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was a Japanese-American actor, credited in almost all of his acting roles as <mask>. His film roles include Po-Han in The Sand Pebbles (1966) (for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Oomiak "The Fearless One" in The Island at the Top of the World (1974), Akiro the Wizard in Conan the Barbarian (1982) and Conan the Destroyer (1984), and Kungo Tsarong in Seven Years in Tibet (1997). He was part of the original cast of Stephen Sondheim's 1976 Broadway musical Pacific Overtures, which earned him a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical. He was also one of the founding members of East West Players. Later in his career, he became well known for his voice acting roles, including Aku in the first four seasons of Samurai Jack (2001–2004), and Iroh in the first two seasons of Avatar: The Last Airbender (2005–2006). Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Kobe, Japan, the son of children's authors and illustrators Tomoe Sasako and Atsushi Iwamatsu. In 1939, his parents, who were political dissidents, moved to the United States, leaving <mask> in the care of his grandmother.Because his parents lived on the East Coast, they were not interned during the Second World War, instead they opted to work for the U.S. Office of War Information and were later granted residency. After the war, his parents were able to arrange for him to join them in 1949, in which he then studied architecture. <mask> later enlisted in the United States Army in the early 1950s during the Korean War, serving in  Korea and Japan with the Special Services division performing in plays for his fellow soldiers. He then became a naturalized American citizen in 1956. It was during his military service that Mako discovered his theatrical talent; he then trained at the Pasadena Community Playhouse. Career

Film
<mask>'s first film role was in Never So Few (1959). He was nominated for an Academy

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Mako
Makoto Iwamatsu
Mako
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 Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as engine-room worker Po-Han in the film The Sand Pebbles (1966).Other roles include the Chinese contract laborer Mun Ki in the epic movie The Hawaiians (1970) starring Charlton Heston and Tina Chen; Oomiak, the Inuit guide, in Disney's The Island at the Top of the World (1974); Yuen Chung in the film The Killer Elite (1975) directed by Sam Peckinpah and starring James Caan, Robert Duvall, and the martial artist Takayuki Kubota; the sorcerer Nakano in Highlander III: The Sorcerer; Jackie Chan's uncle/sifu in Chan's first American movie The Big Brawl (1980); the wizard Akiro opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger in the two Conan movies Conan the Barbarian and Conan the Destroyer; the confidant to Chuck Norris' rogue cop in the thriller An Eye for an Eye (1982); the Japanese spy in the comedy Under the Rainbow. In 1990, he had a minor role in the psychological thriller Pacific Heights along with Matthew Modine, Melanie Griffith and Michael Keaton; Yoshida-san in Rising Sun; Mr. Lee in Sidekicks; Kanemitsu in RoboCop 3 (1993); and Kungo Tsarong in Seven Years in Tibet (1997). He also appeared in some Japanese television dramas and films, such as Masahiro Shinoda's Owls' Castle and Takashi Miike's The Bird People in China. <mask> was cast as the historic Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto in the epic drama Pearl Harbor (2001). He also had a role in Bulletproof Monk (2003). In 2005, <mask> had a cameo role in Memoirs of a Geisha. <mask>'s last leading role was in the film Cages (2005), written and directed by Graham Streeter.Theater
In 1965, frustrated by the limited roles available to himself and other Asian-American actors, <mask> and six others formed the East West Players theater company, first performing out of a church basement. During the company's 1981 season, to coincide with the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians' hearings on

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 redress, Mako exclusively showed plays about the Japanese American incarceration. He remained artistic director of the company until 1989. <mask>'s Broadway career included creating the roles of the Reciter, the shōgun, and the Chicago-based inventor of the rickshaw, in the original 1976 production of Stephen Sondheim's Broadway musical Pacific Overtures, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical. <mask>'s landlord at the time, Jerry Orbach, was also nominated for his role in Chicago; both lost, however, to George Rose from the revival of My Fair Lady. <mask> recalled being awoken at 4:30 in the morning after the Tony ceremony by Orbach, who was shouting from the floor below: "Hey, <mask>! What the fuck happened?I can't believe it; we lost to a fucking revival!". <mask> reprised the role and directed the musical's production with the East West Players, and further reprised the role in a production at the San Jose Civic Light Opera in 1991. He also starred in the limited run of the play Shimada in 1992. Television
<mask> appeared on the television series McHale's Navy several times, playing Imperial Japanese officers, soldiers and sailors. In 1965, he appeared on Gidget as a member of a rival surf group. He later appeared on the television series M*A*S*H, playing multiple roles such as a Chinese doctor, a North Korean soldier, a South Korean medical doctor and a South Korean Lieutenant. He appeared in an episode of the series The Time Tunnel called as Lt. Nakamura in 1967.He appeared in an episode of the series Kung Fu as Wong Ti Lu in 1972. In 1974, he appeared on Ironside episode "Terror on Grant Avenue". He appeared as a Japanese chef in the Columbo episode "Murder Under Glass" (1978). He was the blind philosopher Li Sung in two episodes of the television series The Incredible Hulk. He also appeared on an episode of Magnum, P.I. called "The Arrow

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 That Is Not Aimed" (1983). <mask> also appeared in an episode of the television series F Troop.He appeared as Lo Sing, fighting Bruce Lee's Kato character in The Green Hornet episode "The Preying Mantis". He played the character Lin Duk Coo in an episode of The A-Team. He guest-starred in an episode of season one of Frasier as well as in an episode of Tour of Duty as a Vietnamese scout. He also was a guest star in the Monk episode "Mr. Monk vs. The Cobra". He guest-starred in the Walker, Texas Ranger episode "Black Dragons" (2000), and appeared on the television series Charmed in 2003, creating magic for Chris (played by Drew Fuller). He was the voice of Aku, the main antagonist in the animated series Samurai Jack for the first four seasons produced, and again in the series finale which used his original audio.He also voiced Achoo (a parody of Aku) and the annoying alarm clock Happy Cat in a Samurai Jack-parodying episode of Duck Dodgers entitled "Samurai Quack". He provided the introductory voice for the ending theme of Dexter's Laboratory and portrayed the popular character Iroh in the first two seasons of Avatar: The Last Airbender. He had a guest appearance in the Nickelodeon movie Rugrats in Paris: The Movie as the boss of Coco. He guest-starred in The West Wing episode "A Good Day" as an economics professor and former rival of President Bartlet. He was also featured in Season 3 Episode 13 of The Facts of Life, titled "The Americanization of Miko". Video games
<mask> made his video game debut with the role of the goblin Grubjub in Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader (2003). In the same year, he also voiced General Han Yu Kim in True Crime: Streets of LA, Masataka Shima in Medal of Honor: Rising Sun, and various voices in Secret Weapons Over Normandy.In 2004, <mask> voiced the narrator in the game Wrath Unleashed, and Aku in Samurai Jack: The Shadow of Aku. Personal life
<mask> was


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 married to actress Shizuko Hoshi, with whom he had two daughters (both of whom are actresses) and three grandchildren. Death
<mask> died in Somis, California, on July 21, 2006, at the age of 72, from esophageal cancer. One day before his death, <mask> had been confirmed to star in the film TMNT as the voice of Splinter. Kevin Munroe, director of the film, confirmed that <mask> had completed his recording. The producers dedicated the finished film to <mask>. In the Avatar: The Last Airbender episode "The Tales of Ba Sing Se", the segment titled "The Tale of Iroh" was created "in honor of <mask>", the voice actor for Iroh for the first two seasons: Book One: Water and Book Two: Earth.In the sequel series The Legend of Korra, a lead male character, <mask>, was named after him (voiced by David Faustino). After <mask>'s death, some of his roles, particularly Aku from Samurai Jack and Iroh in Avatar: The Last Airbender and The Legend of Korra, were taken over by American voice actor Greg Baldwin. Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

 A 1998 interview about Pacific Overtures

1933 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male actors
Actors from Kobe
American dramatists and playwrights of Japanese descent
American male actors of Japanese descent
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American military personnel of Japanese descent
American military personnel of the Korean War
American theatre directors of Japanese descent
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Japanese emigrants to the United States
Japanese male film actors
Japanese male stage actors
Japanese male voice actors
Male voice actors from Kobe
Naturalized citizens of the United States
United States Army personnel
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
United States

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<mask> (born January 8, 1991) is a former American football cornerback. He played college football for the University of Central Florida and earned numerous Freshman All-American honors in 2009. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the third round of the 2012 NFL Draft. He was also a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, New Orleans Saints, and Jacksonville Jaguars. Early years
<mask> attended Plantation High School in Plantation, Florida. He played wide receiver, running back and cornerback for the Colonels. He was coached by Steve Davis.As a junior, he posted 15 catches for 286 yards and two touchdowns, while also rushing for 136 yards and amassing three touchdowns on kick returns. He recorded 18 receptions for 364 yards during an injury-filled senior year. He was selected for the Dade-Broward All-Star Game

<mask> was also a standout athlete for the school's track team. At the 2008 BCAA North Central Prelims, he placed 4th in the 100 meters, with a career-best time of 10.77 seconds, in addition to a 2nd place in the 200 meters, with another career-best time of 21.61 seconds. He also competed in long jump. College career
<mask> attended the University of Central Florida, and he played for the UCF Knights football team. He started 35 of his 38 career games played.He earned 1st-Team All-Conference USA as a sophomore and junior while garnering 2nd-Team honors as a true freshman. He set the UCF freshman record with 6 interceptions as a true freshman in 2009 and his 6 picks tied for 2nd in the Knights’ single-season records. He notched 10 career interceptions, good for 5th in UCF history and his 147 career interception return yards ranks 8th in school history. He notched 15 passes defensed as a junior, which tied for 2nd in UCF history in a season. He also scored 3 career touchdowns. Professional career
<mask> attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana and completed all of the combine drills. He increased his draft value by running the 40-yard dash in 4.32-4.33 seconds, placing

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 first among all prospects who participated.He also impressed scouts with a 38.5 inch vertical jump. On March 28, 2012, he attended Central Florida's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. During the pre-draft process, he attended private workouts and visits with the Baltimore Ravens and Buffalo Bills. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a second round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the fourth best cornerback prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, was ranked the fifth best cornerback by DraftScout.com, and was ranked the seventh best cornerback by the Bleacher Report. Minnesota Vikings
The Minnesota Vikings selected <mask> in the third round (66th overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. He was the seventh cornerback drafted in 2012.2012
On July 25, 2012, the Minnesota Vikings signed <mask> to a four-year, $3.02 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $697,000. He started training camp competing for a job as a starting cornerback against Antoine Winfield, Chris Cook, Asher Allen, Chris Carr, Zack Bowman, and Brandon Burton. He missed part of training camp after suffering a hamstring injury, but returned to compete for the job as the third cornerback against Brandon Burton. On August 28, 2012, <mask> recorded two solo tackles before exiting a 12–10 loss to the San Diego Chargers due to a concussion. Head coach Leslie Frazier named <mask> the third cornerback on the depth chart to begin the regular season, behind Antoine Winfield and Chris Cook. He made his professional regular season debut in the Minnesota Vikings' season-opener against the Jacksonville Jaguars and recorded four solo tackles in their 26–23 victory. <mask> made his first career tackle on wide receiver Justin Blackmon after a 13-yard reception by Blackmon on the Jaguars' first drive.On September 23, 2012, <mask> recorded four combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first career interception during a  24–13

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 victory against the San Francisco 49ers in Week 3. His interception occurred in the fourth quarter off a pass by quarterback Alex Smith that was originally intended for Michael Crabtree. In Week 4, he earned his first career start and collected a season-high seven solo tackles and broke up a pass in the Vikings' 20–13 victory at the Detroit Lions. On December 9, 2012, <mask> made his fifth start of the season after Chris Cook broke his wrist in Week 8. <mask> made  five solo tackles, a pass deflection, and returned an interception by Jay Cutler for a 44-yard gain during a 21–14 win over the Chicago Bears. He finished his rookie season in  with 56 combined tackles (52 solo), three pass deflections, and two interceptions in 16 games and six starts. 2013
Throughout training camp, <mask> competed for a job as a starting cornerback against Chris Cook, A. J. Jefferson, and rookie first round pick Xavier Rhodes.He also competed to be the Vikings' top option at nickelback against Marcus Sherels, A. J. Jefferson, and Jacob Lacey. Defensive coordinator Alan Williams named <mask> a starting cornerback to begin the regular season, along with Chris Cook. He was also named their first-team nickelback. On September 29, 2013, <mask> recorded a season-high 12 solo tackles in the Vikings' 34–27 win against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 4. In Week 7, he had a season-high two pass deflections and six combined tackles during a 23–7 loss at the New York Giants. On November 17, 2013, <mask> made a tackle and a pass deflection before exiting the Vikings' 41–20 loss at the Seattle Seahawks with a fractured sternum and was expected to be sidelined for at least a month. On December 14, 2013, the Minnesota Vikings placed <mask> on injured reserve for the remainder of the season.<mask> finished his first season as a starter with a career-high 58 combined tackles (48 solo) and four pass deflections in ten games and ten starts. He spent the season playing primarily  at nickelback under defensive coordinator Alan Williams. On

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 December 30, 2013, it was announced that the Minnesota Vikings fired head coach Leslie Frazier after finishing last in the NFC North with a 5–10–1 record. 2014
During organized team activities, new head coach Mike Zimmer stated <mask> would be moved back to outside cornerback after the Vikings acquired free agent Captain Munnerlyn to play nickelback. Throughout training camp, he competed for the job as the starting cornerback against Xavier Rhodes, Derek Cox, Shaun Prater, Marcus Sherels, Kendall James, and Jabari Price. Defensive coordinator George Edwards named <mask> the third cornerback on the depth chart to start the regular season, behind Xavier Rhodes and Captain Munnerlyn. He appeared in the Minnesota Vikings' season-opener at the St. Louis Rams and recorded a season-high two pass deflections, two solo tackles, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Shaun Hill in their 34–6 victory.In Week 11, <mask> collected a season-high eight solo tackles and deflected a pass during a 21–13 loss at the Chicago Bears. On November 30, 2014, <mask> made a solo tackle, broke up a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Cam Newton in the Vikings' 31–13 win against the Carolina Panthers. He finished the  season with 41 combined tackles (39 solo), a career-high eight pass deflections, and a career-high three interceptions in 16 games and five starts. 2015
During organized team activities, <mask> tore his pectoral muscle and was expected to miss the beginning of the regular season. He returned in November, but was sixth on the Vikings' depth chart, behind Terence Newman, Xavier Rhodes, Trae Waynes, Marcus Sherels, and Captain Munnerlyn. On November 29, 2015, <mask> made his season debut and recorded one tackle during a 20–10 victory at the Atlanta Falcons. He only appeared in five games during the season and had two solo tackles.The Minnesota Vikings finished first in the NFC North with an 11–5 record. On January 10, 2016, <mask> appeared in his first career playoff game and recorded three solo tackles in the


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 Vikings' 10–9 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Wildcard Game. 2016
<mask> became an unrestricted free agent after the 2015 season and was not offered a new contract by the Minnesota Vikings. <mask> attended private visits and received contract offers from the Miami Dolphins and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 62.1 in 2017. Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On March 14, 2016, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed <mask> to a one-year, $2 million contract with $500,000 guaranteed. Throughout training camp, he participated in an open competition to name a starting cornerback against Brent Grimes, Vernon Hargreaves, Johnthan Banks, Alterraun Verner, Jude Adjei-Barimah, and Joel Ross.Head coach Dirk Koetter named <mask> the fifth cornerback on the depth chart, behind Brent Grimes, Vernon Hargreaves, Alterraun Verner, and Jude Adjei-Barimah. He made his Buccaneers' regular season debut in their season-opening 31–24 victory at the Atlanta Falcons. In Week 10, <mask> recorded a season-high two solo tackles during a 36–10 victory against the Chicago Bears. He finished his first season with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with 11 solo tackles in 16 games and appeared mostly on special teams. 2017
On March 12, 2017, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed <mask> to a two-year, $5 million contract that includes $3.25 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $250,000. During training camp, <mask> competed against Jude Adjei-Barimah, Robert McClain, Ryan Smith, Javien Elliott for the job as the third cornerback on the depth chart. Defensive coordinator Mike Smith elected to name <mask> a backup safety to begin the regular season.<mask>'s teammates named him the special teams captain for the 2017 season. On October 5, 2017, <mask> sustained a concussion during the first quarter of the Buccaneers' 19–14 loss to the New England Patriots in Week 5. He was sidelined for the next three games (Weeks 6–8). <mask> was sidelined for another two games (Weeks 13–14) after injuring his hamstring. On December

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 31, 2017, <mask> recorded a season-high three combined tackles during a 31–24 victory against the New Orleans Saints. He finished the season with five combined tackles (four solo) in 11 games and zero starts. 2018
On September 1, 2018, <mask> was released by the Buccaneers.New Orleans Saints
On October 4, 2018, <mask> was signed by the New Orleans Saints. He was released on December 27, 2018, but was re-signed four days later. Jacksonville Jaguars
On July 25, 2019, <mask> was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars. On October 30, 2019, <mask> announced his retirement from the NFL. Personal life
On June 28, 2013, <mask> and Julianna <mask> were married in a ceremony that took place at the Westin Colannade in Coral Gables. They have two sons named Jesse and <mask>. Judah Ace <mask> was born on July 15, 2016, and Jesse was born in the summer of 2014.Social views
On June 26, 2015, <mask> publicly announced his beliefs opposing same-sex marriage. After the Supreme Court of the United States released their decision on Obergefell v. Hodges allowing same-sex marriages nationwide, <mask> made headlines when he compared same-sex marriage to incest and pedophilia in posts on his Twitter account. The following day, he apologized for his comments and attempted to clarify them in a statement through the Star-Tribune. He stated, "I apologize for any offense my tweets may have caused. In an attempt to express my beliefs, I created some confusion with my choice of words, and for that I apologize. I do not equate the Supreme Court’s decision on marriage equality with other social issues. There are obvious differences."References

External links

UCF Knights bio
NFL Combine bio
Minnesota Vikings bio

1991 births
Living people
Players of American football from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
American football cornerbacks
African-American players of American football
UCF Knights football players
Minnesota Vikings players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
New Orleans Saints players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
21st-century

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<mask> (1915 – 2006) was a Norwegian who was leader within the World War II resistance—and one of the two incumbent Milorg Council members in May 1945. He served as Minister of Defence from 1945-1952 and Minister of Justice from January to November 1955. After 1955 he never held political office, but "continued to exert influence on political processes—sometimes openly", and sometimes less so. He is also controversial, and has been criticised for not giving more information regarding central parts of the Milorg activities, such as assassinations of Norwegian collaborators. Early life
He was born at Ljan, and he had an older sister Aase. Their mother was a school teacher of hand craft, and the father was son of a cotter. <mask>r.<mask>'s father was a former non-commissioned officer, who worked in an insurance company. Military service as a conscript
He was a conscript in Stavern in the summer of 1936, and served 48 days [of recruit training ] at the anti-aircraft regimental recruits' school (), In 1938 he received 15 days of recruit training. He received training as crew on anti-aircraft weapon (). In May 1939 he was summoned for the last 14 days of recruit training. He replied to the summons with a medical certificate regarding his varicose veins, adding that he was willing to be checked by military doctors, even though [his schedule] as a magistrate () would make it difficult to leave work. He received a medical discharge, according to an annotation dated 10 August 1939, by <mask>. After law school
He finished his final exams to become a lawyer, in autumn of 1937.He worked as a private lecturer (manuduktør) for law students, for the

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Jens Ch
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 next year. In November 1938 he started as a dommerfullmektig in Kragerø, to perform his period as a judicial "conscript". In January 1940 he again was working as a manuduktør in Oslo. While still a law student he became a member of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights in 1936. Arrest, imprisonment and trial during World War II
The military invasion of Norway, resulted in students not coming to his private lectures, so he was without income. On 12 April he applied for work at Oslo Politikammer, and started work the next day. In June, his employer had established Priskontoret ("the price office"), and he applied for a transfer, and became the leader of the office.On 13 August he was arrested for making statements (during private lectures—of which he had resumed, besides his employment with the police) that violated (or were offensive to) Nasjonal Samling. While imprisoned, the "Milk Strike" occurred in Oslo, including the 10 September execution of two: the leader of a trade union and a lawyer in LO. "[M]ore than anything, it was the justice-scorning executions of these two, that [later] led <mask> to Milorg." (Years earlier <mask> had the lawyer prosecute a case in Kragerø; <mask> had barely known him.) During the last days of September, he was transferred to "the newly established prison for political prisoners", at Bredtveit Farm. 17 October saw the trial of <mask>. (At the end of the trial, <mask> was granted a release until the next day.)The verdict of 100 days in prison, whereof 66 days had already been served, was announced the next day—and he was imprisoned. He was released on 30 October, after completing four-fifths of

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 the sentence—eighty days. In the Resistance
He joined Milorg at the beginning of 1942. (His wife and two children were relocated to Vestre Slidre in the middle of March—to a [vacant] cotter home which belonged to Husaker (a mountain farm).) In the middle of August 1942 he became inspector for (Milorg district) Østlandet—replacing Knut Møyen. On 3 October 1942 Operation Bittern landed four commandos in Norway. During the meeting where the leader of commandos showed his orders to <mask>, <mask> confiscated the accompanying list of 62 "that SOE wanted to" assassinate.("In 1941 - 1942 there was a tense relationship between Milorg and" SOE. "An early example of such a conflict, surfaced in the wake of the controversial Operation Bittern in the autumn of 1942", according to Njølstad. SOE expeditions which followed, improved Milorg's relationship to the British: The Chaffinch-, Thrush- and Pheasant Expeditions.) One evening between 7 and 14 October he met The Council (of Milorg) for the first time. The meeting resulted in a half-pascifistic message to the High Command, which in turn replied with a reprimand: To abstain from shooting in self-defense "is in opposition to human nature". (<mask>'s dissent at the meeting was noticed also by a secretary at SL.) In January 1943 he was promoted to Stor I—the General Inspector of all Milorg combat groups in the nation.After promotion to General Inspector
In May 1943, he traveled to Sweden—his first trip abroad for Milorg. (Njølstad says that <mask>'s rapidly increasing influence in Milorg—and later in den samlede hjemmefrontsledelsen—was in part because he never feared traveling abroad. Furthermore,

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 "[M]any Resistance leaders were reluctant to such travel, because they feared that, in practice, it would mean the end of their effort in Norway. Or they calculated that their power to influence was greater when they communicated with utefronten—from Norway, rather than meeting its representatives" abroad.) 7–9 May saw one set of meetings, followed by <mask>'s return to Milorg's Council, to be followed by another border crossing for meetings in Sweden's capital. The High Command wanted more operative control of Milorg's units, particularly in the districts. This is in part the reason for the establishment of radio links directly between Milorg's district commands and the High Command, without establishing radio links between Milorg districts; due to security concerns, the districts were only to communicate with each other through Sentralledelsen in Oslo.In September 1943, he became a permanent member of the Sentralledelsen's top decision making group—The Council (Rådet). "From then on, for all practical purposes, he was Milorg's top chief", according to Njølstad. After promotion to Milorg's Council
From October 1944, the contact with Frithjof Hammersen (officer in Wehrmacht), was handled by Ingrid Furuseth, <mask>, and Ole Arntzen. Evidence from Hammersen, was the first trustworthy evidence of cancelled plans for moving Hitler's inner circle members—to Festung Norwegen. (In the last months of the war, <mask> had secret talks with Wehrmacht officers that gave information about the German plans for Norway. These talks facilitated the smooth transition to peace when the Germans surrendered in May 1945.) After the 5 December 1944 directive

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 from SOE
A 5 December 1944 directive (direktiv) from SOE, stating "that it must be a prioritized task, for Milorg and NORIC to obstruct German forces from leaving" Norway.(It was <mask>'s understanding that, there was a wish for severing the lines of transportation on land, so that the Germans were forced out to sea—were the British were feeling increasingly stronger.) On 16 December, the Germans attacked through the Ardennes Forest on the German-Belgian border. A 31 December failed aerial bombing attack on Gestapo headquarters in Oslo, had originally been requested by <mask>. (77 died, [around] 1000 became homeless, 23 buildings were hit—whereof 6 were leveled. But Victoria terrasse was nearly undamaged.) After the assassination of the chief of police service Stapo
Karl Marthinsen was assassinated on 8 February 1945. (Months earlier, <mask> was authorized by the government in exile, to have Marthinsen killed.)<mask> and then General Inspector were arrested for traffic violations on 10 April, and released the next day. After Germany's capitulation, the fugitive chief of Gestapo in Norway was arrested on 31 May. <mask> met him, to have him report in writing about Fehmer's work in Norway—with a 10-day deadline. (<mask>'s official motive was to cut off Gestapo leaders' options of telling lies in court, about everything they knew about hjemmefronten, but did not use against them.) The only award he chose to receive for his wartime service, was the one that was given to all Milorg's men and women: a silver needle. Indications of employment with OSS
In August 2008 signs were found of <mask> having been employed by Office of Strategic

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 Services(OSS). His name was found in a directory of personnel files of employees from 1942 to 1945—released by the US National Archives in 2008, according to Klassekampen.(Other Norwegians on the list were Wilhelm Hansteen, Håkon Kyllingmark and Knut Lier Hansen.) Secretary for prime minister
Paal Berg was asked by C.J. Hambro to form a government. Berg did not become a prime minister. In 1945 <mask> was asked by Einar Gerhardsen if he would accept a position—after Gerhardsen had formed his cabinet—as a "secretary and judicial advisor at the Office of the Prime Minister". As "Gerhardsen's secretary with responsibility for judicial cases", he became linked to the legal purge of war-time collaborators and the trials against Vidkun Quisling and Knut Hamsun. After the war, he became a member of the Labour Party.Minister of defence
On 5 November 1945 he became Defence Minister—the youngest of any [Norwegian] minister until then, 30 years old. (Previously, at the end of October, Andrew Thorne had approved the appointment, in the confidence of foreign minister Lie.) In the spring of 1946 Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (FFI) was put into service. (In 1945 he suggested measures for preventing Norwegian military scientists from remaining in British service, and in December the cabinet decided to establish FFI.) In December 1945 Otto Ruge resigned as general. In January 1946 <mask> fired then Chief of the Air Force, and the two agreed that the officer would resign at a later date. Chief of Defence Halvor Hansson resigned in 1946.A Norwegian brigade to British-occupied Germany
On 14 May 1946 parliament decided to establish a brigade of 4000

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 soldiers to be stationed in West-Germany—in line with the ministry's proposal—Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany. (In 1948 the cabinet decided that the brigade's soldiers were to be issued condoms. 400 000 signatures of protest were collected, and <mask> asked advice from Trygve Bratteli about the possibility of having Labour Party employees do partial checks of the lists, and "Should it be done?". (Municipal elections were scheduled for later in 1948, and <mask> thought that the signatures might harm the election campaign of the Labour Party.) The resulting advice was that the partial checks could be done, but that it was not advisable. Svalbard Crisis
The autumn of 1946 saw the start of the Svalbard Crisis 1946–1947, involving the Soviet Union. The Rød Case
On 13 March 1947 he showed a document to then minister of justice, regarding Knut Rød—who was preparing for trial in the appellate court.(The document was a five-day-old report (to Evang) about Rød's participation in a group that collected intelligence on communists and sympathizers; and about Rød having accepted Norwegian kroner 500 for locating the election lists for the Norwegian Communist Party—pertaining to the last election of parliament and the municipal governments; and about Rød having recruited his brother, for the work [of the group]. (His brother was then a secretary in Kommunikasjonsdirektoratet—a government agency.) Olav Njølstad says that "Before the Rød Case continued, the Defence- and Justice Minister knew that the defendant was concerned about the communist threat and could become a useful man in the communist surveillance that they had started constructing -


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 that is, under the condition that he would not be convicted of Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II, and fired from the police force." Increased possibility of war sensed
In the middle of January 1948 he received a secret memo from Vilhelm Evang that stated that the Western military superpowers sensed an increased possibility for war with the Soviet Union. In January 1948, Koordinasjonsutvalget ("the coordination board") was established, to coordinate and gather information from the intelligence services—military and civil. Its creation is largely credited to <mask>. After the coup in Czechoslovakia
On 25 February 1948, a coup in Czechoslovakia was completed, and it was followed by the "Winter Crisis".The same month the Soviet Union proposed to Finland a combined friendship and military pact. During the first days of March 1948 messages were received from the Foreign Ministry's stations abroad and embassies of Western nations, that Norway could be the next nation to be invaded by the Soviets. A front page of Norwegian daily Dagbladet insinuated that <mask> had never been a Norwegian soldier, because he in 1936 had been "discarded by den militære legenemd" ("the military board of doctors"). (He had served as a conscript before the war.) The "Winter Crisis" resulted in a more encompassing
political surveillance in Norway, in particular in the Armed Forces, and also within corporations and the civilian administration. On 13 March 1948 a meeting was held in the prime minister's residence, regarding "what could be done to raise the level of preparedness against sabotage and coups within corporations and Norway's


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 administration". (The attendees were Arnfinn Vik, Haakon Lie, Rolf Gerhardsen, Tor Skjønsberg and <mask> [and the prime minister].)On 11 May 1948 Winston Churchill came to Norway (with Oslo "on its head") and was a guest at Slottsmiddag. (A proposed visit in 1946 was cancelled, in the wake of the Fulton Speech.) After the guests had been excused from the table, Churchill invited the prime minister over, for a conversation, and the prime minister asked <mask> to join. During the conversation, Churchill said that it was in Norway's interest to obtain a security guarantee from the United States. Furthermore, 'You ought not to follow Sweden. Sweden ought to follow Norway.' Furthermore, "Norway interests the Americans because they think a lot about the defense of the Atlantic and about an Atlantic Treaty."(<mask> had conversations with Churchill the next day (at Det runde bords klubb—"the round table club"), and at the farewell dinner held by Britain's ambassador—on 14 May.) On 17 June 1948 parliament started its deliberations about the Helset Case. Later in 1948 Olaf Helset resigned. (Njølstad says that the military and political opposition that were wishing to evict <mask> from his post as minister—through the Helset Case—ended up tethering him to the same.) The Norwegian Base Declaration of 1 February 1949 was created after Soviet signalled that it would not passively watch that the Western Powers established forward bases in Norway. Founding member of NATO
On 4 April 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty was signed, and Norway became a (founding) member of NATO. (When early in January the same year, "it became clear" that Sweden would not


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 accept Norwegian conditions for a defence union of Denmark, Sweden and Norway——<mask> "became a forceful pådriver (a person who pushes things ahead) for Norway's joining the Atlantic Treaty.- No one person [alone] can be credited" for the joining. (Bergens Tidende has said that then Labour Party secretary and Hauge "were decisive forces behind Norway's entry into NATO - against strong resistance within the Labour Party".) Olav Njølstad says that points, about <mask>'s contributions, deserving attention are: 1) "Through his British and American connections he contributed in fetching, for the government, a realistic understanding of the conditions under which Norway would be able to receive krigsmateriell ("war material") and other help from the Western powers." Furthermore, "this was a corrective to the wishful thinking" ... "in discussions with the Swedes, and in the discussions within the Labour Party". 2) "Hauge exerted great influence on the prime minister, who step by step reasoned and felt his way, to the standpoint which became Norway's choice." 3) "[H]e was an effective spokesman (for membership in the A Treaty)"—to the rest of the cabinet, as well as the party's parliamentary group, and the party's leading organer (organs)." After becoming a member of NATO
During the first days of 1951, Labour Party opplysningssekretærer ("education secretaries") had already become kommunistovervåkere ("overseers of communists").NATO membership discussions wished by Israeli politicians
Around 1950 leading Israeli politicians contacted Haakon Lie, wishing to discuss the possibility of Israel becoming a member of NATO. Lie sent them on to


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 minister of defense <mask>, knowing that <mask> would reject the idea. After General Eisenhower's visit
General Eisenhower's visit to Oslo in February 1951, according to <mask>, resulted in something that doubtfully otherwise could have occurred: minister Brofoss accepted the doubling of expenses for the Armed Forces. Plans for Stay-behind were made, and "Rocambole" was the section pertained to sabotage and commando operations. His policy about appointing Resistance leaders, in advance of a future military occupation, included: "the total occupation must produce its own leaders". At the end of October 1952 Norway's second nuclear reactor (which later was shut down in 1967) was officially opened by dignitaries. On 12–13 November 1951, then prime minister forced
 the party leadership to accept his own upcoming resignation, and he named his replacement, who thereafter was approved: Oscar Torp.On 5 January 1952 he resigned as minister of defense. After resigning from office
At Labour Party headquarters he held a position as information secretary. The party gave him extra work, and his income from the party surpassed the income he had as a minister. Njølstad says that after the first days, "an enthusiastic and unusually productive cooperation arose within the triumvirate"—Gerhardsen, Haakon Lie and <mask>. In 1954 his law office was established. Minister of Justice, and candidacy for office in NATO
He became Minister of Justice in 1955. He lied—while addressing parliament—"about the eavesdropping (romavlytting) of the Communist Party's national convention".He resigned as minister at the end of October the same year—or 1 November. On 6


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 February 1956 his candidacy for vice secretary general of NATO, was shot down by then secretary general. (Previously, French NATO diplomats had insisted that the next vice secretary general must speak French perfectly, which ruled out <mask>.) Launching <mask> as a candidate, according to Njølstad, might have been motivated by a wish to keep <mask> from becoming Foreign Minister. Israel's purchase of heavy water for plutonium production
<mask> helped facilitate the sale of heavy water—for use in plutonium production—to the Israeli nuclear programme, while he was a board member at Noratom and judicial advisor at Institutt for atomenergi. Letter from a corporation to the Foreign Ministry
On 10 May 1958 Odd Dahl (the acting director of Noratom) wrote to the Foreign Ministry that the company had authored "a draft for a contract regarding the construction and building of a 40 megawatt heavy water reactor for the production of plutonium". Njølstad says, "Then came the difficult point, that Dahl in no way tried to underplay: Israel wished to follow an independent national direction, regarding the field of atomic energy, and was therefore not set on accepting the strict stipulations of control (kontrollbestemmelsene) that the US" had on their export of heavy water.Furthermore, "For this reason the Israelis preferred "to buy water from Norway at a higher price than it can be bought from the United States"." Furthermore Dahl said that, the Israeli plans were unrealistic, but "hardly unrealistic enough that they can be circumvented with plans of producing atombombs in the foreseeable future". Furthermore, Dahl said that of course one could not


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 rule out that the Israelis one day would want to go in that direction, but the help that Norway eventually might have given Israel to get started "with legitimate civilian applications today, presumably can hardly be viewed in [a] relation to such remote possibilities". Leading up to the transportation to Israel
On 21 August 1958 <mask> suggested to chargé d'affaires Miron that Israel might want to buy heavy water from Great Britain. Miron replied that if Noratom purchased the water back from Great Britain, and sold it to Israel—with Norwegian stipulations of control—then that would seem okay, in principle. Njølstad says that "State Secretary Engen became more and more convinced that the heavy water was to be used for producing nuclear weapons", and in several memos he advised then foreign minister to not go through with the [proposed] agreement. On 20 February 1959 the government authorized the deal, by royal decree (kongelig resolusjon).Noratom took possession of [20 tons of] heavy water in the first quarter of 1959—from Britain's Atomic Authority—and it was loaded onto a ship, that departed a British port. (Before being shipped out of Britain, Norwegian authorities
saw no need for an export license, since the shipment was outside of Norway's borders.) After sailing out of British jurisdiction, the ship was to be ordered to sail directly for Israel. Inspection in Israel
On 8 April 1961 <mask> was taken to the Negev Desert for a private meeting with then prime minister of Israel. On 14 April 1961 <mask> conducted Norway's first and only inspection of the shipment of heavy water to Israel, as a result of US' impetus. (This was done at


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 Rehovot.) He [later] told the foreign ministry that he had not been to the Dimona facility—thereby desinforming the ministry.Cancelled purchase of 3 tons of heavy water
On 1 September 1971 <mask>—vice chairman at Noratom-Norcontrol—was informed that Noratom-Norcontrol [the same year] had purchased three tons of heavy water—at the request of Norsk Hydro—on behalf of Israel. <mask> demanded that the chairman be informed immediately, and that the chairman inform the foreign ministry that the sale had not been preceded by discussions by the board of directors. He resigned from the board of directors, in part because of how the leaders of Noratom and Norsk Hydro had handled the purchase. By 30 September, the [1971] purchase of heavy water was cancelled. 1979 uncovering of the original transaction
The 1959 transaction was uncovered in 1979, by Sverre Lodgaard. <mask> told media that he had made a report to the government after the inspection, and that he declined further comment to the media. Nine tons (of the original twenty, later augmented by one ton) were purchased back by the Norwegian government.Bilderberg Group
Frequent correspondence between <mask> and founder of the Bilderberg Group (released after <mask>'s death) showed that <mask> was a central figure on the board of the group. Olav Njølstad says that <mask> described attending the group's conferences as "interesting, cheerful and comfortable". <mask> attended the 1955, 1956 and the 1957 conference at St. Simons Island, US. According to the official website of the group, he was a member of the steering committee. Airline SAS
In August 1961 then minister of transportation asked him

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 to participate in a Scandinavian committee to deal with the economic crisis in the airline Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). (In 1946, as minister of defence, he had participated in "picking [national airline] Det Norske Luftselskap (DNL) up from the ground and placing on its feet, after the war".) Establishment of a state-owned oil company
<mask> was involved in the establishment of a state-owned oil company, which became Statoil.After influencing changes in law, to allow tax exemption "when social considerations" dictate
He had contacted officials in the Finance Ministry about the possibility of having changes in law, to allow tax exemption "when social considerations" dictate. (In autumn of 1972, <mask> Henrik Nordlie contacted <mask> about converting a corporation (Kioskkompaniet) into a foundation.) In 1973 the financing of Fritt Ord (a foundation) became a reality, and the foundation was established in 1974. Death of a former prime minister, after reconciliation of former comrades
The September 1987 death of Einar Gerhardsen, according to Njølstad, "marked the beginning of the end of <mask>'s political influence within the Labour Party". (Before that, Gerhardsen wrote a letter of reconciliation to Haakon Lie, dated 15 April 1985; Hauge authored its redemptive wording: "For a long time, I [Gerhardsen] have been aware of, that I back then should not have tatt ordet ("taken the word") and said what I said.". (In 1967 at the national convention, according to Hauge, Gerhardsen "broke the staff over Haakon Lie".) Inferred withholding of info about the 1945 death of Kai Holst
On 27 September 1994 two publishers called in a press

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 conference, with the authors of two books about Resistance fighter Kai Holst.The invitation said "Who killed Kai Holst?" and "Was Holst a risk factor? What were they afraid of? Why did he have to die? Why is everyone holding their tongues?" In 2008 Olav Njølstad said that Tore Pryser and Espen Haavardsholm during the launch of the books, the two went "very far in accusing <mask> of sitting on important information about Holst's death". <mask> has been in question in relation to the strange circumstances regarding the death of the Milorg member Kai Holst in Stockholm just after the war.Parliamentary hearings about surveillance of communists and others
In January 1997 he refused to testify in an open hearing of the Parliamentary Oversight Committee, regarding the conclusions of the Lund Commission. (Previously Ronald Bye had told the committee that would not testify, if Haakon Lie and Hauge did not.) Board of directors
<mask> also became a monumental figure in the Norwegian war industry. He became board member of several state-owned companies, especially within nuclear power and defence systems, including member of board of directors of Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk, and chairman of Statoil 1972–75. In Scandinavian Airlines System he was a board member for more than 20 years. Transfer of documents in his possession
Norway's Resistance Museum received from him documents that he had about his work in Milorg. Later he agreed with Professor Olav Riste—employed at Institute for Defence Studies—that the institute would receive documents about his work as minister of defense.In 2003 Riksarkivet and he agreed about the establishment of Jens Chr. Hauges


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 Privatarkiv, which resulted in more than 60 or 65 hyllemeter ("meters of shelf") of documents. "The greatest treasures, were the last that he relinquished. Some where first found", according to Njølstad, when <mask>'s two youngest sons and Njølstad, went thru the residence at Bjørnveien [at Slemdal ], autumn of 2005—before it was put up for sale. Interviews with his biographer
During 2004 and most of 2005 he regularly met with biographer Olav Njølstad and the main consultant of the book project, Olav Riste. The book's other consultants were Arnfinn Moland, Even Lange and Helge Ø. Pharo. Death
On 30 October 2006 he died at a retirement home in Vinderen, Oslo.On 7 November a service was held at Ris Church, på statens bekostning. Attendees included then king of Norway, prime minister, leader of LO, mayor of Oslo and other politicians; Haakon Lie, Gunnar Sønsteby, Knut Haugland. Some weeks later his ashes were interred. Media commented his death: The Times said <mask>'s willpower and resolve—including to implement unorthodox ideas, with authoritarian means—was doomed to make him [into] a controversial figure in a society "that normally adorns itself with being egalitarian and unanimous". Family
<mask> was survived by six children. His father died in 1940. His mother died in 1957.His second wife Liv Grannes died 30 November 2004. His ex-wife Lillann died on 2 March 2005. He married Anne Sophie "Lillann" Dedekam in 1938. Frank Rossavik has referred to "Hauge's many women in and outside marriage, and his betrayal to his own family". Cover names
During World War II he had cover names: Tor Aas was his identity at his cover apartment at


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 Colbjørnsens Street 8. Documentary film
On 10 April 2012 NRK broadcast a documentary about Hauge —Nasjonens skygge ("the nation's shadow"), part one of two. See also
:no:Arthur Mørch Hansson
Leif Tronstad

References

Literature

Books
Njølstad, Olav, Fullt og helt - en biografi om om Jens Chr.Hauge. (2008)

Articles

External links
New York Times: <mask> <mask>, Guide of Modern Norway, Dies at 91
 National hero led double life
Hauges politiske testament
Sannheten om Jens Chr. <mask>
Løy for kona og folket

Trials in Norway
1915 births
2006 deaths
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
Norwegian lawyers
Norwegian military leaders of World War II
Norwegian resistance members
Norwegian anti-communists
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights people
20th-century lawyers
Ministers of Justice of Norway
Defence ministers of

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<mask><mask> (born 1950) is a professor in the School of Anthropology and the department of Geosciences as well as an adjunct professor in the department of Geography at the University of Arizona in Tucson. <mask>'s research interests include geoarchaeology, Paleoindian archaeology, soil-geomorphology as well as Quaternary landscape evolution and paleoenvironment with a current emphasis on the Southwestern United States and Northwest Mexico. Prior research areas have included the Great Plains as well as Paleolithic sites in southwestern Russia. <mask> currently serves as the Executive Director of the Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund (AARF) based in the School of Anthropology at the University of Arizona. His most recent research, outlined in a 2011 Journal of Field Archaeology article, has focused on understanding the Paleoindian occupation around large paleo-lakes in the Southern landscape at the end of the Pleistocene. Background
After graduating from Winston Churchill High School in San Antonio, Texas <mask> began his undergraduate education at a local junior college where he studied architecture. During his sophomore year <mask> transferred to the University of Texas at Austin where he earned a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)with Honors in Anthropology (1972). <mask> went on to earn a Master of Art (M.A. )in Museum Science from Texas Tech University (1977). As an undergraduate <mask>'s main interest was Texas archaeology. He performed extensive field experience as an employee of the Texas Archeological Salvage Project

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texts: <mask>’s archaeological interests soon shifted to  soils, landscapes and geoarchaeology. He obtained a Ph.D. in Geology from the University of Colorado at Boulder (1982). During his time at Texas Tech, <mask> worked closely with Dr. Eileen Johnson of the Museum of Texas Tech University on the Lubbock Lake Project located in Northwestern Texas.One of the most notable findings at the Lubbock Site is the discovery of cultural features which span the Paleo-Indian period. <mask> has written several journal articles on the Lubbock Site focusing on inventorying and describing Plainview complex material located at the kill/butchery locales detailing the dating of the Plainview occupation at the site; as well as discussing multiple camping occasions and activities of the Paleo-Indians at the area. In 1984, after completion of his Ph.D, <mask> accepted a position as visiting professor and assistant professor at Texas A&M University. The theme of <mask>’s journal articles began to heavily focus on the soil and geologic make-up of the Lubbock Lake Site, based on his Ph.D. dissertation. Some of <mask>’s later journal articles included discussing the archaeological geology and early Holocene soils at the site; as well as the stratigraphy found at Lubbock In addition to these journal articles <mask> also focused some of his writings on the lithics found at the site. Holliday found Lubbock Lake valuable for from the many lasting records of plant and animal communities, geology, climate and human activities available at the site. In 1986,

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texts: <mask> joined the University of Wisconsin at Madison in the Geography department, where he remained until 2002.During this time, many of his journal articles focused on other sites and geo-archaeological and Quaternary geologic aspects of the southern Great Plains area. <mask> received several National Science Foundation grants to investigate aspects of the late Quaternary landscape evolution of the Southern High Plains. <mask> also pursued his interests in Paleoindian archaeology. This resulted in a series of papers on late Quaternary stratigraphy, paleoenvironments and Paleoindian geo-archaeology. This series of papers resulted in <mask>’s 1995 Geological Society of America book, Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of Late Quaternary Valley Fills, as well as his 1997 book titled Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains. <mask> also devoted some of time to the application of his ideas on using soils in geoarchaeological research, on which he wrote a book, Soils in Archaeological Research, which was published in 2004 after arriving at the University of Arizona. Since 2002 <mask> has been a professor in both the School of Anthropology and Department of Geosciences as well as an adjunct professor in the department of Geography at the University of Arizona at Tucson.In 2002 <mask> also accepted the position of Executive Director of the Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund (AARF), a long-term research program focused on the earliest peopling of the Southwest U.S. and northwestern Mexico. Since the establishment


texts: of AARF, <mask> has been involved in many site excavations in the southwest, more specifically in Mexico and New Mexico. The Mockingbird Gap site discovered in the 1950s southeast of Socorro, New Mexico is described as “one of the largest and perhaps least known Clovis sites in the southwestern United States.” Initial excavations revealed hundreds of Clovis artifacts such as projectile point bases, fluted point preforms and gravers from an area 800 meters by 80–150 meters. A 2004 visit led the <mask> and collaborator B.B. Huckell (University of New Mexico) to believe there was more to be learned from the site about Clovis occupation and in 2005 excavations began which continued throughout the 2006 and 2007 field seasons. Their initial beliefs were validated when results of these excavations show significant Clovis age deposits at the site. Research with B.B.Huckell was also carried out at several Folsom sites on the West Mesa area of the Albuquerque Basin. The work documented the spatial patterning of paleoenvironmental context of Folsom occupations around several small lake basins. :In Sonora, field work in collaboration with M.G.Sanchez (INAH) focused on a series of Clovis sites, most prominently an in-situ Clovis/Gomphothere kill site and an extensive camping area on the adjacent uplands. <mask> has conducted research and field work in many locations across the southwest United States, Argentina and in the Don River Valley of Russia. He has written and/or edited five books as well as authored or co-authored over 50

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 reviewed book and journal articles as well as another 200 articles and book chapters. Awards and honors
<mask> has been the recipient of several notable professional awards including the 1998 Kirk Bryan Award of the Geological Society of America for Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of Late Quaternary Valley Fills on the Southern High Plains (1995); 1998 George R. “Rip” Rapp Archaeological Geology Career Award of the Geological Society of America.36 <mask> was also elected Fellow of the Geological Society of America in 1992 as well as being an invited organizer of the First Annual Fryxell Symposium on Earth Science in Archaeology for the American Society of Archaeology in 1988 and was an invited participant in a symposium honoring the 50th anniversary publication of Hans Jenny’s Factors of Soil Formation at the Soil Science Society of America annual meeting in 1991. <mask> has been the recipient of multiple grants from organizations such as the National Geographic Society, the National Science Foundation, the University of Wisconsin Graduate School, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.Key excavations
<mask> has led or participated in numerous projects over his professional career beginning with weekend digs around Austin, Texas with the University of Texas. After graduation in December 1972 <mask>’s part-time job with the Texas Archaeological Salvage Project became full-time. This was in the earliest days of CRM archaeology and Holliday spent his days making maps and other report illustrations eventually working his

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 way up to a field archaeologist. During this time <mask> worked in East Texas, the Edwards Plateau of Central Texas, along the Texas coast as well as in the deserts of West Texas and in the High Plains. In 1973 <mask> began work as a volunteer on the Lubbock Lake site where he later began research in 1974. As Holliday began his Ph.D studies, he began focusing on geoarchaeology and Paleoindian archaeology on the Great Plains. The sites he worked on during this time included Clovis (Blackwater Draw), Plainview, Midland, Mustang Springs, Lipscomb, Miami, San Jon, Folsom, Lindenmeier, and Dent Site.During <mask>’s professional career he also worked on Holocene sites on the Argentine Pampas and Kostenki localities in Russia. Since 2002, <mask>’s research has shifted to the southwest U.S. and northwest Mexico. Holliday has been involved on projects in Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora (as part of AARF) and also a participant in fieldwork in Montana and Alaska. Research emphasis
While <mask>’s academic background is in Archaeology, Geology and Soil Science, he spent 17 years of his professional career focusing on Geography. The combination of these intersecting interests and experiences has fostered a career devoted to reconstructing landscapes and environments where ancient human populations have lived. More specifically <mask>’s current research emphasis includes: 1. Using the geosciences to answer archaeological questions (geoarchaeology); 2.The early peopling of the Southwest and Great Plains, and the landscape evolution and

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 environments of the late Quaternary in these regions; 3. The use of soils as indicators of the past. Selected publications

Books
 <mask>, V.T. (1995) Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of Late Quaternary Valley Fills on the Southern High Plains. Geological Society of America Memoir 186. <mask>, V.T. (1997) Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains.University of Texas Press, Austin. A.K.L. Freeman and V.T<mask>, Eds., 2000. “North American Geoarchaeology: Dedicated to C<mask> Haynes, Jr.” Geoarchaeology v. 15 no. 6
 P. Goldberg, V. T<mask>, and C. R. Ferring (Editors), 2001. Earth Science in Archaeology, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, 513 p.
 <mask>, V.T.(2004) Soils in Archaeological Research. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Articles and book chapters
 Late Cenozoic Paleoenvironments of the Llano Estacado. In Press. <mask><mask> and E. Johnson, edited by J. Lee. Book chapter for Physical Geography of the Llano Estacado. Texas Tech University Press.A Terminal Pleistocene Child Cremation and Residential Structure from Eastern Beringia. 2011. Ben A. Potter, Joel D. Irish, Joshua D. Reuther, Carol Gelvin-Reymiller, <mask><mask>. Science, 331: 1058-1062. The 12.9k Impact Hypothesis and North American Paleoindians. 2010. <mask><mask> and David J. Meltzer.Current Anthropology, 51: 575-585. Geoarchaeology and the Search for the First Americans. 2009. <mask><mask>. Cantena, 79: 310-322. Geoarchaeology of the Mockingbird Gap (Clovis) Site, Jomada del Muerto, New Mexico. 2009.<mask><mask>, Bruce B. Huckell,

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 Marcus Hamilton, Robert H. Weber, William R. Reitze and James H. Mayer. Geoarchaeology, 24: 438-370
 Geochronology and Stratigraphy of Playa Fills on the Southern High Plains. 2008. <mask><mask>, John H. Mayer and Glen Fredlund. Quaternary Research, 70: 11-25. Geoarchaeology of the Kostenki-Borshchevo Sites, Don River, Russia. 2007.Geoarchaeology, 22: 181-228. Soil Phosphorus and Archaeology: A Review and Comparison of Methods. 2007. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34: 301-333. Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Great Plains, Central Lowlands, and Southwestern U.S. 2006. Book Chapter for Environment, Origins, and Populations, Volume 3 of the Handbook of North American Indians, edited by D. Stanford. Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 23-26.A History of Soil Geomorphology in the United States. 2006. Footprints in the Soil: People and Ideas in Soil History, edited by B.P. Warkenton. Elsevier Press, p. 187-254. Ice Age Peopling of New Mexico. 2005.New Mexico’s Ice Ages, edited by S.G. Lucas, G.S. Morgan, and K.E.Zeigler. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. Bulletin 28, p. 263-276. Quaternary Geoscience in Archaeology. 2001. Earth Science in Archaeology, edited P. Goldberg, V.T.<mask>, and C.R. Ferring. pp. 3–35. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. AMS Radiocarbon Dating of the Type Plainview and Firstview (Paleoindian) Assemblages. 1999.American Antiquity 64:622-634. <mask>, <mask>., Johnson, Eileen., and Stafford, Jr. Thomas W.
 Geoarchaeology of the Midland (Paleoindian) Site, Texas. 1996. American

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 Antiquity 61: 755-771. <mask>, <mask>. and Meltzer, David J.
 Geoarchaeology and Geochronology of the Miami (Clovis) Site, Southern High Plains. 1994. Quaternary Research 41:234-244.<mask>, <mask>., Haynes, C<mask>., Hofman, Jack L., and Meltzer, David J. Soil Formation, Time and Archaeology. 1992. Soils in Archaeology: Landscape Evolution and Human Occupation, edited by V.T<mask>, pp. 107–117.<mask>, <mask>. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
 Geology and Soils. 1987. Lubbock Lake: Late Quaternary Studies on the Southern High Plains, edited by Eileen Johnson, pp. 14–21. <mask>, <mask>. and Allen, B.L. Texas A&M University Press, College Station
 Re-evaluation of the First Radiocarbon Age for the Folsom Culture. 1986.American Antiquity 51: 332-338. <mask>, <mask>. and Johnson, Eileen. Early Holocene Soils at the Lubbock Lake Archaeological Site, Texas. 1985. Catena 12:61-78. <mask>, <mask>.

References

External links
 University of Arizona faculty profile
 Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund homepage

1950 births
Living people
American anthropologists
American archaeologists
American geologists
Fellows of the Geological Society of

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Admiral <mask>, 6th Earl of Northesk (2 August 1716 – 22 January 1792) was born the son of David Carnegie, 4th Earl of Northesk and Lady Margaret Wemyss on 2 August 1716. A career naval officer, he fought in the War of the Austrian Succession and the First Carnatic War, where in the East Indies he participated in the action of 6 July 1746. His service was curtailed by a series of debilitating illnesses and he never served at sea again after being promoted to rear-admiral in 1756. He died on 20 January 1792 at age 75. Early life
<mask> was born on 2 August 1716 as the second son of David Carnegie, 4th Earl of Northesk and his wife Margaret, the daughter of James Wemyss, Lord Burntisland and Margaret Wemyss, 3rd Countess of Wemyss. Naval career
Carnegie became a lieutenant in the Royal Navy on 15 March 1737. His first appointment was as third lieutenant to his good friend Captain Curtis Barnett in the ship of the line HMS Dragon, in the Mediterranean Fleet of Rear-Admiral Nicholas Haddock.Carnegie transferred to the ship of the line HMS Windsor  on 29 April but in August 1738 was taken from Windsor with a debilitating illness while off Minorca, at one point coming so close to death that his funeral arrangements were made. Having recovered from his illness he was appointed as fourth lieutenant of the ship of the line HMS Marlborough on 2 February 1740 and transferred on 7 May to be second lieutenant of the ship of the line HMS Edinburgh. On 23 June 1741 Carnegie's elder brother David Carnegie, 5th Earl of Northesk died, leaving him to succeed as Earl of Northesk. On 25 August of the same year Carnegie was promoted to post captain and given command of the frigate HMS Bideford in which he served in the Western Approaches for the winter of 1741-42. In January 1742

masks:
George Carnegie
George Carnegie


texts: Carnegie left Bideford and was appointed to the command of the fifth rate HMS Looe in March. In Looe Carnegie was stationed in the Bay of Biscay; in June he chased a small privateer into Pontevedra where he was forced to call off the chase as the privateer entered the river, instead raiding the town and taking four guns from its battery. Carnegie then put to sea again and on 7 July joined with the frigate HMS Deal Castle upon learning that a number of enemy ships were taking shelter in Vigo.The two warships anchored outside the town and sent their boats in to the harbour where they captured four ships, of which they burned two, while under considerable fire from the enemy ships and shore. On 19 July Carnegie learned that the privateer he had chased at Pontevedra was still there in the river and so he armed one of the ships captured at Vigo and sent it in chase up the river. The ship failed to capture the privateer but did run ashore another vessel and destroy a town which privateers had been using as a base of operations. Carnegie returned to England in September 1742 and was immediately appointed to command the recently rebuilt ship of the line HMS Preston in the English Channel fleet of Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Norris. In April 1744 he was still serving as such and helping to protect convoys sailing from Lisbon. Carnegie and Preston sailed to the East Indies Station on 5 May in the squadron of its first commander-in-chief, and Carnegie's friend, Commodore Barnett. The ships arrived at Porto Praya on 26 May.After sailing to and then leaving Madagascar the squadron split in two with Carnegie and Preston going with Commodore Barnett and the ship of the line HMS Deptford. The two ships disguised themselves as Dutch vessels and sailed through the Sunda


texts: Strait to Banca where on 25 January 1745 they found three French ships at anchor. They approached the ships and found them to be heavily armed merchant ships from China and managed to come alongside them before the French realised the deception and that they were enemies. Carnegie was ordered to board one of the ships while Barnett boarded another and after a fight of two hours the three French ships were captured. The cargoes of the merchants were valued at over £300,000 and were sent in to Batavia. Throughout 1745 Carnegie continued in Preston to protect British commerce in the East Indies. In October he was detached from Barnett's squadron with Preston and the frigate HMS Lively to cruise near the trade routes of the Ganges.Here they were very successful, capturing three heavily laden merchant ships. Carnegie continued in the East Indies after the death of Commodore Barnett on 29 April 1746, his replacement being Commodore Edward Peyton under whom Carnegie fought in the inconclusive action of 6 July 1746. In late 1747 Carnegie returned to England having suffered through 1746 and 1747 with an illness which often confined him to bed, and gave up command of Preston. Carnegie arrived at Bath on 28 November to recuperate from his illness. As part of this he went travelling in Europe with his father-in-law Alexander Melville, 5th Earl of Leven in August 1749. In March 1755 he was given command of the ship of the line HMS Orford to serve in Admiral Edward Hawke's Western Squadron as the Seven Years' War approached, but by May he had resigned his command due to ill health once again. He would spend considerable portions of the rest of his life in Bath for the sake of his health.Carnegie was promoted to rear-admiral on 4 June 1756 as a rear-admiral of the blue. He


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 never again accepted a command at sea but by seniority was promoted to vice-admiral on 14 February 1759 and admiral on 18 October 1770. Death
Carnegie died on 22 January 1792 at his seat Ethie Castle in Angus, Scotland, his titles passing down to his eldest surviving son. At the time of his death he was the third most senior officer in the Royal Navy. Family

He married Anne Melville, daughter of the Earl of Leven and Elizabeth Monypenny, on 30 April 1748 and had six children:

Lady Mary Anne Carnegie (d. 2 June 1798) married Rev John Kemp of Edinburgh in 1797
David Carnegie, Lord Rosehill (5 April 1749 – 19 February 1788)
Lady Elizabeth Carnegie (1751 – 19 August 1793) married James Hope-Johnstone, 3rd Earl of Hopetoun. Admiral William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk (10 April 1756 – 28 May 1831)
Lieutenant Colonel <mask> (21 August 1773 – 1839)
Margaret Carnegie (1779 – 15 March 1793)

Notes and citations

Notes

Citations

References

 Charnock, John (1796). Biographia Navalis Or, Impartial Memoirs of the Lives and Characters of Officers of the Navy of Great Britain, from the Year 1660 to the Present Time, Vol.IV. London: R. Faulder. Charnock, John (1797). Biographia Navalis Or, Impartial Memoirs of the Lives and Characters of Officers of the Navy of Great Britain, from the Year 1660 to the Present Time, Vol. V. London: R. Faulder. Debrett, John (1809). The Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland, Vol.I. London: Harding and Wright. Fraser, William (1867). History of the Carnegies, Earls of Southesk, and of their Kindred. Vol. II. Edinburgh: Private. Syrett, David and R.L.DiNardo (1994) The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660-1815. Aldershot: Scholar Press. 1716 births
1792 deaths
<mask> 6
Royal Navy admirals
Younger sons of

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George Carnegie
George


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<mask> (born February 23, 1939) is an American actor, director, producer, and educator. He is a professor emeritus of drama and former head of directing in the Drama Department of the Claire Trevor School of the Arts of the University of California, Irvine (UCI), and he is the former artistic director of two LORT/Equity theaters. Early career
After performing children's roles in various San Francisco "little theaters" in the early 1950s, <mask>'s first professional acting was with the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in 1958 and 1960. Awarded a Fulbright Grant in 1960-61 to study at the Shakespeare Institute in Stratford-upon-Avon, he directed his first play while in England--the Midlands premiere of Brecht's Mother Courage. The production in spring 1961 at the Stratford Hippodrome led the town's veteran drama critic to compliment the local troupe for daring a type of theater that Sir Peter Hall hesitated to bring to Stratford's just-founded Royal Shakespeare Company. <mask> received a Wilson Fellowship and Shubert Scholarship to attend the Yale School of Drama, where he earned a doctorate (D.F.A.) studying under Nikos Psacharopoulos, director of the Williamstown Theater Festival in Massachusetts.Psacharopoulos chose <mask> to serve as his assistant, first as resident director of a theater in Holyoke, where <mask> staged productions of J. B., by Archibald MacLeish, and Romeo and Juliet, and then in 1965 as Assistant Director of the main Williamstown Festival, where he directed Oh Dad, Poor Dad... by Arthur Kopit and The Private Ear and the Public Eye by Peter Shaffer. In 1966, he directed his first Macbeth for the Festival Theater in El Paso, treating the tragedy as a psychological nightmare, noted by a local critic as an

masks:
Keith Franklin Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler


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 "expressionistic... exciting departure from the traditional." In this period, from 1964 to 1968, he also began his academic career as Assistant Professor of Drama at Williams College. Virginia Museum Theater
In 1969, he was appointed head of the Theater Arts Division of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and artistic director of the Virginia Museum Theater (VMT, now the Leslie Cheek Theater), and he undertook to guide VMT in becoming Richmond's first resident Actors Equity company and a home for classics and new plays. His productions, beginning with Marat/Sade (the first racially integrated company on the Virginia Museum's stage), brought controversy into the heart of Richmond's museum district but also drew increased attendance, more than doubling audiences between 1969 and the late 1970s. The "<mask> 'Macbeth'"
Dubbing the professional company "VMT Rep", he drew national attention when in 1973 his second staging of Macbeth, a rather more realistic Stonehenge/historical version starring E.G.Marshall, led Clive Barnes of The New York Times to hail it as the "<mask> 'Macbeth.'" Barnes described the production as "splendidly vigorous, forcefully immediate... probably the goriest Shakespearean production I have seen since Peter Brook's 'Titus Andronicus'." Of <mask>, he wrote, "Virginia is lucky to have him." Alfred Drake also joined the company in 1973 to direct the premiere of Richard Stockton's The Royal Rape of Ruari Macasmunde with <mask> in the title role. International attention arrived in 1975 when Soviet Cultural Consul Viktor Sakovich provided coverage on Moscow Television for <mask>'s English-language premiere of Maxim Gorky's Our Father (originally Poslednje). <mask> subsequently produced the New York

masks: Fowler Fowler Fowler Fowler Fowler Fowler


texts:
 premiere of the Gorky drama at the Manhattan Theater Club. In 1977, refusing the museum administration's pressure to censor his premiere of Romulus Linney's play Childe Byron, <mask> resigned to serve his Yale alma mater as chief of directing for a year.His departure provoked a public outcry over an alleged pattern of censorship by the museum, with some arts patrons supporting the administration and many standing by <mask>, asserting, for instance, that "no one else can jump in and claim credit for what Dr. <mask> has done ... he stood up for what he knew was right." American Revels Company
He returned to Richmond in 1978 with his associate director M. Elizabeth Osborn to lease the Empire Theater (since renamed the November Theater), on the border between historically black Jackson Ward and the city's business district, where they founded the American Revels Company. Revels attracted progressive support for appealing to both black and white communities in Richmond. Without intending to enter into Richmond's post-segregation politics, <mask> nevertheless found Revels becoming a rallying point in the late 1970s for re-balancing the two symbiotic communities through art. Funding through the box office and City Council support was affected directly by public favor in a city with a growing black majority. Unity Audience
Following a summer of advance promotion, American Revels' first season started with strong audiences, including full houses for A Christmas Carol and The Club in the thousand-seat theater. Such peaks in attendance could not be sustained, however, when later play titles, including Othello and I Have a Dream, leaned toward those least likely to afford tickets—the African-American community.<mask> countered

masks: Fowler Fowler Fowler Fowler Fowler


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 by offering free performances to neighboring residents. The plan drew hundreds of African-American theater-goers and began to build a new sector of audience. In the summer of 1979, Richmond's City Council awarded the company a challenge grant, and a patron stepped forward to raise matching funds by sponsoring a performance by entertainer Ray Charles to benefit Revels. The success of the fund drive propelled the company into a second season in which Revels dealt with racial issues head-on by presenting a satire entitled The Black and White Minstrel Show, a parody of the racially split City Council. The season continued with works aimed at all of Richmond. Still the costs of production were higher than the purses and wallets of many in the core audience could support. American Revels closed after two seasons.The company had made its mark. Revels mounted fourteen productions between 1978 and 1980. By presenting actors of color and dramas with black themes—alongside classics and "standard" works—the company drew a sizable African-American audience to live theater, many for the first time. Richmonders found that new plays and politically engaged works were not alien to their taste. Also, by resurrecting the long-dormant Empire/November Theater, the troupe pioneered the way for downtown professional theater, most significantly for Theatre IV/Virginia Rep, the subsequent occupant of the November. For such a legacy, many Richmonders remember the company fondly, counting the Revels years as a time of theatrical excitement, and <mask>—in the words of Richmond Lifestyle magazine—as a "Rebel with a Cause." Teaching
After closing Revels, <mask> returned to acting at the Pittsburgh Public Theater and joined Yale classmate Robert

masks: Fowler Fowler


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 Cohen, then chair of drama, on the faculty of the University of California, Irvine.In 1984, he joined Jerzy Grotowski's "Objective Drama" project in the barn and fields south of the UCI campus, working with Grotowski day and night to explore the essential organons and yantras  of performance. From 1996 to 2004, <mask> was the original director of ArtsBridge America, later expanded nationwide, a program created by then dean Jill Beck at UCI in 1996 for granting scholarships to university dance, drama, music, and studio art majors to reintroduce arts education into the depleted curricula of K-12 pupils in local schools. Personal life
Born in San Francisco to Jack Franklin and Jacqueline Hocking <mask>, <mask> is a graduate of George Washington High and SF State. After residing for his first 21 years in San Francisco, he went to The Shakespeare Institute of the University of Birmingham, UK, and Yale University's School of Drama for graduate work. Bibliography

 Hypnotic Transformation: Three Studies of Theatrical Role-Playing by <mask> in The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1988, vol. XXXVI, No. 4.Precise functions of hypnosis in dramatic acting,  by <mask>, National Auxiliary Publication Service, 1986. "Who is he supposed to be?," by <mask>, in Müller in America, American Productions of Heiner Müller, copyright 2003 by Castillo Cultural Center. "The Grotowski Papers," by <mask>, in American Theater, January 2014. References

1939 births
American theatre directors
Educators from California
Male actors from California
Free speech activists
American civil rights activists
Living people
American hypnotists
Yale School of Drama alumni
San Francisco State University alumni
Activists from

masks:
Fowler
Montgomery Fowler
Keith
Keith Fowler
Keith Fowler
Keith Fowler
Keith Fowler


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<mask> (born June 29, 1953) is an American singer and musician. He's best known for being the lead singer, occasional guitarist, and founder of the band Dokken. He is known for his vibrato-laden, melodic vocal style which has made him an influential figure in American heavy metal/glam metal. After enjoying mainstream success with Dokken, he parted ways with the band in 1988 and pursued a solo career. His 1990 solo album, Up from the Ashes, spawned two singles, and achieved modest success. He released his second solo album, titled Solitary in 2008, which was a stylistic departure from his Dokken material. <mask> reformed Dokken in the early 1990s and has been continuing on with the band ever since.He is the only remaining original member of Dokken. Biography

Early success
In the late 1970s, <mask> was playing in a Los Angeles-based band called Airborn, and had the opportunity to reach a record deal in Germany. After seeing the band Xciter with future bandmates George Lynch and Mick Brown, he tried to recruit them for a new band. Lynch and Brown were not interested in joining forces with him when he first contacted them. <mask>, with the help of one of Xciter's songs, secured the deal in Germany and convinced Lynch and Brown, along with bassist Juan Croucier, to join him in Dokken soon after he received it. During his time in Germany, <mask> befriended the German band Scorpions, and sang with them in rehearsals for their Blackout album while lead vocalist Klaus Meine was being treated for nodes on his vocal cords. <mask> has stated that he recorded scratch vocals for "No One Like You," "You Give Me All I Need," and "Dynamite."<mask> has also stated, "I was just helping Klaus out," and "You'll never hear those (tracks)...because it's not fair to the Scorpions." Meine recovered and returned to record the album. In 1983, America saw the release of the first Dokken album, Breaking the Chains which got a moderate reception. After Juan Croucier left the band to join

masks:
Donald Maynard Dokken
Don
Don Dokken
Don
Dokken
Don
Don


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 Ratt, Jeff Pilson was brought in for their second release, Tooth and Nail, and at this time metal fans and critics began to take notice of the band. <mask>'s strong, melodic vocals, coupled with Lynch's blazing guitar playing, guided Dokken to national fame. Solo release
In the late 1980s, however, personal tension between Dokken and Lynch took its toll on the band. In 1988, after the Monsters of Rock Tour and a further platinum album, <mask> decided to break up the band and they went on their separate ways.<mask> originally wanted to continue on under the Dokken moniker, but since the other three members shared partial ownership over the Dokken name, he was forced to put out his next album under his own name, and it became known as his first solo album. The album, titled Up from the Ashes, was released in 1990, and was very similar to the Dokken catalog. This project was a supergroup of sorts, made up of guitarists John Norum (of Europe fame) and Billy White (of Watchtower fame), bassist Peter Baltes (of Accept fame), and drummer Mikkey Dee (of King Diamond and Motörhead and Scorpions). John Norum's drummer Hempo Hildén was initially part of the band but was replaced by Dee before the album was recorded. Baltes had previously been a member of Dokken during the late 1970s for a brief period. Two music videos were made for the singles "Mirror Mirror" and "Stay," respectively. Also, during the late 1980s and early 1990s, <mask> spent time as a producer for the metal band XYZ.He also made a guest appearance on the German progressive metal band Vanden Plas's Spirit of Live album as the vocalist for their live performance of Dokken's "Kiss of Death," the studio version of which can be found on Vanden Plas's Far Off Grace album. Dokken reunion
Around late 1993, <mask> started to talk with Mick Brown, who had recently left George Lynch's new group, Lynch Mob. They joined up with Jeff Pilson, and started to write new songs. In 1994, they sent what they had written

masks:
Don
Don Dokken
Don Dokken
Don
Don


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 to George Lynch, who was impressed with the material. Together, they decided to reunite and tour again. This reunion lasted for three years and resulted in two new Dokken albums, an acoustic live disc, and a full live concert recorded in Japan in 1995. In the late 90s, Dokken once again parted ways with George Lynch, gained guitarist Reb Beach, and later kicked off a new era with guitarist John Norum after the departure of Reb Beach.That union didn't last long, as Norum soon departed to re-unite with Europe. Norum was briefly replaced by Italian guitarist Alex De Rosso for the live tour  until 2003 when <mask> managed to find a permanent replacement in guitarist/lawyer Jon Levin. Since 1994, Dokken has released six studio albums, two live albums, a Greatest Hits album, as well as their first two DVDs. <mask> released a new solo album titled Solitary in 2008, and <mask> released a new album titled Lightning Strikes Again during the same year. On March 1, 2010, the band Dokken's second greatest hits album, aptly titled Greatest Hits, was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon.com. The physical album with additional tracks was released in US by Cleopatra Records May 4, 2010, and in Japan May 11, 2010, by King Records (Japan). On September 22, 2010, in an interview with BraveWords.com, <mask> revealed that he would be undergoing vocal surgery, to correct problems with nodes and tears in his vocal chords.February 4, 2011 Anchorage, Alaska was <mask>'s first show since surgery. In addition to the vocal chord surgery, <mask> underwent treatment for cancer around the same time. He has since recovered and his voice has seen great improvement over the past few years. (1992)
 Maxx Explosion – Forever'' (2013)

References

1953 births
American heavy metal singers
American male singers
American people of Norwegian descent
Record producers from California
Dokken members
Living people
Musicians from Manhattan Beach, California
Singers from Los Angeles
Glam metal

masks:
Don
Don Dokken
Dokken
Don Dokken
Dokken
Dokken


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<mask> (December 17, 1902 – July 3, 1984) was an American journalist and newspaper editor, and one of the first women in the United States to hold a city editorship on a major metropolitan daily. She was preceded by Laura Vitray who became city editor of the New York Evening Graphic in 1930, and by Mary Holland Kinkaid who was city editor at the old Herald, likely in the early 1900s. She worked as a reporter for the Los Angeles Record from 1928 to 1935, the Herald-Express from 1935 to 1962, and the Herald-Examiner from 1962 to 1968. Life and career

Agnes May Wilson was born in San Francisco, California, to Clifford Wilson, a journeyman glass-blower, and Mamie Sullivan Wilson, a housewife. <mask> would adopt the distinctive double "s" at the end of her first name in 1920. <mask> was the elder of two daughters. The Wilson family's frequent moves were determined by where Clifford could find work.In November 1907, Mamie died in childbirth. Clifford's work required him to travel, which made it impossible for him to care for the girls on his own. <mask> and her younger sister were handed over to relatives in Terre Haute, Indiana, to be raised. <mask> recalled that she and her sister did not stay in Terre Haute and that they moved frequently, often winding up in the hands of public charity. Clifford became distressed with the way his daughters were being treated and found two foster homes in Portland, Indiana, each willing to take one of the girls. <mask>'s sister was sent to live with a farm family. <mask>'s new home was with Charles and Belle Ewry and their three sons.She and the eldest of the three sons, Ralph, liked each other

masks:
Agness May Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood


texts: immediately. Ralph Ewry became her friend and protector. <mask> later described the Ewry household as a serious environment, made bearable only by Ralph's kindness. <mask> did well in school and skipped three grades; however, by the time she entered high school in 1916 her enthusiasm for her studies had waned and she dropped out in the tenth grade. <mask> took as job as a clerk in the basement of Cartwright's department store in Portland, Indiana. She became increasingly unhappy living with the Ewrys, particularly following Ralph's deployment overseas as a soldier during World War I.  Ralph sensed <mask>'s discontent in her letters to him and, believing that she might be better off with a blood relative, managed to locate one of her distant relatives in San Francisco. <mask> arrived in San Francisco in November 1918, and moved in with her relative who lived in an apartment on Geary Street.<mask> knew she would be expected to contribute to household expenses and set out to find a job. After a few frustrating days of unsuccessful job hunting, she arrived at the apartment only to discover that her relative had moved out leaving <mask> broke, alone, and homeless. Another of <mask>'s female relatives invited her to move to Hollywood, California, and live with her. Soon after her arrival it became clear that <mask>'s relative was interested only in transforming the girl into a child star. When that plan failed, the relative put <mask> out on the street. <mask> became a resident at the Salvation Army's home for working women in downtown Los Angeles and got a job at the Broadway Department Store. It was there that she met Evelyn Conners,

masks: Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood


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 a woman a few months her junior, who would become her lifelong friend.Following a brief move to Salt Lake City, Utah, <mask> returned to Los Angeles, where she found work as a waitress at the Pig 'n Whistle restaurant in downtown Los Angeles. One day in April 1920, she was lamenting to <mask>, a co-worker, that her Hollywood relative had resurfaced and demanded that <mask> live with her again and relinquish her paychecks to her, or she would turn the underage girl over to the authorities. Harry told her that the relative could not do that if he and <mask> were married. The couple married three weeks later on April 28, 1920. By 1926, <mask> and her husband had become parents to a daughter and son. <mask>'s husband and sister worked outside the home, but the family still struggled to make ends meet. One of the small economies that <mask> practiced was to wear her sister's hand-me-down silk stockings.One day <mask> asked her husband for the money to buy a new pair of stockings, but he demurred. An argument ensued and <mask> told her husband that if he would not give her money for stockings, she would get a job and earn them herself. In her autobiography, Newspaperwoman (Harper Brothers, 1949), <mask> said that she did not want to work outside the home, and that she had no idea where to look for a job. As it turned out, a job found her. The day following the stockings argument <mask>'s friend, Evelyn Connors, called and asked her if she would be interested in a temporary job on the switchboard at the Record. <mask> seized the opportunity, and thus began her career in the newspaper business. Los Angeles Record

In October 1926, <mask>

masks:
Underwood
Harry Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood
Underwood


texts: began her job as the switchboard operator at the Los Angeles Record.It was at the Record that <mask> learned the newspaper business from the ground up. She was a quick study and worked hard at any task to which she was assigned. She assisted Gertrude Price, who wrote a woman's column under the pseudonym of Cynthia Grey, in the Christmas basket program for the poor. Price recognized <mask>'s innate talent and became <mask>'s mentor. In December 1927 William Edward Hickman kidnapped, murdered, and then butchered twelve-year-old Marion Parker. Hickman was on the run when <mask> saw the United Press flash that he had been captured in Oregon. <mask> telephoned her husband with the news.Price overheard the call and reprimanded <mask> for talking about a story outside of the newsroom before it was in print. <mask> never made that mistake again. <mask> worked her way up to reporter at the Record, and her first byline was an interview with an elderly man who was credited with having planted the first cotton in California. <mask>'s first major crime reporting began on May 20, 1931, when Los Angeles was shaken by the murders of Charles H. Crawford and Herbert F. Spencer. Crawford was a former saloon keeper and was a power behind the scenes in the city's government. Spencer was a former police reporter who had become associated with the Critic of Critics, a political crusading weekly. The day following the murders thirty-three-year-old David H. Clark, a former deputy district attorney and candidate for municipal judge, surrendered himself to the district attorney and admitted to the murders.<mask> had noticed a couple of gaps in the coverage

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 of the murders. She thought it odd that no one had interviewed Clark's parents. <mask> managed to locate them and they gave her an exclusive interview and photographs. <mask>'s interview with Clark's parents appeared in the paper under the headline "Mrs. Clark Says Son is Innocent", earning her a double column byline. <mask> was given an increasing number of major stories to cover for the Record, and her reputation as a reporter grew. She was offered a job at William Randolph Hearst's Herald-Express, but she turned it down. The Herald-Express expected her to provide her own automobile, but she did not own a car.In addition, she felt that she was gaining valuable experience in every aspect of the newspaper business at the perennially short-staffed Record, and she worried that she would be more constricted at the Herald-Express. Early in January 1935 the Herald-Express again offered <mask> a job. She had decided to decline the offer when a couple of days later she learned that the Record had been sold to the Illustrated Daily News. Despite assurances that her position would be safe, <mask> decided to accept the offer to work for the Herald-Express. Herald-Express

<mask>'s first assignment for the Herald-Express was to interview Amelia Earhart. The aviator had successfully completed a historic solo flight from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Oakland, California. <mask> staked out Earhart's North Hollywood home for several hours before she turned up.The interview was worth the wait; <mask> discovered that she was the only Herald-Express reporter who had caught up with Earhart. Three weeks after she began working at the Herald-Express, <mask>

masks: Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood


texts: drew photographer Perry Fowler for a story on the rape of a sixteen-year-old girl. <mask> and Fowler worked together regularly after that and were unofficially regarded as a team. They made the early morning rounds (called "milk runs") of local jails. They visited the Lincoln Heights Jail almost daily, ferreting out crimes and scandals on which to report. Among the stories <mask> covered over the next twelve years were the untimely deaths of Hollywood stars Thelma Todd (whose autopsy she attended) and Jean Harlow. She wrote a series of articles on the lives of the women incarcerated in the California women's prison at Tehachapi, and she would report on nearly every major murder case in the city, culminating with the infamous murder of twenty-two-year-old Elizabeth Short in January 1947. she also reported on the case of Nellie May Madison who was convicted of shooting and killing her husband on March 24, 1935.At first <mask> assumed Madison was guilty because she was married five times and produced no children from the marriage. She eventually became an advocate for Madison and garnered outcry of letters which had Madison's conviction from death to life in prison. On January 15, 1947, the bisected body of a young woman was found in Leimert Park near Thirty-Ninth and Norton. According to <mask>, she was the first reporter to arrive at the body dump site. The dead woman was soon identified as Elizabeth Short from Medford, Massachusetts. <mask> stated in her autobiography, Newspaperwoman, that the popularization of Short's "Black Dahlia" nickname was the result of information she had received from a Los Angeles Police Department

masks: Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood Underwood