texts:
 for diplomats. In December 2009 <mask> criticized Israel's ambassador to the United States Michael Oren for his "most unfortunate" remarks regarding J Street, namely, that they support positions that "impair Israel’s interest" and that they are "fooling around with the lives of 7 million people." This caused the Israeli Embassy in Washington to request clarification from the Obama administration. Alan Solow, one of the earliest Obama supporters and current chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, called this criticism "inappropriate" and "could threaten to limit her effectiveness in the area for which she is actually responsible". Rounding up the response from other political observers, Shmuel Rosner writes in Jerusalem Post that <mask> was "a problematic pick for this job to begin with," is "definitely not smart," and that she became "an unnecessary and unwelcome distraction". In a follow up to the Michael Oren controversy, in an interview to the Jewish Chronicle, <mask> said: "The quote was completely accurate but the headlines were crazy. Then the bloggers picked it up and went nuts."She continued: "I have relationships with some of those who wrote the blogs - we're more than acquaintances. I expect to have a civil discourse. If you have a problem with me, pick up the phone and tell me - don't print it in a newspaper." References

External links
 Voices on Antisemitism Interview with <mask> from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
 Wisconsin Women's Council

1951 births
Living people
Hebrew Union College alumni
Mount Holyoke College alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
United States Department of State officials
Jewish American government officials
21st-century American

masks:
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Hannah Rosenthal


type: original

texts:
M<mask> (March 18, 1936 – May 15, 2021)

 was an American academic. He was the Robert Emory Blackwell Professor of Humanities at Randolph–Macon College in Ashland, Virginia, where he taught, edited, and wrote about Southern literature and culture, American humor and comic art, film and animation, Asian literature, and William Faulkner. Early life
A native of Newport News, Virginia, he received his B.A. degree in English and Spanish from Randolph-Macon in 1959 and his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Vanderbilt University in 1960 and 1964 respectively. Career
Inge taught at Michigan State University and then chaired the English departments at Virginia Commonwealth University and Clemson University. As a senior Fulbright Lecturer, Inge taught at the University of Salamanca in Spain (1967–68), at three institutions in Buenos Aires, Argentina (1971), at Moscow State University in the former Soviet Union (1979), and at Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic (1994).As Resident Scholar in American Studies with the US Information Agency, a part of the State Department, he lectured and did diplomatic work in eighteen countries from 1982 to 1984, earning a commendation for distinguished work in the Soviet Union. <mask> authored or edited over sixty books and has been a pioneer in the development of popular culture as a legitimate field of academic study. He was one of the founders of the Popular Culture Association. His three-volume Handbook of American Popular Culture was cited by the American Library Association as an outstanding reference work in 1979 and has been issued in revised and expanded editions in 1989 and 2002. Publications include William Faulkner: Overlook Illustrated Lives (2006), The Incredible Mr. Poe: Comic

masks:
. Thomas Inge
Inge


texts:
 Book Adaptations of the Works of Edgar Allan Poe (2008), New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, Volume 9: Literature (2008), My Life with Charlie Brown by Charles M. Schulz (2010), and The Dixie Limited: Writers on Faulkner and His Influence (spring 2016). The Society for the Study of Southern Literature gave him the Richard Beale Davis Award for Lifetime Contributions to Southern Letters in 2008. He founded the journal, Resources for American Literary Study, in 1971 and the Southern Studies Forum of the European Association for American Studies in 1995.<mask> was also one of the founders of the American Humor Studies Association and served for four years as Editor of its journal, Studies in American Humor. His work on humor includes editions of Sut Lovingood’s Yarns by Tennessee humorist George Washington Harris (1966, 1967, 1987), the Oxford World Classics edition of <mask>’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1997), and with Ed Piacentino, Southern Frontier Humor: An Anthology (2010). Some of his numerous essays on American humor have been collected in his books Comics as Culture (1990), The Frontier Humorists: Critical Views (1975), and Perspectives on American Culture: Essays on Humor, Literature, and the Popular Arts (1994). The M. Thomas Inge Papers
The M. Thomas Inge Papers (in the Comic Arts Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University) includes magazines, catalogs, fanzines, programs and humor publications. This collection is composed of materials collected by Dr. Inge relating to his academic studies of the comic arts, popular culture, and American literature. The bulk of the collection is dated from the 1950s onward and is made up of many items collected by Inge covering the history of the comic

masks:
Inge
Mark Twain


texts:
 arts. It includes a large collection of published and unpublished materials and ephemera items relating to the comic arts.Manuscripts by <mask> and other writers are also included. The collection contains correspondence with a number of noted artists and writers, including Art Spiegelman, <mask> Walker, Bruce Duncan, and Harold Foster, and comic arts scholars. The collection includes advertisements, fan club materials, posters, art prints, animation cells, comic strip and comic book samples, comic and animation character drinking glasses, numerous buttons, records, and various other collectable items. The collection is highlighted by a very large collection of reference journals including fanzines, newsletters, journals, and numerous other periodicals related to the comic arts. These periodical titles focus on the history and art of comic books and comic strips, cartoonists, comic book and comic strip characters, animation, and other aspects of the comic arts and popular culture. These materials, and the hundreds of comic books and reference books donated by Dr. <mask>, have been incorporated into their own individual collections. Articles
 "Faulkner Reads the Funny Papers".Faulkner & Humor, edited by Doreen Fowler and Ann J. Abadie. University Press of Mississippi, 1986. "Was Krazy Kat Black? The Racial Identity of George Herriman". <mask> notes the 1971 San Francisco Chronicle report that Herriman's birth certificate stated he was "colored" and considers the relevance of this fact to Herriman's life and art. Inks, Volume 3, Number 2, 1996. Books
 Agrarianism in American Literature, Odyssey Press, 1969.Handbook of American Popular Culture, Greenwood Press, 1979 (reprinted in 1990). Bartleby the Inscrutable: A

masks: Inge Mort Inge Inge


texts:
 Collection of Commentary on <mask>'s Tale "Bartleby the Scrivener", editor. Hamden, Conn: Archon Books, 1979. Handbook of American Popular LIterature. Greenwood Press, 1988. Comics as Culture. University Press of Mississippi, 1990.Anything Can Happen in a Comic Strip: Centennial Reflections on an American Art Form. University Press of Mississippi, 1995. References

General references

Dunne, <mask>. “M. <mask>ge: A Smile All Around.”  Pioneers in Popular Culture Studies. Edited by Ray B. Browne and <mask><mask>. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1999.Pages 118-134. <mask>, M. <mask>. “A Pioneer’s Perspective.” The Secret Origins of Comics Studies. Edited by <mask>. Smith and Randy Duncan. New York: Routledge, 2017. Pages 260-261 and passim. Inge, M. <mask>.“Agrarians All! Or Southerners without Masters.”  CrossRoads:  A Southern Culture Annual 2004. Edited by Ted Ownby. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2004. Pages 256-275. <mask>, M. <mask>. “Founding a Journal: Resources for American Literary Study.”  Resources for American Literary Study, 29 (2005): 1-8.Wilson, Leslie. “M<mask> <mask>.”  12 Conversations with American Studies Scholars. Hollywood, CA: Press Americana, 2015. Pages 70–74. External links
 M<mask> <mask>, Agrarianism in American Literature. (Yoeman's Precis)

1936 births
2021 deaths
Randolph–Macon College alumni
Vanderbilt University alumni
Randolph–Macon College faculty
20th-century American historians
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American male writers
American art historians
American non-fiction writers
Agrarianism
American male non-fiction writers
Comics scholars
People from Newport News, Virginia
Historians from

masks:
Herman Melville
Michael
Thomas In
Michael T
. Marsden
Inge
Thomas
Matthew J
Thomas
Inge
Thomas
. Thomas
Inge
. Thomas
Inge


texts:
<mask> (born 17 December 1962) is a Swedish-British rheumatologist, scientist and author, working as a senior lecturer and consultant rheumatologist at the Cardiff University School of Medicine. He has also written non-fiction on topics such as medical anomalies and unsolved murders. In 2003 he told an interviewer, "I've always had a profound interest in history, especially the history of medicine, and a bit of a fancy for the macabre and odd." <mask> is the biographer of a predecessor of Jack the Ripper, the London Monster, who stabbed 50 women in the buttocks, of Edward "the Boy" Jones, who stalked Queen Victoria and stole her underwear, and Greyfriars Bobby, a Scottish terrier who supposedly spent 14 years guarding his master's grave. Career
<mask> attended medical school at Lund University, Sweden, and qualified in 1988. He became a specialist in rheumatology and internal medicine, and defended his PhD thesis in 1996. He was awarded several scholarships to continue his scientific career at the renowned Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology in London.He became a pioneer of the experimental use of adenoviral gene transfer to study intracellular signalling, and investigate the regulation of important cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. In 2000, he was promoted to become senior lecturer and consultant rheumatologist at Cardiff University, doing a mixture of clinical work, teaching and research. Here, his research has concentrated on the role of synovial macrophages in osteoarthritis, and regulation of degradative enzymes in this disease. <mask> has more than a hundred publications in refereed scientific journals, and continuing research grant support from Arthritis Research UK. Writing
<mask> has also written a series of books in the areas of the history of medicine and zoology, and some studies about curious historical episodes. His Cabinet of

masks:
Jan Bondeson
Bondeson
Bondeson
Bondeson
Bondeson


texts: Medical Curiosities was published in 1997. Buried Alive, a historical study of the signs of death and the risk of being prematurely buried by mistake, was supported by a scholarship from the Wellcome Trust.The London Monster tells of a series of stabbings of London women between 1788 and 1790. The Great Pretenders (2003) is a study of historical cases of disputed identity, such as the Lost Dauphin of France, Kaspar Hauser and the Tichborne Claimant. Queen Victoria's Stalker (2010) concerns Edward "the Boy" Jones, a weird teenager who became obsessed with the youthful Queen Victoria and broke into Buckingham Palace to stalk her. After stealing the Queen's underclothes and spying on her in her dressing room, he was captured by government agents and forced to serve in the Royal Navy for more than five years without charge or trial. In 2011, <mask> published Amazing Dogs, a cabinet of canine curiosities exemplifying the cultural history of dogs. The most newsworthy chapter deals with German fascination with allegedly super-intelligent dogs: the so-called 'New Animal Psychology' movement believed that if they were trained to communicate using a sign language, they could become the intellectual equals of their owners. Remarkably, these beliefs were shared by some of the Nazis, who made experiments to create superdogs loyal to the Nazi Herrenvolk.The same year, <mask> published Greyfriars Bobby, the Most Faithful Dog in the World, a thorough biography of Greyfriars Bobby, a Scottish Skye Terrier who supposedly kept vigil over his master's grave for 14 years. Original sources and newly discovered illustrations are employed to reinterpret the story of Greyfriars Bobby and describe the pan-European myth of the "Dog on the Master's Grave" and the many other graveyard or cemetery dogs at large in Victorian times. In 2012, he published Those Amazing

masks: Bondeson Bondeson


texts: Newfoundland Dogs, a full-length cultural history of the Newfoundland breed, with a profusion of old illustrations. In 2013 came The True History of Jack the Ripper, about a 1905 novel about Jack the Ripper written by Guy Logan. The following year, his Murder Houses of London described Central London's archaeology of capital crime, in the shape of houses where notable murders had been committed. In 2015 came two more books on London's murder houses, covering South London and all the suburbs. In February 2016, his Rivals of the Ripper was a full-length study of unsolved murders of women in London during the late Victorian era.The most notable chapter deals with a string of unsolved murders of young girls in the West Ham area in the 1880s and 1890s, raising the possibility that a serial killer had been at work. In August 2016, he published Strange Victoriana, a collection of medical freaks, ghosts, strange animals, mysteries and Forteana from Victorian times, with illustrations from the old periodical Illustrated Police News. In January 2017 he produced The Ripper of Waterloo Road, about the murder of Eliza Grimwood in 1838, suggesting that she was one of four victims of a previously unrecognized early Victorian serial killer. In December 2017 came Victorian Murders, a collection of murder stories with illustrations from the Illustrated Police News, including the Llangibby Massacre of 1878 and the unsolved murder of Ann Reville in Slough in 1881. One notable chapter in the book concerns the 'Maidenhead Mystery' of 1893 and the Dutch serial killer Hendrik de Jong, thought by some at the time to have been Jack the Ripper. In March 2018 he published The Lion Boy and Other Medical Curiosities, his third book of strange and unexpected events in the history of medicine. One chapter concerns Johnny Trunley, an example of extreme obesity in Edwardian times,


texts:
 known as the Fat Boy of Peckham.In July 2018, Phillimore's Edinburgh featured the old postcard artist Reginald Phillimore and his many felicitous paintings of various Edinburgh landmarks in Edwardian times, with a second volume, the 2020 Phillimore's East Lothian, dealing with some of his most superior cards from his own county. In 2020, he also published Murder Houses of Edinburgh, about the 'black plaque' houses of the Scottish capital. In 2021, he published Doctor Poison, the first biography of the murderous American doctor George Henry Lamson based on modern research. For many years, <mask> has been a regular contributor to the Fortean Times, and he also writes for Edinburgh Life, East Lothian Life, Listed Heritage, Journal of the Whitechapel Society and Haunted Magazine, and used to contribute to BBC History and Picture Postcard Monthly magazines, as well as to the now defunct crime magazines True Detective, Dagger and Ripperologist. He also contributes to the Edinburgh Evening News and East Lothian Courier newspapers, among others. Selected works
The Prolific Countess, Stichting oud Loosduinen 1996. Dutch translation.A Cabinet of Medical Curiosities, Cornell UP 1997 / IB Tauris UK paperback 1997 / WW Norton US paperback 1999. Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish and Italian translations. The Feejee Mermaid and Other Essays in Natural and Unnatural History, Cornell UP 1999 / paperback 2014. Spanish and Swedish translations. The Two-Headed Boy and Other Medical Marvels, Cornell UP 2000 / paperback 2004. Chinese translation. The London Monster: A Sanguinary Tale, U Penn Press 2000.Da Capo Press paperback 2002. UK reissue in 2003 by History Press / paperback 2005. Buried Alive: The Terrifying History of Our Most Primal Fear, WW Norton 2001 / paperback 2002. German, Dutch and Spanish translations. The Great Pretenders: The True Stories behind


texts:
 Famous Historical Mysteries, WW Norton 2003 / paperback 2004. Japanese and Portuguese translations. The Pig-faced Lady of Manchester Square [revised UK version of Two-headed Boy], History Press 2004 / paperback as Freaks in 2006.Blood on the Snow: The Killing of Olof Palme, Cornell UP 2005 / paperback 2013. Danish translation. The Cat Orchestra and the Elephant Butler [revised UK version of Feejee Mermaid], History Press 2006 / paperback as Animal Freaks in 2008. Queen Victoria's Stalker: the strange story of the Boy Jones, Amberley Pub & Kent St UP 2010 / UK paperback 2011. Thai translation. Amazing Dogs: A Cabinet of Canine Curiosities, Amberley Pub & Cornell UP 2011 / UK paperback 2013. Italian translation.Greyfriars Bobby, the Most Faithful Dog in the World, Amberley Pub 2011 / paperback 2012. Those Amazing Newfoundland Dogs, CFZ Press 2012. The True History of Jack the Ripper [with Guy Logan], Amberley Pub 2013. Murder Houses of London, Amberley Pub 2014 / paperback 2015. Murder Houses of South London, Troubador Pub 2015 / reissue 2021. Murder Houses of Greater London, Troubador Pub 2015 / reissue 2021. Rivals of the Ripper, History Press 2016 / paperback 2021.Strange Victoriana, Amberley Pub 2016 / paperback 2018. The Ripper of Waterloo Road, History Press 2017. Victorian Murders, Amberley Pub 2017 / reissue 2019. The Lion Boy and Other Medical Curiosities, Amberley Pub 2018. Phillimore's Edinburgh, Amberley Pub 2018. Phillimore's East Lothian, Stenlake Pub 2020. Murder Houses of Edinburgh, Troubador Pub 2020 / reissues 2021 and 2022.Doctor Poison, Troubador Pub 2021. See also
Nazi talking dogs

References

External links
<mask>. Cardiff University School of Medicine

1962 births
Living people
Swedish rheumatologists
British medical writers
Swedish medical writers
Non-fiction crime writers
Academics of Cardiff University
Swedish emigrants to


texts:
<mask> (born 9 September 1988) is an Irish billionaire entrepreneur. He is the co-founder and CEO of Stripe, which he started with his younger brother, John, in 2010. He won the 41st Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition in 2005 at the age of sixteen. In 2020, he founded Fast Grants to accelerate COVID-19-related science with Tyler Cowen. Early life
<mask> was born to microbiologist Lily and engineer <mask> in 1988, and he and his brothers were brought up in the small village of Dromineer in County Tipperary. The eldest of three boys, he took his first computer course when he was eight years old, at the University of Limerick, and began learning computer programming at the age of ten. Collison was educated in Gaelscoil Aonach Urmhumhan, Nenagh, before attending Castletroy College in Castletroy, County Limerick.Career

Young Scientist
Collison entered the 40th Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition with his project on artificial intelligence (nicknamed 'Isaac' after Isaac Newton, whom <mask> admired), finishing as individual runner-up. He re-entered the following year, and won first place at the age of sixteen on 14 January 2005. His project involved the creation of Croma, a LISP-type programming language. His prize of a €3,000 cheque and a trophy of Waterford Crystal was presented to him by President Mary McAleese. His younger brother Tommy participated with his project on blogging in the Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition in 2010. Auctomatic
He attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but eventually dropped out in 2009 after starting businesses. In 2007, he set up software company 'Shuppa' (a play on the Irish word , meaning 'shop') in Limerick with his brother <mask>.Enterprise Ireland did not allocate funding to the company, prompting a move to California after Silicon Valley's Y Combinator showed interest, where they merged with two Oxford graduates, Harjeet and Kulveer Taggar, and the company became Auctomatic. On Good Friday of March 2008, <mask>, aged nineteen, and his brother, aged seventeen, sold Auctomatic to Canadian

masks:
Patrick Collison
Patrick Collison
Denis Collison
Patrick
John Collison
Collison


texts:
 company Live Current Media, becoming millionaires. In May 2008 he became director of engineering at the company's new Vancouver base. Collison attributes the success of his company to his win in the Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition. Other
Both <mask> and his younger brother John were featured on a young Irish persons rich list aired on an RTÉ television show during the 2008 Christmas period. On 18 July 2009, at the age of 20 and following the publication of McCarthy Report, Collison outlined his ideas for the future of Ireland on popular talk-show Saturday Night with Miriam. In 2010, <mask> co-founded Stripe, which in 2011 received investment of $2 million including from PayPal co-founders Elon Musk and Peter Thiel, and venture capital firms Sequoia Capital, Andreessen Horowitz, and SV Angel.In November 2016, the <mask> brothers became the world's youngest self-made billionaires, worth at least $1.1 billion, after an investment in Stripe from CapitalG and General Catalyst Partners valued the company at $9.2 billion. According to Collison, he reads books and is interested in a broad range of subjects on history, technology, engineering, fiction, philosophy, and art. He publishes the list of books he read on his website. In November 2018, Collison published a piece in The Atlantic with Michael Nielsen entitled Science is Getting Less Bang for its Buck, arguing that increased investment in science hasn't produced commensurate output. In 2019, Collison published an opinion piece in the same outlet with Tyler Cowen arguing for a new academic discipline called "Progress Studies", which would study the cultural and institutional conditions which lead to the most progress and higher standards of living. In 2018, Stripe, under the direction of the <mask> brothers, contributed $1 million to California YIMBY, a pro-housing development lobbying organization. On 29 June 2020 Collison criticized the Chinese governments treatment of Uighurs tweeting: "As a US business (and tech) community, I think we should be significantly clearer about our horror at,

masks: Collison Patrick Collison Collison


texts:
 and opposition to, the atrocities being committed by the Chinese government against its own people".<mask> lives in San Francisco, California. The brothers were worth at least $3.2 billion each after Stripe raised $150 million from CapitalG, an investment division of Google parent's company Alphabet, and General Catalyst Partners. In September 2019, it was announced that Stripe had raised an additional $250 million at a valuation of $35 billion. Together, the brothers hold a controlling interest in Stripe and will be able to retain control should the company go public. Forbes article
A profile of the brothers published in Forbes in 2021 claimed the brothers had "escaped" from Limerick, describing it as a "warzone" because of a gang feud and it was "the 'murder capital' of Europe". It claimed "shootings, pipe bomb attacks, and stabbings" happened there every night. It also claimed that "Some bad neighbourhoods are even walled off by a dirty graffitied 10-foot-high barrier, like the Berlin Wall".The article received a lot of publicity online, causing a backlash. <mask> tweeted "Not only mistaken about Limerick but the idea of ‘overcoming’ anything is crazy. We are who we are because we grew up where we did". John tweeted it was "daft". <mask>'Donovan called on the magazine and author to apologise to the people of Limerick "or the insult and hurt caused" by it. He also tweeted "I am calling on them to come to Limerick where I will gladly set the record straight in respect of what our county and city has to offer as opposed to what your work of fiction depicts," and "Please let me know when suits to visit." Niall Collins tweeted that the article was a "disgraceful description of Limerick, home to so many fine and decent people".The article was removed from the website on 9 April 2021. References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Irish billionaires
Irish computer programmers
Irish scientists
People educated at Castletroy College
People from County Limerick
Y Combinator people
Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition
21st-century Irish

masks:
Collison
Patrick
Patrick O


texts:
<mask><mask> (born January 19, 1959) is an American author, historian, policy analyst and columnist whose work concentrates on U.S. foreign policy. Currently, he is the Professor of International and Public Affairs at School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University. He is perhaps best known for his award-winning 2004 book Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle, published through Princeton University Press. He also has worked in groups under Generals Stanley McChrystal and David Petraeus forming U.S. counter-insurgency policy. Background

Education and early career
<mask> was born and raised in Wilmington, Delaware, the son of Robert D. and Blanche V<mask>. His parents frequently discussed politics, and they welcomed his input. <mask> later remarked that such debates took place "from almost as far back as I can remember" and that his father expressly encouraged him to think for himself.<mask> spent a lot of his childhood reading about military history and foreign affairs. <mask> worked in internships in Washington D.C. that involved studying U.S. defense policy, but he remained skeptical as to whether he could (as he later put it) "actually make a living and pay the rent and eat regularly while doing this." <mask> earned a Bachelor's Degree in Fine Arts from Harvard, which had mostly involved reviewing art history, in 1981. His first job after earning his degree was at a public policy think tank in the Washington, D.C. area that worked with the Office of the Secretary of Defense. He went on to operate 400,000-line Fortran models of combat scenarios outcomes between the Warsaw Pact and NATO from 1981 to 1983. <mask>'s suspicions about the model's accuracy and about Defense Department statistical planning in general would later inspire the material in his first book, Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle. <mask> earned a Master's Degree in 1985 and then a Doctor of Philosophy in 1992, both of those degrees coming

masks:
Stephen D
. Biddle
Biddle
. Biddle
Biddle
Biddle
Biddle
Biddle
Biddle
Biddle


texts:
 from Harvard and both focusing on American public policy.He later joked, "I got to know every bad restaurant in Harvard Square very well by the time I was done!" <mask> felt particularly inspired by mentor professors Albert Carnesale and Michael Nacht, political science experts who have since moved to U.C. Berkeley. Later career
<mask> served as Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at the George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs before joining the faculty of School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University in 2018. He joined the faculty there in August 2012, after serving as the Roger Hertog Senior Fellow for Defense Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), which he joined in January 2006. He retains an affiliation with the Council as Adjunct Senior Fellow for Defense Policy. He formerly worked as an associate professor and Elihu Root chair of military studies at the U.S. Army War College's Strategic Studies Institute.His popular interest writings have appeared in multiple publications such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, The Boston Globe, The International Herald Tribune, and The Guardian. <mask>'s career has also included research and teaching posts at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (BCSIA), and Harvard's Kennedy School of Government's Office of National Security Programs. He published Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle through Princeton University Press in 2004. The book has won multiple writing awards including CFR's Arthur Ross Award Silver Medal for 2005 and the 2005 Huntington Prize from the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies. <mask> received the U.S. Army Superior Civilian Service Medal in 2003 and again in 2006. He received the U.S. Army Commander's Award for Public Service in 2007 as well. Within the U.S.

masks: Biddle Biddle Biddle Biddle


texts:
 military, he served on General Stanley McChrystal's Initial Strategic Assessment Team in Kabul in 2009, on General David Petraeus's Joint Strategic Assessment Team in Baghdad in 2007, and as a senior adviser to General Petraeus's Central Command Assessment Team in Washington in 2008–2009.Beliefs
<mask> stated in 2006 that the George W. Bush administration did not do "an adequate job" of establishing a grand strategy for the war on terror with specific aims and specifically defined enemies. He criticized the administration's approach as "quite vague". He called the Bush doctrine of 'rollback', in which the U.S. tries to end the root cause of terrorism by replacing failing autocracies in the Arab world with democracies, "a very demanding program" but a legitimate, if costly and risky, view. He also remarked in 2006 that the War in Afghanistan had progressively grown more difficult for American forces since, at first, they fought untrained, amateur Taliban-related militants. Yet later on, according to <mask>, American forces began fighting well-trained foreign agents such as al-Qaeda operatives that incorporate Western-style infantry tactics. <mask> referred to the Afghan war in mid-2009 as "perhaps the most controversial and divisive issue in U.S. defense policy". <mask> has argued generally about the U.S. military and its history,

He has stated about U.S. power and prestige,

See also
 Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
 Max Boot

References

External links

American columnists
American democracy activists
American foreign policy writers
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
Living people
Elliott School of International Affairs faculty
George Washington University faculty
The New York Times columnists
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
The Wall Street Journal people
1959 births
Harvard University alumni
United States Army War College faculty
Columbia University faculty
Columbia School of International and Public Affairs


texts:
<mask> (; born 13 October 1953) is a New Zealand professor of law and philosophy. He holds a University Professorship at the New York University School of Law, is affiliated with the New York University Department of Philosophy, and was formerly the Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at All Souls College, Oxford University. <mask> also holds an adjunct professorship at Victoria University of Wellington. <mask> is regarded as one of the world's leading legal and political philosophers. Early life and education
<mask> attended Southland Boys' High School, and then went on to study at the University of Otago, New Zealand, where he graduated with a B.A. in 1974 and an LL.B. in 1978.He later studied for a D.Phil. at Lincoln College, Oxford under legal philosopher Ronald Dworkin and political theorist Alan Ryan; Waldron graduated in 1986. Career
He also taught legal and political philosophy at Otago (1975–78), Lincoln College, Oxford (1980–82), the University of Edinburgh, Scotland (1983–87), the Jurisprudence and Social Policy Program at Berkeley Law (1986–96), Princeton University (1996–97), and Columbia Law School (1997–2006). He has also been a visiting professor at Cornell (1989–90), Otago (1991–92) and Columbia (1995) Universities. Currently at NYU he teaches Rule of Law, Jurisprudence, seminars on Property and Human Dignity and regularly hosts the Colloquium on Legal, Social and Political Philosophy, founded by Ronald Dworkin and Thomas Nagel in 1987, and currently convened by Liam Murphy, Samuel Scheffler, and <mask>. <mask> gave the second series of Seeley Lectures at Cambridge

masks:
Jeremy Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron


texts:
 University in 1996, the 1999 Carlyle Lectures at Oxford, the spring 2000 University Lecture at Columbia Law School, the Wesson Lectures at Stanford University in 2004, the Storrs Lectures at Yale Law School in 2007, and the Gifford Lectures at the University of Edinburgh in 2015. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1998.In 2005, <mask> received an honorary doctorate from the University of Otago, his alma mater. <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2015. In 2019 a Professorial Chair in Jurisprudence was created in his name at the University of Otago. Legal and philosophical views
<mask> is a liberal and a normative legal positivist. He has written extensively on the analysis and justification of private property and on the political and legal philosophy of John Locke. He is an outspoken opponent of judicial review and of torture, both of which he believes to be in tension with democratic principles. He believes that hate speech should not be protected by the First Amendment.His later work is devoted to providing a non-religious and non-Kantian concept of human dignity, based on a thought experiment of leveling up all human beings to the high rank of nobility or aristocracy, thus constituting a single rank or caste. He has been working on this topic since he gave the Tanner Lectures on the subject in 2009, published in 2012 as Dignity, Rank and Rights. <mask> has also criticised analytic legal philosophy for its failure to engage with the questions addressed by political theory. Criticism of judicial review
Sandrine Baume has identified <mask> and Bruce

masks:
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Waldron
Jeremy Waldron


texts: Ackerman as leading critics of the "compatibility of judicial review with the very principles of democracy". Baume identified John Hart Ely alongside Dworkin as the foremost defenders of this principle in recent years, while the opposition to this principle of "compatibility" were identified as Bruce Ackerman and <mask>. In contrast to <mask> and Ackerman, Dworkin was a long-time advocate of a moral reading of the United States Constitution, whose lines of support he sees as strongly associated with enhanced versions of judicial review in the federal government. A staunch defender of the principle of democratic legislation, in an article titled "The Core of the Case against Judicial Review", <mask> has argued for a limited role for judicial review in a robust democratic government.<mask> asserts that there is no inherent advantage to a judiciary's protection of rights than to a legislature's if (1) there is a broadly democratic political system with appropriate suffrage and process, (2) there is a system of courts somewhat insulated from popular pressure and engaged in judicial review, there is a general commitment to rights, and there is disagreement as to the content and extent of rights. Even so, <mask> does not argue against the existence of judicial review, which may be appropriate when there is institutional dysfunction. In this case, the defense of judicial review compatible with democracy is limited to remedies for that dysfunction and are neither unlimited nor universal. Thus <mask> places his view of judicial review in the tradition of Justice Harlan Fiske Stone. Affinity with judicial


texts:
 minimalism
In a review of a 2015 book by Cass Sunstein, <mask> has stated that between the polarity represented by judges who can be "heroic" in the interpretation of their judgments and those who abstain, that his preference would be sympathetic to a position which could be described as "judicial minimalism". <mask> states his examples of such judges as including Sandra O'Connor, Ruth Ginsburg, and Felix Frankfurter. Publications
Books
 1984.Theories of Rights, edited vol. 1988. The Right to Private Property. ,
 1988. Nonsense Upon Stilts: Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Man, edited vol. 1990. The Law: Theory and Practice in British Politics.1993. Liberal Rights: Collected Papers 1981–91. 1999. The Dignity of Legislation, Seeley Lectures. ,  (Portuguese translation)
 1999. Law and Disagreement. 2002.God, Locke and Equality. 2010. Torture, Terror, and Trade-Offs: Philosophy for the White House. 2012. The Harm in Hate Speech, Oliver Wendell Holmes Lectures. 2012. "Partly Laws Common To All Mankind": Foreign Law in American Courts.2012. The Rule of Law and the Measure of Property, Hamlyn Lectures. 2012. Dignity, Rank and Rights (Meir Dan Cohen: editor), Oxford University Press. 2016. Political Political Theory, Harvard University Press. 2017.One Another's Equals: The Basis of Human Equality, Harvard University Press. Articles
 2001, "Normative (or Ethical) Positivism" in Jules Coleman (ed. ), Hart's Postscript: Essays on the Postscript to The Concept of Law. New York: Oxford University Press. 2003, "Who is my Neighbor? : Humanity and Proximity," The Monist 86. 2004, "Settlement, Return, and the

masks: Waldron Waldron


texts:
 Supersession Thesis," Theoretical Inquiries in Law 5.2004, "Terrorism and the Uses of Terror". The Journal of Ethics, Vol. 8, No. 1, Terrorism (2004) pp. 5–35. 2005, "Torture and Positive Law: Jurisprudence for the White House," Columbia Law Review 105. 2006, "The Core of the Case Against Judicial Review," Yale Law Journal 115.2009, "Dignity and Defamation: The Visibility of Hate" ". 2009 Oliver Wendell Holmes Lectures. 2012, "Bicameralism and the Separation of Powers," Current Legal Problems 31. References

External links

 NYU Law Faculty Profile. NYU's Big Raid New York Observer, 13 March 2006 (on <mask>'s appointment at NYU). Debate with John Yoo on torture. Waldron archive from The New York Review of Books
 "NYU's <mask> to Take Up Chichele Chair at Oxford on Half-Time Basis" Leiter Reports, 17 December 2009.1953 births
Living people
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
Christian philosophers
New York University faculty
New Zealand expatriates in the United States
New Zealand lawyers
New Zealand philosophers
New Zealand political philosophers
People educated at Southland Boys' High School
Philosophers of law
Political philosophers
Oceanian social liberals
Chichele Professors of Social and Political Theory
University of Otago alumni
20th-century philosophers
21st-century philosophers
20th-century New Zealand writers
20th-century New Zealand male writers
20th-century male writers
21st-century New Zealand writers
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Legal scholars of the University of Oxford
New York University School of Law faculty
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Columbia Law School


texts:
Daniel Dewan Sewell (born March 16, 1981), known professionally as <mask>, is an American rapper and comedian. He has been described by MTV as "one of rap's most unique figures in recent memory". In 2010, after amassing several mixtapes, <mask> released his debut studio album, The Hybrid. <mask> began to gain major recognition after the release of his second studio album, XXX, which received critical acclaim and earned him such accolades as Spin, as well as Metro Times "Artist of the Year". In 2013, he entered a US Billboard chart, with the release of his third studio album, Old, which reached number 18 on the US Billboard 200 chart and spawned three singles, "Dip", "25 Bucks" and "Smokin & Drinkin”, which peaked at number 31 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop songs chart. His fourth studio album, Atrocity Exhibition, was released on September 27, 2016, and his fifth studio album, U Know What I'm Sayin?, was released on October 4, 2019, both albums being received with further critical acclaim. Early life
Sewell was born in Detroit, Michigan on March 16, 1981.At the time, his mother was 18 and his father was 16. His father is half Filipino. <mask>'s talent for rhyming came at a very young age, as his mother would read Dr. Seuss books to him as a child; when he began to speak, he would talk in rhyme. His father was a house DJ who exposed <mask> to all the music he would spin, as well as music from the likes of Roy Ayers, LL Cool J, Esham, and A Tribe Called Quest. For as long as he could remember, <mask> had always wanted to be a rapper: "In kindergarten I'd say I wanted to be a rapper

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texts: and people'd just laugh at me. 'That's a pretty funny job,' they'd say." His young parents did their best to shelter him from the Detroit street crime and gang life: "My parents ain't really want me out the house.They did as much as they possibly could to keep me in the house with whatever the newest video game was. But you know you can only keep a kid in for so long. Plus that had me sheltered, so once I did get away I used to disappear for like four days." His two grandmothers helped provide for his family. His maternal grandmother worked for Chrysler, and she bought four to five houses: "To this day we still got those houses. She owns three houses in a row on that block. She raised her three children and a host of others in the middle house; the one to the left she paid cash for in the '90s from her long time neighbor; and the one on the right was her parents' home that she inherited when they died."She also owned two other homes on the east side of Detroit, one in which <mask> was raised. The fifth house, also located on the east side, was occupied by his aunt and her family: "I used to get beat up all the time. I had nobody over there and I'm the oldest with two brothers and a younger sister. And I'm kind of not really gangster like that," <mask> said in a 2012 interview. Originally from the Dexter-Linwood way of Detroit, <mask> later moved to Hamtramck. He heavily associates with Detroit in his music. At age 18, <mask> became a drug dealer: "Once I got above a certain age, all that parent shit stopped.My mom and my pops split up. Once my pops left, I was the man of

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texts: the house. I always told myself I was going to be a rapper my whole life. I was selling drugs since that's what all my friends were doing. And it was kind of like something to rap about maybe." Although his intentions were to stop once he got in trouble with the law, <mask> was already too accustomed to the lifestyle: "I always told myself once I got my first [legal] case I was gonna stop. Then I got my first case, but I didn't stop.I got distribution and manufacturing and possession with intent to distribute. I was 19." His run-ins with the law didn't stop there: "I caught my second case loitering with some weed, but it violated my probation but I ran and I didn't go to court. I just ran for like at least five years. But once I got caught I had to do eight months. When I violated my probation, I got my second case and I was scared. I had warrants so I couldn't really slang like that cause I didn't wanna go to jail.I was broke in the hood. I had nothing else, so I just started going back to studying music and trying to become a rapper." After he did his time, <mask> began to take his passion seriously and turn it into a career: "I got out of jail in '07. I took it serious from that time but it took a lot of shit to happen in my life to get me confident to know I could do it. I had more confidence when I got out of jail because the day when I got out of jail I started selling weed. I ain't had no money after the first two months, like, 'I was way better off in jail.' By then I was already making my New York trips and going to recording studios so I was already serious when

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 I got locked up.When I got out it was like, 'It's now or never.'" <mask> and Dopehead. In 2003, the trio independently released an album titled Runispokets-N-Dumpemindariva under Ren-A-Sance Entertainment and F.B.C. Records. In the summer of 2003, the group received mild rotation on Detroit radio stations with their lead single, "Yes". After growing up on hip hop and tuning his rhyming skills in the city, <mask> landed the attention of Roc-A-Fella Records A&R Travis Cummings, who flew <mask> out to New York City, where he began recording in other artists' studios. After a lack of success with Roc-A-Fella, <mask> returned to Detroit and eventually linked up with Detroit-based producer Nick Speed.Career

2010: The Hybrid

In 2010, <mask> befriended fellow American rapper Tony Yayo of G-Unit, and together they recorded their collaborative effort, Hawaiian Snow (2010). The G-Unit association led many to wonder if <mask> would eventually sign with 50 Cent's G-Unit Records. But <mask>, who favors fitted jeans and a vintage rock-inspired wardrobe, didn't fit with G-Unit's image: "It was a real thing. 50 was with it; he just didn't sign me because of my jeans. He liked the music, but he didn't like the way I looked," <mask> told MTV. "I understand where they were coming from with that, but you gotta understand where I'm coming from too: I'm from Detroit." After recording and releasing four volumes of his Detroit State of Mind mixtape series and other free self-released mixtapes, <mask> released his first solo studio album, The Hybrid (2010), on Washington, DC-based indie record

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 label Rappers I Know.It was this album where <mask> began to use his trademark high-pitched voice: "The first song that I ever rapped [with the high-pitched voice] was 'The Hybrid,' that's why we called it 'The Hybrid.' I think that was [when I found my voice]. That was the statement that I can rap and I can do every style of rap." The album came to fruition after he had written the aforementioned song: "The Hybrid started out because I started working with Hex Murder. Hex was managing me at the time and I had started recording in Black Milk's studio. We were working on a project and I had come up with the song 'The Hybrid,' so that gave me my whole intent on what I wanted to do with my next project. I started writing a new album and that's the album that I wrote.Then I hooked up with my homie Magnetic and he would just look out for me and gave me free studio time—so I would go record from 3 in the morning til 6 in the morning, because we were using the free time when nobody was there. Then I hooked up with Frank from Rappers I Know. I liked what he was doing with his blog. He looked out for me and helped me out a lot and then we put it out and the rest is history." 2011–12: XXX

On March 15, 2011, it was revealed <mask> had signed to Brooklyn-based indie record label Fool's Gold Records: "My manager [Emeka Obi] asked me who I wanted to sign to and I said there's two labels I want to sign to: XL or Fool's Gold. He knew [people at] Fool's Gold. He saw Nick Catchdubs in a burrito spot, asked him about it, and Nick said he'd get back to him.Q-Tip and A-Trak went and ate


texts: lunch around last March. A-Trak told Q-Tip he was thinking about signing me and Q-Tip told him to do it. A-Trak called me and signed me. I met Q-Tip but I know Ali Shaheed more. Ali Shaheed is kind of like a mentor to me. Around the time of The Hybrid, I met him through Frank from Rappers I Know and he just started showing me love. We talk on the phone a lot."Signing to Fool's Gold Records proved to be <mask>'s biggest commercial and critical move. The label would go on to release his second studio album, XXX, as a free download. It received numerous critical accolades, including being named the best hip hop album of the year by Spin. Pitchfork gave his album an 8.2 out of 10, saying, "If XXX was nothing but debauchery and desperation, it would quickly devolve into an endless slog. Thankfully, <mask> is also hilariously funny, an endlessly inventive rapper driven to cook up outrageous variations on standard rap boasts." The publication later named XXX the 19th best album of 2011. XXX was also named the 6th-best album of 2011 by Passion of the Weiss, which called it "an uncomfortably honest self-portrait made even more remarkable by the fact that <mask> is alive to tell the story."On November 1, 2011, <mask> released his collaborative effort with American record producer Black Milk; an extended play (EP) appropriately titled Black and Brown!. On November 28, 2011, <mask> released the music video for the XXX-cut, "Blunt After Blunt." The video was directed by fellow American rapper ASAP Rocky, who also made a cameo appearance. In the wake of his success with XXX, <mask>

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 began touring with Childish Gambino in March 2012. On March 13, 2012, <mask>hay-produced track "Radio Song" from XXX. The video was directed by Alex/2tone. In 2012, <mask> was featured on the cover of XXL as part of its annual "Top 10 Freshmen list" along with fellow then-up-and-coming rappers Hopsin, French Montana, MGK, Iggy Azalea and Roscoe Dash, among others.The Fader enlisted both Kendrick Lamar and <mask> to cover the front pages of its 2012 Spring Style issue. In a January 2012 interview, singer Jennifer Herrema revealed that <mask> would be featured on the second album by Australian electronic music group The Avalanches. Later in the year, <mask> confirmed that he was working with The Avalanches on a song titled "Frankie Sinatra." On <mask>'s official website, he confirmed that he would be performing at the 13th Annual Gathering of the Juggalos. <mask> signed a partnership deal with Adidas Originals, which is <mask>'s latest sportswear. 2012–14: Old

In February 2012, <mask> was featured first on the cover of the publication The Fader, in its 78th issue. On March 22, 2012, <mask> teamed up with Scion A/V to release a new song titled "Grown Up."The music video for "Grown Up," later released on August 20, was also presented by Scion A/V. In August 2012, it was rumored that <mask> was working on a new album titled <mask>, to be entirely produced by Johnson&Jonson (Blu and Mainframe), but <mask> later denied these rumors and confirmed that the album had already been released for free in 2010, under the title It's a Art. In August, <mask> also performed at the 13th

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texts: annual Gathering of the Juggalos. In September, <mask> teamed up with Scion A/V once again to release the debut project of his rap group Bruiser Brigade (a hip hop collective featuring <mask>, Chips, Dopehead, Trpl Blk, ZelooperZ and in-house producer SKYWLKR). The project was a four-track extended play (EP) eponymously titled Bruiser Brigade. In October 2012, <mask> was featured on the soundtrack to the film The Man with the Iron Fists on a track titled "Tick, Tock," alongside fellow American rappers Raekwon, Joell Ortiz and Pusha T. On October 24, 2012, <mask> released the music video for a song titled "Witit," taken from the deluxe edition of XXX and his OD EP; later that day after Complex kept referring to his next album as <mask>, <mask> took to Twitter to reveal the correct tentative title to be ODB. From September to November, <mask> appeared alongside Schoolboy Q and ASAP Mob as supporting acts for ASAP Rocky's 40-date national Long.Live. ASAP Tour. In December 2012, <mask> announced ODB had been completed. He explained that the album won't be as consistently humorous as XXX but said people will be surprised with the outcome: "The new album is done. We're pretty much just figuring out a way of presenting the right way to get released…the title of the album for now is ODB. I can't really elaborate on what that means until the album comes out, and then they'll get it. I don't want to give too much because then it'll be a much more rewarding listen for my fans."He continued, "It's a rewarding listen when I listen to it. I don't know if I laugh as much - I think I

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texts: laugh when it's over with, and that's the difference between this album and XXX. With XXX, you laugh throughout it, and by the time it was over with, you were like, 'Oh that wasn't too funny.' This one, when it's over, you're laughing hysterically…it's not necessarily what's being said on the album, but the album [itself], like, 'I can't believe he made this.'" Rolling Stone magazine named <mask>'s single "Grown Up", the 41st-best song of 2012. In a December 2012 interview with Pitchfork, <mask> revealed the album would actually be titled Old. The album, released under Fool's Gold, was released to music retailers, unlike any of his previous releases.The album includes contributions from ASAP Rocky, Schoolboy Q, Ab-Soul, Kitty and Purity Ring, the latter of whom are contributing production, along with a hook from vocalist Megan James. In January 2013, it was announced that <mask> would be performing at the 2013 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. In the summer of 2012, Kathy Griffin invited <mask> and ASAP Rocky to appear on the Valentine's Day episode of her talk show Kathy. On February 14, <mask> appeared alongside ASAP Rocky and Russell Brand, on Griffin's late-night talk show where they played a dice game called "Suck breast? Kiss stomach?" and discussed the possibility of having children. On March 1, 2013, <mask> and American record producer Baauer, announced their upcoming "Worst of Both Worlds" Tour.For the trek, the Fool's Gold signees started off in Houston, Texas on April 9 at Fitzgerald's. The brief tour, which only hit the West Coast, made stops in Austin,

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texts: Texas, Tucson, Arizona and San Francisco, California. They played both weekends of the Coachella Music and Arts Festival, wrapping up the tour on the second weekend (April 20). On March 8, <mask> announced another tour in promotion for his upcoming album, the "Old & Reckless" Tour, featuring American female rapper Kitty. For his first-ever headlining tour, <mask> began at SXSW on March 15 with a pair of shows. After completing his "Worst of Both Worlds" trek with Baauer, Kitty joined him for stops in St. Louis, Missouri, Ann Arbor, Michigan, New York City, New York and Madison, Wisconsin. The tour concluded at Indianapolis, Indiana's Deluxe on May 14.In March, <mask> also won his first award ever at the 2013 Woodie Awards, winning in the "Best Video" category for "Grown Up." On March 18, 2013, <mask> revealed in a Twitter post that Old would be released around the time XXX came out, which was mid August. On March 23, it was announced <mask>m, The Alchemist, Blink-182 and most recently Action Bronson, who has previously collaborated with <mask>. On May 3, <mask> announced through Twitter that Old would feature guest appearances from Freddie Gibbs, Schoolboy Q, Mr. MFN eXquire, Scrufizzer, ASAP Rocky, Ab-Soul, Charli XCX and Purity Ring. He also said the production on the album was handled by Paul White, Oh No, Rustie, Skywlkr, A-Trak, Darq E Freaker and Frank Dukes. After an unfinished version leaked earlier in the year, <mask> visited Tim Westwood on BBC Radio 1xtra in June 2013 to premiere the official version of "Kush Coma," a song featuring ASAP Rocky taken from the Old

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texts: album. On July 23, <mask> was featured rapping alongside Insane Clown Posse in the music video for their song "When I'm Clownin'."On August 12, <mask> said on Twitter that he felt less than a priority at Fool's Gold Records: "Man #OLD fuck around and never come out ... Smh," tweeted <mask>, referring to his forthcoming album Old. <mask> then threatened to leak the album himself: "I'm a fuck around and leak that shit myself if niggas don't get it together." Subsequently, Fool's Gold Records founder A-Trak, announced that Old was indeed in the label pipeline, with a music video on the way. On August 26, 2013, <mask> announced via Twitter that Old would be released on September 30, 2013. Old debuted at number 17 on the US Billboard 200, selling 15,000 copies in its first week of release. On October 3, 2013, <mask> and A-Trak announced their "Double Trouble" tour. In November 2013, <mask> was featured in the interactive music video for American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan's 1965 hit single "Like a Rolling Stone."In January 2014, <mask> guest starred in the Fox animated TV series Lucas Bros. Moving Co., voicing a character named Jumanji in the first-season episode "A/C Tundra." <mask>'s song "Witit" was also featured in the episode. On January 22, 2014, <mask> made his network television debut with a special performance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. Joined by Purity Ring vocalist Megan James, <mask> performed "25 Bucks," a track off Old. In April 2014, Hot Soup, one of <mask>'s early mixtapes, was re-released as a double LP and 7-inch with 7 bonus tracks for Record Store Day. It was

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texts:
 also released on CD with a bonus disc of instrumentals. Along with Hot Soup, <mask> also released Old as a double LP and a box set.On March 25, 2014, <mask> appeared The Arsenio Hall Show, where he promoted his third album Old and performed the single "Dip" from the album. On July 10, 2014, <mask> opened for Macklemore & Ryan Lewis in front of 37,500 people in Marlay Park, Dublin. On July 11 and 12, <mask> opened in front of 100,000 fans for Eminem's sold-out concert at Wembley Stadium in London. In November 2014, <mask> appeared on the song "Detroit vs. Everybody" alongside fellow Detroit-based rappers Eminem, Royce Da 5'9", Trick-Trick, Dej Loaf and Big Sean, from the Shady Records compilation album Shady XV. 2014–2016: Atrocity Exhibition

 In October 2014, <mask> announced he was working on a new album. In January 2015, <mask> announced he was working on a Dr. Seuss-inspired children's book, written for his 13-year-old daughter: "It's really about self-esteem in black girls," the rapper told radio station Triple J during his Australian tour. "You know how black women do so much – process their hair, change their eye color?It's really about a little girl who does all these things to herself and changes herself, and she realizes she's just better off the way she is." In April 2015, when asked if his album was done, <mask> responded: "Almost. I took a break from it cause I'm so ahead of schedule with it knowing it ain't coming out no time soon". In 2015, <mask> became the lead artist on the theme song for the ABC comedy series Fresh Off the Boat. On June 10, 2016, <mask>

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 revealed on Instagram that he was "putting the final touches" on his fourth album. On June 14, <mask> announced his signing to Warp Records and released the first official single from his upcoming album, titled "When It Rain". On July 17, <mask> stated his new album would be titled Atrocity Exhibition, taking inspiration from the Joy Division song.In August 2016, <mask> appeared on The Eric Andre Show, alongside ASAP Rocky, Nocando, Open Mike Eagle, and Go Dreamer, in a segment titled “Rapper Warrior Ninja. His album Atrocity Exhibition was shortlisted by IMPALA (The Independent Music Companies Association) for the Album of the Year Award 2016, which rewards on a yearly basis the best album released on an independent European label. 2018–present: uknowhatimsayin¿
In August 2018, <mask> streamed via Twitch a collection of songs unofficially titled the "Twitch EP". In late April 2019, it was announced that <mask>'s fifth studio album, titled uknowhatimsayin¿, would be released later that year, featuring production from Q-Tip, JPEGMafia, and Paul White. In June 2019, Viceland announced that <mask> would star in a talk show titled "Danny's House" produced by Derrick Beckles. The show's first season began on August 14, 2019. Since August 12, 2019, he plays the character Griffin in Nathan Barnatt's web series Dad Feels and was featured in the song "Dad Feels Good".In December 2019, he appeared as himself in a Grand Theft Auto Online expansion as a radio host with Skepta. <mask> also lent his voice to Yung Ancestor, another fictional character in the game. In 2020, <mask> was

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texts:
 once again featured on The Eric Andre Show, appearing with Talib Kweli as “Guest Judges” for the show’s recurring segment “Rapper Warrior Ninja”, after having been a contestant his previous appearance. In March 2021, he featured on the band Brockhampton’s first single from their album Roadrunner: New Light, New Machine called "Buzzcut". Personal life
In 2015, <mask> announced he was writing a children’s book intended for young black girls. <mask> is the father of a daughter, born in 2002. Discography

Studio albums
 The Hybrid (2010)
 XXX (2011)
 Old (2013)
 Atrocity Exhibition (2016)
 uknowhatimsayin¿ (2019)
 Quaranta (2022)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 <mask> on Myspace
<mask> Interview 2013

1981 births
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
African-American songwriters
Alternative hip hop musicians
American rappers of Filipino descent
Living people
Midwest hip hop musicians
Rappers from Detroit
Songwriters from Michigan
Underground rappers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
Warp (record label) artists
Twitch (service) streamers
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people
American male

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<mask> (born December 18, 1957) is an American labor leader, attorney, and educator. She is president of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) and a member of the AFL–CIO. She is the former president of the United Federation of Teachers. Early life
Rhonda "<mask><mask> was born in 1957 in New York City, to a Jewish family, Gabriel and Edith (Appelbaum<mask>. Her father was an electrical engineer and her mother a teacher. Weingarten grew up in Rockland County, New York, and attended Clarkstown High School North in New City, New York. A congregant of Congregation Beit Simchat Torah, she considers herself a deeply religious Jew.Weingarten's interest in trade unions and political advocacy was formed during childhood. Her mother's union went on a seven-week strike when Weingarten was in the eleventh grade. Under New York state's Taylor Law, her mother could have been fired for taking part in a strike. Instead, she was fined two days' pay for every day she was on strike. Later that year, the school board cut $2 million from the budget. Weingarten and several other students convinced the school board to let them conduct a survey regarding the impact of the cuts. The survey led several school board members to change their minds, and rescind the cuts.From 1979 to 1980, Weingarten was a legislative assistant for the Labor Committee of the New York State Senate. She received a B.S. degree in labor relations from the ILR School at Cornell University in 1980 and a J.D. degree from the Yeshiva University Cardozo School of Law in 1983. Legal career
<mask> worked as a lawyer for the firm of Stroock & Stroock & Lavan from 1983 to 1986, where she handled several acrimonious arbitration cases on behalf of the UFT. She was appointed an adjunct instructor at the

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" Weingarten
) Weingarten
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texts:
 Cardozo School of Law in 1986. She also worked as an attorney in the real estate department of Wien Malkin and Bettex.In 1986, Weingarten became counsel to Sandra Feldman, then-president of the UFT. Weingarten handled high-level grievances for the union. She was also lead counsel for the union in a number of lawsuits against New York City and the state of New York over school funding and school safety. By the early 1990s, she was the union's primary negotiator in UFT contract negotiations. Her negotiating positions became more aggressive throughout the 1990s. Teaching career
From 1991 to 1997 she taught at Clara Barton High School in Crown Heights, Brooklyn. The classes she taught included Law, Ethical Issues in Medicine, AP Political Science, and US History and Government.Her political science students competed in the We the People civics competition, winning the state championship in 1993-94 and 1994–95 and being fourth in the national championship in 1994–95. In 1995, <mask> was elected Assistant Secretary of the UFT. She continued teaching per diem from 1995 to 1997. UFT career
Elected the UFT's treasurer in 1997, Weingarten succeeded Sandra Feldman as president of the union a year later when Feldman was elected president of the national American Federation of Teachers. <mask> was elected a Vice President of the AFT the same year. Weingarten was reelected by consistently wide margins after her initial appointment in 1998. The local union's constitution required her to run for the UFT presidency within a year of her appointment.She received 74 percent of the vote against two opponents in 1999, and served the final two years of Feldman's term. She ran in 2001 for a full term and was re-elected. She won her third full three-year term with more than

masks: Weingarten Weingarten


texts:
 88 percent of the vote, despite having two opposing candidates. On March 30, 2007, <mask> won reelection to a fourth term as UFT President, garnering 87 percent of the vote. <mask> stepped down from her post as president of the United Federation of Teachers on July 31, 2009. An opinion piece in the New York Post on January 16, 2011, characterized <mask>'s final paycheck from the UFT—which included payments for unused vacation days and sick time—as a $194,188 "golden parachute." Collective bargaining
Weingarten began negotiating her first contract as UFT president in 2000.Talks with the Giuliani administration began in early September 2000, but the contract expired on November 15, 2000, without a new agreement. By March 2001, the talks deadlocked and a state mediator was called in. Talks collapsed again on June 5, and <mask> asked for state arbitration. To pressure Giuliani, <mask> endorsed Alan Hevesi in the Democratic primary. In the run-off between Green and Ferrer, Weingarten endorsed Ferrer, who lost to Green. Michael Bloomberg defeated Green in the November 2001 election. Weingarten demanded a 22 percent wage hike; Giuliani offered 8 percent.Talks collapsed on March 9, and Weingarten began preparing the UFT for its first strike since the early 1970s. In the state arbitration panel's mid-April report, it advocated a major salary boost and a longer work week. Both sides agreed to a new collective bargaining agreement in June, raising wages 16 to 22 percent and lengthening the work week by 100 minutes. The UFT's contract expired on May 31, 2003. Once again, negotiations proved contentious. In January 2004, New York City School Chancellor Joel Klein proposed a merit-pay deal; in February, Mayor Bloomberg proposed replacing the union's 200-page

masks: Weingarten Weingarten Weingarten Weingarten Weingarten


texts: contract with an 8-page set of guidelines. Weingarten rejected these proposals, and asked for state mediation in late March 2004.In May, Weingarten agreed to discuss merit pay. The union began a public-relations campaign featuring subway and television ads demanding a contract and held protests and marches. On June 1, 2005, nearly 20,000 teachers—about a quarter of the UFT membership—packed Madison Square Garden for a rally at which Weingarten denounced Bloomberg and Klein, asked for a strike vote, and requested state arbitration. Contract talks resumed in August and September. A tentative contract was reached on October 3, 2005. The union won a wage increase of 14.25 percent over 52 months, retroactive to June 1, 2003. Other changes include a slightly longer workday (with the extra time devoted to tutoring) and the elimination of union control over some staffing decisions.The contract, ratified on November 3, 2005, passed with just 63 percent of UFT members in favor. Weingarten concluded her third collective bargaining agreement on November 6, 2006, when the union and city reached a tentative deal to increase pay by 7.1 percent over two years. The agreement raised base pay for senior teachers above $100,000 a year, bringing city salaries in line with those in New York City's suburbs for the first time. The city did not seek any increases in the work day or work load or any other concessions, as it had with other unions. Negotiations over health benefits were to be conducted separately in talks with the Municipal Labor Committee, an umbrella group for municipal unions which Weingarten chairs. Observers said Bloomberg sought an early contract in order to win UFT support in his struggle with Governor Eliot Spitzer over school funding. In October 2007,


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 Weingarten assented to two agreements whereby the city and the UFT would jointly seek legislative approval for a new pension deal allowing teachers with 25 years of service to retire at age 55 and providing bonuses to all teachers in schools that showed a certain level of improvement in student achievement.In June 2009, Weingarten negotiated some pension modifications for new teachers in exchange for maintaining the age 55 pension and for allowing teachers to return to their traditional post-Labor Day start date. New union headquarters
In 2003, Weingarten sold the UFT's headquarters at 260 Park Avenue South and two other buildings at 48 and 49 East 21st Street for $63.6 million and moved the union's offices to Lower Manhattan, purchasing a building at 50 Broadway for $53.75 million and leasing the building next to it, 52 Broadway, for 32 years. The UFT also financed a $40 million renovation of both buildings. Organizing
The UFT represents all teachers, paraprofessional school employees, and professionals (such as school nurses, school psychologists, and others) in the New York City schools. The UFT saw some membership growth under Weingarten among these workers. The UFT also has a registered nurse division which represents roughly 2,800 registered nurses at Lutheran Medical Center, Staten Island University Hospital-South, Jewish Home and Hospital Home Health Agency, and the Visiting Nurse Service of New York.<ref>"Visiting Nurses Vie for Funds", New York Teacher, January 28, 2004; Fallaci, "They've Come A Long Way", New York Teacher, January 20, 2005; Hirsch, "UFT Nurses OK VNS Contract", New York Teacher", February 17, 2005.</ref> The UFT saw more growth in this division, as the Visiting Nurse Service expanded and the union organized non-RN units


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 at the non-profit company. <mask>'s largest organizing victory came when the UFT organized child care providers in New York City.The campaign began in 2005, and concluded in 2007. The organizing drive—the largest successful union campaign in the city since 1960, when the United Federation of Teachers itself was formed—added 28,000 workers to the union's 113,000 active and 56,000 retired members. AFT Presidency
On February 12, 2008, AFT President Edward J. McElroy announced he would retire at the union's regularly scheduled biennial convention in July. On July 14, Weingarten was elected to succeed him. She is the first openly gay individual to be elected president of a national American labor union. In her first year, she fought for resources to keep schools and other public institutions afloat during the ongoing fiscal crises, and started an AFT Innovation Fund to promote and disseminate innovative educational reforms by teachers and their union. Views

School reform
Weingarten advocates what she describes as a "bottom up" approach to education reform, and says that public officials should welcome the views—and account for the needs—of teachers when working to help schools better serve their students.She has, as AFT president, criticized state and federal reforms proposed by her opponents. The AFT, during Weingarten's presidency, has focused scrutiny on well-funded third parties that have attempted to influence education policy—with the Walton Foundation, the largest philanthropic donor in the United States, drawing particular scrutiny. In a 2015 report co-authored with In the Public Interest, the AFT decried the Walton Foundation's pursuit of what the report termed a "market-based model [that] will lead to ... the eventual elimination of public


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 education altogether, in favor of an across-the-board system of privately operated schools." Weingarten was among nineteen arrested in March 2013 while protesting a Philadelphia School Reform Commission meeting on school closures. Neighborhood public schools, according to Weingarten, can coexist with charter schools—but she opposes initiatives that work to supplant the former with the latter. Weingarten sees the role of charters as complementary to, rather than competing with, other schools. "Charter schools should be laboratories for innovation and creative ideas that can be scaled up so they can enrich communities," she has said.In a 2013 debate in New Haven, Weingarten argued that charter schools pull money from regular school districts. Standardized testing
Weingarten condemns a "fixation on testing and data over everything else" as "a fundamental flaw in how our nation approaches public education," but accepts the use of standardized tests as one tool among several to evaluate student achievement and teacher performance. As AFT president, she has criticized the No Child Left Behind Act for "allow[ing] high-stakes testing to eclipse all else, including the children themselves." In a 2015 op-ed for The New York Times, she wrote:

Tests should be used to get teachers, parents and school communities the information they need to help students make progress — not to sanction or scapegoat, as they do now with high-stakes tests driving federal education policy. Instead, we need investments to level the playing field for kids, boost innovation, elevate the teaching profession and support educators. The Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 (ESSA) passed into law with the AFT's support. The law eliminates the federal requirement that states evaluate


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 teachers according to their students' standardized test scores, and allows states to weigh factors in addition to test scores when judging the performance of school systems.Weingarten has applauded the ESSA for "relegating the era of test-and-punish strategies to the trash heap" and for offering "teachers ... flexibility to try new ways to teach, to meet the needs of their students, and to help their students think critically and analytically instead of focusing on what might be on a high-stakes test." As AFT president, Weingarten favored the act particularly because of provisions that stripped the United States Secretary of Education's role in influencing teacher-evaluation systems and maintained federal funding Title I for schools with high proportions of students from low-income households. Teacher training and retention
An overemphasis on standardized testing and a shortage of resources, according to Weingarten, has harmed efforts to recruit and retain well-prepared teachers at public schools. "A haphazard approach to the complex and crucial enterprise of educating children," she has written, "[is] unfair to both students and teachers, who want and need to be well-prepared to teach from their first day on the job." In response to a New York Times story about public school systems short of teaching staff, she said that "teachers are used to the pressure cooker but are stressed out because they aren't getting the support, resources, time and respect they need to do their jobs." Weingarten has proposed—as a means of improving the quality of teachers in American classrooms—the creation of a professional licensing exam, akin to the bar exam taken by lawyers, for new teachers. "Better preparing teachers for entry into the profession," Weingarten says,


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 "will dramatically reduce the loss of new teachers—nearly half of whom leave after fewer than five years—and the loss of knowledge that goes with it."Poverty and community schools
The AFT, under <mask>'s leadership, has worked to draw attention to economic inequalities within cities and regions that can hobble public schools. With school systems in the United States heavily reliant on local property taxes, systems that rely on depressed or depleted tax bases can find themselves without the financial resources available to comparatively wealthier districts. Philanthropic efforts in public schools, in Weingarten's view, have incorrectly focused on the educator's role in student performance—"what we now know is 10% of student achievement," she remarked in one interview—to the exclusion of underlying problems, such as poverty, that undermine student progress. "We need to ... treat kids that have the least, give them the most," says Weingarten—"not with a blank check, but actually figure out the supports they need so that they can climb up the ladder of opportunity." During <mask>'s presidency, the AFT has pushed for creating what the union calls "community schools": schools that serve as hubs for non-academic programs addressed to whole communities. Undergirding that concept is the understanding—as described by former Boston Public Schools superintendent Thomas W. Payzant, who implemented a community-school model in the city, in a 2005 book—that "students' noneducational realities, such as nutritional deficiencies, medical problems, safety concerns, even daily hunger, are daunting barriers that can obstruct even the most flexible educational program." To address those perceived needs, community schools offer 'wraparound services' that target identified


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 social issues: job banks to help parents secure employment, for example, or housing counseling for families that lack permanent homes.In a 2008 address given during her first run for the AFT presidency, Weingarten said, in the course of promoting the community-school paradigm:

Imagine schools that are open all day and offer after-school and evening recreational activities, child care and preschool, tutoring and homework assistance. Schools that include dental, medical and counseling clinics ... Imagine if schools had the educational resources children need to thrive, like smaller classes and individualized instruction, plentiful, up-to-date materials and technology anchored to that rich curriculum, decent facilities, an early start for toddlers and a nurturing atmosphere. The AFT has extolled community schools that operate in Philadelphia, Cincinnati, St. Paul, Minn., Austin, Texas, Providence, R.I., and other cities where the union represents public schoolteachers. The union has itself sponsored community school efforts in Chicago, and in West Virginia, the AFT has launched a public-private partnership—called Reconnecting McDowell—that aims to "enhance educational opportunity for children in the McDowell County public schools in Central Appalachia, while addressing the underlying problems caused by severe and chronic poverty and economic decline." Efforts through the program have included the building of a "teacher village" for educators, setup of an internship program for high-school students, and mentoring of students from families in which they would be the first to attend college. Teacher tenure
Weingarten has resisted attempts to curtail or eliminate tenure protections for public-school teachers, arguing that the outright removal of tenure


texts: protection would hurt the quality of classroom instruction."We know that the states with the highest academic performance have the strongest due process protections for teachers," Weingarten wrote to Time magazine in 2014. "Research shows that our most at-risk kids need more-experienced teachers. But why would these teachers stay at schools with few tools, little support and no ability to voice their concerns?" Education policy proposals built around eliminating tenure have drawn derision from Weingarten as "faddish reforms" at the expense of what she terms "the most critical issues confronting American education": teacher training, education funding, school safety, and educational reinforcement at home. She downplays the idea of worker protections as obstacles to improving schools, describing tenure "not a job for life, [but] ensuring fairness and due process before someone can be fired, plain and simple." When United States Secretary of Education Arne Duncan issued a statement siding with a California superior court judge who ruled the state's teacher tenure protections unconstitutional, <mask> responded that Duncan had "added to the polarization" in debates over education policy, and charged that focusing on "quick fixes, blame games or silver bullets" such as ending tenure had "set us back in our effort to help all kids succeed." The AFT has worked, however, to reshape tenure in some states.In 2011 Weingarten offered a plan that would rely on a teacher-evaluation system with multiple parts—including assessment of student improvement on tests—to give tenured teachers rated unsatisfactory one year to improve, and allow the firing of teachers who fail to meet that deadline within the next 100 days. The proposal followed a 2008 agreement between


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 Weingarten and District of Columbia public schools chancellor Michelle Rhee that allowed the termination of Washington Teachers' Union members evaluated as ineffective, after a one-year period—and in public remarks, Weingarten has discussed her role in efforts to modernize tenure elsewhere. Pensions and retirement
Under Weingarten, the AFT has combatted efforts to shift responsibility for retirement investing to teachers—with Weingarten herself drawing notoriety, according to Institutional Investor magazine, as "the most public face in the battle for defined benefit pension funds." In a 2014 op-ed, Weingarten attacked "people who press ... to convert defined benefit pensions to 401(k) plans," asserting that advocates of 401(k) plans "never talk about the benefits retirees are likely to get under these new plans — because it's likely to be a lot less than retirees need to get by." In its campaign against moving teachers into defined-contribution pensions, AFT has argued that shifting investment risks to individuals has led to deleterious results for retirees. Hedge funds that manage teacher pension investments have drawn heavy criticism from AFT; the union, in 2015, prepared a report that concluded such investments "exacted a high cost, had laggard returns and generally moved in tandem with the overall stock market." The report came in the wake of a 2013 AFT study that charged some hedge-fund managers with a conflict of interest—according to BuzzFeed, the 2013 report said that while managing teachers' defined benefit pensions, some fund managers had "support[ed] groups like the Manhattan Institute, which has recommended replacing pensions with 401(k)-type plans, and Students First, whose national branch advocates eliminating defined-benefit


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 plans."Political activities
<mask> and the UFT endorsed Republican George Pataki for re-election as Governor of New York in 2002. Julia Levy reported in the New York Sun on February 1, 2005, that candidates for mayor of New York were meeting with Weingarten, and "political experts" were saying that "Weingarten has become something of a kingmaker." The UFT's endorsement, wrote Levy, meant "votes, campaign volunteers, and information." A lifelong Democrat, Weingarten is a member of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). She was an early and critically important supporter of Howard Dean as Chairman of the DNC. She is a superdelegate who was pledged to Hillary Clinton during the 2008 presidential primary. In January 2009, she was mentioned as a possible candidate in the appointment process to replace Clinton's U.S. Senate seat.In one of the Wikileaks emails from John Podesta, chair of the Hillary Clinton campaign, Weingarten states her desire to "go after" the National Nurses United union after their endorsement of Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States. In 2020, Weingarten was named a candidate for Secretary of Education in the Biden Administration. She was an elector for the State of New York in the 2020 United States Presidential Election. Criticism

Public school governance and oversight
In spring 1998 in the City Journal, the quarterly magazine of the conservative Manhattan Institute think tank, Sol Stern dismissed Weingarten's claim to support school reform as "pure union propaganda." Carl Campanile reported in the January 21, 2004, New York Post that Weingarten had called for union members to voice concerns by sending e-mails to the schools chancellor, Joel Klein, and Mayor Bloomberg  "about the micromanagement and


texts: mismanagement issues that make your job more difficult this year." Pundit John Stossel wrote, in an opinion piece in the conservative New York Sun,  about a rally held by Weingarten at Madison Square Garden at which teachers demanded "a new contract and more money." Stossel said that the teachers unions "can pay for expensive rallies at 'the world's most famous arena' because every teacher in a unionized district like New York must give up some of his salary to the union.Even teachers who don't like the union, teachers who believe in school choice, and teachers who could make more on the open market must fork over their money to support the unions that fight against school choice and merit pay." Calling the present situation in New York schools a nightmare, Stossel wrote that "the unions fight to protect the nightmare" and mocked Weingarten's promise that the UFT would "police our own profession" with  "I'd like to police my own job, too. And I'll bet some students would just love to police their own homework!" He accused Weingarten of "protect[ing] incompetents" and "reward[ing] mediocrity." He said that he had "confronted Weingarten," telling her,  "Unionized monopolies like yours fail. In this case, it is the children who - who you are failing." She replied by rejecting the label "unionized monopoly" and by saying that her critics "don't really care about kids."The editorial board of the New York Post wrote, on February 28, 2007, about a planned gathering of opponents of Mayor Michael Bloomberg's public-school reform efforts, describing some of the participants as "a bought-and-paid-for chorus of false reformers" who "dance to the tunes of <mask> Weingarten ... who has been trying to derail real reform since Mayor Mike wrested control of the


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 schools from the educrats some five years ago." Calling the UFT "one of the richest special interests in America", the editorial board maintained that Weingarten does not care "about New York's schoolchildren" but is loyal "to her members." In an opinion piece in the conservative New York Sun, Andrew Wolf wrote that Mayor Bloomberg had called the UFT the "number one" obstacle to education reform, but had reached a compromise with a coalition including the UFT, ACORN, and the Working Families Party. Wolf said that Weingarten, speaking to parent groups in a conference call, had called Department of Education officials "absolute and complete assholes" who "can't be trusted." On September 30, 2009, in the conservative City Journal, Sol Stern asserted that "the UFT and the Bloomberg administration [had] increasingly developed a cartel-like working relationship, with New York taxpayers paying the price." The editorial board of The New York Post said on June 2, 2009, that Weingarten, "who'd previously vowed to gut City Hall's control over the schools," had now "delivered a nearly full-throated endorsement of it," reflecting her recognition of the "sweeping, and undeniable" progress in test scores of elementary-school pupils,

Reacting on July 7, 2009, to Weingarten's statement, upon taking control of the AFT, that New York City is "the best laboratory in the world for trying new things," the conservative editorial board of The Wall Street Journal asserted this could be true "if it weren't for Ms. Weingarten's union," and wrote that the UFT under her direction had done everything possible "to block significant reforms to New York's public schools." In a 2009 essay by Steven Brill in The New Yorker, New York City Schools Chancellor Joel Klein was quoted as


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 calling the teacher tenure policies defended by the UFT "ridiculous"—with Klein asserting that "the three principles that govern our system are lockstep compensation, seniority, and tenure.All three are not right for our children." Brill attributed to "many education reformers" the belief "that the U.F.T. and its political allies had gained so much clout" over the years "that it had become impossible for the city's Board of Education, which already shared a lot of power with local boards, to maintain effective school oversight." However, Brill later reversed his view of Weingarten, and proposed that New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg appoint her chancellor of the school system. Raising salaries and merit pay

During her tenure as UFT president, Weingarten pushed for higher salaries and improved training for teachers, often agreeing to longer work days and more tutoring time in order to win better pay. Between 2002 and 2007, salaries for New York City teachers rose 42 percent. "The Influentials: Education", New York, May 8, 2006.Weingarten has endorsed merit pay for city teachers, and in 2007 negotiated a controversial contract which paid teachers bonuses if their students' test scores rose. Nicole Gelinas wrote in the conservative City Journal on June 16, 2005, that "Weingarten declared that merit-pay plans 'pit teachers against each other instead of encouraging a collaborative school culture.' What Weingarten and the union do not see ... is that competition is healthy." Gelinas went on to assert that "until Weingarten budges ... virtue will have to be its own reward for New York's teachers." In an opinion column on June 14, 1999, Bob McManus asserted that "67 percent of New York City's fourth-graders" had "turned up functionally illiterate in


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 state tests in May," and that the response from the UFT was to call for "more 'classroom resources' (i.e., Big League raises)." McManus argued that "there's more to this crisis than money—or the lack of it," and called on Weingarten to "get out of the way of folks who believe they can get the job done for less." Andrew Wolf, in an October 19, 2007, op-ed in the New York Sun entitled "Socialism for Schools," argued that despite some observers' perception that "Mayor Bloomberg and Chancellor Klein [had] won a victory over the teachers' union by gaining approval of a merit pay scheme," the real winner was Weingarten, who had gained power for the UFT.The new plan, Wolf asserted, did not reward individual performance but treated each school as a collective, with union committees dividing bonuses among all union members, including school secretaries and others. In October 2012, after what the New York Times called "months of intense and late-night negotiations," Weingarten and New Jersey Governor Chris Christie reached a "landmark compromise," agreeing on a new contract for teachers in the Newark school system. Although, as the Times noted, Weingarten "had criticized what she calls 'merit pay schemes,'" she "agreed to embrace the concept in exchange for a promise that teachers would have a rare role in evaluating performance." After this agreement was reached, supporters of merit pay for New York City public-school teachers expressed hope that the UFT, which had "always opposed individual merit pay initiatives," would now follow Weingarten's example. Also in 2012, Weingarten criticized what she calls "merit pay schemes". Teacher tenure
In 2009, when New York state Assemblywoman Catherine Nolan said that she had been prevented by a hip injury from


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 introducing a measure to form a commission to study teacher-tenure reform—which the UFT had agreed to as a compromise measure—the New York Post editorialized that the legislative inaction which resulted "ha[d] the United Federation of Teachers chief's fingerprints all over it." The Post argued that Nolan had managed to pass "77 other education bills ... while she was out for surgery," and called it likely that Weingarten had influenced Nolan's decision.In a February 2011 interview, Weingarten acknowledged that "tenure needs to be reformed," noting that the AFT had adopted recommendations for tenure reform. Observing that the issue of teacher tenure had "erupted recently, with many districts anticipating layoffs because of slashed budgets" and with mayors such as Michael R. Bloomberg in New York City and Cory A. Booker in Newark "attack[ing] seniority laws," the New York Times reported that Weingarten had agreed to support some kind of tenure reform. Teacher pension plans
Weingarten has strongly supported defined-benefit pension plans for teachers. Sol Stern argued in the conservative City Journal on June 25, 2009, that an agreement reached between Weingarten and the Bloomberg administration on teacher pensions would "probably wind up harming Gotham's students." Under the agreement, Stern asserted, teachers would "make no sacrifices to help ease the city's economic and fiscal crisis" and would even get "a shorter work year," with a ten-and-a-half-week summer vacation. In April 2013, Weingarten organized an action to confront Dan Loeb—a New York investment manager and board member of the New York chapter of lobbying organization StudentsFirst—over his opposition to defined-benefit pension plans for public employees. In the same month, the Wall Street


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 Journal editorial board painted Weingarten as "trying to strong-arm pension trustees not to invest in hedge funds or private-equity funds that support education reform."Weingarten had, according to the editorial board, "tried to sandbag hedge fund investor Dan Loeb at a conference sponsored by the Council of Institutional Investors," describing her as troubled by the fact "that Mr. Loeb puts his own money behind school reform and charter schools." Weingarten had, according to the Journal editorial, demanded a meeting with Loeb at the conference, but the editorial board wrote that he had "wisely declined the honor of showing up for this political mugging." This "attempted ambush," continued the Journal editorial, "coincide[d] with a new report that her union sent to pension trustees this week called 'Ranking Asset Managers,'" with the rankings based not on "return on investment" but on such matters "as a manager's position on collective bargaining, privatization [read: vouchers] or proposals to discontinue providing benefits through defined benefit plans." The editorial board imputed "Ms. Weingarten's union fury" to her "know[ing that] unions are losing the moral and political debate over reform, as more Americans conclude that her policies are consigning millions of children to a life of diminished opportunity." Weingarten had "bull[ied] pension trustees to bully hedge funds," the editorial board charged, "to cut off funding for poor kids in Harlem. Every time we wonder if we're too cynical about unions, they remind us that we're not nearly cynical enough." School choice and charter schools
Weingarten has opposed charter schools and school choice.In a City Journal essay in 1999, Sol Stern contrasted "Milwaukee's healthy approach to school choice"


texts: with what he termed Weingarten's promise to "fight with every resource at [her] disposal any attempt by the mayor to create a voucher system" in New York. Given what Stern described as the UFT's "impressive" resources, he deemed Mayor Giuliani courageous to take on "what promises to be," Stern opined, "a long fight for the beleaguered parents of New York's schoolchildren." Writing about a 1999 Emergency Coalition Against Vouchers "teach-in" attended by Weingarten, Stern asserted that "calling the rally ... a teach-in was almost Orwellian. Despite the nostalgic references to the Sixties," Stern continued, "this event was the antithesis of insurgency." Weingarten, he alleged, had made it clear that whatever the wishes of parents and the public, she "had the political clout to block even a tiny experimental voucher plan." In a February 6, 2007, op-ed in the New York Post, Thomas W. Carroll of an advocacy organization called the Foundation for Education Reform & Accountability charged that Weingarten sought to unionize charter schools against the will of the teachers at those schools. To this end, Carroll wrote, Weingarten had tried  pursue a unionization process known as card check, which involves the gathering signatures from pro-union teachers in lieu of a unionization vote by secret ballot.According to Carroll's op-ed, Weingarten had claimed that teachers had been fired from charter schools for wanting a union, but lacked the evidence to prove "these wild allegations." In an April 10, 2009, article, The New York Post asserted that UFT activists had "sought to push City Council members into grilling Department of Education officials during a hearing on charter schools ... while taking it easy on union officials." When those efforts—described by the