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 relocated to the main abbey church in Monte Cassino with many pilgrims visiting his tomb. In 1727 the abbot of Monte Cassino obtained from Pope <mask> permission to keep his feast (Tosti, I, 393). <mask> <mask> beatified <mask> in 1887, at which point his body was once again moved to the Chapel of St. Victor.During World War II, his body was removed and placed in Rome for safekeeping. The main abbey at Monte Cassino was destroyed in February 1944 by US bombing. <mask>'s body was moved back to the rebuilt abbey in 1963. See also

List of popes

References

1020s births
1087 deaths
People from Benevento
Popes
Italian popes
Abbots of Monte Cassino
Italian beatified people
Beatified popes
Benedictine popes
11th-century Lombard people
11th-century popes
Beatifications by Pope

masks:
Benedict XIII
Pope Leo
XIII
Victor III
Victor


type: original

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<mask> (Stuttgart, 9 July 1812 – 15 September 1890), was a German scientist, traveler and collector. Early life
He was an apothecary's apprentice and worked as a pharmacist for a while, but then took up the study of mineralogy, zoology and chemistry at Tübingen and Heidelberg, where he excelled academically and was awarded a PhD summa cum laude in 1836. South Africa

Cape Province 7 May 1838 - 2 June 1839
The following year Baron von Ludwig, famous for his garden in Cape Town, visited Germany and persuaded <mask> to visit South Africa. They sailed from Portsmouth aboard the 676-ton barque La Belle Alliance (the same vessel that had carried 1820 Settlers from England to the Eastern Cape) and arrived in Cape Town 81 days later on 7 May 1838. <mask> started collecting and studying the fauna, flora and geology of Cape Town and environs in earnest after a short trip to Tulbagh. He collected molluscs and crustaceans, marine algae and fish. Planning a trip to the interior, he ordered a wagon to be made.He set off with his ox-wagon, 14 oxen, a horse and two assistants, going over Sir Lowry's Pass and the Houhoek Pass to Genadendal. From here he visited Kogmanskloof by horse. Leaving Genadendal he travelled southwards to Caledon, to Walker Bay, Elim, Prinskraal, Cape Agulhas, along Struisbaai to De Hoop and Swellendam. From here he set out eastwards to Mossel Bay and George, spending some time in the extensive forests of the Tsitsikamma. He went on a small side trip from George across the Outeniqua Mountains to Oudtshoorn and the Cango Caves. Going further east from George, he crossed the Kaaimans River, but had to

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Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Krauss
Krauss
Krauss


texts: leave his wagon at the Diep River because of a dangerous crossing. Travelling further with Rev.Ballott and staying with Capt. Thomas Henry Duthie (friend of Charles Collier Michell) on the farm Belvidere, before joining George Rex at Melkhout Kraal. From here he touched at Plettenberg Bay and Keurbooms River, and on 19 February 1839 left Knysna to return to his abandoned wagon at Diep River and decided to tackle the difficult Devilskop pass into the Langkloof, where he found that the trip had so exhausted his oxen that they needed to be replaced. Travelling east along the Langkloof, he made an excursion lasting a week on horseback to Toorwater at the point where the Olifants River cuts through the Swartberg, returning over Antoniesberg and the Kouga Mountains and meeting up with his wagon, which had gone ahead, on 1 March. When he reached Jagersbos three days later, he turned south over the Kareedouwberg to the Moravian Mission station at Koksbosch (which is now known as Clarkson) and went on to Driefontein. He spent 3 weeks in this locality, referring to it as Tsitsikamma, before moving across the Gamtoos River and on to Uitenhage where he stayed with the pharmacist and plant collector Joachim Brehm. Here he sold his wagon and oxen to a Dr. John Jones who farmed north of the Groot Winterhoek Mountains.From Uitenhage he made several outings to Swartkops, Bethelsdorp, Port Elizabeth and Cape Recife, visiting the botanist and retired major <mask> Buchenröder on the Swartkops River. While in Port Elizabeth, <mask> heard many reports about Natal that piqued his interest. He determined to go there, but first

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Friedrich von
Krauss


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 ventured north into the Karoo. He followed the course of the Coega River to Elandshoorn and ascended the Groot Winterhoekberge. From there he went on to the Gamtoos River, following it to where it breaks through the Groot Winterhoekberge as the Grootrivier, and further north to the Springbokvlakte. At this point grazing was so poor that he returned on 20 May to Dr. Jones' farm in the Groot Winterhoekberge. On 2 June 1839 he sailed from Port Elizabeth to Natal on the "Mazeppa".Natal 2 June 1839 - 5 February 1840
<mask> enjoyed the company of 2 other naturalists for the eight-day voyage to Port Natal - the Swede Wahlberg and the Frenchman Adulphe Delegorgue. The first significant zoological exploration of Natal, with its adjacent territories of Kaffraria to the south and Zululand to the north, can be dated from 1839 with their arrival. <mask> stayed in a reed hut at Congella, going on daily excursions into the bush or along the seashore. He was delighted with the variety of species that he encountered. "I was surprised at the variety and colourfulness of the molluscs left in the little pools and puddles on the rocks after high tide. It was like a flower garden - lovely coloured actiniae and other coelenterata, the variously coloured sea urchins and sea stars, many one- or two-shelled molluscae, and between them bushes of algae, corallinae and zoophytae with great numbers of crabs of all shades disporting themselves, created a splendid picture." Many of his finds he later described in Die südafrikanischen Crustacean (1843) and Die südafrikanischen Mollusken (1848).<mask> next moved on to Pietermaritzburg and

masks: Krauss Krauss Krauss


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 collected in the hills around the town before returning to Congella on 17 September. Twelve days later he moved his camp to Umlaas and spent about three weeks there, concentrating his collecting on the mouth of the Umlaas River. At this time he joined a Volksraad deputation under Landdrost Roos, sent to visit the Zulu chief Mpanda at his kraal between the Umdhloti and Umvoti Rivers. On his return <mask> again stayed at Congella. His geological interests sent him on a short excursion to some coalfields near Karkloof and lying between the Bushmans and Blaauwkrantz Rivers. He returned to Pietermaritzburg and delivered a report to the Volksraad. Back at the Umlaas camp on 19 January, he resumed his collecting and made preparations for his departure.He sailed from Port Natal on 5 February and was back in Cape Town two weeks later. Cape Town 19 February 1840 - 22 April 1840
In Cape Town Baron von Ludwig once again extended his hospitality. <mask> made some short daytrips into the mountains between Table Mountain and Muizenberg, and considered a journey to Namaqualand, but the offer of employment in Stuttgart could not be postponed. With his collections taking up 16 crates, he left Cape Town on 22 April 1840 aboard the "Vernon", a new type of ship sporting an auxiliary engine. Getting back to England, he sold 500 of his plant specimens to the British Museum. Germany
Back in Stuttgart, <mask> was appointed to the Natural History Museum of which he became director in 1856, partly because of the reputation he acquired from his published works. In 1880 he was honoured with a decoration entitling him to be called Dr.


texts:
 <mask> <mask>.His factual and rather dry accounts provided an accurate record of conditions in the Cape, in particular his description of the Zulus and their way of life has been found most reliable. Some of his collections were worked out and published by <mask> <mask> (1787–1860), Carl Daniel <mask> (1800–1874), Bernhardi, Buchinger, <mask> Klotzsch, Julius von Flotow (1788–1856) and Carl (Karl) Heinrich 'Bipontinus' Schultz (1805–1867) - his cryptogams were dealt with by Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm Bischoff, Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Bruch, Hering, Eduard von Martens, Gustav Kunze (1793–1851) and Johann Bernhard Wilhelm Lindenberg (1781–1851). From a summary given in Flora vol. 29 pp 216–19, <mask> collected 2,308 species (mostly flowering plants) of which 340 species and 34 genera were new to science. Not all were upheld, but many were named for him - Kraussia Harv., Combretum kraussii Hochst., Cussonia kraussii Hochst., Adenandra kraussii Meisn., Vernonia kraussii Sch.Bip., Pavonia kraussiana Hochst., Aspalathus kraussiana Meisn. and many more. In 1878 a species of African amphisbaenian, Cynisca kraussi, was named in his honor by German herpetologist Wilhelm Peters.<mask>' specimens are lodged with the British Museum, University of Cambridge, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek, and many more herbaria. See also
List of natural history dealers

References

Scientists from Stuttgart
Natural history collectors
19th-century German botanists
German malacologists
German phycologists
1812 births
1890

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Ferdinand von
Krauss
Christian Ferdinand
Friedrich Hochstetter
Friedrich Meisner
Johann Friedrich
Krauss
Krauss


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<mask> "E.J.<mask> (born July 12, 1928) is an American organic chemist. In 1990, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis", specifically retrosynthetic analysis. Regarded by many as one of the greatest living chemists, he has developed numerous synthetic reagents, methodologies and total syntheses and has advanced the science of organic synthesis considerably. Biography
E.J<mask> (the surname was anglicized from the Lebanese Arabic Khoury, meaning priest) was born to Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christian immigrants in Methuen, Massachusetts,  north of Boston. His mother changed his name to "<mask>" to honor his father, who died eighteen months after <mask>'s birth.His widowed mother, brother, two sisters, aunt and uncle all lived together in a spacious house, struggling through the Great Depression. As a young boy, <mask> was independent and enjoyed sports such as baseball, football, and hiking. He attended a Catholic elementary school and Lawrence High School in Lawrence, Massachusetts. At the age of 16 <mask> entered MIT, where he earned both a bachelor's degree in 1948 and a Ph.D. under Professor John C. Sheehan in 1951. Upon entering MIT, <mask>'s only experience with science was in mathematics, and he began his college career pursuing a degree in engineering. After his first chemistry class in his sophomore year he began rethinking his long-term career plans and graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. Immediately thereafter, at the invitation of Professor John C. Sheehan, <mask> remained at MIT for his Ph.D. After his graduate career he was offered an appointment at the

masks:
Elias James
" Corey
. Corey
Elias
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
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 University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he became a full professor of chemistry in 1956 at the age of 27.He was initiated as a member of the Zeta chapter of Alpha Chi Sigma at the University of Illinois in 1952. In 1959, he moved to Harvard University, where he is currently an emeritus professor of organic chemistry with an active Corey Group research program. He chose to work in organic chemistry because of "its intrinsic beauty and its great relevance to human health". He has also been an advisor to Pfizer for more than 50 years. Among numerous honors, <mask> was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1988, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1990, and the American Chemical Society's greatest honor, the Priestley Medal, in 2004. Major contributions

Reagents
<mask> has developed several new synthetic reagents:
PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate), also referred to as the Corey-Suggs reagent, is widely used for the oxidation of alcohols to corresponding ketones and aldehydes. PCC has several advantages over other commercial oxidants.One of these advantages is that the compound is available as an air-stable yellow solid that is not very hygroscopic. Unlike other oxidizing agents, PCC can accomplish single oxidations with only about 1.5 equivalents (scheme 1). The alcohol performs nucleophilic attack to the electropositive chromium(VI) metal displacing chlorine. The chloride anion then acts as a base to afford the aldehyde product and chromium(IV). The slightly acidic character of PCC makes it useful for cyclization reactions with alcohols and alkenes (Scheme 2). The initial oxidation yields the corresponding aldehyde, which can then undergo a

masks: Corey Corey


texts: Prins reaction with the neighboring alkene. After elimination and further oxidation, the product is a cyclic ketone.If this product is undesired, powdered sodium acetate can be used as a buffer to achieve only initial oxidation. The robustness of PCC as an oxidizing agent has also rendered it useful in the realm of total synthesis (Scheme 3). This example illustrates that PCC is capable of performing a Dauben oxidative rearrangement with tertiary alcohols through a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. t-Butyldimethylsilyl ether (TBS), triisopropylsilyl ether (TIPS), and methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM): are popular alcohol protecting groups. The development of these protecting groups allowed the synthesis of several natural products that did not have the functional group compatibility to withstand standard chemical transformations. Although the synthetic community is now moving away from the use of protecting groups it is still rare that a published synthesis of a natural product omits them. Since 1972 the TBS group has become the most popular silicon protecting group.TBS is stable to chromatography and labile enough for cleavage under basic and acidic conditions. More importantly, TBS ethers are stable to some carbon nucleophiles such as Grignard reagents and enolates. In the field of complex molecule synthesis, TBS has been widely used as one of the most versatile of the silicon-based protecting groups (scheme 4). The use of CSA provides selective removal of a primary TBS ether in the presence of tertiary TBS ether and TIPS ethers. Other means of TBS deprotection include acids (also Lewis acids), and fluorides. TIPS protecting groups were also pioneered by


texts: <mask> and provide increased selectivity of primary alcohol protection over secondary and tertiary alcohol protection. TIPS ethers are more stable under acidic and basic conditions, the disadvantage of this protecting group over TBS ethers being that the group is less labile for deprotection.The most common reagents used for cleavage employ the same conditions as TBS ether, but longer reaction times are generally needed. Usually TBS ethers are severed by TBAF, but the hindered TBS ether above survives the reaction conditions upon primary TIPS removal (scheme 5). The MEM protecting group was first described by <mask> in 1976. This protecting group is similar in reactivity and stability to other alkoxy methyl ethers under acidic conditions. Cleavage of MEM protecting groups is usually accomplished under acidic conditions, but coordination with metal halides greatly enhances lability via assisted cleavage (scheme 6). 1,3-Dithianes were pioneered by E.J<mask> in 1965 as a temporary modification of a carbonyl group in displacement and addition reactions.The formation of dithiane was the initial development that introduced Umpolung chemistry and is widely used for inversion of reactivity. The formations of dithianes can be accomplished with a Lewis acid (scheme 7) or directly from carbonyl compounds. The pKa of dithianes is approximately 30, allowing deprotonation with an alkyl lithium reagent, typically n-butyllithium. The reaction with dithianes and aldehydes is now known as the <mask>bach reaction. The dithiane once deprotonated serves as an acyl anion used to attack incoming electrophiles. After deprotection of the dithiane, usually with HgO, a

masks:
Corey
Corey
. Corey
Corey See


texts:
 ketone product is observed from the masked acyl dithiane anion. The utility of such reactions has expanded the field of organic synthesis by allowing synthetic chemists to use Umpolung disconnections in total synthesis (scheme 8).1,3-dithianes are also used as protecting groups for carbonyl compounds expressing the versatility and utility of this functional group. In addition, <mask> commenced detailed studies on cationic polyolefin cyclizations utilized in enzymatic production of cholesterol from simpler plant terpenes. <mask> established the details of the remarkable cyclization process by first studying the biological synthesis of sterols from squalene. Methodology
Several reactions developed in <mask>'s lab have become commonplace in modern synthetic organic chemistry. At least 302 methods have been developed in the <mask> group since 1950. Several reactions have been named after him:

 <mask>uno reduction, also known as the <mask>-Bakshi-Shibata reduction, is an enantioselective reduction of ketones to alcohols utilizing an oxazaborolidine catalyst and various boranes as the stoichiometric reductant. The <mask> group first demonstrated the synthesis of the catalyst using borane and chiral aminoalcohols.The reaction uses the chiral amino acid proline and in the presence of borane leads to the CBS catalyst (scheme 9). Later, <mask> demonstrated that substituted boranes were easier to prepare and much more stable. The reduction mechanism begins with the oxazoborolidine being only slightly basic at [nitrogen], coordinating with the stoichiometric borane of the boron amine complex(scheme 10). Lack of donation from the nitrogen to the boron

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Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey Its
Corey
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Corey


texts: increases its Lewis acidity, allowing coordination with the ketone substrate. The complexation of the substrate occurs from the most accessible lone pair of the oxygen leading to restricted rotation around the B-O bond due to the sterically neighboring phenyl group. Migration of the hydride from borane to the electrophilic ketone center occurs via a 6-membered ring transition state, leading to a four-membered ring intermediate ultimately providing the chiral product and regeneration of the catalyst. The reaction has also been of great use to natural products chemists (scheme 11).The synthesis of dysidiolide by <mask> and co-workers was achieved via an enantioselective CBS reduction using a borane-dimethylsulfide complex. <mask>chs alkyne synthesis is the synthesis of terminal alkynes through a one-carbon homologation of aldehydes using triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrabromide. The mechanism is similar to that of the Wittig reaction by the formation of a phosphorus ylide with triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrabromide. Reacting the phosphorus ylide with the aldehyde substrate yields a dibromoolefin. On treatment with two equivalents of n-buLi, lithium halogen exchange and deprotonation yields a lithium acetylide species that undergoes hydrolysis to yield the terminal alkyne product (scheme 12). More recently, a one-pot synthesis using a modified procedure has been developed. This synthetic transformation has been proven successful in the total synthesis (+)-taylorione by W.J.Kerr and co-workers (scheme 13). The Corey–Kim oxidation was a newly developed transformation for the conversion of alcohols into corresponding aldehydes and ketones. This

masks:
Corey
Corey Fu


texts: process offers a less toxic alternative to chromium based oxidations with the use of N-chlorosuccinimidosulfonium chloride (NCS), dimethylsulfide (DMS), and triethylamine (TEA). The <mask> reagent is formed in situ when NCS and DMS are reacted to form dimethylsuccinimidosulfonium chloride species (scheme 14). The alkoxy sulfonium salt is deprotonated at the alpha position with triethylamine to afford the oxidized product. The reaction accommodates a wide array of functional groups, but allylic and benzylic alcohols are typically transformed into allylic and benzylic chlorides. Its application in synthesis is based on the mild protocol conditions and functional and protecting group compatibility.In the total synthesis of ingenol, Kuwajima and co-workers exploited the <mask> oxidation by selectively oxidizing the less hindered secondary alcohol(scheme 15). Corey-Winter olefination is a stereospecific transformation of 1,2-diols to alkenes involving the diol substrate, thiocarbonyldiimidazole, and excess trialkylphosphite. The mechanism has been narrowed down to two possible pathways, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Specifically, the reaction between the thionocarbonate and the trialkylphosphite proceeds either through the formation of a phosphorus ylide species or a carbenoid intermediate. Nonetheless, the reaction is stereospecific for most substrates unless the product would lead to an exceedingly strained structure. The formation of sterically hindered trans alkenes present in 7-membered rings was attempted by <mask> and coworkers, but was unsuccessful even when employing this new synthetic methodology incurring enormous ring strain. More

masks:
Corey Kim
Corey Kim
Corey


texts: importantly, stereospecfic alkenes are present in several natural products as the method continues to be exploited to yield a series of complex substrates.Professor T.K.M Shing et al used the <mask> olefination reaction to synthesize (+)-Boesenoxide (scheme 16). CBS enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction has been developed using a similar scaffold to the enantioselective CBS reduction. After the development of this reaction the CBS reagent proved to be a very versatile reagent for a series of several powerful synthetic transformations. The use of a chiral Lewis acid such as the CBS catalyst includes a broad range of unsaturated enones substrates. The reaction likely proceeds via a highly organized 6-membered ring pre-transition state to deliver highly enantio-enriched products (scheme 17). This transition state likely occurs because of favorable pi-stacking with the phenyl substituent. The enantioselectivity of the process is facilitated from the diene approaching the dienophile from the opposite face of the phenyl substituent.The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most powerful transformations in synthetic chemistry. The synthesis of natural products using the Diels-Alder reaction as a transform has been applied especially to the formation of six-membered rings(scheme 18). <mask> macrolactonization provides the first method for preparing medium to large sized lactones. Previously, intermolecular outcompeted intramolecular lactonization even at low concentrations. One big advantage of this reaction is that it is performed under neutral conditions allowing the presence of acid and base-labile functional groups. To date rings of 7 to 48 members have

masks:
Corey Winter
Corey Nicolaou


texts: been successfully synthesized using this method. The reaction occurs in the presence of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide and triphenylphosphine.The reaction is generally refluxed in a nonpolar solvent such as benzene. The mechanism begins with formation of the 2-pyridinethiol ester (scheme 19). Proton-transfer provides a dipolar intermediate in which the alkoxide nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbonyl center, providing a tetrahedral intermediate that yields the macrolactone product. One of the first examples of this protocol was applied to the total synthesis of zearalenone (scheme 20). Johnson-<mask>ykovsky reaction is useful for the synthesis of epoxides and cyclopropanes. The reaction forms a sulfur ylide in situ that reacts with enones, ketones, aldehydes, and imines to form corresponding epoxides, cyclopropanes, and aziridines. Two sulfur ylide variants have been employed that give different chemeoselective products (scheme 21).The dimethylsulfoxonium methylide provides epoxides from ketones, but yields the cyclopropanes when enones are employed.Dimethylsulfonium methylide transforms ketones and enones to the corresponding epoxides. Dimethylsulfonium methylide is much more reactive and less stable than dimethylsulfoxonium methylide, so it is generated at low temperatures. Based on their reactivity, another distinct advantage of these two variants is that kinetically they provide a difference in diastereoselectivity. The reaction is very well established, and enantioselective variants (catalytic and stoichiometric) have also been achieved. From a retrosynthetic analysis standpoint, this reaction provides a reasonable alternative to


texts:
 conventional epoxidation reactions with alkenes (scheme 22). Danishefsky utilized this methodology for the synthesis of taxol. Diastereoselectivity is established by 1,3 interactions in the transition state required for epoxide closure.Total syntheses
E. J<mask> and his research group have completed many total syntheses. At least 265 compounds have been synthesized in the <mask> group since 1950. His 1969 total syntheses of several prostaglandins are considered classics. Specifically the synthesis of Prostaglandin F2α presents several challenges. The presence of both cis and trans olefins as well as five asymmetric carbon atoms renders the molecule a desirable challenge for organic chemists. <mask>'s retrosynthetic analysis outlines a few key disconnections that lead to simplified precursors (scheme 23). Molecular simplification began first by disconnecting both carbon chains with a Wittig reaction and Horner-Wadsworth Emmons modification.The Wittig reaction affords the cis product, while the Horner-Wadsworth Emmons produces the trans olefin. The published synthesis reveals a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of the carbonyl reduction using zinc borohydride. However, years later <mask> and co-workers established the CBS reduction. One of the examples that exemplified this protocol was an intermediate in the prostaglandin synthesis revealing a 9:1 mixture of the desired diastereomer (scheme 24). The iodolactonization transform affords an allylic alcohol leading to a key Baeyer-Villiger intermediate. This oxidation regioselectively inserts an oxygen atom between the ketone and the most electron-rich site. The pivotal intermediate leads to a straightforward

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Corey
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 conversion to the Diels-Alder structural goal, which provides the carbon framework for the functionalized cyclopentane ring.Later <mask> developed an asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction employing a chiral oxazoborolidine, greatly simplifying the synthetic route to the prostaglandins. Other notable syntheses:
 Longifolene
 Ginkgolides A and B
 Lactacystin
 Miroestrol
 Ecteinascidin 743
 Salinosporamide A

Publications
E.J. <mask> has more than 1100 publications. In 2002, the American Chemical Society (ACS) recognized him as the "Most Cited Author in Chemistry". In 2007, he received the first ACS Publications Division "Cycle of Excellence High Impact Contributor Award" and was ranked the number one chemist in terms of research impact by the Hirsch Index (h-index). His books include:

Altom suicide

Jason Altom, one of <mask>'s students, committed suicide in 1998. Altom's suicide caused controversy because he explicitly blamed <mask>, his research advisor, for his suicide.Altom cited in his 1998 farewell note "abusive research supervisors" as one reason for taking his life. Altom's suicide note also contained explicit instructions on how to reform the relationship between students and their supervisors. Altom was the third member of <mask>'s lab to commit suicide since 1980. <mask> was reportedly devastated and bewildered by his student's death. <mask> said, "That letter doesn't make sense. At the end, Jason must have been delusional or irrational in the extreme." <mask> also claimed he never questioned Altom's intellectual contributions."I did my best to guide Jason as a mountain guide would to guide someone climbing a mountain. I did my best every step

masks: Corey Corey Corey Corey Corey Corey Corey Corey


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 of the way," <mask> states. "My conscience is clear. Everything Jason did came out of our partnership. We never had the slightest disagreement." The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP) cited The New York Times article on Altom's suicide as an example of problematic reporting, arguing that Altom presented warning signs of depression and suicidal ideation and that the article had scapegoated <mask> despite a lack of secondary evidence that the advisor's behavior had contributed to Altom's distress. According to The Boston Globe reporting, students and professors said Altom actually retained <mask>'s support.As a result of Altom's death, the Department of Chemistry accepted a proposal allowing graduate students to ask two additional faculty members to play a small advisory role in preparing a thesis. Corey Group members
As of 2010, approximately 700 people have been Corey Group members including notable students Eric Block,
Dale L. Boger, Weston T. Borden, David E. Cane, Rick L. Danheiser, William L. Jorgensen, John Katzenellenbogen, Alan P. Kozikowski, Bruce H. Lipshutz, David R. Liu, Albert Meyers, K. C. Nicolaou, Ryōji Noyori, Gary H. Posner, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Dieter Seebach, Vinod K. Singh, Brian Stoltz, Hisashi Yamamoto, and Jin-Quan Yu. A database of 580 former members and their current affiliation was developed for <mask>'s 80th birthday in July 2008. Woodward–Hoffmann rules
When awarded the Priestley Medal in 2004, E. J<mask> created a controversy with his claim to have inspired Robert Burns Woodward prior to the development of the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. <mask> wrote:

"On May 4, 1964, I suggested to my colleague R. B.

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Corey
Corey
Corey
Corey
. Corey
Corey


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 Woodward a simple explanation involving the symmetry of the perturbed (HOMO) molecular orbitals for the stereoselective cyclobutene → 1,3-butadiene and 1,3,5-hexatriene → cyclohexadiene conversions that provided the basis for the further development of these ideas into what became known as the Woodward–Hoffmann rules." This was <mask>'s first public statement on his claim that starting on May 5, 1964 Woodward put forth <mask>'s explanation as his own thought with no mention of <mask> and the conversation of May 4. <mask> had discussed his claim privately with Hoffmann and close colleagues since 1964.<mask> mentions that he made the Priestley statement "so the historical record would be correct". <mask>'s claim and contribution were publicly rebutted by Roald Hoffmann in the journal Angewandte Chemie. In the rebuttal, Hoffmann states that he asked <mask> over the course of their long discussion of the matter why <mask> did not make the issue public. <mask> responded that he thought such a public disagreement would hurt Harvard and that he would not "consider doing anything against Harvard, to which I was and am so devoted." <mask> also hoped that Woodward himself would correct the historical record "as he grew older, more considerate, and more sensitive to his own conscience." Woodward died suddenly of a heart attack in his sleep in 1979. Awards and honors
E.J.<mask> has received more than 40 major awards including the Linus Pauling Award (1973), Franklin Medal (1978), Tetrahedron Prize (1983), Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1986), National Medal of Science (1988),  Japan Prize (1989), Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1990), Golden Plate Award of the American

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 Academy of Achievement (1991), Roger Adams Award (1993), and the Priestley Medal (2004). He was inducted into the Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame in 1998. As of 2008, he has been awarded 19 honorary degrees from universities around the world including Oxford University (UK), Cambridge University (UK), and National Chung Cheng University. In 2013, the E.J. Corey Institute of Biomedical Research (CIBR) opened in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China. <mask> was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1998. References

External links

Compiled Works of E.J.<mask>

<mask> <mask> Nobel Lecture (PDF)
Podcast interview with E.J<mask> about his Lifelong Pursuit of Learning - May 30, 2018

1928 births
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
20th-century American chemists
21st-century American chemists
Organic chemists
American people of Lebanese descent
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
American Nobel laureates
Harvard University faculty
Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
National Medal of Science laureates
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
People from Methuen, Massachusetts
Lawrence High School (Massachusetts)

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Corey
Corey
Elias James
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<mask> (or Baccio<mask> (died 1536) was a Florentine Renaissance painter who has only recently emerged from obscurity as a result of art historical research. Biography
Our knowledge of <mask>'s career rests chiefly on a brief notice by Vasari, a few mentions in documents, and half a dozen jewel-like, painstakingly finished paintings. Vasari briefly mentions <mask>, whom he calls "Baccio Gotti" in the Lives, describing him as a pupil of Ghirlandaio and stating that he worked in France at the court of King Francois I. Until 2003, no works by Ghetti were known; on that year documents were published by Louis Alexander Waldman showing the artist had painted and restored a number of works for the church of San Pietro a Selva, near Malmantile, a neighborhood of Lastra a Signa in the lower Arno valley. The only sixteenth-century painting in the church is a frescoed lunette depicting the Madonna and Child. Waldman (2003) identified this painting as a work of a follower of Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, called the Master of the Copenhagen Charity (the name came from his most beautiful work, an allegory of Charity now in the Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen). The conjunction of the painting and the document led to the identification of the Master of the Copenhagen Charity as <mask>.Career in France and Florence
As noted by Waldman (2003) <mask> can almost certainly be identified with the painter and illuminator “Barthélemy Guéty” who is named in a number of payment records surviving from the court of François I. From these we learn that Ghetti had already worked for François at some time before his accession

masks:
Bartolomeo
) di Zanobi Ghetti
Ghetti
Ghetti
Bartolomeo Ghetti
Ghetti


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 in 1515, and that the painter received payments and salary as court painter and valet de chambre in 1519 and between 1521 and 1532. The payments records reveal that, together with Matteo dal Nassaro, Ghetti designed the rich set of hangings, with subjects drawn from Virgil's Bucolics, that were produced to decorate a so-called Chambre verte in 1521. Further payments from the French king survive from 1528 and 1529. He was still producing pictures and also illuminating manuscripts for the king in 1532, when François paid him 300 écus for two designs of figures from histories and poetry, satyrs and nymphs, that the king wished to decorate the Hall of jeu de paulme of the Louvre (possibly cartoons for tapestries) and for two Books of Hours. Ghetti received a donative from the king in April 1532, recorded in a document that indicates that François was hoping by this means to keep him his court: “par forme de pention et bienfaict, et pour s’entretenir à son service.”

Ghetti must have traveled between Florence and France a number of times over the course of his career, as indicated by the document that record his presence in both locations. Though, as we have seen, he worked for François I before 1515, “Bartholomeus Zenobii Ghetti” was present at a meeting of the Florentine Compagnia di San Jacopo, called “La Sgalla” on 1 January 1516 (modern style).He may have worked in France for a considerable period during the years between 1516 and 1524, during which time there is no documentation for his presence in Italy. In 1525, though, <mask> was again in Florence, where he made payments to the Compagnia


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 di San Luca and was recorded in the books of yet another Florentine confraternity, the Compagnia di San Sebastiano. In the same year the Compagnia di San Giovanni of Fucecchio decided to commission an altarpiece for their oratory, which Ghetti would subsequently execute (his sole surviving large-scale work). In 1527we find the artist engaged in a dispute with the rector of San Pietro a Selva (near Malmantile) over some work he had recently done for that church. He appointed a procurator in Florence in May 1528, undoubtedly with a view to returning to France; as noted, his presence at the court of François I is documented later in the same year and into 1529. It would appear that the painter returned definitively to Florence some time between his receipt of the 1532 donative from the French king (which in the end failed to achieve its aim) and 7 December 1533, when, as a new document reveals, he appears on the membership rolls of the Florentine confraternity, the Compagnia dello Scalzo. Antonio Mini's letter mentioning <mask>, quoted earlier, may have been occasioned by the painter's definitive return to Florence, where a succession of documents confirm his presence in Florence between 1535 and his death (which occurred around June 1536).Work as Manuscript Illuminator in France
In 1894 Durrieu and Marquet de Vasselot speculatively identified “Barthélemy Guéty” (whom they believed to have been French) as the possible illuminator of three illuminated manuscripts, two of which were made for François I or his mother, Louise of Savoy. The volumes are:  Ovid's Heroïdes in the French translation of


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 Octavien de Saint-Gelais (Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek − Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Ms. O.65), a manuscript whose provenance is unknown; an Oraisons de Cicéro en françois produced for François I (Paris, Bibl. Nat., Ms. fr. 1738); and the Faicts et gestes de la Royne Blanche d’Espagne written and illuminated for Louise (Bibl. Nat., Ms. fr. 5715). The Cicero contains one sole miniature depicting François I at the Battle of Marignano and the Faicts et gestes includes a single illumination which depicts Louise of Savoy in the guise of Blanche of Castille enthroned and accompanied by an invalid (possibly symbolizing the misfortune of the state after enduring the death of the king).The Dresden Ovid, however, is richly illustrated. Its rich and ornate illuminations possess an undeniably Italianate flavor, particularly in their deeply receding landscapes and ornate all’antica architecture. The courtly and elegant ladies depicted in the miniatures, with their oval faces, high foreheads, and elaborate hairstyles bear a distinct affinity to the female figures in Ghetti's panel paintings. There is a remarkable similarity in the way in which figures tend to be reduced to geometric solids, which are carefully modeled with light and shadow. The female figures tend toward the sturdy, and the hands share something of the same angularity found in Ghetti's work on panel. Such suggestive visual comparisons as these urge that the miniatures in the three manuscripts deserve further investigation as possible works by Ghetti. Works in Fucecchio
Ghetti's largest work is his Madonna and Child with


texts: Saints John the Baptist, Mark, Andrew and Peter and Baptism of Christ now in the Collegiata of Fucecchio.This work was evidently admired by early viewers, since a partial copy of the picture made in 1641 by Andrea di Giovanni Battista Ferrari exists at the nearby parish church of San Bartolomeo at Gavena. More recently, Sydney Freedberg justly called the Fucecchio altarpiece a work of ‘great force and originality’. The patron and date of the Fucecchio altarpiece are identified by a deliberation in the records of a confraternity in that town, the Compagnia di San Giovanni Battista, dated 10 June 1525. The Compagnia, whose residence was adjacent to the Collegiata of Fucecchio, appointed three of its members as procurators to commission ‘a new, suitable and elegant panel for the altar of the said Compagnia, with those figures and ornaments which shall seem fitting to the said procurators’. The procurators were also given the authority to negotiate the price of the new altarpiece they were commissioning. In all likelihood they commissioned Ghetti's altar-piece shortly after the deliberation was made in the summer of 1525, and the San Pietro a Selva lunette was probably painted not too long before the laudum of September 1527, the similarities between the two pictures are easy to comprehend. Together these two works represent the cornerstones on which any chronology of Ghetti's stylistic development must be based.A passage from the 1541 statutes of the Compagnia di San Giovanni Battista at Fucecchio reveals that the altar of their oratory, adjacent to the Collegiata but deconsecrated in the late


texts: eighteenth century, had a dual dedication to the Virgin and St. John the Baptist. Since both John appears prominently in Ghetti's Madonna and Child at Fucecchio and in the Baptism now displayed above it, there is good reason to believe that both these panels were made to be displayed over the altar of the oratory of the Compagnia di San Giovanni Battista. The original format of the Fucecchio altarpiece is not entirely certain, though it is probable that the lunette with the Baptism of Christ was always located above the lower panel depicting the Madonna and Child with saints. Both panels have been cut down drastically from their original dimensions, and the lunette — apparently chopped down to an uncomfortable and much smaller arched format at an unknown date — was subsequently reintegrated with new spandrels in order to fill it out as a rectangle. An inventory of artworks transferred to the Collegiata of Fucecchio by the Opera di San Salvatore after the latter's suppression by Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo (2 June 1790) describes the altarpiece in essentially its present configuration, with the Baptism of Christ above the sacra conversazione. The condition of the whole is described by the inventory as ‘middling’ (mediocre). This seems to accord with the state of the surface as we see it today; the results of a previous overcleaning were revealed during the course of a restoration by Sandra Pucci in 1995.The composition of <mask>'s altarpiece at Fucecchio — featuring the Virgin on an elevated throne and covered by a canopy, set against a colonnaded apse and flanked by standing saints — reflects


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 Raphael's unfinished Madonna del Baldacchino, a work that cast a long shadow in early-Cinquecento Florentine painting. Ghetti copied the figure of St. Peter at lower right from Granacci's Madonna and Child with Sts. John the Baptist, Nicholas of Bari, Anthony Abbot and Peter at Montemurlo — curiously, the same figure that his fellow Florentine Giovanni Larciani had copied in his own Fucecchio altarpiece only a few years earlier. Like his work at nearby San Pietro a Selva, <mask>'s commission at Fucecchio may have come about (in part at least) by way of local family connections. Archival records reveal that Florentine nun, Margherita di Domenico <mask>tti clan of Florence and the town of Fucecchio. In any event, the extent of <mask> <mask>'s activity in the lower Valdarno suggests that his family may have had roots in this region.Parallels could be drawn with <mask>'s contemporaries. Larciani who found a ready market for his work in the Arno valley from which his ancestors had migrated to Florence. And Rosso Fiorentino migrated during this period to Arezzo and its surrounding towns — from one of which, years earlier, his father had emigrated to Florence. Missing Virgin and Child with St. John
Waldman (2003) first identified <mask> as the author of a panel depicting the Madonna and Child with St. John, property of the Seminario Patriarcale of Venice. Although this picture mysteriously disappeared from the Seminario's Pinacoteca a few decades ago, the work was well photographed as a result of a traditional attribution to Raphael, and on the basis of a clear Alinari photograph dating from the

masks: Ghetti Ghettihe Bartolomeo Ghetti Ghetti Ghetti


texts: early years of the twentieth century it has been possible to identify the painting's true author with a more than reasonable degree of certainty. Ghetti's lost Madonna and Child, which measures 54 x 50 cm., forms part of the historic collection of marchese Federico Manfredini (1743–1829), the wealthy and influential counselor of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany. Born into the provincial nobility at Rovigo in 1743, Manfredini first rose to prominence as a military commander in Austrian service.His career at the Tuscan court of Lorraine began in 1776, when Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo summoned him as tutor to his children. Under Pietro Leopoldo's son and successor Ferdinando III, Manfredini was appointed Maggiordomo Maggiore, and negotiating in this guise with Napoleon in 1797 he briefly preserved the independence of the Grand Duchy. Forced to flee with his sovereign before Napoleon's forces only two years later, Manfredini fell into disgrace and was exiled to Sicily. In 1803, when Ferdinando III was compensated for the loss of Tuscany with the title of Prince Elector and Duke of Salzburg, Manfredini returned to his former position at the Grand Ducal court. But he retired from public life, officially on account of a riding accident, in 1805, making his home at first in Padua and subsequently at his villa at Campo Verardo, in the Venetian terraferma, where he died in 1829. According to early authors, the Madonna and Child with St. John comes from the Grand Ducal collection at Palazzo Pitti, from which the picture — already bearing the optimistic attribution to Raphael — was presented to Manfredini by


texts: Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo of Tuscany. The Alinari photograph shows the inner part of the work's gilt frame, consisting of a cyma molding and, around it, a row of oblong beads; this is easily recognizable as the standard cornice da collezionista given by Manfredi to many of his paintings, and which still graces a large proportion of the paintings in the Seminario of Venice.The celebrity of Manfredini's “Raphael” is attested by the existence of copy, known only from an old photograph in the Fototeca Berenson. A note on the back indicates that it is on canvas and belonged to the Carlo Foresti collection in Milan as of in October 1926. This version has a slick, glib quality that suggests it is probably a replica created around the end of the eighteenth century or the beginning of the nineteenth — perhaps as a substitute for the original that was given away by the Grand Duke. The traditional attribution to Raphael endured for well over a century after Manfredini acquired it, still appearing (but with a question mark) on the early twentieth century photograph by Alinari. According to tradition, Charles Le Brun perceived in it the emergence of Raphael's first truly individual style, after throwing off the manner of Perugino. It was accepted by Edwards in his 1809 inventory, by the Venetian police inspector and art dilettante Antonio Neu Mayr (or Neumayr) in his 1811 treatise on Italian painting and his 1836 Mazzolino pittorico, and by Giannantonio Moschini in his 1842 catalogue. The anonymous 1912 Guida del visitatore artista opened up the question to include either Raphael or some other pupil of


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 Perugino, while Giovanni Costantini's 1916 essay on the Manfredini collection reasserted the traditional attribution with a question mark.An attribution to Bachiacca was argued by Adolfo Venturi in his monumental Storia dell’arte italiana, which was accepted by Roberto Salvini and by Berenson in the first published version of his lists. In the 1936 Italian edition, Berenson later reconsidered the problem and proposed an attribution to Domenico Puligo, to which a question mark would be subjoined in the posthumous edition of 1963. The identification has not been taken up in the literature on Puligo, including the recent catalogue raisonné of the artist's work by Elena Capretti. Guidebooks to the collection reveal that the painting had vanished from the Seminario by the late 1960s. It seems highly possible, however, that the picture disappeared from the Pinacoteca of the Seminario as early as the Second World War, when a number of objects from the collection went missing. Select bibliography
Louis A. Waldman, “A New Identification for the Master of the Copenhagen ‘Charity’: <mask> <mask> in Tuscany and France,” Burlington Magazine, CXLV, no. 1198 (2003), pp.4-13. (Susanna Partsch, “<mask>, <mask>,” in Saur allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. Die bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker, LII, Munich (2006), p. 533. Louis A. Waldman, “Parigi/Firenze: Novità per il pittore fiorentino <mask> <mask>," Erba d’Arno 111 (2008), pp. 45–58. References

1536 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Tuscany
Italian Renaissance painters
Court painters
Manuscript illuminators
Year

masks: Bartolomeo Ghetti Ghetti Bartolomeo Bartolomeo Ghetti


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, first called Jūbei from his clan and later  from his title, was a Japanese samurai general of the Sengoku period best known as the assassin of Oda Nobunaga. Mitsuhide was a bodyguard of Ashikaga Yoshiaki and later a successful general under daimyō Nobunaga during his war of political unification in Japan. Mitsuhide rebelled against Nobunaga for unknown reasons in the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582, forcing the unprotected Nobunaga to commit seppuku in Kyoto. Mitsuhide attempted to establish himself as shōgun, but was pursued by Nobunaga's successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi and defeated at the Battle of Yamazaki. The short reign of Mitsuhide is listed as the inspiration for the yojijukugo set phrase . He is still popular in present culture. A ceremonial activity was held on April 15, 2018 in Kyoto.Early life

<mask> Mitsuhide was believed to be born on 10 March 1528 in Tara Castle, Mino Province (present-day Kani, Gifu Prefecture) Mitsuhide was a descendant of the Toki-Akechi family of the shugo Toki clan. Mitsuhide is rumored to be a childhood friend or cousin of Nōhime. It is believed that he was raised to be a general among 10,000 by Saitō Dōsan and the Toki clan during their governorship of the Mino Province. When Dōsan's son, Saitō Yoshitatsu, rebelled against his father in 1556, Mitsuhide sided with Dōsan. Service under Ashikaga shogunate and Oda clan
Mitsuhide began serving the "wandering shōgun" Ashikaga Yoshiaki as one of his guardians under Hosokawa Yusai. Shōgun Ashikaga ordered Asakura Yoshikage to be his official protector, an offer which Yoshikage declined. Yoshiaki


texts: appealed to Mitsuhide, who suggested Oda Nobunaga instead.In 1564, Nobunaga sent his younger sister Oichi to become Azai Nagamasa's bride. This helped him in the 1566 conquest of Mino province, and paved the way through Omi province to Kyoto. In November 1568, Nobunaga, Yoshiaki and Mitsuhide arrived in Kyoto, the capital of Japan, and Nobunaga made Yoshiaki the next shogun and turned Hongoku-ji temple into a temporary palace. However, after Nobunaga and his followers returned from Kyoto on January 4, 1569, the Miyoshi clan attacked Ashikaga Yoshiaki at Hongoku-ji, but Mitsuhide managed to defend the shōgun and repulsed the Miyoshi clan. Then Nobunaga asked Mitsuhide to join his army and Mitsuhide decided to serve under the shōgun and Nobunaga. Mitsuhide received Sakamoto and built Sakamoto Castle in 1571 after the successful attack at the Enryaku-ji temple. Although Nobunaga rarely put too much trust in his retainers, he particularly trusted Shibata Katsuie, Hashiba Hideyoshi, and Akechi Mitsuhide, who was the first subordinate to receive a castle from Nobunaga.After Mitsuhide received Sakamoto, he moved to pacify the Tanba region by defeating several clans such as the Hatano clan and Akai Naomasa of Tango. Mitsuhide also received Kameyama castle and Tanba Province (550,000 koku). He participated in Ishiyama Hongan-ji War (1570-1580) and the Battle of Tedorigawa in 1577. In 1579, Nobunaga's forces under Mitsuhide captured Yakami Castle from Hatano Hideharu by promising Hideharu peace terms; however, Nobunaga betrayed the peace agreement and had Hideharu executed. This


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 reputedly displeased the Hatano family. As a result of this, several of Hideharu's retainers murdered <mask> Mitsuhide's mother (or aunt). The failing relationship between Nobunaga and Mitsuhide was further fueled through several public insults which Nobunaga directed at Mitsuhide.Honnō-ji Incident

In 1582, Mitsuhide was ordered to march west and assist Hashiba Hideyoshi who was at that time fighting the Mōri clan. Ignoring his orders, Mitsuhide assembled an army of 13,000 soldiers and moved against Nobunaga's position at Honnō-ji. On June 21, Mitsuhide was quoted as saying, "The enemy is at Honnō-ji!" His army surrounded the temple and eventually set it on fire. Oda Nobunaga was killed either during the fighting, or by his own hand. Nobunaga's son, Oda Nobutada, fled the scene, but was surrounded at Nijō and killed. Despite not killing Nobunaga personally, Mitsuhide claimed responsibility for his death.Mitsuhide's betrayal of the Oda shocked the capital, and he was forced to move quickly to secure his position. Mitsuhide looted Azuchi castle to reward his men and maintain their loyalty. Mitsuhide attempted to make gestures of friendship to a panicked Imperial Court; he also made many attempts to win over the other clans, but to no avail. Hosokawa Fujitaka, to whom he was related through marriage, quickly cut ties with him. Tsutsui Junkei refused to take Akechi side and half-heartedly supported Hideyoshi. Death
Mitsuhide had counted on Toyotomi Hideyoshi being occupied fighting with the Mori, and unable to respond to Mitsuhide's coup d'état. However, having learned of the


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 assassination of his lord, Hideyoshi quickly signed a peace treaty with the Mori, and alongside Tokugawa Ieyasu rushed to be the first to avenge Nobunaga and take his place.Hideyoshi force-marched his army to Settsu in four days, and caught Mitsuhide off guard. Mitsuhide had been unable to garner support for his cause, and his army had dwindled down to 10,000 men. Hideyoshi, however, had won over former Oda retainers, including Niwa Nagahide and Takayama Ukon, and had a strength of 20,000 men. The two forces met at the Battle of Yamazaki. Battle of Yamazaki

Mitsuhide took up a position south of Shōryūji Castle, securing his right flank by the Yodo river, and his left at the foot of the 270-metre Tennozan. Hideyoshi immediately seized the advantage by securing the heights of Tennōzan; his vanguard then maneuvered to face the Akechi forces along the Enmyōji river. Mitsuhide's forces made a failed attempt to force Hideyoshi from Tennōzan.Hideyoshi's general, Ikeda Nobuteru moved to reinforce Hideyoshi's right flank, which soon crossed Enmyōji-gawa and turned the Akechi flank. Simultaneously, Hideyoshi's forces marched against the Akechi front; this started a rout, only two hours after the battle had begun. Mitsuhide's men fled, with the exception of the 200 men under Mimaki Kaneaki, who charged and were destroyed by Hideyoshi's larger force. Soon, panic set in among the Akechi army, and Hideyoshi's army chased them back to Shōryūji, where the garrison collapsed. <mask> was later killed while fleeing the battle of Yamazaki by the bandit leader Nakamura Chōbei. Reasons for


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 betrayal

No one knows the specific reason that Mitsuhide betrayed Nobunaga, though there are several theories:
Religious - Mitsuhide was a devout Buddhist and witnessed first-hand Nobunaga ordering the slaughter of thousands of Buddhists,  especially at Mount Hiei in 1571. He held deep hidden resentment against Nobunaga for this.Personal ambition - Mitsuhide had grown tired of waiting for promotion under Nobunaga or had grown tired of being under another's authority. A personal grudge:
During the battle at Yakami Castle, 1575, Mitsuhide's mother died for Nobunaga's cause. Nobunaga accused Mitsuhide of superficially praising his allies after their victory over the Takeda and physically kicked him. While staying at Azuchi Castle, Tokugawa Ieyasu complained about the food he was served. Nobunaga responded by throwing Mitsuhide's priceless dinnerware into the garden pond. Nobunaga had asked him to – a legend states that Nobunaga asked Mitsuhide to strike him down if he were ever to become too ruthless, and the Incident at Honnō-ji is Mitsuhide fulfilling this promise. Betrayal by Hosokawa Fujitaka – Fujitaka, father of Mitsuhide's son-in-law, was said to have promised aid to Mitsuhide but in actuality was reporting the plot to Hideyoshi.He was asked to – one theory is that he was asked or influenced to betray Nobunaga by Mōri Terumoto, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Nōhime, Esam Abunaga, the Shimazu clan or Emperor Ogimachi. Protecting the Imperial Court. One theory supposed Nobunaga may have abolished the Imperial Court in Kyoto, when he no longer


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 needed it. <mask> Mitsuhide, who was, before his treason, seen as an honorable samurai, and had been a retainer to both Nobunaga and the Ashikaga shogunate, asked his lord to guarantee the safety and honorific position of the Court, or at least for the Emperor. Family
Father: Akechi Mitsutsuna
Mother: Daughter of the Wakasa Takeda clan
Wife: Tsumaki Hiroko ()
Sons:
Akechi Mitsuyoshi ()
Daughters:
Hosokawa Gracia (): Wife of Hosokawa Tadaoki; ancestor of Empress Shōken
Relatives
Akechi Mitsuharu (): Cousin
Akechi Hidemitsu (): Adopted son (and son-in-law); ancestor of Sakamoto Ryōma
Nōhime: Cousin; Saitō Dōsan daughter; Wife of Oda Nobunaga

Legacy

Tensho Koshirae sword
The sword of Mitsuhide is the Tensho style; the 'Tensho Koshirae' was first designed to be a replica of <mask> Mitsuhide's own sword. The Akechi family was able to trace their heritage to the Toki clan and from there to the Minamoto clan. Castles built or reconstructed by Mitsuhide
Mitsuhide was well known as a master of castle construction, and was engaged in the construction of many castles.Sakamoto Castle , Main base of Akechi clan. (Mitsuhide`s residence)
Fukuchiyama Castle
Kameyama Castle, In 2019, <mask> Mistuhide`s statue was built in the castle. Shūzan Castle
Kinzan Castle
Kuroi Castle
Shūchi Castle
Usayama Castle

See also
 People of the Sengoku period in popular culture

References

Further reading

1520s births
1582 deaths
Akechi clan
Daimyo
Japanese warriors killed in battle
Oda retainers
People of Azuchi–Momoyama-period Japan
People of Muromachi-period Japan
Samurai
Leaders who took power by

masks: Akechi Akechi Akechi


texts: <mask> (गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध) (13 November 1917 – 11 September 1964) was one of the most prominent Hindi poets, essayists, literary and political critics, and fiction writers of the 20th century. <mask> is widely regarded as a pioneer of modern Hindi poetry in India along with Surya Kant Tripathi 'Nirala'. He was a leading figure in the Prayogvaad Experimentalism movement of Hindi literature and of the Nayi Kahani and Nayi Kavita Modernism of the 1950s. He is also considered a central figure in the rise of 'New Criticism' in Indian literature. He was an assistant-editor of important Hindi journals including Naya Khun and Vasudha. <mask> was born in Sheopur, Madhya Pradesh. He started out as was one of the seven poets included in the first volume of Tar Saptak, a series of anthologies (1943), which marked a transition in Hindi literature from the prevalent movement in Chhayavaad or Romanticism.The initiation of Prayogvaad or Experimentalism and Pragativaad or Progressivism in Hindi poetry eventually led to the creation of the 'Nayi Kahani' (New Story) movement or Modernism. Brahmarakshas (ब्रह्मराक्षस) is considered Muktibodh's most influential work in experimental poems, noted for the use of archetypal imagery. This poem is a haunting depiction of

masks:
Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh
Muktibodh
Muktibodh


texts: the contemporary intellectual, who gets so lost in his own sense of perfectionism, unending calculations, and subjective interpretation of the external reality that he loses touch with reality itself, and eventually dies and fades away like a dead bird. <mask> was deeply influenced by Marxism and Existentialism, and expressed his deep discontent with contemporary society. According to Sanjay K. Gautam, <mask> was "the most influential Marxist Hindi poet in postcolonial India, and one of the founders of modernism in Hindi poetry". He continued to show his progressive streak even after the disintegration of the Progressive Writers' Movement after 1953; and, through the rest of his career, he along with writers like Yashpal, continued his ideological fight against modernist and formalist trends in Hindi literature. He is best known for his long poems:Brahma-rakshasa (ब्रह्मराक्षस), Chand ka Muh Teda hai (The Moon Wears a Crooked Smile) (चाँद का मुहँ टेढ़ा है), Andhere Mein (In the Dark) (अंधेरे में) and Bhuri Bhuri Khak Dhul (The Brown Dry Dust) (भूरी भूरी ख़ाक धूल); his complete works extending to 6 volumes, were published in 1980, as Muktibodh Rachnavali.Sharadchandra <mask> <mask> (1921–1985), a Marathi poet, novelist, and Marxist critic, winner

masks: Muktibodh Muktibodh Madhav Muktibodh


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 of Sahitya Akademi Award (1979) in Marathi, was the younger brother of Muktibodh

Works

His first individual book was published in 1964, when he was on his death-bed: [Chand Ka Muh Teda Hai  (चाँद का मुहँ टेढ़ा है). Although Muktibodh could not manage to get his works published, as a book in his lifetime, he was one of the contributing poets to the first three volumes of Tar Saptak, a series of path-breaking poetry anthologies, edited by Ajneya. "Bhoori Bhoori Khak Dhool"is the collection of his remaining poems. His collected works, published as 'Muktibodh Rachnavali" were edited by Nemichand Jain. He is today considered a bridge between the Progressive movement in Hindi poetry and the Nayi Kavita (Modern poetry) movement. <mask> made a name for himself in the field of criticism as well, with his strong views on the upper caste influence on the disintegration of Bhakti movement in India, which he viewed a lower caste uprising against the hegemony upper caste. In literary criticism, he wrote a critical work on Jaishankar Prasad's Kamayani titled: Kamayani, Ek Punarvichar.Ek Sahityik ki Diary, first written for his column in the weekly Naya Khun, and later continued in the journal Vasudha (1957–60), offers a glimpse of his literary and


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 socio-political criticism, and insights into his way of thinking, and was first published in 1964. It is most noted for the article, Teesra Kshana (Third Moment), where he shows his preference for the hypothesis of three successive stages in the creative process, of inspiration, impersonalisation and expression, rather than a single moment of inspiration

Media

A Hindi feature film, Satah Se Uthata Aadmi (Arising from the Surface), with script and dialogues by him, was directed by veteran film director, Mani Kaul, and shown at Cannes Film Festival in 1981. In 2004, "Brahmarakshas ka Shishya", a dramatization of Muktibodh's story, was presented in New Delhi by Soumyabrata Choudhury. His novel, Vipatra has also been made into an audio book for the blind. Legacy

His brilliance was recognized by the literary world after the posthumous publication of Chand Ka Munh Tedha Hai, the first collection of his poems, in the early 1960s. Ever since, the book has run into several editions, and is recognized as a modern classic. In his memory, Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Parishad, has instituted the annual MuktiBodh Puraskar.In 2004, 'Muktibodh Smarak', a memorial was set up at the 'Triveni Sangrahalaya' in Rajnandgaon in Chhattisgarh, along with fellow poets of


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 Chhattisgarh, Padumlal Punnalal Bakshi and Baldeo Prasad Mishra. Bibliography
 Chand ka Muh Teda Hai – (Anthology of Poems), 1964, Bharatiya Jnanpith. Kath Ka Sapna (Anthology of Short stories), 1967, Bharatiya Jnanpith. Satah Se Uthta Admi (Anthology of Short stories), 1971, Bharatiya Jnanpith
 Nayi Kavita ka Atmasangharsh tatha anya Nibandha (Essays), 1964, Visvabharati Prakashan. Ek Sahityik ki Dairy (Essays), 1964, Bharatiya Jnanpith. Vipatra (Novel), 1970, Bharatiya Jnanpith. Naye sahitya ka saundarya-shastra, 1971, Radhakrishna Prakashan.Kamayani: Ek punarvichar, 1973, Sahitya Bharti. Bhuri Bhuri Khak Dhul – (Anthology of Poems), 1980, New Delhi, Rajkamal Publications. <mask> Rachnavali, Edited by Nemichandra Jain, (Complete Works) 6 Vols., 1980, New Delhi, Rajkamal Publications. Samiksha ki samasyain, 1982, New Delhi, Rajkamal Publications. Pratinidhi kavitayein, edited by Ashoka Vajapeyi. 1984, Rajkamal Prakashan. In the Dark: Andhere Mein, translated by Krishna Baldev Vaid.2001, Rainbow Publishers. . (.). Dabre Par Sooraj ka Bimb, 2002, National Book Trust. .
 Muktibodh Ki Kavitayen (Anthology of Poems), 2004, Sahitya Akademi. .

Further reading
Sanjay K. Gautam, "Modernism and the Birth of Divided Subjectivity in Postcolonial India: A


texts:
 Study of Muktibodh (1917–1964)", South Asia Review, Vol. 33, No.1 (2012), 77-90. Soviet Literature, by Soi͡uz pisateleĭ, USSR. 1947, Foreign Languages Publishing House, p 144-147. Muktibodh ka sahitya: Ek anusilana, by Shashi Sharma, 1977, Indraprastha Prakashan.Muktibodh: Vicharak, kavi aura Kathakar, by Surendra Pratap, 1978, National Publishing House. Muktibodh: Sankalpatmaka kavita, by Jagdish Kumar 1981, Nachiketa Prakashan. Muktibodh ka Sahitya-vivek aur unki Kavita, by Lallan Ray, 1982, Manthan Pub. Muktibodh ki atmakatha, by Vishnuchandra Sharma, 1984, Radhakrishna Prakashan. (Biography)
 Paya Patra Tumhara: Gajanan Madhava Muktibodh aur Nemichandra Jain ke bich Patra-vyavahar, (1942–1964), Edited by Nemichandra Jain. 1984, Rajkamal Prashan
 Muktibodh: Yuga chetana aur Abhivyakti, by Alok Gupta, 1985, Giranar Prakashan. Jatil samvedana ke kavi Muktibodh, by Alok Gupta, 1993, Parsva Prakashan.Pratibaddhata aur Muktibodh ka Kavya, by Prabhat Tripathi. 1990, Vagdevi Prakashan. .
 Muktibodh ka shilpa-saushthava, by Madhu Srvastav, 1992, Janardan Prakashan. Muktibodh kavi aura kavya, by Madan Gulati. 1994, C.D. Publication. Muktibodh: Muktikami chetana ke kavi, by Ajay Shukla, 1994, Sanjay Book Centre. Muktibodha ki kavya Bhasha, by Kshama


texts:
 Shankar Pandey, 1995, Shilpi Prakashan.Muktibodh ki kavita mem yathartha-bodha, by Sashibala Sharma, Sabda aura Sabda Pub. Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh: Srjana aur Shilpa, by Ranjit Sinha, 1995, Jay Bharati Prakashan. Muktibodh ki kavitaon se guzarate hue, by Anup Sharma, 1996, Sahitya Bhavan Pvt. Ltd.
 Muktibodha vichar aur Kavita, by Devendra Kumar Jain, 1998, Takshasila Prakashan. Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh Ke Kavya Mein Samajik Chintan, by Yuvraj Sontakke, New Delhi, New Bhartiya Book Corporation. 2000. Muktibodha-kavya: Janavadi chetana ke sandarbha main, by Premalata Casavala.(Socialism in the poetic works of <mask> Madhav Muktibodh), 2001, Adhara Prakashan, . Muktibodh ki Kavya Bhasha, by Sanat Kumar 2001, Chintan Prakashan, Kanpur. (Study of the poetic works of Muktibodh). Naash Devta and Kal Aur Aaj, poems by <mask> (Hindi)

 Brahma Rakshas Ka Shishya, a story by Muktibodh
 Muktibodh ki Kavyaprakriya, by Ashok Chakradhar. Muktibodh ki Kavitai, by Ashok Chakradhar, 1975. Muktibodh ki Samishai, by Ashok Chakradhar. Lives and Works of Great Hindi Poets, by Manohar Bandopadhyay, 1994, B.R.Pub. House, . Page 149. Muktibodh ki Nivadak kavita, by Sharadchandra Madhav Muktibodh, 1993, Sahitya Akademi. . (Younger brother)
 Muktibodha: Sahitya Mein

masks: Gajanan Muktibodh


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 Nayi Pravittian, 2013, Doodhnath Singh

Notes and references

External links
 Muktibodh at Kavita Kosh (Hindi)
 Discussion on Life and Works of Muktibodh
 Nāsh Devatā – a heavy metal rendition of the poem
 अनहद कृति ई-पत्रिका में साहित्य स्तंम्भ गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध का जीवन परिचय एवं कुछ रचनाएं Muktibodh in Anhadkriti
 Translation of "Mujhe Kadam Kadam par"

1917 births
1964 deaths
Hindi-language writers
Hindi-language poets
Indian columnists
Indian male essayists
Indian literary critics
Writers from Madhya Pradesh
People from Sheopur
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian essayists
Indian male poets
20th-century Indian male


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<mask> (November 30, 1888 – May 1, 1970) was an American electronics researcher. He invented the <mask> oscillator and the <mask> transform, and contributed to the foundations of information theory. Biography

<mask> was born in Sprucemont, Nevada, and attended the University of Utah, receiving an A.B. degree in 1909. He became a Rhodes Scholar at St Johns, Oxford University, in 1910 and received a B.A. degree in 1912 and a B.Sc. degree in 1913.He married Florence Vail of Brooklyn on March 21, 1916. The <mask>s had no children. He returned to the United States and was employed at the Research Laboratory of the Western Electric Company. In 1915 he was in charge of radio receiver development for the Bell System transatlantic radiotelephone tests. For this he developed the <mask> oscillator and also a neutralizing circuit to eliminate triode singing resulting from internal coupling. A patent for the oscillator was filed on June 1, 1915 and awarded on October 26, 1920. During World War I <mask> established the principles that led to sound-type directional finders.Following the war he returned to Western Electric. He later worked at Bell Laboratories. He performed research on repeaters and voice and carrier transmission and formulated the law "that the total amount of information that can be transmitted is proportional to frequency range transmitted and the time of the transmission." His 1928 paper is considered as "the single most important prerequisite" for Shannon's theory of

masks:
Ralph Vinton Lyon Hartley
Hartley
Hartley
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Hartley
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Hartley


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 information. After about 10 years of illness he returned to Bell Labs in 1939 as a consultant. In spite of his illness during most of the 1930s, <mask> had formed a theoretical and experimental research group at Bell Laboratories starting in 1929 to investigate nonlinear oscillations and what later became known as parametric amplifiers. This research was mostly parallel to the work being done at the same time in Soviet Russia by Leonid Mandelstam and in Europe by Balthasar van der Pol.A short review and extensive bibliography was published by Mumford in 1960. The Bell Laboratories work was carried on under <mask>'s guidance during the 1930s and 1940s by John Burton and Eugene Peterson (who themselves had begun investigations of nonlinear circuits as far back as 1917 when they had observed unusual characteristics while working with E.F.W. Alexanderson's magnetic modulators, an early form of magnetic amplifier). Peterson later got John Manley
and Harrison Rowe involved in this line of research during the 1940s which culminated in the now famous Manley–Rowe relations and several papers by the latter two authors on the topic of parametric circuits in the mid 1950s. During World War II he was particularly involved with servomechanism problems. He retired from Bell Labs in 1950 and died on May 1, 1970. His legacy includes the naming of the hartley, a unit of information equal to one decimal digit, after him.Awards
 IRE Medal of Honor, 1946, for his oscillator and information

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 proportionality law. This was an award from the Institute of Radio Engineers which later merged into the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; the award became the IEEE Medal of Honor. Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Publications
Probably incomplete. <mask>, R.V.L., "The Function of Phase Difference in the Binaural Location of Pure Tones," Physical Review, Volume 13, Issue 6, pp 373–385, (June 1919). <mask>, R.V.L., Fry T.C.,"The Binaural Location of Pure Tones", Physical Review, Volume 18, Issue 6, pp 431 – 442, (December 1921). <mask>, R.V.L., "Relations of Carrier and Side-Bands in Radio Transmission", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 11, Issue 1, pp 34 – 56, (February 1923). <mask>, R.V.L., "Transmission of Information", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 7, Number 3, pp.535–563, (July 1928). <mask>, R.V.L., "A Wave Mechanism of Quantum Phenomena", Physical Review, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 289, (1929) (abstract only)
 <mask>, R.V.L., "Oscillations in Systems with Non-Linear Reactance", The Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 15, Number 3, pp 424 – 440, (July 1936). <mask>, R.V.L., "Excitation of Raman Spectra with the Aid of Optical Catalysers", Nature, Volume 139, pg 329 - 329, (20 February 1937)
 <mask>, R.V.L., "Steady State Delay as Related to Aperiodic Signals", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 20, Number 2, pp 222 – 234, (April 1941). <mask>, R.V.L., "A More Symmetrical Fourier Analysis Applied to Transmission

masks: Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley


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 Problems," Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 30, Number 2, pp. 144–150 (March 1942). <mask>, R.V.L., "Note on the Application of Vector Analysis to the Wave Equation", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 22, Issue 4, pg 511, (1950). <mask>, R.V.L., "The Significance of Nonclassical Statistics", Science, Volume 111, Number 2891, pp 574 – 576, (May 26, 1950)
 <mask>, R.V.L., "Matter, a Mode of Motion", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 29, Number 3, pg 350 - 368, (July 1950).<mask>, R.V.L., "The Reflection of Diverging Waves by a Gyrostatic Medium", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 29, Number 3, pp 369 – 389, (July 1950),
 <mask>, R.V.L., "A New System of Logarithmic Units", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume. 43, Number 1, pg 97, (January 1955). <mask>, R.V.L., "New System of Logarithmic Units", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 27, Issue 1, pp 174 – 176, (1955)
 <mask>, R.V.L., "Information Theory of The Fourier Analysis and Wave Mechanics", August 10, 1955, publication information unknown. US Patent 1,666,206, Modulation System, April 17, 1928, United States Patent and Trademark Office, ; page images can be downloaded. 1888 births
1970 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
American Rhodes Scholars
American electronics engineers
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
American information theorists
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of Utah alumni
20th-century American

masks: Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley Hartley


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<mask> (born 11 December 1970) is an Australian Liberal Party politician appointed as Minister for Employment, Workforce, Skills, Small and Family Business by Prime Minister Scott Morrison in his Ministerial reshuffle in March 2021. This promotion followed <mask>'s appointment as Minister for Government Services and the Minister for the National Disability Insurance Scheme in 2019. He was also appointed Acting Minister for Education and Youth in December 2021. He has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Fadden, on the Northern Gold Coast since 2007. <mask> served in the Abbott Ministry as the Assistant Minister for Defence from 18 September 2013 until 21 September 2015. Following a leadership spill in the preceding week, new Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull appointed <mask> to the roles of Minister for Veterans' Affairs, Minister for Human Services and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Centenary of ANZAC. Following an investigation into a possible conflict of interest, <mask> announced his resignation from the Ministry on 12 February 2016.In August 2018, Peter Dutton unsuccessfully challenged Malcolm Turnbull for the leadership of the Liberal Party. Leadership tension continued to build, and the party voted to hold a second ballot on 24 August, with Turnbull choosing not to stand. During this time <mask> is widely reported to have worked to support for the candidacy of Scott Morrison for the leadership of the Liberal party. <mask> was later appointed as Assistant Treasurer in the first Morrison Ministry. <mask> is regarded as one of Prime Minister Morrison's closest confidants. He also sits on a number of Cabinet committees. Background and early years
<mask> was born in Victoria and spent his early years growing up on a sugar cane farm in Bundaberg, Queensland.He was educated at Rockhampton Grammar School

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Stuart Rowland Robert
Robert
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 where, at the age of 17, he secured a scholarship to the Australian Defence Force Academy as an Army Officer Cadet. Following the Academy, <mask> attended the Royal Military College Duntroon. He completed a Masters in Business Administration at Central Queensland University, a Masters in Information Technology at the Queensland University of Technology and graduated from the University of New South Wales with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours. Early career

Military career
<mask>'s professional career began in the military where he served for twelve years in units including the 3rd Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment and the 51st Battalion, The Far North Queensland Regiment. The latter, based on Thursday Island, was at the time the largest indigenous unit in the Defence Force. It was also during this time that <mask> completed his master's degrees, mostly part-time. A vast majority of <mask>'s military career was spent working within military intelligence and security, and he worked his way to the rank of captain.That included a four-month tour of duty with the peace monitoring force in Bougainville following the civil war. Business career
After leaving the army in 1999, <mask> founded the IT services firm GMT Recruitment, with colleague Andrew Chantler. GMT Recruitment subsequently grew to be a nationwide company and was named a Business Review Weekly "Fast 100" award winner in 2006. The list, which recognised the fastest-growing 100 companies in Australia, again featured GMT Recruitment in both 2007 and 2008. Political career
In 1991, <mask> joined the Liberal Party. As he later explained to parliament, "I was motivated to action as I witnessed the diabolical consequences of the recession which, apparently, 'we had to have', the crippling interest rates and the very high level of industrial disputes which so

masks: Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert


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 adversely impacted on my family and many surrounding families. Through all of this turbulence, the urgency to ensure that this place [was] governed for all Australia and not just for sectional interests became self-evident."In 2007 <mask> was elected to the House of Representatives representing the seat of Fadden. Two years later, on 8 December 2009, he was appointed Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Defence. On 14 September 2010 he was promoted to Shadow Minister for Defence Science, Technology and Personnel. After the 2013 federal election <mask> was appointed the Assistant Minister for Defence in the Abbott Government. After the change of prime minister in September 2015, he was appointed to Minister for Veterans' Affairs, Minister for Human Services and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Centenary of ANZAC with effect from 21 September 2015. Following his support for Scott Morrison’s successful bid for the Prime Ministership in August 2018 <mask> was appointed as Assistant Treasurer in the first Morrison Ministry. Following the Coalition’s re-election in May 2019 <mask> was promoted to Cabinet and appointed as Minister for the National Disability Insurance Scheme and Minister for Government Services - two areas identified as key priorities by Prime Minister Morrison for his Government.In March 2021 <mask> was promoted to the role of Minister for Employment, Workforce, Skills, Small and Family Business. He also retained responsibility for whole-of-government technology through the Digital Transformation Agency. When asked why Minister <mask> had been promoted the Prime Minister cited <mask>'s successful tenure in his previous role. National Disability Insurance Scheme
In his role as Minister for the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)  Mr <mask>  progressed its implementation. In June 2019, in

masks: Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert


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 response to delays and backlogs for children with disability in accessing Early Childhood Early Intervention (ECEI) supports through the NDIS Mr <mask> directed the National Disability Insurance Agency to provide standardised interim plans to children who have been found eligible for the NDIS, but who are likely to experience a wait time of greater than 50 days. In the 2020 Federal Budget Treasurer Josh Frydenberg noted over 400,000 Australians were being supported through the NDIS. News coverage in January 2021 noted NDIS “waiting times have dropped after concerted efforts from the Federal Government and the National Disability Insurance Agency”.The report found 85 per cent of NDIS participants rating their planning experience as “very good” or “good”. With a spokesman for NDIS Minister <mask> said the Federal Government had made improving access and planning decision timeframes a priority, and had made “significant improvements since May 2019”. In February 2021 Minister <mask> said he would press ahead with introducing legislative amendments to parliament after a court ruled sex services were not excluded under law from being taxpayer funded through the NDIS saying: “NDIS participants can still freely use their own money, whether that is through government support or earned income, to spend on whatever they want. All we are saying is taxpayer NDIS funds were never intended to be used in this way and we’ll be ensuring this does not happen again.”

Government Services

Establishing Services Australia
At the outset of his role as Minister for Government Services Mr <mask> established Services Australia. In July 2019 he appointed Mr Martin Hoffman to lead a taskforce to develop a strategic plan to deliver the reform to government service delivery. While announcing the taskforce Mr <mask> said:  “In those important

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Robert
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 moments when Australians reach out for government services they rightly expect a simple and seamless interaction. Services Australia will be outcomes focused and will put in place the right structure needed to deliver that experience.‘Whether Australians are accessing government services digitally, in person or over the phone, in the future I want Services Australia to deliver a similar experience to what Australians are used to when dealing with everyday services, such as banking and shopping"Minister <mask> appointed Rebecca Skinner as CEO of Services Australia in March 2020. Support for Black Summer Bushfires
Services Australia staff deployed as part of the emergency response to the 2019-20 Black Summer Bushfires. Minister <mask> told Parliament that Services Australia had provided support deploying more than 20 mobile support teams into dozens of hard-to-reach communities, and delivered millions of dollars via thousands of disaster payments to fire-affected residents. He noted Services Australia also successfully trialed facial verification technology to provide support to those who had lost identity documents. Government Services Response to COVID-19 Pandemic
As Minister for Government Services Minister <mask> lead Services Australia’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020 the National Cabinet closed large sections of the Australian economy driving a high demand for social supports and saw thousands of people queue outside Centrelinks to apply for government payments. Minister <mask> said in response Services Australia made impressive strides in process simplification and digital processing to adapt to the demand.Minister <mask> said: “This included enabling people to establish their identity online, providing customer reference numbers via myGov and introducing a simplified online claim form, which

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 people can complete in about 20 minutes, as opposed to the previous average of about 55 minutes,”

“Australians can now obtain a CRN and apply for JobSeeker all online through myGov, something successive governments have been trying to deliver for years. Services Australia has delivered this in just four weeks.”Following a surge of 12,000 staff drawn from across the Australian Public Service and service partners Services Australia processed as many JobSeeker claims within roughly 50 days as it normally would in two years. Thanks to help from staff from across the Australian Public Service, the agency has granted financial assistance to over 800,000 Australians who have lost their jobs. On Sunday 7 February 2021 Minister <mask> announced Services Australia would ensure Australians would be able to tap and display COVID-19 “proof of vaccination” certificates on their phones or carry hard copies with them. Minister <mask> said: “In preparation for the COVID-19 vaccine rollout, Services Australia has made critical enhancements to the Australian Immunisation Register, including increasing system capacity so more customers can access their information on the register at the same time, new AIR functionality to capture more detailed information about vaccines given, and updating immunisation history statements to show all COVID-19 vaccine doses,” he said. ”We will continue to improve our systems throughout the COVID-19 vaccine rollout to support a faster return to normal life for Australians. This includes making it faster and easier to securely access proof of COVID-19 vaccination, which could include improvements in how Australians store or access their immunisation history statement."Future of Government Services
In December 2020 Minister <mask> announced a refurbished Services Australia Service Centre in Western Australia

masks: Robert Robert Robert


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 would be used to trial a “new era” of government service delivery. The Perth City Service Centre would offer a new “welcoming environment” that has been designed specifically to help older Australians who need additional support. Minister <mask> said said the new centre would offer upgraded self-service facilities and digital support, appointment-based services, and specialist services made available through video chat. In February 2021 Minister <mask> visited Services Australia’s Virtual Service Centre pilot saying:"The pilot is seeing excellent results and it is an innovative approach to service delivery I would like to see expanded to ensure Australians can access the services they rely on, on their terms," he said…Services Australia staff are doing an extraordinary job through a difficult period and the Virtual Service Centre pilot is an example of how staff are meeting Australians where they are to get the help they need in a COVID world." Employment, Workforce, Skills, Small and Family Business
In March 2021 <mask> was promoted to the role of Minister for Employment, Workforce, Skills, Small and Family Business. He also retained responsibility for whole-of-government technology through the Digital Transformation Agency. In his capacity as Minister for Employment, Workforce, Skills, Small and Family Business <mask> led the effort to build Australia’s workforce which included the largest investment in skills and training in Australia’s history.JobTrainer
In February 2022 Minister <mask> announced that the Morrison Government’s $2 billion JobTrainer program had hit another significant milestone, exceeding its initial course commitment with more than 300,000 enrolments across the country. The major JobTrainer milestone followed an official update from the National Centre for Vocational Education Research. It found

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 apprentice and trainee numbers continue to surge across Australia, with in-training increasing in 2021 by 27.5 per cent. Commencements over the last 12 months are up 59.5 per cent. Completion rates are up by more than 21 per cent, compared to the same period last year. Minister <mask> said: Our policies and record funding, $7.1 billion this year alone, are putting Australians at the front of the queue—whether that is starting an apprenticeship, mastering an in-demand skill or getting a job. We have well over half a million job-ready Australians skilling up or skilled up, with more than 300,000 JobTrainer enrolments and the highest level of trade apprentices on record with over 220,000 in training.Industry Training Hubs
In October 2021 Minister <mask> announced the completion of the Morrison Government's national network of ten Industry Training Hubs, an election commitment at the 2019 Federal Election, with the launch of the latest hub in Alice Springs. He said the national network of Industry Training Hubs were part of the Morrison Government’s focus on helping young Australians to build skills for jobs. VET Reforms
In October 2021 Minister <mask> announced a fundamental overhaul of Australia’s vocational education and training (VET) system. Under the new Industry Clusters model groups of aligned industries will replace the 67 Industry Reference Committees and six Skills Service Organisations and were expected to be fully operational by 1 January 2023. The Government said the reforms would ensure courses and qualifications in the sector are driven by and better meet the needs of industry, as well as students. Minister <mask> said: Australia’s economic future relies on a VET system that works for students and employers, which is why industry engagement is so important as part of our skills-led recovery. The new

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 Industry Clusters will strengthen employer leadership and engagement, giving industry a broader, more strategic role ensuring Australia’s VET system addresses skills and workforce challenges across the economy, including labour demands, as we reopen strongly.Employment Facilitators
In November 2021 the Government completed its national roll out of its Employment Facilitators network through its Local Jobs Program. The nation-wide expansion was funded as part of the $276.3 million boost to the Local Jobs Program in the 2020-21 Federal Budget. The Local Jobs Program brings together expertise, resources and access to funding at the local level to support job seekers and their communities in each region. The program has a particular focus on reskilling, upskilling and employment pathways and is part of supporting Australia’s economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Minister <mask> said:As our regions emerge from lockdowns it is essential that we continue to create opportunities for businesses to connect with workers they need, that is what our Local Jobs Program is all about. More than ever, we want to ensure local job seekers can gain meaningful employment. Our Local Jobs Program is a chance to make a real difference and help local communities.Record Trade Apprentices
In November 2021 Australia hit the highest level of trade apprentices on record. Department program data found Australian in-training trade apprenticeships reached 217,400 in July 2021, the highest number since records began in 1963. This was attributed to the impacts of the Morrison Government’s record funding of skills and training the number of Australians undertaking skills and training has surged with total in-training apprenticeships and traineeships for June 2021 at 347,266 up from 268,215 in June 2020. This was said to contrast with the former


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 Rudd-Gillard-Rudd Labor Government that cut incentives to employ apprentices nine times between 2011 and 2013, totalling $1.2 billion. National Centre for Vocational Education Research data also showed apprentices and trainees in-training collapsed by 22 per cent, or 111,320 through 2012-13. Departmental evidence provided at Senate Estimates attributed this to the tightening of policy measures to address the widespread transfers of existing workers into traineeships and apprenticeships to gain easy access to government supports. Record VET and TAFE Funding
In December 2021 a study by the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER) of Australian Vocational Education and Training funding found the Morrison Government provided the vast majority of the increase to funding across the skills and training sector, including TAFE.The NCVER study found the Morrison Government increased funding from $2.65 billion in 2019 to $3.83 billion in 2020 (excluding loans), an increase of $1.18 billion or 44.7 per cent. Over the same period the State and territory governments’ combined contribution increased from $3.72 billion in 2019 to $3.86 billion in 2020, an increase of $142.2 million or 3.8 per cent. Minister <mask> said: The Morrison Government has delivered the highest number of trade apprentices on record, hundreds of thousands of Australians are upskilling or reskilling thanks to JobTrainer, TAFE funding has increased, and record levels of Commonwealth financial supports are in place to support Australians to get world-leading job-ready skills. This report once again demonstrates the Morrison Government’s significant supports during the pandemic will help to maintain and grow Australia’s workforce through the greatest economic shock since the Great Depression—thanks to our efforts in 2020, 2021 is proving to be the


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 Year of the Australian Apprentice. Critisms of Labor's Skills Election Platform
In December 2021 Minister <mask> criticised a skills announcement for the 2022 Federal Election by Opposition Spokesman for Skills Richard Marles and Opposition Leader Anthony Albanese. He said:Australians can’t trust Labor when last time in government they slashed employer incentives by $1.2bn and saw the biggest fall in training commencements on record. The Morrison Government is the best friend apprentices have ever had and now we know Labor will risk our economic recovery by slashing funding that is getting Australians skilled.Under the Morrison Government, university places are uncapped and more Australians are studying than ever before—in fact, just this year there’s been a 5 per cent increase from last year. The Morrison Government is already delivering $2b into VET skills through JobTrainer—and it’s working. We’ve got the most trade apprentices working right now, more than ever before, because we’ve invested over $4b into boosting apprenticeships and ensuring Australians complete their apprenticeship. So what Anthony Albanese has announced today is actually less money than what the Government is investing so Australians have a right to ask why Labor is cutting funding at a time we need skills the most. National Workforce Policies
In December 2021 Minister <mask> announced a raft of new measures to equip Australia’s workforce with the skills needed to grow Australia’s prosperity. He also released the first State of the Skills Report, delivered by the National Skills Commission. He said:The Morrison Government will deliver a range of measures designed to build workforce capability, support job mobility and ensure challenges such as workforce shortages, the accelerated pace of change with increased use of digital technology, and more

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 flexible ways of working were addressed.Australia’s continued prosperity depends on a workforce with the right skills to meet the demands of the economy and community, as well as the agility to rise to the opportunities presented by emerging industries. I’m also announcing a range of measures designed to help Australians connect to meaningful employment and inform and empower industry to play the important role of attracting and retaining employees. National Trucking Apprenticeship
In December 2021 Minister <mask> and Assistant Minister for Road Safety and Freight Transport Scott Buchholz launched the first Trucking Apprenticeship in Australia’s history. This was welcomed by Prime Minister Scott Morrison who said a new national trucking apprenticeship was a critical step to address a potential shortfall in the trucking workforce while meeting supply chain challenges. Proportion of Australian businesses with apprentices and trainees
In February 2022 Australia’s official skills and training data institute the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER) found the proportion of Australian businesses with apprentices and trainees is at its highest level since 2011 as a result of the Morrison Government’s skills policies. Australian Labour Force - January 2022
In February 2022 Minister <mask> confirmed that the Australian economy remained creating jobs through the peak of the Omicron surge with almost 13,000 jobs added to hit a record high at the same time as female workforce participation hit the highest level on record. Labour force figures released by the ABS confirmed that seasonally adjusted employment increased by 12,900 in January 2022, within the range of market expectations, to stand at a record high of 13,255,000.Employment is now 259,500 (or 2.0%) above the level recorded in March 2020 (when


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 Australia recorded its 100th case of COVID-19). Education and Youth
In December 2021 Minister <mask> was appointed as Acting Minister for Education and Youth following Alan Tudge standing aside from his portfolio pending an investigation by the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet after his former lover and staffer accused him of emotional, and in one case physical, abuse. Preschool Agreements
Minister <mask> concluded a series of preschool funding agreements in late 2021 and early 2022 encompassing Australia. On 6 December 2021  the New South Wales and Commonwealth governments signed a $840 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit 400,000 children over four years. On 12 December 2021 the Victorian and Commonwealth governments signed a $514 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit around 330,000 Victorian children in Four-Year-Old Kindergarten over the next four years. On 20 December 2021 the Commonwealth and South Australian governments signed a $113 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit about 80,000 South Australian children in the year before school over the next four years. On 20 December 2021 the Commonwealth and Northern Territory governments signed a $20 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit up to 14,000 NT children in the year before school over the next four years.On 30 December 2021 the Commonwealth and Australian Capital Territory governments signed a $40 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit up to 25,000 ACT children in the year before school over the next four years. On 30 December 2021 the Commonwealth and Queensland governments have signed a $360 million preschool funding agreement that will benefit more than 250,000 Queensland children in the year before school over the next four years. On 18 February 2022 Minister <mask>