texts: 1983 to 1988, <mask> was engaged to Star Wars director George Lucas. In December 1990, she adopted an infant daughter, Mary Clementine <mask>. In 1994, she adopted a baby boy, <mask>.<mask> has never married. Speaking of finding an acceptable mate, in 1974 she told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy, "... he's real kind but isn't inspired musically and then you meet somebody else that's just so inspired musically that he just takes your breath away but he's such a moron, such a maniac that you can't get along with him. And then after that it's the problem of finding someone that can stand you!" After living in Los Angeles for 30 years, <mask> moved to San Francisco because she said she never felt at home in Southern California. "Los Angeles became too enclosing an environment", she says. "I couldn't breathe the air and I didn't want to drive on the freeways to get to the studio. I also didn't want to embrace the values that have been so completely embraced by that city.Are you glamorous? Are you rich? Are you important? Do you have clout? It's just not me and it never was me." In 1997, <mask> sold her home in San Francisco and moved back to her hometown of Tucson, Arizona, to raise her two children. In more recent years, <mask> moved back to San Francisco while continuing to maintain her home in Tucson.In 2009, in honor of <mask>, the Martin Guitar Company made a 0042 model "<mask>stadt Limited Edition" acoustic guitar. <mask> appointed the Land Institute as recipient of all proceeds from her signature guitar. In 2013, Simon & Schuster published her autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, as well as the Spanish version, Sueños SencillosMemorias Musicales. In

masks:
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Carlos Ronstadt
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type: original

texts:
 August 2013, <mask> revealed she was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, leaving her unable to sing due to loss of muscular control, which is common to Parkinson's patients. She was diagnosed eight months prior to the announcement and had initially attributed the symptoms she had been experiencing to the aftereffects of shoulder surgery and a tick bite. In late 2019, it was reported her doctors had revised their diagnosis to progressive supranuclear palsy, a degenerative disease commonly mistaken for Parkinson's due to the similarity of the symptoms. <mask> describes herself as a "spiritual atheist".Political activism
<mask>'s politics received criticism and praise during and after her July 17, 2004, performance at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas. Toward the end of the show, as she had done across the country, <mask> spoke to the audience, praising Fahrenheit 9/11, Michael Moore's documentary film about the Iraq War; she dedicated the song "Desperado" to Moore. Accounts say the crowd's initial reaction was mixed, with "half the crowd heartily applauding her praise for Moore, (and) the other half booing." Following the concert, news accounts reported <mask> was "evicted" from the hotel premises. <mask>'s comments, as well as the reactions of some audience members and the hotel, became a topic of discussion nationwide. Aladdin casino president Bill Timmins and Michael Moore each made public statements about the controversy. The incident prompted international headlines and debate on an entertainer's right to express a political opinion from the stage and made the editorial section of The New York Times.Following the incident, many

masks: Ronstadt Ronstadt Ronstadt Ronstadt Ronstadt Ronstadt


texts: friends of <mask>'s, including the Eagles, immediately cancelled their engagements at the Aladdin. <mask> also received telegrams of support from her rock 'n' roll friends around the world like the Rolling Stones, the Eagles and Elton John. Amid reports of mixed public response, <mask> continued her praise of Moore and his film throughout her 2004 and 2006 summer concerts across North America. At a 2006 concert in Canada, <mask> told the Calgary Sun that she was "embarrassed George Bush (was) from the United States. ... He's an idiot. ...He's enormously incompetent on both the domestic and international scenes. ... Now the fact that we were lied to about the reasons for entering into war against Iraq and thousands of people have diedit's just as immoral as racism." Her remarks drew international headlines. In an August 14, 2007, interview, she commented on all her well-publicized, outspoken views, in particular the Aladdin incident, by noting, "If I had it to do over I would be much more gracious to everyone ... you can be as outspoken as you want if you are very, very respectful. Show some grace". In 2007, <mask> resided in San Francisco while also maintaining her home in Tucson. That same year, she drew criticism and praise from Tucsonans for commenting that local city council's failings, developers' strip mall mentality, greed and growing dust problem had rendered the city unrecognizable and poorly developed.In August 2009, <mask>, in a well-publicized interview to PlanetOut Inc. titled "<mask>'s Gay Mission", championed gay rights and same-sex marriage, and stated "homophobia is anti-family values. Period, end of story." On January 16, 2010, <mask>

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Linda Ronstadt
Ronstadt


texts:
 converged with thousands of other activists in a "National Day of Action". <mask> stated that her "dog in the fight"as a native Arizonan and coming from a law enforcement familywas the treatment of illegal aliens and Arizona's enforcement of its illegal immigrant law, especially Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio's efforts in that area. On April 29, 2010, <mask> began a campaign, including joining a lawsuit, against Arizona's new illegal-immigration law SB 1070 calling it a "devastating blow to law enforcement ... the police don't protect us in a democracy with brute force", something she said she learned from her brother, Peter, who was Chief of Police in Tucson. <mask> has also been outspoken on environmental and community issues. She is a major supporter and admirer of sustainable agriculture pioneer Wes Jackson, saying in 2000, "the work he's doing right now is the most important work there is in the (United States)", and dedicating the rock anthem "Desperado" to him at an August 2007 concert in Kansas City, Kansas.National arts advocacy

In 2004, <mask> wrote the foreword to the book The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to American Folk Music, and in 2005, she wrote the introduction to the book Classic Ferrington Guitars, about guitar-maker and luthier Danny Ferrington and the custom guitars that he created for <mask> and other musicians such as Elvis Costello, Ry Cooder, and Kurt Cobain. <mask> has been honored for her contribution to the American arts. On September 23, 2007, she was inducted into the Arizona Music & Entertainment Hall of Fame, along with Stevie Nicks, Buck Owens, and filmmaker Steven Spielberg. On August 17, 2008, <mask> received a

masks: Ronstadt Ronstadt Ronstadt Ronstadt Ronstadt Ronstadt Ronstadt


texts:
 tribute by various artists, including BeBe Winans and Wynonna Judd, when she was honored with the Trailblazer Award, presented to her by Plácido Domingo at the 2008 ALMA Awards, a ceremony later televised in the U.S. on ABC. In 2008, <mask> was appointed Artistic Director of the San José Mariachi and Mexican Heritage Festival. On March 31, 2009, in testimony that the Los Angeles Times termed "remarkable", <mask> spoke to the United States Congress House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment & Related Agencies, attempting to convince lawmakers to budget $200 million in the 2010 fiscal year for the National Endowment of the Arts. In May 2009, <mask> received an honorary doctorate of music degree from the Berklee College of Music for her achievements and influence in music and her contributions to American and international culture.Mix magazine stated that "<mask> (has) left her mark on more than the record business; her devotion to the craft of singing influenced many audio professionals ... (and is) intensely knowledgeable about the mechanics of singing and the cultural contexts of every genre she passes". Awards and nominations

Grammy Awards

 In 1981 the album In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record won the Grammy for Best Album for Children. <mask> was one of the various artists featured on the album. The Grammys were awarded to the producers, David Levine and Lucy Simon. Latin Grammy Awards

Primetime Emmy Awards

Tony Awards

Golden Globe Awards
 1983Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical or Comedy, <mask> in The Pirates of Penzance

Arizona Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame
 2007Inducted for her significant impact on the

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Linda Ronstadt
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Linda Ronstadt


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 evolution and development of the entertainment culture in the state of Arizona

Academy of Country Music
 1974Best New Female Artist
 1987Album of the Year/ Trio, Dolly Parton, <mask> and Emmylou Harris

Country Music Association
 1988Vocal Event of the Year / Trio, Dolly Parton, <mask> and Emmylou Harris

American Latino Media Arts
 2008Trailblazer Award for Contribution to American Music

Lo Nuestro nominations
 1989Regional Mexican Female Artist, Regional Mexican Album (Canciones de Mi Padre), and Crossover Artist
 1992Regional Mexican Female Artist
 1993Tropical Female Artist, Regional Mexican Female Artist, and Tropical Song ("Perfidia"). 19 Country Album
 Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004)
 The Best of <mask>: The Capitol Years (2006) – 2-CD set
 Standards with Nelson Riddle Orchestra (2008)
 The Collection (2011) – British 2-CD set
 Duets (2014)
 Just One Look: Classic <mask>stadt (2015)
 Like A Rose: The Classic 1976 Broadcast Recording (2021)

Spanish-language albums
 Canciones de Mi Padre (1987) - (English translation: "Songs of My Father") - Best Mexican-American Performance Grammy Award winner (1989)
 Mas Canciones (1991) - (English translation: "More Songs") - Best Mexican-American Album Grammy Award winner (1993)
 Frenesí (1992) - (English translation: "Frenzy") - Best Tropical Latin Album Grammy Award winner (1993)
 Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004) - Compilation (English translation: "My Blue Garden: The Favorite Songs")

Filmography

Book

See also

Notes

References

External links

 Official website

 Image of Linda Ronstadt reclining on a porch railing in Los Angeles, California, 1974. Los Angeles Times

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Linda Ronstadt
Linda Ronstadt
Linda Ronstadt
Linda Ron


texts:
<mask> (born in Ferrara, November 19, 1939) is an Italian painter. After studying Arts at the Institut Dosso Dossi in Ferrara, Italy, and at the Academy of Art in Bologna, he was teacher and Director of the Institut of Arts Dosso Dossi. His first exhibition was held in 1959 with references to Picasso and Bacon. His research dealt with nuova figurazione and Abstract Expressionism. The first optical-figurative period starts during the 1960s. In 1980, he was selected by the National Catalogue of Modern Art Bolaffi together with Paolini, Adami, Bulgarelli, Cassano and Paladino. <mask> has held exhibitions at the International Art Expo of Bilbao, Quadriennale d'Arte in Rome, Rassegna Premio S. Fedele (Milan), Arte Fiera (Bologna), Altissima (Turin), Expo Arte (Bari), ArteExpo (Barcelona), and LineArt (Ghent), "La Venere svelata – La Venere di Urbino di Tiziano" (Brussels, Centre for Fine Arts, 10/10/2003-11/01/2004, Festival Internazionale EUROPALIA).Vittorio Sgarbi wrote about the Goberti's art:
"Is the Goberti's art the element which should arouse new interest in our way of looking at and co-living with what is around us? Is maybe his technical ability? … The dominant aspect of the Goberti's art is the relationship between the Art and what it has been traditionally considered its subject, the Nature. ... The

masks:
Gianfranco Goberti
Goberti


texts:
 Art has always its specific language and a human substance even when it would camouflage in the Nature. This is the lesson, the revision of our mode of being in the world what <mask> Goberti proposes us." In: Notte dei ricercatori, September 23, 2011.A cura di: Davide Bassi, Marco Bertozzi, <mask> <mask>, University of Ferrara. Vittorio Sgarbi, Gli assenti hanno sempre ragione. L'Europeo, 12 July 1986. Rapidofine Bologna, Grafis 1986. Maria Luce Tommasi, Quei nodi inestricabili che stanno dentro di noi: una grande mostra di Goberti a Urbino, Ferrara, n. 5, 1986. Lucio Scardino, Officinaottanta, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1986. Gabriele Turola, Goberti, ironia graffiante per discutere il concetto di realtà, Ferrara, n. 8/9, 1987.Natalia Aspesi, Tra Matti e Bagatti, La Repubblica, 19 settembre 1987. Vittorio Sgarbi, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan 1987. Lucio Scardino, Per Schifanoia, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1987. Franco Solmi, Il tarocco come espressione d'arte, in Le Carte di Corte, La Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1987. Lauro Manni, Goberti: trent'anni di avanguardia, La Piazza, n. 12, 1988. Vittorio Sgarbi, Goberti, Rosen, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. King, mensile, ottobre 1989
 Eleonora Di cicco, Il tappeto come opera d'arte, Interni Annual, 1989.Bernard Wider, Goberti pittore ferrarese, catalogo

masks: Gianfranco Gianfranco Goberti


texts:
 Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. Fausto Gozzi, Intervista a Goberti in polaroid, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. Oreste Zoboli, Goberti, Rosen, La Nuova Gazzetta di Modena, 17 January 1990. Gilberto Pellizzola, catalogo Galleria Cristina Busi, Chiavari, 1990. Vittorio Sgarbi, <mask> <mask>, tra reale e irreale, Art Leader, January-February 1992. Antonio Carbè, Goberti, la corda del desiderio, Leadership Medica, n. 1,1993. Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria L'Ariete, Bologna, 1994.Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan, 1994. Roberto Vitali, Mongolfiera, periodico, Bologna, 4 March 1994. Lorenzo Bonini, Colloquio con un artista del nostro tempo, Art Leader, n. 17, March-April 1994. Flaminio Gualdoni, catalogo Padiglione Arte Contemporanea, Ferrara, 1994–95. Vittorio Sgarbi, ll nostro modo di essere nel mondo, Grazia, 12 February 1995. Vittorio Sgarbi, La tensione lineare di Goberti, L'Italiano, Silvia Di Stefano, GB progetti, June 1996. Vittorio Sgarbi, Le trame della pittura, .Vittorio Sgarbi, Flaminio Gualdoni, 2000. <mask> Goberti: evasioni coatte. Editore L'Artiere Edizioni Italia, 18 tav. col., 50 pp. External links
Artist's official website

1939 births
Living people
Painters from Ferrara
20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian contemporary artists
Modern

masks: Gianfranco Goberti Gianfranco


texts:
was the founder and first shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate. His rule began in 1338, beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with his death in 1358. He was a male-line descendant of the samurai of the (Minamoto) Seiwa Genji line (meaning they were descendants of Emperor Seiwa) who had settled in the Ashikaga area of Shimotsuke Province, in present-day Tochigi Prefecture. According to Zen master and intellectual Musō Soseki, who enjoyed his favor and collaborated with him, Takauji had three qualities. First, he kept his cool in battle and was not afraid of death. Second, he was merciful and tolerant. Third, he was very generous with those below him.Life

His childhood name was Matagorō (又太郎). Takauji was a general of the Kamakura shogunate sent to Kyoto in 1333 to put down the Genkō War which had started in 1331. After becoming increasingly disillusioned with the Kamakura shogunate over time, Takauji joined the banished Emperor Go-Daigo and Kusunoki Masashige, and seized Kyoto. Soon after, Nitta Yoshisada joined their cause, and laid siege to Kamakura. When the city fell to Nitta, the Shogunal regent, Hōjō Takatoki, and his clansmen committed suicide. This ended the Kamakura shogunate, as well as the Hōjō clan's power and influence. Go-Daigo was enthroned once more as emperor, reestablishing the primacy of the Imperial court in Kyoto and starting the so-called Kenmu Restoration.However, shortly thereafter, the samurai clans became increasingly disillusioned with the reestablished


texts: imperial court, which sought to return to the social and political systems of the Heian period. Sensing their discontent, Takauji pleaded with the emperor to do something before rebellion would break out, however his warnings were ignored. Hōjō Tokiyuki, son of Takatoki, took the opportunity to start the Nakasendai rebellion to try to reestablish the shogunate in Kamakura in 1335. Takauji put down the rebellion and took Kamakura for himself. Taking up the cause of his fellow samurai, he claimed the title of Sei-i Taishōgun and allotted land to his followers without permission from the court. Takauji announced his allegiance to the imperial court, but Emperor Go-Daigo sent Nitta Yoshisada to reclaim Kamakura. Takauji defeated Yoshisada in the battles of Sanoyama and Mishima.This cleared the path for Takauji and Tadayoshi to march on to Kyoto. He captured Kyoto for a few days in Feb. 1336, only to be driven out and to Kyūshū by the arrival of forces under Prince Takanaga, Prince Norinaga, Kitabatake Akiie and Yūki Munehiro. Takauji and his brother were forced to retreat to the west. Takauji then allied himself with the clans native to Kyūshū. After defeating the Kikuchi clan at Hakata Bay in the Battle of Tatarahama (1336), Takauji was "virtually master of Kyushu". His brother advanced simultaneously by land and both reached the environs of present-day Kobe in July. At the decisive Battle of Minatogawa in 1336, Takauji defeated Yoshisada again and killed Masashige, allowing him to seize


texts:
 Kyoto for good.Emperor Kōmyō of the illegitimate Northern Court (see below) was installed as emperor by Takauji in opposition to the exiled Southern Court, beginning the turbulent Northern and Southern Court period (Nanbokuchō), which saw two emperors fight each other and which would last for almost 60 more years. Besides other honors, Emperor Go-Daigo had given Takauji the title of Chinjufu-shōgun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank, Junior Grade. His Buddhist name was Tojiinden Niyama Myogi dai koji Chojuji-dono (等持院殿仁山妙義大居士長寿寺殿). Family
 Father: Ashikaga Sadauji (1273–1331)
 Mother: Uesugi Kiyoko (1270–1343)
 Siblings:
 Half-siblings: Ashikaga Takayoshi (1297–1317)
 Natural Siblings:
 Ashikaga Maagoro
 Ashikaga Tadayoshi
 Wife: Akahashi Toshi (1306–1365)
 Concubines:
 Kako no Tsubone
 Echizen no Tsubone
 Children:
 Ashikaga Tadafuyu (1327–1387) adopted by Ashikaga Tadayoshi by Echizen
 Ashikaga Takewakamaru (d. 1333) by Kako
 Ashikaga Yoshiakira by Toshi
 Ashikaga Motouji by Toshi
 Tazuo by Toshi
 Yoriko (d. 1353) by Toshi
 Seiomaru (1338–1345)

Family tree

Timeline of shogunate
Significant events which shaped the period during which Takauji was shōgun are:
 1338 – Takauji appointed shōgun. 1349 – Go-Murakami flees to A'no; Ashikaga Tadayoshi and Kō no Moronao quarrel; Ashikaga Motouji, son of Takauji, appointed Kamakura Kanrei
 1350 – Tadayoshi, excluded from administration, turns priest; Tadayoshi's adopted son, Ashikaga


texts:
 Tadafuyu is wrongly repudiated as a rebel. 1351–1358 – Struggle for Kyoto. 1351 – Tadayoshi joins Southern Court, southern army takes Kyoto; truce, Takauji returns to Kyoto; Tadayoshi and Takauji reconciled; Kō no Moronao and Kō no Moroyasu are exiled.1352 – Tadayoshi dies, Southern army recaptures Kyoto; Nitta Yoshimune captures Kamakura; Ashikaga forces recapture Kamakura and Kyoto; Tadafuyu joins Southern Court; Yamana Tokiuji joins Tadafuyu. 1353 – Kyoto retaken by Southern forces under Yamana Tokiuji; retaken by Ashikaga forces. 1354 – <mask> flees with Go-Kōgon; Kitabatake Chikafusa dies. 1355 – Kyoto taken by Southern army; Kyoto retaken by Ashikaga forces. 1358 – Takauji dies. <mask>'s son Ashikaga Yoshiakira succeeded him as shōgun after his death. His grandson Ashikaga Yoshimitsu united the Northern and Southern courts in 1392.Eras of Takauji's bakufu
Because of the anomalous situation, which he had himself created and which saw two Emperors reign simultaneously, one in Yoshino and one in Kyoto, the years in which Takauji was shōgun as reckoned by the Gregorian calendar are identified in Japanese historical records by two different series of Japanese era names (nengō), that following the datation used by the legitimate Southern Court and that formulated by the pretender Northern Court. Eras as reckoned by the Southern Court (declared legitimate by a Meiji era decree because in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia):
 Engen

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texts:
 (1336–1340)
 Kōkoku                          (1340–1346)
 Shōhei                          (1346–1370)
 Eras as reckoned by the pretender Northern Court (declared illegitimate by a Meiji era decree because not in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia):
  Ryakuō                         (1338–1342)
  Kōei                           (1342–1345)
  Jōwa   (1345–1350)
  Kan'ō or Kannō           (1350–1352)
  Bunna                          (1352–1356)
  Enbun                          (1356–1361)

Literary references
The story of Ashikaga Takauji, Emperor Go-Daigo, Nitta Yoshisada, and Kusunoki Masashige from the Genko rebellion to the establishment of the Northern and Southern Courts is detailed in the 40 volume Muromachi period epic Taiheiki. Honours
Junior First Rank (9 July 1358; posthumous)

See also
Southern Court
Northern Court

References

External links

Further reading
 Ackroyd, Joyce I. (1982) Lessons from History: the Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ;  OCLC 7574544
 Matsuo, Kenji. (1997).中世都市鎌倉をく: 源頼朝から上杉謙信まで (Chūsei toshi Kamakura o aruku: Minamoto no Yoritomo kara Uesugi Kenshin made). Tokyo: Chūkō Shinsho. ;  OCLC 38970710
 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou,  Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 585069

1305 births
1358 deaths
14th-century Japanese people
14th-century shōguns
Takauji
People of Kamakura-period Japan
People of


texts: Lê Quang Vinh (1923 – 13 July 1956), popularly known as <mask>t () was a Vietnamese military commander of the Hòa Hảo religious sect, which operated from the Mekong Delta and controlled various parts of southern Vietnam during the 1940s and early 1950s. <mask>t and his forces fought the Vietnamese National Army (VNA), the Việt Minh, and the Cao Đài religious movement from 1943 until his capture in 1956. Known for his idiosyncrasies, he was regarded as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little ideological purpose. His sobriquet came from the self-amputation of his left index finger (although it was erroneously reported that it was his middle or "third cut finger"). He later swore not to cut his hair until the communist Việt Minh were defeated. <mask>t frequently made alliances with various Vietnamese factions and the French. He invariably accepted the material support offered in return for his cooperation, and then broke the agreement—nevertheless, the French made deals with him on five occasions.The French position was weak because their military forces had been depleted by World War II, and they had great difficulty in re-establishing control over French Indochina, which had been left with a power vacuum after the defeat of Japan. In mid-1955, the tide turned against the various sects, as Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm of the State of Vietnam and his VNA began to consolidate their grip on the south. <mask> and his allies were driven into the jungle, and their position was threatened by government offensives. After almost a year of fighting, <mask>t was captured. He

masks:
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụt
Ba Cụ


texts:
 was sentenced to death and publicly beheaded in Cần Thơ. Early life and background

<mask>t was born circa 1923 in Long Xuyên, a regional town in the Mekong Delta, in the far south of Vietnam. He was orphaned at an early age and adopted by a local peasant family.<mask>t was illiterate and was known from childhood as a temperamental and fiery person. The family's rice paddies were confiscated by a prominent landlord, the father of Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ. <mask>t's bitter personal experience imbued him with a permanent and fanatical hatred towards landowners. Thơ rose to become a leading politician in the 1950s and played a key role in <mask>t's eventual capture and execution. An aura of mystery surrounded <mask>t during his life, and foreign journalists incorrectly reported that he had severed his finger as part of a vow to defeat the French. As <mask>t became more fanatical in his religious beliefs and spent increasing time with local religious men, his father demanded that he work more in the family's rice fields. A defiant <mask>t severed his index finger, which was necessary for work in the rice paddies.Vietnam was a tumultuous place during <mask>t's youth, particularly in the Mekong Delta. In  1939, Huỳnh Phú Sổ founded the Hòa Hảo religious movement, and within a year had gained more than 100,000 followers. He drew adherents for two reasons: the prophecies he made about the outbreak of World War II and the conquest of South-East Asia by Japan, which proved to be correct; and his work as a mystical healer—his patients claimed to have been miraculously cured from all manner

masks:
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ


texts: of serious illnesses after seeing him, when Western medicine had failed. Sổ's cult-like appeal greatly alarmed the French colonial authorities. During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded and seized control of Vietnam from France; its defeat and withdrawal at the end of the war in 1945 left a power vacuum in the country. The Hòa Hảo formed their own army and administration during the war, and started a de facto state in their Mekong Delta stronghold. They came into conflict with the Cao Đài, another new religious movement, which also boasted a private army and controlled a nearby region of southern Vietnam around Tây Ninh.Meanwhile, in Saigon, the Bình Xuyên organised crime syndicate ruled much of the city through its gangster militia. These three southern forces vied for control of southern Vietnam with the main protagonists: the French, who were attempting to re-establish colonial control across the entire nation; and the communist-dominated Việt Minh, who sought Vietnamese independence. At the time, the many groups vying for power—including their respective factions—engaged in alliances of convenience that were frequently broken. Historian David Elliott wrote: "[T]he most important eventual cause of the French decline was the inherently unstable nature of the political alliances they had devised ... [T]he history of the French relations with the Hoa Hao sect is a telling illustration of the pitfalls of short-term political deals between forces whose long-term interests conflict." The Hòa Hảo initially engaged in large-scale clashes with the Việt Minh in 1945, but by


texts:
 mid-1946 the two groups had agreed to stop fighting each other and fight the French instead. However, in June 1946, Sổ became estranged from his military leaders and started the Dân Xã (Social Democratic Party). Because of his charisma, the Việt Minh saw Sổ as a threat and assassinated him, leaving the Hòa Hảo leaderless and causing Sổ's military leaders to go their separate ways.The split caused an increase in violence as the various Hòa Hảo factions engaged in conflicts among themselves. Career
<mask>t joined the Hòa Hảo militia when it was formed in 1943–44, and became a commander within a year. He was feared by his enemies, and was described as "a sort of lean Rasputin" who claimed to be immortal. According to historian and writer Bernard Fall, "The hapless farmers who were under the rule of the maniacal <mask> fared worse [than those under other military leaders], for the latter [<mask>t] was given to fits of incredible cruelty and had no sense of public duty." American journalist Joseph Alsop described <mask>t as "war-drunk". <mask>t was famous for inventing a torture contraption that drilled a steel nail through the victim's ear, a device he used to extort villagers and wealthy landlords to fund his forces. He was said to have "arranged temporary marriages between his troops and village girls".He raised a large amount of funds for the Hòa Hảo and himself personally by charging traders and landlords high prices to stop pirates in the local area. The severed heads of the pirates were subsequently impaled on stakes and put on public display. In 1947, he led his own

masks:
Ba Cụ
Ba Cut
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ


texts: faction of the sect after its various military leaders pursued their own policies towards the French and Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh in the wake of Sổ's death. At the time, France was in a ruinous financial state following World War II and was experiencing great difficulty in its attempts to re-establish control over its colonies. <mask>t had only 1,000 men in five battalions at the time, fewer than 5% of Hòa Hảo forces, whereas Trần Văn Soái had 15,000 men. The French tried to maintain their hold with a divide and conquer strategy towards the Hòa Hảo. They coaxed Soái into joining with them and recognised him as the leader of the Hòa Hảo.In 1948, <mask>t rallied to the French and Soái, but broke away again soon after, relocating to Đồng Tháp Province and resuming his military activities against the French. In 1950, <mask>t was involved in a battle with another Hòa Hảo leader, Nguyễn Giác Ngộ. He was defeated and driven from the district of Chợ Mới in February, provoking Soái to attack Ngo. <mask>t then moved to Thốt Nốt and began attacking the civilians and the French forces there. The French saw the disagreements as an opportunity to divide the Hòa Hảo and gain an anti-Việt Minh ally, and offered material aid, which <mask>t accepted. <mask>t repeatedly made treaties with the French colonial forces to fight the Việt Minh in return for arms and money, but he broke his end of the bargain and sometimes fought the Cao Đài instead of the communists. He made five such deals with the French, but he abandoned his military responsibilities each time.It was said that <mask>t sometimes

masks:
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ


texts: broke away with the encouragement of Soái, who was still allied to the French, but nevertheless is believed to have given <mask>t weapons to fight the French. The French continued to furnish him with supplies despite his disloyalty and unreliability because they lacked the personnel to patrol all of Vietnam but had spare equipment. Some historians have claimed <mask>t's anti-French activities were not taken seriously as he was able to pass through French checkpoints without incident. There are also reports that he was accompanied by French intelligence agents during periods when he was nominally opposed to the French. The other Hòa Hảo commanders generally had the same general outlook as <mask>t; they were stridently opposed to the Việt Minh due to Sổ's assassination, and sometimes fought alongside and received supplies from the French, but at times they lapsed into apathy and refused to attack. The most notable instance of <mask>t's abandoning the fight against the Việt Minh came in mid-1953. At that time, his forces had been helping to defend the regional Mekong Delta town of Mỹ Tho, but the French decided to transfer more of the military power to their more mainstream allies, the Vietnamese National Army (VNA).As the French tried to undermine his position, tensions with <mask>t increased. On 25 June, the Hòa Hảo leader ordered his men to evacuate their French-supplied bases; they took their weapons with them and razed the camps. <mask>t then withdrew his forces from a string of military posts in the Plain of Reeds and retreated to Châu Đốc in the extreme south of the

masks:
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
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Ba Cụ


texts: country. As a result, the French-aligned presence in the Mekong Delta was severely dented and the Việt Minh made substantial gains in the area. Eventually, the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ in May 1954 signaled the end of French Indochina. When the Geneva Conference in July 1954 ended the First Indochina War, it handed North Vietnam to Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh, and the south to the State of Vietnam. To reunify the country, national elections were scheduled for 1956, following which the French would withdraw from Indochina.The partition of Vietnam angered <mask>t and he vowed not to cut his hair until the nation was reunified. Having fought against the Việt Minh since 1947, <mask>t's principal criticism of Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam government stemmed from his belief that Diệm had been too passive in rejecting the partition, and that half of the country should not have been yielded to the communists. In mid-1954, General Nguyễn Văn Hinh, the head of the State of Vietnam's VNA, announced that he did not respect the leadership of Prime Minister Diệm, and vowed to overthrow him. The coup never materialised and Hinh was forced into exile, but not before appointing <mask>t to the rank of colonel in the VNA in an attempt to undermine Diệm, as the Hòa Hảo warlord was openly contemptuous of the prime minister. In August, <mask>t and his 3,000 men broke from the VNA and left their Thốt Nốt base for the jungle, and fought against those who had briefly been their comrades; this put him at odds with most Hòa Hảo leaders, who accepted government payments to

masks:
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ


texts: integrate their forces into the VNA. Operation Ecaille, the initial military offensive by the VNA against <mask>t was a failure, possibly because the details of the planned attack on his forces were leaked to him by Soái, a Hòa Hảo member of the National Defence Committee. During the transition period between the signing of the Geneva Accords and the planned reunification elections, South Vietnam remained in chaos as the VNA tried to subdue the remaining autonomous factions of the Hòa Hảo, Cao Đài, and Bình Xuyên militias.In early 1955, during a battle with the Cao Đài forces of Trình Minh Thế, after a dispute over control of the That Son region, <mask>t was wounded in a disputed incident. Thế claimed to have tried initiating peace talks with <mask>t, but received no reply, so he decided to try to capture his rival. He sent some of his militant disciples to infiltrate <mask>t's forces and try to capture the Hòa Hảo leader. When they located <mask>t and surrounded him, he refused to surrender but instead tried to shoot his way out. <mask>t was severely wounded by a bullet that penetrated his chest. It seemed that he would die, but a French Air Force helicopter flew in and airlifted him to a colonial hospital. He recovered but in the interim the fighting stopped.Another account claims the two military leaders had been on good terms and exchanging diplomatic missions, but that the skirmish was caused by one of <mask>t's aides addressing the envoy in an abrasive and rude manner, and that the injuries were minor. Yet another account holds that the reaction by Thế's envoy was


texts:
 premeditated and that the claim the firing was in response to rudeness was merely a cover for an assassination attempt. According to this theory, Thế, whose units were then being integrated into Diệm's VNA, had given orders to target <mask>t. This was allegedly done on the orders of CIA agent Edward Lansdale, who was trying to help secure Diệm in power at the time. Lansdale has been accused of failing in an earlier attempt to bribe <mask>t to cease his activities. By this time, with France preparing to withdraw from Indochina, senior French officers had begun to undermine Diệm's leadership and his attempts to stabilise South Vietnam. The VNA later implicated the French in the organisation of weapons air drops to <mask>t, prompting a protest from Diệm's government.Diệm complained to a French general, alleging that <mask>t's men were using French equipment that was of higher quality than that given to the VNA. The Hòa Hảo accused Diệm of treachery in his negotiations with various groups. They charged the prime minister with integrating Thế's forces into the VNA in return for them being allowed to attack <mask>t with the aid of the VNA, and that this part of the deal had been kept secret. They warned that other Hòa Hảo leaders who had stopped fighting could join <mask>t, and appealed to Diệm's U.S. sponsors. In response, <mask>t ambushed a VNA unit in Long Mỹ, killing three officers and injuring some thirty men. Last stand against Diệm

In 1955, Diệm tried to integrate the remaining Hòa Hảo armies into the VNA. <mask>t was one of four Hòa Hảo military leaders who refused the


texts: government offer on 23 April, and continued to operate autonomously.At one stage, the Cao Đài, Hòa Hảo and Bình Xuyên formed an alliance called the United Front, in an attempt to pressure Diệm into handing over power; <mask>t was named senior military commander. However, this had little meaning as the various units were still autonomous of each other, and the United Front was more a showpiece than a means of facilitating coordinated action, and did not in any way strengthen any military threat to Diệm. The leaders were suspicious of one another and often sent subordinates to meetings. Initially, American and French representatives in Vietnam hoped that Diệm would take up a ceremonial role and allow the sect leaders—including <mask>t—to hold government positions. However, Diệm refused to share power and launched a sudden offensive against <mask>t in Thốt Nốt on 12 March, shelling the area heavily. The battle was inconclusive and both sides blamed the other for causing instability and disrupting the situation. Diệm then attacked the Bình Xuyên's Saigon headquarters in late April, quickly crushing them.During the fighting, the Hòa Hảo attempted to help the Bình Xuyên by attacking towns and government forces in their Mekong Delta heartland. <mask>t's men, who had also been angered by the recent arrest of some colleagues, blockaded the Mekong and Bassac rivers and laid siege to various towns, including Sa Đéc, Long Xuyên and Châu Đốc, stifling the regional economy. The Hòa Hảo shut down several important regional roads and stopped the flow of agricultural produce from the


texts: nation's most fertile region into the capital, causing food prices to rise by 50%, as meat and vegetables became scarce. <mask>t then attacked a battalion of VNA troops south of Sa Đéc. Soon after, they retreated to a Hòa Hảo citadel on the banks of the Bassac. After reinforcing their base, the Hòa Hảo proceeded to fire mortars across the water into the city of Cần Thơ, which stood on the opposite side of the river. During this period, the United Front publicly accused Diệm of trying to bribe <mask>t with 100 million piasters, to which the Hòa Hảo responded with a series of attack on outposts and blasts to destroy bridges.With the Bình Xuyên vanquished, Diệm turned his attention to conquering the Hòa Hảo. As a result, a battle between government troops led by General Dương Văn Minh and <mask>'s men commenced in Cần Thơ on 5 June. Five Hòa Hảo battalions surrendered immediately; <mask>t and three remaining leaders had fled to the Cambodian border by the end of the month. Having surrendered his forces, Ngo excoriated Soai and <mask>t, claiming that their activities were not consistent with Hòa Hảo religious practices and accused them of fighting with communists. The soldiers of the three other leaders eventually surrendered, but <mask>t's men continued to the end, claiming loyalty to the Emperor Bảo Đại. Diệm responded by replacing the officers of Bảo Đại's personal regiments with his own men and used the royal units to attack <mask>t's rebels near Hà Tiên and Rạch Giá, outnumbering the Hòa Hảo by at least a factor of five. Knowing that they could not defeat the government

masks:
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụt
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ


texts: in open conventional warfare, <mask>t's forces destroyed their own bases so that the VNA could not use their abandoned resources, and retreated into the jungle.<mask>t's 3,000 men spent the rest of 1955 evading 20,000 VNA troops who had been deployed to quell them, notwithstanding a bounty of one million piasters was put on the head of <mask>, who scattered trails of money in the jungle, hoping to distract his pursuers, but to no avail. The communists claimed in a history written decades later that <mask>t had tried to forge an alliance with them, but that talks broke down a few months later. Despite his weak military situation, <mask>t sought to disrupt the staging of a fraudulent referendum that Diệm had scheduled to depose Bảo Đại as head of state. <mask>t distributed a pamphlet condemning Diệm as an American puppet, asserting that the prime minister was going to "Catholicize" the country; the referendum was partly funded by the U.S. government and various Roman Catholic organisations. Diệm had strong support from American Roman Catholic politicians and the powerful Cardinal Francis Spellman and his elder brother, Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục, was Archbishop of Huế. <mask>t presciently noted that the referendum was a means "for Diem to gather the people from all towns and force them to demonstrate one goal: to depose <mask> Dai and proclaim the puppet Diem as the chief-of-state of Vietnam." On the day of the poll, <mask>'s men prevented voting in the border regions which they controlled, and ventured out of the jungles to attack polling stations in Cần Thơ.Despite that

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Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụt
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Bao
Ba Cụt


texts:
 disruption, Diệm was fraudulently credited with more than 90% of support in Hòa Hảo-controlled territory, and a near unanimous turnout was recorded in the area. These results were replicated across the nation, and Diệm deposed Bảo Đại. Eventually, <mask>t was surrounded, and sought to make a peace deal with the Diệm government to avoid being taken prisoner. <mask>t sent a message to Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ, the public official who oversaw the civilian side of the campaign against the Hòa Hảo, asking for negotiations so that his men could be integrated into mainstream society and the nation's armed forces. Thơ agreed to meet <mask>t alone in the jungle, and despite fears that the meeting was a Hòa Hảo trap, he was not ambushed. However, <mask>t began asking for additional concessions and the meeting ended in a stalemate. According to historian Hue-Tam Ho Tai, <mask>t's lifelong antipathy towards Thơ's family influenced his behaviour during his last stand.<mask>t was arrested by a patrol on 13 April 1956, and his remaining forces were defeated in battle. Contemporary political commentators based in France and Vietnam saw his capture as the death knell for domestic military opposition to President Diệm, while US Embassy official Daniel Anderson speculated that defeat of "the most able and spectacular leader" of the sects would lead to a collapse in non-communist armed opposition. Trial and execution

Initially, American commentators and observers thought that Diệm might try a reconciliatory approach and integrate <mask>t into the mainstream to increase the appeal of his government,


texts: rather than punish the Hòa Hảo leader. They felt that <mask>t had a high level of military skill and popular appeal that could be used in favour of the government, citing his colourful "Robin Hood" image as an attraction with the rural populace. US officials were also worried that a harsh punishment such as the death penalty could provoke an anti-government backlash, and that it could be exploited by other opposition groups. However, Diệm saw <mask>t as contrary to Vietnamese values of struggle and self-sacrifice and felt that strong measures were required. Diệm's government put <mask>t on trial for treason, under Article 146 of the Military Code of the Republic of Vietnam.Diệm spoke out and accused <mask>t of rallying to and defecting from the central government four times from 1945 to 1954, and that at his peak in mid-1954, <mask>t commanded 3500 troops armed with 3200 firearms. <mask>t was also accused of collaborating with the communists. The government submitted that the charge of treason was established by a series of attacks on VNA personnel, officers and vehicles from July 1954 until <mask>t's capture. The government prosecutor sought the death penalty and tendered petitions signed by residents of the Mekong Delta and southwestern Vietnam calling for the military destruction of <mask>t's militants. However, according to the historian Jessica Chapman, these petitions were organised by the government and heavily publicised in the Diêm-controlled media, and not representative of public opinion. During the proceedings, <mask>t theatrically removed his shirt so that

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Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
Ba Cụ
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Ba Cụ


texts: the public gallery could see how many scars he had suffered while fighting the communists. This, according to him, demonstrated his devotion to Vietnamese nationalism.He challenged any other man to show as many scars. However, the Diệmist judge was unimpressed. <mask>t was found guilty of arson and multiple murders and sentenced to death on 11 June. An appeal was dismissed on 27 June. On 4 July, <mask>t was also found guilty in a military court and sentenced to death "with degradation and confiscation of his property". It then fell to Diệm to consider a plea for clemency. Diệm rejected this and ordered the Justice Minister to put in place the orders for execution.On the very same day, a Hòa Hảo lawyer lodged an appeal against all of the verdicts to the Supreme Appeals Court in Saigon, but the submissions were rejected in a matter of hours. The Hòa Hảo reacted strongly to the legal verdicts as "shameful and unjust". The Dân Xã issued a statement describing the verdict and death penalty as being motivated by spite and being unsupported by evidence. <mask>t's defence counsel said the trial set a bad precedent for South Vietnam's fledgling legal system and questioned the integrity of the process. He claimed that VNA troops had engaged in mass rape and plunder of local civilians in their final push against <mask>t, and accused the Diệm regime of double standards in not investigating and prosecuting these alleged incidents. He claimed that South Vietnam had "no democracy and no freedom" and "only shamelessness and foolishness" and said that members of the Hòa Hảo would continue


texts: to resist the Saigon administration politically and militarily. In addition, Diệm's adviser, Colonel Edward Lansdale from the CIA, was one of many who protested against the decision.Lansdale felt that the execution would tarnish Diệm—who had proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam) and declared himself President—and antagonise <mask>t's followers. Ngô Đình Nhu, Diệm's younger brother and chief adviser, denied a reprieve as the army, particularly Minh, opposed any clemency. Some sections of the southern public, however, were sympathetic to <mask>t, who was compared to a character from the Wild West. <mask>t was publicly guillotined at 5:40 am on 13 July 1956, in a cemetery in Cần Thơ. A crowd numbering in the hundreds, including members of Diệm's National Assembly, Minh, regional officials and both domestic and overseas journalists witnessed the beheading. Anderson believed the use of the guillotine, instead of a firing squad, as was normal for military executions, was used to emphasise that <mask>t's actions were being portrayed as common crimes rather than as political opposition. Chapman said that the dual military and civilian trial indicated that Diệm viewed any opposition activities as not only politically unacceptable but also as crimes related to  bad character.<mask>t's body was later diced into small pieces, which were then buried separately. Some followers, led by a hardcore deputy named Bảy Đớm, retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border, where they vowed not to rest until <mask>t was avenged. Many of his followers later


texts:
 joined the Việt Cộng—the movement that succeeded the Việt Minh their leader had fought—and took up arms against Diệm. Notes

References

1923 births
1956 deaths
Executed Vietnamese people
Hòa Hảo
People executed by guillotine
People from An Giang Province
Vietnamese Buddhists
Vietnamese military personnel
People executed by South Vietnam
People executed by Vietnam by


texts: <mask>  (born 22 February 1950), known professionally as <mask>, is an English actress, author, and comedian. She is the recipient of four British Academy Television Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two International Emmy Awards, a BAFTA Fellowship, and a Golden Globe. <mask> has been nominated twice for an Academy Award: once for Best Actress and once for Best Supporting Actress. <mask> rose to prominence playing the title role in Educating Rita (1983), a role which she originated in West End theatre. She has appeared in a number of films, including Personal Services (1987), Stepping Out (1991), Sister My Sister (1994), Billy Elliot (2000), the Harry Potter series (2001–2011) as Molly Weasley, Calendar Girls (2003), Wah-Wah (2005), Driving Lessons (2006), Becoming Jane (2007), Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), Brave (2012), Paddington (2014) and its 2017 sequel, Brooklyn (2015), Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017), and Mary Poppins Returns (2018).On stage, she won a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons. On television, <mask> collaborated with Victoria Wood; they appeared together on several television shows, including Wood and <mask> (1981), Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV (1985–1987), Pat and Margaret (1994), and Dinnerladies (1998–2000). She has won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress four times, more than any other actress, for My Beautiful Son (2001), Murder (2002), The Canterbury Tales (2003), and her portrayal of Mo Mowlam in Mo (2010). <mask> and Helen Mirren are the only actresses to have won this award three consecutive times, and <mask> is tied with Judi Dench for the most nominations in the category with seven. In 2006, the British public voted <mask> fourth in ITV's poll of TV's 50 Greatest Stars as part of ITV's 50th anniversary celebrations. She starred in A Short Stay in Switzerland

masks:
Dame Julia Mary Walters
Julie Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters


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 (2009), which won her an International Emmy for Best Actress. <mask> was made a Dame (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama.Early life
Julia Mary <mask> was born on 22 February 1950 at St Chad's Hospital in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, the daughter of Mary Bridget (née O'Brien), an Irish Catholic postal clerk from County Mayo, and <mask>, an English builder and decorator. According to the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?, her maternal ancestors played an active part in the 19th-century Irish Land War. Her paternal grandfather <mask> was a veteran of the Second Boer War, and was killed in action in World War I in June 1915 while serving with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment; he is commemorated at the Le Touret Memorial in France. <mask> and her family lived at 69 Bishopton Road in the Bearwood area of Smethwick, Staffordshire. The youngest of five children and the third to survive birth, <mask> had an early education at St Paul's School for Girls in Edgbaston and later at Holly Lodge Grammar School for Girls in Smethwick. She said in 2014 that it was "heaven when [she] went to an ordinary grammar school", although she was asked to leave at the end of her lower sixth because of her "high jinks". <mask> later told interviewer Alison Oddey about her early schooling, "I was never going to be academic, so [my mother] suggested that I try teaching or nursing.[...] I'd been asked to leave school, so I thought I'd better do it." Her first job was in insurance at the age of 15. At the age of 18, she trained as a student nurse at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham; she worked on the ophthalmic, casualty, and coronary care wards during the 18 months she spent there. She decided to leave nursing and went on to study theatre at Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama (now Manchester School of Theatre). She worked for the Everyman Theatre Company

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Walters
Walters
Thomas Walters
Thomas Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters


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 in Liverpool in the mid-1970s, alongside several other notable performers and writers such as Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce, Willy Russell, and Alan Bleasdale. Career

1970s
<mask> first received notice as the occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, whom she had originally met in 1971 when Wood auditioned at the School of Theatre in Manchester. The two first worked together in the 1978 theatre revue In at the Death, followed by the television adaptation of Wood's play Talent.They went on to appear in their own Granada Television series, Wood and <mask>, in 1982. They continued to perform together frequently over the years. The BAFTA-winning BBC follow-up, Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV, featured one of <mask>'s best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Wood's parodic soap opera, Acorn Antiques (she later appeared in the musical version, and received an Olivier Award nomination for her efforts). 1980s

<mask> first serious acting role on TV was in Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff in 1982. A role that launched her to become a national treasure, <mask> starred opposite Michael Caine in Educating Rita (1983), a role she had created on the West End stage in Willy Russell’s 1980 play. Playing Susan "Rita" White, a Liverpudlian working-class hairdresser who seeks to better herself by signing up for and attending an Open University course in English Literature, she would receive the BAFTA Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical/Comedy, and an Academy Award for Best Actress-nomination. In 1985, she played Adrian Mole's mother, Pauline, in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole.<mask> appeared in the lead role of Cynthia Payne in the 1987 film Personal Services – a dramatic comedy about a British brothel owner. Then she starred with Phil Collins, playing the lead character's wife, June, in the film Buster, released in

masks: Walters Walters Walters Walters Walters Walters


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 1988. She also appeared as Mrs. Peachum in the 1989 film version of The Threepenny Opera, which was renamed Mack the Knife for the screen. 1990s
In 1991, <mask> starred opposite Liza Minnelli in Stepping Out, and had a one-off television special, <mask> and Friends, which featured writing contributions from Victoria Wood, Alan Bennett, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale. In 1993, <mask> starred in the TV film Wide-Eyed and Legless (known as The Wedding Gift outside the UK) alongside Jim Broadbent and Thora Hird. The film was based on the book by the author Deric Longden and tells the story of the final years of his marriage to his wife, Diana, who contracted a degenerative illness that medical officials were unable to understand at the time, though now believed to be a form of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis. In 1998 she starred as the Fairy Godmother in the ITV pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk.From 1998 until 2000, she played Petula Gordeno in Victoria Wood's BBC sitcom dinnerladies. In the late 1990s, she featured in a series of adverts for Bisto gravy. 2000s

In 2001, <mask> won a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons. She received her second Oscar nomination and won a BAFTA for her supporting role as the ballet teacher in Billy Elliot (2000). In 2002, she again won a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actress for her performance as Paul Reiser's mother in My Beautiful Son. <mask> played Molly Weasley, the matriarch of the Weasley family, in the Harry Potter film series (2001–2011). Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the only film in the series not to have included <mask>.In 2003, the BBC voted her portrayal of Molly as the second-"best screen mother". In 2003, <mask> starred as a widow (Annie Clark) determined to make some good come out of her husband's death from cancer in Calendar Girls, which starred Helen Mirren. In 2005, she

masks:
Walters
Julie Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters


texts: again starred as an inspirational real-life figure, Marie Stubbs in the ITV1 drama Ahead of the Class. In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest Stars, coming four places above frequent co-star Victoria Wood. In 2006, she starred in the film Driving Lessons alongside Rupert Grint (who played her son Ron in Harry Potter), and had a leading role in the BBC's adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke. In summer 2006, <mask> published her first novel, Maggie's Tree. The novel, concerning a group of English actors in Manhattan and published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was described as "a disturbing and thought-provoking novel about mental torment and the often blackly comic, mixed-up ways we view ourselves and misread each other.".Another reviewer, Susan Jeffreys, in The Independent, described the novel as "the work of a writer who knows what she's doing. There's nothing tentative about the writing, and <mask> brings her experiences as an actress to bear on the page. ... you do have the sensation of entering someone else's mind and of looking through someone else's eyes." <mask> starred in Asda's Christmas 2007 TV advertising campaign. She also appeared alongside Patrick Stewart in UK Nintendo DS Brain Training television advertisements, and in a public information film about smoke alarms. In June 2008, <mask> appeared in the film version of Mamma Mia!, playing Rosie Mulligan, marking her second high-profile musical, after Acorn Antiques: The Musical!. The same year, she released her autobiography, titled That's Another Story.In 2007, <mask> starred as the mother of author Jane Austen (played by Anne Hathaway) in Becoming Jane. <mask> played Mary Whitehouse in the BBC Drama Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story (2008), an adaptation of the real-life story of Mrs. Whitehouse who campaigned for "taste and decency on television". <mask> commented, "I am very excited

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 to be playing Mary Whitehouse, and to be looking at the time when she attacked the BBC and started to make her name." Filth won Best Motion Picture Made for Television, and <mask> was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made For Television, at the 2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards. In 2009, she received a star in the Birmingham Walk of Stars on Birmingham's Golden Mile, Broad Street. She said: "I am very honoured and happy that the people of Birmingham and the West Midlands want to include me in their Walk of Stars and I look forward to receiving my star. Birmingham and the West Midlands is where I'm from; these are my roots and in essence it has played a big part in making me the person I am today".Her other awards include an International Emmy with for A Short Stay in Switzerland. 2010s

<mask> played the late MP and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Mo Mowlam in a drama for Channel 4 broadcast in early 2010. She had misgivings about taking on the role because of the differences in their physical appearance, but the result was highly praised by critics. In July 2012, <mask> appeared in the BBC Two production The Hollow Crown as Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II. In the summer of 2012, she voiced the Witch in Pixar's Brave (2012). In 2012 she worked with LV= to promote one of their life insurance products targeted at people over 50. <mask> was seen in television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material helping to raise awareness for life insurance.<mask> appeared in The Last of the Haussmans at the Royal National Theatre in June 2012. The production was broadcast to cinemas around the world through the National Theatre Live programme. Set in contemporary London, <mask> portrayed Mrs. Bird, the Browns' housekeeper, in the critically acclaimed Paddington (2014). <mask> reprised her role for the sequel,


texts:
 Paddington 2 (2017), which has also received universal acclaim. She played the part of Cynthia Coffin in the ten-part British drama serial Indian Summers aired on Channel 4 in 2015. In 2015, she appeared in the romantic drama film Brooklyn, a film that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Her performance in the film earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.<mask> voiced the Lexi Decoder (LEXI) for Channel 4 during the 2016 Paralympic Games. The graphical system aims to aid the viewing experience of the games by debunking the often confusing classifications that govern Paralympic sport. Set in London during the depression, <mask> played Ellen, Michael's and Jane's long-time housekeeper, in Mary Poppins Returns (2018). Set in 1947 England, <mask> starred with Colin Firth in The Secret Garden (2020). Personal life
<mask>' relationship with Grant Roffey, a patrol man for the AA, began after a whirlwind romance. The couple have a daughter named Maisie Mae Roffey (born 26 April 1988), but did not marry until they went to New York City to do so in 1997. They live on an organic farm operated by Roffey near Plaistow, West Sussex.<mask> is a lifelong supporter of West Bromwich Albion Football Club, having been brought up in Smethwick. She is a patron of the domestic violence survivors' charity, Women's Aid. Illness
<mask> was diagnosed with stage III bowel cancer in 2018. Having had surgery and chemotherapy, she entered remission. This meant that she had to be cut from certain scenes in The Secret Garden and also had to miss the premiere of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. <mask> did not announce her illness to the public until February 2020, when she said in an interview with Victoria Derbyshire that she would be taking a step back from acting, particularly from large and demanding film roles.Later that year, however, she stated that she would make


texts:
 an exception for roles that she was 'really engaged' with, including Mamma Mia 3!, which is currently in development. Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Bibliography
Baby Talk: The Secret Diary of a Pregnant Woman (Ebury Press, 1990)
Maggie's Tree (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007)
That's Another Story: The Autobiography (Orion Books, 2009)

Honours
<mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama. Awards and nominations

<mask> has won eight BAFTAs, six competitive awards plus two honorary awards. The first honorary award was a special BAFTA that she received at a tribute evening in 2003, before receiving the BAFTA Fellowship in 2014. References

External links

A Conversation with <mask> – interactive video interview presented by BFI Screenonline and British Telecom
Walters named as CBE

1950 births
Living people
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actors from Staffordshire
Actresses awarded British damehoods
Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands
Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University
Audiobook narrators
BAFTA fellows
Best Actress BAFTA Award winners
Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English film actresses
English musical theatre actresses
English nurses
English people of Irish descent
English Shakespearean actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
International Emmy Award for Best Actress winners
Laurence Olivier Award winners
People from Chichester District
People from Edgbaston
People from Smethwick
Royal

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Walters
Walters
Julie Walters


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is a Japanese singer and actor. He is a member of Hey! Say! JUMP. <mask> came to prominence as a teen idol in 2007 following his role in the Japanese television series Tantei Gakuen Q. After launching his music career in 2007 as a member of Hey! Say!JUMP, he released his number one debut solo single, "Mystery Virgin" in 2013. The fact that <mask> was in his teens at the time the single reached number one helped the singer set several records in the Japanese music industry and <mask> achieved wide fame as a solo artist. He became the first teenage male artist in thirty three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. As an actor, he is best known for portraying Hajime Kindaichi in the Kindaichi Case Files live action drama franchise and Nagisa Shiota in the Assassination Classroom live action adaptation movie franchise. He also plays Edward Elric in the live-action film Fullmetal Alchemist, which was released on December 1, 2017. <mask>'s portrayal of Shiota Nagisa in Assassination Classroom (2015) earned him the Japan Academy Award for Newcomers of the Year in 2016 and his role as Semi in Grasshopper (2015) won him the Rookie Actor of the Year in Japan Film Critics Award 2016. Career

2004–2005: Career beginnings
<mask> began his career as an entertainer after entering Johnny & Associates at the age of 10.His mother, who was a fan of KinKi Kids, sent an application for an audition which recruited trainees for future male idols. The audition took place during the summer of 2004 and was aired in a segment of a Japanese television program, Ya-Ya-yah. <mask> made his first television appearance in August. He began working as a backup dancer for Tackey & Tsubasa, NEWS, Kanjani8, and KAT-TUN and appeared regularly on Shounen Club from

masks: Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada


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 autumn 2004. 2006–2007: Tantei Gakuen Q and Hey! Say! JUMP
Following his success as a dancer, he began acting.In 2006, he made his acting debut in a 2-hour television live action drama, Tantei Gakuen Q SP, as Ryu Amakusa. In April 2007, he was selected to be a member of a temporary group, Hey! Say! 7. The group made their CD debut on August 1, 2007, with a number-one single "Hey! Say!". The band was created by Johnny Kitagawa and it was stated at the time that it would be active for six months until September 2007.From July 2007, a three-month series of Tantei Gakuen Q was launched and <mask> played Ryu Amakusa again as he did in the prequel. The series became a major hit, and <mask> came to prominence and began receiving wide fame as an actor. In September 2007, Hey! Say! 7 expanded. Johnny & Associates announced that the new group, Hey! Say!JUMP, would be launched. <mask> was selected as one of the ten (now eight) members. He debuted on November 14, 2007, with a number one single "Ultra Music Power". 2008–2009: Acting and NYC Boys
In 2008, <mask> furthered his acting career. From January to March 2008, he starred in a three-month long television drama series, One-Pound Gospel with Kazuya Kamenashi. On April 12, he played a main role in a two-hour drama episode, Sensei wa Erai, as Hayato Gunjou. On June 14, he played the main role in Furuhata Chuugakusei, the sequel to Furuhata Ninzaburo, a Japanese drama series aired since 1994.From October to December 2008, he played the main role, Toichi Takasugi, in a three-month long television drama series, Scrap Teacher, along with Daiki Arioka, Yuto Nakajima and Yuri Chinen. In June 2009, it was announced that <mask> would be working as the lead singer of temporary group, NYC Boys. The band debuted with a number one single, "NYC". On December 31, 2009, the band

masks: Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada


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 appeared on Kohaku Uta Gassen. In the summer of 2009, <mask> returned to acting and starred in Niini no koto o Wasurenaide, a two-hour television drama episode aired as a segment of an annual television show, 24 Hour Television. On October 3, 2009, he played the main role in Hidarime Tantei Eye SP. 2010–2012: NYC, The Smurfs, Perfect Son and Johnny's World
From January 2010, Hidarime Tantei EYE became a three-month long television series and <mask> once again played the main role.His bandmate Yuma Nakayama guest starred in the first two episodes. Hey! Say! JUMP's sixth single "Hitomi no Screen" was used as the theme song for the series. In March 2010, it was announced that <mask> and two other leading members of NYC boys would form a new group called NYC, leaving behind the remaining four members. NYC released a number one single "Yuuki 100%" on April 7, 2010. From this point on, <mask> began performing as a singer of two groups, Hey!Say! JUMP and NYC. In September 2011, he played the voice of Clumsy in the Japanese-dubbed version of the film The Smurfs. Hey! Say! JUMP's ninth single, "Magic Power", was used as the theme song for the film. In 2012, <mask> returned to acting for the first time in two years.He played the main role in <mask> Akiyoshi Monogatari, which was aired on January 2. It was his first time to star in a period drama. From January to March, he starred in a 3-month long television series, Perfect Son, with actress Kyōka Suzuki. Hey! Say! JUMP's 9th single "SUPER DELICATE" was used as the theme song for the series. From November 2012 to January 2013, he played the lead role in a musical, Johnny's World.For the musical, <mask> performed tight-rope walking every day for three months in each show. 2013–2014: "Mystery Virgin" and Kindaichi Case Files
On January 9, 2013, he made his solo debut

masks: Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada


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 with a number one single, "Mystery Virgin". The fact that <mask> was in his teens at the time when the single reached number one helped him set several new records in the Japanese music industry. The single debuted at number one in its debut week on the Oricon chart, making him the first teenage male artist in thirty-three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. On January 12, 2013, he starred in a two-hour television special for, Kinda'ichi Shōnen no Jikenbo titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo Hong Kong Kowloon Zaihou Satsujin Jiken (The Hong Kong Kowloon Treasure Murder Case). He played the main role as Hajime Kindaichi. The show was created to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Japanese broadcasting company, NTV.<mask>'s Mystery Virgin was used as the theme song for the show. It was later revealed that Shin Kibayashi, writer of the Kindaichi series and Tantei Gakuen Q had envisioned creating a new Kindaichi series with <mask> as Hajime Kindaichi for almost five years. They met on set while filming Tantei Gakuen Q in 2006 and 2007. After filming the show, Kibayashi asked <mask> in person if he could play the role of Kindaichi in the future, for Yamada was only 14 years old at the time, too young to play the role of a high school student. In early 2014, <mask> <mask> reprised his role as Kindaichi and starred in another special titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jiken bo Gokumonjuku Satsujin Jiken (The Prison School Murder Case). After the specials, <mask> was then approached to continue starring as Kindaichi for a new serial drama for the Kindaichi series. The new series will be titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo N (neo) and started airing in July 2014.2015: Movie debut and 24 Hour Television
In March 2015, <mask> made his movie

masks: Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Ryosuke Yamada Ryosuke Yamada


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 debut as the hero, Shiota Nagisa, in the live-action movie adaptation of the popular manga, Assassination Classroom. The movie was a major hit, topping the box office of Japan on its first opening week. In August 2015, Hey! Say! JUMP was chosen as the TV personality of NTV's annual 24 Hour Television, which was a program to raise awareness for all the people that are going through hard times, alongside another Johnny's group, V6. <mask> portrayed the hero, Ryohei Sasaki, in the 24 Hour Television drama special called Okaasan, Ore Wa Daijoubu, along with other Johnny's members Takahisa Masuda and Yoshihiko Inohara as cast members. He portrayed a high school student who's passionate about soccer, but suffers from a brain tumor.For the role, <mask> lost 6 kg within just a week. <mask> was cast in another movie that was released on November 9 called Grasshopper along with Toma Ikuta. The movie was ranked number two on its opening week. <mask> received positive reviews due to his acting as a knife-wielding assassin in this movie, including from his veteran co-stars, Toma Ikuta, Tadanobu Asano, and Jun Murakami. 2016–present: Continuous Movie Successes & Acting Recognitions
Early 2016, <mask> won the Newcomer of the Year category in the 39th Japan Academy Prize for his portrayal of Nagisa Shiota in Assassination Classroom, and Rookie actor of the year in Japan Movie Critics Award for his portrayal of Semi in Grasshopper. On May 24, 2016, it was announced that <mask> would star as Edward Elric in the Fullmetal Alchemist live-action movie scheduled for release in 2017. <mask> was cast as the lead to the fall drama of Fuji TV's getsu 9 (prime-time slot), Cain and Abel.It aired in October 2016. It is <mask>'s first drama with a romantic love angle, and he is also the first Heisei born from Johnny's to star in a

masks: Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada Yamada


texts: getsu 9. The story is adapted from the Bible's Old Testament, and it is also a remake of the US classic film, East of Eden starring James Dean. <mask> plays a salaryman who falls in love with his brother's girlfriend and is hungry for the affection of his father. For his role in this drama, <mask> was a runner up of Best Leading Actor in the Autumn TV Drama Academy Award 2016. He was also the youngest person to be nominated in the lead actor category that season. On December 2, 2016, <mask> was cast to lead a movie titled Miracles of the Namiya General Store based on the best-selling novel of the same name by an award-winning writer, Higashino Keigo.The novel was claimed to be one of Higashino's best works. It tells the story of two people living in different eras (1980 and 2012) which will be connected by a letter, a story depicting human bonds and miracles. <mask> will portray a delinquent who stumbles upon a mysterious store that leads to several events that changes his life. The movie will be directed by Ryuichi Hiroki, filming expected to start January 2017 and is slated for Autumn 2017 release. <mask>'s performance in the "Miracles of the Namiya General Store" received generally positive reviews. His co-star Nishida Toshiyuki praised <mask>'s performance and said he is the Japanese version of James Dean and wrote a special letter for Yamada appreciating his acting. The movie was nominated for 6 different categories at the 41st Japan Academy Award, including best picture and best director.Both Namiya and Fullmetal Alchemist debuted at number 1 in Japan Box Office for its opening weekend. <mask>'s performance as Atsuya in Namiya and Edward Elric in Fullmetal Alchemist earn him the Newcomer Actor Award at the 91st Kinema Junpo Award, making him the second Johnny's talent to achieve this award after Ikuta


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 Toma. <mask> was cast as the lead to the NTV Saturday 10p.m drama for the winter of 2018, with the title Momikeshite Fuyu, a family comedy drama that tells the story of 3 elite siblings of a doctor, a lawyer, and a police officer who struggles to cover up scandals related to their family. <mask> plays the youngest child, an elite Police Officer, graduated from the University of Tokyo, who struggles to be accepted by his family under the shadows of his older siblings. The series premiered on January 13, 2018, with a solid rating of 13.3%. Discography

Singles

Music video

Credits

DVD

Filmography
For Hey! Say!JUMP-related appearances, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Dramas

Film

Shows

Other activities

YouTube
A new Johnny's YouTube channel called ジャにのちゃんねる (Janinochaneru), lead by Arashi's Kazunari Ninomiya, was opened on April 25, 2021. <mask> was revealed as the fourth member to participate, on April 28. He was revealed in the channel's 4th official video following 3 others announcing the other Johnny’s members that would be a part of the new channel. On September 15 of the same year, <mask> started his own gaming channel, LEOの遊び場 (Leo’s Playground).On this channel, <mask> mainly streams gameplay of first-person shooter games, featuring other Japanese streamers and VTubers. Tours
For post-debut tours, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Pre-debut

Musicals

Awards

References

External links
 Hey! Say! JUMP
 Johnny's-net

1993 births
Living people
Hey!Say! JUMP members
Johnny & Associates
Horikoshi High School alumni
Male actors from Tokyo
Singers from Tokyo
Japanese male pop singers
Japanese dance music singers
Japanese rhythm and blues singers
Japanese hip hop singers
Japanese male television actors
Japanese male film actors
Japanese idols
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese male singers
21st-century Japanese


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<mask> (; 30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. His film Le Monde du silence won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957, although he was not credited at the ceremony; the award was instead presented to the film's co-director Jacques Cousteau. Later in his career he was nominated multiple times for Academy Awards. Malle is also one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice. Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood, and he produced both French and English language films. His most famous films include the crime film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud (1958), the World War II drama Lacombe, Lucien (1974), the romantic crime film Atlantic City (1980), the comedy-drama My Dinner with Andre (1981), and the autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). Biography

Early life
<mask> was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Françoise (Béghin) and <mask>.During World War II, Malle attended a Roman Catholic boarding school near Fontainebleau. As an 11-year-old he witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz. The school's headmaster, Père Jacques, was arrested for harboring them and sent to the concentration camp at Mauthausen. Malle would later address these events in his autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). As a young man, Malle initially studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 (some sources incorrectly state that he studied at the Sorbonne) before turning to film studies at IDHEC. He worked as the co-director and cameraman to Jacques Cousteau on the documentary  The Silent World (1956), which won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the 1956 Academy Awards and Cannes Film Festival respectively. He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped (French title: Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il

masks:
Louis Marie Malle
Malle
Pierre Malle


texts: veut, 1956) before making his first feature, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud in 1957 (released in the U.K. as Lift to the Scaffold and in the U.S. originally as Frantic, later as Elevator to the Gallows).A taut thriller featuring an original score by Miles Davis, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud made an international film star of Jeanne Moreau, at the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Française. Malle was 24 years old. Malle's The Lovers (Les Amants, 1958), which also starred Moreau, caused major controversy due to its sexual content, leading to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the legal definition of obscenity. In Jacobellis v. Ohio, a theater owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity. The decision was eventually reversed by the higher court, which found that the film was not obscene and hence constitutionally protected. However, the court could not agree on the definition of "obscene", which caused Justice Potter Stewart to utter his "I know it when I see it" opinion, perhaps the most famous single line associated with the court. Malle is sometimes associated with the nouvelle vague movement.His work does not directly fit in with or correspond to the auteurist theories that apply to the work of Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Éric Rohmer and others, and he had nothing whatsoever to do with the Cahiers du cinéma. However, Malle's work does exemplify some of the characteristics of the movement, such as using natural light and shooting on location, and his film Zazie dans le Métro ("Zazie in the Metro", 1960, an adaptation of the Raymond Queneau novel) inspired Truffaut to write an enthusiastic letter to Malle. Other films also tackled taboo subjects: The Fire Within centres on a man about to commit suicide, Le souffle au cœur (1971) deals with an incestuous relationship between mother and son, and Lacombe Lucien (1974), co-written with Patrick Modiano, is about collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France during World War II. The second of these earned Malle his first


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 (of three) Oscar nominations for "Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced". Documentary on India
Malle visited India in 1968, and made a seven-part documentary series, L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage, and a documentary film, Calcutta, which was released in cinemas. Concentrating on India's religious rituals and festivities, Malle fell afoul of the Indian government, which disliked his portrayal of the country, in its fascination with the pre-modern, and consequently banned the BBC from filming in India for several years. Malle later claimed his documentary on India was his favorite film.Move to America
Malle later moved to the United States and continued to direct there. His later films include Pretty Baby (1978), Atlantic City (1980), My Dinner with Andre (1981), Crackers (1984), Alamo Bay (1985), Damage (1992) and Vanya on 42nd Street (1994, an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya) in English; Au revoir les enfants (1987) and Milou en Mai (May Fools in the U.S., 1990) in French. Just as his earlier films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the United States, My Dinner with Andre was at the forefront of the rise of American independent cinema in the 1980s. Towards the end of his life, Malle was interviewed extensively for The Times by cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter. In 1993, the interviews were included in Camber Porter's book Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections On Contemporary French Arts And Culture. Personal life
Malle was married to actress Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1965 to 1967. He later had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc <mask> (born 1971), with German actress Gila von Weitershausen, and a daughter, filmmaker Justine <mask> (born 1974), with Canadian actress Alexandra Stewart.He married actress Candice Bergen in 1980. They had one child, a daughter, Chloé Françoise <mask>, on 8 November 1985. He died from lymphoma, aged 63, at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on 23

masks: Malle Malle Malle


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<mask><mask> (born c. 1964) is an American anthropologist and lawyer, an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. His first book Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008)  received the John L. <mask> Award from the Society for Historical Archaeology. <mask> is editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network and Newsletter, and an associate of the editorial board of the International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Education
<mask> earned his M.A. in American Civilization from the University of Pennsylvania in 1986. He received his J.D. in 1989 from Georgetown University Law Center.Returning to graduate study and a second career, in 2000 he received an M.A. in anthropology from the University of Virginia. In 2003, <mask> completed his Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Virginia, where he specialized in historical archaeology and African diaspora archaeology. Academic career
In his first years, <mask> taught at a variety of institutions: first was the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, including a course on witchcraft and magic which he designed, and historical archaeology theory and methods. In the spring of 2001, <mask> was an instructor at Roosevelt University in Chicago, Illinois, teaching cross-cultural anthropology. During the fall of 2003, <mask> was a lecturer at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas, teaching an introduction to cultural anthropology. From 2003 to 2004, <mask> was Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, Texas where he taught “Anthropology and Law” and “Social Norms and the Law.” From 2004 until now, <mask> is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in Urbana, Illinois.He is also a staff member in the College of Law, teaching interdisciplinary lectures in anthropology and law, the Department of Landscape Architecture, the African

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Christopher C
. Fennell
Cotter
Fennell
Fennell
Fennell
Fennell
Fennell
Fennell
Fennell
Fennell


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 American Studies Program, and the Center for African Studies. Editor
<mask> has done extensive editorial work. From 1998 to the present, he has been editor and co-founder (with historians James Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz) of the online-based "Plymouth Colony Archive Project", which is “ethnohistorical and archaeological analyses and historical texts”. This project was recognized by the National Endowment for the Humanities and "peer-reviewed for outstanding intellectual quality, superior design, and educational impact." Since 2004, <mask> has been an article and book referee for various publications, including, American Anthropologist, Historical Archaeology, and Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology. Since 2005, <mask> has been editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network (ADAN) and Newsletter and an editorial board member of International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Excavations and research
In 2008 <mask> led summer research and excavations at the New Philadelphia Town Site in Illinois.It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009. The town site is at New Philadelphia, Illinois. This plot of land in Pike County, Illinois was the site of the first town platted and registered by an African American before the American Civil War. It had black and white residents, and an integrated school. As a railroad was built bordering a neighboring community, the New Philadelphia expansion seemed to come to a halt. By the early 20th century, only a few homes and families remained. Today only prairie remains with no evidence of a once-flourishing community.During the fall and spring of 2002 and 2003, <mask> and a team from University of Illinois, University of Maryland and other institutions used topographical and historical maps to find the exact location of the New Philadelphia Site. They found plots of land with artifacts such as nails, ceramic pieces, and shards of glass, showing obvious

masks: Fennell Fennell Fennell Fennell Fennell


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 signs of a previous settlement. The archaeologists are working with the New Philadelphia Land Trust to excavate and preserve the site and its history. In 1999 and 2000, <mask> performed excavations and studies in the upper Potomac River and northern Shenandoah River region surrounding Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Included were an 18th-century house and St. Peter's Church and School in Harper’s Valley. He examined three cultural processes: the formation and dissipation of social groups, the development of language and communication through material culture, and regional exchange systems. Books
Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) (received award, see below)
African Diaspora Archaeology (2008) Society for Historical Archaeology.Awards
2009 John L<mask> Award, the Society for Historical Archaeology

References

Other publications
 "BaKongo Identity and Symbolic Expression in the Americas", The Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, ed. Toyin Falola and Akin Ogundiran, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007
 "Conjuring Boundaries: Inferring Past Identities from Religious Artifacts", International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 4(4): 281-313 (2000). "Molded Malevolence: Instrumental Symbolism Rendered in Clay", Ceramics in America, Vol. 3, pp. 270–273, University Press of New England and the Chipstone Foundation (2003). "New Philadelphia: The XYZs of the First Excavations", with Terrance J. Martin and Paul A. Shackel, Living Museum, 66(4): 8-13 (2004/2005). Editor, African Diaspora Archaeology Network, University of Illinois, 2008
 “Historical Archaeology in Harpers Ferry”, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 14 December 2007

External links
 "<mask>. <mask>", University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Website, 2008

American anthropologists
University of Virginia alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Georgetown University Law Center

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Fennell
. Cotter
Christopher C
Fennell


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<mask> () was the ninth Sapa Inca (1418–1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire (). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti. In Quechua Pachakutiq means "reformer of the world", and Yupanki means "with honor". During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to nearly the whole of western South America. According to chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere. Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inti Sun Cult.Biography
Pachacutec was the ninth ruler of the Inca state who, from ruling a simple chiefdom, came to rule a great empire, the Tawantinsuyu. He was born in Cusco, in the palace of Cusicancha, bordering the Coricancha temple. His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and language, as well as the handling of quipus. From a very young age he was admired by the Inca nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity that his brother, Inca Urco (who had been named as successor of Viracocha Inca), lacked. In the same way, he showed aptitudes for government and conquest that his brother likewise lacked. Although he had not been designated as successor by his


texts:
 father, Viracocha Inca, he led a military defense against the warlike army of Chanka while his father and his brother, Urco Inca, fled the manor. The victory over the Chankas made Inca Viracocha recognize him as his successor around 1438.As part of his vision of a statesman and warrior chieftain he conquered many ethnic groups and states, highlighting his conquest of the Collao that enhanced the prestige of the Inca Pachacutec. Due to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional leader, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements. Numerous kurakas do not hesitate to recognise his skills and identify him as the "son of the Sun". He conquered the provinces of Colla-Suyu and Chinchay-Suyu. Along with his sons, Tupac Ayar Manco (or Amaru Tupac Inca), and Apu Paucar Usnu, he defeated the Collas. Additionally, he left garrisons in subjugated lands. Lineage
<mask>cha and Mama Runtu, was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty.His wife's name was Mama Anahuarqui, or Quya Anawarkhi (Coya Anahurque). He had three sons, Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui. <mask> had his two brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayana Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign against the province of Chinchay-Suyu. He also killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui. Amaru, the older son, was originally chosen to be co-regent and eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not a warrior. He was also

masks: Pachacutiraco Pachacuti


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 the first one to retire.Succession
<mask>'s given name was Cusi Yupanqui and he was not supposed to succeed his father Inca Viracocha who had appointed his brother Urco as crown prince. However, in the midst of an invasion of Cusco by the Chankas, the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies, Pachacuti had a real opportunity to demonstrate his talent. While his father and brother fled the scene, Pachacuti rallied the army and prepared for a desperate defense of his homeland. In the resulting battle, the Chankas were defeated so severely that legend tells even the stones rose up to fight on Pachacuti's side. Pachacuti became known as "The Earth Shaker" following the battle, and won the support of his people. Pachacuti captured many Chanka leaders, who Pachacuti presented to his father Viracocha for him to wipe his feet on their bodies, a traditional victory ritual. Viracocha told Pachacuti that the honor of the ritual belonged to the next Inca: Urco.Pachacuti protested and said that he had not won the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives. A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha later tried to have Pachacuti assassinated. Pachacuti was tipped off to the plot, however, and the assassination plot failed. Viracocha went into exile while Pachacuti returned in triumph to Cusco, and renamed himself "<mask>" (meaning "Earth Shaker"). Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire. Each

masks: Pachacuti Pachacuti


texts: suyu had a sector of the city, centering on the road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in the sector corresponding to their origin. Each sector was further divided into areas for the hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) moieties.Many of the most renowned monuments around Cusco, such as the great sun temple Qurikancha, were rebuilt during Pachacuti's reign. Despite his political and military talents, Pachacuti did not improve the system of succession. His son became the next Inca without any known dispute after Pachacuti died in 1471 due to a terminal illness, but in future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to wrest control of the empire. Pachacuti is also credited with having displaced hundreds of thousands in massive programs of relocation and resettling them to colonize the most remote edges of his empire. These forced colonists were called mitimaes and represented the lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy. The Incan imperial government was highly authoritative and repressive. He sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui an army to repeat his conquests, and extend his realm to Quito.Pachacuti then built irrigating channels, cultivated terraces, made roads and hospices. The Road of the Inca stretched from Quito to Chile. Pachacuti was a poet and the author of the Sacred Hymns of the Situa city purification


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 ceremony. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song to Pachacuti on his deathbed: "I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died." In popular culture

 <mask> is featured as the leader of the Inca in the video games Civilization III, Civilization V, and Civilization VI. Pachacutec, a resurrected Sapa Inca king who is over 500 years old, plays a major role in James Rollins' novel  Excavation, whose major action occurs in the Peruvian Andes. The book is steeped in history and culture about the Inca, Moche, and Quechan peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition.He was portrayed in the American documentary series Mankind: The Story of All of Us. The BBC children's series Horrible Histories featured <mask>, played by Mathew Baynton, in the song "Do the Pachacuti" (a parody of novelty party songs) during its second series. Pachakutiq is the name of a character played by Clark Gregg in season six of the Marvel TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. — not the Incan emperor, but a character who might be said to be a "he who overturns space and time" in a certain sense. The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains a five-chapter campaign titled "Pachacuti". Gallery

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1418 births
1471 deaths
Inca emperors
Incan politicians
15th-century South American people
15th-century monarchs in


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<mask> (born January 15, 1957) is an American journalist and author who writes about science, history, politics, and religion. He has written five books: Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information (1988), The Moral Animal (1994), Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (1999), The Evolution of God (2009), and Why Buddhism is True (2017). As of 2019, <mask> is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. He is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of Bloggingheads.tv and the founder and editor-in-chief of Meaningoflife.tv. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Lawton, Oklahoma to a Southern Baptist  family and raised in (among other places) San Francisco. A self-described "Army brat", <mask> attended Texas Christian University for a year in the late 1970s, before transferring to Princeton University to study sociobiology, which was a precursor to evolutionary psychology. His professors at college included author John McPhee, whose style influenced <mask>'s first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information.Career

Journalism
<mask> served as a Senior Editor at The Sciences and The New Republic,  and as an editor at The Wilson Quarterly. He has been a contributing editor at The New Republic (where he also co-authored the "TRB" column), Time, and Slate, and has written for The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker,  and The New York Times Magazine. He contributes frequently to The New York Times, including a stint as guest columnist for the month of April, 2007 and as a contributor to The Opinionator, a web-only opinion page in 2010. <mask> became a senior editor of The Atlantic on January 1, 2012. As of February, 2015, the magazine's author page describes him as "a former senior editor at The Atlantic." University teaching and research
In

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