texts:
 Combatant Status Review Tribunals. The Tribunals, however, were not authorized to determine whether the captives were lawful combatants—rather they were merely empowered to make a recommendation as to whether the captive had previously been correctly determined to match the Bush administration's definition of an enemy combatant. Summary of Evidence memo

A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for <mask> Haji
Combatant Status Review Tribunal on
12 November 2004. The memo listed the following allegations:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|
a. The detainee is associated with al Qaida:
The detainee has long established ties to HIG
HiG is a terrorist organization
The detainee was reported absent from a HiG leadership meeting conducted after his capture. The detainee controlled a cache of weapons, including Kalashnikov rifles, machine guns, RPGs and rockets. The detainee was captured in the home of an al Qaida financier.b. The detainee supported hostilities in aid of enemy armed forces:
The detainee reportedly led a group of 30 men who conspired to attack coalition forces in the vicinity of Kabul, Afghanistan. |}

Transcript

<mask> chose to participate in his Combatant Status Review Tribunal. Testimony
<mask> acknowledged being a member of HIG, but fifteen years ago, during his youth; elder members of his family pushed him into it. He had served under a commander named Abdul Khadar. It was during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and everyone joined one or another of the groups resisting the Soviets. When the Taliban came to power he cut all ties with HiG.He said he thought the Taliban would bring unity to Afghanistan, and the tribal and regional wars would disappear, and had gone to enlist with them. However, they threw him in prison, because of his earlier association with HiG. He denied that he controlled a weapons cache. He stated that he was

masks: Hamidullah Hamidullah Hamidullah


type: original

texts:
 illiterate, and this  would have barred him from such an important task. He said he was not arrested in the home of an al-Qaeda financier. He said he was arrested in a house where he had been told to stay by Mullah Izat, a Northern Alliance commander, when he had returned to Afghanistan. After he escaped from the Taliban he and his family had been staying in Pakistan, as refugees, during the Taliban's time in power.He said that he had some responsibilities for a group of fighters - but fifteen years ago, during the Soviet occupation. Further, he had not been that group's commander, but rather he was the one sent to the market to shop for foodstuff. He said that when the Americans evicted the Taliban he wanted to work to help bring former king Zahir Shah back to power. He said he made contact with General Rahim Wardak. He said  Defense Minister Fahim Khan and Besmil Khan, the commander of the Northern Alliance sent him a message:

...don't do this; we are mujahedin, and the King is a Western guy, and we don't need him. This won't be good for your future. He had once attended a speech by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the founder of HiG.However, he had never met him. When told that the Tribunal was going to go into closed session, to consider the classified evidence, he was asked if there was anything he said during any of his interrogations that he wanted to expand on, or correct. He replied that the allegations about storing weapons and about the leadership meeting were new. He had never been asked about them during his interrogations. The Tribunal officers commented on his willingness to cooperate, and asked why he was wearing an orange uniform. Witness

His witness was Nasrat Khan. Khan testified that he had known <mask>'s father in the HiG and that he met <mask> when he joined, as a teenager.He testified that he remembered <mask>'s desertion. <mask>'s

masks: Hamidullah Hamidullah Hamidullah Hamidullah


texts:
 orange uniform

<mask>'s Tribunal officers asked him to explain why he was wearing an orange uniform—the uniform issued to Guantanamo captives regarded as "non-compliant". Habeas petition 05-cv-1691

Several petitions of habeas corpus were filed on <mask>'s behalf, including 05-cv-1601 and 05-CV-1691. In September 2007, the Department of Defense published the unclassified dossiers arising from the Combatant Status Review Tribunals of 179 captives. The Department of Defense published 37 pages from his Tribunal. On December 2, 2006, one of <mask>'s habeas corpus hearings stirred controversy when the Bush administration tried to prohibit attorneys from contacting him. Tribunal panel 12 convened on December 13, 2004, and confirmed his "enemy combatant" status.Detainee election form

His Personal Representative met with him for 43 minutes on December 11, 2004. His Personal Representative's notes state:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|
 Detainee wants to appear to the tribunal. Detainee wants to make an oral statement. Detainee requested and TP approved 2 witnesses:
1 in-camp witness: Haji Nasrat Khan (camp 4; ISN 1009)
1 out-of-camp witness: Mullah Hazet (District of Pahgman, Kabul AF)
 The in-camp witness (1009) told me he did not wish to appear before the tribunal on account of his health, but would provide a statement for the tribunal (to be submitted as Exhibit D-b). |}

Administrative Review Board hearings

Detainees who were determined to have been properly classified as "enemy combatants" were scheduled to have their dossier reviewed at annual Administrative Review Board hearings. The Administrative Review Boards weren't authorized to review whether a detainee qualified for POW status, and they weren't authorized to review whether a detainee should have been classified as an "enemy combatant". They were authorized to consider whether a detainee


texts:
 should continue to be detained by the United States, because they continued to pose a threat—or whether they could safely be repatriated to the custody of their home country, or whether they could be set free.First annual Administrative Review Board hearing

A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for Haji <mask>ddin (HIG) during the jihad. He served with the HIG before the Taliban regime took over. The Hizb-I Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) was founded by Gulbuddin Hikmatyar as a faction of the Hizb-I Islami party in 1977. It was one of the major mujahedin groups in the war against the Soviets.HIG has long-established ties with Usama Bin Laden. b. Connections/Associations
The detainee was a member of the Mahaz-e Melli Tanzim. The Mahaz-e Melli Tanzim attempted to recruit and organize supporters in Kabul, Afghanistan, following the fall of the Taliban. King Zahir Shah intended to establish a post-Taliban government for the purpose of rebuilding the war torn nation. In 2003, the detainee was a HIG commander who worked directly for Abu Bakr, the alleged highest-ranking HIG commander in Kabul. The detainee controlled a large weapons cache in Kabul. The detainee was reported to be one of the heads of the Psychological Operations Wing of the HIG.The detainee was captured in August 2003, in Kabul, in one of the homes owned by Raouf. c. Detainee Actions and Statements
In May 2003, the detainee was the commander of 30 men, with ties to the Taliban, who were planning an attack on an Afghan National Directorate of Security (NDS) unit in the vicinity of Kabul City, Afghanistan. d. Other Relevant Data
As a known HIG member, the detainee was arrested by the Taliban and placed in jail. He spent 23 months in jail before escaping to Pakistan. In November 2001, while attempting to recruit and organize supporters for Shah and the Mahaz-e Melli, Afghanistan, the Northern


texts:
 Alliance arrested the detainee, however the detainee escaped. |}

The following primary factors favor release or transfer
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|
 a. The detainee claimed he is friendly to the United States and turned to the Islamic faith as being a reason not to kill.|}

Transcript
<mask> chose to participate in his Administrative Review Board hearing. <mask>'s statement

<mask> spoke at length about the problems that had beset Afghanistan because of the armed struggle between different groups. He decried how Afghanistan had become the world's training ground for terrorism and suicide bombers. He decried those who used suicide bombers, and expressed suspicion over their true motives. He described how he wanted to work for a strong, unified, popular tolerant, democratic government. He welcomed the intercession of the United Nations and the United States. He said: "With this new conditions under the United States and United Nations, whoever were a true patriot...whoever was [a] supporter of humanity and human rights and he wanted to rebuild Afghanistan.He [would] supported the new government..."

He said that after the United States intervention some of their nominal allies worked, under the table, to hurt the new regime and cause chaos. He believed Burhanuddin Rabbani, Abdul Rasul Sayyaf and Mohammed Fahim, were among those who did not have the best interests of the new regime at heart. He expressed his suspicions that the Russians were backing the chaos-sowers. Second annual Administrative Review Board hearing

A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for Haji <mask>'s second annual Administrative Review Board  on 26 March 2006. The following primary factors favor continued detention
The two
page memo listed eight
"primary factors favor[ing] continued detention" and two
"primary factors favor[ing] release or transfer". {|


texts:
 class="wikitable" border="1"
|
a. Commitment
The detainee was a member of the Hezb-I Islami Gulbuddin for 10 years.In November 2001, the detainee attempted to recruit and organize supporters for the Shah and the Mahaz-e Melli in Kabul. The Northern Alliance arrested the detainee because of these efforts; however, the detainee escaped. The detainee was arrested by the Taliban and placed in jail due to his affiliation with the Hezb-I Islami Gulbuddin. He spent 23 months in jail before escaping to Pakistan. The detainee secretly recruited and organized members of the Mahaz-e Melli group. Consequently, rumors were spread throughout Kabul accusing the detainee of being involved with the Taliban and al Qaeda. b. Connections/Associations
The Hezb-I Islami Gulbuddin was founded by Gulbuddin Hikmatyar as a faction of the Heab-I Islami party in 1977.It was one of the major Mujahedin groups in the war against the Soviets and has long-established ties with Usama bin Laden. The detainee was captured in August 2003, in Kabul, in a home owned by an al Qaida financier. The detainee was identified as an Iranian intelligence officer. The reliability of the source is not determined. c. Intent
A source named the detainee as the commander of 30 men, with ties to the Taliban, planning an attack on an Afghan National Directorate of Security unit near Kabul. |}

The following primary factors favor release or transfer
{|
|valign="top" |a. || The detainee states that the only reason he worked for the Hezb-I Islami Gulbuddin was that they would provide food and money for the member and their families.|-
|valign="top" |b. || The detainee claimed he is friendly to the United States and turned to the Islamic faith as being a reason not to kill. |}

Transcript

In September 2007 the Department of Defense published a sixteen-page summarized transcript from the unclassified session


texts:
 of his second Administrative Review Board hearing. Enemy Combatant election form

<mask>'s Assisting Military Officer reported on the notes from the Enemy Combatant election form completed on 4 April 2006. They met for sixty minutes for a pre-hearing interview. His Assisting Military Officer described him as "very cooperative and attentive" during the interview. HIG identification

<mask> explained that for refugees in Pakistan to receive food aid they needed to have an ID card.Militia groups, like the HIG, issued ID cards. Possessing one of these cards did not imply membership in the militia. He estimated that more than two million refugees had been issued HIG ID cards. Habeas corpus 05-cv-1601

Civil Action No. 05-cv-1601 was re-initiated in late 2008. Military Commissions Act

The Military Commissions Act of 2006 mandated that Guantanamo captives were no longer entitled to access the US civil justice system, so all outstanding habeas corpus petitions were stayed. Boumediene v. Bush

On 12 June 2008 the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Boumediene v. Bush, that the Military Commissions Act could not remove the right for Guantanamo captives to access the US Federal Court system.And all previous Guantanamo captives' habeas petitions were eligible to be re-instated. The judges considering the captives' habeas petitions would be considering whether the evidence used to compile the allegations the men and boys were enemy combatants justified a classification of "enemy combatant". Protective order

On 15 July 2008 Kristine A. Huskey filed a "NOTICE OF PETITIONERS' REQUEST FOR 30-DAYS NOTICE OF TRANSFER" on behalf of several dozen captives including <mask>. References

20th-century births
2020 deaths

Year of birth uncertain
Afghan extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Afghan refugees
Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Prisoners of


texts:
<mask> (14 July 183520 December 1925) was a German educationalist and social reformer who came to prominence as a pioneering temperance activist. Life

<mask> was born in the central  quarter of Bremen. <mask>, her father, was a successful grain merchant. She received a "sound" schooling. From her childhood diary entries it is apparent that she was keen that her life should make a difference in society. She was never attracted by the idea of marriage and family life. She studied to become a teacher, embarking on her teaching career in 1851.As a young woman she was in particular influenced by the radical feminist writer . <mask>'s own pupils during these early years included another daughter of Bremen who would emerge as a prominent feminist social reformer, Hedwig Heyl. <mask> taught at a private school between 1852 and 1857: there is mention of her having taught on a British or English island around this time. In 1862 she returned to Bremen to look after her parents who were in failing health. In 1867 she teamed up with  and Henny Sattler to set up the "League for expanding work opportunities for women" ("Verein zur Erweiterung des weiblichen Arbeitsgebiets"), later renamed as the "Women's Prosperity and Training League" ("Frauen-Erwerbs- und Ausbildungs-Verein"). However, <mask> was obliged to pull back from this initiative in order to look after her parents. The parents died in 1870 and 1871 which opened the way for a new phase in <mask>'s life.She went back to England. Between 1881 and 1890 she lived in Yorkshire where she took on responsibility for the education of two daughters of the 9th Earl of Carlisle. The girls' mother, Rosalind, Countess of Carlisle, was an energetic campaigner for women's rights, and even more passionate as an advocate of temperance (abstinence from alcohol). Through working for Rosalind Carlisle she was

masks:
Ottilie Franziska Hoffmann
Ottilie Hoffmann
Ludwig Otto Hoffmann
Hoffmann
Hoffmann
Hoffmann
Ottilie


texts: confronted with the results of alcohol abuse, notably among the working population. Alcohol abuse among the workers led to social misery and family violence against women and children. In England <mask> <mask> was impressed by her aristocratic employers' social commitment against alcohol dependency: she experienced for herself how former hostelries might be transformed into reading rooms and tea shops. It was also from Lady Carlisle that <mask> acquired the habit, which would later lead some of Bremen's more hidebound citizens to question her sanity, of placing a stout box in one corner of a city part and then standing on it to preach abstinence to passers-by.That was the background to a personal commitment to total abstinance that <mask> <mask> made on 24 November 1882, an anniversary of her mother's death. All her energies were now directed towards the fight against alcohol abuse. In 1874 the "World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union" (WWCTU / "Weltbund Christlicher Abstinenter Frauen") was launched, initially in Ohio. The WWCTU's objectives and approach ensured that the temperance movement effectively became a part of the Women's suffrage movement that emerged in Europe and North America during the second half of the nineteenth century. Early in 1890 <mask> <mask> returned to Bremen, where a rapidly unfolding social crisis was under way to the north of the main station in the city's main park. The construction work for that year's prestigious  was being plagued with accidents caused by drunkenness. At once she built a coffee shop on the site.On 12 February 1891 she set up the "Bremer Mäßigkeitsverein" ("Bremen Temperance Association"), renamed in 1915 "League for alcohol-free eating establishments" ("Verein für alkoholfreie Speisehäuser"). <mask> chaired both organisation. Back in 1891 she still was not able to set up an

masks: Ottilie Hoffmann Hoffmann Ottilie Hoffmann Ottilie Hoffmann Hoffmann


texts: organisation devoted purely to women's rights. That followed only on 17 June 1900 with the establishment of the "German League of Abstinent Women", renamed in 1924 "German Women's League for an Alcohol-free Society" ("Deutscher Frauenbund für alkoholfreie Kultur"). By at least one reckoning by 1894 she had become the leading representative in Bremen of the International Blue Cross Christian temperance movement. During this time a number of alcohol free restaurants and "milk bars" were set up around the city, mainly in working class districts. An outlet, the "Freeport coffee and breakfast canteen" ("Kaffee- und Frühstückshalle im Freibezirk") was set up in the "Europahafen" freeport as early as 1901.Coffee was available from five each morning, and service continued till eight at night "except when workers on nightshifts wish[ed] to eat even later". In 1910 and 1912 the "Mäßigkeitsverein" set up two so-called "milk exchanges" in each of the two parts of the newly enlarged freeports. This massively increased sales of fresh milk within the confines of the port area. There was still a massive danger to port workers from alcohol at the time: most of the workplace deaths could be traced back to alcohol consumption. In 1910 the "Ottilie Hoffmann White Ribbon House" (das "Ottilie Hoffmann Haus Weiße Schleife") opened at New Street 14/15 ("Neuenstraße 14/15"). It was positioned in the western side of inner city in the business district by the Stephanien Quarter, which was then regarded as a working class residential district. This was the first house that the abstentionist Frauenbund owned.Over the years a reading room and a games room were installed along with a small lending library. In the expanded space on the first floor there slowly evolved a "middle-class kitchen", while downstairs meals were provided for poor and destitute people. During


texts: the First World War the Bremen Temperance Association and local groups from the German part of the WWCTU were called in to provide feeding points and meals for women and children made destitute by the war. They used their existing facilities for the purpose. In 1915 there were nine eating establishments and two "milk bars" involved in these mass catering operations. In addition the association were able to get hold of another fifteen canteen to use for the city-wide relief programme. This also meant administering the distribution of meals, bread and milk.During the period of the war approximately nine million meals were provided. In 1919 <mask> acquired the "good middle-class" eating establishment at Katharinenstraße 13 as her own project after she had failed to persuade other league members to back the purchase of a substantial building of this nature in the prosperous heart of the city. Subsequent developments endorsed her judgement. The Katharinenstraße house was well frequented and broadened the activities of the league in new directions. The place was used for school leavers' parties and other celebrations. Annual accounts show that it generated good revenues, and even, at times of financial crisis, net returns that could be used to compensate for the habitual deficits reported by the "Ottilie" temperance canteens in the harbour area. The 1932 accounts reported that: "Nearly all the secondary schools hold their 'Farewell parties' and class days with us.Our 'alcohol-free bowling' facilities provide a suitably exhilarating end-of-term celebration. Alongside the main party hall there are another three good sized dining rooms. There is the reading room on the second floor, next to a - sadly not very large - roof-garden where we put out deck chairs when the weather is good." There was a strong campaigning element in <mask>'s temperament.

masks: Hoffmann Hoffmann


texts:
 She fought for women's rights and involved herself in social issues and problems. She was a founder member of the League of German women's associations ("Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine"), and elected a member of its executive board. She gave lectures and took part in international congresses.In 1921, the year of her eighty-sixth birthday, <mask> <mask> identified her successor. Anna Klara Fischer and <mask> <mask> had first got into conversation in an over-filled express train to Hanover in the early summer ("shortly before Whitsun") in 1913. In 1921 Fischer took charge of both <mask>'s Christian Temperance organisations, the Temperance League and the Abstinent Women's League. During the next few difficult decades she would prove herself a worthy successor. It is nevertheless also striking that <mask> <mask> appointed her successor without first consulting colleagues at either of the organisations affected. Ottile <mask> died at Bremen at the end of 1925. She was 90.Celebration
In 1970 the "Bremer Mäßigkeitsverein" ("Bremen Temperance Association") was renamed "Bremen Ottilie Hoffmann Association" ("Bremer Verein Ottilie Hoffmann"), the name under which it continues to exist. In the  quarter of Bremen, Busestraße and Emmastraße are connected by Ottilie-Hoffmann-Straße ("Ottilie Hoffmann Sreet"). The street sign carries the additional inscription: "<mask> <mask> (1835-1925) Founder of the 'German Women's League for an Alcohol-free Society' and of the <mask> <mask> houses in Bremen" ("<mask> <mask> (1835–1925) Gründerin des Deutschen Frauenbundes für alkoholfreie Kultur und der Ottilie-Hoffmann-Häuser in Bremen"). Since 1987 there has been a  by the local sculptor  in the Urich Place ("Ulrichsplatz") on the edge of the  quarter. References

People from Bremen
19th-century German educators
German feminists
German temperance activists
1835

masks: Ottilie Hoffmann Ottilie Hoffmann Hoffmann Ottilie Hoffmann Hoffmann Ottilie Hoffmann Ottilie Hoffmann Ottilie Hoffmann


texts: <mask> (; born September 29, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played one season of college basketball for the Texas Longhorns, and was selected as the second overall pick by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 2007 NBA draft. He played nine seasons with the franchise, which became the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2008, before signing with the Golden State Warriors in 2016, winning consecutive NBA championships in 2017 and 2018. After sustaining an Achilles injury in the 2019 finals, he joined the Nets as a free agent that summer. <mask> has often been called the best player in the NBA and is widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time. <mask> was a heavily recruited high school prospect who was widely regarded as the second-best player in his class. In college, he won numerous year-end awards and became the first freshman to be named Naismith College Player of the Year.As a professional, he has won two NBA championships, an NBA Most Valuable Player Award, two Finals MVP Awards, two NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Awards, four NBA scoring titles, the NBA Rookie of the Year Award, been named to nine All-NBA teams (including six First Teams), and selected 12 times as an NBA All-Star. In October 2021, <mask> was named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team. In international play as a member of USA Basketball, <mask> has won three Olympic gold medals (2012, 2016, and 2020) and the 2010 FIBA World Championship. Off the court, <mask> is one of the highest-earning basketball players in the world, due in part to endorsement deals with companies such as Foot

masks:
Kevin Wayne Durant
Durant
Durant
Durant
Durant
Durant


texts:
 Locker and Nike. He has developed a reputation for philanthropy and regularly leads the league in All-Star votes and jersey sales. In recent years, he has contributed to The Players' Tribune as both a photographer and writer. In 2012, he ventured into acting, appearing in the film Thunderstruck.Early life
<mask> was born on September 29, 1988, in Washington, D.C., to Wanda (née <mask>) and Wayne Pratt. When <mask> was an infant, his father deserted the family; Wanda and Wayne eventually divorced, and <mask>'s grandmother Barbara Davis helped raise him. By age 13, his father reentered his life and traveled the country with him to basketball tournaments. <mask> has a sister, Brianna, and two brothers, Tony and Rayvonne. <mask> and his siblings grew up in Prince George's County, Maryland, on the eastern outskirts of Washington, D.C. He was unusually tall from a young age, and reached  in height while still in middle school (age 10-12). Growing up, <mask> wanted to play for his favorite team, the Toronto Raptors, which included his favorite player, Vince Carter.He played Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) basketball for several teams in the Maryland area and was teammates with future NBA players Michael Beasley, Greivis Vásquez, and Ty Lawson, the first of whom <mask> remains friends with to this day. During this time, he began wearing #35 as his jersey number in honor of his AAU coach, Charles Craig, who was murdered at the age of 35. After playing two years of high school basketball at National Christian Academy and one year at Oak Hill Academy, <mask> transferred to Montrose Christian School for his senior year, growing  before the start of the season

masks: Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant


texts:
 and beginning the year at . Prior to the start of the season, he committed to the University of Texas at Austin. He had visited University of Connecticut and University of North Carolina, and said he considered Duke University, University of Kentucky and University of Louisville. When asked why he chose a college with a lesser-known program, he said, "Wanted to set my own path." At the end of the year, he was named the Washington Post All-Met Basketball Player of the Year, as well as the Most Valuable Player of the 2006 McDonald's All-American Game.He was widely regarded as the second-best high school prospect of 2006, behind Greg Oden. College career

For the 2006–07 college season, <mask>who had grown to averaged 25.8 points, 11.1 rebounds, and 1.3 assists per game for the Texas Longhorns. They finished the year with a 25–10 record overall and a 12–4 record in conference. Awarded a fourth seed in the NCAA Tournament, Texas won their first round match-up against New Mexico State but were upset in the second round by USC despite a 30-point and 9-rebound performance from <mask>. For his outstanding play, <mask> was recognized as the unanimous national player of the year, winning the John R. Wooden Award, the Naismith College Player of the Year Award, and all eight other widely recognized honors and awards. This made <mask> the first freshman to win any of the national player of the year awards. Following the season, he declared for the NBA draft.His No. 35 jersey was later retired by the Longhorns. Professional career

Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)

Rookie of the Year (2007–2008)
<mask> was selected as the second

masks: Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant


texts:
 overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics, after Greg Oden was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers with the first pick of the draft. In his first regular season game, the 19-year-old <mask> registered 18 points, five rebounds and three steals against the Denver Nuggets. On November 16, he made the first game-winning shot of his career in a game against the Atlanta Hawks. At the conclusion of the 2007–08 NBA season, he was named the NBA Rookie of the Year following averages of 20.3 points, 4.4 rebounds and 2.4 assists per game. He joined Carmelo Anthony and LeBron James as the only teenagers in league history to average at least 20 points per game over an entire season.Breakthrough (2008–2010)
Following <mask>'s debut season, the SuperSonics relocated from Seattle to Oklahoma City, becoming the Thunder and switching to new colors – blue, orange, and yellow. The team also drafted UCLA guard Russell Westbrook, who would form an All-Star combination with <mask> in later years. At the 2009 NBA All-Star Weekend, <mask> set a Rookie Challenge record with 46 points. By the conclusion of the 2008–09 NBA season, he had raised his scoring average by five points from the prior season to 25.3 points per game, and was considered a strong candidate for the Most Improved Player Award, eventually finishing third in the voting. <mask> continued to grow during his first few years in the NBA, finally reaching a height of . During the 2009–10 season, <mask> was selected to his first NBA All-Star Game. Behind his play, the Thunder improved their record by 27 wins from the previous year and defied expectations to make the playoffs.With a

masks: Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant


texts:
 scoring average of 30.1 points per game, <mask> became the youngest NBA scoring champion and was selected to his first All-NBA team. In his playoff debut, he scored 24 points in a Game 1 loss against the Los Angeles Lakers. Oklahoma City would go on to lose the series in six games, but the team's performance led many analysts to label them as an upcoming title contender. Deep playoff runs (2010–2013)

Prior to the start of the 2010–11 season, <mask> announced via Twitter that he had signed a five-year contract extension with the Thunder worth approximately $86 million. For the second consecutive year, he led the NBA in scoring, averaging 27.7 points a game. Behind <mask>'s leadership, the Thunder won 55 games and earned the fourth seed in the Western Conference. In the 2011 NBA playoffs, Oklahoma City defeated the Denver Nuggets and Memphis Grizzlies en route to a Conference Finals match-up versus the Dallas Mavericks, losing in five games.On February 19 of the lockout-shortened 2011–12 season, <mask> recorded his first career 50-point game, scoring 51 points against the Denver Nuggets. At the All-Star Game, he scored 36 points and was awarded the NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award. <mask> finished the year with a scoring average of 28 points per game, representing his third straight scoring title. Behind his play, the Thunder won 47 games and entered the 2012 NBA playoffs as the Western Conference's second seed. In Game 1 of the first round against the Dallas Mavericks, <mask> hit a game-winner with 1.5 seconds remaining. Oklahoma City would go on to defeat Dallas, the Lakers, and the San Antonio Spurs before losing to the Miami Heat


texts:
 in the 2012 NBA Finals. For the NBA Finals, <mask> led all players with 30.6 points per game, doing so on a 54.8 shooting rate.With a scoring average of 28.1 points per game to finish the 2012–13 season, <mask> failed to defend his scoring title; however, with a 51 percent shooting rate, a 41.6 percent three point shooting rate, and a 90.5 free throw shooting rate, he became the youngest player in NBA history to join the 50–40–90 club. Finishing the year with a 60–22 record, Oklahoma City earned the first seed in the Western Conference. In the first round of the 2014 NBA playoffs against the Houston Rockets, Westbrook tore his meniscus, forcing him to miss the remainder of the postseason. Without Westbrook, <mask> was given more responsibility, averaging a career-high 30.8 points per game throughout the playoffs, but Oklahoma City were eventually eliminated in the second round by the Memphis Grizzlies in five games. MVP season (2013–14)
In January of the 2013–14 season, <mask> averaged 35.9 points per game while scoring 30 or more points in 12 straight games, including a career-high 54 points against the Golden State Warriors. In April, he surpassed Michael Jordan's record for consecutive games scoring 25 points or more at 41. The Thunder finished the year with 59 wins and <mask> was voted the NBA Most Valuable Player behind averages of 32 points, 7.4 rebounds, and 5.5 assists per game.To begin the first round of the 2014 NBA playoffs, he struggled against the physical play of the Grizzlies, converting on only 24 percent of his field goals in Game 4. Through five games, the Thunder trailed the series 3–2, prompting The Oklahoman to dub <mask>


texts:
 "Mr. Unreliable". He responded by scoring 36 points in a Game 6 victory. Oklahoma City eventually eliminated Memphis and the Los Angeles Clippers before losing to the Spurs in the Conference Finals in six games. Final seasons with the Thunder (2014–2016)

Prior to the start of the 2014–15 season, <mask> was diagnosed with a Jones fracture in his right foot and was ruled out for six to eight weeks. He subsequently missed the first 17 games of the year, making his season debut for the Thunder on December 2 against the New Orleans Pelicans.On December 18, he injured his ankle against the Golden State Warriors, returning to action on December 31 against the Phoenix Suns to score a season-high 44 points. He then sprained his left big toe in late January. On February 22, he was sidelined again after undergoing a minor procedure to help reduce pain and discomfort in his surgically repaired right foot, and on March 27, he was officially ruled out for the rest of the season after deciding to undergo foot surgery. In just 27 games, he averaged 25.4 points, 6.6 rebounds, and 4.1 assists per game. To begin the 2015–16 season, <mask> and Westbrook reached several historical milestones together, including becoming the first pair of teammates to each score at least 40 points in a single game since 1996, doing so in a win over the Orlando Magic on October 30. For the year, <mask> averaged 28.2 points, 8.2 rebounds, 5 assists, and 1.2 blocks per game, leading the Thunder to 55 wins and the third seed in the West. In Game 2 of the first round of the 2016 NBA playoffs against the Mavericks, he scored 21 points but converted only 7 out of 33 shots in the worst

masks: Durant Durant Durant


texts:
 postseason shooting performance, both by percentage and number of misses, of his career.After defeating Dallas, Oklahoma City moved on to face the Spurs in the second round, falling behind 2–1 to start the series. In Game 4, <mask> tied his playoff career high with 41 points in a Thunder win. Oklahoma City eventually defeated the Spurs in six games, drawing a matchup with the record-setting 73-win Golden State Warriors in the Conference Finals. Despite going up 3–1, the Thunder were ousted in seven games, with <mask> providing 27 points in Game 7. Golden State Warriors (2016–2019)

2016 free agency
On July 4, <mask> announced his intentions to sign with the Warriors in The Players' Tribune. The move was received negatively by fans and pundits, who felt that he took the easy route by leaving a team that had been up 3–1 and close to reaching the Finals to instead join their opponents, who had defeated them and were coming off a record-setting 73-win season; the Warriors had also won a championship the year before. On July 7, <mask> officially signed with Golden State on a two-year, $54.3 million contract with a player option after the first year.Reflecting on the move for Sports Illustrated, Ben Golliver wrote, "He chose an ideal roster fit and a shot at playing for the highest-scoring offense the NBA has seen in decades. He chose life alongside Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson, the greatest shooting backcourt in history, and he chose to go against Andre Iguodala and Draymond Green, two elite defenders, in practices rather than in Western Conference finals games." Back-to-back championships (2016–2018)

<mask> made his debut for the Warriors on


texts: October 25 against the San Antonio Spurs, scoring a team-high 27 points in a blowout loss. On November 26, he recorded 28 points, 10 rebounds, five assists, and a career-high six blocked shots in a win over the Minnesota Timberwolves, becoming the first player in team history to finish with at least 25 points, 10 rebounds, five assists, and five blocks in a single game. On February 11, in his first game back in Oklahoma City since leaving for Golden State, <mask> scored 34 points while being booed throughout the night as he helped the Warriors defeat the Thunder for the third time that year. In March, <mask> suffered a Grade 2 MCL sprain and a tibial bone bruise, which forced him to miss the final 19 games of the season. Golden State finished the year with a 67–15 record and entered the playoffs as the first seed.<mask> returned from injury in time for the 2017 NBA playoffs and helped the Warriors advance to their third consecutive Finals, while also becoming the first team in league history to start the postseason 12–0. In Game 1 of the series, <mask> had 38 points, eight rebounds, and eight assists to lead the Warriors past LeBron James and the defending champion Cleveland Cavaliers. <mask> then helped the Warriors go up 3–0 in the series with a 31-point effort in Game 3, including the go-ahead 3-pointer with 45.3 seconds left in regulation. In Game 5, he scored 39 points to go with seven rebounds and five assists in a series-clinching win. For the Finals, <mask> was the Golden State's top scorer in every game, averaging 35.2 points, 8.4 rebounds, and 5.4 assists while shooting 55.5 percent from the field, 47.4 percent from three-point range,


texts: and 92.7 percent from the free throw line. He was subsequently named the NBA Finals MVP. After the Finals, <mask> declined his $27.7 million player option and became an unrestricted free agent.On July 25, he re-signed with the Warriors for less money than the maximum, which helped the franchise create enough salary cap space to keep their core roster intact and add free agents. On January 10 of the 2017–18 season, <mask> scored 40 points in a loss to the Clippers, becoming the second-youngest player in league history to reach the 20,000-point milestone. On January 23, he registered a career-high 14 assists in a win over the New York Knicks. On February 14, he scored a season-high 50 points in a loss to the Trail Blazers. In March, he missed games with a fractured rib, joining teammates Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson on the sidelines for the back-end of the season. Golden State eventually finished the year with 58 wins and <mask> set a career high for blocks in season with 119. In Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals, <mask> scored 37 points in a win over the higher-seeded Houston Rockets.Through six games, the Warriors found themselves trailing 3–2, and <mask> was criticized for contributing to Golden State's struggles by playing too much in isolation. The Warriors staved off elimination in Game 6, and in Game 7, <mask> scored 34 points, helping Golden State return to the Finals with a series-clinching victory. In Game 3 of the 2018 NBA Finals, <mask> recorded a playoff career-high 43 points, 13 rebounds, and seven assists in a win over the Cavaliers, leading the Warriors to a 3–0 advantage. Golden State ultimately swept Cleveland and

masks: Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant


texts:
 clinched a second straight championship; with averages of 28.8 points, 10.8 rebounds, and 7.5 assists, <mask> also won his second Finals MVP Award. Three-peat chase and injury (2018–2019)

On July 7, 2018, <mask> re-signed with the Warriors, on a reported two-year, $61.5 million contract, which included a player option for the second year. During an overtime loss to the Clippers on November 12, 2018, Green cursed out <mask> over his upcoming free agency status after the season, and he was suspended for the much-publicized blowup. On November 29, <mask> scored a season-high 51 points in a 131–128 overtime loss to the Toronto Raptors, thus scoring 40 or more in his third straight game.With Curry and Green sidelined for most of November, the Warriors finished the month with a 15–8 record and five straight road losses, after starting the season at 10–1. In Game 5 of the first round of the playoffs, he scored a playoff career-high 45 points in a 129–121 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers. In Game 6, he set a new playoff career high with 50 points in a 129–110 win to close out the series. During Game 5 of the Western Conference semifinals against the Houston Rockets, <mask> suffered a right calf strain, subsequently missing Game 6, in which the Warriors won the series, as well as the entire Western Conference Finals against the Portland Trail Blazers, which the Warriors won in a four-game sweep. After missing nine games with the strained right calf, <mask> returned to action in Game 5 of the 2019 NBA Finals against Toronto, and scored 11 points in the first quarter. However, he was lost for the game two minutes into the second quarter when he tried to


texts:
 drive by former teammate Serge Ibaka and suffered an Achilles tendon injury, falling and grabbing his lower right calf. He limped off the court and was helped to the locker room.The Warriors won the game to cut the Raptors' series lead to 3–2. The Warriors went on to lose the NBA Finals in Game 6, ending their quest for a three-peat. Brooklyn Nets (2019–present)

Year absence (2019–2020)
On June 30, 2019, <mask> announced that he planned to sign with the Brooklyn Nets after the July moratorium ended on July 6. On July 1, Golden State CEO Joe Lacob announced that <mask>'s No. 35 will no longer be issued by the Warriors. <mask> signed with Brooklyn on July 7, in a sign-and-trade deal. <mask> did not appear at all in the 2019–20 season and later revealed that he had decided shortly after his June 2019 injury that he would be sitting out the entire 2019–20 season.On March 17, 2020, <mask> and three other Nets players tested positive for COVID-19. On April 1, it was announced that <mask> was cleared and had recovered. Return to the court (2020–2021)
On December 22, 2020, <mask> made his Nets debut, putting up 22 points, five rebounds, three assists and three steals, in a 125–99 win over the Golden State Warriors. On January 14, 2021, James Harden was traded to the Nets in a blockbuster four-team deal, reuniting <mask> with his former Thunder teammate. On January 16, 2021, <mask> scored a season-high 42 points in a 122–115 win over the Orlando Magic. On February 5, due to health and safety protocols, <mask> came off the bench for the first time in his career in a 117–123 loss to the Toronto Raptors. In February, <mask> suffered a hamstring injury,

masks: Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant


texts:
 which forced him to miss 23 games.On April 2, the NBA fined <mask> $50,000 for private messages he sent through social media to actor Michael Rapaport in a feud. <mask> made his return on April 7, 2021, scoring 17 points off the bench in a 139–119 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. The Nets finished the season with a 48–24 record, and the second seed in the East. In Game 4 of the first round of the playoffs, <mask> scored 42 points in a 141–126 win over the Boston Celtics to take a 3–1 lead in the series. In Game 5, he scored 24 points in a 123–109 win to close out the series. In Game 1 against the Milwaukee Bucks in the conference semifinals, <mask> had 29 points and 10 rebounds in a 115–107 win. In Game 5, <mask> put up 49 points, 17 rebounds, and 10 assists, leading the Nets to a 114–108 comeback win.In Game 7 against the Bucks, <mask> dropped 48 points, 9 rebounds, and 6 assists, including a two-pointer to send the game into overtime, in the 115–111 loss; <mask>'s 48 points were the most in a Game 7 in NBA playoff history. 2021–22
On August 8, 2021, <mask> signed a four-year, $198 million extension with the Brooklyn Nets. On October 22, <mask> recorded his thirteenth career triple-double, and first as a Net with 29 points, 15 rebounds, and 12 assists in a 114–109 comeback win over the Philadelphia 76ers. On November 10, <mask> scored 30 points on 11-for-12 shooting in a 123–90 win over the Orlando Magic. On December 12, <mask> scored a season-high 51 points in a 116–104 win over the Detroit Pistons. On December 14, <mask> recorded his fourteenth career triple-double with 34 points, 13 rebounds, and 11 assists in a 131–129 overtime win over

masks: Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant Durant


texts:
 the Toronto Raptors. On December 16, <mask> scored 34 points, grabbed 11 rebounds, dished out 8 assists in a 114–105 win against the Philadelphia 76ers.On January 15, 2022, during a 120–105 victory over the New Orleans Pelicans, <mask> exited in the second quarter after suffering a left knee injury, later revealed to be a sprained MCL, and was subsequently ruled out for four to six weeks. National team career

In February 2007, <mask> received an invitation to the United States national team training camp. Despite a strong performance, he was cut from the team when its roster was trimmed to its twelve-player limit. Coach Mike Krzyzewski cited the experience of the remaining players as the deciding factor in making the cut. <mask> was finally selected to the national team at the 2010 FIBA World Championship and became their leader as other All-Stars were unavailable, a role he downplayed. At the tournament, he led Team USA to its first FIBA World Championship since 1994, earning tournament MVP honors in the process. His final averages for the competition were 22.8 points, 6.1 rebounds, 3.1 assists, and 1.4 steals per game in nine games.At the 2012 Olympics, <mask> set the record for total points scored in an Olympic basketball tournament. With averages of 19.5 points, 5.8 rebounds, 2.6 assists, and 1.6 steals per game, he helped the national team go undefeated en route to a gold medal. In the tournament's final game, he led all scorers with 30 points. Less than a month before the start of the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup, <mask> announced that he would be dropping out of the competition, citing mental and physical exhaustion as reasons for his


texts:
 departure. He rejoined Team USA on the 2016 Olympic team, where he led them to a gold medal. In recognition of his performances, <mask> was named the 2016 co-USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year, along with Carmelo Anthony, for the second time in his career. <mask> committed to playing on the 2020 Olympic team, delayed until 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.He entered the Games ranked second in U.S. men's Olympic basketball history with 311 career points, needing 25 to match Anthony's record of 336. <mask> broke Anthony's record on July 31 against the Czech Republic. He led Team USA to a gold medal. Player profile

<mask>'s height is officially  and his primary position is small forward. In December 2016, <mask> stated that his height in shoes was actually  and that he understated his height in order to be listed as a small forward, rather than a power forward. His career averages are 27.0 points, 7.1 rebounds, and 4.1 assists per game. Widely regarded as one of the best players of his generation, <mask> has earned All-NBA honors nine times (2009–2014, 2016–2019) and was voted Rookie of the Year in his debut season.He has also won an MVP Award and finished second in the voting three times, a trend that he has expressed frustration over. <mask> is best known for his prodigious scoring ability. From 2010 to 2014, he won four scoring titles, becoming one of only two players to win four scoring titles in a five-year span. Early in his career, his playing style was isolation-driven, but he quickly developed into an excellent off-ball player who was capable of scoring from the outside as well. By 2013, he was shooting at a historically great


texts:
 clip, which helped him become one of only nine members of the 50–40–90 club. This ability to impact the offense in a variety of ways helped <mask> remain effective and improve an already elite offense upon joining the Warriors in 2016. Throughout his career, his height and  wingspan have created matchup problems for defenses as he is able to get off a clean shot regardless of the situation.Upon beating his man or gaining momentum, he also becomes a strong finisher at the rim; for example, he converted 72.2% of shots in the paint in 2012. Early in <mask>'s career, he was criticized for his slim build, defense, and passing. Over time, he grew as a playmaker, increasing his assist numbers every year from 2010 to 2014, though his overall vision still lagged behind the league's best passers'. He also showed defensive improvement, with opponents averaging just .62 points per isolation play against him in 2014, the best success rate for defensive players who faced at least 100 isolations that season. Upon going to Golden State, he developed into a more reliable off-ball defender and rim protector, and in 2018 was considered for the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award. Personal life

<mask> is very close with his mother, Wanda, a relationship that was detailed in the Lifetime movie The Real MVP: The Wanda Pratt Story. During his time with the Thunder, <mask> described himself as a "high school kid" who enjoys playing video games in his spare time.A Christian, <mask> has religious tattoos on his stomach, wrist, and back. He owns several properties in the Oklahoma City area and listed his primary residence, located in the affluent Club Villa


texts: neighborhood, for sale for $1.95 million in 2013. That same year, he opened a restaurant, KD's Southern Cuisine, in the Bricktown neighborhood and briefly became engaged to Monica Wright, a WNBA player. In 2016, he was a credentialed photographer for The Players' Tribune at Super Bowl 50. <mask> was formerly represented by agents Aaron Goodwin and Rob Pelinka. He left Pelinka in 2013 and signed with the Roc Nation group, headed by Jay-Z. <mask> has endorsement deals with Nike, Sprint, Gatorade, Panini, General Electric, and 2K Sports.In 2012, he tried his hand at acting, appearing in the children's film Thunderstruck. In 2013, he earned $35 million, making him the fourth-highest-earning basketball player that year. In an interview with Sports Illustrated, <mask> claimed that, despite his high earnings potential, "global marketing and all that stuff" does not interest him. One of the most popular players in the league, <mask>'s jersey regularly ranks as one of the NBA's best-selling and he is consistently one of the top All-Star vote-getters. Early in his career, he developed a reputation for his kind demeanor; in 2013, Foot Locker released a series of commercials calling him the "nicest guy in the NBA", and become a beloved figure in Oklahoma City, known for his "nice escapades" toward the Thunder's staff. In 2014, he partnered with KIND snacks and launched StrongAndKind.com to show "being kind is not a sign of weakness." Since joining the Warriors, he has become more outspoken and controversial; for example, he was involved in a Twitter back-and-forth with C. J. McCollum in July 2018.<mask> has admitted to feeling more genuine in Golden State


texts: as opposed to Oklahoma City, where he was "just trying to please everybody". Throughout his career, <mask> has participated in philanthropic causes. In 2013, he pledged $1 million to the American Red Cross for the victims of the 2013 Moore tornado. His generosity inspired the Thunder and Nike to match his donation. He is also a spokesperson for the Washington, D. C. branch of P'Tones Records, a nationwide non-profit after-school music program. In 2017, <mask> became involved with YouTube. In February, he visited YouTube's headquarters for a speaking engagement.On April 7, 2017, he created a YouTube account and soon began to upload live stream vlogs onto it. In his first vlog, he detailed, "I'm so excited because I got off social media. I got off the Instagram, Twitter, all that stuff, just to distance myself a bit. But somebody talked me into getting on the YouTube." As of June 2020, <mask>'s YouTube channel has received over 790,000 subscribers and 38 million video views. On February 13, 2018, Deadline reported that <mask>, in partnership with producer Brian Grazer's Imagine Television, will create a basketball-themed scripted drama for Apple. In 2017, <mask> and business partner Rich Kleiman founded Thirty Five Ventures.In 2020, Thirty Five Ventures produced Basketball County, a documentary about youth basketball in <mask>'s home county of Prince George's County, Maryland. <mask> served as an executive producer and appeared in interviews. Thirty Five Ventures' work Two Distant Strangers won the 2021 Academy Award for Short Film (Live Action). <mask> was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2018. On June 15, 2020, <mask>


texts:
 became a minority owner of MLS side Philadelphia Union, acquiring a 5% stake with the possibility to add another 5% in the near future. In August 2021, <mask> announced a partnership between his multimedia company Boardroom and the cannabis technology company Weedmaps through which an original content series would be developed and Weedmaps would become an official sponsor of Boardroom. <mask> said of the partnership: "I think it's far past time to address the stigmas around cannabis that still exist in the sports world as well as globally.This partnership is going to help us continue to normalize those conversations, as well as create content, events, and a lot more through our Boardroom media network." On December 22, 2021, he had signed a deal with Coinbase to serve himself as a brand ambassador. 2× NBA champion: 2017, 2018
 2× NBA Finals Most Valuable Player: 2017, 2018
 NBA Most Valuable Player: 2014
 12× NBA All-Star: 2010–2019, 2021, 2022
 6× All-NBA First Team: 2010–2014, 2018
 3× All-NBA Second Team: 2016, 2017, 2019
 4× NBA scoring champion: 2010–2012, 2014
 2× NBA All-Star Game MVP: 2012, 2019
 NBA Rookie of the Year: 2008
 NBA All-Rookie First Team: 2008
 NBA Rookie Challenge MVP: 2009

USA Basketball
Cited from USA Basketball's <mask> page unless noted

masks:
Durant
Durant
Kevin Durant


texts:
<mask> (born May 5, 1952 in Krakow) is a Polish composer of experimental music, producer of recordings, concerts and performances of electroacoustic music, jazz singer. Life and work
At the Academy of Music in Krakow Szeremeta studied composition with prof. Lucjan Kaszycki (1971–75), conducting with prof. Jerzy Katlewicz (1972–75), electronic music with prof. Józef Patkowski - founder and long-time head of the Polish Radio Experimental Studio - founded in 1959, the fourth in Europe electronic music center (1974–76). Other prominent lecturers of Szeremeta are: Zbigniew Bujarski, Krzysztof Meyer, Krystyna Moszumańska-Nazar, Bogusław Schaeffer and Marek Stachowski. In 1982 he completed postgraduate compositional studies at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London under the direction of Alfred Nieman and Robert Saxton, in 1986 computer internship at the Electronic Music Studio in Stockholm under Lars Gunnar Bodin and Tamas Ungvary, and in 1991 at the GMEB in Bourges, France (now IMEB: International Institute of Electroacoustic Music) under the direction of Françoise Barrière. As a composer <mask> made his debut at the Warsaw Autumn International Festival of Contemporary Music in 1981 with “Advocatus Diaboli” symphonic piece under the baton of Andrzej Markowski. From 1976 until its dissolution in 1985, he was a baritone with the vocal jazz quartet Novi Singers (along with Ewa Wanat, Waldemar Parzyński and Janusz Mych), with whom he has performed in Poland and abroad (including the Jazz Jamboree in Warsaw and the

masks:
Ryszard Szeremeta
Szeremeta


texts:
 Montreux Jazz Festival ) and for which he arranged Polish folk music, carols and mazurkas by Fryderyk Chopin. In 2001 the group came together again for a performance at the Warsaw Autumn.<mask> brought nine of his works for the world premieres during the Warsaw Autumn Festival of Contemporary Music. From 1985 to 1998, he also took over and directed the Polish Radio Experimental Studio. He collaborated with Andrzej Trzaskowski’s Polish Radio Jazz Orchestra. Since 1990 he has also composed for film and television (ARD, ZDF, SDF, Arte, 3 Sat). In the 1990s <mask> was a member of the Repertoire Committee of the Warsaw Autumn and was vice president of the Polish Composers Union. In 1991, he presented his compositions in New York (Lincoln Center) and Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania). Presented at the Warsaw Autumn in 1995 “Triple Concerto for 3-tape exposition” was awarded in the EBU (European Broadcasting Union) competition and included by the jury of the International Society for Contemporary Music to the program of the World Days of Music Seoul 1997.Szeremeta is a sub-publisher of the Swiss multimedia publishing company Arcadia (M.S.I.). Awards
Szeremeta has received many awards, including with the Grand Prix at the Tadeusz Baird Competition for Young Composers (1977), the Polish Broadcasting Competition (1979), the Prizes at Electroacoustic Music Competitions in Bourges (1981), Varèse (1984) and Oslo (1989), Henryk Wars Prize of the Artists Association ZAiKS and the European Radio Union Tribunal in Budapest

masks: Szeremeta Szeremeta


texts:
<mask> (born 1960) is a critical development psychologist based in the United Kingdom. While little known in the developmental psychology research community, her work has been a conceptual resource for critiques of the field, notably feminist perspectives on the connections between different forms of oppression, and methodological debates in psychology. Developmental psychology
Burman’s 1994 work, Deconstructing Developmental Psychology, provided a critical response to mainstream theories of child development, and drew upon feminist theory to show how this aspect of psychology serves to regulate family behavior, marginalize working class and minority ethnic women and pathologise their experience as mothers. The book covers the spectrum of dominant approaches in psychology, and finds each of them wanting. The specific cultural assumptions that give rise to different forms of psychology are examined, and the book provides new ways of thinking about the position of children in modern society. Following this book much of Burman’s research has been devoted to representations of children, and to the connections between different kinds of "development". She has continued critical examination of the role of developmental psychology, and her work turned to study the way images of children are used in connection with the "developing" world.She has also focused her research on the question of how such images of women and children hold in place models of the


texts:
 "progress" of the development of the nation state. Feminist research and methodology
Although feminist research has been a central concern of Burman’s writing on developmental psychology, she has questioned cultural assumptions in "second wave" feminism, and she has often drawn on anti-racist debates. She has drawn attention to the way the position of women is closely connected with the position of cultural minorities. Burman is best known as a developmental psychologist and theorist of women’s studies, but many of her publications have been concerned with radical developments in methodology (see, for example, her analysis of the way debates on child labor can be used to show the limits of mainstream models in developmental psychology in the 2006 FQS online reference). Her study of different ways of carrying out research has been a powerful resource for feminist psychologists, but beyond that the impact has been felt in "discourse analysis" and in "critical psychology" (see for example the 2004 DAOL online reference) and in critical mental health. She is sometimes criticized for being too political because her work crosses academic disciplinary boundaries. She is less an exponent of how psychology can help people than a critic of psychology, and so her work is dismissed as irrelevant by some mainstream developmental psychologists.<mask> also trained as a group analyst, and much of her work has been in collaboration with a new generation of researchers


texts:
 working in psychology and in adjoining disciplines, and with practitioners. Apart from edited books, Burman has produced a number of collaborative books on the position of women (in 1995, Challenging Women: Psychology's Exclusions, Feminist Possibilities) and discursive research (in 1996, Psychology Discourse Practice: From Regulation to Resistance). This collaborative research and writing has continued in recent years in publications on suicide and self-harm and on domestic violence and "minoritisation", in which her concerns with the position of women and children connect with asylum and immigration issues. Burman was a co-founder (with Ian Parker) of the Discourse Unit at Manchester Metropolitan University, and the website of this research unit provides open access to a number of publications. Critical responses to <mask>’s work have been in the fields of policy and ethics around work with children in the UK (e.g., Dahlberg et al., 2005; Mac Naughton, 2005). Her work has been acclaimed and used in teaching of alternative approaches to developmental psychology in New Zealand (e.g., Bird and Drewery, 2000) and South Africa (e.g., Hook et al., 2002). Books by <mask>
<mask>, E.(ed.) (1990). Feminists and Psychological Practice. London: Sage. (Out of print, available at discourseunit.com)
Burman, E. and Parker, I. (eds) (1993). Discourse Analytic Research: Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action.London and New York: Routledge. (Out of print, available

masks:
Erica Burman
Erica Burman
Burman


texts:
 at discourseunit.com)
<mask>, E. (1994). Deconstructing Developmental Psychology. London and New York: Routledge. Banister, P., <mask>, E., Parker, I., Taylor, M. and Tindall, C. (1994). Qualitative Methods in Psychology: A Research Guide. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.<mask>, E., Alldred, P., Bewley, C., Goldberg, B., Heenan, C., Marks, D., Marshall, J.. Taylor, K., Ullah, R. and  Warner. S. (1995). Challenging Women: Psychology's Exclusions, Feminist Possibilities. Buckingham: Open University Press. <mask>, E. Aitken, G., Alldred, A., Allwood, R., Billington, T., Goldberg, B., Gordo Lopez, A., Heenan, C.. Marks, D. and Warner, S. (1996). Psychology Discourse Practice: From Regulation to Resistance. London: Taylor & Francis.Levett, A., Kottler, A., <mask>, E. and Parker, I. (eds) (1997). Culture, Power and Difference: Discourse Analysis in South Africa. London: Zed Books / Cape Town: UCT Press. <mask>, E. (ed.) (1998).Deconstructing Feminist Psychology. London: Sage. <mask>, E. (1998). La Decontruccion de la Psicologia Evolutiva. Madrid: Visor Apredizaje. Chantler, K., <mask>, E., Batsleer, J. and Bashir, C. (2001). Attempted Suicide and Self Harm – South Asian Women.Manchester: Women’s Studies Research Centre, MMU. Batsleer, J., Burman. E., Chantler, K., Pantling, K., Smailes, S., McIntosh, S. and Warner, S. (2002). Domestic Violence and Minoritisation: supporting women towards independence. Women’s Studies Research Centre, MMU. Banister, P.,

masks: Burman Burman Burman Burman Burman Burman Burman Burman


texts:
 <mask>, E., Parker, I., Taylor, M. and Tindall, C. (2004). Métodos Cualitativos en Psicología: Una Guía Para la Investigación.Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara. Hook, D. (ed.) (2004), with Mkhize, N. Kiguwa, P. and Collins, A. (section eds) and <mask>, E. and Parker, I. (consulting eds) (2004). Critical Psychology.Cape Town: UCT Press. <mask>, E. (2018). Fanon, Education, Action: Child as Method. London: Routledge. Critical responses
Bird, L. and Drewery, W. (2000). Human Development in Aotearoa: A Journey Through Life. Auckland: McGraw Hill.Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., and Pence, A. (2005). Beyond Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Hook, D., Watts, J. and Cockcraft, K. (eds) (2002). Developmental Psychology. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.Mac Naughton, G. (2005). "Doing Foucault" in Early Childhood Studies. London: Routledge. External links
<mask>, E. (2003) "Beyond the Baby and the Bathwater:  Postdualistic Developmental Psychologies for Diverse Childhoods", Academy for the Study of the Psychoanalytic Arts. <mask>, E. (2004) "Discourse analysis means analysing discourse: some comments on Antaki, Billig, Edwards and Potter’s 'Discourse analysis means doing analysis: a critique of six analytic shortcomings'”, Discourse Analysis Online. <mask>, E. (2006) "Engendering Development: Some Methodological Perspectives on Child Labour", Forum Qualitative Social Research, 7, (1). 1960 births
Living

masks: Burman Burman Burman Burman Burman Burman


texts:
<mask> (Bulgarian: Васил Атанасов Ивановски; October 1906, Golovrade – 1991, Sofia) also known by his pseudonym Bistrishki, was a Bulgarian communist activist, publicist, "theoretician of the Macedonian nation" within the IMRO (United). According to the historiography in North Macedonia, Ivanovski is its founder and a prominent "fighter for the affirmation of the Macedonian national identity", and according to Bulgarian historiography he is known "for his wanderings on the Macedonian question". Per the Macedonian historian Ivan Katardjiev, such activists of the IMRO (United) and the  Bulgarian Communist Party never managed to break with their pro-Bulgarian aspirations. Biography
Ivanovski was born on October 18, 1906 in the former Kastorian village of Golovrade, then in the Ottoman Empire. Together with his family, Ivanovski emigrated to Bulgaria after the WWI. He graduated from a  high school in Plovdiv. Later Ivanovski was a tobacco worker, trade unionist and left-wing political activist, and since 1923 a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP).He took part in the September Uprising, that aimed "establishment of a government of workers and peasants" in Bulgaria. In 1926 he emigrated to the USSR (Odessa and Tbilisi). In September 1927 he was sent to study at the Communist University of the National Minorities of the West in Moscow, graduating in 1932. In the early 1930s he became close to several Yugoslav communists from Vardar Macedonia, as Malina Popivanova, who influenced him to accept the idea that the Macedonian Slavs were not Macedonian Bulgarians, but a separate  nation. <mask> returned to Bulgaria in 1933, when he became a member of the IMRO (United). At that time members of the Comintern sponsored IMRO (United),

masks:
Vasil Atanasov Ivanovski
Ivanovski


texts: put for the first time the issue of the recognition of a separate Macedonian nation. After the adoption of the Resolution of the Comintern on the Macedonian question in February 1934 on the existence of a separate Macedonian nation, Ivanovski, together with the IMRO (United), took Macedonist positions.In an article written under the name "Why we Macedonians are a separate nation" in the spirit of Stalin's theory of the nation he argued for the existence of a Macedonian nation and a Macedonian language. There Ivanovski declared many  historical figures, including such from the Middle Ages, as ethnic Macedonians. His article caused shock among the Bulgarian public and even among some members of the BCP and the IMRO (united). Per him the Macedonian revivalists considered themselves subjectively as Bulgarians, but objectively, their activity followed an agenda of a creation of a distinct Macedonian nation. Within an extramural discussion in the press with some Bulgarian historians Ivanovski accused them of being “bourgeois". At the political trial in Sofia against members of IMRO (United) In 1936, he was sentenced  to 5 years in prison. In 1941 he went underground.In 1942 he was arrested and sentenced to 15 years in prison. From 1943 he served his sentence in Idrizovo, Skopje region, then in Bulgaria. In prison, Ivanovski created his major work called The Macedonian Question in the Past and Today, which is an attempt to present "the history of the Macedonian people" from antiquity to the present, through the prism of Marxist philosophy. With this work, he became the founder of the modern Macedonian historiography. On June 20, 1944, he managed to escape from the Idrizovo prison  and joined the Macedonian Partisans. He participated at


texts: the First Meeting of ASNOM. When the Nova Makedonija newspaper was founded, <mask> was elected its first editor-in-chief.He was also Deputy Minister of Social Welfare in the newly created SR Macedonia. In his 1944 work “On Unifying the Macedonian People”, Ivanovski presented the idea that ASNOM's legislative decisions set the foundations of the first Macedonian State since the medieval state of Tsar Samuil. The ASNOM formed a committee to standardize a literary Macedonian language and Macedonian alphabet, where he participated. In 1945 he opposed the pro-Serbian and anti-Bulgarian policy of Lazar Kolishevski. He accuses Kolishevski, who tried to convince his comrades that the convening of ASNOM on August 2, 1944, was wrongly related with the Ilinden Uprising, which was a Bulgarian conspiracy and declared the IMRO revolutionary Gotse Delchev a "Bulgarian irrelevant to Macedonia." In a letter to the leader of the Bulgarian communists Georgi Dimitrov <mask> announced the de-Bulgarization by the codification of the new alphabet and the new literary language and expressed his concern at the violent methods used to create the new Macedonian nation. At the end of 1945 fully disappointed from the Yugoslav communists he returned to Bulgaria and worked in Pirin Macedonia.There Ivanovski became  an active participant in then state policy of Macedonianization of the local population. He became head of the agitation and propaganda department at the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party and chairman of the Central Macedonian Initiative Committee. For a period of some years then the Yugoslav and Bulgarian Communist leaders worked on a project to merge their two countries into a Balkan Communist Federation and to merge Bulgarian

masks: Ivanovski Ivanovski


texts:
 and Yugoslav Macedonia to an United Macedonia. After the split between Tito and Stalin in 1948, a gradual change of that policy came in Bulgaria. In 1949 <mask> was dismissed from the Central Committee and expelled from the Party and subsequently arrested by the Bulgarian authorities. During the political trial against Traycho Kostov, he was accused of being a Tito's spy. Ivanovski was sentenced to 12 years of imprisonment and loss of civil rights for 15 years.After seven years in prison, in 1956 he was rehabilitated and released. After his release in 1958 at a plenum of the Bulgarian Communist Party the decision was taken that the Macedonian nation and language did not exist. Later Ivanovski lived in isolation in Sofia where he died in 1991. See also
 Historiography in North Macedonia
 Macedonian literary circle

Footnotes

1906 births
1991 deaths
People from Kastoria (regional unit)
People from Salonica vilayet
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United) members
Bulgarian Communist Party politicians
Bulgarian expatriates in the Soviet Union
Bulgarian communists
Bulgarian educators
Bulgarian emigrants to Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Macedonia politicians
Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia
Bulgarian Comintern people
Macedonian Bulgarians
Macedonian politicians
Macedonian


texts:
Brent Langdon "<mask>" <mask> (born September 1, 1972) is an American basketball coach who is the head coach at Texas A&M University. He previously served as head coach at Virginia Tech from 2014 to 2019, Marquette from 2008 to 2014, and New Orleans during the 2006–07 season, and as an assistant coach at Texas-Arlington, Texas A&M–Kingsville, Northwestern State, Colorado State, and Texas A&M. Background and personal life
<mask> grew up in Van Alstyne, Texas. He earned a bachelor's degree in kinesiology from Oklahoma City University in 1994 and a master's degree in the same field at Texas A&M University–Kingsville in 1999. <mask> married Corey Norman in 2000. They have two daughters (Addyson and Zera) and two sons (Calvin and Mason). Referring to his boundless energy, his coaches at Navarro College nicknamed him <mask>.<mask> coached Marquette to a 25–10 record in the 2008–09 season, where they lost to the Missouri Tigers in the Second Round of the 2009 NCAA Tournament. He coached Marquette to a 22–12 record in the 2009–10 season, which ended with a close loss to the 11th-seeded Washington Huskies in the First Round of the 2010 NCAA Tournament. During the 2010–11 campaign, <mask> led the Golden Eagles back to the Sweet Sixteen for the first time since 2003. His team went 22–15 including a 9–9 Big East Conference record. They lost in the quarterfinals of the 2011 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament to Louisville. Marquette received an at-large bid in the 2011 NCAA Tournament. There they defeated Xavier in the second round (formerly the First Round) and Syracuse in the Third Round to advance to the Sweet Sixteen.In the Sweet Sixteen, they were defeated by No. 7-ranked and No. 2-seeded North Carolina. Wiliams' 2012 team returned to the NCAA Tournament after finishing second in the Big East regular season, finishing 14–4 in conference play. As a No. 3 seed in the NCAA Tournament, they defeated BYU and Murray State to

masks:
Buzz
Williams
Brent Langdon Williams
Williams
Buzz
Marquette Williams
Williams


texts:
 advance to their second straight Sweet Sixteen. There, they lost to No.7-seeded Florida. After winning a share of the Big East Men's regular season championship, Marquette received an at-large bid in the 2013 NCAA Tournament as a No. 3 seed. There, they earned come-from-behind victories over Davidson in the Second Round and Butler in the Third Round. In the Sweet Sixteen, the school's third straight under <mask>, they defeated ACC regular season and conference champion Miami to earn a trip to <mask>'s first Elite Eight, where they lost to Syracuse. The 2013–14 season was <mask>' worst at Marquette, finishing 17–15 with a loss to Xavier in the Big East Tournament. Virginia Tech
Williams was named the head basketball coach at Virginia Tech on March 21, 2014, replacing James Johnson.The move had critics questioning why would he leave Marquette for Virginia Tech, "one of the country’s toughest rebuilding projects." <mask> left behind a program at Marquette, which had only nine scholarship players – none taller than 6'7" – for new coach Steve Wojciechowski. In <mask>' first season, the Hokies finished 15th in the ACC with a 2–16 conference record, matching the lowest ACC win total in Virginia Tech history. However, with several true freshmen playing a significant number of minutes, a young nucleus was established. Expectations grew further when <mask> landed commitments from Maryland transfer Seth Allen, and Zach LeDay from South Florida. Both became eligible in the 2015–16 season. After a slow start to the season, the team quickly improved.On January 4, 2016, the Hokies defeated their in-state rival and 4th ranked Virginia at home, marking <mask>' biggest win at Virginia Tech to date. The team had continued success in the ACC, ending the regular season with another upset of a top-10 rival, this time 7th ranked Miami. <mask>' Hokies finished the regular season at 10–8 in ACC conference play; an improvement of eight wins

masks: Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams Williams


texts: from the previous year. The Hokies would receive an invite to the 2016 NIT where they advanced to the second round before losing to BYU. On July 13, 2016, Virginia Tech and <mask> agreed to a contract extension through the 2022–23 season. At the same press conference, <mask> also announced his establishment of a new endowment and scholarship for the university. The <mask>’s Bunch Scholarship Endowment will be awarded annually to an undergraduate student at Virginia Tech in any field of study who is registered at the school with a disability.Also, "The <mask> and <mask> Family Student-Athlete Scholarship – In Memory of T. Marshall Hahn" will be awarded annually to an undergraduate female student-athlete at Virginia Tech. The Hokies began the 2016–17 season with an 11–1 non-conference record and won their first ACC conference game against No. 5 Duke in Cassell Coliseum on December 31, 2016. On January 29, 2017, <mask> earned his 200th career win as a head coach with a win against Boston College in Blacksburg. After going 5–6 in their first 11 ACC games, the Hokies defeated No. 12 Virginia in double overtime, marking <mask>' fourth victory over a top-15 team in the past two years. The Hokies parlayed their success with a trip to the NCAA Tournament for the first time since 2007.As the No. 9 seed, they lost in the First Round to Wisconsin. The 2017-18 team had similar success, finishing the regular season with a 21–11 record and a 10–8 ACC record. <mask> led the Hokies to their second consecutive NCAA tournament berth but lost in the first round to Alabama. The 2018-2019 team entered the top 10 for the first time since the 1995-1996 season. Before the season started, freshman Landers Nolley (Top 100 recruit, 2017-2018 Georgia Player of the Year) was deemed ineligible due to his ACT score being suspiciously high, casting doubt on its validity despite his high school coach describing Nolley as an "Ivy League-type guy".

masks:
Williams
Buzz
Buzz
Buzz
Corey Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


texts:
 ESPN's Jay Bilas tweeted that this was "another example of why the NCAA should get out of the eligibility business.It's just wrong". In addition, senior leader Chris Clarke was indefinitely suspended prior to the start of the season. During conference play, Justin Robinson sustained a toe injury that kept him out of over half of the Hokies' conference games. Despite these major setbacks, <mask> led the Hokies to a 23–7 regular season with 12 wins in the ACC, the most in program history. In addition, Virginia Tech received the fourth seed in the east bracket of the 2019 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, tied for the highest seed in program history. After the Hokies defeated Saint Louis University in the first round and Liberty University in the second round, <mask> earned a bid to the Sweet 16, the program's first bid since 1967. In their Sweet 16 matchup the Hokies faced ACC rival Duke, a team they defeated earlier in the season.Duke prevailed over Virginia Tech after a missed last second shot by senior Ahmed Hill. Texas A&M
On April 3, 2019, it was announced that <mask> would be leaving Virginia Tech to take the same position at Texas A&M. Head coaching record

References

External links
 Virginia Tech profile

1972 births
Living people
Basketball coaches from Texas
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Colorado State Rams men's basketball coaches
Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball coaches
Navarro Bulldogs basketball players
New Orleans Privateers men's basketball coaches
Northwestern State Demons basketball coaches
Oklahoma City University alumni
People from Greenville, Texas
People from Van Alstyne, Texas
Sportspeople from the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Texas A&M Aggies men's basketball coaches
Texas A&M University–Kingsville alumni
Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas men's basketball coaches
UT Arlington Mavericks men's basketball coaches
Virginia Tech Hokies men's basketball

masks: Williams Williams Williams


texts: <mask> (November 11, 1904 – November 15, 1996) was an American government official accused in 1948 of having spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Statutes of limitations had expired for espionage, but he was convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. Before the trial Hiss was involved in the establishment of the United Nations, both as a U.S. State Department official and as a U.N. official. In later life he worked as a lecturer and author. On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers, a former U.S. Communist Party member, testified under subpoena before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) that Hiss had secretly been a communist while in federal service. Hiss categorically denied the charge and subsequently sued Chambers for libel. During the pretrial discovery process of the libel case, Chambers produced new evidence allegedly indicating that he and Hiss had been involved in espionage.A federal grand jury indicted Hiss on two counts of perjury. After a mistrial due to a hung jury, Hiss was tried a second time, and in January 1950, he was found guilty and received two concurrent five-year sentences, of which he eventually served three and a half years. Arguments about the case and the validity of the verdict took center stage in broader debates about the Cold War, McCarthyism, and the extent of Soviet espionage in the United States. Since <mask>' conviction, statements by involved parties and newly exposed evidence have added to the dispute. In the 1990s, two former senior Soviet military officers responsible for the Soviet Union's military intelligence archives stated, following a

masks:
Alger Hiss
Hiss


texts:
 search of those archives, that the "Russian intelligence service has no documents proving that <mask> Hiss cooperated with our service somewhere or anywhere," and that Hiss "never had any relationship with Soviet intelligence." The 1995 Venona Papers prompted more support for the theory that he was a Soviet spy, but were not yet deemed conclusive by many sources. Author Anthony Summers argued in 2000 that since many relevant files continue to be unavailable, the Hiss controversy will continue to be debated.Columnist George Will asserted in Newsweek, “the myth of Hiss’s innocence suffers the death of a thousand cuts.” Hiss maintained his innocence until his death. Early life and family
<mask> Hiss was one of five children born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Mary "Minnie" Lavinia (née Hughes) and <mask> Hiss. Both parents came from substantial Baltimore families who could trace their roots to the middle of the eighteenth century. Hiss's paternal great-great-grandfather had emigrated from Germany in 1729, married well, and changed his surname from "Hesse" to "Hiss". Minnie Hughes had attended teacher's college and was active in Baltimore society. Shortly after his marriage at age 24, Charles Hiss entered the business world and joined the dry goods importing firm Daniel Miller and Co. He did well, becoming an executive and stockholder.When Charles's brother John died suddenly at the age of 33, Charles assumed financial and emotional responsibility for his brother's widow and six children in addition to his own expanding family. Charles also helped his wife's favorite brother, Albert Hughes, find work at Daniel Miller.

masks:
Alger
Alger
Charles Alger


texts: Hughes at first distinguished himself and was promoted to treasurer of the firm, but then he became involved in a complicated business deal and was unable to meet the financial obligation that was part of a joint agreement. As a matter of honor, <mask> felt compelled to sell all his stocks to make good his brother-in-law's debts, as well as to resign from the firm. This was in 1907, the year of a great financial panic. After inconclusive attempts by relatives to find him a job, Charles fell into a serious depression and committed suicide, cutting his throat with a razor. Minnie, who had made the most of her former prosperity and social position, now had to rely on her inheritance and assistance from family members.<mask> <mask> was two years old at the time of his father's death, and his brother Donald was two months old. As was customary in those days, they were not told of the circumstances of <mask>'s death. When <mask> learned of it inadvertently years later from neighbors, he angrily confronted his older brother Bosley, who then told him the truth. Shocked, Hiss resolved to devote the rest of his life to restoring the family's "good name". Although shadowed by melancholy, Hiss's early childhood, spent in rough-and-tumble games with his siblings and cousins who lived close by, was not unhappy. Their Baltimore neighborhood was described by columnist Murray Kempton as one of "shabby gentility." Hiss, however, portrayed the economic circumstances of his childhood as "modest", but "not particularly shabby".(Two further tragedies occurred when Hiss was in his twenties: his elder brother Bosley died of Bright's

masks:
Charles Hiss
Alger
Hiss
Charles Hiss
Alger


texts:
 disease and his sister Mary Ann committed suicide.) Hiss learned to compartmentalize and to seek out paternal surrogates. At school, he was popular and high performing. He attended high school at Baltimore City College and college at Johns Hopkins University, where he was voted "most popular student" by his classmates and graduated Phi Beta Kappa. In 1929, he received his law degree from Harvard Law School, where he was a protégé of Felix Frankfurter, the future U.S. Supreme Court justice. During his time at Harvard, the famous murder trial of anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti took place, ending in their conviction and execution. Like Frankfurter, who wrote a book about the case, and like many prominent liberals of the day, Hiss maintained that Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted unjustly.Hiss served for a year as clerk to Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., before joining Choate, Hall & Stewart, a Boston law firm, and later the New York law firm then known as Cotton, Franklin, Wright & Gordon. Career
During the era of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal, Hiss became a government attorney. In 1933, he served briefly at the Justice Department and then became a temporary assistant on the Senate's Nye Committee, investigating cost overruns and alleged profiteering by military contractors during World War I. During this period, Hiss was also a member of the liberal legal team headed by Jerome Frank that defended the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) against challenges to its legitimacy. Because of intense opposition from agribusiness in Arkansas, Frank and his


texts: left-wing assistants, who included future labor lawyer Lee Pressman, were fired in 1935 in what came to be known as "the purge of liberals". Hiss was not fired, but allegations that during this period he was connected with radicals on the Agriculture Department's legal team were to be the source of future controversy. In the meantime, Hiss also served initially as "investigator" and then "legal assistant" (counsel) to the Nye Committee from July 1934 to August 1935.He "badgered" DuPont officials and questioned and cross-examined Bernard Baruch on March 29, 1935. In 1947, Baruch and Hiss both attended the burial of Nicholas Murray Butler. In 1988, he called Baruch a "vain and overrated Polonius much given to trite pronouncements about the nation". In 1936, <mask> <mask> and his younger brother Donald Hiss began working under Cordell Hull in the State Department. <mask> was an assistant to Assistant Secretary of State Francis B. Sayre (son-in-law of Woodrow Wilson) and then special assistant to the director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs. From 1939 to 1944, Hiss was an assistant to Stanley Hornbeck, a special adviser to Cordell Hull on Far Eastern affairs. In 1944, Hiss was named Director of the Office of Special Political Affairs, a policy-making entity devoted to planning for post-war international organizations.Hiss served as executive secretary of the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, which drew up plans for the future United Nations. In November 1944, Hull, who had led the United Nations project, retired as Secretary of State due to poor health and was succeeded by Undersecretary of State Edward Stettinius.

masks: Alger Hiss Alger


texts: In February 1945, as a member of the U.S. delegation headed by Stettinius, Hiss attended the Yalta Conference, where the Big Three, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, and Winston Churchill, met to consolidate their alliance to forestall any possibility, now that the Soviets had entered German territory, that any of them might make a separate peace with the Nazi regime. Negotiations addressed the postwar division of Europe and configuration of its borders; reparations and de-Nazification; and the still unfinished plans, carried over from Dumbarton Oaks, for the United Nations. Before the conference took place, Hiss participated in the meetings where the American draft of the "Declaration of Liberated Europe" was created. The Declaration concerned the political future of Eastern Europe and critics on the right later charged that it made damaging concessions to the Soviets. Hiss stated that he was responsible for assembling background papers and documentation for the conference "and any general matters that might come up relating to the Far East or the Near East."Hiss drafted a memorandum arguing against Stalin's proposal (made at Dumbarton Oaks) to give one vote to each of the sixteen Soviet republics in the United Nations General Assembly. Fearing isolation, Stalin hoped thus to counterbalance the votes of the many countries of the British Empire, who he anticipated would vote with Britain, and those of Latin America, who could be expected to vote in lockstep with the United States. In the final compromise offered by Roosevelt and Stettinius and accepted by Stalin, the Soviets obtained three votes: one each


texts:
 for the Soviet Union itself, the Ukrainian SSR, and the Belorussian SSR. Hiss was Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (the convention that created the UN Charter), which was held in San Francisco from April 25, 1945 to June 26, 1945. Allen Weinstein wrote that Andrei Gromyko, the Soviet delegate to the conference, praised Hiss to his superior Stettinus for his "impartiality and fairness". Hiss later became full Director of the State Department's Office of Special Political Affairs. In late 1946, Hiss left government service to become president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where he served until May 5, 1949, the end of the presidential term to which he had been elected, when he was forced to step down.Accusation of espionage

On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers, a former Communist Party member, appeared before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) to denounce <mask> Hiss. A senior editor at Time magazine, Chambers had written a scathingly satirical editorial critical of the Yalta agreements. Chambers asserted that he had known Hiss as a member of "an underground organization of the United States Communist Party" in the 1930s. The group, which Chambers called the "Ware Group", had been organized by agriculturalist Harold Ware, an American communist intent on organizing black and white tenant farmers in the American South against exploitation and debt peonage by the cotton industry (Ware had died in 1935). According to Chambers, "the purpose of this group at that time was not primarily espionage. Its original purpose was the


texts: communist infiltration of the American government. But espionage was certainly one of its eventual objectives."As journalist and author Tim Weiner points out, "This was a crucial point. Infiltration and invisible political influence were immoral, but arguably not illegal. Espionage was treason, traditionally punishable by death. The distinction was not lost on the cleverest member of HUAC, Congressman Richard Nixon.... He had been studying the FBI's files for five months, courtesy of J. Edgar Hoover. Nixon launched his political career in hot pursuit of Hiss and the alleged secret Communists of the New Deal." Rumors had circulated about Hiss since 1939, when Chambers, at the urging of anti-Stalinist Isaac Don Levine, had gone to Assistant Secretary of State Adolf A. Berle, Jr. and accused Hiss of having belonged to an underground communist cell at the Department of Agriculture.In 1942, Chambers repeated this allegation to the FBI. In 1945 two other sources appeared to implicate Hiss. In September 1945, Igor Gouzenko, a 26-year-old Ukrainian whose three-year tour as a cipher clerk stationed at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa was coming to an end, defected from the Soviet Union and remained in Canada. In exchange for asylum, Gouzenko offered to Canadian authorities evidence about a Soviet espionage network actively working to acquire information about nuclear weapons, along with information that an unnamed assistant (or more precisely an "assistant to an assistant") to U.S. Secretary of State Stettinius was a Soviet agent. When informed of this, Hoover assumed Gouzenko was referring to <mask> Hiss. Three months


texts: later (in December 1945), Elizabeth Bentley, an American spy for the Soviet Union, who served also as a courier between communist groups, told the FBI, as documented in the FBI Silvermaster File that "At this time Kramer told me that the person who had originally taken Glasser away from Perlo's group was named Hiss and that he was in the U.S. State Department." Bentley also said that the man in question, whom she called "<mask>" worked in the State Department and was an adviser to Dean Acheson.In both cases (Gouzenko and Bentley), the FBI decided that <mask> <mask> was the likely match. Hoover put a wiretap on Hiss's home phone and had him and his wife investigated and tailed for the next two years. In response to Chambers's accusations, Hiss protested his innocence and insisted on appearing before HUAC to clear himself. Testifying on August 5, 1948, he denied having ever been a communist or having personally met Chambers. Under fire from President Truman and the press, the Committee was reluctant to proceed with its investigation against so eminent a man. Congressman Richard Nixon, however, who later described Hiss's demeanor that day as, "insolent", "condescending", and "insulting in the extreme", wanted to press on. Nixon had received secret information about the FBI's suspicions from John Francis Cronin, a Roman Catholic priest who had infiltrated labor unions in Baltimore during World War II to report on communist activities and had been given access to FBI files.Writing in a paper titled "The Problem of American Communism In 1945", Cronin wrote, "In the State Department, the most influential Communist has

masks:
Eugene Hiss
Alger
Hiss


texts:
 been <mask> <mask>." With some reluctance, the Committee voted to make Nixon chair of a subcommittee that would seek to determine who was lying, Hiss or Chambers, at least on the question of whether they knew one another. Shown a photograph of Chambers, Hiss conceded that the face "might look familiar" and asked to see Chambers in person. Confronted with him in person in a New York hotel where HUAC was holding session, Hiss admitted that he had indeed known Chambers, but under the name "George Crosley", a man who represented himself as a freelance writer. Hiss said that in the mid-1930s he had sublet his apartment to this "Crosley" and had given him an old car. Chambers, for his part, denied on the stand ever having used the alias Crosley, though he admitted to Hiss's lawyers in private testimony that it could have been one of his pen names. When Hiss and Chambers both appeared before a HUAC subcommittee on August 17, 1948, they had the following exchange:
HISS.Did you ever go under the name of George Crosley? CHAMBERS. Not to my knowledge. HISS. Did you ever sublet an apartment on Twenty-ninth Street from me? CHAMBERS. No; I did not.HISS. You did not? CHAMBERS. No. HISS. Did you ever spend any time with your wife and child in an apartment on Twenty-ninth Street in Washington when I was not there because I and my family were living on P Street? CHAMBERS.I most certainly did. HISS. You did or did not? CHAMBERS. I did. HISS. Would you tell me how you reconcile your negative answers with this affirmative answer?CHAMBERS. Very easily, Alger. I was a Communist and you were a Communist. Chambers's statements, because

masks: Alger Hiss


texts: they were made in a Congressional hearing, were privileged against defamation suits; Hiss challenged Chambers to repeat them without benefit of such protection. When, on the national radio program Meet the Press, Chambers publicly called Hiss a communist, Hiss had attorney William L. Marbury Jr. file a libel lawsuit against him. Chambers retaliated by claiming Hiss was not merely a communist, but also a spy, a charge he had not made earlier; and, on November 17, 1948, to support his explosive allegations he produced physical evidence consisting of sixty-five pages of re-typed State Department documents, the last of which was dated April 1, 1938, plus four notes in Hiss's handwriting summarizing the contents of State Department cables. These became known as the "Baltimore documents".Chambers claimed Hiss had given them to him in 1938 and that Priscilla had retyped them (Hiss could not type) on the Hisses' Woodstock typewriter for Chambers to pass along to the Soviets. One of the handwritten notes copied the contents of a telegram (received January 28, 1938) related to the November and December 1937 arrest and disappearance in Moscow of a Latvian-born man and his wife, an American citizen. Under questioning, neither Hiss nor his superior, Francis Sayre, recollected the incident. Hiss initially denied writing the note, but experts confirmed it was his handwriting. Interrogated in 1949, Sayre stated that the telegram was unrelated to Hiss's duties, which concerned trade matters and told his questioners, "He could not understand why he was on the distribution list for this cable nor why the note would be made on it