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 Rancho Cordova area on the night of February 2, 1978, near where five East Area Rapist attacks had occurred. The Maggiores fled after a confrontation in the street but were chased down and shot to death. Some investigators suspected that they had been murdered by the East Area Rapist because of their proximity to the other attacks' locations, and a shoelace was found nearby. The FBI announced on June 15, 2016, that it was confident that the East Area Rapist had murdered the Maggiores. On June 29, 2020, <mask> entered a plea of guilty to these murders. Original Night Stalker (1979–1986)
Shortly after the rape committed on July 5, 1979, DeAngelo moved to southern California and began killing his victims, first striking in Santa Barbara County in October. The attacks lasted until 1981 (with a lone 1986 attack).Only the couple in the first attack survived, alerting neighbors and forcing the intruder to flee; the other victims were murdered by gunshot or bludgeoning. Since <mask> was not linked to these crimes for decades, he was known as the Night Stalker in the area, before being renamed the Original Night Stalker after serial killer Richard Ramirez received the former nickname. 1979
On October 1, an intruder broke in and tied up a Goleta couple. Alarmed at hearing him say, "I'll kill 'em" to himself,  the man and woman tried to escape when he left the room; and the woman screamed. Realizing that the alarm had been raised, the intruder fled on a bicycle. A neighbor (an FBI agent) responded to the noise and pursued the perpetrator, who abandoned the bicycle and a knife and fled on foot through


type: original

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 local backyards. The attack was later linked to the Offerman–Manning murders by shoe prints and twine used to bind the victims.On December 30, 44-year-old Robert Offerman and 35-year-old Debra Alexandra Manning were found shot to death at Offerman's condominium on Avenida Pequena in Goleta. Offerman's bindings were untied, indicating that he had lunged at the attacker. Neighbors had heard gunshots. Paw prints of a large dog were found at the scene, leading to speculation that the killer may have brought one with him. The killer had also broken into the vacant adjoining residence and stolen a bicycle, later found abandoned on a street north of the scene, from a third residence in the complex. 1980
On March 13, 33-year-old Charlene Smith and 43-year-old Lyman Smith were found murdered in their Ventura home; Charlene Smith had been raped. A log from a woodpile on the side of the house was used to bludgeon the victims to death.Their wrists and ankles had been bound with drapery cord. An unusual Chinese knot, a diamond knot, was used on Charlene's wrists; the same knot was noted in the East Area Rapist attacks, at least one confirmed case of which was publicly known. The murderer was, therefore, briefly given the name Diamond Knot Killer. On August 19, 24-year-old Keith Eli Harrington and 27-year-old Patrice Briscoe Harrington were found bludgeoned to death in their home on Cockleshell Drive in Dana Point's Niguel Shores gated community. Patrice Harrington had also been raped. Although there was evidence that the Harringtons' wrists and ankles were bound, no murder weapon or ligatures were found at


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 the scene. The Harringtons had been married for three months at the time of their deaths.Patrice was a nurse in Irvine, and Keith was a medical student at UC Irvine. Keith's brother Bruce later spent nearly $2 million supporting California Proposition 69, authorizing DNA collection from all California felons and certain other criminals. 1981
On February 6, 28-year-old Manuela Witthuhn was raped and murdered in her Irvine home. Although Witthuhn's body had signs of being tied before she was bludgeoned, no murder weapon or ligatures were found. Though the victim was married, her husband was away, hospitalized; and she was alone at the time of the attack. Witthuhn's television was found in the backyard, possibly the killer's attempt to make the crime appear to be a botched robbery. On July 27, 35-year-old Cheri Domingo and 27-year-old Gregory Sanchez became the Original Night Stalker's tenth and eleventh murder victims.Both were attacked in Domingo's residence on Toltec Way in Goleta (several blocks south of Robert Offerman's condominium), where she was living temporarily; it was owned by a relative and up for sale. The offender entered the house through a small bathroom window. Sanchez had not been tied and was shot and wounded in the cheek before he was bludgeoned to death with a garden tool. Some believe that Sanchez may have realized he was dealing with the man responsible for the Offerman–Manning murders and tried to tackle the killer rather than be tied up. Again, no neighbors responded to the gunshot. Sanchez's head was covered with clothes pulled from the closet. Domingo was raped and


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 bludgeoned; bruises on her wrists and ankles indicated that she had been tied, although the restraints were missing.A piece of shipping twine was found near the bed, and fibers from an unknown source were scattered over her body. Authorities believed that the attacker may have worked as a painter or in a similar job at the Calle Real Shopping Centre. 1986
On May 4, 18-year-old Janelle Lisa Cruz was found after she was raped and bludgeoned to death in her Irvine home. Her family was on vacation in Mexico at the time of the attack. A pipe wrench, reported missing by Cruz's stepfather, was thought to be the murder weapon. Initially, investigators in respective jurisdictions did not think the southern California murders were connected. A Sacramento detective strongly believed that the East Area Rapist was responsible for the Goleta attacks, but the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office attributed them to a local career criminal who was later murdered.Unaware of the Goleta murders, local police in surrounding jurisdictions followed false leads related to men who were close to the female victims. One person, later cleared, was charged with two of the murders. Many years later, the cases were linked almost entirely by DNA testing. Communications

Written

"Excitement's Crave" poem
In December 1977, someone claiming to be the East Area Rapist sent a poem, "Excitement's Crave", to The Sacramento Bee, the Sacramento mayor's office, and television station KVIE. On December 11, a masked man eluded pursuit by law-enforcement personnel after alerting authorities by telephone that he would strike on Watt


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 Avenue that night. Homework pages and punishment map (December 9, 1978)

During the investigation in Danville of the 42nd attack, investigators discovered three sheets of notebook paper near where a suspicious vehicle had reportedly been parked. They believe the pages were dropped accidentally, perhaps by falling out of a bag.The first sheet appears to be a homework essay on General George Armstrong Custer. The second sheet contains a journal-style entry describing a teacher who made students write lines, which the author found humiliating:

On the last sheet was a hand-drawn map of what appears to be a suburban neighborhood, with the word "punishment" scrawled across the reverse side. Investigators were unable to identify the area depicted in the map, although the artist clearly had knowledge of architectural layout and landscape design. According to Detective Larry Pool, the map is a fantasy location representing the rapist's desired striking ground. Phone calls

"I'm the East Side Rapist" (March 18, 1977)
On March 18, 1977, the Sacramento County Sheriff's Office received three calls from a man claiming to be the East Area Rapist; none were recorded. The first two calls, received at 4:15 and 4:30 p.m., were identical and ended with the caller laughing and hanging up. The final call came in at 5:00 p.m., with the caller saying: "I'm the East Side Rapist and I have my next victim already stalked and you guys can't catch me.""You're never gonna catch me" (December 2, 1977)
A man claiming to be the rapist called the Sacramento Police Department, saying: "You're never gonna catch me, East Area


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 Rapist, you dumb fuckers; I'm gonna fuck again tonight. Be careful!" The call was recorded and later released. As with the previous call, the next victim was attacked that night. "Merry Christmas" (December 9, 1977)
During the 1977 Christmas season, a previous victim received a phone call that she attributed to her attacker. The caller said, "Merry Christmas, it's me again!" "Watt Avenue" (December 10, 1977)
Shortly before 10:00 p.m. on December 10, 1977, Sacramento authorities received two identical calls, saying, "I am going to hit tonight.Watt Avenue." Both were recorded, and the caller was identified as the same person who placed the call on December 2. Law-enforcement patrols were increased that night; and at 2:30 a.m., a masked man eluded officers after being seen bicycling on the Watt Avenue bridge. When spotted again at 4:30 a.m., he discarded the bicycle and fled on foot. The bicycle had been stolen. "Gonna kill you" (January 2, 1978)
The first known rape victim received a wrong-number call asking for "Ray" on January 2, 1978. The call was recorded, and police suspect that it may be the same caller who made a threatening call to her later that evening.That call was also recorded and identified by the victim as the voice of her assailant. The caller said, "Gonna kill you ... gonna kill you ... gonna kill you ... bitch ... bitch ... bitch ... bitch ... fuckin' whore." Counseling service (January 6, 1978)
A man claiming to be the East Area Rapist called the Contact Counseling Service and said, "I have a problem. I need help because I don't want to do this anymore." After a short


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 conversation the caller said, "I believe you are tracing this call" and hung up. Later calls (1982–1991)
In 1982, a previous victim received a call at her place of work—a Denny's restaurant—during which the rapist threatened to rape her again. According to Contra Costa County investigator Paul Holes, the rapist must have chanced to patronize the restaurant and recognized his victim there.In 1991, a previous victim received a phone call from the perpetrator and spoke with him for one minute. She could hear a woman and children in the background, leading to speculation that he had a family. Final call (2001)
On April 6, 2001, one day after an article in The Sacramento Bee linked the Original Night Stalker and the East Area Rapist, a victim of the rapist received a call from him; he asked, "Remember when we played?" Investigation

Before officially connecting the Original Night Stalker to the East Area Rapist in 2001, some law-enforcement officials (particularly from the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department) sought to link the Goleta cases as well. The links were primarily due to similarities in modus operandi. One of the already-linked Original Night Stalker double murders occurred in Ventura,  southeast of Goleta; and the remaining murders were committed in Orange County, an additional  southeast. In 2001, several rapes in Contra Costa County believed to have been committed by the East Area Rapist were linked by DNA to the Smith, Harrington, Witthuhn, and Cruz murders.A decade later, DNA evidence indicated that the Domingo–Sanchez murders were also committed by the East Area Rapist (also


texts:
 identified as the Golden State Killer). On June 15, 2016, the FBI released further information related to the crimes, including new composite sketches and crime details; a $50,000 reward was also announced. The initiative included a national database to support law enforcement's investigating of the crimes and to handle tips and information. Eventually, "through the use of genetic genealogy searching on GEDmatch, investigators identified distant relatives of DeAngelo—including family members directly related to his great-great-great-great grandfather dating back to the 1800s. Based on this information, investigators built about 25 different family trees. The tree that eventually linked to [<mask>] alone contained approximately 1,000 people. Over the course of a few months, investigators used other clues like age, sex, and place of residence to rule out suspects populating these trees, eliminating suspects one by one until only DeAngelo remained."During the investigation, several people were considered and later eliminated as suspects:
 Brett Glasby, from Goleta, was considered a suspect by Santa Barbara County investigators. He was murdered in Mexico in 1982 before the murder of Janelle Cruz, eliminating him as a suspect. Paul "Cornfed" Schneider, a high-ranking member of the Aryan Brotherhood, was living in Orange County when the Harringtons, Manuela Witthuhn, and Janelle Cruz were killed. A DNA test cleared him in the 1990s. Joe Alsip, a friend and business partner of the victim Lyman Smith. Alsip's pastor said that Alsip had confessed to him during a family-counseling session. Alsip was


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 arraigned for the Smith murders in 1982, but the charges were later dropped, and his innocence was confirmed by DNA testing in 1997.Other suspected murders
After <mask> was arrested, he was also suspected of committing the 1974 Visalia rape and murder of Jennifer Armour, the 1975 Exeter rape and murder of Donna Jo Richmond, and a 1978 murder of a woman and her son in Simi Valley, but was cleared as a suspect in all three murders by DNA testing. Victoria Police ruled out a link between <mask>, who docked in Australia during his Navy service, and the Melbourne serial child rapist and murderer known as "Mr Cruel". Arrest and trial
On April 24, 2018, Sacramento County Sheriff's deputies arrested <mask>. He was charged with eight counts of first-degree murder with special circumstances. On May 10, the Santa Barbara County District Attorney's office charged <mask> with four additional counts of first-degree murder. Identification of <mask> had begun four months earlier when officials, led by detective Paul Holes and FBI lawyer Steve Kramer, uploaded the killer's DNA profile from a Ventura County rape kit to the personal genomics website GEDmatch. The website identified ten to twenty people who had the same great-great-great grandparents as the Golden State Killer; a team of five investigators working with genealogist Barbara Rae-Venter used this list to construct a large family tree.From this tree, they established two suspects; one was ruled out by a relative's DNA test, leaving <mask> the main suspect. On April 18, a DNA sample was surreptitiously collected from the door handle of <mask>'s car;

masks: DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo


texts: another sample was later collected from a tissue found in <mask>'s curbside garbage can. Both were matched to samples associated with Golden State Killer crimes. Since <mask>'s arrest, some commentators have raised concerns about the ethics of the secondary use of personally identifiable information. <mask> made a confession of sorts after his arrest that cryptically referred to an inner personality named "Jerry", who had forced him to commit the wave of crimes that ended abruptly in 1986. According to Sacramento County prosecutor Thien Ho, <mask> said the following to himself while alone in a police interrogation room after his arrest in April 2018: "I didn't have the strength to push him out. He made me.He went with me. It was like in my head, I mean, he's a part of me. I didn't want to do those things. I pushed Jerry out and had a happy life. I did all those things. I destroyed all their lives. So now I've got to pay the price."<mask> could not be charged with rapes or burglaries, as the statute of limitations had expired for those offenses, but he was charged with 13 counts of murder and 13 counts of kidnapping. <mask> was arraigned in Sacramento on August 23, 2018. In November 2018, prosecutors from six involved counties collectively estimated that the case could cost taxpayers $20 million and last ten years. At an April 10, 2019, court proceeding, prosecutors announced that they would seek the death penalty, and the judge ruled that cameras could be allowed inside the courtroom during the trial. On March 4, 2020, <mask> offered to plead guilty if the death penalty were taken off the


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 table, which was not accepted at the time. On June 29, as part of a plea bargain to avoid the death penalty, DeAngelo pleaded guilty to thirteen counts of first-degree murder and special circumstances (including murder committed during burglaries and rapes), as well as thirteen counts of kidnapping. On August 21, 2020, DeAngelo received multiple consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole.<mask> offered a brief apology after listening to days of pre-sentencing victim impact statements: "I've listened to all your statements, each one of them, and I'm truly sorry to everyone I have hurt." Family reaction
<mask> committed most of the offenses while he was married and raising a family. Neither his wife nor his children ever suspected he was committing serious crimes. His eldest daughter thought he was the perfect father, while his wife believed his reasons for being away from home. Incarceration
In November 2020, <mask> was transferred to the North Kern State Prison. As of February 2021, <mask> is incarcerated in protective custody at California State Prison, Corcoran. See also
 List of serial killers in the United States
 List of serial rapists by number of victims

References

Further reading

Literature

Periodicals
  (includes numerous photos and maps)
  A seven-part series that profiles California's most prolific uncaught serial killer.Podcasts
 3 Golden State Killer Podcasts That Go Deep on the Case – Time
 Man in the window – Los Angeles Times
 The Creep Among Us – Stitcher

Television

 Dark Minds: The Original Nightstalker Investigation Discovery. I'll Be Gone in the

masks: DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo DeAngelo


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<mask> (17 or 19 September 1938 – 12 April 2020) was a Spanish long-distance runner who competed mainly in cross country running competitions. He was the gold medallist at the 1964 International Cross Country Championships. He was a six-time competitor at the competition and also shared in a team silver in 1962. However, his failure to finish at the 1963 race drew great criticism as Spain missed the team title as a result. <mask> also competed on the track and represented Spain at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics in the 5000 meters. He was the Spanish record holder in that event, having become the first Spaniard under fourteen minutes with his best of 13:53.4 minutes. He was a three-time national champion: twice in cross country and once in the 10,000 meters.He ran during the amateur era of athletics and ultimately sold his historic International Cross Country gold medal due to poverty. His achievements were recognized nationally in 2007 when he was given the bronze Royal Order of Sports Merit. Career

Early life and career
Born during the height of the Spanish Civil War in Málaga del Fresno, a rural area near Madrid, he grew up in nearby Cogolludo. He took up running at school after being noted for his speed on the football pitch. In spite of his slight and small build (1.57 m), he performed well and quickly rose to win the national junior title in 1958, running with hemp shoes. As he entered his twenties his running career was interrupted by military service and the passed from club to club, leaving Real Madrid in 1959 for SD Arenas. He began to make progress at the Spanish Cross Country Championships, coming 18th in 1961, then ninth in 1962.As a result of the latter performance he received his first international call-up for the 1962 International Cross Country

masks:
Francisco Aritmendi Criado
Aritmendi


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 Championships. At the competition, held in Sheffield, he finished 33rd and, as the sixth finisher in a Spanish team led by José Molíns, he shared in the team silver medals. He was signed up by FC Barcelona after this performance and began training under Gregorio Rojo. Failure and victory
At the start of the 1963 season he impressed with a win at the Championat de Catalunya de Cross and second place to Mariano Haro at the national championships. There were high hopes for his performance at the 1963 International Cross Country Championships, which was held on home turf in San Sebastián. However, this would prove to be the most denigrated outing of his career. Failing to run an even-paced race, he ran too quickly towards the end, aiming for individual honor, and despite being around the tenth place on the final lap he dropped out of the race.This decision cost the host nation the team title – with <mask>'s finish the team would have been ten points clear of the eventual winners Belgium, but instead ended fifth in the rankings as the team score was greatly increased by 38th placed Iluminado Corcuera instead. He was greatly criticized by the press and his teammates and Spain never did win the team International Cross title. He completely turned around his fortunes in the 1964 event. He started by defending his Catalan title then claimed his first national title at the Spanish Cross Country Championships. The 1962 winner and 1963 runner-up Gaston Roelants was favourite for the 1964 International Cross Country Championships, but Aritmendi took to the front. The course in Dublin became increasingly muddy in the rain and <mask> persisted as Roelants dropped out and Englishmen Ron Hill and John Cooke fell back. <mask> completed a greatly unexpected upset by winning the gold

masks: Aritmendi Aritmendi Aritmendi


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 medal, almost ten seconds ahead of the next finisher.He was the first Spaniard to win this title, the direct predecessor to the cross-country world championships which were established in 1973. As a result of his win he was invited to meet both <mask> and the prince-in-exile Juan Carlos I of Spain. Following his cross country win he began to receive support from the Spanish Athletics Federation and was assigned Kosta Olander as his coach. Aritmendi took to the track that summer and achieved a Spanish record of 13:53.4 minutes while finishing third at the ISTAF Berlin meeting, being the first Spaniard to complete the distance in under fourteen minutes. He did not match this performance later in the season, however, taking third at the Spanish Athletics Championships and being eliminated in fourth place of his heat at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Later career

He broke another Spanish record in February 1965, running 8:22.2 minutes for the indoor 3000 meters. He also defended his title at the Spanish Cross Country Championships.He returned to defend his title, but was not successful, finishing in 23rd place, leading the Spanish men to fifth in the team race. In 1966 he enjoyed three high-profile wins in Spain, taking the Catalan cross country title, the national 10,000 metres title and the Jean Bouin race, but did not compete internationally. He had one more win at the Catalan race in 1967 and, after taking fifth at the nationals, finished 35th in a weakened Spanish team at the 1967 International Cross Country Championships. His final international outing at the 1968 International Cross Country Championships saw him fall outside the top fifty runners in 52nd place. Having been an amateur, he ended his career in poverty and settled in Lasarte-Oria, the hometown of his


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 wife, Conchita. The couple had four children, two girls, and two boys, and later moved to Guadalajara, Castilla-La Mancha. Still of humble means, Aritmendi suffered an injury and his family struggled.As a result, he sold his International Cross Country gold medal in order to buy food for his family. In his later years, his achievements began to be recognized. He received the bronze Royal Order of Sports Merit in 2007. A street in Guadalajara was named in his honour – Paseo de <mask> – and in his hometown of Málaga del Fresno a sports centre was named after him. <mask> died of pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain in April. At his death, he remained the only Spaniard to have won the world cross country title. International competitions

National titles
 Spanish Cross Country Championships
 Long race: 1964, 1965
 Spanish Athletics Championships
 10,000 m: 1966

References

Further reading
 Rodrigo Arribas, Ildefonso (2006).Campeón. <mask>, campeón del mundo de cross. Guadalajara: Gatoverde Editores. 1938 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Castilla–La Mancha
People from the Province of Guadalajara
Spanish male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes of Spain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
International Cross Country Championships winners
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Deaths from pneumonia in

masks:
Francisco Aritmendi
Aritmendi
Francisco Aritmendi


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<mask>, 7th Earl of Leicester,  (6 May 1936 – 25 April 2015), styled Viscount Coke between 1976 and 1994, was an English nobleman. The Earl of Leicester was one of Norfolk's leading figures and played a key role in preserving and modernising the Holkham Estate over the last 40 years. Early life
<mask> was the son of Anthony Coke, 6th Earl of Leicester, and Moyra Joan Crossley, Countess of Leicester. Born in 1936 in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) where his father had settled as a young man before inheriting his title and estate, he spent much of his childhood on a remote farm in South Africa. His grandfather, a younger son of the 3rd Earl of Leicester, had been killed at Gallipoli a week after providing covering fire for the first troop landings, which took place a hundred years to the day before his grandson's death. The Holkham Estate

By the 1960s it was clear that <mask>'s father was next in line to succeed to the Holkham estate, and that he was himself the next heir. In 1961, at the age of 25, Coke came to England and settled in the Holkham area to take up farming and familiarise himself with the estate.By early 1973 Coke had taken over the management of the estate, which had become severely in need of improvement. Of the 300 houses on the estate, only around thirty had bathrooms, the Hall was still heated by open fires, and, as he later said, the Park Farm was possibly the only loss-making farm in the country. This was the start of a lifelong project to modernise farming, the estate's buildings, and the Hall, to ensure a viable legacy for future generations. In 1996 he won the Laurent Perrier Award for Conservation, specifically recognising outstanding conservation work carried out to ensure the sustainability of the grey partridge population. In 1976, following the death of Thomas Coke, 5th Earl of Leicester and the decision of his father, the 6th Earl of Leicester, to remain in South Africa, he took over full responsibility, as Viscount Coke, for the management of the Holkham

masks:
Edward Douglas Coke
Lord Leicester
Edward Coke


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 Estate. Upon the death of his father in 1994, he became the 7th Earl of Leicester and owner of the estate. The Earl was passionate about the Hall's extensive art collection and was a keen patron of the arts, loaning many paintings to galleries and exhibitions both nationally and internationally.Keenly interested in the history of the Coke family and all aspects of the Hall, he undertook the major task, that lasted 10 years, of restoring the original style of windows that had been destroyed by the insertion of large plate glass panes in the 19th century, and restored as far as possible the original picture hang. One of his last initiatives was to suggest a display (now in preparation) in the Hall about the Magna Carta and the role played by his ancestor the great 17th century lawyer, Sir <mask>, in preserving its values. With the help of his second wife, Sarah, new vitality was breathed into the Hall by careful repair and refurbishment; open days were transformed by the removal of ropes and the addition of flowers in the state rooms; the Marble Hall hosted classical concerts and staff parties. They deliberately occupied two different wings of the Hall in summer and winter, to maximise use of the whole house. Marriage and children
Leicester married Valeria Phyllis Potter, daughter of Leonard A. Potter, on 28 April 1962. They had three children and seven grandchildren. <mask> Coke, 8th Earl of Leicester (6 July 1965) he married Polly Whately on 21 December 1996.They have four children. Lady Laura Jane Elizabeth Coke (14 March 1968) she married Jonathan Paul in 1993. They have two sons and one daughter:
Barnaby <mask> Paul (3 May 1999)
Molly May Paul (14 July 2002)
Fergus Arthur Paul (9 January 2005)
The Honourable Rupert Henry John Coke (1975)

They were divorced in 1985. Leicester married secondly Sarah Forde, daughter of Noel Henry Boys Forde, in 1986, her second marriage. The Countess served as High Sheriff of Norfolk for 2013-14. Positions and offices held
Alongside overseeing the

masks:
Edward Coke
Thomas Edward
Edward Oliver


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 management of the estate the Earl of Leicester found time to play an active role in public life. Amongst the positions and offices he held were Leader of the Borough Council of King's Lynn & West Norfolk (1980–1985), Chairman of the council's Planning Committee (1987–1991), an English Heritage Commissioner, Trustee of the North Norfolk Historic Building Trust, Founder Trustee and Chairman of the De Montfort University Global Education Trust, Trustee of the Royal Anglian Regiment, Chairman of the Country Landowners Association, Deputy Lieutenant of Norfolk, President of the Ancient Monuments Society and President of Wells RNLI.He served as President of the Historic Houses Association (HHA) from 1998 to 2003, in which capacity he was appointed a CBE for services to heritage. He continued his work with the HHA as a Patron. The Earl was an active field sports enthusiast and was proud of Holkham's reputation as the birthplace of driven shooting. Over the years, as a lover of working dogs, he hosted the Kennel Club's Retriever Championships and Spaniel Championships on the Holkham Estate. In 1978 he held a country fair in the park to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the Sheep Shearings held by his ancestor, the famous farmer, 'Coke of Norfolk', and it became the first of many such regular events. Retirement and later life
In October 2005, Lord <mask> retired from the active management of the estate and handed over control to his son, Tom, Viscount Coke (who is now the 8th Earl). He moved to another property on the estate in 2006 but continued to take a keen interest in the continuing improvement of the Hall, the estate and its buildings.Lord Leicester died in the early hours of 25 April 2015. He leaves a widow, Sarah, Countess of Leicester, three children, and seven grandchildren. References

External links

1936 births
2015 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deputy Lieutenants of Norfolk
7th Earl of Leicester
<mask>
Alumni of St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown
People from

masks:
Leicester
Edward Coke


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<mask> (1 October 1868 – 2 August 1952) was a British author of popular, racy, exotic New Woman novels under the pseudonyms Victoria Cross(e), <mask> and V.C. Griffin. Life
<mask> was the youngest of three daughters born to Colonel <mask> and his wife Fanny Elizabeth Griffin. Her older sisters were the poet Adela Florence Nicolson and the editor Isabell Tate, who edited the Sind Gazette in India. She was born in Rawalpindi, Punjab, and was also baptized there on 27 October 1868. Her father was employed in the British army at Lahore, where he was editor of the Lahore arm of The Civil and Military Gazette. Despite her parents' sojourn in India, they eventually returned to England, having maintained ties to their native country.<mask> attended London University at nineteen years old in 1888, but did not graduate. In the 1891 England Census, <mask> is listed as residing at 35 Tavistock Crescent, Paddington, London with her mother. After Arthur's death in 1903, <mask> traveled extensively over the Continent with her maternal uncle, Heneage McKenzie Griffin, who was the owner of the Seven-Thirty silver mine in Boulder, Colorado and prominently involved in the mining industry as one of its richest entrepreneurs. They lived together from 1916–1939, until his death in Italy. Having been bequeathed her uncle's entire fortune, <mask> settled in Monte Carlo to live with female friends. She also had a residence at 8 Via Cantonale Legano, Switzerland. After her death in Milan, Italy, <mask> was buried beside her uncle in 1952.She left £87,304 10s 8d in her will. Writing career
<mask>'s most established pseudonym was Victoria Cross. According to The

masks:
Annie Sophie Cory
Vivian Cory
Annie Sophie Cory
Arthur Cory
Cory
Cory
Annie
Cory
Cory
Annie Sophie


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 Bookman, she chose this pseudonym, "because her initials are V.C. and...she is the descendent of a V.C." (Victoria Cross medal recipient). She had her first piece, Theodora, a Fragment, published in The Yellow Book in 1895. In the same year she wrote The Woman Who Didn't, a response to Grant Allen's book The Woman Who Did.Anna Lombard (1901) was her most successful novel, in which a woman convinces her husband to allow her to continue an extra-marital affair with an Indian. In Six Chapters of a Man's Life (1903), narrated by Cecil, an Englishman working in the East, details his love affair with Theodora, who accompanies him out of love to Port Said, Egypt, disguised for her safety as a male. Once her true sex is revealed to Egyptian males through an impulsive kiss from her lover, Theodora is assaulted and disfigured, returning to Cecil after a week spent as a captive in a brothel. Though their love endures, Theodora drowns herself to escape the shame of her experience. Reception
While praising Anna Lombard's "great success" despite its racy themes, William Thomas Stead reviewed its companion volume Life of my Heart (1905) with concern over its clear portrayal of interracial relationships as a positive development. He complained, "Victoria Cross has done a daring thing in thus exalting the sacrifice of everything for the love of a bronze archangel in disguise, and if she had not idealised her lover in the latter part of the book, she would have gone perilously near suggesting that the best thing a girl can do is to elope with the best-looking fellow – white or coloured makes no matter – who crosses her path...But what, in the name of


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 fortune, makes Victoria Cross so crazy about exalting the superiority of natives as husbands over the typical Anglo-Indian?" Describing the passion of <mask>'s plot and language in the recently published novel Tomorrow?(1904), The Navy and Army Illustrated remarks, "The image that comes to mind...is that of a falling star; a white-hot thing rushing straight and swift through darkness to be lost in darkness. There is no stopping or turning aside; all is straight, swift motion to the end, and the swifter the star travels through the gloom, the more friction there is, so to speak. Between passion and unhappiness, the whiter and fiercer it glowers...Miss Victoria Cross writes in a white heat of passion." A feminist utopian fantasy, Martha Brown MP (1935), <mask>'s last novel, describes a future in which women rule England. Themes
<mask>'s stories often detail behaviors and desires unusual in the Victorian period such as female cross-dressing, unbridled and unashamed sexual desire, longing for and fear of interracial sexual relationships, and questioning of traditional heterosexual gender roles for men and women. Legacy
Though her reputation as a writer of New Woman fiction is now more obscure, <mask> is remembered chiefly as an author of decadent literature. Fate Knows No Tears (2008) by Mary Talbot Cross is a fictional retelling of the life of <mask>'s sister Adela as a young woman in India; <mask> appears as a secondary character in the novel.Novels
The following list is taken from A Companion to On-line & Off-line Literature. The Woman Who Didn't (1895; original title: Consummation; retitled by John Lane for his Keynote series as a

masks:
Cory
Cory
Cory
Cory
Cory
Annie Sophie


texts:
 response to Grant Allen's The Woman Who Did)
 Paula (1896)
 A Girl of the Klondike (1899)
 Anna Lombard (1901)
 Six Chapters of a Man's Life (1903)
 To-morrow? (1904)
 The Religion of Evelyn Hastings (1905)
 Life of My Heart (1905)
 Six Women (1906)
 Life's Shop-Window (1907) Filmed (1914) as Life's Shop Window)
 Five Nights (1908)
 The Eternal Fires (1910)
 The Love of Kusuma (1910)
 Self and the Other (1911)
 The Life Sentence (1912)
 The Night of Temptation (1912)
 The Greater Law (a.k.a. Hilda Against The World) (1914)
 Daughters of Heaven (short stories, 1920)
 Over Life's Edge (1921)
 The Beating Heart (1924)
 Electric Love (1929)
 The Unconscious Sinner (a.k.a. The Innocent Sinner) (1931)
 A Husband's Holiday (1932)
 The Girl in the Studio (1934)
 Martha Brown, MP (1935)
 Jim (1937)

References
 Gail Cunningham: The New Woman and the Victorian Novel (Macmillan: London, 1978). Stephanie Forward: s.v. "Victoria Cross(e)".The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English, ed. Lorna Sage (CUP: Cambridge, 1999). Footnotes

Further reading
 Mitchell, Charlotte Victoria Cross (1868–1952): A Bibliography

External links

Works by or about Victoria Cross at HathiTrust
Works by or about Victoria Cross at Google Books
The Woman Who Didn't
Victoria Cross – Victorian Fiction Research Guides
The forgotten English poet buried in India – final paragraphs discuss <mask> <mask>

1868 births
1952 deaths
British women novelists
19th-century British novelists
19th-century British women writers
20th-century British novelists
20th-century British women writers
Pseudonymous women writers
19th-century pseudonymous writers
20th-century pseudonymous

masks:
Annie Sophie
Cory


texts:
<mask> was a lawyer and judge in Perry County, Kentucky. He was one of the central players involved in the French–Eversole Feud from 1887 to 1894 in Perry County. <mask> was assassinated on September 23, 1894 in Hazard, the county seat. Early life

<mask> was born on November 25, 1832 to <mask> (1798–1874) and Mary 'Polly' (Boling<mask> (1801–1875) of Hazard, Perry County, Kentucky. His father, <mask>, was the Clerk of Perry County, Kentucky. He is the grandson of <mask> (1770–1855) the founder of Hazard and Perry County, Kentucky. <mask> married Elizabeth 'Polly' Ann Mattingly on July 9, 1853, in Hazard.<mask> and his wife had at least six children:

William Jesse <mask> (1853–1938)
<mask>
<mask> (1855–1947) married politician Joseph C. Eversole
<mask> (1857–1919) married French supporter Elijah Morgan
<mask> (1859–1886) married Ira Jesse Davidson (2nd leader of the Eversole faction)
Mary Ellen <mask> (1860–1900)

Involvement in the French–Eversole Feud

Numerous books and media accounts have been recorded about the French-Eversole Feud and the various battles between supporters of Joseph C. Eversole and Benjamin Fulton French. <mask> was the father-in-law of Joseph C. Eversole. He was also an Officer of the Court and had an obligation to the law. On February 15, 1887, a fight broke out in Hazard, Kentucky between Joe Eversole and an itinerant mountain preacher, William 'Bill' Gambriel (or Gambrel), a French supporter. After a short exchange and a physical altercation, Gambriel was fired upon by Eversole supporters. Eventually, Gambriel was wounded by the Eversole men. As Gambriel was wounded, Joe Eversole shot him in the head killing him instantly.French supporters insisted that Joe Eversole be arrested. Eversole forces said that Gambriel pulled a gun and that the shooting was self-defense. <mask> refused to issue a warrant and thereby became a partisan for the Eversole side of

masks:
Josiah Henry Combs
Combs
Josiah
Jesse Combs
) Combs
Jesse Combs
Elijah Combs
Josiah
Combs
Combs
Nancy Combs
Susan Combs
Sarah Combs
Martha Combs
Combs
Josiah Combs
Combs


texts:
 the feud. Eventually, <mask> and his family were forced to leave Hazard for safety reasons. Governor Simon B. Buckner sent troops into Hazard several times. In 1889 the 'Battle of Hazard' occurred and Hazard was occupied. After four years of tranquility, <mask> decided to return to Hazard over the objections of his friends.Not long after he arrived a group of French supporters hiding in a corn field, opened fire on <mask>, killing him at the door to his home. Eventually the man who fired the shot, Joseph Adkins was indicted, tried, and convicted. His accomplices, including Benjamin Fulton French were indicted but not convicted. The 1917 book "Famous Kentucky Feuds and Tragedies" by Chas. G. Mutzenbery provided this account (roughly 13 years after Judge <mask>' assassination):

 The Murder was committed in broad-open daylight, in plain view of many townspeople and also from ambush. At the moment the fatal shot was fired, the old man was engaged with several of his friends and neighbors in common place conversation. Within a few feet of the group of men stood a fence enclosing a lot planted with corn, which together with the thick and tall growth of weeks and bushes, offered the assassins admirable opportunity to approach their victim to within a very few feet without danger of discovery.No one noticed the slight rustling of the corn blades. Not one saw the hand that parted them skillfully to make way for the gun which accomplished its deadly work. There was a puff of smoke, a loud report and <mask> reeled. Suddenly he straightened himself up, stood apparently undecided for a moment then walked across the street toward home. At its threshold he sank to the ground and expired without a groan. The Murderers had evidently been determined to guard against any possible blunders which had on former occasions, saved the old man's life. From the moment the shot was fired up to the time the

masks:
Combs
Combs
Combs
Combs
Judge Combs


texts:
 old man fell dead, the murderous gun continually covered him, ready for instant service should it appear that the first shot had not been fatal.After the victim had fallen to the ground, the principal assassins deliberately walked to the rear of the lot. Here he was joined by one of his confederates. A third had already opened fire and continued a fusillade from across the river for the evident purpose of pretending the presence of a larger force and thus by intimidation to prevent pursuit. The three confederates then proceeded calmly down the river. Their retreat was deliberate. At no time did them exhibit the slightest apprehension of danger or fear of pursuers. Conviction and trial of the accused

In this same 1917 book was a summary of the conviction and trial of the accused though in the end, no one was really punished by the courts.Joe Adkins was convicted and was supposed to serve life but was released under mysterious circumstances. Several of the eyewitnesses of the tragedy and several members of the pursuing posse had recognized Joe Adkins, Jesse Fields and one Boon Frazier as the fugitives. Joe Adkins was the man who had fired the fatal shot which took the life of the old man <mask>. The three parties mentioned were in due time indicted. Adkins and Fields were arrested. Frazier was never caught. The case against Adkins and Fields were transferred to another district in Kentucky for trial.The best legal talent of the state participated in the famous trial. Honorable WCP Breckenridge a lawyer and orate of national fame had been retained as counsel for the defense. Fields and Adkins had been French men all through the feud, in fact, had been among his most trusted lieutenants since its commencement. Rumor therefore quickly associated the name of French with the murder of Judge <mask>. French stoutly denied any complicity in this affair. Then, like a thunderbolt from a

masks: Combs Combs


texts: clear sky, came the startling intelligence that Tom Smith, another French warrior, had given out a confession which seriously compromised French. Smith was then under sentence of death, at Jackson, Breathitt County, for the murder of Dr. John E. Rader.As is usual with doomed felons, he became converted and sought to wash his sin stained soul whiter than snow by a confession. It set forth that he had been present at the home of Jesse Fields on Buckhorn Creek, Breathitt County, at the time when French, Adkins and Fields discussed and perfected plans for the assassination of <mask>; that he, Smith, would have assisted in the dastardly murder but for a wound which he had a short time before received in a pistol duel with Town Marshal Mann on the streets of Jackson. This confession resulted in French also being indicted. The confession itself was of no importance from a legal standpoint. It was however materially assisted and strengthened the prosecution by uncovering certain circumstances of which it might otherwise have remained in ignorance. The friends of the murdered judge pointed out with emphasis and logic that Smith had always been a French Confederate, had fought for him and taken life for him; that he had told the truth about his participation in the murders of Joe Eversole, <mask>, <mask>, Robin Cornett, McKnight and Doctor Rader. Was there any reason, they asked, why Smith should have lied in regard to French’s complicity in the murder of <mask>, yet had told the truth concerning all other things.Why, they argued, should Smith desire the ruin of his friend, his companion in arms, his chieftain, and accomplish it by false statements, when the truth would save him? French was indicted, tried and acquitted. On the first trial of Adkins and Fields both received life sentences. The cases were taken to the Court of Appeals and there, in an exhaustive opinion reversed. The second

masks:
Judge Combs
Nick Combs
Shade Combs
Judge Combs


texts:
 trials resulted in a life sentence for Adkins and the acquittal of Jesse Fields. Adkins however, had been a free man again, lo-these many years. A life sentence in Kentucky is not what it seems.Thus ends the last act of the bloody drama – the assassination of Judge <mask>. He was murdered because he had espoused the cause of Joe Eversole at the breaking out of the war. <mask> was assassinated on September 23, 1894 the last murder from that local civil war. Final justice

A number of books outline that most people believed that B. Fulton French was responsible for the murders of Joseph C. Eversole, his father-in-law, <mask> <mask>, and many others. In 1913 (19 years after the death of Judge Josah <mask>), French accidentally ran into Joe Eversole's widow, <mask> Eversole in the lobby of a hotel in Elkatawa, Kentucky (near Jackson, Kentucky). With Mrs. Eversole was her youngest son, Harry C. Eversole then 28 years old. Harry was both the son of Joseph C. Eversole and the grandson of Judge <mask> <mask>.When French spoke to Mrs. Eversole, Harry pulled out a revolver and aware that French wore a bullet proof vest – shot him in the spleen. French initially recovered from his wounds and the Court fined Harry C. Eversole $75 for disturbing the peace. Susan Eversole paid the fine. In 1915, a little over a year after the shooting, French died from complications from the wound and was buried at the Winchester Cemetery in Clark County. While French never went to prison for the crime of orchestrating the Eversole clan murders, Harry was never tried for Fulton French's murder. Media articles
During the period from 1886 when notice arrived of Benjamin Fulton French amassing a private army to assassinate Joseph C. Eversole the public and media followed the twists and turns of the French–Eversole Feud and the various trials, battles, indictments, convictions, re-trials, and death of the

masks:
Combs
Josiah
Josiah Henry
Combs
Combs
Susan Combs
Josiah Henry
Combs


texts:
<mask> (born February 27, 1963) is a  former American college basketball coach whose most recent position was head coach at Wichita State University. <mask> has coached his teams to appearances in the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament in twelve of his eighteen years as a head coach. He is the winningest head coach in Wichita State and Winthrop history with 331 and 194 wins, respectively. He resigned on November 17, 2020, after an internal investigation following allegations by multiple former players detailing physical and verbal abuse at the hands of <mask>. <mask> was paid a settlement of $7,750,000 by Wichita State for his resignation. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Greenwood, South Carolina. He went to Cave Spring High School in Roanoke, Virginia, where he graduated in 1981 and was a 6'2", 145-pound point guard on the Knights' basketball team.He graduated from Randolph–Macon College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and business in 1985. At Randolph-Macon, he became a brother of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. He later received his master's degree in sport management from the University of Richmond in 1987. He is married to Lynn Munday of Bellingham. Coaching career

Assistant
<mask> spent two years (1985–1987) as an assistant at his alma mater, Randolph-Macon College, in Ashland, Virginia, and another year as an assistant at Belmont Abbey College during the 1987–88 season. He then spent eight years under John Kresse at the College of Charleston from 1988 to 1996, where the program received an at-large 1994 NCAA bid, and NIT invitations in 1995 and 1996. He became an assistant coach at Marshall University, serving from 1996 to 1998.Winthrop
<mask> became the head coach at Winthrop University in 1998, and led the Winthrop Eagles men's basketball team to seven NCAA tournament appearances and transformed a previously undistinguished program into a

masks:
Michael Gregg Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall


texts: mid-major powerhouse. In his first season at Winthrop in 1998–99, he compiled a record of 19–8 (9–1 in Big South Conference play), coaching the Eagles to their first regular season Big South title. They went on to win the Big South Conference Tournament, earning the Eagles their first-ever bid to the NCAA Tournament. As a No. 16 seed, the team lost to the No. 1 seed Auburn Tigers in the first round, 80–41. During his nine seasons at Winthrop, <mask> coached the team to six regular season titles (1999, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007), seven Big South Tournament titles (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007), six 20-win seasons (1999, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007), and was named Big South Coach of the Year four times (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007).In 2006, he became the all-time most successful coach in Winthrop men's basketball history. During the 2006–07 season, <mask> became the first coach in the history of the Big South Conference to have his team go undefeated in conference play. The 2006 NCAA Tournament matched No. 15 seed Winthrop against the No. 2 seed Tennessee Volunteers, the Southeastern Conference Eastern Division champion, in the first round. Winthrop led for much of the game, only to lose 63–61 on a long jump shot with 2.9 seconds remaining. In 2007, <mask> became the first Big South coach to win an NCAA first round tournament game by defeating No.6 seed Notre Dame. <mask>'s success at the mid-major level created a lot of speculation that he could be a contender for the coaching position at North Carolina State University, which was vacated with the departure of Herb Sendek. Sidney Lowe, a former NC State player and former head coach of the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves and Memphis Grizzlies, was eventually named the head coach of the Wolfpack. <mask> accepted an offer to coach the College of Charleston in June 2006 but changed his mind after the press conference introducing him as

masks: Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall


texts:
 coach and returned to Winthrop. Wichita State
<mask> was named head coach at Wichita State University on April 14, 2007  In his fourth season at WSU, <mask> lead the Shockers to the NIT Championship, defeating Alabama in the finals. Under <mask>, Wichita State broke into the AP Top 25 poll on February 13, 2012, the first time since December 25, 2006, and only the second time since 1983. In 2012, Wichita State made its first appearance in the NCAA tournament since the 2005–06 season, receiving an at-large bid.The Shockers were matched as a No. 5 seed versus the No. 12 seed VCU Rams, but the Shockers lost 59–62. In the 2012–13 season, <mask> led the Shockers to their first Final Four since 1965, defeating the AP #1, #7, and #20 teams in the country to win the West Regional. In 2013–14, <mask> led Wichita State to arguably the greatest season in school history. The Shockers steamrolled through the regular season, becoming the second Division I team to start a regular season with 30 consecutive wins (31–0). They rose as high as second in both major polls in late February, the highest that a Shocker team has been ranked since 1981.On March 9, 2014, Wichita State finished their regular season and the Missouri Valley Conference Tournament with a record of 34–0, heading into the NCAA Tournament undefeated. That record ties an NCAA Division I Men's basketball record, held by the UNLV, set in 1991. Wichita State later went on to win their first game of the 2014 NCAA Tournament versus Cal Poly 64–37. The Shockers were 35–0, becoming the first team in Men's Division I basketball history to start with 35 wins and zero losses. In the third round of the tournament they squared off against Kentucky. Wichita State lost the game 76–78, ending their perfect run. They finished the 2013–14 season at 35–1.In October 2020, The Athletic reported that <mask> was under investigation by Wichita State for misconduct.

masks: Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall


texts:
 On November 17, 2020, <mask> resigned from Wichita State. He will be paid a settlement of $7.75 million over six years. Lead assistant Isaac Brown was named head coach. Abuse investigation and resignation
On November 17, 2020, <mask> resigned as coach of Wichita State after multiple allegations of verbal and physical abuse spanning years. Wichita State announced an internal investigation on October 9 after several abuse allegations from both staff and players went public in reports on October 8 by The Athletic and Stadium. The allegations, some of which were corroborated by several players, included punching player Shaquille Morris during an October 2015 practice, as well as choking assistant Kyle Lindsted during the 2016–17 season.Other allegations detailed in The Athletic include <mask> telling a Native American player to "get back on his horse" and making "Indian howling noises" during the 2018–19 season. In an October 13 statement to the Wichita Eagle, <mask> wrote, "In response to the allegations put forward in the media, I simply state unequivocally that I have never physically struck a player or colleague. Allegations claiming otherwise are false." Head coaching record

See also
 List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach

References

External links

 Wichita State profile

1963 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Virginia
Basketball players from Virginia
Belmont Abbey Crusaders men's basketball coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
College of Charleston Cougars men's basketball coaches
Guards (basketball)
Marshall Thundering Herd men's basketball coaches
People from Greenwood, South Carolina
Randolph–Macon Yellow Jackets men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Roanoke, Virginia
Wichita State Shockers men's basketball coaches
Winthrop Eagles men's basketball coaches
American men's

masks: Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall


texts:
<mask> of Spain (; 4 June 1861 – 5 August 1879), daughter of Queen Isabella II of Spain and sister of King Alfonso XII, was an Infanta of Spain. At the age of seven, she accompanied her mother into exile in Paris, where she was educated at the College of the Sacred Heart. After the fall of Napoleon III, the royal family settled in Geneva. In 1875, with the restoration of the monarchy to her brother King Alfonso XII, she returned to Spain. Upon her mother's return to France, <mask> moved with her younger sisters Paz and Eulalia to the Royal Palace of Madrid. She completed her education under the supervision of her eldest sister Isabella, Princess of Asturias. There was a project to marry <mask> to the son of Napoleon III, Napoléon, Prince Imperial.The Empress of France, Eugenie, and Queen Isabella II were in favor of this union, but the young Prince Napoleon was killed in the Anglo-Zulu War. Two months later <mask>, age eighteen, died suddenly in Eskoriatza. Empress Eugenie took a wreath from her son's grave and sent it to <mask>'s gravesite in El Escorial. Early life

Born on 4 June 1861 at the Royal Palace of Madrid, Infanta <mask> was the third among the five children who survived infancy in the marriage of Queen Isabella II of Spain and the King consort Francisco de Asis of Bourbon, Duke of Cadiz. The infanta was christened the day following her birth as <mask> <mask> Berenguela Isabel Francisca de Asís Cristina Sebastiana Gabriela Francisca Caracciolo Saturnina. Her godparents were, her paternal aunt, Infanta Maria Cristina of

masks:
Infanta María del Pilar
Pilar
Infanta Pilar
Pilar
Pilar
Pilar
María del
Pilar


texts: Spain with her husband Infante Sebastian of Portugal and Spain, a couple who had married the previous year. Queen Isabella II, <mask>'s mother, paid little attention to her effeminate husband, the King consort Don Francisco, to whom she had been forced to marry at age sixteen.However, during their dysfunctional marriage, the Queen was pregnant twelve times. Historians and biographers have come to believe that King Francsico de Asis was not the biological father of most, if not all, the queen's children. Their paternity has been attributed to Isabella II's various lovers. Between 1859 and 1865, the queen's romantic attentions centered in the diplomat and politician Miguel Tenorio de Castilla (1818-1912). Twelve years older than Isabella II, Tenorio arrived at the court of Madrid in April 1859 as secretary to the queen. He was a widower with a son and with an extensive political career. His relationship with the queen was placid and he served her with loyalty and efficiency.In August 1865, he was dismissed from his post as both Leopoldo O'Donnell, president of the government, and his successor, <mask> Narváez, were weary of the influence Tenorio had over the queen. It is to Miguel Tenorio de Castilla that the paternity of Infanta <mask>, and her younger sisters, Paz and Infanta Eulalia are more frequently assigned. However, King Francisco recognized as his all of the children born during his troubled marriage. Four daughters and one son survived infancy. Infanta <mask> was his favorite and the one to whom he felt closer. Infanta <mask>

masks:
Pilar
Ramón María
Pilar
Pilar
Pilar


texts:
 spent her early year in the formal atmosphere of the Spanish court. Until age four, she was raised by a wet nurse who had been carefully chosen.At the age of seven, her education was placed under the supervision of the Duchess of Berwick and Alba. By that time, the stability of Isabella's II reign was shaky. The queen lost, in quick succession, the two most prominent politician of her government. Leopold O'Donell died in November 1867 and Narvaez in April 1868, while still presiding the government. In the summer 1868, after spending some days in the Palace of la Granja, the Spanish royal family moved to the Cantabrian Coast. They went to Lekeitio to spend time sea bathing, which had been prescribed to the queen as she suffered from a skin condition. <mask> was then seven years old.Her constant companions were her sisters Paz, age six, and Eulalia age four. Their brother Alfonso, age ten, was educated separately as he was the heir to the throne. <mask>'s eldest sister, Infanta Isabella had been married off to her cousin the Count of Girgenti in May and she was abroad on her wedding trip. While the royal family was in Lekeitio, a military upsiring broke out. On 28 September, the defeat of the royalist troops headed by general Novaliches in the battle of Alcolea sealed the end of the Queen's reign. Two days later, the Spanish royal family crossed the border by train to Biarritz. Exile

The first home of the Spanish royal family in exile was the Château de Pau, a renaissance castle that had been the birthplace of <mask>'s ancestor Henry

masks: Pilar Pilar Pilar


texts: IV of France.The Château de Pau was conveniently located close to the Spanish border and it was given to them as temporary residence by Napoleon III. As the castle was very uncomfortable, the deposed Spanish royals lived there no more than a month. Isabella II decided to settle in Paris where she bought the Palace Basilweski in the avenue du Roi-de-Rome. Located near the Arc de Triomphe, the Palace Basilweski was renamed the Palace of Castille and became the home in exile for Infanta <mask> and her family. Away from the formality of the Spanish court, life in exile allowed more freedom to Infanta <mask> and her sisters. They became the first Spanish princesses no to be educated under the confines of a palace. Infantas <mask>, Paz and Eulalia were enrolled at the Sacré-Coeur, a Catholic school run by nuns in la rue de Varnnes.Although the Sacre couer was a boarding school, the three infantas went to class there daily while remaining living at the Palace of Castile. French soon became their first language. Isabella II, who resented that her own mother had neglected her, was devoted to her children. The reduced household and the proximity brought by the exile made the relationship between the queen and her three younger daughters closer. <mask>'s brother was sent to study in Vienna while their eldest sister lived in Switzerland with her husband. On the second anniversary of their arrival in France, the fall of the monarchy of Napoleon III and the disturbances in Paris forced Queen Isabella II and her children to leave the city on

masks: Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar


texts:
 September 29, 1871. They spent the next year living at the Hotel de la paix in Geneva, Switzerland.On November 26, 1871, <mask>'s brother in law, the Count of Girgenti committed suicide. In August 1872, a month after the commune was dissolved, the queen decided to return to Paris. Their residence, the Palace of Castille, had survived the disturbances. However, used as a hospital, its interiors and decorations had been destroyed requiring extensive renovations. Back in Paris, <mask>, who was eleven year old, returned to take classes at the Sacré-Coeur for two more years, leading a quiet family life. During a visit to Rome in 1873, Infanta <mask> and her sisters received their first communion from the hands of Pope Pius IX. On December 29, 1874, <mask> <mask>'s brother, Alfonso XII, was called to the Spanish throne after a pronunciamiento by Martinez Campos established him a king, ending the First Spanish Republic.The Spanish royal family was then reunited in Paris to celebrate New Year's Eve.<ref name = "Rubio 187">Rubio,  La Chata, p. 187.</ref> On 14 January 1875, Alphonso XII arrived in Spain, he was followed in March by Infanta Isabella, who was proclaimed Princess of Asturia. <mask>, then thirteen years old, remained living in France with her mother and younger sisters while all waited to be called back to Spain by the new government. Return to Spain

Antonio Cánovas <mask>, President of the Council of minister, finally authorized the return to the deposed Queen of Spain in the summer 1876. After almost eight years living in

masks:
Pilar
Pilar
Pilar
Infanta
Pilar
Pilar
del Castillo


texts: exile, <mask> <mask> arrived from France by sea, landing in Santander on 30 July 1876 . She had turned fifteen years old the previous month. Her eldest siblings, King Alfonso XII and Isabella, Princess of Asturias welcomed them, but they left the city the same night. <mask>, with her mother and younger sisters, remained in Santander.They made a trip to Ontaneda to go sea bathing and later traveled from Santander to El Escorial by train. On 13 October, they visited Madrid for seven hours. Isabella II was not allowed by the government to live in Madrid so <mask> her mother and sisters stayed at El Escorial until Isabella II decided to settle with her younger daughters in Seville. For almost a year, between November 1876 and September 1877 <mask> lived with her mother and sisters at the Alcázar of Seville. Shortly after they arrived in Andalusia, <mask>'s uncle, the Duke of Montpesier also came to live in the city with his family. <mask> and her sisters frequented their cousins, the sons and daughters of their aunt Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain and the Duke of Montpesier who had arrived from exile in France almost at the same time settling at the palace of San Telmo in Seville. <mask>'s eldest sibling King Alfonso XII and Isabella, Princess of Asturias came to Seville on a visit, spending eastern 1877 with them.Alfonso XII, in love with their cousin Mercedes of Orleans, asked her hand in marriage. Isabella II opposed this union as she hated her brother-in-law who had spent a large fortune to help depose her. Upset with her son's choice

masks: Infanta Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar


texts:
 of a bride and feeling neglected in Seville, in August, Isabella II decided to return to Paris and lived there permanently. On September 28, 1877, <mask> <mask>, Paz and Eulalia moved to Madrid living at the Royal Palace of Madrid with their eldest siblings. In November, Isabella left Spain for Paris. <mask> never saw her mother again. In the fall 1877, a new life began for Infanta <mask> at the royal palace of Madrid where she had been born sixteen years earlier.Her education continued there under the supervision of her sister Isabella, Princess of Asturias. The three young Infantas lived in a wing of the royal palace separated from their two eldest siblings. This arrangement gave them some independence. Their care was supervised by the Marchioness of Santa Cruz. <mask> and her sister Paz, only one year her junior, were particularly close. Prospects of a marriage

On 23 January 1878, at the Basilica of Nuestra Señora de Atocha in Madrid, Alfonso XII married his first cousin, Princess Maria de las Mercedes. <mask>, Paz and Eulalia were close to their cousin and sister-in-law, but Mercedes's marriage was brief.She had a miscarriage and died six months into her marriage of gastric fever on 26 June 1878. <mask> and her sister went to Seville to visit their uncle. At this time there was a project to marriage <mask> to Prince Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre, a nephew of the Duke of Montpensier. He was a distant cousin. Isabella II opposed the idea, and the project did not go very far. <mask> <mask> was third in the line of succession as

masks: Infantas Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar Infanta Pilar


texts: neither King Alfonso XII nor Isabella, Princess of Asturias had children by then. With no direct heir to the throne of Spain, it was a matter of urgency to find a husband for <mask>.Since the years of exile in Paris, it had been a cherished project between Queen Isabella II and her friend the Empress Eugenie to arrange a marriage between their children <mask> and the Prince Imperial. As the project had been on the back burner due to the fall of the French Empire and the exile in England. Isabella II conceived the idea of an even more illustrious match for her daughter. Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, heir to the Austria-Hungary Empire, was in search of a wife. Isabella II had her son Alfonso XII extended an invitation to Rudolf to come to Spain. The archduke arrived on hunting expedition with his brother in-law Prince Leopold of Bavaria. Rudolph met Infanta <mask>, and he was surprised to find that she was blond with clear with eyes as he had thought that all Spanish women were brunettes, but he showed no particular interest in her, concentrating in game hunting.<mask> was hoping to marry Louis Napoelon, the French Imperial Prince. They had met as children when <mask> and her sister were sometimes invited to play with him at the Tuileries Palace. The prince was then living in exile in England. He was due to pay an official visit to Madrid on his return from South Africa, where he was fighting with the British troops in the Anglo-Zulu War. Before his return, he was killed in South Africa on 1 June 1879. <mask> was deeply distraught by

masks: Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar Pilar


texts:
 his death. She outlived him by only two months.Death

In the early summer 1879 it was organized that <mask>, Paz and Eulalia would spend some time in Eskoriatza, a small town known for its hot springs of mineral waters. On July 10 they arrived in Eskoriatza in the province of Gipuzkoa after a long and tiresome journey. In the following weeks, the sisters rested, leading a peaceful life dedicating their time to walks around the country side and reading. Infanta Paz noticed that <mask> looked pale and tired but since the sisters read each other's letters, Paz did not write about it to their eldest siblings to avoid alerting Pilar. On August 1 the local people arranged a little fiesta in the Infanta's honor. Wearing a white dress, and with a red beret on her head, <mask> attended the rustic fete and enjoyed its simple pleasures: donkey rides, bullocks and open-air dancing. That night, she complained of feeling tired.On August 3, <mask> did not feel well and she stayed in bed all day. At night while she was reading Graziella by Alphonse de Lamartine, she had an acute attack of convulsions, lost consciousness, and never woke up again. She died, probably of tuberculous meningitis. However, the official medical report was diagnosed with serious effusion. She was buried a few days later in El Escorial. King Alfonso XII and his sister Isabella arrived too late to see her alive. "Everyone", wrote the Infanta Paz afterwards, "loved <mask> best of all".<mask> herself was hoping to marry the Prince Imperial of France, nicknamed Loulou. On the day


texts:
 of his death, June 1, 1879, a pressed violet - the flower of the Bonapartes - is said to have fallen out of <mask>'s prayer book and to have broken at the stalk. According to that legend, when <mask> learned of his death some weeks later, she pined away and died of a broken heart. The Empress Eugénie wrote from Camden on August 9, 1879, to her mother the Countess of Montijo "I have received a terrible blow with the death of Infanta <mask> who was so close to my son. You tell me that she felt sick after a dance in Eskoriatza. Could God have truly decided to take these two souls destined one to another." The Empress Eugénie took one of the wreaths from his son's burial and sent it to <mask>'s in El Escorial.Infanta Paz, who was seventeen at the time, was deeply affected by her sister's death. Years later, the Infanta Paz married Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria, and decided to call her only daughter <mask> <mask> <mask> of Spain
: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa

Ancestry

References

 Bibliography
Aronson, Theo. Venganza real: la Corona de España, 1829–1965. Ed.Grijalbo, 1968. Baviera, S.A.R.Princesa Pilar de; Chapman-Huston, Comandante Desmond. Alfonso XIII. Col. "Z"
Infanta Paz. Cuatro revoluciones e intemedios: Setenta años de mi vida. Espasa-Calpe, Madrid, 1935. Infanta Eulalia; Memorias de Doña Eulalia de Borbón, Infanta de España (1864–1931). Ed.Juventud, 1954. Rubio, <mask>. La Chata: La Infanta Isabel de Borbón y la Corona de España''. Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 2003. External links

1861 births
1879

masks:
Pilar
Pilar
Pilar
Pilar
Pilara
María del
Pilar
María José


texts:
<mask> (1864–1938) was an American civil engineer responsible for the construction of a number of bridges in the boroughs of New York. He was of Irish descent. Biography
<mask> was born in New York, N. Y., on January 27, 1864, the son of Frederick John and Susan Mary (Power<mask>, and the descendant of an old New York family of Irish heritage. Educated in the Public Schools of the city, he was graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1884. Engineering career

<mask> began his civil engineering career in 1886 with the New York City Aqueduct Commission on the construction of the Croton Water Supply System. It is of interest that on this project he met Robert Ridgway, who also was destined to become a distinguished engineer and an outstanding civil servant. From 1889 to the close of 1897, <mask> worked on highways and bridges for the old Department of Public Works of New York City.On January 1, 1898, he joined the Department of Bridges and began a striking and noteworthy service which ended in November, 1933, with his resignation from the position of Chief Engineer of the Department of Plant and Structures (the successor of the Bridge Department), in order to assume the duties of Chief Engineer of the Triborough Bridge. His thirty-six years of service in the Department of Bridges, and its successor, the Department of Plant and Structures, may be divided into two periods. 1898 - 1911

During this period, he was in charge of bridge construction and maintenance, supervising the construction of the Willis Avenue Bridge over the Harlem River, the Vernon Avenue Bridge, the Borden Avenue and Hunters Point Bridges over Dutch Kills, and the old bridge over Flushing River. 1912 onwards
The second

masks:
Edward Abraham Byrne
Byrne
) Byrne
Edward Byrne
Byrne


texts:
 period began with his assumption of the office of Deputy Chief Engineer in 1912,  followed by his appointment as Chief Engineer in 1915. At the close of World War I, the Department of Plant and Structures began a period of intense activity which was cut short only by the Great Depression of 1930. Not less than fifteen new bridges of major importance, of which ten were of the bascule type, were built in this period. In addition, under <mask>'s direction, the Department designed and constructed a number of large incinerator plants and many other structures for the several departments of the City.He increased the capacity of the Manhattan and Queensboro Bridges over the East River by the construction of additional vehicular roadways on their upper decks. Triborough Bridge

<mask> was greatly preoccupied with the study of traffic facilities. As far back as 1916 he conceived the idea of the Triborough Bridge to link the Boroughs of Manhattan, Bronx, and Queens. He fostered this idea until he thought the time was ripe for its materialization. The actual work on the foundations and anchorages was begun in 1929 under his direction, while Chief Engineer of the Department of Plant and Structures. Then, in November, 1933, upon the organization of the Triborough Bridge Authority, he became its first Chief Engineer. There is no doubt that <mask> looked upon the construction of the Triborough Bridge as the culmination of his career, but he was forced to relinquish his post in February, 1934, only several months after he had entered upon it with such high anticipation.Primarily, <mask> was an engineer and executive, and because of character, integrity, and devotion, held his position, independent of politics,

masks: Byrne Byrne Byrne Byrne


texts:
 throughout successive administrations. The administration headed by Fiorello H. La Guardia assumed the Mayor's office on January 1, 1934, with a mandate for a "clean sweep", and the complete reorganization of the Triborough Bridge Authority was among the changes which followed. "It is fitting that credit for the initiation of the Triborough Bridge should be accorded <mask>". Newspaper Article from The New York Sun (dated July 11th, 1936)
Letter to the Editor of The New York Sun (dated July 16th, 1936)
Letter to the Editor of The New York Sun (dated July 20th, 1936)

Other New York City Projects

Another instance of <mask>'s active concern with traffic facilities is his advocacy of a vehicular tunnel from the Battery to Hamilton Avenue, in Brooklyn, N. Y., by way of Governors Island. He prepared preliminary plans for this project which was an exceedingly live story in 1939. In 1929, also, he prepared preliminary plans and estimates for a vehicular tunnel under the East River from Manhattan Island at Thirty-eight Street to the Borough of Queens. Personal life
<mask> was married to Elizabeth Mary Dillon in 1902.She died in 1912, leaving him two young sons. <mask> did not remarry. He participated in the lives of his children until they were safely through college. <mask> was deeply religious and loyally attached to the Roman Catholic Church. He possessed power, energy, and a driving force which overcame apparently unsurmountable obstacles. The uncompromising integrity with which he conducted his responsible office was felt throughout his department. Beneath an exterior which years of command and responsibility had rendered somewhat stern, he fostered a kindly, generous, and charitable disposition – always

masks:
Edward Byrne
Byrne
Edward Byrne
Byrne
Byrne


texts:
 ready with help and sympathy for fellow humans in distress.His engineers will remember the pleasure he derived from the genial luncheon intermissions when out on some job. No matter how serious the business might have been, <mask> would relax completely and, with a generosity which became proverbial, play the host to his party. He was fond of the theater, particularly musical comedy, and delighted in attending football games and other sports. When his sons were at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, he attended religiously all the Notre Dame games, enthusiastically supporting them as any undergraduate. <mask> died in Rye, New York, on December 6, 1938, at the home of his son <mask>. He was buried in Calvary Cemetery, in Queens, Long Island, and thus his last ride was over the bridge which played so great a part in the drama of his last years. At the time, he was survived by two sons, <mask> and George Dillon; and by two granddaughters, Elizabeth and <mask>, the children of <mask>.Professional associations

<mask> was a Consulting Engineer of the New York State Bridge and Tunnel Commission, and of the Camden-Philadelphia Bridge. He was a Past-President of the Society of Municipal Engineers of New York; a Past-President of the Kings County Chapter of the New York State Society of Professional Engineers a member of the Brooklyn Engineers Club, and of the Catholic Club. He was a trustee of the Greenpoint Savings Bank. <mask> was elected a Member of the ASCE on April 16, 1918. External links
Vernon Avenue Bridge over Newtown Creek,
Borden Avenue Bridge
Hunters Point bridge

1864 births
1938 deaths
American people of Irish descent
American civil engineers
Catholics from New York (state)
Engineers from

masks:
Byrne
Edward Byrne
Edward
Edward
Barbara Byrne
Edward
Byrne
Byrne


texts:
<mask>, Jr. (born 1935, Chicago, Illinois) is an American trial and appellate lawyer and published historian. In his five-decade career as a litigator and partner at the international law firm Kirkland & Ellis, he has handled major U.S. civil and criminal trials and highly publicized international proceedings, such as those arising out of the Amoco Cadiz and Exxon Valdez oil spills. His legal work has been recognized by the Chambers & Partners and The Best Lawyers In America lawyer-rating directories, The New York Times and Chicago Tribune, and several books. In 1969–70, he served as a delegate to the Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention, which drafted the state's most recent constitution. <mask> has written two history books, Relative Strangers: Italian Protestants in the Catholic World (2011) and Creating the Land of Lincoln: The History and Constitutions of Illinois 1778-1870 (2018). The latter work won the Illinois State Historical Society's Russell P. Strange Book of the Year Award in 2019, in recognition of its contribution to the study of Illinois history. Early life and education
<mask>, Jr. was born in Chicago in 1935 to Italian-American parents, <mask>, Sr. and Mary (née Balma) <mask>.His two sets of grandparents emigrated from Italy, independently settling in a near-northwest side Italian neighborhood in Chicago less than two blocks from one another in 1904. Giacomo and Margherita Balma were Waldensians (an Italian Protestant movement) from the Italian northwest region of Piedmont; <mask> was a Catholic from Montemaggiore, Sicily who emigrated to Buffalo in 1893, where he met and married Antonina Panepinto, also a Catholic, from Valledolmo, Sicily. The two families remained unknown to one

masks:
Frank Cicero
Cicero
Frank Cicero
Frank
Cicero
Giuseppe Cicero


texts:
 another for nearly thirty years, until <mask>'s parents, <mask>, Sr. and Mary, met while working at the nearby LaMantia Brothers produce house. They courted and privately wed in early 1935 over the opposition of their families, due to religious and cultural (northern/southern Italy) differences. <mask>, Jr. and his siblings, James and Nancy, were raised in his mother's Protestant faith; his family's unique history served as the springboard and subject of his first book. After his family moved to suburban Western Springs, <mask>, Jr. became the first in his family to go to high school or college, attending Lyons Township High School in La Grange and Amherst College in Massachusetts (1953–4), before transferring to Wheaton College in Illinois, where he earned a Bachelor's Degree in Political Science (1957). After marrying Jan (née Pickett) <mask> in 1959, <mask> enrolled at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, where he earned a Master in Public Affairs degree in 1962.That fall, they returned to Chicago and <mask> attended the University of Chicago Law School (J.D., 1965), where he was chosen for the Board of Editors of the Law Review and selected for the Order of the Coif. In 1965, he was hired by the Chicago-founded international law firm, Kirkland & Ellis (then named Kirkland, Ellis, Hodson, Chaffetz, & Masters). Legal career
<mask> has been a member of Kirkland & Ellis for more than five decades as a litigator, partner (since 1970), and senior partner. He has handled major civil and criminal trials in U.S. federal and state courts as well as international arbitrations and litigations. He represented Skidmore Owings & Merrill before the Iranian-American Claims

masks: Cicero Frank Cicero Frank Cicero Cicero Cicero Cicero


texts:
 Tribunal in The Hague (1981–2) and corporations such as Abbott Laboratories, Ameritech, Amoco, BP, General Motors, Nissan and Price Waterhouse, in cases that range from antitrust and trade regulation to environmental issues to trademark claims. <mask>'s work has been recognized in several editions of the lawyer-rating directories The Best Lawyers In America, and Chambers & Partners America's Leading Business Lawyers, as well as in the books, Superwreck (1987), which details the Amoco Cadiz oil spill, and The Man Who Beat Clout City (1977), about a landmark police discrimination suit. Chambers & Partners identified <mask> as "the elder statesman" at K&E, highlighting his litigation and defense experience, strategic advice, and oversight of major cases.The Chicago Tribune described him as "one of the top corporate trial lawyers in Chicago;" in an interview, Senior U.S. District Judge Prentice H. Marshall named him among "the great lawyers" that appeared before him. After Richard M. Daley's election as mayor in 1989, <mask> was widely mentioned as a candidate to succeed him as interim Cook County State's Attorney. In 2009, <mask> was among the nation's lawyers honored by Best Lawyers at its 25th anniversary event. Notable cases
In 1975, <mask> became the chief litigator representing the Chicago Afro-American Patrolmen's League (AAPL) and Renault Robinson in a civil suit (United States v. City of Chicago, 395 F. Supp. 329) against the Chicago Police Department regarding racial discrimination in hiring, promotion, assignment and discipline. Author and Chicago Defender editor Robert McClory described <mask> in the courtroom as quick on his feet and "extraordinarily authoritative yet non-threatening," a "perfect

masks: Cicero Cicero Cicero Cicero Cicero Cicero


texts:
 foil" to the city's often overbearing defense attorney. In Judge Prentice Marshall's 1976 ruling—which impacted police integration cases across the country—Cicero won damages and injunctions regulating future hiring, promotion and conduct.From 1978–1992, <mask> represented Amoco in U.S. and European proceedings brought by various French parties over damages resulting from the oil spill of the supertanker Amoco Cadiz off the coast of Brittany in 1978. Authors Yvon Rochard and Alphonse Arzel, a senator and leader in the proceedings for the French, described <mask> as thorough, highly informed, forceful and "ruthless." According to author Rudolph Chelminski, <mask> Espanoles, and that the spill's effects were worsened by the incompetence of French authorities in preparedness and response. In the initial 1984 court decision, Amoco was found liable, however <mask>os also found responsible, and in limiting damages based on incompetent clean-up efforts. After several appeals, Amoco agreed to pay $200 million in 1992, a figure much lower than the French claim, which amounted to $1.6 billion. Cicero also represented BP in proceedings resulting from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. BP was sued for damages as the principal owner of Alyeska, which participated in response efforts and operated the crude oil pipeline from North Slope of Alaska to the station where the tanker was loaded.Legal writing and lecturing
<mask> has written journal articles and book chapters on a variety of legal matters, and lectured before state and federal bar associations, the University of Chicago Law School, the National Institute of Trial Advocacy, Harvard Law School Trial Practice Institute, and others. His article, "Personal Jurisdiction

masks: Cicero Cicero Cicerotilleros Cicerotiller Cicero


texts:
 and Service," serves as a chapter in the book Business and Commercial Litigation in Federal Courts (1998), and his articles on final argument and verdict strategy are published in The Litigation Manual: Trial (1999). History books
<mask>'s first book, Relative Strangers (2011), explores his family's Italian and religious roots through the immigrant journeys of his Waldensian Protestant and Catholic grandparents from Italy to Chicago, where their paths crossed with the meeting of his parents. It also traces the history of the Waldensians, who were a proto-Protestant reform sect founded in 12th-century Lyon, France and now centered in Piedmont, Italy; they were declared heretics in 1215 by the Catholic Church and persecuted in the centuries that followed by the Medieval Inquisition and in massacres such as the Piedmontese Easter of 1655. Theologian Richard Peace calls the book "a rich read" that points to ways to overcome religious division. Author Scott Turow describes it as "part personal memoir, part history of religion and always compelling reading. It illustrates yet again the diversity of the human family and the unpredictable paths taken by the quest for faith."<mask>'s second book, Creating the Land of Lincoln (2018), details neglected aspects of Illinois's political history by studying its 19th-century constitutional conventions and constitutions, which recast the state from one destined as an extension of the American South into a northern stronghold. Professor and reviewer Todd E. Pettys describes it as "carefully researched and engagingly written" and relevant to "those interested in nineteenth-century politics of race in the Midwest, the forces that placed Douglas and Lincoln on the nation's

masks: Cicero Cicero


texts:
 political stage." <mask> isolates key debates and actions and their effects, such as a boundary change written into the initial 1818 constitution that extended Illinois north to include the future Chicago and waterways access, or a controversial provision allowing so-called "voluntary" indenture contracts, which in essence maintained a form of slavery in the state. Together, these events attracted and emboldened North-oriented European and New England commercial settlers who later enabled the rise of Lincoln's Republican Party and passage of the state's progressive 1870 constitution, which remained in effect for 100 years. Public service
<mask> served as an elected delegate to the Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention, which drafted the state's current, 1970 constitution. The document included key bans on discrimination by race, color, creed, national ancestry and sex, protective measures for women and the disabled, and provisions for home rule. <mask> also served as a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention.In 1990, he established the <mask>, Jr. Faculty Fund at the University of Chicago Law School, which supports faculty research. <mask> is a trustee of the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center and Newberry Library in Chicago, and previously served as a trustee for the Nature Conservancy of Colorado and the American Waldensian Society. Personal life
<mask> has been married to <mask> since 1959. They have two daughters, <mask> and <mask>, born in 1965 and 1970. In 1974, Jan opened Jan Cicero Gallery, initially operating out of their newly purchased Evanston home. She relocated the gallery to Chicago's downtown area in 1977, eventually settling in the River North gallery district.In 1987, they

masks:
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Frank Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Jan Cicero
Erica Cicero
Caroline Cicero


texts:
 built a home in the mountains outside of Telluride, Colorado and Jan opened a second gallery there. She ceased all gallery operations in 2003. The <mask>s continue to live in Evanston, Illinois. References

Lawyers from Chicago
American legal scholars
Writers from Chicago
Writers from Evanston, Illinois
Corporate lawyers
University of Chicago Law School alumni
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni
1935 births
Living


texts:
<mask> (; born 8 June 1961) is a Colombian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and current manager of Categoría Primera A club América de Cali. <mask> began his playing career with Deportivo Pereira in 1982, and went on to play for Brazilian club Internacional in 1984 before returning to his native Colombia a year later, ultimately retiring in 1987 at the age of 26 due to injury. Nicknamed El Recreacionista (The Recreationist in Spanish) due to his unorthodox training methods, <mask> held various assistant coaching jobs before beginning his managerial career in 2006 with Millonarios, moving abroad the following year to manage Major League Soccer teams Chicago Fire and New York Red Bulls, leading the latter to their first conference title in 2008. He managed Once Caldas in 2010 and led them to a league title, as well as managing Atlético Nacional in 2012 and winning numerous championships. In October 2015 he was named as manager of the Mexico national team, a post he held until July 2018. Early life
After playing for Deportivo Pereira and Internacional, <mask> moved to the USA and represented University of New Haven's New Haven Chargers from 1985 to 1986. He graduated from Southern Connecticut State University in 1990 with a B.A.in Exercise Science. <mask> also holds a diploma in Science and Football from Liverpool John Moores University, a UEFA "A" coaching license from the English FA, and a coaching certificate from the Royal Netherlands Football Association. Managerial career

Assistant
<mask> <mask> began his coaching career during the 1998–1999 season joining the Staten Island Vipers as their assistant/conditioning coach. He would then join the MetroStars staff during the 2000 season under Octavio Zambrano. He would go on to join English club Manchester City as conditioning coach in June 2001. Millonarios
In 2006, <mask> started his career as a manager when he was hired by Millonarios in

masks:
Juan Carlos Osorio Arbeláez
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Juan Carlos
Osorio
Osorio


texts:
 his native Colombia. He led the Bogotá-based club to an 11-6-7 record during the 2007 Finalizacion (closing) season and a fourth-place finish out of 18 teams in the Mustang Cup.In 2007, he was the recipient of the DIMAYOR (División Mayor del Fútbol Colombiano) Excellence in Football Coaching award becoming the first coach to win that award in his first year of coaching. Chicago Fire
In July 2007 he was appointed manager of Major League Soccer side Chicago Fire. He took over a last-place team and led them to a playoff spot. He also helped Chicago orchestrate a first-round series victory against D.C. United, which entered the playoffs with the best record in MLS. On 10 December, the Chicago Fire announced that <mask> had resigned due to "family reasons". In his short time with the Fire, <mask> went 6-3-6 in the league, 7-5-7 across all competitions and led the team to the Conference Final for the sixth time in nine seasons. New York Red Bulls

Eight days after resigning from the Chicago Fire, <mask> was hired by the New York Red Bulls.The decision came after Red Bulls and Fire reached an agreement on compensation for <mask>. The Red Bulls had an up and down season in <mask>'s first season in charge of the club. After a promising start, the club qualified for the playoffs on the final day of the season and was seeded as a wild card into the Western Conference bracket. In the 2008 MLS Cup Playoffs, <mask> lead the club to their first ever MLS Cup final, defeating defending champion Houston Dynamo (4–1 on aggregate) and Real Salt Lake 1–0. In the MLS Cup final, the Red Bulls lost 3–1 to Columbus Crew. In his second season with the club, <mask> guided them to one of the worst records in league history, finishing with a 2-16-4 record. In his two seasons at the club <mask> went 12-27-13, the worst mark in the league during that period of time.The club also suffered an embarrassing set-back when they were eliminated by W

masks: Osorio Osorio Osorio Osorio Osorio Osorio Osorio Osorio


texts:
 Connection in the preliminary round of the CONCACAF Champions League. Due to mounting pressure, <mask> resigned from his post as coach of the New York Red Bulls on 21 August 2009. Once Caldas
After leaving New York, on 18 November 2009 <mask> was hired by Once Caldas. After taking charge of a team that was in danger of relegation <mask> helped Once Caldas to a league title in 2010. In 44 matches in charge, he recorded a record of 23 victories, 8 draws, and 13 losses. In January 2011 it was reported that <mask> would be leaving Once Caldas to take charge of the Honduras national team. On 2 February 2011, <mask> was officially named as the new coach of the Honduras national team and to lead them during the qualifying rounds of the 2014 FIFA World Cup.However, Once Caldas announced <mask> contractually could not be released until June to assume his role with Honduras. Due to this, Honduras' football federation announced they could not wait until June, subsequently ending the negotiations. Puebla
On 15 November, the president of Mexican club Puebla Roberto Henaine announced via Twitter that <mask> <mask> would be manager, following Sergio Bueno departure. He resigned on 22 March 2012 due to poor performances, leaving the club with a 2-2-3 record. São Paulo
On 26 May 2015, <mask> was confirmed as the new manager of São Paulo FC, signing a two-year contract. He was presented on 1 June and made his debut five days later, in a 2–0 victory against Grêmio at Estádio do Morumbi. Mexico

On 14 October 2015, after heavy media speculation, <mask> was confirmed as head coach of the Mexico national football team, signing a three-year contract.He was the twelfth coach appointed in nine years, and the first Colombian. Though information of his salary went undisclosed, Spanish newspaper El País reported that <mask> would receive an annual salary of USD$1.2 million, 60 percent less than what former manager Miguel Herrera earned

masks:
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Juan Carlos
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio


texts:
 during his time in charge. On 13 November, <mask> won his first game in charge of Mexico, defeating El Salvador 3–0 at Estadio Azteca in their opening match of the 2018 World Cup fourth-round qualifiers. Mexico finished at the top of Group A with 16 points, advancing to the hexagonal round. <mask> led Mexico to the Copa América Centenario on a 16-match unbeaten streak that began in June 2015. Mexico placed first in their group with 7 points, defeating Uruguay, Jamaica, and drawing with Venezuela. In the quarterfinal match against Chile, the team suffered a 7–0 defeat, ending the unbeaten streak at 22 games.After the match, <mask> apologized to Mexico's fans for what he described as an "embarrassment" and "an accident of soccer". Following Mexico's participation at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, where the team finished in fourth place, <mask> was suspended by FIFA for six games after using insulting words and displaying aggressive and confrontational behavior towards officials during the third place play-off match against Portugal. On 2 September, following their 1–0 victory over Panama, Mexico secured their qualification to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 6 October, Mexico defeated Trinidad and Tobago 3–1, taking their points tally to 21, thus assuring Mexico will finish at the top of the qualification table for the first time since 1997. In March 2018, it was reported that <mask> had rejected an offer from the Mexican Football Federation to extend his contract with the Mexico national team. Later, in July 2018, <mask> resigned from his position as Mexico head coach. Paraguay
On 3 September 2018, the Paraguayan Football Association appointed <mask> as manager of the Paraguay national football team to face the 2019 Copa América and the CONMEBOL qualifiers for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.A mutual termination of the contract occurred on 13 February 2019. Atlético Nacional
On 10 June 2019, <mask> <mask> was

masks:
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Juan Carlos
Osorio