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 of the James River in the early 1700s.<mask> was tutored and attended The College of William and Mary. After ordination to the Anglican ministry on July 31, 1742, he was appointed usher of its grammar school. Career

Educator
<mask> had a private school where he taught the classics, manners and morals, mathematics, literature, history and geography. Most of Reverend <mask>'s pupils boarded at his school. Thomas Jefferson became one of his pupils for two years after the death of his father Peter Jefferson in 1757 and is said to have learned more about the classics from <mask> than from any other instructor. Reverend <mask>'s school is memorialized in a historical marker located near Gordonsville in Albemarle County, Virginia. Ordained ministry
Ordained in 1742, The Reverend <mask> first served for a year in King William County, then was called to Louisa County and Fredericksville Parish.Loyal Land Company
In 1749 <mask> became enthusiastic about expeditions to the west and, together with Peter Jefferson, Dr. Thomas Walker, Joshua Fry, and others founded the Loyal Company of Virginia. They planned an expedition up the Missouri River to be led by Walker, but it was forestalled by the outbreak of hostilities between England and France in the Seven Years' War in 1753 (called the French and Indian War in the colonies). In a 1756 letter <mask> described the proposed expedition, which foreshadowed the Lewis and Clark Expedition:

"Some persons were to be sent in search of that river Missouri, if that be the right name of it, in order to discover whether it had any communication with the Pacific

masks: Maury Maury Maury Maury Maury Maury Maury Maury


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 Ocean; they were to follow the river if they found it, and exact reports of the country they passed through, the distances they traveled, what worth of navigation those rivers and lakes afforded, etc." Family
Rev. <mask> married Mary Walker (born November 22, 1724, in King and Queen County, Virginia), on November 11, 1743, in Louisa County, Virginia. Mary was the daughter of Anne and Captain <mask>. Their children were:
<mask>, b. September 10, 1744, d. May 6, 1801
"Consul" <mask>, b. February 3, 1746, d. February 23, 1840
<mask>, b. June 3, 1747, d. 1747
<mask>, b. November 16, 1748, d. January 8, 1822
<mask>, b. September 17, 1750
<mask>, b. July 21, 1752, d. October 11, 1788
<mask>, b. July 15, 1754, d. July 26, 1786
<mask>, b. April 1, 1756
Abram <mask>, b. April 28, 1758
Fontaine <mask>, b. February 3, 1761, d. February 1824
Benjamin Maury, b. January 17, 1763
Richard Maury, b.May 19, 1766, d. January 31, 1843 father of Matthew Fontaine <mask>
Matilda Hite <mask>, b. October 28, 1769, d. November 7, 1821

The Parson's Cause
<mask> opposed the colony's passage of the Two Penny Act of 1757, which proposed to pay clergy a set amount in cash rather than in tobacco, as had been the rule. The Crown had vetoed the colony's act and asserted clergy must be paid in tobacco. <mask> sued the parish collectors, who gathered required payment for clergy, for the full amount of his salary in tobacco. This suit, known in American history as the Parson's Cause, was an important legal and political dispute in the Colony of Virginia as it involved the question of taxation, and whether it was controlled by

masks:
James Maury
James Walker
Matthew Maury
James Maury
Leonard Maury
Anne Maury
Mary Maury
Walker Maury
Catherine Maury
Elizabeth Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
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 the colony or the Crown. It is considered an important event contributing to the American Revolution. The case was defended by Peter Lyons, afterward president of the Virginia Supreme Court, and opposed by Patrick Henry. He denounced the interference of the King in setting aside the colony's law as treason to the people of Virginia.<mask> won the lawsuit but the jury awarded him only one penny in damages. He continued to hold the esteem of the people of Virginia. Afterward <mask> wrote a letter discussing the case, which became known as "The Parson's Opinion of 'The Parson's Cause'". Rev. <mask> and Patrick Henry had no animosity as a result of the case. Later Martha Henry, the attorney's eldest daughter, married John Fontaine, a near relation of Rev. <mask>, and whose ancestor was Rev.Peter Fontaine. They had the common ancestor of John de la Fontaine. (John Fontaine (6 Aug 1750, Hanover Co., Va; d. 14 Apr 1792, Henry Co., Va.) married Martha Henry 1774, Hanover Co., Va. (b. Jun 1755, Hanover Co., Va; d. 1818, Charlotte Co., Va.) They managed the Henry plantation of Leatherwood after her father was elected a second time as governor of Virginia. issue:

 Martha Henry Fontaine b. 4 Jul 1781; d. 12 Sep 1845, Ponotoc, MS.
 William Winston Fontaine b. 25 Nov 1786, Henry Co., VA; d. Nov 1816. Patrick Henry Fontaine
 Charles B. Fontaine
 John J. Fontaine b.1788; d. 3 Jan 1852. Descendants
<mask>'s eldest son, <mask> (1746–1840), was appointed as the United States' first overseas consul. Thomas Jefferson petitioned then US President George Washington for his appointment. <mask> became America's

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Maury
Maury
James Maury
James Maury
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 first consul to Liverpool, England, a position which he held from 1790 to 1829. He resigned due to Jacksonian politics. During this overseas appointment, both he and his nephew Matthew Fontaine <mask> (born in 1806) had opportunities to discuss and study the natural philosophy lectures (mainly physics) of Thomas Young, published in 1807. "Consul" <mask>'s portrait still hangs today in Liverpool Town Hall.Notes

References
 Jacques de la Fontaine, (translated by <mask>), A Tale of the Huguenots or Memoirs of a French Refugee Family, John S Taylor, 1839. ASIN: B002L40ZEY
Memoirs of a Huguenot Family by Jacques de la Fontaine, at wikisource.org
 The Maury Family Tree, compiled by Sue C. West-Teague
Scott, Arthur P. "The Parson's Cause Case" "The Constitutional Aspects of the Parson's Cause," Political Science Quarterly 31 (Dec. 1916): 558-77
McCants, David A., "The Authenticity of <mask>'s Account of Patrick Henry's Speech in the Parsons' Cause", Southern Speech Communication Journal, 42 (1976). Article on the Reverend <mask>, Virginia center for Digital History
Biography of <mask>, Virginia center for Digital History]
The Parson's Opinion of the Parson's Cause

External links

Maury's School historical marker

American people of French descent
Irish people of French descent
1718 births
1760 deaths
Maury family of Virginia
Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
College of William & Mary alumni
British North American Anglicans
18th-century Anglican priests
Virginia colonial people
Educators from Virginia
People from Louisa County, Virginia
People from King William County,

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James Maury
Ann Maury
James Maury
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<mask> is an Indian scientist currently serving as a SERB-DST  National Science Chair Professor and Honorary Professor at the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit of the Indian Institute of Science. He is a Theoretical Physical Chemist and Biophysicist known for his research in the area of statistical mechanics; particularly in the study of phase transition and nucleation, solvation dynamics, mode-coupling theory of electrolyte transport, dynamics of biological macromolecules (proteins, DNA etc. ), protein folding, enzyme kinetics, supercooled liquids and protein hydration layer. He is an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, the Indian Academy of Sciences, The World Academy of Sciences and an International honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Along with several scientific articles, he has authored two books, Molecular Relaxation in Liquids and Water in Biological and Chemical Processes: From Structure and Dynamics to Function

Biography

<mask> was born in 1954 to Binay K<mask>, a school principal and his homemaker/part-time teacher wife, Abha, in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. He graduated in chemistry from Presidency College, Kolkata (present-day Presidency University) in 1974 and obtained a master's degree from Rajabazar Science College, Calcutta University in 1976. Moving to the US, he did his doctoral studies at Brown University, an Ivy League institution from where he secured a PhD in 1980 working with Prof. Julian Gibbs and did his post-doctoral studies at James Franck Institute of the University of Chicago as a research associate.Here, he had the opportunity to work with renowned chemists such as David W. Oxtoby, Graham Fleming and Stuart Rice till 1983 when he shifted to the laboratory of Robert Zwanzig of the University of Maryland for a one-year stint. <mask> returned to India in 1984 and joined Indian Institute of Science (IISc) at their Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit as a lecturer where he has established

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Biman Bagchi
Biman Bagchi
. Bagchi
Bagchi


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 Bagchi research group. Research
In an academic career spanning over more than three decades in which <mask> has travelled over a wide landscape of physical chemistry, chemical physics, and biophysical chemistry where his contributions often helped build up an area from its foundations. This was done by maintaining a close collaboration with experimental research groups both in India and abroad. He often developed theories that combined sophisticated theoretical approaches (such as mode coupling theory) to extend traditional and established theories and methods (like Kramers’ theory of barrier crossing dynamics, FRET, and electrochemistry) to explain emerging experimental and simulation results. Professor <mask> has published more than 480 articles and received more than 24000 citations. His work has been published in reputed journals such as Nature, PNAS, PRL, JACS, JPC and Chemical Reviews.He has also authored two well-known monographs published by the Oxford University Press (NY) [Molecular Relaxation in Liquids]  and Cambridge University Press (UK) [Water in Biological and Chemical Processes: From Structure and Dynamics to Function]. And a third major text on Statistical Mechanics published by Francis-Taylor & CRC Press. <mask> has conducted lectures at national and international levels. He is also associated with a number of science journals as a member of their editorial boards. He has authored 22 major review articles that are partly pedagogical and influenced generations of physical and theoretical chemists. Some representative examples of his seminal contributions are discussed below:

(i)  In the 1970s and 1980s, it was realized that a large number of ultrafast processes could show the usual dynamical characteristics of an activated reaction but occur in the absence of any activation barrier to their reactive motion. Prof. <mask> developed the first and till to date the most successful theory of barrierless chemical reactions.This theory explained how we can speak of a reaction rate

masks: Bagchi Bagchi Bagchi Bagchi


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 even in the absence of a barrier. (ii)  Solvation dynamics of polar solutes in dipolar liquids (like water, ethanol) was a topic of huge contemporary interest from mid-eighties to late nineties. A continuum model of the solvent with a frequency dependent dielectric function was developed by <mask> that predicted a relaxation time, later called the longitudinal relaxation time, which was faster than the dielectric relaxation time of the solvent, thus providing a first-time explanation of the experimentally observed fast relaxation of the time dependent solvation energy. However, the continuum model could not explain the ultrafast sub-100 fs solvation observed by Fleming et al. Bagchi explained this by developing a microscopic theory which included intermolecular correlations and also the contribution of translational contributions of solvent molecules. (iii)  The dielectric relaxation theories prior to mid-eighties considered primarily rotational modes. <mask> and co-workers came up with a microscopic theory of frequency and wave vector dependent dielectric function which included both rotational and translational degrees of freedom.Translational modes were shown to play a hidden role in dielectric relaxation. Due to the presence of orientational correlations, the longitudinal and transverse dielectric functions exhibit vastly different relaxation times at finite wave vectors. This was indeed an important result because, in many dynamical processes, it is the finite wave vector response of the solvent that matters the most. A self-consistent theory was developed for the dielectric friction and dielectric relaxation. It was shown that the presence of translational contributions can make dielectric relaxation more Debye-like for cases where only rotational contributions give rise to a highly non-Debye form of dielectric relaxation. Awards and honors
The Indian National Science Academy awarded <mask> the INSA Medal for Young Scientists in 1986; the Academy would honor him again in 1990 with A. K.

masks: Bagchi Bagchi Bagchi


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 Bose Memorial Medal and with an elected fellowship in 1995. He received the Homi Bhabha fellowship in 1989 before the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1991.The same year, the Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow and he became an elected fellow of The World Academy of Sciences in 2004. In between, he received the G. D. Birla Award in 1997, TWAS Prize in 1998, the Alumni Excellence Award in Research of the Indian Institute of Science in 2002 and Goyal Prize in Chemistry in 2003. He was selected as J. C. Bose National Fellow in 2006 and the several award orations he has delivered include B. C. Laha Memorial Lecture of 2001, conducted by Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science and Mizushima-Raman Lecture of 2006, jointly organized by the Department of Science and Technology and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The Journal of Physical Chemistry published a festschrift on <mask> by way of their August 2015 issue. He has been selected as the 2021 recipient of the Joel Henry Hildebrand Award in the Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry of Liquids, by the American Chemical Society (ACS). He was also selected for the prestigious Alexander von Humboldt Foundation’s Humboldt Science Research Award (2019) in recognition of his work in chemical sciences. Selected bibliography

Books

Chapters

See also

 David W. Oxtoby
 Graham Fleming
 Stuart A.Rice
 Robert Zwanzig

Notes

References

External links

Further reading

Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science
1946 births
Indian scientific authors
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
20th-century Indian chemists
Scientists from Kolkata
Bengali scientists
Indian theoretical chemists
TWAS fellows
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Brown University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Living people
TWAS


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<mask> (born 7 November 1965) is an English former professional footballer and manager, who is assistant manager at Wrexham. He played for Mansfield Town, Stoke City and West Bromwich Albion and has been manager of Barnsley, Mansfield Town and Rochdale (two spells). Playing career
<mask> was born in Mansfield and began his career with Stoke City, captaining the youth team to the final of the FA Youth Cup in 1984 where they lost out to Everton. He made his senior debut against Nottingham Forest in 1982–83 and was part of the defence which kept a clean sheet in a 1–0 victory. He played 16 games in 1984–85 in which was an awful season for Stoke as they suffered an embarrassing relegation, going down with a then record low points tally of 17. Parkin played 18 games in 1985–86 under new manager Mick Mills and fully established himself in the side in 1986–87 making 46 appearances as Stoke missed out on the play-offs by six points. He played in 50 matches in 1987–88 before a groin injury restricted him to only four appearances in 1988–89.<mask> then moved on to West Bromwich Albion where he spent three seasons making 54 appearances scoring twice. He joined his home-town club Mansfield Town in July 1992 and was a player at Field Mill for four seasons making 96 appearances scoring four goals before retiring to become manager of the club. Managerial career

Mansfield Town
Parkin started his managerial career at Mansfield Town at the start of the 1996–97 season after Andy King was sacked. <mask>, only 30 at the time, and club captain, took over as a caretaker manager, but went to last three seasons with the Stags, missing out closely on the play-offs in two of his three seasons. <mask> left Mansfield after his position became untenable due to a transfer embargo on the Nottinghamshire club, and joined Rochdale in the summer before the 1999–2000 season. Rochdale
Parkin's first spell at Rochdale was a great success, and he lifted the Lancashire club from the depths of the league to an 8th-place finish in

masks:
Stephen John Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin


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 his first season. The team's success paved the way for big money signings like Paul Connor and Clive Platt.Barnsley
On 9 November 2001 <mask> left Spotland and joined Barnsley. <mask>'s spell at Barnsley was not a productive or a successful one. Barnsley were in the relegation place at the time of his take over in Division One and with a small transfer budget, Parkin could not improve their position and Barnsley were relegated in April 2002. With debt-ridden Barnsley struggling to stave off a second successive relegation, on 15 October 2002, the club went into administration and <mask> along with his assistant Tony Ford both lost their jobs. <mask> did not find a managerial position for 14 months after his departure from Barnsley, although he expressed an interest in taking over at Colchester United. He became assistant manager at Notts County shortly after his sacking. Return to Rochdale
In December 2003, <mask> went back to his former job at Rochdale, where Ford had already been re-employed as assistant-manager to <mask>'s predecessor Alan Buckley.His first duty was to save Rochdale from relegation that season, which he did with a few games to spare, adding talent such as Grant Holt to the ranks, although Rochdale's final position was lower than when he took over. His second season saw Dale nearly reach the play-offs, but stumble late in the season. In the 2005–06 season, <mask> guided the club to what many saw as a backward step, only narrowly avoiding relegation. Both <mask> and Dale were under an increasingly significant amount of pressure following a poor start to the 2006–07 season, which saw Rochdale gain only six points from eight matches. During the course of the season Dale lost arguably one of their best players of recent years. Rickie Lambert, an Attacking Midfielder/Striker who was sold to Bristol Rovers for £200,000 on transfer deadline day in August 2006. <mask>'s position became untenable and he was sacked shortly before Christmas.Coaching career
In January 2007 he was

masks: Parkin Parkin Parkin Parkin Parkin Parkin Parkin Parkin Parkin


texts:
 installed as the first-team coach for Championship side Hull City, working alongside Phil Brown and Brian Horton. On 15 March 2010 he took over as joint caretaker manager with Brian Horton after Phil Brown was put on gardening leave. In June 2010 Nigel Pearson was appointed at the full-time successor to Phil Brown, and opted to bring his own backroom staff with him from his previous position at Leicester City, bringing to an end <mask>'s association with the club. On 6 October 2010, it was announced that <mask> would be swapping the north for the south bank of the Humber, joining newly appointed manager Ian Baraclough at Scunthorpe United. <mask> joined Bradford City as assistant manager to <mask> on 22 September 2011. On 10 June 2016, he linked up with <mask> once again as the Assistant Manager of Bolton Wanderers, signing a two-year contract at the Macron Stadium. On 2 November 2019 <mask> once again followed <mask>, and became Sunderland's Assistant Manager.But on 28 November 2020, Sunderland “parted ways” with their then manager <mask>, as <mask> also departed. On 1 July 2021, Parkin again followed <mask> to National League side Wrexham. Career statistics

As a player
Source:

A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Football League Trophy, Football League play-offs and Full Members Cup. As a manager

Honours
 Stoke City
 Stoke City player of the year: 1988

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mansfield
English footballers
England under-21 international footballers
Stoke City F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C.players
English football managers
Mansfield Town F.C. managers
Rochdale A.F.C. managers
Barnsley F.C. managers
Hull City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Scunthorpe United F.C. non-playing staff
Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Bolton Wanderers F.C.non-playing staff
Sunderland A.F.C. non-playing staff
Wrexham A.F.C. non-playing staff
English Football League players
Association football

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Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Phil Parkinson
Parkinson
Parkin
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<mask>III<mask> (; died 1375) was a Hungarian prelate in the 14th century. He served as Bishop of Csanád from 1350 to 1358, Archbishop of Kalocsa from 1358 to 1367, then Archbishop of Esztergom from 1367 until his death. Early life and career
<mask>di was born into the ancient Hungarian gens (clan) Csanád in the early 14th century, as one of the two sons of Pancras; his only brother was Clement (fl. 1336–1366). Originating from the rich and powerful Telegdi branch, he had several influential relatives, including his uncle <mask>, the Archbishop of Esztergom from 1330 to 1349, and cousin Nicholas Vásári, who held the same dignity between 1350 and 1358. The Telegdis rose to prominence during the reign of Charles I of Hungary. <mask> and his brother Clement were first mentioned by contemporary records in 1336 on the occasion of a land exchange contract.Under the patronage of his uncle, <mask> studied in an Italian universitas, obtaining the degree of decretorum doctor, which indicated his competence in science and canon law. Entering ecclesiastical career, <mask>di was first referred to as archdeacon of Nyitra (Nitra) in 1341. Due to the intervention of his uncle Csanád, he was elected to the collegiate chapter of Esztergom in 1343. With that step, the archbishop caused controversy, because he increased the strictly hierarchical staff (38 members) of the collegiate chapter with one person, for the sake of his nephew. He was made lector of the cathedral chapter still in that year. Simultaneously, he was also a member of the collegiate chapter of Győr in the 1340s. Pope Clement VI created Telegdi papal chaplain and "Auditor of the Sacred Apostolic Palace" ().In that capacity, he represented

masks:
Thomas (
) Telegdi
Thomas Teleg
Csanád Telegdi
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Teleg


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 the Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota in legal procedure in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, as he never resided in Rome. Upon his request, the pope appointed him grand provost of Esztergom sometimes after 28 January 1350, replacing Nicholas Apáti. He held the office for a brief time, as Pope Clement made him Bishop of Csanád on 31 May 1350. Telegdi sent Conrad Skultéti, the archdeacon of Nyitra to Avignon for his pallium. The bishop paid 20 golds to Skultéti for his service; one-third of his bishopric's annual income. Telegdi appointed his cousin Nicholas as his general and spiritual vicar. Telegdi was a faithful confidant of Louis I of Hungary.His high level qualification made him fit to mediate between the Hungarian royal court and the Holy See. For instance, when Pope Clement handed over the tenth of church income in Hungary to Louis for four years in 1352, Telegdi was entrusted to implement the provision. Telegdi served as representative of Pope Innocent VI in several inaugurations of church benefices at the royal court of Hungary. Archbishop of Kalocsa
Telegdi's cousin Nicholas Vásári died in mid-1358. Shortly thereafter, Cardinal Guillaume de la Jugée arrived to Hungary with the message of Pope Innocent, who intended to transfer Nicholas Apáti from the Archdiocese of Kalocsa to Esztergom, while wished to appoint <mask>di as the new Archbishop of Kalocsa, the second most prestigious ecclesiastical dignity in Hungary. However Louis I was reluctant to accept the pope's endeavor, especially with regard to Telegdi, probably not because of his person, but because of the way of his selection, which threatened his right of patronage. Finally, yet, Pope Innocent reached his


texts:
 goal, as he translated Telegdi from the bishopric of Csanád to the see of Kalocsa without any conflict on 25 August 1358.Telegdi again commissioned his confidant Conrad Skultéti to bring his pallium from Avignon to Hungary. Finally, royal envoy Nicholas Zsigrai brought the insignia to the archiepiscopal court of Kalocsa in early 1359. Pope Innocent VI appointed him patron of the Poor Clares' monastery of Óbuda on 30 July 1360. In the next year, the pope entrusted Telegdi to chair that judicial body, which investigated and ruled the numerous lawsuits relating the estates of the cathedral chapter of Transylvania. When Louis I and Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria prepared a war against Bohemia, Pope Urban V sent a letter to 23 January 1363 to over persuade his monarch to conclude a peace with Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Louis was finally reconciled with Charles IV at their meeting in Uherské Hradiště on 8 May 1363. The pope again wrote a letter to Telegdi to ensure the support of his return to Rome by the Kingdom of Hungary on 18 November 1366.In 1360, the cathedral chapter of Várad divided 53 estates of the Csanád kindred between the family members; the land located in Csanád, Arad and Bihar counties. Archbishop of Esztergom
At the end of 1366, Nicholas Apáti died after eight-year archiepiscopate. <mask> was elected as his successor still in that year. He was first mentioned as archbishop-elect in a donation letter of the Heiligenkreuz Abbey on 2 January 1367. Pope Urban translated him from Kalocsa and confirmed his election on 10 February and sent his pallium on 1 May. As a customary law after election of a new archbishop, Louis I confirmed the landholdings and other income of the


texts:
 Archdiocese of Esztergom in 1369, upon the request of Telegdi. Archbishop <mask>di was an apolitical and low-profile office-holder, compared with his predecessors, including his uncle Csanád Telegdi.He functioned as an ad litem judge in several lawsuits in the upcoming years; for instance, he acted as an appeal court during a trial between the burghers of Győr and the cathedral chapter of Esztergom. He remained a confidant of Louis I. He supported his military campaigns in Bosnia and Serbia. When Casimir III of Poland died in November 1370, Louis arrived after his uncle's funeral and was crowned king of Poland. in the absence of the monarch, Telegdi acted as royal governor (viceroy) in Hungary. When a war broke out between the Republic of Venice and Francesco I da Carrara, Lord of Padova, who was an ally of Louis, in the summer of 1372, the Hungarian king sent reinforcements to Italy to assist Francesco da Carrara. Telegdi was one of the leaders of the Hungarian auxiliary troops.<mask>di was still alive, when Louis I invaded Wallachia in May 1375, because the new prince of Wallachia, Radu I, had formed an alliance with the Bulgarian ruler, Ivan Shishman, and the Ottoman Sultan Murad I. During the summer, Wallachian troops stormed into Transylvania and Ottomans pillaged the Banat, devastating several lands of the Telegdi family. Archbishop <mask> died sometime in the second half of 1375; his successor John de Surdis was transferred from Győr to Esztergom by Pope Gregory XI on 23 January 1376. References

Sources

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1375 deaths
Archbishops of Esztergom
Archbishops of Kalocsa
Bishops of Csanád
14th-century Hungarian people
Thomas
14th-century Roman Catholic archbishops

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<mask>, S.J. was a Roman Catholic Latin Rite bishop from France who was appointed as the first Vicar Apostolic in the Syro-Malabar Catholic Vicariate of Kottayam on 20 May 1887. After shifting the seat of Kottayam Vicariate to Changanacherry on 16 September 1890, his term ended on 28 July 1896. He later served as the first Bishop of Trincomalee, Sri Lanka from 27 August 1898 until his death at Marvejols in France on 11 July 1913. Early life
<mask> was born in the Lavigne family on 6 January 1840 at Marvejols in France. His father was a farmer and an employee in a weaving mill. <mask>' mother Louie Gordon was a convert from Protestantism.<mask> was the youngest of the 12 children in the family. After his primary education at the school of Christian Brothers and higher education at a Jesuit college at the City of Mend in France, he joined seminary for priestly formation. Though his intention was to become a Jesuit priest, he first became a diocesan priest respecting the wishes of his parents. <mask>' priestly ordination was on 17 December 1864 at Mend by the imposition of hands by Msgr. Flockier. <mask> was professor at Mend Diocesan Minor Seminary at the time of his ordination and he continued that for two more years. He joined the novitiate house of the Society of Jesus at Toulouse in France and did his religious profession on 27 December 1866.Then he served as prefect of the seminarians and teacher and prefect of studies in the minor seminary at

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Bishop Charles Lavigne
Louis Charles Lavigne
Charles
Charles
Charles
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 Monbana in France for five years. Afterwards, he taught Mathematics and Physics at Kausia College. Since Jesuits were expelled from France in 1880, he moved to Spain and worked as Science Professor at Uclés College. He was then transferred to Rome as assistant to Fr. Buck S.J., the general secretary of the Society of Jesus. After the death of Fr. Buck, Fr.<mask> returned from Rome to France. Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam
The Syrian Catholics, who were part of the Vicariate of Verapoly along with the Latin Catholics, had been writing to Vatican seeking the establishment of Syrian dioceses and appointment of eparchs from their own rite and community. Though Bishop Mercellinus OCD, the co-adjutor bishop of Verapoly, was in charge of the Syrians, majority of them believed that their development would happen only under the leadership of their own bishops. Considering the wishes of the Syrian faithful in Kerala, Pope Leo XIII separated the Syrians from the Archdiocese of Verapoly and established the Syrian Vicariates of Kottayam and Trichur. Msgr. Adolphus Edwin Medlycott was appointed as the Vicar Apostolic of Trichur and <mask>, the Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam and Titular Bishop of Milevum on 20 May 1887. Their role was to pave the way for transition from the governance of  foreign hierarchs to local bishops as head of the Syrian Catholics.Reception and setup
Within a few months after <mask> returned from Rome to France, he was appointed as Vicar

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Charles
Charles Lagne
Charles


texts: Apostolic of Kottayam, in Kerala state, India on 23 August 1887. His episcopal ordination as Titular Bishop of Milevum was on 13 November 1887 by Cardinal Borse. He started his journey to Kerala on 15 March 1888. He reached Trichy on 5 April 1888. At the request of Apostolic Delegate Msgr. Andrew Aiuti, Fr. Mani Nidhiri, Fr.Louis Pazheparambil, and Fr. Alexander T. OCD went to receive the bishop at Trichy. They, along with the bishop, went to Ootty to meet the Apostolic Delegate. Then they proceeded to Ernakulam which was also part of Kottayam Vicariate. After the reception at Ernakulam on 1 May 1888, Bishop <mask> travelled to Mannanam via Vaikam by waterway. The reception at Mannanam on 9 May 1888 was a grant one. Bishop Lavinge took charge reading his Papal bull at St. George Church Edacat on 10 May 1888.That church became the first Cathedral of Vicariate of Kottayam. Honoring the instruction from Rome, Bishop <mask> appointed four Syrian priests as his consultors. Fr. Mani Nidhirikkal, Fr. Alexander Kattakkayath, Fr. Louis Pazheparambil were the consultors from the Northists and Fr. Joseph Tharayil was from the Southists.Bishop first lived at Mannanam Carmelite House and later moved to Kottayam town. According to the letter from the Apostolic Delegate on 6 May 1889 from Ootty, Bishop <mask> appointed Fr. Mani Nidhiriakkal as Vicar General in charge of the Northists and Fr. Mathew Makil as Vicar General for Southists on 8 September 1889. These

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texts:
 Vicar Generals from the local priests had some privileges including dressing like a bishop,  right to offer Pontifical Mass, administer the Sacrament of Confirmation, and giving minor orders for seminarians. Though Bishop <mask> made attempts to construct his residence and an educational institution in Kottayam town, he could not do them because of the ongoing disagreements with non-Catholics during that time. So, with the permission from ecclesiastical authorities, he moved his seat to Changanacherry that had a bigger church than Edacat and had a higher Catholic population.While maintaining the name, Vicariate of Kottayam, he moved to Changanacherry after two years on 16 September1890. Contributions in Kerala
Considering the ardent desire of the Syrian Christians, Bishop <mask> worked hard for the development of his vicariate. He trained the clergy for their future pastoral leadership. He appointed vicar generals from Northists and Southists of his diocese and administered the vicariate through them. Instead of the traditional system of training candidates for priesthood by individual priests, Bishop <mask> sent seminarians from his vicariate to seminaries in Verapoly, Mangalapuram, Papal Seminary in Kandy, and Propaganda Seminary in Rome. Bishop <mask>e held a Synod at the Church in Changanacherry from 18–20 December 1888 to discuss and decide on the details of pastoral arrangements in his vicarate. Vicars of parishes, superiors of religious

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texts: congregations, and rectors of seminaries attended in the Changanacherry synod that made several pastoral decisions.Bishop <mask> established new churches. He elevated eight parishes of the Northists and two parishes of Southists as foranes on 10 October 1891. He codified regulations for church administration, introduced catechism classes in parishes and schools, and showed his interest in administering first Holy Communion to children. He promoted the use of scapular and devotion to the souls in purgatory. He gave importance to evangelization among the low casts and established churches for the new converts. He, along with Fr. Mani Nidhirikkal, promoted reunion of Jacobites to Catholic faith.There were schisms against Catholic faith in the community. Bishop <mask> tried to convince their leaders and followers to keep up the Catholic doctrines. He could win some of them. Bishop <mask> was the pioneer in establishing English educational institutions for the Syrians. The first school he established was St. Berchmans English High School in Changanacherry. He also started schools in other places including Brahmamangalam for the Southists, and supported school at Mannanam established by Carmelite priests. He established Girls Schools at Mutholy, Changanacherry, and Alappuzha.Along with convents, Bishop <mask> started Job training centers for women. Bishop <mask> started or approved the establishment of religious congregations for men and women in the

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


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 vicariate. He approved the desire of eight pious women from Pala and neighboring places, who were members of the Secular Franciscan (Third) Order to start a religious community. Thus, the Franciscan Clarist Congregation (FCC) was started at Changanacherry. Bishop <mask> started an orphanage and entrusted that to the Clarist sisters. He started four religious communities for Carmelite Sisters. They were at Mutholay, Changanacherry, Vaikom, and Arakkuzha.He also promoted the establishment of the Visitation Congregation for the Southists at Kaipuzha. Succession Plan

In 1892 Bishop <mask> got sick. He had a surgery done in St. Martha's Hospital Bangalore by a French doctor. He did not fully recover from the sickness. He and the Vicar Apostolic of Trichur Msgr. Adolphus Edwin Medlycott recommended to Propaganda Fide, the reconstitution of the Kottayam and Trichur vicariates as Vicariates of Trichur, Ernakulam, and Changanacherry. The prefect of Propaganda Fide in Rome Mieczysław Halka-Ledóchowski asked Bishop <mask> in 1895 to recommend the names of priests who could be his successors of the Vicariate of Kottayam.He recommended Vicar General Mar Mathew Makil and his secretary Fr. Louis Pazhiparambil as the eligible candidates in his reply to the prefect dated 22 February 1895. Since Bishop <mask>' health was worsening, he went to Europe  with his secretary Fr. Luis Pazheparambil on 30 September 1895. His intention was to seek better medical treatment,

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles


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 visit the Pope to present the report of his vicariate, and to raise funds for the upgrading of St. Berchmans School in Changanacherry. In January 1896, he had another surgery at his native Toulouse, and recovered from his sickness after this surgery. According to the recommendation of the Apostolic Vicars of Kottayam and Trichur, the Holy See reconstituted the two vicariates as three with local priests as bishops.Thus, Mar Mathew Makil was appointed for Changanacherry, Mar Aloysius Pazheparambil for Ernakulam, and Mar John Menachery for Trichur on 28 July 1896. Bishop of Trincomalee

Transition to Sri Lanka
After his apostolic visit, he stayed at Uclés school in Spain and later at Balardi College in France. While in Europe, Bishop <mask> came to know that he was relieved from his position of Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam. So he did not return to Kerala to accept any gratitude from the people he served for eight years. During his stay in France, he was appointed as the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Madagascar, France with effect from 8 May 1897. Bishop Jean-Baptiste Cazet, S.J. was the Vicar Apostolic of Madagascar at that time.The French government did not agree with <mask>' appointment. So, he helped the local bishops in their pastoral ministry. Soon, Bishop <mask> was appointed as the first bishop of the newly established Diocese of Trincomalee in Sri Lanka on 27 August 1898. He reached the new diocese in November 1898 and took charge. Contributions


texts:
 in Trincomalee
Bishop <mask> converted many to Catholic faith. He opened a public library at Batticaloa in 1907 to keep communication with the non-Christians. He constructed many churches and reconstructed the old ones.The bishop promoted  education of children. He started orphanages and schools. He established a collage in Trincomalee with the support of missionaries. To overcome the shortage of teachers, bishop started a  teachers' training school. He started orphanages and schools for girls and entrusted their management to religious congregations. Bishop <mask> promoted vocations to priesthood and religious life. He established a minor seminary in his diocese.Candidates to priesthood were sent to different seminaries for formation. He welcomed missionaries from Europe including nuns and religious brothers. He promoted establishing religious congregations in his diocese. The bishop trained foreign missionaries in Tamil language for preaching to the local people. He established retreat centers in his diocese. Silver Jubilee
Trincomalee Diocese celebrated the Episcopal Silver Jubilee of Bishop <mask>e on 13 November 1912. Besides the large attendance in the jubilee celebration, greetings and gifts came to the jubilarian from different countries and people of different religions including Kerala where he served before.Pope Pius X honored him with the title, "Domestic Prelate and Assistant to the Pontifical Throne." End Times
Bishop <mask> went to

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Charles


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 Europe in 1913. He visited Marseille in France and then went to the Vatican to visit the Pope. He visited France, Belgium, and Holland. He took rest at his native place, Marvejols in France. While taking part in a reception in his honor at Montpellier Charity School, he became ill and contracted pneumonia. His sickness got verse.He received Sacrament of the Sick from the Superior of the Society of Jesus. He died on 11 July 1913 at the age of 73, and buried in the cathedral there. The Archeparchy of Kottayam has installed a monument at his first Cathedral St. George's Church Edacat in Kottayam where he was installed as the Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam on 10 May 1888. The Visitation Congregation's convent in Edacat and the Vallambrosian Benedictine Minor Seminary near Kottayam are established in the name of Bishop <mask>e. Timeline

 1840 January 6: Birth at Marvejols in France. 1864 December 17: Priestly Ordination
 1864 - 1866: Professor at Diocesan Minor Seminary
 1866 December 27: Religious Profession in the Society of Jesus
 1866 - 1871: Trainer and professor in the Minor Seminary
 1871 - 1880: Taught Mathematics an Physics at Kausia College
 1880: Professor of Science at Uclés College in Spain. 1887 August 23: Appointment as Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam.1887 November 13: Episcopal Ordination
 1888 March 15: Bishop <mask> started his journey to Kerala. 1888 April 5: Bishop <mask> reached Trichy. 1888 May 1: Reception at Ernakulam
 1888 May 9:

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 Reception at Mannanam
 1888 May 10: Bishop <mask> took charge by reading the bull at Edacat church, Kottayam. 1888 December 14: Establishment of Franciscan Clarist Congregation (FCC) at Changanacherry. 1888 December 18–20: Changanacherry Synod to coordinate pastoral arrangements of the vicariate. 1889 September 8: Appointment of Fr. Mani Nidhiriakkal and Fr.Mathew Makil as Vicar Generals with special privileges. 1890 September 16: Seat of Kottayam Vicariate was moved to Changanacherry. 1891 October (Thulam) 10: Organized parishes under eight foranes and two foranes for the Southists. 1892 June 24: Foundation of Sisters of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (SVM) at Kaipuzha, Kottayam. 1895 February 22: Bishop <mask> recommended to Rome Fr. Mathew Makil and Fr. Louis Pazheparambil as eligible successors for him.1895 September 30: Bishop <mask> went to Europe with his secretary Fr. Luis Pazheparambil. 1896 July 28: The term of Bishop <mask> ended when Pope Leo XIII reconstituted the Syrian Vicariates as Changanacherry, Trichur, and Ernakulam with Malayalee bishops. 1897 May 8: Appointed as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Madagascar, France
 1898 August 27: Appointment as the first Bishop of Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
 1907 Started a public library at Batticalo in Sri Lanka. 1912 November 13: Episcopal Silver Jubilee celebration at Trincomalee. 1913: Visit to Vatican and Europe
 1913 July 11: Death at Marvejols in France. See also

 Knanayology

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Charles
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 Archeparchy of Kottayam
 Archeparchy of Changanacherry
 Diocese of Trincomalee

Bibliography
 Choolaparambil, Mar Alexander (Ed)., Pastoral Letters, കാലം ചെയ്ത ഡോക്ടർ ലവീഞ്ഞ്, ഡോക്ടർ മാക്കീൽ എന്നീ വന്ദ്യ പിതാക്കന്മാർ തങ്ങളുടെ ഭരണകാലത്തു പ്രസിദ്ധപ്പെടുത്തിയിട്ടുള്ളത്.Kottayam: The Catholic Diocese of Kottayam. 1925. Koottummel, Joseph (1998). "മാർ ചാറൽസ് ലവീഞ്ഞ്," ചങ്ങനാശേരി അതിരൂപത ഇന്നലെ, ഇന്ന്. Changanacherry: Archeparchy of Changanacherry. pp. 122–159.Kottoor, Dr. Thomas (2012). "ബിഷപ്പ് കാർലോസ് ലവീഞ്ഞ് കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപതയ്ക്ക് വഴികാട്ടി" കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത ശതാബ്ദി സ്മരണിക 1911- 2011. Kottayam: Archeparchy of Kottayam. 2012, pp. 22–23. Makil, Mathew (2001). കോട്ടയം മിസത്തിന്റെ സ്ഥാപന ചരിത്രം.Kottayam: Bishop Makil Foundation. Moolakkatt, Archbishop Mathew (2006), "കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത: ഉത്ഭവവും വളർച്ചയും" സുവർണ്ണസ്മൃതി, Golden Jubilee Souvenir, Changanacherry: Archeparchy of Changanacherry, pp. 389–392. Mutholath, Fr. Abraham (Ed.) Dr. <mask> S.J. (1986).The Diocese of Kottayam Platinum Souvenir 1911-1986. Kottayam: Jyothi Book House. pp. 79–81. Pallath, Paul & George Kanjirakkatt. Origin of the Southist Vicariate of Kottayam, Acts and Facts. Vadavathoor, Kottayam: Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India.ISBN 978-81-88456-71-0. Perumthottam, Dr. Joseph (Ed.) (1999). മാർ ചാൾസ് ലവീഞ്ഞ്, ജീവചരിത്രവും ഇടയലേഖനങ്ങളും. Changanacherry: HIRS Publications. ശാന്തിതീർത്ഥം, വിസിറ്റേഷൻ സഭാചരിത്രം (History of the Visitation Sisters). Kottayam: Visitation


texts:
 Congregation, Kottayam.1997. pp. 92–95. External links
 Knanayology
Expired Bishops of the Archdiocese of Kottayam
Diocese of Trincomalee
 Biodata from Catholic Hierarchy website

References

1840 births
1913 deaths
19th-century Eastern Catholic bishops
20th-century Eastern Catholic bishops
French Jesuits
Archbishops of Changanassery
Christian clergy from Kottayam
French Roman Catholic bishops in


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<mask>   (born 1 April 1987) is a Japanese mixed martial artist currently competing as a flyweight in the Rizin Fighting Federation. A professional since 2006, he has also competed for Shooto, Vale Tudo Japan, and The Ultimate Fighter. He is the former Shooto World Bantamweight (123 lb) Champion, a former Shooto Featherweight Champion and the 2014 Vale Tudo Japan flyweight tournament champion. As an amateur, he was the 12th All Japan Amateur Shooto Featherweight tournament champion and the 4th Tohoku Amateur Shooto Open Tournament champion. He holds notable wins over the former ONE Championship and Shooto strawweight champion Yosuke Saruta, the former Pancrase Flyweight Champion Kiyotaka Shimizu, the current Pancrase Bantamweight Champion Shintaro Ishiwatari, as well as wins over Alexandre Pantoja and Adam Antolin. Mixed martial arts career

Shooto
<mask> began his mixed martial arts career in 2005, as an amateur in Shooto. He first competed in the East Japan Amateur Shooto Freshman tournament, where he lost the finals.Following that loss he entered and won the 4th Tohoku Amateur Shooto Open Tournament. His last amateur appearance was at the 12th All Japan Amateur Shooto Featherweight Championship Tournament. Ougikubo defeated all four of his opponents to win the tournament. <mask> made his professional debut with Shooto in 2006, when he defeated Nobuhiro Hayakawa by a unanimous decision. After a draw against Naoki Yahagi, <mask> would beat Satoru Ota and Kazuya Tamura to set up a fight in the Shooto Rookie Featherweight tournament finals fight against Yasuhiro

masks:
Hiromasa Ougikubo
Hiromasa Ougo
Ougikubo
Ougikubo


texts: Kanayama. He won the bout in the second round by way of a rear naked choke. Over the next five years, Ougikubo would accumulate a 5-2-1 record, most notably losing to the future Shooto Featherweight Champion Koetsu Okazaki, and winning the Shooto Pacific Rim featherweight title by defeating Teriyuki Matsumoto.In 2012, at Shooto 5th Round, Ougikubo would get a chance to avenge that loss. <mask> would win the fight in the third minute of the third round, by way of a rear naked choke, in what was considered, at the time, a major upset. His first title defense was scheduled against the young prospect Kyoji Horiguchi. Horiguchi would defend or reverse the takedowns, deliver ground and pound from the guard, and would eventually submit Ougikubo in the second round. Looking to bounce back, Ougikubo entered the 2014 Vale Tudo Japan Flyweight tournament. In the quarterfinals he defeated Takeshi Kasugai by a majority decision. In the semifinals he submitted Kana Hyatt in the first round.Proceeding to the finals against Czar Sklavos, Ougikubo came out the victor after 25 minutes, being declared the tournament champion, by a clear unanimous decision. Returning to Shooto he was scheduled to face Mamoru Yamaguchi. The fight had to cancelled, after Ougikubo dislocated his shoulder. His next fight was scheduled against Yosuke Saruta, which he won by a unanimous decision. This gave him his second chance at Shooto gold, as he was set to fight the bantamweight champion Masaaki Sugawara. He won the fight in the last seconds of the fifth round by a guillotine choke. The Ultimate


texts:
 Fighter
Considered a standout fighter in the Asian MMA scene, with an impressive fight style and being undefeated in three years, Ougikubo was invited to the 24th season of The Ultimate Fighter, called The Ultimate Fighter: Tournament of Champions.His first fight was against the EFC flyweight champion Nkazimulo Zulu. <mask> entered the fight as a favorite, being the no.5 seed, while Zulu was the no.12 seed. <mask> submitted Zulu in the second round, with a rear naked choke. Next, he faced Adam Antolin, in a fight between two high level grapplers. Ougikubo would aggressively out grapple Antolin, with the American being forced to defend for the entirety of the fight. The Japanese fighter won a clear unanimous decision. <mask> would then face the no.1 seed Alexandre Pantoja.He would force wrestling exchanges with Pantoja, working from his opponents guard, grinding away a unanimous decision win. In his final fight of the show, Ougikubo fought against Tim Elliott. He fell short for the first time, and lost the finals by a unanimous decision. Return to Shooto
Returning to Shooto he fought against the Ultimate Fighting Championship veteran Danny Martinez. Ougikubo won a unanimous decision. He would then defend the Shooto World Bantamweight (123 lb) Championship against Tadaaki Yamamoto. He won the fight with a rear naked choke to defend his Shooto title.Rizin Fighting Federation
<mask> signed with Rizin and made his debut at Rizin 11, when he was scheduled to rematch Kyoji Horiguchi. Horiguchi once again won, this time through a unanimous decision. <mask> fought the former

masks: Ougikubo Ougikubo Ougikubo Ougikubo Ougikubo


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 Shooto and ONE Championship champion Yoshitaka Naito in a Shooto exhibition bout. The fight ended in a no contest after just three minutes. Making his second bantamweight title defense, <mask> faced Kiyotaka Shimizu. While the fight saw little action in the first three rounds, Ougikubo managed to cut his opponent with a head kick. In the fourth round a head clash ended the fight prematurely and went to the judge's scorecards.<mask> won a unanimous decision to secure his second title defense. Returning to Rizin, he fought against the former DEEP champion Yuki Motoya. <mask> won a split decision. During Rizin 20, he fought against Shintaro Ishiwatari. He won another split decision. He fought against Kai Asakura for the Rizin Bantamweight Championship at Rizin 23. He lost via first-round knockout.<mask> was scheduled to fight Kenta Takizawa during Rizin 25. He defeated Takizawa by unanimous decision. On January 31, 2021, Ougikubo vacated the Shooto Shooto Bantamweight (123 lb) Championship. Rizin Bantamweight Grand Prix 2021
Ougikubo faced Takeshi Kasugai in the opening round of the Bantamweight Grand Prix at Rizin 28 on June 13, 2021. Ougikubo won the fight by unanimous decision. Ougikubo faced Takafumi Otsuka in the quarterfinals on September 19, 2021 at Rizin 30. He won the fight by unanimous decision.In the semi-finals, <mask> faced Naoki Inoue on December 31, 2021 at Rizin 33. He won the fight by unanimous decision, and faced Kai Asakura in the tournament finals, which were held during Rizin 33 as well. He won the bout via unanimous decision, winning the 2021 Rizin

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<mask><mask> (born 1952) is an American artist from the Tsimshian tribe in Alaska, most known for his prolific creation of Totem Poles and other Tsimshian artworks. <mask> was raised in Metlakatla, Alaska, home to many Tsimshian people. His works, done in traditional Tsimshian style and technique, have had international reach, and he is known as one of the most prolific contemporary makers of Totem Poles in the world. He has created over 70 poles, which have been displayed in notable places like Disney World, Florida and the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, where it is permanently displayed. His other carvings are in the collections of various museums, and owned by royal families and nobles across Europe and Asia. He has also played a part in reviving Tsimshian culture, creating Tsimshian dance groups, reviving the traditional ceremony called Potlatch, and passing on knowledge of Tsimshian language. <mask> currently lives in Lynnwood, Washington, and his son’s, particularly <mask><mask>, are also successful artists and carvers.He is a member of the Laxsgiik (Eagle clan), and his four Tsimshian names include one meaning "First to Potlatch" and one meaning "He Who Works with the Cedar." Early life
<mask> was born in Ketchikan, Revillagigedo Island, Alaska, in 1952, but grew up in Metlakatla, Alaska. He was mostly raised by his grandparents, and would spend most of his time with them as a child. Due to nearly a century of cultural oppression in Alaska towards the Tsimshian, traditional Tsimshian culture was nearly extinct in Metlakatla, and in the region as a whole, while Boxley was growing up. Unlike most children around him, <mask> was surrounded by traditional Tsimshian culture in his childhood. This was on account of his grandparents, who both spoke the Tsimshian language and knew many traditions of the past. He first learned to carve from his Grandfather, who he often describes as his “hero”.He described his grandfather as a man who “could

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. Boxley
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Boxley
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 build anything” and would pass on knowledge to Boxley, such as what wood should be used to carve, and how to create his own tools. His first works were those he helped carve with his grandfather growing up, and he still currently uses an adze made with the help of his grandfather in every carving project. Apart from this, <mask> claims he had been interested in being an artist “since third grade”. After High School, <mask> attended Seattle Pacific University, and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1974. He then spent ten years working as a High School teacher and basketball coach in Seattle, Metlakatla and Washington. During this time, he began to seriously research the traditional art and culture of the Tsimshian. He studied the works of previous Tsimshian artists, and artists of other Pacific Northwest Coast artists such as the Haida and Tlingit.He also studied the works that the ancestors of these tribes left behind. Boxley also used libraries, art classes, museums, heritage sites and others, as well as taking some classes from a prominent Tsimshian artist at the time- Jack Hudson. However, Boxley mostly taught himself from his own research, and learned many traditional art styles and methods that had been lost to time. This soon overtook his teaching, and Boxley eventually decided to become a full time artist and carver in the mid 1980s. Career and works

Early Work (mid-1980s – 1990s)
Since the mid 1980s, <mask> has worked on many commissions. One of his first major ones was for the ‘Talking Stick’ for the 1990 Goodwill Games. <mask> designed the crown of the stick, and made it a symbolic symbol of peace between the United States and then Soviet Union, depicting the American eagle and the Russian bear together.The stick even had messages by the countries respective leaders at the time- President George H.W. Bush. and President Mikhail Gorbachev- engraved in it. It was a significant work that had a global audience, with the stick being carried

masks: Boxley Boxley Boxley Boxley


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 across states similar to the Olympic Torch. Since this period, his reputation has grown as an elite carver and he has garnered an international reach. Totem Poles (1980s–present)
<mask> is best known for his Totem Poles, which have been displayed across the U.S, Canada and Europe. They have been displayed in various notable areas.Walt Disney World
Three of <mask>’s poles stand at the Canada Pavilion in Epcot Center in Walt Disney World, Florida. He was asked to create a new totem pole for the center in 1998, alongside the two fiberglass ones that already stood in the Center. This was done in an effort to give the Center greater authenticity, as the theme park was taking multiple initiatives to be more authentic. Then, in 2017, Disney commissioned <mask> to create two more poles to replace the fiberglass ones. These poles have since been lauded for their attempts at authenticity, but to some culture critics make the claim that putting the poles into a tourist setting might result in them losing their cultural significance. National Museum of the American Indian

Another of Boxley's poles is currently in the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian in Washington D.C, where it is permanently displayed. This is significant as the Museum usually rotates their exhibitions and keeps only popular or iconic artworks on permanent display.It was <mask>’s 70th pole, made out of a 500 year old cedar tree, and he was helped to carve it by his son <mask>. The Museum is coveted by Native American artists, and a spot in the museum is very sought after. <mask> is very proud to have a pole in the museum, and was especially glad that the Tsimshian tribe and his village of Metlakatla were broadcast to a national and global audience due to the pole being raised. He is the second contemporary Totem Pole carver in the world to have a pole in the Museum, after Nathan Jackson. Metlakatla and the U.S
In addition to having poles stand internationally, he has carved most of the

masks: Boxley Boxley Boxley Boxley David Boxley


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 poles in his native village of Metlakatla. In 1982, he made the town’s first raised pole, and has since made others, alongside carver Wayne Hewson. Together, they have made 11 out of Metlakatla’s 13 totem poles.Most of his poles stand across the U.S and Canada. Many of these hold personal meaning, such as the one that stands outside Northwest Hospital in Seattle, dedicated to his deceased sister-in-law. Another is one of three poles in Metlakatla that stand next to each other. Boxley made the largest one, which stands 30 ft tall, in honour of his grandfather. Other works (1980s–present)
In addition to Totem Poles, <mask> has made many other items, such as bentwood boxes, masks, rattles, prints, panels and paintings. Many of these works are in the collections of galleries, museums and art auctions across the United States and Europe. He has formed a strong relationship with Quintana Galleries in Portland, Oregon, where his work has become a permanent fixture.Many of the items are also in the collection of various world leaders, such as in Germany, the King of Sweden, and the Emperor of Japan. Passing on Knowledge (2010s–present)
<mask> continues to carve today, and in recent years has dedicated efforts to training and teaching younger generations of Tsimshian people his knowledge and techniques. His sons, <mask> and Zachery, have notably followed their father’s line of work and are both successful carvers in their own right. <mask><mask> in particular has garnered his own reputation as a talented carver, and has started making Totem Poles himself. <mask> now works with his sons, stepson and nephew on most of his works. In 2019, <mask> formally took on an apprentice, Dylan Sanidad, through The Washington State Arts Apprenticeship Program, whom he will teach traditional Tsimshian carving. Art style and techniques
Boxley’s works are done in a very traditional manner and he focuses on a uniquely Tsimshian art style.<mask> originally borrowed heavily from different

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Boxley
David
David R
. Boxley
Boxley
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Boxley


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 Pacific North West Coast styles, such as Haida and Tlingit, but in the mid 1980s, his style began to look more explicitly Tsimshian. He has described his style as “Alaskan Tsimshian”- specific to the Alaskan branch of the Tsimshian. For his Totem Poles, he uses old red cedar trees, as they are the trees that his Tsimshian ancestors were surrounded by. However, he has given up some traditional materials for modern ones. An example is using latex paint instead of traditional Tsimshian pigments, such as copper oxide and charcoal mixed with salmon eggs and urine. Despite this, <mask> stresses the importance of keeping everything as traditional and authentic as possible. Revival of Tsimshian culture
Since the 1980s, <mask> has also contributed to the revival of Tsimshian culture as a whole, and his work in this regard has been praised by Tsimshian communities.As a result of his efforts, he was given the title of “culture bearer” by his Tsimshian tribe. He has stated that this title is the greatest honour he has received. His work has also been praised by others outside of the Tsimshian community. Quintana Galleries in Portland said of Boxley: “Not all of the artists [in the museum] were reviving a culture, but he was”. Similarly, the director of the National Museum of the American Indian, Kevin Gover, stated: “<mask> has been instrumental in revitalizing the cultural traditions of carving, song, and dance in his Tsimshian community”. One of <mask>’s revival efforts was restarting the “Potlatch”, a traditional ceremony practiced by indigenous groups in the Pacific North West Coast of the U.S and Canada. In 1982, <mask> lead the first Potlatch in Metlakatla in over a century, also making songs and dances for the event as well as raising a Totem Pole he made.He has since lead other Potlatches across the Pacific Northwest. Another of <mask>’s contributions is the starting and leading of traditional Tsimshian dance groups. The most notable of these is the “Git-Hoan”,

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Boxley
David Boxley
Boxley
Boxley
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 meaning “People of the Salmon”, currently lead by <mask>’s son <mask>. The group has performed across the United States, Canada and Europe, to wide success and acclaim. The Git-Hoan combines traditional Tsimshian song, language and dance, along with masks, costumes and instruments made by Boxley. <mask> is also concerned with authenticity in the Git-Hoan performances, having researched song style, dances, costumes and ornaments using primary material such as a 1913 silent film and a wax audio reel. All of these authentic traditions are therefore showcased to an international audience.The Git Hoan dancers did multiple performances at the Disney Epcot Center, as part of the dedication ceremony for the two poles he raised there in 2017. These performances have been praised for bringing authenticity to the park and showcasing true Native American culture to audiences. It has been one of the few genuine Native American performances at the park since its creation. <mask> is also concerned with the preservation of the Tsimshian language, which has only approximately 70 speakers left in Alaska. He has also played a role regarding this; with he and his son <mask> being involved in Tsimshian language classes. In addition to this, both Boxleys write songs for their Git-Hoan dance group using the traditional Tsimsian language. They consciously do this to expose people to the language.Due to his efforts, Metlakatla has had a strong revival in traditional culture, and younger generations of the Tsimshian tribe have had the chance to be surrounded by traditional Tsimshian culture. References

Sources
 Hoyt-Goldsmith, Diane (1990) Totem Pole. New York: Holiday House. Hoyt-Goldsmith, Diane (1997) Potlatch: A Tsimshian Celebration. New York: Holiday House. External links
<mask>'s Web site

1952 births
Alaska Native people
Artists from Alaska
Living people
Native American woodcarvers
Seattle Pacific University alumni
Totem pole carvers
People from Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area,

masks:
Boxley
David
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David Boxley


texts: <mask>  (born 27 September 1953) is a British politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hackney North and Stoke Newington since 1987. A socialist member of the Labour Party, she served in Jeremy Corbyn’s Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Home Secretary from 2016 to 2020. <mask> is the first black woman elected to Parliament, and the longest-serving black MP in the House of Commons. Born in Paddington, London W2, to a British Jamaican family, <mask> attended Harrow County Grammar School before going up to read History at Newnham College, Cambridge. After joining the Civil Service, she worked as a reporter for Thames Television and TV-am before becoming a press officer for the Greater London Council. Joining Labour, she was elected as a Councillor on Westminster City Council in 1982 and then as an MP in 1987, being returned in every general election since. She was a member of the Labour Party Black Sections, the same as fellow MPs Paul Boateng, Bernie Grant and Keith Vaz, who were also elected in 1987.Critical of Tony Blair's New Labour project which pushed the party to the centre during the 1990s, in the House of Commons <mask> voted against several Blairite policies, including the launching of the Iraq War and the proposed introduction of ID cards. She stood for the Labour Party leadership on a left-wing platform in 2010, losing to Ed Miliband, who appointed her Shadow Minister for Public Health in the Official Opposition frontbench. A supporter of Jeremy Corbyn's bid to become Labour Leader in 2015, <mask> became Shadow Secretary of State for International Development, then Shadow Health Secretary, and eventually Shadow Home Secretary. As a key Corbyn ally, she supported his leftward push of the Labour Party. She unsuccessfully

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 attempted to be the Labour candidate for the 2016 London mayoral election, and backed the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe campaign to retain UK membership of the European Union. After the 2019 general election, <mask> left the Shadow Cabinet. She remains in the House of Commons as a backbencher.Early life and career
<mask> was born to Jamaican parents in Paddington, London, in 1953. Her father worked as a welder and her mother as a nurse. Both of her parents left school at the age of 14. She attended Harrow County School for Girls (a grammar school) and then Newnham College, Cambridge, where she read history, achieving a lower second-class degree (2:2). At Cambridge, she was supervised by Sir Simon Schama. After university, <mask> became an administration trainee (a fast-track route to senior positions in HM Civil Service)  at the Home Office (1976 to 1978), and then a Race Relations Officer at the National Council for Civil Liberties (1978 to 1980). She was a researcher and reporter at Thames Television from 1980 to 1983, and then a researcher at the breakfast television company TV-am from 1983 to 1985.She was a press officer at the Greater London Council under Ken Livingstone from 1985 to 1986, and Head of Press and Public Relations at Lambeth Council from 1986 to 1987. Political career
<mask>'s career in politics began in 1982 when she was elected to Westminster City Council, serving until 1986. In 1983, she was active in the Labour Party Black Sections movement, alongside Bernie Grant, Paul Boateng and Keith Vaz, campaigning for greater African Caribbean and Asian political representation. In 1985, she unsuccessfully fought to be selected in Brent East, losing out to Ken Livingstone. In 1987, <mask> was elected to the House

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texts: of Commons, replacing the deselected serving Labour MP Ernie Roberts as MP for Hackney North & Stoke Newington. She was the first black woman to become an MP. <mask>'s speech on civil liberties, in the debate on the Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008, won The Spectator magazine's "Parliamentary Speech of the Year" award, and further recognition at the 2008 Human Rights awards.A speech by <mask> in a House of Commons debate on the Caribbean is included in Margaret Busby's 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa. <mask> has served on a number of parliamentary committees on social and international issues and held shadow ministerial positions in successive Shadow Cabinets. For most of the 1990s, she also served on the Treasury Select Committee of the House of Commons. She went on to serve on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee. She gave birth to her son in October 1991, one year before the House of Commons introduced a crèche. She did not have maternity leave and was obliged to attend Parliament and vote throughout her pregnancy. Giving birth on a Monday, she was made to work until the Thursday before, and returned to parliament eight days later.<mask> chairs the All-Party Parliamentary British-Caribbean Group and the All-Party Sickle Cell and Thalassemia Group. She is the founder of the London Schools and the Black Child initiative, which aims to raise educational achievement levels amongst black children. In May 2010, <mask> was returned as MP for the constituency of Hackney North and Stoke Newington, with a doubled majority on an increased turn-out. She was again re-elected in 2015 with 62% of the vote. At Goldsmiths' College, on 26 October 2012, a jubilee celebration was held to honour <mask>'s 25 years in parliament, with a series of

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 contributions by Linton Kwesi Johnson, Kadija Sesay, Tunday Akintan and others. 2010 leadership election and frontbench role

On 20 May 2010, <mask> announced her intention to stand in the Labour leadership contest. She secured the necessary 33 nominations by 9 June, assisted by the withdrawal of left-wing candidate John McDonnell and support from David Miliband and Jack Straw, among others.On Saturday, 25 September 2010, Ed Miliband was announced as the new leader of the Labour Party, <mask> having been eliminated in the first round of voting after securing 7.24% of votes. <mask> was later appointed Shadow Minister for Public Health by Ed Miliband, taking shadow responsibility for a range of issues including children's health, maternity services, sexual health, tobacco, nursing, obesity and alcohol abuse. Following her move onto the front bench, the Telegraph said on 27 September 2011 that <mask> had "become one of Labour's best front bench performers". On the issue of abortion, <mask> has become a vocal "pro-choice" supporter, opposing moves towards changing abortion counselling policy, and reducing the abortion time limit. She resigned from a cross-party group on abortion counselling saying it was no more than a front to push forward an anti-abortion agenda without debate in parliament. In 2011, she voted in favour of military intervention in Libya. On 5 February 2013, following the Second Reading, <mask> voted in favour of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill.Removal from the frontbench and 2015 London mayoral election

On 8 October 2013, <mask> was sacked as Shadow Public Health Minister in a reshuffle by Labour leader Ed Miliband, and replaced by Luciana Berger. On 23 June 2014, <mask> had stated she would consider standing in the

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 2016 London mayoral election as Mayor of London. On 30 November 2014, <mask> announced her intention to put herself forward to become Labour's candidate at the London mayoral elections in 2016. She was unsuccessful in her bid for Labour's 2015 London mayoral election nomination. She was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity, take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements. Return to the frontbench
A close ally of Jeremy Corbyn, <mask> was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate him as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015. Following Corbyn's election as Labour leader, <mask> was appointed to the post of Shadow Secretary of State for International Development.On 27 June 2016, after the resignations of many of Labour's ministerial team in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, <mask> was promoted to the position of Shadow Health Secretary. On 6 October 2016, after the resignation of Andy Burnham, <mask> was appointed Shadow Home Secretary. She was sworn of the Privy Council on 15 February 2017. 2017 general election

On 2 May 2017, during that year's general election campaign, Labour's pledge to recruit an extra 10,000 police officers was overshadowed by <mask>'s inability to give accurate funding figures. In an interview on LBC Radio with Nick Ferrari, she repeatedly struggled to explain how the promise would be funded. In the interview, <mask> frequently paused, shuffled her papers and gave out the wrong figures. When asked about her performance, the Labour leader, Jeremy Corbyn, insisted he was not embarrassed by what many pundits called a "car crash" interview.In a further interview

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texts: conducted by ITV on 5 May 2017, as the 2017 local elections results were being announced, <mask> was again unable to give accurate figures on the Labour party's performance suggesting that the party had a net loss of 50 seats. However, her figure was corrected by the interviewer who stated that Labour had in fact lost 125 seats, at which point <mask> said that the last figures she had seen were a net loss of around 100. Appearing on Andrew Marr's Sunday morning programme for the BBC on 28 May, <mask>'s apparent support for the IRA nearly 35 years ago came up, along with some parliamentary votes Marr thought questionable. These included her advocacy of the abolition of "conspiratorial groups" such as MI5 and Special Branch in the late 1980s, both of which she said had been successfully reformed. She defended a vote opposing the proscription of a list of groups, including al-Qaida, on the basis that some of the others had the status of dissidents in their country of origin and <mask> would have voted to ban al-Qaida in isolation. According to Sam Coates in The Times, this appearance was arranged without the consent of Labour's campaign team. On 5 June 2017, during a Sky News interview, <mask> was unable to answer questions about the Harris report on how to protect London from terror attacks.She insisted that she had read the report, but was unable to recall any of the 127 recommendations. When asked if she could remember the specific recommendations, <mask> said: "I think it was an important review and we should act on it." <mask> also denied reports that Corbyn and shadow chancellor John McDonnell were attempting to stop her from making broadcasts. The next day, <mask> withdrew at the last minute – citing illness – from a joint interview


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 on Woman's Hour on 6 June, in which she had been due to face her Conservative frontbench opposite number Amber Rudd. On 7 June, Corbyn announced that <mask> was "not well" and had stepped aside in her role as Shadow Home Secretary. Lyn Brown was temporarily assigned to replace her. Barry Gardiner said in a radio interview on LBC that <mask> had been diagnosed with having a "long-term" medical condition, and was "coming to terms with that".In spite of these controversies, <mask> was re-elected in her seat of Hackney North and Stoke Newington, receiving 75% of the constituency's votes with an increased majority of over 35,000. The following week it became known that <mask> had been diagnosed as suffering from type 2 diabetes in 2015. "During the election campaign, everything went crazy – and the diabetes was out of control, the blood sugar was out of control", she told The Guardian. Dealing with six or seven interviews in a row became problematic because she was not eating enough food, which forced a break upon her; however, the condition is back under control. <mask> returned to the role of Shadow Home Secretary on 18 June. Since 2017
On 2 October 2019, <mask> became the first black MP at the dispatch box at Prime Minister's Questions. She served as a temporary stand-in for the Leader of the Opposition, Jeremy Corbyn, while First Secretary of State Dominic Raab stood in for Prime Minister Boris Johnson.<mask> was a supporter of Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow, and defended him from bullying allegations made by David Leakey. She was re-elected at the snap 2019 general election. On 23 February 2020, <mask> said she would be standing down as Shadow Home Secretary and leaving the frontbench upon the election of a new Labour


texts:
 leader. She stood down on 5 April and was succeeded by Nick Thomas-Symonds. In April 2020, she was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee. In May 2021, she wrote in a Guardian article that if Labour was to lose the Batley and Spen by-election, Starmer should resign as Labour leader. She described the local elections as disappointing for Labour.<mask> criticised the shadow cabinet reshuffle later carried out by Keir Starmer. She told Sophy Ridge on Sky News that his demotion of Angela Rayner was "baffling". Memoirs
<mask>'s memoirs, A Woman Like Me, will be published by Viking in summer 2022, to mark her 35 years in parliament and to tell her story as the first black woman to become an MP. Media work
Until her appointment as a shadow minister in October 2010, <mask> appeared alongside media personality and former Conservative politician Michael Portillo on the BBC's weekly politics digest This Week. <mask> and Portillo have known each other since their schooldays, during which they appeared in joint school productions of Romeo and Juliet (although not in the title roles), and of Macbeth as Lady Macduff and Macduff respectively. In August 2012, the BBC Trust ruled that payments to <mask> for her appearances on This Week were made in breach of BBC guidelines that banned payments to MPs who were representing their political parties. For her part, <mask> had correctly declared the payments in the Parliamentary Register of Members' Interests.The Trust also said that <mask> had appeared on the show too often. <mask> is a frequent public speaker, newspaper contributor and TV performer, appearing on programmes including Have I Got News for You, Celebrity Come Dine with Me and Cash in the Celebrity Attic. <mask> was shortlisted for the

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 Grassroot Diplomat Initiative Award in 2015 for her work on London Schools and the Black Child, and remains in the directory of the Grassroot Diplomat Who's Who publication. Political positions
<mask> has a record of differing from some party policies, voting against the Iraq War, opposing ID cards and campaigning against the renewal of Britain's Trident nuclear weapons. Abortion rights
<mask> supported a number of pro-choice amendments to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill (now Act) (along with Katy Clark MP and John McDonnell MP) – including in 2008 leading on the NC30 Amendment of the Abortion Act 1967: Application to Northern Ireland. Writing for The Guardian, <mask> argued that

When it comes to the right to choose, women in Northern Ireland are second-class citizens. They are denied the NHS treatment and funding for abortion that is permitted to every other woman in the United Kingdom.It was reported that the Labour Government at the time (in particular Harriet Harman) asked MPs not to table these pro-choice amendments (and at least until Third Reading) and then allegedly used parliamentary mechanisms in order to prevent a vote accordingly. Speaking in the debate in Parliament, <mask> criticised these "manoeuvres":

I speak against the programme motion because—and I say this with no pleasure—it and the order of discussion appear to be a shabby manoeuvre by Ministers to stop the full debate of some very important matters. I appreciate that Ministers did not intend this to be a Bill about abortion. I am open to the argument that we should have another piece of legislation that would enable a full debate on most of the matters in relation to abortion that have been raised as amendments and new clauses to the Bill, but there

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 is a special case for debating and voting on the particular new clause that I tabled to extend the 1967 Act to Northern Ireland. Saudi Arabia
<mask> criticised David Cameron's government for its continued support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen. In March 2016, <mask> wrote: "over the past year alone, Britain has sold around £6bn worth of weapons to Saudi Arabia, whose campaign in Yemen is targeting civilians – 191 such attacks have collectively been reported by the UN, HRW and Amnesty." European Union
Abbott voted against the Maastricht Treaty.She also voted against the Lisbon Treaty. <mask> campaigned and supported the Labour Party's official preference for the remain campaign in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. However, in January 2017, <mask> stated that Labour could oppose the bill to trigger Article 50 if Labour's amendments were rejected. She abstained from voting on the second reading of the Brexit Bill, after becoming ill hours before the vote, and later voted in favour at the third and final reading. Israel and Palestine conflict
During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, <mask> spoke at a Free Palestine rally in London condemning the Israeli occupation of Palestine. Windrush scandal
<mask> wrote to Sajid Javid demanding that he publish the figures for people caught up in the Windrush scandal, and also tell how many Commonwealth citizens lost their jobs, became homeless and were prevented from using public services. She wrote that "warm words are not enough", and maintained that transparency was needed to give the Windrush generation confidence ministers have come to grips with what is "clearly a systemic problem at the Home Office.In order to make good on your promise to do


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 right by the Windrush generation and begin to right this historic wrong, you must stop covering up the extent of the Windrush crisis and publish these figures. (...) It is unacceptable and frankly scandalous that the extent of the Windrush crisis is yet to be revealed and that the home secretary is still to publish these figures. As the Windrush scandal shows, the hostile environment inevitably catches our fellow citizens who are legally entitled to be here in its net. The government now needs to stop covering up the true human cost of the hostile environment." In August 2018, <mask> complained that there were still delays in settling Windrush claims, saying: "From the Windrush scandal to immigration detention, to these outrageous delays – it is long past time that the government takes responsibility for leaving people distressed and destitute." Comments about Mao Zedong
In 2008, during a BBC One This Week interview between <mask>, Michael Portillo and Andrew Neil about who was history's worst dictator, <mask> said about the Chinese leader Mao Zedong: "I suppose some people will judge that on balance Mao did more good than harm... He led his country from feudalism, he helped to defeat the Japanese and he left his country on the verge of the great economic success they are having now."She finished by saying: "I was just putting the case for Mao." Political controversies

Education of <mask>'s son
<mask>'s decision in 2003 to send her son to the private City of London School after criticising colleagues for sending their children to selective schools, which she herself described as "indefensible" and "intellectually incoherent", caused controversy and criticism. According to the Daily Mirror, she said: "I'd done a lot of work on how black


texts:
 boys underachieve in secondary schools so I knew what a serious problem it was. I knew what could happen to my son if he was sent to the wrong school and got in with the wrong crowd. I realised they were subjected to peer pressure and when that happens it’s very hard for a mother to save her son. Once a black boy is lost to the world of gangs it's very hard to get them back and I was genuinely very fearful of what could happen." Her son contacted a radio phone-in to say that his mother was following his own wishes: "She's not a hypocrite, she just put what I wanted first instead of what people thought," he told LBC.He added that he had wanted to go private rather than attend a local state school in <mask>'s Hackney constituency. Register of Members' Interests
In 2004, following a complaint made by Conservative MP Andrew Rosindell, <mask> was investigated by the Committee on Standards and Privileges regarding payments she had received from the BBC. The committee found that she had failed to declare earnings of £17,300 in the Register of Members' Interests she had received for appearances on the television programme This Week. The Committee upheld the complaint and required <mask> to apologise to the House. Comments on race
In 1996, <mask> was criticised after she claimed that at her local hospital "blonde, blue-eyed Finnish girls" were unsuitable as nurses because they had "never met a black person before". In response, Marc Wadsworth, founder of the Anti-Racist Alliance, whose mother is Finnish, pointed out that the then-current Miss Finland, Lola Odusoga, was Black, of Nigerian and Finnish descent. "She's a black Finn like me," he said.<mask>'s position was supported by fellow Labour MP Bernie Grant: "Bringing someone here from Finland


texts: who has never seen a black person before and expecting them to have some empathy with black people is nonsense. Scandinavian people don't know black people—they probably don't know how to take their temperature". In 2010, defending her decision to send her son to a private school, she asserted that "West Indian mums will go to the wall for their children", prompting criticism about this perceived slight on white mothers. On 4 January 2012, <mask> tweeted that: "White people love playing 'divide and rule'. We should not play their game", which again led to widespread criticism, including accusations of racism. <mask> later apologised for "any offence caused", claiming that she had not intended to "make generalisations about white people"; she claimed in an interview with Andrew Neil that her tweet was referring to the history of the British Empire. The Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg called her comments a "stupid and crass generalisation".Nadhim Zahawi, Conservative MP, said: "This is racism. If this was a white member of Parliament saying that all black people want to do bad things to us he would have resigned within the hour or been sacked." Members of the public lodged complaints, but the Metropolitan Police stated that no investigation would be launched, and no charges would be brought against her, saying she "did not commit a criminal offence." On 11 May 2020, video evidence surfaced of <mask> making another very similar remark during an online conference call. She said: "We need unity between black, Asian, minority ethnic and Muslim people – we need the maximum public show of unity. Because time after time, in the past 32 years, I’ve seen efforts of people to organise disrupted by white people playing the 'divide and rule' card,

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 and this time we can't allow that to happen." IRA
In May 2017, The Sunday Times reported that <mask> backed the IRA in a 1984 interview with Labour and Ireland, a pro-republican journal.In the 1984 interview, <mask> criticised the Unionist population of Northern Ireland as an "enclave of white supremacist ideology comparable to white settlers in Zimbabwe", and called for their views to be ignored on the question of Unification, adding: "Ireland is our struggle — every defeat of the British state is a victory for all of us. A defeat in Northern Ireland would be a defeat indeed." In May 2017, while Shadow Home Secretary, she was asked by Andrew Marr whether she regretted her comments on the IRA. <mask> replied that "[i]t was 34 years ago and I've moved on". Charging fees for speeches to students
In 2017, <mask> was criticised after it emerged that in 2011, she charged the University of Birmingham £1,750 for a 50-minute speech. An online petition called on <mask> to repay the money to be used for educational purposes. Appearance alongside Chinese human rights abuse denier
In November 2020, <mask> apologised for appearing on a livestream with Li Jingjing, a journalist who works for the Chinese state-owned CGTN, who denied human rights abuses against the Uyghurs and suggested they were a "fiction" cooked up to try and start a "racial war".<mask> failed to challenge these remarks. Sasha Johnson comments
Following the shooting of Sasha Johnson, <mask> tweeted:

Black activist #SashaJohnson in hospital in critical condition after sustaining a gunshot wound to the head. Nobody should have to potentially pay with their life because they stood up for racial justice. The tweet was criticised by a Home Office source who accused <mask> of departing


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 from the facts and for stoking racial tensions after suggesting that the shooting was a racially motivated attack and targeted because of Johnson's activism. <mask> denies the claim the tweet inflamed racial divides. Stop the War Coalition statement
On 24 February 2022, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, <mask> was one of 11 Labour MPs threatened with losing the party whip after they signed a statement by the Stop the War Coalition which questioned the legitimacy of NATO and accused the defensive alliance of "eastward expansion". All 11 MPs subsequently removed their signatures.Online abuse

In a Guardian article in February 2017, <mask> wrote about receiving racist and sexist abuse online every day, such as threats of rape. A few days later, in an interview with Sophy Ridge on Sky News, <mask> proposed a parliamentary inquiry into the sexist and racist abuse of MPs in social media and the way Twitter and Facebook investigate cases which arise. An Amnesty International report found that <mask> was the subject of almost half of all abusive tweets about female MPs on Twitter during the 2017 election campaign, receiving ten times more abuse than any other MP. Personal life
<mask> had a brief relationship with Jeremy Corbyn, who later became the Labour leader, when he was a councillor in north London in the late 1970s. In 1991, she married David P. Ayensu-Thompson, a Ghanaian architect. They had one son together, James (born October 1991 or 1992), before divorcing in 1993. <mask> chose her Conservative MP voting pair, Jonathan Aitken, as her son's godfather.In 2007, <mask> began learning the piano under the tutelage of Paul Roberts, Professor of Piano at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, for the BBC documentary TV


texts:
 programme Play It Again. She performed Frédéric Chopin's Prelude No. 4 in E minor before an audience. In 2015, <mask> was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In July 2019, <mask> called 999 after being "chased around her home" by her son, <mask>-Thompson. In relation to this incident, as well as subsequent incidents away from <mask>'s home, <mask> later pleaded guilty to 12 assaults and racially aggravated criminal damage. In September 2020, an authorised biography of <mask> was released, <mask>: The Authorised Biography, by Robin Bunce and Samara Linton, published by Biteback.In 2020, <mask> was invited to participate in Strictly Come Dancing. Speaking on BBC Radio Four's Today Programme, she said that she refused the invitation, pausing only "for about sixty seconds". Instead, she said that she will continue to do what she has done all of her life, speaking up on human rights, civil liberties, women's rights, and representing the people of Hackney. Written works

References

External links

 <mask> MP. Official constituency website

 "<mask>: You Ask The Questions", The Independent, 8 February 2010. <mask> profile, New Statesman

 Salman Shaheen, "An Interview with <mask>", The Third Estate, 1 September 2010. "<mask> – The first black woman to be elected to the House of Commons", Black History Month, 18 August 2015.|-

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1953 births
20th-century British women politicians
21st-century British women politicians
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
BBC people
Black British MPs

Black British women politicians
Councillors in the City of Westminster
European democratic socialists
English feminists
English people of Jamaican descent
English socialists
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English

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 constituencies
Hackney Members of Parliament
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Left-wing politics in the United Kingdom
Living people
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from Paddington
Shadow Secretaries of State for Health
British socialist feminists
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Women councillors in


texts: <mask> (1865–1947) was a prominent administrator and professor of Classics at the University of Georgia. One of the highlights of his career was his appointment as the first Dean of the newly formed University of Georgia Graduate School in 1910. Much of the present success of graduate programs at the University of Georgia can be traced to his visionary leadership. Throughout his career, <mask> maintained a reputation for excellence in scholarship and leadership. <mask> was, as were many members of the first graduate faculty, a Virginian. He was born in 1865, the son of a prominent Presbyterian clergyman. He attended school in Lexington, Virginia and at the Kemper School (later Kemper Military School) in Boonville, Missouri.<mask> entered Hampden-Sydney College in 1881. He graduated in 1884 with the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Letters. After his graduation from Hampden-Sydney he spent a year at the University of Virginia and obtained diplomas in Latin and Greek. <mask> was a recipient of the now extinct Master of Arts degree from Hampden-Sydney. <mask> spent the year after he left the University of Virginia in Richmond as a school teacher. He was offered the position of professor of Greek at Hampden-Sydney in 1886, a position which he gleefully accepted. Hampden-Sydney president J. D. Eggleston wrote of <mask>: “I doubt whether Hampden-Sydney has ever had a more brilliant teacher than W. H<mask>.He was elected full professor when he was twenty-one.<mask> also attended the University of Berlin in the period 1892-93 and traveled throughout Europe. He was offered the chair of Professor of Ancient Languages at the University of Georgia in 1889. In 1894 separate professorships of Greek and Latin were

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 created. <mask> assumed the professorship of Greek and William Davis Hooper, another Hampden-Sydney graduate, assumed that of Latin. With the formation of the University of Georgia Graduate School in 1910, and <mask>’s appointment as dean, he assumed demanding administrative duties as well as maintaining excellence in teaching. <mask>’s career illustrates the problem with the lack of publications by nineteenth and early twentieth century faculty. <mask> was a talented and assiduous researcher, what he did not have is free time to compile his research.Thomas Walter Reed comments about this problem:
". . . that the inability of the University of Georgia and other Southern institutions to provide enough members of their faculties to make it possible for some members to have time in which to prepare and publish articles and books of great value, has resulted in a loss to American literature of many valuable contributions." This is certainly true of <mask>, although he made regular contributions to journals such as: Studies in Philology, Classical Review, and American Journal of Philology, he was never able to publish any extended work. <mask> developed an interest in international relations as a result of World War I. He was named Lecturer on International Relations by the University of Georgia Board of Trustees in 1931 and was a popular and prolific speaker on this subject. <mask> served as Dean of the Graduate School for eighteen years. In his tenure enrollment rose from twenty-four graduate students in 1913 to over two hundred in 1928.He stepped down in 1928, at the age of sixty-three, because he felt it was time for a younger man to assume the leadership role. He was succeeded by Roswell Powell Stephens of the

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 Mathematics Department. <mask> continued teaching and at his retirement in 1945, had served the University of Georgia for fifty-six years. He was noted as an exacting and systematic scholar. It was this outlook that he brought to the systematization of graduate education at the University of Georgia. <mask> and R. L. McWhorter taught, in 1910, a major graduate course in Greek which consisted of literary selections and exercises in grammar, written and spoken Greek, history, and poetry. The course description points out a problem with early graduate education at the University of Georgia that was common with many other institutions: “studied from sources so far as the library resources of the University permit.” <mask> also taught, by himself, “An Introduction to New Testament Greek.” These classes were in addition to undergraduate teaching and his duties as Dean.The New Testament Greek class was not offered after 1913 and after 1923, <mask> taught the major Greek class by himself. <mask> often decried the declining interest by students in Greek, symptomatic of this is the fact that the 1931-32 Graduate Bulletin notes: “For courses in Greek Literature, consult the professor.”207 After 1931, the Greek Literature class would be transformed into “Introduction of European Literature” which had a prerequisite of three years of college-level Latin. Greek literature was no longer studied in the original language but was now “Greek Literature in Translations.” In a memorial to <mask> in 1948, Robert Preston Brooks wrote:
"Mr. <mask> was an altogether charming companion. Few men were so perennially delightful. The depth and variety of his knowledge of literature, ancient and modern, and of world history and contemporary