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<mask> (born 19 January 1984) is a Scottish sports journalist and former professional footballer who played as a left back from 2002 to 2016. During his career, <mask> played for Nottingham Forest, Rotherham United, Chesterfield, Crewe Alexandra and Northampton Town and Grimsby Town. He has also represented Scotland at U21 level. Club career

Nottingham Forest
Born in Edinburgh, <mask> started his career as a junior in Heart of Midlothian's youth system but moved south of the border to join Nottingham Forest when he was 17 in February 2001. After progressing through the Reds' academy, <mask> made his debut in September 2003 against Tranmere Rovers in the League Cup, which Forest won on penalties after a goalless draw. He made his Championship league debut against local rivals Derby County four days later as a late substitute in a 1–1 draw at the City Ground. His full league debut came the following week against Preston North End in a 1–0 home defeat.On 28 May 2004, boss Joe Kinnear offered <mask> a new one-year deal. On 10 May 2005, he was released by manager Gary Megson. <mask> went on to make a total of 44 appearances for Nottingham Forest. Rotherham United
In June 2005 <mask> signed for League One Rotherham United on a free transfer. He made his debut in a 2–1 home defeat to Walsall in the opening fixture that season. <mask> spent two years at the club making a total of 56 appearances and scoring one goal in a 2–0 victory away to Swansea City at the Liberty Stadium. Chesterfield
Robertson joined League Two side Chesterfield on a two-year contract in June 2007.He made his debut in the Spireites opening league fixture of the season, a 0–0 draw away to Chester City. He netted his first goal for the club in a 3–1

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Gregor Aedan Robertson
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 win away at local rivals Mansfield Town that season, scoring direct from a corner kick. On 2 July 2009, he signed a new one-year deal, which kept him at the club until July 2011. On 4 October 2009 he scored an equaliser in the 15th minute in the 2–2 stalemate against Morecambe, latching on to Darren Currie's cross and volleying home from close range. In November 2009, <mask> suffered a double leg break in an innocuous tackle in a Football League Trophy tie at home to Carlisle. After a year on the sidelines he returned to action in November 2010 in a 2–0 FA Cup first round victory away to Harrow. On 8 June 2010, he signed a new one-year deal.<mask> went on to make a total of 23 appearances that season in Chesterfield's 2010/11 League Two winning campaign, enjoying a successful spell at centre half for much of it. However, he suffered an Achilles tendon rupture away to Hereford United in April, ruling him out for the last few games of the season and much of the next. <mask> returned to action in League One the next season in a 1–0 Boxing Day defeat away to Huddersfield Town and was part of the Football League Trophy winning squad that season. <mask> made a total of 133 appearances for Chesterfield, scoring three goals. Crewe Alexandra
In July 2012, <mask> joined League One side Crewe Alexandra, signing a two-year deal. On 16 January 2014, <mask> had his contract mutually terminated by the club after making 40 appearances in all competitions for The Alex. Northampton Town
On 4 February 2014, <mask> agreed to join League Two side Northampton Town on a deal until the end of the season.He played 15 League games in the club's successful battle against relegation, with the Cobblers guaranteeing their League Two status

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 with a 3–1 victory over Oxford United on the final day of the season. <mask> signed a new one-year contract on 23 May 2014. <mask> was released by Northampton Town on 20 January 2015. Grimsby Town
On 26 January 2015, <mask> signed for Conference Premier side Grimsby until the end of the season. On 11 April 2015, he injured himself in the first half and had to be substituted at half time, in the 1–0 defeat against Wrexham. Scans revealed he had damage to his medial ligament meaning his campaign was likely to be over. Surprisingly, he made a comeback to the starting lineup, due to a hamstring injury sustained to Josh Gowling, Toto Nsiala reverted to his favored centre-back position having previously played at right-back while <mask> was injured, but during the 2015 Conference Premier play-off Final against Bristol Rovers at Wembley on 17 May 2015, he had to be substituted in the 72nd minute, being replaced by Daniel Parslow; following a 1–1 draw after extra time, Grimsby lost 5–3 in a penalty shoot-out.On 29 May 2015, <mask> agreed a new one-year deal with the club. He played in Grimsby's 3–1 victory over Forest Green Rovers in the 2016 National League play-off Final at Wembley, seeing Grimsby promoted to League Two after a six-year absence from the Football League. <mask> was released when his contract expired at the end of the season. International career
<mask> won a total of 15 caps, scoring two goals for Scotland U21s, including one match against Spain's U21 side featuring FIFA World Cup: 2010 winners Andrés Iniesta, Sergio Ramos and Cesc Fàbregas, which the Scots lost 3–1. On 16 August 2005, a Shaun Maloney corner was flicked on by club-mate Craig Beattie for <mask> to head the opener in the 3-1 comfortable

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 win against Austria U21s. On 7 October 2005, he scored a header to put Scotland U21s into a 2–0 lead on 44 minutes, eventually losing 3–2 against Belarus U21s. Media career
Following his release from Grimsby, <mask> announced his retirement on Twitter.Since hanging up his boots, <mask> had moved into sports journalism and writes for The Times. Personal life
<mask> studied a three-year degree in professional sports writing and broadcasting, journalism at Staffordshire University, and worked at the Nottingham Post as part of a work placement, writing articles. He now works as a football writer, his work including a regular column in The Times newspaper. On 21 January 2022, <mask> pleaded guilty to headbutting an Uber driver in London on 10 May 2019. The driver had swerved a drunken <mask> who had staggered into the road and had kicked out at the car. Following a further altercation in a nearby petrol station <mask> had headbutted the man and punched his friend when he tried to intervene. Career statistics

Honours

Club
Chesterfield
League Two Champions, Promoted (1): 2010–11
Football League Trophy Champions (1): 2011–2012

Crewe Alexandra
Football League Trophy Champions (1): 2012–2013

Grimsby Town
National League Play-offs Winners (1): 2015–16

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Association football defenders
Heart of Midlothian F.C.players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Scottish sports

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<mask> (December 30, 1941 – May 11, 2020) was an American curator, columnist, and product developer; known for her curatorial work focusing on recycled and outsider art. <mask> lived and worked in Berkeley, California until her death in May, 2020. Early life and education
Raised in Atlantic City, New Jersey, <mask> studied at the University of Wisconsin before receiving a degree in economics in 1963 from the University of Pennsylvania. After college, <mask> moved to the University of Oxford for graduate studies where she studied the labor politics of Yugoslavia. She did not complete her thesis and moved to Berkeley, California, in 1967. Work and life
<mask>'s work spanned many subjects from recycling, entertainment, west coast art, outsider art, innovative products, to general oddities. <mask> wrote columns and articles for numerous publications including "Best Bets" in New West Magazine, "The Subtle Shopper" and "Please Mr. Postman" in the San Francisco Chronicle, as well as other publications including the LA Times, Elle Decor, NY Post, Esquire, Ms. (magazine), and Oui Magazine.In 1970, horse breeder Edwin Janss Jr named a foal after <mask>. The daughter of Hot Curl and Hillary, <mask> had 48 Starts, 9 Wins, 6 Places, 7 Shows, and career earnings of $77,913. <mask>, the horse, retired in 1977. In 1993, Tony Warren authored a book, Foot of the Rainbow, and dedicated it to <mask>, the human. Curation

Hello Again! Subtle made her curatorial debut in 1997 with Hello Again!, a recycled art focused show, opening at the Oakland Museum. The show would travel, going on to show at Los Angeles Municipal

masks:
Susan Subtle
Subtle
Subtle
Subtle
Subtle
Subtle
Subtle
Susan Subtle
Susan Subtle
Susan Subtle


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 Gallery, Texas International Museum of Art & Science, Vancouver Museum, and the McColl Center for Art + Innovation, in Charlotte.The show's core elements remained the same as it traveled with Subtle curating in additional art made by local artists. Chocolatier Joseph Schmidt Confections donated broken bits of chocolates which were served at the opening in Oakland in dialogue with the recycled nature of the show. Mildred Howard, Mark Bulwinkle, Clayton Bailey, Claire Graham, Jan Yager, Leo Sewell, Remi Rubel, Pippa Garner, and Valerie Hardy Raven were some of the featured artists of the show. The show was reviewed in ArtForum as a "Real Life Rock Greil Marcus’" Top Ten. We Are Not Alone: Angels and Other Aliens
Working as a guest curator with the American Visionary Art Museum and founder Rebecca Hoffberger, <mask> organized a show focused on artists who experienced the extraterrestrial in some shape and form. "We Are Not Alone" presented over 90 outsider artists—some who claimed to be abducted by aliens and some claiming to be visited by them and some who were outsider artists with extraterrestrial art or personality. The show ran at the museum in Baltimore, MD from Oct 2nd 1999 to Sept 3.2000. The artists included Adolf Wölfli, Albert Louden, Anselme Boix-Vives, Chris Hipkiss, August Walla, Raymond Materson, Ionel Talpazan, Edmund Monseil, Eugene Gabritschevsky, Francois Burland, Friedrich Schröder Sonnenstern, Johann Garber, Madge Gill, Oswald Tschirtner, Perifimou, Raphaël Lonné, Salvatore Bonura, Sava Sekulic. This show referenced the content of <mask>'s previous shows, presenting outsider and

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 extraterrestrial art. Writing
<mask> began her journalism career in 1974 with an article in Esquire Magazine titled "Their Arts Belong to Dada" featuring west coast fashion and art. The article featured artists Clayton Bailey, Lowell Darling, Anna Banana, Ant Farm (group), Futzie Nutzle, Dr. Brute & Lady Brute, Mr. Peanut, Irene Dogmatic, AA Bronson, Captain Video, Flakey Rrose Hip, Henry Humble, The Gluers and Dickens Bascom, Don and Rae Davis, and T.R. Uthco. In 1975, <mask> wrote an article titled: "The Rockettes: 50 Years Old And Still Kicking" published by Ms. Magazine, photographed by Bud Lee and designed by Bea Feitler.From 1975 to 1982, <mask> wrote articles and columns for New West Magazine. From 1982 to 1985, <mask> wrote columns for the San Francisco Chronicle. In 1990, <mask> featured Creative Growth Art Center in the October issue of Elle Decor in an article tilted "Aimed Straight From The Heart". She reviewed the organization highly, comparing the style of art made at creative growth to outsider, primitive, naive, brut, and early-American folk art. Publications contributed to:

California Living
California Magazine
Des Moines Skywalker
Elle Decor
Esquire Magazine
Los Angeles Times
Metropolitan Home
Ms. Magazine
New Dawn
New West Magazine
NY Daily News Sunday Magazine
NY Post
Oui Magazine
San Francisco Chronicle
San Francisco Examiner
 San Francisco Garbage Company Newsletter
San Jose Mercury
WomenSports
Working Woman

<mask> contributed to three books. She originated, with Rod Kennedy, the concept for the book Atlantic City, 125 years of ocean madness: starring Miss America, Mr.

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 Peanut, Lucy the Elephant, the High Diving Horse, and four generations of Americans cutting loose published in 1979. She co-wrote, with Ruth Reichl and Ken Dollar, The Contest Book: 299 Unusual Contests You Can Enter!!!!!published in New York by Harmony in 1979. She co-wrote, with Michael Lester, How to have fun with your body with Illustrations by Kim Deitch, published by Houghton Mifflin in 1986. Products
Subtle co-founded an art group and design company called Subtle Bananas with Valerie Hardy. They participated in exhibitions and designed business cards and stationery for clients. In 1974, <mask> wrote an article in the SF Examiner featuring the company. After the Subtle Bananas company, Subtle founded the Subtle Corporation. The Subtle Corp developed many products with the most successful product being the Subtles eyeglass cords, which employ a variety of creatures to help you hang onto your glasses.References

Product designers
American art curators
American women curators
1941 births
American women columnists
American columnists
Writers from Atlantic City, New Jersey
American women non-fiction writers
Writers from Berkeley, California
People from Berkeley, California
2020 deaths
21st-century American


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<mask> (6 April 1732 – 11 September 1808) was a Spanish priest, botanist and mathematician. He was a significant figure in the Spanish American Enlightenment, whom Alexander von Humboldt met with on his expedition to Spanish America. He is one of the most important authors of the Spanish Universalist School of the 18th century, together with Juan Andrés or Antonio Eximeno. Life
He was born in Cádiz and baptized with the name <mask>. He began his medical studies at the College of Surgery in Cádiz, where he also studied physics, chemistry and botany. He graduated in medicine from the University of Seville on 2 May 1755. On 5 July 1757 he received his doctorate in medicine.From 1757 to 1760 he was interim professor of anatomy in Madrid. During those same years he continued to study botany at the Migas Calientes Botanical Gardens (now the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid), and also astronomy and philosopher mathematics. After three years he decided to leave for America, as the private physician of the new viceroy of New Granada, Pedro Messía de la Cerda. He sailed on 7 September 1760, arriving at Santa Fe de Bogotá on 24 February 1761. During the long transatlantic passage he began writing his Diario de Observaciones, which he continued until 1791. From his arrival in the Viceroyalty, <mask> concentrated on his botanical studies, beginning work on an herbal and investigating for cinchona, which was considered a panacea for the treatment of all kinds of diseases. He wrote El Arcano de la Quina.Botanical expedition
Beginning in 1763, <mask> proposed to the king that he sponsor an expedition to study the flora and fauna of the region. He had to wait 20 years for the authorization, but in 1783 the king authorized his expedition (one of three royal botanical expeditions to the New

masks:
José Celestino Bruno Mutis y Bosio
José Celestino Bruno Mutis y Bosio
Mutis
Mutis


texts: World at about that time). In the interim, <mask> concentrated on commercial and mineralogical projects, not neglecting medicine. He also studied the social and economic conditions of the viceroyalty, and continued to expand his collection of flora and fauna. On 19 December 1772 he was ordained a priest. He was in regular correspondence with scientists in Spain and elsewhere in Europe, particularly Carl Linnaeus. <mask> led the Royal Botanical Expedition, established in 1783, for 25 years.It explored some 8,000 km2 in a range of climates, using the Río Magdalena for access to the interior. He developed a meticulous methodology that included the harvesting of the samples in the field together with detailed descriptions, including data on the surroundings of each species and its utility. Hundreds of plants were discovered and described. More than 8,000 plates, plus maps, correspondence, notes and manuscripts were sent to Spain. His museum consisted of 24,000 dried plants, 5,000 drawings of plants by his pupils, and a collection of woods, shells, resins, minerals, and skins. These treasures arrived safely at Madrid in 105 boxes, and the plants, manuscripts, and drawings were sent to the botanical gardens, where they were relegated to a tool-house. The Royal Botanical Expedition headquarters moved in two different occasions.Initially it was based on the municipality of La Mesa (now in the Department of Cundinamarca), then in November 1783 it was moved to Mariquita (Department of Tolima). Finally in 1791 it was moved to Santa Fe de Bogota. Much of the work was wasted because the results remained unedited and unanalyzed. Also, the collation between the notes and the plates was lost during the transfer to Spain. His work on the species and varieties of Chinchona had lasting

masks: Mutis Mutis


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 influence. He determined the longitude of Bogotá by the observation of an eclipse of a satellite of Jupiter and was a major influence on the construction of the National Astronomical Observatory. In March 1762, at the inauguration of the chair of mathematics at the Colegio del Rosario, he expounded the principles of the Copernican system and of the experimental method of science, leading to a confrontation with the Church.In 1774 he had to defend the teaching of the principles of Copernicus, as well as natural philosophy and modern, Newtonian physics and mathematics, before the Inquisition. In 1784, he was elected a foreign member of the RSAOS Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Alexander von Humboldt visited <mask> in 1801, during his expedition to America. Humboldt stayed with <mask> for two months, and greatly admired his botanical collection. <mask> died in Bogotá on 2 September 1808, at age 76, a victim of apoplexy. Because much of his botanical work was lost or unpublished, he is known to history not as a great scientist, but as a great promoter of science and knowledge. Fields
Botany: He studied the flora of his surroundings, and produced a marvelous collection of plates of Colombian plants that are now located in the Royal Botanical Garden in Madrid.Linguistics: He studied the indigenous languages of the area. By order of King Charles III, he developed a series of elementary vocabularies of various languages (about 100 words in each language). King Charles was responding to a request from Czarina Catherine the Great to provide vocabularies of all the languages spoken in his realms, in order to develop a monumental dictionary of all the languages of the world. The dictionary was in fact published, but the compilers published it in alphabetical order, making it

masks: Mutis Mutis Mutis


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 nearly impossible to consult. Other sciences, including important contributions to industrial processes, such as silver mining and the distillation of rum. Works
Diario de observaciones de José <mask> <mask>, 1760-1790, 2 vols. 2nd edition.Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica 1983
Escritos botánicos. María Paz Martín Fierro, ed. Editoriales Andaluzas Unidas 1985. Escritos científicos de José Celestino <mask>. Guillermo Hernández de Alba. 2nd ed. 2 vols.Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica 1983. Flora de la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica 1954. Viaje a Santa Fe. Marcelo Frías Núñez, ed. Madrid: Historia 16. (1991)

Legacy

His likeness is well known to Spaniards, because his image was used on the 1992-2002 banknotes of 2,000 Pesetas.This was the first in a series of banknotes commemorating Spain in America. On the reverse was a drawing of the Mutisia clematis flower, named in his honor. He was also depicted in the 200 Colombian Pesos banknote between 1983 and 1992. <mask> <mask> Botanical Gardens, a park and center of scientific investigation, is named in his honor in Bogotá. It includes climate-controlled exhibits of the flora in all climate zones of Colombia. There is also an exhibit of 5,000 Colombian orchids, one of Colombia's most extensive. The official name of the town of Bahía Solano on Colombia's Pacific coast in the Department of Chocó is Puerto <mask>, in honor of <mask> <mask>.The airport there is Aeropuerto José Celestino Mutis, as well. This town is located north of the city of Buenaventura and north of the San Juan River, the largest river in South America to empty into the Pacific Ocean. In 1783 he hired Vicente Albán to commit paintings associated with the flora of

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Celestino
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José Celestino
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José Celestino
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 Ecuador. His collection of plant specimens deposited in Paris at the National Museum of Natural History, France was curated by Alicia Lourteig. Other expeditions
The four expeditions authorized by King Charles III to the Spanish colonies were those of Hipólito Ruiz López and <mask> Pavón to  Peru and Chile (1777–88); <mask> to New Granada (1783–1808); Juan de Cuéllar to the Philippines (1786–97); and Martín Sessé y Lacasta to New Spain (1787–1803). See also
Spanish Universalist School of the 18th century
List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics
Spanish American Enlightenment

Further reading

Bleichmar, Daniela. Visible Empire: Botanical Expeditions & Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment.Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2012. Puente Veloso, S. "<mask> <mask>: physician, humanist," Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina 1986, vol. 103, no. 3, 411-36. San Pío Aladrén, Maria Pilar de, ed. <mask> y la Real Expedición del Nuevo Reyno de Granada. 2 vols.Madrid 1992. <

References

External links

Drawings of the  Royal Botanical Expedition online
National Astronomical Observatory
His biography at The Catholic Encyclopedia
<mask> <mask>. Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi
 Short biography
 His influence
 <mask> <mask> Botanical Garden official site

Colombian botanists
Spanish botanists
Catholic clergy scientists
Viceroyalty of New Granada people
1732 births
1808 deaths
Botanists active in South America
Linguists from Spain
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Del Rosario University faculty
University of Seville alumni
History of Colombia
People from Cádiz
18th-century Colombian people
19th-century Colombian people
18th-century Spanish mathematicians
18th-century botanists
19th-century botanists
18th-century Spanish

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José Antonio
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<mask> (December 14, 1896 – November 28, 1970), also known as S.V<mask>, was a freedom fighter and first General Secretary of the Communist Party of India. The Communist Party of India Karnataka State headquarters, Ghate Bhavan, is named in his honor. Biography

Early life
S.V<mask>e Brahmin family in Mangalore. With the assistance of his older brother, he attended St Aloysius College in Mangalore. He is quoted as saying that his reading of "Indian philosophy, including Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, and Vivekananda" were influential in his becoming a Communist stating, "The main thing in all the topics in philosophy is service of people."General Secretary of the Communist Party of India
In December 1925 the first Communist Conference of India was held at Kanpur with the leadership of Satya Bhakta that an amalgamation of many small left-wing parties allowed for the founding of an all-India organisation under the name of the “Communist Party of India”. During the first Communist Conference in India held at Kanpur in December 1925, there was a debate among the leaders on the appropriate name for the party. While Satya Bhakta opined that the party was to be named “Indian Communist Party”, other leaders such as S.V<mask>,  K.N. Joglekar, R.S. Nimbkar stressed that the general international norm was that it was called the Communist Party of this country or that country, hence, insisted that the party should be called the “Communist Party of India”. As a result of this, Satya Bhakta formed a separate party and called it the “National Communist Party” and the party was officially announced as the “Communist Party of India”.Finally, on December 26, 1925, the Communist Party of India was formed and <mask> was chosen as the first General Secretary. In 1927, <mask> became the first Communist to be elected as an All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) office bearer during the Kanpur session. <mask>'s accession to AITUC

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Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate
. Ghate
. Ghatehad
. Ghate
Ghate
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 signalled a shift in the organisation's philosophy. Gradually, the Communist faction gained further influence over the organisation and were successful in reorienting it toward their ideology. When the Communist Party purchased an old military jeep from the Indian Army, <mask> would pick up Party staff and leaders and transport them to the Communist Party's Central Office. His fellow Communist Party members, including Chandra Rajeswara Rao, dubbed this jeep the GTS, or Ghate Transportation Service. Workers’ and Peasants' Party (WPP)

<mask> and colleagues transformed the Socialist Group within the Congress into a WPP in 1927, with S. S. Mirajkar as the general secretary, and soon spread to other provinces.<mask> also initiated Young Workers’ League. He played a crucial role in the Boycott Simon Commission movement of 1927-28. It was an upsurge in Bombay, and the Commission had to by-
pass Bombay on way to Poona. Seven
effigies were burnt for seven members of
the Commission. More than 50 thousand
people came out in a historic procession led
by the WPP. <mask> and Mirajkar met Shapurji Saklatvala when he came to Bombay in January 1927, and organized a huge public
reception in his honour. <mask> was in-charge of one of the centres of Girni Kamgar Union (GKU) during
the historic textile strike of 1928.He along
with Dange, Joglekar, NM Joshi and others was a member of the Central Strike Committee. The all India conference of WPP was held
in Albert Hall, Calcutta in December, 1928. Ghate played a central role. WPP also
brought out a massive demonstration before the Congress pandal, demanding
acceptance of resolution on full independence. Communist Party also held its meetings under his guidance. Meerut Conspiracy Case
In 1929, he was jailed in the Meerut Conspiracy Case. While in jail, Ghate was the leader of the Camp No.II prisoners, which included about 200 prisoners, mostly Sikhs, and about 160 Communists

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 and 30 socialists. When <mask> was jailed, Gangadhar Adhikari became the General Secretary of CPI. Next, when Adhikari was jailed, the CPI was forced underground. After going underground for several years, it successfully reorganised and PC Joshi took the reigns in 1935 as General Secretary. Later political activities
While working in Mangalore in 1934, workers from Kannur were influenced by <mask> and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, the two prominent Mangalorean socialists, to form the Kannur Beedi Thozhilali Union (KBTU). In 1935, CPI adopted a Popular Front strategy to ally themselves with other anti-colonial agitators. In 1936, <mask> sought to develop the Communist Party in the Madras Presidency.When he reached Madras in 1936, he met with and sought to unite political leaders, including Malayapuram Singaravelu, V. Subbiah, P. Jeevanandham, K. Murugesan Anandan, B. Srinivasa Rao, and Puchalapalli Sundarayya. At that time, <mask> came to an agreement with Puran Chand Joshi and Jayaprakash Narayan that the CPI and Congress Socialist Party workers should join forces, and personally promised Narain to work to bring up CSP. At that time, became the editor of New Age. Later on, in 1937, <mask> went to Kerala, where he participated in the formation of the state's first Communist cell. <mask>, the national Communist leader, provided the requisite support for state activists E. M. S. Namboodiripad, P. Krishna Pillai, K. Damodaran, N. C. Sekhar to form the first Communist cell in the state. In March 1939, he was ordered to leave Madras and reside within Mangalore city limits. Despite complying with the order, in 1944 he was arrested and detained.Upon his arrest, he was transported to Deoli Detention jail where he was held with other prominent Communists who had interfered with the British. S.S. Mirajkar is quoted as saying, "When <mask> was taken away, Gangadhar Adhikari became secretary. When Adhikari was taken

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 away, I was made secretary and I continued for some time till I disappeared from the scene." The Three Ps Document
The Communist Party underwent a period of turmoil and dysfunction during which time leaders were put in jail and the organisation was forced to operate underground. During this tumultuous period, <mask> and his fellow leaders sought to unify the party. Writing under pseudonyms, <mask>, Shripad Amrit Dange, and Ajoy Ghosh — Purushottam, Prabodh Candra, and Prakash, respectively — released the "Three Ps Document" on September 30, 1950. The document sought to unify a party that had been brought to the brink of annihilation.It was written in opposition to both B. T. Ranadive's Ranadive Line, which sought to emulate the Russian Zhdanov Doctrine, and the Andhra Thesis, which advocated emulating the Communist Party of China's path. As the Three Ps Document put it, "The old leadership talked about the 'Russian way', the new leadership talks about [the] 'Chinese way'. The older leadership talked about 'revolutionary upsurge', the new leadership talks about 'civil war' ... Neither bothered to understand and analyse the situation in our own country." Instead, the Three Ps Document proposed an Indian path that took into account the local conditions and circumstances of India. Political Views
CPI leaders, including Ghate and Dange, whose base was with the working class and trade unions advocated for an end to the violent Telangana Rebellion and for participation in general elections. Personal life
<mask> is the uncle of the founder-president and former General Secretary of Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, Prabhakar Ghate  and grand-uncle of Karnataka-state Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha General Secretary and Magnum Intergrafiks founder and Managing Director, Sudhir <mask>.References

1896 births
1970 deaths
Indian independence activists
Communist Party of India politicians from Karnataka
Indian trade

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<mask>. (June 28, 1910 – February 10, 1989) was an American artist and Disney Imagineer. Ryman worked in watercolor, oils, and pen & ink sketches. In 1953 <mask> drew the first illustrations of Walt Disney's vision of a theme park that eventually became Disneyland. Early years and education
<mask> was born on June 28, 1910 in Vernon, Illinois, son of Dr. <mask><mask> (1878-1918) and <mask> ( Norris, 1876-1963). His family moved to Decatur, IL when he was age 9. While attending Millikin University, he became deathly ill with scarlet fever. His mother was opposed to his artistic ambitions and wanted him to pursue a medical degree.But as his sickness worsened, she told him that he could attend the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. He graduated cum laude in 1932 from the Art Institute of Chicago. Career
In 1932 <mask> moved to California, where he found a job as a storyboard illustrator in the art department of Cedric Gibbons at Metro-Golden-Mayer Studios. For a period, during Hollywood's "golden age", he was the sole artist and illustrator for MGM  Studios. He helped design many major pictures for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and 20th Century Fox including the screen styling of David Copperfield,  A Tale of Two Cities,  Mutiny on the Bounty, and Anna Karenina. His work on The Good Earth project  inspired him to leave his job at MGM and tour China where he made many sketches. His last work at MGM was the Emerald City segment of The Wizard of Oz.In 1938 he returned to California, where he met Walt Disney as a result of an exhibit of <mask>'s works at the Chouinard Art Institute. Walt was so impressed with the paintings that he invited Herb to join the Walt Disney Studios (Burbank). Herb went on to serve as an art director for such feature-length animated films as Fantasia and Dumbo. In the late summer of

masks:
Herbert Dickens Ryman Jr
Ryman
Ryman
Herbert D
. Ryman
Cora Belle Ryman
Ryman
Ryman


texts: 1941, <mask> toured with Walt Disney, other Disney Studio artists, and management personnel on a three-month "Good Will Tour of South America", through an invitation from Nelson Rockefeller, Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. The tour was part of an Allied effort to maintain solid relations with southern countries in the Western Hemisphere. They traveled by aircraft and regional railway systems connecting the countries of Brazil, Bolivia, Guatemala,  Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, and Mexico. Production of the two Disney films Saludos Amigos and The Three Caballeros, resulted from this trip.<mask> had become acquainted with author Margaret Landon during his travels in Asia. After the end of World War II, when he heard that 20th Century Fox was developing a film based on Landon's 1944 novel Anna and the King of Siam, he informed Disney that he was leaving Walt Disney Productions to work on the 20th Century Fox film. At Fox, <mask> also worked on several other pictures, including Forever Amber, Down to the Sea in Ships, David and Bathsheba, The Black Rose, and The Robe. During the summers of 1949 and 1951, <mask> took a leave of absence from 20th Century Fox and travelled with the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. Living among the performers and documenting the circus in his paintings, he became friends with Emmett Kelly. In 1955 Doubleday published The Tontine, a two volume novel written by Thomas B. Costain and illustrated by <mask>. Set in nineteenth-century England, the story centers around the fictional "Waterloo" tontine, established to benefit veterans of the Napoleonic wars.Among other plot twists, shareholders hire an actor to impersonate a dead nominee, and conspire to murder another member. After leaving the Disney organization, <mask> had remained friends with Walt Disney. On

masks: Ryman Ryman Ryman Ryman Ryman Ryman


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 September 26, 1953 he received an urgent request to meet with Disney. Disney asked <mask> to render the artwork for a Disney envisioned theme park. Disney and <mask> worked non-stop throughout the weekend creating a large pencil sketch and several other drawings illustrating the project. Roy Disney took the drawings and a six-page portfolio to New York to show investors the plan in order to secure financing used to develop Disneyland. Once financing was assured, Disney asked <mask> to rejoin the Disney Company.Disneyland became the centerpiece of his Disney career. Among his contributions were designs for Main Street, U.S.A., Sleeping Beauty Castle and New Orleans Square. Herb also contributed concepts for the Jungle Cruise, Pirates of the Caribbean, and for attractions featured at the 1964-65 New York World's Fair, including Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln. <mask> worked on many special projects at Disney over a five decade span. He was the chief designer of the Cinderella Castle at the Walt Disney World Resort. <mask> officially retired from The Walt Disney Company in 1971. He returned in 1976 as a consultant on Walt Disney World, Epcot Center including renderings and concept paintings for The American Adventure, the China Pavilion, and the Meet the World  attraction at Tomorrow Land at Tokyo Disneyland.His last project at Disney was contributing concept drawings for Main Street in the planned Euro Disneyland when he became ill. He is well known for his watercolors of the rugged California coasts around Carmel and Point Lobos, as well as for his paintings of the Ringling Brothers Circus, and portraits of Emmett Kelly and other well known people. Many of his paintings hang in Hollywood's most famed homes. Awards and legacy
<mask> was a member of the American Institute of Fine Arts, the Society


texts:
 of Illustrators, and the California Art Club  where he was president in 1963. In 1990, <mask> was inducted [posthumously] into the Disney Legends program. His sister, Lucille Carroll, co-founded the Ryman-Carroll Foundation in his memory. In 2000 the Ryman-Carroll Foundation published "A Brush with Disney" a 252-page story of <mask>'s life with color illustrations by <mask> ().Personal life
<mask>'s ancestors came to the U.S. from Heidelberg, Germany. <mask>'s father,  Dr. <mask><mask> was born April 11, 1878 in Vernon, Illinois. He graduated from Kansas State Medical College, Lawrence, KS in 1907. He moved his family to Mt. Pulaski, Illinois in 1910. The U.S. entered World War I in April 1917 and Dr<mask> joined the Army Medical Reserve Corps the following September. He was commissioned a Captain in the Medical Corps 107th Field Artillery 28th Division and sent to the war front in France at his request.On Saturday afternoon, August 17, 1918 he was mortally wounded while ministering to a wounded comrade on the battlefield near St. Gilles, France. Refusing aid, he assisted in rendering and directing the treatment of three other soldiers. Though weakened by loss of blood, he showed utter disregard for his personal danger, refusing to accept treatment until the other wounded had been cared for. He later died at a nearby aid station. For his act of heroism he was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His mother, Cora Belle Norris, was born July 6, 1876, in Pendleton County, Kentucky and was the great-granddaughter of President Zachary Taylor.After the death of her husband, Mrs. <mask> moved <mask> and his two sisters Lucille and Christine to Decatur, where she resumed her teaching career. She later was elected superintendent of the Macon

masks:
Herb Ryman
Ryman
Ryman
Ryman
Ryman
Herbert D
. Ryman
. Ryman
Ryman
Herbert


texts:
 County Schools, where she served for 16 years. She retired in 1938 and moved to California to live with her son, <mask>. She died in Los Angeles, California, on January 9, 1963, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. <mask> lived for many years on Chandler Blvd in Van Nuys, California. He later moved to Sherman Oaks, California, where he died of cancer on February 10, 1989., 16 days after the death of  his oldest sister Christine Pensinger (1903-1989). Filmography

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
 David Copperfield, storyboard
 Mutiny on the Bounty, storyboard
 Anna Karenina, storyboard
 A Tale of Two Cities, storyboard
 The Good Earth, storyboard

Walt Disney  Productions
 Fantasia, Art Director - Pastoral Symphony sequence
 Dumbo, Art Director
 Saludos Amigos, Art supervision
 The Three Caballeros, Layout artist

Twentieth Century Fox
 Anna and the King of Siam
 Forever Amber
 Down to the Sea in Ships
 David and Bathsheba
 The Robe

Disney theme park attractions
<mask> drew many sketches and preparatory drawings for several Disney theme parks including:

The original attractions at Disneyland

 Sleeping Beauty Castle
  Main Street, USA
 Jungle Cruise
 Pirates of the Caribbean

The attractions of the 1964 New York World's Fair
 GE Carousel of Progress
 Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln
 It's a Small World
 Ford Magic Skyway

The attractions at Disney World

 Cinderella Castle
 Hall of Presidents

for EPCOT
 The American Adventure
 the China Pavilion of the World Showcase

The attractions at Tokyo Disneyland
 Meet the World

References

External links

1910 births
1989 deaths
American people of German descent
Artists from Los Angeles
Chouinard Art Institute alumni
Deaths from cancer in California
Disney imagineers
Disney people
People from Decatur, Illinois
People from Sherman Oaks, Los

masks:
Herbert
Ryman
Herbert Ryman


texts: <mask> (Ancient Greek: Οὐάλης) (328– 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378. He was the younger brother of the emperor Valentinian I, who gave Valens the eastern half of the Roman Empire to rule. Before 364, Valens had a largely unremarkable military career. In 378, <mask> was defeated and killed at the Battle of Adrianople against the invading Goths, which astonished contemporaries and marked the beginning of barbarian encroachment into Roman territory. As emperor Valens continually faced threats both internal and external. He defeated, after some dithering, the usurper Procopius in 366, and campaigned against the Goths across the Danube in 367 and 369. In the following years, Valens focused on the eastern frontier, where he faced the perennial threat of Persia, particularly in Armenia, as well as additional conflicts with the Saracens and Isaurians.Domestically, he inaugurated the Aqueduct of Valens in Constantinople, which was longer than all the aqueducts of Rome. In 376–77, the Gothic War broke out, following a mismanaged attempt to settle the Goths in the Balkans. Valens returned from the east to fight the Goths in person, but lack of coordination with his nephew, the western emperor Gratian (Valentinian I's son), as well as poor battle tactics, led to <mask> and much of the eastern Roman army dying at a battle near Adrianople in 378. Although <mask> is described as indecisive, impressionable, a mediocre general and overall "utterly undistinguished", he was also a conscientious and capable administrator, and a notable

masks:
Flavius Valens
Valens
Valens
Valens


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 achievement of his was to significantly relieve the burden of taxation on the population. At the same time, his suspicious and fearful disposition, and excessive concern for personal safety, resulted in numerous treason trials and executions, which heavily stained his reputation. In religious matters, Valens favored a compromise between Nicene Christianity and the various non-trinitarian Christian sects, and interfered little in the affairs of the pagans. Early life and military career

<mask> and his brother Valentinian were born, in 328 and 321 respectively, to an Illyrian family resident in Cibalae (Vinkovci) in Pannonia Secunda.Their father Gratianus Funarius, a native of Cibalae, had served as a senior officer in the Roman army and as comes Africae. The brothers grew up on estates purchased by Gratianus in Africa and Britain. Valens served in the protectores domestici under the emperors Julian () and Jovian (). According to the 5th-century Greek historian Socrates Scholasticus, while serving as a protector domesticus, Valens refused pressure to offer pagan sacrifices during the reign of the polytheistic emperor Julian. <mask>'s elder brother Valentinian also joined the protectores, rising to tribunus in 357; he served in Gaul and in Mesopotamia during the reign of Constantius II (). According to the Chronicle of Jerome and the Chronicon Paschale, <mask>'s eldest nephew Gratian was born in 359 at Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) to Valentinian's wife Marina Severa. In late 364, the reigning emperor Jovian, who had been a protector domesticus

masks: Valens Valens Valens


texts:
 under Constantius II and Julian and a primicerius domesticorum from 363, had on 27 June 363 been acclaimed augustus by the army at Maranga on the Tigris during Julian's Persian War, was hastening to Constantinople to secure his claim to the purple.According to one of Themistius's orations, on 1 January 364 Jovian staged a consular entry into Ancyra (Ankara) for the beginning of his first consulship, an honour he shared with his son Varronianus. He died during a stop at Dadastana. The emperor died on 17 February according  to the Latin historian Eutropius, but on the 19 February according to the According to Eutropius, Jovian was deified by consecratio as . Valentinian, a tribunus scholae secundiae scutariorum, owed his advancement to the deceased. In the history written by Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus, Valentinian was summoned to Nicaea by a council of military and civil officials who acclaimed him augustus. According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale, the date of his elevation was 25 February 364. According to the 5th-century Greek historian Sozomen, Valentinian was a Nicene Christian.<mask>, on the other hand, was an Arian Christian (a "Homoean"). Accession
Valentinian appointed his brother Valens tribunus stabulorum (or stabuli) on 1 March 364 and both brothers became Roman consul for the first time. According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Valentinian raised his brother <mask> to be his co-augustus on 28 March 364, at Constantinople. He was acclaimed augustus on 26 February, 364. It was the

masks: Valens Valens


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 general opinion that Valentinian needed help to handle the cumbersome administration, civil and military, of the large and unwieldy empire, and, on 28 March of the same year, at the express demand of the soldiers for a second augustus, he selected his brother Valens as co-emperor at the Hebdomon, before the Constantinian Walls. Early reign
Both emperors were briefly ill, delaying them in Constantinople, but as soon as they recovered, the two augusti travelled together through Adrianople and Naissus to Mediana, where they divided their territories. Valentinian then went on to the West, where the Alemannic wars required his immediate attention.<mask> began his consulship in Constantinople and Valentinian took up his consulship in Mediolanum (Milan). <mask>'s wife Domnica may have become augusta in 364. Valens obtained the eastern half of the Empire: Greece, the Balkans, Egypt, Anatolia and the Levant as far as the border with the Sasanian Empire. <mask> was back in his capital of Constantinople by December 364. <mask> inherited the eastern portion of an empire that had recently retreated from most of its holdings in Mesopotamia and Armenia because of a treaty that his predecessor Jovian had made with Shapur II of the Sasanian Empire. Valens's first priority after the winter of 365 was to move east in hopes of shoring up the situation. Usurpation of Procopius: September 365–May 366
With Valens absent from the imperial city, Procopius, a maternal cousin of Julian, the last emperor of the Constantinian dynasty, was acclaimed augustus on 28

masks: Valens Valens Valens Valens


texts: September 365.<mask> was at Caesarea in Cappadocia (Kayseri) when he discovered this. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Procopius was from Cilicia. Under Constantius II (), Procopius had been tribunus et notarius from 358, and under Julian he had become comes primi ordinis. According to the 5th-century Greek historian Zosimus, Procopius may have been intended as Julian's successor. Procopius had commanded an auxiliary northern contingent of his relative's army during the Persian expedition and had not been present when Jovian was named his successor in the camp beyond the Tigris. According to the Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus, in the brief reign of Jovian () Procopius had withdrawn from office and lived as a private citizen. Though Jovian, aside from depriving him of his command, took no further measures against this potential rival, Procopius fell immediately under the suspicion of Valentinian upon the latter's election.As part of his claim to legitimacy Procopius ensured he was always accompanied by the posthumous daughter of Constantius II, Constantia, still a child, and her mother Faustina, the dowager empress. Constantia had been born after her father's death to Faustina, the late emperor's third wife. Procopius was unpopular, being compelled to increase taxes. <mask>' dismissal shortly before of Julian's popular minister Salutius contributed to the general disaffection and to the acceptability of a revolution. <mask>, meanwhile, faltered. When news arrived that Procopius had revolted, Valens considered abdication and perhaps


texts: even suicide. Even after he determined to fight, Valens's efforts to forestall Procopius were hampered by the fact that most of his troops had already crossed the Cilician Gates into Syria when he learned of the revolt.Procopius quickly gained control of the provinces of Asia and Bithynia, winning increasing support for his insurrection. However, Valens recovered, reappointed Salutius, and dispatched the available legions under veteran generals, Flavius Arinthaeus and Arbitio, to march on Procopius. Valens sent an army against Procopius, but according to Ammianus Marcellinus, before they reached Constantinople they defected to Procopius, whose use of his Constantinian hostages had met with some success. According to Ammianus Marcellinus and the later Greek historians Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomen, Valens eventually prevailed after eight months and had Procopius executed and subjected to damnatio memoriae on the 28 May 366, after defeating his forces at the Battle of Thyatira and again at the Battle of Nacoleia at Nacoleia (Seyitgazi) on 27 May. On both occasions, Procopius was deserted by his own following in fear of their adversaries' formidable commanders. Procopius was put on trial by members of his own escort, and executed on 27 May. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, a relative of Procopius', a former protector domesticus named Marcellus, was proclaimed emperor in Procopius's place in Chalcedon, but according to Zosimus he was swiftly captured and executed.<mask> then had to face the threat from the Sasanian Empire and the Goths.


texts:
 Formation of the Valentinianic dynasty
According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, <mask>'s son Valentinianus Galates was born on 18 January 366. The same year, <mask>'s nephew Gratian was appointed consul in 366 and was entitled nobilissimus puer. After Valentinian recovered unexpectedly from an illness in 367, the emperor raised his eight-year-old son to imperial rank, elevating him to his co-augustus on 24 August at Civitas Ambianensium (Amiens), without having first appointed him caesar. Gratian's tutor was the rhetor Ausonius, who mentioned the relationship in his epigrams and a poem. Currency reforms

Beginning between 365 and 368, Valentinian and <mask> reformed the precious metal coins of the Roman currency, decreeing that all bullion be melted down in the central imperial treasury before minting. Such coins were inscribed  (gold) and  (silver).Valentinian improved tax collection and was frugal in spending. First Gothic War: 367–369

In 368 Valentinian and Valens were consuls for the second time. Valens successfully attacked the Goths in the and according to the contemporary orator Themistius and the late 5th/early 6th-century Greek historian Zosimus, a treaty was swiftly arranged after the Goths sought peace. During Procopius's insurrection, the Gothic king Ermanaric, who ruled a powerful kingdom north of the Danube from the Euxine to the Baltic Sea, had engaged to supply him with troops for the struggle against Valens. The Gothic army, reportedly numbering 30,000 men, arrived too late to help Procopius, but nevertheless


texts: invaded Thrace and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender. Ermanaric protested, and when Valens, encouraged by Valentinian, refused to make atonement to the Goths for his conduct, war was declared.In spring 367, Valens crossed the Danube and attacked the Visigoths under Athanaric, Ermanaric's tributary. The Goths fled into the Carpathian Mountains, and the campaign ended with no decisive conclusion. The following spring, a Danube flood prevented Valens from crossing; instead the Emperor occupied his troops with the construction of fortifications. In 369, Valens crossed again, from Noviodunum, and by devastating the country forced Athanaric into giving battle. <mask> was victorious, Athanaric and his forces were able to withdraw in good order and pleaded for peace. Fortunately for the Goths, Valens expected a new war with the Sasanid Empire in the Middle East and was therefore willing to come to terms. In early 370 <mask> and Athanaric met in the middle of the Danube and agreed to a treaty that ended the war.The treaty seems to have largely cut off relations between Goths and Romans, confining trade and the exchange of troops for tribute. In summer 368, Valentinian's armies warred against the Alamanni a second time, while in autumn the Franks and Saxons were defeated. Gratian accompanied his father on these campaigns. Valentinian and <mask> were both awarded the victory names of Germanicus Maximus,


texts:
 Alamannicus Maximus, and Francicus Maximus. The former two titles were also accorded to Gratian at the same time. In 369 Valens received the victory name Gothicus Maximus and celebrated his quinquennalia. Valentinian and celebrated his quinquennalia on 25 February 369 and likewise received the honour of Gothicus Maximus, as did Gratian, who also received the title Francicus Maximus the same year.Middle reign: 369–373
In 369, Valentinianus Galates was made consul for the first time; he is also known to have been titled nobilissimus puer. However, <mask>'s son died in Caesarea in Cappadocia (Kayseri) around 370. Valentinian and <mask> were consuls for the third time in 370. On the 9 April 370, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale, the Church of the Holy Apostles adjoining the Mausoleum of Constantine in Constantinople was inaugurated. Around 370, <mask>'s sister-in-law Marina Severa died and was interred in the Church of the Holy Apostles and Valentinian married again, wedding Justina. In autumn 371, <mask>' second nephew, also called Valentinian, was born to Justina, possibly at Augusta Treverorum (Trier). Gratian, who was then 15, was married in 374 to Constantius II's 13-year-old daughter Constantia at Trier.This marriage consolidated the dynastic link to the Constantinians, as had his father's second marriage to Justina, through her family connections. Valens celebrated his decennalia on 29 March 374. In 375, the Baths of Carosa () – named for <mask>'s daughter Carosa – were inaugurated in

masks: Valens Valens Valens Valens Valens


texts:
 Constantinople. Valens headed east after defeating the Goths, and began to prepare an attack on Persia, which threatened Armenia, in 375. <mask> was distracted from his campaign against the Sasanians by wars against the Saracens and the Isaurians. Persian War: 373
As mentioned before, among Valens' reasons for contracting a hasty and not entirely favorable peace in 369 was the deteriorating state of affairs in the East. Jovian had surrendered Rome's much disputed claim to control over Armenia in 363, and Shapur II was eager to make good on this new opportunity.The Persian emperor began enticing Armenian lords over to his camp and eventually forced the defection of the Arsacid Armenian king, Arshak II (Arsaces II), whom he quickly arrested and incarcerated. The Armenian nobility responded by asking <mask> to return Arshak's son, Papas (Pap). Valens agreed and sent Pap back to Armenia, but as these events took place during the war with the Goths he could not support him militarily. In response to the return of Pap, Shapur personally led an invasion force to seize control of Armenia. Pap and his followers took refuge in the mountains while Artaxata, the Armenian capital, and the city of Artogerassa along with several strongholds and castles were destroyed. Shapur sent a second invasion force to Caucasian Iberia to drive out the pro-Roman king Sauromaces II, and put his own appointee, Sauromaces's uncle Aspacures II on the throne. In the summer following his Gothic settlement, Valens sent his magister peditum (Master of Foot) Arinthaeus to


texts: support Pap.The following spring a force of twelve legions were sent under Terentius to regain Iberia and to garrison Armenia near Mount Npat. When Shapur counterattacked into Armenia in 371, his forces were bested by Valens' generals Traianus and Vadomarius and the Armenian sparapet (general) Mushegh Mamikonian at Bagavan and Gandzak. Valens had overstepped the 363 treaty and then successfully defended his transgression. A truce settled after the 371 victory held as a quasi-peace for the next five years while Shapur was forced to deal with a Kushan invasion on his eastern frontier. Meanwhile, troubles broke out with the boy-king Papas, who began acting in high-handed fashion, even executing the Armenian bishop Narses and demanding control of a number of Roman cities, including Edessa. Pressed by his generals and fearing that Papas would defect to the Persians, Valens made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the prince and later had him executed inside Armenia. In his stead, Valens imposed another Arsacid, Varasdates (Varazdat), who ruled under the regency of the sparapet Mushegh Mamikonian, a friend of Rome.None of this sat well with the Persians, who began agitating again for compliance with the 363 treaty. As the eastern frontier heated up in 375, Valens began preparations for a major expedition. Meanwhile, trouble was brewing elsewhere. In Isauria, the mountainous region of western Cilicia, a major revolt had broken out in 375 which diverted troops formerly stationed in the East. Furthermore, by 377, the Saracens under Queen Mavia had


texts:
 broken into revolt and devastated a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai. Though Valens successfully brought both uprisings under control, the opportunities for action on the eastern frontier were limited by these skirmishes closer to home. Later reign: 373–376
Valens became the senior augustus when his younger brother Valentinian died at Brigetio (Szőny) on 17 November 375 while on campaign against the Quadi in Pannonia.He may have died of stroke. His body was prepared for burial and started its journey to Constantinople, where it arrived the following year. Gratian was then the only augustus in the western empire, though certain among Valentinian's generals promoted his four-year-old second son Valentinian II, whom the army on the Danube acclaimed augustus at Aquincum (Budapest), despite Gratian's existing prerogatives. Valentinian's courtiers and his Arian Christian widow Justina still had been holding great influence. <mask> and Valentinian II were consuls for the year 376, <mask>'s fifth consulship. The late augustus Valentinian's body arrived in Constantinople on 28 December 376, but was not yet buried. Second Gothic War: 376–378

Migrations of the Huns began to displace the Goths, who sought Roman protection.Valens allowed the Goths led by Fritigern to cross the Danube, but the Gothic settlers were abused by Roman officials and revolted in 377, seeking help from the Huns and the Alans and beginning the Gothic War (376–382). Valens's sixth consulship was in 378, again jointly with Valentinian


texts: II. Valens returned from the east to campaign against the Goths. Gratian fought a war with the Alamanni in early summer 378. Valens asked for assistance from his nephew and co-emperor Gratian against the Goths in Thrace, and Gratian set out eastwards, though Valens did not wait for the western armies to arrive before taking the offensive. Valens' plans for an eastern campaign were never realized. A transfer of troops to the Western Empire in 374 had left gaps in Valens' mobile forces.In preparation for an eastern war, Valens initiated an ambitious recruitment program designed to fill those gaps. It was thus not entirely unwelcome news when Valens heard of Ermanaric's death and the disintegration of his kingdom before an invasion of hordes of barbaric Huns from the far east. After failing to hold the Dniester or the Prut rivers against the Huns, the Goths retreated southward in a massive emigration, seeking new settlements and shelter south of the Danube, i.e. Roman lands, which they may have thought could be held against the enemy. In 376, the Visigoths under their leader Fritigern advanced to the far shores of the lower Danube and sent an ambassador to Valens who had set up his capital in Antioch, and requested asylum. As Valens' advisers were quick to point out, these Goths could supply troops who would at once swell Valens' ranks and decrease his dependence on conscription from provinces—thereby increasing revenues from the recruitment tax. However, it would mean hiring them and paying in gold or silver for their services.Fritigern had


texts: enjoyed contact with <mask> in the 370s when Valens supported him in a struggle against Athanaric stemming from Athanaric's persecution of Gothic Christians. Though a number of Gothic groups apparently requested entry, Valens granted admission only to Fritigern and his followers. Others would soon follow, however. When Fritigern and his Goths, to the number of 200,000 warriors and almost a million all told, crossed the Danube, Valens's mobile forces were tied down in the east, on the Persian frontier (Valens was attempting to withdraw from the harsh terms imposed by Shapur and was meeting some resistance on the latter's part). This meant that only limitanei units were present to oversee the Goths' settlement. The small number of imperial troops present prevented the Romans from stopping a Danube crossing by a group of Ostrogoths and yet later on by Huns and Alans. What started out as a controlled resettlement might any moment turn into a major invasion.But the situation was worsened by corruption in the Roman administration, as Valens' generals accepted bribes rather than depriving the Goths of their weapons as Valens had stipulated and then proceeded to enrage them by such exorbitant prices for food that they were soon driven to the last extremity. Meanwhile, the Romans failed to prevent the crossing of other barbarians who were not included in the treaty. In early 377 the Goths revolted after a commotion with the people of Marcianopolis, and defeated the corrupt Roman governor Lupicinus near the city at the Battle of Marcianople. After


texts: joining forces with the Ostrogoths under Alatheus and Saphrax who had crossed without Valens' consent, the combined barbarian group spread out to devastate the country before combining to meet Roman advance forces under Traianus and Richomeres. In a sanguinary battle at Ad Salices, the Goths were momentarily checked, and Saturninus, now Valens' lieutenant in the province, undertook a strategy of hemming them in between the lower Danube and the Euxine, hoping to starve them into surrender. However, Fritigern forced him to retreat by inviting some of the Huns to cross the river in the rear of Saturninus's ranged defenses. The Romans then fell back, incapable of containing the irruption, though with an elite force of his best soldiers the general Sebastian was able to fall upon and destroy several of the smaller predatory bands.By 378, <mask> himself was ready to march west from his eastern base in Antioch. He withdrew all but a skeletal force—some of them Goths—from the east and moved west, reaching Constantinople by 30 May, 378. <mask>' councillors, comes  Richomeres, and his generals Frigeridus and Victor cautioned Valens to wait for the arrival of Gratian with his troops from Roman Gaul, fresh from defeating the Alemanni, and Gratian himself strenuously urged this prudent course in his letters. But meanwhile the citizens of Constantinople were clamouring for the emperor to march against the enemy whom he had himself introduced into the Empire, and jeering the contrast between himself and his co-augustus. Valens decided to advance at once


texts:
 and win a victory on his own. Battle of Adrianople: 9 August 378

According to the Latin historians Ammianus Marcellinus and Paulus Orosius, on 9 August 378, <mask> and most of his army were killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople, near Hadrianopolis in Thrace (Adrianople, Edirne). After a brief stay aimed at building his troop strength and gaining a toehold in Thrace, Valens moved out to Adrianople.From there, he marched against the confederated barbarian army on 9 August 378 in what would become known as the Battle of Adrianople. Although negotiations were attempted, these broke down when a Roman unit sallied forth and carried both sides into battle. The Romans held their own early on but were crushed by the surprise arrival of Visigoth cavalry which split their ranks. The primary source for the battle is Ammianus Marcellinus. <mask> had left a sizeable guard with his baggage and treasures depleting his force. His right cavalry wing arrived at the Gothic camp sometime before the left wing arrived. It was a very hot day and the Roman cavalry was engaged without strategic support, wasting its efforts while they suffered in the heat.Meanwhile, Fritigern once again sent an emissary of peace in his continued manipulation of the situation. The resultant delay meant that the Romans present on the field began to succumb to the heat. The army's resources were further diminished when an ill-timed attack by the Roman archers made it necessary to recall Valens' emissary, comes Richomeres. The archers were beaten and retreated in


texts: humiliation. Returning from foraging to find the battle in full swing, Gothic cavalry under the command of Alatheus and Saphrax now struck and, in what was probably the most decisive event of the battle, the Roman cavalry fled. From here, Ammianus gives two accounts of Valens' demise. In the first account, Ammianus states that Valens was "mortally wounded by an arrow, and presently breathed his last breath" (XXXI.12).His body was never found or given a proper burial. In the second account, Ammianus states the Roman infantry was abandoned, surrounded and cut to pieces. <mask> was wounded and carried to a small wooden hut. The hut was surrounded by the Goths who put it to the torch, evidently unaware of the prize within. According to Ammianus, this is how Valens perished (XXXI.13.14–6). A third, apocryphal, account states that <mask> was struck in the face by a Gothic dart and then perished while leading a charge. He wore no helmet, in order to encourage his men.This action turned the tide of the battle which resulted in a tactical victory but a strategic loss. The church historian Socrates likewise gives two accounts for the death of Valens. Some have asserted that he was burnt to death in a village whither he had retired, which the barbarians assaulted and set on fire. But others affirm that having put off his imperial robe he ran into the midst of the main body of infantry; and that when the cavalry revolted and refused to engage, the infantry were surrounded by the barbarians, and completely destroyed in a body. Among these it is said the


texts:
 Emperor fell, but could not be distinguished, in consequence of his not having on his imperial habit. When the battle was over, two-thirds of the eastern army lay dead. Many of their best officers had also perished.What was left of the army of <mask> was led from the field under the cover of night by comes Richomeres and general Victor. J. B. Bury, a noted historian of the period, provides a specific interpretation on the significance of the battle: it was "a disaster and disgrace that need not have occurred." For Rome, the battle incapacitated the government. Emperor Gratian, nineteen years old, was overcome by the debacle, and, until he appointed Theodosius I, unable to deal with the catastrophe, which spread out of control. The total defeat lost the administration important precious metal resources, as bullion had been centralized with the imperial court.<mask> was deified by consecratio as . Legacy
"<mask> was utterly undistinguished, still only a protector, and possessed no military ability: he betrayed his consciousness of inferiority by his nervous suspicion of plots and savage punishment of alleged traitors," writes A. H. M. Jones. But Jones admits that "he was a conscientious administrator, careful of the interests of the humble. Like his brother, he was an earnest Christian." He diminished the oppressive burden of the taxes which had been instituted by Constantine and his sons, and was humbly deferential to his brother in the latter's edicts of reform, as the institution of Defensors (a sort of substitute for the ancient Tribunes,


texts:
 guardians of the lower classes). His moderation and chastity in his private life were everywhere celebrated. At the same time, continuous proscriptions and executions, originating in his weak and fearful disposition, disgraced the dozen years of his reign."An anxious regard to his personal safety was the ruling principle of the administration of Valens", writes Gibbon. To have died in so inglorious a battle has thus come to be regarded as the nadir of an unfortunate career. This is especially true because of the profound consequences of Valens' defeat. Adrianople spelled the beginning of the end for Roman territorial integrity in the late Empire and this fact was recognized even by contemporaries. Ammianus understood that it was the worst defeat in Roman history since the Battle of Edessa, and Rufinus called it "the beginning of evils for the Roman empire then and thereafter." <mask> is also credited with the commission of a short history of the Roman State. This work, produced by Valens' secretary Eutropius, and known by the name Breviarium ab Urbe condita, tells the story of Rome from its founding.According to some historians, <mask> was motivated by the necessity of learning Roman history, that he, the royal family, and their appointees might better mix with the Roman senatorial class. Religious policy
During his reign, <mask> had to confront the theological diversity that was beginning to create division in the Empire. Julian (361–363), had tried to revive the pagan religions. His reactionary attempt took advantage of the dissensions


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 among the different Christian factions, and a largely Pagan rank and file military. However, in spite of broad support, his actions were often viewed as excessive, and before he died in a campaign against the Persians, he was often treated with disdain. His death was considered a sign from Christian God. <mask> was baptised by the Arian bishop of Constantinople before he set out on his first war against the Goths.While the Nicene Christian writers of his time identified Valens with the Arian faction and accused him of persecuting Nicene Christians, modern historians have described both Valens and Valentinian I as primarily interested in maintaining social order and have minimized their theological concerns. Although Athanasius was impelled, under his reign, to briefly go into hiding, Valens maintained a close dependency on his brother Valentinian and treated St. Basil mildly, both of whom supported the Nicene position. Not long after <mask> died the cause of Arianism in the Roman East was to come to an end. His successor Theodosius I made Nicene Christianity the state religion of Rome and suppressed the Arians. Notes

References

External links

 Laws of Valens
 This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Valens relating to Christianity. 328 births
378 deaths
4th-century Arian Christians
4th-century Roman emperors
4th-century Roman consuls
People from Vinkovci
Deified Roman emperors
Flavii
Gothic War (376–382)
Illyrian people
Imperial Roman consuls
Last of the Romans
Roman emperors killed in battle
Valentinianic


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<mask> (born 1951) is a South African composer and pianist. He was educated at Rondebosch Boys' High School. He made his professional debut at the age of sixteen when he broadcast Bach, Chopin and Chabrier on the SABC. In 1968, he performed Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Concerto No 1 with the Cape Town Symphony Orchestra. In 1971, he moved to London where he studied at Trinity College of Music. He studied under Jacob Kaletsky and Richard Arnell. After a live début broadcast recital on BBC Radio 3 in 1974, his first recital at Wigmore Hall was reported as "stylish and powerful" by The Times.In 1975, he was selected as one of the Young Musicians of the Year by the Greater London Arts Association. He also won first prize in the 1976 SABC Piano Competition. He was described by The Daily Telegraph as having "remarkable gifts of style, technical mastery and artistry". He made his début as a composer in the 1977 when he premiered his own Piano Suite No 1 Mosaics at Wigmore Hall. His concerto repertoire includes the Viennese classics, many from the nineteenth century, and amongst those from the 20th, the piano concertos of Arthur Bliss and John Joubert, both of which he studied with the composers. Conductors he has appeared with include Hugo Rignold, Maurice Handford, Piero Gamba and Christian Badea. Career
His professional career as a composer began in 1980 with the premiere of 'Chéri' an hour-long ballet commissioned by Peter Darrell for The Scottish Ballet, given at that year's Edinburgh Festival, and frequently revived, with a new production by The Hong Kong Ballet in 1989.To


texts: date there have been six more ballet commissions, including two for CAPAB Ballet – 'The Return of the Soldier' (1982) and 'Abelard and Heloise' (1985), both choreographed by Veronica Paeper, and a full-evening 'Macbeth' (1991) for Ballet de Santiago in Chile, choreographed by Andre Prokovsky. <mask> had recently collaborated with the Royal Ballet choreographer Vanessa Fenton on two smaller works mounted in Cambridge in 2009. Piano Concerto No 1 appeared in 1980, followed by a Two-Piano Concerto (1986), concertos for Violin (1991), Cello (1996), Trumpet (2005), Piano Concerto No 2 (2007) and a Double Violin Concerto (2011). Among choral compositions is a symphonic setting of Wordsworth's 'Intimations of Immortality', a cyclic setting of George Herbert 'Mans' Medley', and 'Island Owl' for soloists, children's chorus and orchestra. Chamber works include two sonatas each for violin and cello, a Clarinet Trio, Piano Quintet, String Quartet, and for solo piano, three Suites: 'Mosaics', 'Gargoyles' and 'Mandalas', as well as 'Oxymorons: 24 Preludes'. He was introduced to the world of writing film music by the producer <mask> and wrote for a number of productions between 1982 and 1987, in particular 'P'Tang Yang Kipperbang' (directed by Michael Apted), and 'Arthur's Hallowed Ground' (directed by the veteran cinematographer Freddie Young). <mask> has been fortunate in collaborating with young musicians at the start of their careers – Tasmin Little, Martin Roscoe, Alexander Chaushian and Jamie Campbell gave the first performances of, respectively, the Violin Concerto, Violin

masks:
David
David Puttnam
David


texts:
 Sonata No 1, the Cello Concerto, and Violin Sonata No2.The CD of the Cello Sonata and 'Mandalas' Piano Suite received a Gramophone Editor's recommendation rossette, and was nominated by International Piano magazine for best new music recording 2007. In June 2012 his setting of Rupert Brooke's 'The Old Vicarage, Grantchester' for baritone chorus and orchestra, commissioned by Dame Mary Archer to mark the poem's centenary, was given its first performance at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, with the Cambridge University Chamber Orchestra, members of the choirs of Clare and Gonville and Caius College, and Nicholas Mogg as baritone soloist. Recent first performances include a new Clarinet Concerto, premiered in October 2013 in Durban, South Africa, with Maria du Toit, clarinet, and the KwaZuluNatal Philharmonic Orchestra under Arjan Tien. Within the last few years <mask> has completed two full length operas: Mary and the Conqueror in which Alexander the Great and Mary Renault meet in the afterlife; and 'Strange Ghost', composed to mark the centenary of the death of the iconic poet Rupert Brooke. The latter was premiered in Cambridge in December 2015, directed
by Dionysios Kyropoulos, and conducted by Dominic Peckham with James Schouten in the title role. <mask> teaches piano performing to undergraduates at Cambridge University, and is a supervisor for Tripos Composition students. In 2001 he was ordained into the then Western Buddhist Order (now Triratna Buddhist Order) and given the Order name of Akashadeva ('deity of etheric space').Some of his musical compositions show

masks: David David


texts: influences from this immersion in Buddhist thinking, in particular the piano suite Mandalas, whose four movements are inspired among others by the vajras of Indian mythology, the lotus symbol and the Five Dhyani Buddhas that represent the five key qualities of the Buddha. In 2017 two new works were premiered: Piano Suite No 4 Darshanas, and a Duo Sonata for Viola and Double Bass, the latter a commission from the South African double bass virtuoso Leon Bosch, for whom <mask> has also written Nocturne: Old Nectar for Bass and Piano. A setting of Stephen Spender's poem The Truly Great was composed for Anglia Ruskin University's 25th Anniversary Songbook in 2017. A song cycle for baritone and piano, Sangharakshita Songs, was premiered in Cambridge in October 2018. Recent compositions include a Piano Sextet, and A Carbon Symphony. The latter work was recorded by The Royal Scottish National Orchestral in October 2019, in collaboration with The Deep Carbon Observatory in Washington DC. In 2019 a piano piece Metta Bhavana was commissioned for the second Triennial Olga Kern International Piano Competition in Albuquerque, New Mexico.Recently completed is a new opera Lawrence of Arabia


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<mask> (5 February 1941 – 4 July 2021) was an Irish musician, photographer, teacher, and author best known as the bassist and founding member of the jazz fusion band Mahavishnu Orchestra, with which he performed from 1971 to 1973. Early life
Laird was born in Dublin, Ireland, on 5 February 1941, to a musical family. His mother played the piano in a variety of styles and his father played the ukulele; Laird started playing both instruments when he was three. At around five years of age, Laird started formal tuition in the guitar and piano, and he had already started to read sheet music. He soon quit the piano as he did not perform well, which led him to take up painting and drawing. At twelve, Laird began lessons in Spanish guitar, but his teacher used books that he felt were too difficult, so he quit. He then discovered jazz from his mother, who bought her son a pair of drum brushes and made him play along to records.Career

Early career
At sixteen, Laird moved to New Zealand with his father and worked on a sheep farm. It was here where he took music seriously, first picking up an Australian Maton guitar, learning chords, and playing along to songs on the radio. After listening to an Oscar Peterson record featuring bassist Ray Brown, Laird noted Brown "doing such incredible things" and started to play bass lines on his guitar. He bought a string bass and played along to Brown's records, and two weeks later he joined a local group in Auckland. It was here, at eighteen, where Laird "quit his day job" and became a professional bassist. Laird's first band soon


texts:
 split, but he joined another which featured pianist Mike Nock and toured New Zealand extensively. When Laird was nineteen, he moved to Sydney, Australia for two years, where there was a more active jazz scene.Here, he played with many top jazz musicians including Don Burrows, and performed in jazz quartets on the radio. Around this time, Laird's goal was to relocate to the US, but he was encouraged to relocate to England in 1962. While in England, Laird toured with the vocal ensemble Lambert, Hendricks, and Ross, which led to a stint with Zoot Sims and saxophonist Al Cohn, followed by session work. From 1963 to 1964, Laird studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and played in The Brian Auger Trinity (July 1963–February 1964) and The Brian Auger Group (February–October 1964), the latter of which featured guitarist John McLaughlin. Laird clashed with Auger when he was asked to switch from upright to electric bass to complement the music they were playing, but Laird refused. Laird then accepted the offer to become house bassist at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club, playing with many visiting musicians including Wes Montgomery and Sonny Stitt. It became a valuable learning experience for Laird, as the group were given considerable freedom and Laird received constructive and helpful advice from the other musicians.Laird is featured on the soundtrack of Alfie (1966) with Sonny Rollins. With Buddy Rich, he played a residence at The Talk of the Town in 1969. Move to the United States and Mahavishnu Orchestra
In 1966, Laird won a scholarship to study at Berklee


texts:
 College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts after sending a tape of himself playing with Stan Getz. Here, Laird studied arranging, composition, and the string bass. In 1968, he took up the bass guitar "so I could be heard." He gained influence to take up the instrument after seeing The Tony Williams Lifetime in concert. Laird was a founding member and electric bassist of the jazz fusion band Mahavishnu Orchestra, the original line-up of which were active from June 1971 to December 1973.Guitar Player described Laird's playing: "Laird's solid, economical lines in conjunction with Billy Cobham's meticulous, powerful drumming provided a strong anchor for the odd-tempo and often volatile solos [from the rest of the band]". After the band split, Laird moved to New York City and played with Stan Getz (a tour in 1977) and Chick Corea (a tour the following year). Laird put out one album as a leader, Soft Focus. Later career
Laird retired as a performing musician in 1982. He became a successful photographer and bass teacher. He authored two intermediate- to advanced-level bass books. In 1999, Laird had started to compose on his daughter's iMac computer.He said: "I have no agenda. It's just for my own enjoyment. Besides, I've come to realise our main gig on this planet is not what we do for a living – it's to find out who we are, and to learn how to love ourselves and love others." Laird was one of a handful of musicians to play an S. D. Curlee, which was his principal fretted bass. In March 2009, Laird discovered a collection of photographs that he had taken of musical


texts:
 artists, including Miles Davis, Chick Corea, Wayne Shorter, the Mahavishnu Orchestra, Elvin Jones, Keith Jarrett and many others. Much of his collection was posted online. Death
In early 2021, Laird's daughter announced that he had entered hospice care.Laird died of lung cancer in New City, Rockland County, New York on 4 July 2021, aged 80. 2 (Harkit, 2005)
Live in London, Vol. 3 (Harkit, 2006)

With Annie Ross
You and Me Baby (Decca, 1971)

With Clive Stevens & Friends
Atmospheres (Capitol, 1974)

'With Stan TraceyLaughin' & Scratchin (Jazz House, 1966)With Treasure'Treasure (Epic, 1977)

Instructional books
 Laird, <mask>. (1978) Jazz Riffs for Bass Laird, <mask>. (1980) Improvising Jazz Bass'' (Music Sales Corp)

References

External links

1941 births
2021 deaths
Musicians from Dublin (city)
Jazz double-bassists
Irish bass guitarists
Jazz bass guitarists
Irish expatriates in the United Kingdom
Irish expatriates in New Zealand
Irish expatriates in Australia
Irish expatriates in the United States
Irish jazz musicians
Mahavishnu Orchestra members
Brian Auger and the Trinity members
21st-century double-bassists
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York

masks: Rick Rick


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<mask> (born April 9, 1956 in Graz, Austria) is an Austrian automobile designer. He was one of the first designers who recognized the future importance of a consistent brand design in the automotive industry. Background

Born as the second of two sons in 1956, <mask> grew up in Leibnitz, Austria. After finishing high school, he started to study architecture at the Graz University of Technology. In the second year of his studies, he read an article about automobile design, where he recognized the existence of the profession of an automobile designer. While studying further he taught himself to sketch cars by copying drawings he found in magazines. He trained himself for more than one year and became freer and freer in his style.After preparing a portfolio of his own designs, he applied for a job as an automobile designer in Germany. Getting accepted by Audi, Ford, and Volkswagen, <mask> decided to quit his studies and took the job at Audi. The former chief designer of Audi Hartmut Warkuss saw his talent and potential immediately and offered him a scholarship for the Royal College of Art in London, the international elite college in design. <mask> attended the full two-year master program and graduated in 1981 as ‘Master of Design’. These years in London, where he got to know people such as Raymond Loewy, were one of the most influencing times in his life. Automotive design

Audi, 1982–1994

After graduating he came back to the design centre of Audi in Ingolstadt, Germany, and started his career. <mask> was responsible for virtually the entire range of models from the mid-1980s to the

masks:
Erwin Leo Himmel
Erwin Leo Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel


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 mid-1990s, like the Audi 80 Sedan, Avant, Coupe and Cabriolet, Audi 100 Sedan and Avant, and the Audi V8.In this creative environment he enjoyed working together with other designers such as J Mays and Peter Schreyer. In 1990, he became Director of Audi’s Munich-based design studio where he had the idea to develop a new concept. A design icon was born: the Audi Quattro Spyder, the highlight of the “Frankfurt IAA” in 1991 and a milestone in the design history of Audi. Design Centre Europe, 1995–1999

In 1994, <mask> <mask> realizing the establishment of the first external design centre of the whole Volkswagen Group in Europe. After a long process of searching, the strategic choice of location fell on Barcelona, Spain. A suitable piece of land was found in Sitges, a seaside town next to Barcelona. <mask> was responsible for the planning and realization of the newly built 130-people design facility, which was named “DCE – Design Centre Europe”.He worked there for Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT and Skoda. Such successful designs as the Audi A8, S3 and RS4, and Volkswagen Touareg, Touran and essential parts of Golf IV and Phaeton were created. Fuore Design, 2000–2007

At the end of 1999, <mask> was offered the position of chief designer at Skoda, but he decided instead to start his own business. And so he founded the independent 35-people design studio “Fuore Design” in the heart of Barcelona. Beside the core business of automotive design, he specialized in brand consulting. He consulted Mitsubishi in their process of finding a new design language, and created the two concept cars, the Mitsubishi

masks:
Erwin Leo
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel


texts:
 Pajero Evolution and Pajero Evolution 2+2, which were presented at the 2001 “Frankfurt IAA” and the 2002 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. After the great feedback at the shows, <mask> was also responsible for the design development of the Dakar Rally multiple-champion racing car Mitsubishi Pajero Evolution.Subaru had a strategic relationship with Fuore. <mask> developed a new brand design strategy. His concept car Subaru B11S showed the new philosophy at the 2003 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. The current models Subaru R1, R2 and B9 Tribeca were created by him, too. With the ‘XF 10’ and the ‘BlackJag’, <mask> presented his first self-developed show cars at the 2003 “Barcelona Salón Internacional del Automóvil” and the 2004 “Geneva Salon International de l’Auto”. <mask> worked for almost every leading corporate group in the automotive sector. After a hard year in 2006 and a bad forecast of incoming contracts in 2007, <mask> did not see a good enough economic perspective to continue and decided to sell the company at the middle of 2007.Hispano Suiza Automobilmanufaktur AG, from 2008

After selling Fuore Design in 2007, <mask> <mask> dedicated himself to his dream goal of owning his own car brand in the luxury segment. After years of research and his activities in Barcelona, he noticed the historic automobile brand Hispano Suiza. Since the brand became free after decades of inactivity, Erwin Leo Himmel registered this brand and brought it back to life. In 2019 Erwin Leo Himmel expanded Hispano Suiza with its own division for alternative drive technologies in the hydrogen

masks:
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Erwin Leo
Himmel


texts:
 sector. Since then, this department has been developing a further vehicle model with a hydrogen drive in addition to the conventional model with a combustion engine. Industrial design

In his time at Fuore, Himmel made a lot of industrial design, too. Panasonic signed a strategic relationship with Fuore.Out of it, <mask> created such things as a cell-phone, an mp3-player, a home cinema system, a telephone, an air conditioner and other white goods for Panasonic. He also worked for companies such as LG and Samsung. Another field was transportation design, especially the exterior and interior design of trains. For example, <mask> developed the design of a new high-speed train for Talgo. He also designed interiors of airplanes. His ‘biggest’ project was a cruise liner for an American ocean carrier. Furthermore, he also did a lot of work in the motorcycle industry.He designed nearly every kind of size, from the scooter up to the superbike, including the development of a new design language for the world’s biggest motorcycle producer Honda. A great pleasure for him was the work for the luxury industry, especially for TAG Heuer. Moreover, he designed a bath ceramic series, for example for Roca. All these products gave <mask> the chance to broaden his horizon in design and marketing, concerning new markets, customers and their mentalities. With the new impressions, it was also possible for him to optimize the processes in the design development, including a faster and more efficient way in automobile design. Miscellaneous

 His brother is the Austrian court counsellor Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Wilhelm

masks: Himmel Himmel Himmel


texts:
 A<mask>.<mask>’s motto is: “Design is my passion – Visions are my driving force.”
 During his architecture studies in Graz, <mask> played basketball in the national league of Austria. Until today he is a big basketball fan. <mask> is visiting professor of the Graz University of Applied Sciences. <mask> was the initiator and curator of “Auto Art”, a unique exhibition of show cars in Graz in 2003. “Auto Art” was one of the highlights of the cultural program of “Graz –European Capital of Culture 2003”. <mask> was elected one of the most famous Styrian people. “Auto”-biography

Concept cars

References

 Car Styling (Japan), Summer 1983, no.43, pp. 52–57
 Profile (Netherlands), November 1983, no. 4, pp. 26–31
 Auto Bild (Germany), September 16, 1991, no. 38, pp. 8/9
 Auto Motor und Sport (Germany), September 20, 1991, no. 20, pp.26–28
 Kurier (Austria), July 4, 1997, p. 5
 Car Styling (Japan), July 7, 2001, no. 143, pp. 68–75
 La Vanguardia (Spain), May 28, 2002, no. 43306, p. 83
 Auto Revue (Austria), September 2002, no. 9, pp. 78–80
 Süddeutsche Zeitung (Germany), June 7, 2003, no. 130, p. V1
 Automobil Revue (Switzerland), June 26, 2003, no.26, p. 19
 Autotrends (China), December 2003, no. 96, pp. 102–105
 Auto Focus (Germany), May/June 2004, no. 3, pp. 70 – 75

External links
 Member of the jury of the Austrian Design Award
 Design hall of fame
 Auto Art Graz 2003
 Auto Art pictures
 Mitsubishi Pajero Dakar fact sheet
 Article in "Welt"
 Barcelona Motor Show 2003
 Famous Styrian people
Hispano Suiza - Maguari

1956 births
Austrian automobile designers
Living people
Volkswagen Group

masks:
. Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel
Himmel


texts:
<mask> (born Alfred Willmore; 25 October 1899 – 6 March 1978) was an actor, designer, dramatist, writer and impresario in 20th-century Ireland. Though born in London to an English family with no Irish connections, he emigrated to Ireland in early adulthood, changed his name, invented an Irish ancestry, and remained based there for the rest of his life, successfully maintaining a fabricated identity as a native Irishman born in Cork. With his partner, Hilton Edwards, and two others, <mask>ir founded the Gate Theatre in Dublin, and became one of the most recognisable figures in the arts in twentieth-century Ireland. As well as acting at the Gate and internationally, he designed numerous productions, wrote eleven plays, and published stories, verse and travel books in Irish and English. He wrote and appeared in three one-man shows, of which The Importance of Being Oscar (1960) was the most celebrated, achieving more than 1,300 performances. Life and career

Early years

<mask>ir was born Alfred Lee Willmore, in Willesden, in north-west London, into a family with no Irish connections. He was the youngest child and only son of Alfred George Willmore (1863–1934), a forage buyer for the firm of Whitney's of Bayswater, and his wife, Mary, née Lee (1867–1918).He attended primary school in Willesden and then attended a children's theatre academy run by Lila Field. He became a professional actor at the age of twelve; his sister Marjorie took charge of his general education and was his chaperone on tours that included visits to venues in Ireland as well as Britain. He made his debut as 1911, as King Goldfish in Field's play The Goldfish, alongside another child actor, Noël Coward. He later said, "I learned from Lila Field the absolute ABC of getting on and off the stage without disgracing oneself; I learned what a cue meant, what a stick of greasepaint was, the elements of

masks:
Micheál Mac Liammóir
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó


texts:
 timing, and that ghastly thing, the exploitation of childish charm". In September of that year he first worked for Sir Herbert Tree, playing <mask>ff's son in <mask>beth. From Tree he quickly learned "a rude lesson" that charm was not enough: "I think it was Tree who first awoke the actor's imagination in me and made me feel the terror of the Witches' Coven and the horror of the ghost-haunted banquet". In the Christmas season of 1911 he played Michael Darling in Peter Pan, and in June 1912, he played Oliver Twist in Tree's revival of the stage version of the novel.After two further child roles, and appearances in four silent films (now lost) he temporarily abandoned acting. After a summer in Spain, visiting his grandparents and becoming fluent in Spanish,  he studied painting at Willesden Polytechnic and then the Slade School of Art in 1915–16. With a fellow student, Mary O'Keefe, he attended Irish language classes at the Ludgate Circus branch of the Gaelic League; the biographer Christopher Fitz-Simon thinks it probable that they saw plays by W. B. Yeats, Lady Gregory and J. M. Synge during the visits of the Abbey Theatre company in this period. Both students developed a keen interest in the Irish Literary Revival. Move to Ireland
<mask>ir, now calling himself "Michael Willmore", made a brief return to the stage in February 1917, in Felix Gets a Month, a "whimsical comedy" at the Haymarket Theatre. The following month he went with O'Keefe and her mother to Ireland, the former having contracted tuberculosis and been prescribed "fresh air", the latter anxious to escape Zeppelin raids. Fitz-Simon suggests that <mask>ir's motive was to escape conscription into the army in the latter stages of the First World War.In Ireland <mask>ir earned a modest living as a freelance illustrator for newspapers and books, acted from time to time, and designed for the Irish Theatre and

masks:
Macdu
Mac
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó


texts:
 Dublin Drama League. He assimilated himself into Irish culture and politics. He campaigned for Sinn Féin in the 1918 General Election, published his first book, a collection of stories in Irish, in 1922, and continued to write verse and prose in Irish and English. He experimented with various gaelicised versions of his name, including "<mask>ir" and "<mask>ir". He built up a fictitious identity as a native Irishman born in Cork. During most of the 1920s <mask>ir continued to live with the O'Keefes. In search of a healthy environment for Mary they moved between Switzerland and the French riviera.He exhibited successfully in local galleries and, in 1923, at the Leigh Gallery in London. He later wrote a book of recollections – in Irish – about his travels. In 1925 he starred in a  silent film, Land of Her Fathers with a cast of mainly Abbey Theatre players. Mary O'Keefe died in 1927 and <mask>ir, now known by that name, returned to the theatre. His sister Marjorie had married the actor-manager Anew McMaster whose touring company <mask>óir joined, playing Shakespearean roles including Bassanio in The Merchant of Venice, Laertes in Hamlet and Cassio in Othello. While on tour in the south of Ireland, he met another young English actor, Hilton Edwards, who was to become his lifelong partner, both personal and professional. <mask>ir and Edwards decided to settle in Dublin, with the intention of setting up their own theatre there.Gate Theatre

In 1928 <mask>ir wrote, directed, designed and starred in Diarmuid and Gráinne for the opening of the Irish language theatre, An Taibhdhearc, in Galway. He subsequently produced twenty plays there. Also in 1928, <mask>ir was one of the four founders of the Gate Theatre Studio, later simply the Gate Theatre, alongside Hilton Edwards, Daisy Bannard Cogley, and Gearóid Ó Lochlainn. <mask>ir and Edwards had been considering theatrical plans

masks:
Mac Uaimmhó
Mac Liaimmhó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liamm
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó
Mac Liammó