texts: second heel run in the latter part of 1998, <mask> introduced an updated version of his Deadman identity by January 1999—a dark priest-like character who in the initial period of this persona reigned over a stable known as The Ministry of Darkness. In this form, he took on a wicked, demonic presence, much more so than ever before. He often claimed to be invoking and taking orders from a "Higher Power". Moreover, he often appeared in a hooded black robe and sat on a throne that was specially designed into his Undertaker logo. With the help of his minions, he often performed sacrifices on select WWF wrestlers, using various incantations and magic words with intent to extract out the dark side of the wrestlers in question to recruit them into his Ministry. The completed Ministry of Darkness consisted of The Brood (Christian, Edge and Gangrel), The Acolytes (Bradshaw and Faarooq), Mideon and Viscera. Calaway himself did not wrestle for a period, having undergone a hip replacement.As part of the angle, <mask> expressed a

masks: Thetaker Undertaker


type: original

texts: desire to take control of the World Wrestling Federation, displacing its owner, Mr. McMahon. These ambitions culminated into a rivalry between The Ministry and The Corporation, ultimately resulting in a match between Undertaker and Corporation enforcer, Big Boss Man. The two faced off in a Hell in a Cell match at WrestleMania XV, which <mask> won. At Backlash: In Your House, <mask> defeated Corporation member Ken Shamrock after interference from Ministry member Bradshaw. Thereafter, <mask> kidnapped Stephanie McMahon, forcing Mr. McMahon to enter into a reluctant alliance with his longtime nemesis Stone Cold Steve Austin. The Undertaker attempted to marry Stephanie before sacrificing her in an eldritch ceremony conducted by Paul Bearer, but Austin was able to rescue her. At the Over the Edge pay-per-view, <mask> defeated Austin for his third WWF Championship with help from Shane McMahon, the special guest referee.The Ministry eventually merged with Shane McMahon's Corporation alliance to form The Corporate Ministry.

masks:
Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: The Undertaker later revealed that Mr. McMahon had been his "Higher Power" all along. After <mask>taker lost the WWF Championship back to Austin on the Raw following King of the Ring and lost to him in a First Blood match at Fully Loaded, his relationship with the McMahons dissolved and The Corporate Ministry disbanded. The <mask> then began a storyline where he teamed with Big Show in a tag team known as "The Unholy Alliance", which held the WWF Tag Team Championship twice. After their victory at SummerSlam, <mask> suffered a groin tear and was seen limping in several matches. He avoided competing in wrestling matches in the following weeks, instead tyrannically ordering Big Show to fight all his battles and oblige all his many wishes. Developing a smart mouth and thus horror comedy traits, <mask> began a subtle transition into his biker identity that he would introduce in 2000.According to an interview with Kevin Nash, this was a move to allow Calaway to enter World Championship Wrestling with a non-trademarked

masks:
The Under
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: persona. Had he entered WCW, it would have been as Mark Calaway. Although negotiations were described as close, Calaway ultimately re-signed with the WWF. To compensate for his lack of physical activity, <mask> became more vocal on the mic, often making smart-aleck remarks and performing commentary. On the September 23, 1999 episode of SmackDown!, Mr. McMahon threatened that he would remove <mask> from the Unforgiven main event if he refused to participate in a casket match against Triple H. <mask> retorted that he did not care and maybe he would not be participating in anything, thus walking out of the WWF. In reality, Calaway went on a hiatus from the WWF in order to treat his groin injury. He made his return to action on December 14, teaming with Viscera in a losing effort against Kane and <mask> at a house show in Coamo, Puerto Rico.The Undertaker was advertised on the Armageddon promotional poster to return, but meanwhile also tore his pectoral muscle, making him take almost eight months out of action. American

masks:
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
The Godfather


texts:
 Badass Undertaker (2000–2001)

In May 2000, Calaway expanded on <mask> gimmick, returning under a redneck, biker identity, dubbed "The American Badass", known for motorcycle-riding, tobacco chewing, and donning a sporty appearance and manner. In stark contrast to his horror-themed and fully fictional Deadman persona, Calaway's Badass persona was only semifictional with traits and features adopted from who he is out of character—hence, why he desired to transform <mask>. When <mask> returned near the end of the Iron Man match for the WWF Championship between Triple H and <mask> Rock at Judgment Day, he took out all the members of the McMahon-Helmsley Faction, which caused him to turn face. He also targeted their leader, then WWF Champion Triple H. At the King of the Ring pay-per-view, <mask> teamed with <mask> and Kane to defeat the team of Triple H, Shane McMahon and Vince McMahon. Afterward, he was booked to team with Kane to contend for the WWF Tag Team Championship. They defeated Edge and Christian, earning the

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The
The Undertaker
The Rock


texts: right to face them the following week for the championship, which Edge and Christian retained.During a August 14 Raw bout against Chris Benoit, Kane became involved and betrayed <mask> by hitting him with two chokeslams, the second one causing the ring apron to cave in underneath <mask>. This incident led to another match between the two at SummerSlam, which ended in a no contest as Kane ran from the ring area after <mask> removed Kane's mask. The Undertaker then challenged Kurt Angle for the WWF Championship at Survivor Series. Angle, however, defeated <mask> after he switched places with his real-life brother, Eric Angle. The Undertaker demanded and was awarded a spot in the six-man Hell in a Cell match for the WWF Championship at Armageddon. The Undertaker promised to make someone famous and did so when he performed a chokeslam on Rikishi from the roof of the cell. In 2001, <mask>taker reunited with Kane as The Brothers of Destruction, challenging for the WWF Tag Team Championship once again.They received a title

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Under


texts: shot at No Way Out, facing Edge and Christian and then-champions The Dudley Boyz in a tables match, but they were not successful. The <mask> then went on to defeat Triple H at WrestleMania X-Seven. He and Kane continued a storyline that focused on Triple H, who formed a "surprise alliance" with then WWF Champion Stone Cold Steve Austin. The Brothers of Destruction were granted an opportunity to face Triple H and Austin for their titles (Triple H was the WWF Intercontinental Champion). After <mask> and Kane won the WWF Tag Team Championship from Edge and Christian on the April 19 episode of SmackDown!, Triple H pinned Kane after attacking him with a sledgehammer at Backlash, where The Brothers of Destruction lost their championships. With Kane injured, <mask> feuded briefly with Austin for his WWF Championship, but he failed to win the title at Judgment Day. As part of "The Invasion" storyline, <mask>taker's next nemesis was Diamond Dallas Page, who was obsessively following <mask>'s wife, Sara.At SummerSlam, WCW Tag

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Under
Thetaker


texts:
 Team Champions <mask> and Kane defeated Page and his partner Kanyon in a steel cage match to win the WWF Tag Team Championship. At Survivor Series, <mask> teamed with Kane, <mask>, Chris Jericho and Big Show to take on The Alliance's Stone Cold Steve Austin, Booker T, Rob Van Dam, Shane McMahon and Kurt Angle (this was the last time <mask> and Kane teamed until 2006). Angle pinned <mask> due to interference by Austin. Despite this, Team WWF won the match. Big Evil American Badass (2001–2003)
After The Alliance was defeated, <mask>taker turned heel by inducting commentator Jim Ross into Mr. McMahon: Kiss My Ass Club, which involved <mask> planting the lips of Ross against McMahon's exposed buttocks. In transitioning his "American Badass" biker identity into a heel, <mask> eventually cut his long hair short and went by the nickname "Big Evil". At Vengeance, <mask> defeated Rob Van Dam to win the WWF Hardcore Championship.The <mask>'s next storyline began at the Royal Rumble in January 2002, when Maven eliminated him

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Rock
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Under
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: by hitting him with a dropkick from behind. Subsequently, <mask> eliminated Maven in return and brutally assaulted him backstage. On an episode of SmackDown!, <mask> mentioned <mask>'s elimination at the Royal Rumble, angering <mask>, who responded by costing <mask> the number one contendership for the Undisputed WWF Championship. The storyline continued when <mask> cost <mask> his match with Maven for the Hardcore Championship. The two faced off at No Way Out, where <mask> lost due to interference from Ric Flair. This interference began a storyline with Flair, who declined a challenge to wrestle <mask> at WrestleMania X8. As a result, <mask> assaulted his son David Flair.Flair eventually accepted the match after <mask> threatened to inflict the same punishment on Flair's daughter. A no disqualification stipulation was added to the match and <mask> defeated Flair at WrestleMania. After the storyline with Flair, <mask> was drafted to the Raw brand after the WWF split its roster into two brands and defeated Stone Cold

masks:
The Undertaker
The Rock
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Rock
The Rock
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: Steve Austin at Backlash to become the number one contender to the Undisputed WWF Championship. Later that night, he helped Hollywood Hulk Hogan win the title against then-champion Triple H. The <mask> then defeated Hogan for the renamed WWE Undisputed Championship at Judgment Day. The next night on Raw, <mask> lost to Rob Van Dam for the WWE Undisputed Championship; however, Raw owner Ric Flair restarted the match (Van Dam pinned <mask> when his foot was on the rope, thus invalidating the pin attempt) and <mask> retained the championship. On the July 1 episode of Raw, <mask> turned face once again after defeating Jeff Hardy in a ladder match to retain the WWE Undisputed Championship and raising Hardy's hand as a show of respect. The <mask>, however, lost the title at Vengeance to <mask> Rock in a triple threat match that also involved Kurt Angle.On the August 29 episode of SmackDown!, <mask> was moved to the SmackDown! brand (where he remained until the first brand extension ended in 2011), alongside former Raw

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The
Undertaker


texts: talent Brock Lesnar, Chris Benoit and Eddie Guerrero. <mask> defeated Chris Benoit and Kurt Angle in a triple threat match to become the #1 contender for the renamed WWE Championship and challenged Brock Lesnar for the title at Unforgiven that ended in a double disqualification. Their feud carried over to No Mercy in a Hell in a Cell match, which <mask> performed in the match with a legitimately broken hand and eventually lost to Lesnar. The <mask> took a break after Big Show threw him off the stage on the October 24 episode of SmackDown!, sparking a feud. The <mask> returned at the Royal Rumble in January 2003. He immediately continued his feud with Big Show and defeated him by submission at No Way Out with a triangle choke.A-Train entered the storyline by attempting to attack <mask> after the match, but Nathan Jones came to his aid. The storyline resumed as <mask> began to train Jones to wrestle and the two were scheduled to fight Big Show and A-Train in a tag team match at WrestleMania XIX. However, Jones was

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts:
 removed before the match, making it a handicap match, which <mask> won with the help of Jones. Over the remainder of the year, <mask> entered a brief feud with John Cena (defeating him at Vengeance) and was booked to have two WWE Championship opportunities. The first, on the September 4 SmackDown!, against Kurt Angle, ended in a no contest, due to interference from Brock Lesnar. The second, at No Mercy, was a Biker Chain match between <mask> and Lesnar, which Lesnar won with the help of Vince McMahon. This match resulted in a feud with McMahon, culminating at Survivor Series where <mask> lost a Buried Alive match against McMahon when Kane interfered.The Undertaker disappeared for some time following the match, with Kane claiming that he was "dead and buried forever". Half-Badass Hybrid Deadman reincarnation (2004–2005)

In the storyline leading up to WrestleMania XX, Kane was tormented by paranormal activities, haunted-like tactics and vignettes proclaiming <mask>'s Deadman return. The first was during the Royal

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: Rumble when <mask>'s bells tolled, distracting Kane and allowing Booker T to eliminate him. Accompanied by Paul Bearer at WrestleMania XX, <mask> returned his Deadman identity, defeating Kane in a singles match. Introduced was a more dramatic, theatrical and supernatural Deadman than in years past, his presence, mannerisms, and entrances significantly elaborated on as well, such as with special effects and rising and falling flames. Combined with this, <mask> maintained elements of his American Badass identity, thus a composite character more humanized than all of his previous Deadman incarnations (<mask> would present in this particular hybrid Deadman form until No Mercy 2005 when Randy Orton sealed him in a casket and set it on fire). At Judgment Day, <mask> defeated Booker T. One week later, Paul Heyman ordered The Dudley Boyz to kidnap Bearer.Thus, Heyman "took control" of <mask>. At The Great American Bash, <mask> fought a handicap match against The Dudley Boyz, with the stipulation that if he did not lay down

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: and purposely lose, Heyman would bury Paul Bearer in cement. The <mask> won and stopped Heyman from burying Bearer, but after claiming Bearer was merely a liability he had no use for, buried him himself. The <mask> began a feud with then WWE Champion John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) by challenging him to a title match at SummerSlam, which <mask> lost by disqualification. At No Mercy, <mask> and JBL competed in the first-ever Last Ride match, although <mask> lost after Heidenreich interfered. After defeating Heidenreich in a match at Survivor Series, <mask> turned his focus to the WWE Championship once again. Along with Eddie Guerrero and Booker T, he challenged JBL to a championship rematch at Armageddon in a fatal four-way match, in which <mask> was unsuccessful, again due to Heidenreich's interference.The feud culminated in a casket match between <mask> and Heidenreich at the Royal Rumble, where <mask> sealed Heidenreich in a casket for the victory. Soon after, Randy Orton challenged <mask> to a match at

masks:
Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: WrestleMania 21 and claimed that he would end his WrestleMania winning Streak. Even with help from his father, Orton lost and <mask> improved his WrestleMania record to 13–0. After a two-month hiatus, <mask> returned on the June 16 edition of SmackDown!, but lost to JBL due to interference from Randy Orton, revealed as a new draft switch to SmakhDown!. Despite his interference, the Randy Orton/<mask> feud was put on the back burner until late summer of that year, resulting from Orton on the injured list. In one of the most controversial moments in WWE history, on the episode of SmackDown! taped on July 4, 2005 (aired July 7), the SmackDown!General Manager <mask>Teddy" Long put Muhammad Hassan in a match against <mask> at The Great American Bash and placed Daivari in a match that night against <mask>, who quickly defeated Daivari. After the match, Hassan began to "pray" on the ramp, summoning five masked men, dressed in black shirts, ski-masks and camouflage pants. Armed with clubs and a piano wire, the masked men

masks:
The Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Theodore "
Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: beat and choked <mask> and Hassan put <mask> in a camel clutch. Afterward, the masked men lifted Daivari above their heads and carried him away. Three days later, the London bombings took place. The footage aired unedited on UPN in the United States and on The Score in Canada with an advisory warning shown several times during the broadcast. It was removed from the Australian and European (including in the United Kingdom) broadcasts.The angle elicited national attention in the New York Post, TV Guide, Variety and other major media outlets. In response to the criticism, UPN decided that it would monitor the storyline closely and that it did not want the Hassan character on its network that week. Hassan later delivered a promo to the live crowd for the July 14, 2005, episode of SmackDown!, but when UPN announced that the segment would be edited, WWE decided to host the video of the segment on its official website. In the segment, Hassan reiterated that he was an Arab-American and that the American people automatically

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: and unfairly assumed that he was a terrorist. Despite being in character, he referred to the real-world media coverage of the storyline, singling out the New York Post's Don Kaplan by name and denouncing his description of the events on SmackDown!, such as Kaplan's comment of the masked men being "Arabs in ski masks". On the July 14, 2005, episode of SmackDown!, Hassan's absence was explained by a statement delivered by his attorney Thomas Whitney, Esquire which said that Hassan refused to appear on the show until The Great American Bash due to the way he had been treated by the media and WWE fans. It was revealed in late July 2005 that UPN had pressured WWE to keep Hassan off their network, effectively removing him from SmackDown!.<mask> defeated Hassan at The Great American Bash to become the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship. After the match, <mask> delivered a Last Ride through an open stage ramp onto a concrete floor to Hassan. It was reported that Hassan sustained serious injuries and

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: had to be rushed to a nearby medical facility, writing Hassan off television. Several days later, WWE.com hosted a video of a kayfabe announcement from <mask>, where he reiterated the stipulation that Hassan would no longer appear on SmackDown!. It was revealed years later that Hassan was about to receive a major push by winning the World Heavyweight Championship from Batista at SummerSlam and thus breaking Randy Orton's record for being the youngest World Heavyweight Champion in WWE history. On the following episode of SmackDown!, <mask> lost to JBL in a number-one contender's match, once again due to interference from Orton, reviving their feud that was put on hiatus. At SummerSlam, Orton defeated <mask> in a WrestleMania rematch.The storyline intensified as the two taunted each other with caskets, leading to a handicap casket match at No Mercy, in which <mask> lost to Randy and his father "Cowboy" Bob Orton. After the match, the Ortons poured gasoline on the casket and set it on fire. When the charred casket was

masks:
Theodore Long
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts:
 opened, however, <mask> had once again vanished. Dark Side Hybrid Deadman (2004–2005)
The <mask> resurrected at the Survivor Series when the druids delivered a casket that was struck by lightening and went up in flames. The Undertaker then burst from the flaming casket in rage, battering and brutalizing an entire ring full of athletes as a message to Orton. Here, he reappeared as a less two-dimensional Deadman/Badass incarnation, eliminating many elements associated with his biker identity that previously made for a full hybrid, such as replacing loose-fitting athletic pants with spandex tights, less use of the last ride as his finisher, etc. (The dark side slant hybrid form would later become a central storyline when <mask> revisited the feud with Shawn Michaels, who was represented conversely as the celestial bright side).The <mask> returned on SmackDown! in early December to haunt Orton and set up a Hell in a Cell match at Armageddon. After <mask> won the Hell in a Cell encounter, in effect, settling their 9

masks:
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: month long feud, Calaway took a brief hiatus from professional wrestling. In January 2006 at the Royal Rumble, <mask> returned during Kurt Angle's celebration of his World Heavyweight Championship defense against Mark Henry on a horse-drawn cart; in the appearance, <mask> signaled for a title shot by using his supernatural powers to collapse the wrestling ring that Angle stood in as a means to spook him. As part of their storyline feud, <mask> lost his match with Angle at No Way Out after a 30-minute match—described as underrated and among <mask>'s top matches, in which <mask> versatilely took to a more ground-based submission style to combat Angle's trademarked freestyle wrestling. The <mask> cornered Angle after the match and told him he was not finished with him. In a rematch with Angle (similarly described as underrated and among <mask>'s top matches that utilized the wrestling styles of their previous encounter) on the March 3 edition of SmackDown!, Henry attacked <mask> from behind, costing him the title.This

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: led to <mask> challenging Henry to a casket match at WrestleMania 22 and Henry vowing to end <mask>'s WrestleMania winning Streak. The match resulted in <mask> sealing Henry in the casket, winning the match and extending his streak to 14–0 at WrestleMania. During a rematch on the next episode of SmackDown!, The Great Khali made his debut and assaulted <mask> to transition into a new storyline. The <mask> was not heard from until the May 5 episode of SmackDown!, as <mask> delivered a challenge from <mask> to Khali for a match at Judgment Day.The Undertaker lost to Khali at Judgment Day  and he did not appear again until the July 7 episode of SmackDown!, when he accepted Khali's challenge to a Punjabi Prison match at The Great American Bash. However, Khali was removed from the match and was not medically fit and was replaced by then ECW World Champion Big Show, over whom <mask> gained the victory. In the storyline, <mask> replaced Khali with Big Show as punishment for an attack on <mask> shortly before the match.

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
Theodore Long
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Theodore Long
The Undertaker


texts: Khali was then challenged by <mask> to a Last Man Standing Match at SummerSlam after interfering in <mask>'s match with then World Heavyweight Champion King Booker.Khali refused a challenge against <mask> for SummerSlam, however, Long announced the Last Man Standing Match ahead of time, for the August 18 edition of SmackDown! instead. In The <mask> won the match by striking Khali with the steel stairs, delivering several chair shots and finishing him with a chokeslam. It was Khali's first defeat and effectively ended his feud with <mask>. The <mask>'s next match was with then United States Champion Mr. Kennedy at No Mercy, but was disqualified in the match after he hit Kennedy with the championship belt. On the November 3 edition of SmackDown!, <mask> reunited with Kane to reform The Brothers of Destruction for the first time in five years, defeating the reluctant opposition team of Mr. Kennedy and Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP), with whom Kane was feuding with at the time. As part of the storyline, Kennedy defeated

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts:
 <mask> in a First Blood match at Survivor Series after interference from MVP, but finally defeated Kennedy in a Last Ride match at Armageddon.The two continued to feud into 2007 as Kennedy cost <mask> two World Heavyweight Championship opportunities for a championship match at the Royal Rumble. However, <mask> eventually qualified for the 2007 Royal Rumble match, by winning a battle royal on the January 26 episode of SmackDown!. World Heavyweight Champion (2007–2010)
<mask> won his first Royal Rumble match, on January 28, 2007, in doing so becoming the first man to enter the Rumble at number 30 and win the match, after lastly eliminating Shawn Michaels. On the February 5 episode of Raw, <mask> elected to face World Heavyweight Champion Batista at WrestleMania 23, before attacking him with the chokeslam. At No Way Out, <mask> and Batista reluctantly teamed together to challenge John Cena and Shawn Michaels for the World Tag Team Championship, but failed to win after Batista gained revenge on <mask> by hitting him

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: with a spinebuster, allowing Cena to pin him. At WrestleMania 23 on April 1, <mask> defeated Batista to win his first World Heavyweight Championship and extend his Streak to 15–0. <mask> faced Batista in a rematch at Backlash, this time in a Last Man Standing match.The match ended in a draw after neither man got to their feet by the referee's count of ten, meaning <mask> retained the championship. The <mask> and Batista then fought once again in a steel cage match on the May 11 episode of SmackDown! that also ended in a draw when both men's feet touched the floor at the same time. After the match, Mark Henry made his return and assaulted an already exhausted <mask>, after which Edge ran to the ring and cashed in his Money in the Bank briefcase, forcing <mask> into a second title defense. Although he kicked out of two quick pin attempts, <mask> was pinned by Edge after two spears and lost the World Heavyweight Championship. After this match, <mask> took time off due to a torn right biceps. During his rehabilitation,

masks:
Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: Henry bragged about his assault on <mask>, until vignettes began playing promoting <mask>'s return.The <mask> returned at Unforgiven on September 16, defeating Henry. Batista and <mask> reignited their feud at Cyber Sunday with the fans choosing the special guest referee Stone Cold Steve Austin, but Batista retained the World Heavyweight Championship. They battled again inside Hell in a Cell at Survivor Series, where Edge returned and interfered to help Batista retain the World Heavyweight Championship. In response to this, <mask> delivered a Tombstone Piledriver to General Manager Vickie Guerrero on the November 23 episode of SmackDown!, sending her to the hospital. Returning assistant-General Manager <mask> declared a triple threat match for the title between the three men at Armageddon, which Edge won after interference from <mask> Brothers. At the Royal Rumble, <mask> competed in the Royal Rumble match on January 27, 2008, entering at number 1, but was eliminated by Shawn Michaels. At No Way Out, <mask> defeated

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Theodore Long
The Major
Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: Batista, Finlay, <mask> Khali, MVP and Big Daddy V in the SmackDown Elimination Chamber match to become the number one contender for Edge's World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XXIV, where he defeated Edge with the Hell's Gate submission hold, to win his second World Heavyweight Championship in his 16th WrestleMania win.In a WrestleMania rematch, <mask> defeated Edge once again at Backlash to retain the World Heavyweight Championship. Vickie Guerrero then banned <mask>'s Hell's Gate submission hold and stripped him of the title on the May 2 episode of SmackDown. The <mask> battled Edge for the vacant title at Judgment Day, which he won by countout. Guerrero ordered that the title remain vacant, because titles could not change hands in this way. Edge and <mask> faced each other again for the vacant championship at One Night Stand in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match, which <mask> lost after interference from La Familia. As a result of the stipulation, <mask> was forced to leave WWE. On the July 25 episode

masks:
The Great
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: of SmackDown, Vickie Guerrero reinstated <mask> and scheduled Edge to face him at SummerSlam inside Hell in a Cell, which <mask> won.After the match, <mask> chokeslammed Edge from the top of a ladder and through the ring canvas. Following this match, Guerrero tried making a peace offering with <mask> on SmackDown by apologizing, but <mask> told her that he was not the forgiving kind. At Unforgiven, as <mask> approached the ring to "take Guerrero's soul" and take her in a casket, Big Show, who appeared at first to aid <mask>, betrayed and assaulted him. As a result of this altercation, <mask> and Big Show faced each other in a match at No Mercy, where Big Show won by knockout. At Cyber Sunday, <mask> defeated Big Show in a Last Man Standing match after choking him out with Hell's Gate. At the same time, <mask> was engaged in a short feud with Jeff Hardy, who interfered during his match with Vladimir Kozlov on the November 7 episode of SmackDown. Hardy defeated <mask> in an Extreme Rules match the following week on

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts:
 SmackDown due to interference from Big Show.The <mask> then went on to defeat Big Show in a casket match at Survivor Series and again in a steel cage match by submission on the December 5 episode of SmackDown to end the feud. At No Way Out, <mask> was part of the WWE Championship Elimination Chamber match along with Triple H, Jeff Hardy, Big Show, Vladimir Kozlov and Edge; however, he was unsuccessful at winning the match as he was the runner-up behind Triple H.

The <mask> then began a second chapter to his unresolved feud with Shawn Michaels from the late 1990s, over a decade prior to this point. This renewed feud was two-dimensional, in part focusing on the wonder of <mask>'s undefeated WrestleMania Streak in relation to, however, the fact that he had never before defeated Michaels in a singles match, only vice versa. Michaels also made the buildup to their WrestleMania encounter personal, repeatedly demonstrating his Christian objections to the demonic dark side nature of the Undertaker's Deadman gimmick, even

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: creating his own heaven-esque bright side anti-Deadman variant of the gimmick (Michaels is a real-life born again Christian). The feud culminated in a WrestleMania 25 singles match between the two in which Michaels made a heaven-sent entrance from high in the air portraying his bright side anti-Deadman, while <mask> made a grave-risen entrance emerging from the ground. After a suspenseful, competitive wrestling match, <mask> defeated Michaels, thus extending his WrestleMania winning streak to 17–0. Their match was highly acclaimed by critics and audiences alike and is now considered by many to be one of the greatest WrestleMania matches of all time.On the April 24 episode of SmackDown, after losing a match against Big Show by knockout with Big Show taking advantage of <mask>'s battered neck state from his previous WrestleMania encounter, <mask> attacked Big Show. Following this, <mask> took another hiatus from the WWE. After a four-month hiatus, <mask> returned at SummerSlam in August by attacking CM Punk, who had

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: just won the World Heavyweight Championship from Jeff Hardy in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match. At Breaking Point, <mask> faced Punk in a submission match. The <mask> had originally won the match with his Hell's Gate submission hold, but the match was restarted by SmackDown General Manager <mask>, who ruled that the ban placed on the move by Vickie Guerrero was still in effect. Punk went on to win the match with his anaconda vise when referee Scott Armstrong called for the bell, despite <mask> never submitting in a recreation of the Montreal Screwjob, which took place in the same venue in 1997. On the September 25 episode of SmackDown, <mask> officially lifted the ban, after being released from a casket <mask> had placed him in.The feud between the two continued and at Hell in a Cell, <mask> won the World Heavyweight Championship from Punk in a Hell in a Cell match. The <mask> successfully defended the title against CM Punk on the October 23 episode of SmackDown, in a fatal four-way match at Bragging Rights

masks:
The Undertaker
Undertaker
Theodore Long
Undertaker
Theodore Long
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: against Punk, Batista and Rey Mysterio and in a triple threat match against Chris Jericho and Big Show at Survivor Series. He faced Batista at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs in a chairs match for the championship and won when the match was restarted by Long, after Batista had originally won after utilizing a low blow. The next night on Raw, <mask> competed in a tournament to crown the 2009 Superstar of the Year, losing to Randy Orton by countout in the first round after a distraction by Orton's protegès Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase. After successfully defending the World Heavyweight Championship against Rey Mysterio at the Royal Rumble, <mask> lost the championship at the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view, where a pyrotechnics malfunction momentarily engulfed <mask> in flames on three occasions during his ring entrance, but he was able to continue with his scheduled match, with first and second-degree burns on his chest and neck that, according to a WWE spokesman, "looked like a bad sunburn". The <mask> lost the title

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: to Chris Jericho after interference from Shawn Michaels; Jericho has said on multiple occasions that the pyrotechnician responsible for the accident was immediately escorted from the arena and relieved of his employment with WWE, following a threat of violence from Calaway. Calaway himself explained that he had previously expressed concerns to the technician regarding the pyro arrangement, but was ignored.He feels he was saved from severe injury by applying water to his hair, and altering his attire from a sleeveless to a sleeved jacket, just minutes before the accident. The Undertaker then accepted Michaels' rematch offer, after initially declining, at WrestleMania XXVI in a Streak vs. Career match, where <mask> was victorious and Shawn Michaels was forced to retire. This match also made both <mask> and Michaels the first men in WWE history to main event WrestleMania in three different decades (<mask> main evented WrestleMania 13 and XXIV in 1997 and 2008 and Michaels main evented WrestleMania XII and XIV in 1996

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: and 1998 and XX and 23 in 2004 and 2007 respectively). After a hiatus (which included wrestling two matches on Raw), he returned to SmackDown on May 28, defeating Rey Mysterio to qualify for a spot at the Fatal 4-Way pay-per-view to compete for the World Heavyweight title. During the match, <mask> suffered a concussion, broken orbital bone and broken nose; he was visibly bleeding profusely on camera by the end of the match. To cover for the injury, Kane revealed that <mask> had been found in a vegetative state; Mysterio took his place in the match and won the World Heavyweight Championship. While attempting to learn which wrestler had attacked <mask>, Kane defeated Mysterio to win the World Heavyweight Championship.Kane and Mysterio continued to clash as they accused one another of being the assailant behind the attack. At SummerSlam, <mask> returned to confront Kane and Rey Mysterio, only to be attacked with a Tombstone Piledriver by Kane. With Kane revealed as his attacker, the two feuded for the next few months

masks:
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts:
 over the World Heavyweight Championship. After losing to Kane in a No Holds Barred match at Night of Champions, Paul Bearer returned as <mask>'s manager on the September 24 episode of SmackDown. However, Bearer turned on him at Hell in a Cell to help Kane win once again in a Hell in a Cell match. The feud ended at Bragging Rights when The Nexus helped Kane defeat <mask> in a Buried Alive match. <mask> needed surgery for a torn rotator cuff, causing him to be written off.Final years of <mask> Streak (2011–2014)

After the 2011 Royal Rumble, promotional videos began airing, showing <mask> entering and standing within a Western-style old house on a rainy desert. Each promo ended with the date 2–21–11 being "burned into" the screen. On the February 21 episode of Raw, <mask> returned, but before he could speak, Triple H also returned and confronted him. The two challenged each other to a match at WrestleMania XXVII, which was later made a No Holds Barred match and which <mask> won by submission. However, he had to be

masks:
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
The
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: carried away from the ring on a stretcher. Following WrestleMania XXVII in 2011, <mask> would take on a more part-time role within the company; he would not have another match on Raw or SmackDown until 2013. On the January 30, 2012, episode of Raw, <mask> returned after a nine-month hiatus to confront Triple H. On the February 13 episode of Raw, Triple H refused <mask>'s challenge for a WrestleMania rematch.After <mask> accused Triple H of living in the shadow of Shawn Michaels on the February 20 episode of Raw, Triple H accepted the challenge on the condition that it would be a Hell in a Cell match; Michaels was later inserted as special guest referee in the match. At WrestleMania XXVIII, <mask>, while debuting his new look, a mohawk, defeated Triple H to extend his Streak to 20–0. After the match, <mask> and Michaels carried Triple H to the entrance stage, where the three embraced. Later in 2012, <mask> appeared on the 1000th episode of Raw on July 23 to help Kane, who had been confronted by Jinder Mahal, Curt

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Thetaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: Hawkins, Tyler Reks, Hunico, Camacho and Drew McIntyre. The Brothers of Destruction overcame and dominated the six other wrestlers. The <mask>'s next television appearance was on Old School Raw on March 4, 2013, where he opened the show by performing his signature entrance. CM Punk, Randy Orton, Big Show and Sheamus fought in a fatal four-way match to determine who would face him at WrestleMania 29, which Punk won.After the real-life death of Paul Bearer on March 5, 2013, a storyline involving Punk regularly spiting <mask> through displays of flippancy and disrespect towards Bearer's death began. Punk interrupted <mask>'s ceremony to honor Bearer on Raw, stealing the trademark urn and later using it to attack Kane, humiliate The Brothers of Destruction and mock Bearer. <mask> defeated Punk at WrestleMania 29 to extend his Streak to 21–0 and then took back the urn. The following night on Raw, <mask> came out to pay his respects to Bearer, but was interrupted by <mask> Shield, who attempted to attack <mask> before

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Thetaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
The
Undertaker


texts: Kane and Daniel Bryan made the save. <mask> would wrestle his final Raw match (his first since 2010) on the April 22 episode, teaming with Kane and Bryan against The Shield in a losing effort. Four days later, he wrestled his final SmackDown match (also his first since 2010), defeating Shield member Dean Ambrose by submission. Afterward, <mask> was attacked by Ambrose and the rest of The Shield, who performed a triple powerbomb through the broadcast table on him.On the February 24, 2014, episode of Raw, <mask> returned to confront Brock Lesnar and accepted his challenge for a match at WrestleMania XXX. After 25 minutes and three F-5s, Lesnar won the match at WrestleMania by pinfall, ending <mask>'s Streak in what was described as "the most shocking result in WWE history". Following the match, <mask> was hospitalized with a severe concussion which he suffered in the first minutes of the match. In a December 2014 interview, Vince McMahon confirmed that it was his final decision to have Lesnar end <mask> Streak and

masks:
Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The


texts:
 that <mask> was initially shocked at the decision. McMahon justified his decision that it would significantly enhance Lesnar's formidability to set up the next WrestleMania event and that there were no other viable candidates to fill Lesnar's role. Later career (2015–2020)

In February 2015, Bray Wyatt began a series of cryptic promos which led to Fastlane, where Wyatt challenged <mask> to a match at WrestleMania 31, which <mask> accepted. At WrestleMania on March 29, <mask> defeated Wyatt after two Tombstone Piledrivers.At Battleground in July, <mask> made his return by attacking Brock Lesnar as Lesnar was on the verge of defeating Seth Rollins during his WWE World Heavyweight Championship match, which caused the match to end in a disqualification win for Lesnar. The next night on Raw, <mask> explained his actions as revenge – not for Lesnar breaking <mask> Streak, but rather the constant taunting he allowed Paul Heyman to engage in. Later that night, after <mask> and Lesnar brawled throughout the arena and had to

masks:
The Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
The
Undertaker


texts: be separated, a rematch was scheduled for SummerSlam in August, where <mask> controversially defeated Lesnar. Lesnar put <mask> in a kimura lock and the timekeeper rang the bell after seeing <mask> supposedly indicating submission, but since the referee had not seen a submission and never stopped the match, the match continued. The confusion allowed <mask> to surprise Lesnar with a low blow and apply Hell's Gate, in which Lesnar passed out. At Hell in a Cell, <mask> was defeated by Lesnar in a Hell in a Cell match after Lesnar hit him with a low blow and executed the third F-5 of the match. While the crowd gave <mask> an ovation after his loss to Lesnar, he was attacked and captured by The Wyatt Family (Bray Wyatt, Luke Harper, Erick Rowan and Braun Strowman), who carried him away from the ring.After ambushing and capturing Kane the next night on Raw, Wyatt explained that he had claimed their souls and stole their demonic powers. The Brothers of Destruction returned on the November 9 episode of Raw and attacked

masks:
Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: <mask> Family, setting up a tag team match at Survivor Series, which honored <mask>'s 25 years in WWE. At Survivor Series on November 22, The Brothers of Destruction defeated Wyatt and Harper. On the February 22, 2016, episode of Raw, Vince McMahon placed his son Shane McMahon, who returned to WWE for the first time since 2009, in a Hell in a Cell match at WrestleMania 32 against <mask> with the stipulation that if Shane won, he would gain control of Raw. Vince later decided that should <mask> lose the match against Shane, it would be his final match at WrestleMania. After weeks of mind games and physical confrontations between the pair, <mask> defeated Shane McMahon at WrestleMania 32 on April 3. The <mask> made his return on the 900th episode of SmackDown on November 15, issuing a threat to Team SmackDown if they failed to defeat Team Raw at the upcoming Survivor Series pay-per-view.The <mask> then appeared on the January 9, 2017, episode of Raw, where he announced his participation in the Royal Rumble match and

masks:
The Wyatt
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: said he was a free agent. The <mask> appeared on the January 23 episode of Raw, confronting Brock Lesnar and Goldberg. During the Royal Rumble on January 29, <mask> entered at number 29, eliminating Goldberg, <mask>z, Baron Corbin and Sami Zayn, before being eliminated by the number 30 entrant, Roman Reigns. <mask> returned on the March 6 episode of Raw and performed a chokeslam on Reigns. This led to a No Holds Barred match between <mask> and Reigns at WrestleMania 33 on April 2, where <mask> lost to Reigns after five spears in his fourth WrestleMania main event. After the match, <mask> left his gloves, coat and hat in the center of the ring before slowly making his exit. <mask> took part in the Raw 25 Years episode of Raw on January 22, 2018, his first post-WrestleMania 33 appearance.In the months prior to WrestleMania 34, John Cena challenged <mask> to a match. At WrestleMania in April, after Elias confronted Cena and was beaten down, <mask>'s hat and coat appeared in the middle of the ring, where he had left

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Mi
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: them the previous year and were struck by lightning. The <mask> then appeared and beat Cena in an impromptu three-minute squash match. Three weeks later, <mask> defeated Rusev at WWE's Greatest Royal Rumble event in a casket match. At Super Show-Down in Australia on October 6, <mask> faced Triple H in a no disqualification match billed as the "Last Time Ever"; they were accompanied by Kane and Shawn Michaels, respectively. The Undertaker lost the match after interference from Michaels. After the match, the four men shook hands as a sign of respect, however, <mask> and Kane would attack them.As a result, the duos reunited their respective tag teams – The Brothers of Destruction and D-Generation X – and faced each other at Crown Jewel on November 2, where <mask> and Kane lost. On April 8, 2019, episode of Raw, the night after WrestleMania 35 – the first WrestleMania in 19 years without his involvement – <mask> made his next appearance, interrupting and attacking Elias during one of his musical performances. The <mask>

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: made his return to the ring to face Goldberg at Super ShowDown in Saudi Arabia on June 7, defeating him in the main event of the night in what was their first match against each other. On the June 24, 2019, episode of Raw, during a handicap match in which Roman Reigns was dominated by Shane McMahon and Drew McIntyre, <mask>taker suddenly appeared and attacked McMahon and McIntyre. It was later announced that <mask> and Reigns would face McMahon and McIntyre in a No Holds Barred tag team match at Extreme Rules. At Extreme Rules, <mask> and Reigns won. The <mask> returned at Super ShowDown in Saudi Arabia on February 27, 2020, as a surprise replacement in a gauntlet match.He entered the match last replacing Rey Mysterio and he then defeated AJ Styles to win the Tuwaiq Mountain Trophy. On the March 2, 2020, episode of Raw, Styles taunted <mask> during a match with Aleister Black and at Elimination Chamber, <mask> made another surprise appearance by attacking Styles during a rematch with Black in a no disqualification

masks:
The Under
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker


texts: match. The following night on Raw, Styles challenged <mask> to a match at WrestleMania 36. Over the following weeks, Styles would continue to provoke <mask> by departing from bashing his Deadman gimmick, instead bashing <mask>'s true self as Mark Calaway. The feud saw Styles refer to <mask>taker by his real name, Mark Calaway, and level zingers and criticisms at him in relation to Calaway's wife, Michelle McCool. In response, <mask> Undertaker would cut promos of ominous warnings in which for the first time in years, he broke from the Deadman gimmick, speaking as Mark Calaway. Taking on some American Badass elements, Calaway made appearances in leather jackets, bandanas, etc.At WrestleMania 36, <mask> presented his 3rd and final identity, "The Unholy Trinity," a combination of <mask>man, American Badass, and himself as Mark Calaway. He and Styles fought in a secluded rural locale, in a cinematic narrative-heavy brawl, the encounter dubbed a "Boneyard match". Despite the assistance of Gallows and Anderson,

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Under
The
The Undertaker
The Dead


texts:
 <mask>taker would bury Styles in an empty grave to win the match and record the 25th WrestleMania victory of his career. This retirement match was later lauded in the media as "campy, corny and yet somehow incredibly entertaining. In an absolutely incredible match, which can be best described as a truly cinematic experience, it was Taker who claimed yet another soul at the grandest stage of them all." Retirement and Hall of Fame (2020–present)
On June 21, 2020, during the final episode of the Undertaker: The Last Ride documentary, <mask> retired from the industry; in a November interview he confirmed that he was "officially retired". Many wrestlers and other public figures also paid tribute to him on their own social media pages.Madison Square Garden, regarded as the most important venue in professional wrestling, also paid tribute to him. The Undertaker, wearing his trademark mortician trench coat and stetson hat, made an appearance at the conclusion of the Survivor Series event on November 22, which commemorated

masks:
The Under
The Undertaker


texts:
 thirty years since his WWE debut, where he reiterated that his career was over, giving an emotional farewell speech which ended in typical Undertaker fashion: "My time has come to let The <mask> Rest in Peace." A ten-bell salute was also given for <mask> character as he did his traditional kneeling pose, and a holographic image of Paul Bearer, the Undertaker's former manager, was projected in the ring. On February 18, 2022, it was announced that <mask> would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2022. The news was responded to with extensive praise from WWE fans, the professional wrestling community and media outlets alike. In the week following the announcement, media outlets observed that many WWE fans have advocated for the idea of a one-man show Hall of Fame dedicated to <mask> alone, reasoning that his legend status in the company would warrant such an honor. Undertaker gimmick, identities and character evolution

The Deadman identity

Under his undead, funereal, and macabre horror-themed gimmick, in

masks:
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: which <mask> is subtitled "The Deadman", he routinely took to alarmist tactics to disrupt the focus and confidence of his rivals.Often, these alarmist tactics were morbid and applied the use of props to reflect his opponent's demise: caskets (sometimes personalizing casket designs to represent his opponents), body bags, corspe-like effigies, cemeteries,  hearses, and the like. To that end, the gimmick evoked funerals and death down to subtle details, such as in the character's birthplace of Death Valley, catch phrase of "Rest in Peace", signature maneuver of the Tombstone Piledriver, a wrestling pin that had the opponent resemble a corpse with their arms crossed over their chest, etc. In addition, The Undertaker frequently served a list of specialized matches that were personalized to his Deadman gimmick: Casket Match, Body Bag Match, Buried Alive Match, Last Ride Match, Hell in a Cell, etc. Filled with bells and whistles, The Undertaker's presence and indignation were signaled by funeral tolls, settings of


texts: pitch-black darkness turned blue/purple half-light, hazy fog, thunder, lightning strikes, and other bone-chilling scenes and sound activity. Portrayed as miraculously resilient to destruction, The Undertaker yielded numerous resurrections, which sometimes gave way to reincarnations of his Deadman gimmick. While maintaining his general character premise as death personified with accompanying alarmist tactics throughout all sagas of the Deadman, each incarnation took on its own distinct appearance and characterization. For example, some Deadman incarnations were unearthly and zombie-like while others were Goth and more humanized.The earliest of The Undertaker's Deadman incarnations (nicknamed in external media as "The Old West Mortician" to distinguish from his other Deadman incarnations) depicted him as a menacing derivative of the Wild West undertakers depicted in television westerns. In his own rendition, he was garbed in a black trench coat; gray-striped tie; gray-ribboned, black stetson hat; gray boot spats; and


texts: gray gloves (black gloves for first few appearances before gray). However, most of <mask>'s Deadman character development (sleeve tattoos, longer/straightened/black hair, purple/blue color representation, elements of thunder and lightening, etc.) would not surface until his first reincarnation into what was his Real Deadman variation, lasting from SummerSlam 94' (rebirthed from a death angle with Yokozuna with updated character features to contrast from the fake, impostor Deadman character played by Brian Lee) through Buried Alive: In Your House (The Undertaker buried alive by Mankind and numerous other WWF wrestlers). In these initial zombie-like incarnations of his gimmick, he was portrayed as impervious to pain, something accomplished by Calaway not selling his opponents' attacks. Among the ways this was showcased was in <mask>'s maneuver of raising up from a taken down supine position into a high Fowler's position, dubbed "the sit-up." Beginning early on, <mask>'s persona was complemented with histrionically

masks: Thetaker Thetaker Thetaker


texts: spooky manager Paul Bearer, introduced to represent and guide <mask> Deadman.Playing a key role, Bearer used an urn to transmit mysterious powers to <mask> that had invigoratingly healing effects on him during combat. Also linked to <mask>'s Deadman gimmick were the druids–a team of mysterious, incognito cult-like members, completely disguised in black hooded clergy robes. A mysterious choir chanting sounded whenever the druids presented. The druids typically appeared for the purposes of removing <mask> where he had seemingly been extinguished by his enemies (as opposed to EMTs or medical personnel used for the rest of WWF/E talent). The druids were also seen reproducing <mask> in recovered, wrathful states to those same enemies who were thought to have extinguished him. The Undertaker took to many trademarked idiosyncrasies and themes, including a stylized throat-slashing gesture, grimacing facial expressions fit with eyeballs rolled back so that only the whites of his eyes displayed, backwards hair-whips so as to

masks:
The
Thetaker
Thetaker
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: expose his ominous facial expressions, fixed stares on adversaries, protruding tongue displays, sonorous vocalizations, jolting of his head with a fury so that it faced the direction of his antagonists, his celebratory take-the-knee pose, etc. A main attraction of the Deadman gimmick, <mask> mesmerized his opponents and viewers alike through elaborately "bone-chilling" entrances.His magic powers were put on display in these moments, triggering lights back to the arena from raised arms before entering the ring. During most of his appearances as the Deadman, <mask> used an extended remix of Frédéric Chopin's Funeral March as his theme music. WWF Composer Jim Johnston embellished on the Chopin march, using the historic melody as a pre- and post-chorus to a main chorus of bell tolls, along with an original transition section to the song of a slow, lugubrious instrumental feel. According to Johnston, the funereal music helped project "tragedy and sadness and all these different elements that touch on the mysterious

masks:
Thetaker
The Undertaker


texts:
 backstory of <mask> Undertaker’s character". Alternate identities of <mask> Undertaker gimmick
After a hiatus, Calaway made a return in 2000 in which he expanded on <mask>taker gimmick with a semifictional redneck biker identity, thoroughly abandoning his fully fictional Deadman identity. In performing this alternate identity, he rode to the ring on motorcycles, chewed tobacco, donned leather garments and/or denim, printed shirts, and sporty fashion accessories (sunglasses, necklaces, bandanas). His entrance music was replaced with popular rock songs of the time, initially Kid Rock's "American Bad Ass" (from which <mask> Undertaker's subtitle used to refer to this second identity derived), and eventually Limp Bizkit's "Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)".According to Bruce Prichard, Calaway requested this metamorphosis of character since he wanted to be "the biker–he wanted to be the guy that he is in everyday life". This transition lasted 3 and a half years until 2004 when <mask> resurrected his Deadman identity in hybrid

masks:
The
The
The Under
The
The Undertaker


texts:
 form—residual features of his American Badass identity remaining. Among subtle details left over from his biker identity were his penchant to unstrap and lower his tank top, as well as celebrating victories with an arm-raised fist. For <mask>'s final encounter, a Boneyard Match at WrestleMania 36 in 2020, he introduced a three-dimensional identity that brought all of his identities into one, dubbed "The Unholy Trinity:" a mix of his Deadman identity, American Badass identity, and his natural and genuine identity as Mark Calaway. Gimmick reflective nicknames
<mask> Undertaker generated many nicknames from commentators and spectators alike throughout the course of his active wrestling career, some of those names more associated with his Deadman Undertaker identity, including "The Grim Reaper" (variants of this used were "The Reaper" and "The Reaper of Wayward Souls"), "The Demon of Death Valley", "The Man from the Dark Side", "The Prince of Darkness", "The Lord of Darkness", etc. He also generated nicknames associated

masks:
The Undertaker
The


texts:
 with his American Badass Undertaker identity, including "Big Evil" (used in reference to his American Badass heel side), "Booger Red", etc. Some of his nicknames were not identity specific but used for <mask> gimmick in general, such as "Taker", "The Phenom", etc.Domestic backstory, parents and brother
<mask> gimmick has a dark and disturbed family backstory which involves him intentionally burning down his family funeral home as a teenager, thus killing his parents and purportedly a brother of his as well. The <mask> initially denied his then ex-manager Paul Bearer's charges of him committing the arson murder of his family (The <mask> would not confess to these intentional acts of arson until a year later from his initial denials, in latter 1998). The <mask>, instead, laid the charges against his younger brother of whom he thought long dead from the incident, describing him as a "pyromaniac". This led to Bearer's shocking warnings to proof in the form of the brother, "Kane", as alive and well. In late 1997 at In

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker
Undertaker


texts:
 Your House Badd Blood, Bearer unleashed a vengeful Kane: the fire-personified, juggernaut half-brother of <mask>, who was fit with a mask to conceal the scarring from <mask>'s arson. In what became a fickle sibling relationship with Bearer (later revealed to be Kane's father) only adding to the pendulum and complexities, <mask> Undertaker and Kane went back and forth from one extreme to the other, feuding barbarically at points and yet teaming as The Brothers of Destruction at other points. In the duo's final feud in late 2009 through 2010, Kane emerged victorious in all of their matches.Gimmick fused with wrestling move set and style
<mask>'s wrestling performance and move set were carried out with significant amounts of character-driven physical theatre and kinesics. In keeping with his Deadman routine for example, <mask> was forbiddingly slow and measured in much of his maneuvering and offense. Taking his opponents and audience by surprise, however, he combined his slow, measured physicality with wrestling moves

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
The
Thetaker
The Undertaker


texts:
 and action uncharacteristic of a wrestler of his vast height and weight. Not limited to just ground offense and power moves, <mask> was conspicuously aerial, swift, agile, loose-limbed and animated in the other half of his wrestling style and move set: flying clotheslines, guillotine leg drops, running DDTs, ability to land on his feet poised and motionless if thrown from the ring, over-the-top-rope suicide dives (on one occasion, over the top rope and combined active flames during an Inferno match at In Your House Unforgiven), etc. During matches, <mask> would also pay homage to Don Jardine by performing an arm twist ropewalk chop, dubbed "Old School." Calaway's performance of <mask> Deadman
Most famed for his Deadman Undertaker identity in particular, the role won Calaway the Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards for Best Gimmick a record-setting 5 years in a row (1990–1994). Calaway was highly protective of his Deadman public image: for the vast majority of his career while performing the gimmick, he was so

masks: Thetaker Thetaker The


texts:
 private that he wasn't seen outside of character in the media.Calaway's approach of presenting only in character publicly was done in order to maintain the mystique of the Deadman and facilitate disbelief suspension. However, during the last few years of his wrestling career, he allowed himself to be seen out of character, giving interviews as Mark Calaway and filming a documentary called The Last Ride. Legacy and reception
<mask> has been named one of the greatest wrestlers of all time. The Undertaker was voted the greatest WWE wrestler ever in a 2013 Digital Spy poll. In naming him the second greatest wrestler ever, IGN described The Undertaker as, "one of the most respected wrestlers, and characters, in the business; treated with actual reverence. Like a cherished, invaluable artifact". Luis Paez-Pumar of Complex wrote that The Undertaker character is "easily the best gimmick in the history of professional wrestling".Luke Winkie of Sports Illustrated listed <mask> as the fifth greatest wrestler of all time. His

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker


texts: consecutive matches with Shawn Michaels at WrestleManias XXV and XXVI were met with critical acclaim, with both matches winning the Pro Wrestling Illustrated and Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards for Match of the Year in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Wrestler Big Show named <mask> as the greatest professional wrestler of all time, while Mark Henry and WWE chairman Vince McMahon have called him their favorite. WWE Hall of Famer and former company executive, Jim Ross, said: "Without question, The Undertaker is the greatest big man in the history of wrestling... There is no greater WWE star ever than <mask>". Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition recognized <mask> as having the most consecutive victories at WrestleMania in 2016. In November 2015, Telegraph journalist Tom Fordy called <mask> "the world's greatest sportsman".<mask>'s Deadman character in particular has been praised as one of the best in professional wrestling. He received the Wrestling Observer Newsletters Best Gimmick award from 1990 to 1994. Tim

masks:
The Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
Undertaker


texts:
 Friorvant of ESPN named The Undertaker "a character that has been a cornerstone of the WWE for more than three decades". Shawn Valentino of Pro Wrestling Torch said "The Undertaker may have been the greatest character in the history of professional wrestling". A 12-minute match between <mask> and Stone Cold Steve Austin drew a 9.5 rating on June 28, 1999. It stands as the highest-rated segment in Raw history. Reception to later career

In contrary to the high praise he received during the vast majority of his career, <mask> was criticized for continuing to wrestle through the latter part of his career, particularly after his first defeat at WrestleMania.Calaway would state that, after suffering a severe concussion in his match against Lesnar, he lost his confidence. At WrestleMania 33, after his second defeat against Roman Reigns, Luis Paez-Pumar of Rolling Stone said that <mask> "should have retired when <mask> Streak was broken", but "lived on to pass the rub on to Reigns in the sloppiest, saddest manner

masks:
The Undertaker
Undertaker
The Undertaker
The


texts: possible". The <mask> himself said he was disappointed by his performance against Reigns. After his match against John Cena at WrestleMania 34, IGN posted an article titled "<mask>'s return was awesome, but now he needs to retire". After his match at Crown Jewel in November 2018, Pro Wrestling Torchs Wade Keller wrote that <mask> looked "brittle" and Jason Powell of Pro Wrestling Dot Net said "they [<mask>, Kane, Michaels and Triple H] need to accept their limitations, stop pretending they belong in main events, and stop acting like being in these main events isn't stealing the spotlight". His subsequent match with Goldberg at Super ShowDown in June 2019 was also widely pilloried, with Bryan Rose of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter calling it "sad more than anything". In reviewing the show, Dave Meltzer of the same publication wrote that Goldberg "has juice left, while <mask> doesn't".The <mask> himself called the match "a disaster" in 2020. Despite this criticism, two of <mask>'s later matches, teaming with Roman

masks: Undertaker Undertaker Undertaker Undertaker Undertaker Undertaker Undertaker


texts:
 Reigns against Drew McIntyre and Shane McMahon at Extreme Rules 2019, as well as his cinematic Boneyard match with AJ Styles at WrestleMania 36 were both widely praised, with many fans and critics alike citing both matches as his best performances in recent years. The former would be ranked #25 on WWE.com's 25 best matches of 2019, and the latter was ranked #1 on WWE.com's 25 best matches of 2020. The Boneyard match would also win WWE's Half-Year Award for best Cinematic Match, as well as winning the Slammy Award for 2020's Match of the Year. Personal life
Calaway was married to his first wife Jodi Lynn between 1989 and 1999; they have a son, Gunner Vincent Calaway, born in 1993. Calaway married his second wife, Sara Frank, in 2000. In 2001, she made televised appearances with the WWE (then known as the WWF) as part of a feud between Calaway and Diamond Dallas Page, in which she was acknowledged as Calaway's wife.They had two daughters together, Chasey and Gracie Calaway, before divorcing in 2007. In 2010, he


texts: married former wrestler Michelle McCool. Their first child together, a daughter named Kaia Faith Calaway, was born in 2012. In the 1990s, Calaway started a "posse" called the Bone Street Krew that consisted of fellow wrestlers Yokozuna, Savio Vega, Charles Wright, <mask>winns, and Rikishi. Each member had the initials "BSK" tattooed onto themselves, with <mask>'s being prominently shown across his stomach. Calaway invests in real estate with his business partner, Scott Everhart. The two finished construction on a $2.7 million building in Loveland, Colorado, called "The Calahart" (a portmanteau of their last names), in 2007.A dog lover, Calaway and his ex-wife Sara established The Zeus Compton Calaway Save the Animals Fund at the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences to help pay for lifesaving treatments for large-breed dogs. Calaway is a fan of boxing and mixed martial arts. He has practiced Brazilian jiu-jitsu and earned a black belt in 2011. In mid-2020, Calaway was slammed by some of his

masks:
The God
Undertaker


texts:
 WWE fans for tacit support of Blue Lives Matter (a countermovement against Black Lives Matter) in which he donned a T-shirt that displayed the Blue Lives Matter logo in televised editions of his tell-all professional wrestling biography. According to comments in 2020 by Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter, Calaway and Chris Jericho are active Trump supporters, the two making the largest donations of all professional wrestling athletes to the 2020 Trump reelection campaign. In February 2021, Calaway shared that he would endorse fellow WWE alumna, <mask>, if he were to run for president. Referencing the acute United States political divide of the present, Calaway expressed that he felt that <mask> could be the great "uniter".Appearances and references in external media forms
Television programming and cinema
Calaway made his film debut as Hutch in the 1991 film Suburban Commando. He had guest roles on Poltergeist: The Legacy and Celebrity Deathmatch. In 2002, Calaway appeared out of character on the

masks:
The Rock
The Rock


texts:
 Canadian sports show Off the Record with Michael Landsberg.Filmography{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|1991 || Suburban Commando || Hutch ||
|-
|1999 || Beyond the Mat || Himself || Documentary
|-
|2015 || The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! || rowspan="3" | The Undertaker (voice) ||
|-
|2016 || Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon ||
|-
|2017 || Surf's Up 2: WaveMania ||
|-
|2021 || Escape the Undertaker || The Undertaker ||Interactive
|-
|}Television{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|1999 || Poltergeist: The Legacy || Soul Chaser Demon || 2 episodes
|-
|1999 || Downtown || rowspan="2" | The Undertaker (voice) || Episode: "The Con"
|-
|1999 || Celebrity Deathmatch || Episode: "Halloween Episode I"
|-
|2001
| America's Most Wanted
| The Undertaker
|
|}

WWE-related media
Calaway's WWE character has been included in numerous WWE video games, beginning with WWF Super WrestleMania (1992). A special


texts:
 Undertaker-themed version of WWE 2K14 was released in 2013. Undertaker has also made the most appearances out of any wrestler, having appeared in every game in the franchise.WWE Video games{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992
|WWF Super WrestleMania
|
|-
|WWF WrestleMania: Steel Cage Challenge
|Cover athlete
|-
|WWF Superstars 2
|Cover athlete
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1993
|WWF Royal Rumble
|Cover athlete
|-
|WWF King of the Ring
|
|-
|WWF Rage in the Cage
|Cover athlete
|-
| 1994
|WWF RAW
|Cover athlete
|-
| 1995
|WWF WrestleMania: The Arcade Game
|
|-
| 1996
|WWF In Your House
|
|-
| 1998
|WWF War Zone
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
|WWF Attitude
|Cover athlete
|-
|WWF WrestleMania 2000
|Cover athlete
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2000
|WWF SmackDown! |
|-
|WWF Royal Rumble
|
|-
|WWF No Mercy
|
|-
|WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role
|Cover athlete
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2001
|WWF Betrayal
|
|-
|With Authority! |
|-
|WWF Road to WrestleMania
|Cover athlete
|-
|WWF SmackDown!


texts:
 Just Bring It
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002
|WWF Raw
|Cover athlete
|-
|WWE WrestleMania X8
|
|-
|WWE Road to WrestleMania X8
|Cover athlete
|-
|WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2003
|WWE Crush Hour
|
|-
|WWE WrestleMania XIX
|
|-
|WWE Raw 2
|
|-
|WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain
| Cover athlete
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
|WWE Day of Reckoning
|
|-
|WWE Survivor Series
| Cover athlete
|-
|WWE SmackDown!vs. Raw
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005
|WWE WrestleMania 21
|
|-
|WWE Aftershock
|Cover athlete
|-
|WWE Day of Reckoning 2
|
|-
|WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw 2006
|
|-
| 2006
|WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007
|
|-
| 2007
|WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008
|Cover athlete
|-
| 2008
|WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
|Legends of WrestleMania
|
|-
|WWE SmackDown vs.Raw 2010
| Cover athlete
|-
| 2010
|WWE SmackDown vs. The song that was played, entitled "The Graveyard Symphony", incorporates funeral bell tolls and was created by WWE composer Jim Johnston as an embellished remix of Frédéric Chopin's


texts:
 "Funeral March". During the rally, the song was accompanied with a music video playing on big-screen monitors, advancing through multitudes of scenes intended to alarm the public of looming danger resulting from the presidency of Joe Biden (46th and current President of the United States). The song continued to play out for 30 seconds following the attack ad against Biden, ending just short of Trump making his entrance. Other than his music being played, <mask>taker was not reported to have any association with the affair. Championships and accomplishments

 The Baltimore Sun Feud of the Year (2007)
 Best Match of the Decade (2000s)
 Match of the Year (2009)
 Match of the Year (2010)
 CBS Sports Worst Angle of the Year (2018)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated Comeback of the Year (2015)
 Feud of the Year (1991)
 Feud of the Year (2015)
 Match of the Year (1998)
 Match of the Year (2009)
 Match of the Year (2010)
 Match of the Year (2012)
 Ranked No. 2 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2002


texts:
 Ranked No.21 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 United States Wrestling Association USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 World Class Wrestling Association WCWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE WWF/WWE Championship (4 times)
 World Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 WWF Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 WWF World Tag Team Championship (6 times) – with Stone Cold Steve Austin (1), Big Show (2), <mask> (1), and Kane (2)
 WCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kane
 Royal Rumble (2007)
 WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2022)
Tuwaiq Mountain Trophy (2020)
Undisputed WWF Championship #1 contender’s Tournament (April 2002)
 Slammy Award (15 times)
 Best Entrance Music (1997)
 Best Tattoo (1997)
 Match of the Year (2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2020) , , , ,


texts:
<mask>. Lemméy (   ) is an American entrepreneur, inventor, designer, technology expert, and innovation strategist. She is CEO and founder of LENS Ventures, an innovation and investment firm based in San Francisco. Lemméy was named one of the 100 Most Creative People in Business in 2013 by Fast Company (magazine) and one of the MCP 1000: The Most Creative People in Business. She is an inventor with over seventy US and international utility and design patents. Innovation and economic policy
Lemméy is a member of Rework America, the Markle Economic Future Initiative created by the Markle Foundation to invent new strategies and scalable solutions for jobs, broad participation in economic prosperity, economic security and growth in America. Lemméy is a co-author of America’s Moment. Creating Opportunity in the Connected Age (2015), a book by Rework America.Lemméy has spoken on risk and innovation — at DO USA, Techonomy, TED India, Fortune Brainstorm Tech, Future in Review, Digital Media and Learning Conference, and has been published in Wired, Business Week, and the Harvard Business Review. Lemméy is CEO and Founder of LENS, an innovation and investment firm that works with institutions in creating next markets. She was an early advisor to Nest Labs and CEO Tony Fadell, led the strategy for Ribbit acquired by British Telecom, and served on the board of Discovery Mining acquired by Interwoven, now part of HP. Lemméy was CEO and founder of Net Power & Light, a developer of patented technology for high-fidelity video collaboration and live experiences in sports, entertainment, education, and healthcare. Lemméy was profiled in The Power of Pull: How Small Moves, Smartly Made, Can Set Big Things in Motion (John Hagel III, John Seely Brown and Lang Davison), in 2010 (Bloomberg BusinessWeek). She is a regular participant at the Aspen Institute, contributing to "Solving the Dilbert Paradox" a report from the Aspen Round Table on Talent Development. She was the Founding Chair of Policy, Law & Ethics at Singularity University and has been a visiting lecturer at Stanford, Harvard, MIT, Columbia, and U.C.Berkeley.


texts:
 National security, technology and privacy
Lemméy served as a co-chair of the Technology Working Group on the Markle Foundation's Task Force on National Security in the Information Age and was the lead architect of the SHARE information environment recommendation which became the ISE, the new way of information sharing for the intelligence and national security community post 9/11. Lemméy was on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Privacy Advisory Committee, which provides external expert advice to the Department's Secretary and the Chief Privacy Officer on matters relating to privacy and civil liberties preservation in relation to national security improvements. Earlier, Lemméy was President of the Electronic Frontier Foundation  and was a member of the founding board of TRUSTe. Public diplomacy
Lemméy has collaborated with the United States Department of State on public diplomacy and outreach programs around the world with her speaking tours on entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth, most recently in Switzerland and Turkey. In 2009 she was part of the U.S. State Department's Technology Delegation to Mexico, which explored ways for U.S. technology companies to support Mexican citizens’ resistance against the country's drug cartels. In 2010 she was a delegate to the White House Council on Women and Girls Women's Entrepreneurship Conference, which was formed to address critical challenges and opportunities and identify public policy initiatives needed to move the women's business agendas forward.Previously, Lemméy was a Commissioner on the Embassy of the Future Task Force at the Center for Strategic and International Studies as the "Ambassador from Silicon Valley" contributing to the commission's Report that provided key recommendations for making the diplomatic pursuit of U.S. interests abroad more effective in the 21st century. Future of learning and higher education
Lemméy created DGREE.ORG — an initiative funded by the Lumina Foundation to envision the future of higher education and exploring how technology and innovation can drive new models for student-centered, lifetime learning.


texts:
 In 2010 Lemméy hosted the DGREE Summit which brought together business leaders, venture capitalists, education foundations, and university leaders and accreditors to focus on student-centric learning in a sustainable educational ecosystem. Lemméy has collaborated with Harvard Professor Michael Sandel to create a Global Classroom to pioneer the use of mobile technology and mobile video for global live debates about justice, rights, and democracy. The series of live experiences in the fall semester of 2012 brought together students of Sandel's course Justice with those in China, India, Japan and Brazil, featuring a guest appearance by philosopher Peter Singer joining the Harvard audience in Sanders Theater live from New York. The video recordings of the Global Classroom experiment were featured in Sandel's EdX massive open online course in 2013. The Global Classroom experiment was covered by the BBC, Fast Company and was recognized by ComputerWorld's 2013 Honors award program.Health and integrative medicine
Lemméy is part of the leadership team at the Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine of the University of Arizona, with her role at the Center focused on innovation. Lemméy has collaborated with Andrew Weil and Victoria Maizes on Public Forum on nutrition and health, part of the center's annual Nutrition and Health Conference. Lemméy moderated the Public Forum on “Food and Health: Public Policy and Personal Choice” with Weil, Robert Lustig and Michael Pollan, held in 2011 in San Francisco. Awards and honors
 Fast Company MCP 1000: Most Creative People in Business
 Fast Company 100 Most Creative People in Business in 2013
 2013 ComputerWorld Honors Laureates (Mobile Access)

References

Living people
21st-century American inventors
American designers
American technology company founders
American technology chief executives
American women chief executives
American women company founders
American educators
Business speakers
Women inventors
American venture capitalists
American women investors
Private equity and venture capital investors
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American


texts:
<mask> (3 June 1805 – 11 August 1860) was a Scottish businessman, economist, and Liberal politician who founded The Economist weekly and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, which merged with Standard Bank in 1969 to form Standard Chartered. He was the first Finance Member of the Viceroy's Executive Council from December 1859 till his death in August 1860. Sent there to put order into the chaos that followed the "Sepoy Mutiny" of 1857, he presented India's first budget, and was responsible for the government accounting system, Pay Office, and audit, apart from government paper currency, Indian Police, a Military Finance Commission, and a Civil Finance Commission. Early life
<mask> was born in Hawick in the Scottish Borders. His Quaker father <mask> owned a hat manufactury, and his ancestors were local sheep farmers. He was the fourth of fifteen children, of whom ten reached adulthood. His mother died when <mask> was young.A successful disciplined autodidact scholar from a Quaker family, he was destined to be a schoolmaster but hated it so much that he "would rather to be the most menial servant in [his] father's mill". After considering studying law with a view to becoming an advocate, a profession which would have meant abandoning his family religion, <mask> decided instead to learn business, and at the age of sixteen became an apprentice in a hat factory. Later, his father bought the business for him and his elder brother, William. When <mask> was nineteen, the brothers left Scotland and migrated to London, with a gift of £2,000 each, . Career

Business
The brothers established a manufacturing factory—Wilson, Irwin & Wilson—that they dissolved in 1831. <mask> continued in the same line of business with much success (his net worth was £25,000 in 1837, . During the economic crisis of 1837, he lost most of his wealth when the price of indigo fell.By 1839, he had sold most of his property and avoided bankruptcy. However, in 1853 he founded the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, which

masks:
James Wilson
Wilson
William Wilson
James
Wilson
James Wilson
Wilson


texts:
 later merged with the Standard Bank to form Standard Chartered Bank in 1969. Journalism
<mask> was generally opposed to privileging the Church of England, the secret ballot when it was proposed in 1853, and the Corn Laws. He wrote a pamphlet titled Influences of the Corn Laws, as affecting all classes of the community, and particularly the landed interests. It slowly received positive feedback and <mask>'s fame had grown. He then went on writing on currency, and especially The Revenue; or, What should the Chancellor do?. He started to write for newspapers, including the Manchester Guardian.In 1843 he established The Economist as a newspaper to campaign for free trade, and acted as Chief editor and sole proprietor for sixteen years. His overarching goal to end vested interests in the Westminster parliament wherever these led to poverty or starvation, as the Corn Laws most notably had done. An article <mask> published in April 1848 in opposition to the Ten Hours Bill was criticised by Karl Marx for misunderstanding profit and the working day. The Economist is still published today, now with a weekly circulation of over 1.6 million globally. <mask> was the most respected statistician of his times and saw economics as an optimistic and rational way of mediating socially sustainable futures drawing on the Scottish School of Adam Smith and the French "Entrepreneur" School of Jean-Baptiste Say. Politics
<mask> entered the House of Commons as Liberal Member of Parliament for Westbury, Wiltshire, in 1847. Because of his economic experience, in 1848 prime minister Lord John Russell appointed <mask> as Secretary of the Board of Control, which supervised the East India Company’s control of British India, a post he held until the government fell in 1852.He then served as Financial Secretary to the Treasury between 1853 and 1858, firstly in Lord Aberdeen's coalition government and secondly in Lord Palmerston's first administration. In 1857 he was returned to Parliament for Devonport. He again briefly held office under

masks: Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson


texts:
 Palmerston as Paymaster-General and Vice-President of the Board of Trade between June and August 1859 and was sworn of the Privy Council the same year. In August 1859 <mask> resigned these offices and his seat in parliament to sit as the financial member of the Council of India. He was sent by Queen Victoria to India to establish the tax structure, a new paper currency, and remodel India's finance system after the Rebellion of 1857. However, he was in office only a year before he died. In 1860 he refused to leave the stifling summer heat of Calcutta, contracted dysentery, and died in August of that year at age 55.Despite his prominent public role, <mask> was buried unknown at a cemetery at Mullick Bazar in Kolkata. His grave was discovered in 2007 by CP Bhatia, a joint commissioner of Income Tax, while researching a book on India's tax history. Due to the efforts of CP Bhatia the tombstone was restored by the Christian Burial Board. Family
<mask> married Elizabeth Preston of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in January 1832. They had six daughters, of whom Eliza, the eldest, married Walter Bagehot. Works
Influences of the corn laws, as affecting all classes of the community, and particularly the landed interests
Fluctuations of currency, commerce, and manufactures : referable to the corn laws

References

External links

1805 births
1860 deaths
19th-century publishers (people)
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
People from Hawick
Anglo-Scots
British business and financial journalists
Hat makers
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Scottish bankers
Scottish economists
Scottish journalists
Scottish magazine editors
Scottish magazine publishers (people)
Scottish politicians
Scottish Quakers
The Economist editors
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
United Kingdom Paymasters General
19th-century British journalists
British male journalists
Standard Chartered people
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in

masks: Wilson Wilson Wilson


texts:
<mask> (born April 6, 1943) is an American actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Tolsky began acting in high school and later studied nursing at the University of Texas at Austin before switching her major to theater. In 1967, she relocated to Hollywood and made her television debut on the sitcom The Second Hundred Years. Within a year, she earned a main role on the ABC comedy Western series Here Come the Brides (1968–70) as Biddie Cloom. A self-described character actress, <mask> made her film debut in Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971) and gained wider recognition as a regular on the variety series The New Bill Cosby Show (1972–73) on CBS. Following several guest roles on television throughout the 1970s, <mask> was part of the main cast on the syndicated sitcom Madame's Place (1982–83) in the role of Bernadette Van Gilder. Her film credits include supporting roles in Charley and the Angel (1973), Record City (1977), and How to Beat the High Cost of Living (1980).<mask> ventured into voice acting in the late 1980s, beginning with the animated children's series Foofur (1986–88). She continued her career in voice-over in the next decade with recurring roles as Aunt Ruth on Bobby's World (1990–98), Binkie Muddlefoot on Darkwing Duck (1991–92), and Aunt Janie on Pepper Ann (1997–2000). She also provided guest voice roles on a number of Disney Television Animation productions. <mask>'s most recent credit is the Disney Channel animated comedy series The Buzz on Maggie (2005–06), where she voiced Mrs. Pesky. Early life and education

<mask> <mask> was born on April 6, 1943, in Houston, Texas, to shop owners

masks:
Susan Gaye Tolsky
Tolsky
Tolsky
Tolsky
Tolsky
Susan Gaye
Tolsky


texts:
 Sarah (née Hartstein) and <mask>. She is of Russian descent. She has one sister, Noel.<mask> became interested in comedy at a young age. At age eight, she performed a one-woman show at slumber parties in her neighbourhood. She attended Bellaire High School, where she grew fond of acting and stand-up comedy. She credits her high school drama teacher as her "best influence". As a child, she also had a fascination with the field of medicine and read Gray's Anatomy at age ten. She started volunteering in hospitals at age 15. When her father advised her not to pursue a career in acting, she enrolled at the University of Texas at Austin to major in nursing.While in college, <mask> worked as a nurse's aide in the Texas Medical Center after school and on weekends. She took care of children at Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital until officials believed she "could work anywhere" in the medical center. She then began working as a medical technician and was involved in obstetrics and gynecology. Despite her initial plans to acquire a degree in medicine and become a doctor, she quit during her second year of pre-medical. She said, "I quit because of the battle within me. I believe in euthanasia and could not truly shake it from my mind." As "the lure of acting proved strong", she transferred to the Department of Drama and switched her major to theater and English.She recalled:

At university, she regularly appeared in school plays, stating that she "acted [her] head off in everything from Greek tragedy to musical comedy". In her senior year, talent scout and casting director Eddie Foy III

masks:
Abe Tolsky
Tolsky
Tolsky


texts:
 visited on behalf of the New Talent Program at Screen Gems, and <mask> auditioned in a scene from Barefoot in the Park. Foy advised her to try acting in Hollywood, where she later moved after graduating with a degree in the fine arts in 1967. She shared an apartment in Hollywood with actress <mask>. <mask> frequently visited wholesalers in Los Angeles as a buyer for her parents' shop in Houston. Acting career

1968–1970: Early roles and Here Come the Brides
When <mask> arrived in Hollywood, Foy was unable to grant her a contract with Screen Gems, and instead introduced her to people who worked in casting and helped her get an agent. Foy let her join the New Talent Program without being under contract, which allowed her to read new scripts.In 1968, <mask> made her television debut on an episode of The Second Hundred Years, where she had one line, followed by a small role on an episode of Bewitched, both on ABC. During this time, she worked with the Columbia Pictures Workshop and the Los Angeles Repertory Company to find extra work. In 1968, Howard, a contract actress at Screen Gems, brought home a script for the pilot episode of the comedy Western series Here Come the Brides. The plot was loosely based on the Mercer Girls, women who moved from the East Coast of the United States to Seattle, Washington, in the 1860s. Howard believed <mask> was perfect for the role of Biddie Cloom. Foy was less enthused of her chances of securing the part, believing she could not play a character from Massachusetts due to her Southern accent. In January 1968, <mask> read for the part after convincing Foy, and she recalled

masks:
Tolsky
Susan Howard
Tolsky
Tolsky
Tolsky
Tolsky
Tolsky


texts:
 that the audition was "awful", stating that she was a "nervous wreck".Two weeks later, she landed the role. Written as a minor character, <mask> had "like three, or four lines" in the pilot episode. She initially struggled with the New England accent, which amused her colleagues. The studio tested the pilot of Here Come the Brides with a test audience and Biddie was well received. Screen Gems then wanted her to sign a contract with the studio, but because they did not offer her a contract from the beginning, she declined. She recalled, "I said, 'I want a contract just to do the show,' because I knew they could have done that when I first came out. They didn't do it, so I said, 'No.'"She then fired her agent who advised her to sign the contract with Screen Gems, and hired a manager. <mask> chose not to sign a long-term contract with the studio as she knew that "all too often they mean seven years of forced labor in the wrong roles". A few weeks later, she was given a contract for Here Come the Brides as a series regular. The series aired from September 1968 to April 1970, running for two seasons on ABC. In the second season, the character Biddie received "more attention" and "Biddie's Theme" was composed. <mask> recalled, "The second year they gave me a little more latitude – the dimension of my character ... When you see Biddie walking, she has her own theme, and I was enormously honored by that because I was not in the regular cast – I came in on a fluke."1971–1979: Film debut and The New Bill Cosby Show
<mask> made her film debut in Roger Vadim's comedy-mystery film Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971) as

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texts: Miss Craymire, the secretary of Rock Hudson's character. The film received generally negative reviews in the press, and was described as a "sex satire-murder mystery". After watching the final product at a preview, <mask> told Vadim, "Now I know why I'm the only girl in the movie who didn't get asked to take off her clothes." <mask> was slated to appear in Dirty Little Billy (1972) as the Texan girlfriend of Michael J. Pollard's title character, but the plans fell through. In 1972, <mask> guest starred on the season four finale of the CBS sitcom Here's Lucy, starring Lucille Ball and her daughter Lucie Arnaz. The episode was a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin-off starring Arnaz. <mask> was one of three finalists for the role of Arnaz's friend Sue Ann Ditbenner, and she landed the role after reading for the part at Ball's home.The spin-off was ultimately not picked up by the network. <mask> then guest starred as another character, Miss Quigley, on a season five episode of Here's Lucy. In the early 1970s, <mask> regularly appeared as a guest on talk shows hosted by Merv Griffin and Virginia Graham. Following an appearance on The Merv Griffin Show, producer George Schlatter took notice of her and enlisted her for the main cast of The New Bill Cosby Show (1972–73), a variety series hosted by Bill Cosby on CBS. The cast portrayed themselves and different characters in sketches. Cosby told the New York Daily News that he "fought and won a battle" with the network to not establish <mask>'s character as a "dumb dame". In an interview prior to the series premiere, he stated, "<mask> will be smart but

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 different.She won't be a nasal sounding dumb person as they wanted to make her." The variety series premiered in September 1972 and was canceled after one season. The series was met with mixed reactions from critics, although <mask>'s performance was better received. <mask>'s next film credit was Charley and the Angel (1973), a Disney comedy film directed by Vincent McEveety, in which she portrayed the character Miss Partridge. While reviewing the film, the Austin American-Statesman Marjorie Hoffman wrote that <mask> "has a few good scenes as a self-admiring spinster". From 1972 to 1973, <mask> acted on two episodes of ABC's anthology television series Love, American Style. She was a contestant on the ABC game show The Dating Game in September 1973, and appeared as a celebrity guest on the game show Showoffs for a week in August 1975.In the later part of the decade, she acted in the comedy film Record City (1977) and Stan Dragoti's comedy horror film Love at First Bite (1979). <mask> starred in the television pilot Front Page Feeney with Don Knotts, which aired in syndication in August 1977. She also made episodic appearances on the drama series Quincy, M.E. (1977) and Fantasy Island (1978), and portrayed Mammy Yokum in a Li'l Abner television special, the musical film Li'l Abner in Dogpatch Today (1978). 1980–2006: Madame's Place and voice acting
In the 1980s, <mask> appeared on four episodes of the CBS sitcom Alice, portraying different one-time characters, from 1980 to 1983. She appeared in the films How to Beat the High Cost of Living (1980), directed by Robert Scheerer, and The Devil and Max Devlin

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texts: (1981), directed by Steven Hilliard Stern. She also guest starred on two episodes of the ABC sitcom Barney Miller in 1981 and 1982, for which the scripts were not finished at the time of filming.<mask> said, "We went there, and they would bring down like two pages and then they'd be 'Okay, everybody have a break and we'll come down with some more pages.'" She said the cast and crew were "wonderful", and that the experience as a whole was "joyous" even if they had to wait for the scripts to be finished. She also guest starred on an episode of the crime drama series Matt Houston in 1982. <mask> earned her third main role on television on Madame's Place (1982–83), a comedy series about a puppet, controlled by Wayland Flowers, named Madame who hosts a late-night talk show from her mansion. <mask> portrayed Bernadette Van Gilder, Madame's shy secretary. The series was well received by television critics and viewers alike. Madame's Place had a very rushed shooting schedule and aired five days a week in first-run syndication.According to <mask>, 75 episodes were shot in a span of fifteen weeks, and she considers it one of her "most enjoyable" experiences, after Here Come the Brides. She said, "We had a fabulous crew on that ... We did a show a day, so we did have a close crew." She felt that pleasant experiences on set became "less and less common by the 1980s"; she recalled, "The fifties and sixties and seventies – that was a wonderful era." For the remainder of the decade, <mask> had few roles; she appeared in the comedy crime film The Longshot in 1986, and had a guest role on an episode of the sitcom Webster

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