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<mask>  (born 1950) is an educator, researcher, and theorist studying literacy, multiliteracies, applied linguistics, and educational sociology and policy. <mask> has written or edited 17 books and more than 250 articles and book chapters. <mask>, with Peter Freebody, originated the Four Resources Model of literacy in the 1990s. Part of the New London Group, he was coauthor of the "Pedagogy of Multiliteracies: Designing Social Futures" published in the Harvard Educational Review (1996). He is Emeritus Professor at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia and Adjunct Professor at Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Canada. Education
<mask> received his Bachelor of Arts from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1972. <mask> received his teaching certificate in 1976 and his M.A.in 1980, from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. He taught primary and secondary school in British Columbia and lectured at Simon Fraser and British Columbia Institute of Technology before taking a position at James Cook University, Australia in 1984. He received his Ph. D. from Simon Fraser University in 1985. Career
<mask> taught at James Cook University until 1995. From 1996 to 2003, he was Dean of Education at the University of Queensland, and Deputy Director General for Education for Queensland from 1999 to 2000. Until 2003, <mask> was the

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 Chief Educational Advisor to the Queensland Minister of Education.From 2003 to 2005, <mask> was the Foundation Dean of the Centre for Research in Pedagogy and Practice at the National Institute of Education at Nanyang Technological University, in Singapore. In 2006, <mask> has returned to a position as research professor at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia. Four Resources Model
In the early 1990s, <mask> and Peter Freebody introduced the Four Resources Model in literacy education. This model seeks to reconcile the debates between whole language, phonics, critical literacy and others. This model postulates that in order to be a fully literate citizen, a person needs:
 coding competence (the ability to decode text, i.e. phonics)
 semantic competence (the ability to make meaning, i.e. comprehension)
 pragmatic competence (every day, functional literacy, i.e.writing a check, reading the newspaper, filling out a job application, etc.) critical competence (the ability to critically select and analyze texts, i.e. avoiding scams, determining reliable sources of information, etc.) <mask> and Freebody assert that no one of these resources is sufficient by itself but that each is essential. Further, the resources are not meant to indicate a sequence of instruction. Different resources should be present in instruction in varying amounts, depending upon the needs

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 of the students. <mask> has also stated that critical competence, far from being an advanced area of study, can begin to be developed in year one of education and before.Personal history
<mask> is a second-generation Chinese-American by birth. He is an Australian and Canadian dual citizen. He grew up in Los Angeles and attended school in Echo Park and Silverlake. In 1973, he moved to Canada to attend Simon Fraser University. His partner <mask> published major work on feminism, sociology and media literacy. <mask> worked as a substitute teacher in the schools of the Fraser Valley. He studied primary education with Kieran Egan.In 1975, Jonathan Kozol, who had just published The Night is Dark and I am Far From Home, came to SFU as a guest lecturer. He introduced <mask> to the works of Paulo Freire, including Pedagogy of the Oppressed. <mask> describes this as a life-changing event. <mask> initially had difficulty finding a job as a primary teacher, which he believes was due to prejudice against Asian people still prevalent in Canada at the time. In Armstrong, British Columbia, he was hired at a rural secondary school teaching English, drama, and Spanish. When the first wave of Vietnamese immigrants arrived in Canada in 1976, he was asked to teach ESL, although he had no training or background in ESL at the time. <mask> worked toward his Ph.D. in Sociology of Literacy, an emergent

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 area of research.At the time, literacy was thought to be a cognitive and psycholinguistic process that had little to do with social factors, including class, race, and identity. He was supervised by Suzanne DeCastell, a Canadian philosopher of education. As he reached the end of his Ph.D., he received a job offer from James Cook University in Australia. He moved there in 1984 and became the first non-white professor on faculty. <mask> taught reading/language arts methods and was assigned to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander teacher education program. <mask> taught and worked with an important generation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander teachers, researchers and educational leaders. In 2013, he chaired and co-authored the most extensive empirical study of Australian Indigenous school reform to date, leading to a comprehensive research report to the federal government.Awards and honors
 1989 Educational Press Association of America Merit Award
 2000 Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy Rajabhat University, Thailand
 2001 Annual Radford Lecture, Australian Association for Research in Education
 2002 Inducted into the International Reading Association Hall of Fame
 2002 Honorary Professorship from Beijing Normal University
 2002 Gold Medal of Australian College of Education
 2003 IBM/Bulletin Australian Educator of the Year
 2005 Honorary Doctorate of Laws from Simon

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 Fraser University
 2005 American Educational Research Association Curriculum Studies Book Award
 2011 Distinguished Research Address, American Educational Research Association
 2012 Honorary Professorship from Beijing Normal University
 2013 Honorary Lifetime Member – Queensland Teachers' Union
 2013 Award for Research Excellence – Australian Literacy Educators' Association
 2014 Honorary Doctorate of Education from James Cook University
 2015 Officer of the Order of Australia
 2016 Distinguished Scholar Lifetime Achievement Award – Literacy Research Association (US)

References

Suggested further reading
see: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/view/person/<mask>,_Allan.html

 Albright, J. & <mask>, A. (Eds) (2008) Pierre Bourdieu and Literacy Education. New York: Routledge. Baker, C.D. & <mask>, A. (Eds) (1991) Towards a Critical Sociology of Reading.Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Baldauf, R. & <mask>, A. (Eds) (1990) Language Planning and Education in Australasia and the South Pacific. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. Carrington, V. & <mask>, A. (1997). Literacy and Bourdieu's sociological theory: A reframing.Language and Education, 11(2), 96-112.
 de Castell, S.C., <mask>, A., & Egan, K. (Eds) (1986) Literacy, Society and Schooling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. de Castell, S.C., <mask>, A., & <mask>, C. (Eds) (1989) Language Authority and Criticism: Readings on the school

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texts: textbook. London: Falmer Press. Freebody, P., & <mask>, A. (1990). Literacies programs: Debates and demands in cultural context.Prospect: Australian Journal of TESOL, 5(7), 7-16. Green, B., Hodgens, J., & <mask>, A. (1994) Debating Literacy in Australia : a documentary history, 1945 - 1994. Sydney: Australian Literacy Federation. <mask>, A. (1993) The Social Construction of Literacy in the Primary School. Melbourne: Macmillan.<mask>, <mask> (2008) Another ethnic autobiography? Childhood and the cultural economy of looking. In: Hammer, R. & Kellner, D. (Eds.) Critical Cultural Studies Reader. Peter Lang, New York. <mask>, A.(2004). Two takes on the critical. In B. Norton & K. Toohey (Eds. ), Critical pedagogy and language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <mask>, A. (2003).Literacy and the other: A sociological approach to literacy research and policy in multilingual societies. Reading Research Quarterly, 38(1), 132-141. <mask>, A. (2003). After the marketplace: Evidence, social science and educational research. Australian Educational Researcher, 30(2), 87-107. <mask>, A.(2000). Critical literacy in Australia: A matter of context and standpoint. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 43 (5), 448-461. <mask>, A. (1997). Genres of power: Literacy education and the production of capital. In R. Hasan & G. Williams (Eds.), Literacy in society (pp. 308–338). London:

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 Longman. <mask>, A. (1988) Literacy, Textbooks and Ideology: Postwar literacy instruction and the mythology of Dick and Jane. London: Falmer. <mask>, A.(1992). Reading and Critical Literacy: Redefining the "Great Debate". Paper of the 18th New Zealand Conference on Reading. Wellington. May 10–13, 1992. Full text available from ERIC. <mask>, A.(2018) Critical Literacy, Schooling and Social Justice. New York: Routledge. <mask>, A. (2019) Educational Policy, Narrative and Discourse. New York: Routledge. <mask>, A. Cazden, C. et al. (2013) A summative evaluation of the Stronger Smarter Learning Project, vols.1 and 2. Brisbane/Canberra: Queensland University of Technology/Department of Employment, Education and Vocational Training. (http://eprints.qut.edu.au/statistics/eprint/59535/)
 <mask>, A. & Gilbert, P. (Eds) (1991) Literacy in Contexts. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <mask>, A., O'Brien, J., & Comber, B. (1994).Making community texts objects of study. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 17(2), 139-149. <mask>, A., Woods, A. & Weir, K. (2012) Curriculum, Syllabus Design and Equity. New York: Routledge. Milojevic, I., <mask>, A., <mask>, C. , Mills, M., & Land, R. (2002) Moving Forward: Students and teachers against racism. Melbourne: Eleanor Curtin Publishers.Mu, G.M., Dooley, K. & <mask>, A. (2019) Bourdieu and Chinese Education. New York: Routledge. Muspratt, S., <mask>,

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 A., & Freebody, P. (1997) Constructing critical literacies. Sydney: Allen & Unwin; and Cresskills, NJ: Hampton. New London Group (1996). A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures.Harvard Educational Review 66(1), 60-89. Nozaki, Y., Openshaw, R., & <mask>, A. (Eds) (2005) Struggles Over Difference: Curriculum, texts and pedagogy in the Asia-Pacific. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Living people
American educational theorists
American people of Chinese descent
British Columbia Institute of Technology faculty
Simon Fraser University alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Queensland University of Technology faculty
Officers of the Order of Australia
1950


texts: <mask>  (7 November 172814 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and to Australia in particular. He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand. <mask> joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. He saw action in the Seven Years' War and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the St. Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec, which brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and the Royal Society. This acclaim came at a crucial moment for the direction of British overseas exploration, and it led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HMS Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages. In these voyages, <mask> sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously charted by Western explorers.He surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions. <mask> was attacked and killed in 1779 during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific while attempting to kidnap the ruling chief of the island

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 of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, to reclaim a cutter taken from one of his ships after his crew took wood from a burial ground. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. Early life and family
<mask> was born on 7 November 1728 (NS) in the village of Marton in the North Riding of Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November (N.S.) in the parish church of St Cuthbert, where his name can be seen in the church register. He was the second of eight children of <mask> (1693–1779), a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, and his locally born wife, Grace Pace (1702–1765), from Thornaby-on-Tees.In 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his father's employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years' schooling, he began work for his father, who had been promoted to farm manager. Despite not being formally educated he became capable in mathematics, astronomy and charting by the time of his Endeavour voyage. For leisure, he would climb a nearby hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude. <mask>s' Cottage, his parents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, Australia, having been moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick, in 1934. In 1745, when he was 16, <mask> moved  to the fishing village of Staithes, to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson. Historians have speculated that this is where <mask> first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of

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texts: the shop window.After 18 months, not proving suited for shop work, <mask> travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to Sanderson's friends John and Henry Walker. The Walkers, who were Quakers, were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade. Their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. <mask> was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet of vessels, plying coal along the English coast. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London. As part of his apprenticeship, <mask> applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy—all skills he would need one day to command his own ship. His three-year apprenticeship completed, <mask> began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea.After passing his examinations in 1752, he soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks, starting with his promotion in that year to mate aboard the collier brig Friendship. In 1755, within a month of being offered command of this vessel, he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy, when Britain was re-arming for what was to become the Seven Years' War. Despite the need to start back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy, <mask> realised his career would advance more quickly in military service and entered the Navy at Wapping on 17 June 1755. <mask> married Elizabeth Batts, the daughter of Samuel Batts, keeper of the Bell Inn in Wapping and one of his mentors, on 21 December 1762 at St Margaret's Church, Barking, Essex. The couple had six children: <mask>

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 (1763–1794), Nathaniel (1764–1780, lost aboard  which foundered with all hands in a hurricane in the West Indies), Elizabeth (1767–1771), Joseph (1768–1768), George (1772–1772) and Hugh (1776–1793, who died of scarlet fever while a student at Christ's College, Cambridge). When not at sea, <mask> lived in the East End of London. He attended St Paul's Church, Shadwell, where his son <mask> was baptised.<mask> has no direct descendants—all of his children died before having children of their own. Start of Royal Navy career

<mask>'s first posting was with , serving as able seaman and master's mate under Captain Joseph Hamar for his first year aboard, and Captain Hugh Palliser thereafter. In October and November 1755, he took part in Eagle'''s capture of one French warship and the sinking of another, following which he was promoted to boatswain in addition to his other duties. His first temporary command was in March 1756 when he was briefly master of Cruizer, a small cutter attached to Eagle while on patrol. In June 1757 <mask> formally passed his master's examinations at Trinity House, Deptford, qualifying him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet. He then joined the frigate HMS Solebay  as master under Captain Robert Craig. Newfoundland
During the Seven Years' War, <mask> served in North America as master aboard the fourth-rate Navy vessel .With others in Pembrokes crew, he took part in the major amphibious assault that captured the Fortress of Louisbourg from the French in 1758, and in the siege of Quebec City in 1759. Throughout his service he demonstrated a talent for surveying and cartography and was

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texts: responsible for mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege, thus allowing General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack during the 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham. <mask>'s surveying ability was also put to use in mapping the jagged coast of Newfoundland in the 1760s, aboard . He surveyed the northwest stretch in 1763 and 1764, the south coast between the Burin Peninsula and Cape Ray in 1765 and 1766, and the west coast in 1767. At this time, <mask> employed local pilots to point out the "rocks and hidden dangers" along the south and west coasts. During the 1765 season, four pilots were engaged at a daily pay of 4 shillings each: John Beck for the coast west of "Great St Lawrence", Morgan Snook for Fortune Bay, John Dawson for Connaigre and Hermitage Bay, and John Peck for the "Bay of Despair". While in Newfoundland, <mask> also conducted astronomical observations, in particular of the eclipse of the sun on 5 August 1766.By obtaining an accurate estimate of the time of the start and finish of the eclipse, and comparing these with the timings at a known position in England it was possible to calculate the longitude of the observation site in Newfoundland. This result was communicated to the Royal Society in 1767. His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts and were the first scientific, large scale, hydrographic surveys to use precise triangulation to establish land outlines. They also gave <mask> his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse conditions, and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and

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 Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery. <mask>'s maps were used into the 20th century, with copies being referenced by those sailing Newfoundland's waters for 200 years. Following on from his exertions in Newfoundland, <mask> wrote that he intended to go not only "farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go". First voyage (1768–1771)

On 25 May 1768, the Admiralty commissioned <mask> to command a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean.The purpose of the voyage was to observe and record the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun which, when combined with observations from other places, would help to determine the distance of the Earth from the Sun. <mask>, at age 39, was promoted to lieutenant to grant him sufficient status to take the command. For its part, the Royal Society agreed that <mask> would receive a one hundred guinea gratuity in addition to his Naval pay. The expedition sailed aboard , departing England on 26 August 1768. <mask> and his crew rounded Cape Horn and continued westward across the Pacific, arriving at Tahiti on 13 April 1769, where the observations of the transit were made. However, the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped. Once the observations were completed, <mask> opened the sealed orders, which were additional instructions from the Admiralty for the second part of his voyage: to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent of Terra Australis.<mask> then sailed to New Zealand where he mapped the complete coastline,

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texts: making only some minor errors. With the aid of Tupaia, a Tahitian priest who had joined the expedition, <mask> was the first European to communicate with the Māori. He then voyaged west, reaching the southeastern coast of Australia on 19 April 1770, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline. On 23 April, he made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point, noting in his journal: "... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes they might have on I know not." On 29 April, <mask> and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula. <mask> originally named the area "Stingray Bay", but later he crossed this out and named it "Botany Bay" after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander. It is here that <mask> made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal.After his departure from Botany Bay, he continued northwards. He stopped at Bustard Bay (now known as Seventeen Seventy) on 23 May 1770. On 24 May, <mask> and Banks and others went ashore. Continuing north, on 11 June a mishap occurred when Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef, and then "nursed into a river mouth on 18 June 1770". The ship was badly damaged, and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach (near the docks of modern

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 Cooktown, Queensland, at the mouth of the Endeavour River). The voyage then continued and at about midday on 22 August 1770, they reached the northernmost tip of the coast and, without leaving the ship, <mask> named it York Cape (now Cape York). Leaving the east coast, <mask> turned west and nursed his battered ship through the dangerously shallow waters of Torres Strait.Searching for a vantage point, <mask> saw a steep hill on a nearby island from the top of which he hoped to see "a passage into the Indian Seas". <mask> named the island Possession Island, where he claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory. He returned to England via Batavia (modern Jakarta, Indonesia), where many in his crew succumbed to malaria, and then the Cape of Good Hope, arriving at the island of Saint Helena on 30 April 1771. The ship finally returned to England on 12 July 1771, anchoring in The Downs, with <mask> going to Deal. Interlude
<mask>'s journals were published upon his return, and he became something of a hero among the scientific community. Among the general public, however, the aristocratic botanist Joseph Banks was a greater hero. Banks even attempted to take command of <mask>'s second voyage but removed himself from the voyage before it began, and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster were taken on as scientists for the voyage.<mask>'s son George was born five days before he left for his second voyage. Second voyage (1772–1775)

Shortly after his return from the first voyage, <mask> was promoted in August 1771 to the rank of commander. In 1772, he was commissioned to lead another scientific

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texts: expedition on behalf of the Royal Society, to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis. On his first voyage, <mask> had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south. Although he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia, showing it to be continental in size, the Terra Australis was believed to lie further south. Despite this evidence to the contrary, Alexander Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that a massive southern continent should exist. <mask> commanded  on this voyage, while Tobias Furneaux commanded its companion ship, .<mask>'s expedition circumnavigated the globe at an extreme southern latitude, becoming one of the first to cross the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773. In the Antarctic fog, Resolution and Adventure became separated. Furneaux made his way to New Zealand, where he lost some of his men during an encounter with Māori, and eventually sailed back to Britain, while <mask> continued to explore the Antarctic, reaching 71°10'S on 31 January 1774. <mask> almost encountered the mainland of Antarctica but turned towards Tahiti to resupply his ship. He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent. On this leg of the voyage, he brought a young Tahitian named Omai, who proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage. On his return voyage to New Zealand in 1774, <mask> landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter Island, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.Before returning to England, <mask> made a final sweep across

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texts: the South Atlantic from Cape Horn and surveyed, mapped, and took possession for Britain of South Georgia, which had been explored by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675. <mask> also discovered and named Clerke Rocks and the South Sandwich Islands ("Sandwich Land"). He then turned north to South Africa and from there continued back to England. His reports upon his return home put to rest the popular myth of Terra Australis. <mask>'s second voyage marked a successful employment of Larcum Kendall's K1 copy of John Harrison's H4 marine chronometer, which enabled <mask> to calculate his longitudinal position with much greater accuracy. <mask>'s log was full of praise for this time-piece which he used to make charts of the southern Pacific Ocean that were so remarkably accurate that copies of them were still in use in the mid-20th century. Upon his return, <mask> was promoted to the rank of post-captain and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, with a posting as an officer of the Greenwich Hospital.He reluctantly accepted, insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if an opportunity for active duty should arise. His fame extended beyond the Admiralty; he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded the Copley Gold Medal for completing his second voyage without losing a man to scurvy. Nathaniel Dance-Holland painted his portrait; he dined with <mask>; he was described in the House of Lords as "the first navigator in Europe". But he could not be kept away from the sea. A third voyage was planned, and <mask> volunteered to find the Northwest Passage. He travelled to the Pacific and hoped to travel

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 east to the Atlantic, while a simultaneous voyage travelled the opposite route. Third voyage (1776–1779)

Hawaii
On his last voyage, <mask> again commanded HMS Resolution, while Captain Charles Clerke commanded .The voyage was ostensibly planned to return the Pacific Islander Omai to Tahiti, or so the public was led to believe. The trip's principal goal was to locate a Northwest Passage around the American continent. After dropping Omai at Tahiti, <mask> travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to begin formal contact with the Hawaiian Islands. After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour, Kauai, <mask> named the archipelago the "Sandwich Islands" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich—the acting First Lord of the Admiralty. North America
From the Sandwich Islands, <mask> sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California. He sighted the Oregon coast at approximately 44°30′ north latitude, naming Cape Foulweather, after the bad weather which forced his ships south to about 43° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward. He unknowingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca and soon after entered Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island.He anchored near the First Nations village of Yuquot. <mask>'s two ships remained in Nootka Sound from 29 March to 26 April 1778, in what <mask> called Ship Cove, now Resolution Cove, at the south end of Bligh Island. Relations between <mask>'s crew and the people of Yuquot were cordial but sometimes strained. In trading, the people of Yuquot demanded much more valuable items


texts: than the usual trinkets that had been acceptable in Hawaii. Metal objects were much desired, but the lead, pewter, and tin traded at first soon fell into disrepute. The most valuable items which the British received in trade were sea otter pelts. During the stay, the Yuquot "hosts" essentially controlled the trade with the British vessels; the natives usually visited the British vessels at Resolution Cove instead of the British visiting the village of Yuquot at Friendly Cove.After leaving Nootka Sound in search of the Northwest Passage, <mask> explored and mapped the coast all the way to the Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in Alaska. In a single visit, <mask> charted the majority of the North American northwest coastline on world maps for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska, and closed the gaps in Russian (from the west) and Spanish (from the south) exploratory probes of the northern limits of the Pacific. By the second week of August 1778, <mask> was through the Bering Strait, sailing into the Chukchi Sea. He headed northeast up the coast of Alaska until he was blocked by sea ice at a latitude of 70°44′ north. <mask> then sailed west to the Siberian coast, and then southeast down the Siberian coast back to the Bering Strait. By early September 1778 he was back in the Bering Sea to begin the trip to the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands. He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage and perhaps began to suffer from a stomach ailment; it has been speculated that this led to irrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, which they had


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 pronounced inedible.Return to Hawaii
<mask> returned to Hawaii in 1779. After sailing around the archipelago for some eight weeks, he made landfall at Kealakekua Bay on Hawai'i Island, largest island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. <mask>'s arrival coincided with the Makahiki, a Hawaiian harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono. Coincidentally the form of <mask>'s ship, HMS Resolution, or more particularly the mast formation, sails and rigging, resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship. Similarly, <mask>'s clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals. It has been argued (most extensively by Marshall Sahlins) that such coincidences were the reasons for <mask>'s (and to a limited extent, his crew's) initial deification by some Hawaiians who treated <mask> as an incarnation of Lono. Though this view was first suggested by members of <mask>'s expedition, the idea that any Hawaiians understood <mask> to be Lono, and the evidence presented in support of it, were challenged in 1992.Death

After a month's stay, <mask> attempted to resume his exploration of the northern Pacific. Shortly after leaving Hawaii Island, however, Resolutions foremast broke, so the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs. Tensions rose, and a number of quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay, including the theft of wood from a burial ground under <mask>'s orders. An unknown group of Hawaiians took one of <mask>'s small boats. The evening

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 when the cutter was taken, the people had become "insolent" even with threats to fire upon them. <mask> attempted to kidnap and ransom the King of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu. The following day, 14 February 1779, <mask> marched through the village to retrieve the king.<mask> took the king (aliʻi nui) by his own hand and led him away. One of Kalaniʻōpuʻu's favourite wives, Kanekapolei, and two chiefs approached the group as they were heading to the boats. They pleaded with the king not to go. An old kahuna (priest), chanting rapidly while holding out a coconut, attempted to distract <mask> and his men as a large crowd began to form at the shore. At this point, the king began to understand that <mask> was his enemy. As <mask> turned his back to help launch the boats, he was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the surf. He was first struck on the head with a club by a chief named Kalaimanokahoʻowaha or Kanaʻina (namesake of Charles Kana'ina) and then stabbed by one of the king's attendants, Nuaa.The Hawaiians carried his body away towards the back of the town, still visible to the ship through their spyglass. Four marines, Corporal <mask>, Private Theophilus Hinks, Private Thomas Fatchett and Private John Allen, were also killed and two others were wounded in the confrontation. Aftermath
The esteem which the islanders nevertheless held for <mask> caused them to retain his body. Following their practice of the time, they prepared his body with funerary rituals usually reserved for the chiefs and highest elders of the society. The body was disembowelled and baked to facilitate removal

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 of the flesh, and the bones were carefully cleaned for preservation as religious icons in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of the treatment of European saints in the Middle Ages. Some of <mask>'s remains, thus preserved, were eventually returned to his crew for a formal burial at sea. Clerke assumed leadership of the expedition and made a final attempt to pass through the Bering Strait.He died of tuberculosis on 22 August 1779 and John Gore, a veteran of <mask>'s first voyage, took command of  Resolution and of the expedition. <mask> replaced Gore in command of  Discovery. The expedition returned home, reaching England in October 1780. After their arrival in England, King completed <mask>'s account of the voyage. Legacy
Ethnographic collections

The Australian Museum acquired its "Cook Collection" in 1894 from the Government of New South Wales. At that time the collection consisted of 115 artefacts collected on <mask>'s three voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean, during the period 1768–80, along with documents and memorabilia related to these voyages. Many of the ethnographic artefacts were collected at a time of first contact between Pacific Peoples and Europeans.In 1935 most of the documents and memorabilia were transferred to the Mitchell Library in the State Library of New South Wales. The provenance of the collection shows that the objects remained in the hands of <mask>'s widow <mask>, and her descendants, until 1886. In this year John Mackrell, the great-nephew of Isaac Smith, <mask>'s cousin, organised the display of this collection at the request of the NSW Government at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London. In

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 1887 the London-based Agent-General for the New South Wales Government, Saul Samuel, bought John Mackrell's items and also acquired items belonging to the other relatives Reverend Canon Frederick Bennett, Mrs Thomas Langton, H.M.C. Alexander, and William Adams. The collection remained with the Colonial Secretary of NSW until 1894, when it was transferred to the Australian Museum. Navigation and science

<mask>'s 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to Europeans' knowledge of the area.Several islands, such as the Hawaiian group, were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement. To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude must be accurately determined. Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant. Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth. The Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the sun each day. Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes. <mask> gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage from his navigational skills, with the help of astronomer Charles Green, and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance method – measuring the angular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine

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 the time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun, moon, or stars.On his second voyage, <mask> used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall, which was the shape of a large pocket watch,  in diameter. It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptfords journey to Jamaica in 1761–62. He succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy, an unusual accomplishment at the time. He tested several preventive measures,  most importantly the frequent replenishment of fresh food. For presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776. <mask> became the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. He correctly postulated a link among all the Pacific peoples, despite their being separated by great ocean stretches (see Malayo-Polynesian languages).<mask> theorised that Polynesians originated from Asia, which scientist Bryan Sykes later verified. In New Zealand the coming of <mask> is often used to signify the onset of the colonisation
which officially started more than 70 years after his crew became the second group of Europeans to visit that archipelago. <mask> carried several scientists on his voyages; they made significant observations and discoveries. Two botanists, Joseph Banks and the Swede Daniel Solander, sailed on the first voyage. The two collected over 3,000 plant species. Banks subsequently strongly promoted British


texts: settlement of Australia, leading to the establishment of New South Wales as a penal settlement in 1788. Artists also sailed on <mask>'s first voyage.Sydney Parkinson was heavily involved in documenting the botanists' findings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage. They were of immense scientific value to British botanists. <mask>'s second expedition included William Hodges, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations. Several officers who served under <mask> went on to distinctive accomplishments. William Bligh, <mask>'s sailing master, was given command of  in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit. Bligh became known for the mutiny of his crew, which resulted in his being set adrift in 1789. He later became Governor of New South Wales, where he was the subject of another mutiny—the 1808 Rum Rebellion.George Vancouver, one of <mask>'s midshipmen, led a voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America from 1791 to 1794. In honour of Vancouver's former commander, his ship was named . George Dixon, who sailed under <mask> on his third expedition, later commanded his own. Henry Roberts, a lieutenant under <mask>, spent many years after that voyage preparing the detailed charts that went into <mask>'s posthumous atlas, published around 1784. <mask>'s contributions to knowledge gained international recognition during his lifetime. In 1779, while the American colonies were fighting Britain for their independence, Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with <mask>'s

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 vessel, they were to "not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain <mask> and his people with all civility and kindness ... as common friends to mankind." Memorials

A U.S. coin, the 1928 Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar, carries <mask>'s image.Minted for the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of an early United States commemorative coin both scarce and expensive. The site where he was killed in Hawaii was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk set on  of chained-off beach. This land, although in Hawaii, was deeded to the United Kingdom by Princess Likelike and her husband, Archibald Scott Cleghorn, to the British Consul to Hawaii, <mask> Wodehouse, in 1877. A nearby town is named <mask>, Hawaii; several Hawaiian businesses also carry his name. The Apollo 15 Command/Service Module Endeavour was named after <mask>'s ship, , as was the . In addition, the first Crew Dragon capsule flown by SpaceX was named for Endeavour. Another shuttle, Discovery, was named after <mask>'s .The first institution of higher education in North Queensland, Australia, was named after him, with James Cook University opening in Townsville in 1970. Numerous institutions, landmarks and place names reflect the importance of <mask>'s contributions, including the Cook Islands, Cook Strait, Cook Inlet and the Cook crater on the Moon. Aoraki / Mount <mask>, the highest summit in New Zealand, is

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texts: named for him. Another Mount Cook is on the border between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian Yukon territory, and is designated Boundary Peak 182 as one of the official Boundary Peaks of the Hay–Herbert Treaty. A life-size statue of <mask> upon a column stands in Hyde Park located in the centre of Sydney. A large aquatic monument is planned for <mask>'s landing place at Botany Bay, Sydney. One of the earliest monuments to <mask> in the United Kingdom is located at The Vache, erected in 1780 by Admiral Hugh Palliser, a contemporary of <mask> and one-time owner of the estate.A large obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to <mask> on Easby Moor overlooking his boyhood village of Great Ayton, along with a smaller monument at the former location of <mask>'s cottage. There is also a monument to <mask> in the church of St Andrew the Great, St Andrew's Street, Cambridge, where his sons Hugh, a student at Christ's College, and <mask> were buried. <mask>'s widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial's upkeep. The 250th anniversary of <mask>'s birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in Marton by the opening of the <mask> Birthplace Museum, located within Stewart Park (1978). A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born. Tributes also abound in post-industrial Middlesbrough, including a primary school, shopping square and the Bottle 'O Notes, a public artwork by Claes Oldenburg, that was erected in the town's Central Gardens in 1993. Also named after <mask> is  James Cook University Hospital, a major teaching hospital which

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 opened in 2003 with a railway station serving it called James Cook opening in 2014.The Royal Research Ship RRS James <mask> was built in 2006 to replace the RRS Charles Darwin in the UK's Royal Research Fleet, and Stepney Historical Trust placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London. A statue erected in his honour can be viewed near Admiralty Arch on the south side of The Mall in London. In 2002, <mask> was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. In 1959, the Cooktown Re-enactment Association first performed a re-enactment of <mask>'s 1770 landing at the site of modern Cooktown, Australia, and have continued the tradition each year, with the support and participation of many of the local Guugu Yimithirr people. Cultural references
<mask> was a subject in many literary creations; one of the earliest was "Captain <mask>" by Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L.E.L.). In 1931, Kenneth Slessor's poem "Five Visions of Captain <mask>" was the "most dramatic break-through" in Australian poetry of the 20th century according to poet Douglas Stewart. The Australian slang phrase "Have a Captain <mask>" means to have a look or conduct a brief inspection.Controversy

The period 2018 to 2021 marked the 250th anniversary of <mask>'s first voyage of exploration. A number of countries, including Australia and New Zealand, arranged official events to commemorate the voyage leading to widespread public debate about <mask>'s legacy. In the leadup to the commemorations, various memorials to <mask> in Australia and New Zealand were vandalised and there were public


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 calls for their removal or modification due to their alleged promotion of colonialist narratives. On 1 July 2021, a statue of <mask>  in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, was torn down following an earlier peaceful protest about the deaths of Indigenous residential school children in Canada. There were also campaigns for the return of Indigenous artefacts taken during <mask>'s voyages (see Gweagal shield). Alice Proctor argues that the controversies over public representations of <mask> and the display of Indigenous artefacts from his voyages are part of a broader debate over the decolonisation of museums and public spaces and resistance to colonialist narratives. While a number of commentators argue that <mask> was an enabler of British colonialism in the Pacific, Geoffrey Blainey, among others, notes that it was Banks who promoted Botany Bay as a site for colonisation after <mask>'s death.Robert Tombs defended <mask>, associating him with the values of the Enlightenment and positing him as "The leading figure in an age of scientific exploration". See also
 New Zealand places named by <mask>
 Australian places named by <mask>
 European and American voyages of scientific exploration
 Exploration of the Pacific
 List of places named after Captain <mask>
 List of sea captains
 Death of <mask> (paintings)

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

 , Volume I, Volume II–III. Richardson, Brian. (2005) Longitude and Empire: How <mask>'s Voyages Changed the World (University of British Columbia Press.) . Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) <mask>: His Artists –

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 His Voyages The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with <mask>. Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney
 Thomas, Nicholas The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain <mask>. Walker & Co., New York.(2003)
 Uglow, Jenny, "Island Hopping" (review of Captain <mask>:  The Journals, selected and edited by Philip Edwards, London, Folio Society, three volumes and a chart of the voyages, 1,309 pp. ; and William Frame with Laura Walker, <mask>:  The Voyages, McGill-Queen University Press, 224 pp. ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 2 (7 February 2019), pp. 18–20. Withey, Lynne.Voyages of discovery: Captain <mask> and the exploration of the Pacific'' (Univ of California Press, 1989). External links

 Captain Cook Society
 Captain <mask> historic plaque, Halifax

Biographical dictionaries

Journals
 The Endeavour journal (1) and The Endeavour journal (2), as kept by <mask> – digitised and held by the National Library of Australia
 The South Seas Project: maps and online editions of the Journals of <mask>'s First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771. Includes full text of journals kept by <mask>, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of <mask>'s first voyage. Digitised copies of log books from <mask>'s voyages at the British Atmospheric Data Centre

 Log book of <mask>'s second voyage: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library
 Digitised Tapa cloth catalogue held at Auckland Libraries

Collections and museums
 The Library of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia specialises in collecting works on Captain <mask>,

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 his voyages and HMS Endeavour
 Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of <mask>. Images and descriptions of items associated with <mask> at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

 Captain Cook Birthplace Museum Marton
 Captain Cook Memorial Museum Whitby
 <mask>'s manuscript maps of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee. 1728 births
1779 deaths
18th-century English people
18th-century explorers
Death in Hawaii
English explorers of the Pacific
British military personnel of the French and Indian War
British navigators
British people executed abroad
Circumnavigators of the globe
English cartographers
English explorers of North America
English hydrographers
English people of Scottish descent
English sailors
Explorers of Alaska
Explorers of Antarctica
Explorers of Australia
Explorers of British Columbia
Explorers of New Zealand
Explorers of Oregon
Explorers of Washington (state)
Fellows of the Royal Society
Hydrographers
Maritime writers
People from Middlesbrough
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Royal Navy officers
Q150 Icons
Sea

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<mask> (born Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia) is a popular Australian writer of over 75 romance novels. She published her novels in Mills & Boon's since 1990. Biography
<mask> was born in Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, daughter of a school teacher and a dressmaker, she was the youngest of four children. She worked as programmer until her marriage, they had three daughters. In 1990, she published her first novels in Mills & Boon. Series
Bought: One Bride (2005)
The Tycoon's Trophy Wife (2005)
A Scandalous Marriage (2005)
Bought by the Tycoon (omnibus) (2009)

Year Down Under Series Multi-Author
Outback Man (1991)

Forbidden! Series Multi-Author
A Daughter's Dilemma (1992)

Pages & Privileges Series Multi-Author
An Outrageous Proposal (1992)
Fantasies & the Future (1994)
Passion & the Past (1994)

Secrets Series Multi-Author
Marriage in Jeopardy (1993)

The Australians Series Multi-Author
2.Heart-throb for Hire (1993)
12.Simply Irresistible (1993)
14. Marriage at a Price (2001)
18. Fugitive Bride (1998)
23. The Virgin Bride (1999)
32. The Passion Price (2004)

Wedlocked! Series Multi-Author
The Bride in Blue (1995)
His Bride for One Night (2005)

Foreign Affairs Series Multi-Author
The Bride in Blue (1995)
Australian Attraction: The Bride in Blue / Marriage Campaign (omnibus) (2002) (with Helen Bianchin)

Passion Series Multi-Author
Aunt Lucy's Lover (1996)
The Millionaire's Mistress (1998)
The Seduction Project (1998)

Scandals! Series Multi-Author
Red-Hot and Reckless (1997)

Nanny Wanted Series Multi-Author
A Nanny Named Nick

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 (1997)

Expecting!Series Multi-Author
The Boss's Baby (1998)

Society Weddings Series Multi-Author
The Wedding-Night Affair (1999)

His Baby Series Multi-Author
Facing Up to Fatherhood (1999)

In Love With Her Boss Series Multi-Author
7. Bedded by the Boss (2004)

Nine to Five Series Multi-Author
Bedded by the Boss (2004)

Mistress to a Millionaire Series Multi-Author
The Magnate's Mistress (2004)

Uncut Series Multi-Author
Love-Slave to the Sheikh (2006)

Ruthless! Revealed! / From Lust to Love (2005) (with Cathy Williams)
Love in the City (2005) (with Anne McAllister and Cathy Williams)
Her Royal Baby / Passion Price (2005) (with Marion Lennox)
Plain Jane Makeover (2005) (with Penny Jordan and Barbara McMahon)
The Passion Collection (2005) (with Emily McKay and Emilie Rose)
Christmas with a Hero (2006) (with Merline Lovelace and Catherine Mann)
Sinful Secrets (2007) (with Catherine George and Sara Wood)
Her Secret Child (2008) (with Sharon Kendrick and Cathy Williams)
Magnate's Mistress / Married to the Enemy / Woman of Spirit (2008) (with Lucy Gordon and Ann Major)
In the Australian's Bed (2008) (with Lindsay Armstrong and Melanie Milburne)
One Passionate Night (2008) (with Robyn Donald and Sandra Field)
Ruthless (2009) (with Helen Bianchin and Emma Darcy)
Love-Slave to the Sheikh / Traded to the Sheikh / At the Sheikh's Command (2009) (with Emma Darcy and Kate Walker)
Blackmailed Bridegroom / Duarte's Child (2009) (with Lynne Graham)

References and Resources

Australian romantic fiction writers
Australian women novelists
Living people
Women romantic fiction


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<mask> (born <mask>, April 2, 1927 – November 7, 2012)  was an American professional boxer who was the world champion in both the welterweight and middleweight divisions, beating Sugar Ray Robinson for the latter title. An iron-chinned pressure fighter, Basilio was a combination puncher who had great stamina and eventually wore many of his opponents down with vicious attacks to the head and body. In 1957, The Ring magazine named Basilio Fighter of the Year, while the Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA) named him Fighter of the Year in 1955 and 1957. He also holds the distinction of being in The Ring magazine's Fight of the Year in five consecutive years (1955-59), a feat unmatched by any other boxer. In 2002, <mask> was voted by The Ring magazine as the 40th greatest fighter of the last 80 years. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 1990. Boxing career

Journeyman
<mask> began his professional boxing career by meeting Jimmy Evans on 24 November 1948 in Binghamton, New York.He knocked Evans out in the third round, and five days later he beat Bruce Walters in only one round. By the end of 1948, he had completed four bouts. He started 1949 with two draws, against Johnny Cunningham on January 5 and against Jay Perlin 20 days later. Basilio campaigned exclusively inside the state of New York during his first 24 bouts, going 19-3-2 during that span. His first loss was at the hands of Connie Thies, who beat him in a six-round decision on 2 May 1949. He fought Cunningham three more times during that period. Basilio won by knockout in two rounds on their second meeting, Cunningham won by a decision in eight in their third fight, and <mask> won by a decision in eight in their fourth.In the middle of that 24-bout span, 1950 rolled over and <mask> met former world champion Lew Jenkins, winning a 10-round decision. For fight number 25, <mask> decided that it was time to campaign out west, so he went to New Orleans, where he boxed

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 his next six fights. In his first bout there, he met Gaby Farland, who held him to a draw. He and Farland later had a rematch, <mask> winning by a knockout in the first round. He also boxed Guillermo Giminez there twice, first beating him by knockout in eight and then by knockout in nine. In his last fight before returning home, he lost by a decision in 10 to Eddie Giosa. For his next seven bouts, <mask> only went 3-3-1, but he was able to avenge his loss to Giosa by winning a ten-round decision over him in Syracuse.In 1952, <mask> went 6-2-1. He beat Jimmy Cousins among others that year, but he lost to Chuck Davey and Billy Graham. The draw he registered that year was against Davey in the first of the two meetings that year. Rise in the ranks
In 1953. <mask> started winning big fights and rose in the welterweight division rankings. He secured his first world title fight, against Cuba's Kid Gavilán for Gavilán's world welterweight championship. Before fighting against Gavilan, he beat former world lightweight champion Ike Williams and had two more fights with Graham, avenging his earlier loss to Graham in the second bout between them with a 12-round decision win and drawing in the third.<mask> lost a 15-round decision to Gavilan and went for a fourth meeting with Cunningham, this time winning by a knockout in four. Then he and French fighter Pierre Langois began another rivalry with a 10-round draw in the first bout between the two. In 1954, <mask> went undefeated in eight bouts, going 7-0-1 with 2 knockouts and defeating Langois in their rematch by decision. World Champion
In 1955, <mask> began by beating Peter Müller by decision. After that, <mask> was once again the number one challenger, and on June 10 of that year he received his second world title try, against world welterweight champion Tony DeMarco. <mask> became world champion by knocking out DeMarco in the 12th round. <mask> had two non-title bouts, including a ten-round decision win over Gil Turner, before he and

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 DeMarco met again, this time with <mask> as the defending world champion.Their second fight had exactly the same result as their first bout: <mask> won by a knockout in 12. For his next fight, in 1956, <mask> lost the title in Chicago to Johnny Saxton by a decision in 15. Saxton's manager, mafioso Frank "Blinky" Palermo", was later jailed along with his partner Frankie Carbo for fixing fights. <mask> said of losing his title to the referees' decision: "It was like being robbed in a dark alley." In an immediate rematch that was fought in Syracuse, <mask> regained the crown with a nine-round knockout, and then, in a rubber match, <mask> kept the belt with a knockout in two. After that, he went up in weight and challenged ageing 36- year-old world middleweight champion Sugar Ray Robinson, in what may have been his most famous fight. He won the middleweight championship of the world by beating Robinson in a 15-round decision on September 23, 1957.The day after, he had to abandon the welterweight belt, in accordance with boxing laws. In 1957 <mask> won the Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year. Decline

In 1958, he and Robinson met in a rematch on March 25 and Robinson barely regained the title with a 15-round controversial decision. <mask>'s left eye was totally swollen shut from the 6th round on, and still many of the ringside press thought Basilio won this second fight. This was a split decision, just as their first fight was. From that moment, and until his retirement in 1961, he fought only sporadically, but three of his last fights were attempts to recover the world middleweight title, losing twice to Gene Fullmer: by a TKO in 14 at San Francisco and by a TKO in 12 in Fullmer's home state of Utah (in Salt Lake City), and also later, when he lost a 10-round decision to defending world champion Paul Pender. In between those fights, he was able to beat Art Aragon, by knockout in eight and former world welterweight champion Don Jordan by decision in ten.His fight

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 with Pender for the title was also his last fight as a professional boxer. <mask> retired with a ring record of 56 wins, 16 losses and 7 draws, with 27 wins by knockout. Post-boxing life
After his retirement, <mask> worked for a time at the Genesee Brewery in Rochester, NY. Later <mask>, a high-school dropout, taught physical education at Le Moyne College in Syracuse. <mask>, who was also a member of the United States Marine Corps at one point in his life, was able to enjoy his retirement. <mask> was associated with a sausage company, frequently confused with a separate sausage company run by his brother Paul, for which he was a salesman. During the 1970s, his nephew Billy Backus became world welterweight champion after having a shaky start to his own boxing career, and <mask> declared on the day that Backus became champion that, to him, Billy's winning the title was better than his winning it himself.In 1990, Ed Brophy decided to build the International Boxing Hall Of Fame in Canastota, New York, to honor the two world champions who were born there: <mask> and his nephew. Although Backus isn't a member of the Hall Of Fame, <mask> is, along with many of the fighters he met inside the ring. In the late 1990s, <mask> became seriously ill, requiring triple bypass heart surgery. Doctors were able to repair his heart. <mask> was interviewed for an HBO documentary on Sugar Ray Robinson called "The Bright Lights and Dark Shadows of a Champion". He mentioned that although he respected Robinson's talents in the ring, he did not like him as a person. In 2010, "Title Town USA, Boxing in Upstate New York" by historian Mark Allen Baker was published by The History Press in 2010 and identifies Canastota as the epicenter of Upstate New York's rich boxing heritage.The book includes chapters on both <mask>  and Billy Backus. The introduction was written by Edward P. Brophy Executive Director of the International Boxing Hall of Fame. He died aged 85 in 2012, and is survived by his wife

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<mask>BE (1 March 1867 – 17 April 1949) was an English historian and diplomat. During the First World War, He was seconded to the Foreign Ministry in Petrograd, Russia, where he reported political events back to London, and worked in propaganda. He returned to London as professor of Russian history. He is best known for his numerous books on Russia, especially his standard textbook, A History of Russia (1926), which had highly detailed coverage of the revolutionary era. He was a very active public speaker in the 1940s in support of Stalin's Soviet Union. Early life and family
<mask> was born to a wealthy family, and inherited a large sum that enabled him to thrive despite low academic salaries. <mask> was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in Classics taking a third.He worked over the next ten years as a school teacher spending his vacations touring the main battlefields of the Napoleonic Wars. He married Margaret Ellis, daughter of Edward Austin Dixon, a dental surgeon in Colchester. They had three sons, Peter (who became a diplomat), Andrew (who became a soldier) and Richard (a historian), and two daughters, Elizabeth, who was Head of the Foreign Research and Press Service, Baltic Section at Chatham House during WWII and Ursula (Susan), who married Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe, the landscape architect, becoming an eminent plantswoman and photographer in her own right. Russia
<mask> first visited Russia in 1898; at about the same time as he was appointed a university extension lecturer in Cambridge. In 1906, he attended the first duma at the Taurida Palace in Saint Petersburg and took note on how

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 little the British officers attending could understand the political situation in Russia at the time. Viewing the study of Russian as less of a scholarly pursuit than an urgent political necessity, he founded the first School of Russian Studies in Britain at the University of Liverpool in 1907. In 1908, <mask> was promoted to Professor of Russian History, Language, and Literature at the University of Liverpool, which he held until 1917 when he became Professor of Russian at the university's School of Slavonic Studies.In 1909, he organised the visit to Great Britain of a delegation of the Third Duma on which occasion he was presented with a silver punch bowl and salver with eighteen goblets. Reputed to be the products of the Faberge workshop, these are currently on display in the foyer of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies building at University College London. First World War
With the outbreak of the First World War, <mask> was appointed official observer to the Russian army and later seconded to the staff of the British Embassy in Petrograd. <mask> set his hopes for Russia with the Provisional Government and, after the Bolshevik revolution, moved to Siberia to support Alexander Kolchak's army where he gave frequent lectures to the White troops. He was awarded a KBE for his services to British relations with Russia in 1919, but until 1935 he was banned by the new communist government from re-entering Russia. Later life
<mask> was not so much a scholar, but proved an organizer and public speaker—skills he put to use after 1919 when he moved to the recently founded School of Slavonic and East European Studies, then a

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 part of King's College London, University of London, He became Professor of Russian Language, Literature and History, editor of the Slavonic Review (later Slavonic and East European Review) and Director of the School. As Director, <mask> successfully negotiated the School's re-establishment as an independent institute of the University and its move to the North Wing of the University's new Senate House in Bloomsbury.<mask> continued to write on Russian history and literature, publishing most notably his History of Russia (1926 and subsequent editions). In 1939, <mask> retired as Director, subsequently acting as an adviser to the wartime government on Russian affairs, Taking a favourable attitude toward Stalin, while deploring some of his excesses. He was very active in public speeches across Britain on behalf of the Soviet alliance with Britain in opposition to Nazi Germany. He moved to New York in 1942 where, shortly after completing his autobiography, he died. Legacy
In 2008, the established chair of Russian history at the (now) UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies was renamed the Sir <mask> Chair in Russian History. The established chair had, after <mask>, been held by Hugh Seton-Watson and Geoffrey Hosking. The first holder of the reinaugurated and newly named chair is Professor Simon Dixon, formerly of the University of Leeds.Notes

Published works
Russia and Reform, London: Constable, 1907. from Archive.org
Day by Day with the Russian Army, 1914–15, London: Constable, 1915. from Archive.org
The League of Nations and Other Questions of Peace, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1919. A History of Russia, New York:

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 Alfred Knopf, 1926. My Russian Memoirs, London: Jonathan Cape, 1931. Moscow Admits a Critic,  London and New York: T. Nelson, 1936. The Fall of the Russian Monarchy, London: Jonathan Cape; New York: Alfred Knopf, 1939. Russia and the Peace, New York: Macmillan, 1945. A Wandering Student, Ithaca, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1948.References

Further reading
 Hughes, Michael. "<mask>, Russian Studies and the Promotion of Anglo-Russian Friendship, 1907-14." Slavonic and East European Review (2000) 78#3: 510-535. online
 Karpovich, Michael. "Sir <mask>res" The Russian Review 8#3 (1949), pp. 183-185 online
 <mask>, <mask>. A Wandering Student, Syracuse, 1948
 <mask>, <mask>. "The Objectives of Russian Study in Britain."The Slavonic Review  (1922) 1#1: 59-72 online. Seton-Watson R.W. "<mask>res" in The Slavonic and East European Review. 1949. Vol. 28, No. 70. pp.28–31. External links

Author and Bookinfo.com

1867 births
1949 deaths
People from the Borough of Guildford
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Liverpool
Academics of the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies
English historians
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Writers about

masks:
Bernard Pares
Bernard Pa
Pares
Bernard
Pares
Bernard
Bernard Pa


texts:
<mask>   (; 23 August 1930 – 2 July 2016) was a French politician and a member of the Socialist Party (PS). He served as Prime Minister under François Mitterrand from 1988 to 1991, during which he created the Revenu minimum d'insertion (RMI), a social minimum welfare program for indigents, and achieved the Matignon Accords regarding the status of New Caledonia. He was a member of the European Parliament, and was strongly involved in European policies until 2009. In 2007, he joined a Commission under the authority of Nicolas Sarkozy's Minister of Education, Xavier Darcos. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine, to a Protestant family, the son of nuclear physicist <mask>ard his job. <mask> was a certified glider pilot

Unified Socialist Party
Having left the SFIO because of Guy Mollet's position towards the Algerian war, he led the dissident Unified Socialist Party (PSU) from 1967 to 1974. He was a prominent figure during the May 68 crisis, supporting the auto-gestionary project. He ran in the 1969 presidential election but obtained only 3.6% of the vote. Some months later, he was elected deputy for the Yvelines département, defeating the former Prime minister Maurice Couve de Murville. He lost his parliamentary seat in 1973, but retook it in 1978.In 1973–74, he participated in the LIP conflict, selling watches with the workers and participating, behind the scenes, in the attempts to find an employer who would take back the factory, which was on the verge of being liquidated. Socialist Party
In 1974, he joined François Mitterrand and the renewed Socialist Party (PS), which had replaced the old SFIO. Most of the PSU members and a part of the French and Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT) trade union – the non-Marxist section of

masks:
Michel Rocard
Rocard
Yves Rocardoc
Michel Rocard


texts:
 the left that Rocard famously defined as the "Second Left" – followed him. Elected mayor of Conflans-Sainte-Honorine in 1977, he led the opposition to Mitterrand inside the Socialist Party (as a candidate of the right wing of the party). After the defeat of the left at the 1978 legislative election, he tried to take over the leadership of the party. In spite of his alliance with Pierre Mauroy, the number 2 of the PS, he lost at the Metz Congress (1979). As the Socialist Party's most popular politician at the time (including Mitterrand himself), he announced that he would run for president; but his "Call of Conflans" did not result in majority support within the PS, and he withdrew his candidacy.Mitterrand was the successful Socialist candidate in the 1981 presidential election. From the 1970s to the 1990s, Rocard's group inside the Socialist Party, known as "les rocardiens", advocated a re-alignment of French socialism through a clearer acceptance of the market economy, more decentralisation and less state control. It was largely influenced by Scandinavian social democracy, and stood in opposition to Mitterrand's initial agenda of nationalization, programmed in the 110 Propositions for France. Nonetheless, the "rocardiens" always remained a minority. In government
Under Mitterrand's first presidency, he was Minister of Territorial Development and Minister of Planning from 1981 to 1983 and Minister of Agriculture from 1983 to 1985. He resigned from the cabinet in due to his opposition to the introduction of the proportional system for the legislative elections. He hoped, in vain, that Mitterrand would not run for re-election so he could be the PS candidate in the 1988 presidential election.After Mitterrand's re-election, he was chosen as Prime Minister (May 1988


texts:
 – May 1991). Indeed, <mask> was popular and his position, on the right wing of the PS, corresponded with the slogan of the electoral campaign, "a United France." He formed a cabinet including 4 center-right ministers. As Prime Minister, he led the Matignon Accords regarding the status of New Caledonia, which ended the troubles in this overseas territory. His record in office also include a decrease in unemployment and a large-scale reform of the welfare state's financing system. He created a minimum social assistance scheme, the RMI, which helped to alleviate poverty. Party leadership
<mask>'s poor relations with Mitterrand, notably during his mandate as Prime Minister, were notorious.In addition, the Socialists only held a small parliamentary majority. In 1991, when his popularity decreased, President Mitterrand forced him to resign. However, according to Mauroy, who led the party, <mask> stood as the "natural candidate" for the following presidential elections. After the 1993 electoral disaster, he became leader of the PS by advocating a political "big-bang", that was to say a questioning of the left/right divide. His speech did not have the desired effect. <mask> remained as leader of the Socialist Party for only one year, in part because of the PS's complete defeat during the 1994 European elections. The defeat was in part due to the success of the list of the Left Radicals Movement, which was covertly supported by President Mitterrand.Consequently, he was toppled by the left-wing of the party and lost his last chance to run for president the next year. Having lost his deputy's seat in 1993, he became Senator of Yvelines from 1995 to 1997. His supporters within the Socialist Party became allies of candidate Lionel Jospin, who was Prime Minister in 1997–2002,

masks: Rocard Rocard Rocard Rocard


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 and then Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Member of European Parliament
<mask> was a member of the European Parliament (1994–2009), and chaired the Committee on Development and Cooperation (1997–1999), the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (1999–2002) and the Committee on Culture, Youth, Education, the Media and Sport. <mask> was known for his hostility for proposed directives to allow software patents in Europe, and has been an outspoken opponent of what he considers to be manoeuvres to force the decision on this issue. On the French political scene, <mask> presented himself as the political heir of Pierre Mendès-France, known for his moral rigour, and as the politician who "speaks the truth". After Mitterrand's death, he caused controversy when he said, about the former president, "he was not an honest man".An impersonator mocked him for his problems of elocution. In the run up to the presidential elections in 2007, <mask> called for an alliance between the Socialists and the centrist Union for French Democracy (UDF) party of François Bayrou in an effort to defeat Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) candidate Nicolas Sarkozy. Ségolène Royal, the PS candidate, rejected any such compromise, lamenting that she was once again obliged to face obstacles from within her own party. <mask> also publicly admitted, after the election, having asked Ségolène Royal to step down in his favor in March 2007, one month before the first round of voting. Like other Socialist politicians, such as Jack Lang or Hubert Védrine, who accepted similar positions, Rocard accepted a post on the Committee on the re-evaluation of the teaching profession, which was placed under the "high authority" of Sarkozy's Minister of Education Xavier Darcos. Criticized by Medhi Ouraoui, national delegate

masks:
Rocard
Michel Rocard
Rocard
Rocard
Rocard


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 of the PS, <mask> claimed it was a "democrat's duty" to participate in such Commissions and that he was "not concerned" by the "game of the President of the Republic [consisting of making of such left-wing participations] political symbols". He furthermore explained that he had accepted to speak before the Gracques' spring university (a group of senior left-wing civil servants who advocated a centrist strategy) because political parties were not suited any more to serious reflexion.Finally, he again claimed that the (Marxist) SFIO had been created in 1905 on a fundamental "ambiguity", that of whether to accept or reject market economy. He remained active in European Union politics as late as June 2014, when he delivered his thoughts on the British on the 70th anniversary of the D-Day landings in Normandy. <mask> quoted Churchill's words about the "United States of Europe", issued a strong condemnation of the UK policy of the 40 years to that date, and begged for a European strongman, which he saw in Martin Schulz. He concluded by inviting the UK to leave. <mask> was also a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations. Political career
Governmental functions

Prime minister : 1988–1991 (Resignation). Minister of State, minister of Planning and Land Development : 1981–1983.Minister of Agriculture : 1983–1985 (Resignation). Electoral mandates

European Parliament

Member of the European Parliament : 1994–2009 (Resignation). Elected in 1994, reelected in 1999, 2004. Senate of France

Senator of Yvelines : 1995–1997 (Resignation). Elected in 1995. National Assembly of France

Member of the National Assembly of France for Yvelines (4th

masks: Rocard Rocard Rocard


texts:
 constituency) : 1969–1973 / 1978–1981 (Became minister in 1981) / 1986–1988 (Became Prime minister in 1988). Elected in 1969, reelected in 1978, 1981, 1986, 1988

Regional Council

Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1978–1988 (Resignation).Elected in 1986. Municipal Council

Mayor of Conflans-Sainte-Honorine : 1977–1994. Reelected in 1983, 1989. Municipal councillor of Conflans-Sainte-Honorine : 1977–2001. Reelected in 1983, 1989, 1995. Political functions

First Secretary (leader) of the Socialist Party (France) : 1993–1994 (Resignation). Health and death
In June 2007, <mask> was admitted to the Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, India where doctors found he had a blood clot in the brain and was operated upon.He was discharged from the hospital on 10 July 2007. On 30 March 2012, <mask> was on a visit to Stockholm, Sweden to attend a meeting regarding the Arctic Council. During a break at noon, he became ill and was taken to the Karolinska University Hospital. Doctors decided later that day that <mask> should spend the night at the hospital's intensive-care medicine unit for observation. <mask> died on 2 July 2016 in Paris, at the age of 85. Bibliography
<mask>, Rapport sur les camps de regroupement et autres textes sur la guerre d'Algérie, Editions Mille et une nuits, 2003 (Report on regroupment camps and other texts on the Algerian War)
<mask>, Le Coeur à l'ouvrage, Odile Jacob, 1987
<mask>, Entretiens, Paris, Flammarion, 2001
Ch. Piaget, Lip, Postface by <mask>, Lutter Stock, 1973
Collective, Lip : affaire non-classée, Postface by <mask>, Syros, 1975

References

Further reading
 Schneider, R. <mask> (Paris, 1987), in French.Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp.

masks:
Rocard
Rocard
Rocard
Rocard
Michel Rocard
Michel Rocard
Michel Rocard
Michel Rocard
Michel Rocard
Michel Rocard


texts: <mask> (September 2, 1968 – December 12, 2013) was an American cruiserweight boxer. He lived in Pensacola, Florida, where he died on December 12, 2013, due to heart problems. <mask> won the world IBO cruiserweight championship against Carl Thompson; however, his title was vacated after losing to WBO champion Johnny Nelson on April 6, 2002 in Copenhagen, Denmark, who declined the IBO belt. He was inducted into the Florida Boxing Hall of Fame in 2013.

masks:
Ezra Nathan Sellers
Sellers


texts:
<mask> (1 August 1954 – 28 October 2006) was a Jamaican professional boxer who competed from 1976 to 2000. He won the WBC heavyweight title in 1986 by defeating Pinklon Thomas, then lost it in his first defense in the same year to Mike Tyson. <mask> was the last boxer to fight Muhammad Ali, defeating him in 1981 by unanimous decision. As an amateur, <mask> won a bronze medal in the heavyweight division at the 1975 Pan American Games. In both his early and late professional career he held the Canadian heavyweight title twice, from 1979 to 1986 and 1999 to 2001. <mask> is the only boxer in professional boxing history to have fought Muhammad Ali, Larry Holmes, and Mike Tyson. Amateur career
At 21, Berbick represented his native Jamaica in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada as a heavyweight boxer, despite having had only 11 prior amateur bouts.His lack of experience was evident as he lost to the eventual silver medalist, Mircea Şimon of Romania. However, he still displayed a lot of promise as a young heavyweight boxer. The previous year, in his only bout at the Pan American Games in Mexico City, <mask> lost a decision to future heavyweight champion Michael Dokes in the semi-finals, winning a bronze medal. Leroy Caldwell, a boxer who fought almost all notable top-ranked heavyweights of the 1970s and early 1980s, including several world champions, recalled that Berbick was his most talented opponent. Professional career
<mask> left Jamaica after the Olympics. He opted to settle in Montreal and fight professionally out of Halifax. He won his first 11 fights (10 by knockout) before suffering his first pro loss to another rising contender, Bernardo Mercado, on 3 April 1979.As an amateur, Berbick had soundly beaten Mercado. However, with 10 seconds remaining in the first round of their only professional meeting, Berbick walked into a punch and

masks:
Trevor Berbick
Berbick
Berbick
Berbick
Berbick
Berbick


texts: was knocked out. Nevertheless, he remained in contention for the heavyweight title. A 1980 upset of ex-champ John Tate (9th-round KO) secured a title shot against Larry Holmes on 11 April 1981, but <mask> lost a 15-round unanimous decision. In his second fight after the loss, he beat 39-year-old Muhammad Ali by unanimous decision in the final fight of Ali's career. In 1982, he beat undefeated prospect Greg Page, and in 1984 he moved to Miramar, Florida and signed with promoter Don King. Wins over undefeated Mitch "Blood" Green and David Bey scored him another title fight, and he won the WBC world heavyweight title by upsetting Pinklon Thomas with an easy unanimous decision on 22 March 1986.However, his reign as champion would be brief. On 22 November, in his first defense of the title, <mask> took on Mike Tyson, who was looking to break Floyd Patterson's record and become, at the age of twenty, the youngest ever heavyweight champion. In the second round, Tyson dropped Berbick with a quick knockdown. <mask> was quickly overwhelmed by his opponent and late in the round, he went down again. The champion rose to his feet, but immediately stumbled backward and fell back to the canvas. <mask> tried twice more to make it to his feet but fell both times, and referee Mills Lane stopped counting and waved the fight off to end <mask>'s reign as champion. In 1991, he traveled to the UWFi promotion in Japan to fight Nobuhiko Takada in a "boxer vs. wrestler" bout.<mask> claimed that he had been double-crossed and that he had expected the fight to be like American kickboxing, but it turned out that the rules allowed Takada to kick <mask> below the belt, and according to UWFi trainer Pat McCarthy, "no rules were ever changed, and [Berbick] just never wanted to listen". <mask> refused to mount any offense, instead repeatedly complaining to the referee as Takada kicked

masks: Berbick Berbick Berbick Berbick Berbick Berbick Berbick Berbick


texts:
 him repeatedly in the legs. Takada claimed victory by default when Berbick exited the ring. <mask> resumed his boxing career in 1994, frequently fighting on the USA Tuesday Night Fights. He would score a mild upset over Melvin Foster but would go on to lose to prospects such as Jimmy Thunder and Hasim Rahman. He eventually fought his last bout in 2000 against Canadian journeyman Shane Sutcliffe, winning a 12-round unanimous decision. Afterwards, a CAT scan revealed a blood clot in his brain and his boxing license was revoked.His final professional record was 49 wins (33 by knockout), 11 losses, and 1 draw. Outside the ring
<mask> was a preacher at the Moments of Miracles Pentecostal church in Las Vegas. Rape conviction
<mask> was arrested on a number of occasions throughout his life and was sentenced in Florida to 5 years in prison for raping his children's babysitter in 1992. He served only 15 months. In 1997, he violated his parole and was deported from the United States to Canada. Due to his legal issues, he also had problems staying in Canada, losing his landed immigrant status and being ordered back to Jamaica in 1999. Later in 1999 he won the right to remain in Canada.Feud with Larry Holmes
Berbick had a well-publicized feud with Larry Holmes, whom he fought in the ring in 1981. Their feud culminated in a public confrontation and brawl in 1991, which was caught on tape. After a verbal altercation indoors, Berbick was outside complaining about being kicked and punched by Larry Holmes when Holmes climbed atop a parked car and launched himself at Berbick. Holmes was furious with Berbick badmouthing his family. The footage ends as the two are separated by police and others. Retirement
Berbick retired in Florida to be with his wife and four children (he had three children with his first wife in Montreal) and started to train boxers at Kenny Barrett's

masks: Berbick Berbick Berbick


texts:
 Gym in Tamarac, Florida. Berbick's problems escalated.He was again deported from the U.S. on 2 December 2002. Death
On 28 October 2006, <mask> was murdered at a church in Norwich, Jamaica, by an assailant wielding a  steel pipe. He sustained repeated blows to the head and died at the scene. Police arrested two men, one of whom was <mask>'s 20-year-old nephew <mask>, in connection with the murder. They were interrogated at the Port Antonio police station in Portland early on the morning of 29 October. Local residents indicated that the suspect was involved in a land dispute with Berbick. On 3 November it was reported that <mask>'s nephew, 20-year-old <mask>, and an unidentified 18-year-old man had been charged with his murder by Jamaican police.On 20 December 2007, <mask> was convicted for the murder of his uncle. His alleged accomplice, Kenton Gordon, was convicted of manslaughter and both men were sentenced on 11 January 2008. <mask> was sentenced to life in prison; Kenton Gordon was sentenced to fourteen years in prison. <mask>'s body was buried at the Berbick Family Plot Norwich, in Portland, Jamaica. Professional boxing record

References

External links

1954 births
2006 deaths
2006 murders in North America
Boxers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Black Canadian boxers
Deaths by beating
Jamaican male boxers
Jamaican emigrants to Canada
Jamaican murder victims
Male murder victims
Sportspeople convicted of crimes
Canadian people convicted of rape
Olympic boxers of Jamaica
Boxers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Jamaica
People deported from the United States
People from Port Antonio
People murdered in Jamaica
Sportspeople from Florida
Boxers from Montreal
World Boxing Council champions
Canadian male boxers
World heavyweight boxing champions
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American

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Berbick
Berbick
Harold Berbick
Berbick
Harold Berbick
Harold Berbick
Harold Berbick
Trevor Berbick


texts:
Jean-<mask> is a Congolese politician. <mask> was a militia commander during the 1997 civil war and served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Energy and Hydraulics from 1997 to 2002. He has been the President of the Economic and Social Council, a state institution, since 2009 and he was Co-President of the New Democratic Forces (FDN), a political party, from 2007 to 2010. Political career
An ethnic Mbochi, <mask> was born at Enyellé, located in the Likouala Region of northern Congo-Brazzaville, and worked at Insurance and Reinsurance of Congo (Assurances et Réassurances du Congo, ARC). Beginning with the introduction of multiparty politics in 1990, he led a political party, the Democratic Rally of the Congolese People (RDPC). He participated in the February–June 1991 National Conference and was included on the National Conference's committee for the drafting of internal regulations. During the June–October 1997 civil war, <mask> commanded Denis Sassou Nguesso's Cobra rebel militia; the war concluded with the capture of Brazzaville by the Cobras in mid-October.Speaking to the press after this victory, <mask> condemned ousted President Pascal Lissouba, saying that "for five years Lissouba didn't invest one cent in the country", and he alleged that international mercenaries were hired to fight on Lissouba's side. Sassou Nguesso then appointed <mask> to the government as Minister of Energy and Hydraulics on 2 November 1997; <mask> was one of several Mbochis who held important posts in the government, demonstrating that the government was dominated by members of Sassou Nguesso's own ethnic group and other northerners. He retained his post as Minister of Energy for nearly five years. <mask> was a candidate in the May–June 2002 parliamentary election, but failed to win a seat. After the election, he was not included in the government that was appointed on 18 August 2002. <mask> was subsequently appointed to the Economic and Social Council on 13 August 2003. The newspaper Le Choc reported on 20 July 2004 that <mask>, together with a

masks:
Marie Tassoua
Tassoua
Tassoua
Tassoua
Tassoua
Tassoua
Tassoua
Tassoua
Tassoua
Tassoua


texts:
 minister and two other former ministers, had been barred from leaving the country without Sassou Nguesso's approval due to suspicions that they had misused public funds.This report was denied on the next day by public prosecutor Georges Akiéra. In March 2007, the RDPC agreed to merge with several other parties to create a new party, the New Democratic Forces (FDN). At the constitutive congress of the FDN, <mask>, as the oldest of the FDN leaders, presided over its opening ceremony on 19 April 2007 and spoke about the FDN's purpose and programme. He was chosen to jointly head the FDN's National Executive Bureau together with Léon-Alfred Opimbat, and on 15 May he and Opimbat signed an electoral agreement on behalf of the FDN with the governing Congolese Labour Party (PCT). In the June–August 2007 parliamentary election, <mask> was elected to the National Assembly as the FDN candidate in the Dougou constituency of Likouala Region, where he faced candidates from two friendly parties, the PCT and the Club 2002-PUR. <mask> was one of three FDN candidates to win seats in the election. President of the Economic and Social Council (2009–present)
After serving as First Vice-President of the Economic and Social Council, <mask> was appointed as its president by Sassou Nguesso on 18 September 2009.He succeeded Auguste-Célestin Gongarad Nkoua in that position. The council is a state body that is assigned the constitutional role of advising the government and Parliament on policy. It has 75 members and has three commissions separately dealing with economic, social, and cultural matters. Speaking to the press on 12 October 2009, <mask> discussed his plans for improvements to the Council's work, mainly focusing on increasing the visibility of the institution through greater openness and accessibility. The council opened its first session under <mask>'s leadership on 25 January 2010. The session was focused on employment and professional training; <mask> particularly pointed to the problem of youth unemployment. He also stressed that Congo-Brazzaville had

masks: Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua


texts:
 ample natural resources and that unemployment could be reduced through the exploitation of those resources.<mask> reiterated that the Council had an important role to play in the nation's political life as "a center of reflection" assisting the decision-makers. The session ended on 5 February 2010. <mask> said on the occasion that employment and educational issues needed to be addressed as a prerequisite for industrialization. He also noted the importance of a large operating budget for the Council so that it could work effectively, and he highlighted the importance of regional cooperation in anticipation of a planned meeting of the Union of Economic and Social Councils of Africa (UCESA). <mask> and Opimbat jointly led the FDN for three years. At the FDN's First Ordinary Congress on 2–3 May 2010, Opimbat was elected as the sole President of the FDN. The party congress also saw the establishment of the High Council of Dignitaries, a consultative body intended to advise the FDN Executive Bureau; <mask> was included as one of its seven members, and it was installed on 1 June 2010.<mask> chaired the consultative body. As President of the Economic and Social Council, <mask> made an official visit to China in March 2011. The FDN merged itself into the ruling PCT in July 2011, on the occasion of the PCT's Sixth Extraordinary Congress. At the congress, <mask> was elected to the PCT's 471-member Central Committee. According to <mask>, armed men attacked his home in Impfondo on the night of 22–23 September 2014 intending to kill him, but he was not there at the time. He said that he intuitively felt he was in danger in Impfondo and therefore traveled to the village of Ibenga that night, although it was a risky journey. Speaking about the attack at a press conference on 15 October 2014, <mask> stressed that he was "no longer interested in active politics" and said that he devoted his free time to farming.References

Members of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
New Democratic Forces

masks: Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua Tassoua


texts:
General Sir <mask>, GCB (6 July 1777 – 30 May 1854) was a British soldier and colonial administrator. He also was a first-class cricketer from 1798 to 1808 and an early advocate for the establishment of what would become the Canadian Indian residential school system. Born at Longparish House in Longparish, Hampshire, the eldest of five sons of <mask> of Lyndhurst, Hampshire, (d. 1798) by his spouse Jane, daughter of Edward Mathew, General of the Coldstream Guards by his wife Lady Jane (d. 21 August 1793), daughter of <mask>, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven. <mask> possessed plantations in the parish of St. Thomas Middle Island on the island of St. Christopher in the West Indies. Military career

After joining the 1st Foot Guards at the age of 15 as an ensign he went on to serve in Flanders in 1794, by which time he had achieved his promotion to lieutenant. In 1798, he took part in the unsuccessful landing at Ostend. In the Peninsular War, he served at both the Battle of Vigo, and at Corunna, for which he was awarded a medal.He took part in the Walcheren in 1809. During the later stages of the Peninsula War was second in command of his regiment at Cadiz, and later at the Battle of Seville. He served with distinction at Quatre Bras and the Battle of Waterloo. Promoted in early June (3June 1815) to major general, he was assigned to the First Corps, under overall command of the Prince of Orange. On 18June, the day of Waterloo, he commanded two battalions of the 1st Foot Guards, each 1000-men strong and led the Guards in repelling the final assault of the French Imperial Guard. For his service at Waterloo, <mask> was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, (KCB) on 22June 1815, the Dutch Order of William and the Russian Order of St. Vladimir. For their part, the 1st Foot Guards

masks:
Peregrine Maitland
Thomas Maitland
Peregrine Bertie
Thomas Maitland
Maitland


texts:
 were granted the honorary title of 'First or Grenadier Regiment of Foot Guards'.He was appointed lieutenant governor of Upper Canada in 1818 and supported the Family Compact that dominated the province. He attempted to suppress and reform pro-American tendencies in the colony and resisted demands of radicals in the government. In his role Maitland was the first to propose the civilizing techniques that would eventually lead to the establishment of the Canadian Indian residential school system. He believed that while a shift from hunting to agricultural pursuits would assist with civilizing Indigenous populations, it was gaining the influence of children that would lead to success. In an 1820 report to the Colonial Office he argued for the introduction of industrial schools to minimize the children's exposure to the savage influence of their families. His tenure in Upper Canada ended in 1828 when he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia serving there from 1828 until 1834. <mask> went to India and became commander in chief of the Madras Army in 1836 serving for two years.In 1843 he was appointed Colonel of the 17th (Leicestershire) Regiment and in 1844 Governor of the Cape Colony, but was removed during the Xhosa War. He is still highly respected in the Kingdom of Lesotho for his judgment on the border issue between the Orange River Afrikaners and the Basotho of King Moshoeshoe I, which, had it been implemented, would have secured the economic future of the kingdom. He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 6 April 1852. Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia
Maitland became the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia on 29 Nov. 1828, with the added responsibility of commander-in-chief of the forces in the Atlantic region. He was popular. Certainly, his strongly moral