texts: 1990. In 1995 <mask> was given an honorary DLitt by Newcastle University, where he has been a Visiting Fellow at its School of English Literature, Language and Linguistics since 2000. This has involved publishing the series of annual Newcastle/Bloodaxe Poetry Lectures given at the university. <mask>'s stated aim has been to achieve editorial breadth and balance by publishing what he believes to be the best of many different kinds of poetry: "The only positive discrimination I have exercised has been in favour of literary quality", which has involved commissioning several anthologies designed to redress imbalances in the availability of writing by women or minorities, including Jeni Couzyn's Bloodaxe Book of Contemporary Women Poets (1985), E. A. Markham's Hinterland: Caribbean Poetry from the West Indies and Britain (1989), Deryn Rees-Jones's Modern Women Poets (2005), published as the companion anthology to a critical study, Consorting with Angels (2005), Jeet Thayil's Bloodaxe Book of Contemporary Indian Poets (2008), Out of Bounds: British Black & Asian Poets (ed. Jackie Kay, James Procter and Gemma Robinson, 2012), and three anthologies of emerging black and minority ethnic poets mentored through the Complete Works project established by Spread the Word, Ten: new poets (ed. Bernardine Evaristo and Daljit Nagra, 2010), Ten: the new wave (ed.Karen McCarthy Woolf, 2014) and 'Ten: poets of the new generation (ed. Karen McCarthy Woolf, 2017). <mask> discovered many of the notable poets to emerge in British poetry over the past three decades: "<mask> was the first to publish some of the

masks: Astley Astley Astley Astley


type: original

texts: major players", Daisy Goodwin reported in a 1993 Guardian profile. These included Simon Armitage, David Constantine, Maura Dooley, Ian Duhig, Helen Dunmore, Jen Hadfield, Jackie Kay, Gwyneth Lewis, Glyn Maxwell, Sean O'Brien, Jo Shapcott and Pauline Stainer, many of whom are still published by his firm. Bloodaxe has attracted poets from other commercial poetry lists, including Philip Gross and Susan Wicks from Faber, Selima Hill and Peter Reading from Chatto, R. S. Thomas from Macmillan, Ken Smith from Cape, Adrian Mitchell from Allison & Busby, Brendan Kennelly from a variety of Irish presses, and eight poets from the distinguished poetry list discontinued by Oxford University Press in 1999: Fleur Adcock, Moniza Alvi, Basil Bunting, Roy Fisher, Carole Satyamurti, Penelope Shuttle, Anne Stevenson and George Szirtes. Philip Gross and George Szirtes went on to win the T. S. Eliot Prize with Bloodaxe collections, as did Jen Hadfield from Shetland, with her second collection. He has also sought to redress the neglect of marginalised poets, publishing important collected editions of writers such as Martin Bell (1988), James Wright (1992), Basil Bunting (2000), Barry MacSweeney (2003), Martin Carter (2006), Arun Kolatkar (2010), A. S. J. Tessimond (2010), Bernard Spencer (2011) and Richard Murphy (2013), as well as a seminal readers' edition of Edward Thomas: The Annotated Collected Poems (2008) edited by Edna Longley.In 2014, his ten-year search to find and republish the poet Rosemary Tonks, who famously "disappeared" in 1979 after severing all contact with the literary world, bore fruit


texts: with her posthumously published Bedouin of the London Evening: Collected Poems & Selected Prose. In 1985 <mask> encountered translations in an American magazine of poems by Irina Ratushinskaya, a young Russian poet then imprisoned in a Soviet prison camp for the "crime" of writing and distributing poems a judge had called "a danger to the state". At the age of 28, she had been sentenced to seven years' hard labour. He commissioned a translator, David McDuff, to produce a book of her poetry in English, which he combined with documentary material on the poet's imprisonment obtained from Amnesty International. It included extracts from a camp diary charting life in the "Small Zone", a special unit for women prisoners of conscience in Mordovia, where the poet was held. The resulting book, No, I'm Not Afraid, was published in May 1986. An international campaign was mounted on her behalf, spearheaded by her own poetry, which led to her release in October 1986 on the eve of the Reykjavík Summit, after Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan had been given copies of her book by David Owen.<mask> also published Tony Harrison's v. (1985), a book-length poem set in a vandalised cemetery in Leeds during the Miners’ Strike. Two years after its publication, Richard Eyre’s film of the work on Channel 4 sparked a national furore, not over Harrison's left-wing politics, but over his skinhead protagonist's use of "bad language". <mask>'s response was to assemble a new edition of v. (1989) including the poem with documentation of the newspaper and other media coverage which became a set text on cultural

masks: Astley Astley Astley


texts:
 studies courses. <mask> has commissioned books representing or addressing the poetry of particular generations or periods in British and Irish poetry, including the anthologies A Rumoured City (introduced by Philip Larkin, edited by Douglas Dunn, 1982),  The New Poetry (edited by Michael Hulse, David Kennedy and David Morley, 1993), The Bloodaxe Book of 20th Century Poetry from Britain and Ireland (edited by Edna Longley, 2000), The New Irish Poets (edited by Selina Guinness, 2004), Voice Recognition (edited by James Byrne and Clare Pollard, 2009), Identity Parade: New Poets from Britain and Ireland (edited by Roddy Lumsden, 2010) and Dear World & Everyone In It: new poetry in the UK (edited by Nathan Hamilton, 2013). In addition there have been books of essays, such as Sean O'Brien's The Deregulated Muse (1998), Strong Words (edited by W.N. Herbert and Matthew Hollis, 2000) and Deryn Rees-Jones's Modern Women Poets (2005). Reception
As editor at Bloodaxe for over 30 years <mask> has been credited with "revolutionising" and democratising poetry publishing in Britain.Praised for his "omnivorous inclusiveness", he has given readers "as wide a range as possible of contemporary poetry by all kinds of writers", in so doing bringing more readers to contemporary poetry. This involved overturning an earlier bias favouring Oxbridge-educated male writers from south-east England, and publishing leading poets from America, the Caribbean and Europe (including many collections and anthologies of translated poetry from France, Russia, Eastern Europe and Scandinavia in particular), alongside books by

masks: Astley Astley


texts: new and established poets from all parts of Britain and Ireland, the latter ranging from modernists Basil Bunting and J.H. Prynne to performance poets John Agard and Benjamin Zephaniah. He has sought to open up publishing opportunities for women poets, "not because they are women poets but because they are outstanding writers by any standard. For many years Bloodaxe has been unusual in having a poetry list which is 50:50 male: female", and being "responsive to the changing literatures of Britain and of other countries", so that in 2010 it was possible for a leading Black British writer, Bernardine Evaristo, to observe that "a single imprint, Bloodaxe Books, publishes nearly all the poets not with specialist black and Asian imprints, while several other prominent UK poetry publishers do not publish any black or Asian poets from Britain". <mask> has been called "the UK's leading anthologist", best known for Staying Alive: real poems for unreal times (2002), Britain's biggest selling anthology of contemporary poetry since publication, one of several books he has published aimed at broadening the readership of contemporary poetry and re-igniting the interest of readers who haven't read much poetry since school. A US edition was published in 2003 by Miramax, launched by Astley in New York as a book "for people who know they love poetry and for people who think they don't" at a reading shared with Meryl Streep, Liev Schrieber, Maria Tucci, Nina Cassian, Philip Levine, Glyn Maxwell, Paul Muldoon, Sharon Olds, Alice Quinn and Charles Simic.Staying Alive was a controversial book, popular with


texts:
 readers and booksellers.He has since published the second and third anthologies in his Staying Alive trilogy, Being Alive (2004) and Being Human (2011), which were followed by Essential Poems from the Staying Alive Trilogy (2012). In 2008 he published In Person: 30 Poets, filmed by Pamela Robertson-Pearce, claimed to be "the world's first DVD-anthology", consisting of films on two DVDs of six hours of readings by 30 poets with all the texts included in the accompanying anthology. This was followed in 2017 by In Person: World Poets, a larger compilation featuring 14 hours of readings and features on DVD covering 59 poets from around the world, again with all the texts included in the book. Writing
In 1982 <mask> received an Eric Gregory Award from the Society of Authors for a short collection of his own poems, The Speechless Act, later published by the Mandeville Press in 1984. His first book-length collection, Darwin Survivor (Peterloo Poets, 1988), was given a Poetry Book Society Recommendation. A second book of poems, Biting My Tongue, followed in 1995. He has also published two novels, The End of My Tether (2002/2003), which was shortlisted for the Whitbread First Novel Award, and The Sheep Who Changed the World (2005).41 no.1 (Spring 2015)
 Funny Ha-Ha, Funny Peculiar: a book of strange & comic poems (Bloodaxe Books, 2015)
 In Person: World Poets, with DVDs of films by Pamela Robertson-Pearce (Bloodaxe Books, 2017)
 Land of Three Rivers: the poetry of North-East England (Bloodaxe Books, 2017)
 Staying Human: new poems for Staying Alive (Bloodaxe Books, 2020)

Novels
 The End of My


texts:
 Tether (Flambard Press, 2002; Scribner, 2003)
 The Sheep Who Changed the World (Flambard Press, 2005)

Poetry collections
 The Speechless Act (The Mandeville Press, 1984), Eric Gregory Award
 Darwin Survivor (Peterloo Poets, 1988), Poetry Book Society Recommendation
 Biting My Tongue (Bloodaxe Books, 1995)

References

External links
 Book Trade Lives: British Library oral history interview
 Interview with <mask>. The Wolf, number 5, December 2003
 <mask>'s 2005 StAnza lecture: "Bile, Guile and Dangerous to Poetry"
 Discussion for Spread the Word between <mask> and Bernardine Evaristo (2006)
 Article by <mask> in the New Statesman "Give poetry back to people"  23 October 2006
 Article by <mask> on his Being Human anthology Poetry Book Society online blog, March 2011
 Christina Patterson: About <mask> Ploughshares, 126 (Spring 2015)
 Extended introduction by <mask> to Ploughshares transatlantic poetry issue Ploughshares'' blog (22 April 2015)

Living people
1953 births
British book publishers (people)
English emigrants to Australia
Alumni of Newcastle University
Academics of Newcastle University
People from Portchester
People from Darwin, Northern Territory
Poetry publishers
English poetry
Poetry

masks:
Neil Astley
Neil Astley
Neil Astley
Neil Astley
Neil Astley
Neil Astley
Neil Astley


texts:
<mask> (b. December 16, 1916 New Rochelle, New York — d. April 10, 2012 Castine, Maine) was a sound archivist and writer. Early life and education
<mask>'s parents were Fairfax and Eleanor Raeburn (Remy) <mask>. He married Bernice Dobkin on June 8, 1940. Their children are <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>. After graduating from Phillips Exeter Academy, <mask> received a B.A. from Yale University in 1939. He was a postgraduate student at Columbia University from 1940-41.Career

At the urging of family friend, Saturday Review of Literature Editor Norman Cousins, <mask> abandoned his graduate studies to write an annotated discography of recorded sound. The book instructed record collectors on "how to lay a solid foundation for a record library, what pitfalls to avoid in the buying of records, whether or not it is advisable to specialize, and how to distinguish between fair and excellent recordings of the same composition" (<mask> 1940). The book also provided tips on playback equipment and offered detailed commentary on the whole range of recorded music, from classical through experimental music, jazz, folk, and spoken word. The Record Book appeared in 1940 and was followed by a series of supplements, and international edition (1948). The last supplement appeared in 1950. The series was an immediate hit, selling more than 100,000 copies. In 1940, <mask> began a lifelong involvement with the record business, taking a job as an advertising copywriter with Columbia Records, then located in Bridgeport, Connecticut.In 1942, he became music program annotator for the NBC Symphony Orchestra -- the all-star orchestra conducted by Arturo Toscanini. In 1948, <mask> joined forces with fellow Yale graduate John Hammond on a quest to post-war Europe on behalf of Mercury Records, then a Chicago-based produced of

masks:
David Hall
Hall
Hall
Marion Hall Hunt
Jonathan Hall
Peter Dobkin Hall
Susannah Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall


texts: "pop" material. Wishing to enter the growing classical music market, Mercury executives realized that radio stations and governments in formerly Nazi-occupied countries held a gold mine in superb performances by Europe's top musicians. Hammond's and <mask>'s objective was to acquire these assets for Mercury. Hammond had hired <mask>, "a well-known authority on classical recording, to handle the considerable job of cataloging Czech and German material. He was known and respected by the Czechs, who were interested in establishing an international records archive. <mask> would be an asset in delicate negotiations" (Hammond 1977, 282).<mask> and Hammond left Prague one step ahead of Soviet forces as they crushed Czechoslovakia's democratic government. <mask> remained at Mercury Records until 1956 as classic music director. Under his leadership, Mercury began releasing its notable "Living Presence" series of classical recordings. <mask> worked closely with sound engineering pioneer, C. Robert Fine. Fine's mobile sound studio toured the midwest, recording performances by the Detroit, Louisville, and Minneapolis symphonies and musical groups at the Eastman School at the University of Rochester. A 1955 recording of the Minneapolis Symphony performing Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture under the baton of Antal Doráti became the best selling classical record of the decade. In 1956, <mask> was awarded a Fulbright Teaching Fellowship, which enabled him to spend a year at the University of Copenhagen (Denmark) teaching advanced recording techniques to Danish engineers and musicians.<mask> had long been interested in Scandinavian music, having directed the music center at New York's American Scandinavian Foundation from 1950 to 1957. On returning to the United States in the fall of 1957, <mask> became music editor of

masks: Hall Hall David Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall


texts: Hi-Fi/Stereo Review (later Stereo Review). <mask> contributed reviews of classic music and articles to the magazine until it folded in 1998. In his writings, <mask> championed contemporary music. His 1964 article on Charles Ives included the first full discography of Ives's recordings. In 1963, <mask> became president of Composers' Recordings, Inc., a nonprofit record label devoted to recording and distributing the work of contemporary composers. Among the notable recordings produced under his leadership were a series of performances by avant garde composer Harry Partch.In 1967, <mask> was appointed curator of the Rodgers and Hammerstein Archives of Recorded Sound, one of the units of the New York Public Library's performing arts collections at Lincoln Center. There he pioneered new techniques of cataloging recorded material as one of the initiatives of the Research Libraries Group, a consortium of the nation's leading research libraries. <mask> and his associates also released an important collection of historic sound recordings, The Mapleson Cylinders, which captured the singing of Metropolitan Opera stars of the early twentieth century. This recording was given a Grammy Award by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences in 1986. During this period, <mask> helped to found the Association for Recorded Sound Collections (ARSC) in 1966. He served as the group's president, 1980-1982. In 2002, he received the ARSC Award for Distinguished Service to Historical Recordings.In 1986, <mask> retired to the seaside village of Castine, Maine, where he continued to write record reviews and consult on recording projects. Through the 1990s, he chaired the classical records awards committee for the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences. Late in life, <mask> was at work on a biography of the

masks: Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall


texts:
 twentieth century American composer, Roy Harris. In addition to introducing American audiences to the remarkable riches of recorded music in the years following the second World War, <mask> played an especially important role as a champion of contemporary music. At least half the composers listed in the 1940 Record Book were still living. They included such notables as Aaron Copland, Roy Harris, Charles Ives, Harry Partch, William Schuman,  and others. His writings also helped garner attention for jazz and folk musicians.References
<mask>, <mask>. 1940. The Record Book. New York: Smith & Durrell. <mask>, <mask>. 1948. The Record Book, International Edition.New York: Oliver Durrell, Inc.
<mask>, David, 1950. Records. New York: Alfred A Knopf. <mask>, <mask>. 1964. Charles Ives: A Discography. In three parts.HiFi/Stereo Review 13, no. 4 (October): 142-45; 13, no. 5 (November): 102-06; and 13, no. 6 (December): 92-96. <mask>, <mask>. 1982. The Mapleson Cylinder Project.Recorded Sound: Journal of the British Institute of Recorded Sound 82. <mask>, <mask>. 1983. The Mapleson Cylinder Project: Repertoire, Performers, and Recording Dates. Recorded Sound: Journal of the British Institute of Recorded Sound 83. <mask>, <mask>. 1986.The Mapleson Cylinder Project: A Mapleson Notebook. Recorded Sound: Journal of the British Institute of Recorded Sound 86. <mask>, <mask>, and Abner Levin. 1955. The Disc Book. New York: Long Player Publications. Hammond, John.1977. On Record. New York: Penguin. <mask>, 95, sound archivist, writer, WiltonBulletin.com, April 16, 2012. 1916 births
2012 deaths
American information and reference writers
American writers about music
American archivists
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Yale University alumni
Writers from New Rochelle, New York
People from Castine, Maine
Columbia

masks:
Hall
Hall
David
Hall
David
Hall
Hall
David
Hall
David
Hall
David
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David
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David
David Hall


texts:
<mask> (May 1, 1911 – March 25, 1998) was professor emeritus of English at Canada's University of Alberta for many years. He was also an experimental Canadian poet and dramatist, whose innovative plays had a considerable influence in the 1960s. The Dictionary of Literary Biography (DLB) says that "<mask> ushered in an avant-garde in Canadian theater years before the rear guard had fully emerged." Life and work

<mask> was born in Rochester, England in 1911, the oldest child of Louisa Claydon and <mask>. When he was 15 his family immigrated to Canada and settled in Duncan, British Columbia. He attended the University of British Columbia from 1940 to 1943 and received a B.A. in English literature.In 1941 he married Sheila Martin Doherty, who as <mask> would write the novel The Double Hook. On graduating, <mask> enlisted in the Royal Canadian Navy for the balance of World War II. After the war he attended the University of Toronto, receiving his M.A. in 1946 and Ph.D. in 1951. <mask> <mask> began his academic career in 1949 as a lecturer in English at the University of British Columbia. He taught at the University of Alberta in Calgary from 1951 to 1953. In 1954 he transferred to the Edmonton campus, where he remained as professor of English until retiring in 1977.<mask> lived in Paris in 1955 and 1956, as the recipient of a Canadian Government Overseas Fellowship. There he was introduced to the theatre of the absurd. In 1961, <mask> was also hired as a professor of English by the University of Alberta. "In Edmonton the <mask>s became part of an active circle of writers and established the literary magazine,The

masks:
Wilfred Watson
Watson
Wilfred Watson
Frederick Walter Watson
Sheila Watson
Watson
Wilfred
Watson
Watson
Sheila Watson
Watson


texts:
 White Pelican in 1970 along with Douglas Barbour, Stephen Scobie, John Orrell, Dorothy Livesay, and artist Norman Yates." Other members of the <mask>s' intellectual circle were actor-directors Gordon Peacock and Thomas Peacocke, both associated with the University of Alberta's Studio Theatre. The Studio Theatre became an important venue for the production of <mask> <mask>'s plays, beginning with Cockcrow and the Gulls (which he'd written in the mid-1950s) in March 1962. In the early 1960s <mask> co-founded a jazz club, "Yardbird Suite" in Edmonton.During the same period he became acquainted with Marshall McLuhan and increasingly interested in McLuhan's theories, which resulted in the two men authoring a study, From Cliche to Archetype. The 1960s were <mask>'s most prolific period for playwriting. Trial of Corporal Adam was produced in 1963; Wail for Two Pedestals in 1964; a centennial play, O Holy Ghost, Dip Your Finger in the Blood of Canada, and Write, I LOVE YOU  in 1967; and the satire Let's Murder Clytemnestra According to the Principles of Marshall Mcluhan in 1969. During the 1970s <mask> returned to poetry, publishing The Sorrowful Canadians and Other Poems in 1972, I Begin with Counting in 1978, and Mass on Cowback in 1982. In 1983 he wrote a major dramatic work, the trilogy Gramsci x 3, which was produced by Studio Theatre in 1986. He also had a short play, The Woman Taken in Adultery, performed at the Edmonton Fringe Festival in 1987. <mask> <mask> retired in 1977 and moved in 1980 to Nanaimo, British Columbia with his wife Sheila.He died there in 1998 at the age of 87. Writing
<mask>'s first book

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texts:
 of poetry, Friday's Child, was accepted by T.S. Eliot and published in 1955 by Faber and Faber. On its appearance, Canadian critic Northrop Frye called it "typically formal poetry, mythical, metaphorical and apocalyptic." Frye was admiring: "We feel that even a line as breath-taking as 'When in her side my eyes were but blind seeds,' or a phrase like 'the tomb egg broken,' is merely what fits the poem at that point: brilliant as the imagery is, there is no costume jewellery." In his second book, The Sorrowful Canadians and Other Poems, published in 1972, <mask> experimented with using repetitions and different typefaces. <mask> introduced a unique form he called Number-grid Verse in his third book, 1978's I Begin With Counting.The form combines numerals and letters, using "a vertical grid of 9 numbers with 17 slots for words, syllables or phrases. By stacking the grids, <mask> writes a "score" for the performance of multivoice poems which exist not on the page but in transformations from visual to auditory forms.". <mask> used Number-grid Verse in his next book of poetry, Mass on Cowback (1982). The form also allowed him to score poetry for oral performance by several voices, which he used in his later plays. His trilogy Gramsci x 3 is part docudrama, part theatre of the absurd, "continual experimentation with verse forms, satire alternating with lyricism, and an energy and exaltation that transcends the horrors it depicts." Recognition
<mask>'s first book of poetry, Friday's Child, won both the British Council and Governor General's Awards for poetry in 1955. Publications

Plays
 Cockrow and the Gulls,

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson


texts:
 1962.The Trial of Corporal Adam, 1963. Wail for Two Pedestals, 1964. O Holy Ghost DIP YOUR FINGER IN THE BLOOD OF CANADA and write, I LOVE YOU, 1967. Let's murder Clytemnestra, according to the principles of Marshall McLuhan, 1969. Gramsci x 3. Edmonton, Longspoon, 1983. The Woman Taken in Adultery, 1987.Plays at the Iron Bridge, or, The autobiography of Tom Horror. Shirley Neuman ed., Gordon Peacock intr. Edmonto: Longspoon/NeWest, 1989. Poetry
 Friday's Child. London: Faber & Faber, 1955. New York: Farrar Straus & Cudahy, 1955. The Sorrowful Canadians and Other Poems.Edmonton: White Pelican, 1972. I Begin with Counting. Edmonton: NeWest, 1978. Mass on Cowback 1982. Poems: Collected, Unpublished, New. Thomas Peacocke intr. Edmonton: NeWEst, 1986.Fiction
 The Baie Comeau Angel and Other Stories. Edmonton: NeWest, 1993. Non-fiction
 Marshall McLuhan & Wilfred Watson. From Cliché to Archetype'', 1970. Fonds
Wilfred <mask>'s papers are located in the University of Alberta archives. Except where noted, bibliographic information courtesy The Canadian Encyclopedia. References

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia
 <mask> <mask> fonds at the University of Alberta

1911 births
1998 deaths
20th-century Canadian poets
Canadian male poets
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Canadian modernist poets
British emigrants to Canada
Governor General's Award-winning poets
University of Alberta faculty
University of British Columbia alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian male writers
Royal Canadian Navy personnel of World War

masks: Watson Wilfred Watson Wilfred Watson


texts:
<mask> (30 March 1908 – 17 August 1996) was a Polish fighter ace of the Second World War. According to the official record, <mask> was the second highest-scoring Polish fighter ace, with 17 confirmed wartime kills and 1 probable, not counting his pre-war victory. He was awarded with several decorations, among others the Virtuti Militari and British Distinguished Flying Cross. He also published several books of memoirs. Biography
<mask> was born in Olszanka, Augustów County. In 1930 he entered the Szkoła Podchorążych Lotnictwa cadet flying school in Dęblin, graduating in 1932 as a 2/Lt. Observer.He was then posted to the night bomber squadron of the 1st Air Regiment in Warsaw. Later he completed an advanced pilotage course to become a fighter pilot. In the 1930s he flew with the 113th and the No. 111th "Kościuszko" Squadron. In August 1936, flying a PZL P.11a, he shot down a Soviet reconnaissance plane which had crossed into Polish airspace. He was officially reprimanded and unofficially congratulated by his superior officer and as "punishment" in October 1936 he was transferred to an air force training school in Dęblin where he was nicknamed "Cobra". Second World War
During the Invasion of Poland in 1939, Urbanowicz was in an improvised Ułęż Group, composed of flying instructors, flying obsolete PZL P.7a fighters and covering the Dęblin and Ułęż airfields.Despite a few encounters with enemy airplanes the Polish fighters (which could barely match the

masks:
Witold Urbanowicz
Witold Urbanowicz
Urbanowicz


texts: speed of German bombers) were not able to shoot down any enemy planes. On 8 September the school was evacuated from Ułęż and Dęblin. He was ordered with the cadets to Romania, where they were told to await re-equipment: British and French aircraft were rumoured to have been sent, but no aircraft arrived. <mask> returned to Poland to continue to fight, but after the Soviet invasion of Poland, he was captured by a Soviet irregular unit. The same day he managed to escape with two cadets and crossed the Romanian border and eventually found his way to France where, after the fall of Poland, a new Polish army was being formed. While in France he and a group of other Polish pilots were invited to join the Royal Air Force in Great Britain. After initial training with 1 School of Army Co-operation at Old Sarum, he was sent to 6 OTU for re-training on fighters in July 1940.In August he was assigned to No. 145 Squadron RAF, and became operational on 4 August 1940. On 8 August he shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 110 flown by Major Joachim Schlichting of V./LG 1 while flying with No. 601 Squadron (although he was never officially attached to the unit) and on 12 August a Junkers Ju 88 of KG 51. On 21 August he was transferred to the Polish-manned No. 303 Squadron, flying a Hawker Hurricane as "A" Flight commander. On 6 September he shot down a Bf 109 of JG 52.On 7 September he became Squadron Leader, after Zdzisław Krasnodębski was badly burned. On 15 September <mask>

masks: Urbanowicz Urbanowicz


texts: claimed two Dornier Do. 17's of KG 2. On 18 September 1940 <mask> was awarded the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari by the Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Forces, General Sikorski. On 24 October, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. On 27 September he was officially credited with shooting down four aircraft: two Ju 88s of KG 77, a Bf 109 and a Bf 110 of 15.LG 1. On 30 September he claimed three Bf 109s (one from stab.JG 26, one of II./JG 53 and one of 4.JG 54) and one Dornier Do 17 of KG 3. Despite his success <mask> was never popular at the Polish headquarters and on 21 October he was forced to hand over command of the Squadron to Zdzisław Henneberg. During the Battle of Britain, he claimed 15 confirmed kills and 1 probable, which made him one of the top Polish aces (second only to Stanisław Skalski) and among the top ten Allied aces of the battle. Between 15 April 1941 and 1 June 1941 he commanded the 1st Polish Fighter Wing based at RAF Northolt, before being posted to staff work at No. 11 Group RAF HQ. In June 1941 he was assigned as the 2nd Air Attaché in the Polish Embassy in the United States. In September 1943 <mask> joined the USAAF 14th Air Force on attachment in China.On 23 October he joined the 75th Fighter Squadron of the 23rd Fighter Group ("Flying Tigers"). Flying a P-40 Warhawk he took part in several combat missions. On 11 December he fought against six Japanese Mitsubishi Zeros and claimed two shot down (these were

masks: Urbanowicz Urbanowicz Urbanowicz


texts:
 actually Nakajima Ki-44 "Tojo" fighters of the 85th Sentai). According to his reports he also shot other airplanes over China, and destroyed some on the ground, but those victories were not officially confirmed. According to Kenneth K. Koskodian, he downed 11 Japanese aircraft while being Claire Lee Chennault's guest. He was later awarded the US Air Medal and a Chinese Flying Cross. In December 1943 he returned to the United Kingdom and later became an Air Attaché in the USA again.After the war

In 1946, he returned to Poland, but was arrested four times by the communist Służba Bezpieczeństwa secret police as a suspected spy. After his release, he fled to the USA. He lived in New York City working for American Airlines, Eastern Airlines and Republic Aviation, retiring in 1973. In 1991 he visited Poland after the fall of communism and again in 1995 when he was promoted to the rank of General. He died in New York on 17 August 1996. A fibreglass Hawker Hurricane gate guardian was unveiled at RAF Uxbridge in September 2010 in the colours of <mask>'s aircraft from the Battle of Britain. Awards
 Virtuti Militari, Silver Cross (18 September 1940)
 Cross of Valour, four times
 Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
 Air Medal (United States)
Star Medal with Two Stars (Republic of China)

In popular culture

<mask> <mask> was portrayed by Marcin Dorociński in the 2018 film Hurricane: 303 Squadron.References
Citations

Bibliography
 Fiedler, Arkady.

masks: Urbanowicz Witold Urbanowicz


texts:
 Translation by Jarek Garlinski. (2010) 303 Squadron: The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron. Los Angeles: Aquila Polonica Publishing
 King, Richard. (2010) 303 (Polish) Squadron Battle of Britain Diary. Surrey: Red Kite
 Koskodian, Kenneth. K. (2009) No Greater Ally.New York City: Osprey Publishing
 Tadeusz Jerzy Krzystek, Anna Krzystek: Polskie Siły Powietrzne w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1940-1947 łącznie z Pomocniczą Lotniczą Służbą Kobiet (PLSK-WAAF). Sandomierz: Stratus, 2012, p. 589. Jerzy Pawlak: Absolwenci Szkoły Orląt: 1925-1939. Warszawa: Retro-Art, 2009, p. 117. Piotr Sikora: Asy polskiego lotnictwa. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Alma-Press. 2014, p. 158-166.Józef Zieliński: Asy polskiego lotnictwa. Warszawa: Agencja lotnicza ALTAIR, 1994, p. 10-11. ISBN 83862172. Józef Zieliński: Lotnicy polscy w Bitwie o Wielką Brytanię. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza MH, 2005, p. 207-209. External links

 http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/nov/30/how-polish-airmen-succeeded/

1908 births
1996 deaths
People from Augustów County
Polish diplomats
Polish generals
Polish World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II
The Few
Polish emigrants to the United States
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
Polish Royal Air Force pilots of


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<mask> is an Indian activist who devotes his efforts principally to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and Western imperialism in Asia. He is best known for having led a humanitarian convoy that travelled from India to Gaza in the winter of 2010–11. <mask> is one of the co-founders of the Global March to Jerusalem and heads the Indian branch. He is also the co-founder of the First Asian Convoy to Gaza. <mask> is also the Convener of several organisations: International Affairs Committee of the National Alliance of People’s Movements, the Rashtriya Yuva Sangathan, and Bharat Bachao Andolan (Movement to Save India). In his Twitter profile, he describes himself as being “Committed to the global struggle against Imperialism & Zionism & thus the freedom of Humanity." Activist background
<mask> reports being involved in the Palestinian question since 1987 — even before the First Intifada.He was one of the only Indians from his generation to be involved. He describes himself as being "from the Gandhian, Left, Phule-Ambedakarite (the struggle of the oppressed lower and untouchable castes) and the stream of Liberation Theology." An active supporter of Palestinian statehood, <mask> has described Gaza as "a Nazi-prison-cum-concentration camp." He supports the "Resistance axis" led by the governments of Iran, Syria, the Lebanese national Resistance led by the Hezbollah, as well as the Palestinian Resistance, saying they are amongst the few countries in the West Asian region and across the world that resists Zionist Israel. He told members of the Iranian parliament in December 2010 that the people of the world would join together against an Israeli attack on Iran. <mask> describes himself as a secular progressive activist committed to defend the  rights of Minorities & the oppressed castes & classes in India. He has also and co-founded an organisation called the Bharat

masks:
Feroze Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Feroze Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala
Mithiborwala


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 Bachao Andolan & Muslim Intellectual Forum.He is the president of Awami Bharat, an organisation which calls for dialogue between Muslims and non-Muslims. On Jerusalem Day in Mumbai in 2010 he said that Indians needed to increase their solidarity with the Palestinians. He said that the Palestinian resistance was "the international avant garde" and the "Central geopolitical issue of our times" in the joint struggle against imperialism and Zionism." While in Beirut during the Second Lebanon War, <mask> wrote a column about what he called Lebanon's "victory". Gaza convoy
<mask> was a co-organizer of a convoy of 120 people who travelled from India to Gaza in the winter of 2010–11, leaving India on 5 December 2010. Its stated purpose was to deliver humanitarian aid, with <mask> saying: “Since this is the first convoy from Asia to show solidarity with the Palestinian cause, our aim is only to get to Gaza and not confront the Israeli government.”  The group included over 50 Indians, and they planned on arriving in Gaza by 28 December. According to Salim Ghafouri, an Iranian citizen who claims to be the spokesman for the convoy, the participants in the convoy represented 137 organisations from 50 countries, including Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Britain, and Australia.Most, however, were Indians. Ghafouri said that the war with "the Zionists" is not only an “Islamic-Zionist war,” but the showdown between the “truth,” represented by “the freedom-loving people of the world,” and the “lie” of Israel and its supporters. <mask> said that he and his colleagues had four goals: “Liberation of Palestine, breaking the Gaza Siege, annihilation of the apartheid system of Israel and unity among the Asian nations, with the slogan, "One Asia United Asia".Thus an Asia free of US Imperialism & NATO bases. ”

The amount and significance of the aid delivered by

masks: Mithiborwala Mithiborwala Mithiborwala Mithiborwala


texts: the convoy has been the subject of debate. The Indian Express reported that the medical aid carried by the convoy was worth Rs 2.7 million, or about US$50,000. The convoy also donated two ambulances to Palestinian authorities. The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center said that the amount of aid delivered by the convoy was "negligible."The Milli Gazette, a Muslim newspaper, reported that the convoy took "medical equipment, food items, clothes and other aid worth $1 million, weighing 170 tons, for the people of Gaza who continue to suffer unspeakable hardship for nearly five years under the illegal blockade imposed by the Israeli-US regimes." During the convoy's sojourn in Iran many contributions were received from Iranians. To process these contributions, the convoy opened dozens of headquarters in larger Iranian cities. <mask>, in an address to the Iranian parliament, called the president of the US "an agent of Israel." In Syria, the convoy met with exiled Hamas leader Khaled Meshal. Because Egyptian authorisation was delayed, the convoy arrived in Gaza on 2 January 2011, a few days later than originally planned. Upon arrival in El Arish, <mask> said that the purpose of the convoy was "to break the siege of the Gaza Strip, to bring about the establishment of an independent Palestinian state whose capital is Jerusalem, and [to cause] the economic and political boycott of Israel."In a retrospective interview, <mask> said that "we were not there to 'help' the Palestinians. Ours is a movement of 'solidarity' with the people's resistance for the liberation of Palestine....especially since 2008, we have been trying to organize a ship or a land caravan from India." He said that he planned to march until "Palestine is free. Today we have begun our march to Gaza, but tomorrow we will march to Jerusalem." He believes that when the Palestinians have

masks: Mithiborwala Mithiborwala Mithiborwala


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 won the battle for Jerusalem, humanity will be closer to God in a very universal & spiritual sense. Global March to Jerusalem
<mask> heads the Indian branch of Global March to Jerusalem (GMJ). He is also a member of both the co-founder of the GMJ International Executive Committee and its International Central Committee.The GMJ planned a number of large-scale anti-Israel demonstrations around the Arab world on 30 March 2012, which is Palestine Land Day. The idea was for the participants to gather in various places and then march to Jerusalem, or as far as they could get. <mask> was described as "the key organiser of the Indian leg" of the event. <mask> wrote that the event was not an attempt to delegitimise Israel, saying that "Rather, it is Israel's actions and policies that create its image as a practitioner of ethnic cleansing and an abuser of human rights." Asked why he and his fellow participants were marching to Jerusalem and not to the Gaza Strip, <mask> said that they were two different questions, citing the Gaza issue as a humanitarian crisis and Jerusalem as a political question as well as a "religious and anti-colonial issue." He went on to say that he considers Iran, Syria, Lebanon as anti-American powers, and South Asian anti-Imperialist parties among their allies. After returning to Delhi, <mask> said he wanted a unification of the Palestinian movement, and that he wanted Fatah and Hamas to be together.He went on to say that negotiations with Israelis would not solve anything, and that there needs to be a common programme of resistance. Anti-Brahmanism
<mask> is an anti-caste system activist, and in particular, opposes Manuwad or the supremacist hierarchical ideological system that relegats India's Shudras, Ati Shudras & Adivasis to second class status. He is an Ideologue has been inspired by Mahatma Gandhi & is also a Leftist & a

masks: Mithiborwala Mithiborwala Mithiborwala Mithiborwala Mithiborwala Mithiborwala


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 Phule-Ambedkarite  described as "an ideologue" who has been a leftist and also part of the Sarvodaya Movement. In his view, noted an Outlook India profile, "Hindu is not the enemy; casteism is." After an Indian court upheld the demolition of a mosque, <mask> accused "Brahmanic" elite forces of trying to subjugate Muslim communities and called the verdict a mockery. He said it "stands in utter contempt of the Indian constitution" and "giv[es] precedence to belief or aastha over law." Conspiracy theories
<mask> has propounded a number of conspiracy theories.He has claimed that terrorists acts attributed to Muslim groups were in fact "false flag" attacks, "inside jobs" carried out by the Intelligence agencies of the US, Israeli, Indian, Pakistani and/or other governments to discredit Muslims. <mask> wrote that the Mumbai 26/11 attack was carried out by the CIA and Mossad, its objective being to establish a pro-US/Israeli consensus among Indians, allowing the US/Israeli political elite "to deploy our Military into the war theatre in Afghanistan." In June 2011 <mask> wrote that David Headley, who was involved with planning the 26/11 attack, was "a CIA-FBI operative whose task was to organize & expedite the Mumbai 26/11 terror attacks." He wrote that the attacks were the result of a CIA/Saudi Arabian/Mossad conspiracy, saying "The strategic period & the timing of the terror attacks are a pointer to the powers behind the perpetrators." <mask> believes that Osama bin Laden has been dead since the latter half of December 2001. He expressed his belief that the parties saying he was still alive were doing this because "The ghost of Bin Laden serves multiple purposes both at the Global and Indian context", mainly to generate fear for the Hindu community and to be a "false hero" for Muslims, falsely inspiring youth to follow the "flawed path of extremism and terror."

masks: Mithiborwala Mithiborwala Mithiborwala Mithiborwala Mithiborwala


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 When several small bombs were set off in Pune on 1 August 2012, <mask> and Kishore Jagtap called them a "Chitpawan Brahmanical-Manuwadi reaction to the restoration of the true Samadhi-Burial Shrine of Saibai, the first wife of Shivaji Maharaj," and thus "part of the ongoing caste war that has once again erupted all across Maharashtra."After the 21 February 2013 terrorist bombing in Hyderabad, <mask> charged the ruling Indian Congress Party with staging it to win conservative Hindu votes. He claimed the bombing would be blamed on fictitious "'Sleeper Cells' of disgruntled Muslim youth, who will begin to be picked up from the lanes of this city," and most of whom "will be police informers & petty criminals who will be entrapped into owning up for this terror attack." Both the Pune and Hyderabad bombings were believed to have been carried out by the Indian Mujahideen. Other activities and organisations
<mask> is president of Awami Bharat, an Indian political group that has described itself as being involved in an "international struggle against imperialism, Zionism, and Brahmanism." He is the founder-convenor of the Muslim Intellectual Forum of India and of the South Asian Solidarity Initiative>. He has also been the national vice-president of the Maharashtra-based political party Rashtriya Samaj Paksha (RSP). <mask> led protests against the India-US nuclear deal in 2008.<mask>, in his capacity as coordinator of a group called Forum against War and Terrorism, was involved in planning a 2006 event called "Mumbai in White", which he described as an attempt, after the terrorist acts in that city, "to do something to touch the lives of Mumbaikars in a subtle manner." <mask> was also part of "an international peace delegation" with members from India, the Philippines, Brazil, Norway, France, and Spain that paid a friendly visit to Hizbollah in Lebanon in 2006. It


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 was reported that they "stressed that it would be wrong to call Hizbollah a 'militant' outfit" and should rather be called a 'socio-political resistance movement.'" <mask> was quoted as stating that "Even a child in Lebanon wants to be a part of Hizbollah." <mask> signed a letter opposing NATO military intervention in Libya. <mask> was also part of the international group of observers that monitored the national general election in Syria on 3 June 2014. The group that deemed the elections free and fair, where Bashar al Assad was re-elected as President.The Syrian people, he said, "had voted for a free, sovereign & unified Syria and was a vote against foreign intervention and wars". Detention in Mumbai
<mask> and his friend Kishor Jagtap were both preemptively detained before Secretary of State Clinton's visit to Mumbai in 2009. This action might have been in connection to his demand for an investigation into US Government cover ups in the Headley affair, where even the mainstream media has raised questions regarding the coverup. He described being picked up from his house on a Friday night without a specific reason given and then being brought into the MIDC police station. He spoke of the experience: “An official told us that we had been brought owing to an intelligence input and will be here till the next day. However, on Saturday, they told us that we would be allowed to leave only on Sunday. While Clinton's visit or security has not been mentioned to us as the reason for our detention, we sat there for very long without even knowing why.”.Further when they filed a case against the police in the Bombay High Court, the Judge Bilal Nazki passed comments against the police for their high handedness. References

External links
Global March to Jerusalem

Indian secularists
Living people
People of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Indian humanitarians
Year of


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<mask> "Cum<mask>. (June 20, 1890 – March 28, 1946) was an American baseball player, manager, and team owner in the Negro leagues, as well as a professional basketball player and team owner. Early life
<mask>. was born into Western Pennsylvania's Negro elite, the son of <mask>. and Angelina "Anna<mask> of Homestead, adjacent to Pittsburgh. <mask>. worked on riverboats and, in 1877, became probably the first African American licensed engineer in the United States, earning a chief engineer license and the title of, "Captain." "Cap" <mask> was a riverboat builder, general manager of the Dexter Coal Company, owner of the Diamond Coke and Coal Company, and industrial partner of Henry Clay Frick. He was president of the Loendi Social and Literary Club for three years and president of the Pittsburgh Courier newspaper for its first 14 years, to 1924. (Williams) The family lived in a palatial Italianate mansion on the heights. Despite his commanding wealth, Captain <mask> still had to deal with racial discrimination, according to historian William Serrin.In that crucible of race, his son began to excel as a young athlete. In football, <mask>. was a star player and manager for semi-pro sandlot teams in the Pittsburgh area prior to 1910, including the Delaney Rifles and the Collins Tigers. Basketball

<mask> was the best African American basketball player of his time, playing from the early 1900s (decade) through the mid-1920s. His peers and the sporting press considered him an "All-Time Immortal". "The mystic wand of <mask> ruled basketball with as much eclat as 'Rasputin' dominated the Queen of all the Russias", observed the Harlem Interstate Tattler in 1929. <mask> led Homestead High to the

masks:
Cumberland Willis
" Posey Jr
Cumberland Jr
Cumberland Willis Posey Sr
" Stevens Posey
Posey Sr
Posey
Posey
Cumberland Jr
Posey
Posey
Posey


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 1908 city championship, played basketball at Penn State for two years, moved to the University of Pittsburgh where he earned a pharmacy degree in 1915, and formed the famous Monticello Athletic Association team that won the Colored Basketball World's Championship in 1912. He later played varsity basketball for Duquesne University, under the name "Charles Cumbert", and led the Dukes in scoring for three seasons through 1919.Today he is enshrined in the Duquesne Sports Hall of Fame under his real name. During the mid-1910s, <mask> formed, operated, and played for the Loendi Big Five, which became the most dominant basketball team of the Black Fives Era through the mid-1920s, winning four straight Colored Basketball World Championship titles. He retired from basketball in the late 1920s to focus exclusively on the business of baseball and on his weekly sports column in the Pittsburgh Courier, "In The Sportive Realm." He was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2016. Homestead Grays
In baseball, <mask> played with the Homestead Grays in 1911, was manager by 1916, and became owner in the early 1920s. In a quarter-century running the team, he built it into one of the powerhouse franchises of black baseball, winning numerous pennants, including nine consecutively from 1937–1945. In 1910, a group of Homestead steelworkers was organized into one of baseball's greatest clubs by <mask>.This team, the Homestead Grays, played many locations such as Forbes Field and Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C. The team won eight out of nine Negro National League titles. <mask>, the principal owner of the Homestead Grays, spent 35 years (1911–1946) in baseball as a player, manager,

masks: Posey Posey Posey Posey


texts: owner and club official. He built a strong barnstorming circuit that made the Grays a perennially powerful and profitable team, one of the best in the East. <mask> began playing baseball for the semi-pro Grays in 1911. He soon ended his playing career to become field and business manager. He took control of the Grays in 1920 and turned them into a highly successful regional enterprise as an independent team.The Grays' strong identity in Pennsylvania and surrounding states enabled them to survive the depths of the Great Depression. <mask>, an aggressive talent seeker with the Grays, at one time or another had over a dozen current Negro leagues Hall of Famers playing for him. He was often accused of raiding other clubs' rosters, enticing their best players to join his team. He suffered a heavy dose of the same in the early 1930s, when he lost several stars to the well-financed Pittsburgh Crawfords. The Grays rebounded and became a member of the second Negro National League in 1935, soon dominating the circuit. <mask>'s teams reeled in nine consecutive pennants from 1937–1945. <mask> unwisely attempted to start the East-West League in 1932, during the Depression, but it did not last the season.He later became an officer of the Negro National League, and was a major force at its meetings throughout the rest of his career. He also was a frequent critic of the league, both before and after joining it, in his regular sports columns for the Pittsburgh Courier, a leading black weekly newspaper. Courier sportswriter Wendell Smith once wrote of <mask>: "Some may say he crushed the weak as well as the strong on the way to the top of the ladder. But no matter what his critics say, they cannot deny

masks: Posey Posey Posey Posey Posey


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 that he was the smartest man in Negro baseball and certainly the most successful." He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006. He was named to the Washington Nationals Ring of Honor for his "significant contribution to the game of baseball in Washington, D.C" as part of the Homestead Grays on August 10, 2010. Death
On March 28, 1946, <mask> died of cancer in Pittsburgh at the age of 55.His hometown of Homestead declared a school holiday in his honor the day of his funeral. See also
 National Basketball Association
 Negro league baseball

References

(Riley.) <mask> "Cum" <mask>, Personal profiles at Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. – identical to Riley, except for notice of 2006 Hall of Fame induction (confirmed 2010-12-12)
Serrin, William (1993). Homestead. New York: Knopf Publishing. Williams, Rachel Jones (2010)."<mask> <mask> Sr.", Black History in Pennsylvania. Reprinted from Pennsylvania Heritage Spring 2010, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Confirmed 2010-12-11. External links

  Seamheads
  and Seamheads
 <mask> at the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame

1890 births
1946 deaths
African-American basketball players
African-American sports executives and administrators
American men's basketball players
American sports executives and administrators
Baseball executives
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
Duquesne Dukes men's basketball players
Homestead Grays players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Negro league baseball executives
Negro league baseball managers
People from Homestead, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area
University of Pittsburgh alumni
20th-century African-American

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Posey
Cumberland
Posey
Cumberland Willis
Posey
Cumberland Posey


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<mask>, known as C. H. "Sammy<mask> (October 1, 1911 – May 14, 1985), was a lawyer and politician from Alexandria, Louisiana, who served as a Democratic member in both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature. He was a state senator during the final two terms of the Earl Kemp Long administration, 1948 to 1952 and 1956 to 1960. He was Long's senatorial floor leader and later a key player in the administration of another Long faction governor, John J. McKeithen. Background

Born in 1911, C. H<mask>, known as "Sammy", was one of seven children from the 1900 marriage of the former <mask> (died 1983) and U. T<mask>, a native of LaSalle Parish. <mask> was born in his mother's native community of Effie in Avoyelles Parish, south of Rapides Parish. He is named for his paternal great-grandfather, <mask>, originally from Mississippi. His maternal great-grandfather, Uriah Whatley, came to Louisiana about 1812 as a Methodist circuit preacher.U. T<mask>, a businessman, served two terms and a portion of a third as the mayor of Pineville, located on the eastern side of the Red River across from Alexandria. In 1924, <mask> was elected Sheriff of Rapides Parish, a post which he held for sixteen years. In the 1920s, Sheriff U. T<mask>, a Southern Baptist, had been a member of the Ku Klux Klan, which had enjoyed a revival after 1915. When the organization folded its Rapides Parish chapter after a national scandal, he joined a still functioning KKK unit in Atlanta, Georgia. C. H<mask> graduated in 1932 from the Southern Baptist-affiliated Louisiana College, a secondary school in Pineville; he was president of the senior class. In 1933, he graduated from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. Career
From 1933 to 1939, <mask> worked as a teacher and coach at Glenmora High School in Glenmora in south Rapides Parish.From 1939 to 1944, he served as principal at Cheneyville High School in Cheneyville, also in south

masks:
Crawford Hugh Downs
" Downs
. Downs
Callie McCann
. Downs
Sammy Downs
Crawford Downs
. Downs
Downs
. Downs
. Downs
Downs


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 Rapides Parish. In 1941, principal <mask> was elected president of the Louisiana Teachers Association. As long as people run for government office, you will have indictments, stealing, and the like. - said the educator-turned-lawyer, Democrat C. H. "Sammy<mask>

In November 1939, his father, U. T<mask>, and three of his deputies: W. C. Nash, N. G. Aymond, and Roy Yerby, were among nineteen persons named in sixty-six indictments by a Rapides Parish grand jury. The four men from the sheriff's department were charged with malfeasance in office. Other men faced charges for bribery, embezzlement, and income tax violations. Mayors V. V. Lamkin of Alexandria, an Earl Long supporter, was charged with bribery and malfeasance in office.Mayor Rollo C. Lawrence of Pineville and State Representative Richmond C<mask> were indicted for dual-officeholding, or being "deadheads" on the state payroll. Other indictments were issued against George C. Gray, the former Alexandria chief of police and a candidate to succeed <mask> as sheriff, and Alexandria police officers Allen E. Zachary and Joseph T. Ohman. <mask> entered state politics and was elected in 1944 as a Democratic state representative. While still serving, he completed his law degree, which he received in 1946 at the age of thirty-five from LSU's Paul M. Hebert Law Center in Baton Rouge. <mask> was a member of the Masonic lodge, the Chamber of Commerce, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Like his parents, he belonged to the First Baptist Church of Pineville, Louisiana. Political career

<mask> was first elected in 1944 at the age of thirty-three to one of three at-large seats in the Louisiana House from Rapides Parish.In contrast to single-member districts, these seats required candidates to gain a majority of votes across the parish. <mask>' tenure coincided with the first administration of Governor Jimmie Davis, and he served alongside future

masks:
Downs
" Downs
. Downs
. Hathorn
Downs
Downs
Downs
Downs
Downs


texts: Alexandria Mayor <mask><mask>. In 1948, <mask> moved up to the state Senate; also elected were Earl Long as governor, Bill Dodd as lieutenant governor, and Bolivar Edwards Kemp, Jr., as attorney general. After a four-year absence, <mask> returned to the Senate in 1956 for his second term by defeating fellow Democratic State Representative <mask>. Blair, an Alexandria businessman allied with the anti-Long faction of Louisiana politics. In 1959, however, with anti-Long sentiment running strongly statewide, Blair unseated <mask>. Blair held the seat until 1964, when he was defeated after one term.Blair was re-elected in 1965, and served after that in the state senate from 1966 to 1976. After <mask> left the state Senate, he joined the group working for Earl Long's election in 1960 for the vacant seat in Louisiana's 8th congressional district. (This has since been redistricted.) Others on the bandwagon were Bill Dodd, Sixty Rayburn, Long attorney Joseph A. Sims, and A. A. Fredericks, Long's former executive assistant and another former state senator from Natchitoches. While Long defeated the short-term incumbent, <mask>. McSween of Alexandria, for the Democratic nomination for the House, he died before he could take his seat. McSween won the ensuing special election for the term ending on January 3, 1963.In the spring of 1964, <mask> was the chairman of the Louisiana Democratic State Central Committee, in which capacity he largely allied himself with Leander Perez, the political boss of Plaquemines Parish and the leader of the forces opposed to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, then seeking  a full term in office. Perez at first pushed for Democratic electors pledged to George Wallace, the governor of Alabama,  but he later abandoned that approach and endorsed Republican Barry M. Goldwater. <mask> resigned from the Democratic party chairmanship in December 1966 and was succeeded by Edward M<mask>, a

masks:
Carl B
. Close
Downs
Downs
Cecil R
Downs
Downs
Harold B
Downs
Downs
. Carmouche


texts: Lake Charles attorney backed by the loyalists who favored another term for President Johnson, who soon took himself out of contention for reelection. <mask>uche defeated, fifty-four to thirty-eight, the Perez-backed W. L. "Jack<mask>, the mayor of Monroe, who in 1964 had been among the list of Democratic defectors to Goldwater. <mask> joined the administration of John McKeithen in the spring of 1964. The two had served together in the legislature from 1948 to 1952; McKeithen, as a state representative from Caldwell Parish and Downs, as senator from Rapides Parish. <mask> was the master of ceremonies at the McKeithen inauguration.He left the administration in 1965 but remained an unpaid advisor to McKeithen. <mask> once remarked, rather nonchalantly, that political corruption is common in Louisiana and would likely remain so: "As long as people run for government office, you will have indictments, stealing, and the like." He made the statement in 1972 after appearing before a federal grand jury which investigated allegations of kickbacks in the Louisiana state insurance program. <mask> indicated that he had never taken insurance commissions. When Life Magazine reported the strong influence of organized crime on Louisiana state government, a defensive McKeithen named <mask>, another Alexandria lawyer, to head an investigation into the question. Gravel soon resigned in outrage when the investigation was stopped after <mask> became the target. <mask>' private telephone in the capitol, kept in a "locked box" and available only to him, allegedly kept the governor's office in contact with Mafia kingpins.Without Gravel, the investigation continued during 1966 under the supervision of Sargent Pitcher, then the district attorney of East Baton Rouge Parish. It was  revealed that <mask> had been in communication with the New Orleans crime family boss <mask> regarding a real estate transaction in Alexandria,

masks:
Carmo
" Howard
Downs
Downs
Downs
Downs
Camille Gravel
Downs
Downs
Downs
Carlos Marcello


texts:
 but no allegation of wrongdoing came forth on the matter. Pitcher also found no link between Marcello and another former McKeithen aide, Aubrey W. Young, other than two telephone calls to which Young admitted, one of which concerned what became the Louisiana Superdome. Despite Pitcher's report, McKeithen still described <mask> as "the only Mafia link I know of  in my administration." In 1968, <mask> joined the presidential campaign of American Independent Party nominee George Wallace, who after having withdrawn from consideration in 1964,  hoped without success to deny Richard M. Nixon and <mask><mask> an electoral college majority. McKeithen, however, had supported <mask> at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Afterwards, <mask> returned to the McKeithen administration as executive counsel, the Mafia link apparently overlooked or discounted.In 1969, McKeithen named <mask> director of public works. <mask> was suspended by Governor McKeithen as the public works director early in 1972 after indictment by a federal grand jury for taking bribes from the Shoup Voting Machine Company Downs soon resigned from the administration, and the Shoup company was also indicted in the case. In the 1973 trial, the case against <mask> resulted in a hung jury. Family legacy

<mask> married the former Alice Daigre (1914-1994), a sister of the Alexandria consulting engineer Louis Jacob Daigre, Jr. They had a son, <mask> <mask>, known as <mask>, and two daughters together before their divorce. <mask> and six employees of the Louisiana State Department of Education were indicted on fraud charges brought forward after an investigation of the vocational rehabilitation department, which receives federal funding. The indictments against both <mask>es came from grand juries empaneled by U.S. Attorney Gerald J. Gallinghouse of New Orleans, an appointee of President Nixon.She was later interred at the Henderson

masks:
Downs
Downs
Hubert H
. Humphrey
Humphrey
Downs
Downs
Downs
Downs
Downs
James Crawford
Downs
Jam Downs
Alice Downs
Downs


texts:
 James Cemetery in rural Hot Wells in Rapides Parish. <mask> <mask>, known as "Jam" <mask> (born October 1940), the son of Sammy and <mask> and also a graduate of the LSU Law Center, was from 2000 to 2014 the 9th Judicial District district attorney, based in Rapides Parish. He is retiring from the position in January 2015. Before his election as DA, <mask> had been an assistant district attorney. He is known for his interest in conservation, hunting, and enforcement of game laws. He was born in Cheneyville. He resides with his wife, the former Maureen Stewart, in a restored farmhouse near Lecompte.One of <mask>' older brothers, J. Earl <mask>, was the public safety commissioner in Shreveport. He served alongside Mayors James C. Gardner and <mask>, prior to 1962, when <mask> was unseated in the Democratic primary that summer by George W. D'Artois. He and his wife later moved to Franklin in Macon County, North Carolina, where he died in 1998 at the age of ninety-three. At the time of his death, <mask> was married to the former Laura Eskew (born 1923). She brought her two children to the marriage, Laurna E<mask> and John E<mask>. (<mask> was not related to the late <mask> <mask>, known as <mask>, a five-term member of the Alexandria City Council and the namesake of the Johnny Downs Sports Complex at 271 Vandenburg Drive in Alexandria.) References

1911 births
1985 deaths
Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana state senators
Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
People from Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana
Politicians from Alexandria, Louisiana
People from Cheneyville, Louisiana
Educators from Louisiana
American school principals
Louisiana lawyers
Louisiana Christian University alumni
Louisiana State University alumni
Louisiana State University Law Center alumni
Baptists from Louisiana
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Baptists
Conservatism in the United

masks:
James Crawford
Downs
Downs
Alice Downs
Jam Downs
Downs
Downs
Clyde Fant
Downs
Downs
. Cornelison
. Campbell
Downs
John Harden
Barnett Downs
Johnny Downs


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<mask> (January 6, 1933 – April 11, 2016) was an American business executive. He was the chairman of Comcast Spectacor, a Philadelphia-based sports and entertainment company that owns the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League; the Wells Fargo Center; the regional sports network Comcast SportsNet; and Global Spectrum, an international facilities management company. He formerly owned the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association, and was part-owner of the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League. Early life and education
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in the Washington, D.C. region, the son of a grocery-store chain owner. He attended the University of Maryland and earned his bachelor's degree in accounting. Business career
<mask> started a record company, Edge Ltd., with his friend Jerry Lilienfield in the 1960s, which was moderately successful. They eventually shut down the company, giving Snider the opportunity to join Jerry Wolman (builder) and <mask>'s brother-in-law Earl Foreman (attorney) as they purchased the Philadelphia Eagles in 1964.<mask> was given an option to purchase a 7% stake in the team and eventually served as vice president and treasurer, running the day-to-day operations of the Eagles. Upon learning that the NHL was planning to expand, <mask> and Wolman made plans for a new arena—the Spectrum—to house both a hockey team and the 76ers. On February 8, 1966, the NHL awarded Philadelphia a conditional franchise, one which would eventually be named the Philadelphia Flyers and start playing in 1967. In the summer of 1967, <mask> and Wolman ended their business partnership and exchanged some of their business assets.

masks:
Edward Malcolm Snider
Snider
Snider
Snider
Snider
Snider
Snider


texts: <mask> became the majority owner of the Flyers and Wolman became sole owner of the Spectrum. When Wolman placed the Spectrum in bankruptcy in 1971, Snider and Foreman took over the building, eventually paying off every creditor in full. In 1974 Snider created Spectacor as a holding company for the executives that ran the Flyers and the Spectrum.The Flyers became the first NHL expansion team to win the Stanley Cup in 1974, and to repeat as champions in 1975. <mask> would found or acquire several businesses during his career, most notably a regional premium cable channel, PRISM, and the first all-sports radio station, WIP. Amidst a lengthy battle with 76ers owner Harold Katz, the city of Philadelphia, and the city of Camden, New Jersey, <mask> privately-financed a new arena to keep the Flyers and 76ers in Philadelphia, what would become the CoreStates Center (now the Wells Fargo Center). Prior to the Wells Fargo Center's opening in 1996, he sold a 66% stake of all of his businesses, including Spectacor, to Philadelphia-based Comcast, creating Comcast Spectacor. However, <mask> remained chairman of the venture, retaining a 34% interest. Soon after, Comcast-Spectacor, along with the Philadelphia Phillies created Comcast SportsNet in 1996. The company also bought the 76ers, who had been Snider's tenants since 1971.Comcast Spectacor was also granted an expansion franchise in the AHL, the Phantoms. In a 1999 Philadelphia Daily News poll, <mask> was selected as the city's greatest sports mover and shaker, beating out legends such as Connie Mack, Sonny Hill, Bert Bell, and Roger Penske. In 2005, Snider became a prominent investor in a Foxwoods slots casino proposed for the

masks: Snider Snider Snider Snider Snider


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 waterfront in Philadelphia. In September 2008, facing massive opposition at the originally intended site, backers for the slots casino decided to seek a new location in the Center City area, next to Philadelphia's Chinatown community. Nonprofit organizations
In 1985, <mask> was one of the founding contributors of the Ayn Rand Institute (ARI), which was established by the philosopher Leonard Peikoff to promote Rand's philosophy of Objectivism. In 1990, after a dispute between ARI and philosopher David Kelley, Snider became a backer of Kelley's rival organization, the Institute for Objectivist Studies (now known as The Atlas Society). In 2003, Snider became a founding board member of the National Foundation for Celiac Awareness (now named Beyond Celiac.)He continued to support the organization until his death in 2016. In 2005, <mask> created the Ed Snider Youth Hockey Foundation to provide a means to reach inner-city children in the Philadelphia area and provide them with the opportunity to learn to play hockey. Honors and awards
In 1988, <mask> was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 1997, <mask> was inducted into the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. In 2005, <mask> was inducted into the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame. In 2011, <mask> was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame. In 2012, the Philadelphia Sports Writers Association renamed its Humanitarian Award as the <mask>der Lifetime Distinguished Humanitarian Award, with <mask> as the first recipient of the newly named award.Personal life
<mask>'s children are Jay, Craig, Lindy, Tina, Sarena and Samuel. He had 15 grandchildren at the time of his death. <mask> served as president of the

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Snider
Snider
Snider
Snider
Snider
Snider
Ed Sni
Ed Snider
Snider
Jay Snider


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 Philadelphia Flyers from 1983 to 1994, and president of Spectacor, Inc. from 1987 to 94. <mask> was married four times. His first marriage was to Myrna Gordon. They had four children and divorced in 1981. In 1983, he married model Martha McGeary with whom he had two children.They later divorced. In 2004, he married Belgian Christine Decroix (born 1957), a former singer for the Belgian girl-pop group the Lovelettes in the 1970s; they divorced in 2009. He married his fourth wife, Lin Spivak (born 1968), on February 14, 2013. <mask> was a brother of the Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity. Death
In 2014, <mask> was treated for bladder cancer. Although he announced in September 2014 that he was "cancer free", the cancer subsequently returned. <mask> died on April 11, 2016, at his home in Montecito, California.The Flyers wore a patch in his memory on the right shoulder, a black circle with "EMS" in white, for their Stanley Cup Playoff series against the Washington Capitals. For the following season, they wore a patch on the same shoulder, this one having <mask>'s signature in a black circle, with a line and the Flyers logo under the signature. References

External links

 Ed Snider Youth Hockey Foundation

1933 births
2016 deaths
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from bladder cancer
National Basketball Association executives
National Hockey League executives
National Hockey League owners
Jewish American sportspeople
Objectivists
People from Washington, D.C.
Philadelphia 76ers owners
Philadelphia Flyers owners
Stanley Cup champions
United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
University of Maryland, College Park


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<mask>, son of Moshe (Musa) <mask> ( also commonly known as Mori Yiḥya Yitzḥak from the house of Yitzḥak Halevi) (1867 – 1932), was a Yemeni born rabbinical scholar who served as one of the last great scholars and chief jurists of the rabbinic court at Ṣan‘ā’, which post he held for nearly thirty years, a time interrupted only during the siege laid to the city (Dec. 1904—Jan. 1906) by loyal Yemeni forces under Imām Yaḥyā Ḥamīd ad-Dīn (1904—1948) in their bid to oust the Ottoman Turks who then controlled the city. The Rabbi, meanwhile, had fled with his family to Dhamar. Early life

<mask> was born in Ṣan‘ā’, the eldest of ten children born unto Musa Yitzḥak, a tanner of hides by profession, and a descendant of one of the city's more illustrious Jewish families. Yiḥya Yitzḥak received his early education from his maternal grandfather, the Rabbi and kabbalist Shalom Mansura, and was already knowledgeable in the laws of ritual slaughtering at the early age of eleven. In 1880, at the age of thirteen, he began to study the Talmud and the legal writings of the poskim, with other boys his own age, in the house of his grandfather, the said Rabbi Mansura, until his grandfather's death in 1883. Afterwards, he studied under the prominent scholars in the famous Maharitz synagogue in Ṣan‘ā’.The synagogue served at that time as the city's chief seat of learning. In the evenings, he would continue his studies in the midrashic school belonging to the great teacher, Rabbi Ḥayim Qoraḥ (d. 1914), where they

masks:
Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi
Yiḥak Halevi
Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi


texts: studied Ein Yaakov and the Shulchan Arukh and their respective commentaries. Around the age of seventeen he married his first wife, Saadah Khamri, who died after she had given birth to five children (two sons and three daughters), two of whom died in their youth. One of his two sons, Shalom Yitzḥak (Ishaq) <mask> (b. 1891), immigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1923 and became the Chief Rabbi of the Yemenite Jewish community in Tel Aviv-Yafo (1925 – 1961), serving also as the Av Beit-Din in a rabbinic court (1925 – 1956) in Tel Aviv, and was an active member of the Chief Rabbinate Council in Jerusalem for nearly forty years. Yiḥya, not willing to remain a widower, took in marriage a second wife, Rumiyyah, the daughter of Suleiman Hibshush, by whom he had other children. The Rabbi's youngest son, Hayyim Yitzḥak <mask> (born 1920), eventually immigrated to the Land of Israel in the airlift known as "Operation Magic Carpet," and served as the Chief Rabbi of Herzliya between the years 1972–2005.As most scholars of his generation, Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi was trained in the laws of ritual slaughter of livestock such as prescribed in Jewish law and when later tasked with the public affairs and oversight of the community, he would ordain qualified ritual slaughterers of domesticated animals throughout the country, and periodically inspected them. He was the scion of a prominent rabbinic family, the Sasson Halevi family, who came to Yemen from Iraq prior to the time of Muhammad. Family

masks: Halevi Halevi


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 origins
Although the family had lived in Yemen before the advent of Islam, the descendants of the illustrious Sasson Halevi of Iraq, the Bayt Yitzḥak Halevi family first rose to prominence during the return of the Jewish exiles from Mawza. In 1680, a certain man of this family, Rabbi Yeḥiya <mask>, was appointed governor over the affairs of the Jewish people. He begat a son, calling him by his own name, Yeḥiya, who in turn begat a son by the name of Shalom, who was the father of Abraham Al-Sheikh. He and his son, Shalom, became the first of their family to bear the name of Al-Sheikh, or "elder," owing to the king's great regard for this family. Rabbi Yiḥya  Yitzḥak Halevi and his family belonged to the Baladi-rite congregations of Yemen.Election and arrest
In 1902, at the young age of thirty-five, he was — on the basis of his scholarship and his counseling ability — one of the candidates for replacing the lately deceased Nasi and chief jurist of the rabbinic court at Sana'a, Rabbi Shelomo (Suleiman) Ṣaleh. The heads of the community in Sana'a came together at the synagogue known as Bayt Saleh, which served at that time as the general seat of learning and of halakhic determination, in order to select a replacement. After much deliberation as to how to proceed, it was decided that lots would be cast, the names of the candidates written upon pieces of paper and pooled together, from which only one name would be drawn. The eldest of their Rabbis, the honorable Mori Hayim b. Yosef Qorah, a


texts: man then aged eighty, was he that was to draw the lot. The names were placed within the ark bearing the scrolls of the Law (Torah) and the doors were then shut. Mori Hayim Qorah then proceeded to recite one of the Psalms, wherein are to be found the words, "Thou maintainest my lot" (Ps. 16).The entire congregation recited aloud along with him in perfect unison the entire Psalm, while standing upon their feet. Expectations were high and could be seen on the faces of all those gathered in that place. When the Psalm's recital had come to an end, a great silence fell over the congregation. Mori Hayim Qorah put forth his hand into the ark and, with a trembling hand, he withdrew one slip of paper. He then called out to those there gathered, saying: "God's elect is Mori <mask> <mask> Halevi." Some began to murmur that perhaps there had been a mistake. The lot was repeated twice, and, again, a third time, with the results showing the same thing.A murmur could then be heard and felt by the people, some saying: Me’eth A-donai  hoyǝtha zoth (This thing has come from the Lord). The lot had fallen to <mask>, son of Moshe <mask> Halevi. When he perceived what had happened, and that he was elected to head the post of President, he concealed his face within his mantle, refusing to show himself. He later objected adamantly before the assembly who had gathered there, eventually fleeing from their presence. The men who had gathered at that place quickly followed after him until they reached his house. Yet,

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Yihya
Yitzhak
Rabbi Yihya
Yitzhak


texts: their pleas and platitudes were of no avail. He would not return with them to take up the office of President of the Court.Neither would the assembly cast lots again, a fourth time, so there remained in the Court at Sana'a only one, a certain Rabbi Ibrahim, the son of R. Sāleh, to adjudicate as judge, seeing that he was singularly qualified to pass judgment by himself. Yet, in matters which required three judges, he was joined by Rabbi Shalom b. Yiḥya Hibshush, the author of Shoshannat Ha-Melekh, and by Rabbi Hayim Hacohen. It was not until after the death of Rabbi b. <mask> Hibshush in the famine of 1905 that Rabbi <mask> <mask> Halevi decided to assume the role of leader of Yemen's community. Only one year after Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak's election, in 1903, the Rabbi and his fellow judges were accused of usurping authority over the Muslim judge (Ar. al-qāḍi), and he was arrested and put in prison, while his feet were shackled in fetters of iron. He was released owing to his unrelenting protests and his patient endurance. When the siege was lifted in early 1906, Sana'a was decimated of more than half its population because of the famine within the city.Among the dead was the great Rabbi and scholar Shalom b. <mask> Hibshush, author of Shoshannat Ha-Melekh. In the spring of 1906, Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi was confirmed by the ruling monarch as one of four representatives of the Jewish community in Sana'a, along with Harun al-Cohen, Yiḥya al-Qafiḥ and Yiḥya al-Abyadh. The document outlined the

masks: Yihya Yihya Yitzhak Yihya


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 obligations of the Jewish community toward the Muslim State and the Poll Tax (Ar. al-jizya) assessed against every male 13 years of age and older. Return of the Imam
Spurred on by the news that the Imam would be returning to Sana'a, one of the first things Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak did upon assuming the role of community leader was to appoint a new rabbinic court, whose former members had mostly perished in the famine of 1905. He appointed Amram Qaruḥ (Qoraḥ) and Hayim Mishreqi. The Rabbi, following the practice of the early courts of Jewish law, also appointed Rabbi Yiḥya Naḥum of al-Shaghadra (born 1875) to be his agent and inspector of the ritual slaughter of livestock throughout the provinces (since Jews were not permitted to eat of the slaughter made by non-Jews, and could only make-use of what was slaughtered by one who was adequately trained in such laws and who possessed a valid license), and to instruct those who were found negligent, and to confirm those who were adept in their ritual slaughter and in removing the suet; as also conduct controversies arising over bills of divorce and betrothals.Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak also bought a new house in the center of the Jewish Quarter so as to be nearer to his protégés. He would also attend the lessons conducted by Rabbi Yiḥya al-Qafih in the Bayt-Midrash on Saturday nights, and prayed there on Saturday mornings. When the Imām Yaḥyā Ḥamīd ad-Dīn entered the city, he was greeted in full-force by the Jewish community who had purchased an ox from the


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 monies donated to the public coffer and given it to the Imam as a welcoming present, which was duly slaughtered and eaten by his entourage. This act assured that the Jews would be protected by their Muslim patrons under the Imam. For the event, Rabbi <mask> Qafih prepared a welcoming address in Arabic, which he read before the king and his entourage. City recaptured by the Turks
When the Ottoman Turks returned to capture the city in 1907, Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi remained in favor with the ruling power and concerned himself with public affairs during the day, and with making ritual slaughter on domesticated animals in the evening. The city prospered under the Turks.When the Turkish military commander, Ahmad Fawzi Bashi was replaced in 1909 by Muhammad Ali Bashi, he financed the building of a Jewish school and had once paid a visit to the school to make a test of their accomplishments. During this time, <mask> Halevi exchanged letters of communication with the chief rabbi of the Ottoman Empire, Rabbi Chaim Nahum Effendi. It was during the Turkish occupation of Sana'a that Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi was conferred the honorary title of Ḥakham Bāshī (the Sage dignitary). Under the Imam, Jews were initially prohibited from building or establishing new synagogues, but during Ottoman rule three new synagogues were opened in Sana'a, one of which in the house of Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi. When the Imam retook the city in 1911, he closed the three new synagogues, which remained closed for fifteen

masks: Yihya Yitzhak


texts: years. Notwithstanding, Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi found favor in the eyes of the king, the king conferring upon him the governance over the Jewish people, with more extended powers to collect the annual Poll-Tax of the Protected persons of the State (Ar. al-dhimmiyūn) from the local Jewish administrators throughout the provinces, and to make use of the king's soldiers, if need be, to arrest offenders of orthodox Jewish law.The Chief Rabbi's first test came in 1920, one week before Passover, when he was called upon to intervene in the release of Jewish silversmiths who had conspired with the rebellious elder son of the king who had employed them in minting coins under his own name, in defiance of his father, and were all arrested. Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi appealed to the king on their behalf, who permitted them to be released in time to observe the upcoming holiday with their families. During Carl Rathjens' visit with the chief rabbi (either in 1927 or 1931), he copied down the names of the towns and villages settled by Jews in Yemen from a list made available to him by the rabbi and taken from the tax rolls, for which he was accountable to the king. The total number of Jewish communities in Yemen he puts at 371. The jizyah (poll-tax) collected annually from every Jewish adult male by the Chief Rabbi amounted to one Maria Theresa thaler (riyal) for a poor man, two of the same coins in specie for the middle classes, and four or more thalers for the rich. As chief jurist in Sana'a, Rabbi


texts:
 Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi was later joined by fellow judges, Mori Yiḥya b. Suleiman Qafiḥ and by Mori Avraham al-Kohen, and often by Mori Yehiya b. Salam Abyadh, who eventually succeeded Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak as chief jurist in 1932, following the death of the Chief Rabbi. In 1911, he and his fellow jurists answered some twenty-six questions posed to the court in Sana'a by the chief rabbi of Ottoman Palestine, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook.Many of the court documents and responsa originating from Sana'a during this period bear these men's signatures. Veiling of Jewish women
When the Imam returned to Sana'a, some of the Muslims had come to him complaining that Jewish wives customarily go forth in the public domain without an adequate covering over their heads, viz. their faces were uncovered, against that practice of married women of Islam who walk while covered from their heads to the soles of their feet, and their faces veiled. The Imām, being a defender of the Jews, requested from Mori Yiḥya Yitzḥak to do what he could about the matter, in order to bring to silence those who railed on the Jewish custom. Mori Yiḥya Yitzḥak called for a consultation about the matter, and laid out before them the complaint of the Muslims, and the request that had come to him from the king, Yahyā. During the consultation, it was agreed upon to make an edict that Jewish women would henceforth go out into the public domain while their faces veiled out of modesty. Formerly, Jewish women went with many coverings upon their


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 heads; scarves covered by other scarves.By the time of the mass emigration from Yemen, most Jewish women did not go in the footsteps of their mothers, and would only wear two coverings upon their heads, but whenever they went out in public places (e.g. the marketplace) they would wear three coverings upon their heads. The first of these coverings was a white cloth worn over their hair, covered by two upper scarves. The new edict, however, did not set well with a certain man of the community, who instructed his wife not to heed the new ruling of going out in public places with a veil, and under his prodding convinced other men to have their wives ignore the same ruling. Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi conducted an inquest into who they were that wantonly annulled the edict, and when it was learnt that they had done so by order of their husbands, he commanded to have them arrested as punishment for their annulment of the decree. Dispute over secular education in Jewish schools and over Kabbalah
Although the two leading Rabbis often prayed and studied together, Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak <mask> would eventually become the chief disputant in a case involving himself and Rabbi Yiḥya al-Qafiḥ over reforms that Rabbi Qafiḥ and his son, David, introduced into the curriculum in the new Jewish school built in 1909. Rabbi Yiḥya al-Qafiḥ, the headmaster, had pressed that Jewish students be taught arithmetic and the rudiments of the Arabic and Turkish languages and writing, and that the neo-kabbalistic books


texts: which espouse to Lurianic Kabbalah and the Zohar be diminished from the curriculum because of a concern that it inaccurately promotes pluralism/dualism in the godhead.This stance eventually caused a rift in the community, with the two leaders of the Jewish community and their protégés breaking off into dueling factions in 1912. Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi coined the other faction by the name  darda'im, which group was led by anti-kabbalist, Rabbi Yiḥya al-Qafiḥ, while he and his party were called "iqeshim". When they were unable to resolve their dispute, the matter was referred to the Third Shari'a Court of Sana'a in 1914 (anno Hijri 1332). It was the rule for litigants, if a case proved intractable before the Jewish court (bet din), to defer it to a Muslim court of law (qāḍi) or, in the case of villagers, to the local tribal authority, where it was decided according to the logic of customary law (taghut). The Muslim judge who ruled over this case was Muhammad b. Abbas al-Ḥūthī, whose verdict (Ar. fatwa) called out for the continuation of established Jewish customs and norms heretofore practised in Yemen, and that no party to the dispute is allowed to coerce others into changing his course of behavior or tradition. The judge's ruling was appended with a verdict from the king himself and affixed with the king's seal, in which he ruled: "What should be studied in their synagogues and seats of learning is that which Yiḥya Yitzḥak studies of that which is without innovation.(ghayr muḥdath)."


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 The new school established by Rabbi Yiḥya al-Qafiḥ was, thereafter, closed. Ultimately, the Muslim verdict (fatwā) failed to resolve the dispute over the kabbalah, seeing that after the deaths of Rabbis Yiḥya Yitzḥak <mask> (d. 1932) and Yiḥya Qafiḥ (d. 1931), the controversy over the kabbalah reemerged. Resolution of land ownership
At Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak <mask>'s suggestion, the king of Yemen (Imam Yahya) settled a long-standing dispute between the Jewish community and the application of laws defined by the local Waqf, or mortmain property. Accordingly, the land upon which the new Jewish Quarter was built following their return from Mawza was land provided by the king, but as of 1872, the Jews were required to pay a monthly tenancy fee for the land although they claimed ownership of the land, and which money accrued to the Muslim Waqf; being usufruct State land of which the State revenues are assured to pious foundations, in this case, for the upkeep of Muslim places of worship. The Rabbi suggested to the king that the Jews be permitted to purchase the land whereon they had resided, rather than pay tenancy fees for such land. The king acquiesced.In the winter of 1918, the Imam Yahya ordered that those Jewish residents who were able to provide legal documents proving that they had purchased their property would be made exempt from re-purchasing such property, while all other Jewish residents were to pay for their land, half of which payment would be given to the Waqf (Islamic trust), and


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 half of which to the Imam. Assessors were sent to the Jewish Quarter, and it was decided that the Jews would pay 8000 Riyals (crowns) for acquisition of the land. In the end, only 7500 Riyals (crowns) were paid, while the Imam forgave the remaining 500 Riyals (crowns) for the sake of the poor. A bill of sale was drawn up to that effect. Death and legacy
Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi died six months after the death of his disputant, Rabbi Yiḥyah Qafiḥ. He is remembered for being adamant in his efforts to preserve the community's unity, in the midst of rising contentions and disputes over the kabbalah, and not being willing to see his community broken-up by vying factions over ideology, especially with regard to practices heretofore observed by many of Yemen's elders. He was faced with daunting challenges, and was tasked with rebuilding a community that was devastated after the famine of 1905, a community which once numbered seven-thousand souls, and which had dwindled to a mere several hundred.His resolve and determination, and his nurturing of good ties with the ruling monarch, helped solidify his command and hegemony over the Jewish people throughout Yemen, and had been given the power to punish offenders by imprisonment. He was zealous over the preservation of Yemenite Jewish culture, and especially, the perpetuation of their peculiar manner of pronunciation of Hebrew, over the more popular Sephardic pronunciation of Hebrew, and worked diligently to save Jewish orphans from falling into


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 the hands of the government and who would, otherwise, be forced to convert to Islam. He was seen by his protégés as the right man for the situation, considering the immense challenges facing the Jews of Yemen. Because of his tireless efforts on their behalf, they gave to him the time-honored title, borrowed from a biblical verse, "The angel who has delivered me from all evil." (Gen. 48:16)

Rabbi Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi was succeeded by Rabbi Yiḥya al-Abyadh (the king's minter of coins) as Chief Rabbi of Yemen. Further reading
 Aharon Gaimani, <mask> <mask> and his Relations with the Imam Yahya, pub. in Journal: Middle Eastern Studies, vol.46, Issue 2, March 2010, pp. 235–250 ()
 Aviran <mask> <mask>, Ish Yemini (4 volumes), Benei Baraq 2011 (Hebrew) ()
 Tehuda - vol. 28 (ed. Paltiel Giat), Netanya 2012 (Hebrew)
 Yehiel Hibshush, Shenei Hame'orot (vol. 1-2), Tel Aviv 1987 / 1989 (Hebrew)
 Aharon Gaimani, תעודות חדשות למעמדו של הרב יחיא יצחק הלוי כמנהיג יהדות תימן, (Hebrew)

References

1867 births
1932 deaths
Yemenite rabbis
Yemenite Jews
Yemenite Orthodox rabbis
Jewish Yemeni history
Jews and Judaism in Yemen
Levites
Arabian

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Halevi
Yitzhak
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Major General <mask> (SQA, Imtiazi Sanad) (1 March 1913 – 1 March 2004) was a two-star general officer in the Pakistan Army who, as an Indian Army officer during the Second World War had survived a Japanese PoW camp at Singapore. He subsequently rose to help negotiate Pakistan's membership in the Baghdad Pact and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. An ethnic Pashtun, he retired from the Pakistan Army in 1962 and was jailed 1973 for his political beliefs. Amnesty International declared him a prisoner of conscience in 1974. He escaped from custody and took political asylum in the United States in 1975. Early life
<mask> was born in Sibi, in the Chief Commissioner's Province of Balochistan, when the British ruled much of the Indian subcontinent. He was educated at Forman Christian College in Lahore and later in Law at the Aligarh Muslim University, then in India.He completed his officer’s training at the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun in India and was commissioned as second lieutenant on to the Special List, Indian Land Forces on 1 February 1936 and attached to the 2nd battalion the Royal Scots Regiment on 24 February 1936 for a years experience before joining his Indian Army regiment. He was accepted for the Indian Army on 24 February 1937 and posted to the 4th battalion 19th Hyderabad Regiment. His seniority as a second lieutenant was antedated to 3 February 1935 and he was promoted Lieutenant 3 May 1937. He was later appointed acting Captain and then appointed Adjutant of the 4/19th 1 October 1940. Captured at Singapore
During the Second World War the 4th battalion 19th Hyderabad Regiment was sent to Singapore with the British Indian Army and he was

masks:
Mian Gulam Jilani
Jilani


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 captured and taken prisoner by the Japanese in 1942. He was a prisoner of war for nearly forty months. He was tortured and kept in solitary confinement for seven months during this period.Whilst a prisoner of war he was promoted Captain. He was mention in despatches in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in Malaya in 1942. Shortly after World War II, the movement for independence from the British resulted in the creation of Pakistan in 1947. <mask> threw his energy and enthusiasm behind it. Pakistan and the Kashmir Operations
He joined the newly formed Pakistan Army and was the 42nd senior most officer (PA – 42), commanding a unit of the Frontier Force Regiment. A few weeks later he took a leave of absence from the army to volunteer as a fighter in Kashmir, allegedly fighting for its "independence" and "right to join Pakistan". In April 1948, he was appointed Commanding Officer at Gilgit where he remained until the ceasefire.His troops played a major role in establishing what became the line of control between India and Pakistan, which has become the de facto international border and is likely to be formalized as the permanent border in the times ahead. He fought a guerrilla war in northern Kashmir, engaged two divisions of the Indian Army and "conquered" the whole of Baltistan, when the government of Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire at the behest of the United Nations. Relations with the United States

In 1952, as a Brigadier, he went to Washington as Pakistan’s first Military Attaché to the US in Washington. He was also Military Attache for Canada and Mexico. He brought about the military aid treaty between the United States and Pakistan, for which


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 in 1955 he was awarded the Legion of Merit by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Pakistan awarded him the Sitara-i-Quaid-i-Azam, or Star of the Quaid, named after the founder of Pakistan. Senior Commander
On promotion to Major General, he served as GOC East Pakistan commanding 14th Infantry Division (Dhaka), Commandant of the Command and Staff College (Quetta) (July 1957 – December 1958), Master General of Ordnance (GHQ) and GOC 15th Infantry Division (Sialkot).As GOC 15th Div he along with (then) Brig Rakhman Gul MC Inspector General Frontier Corps served under (then) Maj Gen Attiqur Rahman MC GOC 7th Infantry Division who was the Force Commander for the Dir-Bajaur operation of October 1960. After Nawab Sir Shah Jehan Khan and his son Khan Shahabud Din Khan of Jandol were captured on 28 October, Maj Gen Attiqur Rahman MC moved back to Peshawar and Maj Gen <mask> Gulam <mask> took over as Force Commander. Political struggle
After retiring from the army, he entered politics and became a member of the provincial assembly in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (then NWFP). He was an outspoken critic of the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. On retirement from the army, he was hired by Fakhrudin Valika as a General Manager with the Valika Group in Karachi, until his entry into politics. He joined the National Awami Party, and was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa from his home constituency in Swabi (now Mardan) in the General Elections of 1970. During his National Awami Party years, he was the head of the Zalmay Pakhtun, and was arrested by the Pakistan Peoples Party government on 15 February 1973.His wife Mrs. Nancy Habiba <mask> filed a writ petition against

masks: Mian Jilani Jilani