Director, Set/Prop Designer) dir. Carl M. George 1986
 Whippoorwill (Art Director, Set/Prop Designer) dir. Carl M. George 1986

References

 Jolinda Lewis -Review of performances at St. Mark's Danspace, New York, (Jan. 31-Feb. 3, 1985) of Foho tell dreams
 Smithsonian Institution Oral History with Jack Waters and Peter Cramer
 Abc No Rio in the '80's

External links
 <mask>ti Project

1960 births
Artists from New York City
1987 deaths
American

masks:
Kurtti
Gordon Kurt


texts:
<mask> FRSE LLD (14 October 1827 – 16 June 1881), was a Scottish advocate, social anthropologist and ethnologist. Life

He was born in Inverness, the son of <mask>, an insurance agent, and his wife, Jessie Ross. He was educated in that city, then studied law at King's College, Aberdeen, graduating M.A. in 1849. He then entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where in 1853 he obtained a Wrangler's place (first class) in the Mathematical Tripos. He left Cambridge without taking a degree there. McLennan then spent two years in London writing for The Leader, at that time edited by George Henry Lewes, and other periodicals.He may well have attended one of the Inns of Court. During this period he knew George Eliot and William Michael Rossetti, and dabbled in verse in the Pre-Raphaelite style. On returning to Edinburgh, he was called to the Scottish bar in January 1857. He became secretary to the Scottish Law Amendment Society, and took an active part in the agitation which led to the Court of Session Act of 1868. As a man of letters, he worked with Alexander Smith. At this time he lived at 6 Northumberland Street in Edinburgh's New Town. In 1870 McLennan's first wife died, and he moved back to London.In 1871, he took the post of parliamentary draughtsman for Scotland. His health, however, was already thoroughly undermined by tuberculosis (or consumption), and while wintering in Algeria he suffered from repeated attacks of malarial fever. He died of tuberculosis on 16 June 1881 at Hayes Common, Kent. Publications
McLennan undertook the article on "Law" for the eighth edition of the Encyclopædia

masks:
John Ferguson McLnan
John McLnan


texts: Britannica. It looked back to the Scottish tradition of <mask> and Adam Smith; but in it he speculated also on the custom of collusive abduction seen in classical antiquity. Via conjectural steps involving the form of polyandry as it might have evolved, he found the topic that led on to his major work. It has been suggested that McLennan was motivated by disagreement with Henry Maine, on questions of legal reform, to examine Maine's Ancient Law; McLennan wrote attacks on Maine that were not published in his own lifetime.In 1865, McLennan published Primitive Marriage. In it he argued from symbolic and ceremonial forms of bride kidnapping (see also Types of marriage). His ideas had been partially anticipated by Johann Jakob Bachofen, writing in 1861 on matriarchy, but were independent. McLennan developed from ethnographic data a social evolutionist theory of marriage, and also of systems of kinship according to natural laws. He rejected patriarchal society as an early stage, arguing in favour of agnation as a more basic evolutionary point; he proposed an early model of social groups, a war band mainly male, practicing female infanticide and acquiring female sexual partners, with promiscuity and matrilineality salient features. In 1866, McLennan wrote in the Fortnightly Review (April and May) an essay on Kinship in Ancient Greece, in which he proposed tests for the history of kinship claimed in Primitive Marriage. Three years later, in the Fortnightly Review for 1869–70, he developed his ideas on totemism from indications in the earlier essay.A reprint of Primitive Marriage, with Kinship


texts:
 in Ancient Greece and some other essays not previously published, appeared in 1876, under the title of Studies in Ancient History; the new essays included The Divisions of the Irish Family, and On the Classificatory System of Relationship. A Paper on The Levirate and Polyandry, following up the line of his previous investigations (Fortnightly Review, 1877), was the last work he was able to publish. McLennan also wrote a Life of Thomas Drummond (1867). The materials which he had accumulated on kinship were edited by his widow and Arthur Platt, under the title Studies in Ancient history: Second Series (1896). Influence
McLennan's work had implications for the field of history of religion. In the study The Worship of Animals and Plants (two parts, 1869–70) McLennan suggested a connection between social structures and primitive religions; and he coined the word "totemism" for the social function of primitive religion. This concise term proved to be useful to later historians of religion, and sociologists like William Robertson Smith and Émile Durkheim (among others).The following quote by McLennan (1865) contains the basic premise for the comparative method (as used by Robertson Smith):
In the sciences of law and society, old means not old in chronology, but in the structure: that is most archaic which lies nearest to the beginning of human progress considered as a development, and that is most modern which is farthest removed from the beginning. For Robertson Smith, McLennan's comparative method proved to be important. One of Robertson Smith's more influential essays, Animal Worship and


texts:
 Animal Tribes among the Arabs and in the Old Testament, directly follows MacLennan's ideas on totemism. It connected contemporary Arab nomads and ancient biblical peoples with the social function of totemism in primitive religions. Family
McLennan married twice:
 On 23 December 1862, to Mary Bell Ramsay McCulloch, daughter of <mask> McCulloch, by whom he had one daughter;
 On 20 January 1875, to Eleonor Anne Brandram, daughter of Francis Holles Brandram, J.P. for the counties of Kent and Sussex, who died in 1896. Sources
2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.Kippenberg, Hans G. 2002. Discovering Religious History in the Modern Age. Princeton & Oxford, Princeton University Press. McLennan, <mask>. 1970 [1865]. Primitive Marriage. An Inquiry into the Origin of the Form of Capture in Marriage Ceremonies. Chicago.Strenski, Ivan. 2006. Thinking About Religion. An Historical Introduction to Theories of Religion. Malden, MA., Blackwell Publishing. References

Attribution

External links

1827 births
1881 deaths
Scottish lawyers
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
British ethnologists
Fellows of the Ethnological Society of London
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Tuberculosis deaths in

masks:
John Ramsay
John F


texts:
<mask> is a musician, record producer, composer, singer, songwriter and a founding member of Bell Gardens, Furry Things, Eight Frozen Modules, and [a]pendics.shuffle. Career

<mask> was born in Canada, grew up in El Paso, Texas and currently lives in Los Angeles, California. He first learned how to play guitar on his fathers acoustic and got his first 4-track recorder at age 19. <mask> founded the 1990s noise rock band Furry Things, who released most of its material on King Coffey's (of the Butthole Surfers) Trance Syndicate / Touch and Go Records imprint. He has also released music that spans across many genres under aliases such as [a]pendics.shuffle, Eight Frozen Modules, dubLoner, Reverse Commuter, and Hiss & Buzz (with Jack Dangers of Meat Beat Manifesto). He founded the electronic music record label Adjunct Audio in early 2005 with friend Konstantin Gabbro, through Kompakt records. <mask> along with Brian McBride of the drone-based ambient music duo Stars of the Lid, started the band Bell Gardens in 2009.Through the music of Bell Gardens, the two explore the realms of Americana, chamber pop, folk, and psychedelic pop. He also recently collaborated with Douglas McCarthy of Nitzer Ebb on a track called Whispers In on his latest Reverse Commuter album titled Exposure. In April 2016, <mask> released his first full ambient album under his real name titled The Evening Falls on Kompakt Records and returned for a second album in March, 2018 titled In The Fields Of Nothing. In 2017, <mask> <mask> with Gavin Toler Of The Winter Flowers. According to his website the group makes music that fits under

masks:
Kenneth James Gibson
Kenneth James Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibsonler
Gibson


texts:
 the “Cosmic American Music” banner. He has directed music videos for artists such as Francis Harris and Dance Spirit as well as his own projects Reverse Commuter and Bell Gardens. Musical projects

Furry Things

<mask> played guitar, sang, and produced the 1990s Noise Pop band Furry Things.The line up also consisted of Cathy Shive (Bass, Vocals), Charlie Woodburn (Drums), and Chris Michaels (Keyboards). Furry Things released the majority of its material on King Coffey's (of the Butthole Surfers) Trance Syndicate / Touch and Go Records imprint. The band formed in Austin, Texas in 1993 and moved to Los Angeles, California in the summer of 1997. <mask> produced the band's first LP titled The Big Saturday Illusion along with engineer Adam Wiltzie (of Stars Of The Lid). <mask> and Brad Laner (of the band Medicine) produced the second and last LP titled Moments Away which was released in 1998. The band also released two 7" singles and two EPs as well as being featured on The Kahanek Incident: Volume 2, which was a remix trade between Furry Things and Electric Company. Bell Gardens

Bell Gardens is the musical collaboration between <mask> and Brian McBride of Stars Of The Lid.Through the music of Bell Gardens, they explore different styles such as chamber pop, folk rock, psychedelic pop, and Americana. Their first EP Hangups Need Company was released on their own imprint Failed Better in 2010. Southern Records released their first LP Full Sundown Assembly in late 2012. Rocket Girl released the band's second LP titled Slow Dawns For Lost Conclusions in October, 2014. Eight Frozen Modules

Eight

masks: Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth Kenneth


texts:
 Frozen Modules (also known as 8FM) is one of Gibson's experimental electronic music projects. Eight Frozen Modules' recorded material is a mix of IDM, Techno, Dub, electro, breakcore, dancehall, and Noise. The project started as a side project to the now defunct noise-pop band Furry Things and like Furry Things, was also released on King Coffey's Trance Syndicate label.As 8FM, he has released music on labels such as Phthalo, Planet Mu, Orthlorng Musork, Tigerbeat 6, City Slang, Shockout, Mutant Sniper, Mille Plateaux, Warp, In Vitro Records, Lo Recordings and Tino Corp to name a few. [a]pendics.shuffle

[a]pendics.shuffle is <mask>'s main electronic music alias. Under this alias he creates a mix of minimal house, techno, micro house, and experimental electronic dance music. [a]pendics.shuffle has released music on many labels such as Trapez, Orac, Adjunct Audio, Mo's Ferry Prod., Lick My Deck, We Are, Leftroom, Sunset Diskos and more. As apendics.shuffle, <mask> has collaborated with and remixed a number of other artists such Mr. C of The Shamen, Mikael Stavöstrand, Mark "Blakkat" Bell, Damian Lazarus, Brad Laner, and Vladislav Delay. Kool Keith, and Markus Nikolai of Perlon Records. Reverse Commuter

The first released Reverse Commuter track, The Organ That Killed Me, was released on a compilation titled Grand Slang on City Slang in 2000.There was a gap of no releases till 2003 with The Direction EP on Hallucination Recordings. Outside of a string of remixes and compilation tracks, there wasn't another official release till 2014 with a new album titled Exposure on DJ Three's Hallucienda label

masks: Gibson Gibson


texts:
 along with a 12" EP titled Vinyl Exposure One including a Doc Martin remix. Exposure featured tracks with vocals by <mask>, Douglas McCarthy (of Nitzer Ebb, Recoil), and his wife Kelly Johnston-Gibson. Adjunct Audio

Kenneth along with Konstantin Gabbro (also co-founder of Orac Records, Zoombézoom)  founded the electronic music record label Adjunct Audio in 2005. Adjunct releases a range of styles from Deep House and Minimal Techno to Dub and Ambient. Producers such as John Tejada, Bruno Pronsato, Dapayk, Blakkat, Kit Clayton, Mathias Schaffhäuser, DubLoner, Sutekh, Dilo, Mikael Stavostrand, Mr. C, and  [a]pendics.shuffle himself have worked with the label. Adjunct is distributed by Kompakt records.Music for television and film

<mask> composes music for TV and Film. According to IMDB he has music in shows such as Shameless,  The Simpsons,  The Last O.G., Weeds, Californication, and Saturday Night Live and films such as The Best and The Brightest, Drones, Don Peyote, and 7 Minutes. <mask> appeared as himself as music producer on an episode of VH1's MC Serch hosted show Miss Rap Supreme. Discography

with Bell Gardens

Albums

Full Sundown Assembly (Southern Records / Burger Records, 2012)
Slow Dawns For Lost Conclusions (Rocket Girl, 2014)

Singles & EPs

Hangups Need Company (Failed Better / Burger Records, 2010)
Take Us Away (Rocket Girl, 2014)

Compilation appearances

Various – International Connection Collection (Dublab, 2010)
Various - The Kitty Comp (Burger Records, 2010)
Various - Rocket Girl 20 (Rocket Girl, 2019)

with Furry Things

Albums

The Big Saturday Illusion (Trance

masks: Gibson Gibson Gibson


texts:
 Syndicate, 1995)
Moments Away (Trance Syndicate, 1998)

Singles & EPs

Hide / Your Two One (7") (Rise Records, 1994)
Still California / Car Songs Unlimited (7") (Trance Syndicate, 1995)
Headphones (Trance Syndicate, 1996)
Frequent Lunacy (Trance Syndicate, 1997)

Compilation appearances

Various – Cinco Años! (Trance Syndicate, 1995)
Various – Green Light GO! (Bottlecap Records, 1995)
Various – Angelfood Electronics Vol Two (Kakemix Records, 1997)
Various – Letters To Aliens (Undercover Inc., 1997)

as <mask> <mask>

Albums

Delusional Tales And Non-Silence (Culprit, 2010)
The Evening Falls (Kompakt, 2016)
In The Fields Of Nothing (Kompakt, 2018)

Singles & EPs

Animals Tonight (Culprit, 2009)
Something In The Way (Culprit, 2010)
Something In The Way Remixes (12") (Adjunct Audio, 2013)
Far From Home (Kompakt, 2018)

Compilation appearances

Various - Ambient Rounds Vol. 2 (Dock Records, 2014)
Various - Pop Ambient 2017 (Kompakt, 2016)
Various - Pop Ambient 2018 (Kompakt, 2017)
Various - Velvet Desert Music Vol.1 (Kompakt, 2019)

as Eight Frozen Modules

Albums

The Confused Designer (Trance Syndicate, 1997)
The Confused Electrician (City Slang, 1998)
Random Activities and Broken Sunsets (Phthalo, 2001)
Thought Process Disorder (Orthlorng Musork, 2002)
The Abduction of Barry (Orthlorng Musork, 2003)
Crumbling And Responding (g25productions, 2005)
Clinically Yours (Plateaux Résistance, 2005)

Singles & EPs

Daydream Nightmare (12") (Trance Syndicate, 1997)
Collages From The Inside of a Circuit Board Gone Wild (12") (Kakemix Records, 1997)
Eight Frozen Modules / Mochipet – $ Vol. 11 (7")

masks:
Kenneth James
Gibson


texts:
 (Tigerbeat6, 2003)
DJ, Riddim & Source (12") (Planet Mu, 2004)
Ghislain Poirier / Eight Frozen Modules – Be Strong / Dem Nuh Know Me (12") (Shockout / Tigerbeat6, 2004)
Rejected Resident (12") (Mutant Sniper, 2005)
Deleted Chemistry (12") (In Vitro Records, 2008)

Compilation appearances

Various – Wow! & Flutter (City Slang / Too Pure, 1997)
Various – Musikexpress 14 – EFA (Musikexpress, 1998)
Various – Altered States of America (Lo Recordings, 1998)
Various – Shockout (Shockout / Tigerbeat6, 2004)
Various – Igloo Trax Vol. 1 (Igloo Magazine, 2004)
Various – Drop Name Records Vol. 1 (Painfree Foundsound Institute, 2004)
Various – Clicks & Cuts 4 (Mille Plateaux, 2004)
Various – Crimson (Terminal Dusk, 2005)
Various – Autonomous Addicts (The Designed Disorder, 2005)
Various – Morrow Choral Orchestra (The Designed Disorder, 2006)
Surgeon – This Is For You Shits (Warp Records, 2007)

Selected remixes

Bruno Pronsato – Silver City (Eight Frozen Modules Remix) (Orac,Records, 2003)
Meat Beat Manifesto – God O.D. (Eight Ways To O.D. 1 (ZYX Music, 2006)
Various – Do You Copy?Isaac H. Selassie (split 12") (De'fchild Productions, 2008)
DubLoner & Isaac Haile Selassie – Wicked Man (12") (De'fchild Productions, 2010)
DubLoner & Isaac H. Selassie* – The Fight, The Spirit (12") (De'fchild Productions, 2010)
Dubloner Ft. Isaac Haile Selassie - Chairr Nawena (digital EP) (Adjunct Audio, 2015)

Compilation appearances

Various – For Every Moment of Triumph: Volume Two (Adjunct Audio, 2011)

Selected Remixes

Reverse Commuter – The Direction – Re:Directed (dubLoner Remix) (Hallucination Limited, 2003)
Meat Beat


texts:
<mask> (November 4, 1906 – March 15, 1996) was a New York City corporate attorney and government official who served as Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1961–64, when he played a pivotal role in the high-stake strategies of the Cuban Missile Crisis, advising President John F. Kennedy as well as Robert McNamara and McGeorge Bundy on dealing with the Soviet nuclear missile threat. <mask> later served as Chairman of the Task Force on Nuclear Proliferation in 1964. Early life and career
<mask> was born in 1906 in Brooklyn, the son of Wall Street attorney <mask>, an Amherst College graduate born in Warren, Rhode Island, and the former Charlotte Elizabeth Leavitt, a graduate of Mount Holyoke College, born to American missionary parents in Osaka, Japan. Charlotte Leavitt was a college classmate and lifelong friend of Frances Perkins, the first woman appointed to a Presidential Cabinet. On his mother's side <mask> was related to Harvard College astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt, whose father was the Congregational minister <mask>. <mask> attended Poly Preparatory Country Day School from 1917 to 1920, when the family moved to White Plains, where he attended high school for two years before transferring to the Hotchkiss School, where he was a member of the remarkable class of 1924 that included Charles W. Yost, Paul Nitze, and Chapman Rose. His duties as a scholarship boy, which included waiting on tables and cleaning rooms, kept down his participation in extracurricular activities at Hotchkiss, but he was a member of the Cum Laude Society.He graduated from Yale University in 1928, Phi Beta Kappa; and then from Yale Law School in 1931, where he was an editor of the Yale Law Journal.

masks:
Roswell Leavitt Gilpatric
Gilpatric
Gilpatric
Walter Hodges Gilpatric
Roswell Gilpatric
George Roswell Leavitt
Gilpatric


texts:
 Following his graduation, <mask> went to work for the New York City law firm of Cravath, Swaine & Moore, where he became a partner and where he practiced when not serving in government. <mask> owed much of his political cachet to his special relationship with the celebrated lawyer, diplomat and investment banker Robert A. Lovett, to whom <mask> was a protégé. <mask> served as Under Secretary of the Air Force from 1951-1953. During 1956 and 1957, <mask> was a member of the Rockefeller Brothers' Special Studies Project. <mask> was a childhood friend of Governor Nelson Rockefeller. Deputy Secretary of Defense

<mask> joined the new Kennedy administration in 1961 as part of the wave of Kennedy appointments.His appointment was unusual: he was one of the few Pentagon leaders handpicked by the new President. Fearing that the new Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara, was inexperienced in Washington's ways, Kennedy chose <mask> to add experience to his Defense team. McNamara was known as a "whiz kid", a Midwestern industrial production wunderkind. But Kennedy sensed that McNamara would need a strong lieutenant who was savvy in the ways of Washington. Kennedy chose <mask> as the Pentagon's number two, passing over Paul Nitze, <mask>'s old classmate from Hotchkiss, who had wanted the job. It was a propitious appointment: within a few months, the dashing Eastern lawyer and his Midwestern boss were finishing each other's sentences. McNamara frequently started out with the expression: "Ros and I...."

As the Cuban crisis began to unfold, <mask> was appointed to the EXCOMM team, the top-level working group appointed by President Kennedy to assess the Soviet missile threat in Cuba.At one

masks: Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric


texts: point during the tense standoff of the Cuban Missile Crisis, McGeorge Bundy was arguing for United States bombing of Cuba to eliminate the threat of a Soviet nuclear attack. McNamara countered, arguing that there should be no bombing because the Soviet Russian response was unpredictable. It was at this critical moment that <mask> stepped in to settle the argument. "Essentially, Mr. President," <mask> was recorded telling Kennedy, "this is a choice between limited action and unlimited action, and most of us think it is better to start with limited action." It was <mask>'s intervention that changed the direction of the discussion, according to Harvard professor and former Department of Defense official Graham T. Allison, who authored a book, Essence of Decision, about the crisis. Proposing the blockade was McNamara and <mask>'s solution to providing President Kennedy with a strong response – but short of the airstrike that McGeorge Bundy and others were pushing. By crafting their solution, and with the normally reticent <mask> speaking up forcefully for it, the two managed to change the thrust of policy.The President followed <mask> and McNamara's recommendation. <mask> was not always so dovish. He often took a hard line against the Communist threat, and was not above using force in other matters of international security. In the Eisenhower administration, <mask> headed a secret task force charged with "preventing Communist domination of Vietnam." <mask> argued forcefully for U.S. commitment to halt the Communist threat in South Vietnam. In his position with the Kennedy administration, <mask> later signed off on the overthrow of the Diem government. <mask> was also a member of a


texts: special task force which hatched "Operation Mongoose", a dirty tricks campaign aimed at destabilizing the government of Fidel Castro in Cuba.At the same time, <mask> showed that he could be intellectually flexible on occasion. When it came to the admission of China into the United Nations, for instance, <mask> argued forcefully in a letter to The New York Times, written during his Eisenhower years, that the United States should stop trying to block the Communist country's admission into the international governing body. "By no longer trying to block Communist China's admission to the United Nations the United States might be able to bring about a reduction in tensions in southeast Asia that would lessen the chances of further Communist 'nibbling' or 'brush-fire' type of aggression." <mask> did not always face an easy task while acting as go-between for the Pentagon generals and the White House. For example, President Kennedy developed such an intense dislike of General Curtis Lemay that every time his name came up, Kennedy went ballistic. "I mean he just would be frantic at the end of a session with LeMay", <mask> recalled, "because, you know, LeMay couldn't listen or wouldn't take in, and he would make what Kennedy considered ... outrageous proposals that bore no relation to the state of affairs in the 1960s. And the President never saw him unless at some ceremonial affair, or where he felt he had to make a record of having listened to LeMay, as he did on the whole question of an air strike against Cuba.And he had to sit there. I saw the President right afterwards. He was just choleric." It was <mask>'s calm demeanor and good judgment, wrote Robert F. Kennedy, that led his

masks: Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric


texts:
 brother the President to rely on <mask>, especially in times of crisis. When Robert McNamara met the Brooklyn-born lawyer at Kennedy's suggestion, according to historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr., he found <mask> "easy, resourceful and intelligent, and the partnership was immediately sealed." <mask> made himself an "indispensable" figure in the Kennedy administration, wrote longtime JFK aide Ted Sorensen. As an attorney, <mask> represented aviation inventor and high-tech pioneer Sherman Fairchild, who left <mask> a bequest in his will.<mask> was awarded an honorary degree by Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, citing his years of government service, as well as his part-time residency in Maine. Alleged lover of Jackie Kennedy
<mask> sometimes attracted the attention of the press in his personal life, and he was often linked romantically to former First Lady Jackie Kennedy. A fellow Wall Street attorney offered for sale in the 1970s a trove of personal letters between <mask> and the former First Lady. The correspondence spanned five years. The controversial airing of his private correspondence with the former First Lady so annoyed <mask> that he formally requested that four letters written to him by the wife of Aristotle Onassis be withdrawn for sale by the auction house as they had been stolen from his New York City law office at Cravath. After her marriage to Aristotle Onassis, Jackie Kennedy Onassis wrote to <mask>: "I hope you know all you were and are and will ever be to me. With my love, J."<mask> maintained that he and the former First Lady had been only friends, although he was her frequent escort and many press accounts suggested they had a romantic relationship. "In


texts:
 private," said The Independent in its obituary, "he was widely believed to have been the lover of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis." Between marriages, <mask> had frequently accompanied the former First Lady to Palm Beach, Florida, where <mask> had a home. Watergate
Another strange twist involved <mask> after his death, when a 2008 book by former acting director of the FBI L. Patrick Gray alleged that <mask>, back in private practice and with Time magazine as a client at the time of the Watergate break-in, learned from sources at the magazine that a senior official at the FBI was leaking to Sandy Smith, one of its reporters. Gray claimed that outraged by such behavior, <mask> tipped off Nixon administration officials to the identity of the official. In Gray's version of events, <mask> called his acquaintance former Attorney General John Mitchell and told Mitchell that the informer was FBI official W. Mark Felt, the same official later identified by other sources to be Deep Throat. Mitchell in turn, Gray claimed, urged then-Attorney General Richard G. Kleindienst to pressure Gray to fire Felt.In early 2008, <mask>'s son John threw cold water on the claim. <mask> <mask> had never mentioned knowing John Mitchell, his son told The New York Times. But as recorded by the then-secret Nixon White House taping system, Nixon, Gray and chief domestic adviser John Ehrlichman appear to confirm Gray's version in a conversation recorded on February 16, 1973 as the three discussed the alleged press leaks by Mark Felt. During the discussion, Nixon suggested that they bring in Felt's accuser:

President: Well, why don't you get in the fellow that's made the charge, then. Ehrlichman: Well, maybe that's

masks: Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Roswell Gilpatric


texts:
 (unintelligible)
President: Of course he's, of course he's, he's not a newsman, on the other hand. Ehrlichman: No. President: He's a lawyer...
Ehrlichman: That's right.President: ...for Time. Gray: I know who he is, Mr. President. Federal Reserve and philanthropy
<mask> served as chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and was a longtime trustee of the New York Public Library, New York University and the Woodrow Wilson Foundation. He also served as a vice chairman and trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and chaired the Metropolitan Museum of Art's 100th Anniversary Committee. <mask> was also a longtime member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He retired as partner with Cravath, Swaine & Moore, where he served as presiding partner from 1966 to 1977. <mask> had many clients; they included the Graham family of The Washington Post Company, on whose board of directors he sat.<mask> was also a lecturer at Yale Law School, and a member of Yale University Council from 1957 to 1962. Private life
For much of his life he lived on Sutton Place in Manhattan. An avid tennis player and sailor, <mask> had three children. He was married five times. At his death, he was married to Miriam Thorne <mask>, the widow of diplomat Landon Ketchum Thorne, Jr., father of Julia Thorne, first wife of United States Senator John F. Kerry. <mask> died of prostate cancer on March 15, 1996, in New York City, and was buried in Somesville, Mount Desert Island, Maine, where he had a summer home. <mask>'s papers during his government service are part of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library.References

Further reading
 The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made, (1986). Walter Isaacson,

masks: Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric Gilpatric


texts:
 Evan Thomas, Simon and Schuster, New York,
 Allison, Graham (1971). Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1ed. Little Brown. .
 Allison, Graham and Zelikow, Philip (1999). Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2ed. Longman. . External links

Honorary Degree, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, 1963
Oral History Interview with <mask> <mask>, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
Oral history interview with <mask> L<mask>, 1993 July 20-21 from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Archives, New York.United States Deputy Secretaries of Defense
Kennedy administration personnel
American people of the Vietnam War
20th-century American lawyers
New York (state) lawyers
Cravath, Swaine & Moore partners
Hotchkiss School alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Yale University alumni
People from Brooklyn
Leavitt family
1906 births
1996

masks:
Roswell
Gilpatric
Roswell
. Gilpatric


texts:
<mask> (born May 31, 1998) is an American professional racing driver. He competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 26 Toyota Supra for Sam Hunt Racing. He also competes part-time in the IndyCar Series, driving the No. 23 for Dreyer & Reinbold Racing. He has previously raced in the FIA Formula 2 Championship. Career

Lower formulae
At 14 years old, <mask> made his professional debut in the SBF2000 Winter Series season, winning three out of ten races in the season, with a further three podiums.In 2013 <mask> made a mid-season debut in the F2000 Championship Series, finishing 5th place in the championship. The following year the American competed in five races in German Formula Three for EuroInternational, scoring 2nd in his fourth. He also completed three races in British Formula 3 for Fortec Motorsport, scoring a pole and two wins as well as the end of European Formula 3 season, again for EuroInternational. <mask> is the youngest winner in British Formula 3 History

Reuniting with Fortec, <mask> participated in the Macau Grand Prix. <mask> finished the main race in 8th. FIA Formula 3 European Championship
At the start of the year, <mask> competed in the Toyota Racing Series for Giles Motorsport. <mask> finished the season 3rd overall, scoring his only win at Manfeild and scoring 5 other podiums.<mask> returned to European Formula 3, this time with Mücke Motorsport, finishing 11th overall and scoring his only podium in Formula 3 at Spa. At the end of the year, <mask> once again raced in the Macau Grand Prix, this time finishing 6th in the main race. GP3 Series
<mask> moved to the GP3 Series with newcomers DAMS. <mask>'s best result was a 3rd in the sprint race at Spa-Francorchamps and ended the season 12th in the standings. In February 2017, DAMS retained <mask> for a second GP3 season. He only competed in the first three events, and scored points in only the first two races, before making a switch to Formula 2. FIA Formula 2

masks:
Santino Michael Ferrucci
Ferrucci
Ferrucci
Ferrucci
Ferrucci
Ferrucci
Ferrucci
Ferrucci
Ferrucci
Ferrucci
Ferrucci
Ferrucci
Ferrucci