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 army to the Persian territory. He was stopped by the river Halys, then unbridged. <mask> then got the army across the river by digging a diversion upstream so as to reduce the flow, making it possible to cross the river. While Herodotus reported that most of his fellow Greeks believe that <mask> did divert the river Halys to assist King Croesus' military endeavors, he himself finds it doubtful.Croesus was defeated before the city of Sardis by Cyrus, who subsequently spared Miletus because it had taken no action. Cyrus was so impressed by Croesus’ wisdom and his connection with the sages that he spared him and took his advice on various matters. The Ionian cities should be demoi, or "districts". Miletus, however, received favorable terms from Cyrus. The others remained in an Ionian League of twelve cities (excluding Miletus), and were subjugated by the Persians. Astronomy

According to Herodotus, <mask> predicted the solar eclipse of May 28, 585 BC. <mask> also described the position of Ursa Minor, and he thought the constellation might be useful as a guide for navigation at sea.He calculated the duration of the year and the timings of the equinoxes and solstices. He is additionally attributed with the first observation of the Hyades and with calculating the position of the Pleiades. Plutarch indicates that in his day (c. AD 100) there was an extant work, the Astronomy, composed in verse and attributed to <mask>. Herodotus writes that in the sixth year of the war, the Lydians under King Alyattes and the Medes under Cyaxares were engaged in an indecisive battle when suddenly day turned into night, leading to


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 both parties halting the fighting and negotiating a peace agreement. Herodotus also mentions that the loss of daylight had been predicted by Thales. He does not, however, mention the location of the battle. However, based on the list of Median kings and the duration of their reign reported elsewhere by Herodotus, Cyaxares died 10 years before the eclipse.Sagacity

Diogenes Laërtius tells us that the Seven Sages were created in the archonship of Damasius at Athens about 582 BC and that <mask> was the first sage. The same story, however, asserts that <mask> emigrated to Miletus. There is also a report that he did not become a student of nature until after his political career. Much as we would like to have a date on the seven sages, we must reject these stories and the tempting date if we are to believe that <mask> was a native of Miletus, predicted the eclipse, and was with Croesus in the campaign against Cyrus. <mask> received instruction from an Egyptian priest and was said to have had close contacts along with the priests of Thebes and their linear geometry. It was fairly certain that he came from a wealthy, established family, in a class which customarily provided higher education for their children. Moreover, the ordinary citizen, unless he was a seafaring man or a merchant, could not afford the grand tour in Egypt, and did not consort with noble lawmakers such as Solon.In Diogenes Laërtius' Lives of Eminent Philosophers Chapter 1.39, Laërtius relates several stories of an expensive object that is to go to the most wise. In one version (that Laërtius credits to Callimachus in his Iambics) Bathycles of

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 Arcadia states in his will that an expensive bowl "'should be given to him who had done most good by his wisdom.' So it was given to <mask>, went the round of all the sages, and came back to Thales again. And he sent it to Apollo at Didyma, with this dedication...'<mask> the Milesian, son of Examyas [dedicates this] to Delphinian Apollo after twice winning the prize from all the Greeks.'" Theories
Early Greeks, and other civilizations before them, often invoked idiosyncratic explanations of natural phenomena with reference to the will of anthropomorphic gods and heroes. Instead, <mask> aimed to explain natural phenomena via rational hypotheses that referenced natural processes themselves. For example, rather than assuming that earthquakes were the result of supernatural whims, <mask> explained them by hypothesizing that the Earth floats on water and that earthquakes occur when the Earth is rocked by waves.<mask> was a hylozoist (one who thinks that matter is alive, i.e. containing soul(s). Aristotle wrote (De Anima 411 a7-8) of <mask>: ...<mask> thought all things are full of gods. Aristotle posits the origin of <mask> thought on matter generally containing souls, to <mask> thinking initially on the fact of, because magnets move iron, the presence of movement of matter indicated this matter contained life. <mask>, according to Aristotle, asked what was the nature (Greek arche) of the object so that it would behave in its characteristic way. Physis () comes from phyein (), "to grow", related to our word "be". (G)natura is the way a thing is "born", again with the stamp of what it is in itself.Aristotle

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 characterizes most of the philosophers "at first" () as thinking that the "principles in the form of matter were the only principles of all things", where "principle" is arche, "matter" is hyle ("wood" or "matter", "material") and "form" is eidos. Arche is translated as "principle", but the two words do not have precisely the same meaning. A principle of something is merely prior (related to pro-) to it either chronologically or logically. An arche (from , "to rule") dominates an object in some way. If the arche is taken to be an origin, then specific causality is implied; that is, B is supposed to be characteristically B just because it comes from A, which dominates it. The archai that Aristotle had in mind in his well-known passage on the first Greek scientists are not necessarily chronologically prior to their objects, but are constituents of it. For example, in pluralism objects are composed of earth, air, fire and water, but those elements do not disappear with the production of the object.They remain as archai within it, as do the atoms of the atomists. What Aristotle is really saying is that the first philosophers were trying to define the substance(s) of which all material objects are composed. As a matter of fact, that is exactly what modern scientists are attempting to accomplish in nuclear physics, which is a second reason why <mask> is described as the first western scientist, but some contemporary scholars reject this interpretation. Geometry
<mask> was known for his innovative use of geometry, and is often considered the first person in the western world to have applied deductive reasoning to

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 geometry (and by extension is often considered the first western mathematician). His understanding was theoretical as well as practical. For example, he said:

Topos is in Newtonian-style space, since the verb, chorei, has the connotation of yielding before things, or spreading out to make room for them, which is extension. Within this extension, things have a position.Points, lines, planes and solids related by distances and angles follow from this presumption. <mask> understood similar triangles and right triangles, and what is more, used that knowledge in practical ways. The story is told in Diogenes Laërtius (loc. cit.) that he measured the height of the pyramids by their shadows at the moment when his own shadow was equal to his height. A right triangle with two equal legs is a 45-degree right triangle, all of which are similar. The length of the pyramid's shadow measured from the center of the pyramid at that moment must have been equal to its height.This story indicates that he was familiar with the Egyptian seked, or seqed, the ratio of the run to the rise of a slope (cotangent). The seked is at the base of problems 56, 57, 58, 59 and 60 of the Rhind papyrus — an ancient Egyptian mathematical document. More practically Thales used the same method to measure the distances of ships at sea, said Eudemus as reported by Proclus ("in Euclidem"). According to Kirk & Raven, all you need for this feat is three straight sticks pinned at one end and knowledge of your altitude. One stick goes vertically into the ground. A second is made level. With the third you sight the ship and calculate the seked from the


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 height of the stick and its distance from the point of insertion to the line of sight (Proclus, In Euclidem, 352).<mask>' theorems

There are two theorems of <mask> in elementary geometry, one known as <mask>' theorem having to do with a triangle inscribed in a circle and having the circle's diameter as one leg, the other theorem being also called the intercept theorem. In addition Eudemus attributed to him the discovery that a circle is bisected by its diameter, that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal and that vertical angles are equal. According to a historical Note, when <mask> visited Egypt, he observed that whenever the Egyptians drew two intersecting lines, they would measure the vertical angles to make sure that they were equal. <mask> concluded that one could prove that all vertical angles are equal if one accepted some general notions such as: all straight angles are equal, equals added to equals are equal, and equals subtracted from equals are equal. The evidence for the primacy of <mask> comes to us from a book by Proclus who wrote a thousand years after <mask> but is believed to have had a copy of Eudemus' book. Proclus wrote "<mask> was the first to go to Egypt and bring back to Greece this study." He goes on to tell us that in addition to applying the knowledge he gained in Egypt "He himself discovered many propositions and disclosed the underlying principles of many others to his successors, in some case his method being more general, in others more empirical."Other quotes from Proclus list more of <mask>' mathematical achievements:

In addition to Proclus, Hieronymus of Rhodes

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 also cites <mask> as the first Greek mathematician. Hieronymus held that <mask> was able to measure the height of the pyramids by using a theorem of geometry now known as the intercept theorem, (after gathering data by using his walking-stick and comparing its shadow to those cast by the pyramids). We receive variations of Hieronymus' story through Diogenes Laërtius, Pliny the Elder, and Plutarch. According to Hieronymus, historically quoted by Diogenes Laërtius, <mask> found the height of pyramids by comparison between the lengths of the shadows cast by a person and by the pyramids. Due to the variations among testimonies, such as the "story of the sacrifice of an ox on the occasion of the discovery that the angle on a diameter of a circle is a right angle" in the version told by Diogenes Laërtius being accredited to Pythagoras rather than <mask>, some historians (such as D. R. Dicks) question whether such anecdotes have any historical worth whatsoever. Water as a first principle
<mask>' most famous philosophical position was his cosmological thesis, which comes down to us through a passage from Aristotle's Metaphysics. In the work Aristotle unequivocally reported <mask>' hypothesis about the nature of all matter – that the originating principle of nature was a single material substance: water.Aristotle then proceeded to proffer a number of conjectures based on his own observations to lend some credence to why <mask> may have advanced this idea (though Aristotle did not hold it himself). Aristotle laid out his own thinking about matter and form which may shed some light on the ideas of <mask>, in

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 Metaphysics 983 b6 8–11, 17–21. (The passage contains words that were later adopted by science with quite different meanings.) In this quote we see Aristotle's depiction of the problem of change and the definition of substance. He asked if an object changes, is it the same or different? In either case how can there be a change from one to the other? The answer is that the substance "is saved", but acquires or loses different qualities (, the things you "experience").Aristotle conjectured that <mask> reached his conclusion by contemplating that the "nourishment of all things is moist and that even the hot is created from the wet and lives by it." While Aristotle's conjecture on why <mask> held water as the originating principle of matter is his own thinking, his statement that <mask> held it as water is generally accepted as genuinely originating with <mask> and he is seen as an incipient matter-and-formist. <mask> thought the Earth must be a flat disk which is floating in an expanse of water. Heraclitus Homericus states that <mask> drew his conclusion from seeing moist substance turn into air, slime and earth. It seems likely that <mask> viewed the Earth as solidifying from the water on which it floated and the oceans that surround it. Writing centuries later, Diogenes Laërtius also states that <mask> taught "Water constituted (, 'stood under') the principle of all things." Aristotle considered <mask>’ position to be roughly the equivalent to the later ideas of Anaximenes, who held that everything was composed of air.The 1870 book Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology noted:

Beliefs in


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 divinity

According to Aristotle, <mask> thought lodestones had souls, because iron is attracted to them (by the force of magnetism). Aristotle defined the soul as the principle of life, that which imbues the matter and makes it live, giving it the animation, or power to act. The idea did not originate with him, as the Greeks in general believed in the distinction between mind and matter, which was ultimately to lead to a distinction not only between body and soul but also between matter and energy. If things were alive, they must have souls. This belief was no innovation, as the ordinary ancient populations of the Mediterranean did believe that natural actions were caused by divinities. Accordingly, Aristotle and other ancient writers state that <mask> believed that "all things were full of gods." In their zeal to make him the first in everything some said he was the first to hold the belief, which must have been widely known to be false.However, <mask> was looking for something more general, a universal substance of mind. That also was in the polytheism of the times. Zeus was the very personification of supreme mind, dominating all the subordinate manifestations. From <mask> on, however, philosophers had a tendency to depersonify or objectify mind, as though it were the substance of animation per se and not actually a god like the other gods. The result was a total removal of mind from substance, opening the door to a non-divine principle of action. Classical thought, however, had proceeded only a little way along that path. Instead of referring to the person, Zeus, they talked about the great mind:

The


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 universal mind appears as a Roman belief in Virgil as well:

According to Henry Fielding (1775), Diogenes Laërtius (1.35) affirmed that <mask> posed "the independent pre-existence of God from all eternity, stating "that God was the oldest of all beings, for he existed without a previous cause even in the way of generation; that the world was the most beautiful of all things; for it was created by God."Influences

Due to the scarcity of sources concerning <mask> and the discrepancies between the accounts given in the sources that have survived, there is a scholarly debate over possible influences on <mask> and the Greek mathematicians that came after him. Historian Roger L. Cooke points out that Proclus does not make any mention of Mesopotamian influence on Thales or Greek geometry, but "is shown clearly in Greek astronomy, in the use of sexagesimal system of measuring angles and in Ptolemy's explicit use of Mesopotamian astronomical observations." Cooke notes that it may possibly also appear in the second book of Euclid's Elements, "which contains geometric constructions equivalent to certain algebraic relations that are frequently encountered in the cuneiform tablets." Cooke notes "This relation, however, is controversial." Historian B.L. Van der Waerden is among those advocating the idea of Mesopotamian influence, writing "It follows that we have to abandon the traditional belief that the oldest Greek mathematicians discovered geometry entirely by themselves...a belief that was tenable only as long as nothing was known about Babylonian mathematics. This in no way diminishes the stature of <mask>; on the


texts: contrary, his genius receives only now the honour that is due to it, the honour of having developed a logical structure for geometry, of having introduced proof into geometry."Some historians, such as D. R. Dicks takes issue with the idea that we can determine from the questionable sources we have, just how influenced <mask> was by Babylonian sources. He points out that while <mask> is held to have been able to calculate an eclipse using a cycle called the "Saros" held to have been "borrowed from the Babylonians", "The Babylonians, however, did not use cycles to predict solar eclipses, but computed them from observations of the latitude of the moon made shortly before the expected syzygy." Dicks cites historian O. Neugebauer who relates that "No Babylonian theory for predicting solar eclipse existed at 600 B.C., as one can see from the very unsatisfactory situation 400 years later; nor did the Babylonians ever develop any theory which took the influence of geographical latitude into account." Dicks examines the cycle referred to as 'Saros' – which <mask> is held to have used and which is believed to stem from the Babylonians. He points out that Ptolemy makes use of this and another cycle in his book Mathematical Syntaxis but attributes it to Greek astronomers earlier than Hipparchus and not to Babylonians. Dicks notes Herodotus does relate that <mask> made use of a cycle to predict the eclipse, but maintains that "if so, the fulfillment of the 'prediction' was a stroke of pure luck not science". He goes further joining with other historians (F. Martini, J.L.E. Dreyer, O. Neugebauer) in rejecting the


texts: historicity of the eclipse story altogether. Dicks links the story of <mask> discovering the cause for a solar eclipse with Herodotus' claim that <mask> discovered the cycle of the sun with relation to the solstices, and concludes "he could not possibly have possessed this knowledge which neither the Egyptians nor the Babylonians nor his immediate successors possessed." Josephus is the only ancient historian that claims <mask> visited Babylonia. Herodotus wrote that the Greeks learnt the practice of dividing the day into 12 parts, about the polos, and the gnomon from the Babylonians. (The exact meaning of his use of the word polos is unknown, current theories include: "the heavenly dome", "the tip of the axis of the celestial sphere", or a spherical concave sundial.) Yet even Herodotus' claims on Babylonian influence are contested by some modern historians, such as L. Zhmud, who points out that the division of the day into twelve parts (and by analogy the year) was known to the Egyptians already in the second millennium, the gnomon was known to both Egyptians and Babylonians, and the idea of the "heavenly sphere" was not used outside of Greece at this time. Less controversial than the position that <mask> learnt Babylonian mathematics is the claim he was influenced by Egyptians.Pointedly historian S. N. Bychkov holds that the idea that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal likely came from Egypt. This is because, when building a roof for a home – having a cross section be exactly an isosceles triangle isn't crucial (as it's the ridge of the roof that must fit precisely), in contrast a symmetric


texts: square pyramid cannot have errors in the base angles of the faces or they will not fit together tightly. Historian D.R. Dicks agrees that compared to the Greeks in the era of Thales, there was a more advanced state of mathematics among the Babylonians and especially the Egyptians – "both cultures knew the correct formulae for determining the areas and volumes of simple geometrical figures such as triangles, rectangles, trapezoids, etc. ; the Egyptians could also calculate correctly the volume of the frustum of a pyramid with a square base (the Babylonians used an incorrect formula for this), and used a formula for the area of a circle...which gives a value for π of 3.1605—a good approximation." Dicks also agrees that this would have had an effect on <mask> (whom the most ancient sources agree was interested in mathematics and astronomy) but he holds that tales of Thales' travels in these lands are pure myth. The ancient civilization and massive monuments of Egypt had "a profound and ineradicable impression on the Greeks".They attributed to Egyptians "an immemorial knowledge of certain subjects" (including geometry) and would claim Egyptian origin for some of their own ideas to try and lend them "a respectable antiquity" (such as the "Hermetic" literature of the Alexandrian period). Dicks holds that since <mask> was a prominent figure in Greek history by the time of Eudemus but "nothing certain was known except that he lived in Miletus". A tradition developed that as "Milesians were in a position to be able to travel widely" <mask> must have gone to Egypt. As Herodotus says Egypt was the birthplace of

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texts: geometry he must have learnt that while there. Since he had to have been there, surely one of the theories on Nile Flooding laid out by Herodotus must have come from <mask>. Likewise as he must have been in Egypt he had to have done something with the Pyramids – thus the tale of measuring them. Similar apocryphal stories exist of Pythagoras and Plato traveling to Egypt with no corroborating evidence.As the Egyptian and Babylonian geometry at the time was "essentially arithmetical", they used actual numbers and "the procedure is then described with explicit instructions as to what to do with these numbers" there was no mention of how the rules of procedure were made, and nothing toward a logically arranged corpus of generalized geometrical knowledge with analytical 'proofs' such as we find in the words of Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius." So even had <mask> traveled there he could not have learnt anything about the theorems he is held to have picked up there (especially because there is no evidence that any Greeks of this age could use Egyptian hieroglyphics). Likewise until around the second century BC and the time of Hipparchus (c. 190–120 BC) the Babylonian general division of the circle into 360 degrees and their sexagesimal system was unknown. Herodotus says almost nothing about Babylonian literature and science, and very little about their history. Some historians, like P. Schnabel, hold that the Greeks only learned more about Babylonian culture from Berossus, a Babylonian priest who is said to have set up a school in Cos around 270 BC (but to what extent this had in the field of geometry is


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 contested). Dicks points out that the primitive state of Greek mathematics and astronomical ideas exhibited by the peculiar notions of <mask>' successors (such as Anaximander, Anaximenes, Xenophanes, and Heraclitus), which historian J. L. Heiberg calls "a mixture of brilliant intuition and childlike analogies", argues against the assertions from writers in late antiquity that <mask> discovered and taught advanced concepts in these fields. John Burnet (1892) noted

According to the 10-th century Byzantine encyclopdia Suda, Thales had been the "teacher and kineman" of Anaximander.Nicholas Molinari has recently argued for an important Greek influence on <mask>' idea of the archai, namely, the archaic water deity Acheloios, who was equated with water and worshipped in Miletos during <mask>' life. He argues that <mask>, as a sage and world traveler, was exposed to many mythologies and religions, and while they all had some influence, his hometown Acheloios was the most essential. For evidence, he points to the fact that hydor meant specifically "fresh water," and that Acheloios was seen as a shape-shifter in myth and art, so able to become anything. He also points out that the rivers of the world were seen as the "sinews of Acheloios" in antiquity, and this multiplicity of deities is reflected in <mask>' idea that "all things are full of gods." Interpretations
In the long sojourn of philosophy, there has existed hardly a philosopher or historian of philosophy who did not mention <mask> and try to characterize him in some way. He is generally recognized as having brought something new to human thought.

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 Mathematics, astronomy, and medicine already existed.<mask> added something to these different collections of knowledge to produce a universality, which, as far as writing tells us, was not in tradition before, but resulted in a new field. Ever since, interested persons have been asking what that new something is. Answers fall into (at least) two categories, the theory and the method. Once an answer has been arrived at, the next logical step is to ask how <mask> compares to other philosophers, which leads to his classification (rightly or wrongly). Theory
The most natural epithets of <mask> are "materialist" and "naturalist", which are based on ousia and physis. The Catholic Encyclopedia notes that Aristotle called him a physiologist, with the meaning "student of nature." On the other hand, he would have qualified as an early physicist, as did Aristotle.They studied corpora, "bodies", the medieval descendants of substances. Russell
Most agree that <mask>' stamp on thought is the unity of substance, hence Bertrand Russell:

Russell was only reflecting an established tradition; for example: Nietzsche, in his Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, wrote:

This sort of materialism, however, should not be confused with deterministic materialism. <mask> was only trying to explain the unity observed in the free play of the qualities. The arrival of uncertainty in the modern world made possible a return to Thales; for example, <mask> Boodin writes ("God and Creation"):

Boodin
Boodin defines an "emergent" materialism, in which the objects of sense emerge uncertainly from the substrate. <mask> is the innovator

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 of this sort of materialism. Feldman
Later scholastic thinkers would maintain that in his choice of water <mask> was influenced by Babylonian or Chaldean religion, that held that a god had begun creation by acting upon the pre-existing water. Historian Abraham Feldman holds this does not stand up under closer examination.In Babylonian religion the water is lifeless and sterile until a god acts upon it, but for <mask> water itself was divine and creative. He maintained that "All things are full of gods", and to understand the nature of things was to discover the secrets of the deities, and through this knowledge open the possibility that one could be greater than the grandest Olympian. Feldman points out that while other thinkers recognized the wetness of the world "none of them was inspired to conclude that everything was ultimately aquatic." He further points out that <mask> was "a wealthy citizen of the fabulously rich Oriental port of Miletus...a dealer in the staples of antiquity, wine and oil...He certainly handled the shell-fish of the Phoenicians that secreted the dye of imperial purple." Feldman recalls the stories of <mask> measuring the distance of boats in the harbor, creating mechanical improvements for ship navigation, giving an explanation for the flooding of the Nile (vital to Egyptian agriculture and Greek trade), and changing the course of the river Halys so an army could ford it. Rather than seeing water as a barrier <mask> contemplated the Ionian yearly religious gathering for athletic ritual (held on the promontory of Mycale and believed to be ordained by the ancestral kindred of

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texts: Poseidon, the god of the sea). He called for the Ionian mercantile states participating in this ritual to convert it into a democratic federation under the protection of Poseidon that would hold off the forces of pastoral Persia.Feldman concludes that <mask> saw "that water was a revolutionary leveler and the elemental factor determining the subsistence and business of the world" and "the common channel of states." Feldman considers <mask>' environment and holds that <mask> would have seen tears, sweat, and blood as granting value to a person's work and the means how life giving commodities travelled (whether on bodies of water or through the sweat of slaves and pack-animals). He would have seen that minerals could be processed from water such as life-sustaining salt and gold taken from rivers. He would’ve seen fish and other food stuffs gathered from it. Feldman points out that <mask> held that the lodestone was alive as it drew metals to itself. He holds that <mask> "living ever in sight of his beloved sea" would see water seem to draw all "traffic in wine and oil, milk and honey, juices and dyes" to itself, leading him to "a vision of the universe melting into a single substance that was valueless in itself and still the source of wealth." Feldman concludes that for <mask> "...water united all things.The social significance of water in the time of <mask> induced him to discern through hardware and dry-goods, through soil and sperm, blood, sweat and tears, one fundamental fluid stuff...water, the most commonplace and powerful material known to him." This combined with his contemporary's idea of


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 "spontaneous generation" allow us to see how <mask> could hold that water could be divine and creative. Feldman points to the lasting association of the theory that "all whatness is wetness" with <mask> himself, pointing out that Diogenes Laërtius speaks of a poem, probably a satire, where <mask> is snatched to heaven by the sun. Rise of theoretical inquiry
In the West, <mask> represents a new kind of inquiring community as well. Edmund Husserl attempts to capture the new movement as follows. Philosophical man is a "new cultural configuration" based in stepping back from "pregiven tradition" and taking up a rational "inquiry into what is true in itself;" that is, an ideal of truth. It begins with isolated individuals such as <mask>, but they are supported and cooperated with as time goes on.Finally the ideal transforms the norms of society, leaping across national borders. Classification
The term "Pre-Socratic" derives ultimately from the philosopher Aristotle, who distinguished the early philosophers as concerning themselves with substance. Diogenes Laërtius on the other hand took a strictly geographic and ethnic approach. Philosophers were either Ionian or Italian. He used "Ionian" in a broader sense, including also the Athenian academics, who were not Pre-Socratics. From a philosophic point of view, any grouping at all would have been just as effective. There is no basis for an Ionian or Italian unity.Some scholars, however, concede to Diogenes' scheme as far as referring to an "Ionian" school. There was no such school in any sense. The most popular approach refers to a Milesian school, which is more


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 justifiable socially and philosophically. They sought for the substance of phenomena and may have studied with each other. Some ancient writers qualify them as Milesioi, "of Miletus." Influence on others

<mask> had a profound influence on other Greek thinkers and therefore on Western history. Some  believe Anaximander was a pupil of <mask>.Early sources report that one of Anaximander's more famous pupils, Pythagoras, visited <mask> as a young man, and that <mask> advised him to travel to Egypt to further his philosophical and mathematical studies. Many philosophers followed <mask>' lead in searching for explanations in nature rather than in the supernatural; others returned to supernatural explanations, but couched them in the language of philosophy rather than of myth or of religion. Looking specifically at <mask>' influence during the pre-Socratic era, it is clear that he stood out as one of the first thinkers who thought more in the way of logos than mythos. The difference between these two more profound ways of seeing the world is that mythos is concentrated around the stories of holy origin, while logos is concentrated around the argumentation. When the mythical man wants to explain the world the way he sees it, he explains it based on gods and powers. Mythical thought does not differentiate between things and persons and furthermore it does not differentiate between nature and culture. The way a logos thinker would present a world view is radically different from the way of the mythical thinker.In its concrete form, logos is a way of thinking not only about individualism, but also the abstract.

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 Furthermore, it focuses on sensible and continuous argumentation. This lays the foundation of philosophy and its way of explaining the world in terms of abstract argumentation, and not in the way of gods and mythical stories. Reliability of sources

Because of <mask>' elevated status in Greek culture, an intense interest and admiration followed his reputation. Due to this following, the oral stories about his life were open to amplification and historical fabrication, even before they were written down generations later. Most modern dissension comes from trying to interpret what we know, in particular, distinguishing legend from fact. Chronological classification
Historian D.R.Dicks and other historians divide the ancient sources about <mask> into those before 320 BC and those after that year (some such as Proclus writing in the 5th century C.E. and Simplicius of Cilicia in the 6th century C.E. writing nearly a millennium after his era). The first category includes Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Aristophanes, and Theophrastus among others. The second category includes Plautus, Aetius, Eusebius, Plutarch, Josephus, Iamblichus, Diogenes Laërtius, Theon of Smyrna, Apuleius, Clement of Alexandria, Pliny the Elder, and John Tzetzes among others. Earliest sources
The earliest sources on Thales (living before 320 BC) are often the same for the other Milesian philosophers (Anaximander, and Anaximenes). These sources were either roughly contemporaneous (such as Herodotus) or lived within a few hundred years of his passing.Moreover, they were writing from an oral tradition that was widespread and well known in the


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 Greece of their day. Latter sources
The latter sources on <mask> are several "ascriptions of commentators and compilers who lived anything from 700 to 1,000 years after his death" which include "anecdotes of varying degrees of plausibility" and in the opinion of some historians (such as D. R. Dicks) of "no historical worth whatsoever". Dicks points out that there is no agreement "among the 'authorities' even on the most fundamental facts of his life—e.g. whether he was a Milesian or a Phoenician, whether he left any writings or not, whether he was married or single—much less on the actual ideas and achievements with which he is credited." Comparison of the two source groups
Contrasting the work of the more ancient writers with those of the later, Dicks points out that in the works of the early writers <mask> and the other men who would be hailed as "the Seven Sages of Greece" had a different reputation than that which would be assigned to them by later authors. Closer to their own era, <mask>, Solon, Bias of Priene, Pittacus of Mytilene and others were hailed as "essentially practical men who played leading roles in the affairs of their respective states, and were far better known to the earlier Greeks as lawgivers and statesmen than as profound thinkers and philosophers." For example, Plato praises him (coupled with Anacharsis) for being the originator of the potter's wheel and the anchor.Only in the writings of the second group of writers (working after 320 BC) do "we obtain the picture of <mask> as the pioneer in Greek scientific thinking, particularly in regard to mathematics and astronomy which he is


texts:
 supposed to have learnt about in Babylonia and Egypt." Rather than "the earlier tradition [where] he is a favourite example of the intelligent man who possesses some technical 'know how'...the later doxographers [such as Dicaearchus in the latter half of the fourth century BC] foist on to him any number of discoveries and achievements, in order to build him up as a figure of superhuman wisdom." Problem suggested by Dicks
Dicks points out a further problem arises in the surviving information on <mask>, for rather than using ancient sources closer to the era of Thales, the authors in later antiquity ("epitomators, excerptors, and compilers") actually "preferred to use one or more intermediaries, so that what we actually read in them comes to us not even at second, but at third or fourth or fifth hand. Obviously, this use of intermediate sources, copied and recopied from century to century, with each writer adding additional pieces of information of greater or less plausibility from his own knowledge, provided a fertile field for errors in transmission, wrong ascriptions, and fictitious attributions". Dicks points out that "certain doctrines that later commentators invented for Thales...were then accepted into the biographical tradition" being copied by subsequent writers who were then cited by those coming after them "and thus, because they may be repeated by different authors relying on different sources, may produce an illusory impression of genuineness." Aristotle
Doubts even exist when considering the philosophical positions held to originate in <mask> "in reality these stem directly from Aristotle's own


texts: interpretations which then became incorporated in the doxographical tradition as erroneous ascriptions to Thales". (The same treatment was given by Aristotle to Anaxagoras.)Most philosophic analyses of the philosophy of <mask> come from Aristotle, a professional philosopher, tutor of Alexander the Great, who wrote 200 years after <mask>' death. Aristotle, judging from his surviving books, does not seem to have access to any works by <mask>, although he probably had access to works of other authors about <mask>aeus, Plato etc., as well as others whose work is now extinct. It was Aristotle's express goal to present <mask>' work not because it was significant in itself, but as a prelude to his own work in natural philosophy. <mask> and John Raven, English compilers of the fragments of the Pre-Socratics, assert that Aristotle's "judgments are often distorted by his view of earlier philosophy as a stumbling progress toward the truth that Aristotle himself revealed in his physical doctrines." There was also an extensive oral tradition. Both the oral and the written were commonly read or known by all educated men in the region. Aristotle's philosophy had a distinct stamp: it professed the theory of matter and form, which modern scholastics have dubbed hylomorphism.Though once very widespread, it was not generally adopted by rationalist and modern science, as it mainly is useful in metaphysical analyses, but does not lend itself to the detail that is of interest to modern science. It is not clear that the theory of matter and form existed as early as <mask>, and if it did, whether <mask> espoused it. While some

masks:
Thales
Thales
Thales
Thalesdocat
Thales
Geoffrey Kirk
Thales
Thales


texts:
 historians, like B. Snell, maintain that Aristotle was relying on a pre-Platonic written record by Hippias rather than oral tradition, this is a controversial position. Representing the scholarly consensus Dicks states that "the tradition about him even as early as the fifth century B.C., was evidently based entirely on hearsay....It would seem that already by Aristotle's time the early Ionians were largely names only to which popular tradition attached various ideas or achievements with greater or less plausibility". He points out that works confirmed to have existed in the sixth century BC by Anaximander and Xenophanes had already disappeared by the fourth century BC, so the chances of Pre-Socratic material surviving to the age of Aristotle is almost nil (even less likely for Aristotle's pupils Theophrastus and Eudemus and less likely still for those following after them). Diogenes Laërtius
The main secondary source concerning the details of <mask>' life and career is Diogenes Laërtius, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers". This is primarily a biographical work, as the name indicates.Compared to Aristotle, Diogenes is not much of a philosopher. He is the one who, in the Prologue to that work, is responsible for the division of the early philosophers into "Ionian" and "Italian", but he places the Academics in the Ionian school and otherwise evidences considerable disarray and contradiction, especially in the long section on forerunners of the "Ionian School". Diogenes quotes two letters attributed to <mask>, but Diogenes wrote some eight centuries after <mask>' death and that his sources often contained


texts:
 "unreliable or even fabricated information", hence the concern for separating fact from legend in accounts of <mask>. It is due to this use of hearsay and a lack of citing original sources that leads some historians, like Dicks and Werner Jaeger, to look at the late origin of the traditional picture of Pre-Socratic philosophy and view the whole idea as a construct from a later age, "the whole picture that has come down to us of the history of early philosophy was fashioned during the two or three generations from Plato to the immediate pupils of Aristotle". See also
 Know thyself
 Material monism
 Plato's Academy mosaic

Notes

References
  (1991 pbk ed. ; 2011 3rd edition)
  Third Edition

 Herodotus, Histories, A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920; . Online version at Perseus
 Hans Joachim Störig, Kleine Weltgeschichte der Philosophie.Fischer, Frankfurt/M. 2004, . Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (eds. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.) London.Taylor and Francis. (1855). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Further reading

 Priou, Alex (2016). "The Origin and Foundations of Milesian Thought." The Review of Metaphysics 70, 3–31. External links

 Thales of Miletus from The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Thales of Miletus MacTutor History of Mathematics
 Thales' Theorem – Math Open Reference (with interactive animation)
 Thales biography by Charlene Douglass (with extensive bibliography)
 Thales of Miletus Life, Work and Testimonies by Giannis Stamatellos
 Thales Fragments

6th-century BC Greek people
6th-century BC


texts:
 philosophers
620s BC births
540s BC deaths
Ancient Greek astronomers
Ancient Greek mathematicians
Ancient Greek metaphysicians
Ancient Greek physicists
Ancient Milesians
Epistemologists
Founders of philosophical traditions
Metaphilosophers
Metaphysicians
Metaphysics writers
Moral philosophers
Natural philosophers
Ontologists
Philosophers of ancient Ionia
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of mathematics
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of science
Presocratic philosophers
Seven Sages of Greece
6th-century BC


texts:
<mask> (20 July 1920 – 30 October 1979) was a French politician who served as Minister of Labour in the French Cabinet and was at the centre of a major real-estate scandal that ended only with his death in mysterious circumstances. At the time of his death he was the longest serving minister in post-revolution French history; only Louis XIV's Colbert served longer. Career until 1978
<mask> was born in Villandraut, Gironde. A Gaullist who joined the Free French movement in 1940, and rose to lead the movement in Navarre – an achievement for which he was awarded the croix de guerre – <mask> was known for his moderation; the courtesy with which he treated his political opponents led to a reputation as a skilled negotiator. <mask>'s first ministerial position was as refugee minister in 1961, when France was winding up the Algerian war preparing to repatriate more than a million French settlers. Boulin served in the three governments following the establishment of the Fifth Republic in nine different posts; he occupied ministerial posts for fifteen years. His only break in ministerial service came from 1973 to 1976, when he was sidelined for having worked for Chaban-Delmas against Valéry Giscard in the presidential elections.Accusations in the Press
In 1979, when he was being tipped as a successor to the unpopular Raymond Barre as Prime Minister of France, the satirical and investigative weekly Le Canard enchaîné began to publish a series of articles that it said revealed <mask> had taken undue advantage of his position to obtain favourable terms on a series of real estate deals in the French Riviera. The paper printed photographs of letters on official ministry letterhead that purported to show that <mask> had tried to get government representatives in the region to authorize construction of 26 houses in an area where buildings were barred for

masks:
Robert Boulin
Boulin
Boulin
Boulin
Boulin
Boulin


texts:
 environmental reasons, and that Boulin tried to get Henri Tournet, the property developer at the center of the scandal, promoted to the Legion of Honor. Further, according to the Le Canard enchaîné, Tournet sold Boulin  near Ramatuelle in 1974 that the developer had already sold to someone else. Boulin said he knew nothing of the dispute until 1978, but a letter quoted by the Canard seemed to indicate that the minister knew beforehand. The paper further claimed that Boulin had paid $8,000 for the land, a third of what the other buyer had paid a year earlier, and was able to get a building permit – within a month, which was unusual – in a wooded area where building had previously not taken place. Death and controversy
On 29 October 1979, Boulin had lunch with his son Bertrand, and subsequently disappeared. Police found his body on the morning of 30 October in a pond in the forest of Rambouillet.Next to his car, which was parked nearby, was an empty container of barbiturates. In the car were envelopes addressed to <mask>'s wife and to his colleagues at the Labor Ministry. Before the contents of the envelopes were known, top governmental leaders publicly accused Le Canard enchaîné of being morally responsible for <mask>'s death, and there were broad hints the government might use the reaction to the <mask> death to seek stricter libel laws, as was done in the 1930s after the suicide of Roger Salengro, the Socialist minister in Léon Blum's Popular Front government, in 1936. Salengro was widely believed to have been hounded by Fascist weeklies. Jacques Chaban-Delmas, then President of the National Assembly, who had been politically identified with <mask> for many years, told a special memorial session of the assembly that it should "draw the lessons of this tragedy, of this assassination." After meeting with President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Prime

masks: Boulin Boulin Boulin Boulin


texts: Minister Barre called for "meditation upon the consequences of certain ignominies", and spoke of "a baseness." The president joined in the criticism: <mask>, said Giscard, "was unable to resist the campaign of harassment he was subjected to.Public opinion should severely condemn any other similar campaigns." The release of letters found in his car and that he had mailed from a Paris suburb on the day of his death threw fuel on the flames of controversy, as he apparently posthumously accused his fellow Gaullists, especially Justice Minister Alain Peyrefitte of "obvious collusion" with those who were out to destroy him, whom he named as Henri Tournet, an "ambitious" investigating magistrate and "certain political circles from which my own political friends are, alas, not excluded" and implied that the then parliamentary majority was, in Boulin's phrase, "a basket of crabs." In a separate note to the police, <mask> wrote "I have decided to drown myself in a lake in the forest, of Rambouillet, where I enjoyed riding horseback." Before his death, Boulin also wrote letters to Agence France-Presse, Le Monde, his wife Collette, and to Chaban-Delmas. In the version published by Agence France-Presse, he accused a young Normandy judge of leaking details of the real estate case in an effort to seek personal publicity, and attacked the Minister of Justice: "this leaking of the secrets of the investigation failed to move a justice minister more concerned about his career than about the smooth functioning of justice." Boulin alleged that the judge let the real estate operator go free after serving a month in jail in exchange for his cooperation in implicating the labor minister. The land agent, Henri Tournet, was "blackmailing" <mask> by trying to make it appear, untruthfully, that he knew beforehand that a building lot he bought from him on the French Riviera

masks: Boulin Boulin Boulin


texts:
 belonged to someone else, Boulin claimed.<mask> said that upon being freed from prison, Tournet went to Le Monde and Le Canard enchaîné, "whose basic motivation is maliciousness." Investigation
Shortly after his death, the <mask> family declared that they did not accept the verdict of suicide and began waging a campaign in the press and the courts to re-open the case, which they believed was murder. On 22 October 1983, his body was ordered to be exhumed for an additional autopsy. The irregularities of the case were widely covered: that the lake in which he allegedly drowned was apparently nowhere more than  deep; that <mask>'s face had been badly battered and a cheek bone fractured, which went unmentioned in the official autopsy report; that the local doctor who signed the certificate was only allowed a hurried glimpse of the body which had already been transferred, on orders by high officials, to a waiting helicopter; that the jars containing Mr Boulin's lungs, necessary to confirm a death by drowning, disappeared mysteriously after someone broke into the laboratory fridge. At a press conference on 17 January 1984, the family accused the Versailles prosecutor of "wanting to hide the real cause of the death of <mask>ulin" and of "shielding the assassins from the law". The family was then prosecuted by the minister for justice for defaming a magistrate, and fined 800 francs; they were pardoned personally by François Mitterrand on his ascension to the Presidency a few weeks later. In September 1991, the Paris Public Prosecutor announced that he was closing the dossier opened in 1983; the family continued to accuse the Gaullist party of a cover-up, and possible implication in <mask>'s death itself.The issue was re-ignited in January 2002 by a series of investigations televised on Canal Plus, in which Juliette Garrat, the doctor who performed the

masks:
Boulin
Boulin
Boulin
Robert Bo
Boulin


texts:
 autopsy, said she was now sure that Mr <mask>'s death was a "murder disguised as suicide" and the substitute prosecutor at the time also came forward to say "orders were given" by the authorities to stick to the verdict of suicide. On 21 June 2007, shortly after Jacques Chirac, also a Gaullist, handed over power to Nicolas Sarkozy, the Paris Public Prosecutor met with <mask>'s daughter, Fabienne Burgeat, and announced that he was considering re-opening the investigation as "new evidence" had come to light. Popular culture
Boulin was portrayed by François Berléand in the 2013 TV movie Crime D'Etat (lit. Crime of State) directed by Pierre Aknine. References
"Inside Story: The Boulin dossier", by Peter Lennon, The Guardian, 21 September 1991
"Mystery of Minister's Suicide", by Susan Bell, The Scotsman, 16 January 2002
"Suicide's Notes Rock France", by Ronald Koven, Washington Post, 1 November 1979
"French Minister, Named in Scandal, Apparent Suicide", by Ronald Koven, Washington Post, 31 October 1979
"Body of minister to be exhumed", Reuters, 22 October 1983

1920 births
1979 deaths
People from Gironde
Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
National Centre of Social Republicans politicians
Union for the New Republic politicians
Union of Democrats for the Republic politicians
Rally for the Republic politicians
French Ministers of Agriculture
French Ministers of Budget
French Ministers of Health
French Ministers of Civil Service
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 4th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 5th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 6th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
French Resistance members
Death

masks: Boulin Boulin


texts:
Gensui Prince , also known as <mask>yōsuke, was a senior-ranking Japanese military commander, twice-elected Prime Minister of Japan, and a leading member of the genrō, an élite group of senior statesmen who dominated Japan after the Meiji Restoration. As the Imperial Japanese Army's inaugural Chief of Staff, he was the chief architect of the Empire of Japan's military and its reactionary ideology. For this reason, some historians consider Yamagata to be the “father” of Japanese militarism. During the latter part of the Meiji Era, Yamagata vied against Marquess Itō Hirobumi for control over the nation's policies. After Itō was assassinated in 1909, he became the most powerful figure in Japan save for the Emperor himself. Henceforth, <mask> oversaw all policymaking within the empire until a falling-out with the Imperial family resulted in him losing power shortly before his death in February 1922. Early career

Yamagata was born in a lower-ranked samurai  family from Hagi, the capital of the feudal domain of Chōshū (present-day Yamaguchi prefecture).He went to Shokasonjuku, a private school run by Yoshida Shōin, where he was active in the growing underground movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate. He was a commander in the Kiheitai, a paramilitary organization created on semi-western lines by the Chōshū domain. During the Boshin War, the revolution of 1867 and 1868 often called the Meiji Restoration, he was a staff officer. After the defeat of the Tokugawa, <mask> together with Saigō Tsugumichi was selected by the leaders of the new government to go to Europe in 1869 to research European military systems. <mask> like many Japanese was strongly influenced by the striking success of Prussia in transforming itself from an agricultural state to a leading  industrial and military power. He accepted Prussian political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad and

masks:
Prince Yamagata K
Prince Yamagata
Yamagata
Yamagata


texts:
 authoritarian government at home. On returning he was asked to organize a national army for Japan, and he became War Minister in 1873.<mask> energetically modernized the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, and modeled it after the Prussian Army. He began a system of military conscription in 1873. Military career

As War Minister, <mask> pushed through the foundation of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, which was the main source of <mask>'s political power and that of other military officers through the end of World War I. He was Chief of the Army General Staff in 1878–1882, 1884–85 and 1904–1905. <mask> in 1877 led the newly modernized Imperial Army against the Satsuma Rebellion led by his former comrade in revolution, Saigō Takamori of Satsuma. At the end of the war, when Saigo's severed head was brought to Yamagata, he ordered it washed, and held the head in his arms as he pronounced a meditation on the fallen hero. He also prompted Emperor Meiji to write the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, in 1882.This document was considered the moral core of the Japanese Army and Naval forces until their dissolution in 1945. <mask> was awarded the rank of field marshal in 1898. Throughout his long career, he amassed extensive leadership experience managing battlefield strategy and other military-related issues as the acting War Minister and Commanding General during the First Sino-Japanese War; the Commanding General of the Japanese First Army during the Russo-Japanese War; and as the Chief of the General Staff Office in Tokyo. Additionally, he was the founding father of Japan's Hokushin-ron policy due to his central role in drawing up a preliminary national defensive strategy against Russia following the Russo-Japanese War. Political career
Yamagata was one of seven elite political figures, later called the genrō, who came to dominate the government of Japan. The

masks: Yamagata Yamagata Yamagata Yamagata Yamagata


texts: word can be translated principal elders or senior statesmen. The genrō were a subset of the revolutionary leaders who shared common objectives and who by about 1880 had forced out or isolated the other original leaders.These seven men (plus two who were chosen later after some of the first seven had died) led Japan for many years, through its great transformation from an agricultural country into a modern military and industrial state. All the genrō served at various times as cabinet ministers, and most were at times prime minister. As a body, the genrō had no official status, they were simply trusted advisers to the Emperor. Yet the genrō collectively made the most important decisions, such as peace and war and foreign policy, and when a cabinet resigned they chose the new prime minister. In the twentieth century their power diminished because of deaths and quarrels among themselves, and the growing political power of the Army and Navy. But the genrō clung to the power of naming prime ministers up to the death of the last genrō, Prince Saionji in 1940. Yamagata also held a large and devoted power base among officers in the army and militarists in Japanese society.He profoundly distrusted all democratic institutions, and constantly strove to undercut their influence as a member of the genrō. Likewise, he devoted the later part of his life  defending the privileges of the Restoration regime's institutions, especially those held by the army. During his long and versatile career, Yamagata held numerous important governmental posts. In 1882, he became president of the Board of Legislation (Sanjiin) and as Home Minister (1883–87) he worked vigorously to suppress political parties and repress agitation in the labor and agrarian movements. He also organized a system of local administration, based on a prefecture-county-city structure which is still in use in Japan today. In


texts:
 1883 <mask> was appointed to the post of Lord Chancellor, the highest bureaucratic position in the government system before the Meiji Constitution of 1889. After the creation of the Cabinet of Japan, <mask> became the third Prime Minister of Japan.During his first term from December 24, 1889, to May 6, 1891, he became the first prime minister compelled to share power with a partially-elected Imperial Diet under the Meiji Constitution which took effect in 1890. On October 30, 1890, he presided over the enactment of the Imperial Rescript on Education. In order to pass a budget for the fiscal year 1891 (beginning in April), he had to negotiate with a liberal majority in the House of Representatives, the elected lower house of the Diet. <mask> became Prime Minister for a second term from November 8, 1898, to October 19, 1900. In 1900, while in his second term as Prime Minister, he ruled that only an active military officer could serve as War Minister or Navy Minister, a rule that gave the military control over the formation of any future cabinet. He also enacted laws preventing political party members from holding any key posts in the bureaucracy. In addition to his service as Prime Minister, Yamagata obtained considerable experience traveling abroad as a diplomat.Attending the coronation of the Russian Czar Nicholas II on November 1, 1894, he made a tentative offer to Spain on buying the Philippines for £40 million. Likewise, in 1896, he led a diplomatic mission to Moscow, which produced the Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement confirming Japanese and Russian rights in Korea

<mask> also served as President of the Privy Council from 1893 to 1894 and 1905 to 1922. While serving his second term as president in 1907, he was elevated to the peerage and received the title of koshaku (prince) under the Japanese kazoku system. From 1900 to 1909, <mask> opposed Itō Hirobumi, leader of the


texts:
 civilian party, and exercised influence through his protégé, Katsura Tarō. After the assassination of Itō Hirobumi in 1909, <mask> became the most influential statesman in Japan and remained so until his death in 1922, although he retired from active participation in politics after the Russo-Japanese War. As president of the Privy Council from 1909 to 1922, Yamagata remained the power behind the government and dictated the selection of future Prime Ministers until his death. However, his power was greatly damaged in 1921 when he expressed strong opposition to the engagement of Hirohito and Nagako citing color blindness of Nagako's family.The Imperial family struggled against the pressure from <mask> and the couple eventually managed to get married. In 1912 Yamagata set the precedent that the army could dismiss a cabinet. A dispute with Prime Minister Marquis Saionji Kinmochi over the military budget became a constitutional crisis, known as the Taisho Crisis after the newly enthroned Emperor. The army minister, General Uehara Yūsaku, resigned when the cabinet would not grant him the budget he wanted. Saionji sought to replace him. Japanese law required that the ministers of the army and navy must be high-ranking generals and admirals on active duty (not retired). In this instance all the eligible generals at <mask>'s instigation refused to serve in the Saionji cabinet, and the cabinet was compelled to resign.Personal life and hobbies

Prince Yamagata was a talented garden designer, and today the gardens he designed are considered masterpieces of Japanese gardens. A noted example is the garden of the villa Murin-an in Kyoto. As Yamagata had no children, he adopted a nephew, the second son of his eldest sister, to be his heir. <mask> Isaburō subsequently assisted his adopted father by serving as a career bureaucrat, cabinet minister, and head of the civilian administration

masks: Yamagata Yamagata Yamagata Yamagata


texts:
Lieutenant-General <mask> ( – 16 March 1760) was a British Army officer and politician. After the death of their parents, his older brother Arthur bought him a captain's commission in the British Army. He first saw action in the Anglo-Spanish War in 1727, after which he was returned to Parliament for the family borough of Guildford. His political contributions were negligible in comparison to his brother, and he continued to serve as a career officer, holding commands in the War of the Austrian Succession at Dettingen and Fontenoy. In 1759, he was appointed Governor of Plymouth and commander of the Western District, and died as a lieutenant-general the following year while presiding over two prominent courts-martial. Early life
He was the second son of <mask>, Member of Parliament for Guildford. His older brother was <mask>, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1728 to 1761, and after the death of his father in 1710 and his mother in 1715, he and his four sisters were left in Arthur's care.As <mask> had not been educated for the law or the church, Arthur thought, against the opinion of their friends, that <mask>'s courage and bodily stature suited him for the army. Accordingly, Arthur raised the money to allow <mask> to purchase a commission as a captain in the 11th Regiment of Foot on 14 July 1716, a rank that allowed him to maintain his social standing among the rest of the family. Writing late in life, Arthur noted that <mask> had "risen to be very high in the army...and with unblemished character in it", validating his choice. When Arthur

masks:
Richard Onslow
Foot Onslow
Arthur Onslow
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard


texts:
 entered Parliament for the family borough of Guildford in 1720, he gave up to <mask> the post of receiver general of the Post Office, which was not compatible with a Parliamentary seat and paid almost £400 per year. <mask> exchanged into the 30th Regiment of Foot in 1719 and the 15th Regiment of Foot in 1721. During the 1722 election at Haslemere, where the Onslows had an interest, <mask> became involved in a brawl with James Oglethorpe. Oglethorpe and his fellow Tory candidate Peter Burrell came upon Onslow and his companion, a Mr. Sharp.Burrell complained of Sharp's insulting electioneering practices, and Oglethorpe struck Sharp with his cane; when <mask> attempted to interpose, Oglethorpe drew on him. <mask> was injured in the thigh, but disarmed Oglethorpe; he was wounded again in the left hand when Oglethorpe attempted to recover his sword, but by now his temper had cooled, and he helped bind <mask>'s wounds and summoned a surgeon for him. <mask> was promoted to captain lieutenant (and lieutenant-colonel in the Army) in the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards on 7 July 1724. On 9 December 1726, he married his brother's sister-in-law, Rose Bridges, daughter and coheiress of John Bridges of Thames Ditton. She died in 1728 without children, and in 1730, he married again to Pooley Walton, daughter of Charles Walton and heiress of her uncle George Walton. They had four children:
<mask> (1731–1792)
Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet (1741–1817)
Rev. <mask> (1746–1815)
<mask> (d. 1800 or 1802), married Rev.Hon. George Hamilton and had issue. Active service and

masks:
Richard
Richard
Richard
Onslow
Onslow
Onslow
Onslow
George Onslow
Richard Onslow
Arthur Onslow
Elizabeth Onslow


texts:
 politics
On 9 March 1727, <mask> succeeded <mask> Treby as captain of one of the Guards companies sent to reinforce besieged Gibraltar. The Spanish lifted the siege in June, and <mask> then stood for Guildford on his family's interest, replacing Thomas Brodrick. <mask> was elected alongside his brother (who, however, chose to sit for Surrey) in August 1727. His receiver-generalship went to his second cousin Denzil <mask> of Stoughton. <mask> continued to represent the borough until his death.A steady supporter of Government, he made no particular figure in Parliamentary affairs. <mask> was commissioned colonel of the 39th Regiment of Foot in 1731. In 1734, he became accountant to his brother after the latter was appointed Treasurer of the Navy, holding the post until Arthur resigned the office in 1742. <mask> transferred to become Colonel of the 8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot in 1739 (until 1745). He appointed Rev. Arthur Young, chaplain to his regiment. Young's son claimed that <mask> himself was not particularly religious, in part to escape the censure of his commander, the Duke of Cumberland.On 20 February 1741, he was promoted to brigadier general, and sent to Germany with the British contingent in the War of the Austrian Succession. He fought at the Battle of Dettingen on 27 June 1743, and was afterwards promoted to major general on 13 July. On 30 April 1745, <mask> succeeded Viscount Cobham as colonel and captain of the 1st Troop of Horse Grenadier Guards, while Edward Wolfe took over the King's Regiment. He and Henry Hawley commanded

masks:
Onslow
Richard Hele
Onslow
Onslow
Onslow
Richard
Onslow
Richard
Onslow
Onslow


texts:
 the second line of cavalry at the Battle of Fontenoy. He was one of the generals present in London in November after the British Army in Flanders was recalled to suppress the Jacobite rising of 1745. <mask>'s last promotion, to lieutenant general, occurred on 10 October 1747. On 15 February 1752, he was appointed Governor of Fort William, and in 1759, was removed to become Governor of Plymouth and military commander of the Western District.In early 1760, he was called upon to preside over the court-martial of Lord George Sackville for his conduct at the Battle of Minden, and concurrently of Lord Charles Hay for remarks made against Lord Loudoun, but died of a stroke on 16 March 1760 while presiding over the latter trial. In addition to his military career, he was a member of the original general court of the Society for Free British Fishery, founded in 1750. References

Bibliography

External links
Portrait at Clandon Park

1690s births
Year of birth uncertain
1760 deaths
30th Regiment of Foot officers
British Army generals
British Life Guards officers
Devonshire Regiment officers
Dorset Regiment officers
East Yorkshire Regiment officers
Grenadier Guards officers
King's Regiment (Liverpool) officers
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1727–1734
British MPs 1734–1741
British MPs 1741–1747
British MPs 1747–1754
British MPs 1754–1761
British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
People educated at Royal Grammar School, Guildford
Richard
British military personnel of the Anglo-Spanish War


texts: <mask> (born December 2, 1950) is a Canadian-American conservation and environmental activist, who founded the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, an anti-poaching and direct action group focused on marine conservation activism. The tactics used by Sea Shepherd have attracted opposition, with the group accused of eco-terrorism by both the Japanese government and Greenpeace. <mask> is a citizen of Canada and the United States. The Toronto native joined a Sierra Club protest against nuclear testing in 1969. He was a co-founder of Greenpeace in 1972. Because <mask> argued for a strategy of direct action that conflicted with the Greenpeace interpretation of nonviolence, he was ousted from the board in 1977. That same year, he formed the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.The group was the subject of a reality show named Whale Wars. He promotes veganism, population reduction and a biocentric, rather than anthropocentric, worldview. <mask>'s activities have led to legal action from authorities in countries including the United States, Canada, Norway, Costa Rica and Japan. He was detained in Germany on an extradition request by Costa Rica in May 2012. An Interpol red notice was issued on September 14, 2012, at the request of Japan and Costa Rica. After staying at sea for 15 months following his escape from Germany, where he was released on bail, he returned to Los Angeles in late October 2013, going through customs and "was not arrested". He appeared before a US appeals court on November 6, 2013, stating that neither he nor the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society violated a 2012 order requiring them to leave whaling vessels alone.Although the United States is a signatory member of Interpol, <mask> has not been detained for extradition to Japan or

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 Costa Rica. He is living in Vermont, writing books. He was residing in Paris as of July 1, 2014 but has since returned to the USA. In March 2019, Costa Rica dropped all charges against <mask> and has removed the Interpol red notice. Early and personal life
According to the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, <mask> was born in Toronto to Anthony Joseph <mask> and Annamarie Larsen, and grew up in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, along with two sisters and three brothers. As a child he was a member of the Kindness Club, which he has credited with teaching him to "respect and defend animals". After working as a tour guide at Expo 67, the World's Fair that took place in Montreal in 1967, <mask> moved to Vancouver.According to the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, in 1968 and the early 1970s, he joined the Canadian Coast Guard, where he served aboard weatherships, search and rescue hovercraft, and buoy tenders. He signed up as a merchant seaman in 1969 with the Norwegian Consulate in Vancouver and shipped out on the 30,000 ton bulk carrier Bris as a deckhand. The Bris was registered in Oslo, Norway and manifested for the Indian Ocean and Pacific trade. In 1972 he shipped out of San Francisco on the 35,000 ton bulk Swedish carrier Jarl R. Trapp and manifested for the Indian Ocean and Pacific trade

<mask> has one daughter Lilliolani (born 1980) with his first wife, Starlet Lum, who was a founding director of Greenpeace Quebec, Earthforce!, Project Wolf, and Sea Shepherd. His second wife, Lisa Distefano, a former Playboy model, was Sea Shepherd's Director of Operations during the Makah anti-whaling campaigns in Friday Harbor. His third wife, Allison Lance, is an animal rights activist and a volunteer crew member of Sea Shepherd. <mask> has two

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 grandchildren.<mask> married his fourth wife Yana Rusinovich on February 14, 2015, in Paris, France. <mask> and Rusinovich had a son, Tiger, on September 29, 2016 and a second son, Murtagh, on August 6, 2021. He ran for parliament in Canada's federal elections twice. Activism

Early years
In October 1969, <mask> joined a Sierra Club protest against nuclear testing at Amchitka Island. The group which formed as a result of that protest was the Don't Make a Wave Committee, which evolved into the group known today as Greenpeace. In the early 1970s, <mask> was also active with the Vancouver Liberation Front and the Vancouver Yippies. <mask> sailed as a crew member aboard the Greenpeace Too!ship in 1971 and skippered the Greenpeace boat Astral in 1972. <mask> continued as a crew member, skipper, and officer aboard several Greenpeace voyages throughout the mid-1970s. According to The New Yorker, The New York Times, and other sources, <mask> was a founding member of Greenpeace, but the organization denies this stating he "was an influential early member but not, as he sometimes claims, a founder." Greenpeace claims that <mask> joined Greenpeace on its Amchitka expedition, which they claim to be their second expedition, but <mask> claims that this was Greenpeace's first meeting. Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

The first Sea Shepherd vessel, the Sea Shepherd, was purchased in December 1978 with assistance from the Fund for Animals and the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Sea Shepherd soon established itself as one of the more controversial environmental groups, known for provocative direct action tactics. These tactics have included throwing objects onto the decks of whaling ships, the use of "prop foulers" in an attempt

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 to sabotage the ships, boarding whaling vessels, and the scuttling of two ships in an Icelandic harbor.In January 2013, <mask> relinquished captaincy of the Steve Irwin. The organization and its activities to halt whaling are the focus of a reality TV series, Whale Wars, airing on Animal Planet. In 2010, <mask> personally received more than $120,000 from Sea Shepherd. Because of mounting legal complications, <mask> has stepped down as head of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society in 2013, to abide by an injunction barring him from proximity with Japanese whaling ships. After the resolution of legal issues involving the Japanese Institute for Cetacean Research, <mask> returned as President of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and Commander of the Sea Shepherd fleet. Other environmental activities
<mask> was a field correspondent for Defenders of Wildlife from 1976 to 1980 and a field representative for the Fund for Animals from 1978 to 1981. <mask> also was a co-founder of Friends of the Wolf and Earthforce Environmental Society.During the 1980s, <mask> declared his support for Earth First! and cultivated friendships with David Foreman and Edward Abbey. He proclaimed Sea Shepherd to be the "navy" of Earth First! According to The New Yorker, <mask> revived the 19th-century practice of tree spiking. <mask> worked with the Green Party of British Columbia in Vancouver in the 1980s and 90s. He ran for mayor in 1996, placing fourth. In April 2003, <mask> was elected to the board of directors of the Sierra Club for a three-year term.In 2006, he did not seek re-election. He resigned from the board a month before his term ended, in protest against the organization's sponsorship of a "Why I Hunt" essay contest. In January 2008, <mask> was named by

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 The Guardian as one of its "50 people who could save the planet" for the work of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Writings on activism
<mask> published Earthforce!, a guide to strategy for environmental activists in 1993. In it, he specifically endorsed the tactics of "monkeywrenching" previously described by Dave Foreman and Edward Abbey. According to Foreman in Eco-Defense—The Field Guide to Monkey-Wrenching— these are tactics of sabotage, covert activity, and direct action. <mask> says he incorporated his own personal experience in writing the book.In Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy, <mask> expressed disdain for the truthfulness of mainstream media:

The nature of the mass media today is such that the truth is irrelevant. What is true and what is right to the general public is what is defined as true and right by the mass media. Ronald Reagan understood that the facts are not relevant. The media reported what he said as fact. Follow-up investigation was "old news." A headline comment on Monday's newspaper far outweighs the revelation of inaccuracy revealed in a small box inside the paper on Tuesday or Wednesday.<mask> was explicit about what he perceived to be the lack of truthfulness in mass media: "If you do not know an answer, a fact, or a statistic, then simply follow the example of an American President and do as Ronald Reagan did—make it up on the spot and deliver the information confidently and without hesitation." In a subsequent book, Ocean Warrior, <mask> expanded on this view, saying: "Survival in a media culture meant developing the skills to understand and manipulate media to achieve strategic objectives." In 2007 <mask> explained his view of needed population control and the future for humans given

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 their role in the Holocene extinction, which he refers to as the "Holocenic hominid collective suicide event":

Today, escalating human populations have vastly exceeded global carrying capacity and now produce massive quantities of solid, liquid, and gaseous waste [...] No human community should be larger than 20,000 people and separated from other communities by wilderness areas [...] We need to radically and intelligently reduce human populations to fewer than one billion [...] Curing a body of cancer requires radical and invasive therapy, and therefore, curing the biosphere of the human virus will also require a radical and invasive approach [...] Who should have children? Those who are responsible and completely dedicated to the responsibility which is actually a very small percentage of humans. Controversy

Separation from Greenpeace
<mask> continued as a crew member, officer, and skipper (in 1972) aboard several Greenpeace voyages throughout the mid-1970s. He considers himself a founding member of Greenpeace and Greenpeace International, a claim Greenpeace disputes despite being pointed out in the documentary, How to Change the World which shows that <mask> was indeed one of the original founding members of Greenpeace. <mask> has since accused Greenpeace of rewriting their history.In 1977, <mask> was expelled from the Greenpeace's board of directors by a vote of 11 to 1 (<mask> himself cast the single vote against it). The group felt his strong, "front and center" personality and frequently voiced opposition to Greenpeace's interpretation of "nonviolence" were too divisive. <mask> subsequently left the group. The group has since labeled his actions at the time as those of a "mutineer" within their ranks. That same year, he founded

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 his own group, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. During an interview in 1978 with CBC Radio, <mask> spoke out against Greenpeace (as well as other organizations) and their role and motives for the anti-sealing campaigns. <mask> accused these organizations of campaigning against the Canadian seal hunt because it is an easy way to raise money and it is a profit maker for the organizations.Greenpeace has called <mask> a violent extremist and will no longer comment on his activities. Charges and prosecutions
<mask> was sentenced to 10 days in prison and fined $8,000 for his actions during a Canadian seal hunt protest in 1980, after being convicted of  assaulting a fisheries officer. <mask> served his sentence at Her Majesty's Penitentiary, St. John's, NL. He was also found guilty under the Seal Protection Act for painting harp seal pups with red dye to devalue their pelts. <mask> was arrested in 1993 in Canada on charges stemming from actions against Cuban and Spanish fishing boats off the coast of Newfoundland. In 1997, <mask> was convicted in absentia and sentenced to serve 120 days in jail by a court in Lofoten, Norway on charges of attempting to sink the small scale Norwegian fishing and whaling vessel Nybrænna on December 26, 1992. Dutch authorities refused to hand him over to Norwegian authorities although he did spend 80 days in detention in the Netherlands pending a ruling on extradition before being released.There have not been any successful attempts at prosecuting <mask> for his activities with Sea Shepherd since the trial in Newfoundland. <mask> defends his actions as falling within international law, in particular Sea Shepherd's right to enforce maritime regulations against illegal whalers and sealers. Sea Shepherd activists

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 Rod Coronado and David Howitt went to Iceland in 1986 and scuttled two whaling ships in port at Reykjavík and also damaged a whale meat processing factory. <mask> took responsibility for the operation, abiding by published Sea Shepherd principles. He went to Iceland saying, "I am responsible for all activities undertaken in the name of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. I give the orders." He was deported without being charged and is considered a persona non grata by Iceland

In April 2010 the Japanese Coast Guard obtained an arrest warrant for <mask> "...on suspicion of ordering sabotage activities against Japan's whaling fleet", and Interpol has listed him as wanted at the request of Japan.The red notice has the charges issued by Japan as, "Breaking into the Vessel, Damage to Property, Forcible Obstruction of Business, Injury". In March 2012 Interpol issued a "written statement to all 190 member countries making it clear that it would not publish a Red Notice" for the detention of <mask>, but reversed that position in September 2012. In both statements Interpol stated that a "Red Notice is not an international arrest warrant" that it is "a request for any country to identify or locate an individual with a view to their provisional arrest and extradition in accordance with the country's national laws". In May 2012 <mask> was detained by German authorities at the Frankfurt Airport because of a request from the government of Costa Rica. The charge stemmed from an altercation at sea in 2002 in which Sea Shepherd said that the other vessel was illegally shark finning in Guatemalan waters. Crew members of the other ship accused Sea Shepherd of trying to kill them. <mask> was charged with violating navigational regulations with the Interpol

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 alert stating the charge as, "peligro de naufragio" (danger of shipwreck).The conflict took place during filming for the documentary Sharkwater and the charges were dropped by prosecutors after video of the incident made by the documentary film makers was shown. On May 21, <mask> was released on bail of €250,000 but required to report to police in Frankfurt on a daily basis. In June, Costa Rica formally requested <mask>'s extradition from Germany. On July 19, 2012, Japan applied for an extradition order and <mask> left Germany, resulting in a German court ordering his immediate re-arrest. It is understood the statute of limitations on his Costa Rican charges was set to expire in June 2013. On August 7, 2012 Interpol renewed the Red Notice for <mask> on the charges of "causing a danger of drowning or of an air disaster" laid by Costa Rica. It was reported that <mask> would come out of hiding to join Sea Shepherd in the 2012–13 campaign against Japanese whaling.<mask> rejoined the crew of the Steve Irwin in the South Pacific in late November 2012. In March 2019, Costa Rica dropped all charges against <mask> and has removed the Interpol red notice. Sierra Club immigration stance
In 1999, <mask> ran unsuccessfully for election to the national Sierra Club Board of Directors, with the backing of the anti-immigration faction Sierrans for US Population Stabilization (SUSPS). After his election to the board in 2003, <mask> supported an unsuccessful slate of candidates supporting strict immigration controls as an element of a population stabilization policy. This effort was denounced by another candidate in the election, Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center, as a "hostile takeover" attempt by "radical anti-immigrant activists." <mask>

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 responded by saying that the only change he was seeking in the organization's immigration stance was to restore the position it had held before its 1996 "neutrality policy." <mask> left the Sierra Club board in 2006.Anti-sealing activities

In April 2008, <mask> stated that, while the deaths of three Canadian seal hunters (a fourth one is still missing) in a marine accident involving a Canadian Coast Guard vessel and a fishing boat during the 2008 Canadian Commercial Seal Hunt were a tragedy, he felt that the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of seals is an even greater tragedy. Canadian Federal Fisheries Minister Loyola Hearn accused <mask> of trivializing the memory of the lost sealers. <mask> replied that Hearn was trying to distract attention from his government's incompetence as the boat the men were on capsized while under tow by a Canadian Coast Guard vessel, while his political ambitions continued to support and subsidize an industry that had no place in the 21st century. In 1978, <mask> expressed opposition to seal hunt protest organization, suggesting in an interview with CBC's Barbara Frum that saving seals is a cheap and easy fundraiser and that seals do not deserve special status over other species. Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams was quoted as saying, "I think what a lot of people don't realize is that this man is a terrorist." Australian visa issues
In October 2009, <mask>, who carries a US passport, complained to media outlets about having his request for an Australian visa denied. He states that the Australian government was attempting to sabotage the upcoming 2010 Sea Shepherd campaign by denying him entry into the country.<mask> and several other shipmates were also unable to join the Steve Irwin on

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 its promotional tour of Australia until they were able to provide documentation from the governments of the United States, Canada and Norway, exonerating them from previously claimed acts of violence, specifically claims by Sea Shepherd of intentionally sinking a ship in Norway. In January 2013, <mask> was presented with an Aboriginal passport by the Krautungalung people of the Gunnai Nation. Alleged shooting

On March 17, 2008, <mask> said that he was shot by the Japanese crew or coast guard personnel during the Operation Migaloo anti-whaling campaign in the Southern Ocean. The incident is documented during the season finale of season 1 of the Whale Wars TV reality show, and the first six episodes are covered as a buildup to what is portrayed as the major incident during the campaign. The Japanese respond by throwing stun grenades, one crew member is injured from a grenade detonating close behind him and another injured trying to escape the explosions. <mask> is then shown reaching inside his jacket and body armour and remarking "I've been hit." Back inside the bridge of the Steve Irwin, a metal fragment is found inside the vest.The Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research disputes Sea Shepherd's statements. The Institute and Coast Guard said that they used seven stun grenades designed to temporarily debilitate a target by rendering them blind and deaf for a period of time. The Japanese government also alleged that the whalers launched "noise balls", described as "loud explosive deterrent devices". Neither of the two conflicting accounts have been independently verified. The Australian Foreign Affairs Department had condemned "actions by crew members of any vessel that cause injury". Two media releases were made on the same day from the

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 office. One said that the Australian Embassy in Tokyo had been informed by the Japanese that the whalers had "fired warning shots" while the updated version used the phrase "'warning balls' – also known as 'flashbangs' – had been fired".Accusations of terrorism
<mask> has been called an eco-terrorist by the Japanese government for his direct action tactics against whalers, and it repeated its position after conflicts during the 2009–10 whaling season. At an animal rights convention in 2002, <mask> was also quoted as saying, "There's nothing wrong with being a terrorist, as long as you win. Then you write the history". In 2010, Fox News commentator Glenn Beck also discussed the comment, criticizing <mask>'s views. <mask> responded to Beck's comments on the official Sea Shepherd website by stating that he had said that but that it was taken out of context, quoting Gerald Seymour's "One man's terrorist is another's freedom fighter". Comments following 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami
<mask> was criticized for his poem published immediately following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami which suggested the disaster was Neptune's anger. <mask> responded to critics with a commentary on the Sea Shepherd website expressing "deepest concern and sympathy for the people of Japan who are suffering through one of the worst natural disasters in the history of civilization".Criticism of New Zealand
In 2013, three Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ships docked in New Zealand, and were searched by New Zealand authorities to see if <mask> was aboard. He was not, having transferred to another ship in international waters, aware New Zealand was required to notify Interpol if he entered the country. <mask> criticised the search, accusing New Zealand of

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 siding with Japan on the issue of whaling in the Southern Ocean. Reactions to activism and leadership
<mask> has stated that he does not consider himself a 'protester', but an 'interventionist', as he considers protesting as too submissive. He often takes the attitude that he represents (or stands in for) law enforcement which is either unwilling or unable to enforce existing laws. His leadership style has variously been called arrogant, as well as pushing himself too much "front and center", which was cited as one of the reasons for expulsion from Greenpeace. The atmosphere aboard his vessels has been compared to an "anarchy run by God".The former member of Sea Shepherd and captain of the  Pete Bethune described <mask> as "morally bankrupt" who would order the intentional sinking of his own ships like the Ady Gil as a means to "garner sympathy with the public and to create better TV". <mask> denied this, saying "No one ordered him to scuttle it. Pete Bethune was captain of the Ady Gil; all decisions on the Ady Gil were his." Awards
<mask> received the Jules Verne Award on October 10, 2012. He was the second person after Captain Jacques Cousteau to be honored with a Jules Verne Award dedicated to environmentalists and adventurers. On June 28, 2010 <mask> received the Asociación de Amigos del Museo de Anclas Philippe Cousteau: Defense of Marine Life Award, in recognition of his merits achieved by the work done in defense of marine life. In 2002, <mask> was inducted into the US Animal Rights Hall of Fame for his outstanding contributions to animal liberation.<mask> received the George H. W. Bush Daily Points of Light Award in 1999  and in 2000, he was named one of Time Magazine's Top 20 Environmental Heroes of the 20th Century. On May 23,

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 2019, <mask> received an official commendation by Connecticut Governor Ned Lamont stating that the "State of Connecticut conveyed both honor and recognition to Captain <mask>." In 2007 <mask> received the Amazon Peace Prize presented by the Vice President of Ecuador Lenin Moreno. Media portrayals
A biographical documentary on <mask>'s early life and background entitled Pirate for the Sea was produced by Ron Colby in 2008. The 2008 documentary At the Edge of the World chronicled the efforts of <mask> and 45 volunteers to hinder the Japanese whaling fleet in the waters around Antarctica. In 2010, long time friend and filmmaker Peter Brown released the documentary Confessions of an Eco-Terrorist, a satirical look back at the last 30 years of actions. The documentary Eco-Pirate: The Story of <mask> from 2011 features interviews and footage with early Greenpeace members Rex Weyler and Patrick Moore.<mask>, Whale Wars, and the Japanese whaling industry were satirized in the South Park episode "Whale Whores". In its fictional Larry King show, <mask> himself was called "An unorganized incompetent media whore who thought lying to everyone was OK as long as it served his cause" and "A smug, narcoleptic liar with no credibility". <mask> responded to the South Park episode by stating; "My understanding is that the Japanese Prime Minister was not amused and the whalers and dolphin killers are enraged at the way they were portrayed," <mask> said. "That's music to my ears. If the humorless whale killers and the bank rollers of the dolphin killers did not like the show, then that's all I need to applaud it." <mask> was portrayed (along with whale biologist, Nan Hauser), during a 60 Minutes episode that aired in 2013, as contributing to the return of the

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 Humpback whale populations in the South Pacific. In 2019 a biopic film called, <mask> directed by one of the producers of An Inconvenient Truth, Lesley Chilcott, was released and also aired on Animal Planet on December 22, 2019.List of works
 Sea Shepherd: My Fight for Whales and Seals (1981) ()
 Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy (1993) ()
 Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas (1994) ()
 Seal Wars: Twenty-Five Years on the Front Lines With the Harp Seals (2002) ()
 Contributor to Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? : Reflections on the Liberations of Animals (2004) ()
 Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy 2nd Edition (2012)
 The War That Saved the Whales (2019)
 Songs from the Southern Ocean (2020)
 The Haunted Mariner  (2020)
 Dealing with Climate Change and Stress  (2020)
 Orcapedia  (2020)
 Desperate Mythologies: Theology, Ecology and the General Insanity of Humanity  (2020)
 Death of a Whale  (2021)
 URGENT! Save Our Ocean to Survive Climate Change   (2021)

See also
 List of conservationists
 List of vegans

References

Further reading
 Earth Warrior: Overboard With <mask> and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, by David B. Morris (1995) ()
 Eco-Warriors, by Rik Scarce (2006) ()
  Capitaine <mask>, entretien avec un pirate, by Lamya Essemlali, <mask> (2012)

External links

 <mask>'s page on the Sea Shepherd official website

1950 births
Canadian animal rights activists
Canadian environmentalists
Fugitives wanted by Germany
Green Party of British Columbia politicians
Green thinkers
Living people
People associated with Greenpeace
People from St. Andrews, New Brunswick
Activists from Toronto
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
Sierra Club directors
Sustainability

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Raquel Meller: in 1917, <mask> met the Spanish flamenco singer, who married him in 1919 after he wooed her in his writings. But then, his condition showed the life of excess he had led: his constant drinking binges and infidelities caused a lot of tension in the marriage. But everything collapsed when Raquel learned that he was wasting away her hard earned money. After a public  ugly argument about their finances, they divorced in 1920. Consuelo Suncín: French-Salvadorian writer, who studied Literature and Law in México. She travelled to Paris along to her protector, José Vasconcelos. Once in Paris, she fell in love with <mask> and married him in 1926, becoming his widow just eleven months later, when he died of a stroke.Mata Hari scandal

Mata Hari was a famous exotic dancer, who was accused of espionage and then shot by French authorities due to her ties to the German secret services during World War I. Later on, admiral Wilhelm Canaris, German secret service director, told in his autobiography that it was him who betrayed Mata Hari given that her services were not needed anymore. At the time, a rumor that <mask> and his wife Raquel Meller were the ones that told the French on Mata Hari -even though at the time <mask> had not met Raquel yet-;  <mask> took advantage of the scandal to increase his fame and prestige, and even wrote a book on it: El Misterio de la Vida y de la Muerte de Mata Hari -The mystery of Mata Hari's life and death-. Maurice Maeterlinck described <mask> as a "true Renaissance man", living his life to the extreme as a relentless dueler, syphilitic, traveller and correspondent. He died on November 29, 1927,  and is buried in Paris's Père Lachaise Cemetery; years later, when Consuelo died, she was buried alongside him; upon his death, she

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