texts: Bhushan the judges were "just affronted by the fact that somebody has dared to criticise them". Bhushan is opposed to the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. He is opposed to nuclear energy, and supported the People's Movement Against Nuclear Energy against establishment of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant. In August 2015, Bhushan filed a PIL in the Supreme Court against the alleged corruption and nepotism in the selection of lower court judges in the Delhi Judicial Services Examination conducted in October 2014. As a result of the PIL, the Supreme Court ordered that the  papers be checked by P. V. Reddi, a former SC judge and former Law Commission Chairman Justice.He subsequently recommended that 12 more judges should be inducted into the services. The Supreme Court has to issue guidelines for long-term systemic reform such as increasing transparency in the recruitment procedures. The Attorney General of India and the Government of India initiated contempt proceedings against advocate <mask> for his tweets on February 1, 2019 in relation to the hearings before the Supreme Court of India in the case involving appointment of CBI chief. Later, however, the Attorney General sought to withdraw the proceedings, indicating that the comments had been a "genuine mistake" by Bhushan. In August 2020, the Supreme Court of India held that Bhushan was guilty of contempt of court, in relation to two posts made by him on Twitter. The first post was a criticism of the role played by the previous four Chief Justices of India, and the second criticised the Chief Justice of India in relation to a photograph of him posing on a motorcycle without a mask while the Court was in lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic in India. Justice Arun Mishra, writing for the bench, held that these tweets were not just personal opinions, and that they tended to "shake the public confidence in the institution of judiciary".The proceedings were criticised widely by multiple former judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, including Supreme Court Justices Kurian Joseph, Ruma Pal,  G.S. Singhvi, A.K. Ganguly, Gopala Gowda, Aftab Alam, Jasti


type: original

texts:
 Chelameswar and Vikramjit Sen. Bhushan was also supported with statements published by senior advocates and civil servants. During the proceedings, the Attorney General of India had objected to the Supreme Court, noting that contempt proceedings required his consent, which had not been obtained in this case. The Supreme Court declined to hear him and initially published an order that did not record his appearance, although it was later amended to correct this error. On 31 August 2020, the Supreme Court fined him 1 for contempt of court, which he paid the same day. His anti-vaccine tweets and criticism of mask mandates has invited him heavy criticism from across the political spectrum in India.Team Anna and Jan Lokpal movement

In 2010, there were a series of anti-corruption demonstrations in India, after high-profile cases like Commonwealth Games scam and Adarsh scam were highlighted in the media. An anti-corruption crusade which included a demand for a Jan Lokpal Bill took place and became known as the India Against Corruption movement. <mask> <mask> was one of the several activists who participated in the anti-corruption crusade. In March, the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) invited Hazare, the most prominent leader of the movement, for talks. <mask> <mask> and his father Shanti <mask>, along with Swami Agnivesh and Kiran Bedi, accompanied Hazare to the meeting. Subsequently, in April 2011, Hazare nominated the Bhushans as members of the joint committee constituted to draft a final version of the Lokpal Bill. A few days after the committee began work, a CD was released that appeared to be a recording of conversation between Shanti <mask> and Amar Singh of the Samajwadi Party.The recording, related to 2G spectrum case, would discredit Shanti <mask>, if found to be genuine. <mask> <mask> stated that labs had shown the CD was doctored, and that its purpose was to obstruct the anti-corruption movement. Later, Singh claimed that Bhushan telephoned him and tried to stop him from talking, a charge which Bhushan denied. The committee met the government representatives several times to discuss the proposed bill.

masks: Prashant Bhushan Prashant Bhushan Bhushan Bhushan Bhushan Prashant Bhushan


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 <mask> <mask> stated that the Lokpal should have full autonomy and power to prosecute all public servants, and that this principle was non-negotiable. Team Anna activists disagreed with the government's attempt to keep the Prime Minister out of the Lokpal's purview. The government did not want the Lokpal to have the power to investigate the Prime Minister, the higher judiciary, the defence services, the CBI and the CVC and the conduct of MPs inside Parliament.The government's draft of the bill also excluded several other Lokpal powers proposed by Team Anna's draft such as the powers to tap phones. On 4 August 2011, the government's version of the Lokpal bill was tabled in the Lok Sabha. <mask> <mask> and other IAC activists criticised the bill as weak, stating that it would provide protection to the corrupt officials. Hazare staged a demonstration against the government's version of the bill, but was detained. The other activists, including <mask> <mask>, then organised peaceful protests across the country. Following a hunger strike by Hazare and more failed negotiations with the government representatives, a section of Team Anna activists led by Kejriwal and Bhushan decided to enter politics to pass the bill themselves. Himachal land controversy

In 2011, the Congress leader Digvijaya Singh alleged that the two Bhushans had failed to pay taxes due when they bought an investment property in Allahabad.<mask> denied the charge, calling it a "very organised and concerted attempt to smear members of the civil society in the Lokpal drafting committee with allegations". In a similar accusation, the former BJP Chief Minister, Prem Kumar Dhumal, had rejected those charges, defending the grant of relaxations to the educational trust. Kashmir issue controversy

In 2011, at a press conference in Varanasi, <mask> stated that he wanted the Armed Forces Special Powers Act to be revoked in Jammu and Kashmir. He added that the government should try to persuade the people of the Kashmir valley to align with India but that they should be allowed to separate if they wish to do so. On 12 October 2011, he was attacked by the

masks: Prashant Bhushan Prashant Bhushan Prashant Bhushan Bhushan Bhushan


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 members of Bhagat Singh Kranti Sena inside the Supreme Court complex, for these remarks. The group accused him of trying to break up India. He was dragged out of his chair, and repeatedly kicked and punched.Bhushan described his attackers as having a "fascist mindset" and stood by his statements. Several politicians and activists condemned the attack on <mask>, while some others criticised him. The Shiv Sena called for a police case to be registered against <mask>, accusing him of supporting the anti-national elements. Hazare distanced Team Anna from <mask>'s remarks, saying that these were his personal views. Political views

Bhushan had long been a critic of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. In 2012, he co-founded the Aam Aadmi Party, stating that the other political parties were corrupt. Bhushan accused BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate Narendra Modi of being corrupt and a "puppet" of Reliance Industries.He also accused RSS of supporting terror activities, and criticised BJP for its links with the RSS. Before the 2015 Delhi elections, <mask> accused party's chief Arvind Kejriwal of selecting candidates of his own choice. After the elections, on 4 March 2015, <mask> and Yogendra Yadav were voted out of Political Affairs Committee of Aam Aadmi Party for alleged anti-party activities and for working toward the party's defeat in the Delhi elections. Both <mask> and Yadav denied the charges. On 28 March 2015, they were dropped from the National Executive Council of the AAP following a vote, at a meeting the conduct of which was afterwards disputed by Bhushan. He and Yadav then formed a new political movement called Swaraj Abhiyan. In April 2015, they were expelled from the party by AAP's disciplinary committee.Personal life

<mask> <mask> is married to Deepa <mask>, a former lawyer. The couple has three sons

Bibliography

References

20th-century Indian lawyers
Living people
University of Allahabad alumni
Indian anti-corruption activists
1956 births
Former members of Aam Aadmi Party from Delhi
21st-century Indian politicians
Delhi politicians
People involved in the Citizenship Amendment

masks: Bhushan Bhushan Bhushan Bhushan Bhushan Bhushan Prashant Bhushan Bhushan


texts: <mask> (Neumann)  (165031 May 1680) was a German Reformed (Calvinist) Church teacher, theologian and hymn writer whose most famous hymn, Praise to the Lord, the Almighty, the King of Creation () has been described by John Julian in his A Dictionary of Hymnology "a magnificent hymn of praise to God, perhaps the finest creation of its author, and of the first rank in its class." Due to its popularity it was translated several times into English - Catherine Winkworth being one of the translators in the 19th century - and the hymn has appeared in most major hymnals. Neander wrote about 60 hymns and provided tunes for many of them. He is considered by many to be the first important German hymnist after the Reformation and is regarded as the outstanding hymn writer of the German Reformed Church. <mask> was born in Bremen, the son of a Latin teacher. His grandfather, a musician, had changed the family name from the original Neumann ('New man' in English) to the Graeco-Roman form Neander following the fashion of the time. After the death of his father, he could not afford to study at a famous university.He therefore studied theology in his hometown from 1666 to 1670. At first, his heart was not in it. It was only when he heard a sermon of Theodor Undereyk (shortly before the end of his course) that his beliefs became serious. In 1671 he became a private tutor in Heidelberg, and in 1674 he became a teacher in a Latin school in Düsseldorf, one step before becoming a minister. While living there, he liked to go to the nearby valley of the Düssel river, nature being the inspiration for his poems. He also held gatherings and services in the valley, at which he gave sermons. The Neandertal (originally Neanderthal, from German Thal for "valley," now

masks:
Joachim Neander
Joachim Neander


texts:
 spelled Tal, though both t and th represent a t-sound) was renamed in his honor in the early 19th century.In 1679, Neander became a pastor in Bremen, as his popularity with the common people had caused problems with the church administration in Düsseldorf. One year later, at the age of 30, he died of tuberculosis. Notable works

Being the first important hymn-writer of the German Reformed Church, Neander wrote his creations mostly at Düsseldorf. The minister and elders of the Reformed Church had complete control of the school at Düsseldorf. About July 1673 to about May 1677 the minister was Sylvester Lürsen (a native of Bremen, and a few years older than Neander), a man of ability and earnestness, but jealous, and, in later times at least, quarrelsome. Neander worked harmoniously alongside him at first, frequently preaching in the church and assisting in the visitation of the sick. But he soon introduced practices which inevitably brought on a conflict.He began to hold prayer meetings of his own, without informing or consulting the minister or elders; he began to absent himself from Holy Communion, on the grounds that he could not conscientiously commune along with the unconverted, and also persuaded others to follow this example; and became less regular in his attendance at the ordinary services of the Church. Besides these causes of offence, he drew out a new timetable for the school, made alterations on the school buildings, held examinations and appointed holidays without consulting anyone. The result of all this was a Visitation of the school on Nov. 29, 1676, and then his suspension from school and pulpit on Feb. 3, 1677. On Feb. 17 he signed a full and definite declaration by which "without mental reservations" he bound


texts:
 himself not to repeat any of the acts complained of; and thereupon was permitted to resume his duties as rector but not as assistant minister. The suspension thus lasted only 14 days, and his salary was never actually stopped. The statements that he was banished from Düsseldorf, and that he lived for months in a cave in the Neanderthal near Mettmann are therefore without foundation. Still his having had to sign such a document was a humiliation which he must have felt keenly, and when, after Lürsen's departure, the second master of the Latin school was appointed permanent assistant pastor, this feeling would be renewed.Creation of hymns

A number were circulated among his friends at Düsseldorf in MS., but they were first collected and published after his removal to Bremen, and appeared as:

 A und Ώ, <mask>i Glaub-und Liebesübung: — auffgemuntert durch ein fällige Bundes Lieder und Danck-Psalmen, Bremen, Hermann Brauer, 1680. Second edition, Bremen, 1683. Third edition, Bremen, 1687. The so-called third edition at Wesel, 1686, also found in Berlin, was evidently pirated. Other editions rapidly followed until we find the complete set (i.e., 57 or 58) formally incorporated as part of a hymnbook, e.g. in the Marburg Reformed Gesang-Buch, 1722, where the first part consists of Lobwasser's Psalter, the second of Neander's Bundeslieder, and the third of other hymns. Neander's Bundeslieder also form a division of the Lemgo Reformed Gesang-Buch, 1722.Fourth edition, Frankfurt, 1689. These editions contain 57 hymns. Fifth edition, Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1691, edited by G. C. Strattner, eight hymns were added as being also by Neander. The whole of these editions are in the Royal Library, Berlin. One of his favourites book used in the meetings


texts:
 conducted by G. Tersteegen, which in the fifth edition, Solingen, 1760, has the title Gott-geheiligtes Harfen-Spiel der Kinder Zion; bestehend in Joachimi Neandri sämtlichen Bundes-Liedern. In this way, especially in the district near Düsseldorf and on the Ruhr, Neander's name was honoured and beloved long after it had passed out of memory at Bremen. Further reading
 Helmut Ackermann: <mask>der.Sein Leben, seine Lieder, sein Tal. 3. erw. Aufl. Düsseldorf 2005, . Gerhard Dünnhaupt: "<mask> (1650–1680)". In: Personalbibliographien zu den Drucken des Barock, Bd. 4.Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1991, , pp. 2933–2936 (bibliography of his works and literature)
 Lore Esselbrügge: <mask>, ein Kirchenliederdichter des 17. Jhs. Diss. Marburg 1921. Andreas L. Hofbauer: Meine Taube / in den Felßlöchern / in dem Verborgene der Steinritzen / laß mich hören deine Stimme. <mask> <mask>.In: Dirk Matejovski, Dietmar Kamper, Gerd-C. Weniger (eds. ), Mythos Neanderthal, Frankfurt/New York 2001, . W. Nelle: <mask>, der Dichter der "Bundeslieder" und "Dankpsalmen". Hamburg 1904. <mask>der: Bundeslieder und Dankpsalmen von 1680 mit ausgesetztem Generalbaß von Oskar Gottlieb Blarr. (Schriftenreihe des Vereins für Rheinische rJoachim Neander: Bundes-Lieder und Dank-Psalmen. Facsimile reprint of the first edition, Bremen 1680, with studies by Thomas Elsmann and Oskar Gottlieb Blarr.Bremen: Schünemann 2009, 192, 34 pp. References

External links

  Hymnary entry for <mask>

1650 births
1680 deaths
German Baroque composers
Calvinist and Reformed hymnwriters
German classical composers
German male classical composers
German Protestant hymnwriters
German male writers
17th-century classical composers
German-language poets
People from Düsseldorf
17th-century male

masks:
Joachim Nean
Joachim Neander
Joachim Neander
Ad Joachim
Neander
Joachim Neander
Joachim Nean
Joachim Neander


texts:
<mask> (1632 – 7 June 1683) was an English businessman in the import/export and glass making trades. He is primarily known for his work in developing clear lead crystal glass (also known as flint glass) in England. Personal life
Little is known about <mask>'s personal life, character or appearance, though his father described him in his will as a responsible family man and an astute businessman. He was born in 1632, the second of five sons of Roman Catholic parents who hid their true faith and lived outwardly as Anglicans, and he was baptized in Alconbury Weston, Huntingdonshire, England, in April 1633. From 1643 to 1651 <mask> attended the English College in Douai, France to train for the priesthood, but he dropped out before finishing his training and returned to London by 1666. After settling in London and establishing a successful import/export business that made him wealthy, <mask> married Hellen Appleby, from Yorkshire, England, in 1670 or 1671 and had three children with her. In 1684 his widow subsequently married Sir Thomas Sheridan, Chief Secretary of State for Ireland (1687-1688).<mask> died on 7 June 1683 after suffering from "a palsy" and was buried in the Ravenscroft vault in the Church of St. John the Baptist in Chipping Barnet, North London, England. Today in Chipping Barnet a school, a park, a garden, and a road are called Ravenscroft, suggesting the importance of the <mask> family in the area at one time. Early career (1651–1666)
<mask>'s whereabouts and activities between 1651 and 1666 are unclear, though it is certain that he lived in Venice, Italy for at least some of this time working as a merchant and possibly learning glassmaking techniques that he would later bring back to England. At some point he established a successful import/export business in Venice with two of his brothers, Francis and James. Later career (1666–1683)

Background
<mask> moved to London by 1666 and continued working in the import/export business, trading goods such as currants, glass, and lace. There are differing accounts of <mask>'s role in the invention and subsequent development of lead crystal glass. This much

masks:
George Ravenscroft
Ravenscroft
Ravenscroft
Ravenscroft
Ravenscroft
Ravenscroft
Ravenscroft
Ravenscroft
Ravenscroft


texts: is generally accepted to be true: During the years <mask> lived in Venice (sometime between 1651 and 1666) he was involved in the glass trade, not as a craftsman but as a merchant, so he knew and associated with glassmakers in Italy.By the time <mask> moved back to England several glassmakers there had already started manufacturing glassware that attempted to mimic Italian cristallo, and <mask> decided to start his own glass-making business while still running his import/export business. It is likely that <mask> was the director and financier of his glassworks but not actively involved in the physical process of glass-making, a role likely to have been performed by one or more craftsmen in his employ, such as Italians Signor da Costa or Vincenzo Pompeio, or his English assistant Hawley Bishopp, who set up his own glassworks, in the Savoy area of London, after <mask>'s death. Ravenscroft's glassworks produced mainly drinking glasses but also made some bowls and posset pots. At this point the circumstances concerning <mask>'s role in lead crystal manufacture becomes less clear. This is partly because records from the mid-17th century are incomplete, but is also largely because <mask> was secretive about his ingredients and processes. There is proof that he was helped by Sir Robert Plot FRS, who suggested using flints from Oxfordshire river beds in place of dark grey London flints to the very expensive white flints from the river bed of the River Po in Italy as used in Murano. It is now believed that Dr Plot requested a sample of his powder which was described as being "fine and white".If he added lead oxide (in a red lead powder form), the powder would appear pale pink, so he may have deliberately have misled Dr Plot and his assistant sent to visit in Henley on Thames. He was probably careful to prevent competitors from copying him and also wished to agree a deal with the Worshipful Company of Glass Sellers of London Glass Sellers' Company, to which he gave exclusive rights to buy his creations at pre-determined prices in return for a grant to finance his Henley-on-Thames workshop, with two teams of glass

masks: Ravenscroft Ravenscroft Ravenscroft Ravenscroft Ravenscroft Ravenscroft Ravenscroft


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 blowers. There is some debate over how, when, and why <mask> was inspired to use lead in the production of glass. Some believe that he accidentally discovered that adding lead oxides to the glass mixture lent the final product special qualities, while others believe that he learned the technique in Venice. The use of lead in glass was known in Italy as proved by 12% lead being discovered in the white cameo layer of The Portland Vase, a famous Roman artefact in the British Museum Others point out that the process was documented in an Italian book, L'Arte Vetraria, written by Antonio Neri in 1612 was translated into English by Christopher Merret in 1662. Whatever the origin of the idea, <mask> believed that he had a unique product to offer the English market, so he applied to King Charles II for a patent in 1674 to establish his right to be sole manufacturer of lead crystal glass in England. He produced lead crystal glass for a period of only five years, dissolving his manufacturing business in 1679.His patent expired in 1681. In 1680 he became associated with the Vauxhall glassworks, working with the company until his death in 1683. Ravenscroft’s Lead Crystal Glass

Ravenscroft's glass works were set up in two locations, the primary facility being established in Savoy, London in 1673 and a secondary, temporary facility set up between 1674 and 1675 in Henley-on-Thames. Early Ravenscroft glass (1674–1676) typically suffered from crizzling (gradual, unstoppable deterioration characterized by numerous cracks, making the glass look cloudy), within 1 to 2 years, because of impurities in the glass-making mixture - excessive alkaline salts or insufficient amounts of lime, which acts as a stabilizer, have been suggested as possible causes. No early pieces are known to still exist. The "crizzling" damaged the reputation of the company, and <mask> and his team worked to fix the problem. <mask> announced in 1676 that the "crizzling" problem had been resolved and that the new, improved glass vessels would bear a raven's head seal to distinguish them from earlier, faulty pieces.A small number (less than twenty) of glass

masks: Ravenscroft Ravenscroft Ravenscroft Ravenscroft


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 vessels bearing the raven's head seal exist today, some of which have crizzled and some of which have not. More pieces created by <mask> may exist, but in the absence of the raven's head seal, which he stopped using in about 1677, or any descriptions or drawings of his designs, it is difficult to positively attribute particular pieces to him. Some pieces thought to strongly resemble <mask>'s work bear an "S" seal; some have suggested that the "S" stands for "Savoy", Ravenscroft's main production facility, while others tentatively suggest that the "S" might stand for "Southwark, indicating that the glass may conceivably have been made by John Bowles and William Lillington at their South London glass works across the river. There may be around forty glass items made by <mask> using his new lead recipe, but less than twenty with the raven's seal. The addition of lead oxide to the raw ingredients of glass resulted in a melted mixture that had a lower viscosity than ordinary glass, which had the advantage of being less likely to contain air bubbles. This made it easier to blow giving it a "working time" of about two minutes without re-heating, and made it particularly suitable for blowing into moulds. Lead glass has a higher refractive index, making its appearance sparkling, bright, and brilliant in light.It "rings" when struck. Legacy
It is not known why <mask> decided to sever his ties with the London Glass Sellers' Company and leave the glass-making business in 1679 (his strong Roman Catholic beliefs might have made him unpopular), but his style of lead crystal glass became fashionable in England and within 20 years of his patent some 100 glass makers in England were producing lead crystal glass. <mask> did not "invent" lead crystal glass, as others had already discovered the advantages of adding lead oxide to glass, but he did improve the process. More than a dozen of <mask>'s pieces are known to exist (see table below), and the "robust simplicity" of his designs is still admired. See also
Glass
Lead glass
Crystal glass
Glass production

References

1632 births
1683 deaths
English College, Douai alumni
English

masks: Ravenscroft Ravenscroft Ravenscroft Ravenscroft Ravenscroft Ravenscroft


texts: <mask> (June 8, 1903 – January 27, 1996) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a Texas Democratic politician who served in the United States Senate from 1957 to 1971 and was a leader of the progressive wing of his party. Along with Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson and Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn, but unlike most Southern congressmen, <mask> refused to support the 1956 Southern Manifesto, which called for resistance to the racial integration of schools and other public places. Yarborough voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court. Yarborough was the only senator from a state that was part of the Confederacy to vote for all five bills. Born in Chandler, Texas, <mask> practiced law in El Paso after graduating from the University of Texas School of Law. He became an assistant to Texas Attorney General James V. Allred in 1931 and specialized in prosecuting major oil companies.Allred was later elected governor of Texas and appointed <mask> to a judgeship in Travis County. After serving in the United States Army during World War II, <mask> repeatedly ran for governor, opposing the conservative faction of Democrats led by Allan Shivers. Price Daniel resigned from the Senate after winning the 1956 gubernatorial election, and <mask> won the special election to serve the remainder of Daniel's term. He won election to a full term in 1958 and was reelected again in 1964, defeating Harris County Republican Party Chairman George H. W. Bush in the latter race. Yarborough was known as "Smilin' <mask>" and used the slogan "Let's put the jam on the lower shelf so the little people can reach it" in his campaigns. He staunchly supported the "Great Society" legislation that encompassed Medicare and Medicaid, the War on Poverty, federal support for higher education and veterans, and other programs. He also co-wrote the Endangered Species Act and was the most powerful proponent of the Big Thicket National

masks:
Ralph Webster Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Ralph


texts:
 Preserve.<mask> criticized the Vietnam War and supported Robert F. Kennedy in the 1968 presidential election until the latter's assassination. In 1970, Yarborough lost re-nomination to fellow Democrat Lloyd Bentsen, who campaigned as relatively more conservative. <mask> attempted to win the 1972 Democratic primary for Texas's other Senate seat, but lost the primary to Barefoot Sanders. <mask> did not seek public office after 1972. Early life
Yarborough was born in Chandler in Henderson County west of Tyler, the seventh of nine children of Charles Richard Yarborough and the former Nannie Jane Spear. He was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1919 but dropped out to become a teacher. Yarborough instead attended Sam Houston State Teachers College and transferred to the University of Texas at Austin.<mask> graduated from the University of Texas Law School in 1927 and practiced law in El Paso until he was hired as an assistant attorney general in 1931 by the state Attorney General and later Governor James V. Allred. From 1923 to 1926 he served with the 36th Infantry Division of the Texas Army National Guard, reaching the rank of Staff Sergeant. After attending teaching school he taught for three years in Delta County and Martin Springs. He spent one year working and studying foreign trade and international relations in Europe, mostly as assistant secretary for the American Chamber of Commerce in Berlin, Germany. Yarborough was an expert in Texas land law and specialized in prosecuting major oil companies that violated production limits or failed to pay oil royalties to the Permanent School Fund for drilling on public lands. He earned renown for winning a million dollar judgment against the Mid-Kansas Oil and Gas Company for oil royalties, the second largest judgment ever in Texas at the time. After Allred was elected governor, he appointed Yarborough judge of the 53rd Judicial District serving Travis County, the county seat of which is Austin.<mask> was elected to a four-year term later the same year. Yarborough's first run for state office resulted in a third-place

masks: Yarborough Yarborough Yarborough Yarborough Yarborough


texts:
 finish in the Democratic primary for state attorney general in 1938 against the sitting lieutenant governor. Yarborough served in the U.S. Army during World War II after 1943 and achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel. Before being elected a senator, <mask> served on the Lower Colorado River Authority's board of directors and lectured on land law at University of Texas School of Law in 1935. He also served as a presiding judge for the Third Administrative Judicial District of Texas. From 1947 to 1951 he was a member of the Texas Board of Law Examiners. Political rise

Running for governor
Yarborough was urged to run again for state attorney general in 1952, and he planned to do so until he received a personal affront from Governor Allan Shivers who told him not to run.Texas Secretary of State John Ben Shepperd resigned in the spring of 1952 and was elected attorney general that year. He served two two-year terms. Angered at Shivers, <mask> ran in the gubernatorial primaries in 1952 and 1954 against the conservative Shivers, drawing support from labor unions and liberals. <mask> denounced the "Shivercrats" for veterans' fraud in the Texas Veterans Land Board of the Texas General Land Office and for endorsing in 1952 and 1956 the Republican Eisenhower/Nixon ticket, instead of the Democrat Adlai Stevenson of Illinois. Shivers portrayed Yarborough as an integrationist supported by communists and unions. The 1954 election was particularly nasty in its race-baiting by Shivers as it was the year that Brown v. Board of Education was decided, and Shivers made the most of the court decision in order to play on voters' fears. Yarborough, however, nearly upset Shivers.In 1956, <mask> made it to the primary runoff for governor against U.S. Senator Price Daniel. Texas historian J. Evetts Haley ran in the primary to the political right of both Daniel and <mask> but lost. After being endorsed by former opponent and former Governor W. Lee O'Daniel, and making aggressive attacks on the Shivers-backed candidate, <mask> looked to win the runoff, but instead he trailed Daniel by about nine thousand votes. It is

masks: Yarborough Yarborough Yarborough Yarborough Yarborough Yarborough


texts:
 believed (by Yarborough, his supporters, and biographer) that the election was stolen because of irregular voting in East Texas and that <mask> really won the runoff by thirty thousand. Nevertheless, Yarborough's runs for governor had raised his stature and popularity in the state as he had been campaigning for six straight years for office. Becoming a senator
When Daniel resigned from the Senate in 1957 to become governor, <mask> ran in the special election to fill the empty seat.With no runoff then required, he needed only a plurality of votes to win. Ironically, his many runs for governor made him the best positioned candidate. <mask> won the special election with 38 percent of the vote to join fellow Texan Lyndon B. Johnson in the Senate. The runner-up in the race with 30 percent of the vote was U.S. Representative Martin Dies, Jr., known for his investigations into communist infiltration. A Republican lawyer from Houston, Thad Hutcheson, ran third with 23 percent of the ballots cast. James Boren served as <mask>'s campaign manager and chief of staff. In office, <mask> was a very different kind of Southern senator.He did not support the Southern Manifesto opposing integration and supported national Democratic goals of more funding for health care, education, and the environment. Himself a veteran, he worked to expand the G.I. Bill to Cold War veterans. <mask>'s first major legislative victory was the successful passage of the National Defense Education Act of 1958, which began federal funding of loans and grants to universities and their students. In 1958, <mask> easily defeated in the Democratic primary the conservative William A. Blakley, a millionaire businessman from Dallas who was backed by Daniel. Blakley had been the interim senator from January to April 1957 but did not run in the special election in which Yarborough defeated Dies and Hutcheson. Instead Blakley was appointed senator again in 1961 and ran in another special election, only to be defeated by the Republican John Tower.In the nationally Democratic year of 1958, <mask> cruised to victory in the general election over the

masks:
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Ralph Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough


texts:
 Republican nominee, publisher Roy Whittenburg of Amarillo. During his first full term, <mask> worked for a bill signed by President John F. Kennedy to designate Padre Island as a national seashore. While serving in the senate he was a member of the Interparliamentary Union Group from 1961 to 1970 and a member of the board of directors of Gallaudet College from 1969 to 1971. Assassination of John F. Kennedy and later Senate career

November 1963
Yarborough rode in the Dallas motorcade in which John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. He was in a convertible with Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Lady Bird Johnson (who sat between Yarborough and Johnson), United States Secret Service agent Rufus Youngblood, and Hurchel Jacks of the Texas State Highway Patrol. From the start of the President's tour of Texas, Yarborough considered that he had been slighted by some of the arrangements and so, in the early stages, refused to ride with Johnson, despite repeated pleas by Youngblood. His decision, underpinned by a long-standing feud with Governor Connally,  an old friend and erstwhile ally of Johnson, caused embarrassment to both the President and Vice President and drew considerable diversionary attention in the press.According to Johnson, Kennedy considered <mask>'s behavior "an outrage" and there is some evidence of a heated exchange between Kennedy and Johnson the night before the President's death. According to Johnson's biographer, Robert Caro, the following morning in Fort Worth, Kennedy intervened directly with <mask>, making clear that, if he valued his friendship, he would ride with Johnson when the party reached Dallas. Then, during the short flight from Fort Worth, Kennedy persuaded Connally to give <mask> a more prominent role in some of the later functions planned in Austin. In the ensuing motorcade, the car carrying <mask> and the Vice President was two cars behind the presidential limousine carrying Kennedy and Connally (who was seriously wounded during the attack on the President). In a later interview, Yarborough called the event, "the most tragic event of my life."


texts:
 Shortly after Johnson became president, <mask> telephoned him in conciliatory and supportive terms. Re-election to Senate
In 1964, <mask> again won the primary without a runoff and went on to general election victory with 56.2 percent in LBJ's 1964 Democratic landslide.His Republican Party (GOP) opponent was future president George H. W. Bush, who attacked <mask> as a left-wing demagogue and for his vote in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. <mask> denounced Bush as an extremist to the right of that year's GOP nominee for president Barry M. Goldwater and as a rich easterner and a carpetbagger trying to buy a Senate seat. It has since been learned that then-Governor Connally was covertly aiding Bush, instead of party nominee Yarborough, against President Johnson's wishes, by teaching Democrats the techniques of split ticket voting. In the same election, Connally defeated Bush's ticket-mate, Jack Crichton. In 1967, Yarborough was the first U.S. Senator to introduce the first bilingual education act. Although <mask> supported Johnson's domestic agenda, he went public with his criticism of Johnson's foreign policy and the Vietnam War after Johnson announced his retirement.<mask> supported Robert F. Kennedy until his assassination, then supported Eugene McCarthy until his loss in Chicago, and finally backed Hubert Humphrey for president in the pivotal campaign of 1968 against Nixon. In 1969, Senator <mask> became chairman of the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Defeat
In 1970, South Texan businessman and former Congressman Lloyd Bentsen won a 54 to 46 percent upset victory against <mask> in the Democratic primary, when <mask> was focusing on the expected second general election again against Bush. Bentsen played on voters' fears of societal breakdown and urban riots and made an issue of <mask>'s opposition to the Vietnam War. Bentsen said that Yarborough was a political antique. Said Bentsen, "It would be nice if <mask> would vote for his state every once in a while." Bentsen went on to win the general election against Bush.In 1972, <mask> made a comeback effort to win the

masks:
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Ralph Yarborough
Ralph Yarborough


texts:
 Democratic nomination for U.S. Senator as a challenger of Republican Senator John Tower, who as a young man had once circulated <mask>orough stickers. <mask> won the first round of the primary and came within 526 votes of winning the primary without the need for a runoff. <mask> again made accusations of vote fraud from the conservative wing. He lost in the primary runoff to a former U.S. Attorney, Barefoot Sanders, in an anti-incumbent sweep after the Sharpstown Bank-stock Scandal despite neither being an incumbent nor involved at all with the scandal. From 1973 to 1974 he served as a member of the Constitutional Revision Commission of Texas. From 1983 to 1987 he served as a member of the State Library and Archives Commission of Texas.He practiced law in Austin from 1971 until his death in 1996. Death

<mask> died in 1996 in Austin. He is interred at the Texas State Cemetery there beside his wife, the former Opal Warren (1903–2002), a native of Murchison in Henderson County, Texas. The Texas State Cemetery is sometimes called "the Arlington of Texas." <mask> left a legacy in the modernization of the state of Texas and achieved political power when Texas had a native son, Lyndon Johnson, in the White House. He was combative with the dominant industries of oil and natural gas and pushed for the petroleum industry to pay a greater share of taxes. Their son, Richard Warren Yarborough, a lawyer since 1955, died on March 5, 1986, at age 54.<mask> and his wife Opal were survived by three grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Legacy
Yarborough was one of the last of the New Deal Democrats and powerful liberals in Texas state politics. (He was followed by more conservative senators such as Lloyd Bentsen and Republican Phil Gramm). Yarborough is remembered as the acknowledged "patron saint of Texas liberals." Supporters and former aides that have since risen to prominence include Jim Hightower, Ann Richards, and Garry Mauro. The University of Texas at Austin Press published a biography titled, <mask><mask>: The People's Senator, by Patrick L. Cox. It features a foreword written by liberal

masks:
Ralph Yarb
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Yarborough
Ralph
Ralph W
. Yarborough


texts:
 Senator Edward Kennedy (D-MA).The Yarborough Branch of the Austin Public Library was named in <mask>'s honor. In October 1966, Yarborough introduced Senate Bill 5–3929 to establish a 75,000-acre national park to preserve the remaining natural and undisturbed areas of  the Big Thicket in southeast Texas. Due in part to opposition from the lumber industry in the region, as well as vague and disputed definitions of what and where the Big Thicket actually was, it took seven years and another 27 Big Thicket bills until Congress established the Big Thicket National Preserve in 1974. Yarborough was well known for his commitment to science. He favored the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and in 1957 was on a subcommittee that began the investigation that resulted in NASA's creation. The following year, <mask> voted in favor of the National Aeronautics and Space Act, citing the impact he believed the agency could have on his hometown of Houston. Yarborough advocated more education in science and technology in schools throughout the country.In his biography, he wrote, "NASA helped push ahead progress in technology. The country's schools should be oriented towards developing technology and teaching science." References

External links

Photographs of <mask>, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
East Texas historical newspaper column

 “Eyes on the Prize; Interview with <mask><mask>"  1986-05-15, American Archive of Public Broadcasting

1903 births
1996 deaths
Texas state court judges
United States senators from Texas
Texas Democrats
Texas lawyers
American anti–Vietnam War activists
Witnesses to the assassination of John F. Kennedy
United States Army personnel of World War II
University of Texas School of Law alumni
Sam Houston State University alumni
Politicians from Austin, Texas
Politicians from El Paso, Texas
People from Henderson County, Texas
Military personnel from Texas
Burials at Texas State Cemetery
Democratic Party United States senators
Texas National Guard personnel
United States Army colonels
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American

masks:
Ralph Yarborough
Yarborough
Ralph Yarborough
Ralph W
. Yarborough


texts:
is a Japanese professional boxer who has held the OPBF featherweight title since 2017. As an amateur, he won the bronze medal in the men's bantamweight division at the 2012 Olympics. Personal career
He is currently an employee of a children’s clothing maker, Miki House. He was Second lieutenant in the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force in 2012, and was affiliated with his alma mater, Komazawa University in 2008. Amateur boxing career
<mask> started boxing at a gym in Kurashiki, Okayama in the third grade of junior high school. 2008 Summer Olympics
He competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics at featherweight (– 57 kg) but lost his first bout 9–12 to Yakup Kılıç. He was not happy about the judgement, and turned down the offers to sign professional contracts in order to win a medal at the Olympics.He secured the bronze medal in the featherweight division in the 2009 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships in Zhuhai, China, and won the National Sports Festival of Japan in the lightweight division to become a three-division champion of that title in the same year. In January 2010, he had surgery on the shoulder injury that has plagued him for years, and won the regional round of the National Sports Festival all by RSC in the lightweight division. Only one week after that, he moved down in weight class to the bantamweight division because the featherweight division has been removed in the AIBA events for the 2012 Summer Olympics since September 2010, and participated in the Asian Games, but lost in the quarterfinals. 2012 Summer Olympics
<mask> qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics in the bantamweight division. He beat Isaac Dogboe 10-9, then was initially declared the loser in his second fight by Magomed Abdulhamidov of Azerbaijan due to controversial judging and refereeing. At the beginning of the third round, he was trailing

masks: Shimizu Shimizu


texts:
 Abdulhamidov by 7 points; however, in the last 2 minutes of that round, Abdulhamidov began to tire. <mask> repeatedly knocked his opponent down, 6 times in total.AIBA officially overturned the ruling after an appeal by the Japanese Coach stating that Abdulhamidov should have been given at least 3 warnings and therefore disqualified. <mask> defeated Algeria's Mohamed Ouadahi 17–15 in the quarter-finals but lost to Great Britain's Luke Campbell 20–11 in the semi-finals which won him the bronze medal. It was Japan's first men's boxing medal since 1968. <mask> made a significant contribution to Japan's 2012 Olympic boxing team as an icebreaker. However, the medal was lost in spring 2013. He decided to join APB (AIBA Pro Boxing) for the right to fight for the gold at the 2016 Summer Olympics. So, he retired from the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, and entered Miki House in April 2014.Professional boxing career

Early career
<mask> decided to turn professional after failing to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics. He began training at the Ohashi Boxing Gym, and acquired his professional boxing license on July 29, 2016. <mask> made his professional debut against In Kyoo Lee on September 4, 2016, on the undercard of the WBO super-flyweight title bout between Naoya Inoue and Petchbarngborn Kokietgym. He won the fight by a fifth-round knockout, flooring Lee with a left hook to the body, which prompted his corner-men to throw in the towel. Prior to the knockout, Lee was knocked down in both the second and fourth rounds. <mask> faced the 6–3 Carlo Demecillo in his second professional appearance, which took place on the undercard of the December 30, 2016, WBO super-flyweight title bout between Naoya Inoue and Kohei Kono. He won the fight by a third-round knockout, stopping Demecillo with a right hook to the jaw.<mask> was next

masks: Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu


texts:
 scheduled to face Takuya Yamamoto on May 21, 2017. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. OPBF featherweight champion
<mask> was booked to challenge the reigning OPBF featherweight champion Sa Myung Noh on October 2, 2017. The title fight was scheduled as the main event of the "61st Phoenix Battle", which took place at the Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan. He captured the belt with a fifth-round knockout of Noh. <mask> pressured Noh from the outset of the fight and knocked him down it the fourth. Although he was unable to finish him in that round, he managed to do so at the 1:54 minute mark of the very next round.<mask> made his first title defense against Eduardo Mancito on December 30, 2017, on the undercard of the Naoya Inoue and Yoan Boyeaux WBO super-flyweight title bout. He knocked Mancito down with a right hook in the first round and dropped him twice more in the seventh round, before finally finishing the Filipino challenger with a right hook at the 2:08 minute mark of the seventh round. <mask> made his second title defense against Kyung Min Kwon on March 26, 2018, in his return to the Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan, where he first won the belt. He first knocked Kwon down with a left straight in the sixth round, before forcing the referee to wave the fight off with a flurry of punches in the eight round. <mask> made his third title defense against the 16–3–1 Shingo Kawamura on August 17, 2018. He won the fight by a fourth-round knockout. <mask> first staggered Kawamura with a left straight, before knockoing him out with a strike to the body.<mask> made his third title defense against the undefeated Takuya Uehara on December 3, 2018, in the main event of "66th Phoenix Battle". He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. <mask> was booked to challenge the reigning WBO Asia Pacific

masks: Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu


texts:
 super-featherweight champion Joe Noynay on July 12, 2019, on the Rob Brant vs Ryota Murata II undercard, at the Edion Arena in Osaka, Japan. Despite coming into the fight as a favorite, <mask> suffered an upset stoppage loss. <mask> was knocked down twice in the first round and failed to recover in the remaining five rounds, as he lost the fight by a sixth-round technical knockout. <mask> made his fifth OPBF featherweight title defense against Kyohei Tonomoto on July 16, 2020, after a year-long absence from the sport. He won the fight by a seventh-round technical knockout.<mask> was booked to face the WBO Asia Pacific featherweight champion Musashi Mori in his sixth title defense on May 21, 2021. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Two of the judges scored the fight 118–110 in his favor, while the third judge scored the fight 116–112 for <mask>. <mask> vacated the WBO Asia Pacific title on November 26, 2021, six months after he had won it. Professional boxing record

See also
List of Olympic medalists in boxing
List of 2012 Summer Olympics medal winners
2012 Asian Boxing Olympic Qualification Tournament
Controversies at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics

References

Video references

External links

AIBA INTERNATIONAL BOXING ASSOCIATION  biographies
<mask> <mask>'s boxing stats by the AIBA

1986 births
Olympic boxers of Japan
Living people
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force personnel
Featherweight boxers
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in boxing
Boxers at the 2010 Asian Games
Boxers at the 2014 Asian Games
Sportspeople from Okayama
Komazawa University alumni
Olympic bronze medalists for Japan
Olympic medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Japanese male boxers
Asian Games bronze medalists for

masks: Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Shimizu Satoshi Shimizu


texts:
<mask> (18 March 1796 – 1 April 1863) was a Swiss mathematician who worked primarily in geometry. Life

<mask> was born in the village of Utzenstorf, Canton of Bern. At 18, he became a pupil of Heinrich Pestalozzi and afterwards studied at Heidelberg. Then, he went to Berlin, earning a livelihood there, as in Heidelberg, by tutoring. Here he became acquainted with A. L. Crelle, who, encouraged by his ability and by that of Niels Henrik Abel, then also staying at Berlin, founded his famous Journal (1826). After <mask>'s publication (1832) of his Systematische Entwickelungen he received, through Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, who was then professor at Königsberg University, and earned an honorary degree there; and through the influence of Jacobi and of the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt a new chair of geometry was founded for him at Berlin (1834). This he occupied until his death in Bern on 1 April 1863.He was described by Thomas Hirst as follows:
 "He is a middle-aged man, of pretty stout proportions, has a long intellectual face, with beard and moustache and a fine prominent forehead, hair dark rather inclining to turn grey. The first thing that strikes you on his face is a dash of care and anxiety, almost pain, as if arising from physical suffering—he has rheumatism. He never prepares his lectures beforehand. He thus often stumbles or fails to prove what he wishes at the moment, and at every such failure he is sure to make some characteristic remark." Mathematical contributions

<mask>'s mathematical work was mainly confined to geometry. This he treated synthetically, to the total exclusion of analysis, which he hated, and he is said to have considered it a disgrace to synthetic geometry if equal or higher results were obtained by analytical geometry methods. In his own field he surpassed all his contemporaries.His investigations are distinguished by their great generality, by the fertility of his resources, and by the rigour in his proofs. He has been considered

masks:
Jakob Steiner
Steiner
Steiner
Steiner


texts: the greatest pure geometer since Apollonius of Perga. In his Systematische Entwickelung der Abhängigkeit geometrischer Gestalten von einander he laid the foundation of modern synthetic geometry. In projective geometry even parallel lines have a point in common: a point at infinity. Thus two points determine a line and two  lines determine a point. The symmetry of point and line  is expressed as projective duality. Starting with perspectivities, the transformations of projective geometry are formed by composition, producing projectivities.<mask> identified sets preserved  by projectivities such as a projective range and pencils. He is particularly remembered for his approach to a conic section by way of projectivity called the <mask> conic. In a second little volume, Die geometrischen Constructionen ausgeführt mittels der geraden Linie und eines festen Kreises (1833), republished in 1895 by Ottingen, he shows, what had been already suggested by J. V. Poncelet, how all problems of the second order can be solved by aid of the straight edge alone without the use of compasses, as soon as one circle is given on the drawing-paper. He also wrote "Vorlesungen über synthetische Geometrie", published posthumously at Leipzig by C. F. Geiser and H. Schroeter in 1867; a third edition by R. Sturm was published in 1887–1898. Other geometric results by <mask> include development of a formula for the partitioning of space by planes (the maximal number of parts created by n planes), several theorems about the famous <mask>'s chain of tangential circles, and a proof of the isoperimetric theorem (later a flaw was found in the proof, but was corrected by Weierstrass). The rest of <mask>'s writings are found in numerous papers mostly published in Crelle's Journal, the first volume of which contains his first four papers. The most important are those relating to algebraic curves and surfaces, especially the short paper Allgemeine Eigenschaften algebraischer Curven.This contains only results, and

masks: Steiner Steiner Steiner Steiner Steiner


texts:
 there is no indication of the method by which they were obtained, so that, according to L. O. Hosse, they are, like Fermat's theorems, riddles to the present and future generations. Eminent analysts succeeded in proving some of the theorems, but it was reserved to Luigi Cremona to prove them all, and that by a uniform synthetic method, in his book on algebraic curves. Other important investigations relate to maxima and minima. Starting from simple elementary propositions, <mask> advances to the solution of problems which analytically require the calculus of variations, but which at the time altogether surpassed the powers of that calculus. Connected with this is the paper Vom Krümmungsschwerpuncte ebener Curven, which contains numerous properties of pedals and roulettes, especially of their areas. <mask> also made a small but important contribution to combinatorics. In 1853, <mask> published a two pages article in Crelle's Journal on what nowadays is called Steiner systems, a basic kind of block design.His oldest papers and manuscripts (1823-1826) were published by his admirer Fritz Bützberger on the request of the Bernese Society for Natural Scientists. See also

Arrangement of lines
Malfatti circles
Miquel and <mask>'s quadrilateral theorem
Minkowski–<mask> formula
Mixed volume
Power of a point theorem
<mask> curve
Steiner symmetrization
Steiner system
Steiner surface
Steiner conic
<mask>'s conic problem
<mask>'s problem
<mask> tree
Steiner chain
Poncelet–<mask> theorem
Parallel axes rule
<mask>–Lehmus theorem
<mask> inellipse
Steinerian
Steiner point (computational geometry)
Steiner point (triangle)

Notes

References
 Viktor Blåsjö (2009) "<mask>’s Systematische Entwickelung: The Culmination of Classical Geometry", Mathematical Intelligencer 31(1): 21–9. External links
<mask>, J. (1796-1863)

<mask>'s work on the Isoperimetric Problem at Convergence (by Jennifer Wiegert)

1796 births
1863 deaths
People from Emmental District
19th-century Swiss

masks:
Steiner
Steiner
Steiner
Steiner
Steiner
Steiner
Steiner
Steiner
Steiner
Steiner
Steiner
Steiner
Jakob Steiner
Steiner
Jacob Steiner


texts:
<mask>  (born 5 September 1959) is a Polish politician. He has twice served as Prime Minister of Poland, briefly in 1992 and again from 1993 to 1995. From November 2007 to November 2012 he served as Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Economy. <mask> is the only person who held the office of prime minister twice during the Third Republic (i.e., since 1989), and he remains Poland's youngest prime minister to date. He is also a long-time commander of the Polish Volunteer fire department, holding the rank of Brigadier General. Since 2015 <mask> is workstream leader for the AMU (Agency for the Modernisation of Ukraine), where he contributes his expertise in economy. Early life, education and early political career
<mask> was born in the village of Model, Masovian Voivodeship on 5 September 1959.He is a graduate of the Warsaw University of Technology. While he was a student and during martial law in 1981 he actively participated in strikes. After graduation (1984) he became a computer teacher in Kamionka (near Pacyna). His political career began in 1985, when he joined the United People's Party. After 1990, like many UPP members, he joined the UPP's successor, the Polish People's Party. He was elected from UPP office to the Contract Sejm (1989) and has remained a member of Sejm since then. He became leader (Prezes) of the UPP in 1991.Premiership of <mask> <mask>

First Premiership

On 5 June 1992, 00:00 AM, after a vote of no confidence was approved, with 273 in favour and 119 against, Jan Olszewski was forced to resign as Prime Minister and his cabinet was immediately replaced in an event known as the nightshift ("Nocna zmiana"). After Olszewski's dismissal, President Lech Wałęsa designated the little-known and inexperienced <mask> as caretaker Prime Minister with the mission, to form a new coalition government with

masks:
Waldemar Pawlak
Pawlak
Pawlak
Pawlak
Waldemar
Pawlak
Pawlak


texts:
 agrarians, Christian democrats and liberals. <mask>'s potential partners, the Democratic Union and the Confederation of Independent Poland were not ready to agree on a compromise programme. The fact was that <mask> and nobody else was called upon to form a new government that was nevertheless a remarkable phenomenon. According to Aleksander Kwaśniewski, it was a 'historical step' towards a 'normalization' of Polish political and party life. After 33 days as a caretaker, <mask> failed to gain support from the Sejm majority and failed in a vote of confidence. <mask> was forced to resign as Prime Minister and the President replaced him with Hanna Suchocka, who won support from the majority and successfully formed a coalition with the Democratic Union, Christian National Union, Liberal Democratic Congress, Peasants' Agreement, People's Christian Party, Party of Christian Democrats and Polish Beer-Lovers' Party.<mask>'s failure paved the way for another political coalition. Since <mask>'s first cabinet did not receive support from the Sejm, at this time, <mask> had no official ministers, only temporary chiefs of executive branches. His first cabinet was the briefest government during this period that lasted only 33 days, this was a notable period commonly known as <mask>'s 33 days (33 dni Pawlaka). Although Pawlak failed to form a government, he gained considerable respect from his 33 days in office. Pawlak was a counterweight to politicians who focused on the issue of lustration, and the backstage of these events was later described by Kult in the song "Mr. Waldek, Don't Be Afraid, or the Lefty June" ("Panie Waldku, Pan się nie boi, czyli Lewy czerwcowy"), which referred to the fall of Jan Olszewski's cabinet. Second Premiership

The Polish People's Party and the social democratic, post-communist Democratic Left Alliance

masks: Pawlak Pawlak Pawlak Pawlak Pawlak Pawlak Pawlak Pawlak


texts:
 (SLD) won the 1993 election in a landslide, holding a super-majority and the support of the socialist-agrarian government, with <mask> as Prime Minister again. Józef Oleksy of the SLD became Sejm Marshal, while SLD leader Aleksander Kwaśniewski remained a Sejm Member without portfolio.Prime Minister <mask> and Kwaśniewski soon found themselves at bitter political odds. Kwaśniewski reportedly had an ambition to become "Prime Minister de facto", while <mask> wanted to retain the power of his office. Both leaders used their parties to fight for power. <mask> was initially in an informal alliance with President Wałęsa against the SLD. However, their good political relations soon dissipated. In 1995, Pawlak offered three options to Kwaśniewski. First, he would remain Prime Minister but with Kwaśniewski as Deputy and Minister of Foreign Affairs.Second,  the Democratic Left Alliance would form a government with Kwaśniewski as Prime Minister. Third, Oleksy would become Prime Minister under the present coalition. <mask> reportedly thought that Kwaśniewski would not risk a minority Democratic Left Alliance government without the support of the majority of the elevation of his main partisan opponent, Oleksy, to Prime Minister and therefore rather be the deputy of Pawlak. However, Kwaśniewski surprised many by choosing the third option. <mask> was known for his reticence and aversion to journalists. The opposition and the media accused him of a lack of dynamism and a terrible information policy. Pawlak gave up the prime ministerial Volvo 780 limousine in favour of a FSO Polonez Caro, equipped with a Rover V8 engine to show solidarity with the automotive industry in Poland.This gesture was well-received by Poles at a time when the country was suffering poverty. In the political wilderness

Despite good public approval ratings

masks: Pawlak Pawlak Pawlak Pawlak Pawlak Pawlak


texts:
 <mask> failed in his bid for the Presidency in 1995, finishing a distant fifth (after Kwaśniewski, Wałęsa, Jacek Kuroń and Jan Olszewski) and winning only 770,417 votes (4.31%). After losing the political battle with Kwaśniewski and, after that, the presidential election, there was a movement to replace <mask> with Jarosław Kalinowski as party leader in 1997. PSL suffered a great political disaster during the 1997 parliamentary elections and became the smallest party in the Sejm (from 132 seats in 1993 to just 27). After the SLD won decisively in the 2001 parliamentary election Kalinowski became deputy of the new Prime Minister Leszek Miller when the PSL joined the coalition. <mask> did not play a major role during this period. Comeback

<mask>'s comeback began in 2005 when he became PSL leader again.In the liberal Civic Platform (PO)-PSL government, formed after the 2007 parliamentary election, <mask> became Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy under Prime Minister Donald Tusk. Although PSL remained the smallest party represented in the Sejm, <mask> is often cited as having achieved a major political victory. During his time in the party chair his party enjoyed better electoral results, the elimination of major competition among agrarian voters from the also agrarian dominated party (Samoobrona), and the resumption of major influence in rural areas. Additionally, PSL was put in charge of three cabinet posts in the Tusk government. (Without the PSL votes, the PO would not have a Sejm majority, even though it easily accounts for the biggest political group in the sitting parliament.) On 21 April 2010, PSL announced that <mask> would be the party's official candidate for the 2010 presidential election. He received only 1.75% of the vote and didn't get into the second round.Personal life
<mask> is married and has


texts:
<mask> (September 2, 1843 – December 1, 1918) was a prominent mine owner and operator in the western United States and Canada, as well as a financier and speculator, from the late 1870s until his death in 1918. Early life
<mask> was born in Amsterdam to Maximiliaan de la Mar (1814–1847) and Johanna Teune (1816–1867). His father, a banker in Amsterdam, died when <mask> had just turned four years old. In search of adventure, <mask> stowed away aboard a Dutch vessel heading to the West Indies. When he was discovered, he was put to work without pay as assistant to the cook. <mask> worked as a seaman until he was twenty, when he became master of a ship, and three years later received a captain's command. He visited many of the world's ports and acquired an education through his observations in foreign countries.He was attracted to submarine work, which was profitable owing to the American Civil War, so he abandoned the merchant service and became a submarine contractor. He was headquartered at Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts, operating along the entire east coast to the West Indies. Maritime prosperity
<mask> received several contracts for raising sunken ships, and was very successful. In 1872 he raised the Charlotte, a transatlantic steamship that had foundered off the Bermudas loaded with Italian marble, and which had baffled the attempts of three previous wrecking companies. He nearly lost his life at Martha's Vineyard, going down in a diving suit to examine personally the damage to the Steamer William Tibbitts, in which he was imprisoned for thirty-six hours. This led <mask> to give up submarine work. He then studied the opportunities of trade with Africa.Trading companies had confined their operations to the Coast, with natives from the interior bringing their goods to the Coast on the shoulders of

masks:
Joseph Raphael De Lamar
De Lamar
Joseph
De Lamar
De Lamar
De Lamar
De Lamar


texts:
 bearers at considerable expense. <mask> decided to do his trading in the interior. He equipped a small vessel capable of navigating the African rivers, stocked with goods and armed with four small cannon, a dozen blunderbusses, rifles and ammunition. He pushed into the interior, exercising constant vigilance to prevent attacks from hostile tribes. His venture was rewarded with complete success. He traded principally on the Gambia and Great Jeba Rivers in Guinea-Bissau in West Africa. After three successful years he gave up this trade because of the climate.Many of his crew died every year of African fever. He sold his outfit to an English company. Mining business
In 1878 <mask> came to New York, and when mining fever struck Leadville, Colorado, he went west and bought several claims. That same year he took a private course in chemistry and metallurgy from a professor from the Chicago University. In November 1879 he purchased the Terrible Lead Mine in Custer County, Colorado for $5500. It was bought from the discoverers of the deposit, John Bunyan Rains and John Spaulding. He operated it until 1885, at which time he sold to the Omaha & Grant Smelting and Refining Company for $130,0000, a handsome profit.He then obtained control of a mountain six miles west of Silver City, Idaho. Many large veins of gold and silver were discovered on the property, and he sold a half interest, after he had taken $1,500,000 from the mine, to the De Lamar Mining Company of England for $2,000,000. From Idaho, he turned his attention to the booming Cripple Creek district of Colorado. In 1893, <mask>, together with Edward Holden, Charles M. MacNeill and George W. Peirce of the Golden Fleece Mine, had organized a company for starting the first barrel-chlorination plant in Colorado, and were about to rehabilitate an old

masks:
De Lamar
De Lamar
De Lamar


texts: stamp-mill a short distance below Victor, known as the Lawrence plant. The conventional stamp mill in which the ore was crushed and the gold amalgamated with mercury was almost useless in refining Cripple Creek ore. At first, the process didn't work well, but it was improved by John Rothwell, a consultant who was the foremost expert on chlorination at the time. A young Daniel C. Jackling was hired as assayer through Charles MacNeill, the start of his noted career. In December 1895, the chlorination mill at Lawrence burned to the ground.<mask> by then had transferred his focus to Mercur, Utah. During 1896–97, <mask> acquired claims within the gold district of Mercur and had built a 500-ton cyanide process mill, later expanded to 1,000 ton, which was said to be the largest of the time, to work the mines. Jackling followed <mask>r to Utah as mill superintendent. During his Cripple Creek and Mercur operations years, he also invested in gold mines in Lincoln County, Nevada, that from 1896 to 1902 paid him $8,000,000 in profits. At the Delamar Mine, Nevada, the barrel-chlorinating process was installed in 1895 and soon later discarded in favour of fine grinding and cyaniding. In 1902, <mask> sold his Mercur and De Lamar, Nevada mines, for one million dollars each. To his discredit, the operation in the mill at DeLamar created such a fine particulate during the milling process that many workers were killed by inhaling the dust, the focus of medical study and accusation of <mask>r's inconsideration of his laborer's safety.In the late 1890s, <mask> had turned his attention to copper. While at Mercur, <mask>r became interested in the Bingham Canyon copper mines and sent Jackling and others to inspect the deposit. <mask>r would eventually acquire a portion of the canyon, but sold out to his former Cripple

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texts: Creek partners, MacNeill and Spencer Penrose who would reap a fortune in copper at Bingham Canyon, Utah, with Jackling as their manager. In July 1899 <mask> also purchased the Bully Hill mines, in the Shasta copper district of California, and financed the big copper smelter which was operating near there. A railroad project was installed to connect level 3 of the mine with the smelter, and the project became informally known as the DeLamar Railroad, which became part of the Sacramento Valley and Eastern Railway. Like his earlier operations, <mask>r unloaded the California property for a quick profit. Also, in 1901 he invested in mines near Yerington, Nevada and formed the Bluestone Mining & Smelting Company, one of his smaller yet still profitable operations sold after his death.He next turned to Canada, taking over the great copper nickel lodes of Sudbury, Ontario and organized the International Nickel Company (Inco), a multinational mining corporation. In 1905 he and his International Nickel partners bought into the Nipissing Mine, located in Cobalt, Ontario, 300 miles north of Toronto. In May 1906, they hit the famed "Silver Sidewalk," a vein of nearly pure silver. <mask>r and his partners reportedly unloaded the property for $10 to $20 million. His next move was into the rich Porcupine district of Canada, where he became president of the Dome Mines Company, a long-term gold producer. As Inco, Dome and his other operations reached peak production during the high mineral market prices of World War I, he was one of the wealthiest men in America at the time of his death in 1918. Three former mining cities, which are today ghost towns, Delamar, Nevada, De Lamar, Idaho, and Delamar, California, were renamed after him; the last is now under water of Shasta Lake.The Delamar Mountains, a mountain

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 range in Lincoln County, Nevada, as well a mountain summit in San Bernardino County, California, were also named after him. Delamar Mountain in California climbs to 8,376 feet (2,553.00 meters) above sea level. Other business
<mask> was one of the most noted traders in Wall Street for over twenty years, and one of the leading financiers in the country. Besides his many mining properties, he was president of the Delta Beet Sugar Company; a director of the American Bank Note Company, Coronate Phosphate Company, American Sumatra Tobacco Company, Manhattan Sugar Company, the National Conduit and Cable Company and the Western Power Company. Political career
In 1891 <mask> served as state senator in the first legislature of the new state of Idaho, and occupied the Chairmanship on Finance, Railroads and Constitutional Amendments. The Republican Party wanted him as their candidate for the U.S. Senate, but, as biographer G. W. Barrett shows, <mask>r was never interested in becoming the first U. S. Senator from Idaho and declined to continue in politics. He moved to New York.<mask> was known in Wall Street as "the man of mystery." He never talked much, his intimate friends say, but was uniformly successful in his transactions. He was part of the "community of interest" in big business that influenced politics, but he never again campaigned for office. Personal life

<mask> married Nellie Virginia Sands on May 8, 1893, and they had one daughter together, Alice A<mask> <mask>. <mask> was a member of the Lotus Club and the New York, Larchmont and Columbia Yacht Clubs. He was the owner of the yacht May and Sagitta, the fastest power boat on Long Island Sound.He was a great believer in aerial navigation and devoted considerable time to the study of the subject. <mask> was also an art connoisseur, a collector

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 of fine paintings, statuary and other art objects. He was also a lover of music, but his greatest delight was in the gathering of rare plants and flowers, of which he possessed a notable collection. He left a large sum, estimated at $10,000,000, to the Harvard University Medical School, Johns Hopkins University, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University for research into the causes of disease and for the promulgation through lectures, publications, and otherwise of the principles of correct living. His house on Madison Avenue, built in 1904 for a reported $600,000, is today a New York City landmark building. In 1914 he built an eighty-room manor house, "Pembroke", on Long Island in the town of Glen Cove; author Rex Beach filmed his 1910s movie Too Fat to Fly on its grounds. The home contained a cave, or grotto, encrusted with stalactites.A statue of a nude woman stood in the shallow water and was reflected in a mirror set deep in the cave. <mask> died on December 1, 1918, at Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan, New York City. In the press release of his death, the news writers said "the story of Captain <mask>r's life reads like a romance." In popular culture
<mask> and <mask> <mask>'s lives were the subject of the In Search of... season 4 episode, "The Missing Heirs". References
Notes

Sources
 Hill, Edwin Charles: Historical Register : a record of people places and events in American history, illustrated with portrait plates, New York, 1920, p. 35-37. JOSEPH RAPHAEL DE LAMAR, full text
 The De Lamar Building, New York, at flickr.com

1843 births
1918 deaths
People from Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts
Businesspeople from New York City
Idaho state senators
Dutch emigrants to the United States
19th-century American politicians
Idaho Republicans
19th-century American

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<mask> (born April 10, 1956 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian economist. Former Governor of the Brazilian Central Bank, is best known for being one of the "fathers" of the Real Plan, the 1994 monetary reform that ended hyperinflation in Brazil. He teaches economics at the Catholic University in Rio de Janeiro since 1986. He is also a businessman, consultant and has served on many boards. He founded Rio Bravo Investimentos where he works as Senior Advisor. He has written several books, academic papers and contributes regularly to newspapers and magazines. Early life and studies
<mask> was born in Rio de Janeiro on April 10, 1956.His mother Maria Isabel Barbosa de Barroso <mask>, was from Teófilo Otoni, state of Minas Gerais, and his father, Guilherme Arinos Lima Verde de Barroso <mask>, was born in Itacoatiara, at the backlands of the state of Amazonas. Guilherme Arinos made a career at Banco do Brasil and during the war started a lifelong friendship and association to President Getúlio Vargas. Arinos was a member of the first board of directors of the Brazilian National Development Bank, BNDES, and later, at the private sector, was a high ranked executive of Volkswagen do Brasil and one of the founders of Banco Garantia. <mask> attended Colégio São Vicente de Paulo in Rio de Janeiro and Colégio Notre Dame de Sion in 1960/1974. He obtained a bachelor's (1975–1979) and master's (1983) degree in economics at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), where he developed interests in economic history and macroeconomics. At PUC-Rio he had his first job as teaching assistant working with Edmar Bacha, then preparing a macroeconomic textbook, self-defined as of a neo-structuralist approach, and later to become very popular in Brazil, with several editions

Winston

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Gustavo Henrique de Barroso Franco
Franco
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texts: Fritsch was his advisor in his M. A. thesis on the topic of financial euphoria and crash in the early years of the Brazilian Republic (1889-1890) and the attempts at monetary reform in connection either adhering to the gold standard or, alternatively to experience with fiat currency models, as proposed by Ruy Barbosa. His M. A. thesis was approved cum landae in 1982 and in 1983 won the prestigious "Prêmio BNDES de Economia" for the M. A. thesis in Brazil.This work was published as a book titled Monetary reform and instability during the republican transition ("Reforma monetária e instabilidade durante a transição republicana"") and became a reference to the period it covers. In sequence, <mask> was accepted in Ph.D programs in the universities of Chicago, Yale and Harvard, for which he headed. There he chose as fields of specialization, international economics under Jeffrey Sachs and economic history under Barry Eichengreen. He had brief fellowships at the CFIA (Center for International Affairs), CES (Centre for European Studies) and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). Sachs and Eichengreen were his supervisors, and along with MIT professor Lance Taylor, formed his thesis committee. <mask> earned his Ph.D Degree at Harvard in 1986, with a dissertation titled Aspects of the Economics of Hyperinflations: Theoretical Issues and Historical Studies of Four European Hyperinflations of the 1920s. His original thesis had four theoretical chapters on topics as the adoption of indexation in contracts, inflation (stabilization) as public good problem, plagued by free rider issues, the inflation tax as motivation to the process and the dynamics of dollarization, distributive tensions and external balance.The applied chapters were case studies for Germany, Austria, Hungary, and

masks: Franco Franco


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 Poland, also including some common themes like the relation between external imbalances, dollarization and fiscal reforms in the context of specific stabilization experiences. This work was nominated to the David Wells Prize in Harvard and was awarded a national prize ("Prêmio Haralambos Simionides") in 1987, for the best Ph.D thesis or book in economics, given by the National Association of Graduate Studies in Economics (ANPEC, Associação Nacional de Centros de Pós Graduação em Economia). Teaching and research

Returning to Brazil in 1986, as a faculty member at the Economics Department at PUC-Rio, <mask> worked as teacher, researcher and consultant from 1986 to 1993 when he was called to work with Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the newly nominated Finance Minister then starting his tenure. He had an intense academic activity during these years; his research interests had three key themes: (i) on high inflation and on the basis of topics and issues raised in his doctoral dissertation; (ii) on Brazil's economic history, mostly in connection with macroeconomic and monetary issues; and (iii) on trade policies, multinational enterprises and economic development, in collaboration with Winston Fritsch. Hyperinflation
Two papers out of specific chapters of his doctoral dissertation were published in peer reviewed journals and had some relevant repercussion on his later work of fighting hyperinflation in Brazil:

"Fiscal Reforms and Stabilization: four hyperinflation cases examined" was published in The Economic Journal (vol. 100, no. 399, March 1990) disputed Thomas Sargent's popular explanation to the sudden end of hyperinflation as result of a wide-ranging fiscal "regime change".The role of dollarization and of currency reforms were wrongly downplayed by Sargent, as argued by <mask>.


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 "The Rentenmark Miracle" published by Rivista di Storia Economica (Second Series, Volume 4, 1987), then republished in Barry Eichengreen (ed.) Monetary Regime Transformations London, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 1991, was an account of the unique experience in Germany of Wertbestandiges Notgeld - that is, emergency monies of private issuance and with "stable value" as they had indexation clauses -, and the way this led to the rentenmark experience. As argued by <mask> the rentenmark was a crucial step in the German stabilization, and not a "cosmetic measure", as put by Thomas Sargent. In fact, the rentenmark model was very relevant for the design of the Brazilian 1994 monetary reform, known as "Real Plan", in which a similar quasi-currency, under the name o URV (acronym for Unidade Real de Valor) played a vital role for the ending of Brazilian hyperinflation. Much later, in 1995, Thomas Sargent wrote an article on the Brazilian URV, evoking the German experience with the rentenmark and arguing, as per the mathematician David Hilbert, that one could not solve the hyperinflation problem by "changing the name of the independent variable". The URV, argued Sargent, would have been "a sideshow that hasn't touched the fundamental causes of inflation", and again <mask> took issue with that, writing in 2017, but this time on the back of the successful adoption of the URV mechanism.According to <mask>: "Understandably", Brazilians "did not take these observations seriously" as "the country was enchanted by the URV mechanism in view of practical problems it solved elegantly, efficiently and voluntarily, so that they received with blunt indifference a thesis from an outside observer claiming that the mechanism had no utility". Economic history
In sequence to the work on monetary reforms

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 in the early years of the Republic, <mask> published several pieces on the Brazilian monetary experience in the years prior to the Great Depression. All this work is in Portuguese except "Aspects of the Brazilian Experience with the Gold Standard", in Pablo Matín Aceña and Jaime Reis (orgs.) Monetary standards in the periphery: paper, silver and gold, 1854-1933 (London, Macmillan Press. 2000). Later, his research on the early years of the Republic would communicate well with his work of Machado de Assis newspapers articles as per his selection of chronicles under the title "O olhar obliquo do acionista" ( "Shareholders oblique look", as literal translation). Foreign trade and multinational companies
<mask> worked in collaboration with Winston Fritsch in a series of projects supported by the OECD Development Center.One publication was Foreign direct investment and industrial restructuring: issues and trends (Development Centre Studies, OECD Development Centre, OECD, Paris, 1991), another was "Efficient Industrialization in a Technologically Dependent Economy: The Current Brazilian Debate" in Competition and Economic Development Committee of Competition Law and Policy, OECD, 1991. In sequence, <mask> and Fritsch worked in two projects directed by Gerry Helleiner for WIDER (World Institute for Development Economics Research) of the United Nations University during 1990 and 1991. The first was on the influence of trade orientation on development models and was published as "Foreign Direct investment and patterns of trade and industrialization in developing countries: notes with reference to the Brazilian experience" in G. K. Helleiner (org.) Trade Policy, Industrialization and Development: a reconsideration. (Oxford, Clarendon Press for UNU-Wider, 1992 ). The second, on the same


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 issues but focused on trade and industrial policies was published as "Import repression, productivity slowdown, and manufactured export dynamism: Brazil,1975-1990" in Gerry Helleiner (org.) Trade policy and industrialization in turbulent times (London: Routledge for UNU-Wider, 1993, ).<mask> and Fritsch also worked in projects for UNCTAD and ECLA, and published in the academic circuit on these same issues. <mask> would return to these themes only after 1995 when, as deputy governor of the Central Bank responsible for international affairs organized a Census on foreign direct investment into Brazil that has been conducted and published each five years since 1995. Public service
Between 1993 and 1999, <mask> was active in public service. He started in May 1993 as Deputy Secretary of Economic Policy at the Finance Ministry up to October 1993 when he moved to the Central Bank of Brazil in the position of Deputy Governor responsible for International Affairs, position he occupied until 1997, and only interrupted by a brief tenure as governor of the Central Bank of Brazil between December 1994 and January 1995. In August 20th, 1997 he was confirmed governor of the Central Bank of Brazil, until leaving on January 9, 1999, and briefly returning in March 1999 to transfer his functions to his successor Arminio Fraga. Economic Policy Secretary
<mask> served as Deputy Economic Policy Secretary at the Finance Ministry from May to October 1993 by invitation from the newly appointed Minister, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the fourth Finance Minister of president Itamar <mask>, who had become president in December 1992 after the resignation of Fernando Collor de Mello. The  other economists in the group were Winston Fristch, as Secretary of Economic Policy and Edmar Bacha as special adviser.In

masks: Franco Franco Franco Franco Franco


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 his memoir, Cardoso recollects that “with a small team facing a gigantic challenge, as a Brancaleone’s Army, ... we started to work, under a very discouraging political atmosphere”. This team faced a paradoxical pressure: not to repeat economic shocks and to produce some solution to inflation, then approaching 30% per month. The team's first major announcement was described by <mask>, as a “non-package” or rather “an ambitious collection of medium term fundamentalists agendas”, curiously named as PAI (acronym for Plano de Ação Imediata, Plan of Immediate Action), released on June 13, 1993. In sharp contrast with previous stabilization attempts, this document seemed to point that the Real Plan would start by the end offering “some sort of strategic planning of actions in issues associated with the so-called fiscal and monetary fundamentals to stabilization”. Deputy Governor for International Affairs at the Central Bank
<mask> was appointed Deputy Governor for International Affairs at the Central Bank on September 8, 1993 when Pedro Malan was appointed Governor. Simultaneously, Pérsio Arida was designated president of BNDES, and André Lara Rezende replaced Malan was chief negotiator of then pending Brazilian external debt. With this enlarged composition, the economic team around minister Cardoso started preparations towards the Real Plan.In parallel, <mask> had executive responsibilities in International Affairs at the Central Bank related to operational aspects of external debt restructuring under the Brady Plan, then at decisive moments, the administrative structures in charge of exchange controls, bound to be transformed by an ambitious deregulation process, the FOREX trading desk and international reserves management. External debt, Brady Plan and new bond issues
At the


texts: moment <mask> and Malan started working together at the Central Bank, the debt negotiation process was around the precise form of exchange of Brazilian currency denominated deposits owned by creditors (under the MYDFAs, Multi Year Deposit Facility Agreement) for newly issued bonds according to the Brady plan’s menu. In the final sequence of this process, <mask> was in charge of the composition of the collateral guaranties for the new bonds under the Brady scheme. These guaranties would take the form of US Treasury Zero Coupon bonds with certain features, with a face value of approximately US$ 18 billion (and market value of US$ 2,8 billion) to be acquired with funds provided by the IMF under a stand-by agreement. However, IMF representatives did not feel comfortable with the drafts of the Real Plan shown during the negotiations of the stand-by agreement and refused to go on with the loan, forcing the Brazilian authorities to develop some alternative strategy to acquire the US Treasury bonds in the secondary market using Brazil’s international reserves. The deal was described in detail in Guilherme Fiuza’s book in the chapter titled Sorry, Mr. Fagenbaum. Right next to completing Brazil’s Brady Plan version, simultaneously with the Real Plan, <mask> dealt with Paris Club debt and the Dart family, who did not wish to adhere to the Brady exchange.With these issues sorted out the challenge for the Republic was to return to international markets with new bonds and proceed with the building of a yield curve. The new program coordinated and executed by <mask> comprised 16 new issues in 10 different currencies, between 1995 and 1998, totaling US$ 8,2 billion, including the issuance of the so called "BR-27" (the first 30-year bond voluntarily issued in decades, falling due in 2027) in

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 exchange for cash and for Brady bonds, thus recovering the previously offered collateral in US Treasury bonds. Forex deregulation and phasing out exchange controls
Exchange controls deregulation was one of the greatest challenges of the International Affairs section of the Brazilian Central Bank, a modernization imperative and an essential condition for the prevalence of supply and demand as determinants of the exchange rate. The architecture of liberalization was based on the creation of new and segregated market for US Dollars in which rates were determined by supply and demand in parallel to the official market and to compete upfront with the “black market”. Initially fed only by Dollars sold by tourists, the scope of transactions was gradually extended, while, liberalization in the official market, along with a better balance of payments stance, resulted in gradually eliminating the spread between official and free markets. From 1988 to 2006, when all legal markets were unified, deregulation consisted in expanding the nature of transactions that could take place in the free market, including gold related arbitrages, and remittances from non-resident local currency accounts, though always preserving full identification of players. After 1995, under <mask>'s direction, the Central Bank introduced several new rules for leads and lags in foreign trade, portfolio investment and turned “registry” of foreign capital inflows into a statistical event, and no longer dependent on authorization.Interestingly, however, one key innovation introduced along with liberalization of outflows was the selective restriction applied on certain types of inflows, mostly of a short-term nature. Capital surges had been producing restrictive measures in many countries, most visibly (for Brazilians)


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 Chile, where restrictions took the form of a “quarantine”, or a minimum stay for foreign capital. In Brazil, instead, restrictions were implemented mostly as a tax of foreign exchange inflows, and without any “quarantine”. The formula was used many times over in later moments of foreign exchange abundance in order to reduce appreciation and/or the extend maturities of foreign liabilities. Plano Real
The Real Plan had as central element a monetary reform effected through three successive measures: the first and more important introduced in February 28, 1994, created the URV (Unidade Real de Valor) mechanism, that is, a "money of account" to be freely used in contracts and obligations in order to realign relative prices and coordinate price fixing around the exchange rate. It was also established that at some point in the near future, the URV would become the national legal tender to replace then circulating cruzeiros reais. Just like the German rentenmark, and reflected also previous models of monetary reform conceived by André Lara Rezende and Persio Arida.At this moment, the new national currency, the URV would have its denomination conveniently changed to real. The second, launched at July 1. 1994, complemented the reform, demonetizing cruzeiros reais and actually issuing the real. Also, this second instrument introduced some very important institutional changes in monetary governance, with a major reform in the National Monetary Council, and monetary policy. The third, closing the cycle of monetary reform, was a detailed statute for indexation practices that was implemented exactly one year after the real was first issued. The URV existed as legal tender, though only as unit of account, during four months: its initial quote with respect to cruzeiro real was CR$647,50, more


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 or less equivalent to one Dollar, as it was its final quote as CR$2.750,00, on July 1, 1994, when the cruzeiro real was demonetized and the URV was turned into the national currency and renamed as real. In consequence of this unusual parity it was not possible to stamp old cruzeiros reais notes, so that one entirely new family of notes was issued at once, a remarkably difficult logistics effort

At the day of the first issues of the new currency, in an unprecedented move, the Central Bank abstained from intervening in the foreign exchange market and let the new currency float.In consequence, the exchange rate between the URV (now the real) and the Dollar, fell below R$1,00 (i. e. it appreciated) with a great positive impact on expectations and marking the successful conclusion of the stabilization process first phase. The combination of tight monetary policy with floating exchange rates, later under a "target zone regime", or "exchange rate bands", resulted immensely successful to eliminate hyperinflation, but remained one of the more controversial aspects of the Brazilian stabilization experience, and one generally addressed to <mask>. The results of the Real Plan on inflation, as measured by national cost of living index, IPCA - published by the National Statistics Bureau - IBGE, were as follows:inflation was running at 43,1% monthly (on average for he first semester of 1994), or 7.260% annually, up to July 1994, the first month of existence of the new currency. In July alone prices rose  6,8%, but the accumulated inflation for the next twelve months was only 33,0%. From this level onward, inflation goes on declining slowly: measured by IPCA, inflation fell below 20%, on a 12 months accumulated basis, only in April 1996, 22nd month after the introduction of the new currency;


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 below 10% only in December, 30th month of the real. Within the calendar year of 1997, the rate of inflation was 5,2%, and in 1998 inflation was finally reduced to 1,6%, the lowest rate on record since the creation of the Brazilian Central Bank in 1964. Institutional aspects and "fundamentals"
Before the Real Plan, five stabilization attempts failed between 1986 and 1991 all of which involving price freezes, all but one creating a new currency and one, the so-called Collor Plan in 1990, with an asset freeze much like monetary reforms in Europe following World War II.These failed experiments were called "heterodox shocks" not only because of direct intervention in prices and intrusive currency reforms, but also for their practical disregard of fiscal "fundamentals" and monetary policies. The Real Plan followed a different path opening several reforms agendas attacking fundamental disequilibria at the core of the hyperinflation process. The first was related to the institutional organization of the monetary system. the National Monetary Council was recaptured and reduced to three members (ministers of Finance and Planning and the Governor of the Central Bank), recomposing the commitment of top level decision making to price stability. Sometime later a Monetary Policy Committee (known as COPOM - acronym of Comitê de Política Monetária) was created securing Central Bank's independence in fixing the interest rate. Next, federal banks, and especially Banco do Brasil, had to recognize previous losses, be recapitalized, abide by "Basle Rules" and cease to have unrestricted accommodation at the Central Bank. Provincial banks entered a severe adjustment program through which several liquidations and privatizations reduced their size to almost negligible.Some private banks in trouble


texts: entered a program through which the Central Bank financed liquidations, resolutions and changes in control of banking activities. It was a heavy agenda with the banking system, public and private, to reorder the monetary system and its governance. There were numerous fiscal adjustment initiatives, starting with several rounds of debt refinancing with adjustment programs with the states during 1993-1998. The Federal Government gave accommodation to states in exchange for orthodox fiscal programs and several limitations as to their fiscal policies. These programs templates provided a framework to a new Public Finances Law, proposed in 1999, creating benchmarks and limitations for indebtedness and wages expenses, later approved under the designation "Fiscal Responsibility Law", held to be a major progress in securing fiscal balance in the public sector in Brazil . Another important initiative was the 1993 Constitutional Amendment known as Social Emergency Fund (Fundo Social de Emergência, approved during the constitutional revision in March, 1993) which removed most of earmarking in the budget, and allowing the National Treasury to regain control of budgeted expenses. Even so, primary fiscal results were weak during the first few years after 1994.Due to the advancement of reforms, these weak fiscal numbers did not become an issue until the Asian crisis in 1997 and especially in 1998 with the Russian crisis, when Brazil entered an agreement with the IMF and started a decade long period of primary surpluses at the level of 3% of GDP. <mask> left the Central Bank after the IMF Agreement and after the reelection of Fernando Henrique Cardoso for a second term in 1998. <mask> received late in 1998 Euromoney's prize “Central Banker of the year, 1998”. Shortly after, Brazil moved into