texts:
 underlying motive for the purge was their criticism of the party's stifling atmosphere and of the personality cult surrounding Gheorghiu-Dej. The plenary session also criticized <mask>, and afterwards, Paul Niculescu-Mizil presented the party leadership a report recommending that the entire leadership of the PMR Institute save the director be removed. At the same time as the plenary, a joint meeting of Romanian and Soviet historians took place at which Oțetea sharply criticized <mask> for the unprofessionalism with which he published documents and announced they would be republished. The Soviets did not defend <mask>, which the latter interpreted as a loss of support from his former allies. Death and legacy
<mask> died on 21 June 1958, and Pleșa believes he most likely committed suicide. Tismăneanu initially credited that rumor in his Radio Free Europe addresses, but later noted that the suicide story was "unconfirmed".According to at least two accounts, <mask> had also suffered a stroke or a heart attack some time during the "unmasking" sessions. He died without heirs. He had married Sara Zighelboim, whose brothers Avram and Ștrul were communist activists during the 1930s. She was originally from Bessarabia, and had returned there in 1940, shortly before <mask> himself. Their daughter Sonela died in 1956 while with her father at a health resort: after diving into a pool, she suffered a fatal head trauma. An urn containing <mask>'s ashes is housed at the Cenușa Crematorium in Bucharest. Although sidelined by the time of his death, he received the usual PMR honor, an obituary piece in .Anticommunist intellectual G. T. Kirileanu recorded in his diary


type: original

texts: on 22 June that <mask> had "done much harm to Romanian culture." Kirileanu accentuated the Jewish component of <mask>'s identity, referring to him as a "rabbi's son", and arguing that, through him, "Jews impose[d] their point on view on the evolution of Romanian spirituality." <mask>'s death did not result in a thorough change to the historiographical ideas he had put forth. Class struggle and dialectical materialism continued to be taught in schools. While history writing did alter after 1960, with less emphasis placed on the "greatness" of the Soviet Union and on criticizing the West, and greater attention paid to previously neglected historical figures, this was due not so much to <mask>'s disappearance from the scene as to Romania's changed international position and gradual alienation from the Soviets. The role of guiding communist historiography fell on Marxists from the professional field, primarily Oțetea. Tismăneanu and historian Cristian Vasile note that <mask>'s downfall was a sacrificial offering by Leonte Răutu, who survived the "unmasking" period and was still a culture boss under the national communism of the 1960s.Gheorghiu-Dej's successor Ceaușescu allowed young authors—Ileana Vrancea, Ion Cristoiu—or senior figures—Iorgu Iordan—, to publish works critical of the Zhdanov Doctrine. Although these mentioned <mask> by name, Răutu was entirely exempt. Iordan calls <mask> the "evil genie" of the Romanian Academy, and makes him responsible for the more "fanatical" decisions—such as granting posthumous Academy membership to the Marxist poet Dumitru Theodor Neculuță. A bizarre exception to this rule was an official reference work, the 1978

masks: Roller Roller Roller Roller Roller Roller Roller


texts:
 ("The Encyclopedia of Romanian Historiography"). It has an entry on <mask>, which does not feature any negative commentary, while Răutu is entirely absent. <mask>'s contribution was reevaluated again after the Romanian Revolution of 1989 toppled communism. Some of the first monographs dealing with <mask>n, the Civic Alliance Foundation, and the Sighet Memorial of the Victims of Communism.Writing in 1999, Mihai Stoian described it as anomalous that, in the process of restoring membership to those deposed by the regime, the Academy had not also posthumously stripped <mask> of his title. He calls <mask> "a red specter", haunting "the bookcases dusted by lies and servitude." Senior historian Florin Constantiniu reflected back on the communist period, coining the popular (but, according to Cristian Vasile, melodramatic) image of <mask> as "the gravedigger of authentic Romanian culture". At that stage, some authors described <mask>'s influence as criminal, and declared him an anti-Romanian by conviction. The books of antisemitic conspiracy theorist Iosif Constantin Drăgan cited <mask>'s case as evidence that Jewish communism was working against the Romanians. Despite such widespread condemnation of his theories, <mask>'s terminology was not entirely expunged from later Romanian research works. As noted in 1998 by archaeologist Petre Diaconu, the "meaningless and pernicious" concept of "free Dacians" has been taken for granted by numerous scientists in the field.Notes

References
Lucian Boia,
Istorie și mit în conștiința românească, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2000. Capcanele istoriei. Elita intelectuală românească între 1930 și 1950, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2012.

masks: Roller Roller Rollerulususa Roller Roller Roller Roller Roller Roller


texts:
 Adrian Cioroianu, , Editura Curtea Veche, Bucharest, 2005. Adrian Drăgușanu, "", in Lucian Boia (ed. ), , Editura Nemira, Bucharest, 1997–1998, p. 98-132. Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990.Titu Georgescu, "Activitatea Comitetului național antifascist (1933—1934)", in Studii. Revistă de Istorie, Nr. 2/1961, pp. 323–53. Liviu Pleșa, "Mihail <mask> și 'stalinizarea' istoriografiei românești", in the 1 December University of Alba Iulia's Series Historica, 10/I, 2006, p. 165-77
Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism pentru eternitate, Polirom, Iași, 2005. Vladimir Tismăneanu, Cristian Vasile, Perfectul acrobat. Leonte Răutu, măștile răului, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2008.Vitalie Văratic, Laurențiu Constantiniu, Ilie Schipor, Vladimir Ivanovici Korotaev, Vladimir Nikolaevici Kuzelenkov (eds. ), Prizonieri de război români în Uniunea Sovietică. Documente: 1941–1956, Romanian Military Institute, Russian State Military Archives & Monitorul Oficial, Bucharest, 2013. Cristian Vasile, Literatura și artele în România comunistă. 1948-1953, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2010. 1908 births
1958 deaths
20th-century Romanian historians
20th-century essayists
Romanian essayists
Romanian textbook writers
Romanian magazine editors
Romanian communists
Communist writers
Romanian Marxist historians
Marxist journalists
Oral historians
Romanian censors
Censorship in Romania
Titular members of the Romanian Academy
20th-century Romanian civil servants
Members of the Great National Assembly
People from Buhuși
Romanian Jews
Moldavian Jews
Romanian human rights activists
Romanian prisoners and detainees
Romanian propagandists
Romanian people of World War


texts:
<mask>-Din al-Sadr (; 4 June 1928 – disappeared 31 August 1978) was an Iranian-born Lebanese scholar and political leader who founded the Amal Movement. Born in the Chaharmardan neighborhood of Qom, Iran, he underwent both seminary and secular studies in Iran. He belongs to the Sadr family from Jabal Amel in Lebanon, a branch of the <mask>wi family tracing to <mask>, the seventh Shia Imam and ultimately to the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima. Therefore, <mask>-Sadr is often styled with the honorific title Sayyid. He left Qom for Najaf to study theology and returned to Iran after the 1958 Iraqi coup d'état. Some years later, Sadr went to Tyre, Lebanon as the emissary of Ayatollahs Borujerdi and Hakim. Fouad Ajami called him a "towering figure in modern Shi'i political thought and praxis".He gave the Shia population of Lebanon "a sense of community". In Lebanon, he founded and revived many organizations including schools, charities, and the Amal Movement. On 25 August 1978, Sadr and two companions departed for Libya to meet with government officials at the invitation of Muammar Gaddafi. The three were last seen on 31 August. They were never heard from again. Many theories exist around the circumstances of Sadr's disappearance, none of which have been proven. His whereabouts remain unknown to this day.Early life and education

Family background

<mask>-Sadr came from a long line of clerics tracing their ancestry back to Jabal Amel. His great-great-grandfather S. Salih b. Muhammad Sharafeddin, a high-ranking cleric, was born in Shhour, a

masks:
Musa Sadr al
Musa
Musa Ibn Jaafar
Musa al
Musa al


texts:
 village near Tyre, Lebanon. Following a frantic turn of events related to an anti-Ottoman uprising, he left for Najaf. Sharafeddin's son, Sadreddin, left Najaf for Isfahan, which was then the most important centre of religious learning in Iran. He returned to Najaf shortly before his death in 1847. The youngest of his five sons, Ismail (as-Sadr), was born in Isfahan, in Qajar-ruled Iran, and eventually became a leading mujtahid. The second son of Ismail, also named Sadreddin, was born in Ottoman Iraq and also decided to settle permanently in Iran.He became <mask>-Sadr's father. While living in Iran, Sadreddin married a daughter of Ayatollah Hussein Tabatabaei Qomi, an Iranian religious leader. She would become <mask>-Sadr's mother. <mask> is an Arab-Persian. Early life
<mask>-Sadr was born in the Cheharmardan neighborhood of Qom, Iran, on 4 June 1928. He attended Hayat Elementary School in Qom where he attended seminary classes informally; he started his official seminary education in 1941. His teachers considered him a "quick learner and remarkably knowledgeable for his young age".After a while he started teaching other students "lower-level" courses. This coincided with the "liberalizing of Iranian politics", the political climate of his time was secular, so that most religious scholars "felt politically and socially marginalized". To have some influence in the "national life" he concluded that he had to become familiar with "modern science and contemporary world". As a result, he started a "full secular education" alongside his seminary studies. He moved

masks:
Musa al
Musa al
Musa
Musa al


texts:
 to Tehran, where he completed a degree in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and political sciences from Tehran University and learned some English and French. He then returned to Qom to study theology and Islamic philosophy under Allamah Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai. In Iraq
Following the death of his father in 1953, he left Qom for Najaf to study theology under Ayatollah Muhsin al-Hakim and Abul Qasim Khui.There he had teachers such as: Ayatollah Hakim, Shaykh Morteza al Yasin, Ayatollah Abulqasim Khu'i, Shaykh Hossein Hilli, Shaykh Sadra Badkubahi, and others, some of whom became Marja after Ayatollah Borujerdi's death. <mask>-Sadr became a mujtahid in Najaf. In 1955 he traveled to Lebanon where he met Abd al-Hossein Sharafeddin. He had met him previously in 1936 when his family had hosted Abd al-Husayn in Iran. The same year he left Iran and returned to Najaf and, in the autumn of 1956, he married the daughter of Ayatollah Azizollah Khalili. Return to Iran
After the 1958 Iraqi coup d'état and the overthrow of the monarchy in Iraq, Sadr returned to Iran. There, he accepted the request of Ali Davani, who was sent by Ayatollah Shariatmadari, and became an editor of Darsha'i az maktab-e Eslam, also known as Maktab-e Eslam, a journal published by the Hawza of Qom and endorsed by Ayatollah Broujerdi.He began contributing with the third issue, focusing on Islamic economics, "a novel subject at the time". His articles in this field were then published as a book. He soon became the journal's "de facto editor-in-chief". He left the journal in December 1959 along with some


texts:
 of its original founders. <mask> also took part in devising a new scheme for Hawza called "Tarh-e Moqddamati-ye eslah-e howzeh", which was then withdrawn, in cooperation with Mohammad Beheshti. In 1959, Sadr founded a private high school which provided an alternative to the state educational system for "observant parents". Departure to Lebanon

<mask>-Sadr declined Ayatollah Broujerdi's request to go to Italy as his representative and instead left Qom for Najaf.There Ayatollah Muhsin al-Hakim urged him to accept an invitation from their relative Sayed Jafar Sharafeddin to become the leading Shi'a figure in the Southern Lebanese port city of Tyre, succeeding Jafar's father Abdul Hussein Sharif Al Din, who had died in 1957. He left Najaf for Tyre in late 1959, as the "emissary" of Ayatollah Broujerdi and Ayatollah Hakim. At the request of some clerics, he later made several trips to Iran delivering several lectures such as "Islam is a Religion of Life" and "The World is Ready to Accept the Call of Islam." The latter included presenting his experiences in Lebanon and emphasizing the need to work "towards the betterment of Muslims." In 1967, Imam al-Sadr traveled to West Africa to get acquainted with the Lebanese community and inspect its affairs and worked to link them to their homeland. He also met with Ivorian President Félix Houphouët-Boigny and Senegalese President Léopold Sédar Senghor and provided symbolic assistance to orphans in Senegal. Senghor praised the Imam's gesture, pointing out that he is following his activities with great interest, which had a

masks:
Musa Sadr
Musa al


texts: great influence in spreading the feeling of love and faith among the citizens.Sadr, who became known as <mask>, quickly became one of the most prominent advocates for the Shia population of Lebanon, a group that was both economically and politically disadvantaged. "[Sadr] worked tirelessly to improve the lot of his community – to give them a voice, to protect them from the ravages of war and inter communal strife," said Vali Nasr. Sadr impressed the Lebanese people "by providing practical assistance," regardless of their sect. He was seen as a moderate, demanding that the Maronite Christians relinquish some of their power, but pursuing ecumenism and peaceful relations between the groups. In 1969, <mask> was appointed the first head of the Supreme Islamic Shia Council (SISC) in Lebanon, () an entity meant to give the Shia more say in government. For the next four years, Sadr engaged the leadership of Syrian ‘Alawīs in an attempt to unify their political power with that of the Twelver Shia. Although controversial, recognition of the ‘Alawī as Shi'a coreligionists came in July 1973 when he and the ‘Alawī religious leadership successfully appointed an ‘Alawī as an official mufti to the Twelver community.He revived the Jami'at al-Birr wal-Ihsan charity, founded by S. Salih b. Muhammad Sharafeddin and gathered money for The Social Institute (al-Mu'assasa al-Ijtima'iyya), an orphanage in Tyre. In 1963, Sadr established a sewing school and nursery named The Girls' Home (Bayt al-Fatat). The same year, he established The Institute of Islamic Studies (Ma'had al-Dirasat

masks:
Imam Musa
Imam Musa


texts: al-Islamiyya). In 1964, Sadr started Burj al-Shimali Technical Institute, whose funding was provided by Shi'a benefactors, bank loans, and the Lebanese Ministry of Education. In 1974, he founded, with Hussein el-Husseini, the Movement of the Disinherited () to press for better economic and social conditions for the Shia. They established a number of schools and medical clinics throughout southern Lebanon, many of which are still in operation today. Sadr attempted to prevent the descent into violence that eventually led to the Lebanese Civil War by beginning a fast in a mosque in Beirut.There he was visited by Lebanese from all factions – both Muslim and Christian. Yasser Arafat and Syrian Foreign Minister Abd al-Halim Khaddam, also visited him. Formation of a national unity cabinet resulted from the meeting and Sadr's attempt to establish peace was a temporary success. During the war, he aligned himself with the Lebanese National Movement and Movement of the Disinherited and in cooperation with Mostafa Chamran developed an armed wing known as Afwāj al-Muqāwamat al-Lubnāniyyah (), better known as Amal ( meaning "hope"), which assembled youth and educated generation of Husaynis and Mousawis families. Shia were the only major community without a militia group in the land of militias; Amal was created by Sadr to protect Shia rights and interests. However, in 1976, he withdrew his support after the Syrian invasion against Palestinian and leftist militias. He also actively cooperated with Mostafa Chamran, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, and other Iranian Islamist activists


texts:
 during the civil war.Sadr and Chamran had an important role in the Islamic Revolution of Iran. They were involved in protests against the Shah out of Iran. According to Amal deputy, Ali Kharis, "<mask> and Chamran were the backbone of the Iranian revolution and how one can not speak of the Iranian revolution without mentioning these two people." In addition, Sadr was instrumental in developing ties between Hafez Assad, then Syrian president, and the opponents of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran. Personal life

<mask>-Sadr maintained strong family relations with political leaders in Iran, Lebanon and Iraq. He is related to noted Iranian individuals namely Sadeq Tabatabaei (his nephew), as well as Mohammad Khatami (his wife was a niece of <mask>-Sadr), and Ayatollah Khomeini's son Ahmad Khomeini (his wife was another of <mask>-Sadr's nieces). Sadr's son was married to Khomeini's granddaughter.His sister, Rabab al-Sadr, is a social activist who does charity work, and also a painter trained in Italy who earned a doctorate in philosophy, her paradigm being influenced by Søren Kierkegaard.' Charisma
<mask>-Sadr has been referred to by Fouad Ajami as a "towering figure in modern Shi'i political thought and praxis." According to him, even American diplomats effusively described <mask>r after meeting him. He supports his claim by referring to a cable sent home by George M. Godley, a U.S. ambassador to Lebanon: "He is without debate one of the most, if not the most, impressive individual I have met in Lebanon. . . . His charisma is obvious and his apparent

masks:
Musa Sadr
Musa al
Musa al
Musa al
Musa al
Musa Sad


texts:
sincerity is awe-inspiring". In Lebanon, he had garnered significant popularity "due to his good rapport with young people." Standing at , scholar Fouad Ajami describes Sadr's charisma and magnetism as such:
Lebanon has long been a country finicky about the looks, the aura, al haiba of a leader. The Shia in particular have been noted to be a people of some vanity.In the Shia tradition, the Imams were not only morally infallible men (an Imam was said to be masum, not subject to error), but also physically perfect beings. A blind man or a lame man would not have been accepted as an Imam. <mask> Sadr, a handsome man of striking looks, was true to his people's fantasy of what a man of piety and distinction and high birth slated for bigger things should look like. He was, in addition, a dazzling speaker in a culture that exalted the spoken word and those who could express in classical Arabic what was on the minds of others.<ref>Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam: <mask> Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon, Cornell University Press (2012), p. 48</ref>

and

Sayyid <mask> winked at traditions with a daring uncommon to men of his clerical calling and background. He was a hit with women, who admired his looks and his elegance and were pleased that they did not have to scurry out of living rooms and meetings when he arrived, as they did with ulama of more conservative outlook. As befitting a man of the religious mantle, he refrained from shaking hands with women, and his aides and companions forewarned Christian women who were to meet him that they

masks:
Musa al
Musa al
Musa


texts:
 should not try to shake hands. But even this prohibition was violated now and them.A woman who admitted being drawn to him, being nearly hypnotized by him, once held out a hand to him, and he took it between his two hands, saying that he was not supposed to do so, and that he was doing what he shouldn't be doing, that he would not do it again. Disappearance
On 25 August 1978, al-Sadr and two companions, Sheikh Muhammad Yaacoub and journalist Abbas Badreddine, departed for Libya to meet with government officials at the invitation of Muammar Gaddafi. The three were last seen on 31 August. They were never heard from again. It is widely believed, at least by Lebanese Shia Muslims, that Gaddafi ordered al-Sadr's killing, but differing motivations exist. Libya has consistently denied responsibility, claiming that Sadr and his companions left Libya for Italy. However, supporters of the missing cleric pointed out that al-Sadr's baggage was found in a Tripoli hotel and there was no evidence of his arrival in Rome.Airlines could not confirm that al-Sadr had ever flown to Italy from Libya. Al-Sadr's son claimed that he remains secretly in jail in Libya but did not provide proof. Lebanese Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri claimed that the Libyan regime, and particularly the Libyan leader, was responsible for the disappearance of Imam <mask>-Sadr, as London-based Asharq Al-Awsat, a Saudi-run pan-Arab daily, reported on 27 August 2006.المجلس الشيعي في لبنان يدعو ليبيا إلى «كشف لغز» اختفاء موسى الصدر, أخبار

According to Iranian General Mansour Qadar, the head of Syrian


texts:
 security, Rifaat al-Assad, told the Iranian ambassador to Syria that Gaddafi planned to kill al-Sadr. On 27 August 2008, Gaddafi was indicted by the government of Lebanon for al-Sadr's disappearance. Following the fall of the Gaddafi regime, Lebanon and Iran appealed to the Libyan rebels to investigate the fate of <mask>-Sadr. Political analyst Roula Talj has said that Gaddafi's son, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, told her that al-Sadr and his aides, Mohammed Yaqoub and Abbas Badreddin, never left Libya. According to a representative of Libya's National Transitional Council in Cairo, Gaddafi murdered al-Sadr after discussions about Shia beliefs.Sadr accused him of being unaware of Islamic teachings and of the Islamic branches of Shia and Sunni. According to other sources, Gaddafi had al-Sadr and his companions murdered at the request of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. At the time, the Shias and the Palestinians were involved in armed clashes in Southern Lebanon. According to a former member of the Libyan intelligence, al-Sadr was beaten to death for daring to challenge Gaddafi at his house on matters of theology. In an interview with Al Aan TV, Ahmed Ramadan, an influential figure in the Gaddafi regime and an eyewitness to the meeting between al-Sadr and Gaddafi, claimed that the meeting lasted for two and a half hours and ended with Gaddafi saying "take him". Ramadan also named three officials who he believes were responsible for the death of al-Sadr. Legacy

Imam <mask>-Sadr is still regarded as an important political and spiritual leader by the Shia Lebanese

masks:
Musa al
Musa al


texts:
 community.His status only grew after his disappearance in August 1978, and today his legacy is revered by both Amal and Hezbollah followers. In the eyes of many, he became a martyr and a "vanished imam." A tribute to his continuing popularity is that it is popular in parts of Lebanon to mimic his Persian accent. The Amal Party remains an important Shia organization in Lebanon and looks to al-Sadr as its founder. According to Professor Seyyed Hossein Nasr,

Works
al-Sadr wrote a long introduction to Henry Corbin's History of Islamic Philosophy. al-Sadr's paper Islam, Humanity and Human Values was published by Ahlul Bayt World Assembly.Unity of the Islamic Schools of Thought According to <mask> Sadr includes a biography and an English adaptation of one of his books, <mask> Sadr: surush-e wahdat, Majma’ Jahani-ye Taqrib-e Madhahib-e Islami, 2004.'' Institutions
 Imam Moussa Al Sadr Center for Research & Studies - Beirut, Lebanon
 Sadr Foundation - Tyre, Lebanon
 Sadr Foundation - Dearborn, Michigan, United States
 Imam Mousa Sadr High School - Tehran, Iran

See also

Lebanese people in Iran
List of people who disappeared
List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam
Modern Islamic philosophy
Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr

References

External links
Imam Moussa Al-Sadr Online News
Imam Moussa as-Sadr Website
Imam Sadr Foundation
Haghshenas, Seyyed Ali, "Social and political structure of Lebanon and its influence on appearance of Amal Movement," Iran, Tehran.2009

1928 births
1970s missing person cases
Al-Moussawi family
Amal Movement


texts:
 politicians
Iranian emigrants to Lebanon
Iranian grand ayatollahs
Iranian people of Lebanese descent
Iranian Shia clerics
Iranian Shia Muslims
Lebanese grand ayatollahs
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese people of Iranian descent
Lebanese Shia Muslims
Missing people
Missing person cases in Libya
People declared dead in absentia
People from South Lebanon
People from Qom
Twelvers
University of Tehran alumni
Year of death uncertain
Qom Seminary


texts:
Admiral <mask> (4 March 1756 – 6 March 1826) was an officer in the Royal Navy who saw service in the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolutionary War. The son of a Chief Justice of Dominica, he joined the navy as a follower of Sir John Jervis on board the ship of the line . In January 1780 he served on Vice-Admiral Richard Howe's flagship HMS Victory at the relief of Gibraltar, after which he was promoted to post-captain. While in command of the post ship  he participated in the Battle of Saint Kitts and Battle of the Saintes in 1782 before he was appointed to the ship of the line . <mask> was given command of the frigate  during the Spanish Armament and then at the beginning of the French Revolutionary War, the ship of the line . In Bellona he served extensively on the Leeward Islands Station, taking a 44-gun frigate in January 1795. He was then present at the Capitulation of Saldanha Bay in 1796 and the invasions of Trinidad and Porto Rico in 1797.In 1799 <mask> was promoted to rear-admiral and rose through the ranks by seniority to become an admiral of the red in 1819, however he never served at sea as an admiral. He died at his seat Redgrave Hall in Suffolk on 6 March 1826 at the age of seventy. Early life
<mask> was born the son of the Honourable <mask>, who served as Chief Justice of Dominica, on 4 March 1756. His grandfather, Richard, also served in that position. Naval career

Early career

<mask> joined the Royal Navy in around 1775 as a midshipman under Captain Sir John Jervis, where he served with him in the ship of the line . <mask> was promoted to lieutenant on 28 January 1776. He briefly commanded the newly-recovered  from July 1776 to early 1777.In 1777 Foudroyant joined the Channel Fleet and as such he participated on 27 July 1778 in the Battle of Ushant. By 1780 <mask> was serving on the flagship of Vice-Admiral Richard Howe, the ship of the line HMS

masks:
George Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
George Wilson
Thomas Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson


texts:
 Victory, and took part in the successful relief of Gibraltar in January after which in February he was promoted to post-captain. Post-captain

His first action as a post-captain was to take command of the recently captured Spanish ship of the line Guipuscoano as HMS Prince William. In January 1781 he took command of the brand new post ship  and sailed to join the squadron of Sir Samuel Hood in the Leeward Islands. As such he participated in the Battle of Saint Kitts in January 1782 where after the French fleet had been repulsed, his was one of four ships that covered the landings of the invasion itself. Continuing in Hood's squadron, Eurydice and <mask> were thus participants in the Battle of the Saintes between 9 and 12 April, where the French admiral François Joseph Paul de Grasse was finally captured. After having made a trip back to England with dispatches <mask> returned and was appointed to the command of the ship of the line  in either April or May, staying with Hood's squadron to cruise off Hispaniola to observe the remaining enemy forces.On 21 July Fame and <mask> sailed to America to wait out the hurricane months with the fleet of Admiral Hugh Pigot. <mask> stayed at New York between 5 September and 24 October before returning to the Leeward Islands. He continued there until the American Revolutionary War began to end, paying off Fame in July 1783. <mask>'s next command came in August 1790 when he was given command of the frigate  to prepare for any action resulting from the Spanish Armament that year and a similar threat from Russia in the following year. He was such a popular officer that he was able to find a complete crew for Inconstant within twenty-four hours of his assuming command. When the disputes were settled diplomatically he relinquished his command in September 1791. <mask> was not unemployed for long, as with the French Revolutionary War beginning he was

masks: Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson


texts: given command of the ship of the line  in March 1793, serving in the fleet of Admiral, the now Lord, Howe in the English Channel.On 13 October 1794 he and Bellona were detached from the fleet to join Vice-Admiral Benjamin Caldwell in sailing for the Leeward Islands Station and the West Indies, which Caldwell had been appointed commander-in-chief of. They arrived at Martinique on 14 November. While Caldwell served only briefly as commander-in-chief <mask> and Bellona stayed on the station, and on 5 January 1795 Bellona was cruising off Deseada Island in company with the frigate HMS Alarm when they discovered a fleet of French transports. The transports were escorted by two frigates and three armed ships; one of these, the 20-gun Duras, was taken by the pair in the ensuing action. <mask> continued his successful month by later capturing the French 44-gun frigate la Duquesne, adding that to a tally of ships taken in the Leeward Islands that included several privateers. One of these was the privateer schooner La Bellone, taken on 11 May. <mask> sailed Bellona home to England sometime after this but returned on 13 February 1796 to join the Cape of Good Hope Squadron of Rear-Admiral <mask>.On 17 August the squadron forced the surrender of a Dutch expeditionary force in the Capitulation of Saldanha Bay. <mask> and Bellona then continued their attacks on privateers, taking the French 6-gun La Legere off Cape Descada on 7 January 1797 and destroying another three days later. <mask> then took part in the successful Invasion of Trinidad in February and in April similarly participated in the unsuccessful Invasion of Porto Rico. In the former invasion <mask> assisted with the other ships of the line of Rear-Admiral Henry Harvey's fleet in destroying a Spanish squadron of four ships of the line and a frigate before the main invasion force of Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby landed.

masks:
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
George Elphinstone
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson


texts:
 Towards the end of 1797 <mask> was sent back to England in Bellona where he re-joined the Channel Fleet. Flag rank
<mask> was promoted to rear-admiral on 14 February 1799 at which point he left Bellona and the Channel Fleet; he would not go to sea again. By seniority he became a vice-admiral on 23 April 1804 and an admiral on 25 October 1809.Other work
<mask> was politically active in his native Suffolk and supported the parliamentary candidacy of 'Gaffer' Gooch in 1820, which was based on improving agricultural and commercial rights. While Gooch was successful, <mask> was hissed and booed by the crowd for his martial stance against poachers which had previously resulted in a violent attack on his land. He also served the county as a magistrate. Death
He died on 6 March 1826, at the age of seventy, at his seat Redgrave Hall in Suffolk. Upon his death it was noted that as an officer he was 'generally beloved' throughout the navy. Family
He married Catherine Pollard of Ewell, Surrey, on 22 August 1801. Together they had four sons and two daughters including:
 <mask>. Vincent <mask> (1806-1852)
 Susan Mary <mask> (b.1809)
 John Wood <mask> (1812-1872)
<mask> also had a sister, Lucinda, who married the master mariner William Raven who in turn stood godfather for <mask>'s daughter Susan. <mask>'s uncle was the politician Rowland Holt and upon the death of Holt's brother Thomas, he inherited the family home of Redgrave Hall. Notes and citations

Notes

Citations

References

 Syrett, David and R.L. DiNardo (1994). The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660-1815. Aldershot: Scholar Press. .
 Urban, Sylvanus (1826). The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle.From January to June, 1826. Volume XCVI. London: John Nichols and Son. Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
1756

masks:
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
George St
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson


texts:
<mask> (born February 18, 1941) is an American singer from New Orleans. She is known as the "Soul Queen of New Orleans". <mask> is a contemporary of Aretha Franklin and Etta James, but never experienced their level of commercial success. In 2007, she won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album for After the Rain, her first Grammy in a career spanning over 50 years. Life and career
Born <mask>, in Ponchatoula, Louisiana, United States, as a teenager she sang with a Baptist church choir. She auditioned for Specialty Records at the age of 13. By the time she was 19, she had been married twice and had four children.Keeping her second ex-husband's surname, she worked as a waitress in New Orleans, occasionally singing with bandleader Tommy Ridgley, who helped her land a record deal with the local Ron label. Her first single, "Don't Mess with My Man", was released in late 1959, and reached number 22 on the US Billboard R&B chart. She then began recording on the Minit label, working with songwriter and producer Allen Toussaint on songs including "It's Raining" and "Ruler of My Heart", which was later reinterpreted by Otis Redding as "Pain in My Heart". Imperial Records acquired Minit in 1963, and a string of successful releases followed. These included "Wish Someone Would Care", her biggest national hit; its B-side "Breakaway", written by Jackie DeShannon and Sharon Sheely (later covered by Tracey Ullman, among others). "Anyone Who Knows What Love Is (Will Understand)" was co-written by a young Randy Newman and future country star Jeannie Seely. This song has gained renewed appreciation as a result of its inclusion in numerous episodes of the science fiction anthology television series Black Mirror, stretching back to the first season.On its B-side is "Time Is on My Side", a song previously recorded by Kai Winding and later by the Rolling Stones. Her first four Imperial singles all charted on Billboards pop chart, but her later releases were less successful. Unlike her contemporaries Aretha Franklin, Gladys Knight and Dionne Warwick, she never managed to cross over into mainstream

masks:
Irma Thomas
Thomas
Irma Lee


texts: commercial success. She recorded for Chess Records in 1967–1968 with some success; her version of the Otis Redding song "Good to Me" reached the R&B chart. She then relocated to California, releasing records on various small labels, before returning to Louisiana, and in the early 1980s opened the Lion's Den Club. Down by Law, the 1986 independent film by Jim Jarmusch featured "It's Raining" in the soundtrack. The film's actors Roberto Benigni and Nicoletta Braschi, whose characters fell in love in the movie, danced to the song.After several years' break from recording, she was signed by Rounder Records, and in 1991 earned her first Grammy Award nomination for Live! Simply the Best, recorded in San Francisco. She subsequently released a number of traditional gospel albums, together with more secular recordings. The album Sing It! (1998) was nominated for a Grammy in 1999. <mask> is still active as a performer as of 2021, appearing annually at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival (and was scheduled to appear at the iterations that were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic). She reigned as Queen of the Krewe du Vieux for the 1998 New Orleans Mardi Gras season.She often headlined at her own club, but it went out of business due to Hurricane Katrina, which caused her to relocate to Gonzales, Louisiana,  from New Orleans. According to her website she is now back in her home in New Orleans. <mask> is interviewed on screen and appears in performance footage in the 2005 documentary film Make It Funky!, which presents a history of New Orleans music and its influence on rhythm and blues, rock and roll, funk and jazz. In the film, she performed "Old Records" with Allen Toussaint. In April 2007, <mask> was honored for her contributions to Louisiana music with induction into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame. Also in 2007, <mask> accepted an invitation to participate in Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino where, singing with Marcia Ball, she contributed "I Just Can't Get New Orleans Off My Mind". The same year she won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album for After the Rain.In August

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


texts:
 2009, a compilation album with three new songs titled The Soul Queen of New Orleans: 50th Anniversary Celebration was released from Rounder Records to commemorate <mask>' 50th year as a recording artist. <mask> was the subject of the 2008 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival poster. She was chosen as the subject before the painting was chosen for the poster. Artist Douglas Bourgeois painted the singer in 2006. In 2010, <mask> rode in the New Orleans parade "Grela". In April that year, <mask> performed at the Corner Hotel, Richmond, Victoria, Australia. In 2011, <mask> performed twice at the Bluesfest music festival in Byron Bay, New South Wales, Australia.On April 24, she performed on the Crossroads stage, coming on after Mavis Staples; then on April 25, she headlined the Crossroads stage, coming on after Jethro Tull and Osibisa. In 2013, <mask> was nominated for a Blues Music Award in the "Soul Blues Female Artist" category, which she duly won. She won the same award in 2014. In 2018, <mask> received the Lifetime Achievement Award for Performance at the Americana Music Honors & Awards. Artists worked with
Tommy Ridgley
Eddie Bo
Edgar Blanchard
Bill Sinigal
Irving Banister
Patsy Vidalia
Marcia Ball
Dr. John
Allen Toussaint
Hugh Laurie
Skip Easterling
Danny White

Influences
Etta James
Mahalia Jackson
Pearl Bailey
Nancy Wilson
Brook Benton
John Lee Hooker
Percy Mayfield

Discography

Singles

Albums

Compilation albums

Guest appearances

Filmography

References

External links

1941 births
Living people
20th-century African-American women singers
American women singers
American rhythm and blues singers
Contemporary blues musicians
Delgado Community College alumni
Imperial Records artists
Chess Records artists
Island Records artists
Rounder Records artists
Minit Records artists
Rhythm and blues musicians from New Orleans
People from Ponchatoula, Louisiana
American soul musicians
Grammy Award winners
Alive Naturalsound Records artists
American blues singers
Blues musicians from Louisiana
Singers from Louisiana
Musicians from New Orleans
21st-century African-American people
21st-century

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


texts:
<mask> (September 28, 1936 – February 24, 2016) was a Syrian film director, screenwriter, producer, painter and poet; he is thought to be a father of Syrian cinema. <mask> has published more than 1,000 articles short stories, essays and poems. He is the writer and director of 120 short, experimental and documentary works and 12 feature-length films including The Extras and The Leopard. He has more than 60 awards at international film festivals, including several lifetime achievement awards. Several of his films are in the curriculum of international film schools and he has taught film direction, acting, writing and aesthetics at many universities, centers and associations, including the University of Texas at Austin and the University of California in Los Angeles. Early life
<mask> was born into an upper middle class Damascus family. When <mask> was 14 years old he used to write political articles for local newspapers.Later at 16 years, he went to Czech Republic to study nuclear physics. However, he immediately fell in love with film industry when he was asked to be an extra in a film; so he went to study in Prague Film School (FAMU), whose students then included Miloš Forman and Jiri Menzel. While a student he was working at the Arab Radio Transmission, an Arabic language Czech station aimed at the Middle East. <mask>'s school years were full of cultural inspiration: “In addition to the technical side and high artistic standards, FAMU created and developed a very sophisticated cultural base for the filmmaker. Culture was a part of daily life—a daily event—a new book, play, concert, an engaging debate. And everything was accessible. It is the only place I found where culture was free of charge.I lived for one month in Prague for what a concert with bad seats would have cost in Paris.”
He finished school

masks:
Nabil Maleh
Nabil
Maleh
Nabil
Nabil


texts:
 and returned home in 1964, but in a year he went abroad again. Director's career
After graduation in 1964 and returning to Syria, <mask> was proclaimed as the first European film graduate in his native country. He was invited in a new established National Film Organization in order to control and direct one of organization's first feature films. Maleh wrote a scenario based on Syrian author Haydar Haydar’s novel The Leopar. A week before shooting was scheduled to begin, the Ministry of Interior banned the film from being shown. Only in 1971 was the film released in rent and Maleh became popular. “The Leopard” had a big success and introduced Syrian cinema to the global stage.Maleh shot many films about war in Palestine and Vietnam. The film Labor was banned in Syria because it had a negative portrayal of a government figure. In 1979 was <mask>'s second film Fragments. Despite the film's success, the director's relationship with the Syrian government went downhill. He left Syria for the United States, where he taught film production at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of California, Los Angeles on a Fulbright Grant. He spent the next 10 years in Europe, mostly in Greece, continuing to write. In 1992, Syria's National Film Organization invited him back to direct the film in Damascus to direct his next major work The Extras.With his production company Ebla — named for a Bronze Age fount of Syrian civilization — Maleh produced several documentaries for foreign markets, including A Bedouin Day, narrated in English and distributed in Europe by a British company. Continuing to write, he produced a screenplay, a political thriller about an escaped Iraqi official hiding among tourists in Lebanon. The film Hunt Feast was shot in 2005 as a Syrian-British joint venture, but remains locked in a

masks: Maleh Maleh


texts:
 legal battle. The following year the Dubai International Film Festival honored <mask>, along with American director Oliver Stone and Bollywood star Shah Rukh Khan, for his outstanding contribution to cinema. Films
<mask> <mask> became the father of Syrian cinematography, he was not only director, but also a scriptwriter and producer. His works were appreciated in the World community. His first film Family Problem (1964) had duration of 35 minutes and premiere took its place in Prague.After that film, <mask> <mask> created three more works that were sponsored by Syrian TV, A Surprise, Dreams, and Two Man and Woman. All of films lasted for 70 minutes. Through his films, <mask> <mask> was reacting at modern issues such as Palestinian conflict or Vietnam War. Napalm (1970) was <mask>'s reaction to the injustice taking place in Vietnam and Palestine. The director always tried to go along with modern problems, and influence of 'outside' issues always could be seen in his works. For example, short documentary film Rocks (1970) was created in order to show hard conditions of quarry workers. The most influential film was made in 1970, Men Under the Sun, where <mask> <mask> expressed struggle of Palestinian people.The director's most productive period was in the 1970s. During this decade, <mask> <mask> created a name for himself in global society. The Leopard (1972) brought fame to Mr. <mask>. For the filming of The Leopard the director received the Locarno International Film Festival’s Special Prize. In this film Mr. Maleh expressed confrontations between feudal system in Syria and rivals. In 1981 <mask> <mask> left Syria, and, after 10 years, he produced one of the most popular films of his filmography: The Extra (1993). In this film, <mask> <mask> raised the common issue of relationships between men and woman,

masks: Maleh Nabil Maleh Nabil Maleh Nabil Maleh Maleh Nabil Maleh Nabil Maleh Maleh Nabil Maleh Nabil Maleh


texts:
 that was very sharp in Syria.When young man and widow try to be with each other, it face the condemnation from society. Documentaries
Along with the harsh films, <mask> <mask> was working on a number of documentaries that were expressing different issues in Gulf countries. The documentary A Bedouin Day (1981) could be the best example of Mr. <mask>'s close familiarity with the outside world, and the speed with which he responded to different events. A Bedouin Day is a response to the West's portrayal of Arab people. The documentary shows how difficult life is for Bedouins. The Holy Crystal (2008) is a short 26-minute documentary describing Syrian society consisting of Muslim and Christian people. Documentary describes how such a neighborhood influence Syrian economic and cultural life.The theme of relationships between Muslim and Christian people in Syria was close to <mask> <mask>. In the same year, 2008, the director was also inspired to film Damascene Bouquet that lasted for 13 minutes. In this short documentary there is a lot of meaning. Documentary describes rare event that took place in 2006: Christmas coincided with Muslim Eid. These are the main celebrations in both religions, and <mask> <mask> demonstrated how two communities were working together in order to celebrate. While the West was trying to portray Arab communities negatively, <mask> <mask> was trying to bring to light the truth over religion question. References

Further reading
 Christa Salamandra, "<mask> Maleh: Syria's Leopard" in: Josef Gugler (ed.), Ten Arab Filmmakers: Political Dissent and Social Critique, Indiana University Press, 2015, , pp 16–33

External links
Nabilmalehenglish.wordpress.com
Artsresearch.ucsc.edu

1936 births
2016 deaths
Syrian film directors
Syrian film producers
Syrian painters
Syrian poets
Syrian

masks: Nabil Maleh Maleh Nabil Maleh Nabil Maleh Nabil Maleh Nabil


texts:
<mask> (pronounced skĕr-ĕs-kūs'kĭ ; 6 May 1831 – 15 October 1906), also known as <mask>, was the Anglican Bishop of Shanghai, China, from 1877 to 1884. He founded St. John's University, Shanghai, in 1879. Early years
<mask> was born in Tauroggen, Russian Lithuania, on 6 May 1831. He appears to have been named for his father. His mother was Rosa Salvatha. Orphaned as a young boy, it is speculated he was raised by a half-brother who was a timber merchant in good circumstance. Having shown himself to be a promising student, he was given the best education available and it was his family's intention that he become a rabbi.From the time he left his brother's house at 15, he was obliged to support himself as a tutor and as a glazier. It was at the rabbinical school in Zhytomyr that he was given a copy of the New Testament in Hebrew which had been produced by the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews. The study of that gradually convinced him that in Jesus the Messianic prophecies of the Old Testament and the age-long hopes of his people had been fulfilled. At the age of 19 years, he went to Germany where he studied for a year or more at Frankfurt and for two years at the University of Breslau. To his fluency in Yiddish, Polish and Russian he added German, which he spoke like a native for the rest of his life. Road to China
In 1854, he decided to emigrate to the United States, particularly New York City, where he connected with Messianic Jews but did not enter the church until 1855 when he was baptized by immersion and associated with a Baptist congregation. For reasons unknown,

masks:
Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky
Joseph Schereschewsky
Schereschewsky


texts:
 he then became a Presbyterian and went to the Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church at Allegheny, Pennsylvania.(WTS is now Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. He matriculated as <mask>_<mask>, ostensibly to avoid anti-Semitism.) After more than two years, he left to enter the Episcopal Church and the General Theological Seminary, where he found a mentor in the professor of Hebrew, <mask>. Turner. His plan to complete his remaining two years of study was interrupted when he offered himself for work in China. On 3 May 1859, the Foreign Committee voted that he be appointed missionary to China as soon as he was ordained. He was ordained as a deacon on 17 July 1859 at St. George's Church, New York by Bishop William Jones Boone. Career in China
Schereschewsky arrived in Shanghai on 21 December 1859 on the ship Golden Rule with Bishop Boone.On 28 October 1860 Bishop Boone ordained him to the priesthood in the mission school chapel, later known as the Church of our Savior, Hongkew. He served in Peking from 1862, including on the Peking Translation Committee. By 1861, Schereschewsky had begun his Bible translations into Chinese. The first was of the Psalms into the Shanghai dialect. He later translated the Book of Common Prayer into Mandarin with English missionary John Shaw Burdon. He returned to the United States for health reasons in 1875, and refused a call to become missionary bishop of Shanghai, since bishop Channing Moore Williams had requested division of his huge episcopate (including both China and Japan). However, two years later, Schereschewsky accepted the call to that

masks:
Samuel Isaac
Joseph
Samuel H


texts:
 bishopric from the Episcopal House of Bishops, after receiving assurances of financial support for his dream of building a college to educate Chinese in Shanghai.<mask> was consecrated Bishop in Grace Church, New York, on October 31, 1877 and two years later founded St. John's College (later renamed St. John's University). He served as Bishop of Shanghai until 1883, when he resigned his bishopric for health reasons (having become increasingly incapacitated after suffering a sun stroke in 1881). He returned to the United States with the understanding that he could return to China as translator as his health permitted. That he did in 1895, although he became "paralysed in every limb, and with his powers of speech partly gone, sitting for nearly twenty-five years in the same chair, slowly and painfully typing out with two fingers his Mandarin translation of the Old Testament and Easy Wen-li translation of the whole Bible" His new translations of the New Testament and the Hebrew Bible into Mandarin were published in 1898–1899. However, Schereschewsky yearned to complete a new translation of the Bible into Wenli, China's classical language, finding the previous five attempts inaccurate and some even lapsing into paganism (1902). He continued his translation work, with the assistance of an amanuensis in Chinese and later Japanese, when he moved to Tokyo, Japan during his final decade. A contemporary called him "Probably the greatest Bible translator China ever had".Death and legacy
Schereschewsky died on 15 October 1906 and is buried in Tokyo, Japan. St. John's University, which Schereschewsky


texts:
 began with 39 students, mostly taught in Chinese. In 1891, it changed to teaching in English and the courses began to focus on science and natural philosophy. Veneration
Schereschewsky is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on 14 October. Notes

References

 Muller, James Arthur Apostle of China: <mask> <mask>ky (New York: Moorhouse, 1937)   Open Library (requires key)

External links

 Paul Clasper, "<mask> <mask>wsky", Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity, reprinted from Gerald H. Anderson, ed. Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions (Macmillan, 1998)

 "Bishop Schereschewsky", The Bishops of the American Church Mission in China (Hartford: Church Missions Publishing, 1906)  Online VersionAnglican History Project Canterbury
 <mask>, S. I. J. (<mask> <mask>) 1831-1906 WorldCat listing of works by or about Schereschewsky

1831 births
1906 deaths
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Anglican saints
Episcopal bishops of Shanghai
Bishops of the Episcopal Church (United States)
Anglican missionaries in China
Converts to Anglicanism from Judaism
Lithuanian Jews
Translators of the Bible into Chinese
Lithuanian Anglicans
20th-century Christian saints
19th-century Anglican bishops in China
People from Tauragė
Jewish translators of the Bible
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
20th-century translators
19th-century translators
Anglican biblical scholars
American Anglican missionaries
Missionary educators
American expatriates in China
St. John's University, Shanghai faculty
Missionary linguists
19th-century

masks:
Samuel Isaac
Joseph Schereschews
Samuel Isaac
Joseph Scheresche
Schereschewsky
Samuel Isaac
Joseph


texts:
<mask> II (born June 15, 1958) is an American author and former lawyer and lobbyist. He was the youngest chief of staff in Congress in 1983, aged 26. His novel, Gospel Prism, came to light when the American-born British journalist, Marie Colvin died whilst covering the Siege of Homs in Syria, February 22, 2012. Her backpack, when recovered, was found to contain basic supplies: a change of clothes, two satellite phones and <mask>'s manuscript. Early years
<mask> was born in Western Pennsylvania in 1958, where he grew up with three sisters. His father was a lawyer and his mother worked until he was five before she became a homemaker. He spoke the Sicilian language with his grandmother who was also his nanny until he was five.<mask> went on to attend Yale University and the Columbus School of Law. Education and career
<mask> has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale University, where he studied Fiction Writing under Gordon Lish, who was the fiction editor at Esquire magazine and Raymond Carver's editor. <mask> studied Literature at Yale under the literary critic Harold Bloom. <mask> also has a Juris Doctor degree from the Columbus School of Law. <mask> managed his first Congressional campaign in 1982 when Congressman Joseph Kolter appointed <mask> as his chief of staff, a position he held until May 1987. In 1992, <mask> testified before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks. <mask> was appointed Vice President of Government Affairs at satellite carrier United Video in 1990.United Video was the distributor of Chicago independent television channel WGN, a company which aired games of the Chicago Cubs and the White Sox. During his appointment, he represented the company in a high-profile battle against the professional sports leagues attempting to revoke a copyright provision known as the compulsory license. Cable World

masks:
Gerald Willard Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver


texts:
 magazine reported that during their campaign <mask> carried a baseball bat to the mark-up of H.R. 4511, the cable compulsory license bill, as a gift for Rep. William J. Hughes (D-NJ). <mask> went on to send each member of the House Judiciary Committee a Monopoly game with a letter stating there was only one Major League Baseball. The compulsory licence was ultimately retained by <mask> for United Video and remains in place. <mask> ran his own lobbying firm, representing Gundle Inc, First Lithotripsy Group, Duquesne Light Company (DQE) and Zambelli Fireworks, the largest and oldest fireworks display company in the United States.He practiced law in Pennsylvania until 1994 when he was disbarred due to his criminal conviction. Political life
<mask> has called politics, "Socialising with a consequence." In 1983, at the age of 26, he was the youngest ever chief of staff in Congress. <mask> was an aide to U.S. Rep. Joseph P. Kolter from January 1982 – May 1987. Criminal indictment
In 1992 <mask> was indicted on 22 counts, all but one arising from his involvement in the Congressional Post Office scandal. On March 31, 1993 <mask> pleaded guilty, pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement, to one count each of obstruction of justice, conspiracy to distribute cocaine and distribution of cocaine. <mask>'s 24-month sentence was reduced to "time served" or 16 months, when he filed a motion to change counsel and the judge received notice of Mundy's conflict of interest.<mask> had contended his guilty plea should be set aside because it was "tainted" by the conflict of interest created by his former lawyer, R. Kenneth Mundy's simultaneous representation of both <mask> and Rostenkowski. <mask> filed a petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. s 2255 seeking to have his guilty plea set aside on the ground that his former lawyer, R. Kenneth Mundy, had had a conflict of interest. The district court concluded

masks: Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver


texts:
 that, while Mundy's simultaneous representation of <mask> and of then U.S. Rep. Daniel D. Rostenkowski, against whom <mask> was a potential witness, created a conflict, <mask> had not shown the necessary prejudice to establish an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Rostenkowski was indicted on May 31, 1994 and on July 5,
. <mask> was given a two-year prison sentence for conspiracy to distribute cocaine on the Hill. He later said that, "In prison, you have to avoid three things: violence, boredom and dissipation.".'Relationship with Marie Colvin
Marie Colvin is widely acknowledged as the leading war correspondent of her generation for her work across the Middle East and in Sri Lanka, East Timor, Chechnya and Kosovo. The relationship between <mask> and Colvin was first reported in 2012  and reported again in 2015   when <mask> spoke out about the reasons for publishing his novel, Gospel Prism. The pair met at Yale University in 1975. He describes Colvin as his, 'childhood sweetheart'. Colvin was killed in the besieged Baba Amr district of the Syrian city of Homs and for a short time was buried in a garden close to the building in which she and the French photographer Rémi Ochlik died. On learning of Colvin's death, <mask> is reported to have said he, ‘drank for five straight days’. When Colvin's body was exhumed for repatriation to her native Oyster Bay, New York, her personal possessions came with her.This included a backpack containing basic supplies: a change of clothes, two satellite phones and a weighty black box with a 387-page manuscript inside. Colvin's sister, Cathleen 'Cat' Colvin set about looking for the author, a man Marie first met at a Yale University party 37 years earlier. On finding him and along with Sean Ryan, then Editor of The Sunday Times, she helped <mask> to find a publisher. ‘Gospel Prism’ is published by London Wall Publishing. Jane Graham, The

masks:
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Gerald Weaver


texts:
 Big Issue, called it "a rollicking good read." 22 June 2015. Gospel Prism
According to <mask>, Gospel Prism draws on literary classics such as Dante's Inferno and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice to tell the story of a man in prison.The world of Gospel Prism is multi-layered. On its surface it is a humorous, graphic, informative and entertaining story of one man's mission to make the most out of a short term in prison and it seamlessly becomes a spiritual detective mystery. It contains within its pages a love story, a heroic last stand, a droll and loving friendship, a beautiful mixed race messiah, a search for lost time, a trip to Hell, some negotiating between a fallen rabbi and the mafia and several other adventures. The novel's protagonist is tasked to discover twelve life lessons from each adventure, or they may even be spiritual verities. And it is possible that these principles may be found in or may refer to works by Shakespeare, Cervantes, Milton, Tolstoy and others. <mask> said, "Readers, and particularly deep readers, may be a dwindling species or even become something not unlike a religious cult. The relationship between religious faith and the written word is a part of the world of Gospel Prism as much as it is a fact of life.William Blake has said that we may have been choosing forms of worship from poetic tales, and if this is the case then it may be time to look closely at all poetic tales." The First First Gentleman
<mask>'s second novel, The First First Gentleman, London Wall, August 2016, "is a timely story of the first female President of the United States, an iconoclastic woman who challenges what we know about cultural and political orthodoxies and who may also have to breastfeed during her term" of office. <mask> has said, "when I began to write The First First Gentleman more than three years ago, some American voters have been ready for some time

masks: Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver


texts:
 for a politician who is willing to tear down the old icons." The novel was mostly drawn from <mask>'s thirteen years in national politics and on Capitol Hill, and from the rest of a lifetime of observing national politics from a front row seat. "The elephant in the room, of course, is misogyny and we don’t talk about it," <mask> has said. The novel is a love story, a political and social satire, and a tribute to the novels of Charles Dickens. This Dickensian quality was noted in at least one review, <mask>'s writing is incredibly sharp – it doesn’t lose focus anywhere."I quickly found myself quite strongly attached to both Melinda and Garth, hoping that they would come out on top, and groaning when things started not to go their way . . ." "One day, women will be in charge," <mask> told BBC London. <mask> says that his purpose was not to tell a story that corresponds with Clinton herself but to hasten the arrival of what he sees as a tipping point of more females coming into power. Family life
<mask> married Katherine Brewer in 1981. They had two children, Harriet  and Simon and in 1992 they moved from Capitol Hill to Wexford, Pennsylvania following <mask>'s release from prison. <mask> became a full-time stay-at-home dad. <mask> and Brewer divorced in 2003.<mask> lives in Bethesda, MD with his second wife, Lily. <mask> is a member of the Yale Football Association, the Society of Authors (UK), and he and his wife are patron members of the Yale University Art Gallery, and of the Freer/Sackler Smithsonian Museum of Asian Art. References

Living people
1958 births
American male novelists
Yale University alumni
Political chiefs of staff
United States congressional aides
American political consultants
American lobbyists
Columbus School of Law alumni
Novelists from Pennsylvania
21st-century American novelists
Maryland Democrats
Pennsylvania Democrats
21st-century American male

masks:
Weaver
Weaver
Gerald Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver
Weaver


texts:
<mask> (November 30, 1946 – January 24, 2000) was an American screenwriter and film producer. He is known for writing the screenplays for The Dead Zone, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Innerspace, The Lost Boys, and Lethal Weapon 2 and 3. <mask>'s films had a cumulative gross of over US$1 billion. He was educated at Sacramento State College and UCLA. <mask> died of heart failure on January 24, 2000 at age 53. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Rochester, New York. He grew up in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, and his family moved to Sacramento, California when he was 11.His father was an aeronautical engineer. He developed a taste for action films by watching World War II film on television as a child. As a teenager, he saw the film Tom Jones, which he said "made the greatest impression" on him, ultimately making him "want to be in movies." He attended Sacramento State College, earning a B.A. in art in 1969. While interested in the film industry, he initially thought that his art training would lead him to a career in art direction or production design. Not wanting to "serve in the ranks", he decided that directing would be most satisfying.He entered graduate school at UCLA film school, hoping to start a career in directing. He couldn't afford to pay for his own film, processing, and equipment. But he did own a typewriter, so he took a writing course and prepared to study screenwriting instead of directing. At UCLA, he took classes under Richard Walter. <mask> took an advanced screenwriting class taught by William Froug. He decided to "target" Froug, hoping to impress the writing teacher into accepting him to be a directed studies student. <mask> was impressed by Froug's success, and wanted one-on-one help.He said, "I just knew that Bill could help me, but I needed more than the slightly impersonal, two-hour-a-week instruction of the class." He gave Froug two screenplays for review, but the writing teacher wasn't impressed with either of them. This didn't deter

masks:
Jeffrey David Boam
Boam
Boam
Boam
Boam
Boam


texts:
 <mask>, who persisted. <mask> told Froug, "Well, I'll just have to write better." Froug relented and started mentoring him, and said that over the semesters <mask> got "better and better, but ... was still struggling." The two collaborated on a screenplay called Johnny, about the bank robber John Dillinger. On the day the screenplay was finished, they learned that director John Milius was starting production on Dillinger, destroying their hopes of selling their script as a feature.However, their script was bought under a one-year option for $10,000 by producer Edward Lewis, who sold it to NBC as a possible television movie. In the end, the screenplay was never produced. <mask> graduated from UCLA in 1973, with a Master of Fine Arts degree. He got a job as a film booker for Paramount Pictures, where he kept track of film prints and made sure the movies were distributed to the correct theaters. All the while, he was writing scripts, trying to land a screenwriting job. Of the work at Paramount, <mask> said, "I was ... in the worst kind of Siberia in Hollywood." He switched from Paramount to the film distribution office at 20th Century Fox, where he earned $200 a week.In 1976, Froug helped him get an agent, and some of his scripts were shopped around Hollywood. He got a flurry of meetings with film studio executives and producers, eventually meeting producer Tony Bill. Bill offered to pay Boam the same $200 per week he was making at Fox, but instead write screenplays. Bill's stipulation was that he get a free option on whatever was written. Before <mask> entered into that arrangement, one of his scripts was optioned by director-producer Ulu Grosbard. This became <mask>'s first Hollywood writing job. Career

Straight Time
Ulu Grosbard took on the directing job of the film Straight Time, after its original director, actor Dustin Hoffman, dropped out to focus on starring in the lead role.The film, based on the novel No Beast So Fierce by Edward Bunker, is about a thief who is

masks: Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam


texts:
 released from prison and tries to live a straight life. <mask> was asked to rewrite the script, and he quit his job at Fox to work with Grosbard. He received writing credit for the film, along with Bunker and Alvin Sargent. The Dead Zone
As a film adaptation of Stephen King's 1979 novel The Dead Zone was being developed by Lorimar, producer Carol Baum gave the book to <mask>, and asked him to write a screenplay. "I saw it had great possibilities and agreed to do it," <mask> said. <mask> developed a script with director Stanley Donen, who left the project before the film reached production at Lorimar. The company eventually closed its film division after a series of box office failures, and soon after, producer Dino de Laurentiis bought the rights to the novel.He initially disliked <mask>'s screenplay and asked King to adapt his own novel. De Laurentiis reportedly then rejected King's script as "involved and convoluted"; however, David Cronenberg, who ultimately directed the film, said that he was the one who decided not to use the script, finding it "needlessly brutal". De Laurentiis rejected a second script by Andrei Konchalovsky, eventually returning to Boam. The film was finally on track to be made when de Laurentiis hired a producer, Debra Hill, to work with Cronenberg and <mask>. <mask> abandoned King's parallel story structure for The Dead Zone'''s screenplay, turning the plot into separate episodes. <mask> told writer Tim Lucas in 1983, "King's book is longer than it needed to be. The novel sprawls and it's episodic.What I did was use that episodic quality, because I saw The Dead Zone as a triptych." His script was revised and condensed four times by Cronenberg, who eliminated large portions of the novel's story, including plot points about Johnny Smith having a brain tumor. Cronenberg, <mask>, and Hill had script meetings to revise the screenplay page by page. <mask>'s "triptych" in the screenplay surrounds three acts: the introduction of Johnny Smith before his

masks: Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam


texts: car accident and after he awakes from a coma, a story about Smith assisting a sheriff to track down the Castle Rock Killer, and finally Johnny deciding to confront the politician Stillson. <mask> said that he enjoyed writing character development for Smith, having him struggle with the responsibility of his psychic abilities, and ultimately give up his life for the greater good. "It was this theme that made me like the book, and I particularly enjoyed discovering it in what was essentially a genre piece, a work of exploitation," he said. In <mask>'s first draft of the screenplay, Johnny does not die at the end, but rather has a vision about the Castle Rock Killer, who is still alive and escaped from prison.Cronenberg insisted that this "trick ending" be revised. <mask> submitted the final draft of the screenplay on November 8, 1982. King is reported to have told Cronenberg that changes the director and <mask> made to the story "improved and intensified the power of the narrative." In an interview with film critic Christopher Hicks, <mask> said that the success of the film is generally credited to Cronenberg, and that King would not give <mask> credit for writing a good script. He said, "It's hard for him to admit that he's not the one who could crack that book. But I think that movie holds together as a real movie. It's not just some kind of weird concoction of Stephen King's."Writing for Warner Bros. Pleased with <mask>'s early work on Straight Time and a script called The Good Guys, Warner Bros. signed him to an exclusive contract as a staff writer. He was frequently asked to rewrite and polish scripts for "high concept" films with commercial potential. His contract with Warner Bros. was for $3 million, over three years, and had a great deal of flexibility built into it. He was able to pick and choose the projects he wanted to work on, and was able to decide on the rewrite he was offered. His contract also allowed for the possibility of producing and directing


texts:
 projects. His first producing project was for a science-fiction comedy called Space Case, about a Los Angeles detective who specializes in locating people abducted by aliens.The screenplay for Space Case was developed by <mask> and screenwriter Richard Outten, and written by Outten. Despite skepticism by Warner Bros. executives, <mask> encouraged Outten to finish the screenplay. However, they were beaten to production by another film with a similar story, Men in Black, and Space Case was never made. Innerspace
When producer Peter Guber was developing Innerspace, a film about an explorer who is miniaturized and sent into another man's body, he hired a young writer named Chip Proser to write a script for the story. Director Joe Dante thought the story was too much like Fantastic Voyage, and didn't want to direct it. Guber later took the story to Warner Bros. with executive Bruce Berman. Director John Carpenter was briefly attached to the project.Warner Bros. asked <mask> to rewrite the script, but he initially refused. "I balked at it," <mask> said, "I didn't even think the premise had much merit." Carpenter convinced <mask> there was a good story to tell, and <mask> wrote a draft. He said, "I took the premise and basically invented everything else." Eventually Carpenter left the project to direct Big Trouble in Little China, and Dante joined as director. Dante said that <mask>'s screenplay was "a wonderful script ... completely the opposite of the first. It was ... imaginative, funny, clever ..." Dante was pleased that the new script was not a "rip off" of Fantastic Voyage.He said that although both <mask> and Proser share writing credit for the film, it was <mask> "who really wrote the picture." The script was given to Steven Spielberg, who liked it so much, he agreed to produce the film. The Lost Boys
The original screenplay for The Lost Boys, written by James Jeremias and Janice Fischer, was a more innocent vision involving children in a Peter Pan-like plot. Its

masks: Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam


texts:
 producer Richard Donner wanted to increase the appeal to teenagers. <mask> was requested by director Joel Schumacher to rewrite the screenplay, hoping to "sex up the plot and up the ante on laughs and the violent disposal of vamps". Funny Farm
In 1986, actor Chevy Chase bought the rights to Jay Cronley's novel Funny Farm. The story is a comedy about a couple from New York City that move to a small New England town, and the quirky troubles and encounters they have.Chase and his business partner Bruce Bodner hired <mask> to adapt the book for film. The three spent several weeks developing the script. The screenplay was originally episodic, mirroring the structure of the novel. When George Roy Hill was hired as director, he insisted a new script be written, with a more definitive plot. <mask>, Chase, and Bodner then spent the remainder of the year rewriting the screenplay. Lethal Weapon filmsLethal Weapon was written by Shane Black, and was released in the spring of 1987. A buddy-cop story, it starred Mel Gibson as Martin Riggs, a suicidal detective who uses crazed antics to deal with criminals.He is paired with Roger Murtaugh (played by Danny Glover), a veteran detective with a traditional home-life. <mask> was hired to make some changes on the script, after the producers found parts of it too grim. Though he contributed some scenes, he is uncredited on the screenplay. For the sequel, Lethal Weapon 2, Black submitted a script, but it was rejected by the film's producers as "too dark and violent". In Black's original script, the Martin Riggs character dies. <mask>ana Jones and the Last Crusade, the third film in the popular Indiana Jones series, went through a flimsy scripting process before <mask> was hired to write a draft. As early as 1984, George Lucas was playing with the concept of having the fictional archeologist-adventurer encounter the fabled Holy Grail, the cup said to have been used by Jesus Christ during the Last Supper. Director Steven Spielberg rejected

masks: Boam Boam Boam Boam Boamndi Boam


texts:
 Lucas's script outlines, disliking the Grail idea. Screenwriter Diane Thomas wrote a haunted house story for Indiana Jones, but Spielberg said that after producing Poltergeist, he didn't want to do a similar film. Lucas hired Chris Columbus to write a draft for the film, and he submitted Indiana Jones and the Lost City of Sun Wu Kung, a story with evil spirits, ghosts, and demons. Again, Spielberg rejected the story as not believable enough. Lucas convinced him to go back to the Holy Grail idea, and Menno Meyjes was hired to develop another screenplay.The new script focused on the Arthurian legend aspect of the Holy Grail. Although the script was not to the liking of Lucas and Spielberg, it had elements that eventually became part of the finished film: the Holy Grail, and the introduction of Indiana Jones' father, Henry Jones Sr.

Spielberg suggested that <mask> write the next draft, and Lucas agreed to it. <mask> felt some nervousness going into the process. He joked that "the battlefield was littered with writers before I came on to the scene. There were four or five before me. Each writer had their script next to them covered with blood." <mask> said that when Spielberg called to offer him the job, Spielberg said "something like, 'You wanna get real rich?'and I said, 'Yeah, why?' and he said, 'I think you should do the next Indiana Jones movie.'" <mask> is reported to have replied to Spielberg's offer by saying, "I just don't know why you didn't come to me before." <mask> spent two weeks filled with eight-hour days working with Lucas to develop the story. The two blocked out all other commitments to create the story, building it "beat by beat". Lucas already knew many of the set pieces that were to be in the movie. During the two-week story conference, Boam worked to incorporate it all into the new narrative."Jeff was very collaborative," Lucas said, adding, "He'd try to include both Steven's ideas and my ideas, and tried to get what we wanted done." Spielberg liked

masks: Boam Boam Boam Boam Boam


texts: the story outline presented by Lucas and <mask>, but wanted a first draft before making a decision to move forward. He was planning direct the film Rain Man, but an Indiana Jones project would take precedence. <mask> signed a contract on April 14, 1987. He wrote his first draft that summer, and turned it in on September 15, with another revision on September 30. It was at that time that Spielberg made a commitment to direct the Indiana Jones film over Rain Man, based on reading one of <mask>'s unfinished drafts. Spielberg said, "We licked it with <mask>".Spielberg brought actor Sean Connery in to portray Henry Jones Sr., and Connery provided substantial input into the character, who Lucas originally conceived as an eccentric professor—"an Obi-Wan Kenobi type." <mask> wanted to expand the father character, making him more central to the plot. He said that in Meyjes' original script, "the father was sort of a MacGuffin ... they didn't find the father until the very end. I said to George, 'It doesn't make sense to find the father at the end. Why don't they find him in the middle?'" He wanted the father-son relationship to be the main point, rather than the Grail. With the input of Spielberg and Connery, <mask> altered the senior Jones from "a somewhat crotchety old character" to a man with more "vitality".Connery wanted the father to have a prior sexual relationship to the same female archeologist that Indiana Jones sleeps with. <mask> incorporated this into the script, with Indiana's reaction to learning that he and his father slept with the same woman defused through humor. <mask> said, "He's a bit humbled and surprised that his dad would be able to attract this young attractive woman ... but he isn't appalled by it." <mask>, who was raised Catholic, used many religious themes and metaphors in his script for the film. In preparing the story, he studied grail literature, but ultimately invented new mythology. He made the grail a symbol for faith. He said, "I guess the


texts:
 major given of faith is that it can't be proved otherwise you don't need faith.So that is why I created the idea that the grail can't be removed (from its hiding place). You can find the grail, but you can't really prove that you found it." When Indiana Jones finally discovers the grail hidden among decoys, its knight guardian tells him that he will die if he drinks from the wrong cup. <mask> said that this scene is a metaphor for "the one true God vs. false gods". He worried that the film's religious themes would face criticism from the general audience, as well as religious scholars. He was relieved when the criticism didn't appear, saying, "Nobody working on this movie was a religious scholar ... I was wondering if the numerous allusions to Christ in Indiana Jones were going to put people off.I was afraid the kids in the audience would think it was not a very hip subject matter. "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was a hit film, earning over $474 million worldwide. Television
Boam met writer Carlton Cuse through producer Bernard Schwartz. According to Cuse, <mask> approached him after his work on the television series Crime Story and asked that the two form a writing partnership. The two had plans to write original films together, but they eventually developed the stories and scripts for Lethal Weapon 2, Lethal Weapon 3, and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. They formed a production company, Boam/Cuse Productions, and produced a television pilot based on The Witches of Eastwick. NBC requested the pilot in 1992, and it starred Catherine Mary Stewart and Julia Campbell.They also planned a comedy series called Cat Canyon. With Cuse, <mask> co-created and produced the series The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. featuring Bruce Campbell, which premiered on the Fox Network in 1993. It was the only series <mask> wrote that made it on to television. <mask> wrote and directed a 1993 episode of HBO's Tales From the Crypt, entitled "Creep Course", based on the EC comic Haunt


texts:
 of Fear number 23–1. The episode's story involves an archeology professor who enlists the aid of a jock in his class to trick an unsuspecting female student into becoming a human sacrifice to a mummy. In the end, she turns the tables on them, and they become victims of the mummy instead. <mask> told EON Magazine in 1996 that he did not enjoy the directing experience, finding the work days too long and labor-intensive.The Phantom and late scripts
Paramount hired <mask> in 1992 to write a script for The Phantom, based on Lee Falk's comic strip character, with Joe Dante to direct. The box office failure of The Shadow, a similarly-themed period adventure, put the film on hold for several years. <mask>'s original script was intended to be a funny spoof of The Phantom. The studio restarted the film with Simon Wincer as director, who had <mask> make changes to the original script, including a decision to keep the screenplay close in style and tone to the source material. Dante said that "nobody seemed to notice it was written to be funny, so it was—disastrously—played straight." <mask> worked on screenplay drafts for a feature-length movie based on the DC Comics World War II hero Sgt. Rock, which was not produced.Writing style
<mask>'s action film scripts are character-driven and mixed with humor. He told The New York Times that he had no problem writing a contrived plot in service of character interactions. "Plot tries to engage intellectually, but that's not how an audience responds," he said, adding, "I want emotional reaction, not intellectual engagement. An audience wants to be wound up because it enjoys the pop at the end when it's liberated." Writing in Scr(i)pt magazine, Ray Morton said that <mask>'s scripts "showed a strong feel for genre and story construction as well as a solid aptitude for creating robust, well-developed characters, and clever, witty dialogue." He rarely outlined a script, preferring to finish a story in his head, and then write the draft. Boam


texts:
 said, "I don't have any kind of routine, where I do notes or outlines or character sketches.I just try and live with it in my head, until it's ready to be spat out." He wrote every weekday, from 10:00 am to 6:00 pm, without taking breaks. Personal life
<mask> lived in the San Fernando Valley with his wife, Paula, a photographer and daughter of a Paramount Pictures vice president. They had three children, Tessa, Mia, and Dashiell. USA Today described <mask> as "low-key", and The New York Times called him "a polite, soft-spoken family man without a trace of the frenzied energy of his films." Film critic Christopher Hicks said that <mask> could be unusually candid, but that "<mask> is simply <mask>—a reclusive writer rather than a celebrity worried about his image. And what you see is what you get, if perhaps a bit outspoken and opinionated."He died on January 24, 2000 due to a heart failure from a rare lung disease. Filmography
 Straight Time (with Edward Bunker) (1978)
 The Dead Zone (1983)
 Innerspace (with Chip Proser, 1987)
 The Lost Boys (with Janice Fischer and James Jeremias, 1987)
 Funny Farm (1988)
 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
 Lethal Weapon 2 (1989)
 Lethal Weapon 3 (with Robert Mark Kamen, 1992)The Witches of Eastwick  (with Michael Cristofer and Carlton Cuse, 1992, TV)
 The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. (also co-creator and executive producer, with Carlton Cuse, 1993, TV)
 Tales from the Crypt, episode No. 61, "Creep Course" (1993) (TV, also director)
 The Phantom'' (1996, also co-producer)

References

External links

1946 births
2000 deaths
American male screenwriters
Film producers from New York (state)
People from Fair Lawn, New Jersey
UCLA Film School alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from Rochester, New York
Writers from Rochester, New York
California State University, Sacramento alumni
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Film producers from New Jersey
20th-century American male


texts:
<mask> (born May 15, 1961) is a retired four-star general in the United States Army and former Delta Force commander who served as the final commander of NATO's Resolute Support Mission and United States Forces - Afghanistan from September 2, 2018 to July 12, 2021. He previously served as the commander of Joint Special Operations Command from March 30, 2016 to August 2018. He participated in numerous combat operations, such as the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993, and, since 2001, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. He retired from the Army in December after relinquishing command in July. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Honolulu, Hawaii on May 15, 1961. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1983 and was commissioned as an infantry officer in the United States Army. Military career

<mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1983 after graduation from United States Military Academy at West Point.After completing Ranger School, he was assigned a platoon in 3rd Battalion, 325th Infantry (Airborne), 82nd Airborne Division. Afterward, he was a platoon leader with A Company, 2nd Ranger Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment from January 1986 to May 1987. He completed Infantry Officer Advanced Course in June 1989. He was assigned to South Korea as a Company Commander with 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry (Mechanized), 2nd Infantry Division, Eighth United States Army. Later, he was an instructor at the Special Operations Division School of the Americas at Fort Benning, Georgia from April 1991 to April 1992. In 1992, <mask> completed a specialized selection course and operator training course for assignment to 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment – Delta (1st SFOD-D), or Delta Force at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, where he held numerous leadership positions including squadron operations officer, troop commander, operational support troop commander, selection and training commander, A Squadron commander, as well as deputy commander and unit commanding officer from 2005 to 2007. He participated in numerous combat operations during Operation Gothic Serpent in

masks:
Austin Scott Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


texts:
 Somalia, Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.In October 1993, <mask> was the ground force commander during the Battle of Mogadishu while Lieutenant Colonel Gary L. Harrell held operational command of C Squadron, 1st SFOD-D. <mask> graduated from United States Army Command and General Staff College in June 1997. He is a graduate of the United States Marine Corps War College, 2003 and Joint and Combined Warfighting School. As a Colonel, <mask> received an assignment as Director of the Interagency Task Force, United States Special Operations Command, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida from August 2007 to June 2008. He was assigned Deputy Director for Special Operations, J-37, The Joint Staff, Washington, D.C. till 2009. From September 2011 through August 2012, <mask> was special assistant to the Director of the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization in Arlington, Virginia. He was a special assistant to the deputy commanding general, United States Special Operations Command in Washington D.C. from August 2012 through June 2013. From June 2013 to June 2014, <mask> was commanding general of the Combined Forces Special Operations Component Command in Afghanistan, or CFSOCC-A, responsible for employment and coordination of special operations forces and assets to achieve NATO and US military objectives.In 2014, he became commanding general of the United States Army Maneuver Center of Excellence at Fort Benning. From 2016 to 2018, <mask> served as the commanding general of the Joint Special Operations Command. Commander of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan

In 2018, he assumed command of United States Forces — Afghanistan and the Resolute Support mission, after a successful June 2018 visit to the Senate Armed Services Committee. On October 18, 2018, <mask> was in the room at the governor's compound in southern Kandahar when a Taliban gunman shot provincial police chief Abdul Raziq. <mask> was not harmed, but drew his sidearm during the shooting, waited until the wounded were attended, and flew out with the

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller


texts:
 casualties afterwards which included Brigadier General <mask>, who was wounded in the attack. On July 1, 2021, <mask> gave an exclusive on-camera interview to ABC, with a helicopter flyover of the Bagram Air Base to emphasize its emptiness. <mask> officially furled the mission flag and marked the symbolic end to Operation Resolute Support on July 12, 2021.After Bagram, the largest U.S. base in Afghanistan, was vacated, parts of the base were looted as the Americans did not inform the Afghani district administrator Darwaish Raufi of their departure. <mask> was quoted as saying, "A civil war is certainly a path that can be visualized if this continues on the trajectory it's on right now, that should be of concern to the world." In a short farewell ceremony attended by many senior Afghan officials, <mask> pledged that “the people of Afghanistan will be in my heart, and on my mind, for the rest of my life.” On July 14, 2021, he met with President Joe Biden who thanked him for his service and his “extraordinary service in Afghanistan.”

<mask> testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee on September 15, 2021 on the Biden administration's decision to withdraw from Afghanistan, asserting that he had recommended that not all U.S. forces be immediately withdrawn. His retirement in the grade of general was officially approved by Congress on December 8, 2021. Dates of rank

Awards and decorations

{|
| Defense Distinguished Service Medal
|-
| Army Distinguished Service Medal
|-
| Silver Star

See also
Boris Gromov

References

|-

1961 births
Living people
Marine Corps War College alumni
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
United States Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Military personnel from Hawaii
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals
Place of birth missing (living people)
United States Army Rangers
United States Military Academy alumni
Battle of Mogadishu

masks:
Jeffrey Smiley
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


texts:
<mask> (born 19 March 1985 in Bergen, Norway) is a singer who is best known internationally for being the Norwegian entrant in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest. She has released three albums in Scandinavia: Surfing in the Air, Moments, and <mask>. A new album, Colors, was released on 8 April 2011. She sings mainly in Norwegian, Danish and English. Biography

Early life
<mask> began singing in the local church choir at age three; at age 13 she was discovered by Kjetil Fluge. At 15 in 2000, she sang "Kulturbyåpningen" in Bergen; in the audience was Sony Music Entertainment, who gave <mask> her first record deal after the performance. The contract was a result of long-dedicated time and work with Kjetil Fluge, Atle Halstensen, and Erlend Fauske in the Bergen studio Sounds Familiar.In 2001, 16-year-old <mask> wrote her first song, "Fly Away," a tribute to her father who had just died. 2003
<mask>'s debut album, Surfing in the Air, became a success in Norway and was subsequently released in Finland. The album sold 30,000 copies and she received a Gold record. The song "Surfing in the Air" became a radio hit supported by a music video. After this release she received the Karoline-Prisen, an award given to a young artist who combines school with a musical career. Other songs from her debut album included "The Far End", which entered the Norsktoppen top 40 at number 22, and "Fly Away", which entered the International Songwriting Competition (ISC) and finished in the semi-final with 350 other songs out of 11,000 songs from the world over. In January 2004, <mask> and her team started working on her second album; Moments was released that December.It entered the official Norwegian album chart VG-lista Topp 40; the song "Because of You" entered the Norsktoppen Top 40 at Number 26. 2006
In 2006 <mask> represented her country at the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest in Athens, Greece after

masks:
Christine Guldbrandsen
Christine
Guldbrandsen
Guldbrandsen
Guldbrandsen
Guldbrandsen
Guldbrandsen
Guldbrandsen


texts:
 winning the Melodi Grand Prix 2006. The Norwegian selection  was a Nordic folk song, "Alvedansen" (The dance of elves) - the only one of 18 entries with Norwegian lyrics. Thea Tunås Bratteng accompanied her on stage, playing the typical Norwegian fiddle instrument hardingfele. <mask> was placed 14th of 24 finalists. She also sang in the Norwegian Melodi Grand Prix 2007 in Oslo Spektrum with a medley of Dansekjolen (5th place on the Norwegian Radio Stations chart) and the new version of Alvedansen. The special thing about this performance was that <mask> came flying onto the stage and had six dancers on stage with her.On 9 January 2008, <mask>'s hit "Alvedansen" was finally released in an English version, "Elf Dance", translated by Andrew Boyle. 2007
On 5 February 2007, she released her third studio album, simply entitled <mask>, her most personal album and the first she co-produced. She co-wrote all 10 of the songs except for one traditional Norwegian folk tune; a new, improved version of "Alvedansen" was also included. The songs' styles ranged from low-key ballads with choir and piano to richly coloured soundscapes. The Norwegian media responded well to this released; most magazines gave it four- and even five-star ratings. 2008
In September 2008, <mask> portrayed Cosette in Les Miserables in 100 performances in Bergen, Norway. 35.000 tickets were sold before the premiere.Only three weeks after the opening night, this musical experienced a huge success. All tickets for the musical were sold out, and <mask> and the rest of the ensemble also performed on New Year's Eve. Now more than 42000 people have seen Les Misérables on Den Nationale Scene (The National Scene) in Bergen. The reviews were extremely positive and the newspapers gave the musical good reviews (6/6 in BA, 5/6 in VG and 5/6 in Dagbladet). This musical was <mask>'s first acting performance. <mask> also joined

masks: Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen Christine Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen


texts:
 the Icelandic company NAVIA. The song "We Can Fly" is a project from Navia and is sung by <mask> (Norway), Jippu (Finland), Julie Berthelsen (Denmark), Lisa Werlinder (Sweden), Disella Làrusdòttir (Iceland), and the African singer Youssou N'Dour.They are sent out on a mission to make a difference through the power of music. Representing different music genres, they perform individually and together within the NAVIA project. They share a dedication to making a difference, in the NAVIA spirit that has created a bond of friendship between them. On 27 December 2008, <mask> performed at a concert called Tribute to Madonna, dedicated to one of the world's biggest stars, Madonna. <mask> teamed up with other popular artists like Elisabeth Moberg, Tine Taule and Torhild Sivertsen. 2009
In May, <mask> took part in Mostraspelet on Bomlo (located on the west coast of Norway). She had the leading female role as Vigdis.The leading male role was played by the actor and singer Sigurd Sele. Mostraspelet is a yearly event which shows some Norwegian history. 100 actors and an orchestra of 40 musicians helped <mask> in the role as Vigdis. She also shared the venue with Alexander Rybak, the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest winner from Norway. <mask> sang as a guest artist on Håvard Lothe's Dorian Gray on the pop ballad "When We Fly." The album was released on 31 August in stores and for download. On 18 October 2009, <mask> first performed with the Norwegian group Nightingales.This is a project she initiated with three other well-known young singers in Norway: Karianne Kjærnes, Helene Bøksle, and Heidi Ruud Ellingsen. The concert took place in Hareid (near the city of Ålesund) on the northwestern part of Norway. <mask> toured southwestern Norway on 4–12 December 2009; she and Sigurd Sele performed some of the best-known Christmas carols as well as lesser-known material. The concerts happened in

masks: Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen Guldbrandsen