texts:
 Churchill. Fictional characters based on <mask>
 The 1971 BBC television drama Traitor starred John Le Mesurier as Adrian Harris, a character loosely based on <mask>. John le Carré depicts a Philby-like upper-class traitor in the 1974 novel Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy. The novel has been adapted as a 1979 TV miniseries, a 2011 film, and radio dramatisations in 1988 and 2009.In real life, <mask> had ended le Carré's intelligence officer career by betraying his British agent cover to the Russians. In the 1977 book The Jigsaw Man by Dorothea Bennett and the 1983 film adaption of it, The Jigsaw Man, "Sir <mask>" is a former head of the British Secret Service who defected to Russia, who is then given plastic surgery and sent back to Britain on a spy mission. Under the cover name of 'Mowgli' <mask> appears in Duncan Kyle's World War II thriller Black Camelot published in 1978. John Banville's 1997 novel The Untouchable is a fictionalised biography of Blunt that includes a character based on <mask>. <mask> was the inspiration for the character of British intelligence officer Archibald "Arch" Cummings in the 2006 film The Good Shepherd. Cummings is played by Billy Crudup. The 2005 film A Different Loyalty is an unattributed account taken from <mask>'s book, <mask>: The Spy I Loved.The film recounts <mask>'s love affair and marriage to Eleanor Brewer during his time in Beirut and his eventual defection to the Soviet Union in late January 1963, though the characters based on <mask> and Brewer have different names. In music
 In the song "Philby", from the Top Priority album (1979), Rory Gallagher draws parallels between his life on the road and a spy's in a foreign country. Sample lyrics : "Now ain't it strange that I feel

masks:
Philby
Kim Philby
Philby
Philip Kimberly
Philby
Philby
Philby
Eleanor Philby
Kim Philby
Philby
Philby


type: original

texts:
 like <mask> / There's a stranger in my soul / I'm lost in transit in a lonesome city / I can't come in from the cold." The <mask> affair is mentioned in the Simple Minds song "Up on the Catwalk" from their sixth studio album Sparkle in the Rain. The lyrics are: "Up on the catwalk, and you dress in waistcoats / And got brillantino, and friends of <mask>." The song "Angleton", by Russian indie rock band Biting Elbows, focuses largely on <mask>'s role as a spy from the perspective of James Jesus Angleton. The song 'Traitor' by Renegade Soundwave from their album Soundclash mentions "Philby, Burgess and Maclean" with the lyrics "snitch, grass, informer, you're a traitor; you can't be trusted and left alone".The song "<mask>by", from the self-titled album by Vancouver punk band Terror of Tiny Town (1994) includes the line, "They say he was the third man, but he's number one with us." The lead singer and accordionist of the now defunct band was political satirist Geoff Berner. Other
 The 1993 Joseph Brodsky essay Collector's Item (published in his 1995 book On Grief and Reason) contains a conjectured description of <mask>'s career, as well as speculations into his motivations and general thoughts on espionage and politics. The title of the essay refers to a postal stamp commemorating <mask> issued in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s. See also

References

Cited sources

Further reading

 Colonel David Smiley, "Irregular Regular", Michael Russell – Norwich – 1994 (). Translated in French by Thierry Le Breton, Au coeur de l'action clandestine des commandos au MI6, L'Esprit du Livre Editions, France, 2008 (). With numerous photographs.Memoirs of a SOE and MI6 officer during the Valuable Project. Genrikh Borovik, The

masks:
Philby
Philby
Kim Philby
Philby
Kim Phil
Philby
Philby


texts:
 Philby Files, 1994, published by Little, Brown & Company Limited, Canada,  . Introduction by Phillip Knightley. Phillip Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy 2003, published by Andre Deutsch Ltd, London, . 1st American edition has title: The Master Spy: the Story of <mask>,
 Phillip Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century, 1986, published by W.W. Norton & Company, London. <mask>, My Silent War, published by Macgibbon & Kee Ltd, London, 1968, or Granada Publishing, . Introduction by Graham Greene, well known author who worked with and for <mask> in British intelligence services.Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, <mask>: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation, 1968, published by André Deutsch, Ltd., London. Michael Smith, The Spying Game, 2003, published by Politico's, London. Richard Beeston, Looking For Trouble: The Life and Times of a Foreign Correspondent, 1997, published by Brassey's, London. Desmond Bristow, A Game of Moles, 1993, published by Little Brown & Company, London. Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, 2001, published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. Anthony Cave Brown, "C": The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill, 1987, published by Macmillan, New York. John Fisher, Burgess and Maclean, 1977, published by Robert Hale, London.S. J. Hamrick, Deceiving the Deceivers, 2004, published by Yale University Press, New Haven. Malcolm Muggeridge, The Infernal Grove: Chronicles of Wasted Time: Number 2, 1974, published by William Morrow & Company, New York. Barrie Penrose & Simon Freeman, Conspiracy of Silence: The Secret Life of Anthony Blunt, 1986, published by Farrar Straus Giroux, New York. Anthony Cave

masks:
Kim Philby
Kim Philby
Philby
Philby


texts:
 Brown, 'Treason in the Blood: H. St. <mask>, <mask>, and the Spy Case of the Century, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1994, . Richard C.S. Trahair and Robert Miller, Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations, 2009, published by Enigma Books, New York. Nigel West, editor, The Guy Liddell Diaries: Vol.I: 1939–1942, 2005, published by Routledge, London
 Nigel West & Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives, 1998, published by Yale University Press, New Haven. Bill Bristow, "My Father The Spy" Deceptions of an MI6 Officer. Published by WBML Publishers. 2012. Desmond Bristow. With Bill Bristow. "A Game of Moles" The Deceptions of and MI6 Officer.Published 1993 by Little Brown and Warner. External links

 Annotated bibliography of the Philby Affair
 <mask> – Daily Telegraph obituary
 File release: Cold War Cambridge spies Burgess and Maclean, The National Archives, 23 October 2015
 "<mask>: The Spy Who Loved Me" by <mask>, 12th June 2018
<mask> biography at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''

1912 births
1988 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British communists
British intelligence personnel who defected to the Soviet Union
English male journalists
British people of the Spanish Civil War
British spies for the Soviet Union
Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery
KGB officers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Aldro
People educated at Westminster School, London
People from Ambala
People stripped of a British Commonwealth honour
British people in colonial India
Secret Intelligence Service personnel
Soviet spies
World War II spies for the United Kingdom
World War II spies for the Soviet Union
Double agents
Foreign Office

masks:
John Philby
Kim Philby
John Philby
Kim Philby
Charlotte Philby
Kim Philby


texts:
<mask> (born 28 August 1989) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a winger for EFL League Two side Mansfield Town, on loan from Hibernian. Born in Glasgow, <mask> previously played for Scottish club Motherwell and English clubs Sheffield United and Brighton & Hove Albion. He played for the Scotland U19 and Scotland U21 representative teams, and made his full international debut for Scotland in March 2018. Club career

<mask> played as a junior for Westwood Rovers, Drumchapel Thistle and Clyde before joining Motherwell's under-13 team. After progressing through the ranks at Motherwell, <mask> made his first-team début during the 2006–07 season, and scored his first Motherwell goal from the penalty spot in a 2–0 away win over Hibernian in May 2008. With Motherwell having qualified for European competition, in July 2008 <mask> scored a hat-trick against Albanian side Flamurtari in the UEFA Europa League. After remaining a regular in Motherwell's first team, <mask> agreed an extended contract in May 2010 tying him to the club until the summer of 2013.After scoring in the first leg of Motherwell's 2010–11 Europa League third-round match against Aalesunds FK on 29 July 2010, he became Motherwell's leading goalscorer in European football, breaking the record previously held by Steve Kirk. In January 2012, Motherwell accepted an offer from Sheffield Wednesday to sign <mask>, but he rejected the proposed transfer. In late December 2012, Sheffield United showed an interest in signing him, and <mask> was subsequently subject to a £100,000 bid from the Blades. However, by 27 December it was reported that the Blades bid had been rejected by Motherwell with <mask> dismissing transfer speculation. Despite this, a few days later Motherwell boss Stuart McCall confirmed that <mask> has been talking to Sheffield United with a view to a transfer, and that Motherwell had accepted a bid of £106,000 which

masks:
James Murphy
Murphy
Motherwell Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


texts:
 could rise to £250,000 based upon promotion to the Championship and then to the Premier League. <mask> played his last game for Motherwell on 2 January 2013, having been made captain for the occasion, in a 1–0 loss to Celtic at Celtic Park. He departed from Fir Park having scored 50 goals in 215 appearances for Motherwell.Shortly after his departure <mask> was awarded the Clydesdale Bank Premier League Player of the Month award for December. Sheffield United

Despite interest from Huddersfield Town and Rangers, <mask>'s move to Sheffield United was finalised on 3 January 2013, when he signed a three and a half-year contract for an undisclosed fee. <mask> made his Blades debut two days later, in a 3–0 third round FA Cup victory against Oxford United at the Kassam Stadium, Before making his league debut for United against Yeovil Town at Bramall Lane a week later, and <mask>'s first goal for the Blades came in a 2–0 away victory against Bury the following February. <mask>'s first few months with United were hampered by a hamstring injury, and finished the season having played 21 games and scoring two goals. Despite making 21 appearances for the Blades between January and May 2013 <mask> hadn't yet reached the heights he was capable of. He pledged to fulfill his potential the following season. Despite these claims, <mask> played regularly for David Weir but still didn't perform to his potential.He initially fared no better when Weir was quickly replaced by Nigel Clough, remaining a peripheral figure. It was not until January 2014 that <mask>'s form improved and he began to consolidate a first team place, citing his improved fitness as the key to his change in fortunes. On 31 January 2015, <mask> signed a new contract with United keeping him at Bramall Lane until summer 2017. Later that day, <mask> came off the bench in the second half and scored a brace against promotion rivals Swindon Town to give

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts:
 United a 2–0 home victory. Brighton & Hove Albion
In August 2015, <mask> signed a four-year contract with Brighton & Hove Albion for an undisclosed fee reported to be £1.8m rising to £2m based upon Brighton's promotion to the Premier League, which they did in 2016-1017. He made his Brighton debut on 18 August, in a 1–1 draw with Huddersfield Town. <mask> scored his first goal for Brighton on 26 September, in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers that also saw him receive a red card in the second half of the game.<mask> made 35 appearances for Brighton in the 2015–16 season, scoring six goals, as the Seagulls narrowly missed out on promotion to the Premier League by finishing in 3rd place on goal difference. On 9 August 2016, <mask> scored a brace in a 4–0 win against Colchester United in the first round of the EFL Cup. Throughout the 2016–17 season, <mask> scored two goals in 37 league appearances as Brighton gained promotion to the Premier League. <mask> had limited playing time with Brighton in the Premier League, making four league appearances for the club in the first half of the 2017–18 season, all as a substitute. Rangers

On 6 January 2018, Brighton announced that <mask> had joined Scottish Premiership club Rangers on loan until the end of the 2017–18 season. The clubs also agreed a fee for <mask> to move permanently in the summer. <mask> made his competitive debut for Rangers on 24 January 2018, in a 2–0 win against Aberdeen.He was one of four players to make their first appearance for Rangers in that game. <mask> scored his first goal for Rangers in a 6–1 win at Ayr United in the 2017–18 Scottish Cup. In May 2018, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Rangers. He suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury in August 2018, which prevented him from playing for most of the 2018–19 season. <mask> agreed a six-month loan deal with League One club Burton Albion on 20 January 2020. Hibernian
On

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts:
 29 August 2020, <mask> signed for fellow Scottish side Hibernian on an initial one-year loan, with an obligation of a further year on a permanent basis. On 29 July 2021, <mask> scored his first goal for Hibernian in Europe against FC Santa Coloma in a 2–1 away win in the UEFA Conference League qualifiers.On the 31 January 2022, <mask> joined Mansfield Town, on loan for the remainder of the season. International career
<mask> was a regular for both the Scotland under-19 team and the Scotland under-21 team. He scored four goals for the under-21 side as the team reached the play-offs of the European under-21 Championships. <mask> received his first call-up to the Scotland squad on 10 March 2016, for their friendlies against Czech Republic and Denmark on 24 and 29 March. He was left unused. <mask> made his full international debut in a 1–0 home friendly defeat to Costa Rica on 23 March 2018, coming on as an 87th-minute substitute for Matt Ritchie. <mask>'s second Scottish cap came in a friendly where Scotland lost 2–0 away to Peru where <mask> started the game.However, he was subbed off in the 63rd minute, replaced by Oli McBurnie. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Motherwell
Scottish Cup runner-up: 2010–11

Brighton & Hove Albion
 EFL Championship runner-up: 2016–17

References

External links

Official profile at Sheffield United
Scotland stats at Scottish FA

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish footballers
Association football forwards
Scotland youth international footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Motherwell F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Scotland international footballers
Burton Albion F.C. players
Hibernian F.C.players
Mansfield Town F.C.

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts:
<mask> (; ; 8 February 1630 – 26 January 1721) was a French churchman and scholar, editor of the Delphin Classics, founder of the Académie de Physique in Caen (1662-1672) and Bishop of Soissons from 1685 to 1689 and afterwards of Avranches. Life

He was born in Caen in 1630, and educated at the Jesuit school there. He also received lessons from a Protestant pastor, Samuel Bochart. By the age of twenty he was recognized as one of the most promising scholars of his time. In 1651 he went to Paris, where he formed a friendship with Gabriel Naudé, conservator of the Mazarin Library. In the following year Samuel Bochart, being invited by Queen Christina of Sweden to her court at Stockholm, took his friend <mask> with him. This journey, in which he saw Leiden, Amsterdam and Copenhagen, as well as Stockholm, resulted chiefly in the discovery, in the Swedish royal library, of some fragments of Origen's Commentary on St Matthew, which gave <mask> the idea of editing and translating Origen into Latin, a task he completed in 1668.He eventually quarrelled with Bochart, who accused him of having suppressed a line in Origen in the Eucharistic controversy. While working on Origen's Greek text, <mask> wrote a separate treatise on translation history, theory, and practice, the "De optimo genere interpretandi" ("On the best kind of translating") in two books (first published 1660; 3rd and last ed. Amsterdam, 1683). <mask> was also the cofounder of the Académie de Physique in Caen, the first provincial academy of science to be granted a royal charter (1668). <mask> was the initial patron of the academy, and along with Andre Graindorge, directed the work of the group, which

masks:
Pierre Daniel Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet


texts: focused on the empirical study of nature, with a special emphasis on anatomy and dissections. <mask>'s presence was critical to the success of the academy, which floundered without his continued presence. He acted as head of the group from 1662–1667, and again in 1668, when he left Caen again for Paris.He also ended his financial support of the academy at this time, as it began to receive royal funding and direction from the royal representative in Normandy, Guy Chamillart. In Paris he entered into close relations with Jean Chapelain. During the famous "dispute of Ancients and Moderns", <mask> took the side of the Ancients against Charles Perrault and Jean Desmarets. Among his friends at this period were Valentin Conrart and Paul Pellisson. His taste for mathematics led him to the study of astronomy. He next turned his attention to anatomy, and, being short-sighted, devoted his inquiries mainly to the question of vision and the formation of the eye. In the course of this study, he made more than 800 dissections.He then learned all that was then to be learned in chemistry, and wrote a Latin poem on salt. All this time he was a frequent visitor to the salons of Mlle de Scudéry and the studios of painters; his scientific researches did not interfere with his classical studies, for during this time he was discussing with Bochart the origin of certain medals, and was learning Syriac and Arabic under the Jesuit Adrien Parvilliers. <mask> was admitted to the Académie française in 1674. He took holy orders in 1676, and two years later the king made him abbot of Aunay. In 1685 he became Bishop of Soissons, but after waiting for installation for four years he took the

masks: Huet Huet Huet


texts:
 bishopric of Avranches instead. He exchanged the cares of his bishopric for what he thought would be the easier chair of the Abbey of Fontenay, but there he was vexed with continual lawsuits. At length he retired to the Jesuits' House in the Rue Saint-Antoine at Paris, where he died in 1721.His great library and manuscripts, after being bequeathed to the Jesuits, were bought by the king for the royal library. Works

He translated the pastorals of Longus, wrote a tale called Diane de Castro, and gave with his Traitté de l'origine des romans (1670), his Treatise on the Origin of Romances the first world history of fiction. On being appointed assistant tutor to the Dauphin in 1670, he edited, with the assistance of Anne Lefêvre (afterwards Madame Dacier) and Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, the well-known book series, the Delphin Classics (referred to in the original Latin as the "Ad usum Delphini" series). This series published comprehensive editions of the Latin classics in about sixty volumes, and each work was accompanied by a Latin commentary, ordo verborum, and verbal index. The original volumes have each an engraving of Arion and a dolphin, and the appropriate inscription in usum serenissimi Delphini. In addition to <mask>'s edition and translation of the ancient Greek theologian Origen, <mask> published two works on the history and process of translation itself, "De optimo genere interpretandi" ("On the best kind of translating") and "De claris interpretibus" ("On famous translators"; 3rd and last ed 1683). He issued one of his major works, the Demonstratio evangelica, in 1679.At Aulnay he wrote his Questiones Aletuanae (Caen, 1690), his Censura philosophiae

masks: Huet Huet


texts:
 Cartesianae (Paris, 1689), his Nouveau mémoire pour servir à l'histoire du Cartésianisme (New Memoirs to Serve The History of Cartesianism, 1692), and his discussion with Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux on the Sublime. In the Huetiana (1722) of the abbé d'Olivet will be found material for arriving at an idea of his prodigious labours, exact memory and wide scholarship. Another posthumous work was his Traité philosophique de la faiblesse de l'esprit humain (original spelling: Traité philosophique de la foiblesse de l’esprit humain) (Amsterdam, 1723), which he considered to be his best work. His autobiography, found in his Commentarius de rebus ad eum pertinentibus (Paris, 1718), has been translated into French and into English. Legacy
The lycée in Hérouville-Saint-Clair, Calvados, was formerly named after Huet, though it has now ceased to be so. References

Sources
 <mask> <mask>, Against Cartesian Philosophy (Censura Philosophiae Cartesianae). Amherst: Humanity Books 2003.April G. Shelford, Transforming the Republic of Letters: <mask> <mask> and European Intellectual Life, 1650-1720 (Rochester, University of Rochester Press, 2007). James Albert DeLater, "Translation Theory in the Age of Louis XIV: The 1683 'De optimo genere interpretandi' ('On the best kind of translating') of <mask> <mask> (1630-1721)" (St. Jerome Publishing, Manchester UK, 2002). External links

1630 births
1721 deaths
People from Caen
French Jesuits
Members of the Académie Française
17th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops of Avranches
Bishops of Soissons
17th-century French writers
17th-century French male writers
17th-century Latin-language writers
18th-century Latin-language

masks:
Pierre Daniel
Huet
Pierre Daniel
Huet
Pierre Daniel
Huet


texts:
<mask> (c.1546 – 9 January 1586) was a German mathematician and astronomer whose Capellan geoheliocentric model, in which the inner planets Mercury and Venus orbit the sun but the outer planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Earth, may have directly inspired Tycho Brahe's more radically heliocentric geoheliocentric model in which all the 5 known primary planets orbited the Sun, which in turn orbited the stationary Earth. Biography
<mask> was born in Breslau (Wrocław), Silesia, Habsburg Monarchy, and studied at the Universities of Leipzig, University of Wittenberg and Frankfurt (Oder). About 1580 <mask> stayed with Tycho Brahe on his island Hven in Öresund, where he worked at his Uraniborg. He then was employed by William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. Wittich died in Vienna. Work
Wittich may have been influenced by Valentin Naboth's book Primarum de coelo et terra in adopting the Capellan system to explain the motion of the inferior planets. It is evident from Wittich's diagram of his Capellan system that the Martian orbit does not intersect the solar orbit nor those of Mercury and Venus, and would thus be compatible with solid celestial orbs, with the Solar orb containing the orbs of Venus and of Mercury and itself in turn wholly circumscribed by a Martian orb.This was in significant contrast with Ursus's geoheliocentric model in which the orbits of Mercury and Venus intersect the Martian orbit but the Solar orbit does not, and also with the Tychonic model in which the Martian orbit also intersects the Solar orbit in addition to those of Mercury and Venus, and whereby both these models rule out solid celestial orbs that cannot interpenetrate, if not excluding interpenetrating fluid orbs. However, <mask>'s Capellan model of the Martian orbit contradicted

masks:
Paul Wittich
Wittich
Wittich
Wittich


texts: Copernicus's model in which Mars at opposition is nearer to the Earth than the Sun is, whereby if true the Solar and Martian orbits must intersect in all geoheliocentric models. Thus the question of whether the daily parallax of Mars was ever greater than that of the Sun was crucial to whether <mask>'s (and indeed also Praetorius's and Ursus's) model was observationally tenable or not. It seems Tycho Brahe eventually came to the conclusion by 1588 that Mars does come nearer to the Earth than the Sun is, albeit contradicting his earlier conclusion by 1584 that his observations of Mars at opposition in 1582-3 established it had no discernible parallax, whereas he put the Sun's parallax at 3 arcminutes. Thus Brahe's 1588 model crucially contradicted both <mask>'s and also Ursus's geoheliocentric models at least in respect of the dimensions of the Martian orbit, by positing its intersection with the Solar orbit. Having failed to find any Martian parallax greater than the Solar parallax, Tycho had no valid observational evidence for his 1588 conclusion that Mars comes nearer to the Earth than the Sun, and nor did anybody else at that time, whereby Tycho's uniquely distinctive geoheliocentric model had no valid observational support in this respect. It seems its credibility rested solely upon his aristocratic social status rather than any scientific evidence.And this failure to find any Martian parallax in effect also refuted Copernicus's heliocentric model in respect of its Martian orbit, and supported the geocentric models of Ptolemy and the Capellan geoheliocentric model of Wittich and Praetorius and also Ursus's more Tychonic model. The latter differed from Tycho's only in respect of its non-intersecting Martian and Solar orbits and its daily rotating Earth. It seems

masks: Wittich Wittich


texts: a primary purpose of Wittich's Capellan model, evident from the drafting markings in his drawing, was to save the integrity of solid celestial orbs, and the only planetary models compatible with solid celestial orbs were the Ptolemaic, Copernican and Wittichan Capellan (including Praetorius's) planetary models. But in 1610 Galileo's novel telescopic confirmation that Venus has a full set of phases like the Moon, published in his 1613 Letters on Sunspots, refuted the Ptolemaic geocentric model, which implied they are only crescents in conjunction, just as in opposition, whereas they are gibbous or full in conjunction. This crucial novel fact was logically implied by the Heraclidean, Capellan and Tychonic geoheliocentric planetary models, according to all of which at least the orbits of Venus and Mercury are centred on the Sun rather than the Earth, as well as by the pure heliocentric model. Consequently this left only the Copernican and Wittichan Capellan models compatible with both solid orbs and the phases of Venus. But only the Wittichan system was also compatible with the failure to find any stellar parallax predicted by all heliocentric models, in addition to also being compatible with the failure to find any Martian parallax that refuted both the Copernican and Tychonic models.Thus by 1610 it seems the only observationally tenable candidate for a planetary model with solid celestial orbs was <mask>'s Capellan system. Indeed it also seems it was even the only planetary model that was generally observationally tenable, given the twin failures to find any stellar annual parallax nor any Martian daily parallax at that time. However, insofar as it was accepted that comets are superlunary and sphere-busting, whereby solid celestial orbs are impossible and thus


texts:
 intersecting orbits cease to be impossible, then this thereby also admitted the model of Ursus (and Origanus) as also observationally tenable, along with Wittich's Capellan system (and thus also Praetorius's), whilst the Ptolemaic model was ruled out by the phases of Venus, all heliocentric models by the perceived absence of any annual stellar parallax, and both the Copernican and Tychonic models were also refuted by the absence of any Martian daily parallax. Renowned anti-Copernican adherents of the Capellan planetary model included Francis Bacon, inter alia, and this model appealed to those who accepted Ptolemy's purely geocentric model was refuted by the phases of Venus, but were unpersuaded by Tychonic arguments that Mars, Jupiter and Saturn also orbited the Sun in addition to Mercury and Venus. Indeed even Newton's arguments for this stated in his commentary on Phenomenon 3 of Book 3 of his Principia were notably invalid. Notes

Literature
van Helden Galileo and telescopic astronomy Taton & Wilson 1989
Dreyer Tycho Brahe 1890
Gingerich 1982 Dreyer and Tycho's World System Sky & Telescope 64 1982, p138-40
Gingerich & Westman The Wittich Connection, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Vol 78, Part 7, 1988
Jarrell The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe in Taton & Wilson 1989
Schofield, Christine The Tychonic and semi-Tychonic world systemsin Taton & Wilson 1989
Taton & Wilson Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton Cambridge University Press 1989
R. Westman (Ed) The Copernican Achievement 1976 University of California Press

External links
 Wittich at The Galileo Project

1546 births
1586 deaths
16th-century Austrian people
16th-century German astronomers
People from Austrian


texts:
<mask> (c. 1573 – August 1629) was an English librarian and Anglican clergyman, the first librarian of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Life
He was born about 1573 at Newport, Isle of Wight. In 1586 he was admitted a scholar of Winchester College and matriculated at New College, Oxford on 28 January 1592. He then graduated B.A. on 3 May 1595, M.A. on 5 February 1599, and B.D. and D.D.on 16 May 1614. <mask> became a fellow of New College in 1593, where he served until 1602. In that year, his wide knowledge of books, together with his skill in deciphering manuscripts and detecting literary forgeries, secured him the post of librarian to the library newly founded by Sir <mask> at Oxford. At the same time, he was made rector of St Aldate's Church, Oxford. In 1605, he compiled a classified catalogue of the books in the Bodleian Library, but in 1620 substituted for it an alphabetical catalogue. The arrangement in 1610, whereby the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers (Stationers' Company) undertook to supply the Bodleian with a copy of every book published, was <mask>'s suggestion. He assisted in framing a complete body of the ancient statutes and customs of the university.He was also skilled in deciphering manuscripts and in detecting forged readings. He obtained leave to examine the manuscripts in the college libraries at Oxford, and was allowed by easy-going heads of houses (particularly those of Balliol and Merton) to take away several, chiefly patristic, which he gave in 1601 to the Bodleian Library, together with sixty printed volumes. Bodley had fixed upon <mask> as his library

masks:
Thomas James
James
Thomas Bodley
James
James


texts: keeper, and the appointment was confirmed by the university in 1602. His salary as librarian was initially £22 13s. 4d. annually, but he threatened forthwith to resign unless it was raised to £30 or £40 a year. <mask> made it clear he would leave the library if his compensation was not increased, so Bodley raised the salary by 4 pounds per year.This eventually led to a compensation of 40 pounds per year after 1611. On 14 September 1602 he also became rector of St. Aldate, Oxford. 18 October of that same year, <mask> married his wife, Ann Underhill. Both of these actions, taking place just two months before the library's opening, were in direct opposition to qualifications outlined by Bodley for his librarian. Bodley, who had not been a churchgoer or the marrying type, wanted his librarian to be completely concentrated on the library. Eventually, however, Bodley approved of <mask>'s choices. In December 1610 the library began to receive copies of all works published by the members of the Stationers' Company, under an agreement made with them by Bodley at the suggestion of <mask>.In 1614 <mask>, through Bodley's interest, was preferred to the sub-deanery of Wells, and in 1617 he became rector of Mongeham, Kent. At the beginning of May 1620 he was obliged through ill-health to resign the librarianship. At the convocation held with the parliament at Oxford in 1625 he moved that certain scholars be commissioned to peruse the patristic manuscripts in all public and private English libraries to detect forgeries introduced by Roman Catholic editors. His proposal not meeting with much encouragement,

masks: James James James James James


texts:
 he set about the task himself. Ill health compelled him to resign his post in 1620, he died at Oxford in August 1629, and was buried in New College Chapel. Works
His first attempts at authorship were translations from the Italian of Antonio Brucioli's 'Commentary upon the Canticle of Canticles,' which was licensed for the press in November 1597, and from the French of Guillaume du Vair The Moral Philosophy of the Stoicks, London, 1598. He next edited Richard de Bury's The Philobiblon, Oxford, 1599, which he dedicated to Sir <mask>.In this dedication, <mask> praised Bodley and his colleagues for their efforts in reestablishing the Oxford library, though there was never any indication of his future role as librarian. As the result of his researches in college libraries he published 'Ecloga Oxonio-Cantabrigiensis, tributa in libros duos,' London, 1600, a work commended by Joseph Scaliger. It gives a list of the manuscripts in the college libraries at Oxford and Cambridge, and in the university library at Cambridge, besides critical notes on the text of Cyprian's 'De Unitate Ecclesiæ' and of Augustine of Hippo's De fide. The "Index Alphabeticus" the first catalog compiled by <mask>, which consisted of 8,700 entries, appeared in July 1605. It was dedicated to Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, at the suggestion of Bodley (who thought that 'more reward was to be gained from the prince than from the king'). It includes both printed books and manuscripts, arranged alphabetically under the four classes of theology, medicine, law, and arts. A continuation of this classified index, embracing writers on

masks:
Thomas Bodley
James
James


texts:
 arts and sciences, geography and history, is to be found in Rawlinson MS. Miscell.730, drawn up by <mask> after quitting the library. An alphabetical catalogue prepared by him in 1613 was not printed, but remained in the library. A second edition of the catalogue appeared in 1620. It abandoned the classified arrangement of the former catalogue, and adopts only one alphabet of names. There was also issued in 1635 'Catalogus Interpretum S. Scripturæ juxta numerorum ordinem qui extant in Bibliotheca Bodleiana olim a D. <mask>io … concinnatus, nunc vero altera fere parte auctior redditus. … Editio correcta,' Oxford. In 1604, Bodley noted some errors <mask> had made in cataloguing the Hebrew manuscripts, suggesting that <mask> should check with scholars fluent in Hebrew.Before 1611, <mask> was on a committee working on the Authorised Version of the Bible. <mask>'s other works are:

 ‘Bellum Papale, sive Concordia discors Sixti Quinti & Clementis Octavi circa Hieronymianam Editionem,’ London, 1600; 1678. ‘Concordantiæ sanctorum Patrum, i.e. vera & pia Libri Canticorum per Patres universos, tam Græcos quam Latinos, Expositio,’ Oxford, 1607. ‘An Apologie for John Wickliffe, shewing his Conformitie with the now Church of England,’ Oxford, 1608; in answer to Robert Parsons and others. 'Bellum Gregorianum, sive Corruptionis Romanæ in Operibus D. Gregorii M. jussu Pontificum Rom. recognitis atque editis ex Typographica Vaticana loca insigniora, observata, Theologis ad hoc officium deputatis,' Oxford, 1610.'A Treatise of the Corruption of Scripture, Counsels, and Fathers, by … the Church of Rome. …

masks: James James James James James James


texts: Together with a sufficient Answere unto J. Gretser and A. Possevine, Jesuites, and the unknowne Author of the Grounds of the Old Religion and the New,' 5 pts. London, 1611; other editions in 1612, 1688, and 1843. Against Jakob Gretser and Antonio Possevino. 'The Jesuits Downefall threatened against them by the Secular Priests for their wicked lives, accursed manners, heretical doctrine, etc. Together with the Life of Father Parsons,' Oxford, 1612. 'Index generalis sanctorum Patrum, ad singulos versus cap.5. secundum Matthæum,' London, 1624. 'G. Wicelii Methodus Concordiæ Ecclesiasticæ … Adjectæ sunt notæ … et vita ipsius … una cum enumeratione auctorum qui scripserunt contra squalores … Curiæ Romanæ,' London, 1625. On Georg Witzel. 'Vindiciæ Gregorianæ, seu restitutus innumeris pæne locis Gregorius M., ex variis manuscriptis … collatis,'  Geneva, 1625, with a preface by B. Turrettinus. 'A Manuduction or Introduction unto Divinitie: containing a confutation of Papists by Papists throughout the important Articles of our Religion,’ Oxford, 1625. ‘The humble … Request of T. <mask> to the Church of England, for, and in the behalfe of, Bookes touching Religion,’  Oxford?1625? ‘An Explanation or Enlarging of the Ten Articles in the Supplication of Doctor <mask>, lately exhibited to the Clergy of England’ [in reference to a projected new edition of the ‘Fathers’], Oxford, 1625. 'Specimen Corruptelarum Pontificiorum in Cypriano, Ambrosio, Gregorio M. & Authore operis imperfecti, & in jure canonico,' London, 1626. 'Index generalis librorum prohibitorum a Pontificiis,' Oxford, 1627. <mask> is said to

masks: James James James


texts:
 have been the 'Catholike Divine' who edited, with preface and notes in English, the tract entitled 'Fiscus Papalis; sive, Catalogus Indulgentiarum & Reliquiarum septem principalium Ecclesiarum urbis Romæ ex vetusto Manuscripto Codice descriptus,' London, 1617; another edition, 1621, was accompanied by the English version of William Crashaw. In 1608 <mask> edited John Wycliffe's 'Two short Treatises against the Orders of the Begging Friars.' Four of his manuscripts are in Lambeth Palace Library:
'Brevis Admonitio ad Theologos Protestantes de Libris Pontificorum caute, pie, ac sobrie habendis, legendis, emendis,' &c.
'Enchiridion Theologicum, seu Chronologia Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum, ordine alphabetico,' &c.
'Suspicionum et Conjecturarum liber primus, in quo ducenta ad minus loca SS.Patrum in dubium vocata, dubitandi Rationes, Rationum Summæ perspicue continentur.' 'Breviarium Episcoporum totius Angliæ, seu nomina, successio, et chronologia eorundem ad sua usque tempora.' In the Bodleian Library (Bodl. MS. 662) is his 'Tomus primus Animadversionum in Patres, Latinæque Ecclesiæ Doctores primarios.' Two letters from <mask> to Sir Robert Bruce Cotton, dated 1625 and 1628, are preserved in Cotton. MS. Julius C. iii., ff.159, 183. Bodley's letters to <mask> are in 'Reliquiæ Bodleianæ,' published by <mask>ne, from Bodleian MS. 699, in 1703. References

1570s births
1629 deaths
Bodley's Librarians
English librarians
Alumni of New College, Oxford
People educated at Winchester College
Fellows of New College, Oxford
People from Newport, Isle of Wight
16th-century English educators
17th-century

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texts:
<mask> (February 3, 1935 – December 1, 2018), better known as <mask>, was an American blues guitarist and singer. His singular guitar playing, marked by flamboyant string-bending, imaginative chord voicings and a distinctive tone, was influential in the Chicago blues scene of the 1950s. In the mid-1950s, <mask> was one of the most sought-after session guitarists in Chicago, but he was little known outside the music industry, since his name rarely appeared on discs. His acclaimed comeback in 2000 led to a resurgence of interest in his early work and a reappraisal as one of the great blues guitarists. <mask> was known for his imaginative chord selection, characterized by raised fives, and minor sixths and minor sevenths with flattened fives. He usually played with an unusual open E tuning, originally taught to him by Bo Diddley. In 2013, <mask> was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.Early life
Born in Mobile, Alabama, United States, <mask> moved to Chicago at the age of five. His first instrument was the harmonica, which he swapped for the guitar after hearing Bo Diddley play at a talent show where they were both performing. Diddley, seven years his senior, took <mask> under his wing and taught him the rudiments of guitar. Career

Chicago heyday
By 1951, <mask> and Diddley were playing on the street together, with <mask> providing backing to Diddley's vocals, accompanied by Roosevelt Jackson on washtub bass. <mask> cut his teeth gigging with a string of blues musicians, notably Memphis Minnie, Elmore James, and Otis Spann. After touring with the West Coast piano player Charles Brown, <mask>

masks:
Joseph Leon Williams
Jody Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


texts: established himself as a session player with Chess Records. At Chess, <mask> met Howlin' Wolf, recently arrived in Chicago from Memphis, Tennessee, and was hired by Wolf as the first guitarist in his new Chicago-based band.A year later Hubert Sumlin moved to Chicago to join Wolf's band, and the dual guitars of <mask> and Sumlin are featured on Howlin' Wolf's 1954 singles "Evil Is Going On" and "Forty Four" and the 1955 releases "Who Will Be Next" and "Come to Me Baby." <mask> also provided backing on Otis Spann's 1954 release, "It Must Have Been the Devil", which features lead guitar work from B. B. King, one of <mask>' early heroes and a big influence on his playing. <mask>'s solo career began in December 1955 with the upbeat, saxophone-driven "Lookin' for My Baby", released under the name Little Papa Joe by Blue Lake Records. The record company closed a few months later, leaving his slide guitar performance on "Groan My Blues Away" unreleased. By this time, <mask> was highly sought after as a session guitarist, and his virtuosity in this capacity is well illustrated by his blistering lead guitar work on Bo Diddley's "Who Do You Love?", a hit for Checker Records in 1956. (The rock musician Marshall Crenshaw listed <mask>'s guitar solo on "Who Do You Love" as one of the greatest guitar solos ever recorded.) Other notable session work from the 1950s include lead guitar parts on Billy Boy Arnold's "I Ain't Got You" and "I Wish You Would", Jimmy Rogers's "One Kiss", Jimmy Witherspoon's "Ain't Nobody's Business", and Otis Rush's "Three Times a Fool". In 1957, <mask> released "You May" on Argo

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


texts:
 Records, with the inventive B-side instrumental "Lucky Lou", the extraordinary opening riff of which Otis Rush copied on his 1958 Cobra Records side "All Your Love (I Miss Loving)". Further evidence of <mask>'s influence on Rush (they played on a number of sessions together) is Rush's solo on Buddy Guy's 1958 debut, "Sit and Cry (The Blues)", copied almost exactly from <mask>'s "You May". Disillusionment with music business
The frequency with which <mask> found his distinctive guitar phrases being copied without credit led to increasing disenchantment with the music business. When the distinctive riff he created for Billy Stewart's 1956 Argo release "Billy's Blues" was appropriated by Mickey Baker for the Mickey & Sylvia hit "Love Is Strange", Chess Records took legal action.At the conclusion of the case in 1961, <mask> gained neither credit nor compensation. "I was ripped off," he later told John Sinkevics in the Grand Rapids Press. In the early 1960s, <mask> was making a living gigging with his Big 3 Trio (not to be confused with Willie Dixon's group of the same name), but by the end of the decade, he had retired from the music industry altogether. He studied electronics and eventually became a technical engineer for Xerox, his job for over 25 years. Comeback
Only after his retirement did <mask> consider picking up his guitar again, which had lain untouched under his bed all the while. "One day my wife said if I started playing again I might feel better about life in general," he told the Chicago Sun-Times. In March 2000, he went to a performance by his old friend Robert Lockwood Jr.,

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


texts:
 and grew nostalgic for his music days.Back at home, an old tape of himself playing moved him to tears and inspired him to pick up his guitar again. He returned to playing in public in June 2000, when he was featured at a club gig during the 2000 Chicago Blues Festival. He was encouraged in this period by Dick Shurman, who eventually produced his comeback album, Return of a Legend (2002), on which his bold playing belies his thirty-year break from music. "He plays with a verve and vigor that sound as good today as it did on the classic records," wrote Vintage Guitar magazine. <mask> continued to perform around the world until 2014, mainly at large blues festivals, and often sitting in with the blues guitarist Billy Flynn at Chicago club appearances. Poor health later curtailed his musical activities. <mask> died from cancer on December 1, 2018.1967])
 1976 – J. T. Brown, "Lonely (As a Man Can Be)", "Going Home to My Baby", "It's a Shame to Tell the People", "When I Was a Lad", "Use That Spot" (on Windy City Boogie: Pearl PL-9; recorded 1956)
 1979 – Harold Burrage, "I Love My Baby" (on Rockin' Wild: P-Vine PLP-9021; recorded 1957)
 1982 – Willie Dixon, "Firey Love" (on Blues Roots Series,

masks:
Williams
Death Williams


texts:
<mask> AM (born 5 August 1947), known as <mask>, is an Australian rock singer-songwriter, television presenter-reporter and actor. He has been the lead vocalist with the hard rock band Rose Tattoo since 1976. On Australia Day 26 January 1993, <mask> was made a Member of the Order of Australia for his role as a youth advocate. According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, "over the course of a lengthy career, [the] gravel-throated vocalist ... has gone from attention-grabbing, rock'n'roll bad boy to all-round Australian media star." On 16 August 2006, Rose Tattoo were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame. Biography

<mask> was born on 5 August 1947 in Melbourne, Victoria, to an Australian father and Mauritian mother. He has a brother Rodney living in Melbourne.<mask>'s nickname of "<mask> Ant" developed "during his youth after his aggressive and volatile nature got the better of him." According to <mask>, his father "was a deeply troubled man... I've dealt with my rage, my pain... I was a very angry boy... When he was around he was a very explosive person." <mask> used his uncle, Ivan, as his role model, he "was a cigarette-smoking, beer-drinking, leather jacket-wearing, motorcycle-riding drummer in a swing band." <mask> grew up in suburban Coburg and attended Coburg Technical School before working as a fitter and turner in a factory.Initially he wanted to be a blues guitarist, "I wanted to be like all the great blues guitar players, then I wanted to be like Bob Dylan, then of course... John Lennon." <mask> found himself in a band with three possible guitarists and "[t]he other two were much better than me, so the only other thing we needed was a singer... [we] had to sing 'Twist and Shout' without accompaniment. I just happened to be the best one at it." From 1971 to 1973, <mask> led rock group Peace Power and Purity and came to wider public notice as the lead vocalist with Buster Brown. He fronted the hard rock and blues rock band from its foundation in 1973, the original

masks:
Gary Stephen Anderson
Angry Anderson
Anderson
Gary Stephen Anderson
Anderson
Angry
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


texts: line-up included Phil Rudd on drums, who left in 1974 to join AC/DC. In 1975, Buster Brown released an album, Something to Say, on Mushroom Records/Festival Records before disbanding in November that year. In 1976 in Sydney, Rose Tattoo was formed by Peter Wells of the heavy metal band Buffalo.<mask> had relocated to Sydney and replaced the group's original singer Tony Lake. When their drummer Michael Vandersluys departed soon afterwards, he was replaced by Dallas Royall, who had been Rudd's replacement in Buster Brown. Their most popular single on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart was "Bad Boy for Love" from 1977, which peaked at No. 19. Rose Tattoo's 1981 tour of Europe included an appearance at the Reading Festival, where <mask> repeatedly head butted the amp stacks until his scalp started bleeding. <mask>'s debut as an actor was a minor role in Bullamakanka (1983). Later, he appeared as the character Ironbar Bassey in the film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985).Filmink magazine later wrote that <mask> "appeared in surprisingly few acting roles for someone with such renown as a presenter." <mask> joined as a guest vocalist with The Incredible Penguins, for a cover of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)", a charity project for research on little penguins, which peaked at No. 10 in December 1985. In 1987, he played Lenin in the musical Rasputin, composed by David Tyyd, at the State Theatre in Sydney. <mask> led Rose Tattoo through six studio albums until disbanding the group in 1987, by which time he was the only member remaining from the early line-up. During 1986, as Rose Tattoo was winding down following the recording of Beats from a Single Drum, <mask> joined The Party Boys for an Australian tour, but never recorded with them. By this time <mask> had established himself as an advocate on social issues and made regular appearances on the Channel Nine programs The Midday Show with Ray Martin and then A Current Affair as a human interest reporter.In 1987, <mask> had his biggest hit, when the uncharacteristic ballad

masks: Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson


texts: "Suddenly" from the album, Beats from a Single Drum, was used as the wedding theme for the Neighbours episode in which the popular characters Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell married. Robinson was portrayed by Jason Donovan, while Mitchell's character was portrayed by pop singer, Kylie Minogue, who had issued her debut single in July as a cover version of "Locomotion." "Locomotion" was at number one on the Australian charts preventing "Suddenly" from reaching the top spot. Beats from a Single Drum had been planned as <mask>'s debut solo release, but had initially been billed as a Rose Tattoo album due to contractual obligations; however, after the success of "Suddenly", it was re-released in 1988 as an <mask> solo album. In November 1988, the single reached number three on the UK Singles Chart after the episode aired there. With the dissolution of Rose Tattoo, <mask> pressed on with his solo career, releasing the album Blood from Stone in 1990 which provided the No. 11 hit single "Bound for Glory."He performed the song during the pre-match entertainment at the 1991 AFL Grand Final between Hawthorn and , appearing on top of a Batmobile. According to The Punch's Michael Phelan, <mask>'s performance was "a teeth-gnashing, eyeballs-bleeding, nails-scratching-down-a-blackboard rendition" and rates it as the worst pre-game display in Australian sporting history. In 1992, <mask> acted in the Australian arena-style revival of Jesus Christ Superstar as Herod. On Australia Day (26 January) 1993, <mask> was made a Member of the Order of Australia with the citation, "In recognition of service to the community, particularly as a youth advocate." Also that year, Rose Tattoo reunited to support Guns N' Roses on the Australian leg of their Use Your Illusion Tour, Guns N' Roses specifically requested The Tatts to support Them in Australia. However the reunion was short-lived and the band's members returned to their solo projects. From 1994, <mask> has used his contacts in the media to organise a Challenge where a particular

masks:
Anderson
Angry Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


texts: charity's project was completed with support of community and business groups.Examples of these Challenges include constructing a playground for handicapped children within 48 hours, assisting drought affected farmers with reserve feed for their stock, organising Christmas presents for socially and economically disadvantaged children, building two respite units for people living with and affected by HIV AIDS and delivering artificial limbs for Cambodian land mine victims. Rose Tattoo reconvened in 1998 and undertook an Australian tour. The group has continued to perform despite five Rose Tattoo former band members dying of cancer: Dallas Royall (1991), Peter Wells (2006), Ian Rilen (2006), Lobby Loyde (2007), and Mick Cocks (2009). According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, "over the course of a lengthy career, [the] gravel-throated vocalist ... has gone from attention-grabbing, rock'n'roll bad boy to all-round Australian media star." On 16 August 2006, Rose Tattoo were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame. In the early years of the 2000s, <mask> participated in and organised a string of charity events. In 2002, <mask> played with former members of The Angels at the Bali Relief concert in Perth, Western Australia, held in aid of victims of the Bali bombing.<mask> is involved in the Dunn Lewis Youth Development Foundation, which is a lasting legacy of two of the 88 Australian lives lost in the bombings. In 2003, <mask> appeared in a cameo role as the character Kris Quaid in the independent Australian feature film Finding Joy. At the end of the film, he sings his hit "Suddenly." <mask> appeared in a guest role in the Australian movie Suite for Fleur (2011), as Silas, Fleur's father, a carpenter and furniture maker living in Byron Bay. In December, <mask> joined Doc Neeson - The Angels, Mark Gable - The Choirboys, Buzz Bidstrup - The Angels, Phil Emmanuel and Matt Sorum (drummer for Guns N' Roses) on-stage to celebrate the opening of a Hard Rock Cafe in Darling Harbour. In

masks: Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson


texts:
 January 2012, <mask> announced that Rose Tattoo would disband – he is a member of the National Party and is considering using his birth name, Gary, for "political expediency" when running as a candidate in the next federal election. In 2014, <mask> was featured on 7mate's successful television series Bogan Hunters as one of eight celebrity judges.Later that year, <mask> scored a role in the motion picture Fat Pizza vs. Housos. The film was shown in Australian cinemas from 27 November 2014 onwards. Political views
In July 2007, <mask> was criticised by some after espousing his views on Muslim immigration to Australia when he told the Sydney Daily Telegraph:

On 1 March 2010, he told a Federal Parliamentary Committee into the impact of violence on youth that life experience has taught him "Aussies use their fists" when they fight and that "weapons were introduced by other cultures." In March 2011, <mask> declared he was a supporter of conservative politician Tony Abbott and his views against a tax on carbon dioxide emissions. He announced in October that year that he was joining the conservative National Party, and was interested in standing for a seat in the next Australian federal election. When asked whether his more 'leftie views' might be gagged (he supports same-sex marriage, for example)  he replied, "maintaining some sort of order and balance is about agreement, compromise, setting rules as the head of the house. I've learnt to be a part of the family.So I'm not going to say things in public that are going to embarrass the party." He was selected as the National candidate for the Division of Throsby in New South Wales under his birth name, <mask>. Although he didn't win, his preferences helped the Coalition net a four-percent swing in the seat. In 2012, <mask> participated in the SBS doco-reality show Go Back To Where You Came From, in which six Australians, each with differing opinions on Australia's asylum seeker debate, were taken on a journey to which refugees have taken to reach Australia. At the outset of

masks:
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
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Anderson


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 the series <mask> says that "boat people" who arrive in Australia illegally should be sent back to their countries of origin: "If you come here illegally, I don't care about your story, first thing you do is you turn around and go back." Later in the series, after having met with refugees from Afghanistan who settled in Melbourne as well as visiting war-torn Kabul, <mask> softened his stand on the subject: "Now I've been here and spoken to people, I don't want to turn away refugees, I don't want to turn away people who need to be reunited with their families. I don't want that.Who would want that? I don't want people to go on suffering needlessly, when we can give them somewhere safe to be. But I don't want them to come to Australia in boats." Again endorsed by the National Party in September 2014, this time in the New South Wales seat of Cessnock for the 2015 state election, <mask> withdrew his candidacy in February 2015, citing personal reasons. In 2016 <mask> was endorsed as an Australian Liberty Alliance candidate for the Senate representing New South Wales at the 2016 federal election. The Australian Liberty Alliance is a right wing group that opposes Muslim immigration to Australia. Personal life
In <mask>'s 1994 biography, Angry – Scarred for Life, the author Karen Dewey describes his life as "Sexually, physically and mentally abused he broke the brutal family pattern to become a besotted, devoted father of four."<mask> described how "[t]here was physical and emotional violence in the family" and a family friend began sexually abusing him from the age of five. In 1982, prior to one of Rose Tattoo's European tours, <mask> met Lindy Michael. The couple's daughter, Roxanne was born in 1983. <mask> and Michael married in January 1986 and have also had three sons, Galen, Blaine and Liam. By 2002, <mask> and Michael were divorced. <mask> is a single father and lives in the Sydney suburb of Beacon Hill. Although he does not believe in an omniscient god he attends the Baha'i temple regularly, "the spirituality I have

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texts:
 given myself over to is the divine."Having seen cancer claim the lives of five of his Rose Tattoo bandmates (Dallas Royall, Peter Wells, Ian Rilen, Lobby Lloyde and Mick Cocks), <mask> has become an advocate for men's health. He appeared in a TV campaign promoting awareness of prostate cancer. On 4 November 2018, <mask>'s son Liam was killed in an attack in a park in Queenscliff, New South Wales. Discography

Rose Tattoo

Buster Brown

Solo albums

Singles

See also
 You're Not Alone (Australian Olympians song)

Filmography
 At Last... Bullamakanka: The Motion Picture (1983) - Senator's Aide
 Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985) - Ironbar
 Scuff the Sock (1987, TV Movie) - Plasterer
 Finding Joy (2002) - Kris Quaid
 Fat Pizza (2003) - Bikie
 Pizza (2005, TV Series) - Bikie Leader / Tattooist / Captain / Vietnam Vet
 Swift and Shift Couriers (2008-2011, TV Series) - Aaron 'Agro' Smith
 Suite For Fleur (2011)
 Housos vs. Authority (2012) - <mask>
 Go Back To Where You Came From (2012, TV Series documentary) - Himself - Participant
 Housos (2011-2013; 2020, TV Series) - Angry
 Fat Pizza vs. Housos (2014) - Angry
 Bogan Hunters (2014, TV Series) - Himself - Celebrity Judge
 Dumb Criminals: The Movie (2015) - <mask>
 Fat Pizza: Back in Business (2019 - 2021, TV Series) - Angry

Further reading

 Murray Engleheart. Blood, Sweat & Beers- Oz Rock from the Aztecs to Rose Tattoo . Published by Harper Collins Australia. 2010.()
Edward DuykerOf the Star and the Key: Mauritius, Mauritians and Australia, Australian Mauritian Research Group, Sylvania, 1988, p. 107. References

General

 Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality. Specific

External links

 "Rose Tattoo's <mask>" interview with Richard Fidler of Australian Broadcasting Corporation as an MP3 file. 1947 births
Australian people of Mauritian descent
Australian male television actors
Australian male film actors
Australian male singers
The Party Boys members
Singers from Melbourne
Members of the Order of Australia
Australian heavy metal singers
Living

masks:
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Angry Anderson


texts:
<mask> (July 23, 1865 – March 8, 1930) was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1923 until his death in 1930. Prior to his nomination to the high court, <mask> served as a United States Assistant Attorney General under President Theodore Roosevelt from 1905 to 1907, and as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee from 1908 to 1923. As of 2021, he is the last sitting district court judge to be elevated directly to the Supreme Court. A graduate of Harvard Law School, <mask> practiced law in his hometown of Knoxville, Tennessee, during the 1890s and the first decade of the 20th century. As Assistant Attorney General, he rose to national prominence as lead prosecutor during the high-profile trial of Joseph Shipp in 1907, which to date is the only criminal trial conducted by the Supreme Court. <mask> is typically viewed as a conservative justice, favoring strict adherence to antitrust laws, and often voted with his mentor, Chief Justice William Howard Taft. <mask> v. New York (1925).This case, which introduced the incorporation doctrine, helped pave the way for many of the Warren Court's decisions expanding civil rights and civil liberties in the 1950s and 1960s. Early life and legal career

<mask> was born in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1865, the eldest son of prominent Knoxville businessman <mask><mask> (1831–1902) and Swiss immigrant Emma Chavannes. <mask>'s father, as president or vice president of nearly a dozen banks and corporations, was one of the primary driving forces behind Knoxville's late-19th century industrial boom. His maternal grandfather, Adrian

masks:
Edward Terry Sanford
Sanford
Sanford
Sanford
Sanfordlow
Sanford
Edward J
. Sanford
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texts:
 Chavannes, was the leader of a group of Swiss colonists who arrived in Tennessee in the late 1840s and his uncle, Albert Chavannes, was a noted author and sociologist. In 1891, <mask> married Lutie Mallory Woodruff, the daughter of Knoxville hardware magnate W. W. Woodruff. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Bachelor of Philosophy degree from the University of Tennessee in 1883, a Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard University in 1885, a Master of Arts degree from the same institution in 1889, and a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1889. He was in private practice in Knoxville from 1890 to 1907, and was a lecturer at the University of Tennessee School of Law from 1898 to 1907.One of <mask>'s earliest appearances before the Supreme Court came as an attorney representing the appellant Knoxville Iron Company, in Knoxville Iron Company v. Harbison (1901). The Court ruled in favor of Harbison and upheld states' right to ban companies from paying employees in scrip rather than cash. Assistant Attorney General

<mask> first served in the government as a special assistant to the Attorney General of the United States from 1905 to 1907, and then as Assistant Attorney General in 1907 under President Theodore Roosevelt. United States v. Shipp

As an Assistant Attorney General, he was the lead prosecutor in the high-profile trial in United States v. Shipp (1907). This case involved a sheriff, Joseph Shipp, who was convicted of allowing a condemned black prisoner, who was the subject of a United States Supreme Court writ of habeas corpus, to be lynched. <mask>'s conduct of the trial, particularly his exemplary closing argument, are said to be part of a "Great American Trial." It is the only criminal trial conducted before the United

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 States Supreme Court in which the court exercised original jurisdiction (the court typically only hears criminal cases on appeal).It was widely followed in the newspapers. Shipp and several others were later convicted. District court service

<mask> was nominated by President Theodore Roosevelt on May 14, 1908, to a joint seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee vacated by Judge Charles Dickens Clark. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 18, 1908, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on February 5, 1923, due to his elevation to the Supreme Court. Supreme Court

President Warren Harding nominated <mask> as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States on January 24, 1923, to succeed Mahlon Pitney. <mask> was confirmed by the Senate by a voice vote on January 29, 1923.<mask> took the judicial oath of office on February 19, 1923. He was Circuit Justice for the Fifth Circuit throughout his tenure on the Court. Notable opinions
<mask> wrote 130 opinions during his seven years on the Court. His most well-known was the majority opinion in Gitlow v. New York. While upholding a state law banning anarchist literature, the opinion in Gitlow implied that some provisions of the Bill of Rights (here the First Amendment's free speech provisions) apply with equal force to the states via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (commonly called "incorporation"). That had "extraordinary consequences for the nationalization of the Bill of Rights during the era of the Warren Court," which later used similar reasoning to incorporate other amendments and expand civil liberties. Gitlow has


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 been cited as precedent in cases such as Near v. Minnesota (1931), which incorporated the guarantee of freedom of the press, Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), which recognized the constitutional right to privacy, and more recently, McDonald v. Chicago (2010), which incorporated the right to bear arms.<mask> authored the majority opinion in Okanogan Indians v. United States, commonly called the "Pocket Veto Case," which upheld the power of the President's "pocket veto." Other noteworthy opinions by him are Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U.S. 323 (1926), which upheld the right of property sellers to discriminate based on race, Taylor v. Voss, 271 U.S. 176 (1926) and Fiske v. Kansas, 274 U.S. 380 (1927). <mask> voted with the majority in Myers v. United States (1926), which upheld the President's authority to remove executive branch officials without the Senate's consent, and in Ex parte Grossman (1925), which recognized the President's pardoning power to extend to conviction for contempt of court. <mask> concurred with Taft's dissent in Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923). Chief Justice Taft is considered by some to have been <mask>'s mentor. They routinely sided together in decisions and were a part of the Court's conservative "inner club" that regularly met at the Chief Justice's house for libations and conviviality on Sundays. Death
<mask> unexpectedly died on March 8, 1930 of uremic poisoning following a dental extraction in Washington, D.C., just a few hours before Chief Justice William Howard Taft, who had retired five weeks earlier.As it was customary for members of the Court to attend the funeral of deceased members, that posed a "logistical nightmare" because of the immediate travel from Knoxville for <mask>'s funeral to Washington for Taft's

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 funeral. As had been the case in their careers, Taft's death overshadowed <mask>'s demise. <mask> is interred at Greenwood Cemetery in Knoxville. Legacy
In 1894, <mask> was chosen to deliver the centennial address at his alma mater, the University of Tennessee. The address, which discussed the institution's history, was published the following year as Blount College and the University of Tennessee: An Historical Address. <mask>'s papers are located at various institutions in Tennessee. <mask> was an active member of Civitan International.He is one of six Tennesseans who have served on the Supreme Court. See also

Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
United States Supreme Court cases during the Taft Court

Publications
<mask>, <mask>. (18 June, 1895) Blount College and the University of Tennessee: An Historical Address at Google books. Notes

Further reading

External links

 <mask>. <mask> Papers, University of Tennessee Knoxville Libraries

 Bibliography, <mask> <mask> at 6th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals. 1865 births
1930 deaths
20th-century American judges
American people of Swiss descent
Harvard Law School alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee
Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
Tennessee lawyers
Tennessee Republicans
United States Assistant Attorneys General
United States district court judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt
Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
United States federal judges appointed

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<mask> (born December 10, 1952) is an American author and pastor who serves as the senior pastor of Harvest Christian Fellowship with campuses in Riverside, Orange County and Maui. <mask> came to faith at the age of 17 as the Jesus Movement was exploding in Southern California. He has written a book, “Jesus Revolution,” about his experiences from that great American spiritual awakening. <mask>’s story along with his wife Cathe, will be told in the new film, Jesus Revolution from Kingdom Story Company to be released next year. <mask> holds two honorary doctorates from Biola University and Azusa Pacific University. He serves on the board of directors for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. He also is the Evangelist for Harvest Crusades and is featured on over 1500 radio and TV stations across the nation.<mask> has produced 2 films: Steve McQueen: American Icon and 'A Rush Of Hope. He is working on a third. <mask> is also the author of 70 books, including Hope For Hurting Hearts, Steve McQueen: The Salvation of An American Icon, Johnny Cash: The Redemption Of An American Icon and Billy Graham: The Man I Knew. Life and ministry
<mask> was born in Long Beach, California. He was raised by a single mother who had seven marriages, often moving to vastly different locations such as New Jersey and Hawaii. Working as a newspaper delivery man for the Daily Pilot in Los Angeles, CA was <mask>'s first job. <mask> was not raised in the Christian faith or a church environment.In 1970, when <mask> was 17 years old, he became a devout Christian at Newport Harbor High School under the ministry of evangelist Lonnie Frisbee. At the age of 19, under the ministry of Calvary Chapel Pastor Chuck Smith, he was given the opportunity to lead a Bible study of 30 people. The church that formed from this group, Harvest Christian Fellowship, has grown to become one of the largest churches in the United States. In 2013, Harvest Christian

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 Fellowship celebrated its 40th anniversary. The church has another dedicated campus in Irvine as well as a satellite campus in Lahaina, Hawaii. They have a congregation of approximately 5,000 people with a weekend viewing audience for their online service of over 250,000 people. The church also houses more than 80 ministries.Harvest recently merged with Kumulani Chapel in Maui, Hawaii, and that church is now called Harvest Kumulani. <mask> holds two honorary doctorates from Biola University and Azusa Pacific University. He serves on the board of directors for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association He is also a chaplain for the Newport Beach Police Department. In 2013, <mask> served as the Honorary Chairman of the National Day of Prayer Task Force. President Donald Trump selected Pastor <mask> as one of several evangelical church leaders to participate in the National Prayer Service hosted at the Washington National Cathedral following the Presidential Inauguration of 2017. In 2017, <mask> organized a movement entitled "The Year of Good News." Multiple church leaders signed the letter he penned to initiate the movement.One of the paragraphs of the letter reads, "In a time of fake news, distracting news, divisive news, disorderly news, and, sometimes, depressing news, we—as Christians and as leaders—want to recommit ourselves to making sure that the Good News of Jesus cuts through it all. We call upon Christians in America to make 2017 "The Year of Good News." Publishing and media
<mask> has written more than 70 books, including The Upside-Down Church (1999, co-authored with David Kopp): this book won a Gold Medallion Book Award in the "Christian ministry" category in 2000. <mask> has written study notes for The New Believer's Bible and The Seeker's Bible. He also wrote the notes for the Start! Bible in the New King James Version, published by Thomas Nelson. Another more recent book is a commentary on the book of

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texts: Revelation.His autobiographical documentary film Lost Boy: The Next Chapter has won eight awards at international film festivals in the best documentary category. <mask>'s film released in 2013, Hope for Hurting Hearts, includes the stories of Jeremy Camp and Nick Vujicic. The film has been a finalist at 15 different film festivals. <mask> is host of the syndicated radio program A New Beginning, which is broadcast on over 800 radio stations worldwide. A New Beginning is also featured as a Christian podcast available on iTunes. <mask> has appeared on ABC World News Tonight, Fox News, MSNBC, and CNN. He is also a guest commentator at WorldNetDaily and appears regularly in a weekly television program called GregLaurie.tv on the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN).The television program is also featured every week on American Forces Network TV. <mask> is a speaker for public evangelistic events called Harvest Crusades, founded in 1990. They are large-scale evangelistic outreach projects which local churches organize nationally and internationally. Over 5.6 million attendees have participated in Harvest Crusades since they began in 1990. In addition, 1.8 million have reportedly watched the events online. Harvest Crusades have been held in California, Chicago, Seattle, Oregon, Philadelphia, New York, Hawaii, Florida, Texas, North Carolina, New Zealand and Australia. Events have been held at AT&T Stadium in Dallas, TX, Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, CA, Angel Stadium in Anaheim, CA, and Madison Square Garden in New York, NY.In 2017, Harvest Crusades will include Christian musicians and bands such as Phil Wickham, Switchfoot, Chris Tomlin, and TobyMac. In 2012, Harvest Crusades launched Harvest America a nationwide simulcast from one location to about 2,400 venues. In 2016 Harvest America happened at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. A total of 82,000 attended the event. Another 180,000 participated at over 7,000 host

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 locations around the country. Over 400,000 individuals have made public professions of faith at the events since Harvest Crusades began. Personal life
<mask> resides in Newport Beach with his wife, Catherine.The couple had two sons, Christopher and Jonathan, as well as 5 grandchildren. On July 24, 2008, Christopher was killed at the scene of a 9 a.m. car accident on the eastbound Riverside Freeway west of Serfas Club Drive in Corona, California. He was 33 years old. In October 2020, <mask> contracted COVID-19. On October 5, 2020, <mask> announced he had tested positive for COVID-19. In a video posted on social media, <mask> said, “I just wish that at a time like this we could not politicize this and show compassion to people that are struggling with this. It's real," the pastor said."It really is a pandemic that's swept our nation and even the world." It is unknown where <mask> contracted the virus, though reports suggest it may have been at a White House event. On October 9, <mask> reported he “was feeling really good” and that he had completed quarantine and was planning on returning to preaching. Publications

Johnny Cash: The Redemption of An American Icon. Terrill Marshall,. Washington, DC : Salem Books. 2019. .
World Changers: How God Uses Ordinary People to do Extraordinary Things.Larry Libby,. Grand Rapids, Michigan : Baker Books, a division of Baker Publishing Group. 2020. .

References

External links
 Harvest.org
 Harvest Christian Fellowship
 <mask> bio
 <mask> - Christian Comics Pioneer
 Article: Harvest America: Christians Celebrate Changed Lives at History-Making Event
 Harvest Crusades: New app for nationwide event

1952 births
Living people
American anti-abortion activists
American Protestant ministers and clergy
American Christian creationists
American Christian writers
Anti-same-sex-marriage activists
Conservatism in the United States
People from Long Beach, California
Newport Harbor High School

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texts: <mask> (26 June 1760 – 25 March 1799) was an Austrian military commander. He achieved the rank of Field Marshal and died at the Battle of Stockach. The third son of a cadet branch of the House of  Fürstenberg, at his birth his chances of inheriting the family title of Fürst zu Fürstenberg were slight; he was prepared instead for a military career, and a tutor was hired to teach him the military sciences. He entered the Habsburg military in 1777, at the age of seventeen years, and was a member of the field army in the short War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79). His career progressed steadily during the Habsburg War with the Ottoman Empire. In particular he distinguished himself at Šabac in 1790, when he led his troops in storming the fortress on the Sava river. During the French Revolutionary Wars, he fought with distinction again for the First Coalition, particularly at Ketsch and Frœschwiller, and in 1796 at Emmendingen, Schliengen and Kehl.He was stationed at key points to protect the movements of the Austrian army. With a force of 10,000, he defended the German Rhineland at Kehl, and reversed a bayonet assault by French troops at Bellheim; his troops also overran Speyer without any losses. By the end of the War of the First Coalition, at the age of 35, he had achieved the rank of Field Marshal. During the War of the Second Coalition, he fought in the first two battles of the German campaign, at Ostrach on 21 March 1799, and at Stockach on 25 March 1799. At the latter action while leading a regiment of grenadiers, he was hit by French case shot and


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 knocked off his horse. He died shortly afterward. Childhood and early military training
As the third son of a cadet (junior) branch of the Fürstenberg princely family, <mask>s was prepared for a military career.His tutor, Lieutenant Ernst, was in active service in the Habsburg military, and took six-year-old <mask> on maneuvers with him. In this way, he learned as a child the Habsburg military manual, and came into contact with important military men who later furthered his education and career; he also acquired an honorary rank as Kreis-Obristen, or Colonel of the Imperial Circle, by the time he was ten years old. As a youth, in 1776, he met the Habsburg war minister Count Franz Moritz von Lacy and Baron Ernst Gideon von Laudon; he was also invited to dine with Emperor Joseph II. He started his service in 1777 as a Fähnrich (ensign) in the Habsburg military organization. He saw his first field service during the War of the Bavarian Succession (1777–78), although he was not involved in any battles. In 1780, at the age of twenty years, he was promoted to captain, and assigned to the 34th Infantry Regiment, also known as the Anton Esterházy, named for Paul II Anton Esterházy, the general of cavalry, field marshal of the Seven Years' War, and ambassador to Britain. While he was assigned to this unit, he participated in the border conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburgs, 1787–92, and stormed the fortress at Šabac (German: Schabatz) on the Sava River in Serbia on 27 April 1788.For his action at Šabac, he was personally commended by the Emperor; on

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 the following day, he was promoted to major and given command of a grenadier battalion. On 1 January 1790, at Laudon's explicit request, <mask> <mask> was promoted to major general; at the end of June of that year, he received the coveted position of second colonel of the 34th Infantry Regiment Anton Esterhazy, where he served as the executive officer for Antal, Prince Esterházy de Galántha, the 34th Hungarian Regiment's Colonel and Proprietor. This was a customary appointment in which a less prominent officer completed the day-to-day administrative duties of the Colonel and Proprietor, who was usually a noble and was often posted in a different assignment, sometimes a different staff location. <mask> <mask> also received the confraternal Order of Saint Hubert from the Duke of Bavaria and married the "elegant" Princess Elisabeth of Thurn und Taxis (1767–1822), that year. Fight against Revolutionary France

While <mask> <mask> fought for the Habsburg cause in Serbia, in France, a coalition of the clergy and the professional and bourgeois class—the First and Third estates—led a call for reform of the French government and the creation of a written constitution. Initially, the rulers of Europe viewed the French Revolution as an event between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. In 1790, Leopold succeeded his brother Joseph as emperor and by 1791, he considered the situation surrounding his sister, Marie Antoinette, and her children, with greater alarm.In August 1791, in consultation with French émigré nobles and

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 Frederick William II of Prussia, he issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, in which they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis XVI and his family. They threatened ambiguous, but quite serious, consequences if anything should happen to the royal family. The French émigrés continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution. On 20 April 1792, the French National Convention declared war on Austria. In the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797), France opposed most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire. War of the First Coalition

In the early days of the French Revolutionary Wars, <mask> <mask> remained as brigade commander of a small Austrian corps, approximately 10,000 men, under the overall command of Anton, Prince Esterházy. He was stationed in the Breisgau, a Habsburg territory between the Black Forest and the Rhine.This location between the forested mountains and the river included two important bridgeheads across the river which offered access to southwestern Germany, the Swiss Cantons, or north-central Germany. His brigade defended Kehl, a small village immediately across the Rhine from Strasbourg, but most of the action in 1792 occurred further north, in present-day Belgium, near the cities of Speyer and Trier, and at Frankfurt on the Main River. In the second year of the war, Fürstenberg was transferred to the cavalry of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, in the Army of the Upper Rhine, and placed in charge of the advance guard near Speyer, which was

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texts: still held by the French. On 30 March, he crossed the Rhine by Ketsch at the head of the advance guard, which included 9,000 men. He took the city of Speyer on 1 April, in the absence of the commander of the city, Adam-Philippe de Custine, who was away with most of his troops; those that remained behind simply abandoned the city. On the following day, Fürstenberg occupied the town of Germersheim. His first combat action of the war occurred on 3 April, when Custine's infantry attacked him in a bayonet charge near the villages of Bellheim, Hördt and Leimersheim, and afterward at Landau and Lauterburg.During these attacks, he lost all the ground he had gained in the days before. After these events, he was again transferred, this time to the command of the Regiment Count von Kavanagh, where he continued to distinguish himself during the French counter-offensive of October–November 1793. In the action around Geidertheim, on the Zorn River, he assisted Lieutenant Field Marshal Gabriel Anton, Baron Splény de Miháldy, in repelling a French counter-attack. Shortly afterward, he became very ill and, in December 1793, was sent to the Hagenau to recover. On 22 December, he rejoined Wurmser's Corps for the Battle of Froeschwiller against Lazare Hoche and Charles Pichegru. After the French retreated over the Rhine at Hüningen, near Basel, he directed the construction of its new fortifications. In June 1796, Fürstenberg commanded a division of four infantry battalions, 13 artillery pieces, and the Freikorps (Volunteers) Gyulay and secured the Rhine corridor between Kehl and


texts: Rastatt.On 26 June 1796, the French troops of the Army of the Rhine-and-Moselle crossed the Rhine and chased the Swabian Circle's military contingent out of Kehl. In June 1796, Archduke Charles added the contingent to Fürstenberg's command, making him the Swabian's Feldzeugmeister, or General of Infantry. Fürstenberg's troops defended the imperial line at the town of Rastatt until support troops arrived, and they could make an orderly withdrawal into the Upper Danube Valley. The Swabian contingent was demobilized in July, and <mask> returned to the command of Austrian regulars during the Austrian counter-offensive. At the Battle of Emmendingen on 19 October 1796, his leadership was again instrumental in an Austrian victory. General Jean Victor Marie Moreau's Army of the Rhine-and-Moselle sought to retain a foothold on the eastern side of the Rhine, following his retreat from southwestern Germany west of the Black Forest. Fürstenberg held Kenzingen,  north of Riegel on the Elz River.<mask> <mask> was ordered to feint against Riegel, to protect the primary Austrian positions at Rust and Kappel. In the Battle of Schliengen (24 October 1796), <mask> commanded the second column of the Austrian force, which included nine battalions of infantry and 30 squadrons of cavalry; with these, he overwhelmed the force of General of Division Gouvion Saint-Cyr, holding his position to prevent the French force from retreating north on the Rhine. While Maximilian Anton <mask>, Count Baillet de Latour, engaged the main Austrian force at Kehl, Archduke Charles entrusted to

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 Lieutenant Field Marshal <mask> the command of the forces besieging Hüningen, which included two divisions with 20 battalions of infantry and 40 squadrons of cavalry. Charles' confidence in his young field marshal was well-placed. On 27 November, Fürstenberg's chief engineer opened and drained the water-filled moat protecting the French fortifications. Fürstenberg offered the commander of the bridgehead, General of Brigade Jean Charles Abbatucci, the opportunity to surrender, which he declined. In the night of 30 November to 1 December, Fürstenberg's force stormed the bridgehead twice, but was twice repulsed.In one of these attacks, the French commander was mortally wounded and died on 3 December. Fürstenberg maintained the siege of Kehl while Archduke Charles engaged the stronger French force to the north of Kehl. After the French capitulation at Kehl (10 January 1797), Fürstenberg received additional forces with which he could end the siege at Hüningen. He ordered the reinforcement of the ring of soldiers surrounding Hüningen and, on 2 February 1797, the Austrians prepared to storm the bridgehead. General of Division Georges Joseph Dufour, the new French commander, pre-empted what would have been a costly attack, by offering to surrender the bridge. On 5 February, Fürstenberg finally took possession of the bridgehead. Francis II, the Holy Roman Emperor, appointed him as Colonel and Proprietor of the 36th Infantry Regiment, which bore his name until his death in battle in 1799.Peace
The Coalition forces—Austria, Russia, Prussia, Great Britain, Sardinia,


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 among others—achieved several victories at Verdun, Kaiserslautern, Neerwinden, Mainz, Amberg and Würzburg, but in northern Italy, they could neither lift nor escape the siege at Mantua. The efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte in northern Italy pushed Austrian forces to the border of Habsburg lands. Napoleon dictated a cease-fire at Leoben on 17 April 1797, leading to the formal Treaty of Campo Formio, which went into effect on 17 October 1797. Austria withdrew from the territories the army had fought so hard to acquire, including the strategic river crossings at Hüningen and Kehl, as well as key cities further north. When the war ended, Fürstenberg stayed at the Donaueschingen estate of his cousin, <mask> <mask> zu Fürstenberg. Later in 1797, he traveled to Prague and remained with his family until May 1798, when he received a posting to a new division in Linz. His daughter, Maria Anna, was born after he left, on 17 September 1798.Activities in the Second Coalition

Despite the longed-for peace, tensions grew between France and most of the First Coalition allies, either separately or jointly. Ferdinand IV of Naples refused to pay agreed-upon tribute to France, and his subjects followed this refusal with a rebellion. The French invaded Naples and established the Parthenopaean Republic. A republican uprising in the Swiss cantons, encouraged by the French Republic which offered military support, led to the overthrow of the Swiss Confederation and the establishment of the Helvetic Republic. On his way to Egypt in Spring 1798, Napoleon had stopped on the Island of

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 Malta and removed the Hospitallers from their possessions. This angered Paul, Tsar of Russia, who was the honorary head of the Order. The ongoing French occupation of Malta angered the British, who dedicated themselves to ejecting the French garrison at Valletta.The French Directory was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians, and the British actually discussed this possibility. As winter broke on 1 March 1799, General Jean Baptiste Jourdan and his 25,000-man Army of the Danube crossed the Rhine at Kehl. The Army of the Danube met little resistance as it advanced through the Black Forest and eventually took a flanking position on the north shore of Lake Constance. Instructed to block the Austrians from access to the Swiss alpine passes, Jourdan planned to isolate the armies of the Coalition in Germany from allies in northern Italy, and prevent them from assisting one another. His was a preemptive strike. By crossing the Rhine in early March, Jourdan acted before Archduke Charles' army could be reinforced by Austria's Russian allies, who had agreed to send 60,000 seasoned soldiers and their more-seasoned commander, Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov.Furthermore, if the French held the interior passes in Switzerland, they could not only prevent the Austrians from transferring troops between northern Italy and southwestern Germany, but could use the routes to move their own forces between the two theaters. Battle of Ostrach

At


texts: the outbreak of hostilities in March 1799, <mask> <mask>ürstenberg was with his troops in Bavarian territory, just north of the free and Imperial city of Augsburg. When news reached the Austrian camp that the French had crossed the Rhine, Charles ordered the imperial army to advance west. Fürstenberg moved his troops toward Augsburg, crossing the Lech River. The French advanced guard arrived in Ostrach on 8–9 March, and over the next week skirmished with the Austrian forward posts, while the rest of the French army arrived. Jourdan disposed his 25,000 troops along a line from Salem Abbey and Lake Constance to the Danube river, centered in Ostrach. He established his command headquarters at the imperial city of Pfullendorf, overlooking the entire Ostrach valley.Jourdan was expecting Dominique Vandamme's troops to arrive in time to support his far north flank near the river, but Vandamme had gone to Stuttgart to investigate a rumored presence of Austrian troops there and had not rejoined the main army. Consequently, the French left flank, under command of Gouvion Saint-Cyr, was thinly manned. Jourdan thought he had more time, expecting Charles would need still three or four days to move his troops across the Lech, and march to Ostrach, but by the middle of Holy Week in 1799, more than a third of Charles' army, 48,000 mixed troops, was positioned in a formation parallel to  Jourdan's, and his 72,000 remaining troops were arrayed with the left wing at Kempten, the center near Memmingen, and the right flank extended to Ulm. By 21 March, the French and Austrian

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 outposts overlapped, and skirmishing intensified. Charles had divided his force into four columns. Fürstenberg covered the  northern flank of the Archduke's main force. Fürstenberg's force pushed the French out of Davidsweiler, and then advanced on Ruppersweiler  and Einhard, 5 kilometers (3 mi) to the northwest of Ostrach.Saint-Cyr did not have the manpower to defend the position, and the entire line fell back to Ostrach, with Fürstenberg's troops pressuring their withdrawal. Fürstenberg's persistent pressure on the French left flank was instrumental in the collapse of the northern part of the French line. After their success in driving the French back from Ostrach, and then from the heights of Pfullendorf, the Austrian forces continued to press the French back to Stockach, and then another five miles or so to Engen. Death at the Battle of Stockach (1799)

On the morning of what they suspected would be the general engagement, <mask> <mask> sought out the field chaplain, and requested the sacraments because, as he told his aide, anything can happen during a battle. Although Ostrach had been a hard-fought battle, at Engen and Stockach, the Austrian and French forces were far more concentrated—more men in a smaller space—than they had been at Ostrach, where the French forces in particular had been stretched thinly on a long line from Lake Constance to north of the Danube. At Stockach, furthermore, Jourdan had all his troops under his direct control, with the possible exception of Dominique Vandamme, who was maneuvering his small force of cavalry and light

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texts: infantry into position to attempt a flanking action on the far right Austrian flank. In the course of the battle, Jourdan's forces were supposed to engage in simultaneous attacks on the left, center and right of the Austrian line.On the French right, Souham's and Ferino's Corps met with strong resistance and were stopped; on the French left, Lefebvre's troops charged with such force that the Austrians were pushed back. Having stopped Souham's and Ferino's assault, Charles had troops available to counter Lefebvre's force. At that point, Vandamme's men moved into action. Because Souham's assault at the center had been stalled, Charles still had enough men to turn part of his force to fight this new threat, but the Austrians were hard pressed and the action furious. At one point, Charles attempted to lead his eight battalions of Hungarian grenadiers into action, to the dismay of the old soldiers. <mask> reportedly said that while he lived, he would not leave this post (at the head of the grenadiers) and the Archduke should not dismount and fight. As <mask> led the Hungarian grenadiers into the battle, he was cut down by a canister and case shot employed by the French.Although he was carried alive off the field, he died almost immediately. Charles ultimately did lead his grenadiers into battle, and reportedly his personal bravery rallied his troops to push back the French. After the battle, someone removed Fürstenberg's wedding ring and returned it to his wife in Prague, with news of his death; <mask> was buried at the battlefield cemetery in Stockach, and his

masks: Fürstenberg Fürstenberg Fürstenberg


texts:
 cousin erected a small monument there, but in 1857, his body was moved to the family cemetery, Maria Hof at Neudingen, near Donaueschingen. Family

Upon the death of Prosper Ferdinand, Count Fürstenberg, in the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1704 the Fürstenberg inheritance was divided between the count's two youngest sons, Joseph Wilhelm Ernst and Wilhelm Egon; the eldest son was an ecclesiastic. The family of Fürstenberg was raised to princely status 2 February 1716, with the elevation of Joseph Wilhelm Ernst, as the first Prince (Fürst) of Fürstenberg (German: Fürst zu Fürstenberg). The first prince had three sons, Joseph Wenzel Johann Nepomuk (1728–1783), <mask> Egon (1729–1787), and Prosper Maria, who died in infancy. The title passed through the line of the first son, Joseph Wenzel Johann Nepomuk (as second prince), to his son Joseph Maria Benedikt <mask> (third prince, who died in 1796) and then to another son of the second prince, <mask> <mask> (fourth prince).The last son of Joseph Wilhelm Ernst died in 1803 without male issue. Consequently, the title passed to the male line of first prince's  second son. This son, <mask> Egon, had died in 1787. <mask> Egon's oldest son, Joseph Maria Wenzel (16 August 1754 – 14 July 1759), died as a small child. The second son, Philipp Nerius Maria (Prague, 21 October 1755 – 5 June 1790), married in 1779 to his first cousin, Josepha Johanna Benedikta von Fürstenberg (sister of the third and fourth princes), at Donaueschingen. Only one of their sons survived childhood, but died at the age of 15 years. The other

masks:
Karl Borromäus
Karl
Karl Joachim
Aloys
Karl Borromäus
Karl Borromäus