texts:
 Rusoff, "Celebrating <mask> <mask>, who 'took the girdle off ballet'", The New York Times, May 22, 2017.Carmelita <mask> Papers (website).<mask> <mask> (website).Joan Bayley (website). Secondary
Ángel Alvarez Caballero, El cante flamenco (Madrid: Alianza Editorial 1994, 1998).Robert F. Amove, Talent Abounds. Profiles of master teachers and peak performers (New York: Rutledge 2009). Michael Bernal, The Golden Age of Spanish Dancing (Las Vegas: Lulu 2020). Manuel de Falla, El 'Cante Jondo' {Canto primitivo andaluz} (Granada: Editorial Urania 1922). Agnes de Mille, The book of the Dance (London: Paul Hamlyn 1963),
Agnes de Mille, America Dances. A personal chronicle, in words and pictures (New York: Macmillan 1980). Lynn Garafola, Diaghilev's Ballets Russes (Oxford University 1989).Naomi Jackson, Converging Movements. Modern Dance and Jewish Culture at the 92nd Street Y (Wesleyan University 2000). Léonide Massine, My Life in Ballet (London: Macmillan 1968). Eduardo Molina Fajardo, Manuel de Falla y El 'Cante Jondo' (Universidad de Granada 1962, 2d ed. 1998). Nancy Reynolds & Malcolm McCormick, No Fixed Points. Dance in the twentieth century (Yale University Press 2003).Mary Ellen Snodgrass, The Encyclopedia of World Ballet (Rowman and Littlefield 2015). External links
<mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask> at IMDb. <mask> <mask> photographs at LACMA. <mask> <mask> Papers at New York Public Library. Joan Bayley, "Early Life and training," as her student during the 1930s. Bethany Beacham, <mask>

masks: Carmelita Maracci Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita


type: original

texts:
 <mask>, at ABT SideBarre, October 20, 2020.Accessed 2021-08-25. Jennifer Dunning, "<mask> <mask>, a Ballet Instructor and Choreographer", obituary. Jack Jones, "<mask> <mask>, the Dancers' Dancer, Dies", obituary. Allegra Kent, [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Carmelita+Maracci.-a069066658 "<mask> <mask>], as her student in the 1950s. Elspeth Kuang, "Carmelita Maracci", article. Donna Perlmutter, "A Legend's 'Unplanned Oblivion'", article. "Perlmutter on Maracci Centenary - 2008" at youtube.com (16:32 video).Jane Wollman Rusoff, "Celebrating <mask> <mask>, who 'took the girdle off ballet', article. American female dancers
American choreographers
20th-century American dancers
Dancers from Nevada
Dancers from California
1908 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American

masks: Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci Carmelita Maracci


texts:
<mask> (10 March 16534 November 1702) was an English officer in the Royal Navy. He joined the navy aged 25 years, seeing action against Algerian pirates before leaving and joining the merchant navy where he traded until the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereupon he returned to the Royal Navy and was commissioned. <mask> fought against France during the Nine Years War (1688–97), serving on and later commanding several English vessels and taking part in the battles of Beachy Head, Barfleur and La Hogue in 1690 and 1692. He went on to achieve fame during campaigns against Salé and Moor pirates; laying siege to Saint-Malo; and fighting in the West Indies against France during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714). <mask>'s fame and success earned him both public notoriety and a promotion to admiral. He was then involved in an incident during the action of August 1702, where a number of his captains refused to support him while commanding a squadron of ships. <mask> instigated the trial and later imprisonment or execution of a number of the captains involved, though he did not live to see these results.These events contributed to his notoriety, and led to several references to him in subsequent popular culture. Family and early years
<mask> was born the son of William and <mask>. The astrologer <mask> recorded the exact time and date of his birth as being at noon on 10 March 1653, and this is the date used by the National Museum of the Royal Navy, the Encyclopædia Britannica, and the local historical accounts of Joseph Nightingale published in 1818. A biography within an 1819 publication of The Gentleman's Magazine, however, records in a short biography entitled Life and Exploits of Admiral <mask> by D. Parkes that he was born in 1650, as does the 1861 Sea kings and naval heroes by <mask> Edgar. Edgar records that <mask>'s father died when <mask> was very young, while Parkes' account describes his father as being in the service of the Army under Charles I and not

masks:
John Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Martha Benbow
John Partridge
Benbow
John George
Benbow
Benbow


texts:
 dying until <mask> was in his teens. Encyclopædia Britannica writes that <mask>'s father was in fact a tanner. Meanwhile, his uncle, Thomas, was executed by Charles I.Both Parkes and the National Museum of the Royal Navy concur that <mask> was born in Coton Hill in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, and Nightingale asserts that the death of both uncle and father, and the family's association with Charles I in the years following his execution, ensured that the "family were brought very low." <mask>'s lack of possessions, Nightingale writes, turned him to a career at sea. Naval career

Early years
<mask> entered the Royal Navy on 30 April 1678, aged 25 years. He became master's mate aboard the 64-gun  under the command of Captain Arthur Herbert, whilst she was fitting out at Portsmouth. He sailed with her to the Mediterranean, where Herbert was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral whilst serving under the commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, Admiral Sir <mask>. During this period the English fleet was often in action against the Barbary pirates of North Africa that were actively preying upon European shipping. Rupert herself captured an Algerine warship in 1678, which was later commissioned in the Royal Navy as HMS Tiger Prize.<mask> distinguished himself well in a number of actions against the Algerine vessels, and won Herbert's approval. On Narborough's return to England, Herbert was appointed acting commander-in-chief, and made <mask> master aboard  on 15 June 1679. Nonsuch would remain at Tangiers and off the African coast and had a number of successive captains who would go on to achieve flag rank, including George Rooke, Cloudesley Shovell and Francis Wheler. All were impressed by <mask>, and would afterwards help to advance his career. Nonsuch was next in action on 8 August 1681, this time against the Algerine warship Golden Horse. Golden Horse had been engaged by , under the command of Captain William Booth, and when Nonsuch arrived on the scene Golden Horse

masks:
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
John Narbugh
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow


texts:
 surrendered. A dispute then arose over the question of the prize money and how it should be shared out, and comments were made amongst Nonsuchs crew against those of Adventure.<mask>'s repetition of these eventually came to Booth's knowledge, and the captain brought a court-martial against <mask>, however this revealed that <mask> had only been repeating these words rather than being their originator. <mask> was ordered to forfeit three months' pay, amounting to £12 15s., to Adventures crew, and to "ask Captain Booth's pardon on board His Majesty's ship Bristol, declaring that he had no malicious intent in speaking those words; all the commanders being present, and a boat's crew of each ship's company". Merchant trading
Nonsuch then returned to England and was paid off on 9 November 1681. <mask> left the Royal Navy and entered the merchant service, sailing a merchant vessel from London and Bristol to ports in Italy and Spain. By 1686 he was a "tough merchant seaman" and the owner and commander of a frigate named Benbow, trading with the Levant. In May 1687 he commanded a merchant vessel, Malaga Merchant, and was aboard her when she was attacked by a Salé pirate. He mounted a successful defence and beat off the attack.It was claimed afterwards that he cut off and salted the heads of thirteen Moors who were slain aboard his ship, and then took them into Cadiz to claim a reward from the magistrates. A Moorish skull-cap, "coated with varnish and set in silver" and bearing the inscription "First adventure of Captain <mask>, and gift to Richard Ridley, 1687" is referred to in 1844 by Charles Dickens in Bentley's Miscellany where he speaks of Shrewsbury's history, and the 1885 Dictionary of National Biography also relates the story. Return to the Navy

<mask> only returned to the Royal Navy after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. His first recorded commission was to the post of third lieutenant of  on 1 June 1689, under the command of Captain David Mitchell. His first

masks:
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
John Benbow
Benbow


texts:
 command came on 20 September of that year, when he was appointed captain of . He was transferred to  on 26 October and then to  on 12 November. <mask>'s next post was as Master Attendant of Chatham Dockyard.He then moved to become Master Attendant at Deptford Dockyard in early March 1690, a post he intermittently held for the next six years. He was master of HMS Sovereign in summer 1690, under his old commander Arthur Herbert, now Lord Torrington. He was assigned to act as master of the fleet, and took part in the English defeat in the Battle of Beachy Head. After the defeat, a Royal Commission was held into the circumstances that led to it. <mask> was highly regarded as a specialist in both navigation and pilotage, and his evidence given in July 1690 to the preliminary investigation strongly favoured his old patron, Torrington. He did not however testify during Torrington's court-martial in December that year. <mask> continued aboard Sovereign throughout 1691, and by the summer of 1692, was again master of the fleet, this time under Admiral Edward Russell, then aboard Britannia.<mask> worked closely with his old colleague David Mitchell, then serving as Russell's first captain, and Josiah Burchett, Russell's clerk. <mask> may have advised Russell to take the Gull Passage inside the Goodwin Sands to the Downs, where they linked up with the Dutch forces. <mask> served as master of the fleet during the Battles of Barfleur and La Hogue. After the battles, <mask> returned to Deptford to resume his duties as master attendant, spending a brief period at Portsmouth Dockyard helping to oversee repairs to the fleet. He had already had his pay upgraded to that of a master attendant, he was now to be paid as a master, in addition to his master attendant's wage, presumably as an acknowledgement of his special services. With the bomb flotillas
<mask> returned to active naval service in September 1693, joining Thomas Phillips, the second engineer of the ordnance, in jointly

masks: Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow


texts:
 commanding a flotilla of bomb vessels to attack Saint-Malo. <mask> went aboard the 48-gun  and began the bombardment on 16 November.It continued intermittently until 19 November when a large fireship was sent into the harbour. An attempt was made to bring her alongside the town walls, but she ran aground, was set on fire, and exploded. Despite the failure of the initial plan, considerable damage was done, and <mask>'s forces were able to take the fort on Quince Rock and disabled it, carrying artillery and prisoners away and bringing them to Guernsey. <mask> was still dissatisfied with the overall result and initiated a court-martial against Captain Henry Tourville, accusing him of cowardice for not bringing his ship in closer. There was no conviction though, as the mortars were proved to be defective. <mask>'s experience led to him being promoted to a similar flotilla, this time to be deployed against Dunkirk under the command of Vice-Admiral Shovell. A number of converted merchant vessels, rigged like fireships but designed to explode rather than burn, were assigned to support the expedition.<mask> had a hand in preparing these vessels for the operation throughout 1694, and worked closely with the principal storekeeper of the ordnance, Willem Meesters. <mask>'s attacking fleet was covered by Shovell's fleet on the Downs and the attack was planned for 12 and 13 September. However, the French were able to block the entrance to the port, preventing <mask>'s squadron from entering, and a storm further disrupted operations. <mask> drew back from Dunkirk, and instead sailed around to Calais, where he carried out a further bombardment on 27 September. He returned to the Downs and then resumed his duties at Deptford Dockyard. He spent December organising a convoy for a fleet of merchant vessels due to sail to Cadiz. Rise to admiral

<mask> was soon at sea again in March 1695, being appointed commander-in-chief of His Majesty's ships which were then off the coast of

masks: Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow


texts:
 France.His squadron was highly successful, taking a number of French merchants in early April and bringing them to England as prizes. <mask> was recommended by Lord Berkeley, who had served with <mask> at Saint-Malo, to be promoted to rear-admiral at the next opportunity, and in the meantime he was appointed to the command of the 70-gun . He was soon joined by a volunteer – his then fourteen-year-old son – also named <mask>. <mask> then sailed with Berkeley and the Dutch lieutenant-admiral Philips van Almonde to Saint-Malo, intending to operate against privateering operations being conducted from the area. <mask> moved to command , to direct the inshore operations of ten English and Dutch warships, nine English bomb vessels, and seventeen small boats and vessels. They began operations on their arrival off Saint-Malo on 4 July, remaining in action until evening the next day when they withdrew, without having achieved any decisive result. Several houses had been destroyed for the damage and loss of a few of the bomb vessels.<mask> was given eight bomb vessels and seven or eight frigates and was dispatched down the coast. He attacked Granville on 8 July, shelling it with over 900 bombs over several hours, and departed having set the town ablaze. Public and private reception
The outcome of the operations had left <mask> in a tense relationship with his immediate superiors. Berkeley had been accused of excessive timidity in his actions, which it was believed had led to the failure of the attack on Dunkirk. <mask> on the other hand was widely lauded for his fearless inshore attacks with his bomb vessels. Berkeley wrote on 28 July:

As to Captain <mask>, I know of no difference between him and me, nor have we had any. He has no small obligation to me, but being called in some of the foolish printed papers ‘the famous <mask>’, I suppose has put him a little out of himself, and has made him play the fool, as I guess, in some of his letters.I will not farther now particularize

masks:
Benbow
Benbow
John Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Captain Benbow


texts:
 this business, but time will show I have not been in the wrong, unless being too kind to an ungrateful man. However the Admiralty approved of <mask>'s conduct and ordered him "to be paid as Rear-Admiral during the time he has been employed this summer on the coast of France ... as a reward for his good service." <mask> was then appointed to the grand committee of sixty men to oversee the plans for Greenwich Hospital in December 1695, but the issue dragged on until 1 May 1696. The Admiralty again stepped in and <mask> was finally promoted and appointed commander-in-chief of the squadron before Dunkirk as "Rear-Admiral of the Blue for the duration of this present expedition" and moved aboard the 70-gun . His orders were to protect English and Dutch shipping, especially from the squadron of the privateer Jean Bart. Bart was mostly successful in evading pursuit however, usually escaping into Dunkirk when <mask>'s force drew near. <mask> was appointed to command a squadron in the Soundings in December 1696.He carried out a number of cruises between March and August 1697, protecting allied trade and escorting the West Indian and Virginian merchant fleets into port. These activities marked the last English naval expedition of the war. He also carried out reconnaissance activities on the French fleet in port in Brest in July, before resuming patrol operations off Dunkirk, this time in concert with a number of Dutch ships under Rear-Admiral Philips van der Goes, until the end of the war in September 1697. Appointment to the West Indies
<mask> was made commander-in-chief of the King's ships in the West Indies on 9 March 1698 and instructed to tackle the issue of piracy. He sailed in November, the first leg taking him from Portsmouth to Madeira. Sailing under his protection from the Salé pirates was Paramore, under Edmond Halley, then sailing to the North Atlantic to carry out experiments to observe magnetic variations. <mask> finally reached Barbados in February 1699, and moved

masks: Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow


texts:
 to the Spanish Main aboard his flagship, the 60-gun .He threatened the governor of Cartagena with a blockade, and so compelled him to restore two English merchant ships that he had detained. These ships had been intended to take part in an expedition against the Scottish Darién scheme. Without the ships, this became impossible and the colonists were saved for the time being. This was counter to the English government's desire to see the end of the Scottish colonising efforts, and in June <mask> and the other West Indies governors received orders "not to assist the Scotch colony in Darien." <mask> then sailed as far north as Newfoundland in order to drive the pirates away, but they evaded capture. <mask> returned to England in the summer of 1700, and was appointed to the command of a fleet in the Downs. <mask> served there until summer 1701, under the command of Admiral Sir George Rooke.He was promoted to rear-admiral of the red on 14 April, followed by vice-admiral of the blue on 30 June. He then flew his flag in the 70-gun . Spanish treasure fleet, West Indies, the action of 1702
With the peace becoming increasingly uneasy, the English government became concerned over the possible fate of the Spanish silver fleet, due to arrive in European waters from America. They were worried that the French would intercept the ships and use the treasure for war preparations. <mask> was issued secret instructions to find the fleet, and then "to seize and bring them to England, taking care that no embezzlement be made". <mask>'s squadron was detached on 2 September and sailed for the West Indies, arriving on 14 November, and was at the Jamaica Station in mid-December. He remained there for several months, being joined on 8 May 1702 by several vessels under Captain William Whetstone.Whetstone was made Rear-Admiral under <mask>, who had been promoted to Vice-Admiral of the White on 19 January 1702

By now, the War of the Spanish Succession had broken out, and news of its declaration


texts: reached <mask> on 7 July. He detached Whetstone and six ships to search off Port St Louis in Hispaniola for a French squadron under Admiral Jean du Casse, which he believed would call at the port on his voyage to Cartagena, and from there he might raid English and Dutch shipping. After Whetstone had left, <mask> took his squadron and sailed for Cartagena, anticipating that either he or Whetstone would find Du Casse and bring him to battle. By the time that Whetstone had reached Hispaniola, Du Casse had already departed. <mask>'s force subsequently sighted the French on 19 August, sailing off Cape Santa Marta. The French had three transports and four warships carrying between 68 and 70 guns, while <mask> commanded seven ships carrying between 50 and 70 guns. The English forces were heavily scattered, and the light winds meant that they were slow to regroup.They did not achieve a form of collective order until four in the afternoon, after which a partial engagement was fought, lasting about two hours, until nightfall caused the fleets to temporarily break off. The action quickly revealed a breakdown in discipline amongst <mask>'s captains. He had intended that the 64-gun  under Captain Richard Kirkby would lead the line of battle, but Kirkby was not maintaining his station. <mask> decided to take the lead himself, and Breda pulled ahead, followed by the 50-gun  under Captain George Walton. The two maintained contact with the French throughout the night, but the other five ships refused to close. The chase ensued until 24 August, with only <mask>, Walton, and Samuel Vincent aboard  making active efforts to bring the French to battle. At times, they bore the brunt of the fire of the entire squadron.Ruby was disabled on 23 August, and <mask> ordered her to retire to Port Royal. The French resumed the action at two in the morning on 24 August, the entire squadron closing on Breda from astern and pounding her. <mask> himself was hit by a chain-shot that broke his leg and he


texts:
 was carried below. <mask> was determined to continue the pursuit, despite his wounds and despite Captain Kirkby's arrival on board, attempting to persuade <mask> to abandon the pursuit. <mask> summoned a council of war, and the other captains agreed, signing a paper drafted by Kirkby which declared that they believed "that after six days of battle the squadron lacked enough men to continue and that there was little chance of a decisive action, since the men were exhausted, there was a general lack of ammunition, the ships' rigging and masts were badly damaged, and the winds were generally variable and undependable." They recommended breaking off the action and following the French to see if the situation improved. <mask> had "seen the cowardly behaviour of some of them before, [and] had reason to believe that they either had a design against him or to be traitors to their country if an opportunity happened that the French could have destroyed the Admiral".He, therefore, ordered the squadron to return to Jamaica. On their arrival, he ordered the captains to be imprisoned, awaiting a trial by court-martial. <mask> received a letter from du Casse after the engagement:

Sir,
I had little hopes on Monday last but to have supped in your cabin: but it pleased God to order it otherwise. I am thankful for it. As for those cowardly captains who deserted you, hang them up, for by God they deserve it. Yours,
Du Casse. Trial of the captains
Acting Rear-Admiral Whetstone returned to Port Royal, having spent 62 days cruising off Hispaniola, and preparations were made for the trial.Before it could begin, Captain Thomas Hudson died, who had commanded . The remaining captains appeared at the court-martial which convened on Breda, held between 19 and 23 October. Due to his injuries, <mask> passed to Whetstone the role of presiding over the court, but he was present at the trial. The court found Captain Kirkby of  and Cooper Wade of  guilty of breach of orders, neglect of duty, and the

masks: Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow Benbow


texts:
 "ill signed paper and consultation ... which obliged the Admiral ... to give over the chase and fight", and condemned them to be shot. <mask> of  was found guilty of breach of orders and drunkenness and was cashiered. Samuel Vincent of Falmouth and Christopher Fogg of Breda were initially sentenced to be cashiered for signing the six captains' resolution, but <mask> personally declared that they had fought bravely, and their sentences were remitted by the Lord High Admiral. The sentences were deferred so that Queen Anne could have a chance to examine the proceedings.After her consideration in January 1703, she allowed the sentences to proceed and Constable, Kirkby, and Wade were returned to England as prisoners. Constable was imprisoned until 1704, when the Queen pardoned him. Kirkby and Wade were shot aboard  on 16 April 1703 while she was anchored in Plymouth Sound under Captain Edward Acton. Controversy slowly began to develop over the events of August 1702. Supporters of the disgraced Kirkby and Wade sought to discredit <mask> by publishing their own account of the action. Death and burial
<mask> died at Port Royal, Kingston, Jamaica on 4 November 1702. Whetstone reported that the cause of death was "the wound of his leg which he received in battle with Monsieur Du Casse, it never being set to perfection, which malady being aggravated by the discontent of his mind, threw him into a sort of melancholy which ended his life as before."He was buried on 16 November in the chancel of St Andrew's Church, Kingston. A marble slab was later laid over the grave, emblazoned with a coat of arms and inscribed:

Here lyeth the Body of <mask>, Esq., Admiral of the White, a true pattern of English Courage, who lost his life in Defence of his Queene & Country, November the 4th, 1702, In the 52nd year of his age, by a wound in his Legg. Received in an Engagement with Monsr. Du Casse; being Much Lamented. Secretary of State Lord Nottingham wrote to <mask> in January 1703, before news

masks:
John Constable
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
John Benbow
Benbow


texts:
 of his death had reached London, to inform him that the queen was "extremely well pleased with your conduct and much offended with the baseness of those officers who deserted and betrayed you." Meanwhile, the cabinet was preparing to promote him to vice-admiral of the white and to dispatch him to transport troops to Newfoundland. Personal life and legacy
<mask> married a woman named Martha (died 1722) after his return to England in 1681.The couple had at least seven children, including daughter Martha and sons Richard and <mask>. Another son Solomon was baptised in 1686 but died in infancy. There are also records of two more sons named Richard who were born in Kent, and another daughter named Katherine. Son <mask> went on to serve in the Royal Navy. The family lived in the parish of St Dunstan and All Saints, Stepney. In 1709, Katherine married Paul Calton of Milton, Berkshire, where <mask> is said to have stayed in the 1690s. According to Parish Records <mask> son of Admiral <mask> was buried at St Nicholas Parish Church, Deptford, Kent (now SE London) on 7 April 1729.One of the admiral's granddaughters married the Rev. <mask>, who commissioned the current Stoke Hall, Derbyshire, following his acquisition of the estate upon their marriage. <mask> and Peter the <mask> signed a three-year lease on Sayes Court in June 1696, a house belonging to diarist <mask>. Six months later, Evelyn wrote to a friend complaining, "I have let my house to Captain <mask>, and have the mortification of seeing everyday much of my former labours and expenses there impairing for want of a more polite tenant." In January 1698, Tsar Peter of Russia arrived in London to study British shipbuilding and seamanship. He and his entourage were provided with Sayes Court to reside in during their stay by William III. The Russians spent three months in London before leaving to tour the country.<mask> promptly asked for reparations from the Treasury, in order to be able to reimburse Evelyn and recover his

masks:
Benbow
John
John
Benbow
William Benbow
John Benbow
John Simpson
Benbow
Great Benbow
John Evelyn
Benbow
Benbow


texts:
 own losses. He complained that the Russians had caused considerable damage to his house, with "much of the furniture broke, lost or destroyed". Christopher Wren was instructed to survey the property and declared it "entirely ruined". <mask> lost "twenty fine paintings" and "several fine draughts and other designs relating to the Sea" from his personal property. The Treasury eventually allowed payment of £350 9s. 6d. in compensation."Brave Benbow"

<mask>'s fame led to his name entering popular culture. A monument by sculptor <mask> Thomas was erected in 1843 by public subscription in St Mary's Church, Shrewsbury commemorating <mask> as "a skillful and daring seaman whose heroic exploits long rendered him the boast of the British Navy and still point him out as the Nelson of his times." A 74-gun ship of the line and two battleships were named . There are a number of real life <mask> public houses around the world, and other institutions that have borne his name. Whether they are named as a result of Robert Louis Stevenson's use of "The Admiral Benbow Inn" in his novel Treasure Island, or if they're named for the Admiral himself, it is impossible to say. It is alleged that Stevenson named the Hawkins' Inn after the arrest of several members of the "Benbow Brandy Men" smuggling gang that frequented the Benbow pub in Penzance shortly before he visited in August 1877. The incident of August 1702 also took hold on the popular imagination, and was celebrated in an alehouse song, listed as number 223 in the Roud Folk Song Index:

Come all you seamen bold
and draw near, and draw near,
Come all you seamen bold and draw near.It's of an Admiral's fame,
O brave <mask> was his name,
How he fought all on the main,
you shall hear, you shall hear. <mask> he set sail
For to fight, for to fight
<mask> he set sail for to fight. <mask> he set sail
with a fine and pleasant gale
But his captains they turn'd tail
in a fright, in a fright. Says Kirby unto Wade:
We will run, we will run
Says

masks:
Benbow
Benbow
John Evan
Benbow
Admiral Benbow
Benbow
Brave Benbow
Brave Benbow
Brave Benbow


texts:
 Kirby unto Wade, we will run. For I value no disgrace,
nor the losing of my place,
But the enemy I won't face,
nor his guns, nor his guns. The Ruby and Benbow
fought the French, fought the French
The Ruby and Benbow fought the French. They fought them up and down,
till the blood came trickling down,
Till the blood came trickling down
where they lay, where they lay.<mask> lost his legs
by chain shot, by chain shot
<mask> lost his legs by chain shot. <mask> lost his legs,
And all on his stumps he begs,
Fight on my English lads,
'Tis our lot, 'tis our lot. The surgeon dress'd his wounds,
Cries <mask>, cries <mask>
The surgeon dress'd his wounds, cries <mask>. Let a cradle now in haste,
on the quarterdeck be placed
That the enemy I may face
'Til I die, 'Til I die. Its musical theme forms one of the three arrangements on which English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams based his Sea Songs, originally arranged for military band in 1923 as the second movement of his English Folk Song Suite, and subsequently re-arranged for full orchestra in 1942 by the composer. The song was collected in the oral tradition from traditional singers in England in the twentieth century. A recording of Sam Bennett of Ilmington, Warwickshire made by James Madison Carpenter in the 1930s can be heard on the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library Website.The Copper Family also have a traditional version of the song which was passed down through several generations and is available online. Another song has survived from the period with different air and rhythm but also known as Admiral Benbow, and it is often sung by folksingers. It begins We sailed from Virginia and thence to Fayal. References

Specific

General

Online

Printed

External links

 Letitia Elizabeth's poem '<mask>' on an illustration and accompanied by a commentary (scroll down)

1653 births
1702 deaths
17th-century Royal Navy personnel
British military personnel of the Nine Years' War
British naval commanders in the War of the Spanish

masks:
Brave Benbow
Brave Benbow
Brave Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Benbow
Admiral Benbow


texts:
<mask> (born October 22, 1977) is an American politician, jurist, and former academic administrator. She is the 43rd Secretary of State of Michigan. <mask> is a former dean of Wayne State University Law School, a co-founder of the Military Spouses of Michigan, and a board member of the Ross Initiative in Sports for Equality. She is the author of State Secretaries of State: Guardians of the Democratic Process (2010). On November 6, 2018, <mask> was elected as Michigan’s Secretary of State, becoming the first Democrat to hold the office since Richard H. Austin left office in 1995. Education and career
<mask> graduated magna cum laude from Wellesley College, where she founded the now-annual Women in American Political Activism conference and was the first student to be elected to serve in the governing body for the town of Wellesley, Massachusetts. She subsequently earned her master's in sociology as a Marshall Scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford, in the United Kingdom, conducting research into the sociological implications of white supremacy and neo-Nazism.Prior to attending law school, <mask> also lived in Montgomery, Alabama, where she worked for the Southern Poverty Law Center as an investigative journalist, researching white supremacist and neo-Nazi organizations. <mask> has also worked as a summer associate for voting rights and election law for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, and as a legal assistant to Nina Totenberg at National Public Radio. <mask> received her JD from Harvard Law School, where she was a general editor of the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. From 2002–2004, she served as the Voting Rights Policy Coordinator of the Harvard Civil Rights Project, a non-profit organization that sought to link academic research to civil rights advocacy efforts, where she worked on the passage of the federal Help America Vote

masks:
Jocelyn Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson


texts:
 Act. Upon graduation from Harvard Law, <mask> moved to Detroit to serve as a law clerk to the Honorable Damon J. Keith on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Wayne Law
<mask> was appointed dean of Wayne State Law School in December 2012 at the age of 35, becoming the youngest woman to lead a top 100 law school in United States history. As dean she significantly expanded the law school's opportunities for experiential learning and established two "marquee" programs: the Levin Center at Wayne Law, chaired by former United States Senator Carl Levin, and the Program on Entrepreneurship and Business Law, which helps aspiring business professionals in underserved communities participate in the economic revival of Detroit.The PEBL program offers early-stage legal assistance to participating local startups and creates forums for entrepreneurs to receive general legal guidance, access community resources and share their own business experience. Prior to being appointed Dean in 2012, <mask> was the Associate Director of the Damon J. Keith Center for Civil Rights, where she started the Michigan Allies Project, an effort designed to track hate incidents throughout Michigan and provide legal support for victims. The Ross Initiative in Sports for Equality
From 2016–2018 <mask> served as CEO of the Ross Initiative in Sports for Equality (RISE), where she led a coalition of all major sports leagues to empower athletes to advance equality. One of her major initiatives as CEO of RISE was to launch RISE to VOTE, a nonpartisan effort to register professional and college athletes to vote and encourage them to lead their fans in becoming informed and engaged citizens. Military Spouses of Michigan
In 2012, <mask> joined with three military spouses and family members in Michigan to create Military Spouses of Michigan, a network dedicated to providing support and

masks: Benson Benson Benson Benson Benson


texts:
 services to military family members and veterans in Michigan. In January 2013, the group was selected to represent the state of Michigan in the Presidential Inaugural Parade; the only group of military spouses to receive that honor. Civics education and election law
In 2011, <mask> was selected to serve with retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor on the national board of directors of iCivics, Inc., a nonprofit created by Justice O'Connor to improve civics education throughout the country.In addition to serving as an appointed member of the American Bar Association's Standing Committee on Election Law, she is also the founder and current director of the Michigan Center for Election Law, which hosts projects that support transparency and integrity in elections. In 2011 the center hosted Michigan's first "Citizens' Redistricting Competition", providing an opportunity for Michigan citizens to access software and draw their own redistricting maps for the state. <mask> developed and supervised three statewide nonpartisan election protection efforts in Michigan in 2007, 2008 and 2012. During the 2008 election, she was called to testify before the U.S. House Judiciary Committee, where she called on Secretary Terri Lynn Land to ban the use of foreclosure lists to challenge voters' eligibility on Election Day. She is a frequent commentator on voting rights and election law on local news and radio broadcasts. In 2007, <mask> worked with several groups to successfully keep a Secretary of State branch office open in Buena Vista Township, Michigan. The U.S. Department of Justice, under then-President George W. Bush, concluded that the closure of the office would violate the Voting Rights Act.Secretary of State
In March 2010, <mask> published her first book, State Secretaries of State: Guardians of the Democratic Process. The book highlights best

masks: Benson Benson Benson Benson


texts:
 practices of secretaries of state from throughout the country and seeks to inform voters about how secretaries of state from either side of the political spectrum can work to advance democracy and election reform. After working with secretaries of state from around the country while researching the book, <mask> was inspired to run for the office in her resident state of Michigan. On October 27, 2017, <mask> announced her candidacy for Michigan Secretary of State. She was elected on November 6, 2018, defeating Republican Mary Treder Lang, becoming the first Democrat to serve since Richard Austin left office in 1995. Family and personal life
A long-distance runner, <mask> averages two full marathons per year. She has completed twenty-three full marathons since 2005, including races in New York City, Honolulu, San Francisco, Washington DC, Florence, Venice, Chicago and Philadelphia.She completed her 18th marathon representing Team Red White and Blue in Rome, Italy. In 2016 she completed her second Boston Marathon and became one of a handful of women in history to complete the Boston Marathon while more than eight months pregnant. Awards
Crain's Detroit Business named her one of Michigan's "Most Influential Women" in 2016 and in October 2015 she became one of the youngest women in the state's history to be inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame, second only to Serena Williams. Electoral history

References

External links

 Government website
 Campaign website

1977 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
American legal scholars
Harvard Law School alumni
Lawyers from Detroit
Marshall Scholars
Michigan Democrats
Secretaries of State of Michigan
Wayne State University faculty
Wellesley College alumni
Women in Michigan politics
Women legal scholars
American women

masks: Benson Benson Benson


texts:
<mask> (born December 31, 1959) is an American musician, best known as the lead singer, guitarist, and songwriter for the Replacements. Following the breakup of the Replacements, <mask> launched a solo career that saw him release three albums on major record labels. Following the release of his third solo album, <mask> has been mostly releasing music that he has self-produced and recorded in his basement home studio. He has also released two albums and an EP under the pseudonym Grandpaboy. In 2017, Westerberg released songs on SoundCloud as User 964848511 and on Bandcamp as Dry Wood Garage. Career

The Replacements

In the late 1970s, <mask> was working as a janitor for U.S. Senator David Durenberger, and one day while walking home from work, he heard a band practicing Yes's "Roundabout" in a basement.He talked his way into the band by convincing the singer that the other band members — Bob Stinson, Chris Mars and Tommy Stinson — were going to fire the singer. The singer quit, and Westerberg joined the group. The band was originally called the Impediments, and they played their first gig in the basement of a church, playing to members of a nearby halfway house who did not appreciate their drunken shenanigans. They soon changed their name to the Replacements after several venues declined to advertise the band under their original name. The Replacements began performing in the Twin Cities punk scene, showcasing <mask>'s songs in a classic rock–friendly punk style. The band made three albums and an EP for local label Twin/Tone before signing to Sire Records in 1985. They

masks:
Paul Harold Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg


texts:
 made four albums for Sire, each with a different lineup.Despite the jump to Sire, the Replacements never translated their critical success into commercial sales. The band broke up in 1991. Their final album, All Shook Down, was mainly a Westerberg solo project; there were a number of guest performers and the other three members of the band (including Slim Dunlap, who had replaced Bob Stinson three years earlier to tour in support of Pleased to Meet Me), made minimal contributions. Mars left the band soon after the album was released. After touring for the album (which was critically well-received) with replacement Replacements, <mask> and bassist Tommy Stinson went their separate ways. Solo work
Westerberg's first solo releases were two songs, "Waiting for Somebody" and "Dyslexic Heart", for the soundtrack to the 1992 Cameron Crowe film Singles, for which he is also credited with composing and performing the score. The following year, Reprise Records released his first solo album, 14 Songs.During the interim between solo albums, <mask>'s songs appeared on Melrose Place ("A Star Is Bored") and Friends (his cover of Jonathan Edwards' "Sunshine" and "Stain Yer Blood") television soundtracks, in 1994 and 1995 respectively. <mask> co-wrote the song "Backlash" with Joan Jett for her 1991 album Notorious and played guitar with her on the song's video. He also recorded a duet with Jett ("Let's Do It") for the Tank Girl soundtrack (1994). In 1996, he released his second solo album, titled Eventually, which was tepidly received by critics and had modest sales. It did yield the

masks: Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg


texts: alternative radio hit "Love Untold". <mask> parted ways with Reprise Records, and the following year chose to release songs that were more blues-influenced and less slickly produced under the name Grandpaboy. An EP and single were released by indie label Soundproof/Monolyth Records.His third album, Suicaine Gratifaction, is a piano-driven, melancholy, and highly personal work that was released on Capitol Records in 1999. The label was undergoing reorganization and the album was given minimal promotion. <mask> appeared on a fifth-season episode of The Larry Sanders Show (entitled "Larry's New Love") performing "Ain't Got Me" from Eventually. The episode first aired on February 26, 1997. <mask> also performed the song that same year on The Tonight Show hosted by Jay Leno. <mask> quit the major-label circuit for three years before staging a comeback in 2002. With new management and a new independent label, Vagrant Records, he released two records simultaneously, Stereo and Mono (Mono being released under his alter ego Grandpaboy).Stereo and Mono were recorded in Westerberg's basement studio. <mask> became increasingly prolific, releasing Dead Man Shake (as Grandpaboy), Come Feel Me Tremble, and Folker all within the next two years. <mask> contributed a cover of the Beatles' "Nowhere Man" for the 2002 soundtrack to the 2001 film I Am Sam. Additionally, "Lookin' Up in Heaven" appears on the Starbucks sampler Hear Music, Vol. 10: Reveal, "Outta My System" can be found on Hot Stove, Cool Music, Vol. 1, and the Vagrant Records sampler Another Year on the Streets, Vol. 3

masks: Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg


texts: features "As Far As I Know."All three compilations were released in 2004. In December 2005, <mask> reconvened with Tommy Stinson and Chris Mars to record two new songs for the Replacements' compilation titled Don't You Know Who I Think I Was?, which was released in 2006. In 2006, <mask> wrote eight original songs for the animated film Open Season. Two of the songs were covered by other artists. The track "Wild As I Wanna Be" is performed by Deathray, whereas Pete Yorn performs "I Belong (Reprise)." In addition, Tommy Stinson is featured playing bass on the songs "Love You in the Fall" and "Right to Arm Bears." The soundtrack also includes the song "Good Day" from <mask>'s solo album Eventually.After he was seen on stage playing a First Act production model guitar, <mask> collaborated with the Boston-based guitar manufacturer in September 2006 to create his signature edition PW580 with a red plaid pickguard. On July 21, 2008, <mask> released an album with 49 minutes' worth of music for 49 cents. The album, 49:00... Of Your Time/Life, was taken down from Amazon.com and TuneCore store a few weeks later. In its place, <mask> released a song titled "5:05" (a reference to the fact that 49:00 was really 43:55 long, 5:05 shorter than 49:00). From the lyrical content of "5:05," it is believed that 49:00 was recalled because of copyright issues in the ending cover medley. On August 27, 2008, <mask> released two new songs, "3oclockreep" and "Finally Here Once", on TuneCore. On September 13, 2008, another new song, "Bored of Edukation," was released as an MP3 download on

masks: Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg Westerberg


texts:
 Amazon.com.On December 24, 2008, <mask> released three songs; "Always in a Manger", the folk music standard "Streets of Laredo", and "D.G.T." on tunecore.com for $0.74. On September 22, 2009, <mask> released an EP titled PW & The Ghost Gloves Cat Wing Joy Boys with six songs: "Ghost on the Canvas," "Drop Them Gloves," "Good as the Cat," "Love on the Wing", "Gimmie Little Joy" and "Dangerous Boys". Following the March 2010 death of his chief musical influence Alex Chilton, <mask> wrote a eulogy for Chilton that appeared in The New York Times. In May 2010, he played "Dangerous Boys" and "Time Flies Tomorrow" standing on the visitors' dugout at Target Field for the documentary 40 Nights of Rock & Roll. <mask> appeared in the video for the title track of Glen Campbell's 2011 farewell studio recording, a cover of Ghost on the Canvas (which Westerberg wrote in 2009). In the May 24, 2013 online version of The New York Times' Measure for Measure feature, he set forth his songwriting creed, which privileges the virtues of inspiration and spontaneity over gradually developing and revising a song.In late 2015, <mask> announced that he had formed a new band called the I Don't Cares with musician Juliana Hatfield. Their debut album, Wild Stab, was released in January 2016. Personal life
<mask> was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Mary Louise (née Philipp) and Harold ('Hal') <mask> (1918–2003), an employee of Cadillac-General Motors. He has four sisters: Anne, Julie, Agnes and Mary. He married his first wife, Lori Bizer, in 1987. After their divorce, he married former

masks:
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Westerberg
Robert Westerberg


texts:
 Zuzu's Petals guitarist and author Laurie Lindeen. They divorced in 2014.They have a son, Johnny (born 1998), whose voice is likely on 49:00 and "Whatever Makes You Happy" from <mask>'s solo album Suicaine Gratifaction. <mask> severely injured his fretting hand in 2006 in an accident while trying to remove candle wax with a screwdriver, leaving his ring finger on his left hand numb. The Replacements reunited in 2012, notably playing several dates at Riot Fest in 2013 and the Coachella Music Festival in 2014. The Replacements once again disbanded in 2015. <mask> resides in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. His younger sister, Mary Lucia, is a DJ at local radio station 89.3 The Current. He grew up Catholic.<mask> has had problems with alcoholism but overcame his addiction in 1990. He has since resumed drinking occasionally in moderation. Honors and awards
<mask> has been honored with two stars on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. <mask> and the Replacements each have a star on the mural, making <mask> one of the few musicians to be honored with multiple stars. Receiving a star "might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis," according to journalist Steve Marsh. Solo discography

Studio albums
14 Songs (Sire/Reprise Records, 1993)
Eventually (Reprise Records, 1996)
Suicaine Gratifaction (EMI/Capitol, 1999)
Stereo (Vagrant Records, 2002)
Come Feel Me Tremble


texts:
 (Vagrant Records, 2003)
Folker (Vagrant Records, 2004)
Wild Stab with Julianna Hatfield as The I Don't Cares (Dry Wood Music, 2016)

Studio albums as Grandpaboy
Grandpaboy: Grandpaboy EP (Soundproof/Monolyth, 1997)
Grandpaboy: Mono (Vagrant Records 2002)
Grandpaboy: Dead Man Shake (Fat Possum, 2003)

Digital releases
AOL Sessions EP (AOL, 2004)
49:00... Of Your Time/Life album (Self-released, 2008)
"5:05" song (Self-released, 2008)
3oclockreep EP (Self-released, 2008)
"Bored of Edukation" song (Self-released, 2008)
D.G.T. EP (Self-released, 2008)
PW & the Ghost Gloves Cat Wing Joy Boys EP (Dry Wood Music, 2009)
four songs on Bandcamp as Dry Wood Garage (Self-released, 2017)
eight songs on SoundCloud as User 964848511 (Self-released, 2017)

Singles

DVD
Come Feel Me Tremble – Redline Entertainment/Ventura Distribution (2003)

Soundtracks and compilations
Singles: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) – "Dyslexic Heart" and "Waiting For Somebody" (Westerberg scored the soundtrack as well.)Melrose Place soundtrack (1995) – "A Star Is Bored"
Friends Soundtrack (1995) – "Sunshine" and "Stain Yer Blood"
Tank Girl soundtrack (1995) – "Let's Do It," with Joan Jett
I Am Sam soundtrack (2002) – "Nowhere Man," a Beatles cover
triplearadio.com Sampler 5 (2003) – "My Daydream"
Hear Music, Vol. 10: Reveal (Starbucks sampler, 2004) – "Lookin' Up in Heaven"
Hot Stove, Cool Music, Vol. 1 (2004) – "Outta My System"
Another Year on the Streets, Vol. 3 (Vagrant Records sampler, 2004) – "As Far As I Know"
The Wired CD: Rip. Sample. Mash. Share.(2004) – "Looking Up in


texts:
 Heaven"
Besterberg: The Best of <mask> (Rhino, 2005)
Open Season: Featuring the songs of <mask> (Lost Highway Records, 2006)
For New Orleans (2006) – "Old Money" (under the alias PW & The Honky Heartattax). Catch and Release (2007) – "Let the Bad Times Roll"

References

External links
The Skyway
Color Me Impressed.com – The Unofficial Replacements Database
Man Without Ties – The <mask>berg Site
<mask>.net: A bad idea whose time has come

1959 births
Living people
American people of Swedish descent
American male singer-songwriters
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
Sire Records artists
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Grandpaboy
Singer-songwriters from Minnesota
The Replacements (band) members
Guitarists from Minnesota
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male

masks:
Paul Westerberg
Paul Westerberg
Paul Wester
Paul Westerberg


texts: <mask> (, , 25 November 1840 – 3 November 1913) was a Serbian politician, statesman, general, army officer, and author, serving five times as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbia under two different monarchs from 1887 to 1906. As an officer <mask> participated in both Serbian-Ottoman Wars (1876–77; 1877–78) which lead to Serbia's full independence from the Ottoman Empire; a military strategist he drafted the war plan before becoming Minister of War carrying out reforms of the military strengthening Serbia's national army before her victory against the Ottomans. Brave and resourceful on the battlefield, he was also a gifted diplomat, advocating the interests of his country in the courtyards of Europe, Russia, and Turkey. During his diplomatic career he was Serbia's representative to the Russian Empire, Serbian Deputy in Constantinople, Serbia's representative to Bulgaria and Serbian Deputy in Athens before serving as minister for foreign affairs. During the conflict between Russia, Turkey, and Austria, <mask> was sent as a special envoy to Constantinople to negotiate with the Turks on behalf of the Russian Empire. A skilled politician, <mask> was one of the leaders of the People's Radical Party serving as Prime Minister, Minister of Defence, Minister of Foreign Affairs several times between 1876 and 1910 in the Governments of both Karađorđević and Obrenović. As Chairman of the first radical Council of Ministers, he oversaw the introduction of a new constitution, redefining a more democratic and liberal Serbian society.He headed the Serbian delegation at the Second Peace Conference which led to the signing of the Hague Convention 1907. An honorary member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, he wrote many

masks:
Sava Grujić
Grujić
Grujić
Grujić


texts:
 books about diplomacy military organisation and war, some of them still in use today. <mask> was considered one of the builders of Yugoslavia and played an instrumental role in its creation. He was an able negotiator and diplomat and with some of his contemporaries put together ideas for the formation of a south Slav state working together with prominent liberals of his day. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on 25 November 1840 in Kolari, a village in the district of Smederevo, just ten years after Serbia became a semi-independent principality after three and a half centuries of Turkish occupation. His paternal grandfather was Gruja Ilić, brother and aide-de-camp of Vule Ilić, a well-known Vojvoda (military commander) who distinguished himself at the battle of Suvobor and at the siege of Belgrade during the First Serbian Uprising. Sava's childhood was full of stories in which the best and boldest men were relentlessly carrying the guerrilla war against the nation's oppressor dreaming of freeing the Serb lands from Turkish rule once and for all.Once he finished his elementary education at the local school, an Orthodox priest and a local public official recognising <mask>'s potential, arranged for him to go to Belgrade for secondary education. Early military career

Officer cadet and lieutenant
In 1856 Grujić attended the Serbian Military Academy in Belgrade, the Academy known at that time as the Artillery School had been established only 6 years before, was the first military educational institution in Serbia, it contained a military high school, offering secondary level education, and a school of national defence, which conducted officer training, the main military subjects at the Artillery School,

masks: Grujić Sava Grujić Grujić


texts: and later at the Military Academy, were taught by Prussian instructorship education lasted until 1861. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as second lieutenant of artillery and as top graduate entered the Kriegsakademie (also known as the Prussian War College) in Berlin to continue his military education and for the practical study of artillery; at the time the Academy was the highest military facility of the Kingdom of Prussia to educate, train, and develop general staff officers. Grujić graduated in December 1864, wanting to get a higher theoretical artillery formation, Grujić left Prussia to serve in the Imperial Russian Army, he entered service with the 23rd Artillery Brigade in St Petersburg. While serving with the 23rd Brigade, wishing to achieve a high-level specialisation, Grujić applied then was admitted at the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy in 1865, the Academy prepared officers to become battery commanders, at the time Russian artillerists were the first in the world to develop methods of gunfire from closed fire position. At the time Russia was going through reforms in the artillery under Minister of War General-Adjutant Dmitrii Miliutin, one of the chief tasks set for the Main Artillery Administration was to organise the production of all kinds of artillery armament, ammunition, artillery instruments and other things for artillery provision. General Adjutant Aleksandr Barantsov, first Chief of the Main Artillery Administration, was responsible for the technical improvement of the artillery materiel, arrangement of artillery education and all measures in the artillery organisation.This would be a very valuable experience for <mask> when, a few years later, he would start reforming the Serbian Army.


texts:
 <mask> spent the last two years of his training in Russia at St. Petersburg's arsenal. <mask> returned to Serbia in 1870 after graduation, he was promoted to captain and appointed first Director of the state arsenal in Kragujevac as an expert in artillery and armaments and then later chief of artillery control. Kragujevac was Serbia's main centre for arms production and modernisation of armaments, the Kragujevac arms factory was the largest industrial establishment in the principality. Political education

Liberal nationalism and Slavic unity
In 1861 <mask> was in Prussia studying at the Military Academy when an uprising broke out in the Russian sector of partitioned Poland, the Polish uprising opposed young Polish insurrectionists to Russian occupiers, inspired by romantic and revolutionary nationalism that was sweeping across Europe at the time, <mask> <mask> travels to Poland and joins the rebellion. <mask> fought alongside fellow Serbian volunteer Jevrem Marković another graduate from the Belgrade Military Academy who had also been sent to Prussia to study (training as a cavalry officer). After the failure of the Uprising, <mask> returned to St. Petersburg and is allowed to return to his studies while Jevrem Marković returns to Belgrade

Back in Russia, <mask> participated actively in the founding of an organisation called  (Serbian commune).Dimitrije Durić, another artillery officer, was president, <mask> Grujić vice-president and Jevrem Marković older brother and notorious radical-socialist Svetozar Marković was secretary. The goal of the Commune, was stated to be "the establishment of fraternal relations among all Serbs in Russia", with a view to cooperation for the "general progress" of the Serbian people

masks: Grujić Grujić Grujić Sava Grujić Grujić Grujić Grujić Sava


texts:
 and nation. They were also inspired by Omladina (youth) a Serbian youth organisation whose members called for the formation of a Pan-Serb youth movement, a constitutional monarchy for Serbia and even a Balkan Republic. After 7 years in Russia <mask> returned to Serbia in 1871 to manage the Kragujevac arms factory; he joined a secret revolutionary society called The Main Board for Serb Liberation based in Kragujevac and founded by members of Omladina and by other patriots from all over the Yugoslav lands, the group sought the liberation and unification of Serb-inhabited territory all over the Ottoman Empire. <mask> and his group started the Associated Printing Press of Kragujevac. From Socialism to Radicalism

Under the chairmanship of Captain <mask> <mask> and the editorship of Svetozar Marković who joined them, the group started a newspaper called Javnost (The Public), Marković is the "paid and responsible" editor and the Associated Printing Press of Kragujevac the publisher. In a very short time what was being advertised as Serbia's second socialist newspaper was out discussing current political issues, a major campaign of Javnost was the fight for freedom of the press.The first issue of the newspaper appears on 8 November 1873 discussing the multitude of political and economic problems which confronted Serbia: peasant indebtedness and bankruptcy, usury, bureaucratic corruption, the strangling of the zadruga and opština by the oppressive police regime; Javnost promised to work for the elimination of such evils by "educating public opinion, giving it a scientific direction, and creating out of public opinion a force which will have a strong influence on the solution of all problems concerning our national life".

masks: Sava Grujić Sava Grujić


texts:
 Frustrated by the state of Serbian politics, Javnost published an article openly criticising the government and stating that the Serbian people "have the right to overthrow a prince with whom they were dissatisfied." As a result, in December 1873 the Minister of War Kosta Protić ordered the dismissal of Captain <mask> from the service, citing his "treacherous" association with Javnost and the Associated Printing Press of Kragujevac, Svetozar Marković is arrested, charged with defaming the prince and sentenced to nine months in jail. <mask> was temporarily retired from the service. Serbian Wars of Independence
In July 1875, peasants in Herzegovina rebelled against their Turkish landlords and rulers. The insurrection quickly spread to Bosnia and aroused belligerent sentiment in Serbia, still an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire. Prince Milan unable to resist the pressure, eventually decides to declare war.On 28 June 1876, the day of the Battle of Kosovo, Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, at the time Serbia's armed force was an army of a militant type with outdated weapons and without proper military service, but it was, however, a regular military force, facing them the Turkish empire with over 50 million inhabitants had an experienced army equipped with modern weapons and equipment. Major <mask>'s War Plan
The War Council gathered in the early stage had to decide on a strategy and where to engage the enemy first. Two courses of action were proposed one by Major Dimitrije Djurić  and one by Major <mask> <mask>, both officers having done their training in Russia together previously. Major Dimitrije Djurić proposed that the majority of the army should be engaged towards Bosnia and Raška while

masks: Grujić Grujić Grujić Sava Grujić


texts:
 <mask> suggested towards the southeast and Niš, where the Turks were expected to be concentrating the bulk of their forces. The Council meeting took place on 15 May 1876, both proposals were considered. <mask>'s proposal was chosen, based on the strategic principle that by moving swiftly into position Serbia could concentrate the bulk of her forces and move offensively against the main Turkish contingent before it had a chance to organise its troops and this way win a decisive battle. The primary objective of this plan was the total destruction of the enemy's army.To follow <mask>'s plan it was thus decided to concentrate most of the army in the Moravian region, then make use of the superior mobilisation and motivation of the Serbian army given the known slowness in mobilisation and concentration of the Turkish army, its outdated tactics and the lack of motivation of Turkish soldiers. At the request of the Serbian government, the war operational plan of Major <mask> was changed at the last moment and Instead of the offensive on the Moravian border, it was decided to launch multiple attacks on all fronts. Orders were sent to redirect troops already in motion according to the previously adopted plan. Artillery Commander

<mask> <mask> was appointed Artillery Commander serving under General Mikhail Chernyayev, a Russian who took Serbian citizenship. Leading a Serbo Russian army against the Turks, Chernyayev embodied according to historian David MacKenzie "the Panslav ideal of selfless service to Slav Christians groaning under the Ottoman yoke". <mask> recommended that  Chernyayev be retained merely in an advisory capacity and insisted of not giving him active command. twenty two year old Prince Milan, who had great

masks: Grujić Grujić Grujić Grujić Sava Grujić Grujić


texts:
 faith in Chernyayev, decided instead to name Chernyayev "commander-in-chief of all Serbo-Russian forces on the eastern front".As Artillery Commander Grujić took a leading part in the battles and was instrumental in the Serbian Army's efforts and achievements throughout the War, by the end of 1876 he was promoted to the rank of Colonel. Contrary to Serbia's expectations Russia did not officially enter the war and the changes made in the operational plan, especially abandoning the <mask>'s war plan, disrupted the entire war concept of the Serbian General Staff. Chernyayev's insistence on continuing attacks on Turkish fortified positions after the failure of his opening offensive was a contributory cause of defeat. This was the main cause of the unsuccessful attacks by the Serbian army on Niš, Drina, and Ibarska. On 31 October 1876 Russia finally presents an ultimatum to the Turks and force them to conclude an armistice. Minister of War

A Professional Army
On 4 November 1876, at a critical moment for the Principality, Colonel <mask> <mask> is appointed Minister of War in the Cabinet of Stevča Mihailović;  On 24 April 1877, Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire and on 13 December is joined by Serbia and by Montenegro, the conflict is known as the Russo-Turkish War. <mask> <mask> started to reorganise the Serbian army using the Prussian experience from the Napoleonic wars: he increased garrison troops from four to eight battalions and ordered that every one of the thirty-two companies of garrison troops became a part of one battalion of National Militia in order to augment the fighting power of the latter.In August 1877, a new army force structure was established that introduced five active and one reserve army

masks: Grujić Sava Grujić Sava Grujić


texts:
 corps instead of the earlier four corps mode. For the next two years, <mask> <mask> organised more major reforms in the army, improving her fighting capacity and giving her a new organisation, <mask> realised that it was necessary to stiffen the back of the Serbian militia, so he split the standing army, which had seen little action during the first war, into smaller units that acted as cadres for the larger units of the militia. The troops were led by capable Serbian officers who proved their heroism and tactical ability, one of them was Jevrem Marković with whom Sava had fought alongside in Poland in 1863. In 1876 King Milan had kept the standing army out of combat, fearing to commit the troops he saw primarily as protection for his dynasty, but <mask> reorganisation turned it into the backbone of a considerably improved Serbian fighting force. Congress of Berlin
By early 1878, the Royal Serbian Army had captured most of the South Morava basin, liberating Vranje and Leskovac, reaching as far as Preševo, Vitina, and the monastery of Gračanica near Priština in Kosovo, revered by romantic nationalists as the seat of the medieval Serbian Empire. The Sultan sued for peace, on 3 March 1878 a peace treaty was signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at San Stefano, a village west of Istanbul; Serbia became independent according to Article 3. The formal independence of Serbia from the Ottoman Empire is internationally recognised at the Congress of Berlin on 13 July 1878, however, the new treaty significantly changes the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano; Serbia's territory gain is reduced and Austria-Hungary is given a mandate to occupy and administrate Bosnia and Herzegovina.This marked the start of <mask>

masks: Sava Grujić Grujić Grujić Sava


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 <mask>'s diplomatic career. Diplomatic service 1878–1887
<mask> quickly proved himself to be a versatile politician and a skilled diplomat, as such he was sent as ambassador and representative of the Serbian Kingdom around Capitals helping secure Serbia's place in Europe. A few years later he became Minister for Foreign Affairs. In 1879, as foreign relations between the Principality of Bulgaria and Serbia are established for the first time, <mask> is sent to Bulgaria as the first diplomatic representative of Serbia. From 1882 to 1884, he moved to Athens where he was posted as Serbian Minister of the new Kingdom of Serbia. A reformer named Charilaos Trikoupis, having just been elected Prime Minister, was pushing through an aggressive program of reforms to make Greece into a progressive nation, <mask> was involved into many negotiations between their respective governments and the Ottoman Porte. From 1885 to 1887 he became Serbia's representative to the Russian Empire and moved his family to Saint Petersburg.In 1887 <mask> <mask> is promoted general. As a trusted political friend of Russia, he is sent as a special envoy to Constantinople, during the conflict between Russia, Turkey, and Austria, to negotiate with the Turks on behalf of the Russian Empire. Political Career 1887–1894

People's Radical Party
After first leaning towards the liberal party, <mask> <mask> joined the People's Radical Party under the leadership of Nikola Pašić. The Radical Party was formed in 1881 and its ideological origins could be traced to the socialist program of Svetozar Marković that Grujić was familiar with from his time in Russia, especially Marković's ideas of people's state and people's sovereignty. At the time there had been no

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 political parties in Serbia with written programs and organisational structure, only the progressive party had been legally recognised as a political party. The program of the Radical Party was based on major democratic changes in Serbia and the liberation and union of all Serbs. The Radicals insisted on a constitutional reform which implied that all legislative power was the responsibility of the National Assembly and that the country should be organised on the principle of local self-government.By mobilising the peasantry through organising the countryside, the Radical Party was the first to understand the huge political potential of the peasants, because of that the Radicals proved to be "the most original nineteenth-century Balkan political movement"'. In January 1881, the radical newspaper called "Self-Government" () came out with the program of the party. From that moment that the Radicals diverged from the socialist ideas of Svetozar Marković, but insisted on political, rather than economic or social issues. Critical of the monarchy and inspired by French ideas of Radicalism, the Radicals demanded democracy, public liberties, and liberal reforms. In foreign policy, they were strongly Pro-Russian, anti-Austrian and Francophile, which made conflicts with pro-Austrian Prince Milan unavoidable. First Coalition government
In June 1887 for the first time in history, the People's Radical Party enters the cabinet, as one of their leader <mask> became Minister of Defence from 17 July, in a coalition government under the Presidency of the Liberal Jovan Ristić. The new government was greeted with great enthusiasm by wide masses.Slobodan Jovanović says that the capital was "overwhelmed" with local party champions who


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 came to congratulate their ministers on coming to power. Grujić and the Radicals’ first success was the agreement they concluded with the Liberals in the spring of 1886. This agreement was motivated by two important factors: The necessity of legalising the Radical movement after the Timok rebellion affair and the chance of entering the government. This was possible only through an agreement with the opposition party of the Liberals. The Radical-Liberal agreement did not signal any ideological rapprochement between the two political groups. It rather was directed towards collaboration during the elections and, in case of electoral victory, the possibility of forming a coalition government. The major task of that coalition cabinet was to foster constitutional reform.After several months, on 19 December 1887, the Radicals formed the first purely Radical cabinet under the presidency of General <mask> <mask> but the conflict with the King soon escalated. Presidency and the Constitution of 1888
On 19 December 1887, the Radicals formed the first purely Radical cabinet under the presidency of General <mask> <mask>. The first pure radical government in the history of the Radical Party was formed on 31 December 1887. <mask> <mask> became Prime Minister and Minister of the Army, his first act was the promulgation of a new Constitution in December 1888 establishing parliamentary democracy, freedom of citizens and local self-government. Although the Constitution came as a result of the work of all three political parties, its spirit basically reflected the program of Grujić Radical Party. It was one of the most liberal constitutions in Europe of that time, establishing the basis for full democracy and opening the door for the

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texts: development of an advanced political system in Serbia. It was based on the liberal Constitution of Belgium, itself a slightly modified version of the French Charte of 1830.The 1888 Constitution did not formally proclaim the sovereignty of the people, because King Milan Obrenović expressly opposed the principle, but it limited royal powers considerably and, by lowering the electoral census threshold, practically introduced universal suffrage. Endorsed by five-sixths of the Radical votes at the Great National Assembly (Velika narodna skupština), the 1888 Constitution, despite reservations of some Radical representatives, was seen as providing for a transition to a parliamentary system, which had already been demanded by the St Andrew's Day Assembly (which overthrew Prince Alexander Karađorđević) in 1858. If the failure of the Timok rebellion was the King's victory over the Radicals, then the promulgation of the new Constitution was the Radical victory over the ruler. In accordance with the agreement reached, King Milan informed the Prime Minister Colonel <mask> <mask>, in a letter dated 3 January 1888, that he had made the decision to allow free emigrants to return to the country, except for Nikola Pašić. Nikola Pašić was not even pardoned this time "because of the treacherous preparations against the fatherland and Serbian thought in the autumn of 1885." The Radical Government of <mask> Grujić envisaged the division of the army into an active (standing) and national by the proposal of the Law on Amendments to the Law on the Organization of the Army adopted on 3 April 1888. This law represented a combination of a national and standing army, with the first call still being regulated as a standing army, and the second

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 and third calls would represent the national army However, the proposed Laws brought great resentment with King Milan, who told the Austro-Hungarian deputy Hengelmiler that "the Radical Party is working on the preparation of the revolution and that they only want to get it on time so that they could pass the Law on the formation of a national army, and on the basis of it arm the people and then start the revolution."The king was increasingly showing disappointment in the Radicals and sought a way to overthrow the Radical Government.5 When the Radical Government submitted the signed Law on Municipalities to the King, adopted in the Assembly by a large majority, he refused to sign it. <mask> <mask> reminded the King that by the agreement of December 1887, "which he had made with the radicals" the enactment of this law was included. To that, King Milan replied: "Well, sue me for the failure to complete the contract!" In such a situation, <mask> had no other option but to resign on 26 April 1888. The Constitution prescribed that the King should renounce the throne and appoint viceroys who would reign on behalf of his minor son Aleksandar. The King appointed three viceroys. The viceroys were not Radicals, but, as the Radicals were the strongest, they conferred government upon them.Soon after the document's approval by the National Assembly, the King abdicates and leave Serbia. After the abdication of King Milan, the prominent Radical leader Nikola Pašić is finally pardoned and allowed to return to Serbia. The Radical regime 1889–1892
The period from February 1889 to August 1892 was the longest period prior to 1903 in which <mask> <mask> and the Radicals were in power. During those three and a half years they were able

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texts: to implement and develop a political system based on the Constitution of 1888 and on intensive legislative activity. This period of Serbian history was rightfully named "the Radical regime". <mask> <mask> serves as Prime Minister for the first two years March 1889- February 1891. According to the law on elections of representatives, passed in March 1890, the Radicals succeeded in introducing virtually general voting right without any census.It contained several important reforms that secured a democratic electoral procedure: it introduced the secret ballot, power during the elections was assigned to the president of the electoral committee, without any interference of State authorities, and a detailed penal code was introduced for cases of abuse during the elections. Two other legal documents were passed during Radical rule and shed a greater understanding of the Radical interpretation of democracy. The law on ministerial responsibility dated January 1891, gave the right of questioning to both the National Assembly and to the King. The ministerial responsibility was both political and criminal. The law on communes, enforced in November 1889, was designed to introduce the concept of local self-government as the most important political system in the country. The application of this system essentially meant the realisation of the Radical program. At the end of his mandate, <mask> <mask> is sent as the Serbian envoy to Constantinople, from 1891 to 1893 he will continue the policy led by his predecessor Stojan Novaković.During his mandate, there was a conflict between the Turkish authorities and the Patriarchate regarding the Patriarchal privileges. The authorities had tried to impose firm control upon Serbian


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 schools, by issuing an official announcement in January 1892, in which they demanded to review the statutes of all non-Muslim schools <mask> <mask> recommended to the Serbian consul to advise people to submit applications directly to the Turkish authorities, in accordance with the Article 129 of the law on Public Education in Turkey. Political isolation
On 13 April 1893, the minor King Alexander Obrenović, while dining with members of the Regency, supported by the army and government members, declares himself legally aged and proclaims himself king. At first the Radical accept to work with the new King, and after parliamentary elections, they win the majority of seats once again. <mask> <mask> forms his third government in 1893 becoming first Minister of Defence from 4 June to 23 November 1893 then from 23 November 1893 Prime Minister, Minister of War and Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs. After old King Milan returns from exile the Radicals and the Obrenović dynasty enter again into open confrontation. Radical public meetings are banned and in May 1894 the King abolished the modern 1888 Constitution and reinstitute the one adopted in 1869.The majority of the laws passed under Radical rule are changed or suppressed, King Aleksandar opts for 'neutral' Governments – in other words, he establishes a personal regime. Diplomatic service 1897–1903

Envoy in St. Petersburg 1897–1899
During this difficult political time for the Radicals, <mask> <mask> is sent as the Serbian envoy to St. Petersburg to represent Serbia as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia begins his reign. In Serbia, on 21 June 1899 an abortive attempt on the ex-King Milan's life, an event known as the "St John's Day's Attempt", made by a young man from Bosnia


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 is used by the government as a pretext to arrest the Party's most outspoken leaders and place them before a Court-Martial. Milan insisted on the death penalty for Pašić and Taušanović in retaliation for all past and present conflicts and clashes. Pašić agreed to accuse some of his Party comrades (Protić and Živković) of anti-dynastic attitudes and possible inspiration for the attempted assassination and, in return, his and Taušanović's lives were spared. In the end, the accused Radicals were sentenced to twenty years of hard labour, Taušanović to 10 years and Pašić to only five years in prison. These measures were accompanied by organised attacks on the Radicals.They were being fired, persecuted, and purged throughout Serbia. Envoy in Constantinople 1900–1903
One more time <mask> <mask> is sent as the Serbian envoy to Constantinople as top diplomat. In 1901, the Radical movement re-emerged in Serbian politics with the death of their arch-enemy, ex-King Milan Obrenović, once again, as many times before, the Radicals insist on constitutional reform. The 1903 May coup
The turning point in modern Serbian history came in 1903. That year was marked by the assassination of King Alexander I of Serbia, Queen Draga, her two brothers and two ministers by a group of young Serbian officers on 10 June 1903. <mask> <mask> was in Constantinople at the time, where he was a deputy at the Turkish court. This event marked the end of the Obrenović dynasty which had ruled Serbia with interruptions for more than seventy years, but more importantly, it opened the door for constitutional parliamentary democracy.In June 1903, only a month after the King's death, a new constitution, with essentially the same text as that of 1888, is passed


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 by the Grand National Assembly. The Serbian Skupština invited Peter Karađorđević to assume the Serbian crown as Peter I of Serbia. The Serbian Radical party was not directly involved in the coup d'etat, but it was one of the groups that benefited the most from the overthrow of the Obrenovic dynasty. As the most popular political party within Serbia by far, it has been estimated that by 1903 as much as 80% of Serbia's population either supported or belonged to the Serbian Radicals, the transformation of Serbia into a parliamentary democracy meant that the Radicals would dominate the parliament and that they would continually form the government and run Serbia. Return to government

On 15 June 1903, Peter I of Serbia became the new Serbian head of state, the third son of Alexander Karadjordjević, he had been educated in France and Switzerland. A nationalistic Serb, he had fought in the Bosnian War, Peter was crowned in 1904, the new King was committed to the creation of true parliamentary government. <mask> <mask>, who had replaced Jovan Avakumović's "revolutionary" 1903 Cabinet, was offered to form a new government either with Pašić Old Radicals or with the Independent Radicals <mask> became head of the Council of State in June then, looking for the widest possible support in the National Assembly, on 4 October 1903, <mask> formed a coalition Cabinet embracing both wings of the Radical Party: the Old Radicals of Pašić and the Independent Radicals led by the younger French-oriented intellectuals.On 21 November 1903, <mask> became prime minister staying in that position until 27 November 1904. In the negotiations for a new Cabinet, in November 1904, both groups concluded that their coalition could not continue, given

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 their differences in major issues such as floating a loan, the purchase of guns and the railway construction. From 1 March 1906 to 17 April 1906, <mask> <mask> was Prime Minister and War Minister. The Radical Party entered its Golden Age. After over twenty years of struggle, rebellion, crisis, compromise, and success, it became powerful and mature enough to dominate Serbian politics and decisively contribute to Serbia's emergence as a democratic European state. Later life and death

The Hague Peace Conference of 1907
In 1907, <mask> <mask> headed the Serbian delegation to the second Hague convention where he spent several months as President of the Serbian Council of State and Delegate Plenipotentiary. The conference sat from 15 June to 18 October 1907 and was attended by the representatives of 44 states, it was convened as a restraint on war, to reduce the amount nations spent on armaments, and to ensure ‘to all peoples the benefits of a real and lasting peace’.The Hague Conventions treaty also established the laws and customs of war in the strict sense, by defining Methods of warfare: the rules that belligerents must follow during hostilities. This branch of international law is known as the laws of war, as opposed to the one governing the right to receive relief, as defined in the Geneva Conventions that establish the protection of victims of conflict as well as the limitation of methods of warfare. Retirement and Death
In 1906 he retired from active political life but remained President of the State Council a position he kept from 1906 to 1910. October 1913 saw the end of the Balkan War against the Turks when Serbia together with Greece and Bulgaria liberated the Balkan Peninsula from the Turks. The following


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 month, Grujić died peacefully at home on his 73rd birthday. Writings
Grujić wrote a number of military manuals and books, including  (The military organization of Serbia; 1874) and  (The foundations of the military structure of the principality of Bulgaria; 1880). One of his best known publications which was very popular at the time was the History of the Serbo-Turkish Wars of 1816–1818 in four volumes, in it he wrote about his wartime experience and his memoir is considered one of the best analyses of the wars.Personal life

Marriage and children
After his first wife Angelina died at a young age, <mask> <mask> remarried Milica Radovanović in 1867; they had four children; two sons: Captain Borislav (Boro<mask> was born in 1876, Captain Aleksandar (Alek<mask> born in 1879; and two daughters: Marija born in 1883, married to Cavalry Division General Vojin Tcholak-Antitch, Chief Inspector of Cavalry, a descendant of Čolak-Anta Simeonović and Olga, Royal Lady in Waiting to Princess Olga of Yugoslavia, married to Professor Milivoje S. Lozanić, son of Sima Lozanić. Legacy
Generala Save Grujića is a street of the western section of downtown Belgrade. Affiliations

 Honorary member, Serbian Academy of Science
 Honorary member, Russian Archaeological Institute

See also
List of prime ministers of Serbia
Grujić family (in Serbian)

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
Biography online SASA

1840 births
1913 deaths
Politicians from Smederevo
People's Radical Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Serbia
Government ministers of Serbia
Serbian generals
Serbian diplomats
Serbian socialists
Serbian nationalists
Socialism in the Principality of Serbia
Writers from Smederevo
Defence ministers of Serbia
Foreign

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The murder of <mask> was an Australian contract killing. <mask>, a Scottish-born Australian businessman, was murdered by a single gunshot to his head on 3 September 2009 outside his , Sydney family home. In October 2010 five men were arrested and several charges laid; and by April 2013 four of them had been convicted and jailed in connection with the murder of McGurk. The last accused, businessman Ronald Edward "Ron" Medich, was, in April 2018, found guilty by a jury in the Supreme Court of orchestrating the murder of McGurk, and of intimidating McGurk's wife. In June 2018 Medich was sentenced to a 39-years custodial sentence, with a 30 year non-parole period. <mask>

McGurk, born Mick Rushford in 1958 in Glasgow, Scotland, was raised in the Gorbals notorious slum area by his grandmother and brothers; although some media reports claim that Rushford was raised in Edinburgh. Rushford travelled to Australia in 1993, where he began working with ECC Lighting, in inner Sydney.Whilst he was employed at ECC, Customs officers found out that Rushford had overstayed his temporary visa. Served with a deportation notice, Rushford left Australia, travelling to New Zealand, via Fiji, and returned with a new passport and new identity as <mask> McGurk, altering his birth date from 1958 to 1964. McGurk rose far above his impoverished roots, living in a $4 million home, driving a Mercedes S-Class, and taking luxury ski holidays. Described by some media agencies as an alcoholic and a heavy cocaine user, McGurk was variously reported as the director of 28 failed or deregistered companies; a standover man, fixer and

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 debt collector; a lender of last resort; negotiator; and a property developer. Media reports claim that McGurk was involved in supplying prostitutes to high-profile people, including leading sports figures and, in the last weeks of his life, was negotiating a property deal with associates of nightclub identity John Ibrahim. Business links with Ron Medich
His main trading vehicle, Bentley Smythe and associated companies, Bentley Smythe Financial Services, Bentley Smythe Mortgage Fund No 1, and Bentley Smythe Mortgage Fund No 2, were all reportedly solvent at the time of his death. Eagle Street Finance, a wholly owned subsidiary of Brisbane-based H&G Corporate, had a registered mortgage over the assets of Bentley Smythe Mortgage Fund No 1.His sometime business partner and BRW Rich 200 member, Ron Medich had an interest in one of McGurk's companies, Business Investment Opportunities. Of the ten million shares in this company (issued at $1 each), Ron Medich Properties owned 380,000 of the shares, with the remainder owned by Celtic Sydney, a company wholly owned and controlled by McGurk. Other media reports claimed that McGurk died owing millions. McGurk was reportedly two months in arrears on the $2.4 million mortgage on his Cremorne house to the mortgagee, BankWest. In investigating the details provided at time of approving the loan, BankWest found that the information supplied by McGurk was allegedly fraudulent. The tax files and pay slips McGurk had provided to obtain the loan had been forged. Title to the house was in the name of McGurk's wife.Following revelations of the fraud, BankWest


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 advised McGurk that, as mortgagee, it intended to sell the property. McGurk sought assistance from Medich who reportedly lent him $3.6 million to pay out BankWest. McGurk also owed Medich $10 million at the time of his death, relating to Medich's equity in Business Investment Opportunities. In an interesting twist of fate, Medich, together with Graham Richardson, a political lobbyist and former Labor federal minister, met Sam Haddad, the Director-General of NSW Planning, the day before the alleged murder of McGurk and reportedly discussed why Haddad overrode senior planning officials' recommendation that the Medich land be rezoned after a meeting with Frank Sartor, at the time the Labor NSW Minister for Planning. Reports of the financial relationship between Medich and Richardson varied, with McGurk alleging to Herald journalists that Richardson was on a retainer of $25,000 per month, whereas Medich claimed that Richardson was being paid $5,000 per month. Civil dispute between Medich and McGurk
In various media reports, it was claimed that Medich and McGurk were in dispute, including matters that were brought before the Federal Court by Medich against McGurk and his wife, and various companies associated with McGurk. These matters were heard by the Court and dismissed on 8 April 2009, due to Medich failing to disclose material facts.Costs were awarded against Medich. In another matter that is yet to be resolved, Medich and McGurks' executors are in dispute. Other business links
Prior to his death, McGurk was negotiating a property deal for Bob Ell, a BRW Rich 200 billionaire. Ell's company,


texts: Leda Holdings, had interest in Kings Cross landmark property, the Crest Hotel. Ell sought to redevelop the Crest and buy the property from Australand for $70 million. According to media reports, McGurk was negotiating on behalf of Ell and for business associates of John Ibrahim to run the downstairs bar area of the Crest in return for an investment of $10–$15 million. McGurk was working with Ell to collect rent from tenants and met disgraced former company director, Jim Byrnes.Despite initially being on opposing sides of negotiations, Byrne and McGurk would later form a friendship, and work together for Ell. Leda Holdings held a $450,000 mortgage over McGurk's city office on York Street, Sydney – which is owned by McGurk's wife. It was reported that Australand rejected the McGurk's proposal just days before his death. McGurk's company, Bentley Smythe, had previously lent up to $1 million to businessman Richard Woods. Woods was the owner of a bathhouse which was beset by leaking water problems, located on the first floor of the Crest Hotel building. Theo Baker, a Sydney telecommunications and financial software millionaire and another BRW Rich 200 member, provided McGurk with a $300,000 loan to retain his black Mercedes S-class, following repossession of the vehicle by a finance company. Baker's loan was also secured by a mortgage against a city property owned by McGurk's wife.HSBC Australia held a second mortgage over the Cremorne family home. It was reported that HSBC Australia, as mortgagee in possession, placed a property owned by McGurk, located in Orlando Avenue, Cremorne, up for mortgagee


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 sale. At various times McGurk's business associates included Mark Burby, a Jersey businessman, who together with McGurk were allegedly planning to blackmail the Sultan of Brunei following an earlier unsuccessful attempt to sue the Sultan for reneging on a deal to buy a 400-year-old miniature Koran. According to Burby, the blackmail related to "...an ongoing private matter involving one of the Sultan's relatives". Closed or failed companies
The closed and failed companies associated with McGurk and financial position (where known) included:
Tandew – The Federal Court ordered liquidation of the company in February 2007 following an application by the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation. Debts of $1.95 million were outstanding
Australian Residential Land Company – application for voluntary deregistration lodged on 24 July 2009 by the directors, McGurk and Medich. The sole shareholder of this company is a company whose directors include Neville Wran, a former Labor Premier
Acett – Ron Medich Properties (a company controlled by Medich) made application on 15 April 2009 for Acett to be wound up; and later withdrew the application
The Australian Hotel Group – liquidators were appointed in September 2005.McGurk was not a director of this company at this point in time; serving as a director between 2001 and 2004. It was reported that in April 2008, the company has debts of $4.4 million to 24 creditors

Chilfunky
Amswell
MMG Investments
ATC Growth
Re-Educate
Thermoelectric International
Sports Management International
Australian Telecommunications Consortium
Grand Prix Swimming

Connections with the Labor


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 Party
McGurk had also been lobbying on the sale of Currawong, a  Pittwater site owned by Unions NSW. Moses Obeid, the son of disgraced former Labor powerbroker Eddie Obeid, helped McGurk negotiate with John Robertson, then Secretary of Unions NSW. Following McGurk's death, Robertson stated that McGurk was representing Medich and that while their $30 million bid for Currawong was the highest, it was conditional on development approval. Unions NSW accepted a bid for a lesser amount, because there were no conditions attached. Richard Vereker, an associate of McGurk and aged 68 at the time of McGurk's death, was mentioned in a 2008 ICAC inquiry involving Wollongong City Council. At this Inquiry, ICAC found that eleven individuals engaged in various forms of corrupt conduct between 2004 and 2007.Vereker, a former butcher, bookmaker, and Wollongong businessman, had reportedly facilitated a meeting between McGurk and Graham Richardson that later led to McGurk attempting to exhort Medich. Vereker, a disability pensioner, was reportedly NSW Labor's second largest individual donor, with a political donation of $75,000 in the 2007 state election campaign. On 1 July 2010, Vereker, with Mark Abernethy, published a biography of McGurk, called The Fast Life and Sudden Death of <mask>. The Sydney Morning Herald also revealed links with Craig Knowles, a former NSW Planning Minister, and with Lucas Neill, a captain of the Socceroos, in McGurk's alleged role as a financial middleman for the set-up of a proposed western Sydney A-League soccer team. The registered office of Sydney Wanderers Football Club, the


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 legal entity of the new club, was the offices of Bentley Smythe in York Street, Sydney – McGurk's place of business. The proposal to set up the new soccer club collapsed on 2 September 2009, the day before McGurk's murder. It was later revealed that McGurk was acting on behalf of Paddy Dominguez, Neil's manager and Bob Ell, a potential sponsor of the soccer club.Criminal investigations against McGurk
In early 2009, McGurk had been charged with assault and two charges of firebombing houses, one of which was that of Adam Tilley, allegedly firebombing the Point Piper home in November 2008. Tilley purchased the Wolseley Road mansion from Medich for $12.5 million in 2004. Central to the dispute between Tilley, Medich, and McGurk was an agreement for Tilley and Medich to develop land adjoining the Wolseley Road property that could potentially yield Medich $20 million (net). As the global financial crisis resulted in a dip in property market values, Medich assigned his $10 million interest in the Point Piper property to McGurk. McGurk allegedly demanded Tilley repay the maximum $20 million. McGurk commenced action in the Supreme Court when his demands were refused. Two weeks prior to his murder, the NSW Director of Public Prosecutions dropped the charges, including the alleged firebombing of another property in Queen Street, Beaconsfield, owned by the valuer Stuart Rowan.McGurk had also been charged in connection with an assault on Rowan after Rowan refused to provide McGurk with a valuation on a Bathurst property. Other charges that were dropped related to the alleged assault on a former employee,