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 in Atlanta, Georgia. A Special Blend

Many members of The Aeolians also sang in other vocal groups and choirs at Oakwood University. However, because of The Aeolians' rigorous rehearsal and touring schedule, conductor Alma Blackmon had instituted a rule that no members of the ensemble could participate in extracurricular groups larger than a quartet. This was intended to limit the number of students who might collectively miss any given Aeolian performance.As such, <mask>'s nine-voice vocal group, The Symbolic Sounds, was disallowed. In response, in 1981 <mask> disbanded The Symbolic Sounds and formed the vocal group A Special Blend, consisting of two women and two men, accompanied by <mask> on piano or sometimes by a full rhythm section. He created innovative vocal arrangements for A Special Blend, whose repertoire consisted of new arrangements of familiar songs, as well as original compositions by <mask>. The group's core members were Joya Foster, Lori Bryan, Mark Kibble, and Claude V. McKnight, III. Like Alliance, A Special Blend became well-known and popular for its unique style, combining vocal jazz with contemporary Christian lyrics. A Special Blend performed many concerts throughout the United States, primarily on weekends, during the school year. <mask>, Kibble, and McKnight were members of both A Special Blend and Alliance.The groups' respective takes on vocal jazz complimented each other, and in fact they frequently concertized in tandem. At different points during A Special Blend's six-year continuance, vocalists Andraetta Huff, Sheryl Bihm, and Michelle Mayne each briefly served as members or alternate members. In reality, neither A Special Blend nor Alliance complied with Blackmon's "Rule of Four." However,

masks: Warren Warren Warren Warren Warren


type: original

texts: she granted an exception for A Special Blend, since they were technically a quartet that <mask> accompanied at the piano. Alliance, on the other hand, was in clear violation, but <mask>, along with Mark Kibble and Claude V. McKnight, III, continued to perform with Alliance stealthily. Although Kibble and McKnight also sang with The Aeolians, they each did so for only one year or less. <mask> remained a member of The Aeolians throughout his four-year matriculation.In 1982, A Special Blend won the first-place trophy at the Alabama State Fair's talent competition. In 1983, A Special Blend recorded a collection of several songs at Sound Cell Studio, to serve as a demo to help the group acquire a recording contract. Like Alliance, A Special Blend caught the attention of Henry Mosley, who became the group's manager. In 1984 A Special Blend recorded an album entitled Nowhere But Up, which <mask> produced. The album was recorded at a studio in Nashville, Tennessee, for release on Mosley's Legacy Records. To attend sessions, <mask> and the group and band members made the 100-mile trip many times—often departing for Nashville after the day's classes, recording for a few hours, then returning to Huntsville after midnight, in time for the next morning's classes. Despite Oakwood University's rich tradition of vocal groups, which had spanned decades, Nowhere But Up was the first student album to feature a full rhythm section plus orchestration, including a string ensemble, a big band, a pop horn section, synthesizers, and exotic percussion, all of which <mask> arranged, though at the time he had received no formal training in orchestral writing.Upon its release, Nowhere But Up caused quite a stir within Oakwood University's rather

masks: Warren Warren Warren Warren Warren Warren


texts: conservative community. While a small number of the most conservative faculty members expressed discontent with the album's decidedly jazzy style, the project was highly celebrated by students, other faculty, and enthusiasts, both within the Oakwood community and around the United States. Only a few thousand copies of Nowhere But Up were pressed, and it is today considered a collector's item. As of 2010, there are discussions of a possible re-release of the album on the iTunes Store in 2011, the 30th anniversary of the group's formation. A Special Blend often joined <mask> at Sound Cell Studio to sing on jingles or commercials or to provide background vocals for other artists' recordings. These recordings ran the gamut from country and pop to "easy listening" and contemporary Christian music. The group also performed background vocals on stage for recording artist Bob Bailey, during his live concert at Oakwood.In 1985, during a trip to California, A Special Blend performed at gospel-music legend Walter Hawkins' Love Center in Oakland. Aside from Hawkins and his brother, the equally celebrated Edwin Hawkins, the concert was attended by gospel-music legend Danniebelle Hall, who had been very influential upon <mask>. In fact, A Special Blend's repertoire included a unique arrangement of a Danniebelle Hall New Orleans jazz-styled piece entitled "Theme On The Thirty-Seventh", which A Special Blend performed, to Hall's delight. After the group's performance, Walter Hawkins took the stage and playfully expressed that he had not noticed A Special Blend performing any Walter Hawkins songs. From the audience, Hall replied—tongue firmly in cheek—"Well, if you'd write something decent, they would." In 1986, <mask> traveled to

masks: Warren Warren Warren


texts:
 Toronto, to see the Manhattan Transfer in concert. Afterward, he waited at the backstage door, and upon the group's exit presented them with copies of Nowhere But Up.Over the years, A Special Blend had in fact been compared to the Manhattan Transfer. Some months later, while completing his master's degree at the University of Alabama, <mask> received a surprise phone call from Janis Siegel of the Manhattan Transfer, asking if he had heard from the Recording Academy. Siegel explained that members of the Manhattan Transfer had submitted Nowhere But Up for a Grammy Award nomination. Because the album was a small, independent release, it had not reached enough members of the Recording Academy to earn a Grammy nomination. However, <mask> and A Special Blend would remain forever grateful for the Transfer's magnanimous gesture. Years later, <mask> would write several arrangements for the Manhattan Transfer. Take 6
In 1980, <mask> became a member of the a cappella sextet Alliance, which in 1987 signed with Warner Bros. Records, moved to Nashville, Tennessee, changed its name to Take 6, and achieved worldwide fame in 1988.<mask> produced or co-produced most of their first two albums, Take 6 and So Much 2 Say; arranged and co-wrote many of the included songs; and with the group won his first of four Grammy Awards. <mask>'s years with Take 6 were characterized by a flurry of appearances, performances, recordings, and travel. Take 6 performed many concerts and embarked upon several concert tours, typically to sold-out audiences, both in the United States and abroad. In 1988, Take 6 toured approximately 12 U.S. cities, opening for singer Andy Williams. In 1989, Take 6 toured 40 U.S. cities, opening for jazz legend Al Jarreau. In


texts: subsequent years, Take 6 headlined their own concerts and tours throughout the United States, the UK, Europe, and Japan. Take 6 also performed at a number of well-known events, venues, and jazz festivals, including Radio City Music Hall, Carnegie Hall, The Hollywood Bowl, The Special Olympics, The Monterey Jazz Festival, and The Playboy Jazz Festival.Occasionally Take 6 shared billing with other, popular contemporary-Christian recording artists, such as BeBe & CeCe Winans, the Winans, and Commissioned. The popularity of Take 6 led to collaborations with many, established artists. In fact, it was through Take 6 that <mask> first met Quincy Jones, establishing a musical friendship that would last for decades. Take 6 performed on several songs and interludes on Jones' album Back on the Block. In addition to performing with the group and contributing to their vocal arrangements, <mask> is the featured voice on "Setembro (Brazilian Wedding Song)", and he penned the lyrics for "The Verb To Be (Introduction to Wee B. Dooinit)". Jones also invited <mask> to be a featured vocalist on the song "The Secret Garden (Sweet Seduction Suite)." At the time, for personal reasons, <mask> respectfully declined the invitation.Since then, <mask> has characterized it as "one of the very few decisions in my life that I truly regret." In the years since, <mask> has arranged, produced, or co-produced numerous songs for various Jones projects. In 1989, Take 6 recorded the song "Don't Shoot Me," for the Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing. <mask> produced the recording and co-wrote "Don't Shoot Me" with Lee and with group-members Claude V. McKnight, III and David Thomas. That same year, Take 6 recorded background vocals on the Don Henley album The

masks: Warren Warren Warren Warren Warren Warren Warren


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 End of the Innocence. The collaboration had been requested, as a personal favor, by Jim Ed Norman, then-president of Warner Bros. Records in Nashville. Norman and Henley were longtime friends, Norman having previously produced many recordings by Henley's band The Eagles.Other notable Take 6 collaborations during that period include recordings with k.d. lang, Johnny Mathis, Stephanie Mills, Melba Moore, Joe Sample, Dino Kartsonakis, and composer Steve Dorff. During <mask>'s tenure, Take 6 recorded music videos for three songs: "Spread Love," "I L-O-V-E U," and "Ridin' The Rails," their collaboration with k.d. lang, for the 1990 film Dick Tracy. During the same period, Take 6 also recorded theme music for the television show Murphy Brown, Oprah Winfrey's television miniseries The Women of Brewster Place, and commercials for Burger King and Mitsubishi. During this period, Take 6 performed live on numerous television shows, including the 31st Grammy Awards, Good Morning America, The Today Show, David Sanborn's Good Evening, The Arsenio Hall Show, The Tonight Show, Saturday Night Live, and Late Show with David Letterman. Take 6 also performed The National Anthem at the 1988 World Series.In 1991 <mask> left Take 6 to become a full-time record producer, songwriter, arranger and film composer. Music career in Nashville
Between recording sessions and tours with Take 6, <mask> produced and wrote songs and arrangements for other musicians. Producer Greg Nelson became a mentor to him. After leaving Take 6 in 1991, <mask> remained in Nashville, where he worked with Yolanda Adams,  First Call, Larnelle Harris, James Ingram, Babbie Mason, Cindy Morgan, Sandi Patty, The Richard Smallwood Singers, Thomas Whitfield, and Bebe & Cece

masks: Warren Warren Warren Warren


texts:
 Winans. In 1990, he produced two tracks on the Donna McElroy album Bigger World. The arrangement for "Come Sunday," was a collaboration with Cedric Dent of Take 6. <mask> and Dent received a Grammy Award nomination for the arrangement.Interpreting Handel
In 1991, <mask> was hired to arrange and produce an interpretation of the 1741 oratorio Messiah by George Frideric Handel that incorporated African-American music. He arranged and produced seven of the sixteen tracks of  Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration, which included spirituals, blues, ragtime, swing, jazz fusion, rhythm and blues, gospel, and hip-hop. The album received the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album and the Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year. Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration has been officially recognized by Handel House, the George F. Handel museum in London, England. Film and music career in Los Angeles

In 1993 <mask> was hired to compose music for the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit. Although he intended to return to Nashville, job offers compelled him to remain in Los Angeles. He has composed and conducted orchestral scores for film and television; written, produced, and arranged songs for films and for Ron Fair, David Foster, and Quincy Jones; and has performed and recorded as a musician.He collaborated with Jeff Marx on "You Have More Friends Than You Know" for the It Gets Better organization. The song appeared on the television program Glee on April 18, 2013. Awards and honors

Grammy Awards and nominations

Soul Train Award

NAACP Image Award nominations

Dove Awards and nominations (10)

Stellar Awards

References

External links
 Mervyn <mask> <mask>siCodex Page

masks:
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren Mevyn
Warren Mu


texts:
 https://mervynwarren.com/biography
 Alabama Hall of Fame Music Achievers

1964 births
Living people
African-American pianists
American film score composers
American male film score composers
American gospel singers
American jazz keyboardists
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American jazz singers
American music arrangers
Record producers from Alabama
American rhythm and blues keyboardists
American contemporary R&B singers
Gospel musicians
Gospel music composers
Songwriters from Alabama
Grammy Award winners
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
Musicians from Huntsville, Alabama
Urban contemporary gospel musicians
20th-century American pianists
Jazz musicians from Alabama
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
African-American songwriters
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
American male


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<mask> (Russian: Дмитрий Анатольевич Белик; born in 17 October 1969) is a Russian politician who is currently a member of parliament in the State Duma of the VII convocation, a member of the United Russia party, and a member of the State Duma committee on control and regulations and a member since 5 October 2016. He had been the acting head of Sevastopol from 4 March 2014 to 13 May 2014 as he was an active participant in the occupation of Crimea by Russia. Biography

<mask> was born in Kular, Russia on 17 October 1969. According to some other sources, they indicate that he was born on 1 January 1970. <mask> moved to Sevastopol from Kemerovo in 1990. From May 1995 to June 2013, he was director, then demoted to deputy director of the private enterprise Big Crimea in Sevastopol. In 2006, he graduated from the Modern Humanitarian Academy in Moscow with a degree in economics.In 2007, he founded the first private Orthodox general education school "Mariampol" in Sevastopol. Belyk was the member of the Sevastopol City Council of the IV, V and VI convocations. He was the chairman of the Land Commission; in the 5th convocation, and the chairman of the Standing Committee on Urban Development Policy, Regulation of Land and Water Relations. In the 6th convocation, he was the chairman of the standing commission on industry, agro-industrial complex, trade and entrepreneurship, and a member of the standing commission on social and humanitarian issues, as from 21 June 2013. He was a member of the Party of Regions. Simultaneously, from 21 June 2013, Belyk had become the deputy chairman of the Sevastopol City State Administration for Social Policy. From 4 March 2014 to 13 May 2014, <mask> served as the acting head of the administration of Sevastopol.He supported the beginning of the temporary occupation of Crimea, and took an active part in the work of the occupying government. Since 2014, he had been a deputy secretary of the Sevastopol Regional Branch and a member of the Regional Political Council of the Sevastopol Branch of the United Russia party. Since 2015, he has been wanted by the

masks:
Dmitry Anatolyevich Belik
Dmitry Belik
Belik
Belik


texts:
 prosecutor's office of Ukraine on suspicion of high treason. On 22 May 2016, he won the preliminary party vote of the United Russia party, and was nominated as a candidate for the State Duma in Sevastopol at the 15th party congress. In the parliamentary elections of the State Duma on 18 September 2016, <mask>, as in Sevastopol single-mandate constituency No. 219, had won in a single-mandate constituency, gaining 46,960 votes (33.24%). In the VII convocation of the State Duma, he is a member of the United Russia faction, and is a member of the committee on budget and taxes.Since November 2016, <mask>, and among the 6 members of the State Duma elected in Crimea, has been subject to sanctions imposed by the European Union, with a ban on entry to the territory of the European Community and freezing of their accounts in the EU. Legislative activity

Between 2016 and 2019, during the term of office of a deputy of the State Duma of the VII convocation, <mask> co-authored 97 legislative initiatives and amendments to draft federal laws. Political activity

<mask> had been an author of more than 80 draft decisions of the Sevastopol City Council, including with regulation on public hearings, the concept of preserving the historical buildings in Sevastopol, on the limitation of the number of floors in the historical center of the city, and on the prohibition of the use of communal property for the implementation of the "methadone program". He also had initiated citywide public hearings, which includes, "City against drugs" in a call against the introduction of the methadone program in Sevastopol. “We speak Russian - we study in Russian”, with the Russian language, based on their results, a decision was made by the City Council session on the recognition of Russian as the language of regional communication, and “On the ways of development of KP“ Sevelektroavtotrans ”,  which is about the reorganization of the Sevastopol trolleybus system. Belyk had also been a delegate of the 1st Congress in Severodonetsk, the 2nd Congress of Deputies of all levels of the southeastern and the central

masks: Belik Belik Belik Belik


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 Ukraine in Severodonetsk. In 2008, he was one of the initiators of the installation of the monument to Catherine II, opposed the installation on the Grafskaya pier of the plaque "90 years of the Ukrainian fleet", was one of the initiators of the proposal to award Yury Luzhkov the title of "Honorary Citizen of Sevastopol."On 30 December 2009, he initiated an extraordinary session of the Sevastopol City Council on the situation in Sevastopol from 26 December 2009. Then, the Svoboda party marched down Lenin Street, which the deputies demanded a ban on the activities of Svoboda members. In the 2012 elections to the Verkhovna Rada, Belyk ran from the Russian Bloc party in the 224th constituency of Sevastopol; gaining 27.8% of the votes, and became the second after Pavlo Lebedyev. He did not participate in the repeated elections in connection with the transfer of Lebedyev to the post of Minister of Defense of Ukraine, but supporting the oligarch Vadym Novynskyi. Since 26 December 2012, he headed the Coordination Council of Organizations of Russian Compatriots (KSORS) at the Consulate General of Russia in Crimea. On 16 July 2013, he announced his withdrawal from the Russian Bloc faction of the Sevastopol City Council. <mask> became the acting head of the Sevastopol Administration, on 7 March 2014, and issued an order banning the use of the state Ukrainian language in the Sevastopol City State Administration in office work and document flow and on the use of Russian as the official language for paperwork and document flow.Personal life

<mask> had also been a general producer of the documentary film about Stanislav Chyzh, who was the People's Artist of Crimea, the honorary citizen of Sevastopol, and creator of the monument to Catherine II. Family

He is married, and is raising three children (four, according to other sources)

References

External link

1969 births
Living people
21st-century Russian politicians
Seventh convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Party of Regions politicians
United Russia politicians
Eighth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian

masks: Belik Belik


texts:
Former Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask> (born ) is a former U.S. Army Reservist from Prince George, Virginia. He was charged with aiding the enemy and other breaches of military law, mostly in connection with his role as commander of the 451st Military Police Detachment and Camp Cropper, a holding facility for security detainees in Iraq. He was acquitted of aiding the enemy, but sentenced to 2 years confinement on other charges and was dismissed from the military. He was confined at the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. <mask> was only the second officer to be charged with aiding the enemy during Operation Iraqi Freedom, the other being Captain James Yee. <mask><mask> was the only field-grade officer to be charged with aiding the enemy during all of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Biography

Background
<mask> is originally from Frostburg, Maryland and a 1973 graduate of Beall High School.He is a former police officer from Anne Arundel County, Maryland and a former Hernando County, Florida sheriff’s deputy. Civilian legal incidents
After <mask> was charged with aiding the enemy, the press reported on two earlier incidents in which <mask> had been involved with the courts. In November 1993, he was charged with felony aggravated child abuse for his verbal and physical abuse of his 11-year-old stepson. From court records, "[The boy] was punched. He was thrown across the room for eating food without asking." <mask> was also charged with resisting an officer with violence, another felony. Both charges were dropped when he agreed to give up custody.In 2003, <mask> was charged with two misdemeanor offenses during a dispute with a contractor. The contractor, who was born in Lebanon, accused <mask> of saying: "You better get out of here or I'll blow your head off," and said that <mask> "accused him of working for al-Qaeda". <mask> was convicted on one count of threatening bodily harm, but upon appeal the charges were dismissed after <mask>
<mask> served as commandant of Camp Cropper from October 2005 to the end of October 2006, when he transferred to Camp Victory and served as a senior

masks:
William H
. Steele
Steele
William H
. Steele
Steele
Steele
Steele
Steele
Steele
Steele
Steele
Steele
Steeleper
Steele


texts: patrol officer with 89th Military Police Brigade. Camp Cropper is known to have held former Baath Party members, Al-Qaeda operatives, and members of the Iraqi insurgency. On April 26, 2007, it was announced that <mask> had been held in military detention since March, and that he had been charged with aiding the enemy and other violations of military law. After that he was held in pretrial confinement in Kuwait.Testimony at his Article 32 hearing indicated that the charge of aiding the enemy was based on the allegation that <mask> had allowed three juvenile detainees to use his cellphone to call their parents in violation of the prison's requirement that all prisoner phone calls be monitored. (<mask> had been previously reprimanded by Brigadier General Kevin McBride, commander of the 43rd MP Brigade, for "intimidating tower guards with a service pistol." He was later awarded the Bronze Star Medal by General McBride at the end of his tour of duty.) On June 10, 2007, the military dropped charges of fraternization with the daughter of a prisoner, and failure to oversee expenditure of government funds—allegedly used to purchase of hair dye and Cuban cigars for <mask> when he was held at Camp Cropper. At that time, Major General James E. Simmons referred the remaining charges for trial by general court-martial. <mask> was ordered confined pending trial. At a pre-trial hearing held at Camp Liberty, Iraq, on October 7, <mask> pleaded guilty to two charges relating to improper storage of classified materials and to one of possession of pornographic videos.<mask>'s trial before a military judge on charges of "aiding the enemy, possessing classified information, disobeying orders and conduct unbecoming an officer" began in Baghdad on October 15. On October 19, 2007, a military judge found <mask> not guilty on the charge of aiding the enemy, but guilty of "unauthorized possession of classified documents, behavior unbecoming an officer for an inappropriate relationship with an interpreter and failing to obey an order". <mask> was sentenced to 2 years confinement (of a possible maximum 6-year sentence for the

masks:
Steele
Steele
Steele
Saddam Hussein
Steele
Steele
Steele
Steele
Steele


texts:
 charges to which he had previously plead guilty, as well as an additional 10 years for the charges for which he was convicted), credited with time served, loss of his military retirement, forfeiture of pay and allowances, and dismissal from the military. Charges against <mask>

Charge I: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 104
Specification: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about October 1, 2005 and October 31, 2006, aid the enemy by providing an unmonitored cellular phone to detainees. (Acquitted of charge on October 19, 2007)

Charge II: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 134
Specification: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about October 31, 2006 and February 22, 2007, having unauthorized possession of classified information, violate Title 18, United States Code, Section 793(e), by knowingly and willfully retaining the same and failing to deliver it to the officer or employee of the United States entitled to receive it. (Convicted of charge on October 19, 2007)

Charge III: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 133
Specification 1: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about October 20, 2005 and February 22, 2007, knowingly and wrongfully fraternize with the daughter of a detainee, wherein such acts constituted conduct unbecoming an officer in the armed forces. (This specification was not recommended for trial by court-martial and was dismissed on June 10, 2007.)Specification 2: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about December 1, 2005 and December 11, 2006, knowingly and wrongfully provide special privileges to and maintain an inappropriate relationship with an interpreter, wherein such acts constituted conduct unbecoming an officer in the armed forces. (Convicted of charge on October 19, 2007)

Charge IV: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 92
Specification 1: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about February 18, 2007 and February 21, 2007, violate a lawful general regulation, to wit: paragraph 7–4, Army Regulation 380–5, dated September 29, 2000, by wrongfully and knowingly storing classified

masks:
Steele
William H
. Steele
William H
. Steele
William H
. Steele
William H
. Steele
William H
. Steele


texts:
 information in his living space. (<mask> pleaded guilty to this specification on October 7, 2007.) Specification 2: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about September 1, 2006 and February 21, 2007, violate a lawful general regulation, to wit: paragraph 4–32, Army Regulation 380–5, dated September 29, 2000, by improperly marking classified information. (<mask> pleaded guilty to this specification on October 7, 2007.) Specification 3: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, having knowledge of a lawful order issued by the 89th Military Police Brigade Deputy Commander, did, at or near Camp Victory, Iraq, on or about February 22, 2007, failure to obey the same. (Convicted of charge on October 19, 2007)

Specification 4: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, did, between on or about February 18, 2007 and February 21, 2007, violate a lawful general order, to wit: paragraph 2e, Multi-National Corps-Iraq General Order Number 1, dated December 16, 2006, by wrongfully and knowingly possessing pornographic video files.(<mask> pleaded guilty to this specification on October 7, 2007.) Specification 5: In that Lieutenant Colonel <mask><mask>, between on or about October 1, 2005 and October 31, 2006, was derelict in the performance of his duties in that he willfully failed to fulfill his obligations as an approving authority in the expenditure of Field Ordering Officer funds. (This specification was not recommended for trial by court-martial and was dismissed on June 10, 2007.) References and notes

External links
Charges Announced News Release – United States Central Command – April 26, 2007
Trial Date Set For Officer Charged With Aiding Enemy News Release – United States Central Command – October 13, 2007
U.S. commander under investigation for allegedly aiding the enemy
US Iraqi prison commander detained
Army officer who commanded MPs at Iraq prison accused of aiding the enemy, faces death penalty

1950s births
Living people
American deputy sheriffs
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
United States Army officers
People from Frostburg, Maryland
People from Prince George,

masks:
Steele
William H
. Steele
Steele
William H
. Steele
William H
. Steele
Steele
William H
. Steele


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<mask>  (3 January 1819 – 21 February 1900) was an Italian-born British astronomer who was Astronomer Royal for Scotland from 1846 to 1888; he is known for many innovations in astronomy and, along with his wife <mask>, his pyramidological and metrological studies of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Astronomical career
<mask> (pronounced ) was born in Naples, Italy, to Captain (later Admiral) <mask> and his wife Annarella. He was named <mask> after his godfather, the Italian astronomer <mask>, whose acquaintance his father had made at Palermo when serving in the Mediterranean. His father subsequently settled at Bedford and equipped there an observatory, at which <mask> received his first lessons in astronomy. He was educated at Bedford School until the age of sixteen when he became an assistant to Sir Thomas Maclear at the Cape of Good Hope, where he observed
Halley's comet and the Great Comet of 1843, and took an active part in the verification and extension of Nicolas Louis de Lacaille's arc of the meridian. In 1846 he was appointed Astronomer Royal for Scotland, based at the Calton Hill Observatory in Edinburgh, and professor of astronomy in the University of Edinburgh. Shortly after his appointment, the observatory was placed under the control of Her Majesty's Treasury and suffered from a long series of under-funding.Because of this, most of his notable work in astronomy was done elsewhere. Here he completed the reduction, and continued the series, of the observations made by his predecessor, Thomas James Henderson. In 1853, <mask> was responsible for installing the time ball on top of Nelson's Monument in Edinburgh to give a time signal to the ships at Edinburgh's port of Leith.

masks:
Charles Piazzi Smyth
Jessica Duncan Piazzi Smyth
Charles Piazzi Smyth
William Henry Smyth
Piazzi
Giuseppe Piazzi
Piazzi Smyth
Smyth


texts:
 By 1861, this visual signal was augmented by the One O'Clock Gun at Edinburgh Castle. In 1704 Isaac Newton wrote in his book Opticks Book 1, Part 1:
"... [telescopes] ... cannot be so formed as to take away that confusion of the Rays which arises from the Tremors of the Atmosphere. The only Remedy is a most serene and quiet Air, such as may perhaps be found on the tops of the highest Mountains above the grosser Clouds." This suggestion fell on deaf ears until in 1856, Smyth petitioned the Admiralty for a grant of £500 to take a telescope to the slopes of Teide in Tenerife (which he spelt Teneriffe) and test whether Newton had been right or not.In South Africa he had spent many nights observing from mountain tops but when he moved to Edinburgh had been appalled by the poor observing conditions there. The Admiralty approved his grant and he was offered the loan of further equipment from many sources. Robert Stephenson loaned his 140-ton yacht "Titania" for the expedition. Mr. Hugh Pattinson loaned his refracting telescope of . This was a Thomas Cooke equatorial with setting circles and a driving clock. The Crimean War had recently concluded and the army offered to lend tents. This offer was declined as <mask> <mask> had already designed a tent with a sewn-in groundsheet based on his experience in South Africa.On this and all his subsequent trips he was accompanied by his wife whom he had married the year before. In 1856, on reaching Tenerife they first set up camp on Mount Guajara, a  peak about  south of Teide (all heights on Tenerife are those he derived barometrically). It was higher than all its neighbours and free from any volcanic activity. They took all their equipment up

masks: Piazzi Smyth


texts: loaded on mules, except for the Pattinson telescope which was much too bulky. They stayed there a month making astronomical, meteorological and geological observations. He made observations of the steadiness and clarity of star images with the 3.6-inch (9 cm) Sheepshanks telescope and found both much better than at Edinburgh. He also made the first positive detection of heat coming from the Moon.However, they were annoyed by frequent dust incursions which frequently blotted out the horizon. Even when the dust was at its worst, the transparency at the zenith was better than at Edinburgh. The dust was evidently confined to individual layers, so he decided to move to Alta Vista at , on the eastern slope of Teide, the highest point that mules could reach. He was determined to use the larger Pattinson telescope and returned to La Orotava to fetch it. As the three boxes were too heavy, they were opened and the contents distributed among several smaller boxes which were loaded on to seven strong horses. The telescope was soon mounted and in action. The Airy Disc was clearly seen and he made many critical observations and fine drawings.They spent a month there during which they spent a day climbing to the summit of Teide at . The scientific results were described in reports addressed to the Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty, the Royal Society, and the "Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh Vol XII 1863", which were widely acclaimed. <mask> <mask> was the pioneer of the modern practice of placing telescopes at high altitudes to enjoy the best observing conditions. He wrote a popular account of the voyage in "Teneriffe, an astronomers Experiment". This was


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 the first book ever illustrated by stereoscopic photographs ("photo-stereographs"). It included 20 stereoviews of Teneriffe taken by the author using the wet collodion process. A stereoscope could be purchased which allowed the pictures to be viewed in 3-D without removing them from the book.In 1871 and 1872 Smyth investigated the spectra of the aurora, and zodiacal light. He recommended the use of the rain-band for weather forecasting and discovered, in conjunction with Alexander Stewart Herschel, the harmonic relation between the rays emitted by carbon monoxide. In 1877–1878 he constructed at Lisbon a map of the solar spectrum for which he received the Makdougall Brisbane Prize in 1880. Smyth carried out further spectroscopic researches at Madeira in 1880 and at Winchester in 1884. In 1888 Smyth resigned as Astronomer Royal in protest at the chronic under-funding and age of his equipment. This brought events to a head and the Royal Observatory was almost closed when James Lindsay, Earl of Crawford made a donation of new astronomical instruments and the complete Bibliotheca Lindesiana in order that a new observatory could be founded. Thanks to this donation, the new Royal Observatory on Blackford Hill was opened in 1896.After his resignation, <mask> retired to the neighbourhood of Ripon, where he remained until his death. Pyramidological researches

Smyth corresponded with pyramid theorist John Taylor and was heavily influenced by him. Taylor theorized in his 1859 book The Great Pyramid: Why Was It Built? & Who Built It? that the Great Pyramid was planned and the building supervised by the biblical Noah. Refused a grant by the Royal Society, <mask> went on an expedition to

masks: Smyth Smyth


texts: Egypt in order to accurately measure every surface, dimension, and aspect of the Great Pyramid. He brought along equipment to measure the dimensions of the stones, the precise angle of sections such as the descending passage, and a specially designed camera to photograph both the interior and exterior of the pyramid.He also used other instruments to make astronomical calculations and determine the pyramid's accurate latitude and longitude. <mask> subsequently published his book Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid in 1864 (which he expanded over the years and is also titled The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed). Smyth claimed that the measurements he obtained from the Great Pyramid of Giza indicated a unit of length, the pyramid inch, equivalent to 1.001 British inches, that could have been the standard of measurement by the pyramid's architects. From this he extrapolated a number of other measurements, including the pyramid pint, the sacred cubit, and the pyramid scale of temperature. Smyth claimed that the pyramid inch was a God-given measure handed down through the centuries from the time of Shem (Noah's Son), and that the architects of the pyramid could only have been directed by the hand of God. To support this Smyth said that, in measuring the pyramid, he found the number of inches in the perimeter of the base equalled one hundred times the number of days in a year, and found a numeric relationship between the height of the pyramid in inches to the distance from Earth to the Sun, measured in statute miles. He also advanced the theory that the Great Pyramid was a repository of prophecies which could be revealed by detailed measurements of the


texts:
 structure.Working upon theories by Taylor, he conjectured that the Hyksos were the Hebrew people, and that they built the Great Pyramid under the leadership of Melchizedek. Because the pyramid inch was a divine unit of measurement, <mask>, a committed proponent of British Israelism, used his conclusions as an argument against the introduction of the metric system in Britain. For much of his life he was a vocal opponent of the metric system, which he considered a product of the minds of atheistic French radicals, a position advocated in many of his works. <mask>, despite his bad reputation in Egyptological circles today, performed much valuable work at Giza. He made the most accurate measurements of the Great Pyramid that any explorer had made up to that time, and he photographed the interior passages, using a magnesium light, for the first time. <mask>'s work resulted in many drawings and calculations, which were soon incorporated into his books Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid, the three-volume Life and Work at the Great Pyramid (1867), and On the Antiquity of Intellectual Man (1868). For his works he was awarded the Keith gold medal for 1865–67 by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, but in 1874, the Royal Society of London rejected his paper on the design of Khufu's pyramid, as they had Taylor's.The rejection of his ideas helped contribute to his resignation from his post as Royal Astronomer in 1888. Influence of <mask>'s pyramid theories
<mask>'s theories on pyramid prophecy were then integrated into the works and prophecies of <mask> Russell (such as his Studies in the Scriptures), who founded the Bible Student movement (who adopted the name Jehovah's Witnesses in 1931,

masks:
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Charles Taze


texts: though Russell's successor, Joseph F. Rutherford, denounced pyramidology as unscriptural). <mask>'s proposed dates for the Second Coming, first 1882 then many dates between 1892 and 1911, were failed predictions. The theories of Taylor and Smyth gained many eminent supporters and detractors in the field of Egyptology during the late 1800s, but by the end of the 19th century it had lost most of its mainstream scientific support. The greatest blow to the theory was dealt by the great Egyptogist William Matthew Flinders Petrie, who had initially been a supporter. When Petrie went to Egypt in 1880 to perform new measurements, he found that the pyramid was several feet smaller than previously believed. This so undermined the theory that Petrie rejected it, writing:"The theories of the widths and heights of the passages are all connected, as the passages are all of the same section, or multiples of that.The entrance passage height has had a curiously complex theory attached to it supposing that the vertical and perpendicular heights are added together, their sum is 100 so-called "Pyramid inches". This at the angle of 26º 31' would require a perpendicular height of 47.27, the actual height being 47.24 ± .02. But in considering any theory of the height of this passage, it can not be separated from the similar passages, or from the most accurately wrought of all such heights, the course height of the King's Chamber. The passages vary from 46.2 to 48.6, and the mean course height is 47.040 ± .013. So although this theory agrees with one of the passages, it is evidently not the origin of this frequently recurring height; and it is the more unlikely as there is no authentic example, that


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 will bear examination, of the use or existence of any such measure as a "Pyramid inch," or of a cubit of 25.025 British inches." Marriage, family, and death

In 1855 Smyth married Jessica "Jessie" Duncan (1812–1896), daughter of Thomas Duncan. Jessie Duncan was a geologist who had studied with Alexander Rose in Edinburgh, and travelled on geological expeditions to Ireland, France, Switzerland and Italy.Smyth's brothers were Warington <mask> and Henry Augustus <mask>. His sisters were Henrietta Grace <mask>, who married Reverend Baden Powell and was mother of Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell (founder of the world Scouting Movement), Georgiana Rosetta <mask>, who married William Henry Flower; and Ellen Philadelphia <mask>, who married Captain Henry Toynbee of the HEIC. Smyth died in 1900 and was buried at St. John's Church in the village of Sharow near Ripon. A small stone pyramid-shaped monument, topped by a Christian cross, marks his gravesite. Honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1846, and served on its council for a number of years. In June 1857 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but resigned in 1874. He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1859.The crater <mask> <mask> on the moon is named after him. Bibliography

  Full text available from Google Books

  Reprinted in many editions by many publishers, often entitled The Great Pyramid: Its Secrets and Mysteries Revealed. Full text available on the Internet Archive
   Full text available from Google Books
   Full text available from Google Books

See also
 Geographical centre of Earth

References

Critical

masks:
Wilkinson Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Smyth
Piazzi
Smyth


texts:
 comments on some of <mask>'s books, by Olin J. Eggen (1955). External links

 "<mask>zi Smythe" at History of Astronomy in South Africa

 Pyramidology – A Case of Science, Pseudo-science and Religion
 <mask> <mask>, Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid (1877) Plate Index
 C. <mask> <mask>, <mask> Russell and the Great Pyramid of Gizeh
 Amazing Pyramid "Facts"
 B-P's Uncle: <mask> <mask>
 "<mask> Smith" at the Gazetteer for Scotland
 St. John's Church, Sharow: <mask> Smyth
 The Astronomical Society of Edinburgh: A Guide to Edinburgh's Popular Observatory
 Doomsday 1701–1970
 "<mask> <mask> – Teneriffe" at the George Eastman House Still Photograph Archive
 "The Sphinx and the Great Pyramid at Giza, 1865" photograph by Smyth
 The Royal Observatory, Edinburgh
 Astronomers Royal For Scotland: Summary of Archives

1819 births
1900 deaths
19th-century English writers
19th-century apocalypticists
19th-century writers on archaeological subjects
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
19th-century British astronomers
British Israelism
19th-century Neapolitan people
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
People educated at Bedford School
Pyramidologists
Victorian

masks:
Smyth
Charles Piaz
Charles Piazzi
Smyth
Piazzi
Smyth
Charles Taze
Charles Piazzi
Smyth
Charles Piazzi
Charles Piazzi
Charles Piazzi
Smyth


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<mask> or <mask> (Kampen, 4 May 1752 – Barneveld, New York, 1829) was one of the Dutch radical leaders of the Patriots, a minister and publicist who gave the Patriot movement a Christian tint in his blazing speeches. Having been a promising student in Groningen, Franeker and Amsterdam, he led the local militia (exercitiegenootschap) in Wijk bij Duurstede and ended up in captivity. <mask> was released on 9 December 1787 for a ransom of 45,000 guilder and emigrated to the U.S.A.

Life
Adriaan was the son of an army officer, his mother was related to Willem Jacob 's Gravesande, a scientist. He grew up in Zutphen and Zwolle, but in 1766 the family moved to 's-Hertogenbosch. Adriaan studied at the local grammar school and moved to the University of Groningen to study Oriental languages and botany under Petrus Camper. <mask> was offered a role as a civil servant in Elmina, now in Ghana, but did not go. Instead he went over to the Mennonites and studied theology in Amsterdam with Abraham Staal and Wybo Fijnje.<mask> <mask> refused an appointment in Goes and Makkum, but accepted one at Westzaan. In 1775 he moved to Leiden. From the pulpit <mask> <mask> proclaimed: "In America the Sun of Salvation has risen, which will also cast its rays upon us if we so wish: only America can teach us how to counter the degeneration of the national character, to curb the corruption of morals, to ward off bribery, to suffocate the seeds of tyranny and to restore to health our dying freedom. The supreme Being has ordained that America shall be Holland's last preacher of repentance". It is said <mask> <mask> was the author or ghostwriter of the "libel" "To the People of the

masks:
François Adriaan van der Kemp
Francis Adrian Vanderkemp
Van der Kemp
Van der Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp


texts:
 Netherlands". Simon Schama notes he was the distributor of the pamphlet. <mask> <mask> wrote a series of anti-bailiff or droste pamphlets for Joan Derk <mask> Capellen tot den Pol under different pseudonyms.<mask> <mask> and <mask> Capellen argued that these feudal rights were arbitrarily applied and even unlawful, thus bringing them into conflict with the drosten and the Prince of Orange, who derived the rights of his noble position from such things. In 1782, he married Reinira Engelbartha Johanna Vos, a daughter of a mayor of Nijmegen. They were the parents of three children: John Jacob <mask> (1783-1855), Cuneira Englebertha <mask> (1785–1865) and Peter A. A. T<mask> (1789–1857). In 1783 <mask> <mask> moved to Wijk bij Duurstede and became the leader of the local patriots. The arrest of Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia at the end of June 1787 demanded a response, and so <mask> <mask> and <mask> de Nijs were taken prisoner on 5 July, near Wijk bij Duurstede by a regiment of soldiers from Baden-Durlach and taken to Amersfoort. After his release he emigrated to America.In his baggage was a portrait of <mask> Capellen. <mask> <mask> published <mask> Capellen's collected works in six parts and also contained, next to all <mask> Capellen's reasonings, official documents that had not been intended for actual publication. <mask> <mask> as immigrant
In 1788 <mask> <mask> arrived in New York. He bought a farm in Ulster County, New York in 1789, not far from Kingston and from 1777 the capital of New York. He had a house, a shed, a chicken coop, and a few slaves". In 1795, he was the founder of the Agricultural Society for the Western District of New York. <mask>

masks:
Van der
Kemp
van der
Van der
Kemp
van der
Vanderkemp
Vanderkemp
. Vanderkemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Adriaan
Van der
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Van der
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der


texts: <mask> was linked to and visited in Kempwick by various Founding Fathers: John Adams, with whom he had an extensive and fascinating correspondence, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and <mask>.Mrs DeWitt Clinton, Hamilton and Tappan were all able to speak Dutch with his wife. He shared George Washington's interest in scientific agriculture after a visit to Mount Vernon. <mask>  <mask> withdrew from political life and threw himself into a new project at 'Nieuw Rotterdam', now called Constantia, in Oswego County. Constantia had a fantastic location and a fine nature, and there was sufficient game for hunting and fish in the lake. Also Marc Isambard Brunel lived in the neighborhood. However, the bears and Native Americans were never far away, and his friend Adam Gerard Mappa lived at a day's travel away. <mask> <mask> moved his family to Barneveld, now called Trenton.His house in Constantia was converted into a school. The Holland Land Company, that had taken into its service Gerrit Boon from Rotterdam, had meanwhile set up a proper village, planted ahorns and had a sugar mill built. On the national scene, <mask> <mask>'s opinions influenced many of the great leaders of America. John Adams credited him with a "vast view of civilization" and respected his advice. His warm friendship with John and Abigail Adams endured till their deaths, and John Quincy Adams continued the relationship. He persuaded Thomas Jefferson to anonymously publish his religious work a "Syllabus of an estimate of the doctrines of Jesus compared with those of others". He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1805 and a Fellow of the American

masks:
Kemp
Alexander Hamilton
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp


texts:
 Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1807.<mask> <mask> and Mappa wrote in an early stage (1807?) about digging a canal between Albany and Buffalo, the work on the Erie Canal started in 1817. The state received  from Holland Land Company. The governor of the state of New York, Dewitt Clinton, named him the most scholarly man in the U.S.A. In 1820 he received an honorary degree from Harvard University, and was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1822. <mask> <mask> started to translate the 17th century records in English, but his translation in the New York State Library went up in smoke in 1911. <mask> <mask> began to write his autobiography, but died of cholera on September 7, 1829 at the age 77 and is buried in the Olden Barneveldt cemetery Trenton, N.Y. Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts received his library.Sources

External links
 An autobiography, together with extracts from his correspondence; (1903)
 Letter from George Washington to <mask> <mask> <mask>
 HSP.org

1752 births
1829 deaths
People from Kampen, Overijssel
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Dutch Patriots faction
People from Trenton, New York
Members of the American Antiquarian

masks:
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Van der
Kemp
Francis Adriaan
van der
Kemp


texts:
<mask>s (46 BC – AD 9) was a Roman general and politician under the first Roman emperor Augustus. Varus is generally remembered for having lost three Roman legions when ambushed by Germanic tribes led by Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, whereupon he took his own life. Background and early career
Although he was a patrician by birth, his family, the Quinctilii Vari, had long been impoverished and was unimportant; Ronald Syme notes, "The sole and last consul of that family", Sextus Quinctilius, "had been two years antecedent to the Decemvirs" (i.e. 453 BC). His father, Sextus Quinctilius Varus, was a senator who had served as a quaestor in 49 BC. This Sextus aligned with the Senatorial Party in the civil war against Julius Caesar. Although Sextus survived the defeat, it is unknown whether he was involved in the assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar.Sextus committed suicide after the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. The mother of Varus is unknown; Syme notes that "no relatives on either side of the family can be discovered or surmised." Varus had three sisters, all named Quinctilia. They were probably all younger based on when they started having children, so it seems likely he was born at least four years before his father's suicide. The fact that they had advantageous marriages indicates someone was involved in their upbringing. One sister married Publius Cornelius Dolabella, consul of 35 BC; another married Sextus Appuleius, consul of 29 BC; and the third married Lucius Nonius Asprenas, son of the consul of 36 BC. Despite Varus’ father's political


texts:
 allegiances, he became a supporter of Julius Caesar's heir, Octavian.When Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa died in early 12 BC, Varus delivered his funeral eulogy alongside the future emperor, Tiberius. His political career was boosted and he achieved the consulate in 13 BC, when he was elected as the colleague of Tiberius, the stepson and eventual successor of Augustus. Marriages and children
Varus married Vipsania, daughter of Agrippa, at an unknown date before 13 BC. Varus became a personal friend to Marcus Agrippa and Tiberius. The historian Josephus says (in a section of his Antiquities whose manuscript tradition Walther John believed to be corrupt) that the son of Varus, also named "<mask> Quinctilius Varus", served under him during his command in Syria. If true, that son would have to be a son by a prior marriage and not the son by his last wife, Claudia Pulchra. It is possible that this son might have instead been an older son, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, who might have ended up adopted by his sister's husband after Varus and Vipsania died.That would explain why a son of Lucius Nonius Asprenas was named Quinctilianus, which implied adoption. Vipsania disappears from history. It is unknown whether she died or was divorced. Varus then married Claudia Pulchra. She was a daughter of Claudia Marcella Minor and the Roman consul of 12 BC, Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus. Her maternal grandmother was Octavia the Younger, sister of Augustus. Hence she was a grand-niece of Augustus.His marriage to Pulchra shows that Varus still enjoyed political favor. Pulchra bore Varus


texts:
 a son, also called <mask> Quinctilius Varus. Through their son, they may have had further descendants. Political career

In 8–7 BC, Varus governed the province of Africa. Later he went to govern Syria from 7/6 BC until 4 BC with four legions under his command, where he was known for his harsh rule and high taxes. The Jewish historian Josephus mentions the swift action of Varus against a messianic revolt in Judaea after the death of the Roman client king, Herod the Great, in 4 BC. After occupying Jerusalem, he crucified 2000 Jewish rebels and may have thus been one of the prime objects of popular anti-Roman sentiment in Judaea (Josephus, who made every effort to reconcile the Jewish people to Roman rule, felt it necessary to point out how lenient this judicial massacre had been).Indeed, at precisely this moment the Jews, nearly en masse, began a full-scale boycott of Roman pottery (Red Slip Ware). Thus, the archaeological record seems to verify mass popular protest against Rome because of Varus' cruelty. Following the massacre in Judaea, Varus returned to Antioch. Between 10 BC and 6 AD Tiberius, his brother Drusus, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, and Germanicus conducted long campaigns in Germania, the area north of the Upper Danube and east of the Rhine, in an attempt at achieving a further major expansion of the Roman Empire together with a shortening of its frontier line. They subdued several Germanic tribes, such as the Cherusci. In 6 AD, Tiberius declared Germany pacified, and Varus was appointed to govern Germania. Tiberius, who would later rule as Emperor, left


texts:
 the region to suppress the Great Illyrian Revolt.Augustus made <mask> Quinctilius Varus the first "officially appointed" governor of the newly created Roman province of Germania in 7 AD. Battle of the Teutoburg Forest and death

In September 9 AD Varus was preparing to leave his summer headquarters in Vetera (today Xanten) and march three legions – the Seventeenth, the Eighteenth and the Nineteenth – with him to Moguntiacum (modern-day Mainz), when news arrived from the Germanic prince Arminius (a Roman citizen and leader of an auxiliary cavalry unit) of a growing revolt in the Rhine area to the West. Ignoring a warning from Segestes not to trust Arminius, Varus marched his forces behind the latter's lead. Not only was Varus' trust in Arminius a terrible misjudgement, but Varus compounded it by placing his legions in a position where their fighting strengths would be minimized and those of the Germanic tribesmen maximized – because he expected no ambush and very little trouble in intimidating the rebels. Arminius and the Cherusci tribe along with other allies, had skillfully laid an ambush, and in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in September at Kalkriese (East of modern Osnabrück), the Romans marched right into it. The heavily forested, swampy terrain made the infantry manoeuvres of the legions impossible to execute and allowed the Germans to defeat the legions in detail. On the third day of fighting, the Germans overwhelmed the Romans at Kalkriese Hill, north of Osnabrück.Accounts of the defeat are scarce, due to the totality of the defeat, but Velleius


texts:
 Paterculus testifies that some Roman cavalrymen abandoned the infantry and fled towards the Rhine, but they were intercepted by the German tribesmen and killed. Varus himself, upon seeing all hope was lost, committed suicide by falling on his sword. Arminius cut off his head and sent it to Bohemia as a present to King Marbod of the Marcomanni, the other most important Germanic leader, whom Arminius wanted to coax into an alliance, but Marbod declined the offer and sent the head on to Rome for burial. Some captured Romans were caged and burned alive; others were enslaved or ransomed. Tacitus and Florus report that the victorious Germanic tribes tortured and sacrificed captive officers to their gods on altars that could still be seen years later. The Romans did later recover the lost legions' eagles, one each in 15 AD, 16 AD and 42 AD. Aftermath
Due to the shame and the ill luck thought to be created by the Roman defeat, the XVII, XVIII and XIX legions never again appeared in the Roman Army's order of battle.The loss at the Teutoburg Forest was keenly felt by Augustus in his remaining years. According to the biographer Suetonius, upon hearing the news, Augustus tore his clothes, refused to cut his hair for months and, for years afterwards, was heard, upon occasion, to moan, "Quinctilius Varus, give me back my Legions!" (). Roman historians referred to the battle as the clades Variana ("Varian disaster"). Gibbon describes Augustus' reaction to the defeat as one of the few times the normally stoic ruler lost his composure. Varus' political legacy in Rome was destroyed,


texts:
 and the government blamed him for the defeat. His son's (the younger Varus) chances for a political career were ruined.Tiberius himself fell under severe criticism for recommending Varus as the governor of Germania. Tiberius, according to Gaius Stern, was forced to sacrifice his friend and former brother-in-law to save his career. Furthermore, Varus himself had been one of the figures on the Ara Pacis, but the figure is lost today. Stern has proposed that common citizens vandalized the Ara Pacis by damaging Varus in anger over their lost loved ones, leaving the regime, which had blamed Varus, uncertain as to whether or not to fix the damage. Approximately 40 years after Varus' death, a general under Claudius, Pomponius Secundus, raided Germany and by chance rescued a few POWs from Varus’ army. Claudius welcomed them home after so many years, and their sad stories aroused much pity. Cultural depictions

I, Claudius (1934) by Robert Graves, a novelization of the reigns of the first four emperors.Varus does not actually appear in the novel, but his defeat by the Germans is an important event. The Iron Hand of Mars (1994) by Lindsey Davis; fourth book of the mystery series set during the reign of Vespasian, a portion of the novel occurs in the Teutoburger Wald. Give Me Back My Legions! (2009) by Harry Turtledove, which details the events leading up to the battle, including a great deal of background information on Varus himself. Undying Mercenaries (2014) by B. V. Larson, a series set in 2099, in which the main character fights with the Earth Mercenary Legion Varus.


texts:
 Much of the legion's culture and structure sources from Roman history and general Varus's life. Schlammschlacht (2015) by Heilung, track four on their first album Ofnir.The poem describes the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest from the Cherusci point of view. <mask> is played by Gaetano Aronica in the Netflix series Barbarians. References

Sources

 J. R. Abdale, Four days in September: The Battle of Teutoburg (Google eBook), Trafford Publishing, 2013
 M. Lightman & B. Lightman, A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women, Infobase Publishing, 2008
 R. Seager, Tiberius (Google eBook), John Wiley & Sons, 2008
Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest (Hardcover) by Adrian Murdoch, Hardcover: 256 pages, Publisher: Sutton Publishing (June 14, 2006), ,
 B. Severy, Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire, Routledge, 2004
The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest  by Peter S. Wells, W. W. Norton & Company, October 2003, ,
A Roman Encyclopedia by Matthew Bunson, 1995 Oxford Paperback Reference
 R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, Oxford University Press, 1989
Compendium of Roman History (Res gestae divi Augusti) by Velleius Paterculus, Harvard University Press; 1924. Brief mention of the Varus Disaster by the author, who was serving as a staff officer with Tiberius in Pannonia at the time. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Modern Library
Annals by Tacitus (various editions). Summarizes reports of later Romans who found the battlefield. The Twelve


texts:
 Caesars, Suetonius, translated by Robert Graves, 1957, Penguin Books; Also available from Project Gutenberg: The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Complete
Levick, Barbara, Tiberius the Politician (1999)

External links

 Varusbattle in Netherland
 Livius.org: Publius Quinctilius Varus
 Discussion on the meaning of the "VAR" countermark
 Arminius / Varus.The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest – Internet-Portal "Westfälische Geschichte", LWL-Institut für westfälische Regionalgeschichte, Münster

46 BC births
AD 9 deaths
1st-century BC Roman governors of Syria
1st-century Romans
Ancient Roman military personnel who committed suicide
Germania
Imperial Roman consuls
Julio-Claudian dynasty
People from Cremona
Varus, Publius
Roman governors of Africa
Roman governors of Syria
Suicides by sharp instrument in


texts:
<mask>Bonifazius<mask> (23 May 1923 – 9 January 2001) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and fighter ace during World War II. He is credited with 152 aerial victories achieved in 398 combat missions, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front. Born in Gießen, <mask> grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. In 1940, he joined the military service of the Luftwaffe where he was trained as a fighter pilot. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in May 1943. Flying with this wing, <mask> claimed his first aerial victory on 21 May 1943 over a Soviet Air Forces fighter aircraft. Following his 91st aerial victory he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 June 1944.He claimed his 100th aerial victory on 25 September and was appointed squadron leader of 5. Staffel (5th squadron) of JG 52 in December. He led this squadron until the end of World War II. <mask> died on 9 January 2001 in Echterdingen. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 23 May 1923 in Gießen, at the time in People's State of Hesse in the Weimar Republic. His father was surgeon Dr. <mask>. Following flight training, <mask> was transferred to the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost (Supplementary Fighter Group East) in southern France.In February 1943, <mask> and other flight students of Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost under the leadership of Oberleutnant Walter Krupinski were based at La Leu Airfield near La Rochelle, France. There, <mask> flew the Arado Ar 96. On some of his flights, he was joined by members of the Kriegsmarine U-boat force who were made aware how easily a surfaced U-boat could be spotted from the air. World War II
Following completion of flight and fighter pilot training, <mask> joined 5. Staffel (5th squadron), Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) on 7 May 1943. At the time, this squadron led by

masks:
Peter "
" Düttmann
Düttmann
Düttmann
Düttmann
Düttmann
Erich Düttmann
Düttmann
Düttmann
Düttmann
Düttmann


texts: Leutnant Helmut Haberda who was killed in action on 8 May. Command of 5.Staffel was then temporarily given to Leutnant Josef Zwernemann who passed on command to Oberleutnant Wilhelm Batz on 26 May. The squadron was subordinated to II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 52 under the command of Hauptmann Helmut Kühle. II. Gruppe was based at Anapa and was fighting in the Battle of the Caucasus on the Eastern Front. <mask> served with the same unit until the end of the war and soon became one of their most successful pilots, flying with Heinz Ewald and Heinz Sachsenberg. He claimed his first aerial victory on 21 May 1943 over a Polikarpov Po-2, also known as a U-2, in the vicinity of Krasnodar.He downed another 24 by the end of the year. On 11 July 1943, <mask> ditched his Bf 109 G-4 southeast of Anapa in the Black Sea after being hit by return fire form a formation of Douglas Boston medium bombers. In the early hours of 26 July, 15 Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft, escorted by Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter aircraft, headed for German shipping off of Anapa. The Soviet flight was intercepted over sea and scattered. During this engagement, German pilots claimed ten aerial victories, five Il-2s and five Yak-1s, including an Il-2 and Yak-1 shot down by Düttmann. One of the aerial victories claimed by Düttmann was also 5. Staffels 500th aerial victory to date.Following aerial combat on 9 August 1943, he force landed his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 19623—factory number) in no-man's land and was posted missing for 17 hours. On the 23 August 1943, his Bf 109 G-6 was again hit by anti-aircraft artillery resulting in a forced landing  west of Nikolajewka. On 23 January 1944, <mask>'s Bf 109 G-6 was damaged three times in combat. At 08:00, during takeoff at Baherove, his aircraft was hit in the engine by a strafing Il-2 ground-attack aircraft. Later at 09:03, his Bf 109 G-6

masks: Düttmann Düttmann Düttmann


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 was hit in aerial combat by a Bell P-39 Airacobra fighter aircraft resulting in a forced landing. At 14:45, his aircraft was hit by anti-aircraft artillery causing engine fire in flight. Nevertheless, he managed to return to his airfield and made a deadstick landing at Baherove.He scored a further 18 kills in March 1944, 22 in April and 14 in May 1944. <mask> became an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time on 11 April 1944 over the Kerch Peninsula. On 7 May 1944, he claimed nine aerial victories to take his score to 91. Suffering from combat fatigue he was sent on leave at the end of May and returned in September 1944. During this period, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 9 June 1944. Retreat through Hungary
<mask> claimed his 100th aerial victory on 25 September 1944. He was the 92nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.On 1 November 1944, <mask>, flying Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 167238), was involved in a ground accident at Ferihegy Airfield, killing his wingman Unteroffizier Heinrich Wester. Low on fuel, Wester had landed his Bf 109 G-14 (Werknummer 782775) first, the engine seized due to lack of fuel, leaving him sitting on the runway. <mask>, who landed next, did not see Wester and crashed into his aircraft, killing him instantly. On the 13 November 1944, he was shot down by an Il-2 rear gunner and bailed out at 1000 feet, landing behind enemy lines, but managing to reach German lines. The same happened to him on the 3 March 1945 due to AA damage and he returned a day later. On 23 December 1944, <mask> was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 5. Staffel of JG 52.He replaced Hauptmann Heinrich Sturm who was killed in a flying accident the day before. On 1 March 1945, this squadron was renamed 6. Staffel of JG 52. On 24 April 1945, <mask> claimed the destruction of a M4 Sherman tank  southwest of Cham.

masks: Düttmann Düttmann Düttmann Düttmann Düttmann Düttmann


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 <mask> died on 9 January 2001. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> was credited with 152 aerial victories claimed in 398 combat missions, 21 of which were ground support missions. Both Spick and Weal state that his total of aerial victories was 150 claimed in 398 combat missions, plus two tanks destroyed which were counted as additional victories.Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 147 aerial victory claims, plus 45 further unconfirmed claims, including one North American P-51 Mustang. All of his confirmed victories were claimed on the Eastern Front. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 34 Ost 96453". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
 Pilot's Badge (12 February 1942)
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (6 August 1943)
 1st Class (25 August 1943)
 Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Fighter Pilots in Gold (17 August 1943)
 Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 20 March 1944 as Feldwebel and pilot
 German Cross in Gold on 15 April 1944 as Fahnenjunker-Feldwebel in the 5./Jagdgeschwader 52
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 June 1944 as Leutnant (war officer) and pilot in the 5./Jagdgeschwader 52

Dates of rank

Notes

Works

References

Citations

Bibliography

1923 births
2001 deaths
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
People from Giessen
People from the People's State

masks: Düttmann Düttmann


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<mask> (born <mask>; 26 September 1759 – 4 October 1830) was a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall instrumental in the switching of the Kingdom of Prussia from a French alliance to a Russian alliance during the War of the Sixth Coalition. <mask>'s "Yorckscher Marsch" is named in his honor. The Field Marshal's surname is Yorck; Wartenburg is a battle-honour appended to the surname as a title of distinction (cf. Britain's Montgomery of Alamein). Background
Yorck's father, <mask>, was born in Rowe in the Prussian Province of Pomerania (now Rowy, Poland), to Jan Jarka, a Lutheran pastor, whose family came from a small manor in Gross Gustkow (hence the name von Gostkowski) and traced its origins from Pomeranian Kashubians. <mask> served as a captain (Hauptmann) in the Prussian Army under King Frederick the Great; Yorck's mother Maria Sophia Pflug was the daughter of a Potsdam artisan. Their son <mask> was born in Potsdam, however, the couple did not marry until 1763.<mask>'s father changed his name from Jark(a) to <mask> to make it look more English (York) and dropped the von Gostkowski. Career
<mask> entered the Prussian Army in 1772 and achieved the rank of lieutenant in 1777. After seven years' service, however, he was cashiered for insubordination, having reproached his superior with plundering methods during the War of the Bavarian Succession. In 1779, during the Guard Parade, Yorck expressed his contempt to his superior who behaved dishonorably during the war. He was sentenced verdict for the incident. He spent one year in the confinement of Fort Friedrichsburg in Königsberg, whereafter King Frederick the Great denied him his re-employment. Yorck left Prussia and joined the Swiss mercenaries in Dutch service in 1781.He took part in the operations of 1783-84 in the East Indies as captain at Regiment de Meuron. He also took part with the French army in a battle against

masks: Johann David Ludwig Graf Yorck von Warburg


texts: British troops in Cape Town. Returning to Potsdam in 1786 he was, on the death of Frederick the Great, finally reinstated in his old service by the new king Frederick William II, from 1792 in the rank of major. In 1794/95 he participated in the operations in Poland during the Kościuszko Uprising, distinguishing himself especially at Szczekociny. From 1799 <mask> began to make a name for himself as commander of a light infantry (Jäger) regiment, being one of the first to give prominence to the training of skirmishers. In 1805, then with the rank of Oberst, he was appointed to the command of an infantry brigade as a vanguard force of the troops of Duke Karl August of Saxe-Weimar during the War of the Fourth Coalition. In the disastrous Jena campaign he played a conspicuous and successful part as a rearguard commander, especially at Altenzaun.Having made his way across the Elbe river and through the Harz mountains, he was taken prisoner, severely wounded, in the last stand of Blücher's corps at Lübeck. In the reorganization of the Prussian army which followed the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit, <mask> was one of the leading figures. At first major-general commanding the West Prussian brigade, afterwards inspector-general of light infantry, he was finally appointed second in command to General Grawert, the leader of the auxiliary corps which Prussia was compelled to send in support of Napoleon's invasion of Russia. The two generals did not agree, Grawert being an open partisan of the French alliance, and <mask> an ardent patriot, but before long Grawert retired, and <mask> assumed the command. Opposed in his advance on Riga by the Russian General Steingell, <mask> displayed great skill in a series of battles which ended in the retreat of the enemy to Riga. Throughout the campaign he had been the object of many overtures from the enemy's generals, and though he had hitherto

masks: Yorck Yorck Yorck Yorck Yorck


texts: rejected them, it was soon clear to him that the French Grand Army was doomed. Marshal MacDonald, his immediate French superior, retreated before the corps of Diebitsch, and Yorck found himself isolated.As a soldier his duty was to break through, but as a Prussian patriot his position was more difficult. He had to judge whether the moment was favorable for the war of liberation; and, whatever might be the enthusiasm of his junior staff officers, Yorck had no illusions as to the safety of his own head. On 20 December the general made up his mind. The Convention of Tauroggen armistice, signed by Diebitsch and <mask> without consent of their king, declared the Prussian corps "neutral". The news was received with the wildest enthusiasm, but the Prussian Court dared not yet throw off the mask, and an order was despatched suspending <mask> from his command pending a court-martial. Diebitsch refused to let the bearer pass through his lines, and the general was finally absolved when the Treaty of Kalisz placed Prussia on the side of the Allies. <mask>'s act was nothing less than the turning-point of Prussian history.His veterans formed the nucleus of the forces of East Prussia, and <mask> himself in public took the final step by declaring war on Napoleon as the commander of those forces. On 17 March 1813, <mask> made his entry into Berlin in the midst of the wildest exuberance of patriotic joy. On the same day the king declared war. During 1813-14 <mask> led his veterans with conspicuous success. He covered Blücher's retreat after Bautzen and took a decisive part in the battles on the Katzbach. In the advance on Leipzig his corps won the action of Wartenburg (3 October) and took part in the crowning victory in the Battle of the Nations of 18 October. In the campaign in France, Yorck drew off the shattered remnants of Osten-Sacken's corps at Montmirail, and decided the

masks: Yorck Yorck Yorck Yorck Yorck Yorck


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 day at Laon.The storming of Paris was Yorck's last fight. In the campaign of 1815 none of the older men were employed in Blücher's army, in order that <mask> Gneisenau might be free to assume command in case of the old prince's death. Yorck was appointed to a reserve corps in Prussia, and, feeling that his services were no longer required, he retired from the army. His master would not accept his resignation for a considerable time, and in 1821 made him Generalfeldmarschall. He had been made Graf <mask> von Wartenburg in 1814. The remainder of his life was spent on his estate of Klein-Öls (today Oleśnica Mała, Poland) in Silesia, a gift of the king. A statue by Christian Daniel Rauch was erected in Yorck's honor in Berlin in 1855.The former football club Yorck Boyen Insterburg was also named in honor of Yorck. A 1931 film Yorck was made about him with Werner Krauss playing the General. Notable descendants
Yorck was the great-grandfather of the late-nineteenth-century philosopher <mask> von Wartenburg and the great-great-great-grandfather of <mask> <mask>, a member of the German resistance during the Nazi regime. See also
Berlin Yorckstraße station

Notes

References

Further reading
F. W<mask> Seydlitz: Tagebuch des Preussischen Armee Korps 1812. Berlin, 1823. J. G. Droysen: Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen York von Wartenburg. Berlin, 1851 (later eds.were published under the title: York von Wartenburg: ein Leben preußischer Pflichterfüllung, most recently: Essen: Phaidon-Verlag, 1996 . 1759 births
1830 deaths
Counts of Germany
Field marshals of Prussia
German commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Prussian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
People from Potsdam
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Ludwig
Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second

masks:
August von
Yorck
Paul Yorck
Peter Yorck
von Warburg
. von


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Lonnie David Franklin Jr. (August 30, 1952 – March 28, 2020), better known by the nickname <mask>er, was an American serial killer who was responsible for at least 10 murders and one attempted murder in Los Angeles, California from 1984 to 2007. He was also convicted for rape and sexual violence. Franklin earned his nickname when he appeared to have taken a 14-year break from his crimes, from 1988 to 2002. In July 2010, Franklin was arrested as a suspect, and, after many delays, his trial began in February 2016. On May 5, 2016, the jury convicted him of killing nine women and one teenage girl. On June 6, 2016, the jury recommended the death penalty, and on August 10, 2016, the Los Angeles Superior Court sentenced him to death for each of the ten victims named in the verdict. On March 28, 2020, Franklin was found dead in his cell at San Quentin State Prison.Personal life
Lonnie David Franklin Jr. was born on August 30, 1952. He grew up in South Central Los Angeles, California. He married and had two children. He was given a dishonorable discharge from the United States Army on July 24, 1975, after being released from prison for his conviction of gang-raping a 17-year-old girl in Stuttgart, West Germany, in April 1974. Franklin and two other servicemen stationed in Stuttgart stopped to ask directions from the teen then offered her a ride home. When she accepted, they put a knife to her throat, drove her to a field, and repeatedly raped her. She was able to feign interest in Franklin and asked for his phone number, by which police identified him.During the gang rape, photographs were taken by one of the rapists – as Franklin did later of the women he raped and murdered. In 1989, he was also convicted of two charges of theft, one charge


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 of misdemeanor assault, and one charge of battery. He served time for one of the theft charges. Investigation

Original 1980s investigation
In the mid-1980s, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) became aware of an apparent serial killer targeting black women who were chronic drug users and street sex workers. The killer, dubbed the "Southside Slayer," was believed to be responsible for stabbing and strangling at least 13 sex workers between 1983 and late 1985. At one point, the murders were colloquially known as the "Strawberry Murders" ("strawberry" being slang for a woman who exchanges sex for drugs). In September 1985, the LAPD described the case at a press conference and asked for tips from the public.Following the press conference, the LAPD was heavily criticized for their failure to alert the South Central community to the possibility of a serial killer earlier. Barbadian-American activist Margaret Prescod and other community activists held weekly protests outside of the LAPD's headquarters in an effort to pressure the department into forming a task force to investigate the murders. Prescod contrasted the apparent lack of police interest in the South Central murders with the significant attention given to the investigation of the Night Stalker, Richard Ramirez, a serial killer who targeted women in upscale areas of Los Angeles and San Francisco. She accused the LAPD of indifference to the deaths of women who were poor, black, drug users, and sex workers, which the LAPD denied. By January 1986, 15 murders had been linked to the case. More detectives were added to the joint LAPD-Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department investigation, which had become known as the Southside Slayer Task Force, but by 1986 the case was still


texts:
 under investigation. Prescod formalized her group of activists as a community group called the Black Coalition Fighting Back Serial Murders and in March 1986 pressured the Los Angeles City Council to increase the reward money they were offering for information on the killings from $10,000 to $25,000.By late 1986, conflicting modus operandi and suspect descriptions caused the investigators to doubt their original theory of a single killer responsible for all of the murders. Evidence suggested that several serial killers – possibly four or more – were murdering women in South Los Angeles. The Southside Slayer Task Force began to be wound down in 1987 because of the lack of results relative to the expense and manpower being used. Task-force commander Lt. John Zorn told the Los Angeles Times in December 1987 that "the flow of clues is almost non-existent at this point." Multiple serial killers
Over the following years, it was found that serial killer Louis Craine committed at least two of the so-called "Southside Slayer" murders, and serial killers Michael Hughes, Daniel Lee Siebert, Chester Turner, and Ivan Hill committed at least one each. In addition, some of the murders may have been committed individually by the women's pimps or clients, unrelated to any serial killer. The murders of Judith Simpson, Cynthia Walker, and Latanya Johnson, all committed with a 9 mm caliber pistol in late 1988, were also investigated by the Southside Slayer Task Force.Sheriff's Detective Rickey Ross was arrested for the murders after being found with drugs and a sex worker in a vehicle that had a rusted 9 mm Beretta semi-automatic pistol in the trunk. Ross was charged with the murders after his gun was forensically linked by the LAPD to the bullets from


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 the murders. He was released after independent forensic analysis found it unlikely that Ross' gun was the murder weapon. All three of those murders remain unsolved. One particular group of killings, which were linked by common elements including the use of a .25 caliber firearm, remained unsolved and unaccounted for by any other known serial killer. The first known murder in this series was the murder of Debra Jackson in August 1985, which was linked to the August 1986 murder of Henrietta Wright by forensic firearm examination. By 1987, there were seven victims linked to the same gun, all of whom had been shot in the chest at close range.Two decades later, the perpetrator of these crimes was dubbed the "Grim Sleeper" due to the long period of apparent inactivity between murders. 2000s investigation
In May 2007, the slaying of Janecia Peters, 25, was linked through DNA analysis to at least 11 unsolved murders in Los Angeles, the first of which occurred in 1985. That same year, in secrecy, the LAPD formed the "800 Task Force," composed of six detectives and overseen by the Robbery-Homicide Unit. After a four-month investigation, LA Weekly investigative reporter Christine Pelisek broke the news of the task force's existence, the link between Peters' killing and the earlier murders, and the silence of Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa and Police Chief William J. Bratton regarding the killer's existence. Villaraigosa and Bratton neither issued a press release nor warned the community. In some cases, LA Weekly was the first to inform the families that their daughters had long been confirmed as victims of a serial killer. In early September 2008, Los Angeles officials announced that they were offering a $500,000 reward to help catch the killer.On


texts:
 November 1, the case was featured on the Fox program America's Most Wanted. On February 25, 2009, Bratton addressed the press for the first time regarding the case, at which time the police formally gave the killer the "Grim Sleeper" nickname chosen by LA Weekly. Bratton also released a 9-1-1 call from the 1980s in which a man reported seeing a body being dumped by Franklin, giving a detailed description and license plate number of a van connected with the now-closed Cosmopolitan Church. In March 2009, Pelisek conducted an extensive interview with Enietra Washington, the sole survivor of Franklin's attacks. Washington described him as "a black man in his early 30s [ . . . ] He looked neat. Tidy. Kind of geeky.He wore a black polo shirt tucked into khaki trousers." She also described the interior and exterior of his vehicle. Arrest and further investigation
On July 7, 2010, Franklin was arrested. The Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office charged him with 10 counts of murder, one count of attempted murder, and special circumstance allegations of multiple murders in the case. Los Angeles County District Attorney Steve Cooley identified the suspect as 57-year-old Lonnie David Franklin Jr., a mechanic who worked between 1981 and 1988 for the City of Los Angeles in the sanitation department and briefly for the LAPD. Franklin was identified for arrest, at least in part, on familial DNA analysis. Police had found no exact match between DNA found at the crime scenes and any of the profiles in California's DNA profile database, so they searched the database for stored profiles that demonstrated sufficient similarity to allow police to infer a familial relationship.They found similar DNA belonging to Franklin's son, Christopher,


texts: who had been convicted of a felony weapons charge in 2008. Christopher was too young to have committed the murders, but the familial DNA match led investigators to look at his father, Lonnie, as the likely perpetrator. According to Cooley, detectives then used a piece of discarded pizza with Franklin's DNA to make the link. One undercover police officer pretended to be a waiter at a restaurant where Franklin ate, collecting dishes, silverware, glasses, and pizza crusts to obtain DNA. The identification was used to arrest Franklin after his DNA was obtained and deemed a match. Saliva found on the victims established a DNA match linking Franklin to the deaths. Law enforcement missed an opportunity to catch Franklin because his DNA was not previously collected.In 2003, Franklin was convicted of a felony and was serving three years of supervised probation. In 2004, voters passed Proposition 69, which requires that DNA must be collected from all felons and everyone arrested on some specified charges. It also requires the expansion of the DNA database. Authorities collected and sorted through thousands of DNA samples. While he was on probation, Franklin's DNA was supposed to be entered in the system but was not as probation officers did not collect samples from people who were on unsupervised probation between November 2004 and August 2005. The probation department did not have the resources to collect samples until August 2005. On December 16, 2010, the LAPD released 180 photos of women, found in Franklin's home after unsuccessful attempts to identify the individuals, possibly additional victims."These people are not suspects, we don't even know if they are victims, but we do know this: Lonnie Franklin's reign of terror in the city of Los


texts:
 Angeles, which spanned well over two decades, culminating with almost a dozen murder victims, certainly needs to be investigated further," said Police Chief Charlie Beck. In all, investigators found over 1,000 photos and several hundred hours of video in his home. The images show mainly black women of a wide age range, from teenagers to middle-aged and older, often nude. Police believe Franklin took many of the pictures, which show both conscious and unconscious individuals, dating back 30 years. The photos were released to the public in an effort to identify the women. On November 3, 2011, Reuters reported that the police were considering Franklin as a suspect in six more slayings of additional female victims. The police were investigating two of the six as potential victims killed during a 14-year lapse between an initial spate of Grim Sleeper murders that ended in 1988 and several more that began in 2002.Of the remaining four victims, two bodies were discovered in the 1980s and two were reported missing in 2005 but the remains of the other two were never found, police said. Detectives said they linked Franklin to the six additional killings after reviewing hundreds of old case files and seeking the public's help in identifying a collection of 180 photographs of women and girls that were found in his possession. Trial
Franklin was charged with ten murders and one attempted murder and held without bail. He was never charged in the death of a suspected eleventh victim, a black man, a crime for which DNA evidence was not found. After a lengthy pretrial discovery and several delays, the trial opened on February 16, 2016. Closing arguments began May 2, 2016 and the jury began deliberating May 4, 2016. On May 5, 2016, after nearly three


texts:
 months of trial and a day and a half of jury deliberation, Franklin was convicted of all counts.His sentencing hearing began a week later, on May 12, 2016. At the hearing, prosecutors presented evidence relating to four other victims they believed had been killed by Franklin. The four victims were not among the original set identified by DNA and ballistic evidence as <mask> Sleeper victims, and had only been identified as such after his arrest. Three victims, Sharon Alicia Dismuke, Inez Warren, and Georgia Mae Thompson, were identified as likely <mask> Sleeper victims by task force officers investigating unsolved missing persons and homicide reports dating back to 1976. The fourth, Rolenia Morris, was identified from evidence found at Franklin's garage after his arrest. Her body has never been found. Prosecutors did not charge Franklin with these murders for fear of delaying the trial even further.On June 6, 2016, a Los Angeles County jury sentenced Franklin to death. On August 10 the Superior Court sentenced Franklin on each count, naming the individual victims. Victims
Prosecutors suspect that Lonnie Franklin's first victim was Sharon Alicia Dismuke, who was killed on January 15, 1984. His first confirmed victim was Debra Jackson, whose murder occurred in August 1985. Franklin apparently took a 14-year hiatus after his last known crime in 1988, and his next confirmed murder occurred in 2002. As a result of this apparent dormancy, he was nicknamed the "Grim Sleeper". Investigators have stated they believe it is likely that there were other as-yet-unidentified victims during that time frame.The last confirmed murder was in January 2007. All but one of his victims were black women. One of his suspected victims was a black man. Many of

masks: Grim Grim


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 his victims were sex workers, and Franklin was known to have had frequent contact with sex workers. All of his victims were found outdoors, often in alleys a short distance from downtown Los Angeles. He shot all of his victims with a .25 caliber gun. Franklin took many photographs of nude women and kept the records in his garage.Franklin's known and suspected victims are as follows:

Death
On March 28, 2020, Franklin was found dead in his cell. His cause of death is pending the results of an autopsy as reported; however, there were no signs of trauma. As of 2021, his cause of death and the results of the autopsy have not been publicly released. Film and television
 In 2014, British filmmaker Nick Broomfield created a documentary film about Franklin, Tales of the Grim Sleeper. In 2014, Lifetime premiered a movie, The Grim Sleeper, based on the case. It was produced by Michael Jaffe Films Ltd. and stars Dreama Walker, Macy Gray, Ernie Hudson, and Michael O’Neill. In 2017, journalist Christine Pelisek published The Grim Sleeper, an account of the investigation into the case.The story was covered during season 1 of the Investigation Discovery show The Face of Evil in episode 4 titled, "The Grim Sleeper", which premiered on May 9, 2019. The story was also referenced in season 1 of the show Ghosts in the


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<mask> (October 19, 1926 in Detroit, Michigan – March 29, 2004 in Tucson, Arizona) was an American political and legal philosopher. He is known for his work in the fields of ethics, action theory, philosophy of law, and political philosophy as well as individual rights and the authority of the state. <mask> was one of the most influential figures in American jurisprudence of the last fifty years.<ref>Jeff Harrison, 'In Memoriam: <mask>, University of Arizona News, March 31, 2004</ref>

Education and career

<mask> studied at the University of Michigan, writing his dissertation on the philosophy of the Harvard professor Ralph Barton Perry under the supervision of Charles Stevenson. He taught at Brown University, Princeton University, UCLA and Rockefeller University, and, from 1977, at the University of Arizona, where he retired in 1994 as Regents Professor of Philosophy and Law. <mask> was internationally distinguished for his research in moral, social and legal philosophy. His major four-volume work, The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, was published between 1984 and 1988. He fathered a son Nurdaulet shortly after writing it.<mask> held many major fellowships during his career and lectured by invitation at universities around the world. He was an esteemed and highly successful teacher, and many of his students are now prominent scholars and professors at universities across the US. His former students include Jules Coleman, Russ Shafer-Landau, and Clark Wolf. Philosophical work

The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law

<mask>'s most important contribution to legal philosophy is his

masks:
Joel Feinberg
Feinberg
Joel Feinberg
Feinberg
Feinberg
Feinberg
Feinberg


texts:
 four-volume book, The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law (1984-1988), a work that is frequently characterized as "magisterial." <mask>'s goal in the book is to answer the question: What sorts of conduct may the state rightly make criminal? John Stuart Mill, in On Liberty (1859), gives a staunchly liberal answer, that the only kind of conduct that the state may rightly criminalize is conduct that causes harm to others. Though <mask>, who had read and re-read Mill's classic text many times, shared Mill's liberal leanings, he postulated that liberals can and should admit that certain kinds of non-harmful but profoundly offensive conduct can also properly be prohibited by law.In The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, <mask> sought to develop and defend a broadly Millian view of the limits of state power over the individual. In the process, he defended standard liberal positions on topics such as suicide, obscenity, pornography, hate speech, and euthanasia. He also analyzed nonmaterial concepts such as harm, offense, wrong, autonomy, responsibility, paternalism, coercion, and exploitation, conceding in the conclusion to the final volume that liberalism may not be fully defensible and that liberals ought to concede that there are rare cases where certain kinds of moral harms and harmless immoralities should be outlawed. A ride on the bus

In Offense to Others, the second volume of The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, Feinberg offers one of the most famous thought-experiments in recent philosophy: a series of imaginary scenarios he calls "a ride on the bus." <mask> invites us to imagine a

masks: Feinberg Feinberg Feinberg Feinberg


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 bus ride in which you, a passenger rushing to an important appointment, are confronted by a series of deeply offensive but harmless acts. Some of the acts involve affronts to the senses (e.g., a man scratching his fingernails across a slate). Others involve acts that are deeply disgusting or revolting (e.g., eating various kinds of nauseatingly repulsive things).Still others involve affronts to our religious, moral, or patriotic sensibilities (e.g., overt acts of flag desecration); shocks to our sense of shame or embarrassment (such as acts of public sex); and a wide range of offensive conduct based on fear, anger, humiliation, boredom or frustration. The thought experiment is designed to test the limits of our tolerance for harmless but deeply offensive forms of behavior. More precisely, it raises the question "whether there are any human experiences that are harmless in themselves yet so unpleasant that we can rightly demand legal protection from them even at the cost of other persons' liberties." <mask> argues that even left-leaning, highly tolerant liberals must recognize that some forms of harmless but profoundly offensive conduct can properly be criminalized. "Psychological Egoism"
In a paper prepared in 1958 for the benefit of students at Brown, <mask> seeks to refute the philosophical theory of psychological egoism, which in his opinion is fallacious. So far as he can tell, there are four primary arguments for it:

"Every action of mine is prompted by motives or desires or impulses which are my motives and not somebody else's." "[W]hen a person gets what he wants, he

masks: Feinberg Feinberg