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 and Jasiolda on 29 August 1915. On returning to duty <mask>-Wildau assumed command of the Füsilier battalion of 1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß and was again severely wounded on 5 December 1915 in fighting around Roye-Noyon. On 24 September 1914 <mask>-Wildau was assigned to Etappen-Inspektion 5 (Lines of Communication Inspectorate) and on 4 October 1916 he was assigned as the Personal Adjutant of Prince Joachim of Prussia. After his return to his Regiment on 30 October 1917 he became the Adjutant to the Governor of Riga-Dünamünde. Appointed as Adjutant to the Garde-Reserve-Korps on 23 April 1918 he was promoted to Major on 15 July 1918.His final wartime appointment was as Adjutant of the 4th Army, a post he assumed on 8 November 1918. World War II
Following the Armistice <mask>-Wildau was leader of the collecting point in Potsdam of the Volunteer Border Protection Unit East and Upper East (Grenzschutz Ost/Oberost) from 18 January 1919. He retired on 20 September 1919 with permission to wear the uniform of the 1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß. He worked in several civilian posts, and married a Dutch baroness. He spent several years in business, and travelled extensively around Europe and the Americas. As he was based in the Netherlands, <mask> was able to watch the growth of Nazism from afar, and he had little time for it.When he and his wife moved to Germany in 1932, they refused to join the Nazi Party, despite the deleterious effect this had on his business and social connections. Von Lindener was a staunch supporter of Germany but held anti-Nazi views. Nevertheless, despite his manifest anti-Nazism, <mask> felt obliged to accept a position in the Luftwaffe in 1937 as one of Hermann Göring’s personal staff. He unsuccessfully tried to retire on the grounds of ill health, and his appointment to be the Kommandant of Stalag Luft III

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von Lindeiner
von Lindeiner
von Lindeiner
von Lindeiner
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type: original

texts: at Sagan (today Żagań in Poland) in the spring of 1942 during World War II therefore represented an opportunity to serve his country without directly serving the regime he so despised. He installed himself and his family at the Jeschkendorf Manor, some 3 miles west of Sagan. Deputy Commandant Major Gustav Simoleit described <mask> as an "honest, open-minded, liberal man [who] influenced and formed with his plans, ideas and orders the whole spirit in the relations between the prisoners and the German personnel". He was universally respected by both his staff and the POWs.There were rumours that German captives were being mistreated by the Allies, and there was an appetite for reprisal. One day, <mask> summoned Simoleit for a confidential discussion. Lindeiner said, "Major Simoleit, you know our last information about bad treatment and even killing of German soldiers in England. We have to face a grave situation. What have we do if Hitler wants more reprisals and sends us a strict order to shoot a number of our prisoners?" Simoleit answered immediately, "If I should receive such a dreadful order I would refuse to obey. I prefer in this case to be excuted myself for military insubordination and would not try to save my miserable life by obeying."Von Lindeiner shook Simoleit's hand, "We both know what we have to do." The Gestapo investigated the escape and, whilst this uncovered no significant new information, <mask> was removed and threatened with court martial. He feigned mental illness to avoid imprisonment. In February 1945, he was wounded by Russian troops advancing towards Berlin while acting as second in command of an infantry unit defending Sagan. He later surrendered to advancing British forces as the war ended. Von Lindener donated material and a stone for the memorial to the murdered fifty escapees down the

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von Lindeiner
von Lindeiner
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 road toward Żagań. Von Lindener was imprisoned for two years at the British prisoner of war camp known as the "London Cage".He testified during the British SIB investigation concerning the Stalag Luft III murders. Allied former prisoners at Stalag Luft III testified that he had followed the Geneva Conventions concerning the treatment of POWs and had won the respect of the senior prisoners. He was repatriated in 1947. He died in 1963 at the age of 82, less than two months before the film The Great Escape was released. Awards

<mask> Lindeiner-Wildau received the Prussian Order of the Crown 4th Class with Swords for the brutal fighting in the German East Africa campaign of 1905–07. He was also awarded the Colonial Medal with that bar. During World War I he was also awarded the Saxe-Ernestine House Order – Knight 1st Class with Swords (1 May 1918) as Hauptmann and 1st Adjutant of the Government of Riga and the Mouth of the Düna, and the House Order of Hohenzollern Honor Cross 3b with Swords on 5 February 1915.He was also awarded the Iron Cross First and Second Class. Legacy
Von Lindener was the basis for the character "Colonel <mask>" in the film The Great Escape, played by actor Hannes Messemer. He has been portrayed by Manfred Andrae in the made-for-TV film The Great Escape II: The Untold Story (1988). He is depicted as being executed by firing squad for his failure to prevent the breakout. References

External links
 Kozak-Holland, Mark Project Lessons from the Great Escape (Stalag Luft III) Multi-Media Publications Inc (2007) Google Books

1880 births
1963 deaths
People from Kłodzko
People from the Province of Silesia
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Luftwaffe personnel of World War II
Prussian Army personnel
Colonial people of German East Africa
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the

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von Luger


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Jean-<mask>ts (15 February 1755 – 18 September 1821) was a French physician. Born in the village of Dricourt (now in Ardennes), <mask> studied from 1777 at the Ecole de Médecine in Paris, later qualifying as docteur régent of the Faculté de Paris (1782). In 1797, <mask> began to teach at the Collège de France, where he gained a reputation as an expert in cardiology. Among his students were René Laennec, Guillaume Dupuytren, Xavier Bichat and Pierre Bretonneau. <mask> resurrected percussion during the French Revolution after it had fallen out of fashion. He emphasized the study of symptoms and examined postmortem evidence as well. In 1808 <mask>'s translation of Leopold von Auenbrugg's Inventum Novum from Latin into French was published.<mask> was especially fond of Auenbrugg's use of chest percussion as a diagnostic tool, and began to perfect the technique. In the meantime, <mask> had become since 1804 the primary physician of Napoléon Bonaparte, who he would continue to attend to until Bonaparte's exile to St. Helena Island, October 1815. In 1820 he was made a member of Académie Nationale de Médecine. He died the following year at Courbevoie. Early life and education
Jean-<mask> was born on February 15, 1755, in the French village of Dricourt, Ardennes. His father, <mask>, was an attorney for the Parliament of Paris. He moved to Dricourt when the Parliament dissolved, but returned to Paris after the birth of his son, who he destined to be a fellow lawyer.At the age of 12, at his fathers wish, Jean-Nicolas Corvisart entered the prestigious college of Sainte-Barbe. A mediocre student, Corvisart spent most of his time playing outdoor sports, giving no indication of the bright future his father dreamt. However, one day, after listening to anatomy professor, Antoine Petit, and visiting medical clinics in Paris, Corvisart became fascinated in medicine. He convinced his father and quit pursuing law to

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Nicolas Corvisart Desmare
Corvisart
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Corvisart
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Corvisart
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Nicolas Corvisart
Pierre Corvisart


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 pursue a medical profession. <mask> immediately obtained a position at the Hotel-Dieu as a male nurse. He later attended medical school at the Faculte de Medicine, where he was an outstanding student, known for his work ethic, observation skills, and independent spirit. To his peers, Corvisart was known to be stocky in stature, vigorous in manner, outspoken, honest, generous to the poor, and not afraid to defy tradition.<mask> had the option of choosing between medicine and surgery, and decided he preferred and was more attracted towards medicine. While in medical school, <mask> studied and closely followed the likes of Debois de Rochefort, Busquet Halle, Pelletan Roger, Vicq d'Azyr and was a favorite pupil of Antoine Petit and Pierre-Joseph Desault. Even as the youngest member of his class, <mask> was at the top of his class. He presented his inaugural thesis on September 2, 1782, and graduated from medical school that same year. Early practice and lecturing
Unfortunately, his defiance to tradition ultimately led to his failure in finding work after graduation. He had applied to the Hosipital of Paroisses, which was founded by Madam Necker, but was denied of working there as a physician by Necker because he refused to wear the powdered wig required for the position. Thus, <mask> started his practice as a doctor in the poor neighborhoods of Saint Sulpice in Paris.<mask> soon became distinguished for not only his skills as a clinician, but also for his personality. He slowly became more and more well known, climbing up the ranks, and eventually, in 1783, was appointed to teach physiology, surgery, and obstetrics to medical school. Eventually, in 1786, he became the professor of clinical pathology. <mask> also worked closely with Debois de Rochfort at the Charite Hospital in Paris. Upon Rochfort's death, <mask> succeeded Rochfort and worked as a physician at the hospital. Once again, <mask> excelled

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 and his reputation spread across the hospital and the city. By 1795, <mask> was elected to be the Chair of Clinical Medicine of what was a newly formed medical school at the Charite Hospital in Paris and took over the clinical teaching.Corvisart innovated new methods in treating patients, focusing not on researching diseases in cadavers, but on recognizing particular diseases based on signs and symptoms given off by the patient. Consequently, this new method was taught to the entire hospital, thus adopting a new method of treating patients that is still used today. Patients were divided into different categories of diseases, and an assistant would have daily observations of the patient, and present the observation and heath status of the patient to the respective physician. Physician of Napoleon
In 1799, <mask> and fellow French physician Paul Joseph Barthez were appointed by the French government as 'physicians of the Government'. In 1801, one of <mask>'s first patients, Barras, invited Corvisart to a reception, where he was introduced to General Napoleon Bonaparte and his wife Josephine. Napoleon was said to be a 'difficult' person to treat in the clinical setting, as he demanded a full explanation for each aspect of the ailments he experienced. Napoleon often refused to take prescribed medicine and was skeptical as to the practice and application of medical treatment, save that suggested by <mask>, who he deemed as both competent and reliable.In August 1803, Napoleon sent for <mask> due to chest pain and a sudden cough. Napoleon had been characterized as reluctant to access his physicians, including <mask> at first. <mask> quickly diagnosed Napoleon with a pulmonary congestion, which he did not disclose to the emperor out of regard for his well-being. Instead, he treated the condition with a vesicant, which proved to be effective in countering the pain and congestion. In retrospect of the

masks: Corvisart Corvisart Corvisart Corvisart Corvisart Corvisart Corvisart


texts: successful and tactful treatment, Napoleon was quoted as saying, "I saw that Corvisart understood my system, and that he was the doctor who suited me, so I attached him to myself". <mask>'s treatment of Napoleon included a strict regimen of hygiene. Corvisart instructed Napoleon to take a hot bath daily, which Napoleon adhered to.By 1806, <mask> published his manuscript entitled Essai sur les maladies et les lésions organiques du cæur et des gros vaisseaux, which many consider to be the first writings of modern cardiology. By this time, <mask> had become one of the most reputable and cleverest physician of his day, working as head of the greatest hospital in Paris. His reputation impressed Napoleon so much, he hired <mask> to be his personal physician. Thus, when Barthez died in 1806, <mask> was given the title of 'chief physician' and attended to Napoleon and his family, consisting of the Empress as well as the Imperial House and court. Napoleon was also said to have suffered from breathing difficulties and respiratory issues, which Corvisart treated to the best of his abilities. Napoleon was also said to have contracted a violent case of the scabies, which Corvisart was able to effectively treat with a concoction of ointments and salves containing olive oil, alcohol, and 'powdered cevilla'. Upon <mask>'s death, a marked difference was noted in efficacy of care and treatment style among the doctors who assumed <mask>'s post.Corvisart also treated Empress Joséphine de Beauharnais, attempting to cure her sterility. When this treatment failed and Napoleon divorced Empress Josephine, Corvisart alienated Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma with his brash and frank mannerisms, leading to his disaffection from Napoleon. As such, Corvisart and Napoleon's relationship is said to have spanned from 1804 to 1815. Corvisart acted as more than just an appointed physician to Napoleon. Corvisart also acted as a


texts: liaison between Napoleon and Edward Jenner in releasing English prisoners of war in June 1806. The prisoners, Mr. William Thomas Williams and Dr. Wickham, were friends of Jenner, and Jenner held esteem for them as educated men. In this capacity Corvisart was given a copy of the letter Jenner had written to Napoleon, entreating his release of the British prisoners in July 1806.<mask> addressed Mr. Williams and relayed Napoleon's decision—that he and Dr. Wickham were to be allowed to return to their native England, as Napoleon could not refuse a request from Dr. Jenner. <mask> was remarked to be "exceedingly punctual in making all Jenner's requests known to His Majesty". Jenner also entreated the release of prisoners named Mr. Gold and Mr. Garland, and again went through <mask> to ask the favor of Napoleon. However, due to a 'subordinate' official, the release command from Napoleon and passed through Corvisart that would have freed Mr. Gold was lost, leading to an additional three years of imprisonment from 1809 to 1812, at which point the release order was recovered. In return for the liberation of Jenner's companions, <mask> asked for Jenner's assistance in freeing a French officer, Captain Husson, who was captured after a tactical defeat. Jenner was unable to influence the English government into releasing Husson, to <mask>'s dismay. Additionally, <mask> was said to have feuded with Antoine Portal over treatment of Napoleon.As Portal became more influential in the French medical scene, he attracted the attention of <mask>, who would not permit him to engage with the Imperial family, out of a deep dislike. In December 1808, Napoleon granted <mask> the title of 'Baron' in recognition of his services and dillegence as Napoleon's physician. Napoleon also awarded <mask> with the title of 'Officer of the Legion of Honour', leading to <mask>'s admittance into the Academy of Sciences in 1811. Final years

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 and death
At age 60, <mask> retired. He was made a member of Académie Nationale de Médecine in 1820. He died on September 15, 1821 after a third attack of apoplexy, which caused a hemiplegia, 4 months after Napoleon died. Legacy
<mask> contributed heavily to the field of pathological anatomy, by advocating for the understanding that the uniqueness of each body and its organs affect the nature of disease.Within this time period, medical practitioners commonly believed the natural state of the human body was consistent health, unless faced with an unknown catalyst. It was thought that the body naturally should be in a healthy state and that an unhealthy body was a result of either an imbalance or a pathogenic cause. <mask>'s belief in individual variation challenged this assumption. He postulated that the reason for disease was due to the body's individuality, rather than its generalized consistency. The irregularity or variability of the body was at fault for pathogenic infection. Instead, the natural body was too weak to heal against threatening disease. The individual's susceptibility to pathogen was "an outcome of heredity and prenatal development", and uncontrollable by regimented living.While his attention to patient-specific diagnosis was already a part of Paris medicine, <mask>'s approach accepted varied clusters of symptoms for any disease, rather than a set checklist determining how the disease must manifest. Furthermore, <mask> championed the view that disease was "organic", which means that disease causes a constitutional change to organs. A disease could be asymptomatic, but the presence of structural change indicated illness regardless of whether the patient manifested symptoms or not. This medical understanding was supplemented by "lesions" found in the organs of asymptomatic corpses during anatomical dissection. Either acute or chronic illnesses were caused by the body's

masks: Corvisart Corvisart Corvisart Corvisart Corvisart


texts: constitutional make-up and its weakened ability to fight against the specific disease. In essence, disease was caused by an organ's weakness. Corvisart attention to pathological anatomy and belief in organic disease shifted the focus of medicine away from observation of the patient and the patient's symptoms.Autopsy became a strong force in Paris medical know-how. Physical examination began to take precedence, although internal examinations were impossible. Although the aforementioned lesions were common in most corpses, <mask> and his contemporaries shifted medicine towards the clinical and physical ways that disease affects the body and away from the patient narrative. This change also represented a segue from therapeutic medicine to diagnostic medicine, which banked on the premise that a cure would always be present for whatever diagnosis was available. As one of his publications, <mask>'s translation of Leopold Auenbrugger's Inventum novum in 1808 further expanded the field of auscultation through providing a text for physicians to learn how to percuss patients' chests for diagnostic purposes. His commentary on Auenbrugger's original text extended its length four times. This method of percussion had a resurgence under <mask>'s translation and became an intrinsic aspect of clinical medicine.In particular, <mask> attentively focused on the heart and lungs as sources of lesions. His studies with these lesions led to him percussing the chest of his patients to find such wounds inside the body, studying the "organic diseases of the heart". <mask> is also linked to Reneé Laennec, the physician who invented the stethoscope for auscultation several years later. Laennec learned of percussion from <mask>'s translation of Auenbrugger's book. <mask>, Laennec and others also headed the so-called "Paris school" that developed new methods of medicine in the twenty hospitals of Paris. By establishing a


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 monetary clinical teaching school at Hôpital de la Charité, <mask> and his peers codified a current institution of medical training. <mask>'s original work consists of Essai sur les maladies du cœur (1806), and has many other commentaries on other medical tracts.In addition to his medical contributions, <mask> was featured on a French Red Cross Fund stamp on December 12, 1964. The stamp depicts a picture of the heart and blood flow, which <mask> is acknowledged for examining. It also has the name of his book, Essai sur les maladies du cœur published in 1806. This dedicatory stamp exhibits <mask>'s lasting contributions in Paris medicine and medicine internationally. He has been called "the true promoter of clinical medicine in France" for diverting the focus of observational diagnosis to the physical examination. Selected writings
 Cours élémentaire de matière médicale: suivi d'un précis de l'art de formuler, Volume 1 (with Louis Desbois de Rochefort) 1793 - Basic course of materia medica. Essai sur les maladies et les lésions organiques du cœur et des gros vaisseaux, 1806 (with C. E. Horeau), translated into English by Jacob Gates as " An essay on the organic diseases and lesions of the heart and great vessels" (1812).Nouvelle methode pour reconnaitre les maladies internes de la poitrine par la percussion de cette cavité, 1808 - New method to recognize diseases of the internal chest by percussion of the cavity, (French translation of Leopold Auenbrugger's Latin book on medical percussion). See also
 History of medicine in France

Notes

References

External links
 Journal List >Heart >v.78(1); Jul 1997 >PMC484851 Jean Nicolas <mask> (1755–1821). M. K. Davies and A. Hollman
Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850/C

1755 births
1821 deaths
People from Ardennes (department)
First French Empire
19th-century French physicians
18th-century French

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<mask> (born 29 September 1961) is a Jamaican politician. She was a member of the House of Representatives of the Parliament of Jamaica from 1997 to 2012, representing the People's National Party. She came to international attention after the 2004 Haitian coup d'état, when she escorted Jean-Bertrand Aristide from his temporary exile in the Central African Republic to Jamaica at the invitation of then-Prime Minister of Jamaica P. J. Patterson. Hay-Webster's third term in parliament was marred by a controversy over her citizenship of the United States, leading her to announce in 2009 that she would renounce U.S. citizenship. However, in 2011 it came to light through the WikiLeaks United States diplomatic cables leak that she had withdrawn her application for renunciation, meaning she remained a U.S. citizen. As the ongoing controversy heated up, Hay-Webster resigned from the PNP, and her former party called for her to step down from her parliamentary seat as well. Her resignation from the PNP made her only the third independent politician in 19 years to sit in parliament.Hay-Webster joined the Jamaica Labour Party in November 2011 before losing her seat in parliament in the 2011 Jamaican general election. Entry into politics
Prior to entering politics. Hay-Webster was a lecturer at the University of Technology, Jamaica. She had also worked as an employee of the Social Development Commission, then part of the Ministry of Youth and Community Development. The man who would become her husband initially opposed her ambition to become a politician. She first ran for election in 1997 under the PNP banner, easily beating Jamaica Labour Party candidate Tom Tavares-Finson to win the race in the South Central St. Catherine constituency, succeeding PNP incumbent Heather Robinson. The seat itself was a long-time PNP stronghold, having previously been held by Ripton MacPherson and then Derrick Heaven.She was returned to her seat in the 2002 elections, part of a widespread PNP victory which saw


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 them retain their parliamentary majority for a record fourth straight term. Second term

Bringing Aristide to Jamaica
The major highlight of Hay-Webster's second term was her March 2004 trip to the Central African Republic on behalf of Jamaican Prime Minister P. J. Patterson and the Caribbean Community, to meet with Jean-Bertrand Aristide after he was ousted in the 2004 Haitian coup d'état and to discuss his desire to return to Haiti. She was part of a larger delegation which also included African American dignitaries, namely TransAfrica Forum founder Randall Robinson and U.S. congresswoman Maxine Waters. She described the visit as tense: at the time, the CAR was marking one year since the coup by François Bozizé, and the CAR government put out a heavy military presence in anticipation of trouble. She then escorted Aristide to Jamaica, in what she later described as a "humanitarian action" and not a political one. Aristide would remain in Jamaica until the end of May, when he left for South Africa. Controversies
In July 2003, during a parliamentary debate on childcare, Hay-Webster suggested that young women with three or more children be subject to compulsory sterilisation.Opposition parliamentarian Ernie Smith spoke out in favour of the idea, and further suggested that schoolgirls undergo regular virginity tests in order to clamp down on teenage pregnancy. Local businessman Sameer Younis also made public statements in support of her idea. In contrast, Vernon Daley, a columnist for the Jamaica Gleaner, described Hay-Webster as making a fool of herself by proposing outdated ideas based on shallow thinking. Another Gleaner column derided Hay-Webster's idea as "medieval". Spokespersons for local human rights organisation Jamaicans for Justice and women's rights groups Women's Inc. and Women's Media Watch also described the proposals as crazy, invasive, and gender-biased. Hay-Webster's second term in office was also punctuated by controversies over Spanish Town gang violence between


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 Oliver "Bubba" Smith's One Order gang and Donovan "Bulbie" Bennett's Clansman gang, the former supporters of the JLP and the latter of Hay-Webster's own PNP. In February 2004, fighting broke out between the two rival gangs, leaving 19 dead.The trigger for the violence was reported to be a conflict over control of the lucrative protection racket surrounding the town's bus terminal. In the aftermath, Hay-Webster made public statements distancing herself from the violence and claiming she had no ties to the gang leaders, earning her criticism even from fellow PNP member and former South Central St. Catherine MP Heather Robinson. After the killing of Bennett in November 2005, Clansman members publicly proclaimed that they were withdrawing their support for the PNP. Hay-Webster admitted that she previously had dealings with Bennett's followers, and expressed confidence that she could win back their support, but denied that she had any dealings with Bennett himself. However, in later years she crossed party lines to work with fellow woman politician and neighbouring South East St. Catherine MP Olivia Grange, successfully reducing gang violence. Re-election campaign
In her re-election campaign for the 2007 elections, Hay-Webster faced off against Devon McDaniel, a JLP member who had formerly represented the South Trelawny constituency but withdrew from politics in 2005, only to announce in February 2007 that he would stand against Hay-Webster for the St. Catherine seat instead. Media reports suggested that the PNP could face a strong challenge from the JLP in the race for the South East and South Central seats in St. Catherine.Hay-Webster and her opponents signed a Political Code of Conduct pledging to keep the elections violence-free. On Nomination Day (8 August), Webster and McDaniel both turned out with marches of hundreds supporters to the nomination centre at Spanish Village Plaza in Spanish Town; the police were called out, but the rival groups mingled without violence.


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 Hay-Webster herself was returned to her seat, but the PNP as a whole lost their parliamentary majority. Third term

Citizenship controversy
The major issue in Hay-Webster's third term would be her U.S. citizenship, part of a larger battle between the JLP and the PNP over foreign citizenships held by their respective members which broke out almost immediately after the 2007 elections. The JLP won a slim majority, but immediately faced challenges in the victories of two of their members. According to Article 40 of the Constitution of Jamaica, "[n]o person shall be qualified to be appointed as a Senator or elected as a member of the House of Representatives who is, by virtue of his own act, under any acknowledgment of allegiance, obedience or adherence to a foreign Power or State" (though Article 39 exempts Commonwealth citizens from this limitation). At the time, media reports about the citizenship controversies noted that Hay-Webster had been a U.S. citizen and later naturalised as a Jamaican, making her the only naturalised MP, but no indication was given that she remained a U.S. citizen.In late April 2008, Hay-Webster's retention of U.S. citizenship came to light. Jamaican PM Bruce Golding and other JLP members, responding to continuing criticism over the U.S. citizenship of JLP member Daryl Vaz (whose candidacy had been struck down by the Supreme Court of Jamaica) pointed out in parliament that a member of the PNP was in a similar citizenship situation as Vaz. The MP in question was not named in parliamentary debate, but JLP members gave media interviews in the following week, leading to the revelation that Golding was referring to Hay-Webster. The Supreme Court, in ruling against Vaz, stated that acquiring, renewing, and travelling on a United States passport were all acts of allegiance to a foreign power; Hay-Webster stated that her case was not at all analogous to Vaz', because her US passport had long expired and she had never renewed it; she further emphasised that she had


texts: no economic or other ties to the United States, and had never even filed a tax return there. Nevertheless, the PNP consulted with its lawyers over the issue, and unconfirmed reports said she had been urged to resign. However, for another year, no one would challenge her eligibility to her seat. In 2009, the two parties came to a compromise over the citizenship issue: JLP MPs Gregory Mair, Michael Stern, and Shahine Robinson renounce their foreign citizenships, in exchange for a PNP pledge not to contest their seats.However, after Mair was removed from Parliament by court order, the PNP put forth a candidate Granville Valentine in his constituency for the resulting by-election, leading to the breakdown of the agreement. PM Golding then filed constitutional motions against PNP members Ian Hayles and Hay-Webster in May 2009. In August 2009, Hay-Webster seemed to be ready to surrender on the issue, making a public statement that she would renounce her US citizenship. However, even after that announcement, the JLP was still said to be getting ready to serve court papers against her, as part of their larger strategy leading up to the by-elections triggered by Stern's resignation. Hay-Webster came under heavy pressure from influential constituents to relinquish her seat, and in December 2009 she was said to be in discussions with fellow PNP member and onetime MP Colin Campbell about the possibility for him to run for her seat. The citizenship issue continued to drag out over the following year. In early June 2010, the JLP made a motion in parliament to unseat Hay-Webster, soon after JLP Shahine Robinson had been removed from her own seat following a challenge by PNP member Manley Bowen, leaving the JLP with just a 31-28 majority in parliament.Later that month, she announced that she would not be seeking a fourth term in office, though she denied that the citizenship issue had anything to do with her decision. A Jamaica Gleaner editorial in September 2010 decried her behaviour as


texts: "shameless". In December 2010, the JLP made an application to the Supreme Court of Jamaica challenging Hay-Webster's eligibility to sit in parliament due to the fact of her having been a U.S. citizen at the time of the 2007 elections. Hay-Webster declined to comment on the issue. It is possible that the court may retroactively disqualifies her candidacy all the way back to her original election in 1997, meaning that she might lose her entitlement to a parliamentary pension, granted to members of parliament who serve for more than two terms. In response to the challenge, the PNP stated that it would uphold the constitution, but also expressed concern that the challenge had been filed so late in Hay-Webster's term, possibly contravening the Election Petitions Act. The court papers were finally served on 13 January 2011, with the hearing date set for 17 February.The issue seemed to be going nowhere; in March 2011, Golding admitted he had been dragging out the resolution of the citizenship issue in order to avoid undermining his party's majority in parliament. However, new developments would be seen in the controversy over Hay-Webster's citizenship issues due to the United States diplomatic cables leak. On 22 May 2011, WikiLeaks released a cable dated 17 August 2009 regarding the furor over Jamaican MPs' nationality issues. The contents of the cable were reported the same day in the Jamaica Gleaner. According to one statement therein, Hay-Webster had visited the US embassy in Kingston to renounce her United States citizenship on 31 July 2009, but returned four days later to withdraw the renunciation. Hay-Webster gave no immediate response to the matter, stating only that her lawyer had advised her to withhold comment. Hay-Webster later stated that she had changed her mind on her renunciation after advice from local and foreign lawyers, stating that her circumstances differed from the facts of previous Supreme Court cases on dual citizen MPs.Jamaica Observer columnist Clare Forrester


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 spoke out in support of Hay-Webster; however, broader public opinion was turning against her. Party membership
As early as 2008, it had been speculated that Hay-Webster's days with the PNP might be numbered. That year, she threw her support behind Peter Phillips' candidacy for the presidency of the PNP against incumbent Portia Simpson Miller; however, Phillips lost his bid, placing Hay-Webster in an increasingly precarious position. In late September, in the aftermath of the failed bid, she stepped down from her position in the PNP's shadow Cabinet; the PNP also removed from the parliament's crime committee with no advance notice. In 2010, she gave an interview to the Jamaica Gleaner in which she expressed regret that she had been unable to emulate Michael Manley's social impact of the 1970s which had inspired her to enter politics in the first place. In June 2011, after Hay-Webster's retention of U.S. citizenship was revealed, controversy inside the PNP grew, and on 28 June, she resigned from the PNP, bitterly complaining of "abuse and lack of support" from the party. She also criticised the party for "focus[ing] on power rather than principle", echoing complaints over the preceding decade about Portia Simpson Miller's leadership made by fellow party members such as Region Three functionary Paul Burke and PNP Youth Organisation chairman Damion Crawford.In response to Hay-Webster, PNP general secretary Peter Bunting said that Hay-Webster had a credibility problem, and called on her to follow up on her withdrawal from the party by stepping down from parliament rather than remaining in her seat as an independent MP. Hay-Webster dropped hints that she might "cross the aisle" and join the JLP instead; JLP general secretary Aundre Franklin was quoted as saying in response that "the doors of the party are open ... but the principles of the JLP will not be held hostage to any negotiations". In the end, Hay-Webster renounced her U.S. citizenship, receiving a Certificate of Loss of


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 Nationality on 27 October 2011. She denied that this was a precondition of her "crossing the floor" to join the JLP, but JLP spokesman Audley Shaw disputed her account, saying that the JLP had made it clear to her that she had to renounce to become a party member. Shortly after she joined, the JLP suffered landslide losses in the 2011 general election, throwing them back into opposition. Hay-Webster lost her own seat to the PNP's Denise Daley. Personal life
Hay-Webster was born at Mountainside Hospital in Glen Ridge, New Jersey in the United States.She thus has birthright citizenship there, though she did not publicly admit this until late in her career. Earlier media reports claimed she was born in Kingston, Jamaica. Her grandfather Lucien Hay and father Lloyd Hay were both involved in PNP politics, the former as an assistant to Norman Manley and the latter as the PNP's unsuccessful candidate in the North East St Catherine constituency in the 1976 general election. Her mother was Haitian. Hay-Webster's family moved to Jamaica just a few months after her birth and raised her there. She graduated from St Hugh's Preparatory School and the University of the West Indies. She had long been interested in politics; and in later interviews claimed that the most exciting thing about turning 18 was that she gained the right to vote.She was especially attracted by the socialist ideals of PM Michael Manley. She applied for Jamaican citizenship in 1987, and took the Oath of Allegiance the following year. She married after entering politics. She and her husband would go on to have two children, but later divorced. Her uncle Calvin Fitz-Henley was murdered in downtown Kingston in May 2008. References

1961 births
Living people
American emigrants to Jamaica
Jamaican people of Haitian descent
20th-century Jamaican women politicians
Members of the House of Representatives of Jamaica
People from Glen Ridge, New Jersey
Former United States citizens
University of the West Indies alumni
21st-century


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<mask> (July 15, 1944 – February 10, 2019) was an American actor known for portraying helicopter pilot Stringfellow Hawke in the TV series Airwolf (1984–1987) and the protagonist, Matt Johnson, in the 1978 film Big Wednesday. He also starred as Byron Henry in The Winds of War. Early life
<mask> was born in Denver, Colorado, where his father was stationed after enlisting in the United States Army in 1941. His father, <mask> (September 7, 1919 – August 30, 2000), was born in Tulare, California, and raised in nearby Hanford in the San Joaquin Valley. His mother, Doris Jane (née Pace; August 2, 1925 – February 22, 1993), was born in Arkansas and moved to Hanford as a toddler. Jan's grandfather, <mask> (September 26, 1876 – January 14, 1974), was a bank robber and counterfeiter who had masterminded robberies in the 1920s and 1930s. Jan's uncle, Lloyd's brother Hoy, was shot to death in Tulare by a sheriff's deputy and was wanted for a robbery that occurred in Oregon.Two of <mask>'s other uncles, Clifford and Harold, were convicted of bank robbery in Hardwick, California and Strathmore, California in 1931. In 1932, Herbert and his son, Gordon, were arrested in Hanford in January for bank robbery and assault with a deadly weapon, which left Lloyd alone at age twelve. <mask> and Doris met in 1940 when she was in her early teens and Lloyd had finished high school. Lloyd was stationed in Denver in 1941 as a B-25 bomber pilot during World War II, and he married Doris there when she was sixteen. Jan's mistrust of authority came from later seeing his father in the Army being told what to do and when to do it. <mask>'s sister, Jaqueline "Jacquie" <mask>, was born in 1947. His brother, Christopher, was born in 1952.After the war, Lloyd became a painter, like Jan's grandfather, and later developed alcoholism. By the

masks:
Jan Michael Vincent
Jan Michael Vincent
Lloyd Whiteley Vincent
Herbert Vincent
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Lloyd Vincent
Jan Vincent
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 time Jan was born in 1944, his parents owned a sign company in Hanford. <mask> attended elementary and high school in Hanford where he graduated in 1963 from Hanford High School. He attended Ventura College for three years and said "I would have completed college, but the registration clerk literally shut the window in my face for the lunch hour", and <mask> instead took his $200 and went to Mexico to party. Years later, <mask> found himself in the same rigid system his father was in. He served in the California Army National Guard, and remained in the National Guard Reserve until 1971. Career
<mask> gained his first acting job in 1967 in The Bandits, starring and co-directed by Robert Conrad.Also in 1967, <mask> appeared in the TV movie The Hardy Boys: The Mystery of the Chinese Junk. In the late 1960s, <mask> was signed to Universal Studios and appeared in several television series. He made an appearance in the Dragnet 1968 episode "The Grenade", as a muscular high school student who suffered an acid attack by a mentally unstable classmate (played by Mickey Sholdar). <mask> also appeared in the Danger Island segments of Hanna-Barbera's The Banana Splits series as Link (1968–1969). His first starring role was in the fall of 1969 in the prime-time soap opera The Survivors, alongside Lana Turner and George Hamilton; the series was canceled mid-season. <mask> also acted in several movies in the late 1960s, including the 1969 20th Century Fox movie The Undefeated (as Bubba Wilkes), starring John Wayne, Rock Hudson, and Antonio Aguilar. His name appeared as <mask> in the credits of the movie.<mask> guest-starred in three episodes of Lassie with actor Tony Dow and two episodes of Bonanza. In 1970, <mask> garnered critical praise for his role in the TV movie Tribes (also known as The Soldier Who Declared

masks:
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
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Michael Vincent
Vincent
Vincent


texts: Peace in Europe and the UK), co-starring Darren McGavin, about a tough Marine boot-camp drill instructor dealing with a hippie draftee (<mask>) who will not follow the rules. He gave a complex performance opposite Robert Mitchum in Going Home (1971). That same year, he appeared in the Gunsmoke episode "The Legend". In 1972, <mask> appeared with Charles Bronson in the crime film The Mechanic and a made-for-TV love story Sandcastles. In 1973, <mask> starred in the Disney comedy The World's Greatest Athlete, with Tim Conway and John Amos. <mask> played Richie, an alcoholic teen in the 1973 Marcus Welby, M.D.episode, "Catch a Ring That Isn't There". Also in 1973, he was in the made-for-TV-movie Deliver Us from Evil as Nick Fleming opposite George Kennedy. <mask> also starred as the anti-hero Buster Lane in the 1974 romance Buster and Billie, wherein he startled audiences with his full-frontal nudity. In Bite the Bullet (1975), he played opposite Gene Hackman, James Coburn, and Candice Bergen. He also starred in the trucker movie White Line Fever (1975); in Baby Blue Marine (1976), a war film directed by John D. Hancock, which also starred Glynnis O'Connor; and in Shadow of the Hawk (1976) co-starring Marilyn Hassett. <mask> also starred in Damnation Alley (1977), based on Roger Zelazny's science fiction novel. Two more notable 1978 appearances were the surfing film Big Wednesday with William Katt and Gary Busey, and Hooper with Burt Reynolds, in which <mask> played a young stuntman.In 1980, <mask> starred in the gang-themed drama Defiance, which received a limited release. In that film, he and Danny Aiello co-star as Manhattan residents who fight back against the gang members who terrorize their neighborhood. That year, <mask> appeared in The Return, a science-fiction film that was released directly to

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texts: television and video. In 1981, he co-starred with Kim Basinger in Hard Country, and in 1983, he starred in the action film Last Plane Out. After the completion of his role as Byron Henry ("Briny") in the 1983 television miniseries The Winds of War, <mask> was cast as Stringfellow Hawke for the action–espionage series Airwolf, in which he co-starred with Ernest Borgnine. It is the role for which he is best known and remembered. It was noted at the time that <mask>'s salary for his work on Airwolf was $200,000 per episode, the highest of any actor in American television at the time.While filming Airwolf, <mask> admitted to having drug and alcohol problems for which he acknowledged seeking help. After Airwolf ended, he found roles in smaller budget and lower exposure film projects. <mask> worked with Traci Lords in the 1991 suspense film Raw Nerve. He also co-starred with Clint Howard in the 1996 black comedy/horror film Ice Cream Man, which had a very limited theatrical release but eventually reached cult status via home video as an unintentional comedy. In 1994, he played in a South African produced movie called Ipi Tombi, produced and directed by Tommie Meyer based on a musical by Bertha Egnos. While in the hospital in 1996, <mask> was committed to a role in Red Line with Chad McQueen as Keller. He appeared in the film with a swollen face and scars, and still wearing his hospital ID bracelet.In 1997, he had a small guest role on Nash Bridges, playing the title character's long-lost brother, and in 1998 he had a cameo role in the independent film Buffalo '66. His last role was in the independent film White Boy, also titled Menace (for the U.S. video version), released in March 2003. <mask> was referenced in the animated sitcom Rick and Morty in the season 2 episode titled "Interdimensional Cable 2:

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 Tempting Fate", wherein the family watches a fake commercial for an action adventure sci-fi movie called "Jan Quadrant Vincent 16," starring fictionalized versions of Jan-Michael <mask>. Personal life
<mask> married Bonnie Portman in 1968, and they had a daughter, Amber Springbird <mask>, in 1972. The couple's divorce was finalized on January 2, 1977. <mask> remarried in 1986. His second wife, Joanne Robinson, left him and entered a restraining order against him in 1998, alleging that he had abused her during their marriage.He battled alcoholism and intravenous drug use for much of his life. In 1977, 1978, and 1979 he was arrested for possession of cocaine, and in 1984 and 1985 he was arrested after two bar brawls. He was charged with felony assault in 1986, but was acquitted after his attorney argued that the woman tripped and fell on a telephone cord in his home. <mask> then was arrested for drunk driving but avoided jail by entering rehab in 1988. In 2000, a $374,000 default judgment was made against him after his former girlfriend alleged he had physically assaulted her after their breakup and caused her to miscarry their child. During the 1990s, he was involved in three severe automobile collisions, which he barely survived. In an accident in August 1996, <mask> broke three vertebrae in his neck.He sustained a permanent injury to his vocal cords from an emergency medical procedure, leaving him with a permanently raspy voice. The first near-fatal accident occurred in February 1992, and the third happened in September 1997. <mask> was charged with drunk driving again after his 1996 accident, and once again sentenced to rehabilitation and placed on probation. In an interview on the television program The Insider on September 18, 2007, when asked about his 1996 car accident, <mask> answered "Y'know, I

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 have no idea what you're talking about. I don't remember being in an accident." In 2000, <mask> violated probation for his prior alcohol-related arrests by appearing drunk in public three times and assaulting his fiancée. As a result, he was sentenced to 60 days in the Orange County Jail.<mask> was involved in yet another automobile accident in 2008. In an interview on October 24, 2014, with the National Enquirer, <mask> revealed that his right leg was amputated just below the knee in 2012 after he contracted a leg infection as a result of complications from peripheral artery disease. After that, he walked with a prosthetic limb, although he was sometimes forced to use a wheelchair. Death
<mask> died on February 10, 2019, at the age of 74 in Asheville, North Carolina, due to cardiac arrest while hospitalized at Mission Hospital. Bradycardia, a decreased heart rate, was listed as an underlying cause of death. His death was not publicly announced until March 8, when TMZ broke the news and showed a slightly redacted copy of <mask>'s death certificate. Filmography

Film

Television

References

Notes

  In 1971, a TV movie titled The Last of the Powerseekers aired on ABC.Universal Television re-edited two of The Survivors episodes into the TV movie. In 1980, a TV movie titled Dan August: Once Is Never Enough aired on ABC. This was a re-editing of episode 15 "Death Chain" with episode 25 "Prognosis: Homicide". Jan-<mask>: Edge of Greatness does not have page numbers. Use specific section of book for reference. Citations

Further reading

External links

 Whatever Happened To: Jan Michael <mask>

1944 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Male actors from California
American male film actors
American male television actors
American amputees
People from

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<mask> (born January 11, 1990) is an American football defensive tackle for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Tennessee. <mask> was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the fifth round of the 2012 NFL Draft, and has also played with the Jacksonville Jaguars and Philadelphia Eagles. Early years
<mask> attended Birmingham High School, where he played high school football. In 2007, <mask> was named to Super Prep All-Farwest, Prep Star All-West, and Cal-Hi Sports All-State first team. <mask> was named Los Angeles Daily News All-Area Co-Defensive MVP in high school. College career
<mask> attended the University of Southern California in 2008 and 2009.He transferred to the University of Tennessee in 2010 to play under head coach Derek Dooley. On November 6, 2010, against the Memphis Tigers, he had his first career collegiate interception, which he returned 44 yards, to go along with two sacks. In the 2010 season, he had 48 total tackles, 11 tackles-for-loss, five sacks, five passes defensed, one forced fumble, and one interception. <mask> was named to the AP All-SEC Second Team in recognition of his performance in the 2010 season. In the 2011 season, he recorded 56 total tackles, 11 tackles-for-loss, 2.5 sacks, two passes defensed, and one forced fumble. Professional career
On January 23, 2012, it was announced that <mask> would play in the 2012 Senior Bowl as a late addition. On January 28, 2012, <mask> played for Washington Redskins' head coach Mike Shanahan's South team that lost 23–13.<mask> attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana as a defensive tackle and performed all of the combine

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Malik Barron Jackson
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 drills. His overall performance was well received and he impressed scouts with a 4.91 in the 40-yard dash. On March 26, 2012, he attended Tennessee's pro day, along with Austin Johnson, Tauren Poole, and seven other teammates. <mask> opted to only perform positional drills for the 21 scouts and team representatives that attended. To prepare for the NFL, he put on 20 lbs since the end of the season and weighed in at 290 lbs at Tennessee's pro day. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a sixth or seventh round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the 18th best defensive end prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com.Denver Broncos
The Denver Broncos selected <mask> in the fifth round (137th overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. He was the 27th defensive linemen selected in 2012 and the second defensive linemen drafted by the Denver Broncos after Derek Wolfe (second round, 36th overall). 2012 season: Rookie year
On May 18, 2012, the Denver Broncos signed <mask> to a four-year, $2.31 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $213,612. Throughout his first training camp, <mask> competed against Robert Ayers, Derek Wolfe, Jeremy Beal, Ben Garland, Jamie Blatnick, and Jason Hunter for starting defensive end role. Head coach John Fox named him the backup right defensive end behind fellow rookie Derek Wolfe. On September 17, 2012, <mask> made his NFL debut during a 27–21 loss at the Atlanta Falcons. In the next game against the Houston Texans, he made his first career tackle on running back Arian Foster and stopped him for no gain during the third quarter of a 31–25 loss.<mask> finished his rookie year with

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 five combined tackles (three solo) in 14 games and no starts. He was inactive, as a healthy scratch, and missed the season-opener and a matchup against the San Diego Chargers in Week 6. The Broncos finished atop the AFC West in  with a 13–3 record and received a playoff berth and a first round bye. On January 12, 2013, <mask> played in his first NFL playoff game as the Broncos lost to the Baltimore Ravens 38–35 in overtime during the AFC Divisional round. 2013 season
<mask> entered training camp in competing for the starting left defensive end position left vacant after Elvis Dumervil departed for the Baltimore Ravens in free agency. Head coach John Fox named <mask> the backup defensive end behind starters Derek Wolfe and Robert Ayers to start the regular season. On September 23, 2013, <mask> recorded one tackle assist and was credited with half a sack on Oakland Raiders' quarterback Terrelle Pryor during their 37–21 victory.During a Week 5 matchup at the Dallas Cowboys, he two combined and earned his first career solo sack on quarterback Tony Romo as the Broncos won 51–48. In the next game against the Jacksonville Jaguars, <mask> recorded a season-high seven combined tackles and made a season-high two sacks on  quarterback Chad Henne during a 35–19 victory. On December 1, 2013, <mask> earned his first NFL start and made two combined tackles and forced a fumble in a 35–28 road victory against the Kansas City Chiefs. He remained the starting defensive end for the remainder of the season after Derek Wolfe was unable to return after dealing with seizure like symptoms throughout the season. <mask> finished his second professional season with 42 combined


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 tackles (30 solo), six sacks, four pass deflections, and a forced fumble in 16 games and five starts. The Broncos finished the season atop the AFC West with a 13–3 record. On January 12, 2014, <mask> made his first career postseason start and collected three solo tackles and a sack on San Diego Chargers' quarterback Philip Rivers in Denver's 24–17 victory in the AFC Divisional round.After defeating the New England Patriots, the Denver Broncos played the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII. <mask> started the game at defensive end and made five combined tackles and a pass deflection as the Broncos were routed by Seattle 43–8. 2014 season
<mask> entered the season the backup right defensive end behind Derek Wolfe after the Denver Broncos signed free agent DeMarcus Ware who was named the starting left defensive end. On December 7, 2014, <mask> recorded a season-high six solo tackles and sacked Kyle Orton during a 24–17 victory over the Buffalo Bills. <mask> finished his third season with 42 combined tackles (33 solo), three sacks, four pass deflections, and a forced fumble in 16 games and three starts. After finishing the season 12-4 and atop the AFC West, the Broncos went on to the AFC Divisional Playoffs. <mask> started the game and recorded four combined tackles as the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts 24–13.John Fox and General Manager John Elway mutually agreed the organization and Fox should part ways following the game. 2015 season
Throughout his first training camp under new head coach Gary Kubiak, <mask> competed against Antonio Smith and Vance Walker for the starting left defensive end role. Defensive Coordinator Wade Phillips


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 employed a 3-4 defensive scheme that moved DeMarcus Ware to outside linebacker, vacating his defensive end position. He was named the starting defensive end to start the season, alongside Vance Walker, who was replacing Derek Wolfe, while he served a four-game suspension. During Week 5 against the Oakland Raiders, <mask> recorded six combined tackles and sacked quarterback Derek Carr during a 16-10 road victory. Three weeks later, he collected two combined tackles, deflected a pass, and recorded the first safety of his career in a 29–10 victory over the Green Bay Packers. He made the safety after tackling tight end Richard Rodgers II in the end zone during the fourth quarter.He finished the season with a career-high 45 combined tackles (34 solo), seven pass deflections, five sacks, and a safety in 16 games and starts. The Broncos finished the season atop the AFC West with a 12–4 record. After defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots, the Broncos went on to play in Super Bowl 50. In the first quarter, <mask> recovered a fumble in the end zone by Cam Newton that was forced by linebacker Von Miller. The touchdown gave the Broncos an early 10–0 lead and <mask> went on to record five combined tackles in the Broncos' 24–10 victory over the Carolina Panthers. Jacksonville Jaguars
On March 9, 2016, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed <mask> to a six-year, $85.5 million contract with $31.5 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $10 million. 2016 season
Under head coach Gus Bradley, <mask> returned to a 4-3 defensive scheme and was named the starting defensive end to start the season.<mask> chose to wear No. 90 after he was unable to

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 receive No. 97 since it was already issued to Roy Miller. During Week 3 against the Baltimore Ravens, <mask> collected two combined tackles and recorded his first sack as a Jaguar on quarterback Joe Flacco in a 19–17 loss. The following week, he collected a season-high five combined tackles and deflected a pass during a 30–27 victory over the Indianapolis Colts. During a Week 12 matchup at the Buffalo Bills, <mask> made five combined tackles and sacked Tyrod Taylor twice in a 28–21 loss. On January 1, 2017, he recorded two solo tackles and made two sacks on Colts' quarterback Andrew Luck as the Jaguars lost 24–20.<mask> finished his first season with the Jaguars with 33 combined tackles (28 solo), 6.5 sacks, and four pass deflections in 16 games and starts. 2017 season
Offensive line coach Doug Marrone was hired as the new head coach and opted to maintain defensive coordinator Todd Wash and their 4-3 defense. Marrone chose to switch <mask> from defensive end to defensive tackle to start the 2017 season. He joined a stout defensive line that consisted of Yannick Ngakoue, Dante Fowler, Marcell Dareus, and was headed by Calais Campbell. They adopted the name "Sacksonville" and became one of the top defensive lines in the league. <mask> started in the season-opener at the Houston Texans and made three solo tackles, deflected a pass, and a sack during a 29-7 road victory. On December 19, 2017, <mask> was named to his first Pro Bowl.<mask> finished the 2017 season with three passes defensed, four forced fumbles, eight sacks, and 40 total tackles as the Jaguars finished with a 10–6 record and finished atop the AFC South. In the Wild Card Round against the


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 Buffalo Bills, <mask> started the game and recorded a sack and tackle in the 10–3 victory. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 86.4, which ranked 17th among all qualifying interior defensive linemen. 2018 season
When asked about his prediction for the Jaguars in 2018, <mask> stated that "I'm callin' it, 16-0. I don't think anybody can beat us as long as we stay healthy and do what we're supposed to do." During Week 4 against the New York Jets, <mask> made his first sack of the season when he sacked rookie quarterback Sam Darnold in the 31–12 win. Prior to the Week 11 matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he was benched as a result of his poor quality of play.Without <mask> starting, the Jaguars lost to the Steelers by a score of 20–16. During Week 16 against the Miami Dolphins, <mask> made his first sack in almost three months when he sacked Ryan Tannehill in the 17-7 road victory. In the regular-season finale against the Houston Texans the following week, he made a season-high 1.5 sacks in the 20-3 road loss. Ultimately, <mask>'s lofty predictions for the 2018 Jaguars to have a 16–0 record fell short when they lost to the Tennessee Titans in Week 3 by a score of 9–6. The Jaguars eventually finished the season with a 5–11 record and very far from <mask>'s goal. On March 8, 2019, <mask> was released by the Jaguars due to salary cap issues. Philadelphia Eagles
On March 13, 2019, <mask> signed a three-year $30 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles.During the season-opener against the Washington Redskins, <mask> suffered a foot injury. He was placed on injured reserve on September 10, 2019. On March 17, 2021, the Eagles released

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 <mask>. Cleveland Browns
<mask> signed with the Cleveland Browns on March 23, 2021. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Personal life
His twin brother, Marquis, was a defensive end at Texas Southern University and currently plays for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League. References

External links
 Jacksonville Jaguars bio
 Denver Broncos bio
 Tennessee Volunteers bio
 USC Trojans bio

1990 births
Living people
Players of American football from Los Angeles
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
USC Trojans football players
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Denver Broncos players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Twin people from the United States
Twin sportspeople
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Birmingham High School alumni
Cleveland Browns

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<mask>, 1st Viscount of Correia Botelho  (; 16 March 1825 – 1 June 1890), was a prolific Portuguese writer of the 19th century, having produced over 260 books (mainly novels, plays and essays). His writing is considered original in that it combines the dramatic and sentimental spirit of Romanticism with a highly personal combination of sarcasm, bitterness and dark humour. He is also celebrated for his peculiar wit and anecdotal character, as well as for his turbulent (and ultimately tragical) life. His writing, which is centred in the local and the picturesque and is in a general sense affiliated with the Romantic tradition, is often regarded in contrast to that of Eça de Queiroz – a cosmopolitan dandy and a fervorous proponent of Realism, who was <mask>'s literary contemporary in spite of being 20 years younger. In this tension between <mask> and Eça – often dubbed by critics the literary guerrilla – many have interpreted a synthesis of the two great tendencies present in the Portuguese literature of the 19th century. Allegations that he was initiated in Freemasonry in 1846, are somewhat contradictory as there are indications that, around the same time, during the Revolution of Maria da Fonte, he fought in favor of the Miguelists as "helper to the orders of the Scottish General Reinaldo MacDonell", who was active in the revived Order of Saint Michael of the Wing precisely to combat Masonry. Similarly, much of his literature demonstrates his ideals of legitimism and as a conservative and Catholic traditionalist.Biography
<mask> was born out of wedlock and orphaned in infancy, although his origins lay ultimately in Northern Portugal's provincial aristocracy (his father, Manuel Joaquim Botelho <mask> Branco, was the son of an illustrious household in the

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Camilo
Camilo
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Castelo


texts: environs of Vila Real, but lived in near-poverty due to the strict law of primogeniture which then largely excluded younger sons from inheritance). <mask> spent his early years in a village in Trás-os-Montes, where he was educated at home by three unmarried aunts. At the age of 13, he enrolled at the Catholic seminary of nearby Vila Real, where he was educated by Catholic priests. During his teenage years, he fell in love with the poetry of Luís de Camões and Manuel Maria Barbosa de Bocage, while Fernão Mendes Pinto gave him a lust for adventure. In spite of this interest in literature, and of his remarkable abilities in Greek and Latin, <mask> was a distracted student and grew up to be undisciplined and proud. From the age of 17 to his early 20s, he intermittently studied medicine and theology in Oporto and Coimbra and eventually chose to become a writer. After a spell of journalistic work in Oporto and Lisbon he proceeded to the episcopal seminary in Oporto in order to study for the priesthood.During this period <mask> wrote a number of religious works and translated the work of François-René de Chateaubriand. <mask> actually took minor holy orders, but his restless nature drew him away from the priesthood and he devoted himself to literature for the rest of his life. He was arrested twice; the first time for having unearthed the remains of his first wife (whom he had married at the age of 16, and who had died at 24) and the second due to his adulterous affair with Ana Plácido, who was married at the time. His first period of incarceration was short, apparently thanks to the intervention of Teixeira de Queiroz, an influential judge and, coincidentally, father of the renowned José Maria de Eça de Queiroz. During his second and longer incarceration he

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 wrote what most consider to be his best and most characteristic work Amor de Perdição. Later this phase of his life would also inspire him to write his Memórias do Cárcere (literally "Memories of Prison"), in which he describes the meanders of the then miserable and overcrowded prison of Relação, at the centre of Oporto, intertwined with intimate ramblings of the imagination and biographical fragments. <mask> was made a viscount (Visconde de Correia Botelho) in 1885 in recognition of his contributions to literature, and when his health deteriorated and he could no longer write, parliament gave him a pension for life.In 1886, he wrote "Esboço de crítica: Otelo, o Mouro de Veneza". Going blind (because of syphilis) and suffering from chronic nervous disease, <mask> <mask> committed suicide with a revolver in 1890, while sitting in his now-famous wooden rocking chair. Works
<mask> <mask> <mask> is probably the most prolific of all Portuguese writers, his work including novels, plays, verse, and essays. In addition, <mask> was the first Portuguese writer able to support himself financially from his writing alone. In all, his publications number about five hundred and sixty, but he is best known for his novels. Even though <mask> churned out a lot of work to pay the bills, he never lost his individuality. His familiarity with personalities allowed him to enliven his writing with a succession of memorable characters and Portuguese types, such as the "brasileiro" (a returned Portuguese emigrant who had made his fortune in Brazil), the old "Fidalgo" (nobleman) of the north of Portugal, and the Minho priest.<mask>'s novels may be divided into three periods. The first period comprises his romances of the imagination, of which Os Mistérios de Lisboa, in the

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 style of Eugène Sue, is a fair example. The second period includes his novels of manners, a style he developed and remained the chief exponent of until the appearance of O Crime de Padre Amaro by Eça de Queiroz. In these novels he combines realism and idealism, and perfectly captures the domestic and social life of Portugal in the early part of the 19th century. The third period embraces his writings in the realms of history, biography and literary criticism. Among these may be cited Noites de Lamego, Cousas leves e pesadas, Cavar em ruínas, Memórias do Bispo do Grão Pará and Boémia do Espírito. Among the most notable of his romances are O Romance de um Homem Rico, his favorite, Retrato de Ricardina, Amor de Perdição, the collection of novellas Novelas do Minho and A Brasileira de Prazins.Many of his novels are autobiographical, like Onde está a felicidade?, Memórias do Cárcere and Vingança. <mask> <mask> is an admirable story-teller, largely because he was a brilliant improvisatore, but he does not attempt character study. He has a richness of vocabulary probably unmatched in all Portuguese literature, often using obscure words. At the same time, few Portuguese authors have demonstrated so profound a knowledge of the vernacular tongue. Though nature had endowed <mask> with a poetic temperament, his verses are considered to be mediocre, while his best plays are cast in bold lines and contain powerfully dramatic situations, and his comedies are a triumph of the grotesque, with a mordant tone reminiscent of the work of Gil Vicente. Selected bibliography

 Anátema (1851)
 Os Mistérios de Lisboa (1854)
 A Filha do Arcediago (1854)
 Livro Negro de Padre Dinis (1855)
 A Neta do Arcediago (1856)
 Onde Está a Felicidade? (1856) (English title: Where Is

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<mask> (born August 5, 1990) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour and the European Tour. He has nine tournament victories on the PGA Tour, including one major championship, the 2018 Masters Tournament. He has also won two World Golf Championships, the 2014 WGC-Cadillac Championship and 2020 WGC-Mexico Championship. <mask> has represented the United States in Ryder Cup and Presidents Cup team competitions. Through his performances in the Ryder Cup, he has acquired the nickname "Captain America". Early life and amateur career
<mask> was born in 1990 in San Antonio, Texas. He graduated from University High School in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.While there, he won the 2006 Junior Open Championship and also qualified for the U.S. Amateur in 2007. <mask> led University High to state championships in 2006 and 2007, and also won the state medalist honors in 2007. He earned Rolex AJGA All-America honors in 2005, 2006, and 2007. <mask> started his college golf career in 2008 at the University of Georgia in Athens. While at Georgia, <mask> had an arrest for underage drinking and possessing a fake ID. He pleaded guilty to the misdemeanor and was put on probation, fined and sentenced to 60 hours of community service.After further issues that resulted in his dismissal from the team, he then left Georgia and enrolled at Augusta State University, where he majored in business. He helped lead Augusta State to NCAA Division I titles in 2010 and 2011. <mask> advanced to the semi-finals of the 2008 U.S. Amateur, where he lost 3&2 to eventual U.S. Amateur champion Danny Lee – the top-ranked amateur in the world. He won the 2010 Jones Cup Invitational. Professional career

2011
<mask> was 20 years old when he turned professional in 2011 after the NCAA Championship.In June, he played in his first PGA Tour event, the FedEx St. Jude Classic, where he

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 missed the cut. <mask> played two more events in 2011, earning just over $20,000. He played two events on the Nationwide Tour and earned just over $5,000. 2012
<mask> played in 12 events on the PGA Tour on sponsors exemptions and through Monday qualifying (six times). He made seven cuts and earned over $300,000. His best finish was T-11 at the Frys.com Open. He finished T-22 at the PGA Tour Qualifying Tournament, after entering at the First Stage, to earn his PGA Tour card for 2013.2013
<mask> picked up his first top-10 finish at the 2013 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am. On August 18, <mask> became the 12th first-time PGA Tour winner of the year with his victory at the Wyndham Championship in a playoff against Jordan Spieth. His win at Sedgefield Country Club also marked his third consecutive top-10 finish. 2014
At the 2014 Humana Challenge, <mask> set the PGA Tour record for most strokes under par after 54 holes. His rounds of 63-63-63, were 27-under-par. The tournament's first three rounds are played on three different courses. The previous record was 25-under-par, set by Gay Brewer at the 1967 Pensacola Open and tied by Ernie Els at the 2003 Mercedes Championships, Pat Perez at the 2009 Bob Hope Classic (the previous name of the Humana event) and Steve Stricker at the 2010 John Deere Classic.All four other players won those tournaments. It was also the first time in PGA Tour history that a player opened a tournament with three rounds of 63 or better. <mask> won the tournament by two strokes over Ryan Palmer. On March 9, <mask> won the WGC-Cadillac Championship at Trump National Doral in Miami, Florida. He earned $1.53 million with the one-shot win over Bubba Watson and Jamie Donaldson. <mask> became only the fifth golfer to earn three PGA Tour wins before his 24th birthday since 1990, joining Tiger Woods, Phil Mickelson, Rory McIlroy and

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 Sergio García. Jordan Spieth subsequently achieved that feat.<mask> is the youngest winner of a WGC event, and the victory also moved him to 20th in the Official World Golf Ranking. <mask> was also the first PGA Tour golfer to have three wins before playing in his first major, the 2014 Masters. Also in 2014, <mask> finished 5th at the Volvo World Match Play Championship. 2015
On January 12, <mask> won his fourth PGA Tour title at the Hyundai Tournament of Champions by defeating Jimmy Walker in a sudden death playoff. He became just the fourth player in the last two decades to win four times on the PGA Tour before his 25th birthday, the other three were Tiger Woods, Rory McIlroy, and Sergio García. The win moved <mask> to a career-best OWGR ranking of 14th. Also, he finished second at the Valspar Championship, third at the Hero World Challenge, and seventh at the Honda Classic.<mask> also joined the European Tour for the 2015 season. 2016
On August 28, <mask> won the first FedEx Cup playoff event, The Barclays played at Bethpage Black. This was his fifth victory on the PGA Tour and first FedEx Cup event win. He went into the final round in the last grouping, one stroke behind the leader Rickie Fowler. He carded a final round of one-under-par to take a one stroke victory over Emiliano Grillo and Sean O'Hair. The win vaulted <mask> to the top of the FedEx Cup standings from 7th position ahead of Jason Day. He also automatically qualified for the Ryder Cup team with this victory.After the second FedEx Cup playoff event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, <mask> extended his lead to 556 points over Day, with a top-10 finish. He finished third in the final FedEx Cup standings behind Dustin Johnson and FedEx Cup champion Rory McIlroy. 2017
On the final day of the PGA Championship, <mask> had three birdies on the back to get to within a shot of the lead,

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 but bogeyed the 18th after finding a fairway bunker off the tee and tied for second, two strokes behind winner Justin Thomas. 2018

Masters champion
<mask> shot 69–66 to lead the 2018 Masters Tournament by two strokes after two rounds. He followed up that performance with two eagles on the back nine for a 67 on Saturday. Entering the final round, he led the Masters by three strokes over Rory McIlroy. On Sunday April 8, 2018, McIlroy faltered and <mask> fought off the final round comeback bids of Jordan Spieth and Rickie Fowler to win the green jacket, shooting 71 (−1) for a tournament total of 273 (−15).<mask> moved up to No. 11 in the world rankings and collected a paycheck of $1.98 million. 2018 Ryder Cup
In September 2018, <mask> qualified for the U.S. team participating in the 2018 Ryder Cup. Europe beat the U.S. team 17 1/2 points to 10 1/2 points at Le Golf National outside of Paris, France. <mask> finished 1–2–0. He lost two fourball matches with Tiger Woods but won his singles match against Tyrrell Hatton. After the event, <mask> was enveloped in controversy.Late on Sunday September 30, 2018, Karen Crouse of The New York Times published an article with quotes from <mask>. In the article, <mask> questioned Jordan Spieth and U.S. captain Jim Furyk about the breakup of the previously successful <mask> Ryder Cup pairing. <mask> was quoted as saying "The issue's obviously with Jordan not wanting to play with me . . . I don’t have any issue with Jordan. When it comes right down to it, I don't care if I like the person I'm paired with or if the person likes me as long as it works and it sets up the team for success." <mask> also described the Ryder Cup pairing decision-making process as "a buddy system" that ignores the input of all but a few select players.<mask> also made it clear to Crouse that he lobbied Furyk to keep playing with Spieth,

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 his "first choice." He expected it and was blindsided when he found out Spieth was playing with Justin Thomas. <mask> told Crouse "For somebody as successful in the Ryder Cup as I am, I don't think it's smart to sit me twice." <mask> implied that Tiger Woods was his "second choice". He told Crouse that after he and Woods lost their first match against Tommy Fleetwood and Francesco Molinari, Woods apologized to <mask> for letting him down. <mask> said he told Woods, "We win together as a team and we lose together as a team." <mask> told Crouse that "very day [in the team room], I saw 'Leave your egos at the door,'".Referring to the Europeans, he added, "They do that better than us." There has been concern expressed that <mask>'s public flaming of his teammates and captain will negatively impact on his ability to play on future Ryder Cup and President Cup teams. 2019
In August 2019, <mask> won the Northern Trust at Liberty National Golf Club near New York City. This was the first leg of the 2019 FedEx Cup Playoffs. 2020
In February 2020, <mask> won his second World Golf Championship when he won the WGC-Mexico Championship at the Club de Golf Chapultepec. <mask> shot a final round 4-under 67 to win by one shot over Bryson DeChambeau. 2021
In January, <mask> won the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course in La Jolla, California.<mask> won by five strokes after a final round 4-under 68. In August, <mask> was admitted to hospital having been diagnosed with bilateral pneumonia which forced him to miss the first two FedEx Cup Playoff events. He returned to action in early September at the Tour Championship in the hope that by proving his fitness he might gain a captain's pick for the Ryder Cup; he finished the tournament in 25th place. When the 12-man USA team was announced by Steve Stricker the following week, <mask>, who had finished

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 11th in the points standings, was not selected. Controversies

Rules incidents and allegations of cheating
<mask> has been at the center of multiple rules incidents, dating back to his days in college golf at UGA and Augusta State, claims <mask> has vociferously denied. 2019 Hero World Challenge
Most notably, <mask> was heavily scrutinized for an infraction committed at the 2019 Hero World Challenge, where <mask>, then leading the tournament, twice moved sand behind his ball in a waste area, seemingly improving his lie, to which <mask> responded that he had not noticed the movement and cited his angle compared to that of the camera's for his lack of realization. <mask> ended up being penalized two strokes for improving his lie.He received heavy criticism for his actions and initial response, from players and commentators alike. 2021 Farmers Insurance Open
During the third round of the Farmers Insurance Open, <mask> obtained a free relief for an embedded ball in the rough on the tenth hole. As none of <mask>, his playing partners or the volunteers in the area had seen the ball bounce, <mask> had marked and picked up his ball to check the lie before a rules official arrived, and the official confirmed his entitlement to relief. Video showed that the ball had bounced once in the rough before coming to rest, leading some to question whether it could truly have been embedded. Despite the apparent controversy, tour officials later confirmed that <mask> had followed the correct procedure per the rules of golf. Personal life
<mask> married Justine Karain on December 21, 2012. She was his caddy for the qualifying rounds in La Quinta, California, where <mask> secured a PGA Tour card at Q-School, and during his first two years on tour.Since Justine's pregnancy and the birth of daughter Windsor-Wells, Kessler Karain—Justine's brother—has served as

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 <mask>'s caddy. <mask> has not spoken to his parents Bill and Jeannette <mask> or his younger sister Hannah since he married Justine in 2012. <mask> did not invite his parents or his sister to his wedding and only considers Justine's family close. <mask>'s family has continued to attend tournaments where he played, even after <mask> asked security to escort them out of the 2014 U.S. Open. Professional wins (9)

PGA Tour wins (9)

PGA Tour playoff record (2–2)

European Tour wins (3)

European Tour playoff record (0–1)

Major championships

Wins (1)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order in 2020. CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 8 (2019 U.S. Open – 2021 U.S. Open)
Longest streak of top-10s –  3 (2017 PGA – 2018 U.S. Open)

Results in The Players Championship

CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic

World Golf Championships

Wins (2)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order before 2015. 1Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
NT = no tournament
"T" = tied

U.S. national team appearances
Professional
Ryder Cup: 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018
Presidents Cup: 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners), 2019 (winners)

See also
2012 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates

References

External links

American male golfers
Augusta Jaguars men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
European Tour golfers
Winners of men's major golf championships
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
Olympic golfers of the United States
Golfers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Golfers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Golfers from San Antonio
Sportspeople from Harris County, Texas
People from Spring, Texas
1990 births
Living

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<mask>Mattie<mask> (July 1, 1857 – July 10, 1932) was a Utah State Senator, physician, Utah women's rights advocate, suffragist, polygamous wife, and a Welsh-born immigrant to the United States. Her family immigrated to the United States as converts to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and traveled West to settle in Utah territory with other Saints. She started working at the age of fourteen. At sixteen she enrolled in the University of Deseret, now called the University of Utah, receiving a Bachelors in Chemistry. From there she attended the University of Michigan and received her MD. She became the fourth of six wives in a polygamous marriage to Angus M<mask>, a prominent Latter-day Saint leader during the anti-polygamy crusade. <mask> exiled herself to Europe so she wouldn't have to testify against her husband.Upon returning to Utah, <mask> worked as a doctor and fought for women's rights. She helped put women enfranchisement into Utah's constitution when it was granted statehood in 1896. On November 3, 1896 <mask> became the first female State Senator elected in the United States, defeating her own husband, who was also on the ballot. <mask> <mask> was the author of Utah sanitation laws and was a founder and member of Utah's first State Board of Health. Biography

Early life
<mask> <mask> was born near Llandudno, Clwyd, Wales on July 1, 1857, the daughter of <mask> and Elizabeth Evans. She was known by the nickname "Mattie". The <mask> family were converts to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and emigrated to the United States with their two daughters, Mary Elizabeth and <mask>.They embarked from Liverpool, England on March 30, 1860, on the ship Underwriter and arrived in New York City, New York on May 1, 1860. Peter was very sick at the time and Elizabeth gave birth to their third child, Annie Lloyd. They stayed in New York to earn money to travel the plains to Utah territory. Erastus Snow, a Mormon

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 leader, invited the family to join a pioneer company funded by the LDS Church for the less fortunate. The family accepted the invitation and traveled by train to Florence, Nebraska, and left with The Joseph Horne Company on July 11, 1861. Shortly before the family's arrival in the Salt Lake Valley, on September 3, 1861, <mask>'s sister Annie Lloyd <mask> died and was buried in an unmarked grave. She was 21 months old.The Joseph Horne company arrived in the Salt Lake valley on September 13, 1861. Three days after they arrived in Salt Lake City, on September 17, 1861, <mask> died. <mask> was left a widow with two young daughters at the age of 28. Thirteen months later, Elizabeth married James Patten Paul, a widower with four sons, thereafter giving birth to the later Latter-day Saints university professor and newspaper editor <mask> Paul. After Elizabeth's marriage to James P. Paul, <mask>, at different times in her life, went by the surnames of both Paul and <mask>. Later in life, Paul encouraged <mask> to follow her dream of becoming a medical doctor. Education and career

At age fourteen, <mask> taught school for a year, but quit when she had trouble controlling her larger male students.Brigham Young asked <mask> to learn typesetting and she worked as an apprentice for Hyrum Perry. <mask> B. Wells and affiliated with the Mormon Relief Society. While working at the Women's Exponent, <mask> met Emmeline B. Wells and Eliza Snow. These two women were her mentors and encouraged <mask> in her aspiration to become a doctor.In an October 1873 General Conference address, Brigham Young encouraged women, specifically, to enter the medical field and become doctors. The same year, at age sixteen, <mask> enrolled in the University of Deseret as a pre-med major, working as a typesetter during the day while taking night classes. She graduated from the University of Deseret in 1878 with a degree in chemistry. On August 13, 1878, <mask> was one of four women set

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 apart for medical studies and practice by the LDS Church. President John Taylor and his counselor George Q<mask> set them apart. The other three women were Romania B. Pratt, Ellis R. Shipp, and Maggie Shipp. Pratt and Ellis Shipp had already received their medical degrees while Maggie Shipp and <mask> were heading out to earn theirs.Ellis R. Shipp and Maggie Shipp were plural wives of Milford Shipp. Maggie had been watching Ellis's children in the Utah Territory while Ellis earned her MD. Now as <mask> was heading to the University of Michigan for her MD, Maggie was taking her turn to become a doctor as well. <mask> started at the University of Michigan in the autumn of 1878. With limited funds, she spent her first year working in the student dormitories. During <mask>' second year she worked as a secretary for another student, Bethenia Owens-Adair. She graduated July 1, 1880, on her 23rd birthday.She briefly practiced medicine in Algonac, Michigan. In 1881 she moved to Philadelphia to take post-graduate courses at the Auxiliary Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania. <mask> was the only women out of 75 students. Additionally, <mask> took night classes to learn more about pharmaceuticals and enrolled at the National School of Elocution and Oratory. In 1882 she earned a Bachelors of Science from the University of Pennsylvania and a bachelor's degree in Oratory (B.O.) at the National School of Elocution and Oratory. At 25 <mask> had earned four degrees.<mask> returned to Salt Lake City, Utah and opened a private practice in a new wing of her old home built by her step-father. Soon after, she was called by LDS Church leaders to become the resident physician for the newly founded Deseret Hospital in 1882. As the Deseret Hospital's paid physician, <mask> set up training classes for nurses and lectures on obstetrics. Plural marriage and exile
While working at the Deseret Hospital, <mask> met a Mormon polygamist, Angus Munn <mask>, who was

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texts: the superintendent of the new hospital and a local official of the LDS Church. Mormon polygamy was a hot topic in Utah Territory. To the Mormons polygamy was sacred but to the rest of the United States it was offensive. In 1882 the Edmunds Act was passed by Congress making polygamy a felony punishable by a $500 fine and five years in prison.When <mask> married in the Mormon temple to Angus on October 6, 1884, becoming the fourth of his six plural wives, the marriage was kept secret as it was a religious ceremony rather than a legally binding contract. <mask>'s mother knew nothing of the ceremony. Still, rumors of her marriage to Angus brought pressure to the Deseret Hospital. <mask> <mask> was called to testify before the court, but <mask> eluded federal officers. Angus was also called to testify and after a court hearing, was sent to jail. <mask> joined the Mormon "underground" seeking to avoid providing federal marshals with proof of her plural marriage to Angus. She also feared being forced to provide testimony against others, based on information gathered through her obstetrical practice.<mask> found that she was pregnant after Angus was sent to jail. She had her first child, Elizabeth Rachel, while in hiding and with Angus still in captivity. Evading warrants in 1886, she decided to visit her mother's relatives in Europe and chose to exile herself from Utah territory. Only a few days before her departure, Angus married his fifth wife, Maria Bennion, who was six months younger than <mask>. <mask> and her baby, Elizabeth, traveled to New York and then to Europe. <mask> first stayed with her uncle in Birmingham. However, Elizabeth grew sick and <mask>, fearing for her daughter's life, moved to Wolverton near Stratford-upon-Avon to stay with other relatives.During <mask>'s self-exile, her letters to Angus show increasing jealousy and resentment of his new wife. <mask> wrote to Angus about Elizabeth's improving health also adding, "perhaps at

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 this very moment you are basking in the smiles of your young Maria." In 1887 Angus married Johanna Danielson, while <mask> was exiled in Europe, unable to return to Utah for fear of having to testify. Later that year Angus's son, Lewis, traveled to England while waiting for a passport for Switzerland to proselytize. <mask> met him and together they toured Wales, Paris, and Switzerland. However, <mask> was increasingly homesick, and in December 1887 left Liverpool on the SS Arizona bound for New York. To her surprise, Angus met <mask> and Elizabeth as they arrived.Recently published correspondence between <mask> and her husband during this period provides a window into 19th-century polygamous life in Utah and also on "the underground" just prior to the practice's abolition. It was a time when many polygamous families went into hiding to avoid legal pressures which threatened to sever polygamous families. As a suffragist

The Edmunds–Tucker Act was passed while <mask> was in exile. In an effort to limit Mormon religious leadership in government, the act disenfranchised women of the Utah territory who had been voting in elections since 1870. The women of Utah territory had previously enjoyed voting rights, and they began to rally together to fight for suffrage. After <mask> returned she became a leader in the Utah Women's Suffrage Association, giving speeches in Utah and traveling to suffrage conferences with Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. At the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, <mask> <mask> was featured as a speaker of the Women's Congress.She then traveled to Washington D.C. to give a status report to a congressional committee on women's suffrage work in Utah. In her fight for women suffrage, <mask> felt that education, freedom, and purpose were vitally important for mothers, stating:

She defended polygamy, believing wives in a polygamous marriage may in fact have more freedom than a monogamous marriage stating that if a

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 husband had more than one wife, that wife had freedom in the weeks her husband was away visiting his other wives. In February 1927, three decades after becoming the first women state senator of the United States, <mask> attended the 30th annual convention of the American Woman Suffrage Association in Washington D.C. Political career

After 1888, <mask> resumed her Salt Lake medical practice and taught nursing courses through a school established at Deseret Hospital. By 1896, a suffrage clause in the new state constitution had restored the right to vote to Utah women. In a heavily publicized election, <mask> was one of five Democrats running as "at large" candidates for state senator from Salt Lake County. Suffrage activist Emmeline B.Wells and <mask>'s husband Angus were among the Republicans running for the office. The five candidates with the largest quantity of votes were elected. On November 3, 1896, <mask> <mask> became the first woman elected as a state senator in the United States with 10,288 votes while her husband only received 8,054 votes. The couple reported that no relationship issues were produced from the election. <mask> introduced three bills in her first month in state senate. In consequence of her bill, an Act Providing for Compulsory Education of Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Citizens, Governor Heber Wells appointed <mask> to the board of directors for the school for the Deaf and Dumb. During her second term as State Senator, she drafted a bill for the building of a hospital at the Deaf and Dumb school.Her second bill was an Act to Protect the Health of Women and Girl Employees. The bill protected women and girls by requiring employers to give female employees something to rest on when they weren't serving customers. At the time nothing was provided and many female employees were left exhausted. Her last bill from her first month in office was an Act Creating a State Board of Health and Defining its Duties. <mask> also sponsored the

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texts: State's first pure food law. She fought against lobbyists trying to abolish the State Board of Public Examiners. The board was in charge of certifying the qualifications of doctors and midwives, preventing impersonators from potentially hurting patients.As a doctor, <mask> took personal interest in fighting against the lobbyists attempting to terminate an association that protected physicians. In 1898 at the invitation of officials of the National American Woman's Suffrage Association, two years after becoming the country's first woman state senator, <mask> spoke at the Seneca Falls 50th year celebration in Washington D.C. <mask> also testified before the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary of the positive effects of women's franchise in Utah. Twenty-two years later, women's suffrage was added as the 19th amendment to the United States Constitution. During the second half of her term in Utah's state senate, <mask> set up a commission that provided for regulations regarding contagious disease. She was appointed to the Board of Health by Governor Heber Wells, staying in the position until December 31, 1903. <mask> attempted to prohibit children not vaccinated from attending school in case of a disease outbreak. The Board of Health sent out vaccines; however, the Deseret News spread information that vaccines weren't safe.LDS Church leaders were divided on the subject. One apostle, Brigham Young Jr. was very vocal in his opinions, writing in the Deseret News about the evils of vaccinations. The influence of the Deseret News and Mormon religious leaders limited how many people were willing to be vaccinated. Disease grew rampant in the state of Utah, and the smallpox epidemic of 1898–1899 closed an entire town in Sanpete County. The epidemic <mask> tried to prevent began to spread through the state. To mitigate the effects of disease, <mask> eliminated communal cups attached to water fountains in Salt Lake valley. <mask>'s third child was born at the

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