texts:
 several World Series for CBS Radio (, , , , and ) and did sports reports for the network. <mask> worked as a Monday Night Baseball announcer for ABC television in the late 1970s. He also did pre-game reports for ABC's coverage of the Yankee Stadium games in the 1977 World Series, and handled the post-game trophy presentation for the network after the Yankees clinched the world title in the sixth game. WPIX and its usual Rizzuto-Messer-<mask> broadcast trifecta carried the ALCS in 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980 and 1981, providing New York viewers a local alternative to the nationally broadcast telecasts. The most famous highlight with <mask> on play-by-play was the Bucky Dent three-run home run during the one-game playoff between the Yankees and Red Sox in 1978 on WPIX. Outside of baseball, <mask> was also part of the coverage of the Winter Olympic Games in 1980 and 1984.The Yankee organization showed their appreciation following his years in the broadcast booth when they selected him to receive their Pride of the Yankees Award in 1990. National League president and retirement
<mask> was elected to replace Giamatti as National League president in 1989 in a unanimous vote, becoming the first black executive to hold such a high position in sports. He served as NL president through 1994. In his autobiography, he later expressed the concern that he had about having been more of a figurehead while NL president, but also said that he managed to accomplish some of the goals that he originally had when he took the job. For several years, beginning just after his retirement from the NL, <mask> was a member of the Veterans Committee of the Baseball

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type: original

texts:
 Hall of Fame. <mask>, along with fellow newcomers to the committee Yogi Berra, a longtime Phil Rizzuto teammate, and Rizzuto's top rival and stand-out shortstop for the perennial pennant-winning NL Brooklyn Dodgers, Pee Wee Reese, were noted for having helped swing the vote in favor of the Yankee shortstop's candidacy during their first year on the committee. In 2011, <mask> released his autobiography entitled Uppity: My Untold Story About the Games People Play.On May 22, 2020, <mask> was elected to the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame along with Tom Herr and John Tudor. <mask> currently resides in Upper Black Eddy, Pennsylvania. See also

 Home run in first Major League at-bat
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of St. Louis Cardinals team records
 St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum

References

Further reading
 Career highlights at Baseball Library via Wayback Machine

External links
, or Retrosheet

1934 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
African-American sports executives and administrators
American sports executives and administrators
Baseball players from Florida
Gold Glove Award winners
Hiram Terriers baseball players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball executives
Major League Baseball first basemen
National Hockey League broadcasters
National League All-Stars
National League presidents
New York Giants (NL) players
New York Yankees announcers
People from Walton County, Florida
Philadelphia Flyers announcers
Philadelphia Phillies players
San Francisco Giants players
St. Louis Cardinals players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican

masks: White White White White


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<mask> ( 朱昱  b. 1970) is a performance artist living in Beijing, China. <mask> graduated from the Affiliated High School of the China Central Academy of Fine Arts in 1991. His work deals with subjects of contemporary art. Background
<mask> is often termed the most controversial and criticized artist in China. <mask> graduated from the Affiliated High School of the Central Academy of Fine Arts in 1991. His contemporary performance art raises questions about moral agendas, and draws an audience through its shock value.His artwork often encompasses the human body. He is categorized by some critics as an artist of the “cadaver school,” which consists of artists who tend to use human body parts in their work. <mask>'s most famous piece of conceptual art, titled "Eating People," was performed at a Shanghai arts festival in 2000. It consisted of him cooking and eating what is alleged to be a human fetus. The picture, circulated on the internet via e-mail in 2001, provoked investigations by both the FBI and Scotland Yard. It was intended as "shock art". Snopes and other urban legend sites have said the "fetus" used by <mask> was most likely constructed from a duck's body and a doll head.Other images from another art exhibit were falsely circulated along with <mask>'s photos and claimed to be evidence of fetus soup. The piece's cannibalistic theme caused a stir in Britain when <mask>'s work was featured on a Channel 4 documentary exploring Chinese Contemporary Art in 2003. In response to the public reaction, Mr. <mask> stated, "No religion forbids cannibalism. Nor can I find any law which prevents us from eating people. I took advantage of the space between morality and the law and based my work on it". <mask> created a fictional film in 2003

masks:
Zhu Yu
Zhu
Zhu Yu
Zhu
Yu
Zhu Yu
Zhu Yu
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Yu


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 titled "Corpse Case" which was based on "Eating People". In it the main character eats a fetus which was stolen from a medical school.Images from the piece have also been used in anti-Chinese propaganda, disseminated by e-mail and social media with a short text attached explaining the images show China's "hottest food" and that dead fetuses can be bought for 10–12,000 Yen (approximately US$100 - US$120). Recipients are encouraged to forward the mail, and the explanatory text is written in both English and Korean script. The Turkistan Islamic Party claimed that "Muslim children in Turkistan" were eaten by the Chinese, showing the faked pictures by <mask> and photos of fake fetuses from an art exhibit. Exhibitions
<mask> has been involved in many group exhibitions including Post-Sense Sensibility- Alien Bodies & Delusion in Beijing (January 1999), and The Third Guangzhou Triennial in Guangzhou (September 2008), which involved 181 artists from 40 countries. Most notable is his work at the Fuck Off Exhibit curated by Ai Weiwei and Feng Boyi in Shanghai, 2000. This controversial exhibit hosted 48 contemporary avant-garde artists. This is where his most controversial piece of performance art “Eating People” appeared.Among his other solo exhibitions are Plaything (Long March Space, Beijing 2010) and Leftover (Xin Beijing Art Gallery, Beijing, 2007). Significant Works
The Foundation of All Epistemology: This work appeared in the 1998 group exhibition It’s All Right in Shanghai. For this piece, <mask> cut and boiled five human brains which were purchased from a local hospital. He placed them in neatly labeled jars that he then signed with his own name. <mask> put these jars of brains up for sale in a market that sponsored the exhibit. He ended

masks:
Zhu Yu
Zhu Yu
Zhu Yu
Zhu


texts: up selling 15 bottles each for the price of 98 yuans. Eating People: In his performance art piece Eating People, <mask> photographs himself cooking and eating a human fetus that he divided into five parts.<mask> says that “I herewith announce my intention and my aim to eat people as a protest against mankind’s moral idea that he/she cannot eat people.”  In further response to <mask>'s performance, The Ministry of Culture cited a menace to social order and the spiritual health of the Chinese people, and banned exhibitions involving culture, animal abuse, corpses, and overt violence and sexuality. However, this piece did not even appear at the exhibit; the night before the exhibition, Ai Weiwei collaborated with <mask> and the photographs were removed from the gallery. This piece was thought particularly controversial, and organizers did not want to risk government censorship for the rest of the exhibit. The response to this work stemmed from its appearance on the internet shortly after. Eating People appeared in Malaysia's Perdan Weekly without caption and generated the question of whether eating babies was accepted in Asia on various myth-debunking websites. Pocket Theology: Appearing in the 1999 group exhibition Post-Sense Sensibility- Alien Bodies & Delusion in Beijing, curated by Wu Meichun and Qiu Zhije. A long coiling rope was gripped by a severed, decomposing arm which was suspended by a meat hook.This display was held in a small room in the basement that was being rented by a group of Chinese artists who organize the exhibition. Viewers were forced to walk over the rope which filled the entire space. Skin Graft: This performance art installation appeared in the 2000 exhibition Infatuation with Injury organized by Li Xianting.

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 In the exhibit, <mask> uses his own flesh as a canvas. Photos were shown of trunk of a quartered pig lying on a hospital bed. <mask> grafted a piece of his own skin onto a section of damaged skin from the pig. Two photos of this process appeared in the exhibit; one that showed the surgical process, and another which featured the artist sewing his own skin onto the pig carcass.<mask> stood by the exhibit and lifted his shirt to show the scar which stood as evidence of the procedure. Leftover: This series was exhibited by the Xin Beijing Art Gallery at the China International Gallery Exposition. <mask> photographed plates that held bits of leftover food, and then painted those images on canvas with oil. Eight paintings appeared at the Xin Beijing Art Gallery. Recent Works

<mask>'s most recent works follow his ideas with the Leftover exhibit, in which he paints highly detailed portraits of mundane objects. His series “Stain,” features a bird's-eye view of teacups that contain the dregs of tea leaves. The next series, “Pebble,” appeared at <mask>'s solo exhibition Play Thing, at the Long March Space in Beijing, 2010.This is another series of highly detailed, realistic paintings that show individual pebbles, each featuring a slightly different hue or shape. This work implies that all life can be reduced to a pebble, a simple object from which much meaning can be derived. Cheng, Meiling (2005) "Violent Capital: <mask> on File." The Drama Review: The Journal of Performance Studies 49.3 (Fall): 58–77. External links
 Reports of Contemporary Cannibalism in China (pics)

1970 births
Living people
20th-century Chinese artists
21st-century Chinese artists
Chinese performance artists
Conceptual artists
Internet memes
Cannibals
Artists from

masks:
Zhu
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<mask> (Mongolian: Tegülder, meaning “perfect”; ) (c.1246 10 August 1284), also known as Sultan Ahmad (reigned 1282–1284), was the sultan of the Persian-based Ilkhanate, son of Hulegu and brother of Abaqa. He was eventually succeeded by his nephew Arghun Khan. Early life
<mask> was born c. 1246 in Mongolia to Hulagu and Qutui Khatun from Khongirad tribe as his seventh son. His birth date is not mentioned elsewhere but according to sources he died at age of 37, therefore his birth year must have been around 1246 or 1247. He was baptized in his childhood as a Nestorian Christian and was given name Nicholas. He arrived in the Ilkhanate sometime in 1260s with his mother Qutui and brother Tekshin. Years later, he was granted governorship of Nahavand and Dinavar by Abaqa, who respected his mother Qutui.Qutui was also invested with territories with income of 100.000 gold coins near Mayyafariqin by Abaqa. Conversion to Islam
The circumstances of <mask>'s conversion to Islam are unknown. However, according to Ibn al-Fuwati he had been given information about his religious mentor and perhaps the person responsible for <mask>'s conversion - Kamal al-Din Abd ul-Rahman. He was described as a Greek slave of al-Mu'tasim Billah, who rose in rank thanks to his skills at alchemy and met Abaqa to whom he was introduced by Aybak. Abd ul-Rahman was introduced to <mask> later by his mother Qutui Khatun. <mask> sometime later converted to Islam and

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Ahmed Tekuder
Tekuder
Tekuder
Tekuder
Tekuder
Tekuder


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 changed his name to Ahmed. While Abd ul-Rahman would later rise in court and eventually be an ambassador to Mamluk Egypt.Election and reign
He arrived to the Jaghatu valley near Maragha to attend the qurultai for the election of new Il-Khan after Abaqa's death in April 1282. The main competition was between his nephew Arghun, his brother Möngke-Temür, and himself. He was supported by most of the nobles and emirs, including Jalairs such as Shiktur Noyan, Suqunjaq Noyan and the Khongirads. He was elected on 6 May 1282 and enthroned on 21 June 1282 at Aladagh (), east of lake Van. He adopted his Muslim name Ahmed as his regnal name. His first act was to clear Ata-Malik Juvayni of charges brought against him by Majd al-Mulk Yazdi, a vizier who accused him of embezzling state funds. Tekuder restored him to the government of Baghdad, while people lynched Majd al-Mulk for witchcraft.He also appointed his younger half-brother, Qonqurtai, as viceroy of Anatolia the following month. However Arghun believed that the Juvayni brothers were responsible for his father's death by poisoning. He came to Baghdad to spend the winter of 1282-1283 and restarted the investigation of the accusations of embezzlement which may have caused Ata Malik's stroke on 5 March 1283. Rivalry with Arghun
As Arghun's dissatisfaction grew, he left for Khorasan in spring to gain the allegiance of minor nobles and amirs. <mask> on the other hand began to be suspicious


texts: of his half-brother Qonqurtai and Arghun's potential alliance. Qonqurtai was accused of conspiracy and was arrested by Tekuder's son-in-law, Alinaq - the viceroy of Georgia - on 17 January 1284, and was executed the next day. An army contingent was sent to Jazira, from where Gaykhatu and Baydu fled to Khorasan, to Arghun's encampment while several emirs such as Taghachar and Doladai were arrested.His next step was to send Alinaq with 15,000 men against Arghun, while he himself followed Alinaq on 26 April with his main army composed of Armenians and Georgians in addition to Mongols stationed in Mughan plain near Bilasuvar. Arghun prevailed against Alinaq in battle on 4 May, south of Qazvin, but nevertheless retreated to his lands in Khorasan. Ala ud-Daula Simnani, future sufi saint of Kubrawiya order also fought in Arghun's army during this battle. Arghun tried negotiate a truce, which Ahmad, against the advice of his councillors, refused. Another embassy sent by Arghun, this time led by his son Ghazan arrived at Tekuder's camp near Semnan on 31 May. The embassy was a success, as Ahmad accepted a truce on the condition that Arghun send his brother Gaykhatu as a hostage. Arghun agreed to the terms and sent his brother accompanied by two amirs, including Nawruz into the custody of Buqa, then the most senior of Tekuder's commanders, on 13 or 28 June.Buqa in turn handed him over to Ahmad who put Gaykhatu in Tödai Khatun's encampment.


texts:
 Despite this, <mask> continued hostilities and continued to advance on Arghun. This caused Buqa to harbour resentment towards <mask> and to grow more sympathetic to Arghun. On the other hand, he lost the favour of <mask> who started to invest his trust in Aq Buqa, another Jalair general. Arghun's next step was to seek refuge in Kalat-e Naderi, a strong fortress on 7 July with 100 men. But he was forced to surrender to Alinaq four days later. Victorious, Tekuder left Arghun in Alinaq's custody while he himself left for Kalpush, where his main army was stationed.This was the opportunity Buqa was seeking - he broke into Alinaq's camp and set Arghun free, while killing Alinaq. <mask> fled west and looted Buqa's encampment near Sultaniya in revenge. He continued on to his own pasturelands near Takht-i Suleyman on 17 July planning to escape to the Golden Horde via Derbent. However, Qaraunas, who had been sent by Buqa, soon caught up with and arrested <mask>. He was turned over to Arghun on 26 July on the Ab-i Shur pasturelands, near Maragha. Trial and death
Tekuder was accused of the unjust execution of Qonqurtai, his half-brother in a trial presided over by Arghun. While Tekuder asked for mercy and clemency, Qonqurtai's Chinese (or Khitan) mother Ajuja demanded his execution.While not in favour of execution, the rebellions of his uncle Hulachu and cousin Jushkab in Hamadan forced him decide in favour of Qonqurtai's family. They had

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 Ahmed executed on 10 August 1284 by breaking his back. Relations with Mamluks
Shams al-Din Juvayni advised him to make peace with Mamluk Egypt since he was a Muslim sultan. The first embassy headed by Qutb al-Din Shirazi left Aladagh for Egypt on 25 August 1282. He expressed his aim to forge an alliance with Qalawun against the wishes of his own council in a letter. Qalawun sent a reply on 3 December 1282 urging Tekuder to release the Sultanate of Rum from vassalage as a fellow Muslim. Tekuder sent a second embassy, headed by his religious mentor Kamal al-Din Abd ul-Rahman to Egypt from Tabriz in June 1283.However, this embassy was late as it arrived on 2 March 1284 and was granted audience on 26 August 1284, 16 days after <mask>'s death. Which led to envoy's arrest and death. When Arghun received no reply, he declared war against <mask>. <mask> requested help from the Mamluk Sultan, but the Mamluks did not fully co-operate with him. Having a small and inferior army, <mask> was defeated by Arghun's larger force, and he was eventually executed on August 10, 1284. Shams al-Din Juvayni was also arrested and executed by Buqa on 16 October 1284. The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire.Facts on File, Inc. .
 David Morgan, The Mongols

Il-Khan emperors
Converts to Islam from Christianity
Former Church of the East Christians
Mongol Empire Muslims
13th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
1284 deaths
13th-century

masks: Tekuder Tekuder Tekuder Tekuder


texts: <mask> is an American vocalist, songwriter and guest writer/vocalist based in San Francisco, California, United States. Her first EDM collaborations with Ferry Corsten, "Made of Love" and "Feel You", appeared on Corsten's album Twice in a Blue Moon. Soon after its release, the single "Made of Love" made the top 40 in the Netherlands. In 2008 it was voted the fifth track overall on Armin Van Buuren's radio program A State of Trance, number one on Above and Beyond Group Therapy Radio, and reached the number one position on Corsten's Countdown's 100th episode. "Made of Love" was the second single and the first vocal track to be released from the Twice In A Blue Moon album. There is also an official video. <mask> joined Corsten as his tour kicked off in Malaysia and has joined him for numerous shows all over the globe.Other electronic dance music releases include "A New Day" with ATB on Kontor Records, "Stronger Creature" with Kenneth Thomas on Tetsuo Records, "Love Again" with Andy Moor, "You Belong To Me" with Bobina, and "All The Way" with Austin Leeds/Starkillers on Ultra Records, and "Play it Back" with Gabriel & Dresden on Organized Nature. In 2011 Betsie released her first solo album on Black Hole recordings . All We Have Is Now features collaborations with: John

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Betsie Larkin
Larkin


texts: O'Callaghan, Ferry Corsten, Super8 & Tab, Solarstone, Lange, Bobina, Sied van Riel, Bjorn Akesson, Giuseppe Ottaviani, and Rafael Frost. Some of the remixers include Manufactured Superstars, JQA, Soulshaker, Save The Robot, and Roger Shah. The singles reached high positions on Beatport and the Music Week club charts, and were supported by top DJs worldwide. <mask> enthuses about the process:This was an ambitious project, to say the least, but so rewarding in the end. It was really fun experiencing all of the different processes for writing.With some we started from one of my older alternative rock songs. In others I would lay down a very minimal piano with a vocal and let the producer create music around the idea. I only started from a producer’s instrumental on one track, which was “The Offering” with Sied van Riel. The real fun was in sending off a rough version of something I had written, and seeing how it came back to me after a few weeks with the producer. These guys are incredible at what they do, and working with them was a blast! The album spawned a string of top 10 charting singles and Black Hole released a deluxe edition of All We Have Is Now that included thirty tracks, including remix versions and official videos. Remix; Soulshaker Mix; Radio Edit; Loverush


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<mask> of Babenberg (;  1108/13 – 24/25 January 1163) was a scion of the Franconian House of Babenberg and by marriage High Duchess of Poland and Duchess of Silesia. Family and personality

<mask> was a daughter of Leopold III, Margrave of Austria, and <mask>, daughter of Emperor Henry IV. Through her mother, <mask> was a descendant of the Salian dynasty, which ruled the Holy Roman Empire since 1024 until her maternal uncle, Emperor Henry V, died without issue in 1125. She was the half-sister of Duke Frederick II of Swabia and King Conrad III of Germany, both born from her mother's first marriage with Duke Frederick I of Swabia. Of her full siblings, one sister, Judith, married Marquess William V of Montferrat, and one brother was Bishop Otto of Freising, a renowned medieval chronicler. According to Wincenty Kadłubek, Polish chronicler and bishop of Kraków (and this opinion is shared by other sources), <mask> was a very ambitious, energetic woman, and proud of her origins. It is no wonder the bishop called her "Tigress" in his Chronica Polonorum.Marriage
The ruler of Poland, Duke Bolesław Wrymouth, in order to hold his ground against the Empire wanted to obtain a powerful ally against King Lothair III of Germany. He therefore forged an alliance with the Babenbergs and the Hohenstaufen families, who, as relatives of the extinct Salian dynasty, were the natural rivals of Lothair. In order to seal this alliance, a marriage between Bolesław III's eldest son Władysław and <mask> was agreed. The wedding took place around 1125; according to some historians, the couple had already received the Duchy of Silesia from Bolesław III as a gift. High Duchess of Poland
Bolesław III died on 28 October 1138. In his

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 will, he divided Poland between his sons. As the oldest son, the supreme authority in the country was assigned to Władysław II with the title of high duke (princeps).In addition to Silesia, he received the Seniorate Province (which included Lesser Poland, eastern Greater Poland and western Kuyavia) and the authority over Pomerania. His half-brothers Boleslaw IV, Mieszko III and Henry received hereditary fiefs as junior dukes. In addition, Władysław II would also receive the lands of Łęczyca, then granted by Bolesław III to his widow, Salomea of Berg, for life as her dower and to revert to the Seniorate Province upon her death. Almost immediately, the high duke began his efforts to unify the country under his rule. Wincenty Kadłubek stated that the confrontation between Władysław II and his half-brothers was mainly instigated by <mask>, who believed that her husband, as the eldest son, had the right to be the sole ruler of the whole country. In order to strengthen the authority of the high duke, it is believed that <mask> took part in the downfall of one of the most powerful nobles in the country, the voivode Piotr Włostowic, who supported the junior dukes. According to a legend, the capture of Włostowic was thanks to <mask>, because she sent her own retainers to his castle and they captured him during the night.This event was recorded in German contemporary historiography; however, since this story is not confirmed, it not generally accepted by modern historians. <mask> demanded Włostowic's death, but her husband decided instead to make an example of him. Włostowic was blinded, muted and sentenced to exile. Deposition and exile
The tyrannical rule of Władysław II and <mask> led to many of their

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texts: subjects switching their allegiance to the junior dukes. In early 1146 the high duke's forces were finally defeated near Poznań. Władysław II escaped to Bohemia, while <mask> and her children remained in Kraków, where for some time they maintained resistance against the junior dukes from the Wawel Castle. However, the attempts to defend the city were unsuccessful and, in the end, the whole family was reunited in exile.After a short time at the Bohemian court of Duke Vladislaus II, <mask>' half-brother, King Conrad III of Germany, offered his hospitality to the Polish ducal family, who settled at the Kaiserpfalz of Altenburg. At first, it seemed that Władysław II would soon regain power in Poland. A German expedition against the junior dukes was launched in 1146, but due to flooding of the Oder River and the pressures on the German king by the margraves Albert the Bear and Conrad of Meissen, the campaign failed. The failure of the expedition did not discourage <mask>, who continued with her attempts to restore her husband. She asked for the intervention of Pope Eugenius III, who decided to raise the question in the 1148 Council of Reims, and sent his legate Guy to Poland to obtain the submission of the junior dukes. However, they refused to accept the return of Władysław II, and the pope declared a ban over Poland. The pope's actions had few repercussions thanks for the united support of the Polish church hierarchy for the junior dukes.In 1152 King Conrad III died and was succeeded by his nephew Frederick Barbarossa. With the accession of this energetic ruler, the hopes of <mask> and Władysław II of returning to Poland were rekindled. With the encouragement of his aunt, the new German king launched

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 an expedition against Poland in 1157. The campaign was a success but unexpectedly Barbarossa did not restore Władysław II to the Polish throne. Instead High Duke Bolesław IV was declared a vassal of Emperor Frederick and was compelled to pay tribute to him. In compensation to Władysław II, he forced Bolesław to promise the restitution of the Silesian duchy to Władysław's sons. Death and aftermaths
Both <mask> and Władysław II knew that their battle was finally lost.They remained in Altenburg, where Władysław II died on 30 May 1159. <mask>' day of death is generally placed by sources between 24 and 25 January, but the year remained disputed among historians and sources. Certainly she survived her husband, and it is known that she did not return to Silesia with her sons when they were finally restored in their heritage in 1163. Thus, it is believed that <mask> died between 1160 and 1163. She was buried in the Cistercian abbey of Pforta near Naumburg on the Saale river. Children
<mask> and Wladyslaw had the following children:

Bolesław I the Tall (1127 – 8 December 1201). Mieszko I Tanglefoot (1131 – 16 May 1211).Richeza (1140 – 16 June 1185), married firstly in 1152 to Alfonso VII, King of Galicia, Castile and León, secondly in 1162 to Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Provence and thirdly by 1167 to Count Albert III of Everstein. Konrad Spindleshanks (1146/57 – 17 January 1180/90). Albert (c. 1156 - c. 1168/78). References

Sources

12th-century births
1163 deaths
Year of birth uncertain

12th-century Austrian people
12th-century German nobility
12th-century Polish nobility
Duchesses
Babenberg
Piast dynasty
Margravines of Germany
12th-century German women
12th-century Austrian women
12th-century Polish


texts:
<mask> II (born March 13, 1974) is an American football coach who is currently the defensive coordinator and linebackers coach at Penn State University. He previously served as the head coach at the University of Miami from 2019 to 2021. Early life
<mask>, son of former Miami mayor <mask>, was born on March 13, 1974. At Miami Country Day High School, <mask> was a three sport athlete in football, basketball and baseball. In 1991, <mask> was a Miami Herald honorable mention All-Dade County Scholar-Athlete for football, basketball and baseball. <mask> is a graduate of Florida State University where he joined the Gamma Rho Chapter of Theta Chi Fraternity. Coaching career

Florida State
Diaz began his coaching career at Florida State University in 1998, working alongside defensive coordinator Mickey Andrews for two seasons.During his stint, the Florida State Seminoles appeared in back-to-back BCS National Championship Games, a loss to the Tennessee Volunteers in the 1999 Fiesta Bowl and a win against the Virginia Tech Hokies in the 2000 Sugar Bowl. NC State
<mask> played a major role for one of the country's top-ranked defenses by coaching safeties in 2004 and 2005 and handling the linebackers in 2002 and 2003 for the NC State Wolfpack. The 2005 NC State Wolfpack football team finished eighth nationally in total defense, sixth in third-down percentage, and twelfth in scoring defense en route to a 7–5 record and a shutout win over the South Florida Bulls in the 2005 Meineke Car Care Bowl. <mask> also served as special teams coordinator and the kickoff return unit finished fifth nationally, while the punt return team blocked four kicks. In his

masks:
Manuel Alberto Diaz
Diaz
Manny Diaz
Diaz
Diaz
Manny Diaz
Diaz
Diaz


texts:
 first year as safeties coach and special teams coordinator in 2004, NC State's defense finished the year as the top-ranked unit in the country in total defense by allowing just over 220 yards per game. The Wolfpack defense also held national powers Ohio State and Florida State to under 130 yards of total offense during the season. <mask>'s players included All-ACC performer and former New York Jets player Andre Maddox.His 2004 special teams at NC State also had three blocked punts and two returns for touchdowns. <mask> handled the linebackers for NC State in 2002 and 2003. The 2003 NC State Wolfpack football team finished 7–5 with <mask> sharing play-calling duties for all 11 games. He also made all the defensive calls during the 2003 Tangerine Bowl win over the Kansas Jayhawks. In 2002, his first year as a full-time coach, <mask> helped the Wolfpack to one of their best seasons ever, finishing 11–3 and defeating Notre Dame in the Gator Bowl. He shared in the play-calling duties, and NC State ended the year ranked 14th nationally in total defense and 10th in scoring defense. In back-to-back games against Florida State and Notre Dame, NC State did not allow an offensive touchdown.Middle Tennessee
Diaz spent four seasons as defensive coordinator at Middle Tennessee State University. <mask> also coached linebackers for two years after mentoring the safeties during his first two seasons in Murfreesboro. In four years under <mask>, the Middle Tennessee defense led its conference in sacks and tackles for loss twice, and finished no lower than third in the league in either category during his tenure. In 2009, the Blue Raiders finished second

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texts:
 nationally in tackles for loss, stopping more than eight and a half plays per game behind the line of scrimmage. <mask>'s defense also ranked sixth nationally in sacks that season, posting nearly three per game. Also in 2009, <mask> tutored defensive end Chris McCoy who was tabbed the Sun Belt Conference co-Defensive Player of the Year. McCoy led the league and ranked sixth nationally in tackles for loss.Safety Jeremy Kellem and cornerbacks Alex Suber and Marcus Udell were also named first team all-SBC. Defensive end Jamari Lattimore along with linebackers Cam Robinson and Danny Carmichael earned second-team honors. Overall, <mask>' unit produced 17 all-conference players during his time there and put up three of the top four fewest yards allowed averages at Middle Tennessee in its FBS era. Mississippi State
In 2010 with the Mississippi State Bulldogs, <mask> guided a defense that ranked 22nd in the nation in scoring defense (19.9 ppg), 17th in rushing defense (214.9 ypg) and 17th in tackles for loss (7.0 pg). That was a dramatic turnaround for MSU from the season prior to his arrival. In 2009, the defense finished 71st in scoring defense, 62nd in rushing defense and 89th in TFL. Mississippi State also finished ranked 13th in red zone defense (.73) and 22nd in turnovers forced (28) nationally this season.Texas
<mask> was introduced as the defensive coordinator for the Texas Longhorns in January 2011. During his first season at Texas, <mask> led the top defense in the Big 12 as the Longhorns ranked first in the conference in total defense, rushing defense and pass defense. Overall the unit ranked 11th nationally in total defense and was


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 sixth against the run despite facing six offenses that ranked in the top 15 nationally. On September 7, 2013, the Longhorns' defense, under <mask>, gave up a school record 550 yards rushing to Brigham Young University, including 257 to quarterback Taysom Hill. The following day, Mack Brown described the defensive performance as "unacceptable" and relieved <mask> of his duties as defensive coordinator. Louisiana Tech
On January 21, 2014, Louisiana Tech hired <mask> as its defensive coordinator under head coach Skip Holtz. <mask> succeeded Kim Dameron, who had departed after a single season to become head coach at Eastern Illinois.In Daiz's lone season as defensive coordinator at Louisiana Tech, the Bulldogs led FBS in turnovers gained (42) with 16 fumble recoveries and 26 interceptions. Second stint at Mississippi State
On January 5, 2015 it was announced that <mask> would return to Mississippi State as defensive coordinator. <mask> spent the 2015 season with the Bulldogs, where his unit held opponents to 23.2 points per game and ranked in the nation’s top 10 in red zone defense and tackles for loss. Miami
On January 2, 2016, University of Miami football head coach Mark Richt named Miami native <mask> as the Hurricanes’ defensive coordinator for the start of the 2016 campaign. In his first season at Miami, <mask> was a nominee for the Broyles Award, given to the top assistant coach in college football. <mask> spent three seasons as the defensive coordinator under Richt. In his first year at the helm of the defense, <mask>'s unit ranked No.20 nationally in total defense, No. 9 in yards per play, No. 12 in scoring defense, No. 5 in tackles

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 for loss, No. 22 in team sacks and tied for No. 8 in defensive touchdowns allowed. Miami was the only team in the country to start three true freshmen linebackers in 2016.<mask> is considered the mastermind behind the "Turnover Chain," a Cuban link chain with a charm in the shape of the school's iconic "U" logo, designed by famed Miami jeweler Anthony John Machado, more commonly known as "A.J. The Jeweler." Citing a need for his defense to create more turnovers, the chain became a frenzy as Miami opened the 2017 season 10-0 and won the ACC Coastal Division for the first time. Miami appeared in the 2017 Capital One Orange Bowl. Continuing the impressive trends from <mask>’s first year running the defense, the Hurricanes ranked among the nation’s leaders in several defensive categories in 2017, including first nationally in team sacks, third nationally in tackles for loss and ninth nationally in opponent yards per play. In his final season as defensive coordinator in 2018, the Hurricanes ranked No. 4 in NCAA in total defense and ranked No.1 in several categories, including tackles for loss, third down conversion percentage and passing yards allowed. <mask> and his staff also unveiled the second "Turnover Chain" in Miami's home opener against Savannah State. Also designed by A.J. The Jeweler, Turnover Chain 2.0 featured a charm in the shape of Sebastian the Ibis, the school's mascot. Temple
On December 13, 2018, <mask> was named the 28th head football coach at Temple University, replacing Geoff Collins, who left to become the head coach at Georgia Tech. However, he left the team just two weeks later to return to Miami and was named head

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 football coach on December 30, 2018. <mask> apologized for the circumstances and said "I hate the way this unfolded with respect to Temple...I was given a tremendous opportunity to lead the Temple program and...I do hope that the Temple players, administration and fans appreciate the uniqueness of this situation and the overwhelming pull to stay home."Return to Miami
After Mark Richt's retirement on December 30, 2018, <mask> was hired as head coach at the University of Miami. He was introduced at a press conference on January 2, 2019. In three seasons, <mask> posted a 21-15 record. In his third season, Miami was ranked in the Top 15 of the Associated Press poll, but stumbled to a 2-4 start. Although the team recovered to finish 7-5, the media speculated that <mask> was in danger of losing his job. On December 6, 2021, Miami fired <mask>. The school received criticism from the press for courting Oregon coach Mario Cristobal to replace <mask> before actually dismissing <mask>.Penn State
On December 11, 2021, <mask> was hired to be the defensive coordinator and linebackers coach at Penn State University under head coach James Franklin. <mask> replaced long-time defensive coordinator Brent Pry after his departure to become head coach at Virginia Tech. Personal life
<mask> served as a production assistant at ESPN. The last highlight reel he cut was the 1997 Masters. <mask> and his wife, Stephanie, live in Miami with their three sons, Colin, Gavin and <mask>. Head coaching record

References

External links
 Miami profile

1974 births
Living people
Florida State Seminoles football coaches
Miami Hurricanes football coaches
Middle Tennessee Blue

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Mississippi State Bulldogs football coaches
NC State Wolfpack football coaches
Penn State Nittany Lions football coaches
Texas Longhorns football coaches
Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football coaches
Florida State University alumni
Players of American football from Miami
American sportspeople of Cuban descent
Miami Country Day School alumni
Coaches of American football from Florida
Sports coaches from


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<mask> (31 October 1825 – 26 November 1892) was a French cardinal, archbishop of Carthage and Algiers and primate of Africa. A Catholic priest who became a bishop in France, Lavigerie established French Catholic missions and missionary orders to work across Africa. Lavigerie promoted Catholicism among the peoples of North Africa, as well as the Black natives further south. He was equally ardent to transform them into French subjects. He crusaded against the slave trade, and he founded the order of priests called the White Fathers, so named for their white cassocks and red fezzes. He also established similar orders of brothers and nuns. He sent his missionaries to the Sahara, Sudan, Tunisia, and Tripolitania.His efforts were supported by the Pope and German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Although anti-clericalism was a major issue in France, the secular leader Léon Gambetta proclaimed that "anti-clericalism is not an article for export," and supported his work. Life
Born in Bayonne, he was educated at St Sulpice, Paris. Ordained a priest in 1849, he was professor of ecclesiastical history at the Sorbonne from 1854 to 1856. In 1856, he accepted the direction of the schools of the East, and was thus for the first time brought into contact with the Islamic world. C'est là, he wrote, que j'ai connu enfin ma vocation ("It was there that I learned my calling"). In 1860, as Director for oriental schools, he travelled to Lebanon and Syria to administer relief to Christians there, following the massacre by the Druze.Activity in missionary work, especially in alleviating the distresses of the victims of the Druzes, soon brought him prominently into notice. He was made a chevalier of the


texts: Legion of Honor and, in October 1861, shortly after his return to Europe, was appointed French auditor at Rome. Two years later he was raised to the see of Nancy, where he remained for four years, during which the diocese became one of the best administered in France. He declined the appointment of Archbishop of Lyons, requesting instead an appointment to the see of Algiers, just raised to an archbishopric. Lavigerie landed in Africa on 11 May 1868, when the great famine was already making itself felt, and he began in November to collect the orphans into villages. This action, however, did not meet with the approval of Marshal MacMahon, governor-general of Algeria, who feared that the maghrebian would resent it as an infraction of the religious peace, and thought that the Muslim faith, being a state institution in Algeria, ought to be protected from proselytism; so it was intimated to the prelate that his sole duty was to minister to the colonists. Lavigerie made it clear that he had come to serve the whole population of Algeria.Contact with the natives during the famine caused Lavigerie to entertain exaggerated hopes for their general conversion, and his enthusiasm was such that he offered to resign his archbishopric in order to devote himself entirely to the missions. Pope Pius IX refused this, but granted him a coadjutor, and placed the whole of equatorial Africa under his charge. In 1870 at Vatican I, Lavigerie warmly supported papal infallibility. In 1868 he founded the Société des missionnaires d'Afrique, commonly known as the Pères Blancs or White Fathers, after the white magrebian dress they wore. Lavigerie himself drew up the rule. In 1871, he was twice a candidate


texts: for the National Assembly of France, but was defeated. He founded the Notre Dame d'Afrique in 1872.In 1874, he founded the Sahara and Sudan mission, and sent missionaries to Tunis, Tripoli, East Africa and the Congo. From 1881 to 1884, his activity in Tunisia so raised the prestige of France that it drew from Gambetta the celebrated declaration, L'Anticléricalisme n'est pas un article d'exportation, and led to the exemption of Algeria from the application of the decrees concerning the religious orders. On 27 March 1882, the dignity of cardinal was conferred upon Lavigerie, given the titulus of Sant'Agnese fuori le mura, but the great object of his ambition was to restore the see of St Cyprian; and in that also he was successful, for by a bull of 10 November 1884 the metropolitan see of Carthage was re-erected, and Lavigerie received the pallium on 25 January 1885. The later years of his life were spent in ardent anti-slavery propaganda and his eloquence moved large audiences in London, as well as in Paris, Brussels and other parts of the continent. He sponsored the education of Adrien Atiman, a medical student who had been ransomed from slavery by the White Fathers, at the University of Malta. He hoped, by organizing a fraternity of armed laymen as pioneers, to restore fertility to the Sahara; but this community did not succeed, and was dissolved before his death. In 1890, Lavigerie appeared in the new character of a politician, and arranged with Pope Leo XIII to make an attempt to reconcile the church with the republic.He invited the officers of the Mediterranean squadron to lunch at Algiers, and, practically renouncing his monarchical sympathies, to which he clung as long


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 as the comte de Chambord was alive, expressed his support of the republic, and emphasized it by having the Marseillaise played by a band of his Pères Blancs. The further steps in this evolution emanated from the pope, and <mask>, whose health now began to fail, receded comparatively into the background. He died at Algiers on 26 November 1892. Literature
There is an abundance of literature published on the life of <mask>, much of which has been written by members of the missionary order he founded, the White Fathers, and therefore can be biased. An important work by a French Catholic intellectual and priest is Le cardinal Lavigerie, éd. Ch. Poussielgue, Paris, 1896 by Louis Baunard.The best, and certainly most recent one, containing reference to other literature and source material, is by François Renault, Cardinal Lavigerie. Churchman, Prophet and Missionary (London 1994), translation of: Le cardinal Lavigerie 1852-1892: L’Église, l’Afrique et la France (Paris 1992). Although being a White Father himself, and former archivist of the missionary order, Renault has been scholarly trained as an historian, having been a professor at the university of Abidjan. See also
 White Fathers
 Catholic youth sports associations of French Algeria
 Listing of the works of Alexandre Falguière

References

Attribution:

19th-century French cardinals
Christian abolitionists
Cardinals created by Pope Leo XIII
Bishops of Nancy
University of Paris faculty
1825 births
1892 deaths
White Fathers priests
Participants in the First Vatican Council
French abolitionists
French expatriate bishops
Roman Catholic bishops of Bamako
Roman Catholic archbishops of Algiers
Roman Catholic bishops of

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<mask> (5 April 1909 – 11 April 1979) was a German aeronautical engineer, aviator and the Head of Technical Development at the Reich Ministry of Aviation of Nazi Germany during World War II. Early career
<mask> attended the Technische Hochschule Berlin, from which he graduated in 1933 with a dual major of theoretical experimental physics and aeronautical engineering. He was affiliated with the Academic Flying Group. In 1935 <mask> was a flight instructor for the Reich Air Ministry, a civilian organisation at the disposal of the German military. By 1936 <mask>'s invention of the Dreieckrechner hand-held flight computing device, similar to American Lt. Philip Dalton's contemporaneous E6B invention, was starting to become commonplace in both military Luftwaffe aviation and German civil pilots' use. He enlisted in the Luftwaffe after the outbreak of World War II, on 4 September 1939. World War II

After serving as Field Marshal Walter von Brauchitsch's pilot during the brief Invasion of Poland, <mask> was assigned to the Rowehl Reconnaissance Group.During his time with this group <mask> flew hundreds of reconnaissance flights in every theatre of the German war. In autumn 1939, <mask> flew a reconnaissance mission to Narvik, Norway to observe whether the British had occupied Narvik seaport. While on this mission <mask> took photographs of the British Home Fleet at Scapa Flow and outmanoeuvred two Spitfires to escape with the photographs. Based on this intelligence  of the Kriegsmarine sank the British battleship  in a famous incident. For this, <mask> was awarded his first Iron Cross. In April 1943, <mask> was appointed the technical officer of General Dietrich Peltz, who was responsible for the air war against England. In this capacity he

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texts: established a program focused on capturing and re-fitting enemy aircraft, as a means to gain a tactical advantage and assist the Luftwaffe's internal research efforts.In 1943, alarmed that Allied advances in aviation technology threatened to tip the balance of the war against Germany, Hermann Göring convened a conference at Carinhall among his senior leadership. Peltz brought <mask> with him to this conference, and Göring was enamored with <mask>'s innovative ideas. After the conference Göring declared "Knemeyer is my boy!" and in July 1943 reassigned him to be his personal technical advisor. Several months later <mask> was promoted to Oberst and made Director of Research and Development of the Luftwaffe. Göring came to call Knemeyer the "Star Gazer" and would greet him with the question, "Now, my Star Gazer, what do you see in your crystal ball?" In November 1943, <mask> was appointed Head of Technical Development for the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM), under Oberst Edgar Petersen's command.By February 1944, <mask> had surprisingly never flown a German heavy bomber of any sort, until he got his turn to fly one of the Heinkel He 177B prototypes on 24 February at the Wiener Neustadt military airfield. His favourable opinion on the twin tail-equipped He 177 V102 aircraft's "excellent handling qualities" compelled him to recommend that the Heinkel firm place the He 177B design's priority above that of the Heinkel He 343 four-jet medium bomber design, which was still in its early stages. Shortly after rising to his top-level technical appointment within the RLM, <mask> became close with old colleague, General Werner Baumbach. <mask> was included on a Special Committee of top-ranking Luftwaffe administrators in November 1943 for the purpose

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 of advocating broad adoption of and investment in the Me-262. Aviation book authors J. Richard Smith and Eddie Creek credit <mask> and General Adolf Galland as the men responsible for Germany's finally putting the Me 262A-1a jet fighter into mass production. In 1944, the German hierarchy placed a renewed call for creative plans to reverse the now-inevitable defeat descending on Nazi Germany. Familiar with the newest technologies, Knemeyer conceived a plan to develop a long-range bomber that would drop a radioactive "dirty bomb" on New York City, in hopes of intimidating the United States out of the war.This idea was embraced and <mask> set up and personally supervised a competition between the three most promising technologies: Wernher von Braun's Aggregat A-9 rocket missile and A-10 booster rocket; Eugen Sänger's Silbervogel, and the Horten brothers' Horten Ho 229 turbojet-powered flying wing fighter. While this competition accelerated the progress of leading edge aviation technology, of these specified aerospace design projects, only one prototype example of the Ho 229 (the Versuchs-Zwei, or Ho 229 V2 second prototype) flew prior to the end of the war. Operation Paperclip
<mask> was arrested in the British Zone of Occupation and was interned in Münster and then at the Latimer prison camp. <mask> was part of Operation Paperclip and in June 1948 he was awarded a permanent contract of employment with the United States Air Force, Air Material Command. His family was then able to join him in America. <mask> began with the United States War Department on 1 July 1947. As acknowledgement of his contributions, in 1966 he received the highest civilian award granted by the U.S. military, the U.S. Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian

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 Service Award.Awards
In Germany
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class
 1st Class
 German Cross in Gold on 27 July 1942 as Hauptmann in the 4.Staffel/Aufklärungsgruppe of the OB.d.L. Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 August 1943 as Major im Stabsamt des RLM (with the staff of the Air Ministry) and Gruppenkommandeur of Aufklärungs-Lehr-Gruppe of the OB.d.L. In the United States
 Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award

References

Citations

Bibliography

Baumbach, Werner (1960). The Life and Death of the Luftwaffe. Ballantine Books. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-11283. Green, William (1970).The Warplanes of the Third Reich. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 88-29673. Herwig, Dieter and Rode, Heinz (1998). Luftwaffe Secret Projects: Strategic Bombers 1935–1945. .
Kahn, David (1978). Hitler’s Spies. Myrha, David and The History Channel (2005). Nazi Plan to Bomb New York.DVD. ASIN: B001CU7W76. Shepelev, Andrei and Ottens, Huib (2006). Horten Ho 229: Spirit of Thuringia. .
Smith, J. Richard and Creek, Eddie J. (1982). Jet Planes of the Third Reich. .
Smith, J. Richard, Creek, Eddie J. and Petrick, Peter (2003). On Special Missions: The Luftwaffe’s Research and Experimental Squadrons 1923–1945. .
Smith, J.R. and Kay, Anthony L. (1972).German Aircraft of the Second World War. .

1909 births
1979 deaths
People from the Province of Westphalia
Technical University of Berlin alumni
Engineers from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Minden
German people of the Spanish Civil War
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Luftwaffe pilots
Messerschmitt Me 262
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
Operation Paperclip
German emigrants to the


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<mask> (19 April 192114 December 2011) was an Australian-born British film director. His best known films were made for Hammer in the 1960s, and included The Kiss of the Vampire (1963) and Rasputin, the Mad Monk (1966). In 1965 he directed The Face of Fu Manchu, based on the character created by Sax Rohmer, and starring Christopher Lee. <mask> also directed the sequel The Brides of Fu Manchu (1966). In the 1980s he was also responsible for several hugely popular miniseries adapted from the novels of Barbara Taylor Bradford. Early career

Early life
<mask> was born in Hobart, Tasmania, in 1921, according to official military records and his own claims, even though reference sources cite 1922 as his year of birth. He was the second of four children.He attended St Virgil's College and began appearing regularly in theatre productions at the Playhouse Theatre in Hobart, where he trained under a young Stanley Burbury. He later said this was prompted "by a desi re not to study to become an accountant, which is what my parents wanted for me." Among the plays <mask> appeared in were You Can't Take It With You and Our Town. He also directed a production of Stage Door. He studied accountancy in the evenings but this was interrupted by war service. War service
<mask> enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force on 7 April 1941 and was transferred to Singapore. In addition to his military duties he appeared in radio and on stage with a touring English company.Among his radio performances were Escape and the Barretts of Wimpole Street. "The acting bug had definitely gotten hold of me," says <mask>, "and I did a bit of it  while I was in the

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 RAAF as well, in the odd moment." <mask> was invalided out before the city fell to the Japanese. He returned to Melbourne and recuperated at Heidelberg Hospital. He spent the majority of his war service in Melbourne, appearing in amateur theatre productions of "Quality Street" and "The Late Christopher Bean" as well as recorded broadcasts and ABC plays. In early 1943 he moved to Hobart. He appeared in a theatre production of Interval by Sumner Locke Elliott, also serving as assistant director.Following this he appeared in a theatre revue, Khaki Capers, notably in a sketch which figured a flag flown over the air force station in Singapore which <mask> had brought back with him. <mask> was discharged from the air force on 17 March 1944 at the rank of corporal. Acting career
After the war <mask> did not want to return to Hobart. He auditioned for and won an understudy's position in  J. C. Williamson Limited version of the Broadway comedy Kiss and Tell ; when a bout of laryngitis injured one of the leads two weeks later, <mask> stepped into the role. He toured in the production from 1944-1945 then went on to appear in such plays as Arsenic and Old Lace (1945) and The Dancing Years. He worked for Morris West's production company in radio and played a small role in Smithy (1946), one of the few feature films shot in Australia at this time. <mask> also toured Japan performing for the occupying troops there.From Japan he went to London in 1948. ""I could have gone on with a theatrical
career in Australia," says <mask>, "but what I  really wanted was movies. So I went to England." Move to England

Ha'Penny Breeze
Arriving in England in

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 1948, <mask> got some stage work quickly "but I couldn't even get an appointment to see a casting director" for films. He was sharing a flat with an assistant director and they decided to make their own movie. He co-wrote Ha'penny Breeze (1950), with a fellow Australian, Frank Worth. Together with another man, Darcy Conyers, they formed a production company and raised finance to make the £8,000 film.<mask> also played a leading role, did the accounts and helped with the direction. The film was not a large hit but it was theatrically released. <mask> also got a small role in a British radio adaptation of Robbery Under Arms (1950). <mask> said "Shortly after, a number of influential film people made contact with me, but none of them offered me a job as an actor— they all asked if  I would write for them!" <mask> was unable to cash in on Ha'penny Breeze as he came down with a recurrence of tuberculosis and spent nearly two years in hospital, during which he had six ribs and one lung removed. Group 3
When <mask> recovered he got some acting roles in such films as The Planter's Wife (1952), Appointment in London (1953), The Cruel Sea (1953) and You Know What Sailors Are (1954). Several of these films were directed by Ken Annakin who <mask> says was particularly helpful giving him jobs when needed.He began to turn increasingly to writing and directing. <mask> said his background as an actor was useful for his development as a director, in particular it developed his sense of timing:
You’ve got to know, for example, a thing I was taught early in theatre – if there's a scene in a movie, in a play, that always gets good laughs, on a

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texts: good night, when there's a good and laughing audience, you’ll get laughs in the build-up to it, in the five or ten minutes beforehand, because it's a good audience who's appreciative of what's going on. On a bad night, when the audience are not laughing, increase your pace, get them at the point. And this teaches you a control of speed and how to control an audience. . . . Working with good actors, you get a feeling of timing with them; although sometimes the timing between them can be good but their overall pace, which is quite different, can be wrong – its context in the film, because of the situation in the film, perhaps there should be that little more urgency, therefore pace, in the scene. <mask>'s career was revived when he was called in to work for Group Three, a new government-backed film company which had a brief to support new talent. <mask> sold them an original script called Child's Play (made 1952, released 1954).Group Three liked <mask>'s work and assigned him to work on the script for Background; he was also given the job as assistant to the producer which he later called "the most wonderful education". Group Three bought a story of <mask>'s, originally called The Norfolk Story. He turned this into a novel called Conflict of Wings (1954), the title under which it was filmed; <mask> also collaborated on the screenplay with John Pudney, and did some second unit directing. <mask> and Pudney then wrote The Blue Peter (1955) for Group Three. Once again, <mask> also directed second unit, and he began to develop ambitions to direct. <mask> was offered a job at Ealing Studios as a production assistant but decided to turn


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 it down. Director

Early films and documentaries
<mask> left Group Three to direct some documentaries for Pathe.He worked on a proposed film at Ealing about the Skeleton Coast which was never made. <mask> turned feature film with The Stolen Airliner (1955) for the Children's Film Foundation, based on a script by Pudney. <mask> then received an offer from the BBC to replace fellow Australian, Bruce Beeby, as an actor on the science fiction serial Journey into Space. The show was recorded on a Sunday enabling <mask> to continue with his writing and directing work while appearing in it. <mask> was hired by Ealing to adapt the novel Robbery Under Arms into a feature film script. He says some of his work was included in the final script which was ultimately done by Bill Lipscomb. <mask> made some television documentary shows for Pathe.During the making of one of them, Crossroads (1955), a film about why British soldiers left the army, he met actor Mary Steele who he later married. <mask> directed a "three reeler" for Warwick Films in Rome called Arrivederci Roma (1956). This was followed by a documentary for Martin Films, The Passing Years (1957), a dramatised documentary about the British motor industry. <mask>'s second feature film as director as another for the Children's Film Foundation, The Adventures of Hal 5. He received an offer to direct second unit on Carve Her Name with Pride (1958), directed by Lewis Gilbert; <mask> was responsible for various action sequences. <mask> wrote and directed The Golden Disc (1959), the first British rock 'n' roll movie – released a year before the Cliff Richard vehicle Expresso Bongo (1959)

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 and a full two years ahead of Beat Girl (1960). It starred Mary Steele, who <mask> married two years earlier.<mask> was hired to do more second unit work, on Harry Black (1958), which involved shooting tiger footage in India. After this he made a documentary for American television at Expo 58, and one for the British army called Keeping the Peace (1959). Independent Artists
After an unsuccessful attempt to get up finance for a film with Lonnie <mask> <mask> made two films for Independent Artists. The first was a low-budget thriller,  The Professionals (1960), which screened on US TV as part of the Kraft Mystery Theatre. The second was Linda (1960), a teen drama starring Carol White for Independent Artists, which went out as a support feature for Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960) and is now considered a lost film. <mask> then made another army documentary. He went into TV, becoming the resident director for the first season of Ghost Squad (1961–62).<mask> directed Two Guys Abroad (1962) with George Raft, which was intended as a pilot for a TV series or as a B movie, but ended up not being released at all. <mask> then directed second unit on The Fast Lady (1962) for Ken Annakin. Hammer Films and Harry Alan <mask> received an offer from Tony Hinds of Hammer Films who had seen The Professionals and was looking for a director for Hammer's vampire movie The Kiss of the Vampire (1963). <mask> had never seen a horror movie before but agreed after watching several Hammer films. According to his obituary <mask> helped make an "atmospheric, suspenseful gothic horror and giving a depth to the characters that was sometimes missing in

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texts: Hammer's other vampire productions." The Kiss of the Vampire is now one of Hammer's highest regarded horrors; <mask>'s New York Times obituary says "Not a few Hammer fans contend that "The Kiss of the Vampire" is one of the greatest Gothic horror movies ever made". The Kiss of the Vampire was shot in 1962.After making it, <mask> went back to television, directing episodes of The Human Jungle, then made another teen musical in the vein of The Golden Disc, It's All Happening (1963), with Tommy Steele. He returned to Hammer for a swashbuckler, The Devil-Ship Pirates (1964). It starred Christopher Lee, who would make several movies with <mask>. By now Kiss of the Vampire had been released, and <mask> started receiving offers to direct more horror films; he says Milton Subotsky offered him the choice of three scripts to direct but <mask> liked none of them. Instead <mask> made Witchcraft (1964), for producer Robert L. Lippert. <mask> called it "a little four-week movie, very quickly done, but it received some lovely notices". <mask> then spent several months directing second unit on Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines (1965).<mask> said "I had to think very hard about going back to second unit after directing a half-dozen features — but it was so tempting, especially after my air force days. So I did it; and it was tremendously exciting, and a marvelous movie to work on." <mask> did find shooting footage with old airplanes very slow - "you're fortunate if you can get two set-ups in a day" so when it was over he asked his agent to get him any job. Lippert had a sequel to The Fly, Curse of the Fly (1965), and <mask> did it.

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 "I'm afraid they'd pretty much run out of ideas," said <mask> who says he and the writer "both had the feeling,'Oh dear, what a pity they're making another one'." <mask> reteamed with Lee for The Face of Fu Manchu (1965), produced by Harry Alan Towers. <mask> later said "I like Harry, a great deal... but Harry will get more kick out of  making $5 in a slightly crooked and fast way, than he would making $100 legitimately;  he's a dealer rather than a movie maker, and he enjoys getting the best part of a deal.But he does have a certain enthusiasm, and a sense of showmanship. In order to make a good film while working with Harry, you have to be insistent." Fu Manchu was a big hit and led to four sequels; <mask> only directed the first of these, but he worked several more time for Towers who later said "I kept using <mask> because his films came in on budget and were without exception very successful. On top of that he was a most agreeable person of very good character – no tantrums – clear headed – resourceful; a gentleman too." The movie would give <mask> a reputation for action movies. He later stated his philosophy:
You can’t do big action sequences and then have flabby, everyday stuff round it. Those movies have got to have a feeling of latent energy in there... You can’t do action sequences as an entity in themselves.They’ve got to be part of the way a whole movie is developing. You’ve got to have, apart from energy, a very good sense of editing, what a camera can do... a sense of timing... and an ability to have a visual of exactly what it's going to look like... Also, I enjoyed it... some directors... didn’t get the same

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 enjoyment out of it; it was a necessity rather than a pleasure. I always liked doing it, liked doing action. It was back to Hammer for Rasputin, the Mad Monk (1966), with Lee in the title role. <mask> disliked this experience working for Hammer as the budgets were being tightened. <mask> followed it with two films for Towers, Our Man in Marrakesh (1966), a spy spoof starring Tony Randall, and The Brides of Fu Manchu (1966), again with Lee. After this he worked on an adaptation of H.G.Wells' The Sleeper Awakes which he said Sam Arkoff at AIP ultimately decided not to make because it did "not have enough sex and violence". <mask> then made Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon (1967), an adventure tale in the vein of Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines for Towers. <mask> and Towers were meant to follow this with Casanova, a film in the style of Tom Jones (1963) from a script by Peter Yeldham to be shot in Czechoslovakia starring Horst Buchholz. This film was ultimately cancelled due to tensions following the Six-Day War. Neither made was another proposed Sharp-Towers collaboration, Legion of the Damned, based on a script by Harry Spalding, which was to have been shot in Spain; <mask> says Towers was unable to raise the finance, and their collaborations ended

<mask> said "after a couple of months of doing nothing" he returned to TV, directing some episodes of The Avengers (1968) and The Champions (1969). <mask> was hired by producer George Willoughby to direct Taste of Excitement (1969), which then led to making The Violent Enemy for the same producers (the former would be released first). <mask> was offered The Vengeance of She


texts:
 at Hammer but been unable to take the job.<mask> was offered the chance to direct the feature film version of Till Death Us Do Part but clashed with Johnny Speight over the script and was fired before filming. Puppet on a Chain and 70s movies
<mask> said he was "out of work for about a year" when he got an offer to direct a boat chase sequence for Puppet on a Chain (1971), based on a novel by Alistair MacLean. The producers liked his work so much they hired him to shoot some additional footage. In 2007 <mask> said the film earned him a reputation as "The Doctor" and he was still getting royalties from the movie. <mask> worked on a number of films which did not get made including Turncoat from a script by Peter Yeldham, a project with Judy Geeson called Dead, and the aforementioned Israel film. Michael Carreras of Hammer asked <mask> to take over from Seth Holt who had died while directing Blood from the Mummy's Tomb (1971) but <mask> was unable as he had a contract to make a film in Israel for the producers of Puppet; that movie was not made either. According to Filmink "it’s a great shame <mask> only worked with" Hammer three times "because he was one of their best ever directors."<mask> was put under long term contract to a company called Scotia who assigned him to direct Psychomania (1973), the final movie of George Sanders. This movie has become a cult classic; <mask> called it "great fun to do, especially after doing several films in a row like The Violent Enemy. It was a great change, geared for a younger audience as it was." Scotia loaned our Sharp's services to make Dark Places (1973). <mask> then developed further


texts: projects with Scotia, and worked for months on another project to be made in Israel; neither was made, nor was a proposed version of the Robin Hood story. <mask>'s next project was Callan (1974), a big screen adaptation of the TV series starring Edward Woodward (1967–72). During the making of that film <mask> received an offer to direct a thriller, Hennessy (1975), with Rod Steiger in the title role, as an IRA man out to assassinate Queen Elizabeth II.This led to <mask> receiving an offer from producer Harry Saltzman to work on The Micronauts, a "shrunken man" epic to have starred Gregory Peck and Lee Remick. <mask> worked on the film for months before deciding to leave the project, which was ultimately never made. Michael Carreras offered <mask> the job of directing To the Devil a Daughter for Hammer and he was interested but <mask> ultimately pulled out due to dissatisfaction with the script. <mask> worked on some films that were not made: a proposed film adaptation of Alistair MacLean's The Way to Dusty Death; a horror film, Croc; an adaptation of Jeffrey Archer's Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less; an adaptation of Alistair MacLean's Bear Island (originally postponed); a biopic of Kim Philby. <mask> received an offer to direct the fourth version of The Four Feathers (1978), made for American TV but released theatrically in some markets. He then directed another remake, The Thirty Nine Steps (1978), with Robert Powell (who had been in Four Feathers). Producer Greg Smith said he hired <mask> "because he's one of Britain's best action adventure directors and he was familiar with the period."The film was very popular.

masks: Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp Sharp


texts:
 Eventually the Bear Island (1979), project was re-activated and was made starring Richard Widmark, <mask> and Vanessa Redgrave. It was one of the most expensive Canadian films ever made and a box office flop. Following this <mask> was going to make a version of two other MacLean novels, Goodbye California, with Charlton Heston, and Air Force One is Down, but the finance fell through for both. Neither made were adaptations of Quicksand by Wilfred Greatorex, Scoop by Evelyn Waugh. Later career
<mask> returned to TV with episodes of Hammer House of Horror (1980) ("Guardian of the Abyss") and QED (1982) (TV series). "It was nice to shoot something again," said <mask>.<mask> developed several projects that were not made - Spy Ship, a biopic of John Simpson Kirkpatrick, Red Alert West, a film about the Spanish Civil War. A film that was made was What Waits Below (1984) shot in America with Robert Powell in the lead role; it was an unhappy experience for <mask>. He developed a film version of A Prayer for the Dying. However <mask> then had a big success when called in to replace the original director on the mini series A Woman of Substance (1984); based on the novel by Barbara Taylor Bradford, and starring Jenny Seagrove and Deborah Kerr, this was a huge ratings success. Tusitala (1986) was an Australian mini series shot in Samoa. Hold the Dream (1986), was a mini-series sequel to Woman of Substance, with Jenny Seagrove reprising her role. Tears in the Rain (1988) was a TV movie from a novel by Pamela Wallace which gave an early starring role to Sharon Stone.Act of Will (1989) was another mini series based on a novel by Barbara Taylor

masks:
Donald Sutherland
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp


texts:
 Bradford, which starred Liz Hurley. Personal life
<mask> married an Australian actress, Gwenda Wilson, in 1945 after appearing on stage with her in Kiss and Tell. In 1956 he married actress Mary Steele who he had met while shooting a documentary, Crossroads. <mask> died on 14 December 2011, after a short spell in hospital. He was survived by Mary Steele, two sons and a daughter. Another son, Massive Attack producer Jonny Dollar, predeceased him. A Wasted Life: RIP <mask>
"DON SHARP, DIRECTOR: AN APPRECIATION", Cinema Retro
<mask> at Britmovie
<mask> at AustLit

1921 births
2011 deaths
Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom
British film directors
Australian film directors
Horror film directors
Male actors from Hobart
Royal Australian Air Force airmen
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
People educated at St Virgil's

masks:
Sharp
Sharp
Don Sharp
Don Sharp
Don Sharp


texts:
<mask> (; born 1947) is an Israeli expert in international law and former ambassador of the state of Israel to Canada. He is the director of the Institute for Contemporary Affairs at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs and a former partner in the Tel Aviv law firm of Moshe, Bloomfield, Kobo, Baker & Co. He was a military prosecutor and senior legal adviser in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and represented the Ministry of Defense at international conferences, and then joined the Foreign Ministry as legal adviser. He participated in the negotiation and drafting of agreements and peace treaties with Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and the Palestinians. In January 2012 he was appointed by Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu to the three member committee chaired by former Justice Edmund Levy to examine the legal aspects of land ownership in the West Bank. The committee's report, referred to as Levy Report, was published by the Israeli government in Hebrew in July 2012. Life and career
<mask> was born to a traditional Jewish family in the UK.He studied law at University College London, where he received his Bachelor of Laws in 1969, when the family emigrated to Israel, and has a Master of Laws in International Law from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1972). He was admitted to the Israel Bar Association in 1977. <mask> spent the bulk of his professional career working in different capacities for Israel. Two years after graduating from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, <mask> became a Military Prosecutor and Senior Legal Officer in the International Law Branch of the Military Advocate General's Unit. Most of <mask>'s dealings during this time revolved around international humanitarian law, human rights law, and the law of armed conflict. Serving in this capacity until 1979, <mask> returned to public service in 1985 where he was seconded by the government

masks:
Alan Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker


texts: of Israel to the United Nations in New York serving as a senior legal adviser. This role, which lasted until 1988, saw <mask> dealing directly with specialized agencies and bodies within the UN system such as the Administrative Tribunal.In 1995, <mask> also served as Israel's representative to the international negotiations of the International Criminal Court (ICC) as well as the Rome Diplomatic Conference in 1998. Beginning in 1974, over the decades <mask> has engaged in direct negotiations with Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and the Palestinians. Accordingly, <mask>'s role during these meeting largely focused on the fields of international law. More specifically, <mask> contributed to discussions on international humanitarian law, crime prevention, disarmament, aviation law, and water resources. Moreover, he has represented Israel at international conferences and negotiations, including Israel's legal presentation to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the issue of IsraeL's security barrier in 2004. Accordingly, among <mask>'s most recent publications concerns UNWRA role in perpetuating refugeedom, UNESCO's undermining of Jewish religious heritage, and the implications of the Balfour Declaration 100 years since its signing. From 1996 to 2004, he was legal adviser and deputy director-general of Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and served as Israel's ambassador to Canada from 2004 to 2008.He retired from government service in February 2009 and joined the Tel Aviv law firm of Moshe, Bloomfield, Kobo, Baker & Co. In 2010 he took up the post of Director of the Institute for Contemporary Affairs at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. At this institution, <mask> also oversees the Global Law Forum. His publications range from the legal dimensions of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict to the interaction between international organizations and

masks: Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker


texts:
 Israel. <mask> is a member of the Israel Bar, the International Law Association, the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, the International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists, and serves as a member of Israel's panel of arbitrators at the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Opinions
On the question of legality of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories, <mask> outlined Israel's interpretation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention in a 2003 interview:

<mask> explained the reference to the continued Israeli presence in the West Bank pursuant to the Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel in the interview as follows, stating:

And he explains the status of Israeli residents of settlements in the West Bank,

In January 2012 <mask> was appointed by Prime Minister Netanyahu to serve on a three-member government committee to "examine real estate issues in the West Bank". The committee's report published in July 2012, usually referred to as Levy Report, recommends procedures for ensuring that settlement construction is carried out legally, and comes to the conclusion that Israel's presence in the West Bank is not occupation, and that the Israeli settlements are legal under international law.Selected publications
 "The Use of Children in Armed Conflict", Justice, Vol 26, Winter 2000 (together with Harel Ben-Ari). "Legal and Tactical Dilemmas Inherent in Fighting Terror: Experience of the Israeli Army in Jenin and Bethlehem (April–May 2002)", US Naval War College Yearbook, 2003. "The question of Palestinian recognition of Israel as a Jewish state," Haaretz, May 3, 2009. "Just what did Goldstone expect?,"The Jerusalem Post, Oct. 18, 2009. "A Paradox of Peacemaking: How Fayyad's Unilateral Statehood Plan Undermines the Legal Foundations of Israeli-Palestinian Diplomacy," Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs, No. 574, November

masks: Baker Baker Baker Baker


texts:
 2009. "Reasons not to join the International Criminal Court in The Hague," Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, January 10, 2010."The Fallacy of the “1967 Borders – No Such Borders Ever Existed," Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Vol. 10, No. 17, December 21, 2010. "The Fatah-Hamas Reconciliation - The Gilad Schalit Test," The Jerusalem Post, May 23, 2011. "The Proposed General Assembly Resolution to Recognize a Palestinian State 'within 1967 Borders' – An Illegal Action," Letter to the UN Secretary General. "The Gaza Flotillas to Come: Some Ground Rules before Setting Out," Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Vol. 11, No.3, June 5, 2011. "The Correct Guide for Building Peace by Barak Obama," Ynet, September 22, 2011. "Manipulation and Deception: The Anti-Israel "BDS" Campaign (Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions)," Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 2, March 19, 2012. "The opening of a Spanish consulate in Gaza" The Jerusalem Post, April 22, 2013. "The EU's glaring hypocrisy regarding Israel" Haaretz, July 31, 2013."International humanitarian law, ICRC and Israel's status in the Territories," International Review of the Red Cross, 94, No. 886, Winter 2013. "Is the condemnation by the United Nations secretary-general genuine or politically biased?" The Jerusalem Post, August 6, 2015. "Israel-Diaspora relations at a crossroads" The Jerusalem Post, November 23, 2015. References

External links
 Website Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
 Website Moshe, Bloomfield, Kobo, Baker & Co
 Becoming the ITDM (IT diplomat)

Living people
Israeli lawyers
20th-century Israeli lawyers
21st-century Israeli lawyers
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Law alumni
1947 births
Alumni of University College London
British Jews
British emigrants to Israel
Israeli Jews
Place of birth missing (living people)
Ambassadors of Israel to Canada
Israeli


texts: <mask> (February 4, 1818January 8, 1880), known as <mask>, was a resident of San Francisco, California, who in 1859 proclaimed himself "<mask> I., Emperor of the United States". In 1863, after Napoleon III invaded Mexico, he took the secondary title of "Protector of Mexico". <mask> was born in England but spent most of his early life in South Africa. Leaving Cape Town, probably in late 1845, he arrived in Boston, via Liverpool, in March 1846 and San Francisco in late 1849. Nothing is known of his whereabouts or occupations in the intervening three-and-a-half years. For the first few years after arriving in San Francisco, <mask> made a successful living as a commodities trader and real estate speculator. However, he was financially ruined following a failed bid to corner the rice market during a shortage prompted by a famine in China.He bought a shipload of Peruvian rice at 12 cents per pound; but more Peruvian ships arrived in port, causing the price to drop sharply to 4 cents. He then lost a protracted lawsuit in which he tried to void his rice contract, and his public prominence faded. <mask> re-emerged in September 1859, laying claim to the position of Emperor of the United States. Though <mask> received many favors from the city, merchants also capitalized on his notoriety by selling souvenirs bearing his name. "San Francisco lived off the <mask>," <mask>'s biographer William Drury wrote, "not <mask> off San Francisco". <mask> had no formal political power; nevertheless, he was treated deferentially in San Francisco, and currency issued in his name was honored in the establishments that he frequented. His

masks:
Joshua Abraham Norton
Emperor Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Emperor Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton


texts:
 rule was recognized by the  Kingdom of Hawaii.Some considered him insane or eccentric, but citizens of San Francisco celebrated his imperial presence and his proclamations, such as his order that the United States Congress be dissolved by force and his numerous decrees calling for the construction of a bridge and tunnel crossing San Francisco Bay to connect San Francisco with Oakland. On January 8, 1880, <mask> collapsed at the corner of California and Dupont (now Grant) streets and died before he could be given medical treatment. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, upwards of 10,000 people lined the streets of San Francisco to pay him homage at his funeral. <mask> has been immortalized as the basis of characters in the literature of Mark Twain, Robert Louis Stevenson, Christopher Moore, Morris and René Goscinny, Selma Lagerlöf, G. S. Denning, Neil Gaiman and Charles Bukowski. Early life
<mask>'s parents were <mask> (d. 1848) and Sarah Norden (d. 1846), who were English Jews. John was a farmer and merchant, and Sarah was a daughter of Abraham Norden and a sister of Benjamin Norden, a successful merchant. The family moved to South Africa in early 1820 as part of a government-backed colonization scheme whose participants came to be known as the 1820 Settlers.Most likely, <mask> was born in the Kentish town of Deptford, today part of London. The best available evidence points to February 4, 1818, as the date of <mask>'s birth. Obituaries published in 1880, following <mask>'s death, offered conflicting information about his birth date. The second of two obituaries in the San Francisco Chronicle, "following

masks:
Norton
Norton
Norton
John Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton


texts: the best information obtainable," cited the silver plate on his coffin which said he was "aged about 65", suggesting that 1815 could be the year of his birth. However, <mask>'s biographer, William Drury, points out that "about 65" was based solely on the guess that <mask>'s landlady offered to the coroner at the inquest following his death. In a 1923 essay published by the California Historical Society, Robert Ernest Cowan claimed that <mask> was born on February 4, 1819. However, the passenger lists for the La Belle Alliance, the ship that carried <mask> and his family from England to South Africa, list him as having been two years old when the ship set sail in February 1820.This information appears not to have been known until after 1934, the year that <mask>'s headstone was placed at his grave in Colma, California—when Cowan's account remained prominent. This may help to explain why those who had the stone made used 1819 as the birth year. The February 4, 1865, edition of The Daily Alta California newspaper included an item in which the Alta wished <mask> a happy 47th birthday, indicating that his birth date was February 4, 1818 (not 1819, as Cowan claimed)—a date that would line up with La Belle Alliances passenger list from two years later. Moreover, when Cowan quoted the 1865 Alta item in his essay, he used an altered version in an apparent attempt to advance his claim of an 1819 birth date. Persistent claims for an 1819 birth date are of doubtful provenance, tracing to unsubstantiated assertions made online, during the early years of the Internet. The Emperor's Bridge Campaign (now known as The Emperor

masks:
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Emperor Norton


texts: Norton Trust), a nonprofit that engages in <mask> research and education, produced a 2018 bicentennial series, Emperor Norton at 200, that took as its starting point a February 4, 1818, birth date for <mask>. Supporting and participating in the series were a number of institutions that long have helped to preserve the historical record of <mask>: the California Historical Society, the San Francisco Public Library, the Mechanics' Institute and the Society of California Pioneers.There are often-repeated historical claims that <mask> arrived in San Francisco on a specific vessel, the Franzeska, on November 23, 1849; that he arrived with $40,000, in whole or in part a bequest from his father's estate; and that he parlayed this into a fortune of $250,000. None of this is substantiated by contemporaneous documentation. What is known is that, after <mask> arrived in San Francisco, he enjoyed a good deal of success in commodities markets and in real estate speculation, and that by late 1852, he was one of the more prosperous, respected citizens of the city. In December 1852, <mask> thought he saw a business opportunity when China, facing a severe famine, placed a ban on the export of rice, causing the price of rice in San Francisco to increase from four to thirty-six cents per pound (9 to 79 cents/kg). When he heard the Glyde, which was returning from Peru, was carrying  of rice, he bought the entire shipment for $25,000 (or twelve and a half cents per pound), hoping to corner the market. Shortly after he signed the contract, several other shiploads of rice arrived from Peru, causing the price of rice to plummet to

masks:
Norton
Norton
Emperor Norton
Joshua Norton
Norton
Norton


texts:
 three cents a pound. <mask> tried to void the contract, stating the dealer had misled him as to the quality of rice to expect.From 1853 to 1856, <mask> and the rice dealers were involved in a protracted litigation. Although <mask> prevailed in the lower courts, the case reached the Supreme Court of California, which ruled against <mask>. Later, the Lucas Turner and Company Bank foreclosed on his real estate holdings in North Beach to pay <mask>'s debt. He filed for bankruptcy and by 1858 was living in reduced circumstances at a working class boarding house. "Emperor" of the United States

Declaring himself emperor

By 1859, <mask> had become completely discontented with what he considered the inadequacies of the legal and political structures of the United States. On September 17, 1859, he took matters into his own hands and hand-delivered the following letter, declaring himself "Emperor of these United States", to George Fitch, editor of the San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin:

Fitch printed the letter announcement in that evening's edition, for humorous effect, and thus began his whimsical 21-year "reign" over America. <mask> issued numerous decrees on matters of state, including a decree on October 12, 1859, to formally abolish the United States Congress.In it, he observed:

<mask> ordered all interested parties to assemble at Musical Hall in San Francisco in February 1860 to "remedy the evil complained of". In an imperial decree the following month, <mask> summoned the Army to depose the elected officials of the U.S. Congress:

<mask>'s orders were ignored by the Army, and Congress likewise continued

masks: Norton Norton Norton Norton Norton Norton Norton Norton Norton Norton


texts:
 without any formal acknowledgement of the decree. Further decrees in 1860 ordered dissolution of the republic and forbade the assembly of any members of the former Congress. <mask>'s battle against the elected leaders of America persisted for the remainder of his life. He issued a mandate in 1862 ordering both the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant churches to publicly ordain him as "Emperor", hoping to resolve the many disputes that had resulted in the Civil War. <mask> then turned his attention to other matters, both political and social. He declared the abolition of the Democratic and Republican parties on August 12, 1869, "being desirous of allaying the dissensions of party strife now existing within our realm".The failure to treat <mask>'s adopted home city with appropriate respect is the subject of a particularly stern edict that often is cited as having been written by <mask> in 1872, although evidence is elusive for the authorship, date, or source of this decree:

<mask> was occasionally a visionary, and some of his Imperial Decrees exhibited profound foresight. He issued instructions to form a League of Nations, he explicitly forbade any form of conflict between religions or their sects, and he decreed the construction of a suspension bridge or tunnel connecting Oakland and San Francisco. His later decrees, however, became increasingly irritated at the lack of prompt obedience by the authorities:

Long after his death, similar structures were built in the form of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and the Transbay Tube, and there have been campaigns to rename the bridge "The Emperor Norton

masks: Norton Norton Norton Norton Norton


texts:
 Bridge". <mask>'s Imperial acts

<mask> spent his days inspecting San Francisco's streets in an elaborate blue uniform with gold-plated epaulettes, given to him by officers of the United States Army post at the Presidio of San Francisco. He also wore a beaver hat decorated with a peacock feather and a rosette. He frequently enhanced this imperial posture with a cane or umbrella. During his inspections, he would examine the condition of the sidewalks and cable cars, the state of repair of public property, and the appearance of police officers.He would also frequently give lengthy philosophical expositions on a variety of topics to anyone within earshot. <mask> caricaturist Edward Jump started a rumor that two noted stray dogs named Bummer and Lazarus (which were also San Francisco celebrities) were <mask>'s pets. <mask> ate at free-lunch counters where he shared his meals with the dogs, although he did not in fact own them. Special officer Armand Barbier was part of a local auxiliary force whose members were called "policemen" but in fact were private security guards paid by neighborhood residents and business owners, and he arrested <mask> in 1867 to commit him to involuntary treatment for a mental disorder. The arrest outraged the citizens and sparked scathing editorials in the newspapers, including the Daily Alta which wrote "that he had shed no blood; robbed no one; and despoiled no country; which is more than can be said of his fellows in that line". Police Chief Patrick Crowley ordered <mask> released and issued a formal apology on behalf of the police force, and <mask> granted an Imperial Pardon to

masks: Norton Norton Norton Norton Norton Norton Norton Norton


texts: Barbier. Police officers of San Francisco thereafter saluted him as he passed in the street.<mask> did receive some tokens of recognition for his position. The 1870 U.S. census lists <mask> as 50 years old and residing at 624 Commercial Street, and his occupation is listed as "Emperor". It also notes that he was insane. During the 1860s and 1870s, there were occasional anti-Chinese demonstrations in the poorer districts of San Francisco, and riots took place, sometimes resulting in fatalities. Starting in the late 1870s, these riots were fomented at rallies that took place on Sunday afternoons at the sandlots across from City Hall. The rallies were led by Denis Kearney, a leader of the anti-Chinese Workingmen's Party of California. At a sandlot rally held on April 28, 1878, <mask> appeared just before the start of proceedings, stood on a small box and challenged Kearney directly, telling him and the assembled crowd to disperse and go home.<mask> was unsuccessful, but the incident was widely reported in local papers over the next couple of days. <mask> issued his own money in the form of scrip, or promissory notes, which were accepted from him by some restaurants in San Francisco. These notes came in denominations between fifty cents and ten dollars, and the few surviving notes are collector's items that routinely sell for more than $10,000 at auction. The city of San Francisco also honored <mask>. When his uniform began to look shabby, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors bought him a suitably imperial replacement. <mask> sent a gracious thank you note and issued a "patent of nobility in perpetuity" for each

masks:
Norton
Joshua Norton
Emperor Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton


texts:
 supervisor. Foreign diplomacy
Throughout his reign, <mask> commented on the policies and actions of foreign governments, issuing proclamations and sending letters to foreign leaders in attempts to establish congenial and fruitful relations with them and their countries and, if he felt it necessary, to cajole better behavior.In 1862, Mexico was invaded by French Emperor Napoleon III after not being able to pay war reparations after the disastrous Reform War. Napoleon installed the Habsburg Maximilian I as his puppet ruler. That news would quickly reach the United States, and in San Francisco one man suggested that Emperor <mask> take the title "Protector of Mexico"—both because no one had been appointed protector yet and because of a popular legend stating <mask> was the son of Napoleon III. <mask> happily obliged adding the title to many of his proclamations. But, he later would revoke this title, stating "It is impossible to protect such an unsettled nation". <mask> wrote Queen Victoria multiple letters suggesting they could marry to strengthen ties between their nations. This would ultimately prove futile as the Queen would never respond.<mask>'s also sent multiple letters to Kamehameha V, the King of Hawaii at the time, regarding an estate in Hawaii. Near the end of his reign Kamehameha would refuse to recognize the democratic U.S. government, instead opting to only recognize <mask> as sole leader of the United States. Later years and death
<mask> was the subject of many tales. One popular story suggested that he was the son of Emperor Napoleon III and that his claim of coming from South Africa was a ruse


texts: to prevent persecution. Rumors also circulated that <mask> was supremely wealthy and was feigning poverty because he was miserly. Starting a few years after <mask> declared himself Emperor, local newspapers—notably, the Daily Alta California—began to print fictitious decrees; it is believed that newspaper editors themselves drafted these fake proclamations to suit their own agendas. Weary of this, <mask> in  January 1871 named the Black-owned and -operated Pacific Appeal his "imperial organ."Between September 1870 and May 1875, the Appeal published some 250 proclamations over the signature of <mask> I. Historians and researchers who have studied <mask> closely generally regard these proclamations as being authentic. On the evening of January 8, 1880, <mask> collapsed on the corner of California Street and Dupont Street (now Grant Avenue) in front of Old Saint Mary's Cathedral while on his way to a lecture at the California Academy of Sciences. His collapse was immediately noticed, and "the police officer on the beat hastened for a carriage to convey him to the City Receiving Hospital", according to the next day's obituary in the San Francisco Morning Call. <mask> died before a carriage could arrive. The Call reported, "On the reeking pavement, in the darkness of a moonless night, under the dripping rain... <mask> I, by the grace of God, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico, departed this life". Two days later, the San Francisco Chronicle led its article on <mask>'s funeral with the headline "Le Roi Est Mort."It quickly became evident that <mask> had died in complete poverty, contrary to rumors