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<mask> (; born 18 July 1994) is a Latvian-Brazilian singer, songwriter, pianist and guitarist. She released her debut studio album Made in Rio in 2011 through Universal Music Brazil, which included the single "Friend in Me". In 2014, she independently released her second studio album Reason to Stay, and independently released the extended play RUBY in 2017. <mask> represented Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 in Lisbon, Portugal, with the song "Funny Girl", but placed twelfth in the second semifinal and didn't qualify to the final. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 18 July 1994 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She has an older brother named <mask>, who's a VR/AR creator, and a younger sister named <mask>, who's a content creator, videographer, photographer and producer. Her father is a Brazilian of Latvian descent, with his mother being born in Liepāja and raised in Riga, and her mother is Brazilian with Portuguese roots.<mask> and her family moved to the United States in 2005, and settled in Edina, Minnesota for a year. During that time, she learned how to speak English on the go, by going to school and being surrounded by American kids. In 2006 she moved back to Brazil with her family and spent the rest of her childhood in Ipanema, a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro. <mask> started studying music at only 8 years old, taking classical piano lessons until she was 17. She also studied classical ballet for 8 years in the Escola Estadual de Danças Maria Olenewa, a dance conservatory in Rio. She even competed as a ballet dancer, until she decided to dedicate herself to music full-time. At 14 years old, <mask> started taking her first singing lessons.In 2012, <mask> received a scholarship to attend the prestigious Berklee College of Music in Boston. She moved to the United

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 States then to pursue her musical studies and an international career. In 2013, <mask> moved to Los Angeles to attend the California Institute of the Arts, graduating with a BFA degree in musical arts. Afterwards, she moved to New York City and received a master's degree in music from Columbia University in 2017. <mask> currently lives in Los Angeles, US. Career
<mask> began her professional music career at 15 years old, when she started doing her first professional shows as a singer/songwriter in her hometown, Rio de Janeiro. Shortly after, she signed her first record deal with Universal Music Brazil.She went on to release her debut studio album Made in Rio in 2011, which featured 15 original tracks (12 in English and 3 Portuguese versions) written by <mask> herself and some in partnership with her older brother, Lucas. The album was produced by Paul Ralphes and the Grammy Award-winning maestro Eumir Deodato. In 2012, Rizzotto performed as the opening act for Demi Lovato during her A Special Night with Demi Lovato performances in Brazil. Shortly after, the singer got a scholarship to attend Berklee College of Music in Boston and moved to the United States to pursue an international career. In 2013, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, California, to work on her sophomore album independently. She self-released her second studio album Reason to Stay. in 2014.Less than year later, at only 20 years old, the artist graduated from her BFA in Musical Arts at California Institute of the Arts and moved to NYC to pursue a master's degree in Music and work on her third solo project. In 2015, <mask> began her studies at Columbia University, after being awarded a full scholarship for their Masters program in Music. In 2017, at 22 years old, she graduated with an MA in Music and Music Education from

masks: Rizzotto Rizzotto Rizzotto Laura Laura Rizzotto


texts: the Ivy League institution. In 2016 to 2017, she worked as the Portuguese language coach for Jennifer Lopez after being hired by Sony Music. In April 2017, <mask> was the moderator of the Music and Culture panel at the Brazil Conference, in Harvard University. The panel featured two Brazilian music icons: Gilberto Gil, Brazil's former minister of culture, and Yamandu Costa, a virtuoso on the acoustic guitar. In 2018, Rizzotto self-released RUBY, her third solo project and first EP.<mask> also composed the soundtrack for "Where Thoughts Go", a multi-award-winning VR experience that was featured in many festivals around the world, including the prestigious Tribeca Film Festival. She also represented Latvia in the Riga Jazz Festival and was invited to perform at the United Nations. In January 2018, <mask> participated and won first place in the Supernova 2018 contest, the National Latvian Selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2018. As the selection winner, <mask> represented Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018, the biggest music festival in the world, where she performed her original song "Funny Girl" for an audience of nearly 100 million viewers. After Eurovision, <mask> moved to Los Angeles to work on her 3rd studio album and continue pursuing her career as a songwriter and artist. In 2019, <mask> made history in her partnership with an Augmented Reality capture studio called METASTAGE. International singer/songwriter <mask> is the first musician ever to have a 3D virtual performance in partnership with Metastage, a holocapture stage based in Los Angeles, US.Metastage's mission is to make true-to-life immersive content by capturing live performances, and then presenting them in augmented or virtual reality. Users can download the Metastage mobile app now to see <mask>'s

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Laura


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 virtual experience with Metastage (Download the app in iOS or Android). <mask> is released her single "One More Night" in augmented reality, as well as a virtual performance of her Eurovision Song, "Funny Girl". The project was featured on Forbes magazine. In 2020, <mask> became an official voting member of the Recording Academy, being able to vote for the Grammy Awards, as well as recommend new talents for the academy, submit music for their awards and have access to their private events. Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Musicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian people of Latvian descent
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
Brazilian women pop singers
Brazilian women singer-songwriters
Brazilian singer-songwriters
Latvian people of Brazilian descent
Latvian people of Portuguese descent
Latvian people of Italian descent
Latvian women singers
Latvian pop singers
Latvian songwriters
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Latvia
Universal Music Group artists
Brazilian expatriates in the United States
People from Edina, Minnesota
Berklee College of Music alumni
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Columbia University alumni
21st-century Brazilian women singers
21st-century Brazilian singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of

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Laura Rizzotto
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<mask> (born December 18, 1978) is an American actress, director, and producer. She first achieved fame as Joey Potter on the television series Dawson's Creek (1998–2003). She made her feature film debut in Ang Lee's The Ice Storm (1997). Subsequent film roles include: Go, Teaching Mrs. Tingle (both 1999), Wonder Boys, The Gift (both 2000), Abandon, Phone Booth (both 2002), The Singing Detective, Pieces of April (both 2003), Batman Begins, Thank You for Smoking (both 2005), Mad Money (2008), Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010), Jack and Jill (2011), Miss Meadows (2014), Woman in Gold, Touched with Fire (both 2015), Logan Lucky (2017) and the independent film Coda (2019). In 2008, she made her Broadway theatre debut in a production of Arthur Miller's All My Sons. In 2011, she played Jacqueline Kennedy in the TV miniseries The Kennedys, a role she reprised in The Kennedys: After Camelot (2017). She made her directorial debut with the 2016 film All We Had, in which she also starred.Her marriage to actor Tom Cruise, which lasted from 2006 to 2012, led to a great deal of media attention. Early life
<mask> was born in Toledo, Ohio. She is the youngest of five children born to Kathleen A. Stothers, a homemaker and philanthropist, and Martin Joseph <mask>., an attorney who played basketball at Marquette University under coach Al McGuire. She has three sisters and one brother. <mask> was baptized a Roman Catholic and attended Christ the King Church in Toledo. She graduated from the all-female Notre Dame Academy in Toledo (also her mother's alma mater), where she was a 4.0 student. At St. John's Jesuit and St. Francis de

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 Sales, nearby all-male high schools, <mask> appeared in school musicals, playing a waitress in Hello, Dolly!and Lola in Damn Yankees. She scored 1310 out of 1600 on her SAT and was accepted to Columbia University (and attended for a summer session); her father wanted her to become a doctor. At age 14, she began classes at a modeling school in Toledo which led her to the International Modeling and Talent Association (IMTA) Competition held in New York City in 1996. Eventually, <mask> was signed to an agent after performing a monologue from To Kill a Mockingbird. An audition tape was sent to the casting director for the 1997 film The Ice Storm, directed by Ang Lee, and <mask> made her big-screen debut in the role of Libbets Casey in the film, opposite Kevin Kline and Sigourney Weaver. Career

1997–2003: Dawson's Creek and career development

In January 1997, <mask> went to Los Angeles for pilot season, when producers cast and shoot new programs in the hopes of securing a spot on a network schedule. The Toledo Blade reported she was offered the lead in Buffy the Vampire Slayer but she turned it down in order to finish high school.Columbia TriStar Television, producer of a new show named Dawson's Creek that was created by screenwriter Kevin Williamson, asked her to come to Los Angeles to audition, but there was a conflict with her schedule. "I was doing my school play, Damn Yankees. And I was playing Lola. I even got to wear the feather boa. I thought, 'There is no way I'm not playing Lola to go audition for some network. I couldn't let my school down. We had already sold a lot of tickets.So I told Kevin and The

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texts: WB, 'I'm sorry. I just can't meet with you this week. I've got other commitments.'" The producers permitted her to audition on videotape. <mask> read for the part of Joey Potter, the tomboy best friend of the title character Dawson, on a videotape shot in her basement, her mother reading Dawson's lines. The Hollywood Reporter claimed the story of <mask>'s audition "has become the stuff of legend" and "no one even thought that it was weird that one of the female leads would audition via Federal Express." <mask> won the part.Paul Stupin, executive producer of the show, said his first reaction on seeing her audition tape was "That's Joey Potter!" Creator and executive producer Kevin Williamson said <mask> has a "unique combination of talent, beauty and skill that makes Hollywood come calling. But that's just the beginning. To meet her is to instantly fall under her spell." Williamson thought she had exactly the right look for Joey Potter. "She had those eyes, those eyes just stained with loneliness." While Dawson's Creek was met with mixed reviews, <mask> attained national attention.<mask> was soon on the covers of magazines such as Seventeen, TV Guide, and Rolling Stone. Jancee Dunn, an editor at Rolling Stone said she was chosen for the cover because "every time you mention Dawson's Creek you tend to get a lot of dolphin-like shrieks from teenage girls. The fact that she is drop-dead gorgeous didn't hurt either." During her time as a series regular on Dawson's Creek, <mask>'s first leading role in a film came in 1998's Disturbing Behavior, a Scream-era Stepford Wives-goes-to-high school thriller, where she was

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texts: a loner from the wrong side of the tracks. The film was recut from what the director intended. Roger Ebert, then of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote of her character, Rachel, "dresses in black and likes to strike poses on the beds of pickup trucks and is a bad girl who is in great danger of becoming a very good one." Despite the fact that it received mixed reviews and was not a huge financial success, the actress won a MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance for the role and also received a Saturn Award nomination for the part.<mask>, though, said the film was "just horrible." In 1999, she played a disaffected supermarket clerk in Doug Liman's ensemble piece Go. The film received excellent reviews and made a profit, and <mask> herself was liked by critics. The same year, in Kevin Williamson's Teaching Mrs. Tingle, which he wrote and directed, <mask> played a straight-A student whose vindictive teacher (Helen Mirren) threatens to keep her from a desperately needed scholarship. Also in 1999, she had an uncredited cameo with Dawson's Creek co-star Joshua Jackson in Muppets from Space, which was filmed in Wilmington where Dawson's Creek also filmed. The year 2000 saw <mask> feature in two film roles. The first was in Wonder Boys, directed by Curtis Hanson from the novel by Michael Chabon.The film told the story of a creative writing teacher at a university, with Michael Douglas in the leading role. <mask> had a small role (six and one-half minutes of screen time) as Hannah Green, the talented student who lusts after Professor Grady Tripp (Douglas's character, who is her instructor and landlord). Many leading

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texts: critics at the time took favorable notice to <mask> in the film. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said she was "just right as the beauty with kind of a crush on the old man." Her second feature film during 2000 was The Gift, a Southern Gothic story directed by Sam Raimi and starring Cate Blanchett, she played the antithesis of Joey Potter: a promiscuous rich girl having affairs with everyone from a sociopathic wife-beater (Keanu Reeves) to the district attorney (Gary Cole), and is murdered by her fiancé (Greg Kinnear). <mask> did her first nude scene for the film, in a scene where her character was about to be murdered. Her appearance was lamented by Varietys Steven Kotler.In Ohio, the scene met with disapproval from Russ Lemmon writing in the Toledo Blade. <mask> hosted Saturday Night Live on February 24, 2001, participating in a send-up of Dawson's Creek where she falls madly in love with Chris Kattan's Mr. Peepers character and singing "Big Spender" from Sweet Charity. In the 2002 film Abandon, written by Oscar winner Stephen Gaghan, <mask> plays a delusional, homicidal college student named "<mask>". Todd McCarthy of Variety and Roger Ebert commended her performance, but other critics savaged it. During the final season of Dawson's Creek, <mask> played the mistress of the public relations flack played by Colin Farrell in Phone Booth, which was both critically and financially successful. She also appeared as Robert Downey, Jr.'s nurse in The Singing Detective (2003). Dawson's Creek ended its run in 2003, and <mask> was the only actor to appear in all 128 episodes."It was very difficult for me to

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 leave Wilmington, to have my little glass bubble burst and move on. I hate change. On the other hand it was refreshing to play someone else", she said in 2004. 2003–2009: Focus on film career, brief hiatus, and theatre work
<mask>'s first starring role post-Dawson's Creek was in 2003's Pieces of April, a gritty comedy about a dysfunctional family on Thanksgiving. Many critics and audiences agreed that <mask> had given her best performance in the film as April. Variety said it was "one of her best film performances." "Each actor shines", wrote Elvis Mitchell, "even Ms. <mask>, whose beauty seems to have fogged the minds of her previous directors" in playing "a brat who is slaving to find her inner decency and barely has the equipment for such an achievement, let alone to serve a meal whose salmonella potential could claim an entire borough.Yet it is her surliness, as well as her intransigent determination to make Thanksgiving work, that keeps the laughs coming." <mask> also received a Satellite Award for Best Actress for the role. On the November 9, 2003 episode, she was Punk'd by Ashton Kutcher and the next year she was the subject of an episode of the MTV program Diary. <mask> was a contender for the role of Christine Daaé in 2004's The Phantom of the Opera, but lost the role to Emmy Rossum. That year, she starred as the U.S. President's daughter in First Daughter, which was originally slated to be released in January 2004 on the same day as Chasing Liberty, another film about a president's daughter, but was ultimately released in September 2004, to negative reviews and low ticket sales. First Daughter,


texts: directed by Forest Whitaker, also starred Michael Keaton as her character's father and Marc Blucas as her love interest. Kirk Honeycutt called her character Samantha Mackenzie "a startling example of how a studio film can dumb down and neutralize the comic abilities of a lively young star."In the 2005 film Batman Begins she played Rachel Dawes, an attorney in the Gotham City district attorney's office and the childhood sweetheart of the title character. Variety was unenthusiastic. "<mask> is OK", was its critic's sole remark on her performance. She was nominated for a Golden Raspberry for "worst supporting actress" for the film. In 2005, <mask> characterised her film career as being a string of "bombs." "Usually I'm not even in the top ten", she said, the highest-grossing film of her career then being Phone Booth. She lamented "It's not like I have a lot of stuff that's great just waiting for me to sign on to."She also appeared in the film version of Christopher Buckley's satirical novel Thank You for Smoking about a tobacco lobbyist played by Aaron Eckhart, whom <mask>'s character, a Washington reporter, seduces. Variety wrote one of the film's "sole relatively weak notes [came] from <mask>, who lacks even a hint of the wiliness of a ruthless reporter" and The New York Times said the cast was "exceptionally fine" except for <mask>, who "strain[ed] credulity" in her role. The film ended up a success, even earning a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy. Also in 2005, <mask> had agreed to play in Shame on You, a biopic about the country singer Spade Cooley written

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texts: and directed by Dennis Quaid, as the wife whom Cooley (played by Quaid) stomps to death. But the picture, set to shoot in New Orleans, Louisiana, was delayed by Hurricane Katrina, and <mask> dropped out due to her pregnancy. After her daughter, Suri Cruise, was born in April 2006, <mask> took a hiatus from her acting career until 2008. After speculation about <mask> reprising her role in The Dark Knight, the sequel to Batman Begins, it was finally confirmed that she would not appear.Her role was later recast with Maggie Gyllenhaal in her place. Instead, <mask> decided to star in the comedy Mad Money, opposite Diane Keaton and Queen Latifah in 2008. The film flopped. The Canadian Press criticized <mask>'s performance, "While Keaton has long done zany and giddy well, and she and Latifah have an interesting contrast of personalities, <mask>' presence feels like an afterthought." The New York Times and Variety also criticized <mask>'s performance in the film, wth the former calling her "the movie's weakest link". Returning to television in 2008, <mask> appeared in an episode of Eli Stone as Grace, a lawyer, and her singing and dancing was praised by Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly. <mask> made her Broadway debut in the revival of Arthur Miller's All My Sons in October 2008.She opened to mixed reviews. Ben Brantley of The New York Times claimed "the neophyte Ms. <mask>" is a "sad casualty" of director Simon McBurney's "high concept approach" to the play. He adds that "Ms. <mask> delivers most of her lines with meaningful asperity, italicizing every word." However, the New York Daily News''' Joe Dziemianowicz

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 took a more positive view of her stage debut, writing, "<mask>, a TV and film vet, makes a fine Broadway debut. Her rather grand speech pattern takes getting used to, but she seems comfortable and adds a fitting glint of glamour." In 2009, <mask> appeared in the National Memorial Day Concert on the Mall in Washington, D.C. in a dialogue with Dianne Wiest celebrating the life of an American veteran seriously wounded in Iraq, José Pequeño. 2010–present: Television work and return to film
In 2009, <mask> began filming a remake of the 1970s ABC telemovie Don't Be Afraid of the Dark; the film was released in August 2011.Also in 2011, <mask> played the role of Jackie Kennedy in the TV miniseries The Kennedys. In October 2011, she also portrayed "Slutty Pumpkin" (Naomi), in the TV show How I Met Your Mother, episode "The Slutty Pumpkin Returns". In 2012, <mask> appeared in Theresa Rebeck's new comedy Dead Accounts on Broadway. <mask> and Chace Crawford were reportedly cast as the leads in the romantic comedy Responsible Adults, to begin shooting in Los Angeles in "Fall 2011". In 2015, <mask> joined the third season of Ray Donovan. <mask> directed a short 2015 documentary for ESPN about Olympic gymnast Nadia Comăneci entitled, Eternal Princess, that premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival. She directed her first movie All We Had.The film stars <mask>, Stefania LaVie Owen, Luke Wilson, Richard Kind, Mark Consuelos, Judy Greer and Eve Lindley. The film was released on December 9, 2016, by Gravitas Ventures. In 2017, <mask> starred in the heist comedy Logan Lucky, directed by Steven Soderbergh. The film received positive

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texts: reviews, with many critics praising the cast's performances and Soderbergh's direction, and grossed $48 million worldwide. In 2018, she appeared in the satirical comedy Dear Dictator, opposite Michael Caine. The same year, she made a cameo in the movie Ocean's 8, starring Sandra Bullock, Cate Blanchett, Anne Hathaway, Mindy Kaling, Sarah Paulson, Rihanna, Helena Bonham Carter, and Awkwafina. The film follows a group of women led by Debbie Ocean, the sister of Danny Ocean, who plan a sophisticated heist of the annual Met Gala at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, United States.Ocean's 8 premiered at Alice Tully Hall on June 5, 2018, and was released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on June 8, 2018, 11 years to the day of the release of Ocean's Thirteen. The film has grossed over $297 million worldwide. In 2019, she played in the independent film Coda alongside Patrick Stewart. The movie is acclaimed by critics and received 3 out of 4 stars. In 2020, she was starred in the movie Brahms: The Boy II. The film was theatrically released in the United States on February 21, 2020. and grossed $20 million worldwide against a production budget of $10 million. The same year, she was the main character in the movie The Secret: Dare to Dream co-starring Josh Lucas, Jerry O'Connell and Celia Weston, which was released in the United States through video on demand, and theatrically in several countries, on July 31, 2020, by Roadside Attractions and Gravitas Ventures, following the COVID-19 pandemic.In its debut weekend, The Secret: Dare to Dream was the top-rented film on FandangoNow, second at


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 Apple TV, seventh on the iTunes Store, and 10th on Spectrum. In its second weekend the film finished second on FandangoNow's weekly rental chart, and placed on two others. Public image
<mask> was annually named by both the British and American editions of FHM magazine as one of the sexiest women in the world from 1999 onward. She was named one of People's "50 Most Beautiful People" in 2003; its sibling  Teen People declared her one of the "25 Hottest Stars Under 25" that year; Teen People "25 Hottest Stars Under 25" June/July 2003. and in 2005, People said she was one of the ten best dressed stars that year. She has appeared in advertisements for Garnier Lumia haircolor, Coach leather goods, and clothing retailer Gap. In November 2008, it was confirmed that she would be the new face of the spring 2009 campaign for the high-end fashion line Miu Miu. In 2008, <mask> started a high fashion clothing line called Holmes & Yang with longtime stylist Jeanne Yang.Model Heidi Klum is a fan of the line. In July 2009, <mask>, Nigel Lythgoe, Adam Shankman, and Carrie Ann Inaba announced the launch of a dance scholarship fund called the Dizzy Feet Foundation. Beginning January 2011, she became the new face of Ann Taylor Spring 11 collection. Holmes & Yang presented their fashion line at New York Fashion Week for the first time in September 2012. <mask> acted as the face for the Bobbi Brown Cosmetics brand in spring 2013 and <mask> had her own capsule collection of color cosmetics in fall of that year. In 2013, she appeared in an advertising campaign for IRIS Jewelry. In January 2013, <mask> was announced as the brand


texts:
 ambassador and co-owner of Alterna Haircare.Personal life

<mask> dated her Dawson's Creek co-star Joshua Jackson early in the show's run. She claims Jackson was her first love. She met actor Chris Klein in 2000. They were engaged in late 2003, but in early 2005 ended their relationship.Ian Daly. "Chris Klein: Hollywood's perpetual prom king is enjoying his post-<mask> bachelorhood just fine, thank you", Details, November 2005, pp. 88–91. They have remained friends to varying degrees since the breakup.<mask> began dating actor Tom Cruise in April 2005. <mask>, who was raised a Catholic,. People. June 16, 2005. Retrieved January 29, 2008. began studying Scientology shortly after the couple began dating. They got engaged in June 2005, only seven weeks after meeting. The couple's daughter, Suri, was born on April 18, 2006, the first anniversary of their first date.The name "Suri", as reported by Cruise's press release, derives from the Persian word for "red rose" and the Hebrew word for "princess". On November 18, 2006, <mask> and Cruise were married in a Scientologist ceremony at the 15th-century Odescalchi Castle in Bracciano, Italy. Their publicist said the couple had "officialized" their marriage in Los Angeles the day before the Italian ceremony. In early March 2011, <mask> filed a $50-million libel lawsuit against Star magazine following a cover story which insinuated that she took drugs. The suit was settled on April 27, 2011, after which Star wrote a public apology in the May 6, 2011, issue of their magazine, and made an "undisclosed substantial donation" to <mask>'s charity, Dizzy Feet Foundation.

masks: Holmes Katie Holmes Holmes Holmes Holmes Holmes


texts:
 <mask> and Cruise were last photographed together in Iceland on June 16, 2012. On June 29, <mask> filed for divorce from Cruise in New York after five and a half years of marriage.Following the announcement, those close to <mask> stated that she believed she had reason to fear that Cruise would abduct Suri, and was also apprehensive of intimidation by the Church of Scientology. Ten days after <mask> filed for divorce, on July 9, 2012, attorneys for the couple announced that the couple had signed a divorce settlement. This was the first divorce for <mask> and the third for Cruise. <mask> has custody of Suri. Following her divorce from Cruise, <mask> returned to the Catholic Church and began attending St. Francis Xavier Church. From 2013 to 2019, <mask> was in a relationship with actor and singer Jamie Foxx. She began dating chef Emilio Vitolo Jr. in 2020, and they broke up in April 2021.Awards
In June 2011, <mask> received the Women in Film Max Mara Face of the Future Award. In 2005, TV Guide ranked <mask> No. 38 on its "50 Sexiest Stars of All Time" list. Filmography
Film

Television

Video games

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Scott Lyle Cohen. "Home Sweet Holmes". Giant. Issue 5.June–July 2005. 52+. Darren Crosdale. Dawson's Creek: The Official Companion. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 1999. .
 Janice Dunn. "<mask>: A girl on the verge". Rolling Stone.Issue 795. September 17, 1998. 44. Robert Haskell. "<mask> <mask>: She's landed the role of a lifetime—beautiful bride of the world's biggest movie star. What's so weird about that?" W. August 2005.164+
 "<mask>". Current Biography. On-line database

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 accessed February 8, 2006. "<mask> to Wed Actor Chris Klein". Toledo Blade. December 31, 2003. D3.Marilyn Johnson and Andrew Southam. "Nice Girls Finish First: So what does it mean that a very nice girl playing a very thoughtful girl has become TV's teen idol? Consider it a good sign". Life. March 1999. Tahree Lane. "Paris proposal latest plot twist to <mask> romance: Toledo native agrees to take on role of wife".Toledo Blade. June 18, 2005. A1. Judith Newman. "The Last Girl Scout". Allure. v. 13, n. 6.June 2003. 182–189. Further reading

 Graham Brough. "Honey Loon: Tom takes Scientologist Best Man away to Maldives." Daily Mirror (London). November 20, 2006. 4."Cheers and Jeers." TV Guide. Issue 2516. v. 49, n. 24. June 16, 2001. Joanna Connors. "How do you raise a daughter like <mask>?" The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio).November 2, 2003. J9. Roberta De Boer. "Toledo turns its attention to new breed of 'TomKat'." Toledo Blade. June 2, 2005. B1.Roger Ebert. "Blanchett the key to 'Gift'." Chicago Sun-Times. January 19, 2001. 29. Roger Ebert. " Call waiting; 'Phone Booth' a slick thriller."Chicago Sun-Times. April 4, 2003. 29. Renee Graham. "Sure, They're In Love—With Publicity." The Boston Globe. May 24, 2005.C1. Toby Harnden. "Scientology minder prompts <mask> through first big interview". The Sunday Telegraph. July 10, 2005. 29. Mireya Navarro."I Love You With All My Hype." The New York Times. May 22, 2005. Sec. 9, p. 1. Philip Recchia. "Scientology 'Princess" Is A Spooky Shadow on Kooky Katie."New York Post. June 19, 2005. 4. Ray Richmond. "When love is just part of the marketing plan." The Hollywood

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 Reporter. May 10, 2005.15. Richard Roeper. "Admit it, you're curious: Is Tom Cruise nuts or what?" Chicago Sun-Times. June 7, 2005. 11. Reuters."Cruise baby name puzzles Israelis". Today April 23, 2006 (accessed February 23, 2022). Kyle Smith. "Roman Ha-ha day: Why Everyone Thinks <mask> & Tom Are a Joke." New York Post. April 30, 2005. 27.Ryan E. Smith. "Baby frenzy begins: <mask> and Tom Cruise are expecting their first child together." Toledo Blade. October 6, 2005. E11. Holly Sorenson. "<mask>."US. May 1998. 64–5. Anne Thompson. "Cruise vs. Pitt: a tale of two PR strategies." The Hollywood Reporter. June 10, 2005.2. "Tom cult 'minder' for <mask>." The Sun (London). June 15, 2005. 3. Debra Wallace. "<mask> Heats Up."Cosmopolitan. v. 233, n. 4. October 2002. 200–203. Steve Weizman. "Name of celebs' baby bemuses Israelis." Chicago Tribune.April 24, 2006. 4. Mike Wilkinson and James Drew. "Toledo-area coin dealer counted on GOP ties to bolster business." Toledo Blade. May 15, 2005. A1.Simon Wright. "You're invited to Tom & <mask>'s wacky wedding: They take Scientology vows but mayor says the wedding isn't legal." Sunday Mirror'' (London). November 19, 2006. 2. External links

20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Ohio
Actresses from Toledo, Ohio
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Catholics from Ohio
Columbia University alumni
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Scientology
American former Scientologists
Handbag collectors
Living

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<mask> (born 14 November 1976 in Leicester, England) is a British blues-rock guitarist/singer and songwriter. Biography
Lister started playing guitar at 8 and played his first concert in a bar band at the age of 13. He had learned guitar by playing along to his father's old 45s of Freddie King, John Mayall and Eric Clapton. By the time he was 18, having already been in several bands, he formed his own, which recorded two albums Messin' With The Kid (1996) and Pay Attention! (1997). Three numbers written by Lister, on the second album, attracted the attention of Ruf Records' owner Thomas Ruf. In 1998 they signed a record deal and Lister recorded his first major album, Aynsley Lister, produced by Jim Gaines.The tracks were primarily Lister compositions, and the album featured a guest appearance by Walter Trout. The album led to him touring Europe and working with some of the top current blues players. While Lister's music is blues based, his own material incorporates contemporary influences with harder rhythms and guitar work, reminiscent of early Eric Clapton. Lister was the only British artist to be featured in Classic Rock's 2007 "Top 10 Contemporary Blues Artists"; alongside The White Stripes, The Black Keys, John Mayer, Jon Spencer, Jonny Lang, Kenny Wayne Shepherd, Joe Bonamassa, Derek Trucks and the North Mississippi Allstars. After his first album Lister began opening for artists such as Buddy Guy, Robert Cray, John Mayall and contemporaries such as Bryan Adams and Fun Lovin Criminals. Having become better known, he now headlines major festivals in Europe. He has twice played the Heitere Open Air in Switzerland to 12,000 people and in 2006 he


texts: played the main stage at The Bayfront Blues Festival, MN.Later that year he was invited to sit in with Delbert McClinton at The Pinedale Blues Festival in Wyoming, where Delbert kept Lister on stage for the whole second half of his show. In May 2009, Lister played to over 16,000 people whilst opening for the legendary Lynyrd Skynyrd on the UK dates of their God and Guns tour, performed a headline slot at Glastonbury in 2010 and during the same year, shared the stage with ZZ Top at the Skånevik Bluesfestival in Norway. Lister has also recorded with Jesse Davey from the English blues band The Hoax on Everything I Need (2000) and All Or Nothing (2002) both produced by Greg Haver (Manic Street Preachers, Catatonia). Everything I Need was his debut US release in 2006, in preparation for a US tour, and received critical acclaim. Lister's fourth studio album, and his first to only contain original material, was 2007's Upside Down which Lister produced himself. In June 2008 Lister changed to ARM Management and signed to Manhaton Records in August 2008, releasing Equilibrium in March 2009. Equilibrium was produced by Steve Darrel Smith and features Robbie McIntosh, Paul Beavis and Simon Johnson.Following "Equilibrium", he and his band relocated to the Tower Arts Centre and with the tape rolling, nailed a cracking rendition of their high-octane live set to produce the storming 'Tower Sessions' record, which was released on Manhaton Records in 2010 and consequently voted 'Best Live Album' in the 2011 Blues Matters Writers Poll. In August 2014, <mask> won two awards for "Best Songwriter" and "Best Song (for Home)" in the British Blues Awards and came runner up


texts:
 for three more; "Best Guitarist", "Best Male Vocalist" and "Best Album (for Home)". For the tenth album of his career to date, "Home" (2013), <mask> has flown the nest of being under contract with anyone but himself. "Home" is the debut release for his own label "Straight Talkin' Records," set up in partnership with his wife and manager, <mask> in the same year. Collaborative projects
The Blues Caravan is an annual Ruf Records project which brings together three of the label's artists. In 2006 the artists were <mask>, Ian Parker and Erja Lyytinen from Finland who created the album Pilgrimage. The concept was for each artist to write a group of songs which they would complete and record in New Orleans, Clarksdale and Memphis, so that their songwriting would reflect and be shaped by the blues heritage of those musical towns.Unfortunately Hurricane Katrina prevented them visiting New Orleans and the album was created at Delta Recording Studios, Clarksdale and Ardent Studios in Memphis, where Jim Gaines was the producer. The trio spent much of 2006 touring Europe and America, including the Gladstone Summertime Bluesfest, where they played a two and a half-hour show. DVDs
Lister has released two DVDs. To complement the Live! album the show recorded by WDR Television for Rockpalast at the Crossroads Festival held in the Harmonie, Bonn on 23 March 2005 was released and contains three acoustics songs and a full band set. Along with the Blues Caravan Pilgrimage album there is a DVD of the performance at the Underground in Cologne, Germany – again recorded by WDR Television for Rockpalast on 7 December 2005, and released as Blues Caravan – The Next Generation

masks:
Aynsley
Stephanie Lister
Lister


texts:
 . This DVD features performances from each section of the show; each of the three members of the Blues Caravan individually and also their joint acoustic and electric sets of songs written for the Pilgrimage album.The DVD also features backstage footage and interviews. Other media
Lister has written a series of instructional articles for Guitarist magazine, and been invited by both Guitarist and Guitar Techniques magazines to present a series of instructional DVDs. He also regularly contributes to the specialist demonstration backing tracks on Bluesjamtracks, some of which can be seen on YouTube. In January 2013, Lister began his own "Guitar Weekends" in London. The first event sold out in less than a day and are now held annually, attracting guitarists from across Europe. Line up:
 <mask> <mask> (Guitar & vocals)
 Boneto Dryden (Drums)
 Steve Amadeo (Bass)
 Andrew Price (Keyboards)

Previous line ups:
 André Bassing (Keyboards)
 Wayne Proctor (Drums)
 Dan Healey (Keyboards)
 Midus Guerreiro (Bass & vocals)
 Simon Small (Drums)
 Rich Spooner (Drums)
 Jo Nichols (Bass)
 Alex Thomas (Drums)
 Sarah Jones (Drums)
 James Townend (Bass)
 Paul Winterhart (Drums)
 Colin Peters (Bass)

Discography

References

External links
Official website
Official fan forum
Classic Rock Top 10 Contemporary Artists
Blues Jam Tracks

1976 births
Living people
English blues guitarists
English male guitarists
English songwriters
English blues singers
21st-century English singers
21st-century British guitarists
20th-century English singers
20th-century British guitarists
21st-century British male singers
Ruf Records artists
20th-century British male singers
British male

masks: Aynsley Lister


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<mask> (born 6 March 1969) is a Lithuanian theatre director. Biography
<mask> was born on March 6, 1969, in Vilnius, Lithuania. He began his career as a theatre director in 1994 at the Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre, where he obtained his master's degree in directing. During his studies he established already his individual signature in the most important theaters in Lithuania by producing a trilogy of plays such as the There to be Here (1990), The Old Woman (1992) and Hello Sonya New Year (1994), which were based on the work of Daniil Kharms and Alexander Vvedensky, both Russian avant-garde writers of the twentieth century. From early stages on <mask> stood out for his unique theatrical language and new contemporary approach to stage performances that theatre critics envisaged as the inevitable emergence of a new theatre. Henceforth, <mask> went on with like-minded colleagues and founded in 1998 the renowned repertory theatre the Oskaras Koršunovas Theatre (OKT) with the purpose to distance themselves from the artistic reality of that time and create a new reality which was based on a contemporary theatre language. The intention was to find new ways to communicate with the audience by implementing controversial ideas.His perception that contemporary plays should reflect present time and predict the future as a warning element caught the attention of the audience. <mask> became the first director to examine independent, post-communist Lithuanian society, and its

masks:
Oskaras Koršunovas
Oskaras Koršunovas
Oskaras
Oskaras
Oskaras


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 relationships and conflicts and he kept looking for new forms and ways of communicating by stepping beyond the borders of the traditional understanding of theatre. For his work, <mask> received the Lithuanian National Prize for Culture and Arts in 2002, the Europe Prize New Theatrical Realities in 2002, the Meyerhold Prize in 2010 and national Golden Cross Awards in three different years 2004, 2011 and 2012. He has produced and directed over 70 plays. Among them stand Shakespeare’s Hamlet in 2008, The Lower Depths in 2010 which was awarded as The Best Performance of 2010 and Miranda, based on Shakespeare’s The Tempest in 2012 that gained international fame and received three national awards of the Golden Cross in 2012: for best directing, best leading actress (Airida Gintautaite) and the best composer (Gintaras Sodeika). The Oskaras Koršunovas Theatre toured amongst the famous Lithuanian theaters and produced projects that were staged in France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Australia, Japan, China, Israel, South Korea, Brazil, Argentina and the United States. Also he has participated in festivals worldwide including the prestigious Edinburgh International Festival and the Festival d’Avignon.Moreover, <mask> was awarded the Cross of Officer of Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas and the honorable title of Chevalier of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres and the European New Reality Prize. List of directed plays

1990. “Here to be There“, Play by

masks: Oskaras Oskaras


texts:
 Aleksandr Vvedensky and Daniil Kharms at Music Academy of Lithuania / Academic Drama Theatre / Youth Theatre, Vilnius, Lithuania
1992. "The Old Woman”, Play by Daniil Kharms, Academic Drama Theatre
1993. "Jelizaveta Bam", Play Daniil Kharms, Parchem City Theatre, Germany
1994. "Hello Sonia New Year”, Play by Aleksandr Vvedensky, Academic Drama Theatre
1994. "The Old Woman 2", Play by Daniil Kharms, Academic Drama Theatre
1995."The Flying Dutchman", Opera by Richard Wagner, National Opera and Ballet Theatre of Lithuania
1997. "P.S. Byla OK", Play by Sigitas Parulskis, Academic Drama Theatre
1998. "Roberto Zucco", Play by Bernard-Marie Koltès, Academic Drama Theatre
1998. "Jelizaveta Bam", Play by Daniil Kharms, "Studio" Theatre, Warszawa, Poland
1998. "Coco", Play by Bernard-Marie Koltès, OKT / National Opera and Ballet Theatre of Lithuania
1999. "Shopping and Fucking", Play by Mark Ravenhill, OKT
1999."A Midsummer Night's Dream", Play by William Shakespeare, OKT
2000. "Vienos nakties susitikimas", Play by Goran Stefanofski, EU - Culture 2000, THEOREM / Institute of Sweden
2000. "Fireface", Play by Marius von Mayenburg, OKT
2000. "The Master and Margarita", based on novel by Mikhail Bulgakov, adaptation by Sigitas Parulskis, OKT
2001. ”Sanatorium under the Sign of Hourglass", based on short stories by Bruno Schultz, "Studio" theatre, Warszawa, Poland
2001. "We are not Cookies", based on writings by Daniil Kharms and Aleksandr Vvedensky, Oslo National Drama Theatre,


texts:
 Norway
2001. "The Parasites", Play by Marius von Mayenburg, OKT
2002."Crave", Play by Sarah Kane, co-directed with Povilas Laurinkus, OKT
2002. "Oedipus the King", Play by Sophocles, OKT
2003. "Winter", Play by Jon Fosse, The National Theatre in Oslo, Norway
2003. "Cleansed", Play by Sarah Kane, Stockholm Royal Drama Theatre, "Elverket" Scene, Sweden
2003. "The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Play by William Shakespeare, OKT
2004. "The Cold Child ", Play by Marius von Mayenburg, Klaipėda Drama Theatre, Lithuania
2004. "Cantio", Play by Sharon Lynn Joyce and Vykintas Baltakas, OKT / Festival Gaida / München Bienále
2004."Loneliness for Two", Play by Sigitas Parulskis, festival Gaida
2005. "City" (Город), Play by Yevgeni Grishkovets, co-directed with Saulius Mykolaitis, OKT
2005. "Death of Tarelkin" (Смерть Тарелкина). Play by A.Suchov-Kobylin, Moscow Theatre "Et-cetera", Russia
2005. "Based on a truth Story", Play by Almir Imsirevic, Moscow Theatre "Et-cetera", Russia
2005. "Playing the Victim" (Изображая жертву) Play by Vladimir Presniakov and Oleg Presniakov, OKT / Vilnius City Theatre
2006. "To Damascus", Play by August Strindberg, The National Theatre in Oslo, Norway
2006."Make-up opera", Play by Birutė Mar, Antanas Kučinskas. OKT / Vilnius City Theatre
2006. "Winter", Play by Jon Fosse, OKT / Vilnius City Theatre
2006. "The Magic Flute", by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Teatro Regio di Torino. Italy
2007. "The Taming of the Shrew", by William


texts:
 Shakespeare.Comédie-Française. Paris
2008. "These Eyes", by Jon Fosse. European Capital of Culture project Fairytales in Landscape, Lundsneset Peninsula, Stavanger, Norway
2008. "Hamlet", by William Shakespeare. OKT / Vilnius City Theatre
2010. "The Taming of the Shrew", by William Shakespeare.Alexandrinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, Russia
2010. "The Lower Depths" ("На дне") by Maksim Gorky. OKT / Vilnius City Theatre
2010. "The Tempest" by William Shakespeare. Reykjavik City Theatre, Iceland
2011. "Tartuffe" by Molière. Aarhus Theatre, Denmark
2011."Miranda" based on the play The Tempest by William Shakespeare. OKT / Vilnius City Theatre
2011. "Banishment", by Marius Ivaškevičius, Lithuanian National Drama Theatre, Vilnius, Lithuania
2012. "Peer Gynt" after Henrik Ibsen, The National Theatre in Oslo, Norway
2012. "Cathedral" after Justinas Marcinkevičius, Lithuanian National Drama Theatre, Vilnius, Lithuania
2013. "Krapp's last tape", play Samuel Beckett. OKT / Vilnius City Theatre
2013."Fidelio", Ludwig van Beethoven’s opera, Bergen National Opera, Bergen, Norway
2013. "Lost Time" Musical Spectacle after Marcel Proust, festival “Gaida”, Vilnius, Lithuania
2014. "The Seagull” Play by Anton Chekhov - OKT / Vilnius City Theatre
2014. "Expulsion" after Marius Ivaškevičius, Dailes Theatre, Riga, Latvia
2014. "Vinter" after Jon Fosse, Teatro del Giglio, Lucca, Italy
2015. "Fidelio", Ludwig van Beethoven’s opera, Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre, Vilnius,


texts:
 Lithuania
2015. "Elisabeth Bam" after Daniil Kharms, OKT/Vilnius City Theatre, Lithuanian National Drama Theatre, Vilnius, Lithuania
2015."Martyr" after Marius von Mayenburg, Lithuanian National Drama Theatre, Vilnius, Lithuania
2015. "Our Class" after Tadeusz Słobodzianek, The National Theatre in Oslo, Norway
2015. "Miranda" after William Shakespeare, “Poreia” Theatre, Athens, Greece
2016. "Egle the Queen of Serpents" - Lithuanian National Drama Theatre
2016. "Marriage" - Bertolt Brecht - OKT, Vilnius
2016. "Measure for Measure" after William Shakespeare, „Teatr Dramatyczny“, Warsaw, Poland
2016. "Cleansed" after Sarah Kane, OKT/Vilnius City Theatre, Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre, Vilnius, Lithuania
2017."Dance Delhi" after Ivan Vyrypaev, OKT, Vilnius
2018. "Madman" after Nikolai Gogol, OKT, Vilnius

Awards

1990. “Fringe Firsts” at the Edinburgh International Theatre Festival for "There to Be Here.” Edinburgh. 1991. Special prize of the Torun International Theatre Festival “Kontakt” for "There to Be Here.” Torun
1991. "Fringe First "at the Edinburg International Theatre Festival for the play "There to Be Here.“ Edinburgh
1993. Prize for the Best Director’s work at the St. Petersburg international Theatre Festival for "There to Be Here“ and "The Old Woman.“ St. Petersburg
1993.Prize of the Sevastopol International Theatre Festival “The Kherson Games” for “There to Be Here.” Sebastopol
1993. Prize of the magazine “St. Petersburg Theatre Review” for "There to


texts:
 Be Here.” St Petersburg
1994. Prize of the Lithuanian Theatre Union for "Hello Sonya New Year.”
1995. "The Bank of Scotland Herald Angels" Prize at the Edinburgh International Theatre Festival for "Hello Sonya New Year.” Edinburgh. 1995. Lithuanian Theatre Award “Kristoforas” for the Best young artist for the trilogy: "There to Be Here", "The Old Woman", "Hello Sonya New Year.”
1997.Special Prize of the "Soros Fund "at the Riga Theatre Festival “Homo Novus” for "P.S. File O.K"
1998. Prize of the Torun International Theatre Festival “Kontakt” for the Best  Director for "Old Woman 2.” Torun
2000. Lithuanian Theatre Award ”Kristoforas” for the Best Director for "A Midsummer Night’s Dream.”
2000. Lithuanian Theatre Award ”Kristoforas” for the Best Director for "Shopping and Fucking.”
2000. 2nd Award of the Torun International Theatre Festival “Kontakt” for the Best Performance "A Midsummer Night’s Dream.”
2001. European Theatre unions Award "Europe Theatre Prize for New Theatrical Realities.”
2001.Best young Director Prize at the MESS Festival, for “The Master and Margarita.” Sarajevo
2002. Montblanc  Theatre Prize "Young Directors Project Award" at Salzburg International Theatre festival for "Oedipus Rex.” Salzburg
2002. The Lithuanian National Prize of Culture and Art for "Oedipus Rex.”
2003. Cross of Officer of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas. 2003. Critic’s Prize at the MESS Festival for “Oedipus Rex”. Sarajevo.2003. Award of Golden Cross of the Stage


texts:
 for The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedy of “Romeo and Juliet.”
2003. Award of Golden Cross of the Stage for “The Cold Child.”
2004. The Lithuanian Institute Award “LT Identity” for the weightiest contribution in representing the Lithuanian Culture. 2004. Lithuanian Theatre Award ”Golden Stage Cross” for the performances: "Romeo and Juliet” and "Cold Child.”
2004. "Mira Trailovi" Grand Prix at Belgrade International Theatre Festival for "Romeo and Juliet" Belgrad.2006. The European Theatre Union" Europe Theatre Prize for New Realities.”
2006. Golden Cross of Merit from the President of Poland. Warsaw
2009. Honourable title of the Chevalier of the French order of Literature and Arts Paris. 2010. First Prize of the Annual Meyerhold Assembly, Moscow
2010.Award of Golden Cross of the Best director of Stage for “The Lower Depths.” Performance of the year. 2011. Award of Golden Cross of the Stage for “Expulsion.”
2011. Award of Golden Cross of the Stage for “Miranda.”
2012. The Medal of the Lithuanian Ministry of Culture “Bring Your Light and Believe.”
2012. Prize of Best Director in International Festival “Kontakt”, Poland. 2013.Hedda Award for Best Director of the Year for “Peer Gynt.” Oslo, Norway
2013. Best Director and Best Performance Award at the Croatian International Small Stage Festival for “Miranda." 2014. Three awards for “The Seagull” including, Best Director, Special Critics and Press Award and Third Prize for the Performance at the "International Theatre


texts:
 Festival KONTAKT.”
2014. Two awards at International Theatre Festival “Baltic House” including Critics Prize for "The Seagull" and the Audience Prize for “Krapp's Last Tape.”
2015. Prestigious award: Swedish Commander Grand Cross: Order of the Polar Star. External links
  Official Oskaras Koršunovas Theatre (OKT) site
  Theatre: Between Modernism and Postmodernism (article on modern Lithuanian theatre)
  Interview with Korsunovas by the Italian critic Gherardo Vitali Rosati
  Tartuffe
  Regard Sur L'Est
  La Terrasse
  Je Me Livre
  Ouest France - Hamlet vu par <mask> Korsunovas Herouville
  Pays Baltes.com - Solitude a deux le theatre.html
  Lituanie Culture - <mask> Korsunovas Honore par la France
  Les Trois Coups - Article
  AgoraVox - Culture Loisirs
  Cote Caen - Les Boreales Decouvrez Le Theatre d'Oskaras Korsunovas
  Rue du Theatre
  Tandem Arrasdouai - Documents and Dossier Hamlet
  Ouest France - Normandie/La Mouette de Lituanie fait son nid la Comedie

Lithuanian theatre directors
Recipients of the Lithuanian National Prize
Living people
1969 births
People from Vilnius
Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre


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<mask> "Nina" <mask> (1837–1920) was a 19th-century American female artist. Born in Stony Brook, New York in 1837, as a daughter of an artist, <mask> was introduced to art at an early age by her father, <mask>, and her paternal uncles, <mask> and <mask>, with the latter being her mentor for the first three decades of her life. She is best known for her floral still-lifes and landscapes. Early life

<mask>, nicknamed "Nina," was born on July 31, 1837, to parents <mask> (1802-1841) and Mary Bates Ford (1805-1887); she had five siblings: Julia Hawkins (1827-1855), Elizabeth Reeves (1829-1911), Henry John (1832-1894), Thomas Sheppard "Judge" (1834-1900), and Malcolm (1839-1887). Evelina's father, known for his artistic skills in painting still-lifes and signs, died in 1841 from tuberculosis when Evelina was just four years old. She was raised in Stony Brook, New York, residing in the Hawkins-Mount House where she lived for most of her life except for brief, periodic stays in New York City. During the 1840s, the Hawkins-Mount House was co-occupied by the family of <mask> and <mask>, Evelina's artistic uncles who encouraged her interest in art.Education and training
Growing up in the mid-nineteenth century, <mask> was one of the few women on Long Island who surpassed the constraints of her time to become a successful artist. One of the main reasons <mask> was able to work around the propriety and social standards for young women was her familial connection to her artistic paternal uncles, especially William Sidney <mask>. William was a mentor to <mask> and encouraged her to practice her artistic skill through informal training and observation with him.

masks:
Evelina
Mount
Evelina
Henry Mount
Shepard Alonzo Mount
William Sidney Mount
Evelina Mount
Henry Smith Mount
Shepard Alonzo Mount
William Sidney Mount
Evelina
Evelina
Mount
Evelina


texts:
 He provided instruction regarding perspective and choice of paint colors, freely offered commentary on Evelina's work, and when asked, he added finishing touches to her paintings. Several of <mask>'s paintings are copies of William's paintings with small changes or additions of a feminine quality. For example, <mask>'s oil on canvas Mount House from Road is a meticulous replica of William's oil The Mount House (1854) except for her addition of a bonneted figure of a woman in the background who stands next to the original male figure. William Sidney <mask> started encouraging Evelina to pursue formal artistic training in New York City in the 1850s and in 1867-1868 Evelina undertook a course of study with Hudson River School artist James McDougal Hart.Between 1871 and 1878, <mask> exhibited a total of seven paintings at the annual exhibitions of the National Academy of Design, six of which were identified as still-life florals. Besides exhibiting at the National Academy of Design, <mask> only exhibited publicly one other time at the Academy of Design in Chicago where she showed her painting, Vase of Flowers. Although she is considered Long Island's first professional woman artist, Evelina rarely sold her works; instead she chose to gift them to family and friends. Style and technique

Still-lifes
[[File:<mask>_<mask>_-_Roses_and_Fuschia.jpg|thumb|left|<mask> <mask>, Roses and Fuchsia, 1867, oil on canvas]]
<mask> is best known for her paintings of floral still-lifes. As a young artist in her twenties, Evelina strived to depict her florals in a conventional manner, which typified one popular style of art in the late 1850s. Her early representations

masks: Evelina Evelina Mount Evelina Evelina Evelina Mount Evelina Mount Evelina


texts:
 of wildflowers, for example, her oil on canvas titled Daisies, clearly reflects conventional representation of nature in an outdoor setting. She also took interest in flower arrangements strewn haphazardly together which are also examples of the popular style of this time (see example Roses and Fuchsia, 1867, oil on canvas).The placement of these flowers on a tabletop with minimal background reflect Nina's desire to keep the arrangements within a contained, logical space. After her training with James McDougal Hart in the late 1860s, <mask>'s floral still-life style underwent a change. She departed from her conventional settings and explored more unique views. Her oil painting Floral Wreath, depicts a wreath attached to a branch suspended in space. Although <mask> very rarely dated her artworks, when she painted her still-lifes can be approximated by comparing them to those that were dated as well as the style in which they are painted. Landscapes

While <mask> is known for her floral still-lifes, her artistic skills with landscape paintings are also noteworthy. Like her uncle and mentor William Sidney <mask>, Nina preferred to paint the area which she was most familiar, her hometown of Stony Brook, Long Island.Many of her landscapes feature the Hawkins-Mount House and grounds where she resided most of her life. These paintings reflect her love of the area as well as the endless painterly possibilities of the old farmhouse and surrounding property. Other local structures she depicted, such as the Setauket Mill and the Longbotham Farm provide some of the only visual evidence of their existence today. <mask> also participated in plein-air painting,

masks: Evelina Evelina Evelina Mount Evelina


texts:
 a popular artistic movement of her time. For example, her oil on canvas The Dock House, Stony Brook'', which was painted outdoors, reflects the spontaneity and freshness associated with works completed in the open air. Unlike her florals, the style of her landscapes did not drastically change, making it difficult to date these works. Later days
<mask> <mask> ceased painting by the 1890s.Her reasons for abandoning her art is unclear, but may be due, in part to the death of her uncle and mentor, William Sidney <mask> in 1868 and her loss of connection to he New York City art scene. <mask> <mask> suffered a stroke in 1910 and was confined to a wheelchair until her death, at age eighty-three, on July 24, 1920. <mask> was buried alongside her sister Elizabeth in the Presbyterian Churchyard in Setauket, New York where her uncle, William Sidney <mask> is also buried. Notable collections

 The Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages - owns 96 works by <mask> <mask> - the majority of her known surviving drawings and paintings. References

External links
William Sidney <mask> and <mask> family papers, 1830-1947

1837 births
1920 deaths
Hudson River School painters
19th-century American women artists
People from Stony Brook, New

masks: Evelina Mount Mount Evelina Mount Evelina Mount Evelina Mount Mount Mount


texts:
<mask> (July 8, 1805 – May 6, 1884) was an American academic trauma surgeon. Surgeon biographer Isaac Minis Hays called <mask> "The Nestor of American Surgery." He is immortalized in Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic (1875), a prominent American painting of the nineteenth century. A bronze statue of him was cast by Alexander Stirling Calder and erected on the National Mall, but moved in 1970 to Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. Early life and training
Born on a farm near Easton, Pennsylvania, <mask> developed an interest in plants, trees, and flowers. He grew up speaking Pennsylvania Dutch, a dialect of German, and supposedly resolved to be a doctor when he was only five years old. At the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a local physician, then another, but both of these experiences soon proved unsatisfactory.He then started to work under the tutelage of Dr. Joseph K. Swift, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania. Swift realized quickly that <mask>' rudimentary education was insufficient training for work as a doctor. <mask> then returned to preparatory school, first attending Wilkes-Barre Academy. He went on to another school in the Bowery in New York (where he received a background in classical studies) and Lawrenceville School in New Jersey. At 19, <mask> returned to Swift's office, where he learned mineralogy, anatomy, surgery, Materia Medica, therapeutics, physiology, obstetrics, and French. He also received a fair amount of clinical experience with Swift's patients. After a year of training under Swift, he took a six-week vacation due to ill health.Swift advised him to attend the University of Pennsylvania for further training, but <mask> opted for the newly founded Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, as he greatly admired the founder of the school, Professor of Surgery Dr. George McClellan, and his colleague, Dr. John Eberle, Professor of Medicine. <mask> entered Jefferson in the fall of 1826 and graduated in 1828 in a class of 27 students. Early career in Pennsylvania and Ohio
Gross began practice

masks:
Samuel David Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross


texts:
 in an office at the corner of Fifth and Library Streets in Philadelphia. His patients were few, and he spent much of the time translating French and German medical texts into English, but this did not augment his income sufficiently. He married a twenty-year-old widow with one child, and soon moved back to Easton, where the cost of living was lower and there were greater opportunities for young physicians. He purchased a home there and built a small laboratory in the rear where he spent several hours a day on human and animal dissection. He also became interested in research on blood coagulation, gastric and renal excretion, animal inoculation of smallpox, and pulmonary pathology following strangulation.When a cholera epidemic struck Easton, he was sent to New York by the town council in order to learn about approved treatments for the disease. <mask> wanted to become a teacher of anatomy, and in 1833 he contacted John Eberle, his former professor at Jefferson and then professor of Materia Medica at the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati. Eberle was able to obtain <mask> a position as demonstrator of anatomy there, and soon afterwards <mask> moved to Cincinnati with his wife and two children. However, jealousy from the head of the Anatomy Department meant that he was unable to lecture in the regular amphitheater but instead was relocated to an attic space. A short time later <mask> accepted a position as chief of pathological anatomy in the Medical Department of the Cincinnati College. There he met Dr. <mask>, with whom he formed a close personal friendship that lasted until <mask>'s death in 1852. Transfer to Louisville
In 1839, the college in Cincinnati folded.<mask> had previously accepted the chair of pathological anatomy and clinical medicine at the Louisville Medical Institute, founded in 1833, and his influence caused <mask> to accept a job at this school, refusing professorships from the University of Virginia and the University of Louisiana. <mask> and his family took up residence at the Louisville Hotel in 1840,

masks:
Gross
Gross
Gross
Gross
Daniel Drake
Drake
Drake
Gross
Gross


texts: and shortly thereafter he established an office and residence on the east side of Fifth Street between Green (now Liberty) and Walnut Streets. The 1847 city directory listed his office and house on the north side of Walnut Street between Third and Fourth. Soon after his arrival, in 1841 <mask> set up a dog laboratory in the basement of the college building, which was then only two years old and described "as for beauty and convenience not surpassed by any similar edifice on the continent." $30,000 had been spent on the structure and $20,000 for the purchase of books, chemical apparatus and anatomical preparations in Europe by Dr. Joshua Flint, <mask>' predecessor as Professor of Surgery. Lectures at the college began the first Monday in November and lasted until March. Dissecting rooms were opened the first of October to purchasers of advance tickets.Students were also freely admitted to the wards of the Louisville Marine Hospital, in existence from 1823. <mask> also entered into private practice, which he conducted at St. Joseph Hospital, opened 20 November 1836 as St. Vincent's Infirmary and housed in an eponymous orphanage on Jefferson Street. In 1853, it moved to a rented building on the west side of Fourth Street between Chestnut and Broadway. He remained in Louisville for sixteen years, except for a year spent on the faculty of the University of the City of New York. With <mask> and his colleagues, <mask> helped make the Louisville Medical Institute the most important medical center in the western United States. During <mask>'s time there, the institution attained a reputation equal to similar ones east of the Appalachian Mountains, and at the time of <mask>'s hiring, his fellow professors at Louisville had all attained national if not international fame in their respective fields. <mask>'s tenure in Louisville, however, was not without controversy.His predecessor, Joshua Flint, had become famous as a surgeon in New England before coming to Louisville, and in 1850 Flint accepted a position as chief of surgery in the

masks: Gross Gross Gross Drake Gross Gross Gross Gross


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 newly organized Kentucky School of Medicine, a move which began a bitter rivalry between that institution and the Louisville Medical Institute until the two schools were merged in 1908. <mask> became very popular in social circles, however. He and his family were close friends with the Crittendens, Breckenridges, Wooleys, Prestons, Wickliffes, Pirtles, Ballards, Rowans, Guthries, and Prentices. <mask> had even been a guest of Henry Clay at his estate, "Ashland," in Lexington. He was a member of the Unitarian Church and the St. George Lodge of Masons. In 1854, he also became a member of the American Philosophical Society. In August 1855, <mask>, a close friend of John Barbee, the Mayor of Louisville, helped save the Catholic Cathedral on Fifth Street from an anti-foreign Know-Nothing Party mob that intended to burn it down in what was known as the Bloody Monday riot.Return to Philadelphia

In 1856, <mask>'s alma mater, Jefferson Medical College, offered him a position as professor of surgery, and he accepted it despite having turned down a similar position from the University of Pennsylvania the previous year. Before he left for Philadelphia, however, the citizens of Louisville honored him with a grand ball at the Galt House. During the Civil War, <mask> served as a surgical consultant for the U.S. Surgeon General, and prepared a small handbook on military medicine. In Philadelphia <mask> became one of the most prominent members of several medical organizations as physicians in the United States increasingly sought to professionalize their vocation. He served as the twentieth president of the American Medical Association (AMA), and delivered the presidential address at the 1868 session, where the first item on the agenda was to more efficiently publish and create a more scholarly and scientific focus for the Transactions of the American Medical Association, the forerunner of the Journal of the American Medical Association. During his time in Philadelphia <mask> also helped found the American Surgical Association and the

masks: Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross Gross


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 Philadelphia Pathological Association.Earlier in Kentucky he had founded, with T.G. Richardson, the Louisville Medical Review and the North American Chirurgical Review. In 1875 <mask> returned to Louisville for a meeting of the AMA, where he was re-elected president and entertained lavishly, even being presented by the physicians of Kentucky with two thoroughbred horses. He made his final visit to Kentucky two years later, in 1877, when he gave a memorial oration in honor of the famous surgeon Ephraim <mask> in Danville. <mask> was presented with the original door knocker from <mask>'s home; for a time the gift resided in the collection of the Museum of the College of Physicians in Philadelphia, but has since been returned to the McDowell house in Danville, where it is kept under glass. The Gross Clinic
Also in 1875, <mask> was depicted by artist Thomas Eakins in his celebrated painting The Gross Clinic, which Eakins showed at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. However, the graphic nature of the painting led the judges in the artistic section to banish it to the section on medical displays.The painting lionizes <mask> at the peak of his career, skillfully performing the removal of a malignancy in the thigh of a young patient while explaining the surgical techniques to a captivated audience of students in the medical amphitheater at Jefferson Medical College. Thus Eakins depicted <mask> as a titan in his dual capacities as both physician and teacher. The painting is now considered one of the greatest works of nineteenth century American art. The painting clearly shows that Dr. <mask> was not convinced of the efficacy of antisepsis, despite the recent work of Joseph Lister and Louis Pasteur demonstrating the germ theory to explain infections. All participants and onlookers of the depicted surgery in the painting wear normal clothing, not sterilized surgical gowns; there is no sign of gloves or surgical masks; and the presumption is that none of the instruments or hands were sterilized before surgery. Dr.<mask> is

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 quoted as saying: "Little if any faith is placed by any enlightened or experienced surgeon on this side of the Atlantic in the so-called carbolic acid treatment of Professor Lister". In contrast,  we see in Eakins' later painting, The Agnew Clinic, a move towards sterility in the surgical theater. Fourteen years later, Eakins produced a similar painting, The Agnew Clinic (1889), depicting <mask>'s counterpart, <mask> Agnew, performing surgery in the amphitheater at the University of Pennsylvania. The Agnew Clinic is now on loan to the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which also shares ownership of The Gross Clinic with the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Thomas Jefferson University sold the latter painting in late 2006. Death
<mask> died on May 6, 1884, at age 78, in Philadelphia. He was cremated at Le Moyne Crematory and his ashes were buried in The Woodlands Cemetery.<mask>' estate, aside from a few bequests, was divided equally among his four children. His library, consisting of more than 5,000 volumes, was willed to the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery, along with his wet preparations, diagrams, and museum. To the same institution he left $5,000; interest on this sum is awarded every five years to the best essay on surgical pathology. Honors

<mask> received many posthumous accolades. A bronze statue was dedicated by president William McKinley, in the Smithsonian Park of the U.S. Capitol on a pedestal appropriated by the U.S. Congress. In 1970 it was relocated to the campus of Thomas Jefferson University in Center City Philadelphia. In Louisville a portrait of him hangs in the Fred Rankin Amphitheater, and since 1941, the Phi Delta Epsilon Medical Fraternity has sponsored an annual <mask>. <mask> lectureship.Writings
After <mask> moved to Cincinnati, he ceased his translation work and began to publish original contributions to the scientific field. In 1839, <mask> published Elements of Pathological Anatomy, the first systematic treatise on the subject in the United States; its two volumes were lavishly illustrated with

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David Hayes
Gross
Gross
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Samuel D
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 woodcuts and colored engravings. The second edition received praise form the eminent German scientist Rudolf Virchow. <mask>'s 1859 two-volume System of Surgery is perhaps his best known work. His other publications include:

 The Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of the Bones and Joints (1830)
 An Experimental and Critical Inquiry into the Nature and Treatment of Wounds of the Intestines (1843)
 A Practical Treatise on the Diseases, Injuries, and Malformations of the Urinary Bladder, the Prostate Gland, and the Urethra (1851)
 A Practical Treatise on Foreign Bodies in the Air-Passages (1854)

<mask> was also interested in history, as he published several medical biographies and wrote on the history of Kentucky. In 1861 he edited The Lives of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons of the Nineteenth Century, and once gave a talk to the Kentucky State Medical Association wherein he resurrected the career of the early Kentucky physician Dr. Ephraim <mask>. Early in the nineteenth century <mask> had removed a urinary stone from a young James K. Polk, and distinguished himself as one of the most capable surgeons in America and the originator of abdominal surgery, as well as being the first ovariotomist.References

Bibliography

Wagner FB Jr, Savacool JW, eds. Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University: Legend & Lore. Devon, PA: W.T. Cooke Pub., 1996. External links

10 Notable Jefferson Alumni, <mask>. <mask>
Samuel <mask>: Address by John Chalmers <mask>, M.D., L.L.D. <mask> <mask>: The Lesson of His Life and Labors, by William Williams Keen, M.D. A Manual of Military Surgery, by S.D.<mask>, M.D., 1861

 Complete bibliography of the works by <mask>, compiled by <mask><mask>, Thomas Jefferson University, 1991. 1805 births
1884 deaths
Physicians from Philadelphia
Thomas Jefferson University alumni
Thomas Jefferson University faculty
Lawrenceville School alumni
People from Easton, Pennsylvania
American Surgical Association members
Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery
19th-century American people
University of

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McDowell
McDowell
Samuel D
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David Gross
Da Costa
Samuel David
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Samuel Gross
Samuel A
. Davis


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<mask> (1901–1964) was a Soviet military leader, Major General of the Signal Corps (June 4, 1940). Head of the Communications Department of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (1940–1941), repressed in 1941, released and rehabilitated in 1953. Early life and Civil War
Born on May 9, 1901, in the village of Novaya Alekseevka, Blagoveshchensky District, Amur Region, into a Russian peasant family. In 1916, he graduated from a two–year railway school, was educated as a telegraph operator. Then he worked on the railway as a telegraph operator–overseer. In 1918 – Yerofey Pavlovich station commissar. In the autumn of the same year, he was arrested by the White Guards.Then he was forcibly mobilized as a private in the army of Alexander Kolchak. After the defeat of the Siberian Army, on February 4, 1920, he voluntarily joined the Red Army. Participant of hostilities in Siberia: weapons instructor of a rifle regiment, from February 15 – adjutant of the head of communications of the Trans–Baikal front and rear, from May 23 – head of communications of the railway department of the Eastern Transbaikalian Front. In June 1920, he was sent to the Southwestern Front, where he was appointed chief of communications for the front's railway sector, then company commander of the 8th Infantry Division. From June 1921, he again fought in Siberia with the troops of the Far Eastern Republic against the Japanese interventionists, participated in the suppression of the West Siberian uprising: in June – commander of a communications company, then commander of a telegraph platoon of this company and assistant commander of a communications division; from August – Assistant to the Chief of Communications of the 3rd Amur Rifle Division; from September – Chief of Communications of the Special Amur Rifle Regiment; since October – assistant and


texts:
 temporary acting commander of the telegraph company of the headquarters of the Commander–in–Chief of Siberia Vasily Shorin; from November – assistant commander of the 1st Separate Telegraph–Construction Company. Interwar period
After the end of hostilities, he continued to serve in the Far East. From April 1922 – head of the communications team of the 2nd Separate Rifle Battalion of the border troops.From August 1922 – platoon commander of the 1st Communications Company. Then he served in the newly formed 1st Trans–Baikal Infantry Division: from September 1922 – assistant regiment commander for the technical part, and from November 1923 – assistant to the division's communications chief. From May 1924 – the head of the communications team of the 1st Chita Rifle Regiment, and from November of the same year – the commander of the communications platoon of the same regiment. Then he studied at the Vladivostok infantry school, after which in November 1925, he was appointed commander of a separate communications company of the 1st Rifle Division. On October 1, 1927, he was enrolled as a student at the main faculty of the Mikhail Frunze Military Academy, from which he graduated on May 1, 1930, and in the same month was appointed chief of staff of the 9th Communications Regiment in the Belorussian Military District. From January 1931, he served as assistant chief of communications of the Belorussian Military District, and in April he was approved in this position. From December 30, 1932, to February 22, 1936 – Chief of the Signal Corps of the Belorussian Military District.From October 1936 – student of the Academy of the General Staff of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. In June 1938, he graduated from the Academy, and was left there as a teacher in the Department of Operational Art; from April 1940 – senior lecturer


texts:
 of the same department. Here <mask> prepared several textbooks on the communications service, scientific works and received the title of associate professor of the Academy. On July 26, 1940, he was appointed head of the Communications Department of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. Having familiarized himself with the state of affairs in the Directorate, he came to the conclusion that there was a huge shortage of communications equipment in the troops. From October 1940 to June 1941, he repeatedly addressed reports on the need to urgently rectify matters to People's Commissar of Defense Semyon Timoshenko, Chiefs of the General Staff Kirill Meretskov and Georgy Zhukov, Chairman of the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union Kliment Voroshilov, but the measures he proposed did not have been implemented. As a result, from the first days of the Great Patriotic War, the lack of proper communication at all levels of troops became one of the important reasons for losses in command and control of troops and military defeats.Great Patriotic War, arrest, repression
Dismissed from office on July 22, 1941. According to the memoirs of the future Marshal of the Signal Corps Ivan Peresypkin, this happened during the report of <mask> to Joseph Stalin on the state of communications in the troops. A few days later, he was appointed Chief of Communications of the Front of the Reserve Armies, arrived at the front, but did not manage to take office. The front was reorganized into the Reserve Front, and the new front commander, Georgy Zhukov, who arrived, appointed General Ivan Bulychev as the front commander, and <mask> as his deputy. Arrested on August 6, 1941. He was under investigation for a long time. At first, he was accused of criminal leadership in the work of his administration, that

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Gapich
Nikolai Gapich
Nikolai Gapich


texts: he did not supply the army with the required amount of communication means, in the war with Germany he did not meet the needs of the front and was unable to establish uninterrupted communication with the fronts.Then added the accusation of participation in a "military–fascist conspiracy". After using physical pressure, he slandered himself and admitted that since 1935 he was a member of an anti-Soviet organization in the Belarusian Military District and headed by Ieronim Uborevich. Even later, accusations were added of working for Japanese intelligence during the Civil War. Then <mask> <mask> retracted all confessions. In view of the complete absurdity, the charges of conspiracy and espionage were dropped from him. By order of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union on January 29, 1944, he was dismissed from the Red Army. After 11 years of being under investigation in prison, on August 26, 1952, by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union, under Article 193, paragraph 17, was sentenced to 10 years in a correctional labour camp.By the decree of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union of October 2, 1952, he was deprived of the military rank "Major General". To serve his sentence, he was sent to the city of Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast, where he worked as a foreman in felling. Released in July 1953. Rehabilitated on July 28, 1953. On August 15 of the same year, the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union canceled its decision to deprive <mask> <mask> of his military rank, and he was reinstated in the Soviet Army. After being at the disposal of the Main Personnel Directorate of the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, he was transferred to the reserve on October 21, 1953, for health reasons. He lived in Moscow, worked in the apparatus of the Ministry of

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 Communications of the Soviet Union since 1956 as the head of the inspection, since 1961 – as the head of the 1st Department.He was buried at the Golovinskoye Cemetery in Moscow. Military ranks
Colonel (January 29, 1936);
Brigade Commander (April 2, 1940);
Major general (June 4, 1940). Awards
Order of Lenin (1953);
Order of the Red Banner (1941);
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

References

Sources
Command and Control Personnel of the Red Army in 1940–1941: Structure and Personnel of the Central Apparatus of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union, Military Districts and Combined–Arms Armies: Documents and Materials / Edited by Vladimir Kuzelenkov – Moscow–Saint Petersburg: Summer Garden, 2005 – Page 128 – 1000 Copies –
<mask> Cherushev, Yuri Cherushev. The Executed Elite of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Commanders of the 1st and 2nd Ranks, Corps Commanders, Division Commanders and Their Peers): 1937–1941. Biographical Dictionary – Moscow: Kuchkovo Field; Megapolis, 2012 – Pages 447–448 – 496 Pages – 2000 Copies –
Denis Soloviev. All of Stalin's Generals. Volume 3 – Moscow, 2019 –  – Pages 41–42

External links
Biographical Information About <mask> <mask> on the Website of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics
Biography of <mask> <mask> on the Website of the Ulyanovsk Military School of Communications
Biography on the Site "The Shot Generation.1937 and Other Years"

1901 births
1964 deaths
Soviet major generals
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni
Soviet rehabilitations
Textbook writers
Communist Party of the Soviet

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H<mask> (born 1960) is the Shirley Cox Kearns Professor of Biology at the University of Rochester. Education and career
Orr earned his bachelor's degree in Biology and Philosophy from the College of William and Mary and his Ph.D. in Biology from the University of Chicago. At Chicago, Orr studied under Jerry Coyne. He performed postdoctoral research at the University of California, Davis. Work
<mask> is an evolutionary geneticist whose research focuses on the genetics of speciation and the genetics of adaptation, in particular on the genetic basis of hybrid sterility and inviability. How many genes cause reproductive isolation between species? What are the normal functions of these genes and what evolutionary forces drove their divergence?He studies these problems through genetic analysis of reproductive isolation between species of Drosophila. In his adaptation work, <mask> is interested in theoretical rules or patterns that might characterize the population genetics of adaptation. He studies these patterns using both population genetic theory and experiment. His early work on Drosophila set the terms of much of the current research on speciation. <mask> is said to be one of the few evolutionary biologists ever to have made fundamental contributions about how changes occur within lineages over time, and about how lineages split to result in new species. Speciation
His book Speciation, co-authored with Jerry Coyne, was hailed in Science as "exceedingly well-written and persuasive". They consider that studying speciation is largely synonymous with studying reproductive isolation, and explore what we know about where, when, and how isolating barriers evolve.Following Ernst Mayr they argue that speciation usually occurs where populations are geographically isolated or allopatric. They present evidence for the primacy of natural and sexual selection over genetic drift in driving

masks:
. Allen Orr
Orr
Orr
Orr


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 speciation. Signatures of positive selection on genes involved in postzygotic isolation and reproductive proteins as well as experimental evidence from both the lab and field connect adaptation and sexual selection to reproductive isolation. They also present evidence for the congruence of the Dobzhansky-Muller model for the evolution of postzygotic isolation with the genetics of hybrid incompatibilities in many natural systems. Results that support their conclusions in the book continue to be published. Philosophy, science and religion
Orr frequently reviews books that seek to link biological ideas to religion or philosophy - this aspect of his work was specifically cited in his appointment as Shirley Cox Kearns Professor. He believes that "Good science demands two things: that you ask the right questions and that you get the right answers.Although science education focuses almost exclusively on the second task, a good case can be made that the first is both the harder and the more important. Getting Mendel's laws from Mendel's data may not be easy, but surely the hardest part is daring to ask Mendel's question: Despite all appearances to the contrary, might heredity obey simple laws?". Orr considers "scientism, the view that all truths are ultimately scientific" to be naive, hubristic and just plain wrong and is generally critical of what he sees as unwarranted attempts to generalise or draw philosophical conclusions from scientific facts. He laments the popular trend whereby "some pet theory gets elevated to its rightful place as 'the' way to think about evolution. But this longing to dress up biology in unusual new perspectives has, so far, yielded more book deals than results". He is highly critical of William Dembski's 2002 book No Free Lunch suggesting that although the counterintuitive No Free Lunch theorems of computer science do indeed rule out the generation of


texts: specified complexity in a specific technical sense, this has nothing to do with Darwinism which is not trying to reach a pre-specified target, and of Michael Behe's 1996 book Darwin's Black Box which he characterises as "cleverly argued, biologically informed — and wrong". He concedes that there are biological systems which are irreducibly complex in Behe's sense but suggests that "An irreducibly complex system can be built gradually by adding parts that, while initially just advantageous, become — because of later changes — essential".He also suggests that, while he has "utter confidence in Behe's biochemistry" Behe "is not at home in the technical evolution literature." However he is also critical of Daniel Dennett, Steven Pinker and Richard Dawkins, expressing serious reservations about their arguments and defending these in extended follow-up correspondence. Orr is not satisfied by Stephen Jay Gould's NOMA suggestion. Whilst highly critical of claims that physics has "found God" he points out that "many of the [20th] century’s leading scientists – including some of the brightest stars of evolutionary biology...were deeply religious... Theodosius Dobzhansky was a Christian and something of an amateur theologian; Sir Ronald Fisher was a deeply devout Anglican who, between founding modern statistics and population genetics, penned articles for church magazines; and J.B.S<mask> was an unabashed mystic". Moreover, Orr thinks that Gould's redefinition of religion to be solely concerned with moral values is not what anyone who practices the thing means by religion (or almost anyone, anyway), and that it will not do to pretend that all will be well in some imagined world where people of goodwill pursue invariably consonant views. So whereas it may be that the road Gould cuts is in a sensible enough direction (a considerable improvement over the present state in which creationists


texts:
 pester scientists and scientists preach values, and avoiding many of the inanities that often accompany talk of religion by scientists) it is a far bumpier road than Gould lets on.Awards and recognition
Orr has been the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, a David and Lucile Packard Fellowship, an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, and a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar in Residence Fellowship at Bellagio Study Center, Italy. He was awarded the Dobzhansky Prize by the Society for the Study of Evolution and the Young Investigator Prize by the American Society of Naturalists. He was also named Professor of the Year in Natural Sciences by the Student Association at University of Rochester in 2002. In 2008 he was one of thirteen recipients of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, which is bestowed every 50 years by the Linnean Society of London. Publications
Orr is widely published in some of the leading scientific journals including Nature,  Science and PNAS. Books
 Speciation. 2004. .

Scientific publications
Orr's papers include:

 "A test of Fisher’s theory of dominance", PNAS
 "<mask>e's rule has multiple genetic causes", Nature
 "A mathematical model of <mask>e's rule", Evolution
 "The evolutionary genetics of speciation", Phil.Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B
 "The population genetics of adaptation:  the distribution of factors fixed during adaptive evolution", Evolution
 "<mask>e's rule is obeyed in taxa lacking a hemizygous X", Science
 "Morphological innovation and developmental genetics", PNAS
 "Adaptive evolution drives divergence of a hybrid inviability gene in Drosophila", Nature

Notes and references

External links
Orr lab website
H<mask> <mask> at The New York Review of Books

Living people
Evolutionary biologists
College of William & Mary alumni
Critics of creationism
University of Chicago alumni
University of California, Davis alumni
University of Rochester

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Haldan
Haldan
Haldan
. Allen
Orr


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<mask> (July 17, 1889 – March 11, 1970) was an American lawyer and author. He is best known for the Perry Mason series of detective stories, but he wrote numerous other novels and shorter pieces and also a series of nonfiction books, mostly narrations of his travels through Baja California and other regions in Mexico. The best-selling American author of the 20th century at the time of his death, <mask> also published under numerous pseudonyms, including A.A. Fair, Kyle Corning, Charles M. Green, Carleton Kendrake, Charles J. Kenny, Les Tillray and Robert Parr. Life and work

<mask> was born in Malden, Massachusetts, the son of Grace Adelma (Waugh) and <mask>. <mask> graduated from Palo Alto High School in California in 1909 and enrolled at Valparaiso University School of Law in Indiana. He was suspended after approximately one month when his interest in boxing became a distraction. He returned to California, pursued his legal education on his own, and passed the California State Bar examination in 1911.<mask> started his legal career by working as a typist at a law firm in California for three years. Once he was admitted to the Bar he started working as a trial lawyer by defending the impoverished, in particular Chinese and Mexican immigrants. This experience led to his founding The Court of Last Resort in the 1940s. The Court of Last Resort, dedicated to helping people who were imprisoned unfairly or couldn't get a fair trial, was the first of several organizations that advocate for the wrongly convicted, which among others include The Innocence Project, Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern Pritzker School of Law and Centurion. In 1912, <mask> wed Natalie Frances Talbert. They had a daughter, Grace. He opened his first law office in Merced in 1917, but closed it after accepting a

masks:
Erle Stanley Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Charles Walter Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner


texts: position at a sales agency.In 1921, he returned to law as a member of the Ventura firm Sheridan, Orr, Drapeau, and <mask>, where he remained until the publication of his first Perry Mason novel in 1933. <mask> enjoyed litigation and the development of trial strategy but was otherwise bored by legal practice. In his spare time, he began writing for pulp magazines. His first story, The Police in the House, was published in June 1921 in Breezy magazine. He created many series characters for the pulps, including the ingenious Lester Leith, a parody of the "gentleman thief" in the tradition of A. J. Raffles; and Ken Corning, crusading lawyer, crime sleuth, and archetype for his most successful creation, Perry Mason. While the Perry Mason novels seldom delved deeply into characters' lives, the novels were rich in plot detail which was reality-based and drawn from his own experience. In his early years writing for the pulp magazine market, <mask> set himself a quota of 1,200,000 words a year.Early on, he typed stories himself, using two fingers, but later dictated them to a team of secretaries. Under the pen name A. A. Fair, <mask> wrote a series of novels about the private detective firm Cool and Lam. In another series, district attorney Doug Selby litigated against attorney Alphonse Baker Carr in an inversion of the Perry Mason scenario. Prosecutor Selby is portrayed as a courageous and imaginative crime solver; his antagonist Carr is a wily shyster whose clients are invariably "as guilty as hell". Much of the first Perry Mason novel,The Case of the Velvet Claws, published in 1933 is set at the historic Pierpont Inn near <mask>'s old law office in Ventura, CA.In 1937, <mask> moved to Temecula, California, where he lived for the rest of his life. With the success of the Mason series, more than 80

masks: Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner


texts: novels, <mask> gradually reduced his contributions to the pulp magazines until the medium died in the 1950s. Thereafter, he published a few short stories in the "glossies", such as Collier's, Sports Afield, and Look, but most of his postwar magazine contributions were nonfiction articles on travel, Western history, and forensic science. <mask>'s readership was a broad and international one, including the English novelist Evelyn Waugh, who in 1949 called <mask> the best living American writer. He also created characters for various radio programs, including Christopher London (1950), starring Glenn Ford, and A Life in Your Hands (1949–1952). <mask>'s character, Perry Mason, was a recurring character in a series of Hollywood films in the 1930s, and then for the radio program Perry Mason, which ran from 1943 to 1955. In 1954, CBS proposed transforming Perry Mason into a TV soap opera.When <mask> opposed the idea, CBS created The Edge of Night, featuring John Larkin—who voiced Mason on the radio show—as a thinly veiled imitation of the Mason character. Perry Mason’s character was inspired by Earl Rogers, a trial attorney who appeared in 77 murder trials but only lost three. He was recognized for the extensive use of demonstratives, e.g., visuals, charts and diagrams, during trial before it became common practice. Rogers is famous for his defense of, and attorney-client disagreement with, Clarence Darrow, a fellow attorney who was charged with attempted jury bribery in 1912. In 1957, Perry Mason became a long-running CBS-TV courtroom drama series, starring Raymond Burr in the title role. Burr had auditioned for the role of the district attorney Hamilton Burger, but <mask> reportedly declared he was the embodiment of Perry Mason. <mask> made an uncredited appearance as a judge in "The Case of the

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texts:
 Final Fade-Out" (1966), the last episode of the series.He had a lifelong fascination with Baja California and wrote a series of nonfiction travel accounts describing his extensive explorations of the peninsula by boat, truck, airplane, and helicopter. <mask> devoted thousands of hours to "The Court of Last Resort", in collaboration with his many friends in the forensic, legal, and investigative communities. The project sought to review, and when appropriate, reverse miscarriages of justice against criminal defendants who had been convicted because of poor legal representation, abuse, misinterpretation of forensic evidence, or careless or malicious actions of police or prosecutors. The resulting 1952 book earned <mask> his only Edgar Award, in the Best Fact Crime category, and was later made into a TV series, The Court of Last Resort. Personal life
In 1912, <mask> wed Natalie Frances Talbert (16 July 1885 – 26 February 1968). Their only child, Natalie Grace <mask> (January 25, 1913 — 29 February 2004), was born in Ventura, California. <mask> and his wife separated in the early 1930s, but did not divorce, and in fact their marriage lasted 56 years, until Natalie's death in 1968.After that, <mask> married his secretary Agnes "Jean" Bethell (née Walter; 19 May 1902 – 5 December 2002), the daughter of Ida Mary Elizabeth Walter (née Itrich; 24 December 1880 – 3 March 1961). Through his daughter, <mask> had two grandchildren, Valerie Joan Naso (née McKittrick; 19 August 1941 – 12 November 2007) and Alan G. McKittrick. <mask>'s widow died in 2002, aged 100, in San Diego. She was a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. She was survived by her brother, Norman Walter. Death and legacy
<mask> died of cancer, diagnosed in the late 1960s, on March 11, 1970, at his ranch in Temecula—the best-selling American writer

masks: Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner