texts: the Netherlands, <mask> took his second consecutive pole on Friday, but it was Doohan once more who prevailed in the Saturday race after a battle between the pair. At the German GP, <mask> took his third consecutive pole of the season on Saturday. On Sunday, <mask> finished behind Doohan once more after a battle between him, Doohan and Luca Cadalora ended in the Italian winning the race. In Great Britain, Doohan beat <mask> once more when he won the race, with the Catalan finishing second. Fortunes turned for Crivillé in the following two rounds, however.In Austria, Doohan lead in the closing laps, with <mask> closing in, but unable to make a move. At turn 8, Doohan made a small mistake, allowing Crivillé to pass him going into turn 9 (the "Jochen Rindt" corner). Doohan tried a late lunge to retake the place but failed and ran wide, allowing Crivillé to pass him going into turn 10 (the "A1" corner) to win the race with 0.500 seconds from his teammate. <mask> won the next race in the Czech Republic in a similar way. Doohan leads in the closing laps, but Crivillé was catching him. On the last lap, the pair battled for the lead, with <mask> making a lunge but failing, running wide and giving the lead back to Doohan. <mask> then shadowed him, taking different lines in the process.As they came out of turn 14 and went into turn 15, <mask> ran a wider line, allowing him to get more traction out of the corner, running side-by-side with Doohan until the finish. Both were confused because it was unclear who won, but once the scoreboard showed that <mask> had won, he started to cheer. <mask> beat Doohan by just 0.002 seconds, a record that still

masks: Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé


type: original

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 stands today. He also took the fastest lap on both venues. <mask> and Doohan continued to battle at the City of Imola grand prix, this time with Doohan winning the race by a margin of 0.104 seconds over <mask>. Tadayuki Okada completed the podium, making it a full Factory Honda podium. <mask> also took the fastest lap.In 1996 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Cataluña, his home GP, finished third after battling yet again with teammates Doohan and Tadayuki Okada, as well as Luca Cadalora in the closing stages of the race. His final podium came in the form of second place at the Rio de Janeiro round, losing out to Doohan again by 0.465 seconds. At the final round in Australia, <mask> took the final pole position of the season, as well as his final fastest lap of the year, but only managed to finish sixth after colliding with Doohan on the final lap after Crivillé tried to overtake him, causing both of them to fall in the process. Doohan later blamed his teammate for the incident, citing that "He tried to go around the outside but I shut the door on him. He left his move too late". <mask> finished second in the championship with 245 points, 64 points behind the champion and teammate Mick Doohan and 77 points ahead of Luca Cadalora. 1997

After finishing as runner-up in 1996, some speculated that there was a real chance that <mask> could win his first 500cc title in 1997.<mask> started his season off by taking back-to-back second places, albeit losing out to teammate Mick Doohan once more. At the Malaysia, he finished a distant second behind his teammate. In Japan however, it was a much closer affair. <mask> was closely following Doohan on the last

masks: Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé


texts: lap but was not able to make a proper move. At turn 15 (part of the "Casio Triangle" set of corners), <mask> tried to lunge up the inside of Doohan but backed off at the last moment, finishing 0.431 behind the Australian. At round three in Spain, <mask> won his first race of the season. With teammates Doohan and Okada finishing second and third, the podium was an all-Factory Honda podium once again.<mask> also took the fastest lap, his first - and only one - of the season. At the next three races in Italy, Austria and France, <mask> finished fourth, fifth and fourth again respectively. At the seventh round of the season in the Netherlands, <mask> did not start the race. He crashed heavily during qualifying practice on Friday, losing control of his bike on a chicane, sliding over the tarmac with his arm trapped underneath the bike. He was treated at the side of the track for ten minutes before being taken away on a stretcher. As a result of the crash, an artery was torn and had to be taken to the hospital for surgery to restore his thumb, requiring skin and bone grafts for his hand as well. He suffered tendon and bone damage as well as lesions of the blood vessels in his left wrist.His left thumb was badly injured. Because of the surgery and subsequent recovery, he missed not only the round in Assen, but also the City of Imola, German, Rio de Janeiro and British rounds, all of which his teammate Doohan won. <mask> confirmed that he would not race until September of that year, with hopes that he could return for his home race in Cataluña, but that there was also a chance that he may never race again. <mask> however, returned one round

masks: Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé


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 earlier. At the Czech Republic race, he impressed by finishing in fourth position, battling with Nobuatsu Aoki and Norifumi Abe for third place. His good form continued when he took third in his home race in Catalunya, moving up from seventh to third place going into the first corner and battling with teammate Doohan and Carlos Checa for the lead throughout the race. Another distant third place podium followed at the penultimate round in Indonesia, with another all-Factory Honda podium due to the win of Okada and the second place of Doohan.In Australia, <mask> took his second and final victory of the season. Doohan started on pole but crashed out of the race, allowing Crivillé to win the race by 2.268 seconds from the second place Takuma Aoki. <mask> finished fourth in the championship with 172 points, 168 points behind the champion and teammate Mick Doohan and 25 points behind runner-up Tadayuki Okada. 1998

Despite losing out on a title chance in 1997, <mask> continued with the Repsol Honda team for 1998. Initially he started off with two fourth-place finishes in Japan and Malaysia. In Spain, <mask> scored his first win of the season. He battled with Max Biaggi, Carlos Checa and Alex Barros and, in the closing stages, with teammate Mick Doohan as well.After Doohan took the lead and led for about 15 laps, with Biaggi and Crivillé behind him. <mask> then overtook Biaggi for second and hunted down the Australian, who he eventually passed for the lead in the last remaining laps. Doohan tried to fight back but failed, allowing the Catalan to win by 0.393 seconds. He dedicated this victory to his father, who died during the winter. He also took

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 the fastest lap. After his first victory of the season in Jerez, <mask>'s good form continued at the Italian GP where he finished third. In France, his second and final win of the year came after <mask> overtook then-leader Carlos Checa three laps before the end and then held off Doohan and Checa to win by a margin of 0.283 seconds.He took his second fastest lap of the year at this venue as well. At the Madrid, Dutch and British rounds, he finished fifth, sixth and fourth. In Germany, <mask> returned on the podium in third, albeit a distant 11.379 seconds behind race winner Doohan. At the next two races in the Czech Republic and the City of Imola, <mask> finished second twice. In Brno, he missed out on the victory (which went to rookie Max Biaggi) but took the fastest lap, and in Imola <mask> finished a distant 6.564 second behind teammate Doohan. At round twelve in Catalunya, <mask> took his first and only pole of the season on Saturday, but crashed out on Sunday on the opening lap, which meant that he retired for the first time this year. A final third place podium arrived at the Australian round but another retirement followed at the final round in Argentina.<mask> finished third in the championship with 198 points, 62 points behind the champion and teammate Mick Doohan and 10 points behind runner-up Max Biaggi. 1999

Few predicted that <mask> could win the title in 1999 after Doohan took yet another world championship in 1998, but Doohan's career-ending crash opened the door for <mask>, who now had a real opportunity at the title. At the opening round in Malaysia, <mask> immediately took a podium in the form of third place at the new

masks: Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé


texts: Sepang circuit. In Japan he finished a distant fourth while his teammate Doohan finished second. When five-time 500cc world champion and teammate Mick Doohan broke his leg in several places, but also his collarbone and wrist when he crashed during a very wet qualifying session at the Spanish Grand Prix, <mask> immediately took the opportunity and set pole on Saturday. On Sunday, he battled with and held off Max Biaggi to take fastest lap and his first victory of the year by just 0.157 seconds in only his third race of the season. His good form continued in the next three races.In France, he took a commanding win ahead of John Kocinski and Tetsuya Harada, in Italy he held off Biaggi once again to score back-to-back wins and in Catalunya, he closed in on teammate Tadayuki Okada who was leading the race on the last lap, overtook him going into turn 10 (the "La Caixa" corner) and held off Okada (who had a better drive coming out of turn 13 or "New Holland") to claim a popular win by just 0.061 seconds. It was the first time Crivillé had won four races in succession in his career. At the Dutch GP, he registered his first retirement of the season, but followed it up with another win in his 100th 500cc start at Great Britain. With teammate Okada starting from pole, <mask> moved up from the middle of the field up to third as the race progressed. He then overtook second placed Roberts Jr. and went after leader Okada. After a failed overtaking attempt at turn 10 (the "Melbourne Hairpin") and a comeback from Okada on the same corner to retake the lead on the last lap, <mask> held on and won the race by 0.536 seconds. He took his second and final

masks: Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé


texts: fastest lap of the year here as well.Two-second places followed in Germany and the Czech Republic. At the Sachsenring, <mask> lost out to Kenny Roberts Jr. by just 0.338 seconds and in Brno likewise happened when teammate Okada got the better of him and crossed the line 0.240 seconds ahead of the Catalan. At round eleven in the City of Imola race, <mask> took his second pole of the season on Saturday, outqualifying Kenny Roberts Jr. in the process. On Sunday, <mask> stayed ahead of Alex Barros and home hero Max Biaggi to win the race with a 0.265-second margin over Barros. This win extended his lead over Roberts Jr. by 66 points. After a string of good results, <mask> had a second retirement of the season at the new Valencian Community round. A few laps before the end, he had an accident which brought him out of contention.In Australia, <mask> had a crash during qualifying in which he suffered a cracked bone in his hand due to a highside, which launched him off his bike at high speed. He participated in the race on Sunday and finished fifth. In South Africa he finished third, that being his last podium of the season. Going into the penultimate round in Rio de Janeiro, <mask> had a 44-point lead over his teammate Okada and needed to finish tenth or higher to secure the title. However, he was still recovering from a broken wrist injury he sustained two races before at Phillip Island and thus started the race from eleventh place. During the race he fought with Anthony Gobert and Garry McCoy and finished in sixth, ahead of Okada, to win the title. He became the first Spaniard, as well as Catalan, to win a 500cc title.With the title already won,

masks: Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé


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 <mask> finished fifth at the last race of the season in Argentina. <mask> finished first in the championship with 267 points, 47 points ahead of Kenny Roberts Jr. and 56 points ahead of teammate Tadayuki Okada. He took six wins and clinched his first and only 500cc World Championship title and second overall championship at the penultimate race of the season in Rio, finishing in sixth place. 2000
With <mask> winning his first-ever 500cc title in 1999, expectations were high that Crivillé would do the same in 2000. However, the new NSR500 bike for 2000 proved to be worse than its predecessor last year, with <mask> frequently struggling all throughout the season as a result. A fifth place at the opening round in South Africa made him the best of the Repsol Honda riders, with Sete Gibernau and Tadayuki Okada both out of the race. A crash on the opening lap saw <mask> retire in Malaysia, with a sixth and fourth place following in the Japanese and Spanish GPs.At the fifth round of the season in France, <mask> scored his final win of his career. Despite starting from fifth on the grid on Saturday, <mask> made a relatively good start and slowly moved up the field, overtaking Carlos Checa and Kenny Roberts Jr. to take the lead. He then battled with and held off the hard charging Norifumi Abe and rookie Valentino Rossi to cross the line 0.321 ahead of the Japanese. After his win in Le Mans, two consecutive retirements followed in Italy and Catalunya. <mask> had an accident after eight and ten laps in Mugello and Cataluña, causing him to retire twice. In a wet-dry race in the Netherlands, <mask> took second behind Alex Barros after both passed Sete

masks: Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé Crivillé


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 Gibernau and Régis Laconi, the Catalan unable to close the gap to Barros as he crossed the line 2.077 ahead of <mask>. In Great Britain, <mask> finished seventh but slid out of contention once more after twelve laps in Germany.More points followed when he finished in seventh and sixth place at the Czech Republic and Portuguese grand Prix. At round thirteen in the Valencian Community, Crivillé took his only fastest lap of the season but crashed after twelve laps, adding another retirement to his tally. Two more points finished followed in Rio de Janeiro, where he finished eleventh, and in the Pacific, where he finished sixth. <mask> then retired at the last race of the year in Australia, crashing out after nine laps - his sixth retirement of the season. <mask> finished ninth in the championship with 122 points, 136 points behind the champion Kenny Roberts Jr. and 87 points behind runner-up Valentino Rossi. After the season had ended, <mask> crashed on the second of the three post-season testing days at the Jerez circuit in November 2000. He lost the front when going into turn 6 (the "Dry Sack" corner) at around 100  km/h.His hand was trapped under the bike and he injured his right little finger as a result. After a first diagnosis done at the circuit's medical centre, he was flown to Barcelona to double-check his injury. Test rider Tohru Ukawa had to take over his test duties after his incident, for which he also required surgery. 2001
After <mask> lost the title to Kenny Roberts Jr., he changed his number from 1 to 28 for 2001, which was his final year with the Repsol Honda team. He signed a new contract with the team, extending it by one


texts: year in August 2000. Suzuki also approached him to partner Kenny Roberts Jr. in this year, but the Catalan refused the offer. <mask> started his season off with two points finishes in the form of ninth and sixth at the Japanese and South African rounds, still struggling with an underperforming and difficult bike.His first podium arrived at the Spanish race. Having qualified a lowly twelfth on Saturday due to set-up problems with his bike, he dropped to thirteenth on the opening lap, he fought his way back to eighth place by lap 10, which became seventh when he overtook Biaggi, who made a mistake when running wide on the same lap. On lap 12, he overtook Alex Barros for sixth, and did likewise to Kenny Roberts Jr. at the start/finish straight at the beginning of lap 13, promoting him to fifth place. He then charged after Shinya Nakano, closing in on him with each passing lap. On lap 15, Loris Capirossi went wide and lost third place, promoting <mask> up fourth and Nakano up to third place. At the beginning of lap 16, <mask> overtook Nakano in the same fashion as he did with Kenny Roberts Jr. at the start/finish straight, going up the inside of turn 1 (the "Expo '92" corner). He then closed the gap to second place Norifumi Abe and was close in the final laps, but ultimately was unable to overtake him and had to settle for third.After the race, the Catalan cited that "It's great to be on the podium again" and "I had so many problems this weekend, but for Honda and Repsol and everyone this is where we should be. It feels like 1999 again and I'm riding like I know I can. Last year was so bad that everyone said I was finished. This result means a


texts: lot." More points finish followed after Jerez - fifth in France, fourth in Italy and eleventh in Catalunya. <mask> had his first retirement at the Dutch GP when he crashed after only three laps. He finished seventh in Great Britain.<mask> did not start the German grand Prix after two hefty accidents in the same corner at the second qualifying session on Saturday. In the first, he collided with the Honda Pons of Loris Capirossi, who was on a hot lap and had the racing line, smashing into the side of his bike and crashing out. He walked away unharmed despite the incident looking severe. The second time he went off on his own and briefly lost consciousness because of it. He was taken to the trackside hospital and he felt dazed and confused. He also didn't remember the first fall, but after a few minutes rest, he regained his memory. As a result of the incident, the doctors decided to take him into the medical centre in Chemnitz to undergo a scan to check if everything was okay.He ended up with a broken left index finger, as well as numerous cuts on his face and his brow. After missing out the race at the Sachsenring, <mask> returned in the Czech Republic in the best way possible. Having qualified only eighth on Saturday, he climbed his way up to second, defending his position from a hard-charging Capirossi on the final lap, to take second place - his best result since he won the 2000 French Grand Prix. After the race, Criville cited that "After Germany, I never imagined I'd be on the podium here, this result is like a win for me," and "I had a good rest during the break and that helped a lot. The team worked well here and I've now shown that


texts:
 I'm not too old to race up front!" However, after his good result in Brno, two more retirements followed. In Portugal he crashed out on the opening lap and in the Valencian Community race, he did likewise on lap 7.At the final four races of the season - the Pacific, Australian, Malaysian and Rio de Janeiro rounds - <mask> finished eleventh twice, sixth and seventh. <mask> finished eighth in the championship with 120 points, 205 points behind the champion Valentino Rossi and 90 points behind runner-up Max Biaggi. Retirement

At a press conference before the 2001 Portuguese Grand Prix in September, the press asked him about rumours regarding his future with the Repsol Honda team, to which he replied "I don't know what's going on," and "We are in talks right now but I have options should there not be a suitable offer from Honda. ", hinting at possible alternatives if he were to not continue riding for the team. On November 12, 2001, <mask> announced that he had parted ways with the Repsol Honda team after ten years with the team and that he was considering his options for the 2002 season. "This week everything will be decided and it will be me and no one else that makes the decision," he said. Originally there were plans to ride a Factory Aprilia four-stroke bike in 2002.However the proposal deal he had hoped for did not appear and as a result, he started talking to Yamaha boss Luis d'Antin, owner of the Pramac d'Antin squad, for a chance to ride for the team and partner Norifumi Abe. <mask> also did not rule out retiring either, starting that "I am not going to close any door, and I could still go to Aprilia or even retire," and that "I alone

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 will decide my future." However, <mask> was not able to start in 2002 due to undetermined health problems. He stated in a press conference in late 2001 that "I have been forced to take a break from my sporting career due to physical problems. Since 1999, I have had a condition whereby I temporarily lose consciousness from time to time. It is not serious, but after consulting the best specialists in the field I was advised to stop riding for a while, to take the time to relax and undergo the necessary tests." He stated that he did not intend to retire and that this was simply a necessary break from the sport for medical reasons.On May 5, 2002 however, the now thirty-two year old <mask> held an emotional press conference on the second day of official qualifying for the 2002 Spanish Grand Prix where he announced his retirement from the sport, citing his illness as a reason. He stated that "I would have liked to have carried on, but I have reached the conclusion that I should retire." and that "This is a very emotional day for me and I have decided to retire after thinking for a long time." He also stated that "I am now going to take a year off and after that I would like to return to the world of bike racing, but as to what role I would have I am not yet sure." After his retirement, he is still present in the MotoGP paddock and at the Repsol Honda squad along with Mick Doohan at special events of the team, such as Repsol's 20 and 25 years of collaboration with the team in 2014 and 2019. Career statistics

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

Points system from 1969 to 1987:

Points system from 1988 to 1992:

Points system from 1993 onwards:

Races

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texts:
 by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

 Crash.net profile
 Interview following his 500cc championship victory

Motorcycle racers from Catalonia
Spanish motorcycle racers
500cc World Championship riders
250cc World Championship riders
125cc World Championship riders
1970 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Barcelona
80cc World Championship riders
People named in the Panama


texts:
<mask> (1933–2019) was an Indian geologist with major contribution to the field of Geology. A 1958–1959 Technical Report of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research heralded the news that new developments had taken place in scientific matters led by a team of researchers at the Andhra University,

Even as a student of geology at Andhra University, Waltair, <mask> and his fellow researchers were already carrying out research in the field. During 1954–1958, <mask> had carried out research on geology in parts of Kurnool district. <mask>'s research articles began appearing in geological and other inter-disciplinary scientific journals for more than three decades and continue to be referred by the present generation of Geologists. <mask> stood witness to Christ and inspired many. During the Fifth National Convention of the Christian Businessmen's Committee in 1987 held in Hyderabad, he spoke on the theme You shall be witnesses unto me and shared dais with Archbishop Samineni Arulappa, Member of parliament, Lok Sabha Marjorie Godfrey and Policeman G. Alfred, IPS. <mask> also led honorary initiatives towards Christian missions by equipping the Laity not only with knowledge of the Gospel, but also a means of livelihood was recognised by Theologians, comprising the Missiologist, Roger Hedlund, SB, and Bishop <mask>, ECI.During the 2000s, the Christian artist P. Solomon Raj, AELC made an Empirical research highlighting the new and indigenous missions, and <mask>'s effort falls in such line of indigenous missions to equip the grassroot Evangelists, which even the Old Testament Scholar, Victor Premasagar, CSI appreciated such initiatives. Life and background
<mask> was born in 1933 in Giddaluru in erstwhile Madras Presidency during the colonial era to

masks:
Bunyan Edmund Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Ezra Sargunam
Vijayam
Vijayam


texts:
 <mask> Joseph, an Evangelist and grew up in rural India in the drought-prone Rayalaseema zone in southern India. The Church made an impact in the life of <mask> as those were the days' of early Christians in the Telugu hinterland where the Catholic and the Protestant Missions had already set foot. Among the Protestant missions, the American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society, the London Missionary Society (LMS) and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) were the Christian missions at work in the Rayalaseema area. <mask> grew up in a Christian household in mission compounds of the Churches as his father was a Priest, Canon and later Bishop. When <mask> moved to Waltair in the 1950s, he also took part in the fellowship gatherings of the Canadian Baptist Ministries (Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars). Education and career

Education
After initial studies in schools across Andhra Pradesh, wherever his father (<mask>yan Joseph) was transferred, <mask> moved to Madras Christian College, Tambaram for a pre-University course (PUC).For undergraduate studies, he enrolled at Andhra University, Waltair, in 1953 and pursued graduate and postgraduate courses specialising in Geology. He was a direct student of Professor Calamur Mahadevan and U. Aswathanarayana and imbibed the subtle nuances for research which infused in him a flair for scientific research throughout his career in geological sciences. One of his companions during his study days at Waltair included the Theologian G. D. Melanchthon, AELC. <mask> was awarded with an M. Sc. in 1957. <mask> also pursued a Ph. D. programme during his early years at Osmania University, Secunderabad, on the topic Sedimentation in the upper proterozoic near Kurnool under the supervision of Prof.

masks: Bunyan Vijayam Vijayam Vijayam Bun Vijayam Vijayam Vijayam


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 S<mask>a and was awarded a doctorate in the year 1965.He also spent time at Northwestern University, Evanston (United States) as a Postdoctoral researcher through the benevolence of Fulbright Program and also published a research article, Tectonic framework of sedimentation in the northwestern part of the San Andreqa fault zone at Park field, California on his return to India. Career
<mask> joined the ranks of Geological Survey of India in 1961. He then moved to academics and joined Osmania University, Secunderabad, A State-run university, where he also pursued a Ph. D. programme. In 1965 and became a lecturer in the same university. Over the years, he rose to the ranks of a reader and professor and in 1984, he became head of the Department of Geology and chairperson of the board of studies. Articles published
During the three decades, beginning with the 1960s, <mask> researched together with his fellow geologists and brought out different aspects of the Earth's rich resources to the fore.He was also managing editor of Journal of Indian Academy of Geoscience during the 1970s. 1960–1969

1970–1979

1980–1989

1990–1999

Other initiatives
In addition to his academic pursuits, <mask> was involved in founding entities as a means to bring in development in rural areas. <mask> himself hailed from a rural family and his career pursuits brought him to an urban setting. In spite of it, he chose to better the lives of those in special circumstances. Towards this end, he drew talent from universities as a matter of service and also sought the partnership of United Nations Development Programme, Government of India, and other funding agencies. In 1982, he also went to Bangla Desh to see the work of Social Entrepreneur and Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus. In 2012,

masks:
. Balakrishn
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam
Vijayam


texts:
 two sets of researchers working independent of each other had written about the work of Vijayam beyond the portals of learning.A University of Hyderabad researcher, Gadde Peda Rattaiah referred to the work of Vijayam in the context of partnerships with United Nations Development Programme and writes,

Similarly, a group of Earth Scientists regarded the work of <mask> in connecting Geology with development and write,

MERIBA
During 1978 <mask> founded Mission to Encourage Rural Development in Backward Areas (MERIBA) as an entity to bring forth development in select areas of drought-prone Rayalaseema area of Andhra Pradesh amidst caste-ridden hegemony. The work of MERIBA was taken up in Kurnool district in the villages of Balapanuru, Kouluru, Neravada, Bhimaram and Yerraguntla. For organising Dalits through participatory management initiatives through Sarvodaya Sanghams, Vijayam's entity was also locked in horns with those oppressing the Dalits. There was indeed some resistance to the reformation that MERIBA ought to bring in and even the State executive was found to be in tandem with those oppressing the Dalits. It took judicial intervention to get the oppressors behind bars, but in no time they were freed and were ready to seek vengeance, but for the timely presence of Vijayam who sought reconciliation, an act which stunned the oppressors. Incidentally, Nagi Reddy, an advocate by profession, became MERIBA's first project director, and there was renewed activism in taking legal recourse in curbing atroticities on Dalits through SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. PROGRESS
By 1982, <mask> founded Peoples Research Organization for Grass-root Environmental Scientific Services (PROGRESS) as a platform to share the benefits of technological advancement

masks: Vijayam Vijayam Vijayam


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 with the rural poor.Select case studies and stories relating to the success of PROGRESS had been documented in 1994 by National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board and there also had been significant contribution by scientists working in PROGRESS to the environmental studies. In 1996, P. Sita Janki and K. Sumalini contributed a paper entitled Enhancement of seed germination in Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) by different growth regulator treatments that appeared in the Journal for Tropical Forestry. A 2007 report of the University Grants Commission (UGC) listed PROGRESS among those NGOs  supported by it in advancing Rural development. PROGRESS was a member in the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee. TENT
The Theologians, F. Hrangkhuma and Sebastian Kim had recognised the efforts of Vijayam towards Tentmaking. At the same time, Roger Hedlund had acknowledged <mask>'s efforts towards founding TENT in equipping individuals with means of livelihood as well as basic theological principles.It was in 1985 that <mask> founded Training in Evangelism Needs and Technology (TENT), intertwining technology with theology for ministerial advancement, which the notable Entomologist P. Judson has also been associated. See also

 Prof. Dr. M. Abel, Ph. D. (California),
 Prof. T. D. J. Nagabhushanam, Ph. D. (IARI),
 Prof. P. A. James, Ph. D. (Osmania),
 Dr. J. A. Oliver, Ph. D. (ANGRAU),
 Prof. P. Judson, Ph.D. (Osmania)

Further reading

References

2019 deaths
Telugu people
Indian Christians
20th-century Indian scientists
Indian geologists
Andhra Pradesh academics
1933 births
Scientists from Hyderabad, India
Indian scientists
Church of South India
Osmania University alumni
Andhra University alumni
Madras Christian College alumni
Northwestern University

masks: Vijayam Vijayam


texts:
Frederick Peter "<mask><mask> (December 17, 1879 – April 15, 1961) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1903 to 1917 for the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League, the Washington Senators, Cleveland Naps, and Philadelphia Athletics of the American League and the Indianapolis Hoosiers, Newark Peppers, and Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League. Early life
<mask> was born on December 17, 1879, in Chicago, Illinois. He was the first of seven children born to Agnes and Frederick A<mask>, who had both immigrated to the United States from Norway. <mask> attended Northwest Division High School in Chicago, and played for the school's baseball team. He also played as a semi-professional in Chicago. Baseball career
<mask> attended the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where he played college baseball for the Illinois Fighting Illini, coached by George Huff.His teammates included Jake Stahl and Carl Lundgren. <mask> graduated from the university in 1902. That year, the Worcester Hustlers attempted to sign Lundgren, but he signed with the Chicago Cubs of the National League. Worcester signed <mask> instead. He won 18 games for Worcester that season. After the 1902 season, the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League purchased <mask> from Worcester. He made his major league debut with the Pirates on April 21, 1903.Manager Fred Clarke allowed <mask> to make hs first start against the Cubs in Chicago. He was briefly sent back to Worcester, but was recalled at the end of July, when the Pirates released Ed Doheny. <mask> struggled in his first year in the majors, losing five of six decisions. He was released by Pittsburgh at the end of August. <mask> was reserved for the 1904 season by the Toronto Maple Leafs of the Eastern League, and though he initially indicated that he would not sign with Toronto, he returned his signed contract

masks:
Cy
" Falkenberg
Frederick Peter Falkenberg
. Falkenberg
Falkenberg
Falkenberg
Falkenberg
Falkenberg
Falkenberg
Falkenberg
Falkenberg
Falkenberg


texts: and pitched for Toronto in 1904 and 1905. When Huff was hospitalized in 1905, Stahl and <mask> coached the Fighting Illini baseball team. That year, he began to experiment with different ways to get break on his spitball, which he called the "pinch ball".He signed with the Harrisburg Senators of the Tri-State League, and Harrisburg reserved him for the 1906 season. In 1905, the Washington Senators of the American League purchased <mask> from Toronto. Stahl was the Senators' manager at the time. In 1906, the Washington newspapers began to refer to <mask> as "<mask>". That year, he walked 108 batters and threw 14 wild pitches, the most in the American League. Stahl was replaced as manager with Joe Cantillon in 1907, and newspapers reported during the season that Cantillon wanted to part with <mask>. However, Cantillon opted to keep <mask> during the 1907–08 offseason.In September 1907, the National Commission ruled that <mask> owed the Harrisburg club a refund on a $200 signing bonus ($ in current dollar terms) that he received from them because he joined Washington instead. When he did not promptly repay the debt, he was suspended by Ban Johnson in May 1908 until he repaid it, which he did a few weeks later. <mask> continued to pitch inconsistently for Washington, and his name resurfaced in trade rumors later in the season. On July 23, 1908, the Cleveland Naps of the American League purchased <mask> and Dave Altizer from the Senators for $10,000 ($ in current dollar terms). He continued to pitch for Cleveland through 1911. He missed time during the 1911 season due to illness and a broken thumb. After the 1911 season, Harry Davis became Cleveland's manager, and he released <mask> to the Toledo Mud Hens of the American Association.With Toledo in 1912, <mask> played with Earle Gardner, who had learned how to throw the emery ball from Russ Ford. Gardner taught the pitch to <mask>. <mask>

masks: Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Cy Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg


texts: had a 25–8 win–loss record in 1912, leading the American Association with a .758 winning percentage. Cleveland purchased <mask> from Toledo before the 1913 season. He won his first 10 games of the season, and finished the year with a 23–10 win-loss record and a 2.22 ERA, the second-most wins and eighth-best ERA in the American League. He led the American League with 13 wild pitches in 1913. Before the 1914 season, <mask> jumped from Cleveland to the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the outlaw Federal League.He signed a three-year contract worth $10,000 per season ($ in current dollar terms). In 1914, using the emery ball, <mask> led the Federal League with 43 games started,  innings pitched, and 236 strikeouts. He also had the third-most wins (25) and the fourth-best ERA (2.22). The Hoosiers moved to Newark, New Jersey, before the 1915 season, becoming the Newark Peppers. The emery ball was discovered during the 1914 season, and was outlawed. Without the emery ball, <mask> struggled in 1915, pitching to a 9–11 win-loss record for Newark. The Peppers traded him to the Brooklyn Tip-Tops for Tom Seaton in August.Frank LaPorte was also included in the trade, but he was not to report to Brooklyn until after the 1915 season. <mask> had a 3–3 win-loss record for Brooklyn after the trade. The Federal League collapsed after the 1915 season, and major league teams did not want to purchase <mask>'s sizeable contract. He signed with the Indianapolis Indians of the American Association for the 1916 season and re-signed with them for the 1917 season. After pitching well in an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Athletics of the American League, the Athletics acquired <mask> for Jack Nabors on April 29. However, <mask> struggled with Philadelphia, pitching to a 2–6 win-loss record, and was sold back to Indianapolis on July 5. <mask> returned to Indianapolis in 1918, but announced that he would not

masks: Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg


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 return to the American Association in 1919.Indianapolis sold his contract to the Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). During the season, Seattle traded <mask> to the Oakland Oaks of the PCL for Lynn Brenton. On August 19, <mask> threw a no-hitter against Seattle. After the 1919 season, <mask> announced that he was retiring from professional baseball. Personal life
<mask> married Edna Russell, a telephone operator who he met in Washington, D.C., after the 1908 season. They had two children. <mask> enjoyed ten-pin bowling.He competed in tournaments hosted by the American Bowling Congress and managed bowling alleys. He averaged about 200 pins per game. After playing baseball in the PCL, <mask> moved his family to San Francisco, California, and managed bowling alleys in the San Francisco Bay Area. During World War II, <mask> worked in the tool room for the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation. <mask> died in San Francisco on April 15, 1961. He was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California. See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career ERA leaders

References

External links

1879 births
1961 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Cleveland Naps players
Indianapolis Hoosiers players
Newark Peppers players
Brooklyn Tip-Tops players
Philadelphia Athletics players
Indianapolis Indians players
Montreal Royals players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
Seattle Rainiers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Worcester Hustlers players
Worcester Riddlers players
Illinois Fighting Illini baseball players
Humboldt State Lumberjacks football coaches
Humboldt State Lumberjacks men's basketball coaches
Baseball players from Chicago
Basketball coaches from

masks: Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg Falkenberg


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<mask> (July 11, 1914September 21, 2008) was an American businessman and prominent philanthropist. Hired at Beatrice Foods Company in 1934 as an ice hauler, <mask> served as president and then chairman and chief executive officer of Beatrice from 1976 until his retirement in 1980. <mask> rose to the top of the business with just a high school diploma. Early life
<mask> was born in Nebraska on July 11, 1914. The son of a Danish immigrant, he was born to <mask> (1869–1953) and Millie Wallick (1888–1983) and raised on a dairy farm. Career
By the time <mask> graduated from high school at the age of 16, the Great Depression had ravaged the Rasmussen farm, leaving the family destitute. Working menial jobs, from delivering handbills door to door and cutting jigsaw puzzles to hiring himself out as a ranch hand, Rasmussen vowed "that if he ever landed work with a big company, he'd never let go of it."In 1934, <mask> landed a job as an ice hauler for Beatrice Creamery Company, in Lincoln, Nebraska. He rose through the ranks, landing positions from chief engineer and plant manager to various district and regional supervisory posts. <mask> says he studied on his own, mastering each new job: "'I only had a high school education, so I had to educate myself,' he said. 'Every time I got into something I might not know enough about, I'd go out and buy every book I could find on the subject.'" By the 1960s, he had landed at company headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, serving in several vice presidential positions. In 1976, <mask> became president and CEO. In 1977, he was named chairman and CEO of Beatrice Foods Co, which, by this time, had become America's largest food processing company and a multi-billion-dollar business.During

masks:
Wallace Rasmussen
Rasmussen
Rasmussen
Rasmussen
Lars Berg Rasmussen
Rasmussen
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 <mask>'s tenure at Beatrice, he added many high-profile acquisitions to its portfolio, most notably the publicly-traded Tropicana Products, Inc., which was acquired for $490 million in cash and preferred stock." After 47 years with Beatrice, <mask> retired in 1980. Reputation
Although <mask> often described himself as a "country boy," he developed a reputation as a bold, tough, no-nonsense businessman, which spread in large part due to many media reports and his frequent stints as an interview subject of Pulitzer Prize-winning author and oral historian Studs Terkel, well known as a chronicler of the lives of ordinary Americans. On the day he took over in 1976, <mask> told his predecessor, "I'm the chief executive, and I'm going to run things." Soon after, his "pugnacious style" and "aggressive leadership ushered in a series of boardroom brawls" resulting in the "resignation of his designated successor," whom The Wall Street Journal described as "outflanked and outmuscled." When asked for a comment, <mask> told the Chicago Tribune "I'm dedicated to outshining the last management." <mask>'s "pugnacious style" led him to make enemies and friends alike.Cal Turner, Jr., former CEO of Dollar General Corp., once said about Rasmussen: "If you're trying to go into battle and do the right thing, he's the guy you want by your side." Described by oral historian Studs Terkel as "the boss," the chief executive officer of the corporation," "big boned and heavy-set, with calloused hands," "bluff and genial" and as having "the appearance of the archetypal elderly workingman in Sunday clothes," <mask> was prominently featured in several of his books, most notably American Dreams: Lost and Found (1980), My American Century (1997) and

masks: Rasmussen Rasmussen Rasmussen Rasmussen Rasmussen Rasmussen Rasmussen


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 Hope Dies Last: Keeping the Faith in Difficult Times (2003). When Forbes named <mask> one of the toughest CEOs in the U.S., during his tenure at Beatrice Foods, <mask> used one of Terkel's interviews as a platform from which to issue his public response: "Forbes was listing the toughest CEOs in the country, and I was in that article. They had me saying, "Do unto others before they do unto you." [Laughs] I don't know whether I should have been happy with that, but I was OK. You have to show strength. Any sign of weakness and people are going to take advantage of you." Post-retirement
After his retirement from Beatrice, <mask> settled in Nashville, Tennessee, where he held seats on several corporate boards, including the boards of Dollar General, Clayton Homes, Shoney's and Commerce Union Bank.Governor Lamar Alexander appointed Rasmussen chairman of the Tennessee Board of Corrections Commission where he served a period of three years. Philanthropy
Although he achieved success with only a high school diploma, <mask> was a staunch proponent of higher education. After his retirement from Beatrice, Rasmussen devoted his philanthropic efforts to providing educational opportunities to hundreds of deserving students. Besides five annual scholarships that he sponsored at Belmont University and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee, he established the Rasmussen Foreign Student Exchange Program (now the Rasmussen Studies Abroad Scholarship) at Belmont University in 1994. In 1996, he funded and established another studies abroad program, the Wallace N. Rasmussen Scholarship at North Central College in Naperville, Illinois. Honors and Awards
<mask>'s lifetime achievements were recognized when he was

masks: Rasmussen Rasmussen Rasmussen Rasmussen Rasmussen


texts:
 awarded a 1978 Horatio Alger Award, an honor bestowed upon outstanding Americans who, similar to characters in stories by Horatio Alger, Jr., traditionally have started life in "humble circumstances" yet, "in spite of this early adversity, or many would say because of it, they have worked with great diligence to achieve success and the fulfillment of their dreams." In addition, he received the Golden Plate Award from the American Academy of Achievement., a non-profit educational organization that recognizes "exemplars of excellence," the highest achievers in public service, business, science and exploration, sports and the arts.Personal life and death
On December 17, 1936, <mask> married Grace Irene Moreland (1913–1993). They had two children, Ada and Walter. <mask> died after a long illness at his home in Nashville, Tennessee, on September 21, 2008. Writings and research
In 1994, Rasmussen and journalist Mike Haggerty released The Headline vs. the Bottom Line: Mutual Distrust Between Business and the News Media. Deemed a "landmark study" by Choice Reviews, the book was cited by Christopher R. Martin in his book, Framed! : Labor and the Corporate Media, and Jay William Lorsch, Leslie Boerlowitz and Andy Zelleke in their book, Restoring Trust in American Business. Based on interviews with more than 630 journalists and high level executives, the study was done while <mask> and Haggerty served as visiting professional scholars at the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University.In 2002, <mask> published his life's story, The Ice Man's Life. References

External links

 www.horatioalger.org/members/member-detail/wallace-n-rasmussen

American businesspeople
American philanthropists
1914 births
2008

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<mask> (November 14, 1913 – February 21, 2011) was an American actress, producer, writer and director. During her career as an actress, Stoddard appeared in a number of plays, movies, and television series, including sixteen years as Pauline Rysdale in The Secret Storm from 1954 to 1970. Stoddard also worked as a producer, both independently and with her production company, Bonard Productions Incorporated, which Stoddard created with Helen Bonfils in 1960. In addition to adapting plays such as Come Play with Me and Men, Women, and Less Alarming Creatures, Stoddard also wrote plays, such as A Round With Ring (1969) and Zellerman, Arthur (1979). Personal life
Born in Great Falls, Montana, she moved from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles with her family at the age of eight, graduating from high school in 1930, married, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Southern California in 1934 with a Bachelor of  Science degree in speech, while appearing in leading roles with the National Collegiate Players. In the mid-1930s, Stoddard was married to William Gude. In 1938 she married Jack Kirkland with whom she had two children.The couple divorced in 1947 and in the following year Stoddard married director-producer Harold Bromley with whom she had one child. In 1953 Stoddard was hired as the leading lady for the Elitch Theatre summer stock cast and would play opposite leading man Whitfield Connor. Stoddard divorced Bromley in 1954 and on January 26, 1956, she and Connor married in New York City and the couple remained married until his death in 1988. Career

Early career
<mask>'s first professional stage appearance was in San Francisco in 1934 as a walk-on/under-study in a production of Merrily We Roll Along, before she succeeded to the ingenue's

masks:
Haila Stoddard
Stoddard


texts: leading role for opening night in Los Angeles. She appeared for 65 weeks in 1935-36 as the mute Pearl in the national touring company of Jack Kirkland's Tobacco Road. She arrived on Broadway in 1937, succeeding Peggy Conklin in Yes, My Darling Daughter. She subsequently starred in A Woman's a Fool – To Be Clever, I Know What I Like, and Kindred (all 1939), Susannah and the Elders (1940), Mr. and Mrs. North (1941), The Rivals (1942), The Moon Vine and Blithe Spirit (1943), Dream Girl (1945), and The Voice of the Turtle (1947).During World War II she toured the South Pacific as Lorraine Sheldon in a 1945 USO production of The Man Who Came to Dinner. She drafted a cookbook entitled Applause and produced a short-lived play called Dead Pigeon. In the late 1960s she opened Carriage House Comestibles, a popular gourmet restaurant off the Boston Post Road in Westport, Connecticut. She starred in Joan of Lorraine, The Trial of Mary Dugan, and The Voice of the Turtle (1947), Rip Van Winkle  (1947–48), Goodbye, My Fancy, and Her Cardboard Lover (1949), Affairs of State (1950), Springtime for Henry (1951), Twentieth Century, Glad Tidings, and Biography (1952), ten summer stock productions at Denver's Elitch Gardens Theatre, and The Frogs of Spring, a revival which she co-produced with husband Harold Bromley on Broadway (1953). She took over the leading role on opening night when illness struck Constance Ford in her own Broadway production of One Eye Closed, took over for Mary Anderson in Lunatics and Lovers in 1954, and directed the national touring production. She played in Ever Since Paradise (1957), Patate (1958), and Dark Corners (1964). <mask> and Jack Kirkland were original share-holders in the creation of the Bucks County Playhouse in 1938; she


texts:
 appeared there in a total of sixteen productions from 1939 to 1958, including The Philadelphia Story, Golden Boy, The Play's the Thing, Petticoat Fever, Our Betters, Skylark, and Mr. and Mrs. North.During five seasons, she was the Playhouse's leading lady to leading men Walter Slezak and Louis Calhern. She produced her husband's plays The Clover Ring and Georgia Boy in Boston, and The Secret Room on Broadway (all 1945). The Secret Storm and other television roles
On television Stoddard played Aunt Pauline from 1954 to 1970 on CBS-TV's The Secret Storm. In the early days of live dramatic television during the 1950s Stoddard appeared in over 100 teleplays in principal roles on CBS's Playhouse 90,  Studio One, The Web,  The United States Steel Hour, and Hallmark Hall of Fame, and on NBC's Goodyear Playhouse, Kraft Theatre, The Philco Television Playhouse, The Armstrong Circle Theatre and Robert Montgomery Presents. On radio she played the Little Sister with Orson Welles on Big Sister on CBS. From 1937-39 she simultaneously played Stella Dallas and three other day-time radio serials, then called washboard weepers, while appearing on stage in three different plays. Bonard Productions
Stoddard was the first to bring the work of James Thurber and Harold Pinter to Broadway.New York Times drama critic Brooks Atkinson called her 1960 adaptation of A Thurber Carnival "the freshest and funniest show of the year". Stoddard produced A Thurber Carnival, a Tony Award-winning musical, her first production on Broadway, with Colorado heiress and friend Helen Bonfils. A later production, at the Central City Opera House, featured Thurber himself, then blind, as narrator. (Their company, Bonard, took its name from the first three letters of Bonfils, and the last


texts: three letters of Stoddard). Combining her name with Bonfils as Bonard Productions, and associating with her New York theatrical attorney Donald Seawell, she brought to Broadway productions of Noël Coward's Sail Away (1962), The Affair by C.P. Snow (1962), her own adaptation of Thurber's The Beast In Me (1963), and the Royal Shakespeare Company's The Hollow Crown (1963), which went on to tour American colleges for four months in the spring of 1964. For Sail Away she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Producer of a Musical.In association with Kathleen and Justin Sturm she presented That Hat!, her adaptation of The Italian Straw Hat, in 1964. She often had to handle tensions between the conservative Bonfils and flamboyant figures in entertainment, including Coward. In 1962, Stoddard asked Andy Warhol to design costumes for Thurber's The Beast in Me, after learning of Warhol through choreographer John Butler. With Bonfils and Davis, Stoddard produced her co-adaptation, with dancer-actress Tamara Geva, of Marcel Achard's Voulez vous jouer avec moi? as Come Play with Me  starring Tom Poston and Liliane Montevecchi in 1960, and with Mark Wright and Leonard S. Field premiered Harold Pinter on Broadway in 1967 with The Birthday Party. She later offered Off-Broadway productions of Coward's Private Lives (1968), co-producing with Mark Wright and Duane Wilder; Lanford Wilson's Lemon Sky (1970) and The Gingham Dog (1971), and The Last Sweet Days of Isaac, a musical by Gretchen Cryer and Nancy Ford (1970) which won three Obie awards. With Neal Du Brock she produced The Survival of St. Joan (1971); and, with Arnold H. Levy, Lady Audley's Secret (1972) and Love, based on the play by Murray Schisgal, starring Nathan Lane (1984 Outer Critics Circle


texts: Award).Pursuing her interest in young playwrights, she produced off-Broadway productions of Glass House (1981),  Casey Kurtii's Catholic School Girls (1982 Drama Desk Award), Sweet Prince (1982), Marvelous Gray (1982), and John Olive's Clara's Play (1983). Bonard presented the RSC productions of King Lear and Comedy of Errors to open the Vivian Beaumont Theater at Lincoln Center in May 1964, and her London productions of A Thurber Carnival (1962) and Sail Away (1963) played  the Savoy Theatre in London's West End. Her dramatic adaptations of  Thurber material include Life on a Limb, and Men, Women, and Less Alarming Creatures, produced with The Last Flower on Boston WGBH-TV public television in 1965. In A Round with Ring she adapted Ring Lardner works which she directed in New York for the ANTA matinee series. She also directed the national touring production of Lunatics and Lovers, and she wrote original scripts entitled Abandoned Child and Bird on the Wing, and co-wrote Dahling – A Tallulah Bankhead Musical with composer-lyricist Jack Lawrence. Stoddard also served as understudy to such acclaimed actresses as Bea Lillie, Greer Garson, Betty Field, Rosalind Russell, Uta Hagen, Mercedes McCambridge, and Jessica Tandy, in various stage productions. As Russell's stand-by, she never played the part of Auntie Mame on Broadway in 1956.Russell, when feeling infirm, would request that Stoddard sit in the wings where she could see her: "So long as I can see you ... I will never let you get on that stage", Russell said, and never relinquished, once reportedly taking the stage with a 105 degree fever. Stoddard got her chance when Russell's replacement, Greer Garson, was indisposed after her first performance in the demanding part. Stoddard succeeded


texts:
 Elaine Stritch as the matinee Martha for in the original 1962 Broadway production of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, playing the part each Wednesday and Saturday afternoon, and standing by in her dressing room each evening until the curtain rose for the second act with Uta Hagen safely in command on stage. When Hagen left the Broadway production to open the show in London, Stoddard performed the role of Martha  eight times a week until Mercedes McCambridge was ready to replace Hagen for the evening performances. She played with separate casts, opposite different actors. "After that stint, there was nothing more I could do on stage as an actress, so I turned to my greater fondness for writing, adapting, and producing."Later life
Following the death of Helen Bonfils in 1972, she incorporated with The Elitch Theatre Company, which produced 25 summer seasons in America's Oldest Summer Theatre in Denver, Colorado between 1962 and 1987. She simultaneously associated with Lucille Lortel to produce summer seasons at the White Barn Theatre in Westport, Connecticut, was on the Board of Directors of New Dramatists in New York City, and a Founding Member of  the Westport (CT) Theatre Artists Workshop. <mask> died at her home in Weston, Connecticut from cardiopulmonary arrest at age 97. References

External links
Haila Stoddard Playscript Collection is held at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. American women dramatists and playwrights
American stage actresses
American theatre directors
Women theatre directors
American theatre managers and producers
Actresses from Los Angeles
1913 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
People from Weston,


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<mask>'Urville (; 23 May 1790 – 8 May 1842) was a French explorer and naval officer who explored the south and western Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica. As a botanist and cartographer, he gave his name to several seaweeds, plants and shrubs, and places such as d'Urville Island in New Zealand. Childhood
<mask> was born at Condé-sur-Noireau in Lower Normandy. His father, <mask>, sieur d’Urville (1728–1796), Bailiff of Condé-sur-Noireau, was, like his ancestors, responsible to the court of Condé. His mother Jeanne Françoise Victoire Julie (1754–1832) came from Croisilles, Calvados, and was a rigid and formal woman from an ancient family of the rural nobility of Lower Normandy. The child was weak and often sickly. After the death of his father when he was six, his mother's brother, the Abbot of Croisilles, played the part of his father and from 1798 took charge of his education.The Abbot taught him Latin, Greek, rhetoric and philosophy. From 1804 <mask> studied at the lycée Impérial in Caen. In Caen's library he began to read the Encyclopédistes and the reports of travel of Bougainville, Cook and Anson, and he became deeply passionate about these matters. At the age of 17 years he failed the physical tests of the entrance exam to the École Polytechnique and he therefore decided to enlist in the navy. Early years in the navy
In 1807 <mask> was admitted to the Naval Academy at Brest where he presented himself as a timid young man, very serious and studious, little interested in amusements and much more interested in studies than in military matters. In 1808, he obtained the grade of first class candidate. At the time the neglected French navy was of a much lower quality than Napoleon's Grande Armée, and its ships were blockaded in their ports by the absolute domination of the British Royal Navy.<mask> was confined to land like his colleagues and spent the first

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Jules Sébastien César Dumont d
Dumont
Gabriel Charles François Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
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 years in the navy studying foreign languages. In 1812, after having been promoted to ensign and finding himself bored with port life and disapproving of the dissolute behaviour of the other young officers, he asked to be transferred to Toulon on board the Suffren; but this ship was also blockaded in port. In this period <mask> built on his already substantial cultural knowledge. He already spoke, in addition to Latin and Greek, English, German, Italian, Russian, Chinese and Hebrew. During his later travels in the Pacific, thanks to his prodigious memory, he would acquire some knowledge of an immense number of dialects of Polynesia and Melanesia. Meanwhile, ashore at Toulon, he learnt about botany and entomology in long excursions in the hills of Provence and he studied in the nearby naval observatory. Finally in 1814, when Napoleon had been exiled to Elba, <mask> undertook his first short navigation of the Mediterranean Sea.In 1815, he married Adèle Pepin, daughter of a clockmaker from Toulon, who was openly disliked by <mask>'s mother, who thought her inappropriate for her son and refused to meet her and, later on, her grandsons from the marriage. In the Aegean Sea
In 1819 <mask> d'Urville sailed on board Chevrette, under the command of Captain Gauttier-Duparc, to carry out a hydrographic survey of the islands of the Greek archipelago. During a pause near the island of Milos, the local French representative brought to <mask>'s attention the rediscovery of a marble statue a few days before (8 April 1820) by a local peasant. The statue, now known as the Venus de Milo, dates from around the year 130 BC. <mask> recognised its value and would have acquired it immediately, but the ship's commander pointed out that there was not enough space on board for an object of its size. Moreover, the expedition was likely to proceed through stormy seas that could damage it. <mask> then

masks: Dumont Dumont Dumont Dumont Dumont Dumont Dumont


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 wrote to the French ambassador to Constantinople about its discovery.<ref group="note">”... je fus le premier à en remettre une description détaillée à M. le marquis de Rivière, à Constantinople.Grâce à son empressement, à son amour pour les beaux arts et aux efforts de M. de Marcellus, la France n'a pas eu le regret de voir passer en mains étrangères ce précieux reste d'antiquité...” (“…I was the first one to supply a detailed description to the M. le marquis de Rivière, in Constantinople. Thanks to his enthusiasm, his love of fine arts and to the efforts of M. de Marcellus, France has been able to avoid the regret to see this precious piece of antiquity pass into foreign hands…”) Note on the underground galleries of the island of Milos, by J. <mask> d’Urville, in ‘’Nouvelles annales des voyages, de géographie et de histoire, volume XXVII. Paris: Gide, 1825. </ref>  Chevrette arrived in Constantinople on 22 April and <mask> succeeded in convincing the ambassador to acquire the statue. Meanwhile, the peasant had sold the statue to a priest, Macario Verghis, who wished to present it as a gift to an interpreter for the Sultan in Constantinople. The French ambassador's representative arrived just as the statue was being loaded aboard a ship bound for Constantinople and persuaded the island's primates (chief citizens) to annul the sale and honour the first offer. This earned <mask> the title of Chevalier (knight) of the Légion d'honneur, the attention of the French Academy of Sciences and promotion to lieutenant; and France gained a new, magnificent statue for the Louvre in Paris.Voyage of Coquille
On his return from the voyage of Chevrette, <mask> was sent to the naval archive, where he encountered Lieutenant Louis Isidore Duperrey, a past acquaintance. The two began to plan an expedition of exploration in the Pacific,  an area out of which France had been forced during the

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 Napoleonic Wars. France considered it might be able to regain some of its losses by taking over part of New South Wales. On 11 August 1822, the ship Coquille sailed from Toulon with the objective of collecting as much scientific and strategic information as possible on the area to which it was dispatched. Duperrey was named Commander of the expedition because he was four years older than <mask>. <mask> discovered the Adélie penguin, which is named after his wife. René-Primevère Lesson travelled on Coquille as a naval doctor and naturalist.On the return to France in March 1825, Lesson and <mask> brought an imposing collection of animals and plants collected on the Falkland Islands, on the coasts of Chile and Peru, in the archipelagos of the Pacific and New Zealand, New Guinea and Australia. <mask> was now 35 and in poor health. On board Coquille, he had behaved as a competent official, but disinclined to military discipline and subordination. On the return to France, Duperrey and <mask> were promoted to commander. Collection
On Coquille, <mask> tried to reconcile his responsibilities as second in command with his need to carry out scientific work. He was in charge of carrying out research in the fields of botany and entomology. La Coquille brought back to France specimens of more than 3,000 species of plants, 400 of which were previously unknown, enriching moreover the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris with more than 1,200 specimens of insects, covering 1,100 insect species (including 300 previously unknown species).The scientists Georges Cuvier and François Arago analysed the results of his searches and praised <mask>. As a botanist and cartographer, <mask> d'Urville left his mark on New Zealand. He gave his name to the genus of seaweeds Durvillaea, which includes southern bull-kelp; the seaweed Grateloupia urvilleana; the species of grass tree Dracophyllum

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 urvilleanum; the shrub Hebe urvilleana and the buttercup Ranunculus urvilleanus. First voyage of Astrolabe

Two months after <mask> d'Urville returned on La Coquille, he presented to the Navy Ministry a plan for a new expedition, which he hoped to command, as his relationship with Duperrey had deteriorated. The proposal was accepted and La Coquille was renamed the  in honour of one of the ships of La Pérouse, and sailed from Toulon on 22 April 1826, towards the Pacific Ocean, for a circumnavigation of the world that was destined to last nearly three years. The new Astrolabe skirted the coast of southern Australia, carried out new relief maps of the South Island of New Zealand, including improved surveys of the Marlborough Sounds in which he navigated through the narrow and treacherous French Pass and mapped D'Urville Island, which James Cook had mapped as being part of the mainland.Astrolabe sailed up the east coast of the North Island, creating comprehensive coastline maps of New Zealand. The ship spent six days in the Bay of Islands taking on food and water before sailing for Tonga.Astrolabe visited Fiji, then <mask> executed the first relief maps of the Loyalty Islands (part of French New Caledonia) and explored the coasts of New Guinea.He identified the site of La Pérouse's shipwreck in Vanikoro (one of the Santa Cruz Islands, part of the archipelago of the Solomon Islands) and collected numerous remains of his boats. The voyage continued with the mapping of part of the Caroline Islands and the Moluccas. Astrolabe returned to Marseille on 25 March 1829, with an impressive load of hydrographical papers and collections of zoological, botanical and mineralogical reports, which were destined to strongly influence the scientific analysis of those regions. Following this expedition, he invented the terms Malaisia, Micronesia and Melanesia, distinguishing these Pacific

masks: Dumont Dumont


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 cultures and island groups from Polynesia. <mask>'s health was by now weakened by years of a poor diet. He suffered from kidney and stomach problems and from intense attacks of gout. During the first thirteen years of their marriage, half of which passed far apart, Adélie and <mask> had two sons.The first one died at a young age while his father was aboard La Coquille and the second, also called <mask>, on the return of his father after four years away. <mask> d’Urville passed a short period with his family before returning to Paris, where he was promoted to captain and he was put in charge of writing the report of his travels. The five volumes were published at the expense of the French government between 1832 and 1834. During these years d’Urville, who was already a poor diplomat, became more irascible and rancorous as a result of his gout, and lost the sympathy of the naval leadership. In his report, he criticised harshly the military structures, his colleagues, the French Academy of Sciences and even the King – none of whom, in his opinion, had given the voyage of Astrolabe due acknowledgment. In 1835, <mask> was directed to return to Toulon to engage in "down to earth" work and spent two years, marked by mournful events (notably the loss of a daughter from cholera) and happy events (notably the birth of another son, Émile) but with the constant and nearly obsessive thought of a third expedition to the Pacific, analogous to James Cook's third voyage. He looked again at Astrolabes travel notes, and found a gap in the exploration of Oceania and, in January 1837, he wrote to the Navy Ministry suggesting the opportunity for a new expedition to the Pacific.Second voyage of Astrolabe

King Louis-Philippe approved the plan, but he ordered that the expedition aim for the South Magnetic Pole and to claim it for France; if that was not possible, <mask>'s expedition was asked to

masks: Dumont Jules Jules Dumont Dumont Dumont


texts: equal the most southerly latitude of 74°34'S achieved in 1823 by James Weddell. Thus France became part of the international competition for polar exploration, along with the United States and the United Kingdom. <mask> was initially unhappy with the modifications made to his proposal. He had little interest in polar exploration and preferred tropical routes. But soon his vanity took over and he saw the opportunity for achieving a prestigious objective. The two ships, Astrolabe and Zélée, commanded by Charles Hector Jacquinot, were prepared for the voyage at Toulon. In the course of the preparation <mask> also went to London to acquire documentation and instrumentation, meeting the British Admiralty’s oceanographer, Francis Beaufort and the President of the Royal Geographical Society, John Washington, both strong supporters of the British expeditions to the South Pole.First contact with AntarcticaAstrolabe and Zélée sailed from Toulon on 7 September 1837, after three weeks of delay compared to <mask>'s plans. His objectives were to reach the most southerly point possible at this time in the Weddell Sea; to pass through the Strait of Magellan; to travel up the coast of Chile in order to head for Oceania with the objective of inspecting the new British colonies in Western Australia; to sail to Hobart; and to sail to New Zealand to find opportunities for French whalers and to examine places where a penal colony might be established. After passing through the East Indies, the mission would have to round the Cape of Good Hope and return to France. Early in the voyage, part of the crew was involved in a drunken brawl and arrested in Tenerife. A short pause was made in Rio de Janeiro to disembark a sick official. During the first part of the voyage there were also problems of provisioning, particularly rotten meat, which affected the health of the crew. At the end of November, the

masks: Dumont Dumont Dumont


texts: ships reached the Strait of Magellan.<mask> thought there was sufficient time to explore the strait for three weeks, taking into account the precise maps drawn by Phillip Parker King in  between 1826 and 1830, before heading south again. In the Strait of Magellan Dummont surveyed the coast trying to find out the ruins of Ciudad Rey Don Felipe, a city founded in 1584 as part of a failed Spanish colonization attempt to control the passage through the strait. Two weeks after seeing their first iceberg, Astrolabe and Zélée found themselves entangled again in a mass of ice on 1 January 1838. The same night the pack ice prevented the ships from continuing to the south. In the next two months <mask> led increasingly desperate attempts to find a passage through the ice so that he could reach the desired latitude. For a while the ships managed to keep to an ice-free channel, but shortly afterwards they became trapped again, after a wind change. Five days of continuous work were necessary in order to open a corridor in the pack ice to free them.After reaching the South Orkney Islands, the expedition headed directly to the South Shetland Islands and the Bransfield Strait separating them from Antarctica. In spite of thick fog they located some land only sketched on the maps, which <mask> named Terre de Louis-Philippe (now called Graham Land), the Joinville Island group and Rosamel Island (now called Andersson Island). Conditions on board had rapidly deteriorated: most of the crew had obvious symptoms of scurvy and the main decks were covered by smoke from the ships' fires and bad smells and became unbearable. At the end of February 1838, <mask> accepted that he was not able to continue further south, and he continued to doubt the actual latitude reached by Weddell. He therefore directed the two ships towards Talcahuano, in Chile, where he established a temporary hospital for the crew


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 members affected by scurvy. Pacific
During months of exploration in the Pacific, the ship visited many islands in Polynesia. On their arrival in the Marquesas Islands, the crews found ways "to socialise" with the islanders.<mask>'s moral conduct was irreproachable, but he provided a highly summarised description of some incidents of their stay in Nuku Hiva in his reports. During the voyage from the East Indies to Tasmania some of the crew were lost to tropical fevers and dysentery (14 men and 3 officials); but for <mask> the worst moment during the expedition was at Valparaiso, where he received a letter from his wife that informed him of the death of his second son from cholera. Adélie's sorrowful demand that he return home coincided with a deterioration in his health: <mask> was more and more often hit by attacks of gout and stomach pains. On 12 December 1839 the two corvettes landed at Hobart, where the sick and the dying were treated. <mask> was received by John Franklin, Governor of Tasmania and an Arctic explorer who later perished on the infamous Franklin Expedition, from whom he learned that the ships of the American expedition led by Charles Wilkes were berthed in Sydney waiting to sail south. Seeing the consistent reduction of the crews, decimated by misfortunes, <mask> expressed his intention to leave this time for the Antarctic with Astrolabe only, in order to attempt to reach the South Magnetic Pole around longitude 140°. A deeply wounded Captain Jacquinot urged the hiring of a number of replacements (generally deserters from a French whaler anchored in Hobart) and convinced him to reconsider his intentions; Astrolabe and Zelée both left Hobart on 1 January 1840.<mask>'s plan was very simple: to head south, wind conditions permitting. Turning south
The first days of the voyage mainly involved the crossing of twenty degrees and a westerly current; on board there

masks: Dumont Dumont Dumont Dumont Dumont Dumont


texts: were further misfortunes, including the loss of a man. Crossing the 50°S parallel, they experienced unexpected falls in the air and water temperatures. After completing the crossing of the Antarctic Convergence, on 16 January 1840, at 60°S they sighted the first iceberg and two days later the ships found themselves in the middle of a mass of ice. On 20 January the expedition crossed the Antarctic Circle, with celebrations similar to crossing of the Equator ceremonies, and they sighted land the same afternoon. The two ships slowly sailed to the West, skirting walls of ice, and on 22 January, just before 9 in the evening, some members of the crew disembarked on the north-westernmost and highest islet Views of Débarquement Rock from north and south west, site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments, length 244 m, height 18.7 m of the rocky group of Dumoulin Islands, at 500–600 m from the icy coast of the Astrolabe Glacier Tongue of the time, today about 4 km north from the glacier extremity near Cape Geodesie, and hoisted the French tricolour. "J'envoyai aussitôt un de nos matelots déployer un drapeau sur ces terres qu'aucune créature humaine n'avait ni vues ni foulées avant nous".(I sent one of our sailors at once to deploy a flag on these lands which no human creature had seen nor trod before us) — from the Diary of Joseph Dubouzet, an officer on the Zélée). <mask> named the archipelago Pointe Géologie and the land beyond, Terre Adélie The map of the coast drawn under sail by the hydrographer  is remarkably accurate given the means of the time. In the following days the expedition followed the coast westward then led for the first time some experiments to determine the approximate position of the South magnetic pole. They sighted the American schooner Porpoise of the United States Exploring Expedition commanded by Charles Wilkes on 30


texts:
 January 1840, but failed to communicate due to a misunderstanding. On 1 February, <mask> decided to turn to the north heading for Hobart, which the two ships reached 17 days later. They were present for the arrival of the two ships of James Ross’s expedition to Antarctica, HMS Terror and HMS Erebus. On 25 February, the schooners sailed towards the Auckland Islands, where they carried out magnetic measurements and they left a commemorative plate of their visit (as had the commander of Porpoise previously), in which they announced the discovery of the South Magnetic Pole.They returned via New Zealand, the Torres Strait, Timor, Réunion, Saint Helena and finally Toulon, returning on 6 November 1840, the last French expedition of exploration to sail. Return to France

On his return <mask> d'Urville was promoted to rear admiral and was awarded the Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie (Geographical Society of Paris), later becoming its president. He then took over the writing of the report of the expedition, Voyage au pôle Sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zélée 1837–1840, which was published between 1841 and 1854 in 24 volumes, plus seven more volumes with illustrations and maps. Death and legacy
On 8 May 1842, <mask> and his family boarded a train from Versailles to Paris after seeing water games celebrating the king. Near Meudon the train's locomotive derailed, the wagons rolled and the tender’s coal ended up on the front of the train and caught fire. <mask>'s whole family died in the flames of the first French railway disaster, generally known as the Versailles rail accident. <mask>'s remains were identified by Pierre-Marie Alexandre Dumoutier, a doctor on board the Astrolabe and a phrenologist.<mask> was buried in the cemetery of Montparnasse in Paris. This tragedy led to the end of the practice in France of locking passengers in their train


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 compartments. He is the author of The New Zealanders: A story of Austral lands – likely to be the first novel written about fictional Maori characters. Later, in honour of his many valuable chartings, the D'Urville Sea off Antarctica; D'Urville Island in the Joinville Island group in Antarctica; D'Urville Wall on the David Glacier in Antarctica, Cape d'Urville, Irian Jaya, Indonesia; Mount D'Urville, Auckland Island; and D'Urville Island in New Zealand were named after him. The Dumont d'Urville Station on Antarctica is also named after him, as is the Rue Dumont d'Urville, a street near the Champs-Élysées in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, and the Lycée Dumont D'Urville in Caen. <mask> d'Urville himself named Pepin Island and Adélie Land in Antarctica after his wife, and Croisilles Harbour for his mother's family. A French naval transport ship employed in French Polynesia is named after him; as was a 1931 sloop which served in World War II.Sources and references
 Notes

 Citations

 References

Edward Duyker <mask> d’Urville: Explorer and Polymath, Otago University Press, Dunedin, 2014, pp. 671, , University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, 2014, . External links

Adorning the world: art of the Marquesas Islands, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on <mask> d'Urville (figs. 2,3,4)
<mask> (1833) Voyage de la corvette L'Astrolabe...Atlas – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library. The library's collection also includes a number of high-resolution images from Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe'' here. 1790 births
1842 deaths
People from Condé-sur-Noireau
Explorers of Oceania
French explorers
French explorers of the Pacific
19th-century explorers
French Navy admirals
Railway accident deaths in France
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
Graham Land
French military

masks:
Dumont
Dumont
Jules Dumont
Dumont


texts:
<mask>, baron de Carbonnières (4 January 1755 Strasbourg – 14 May 1827), was a French politician, geologist and botanist. He is regarded as one of the first explorers of the high mountains of the Pyrenees who can be described as a pyreneist. Life

<mask> was born in Strasbourg, to Pierre-<mask> (1715–1796), treasurer of war, and Rosalie-Reine Eisentrand (1732–1762). He studied law at the University of Strasbourg in 1775 and became a lawyer in February 1777. In Strasbourg he became friends with another student, Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz (1751–1792), a writer belonging to the then-fashionable Sturm und Drang movement. During this period Ramond discovered German Romantic literature, in particular Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther; this book inspired him to become a writer and in 1777 he published the Werther-influenced Les Dernières aventures du jeune d’Olban (The Last Adventures of Young Olban). Ramond undertook a voyage to Switzerland in May 1777 where he met writers and poets, as well as scientists: the theologian Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741–1801), and the zoologists Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) and Charles Bonnet (1720–1793); he also came across his friend Lenz there.The two men shared what was by all accounts an ecstatic experience contemplating the valley of the Rhine. Ramond also caught the passion for high mountains. A few days later, Lenz suffered his first bout of insanity. In 1778, Ramond published Élégies, impressions inspired by his love for nature. Extracts from this work were published the same year in the Journal de Dames of <mask>-Joseph Dorat (1734–1780). In 1779, <mask> and his father

masks:
Louis François Élisabeth Ramond
Louis Ramond
Bernard Ramond
Claude
Ramond


texts: settled in Paris. In 1780, Ramond published La Guerre d’Alsace pendant le Grand Schisme d’Occident (The War of Alsace during the Great Western Schism), a romantic and historical epic.But the French capital was not yet ready for German Romanticism and the book was not received as well as he had hoped. Leaving Paris he returned to Strasbourg, where he placed himself at the service of cardinal <mask> Édouard <mask> (1734–1803), prince of Rohan-Guemenée and cardinal-archbishop of Strasbourg, celebrated for his role in the affair of the diamond necklace. In the company of the prince, Ramond travelled widely and met many of the personalities of the age. The cardinal was sent in exile to La Chaise-Dieu in June 1786, and he left for Auvergne accompanied by his faithful secretary. That summer, the cardinal wished to stay in a thermal town in the Pyrenees and Ramond departed to reconnoitre the area. The two men spent the summer and the autumn of 1787 in  Barèges. Ramond started to explore the nearby mountains above Gavarnie and in the Maladetta Massif, to get a better acquaintance with their geological formations – these were the subject of a topical controversy, fed in particular by the limestone theories of Déodat Gratet <mask>u (1750–1801) – and to see whether the mountains were granite or limestone, which was believed to be older rock.When the cardinal was authorized to return to Strasbourg in December 1788, Ramond settled in Paris, where in 1789 he published his  Observations faites dans les Pyrénées, pour servir de suite à des observations sur les Alpes (Observations Made in the Pyrenees, To follow some Observations of

masks:
Louis René
de Rohan
de Dolomie


texts: the Alps). To improve his knowledge of natural history, he followed the courses of Jussieu (1748–1836) and René Desfontaines (1780–1831) in the Jardin des Plantes. He also launched himself into politics, being elected a deputy of Paris in September 1791 and joining the Club des Feuillants. In 1792 he defended the refractory priests whose deportation had been voted for. Ramond passionately supported the action of La Fayette, who tried to temper the over-enthusiasm of the Jacobins. His life in danger, Ramond decided to flee Paris in August and seek refuge in the Pyrenees. Under surveillance and regarded as suspect, he left for Barèges, where he was able to indulge in his botanizing and mountain observations to his heart's content.He was arrested in 1794 and accused of being an enemy of the Revolution. Imprisoned in Tarbes for seven months, his was a lucky escape from the guillotine. From 1796 he devoted himself exclusively to natural history. He corresponded with Philippe Picot of Lapeyrouse (1744–1818) and various botanists such as René Desfontaines, Jean Thore (1762–1823) and Domenica Villars (1745–1814). From 1796, he taught as professor of natural history at the new Central School of Tarbes, where his courses were an immediate success, and he soon became a specialist in the botany and geology of the central Pyrenees. In 1797, he was finally able to concentrate on a project which had long intrigued him: to reach the top of Monte Perdido (3,355 m) to counter the theories of Dolomieu and Lapeyrouse on the 'early era' of the limestone of the central chain. The expedition, which comprised about fifteen people,


texts: including Picot of Lapeyrouse and several of Ramond's pupils, found many fossils, but did not reach the top.The account of the expedition appeared in 1797 under the title of Voyage au Mont-Perdu et dans la partie adjacente des Hautes-Pyrénées (Voyage to Monte Perdido and the neighbouring parts of the High Pyrenees). On 7 September the same year, again accompanied by his pupils and Charles-François Brisseau <mask> (1776–1854), <mask> made a second attempt. The administrator and forester Étienne-François Dralet (1760–1844) also took part in the expedition. But it was only in 1802 that he reached finally the top. Ramond reported this ascent in the Journal de Mines (in Thermidor year XI). He corresponded in particular with René Just Haüy (1743–1822), Alexandre Brongniart (1770–1847) and Jean Florimond Boudon <mask>-Mercy (1748–1831). After the Central School of Tarbes closed, he returned to Paris in 1800 as a member of the Constitutional Council.From  1800 to 1806, he worked with the Parliament, as well as taking part in the work of the Société des observateurs de l'homme and becoming a member of the French Academy of Sciences in January 1802. He married Bonne-Olympe in 1805, widow of General <mask> Chérin and the daughter of his friend Bon-Joseph Dacier (1742–1833). As a friend of Napoleon, <mask> was named vice-president of the Corps législatif, then in 1806 he became prefect of Puy-de-Dôme. He spent more time, however, botanizing and making weather measurements than occupying himself with administration. This did not prevent his being made baron d'Empire in December 1809. In 1815 he published Nivellement des Monts

masks:
de Mirbel
Ramond
de Saint
Louis Nicolas
Ramond


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 Dorés et des Monts Dômes disposé par ordre de terrains, (Stratification of the Monts Dorés and the Monts Dômes). The same year, he was elected deputy of Puy-de-Dôme.In 1818 he was elected to the Conseil d'État and did not leave Paris again except to go to Auvergne. In 1821, he spent the summer in Auvergne with René Desfontaines and two young naturalists, Victor Jacquemont (1801–1832) and Count Hippolyte Jaubert (1798–1874). He published finally, in 1825, Sur l’état de la végétation au sommet du Pic du Midi, (On the Condition of the Vegetation on the Summit of the Pic du Midi), this being the Pic du Midi de Bigorre, not its more shapely namesake. On his death in 1827 Ramond was buried in the cemetery of Montmartre. Commemoration

 One endemic Pyrenean species, Ramonda pyrenaica in the family Gesneriaceae – a remnant of the flora of the Tertiary – was dedicated to him by the botanist Jean Michel <mask> (1787–1868). It grows between an elevation of 1,200 m and 2,500 m in the cracks of schist rocks. There are two other species in the genus Ramonda, R. nathaliae and R. serbica, both of which are found in the Balkans; the genus is the only one in the Gesneriaceae found outside the tropics or the sub-tropics.The Soum de Ramond (3,263 m) (known in Spanish as Pico Añisclo) in the Monte Perdido massif is named after him. (See photograph above left.) His name is also given to Pic Ramougn (3,011 m), a steep, rocky peak in the Néouvielle massif. Ramougn is the pronunciation of Ramond in the Gascon language. Bory <mask> Vincent gave Ramond's name to a chain of craters (Puy Ramond) on the Piton de la Fournaise in Réunion: they

masks:
Claude Richard
de Saint


texts:
 are regularly visited by walkers on the GR route which crosses Réunion from north to south, and by the thousands of runners who take part in the Diagonale des Fous each year. The Société Ramond (Ramond Society) was formed in 1865 in Bagnères-de-Bigorre, by Henry Russell (1834–1909), Émilien Frossard (1829–1898), Charles Packe (1826–1896) and Farnham Maxwell-Lyte. It wanted to distinguish itself from traditional academic societies, while still being devoted primarily to the scientific and ethnographic study of the Pyrenees and to the dissemination of knowledge.<mask>, who had excelled in these disciplines, was the best symbol for the new society. The Ramond Society still publishes an annual bulletin. <mask>'s herbarium can be seen at the Muséum de l'histoire naturelle in Bagnères-de-Bigorre. References

Works

Bibliography
Benoît Dayrat, Les Botanistes et la Flore de France, trois siècles de découvertes, 2003, Publication scientifiques du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 690 pp. Henri Béraldi, Cent ans aux Pyrénées, Paris, 1898–1904, seven volumes in octavo. Reissued by Les Amis du Livre Pyrénéen, Pau, 1977, then by the Librairie des Pyrénées et de Gascogne, Pau, 2001. External links
Ramond and the Pic du Midi
Site of the Ramond Society

1755 births
1827 deaths
People from Strasbourg
Barons of the First French Empire
Feuillants
Members of the Legislative Assembly (France)
Members of the Corps législatif
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration
French botanists
French explorers
French geologists
French mountain climbers
Pyrénéistes
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Burials at

masks: Ramond Ramond


texts:
<mask>, Duke of Gloucester,  (Henry William Frederick Albert; 31 March 1900 – 10 June 1974) was the third son and fourth child of King George V and Queen Mary. He served as Governor-General of Australia from 1945 to 1947, the only member of the British royal family to hold the post. Henry was the first son of a British monarch to be educated at school, where he excelled at sports, and went on to attend Eton College, after which he was commissioned in the 10th Royal Hussars, a regiment he hoped to command. However, his military career was frequently interrupted by royal duties, and he was nicknamed "the unknown soldier". While big-game shooting in Kenya, he met the future pilot Beryl Markham, with whom he became romantically involved. The court put pressure on him to end the relationship, but he had to pay regular hush-money to avert a public scandal. In 1935, also under parental pressure, he married Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott, with whom he had two sons, Princes William and Richard.From 1939 to 1940, Henry served in France as a liaison officer to Lord Gort. He performed military and diplomatic duties during the rest of the war, then in 1945 was appointed as Australia's governor-general at the request of Prime Minister John Curtin. The post had originally been offered to his younger brother, the Duke of Kent, who died in an air crash. Henry attended the coronation of his niece Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 and carried out several overseas tours, often accompanied by his wife. From 1965, he became incapacitated by a number of strokes. Upon his death, he was succeeded as the Duke of Gloucester by his only living son, Richard. Prince Henry was the last surviving child of King George V and Queen Mary.His widow, who died at the age of 102, became the longest-lived ever member of the British royal family. Early life

Prince Henry was born on 31 March 1900, at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. His


texts:
 father was the Duke of York (later King George V), the eldest surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother was the Duchess of York (later Queen Mary), the only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. At the time of his birth, he was fifth in the line of succession to the throne, behind his grandfather, father and two elder brothers. He was baptised at the private chapel of Windsor Castle on 17 May 1900, by Randall Thomas Davidson, Bishop of Winchester, and his godparents were: Queen Victoria (his great-grandmother); the German Emperor (his first cousin once removed, for whom <mask> of Prussia stood proxy); Princess Beatrice of Battenberg (his paternal great-aunt); the Duchess of Cumberland (his paternal great-aunt, whose sister, his grandmother the Princess of Wales represented her); <mask> of Greece (his first cousin once removed, for whom Prince Henry's paternal grandfather the Prince of Wales stood proxy); Princess Carl of Denmark (his paternal aunt, for whom her sister Princess Victoria of Wales stood proxy); <mask> of Teck (his maternal uncle, for whom Prince Henry's great-uncle the Duke of Cambridge stood proxy); and Field Marshal The Earl Roberts (for whom General Sir Dighton Probyn stood proxy). He was informally known to his family as Harry.Childhood and education

As a young boy, <mask> suffered from ill health very much like his older brother Albert. He also had knocked knees, and had to wear painful leg splints. He was an extremely nervous child, and was often victim to spontaneous fits of crying or giggling, and also like his brother, Henry had a combination of speech disorders. They both had rhotacism, which prevented them from pronouncing the sound r, but while Albert's pronunciation was slightly reminiscent of the "French r", Henry was completely unable to pronounce it, causing the intended r to sound like [w]. On top of this, Henry also had a nasal lisp and an unusually

masks:
Prince Albert
Prince George
Prince Alexander
Prince Henry


texts: high-pitched tone, resulting in a very distinctive voice. By 1909, Henry's poor health had become a serious concern for his parents. He was very small for his age and was prone to get very aggressive colds."You must remember that he is rather fragile and must be treated differently to his two elder brothers who are more robust", wrote Prince George to Henry's tutor, Henry Peter Hansell. On 6 May 1910, Prince George ascended the throne as George V, and Henry became the third in line to the throne. The King was persuaded by Hansell that it would be good for Henry's character to attend school, where he could interact with boys his age. The King, having previously rejected this proposition for his two elder sons, agreed on the basis that it would help him "behave like a boy and not like a little child". Prince Henry thus became the first son of a British monarch to attend school. After three days at St Peter's Court in Broadstairs as a day boy, Hansell, noticing he liked it, asked the King to send him as a boarder, to which he agreed. Henry spent three years at St Peter's Court.Academically, he was not very bright, although he did show a particular aptitude in mathematics, Henry's sole interest became sports, particularly cricket and football. "All you write about is your everlasting football of which I am heartily sick", wrote his mother, answering a fully detailed letter from Henry about a match. In September 1913, Henry started at Eton College. During the First World War, Crown <mask> of Belgium, later Leopold III, was a member of his house (Mr Lubbock's). His studies did not improve, but his nerves and disposition did. He made friends through his enthusiasm for sports, and his masters were very pleased with him, noting in his report that he was "thoroughly willing, cheerful, modest & obedient". To his father, these values were the most important, having no time or interest in what he called "intellectuals".By the time he went up to Trinity College,


texts:
 Cambridge in 1919 with his brother Albert, Henry had outgrown all his brothers, both in height and size, and enjoyed very good health. Their stay at Cambridge lasted just one year and was very uneventful for both of them, as they were not allowed to live in college with the other undergraduates, due to their father's fear of their mixing with undesirable company. Military career
Unlike his brothers, <mask> joined the Army rather than the Royal Navy. He attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1919, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps on 16 July 1919. On 16 July 1921 he was promoted to lieutenant in the 10th Royal Hussars, with whom he continued to serve. Though he desired to serve in more active roles as a soldier, his position as a senior member of the royal family effectively ruled out any such options. He retained an interest in sport and The Cricketer reported in August 1921 that the touring Philadelphians had had the honour of being presented to <mask> at The Oval.<mask> was promoted to captain on 11 May 1927, and was appointed a personal aide-de-camp to his father on 2 August 1929. On 3 March 1931, he was appointed a staff captain and was seconded for service with the 2nd Cavalry Brigade. He was brevetted to major on 2 August 1934, and upon his father's Silver Jubilee the following May, was appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the Gloucestershire Regiment. On 6 July 1935, he was promoted to the substantive rank of major, his final rank as an actively serving officer. On 23 June 1936, he was appointed a personal aide-de-camp to his eldest brother, Edward VIII. Following his brother's abdication and the accession of his brother the <mask> of York as George VI, <mask> was effectively retired from active duty, and received a ceremonial promotion to major-general on 1 January 1937, skipping three ranks. He continued to serve as a personal aide-de-camp to the new King, receiving this appointment on 1 February.On 12

masks:
Prince Henry
Prince Henry
Prince Henry
Duke
Prince Henry