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<mask> (1 March 1910 – 3 September 1986) was an Italian anti-fascist lawyer and activist who served as UNESCO’s Director-General from 1958 to 1961. Before his appointment as UNESCO’s Director-General he served as Chairman of the Catholic Institute for Social Activity and of Azione Cattolica. From 1952 to 1956 he served on UNESCO’s board and was UNESCO’s chairperson from 1956 to 1958. Three years after the appointment as the Director-General, <mask> had to resign due to health concerns. <mask> would continue to hold roles within the Catholic Church after his career with UNESCO, and to be prominent in the international sphere until his death in 1986 at the age of 76. Early life and career
<mask> was born in a country town near Venice, Vicenza on 1 March 1910. His father worked in a local electric plant as a chief technician, and his mother was a school teacher.Young <mask> <mask> started school early and advanced with his scholastic peers. He was not proficient in sports, but would cite a passion for music later in life. <mask> graduated from the University of Padua with a doctoral degree in law before he reached twenty-one. His thesis was about the right of Vatican citizenship. He worked as a lawyer for ten years after graduation, then started to pursue a career in the fields of sociology and education. He became a sociology instructor at the Institute of Social Sciences at Ateneo Angelicum University in Rome. During the war years, he worked together with democratically-minded scholars and directed a review, named “Studium”.He became the editor of the review in a later year. <mask> was a captain for a time in the infantry reserve and discharged during the war because of his suffering from arthritis. He served as a high officer during his twenties in the Catholic Movement of University Graduates and he

masks:
Vittorino Veronese
Veronese
Veronese
Vittorino Veronese
Vittorino
Veronese
Veronese
Veronese


type: original

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 was close with the Vatican-including activism there. <mask> did not participate in the Fascist movement under the rule of Mussolini. During the early interwar period, he supported the rule of Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Paul VI. In 1939, at the age of twenty-nine, <mask> was invited by Montini to Rome and appointed to the position of general secretaryship of the Movimento Laureati (Catholic University Graduates’ Association) affiliated with Italia Catholic Action. His work mission was to expel Communists out of the postwar governments.The same year, he married Maria Patriarca with whom he had seven children. Between 1944 and 1946, he participated in the establishment of the Associazione Cattolica Lavoratori Italiani (ACLI), Italy's future Catholic trade union association. After 1944 and the collapse of fascism in Italy, <mask> was appointed the first lay President of Italian Catholic Action. In this capacity he would go on to hold many other prominent roles, including member of the Governing Board of the Foundation “Premi Roma” for youth, President of the Association of Refugee Intellectual in Italy, President of the Italian Central Institute of Credit, President of the “Consorzio di Credito per le Opere Pubbliche” and member of the Executive Committee of the Italian African Institute. <mask> <mask> would later be removed as President of Italian Catholic Action in 1952 by Pope Pius XII in favour of Luigi Gedda. UNESCO

As a well-known member the Italian Movement of Catholic graduates and Catholic Action, <mask> became active participant in the work of UNESCO after 1948. From 1952 to 1956 he served as a representative on UNESCO's executive board, and was elected as the board's chairperson between 1956 and 1958.He continued to hold this role until his appointment as UNESCO Director-General.

masks: Veronese Veronese Veronese Vittorino Veronese Veronese


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 He advocated for the importance of self-determination without discrimination in education as well as the importance of its inclusion of linkages to daily life. <mask> believed that education went along with the benefits of industrialization. As a UNESCO Director-General, <mask> <mask> would lead member nations to sign the Paris Convention against Discrimination in Education in 1960. Also in 1960, 19 newly independent African nations (including Burkina Faso, Chad, Gambia, and Nigeria) were granted membership. Special emphasis was placed on the “elimination of illiteracy” within the new African member nations, which resulted in the Addis Ababa Conference of African Ministers of Education, held May 15–25 of 1961. This was the first educational conference held by African leaders where the focus was determined by member nations and general concerns of middle Africa.<mask> <mask> followed the socio-cultural lead of predecessor Luther H. Evans and inaugurated Evans’ proposed “Special Fund” for extra-budgetary collection to support the launch of 37 teacher training programs in developing countries. This allowed for the later progress of UNESCO with the support of the UNDP and UNICEF across the 60 members. After his work cementing this conference within development history, his term as the head of this committee continued until the beginning of his presidency at the Banco di Roma in 1961. Later life
<mask> resigned from the position of Director-General of UNESCO in 1961 and returned to Rome, which he cited as being due to illnesses. <mask> served as the head of the Banco di Roma until he retired in 1976. Even after his retirement, in the last ten years of his life, <mask> continued to volunteer in charitable initiatives and the international peace movement until his death in 1986. <mask> was also involved in

masks: Veronese Vittorino Veronese Vittorino Veronese Veronese Veronese Veronese Veronese


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 the creation of the Second Vatican Council in 1963, together with Frenchman Jean Guitton.<mask> was invited to address the council at St. Peter's in support of “movement toward ecunism and the expanding role of laypeople in the Church” . <mask> was initially competing for the lay auditor position to the Second Vatican Council with Guitton, debating back and forth to decide which one of them should have the honor. Their speeches were regarded as “Attestations of Reverence” by the Roman Curia: “The Italian spoke simply and briefly; M. Guitton was more rhetorical”. Following the council <mask> became a consultor to the secretariat of Nonbelievers. In LIFE magazine June 21, 1963 issue, <mask> was cited of his opinion on the selection of the new Pope due to his history being involved in Italian Catholic Association and his closeness to Montini, who will later take on the name Paul VI as Pope from 1963 to 1978. <mask> stated “for the first time, the Church is attempting to make a bridge between itself and the world. Now we can see that the Church and the world have the same frontiers”.In 1967 he was a member of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace, in which he chaired the study Committee for the Problems of Peace and the International Community. In March 1972 he was appointed a member of the College of Lawyers of the Sacred Consistory. In 1967, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate in law by Université Laval in Quebec. In 1967 he was a member of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace, in which he chairs the study Committee for the Problems of Peace and the International Community. In March 1972 he was appointed a member of the College of Lawyers of the Sacred Consistory. References

1910 births
1986 deaths
UNESCO officials
UNESCO Directors-General
Italian officials of the United

masks: Veronese Veronese Veronese Veronese Veronese Veronese


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<mask> (1805–1865) was the French-American owner and operator of several fur trading posts, essential to the development of the Nebraska Territory, and a thriving ferry business. A prominent businessman, he helped lay out the towns of Bellevue and Decatur, Nebraska. Nebraska's legislature named Sarpy County after him in honor of his service to the state. Biography
<mask><mask> was likely born in St. Louis, Missouri on November 3, 1805. He was christened <mask>ie, using "A" for his middle initial. <mask>'s father was <mask>, who died in 1824.<mask> had two brothers. The family was French Creole from Louisiana. They joined other ethnic French in migrating to the growing town of St. Louis after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 by the United States. The lucrative fur trade and much of the economy of St. Louis was originally dominated by ethnic French families. They established trading posts along the upper Missouri River and also to the Southwest in Spanish territory. Nebraska Territory
In 1824 at the age of 19, <mask> went to the upper Missouri River, in the Nebraska Territory, to work at the American Fur Company's trading post at Council Bluff, north of present-day Bellevue, Nebraska. He was based at Fort Bellevue until 1831.That company was owned by renowned American fur baron John Jacob <mask>, who established a monopoly in the industry. <mask> next worked for his brother's father-in-law, John Pierre Cabanné, who ran Cabanne's Trading Post. Cabanné's Post and Pilcher's Post, the latter established at Bellevue by the Missouri Fur Company, competed for the fur trade of area Indian tribes: the Siouan-speaking Omaha, Ponca, Otoe, and Pawnee. The Missouri Fur Company was founded by French Creole families of St. Louis. Some of their ancestors had migrated to the new settlement of St. Louis in

masks:
Peter Abadie Sarpy
Peter A
. Sarpy
Pierre Sylvester Grégoire Sarpybad
Peter
Grégoire Sarpy
Peter
Sarpy
Astor
Sarpy


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 the late eighteenth century from farms in western Illinois. They left when the latter area was transferred from French to British control following Great Britain's victory over France in the Seven Years' War. More migrated after the American Revolution, as they wanted to evade US Protestant rule in Illinois.The fur trade in the region yielded such profits that for decades it was the most important driver of the St. Louis economy. In 1821 it represented $600,000 of the town's annual commerce of $2 million. Sarpy later established a trading post and supply point for white settlers and pioneers on the Iowa side of the upper Missouri River. It went by various names, including Sarpy's Point and the "Trader's Post". In 1832 Cabanné ordered Sarpy to head a group of American Fur Company employees to take over a keelboat and goods which belonged to a competing company. Because of its profits, the fur trade business had cutthroat competition. After they were caught, US authorities ordered Cabanné and Sarpy to leave the Indian Territory for a year.The company replaced Cabanné with Joshua Pilcher at Cabanné's Trading Post in North Omaha. Sarpy operated the Council Bluff trading post during 1835. Colorado

Sarpy moved westward the next year, and in 1837 he established Fort Jackson on the upper South Platte River in present-day Colorado. Financed by Pratt, Chouteau, and Company, Sarpy established the fort with the help of Henry Fraeb, an experienced trapper and former Rocky Mountain Fur Company man. At Fort Jackson, the two traded tin ware, traps, clothes, blankets, powder, lead, and whiskey for pelts. Sarpy did well at this trading post, maintaining an inventory of $12,000 and paying his employees $200 a year. Bent, St. Vrain & Company bought out Fort Jackson to avoid competing with the Sarpy


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 operation.After the sale, Sarpy cut ties with Fraeb. Fraeb was killed in 1850 by Sioux Indians (Lakota) along the Snake River. Missouri

At some point, Sarpy returned to St. Louis, where he owned at least one slave, known as <mask>. <mask>'s mother, Celeste, helped her son to sue Sarpy for his freedom in 1839. In this process, she filed as his "next friend", as authorized under the state's slave law. <mask> alleged trespass and false imprisonment. Apparently members of <mask>'s family had earlier been pronounced free by a verdict of the circuit court of St. Louis and St Charles county.<mask> said that Sarpy had beat and mistreated him and, most importantly, held him as a slave although he was a free person. The suit asked for damages of $200 and <mask>'s freedom. <mask> pleaded not guilty to these charges, but he was convicted in court on February 2, 1841. Returning to Nebraska

In 1838, <mask> returned to the Bellevue area and built another trading post. He lived primarily at Fort Bellevue for the next twenty-six years. After Sarpy returned, he became influential in community affairs. About 1846 he started a ferry business across the Missouri, between Bellevue and the Iowa side.Through the next year, he ferried migrating Mormons across the river and also sold them supplies for the rest of their westward trip. During the ensuing gold rush years, Sarpy's ferry boats hauled many would-be gold miners across the Missouri River. Sarpy expanded his ferry business in two other locations: to cross the Elkhorn River at Elkhorn City, later called Elk City, and also at a fork of the Loup River near present-day Columbus. By the 1850s, his fleet included a steam-powered ferry. Through his efforts, in 1849 a United States post office, mark of a rising town, was established in Bellevue. Following the

masks: Andrew Andrew Andrew Andrew Andrew Andrew Sarpy Sarpy


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 United States' negotiation in 1854 of a treaty by which the Omaha people ceded their land in Nebraska, that year Sarpy was among the group that laid out the town of Bellevue. In 1857 Sarpy joined Stephen Decatur and others in founding Decatur along the Missouri in northeastern Burt County.<mask> and his family moved to Plattsmouth in 1862. He died there on January 4, 1865. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri. Marriage and family
<mask> married Ni-co-mi (also spelled Ni-co-ma), a woman of the Iowa people. She brought her mixed-race daughter Mary Gale to the marriage. Ni-co-mi had been the consort of the American surgeon John Gale, who had been stationed at Fort Atkinson in Nebraska. When it was closed in 1827 and Gale was reassigned, he left Ni-co-mi and Mary behind.Sarpy and Ni-co-mi are not known to have had any children together. As an adult, Mary Gale (also known as Hinnuaganun, or One Woman) married Joseph LaFlesche, a Métis fur trader of Ponca and French descent. Adopted as a son by the Omaha chief Big Elk and designated his successor, LaFlesche became the last recognized principal chief of the Omaha and the only one to have had any European ancestry. He led the people in their transition to living on a reservation. Honors and legacy
 Sarpy County was named in his honor. Sarpy's Post was added to the National Register of Historic Places. See also
 History of Nebraska
 French people in Nebraska

References

External links
 Historical image of <mask>.1804 births
1865 deaths
American fur traders
Businesspeople from St. Louis
People from New Orleans
People from Washington County, Nebraska
Nebraska people of French descent
Sarpy County, Nebraska
People from Plattsmouth, Nebraska
People from Bellevue, Nebraska
American Fur Company people
19th-century American

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Sarpy
Sarpy
Peter Sarpy


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<mask>. (May 8, 1936 – August 14, 2020), also known as <mask>, was an American attorney and politician who served as the 37th and longest-serving governor of the US state of Illinois, serving from 1977 to 1991. A moderate Republican who sometimes took more liberal stances on issues, <mask> was elected to four consecutive terms and held the office for 14 years. Many years after leaving public office, he served as a member of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission). Early life and career
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Agnes Josephine (Swanson) and <mask>, a physician. His maternal grandparents were Swedish, and his father was descended from colonial Massachusetts governor <mask> through an entirely paternal line. Through his father's father he is also descended from Josiah Winslow, John Winthrop the Younger, John Leverett, John Underhill and John Mason. His father's mother had ancestors who were Presbyterians of Scottish descent from Carrickfergus, Ballymena and Coleraine, County Antrim, Ireland in what has since become Northern Ireland.<mask> graduated from North Park Academy (now North Park University), studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago Navy Pier campus, and at Washington University in St. Louis. He received his J.D. from Northwestern University in 1959. Prior to becoming governor, he worked in the Cook County State's Attorney's office, taught at Northwestern University's law school and was appointed by President Nixon to serve as U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. As a federal prosecutor in the early 1970s, he obtained a conviction against former Governor Otto Kerner, Jr. for his use of improper influence on behalf of the racetrack industry. He tried and convicted many of Chicago Mayor <mask>. Daley's top aides, most notably Alderman Thomas E. Keane and County Clerk Matt Danaher, on various corruption charges. People like Keane and Danaher, the mayor's point man on patronage were also major figures in the Cook

masks:
James Robert Thompson Jr
Big Jim Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
James Robert Thompson
David Thompson
Thompson
Richard J


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 County Democratic Party's political machine.These high-profile cases gave <mask> the celebrity that fueled his run for governor in 1976. To the chagrin of many, <mask> was bipartisan in his attacks on corruption in Cook County and Chicago. He not only prosecuted high-profile Democrats, but also prominent Republicans such as County Commissioner Floyd Fulle and former U.S. Senate candidate, <mask>. Organized crime in Chicago was harder for his unit to crack and there were few high-profile cases during his era. Governor of Illinois

In the 1976 election, he won 65 percent of the vote over Democratic Secretary of State Michael Howlett, who had defeated incumbent Governor Dan Walker in the primary and who had the support of Chicago Mayor and Cook County Democratic Party chairman <mask>. Daley. <mask> was the first candidate for governor to receive over 3 million votes; his tally of 3,000,395 remains the largest number of votes ever cast for a candidate in an election for Governor of Illinois. His first term was for only two years because Illinois moved its gubernatorial election from presidential-election years to midterm-election years.<mask> was re-elected to a full four-year term in 1978 with 60 percent of the vote, defeating State Comptroller Michael Bakalis. In 1982, <mask> was very narrowly re-elected over former U.S. Senator Adlai E. Stevenson III. <mask> won the contest by only 5,074 votes. A rematch in 1986 was expected to be almost as close, but the Democrats were severely hamstrung when supporters of <mask> won the Democratic nominations for lieutenant governor and secretary of state. Stevenson refused to appear on the same ticket as the LaRouchites, and formed the Solidarity Party with the support of the regular state Democratic organization. With the Democrats badly split, <mask> skated to victory in the general election.<mask> was accused of hiding the sad shape that Illinois' economy and budget were in while campaigning, but once elected, called for an emergency session of the Illinois legislature to

masks:
Thompson
Thompson
William Rentschler
Richard J
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Lyndon LaRouche
Thompson
Thompson


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 address the crisis. On November 12, 1980, <mask>, by his executive order, instituted a hiring freeze for all state agencies, boards, bureaus, and commissions under his control as governor. The order affected approximately 60,000 state positions. These positions could only be filled if the candidates were first approved by an office created by <mask>, the Governor's Office of Personnel. Suit was brought and the Supreme Court held this political patronage practice unconstitutional as a violation of the First Amendment rights of low-level public employees in Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62 (1990). In 1989, Governor <mask> agreed to establish a compounding, 3 percent cost-of-living increase for retirees from Illinois government jobs, including public school teachers. Years later, in an interview with a Chicago business magazine, <mask> said he never knew the cost might exceed $1 billion and likely would not have signed it if he had known.In recent years, the cumulative effect of the 3 percent annual increases has been recognized as one of the major causes of Illinois' public employee pension crisis. In 1993, the State of Illinois Center in Chicago was renamed the James R. Thompson Center to honor the former governor. Legal and lobbying career
After leaving public service, <mask> joined Winston & Strawn, a major Chicago-based law firm. <mask> served as chairman of the executive committee from 1991 to 2006, as well as chairman and CEO of the firm from 1993 to 2006. He was senior chairman until January 31, 2015. As CEO of Winston & Strawn, he focused in the area of government relations and regulatory affairs. The firm has lobbied for American Airlines, and he  previously represented United Airlines.Winston & Strawn is the same firm that represented former Illinois governor <mask> pro bono against federal charges relating to the "Licenses-for-Bribes" scandal during <mask>'s tenure as Illinois Governor and Secretary of State. <mask> acted as <mask>'s lawyer personally. On April 17, 2006, <mask> was

masks:
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
George Ryan
Ryan
Thompson
Ryan
Ryan


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 convicted on all 18 counts, which included racketeering, misusing state resources for political gain, and fraud. He was sentenced to 6½ years in federal prison and began serving his sentence on November 7, 2007. <mask> was released from federal prison on July 3, 2013. <mask> was also a director and head of the Audit Committee for Hollinger International, the media company founded by Conrad Black, which was the subject of a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation. Post-gubernatorial political activities
In 2002, he was appointed to serve on the 9/11 Commission, where he aggressively questioned <mask>, the former chief counter-terrorism adviser on the United States National Security Council.The report of the commission was released on July 22, 2004. During the 2008 presidential primary campaign, <mask> announced his support for former New York City mayor <mask>i for the 2008 Republican nomination. He stressed that Giuliani was the only Republican in the field who could win Illinois. Death
After suffering heart issues, <mask> died on August 14, 2020, at the age of 84. Awards
<mask><mask> was inducted as a laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the state's highest honor) by the governor of Illinois in 1991 in the area of Government. References

External links

<mask>'s biography from the 9/11 Commission
<mask>'s biography from Northwestern University
Receipt for <mask>'s contribution for Friends of Hillary
National Governors Association

Sources

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1936 births
2020 deaths

American people of Swedish descent
Governors of Illinois
Illinois Republicans
Lawyers from Chicago
North Park University alumni
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law faculty
Politicians from Chicago
Republican Party state governors of the United States
United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Illinois
University of Illinois at Chicago alumni
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
People associated with

masks:
Ryan
Thompson
Richard Clarke
Thompson
Rudy Giulian
Thompson
James R
. Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson


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<mask> (born 1 November 1990) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Nantes. A French international, he gained one cap in 2016. Due to his French and Italian ancestry, <mask> holds dual nationality. Club career

Early career
<mask> was born in Noisy-le-Sec, Seine-Saint-Denis and started his career with hometown club Stade Olympique de Rosny-sous-Bois Football. After a two-year stint at the club, he joined semi-professional outfit Villemomble Sports. <mask> spent five years at the club, and in 2003, was selected to attend the prestigious Clairefontaine academy. While training at Clairefontaine during the week, Corchia played with amateur club AS Bondy on the weekends.Shortly before the end of his tenure at Clairefontaine, he also trained at the Camp des Loges, the youth training center of Paris Saint-Germain. Le Mans
After his departure from the academy, <mask> joined Le Mans on an aspirant (youth) contract. His performances with Le Mans's Championnat de France amateur team and France's international youth teams led to interest from Serie A club Juventus and Premier League club Arsenal. <mask> remained in Le Mans's youth system until receiving his first call up to the senior squad on 14 February 2009 for the team's league match against Nice. He started the match playing 68 minutes before being substituted out. Le Mans lost the match 2–1 with both goals being scored with <mask> off the pitch. The following week, he earned another start against Marseille where he went up against the likes of Mathieu Valbuena, Bolo Zenden, and Hatem Ben Arfa.This was where he had started gaining his reputation. Towards the end of the season, <mask> became the first choice starting all ten matches he appeared in. On 1 May 2009, <mask> agreed to his first professional contract signing with Le Mans until June 2012. For the 2009–10 season, new manager Paulo Duarte installed <mask> as the first-choice right back for the season. On 12 December, he scored his first professional goal in a 2–1 victory over Valenciennes. In the return fixture against Valenciennes, <mask> scored his second career goal converting a free kick in injury

masks:
Sébastien Mathieu Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia


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 time. The game-winning goal helped Le Mans remain in contention to stay in Ligue 1, though the team was later relegated.Sochaux
On 30 June 2011, after spending a season playing with Le Mans in the second division, <mask> returned to Ligue 1 joining Sochaux on a four-year contract. The transfer fee was undisclosed. <mask> made his competitive debut for the club in its opening league match of the season against Marseille. In the match, he assisted on the team's opening goal scored by Marvin Martin. The match finished in a 2–2 draw. <mask> <mask>'s first goal came in an away match against Rennes on 23 February 2013. On 29 January 2014, he signed with Lille OSC with a four-and-a-half-year contract.However, his contract was not officially recognized by the French financial authority in football, due to Lille's financial difficulties, and so he returned to Sochaux. Lille
On 27 June 2014, <mask> finally joined Lille on a four-year deal after Sochaux had been relegated in the 2013–14 season. Sevilla
On 13 July 2017, <mask> joined Sevilla on a four-year deal for 7.5 million euros. He was handed the jersey number 2. On 19 August 2018, <mask> joined Portuguese side Benfica on a season-long loan. He debuted for the Lisbon team in a 3–0 away win over Sertanense in the third round of the Taça de Portugal, on 18 October 2018. On 21 August 2019, <mask> joined RCD Espanyol on a season-long loan deal which includes a buyout clause.International career
<mask> is a French youth international. He has played on the under-17, under-18, and the under-19 team. With the under-17 team, <mask> made his debut in a 2–1 friendly defeat to the Czech Republic appearing as a substitute in the second half for Julien Berthomier. His only other appearance with the team was the return match against the Czech Republic, which ended 1–1. <mask> was a late participant with the under-18 team making his debut in the Slovakia Cup on 28 April 2008 against the hosts. He appeared in all three group stage matches, which is where France suffered elimination. <mask> was a key participant in the under-19 team that qualified for the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship

masks: Corchia Corchia Sébastien Corchia Corchia Corchia Corchia Corchia Sébastien Corchia Corchia Corchia


texts:
 and was named to the tournament playing the full 90 minutes in the squad's opening 1–1 draw with Serbia.He played in all four of the squad's matches including the semi-final, where they suffered elimination losing 1–3 in extra time to England with <mask> receiving a red card. He appeared in all 19 matches the team contested. <mask> is also eligible to represent the country of his father's ancestors, Italy. He has dual citizenship with France and Italy and holds an Italian passport. On 27 August 2009, <mask> was selected to the under-21 squad, for the first time, for their upcoming 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification matches against Slovenia on 4 September and the Ukraine on 8 September. <mask> made his debut in the Ukraine match starting in the right back position. France drew the match 1–1.<mask> appeared with the team in the next five matches before dropping out of the selection that was to play in two friendly matches against Argentina in Buenos Aires on 20 and 24 May. On 25 August 2016, <mask> was called up to the senior squad for the first time for a friendly against Italy and a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification against Belarus. <mask> made his debut on 15 November against Ivory Coast, replacing Djibril Sidibé for the final 21 minutes of a 0–0 home draw. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Benfica
 Primeira Liga: 2018–19

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Seine-Saint-Denis
French footballers
France youth international footballers
France under-21 international footballers
France international footballers
Association football defenders
INF Clairefontaine players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
Le Mans FC players
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players
Lille OSC players
Sevilla FC players
S.L. Benfica footballers
RCD Espanyol footballers
FC Nantes players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
La Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Primeira Liga players
French expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in Spain
French expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain
French people of Italian

masks: Corchia Corchia Corchia Corchia Corchia Corchia Corchia


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Prof<mask> (9 September 1898 – 20 June 1972) was an Indian physicist in the field of Spectroscopy. <mask> is best known for his work on spectroscopy, his role in the development of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), and his long association with the physics laboratories of Andhra University. In his later years, he became known for his position as the Principal of all the colleges of Andhra University before their divisions into separate colleges, viz., AU College of Arts and Commerce,  AU College of Engineering, AU College of Law, AU College of Pharmacy and AU College of Science and Technology. <mask> was known both for his scientific ability and his interpersonal relations and volatile personality

Early years
<mask> was born in Vizianagaram, a coastal town in present-day Vizianagaram district of state of Andhra Pradesh, India, on 9 September 1898. His father, <mask> was the postmaster of the present-day cities of Vizianagaram, Gajapathinagaram and Visakhapatnam, then small cities in the state of Andhra Pradesh in the Madras Presidency of British India. His mother, Ramayamma, died in 1923. <mask> had an arranged marriage to Vaddadi Perramma, as was the custom in the region.On 6 December 1925, when <mask> <mask> was 27, the couple's first child, Ramakrishna <mask>, was born. <mask> <mask> and Vaddadi Perramma had seven more children, four sons and three daughters: Venkata <mask> (5 February 1928); Venkata Narsing <mask> (27 June 1933); Ramaleela (24 April 1938); Lakshmi Narayana (23 July 1940); Lalitha Kumari (31 July 1941); Amarnath (8 June 1944); and Vijaya Vani (19 December 1945). Education
His elementary education was at

masks:
. Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao
Rangadhama Rao
Rangadhama Rao
Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao
Kotcherlakota Venkata Narsing Rao
Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao
Rangadhama
Rao
Rao
Rangadhama
Rao
Rao
Rao


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 Maharaja's High School, Vizianagaram for the 3rd, 4th and 5th grades during 1904 and 1906. He joined in different schools each year in his early education. He was shifted to London Mission High School, Vizianagaram, for the 6th grade and studied 7th and 8th grades in Hindu High School at Machilipatnam. He passed his 10th grade (SSLC) in C.B.M. High School at Visakhapatnam and 12th grade (Intermediate), from Mrs. A.V.N.College at Visakhapatnam. Prof. K<mask> <mask> was in the first batch of students for the B.A. degree course in 1920 (there was no B.Sc. degree course at that time in Madras University) in the Maharajah's College in Vizianagaram. The B.A Degree course was initiated by Dr. Appadvedula Lakshmi Narayan in 1918. Prof. K.R.<mask> took his M.A. in Physics from Tiruchirappalli in 1923.His research career started in 1923 when he enrolled as a Research Scholar for D.Sc. (Doctor of Science) from Madras University. He was awarded the D.Sc. Degree from Madras University and was selected for studies abroad from the Andhra University in 1928. This was a turning point in his quest for knowledge and research of his lifetime. Career
In 1924, Dr. K<mask> <mask> joined Dr. A.L.Narayan as a research scholar in University of Madras. Both of them worked tenaciously to build up a first rate spectroscopic laboratory second to none in the country.They had then with them a constant deviation spectrograph, a small quartz spectrograph and a medium quartz spectrograph. All these were of low dispersion and low resolving power. At this stage of their work, they required an instrument of high dispersion and high resolving power, which they

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. Rangadhama
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. Rangadhama
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texts: could not afford. So, K.R.<mask> went to Calcutta, where a ten-foot concave grating was available in the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science of which C. V. Raman was Director and with the facilities provided there, they further extended their work on analysis of spectra in the visible and ultraviolet regions. He was guided in his research career by Prof. A.Fowler at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London in 1930 in Atomic Spectra for two years for which he was awarded the D.Sc. Degree from London University. In 1930, he had the opportunity of working under Prof. F.Paschen at the Physikalische Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin for six months and under Prof. Manne Siegbahn in Upsala, Sweden on Vacuum Spectroscopy for another six months.His interest in the field of Spectroscopy was so much that he built a Vacuum Spectrograph of his design with his own expenses at Potsdam, Germany. Prof. K.R.<mask>'s contribution towards physics has placed him in a high position even in his times. His contributions include development of Diatomic and Polyatomic Molecular Spectroscopy laboratory dealing with High Resolution Vibrational structure in electronic transitions, U.V.Absorption, Infrared Absorption, Raman scattering, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence and Crystal Spectra. He also reached the level of construction of microwave test benches and using these techniques he created different lines of investigations in dielectrics. He contributed to the development of Radio Frequency Spectroscopy which branched into Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance

masks: Rao Rao


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 (ESR) spectroscopy. In India, work on NQR was first initiated by Prof. K<mask> <mask> in the Physics laboratories of Andhra University. <mask> Rangdhama <mask> was the Principal of Andhra University Colleges from 1949 to 1957.He was appointed as Emeritus Professor of Physics at Andhra University (1966–72) and was special officer for the establishment of Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi (1954). Contributions
During his early life of work in the Physics department of Andhra University, Prof. K.R.<mask>, established scholarships in his father's name, <mask> Venkata Narsinga <mask>. Kotcherlakota Venkata Narsinga <mask> Scholarship

While a Reader in the Physics Department of Jeypore Vikram Deo College of Science and Technology, <mask> instituted a Research Scholarship in memory of his late father. Honours, distinctions and awards
Prof. <mask> <mask> was one of the foundation members for the AP Akademi of Sciences, nominated by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1963. The Indian National Science Academy frequently conducts a Memorial Lecture Award in the honour of Prof. <mask> <mask> <mask> since its inception in 1979. Prof <mask> <mask> Memorial Lecture Award

Prof. <mask> <mask> <mask> Memorial Lecture Award is given for the outstanding contributions in the subject of Spectroscopy in Physics. The award was established by the National Institute of Sciences of India, located in Calcutta in 1979.List of Awardees

Publications
Prof. K.R.<mask>'s research works were published in various reputed National and International Journals. Some of his initial publications are given below

 On the spectra of the metals of the

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 aluminium sub-group, Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, Volume 37, Issue 1, pp. 259–264 (1924),
 A Note on the Absorption of the Green Line of Thallium Vapour, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1 April 1925 107:762-765;
 On the Fluorescence and Channelled Absorption of Bismuth at High Temperatures, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol.107, No. 744 (1 April 1925), pp. 760–762. On the Resonance Radiation from Thallium Vapour, Nature 115, 534-534, (11 April 1925) |
 Proc. Indian natn. Sci. Acad., 46, A, No 5, 1980, pp.423–434

Notes

References

ALN Biography - Biographies of Indian Institute of Astrophysics
INSA Awards - Indian National Science Academy Awards
Founding Members - Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Science Founding Members
Andhra University Annual Register
Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, Volume 37, Issue 1, pp. 259-264 (1924),
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1 April 1925 107:762-765;
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 107, No.744 (1 April 1925), pp. 760-762. Nature 115, 534-534
Indian Academy of Science Awards, Current Science Journal, 1989, Vol.58, No.18

Further reading
Dr. K<mask> <mask> Memorial Lecture by RK Asundi - 1979
Dr. K<mask> <mask> Memorial Lecture by Mihir Chowdhury - 1989
Dr. K<mask> <mask> Memorial Lecture by VB Kartha - 1991

1898 births
1972 deaths
Andhra University alumni
Experimental physicists
19th-century Indian physicists
Scientists from Visakhapatnam
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Telugu people
20th-century

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. Rangadhama
Rao
. Rangadhama
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. Rangadhama
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texts:
<mask> (15 January 1882 – 23 March 1958) was a Polish philosopher and sociologist who taught and wrote in Poland and in the United States. Over the course of his work he shifted his focus from philosophy to sociology. He remains a major figure in the history of Polish and American sociology; the founder of Polish academic sociology, and of an entire school of thought in sociology. He won international renown as co-author, with William I. Thomas, of the study, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), which is considered the foundation of modern empirical sociology. He also made major contributions to sociological theory, introducing terms such as humanistic coefficient and culturalism. In Poland, he established the first Polish department of sociology at Adam Mickiewicz University where he worked from 1920 to 1939. His career in the US begun at the University of Chicago (1917 to 1919) and continued at Columbia University (1932 to 1934 and 1939 to 1940) and at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1942 to 1950).He was the 44th President of the American Sociological Association (for the year 1954). Life

Childhood and education
<mask> <mask> was born on 15 January 1882 at Świątniki, Congress Poland, a state controlled by the Russian Empire to <mask> and Amelia, née Holtz He received early schooling from tutors, then attended secondary schools at Warsaw and Częstochowa. While in secondary school, he was a member of an underground study group, specializing in history, literature and philosophy. His secondary-school grades were average at best, and he had to repeat a year of school; this was largely due to his extracurricular interest in Polish-language

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Florian Witold Znaniecki
Florian
Znaniecki
Leon Znaniecki


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 study, which was banned under the Russified school program. As a youth, he wrote some poetry, including a drama, Cheops (1903). A poem of his, "Do Prometeusza" ("To Prometheus"), was included in a 1900 anthology; however, neither he in later life, nor literary critics, judged his poetry outstanding. He entered the Imperial University of Warsaw in 1902, but was soon expelled after taking part in protests against the Russian administration's curtailment of student rights.Threatened with conscription into the Imperial Russian Army, he chose to emigrate and in early 1904 left Warsaw for Switzerland. During that period, he was briefly an editor at a French-language literary magazine, Nice Illustrée (late 1904 – early 1905); faked his own death; briefly served in the French Foreign Legion in Algeria; and worked at a flea market, on a farm, in a traveling circus, and as a librarian at the Polish Museum in Rapperswil, Switzerland. In Switzerland he soon resumed his university studies, first at the University of Geneva (1905–1907), then at the University of Zurich (1907–1908), eventually transferring to the Sorbonne in Paris, France (1908–1909), where he attended lectures by sociologist Émile Durkheim. In 1909, after the death of his supervisor Frédéric Rauh, he returned to Poland, where in 1910 he obtained his Ph.D. degree at Jagiellonian University, in Kraków, under a new supervisor, Maurycy Straszewski. Early Polish career
That year he also joined the Polish Psychological Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Psychologiczne), in which he would be highly active over the next few years, becoming its vice president in 1913–1914. Much of his early academic work at that time could be


texts: classified as philosophy. In 1909, aged 27, he published his first academic paper, Etyka filozoficzna i nauka o wartościach moralnych ("Philosophical Ethics and the Science of Moral Values"); a year later he published Zagadnienie wartości w filozofii (The Question of Values in Philosophy), based on his doctoral dissertation, and a paper, Myśl i rzeczywistosc ("Mind and Reality").In 1912 he published a new book, Humanizm i Poznanie (Humanism and Knowledge), and a paper, Elementy rzeczywistości praktycznej ("Elements of Practical Reality"). A year later, he published an annotated translation of Henri Bergson's Creative Evolution and a paper, Znaczenie rozwoju świata i człowieka ("The Meaning of World and Human Development"). The year 1914 saw the publication of his papers, Formy i zasady twórczości moralnej ("Forms and Principles of Moral Creativity") and Zasada względności jako podstawa filozofii ("The Principle of Relativity as a Foundation of Philosophy"). His works, published in Polish, were well received by the Polish scholarly community and intelligentsia. Due to his past political activism, he was unable to secure a post at a major university. From 1912 to 1914 he lectured at a novel women's institution of higher education, the Advanced Pedagogical Courses for Women (Wyższe Kursy Pedagogiczne dla Kobiet). During his studies, he had worked at several European institutions dealing with Polish immigrants; he would build on his experiences by becoming involved with the Warsaw-based Society for the Welfare of Émigrés (Towarzystwo Opieki nad Wychodźcami), where he worked in 1910–1914.By 1911 he was the Society's director and (1911–1912) editor of its journal,  Wychodźca


texts:
 Polski (The Polish Émigré). <mask> became an expert on Polish migration, in 1914 authoring for the government a 500-page report, Wychodźtwo Sezonowe (Seasonal Migration). Work with Thomas

A year earlier, in 1913, <mask> had met William I. Thomas, an American sociologist who had come to Poland in connection with his research on Polish immigrants in the United States. Thomas and <mask> had begun to collaborate, and soon Thomas invited Znaniecki to come to Chicago to continue work with him in the United States. In July 1914, just on the eve of World War I, Znaniecki left Poland to work with Thomas as a research assistant. From 1917 to 1919 Znaniecki also lectured in sociology at the University of Chicago. Their work culminated in co-authoring of The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), considered a sociology classic.It was his collaboration with Thomas that marked the transition in <mask>'s career from philosopher to sociologist. <mask> stayed with Thomas in Chicago until mid-1919, when he moved to New York, following Thomas, who had lost his job at Chicago due to a spurious scandal. That year Znaniecki published a new book, still mostly philosophical rather than sociological, Cultural Reality. Published in English, it was a synthesis of his philosophical thought. In New York, Thomas and <mask> carried on research for the Carnegie Corporation on the process of immigrant Americanization. Znaniecki contributed to Thomas' book, Old World Traits Transplanted, and published an anonymous solicited article on that topic to the February 1920 Atlantic Monthly. Founding Polish sociology

Poland had regained independence following World War I, in 1918.In 1919 <mask>

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 contacted the newly founded Ministry of Religion and Education, offering to return to Poland if the Ministry could help him secure a chair at a Polish university. He proposed creating a novel Institute of Sociology, but bureaucracy and communication delays resulted in that idea being shelved, and he was offered a philosophy professorship at the newly organized Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. In 1920 Znaniecki returned to the newly established Second Polish Republic, where at Poznań University he soon became Poland's first chair in sociology. He accomplished this by renaming the department, originally "Third Philosophical Department", to "Department of Sociology and Cultural Philosophy", doing the same for his chair, and establishing a  Sociological Seminary. That same year he also founded the Polish Institute of Sociology (Polski Instutut Socjologiczny), the fifth-oldest sociological institute in Europe. In 1927 his department was officially renamed to "department of sociology", and in 1930 the department gained authorization to issue degrees in sociology. In 1930 the Polish Institute of Sociology began publishing the first Polish sociological journal, Przegląd Socjologiczny (The Sociological Review), with Znaniecki its chief editor from 1930 to 1939.That year the Institute organized Poland's first academic sociologists' conference. Due to his role as founder of so many of its building blocks,  <mask> is considered as one of the fathers of sociology in Poland. Late U.S. career
Keeping in touch with American sociologists, <mask> lectured as a visiting professor at Columbia University in New York in 1932–34 and during the summer of 1939. That summer ended the Polish

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 stage of his career, as the German invasion of Poland and the start of World War II prevented his return to Poland. He was already aboard a ship bound for Poland when his travel was cut short in the United Kingdom. He still briefly considered returning to Poland, where his wife and daughter remained; however, faced with the occupation of Poland, he returned to the United States in 1940. His wife and daughter, after being briefly imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp, joined him.With help from American colleagues, <mask> obtained an extension of his appointment at Columbia University through mid-1940. He then moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and in 1942 obtained American citizenship, allowing him to transition from a visiting to a regular professorship. He taught at the University of Illinois until his retirement, deciding not to return to the communist People's Republic of Poland, established in the aftermath of World War II (despite the offer of a chair at Poznań University). In 1950 he retired, becoming a professor emeritus. He was 44th President of the American Sociological Association (for 1954). His presidential address, "Basic Problems of Contemporary Sociology," was delivered on 8 September 1954 at the Association's annual meeting and was later published in the American Sociological Review. He died on 23 March 1958 in Champaign, Illinois.The cause of death was arteriosclerosis. His funeral took place on 26 March, and he was buried at Roselawn Champaign Cemetery . Family
In 1906 Znaniecki married a fellow Polish student at the University of Geneva, Emilia Szwejkowska. They had a son, poet and writer Juliusz <mask>, born 1908. Znaniecki's


texts:
 wife Emilia died in 1915. Next year Znaniecki married Eileen Markley (1886–1976). They had one daughter, sociologist <mask> Lopata, born 1925.Importance
Polish sociologist and historian of ideas Jerzy Szacki writes that <mask>'s major contributions include: the founding of sociology in Poland; his work in empirical sociology; and his work in sociological theory. Szacki notes that Znaniecki sought to bridge a number of gaps: between empirical sociology and more theoretical approaches; between objectivity and subjectivity; between humanistic and naturalistic methodologies and viewpoints; and between American and European intellectual traditions. Szacki writes that, while <mask>'s theoretical contributions were subsequently pushed into the background by Talcott Parsons' "functionalism", Znaniecki offered the most ambitious sociological theory known to America before Parsons. <mask>'s most famous work remains The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), co-authored with William I. Thomas. His other major works include Wstęp do socjologii (An Introduction to Sociology, 1922), The Method of Sociology (1934), Social Actions (1936), The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge (1940) and Cultural Sciences (1952). Themes

Empirical sociology
Znaniecki's contributions to empirical sociology began after, and were influenced by, his collaboration with William I. Thomas. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), a five-volume work which he wrote with Thomas, is considered a classic of empirical sociology.It is a study of Polish immigrants to America, based on personal documents. The work became a landmark study of Americanization — of how new immigrants to the United

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 States "become Americans". This work represents <mask>'s most valued contribution to empirical sociology. Most of his other works focused on theory, the only other notable exception being Miasto w świadomości jego obywateli (The City in the Consciousness of its Citizens, 1931). Sociology: theory and definition
A key element of <mask>'s sociological theory is his view of sociology in particular, and of the social sciences in general, as a scientific field uniquely different from the natural sciences. Znaniecki defines sociology as a study of social actions. His recommended methodology was analytic induction:  analysis of typical case studies, and generalization from them.<mask>'s theories form a major part of sociology's action theory, and his work is a major part of the foundation of humanistic sociology. Another term connected with <mask>'s theories is "systematic sociology" ("socjologia systematyczna"). He sought to create a grand sociological theory, one that would bridge the gap between empirical sociology and more theoretical approaches. Znaniecki criticized the widespread definition of sociology as the study of society. In <mask>'s culturalist perspective, sociology is a study of culture (though it is not the study of culture, as <mask> recognized that other social sciences also study culture). His definition of sociology has been described as that of "a cultural science whose function is to study systems of social interaction based upon patterns of values and norms of behaviour, through the use of the humanistic coefficient", or more simply, "the investigation of organized, interdependent interaction among human beings." The part of the culture that sociology

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 focused on was that of social relation or interaction.Znaniecki saw culture as a field separate from nature, but also from individuals' perceptions. The essence of culture is socially constructed objects. He was one of the first sociologists to begin analyzing personal documents such as letters, autobiographies, diaries, and the like. He considered the analysis of such documents an important part of the humanistic-coefficient method. Znaniecki saw sociology as an objective, inductive and generalizing science. According to Szacki,  Znaniecki viewed sociology as a nomothetic science that should be able to use a methodology similar to that of the natural sciences (however, <mask>'s daughter <mask> Lopata, in her introduction to Social Relations and Social Roles, contradicts Szacki, writing that, for Znaniecki, sociology was a science "whose subject matter calls for a method different from that of the natural sciences."). In 1934 he formulated the principle of analytic induction, designed to identify universal propositions and causal laws.He contrasted it with enumerative research, which provided mere correlations and could not account for exceptions in statistical relationships. He was also critical of the statistical method, which he did not see as very useful. In addition to the science of sociology, <mask> was also deeply interested in the larger field of the sociology of science. He analyzed the social roles of scientists, and the concept of a school of thought. Four social systems
According to <mask>, sociology can be divided into the study of four dynamic social systems: social action theory, social relation theory, social actors theory, and social groups theory.

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 <mask> saw social actions as the foundation of a society, as they give rise to more complex social relations, and he saw this theory as the foundation of all the others. Unlike Max Weber, he did not believe that everything can be reduced to social actions; he was also quite skeptical of any insights coming from the science of psychology, which he held in low esteem.The four major forms of cooperative interaction, or four social systems, in growing complexity, were:
 social actions (in Polish, "czyny społeczne" or "czynności społeczne"):  the most basic type of social fact;
 social relations (in Polish, "stosunki społeczne"):  these require at least two persons and a mutual obligation; the study of social relations is the study of norms regulating social actions;
 social personalities (in Polish, "osoby społeczne" or "osobowości społeczne"):  the combined picture that emerges from a number of different social roles that an individual has;
 social group (in Polish, "grupa społeczna"):  any group which is recognized by some as a separate entity; Znaniecki saw a society as a group of groups, but denied it primacy as an area that the sociologist should focus on (while at the same time recognizing that most sociologists differed on this). The four-category division described above appeared in his 1934 book, The Method of Sociology. By 1958 he had reformulated the division, and was speaking instead of social relations, social roles, social groups, and societies. Sociology of culture
Znaniecki coined the term "humanistic coefficient" for a method of social research by way of data analysis that emphasizes participants' perceptions of the experience being analyzed. The humanistic


texts: coefficient sees all social facts as being created by social actors and as being understandable only from their perspective. Thus the sociologist ought to study reality by trying to understand how others see the world, not (objectively) as an independent observer; in other words, the scientist needs to understand the subject's world. While some have criticized this approach as being too close to subjectivism, Znaniecki himself saw it as anti-subjectivist; he observed that social facts such as cultural systems can exist even if no one perceives their existence.He was also skeptical of any value coming from personal, subjective observations, arguing that such observations have value only if they can be objectively described. He argued that the difference between the natural and social sciences lies not in the difference between objective and subjective experiences, but in the subject being studied: for Znaniecki, the natural sciences studied things, and the social sciences studied cultural values. Znaniecki characterized the world as being caught within two contrary modes of reflection; idealism and realism. He proposed a third way, which he called "culturalism". His culturalism was one of the founding ideas of modern antipositivist and antinaturalist sociology. The term "culturalism" was introduced into English in his book, Cultural Reality (1919), and was translated into Polish as "kulturalizm"; previously Znaniecki had discussed the concept in Polish as "humanism" ("humanizm"). Elżbieta Hałas has insisted on a gradual evolution of Znaniecki's sociology of culture from Cultural Reality to Cultural Sciences, his most reviewed book, which was published more than thirty


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 years later, in 1952.By that time, <mask> saw the cultural order as "axionormative", a universal concept encompassing “relationships among all kind of human actions” and the corresponding values. Hałas noted that this approach put him at odds with what was the dominant approach of the sociology of culture in the 1950s, whose most authoritative exponents were Americans who regarded <mask>'s approach as typically European and hardly applicable to the analysis of culture in the United States. Other themes
Znaniecki's work also touched on many other areas of sociology, such as intergroup conflict, urban sociology, and rural sociology. Works
<mask>'s first academic works, of the 1910s, were more philosophical than sociological in nature; beginning in the 1920s, his works were primarily sociological. His Cultural Reality (1919) was a synthesis of his philosophical thought, but the simultaneous publication of his much more popular The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920) associated his name in academic circles primarily with sociology rather than with philosophy. His early works focused on analysis of culture and strongly criticized the principles of sociological naturalism. Szacki notes a puzzling gap in Znaniecki's research:  while he was well-read in, and engaged with, most previous and current theories, he largely ignored the works of some notable sociologists of his time such as Max Weber, Vilfredo Pareto and Talcott Parsons.On the other hand, his works engaged closely with those of William I. Thomas, Georg Simmel, Robert E. Park, and Émile Durkheim. His The Method of Sociology first introduced his concept of divisions within subfields of sociology. His most

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 notable works included two books published in the same year (1952): Modern Nationalities, and Cultural Sciences. The former is an analysis of the evolution of national-culture societies, and the latter presents a theoretical study of the relation between sociology and other sciences. Znaniecki never finished his magnum opus, Systematic Sociology, which would eventually be collected and published posthumously in its unfinished but final form as Social Relations and Social Roles: The Unfinished Systematic Sociology (1965). List of works
Roughly half of Znaniecki's published works are in English; the rest, in Polish. In English:
 The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (with William I. Thomas, 5 vols., 1918–1920)."The Principle of Relativity and Philosophical Absolutism", The Philosophical Review, vol. 24, no. 2 (March 1915), pp. 150–164. Cultural Reality, Chicago, 1919. "The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge", translated by Christopher Kasparek (first published in Polish as "Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy", 1923), Polish Contributions to the Science of Science, edited by Bohdan Walentynowicz, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, , pp. 1–81.(<mask> proposes the founding of a new empirically based science which would study science itself, and which he terms "the science of knowledge"; <mask>'s proposed meta-science has since been called by various other names, including "the science of science", "the sociology of science", and "logology".) The Laws of Social Psychology, Warsaw, 1926. The Method of Sociology, New York, 1934. Social Actions, New York 1936. The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge, New York, 1940. Cultural Sciences: Their Origin


texts:
 and Development, Urbana, 1952. Modern Nationalities, Urbana, 1952.Social Relations and Social Roles: The Unfinished Systematic Sociology, San Francisco, 1965
 On Humanistic Sociology (a selection of works edited by R. Bierstedt), Chicago, 1969. The Social Role of the University Student, Poznań, 1994. In Polish:
 Zagadnienie wartości w filozofii (The Question of Value in Philosophy), Warsaw, 1910. Humanizm i poznanie (Humanism and Knowledge), Warsaw, 1912. Upadek cywilizacji zachodniej: Szkic z pogranicza filozofii kultury i socjologii (The Decline of Western Civilization: A Sketch from the Interface of Cultural Philosophy and Sociology), Poznań, 1921. Wstęp do socjologii (An Introduction to Sociology), Poznań, 1922. "Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy" ("The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge"), Nauka Polska (Polish Science), vol.IV (1923), no. 1. (English translation:   "The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge", translated by Christopher Kasparek, Polish Contributions to the Science of Science, edited by Bohdan Walentynowicz, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, , pp. 1–81.) Socjologia wychowania (The Sociology of Education), Warsaw (vol. I: 1928; vol. II: 1930).Miasto w świadomości jego obywateli (The City in the Consciousness of Its Citizens), Poznań, 1931. Ludzie teraźniejsi a cywilizacja przyszłości (Contemporary People and the Civilization of the Future), Lwów, 1934. See also
 History of philosophy in Poland
 List of Poles in social sciences
 Origins of logology (science of science)
 Sociology in Poland

References

External links

 Short bio from American Sociological Association
 Short bio from the Oxford


texts:
 Dictionary of Sociology
 Florian Znaniecki Society
 Guide to the Florian Znaniecki Papers 1918–1968 at the University of Chicago
 Elżbieta Hałas, The Humanistic Approach of Florian Znaniecki, see also this article
 Aleksander Gella, Reviewed work(s): <mask> Znaniecki: Zycie i Dzielo. by Zygmunt Dulczewski, in Slavic Review, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Summer, 1986), pp. 374–375   (review consists of 2 pages) JSTOR
 <mask>-Lopata, <mask> Znaniecki: Creative evolution of a sociologist
 William Thomas and <mask> Znaniecki.The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. 2 vol 1920; famous classic complete 5 vol text online (public domain)
 Cultural Reality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1919). The Laws of Social Psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1925). "Group Crises Produced by Voluntary Undertakings" In K. Young (ed) Social Attitudes. New York: Henry Holt (1931): 265–290."The Analysis of Social Processes." Publications of the American Sociological Society: Papers and Proceedings, Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting. XXVII (1932): 37–43. "William I. Thomas as a Collaborator." Sociology and Social Research 32 (1948): 765–767. "Intellectual America. By a European" (<mask> Znaniecki, edited by W. I.Thomas)
 Photos of Znaniecki (of unknown copyright status) are available at: , ,

1882 births
1958 deaths
Congress Poland emigrants to the United States
American sociologists
Polish sociologists
Jagiellonian University alumni
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań faculty
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
University of Warsaw alumni
Presidents of the American Sociological Association
Historians of Polish Americans
Columbia University faculty
20th-century Polish

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<mask>. (born December 10, 1986), is a Dominican professional baseball shortstop who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Minnesota Twins, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Philadelphia Phillies. In , <mask> was signed by the Orioles, as a non-drafted free agent. He made his MLB debut, in . Personal life
<mask> was born in La Romana, Dominican Republic, which he described as a "medium-sized" town. His favorite Major League Baseball player is Omar Vizquel. Professional baseball career

Baltimore Orioles
Florimón was signed by the Orioles as a non-drafted free agent on June 18, 2004.He played in the Dominican Summer League in 2004 and 2005. In 2006, he played for the rookie-level Bluefield Orioles, and the Class-A Short-Season Aberdeen IronBirds. With Bluefield, he batted .333 with 23 runs, 40 hits, 6 doubles, 1 triple, 1 home run, 8 RBIs, and 7 stolen bases in 33 games. He led the Bluefields in stolen bases and caught stealing (6); and was second in bases on balls (28) and batting average. With the IronBirds, he batted .248 with 13 runs, 26 hits, 4 doubles, 1 triple, and 5 RBIs in 26 games. In 2007, he spent the entire season with the Class-A Delmarva Shorebirds and batted .197 with 50 runs, 73 hits, 14 doubles, 1 triple, 4 home runs, 34 RBIs, and 16 stolen bases in 111 games. The next season, Florimón again played for the Class-A Delmarva Shorebirds.In 81 games, he batted .223 with 28 runs, 60 hits, 18 doubles, 1 triple, 19 RBIs, and 13 stolen bases. In 2009, he spent most of the season with the Class-A Advanced Frederick Keys of the Carolina League; however, he spent some of the season with the Double-A Bowie Baysox of the Eastern League. With the Keys, he batted .267 with 76 runs, 115

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Pedro Alexander Florimón Jr
Florimón
Florimón


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 hits, 32 doubles, 5 triples, 9 home runs, 68 RBIs, and 26 stolen bases in 115 games. On the team, he was first in triples; second in runs, stolen bases, and caught stealing (9); and was third in RBIs, and bases on balls (42). <mask> was selected to the Carolina League mid-season All-Star game. He was also named the Carolina League's Player of the Week for the week of August 17–23. Florimón played 7 games with the Baysox, and batted .091 with 2 hits, and 1 RBI.On November 19, <mask> was placed on the Orioles 40-man roster after his contract was purchased from Bowie. He was re-signed by the Orioles on March 9. <mask> spent spring training with the Orioles until March 26, when he was assigned to Double-A Bowie. <mask> started the 2010 season with Bowie. On May 26, he was placed on the seven-day disabled list. He made his major league debut with the Orioles on September 10. Minnesota Twins
On December 5, 2011, he was claimed off waivers by the Minnesota Twins.In 2012, <mask> played in 43 games for the Twins, amassing 137 at bats. He hit .219 with one home run and 10 RBIs. The next season, <mask> competed for the starting shortstop position, which he won by default. In 2012, in 137 at bats he batted .219/.272/.307. <mask> opened the 2013 season as the starting shortstop for the Twins. Despite his strong defensive play at shortstop, <mask> struggled mightily at the plate. In 443 at bats, he hit .221 with 9 home runs, stole 15 bases in 21 attempts, and walked 33 times while striking out 115 times.For the 2014 season, <mask> was anointed the starting shortstop once again, but lasted just 33 games before being demoted the Rochester Red Wings of the Class AAA International League. During his brief stint at the beginning of the season,

masks: Florimón Florimón Florimón Florimón Florimón Florimón Florimón Florimón Florimón


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 Florimón hit under the Mendoza line (.092) as he collected just 7 hits in his 76 at bats for Minnesota. He finished the season with Rochester without receiving a September call-up. Pittsburgh Pirates
On September 18, 2014, the Washington Nationals claimed Florimón from the Twins off of waivers. On November 20, the Pittsburgh Pirates claimed <mask> from the Nationals off of waivers. He was designated for assignment on April 5, 2015. On April 11, he was outrighted to the Indianapolis Indians.On July 22, he was called up and made his season debut as the starting shortstop. Three days later on July 25, he switched his uniform number from 17 to 23 to accommodate the newly acquired Aramis Ramírez so Ramirez could wear number 17 since his longtime uniform number 16 was already being worn by first base coach Nick Leyva. On August 18, Florimon hit a walk-off triple against the Diamondbacks to give Bucs a 9–8 win in the 15th. The 2015 Season saw Florimon wear 3 different uniform numbers: 17 (July 22 – July 24), 23 (July 25 – August 19) and 51 (September 2 -End of the Season). He was outrighted on November 2, 2016, and elected free agency. Philadelphia Phillies
In December 2016, Florimón signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. He was called up by the Phillies on August 17, 2017, making his Phillies debut in the outfield.He suffered a broken ankle September 2 versus the Marlins after rolling and dislocating his right ankle while crossing first base legging out an infield single. For the season, in 46 at bats he batted .348/.388/.478. Florimon signed a minor league contract with the Phillies on November 13. Florimon began the 2018 season playing for the Phillies, but on May 29 he fouled a ball off his right foot and


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 broke it, and was put on the disabled list. He was batting .263/.323/.491 in 57 at bats at the time, and had played for the Phillies at shortstop, pitcher, right field, center field, and third base. For the season, he batted .225/.276/.423, with 2 home runs and 5 RBIs in 71 at bats. Atlanta Braves
On November 26, 2018, Florimón signed a minor-league deal with the Atlanta Braves with an invitation to spring training.He elected free agency on November 4, 2019. San Diego Padres
On January 18, 2021, Florimón signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres organization. Batting and running
Scout.com opined that Florimón has trouble hitting a breaking ball, and that he often looks "lost at the plate." However, they also stated that he has "impressive plate discipline, if all he is seeing are fastballs." The site also described him as a "plus runner." References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Aberdeen IronBirds players
Baltimore Orioles players
Bluefield Orioles players
Bowie Baysox players
Delmarva Shorebirds players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
El Paso Chihuahuas players
Estrellas Orientales players
Frederick Keys players
Gwinnett Stripers players
Indianapolis Indians players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Leones del Escogido players
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball shortstops
Major League Baseball third basemen
Major League Baseball outfielders
Minnesota Twins players
New Britain Rock Cats players
People from La Romana, Dominican Republic
Philadelphia Phillies players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Rochester Red Wings players
Clearwater Threshers players
Reading Fightin Phils players
Toros del


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<mask> (April 26, 1870 – October 7, 1936), was an American architect. He did most of his work in Southern California, especially in San Diego and Los Angeles. He is considered a pioneer of the modern movement in architecture. Twelve of his buildings throughout Southern California are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and many others are designated as historic by local governments. Early life
<mask> was born on April 26, 1870, in Tully, New York to Joseph and <mask>. His father was a farmer, and later a carpenter. As a child, <mask> attended the Madison Street School in Syracuse.By 1889, <mask> was working as a draftsman under Ellis G. Hall in Syracuse. Then, in 1890, he moved to Chicago to work with Joseph Lyman Silsbee, who was Hall's partner years prior. Finally, in 1891, <mask> went to Adler and Sullivan. His apprenticeship there coincided with several import Chicago School architects including Frank Lloyd Wright. While there, he worked on the Transportation Building, an exhibition hall at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. Long after his death it was claimed that <mask> never saw the end of that project due to illness. The veracity of this claim has never been documented and is highly unlikely.In 1893, the year of the Fair, he moved to San Diego to open his own architectural practice. Career
Once <mask> settled in San Diego, his health improved, and he began an architectural practice of his own. Though he was reported to have been working around this time, records of his projects were not well preserved. In 1894, <mask> partnered with Joseph Falkenham, who had built a successful practice of his own. The two formed a firm named "Falkenham & Gill, the Architects", and completed several projects, including some large commercial buildings. Falkenham left San Diego in 1895, and <mask> began to take on large residential projects for important figures in San Diego. He also worked on

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Irving John Gill
Gill
Cynthia Scullen Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill
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texts: the Granger Hall for Ralph Granger, a local musician.In the late 1890s, <mask>'s designs began to use concrete more heavily, and his work in that medium contributed significantly to its use in the future. In 1896, he formed a partnership with William S. Hebbard. The Hebbard & Gill firm was known for work in the Tudor Revival and later the Prairie School styles. The George W. Marston House (now a museum) was their most famous project. In this period, <mask> trained Hazel Wood Waterman who helped with a group of houses built near Balboa Park for socialites Alice Lee and Katherine Teats. Waterman later went on to become an architect with her own practice. After California passed a law requiring architects to obtain a certificate in 1901, <mask> was automatically granted a certificate because his practice was already in operation.In 1903, <mask> was appointed to a special seat on a Chamber of Commerce committee to build the U.S. Grant Hotel, which was ultimately designed by Harrison Albright, despite Hebbard & Gill's submission of designs to the committee. In 1907, <mask> was accused of unauthorized work on a sewer line, causing a clog. <mask> denied the accusations, but his partnership with Hebbard was damaged beyond repair. Less than a month later, <mask> entered into a partnership with Frank Mead, who had been a Hebbard & Gill employee. The partnership lasted seven months, and completed only a few houses. <mask> designed the Broadway Fountain, also known as the Electric Fountain, in 1908, for the center of Horton Plaza Park, in Downtown San Diego. Though designed in the prime of his Modernist period, its revivalist style is atypical of his work.<mask>'s design was chosen in a competition among professional architects, and was one of the first projects in the country to combine water and colored electrical light effects. In 1911, <mask>'s nephew, Louis John <mask>, joined his firm as a

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 draftsman. That same year, <mask> lost an important commission for the Panama-California Exposition (1915) to Bertram Goodhue. He did work for a time as an associate of Goodhue, including the design of the Balboa Park Administration Building, Balboa Park's first structure, which is located just outside the California Quadrangle. Today, it is known as the Gill Administration Building of the San Diego Museum of Man, and houses offices and the Gill Auditorium. <mask> was commissioned by Ellen Browning Scripps in 1913 to design the La Jolla Woman's Club. In its construction, he used a "tilt-slab" construction technique to assemble the exterior arcade walls on site.The result is California's first tilt-up concrete building. These walls integrate hollow, clay-block infill to lighten the slab's weight. For the interior walls and central "pop-up" volume, however, he employed conventional balloon-frame construction. Though <mask> is often associated with the tilt-up method, he used it in only a handful of structures. Shortly thereafter, in 1914, he accepted his nephew Louis as a partner. After this time, <mask> began living and working mainly in Los Angeles County, although the Gill & Gill partnership lasted until 1919. Multiple projects for the fledgling city of Torrance may have prompted the move.<mask> returned to live in North San Diego County in the 1920s, but his pace of work slowed considerably due to lingering illness, changing public tastes, and his diminishing willingness to compromise with clients. After the late 1920s, his work added Art Deco or "Moderne" touches. In the late 1920s, <mask> produced several civic buildings for the city of Oceanside, California. This would be his final large project. His last contract was to create houses for several displaced Native American families who would then settle at the Rancho Barona Indian Reservation near Lakeside, California. Importance

<mask>

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texts: was concerned with the social impact of good architecture and approached his projects with equal skill and interest, whether he was designing for bankers and mayors or for Indian reservations, an African American church, or migrant Mexican workers and their children. <mask>'s architecture established "a new beginning in life and art" and represented a "grand rejection" of the common "architectural mise en scene from other times and places," according to historian Kevin Starr.His work was described as "cubist" in publications of the time. <mask>'s interiors were concerned with removing most unnecessary detailing, partly for reasons of economy and hygiene. His houses are known for minimal or flush mouldings; simple (or no) fireplace mantles; coved, and therefore fluid, floor-to-wall transitions; enclosed-side bathtubs; plentiful skylights;, plastered walls with only occasional, but featured, wood elements; flush five-piece doors; concrete or Sorel cement floors; and a general avoidance of dividing lines, ledges, and unnecessary material changes. According to Joseph Giovannini, "the desire for an easily maintained, sanitary home drove <mask>'s aesthetic toward purity." <mask>'s aesthetically best work, much of it dating from the 1910s, favors flat roofs without eaves, a unity of materials (mostly concrete), casement windows with transoms, white or near-white exterior and interior walls, cubic or rectangular massing, plentiful ground-level arches or series of arches creating transitional breezeways in the manner of the California missions. His best-known work still in active use today includes the Ellen Browning Scripps residence (now the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego), the earliest buildings of The Bishop's School, the La Jolla Woman's Club, the La Jolla Recreation Center and the George W. Marston House. He designed ten churches, of which the best known is the Christian Science Church at

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 Second and Laurel Streets in San Diego.The Woman's Club and Marston House are among those listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Despite frequent recent references to <mask> as "forgotten" or "unappreciated," he was reasonably well documented during his life. For example, his work was more frequently published in Gustav Stickley's "Craftsman" magazine than any other Western architect, including the Greene & Greene firm. <mask>'s reputation did quickly fade after his death, and it languished until he was included in the 1960 book Five California Architects by Esther McCoy and  Randell L. Makinson. This book (still in print) helped to renew interest in his work, and in early California architecture in general. In the decades since its publication <mask> has come to be recognized as a major figure in the modern movement. Personal life
On May 28, 1928, at the age of 58, <mask> married for the first and only time.His wife was Marion Waugh Brashears. While some have speculated that the marriage was unsuccessful, a few remaining letters in <mask>'s own hand indicate his deep and fond feelings for his wife. <mask> was alone on his wife's family ranch in Carlsbad, California when he died on October 7, 1936. The "Dirt-Proof" House for Adelaide M. Chapin, "Fire-Proof" House for Persis Bingham Cassiday, and West Adams Villas for Anna W. Mills, <mask>, Architect for some recent <mask> "discoveries." Frank Mead: 'A New Type of Architecture in the Southwest,' Part II, 1907-1920 for much on <mask>'s short-lived, but mutually important 1907 partnership with Frank Mead. Architects from Syracuse, New York
Architects from California
Modernist architects
Arts and Crafts architects

1870 births
1936 deaths
History of San Diego
History of Torrance, California
History of Los Angeles County, California
People from Tully, New York
Modernist architects from the United States
20th-century American

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<mask>  (born 12 November 1960) is an Australian artist who primarily uses photography and video. In 2017 she represented Australia at the 57th Venice Biennale with her solo exhibition, "My Horizon". Her works are held in the collections of the Tate, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, National Gallery of Australia, Art Gallery of South Australia and Art Gallery of New South Wales. She currently lives in Sydney and New York City. Though she is best known for her photographic works, <mask> has created numerous films, documentaries and videos. Her work often focuses on Australian Aboriginal people and the way they are understood in cultural and social terms. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Brisbane in 1960 to a white father and an Aboriginal mother.At age three she was fostered out of her family, growing up as the eldest of three daughters in a white family and often left to look after her foster sisters. <mask> holds a degree in visual communications from the Queensland College of Art, graduating in 1982, and received an honorary doctorate in 2004. In 2020, <mask> was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society. Early works

<mask>'s first short film was Nice Coloured Girls, made in 1985. It is a 16-minute story of three young Aboriginal women as they cruise Sydney's King's Cross entertainment district looking for fun, presented in cut-away context with the historical oppression of Indigenous women by white men. Gail Mabo acted in this film, and also danced in and choreographed another of <mask>'s short films, Watch Out. Commissioned by the Murray Art Museum Albury and shot in Link Studios in Wodonga, Something More (1989) is a photographic series composed of six vibrant Cibachrome colour prints and three black-and-white prints.It is a now iconic series of photographs that built <mask>'s first widespread public attention, each of which borrows from film language to construct what is described as "an enigmatic narrative of a young woman looking for more out of life than the circumstances of her violent rural upbringing." Night Cries (1989/1990) is one of <mask>'s best-known films. Inspired by the 1955 classic Australian film Jedda, and sharing

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Tracey Moffatt
Moffatt
Moffatt
Moffatt
Moffatt
Moffatt
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 similar aesthetics to Something More, it tells the story of an Aboriginal woman forced to care for her ageing white mother. 1990s

<mask>'s photographic series of works such as Pet Thang (1991) and Laudanum (1998) returned to the themes of Something More exploring mixed and sometimes obscure references to issues of sexuality, history, representation and race. Other series of images, notably Scarred for Life (1994) and Scarred for Life II (1999) again tackled these themes but which referenced the photojournalism and photo essays of Life magazine accompanied by captions. While the words are compelling, they don't explain the images, indeed they tend to add to their enigmatic nature as though more information is a further dead end. As her work progressed over the next decade, Moffatt began to explore narratives in more gothic settings.In Up in the Sky (1998) the artist's work again used a sequential narrative but instead of using fantasy settings, a story concerning Australia's "stolen generation" – Indigenous Australian children who were taken from their families and forcibly relocated under Government policy – was enacted and performed on location in Queensland's outback. Like Something More, Up in the sky employs the theme of race and violence, displaying a loose narrative set against the backdrop of a remote town, 'a place of ruin' and devastation populated by misfits and minor characters. It is one of <mask>'s larger series of photographs and takes its visual ideas from Italian modernist cinema Accattone (1961) by Pier Paolo Pasolini. The story relies on a triangular mixed-race relationship. Of this work <mask> stated: 'My work is full of emotion and drama, you can get to that drama by using a narrative, and my narratives are usually very simple, but I twist it ... there is a storyline, but ... there isn't a traditional beginning, middle and end.' 2000s

In 2000, <mask>'s work was amongst those by eight individual or collaborative groups of Indigenous Australian artists included in a major exhibition of Australian Indigenous art held in the prestigious Nicholas Hall at the Hermitage Museum in Russia. The exhibition received a positive reception from Russian critics, one of whom

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 wrote:

<mask>'s work since 2000 has retreated from specific locales and subject matter and become more explicitly concerned with fame and celebrity.Her series Fourth (2001) used images of sportspeople from the 2000 Summer Olympic Games coming fourth in their various competitions. Seeking to underline their outsider status, the images are treated so only the ignoble fourth place holder is highlighted. 2003 saw <mask> named by Australian Art Collector magazine as one of the country's 50 most collectible artists. Adventure Series (2004) is <mask>'s most unabashed fantasy series using painted backdrops, costumes and models (including the artist herself) to enact a soap opera like drama of doctors, nurses and pilots in a tropical setting. Under The Sign of Scorpio (2005) is a series 40 images in which the artist takes on the persona of famous women born – like the artist – under the zodiac sign of Scorpio. The series reiterates the artist's ongoing interests in celebrity, alternate personas and constructed realities. Moffatt's 2007 series Portraits explores the idea of 'celebrity' among people in her immediate social circle – family members, fellow artists, her dealer – through 'glamorised' renderings of their faces using computer technology, repetitive framing and bright colours.In 2008 <mask> held her "first substantial exhibition to date" at Dia Art Foundation in the United States, featuring the photo series Up in the Sky (1997). 2010s

In 2017 <mask> was selected to represent Australia at the Venice Biennale for her solo exhibition "My Horizon", which was curated by Natalie King. The exhibition consisted of two videos, The White Ghosts Sailed In and Vigil, and two series of photographs, Body Remembers and Passage. My Horizon tackles problems of colonialism and imperialism in Australia and how it affects the Indigenous population. This biennial is the first time since 1997 that Australia has been represented by an Indigenous artist. Film and video work

<mask>'s work in film and video has included short films, experimental video and a feature film. The short films rely on the stylistic genre features of experimental cinema – usually including non-realist narrative scenarios often

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 shot on sound stages echoing her work in still photography.Early works such as Nice Coloured Girls and Night Cries also use sound mixes that reinforce the 'fakeness' of the settings and use well-worn experimental cinema devices such as audio field recordings and low tones to provide atmosphere. Her short video works such as Artist (2000) use the cut up methodology of taking images from pre-existing sources and re-editing them into ironic commentaries on the material – Artist for example providing a commentary on the clichéd role of the artist in Hollywood cinema, and her Doomed (2007) – made in collaboration with the artist Gary Hillberg – a collection of scenes of destruction from disaster movies. Her feature film Bedevil is a trio of narratives themed around spirits and hauntings. Night Cries: A Rural Tragedy (1989)

Primarily concerned with a series of almost static vignettes, Night Cries reiterates many of Moffatt's visual motifs from her still photography – sets, non-acting, an evocative use of sound and music. In Night Cries Moffatt's attempts to draw ironic or romantic connotations in juxtaposition to the images and narratives, such as her use of Jimmy Little. Moffatt also makes explicit references to Australian art history, drawing parallels between Indigenous history and the recording the landscape by non-Indigenous artists by quoting artists such as Frederick McCubbin's The Pioneer. This film was selected for official competition at the Cannes Film Festival in 1990.Additionally, In the film night cries, <mask> reminds and displays history of the colonial past of Aboriginal people. This film makes connections between Aboriginal people and their colonizers by touching on systems that were used by colonizers to harm and put Aboriginals at a disadvantage. In the film, there is a clear tension and mixed feelings between the characters, one being a white woman and the other an Aboriginal woman who play adoptive mother and daughter respectively. This film is powerful as <mask> uses different aspects of colonization of Aboriginal people to illustrate the damage and hurtful events that took place. This film is used as a voice to show and remind viewers of the past colonial

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 history. Bedevil (1993)

Shown at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival, Bedevil is composed of three self-contained narratives with recurring visual motifs. In the first story Mister <mask> uses the character of an American soldier, in the second part Choo Choo Choo Choo railway tracks connect a series of events and in the final part Lovin' the Spin I'm in a landlord who evicts a family from a house.The images were partly inspired by memories from her early life. Heaven (1997)

Moffatt's film, Heaven, is a voyeuristic montage of footage depicting men getting changed at Australian beaches. Lip (1999)

In Lip, Moffatt collates clips of black servants in Hollywood movies talking back to their 'bosses', attempting to expose the attitudes to race often found in mainstream cinema. Also, this film is written on two women, one white and one black. In this film, the story line shows the conflict between the white woman and the black woman who is her maid. It shows racial tensions. Artist (2000)

Moffatt's Artist is a collection of clips from movies and television programs that depict artists at work, at play and in the act of creation.By showing the particular bias of television and cinema to what the role of an artist apparently means to modern society, the film reflects the sometimes uninformed, sometimes humorous view of society towards artists today. Revolution (2008)

Commissioned for the 16th Biennale of Sydney in 2008. References

External links

 Night Cries at Oz Movies
 <mask> <mask> at the Art Gallery of New South Wales
 <mask>, Tracey in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia

1960 births
Living people
Australian photographers
Australian experimental filmmakers
Australian film directors
Australian Aboriginal artists
Australian women film directors
Australian video artists
Queensland College of Art alumni
Artists from Brisbane
Australian women photographers
Australian contemporary artists
Officers of the Order of Australia
20th-century Australian artists
20th-century Australian women artists
21st-century Australian women artists
21st-century Australian artists
Women experimental filmmakers
20th-century women photographers
21st-century women

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Chuck Moffatt
Tracey
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Spurgeon Ferdinand "<mask><mask> (September 12, 1907 – January 9, 1990) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed starting pitcher and played his entire career for the New York Yankees from 1937 through 1947. He was named the American League's Most Valuable Player in  after anchoring the team's pitching staff with 20 wins and only 4 losses as New York won its third consecutive pennant; his 1.64 earned run average in that season was the lowest by any major league pitcher between 1920 and 1967, and remains a Yankees team record. In eleven seasons, he never suffered a losing record; with a total of 109 wins and 43 losses, his career winning percentage of .717 is the highest of any pitcher with at least 100 victories since 1876. Biography
<mask> was born in Commerce, Georgia to <mask> (1871–1942) and Olivia Catherine Hix (1872–1957). He grew up in Franklin County and graduated from Carnesville High School in 1928, and attended the University of Georgia. He played football as a halfback, throwing a touchdown pass to help defeat Yale in a 1929 game dedicating a new stadium.He also pitched for the baseball team and competed on the track team. He was a brother of the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity and graduated with a degree in agriculture. He spent five seasons in the Yankees organization after signing with the team, his favorite since boyhood. <mask> finally made his major league debut at age 29 on May 6, 1937, and went 7–4 that season with a 2.84 ERA and six complete games (including two shutouts). The following year, he

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Spud
" Chandler
Chandler
Leonard Ferdinand Chandler
Chandler


texts: was 14–5, and in 1939 he was 3–0 in 11 relief appearances. Although the Yankees won the World Series in each of those years, <mask> did not appear in the postseason. Bothered by injuries during his early career, after records of 8–7 and 10–4 in 1940 and 1941 he improved further to 16–5 in , finishing third in the AL with a 2.38 ERA and earning his first of four All-Star selections.He was the All-Star Game's winning pitcher in 1942. <mask> had one start in the World Series each year, but lost both times, as the Yankees won in 1941 and lost in 1942. His greatest year came in 1943. In addition to his outstanding ERA, he led the league with 20 wins in 30 starts, as well as 20 complete games and five shutouts. In 253 innings pitched, he gave up 46 earned runs, allowing only five home runs. <mask>'s 134 strikeouts were third in the league, and equalled his combined total of the previous two seasons. He made the AL All-Star team for the second time.<mask> finally had a successful World Series, pitching two complete game victories, including a shutout in the final Game 5, as the Yankees defeated the St. Louis Cardinals. Winning the MVP award, he beat out Luke Appling of the Chicago White Sox. <mask> remains the only Yankee pitcher to win the Most Valuable Player award. After one start in 1944, he entered World War II military service with the Army for nearly all of the next two seasons. He returned in  with another All-Star season, going 20–8 with a 2.10 ERA (2nd in the league to Hal Newhouser) and a career-high 138 strikeouts. That year, he also had 20 complete games for the

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texts:
 second time in his career. He earned his last All-Star selection in , but finished the year with only a 9–5 record as injuries ended his career at age 40.He pitched for the last time in the historic 1947 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers, pitching two relief innings in a Game 3 loss. In four World Series, he had a 2–2 record with a 1.62 ERA, 16 strikeouts, and 1 shutout. Over his career <mask> was 109–43 in 211 games (109 complete, 26 shutouts), with a 2.84 ERA. He had 614 career strikeouts and gave up 64 home runs and in 1,485 innings pitched, allowed 1,327 hits. As a hitter, he had a batting average of .201, with a .234 on-base percentage; he had 110 hits in 548 at bats in his career, and on July 26, 1940 had two home runs including a grand slam. <mask> was also a fine fielding pitcher, committing only 10 errors in 501 total chances for a career .980 fielding percentage. He later managed in the minor leagues, became pitching coach with the Kansas City Athletics in 1957–58, and scouted for several teams before retiring in 1984.He was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1969 and into the Franklin County Sports Hall of Fame in 1997. <mask> died at age 82, leaving his wife and two sons. Legacy
<mask> was inducted into the University of Georgia Ring of Honor in 2000. See also

List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

Further reading
 Honig, Donald (1975) Baseball When the Grass Was Real: Baseball

masks: Chandler Chandler Chandler Chandler