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 2014, he was assigned to the Idaho Stampede. He was recalled by the Jazz on December 2, reassigned on December 31, and recalled again on January 3. He went on to make his Jazz debut later that night. The next day, he was waived by the Jazz and on January 10, he was reacquired by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers.On February 7, 2015, <mask> recorded his first career triple-double after posting 10 points, 11 rebounds and 11 assists in a 109–107 win over the Texas Legends. On March 12, 2015, <mask> signed a 10-day contract with the Washington Wizards. He signed a second 10-day contract with the Wizards on March 22 but was released halfway through his contract on March 27, and returned to the Vipers three days later. He was subsequently deactivated by the Vipers and did not play for the team again in 2014–15. 2015–16 season
In July 2015, <mask> joined the Washington Wizards for the 2015 NBA Summer League, but was limited to just two total minutes of action due to a right groin injury. He later re-signed with the Wizards on September 25, 2015, only to be waived again by the team on October 24 after appearing in four preseason games. On October 31, 2015, <mask> was acquired by the Texas Legends in a trade with the Vipers.On November 13, he made his debut for the Legends in a 104–82 loss to the Austin Spurs, recording 10 points, five rebounds and seven assists in 39 minutes. On March 4, 2016, <mask> was traded to the Sioux Falls Skyforce in exchange for the returning player rights to Andre Dawkins. On March 11, he made his debut for the Skyforce in a 121–117 win over the Canton Charge, recording 12 points, three rebounds, four

masks: Murry Murry Murry Murry Murry


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 assists and one block in 24 minutes off the bench. He helped the Skyforce finish with a D-League-best 40–10 record in 2015–16, and went on to help the team win the league championship with a 2–1 Finals series win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders, his second D-League title. 2016–17 season
In July 2016, <mask> joined the Minnesota Timberwolves for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On September 26, 2016, he signed with the Timberwolves, but was waived on October 22 after appearing in three preseason games. On December 5, he signed with Yeşilgiresun Belediye of the Turkish Super League.On February 3, 2017, he parted ways with Yeşilgiresun. 2017–18 season
On July 24, 2017, <mask> signed with German club ratiopharm Ulm for the 2017–18 season. On January 10, 2018, he left Ulm and signed with Greek club Promitheas Patras. 2019–20 season
On July 18, 2019, <mask> joined Portuguese club Benfica of the Portuguese Basketball League. He averaged 10.6 points, 2.1 rebounds, and 2.8 assists per game. <mask> left the team in January 2020. 2020–21 season
On September 6, 2020, <mask> signed with BC Luleå of the Basketligan.2021–22 season
<mask> began the 2021-22 season with Al Qadsia of the Kuwaiti Division I Basketball League. On January 5, 2021, <mask> signed with BC Ternopil of the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague. players
Ratiopharm Ulm players
Rio Grande Valley Vipers players
Shooting guards
Sioux Falls Skyforce players
S.L. Benfica basketball players
Texas Legends players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Utah Jazz players
Washington Wizards players
Wichita State Shockers men's basketball players
Yeşilgiresun Belediye

masks: Murry Murry Murry Murry Murry Murry Murry


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<mask> (born <mask>, 4 May 1947) is an Australian author and poet, best known for his attempted assassination of Opposition Leader Arthur Calwell on 21 June 1966. He fired a shot at point-blank range through a car window, but Calwell escaped with only minor facial injuries from broken glass. <mask>, 19 years old at the time, was sentenced to life imprisonment. He was transferred to the Morisset Mental Hospital and released in 1976. He began writing in prison and has published several volumes. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on 4 May 1947 in Newcastle, New South Wales. His father, an engineer, was killed in a car accident three months before his birth.When he was five years old, his mother married Ludowit <mask> and the family moved to Melbourne. The marriage did not last and they moved on to Sydney, but <mask> retained his step-father's surname. His mother later stated that his step-father had rejected him and that he had "never known the affection of a father". <mask> left school at the age of 14, and according to his mother gave up sport and spent most of his time reading. During his teenage years he worked as a labourer and station-hand in the country, before later returning to Sydney. He reportedly wrote a letter to the headquarters of the Australian National Socialist Party in which he stated that he "admired Hitler because he had killed himself at the right time". According to Sydney Rowe, a psychiatrist who examined him, Kocan became fixated on death and suicide, and had fantasies about imitating Lee Harvey Oswald.When asked about his motive, <mask> told police "I had to do something to set me aside from all the other nobodies". Assassination attempt on Calwell

On the evening of 21 June 1966, while campaigning for the 1966 federal election, Arthur Calwell addressed an anti-conscription rally at Mosman Town Hall in Sydney. After Calwell left the meeting, just as his car was about to drive off, <mask>

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Peter Raymond Kocan
Peter Raymond Douglas
Kocan
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Peter Raymond Douglas
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Peter
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 approached the passenger side of the vehicle, aimed a sawn-off rifle at Calwell's head and fired at point-blank range. The closed window deflected the bullet, which lodged harmlessly in Calwell's coat lapel. Calwell sustained only minor facial injuries from broken glass. <mask> was tried and found guilty of attempted murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and was detained first at Long Bay jail in Sydney.In late December 1966, <mask> was transferred to Ward 21 for the Criminally Insane in Morisset Mental Hospital, at Morisset, south of Newcastle. Calwell visited <mask> there, and forgave him for the incident. Writing career
During his years in prison and hospital, <mask> immersed himself in history, literature and poetry after a chance remark by another inmate led him to discover the writing of Rupert Brooke. Between 1967 and 1969, the poet Michael Dransfield corresponded and exchanged poems with <mask>. These letters, which comprise drafts of poems by Dransfield, quotes of poems by other poets, and recommendations for books <mask> should read, are now held in the collection of the Academy Library of the University of New South Wales. <mask> began to write poetry in 1967. Two selected works of poetry, Ceremonies for the Lost (1974) and The Other Side of the Fence (1975), were published while he was at Morisset.He was released on licence from Morisset in August 1976, and began to write about his experiences. Two autobiographical novellas, The Treatment (1980) and The Cure (1983), told of his life in the asylum. The Cure won the 1983 NSW Premier's Literary Award for Fiction. His other works include the poetry volumes Freedom to Breathe (1985), Standing with Friends (1992) and Fighting in the Shade (2000), the joint collection Primary Loyalties (1999), and the science-fiction novel Flies of a Summer (1988). The novel Fresh Fields (2004), is a fictionalised account of his youth. His most recent novel, The Fable

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 of All Our Lives (2010), is based on his life after his release from Morisset. <mask> lived for many years at Tuggerawong on the Central Coast of New South Wales, teaching and writing one act plays, poetry and fiction.He acted in twenty plays, and directed four for the Wyong Drama Group from 1981 to 2002. He gained public recognition for his work, receiving regular support from the Literary Board of the Australia Council, and has won various literary prizes. He graduated from the University of Newcastle in 1998 with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours), and obtained a master's degree. He moved to Brisbane in 2003. Awards and nominations
 1977: Commonwealth Institute of London Prize for The Other Side of the Fence (poetry collection)
 1982: Mattara Poetry Prize for From the private poems of Governor Caulfield
 1983: New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, Christina Stead Prize for fiction for The Cure
 2005: New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, shortlisted for Christina Stead Prize for fiction Fresh Fields (semi-autobiographical novel)
 2005: Queensland Premier's Literary Awards, shortlisted for Best Fiction Prize for Fresh Fields
 2010: Australia Council Writer's Emeritus Award

Bibliography

Poetry

Collections
Ceremonies for the Lost (1974)
The Other Side of the Fence (1975)
Freedom to Breathe (1985)
Standing with Friends (1992)
Primary Loyalties (1999)
Fighting in the Shade (2000)

List of poems

Fiction
The Treatment (1980)
The Cure (1983)
Flies of a Summer (1988)
Fresh Fields (2004)
The Fable of All Our Lives (2010)

One Act Plays

The Card Players (1981)
Who Do You Think You Are? (1981)
The Walking Stick of the Desert (1981)
Home Fires Burning (1983)
The Plot Sickens (1986)
Lady Chatterly's Bunyip (1988)
The Mummy's Comb (1993)
Sold to the Gypsies (1995)

(all unpublished, dates given are the dates of their first live performance)

Acting C.V.

<mask> has appeared in twenty plays, all with the Wyong Drama

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Kocan
Peter Kocan


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<mask> II (), also known as Ruler 7, was the last ajaw of Piedras Negras, an ancient Maya settlement in Guatemala. He ruled during the Late Classic Period, from 781 to roughly 808 AD. Possibly a descendant of Itzam Kʼan <mask> II, <mask> II ascended the throne upon the death of his brother, the sixth ajaw of the site, Haʼ Kʼin Xook. While <mask> II presided over the destruction of the rival Maya site Pomona, his reign likely ended with Kʼinich Tatbu Skull IV of Yaxchilan capturing and subjugating Piedras Negras. Itzam <mask> II left behind several monuments, including stelae at Piedras Negras, a stone seat known as Throne 1 which records either the death or abdication of Haʼ Kʼin Xook, and Panel 3 which recounts the exploits of Itzam <mask> II. Biography

Reign of Piedras Negras

Likely the final ajaw of Piedras Negras, <mask> II (also known as Ruler 7) was the son of Lady Bird, and was born on April 7, 750 AD (9.15.18.16.7 12 Mankiʼ 5 Sotzʼ in the Long Count). It is possible that he was the son of Itzam Kʼan <mask> II, or perhaps Tʼul Chiik, a prince of Piedras Negras.The ruler's name is a combination of two elements: a title and a predecessor's name. The title, kʼinich, translates to "red-faced", and is a reference to the settlement's rulers' belief that they were the "lords of the sun". The name portion, Yat Ahk, was not taken from one of Kʼinich Yat Ahk II's immediate predecessors, but rather from one of Piedras Negras's earliest rulers, Yat <mask> I. <mask> <mask> <mask> II took up the throne at Piedras Negras on May 31, 781 (9.17.10.9.4 1 Kʼan 7 Yaxkʼin), almost

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Kch Yat Ahk
Ahk
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Kʼinich Yat Ahk
Kan Ahk
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Kch Yat Ahk
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 a year following the death of his brother, Haʼ Kʼin Xook. Despite this lengthy gap, there is no evidence that anyone ruled Piedras Negras in the interim. Acts of aggression

<mask> <mask> <mask> II first took military action against his opponents in August of 787 AD, capturing a yajaw kʼahk (a "lord of fire") from Santa Elena Poco Uinic. Then, in both 792 and 794 AD, Kʼinich <mask> <mask> II carried out two "star wars" (that is, wars planned to coincide with key astronomical events) against the rival Maya settlement Pomona, the latter of the two resulting in Pomona being decisively defeated and subordinated. Kʼinich Yat Ahk II was aided in both of these wars by his ally, Parrot Chaak of La Mar.Capture

In AD 808, Piedras Negras's sworn enemy Yaxchilan, ruled by Kʼinich Tatbu Skull IV, conquered Piedras Negras and subjugated Kʼinich Yat <mask> II, ending his rule; Lintel 10 at Yaxchilan directly names Kʼinich <mask> <mask> II as a captive of the Yaxchilan ajaw. There is evidence that troops from Yaxchilan attacked Piedras Negras and razed it, as debris and burnt artifacts have been documented throughout the site, and it appeared that Throne 1 was deliberately dismantled. In the 1930s, certain researchers argued that this evidence suggested that the ruling class had been overthrown in a "peasants revolt" but modern scholars largely reject this idea. Regardless, Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube, and Mayanist Stephen D. Houston argue that the Piedras Negras dynasty may have survived for a time after the capture and death of Kʼinich <mask> <mask> II, but its power was

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 severely curtailed and fizzled out around  810 AD. Afterwards, Piedras Negras declined in importance and was eventually abandoned to the jungles of Guatemala. Monuments

Stelae

Several stelae have been found that were erected by Kʼinich <mask> <mask> II, including Stelae 12 and 15, which were sculpted out of limestone. The first to be raised was Stela 15, which celebrated Kʼinich <mask> <mask> II's first hotun ending as ajaw of Piedras Negras.The monument, positioned on the upper terrace of Pyramid O-13, is "innovative", because it is almost a three-dimensional depiction of the leader. This innovation was the result of Piedras Negras sculptors fine-tuning their technical skills and marked "the closest [the sculptors of Piedras Negras] came to releasing the body from the stone block", according to O'Neil. The monument bears some stylistic similarities to Haʼ Kʼin Xook's Stela 13, and given that Stela 15 is positioned above Stela 13 on the northwestern side of Pyramid O-13, it was likely that Stela 15 was erected to purposely associate <mask> <mask> <mask> II with Haʼ Kʼin Xook. The final stela to be erected was Stela 12 and details <mask> <mask> <mask> II's aforementioned victory over Pomona, showing KʼInich <mask> <mask> II above military leaders and captives (of which a few are named). Stylistically, the stela is more reminiscent of panels found at Piedras Negras, due to its "shallow relief[s]". According to O'Neil, this style is evidence that at this time, "the sculptors … favored multi-figural pictorial narrative over the divine ruler's singular embodiment or

masks: Yat Ahk Yat Ahk Kʼinich Yat Ahk Kʼinich Yat Ahk Yat Ahk


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 three-dimensional presence." Houston et al.argue that this stela is a "monument of vengeance", redressing the defeat of Piedras Negras at the hands of Pomona in 554 AD. While the monument is not a niche stela, it makes reference to the style by showing the "seated ruler at the top ... and other people at lower levels", similar to Stelae 14 and 33. The stela faces southwest, but this is because the monument was installed on the O-13 pyramid, which already faced in this direction. O'Neil has proposed, however, that the orientation was also purposeful, and that <mask> <mask> <mask> II was trying to connect his stela with those of his forefathers. Stela 12 is in a relatively poor state of preservation, as exposure has weathered it down. According to O'Neil, Stelae 15 and 12 show two different versions of what it means to be a "proper ruler": Stela 15 depicts <mask> <mask> <mask> II as a devout practitioner of religion who does his sacred duty. Stela 12, on the other hand, depicts the ajaw as a conqueror, defeating enemies and subjugating rivals.In addition, both Stelae 15 and 12 include the names of several sculptors and artists, one of whom worked on both stelae. These names are difficult to translate because many are unique when compared to extant Mayan glyphic texts. Throne 1

Kʼinich Yat <mask> II likely commissioned the construction of Throne 1, which details either the death or abdication of Haʼ Kʼin Xook. The entire throne is covered in images and glyphs, with a prominent zoomorphic face featured on the back. Discovered in a special recess in J-6 (a gallery wing of

masks: Kʼinich Yat Ahk Kʼinich Yat Ahk Ahk


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 the main Piedras Negras palace acropolis), the throne was in pieces, but has since been reconstructed. J. Eric S. Thompson proposed three hypotheses to explain its destruction: it had been destroyed in a peasant revolt, it was smashed by conquerors from Yaxchilan, or its destruction "was more recent and is attributable to superstitious fear". Panel 3

Kʼinich Yat <mask> II also commissioned the carving of Panel 3, which was placed on the O-13 Pyramid.The panel is both an intricate narrative of daily life in the palace, as well as a documentation of a 749 AD Kʼatun celebration thrown by the previous ruler Itzam Kʼan <mask> II. According to the artifact, the celebration was attended by many dignitaries, including a bʼaah sajal ("first ruler") named Kʼan Moʼ Teʼ who had served Kʼinich Yoʼnal <mask> II, as well as the interim ruler of Yaxchilan, Yopaat Bahlam II. When Panel 3 was erected, Piedras Negras had begun to decline in importance. Thus, <mask> <mask> <mask> II likely erected it recall the time when Piedras Negras held supremacy over the region. To this day, many archaeologists and Mayanists consider Panel 3 to be a "masterpiece of Maya art" due to its elucidating the life of Itzam Kʼan <mask> II and his servants, as well as providing information regarding rare grammatical structures in the Mayan glyphs. Notes

References

Bibliography

Kings of Piedras Negras
8th century in the Maya civilization
9th century in the Maya civilization
8th-century monarchs in North America
9th-century monarchs in North America
8th century in Guatemala
9th century

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<mask><mask> is an academic and 28-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving from 1977 to 2005. He is now a non-resident senior fellow at Georgetown University's Center for Security Studies, as well as a nonresident senior fellow in the Brookings Institution's Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence. He was a visiting professor at Georgetown University from 2005 to 2012. He is a contributor to The National Interest. <mask> earned an A.B. degree from Dartmouth College (1969), and received the B.Phil from Oxford University (1971) and an M.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton University (1975 and 1978).Career
Prior to joining the CIA in 1977, <mask> served as a U.S. Army Reserves officer in Vietnam, on active duty from 1971 to 1973. At the CIA, <mask> served in a variety of positions, including Executive Assistant to Director of Central Intelligence William H. Webster (1989–1991). He became chief of analysis at the Agency's Counterterrorist Center (CTC) in 1993. By 1997 he was the Center's deputy director. But in summer 1999 he suffered a clash of styles with the new director, Cofer Black. Soon after, <mask> left the Center. His 1990 and early 1991 experience were described in a 2006 interview, in which he spoke of the CIA role in assessing Iraq in preparation for the 1991 war.At that time, according to <mask>, the intelligence community (IC) judged that Iraq had active programs for development of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). "One of the revelations after the invasion and after the inspections began in Iraq was that some of those programs had gone farther than had been believed. The intelligence community had undershot, if you will, in its assessment of just how far along, especially on the nuclear program, the Iraqis had been".

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Paul R
. Pillar
Background Pillar
Pillar
Pillar
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 <mask> notes, "I did not receive any [intelligence] requests from a policy-maker on Iraq until about a year into the war ... policymakers decided "My goodness, this shows us how much we might not know." And as people like the vice president and others repeatedly reminded in the lead-up to the Operation Iraqi Freedom, "We don't know what we don't know." [said by <mask>feld]"

He was a Federal Executive Fellow at the Brookings Institution from 1999-2000. From 2000 to 2005, <mask> worked at the National Intelligence Council as the national intelligence officer for the Near East and South Asia, "responsible for production and coordination throughout the U.S. Intelligence Community of National Intelligence Estimates and other Community assessments".After December 2004, the National Intelligence Council, to which national intelligence officers report, moved from the CIA to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Observations and recommendations about Congressional oversight of intelligence
<mask>, National Intelligence Officer for the Middle East between 2000 and 2005, wrote, in Foreign Affairs, "Intelligence affects the nation's interests through its effect on policy. No matter how much the process of intelligence gathering itself is fixed, the changes will do no good if the role of intelligence in the policymaking process is not also addressed ... But a few steps, based on the recognition that the intelligence-policy relationship is indeed broken, could reduce the likelihood that such a breakdown will recur." He emphasized the need for "a clear delineation between intelligence and policy", suggesting that the United Kingdom sets an example "where discussion of this issue has been more forthright, by declaring once and for all that its intelligence

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Pillar
Donald Rums
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Paul Pillar


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 services should not be part of public advocacy of policies still under debate. In the UK, Prime Minister Tony Blair accepted a commission of inquiry's conclusions that intelligence and policy had been improperly commingled in such exercises as the publication of the "dodgy dossier", the British counterpart to the United States' Iraqi WMD white paper". The National Intelligence Council, and its National Intelligence Officers, act as an intelligence "think tank", and routinely consult with experts outside government.<mask> has been criticized for leaking the NIC's advice to President George W. Bush in the course of such consultations. <mask> suggested that an American equivalent of the issues "should take the form of a congressional resolution and be seconded by a statement from the White House. Although it would not have legal force, such a statement would discourage future administrations from attempting to pull the intelligence community into policy advocacy. It would also give some leverage to intelligence officers in resisting any such future attempts." Inadequacies of current practice
<mask> criticized Congress both for not using the intelligence made available to it, as well as not necessarily asking questions about information not provided to them. The proper relationship between intelligence gathering and policymaking sharply separates the two functions. ... Congress, not the administration, asked for the now-infamous October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on Iraq's unconventional weapons programs, although few members of Congress actually read it.(According to several congressional aides responsible for safeguarding the classified material, no more than six senators and only a handful of House members got beyond the five-page executive

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 summary.) As the national intelligence officer for the Middle East, I was in charge of coordinating all of the intelligence community's assessments regarding Iraq; the first request I received from any administration policymaker for any such assessment was not until a year into the war. While there is a CIA "politicization ombudsman", <mask> described the function as informally defined, and primarily listening to internal concern about politicization, and summarizing this for senior CIA officials. While he believes the intelligence oversight committees should have an important role, "the heightened partisanship that has bedeviled so much other work on Capitol Hill has had an especially inhibiting effect in this area". Recommendation for improved legislative oversight
In the Foreign Affairs article, <mask> said that the legislative branch is the proper place for monitoring

 ... the intelligence-policy relationship. But the oversight should be conducted by a nonpartisan office modeled on the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Such an office would have a staff, smaller than that of the GAO or the CBO, of officers experienced in intelligence and with the necessary clearances and access to examine questions about both the politicization of classified intelligence work and the public use of intelligence.As with the GAO, this office could conduct inquiries at the request of members of Congress. It would make its results public as much as possible, consistent with security requirements, and it would avoid duplicating the many other functions of intelligence oversight, which would remain the responsibility of the House and Senate intelligence committees. Commentary by and about <mask>
There have been a series of press


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 comments, for and against <mask>, starting before the 2004 United States Presidential election. <mask> also made several public speeches and publications. <mask> was still a National Intelligence Officer in 2004. 2004
Before the 2004 Presidential election, The Wall Street Journal editorial page criticized "CIA insurgents", including <mask>, for "engaging in a policy debate" and were "clearly trying to defeat President Bush and elect John Kerry". The piece asserted that <mask> had a "lousy track record" in assessing the terrorist threat and that he rejected the "war" metaphor for counterterrorism, comparing it instead to "the effort by public health authorities to control communicable diseases".The editorial also asserted that <mask> commented in a public lecture at Johns Hopkins University that "secular" Baathists in Iraq would never cooperate with fundamentalists like al-Qaeda. The editorial writer asserted, "Tell that to Abu Musab al Zarqawi and the Baathists now cooperating in Fallujah." In September 2004, <mask> wrote, "I reported on Sept. 27 that <mask><mask>, the CIA's national intelligence officer for the Near East and South Asia, told a private dinner on the West Coast of secret, unheeded warnings to Bush about going to war. I learned of this because of leaks from people who attended, but many other senior Agency officials were covertly but effectively campaigning for Sen. John Kerry." Amy Sullivan of the Washington Monthly, wrote that <mask>'s remarks had been made at an off-the-record dinner party. <mask> had said, at the party, that the CIA had warned the White House, in January 2003, that war with Iraq "could unleash a violent insurgency in the country". Sullivan wrote "Novak wasn't at the dinner, which was conducted under established background

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Pillar
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Robert Novak
Paul R
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 rules—the substance of <mask>'s remarks could be reported, but not his identity or his audience.But someone there told Novak about it. So Novak, apparently feeling bound by no rules, outed <mask> by identifying him as the speaker. It's a trick he uses often—others attend off-the-record meetings or briefings, tell him about it, and he reports not just what was said, but fingers those who spoke as well." In an October 2004 op-ed in the Washington Times, John B<mask> II described <mask> is "a longstanding intellectual opponent of the policy options chosen by President Bush to fight terrorism". <mask> questioned <mask>'s suitability to lead the writing of the NIE on Iraq, accusing him of disclosing, to academics and other nongovernmental personnel with whom the National Intelligence Council speaks, the advice given to President Bush. Another critic of <mask>'s speaking against Administration policy, focused around the dinner speech cited by Novak, suggested that CIA management, as a whole, might have been politicized against the Bush Administration. Observing that <mask>'s speech was preapproved by CIA management, Stephen F. Hayes of the Weekly Standard questions why "A senior, unelected CIA official—<mask>—was given agency approval to anonymously attack Bush administration policies less than two months before the November 2, 2004 presidential election ... His was not an isolated case; CIA officials routinely trashed Bush administration policy decisions, often with official approval, in the months leading up to the Iraq War and again before the election".2005
<mask> was a major participant in a conference "sponsored by the John Bassett Moore Society of International Law, University of Virginia School of Law, and the Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), U.S. Army

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 War College, and was held February 25–26, 2005. Conference participants included representatives from government agencies involved in the U.S. war on terrorism, students and faculty members from other universities". <mask> coauthored a monograph from SSI, entitled Law vs. War: Competing Approaches to Fighting Terrorism. 2006
In early 2006, he wrote an article for Foreign Affairs criticizing the Bush Administration for cherry picking intelligence to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq. <mask> wrote that the Administration went to war in Iraq "without requesting—and evidently without being influenced by—any strategic-level intelligence assessments on any aspect of Iraq. It has become clear that official intelligence was not relied on in making even the most significant national security decisions, that intelligence was misused publicly to justify decisions already made, that damaging ill will developed between [Bush] policymakers and intelligence officers, and that the intelligence community's own work was politicized". <mask>, writing on his blog in February 2006, agreed with <mask>'s assessment of politicization, but suggested that <mask> had mixed motives in limiting  "his criticism to the Bush administration during the time period leading up to the invasion in March 2003".<mask> criticizes <mask> for not mentioning "the issue of regime change and the role played by the CIA in carrying out covert action at the instruction of the White House (both Democratic and Republican) to remove Saddam Hussein from power. Because he was the former national intelligence officer for Near East/Middle East affairs, I find this absence both disconcerting and disingenuous. By failing to give due credence to the impact and influence of the CIA's mission of regime change in Iraq

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Scott Ritter
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Ritter
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 on its analysis of Iraqi WMDs, Mr. <mask> continues to promulgate the myth that the CIA was honestly engaged in the business of trying to disarm Iraq". Washington Post reporter Walter Pincus called <mask>'s critique "one of the most severe indictments of White House actions by a former Bush official since <mask>. Clarke" and noted that this article was "the first time that such a senior intelligence officer has so directly and publicly condemned the administration's handling of intelligence". In an interview with the Council on Foreign Relations, he elaborated on the politicization of intelligence on which he wrote in the Foreign Affairs article. <mask> said that the Silberman-Robb commission did not go into as much depth on the "differential treatment that different draft intelligence assessments get as they go through the procedure of being coordinated and approved.And you have to remember, anything that sees light of day as a published—published in the sense of a classified paper—intelligence assessment goes through usually multiple levels of review, various supervisors, branch chiefs and so on, weighing in, approving or disapproving, remanding, forcing changes. That can be a speedy process or it can be a long, very torturous process". He said the Commission found that assessments that tended to justify a casus belli with Iraq went through approval faster than those that did not support war. <mask> agreed, but said the Commission also should have asked why this occurred. According to <mask>, "I think the most important reason, besides the overall mind-set that turned out to be erroneous, was the desire to avoid the unpleasantness of putting unwelcome assessments on the desks of policymakers". 2007
In 2007,  Novak decried <mask>'s alleged leaking to the

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Pillar


texts: media of portions of a National Intelligence Estimate he viewed as supporting his policy path, though he acknowledged that Pillar denied leaking the report. The New York Times editorial page defended <mask>, noting that the Bush administration did not even ask the CIA for an assessment of the consequences of invading Iraq until a year after the invasion.When the administration did finally ask for an intelligence assessment, Mr. <mask> led the effort, which concluded in August 2004 that Iraq was on the brink of disaster. Officials then leaked his authorship to the columnist <mask> and to The Washington Times. The idea was that Mr. <mask> was not to be trusted because he dissented from the party line. Somehow, this sounds like a story we have heard before. A Wall Street Journal op-ed criticized <mask>'s choices in releasing information.Its author observed that "CIA officers on the cusp of retirement often enroll in a seminar that is supposed to help them adjust to life after the agency—teaching them, for example, how to write a résumé. I've begun to wonder if part of that program now includes a writing seminar on how to beat up on the Bush administration." The author, Guillermo Christensen, agrees <mask> was central in the CIA's analysis of Iraq. Regarding the Foreign Affairs article, Christensen questions if that was the place to publicize that he thought the war was a bad idea and the President and advisors ignored him. He makes the assumption that <mask> "actually did change his mind about all that work he'd done, and that he really did think the intelligence didn't support the case for war. If that was truly so, no one was better positioned to make the case against war within the government than Mr. <mask> himself".Christensen suggested that <mask> could

masks:
Pillar
Pillar
Robert Novak
Pillar
Pillar
Pillar
But Pillar
Pillar
Pillar


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 have sent personal observations, with all relevant classified data, to senior Executive Branch officials. Further, Christensen suggested "that analysis with every single member of Congress by writing less-classified summaries of the conclusions, as is often done". Thomas Joscelyn, in the Weekly Standard, wrote, "<mask> demonstrates that he himself is a master of the art of politicizing intelligence. Far from being a dispassionate analyst, <mask> practices the very same 'manipulations and misuse[s]' he claims to expose". Joscelyn reasserted the conjecture that Saddam Hussein had a cooperative relationship with al-Qaeda. However, the official conclusions of investigations by the CIA, FBI, NSA, State Department, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, and the independent 9/11 Commission have all confirmed <mask>'s view that there was no collaborative relationship between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. 2011
<mask>'s Intelligence and US Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform was reviewed by Steve Coll in The New York Review of Books.Formal publications by Pillar

Books

Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy

<mask>'s interest in foreign policy resulted in a book Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy first published in 1999 and updated in 2004. The back cover of the book reads:

Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy is an essential guide to more effective coordination between conventional foreign policy and efforts to prevent terrorist attacks and activities. This paperback edition includes a new, extensive, and provocative post-9/11 introduction, along with the author's in-depth analyses of current terrorist threats, the status of terrorism in world politics, counterterrorism tools available to the United States, state sponsors of terrorism, and how best to

masks: Pillar Pillar Pillar Pillar Pillar


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 educate the public about terrorist threats and counterterrorism. A review of the book in Foreign Affairs says: "The book's strength is its nuanced sense of how Washington's counterterrorism policy actually works, day in and day out." The Washington Times wrote: "[<mask>] offers a unique introspective of the breadth of radical islam and counterterrorism. ... <mask>'s documentations involving the improvement of  U.S.Homeland Security policy, such as observing the full range of capabilities of terrorist, as opposed to solely focusing on nuclear, biological or chemical warfare, and interrupting radical islamist operations worldwide, should be noted in the counterterrorism effort." Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy
<mask>'s interest in the relationship between intelligence and policy resulted in the 2011 book, Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy. According to the publisher, "<mask> confronts the intelligence myths Americans have come to rely on to explain national tragedies, including the belief that intelligence drives major national security decisions and can be fixed to avoid future failures". Articles and conference papers
<mask> emphasized that jihadist terror will continue to become more decentralized, but not wane, after the core of al-Qaeda is disrupted and pursued. with Al Qaeda waning, the larger terrorist
threat from radical Islamists is not. Al Qaeda-inspired or trained groups will operate locally, and both ad hoc groups (e.g., the organization that had been led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, as well as established groups such as the Iraq-centered Ansar al-Islam and the Southeast Asian Jemaah Islamiya). Even while having local focus, they tend to share anti-Americanism.Individuals may operate with limited help from organizations. In the past, ad hoc had


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 been deprecated as a term for terrorist organizations, but that grows increasingly true. (See motivations of terrorists and a discussion of the nontraditional clandestine cell system used by such groups.) Participating in a 2006 conference at the Royal Institute of International Relations, he analyzed and assessed the threat of jihadist terrorism on a worldwide basis. He described the threat as being generated by three complementary factors:
In any beliefs or similar movements, the most unfortunate and indiscreet are the ones that garner the most headlines. Until a more suitable ideology emerges, jihadism may stay as a major focus of radical Islamist activists. It is energized by "energy from friction along the fault line between the Muslim world and the West."Themes causing friction including cultural imperialism, oppression of Muslims, and lack of respect for religion. Controversy accelerates polarization, as seen in the Danish disturbance over cartoons of the Prophet. Social, economic and political conditions contribute to terrorism, but there is much confusion here. <mask> argues with those that claim poverty must not (typo ... original quote?) a claim because the 9/11 hijackers, and Bin Laden himself, is wealthy. He argues there is a difference between a lack of wealth that does not generate terrorism, and "frustrated ambition for economic and social advancement, which is." We hear, for example, that economic hardship must not be a root cause of jihadist terrorism because terrorists such as the 9/11 hijackers were not conspicuously poor, and the most prominent jihadist of all, bin Laden, is conspicuously wealthy.In like manner, he argues that authoritarianism is not a cause, because terrorist acts often happen in liberal democracies. And we hear that


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 authoritarian politics must not have much to do with it either because jihadist terrorism takes place at least as often as anywhere else within liberal democracies, in places like New York, Madrid, or London. <mask>'s explanation is that it is much easier to stage a terrorist attack in an open society than in the police states in the Middle East. In an article in the March/April 2008 issue of Foreign Affairs, <mask> is critical of two recently published books on purported systemic failures of the intelligence community and the necessity for organizational reform. In an article in the January/February 2012 issue of Foreign Policy, <mask> similarly cites political leadership, not the intelligence community, for most errors of foresight in policy-making. References

External links

Georgetown University faculty
Living people
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Year of birth missing (living


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<mask>  () (born <mask>; November 7, 1984) is a former Afghan Canadian politician. She first was elected to represent the riding of Peterborough—Kawartha as a Liberal member the House of Commons of Canada from 2015 and served until October 2021. A member of the 29th Canadian Ministry, she is the former Minister for Women and Gender Equality (previously known as the Minister of Status of Women), sworn in on January 10, 2017, and Minister of Rural Economic Development, sworn in on November 20, 2019. She was previously the Minister of International Development, until November 20, 2019, and Minister of Democratic Institutions and President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada until January 10, 2017. <mask> was defeated in her riding in the 2021 federal election. Family and education
<mask> was born at the Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, to Hazara Afghan parents who had fled during the Soviet–Afghan War, and lived with her family there in childhood, together with periods in Herat, Afghanistan, in 1987–1988 and 1993–1996. Because Iran and Afghanistan (before 2000) followed the principle of jus sanguinis in their respective nationality laws, <mask> was born an Afghan citizen.Her father was killed on the Iran–Afghanistan border while travelling in 1988, although it is unknown whether he was killed by bandits or Soviet troops. Her uncle had, years earlier, vanished along with several roommates while attending the University of Kabul, in circumstances suggested to have been connected to anti-communist political activity. The family struggled in Iran because of low economic and social prospects for Afghan migrants, even though they had legal status as "involuntary migrants" (mohajerin) under Iranian rules in effect prior to 1992. In 1996, during their second return to Herat, her mother opted to move the family to Canada, and the resulting journey involved traveling through Iran, Pakistan, and Jordan. Upon arrival, the

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Maryam Monsef
Monsefzadeh
Monsef
Monsef
Monsef


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 family took up residence in Peterborough, where <mask>'s uncle already lived. They relied on the support of several charity organizations, including the YMCA and the Salvation Army. <mask> has continued to raise money for humanitarian activities in Afghanistan.In 2003, <mask> enrolled at Trent University, from which she graduated in 2010 with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and Psychology. After graduation, from 2011 to 2014, she worked in several public sector positions in the Peterborough area. In 2019, she announced her engagement to former Liberal member of Parliament Matt DeCourcey. Political career
In 2014, <mask> had been offered a job in Afghanistan, but was unable to enter the country because of security concerns. She then went to Iran to work on relief efforts for Afghan refugees, which encouraged her to focus on political endeavours. Municipal politics
When <mask> returned to Canada, <mask> ran for Mayor of Peterborough in 2014, finishing a close second. Federal politics
Later that same year, she was elected as the Liberal Party candidate in the upcoming federal election.She was elected on October 19, 2015, with 43.8% of the vote. Cabinet appointments
<mask> was appointed as Minister of Democratic Institutions in Justin Trudeau's Cabinet on November 4, 2015. She has variously been referred to as the second- or fourth-youngest minister ever appointed to the Cabinet. According to The Hill Times, <mask> was named President of the Queen's Privy Council in Canada although it was unclear at the time whether she had been sworn into that office. <mask> has described this position as "largely ceremonial." The Parliamentary website subsequently indicated that she had assumed the position on November 4. Criticism and controversy

Handling of portfolio
On May 10, 2016, <mask> gave notice in the House of Commons of the government's plans for the composition of the Special Committee on Electoral Reform, which was

masks: Monsef Monsef Monsef Monsef Monsef Monsef Monsef Monsef Monsef Monsef


texts: to have ten members—six members of the Liberal Party, three members from the Conservative Party, and one member from the New Democratic Party.This attracted immediate controversy, as the government possessed a majority of the committee seats and thus could theoretically recommend alterations to the electoral system without the support of any other party. As well, the Green Party and the Bloc Québécois objected to their lack of voting representation on the committee, although they were invited to attend meetings. On June 2, 2016, the Liberal government reversed course, and both Trudeau and <mask> advised that they would support Nathan Cullen's motion for the composition of the committee, which would instead have twelve members—five Liberals, three Conservatives, two New Democrats, and one member from each of the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party. Following the release of the final report of the Electoral Reform Committee <mask> criticized the Members of the committee stating "On the main question on the hard choices that we had asked the committee to make, the members of the committee took a pass," and "We asked the committee to help answer very difficult questions for us. It did not do that." The remarks were considered inaccurate and offensive to the Members of the Committee. <mask> later apologized for her comments.In late 2016 the Government contracted Vox Pop Labs to create on online survey for Canadians on electoral reform at a website called mydemocracy.ca. The survey was condemned as unscientific and misleading by journalists for allowing unlimited entries from one person and failing to ask direct questions about electoral systems. It was also widely mocked by political observers and electoral reform advocates. Conservative M.P. Scott Reid and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May both claimed the survey looked more like an online dating survey. In early 2017 <mask> was replaced as Democratic Institutions

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 Minister by Karina Gould and the Liberal campaign promise to replace the first-past-the-post electoral system was not pursued further. Place of birth
<mask> has been criticized for stating that she was born in Afghanistan, when in fact she was born in Iran.When this was revealed in September 2016, some commentators pointed out that this could lead to revocation of her Canadian citizenship and potential deportation, while others have criticized the absurdity of the present law or decried the importation of birtherism into Canadian politics. The Trudeau government has regularly revoked citizenship from individuals who had become citizens through fraudulent means – including individuals who came to Canada as children but whose parents had made false claims on their immigration forms. In an interview at that time, former MP Dean Del Mastro said that political workers in the 2014 municipal and 2015 federal campaigns knew she was not born in Afghanistan, but chose not to make an issue of it. <mask> made a request to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada to update her information. In October 2016, her office revealed that she had travelled to Iran with pilgrimage visas in an Afghan passport in 2010, 2013 and 2014 in order to visit the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad. As this type of visa is normally for a single entry to Iran and does not allow a holder to work, her previous admissions that she had crossed over to Afghanistan and back in 2014, together with working with an Iran-based charity at that time, have caught the attention of Iranian authorities. In a 2014 interview in Peterborough, <mask> admitted that she wanted the trip to "remain hush-hush."Open microphone incident

In November 2020 <mask> accidentally left her microphone on during vote in the House of Commons while participating virtually on Zoom. As result the camera showed her saying "The question they're going to ask me — how much do I make now? Like


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 250?" As a Cabinet Minister her annual salary at the time as $269,800.00. <mask> was criticized for the comments as her salary was more than four times the median wage in her riding and yet she was casually discussing her own salary without knowing it to the nearest $20,000. It was unclear what prompted <mask> to make the comment however her office later released a statement claiming "Due to a technical error a private conversation was broadcasted." Taliban comments
On August 25, 2021, during a press conference regarding the Taliban overthrow of the democratically elected government of Afghanistan, <mask> sparked controversy after she referred to Taliban militants as her "brothers."The Canadian government designates the Taliban as a terrorist organization, which has been responsible for the deaths of 158 Canadian soldiers since 2001. In response to widespread criticism, <mask> stated that Muslims around the world refer to non-family members as brothers and sisters, and that she "believe[s] deeply that the Taliban are a terrorist organization." Many Farsi speakers and Afghans debunked <mask>'s premise on the cultural context of calling the Taliban "brothers", and some have even attributed her defeat in 2021 Canadian election to that comment. Electoral record

Federal

Municipal

Notes

References

External links

 Official Site

 Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister
 <mask> <mask> Twitter account. 1984 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Peterborough, Ontario
Women members of the House of Commons of Canada
Afghan Muslims
Trent University alumni
Canadian Muslims
Afghan emigrants to Canada
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the 29th Canadian Ministry
Women government ministers of Canada
People from Mashhad
People from Herat
Hazara politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians
Applicants for refugee status

masks: Monsef Monsef Monsef Monsef Monsef Maryam Monsef


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<mask> (born 4 January 1957) is an Italian cinema and theatre actor and screenwriter. Biography
<mask> was born in Milan (his father is Venetian). After only one season in the juvenile team of Inter, he left his sporting career because of an injury to his left knee and
attended the school of the Piccolo Teatro in Milan. He debuted on stage
acting in Timon of Athens by William Shakespeare and also pursued his artistic career in cinema. Continuing his studies in medicine, he then moved to Rome. With
Dario de Luca and in association with Studio Universal he founded the
Tipota Movie Company. With the band Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel he has staged the
show La guerra vista dalla luna.He has also filmed the short film Típota(1999) and has completed a tour performing his own songs. The soundtrack of Eternity and a Day (Italy/France/Greece, 1998) by Theo Angelopoulos contains the track "The Poet", with <mask>'s voice. (2007, also director) - Augusto Riverberi
Happy Family (2010) - Vincenzo
A Second Childhood (2010) - Lino
Easy!

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Fabrizio Bentivoglio
Fabrizio Bentivoglio
Bentivoglio


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<mask> (23 June 1796 in Florence, Italy – 23 March 1867 in Florence, Italy) was a composer, violinist, educator and Italian publicist. Life

Child prodigy and royal teacher

<mask>, a child prodigy, started studying violin with Giovanni Francesco Giuliani at five years old and continued on this path for 9 years. However, nothing is known regarding his education of composition, so it is most probable that he was self-taught. The publications from that time mention him as the private violin instructor of Carlo II of Borbone-Parma, but no specific dates are given. Rumors originate from the fact that <mask>, in 1840, dedicated a complex sacred oratorio for choir and a large orchestra, Le turbe nel deserto, to Carlo II. The frontispiece of the autograph (today found in Parma, see Sources) affirm being given to the prince «i primi elementi di musica e restommi scolpito mai sempre nel cuore» («I gave the Prince his first education in music, and he remained struck in my heart»). Research into the lives of both of them indicates that it is probable that the dates of their lessons were 1808, so, if this is in fact true, twelve-year-old Giorgetti taught the 9-year-old prince.First soloist experiences and paralysis

In 1811, Elisa Bonaparte hired him as her personal violinist («Chamber Violin of the Queen of Etruria»), and he traveled with her in Spain and France until 1814, the year in which two central occurrences took place in his life: the fall of Napoleon and the contraction of a mysterious disease affecting his nervous system which left him paralyzed from the hips down. Because of the loss of his job, and

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Ferdinando Giorgetti
Giorgetti
Giorgetti


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 above all, his paralysis, he was forced to leave his career as a soloist and dedicate his efforts to composition, teaching, musical publicity, and the organization of events and performances. First success as a composer

It was from that moment in his life that he perfected counterpoint with Disma Ugolini (1755-1828)[1], learning the methods in practice, derived from the experienced didactics of Antonin Reicha, who was a classmate of Beethoven and teacher of not only Ugolini, but also Franck, Adam, Berlioz and Liszt. In 1817, despite his paralysis, he traveled to Germany to publish his compositions in Leipzig, at Breitkopf & Härtel publishers (their relation lasted until 1825). In 1818, he composed a concerto for flute, extraordinarily and curiously similar to the second concerto that Saverio Mercadante wrote for the same instrument in 1819. In 1825, he won (tied with <mask> Casamorata) a competition by the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze centered around the putting to music of the cantata Il Ciclope by Pietro Metastasio. Publicist and Fame: the union between German tradition and Italian singability

In 1828, the fame of Giorgetti as a composer, teacher, and publicist was established in Florence because he most furiously participated in a written debate regarding German influence in the didactics of Italian music.In the periodicals, space was given to the prevalent idea that there was an excessive penetration of German taste inside the classrooms of the conservatories, while Giorgetti, on the contrary, affirmed that the study of Germans of the Classical period (Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven) was


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 instead essential in acquiring the necessary knowledge that permitted Italian singability to be expressed well. Giorgetti proposed a sort of union between German and Italian style, which in this era were considered to be incompatible. He pointed to Gioachino Rossini as the ultimate example of that union. Rossini was taught through German examples during his education in Bologna; indeed, he was given the nickname “"il tedeschino" (the little German). <mask> was given the nickname “il tedescone" (the big German) for his fondness of Teutonic artistry. That fondness found fertile ground in the Germanophile Tuscany, ruled by Habsburg-Lorraine. In 1827, on the frontispiece of Tre trj di una difficoltà progressiva (dedicated to Paganini) he indicates «first violin of the court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany», and thanks to the support of the court (members to which Giorgetti dedicated numerous compositions), he began promoting instrumental music and cultured European musical language, an activity to which he dedicated all of his energy as a composer, teacher and orchestral conductor.Preference for the quartet

The quartet was a privileged object of interest in his work, and was, at that time, used infrequently by Italian composers. He considered the quartet to be the maximum expression of the art of music (and believes to be heir of the great European approach to the quartet, which at the time a myth considered created in Italy). He promoted many performances of quartets (often for their first Italian performance ), as well as for private events organized by Giorgetti himself, which were often held at his


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 house (in Via Ricasoli in Florence). In addition, he created incentives for popularized the genre with arrangements from the great German quartets, and he himself composed eight string quartets. However, Giorgetti didn’t disregard other genres of instrumental and symphonic music, and like many orchestral conductors (one of the last “director-violinists”, before becoming solely a conductor like Teodulo Mabellini, his compatriot and contemporary, and Angelo Mariani), performed sacred masterpieces by Haydn and Rossini in Florence in order to demonstrate that a same substance connected both German and Italian tradition. In addiction, Giorgetti rediscovered numerous composers of the past. Affinity to other composers

His commitment gained favor of many composers, from Louis Spohr to François-Joseph Fétis, from Antonio Bazzini to Giovanni Pacini, to Giuseppe Poniatowski, to whom Giorgetti dedicated works and offered hospitality in his villa in Via Ricasoli.He maintained sincere friendships with Niccolò Paganini, for whom he composed many pieces for violin, with Franz Liszt, who he met in Florence in 1838 and, above all, with Gioacchino Rossini. When he was a guest of <mask>’s in Florence, Rossini was at the mercy of his depression and nervous crises, which Giorgetti tried to help remedy by showing Rossini his own greater suffering caused by his paralysis. Refusal of opera

The national tendency of the public, however, remained that of developing a passion for lyric opera instead of for instrumental music, which was a fact that threw Giorgetti into a rage. He stigmatized the exaggerated patronage of opera


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 of his compatriots, and believed that the young Giuseppe Verdi was a corruptor of Italian musical traditions, and that Ricordi publishers was a guilty accomplice (in 1856 Giorgetti also interrupted his fine and at that point good relations with the Milanese publisher because of his operatic inclination). Teaching

He continued to promote instrumental music throughout his life, both as a teacher and as a publicist. Some of his students were Luigi Bicchierai, Luigi Laschi, Carlo Verardi and Jefte Sbolci, to whom he dedicated many studies and for whom he wrote a few methods (the most famous is the method for viola written in 1854, and then printed again by Ricordi in 1902). The Rivista Musicale of Florence: influence on Basevi

In 1840, he founded the «Rivista Musicale di Firenze» (Musical Magazine of Florence), which was the first Italian periodical completely dedicated to music.He didn’t write critiques, but rather philosophical reflections of music, very similar to those of Giuseppe Mazzini expressed in Filosofia della musica (Philosophy of music) in 1836. <mask>’s opinions very much inspired the ideas of Abramo Basevi, one of the protagonists in the Florentine musical scene. Together, <mask> and Basevi created large instrumental organizations, among which were Mattinate beethoveniane (concerts that brought the Tuscan reception of Beethoven to the forefront and which were first performed in front of his house in Via Ricasoli, in 1859, and then at the Lemonnier Institute in via S. Egidio), Concerti popolari (created by Basevi and Teodulo Mabellini in 1863), and Società del quartetto (with the

masks: Giorgetti Giorgetti


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 publisher Giovanni Gualberto Guidi), which in 1861 finally made <mask>’s dream of having a Florentine “house” for the quartet come true. In fact, he dedicated his last Settimo quartetto to the Società. Last years

Getting weaker and weaker from his paralysis, he became interested in the destiny of old musicians. He donated many of his earning to institutions that offer assistance. His involvement as a teacher and publicist continued almost until his death, but he almost completely ceased to compose after 1862.He died in his house in Via Ricasoli in 1867. Works and sources

Giorgetti mostly composed for violin (2 concerti) and for strings (eight quartets and numerous pieces for two violins, and violin and viola), but he also dedicated his time to sacred music with messe and oratorios, and some symphonic experiments. He arranged many themes by Vincenzo Bellini, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Louis Spohr for strings. He also composed songs for soprano, as well as compositions for harp, piano, clarinet and flute (the concerto from 1818). Autographs

The institution that preserves the greatest number of his autographs is the Conservatory Luigi Cherubini in Florence followed by the Palatina Library in Parma, and the Royal Conservatory of Music in Brussels. In Brussels, at the Royal Library of Belgium, you can also find the autograph of the third quartet, which Giorgetti dedicated to Fétis. The autograph of the Ouverture I, dated 1840 and dedicated to Poniatowski, was found by the pianist Gregorio Nardi in Florence and today is looked after in his private Florentine archive.The Pacini Collection of the Carlo


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 Magnani Library in Pescia, and the Conservatories of Brussels and Florence all look after an autographed copy of Dies Irae, the only piece that remains of the Messa da Requiem which Giorgetti dedicated to Giovanni Pacini in 1843: on the frontispiece of these documents, there is a note from the composer which indicated how counterfeit copies are made lacking his autograph. The Philharmonic Academy of Bologna preserves the autograph of the Gran quintetto, at one time dedicated by Giorgetti to the librarian Masseangelo Masseangeli, then published by Ricordi in 1847 and rededicated first to the students and then to Poniatowski. The Greggiati Collection in Ostiglia contains the autograph of the Ave Maria, op. 35 in a version arranged for orchestra (the autograph of the original version for piano, harp or quartet is at the Conservatory of Florence). The autograph of the seventh quartet for strings was only recently discovered at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Manuscripts

The majority of the contemporary manuscripts of his work are at the Conservatory of Florence and the Hofburgkapelle in Vienna. After which, manuscripts are found at the Noseda Collection of the Conservatory of Milan, the Capitolary Archive in Pistoia, the Sasso Collection at the Accademia Santa Cecilia of Rome, the Paganini Conservatory of Genoa, and Arezzo Historic Archive.A unique contemporary copy of <mask>’s works are preserved at the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana in Venice, in the Greggiati Collection in Ostiglia, at the Biblioteca Statale in Cremona, at the Biblioteca Domenicini in Perugia, at the Conservatorio San Pietro


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 a Majella in Naples, and, abroad, at the Abteilung Musik, Theater, Film della Universitätsbibliothek «Johann Christian Senckenberg» in Frankfurt, at the Sibley Music Library part of the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester (New York), and in the Galeazzi Collection at the Irving Gilmore Music Library at Yale University in New Haven (Connecticut). Printed editions

The greatest number of first editions printed with the works of Giorgetti are at the Conservatory in Florence. Given Giorgetti’s longlasting relationship with Ricordi, many first editions of his works are also in Milan, at the  Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory.The Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana in Venice preserves 12 first editions of his. Following, by number of examples, are: the Greggiati Collection in Ostiglia, the Institute of music Vecchi & Tonelli in Modena, the Accademia Santa Cecilia in Rome, the Conservatory of Naples, the Conservatory of Brescia, the Conservatory of Pesaro, the National Library in Florence, the Conservatory of Bergamo, the Biblioteca Palatina in Parma, the Conservatory of Bologna, the Conservatory of Perugia, the Conservatory of Rome, the Capitolary Archive in Pistoia, the Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique in Bruxelles, the Conservatory of Liegi, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Monaco and the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. The following preserve only one copy of a first edition of an opera: the Conservatory in Verona, the Accademia Filarmonica in Bologna, the Biblioteca Aurelio Saffi in Forlì, the Scuola di Musica di Fiesole, the Accademia Chigiana in Siena, the Historic Archive of Arezzo,


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 the Biblioteca di Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte di Palazzo Venezia in Rome, the private archive of Claudio Paradiso in Latina, the Library of the University of Reading (England), the Liszt Ferenc Zenemüvészeti Föiskola Könivtára in Budapest, the Music Division of the Public Library in Lincoln Center in New York, and the Sibley Music Library in Rochester. The first edition from 1856 of his methods for viola is preserved at the Conservatories in Milan, Florence, Bergamo and Rome, at the Biblioteca Comunale in Finale Emilia and at the British Library in London. Discography
In 1968, the group Sestetto Chigiano d'Archi (Riccardo Brengola, Giovanni Guglielmo, violins; Tito Riccardi, Mario Benvenuti, violas; Alain Meunier, Franco Petracchi, cellos) performed Sestetto n. 3, op.25 by Georgetti (dedicated to Rossini and printed in Florence by Guidi in 1845; autograph conserved in Conservatoire de Musique de Bruxelles) in the concert hall of Palazzo Chigi-Saracini in Siena, during the local Musical Week. Performance was recorded and the original tape is conserved in the Italian National Discography Institute in Rome. The Institute published the recording in 1989, and now is available on-line on the official site. References

Further reading
 Eleuterio Pantologo, La musica italiana del XIX secolo. Ricerche filosofico-critiche, Firenze, Coen & Co., 1828. Partial modern edition in Carlida Steffan (ed. ), Rossiniana.Antologia della critica nella prima metà dell'Ottocento, Pordenone, Studio Tesi, 1992 (e 1995), pp. 121–134 (this anthology has a section for Giorgetti too, at pp. 135–146). Giancarlo Conestabile,


texts: Cenni sulla vita del professore di violino <mask> Giorgetti, in Vita di Niccolò Paganini da Genova, Perugia, Bartelli, 1851, pp. 242 ssgg. Carlo Andrea Gambini, Quarto quartetto per due violini, viola e violoncello del Cav. Ferdinando Giorgetti, Op.32, in «L'Armonia», I/20 (13 maggio 1856), Firenze, Guidi, 1856, p. 79. François-Joseph Fétis, <mask>, <mask>, in Biographie universelle des musiciens et Bibliographie générale de la musique, second edition, vol. 4, Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1862, p. 9. Digitalized on Internet Archive. Xavier van Elewyck, De l'état actuel de la musique en Italie, Paris, Heugel/Bruxelles, Roussel, Katto & Schott/Mainz [ecc. ], Schott/Milano [ecc. ], Ricordi, 1875, pp.35, 40. Digitalized on Internet Archive. Carlo Schmidl, Dizionario universale dei musicisti, vol. I, Milano, Ricordi, sd (1887), p. 627. Digitalized on IMSLP. Arnaldo Bonaventura, Storia del violino, dei violinisti e della musica per violino, Milano, Hoepli, 1933 (first edition: 1925), pp. 216 ssgg.Leonardo Pinzauti, Prospettive per uno studio sulla musica a Firenze nell’Ottocento, in «Nuova rivista musicale italiana», II/2 (marzo-aprile 1968), Roma, ERI, 1968, pp. 255–273. Giovanni Carli Ballola, Civiltà strumentali dell'Ottocento italiano, in «Chigiana», vol. XXVI-XXVII, serie 6-7 (1969-1970), Firenze, Olschki, 1971, pp. 593–597. Sergio Martinotti, Ottocento strumentale italiano, Bologna, Forni, 1972. Claudio Sartori, L'avventura del violino.L'Italia musicale dell'Ottocento nella biografia e nei carteggi di Antonio Bazzini, Torino, ERI, 1978. Marcello De Angelis, La musica del granduca. Vita musicale e correnti

masks: Ferdinando Giorgetti Ferdinando


texts:
 critiche a Firenze 1800-1855, Firenze, Vallecchi, 1978. <mask> <mask> (sub voce), in Dizionario enciclopedico universale della musica e dei musicisti, edited by Alberto Basso, serie II: Le biografie, vol. 3: FRA-JA, Torino, UTET, 1986, p. 210. Franco Dell'Amore (ed. ), Nicola Petrini Zamboni.Memorie di un violinista cesenatese (1785-1849), Cesena, Comune di Cesena, 1995, p. 148. Guido Salvetti (ed. ), Musica strumentale dell'Ottocento italiano, Lucca, LIM, 1997. Ennio Speranza, <mask>, <mask> (sub voce), in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 55, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2001. Available on-line in Italian on Treccani.it. Bianca Maria Antolini, Editori musicali italiani dell'Ottocento e concerti di musica classica: alcuni casi, in Bianca Maria Antolini, Teresa Gialdoni, Annunziato Pugliese (ed.), «Et facciam dolci canti». Studi in onore di Agostino Ziino in occasione del suo 65° compleanno, Lucca, LIM, 2003, pp. 1197–1221. Bianca Maria Antolini, La musica in Toscana nell'Ottocento, in Claudio Paradiso (ed. ), Teodulo Mabellini, il protagonista dell'Ottocento musicale toscano, Pistoia, Brigata del Leoncino, 2005, pp. 19–35. Ennio Speranza, Una pianta fuori di clima.Il quartetto per archi in Italia da Verdi a Casella, Torino, EDT, 2013. Claudio Paradiso (ed. ), Il cavalier <mask> <mask> musicista romantico a Firenze, Roma, Società Editrice di Musicologia, 2015. This book contains the catalogue of works by Giorgetti (pp. 203–213), an introduction by Marcello De Angelis (pp. 9–15), and the following essays:
 Claudio Paradiso, La vita e l'opera (pp. 17–79);
 Gregorio Nardi, «Mon

masks: Ferdinando Giorgetti Giorgetti Ferdinando Ferdinando Giorgetti


texts:
 cher monsieur Giorgetti»: l'incontro con Franz Liszt nel 1838 (pp.81–103);
 Franco Sciannameo, Riflessioni sul «Metodo per esercitarsi a ben suonare l'alto-viola» (pp. 105–124);
 Ennio Speranza, Il cavaliere del quartetto (pp. 125–134);
 Mariateresa Dellaborra, I sestetti (pp. 135–155);
 Ugo Piovano, Giorgetti nelle riviste musicali fiorentine (pp. 157–202). External links

 Musical Documentation Center of Tuscany

1796 births
1867


texts:
<mask> (born October 18, 1971) is an American professional boxer. He has challenged twice for unified world heavyweight titles, in 2008 and 2012, both times against Wladimir Klitschko. Described by many observers and fighters as "awkward", <mask> was considered the gatekeeper of the heavyweight division during the Klitschko Era. <mask> was ranked by BoxRec among ten best heavyweights in the world from 2003 to 2012, reaching his highest ranking of world No.4 in 2005 and 2006. Early life
<mask> was born on October 8, 1971, in Washington, D.C., and has 10 siblings. Both his parents were drug addicts. <mask> and his only full-blood brother Keith, who was about 10 months older, grew up in an orphanage before they were taken to the foster home at pre-school age.The brothers spent most of their youth in Southeast, D.C., frequently moving from one relative to another, before members of child and family services took them back to the orphanage. Their mother had visited them there twice before dying of an HIV infection, while the father spent most of their lives in jail. When <mask> and Keith were in first grade, they were legally adopted by their paternal grandmother and lived with her family until she died of a heart attack at the age of 54. After their grandmother died, <mask> and Keith returned to foster care, then went to live with one of their aunts and her two sons in D.C. public housing. They eventually had a falling out with their aunt, and <mask> moved in with his girlfriend Sydnee. He was a father by age 17, and him and Keith never finished high school. According to Keith, the main things that

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 helped them to survive were having each other and law abidance.The brothers were separated from each other in their 20s, when Keith joined the army. He would frequently send <mask> money earned in the military to support him. At the age of 23, <mask> became a police officer, fulfilling what he has called "his childhood dream". He was released from his job after an altercation with a member of the police, which resulted in the mentioned member having his ankle broken. According to <mask>, "[I] picked him off his feet, and threw him out the door". Soon after, Thomspon relocated to the Maryland suburbs, and eventually found work as a counselor at the National Children’s Center. Amateur boxing career

(<mask>, shortly after defeating David Price in what was considered a huge upset)

<mask> took up boxing at the age of 26, after meeting his car insurance agent, Gene Molowsky, who had a boxing gym in the back of his office.When recalling the memory, Gene said: "I saw this big six-foot-six, 250-pound guy. I figured, man — this is the heavyweight I’ve been waiting for." By <mask>'s own admission, he believed that starting with boxing at a relatively late age preserved him, because an average person has to let the body develop before getting into physical sports like boxing or american football. <mask> went 13-3 as an amateur before turning pro in 2000. Professional boxing career

2000–2004: Beginnings
<mask> made his professional debut at 28 years old on January 27, 2000, defeating DeShaun Harper by majority decision. He earned $300 for his first fight, which allowed him to cover household electric bill

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texts: that month. In the early years of his professional career, <mask> was still doing regular 9-to-5 jobs alongside boxing, as <mask> viewed boxing as a source of a supplemental income.He often trained in the gym early in the morning before the start of a full work day. By <mask>'s own admission, he soon started viewing boxing as something more than "just a side gig" after piling up a couple of wins: "I won a couple of fights, but I knew I could be a lot better". On May 20, 2001, <mask> faced local hard-hitting prospect Chester Hughes, who had a 9–0 record (6 KOs) coming into the bout. It was the first fight in which <mask> faced someone who was both taller and had longer reach than himself. He won the bout by first-round TKO. Overall, <mask> had eight fights in 2000 and six in 2001, building up a record of 13 wins and a single decision loss, before facing his first notable opponent, Marion Wilson. Despite having a record of 11 wins, 36 losses and 3 draws, Wilson was recognized for his durability, having never been stopped in his entire career and occasionally pulling upsets, such as wins over Corey Sanders and Paea Wolfgramm or split draw against Ray Mercer.<mask> won the bout by a lopsided unanimous decision, with scores 58–49, 57–49 and 58–49. On August 31, 2002 <mask> was scheduled to face hard-hitting Ron Guerrero, who was looking to regain his stock after back-to-back losses to Attila Levin and Jeremy Williams. The fight was scheduled for five rounds. <mask> was declared the winner by unanimous decision (UD), with scores 50–45, 49–46 and 50–45. On October 20, 2002, <mask> faced another notable

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 opponent, an experienced journeyman Zuri Lawrence. Lawrence was on a six-fight winning streak, coming off of an upset victory over undefeated Italian prospect Paolo Vidoz. <mask> won the bout by seventh-round TKO.The Thunderbox
The back-to-back wins over Guerrero and Lawrence allowed <mask> to participate in Thunderbox Heavyweight Tournament on November 30, 2002, promoted by Cedric Kushner. The tournament consisted of eight participants, which included two-time world heavyweight champion Tim Witherspoon, former and future world heavyweight title challengers Derrick Jefferson, Ray Austin and Jeremy Williams, experienced journeyman Maurice Harris, who had entered the tournament after knocking out future world champion Siarhei Liakhovich, and undefeated, hard-hitting Gerald Nobles. Each boxer, including <mask>, was guaranteed $5,000 and the purse for the tournament winner was $100,000. All bouts took place at Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City, New Jersey and were scheduled for three rounds. The bouts were aired in the UK on Eurosport. In the first round, <mask> faced Jeremy Williams. The bout was scored a draw, with <mask> being declared the winner due to landing more punches.In semifinals, <mask> defeated Derrick Jefferson on points, and advanced to the final. <mask> wasn't able to claim the $100,000 prize, as he was soundly beaten by Maurice Harris. 2004-2007: Title Contention
On March 27, 2004, <mask> faced undefeated Cuban heavyweight Yanqui Díaz in a fight scheduled for eight rounds. With a record of 8–0 with 6 KOs, Díaz was a highly regarded prospect due to his long and decorated amateur

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texts: career, with prominent boxing manager Wes Wolfe predicting a bright future for Díaz in the heavyweight division, expecting him to become "a superstar among the Cubans". <mask> handed Díaz his first professional career loss, winning the bout by a wide unanimous decision, with scores 78–72, 77–73 and 79–71. Shortly after, <mask> agreed to face former world title challenger Vaughn Bean on September 11, 2004. It was <mask>'s second bout that took place outside of the United States.30-year old Bean, mostly known for his competitive bouts against Evander Holyfield and Michael Moorer and having only been stopped by Vitali Klitschko, had won 13 of his last 14 fights against mostly lackluster opposition coming into the bout, and was described by some observers as "fringe contender". The bout lasted full ten rounds, with <mask> being declared the winner by unanimous decision. The judges scored the bout 97–93 (twice) and 96–94. At the conclusion of 2004, <mask> was ranked No.7 heavyweight in the world by BoxRec. After winning another couple of fights, <mask> signed to face Dominick Guinn on March 18, 2006 in San Jose, California. Once described as a "hot prospect" and viewed as one of the top-rising American heavyweight contenders, Guinn was looking to return to the heavyweight title contention after losses to James Toney, Siarhei Liakhovich and Monte Barrett. Many observers viewed <mask> fight as an opportunity for Guinn to follow up on his win over Audley Harrison.The fight was the main event of the card aired live on ESPN2 as part of the Wednesday Night Fights series. It was the first 12-round bout in

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texts: <mask>'s career. The first half of the fight was competitive, with Guinn aggressively coming forward, while <mask> fought behind the jab, landing cleaner punches. By the sixth round, Guinn started showing signs of fatigue. <mask> dominated the second half of the fight, patiently stalking tired Guinn and gradually accumulating the damage, hurting him on several occasions. Ultimately, <mask> was declared the winner by unanimous decision (UD), with scores 118–111, 119–109 and 117–111. <mask>'s wife Sydnee later claimed that she had heard Guinn talking to his trainer, Joe Goossen, in the dressing room after the fight, with Guinn saying: "[<mask>]’s nothing like the videos we watched.This guy is good". A high-profile win over Guinn appeared to have elevated <mask>'s stock. After staying inactive for almost eight months (the longest stretch of inactivity in <mask>'s career up to that date), he faced Uzbekistani heavyweight prospect Timur Ibragimov on February 16, 2007. Ibragimov was coming off of a decision loss to Calvin Brock, and viewed the <mask> bout as an opportunity to return to the heavyweight title picture. The bout took place at the Playboy Mansion in Beverly Hills, California. <mask>'s camp came to the bout unprepared – someone had stolen <mask>'s shoes, and he had to borrow a pair of basketball shoes from a Fox Sports Network producer. <mask> dominated Ibragimov, working behind the jab and gradually stepping up his aggression.The bout went the distance, with <mask> being declared the winner by unanimous decision, with scores 97–93 (twice) and 99–91. After the bout, <mask> called out Sultan

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texts: Ibragimov: "[Sultan Ibragimov] keeps talking about looking for a worthy opponent, but doesn't do anything with it. He wants to fight for the interim title, but avoids fights with worthy opposition". After the win, <mask> entered WBA heavyweight rankings at No.12, and IBF rankings at No.13. The win over Timur Ibragimov lined him up against popular German boxer Luan Krasniqi in a WBO world heavyweight title eliminator on July 14, 2007. Krasniqi, who was 36 years old coming into the bout, was looking to return to the heavyweight title contention after a loss to Lamon Brewster, with German media expecting him to "fulfill his destiny" and become only the second world heavyweight champion from Germany after Max Schmeling. The fight took place at Color Line Arena in Hamburg, Germany and was aired on ZDF.This was the first <mask>'s bout that took place outside of North America. <mask> appeared to have the upper hand from the opening bell, frequently having Krasniqi pressed against the ropes and going back-and-forth between combinations to the head and body. In the third round, <mask> fractured Krasniqi's ribs. Inbetween the fourth and fifth rounds, the referee warned Krasniqi that he would stop the fight if Krasniqi continued absorbing punishment without firing back. <mask> continued his assault on Krasniqi in the fifth, prompting the referee to stop the fight. Krasniqi later described the fight as "the darkest moment of his career": "I'm still ashamed for what happened that night. I still can't explain it.I was stumbling around like I was drunk. My failure made [<mask>] a star." After winning the WBO

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 world heavyweight title eliminator, <mask> was appointed the mandatory position in the organization's rankings, thus setting up a bout with then-WBO world heavyweight champion Sultan Ibragimov. The mandatory fight was delayed twice due to a scheduled unification showdown – first between Ibragimov and WBA world champion Ruslan Chagaev, which was ultimately cancelled, then after an agreement was reached between Ibragimov and then-IBF world champion Wladimir Klitschko. <mask> agreed for a stay-busy bout on September 27, 2007 against Cliff Couser, who was coming off of an upset second-round TKO win over Monte Barrett. <mask> defeated Couser by second-round technical knockout. At the conclusion of 2008, <mask> entered The Ring heavyweight rankings at No.9 and was ranked No.5 heavyweight by BoxRec.2008: <mask> vs. Wladimir Klitschko
<mask> finally received a shot at the world heavyweight championship when he signed to face the newly crowned WBO champion Wladimir Klitschko on July 12, 2008, in a fight where Klitschko's IBF world heavyweight title was also on the line. In the build-up to the fight, Klitschko praised <mask> for his defensive abilities, while Klitschko's trainer Emmanuel Steward described <mask> as "one of the most difficult fights we will have". In the pre-fight interview, <mask> promised that he wouldn't run away from Klitschko, and would fight him toe-to-toe. Many observes expected Klitschko to win by TKO in the second half of the fight, before the fighters would enter the championship rounds. The fight took place at the Color Line Arena in Hamburg, Germany, the same venue where <mask>


texts: had defeated Luan Krasniqi in a title eliminator almost a year prior. Coming into the fight, <mask> was a 7-to-1 underdog. <mask> weighed in at 247.5 pounds, 6.5 lbs heavier than Klitschko.The opening rounds were tentative, with Klitschko seemingly struggling with <mask>'s awkward southpaw style. All three judges gave the first round to <mask>. In the second round, both fighters suffered a cut above the right eye after an accidental headbutt. Klitschko's eye began to swell after <mask> caught him with the right hook in the fifth round. After the sixth round, however, Klitschko appeared to have established his dominance in the ring, hurting <mask> with several straight right hands. After the seventh round, both fighter started showing signs of fatigue. In the tenth round, <mask> fell to the canvas during a clinch.It appeared as if <mask> fell down mostly due to being tired rather than being pushed by Klitschko. In the middle of the eleventh, <mask> was caught with the straight right hand which he did not see coming, falling to the canvas again, with the referee starting the count this time. <mask> beat the count but was unsteady on his feet, prompting the referee to stop the fight. At the time of the stoppage, <mask> was trailing on the scorecards, with scores 92–98 (twice) and 91–99. Despite the loss, <mask> was praised for making a solid account of himself, managing to land some punches on the dominant champion, who had seldom been hit clean by any of his opponents by that point. In the post-fight interview, Klitschko admitted that the fight turned out to be tougher than expected: "It is not so

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 easy to defend all the titles and it has been a while since I last had a black eye so today I really look like a boxer. I did not expect the victory to come that hard."After the fight, <mask> expressed disappointment with the final outcome of the fight: "I was fatigued, I thought he was fatigued too. He did what a great champion did, he took advantage when I was vulnerable. The only thing that hurts on me is my heart – for losing." He reportedly earned $500,000 for the fight. 2009–2011: resurgence
<mask> stayed in Germany after receiving an offer to be a sparring partner for Vitali Klitschko in his preparation against Juan Carlos Gomez, and agreeing to face local journeyman Adnan Serin on the undercard of Klitschko vs. Gomez. <mask> defeated Serin by fifth-round TKO. <mask> then agreed to face Chazz Witherspoon on December 5, 2009, at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City.Coming into the bout, 28-year old Witherspoon had 26–1 record (18 KOs), with his only defeat being a third-round DQ loss to Chris Arreola. The fight was aired live on HBO on the undercard of the fight between Paul Williams and Sergio Martínez. <mask> dominated Witherspoon from the opening bell, ultimately winning by TKO after staggering Witherspoon with the right hand in round nine and following up with a barrage of unanswered punches, prompting the referee to waive it off. On April 16, 2010, <mask> faced former WBA world heavyweight title challenger Owen Beck, who was coming off of a 10th-round TKO loss to then-unbeaten Manuel Charr. The bout took place at The New Daisy Theatre in Memphis, Tennessee, after Beck's licence was

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texts: revoked by several other commissions due to issues with his eyes, and was aired on ESPN2 as part of the Friday Night Fights series. <mask> knocked Beck down late in the first round after landing a right hand behind the ear, and proceeded to hurt Beck several times in the fight before Beck's corner threw in the towel in the fourth round, preventing battered and bruised Beck from continuing absorbing more punishment. Following this win, <mask> stayed inactive for almost seven months due to shoulder injury before returning to the ring on November 20, facing an American journeyman Paul Marinaccio on the undercard of the rematch between Paul Williams and Sergio Martinez.During his preparation, <mask> was one of the main sparring partners for then-WBA world heavyweight champion David Haye, who was training for his title defense against Audley Harrison. For the fight, Marinaccio had lost 17 pounds and weighed in at 228 lb, his lightest since 2005. <mask> made a quick work of Marinaccio, ultimately stopping him in the fourth round. Following that, <mask>, who was ranked No.7 by IBF, reached agreements to face No.6 ranked Maurice Harris in an IBF world heavyweight title eliminator for the No.2 spot. The fight was supposed to open an ESPN2 Friday Night Fights telecast headlined by Josesito Lopez vs Steve Upsher Chambers but was moved to the main event after Lopez pulled out due to injury. For the fight, <mask> weighed in at 255.5 lbs, the second heaviest in his career up to that date. <mask> defeated Harris by third-round TKO, moving to the No.2 IBF contendership spot.After the fight, Harris filed an


texts:
 official complaint against <mask>, claiming that he was hit with more than 20 illegal rabbit punches in the second and third rounds. Harris complained about his equilibrium was off after he was floored in the second round by a right hook that, according to Harris, landed behind the head. The replay, however, showed no signs of rabbit punching in the right hook that sent Harris down. <mask> was then scheduled to face Eddie Chambers on 28 October 2011 in a bout televised by Showtime, for what would have been a final eliminator for IBF world heavyweight title. However, the fight was cancelled after Chambers had to pull out due to spinal injury. After the withdrawal of Chambers, the No.1 contendership spot became vacant, and <mask>, who was ranked No.2, was nominated the mandatory IBF challenger. At the conclusion of 2011, BoxRec ranked <mask> as the 8th best heavyweight in the world.2012: <mask> vs. Wladimir Klitschko II
On 4 March 2012, then-unified world heavyweight champion Wladimir Klitschko stated that he would fight <mask> in a rematch from their first fight in 2008. At the time, he stated that the newly opened Barclays Arena in New York were interested in showcasing a Klitschko brother. A purse bid was set by the IBF, where Klitschko, upon request, would receive 85% of the purse split, meaning <mask> would only receive 15% compared to the usual 25%. The fight was confirmed to take place at the Stade de Suisse in Berne, Switzerland on 7 July. "So far I've always been better in rematches. However, I must not take this lightly as <mask> knows me better than any other fighter", Klitschko said in


texts: the build-up to the fight, "<mask> is a strong and difficult boxer-southpaw. [...] He has good technique, and he was one [of] the most difficult fighters I've ever faced.""I've been waiting for this rematch for so long", <mask> said during one of pre-fight press-conferences, "In Berne, I'm gonna finish what I've started 4 years ago - knock Klitschko out and take the belts back to the United States". <mask> weighed in at 244.75, dropping 10.75 lbs from his bout with Harris, while Klitschko weighed in at 249, the heaviest in his entire career. In the first round, both fighters were cautious, patiently studying each other. Klitschko became more dominant in the second, working mostly with his jab. <mask> unsuccessfully went for the attack and in the process fell to the canvas. The referee did not rule it a knockdown. In the third round, <mask> hurt Klitschko for the first time in the fight with a counter left hand but was still being outboxed by Klitschko.In the fifth round, <mask> was trapped in the corner and caught with a straight right hand, falling to the canvas to the count. <mask> beat the count but looked hurt, however he was able to survive that round. Klitschko continued his assault in the sixth, sending <mask> down again with a flurry of shots. <mask> got up but had to hold on to the ropes in order to stand, which prompted the referee to stop the fight, declaring Klitschko the winner by sixth-round TKO. "From the beginning, I had no doubt that I would successfully defend the titles. But it was hard to time an accurate shot. <mask> was elusive, he didn't lose an eye contact at any moment


texts:
 in the fight and was able to see most of my punches", Klitschko said in a post-fight interview.CompuBox stats showed Klitschko landed 51 of 121 total punches thrown (42%) and <mask> landed only 25 of 183 thrown (14%). 2013: <mask> vs. Price, Pulev
In December 2012, it was announced that <mask> would fight then-highly regarded British heavyweight, ESPN's Prospect of the Year David Price (15–0, 13 KOs) at the Echo Arena in Liverpool on 23 February 2013. This was regarded as a big step up for Price and a win would see him likely earn a future world title fight. Price's promoter Frank Maloney said, "This is the right fight at the right time for David and one where a win will propel him even higher. <mask> still has ambition and I am certain that he will come to win and score a major upset." <mask> was a heavy underdog among bookmakers and many were intrigued to see how David Price would fare against a common Wladimir Klitschko opponent. The bout was televised in the UK on Boxnation.Thomspon gave David Price his first professional career loss, scoring a second-round technical knockout in front of 6,000 fans in attendance. <mask> had been cautious and tentative throughout and it looked as though he was soon to be taken over and stopped, however to the crowd's shock <mask> threw a counter right hand that hit Price awkwardly behind the ear, sending him to the canvas. Price beat the count but the location of the punch behind the ear damaged his equilibrium and the bout was waved off. <mask> had scored what was regarded the heavyweight upset of the year at that point. After the post-fight press


texts: conference, Price's 60 year old promoter Frank Maloney collapsed. He was attended to by paramedics, given oxygen and then taken to hospital for further check-up. Maloney previously suffered a heart attack in 2009 after his fighter Darren Sutherland died.Frank Maloney claimed there was a rematch clause in place, but they wouldn't ask for it straight away and let <mask> enjoy his win. Upon hearing about the rematch clause, <mask> replied, "They can clause all the hell they want. I'm not coming back. They vastly underpaid me for this fight and I just took it for the opportunity. I've now created that opportunity and if they want to fight me again, then first of all they've got to come to my side of the Atlantic and then they've got to pay me what I'm worth." However, on 27 March, a rematch was confirmed to take place again at the Echo Arena on 6 July. According to Maloney, although there was a rematch clause in place, the fight was still hard to make as rival promotions were also interested in <mask>.David Price revealed that former undisputed world heavyweight champion Lennox Lewis advised him to take the rematch. <mask> weighed 259 pounds, 3 pounds lighter than the first fight and Price came in at 250 pounds. The fight was aired live in the United States on Wealth TV. <mask> suffered a heavy knockdown in round 2 after a powerful right hook, having attested afterwards that it was the hardest he'd ever been hit in his life. Both men traded shots in an exciting encounter, but <mask> grew with confidence and began to take over the latter part of the fight, sapping Price's energy with precise body


texts:
 shots. The body work seemingly paid off as Price appeared to have collapsed physically in the fifth round, at one point turning his back to <mask> after <mask> staggered him with a barrage of shots and retreating to the corner where the referee started a count. Price motioned as though he had given up and the referee stopped the fight, awarding <mask> a 5th-round TKO victory.Shortly after the fight it was announced that <mask> had failed a drug test and was subsequently banned by the British Boxing Board of Control for 18 months. <mask>'s team was furious over the failed drug test and in a statement they claimed <mask> was prescribed high blood pressure medication and it was disclosed prior to the fight with Price. In August, <mask> faced undefeated contender Kubrat Pulev in another IBF title eliminator, in an attempt to secure a third fight with Wladimir Klitschko. After a competitive first seven rounds, <mask> faded down the stretch and allowed Pulev to take advantage by out-boxing him, and landing the more cleaner and effective shots. Following this setback, at age 41, <mask>'s career at the top level was once again in doubt. After the bout, <mask> once again tested positive for the same substance found in his system during the Price rematch, receiving a 12-month ban from the Austrian Boxing Federation. 2014–2015: <mask> vs. Solis, Takam
In March 2014, <mask> resurrected his career again after defeating 2004 Olympic gold medalist and former heavyweight title challenger Odlanier Solís by split decision.He then went on to lose a fight via decision to Carlos Takam later that year. <mask> fought

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 a rematch against Solís in February 2015, forcing him to retire in his corner in the eighth round. Professional boxing record

References

External links

Heavyweight boxers
1971 births
Doping cases in boxing
American sportspeople in doping cases
Living people
Boxers from Washington, D.C.
American male boxers
African-American boxers
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American


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<mask>  (born Étienne de La Rigaudelle du Buisson; 21 October 1786 – 14 August 1864) was a French Catholic priest and Jesuit missionary to the United States. Born to a wealthy family in Saint-Domingue, <mask> fled the Haitian Revolution for France, where he entered the civil service and rose to senior positions in Napoleon's imperial court. In 1815, he decided to enter the Society of Jesus and sailed for the United States. He engaged in pastoral work in Maryland and Washington, D.C., before becoming the president of Georgetown College in 1825. An austere personality, his leadership of the school was not successful. He suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to recover in Rome in 1826, where he met Jan Roothaan, the Jesuit Superior General. Upon returning to the United States, he acted as a close confidant of Roothaan.<mask> spent the next two decades engaged in pastoral work in Maryland, Virginia, and Philadelphia. He also traveled Europe, fundraising for the American Jesuits among the royalty and nobility. In 1841, he permanently returned to France and spent his later years as chaplain to the family and manor of Duke Mathieu de Montmorency in Borgo San Dalmazzo, and then as a parish priest in Toulouse. Early life
Étienne de La Rigaudelle du Buisson was born on 21 October 1786, in the town of Saint-Marc in the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue, where the La Rigaudelle du Buisson family owned two plantations that produced cotton and indigo dye. His mother was Marie-Elizabeth-Louise Poirer, who was born in Fort-Dauphin. His father, Anne-Joseph-Sylvestre de La Rigaudelle du

masks:
Stephen Larigaudelle Dubuisson
Dubuisson
Dubuisson