texts:
 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (1909–11); Winchester, Virginia (1911–15); Little Rock, Arkansas (1915-17); and the Wesley Chapel Methodist Church in Los Angeles (1917–31). He also was a member of the 1928 General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. <mask> also distinguished himself as the elected editor of the Southwestern Christian Advocate, an important periodical of his denomination. His term of service as editor lasted from 1931 until 1936, during which time he built up the paper from a circulation of about 5,000 to 9,000. Publication was headquartered in New Orleans.He also contributed numerous articles on religious subjects to a variety of publications. <mask> also was a Mason. Episcopal ministry
<mask> was elected to the episcopacy of the Methodist Episcopal Church and consecrated a bishop (the highest office in the Methodist ministry) by the 1936 General Conference. <mask> was assigned to the New Orleans episcopal area (1936–40), and then to the Baltimore Episcopal Area of the Central Jurisdiction of the Methodist Church (1940–52). As resident bishop of the Baltimore Area, he served as the presiding bishop of the Delaware, East Tennessee, North Carolina, and Washington, D.C. Annual Conferences of the Central Jurisdiction. These conferences together included some 1,300 African American Methodist churches and about 100,000 church members.<mask> also served on the so-called "Committee of Twenty-eight", the Board of Education, the Board of Missions, the Board of Temperance, and the Committee on World Peace. His office while bishop of the Baltimore Area was located at 1206 Etting Street, Baltimore 17. His

masks: Shaw Shaw Shaw Shaw Shaw


type: original

texts:
 home was at 828 North Carrollton Avenue, Baltimore. As pastor/preacher
Described by Time magazine (in its 26 June 1950 issue) as "tall" (6 ft 3 in; 190 cm), <mask> also was well-poised. When he was appointed to Winchester, Virginia, he found the second-floor ceiling of his parsonage too low for him. When he solved this problem by persuading his congregation to rent him another house, while leasing the parsonage "to a much shorter man", newspapers in the Washington and New York areas delightedly picked up the story, causing the Reverend <mask> "a good deal of embarrassment". Nevertheless, <mask> was a brilliant preacher.His specialty was his urgent appeal to youth. Speaking of the Wesley Chapel Methodist Episcopal Church in Los Angeles, the city's fifth largest, <mask> said, "My Church was not filled with bald-headed people. We had regularly as many as 200 to 300 youngsters attending services." Reportedly, he would occasionally bring an outstanding boy or girl into the pulpit with him, to lecture on how the church could be made even more interesting to young people. Advocate for his race
<mask> was also reported by Time magazine as "consistently advocat[ing] self-improvement and development for his race." This was distinguished from "the rough, wild way of pressure groups trying to stamp out anti-Negro activities." <mask> held that "a sufficient amount of real excellence – as has been achieved by Marian Anderson and Dr.Carver and Jackie Robinson – is the surest way." Above all, said Time, "[<mask>] believe[s] that Negroes should observe the rule he himself has followed with such conspicuous success: take on

masks:
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Shaw
Bishop Shaw


texts:
 responsibilities." Said <mask>:
If you don't have responsibilities, you don't grow strong enough to handle them. Honorary degrees
<mask> was honored by Philander Smith College in 1916 with the Doctor of Divinity degree. Rust College did the same in 1920, as did Gammon Theological Seminary (D.D., 1924). Boston University awarded the D.D. in 1937.Rust College also awarded <mask> the LL.D. in 1937. Retirement, death and burial
<mask> retired in 1952 from the active episcopacy of the Methodist Church. He was, however, called out of retirement in 1953 to again serve part of the New Orleans Area following the death of Bishop Robert Nathaniel Brooks. <mask> served the rest of that quadrennium (1952–56) in this position. <mask> died on March 7, 1966. He is buried in Los Angeles.Selected writings
 Christianizing Race Relations, 1928. References
 Howell, Clinton T., Prominent Personalities in American Methodism, Birmingham, Alabama: The Lowry Press, 1945. "Take On Responsibilities", (article about Bishop <mask>) in Time magazine, June 26, 1950.
 Who's Who in Methodism, Dr. Elmer T. Clark, Editor-in-Chief, Chicago: The A. N. Marquis Co., 1952. See also
 List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
African-American Methodist clergy
American Methodist bishops
Methodist bishops of the Central Jurisdiction
Editors of Christian publications
Methodist writers
Activists for African-American civil rights
Burials in California
Interdenominational Theological Center alumni
1879 births
1966 deaths
20th-century Methodist bishops
Rust College alumni
Activists from Mississippi
People from

masks: Shaw Shaw Shaw Shaw Shaw Shaw Shaw


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<mask> (born 29 April 1977) is a German digital rights activist, jurist, Pirate Party Germany politician, and – since 2019 – Member of the European Parliament (MEP). From 2012 to 2017 he was a member of the state parliament of Schleswig-Holstein and from April 2016 until the end of the legislative period he was also the leader of the Pirate group in that assembly. Breyer is one of four European Pirate Party MEPs in the 2019–2024 term along with three Czech Pirate Party members, all of whom are members of the Greens / EFA parliamentary group. Life
<mask> lives in Kiel. He studied law and was awarded a Doctorate of Law in 2004 at the Goethe University Frankfurt with his thesis on The systematic recording and retention of telecommunications traffic data for government purposes in Germany (Data retention). In 2004 he was appointed a judge in the state of Schleswig-Holstein. In 2006 he became a founding member of the Pirate Party Germany.Political activity

Legal proceedings concerning digital civil rights
Breyer is involved in the Working Group on Data Retention for Information privacy and Civil and political rights and was involved in the organization of the successful class action lawsuit against data retention together with the lawyer and later judge at the Constitutional Court of the State of Berlin Meinhard Starostik. In 2016 he again filed a constitutional complaint against the new law on data retention. In 2012, the Federal Constitutional Court declared legislation on government access to telecommunications subscriber data to be partially unconstitutional in response to an appeal filed by Breyer. <mask> and Katharina Nocun again challenged the revised regulation before the Federal Constitutional Court. The complaint was successful on 27 May 2020. Breyer also filed a complaint with the European Court of Human Rights against the compulsory identification of prepaid SIM cards. which was dismissed in 2020.In 2012 <mask> filed a lawsuit

masks:
Patrick Breyer
Patrick Breyer
Breyer
Breyer


texts:
 against the European Commission for the release of documents on data retention and won in two instances. <mask> filed an action for injunction against the Federal Republic of Germany at the Berlin-Tiergarten District Court in 2008. The action was directed against the general and indiscriminate retention of the user IP address in logfiles when browsing government websites (so-called "surf logging"). After the Local Court had dismissed the complaint in its judgment of 13 August 2008, the Landgericht Berlin granted the request in part in its judgment of 31 January 2013. <mask> and the Federal Republic of Germany filed an appeal against the decision. On 19 October 2016, the European Court of Justice ruled on the basis of a submission by the Federal Court of Justice that dynamically assigned IP addresses represent personal data for the operator of a website if they can be traced to the subscriber in the course of criminal proceedings. On 16 May 2017 the Federal Court of Justice ruled that dynamically assigned IP addresses are personal data.Web site operators may only store them if this is necessary to ensure the general functioning of the services and if the interest and the fundamental rights and freedoms of the users do not take precedence. The Federal Court of Justice referred the case back to the Berlin Regional Court where it is pending. In May 2018, Breyer filed a constitutional complaint against the new authority of the Federal Police to carry out automatic number plate readings at border crossings. At the end of 2018 he announced that he would file a complaint against the automatic reading of vehicle registration plates within the framework of "Section Control" in Lower Saxony, and in March 2019 he filed the complaint with the organization "freiheitsfoo". Member of the Schleswig-Holstein Landtag
In the 2012 Schleswig-Holstein state election, Breyer was elected to the Landtag from the list presented by the Pirate Party of

masks: Breyer Breyer


texts: Schleswig-Holstein and on 21 May 2012 was chosen by that party's parliamentary group to be its leader in the chamber. He held the chair until the regular election of the parliamentary party executive committee on 21 May 2013. Between November 2012 and April 2017, Breyer transferred dietary allowances in the total amount of 75,159.18 euros to a donation account of the State of Schleswig-Holstein under the purpose "Reduction of new debt".He justified this, among other things, by the fact that only 1% of all taxpayers nationwide would have an income comparable to that of parliamentary group chairmen and that there should be no first and second class members of parliament because of the parliamentary group chairmanship. In January 2013 Breyer criticized the vending machine industry, claiming that the sector "especially [that part of it] around Mr Paul Gauselmann, [had] been lubricating politicians of all established parties with large donations for years". Gauselmann had him warned against this, but Breyer did not issue a cease-and-desist declaration. In the summer of 2014, Breyer published on his website police and judicial orders of danger zones in Schleswig-Holstein, previously sent by email from the Ministry of the Interior, within which police checks were permitted without justification. In the more than 100-page documents, the Ministry of the Interior had only partially redacted (blacked out) the names, official telephone numbers, and email addresses of the police officers in charge of the case, some of whom are also investigating the criminal Outlaw motorcycle club. After the problem became known, Breyer publicly apologized for not having checked the documents sufficiently before publication and deleted the police officer data. He was criticized across party lines.The Gewerkschaft der Polizei filed criminal charges against Breyer. The public prosecutor's office did not initiate an investigation, as there were no sufficient actual


texts: indications of criminal offences. In an expert opinion, Thilo Weichert, the data protection commissioner, objected in several points to the actions of the Ministry of the Interior in sending the requested danger area orders. The Ministry had not carried out its redaction effectively or completely. Whether the documents classified as "for official use only" (VS-NfD) had in fact had to be classified in this way was at best questionable. An explicit reference should have been made to the intentional confidential treatment. However, the Member of Parliament would also have had to take confidentiality and protection of secrecy into account when exercising his rights.Breyer was "by far the most hard-working parliamentarian with a total of 356 initiatives" in the legislative period of the Schleswig-Holstein state parliament running since 2012, reported Die Welt at the end of 2015 with reference to the information system of the state parliament. On 17 February 2016 Breyer awarded the Green-Red-Blue coalition an "ostrich prize for extraordinary achievements in delaying important reforms in our country". During the plenary debate, SPD chairman Ralf Stegner was presented with a bird ostrich mannequin. Breyer accused the coalition of using postponement and procrastination to prevent "repeated decisions by the state parliament on uncomfortable reform initiatives" by the Pirate faction, including the introduction of a waiting period for changing ministers to work in industry. State parliament president Klaus Schlie (CDU) issued Breyer with a formal reprimand. On 12 April 2016 <mask> was re-elected chairman of the Pirate parliamentary group. In May 2016 Breyer revealed accusations that male cadets at the Eutin Police Academy had displayed openly misogynistic, sexist, and racist behaviour towards their female fellow students and that the Ministry of the Interior had remained inactive despite knowledge of the matter (the so-called "Whatsapp affair").As a


texts: result of the revelations, one police student was refused entry into the service. In addition, the head of the academy had been replaced in what was claimed to be no more than a routine rotation of posts. A committee of inquiry is currently investigating the case. In autumn 2016 Breyer became the Pirate Party of Schleswig-Holstein's leading candidate in the state elections. In December 2016 and February 2017, in the state parliament, Breyer criticized the fact that the heads of the state audit office and the state constitutional court had been appointed by the other parties without a public invitation to tender according to party proportional representation. The president of the state parliament called him to order and instructed him to withdraw his speech. In order to defend his right to criticize what he called "job pushing", Breyer called in the State Constitutional Court.The court declared the call to order unconstitutional on 17 May 2017. On 27 March 2017 <mask> was awarded the Horst Lütje Foundation's "Backbone Prize", endowed with 1,000 Euros, for his efforts. In May 2017, Breyer uncovered accusations by criminal investigators that exculpatory statements in criminal proceedings against "rockers" had been suppressed and bullying had been used in response to criticism (the so-called "Rocker Affair"). As a result of the revelations, the head of the police department in the Ministry of the Interior as well as the heads of the state criminal investigation department and the state police office were obliged to resign. A parliamentary committee of inquiry is currently investigating the case. In the 2017 state elections the Pirate Party failed to win any seats in the state parliament. With 1.2% of the vote it scored seven percentage points less than five years earlier.This ended Breyer's mandate. As a representative of the "People's Initiative for Co-Determination", Breyer handed more than 20,000 citizens' signatures to the state


texts:
 parliament in December 2017. In May 2018 Breyer, as a representative of the "People's Initiative for the Protection of Water", which demands a legal ban on fracking, delivered more than 42,000 citizens' signatures to the President of the State Parliament. European elections 2019

In the 2019 European Parliament election in Germany Breyer was the Pirate Party Germany's leading candidate. For the election campaign, he recorded a rap music video, which featured such other well-known pirates as Anja Hirschel. In March 2019 Breyer filed a lawsuit against the EU Commission on the grounds that it was in possession of secret project documents relating to new kinds of video lie detectors intended for entry control, including an ethical and legal evaluation of the technology, on the grounds of protecting the commercial interests of the companies involved. <mask> was the only member of the German Pirate Party to be elected to the European Parliament, where he now sits, together with three members of the Czech Pirate Party who were elected at the same time, as one of a total of four members composing the Pirate Party in the parliament.He joined the Greens–European Free Alliance group, as Felix Reda had done in the previous legislature, and so too did the three Czech pirates. For his group, Breyer is a member of the European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and an alternate member of the European Parliament Committee on Legal Affairs. Works
 The systematic recording and retention of telecommunications traffic data for government purposes in Germany (traffic data retention). Edited: November 2004; Rhombos, Berlin 2005, (Volltext). Weblinks
 Breyer's blog

References

External links

1977 births
21st-century German politicians
Articles containing video clips
Living people
Members of the European Parliament for Germany
Members of the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein
MEPs for Germany 2019–2024
Pirate Party (Germany)


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<mask> (born 1975), better known as <mask>, is an Australian sponsored skateboarder. He was previously a professional skateboarder, primarily in the discipline of vert skateboarding, and competed in a number of major international events. During the 1990s, he and brother Ben Pappas were highly regarded skateboarders on a global scale, reaching the top two places in the world rankings. Early life
<mask> was born in 1975 in Melbourne, Victoria and grew up in the north-western suburb of St Albans. He and brother Ben were the only children of a Greek-Australian father, who worked for a finance company, and an Australian mother who was a caterer—the parents eventually separated after marrying at a young age. <mask> described a chaotic home environment in 2014:

The family was very dysfunctional ... We were hurting as kids from a lot of the fights we saw ... I always felt like I just wanted to get out of where I lived.I wanted to prove myself. I ended up having what felt like a chip on my shoulder because of it all. I just wanted to get to America and become something. Pappas became fascinated with skateboarding at the age of 12 years after watching touring American professionals perform at the Prahran skate park. He then visited the United States (US) for the first time three years later, before relocating to the US at the age of 17 years after he dropped out of Kings Park High School. Pappas' first residence was with other skateboarders in Tampa, Florida. Professional skateboarding

Mad Circle
In a 1994 advertisement for the now-defunct Mad Circle skateboard deck company, an x-ray of Pappas' femur complete with metal plates and screws, is depicted with the tagline: "<mask> <mask>, Mad Circle's Answer to the Bionic Man."<mask> then appeared alongside Moses Itkonen, Edward Devera, Mike Cao, Justin Girard and Scott Johnston in the 1996 Mad Circle video Let The Horns Blow. <mask> won the 1996 World Championships skateboard contest over Tony Hawk

masks:
Tasou Micah Pappas
Tas Pappas
Pappas
Tas Pappas
Tas
Pappas
Pappas
Pappas


texts:
 that led to his world number-one ranking—he won with a broken rib sustained earlier in the contest. <mask> explained that he was "humbled" soon afterward, as he subsequently broke his back. Both the <mask> brothers then found that they were unable to gain favour with the American skateboard industry due to their attitudes, which were considered abrasive and wild. Australian filmmaker Eddie Martin, who knew the Pappas brothers as teenagers skateboarding at Prahran skate park, explained in 2014: "They’re [Pappas brothers] very Australian characters. They were so raw and full of passion. They just went over there and stuck it to them.It just didn’t go down very well." In 1999, <mask>' brother Ben was intercepted by law enforcement while attempting to smuggle cocaine into Australia and, in addition to a prison term, his passport was confiscated for a three-year period and he was unable to continue his skateboarding career in the US. Revolution Graphite Skateboards (RevDeck)
In 2005, Revolution Graphite Skateboards (RevDeck) announced the release of a new skateboard deck, co-designed and tested by Pappas (he was also sponsored by DVS Shoes at this time). As of 2014, Pappas is associated with the company, according to the "About" section of the website; however, in August 2014, the website's home page stated that the company is manufacturing certain skateboard deck products for a limited period of time. US incarceration
In 2005, <mask> married Colleen, an American he met through skateboarding. They lived in San Diego with their two children. However, due to financial difficulties, the relationship was strained and Pappas began using crystal methamphetamine, to numb the pain from injuries during contests that he desperately participated in to earn money.Additionally, Pappas was prescribed an antidepressant after he consulted a doctor for help with a low emotional state caused by his life situation—Pappas proceeded to use alcohol and cocaine with

masks: Pappas Pappas Pappas Pappas


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 the medication. <mask> explained in 2014 that his drug use at the time led to paranoia about his wife being involved in an extramarital relationship and during an argument he physically assaulted Colleen. Pappas said: "I was paranoid that she was on with someone ... I don't agree with what I did, but I ended up hitting her and losing the plot and went to jail." Pappas' actions resulted in a two-month prison term and he was eventually deported after he was found in a drug-related car crash during his corresponding parole period. While in detention, awaiting to be flown to Australia, Pappas received a telephone call from his father to inform him that <mask> was dead, a moment that Pappas described as "the saddest thing I've ever heard." Australian incarceration
Following his return to Australia in 2007, Pappas began drinking alcohol heavily and his father died of a heart attack the following year.Also in 2008, Pappas flew to South America in an attempt to procure cocaine to smuggle into Australia so that he could pay off a drug debt. <mask>, who attempted to smuggle the drug in three skateboard decks while intoxicated on benzodiazepines, alcohol and amphetamines, was intercepted at Sydney Airport after the traces of cocaine on his clothing alerted authorities. <mask> was consequently imprisoned for three years in various New South Wales facilities. In November 2011, Pappas was afforded the privilege of prison day-release on weekends and used this time to skate the vert ramp in Albury, New South Wales. In December 2011, after internet blogs reported Pappas' Albury visits, SLAM Skateboarding Magazine ran a feature on Pappas and suggested that, at the time, he remained one of the most highly skilled skateboarders in Australia. The video footage that SLAM published to coincide with the article revealed that the session was <mask>' "third skate in 3 years" due to his incarceration—the video was filmed by Stewart. Return to skateboarding
Following

masks:
Pappas
Ben Pappas
Pappas
Pappas
Pappas


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 his incarceration, Pappas was drawn to the tenets of Christianity as a central part of his recovery from drug use, having read the Bible during his sentence.He also continued to develop his marriage with Helen Norman, whom he raises a son with, and he resumed skateboarding. Cliché Skateboards, through Dwindle Distribution, released a Tas Pappas "guest board" in January 2013, with graphics by renowned skateboarding graphic designer, Marc McKee. The design is set to be representative of Pappas' life and new outlook, with a deity figure reaching down and exalting Pappas from a burning environment in which items such as handcuffs and a syringe are present. Footage of Pappas, skateboarding primarily at the Prahran ramp in Melbourne, Australia, accompanied the release of the product. Morgan Campbell, online content manager for Skateboarding Australia, the country's government-funded peak body, stated:

Tas has truly put the board into orbit with this stupendous video part which contains some of the best vert skating we have seen from anyone in eons. The graphic was done by Mr Marc Mckee, so you can be sure that collectors snap it up all over the globe. So good to see you back in the skies above Prahran Tas.The clip is by Greg Stewart, who happens to be known in the UK as "The Talking Filmer". Gregsie: we are all delighted to once again hear your mid-air commentary. Just incase you missed it, in 2011 Tas was given the Video Vault treatment for his epic Mad Circle part from almost 20 years ago. In April 2014, Pappas became the 12th skateboarder and first Australian in history to complete a 900-degree rotation. The achievement occurred on the Anzac Day holiday at a newly built facility on Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia called the "Megaranch". Sponsors
As of August 2014, Pappas is sponsored by Theeve Trucks, a company founded and managed by fellow Australian vert skateboarder Trevor Ward. Contest history
In 1996, Pappas won both titles at the


texts:
 Hard Rock Cafe Skateboarding World Championships (the finals event, as well as points accumulation for the entire year), beating Tony Hawk.Soon after, Pappas suffered a number of serious injuries and was unable to compete or maintain the level at which he had been skateboarding prior to the mishaps. In 1999, following physical rehabilitation for his injuries, Pappas placed highly in a string of events, including the X Games and the Milwaukee Triple Crown. On 28 October 2006, Pappas won the vert skateboarding event at the LG Action Sports World Championship, beating Brazilian professional Sandro Dias in a tiebreaker (Andy MacDonald finished in third place). During <mask>' winning run, in which he is riding a RevDeck skateboard deck, he executes a 720-degree rotation; described as "flawless" by one of the competition's commentators, Pappas completed the run without making a single error. Recognition and influence
Following Pappas's success with the Hard Rock Cafe competition, both he and his brother were credited with helping to revive the popularity of vert skateboarding, which was beginning to fade. In August 2011, <mask> and <mask> both received the number 10 ranking in Transworld Skateboarding'''s "10 Infamous Australians" article for "rekindl[ing] vert's flickering candle" during the 1990s. All This Mayhem documentary (2014)
In May 2012, <mask> attended the Melbourne premiere of Danny Way's documentary Waiting for Lightning, where he was photographed alongside Way and fellow Australian vert professional Dom Kekich.In an interview at the premiere, <mask> confirmed he was in the process of producing a documentary of his own, focused on his career and that of his late brother. A filmmaker approached the Pappas family about making a documentary, but the family did not give their authority as Pappas would not be included in the filmmaking process. The family approved a documentary backed by Screen Australia. It was directed and produced by

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Pappas
Tas
Ben Pappas
Pappas
Pappas


texts:
 Eddie Martin,  and George Pank co-produced the film, and Chris King was the editor. and King had previously worked together on the award-winning documentaries Senna and Exit Through the Gift Shop. The documentary began production in 2010, as footage of the Pappas brothers was sourced from friends and filmmakers. Tony Hawk declined an offer to be interviewed for the film.According to a 2011 Screen Australia media release, The Pappas Brothers tells the story of <mask> and Ben Pappas and their rise to skateboarding prominence. The documentary was released as All This Mayhem and the world premiere was at the Adelaide Film Festival in October 2013. The documentary received additional backing from the Adelaide Film Festival, Deluxe Sydney, and Hopscotch Films, and is sold by Eone Films and Cinetic Media. Martin explained prior to the release of the documentary:

It's a story about two brothers that just happen to be in the world of skateboarding. People can get so easily put off and I think that the skateboarding element will be our biggest challenge. We didn’t want to use a skate image as our promo because obviously, for us, this isn’t a story about skateboarding. Martin further explained: "The film is to be distributed by Hopscotch in Australia.We are hoping the film will play at some festivals before a national Australian release. To get an overseas sale would be our main goal." The documentary screened at the Sydney Film Festival on 5 June 2014 and was then generally released through Melbourne, Australia's Cinema Nova and Dendy Newtown in Sydney, Australia. During promotional interviews during the film's release period, Martin described the Pappas' story as a "Greek tragedy". Personal life
As of May 2014, Pappas resides in the inner north-eastern Melbourne, Australia suburb of Clifton Hill, where he shares a home with Helen and their five-year-old son Billy. Pappas is employed as an abseiling window cleaner and attends a Christian church for


texts:
 mass. In May 2014, <mask> revealed in an interview that he had been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder in connection with his experience of sexual abuse as a young child.His self-destructive behaviour was identified as a manifestation of the disorder. In regard to the personal life recovery process that he was continuing with at the time of the interview, Pappas stated:

"Everything had to happen for me to learn ... Dad had to die, Ben had to die, I had to lose my kids. I had to be humbled. I was too angry and I had to be crippled and put on my knees to finally realise I'm not in charge." In a July 2014 interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), Pappas described himself as "a work in progress" and said "I'll take ownership for all my shit actions". Timeline

1991 - Australian Amateur titles in late 1991 at Darling Harbour
1993 - Pappas' first US competition in Tampa, Florida
1994 - 7 August Pappas competed in Munster Monster Mastership Germany, coming 4th
1995 - Triple crown in Las Vegas
1995 - Came 3rd in Slam City Jam vert competition
1996 - Came 3rd in X Games after Andy MacDonald (1) and Tony Hawk (2) - Providence & Newport, Rhode Island
1996  - Tas won 1996 Triple Crown finals, in which Pappas edged past Tony Hawk after one amazing run. place in LG Action Sports World Tour competition)
2006 - Portland - Dew Action Sports Tour Vans Invitational - Pappas finishes in 9th position
2006 - Orlando - Dew Tour - Pappas comes 2nd in Vert competition
2007 or 2008 - Pappas at Globe World Cup in Melbourne, Australia

Videography411VM: Issue 2 (1993)411VM: Issue 5 (1994)411VM: Best Of 411, Volume 1 (1994)
XYZ: Meet Your Maker (1995)
Mad Circle: Let The Horns Blow (1996)Las Vegas Pro Vert '96 (1996)Genie Of The Lamp (1998)
Globe: World Cup Skateboarding 2005'' (2005)

Sources

Living people
1975 births
Australian people of Greek descent
Australian skateboarders
People with borderline personality disorder
Sportspeople


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; January 30, 1862 – October 11, 1924) was an American opera singer, stage performer, and a silent film actor. <mask> was born on January 30, 1862, in Charlestown, Massachusetts. He was 62 years old when he died in Los Angeles, California on October 11, 1924. Between 1912 and 1924, <mask> acted in 59 films. Early years
<mask> was born on January 30, 1862, to working-class Irish parents in Charlestown, Massachusetts, the oldest Irish neighborhood in the city of Boston. Some fan magazines claim his birth was January 3, but the neglected zero is apparent. His father was an Irish Immigrant, William A<mask>.His mother was a native of Bostonian <mask> (née Keefe). Since he was the firstborn son in an Irish Catholic family, his parents gave him William's first name, like his father and father before him. 1870 census records list <mask>'s father as an expressman. The same census record list his mother as a homemaker The <mask> family would eventually have eight children, six girls, and two boys. His early education included spending three years abroad training for the grand opera. No known matriculation records show what type of "training" he received. Upon returning to America, he worked professionally as an opera singer.He performed in various domestic venues in the 1880s. In 1889, the records show he kept the Charlestown address as his permanent base. His 59-year-old mother died at home in 1898 of Interstitial nephritis. 1900 census shows 36-year-old William RS <mask> keeping the same base address as his widowed father and five sisters. All the daughters are single. His 74-year-old father died in 1907 while <mask> was touring in Europe. Stage

27-year-old <mask> started acting with the prestigious  Shakespearean touring company of Booth and Modjeska in 1889.The program on the left exhibits a one-night performance of  Macbeth in Indianapolis, Indiana on April 29, 1890.

masks:
Richard Morris
William Richard Stuart Morris
Morris
Richard Morris
William Richard Stuart Morris
. Morris
Catherine Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
William Morris


texts:
 In the section listing the cast of characters, it shows Mr. W.R.S<mask> in the role of the second witch. The following year, Edwin Booth (1833-1893) suffered a debilitating stroke, effectively ending his stage career. Edwin Booth died of a stroke in 1893. Later in his stage career, <mask> would work with individual Shakespearean touring companies of Lawrence Barrett (1838-1891) and Helena Modjeska (1840-1909). Modjeska suffered a stroke in 1897 but later returned to the stage.<mask> eventually hooked up with Shakespearean actress Minna Gale (1868-1944) and her Repertory theatre troupe. Gale, like <mask>, had lived in Europe, where she studied music and theater in Paris and Frankfort. Another similarity appeared when they discovered their stage experiences helped their transition to the screen. In 1906, the 44-year-old <mask> returned to the operatic stage. He departed for London and continued to perform on stage until 1909. Film
In the early 1900s, the American public had an increasing appetite for the latest entertainment - motion pictures. Lubin

The Lubin Manufacturing Company was an American motion picture company producing silent films from 1896 to 1916.When <mask> returned to America from London, he sought work in the burgeoning movie industry. In September 1909, he joined the  Lubin organization based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. <mask> was 50-years-old when he entered the movie industry, a comparatively late age for those seeking employment in an industry preoccupied with beautiful young people. In his first recorded film for Lubin, <mask> played an organ grinder in Little Boy Blue, released on May 6, 1912. No known records exist documenting if <mask> acted in any Lubin productions before 1912. It is also unknown when he started using the screen moniker <mask>. Between 1912 and 1914, he would act in 25 films for Lubin, opening with Little Boy Blue and ending with the

masks:
. Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Richard Morris
Richard Morris
Morris
Morris
Richard Morris


texts:
 December 1914 release of A Believer in Dreams.During his stretch at Lubin, he met Lloyd B. Carleton. Carleton signed a Lubin contract in 1911, allowing him to direct both features and shorts. Despite the late introduction, Carleton saw <mask>'s value as a  character actor, and they made 3 Lubin-produced 2-reelers in 1914. He remained one of Lloyd B. Carleton's favorite character actors. Between 1914 and 1920, <mask> acted in 15 Lloyd B. Carleton-directed films. Carleton had found a fellow brother from the Eastern stage, whose stage credentials were impeccable. <mask> remained with Lubin until July 1914.Carleton left Lubin earlier and gained employment with another movie company in Autumn 1914. After making more than a thousand motion pictures, the Lubin Manufacturing Company declared bankruptcy on September 1, 1916

Selig and Lasky
In late Summer 1914, <mask> traveled once again to London, England. During his stay in London, World War I was flaring up. On August 4, 1914, the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. <mask> returned to American, arriving in New York on November 16, 1914. The ship's manifest lists William R <mask>, born in Charlestown on January 30, 1862. The manifest further states he was single, 52 years old, and residing at 1108 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Between January and August 1915, <mask> returned to making movies and acted in 4 films for various organizations, including Powers Picture Plays and Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play

In 1915, <mask> signed a contract with Selig Polyscope based in Chicago, Illinois but having offices in Los Angeles. During his stay with Selig, he was reunited with Lloyd B. Carleton. Between September and December, <mask> acted in 4 Carleton-directed short films. <mask>'s total film output for 1915 was 6 short movies and 2 feature-length. He made 3 more pictures for Selig Polyscope before departing. Universal

Lloyd

masks:
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Stuart Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris


texts:
 Carleton signed a Universal contract in the autumn of 1915. <mask> signed a Universal contract in 1916 and permanently moved to Los Angeles, California.<mask> reunited with Lloyd B. Carleton again and acted in the Red Feather feature-length production of A Yoke of Gold released on August 14, 1916. The same film provided an introduction to Emory Johnson. This relationship would prove beneficial in the coming years. Between August 1916 and December, <mask> would act in 7 Lloyd Carleton-directed films. All films were feature-length with the sole exception of the 2-reelerThe Human Gamble. All films would feature Emory Johnson in the lead. The feature-length films were:
A Yoke of Gold Red Feather film released in August
The Unattainable Bluebird film  released in September
Black Friday Red Feather film released in September
Barriers of Society Red Feather film released in October
The Devil's Bondwoman Red Feather film released in November
The Morals of Hilda Red Feather film released in December (his last film for Universal)

1916 would be <mask>'s glory year in films.He had successfully made the transition from filming 2-reelers to feature-length movies. He would continue to shoot only feature-length films for the remainder of his career. Other films companies
After he departed from Universal in 1916, his picture output declined. He was an actor in his later 50s looking for work in a youth-obsessed industry. He acted in one film in 1918 and another one in 1919. He made 4 films in 1920, including reuniting with Lloyd Carleton to act in The Amazing Woman. Emory Johnson connection

In January 1921, <mask> turned 59-years-old.In 1921, Hobart Bosworth productions invited <mask> to play the part of Uncle Billy in The Sea Lion. He acted with Hobart Bosworth, Emory Johnson and Bessie Love. It was the only movie <mask> filmed in 1921. Emory Johnson embarked upon a career as a director in 1922.

masks:
Richard Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Richard Morris
Morris
Morris


texts:
 Johnson's first film was the FBO feature-length production of In the Name of the Law. When Johnson evaluated players for his first movie, Johnson probably recalled <mask> had acted in 7 movies with him in 1916. Johnson hired the aging actor to play the role of Dr. Lucus in his first film.<mask> would continue to appear in FBO productions directed by Emory Johnson including  The Third Alarm, The West~Bound Limited, The Mailman and The Spirit of the USA until his untimely death in October 1924. Alternate names
<mask> used many different pseudonyms during his career, including:
<mask>
Mr. <mask>
Mr. W.R.S<mask>
<mask>
Stuart Morris
William R <mask>

Death
The 1920 census registers <mask> as a single 57-year-old lodger living in Los Angeles. His listed occupation is an actor. The Emory Johnson-directed film The Spirit of the USA was released by Film Booking Offices of America on May 18, 1924. It would be <mask>'s last movie. On Saturday, October 11, 1924, <mask> <mask> died in Los Angeles, California.He was 63 years old. A simple obituary appeared in the Los Angeles Times on October 13, 1924:

MORRIS, <mask> <mask>, aged 63 years, a native of Boston, MASS. Services at 2 pm Tuesday at Le Roy Bagley's parlors, 5440 Hollywood Blvd.,
Rev. Neal Dodd officiating

The funeral was held at the Pierce Brothers LeRoy Bagley Mortuary Hollywood, California with
"The padre of Hollywood", the Rev. Neal Dodd officiating. That same year, Rev Dodd would become a founding member of a relief fund to aid film workers in need. A brief obituary would appear in The Boston Globe noting the death of <mask> <mask>.<mask> was buried in the Los Angeles National Cemetery. Filmography

References

External links

AFI Catalog <mask>

1862 births
1924 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male actors
American male silent film actors
Irish male silent film actors
Male actors from Massachusetts
Male actors

masks:
Morris
Richard Morris
Richard Morris
Dick Morris
Richard Morris
. Morris
William Morris
S Morris
Richard Morris
Richard Morris
Richard Stewart
Morris
Richard Stewart
Morris
William Richard
Stuart Morris
Richard Morris
Richard Morris


texts: <mask> (17 August 1916 – 23 February 1990) was one of the prominent Hindi writers of the twentieth century. He started off as an author and journalist, but moved on to be an active writer in the Indian film industry for 7 years. He worked as a drama producer in All India Radio between December 1953 and May 1956. At this point he realised that a regular job would always be a hindrance to his literary life, so he devoted himself to freelance writing. Often cited as the true literary heir of Premchand, <mask> created his own independent and unique identity as a littérateur and is counted as one of the most important and multi-faceted creative writers of Indian literature. In the words of famous critic, Dr. Ram Bilas Sharma,"Undoubtedly, <mask> will be remembered as an important novelist. For me, he is a very major sculptor of fiction.He has revealed the power of both standard [manak] Hindi, as well as the non-standard [ghair-manak] Hindi of the ordinary" (Sharma, <mask> <mask>chnavali, Vol 1, p. 47). <mask> <mask>'s real genius lay in the art of developing a range of characters in his stories and novels. Commenting on his distinctive ability to operationalise a story at many levels in complex and multi-dimensional ways, another prominent writer and critic of Hindi, Shreelal Shukla notes, "Rather than imposing his own personality on his character, <mask> ji dissolves himself in the character and in the process, he absorbs at the experiential level, all of those complexities that even the simplest characters nurture in the forms of anxieties and knotted puzzles. This work can only be done by a major creative writer" (Shukla, 10 Pratinidhi Kahaniyan: Amrilal <mask>, p. 10).

masks:
Amritlal Nagar
Amritlal Nagar
Amritlal Nagar
Amritlal
Nagar Ra
Amritlal
Nagar
Nagar
Nagar


texts:
 Biography
<mask> was born on 17 August 1916 in Chaurahe Wali Gali, Gokulpura, in a Gujarati Nagar Brahmin Family in Agra, India. He died on 23 February 1990 in Chowk, Lucknow, India. His parents were Rajaram and Vidyawati <mask>.He first published a poem in the fortnightly Anand in December 1928. The poem was inspired by a protest against the Simon Commission in which <mask> was suffered injury during lathi charge. He married Pratibha (original name Savitri Devi alias Bitto) on 31 January 1932. They had four children (Late Kumud <mask>, Late Sharad <mask>, Dr. Achala <mask> and Smt. Aarti Pandya). Employment
Nagar worked as a dispatch clerk in the Lucknow office of All India United Insurance Company for 18 days. He provided voluntary services to the publication division of the Nawal Kishore Press and the editorial office of Madhuri in 1939.From December 1953 to May 1956 he worked as a drama producer in Akashvani (All India Radio), Lucknow, but resigned from this position so that he could focus all of his time and attention to his literary pursuits. Films
From 1940 to 1947, <mask> wrote screen plays and dialogues for the film industry in Bombay (now Mumbai), Kolhapur, and Chennai (Madras). He was one of the early pioneers specialising in cinematic dubbing that involved the art of translating films of one language into another. He dubbed Naseeruddin in Buhkara and Zoya from Russian and M.S. Subbulakshmi's Meera from Tamil into Hindi. Nahin! (1947)
 Paanchvaan Dasta (1948)
 Ek Dil Hazaar Dastaan (1955)
 Atom Bomb (1956)
 Peepal Ki Pari (1963)
 Kaaldand Ki Chori (1963)
 Meri Priya Kahaniyan (1970)
 Bharat Putra Naurangilal (1972)
 Sikandar Haar Gaya (1984)
 Ek Dil Hazaar Afsaane (A

masks: Nagar Nagar Amritlal Nagar Nagar Nagar Nagar


texts:
 collection of almost all of <mask>'s stories, edited by Sharad <mask> Aur Samudra (1956)
 Shatranj ke Mohre (1959)
 Suhag ke Noopur (1960)
 Amrit Aur Vish (1966)
 Saat Ghunghat Wala Mukhda (1968)
 Ekda Naimishshaaranye (1972)
 Maanas Ka Hans (1973)
 Naachayo Bahut Gopal (1978)
 Khanjan Nayan (1981)
 Bikhre Tinke (1982)
 Agni Garbha (1983)
 Karwat (1985)
 Peedhiyaan (1990)

Memoirs, reports, biographies, and essays
 Ghadar Ke Phool (1957): An important historical source based on the oral lore of the Revolt of 1857 from the Awadh region.Ye Kothevaliyan (1960): An original and unique social survey of the issues of sex workers. Staged on 25 September 1954 in Lucknow
 Directed Skandgupt, 1949
 Directed Indian People's Theatre Association's production Eidgaah (theatrical adaption by Razia Sajjad Zaheer of Munshi Premchand's story), 1953. The Government of Uttar Pradesh filed a case against this production under the Drama Performance Act of 1876. In 1956 Justice Anandnarayan Mulla rejected the case on the grounds that it violated the right to expression granted by India's constitution and decided that the Drama Performance Act be declared null and void in independent India. Directed his own play Yugavtar, based on the life of Bhartendu Harishchandra, for Rangvani, Allahabad. Staged on 23 September 1955. Directed theatrical adaptation of Munshi Premchand's GODAN toassist with the construction of the building of Navyug Kanya Vidyalaya,Lucknow, 1956.Directed Chetsingh, written by Sarvadananda and produced by Natraj, Lucknow. Staged on 22–23 August 1956. Directed Rupiya Tumhe Kha Gaya written by Bhagwaticharan Varma andproduced by Bharti, Lucknow. Staged on 17 November 1958. Directed his

masks: Nagar Nagarond


texts:
 own play Nukkad Par for Akashvani (All India Radio),Lucknow. Staged on 8 December 1963. Aao Bachchon Natak Likhen: A conversation about the art of creating plays.Published by Bal Natya Akademi, Lucknow. The foreword for this translation of 653 pages was written by Professor Chelishev. Boond Aur Samudra translated by the National Book Trust into Urdu,Punjabi, Marathi, Tamil, Bangla, Gujarati, Telugu, Asamese, Oriya, and Malayalam. Suhaag Ke Noopur translated into Marathi, Kannada, and Oriya. Amrit Aur Vish translated into Russian by Moscow's Hindi scholar,S. Trubnikova as "Naiktar E Yaad." This translation of 408 pages was published in Moscow in 1973.Amrit Aur Vish translated by the Sahitya Akademi into Bangla, Kannada, Malayalam, Punjabi, Telugu, and Urdu. Manas Ka Hans translated into Gujarati, Marathi, and Oriya. Nachyo Bahut Gopal translated into Oriya. Bhookh translated into English as HUNGER. Khanjan Nayan translated into Marathi. Agni Garbha translated into Marathi. Saat Ghoonghat Wala Mukhda translated into English as The Face Behind Seven Veils.Children's novel Bajrangi Pahalwan translated into Nepali as Bajrangi Pahalwaan Ka Anotha Kaamharu. Gadar Ke Phool translated into English as Gathering The Ashes by Mrinal Pande. It was published by published by Harper Collins in 2014. Many stories written by <mask> <mask> have been translated into Gujarati, Bangla, Marathi, Oriya, English, German, and Japanese. See also
 List of Indian writers

External links
 <mask> <mask> in Gadya Kosh

References

Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
Hindi-language writers
1916 births
People from Agra

1990 deaths
All India

masks: Amritlal Nagar Amritlal Nagar


texts:
Sir <mask>, AC (27 August 1908 – 25 February 2001), nicknamed "<mask>", was an Australian international cricketer, widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of all time. Bradman's career Test batting average of 99.94 has been cited as the greatest achievement by any sportsman in any major sport. The story that the young Bradman practised alone with a cricket stump and a golf ball is part of Australian folklore. <mask>'s meteoric rise from bush cricket to the Australian Test team took just over two years. Before his 22nd birthday, he had set many records for top scoring, some of which still stand, and became Australia's sporting idol at the height of the Great Depression. During a 20-year playing career, Bradman consistently scored at a level that made him, in the words of former Australia captain Bill Woodfull, "worth three batsmen to Australia". A controversial set of tactics, known as Bodyline, was specially devised by the England team to curb his scoring.As a captain and administrator, Bradman was committed to attacking, entertaining cricket; he drew spectators in record numbers. He hated the constant adulation, however, and it affected how he dealt with others. The focus of attention on his individual performances strained relationships with some teammates, administrators and journalists, who thought him aloof and wary. Following an enforced hiatus due to the Second World War, he made a dramatic comeback, captaining an Australian team known as "The Invincibles" on a record-breaking unbeaten tour of England. A complex, highly driven man, not given to close personal relationships,
Bradman retained a pre-eminent

masks:
Donald George Bradman
The Don
Bradman


texts:
 position in the game by acting as an administrator, selector and writer for three decades following his retirement. Even after he became reclusive in his declining years, his opinion was highly sought, and his status as a national icon was still recognised. Almost 50 years after his retirement as a Test player, in 1997, Prime Minister John Howard of Australia called him the "greatest living Australian".<mask>'s image has appeared on postage stamps and coins, and a museum dedicated to his life was opened while he was still living. On the centenary of his birth, 27 August 2008, the Royal Australian Mint issued a $5 commemorative gold coin with <mask>'s image. In 2009, he was inducted posthumously into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. Early years

<mask> <mask> was the youngest son of George and Emily (née Whatman) <mask>, and was born on 27 August 1908 at Cootamundra, New South Wales (NSW). He had a brother, Victor, and three sisters—Islet, Lilian and Elizabeth May. <mask> was of English heritage on both sides of his family. His grandfather Charles Andrew <mask> left Withersfield, Suffolk, for Australia.When Bradman played at Cambridge in 1930 as a 21 year old on his first tour of England, he took the opportunity to trace his forebears in the region. Also, one of his great-grandfathers was one of the first Italians to migrate to Australia in 1826. Bradman's parents lived in the hamlet of Yeo Yeo, near Stockinbingal. His mother, Emily, gave birth to him at the Cootamundra home of Granny Scholz, a midwife. That house is now the Bradman Birthplace Museum. Emily had hailed from Mittagong in the NSW Southern Highlands, and

masks:
Bradman
Bradman
Donald George
Bradman
Bradman
Bradman
Bradman


texts:
 in 1911, when <mask>man was about two-and-a-half years old, his parents decided to relocate to Bowral, close to Mittagong, to be closer to Emily's family and friends, as life at Yeo Yeo was proving difficult. Bradman practised batting incessantly during his youth.He invented his own solo cricket game, using a cricket stump for a bat, and a golf ball. A water tank, mounted on a curved brick stand, stood on a paved area behind the family home. When hit into the curved brick facing of the stand, the ball rebounded at high speed and varying angles—and Bradman would attempt to hit it again. This form of practice developed his timing and reactions to a high degree. In more formal cricket, he hit his first century at the age of 12, with an undefeated 115 playing for Bowral Public School against Mittagong High School. Bush cricketer
During the 1920–21 season, Bradman acted as scorer for the local Bowral team, captained by his uncle George Whatman. In October 1920, he filled in when the team was one man short, scoring 37* and 29* on debut.During the season, <mask>'s father took him to the Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG) to watch the fifth Ashes Test match. On that day, Bradman formed an ambition. "I shall never be satisfied", he told his father, "until I play on this ground". Bradman left school in 1922 and went to work for a local real estate agent who encouraged his sporting pursuits by giving him time off when necessary. He gave up cricket in favour of tennis for two years, but resumed playing cricket in 1925–26. Bradman became a regular selection for the Bowral team; several outstanding performances earned him the attention

masks:
Don Brad
Bradman


texts:
 of the Sydney daily press. Competing on matting-over-concrete pitches, Bowral played other rural towns in the Berrima District competition.Against Wingello, a team that included the future Test bowler Bill O'Reilly, Bradman made 234. In the competition final against Moss Vale, which extended over five consecutive Saturdays, Bradman scored 320 not out. During the following Australian winter (1926), an ageing Australian team lost The Ashes in England, and a number of Test players retired. The New South Wales Cricket Association began a hunt for new talent. Mindful of <mask>'s big scores for Bowral, the association wrote to him, requesting his attendance at a practice session in Sydney. He was subsequently chosen for the "Country Week" tournaments at both cricket and tennis, to be played during separate weeks. His boss presented him with an ultimatum: he could have only one week away from work, and therefore had to choose between the two sports.He chose cricket. <mask>'s performances during Country Week resulted in an invitation to play grade cricket in Sydney for St George in the 1926–27 season. He scored 110 on his debut, making his first century on a turf pitch. On 1 January 1927, he turned out for the NSW second team. For the remainder of the season, Bradman travelled the  from Bowral to Sydney every Saturday to play for St George. First-class debut
The next season continued the rapid rise of the "Boy from Bowral". Selected to replace the unfit Archie Jackson in the NSW team, <mask> made his first-class debut at the Adelaide Oval, aged 19.He secured the achievement of a hundred on debut, with an innings of 118

masks: Bradman Bradman Bradman


texts:
 featuring what soon became his trademarks—fast footwork, calm confidence and rapid scoring. In the final match of the season, he made his first century at the SCG, against the Sheffield Shield champions Victoria. Despite his potential, <mask> was not chosen for the Australian second team to tour New Zealand. Bradman decided that his chances for Test selection would be improved by moving to Sydney for the 1928–29 season, when England were to tour in defence of the Ashes. Initially, he continued working in real estate, but later took a promotions job with the sporting goods retailer Mick Simmons Ltd. In the first match of the Sheffield Shield season, he scored a century in each innings against Queensland. He followed this with scores of 87 and 132 not out against the England touring team, and was rewarded with selection for the first Test, to be played at Brisbane.Test career

Playing in only his tenth first-class match, <mask>, nicknamed "Braddles" by his teammates, found his initial Test a harsh learning experience. Caught on a sticky wicket, Australia were all out for 66 in the second innings and lost by 675 runs (still a Test record). Following scores of 18 and 1, the selectors dropped <mask> to twelfth man for the Second Test. An injury to Bill Ponsford early in the match required Bradman to field as substitute while England amassed 636, following their 863 runs in the First Test. RS "Dick" Whitington wrote, "... he had scored only nineteen himself and these experiences appear to have provided him with food for thought". Recalled for the Third Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Bradman scored 79 and 112 to


texts:
 become the youngest player to make a Test century, although the match was still lost. Another loss followed in the Fourth Test.<mask> reached 58 in the second innings and appeared set to guide the team to victory when he was run out. It was to be the only run out of his Test career. The losing margin was just 12 runs. The improving Australians did manage to win the Fifth and final Test. <mask> top-scored with 123 in the first innings, and was at the wicket in the second innings when his captain Jack Ryder hit the winning runs. Bradman completed the season with 1,690 first-class runs, averaging 93.88, and his first multiple century in a Sheffield Shield match, 340 not out against Victoria, set a new ground record for the SCG. Bradman averaged 113.28 in 1929–30.In a trial match to select the team that would tour England, he was last man out in the first innings for 124. As his team followed on, the skipper Bill Woodfull asked Bradman to keep the pads on and open the second innings. By the end of play, he was 205 not out, on his way to 225. Against Queensland at the SCG, Bradman set a then world record for first-class cricket by scoring 452 not out; he made his runs in only 415 minutes. Not long after the feat, he recalled:

Although he was an obvious selection to tour England, Bradman's unorthodox style raised doubts that he could succeed on the slower English pitches. Percy Fender wrote:

The encomiums were not confined to his batting gifts; nor did the criticism extend to his character. "Australia has unearthed a champion", said former Australian Test great Clem Hill, "self-taught, with natural ability.But most

masks: Bradman Bradman


texts:
 important of all, with his heart in the right place." Selector Dick Jones weighed in with the observation that it was "good to watch him talking to an old player, listening attentively to everything that is said and then replying with a modest 'thank you'." 1930 tour of England
England were favourites to win the 1930 Ashes series, and if the Australians were to exceed expectations, their young batsmen, <mask> and Jackson, needed to prosper. With his elegant batting technique, Jackson appeared the brighter prospect of the pair. However, Bradman began the tour with 236 at Worcester and went on to score 1,000 first-class runs by the end of May, the fifth player (and first Australian) to achieve this rare feat. In his first Test appearance in England, <mask> hit 131 in the second innings but England won the match. His batting reached a new level in the Second Test at Lord's where he scored 254 as Australia won and levelled the series.Later in life, <mask> rated this the best innings of his career as, "practically without exception every ball went where it was intended to go". Wisden noted his fast footwork and how he hit the ball "all round the wicket with power and accuracy", as well as faultless concentration in keeping the ball on the ground. In terms of runs scored, this performance was soon surpassed. In the Third Test, at Headingley, <mask> scored a century before lunch on 11 July, the first day of the Test match to equal the performances of Victor Trumper and Charlie Macartney. In the afternoon, <mask> added another century between lunch and tea, before finishing the day on 309 not out. He remains the only Test

masks: Bradman Bradman Bradman Bradman Bradman


texts:
 player to pass 300 in one day's play. His eventual score of 334 was a world-record, exceeding the previous mark of 325 by Andy Sandham.<mask> dominated the Australian innings; the second-highest tally was 77 by Alan Kippax. Businessman Arthur Whitelaw later presented Bradman with a cheque for £1,000 in appreciation of his achievement. The match ended in anti-climax as poor weather prevented a result, as it also did in the Fourth Test. In the deciding Test at The Oval, England made 405. During an innings stretching over three days due to intermittent rain, <mask> made yet another multiple century, this time 232, which helped give Australia a big lead of 290 runs. In a crucial partnership with Archie Jackson, Bradman battled through a difficult session when England fast bowler Harold Larwood bowled short on a pitch enlivened by the rain. Wisden gave this period of play only a passing mention:

A number of English players and commentators noted Bradman's discomfort in playing the short, rising delivery.The revelation came too late for this particular match, but was to have immense significance in the next Ashes series. Australia won the match by an innings and regained the Ashes. The victory made an impact in Australia. With the economy sliding toward depression and unemployment rapidly rising, the country found solace in sporting triumph. The story of a self-taught 22-year-old from the bush who set a series of records against the old rival made Bradman a national hero. The statistics Bradman achieved on the tour, especially in the Test matches, broke records for the day and some have stood the test of time. In all,


texts: Bradman scored 974 runs at an average of 139.14 during the Test series, with four centuries, including two double hundreds and a triple.As of 2018, no-one has matched or exceeded 974 runs or three double centuries in one Test series; the record of 974 runs exceeds the second-best performance by 69 runs and was achieved in two fewer innings. Bradman's first-class tally, 2,960 runs (at an average of 98.66 with 10 centuries), was another enduring record: the most by any overseas batsman on a tour of England. On the tour, the dynamic nature of Bradman's batting contrasted sharply with his quiet, solitary off-field demeanour. He was described as aloof from his teammates and he did not offer to buy them a round of drinks, let alone share the money given to him by Whitelaw. Bradman spent a lot of his free time alone, writing, as he had sold the rights to a book. On his return to Australia, Bradman was surprised by the intensity of his reception; he became a "reluctant hero". Mick Simmons wanted to cash in on their employee's newly won fame.They asked Bradman to leave his teammates and attend official receptions they organised in Adelaide, Melbourne, Goulburn, his hometown Bowral and Sydney, where he received a brand new custom-built Chevrolet. At each stop, Bradman received a level of adulation that "embarrassed" him. This focus on individual accomplishment, in a team game, "... permanently damaged relationships with his contemporaries". Commenting on Australia's victory, the team's vice-captain Vic Richardson said, "... we could have played any team without Bradman, but we could not have played the blind school without


texts:
 Clarrie Grimmett". A modest Bradman can be heard in a 1930 recording saying "I have always endeavoured to do my best for the side, and the few centuries that have come my way have been achieved in the hope of winning matches. My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia." Reluctant hero
 In 1930–31, against the first West Indian side to visit Australia, Bradman's scoring was more sedate than in England—although he did make 223 in 297 minutes in the Third Test at Brisbane and 152 in 154 minutes in the following Test at Melbourne.However, he scored quickly in a very successful sequence of innings against the South Africans in the Australian summer of 1931–32. For NSW against the tourists, he made 30, 135 and 219. In the Test matches, he scored , , 2 and ; his 299 not out in the Fourth Test, at Adelaide, set a new record for the highest score in a Test in Australia. Australia won nine of the ten Tests played over the two series. At this point, Bradman had played 15 Test matches since the beginning of 1930, scoring 2,227 runs at an average of 131. He had played 18 innings, scoring 10 centuries, six of which had extended beyond 200. His overall scoring rate was 42 runs per hour, with 856 (or 38.5% of his tally) scored in boundaries.Significantly, he had not hit a six, which typified Bradman's attitude: if he hit the ball along the ground, then it could not be caught. During this phase of his career, his youth and natural fitness allowed him to adopt a "machine-like" approach to batting. The South African fast bowler Sandy Bell described bowling to him as, "heart-breaking ... with his sort of cynical


texts:
 grin, which rather reminds one of the Sphinx ... he never seems to perspire". Between these two seasons, Bradman seriously contemplated playing professional cricket in England with the Lancashire League club Accrington, a move that, according to the rules of the day, would have ended his Test career. A consortium of three Sydney businesses offered an alternative. They devised a two-year contract whereby Bradman wrote for Associated Newspapers, broadcast on Radio 2UE and promoted the menswear retailing chain FJ Palmer and Son. However, the contract increased Bradman's dependence on his public profile, making it more difficult to maintain the privacy that he ardently desired.<mask>'s chaotic wedding to Jessie Menzies in April 1932 epitomised these new and unwelcome intrusions into his private life. The church "was under siege all throughout the day ... uninvited guests stood on chairs and pews to get a better view"; police erected barriers that were broken down and many of those invited could not get a seat. Just weeks later, Bradman joined a private team organised by Arthur Mailey to tour the United States and Canada. He travelled with his wife, and the couple treated the trip as a honeymoon. Playing 51 games in 75 days, Bradman scored 3,779 runs at 102.1, with 18 centuries. Although the standard of play was not high, the effects of the amount of cricket Bradman had played in the three previous years, together with the strains of his celebrity status, began to show on his return home. Bodyline

Within the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), which administered English cricket at the time, few voices were more influential


texts: than "Plum" Warner's, who, when considering England's response to Bradman, wrote that it "must evolve a new type of bowler and develop fresh ideas and strange tactics to curb his almost uncanny skill".To that end, Warner orchestrated the appointment of Douglas Jardine as England captain in 1931, as a prelude to Jardine leading the 1932–33 tour to Australia, with Warner as team manager. Remembering that Bradman had struggled against bouncers during his 232 at The Oval in 1930, Jardine decided to combine traditional leg theory with short-pitched bowling to combat Bradman. He settled on the Nottinghamshire fast bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce as the spearheads for his tactics. In support, the England selectors chose another three pacemen for the squad. The unusually high number of fast bowlers caused a lot of comment in both countries and roused Bradman's own suspicions. Bradman had other problems to deal with at this time; among these were bouts of illness from an undiagnosed malaise which had begun during the tour of North America, and that the Australian Board of Control had initially refused permission for him to write a column for the Sydney Sun. <mask>, who had signed a two-year contract with the newspaper, threatened to withdraw from cricket to honour his contract when the board denied him permission to write; eventually, the paper released Bradman from the contract, in a victory for the board.In three first-class games against England before the Tests, Bradman averaged just 17.16 in 6 innings. Jardine decided to give the new tactics a trial in only one game, a fixture against an Australian XI at


texts: Melbourne. In this match, Bradman faced the leg theory and later warned local administrators that trouble was brewing if it continued. He withdrew from the First Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground amid rumours that he had suffered a nervous breakdown. Despite his absence, England employed what were already becoming known as the Bodyline tactics against the Australian batsmen and won an ill-tempered match. The public clamoured for the return of Bradman to defeat Bodyline: "he was the batsman who could conquer this cankerous bowling ... '<mask>a', amounting almost to religious fervour, demanded his return". Recovered from his indisposition, Bradman returned to the side in Alan Kippax's position.A world record crowd of 63,993 at the MCG saw <mask> come to the crease on the first day of the Second Test with the score at 2/67. A standing ovation ensued that delayed play for several minutes. Bradman anticipated receiving a bouncer as his first ball and, as the bowler delivered, he moved across his stumps to play the hook shot. The ball failed to rise and Bradman dragged it onto his stumps; the first-ball duck was his first in a Test. The crowd fell into stunned silence as he walked off. However, Australia took a first innings lead in the match, and another record crowd on 2 January 1933 watched <mask> hit a counter-attacking second innings century. His unbeaten 103 (from 146 balls) in a team total of 191 helped set England a target of 251 to win.Bill O'Reilly and Bert Ironmonger bowled Australia to a series-levelling victory amid hopes that Bodyline was beaten. The Third Test at the Adelaide Oval proved pivotal. There

masks: Bradmani Bradman Bradman


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 were angry crowd scenes after the Australian captain Bill Woodfull and wicket-keeper Bert Oldfield were hit by bouncers. An apologetic Plum Warner entered the Australian dressing room and was rebuked by Woodfull. Woodfull's remarks (that "...there are two teams out there and only one of them is playing cricket") were leaked to the press, and Warner and others attributed this to Australian opening batsman Jack Fingleton, however for many years (even after Fingleton's death) a bitter war of accusation passed between Fingleton and <mask> as to who was the real source of the leak. In a cable to the MCC, the Australian Board of Control repeated the allegation of poor sportsmanship directed at Warner by Woodfull. With the support of the MCC, England continued with Bodyline despite Australian protests.The tourists won the last three Tests convincingly and regained the Ashes. Bradman caused controversy with his own tactics. Always seeking to score, and with the leg side packed with fielders, he often backed away and hit the ball into the vacant half of the outfield with unorthodox shots reminiscent of tennis or golf. This brought him 396 runs (at 56.57) for the series and plaudits for attempting to find a solution to Bodyline, although his series average was just 57% of his career mean. Jack Fingleton was in no doubt that Bradman's game altered irrevocably as a consequence of Bodyline, writing:

The constant glare of celebrity and the tribulations of the season forced Bradman to reappraise his life outside the game and to seek a career away from his cricketing fame. Harry Hodgetts, a South Australian delegate to the Board


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 of Control, offered Bradman work as a stockbroker if he would relocate to Adelaide and captain South Australia (SA). Unknown to the public, the SA Cricket Association (SACA) instigated Hodgetts' approach and subsidised Bradman's wage.Although his wife was hesitant about moving, Bradman eventually agreed to the deal in February 1934. Declining health and a brush with death
In his farewell season for NSW, Bradman averaged 132.44, his best yet. He was appointed vice-captain for the 1934 tour of England. However, "he was unwell for much of the [English] summer, and reports in newspapers hinted that he was suffering from heart trouble". Although he again started with a double century at Worcester, his famed concentration soon deserted him. Wisden wrote:

At one stage, Bradman went 13 first-class innings without a century, the longest such spell of his career, prompting suggestions that Bodyline had eroded his confidence and altered his technique. After three Tests, the series was one–one and Bradman had scored 133 runs in five innings.The Australians travelled to Sheffield and played a warm up game before the Fourth Test. Bradman started slowly and then, "... the old Bradman [was] back with us, in the twinkling of an eye, almost". He went on to make 140, with the last 90 runs coming in just 45 minutes. On the opening day of the Fourth Test at Headingley (Leeds), England were out for 200, but Australia slumped to 3/39, losing the third wicket from the last ball of the day. Listed to bat at number five, Bradman would start his innings the next day. That evening, Bradman declined an invitation to dinner from Neville


texts: Cardus, telling the journalist that he wanted an early night because the team needed him to make a double century the next day. Cardus pointed out that his previous innings on the ground was 334, and the law of averages was against another such score.<mask> told Cardus, "I don't believe in the law of averages". In the event, Bradman batted all of the second day and into the third, putting on a then world record partnership of 388 with Bill Ponsford. When he was finally out for 304 (473 balls, 43 fours and 2 sixes), Australia had a lead of 350 runs, but rain prevented them from forcing a victory. The effort of the lengthy innings stretched <mask>'s reserves of energy, and he did not play again until the Fifth Test at The Oval, the match that would decide the Ashes. In the first innings at The Oval, <mask> and Ponsford recorded an even more massive partnership, this time 451 runs. It had taken them less than a month to break the record they had set at Headingley; this new world record was to last 57 years. <mask>'s share of the stand was 244 from 271 balls, and the Australian total of 701 set up victory by 562 runs.For the fourth time in five series, the Ashes changed hands. England would not recover them again until after <mask>'s retirement. Seemingly restored to full health, Bradman blazed two centuries in the last two games of the tour. However, when he returned to London to prepare for the trip home, he experienced severe abdominal pain. It took a doctor more than 24 hours to diagnose acute appendicitis and a surgeon operated immediately. Bradman lost a lot of blood during the four-hour procedure and peritonitis


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 set in. Penicillin and sulphonamides were still experimental treatments at this time; peritonitis was usually a fatal condition.On 25 September, the hospital issued a statement that Bradman was struggling for his life and that blood donors were needed urgently. "The effect of the announcement was little short of spectacular". The hospital could not deal with the number of donors, and closed its switchboard in the face of the avalanche of telephone calls generated by the news. Journalists were asked by their editors to prepare obituaries. Teammate Bill O'Reilly took a call from King George V's secretary asking that the King be kept informed of the situation. Jessie Bradman started the month-long journey to London as soon as she received the news. En route, she heard a rumour that her husband had died.A telephone call clarified the situation and by the time she reached London, Bradman had begun a slow recovery. He followed medical advice to convalesce, taking several months to return to Australia and missing the 1934–35 Australian season. Internal politics and the Test captaincy

There was off-field intrigue in Australian cricket during the antipodean winter of 1935. Australia, scheduled to make a tour of South Africa at the end of the year, needed to replace the retired Bill Woodfull as captain. The Board of Control wanted <mask> to lead the team, yet, on 8 August, the board announced <mask>'s withdrawal from the team due to a lack of fitness. Surprisingly, in the light of this announcement, Bradman led the South Australian team in a full programme of matches that season. The captaincy was given to Vic Richardson,


texts: Bradman's predecessor as South Australian captain.Cricket author Chris Harte's analysis of the situation is that a prior (unspecified) commercial agreement forced Bradman to remain in Australia. Harte attributed an ulterior motive to his relocation: the off-field behaviour of Richardson and other South Australian players had displeased the South Australia Cricket Association (SACA), which was looking for new leadership. To help improve discipline, Bradman became a committeeman of the SACA, and a selector of the South Australian and Australian teams. He took his adopted state to its first Sheffield Shield title for 10 years, Bradman weighing in with personal contributions of 233 against Queensland and 357 against Victoria. He finished the season with 369 (in 233 minutes), a South Australian record, made against Tasmania. The bowler who dismissed him, Reginald Townley, would later become leader of the Tasmanian Liberal Party. Australia defeated South Africa 4–0 and senior players such as Bill O'Reilly were pointed in their comments about the enjoyment of playing under Richardson's captaincy.A group of players who were openly hostile toward Bradman formed during the tour. For some, the prospect of playing under Bradman was daunting, as was the knowledge that he would additionally be sitting in judgement of their abilities in his role as a selector. To start the new season, the Test side played a "Rest of Australia" team, captained by Bradman, at Sydney in early October 1936. The Test XI suffered a big defeat, due to <mask>'s 212 and a haul of 12 wickets taken by leg-spinner Frank Ward. Bradman let the members of the


texts: Test team know that despite their recent success, the team still required improvement. Shortly afterwards, <mask>'s first child was born on 28 October, but died the next day. He took time out of cricket for two weeks and on his return made 192 in three hours against Victoria in the last match before the beginning of the Ashes series.The Test selectors made five changes to the team who had played in the previous Test match. Significantly, Australia's most successful bowler Clarrie Grimmett was replaced by Ward, one of four players making their debut. <mask>'s role in Grimmett's omission from the team was controversial and it became a theme that dogged <mask> as Grimmett continued to be prolific in domestic cricket while his successors were ineffective—he was regarded as having finished the veteran bowler's Test career in a political purge. Australia fell to successive defeats in the opening two Tests, <mask> making two ducks in his four innings, and it seemed that the captaincy was affecting his form. The selectors made another four changes to the team for the Third Test at Melbourne. <mask> won the toss on New Year's Day 1937, but again failed with the bat, scoring just 13. The Australians could not take advantage of a pitch that favoured batting, and finished the day at 6/181.On the second day, rain dramatically altered the course of the game. With the sun drying the pitch (in those days, covers could not be used during matches) Bradman declared to get England in to bat while the pitch was "sticky"; England also declared to get Australia back in, conceding a lead of 124. Bradman countered by reversing his batting


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 order to protect his run-makers while conditions improved. The ploy worked and Bradman went in at number seven. In an innings spread over three days, he battled influenza while scoring 270 off 375 balls, sharing a record partnership of 346 with Jack Fingleton, and Australia went on to victory. In 2001, Wisden rated this performance as the best Test match innings of all time. The next Test, at the Adelaide Oval, was fairly even until Bradman played another patient second innings, making 212 from 395 balls.Australia levelled the series when the erratic left-arm spinner "Chuck" Fleetwood-Smith bowled Australia to victory. In the series-deciding Fifth Test, <mask> returned to a more aggressive style in top-scoring with 169 (off 191 balls) in Australia's 604 and Australia won by an innings. Australia's achievement of winning a Test series after outright losses in the first two matches has never been repeated in Test cricket. End of an era
During the 1938 tour of England, Bradman played the most consistent cricket of his career. He needed to score heavily as England had a strengthened batting line-up, while the Australian bowling was over-reliant on O'Reilly. Grimmett was overlooked, but Jack Fingleton made the team, so the clique of anti-Bradman players remained. Playing 26 innings on tour, Bradman recorded 13 centuries (a new Australian record) and again made 1,000 first-class runs before the end of May, becoming the only player to do so twice.In scoring 2,429 runs, Bradman achieved the highest average ever recorded in an English season: 115.66. In the First Test, England amassed a big first innings score and looked


texts: likely to win, but Stan McCabe made 232 for Australia, a performance <mask> rated as the best he had ever seen. With Australia forced to follow-on, Bradman fought hard to ensure McCabe's effort was not in vain, and he secured the draw with 144 not out. It was the slowest Test hundred of his career and he played a similar innings of 102 not out in the next Test as Australia struggled to another draw. Rain completely washed out the Third Test at Old Trafford. Australia's opportunity came at Headingley, a Test described by Bradman as the best he ever played in. England batted first and made 223.During the Australian innings, <mask> backed himself by opting to bat on in poor light conditions, reasoning that Australia could score more runs in bad light on a good pitch than on a rain affected pitch in good light, when he had the option to go off. He scored 103 out of a total of 242 and the gamble paid off, as it meant there was sufficient time to push for victory when an England collapse left them a target of only 107 to win. Australia slumped to 4/61, with <mask> out for 16. An approaching storm threatened to wash the game out, but the poor weather held off and Australia managed to secure the win, a victory that retained the Ashes. For the only time in his life, the tension of the occasion got to Bradman and he could not watch the closing stages of play, a reflection of the pressure that he felt all tour: he described the captaincy as "exhausting" and said he "found it difficult to keep going". The euphoria of securing the Ashes preceded Australia's heaviest defeat. At The Oval, England amassed a world record of 7/903


texts: and their opening batsman Len Hutton scored an individual world record, by making 364.In an attempt to relieve the burden on his bowlers, Bradman took a rare turn at bowling. During his third over, he fractured his ankle and teammates carried him from the ground. With Bradman injured and Fingleton unable to bat because of a leg muscle strain, Australia were thrashed by an innings and 579 runs, which remains the largest margin in Test cricket history. Unfit to complete the tour, Bradman left the team in the hands of vice-captain Stan McCabe. At this point, Bradman felt that the burden of captaincy would prevent him from touring England again, although he did not make his doubts public. Despite the pressure of captaincy, Bradman's batting form remained supreme. An experienced, mature player now commonly called "<mask>" had replaced the blitzing style of his early days as the "Boy from Bowral".In 1938–39, he led South Australia to the Sheffield Shield and made a century in six consecutive innings to equal CB Fry's world record. Bradman totalled 21 first-class centuries in 34 innings, from the beginning of the 1938 tour of England (including preliminary games in Australia) until early 1939. The next season, Bradman made an abortive bid to join the Victoria state side. The Melbourne Cricket Club advertised the position of club secretary and he was led to believe that if he applied, he would get the job. The position, which had been held by Hugh Trumble until his death in August 1938, was one of the most prestigious jobs in Australian cricket. The annual salary of £1,000 would make Bradman financially secure while


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 allowing him to retain a connection with the game. On 18 January 1939, the club's committee, on the casting vote of the chairman, chose former Test batsman Vernon Ransford over <mask>.The 1939–40 season was <mask>'s most productive ever for SA: 1,448 runs at an average of 144.8. He made three double centuries, including 251 not out against NSW, the innings that he rated the best he ever played in the Sheffield Shield, as he tamed Bill O'Reilly at the height of his form. However, it was the end of an era. The outbreak of World War II led to the indefinite postponement of all cricket tours, and the suspension of the Sheffield Shield competition. Troubled war years

<mask> joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) on 28 June 1940 and was passed fit for air crew duty. The RAAF had more recruits than it could equip and train and Bradman spent four months in Adelaide before the Governor-General of Australia, Lord Gowrie, persuaded Bradman to transfer to the army, a move that was criticised as a safer option for him. Given the rank of lieutenant, he was posted to the Army School of Physical Training at Frankston, Victoria, to act as a divisional supervisor of physical training.The exertion of the job aggravated his chronic muscular problems, diagnosed as fibrositis. Surprisingly, in light of his batting prowess, a routine army test revealed that Bradman had poor eyesight. Invalided out of service in June 1941, Bradman spent months recuperating, unable even to shave himself or comb his hair due to the extent of the muscular pain he suffered. He resumed stockbroking during 1942. In his biography of Bradman, Charles


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 Williams expounded the theory that the physical problems were psychosomatic, induced by stress and possibly depression; Bradman read the book's manuscript and did not disagree. Had any cricket been played at this time, he would not have been available. Although he found some relief in 1945 when referred to the Melbourne masseur Ern Saunders, Bradman permanently lost the feeling in the thumb and index finger of his (dominant) right hand.In June 1945, <mask> faced a financial crisis when the firm of Harry Hodgetts collapsed due to fraud and embezzlement. Bradman moved quickly to set up his own business, utilising Hodgetts' client list and his old office in Grenfell Street, Adelaide. The fallout led to a prison term for Hodgetts, and left a stigma attached to Bradman's name in the city's business community for many years. However, the SA Cricket Association had no hesitation in appointing Bradman as their delegate to the Board of Control in place of Hodgetts. Now working alongside some of the men he had battled in the 1930s, Bradman quickly became a leading light in the administration of the game. With the resumption of international cricket, he was once more appointed a Test selector, and played a major role in planning for post-war cricket. "The ghost of a once great cricketer"

In 1945–46, Bradman suffered regular bouts of fibrositis while coming to terms with increased administrative duties and the establishment of his business.He played for South Australia in two matches to help with the re-establishment of first-class cricket and later described his batting as "painstaking". Batting against the Australian


texts: Services cricket team, Bradman scored 112 in less than two hours, yet Dick Whitington (playing for the Services) wrote, "I have seen today the ghost of a once great cricketer". Bradman declined a tour of New Zealand and spent the winter of 1946 wondering whether he had played his last match. "With the English team due to arrive for the 1946–47 Ashes series, the media and the public were anxious to know if Bradman would lead Australia." His doctor recommended against a return to the game. Encouraged by his wife, Bradman agreed to play in lead-up fixtures to the Test series. After hitting two centuries, Bradman made himself available for the First Test at The Gabba.Controversy emerged on the first day of the First Test at Brisbane. After compiling an uneasy 28 runs, Bradman hit a ball to the gully fieldsman, Jack Ikin. "An appeal for a catch was denied in the umpire's contentious ruling that it was a bump ball". At the end of the over, England captain Wally Hammond spoke with Bradman and criticised him for not "walking"; "from then on the series was a cricketing war just when most people desired peace", Whitington wrote. <mask> regained his finest pre-war form in making 187, followed by 234 during the Second Test at Sydney (Sid Barnes also scored 234 during the innings, many in a still standing record 405 run 5th Wicket partnership with <mask>. Barnes later recalled that he purposely got out on 234 because "it wouldn't be right for someone to make more runs than Bradman"). Australia won both matches by an innings.Jack Fingleton speculated that had the decision at Brisbane gone against him, Bradman would have retired,


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 such were his fitness problems. In the remainder of the series, Bradman made three half-centuries in six innings, but was unable to make another century; nevertheless, his team won handsomely, 3–0. He was the leading batsman on either side, with an average of 97.14. Nearly 850,000 spectators watched the Tests, which helped lift public spirits after the war. Century of centuries and "The Invincibles"

India made its first tour of Australia in the 1947–48 season. On 15 November, Bradman made 172 against them for an Australian XI at Sydney, his 100th first-class century. The first non-Englishman to achieve the milestone, Bradman remains the only Australian to have done so.In five Tests, he scored 715 runs (at 178.75 average). His last double century (201) came at Adelaide, and he scored a century in each innings of the Melbourne Test. On the eve of the Fifth Test, he announced that the match would be his last in Australia, although he would tour England as a farewell. Australia had assembled one of the great teams of cricket history. Bradman made it known that he wanted to go through the tour unbeaten, a feat never before accomplished. English spectators were drawn to the matches knowing that it would be their last opportunity to see Bradman in action. RC Robertson-Glasgow observed of Bradman that:

Despite his waning powers, Bradman compiled 11 centuries on the tour, amassing 2,428 runs (average 89.92).His highest score of the tour (187) came against Essex, when Australia compiled a world record of 721 runs in a day. In the Tests, he scored a century at Trent Bridge, but the performance most like his pre-war exploits


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 came in the Fourth Test at Headingley. England declared on the last morning of the game, setting Australia a world record 404 runs to win in only 345 minutes on a heavily worn pitch. In partnership with Arthur Morris (182), Bradman reeled off 173 not out and the match was won with 15 minutes to spare. The journalist Ray Robinson called the victory "the 'finest ever' in its conquest of seemingly insuperable odds". In the final Test at The Oval, Bradman walked out to bat in Australia's first innings. He received a standing ovation from the crowd and three cheers from the opposition.His Test batting average stood at 101.39. Facing the wrist-spin of Eric Hollies, Bradman pushed forward to the second ball that he faced, was deceived by a googly, and bowled between bat and pad for a duck. An England batting collapse resulted in an innings defeat, denying Bradman the opportunity to bat again and so his career average finished at 99.94; if he had scored just four runs in his last innings, it would have been 100. A story developed over the years that claimed Bradman missed the ball because of tears in his eyes, a claim Bradman denied for the rest of his life. The Australian team won the Ashes 4–0, completed the tour unbeaten, and entered history as "The Invincibles". Just as Bradman's legend grew, rather than diminished, over the years, so too has the reputation of the 1948 team. For Bradman, it was the most personally fulfilling period of his playing days, as the divisiveness of the 1930s had passed.He wrote:

With Bradman now retired from professional cricket, RC Robertson-Glasgow wrote of the English reaction "... a


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 miracle has been removed from among us. So must ancient Italy have felt when she heard of the death of Hannibal". Statistical summary

Test match performance

First-class performance

Test records

Bradman still holds the following significant records for Test match cricket:

Batting average
 Highest career batting average (minimum 20 innings): 99.94
 Highest series batting average (minimum 4-Test series): 201.50 (1931–32); also second-highest: 178.75 (1947–48)

Conversion rate

Highest percentage of centuries per innings played: 36.25% (29 centuries from 80 innings)
Highest percentage of double centuries per innings played: 15% (12 double centuries from 80 innings)
Highest 50/100 conversion rate (minimum 2000 runs): 69.05% (29 centuries converted from 42 innings of ≥ 50 runs)
Highest 100/200 conversion rate (minimum 2000 runs): 41.38%  (12 double centuries converted from 29 innings of ≥ 100 runs)

Multiples of 100 runs

Most double centuries: 12
 Most double centuries in a series: 3 (1930); also 2 (1931–32, 1934, 1936–37)
 Most triple centuries: 2 (equal with Chris Gayle, Brian Lara and Virender Sehwag) Note: Bradman was stranded on 299* in the 4th Test against South Africa in 1932. Scoring rate

Most centuries accumulated within single sessions of play: 6 (1 pre lunch, 2 lunch-tea, 3 tea-stumps)
 Most runs in one day's play: 309 (1930)

Fastest to multiples of 1000 runs

 Fewest matches required to reach 1000 (7 matches), 2000 (15 matches), 3000 (23 matches), 4000 (31 matches), 5000 (36 matches) and 6000 (45 matches) Test runs. Fewest innings required to reach 2000 (22 innings), 3000 (33 innings), 4000 (48


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 innings), 5000 (56 innings) and 6000 (68 innings) Test runs. Other

Highest peak Test batting rating: 961
Highest percentage of team runs over career: 24.28%

Highest 5th wicket partnership: 405 (with Sid Barnes, 1946–47)

Highest score by a number 7 batsman: 270 (1936–37)

Most runs against one opponent: 5,028 (England)
Most hundreds against one opponent: 19 (England)

Most runs in one series: 974 (1930)

 Most consecutive matches in which he made a century: 6 (the last three Tests in 1936–37, and the first three Tests in 1938)

Cricket context

Bradman's Test batting average of 99.94 has become one of cricket's most famous, iconic statistics. No other player who has played more than 20 Test match innings has finished their career with a Test average of more than 62.<mask> scored centuries at a rate better than one every three innings—in 80 Test innings, Bradman scored 29 centuries. Only 11 players have since surpassed his total, all at a much slower rate: the next fastest player to reach 29 centuries, Sachin Tendulkar, required nearly twice as long (148 innings) to do so. In addition, <mask>'s total of 12 Test double hundreds—comprising 15% of his innings—remains the most achieved by any Test batsman and was accumulated faster than any other total. For comparison, the next highest totals of Test double hundreds are Kumar Sangakkara's 11 in 223 innings (4.9%), Brian Lara's 9 in 232 innings (3.9%), and Wally Hammond's 7 in 140 innings (5%); the next highest rate of scoring Test double centuries was achieved by Vinod Kambli, whose 21 innings included 2 double centuries (9.5%). World sport context
Wisden hailed


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 Bradman as, "the greatest phenomenon in the history of cricket, indeed in the history of all ball games". Statistician Charles Davis analysed the statistics for several prominent sportsmen by comparing the number of standard deviations that they stand above the mean for their sport. The top performers in his selected sports are:

The statistics show that "no other athlete dominates an international sport to the extent that Bradman does cricket".In order to post a similarly dominant career statistic as Bradman, a baseball batter would need a career batting average of .392, while a basketball player would need to score an average of 43.0 points per game over their career. The respective records are .366 and 30.1. When Bradman died, Time allocated a space in its "Milestones" column for an obituary:

Playing style

Bradman's early development was shaped by the high bounce of the ball on matting-over-concrete pitches. He favoured "horizontal-bat" shots (such as the hook, pull and cut) to deal with the bounce and devised a unique grip on the bat handle that would accommodate these strokes without compromising his ability to defend. Employing a side-on stance at the wicket, Bradman kept perfectly still as the bowler ran in. His backswing had a "crooked" look that troubled his early critics, but he resisted entreaties to change. His backswing kept his hands in close to the body, leaving him perfectly balanced and able to change his stroke mid-swing, if need be.Another telling factor was the decisiveness of <mask>'s footwork. He "used the crease" by either coming metres down the pitch to drive, or playing so far back that


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 his feet ended up level with the stumps when playing the cut, hook or pull. <mask>'s game evolved with experience. He temporarily adapted his technique during the Bodyline series, deliberately moving around the crease in an attempt to score from the short-pitched deliveries. At his peak, in the mid-1930s, he had the ability to switch between a defensive and attacking approach as the occasion demanded. After the Second World War, he adjusted to bat within the limitations set by his age, becoming a steady "accumulator" of runs. However, Bradman never truly mastered batting on sticky wickets.Wisden commented, "[i]f there really is a blemish on his amazing record it is ... the absence of a significant innings on one of those 'sticky dogs' of old". After cricket
After his return to Australia, Bradman played in his own Testimonial match at Melbourne, scoring his 117th and last century, and receiving £9,342 in proceeds. In the 1949 New Year Honours, he was appointed Knight Bachelor for his services to the game, becoming the only Australian cricketer ever to be knighted. He commented that he "would have preferred to remain just Mister". The following year he published a memoir, Farewell to Cricket. Bradman accepted offers from the Daily Mail to travel with, and write about, the 1953 and 1956 Australian teams in England. The Art of Cricket, his final book published in 1958, is an instructional manual.<mask> retired from his stockbroking business in June 1954, depending on the "comfortable" income earned as a board member of 16 publicly listed companies. His highest profile affiliation was with Argo Investments Limited,