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 Constitution, he has argued for a distinction between distributive justice and compensatory justice, emphasising upon the importance of the latter in battling the age old hierarchies within Indian society. His work on reservation for backward classes and minorities has led to him to conclude that the fundamental rights mentioned in the Constitution should be interpreted in an Indian context, which means that a betterment of the society has to be brought about in terms of understanding and improving the Indian ways of life, rather than attempting their surgical replacement. Positions held
<mask> has been a fellow and visiting professor at several institutions and universities of international repute. In 1985 he was designated as the Professor of Law at Faculty of Law, University of Delhi.in 1994, he was appointed as the Dean of the Faculty of Law, and Head of the Department of Law, University of Delhi, positions that he retained till 1997. In 1980–1982 and again in 1985 he was Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the University of Heidelberg. The result of this stay was not only his works on German administrative law, and on minorities, but also a long and fruitful association between Indian and German legal academia. He briefly served as the Director of the Indian Law Institute in 1997. He joined the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences as its Vice-Chancellor in December 2006 till 2011. Between 2007 and 2010 he co-chaired Task Force - 1, Commission on Centre-State Relationship, Government of India. He then served as Chairperson of Delhi Judicial Academy from 2011 till 2013.He has also served as External Advisor, Centre for Minority Studies, Kansai University, Japan. <mask> was also a visiting professor and Head of Law Division at the South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg in 1987–88 and visiting professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Heidelberg in 1991–92. In 1999–2000 and 2001 he was fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public

masks: Singh Singh


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 Law and International Law, Heidelberg. He was a visiting professor at the University of Hong Kong and the City University of Hong Kong in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2000 and 2005, Kansai University, Osaka in 2002, National University of Singapore in 2005 and Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi in 2006. In 2002–03 he was fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin and in 2004, at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. In 2008 Renmin University of China, Beijing honoured him as visiting professor for three years. His publications include over one hundred papers in different legal journals and edited works and ten books including German Administrative Law in Common Law Perspective, Freedom of Trade and Commerce in India, Comparative Constitutional Law, Legal Dimensions of Market Economy and Human Rights and Basic Needs.Work on legal education in India
<mask> has laid especial emphasis in making legal education more meaningful to Indian society by making the top law schools more accessible to the students from less privileged background. At NUJS, and since, he has been leading an effort called IDIA, or 'Increasing Diversity by Increasing Access', which involves an engagement with school going children from different parts of semi-urban and rural India and to encourage and help them enter the top law schools of the country. Towards the same end, he has also been heading a group of academicians, called the Legal Education and Research Society or 'LEARS' as it is popularly referred to. He has also been running a school in his village Jitholi for the children of the nearby places. Students from NUJS and volunteers from IDIA have often visited and interacted with the kids of this school. Personal life
He is married to Sarla <mask>, who herself has been a teacher. Their three children are Sandhya, Shailendra and Swati.References

1940 births
Living people
Deans of law schools in India
Indian legal scholars
Scholars of constitutional law
Kansai University faculty
Delhi


texts:
<mask> (born January 22, 1955) is an American businessman and investor. He is the fourth of six children of former President George H. W<mask> and <mask> (née Pierce). His five siblings are George W<mask>, the 43rd President of the United States; <mask>, a former governor of Florida; the late <mask>; <mask>; and <mask>. <mask> is currently a businessman based in Texas. Early life
On January 22, 1955, <mask> was born in Midland, Texas. <mask> was named after a good friend of the family, <mask>, chairman of Dresser Industries, George H. W. <mask>'s employer. As a child, <mask> spent some summers and holidays at his family's estate in Maine, the Bush compound.At age 11, he entered the exclusive St. Albans School in Washington, D.C. He struggled through school; a counselor told his mother that it was doubtful the boy had the potential to graduate. He was later diagnosed as having dyslexia, and his mother spent much time coaching him through his learning disability. Eventually, his grades improved and he graduated from St. Albans in 1973. Education
In 1977, <mask> earned a degree in economics from Tulane University. In 1979, <mask> earned an MBA. Career and business dealings

Silverado Savings and Loan
He settled in the Denver area where he was friends with members of the family of John Hinckley Jr., who shot President Reagan.<mask> was a member of the board of directors of Denver-based Silverado Savings and Loan from 1985 to 1988 during the S&L crisis of the 1980s. Since his father George H. W<mask> was Vice President of the United States, his role in Silverado's failure was a focal point of publicity. The U.S. Office of Thrift Supervision investigated Silverado's failure and determined that <mask> had engaged in numerous "breaches of his fiduciary duties involving multiple conflicts of interest." Although <mask> was not indicted on criminal charges, a civil action was brought against him and the other Silverado directors by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; it was eventually settled out of court, with <mask> paying $50,000 as part of the settlement. A friend who also donated funds to the Republican Party set up a

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Neil Mallon Bush
. Bush
Barbara Bush
. Bush
Jeb Bush
Pauline Robinson Bush
Marvin Bush
Dorothy Bush Koch
Neil Bush
Bush
Bush
Henry Neil Mallon
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 fund to help defer costs <mask> incurred in his S&L
legal defense. Ignite! Learning

In 1999, <mask> co-founded Ignite!Learning, an educational software corporation. <mask> has said he started Austin-based Ignite! Learning because of his learning difficulties in middle school and those of his son, Pierce. The software uses multiple intelligence methods to provide varying types of content to appeal to multiple learning styles. To fund Ignite!, <mask> raised $23 million from US investors, including his parents, as well as businessmen from Taiwan, Japan, Kuwait, the British Virgin Islands and the United Arab Emirates, according to documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Documented investors included Kuwaiti company head Mohammed Al Saddah, and Chinese computer executive Winston Wong, as well as the late Russian billionaire expatriate Boris Berezovsky, and Berezovsky's partner Badri Patarkatsishvili. <mask>'s relationship with the late controversial oligarch Boris Berezovsky, a political enemy of Russian President Vladimir Putin who at the time of his death had been under indictment for fraud in Russia and an applicant for asylum in the United Kingdom, has been noted in the media.Berezovsky, who died in 2013, had been an investor in <mask>'s Ignite! program since at least 2003. <mask> met with Berezovsky in Latvia. The meeting caused tension between that country and Russia due to Berezovsky's fugitive status. <mask> was also seen in Berezovsky's box at Arsenal's Emirates Stadium for a football game in 2006, which prompted some stateside criticism. There had also been speculation in the English language Moscow Times that the relationship may cause tension in U.S.-Russian bilateral relations, "especially since Putin had taken pains to build a personal relationship with the U.S. president," <mask>. In 2002, <mask> commended his brother, George, for his efforts on education as president, but he questioned the emphasis on constant testing to keep federal aid coming to public schools: "I share the concerns of many that if our system is driven around assessments, pencil-and-paper tests that test a kid's ability

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 to memorize stuff, I would say that reliance threatens to institutionalize bad teaching practices."As of October 2006, over 13 US school districts (out of over 14,000 school districts nationwide) have used federal funds made available through the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 to buy Ignite's portable learning centers at $3,800 apiece. A December 2003 Style section article in The Washington Post reported that <mask>'s salary from Ignite! was $180,000 per year. Kopin stock trades
In July 1999, <mask> made at least $798,000 on three stock trades in a single day of a company where he had been employed as a consultant. The company, Kopin Corporation of Taunton, Massachusetts, announced on the same day good news about a new Asian client that sent its stock value soaring. <mask> stated that he had no inside knowledge and that his financial advisor had recommended the trades. He said, "any increase in the price of the stock on that day was purely coincidental, meaning that I did not have any improper information."When asked in January 2004 about the stock trades, <mask> contrasted the capital gains he reported in 1999 and 2000 with the capital losses on Kopin stock he reported ($287,722 in all) in 2001. In 2001 Kopin joined a broad decline in high-tech stock valuations. Speaking engagements
<mask> has often been invited to speak to audiences overseas. <mask> says he has courtesy visits with world leaders but has no plans to wade into foreign policy. "Oftentimes because of my father's goodwill, and because of the president being who he is, people might extend an invitation, and it's enjoyable for me," <mask> said. "Some of these folks are family friends." Speaking at a Saudi Arabian economic forum in January 2002, <mask> referred to growing anti-American sentiment in Arab countries and said the two peoples must communicate better.He said the Arab P.R. machine is not as good as Israel's. <mask> frequently travels to the Middle East, Europe and Asia to negotiate deals and raise capital for various businesses. According to court filings from his divorce, in 2000 he was paid $1.3 million for such work. This includes $642,500 as a

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 commission for introducing an Asian investor to the owners of an American high-tech company. The George W. <mask>-era White House Administration appeared unfazed by his world travel. "The president knows his brother will always do the right thing," press secretary Ari Fleischer said."Other business engagements
In 2002, <mask> signed a consulting contract that paid $2 million in stock over five years to work for Grace Semiconductor Manufacturing Corp., a firm backed by Jiang Mianheng, the son of former Chinese President Jiang Zemin, plus $10,000 for every board meeting he attends. <mask> serves as co-chairman of a company called Crest Investment. Crest pays him $60,000 a year to provide miscellaneous consulting services. In 2001, <mask> incorporated an investment firm called LehmanBush with veteran China lawyer Edward Lehman. Philanthropy and charity involvement, volunteer work

George H.W. Bush Foundation For U.S.-China Relations
<mask> is the founder and chairman of the George H.W. Bush Foundation For U.S.-China Relations.Created in 2017, the Foundation serves as a U.S.-China Relations Think Tank, Track 2 Diplomacy Policy Hub and for Business, Trade and U.S. Investment. The organization holds an annual George H.W. Bush Conference on U.S.-China Relations. The purpose of The George H. W. Bush Foundation for U.S.-China Relations seeks to advance U.S.-China relations in ways that reflect the ethos and values of President George H. W<mask>, whose visionary, wise, deft and steady stewardship of the U.S.-China relationship during his tenure as president was exemplary of the highest attributes and values of true statesmanship. Through an active, wide-ranging and highly innovative program of activities, the Bush China Foundation promotes the late president's life-long view that the U.S.-China relationship is the most consequential bilateral relationship in the world and that a positive and constructive relationship between the two countries is in the best interest of both the United States and China as well as the entire global community. Points of Light
<mask> is the chairman of Points of Light; an international nonprofit that

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 works to increase volunteerism in the world. Points of Light has approximately 250 affiliates in 22 countries and partnerships with thousands of nonprofits and companies dedicated to volunteer service around the world.In 2012, Points of Light mobilized 4 million volunteers in 30 million hours of service worth $635 million. Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue
<mask> was a founding director, along with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (the future Pope Benedict XVI), of the Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue (FIIRD). The foundation promotes ecumenical understanding and publishes religious texts and was founded in 1999. <mask> is no longer on the board of the foundation. Anti-Ritalin campaign
In 2002, <mask> told the New York Post that he "endured his own Ritalin hell seven years ago when educators in a Houston private school diagnosed his son, Pierce, (then) 16, with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and pushed medication." In a September 26, 2002, episode of CNN Interview, <mask> told Connie Chung:

<mask> decided "the educators were wrong" about his son. "There is a systemic problem in this country, where schools are often forcing parents to turn to Ritalin," he said."It's obvious to me that we have a crisis." Also that year, <mask> testified before a hearing of the United States Congress to speak out against over-medicating children for learning disorders. He has suggested that many parents believe the ADD and ADHD diagnoses and subsequent medicating of their children because it explains why they aren't doing well in school, saying "it's the system that is failing to engage children in the classroom. My heart goes out to any parents who are being led to believe their kids have a disorder or are disabled." <mask> (along with filmmaker Michael Moore) is credited in the cast of a 2005 documentary film, The Drugging of Our Children directed by Gary Null. In the film's trailer <mask> says: "Just because it is easy to drug a kid and get them to be compliant doesn't make it right to do it." Ted Cruz presidential campaign
After his brother Jeb dropped out of the 2016

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 Republican presidential nomination race, <mask> and his wife Maria signed on to the finance team of fellow Republican Ted Cruz.Personal life
<mask> was married to Sharon (née Smith) <mask> (born May 19, 1952) for 23 years. The couple have three children: <mask> Lauren (born June 25, 1984), Pierce Mallon <mask> (born March 11, 1986) and Ashley Walker <mask> (born February 7, 1989). The couple divorced in April 2003. <mask>'s divorce deposition gained public attention when he admitted to several sexual encounters in Thailand and Hong Kong. Sharon gained custody of their minor child Ashley, who for a while was estranged from her father. In addition, Sharon kept their marital home after she collected enough money to pay off the mortgage. In 2004, <mask> remarried in Houston, Texas, to Mexican-born Maria (née Manass) Andrews, a volunteer at the Houston literacy-foundation office of <mask>'s mother, Barbara.Robert Andrews, Andrews' ex-husband, sued <mask> in September 2003 for defamation after she alleged that <mask> was the father of Andrews' two-year-old son. DNA testing showed that Andrews was the father, but the suit was dismissed in 2005. <mask>'s son, Pierce was a candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2020 from Texas' 22nd district, but finished third in a fifteen-way primary. References

External links

Excerpt from "<mask>—the unauthorized biography"
Wilmsen, Steven. Silverado: <mask> and the Savings and Loan Scandal National Press Books, August 1991,
Ignite! Learning Webpage
<mask>'s political donations
<mask> profile as non-executive Chairman of SingHaiyi Group Ltd.

1955 births
American computer businesspeople
American consulting businesspeople
American education businesspeople
American philanthropists
American stock traders
<mask> family
Businesspeople from Texas
Businesspeople in software
Children of presidents of the United States
Children of vice presidents of the United States
Freeman School of Business alumni
Living people
Livingston family
People with dyslexia
People from Midland, Texas
Savings and loan crisis
Schuyler family
Texas Republicans
St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni
Tulane

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<mask> (born March 27, 1942) is an American author, educator, and speaker, on the topics of wine, tea, and tea lore. Known as "America's Tea Sage," he is possibly the world's most widely read authority on tea and tea lore. Early years
He was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and brought up in Forsyth County, North Carolina. His mother, <mask>, was a graduate of the oldest female educational establishment that is still a women's college, Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She majored in Latin and English Literature, subjects she subsequently taught high school students. His father, Eugene C<mask>, was an actor and musician, turned tobacco company executive and political activist, turned self-employed businessman and farmer. <mask> was educated at R.J. Reynolds High School, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and in Europe.While at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he enrolled in its Honors Program, infamously named the "Suicide 50" given the extreme obstacles enrollees faced in the program. In 1960, as part of the Honors Program, <mask> made his first journey to Europe aboard . On his return journey, on its sister ship , <mask> first met his future wife, Valerie Turner <mask>. Since 1965, he has lived chiefly in San Francisco, California. Literary works
In California, he wrote his first book The Wine Bibber's Bible (1971), which sold a half-million copies. The acknowledged classic became an indispensable guide to the finest wines of California, and received stellar reviews. Among others, the San Francisco Chronicle noted that it is "[a] delightful book .. . built upon extensive knowledge," and the Washington

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texts: Post noted that it is "[i]lluminated by love and garnished with literary allusion." He is best known for his books on tea, including <mask> <mask>'s Tea Lover's Treasury (1982), The Tea Lover's Companion (1995), and Reading Tea Leaves (1996) as authored "by a Highland Seer." <mask> <mask>'s Tea Lover's Treasury includes an introduction by preeminent American food writer, M.F.K. Fisher, who notes that: "<mask>'s book about tea is written so deftly, in its heady combination of learning and pure love, that its pages will cheer us long after what's in the cup is cold and stale." In 2000, he brought out <mask> <mask>'s NEW Tea Lover's Treasury, a complete re-casting of his earlier work in the light of increased information. This book is often used as a training manual in the United States tea trade, and has been translated into German with the title Tee für Geniesser. Beginning in 2007, <mask> <mask> began contributing articles to the tea blog, T Ching.He published more than 25 articles on artisan teas and tea history until 2014. In 2010, he authored <mask> <mask>'s Tea Dictionary, which was named Best New Publication by the World Tea Expo (2010). The comprehensive dictionary was designed as a handbook for the international tea trade, but intended to be accessible and useful to tea lovers of every description. The book includes terms for cultivation, manufacture, tasting, trading, marketing, and classification of tea. Most recently, in 2017, he annotated and released The Romance of Tea, William Ukers' 1936 work describing the legendary and true origins of tea, the spread of its consumption as a beverage, and the romantic trade that grew up around it, among

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James Norwood
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James Norwood
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 other topics. The New York Times described The Romance of Tea as "[a] truly delightful history of the tea plant's 1600 years of beneficent ministry to man's comfort and aesthetic pleasure." Tea trade milestones
He was named Honorary Director of the Imperial Tea Court, a traditional Chinese teahouse founded in 1993 by Roy Fong in San Francisco, now located in the San Francisco Ferry Building.Mr. <mask> has played a major role in disseminating China tea information and tea ways in America and the West. He first anglicized the name for the Chinese covered cup, for example, as "gaiwan" and on second thought changed the spelling to "guywan." Both spellings are now found in English, French and German. Also a speaker and teacher, Mr. <mask> has addressed audiences from Zurich, Switzerland (Le Club des Buveurs de The Suisse) and London's Kew Gardens to Hangzhou (China Tea Research Institute). He served as International Juror at India's first-ever tea competition, The Golden Leaf India Awards 2005, in Coonoor, India. He has served as a consultant, teacher, taster or spokesman for several tea companies. Profiling him as "The Renaissance man of the tea industry" in Fresh Cup magazine's "1999 Tea Almanac", Michelle Williams wrote: "Parts historian, connoisseur, and world-traveller…he has carved out a reputation as the consummate spokesman for US tea consumers.His wit and dedication to the beverage have helped spread the gospel of tea to tens of thousands of people." In 2007 he helped stage a Festival of Tea for Santa Fe Opera's premier production of "Tea: A Mirror of Soul" by Chinese composer Tan Dun. Extensive interviews with Mr. <mask> are featured in the 2009

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 book,  The Meaning of Tea: A Tea Inspired Journey. He appears in Scott Chamberlin Hoyt's 2008 documentary film of the same name. Quotes
"America's new tea lovers are the people who have forced the tea trade to wake up. Elsewhere, tea has meant a certain way, a certain tradition, for centuries, but this is America! The American tea lover is heir to all the world's tea drinking traditions, from Japanese tea ceremonies to Russian samovars to English scones in the afternoon.India chai, China green, you name it and we can claim it and make it ours. And that's just what we are doing. In this respect, ours is the most innovative and exciting tea scene anywhere." ~<mask> <mask> in "A Life in Tea: <mask> <mask>'s (not so) Mad Mission" by Julie Beals, Editor-in-Chief,

"Taking tea is a moment of windless calm, amid the bluster of daily events has always been one of humanity's favorite pleasures. But beyond pleasure, tea can always provide glimpses of the ultimate reality, usually when we least expect any." References

Sources

External links
Tea Society Biography
 documentary film trailer featuring <mask> <mask> Ching, a tea industry blog. Living people
1942 births
American non-fiction writers
Writers from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Tea

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texts: <mask> (, ; born 24 March 1949) is a Sri Lankan politician and a Member of Parliament from the National List of the United National Party. He is the leader of the United National Party since 1994. He served as Prime Minister of Sri Lanka from 1993 to 1994, 2001 to 2004, 2015 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 and has served as Leader of the Opposition from 1994 to 2001 and from 2004 to 2015. Born to a wealthy, political family, he graduated from University of Ceylon and qualified as an Advocate from the Ceylon Law College in 1972. Entering active politics in the mid 1970s with the United National Party, he was first elected to Parliament from the Biyagama electorate in the 1977 parliamentary elections and was appointed Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, by his uncle President J. R. Jayewardene. He was thereafter appointed Minister of Youth Affairs and Employment, becoming the youngest Cabinet Minister in Sri Lanka. In 1989, President Ranasinghe Premadasa, appointed Wickremesinghe as the Minister of Industry, Science and Technology and Leader of the House.He succeeded D. B. Wijetunga as Prime Minister in 1993 following the assassination of Premadasa and Wijetunga succession the presidency. He was appointed Leader of the Opposition in November 1994 following the assassination of Gamini Dissanayake during the campaign for the 1994 presidential election. On 8 January 2015, <mask> was appointed as prime minister by President Maithripala Sirisena, who had defeated President Mahinda Rajapaksa in the 2015 presidential election. <mask>'s coalition alliance, the United National Front for Good Governance, won the 2015 parliamentary election with 106 seats. Although it fell short of an outright majority, <mask> was re-elected as Prime Minister with over 35 Sri

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Ranil Wickremesinghe
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 Lanka Freedom Party members joining his cabinet. Wickremesinghe was removed as Prime Minister on 26 October 2018 by President Maithripala Sirisena with the appointment of former President Mahinda Rajapaksa as Prime Minister, which Wickremesinghe refused to accept, resulting in a constitutional crisis. The constitutional crisis ended with Sirisena re-appointing Wickremesinghe as Prime Minister on 16 December 2018.He resigned as Prime Minister on 20 November 2019, and was again succeed by Mahinda Rajapaksa following the 2019 presidential election. He contested the following parliamentary elections in 2020, but failed to secure a seat in Parliament. He re-entered Parliament as a National List MP of the United National Party, and was sworn in as a member of parliament on the 23rd of June 2021. Early life and education
Born on 24 March 1949 in Colombo, Wickremesinghe was the second son of Esmond Wickremesinghe and Nalini Wickremesinghe née Wijewardena. His father was a lawyer who became a press baron taking over the Lake House Group of newspapers. His grandfathers were <mask> of the Ceylon Civil Service and the press baron, D. R. Wijewardhena. Wickremesinghe was educated at the Royal Preparatory School and at the Royal College, Colombo where he was a classmate and friend of Anura Bandaranaike, son of then Prime Minister Solomon Bandaranaike and Dinesh Gunawardena, son of socialist leader Philip Gunawardena.Wickremasinghe entered the Faculty of Law of the University of Ceylon at its Colombo Campus which is now the University of Colombo. After graduation, he completed the law exams at the Ceylon Law College and took oaths as an advocate in 1972 after having apprenticed under H. W. Jayewardene, QC. He became an Attorney at law following the changes


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 to the legal profession in 1973. Wickramasinghe received an honorary doctorate from Deakin University in Australia on February 14, 2017, for his significant contributions in reforms in economy, education and human rights. Political career
<mask> joined the United National Party (UNP) and progressed through its ranks. He was appointed as the chief organizer of the Kelaniya Electorate in the mid-1970s but was later appointed as the chief organizer of the Biyagama Electorate, which he won in the 1977 parliamentary elections. He was appointed Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in the new government of J. R. Jayewardene, and was soon promoted to the post of Minister of Youth Affairs and Employment, which made him the youngest cabinet minister of Sri Lanka.During his term as deputy minister, he initiated the Sri Lanka National Guard and the National Youth Services Council (NYSCO), which provides vocational and career training to school leavers. <mask> was later made the Minister of Education. First premiership (1993–1994)
Under the Presidency of Ranasinghe Premadasa, <mask> was appointed as the Minister of Industry, under which he initiated industrial reforms and established the Biyagama Special Economic Zone. Wickremesinghe had competition from his senior colleagues in the UNP, Lalith Athulathmudali and Gamini Dissanayake, who had been rivals of President Premadasa. He was appointed the Leader of the House in 1989. On 7 May 1993, <mask> was sworn in as prime minister after President Ranasinghe Premadasa was assassinated by the Tamil Tigers and Prime Minister D. B. Wijetunga was appointed president. During his term he was credited for pushing the country through an impressive economic transformation and was generally backed by the business

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 community.Opposition (1994–2001)
In the 1994 parliamentary elections, the UNP lost to Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga's People's Alliance (PA), and Kumaratunga was appointed Prime Minister of the country. Wickremasinghe was defeated in the race for Opposition Leader by two votes by fellow UNP member Gamini Dissanayake, who had re-joined the party. This gave Gamini Dissanayake the default leadership of the party and made him the presidential nominee of the UNP. The UNP was progressing well under Gamini Dissanayake's leadership, when he too was assassinated by the Tamil Tigers. Gamini Dissanayake's widow, Srima replaced him as the candidate of the UNP in the 1994 election. Securing just 35% of the vote, she lost to Chandrika Kumaratunga in all electorates except Mahiyangana. Afterwards, <mask> was appointed as the opposition leader as well as the UNP leader.Wickremesinghe was seen as a co-operative opposition leader who gave the government a chance to carry out its agenda in its early days. In the 1999 election, <mask> was nominated as UNP's presidential candidate. After a tense election campaign in the wake of the violent North Western Provincial Council election, the Tamil Tigers blasted a suicide bomb in an election campaign rally, in which President Kumaratunga lost her right eye. In the election held two days later 21 December 1999 amidst a wave of sympathy, Kumaratunga received 51% of the popular vote to be re-elected as
Executive President. The gap between <mask> and Kumaratunga was approximately 700,000 votes (6% of the valid votes). Kumaratunga was sworn in for her second term as president on 22 December 1999. After the loss of the 1999 presidential elections, Wickremasinghe unsuccessfully led his party in the 2000 parliamentary


texts:
 elections, again losing out to the PA.

Second premiership (2001–2004)

In the parliamentary general election 2001 UNF, led by <mask> <mask>, won 109 seats and PA was able to obtain only 77 seats.Consequently, he was able to form a new UNF government and sworn as the 17th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka on 9 December 2001. However Chandrika Kumaratunga still remained the President of the country. This led to a confusing situation where the President and the Prime Minister were from two opposite parties. Although, according to the constitution, both head of state and head of government was the President, Prime Minister <mask> Wickremesinghe was able to appoint his own cabinet  and he had the actual control over the government. President Chandrika Kumaratunga also chaired cabinet meetings as de facto head, but her influence over decision making was strictly limited. He also requested international community to assist in development during the ceasefire which led to the Tokyo Donor Conference on Reconstruction and Development of Sri Lanka was held in June 2003 in which Sri Lanka received more than 4.5 billion dollars in reconstruction and development aid. During this time he proposed the creation of the "Western Region Megapolis" project.Planned with the assistance of architects and town planners of a Singaporean firm CESMA, it proposed to create a large city in the western province that can rival major cities in the world. However the project did not proceed after the fall of his government. Foreign policy
<mask> <mask>'s foreign policy during his tenant as the Prime Minister pushed closer relations with the west. He expected their economical backing to overcome the economic crisis. He also largely took assistance, especially from Norway, to

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 resolve the ongoing Ethnic Problem in Sri Lanka. In July 2002 he was able to meet George W. Bush, the President of the United States during that period. It was the first time after 18 years a Sri Lankan leader met the US leader in the White House.This visit was primarily focused on building new relationships based on economical links between United States and Sri Lanka. Furthermore, US government pledged to support his peace efforts with LTTE. He also met the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair, the Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi  and the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Many of these visits were focused on the issues regarding resolving the Ethnic Problem in Sri Lanka. Peace process
<mask> Wickremesinghe believed a political solution based on a United Sri Lanka was the permanent solution to the Ethnic Problem in Sri Lanka. He also believed that such a solution could be reached through a peaceful negotiation process with LTTE. Ceasefire Agreement (CFA)
Three months after the election <mask> <mask>'s government entered into a ceasefire agreement (CFA) with LTTE.The agreement was signed on 22 February 2002 at different locations in the war zone by both parties and Norwegian Ambassador to Sri Lanka Jon Westborg acted as the facilitator. It was said that the main objective of this agreement was to find a negotiated solution to the ongoing ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. Both parties agreed to halt all offensive military operations. An international monitoring mission called Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission (SLMM) was formed to inquire into any instance of violation of the terms and conditions of this agreement. In the aftermath of signing CFA the island was deemed as a safe place once again, after decades of war.

masks: Ranil Ranil Wickremesinghe


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 Specially tourism industry experienced a significant escalation where the number of tourists arrived to the country was suddenly increased. The A9 Highway was reopened up to Kilinochchi on 15 February 2002 after 18 years.Many checkpoints and roadblocks were removed in government-controlled areas. Peace talks
After signing CFA Ranil Wickremesinghe held a few rounds of peace talks with LTTE between 2002 and 2003. Prof. G. L. Peiris, minister Milinda Moragoda and minister Rauff Hakeem led the government delegation and LTTE theoretician Anton Balasingham, LTTE political wing leader S.P. Thamilselvan and military leader Karuna Amman led the LTTE faction during the peace talks. The Royal Norwegian government acted as the chief facilitator during the peace talks. There were six rounds of peace talks which were held at different locations around the world:

 16–18 September 2002, Bangkok
 31 October-3 November 2002, Bangkok
 2–5 December 2002, Oslo
 6–9 January 2003, Bangkok
 7–8 February 2003, Berlin
 18–21 March 2003, Tokyo

After the Oslo round of peace talks in December 2003, a concluding statement was declared by the Norwegian facilitators which later became known as Oslo Declaration. In this statement it was stated that "both parties have decided to explore a political solution founded on internal self-determination based on a federal structure within a united Sri Lanka".This was considered as one of the most significant incidents in the history of finding a political solution to the Ethnic Problem in Sri Lanka. After the 6th round of peace talks in March 2003 LTTE abruptly withdrew from the peace talks. However, in October 2003 LTTE again showed some intentions of entering into the peace process, calling for an Interim Self Governing


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 Authority (ISGA). The proposal was handed over to the government through Norwegian Ambassador Hans Brattskar. Analysts saw Wickremesinghe was fanning the internecine feuds among the Tigers and systematically weakening them and a foreign policy intended to tighten the global dragnet against the LTTE. Agreements were signed with the US which allowed Sri Lanka get assistance in terms of military training, military technology, intelligence, special training in counter-terrorism and direct monetary assistance for military development. During the ceasefire period United States Pacific Command assessment team conducted a study from Sept 12–2002 to Oct 24, 2002 which made several recommendations to strengthen the capabilities of the Sri Lanka Army, Sri Lanka Navy and Sri Lanka Air Force in case of the peace process failing.After studying the weakness of the military the study recommended the use of cluster bombs (Which weren't banned until 2010 when Cluster Munitions Convention came into effect)to destroy unarmoured area targets and recommended arming Kafirs and Mi-24 gunships with guided weapons in case of fighting close to enemy forces. The US also donated the SLNS Samudura during this time

Criticism on peace process
The opposition and the nationalistic movements of the country strongly opposed CFA and the overall peace process of <mask> <mask>'s regime. They continuously criticized and protested against CFA claiming it as a threat to the sovereignty of the country which ultimately leads the way to a separate state for LTTE, so called Ealam. It was later claimed by Karuna Amman who defected from the LTTE during <mask> <mask>'s regime that the LTTE dragged the peace talks to smuggle weapons and ammunition including aircraft. LTTE continuously

masks: Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe


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 violated CFA in great many occasions. In August 2007 SLMM agreed that LTTE had violated CFA in total 3830 occasions while government of Sri Lanka had violated CFA in only 351 occasions. Several Sri Lankan Army intelligence operatives were allegedly killed by LTTE during this period.Nationalistic movements of the country also widely criticized the proposal for an Interim Self Governing Authority by LTTE arguing that would divide the country. They claimed it had all the pre-requirements for a separate state for LTTE. Ultimately CFA and its consequences became the main topic of debate during Presidential Election. It was evident from the results of the election that the Sinhalese majority of the country disapproved of CFA. End of the Regime
Few days after LTTE proposed of the Interim Self Governing Authority (ISGA), President Chandrika Kumaratunga sacked three ministers of the cabinet and took over the ministries using her constitutional powers ending the uneasy coalition between her and the Prime Minister <mask> <mask> while he was out of the country. Addressing the nation she claimed that this decision was taken in the interest of national security. Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna also decided to ally with PA to defeat the <mask> <mask>'s government which they claimed as a threat to the sovereignty of the country.Consequently, President Chandrika Kumaratunga dissolved the parliament on 7 February 2004
 which effectively ended <mask> <mask>'s regime. Opposition (2004–2015)

In the 2004 Parliamentary Elections held on 2 April <mask> <mask>'s UNF lost governmental office. Despite the expectation of a full six-year term, and planned projects cut short by the defeat, the UNP was optimistic that it could regain power in a future election. Within 14

masks: Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe


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 months of UPFA's victory, the radical JVP wing's (composed of over 30 members) parting of ways with the government, left the UPFA's parliamentary composition well short of the required majority. He remained in the post of the Opposition Leader until 2015, when Maithripala Sirisena who sworn in as the President, appointed him as the Prime Minister. Presidential election, 2005
In December 2004, Wickkamaesinghe was chosen by the United National Party as its presidential candidate for Presidential Elections due in late 2005. The Supreme Court decided in August 2005 that the elections should be held that year despite the President's argument that her term would end in 2006.Mahinda Rajapaksa, then Prime Minister, was nominated as the Presidential candidate of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. In the Presidential Election held on 17 November 2005, Wickremesinghe was defeated narrowly by Mahinda Rajapaksa, who gained 50.29% of the vote to Wickremesinghe's 48.43%. A large number of the minority Tamil population in the Northern and Eastern parts of the country, who were largely expected to back Wickremesinghe were prevented from voting by the extremist LTTE, which had enforced a boycott of the polls. Provincial elections, 2008–2009
With the success in defeating LTTE in war, the government held a series of provincial elections in 2008 and 2009 for 8 provincial councils (Eastern, North Central, Sabaragamuwa, North Western, Central, Western, Uva, and Southern). In all occasions, UNP was soundly defeated by a large margin by UPFA. Of all the elections UNP obtained only 30% of the total polled and UPFA was able to gain 59% of the total polled. The margin was 2,527,783
compared to 180,786 in Presidential Election  in 2005.Presidential election, 2010
<mask>


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 <mask>, signed an Alliance Agreement with twelve other opposition parties in November 2009 and he announced that, a Common Candidate would be fielded for the Presidential Election which would be held in 2010. Later he announced that the former Army Commander, Sarath Fonseka has been selected as the common candidate and pledged to support him. Presidential election, 2015
UNP along several other parties and civil organizations signed to an Understanding Agreement and decided to field the then Secretary General of Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Maithripala Sirisena as the Common Candidate for the Presidential Election and the Common Candidate pledged to appoint <mask> Wickeremesinghe, as the Prime Minister if he would win the election. In the elections held on 8 January 2015, Common Candidate Maithripala Sirisena was selected as the 6th President of Sri Lanka and on 9 January 2015 when he was sworn in, he appointed <mask> <mask> as the Prime Minister of the Sri Lankan Parliament. Third premiership (2015–2019)
Following the 2015 Presidential Election's United National Party-led common candidate Maithripala Sirisena having won 51.28% of votes and under Memorandum of Understanding agreement, <mask> was appointed as prime minister for the 100-day program plan and this is his third term as Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. <mask> vowed to regain majority in the Parliament and making it as the United National Party's Government, at the same time he also promised to secure the futures of younger generations and instantly confirmed that the Government will launch 1 million jobs for the youth as well advancement for the education and health sectors will maintain as promised. He also took steps to develop the former war-zones by touring the affected areas and met

masks: Wickremesinghe Ranil Ranil Wickremesinghe Wickremesinghe Wickremesinghe


texts: civil activists to discuss the issues faced by the Jaffna civilians and schools and to expedite investigations of missing persons.He also took steps to uplift Northern Province communities and to improve their standard of living. UNP/UNFGG-led by Wickremesinghe had won the General Parliamentary Elections held on 17 August 2015, making himself the Prime Minister for his 4th term, with 106 seats in 225-member Parliament of Sri Lanka forming the government (though short of 7 seats to secure the simple majority of the Parliament) defeating the political rivalry UPFA de facto leader and former President Mahinda Rajapaksa in his bid to return as prime minister after his defeat as president. <mask> also scored the highest preferential votes in the election with 500,556 votes, beating his common antagonist Rajapaksa by a considerable margin (with Rajapaksa garnering 423,529 preferential votes) whilst setting a new record as the candidate with the highest number of preferential votes in Sri Lankas' elections history. He also restarted the Megapolis plan which he started in when he was PM in 2001–2004. Surbana was consulted to revise the master plan to suit newer needs. The Ministry of Megapolis and Western development was created for project and the project which expects to convert the currently unplanned Western Province into a major megapolis by 2030 with an estimated population of 8.4 million and expects to solve the issues concerning traffic congestion, waste management and slum dwellers in urban areas. Wickremesinghe also showed interest in Surbana creating a similar plan for Trincomalee in the Eastern province and an agreement was later signed with Surbana for the purpose.He proposed major economic reforms and proposed a knowledge based social


texts:
 market economy which will be built on social justice principles that will also focus on the availability of global opportunities for education and strengthening of the health system to face health concerns of the 21st century. He also planned on reducing high income disparity levels in the domestic economy and increasing exports. He launched a plan to reform state-owned enterprise, enter into trade agreements with India and China to increase market access and regain GSP+ to regain EU markets, restructure key investment promotion agencies, develop tourism, attract high spending tourists, and develop the rural economy. Special economic zones and a special financial and business hub in Colombo were also proposed. He also organized the Sri Lanka Economic forum 2016 with the presence of international investor and Founder Chairman of Open Society George Soros and Nobel Laureate Economist Joseph Stieglitz and many other experts such as Ricardo Hausmann. The forum was seen as a boost to the Sri Lankan economy and during the forum Soros decided to invest in Sri Lanka the initial investments were expected to be around $300 Million. He also launched a loan and grant scheme for small and medium enterprises named "Swa Shakthi" empower rural entrepreneurs and develop the rural economy.However, in 2017, during his tenure Sri Lanka recorded just 3.1% economic growth rate, the lowest for 16 years. Government bonds controversy
In February 2015 CBSL advertised the sale of Rs. 1 billion in 30 year government bonds at a coupon of 12.5%, though several accounts erroneously cite an indicative rate of 9.5%. The sale was oversubscribed with 36 bids totaling Rs. 20 billion. The majority of bidders, 26, bidded for Rs. 100 million or less at a rate of


texts: 9.5%–10.5%.However, a few bidders, including Perpetual Treasuries Limited, wanted interest rates of 11%–12%. On 27 February 2015 the CBSL accepted Rs. 10 billion in bids at rates of 9.5%–12.5%. The issuing of ten times the advertised bonds, and at a higher than expected rate, was alleged to cost the Sri Lankan government an additional Rs. 1.6 billion ($10.6 million), though this was disputed by the Leader of the House of Parliament. A petition was lodged in the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka contesting the methodology used to allege such a loss. Perpetual Treasuries was issued, directly and indirectly, with Rs.5 billion in bonds at 12.5%. Perpetual Treasuries was one of the primary dealers in the sale and is owned by son-in-law of the Governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka Arjuna Mahendran, who was appointed by Wickremasinghe. On 28 October 2016 the Committee On Public Enterprises, after a lengthy investigation, found Mahendran responsible for the bond issue scam and recommended legal action be taken against him. However, President Maithripala Sirisena announced that he had appointed a Special Presidential Commission of Inquiry to further investigate the case. The commission handed over the report on Central Bank bond issuance to Sirisena on 30 December 2017, and the Presidential Secretariat made available the full report in PDF form from its website for public viewing. During the investigation Wickramesinghe had to appear before the Special Presidential Commission of Inquiry. A group of ministers from the President's party along with opposition MPs failed in a recent attempt to pass a motion of no-confidence against the Prime Minister in Sri Lanka's Parliament.On 15 March 2018 Colombo Fort Magistrate's Court issued an arrest warrant on


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 Arjuna Mahendra on charges of criminal breach of trust for allegedly providing confidential information of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka to Perpetual Treasuries Limited. 2018 local election

United National Party led by <mask> Wickramasinghe suffered shocking defeat in the 2018 local authority elections. They were only able to secure 34 councils out of 340 total councils. Mahinda Rajapaksa’s proxy Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna won 231 councils. After the election defeat some MPs of UNP and party members asked <mask> Wickramasinghe to resign from the party leadership and Prime Minister position. Some media reported that President Maithripala Sirisena also urged <mask> Wickramasinghe to resign from his position leading into political crisis. Foreign policy

His foreign policy was aimed at re-balancing relations with India and the West that were strained during the previous regime and keeping good relations with China as well.He also chose to restart discussions to solve the Indo-Sri Lanka fishing dispute but strongly defended the Sri Lankan navy's right to shoot Indian fishermen that fish in Sri Lankan waters, stating:

His foreign policy was seen as moving away from the Rajapaksa government's isolationist policies, which distanced Sri Lanka from the western world. His policies were seen to attract investments and financial aid. His government allowed a 99-year lease of a port to a Chinese company which caused protests in 2017. He also worked to develop relations with Japan and Singapore, choosing them as his second and third foreign state visits after being elected as prime minister. During his visit to Japan, he promised to support Japan's bid to secure a seat on the United Nations Security Council and entered to a "comprehensive partnership"

masks: Ranil Ranil Ranil


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 with Japan covering political, economic and security issues.
. During his visit to Singapore, in an interview with The Straits Times he invited Singaporean submarines and frigates to visit Sri Lanka. Corruption elimination
During the Rajapaksa regime which oversaw the rise of lawlessness and abuse of state power by Rajapaksa's government ministers and officers after the defeat of the regime, Prime Minister Wickremesinghe decided to set up high-powered responding Police Division so-called "Financial Crimes Investigation Division". This led to arrest Basil Rajapaksa the younger brother of Mahinda Rajapaksa and his political henchmen who were involved in large-scale corruption also were arrested within months after forming the committee.However several  family members and friends of Rajapaksa were questioned by the FCID, Rajapaksa fears that his entire family and friends could be prosecuted and brought down to justice. Former President Rajapaksa asked President Sirisena over the pending charges against his family members and political associations to be dropped. However, President Sirisena refused to drop the charges that were ongoing, The meeting between President Sirisena and former President Rajapaksa ended up as unsuccessful over President's refusal to consider the key demands of Rajapaksa to be appointed as Prime Ministerial candidate and the charges against his family members and close associations to dropped. Rajapaksa's faction in SLFP criticised that the FCID were used as a tool to revenge on his associations and threatened to take legal action against FCID. 2018 constitutional crisis

In the evening of 26 October 2018, President Maithripala Sirisena appointed Mahinda Rajapaksa as Prime Minister after the United People's Freedom


texts:
 Alliance withdrew from the unity government. He also informed <mask> Wickremesinghe was removed from office. Wickremesinghe said he refuses to accept the dismissal claiming that it was unconstitutional which triggered a constitutional crisis.Following rulings by the Supreme court and the Appeal court, Rajapaksa backed down and Wickremesinghe was re-instated at prime minister on 16 December 2018. Presidential election, 2019

Following much internal party negotiations Wickremesinghe agreed to back Sajith Premadasa as the party candidate for the 2019 Sri Lankan presidential election. Premadasa was defeated by Gotabaya Rajapaksa who gained 52.25% of the votes against 41.99% by Premadasa. Post premiership (2019-)

Parliamentary election, 2020

Following his defeat, Premadasa left the part to form his own party, Samagi Jana Balawegaya from which he contested the 2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election. Wickremesinghe lead the remaining party members in the parliamentary election which was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2020 parliamentary elections resulted in a landslide victory of the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna led by Mahinda Rajapaksa gaining 59.09% of the votes and securing 145 seats in parliament and the Samagi Jana Balawegaya gaining 23.90% votes and 54 seats. The United National Party suffering its worst defeat in its history received a total of 249,435 votes, which was 2.15% of votes cased.For the first time in its history it failed win a single seat in parliament, having only gained one national list seat. Re-enters parliament as an MP, 2021
<mask> <mask> was sworn in as a member of parliament on the 23rd of June 2021. He re-entered Parliament as a National List MP of the United National Party. Criticism

Dissent within the


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 Party
Dr. Sarath Amunugama and Nanda Mathew were the first UNP members of parliament to crossover and joined the government in 1999 during <mask> <mask>'s tenure as the leader of UNP. This was followed by Wijayapala Mendis, a veteran UNP member of parliament since 1965, who joined the government in 2000. After the defeat in 2004 parliamentary election a senior member of UNP and a former minister of <mask> <mask>'s 2001–2004 government, Rohitha Bogollagama switched sides and allied with government. Soon after the defeat in the presidential election in 2005 Mahinda Samarasinghe and Keheliya Rambukwella defected to the government.Both were former ministers of <mask> <mask>'s 2001–2004 government and senior members of the party. Mahinda Samarasinghe was the government chief whip (2001–2004) and the opposition chief whip(2004–2006). Keheliya Rambukwella had gained the highest number of votes in 2004 parliamentary election from Kandy district. Following the controversy that resulted in the rejection of the UNP list of candidates for the Colombo Municipal Council election in 2006 that led to the UNP losing control over the council after 50 years, prompted several senior members in the party to challenge <mask>'s leadership and demanded his resignation as party leader. This group pushed to have Wickremesinghe replaced by the deputy party leader Karu Jayasuriya. However, this bid fell thought due to the lack of support from the majority of the party seniors. In 2007, Wickremesinghe established a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Mahinda Rajapaksa government agreeing to UNP's collaboration with the government on issues of national interest.However, shortly afterwards, 17 of the UNP's 60 members in parliament, including the group who had

masks: Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe Wickremesinghe


texts: challenged Wickremesinghe's leadership, led by deputy leader Karu Jayasuriya crossed over to the governing UPFA ranks in parliament and were given ministerial appointments. The group consisted of senior members of UNP and many of them were former ministers of <mask> <mask>'s 2001–2004 government: Karu Jayasuriya (Deputy Leader of UNP), M. H. Mohamed (former speaker of the parliament), Milinda Moragoda, G. L. Peiris, Bandula Gunawardane, Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena, Gamini Lokuge, P. Dayaratna, Mano Wijeyeratne, Rajitha Senaratne, R.A.D. Sirisena, Mahinda Wijesekara, Naween Dissanayake, Hemakumara Nanayakkara, R. M. Dharmadasa Banda, Neomal Perera and Chandrasiri Sooriyaarachchi. However, in late 2008, Jayasuriya crossed over once again to the opposition and was given back the deputy leader post. In February 2008, Wickremasinghe was once again under pressure to step down from the party leadership to accept an advisory position, from a majority of the UNP's parliamentary group. In March, the UNP working committee decided to create a new post called Senior Leader of the party and appointed Wickremasinghe to the post. This was amid discussion with the UNP's parliamentary group about the need for the Wickremasinghe to relinquish his post (of party leader) so that a new leader could be appointed.However, late March the party working committee decided that he should remain as the party leader. The defection of the party stalwarts to join the government continued thereafter: Susantha Punchinilame, Mahinda Ratnatilaka and Nandimithra Ekanayake who were members of parliament, a famous business tycoon and UNP Anuradhapura district leaderThilanga Sumathipala, a prominent UNP youth leader and a member of Western Provincial Council  R. Duminda Silva, a

masks: Ranil Wickremesinghe


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 former UNP member of parliament and a veteran actor Ravindra Randeniya, opposition leader in North Western Provincial Council Ashoka Wadigamangawa  all allied with the government in different occasions. The most recent defection was the members of Parliament Johnston Fernando and Indika Bandaranayake joining the government. It is alleged that over 60 UNP MPs left the party during Wickremesinghe's leadership. Batalanda detention centre
It was alleged by the People's Alliance government that <mask>, then a Minister, was the political authority behind an illegal detention centre in the Batalanda housing and industrial complex outside Colombo between 1988 and 1990 which was allegedly run by a government-backed counter-subversive unit as part of the state's operation to put down an armed insurgency by the JVP. The People's Alliance government of President Chandrika Kumaratunga, appointed a Special Presidential Commission of Inquiry to investigate activities of Batalanda and on 3 September 1997 Wickremesinghe was summoned to testify before the commission. The commissions report was released on 12 April 1998.The commission was a fact-finding mission and had no judicial powers, however it recommended the government to "bring the guilty to book". One of its findings was that "Wickremesinghe and the SSP Nalin Delgoda, are indirectly responsible for the maintenance of places of unlawful detention and torture chambers in houses at the Batalanda Housing Scheme". It further stated that Wickremesinghe held "unauthorised meetings of police officers involved in counter-insurgency operations in the housing complex, and that as such, he had abused his authority". No criminal proceedings took place thereafter. Allegations on conspiring against Gamini


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 Dissanayake
In August 2012, Minister of Health and SLFP general secretary Maithripala Sirisena alleged that during the 1994 presidential election campaign, all campaign details concerning the UNP presidential candidate Gamini Dissanayake were being secretly passed on to his opponent, Chandrika Kumaratunga by Wickremesinghe. Minister Sirisena made this disclosure while addressing an election committee meeting held at Siripura, Polonnaruwa. Sirisena asserted that he has ample proof to validate his claim and allegations.Consequently, both parties started to challenge each other for open media debates. Allegations of "dictatorial behavior" in the party
<mask> was accused of being a dictator as the leader of UNP. The Mahanayaka of the Asgiri Chapter the Most Venerable Udugama Sri Buddharakkitha Thero once has said that since recently the Opposition Leader <mask> Wickremasinghe is acting like a dictator. On 2010, UNP MP Dayasiri Jayasekara accused in that within the constitution of the UNP <mask> Wickremasinghe is not a democratic leader but a dictator. Former minister and UNP MP Mahinda Wijesekara accused that "We don't need a dictator in the party" as Wickremesinghe opposed for the party reforms. Family and personal life
Wickremasinghe married Maitree Wickremasinghe, Sri Lankan academic and Professor of English in 1994. Wickremasinghe has made several efforts to keep his private life out of politics.His personal life is rarely publicized or discussed. Maitree Wickremasinghe avoided the political spotlight until Wickremasinghe's recent re election as prime minister in 2015. His paternal grandfather was Cyril Leonard Wickremesinghe, CCS who was the first Sinhalese Land Commissioner and his grandmother was Esme Moonemalle Goonewardene, daughter of

masks: Wickremesinghe Ranil Ranil


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 Proctor Edward Goonewardene and Ada Moonemalle of Moonemalle Walawwa, Kurunegala whose brother was Theodore Barcroft L. Moonemalle Proctor and Member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon. His maternal grand father was D. R. Wijewardena son of Muhandiram Tudugalage Don Philip Wijewardena and Helena Wijewardena nee Dep Weerasinghe. His grandmother was Alice Ruby Meedeniya, daughter of J. H. Meedeniya Adigar of Meedeniya Walawwa, Ruwanwella and Corneliya Magdleine Senanayake whose mother was Corneliya Regina Senanayake nee Obeyesekere, sister of Lambertus Obeyesekere Maha Mudaliyar of Kataluwa Walawwa. A number of members of Wickremesinghe's family are currently active in the government. His cousins State Minister of Defence Ruwan Wijewardene, State Minister of Foreign Affairs Wasantha Senanayake and his aunt Sri Lanka High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Amari Wijewardene.Honours
 Robert E. Wilhelm Fellow - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2014)
 Doctor of Laws (honorary) – Deakin University (2017)

International affiliations
He is a member of International Democrat Union. The IDU held a meeting in Sri Lanka in 2004 under his influence, when he was prime minister. Electoral history

See also
 List of political families in Sri Lanka
 List of international prime ministerial trips made by Ranil Wickremesinghe

Notes

References

Further reading
 <mask> Wickramasinghe (2005), Desapalanaya saha dharmaya, Publisher: Nugeegoda Sarasavi Prakasanayo,
 Jayaratna, A. E. (2005), Ranil Wickramasinghe: Darshanaya Saha Saame Mawatha,

External links

Ranil Wickremesinghe's Web Site
 The Wickremasinghe Ancestry
 Wijewardene Ancestry
 Hon. Ranil Wickremasinghe's Father
 Website of the Parliament of Sri Lanka

 United National Party website
 "Ranil


texts:
 Wickramasinghe: consistency is his forte"
 BBC Profile
 Ranil re-elected as Asia-Pacific Vice Chairman of IDU
Elections in Sri Lanka 2010

1949 births
Alumni of Royal Preparatory School
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of the University of Ceylon (Colombo)
Candidates for President of Sri Lanka
Ceylonese advocates
Culture ministers of Sri Lanka
Deputy ministers of Sri Lanka
Education ministers of Sri Lanka
Industries ministers of Sri Lanka
Leaders of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)
Leaders of the United National Party
Living people
Members of the 8th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 9th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka
Sinhalese lawyers
Sinhalese


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<mask> (December 13, 1851 – June 10, 1921), commonly known as E. O<mask>, was a prominent American publisher, composer, song leader, and singer of music for church, Sunday school, and evangelistic meetings during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some of the significant collaborators in his vocal and publishing work included Sam P. Jones, William E. Biederwolf, Gipsy Smith, Charles Reign Scoville, J. Wilbur Chapman, W. E. M. Hackleman, Charles H. Gabriel and D. B. Towner. His 1909 stanza selection and arrangement of Amazing Grace became the most widely used and familiar setting of that hymn by the second half of the twentieth century. The influence of his sacred music on American popular culture through revival meetings, religious conventions, circuit chautauquas, and church hymnals was substantial enough by the 1920s to garner a satirical reference by Sinclair Lewis in the novel <mask>antry. <mask> compiled or contributed to about ninety secular and sacred song books and is estimated to have written, composed, or arranged more than two thousand of the songs he published. The music publishing business he started in 1881 and that eventually bore his name was the highest volume producer of hymnbooks in America at the time of his death. Early years
<mask> was the son of German Reformed minister and self-published author J. J<mask>.He was born in Uniontown, Stark County, Ohio and attended public schools in Ohio and Pennsylvania. After marrying in 1871 near Brady's Bend, Pennsylvania, he relocated to that state and supported his family for several years as a plasterer, bricklayer, and singing instructor. His focus was turned to sacred music through his experience leading songs at revivals and worship services of Methodist Episcopal churches, first in East Brady and then, starting in 1881, Oil City, Pennsylvania. Between 1877 and 1883 he studied music formally at the Normal Musical Institutes of George F. Root where he also received vocal training under Root's son, Frederick. He moved to Chicago, base of Root's

masks:
Edwin Othello Excell
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Elmer G
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 operations, in 1883 to pursue music publishing in earnest. Vocalist and song leader

<mask> was described as "a big, robust six-footer, with a six-in caliber voice" and extraordinary range that enabled him to solo as baritone or tenor. Publisher George H. Doran observed him leading songs at a revival and later noted that <mask> "was a master of mass control; he might easily have become conductor of some mighty chorus".These talents fostered his early success as a rural singing teacher in Pennsylvania and helped secure a position as church choirmaster for the two years preceding his move to Illinois. Two important contacts made during his early years in Chicago were Benjamin F. Jacobs and John H. Vincent. Both men had been heavily involved with the uniform Sunday school lesson system established among many Protestant denominations during the early 1870s. Vincent was also co-founder of the original Chautauqua Assembly and involved with the burgeoning church youth movements of the era, such as Christian Endeavor and Epworth Leagues. <mask> assisted with the music of their Sunday school work for at least two years and later served as music editor for correspondence courses Vincent established through the Chautauqua Press. He also performed as a vocalist for programs at the Chautauqua Institution. Insights gained from these associations were significant in that much of what Excell would later publish targeted Sunday school and youth program music needs.The Methodist Episcopal church of <mask>'s day was still divided into northern and southern denominations created by an antebellum split. <mask> and Vincent were affiliated with the northern branch known as the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1885 he met Sam P. Jones, a Georgia evangelist of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and was invited to join him as vocalist the following year, which included a campaign in Toronto during October 1886. Jones' musical director at that time was Marcellus J. Maxwell of Oxford, Georgia. He was also a capable singer and songwriter, though

masks: Excell Excell Excell Excell Excell


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 more reserved than <mask>. They became an effective musical team known informally as "Ex and Max". At some point prior to 1895, <mask> became the principal song leader and vocalist Jones referred to as "this big-hearted, noble soul ..., my chorister, Brother <mask>."The respect was mutual and good natured. In 1887 <mask> wrote and published a spiritualized rendition of "one of the trite sayings of the Reverend Sam P. Jones" titled You Better Quit Your Meanness. It was dedicated to Jones by "his Co-Worker, E. O<mask>". They worked together throughout the United States and Canada until Jones' death in 1906. Though their twenty-year partnership was not exclusive, it was one of the most significant influences on <mask>'s career. While serving as Jones' chorister, <mask> became adept at crafting large volunteer choirs out of recruits from multiple local churches that had never sung together before. These combined revival and evangelistic meeting choirs typically had fewer than 400 participants.However, William Shaw of Christian Endeavor listed <mask> among Ira Sankey, Homer Rodeheaver, and other distinguished musicians who had led choirs in the range of one thousand to four thousand voices at their conventions. <mask> assisted a number of other evangelists and religious conference leaders in various musical capacities. He worked as a vocalist for William E. Biederwolf, a Presbyterian minister active with the Winona Lake Bible Conference and its related chautauqua, with whom he also collaborated on a number of hymnbooks. During the final decade of his life he assisted with the music program of British evangelist Gipsy Smith. Music publisher, compiler and editor

<mask> compiled a collection of hymns and gospel songs around 1880 which was published as Sacred Echoes by John J. Hood of Philadelphia in 1881, the year he marked as his start in the business. Sing the Gospel, published around the time of the move to Chicago, was issued under the "E. O. Excell" imprint.Echoes of Eden followed two years later in 1884. An archetype of

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Excell
Excell
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Excell
Excell


texts:
 later "combined" song books was produced in 1885 when contents of Sing the Gospel, Echoes of Eden and limited new material were repackaged into The Gospel in Song, a hymnbook later advertised to contain the songs and solos sung by <mask> at Sam Jones' Gospel meetings. Sam Jones Influence

The working relationship initiated with Jones in 1886 proved to be a pattern of the age. A contemporary writer explained that prominent evangelists always "had their leading singers, they were billed on the hoardings of the cities after the manner of theatrical companies – Moody and Sankey; Sam Jones and Excell; Chapman and Alexander; Torrey and Towner; and so on." The promotional benefit for a sacred music publisher was enormous. Excell's books were used in Jones' revivals and the contents revised over time to suit changing preferences and the needs of the campaigns. Three song books aimed at different applications were published in 1886 and 1887.All three became series that ran through most of the years Excell was affiliated with Jones' ministry:
 Excell's Anthems (1886) for choirs was followed by volumes 2 through 6 and three combined editions of which Excell's Anthems, Vols. 5 & 6 Combined (1899) was the last. Excell's School Songs (1887) for school, class, and home use was followed by numbers 2 through 4 and two combined editions ending with Excell's School Songs, Nos. 3 & 4 Combined (1903). Triumphant Songs (1887) for Sunday schools and revivals was followed by numbers 2 through 5 and two combined editions (Nos. 1 & 2 and Nos. 3 & 4).The last book in this series was Triumphant Songs No. 5 (1896). Make His Praise Glorious, published in 1900 as the Triumphant Songs series was approaching its end, contained <mask>'s initial arrangement of Amazing Grace based upon the tune New Britain. He compiled and published at least another six song books with the E. O. Excell imprint during his final years with Jones. <mask> under his own imprint in the years following Jones' death, though the annual quantity of books sold still managed to more

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 than double during that time. The business changed to involve a greater number of collaborations destined for other publishers and private label printing of denominational hymnals.Some of the most substantial were:

 Methodist Episcopal – Early collaborations were established through Excell's Methodist connections. Two hymnbooks were compiled for the Book Concerns of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1897 and 1899. Unfortunately his relationships with the publishing authorities within this northern branch of American Methodism were irreconcilably damaged in 1900 by the aftermath of a book contract he allegedly negotiated directly with the General Secretary of the Epworth League. However, opportunities with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South were unaffected and at least four hymn books were produced between 1909 and 1918 with W. C<mask>, manager of the Methodist Publishing House in Dallas, Texas. Charles Reign Scoville – At least three hymnbooks were compiled with this evangelist of the Christian Church and director of the Winona Assembly and Summer School Association for his C. R. Scoville imprint between 1909 and about 1915. W. E. M. Hackleman – Five or more hymn collections were produced between 1910 and 1914 with this Christian Church musician and published by the Christian Board of Publication or Hackleman Music Company. Hackleman also worked on another three collections credited to Excell that were published posthumously.William E. Biederwolf – Three hymn collections and a combined edition were developed with this Presbyterian evangelist between 1912 and 1917 for Glad Tidings Publishing Company. <mask> had also been listed earlier as a special contributor on Hymns of His Praise No. 2 that Biederwolf compiled in 1906 with assistance from Homer Rodeheaver. One other hymn book, "Songs of the Evangelist" crediting both Biederwolf and <mask> as contributors, was published posthumously in 1925. Hope Publishing Company – Joy to the World was compiled in 1915 for this publishing firm of another Chicago Methodist, Henry

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. Everett
Excell
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 S. Date. While <mask> continued to publish collections under his own imprint, he worked on another three Hope hymnbooks with Date's successors through 1919. Single song book collaborations – <mask> worked on one-book projects with a diverse number of his contemporaries.Some of the more notable included:
William Shaw – Treasurer of Christian Endeavor on Jubilant Praise (1900). J. Wilbur Chapman – Evangelist known for his work with singer Charles Alexander and moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly on Winona Hymns (1906). D. B. Towner – Vocalist and musician with D. L. Moody's organization on Famous Gospel Hymns (1907). French E<mask> – Presbyterian evangelist and protégé of Charles Alexander on <mask>'s Songs of Deliverance (1910). Theodore M. Hammond – Congregational founder of Hammond Publishing of Milwaukee and regent of University of Wisconsin on The Very Best Songs for Sunday School (1911). Marion Lawrance – Congregational Sunday school superintendent (laity) and general secretary of the International Sunday School Association on Eternal Praise (1917). The portfolios of copyrights for contemporary songs and plates for classic hymns that Excell accumulated as a publisher and composer also led to printing work on denominational hymnals.He produced the 1909 edition of Spiritual Hymns of Brethren in Christ in which he held copyrights for about one third of the six hundred songs selected by the hymnal committee. Another example was the original edition of Great Songs of the Church which he produced for the Churches of Christ in 1921. E. O. Excell Company

Excell developed approximately fifty song books and contributed to at least another thirty-eight over his forty-year publishing career. By 1914, his company had produced close to 10 million books and was selling them at a rate of nearly a half million per year. Annual output had grown to more than a million books by 1921, though with margins at wholesale levels. Excell's only child, William Alonzo, participated in both the musical event and publishing businesses.

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Excell
Excell
. Oliver
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 At least one publication, Chorus Choir Selections (1918), bore the "E. O. Excell & Son" imprint."E. O. Excell Company" was utilized on publications created after the founder's death. <mask>'s grandson, known as E. O<mask>, Jr, was also engaged in the family publishing business by 1927. Lyricist, composer and arranger

Estimates of the number of songs authored, composed, or arranged by <mask> range from two to three thousand. Two that remain well known are his 1909 arrangement of John Newton's Amazing Grace and the tune he composed for <mask>'s Count Your Blessings. Death and legacy

<mask> fell ill while assisting Gipsy Smith with a revival in Louisville, Kentucky and returned to Chicago to be hospitalized. He died on June 10, 1921, after more than thirty weeks in Wesley Memorial Hospital. Colleagues at the International Sunday School Association, where he had served for thirty-six years, said the following of him at their next convention:

At least five books listing him as a contributor were published posthumously.One of these was The Excell Hymnal published by his company in 1925; it was completed by his long-time collaborators Hamp Sewell and W. E. M. Hackleman as "a fitting climax to its long line of illustrious predecessors". Heirs sold the large E. O. Excell Company copyright portfolio to the Hope Publishing Company in 1931 which they combined with their prior acquisition of a former Ira Sankey firm to create the Biglow-Main-Excell Company. The most popular Excell compositions at the time of the sale were I'll Be a Sunbeam and Count Your Blessings. Notes

References

External links

1851 births
1921 deaths
American Christian hymnwriters
American male composers
American composers
American Methodist hymnwriters
American gospel singers
American Methodists
Composers of Christian music
Gospel music composers
American music publishers (people)
Musicians from Chicago
People from Uniontown, Ohio
19th-century American writers
Singers from Ohio
19th-century American male singers
Songwriters from Ohio
Songwriters from

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<mask> (; 10 July 183531 March 1880) was a Polish virtuoso violinist, composer and pedagogue who is regarded amongst the greatest violinists in history. His younger brother <mask> and nephew Adam Tadeusz Wieniawski were also accomplished musicians. Life

<mask> was born in Lublin, Congress Poland (Russian Empire). His father, Tobiasz Pietruszka (Wolf Helman), was the son of a Jewish barber named Herschel Meyer Helman, from the Jewish Lublin neighborhood of Wieniawa, when barbers were also practicing dentists, healers, and bloodletters. Wolf Helman, also known as Tobiasz Pietruszka, changed his name to <mask>, taking on the name of his neighborhood to blend into his Polish environment better. Prior to obtaining his medical degree, he had converted to Catholicism. He married Regina Wolff, the daughter of a noted Jewish physician from Warsaw, and out of this marriage, Henryk was born.<mask>'s talent for playing the violin was recognized early, and in 1843 he was accepted by the Paris Conservatoire taught by Lambert Massart, where special exceptions were made to admit him, as he wasn't French and was only eight years old. He attended the Conservatoire from 1843 to 1846 and returned for another year in 1849. After graduation, he toured extensively and gave many recitals, where he was often accompanied by his brother Józef on piano. In 1847, he published his first opus, a Grand Caprice Fantastique, the start of a catalogue of 24 opus numbers. When his engagement to Isabella Hampton was opposed by her parents, Wieniawski

masks:
Henryk Wieniawski
Józef Wieniawski
Henryk Wieniawski
Tadeusz Wieniawski
Henryk


texts: wrote Légende, Op. 17; this work helped her parents change their mind, and the couple married in 1860. At the invitation of Anton Rubinstein, Wieniawski moved to St. Petersburg, where he lived from 1860 to 1872, taught many violin students and led the Russian Musical Society's orchestra and string quartet.From 1872 to 1874, Wieniawski toured the United States with Rubinstein. <mask> replaced Henri Vieuxtemps as violin professor at the Conservatoire Royal de Bruxelles in 1875. During his residence in Brussels, Wieniawski's health declined, and he often had to stop in the middle of his concerts. He started a tour of Russia in 1879 but was unable to complete it, and was taken to a hospital in Odessa after a concert. On 14 February 1880, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's patroness Nadezhda von Meck took him into her home and provided him with medical attention. His friends also arranged a benefit concert to help provide for his family. He died in Moscow a few weeks later from a heart attack and was interred in the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw.His daughter Régine <mask>, born in Brussels the year before his death, also became a composer. She published her early works as "Irène Wieniawska", but after marrying Sir Aubrey Dean Paul and becoming a British subject, she used the pseudonym "Poldowski". Another daughter, Henriette, would go on to marry Joseph Holland Loring in 1904, who was among the victims of the Titanic disaster. Wieniawski was a player in the Beethoven Quartet Society in London, where he also performed on viola.

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 Works
<mask> <mask> was considered a violinist of great ability and wrote some very important works in the violin repertoire, including two technically demanding violin concertos, the second of which (in D minor, 1862) is more often performed than the first (in F-sharp minor, 1853). His L'École moderne: 10 Études-caprices is a very well known work for aspiring violinists, being the oldest set of etudes still performed which exceed the difficulty of the Paganini Caprices. His Polonaise Brillante, Op.4, Scherzo-Tarantelle, Op. 16 and Légende, Op. 17 are also frequently performed works. He also wrote several mazurkas for violin with the piano accompaniment (including the popular Obertass in G major), using techniques such as left-hand pizzicato, harmonics, large leaps, and double stops. Legacy
<mask> was given a number of posthumous honors. His portrait appeared on a postage stamp of Poland in 1952 and again in 1957. A 100 złoty coin was issued in 1979 bearing his image.What is commonly called the "Russian bow hold" is sometimes called the "Wieniawski bow hold", as Wieniawski taught his students his own kind of very rigid bowing technique (like the Russian bow hold) that allowed him to play what he called a "devil's staccato" with ease. This "devil's staccato" was used to discipline students' technique. The first violin competition named after Wieniawski took place in Warsaw in 1935. Ginette Neveu took first prize, David Oistrakh second, and Henri Temianka third. The International Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition has

masks: Henryk Wieniawski Wieniawski


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 been held every five years since 1952. Compositions
Published works, with opus numbers
 Grand caprice fantastique, Op. 1
 Allegro de Sonate, Op.2
 Souvenir de Posen, Op. 3
 Polonaise de Concert No. 1, Op. 4 (sometimes known as Polonaise brillante)
 Adagio élégiaque, Op. 5
 Souvenir de Moscow, 2 Russian Romances, Op. 6 (in this work he quoted Alexander Egorovich Varlamov's song The Red Sarafan)
 Capriccio-Valse, Op. 7
 Grand duo polonaise, for violin and piano, Op.8
 Romance sans paroles et rondo elegant, Op. 9
 L'École moderne, 10 Études-Caprices, for violin solo, Op. 10
 Le Carnaval Russe, Improvisations and Variations, Op. 11
 2 Mazurkas de Salon: Sielanka et Piesn Polska (Chanson polonaise), Op. 12
 Fantasie pastorale, Op. 13 (Lost)
 Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op.14
 Thème original varié, Op. 15
 Scherzo-Tarantelle, Op. 16
 Légende, Op. 17
 8 Études-Caprices, for 2 violins, Op. 18
 2 Mazurkas caractéristiques: Obertass et Dudziarz (Le Ménétrier), Op. 19  (NB. : no 2 is known as both "The Bagpipe Player" [ABRSM Vln Gr VIII Syllabus] and "The Village Fiddler" [Naxos Records])
 Fantaisie brillante sur Faust de Gounod, Op.20
 Polonaise brillante, Op. 21
 Concerto No. 2 in D minor, Op. 22
 Gigue in E minor, Op. 23
 Fantasie orientale, Op. 24

Unpublished works, and works without opus numbers
 Wariacje na Temat Własnego Mazurka ()
 Aria with Variations in E major (before 1848)
 Fantasia and Variations in E major (1848)
 Nocturne for solo violin (1848)
 Romance ()
 Rondo Alla Polacca in E minor (1848)
 Duo Concertant on


texts:
 themes from Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor ()
 Duo Concertant na Temat Hymnu Rosyjskiego A. Lwowa ()
 Duo Concertant na Temat Rosyjskiej Melodii Ludowej ()
 Fantasia on themes from Meyerbeer's Le prophète (oc. 1850)
 Mazur Wiejski ()
 Fantasia on themes from Grétry's Richard Coeur-de-lion ()
 Duet on themes from Finnish songs ()
 Two Mazurkas (1851)
 March (1851)
 Kujawiak in A minor (1853)
 Variations on the Russian hymn ()
 Variations on Polish folk song "Jechał Kozak Zza Dunaju" ()
 Variations on the Austrian Hymn (1853)
 Rozumiem, pieśń na głos z fortepianem (1854)
 Souvenir de Lublin, concert polka ()
 Fantasia on themes from Bellini's La sonnambula ()
 Reminiscences of San Francisco ()
 Kujawiak in C major
 Polonaise triomphale
 Rêverie in F sharp minor, for viola and piano
 Violin Concerto No.3 in A minor? (1878, unpublished, disappeared? Premiered in Moscow, 27 December 1878)

References

External links

  — Polish Music Center at USC
 Henryk Wieniawski Society (en)

 Scores by <mask> Wieniawski in National Digital Library of Poland (Polona)

1835 births
1880 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical violinists
19th-century male musicians
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
Composers for violin
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Jewish classical violinists
Male classical violinists
People from Congress Poland
People from Lublin
Polish classical violinists
Polish people of Jewish descent
Polish male classical composers
Polish Romantic composers
Pupils of Lambert Massart
Royal Conservatory of


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<mask>'Alfonso (born 6 August 1953) is a Canadian writer,  editor, publisher, and filmmaker, best known as the founder of Guernica Editions. Biography
<mask>'Alfonso was born in Montreal into an Italian-Canadian family. He grew up speaking Italian and attended both English and French schools and became trilingual. He earned a BA from Loyola College (Concordia University) and a MA from the Université de Montréal. In 1978 he founded Guernica Editions in Montreal as a bilingual publishing house. It was successful in promoting English and French language writers and expanded into publishing authors from ethnic minorities, particularly those of Italian backgrounds. D'Alfonso sold Guernica in 2009.As a writer, he has published works in both English and French, and has won awards in both. He is also a self-translator who rewrites his work from English to French or vice versa. Literary awards
 2000: Fabrizio's Passion won the Bressani Award. 2003: La passione di Fabrizio won Internazionale emigrazione in Italy. 2005: Un vendredi du mois d'août won the Trillium Book Award. (27 Avril 2005)
 2008: L'aimé won the Christine Dimitriu Van Saanen Award from the Salon du livre de Toronto. 2016: He received an honorary doctorate from Athabasca University in Alberta.Books

Original Books
 La chanson du shaman à Sedna (poems,

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Antonio D


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 self-published, 1973)
 Queror (poems, Guernica Editions, 1979) 2-89135-000-6
 Black Tongue (poems, Guernica Editions, 1983) 0-919349-07-2
 The Other Shore (prose and poems, Guernica Editions, 1986, 1988) 0-919349-66-8/0-920717-32-2
 L'autre rivage (prose and poems, translation of The Other Shore, VLB éditeur, 1987) 2-89005-248-6 Finaliste du Prix Emile-Nelliagn. L'Amour panique (prose poems, Lèvres Urbaines, 1988) ISSN 0823-5112
 Avril ou L'anti-passion (novel, VLB éditeur, 1990) 2-89005-405-5
 Julia (long prose poem, L'édition du Silence, 1992) 2-920180-25-8
 Panick Love (prose poems, translation of L'Amour panique, Guernica Editions, 1992) 0-920717-63-2
 Fabrizio's Passion (novel, Guernica, 1995) 1-55071-023-0
 In Italics: In Defense of Ethnicity (essays, Guernica, 1996) 1-55071-016-8
 L'apostrophe qui me scinde (poetry, Le Noroît, 1998). 2-89018-398-X. Finaliste du Prix Saint Sulpice. Duologue: On Culture and Identity (with Pasquale Verdicchio) (essay, Guernica, 1998). 1-55071-072-9
 L'autre rivage (poetry, Le Noroît, 1999) 2-89018-438-2
 En Italiques: Réflexions sur l'ethnicité (essays, Balzac, 2000). 2-921468-21-2
 Fabrizio's Passion (novel, Guernica, 2000) 1-55071-082-6.The Bressani Award 2002. Comment ça se passe (poetry, Le Noroît, 2001). Finaliste du Prix Trillium. La passione di Fabrizio. (Traduit par


texts:
 Antonello Lombardo). Iannone Editore. Italia: Isernia, 2002.)The Premio internzaionale Emigrazione, 2003. Getting on with Politics (poetry, Exile Editions, 2002.) Antigone (Lyricalmyrical Editions, 2004) (verse play)
 Un vendredi du mois d'août (novel, Leméac, 2004), finalist for the Prix Ringuet, Trillium Book Award
 Bruco (Lyricalmyrical Editions, 2005) (verse play)
 En Italiques: Réflexions sur l'ethnicité (essais, L'Interligne, 2005). Gambling with Failure (essays, Exile, 2005)
 Un homme de trop (poetry, Noroît, 2005)
 One Friday in August (novel, Exile, 2005)
 L'aimé. novel. Leméac, 2007. Un ami, un nuage.Noroit, 2013. The Irrelevant Man. Guernica, 2014. Anthologies Edited
 Quêtes: Textes d'auteurs italo-québécois. ed. aver Fulvio Caccia. Guernica Editions, 1983.Voix Off: Textes de dix poétes anglophone au Québec. Guernica Editions, 1985. Poetica del Plurilinguismo. trans. Nicola Gasbarro & Giulia De Gasperi. Samuele Editor, 2016. Translations by <mask>'Alfonso
 The Clarity of Voices Philippe Haeck, prose poems.Guernica, 1985. The Films of Jacques Tati  Michel Chion. Guernica, 1997. La paysage qui bouge. Pasquale Verdicchio. Le Noroit, 2000. On Order and Things.Stefan Psenak. Guernica, 2003. Dreaming Our Space. Marguerite Andersen. Guernica, 2003. The Blueness of Light (by Louise Dupré, translator,


texts:
 Guernica, 2005)
 Etnilisuse kaitseks. Translated in Estonian by Reet Sool.Tartu Ulikooli Kirjastus, 2006. (essays)
 The World Forgotten (by Paul Bélanger, translator, Guernica 2005)
 The Last Woman (Claudine Bertrand, translator, Guernica, 2008)
 twohundredandfourspoems (Roger des Roches, Guernica, 2011). Un bonheur inattendu (Marella Caracciolo Chia, Leméac, 2011). Un bonheur inattendu (Marella Caracciolo Chia, Syrtes (Paris), 2012). Wings Folded in Cracks (Jean-Pierre Vallotton, Guernica, 2013). Hours (Fernand Ouellette, Guernica, 2013). References

External links
 Official Website
  The author's item at Athabasca University, Canadian-English Writers; with hyperlinks
  D'Alfonso's item at Athabasca University, Canadian-French Writers; with other hyperlinks

20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male poets
21st-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
Canadian male novelists
Film directors from Montreal
Writers from Montreal
Living people
1953 births
Canadian book editors
Canadian people of Italian descent
20th-century Canadian translators
21st-century Canadian translators
Canadian male essayists
20th-century Canadian essayists
21st-century Canadian essayists
21st-century Canadian male writers
Canadian poets in French
Canadian


texts:
<mask> (born 17 March 1944) is an English model and photographer. She was one of the leading international models during the 1960s and, with Jean Shrimpton, epitomised the British female look of the era. <mask> married George Harrison in 1966 and experienced the height of the Beatles' popularity as well as sharing in their embrace of Indian spirituality. She divorced Harrison in 1977 and married Harrison's friend Eric Clapton in 1979; they divorced in 1989. <mask> inspired Harrison's songs "I Need You", "If I Needed Someone", "Something" and "For You Blue", and Clapton's songs "Layla", "Bell Bottom Blues" and "Wonderful Tonight". In August 2007, <mask> published her autobiography Wonderful Today (titled Wonderful Tonight in the United States). Her photographs of Harrison and Clapton, titled Through the Eye of a Muse, have been widely exhibited.Early life
<mask> was born on 17 March 1944 in Taunton, Somerset, the first child of Colin ("Jock") Ian Langdon <mask> and Diana Frances <mask> (née Drysdale). The <mask>s moved to West Lothian in Scotland, where her brother, Colin, was born in 1946. They then moved to Guildford, Surrey, where her sister Jenny was born in 1947. After Jock's discharge from the Royal Air Force, the <mask>s lived in Nairobi from 1948 to 1953. <mask>'s youngest sister, Paula, was born at a hospital in Nakuru, Kenya, in 1951. From the age of eight, <mask> boarded at Nakuru School near Nairobi. During a half-term break, she returned home and was shocked to learn that her parents had divorced.In December 1953, she and her siblings moved to England with Diana and her new husband, Bobbie Gaymer-Jones. With her mother's second marriage, <mask> gained two half-brothers, David (b. 1954) and Robert ("Boo"; b. 1955). Many years later, she learnt that she had two half-sisters through Jock's second marriage: Clare (1962–2018) and Julia (b. 1964). <mask> briefly attended Hazeldean School in Putney,

masks:
Patricia Anne Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd


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 and then the St Agnes and St Michael Convent Boarding School in East Grinstead, and St Martha's Convent in Hadley Wood, Hertfordshire.She achieved three GCE O level passes in 1961. She moved to London in 1962 and worked as a shampoo girl at Elizabeth Arden's salon. A client who worked for Honey magazine then inspired her to begin work as a model. Career

Modelling
<mask> began her fashion career in 1962, modelling at first in London and Paris. Among her regular assignments at that time were jobs for the UK edition of Vogue, Vanity Fair, Elle in France, and Honey, as well as fashion spreads in newspapers such as The Daily Telegraph and The Times. She was photographed by David Bailey, Terence Donovan and Brian Duffy, among others, and appeared on the cover of British Vogue. Other popular models of the day, such as Twiggy, based their modelling appearance on <mask>.In the description of journalist Tom Hibbert, <mask> and Jean Shrimpton became "international celebrities" as the embodiment of the "British female 'look' – mini-skirt, long, straight hair and wide-eyed loveliness". This look defined Western fashion for women as a result of the international popularity of the Beatles and other British Invasion musical acts from 1964 onwards. In her autobiography, <mask> recalls being known as the muse to designer Ossie Clark, who used to call some of his designs "Pattie". In early 1964, <mask> appeared in a television advertising campaign for Smith's crisps, directed by Richard Lester. Lester then cast her as a schoolgirl in the Beatles' 1964 film A Hard Day's Night, where she met and befriended the group's lead guitarist, George Harrison. <mask>'s modelling career skyrocketed as a result of her subsequent romantic involvement with Harrison. She recalls that further assignments for Vogue and Vanity Fair were the result, along with jobs for Tatler (with photographer Jeanloup Sieff), more TV commercials, for

masks: Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd


texts: Smith's and for L'Oréal's Dop shampoo brand, and advertisements in newspaper fashion pages.<mask> and Harrison were among the leading couples in the Swinging London era, when, according to a 1966 article in the Daily Express, "actors, pop singers, hairdressers, and models" were London's new "privileged class". UK underground writer Barry Miles later described her as "by far the most glamorous" of all the Beatles' wives and girlfriends, while author Shawn Levy writes that, even more so than Jane Asher, the London-born stage actress who was Paul McCartney's girlfriend for much of the 1960s, <mask> epitomised what "sixties stardom was meant to confer upon its chosen". Writing in 1966, British fashion designer Mary Quant commented that it had become a requisite for contemporary women to strive "to look like <mask> <mask> rather than Marlene Dietrich", adding: "Their aim is to look childishly young, naïvely unsophisticated, and it takes more sophistication to work out that look than those early would-be sophisticates ever dreamed of." At the request of Gloria Stavers, <mask> began writing a column, titled "Patti's Letter from London", for the American teen magazine 16. According to Hibbert: "She reported on the latest trends in Carnaby Street, informed readers as to what the Beatles and Stones were wearing at the moment, and gave advice on how to turn dark and curly hair straight and blonde." However, with <mask> the target of hostility from the Beatles' female fans, Harrison insisted she abandon her career, to ensure their privacy. In July 1968, she and her sister Jenny, who was also a model, opened a boutique in London's fashionable Chelsea Market.They named it "Jennifer Juniper" after Donovan's song of the same name. Jenny managed the shop, which sold antiques and other objets d'art, while <mask> was the buyer. <mask> says she had "virtually given up" modelling by the early 1970s. She resumed her career at

masks: Boyd Boyd Pattie Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd