texts:
 circles were agitated by the storm which followed the publication of Essays and Reviews, a volume to which two of his most valued friends, Benjamin Jowett and Frederick Temple, had been contributors. <mask>'s part in this controversy may be studied in the second and third of his Essays on Church and State (1870). The result of his action was to alienate the leaders of the High Church party, who had endeavoured to procure the formal condemnation of the views advanced in Essays and Reviews.In 1863 he published a Letter to the Bishop of London, advocating a relaxation of the terms of clerical subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer. An act amending the Act of Uniformity, and carrying out in some degree <mask>'s proposals, was passed in the year 1865. In 1862, <mask>, at Queen Victoria's wish, accompanied the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) on a tour in Egypt and Palestine. The following year the Queen appointed him Deputy Clerk of the Closet. In June 1863 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society as The Author of – Life of Doctor Arnold – Historical Memorials of Canterbury – Syria and Palestine in connexion with their History – Lectures on the Eastern Churches – and Lectures on the Jewish Churches The collected Works of <mask> take up 32 bound volumes. Dean of Westminster

<mask> was a candidate to succeed as Archbishop of Dublin following the death of Richard Whately in October 1863, but was rejected by the Church of Ireland. Richard Chenevix Trench, the Dean of Westminster, was appointed instead, and towards the close of 1863 <mask> was appointed by the Crown to the newly vacated deanery.In December he married Lady Augusta Bruce, sister of

masks:
Stanley
Stanley
Stanley
Dean Stanley
Stanley
Stanley


type: original

texts:
 Lord Elgin, then governor-general of India. His tenure of the deanery of Westminster was memorable in many ways. He recognised from the first two important disqualifications—his indifference to music and his slight knowledge of architecture. On both these subjects he availed himself largely of the aid of others, and threw himself with characteristic energy and entire success into the task of rescuing from neglect and preserving from decay the treasure of historic monuments in which Westminster Abbey is so rich. In 1865 he published his Memorials of Westminster Abbey, a work which, despite occasional inaccuracies, is a mine of information. He was a constant preacher, and gave a great impulse to Trench's practice of inviting distinguished preachers to the abbey pulpit, especially to the evening services in the nave. His personal influence, already unique, was much increased by his removal to London.His circle of friends included men of every denomination, every class and almost of every nation. Literary work
He was untiring in literary work, and, though this consisted very largely of occasional papers, lectures, articles in reviews, addresses, and sermons, it included a third volume of his History of the Jewish Church, a volume on the Church of Scotland, another of Addresses and Sermons preached in America, "Essays Chiefly on Questions of Church and State from 1850 to 1870 (1870) and Christian Institutions : Essays on Ecclesiastical Subjects (1881), the last two collections some would consider still very relevant today. He was continually engaged in theological controversy, although courteously, and, by his advocacy of all efforts to promote the social, moral, and religious


texts:
 amelioration of the poorer classes and his chivalrous courage in defending those whom he held to be unjustly denounced, undoubtedly incurred opposition from some in influential circles. Among the causes of offence might be enumerated not only his vigorous defence of one from whom he differed to some extent, Bishop Colenso, but his invitation to the Holy Communion of all the revisers of the translation of the Bible, including a Unitarian among other Nonconformists. Still stronger was the feeling caused by his efforts to make the recital of the Athanasian Creed optional instead of imperative in the Church of England. In 1874 he spent part of the winter in Russia, where he went to take part in the marriage of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and the Grand Duchess Marie. Final years
He lost his wife in the spring of 1876, a blow from which he never entirely recovered.In 1878 he became interested by a tour in America, and in the following autumn visited for the last time northern Italy and Venice. In the spring of 1881 he preached funeral sermons in the abbey on Thomas Carlyle and Benjamin Disraeli, concluding with the latter a series of sermons preached on public occasions. In the summer he was preparing a paper on the Westminster Confession, and preaching in the abbey a course of Saturday Lectures on the Beatitudes. He died in the Deanery on 18 July 1881. He was buried in Henry VII's chapel, in the same grave as his wife. His pallbearers comprised representatives of literature, of science, of both Houses of Parliament, of theology, Anglican and Nonconformist, and of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The recumbent monument, by Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm placed upon the spot, and the


texts:
 windows (destroyed 1939–45) in the chapter-house of the abbey, one of them a gift from Queen Victoria, were a tribute to his memory from friends of every class in England and America.A description of his funeral service, on 25 July, is given in a footnote to Historical memorials of Westminster Abbey: "<mask> <mask> (author of this volume) ... was followed by the Prince of Wales, as representative of the Sovereign, by other members of the Royal Family, by representatives of the three Estates of the Realm, of the Cabinet Ministers, the literature, arts, science, and religion of the country, and by a large concourse of the working-men of Westminster—the majority mourning for one who had been their personal friend. The coffin was covered with memorials and expressions of regret from high and low in England, Scotland, France, Germany, and America, and from the members of the Armenian Church. He rests in the same grave with his beloved wife, in the Abbey which he loved so dearly, which he cherished as 'the likeness of the whole English Constitution,' for the care and illustration of which he laboured unceasingly, and with which his name will always be associated." <mask>, <mask>hyn (1815–1881). Historical memorials of Westminster Abbey ; with illustrations, London : John Murray, 1886. Legacy

<mask> was the leading liberal theologian of his time in England. His writings reveal his special views, aims and aspirations.He regarded the age in which he lived as a period of transition, to be followed either by an "eclipse of faith" or by a "revival of Christianity in a wider aspect," a "catholic, comprehensive, all-embracing Christianity" that "might yet overcome the world". He believed

masks:
Arthur Penrhyn
Stanley
Stanley
Arthur Penr
Stanley


texts: that the Christian Church had not yet presented "its final or its most perfect aspect to the world"; that "the belief of each successive age of Christendom had as a matter of fact varied enormously from the belief of its predecessor"; that "all confessions and similar documents are, if taken as final expressions of absolute truth, misleading"; and that "there still remained, behind all the controversies of the past, a higher Christianity which neither assailants nor defenders had fully exhausted." "The first duty of a modern theologian" he held to be "to study the Bible, not for the sake of making or defending systems out of it, but for the sake of discovering what it actually contains." To this study he looked for the best hope of such a progressive development of Christian theology as should avert the danger arising from "the apparently increasing divergence between the intelligence and the faith of our time." He enforced the duty "of placing in the background whatever was accidental, temporary or secondary, and of bringing into due prominence what was primary and essential." In the former group <mask> would have placed all questions connected with Episcopal or Presbyterian orders, or that deal only with the outward forms or ceremonies of religion, or with the authorship or age of the books of the Old Testament. The foremost and highest place, that of the "essential and supernatural" elements of religion, he reserved for its moral and spiritual truths, "its chief evidence and chief essence," the truths to be drawn from the teaching and from the life of Christ, "in whose character he did not hesitate to recognise ?the greatest of all miracles."He insisted on the essential points


texts:
 of union between various denominations of Christians. He was an advocate of the connection between Church and State. By this he understood: (1) "the recognition and support on the part of the state of the religious expression of the faith of the community," and (2) "that this religious expression of the faith of the community on the most sacred and most vital of all its interests should be controlled and guided by the whole community through the supremacy of law." At the same time he was in favour of making the creed of the Church as wide as possible—"not narrower than that which is even now the test of its membership, the Apostles' Creed"—and of throwing down all barriers which could be wisely dispensed with to admission to its ministry. As an immediate step he even advocated the admission under due restrictions of English Nonconformists and Scottish Presbyterians, to preach in Anglican pulpits. The subjects to which he looked as, the most essential of all—the universality of the divine love, the supreme importance of the moral and spiritual elements of religion, the supremacy of conscience, the sense of the central citadel of Christianity as being contained in the character, the history, the spirit of its divine Founder—have impressed themselves more and more on the teaching and the preaching in the Church. According to William Archer, <mask> was "incapable of distinguishing one tune from another" and "took off his hat when the band played 'Rule, Britannia,' under the impression that it was 'God Save the Queen.'"Works
 Life of Doctor Arnold (1844)
 Sermons and Essays on the Apostolic Age (1847)
 Memoir of his father (1851)
 Commentary on the Epistles to the Corinthians (1855)


texts:
 Historical Memorials of Canterbury (1855)
 Sinai and Palestine in Connexion with their History. 1856. 2nd ed. London: John Murray, 1875. History of the Eastern Church (1861)
 History of the Jewish Church (3 vols, 1863, 1865, 1870)
 Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey. London: John Murray, 1870. (Philadelphia, PA, 1899).Essays on Church and State (1870)
 The Church of Scotland (1870)
 Addresses and Sermons preached in America (1870)
 Essays Chiefly on Questions of Church and State from 1850 to 1870 (1870)
 Christian Institutions: Essays on Ecclesiastical Subjects (1881)
The collected The Works of <mask>hyn <mask> take up 32 bound volumes. References

Further reading
 Bolitho, Hector & Baillie, A. V. (1930) A Victorian Dean: a Memoir of <mask>
 Cross, F. L. (ed.) (1957) The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford U. P.; p. 1280
 Prothero, R. E. & Bradley, G. G. (1893) The Life and Correspondence of <mask>hyn <mask>. 2 vols. Witheridge, John.(2013) Excellent <mask>: The Life of <mask> of Westminster. Wilby: Michael Russell Publishing Ltd. . External links

 Westminster Abbey tomb

 <mask>, <mask>hyn (1815–1881). Historical memorials of Westminster Abbey ; with illustrations, London : John Murray, 1886. Full text available from the Internet Archive Digital Library  Catalogue record, full text available from HathiTrust Digital Library

1815 births
1881 deaths
People from Alderley Edge
19th-century English Anglican priests
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Fellows of University College, Oxford
Deans of Westminster
Rectors of the University of St Andrews
Regius Professors of Ecclesiastical History
Fellows of the Royal Society
Burials

masks:
Arthur Penr
Stanley
Arthur Stanley
Arthur Penr
Stanley
Dr Stanley
Dean Stanley
Stanley
Arthur Penr


texts: <mask> (20 June 1925 – 28 May 1971) was an American soldier, actor, songwriter, and rancher. He was one of the most decorated American combat soldiers of World War II. He received every military combat award for valor available from the U.S. Army, as well as French and Belgian awards for heroism. <mask> received the Medal of Honor for valor that he demonstrated at the age of 19 for single-handedly holding off a company of German soldiers for an hour at the Colmar Pocket in France in January 1945, then leading a successful counterattack while wounded and out of ammunition. <mask> was born into a large family of sharecroppers in Hunt County, Texas. His father abandoned them, and his mother died when he was a teenager. <mask> left school in fifth grade to pick cotton and find other work to help support his family; his skill with a hunting rifle helped feed his family.After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, <mask>'s older sister helped him to falsify documentation about his birthdate in order to meet the minimum age requirement for enlisting in the military. Turned down initially for being underweight by the Army, Navy and the Marine Corps, he eventually was able to enlist in the Army. He first saw action in the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily; then in 1944 he participated in the Battle of Anzio, the liberation of Rome, and the invasion of southern France. <mask> fought at Montélimar and led his men on a successful assault at L'Omet quarry near Cleurie in north-eastern France in October. After the war, <mask> embarked on a 21-year acting career. He played himself in the 1955 autobiographical film To Hell and Back, based on his 1949 memoirs of the same name, but most of his roles were in

masks:
Audie Leon Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


texts:
 westerns. He made guest appearances on celebrity television shows and starred in the series Whispering Smith.<mask> was a fairly accomplished songwriter. He bred quarter horses in California and Arizona, and became a regular participant in horse racing. Suffering from what would today be described as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), <mask> slept with a loaded handgun under his pillow. He looked for solace in addictive sleeping pills. In his last few years, he was plagued by money problems but refused offers to appear in alcohol and cigarette commercials because he did not want to set a bad example. <mask> died in a plane crash in Virginia in 1971, which was shortly before his 46th birthday. He was interred with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery, where his grave is one of the most visited.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 20 June 1925, in Kingston, a small rural community in Hunt County in northeastern Texas. He was the seventh of twelve children born to Emmett <mask> (1887–1976) and his wife Josie Bell <mask> (née Killian; 1891–1941). The <mask>s were sharecroppers of Irish descent. As a child, <mask> was a loner with mood swings and an explosive temper. He grew up in northeastern Texas around the towns of Farmersville, Greenville, and Celeste, where he attended elementary school. His father drifted in and out of the family's life and eventually deserted them. <mask> dropped out of school in fifth grade and got a job picking cotton for a dollar a day () to help support his family; he also became skilled with a rifle, hunting small game to help feed them.After his mother died of endocarditis and pneumonia in 1941, he worked at a radio repair shop and at a

masks:
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Audie
Murphy
Berry Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


texts:
 combination general store, garage and gas station in Greenville. Hunt County authorities placed his three youngest siblings in Boles Children's Home, a Christian orphanage in Quinlan. After the war, he bought a house in Farmersville for his eldest sister Corinne and her husband, Poland Burns. His other siblings briefly shared the home. The loss of his mother stayed with <mask> throughout his life. He later stated:

World War II service

<mask> had always wanted to be a soldier. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, he tried to enlist, but the Army, Navy and Marine Corps all turned him down for being underweight and underage.After his sister provided an affidavit that falsified his birth date by a year, he was accepted by the U.S. Army on 30 June 1942. After basic training at Camp Wolters,  he was sent to Fort Meade for advanced infantry training. During basic training, he earned the Marksman Badge with Rifle Component Bar and Expert Badge with Bayonet Component Bar. Mediterranean Theater

<mask> was shipped to Casablanca in French Morocco on 20 February 1943. He was assigned to Company B, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division, which trained under the command of Major General Lucian Truscott. He participated as a platoon messenger with his division at Arzew in Algeria in rigorous training for the Allied assault landings in Sicily. He was promoted to private first class on 7 May and corporal on 15 July.When the 3rd Infantry landed at Licata, Sicily, on 10 July, <mask> was a division runner. On a scouting patrol, he killed two fleeing Italian officers near Canicattì. Sidelined with illness for a week when Company B arrived in Palermo on 20

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts: July, he rejoined them when they were assigned to a hillside location protecting a machine-gun emplacement, while the rest of the 3rd Infantry Division fought at San Fratello en route to the Allied capture of the transit port of Messina. <mask> participated in the September 1943 mainland Salerno landing at Battipaglia. While on a scouting party along the Volturno River, he and two other soldiers were ambushed; German machine gun fire killed one soldier. <mask> and the other survivor responded by killing five Germans with hand grenades and machine gun fire. While taking part in the October Allied assault on the Volturno Line, near Mignano Monte Lungo Hill 193, he and his company repelled an attack by seven German soldiers, killing three and taking four prisoner.<mask> was promoted to sergeant on 13 December. In January 1944, <mask> was promoted to staff sergeant. He was hospitalized in Naples with malaria on 21 January and was unable to participate in the initial landing at the Anzio beachhead. He returned on 29 January and participated in the First Battle of Cisterna, and was made a platoon sergeant in Company B following the battle. He returned with the 3rd Division to Anzio, where they remained four months. Taking shelter from the weather in an abandoned farmhouse on 2 March, <mask> and his platoon killed the crew of a passing German tank. He then crawled out alone close enough to destroy the tank with rifle grenades, for which he received the Bronze Star with "V" device.<mask> continued to make scouting patrols to take German prisoners before being hospitalized for a week on 13 March with a second bout of malaria. Sixty-one infantry officers and enlisted men of Company B, 15th

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts:
 Infantry, including <mask>, were awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge on 8 May. <mask> was awarded a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Bronze Star. American forces liberated Rome on 4 June, and <mask> remained bivouacked in Rome with his platoon throughout July. European Theater
During the first wave of the Allied invasion of southern France, <mask> received the Distinguished Service Cross for action taken on 15 August 1944. After landing on Yellow Beach near Ramatuelle, <mask>'s platoon was making its way through a vineyard when the men were attacked by German soldiers. He retrieved a machine gun that had been detached from the squad and returned fire at the German soldiers, killing two and wounding one.Two Germans exited a house about  away and appeared to surrender; when <mask>'s best friend responded, they shot and killed him. <mask> advanced alone on the house under direct fire. He killed six, wounded two and took 11 prisoner. <mask> was with the 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment during the 27–28 August offensive at Montélimar that secured the area from the Germans. Along with the other soldiers who took part in the action, he received the Presidential Unit Citation. <mask>'s first Purple Heart was for a heel wound received in a mortar shell blast on 15 September 1944 in northeastern France. His first Silver Star came after he killed four and wounded three at a German machine gun position on 2 October at L'Omet quarry in the Cleurie valley.Three days later, <mask> crawled alone towards the Germans at L'Omet, carrying an SCR-536 radio and directing his men for an hour while the Germans fired directly at him. When his men finally took the hill, 15 Germans had been killed and 35

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts: wounded. <mask>'s actions earned him a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Silver Star. He was awarded a battlefield commission to second lieutenant on 14 October, which elevated him to platoon leader. While en route to Brouvelieures on 26 October, the 3rd Platoon of Company B was attacked by a German sniper group. <mask> captured two before being shot in the hip by a sniper; he returned fire and shot the sniper between the eyes. At the 3rd General Hospital at Aix-en-Provence, the removal of gangrene from the wound caused partial loss of his hip muscle and kept him out of combat until January.<mask> received his first Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Purple Heart for this injury. The Colmar Pocket,  in the Vosges Mountains, had been held by German troops since November 1944. On 14 January 1945, <mask> rejoined his platoon, which had been moved to the Colmar area in December. He moved with the 3rd Division on 24 January to the town of Holtzwihr, where they faced a strong German counterattack. He was wounded in both legs, for which he received a second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Purple Heart. As the company awaited reinforcements on 26 January, he was made commander of Company B. The Germans scored a direct hit on an M10 tank destroyer, setting it alight, forcing the crew to abandon it.<mask> ordered his men to retreat to positions in the woods, remaining alone at his post, shooting his M1 carbine and directing artillery fire via his field radio while the Germans aimed fire directly at his position. <mask> mounted the abandoned, burning tank destroyer and began firing its .50 caliber machine gun at the advancing Germans, killing a squad crawling through a ditch towards him. For an


texts:
 hour, <mask> stood on the flaming tank destroyer returning German fire from foot soldiers and advancing tanks, killing or wounding 50 Germans. He sustained a leg wound during his stand, and stopped only after he ran out of ammunition. <mask> rejoined his men, disregarding his own injury, and led them back to repel the Germans. He insisted on remaining with his men while his wounds were treated. For his actions that day, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.The 3rd Infantry Division was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at the Colmar Pocket, giving <mask> a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for the emblem. On 16 February, <mask> was promoted to first lieutenant and was awarded the Legion of Merit for his service from 22 January 1944 to 18 February 1945. He was moved from the front lines to Regimental Headquarters and made a liaison officer. Decorations

The United States additionally honored <mask>'s war contributions with the American Campaign Medal, the European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with arrowhead device and 9 campaign stars, the World War II Victory Medal, and the Army of Occupation Medal with Germany Clasp. France recognized his service with the French Legion of Honor – Grade of Chevalier, the French Croix de guerre with Silver Star, the French Croix de guerre with Palm, the French Liberation Medal and the French Fourragère in Colors of the Croix de guerre, which was authorized for all members of the 3rd Infantry Division who fought in France during World War II. Belgium awarded <mask> the Belgian Croix de guerre with 1940 Palm. Brigadier General Ralph B. Lovett and Lieutenant Colonel Hallet D. Edson recommended <mask> for the Medal of Honor.Near Salzburg,

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts:
 Austria on 2 June 1945, Lieutenant General A.M. Patch presented <mask> with the Medal of Honor and Legion of Merit for his actions at Holtzwihr. When asked after the war why he had seized the machine gun and taken on an entire company of German infantry, he replied, "They were killing my friends." <mask> received every U.S. military combat award for valor available from the U.S. Army for his World War II service. Postwar military service
Inquiries were made through official channels about the prospect of <mask> attending West Point upon his return to the United States, but he never enrolled. According to author Don Graham, <mask> suggested the idea and then dropped it, possibly when he realized the extent of academic preparation needed to pass the entrance exam. <mask> was one of several military personnel who received orders on 8 June 1945 to report to Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas, for temporary duty and reassignment. Upon arrival on 13 June, he was one of four assigned to Fort Sam Houston Army Ground & Services Redistribution Station and sent home for 30 days of recuperation, with permission to travel anywhere within the United States during that period.While on leave, <mask> was feted with parades, banquets, and speeches. He received a belated Good Conduct Medal on 21 August. He was discharged with the rank of first lieutenant at a 50 percent disability classification on 21 September and transferred to the Officers' Reserve Corps. Post-traumatic stress

Since his military service, <mask> had been plagued with insomnia and bouts of depression, and he slept with a loaded pistol under his pillow. A post-service medical examination on 17 June 1947 revealed symptoms of


texts:
 headaches, vomiting, and nightmares about the war. His medical records indicated that he took sleeping pills to help prevent nightmares. During the mid-1960s, he recognized his dependence on the sedative Placidyl, and locked himself alone in a hotel room for a week to successfully break the addiction.Post-traumatic stress levels exacerbated his innate moodiness, and surfaced in episodes that friends and professional colleagues found alarming. His first wife, Dixie Wanda Hendrix, claimed he once held her at gunpoint. She witnessed her husband being guilt-ridden and tearful over newsreel footage of German war orphans. <mask> briefly found a creative stress outlet in writing poetry after his Army discharge. His poem "The Crosses Grow on Anzio" appeared in his book To Hell and Back, but was attributed to the fictitious character Kerrigan. To draw attention to the problems of returning Korean War and Vietnam War veterans, <mask> spoke out candidly about his own problems with posttraumatic stress disorder. It was known during <mask>'s lifetime as "battle fatigue" and "shell shock", terminology that dated back to World War I.He called on the government to give increased consideration and study to the emotional impact of combat experiences, and to extend health care benefits to war veterans. As a result of legislation introduced by U.S. Congressman Olin Teague five months after <mask>'s death in 1971, the Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital in San Antonio, now a part of the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, was dedicated in 1973. Texas Army National Guard

At the end of World War II, the 36th Infantry Division reverted to state control as part of the Texas Army National Guard, and


texts:
 <mask>'s friends, Major General H. Miller Ainsworth and Brigadier General Carl L. Phinney, were the 36th's commander and deputy commander respectively. After 25 June 1950 commencement of the Korean War, <mask> began a second military career and was commissioned as a captain in the 36th Infantry Division of the Texas Army National Guard. He drilled new recruits in the summer training camps, and granted the Guard permission to use his name and image in recruiting materials. Although he wanted to join the fighting and juggled training activities with his film career, the 36th Infantry Division was never sent to Korea.At his request, he transferred to inactive status on 1 October 1951 because of his film commitments with MGM Studios, and returned to active status in 1955. <mask> was promoted to the rank of major by the Texas Army National Guard in 1956 and returned to inactive status in 1957. In 1969, his official separation from the Guard transferred him to the United States Army Reserve. He remained with the USAR until his transfer to the Retired Reserve in 1969. Film career

During an acting career spanning from 1948 to 1969, <mask> made more than 40 feature films and one television series. When actor and producer James Cagney saw the 16 July 1945 issue of Life magazine depicting <mask> as the "most decorated soldier", he brought him to Hollywood. Cagney and his brother William signed him as a contract player for their production company and gave him training in acting, voice and dance.They never cast <mask> in a movie and a personal disagreement ended the association in 1947. <mask> later worked with acting coach Estelle Harman, and honed his diction by reciting dialogue from William


texts: Shakespeare and William Saroyan. <mask> moved into Terry Hunt's Athletic Club in Hollywood where he lived until 1948. Hollywood writer David "Spec" McClure befriended <mask>, collaborating with him on <mask>'s 1949 book To Hell and Back. McClure used his connections to get a $500 () bit part in Texas, Brooklyn & Heaven (1948) for <mask>. The agent of Wanda Hendrix, whom <mask> had been dating since 1946, got him a bit part in the Alan Ladd film Beyond Glory directed by John Farrow earlier that same year. His 1949 film Bad Boy gave him his first leading role.The film's financial backers refused to bankroll the project unless <mask> was given the lead; thus, Allied Artists put aside their reservations about using an inexperienced actor and gave him the starring role. Universal Studios signed <mask> to a seven-year studio contract at $2,500 a week (). His first film for them was as Billy the Kid in The Kid from Texas in 1950. He wrapped up that year making Sierra starring Wanda Hendrix, who by that time had become his wife, and Kansas Raiders as outlaw Jesse James. Universal lent him to MGM in 1951 at a salary of $25,000 to play the lead of The Youth in The Red Badge of Courage, directed by John Huston. <mask> and Huston worked together again in the 1960 film The Unforgiven. The only film <mask> made in 1952 was The Duel at Silver Creek with director Don Siegel.<mask> worked with Siegel one more time in 1958 for The Gun Runners. In 1953, he starred in Frederick de Cordova's Column South, and played Jim Harvey in Nathan Juran's Tumbleweed, an adaptation of the Kenneth Perkins novel Three Were Renegades. Director Nathan Juran also directed Gunsmoke and Drums Across the River. George


texts: Marshall directed <mask> in the 1954 Destry, a remake of Destry Rides Again, based on a character created by author Max Brand. Although <mask> was initially reluctant to appear as himself in To Hell and Back, the 1955 adaptation of his book directed by Jesse Hibbs, he eventually agreed; it became the biggest hit in the history of Universal Studios at the time. To help publicize the release of the film, he made guest appearances on television shows such as What's My Line?, Toast of the Town, and Colgate Comedy Hour. The Hibbs-<mask> team proved so successful in To Hell and Back that the two worked together on five subsequent films.The partnership resulted in <mask> appearing as John Phillip Clum in the 1956 western Walk the Proud Land, and the non-westerns Joe Butterfly and World in My Corner. They worked together for the last time in the 1958 western Ride a Crooked Trail. Joseph L. Mankiewicz hired <mask> to play the titular role in the 1958 film The Quiet American. <mask> formed a partnership with Harry Joe Brown to make three films, starting with The Guns of Fort Petticoat (1957). The partnership fell into disagreement over the remaining two projects, and Brown filed suit against <mask>. In 1957 <mask> was cast as The Utica Kid along with James Stewart and Dan Duryea in the western Night Passage. <mask> was featured in three westerns in 1959: he starred opposite Sandra Dee in The Wild and the Innocent, collaborated as an uncredited co-producer with Walter Mirisch on the black and white Cast a Long Shadow, and performed as a hired killer in No Name on the Bullet, a film that was well received by critics.Thelma Ritter was his costar in the 1960 Startime television episode "The Man".

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts:
 During the early 1960s, <mask> donated his time and otherwise lent his name and image for three episodes of The Big Picture television series produced by the United States Army. He received the 1960 Outstanding Civilian Service Medal for his cooperation in the episode Broken Bridge, which featured his visits to military installations in Germany, Italy, Turkey and the U.S. state of New Mexico to showcase the military's latest weaponry. Writer Clair Huffaker wrote the 1961 screenplays for <mask>'s films Seven Ways from Sundown and Posse from Hell. Willard W. Willingham and his wife Mary Willingham befriended <mask> in his early days in Hollywood and worked with him on a number of projects. Willard was a producer on <mask>'s 1961 television series Whispering Smith, and co-wrote the screenplay for Battle at Bloody Beach that year. He collaborated on Bullet for a Badman in 1964 and Arizona Raiders in 1965.The Willinghams as a team wrote the screenplay for Gunpoint as well as the script for <mask>'s last starring lead in the western 40 Guns to Apache Pass in 1967. <mask> made Trunk to Cairo in Israel in 1966. He first met director Budd Boetticher when <mask> requested to be his boxing partner at Terry Hunt's Athletic Club. He subsequently appeared in the 1951 title role of Boetticher's first western The Cimarron Kid. Boetticher wrote the script in 1969 for <mask>'s last film, A Time for Dying. Two other projects that <mask> and Boetticher planned to collaborate on – A Horse for Mr Barnum and When There's Sumpthin' to Do – never came to fruition. Personal life

<mask> married actress Wanda Hendrix in 1949.Their divorce became final two years later in 1951. Four days later, he married former


texts:
 airline stewardess Pamela Opal Lee Archer (7 October 1919/1920/1923 – 8 April 2010), with whom he had two sons: Terry Michael (born 14 March 1952), and James Shannon (born 1954). <mask> bred quarter horses at the Audie Murphy Ranch in what is now Menifee, California, and the Murphy Ranch in Pima County, Arizona. His horses raced at the Del Mar Racetrack, and he invested large sums of money in the hobby. <mask>'s gambling left his finances in a poor state. In 1968, he stated that he lost $260,000 in an Algerian oil deal and was dealing with the Internal Revenue Service over unpaid taxes. In spite of his financial difficulties, <mask> refused to appear in commercials for alcohol and cigarettes, mindful of the influence he would have on the youth market.In May 1970, he was arrested in Burbank, California, charged with battery and assault with intent to commit murder in a dispute with a dog trainer. He was accused of firing a shot at the man, which he denied. <mask> was cleared of the charges. Death and commemorations

On 28 May 1971, <mask> was killed when the private plane in which he was a passenger crashed into Brush Mountain, near Catawba, Virginia,  west of Roanoke in conditions of rain, clouds, fog and zero visibility. The pilot and four other passengers were also killed. The aircraft was a twin-engine Aero Commander 680 flown by a pilot who had a private-pilot license and a reported 8,000 hours of flying time, but who held no instrument rating. The aircraft was recovered on 31 May.After her husband's death, <mask> moved into a small apartment and got a clerk position at the Sepulveda Veterans Administration Hospital in Los Angeles, where she remained employed for 35 years. On 7

masks:
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Pamela Murphy


texts:
 June 1971, <mask> was buried with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery. In attendance were Ambassador to the U.N. George H. W. Bush, Army Chief of Staff William Westmoreland, and many of the 3rd Infantry Division. <mask>'s gravesite is in Section 46, headstone number 46-366-11, located across Memorial Drive from the Amphitheater. A special flagstone walkway was later constructed to accommodate the large number of people who visit to pay their respects. It is the cemetery's second most-visited gravesite, after that of President John F. Kennedy. The headstones of Medal of Honor recipients buried at Arlington National Cemetery are normally decorated in gold leaf.<mask> previously requested that his stone remain plain and inconspicuous, like that of an ordinary soldier. The headstone contains the birth year 1924, based upon purportedly falsified materials among his military records. In 1974, a large granite marker was erected just off the Appalachian Trail at  at 3,100' elevation, near the crash site. In 1975, a court awarded <mask>'s widow, Pamela, and their two children $2.5 million in damages because of the accident. Civilian honors were bestowed on <mask> during his lifetime and posthumously, including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2013, <mask> was honored by his home state with the Texas Legislative Medal of Honor. In 2014, the metal band Sabaton released a song titled "To Hell and Back" in reference to <mask> <mask> and his film, on their album Heroes.Song writing

David McClure, his collaborator on the book To Hell and Back, discovered <mask>'s talent for poetry during their work on the memoir when he found discarded verses in <mask>'s Hollywood apartment. One

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Audie Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts:
 of those poems, "The Crosses Grow on Anzio", appears in To Hell and Back attributed to a soldier named Kerrigan. Only two others survived, "Alone and Far Removed" and "Freedom Flies in Your Heart Like an Eagle". The latter was part of a speech <mask> had written at a 1968 dedication of the Alabama War Memorial in Montgomery, and later set to music by Scott Turner under the title "Dusty Old Helmet". <mask> was a fan of country music, in particular Bob Wills and Chet Atkins, but was not a singer or musician himself. Through his friend Guy Mitchell, <mask> was introduced to songwriter Scott Turner in 1961. The two collaborated on numerous songs between 1962 and 1970, the most successful of which was "Shutters and Boards" and "When the Wind Blows in Chicago".Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

 Image of <mask> <mask> with unidentified man during screen test in Los Angeles, California, 1946. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles. 1925 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Age controversies
Accidental deaths in Virginia
American lyricists
American male film actors
United States Army personnel of World War II
American people of Irish descent
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Male actors from Texas
Male Western (genre) film actors
National Guard of the United States officers
People from Hunt County, Texas
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Audie Murphy


texts:
 of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Silver Star
Songwriters from Texas
Texas National Guard personnel
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army officers
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1971
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Western (genre) television actors
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
United States Army reservists
Recipients of the Texas Legislative Medal of


texts:
<mask> (, ; born 1985, disappeared May 24, 2005), alternatively <mask> or <mask>, was an Israeli Druze soldier from the village of Daliyat al-Karmel, located on the slopes of Mount Carmel, who disappeared on duty near Haifa in May 2005. <mask>'s body was found in 2012 on Mount Carmel and he was buried in Isfiya with full military honors. Background
<mask> was born in 1985 to <mask>, an employee at the Friends of the Israel Defense Forces, and <mask>, in the Druze village of Daliyat al-Karmel, located on Mount Carmel. <mask> began his mandatory military service in the IDF in the Israeli Air Force at a Be'er sheva campus of the Israeli Air And Space technical college but had difficulties serving at the place and as a result he lowered his Medical Profile and was transferred to serve in a vehicle workshop of the Ordnance Corps, at a maintenance and rehabilitation () base located near Haifa. When <mask> asked to raise his Medical Profile back in order to be transferred back to his old unit he was refused. During his military service <mask> became an absentee several times from the military bases in which he served. The disappearance and search efforts
<mask> disappeared on Tuesday, May 24, 2005, while he attempted to hitchhike from his village to his Ordnance Corps camp near Tirat Carmel, without carrying any weapons.At the time of his disappearance, he had served in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) for five months. In his parents testimony given afterwards they claimed that he was last seen in civilian clothes and that he took with him a small bag, in which he presumably carried his IDF uniform. Nevertheless, additional witnesses claimed to have seen him in uniform. A witness from <mask>'s village stated that he saw <mask> around 15:30 at the grocery store of the village, buying a beverage can, and further investigation revealed that he had pulled out 50 NIS from an ATM in his village before his disappearance. Various officers involved in the case claimed

masks:
Majdi Halabi
Majdy Halabi
Majdi Halaby
Halabi
Halabi
Nazmi Halabi
Fahmiya Halabi
Halabi
Halabi
Halabi
Halabi
Halabi
Halabi


texts: after the fact that there were a number of contradictions in the testimonies of his family members regarding his apparel, and the day and time he was last seen. Two days after his disappearance, <mask>'s commanding officers visited his home in order to inquire about his whereabouts. As a result, and a search was launched by <mask>'s family, aided by <mask>'s friends and the various residents of Daliyat al-Karmel.Searches were conducted in the village, on nearby beaches, in Haifa and in the Krayot and in the forests of Mount Carmel. The searches were even expanded later on to Tiberias and Eilat, after the family received information that someone similar to <mask> was seen in those cities. Throughout his first week of disappearance the IDF did not assist the family in their searches for <mask>. The local media reported in many occasions about the disappearance and the search efforts, but the matter got almost no exposure in the national media outlets. This fact was later on severely criticized by many officials, among them the head of the Druze community in Israel, Sheikh Mowafaq Tarif. On 30 May 2005, a week after his disappearance, the IDF officially declared <mask> as absent. <mask>'s family was furious over the military's delay in announcing that he was his missing, as they requested that he would be declared as such already in the evening in which it was first discovered that had disappeared.Following the declaration, the IDF launched a massive search effort that involved the use of regular and reserve IDF troops, sniffer dogs from the Oketz Unit, and drones equipped with thermal imaging systems. The area where his body was eventually found was combed repeatedly, but it was not found due to the thickness of the forest and mountainous terrain. More than one hundred volunteers participated in search efforts in the Mount Carmel area. <mask> was formally declared to be missing in action (MIA) on June 6. Throughout the following years, police established

masks: Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi


texts:
 several teams to investigate his disappearance. Compared to Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, <mask>'s disappearance received relatively little coverage in the Israeli media. According to a 2007 article in Israel Today, his case was "all but forgotten" nationally and internationally.As part of the effort to find any information that would eventually lead to solving the mystery of his absence, his family offered a reward for any information that would be given of his whereabouts, and the organization Born to Freedom Foundation, that aims to accelerate the release of IDF POWs and missing soldiers, began publishing the case widely in order to bring public awareness to <mask>'s disappearance. Subsequently, the Born to Freedom Foundation offered a reward of USD10,000,000 for information leading to <mask>'s location. Later developments
On May 24, 2007, the two-year anniversary of <mask>'s disappearance, <mask>'s family and residents of Carmel City held a gathering to raise awareness of <mask>'s case and call for increased efforts to locate him. The event was attended by a large crowd, including many Druze military officers, the Defense Minister Amir Peretz, and Karnit Goldwasser (the wife of the kidnapped IDF soldier Ehud Goldwasser) whom spoke in the event, and Zvi Regev who is the father of the kidnapped soldier Eldad Regev. Defense Minister Amir Peretz stated in the event that he had been in contact with the family on a weekly basis in order to encourage the family. The families of the three IDF soldiers kidnapped in the 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, whom also attended the event, also expressed their support of <mask>'s family. In a 2007 interview with The Jerusalem Post, <mask>'s uncle, Samih <mask>, a retired IDF colonel and chairman of the Campaign to Find Missing Soldier <mask> <mask>, expressed the belief that <mask> had been abducted by an Islamic "terrorist organization" and was "being held in Syria, Lebanon or possibly even in Nablus or Jenin in

masks: Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Majdi Halabi Halabi


texts:
 the West Bank".On July 2, 2008, <mask>'s family received a telephone call from an inmate in Damon Prison who claimed that <mask> had been abducted and was being held in the vicinity of Nablus in the West Bank. Police officials maintained that the inmate had "no substantial information" regarding <mask>'s disappearance, but the <mask> family disputed this claim. In 2010, the killer of 18-year-old Danna Bennett, Yahya Adwan Farhan (יחיא עדואן פרחאן), stated in an interview with Ma'ariv that he knows what caused the disappearance of <mask> <mask>, but declined to provide further information. In 2011, <mask>'s brother, Adham Nazmi <mask>, 21, was killed in a traffic accident in Daliyat al-Karmel. He had been serving in the Israel Border Police at the time of his death. In April 2012, it was reported that two prisoners serving sentences for murder and drug-related offenses were negotiating a plea bargain to supply the burial location of <mask> in return for being freed as well as a few hundred thousand shekels. Discovery of body
In the aftermath of the 2010 Carmel Fire, <mask>'s family asked that the search be resumed, as the forest floor was more exposed.On 10 October 2012, his body was found in a forest near Isfiya. <mask>'s childhood friend, Ibrahim Kozly of Daliyat al-Karmel, discovered his body while performing clearing work for the Jewish National Fund as part of the Carmel Forest's rehabilitation project. <mask>'s body became visible after he removed tree debris from the area. A knife was discovered near the body. The body was transferred to the Abu Kabir Forensic Institute in Tel Aviv, where DNA testing confirmed that it was <mask>'s. <mask> was buried in Isfiya's military cemetery with full military honors on October 12, 2012, in a funeral that saw over 2,000 people in attendance. See also
 Israeli MIAs
 Tapuah Junction stabbing (2010)

References

1985 births
2000s deaths
Druze people of Israeli nationality
Israeli soldiers
People from Daliyat

masks: Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Majdi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi Halabi


texts:
<mask>, <mask>,  (born 30 January 1946) is a British social entrepreneur and life peer. He is best known as the co-founder of The Big Issue, a magazine that is edited by professional journalists and sold by street vendors who are homeless or vulnerably-housed. <mask> sits as an independent Crossbencher member of the House of Lords. Early life
<mask> was born in a Notting Hill slum to a poor London Irish family. He became homeless at the age of five, resided in an orphanage between the ages of seven and ten, and was often excluded from school. He became a butcher's boy after leaving the orphanage, and supplemented his income by stealing. Between work, he spent several spells in prison during his teens and twenties where he learnt to read, write and the basics of printing.<mask> attended Chelsea School of Art, but was homeless again by 1967, sleeping rough in Edinburgh while being sought by the police for petty offences. In the early 1970s, he started to build upon his prison education and set up a small-scale printing and publishing business in London. For two weeks in 1970, he worked as a dishwasher in the Houses of Parliament canteen, an institution he would later return to as a life peer. The Big Issue and work with the homeless
In September 1991, <mask> launched The Big Issue with Gordon Roddick, co-founder of The Body Shop. In November 1995, he launched The Big Issue Foundation to further support vendors of The Big Issue. He is currently on the Board of Directors for The Big Issue Group, which incorporates The Big Issue, Big Issue Invest (its social investment arm) and The Big Issue Foundation. The Big Issue magazine started as a London venture but expanded with specific editions and services to other British cities, and then to other countries.<mask> is also the founder of the International Network of Street Papers, which now incorporates over 100 street papers, and is published in 34 countries in 24 languages. In 2001, with The Big Issue Group chairman, Nigel Kershaw OBE, <mask> founded Big Issue Invest, a provider of finance for businesses, charities and NGOs with the aim of creating positive social change. It is the social investment arm of

masks:
John Anthony Bird
Baron Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird


texts:
 The Big Issue Group, and initially only dealt in loan finance. In 2009, Big Issue Invest launched a social investment fund, and has since invested more than £30 million in hundreds of social enterprises making a positive impact in communities across the UK. Political work
<mask> was a member of the Workers Revolutionary Party in the 1970s. In March 2007, <mask> announced his intention to stand for election to the post of Mayor of London as an independent candidate. In May 2007, he unveiled his election manifesto for the 2008 poll, but in October of that year, <mask> announced that he had decided not to stand and was instead going to launch a movement "to try and do what the CND did over the bomb, but over social injustice".In November 2016, <mask> suggested that he had been asked to stand as the Conservative Party candidate in 2007 - in place of future Mayor and current Prime Minister, <mask> - but turned the offer down. <mask> was a Social Enterprise Ambassador, a scheme was run by Social Enterprise Coalition to promote awareness of social enterprise - a business model used to address a social or environmental needs. The programme was supported by the Office of the Third Sector, part of the UK Government Cabinet Office, and ran between 2007 and 2010. <mask> revealed in 2010 that "my secret is that I'm really a working class Tory. I'd love to be a liberal because they're the nice people, but it's really hard work. I can't swallow their gullibility. I know this may destroy my reputation among middle-class liberals, but wearing the corsetry of liberalism means that every now and then you have to take it off."He has since stated that he has "been hurt by the left, and helped by the left. Just like I've been helped by the right and hurt by the right." <mask> was nominated for life peerage by the House of Lords Appointments Commission in October 2015 to become a non-party-political "people's peer". On 30 October, he was created <mask>, of Notting Hill in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, sitting as a Crossbencher. In his maiden speech he stated:

<mask>'s work is non-partisan and focuses on dismantling the root causes of poverty in the UK,

masks:
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Boris Johnson
Bird
Bird
Bird
Baron Bird
Bird


texts:
 with an emphasis on the well-being of future generations, early intervention and prevention. In the House, he also speaks on social enterprise, social mobility, literacy and the Arts. He co-chairs the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on Future Generations and Libraries, and is vice-chair of the Groups on Poverty, Ending Homelessness and Social Enterprise.He leads debates on poverty, literacy and social business, and is a member of the Lord Speaker's Advisory Panel on Works of Art. <mask> is currently working to promote his private member's bill, the Well-being of Future Generations Bill, as part of a cross-party campaign, Today For Tomorrow. Awards and recognition
<mask> was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for "services to homeless people" in the 1995 Birthday Honours; and in 2006, he received the Beacon Fellowship Prize for his originality in raising awareness of homelessness and his support of homeless communities worldwide. He accepted the UN-HABITAT Scroll of Honour in 2004 from Mwai Kibaki, President of Kenya (2002–2013) on behalf of The Big Issue. He is currently a Visiting Professor in the School of Journalism at the University of Lincoln and holds an honorary doctorate of business from Plymouth University and an honorary doctorate of letters from Oxford Brookes University. He is an honorary fellow at Liverpool John Moores University and Goldsmiths, University of London. <mask> was the British Society of Magazine Editors Editors’ Editor of the Year in 1993 and was awarded The Revd.Marcus Morris Award from the Professional Publishers Association in 2000. In 2018, <mask> was also inducted into the Professional Publishers Association hall of fame. In 2008, <mask> was named Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young. In 2015, he became a senior fellow of Ashoka and in 2017 he became a fellow of Social Enterprise UK. References

External links
 <mask>'s UK Parliament profile
 <mask>'s columns in The Big Issue

1946 births
English people of Irish descent
Living people
People's peers
Crossbench life peers
Street newspaper people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Homelessness activists
Life peers created by

masks: Bird Bird Bird Bird Bird Bird Bird


texts:
<mask> (born September 16, 1983) is a Canadian professional wrestler, better known by her ring name <mask>, and is often referred to by her nickname "Girl Dynamite". She is best known for her work in Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide in Mexico and Shimmer Women Athletes in the United States. Professional wrestling career

Debut and early years (2004–2007)
<mask> made her first wrestling appearance in 2004 as a ring announcer. Following this, she transitioned into a managerial role and began acting as a valet for Derek Wylde and Cody Deaner, while receiving training from Deaner. Shimmer Women Athletes (2008–2010)
<mask> made her debut for Shimmer Women Athletes on April 26, 2008, where she teamed with Danyah to face the International Home Wrecking Crew (Rain and Jetta) in a losing effort. Later that night, <mask> and Danyah were defeated by The Experience (Lexie Fyfe and Malia Hosaka). On Volume 19 on July 5, she made her debut in singles competition in a losing effort to Allison Danger.Later in that night on Volume 20, <mask> and Danger lost to the Canadian NINJAs (Portia Perez and Nicole Matthews) in a tag team match. On October 19, she took part in a tag team tournament along with LuFisto. After eliminating the Canadian NINJAs, they were defeated by the International Home Wrecking Crew. Later in that night, she lost to Cheerleader Melissa in a singles match. On Volume 24 on May 2, 2009, <mask> gained her first victory in singles competition by defeating Amber O'Neal. As part of Volume 25, she lost to Rain. Later in the night, as part of the Volume 26, she was defeated by Jessie McKay in a

masks:
Jennifer Ykema
Jennifer Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake


texts:
 four–way match, which also included Kellie Skater and Melanie Cruise.She was scheduled for the 4th anniversary on November 8, 2009, but was unable to appear due to the possibility to receive more training in Mexico. She returned to the promotion on April 11, 2010, when she teamed with Allison Danger to defeat Melanie Cruise and Annie Social in a tag team match. Wrestlicious (2009–2010)
In early 2009, <mask> took part in the tapings of Jimmy Hart's Wrestlicious, where she appeared as "The Ice Princess" Autumn Frost. On the edition of March 10, 2010 of Takedown, she competed in her first match for the promotion, defeating Paige Webb. On March 24, 2010, edition of Takedown she appeared in JV's Crib segment with Toni the Top and JV Rich. On the edition of November 4, 2010 of Takedown, she competed in the "Hoedown Throwdown" Battle Royal, but was eliminated by Alexandra the Great. Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2009–2014)

In 2009, <mask> branched out into Mexico, wrestling in the Extreme Air Wrestling (Lucha Libre Extrema Aérea, EAW) promotion.She made her debut on June 6, 2009 in Teziutlán, Puebla, teaming with Derrick Nikerson (Neikirk) in a losing effort against John Scott and Ericka del Rico. On June 20, she picked up her first victory by defeating Sensual Rain in San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco. On August 21, 2009, at Verano de Escandalo she made her debut for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide, initially using the ring name <mask>, before returning to her <mask> ring name. In the promotion she is part of the heel stable La Legión Extranjera, led by Konnan. At the 2010 Rey de Reyes show her Legión

masks:
Blake
Blake
Jennifer Blade
Jennifer Blake


texts: stable mates Rain, Christina Von Eerie and Sexy Star faced off against Cinthia Moreno, Mari and Faby Apache, a match which Moreno won for her team by pinning Sexy Star. During a post Rey de Reyes interview Sexy Star claimed that the Apaches and Cintia Moreno were nothing but maids, which led to AAA booking a match between Cinthia Moreno, Faby and Mari Apache against Sexy Star, Rain and <mask> in a Triplemanía XVIII match where the person pinned or submitted would have to be the winning team's slave for a month. At Triplemanía La Legión defeated Moreno and the Apaches, when Blade pinned Mari, thanks in part to the biased refereering by Hijo del Tirantes.Following the match Konnan ordered Mari Apache to begin her maid duty right away by cleaning up their dressing room. The stipulation expired on July 6, 2010. On August 14, 2010 at Verano de Escandalo <mask> teamed up with Alan Stone, Mini Abismo Negro and Yuriko in a losing effort against Cynthia Moreno, El Elegido, Octagoncito and Pimpinela Escarlata in a Relevos Atómicos de locura match. On March 13, 2011, <mask> and her La Sociedad stablemate Alan Stone defeated Faby Apache and Pimpinela Escarlata to win the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship. In June <mask> began accompanying the members of La Maniarquía to counteract Nanyzh Rock, the valet of their rival Heavy Metal. On July 31 at Verano de Escándalo, <mask> received her first shot at the AAA Reina de Reinas Championship in an eight-way elimination match, but was unable to win the title. After a seven month long hiatus from AAA, <mask> returned to the promotion on July 27, 2012,

masks:
Jennifer Blade
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake


texts:
 when she teamed with Mari Apache in a tag team match, where they were defeated by Faby Apache and Lolita.On October 7 at Héroes Inmortales, <mask> and Stone lost the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship to Halloween and Mari Apache in a four-way match, which also included the teams of Atomic Boy and Faby Apache, and Fénix and Lolita. On November 27, <mask> made her Japanese debut, when she took part in the 2012 Reina de Reinas tournament co-produced by AAA and Pro Wrestling Wave in Tokyo's Korakuen Hall. <mask> was eliminated from the tournament in her opening match by Sexy Star. On February 3, 2013, <mask> turned technica for the first time in AAA, when she was attacked after a match by Mari Apache and Taya, before being saved by Faby Apache, La Jarochita and Lolita. On March 1, <mask> lost to her rival Taya in the first round of a tournament for the vacant AAA Reina de Reinas Championship, after interference from Mari Apache, Sexy Lady and Lufisto. Championships and accomplishments

 Canadian Wrestling Federation
 CWF Women's Championship (1 time)
 Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
 AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Alan Stone
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 38 of the best 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2009

References

External links

 Lucha Libre AAA profile
 GLORY Wrestling profile
 Online World of Wrestling profile
 Tha O Show Episode 157 <mask> Interview

1983 births
Canadian female professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Ontario
Sportspeople from Niagara Falls, Ontario
Living people
Expatriate professional wrestlers in

masks:
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Blake
Jennifer Blake


texts:
<mask> (August 31, 1905 – February 2, 1997) was an American actor and acting teacher who developed an approach to acting instruction that is now known as the <mask> technique. While <mask> was exposed to method acting at the Group Theatre, his approach differed markedly in that he completely abandoned the use of affective memory, a distinct characteristic of method acting. <mask> maintained an emphasis on "the reality of doing", which was the foundation of his approach. Early life
Born in Brooklyn, New York City, <mask> was the oldest child of <mask>, a furrier, and Bertha Knoepfler, both Jewish immigrants who came to the United States from Hungary. His younger siblings were Jacob, Ruth, and Robert. To improve <mask>'s health during his youth, his family took a trip to the Catskills. However, while there his brother Jacob contracted bovine tuberculosis from drinking unpasteurized milk and died shortly thereafter.In an interview many years later, <mask> later identified this event as "the dominant emotional influence in my life from which I have never, after all these years, escaped." Blamed by his parents for Jacob's  death, the young <mask> became isolated and withdrawn, unable to cope with feelings of guilt for his brother's death. He found release in playing the family piano and eventually attended the Damrosch Institute of Music (now the Juilliard School) where he studied to become a concert pianist. When the Great Depression hit, <mask>'s father pulled him out of music school to help in the family business in New York City's Garment District. <mask> later recalled that the only way he could endure days spent lugging bolts of fabric was to entertain himself by replaying, in his mind, all the classical piano pieces he had studied in music school. <mask> believed this experience helped him develop an acute sense of sound, akin to perfect pitch. Later, as an acting teacher, he often evaluated his students' scene work with his eyes closed

masks:
Sanford Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Hermann Meisner
Sanford
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner


texts:
 (and his head dramatically buried in his hands).This trick was only partly for effect; the habit, he explained, actually helped him to listen more closely to his students' work and to pinpoint the true and false moments in their acting. After graduation from high school, <mask> pursued acting professionally, which had interested him since his youth. He had acted at the Lower East Side's Chrystie Street Settlement House under the direction of Lee Strasberg, who was to play an important role in his development. At 19, <mask> heard that the Theatre Guild was hiring teenagers. After a brief interview, he was hired as an extra for They Knew What They Wanted. The experience deeply affected him and he realized that acting was what he had been looking for in life. He and Strasberg both appeared in the original Theatre Guild production of the Rodgers and Hart review The Garrick Gaieties, from which the song "Manhattan" came.Group Theatre

Despite his parents' misgivings, <mask> continued to pursue a career in acting, receiving a scholarship to study at the Theatre Guild of Acting. Here he encountered once again Harold Clurman and Lee Strasberg. Strasberg was to become another of the century's most influential acting theorists and the father of method acting, an acting technique derived, like <mask>'s own, from the system of Konstantin Stanislavski. The three became friends. In 1931, Clurman, Strasberg, and Cheryl Crawford (another Theatre Guild member) selected 28 actors (one of whom was <mask>) to form the Group Theatre. This company exerted an influence on the entire art of acting in the United States. <mask> summered with the Group Theatre at their 1936 rehearsal headquarters at Pine Brook Country Club in the countryside of Nichols, Connecticut.<mask>, along with a number of other actors in the company, eventually resisted Strasberg's preoccupation with affective memory exercises. In 1934, fellow company member Stella Adler returned from private

masks: Meisner Meisner Meisner Meisner Meisner Meisner Meisner


texts:
 study with Stanislavski in Paris and announced that Stanislavski had come to believe that, as part of a rehearsal process, delving into one's past memories as a source of emotion was only a last resort and that the actor should seek rather to develop the character's thoughts and feelings through physical action, a concentrated use of the imagination, and a belief in the "given circumstances" of the text. As a result, <mask> began to focus on a new approach to the art of acting. When the Group Theatre disbanded in 1940, <mask> continued as head of the acting program at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York, at which he had taught since 1935. In teaching he found a level of fulfillment similar to that which he had found in playing the piano as a child. At the Playhouse he developed his own form of method acting that was based on Stanislavski's system, <mask>'s training with Lee Strasberg, and on Stella Adler's revelations about the uses of the imagination. Today that approach is called the Meisner technique.It was during these early years at The
Neighborhood Playhouse that <mask> was briefly married to the young actress Peggy Meredith, who appeared in several Broadway productions. The Actors Studio was founded in 1947 by two ex-Group Theatre actors Elia Kazan and Robert Lewis, and Cheryl Crawford. Strasberg initially had not been asked to join the group, while <mask> was among the first instructors to teach at the studio. However, by 1951, after Kazan moved to Hollywood to focus on his directorial career, Strasberg became the group's artistic director. In the following years, many students of the Actors Studio became well known in the film industry. Strasberg's later insistence that he had trained them distressed <mask> enormously, creating an animosity with his ex-mentor that continued until Strasberg's death. Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre

In 1935, <mask> joined the faculty of The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre


texts:
 and continued as the Director of the Acting Department until his retirement in 1990, and served as Director Emeritus until his death in 1997.In 1928, The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre opened its doors. The first class of only nine students had the privilege of being taught by theatre luminaries Martha Graham, Louis Horst, Laura Elliott, and Agnes de Mille. Over his years of teaching at the Playhouse, this founding member of The Group Theatre developed and refined what is now known as the Meisner Technique: "To live truthfully under given imaginary circumstances." The Meisner Technique is a step-by-step procedure of self-investigation for the actor now widely recognized as one of the foremost acting techniques taught today. Notable students and alumni of The Neighborhood Playhouse under <mask>'s instruction include: Dylan McDermott, James Caan, Steve McQueen, Robert Duvall, Gregory Peck, Diane Keaton, Jeff Goldblum, Tony Randall, Sydney Pollack, David Mamet, Connie Britton, Brian Geraghty, Leslie Moonves, Sherie Rene Scott, Chris Noth, Tucker Smallwood, Mary Steenburgen, Betsy von Furstenberg, Allison Janney, Jennifer Grey, Ashlie Atkinson, Christopher Meloni, Alex Cole Taylor, and many more. Meisner/Carville School of Acting
In 1983, <mask> and his life partner James Carville founded the Meisner/Carville School of Acting on the Caribbean island of Bequia. Students from all around the world came every summer to participate in a summer intensive with <mask>.The Meisner/Carville School of Acting operated on the island and, beginning in 1985, also in North Hollywood. <mask> split his time between the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York and the two school locations. In spring of 1995, The Meisner/Carville School of acting was then succeeded by The Sanford Meisner Center for the Arts, a theater company and school in North Hollywood established by <mask>, James Carville and Martin Barter. Graduates from <mask>'s 2-year program could

masks:
Sanford Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner


texts:
 audition for the company. The company became a fixture on the Los Angeles theater scene for several years after <mask>'s death. <mask> attended every rehearsal and every performance until the very end. Notable students

Throughout his career, <mask> worked with, and taught, students who became well known.Sydney Pollack and Charles E. Conrad served as <mask>'s senior assistants. The technique is helpful not just for actors, but also for directors, writers, and teachers. A number of directors also studied with him, among them Sidney Lumet and John Frankenheimer, and writers such as Arthur Miller and David Mamet. At least 37 of the students who studied with <mask> were nominated for or won Academy Awards.</ref>

List of notable students

 Aaron Eckhart
 Alec Baldwin
 Alexandra Daddario
 Bob Fosse
 Christoph Waltz
 Christopher Lloyd
 Christopher Meloni
 Connie Britton
 David Duchovny
 David Rasche
 Diane Keaton
 Dylan McDermott
 Eileen Fulton
 Eli Wallach
 Frances Sternhagen
 Grace Kelly
 Gregory Peck
 Illeana Douglas
 Jack Lord
 James Caan
 James Doohan
 James Franco
 James Gandolfini
 Jason Priestley
 Jeff Bridges
 Jeff Goldblum
 Jennifer Sky
 Jessica Walter
 Joan Allen
 John Turturro
 Jon Voight
 Karl Urban
 Krysten Ritter
 Lee Grant
 Louise Lasser
 Leslie Nielsen
 Mark Rydell
 Mary Steenburgen
 Michael K. Williams
 Michelle Pfeiffer
 Naomi Watts
 Noah Emmerich
 Paul Sorvino
 Peggy Feury
 Peter Falk
 Renee O'Connor
 Robert Duvall
 Roger Bart
 Sandra Bullock
 Scott Caan
 Sean Astin
 Sherie Rene Scott
 Stephen Colbert
 Steve McQueen
 Susan Blakely
 Sydney Pollack
 Terry Stone
 Tina Fey
 Tom Cruise
 Tony Randall
 Ty Burrell
 Wil Wheaton

Film and television appearances
Though he rarely appeared on film, he performed in Tender Is the Night, The Story on Page One, and Mikey and Nicky. His last acting role was in the season one episode of the television medical drama ER, titled "Sleepless in Chicago". Actor Noah Wyle worked with him and referred

masks:
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Sanford Meisner


texts:
 to the experience as the highlight of his career. Personal life and death
<mask>'s two marriages, to Peggy Meredith (née Meyer) and Betty Gooch, respectively, ended in divorce.<mask>, who was bisexual, spent the remainder of his life with partner James Carville. In 1970 <mask> was diagnosed with throat cancer and underwent a laryngectomy. After that operation he lived for nearly three more decades, until February 1997, when he died in his sleep at the age of 91 at his home in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. The <mask> technique

<mask>'s unusual techniques were considered both unorthodox and effective. Actor Dennis Longwell wrote of sitting in on one of <mask>'s classes one day, when <mask> brought two students forward for an acting exercise. They were given a single line of dialogue, told to turn away, and instructed not to do or say anything until something happened to make them say the words (one of the fundamental principles of the Meisner technique). The first student's line came when <mask> approached him from behind and gave him a strong pinch on the back, inspiring him to jump away and yelp his line in pain.The other student's line came when <mask> reached around and slipped his hand into her blouse. Her line came out as a giggle as she moved away from his touch. The goal of the <mask> technique has often been described as getting actors to "live truthfully under imaginary circumstances." See also
 Ion Cojar (1931–2009), Romanian acting teacher
 <mask>: The American Theatre's Best Kept Secret, 1990 documentary

References

Sources

External links

The Neighborhood Playhouse
The Sanford Meisner Center

1905 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Acting theorists
Drama teachers
Bisexual male actors
Jewish American male actors
Juilliard School alumni
LGBT Jews
LGBT people from New York (state)
Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre
People from Brooklyn
20th-century American Jews
20th-century LGBT people
American bisexual

masks:
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Meisner
Sanford Meisner


texts:
<mask> () was an Indian writer, a former teacher, social worker and political thinker. Personal life
<mask> was born in Kalimpong, Darjeeling district, India on 19 January 1931. His father's name was <mask>. He obtained his primary education from St. Michael Roman Catholic School, Kalimpong. Later, he went on to study at the Scottish Universities Mission Institution (SUMI). He was a very bright student from a young age. So immediately after finishing high school he was hired to work as a teacher in Tashi Namgyal Senior Secondary School (TNSSS) in Gangtok, Sikkim.After working for about 3 years he decided to go to college and completed his bachelor's degree which he received in 1956 from Darjeeling Government College. He then went on to complete his Masters of Arts (MA) degree from Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Nepal. Once completing his education, he came back to work as a teacher in the Government of Sikkim for about 11 years quickly rising to the position of Deputy Director for the Department of Education of Sikkim in 1977. In 1988, he retired from his position in the Department of Education to pursue a full-time career in Nepali literature. Literary work
Known to be inspired by his own family and people surrounding him in his daily life, <mask> <mask> found a mentor in his own father Khadananda <mask>, who was a well-known Sanskrit scholar. The first poem <mask> <mask> wrote was titled Mitra Barga (which means My Friends). It was published in the school magazine of the Scottish Universities Mission Institution in 1952.He also wrote short stories, essays, travelogues and criticisms. His publications include Jhumra Ko Putali (1988), Hamra Kehi Lok Katha (1988), Shakespheare Ka

masks:
Mahananda Poudyal
Mahananda Poudyal
Khadananda Poudyal
Mahananda
Poudyal
Poudyal
Mahananda
Poudyal


texts:
 Kehi Natya Katha (1996), Bichar Afnai Chhitiz Tira (1996), Chanda Ra Alankar (1988), Sanobhai, Shree Katha, Fulharu, Patiharu (2002) and Bhasha Sahitya Barha Bakhan. A complete list of his publications are as follows

Short stories
 Jhumra Ko Putali (collection of short stories)

Poems
 Mitra Barga, first poem published. Folktales collection
 Hamra Kehi Lokkatha (Folk tales)

Edited works
 Dhrubatara
 Sahitya Sankshep
 Parijaat
 Padya Saurav
 Gadya Saurav
 Sikkim ka Pratham Kawi Santabir Limboo-Krititwa Katipaya
 Kawi Narendra Kumai Krititwa Ewam Mulyankan

Translations
 Shakespeare Ka Kehin Natya Katha, (Nepali translation of Shakespeare’s dramatic stories)
 Sanobhai (Translation from Hindi)

<mask> <mask> has been an active contributor in many literary magazines and journals. In addition he has been the editor of various publications in the region. His association with some of the journals and publications include
 1954- Nav Prabhat, Bi monthly with Co editor Miss Sanumati Rai
 1955 – 56 Gorkha Weekly : Member of the editorial board
 1957 – Bulletin of the 'All Sikkim Student Association' Darjeeling
 1958 – 'Pole Star', a Tri lingual literary Bulletin of the 'All Sikkim Student Association' Darjeeling
 1956 – Co editor, Sahitya Sanket, Kalimpong (One of his works in his college days)
 1956 – Co editor 'Kanaka'
 1982 – 'Akashdeep' literary magazine of his own publication 'Akashdeep publication'. Chief Editor
 1984 – 86 – 'Bhanu Smarkia' Gangtok, Chief Editor
 1988 – 94 – 'Jan Pukar' {24 issues } News fort nightly.1994 Basundhara Literary magazine from Siliguri : Akashdeep publication. 2006 onwards – Chief Editor 'Sandhan' A high level literary journal

Given his contributions to

masks: Mahananda Poudyal


texts:
 the Nepali literature, <mask> <mask> himself has been a subject of many dissertation works for scholars of Nepali Literature. Some of them include:
 Mahananda Poudyal ko Jiwani Byaktitwa ra Krititwa ko Adhyan by Narayan Bhattarai, Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu 2007
 <mask> Poudyal ani unko Jhumra ko Putali, Katha Sanghra ko Kriti Parak ko Adhyan by Narmaya Dangal, Tribuhan University 2008
 Mahananda Poudyal ka Katha Kriti haroo ko Bislesanatkmak Adhyan ra mulyankan by Deepa Sharma, North Bengal University 2009
 A research work done by five eminent writers published by Karuna Devi Smarak Dharmartha Guthi , Gangtok (Mahananda Poudyal : Unka Wiwid Kriti harooma) 2008
 Mahananda Poudyal Abhinandan anka of Pardeshi, A literary magazine, published by Agam Singh Giri Pratisthan Saluwa, West Midnapur, West Bengal. 'Mahananda Poudyal: Unka Wiwid Kriti Haroo' published by Rachana Publications Gangtok. Special Issue of 'Pardeshi' by Agam Singha Giri Sansthan, Saluwa. Other works
Apart from literary activities, Manahanda <mask> was also engaged in various political and social activities in Darjeeling and its adjacent regions. He took active participation in the Gorkha identity and upliftment movement and has written several articles on the Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League.It can be safely assumed that some of his writings have been influenced by the political philosophy of the Gorkhaland movement. These writings drew the attention of the people towards the movement. He was associated with several social and literary organizations such as Gorkha Dukha Niwarak Sammelan, Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League, Bhanu Jayanti Samaroah Samiti, Sikkim Sahitya Academy, Kendriya Sikshya Parishad, Rashtriya

masks: Mahananda Poudyal Mahananda Poudyal


texts:
 Pathya Pustak Parishad, Kendriya Sahitya Academy and Purviya Parishad Sanskrit Kendra. See the list below :
 Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi (General Council) 1983 - 1988
 Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, Kolkatta, (A Zonal unit of the Department of Culture, Government of India) 1993 – 1998
 President, Sikkim Akademi-1999
 Member: Golden Jubilee Celebration of India’s Independence, a state level Committee. Member: Textbook and courses of studies, C.B.S.E, New Delhi. State President, Vidya Bharati Sansthan, Lucknow on personal capacity. Awards
For his contributions to the Nepali literature, <mask> <mask> has been awarded multiple recognitions.See list below for some of them
 Nepali Sahitya Sammelan award 1998
 Bhanu Puraskar by Nepali Sahitya Parishad, Gangtok 1999
 Shiva Kumar Rai Smriti Puraskar by South Sikkim Sahitya Sammelan, Namchi 2004
 Dr. Parasmani Pradhan Puraskar by Nepali Sahitya Adhyayan Samiti, Kalimpong 2006. Basibiyalo Puraskar by Basibiyalo Pariwar, Kalimpong 2009

He has also been felicitated on numerous occasions including:
 Sahitik Patrakar Sanga, Kathmandu 2004
 Mahakavi Deokota Satabdi Samaroha Committee, Kathmandu 2010
 Sikkim Samman Sammilan by Dept. of Culture, Govt. of Sikkim Gangtok 2004
 Nepali Sammelan, New Delhi and Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi (Joint venture) 2009
 Bhasha Diwas Celebration, Nepali Sahitya Parishad, Darjeeling 2009
 Nepali Department of Sikkim University 2013
 Pakyong Palatine College foundation day celebration, Pakyong, East Sikkim 2013

See also
 Nepali literature

References

Nepalese male short story writers
Nepalese short story writers
Living people
People from Kalimpong district
People from East Sikkim district
Nepalese male poets
1931


texts:
<mask> (; 22 July 1804 – 25 December 1893) was a French abolitionist writer, politician and journalist, best known for his leading role in the abolition of slavery in France in 1848, during the Second Republic. Early life
<mask> was born in Paris on	22 July 1804. His father, <mask> (1766–1832), from Fessenheim in Alsace, was the owner of a porcelain factory. His mother, Victoire Jacob (1767–1839), from Meaux in Seine-et-Marne, was a laundry maid in Paris at the time of their marriage. He was baptized in Saint-Laurent Church on 9 September 1804. He enrolled in the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1818, but left one year later and began working at the family's porcelain factory in the rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis. In his teenage years Schœlcher became an opposer of the Bourbon monarchy while frequenting the literary and political salons of Paris.In 1820, at the age of 16, he joined Freemasonry, being initiated into the Parisian lodge "Les Amis de la Vérité" (Grand Orient de France), which was at the time very strongly politicized, not to say openly revolutionary. He later moved to another Parisian lodge, "La Clémente Amitié". Abolitionism

In 1828, <mask> was sent by his father on an eighteen months-long trip in America, as a business representative of the family's enterprise. While in the continent he visited Mexico, Cuba, and the southern United States. On this trip he learned much about slavery and began his career as an abolitionist writer, and returning to France in 1830 he published his first writing in the Revue de Paris, an article titled Des noirs ("Of the blacks"), in which he proposed a gradual abolition of slavery. <mask> inherited the family's business on his father's death in 1832, but sold it on order to dedicate himself to his abolitionist work. In the following years he traveled through

masks:
Victor Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Marc Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher


texts: Europe, and in 1840 went to the West Indies to further study slavery and the results of its abolition in the English colonies.Next he went to Egypt, Greece and Turkey, where he studied Muslim slavery, and finally to West Africa, traveling through Senegal and Gambia between September 1847 and January 1848. With the first-hand accounts and the knowledge on slavery acquired in his travels, <mask> became an advocate for the immediate emancipation of slaves, no longer supporting a gradual process. These ideas were published in his work Des colonies françaises: Abolition immédiate de l'esclavage ("Of the French colonies: Immediate abolition of slavery") in 1842, following his return from the West Indies. He was a member of the  Société française pour l'abolition de l'esclavage founded in 1834, modeled after contemporary British abolitionist societies. After the early 1830s he was also a republican activist in France, and was one of the founders of the progressive newspaper La Réforme in 1843, to which he was a regular contributor. <mask> elaborated on social, economic, and political reforms he believed would be necessary to the Caribbean colonies after the abolition of slavery. He thought that the production of sugar could continue, though it should be rationalized with the construction of large central factories, and defended the reduction of concentration of land.<mask> was the first European abolitionist to visit Haiti after its independence, and had a large influence on the abolitionist movements in all of the French West Indies. He was actively against the debt collected from the Haitians as French slave owners sought reparations for their property lost in the Haitian Revolution. In February 1848, a revolution in France overthrew the July Monarchy. Schœlcher arrived from Senegal shortly after, on 3

masks: Schœlcher Schœlcher Schœlcher


texts:
 March, and quickly went to meet with François Arago, Minister of the Navy and Colonies of the provisional government of the new Republic. Arago appointed him under-secretary of state for the colonies, on 4 March, as well as president of a new commission charged with drafting the immediate abolition of slavery, with Louis Percin and Henri-Alexandre Wallon assigned as its secretaries. Schœlcher had convinced Arago not to wait until the election of the constituent National Assembly, which would be deeply occupied with organizing the republican institutions, to establish the abolitionist commission, arguing that any postponing of the emancipation could lead to revolt and bloodshed in the colonies. In his capacity as under-secretary of state and president of the commission, Schœlcher prepared and wrote the decree that was issued on 27 April 1848, through which the French government abolished slavery in all of its colonies and granted citizenship to the emancipated slaves.Later career

<mask>'s ultimate success in ending slavery gave birth to a new republican political movement in the Caribbean colonies. He was elected deputy to the National Assembly in 1848 by the department of Martinique. The next year he ran for reelection but lost to Cyrille Bissette, a former "free man of colour" and abolitionist, but won in Guadeloupe and was again elected for that department in 1850. He introduced a bill for the abolition of the death penalty, which was to be discussed on the day on which President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte seized power with a coup d'état, on 2 December 1851, dissolving the National Assembly. The next day <mask>, alongside Jean-Baptiste Baudin, was one of the few deputies present at the barricades in Paris to resist the coup. <mask> was then exiled by the new regime. He lived briefly in Belgium


texts: before moving to London, where he settled in 1852.In following years he became an specialist in the work of Georg Friedrich Handel, writing a biography of him in 1857. During the same period he published multiple writings criticizing Napoleon III, formerly president of France and now monarch of the Second French Empire, in works such as Dangers to England of the alliance with the men of the Coup d'Etat, which <mask> wrote in English and published in 1854. During this time he became a friend of fellow republican exile <mask>. Refusing to take advantage of the amnesty of 1859, <mask> only returned to France in late August 1870, after the declaration of war with Prussia. He was appointed staff colonel of the National Guard on 4 September, the day of the deposition of Napoleon III and the proclamation of the Third Republic. Organizing a legion of artillery, he took part in the defence of Paris. In 1871 he was again elected by Martinique for the National Assembly in Bordeaux, where he voted against the peace treaty.During the subsequent Paris Commune insurrection, <mask> tried unsuccessfully to mediate peace talks between the insurgents and the French government, and was briefly imprisoned by the  communards. Afterwards he continued serving in the National Assembly as a member of the Republican Union, and was elected senator for life in December 1875. In July 1876 he renewed his proposal for the abolition of capital punishment. In 1875 <mask> became a member of the Societé pour l'amélioration du sort de la femme ("Society for the improvement of women's condition"), and co-founded with Gaston Gerville-Réache, in 1882, the newspaper Le Moniteur des Colonies. He published his last work in 1889, a Vie de Tousaint Louverture ("Life of Toussaint Louverture"). After fighting for the abolition of slavery in

masks:
Schœlcher
Victor Hugo
Schœlcher
Schœlcher
Schœlcher


texts:
 French colonies and elsewhere for a large portion of the 19th century, <mask> died on 25 December 1893 in his house in Houilles, near Paris, at age 89. Having never married or left issue, in his will Schœlcher distributed his money and donated his collection to Guadeloupe, which is now housed in the Schœlcher Musem (Musée Schœlcher) in Pointe-à-Pitre.First buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, his remains were transferred on 20 May 1949 to the Panthéon on the initiative of Senator Gaston Monnerville from Guiana. <mask> had wanted to be buried with his father Marc, who was therefore also interred in the Panthéon. The ashes of Félix Éboué, the first black person to be buried in the Panthéon, were also transferred at the same time. In 1981, the newly elected President Francois Mitterrand placed a rose at his tomb in the Panthéon as part of his inauguration ceremony. Legacy

In homage to his fight against slavery, the commune of Case-Navire (Martinique) took the name of Schœlcher in 1888. The commune of Fessenheim turned his family's house into the <mask>lcher museum. The Place <mask> in Aix-en-Provence is named for him.A street created at the south-eastern corner of the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris was named Rue Schœlcher in 1894 and Rue Victor Schœlcher in 2000. Two ships of the French Navy have been named <mask>cher - an auxiliary cruiser during World War II, and a Commandant Rivière-class frigate in service 1962-1988. On 20 May 2020 two statues of Schœlcher were destroyed in Martinique as part of the ongoing consequences of the Black Lives Matter movement that originated in the United States. French President Emmanuel Macron criticized the acts. Another statue was destroyed in March 2021; their destruction was supported by activists from the separatist National Front for the Liberation of

masks:
Schœlcher
Victor Schœlcher
Victor Schœ
Victor Sccher
Victor Schœl


texts:
 Martinique, and represents part of wider protests against "colonial memory". He was honored on a commemorative note of five thousand francs by the department of Réunion first issued in 1946. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions 2004 James Chastain .External links

 List of works in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France database

Bibliography
 <mask>, <mask>. De la pétition des ouvriers pour l'abolition immédiate de l'esclavage, Paris, Pagnerre, 1844. Manioc
 <mask>, <mask>. Restauration de la traite des noirs à Natal, Paris, Imprimerie E. Brière, 1877. Manioc
 <mask>, <mask>. Evénements des 18 et 19 juillet 1881 à Saint-Pierre (Martinique), Paris, Dentu, 1882. Manioc
 <mask>, <mask>.Conférence sur Toussaint Louverture, général en chef de l'armée de Saint-Domingue, [s.l. ], Editions Panorama, 1966. Manioc
 Monnerot, Jules. <mask>, [s.l. ], Imprimerie Marchand, 1936. Manioc
 Basquel, <mask>. Un grand ancêtre : <mask> (1804-1893), Rodez, Imprimerie P. Carrère, 1936.Manioc
 Magallon Graineau, Louis-Alphonse Eugène. L'exemple de <mask>, Fort-de-France, Imprimerie officielle, 1944. Manioc

1804 births
1893 deaths
Writers from Paris
19th-century French journalists
19th-century French non-fiction writers
French biographers
Politicians from Paris
The Mountain (1849) politicians
Republican Union (France) politicians
Government ministers of France
Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic
Members of the National Assembly (1871)
French life senators
French abolitionists
French male writers
French Freemasons
French atheists
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Burials at the Panthéon, Paris
French anti–death penalty activists
Male feminists
French feminists
Handel scholars
French people of the Franco-Prussian

masks:
Schœlcher
Victor
Schœlcher
Victor
Schœlcher
Victor
Schœlcher
Victor
Schœlcher
Victor
Victor Schœlcher
Victor Schœlcher


texts:
<mask> (born July 20, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was selected by the Utah Jazz as the 12th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft. <mask> primarily plays the shooting guard position. He played for the Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball team during his college years, and was most notably the school's first-ever Big 12 Conference Freshman of the Year in 2010. As a sophomore, <mask> was statistically the eighteenth-best scorer in the Division I. With Colorado, he missed only a single college game. <mask> also gained national attention after being selected to the Big 12 First Team in his second season with the Buffaloes.He entered the 2011 NBA draft shortly after his sophomore year, projected to be a first-round draft pick despite playing just two seasons at Colorado. High school career
<mask> attended Grandview High School, where in 2009 he was named the Gatorade Player of the Year in the state of Missouri. As a senior, he averaged 23.0 points, 6.8 rebounds, 10.2 assists and 1.6 steals per game. He was also named the Kansas City Star and Metro Sports Player of the Year during his senior year. Prior to his senior year of high school, <mask> signed with Colorado during the November 2008 signing period. Considered a three-star recruit by 247Sports.com, Burks was listed as the No. 49 shooting guard and the No.196 player in the nation in 2009. College career
In his freshman year at Colorado, <mask> was awarded the 2010 Big 12 Conference Freshman of the Year, while also being named in the Big 12 All-Rookie team. In his sophomore year, he was named in the All-Big 12 first team. In April 2011, <mask> decided to forgo his two remaining eligible college years to enter the NBA

masks:
Alec Burks
Burks
Burks
Burks
Burks
Burks
Burks
Burks


texts:
 draft. Professional career

Utah Jazz (2011–2018)
<mask> was selected with the 12th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. On December 9, 2011, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Jazz. On October 25, 2012, the Jazz exercised their third-year team option on <mask>' rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2013–14 season.On October 29, 2013, the Jazz exercised their fourth-year team option on <mask>' rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2014–15 season. On January 13, 2014, Burks scored a career-high 34 points in a 118–103 win over the Denver Nuggets. On October 31, 2014, <mask> signed a four-year, $42 million contract extension with the Jazz. On December 30, he was ruled out for the rest of the 2014–15 season due to a shoulder injury. On December 27, 2015, <mask> was ruled out for six weeks with an ankle fracture. Two days later, he elected to undergo surgery on his fractured left fibula. On April 8, 2016, he returned to action after missing 50 games with the injury.In 13 minutes off the bench, he scored 11 points on 4-of-5 shooting in a 102–99 overtime loss to the Los Angeles Clippers. On November 1, 2016, <mask> was ruled out indefinitely after undergoing an arthroscopic procedure to debride his left ankle. On January 9, 2017, he spent a day with Utah's D-League affiliate, the Salt Lake City Stars. He was reassigned to Salt Lake City on January 11, and then recalled the next day after appearing in a game for the Stars. On January 21, 2017, he came off the bench for the Jazz and scored a season-high 13 points in a season-high 18 minutes in a 109–100 win over the Indiana Pacers. Seven days later, he set a new season high with 15 points in a 102–95 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies. On November 30,

masks: Burks Burks Burks Burks Burks Burks


texts:
 2017, <mask> scored a season-high 28 points off the bench in a 126–107 win over the Los Angeles Clippers.On December 4, 2017, he scored 27 points in a 116–69 win over the Washington Wizards for his third straight game with 20 or more—his best string since three straight 20-point games in February 2014. Cleveland Cavaliers (2018–2019)
On November 29, 2018, <mask> was traded, along with two future second-round picks, to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyle Korver. On January 13, 2019, he had 17 points and 13 rebounds in a 101–95 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. Sacramento Kings (2019)
On February 7, 2019, <mask> was acquired by the Sacramento Kings in a three-team trade involving the Cavaliers and Houston Rockets. Golden State Warriors (2019–2020)
On July 11, 2019, <mask> signed with the Golden State Warriors. On January 30, 2020, <mask> switched his jersey from 8 to 20 out of respect following the death of Kobe Bryant. Philadelphia 76ers (2020)
On February 6, 2020, <mask> and teammate Glenn Robinson III were traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for 3 second-round draft picks.New York Knicks (2020–present)
On November 22, 2020, <mask> signed with the New York Knicks. He also has an older brother, Steve Jr.

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Missouri
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball players
Golden State Warriors players
New York Knicks players
People from Grandview, Missouri
Philadelphia 76ers players
Sacramento Kings players
Salt Lake City Stars players
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from the Kansas City metropolitan area
Utah Jazz draft picks
Utah Jazz players
21st-century African-American

masks: Burks Burks Burks Burks Burks Burks Burks