texts:
 engraver who was a member of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. The Horthemels family, originally from the Netherlands, were followers of the Dutch theologian Cornelis Jansen and had links with the Parisian abbey of Port-Royal des Champs, the centre of Jansenist thought in France. <mask> and his wife Marie-Nicole were the parents of Clément-Louis-Marie-<mask> (1722–1806), a French painter and tapestry designer.The parish register of Saint Sulpice goes into considerable detail about Clément-Louis's baptism:

Those named are evidently the Jacobite peer William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale (c. 1682–1744), his wife Winifred Herbert (c. 1690–1749), who had arranged her husband's escape from the Tower of London in 1716, and their daughter Lady Anne Maxwell (1716–1735). Remarkably, the godmother was only six years old. 'Herbet de Ponis' is an error, as Winifred Herbert was the daughter of Lord Powis. Death
When <mask> died in 1734, he was described as "painter to the king in his Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, comptroller of clergy stipends and comptroller of poultry", so his royal connections had evidently led to offices of profit under the crown. <mask> died at Paris in 1734. His funeral is again recorded in some detail in the parish register of the church of Saint-Sulpice, as quoted in Eugène Piot's Le Cabinet de l'amateur. This states that <mask> was buried on 22 November 1734.Apart from describing him as painter to the king in the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, comptroller of clergy stipends and of poultry, the register entry says that <mask> was the

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Anne Belle
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type: original

texts:
 husband of Marie-Nicole Hortemels and had died at his house in the rue du Four on the previous day, 21 November. His age is given as "about 60 years, 10 months, 8 days", and it is also recorded that the funeral was attended by Clément Louis Marie <mask> and "N. <mask>, privately baptized, aged 7 years", sons, and by "Fréderic-Eustache-Auguste Hortemels, copperplate engraver, Denis Hortemels, bookseller, Nicolas Tardien and Charles-Nicolas Cochin, engravers to the king, both brothers-in law to the deceased". <mask>'s son Clément-Louis became a history painter. When he died in 1806, he was described as "Rector of the Special School of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture and Engraving, and Professor of Design to the Imperial Manufactury of Gobelins". Works

<mask> was primarily a portrait artist. His work includes:
 Allegorical portrait of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart and his sister Princess Louisa Maria Theresa, showing the prince as a guardian angel leading his sister under the gaze of cherubim (1699), now in the Royal Collection
 Queen Mary of Modena, c. 1699, now at Sizergh Castle, Cumbria. ), Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs (Paris: 1911–1923, new edition by Librairie Gründ, 1976)

External links

 <mask> <mask> at the Royal Collection
 <mask> <mask> at Joconde
 Alexis <mask> at the National Portrait Gallery, London
 Alexis <mask> Belle at the Web Gallery of Art

1674 births
1734 deaths
Painters from Paris
17th-century French painters
French male painters
18th-century French painters
French portrait painters
Prix de Rome

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Alexis Simon
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texts: Lieutenant-General Sir <mask> "Boy" <mask>,  (20 December 1896 – 14 March 1965) was a senior officer of the British Army who has been called the "father of the British airborne forces". He was the commander of I Airborne Corps and deputy commander of First Allied Airborne Army during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. During the planning for this operation, he was alleged to have said: "I think we might be going a bridge too far." He was also an Olympic bobsleigh competitor, and the husband of author Dame Daphne du Maurier. Educated at Eton College and then at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, <mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Grenadier Guards in 1915. During the First World War, he fought on the Western Front, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for conspicuous gallantry during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917. In September 1918, he became aide de camp to General Sir Henry Rawlinson.After the war, he competed in the bobsleigh at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, in which his team finished tenth. He married Daphne du Maurier in July 1932. During the Second World War, <mask> commanded the 1st Airborne Division and I Airborne Corps. He led the latter during Operation Market Garden, travelling by glider to participate in the assault. In December 1944 he became Chief of Staff of Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten's South East Asia Command. From September 1946 to January 1948, he was Military Secretary of the War Office. In January 1948, <mask> became Comptroller and Treasurer to Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh.After she

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 ascended to the throne to become Queen Elizabeth II in 1952, he became treasurer in the Office of the Duke of Edinburgh. He suffered a severe nervous breakdown in 1957 and retired in 1959. He died at Menabilly, the mansion that inspired his wife's novel Rebecca, on 14 March 1965. Early life
<mask> Montague <mask> was born on 20 December 1896 at his family home in Kensington, London. The house was later demolished to make way for an expansion of Harrods, allowing him to claim in later life that he had been born in its piano department. He was the first son of <mask> <mask>, a wine merchant, and his wife Nancy (née Alt). He had one sibling, his older sister Helen Grace.From an early age, he was known to his family as "Tommy". He was educated at West Downs School and Eton College, which his grandfather had attended. While at Eton, he joined the Officer Training Corps. First World War
<mask> sat the entrance examinations for the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, on 24 November 1914. Although he did not achieve the necessary scores in all the required subjects, the headmasters of some schools, including Eton, were in a position to recommend students for nomination by the Army Council. The headmaster of Eton, Edward Lyttelton, put <mask>'s name forward and in this way he entered Sandhurst on 27 December 1914. He graduated on 16 June 1915, and was commissioned a second lieutenant into the Grenadier Guards.Joining such an exclusive regiment, even in wartime, required a personal introduction and an interview by the regimental commander, Colonel Sir Henry Streatfield. Initially, <mask> joined the 4th Battalion,

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texts: Grenadier Guards, which was training at Bovington Camp. When it departed for the Western Front in August 1915, he was transferred to the 5th (Reserve) Battalion. In October 1915 he left it to join the 2nd Battalion at the front. The battalion formed part of the 1st Guards Brigade of the Guards Division. Around this time he acquired the nickname "Boy". For a time he served in the same company of 2nd Battalion as Major Winston Churchill.Upon Churchill's arrival, <mask> was given the job of showing him the company's trenches. When <mask> discovered that Churchill had no greatcoat, <mask> gave Churchill his own. <mask> was invalided back to England with trench fever in January 1916, and, although only hospitalised for four weeks, did not rejoin the 2nd Battalion at the front until 6 October 1916. After being released from hospital, he went on leave for two months. In April he was posted to the 5th (Reserve) Battalion, and then to the Guards Depot at Caterham. He was assessed each month by a medical board at Caxton Hall, and was not passed as fit for service at the front until 20 September. <mask> fought in the Battle of Pilckem Ridge on 31 July 1917, the Battle of Poelcappelle on 9 October and the Battle of Cambrai in November.He distinguished himself in this battle, for which he received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). The order was generally given to officers in command, above the rank of captain. When a junior officer like <mask>, who was still only a lieutenant, was awarded the DSO, this was often regarded as an acknowledgement that the officer had only just missed out on being awarded the Victoria

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texts:
 Cross. His citation read:

He was awarded the French Croix de Guerre on 14 December 1917, and was mentioned in despatches on 23 May 1918. In September 1918, <mask> became aide de camp to General Sir Henry Rawlinson, commander of the British Fourth Army, after which he returned to his regiment. He was promoted to the temporary rank of captain, and appointed adjutant of the 1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards, then part of the 3rd Guards Brigade of the Guards Division, in November 1918. Inter-war period

<mask> was granted the substantive rank of captain on 24 November 1920.He retained his post as adjutant until November 1921, when he was posted to the Guards' Depot in Caterham. In 1924 he was posted to Sandhurst as adjutant. He was the first adjutant, during the Sovereign's Parade of 1926, to ride his horse (named "The Vicar") up the steps of Old College and to dismount in the Grand Entrance. There is no satisfactory explanation as to why he did it. After the Second World War this became an enduring tradition, but since horses have great difficulty going down steps, a ramp is now provided for the horse to return. Other members of staff at Sandhurst at the time included Richard O'Connor, Miles Dempsey, Douglas Gracey, and Eric Dorman-Smith, with whom he became close friends. <mask> relinquished the appointment of adjutant at Sandhurst on 28 April 1928, and was promoted to major on 22 May 1928.Following a pattern whereby tours of duty away from the regiment alternated with those in it, he was sent for a refresher course at the Small Arms School before being posted to the 2nd Battalion, Grenadier Guards, at Pirbright.

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texts: His workload was very light, allowing plenty of time for sports. <mask> competed in the Amateur Athletic Association of England championships in hurdling but failed to make Olympic selection. He did however make the Olympic five-man bobsleigh team as brake-man. An injury incurred during a training accident prevented his participation in the bobsleigh at the 1924 Winter Olympics, but he competed in the bobsleigh at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, in which his team finished tenth. <mask> was also a keen sailor, competing in the Household Cavalry Sailing Regatta at Chichester Harbour in 1930. He purchased his own motor boat, a  cabin cruiser that he named Ygdrasil.In 1931, <mask> read Daphne du Maurier's novel The Loving Spirit and, impressed by its graphic depictions of the Cornish coastline, set out to see it for himself in Ygdrasil. Afterwards, he left the boat moored in the River Fowey for the winter, but returned in April 1932 to collect it. He heard that the author of the book that had impressed him so much was convalescing from an appendix operation, and invited her out on his boat. After a short romance, he proposed to her but she rejected this, as she did not believe in marriage. Dorman-Smith then went to see her and explained that their living together without marriage would be disastrous for <mask>'s career. Du Maurier then proposed to <mask>, who accepted. They were married in a simple ceremony at the Church of St Willow, Lanteglos-by-Fowey on 19 July 1932, and honeymooned on Ygdrasil.Their marriage produced three children: two daughters, Tessa and Flavia, and a son, Christian,

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texts:
 known as Kits. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 1 February 1936, and was appointed commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion, Grenadier Guards. The battalion was deployed to Egypt in 1936 and returned in December 1937. His term as commander ended on 1 August 1939; he was removed from the Grenadier Guards' regimental list but remained on full pay. On 1 September, he was promoted to colonel, with his seniority backdated to 1 February 1939, and became Commandant of the Small Arms School. Second World War

Airborne troops

Establishment

In mid-May 1940, eight months after the outbreak of the Second World War, <mask>, promoted to brigadier, was given command of the 128th (Hampshire) Infantry Brigade (consisting of the 1/4th, 2/4th and 5th Battalions of the Hampshire Regiment). Part of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, which was then commanded by Major-General Robert Pollok, the brigade was a Territorial Army unit that was preparing to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France.This was pre-empted by the Dunkirk evacuation and the subsequent fall of France in June, and the division instead assumed a defensive posture. In late February 1941, after handing over the brigade to Brigadier Manley James, <mask> succeeded Brigadier The Hon. William Fraser, a fellow Grenadier Guardsman and an old friend, in command of the 24th Guards Brigade Group, whose objective was to defend London from an attack from the south. On 3 November 1941, <mask> was promoted to the acting rank of major-general, and appointed as the first General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the newly created 1st Airborne Division. The

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texts: division initially comprised the 1st Parachute Brigade, under Brigadier Richard Gale, and the 1st Airlanding Brigade, under Brigadier George Hopkinson. In this new role he was instrumental in parachutists adopting the maroon beret, and assigned an artist, Major Edward Seago, to design the Parachute Regiment's emblem of the warrior Bellerophon riding Pegasus, the winged horse. <mask> designed his own uniform.Because of this he has been called the "father of the British airborne forces".He qualified as a pilot in 1942, and henceforth wore the Army Air Corps wings, which he also designed himself. <mask> supervised the newly formed division as it underwent a prolonged period of expansion and intensive training, with new brigades raised and assigned to the division, and new equipment tested. Though not considered an airborne warfare visionary, he proved adept at dealing with an apathetic War Office and an obstructionist Air Ministry, and demonstrated a knack for overcoming bureaucratic obstacles. As the airborne forces expanded in size, the major difficulty in getting the 1st Airborne Division ready for operations was a shortage of aircraft. The Royal Air Force (RAF) had neglected air transport before the war, and the only available aircraft for airborne troops were conversions of obsolete bombers like the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley. Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris, in particular, felt that the 1st Airborne Division was not worth the drain on RAF Bomber Command's resources. When the Prime Minister, Churchill, and General George Marshall, the US Army Chief of Staff, visited the 1st Airborne Division on 16 April

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 1942, they were treated to a demonstration involving every available aircraft of No.38 Wing RAF—12 Whitleys and nine Hawker Hector biplanes towing General Aircraft Hotspur gliders. At a meeting on 6 May chaired by Churchill, <mask> was asked what he required. He stated that he needed 96 aircraft to get the 1st Airborne Division battle-ready. Churchill directed Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Portal to find the required aircraft, and Portal agreed to supply 83 Whitleys, along with 10 Halifax bombers to tow the new, larger General Aircraft Hamilcar gliders. In July 1942, <mask> travelled to the United States, where he toured airborne training facilities with his American counterpart, Major General William C. Lee, who soon took command of the US 101st Airborne Division. <mask>'s tendency to lecture the Americans on airborne warfare made him few friends among the Americans, who felt that the British were still novices themselves. <mask> was envious of the Americans' equipment, particularly the Dakota transports.On returning to the United Kingdom, he arranged for a joint exercise to be conducted with the 2nd Battalion, 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment (2/503). Operation Torch

In mid–September, as the 1st Airborne Division was coming close to reaching full strength, <mask> was informed that Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa, would take place in November. When he found that the 2/503 was to take part, <mask> argued that a larger airborne force should be utilised, as the vast distances and comparatively light opposition would provide opportunities for airborne operations. The War Office and


texts: the Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, General Sir Bernard Paget, were won over by <mask>'s arguments, and agreed to detach the 1st Parachute Brigade, now under Brigadier Edwin Flavell, from 1st Airborne Division and place it under the command of Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower, who would command all Allied troops participating in the invasion. After it had been brought to full operational strength, partly by cross-posting personnel from the newly formed 2nd Parachute Brigade, under Brigadier Ernest Down, and had been provided with sufficient equipment and resources, the brigade departed for North Africa at the beginning of November. The results of British airborne operations in North Africa were mixed, and the subject of a detailed report by <mask>. The airborne troops had operated under several handicaps, including shortages of aerial photographs and maps of the target area.All the troop carrier aircrew were American, who lacked familiarity with airborne operations and in dealing with British troops and equipment. <mask> felt that the inexperience with handling airborne operations extended to Eisenhower's Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) and that of the British First Army, resulting in the paratroops being misused. He felt that had they been employed more aggressively and in greater strength they might have shortened the Tunisian campaign by some months. The 1st Parachute Brigade had been called the "Rote Teufel" or "Red Devils" by the German troops they had fought. <mask> pointed out to the brigade that this was an honour, as "distinctions given by the enemy are seldom won in battle except by the


texts:
 finest fighting troops." The title was officially confirmed by General Sir Harold Alexander, commander of the Allied 18th Army Group, and henceforth it applied to all British airborne troops. Allied Force Headquarters posting

On 1 January 1943, <mask> was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath.He relinquished command of the 1st Airborne Division to Brigadier George Hopkinson, formerly the commander of the 1st Airlanding Brigade, in March 1943 to take up a new post as major-general, Airborne Forces at Eisenhower's AFHQ. He soon clashed with the commander of the American 82nd Airborne Division, Major General Matthew Ridgway. When <mask> asked to see the plans for Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily, Ridgway replied that they would not be available for scrutiny until after they had been approved by the U.S. Seventh Army commander, Lieutenant General George S. Patton. When <mask> protested, Patton backed Ridgway, but Eisenhower and his chief of staff, Major General Walter Bedell Smith, supported <mask> and forced them to back down. <mask>'s dealings with the British Army were no smoother. Hopkinson sold the British Eighth Army commander, General Sir Bernard Montgomery, on Operation Ladbroke, a glider landing to seize the Ponte Grande road bridge south of Syracuse.<mask>'s objections to the operation were ignored, and attempts to discuss airborne operations with the corps commanders elicited a directive from Montgomery that all such discussion had to go through him. <mask> concluded that to be effective, the airborne advisor had to have equal rank with the army commanders. In September 1943,

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texts: <mask> travelled to India, where he inspected the 50th Parachute Brigade, and met with Major-General Orde Wingate, the commander of the Chindits. <mask> held a series of meetings with General Sir Claude Auchinleck, the Commander-in-Chief, India; Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Peirse, the Air Officer C-in-C; and Lieutenant-General Sir George Giffard, the GOC Eastern Army. They discussed plans for improving the airborne establishment in India and expanding the airborne force there to a division. As a result of these discussions, and <mask>'s subsequent report to the War Office, the 44th Indian Airborne Division was formed in October 1944. <mask> sent his most experienced airborne commander, Major-General Ernest Down, formerly the 2nd Parachute Brigade commander until he succeeded Hopkinson, who had been killed in Italy, as GOC 1st Airborne Division, to India as GOC of the 44th Division.Down's replacement in command of the 1st Airborne Division by Montgomery's selection, Major-General Roy Urquhart, an officer with no airborne experience, rather than <mask>'s choice, Brigadier Gerald Lathbury of the 1st Parachute Brigade. The decision was to become controversial. Some saw <mask> as "a ruthless and manipulative empire builder who brooked no opposition". Brigadier-General James M. Gavin, the assistant division commander (ADC) of the 82nd Airborne Division, recalled that when he travelled to England in November 1943, the 82nd's commander, Major General Ridgway "cautioned me against the machinations and scheming of General F. M<mask>, who was the senior British airborne officer, and well he should have." Major-General

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texts:
 Ray Barker told him that <mask> was "an empire builder", an assessment with which Gavin came to agree. Operation Market Garden
<mask> assumed a new command on 4 December 1943. His Directive No.1 announced that "the title of the force is Headquarters, Airborne Troops (21st Army Group). All correspondence will bear the official title, but verbally it will be known as the Airborne Corps and I will be referred to as the Corps Commander." He was promoted to lieutenant-general on 7 January 1944, with his seniority backdated to 9 December 1943. He officially became commander of I Airborne Corps on 16 April 1944. I Airborne Corps became part of the First Allied Airborne Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton, in August 1944. While retaining command of the corps, <mask> also became Deputy Commander of the Army, despite a poor relationship with Brereton and being disliked by many American officers, including Major General Ridgway, now commanding the newly created U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps, in turn handing over the 82nd Airborne Division to Brigadier General Gavin. During preparations for one of many cancelled operations, Linnete II, his disagreement with Brereton over a risky operation caused him to threaten resignation, which, due to differences in military culture, Brereton regarded as tantamount to disobeying an order.<mask> was forced into a humiliating backdown. When I Airborne Corps was committed to action in Operation Market Garden in September 1944, <mask>'s rift with Brereton had severe repercussions. <mask> was concerned about the timetable put forward by Major-General Paul L. Williams of the


texts: IX Troop Carrier Command, under which the drop was staggered over several days, and not to make two drops on the first day. This restricted the number of combat troops available on the first day. He also disagreed with the British drop zones proposed by Air Vice Marshal Leslie Hollinghurst of No. 38 Group, which he felt were too distant from the bridge at Arnhem, but <mask> now felt unable to challenge the airmen. <mask> downplayed evidence brought to him by his intelligence officer, Major Brian Urquhart, that the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen and the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg were in the Arnhem area, but was not as confident as he led his subordinates to believe.According to Major-General Urquhart, GOC of the British 1st Airborne Division, when informed that his airborne troops would have to hold the bridge for two days, <mask> responded that they could hold it for four, but later claimed to Urquhart that he had added: "But I think we might be going a bridge too far." <mask> landed by gliders with a tactical headquarters near Nijmegen. His use of 38 aircraft to move his corps headquarters on the first lift has been criticised. Half of these gliders carried signal equipment but for much of the operation he had no contact with either the British 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem or Major General Maxwell D. Taylor's U.S. 101st Airborne Division at Eindhoven. His headquarters had not been envisaged as a frontline unit, and the signals section that had been hastily assembled just weeks before lacked training and experience. In his pack, <mask> carried three teddy bears and a framed print of Albrecht


texts:
 Dürer's The Praying Hands. After the war, Gavin and his staff were criticised for the decision to secure the high ground around Groesbeek before attempting the capture of the Waal bridge at Nijmegen.<mask> took responsibility for this, noting that he "personally gave an order to Jim Gavin that, although every effort should be made to effect the capture of the Grave and Nijmegen bridges as soon as possible, it was essential that he should capture the Groesbeek Ridge and hold it". <mask> was awarded the Order of Polonia Restituta (II class) by the Polish government-in-exile, but his critical evaluation of the contribution of Polish forces led to the removal of Major-General Stanisław Sosabowski as commanding officer of the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade. Some writers later claimed that Sosabowski had been made a scapegoat for the failure of Market Garden. Montgomery attached no blame to <mask> or any of his subordinates, or indeed acknowledged failure at all. He told Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, the [Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] (CIGS), the professional head of the British Army, that he would like <mask> to take over VIII Corps in the event that Sir Richard O'Connor, the GOC, was transferred to another theatre. South East Asia Command

Events took a different course. Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, the Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia Command (SEAC), had need of a new chief of staff owing to the poor health of Lieutenant-General Henry Pownall.Brooke turned down Mountbatten's initial request for either Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald Nye or Lieutenant-General Sir John Swayne. Brooke


texts:
 then offered <mask> for the post, and Mountbatten accepted. Pownall considered that <mask> was "excellently qualified" for the post, although the latter had no staff college training and had never held a staff job before. Pownall noted that his "only reservation is that I believe [<mask>] is rather nervy and highly strung". For his services as a corps commander, <mask> was mentioned in despatches a second time, and was awarded the Legion of Merit in the degree of Commander by the United States government. <mask> served in South East Asia from December 1944 until July 1946; Mountbatten soon came to regard him as indispensable. <mask> had an American deputy, Major-General Horace H. Fuller, and brought staff with him from Europe to SEAC headquarters in Kandy, Ceylon.SEAC headquarters developed an adversarial relationship with that of Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese's Allied Land Forces South East Asia (ALFSEA). Matters came to a head when Leese attempted to replace the victorious commander of the Fourteenth Army, Lieutenant-General Sir William Slim. In the resulting furore, Leese was relieved instead. Slim took over ALFSEA and was replaced as Fourteenth Army commander by <mask>'s friend, Lieutenant General Sir Miles Dempsey. For his services at SEAC, <mask> was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1946. His last major military post was as Military Secretary of the War Office from 16 September 1946 to January 1948, although he did not formally retire from the Army until 5 April 1948. Later life
In January 1948, <mask> became Comptroller and Treasurer to Her Royal Highness

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texts: the Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh.This appointment was made on the recommendation of Lord Mountbatten, whose nephew Philip Mountbatten was now the Duke of Edinburgh. As such, <mask> became the head of the Princess' personal staff. <mask> also juggled other duties. In 1948 he was involved with the 1948 Summer Olympics as Deputy Chairman of the British Olympic Association, and commandant of the British team. From 1944 to 1962 he was Commodore of the Royal Fowey Yacht Club; on stepping down in 1962, he was elected its first admiral. Upon the death of King George VI in 1952, the Duchess of Edinburgh came to the throne as Queen Elizabeth II, and <mask> and his staff became redundant, as the Queen was served by the large staff of the monarch. The domestic staff remained at Clarence House, where they continued to serve the Queen Mother; the remainder were reorganised as the Office of the Duke of Edinburgh, with <mask> as treasurer, the head of the office, and moved into a new and larger office at Buckingham Palace.Like the Duke they served, the office had no constitutional role, but supported his sporting, cultural and scientific interests. <mask> became involved with the Cutty Sark Trust, set up to preserve the famous ship, and the administration of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award. In June 1953, <mask> and du Maurier attended the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. <mask> had been drinking since the war, but it had now become chronic. This led to a severe nervous breakdown in July 1957, forcing his resignation from his position at the Palace in 1959. Du Maurier had known he had a mistress in Fowey, but his


texts:
 breakdown brought to light two other girlfriends in London. For her part, du Maurier confessed to her own wartime affair.For his services to the Royal Household, <mask> was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1953, and was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in 1959. He retreated to Menabilly, the mansion that had inspired du Maurier's novel Rebecca, which she had leased and restored in 1943. He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Cornwall in March 1960. <mask> caused a scandal in 1963 when, under the influence of prescription drugs and alcohol, he was involved in an automobile accident in which two people were injured. He was fined £50 and forced to pay court and medical costs. He died from a heart attack at Menabilly on 14 March 1965. <mask> was portrayed by Dirk Bogarde in the film A Bridge Too Far, which was based on the events of Operation Market Garden.A copy of <mask>'s uniform was made to Bogarde's measurements from the original in the Parachute Regiment and Airborne Forces Museum. The Airborne Forces Museum, which opened in 1969, was for many years located in Browning Barracks, which had been built in 1964 and named after <mask>. Browning Barracks remained the depot of the Parachute Regiment and Airborne Forces until 1993. The museum moved to the Imperial War Museum Duxford in 2008, and Browning Barracks was sold for housing development. Notes

References

External links

British Army Officers 1939−1945

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1896 births
1965 deaths
Airborne warfare
Bobsledders at the 1928 Winter Olympics
British Army generals of World War II
British Army personnel of

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 World War I
British male bobsledders
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Deputy Lieutenants of Cornwall
Du Maurier family
Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Grenadier Guards officers
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Olympic bobsledders of Great Britain
People educated at Eton College
People educated at West Downs School
People from Kensington
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Academics of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
British Army generals
Military personnel from


texts:
<mask> (August 6, 1834 – April 23, 1919) was a noted American painter. <mask> was considered to be one of America's best painters during his lifetime, as well as a painter of society portraits, landscape, religious themes and historical costumes. He was also noted as a musician, singer, poet, lecturer, lithographer, and art critic. Biography

Born in the old Ralph Waldo Emerson House in Malden, Massachusetts, <mask> was a descendant of <mask> of Kent, England, who came to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1629 on the ship Anne. <mask> and his twin brother Cyrus were the sons of the Reverend Sylvanus and <mask>. The <mask> twins had an older brother, <mask>, Jr., who became a noted author in the late 19th century and wrote as a columnist for the New York Ledger. Eunice Hale (Waite) <mask>, the mother of <mask> and Cyrus, founded the first women's club in America, the Ladies Physiological Institute, which promoted health and fitness.<mask> first received his education through public schools, then, with his twin brother, Cyrus (1834–1903), he attended the Lyman School of East Boston. In the course of his later studies, he and his brother Cyrus studied classics under Professor I. N. Eyers, mathematics at the Norway Liberal Institute in Maine, and oratory under Wyzeman Marshall, while at the same time studying music, art and literature. <mask> eventually graduated with high honors from Boston Latin School. Family life
On January l, 1866, the twin brothers were married by their father in a double wedding ceremony to sisters; Cyrus to Emma Lillie and <mask> to Laura Marie Lillie. The two girls were lineal descendants of John Alden of Pilgrim fame. <mask> and his wife had seven children, including four daughters: Lillie Alden, Cora Stanwood, Estelle Marcy and Edith

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Henry Cobb
Darius
Eunice Hale Waite Cobb
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Svanus Cobb
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Darius


texts:
 Harriet; and three sons, Stanwood, Percival Bartlett and Frederick Walter. Of those children, Frederick resided in Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts, and was shipping agent for the Pettee Machine Works.His home was on Rockland Place in the old John A. Gould House. Cyrus and his wife had five children, including three daughters, Grace, Elsie, and Florence, and two sons, Francis S. and Ernest. Ernest purchased the old Cunningham estate on Richardson Road in 1918 from which he and his wife, Bertha, successfully operated the Arlo Publishing Company which featured children's books. For a time the brothers lived side by side, Cyrus at 1129 and <mask> at 1134 Boylston Street. The fame of the two families led to Bolyston Street Hill being known as Cobb's Hill for many years. Later, <mask> moved to 127A Tremont, the address he was listed at when his biography appeared in the 1918 Marquis Who's Who. In that same Who's Who volume, Cyrus is listed as having his art studio at the same address: 127A Tremont Street, Boston.Eventually, <mask> moved his family to Newton Upper Falls in the early 1880s, where he resided for the rest of his life. A career in art
Though <mask> would become the more famous of the two brothers, Cyrus enjoyed national fame, too. <mask> practiced law for six years but later devoted full-time to the arts of painting and sculpting. Cyrus predominantly chose sculpture and <mask> painting. Both <mask> brothers spent the greater part of their careers in Boston. In their art work their great instructor was Nature. They also received instruction from a relative and pupil of Washington Allston, who imparted to them in their youth many valuable ideas of that master.Cyrus' paintings were of a historical nature and included portraits of General U. S.

masks:
Darius
Darius
Darius
Darius
Cyrus Cobb
Darius
Cobb


texts: Grant, Abraham Lincoln and a canvas entitled Warren at the Old South which is hung at the Old South Meeting House in Boston. He also delved into etchings. <mask>'s two best-known public sculptures are the Soldier's Monument (co-created with brother <mask>) on the Cambridge Common and the full-length portrayal of Paul Revere at Boston. His design for the Soldier's Monument was selected from about 40 other entries. His sculptured pieces also included a head entitled The Celtic Bard, a heroic bas-relief Prospero and Miranda, a bust of General Butler, a bust of Phillips Brooks and one of local interest, that of Reverend Samuel Francis Smith, author of the patriotic hymn "America". This latter piece was placed in the State House. <mask> also wrote and illustrated Sonnets to the Masters of Art.He was a full member of the Boston Art Club. In 1862 the brothers enlisted in the 44th Massachusetts Infantry, doing service in North Carolina for nine months. In 1870, the two brothers co-authored a book titled The Veteran of the Grand Army, based on their war experiences. Their Civil War service gave them an edge in the design competition for the Cambridge Soldiers Monument, dedicated in 1870. The figure of a soldier at the top of the monument was their first life-size sculpture. He had the soldier's hat, the worn knapsack, the dented canteen. But when <mask> set out in the 1870s to make a still-life lithograph of Civil War artifacts, he was missing one important element - a tin cup.So, tacked onto the wall in the trompe-l'œil rendering is a scrap of paper with a sketched outline and the words "Dipper Missing". "Each painting has a story like this," said Susan Abele, curator of "Rediscovering Newton Artists, 1850-1950", at the Newton History Museum at the Jackson

masks:
Cyrus Cobb
Darius
Cyrus Cobb
Darius Cobb


texts: Homestead. <mask> was art editor/critic of the Boston Traveler, 1872–79, and became prominent in musical and literary circles and on the lecture platform. Later in life the <mask> brothers worked together on a series of paintings illustrating French history for Boston's Tuileries Apartment Hotel. While Cyrus eventually became an accomplished sculptor, <mask> was best known for his landscapes and portraits. His portrait of Ralph Waldo Emerson hung in the Emerson School in Newton Upper Falls for many years. However, it was religious paintings for which <mask> would become better known.His first significant religious work was entitled Judas, followed by Christ Before Pilate, Abraham, and a magnificent head of Christ called The Master. This painting was completed in 1917 when the artist was 83 years of age. He had worked on it for 34 years before considering it finished. Unfortunately, a few years after his death it was destroyed in a fire. In May, 1858, he painted the portrait of Reverend John Stetson Barry, Historian, descendant of Cornet Robert Stetson and Captain Charles Barry whose family was prominent among the founders and leaders of the political and business communities of Boston and served admirably the cause and course of the American Revolution, most noted of these was his cousin, the Commodore John Barry, Father of the American Navy. Reverend John Stetson Barry was an Historian. He was the author of "The History of Massachusetts", a three-volume work, authoritative for the periods covered and honored by many students of history* as the first comprehensive history of the United States written by an American.His research in preparation for the volumes led to the discovery of the long-lost BRADFORD MANUSCRIPT "of Plimouth Plantation" which was

masks:
Darius
Cobb
Darius
Darius Cobb


texts: eventually returned from its place of deposit in England and is now preserved in the State House at Boston. The portrait of Reverend John Stetson Barry by <mask> is in the private collection of Mrs. Barbara C. Gray of Gilmanton, NH. Around 1868 he painted the portrait of Henry Wilson, the U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, 1855–1873, who was then Vice President of the United States under Ulysses S. Grant. This work hangs in the Morse Institute Library in Natick, Massachusetts. In 1881, <mask> was hired to paint a series of pictures titled Site of the Boston Medical Library in 1881. Today, this series of paintings are in the collection of the Harvard Medical Library.In 1877, <mask> produced an oil on canvas portrait of Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner. In 1890, <mask> painted a portrait of Civil War General Benjamin Butler at the State House in Concord, New Hampshire. That painting was reproduced as the frontispiece engraving in Butler's autobiography, Butler's Book, which was published in 1892. Among <mask>'s more noted pictures are portraits of Reverend John Stetson Barry (1858); Louis Agassiz (1875) and Rufus Choate (1876); "King Lear" (1877); "Judas in the Potter's Field" (1877); "Christ Before Pilate" (1878); "For Their Sakes" (1879); "Washington on Dorchester Heights" (1880); portraits of Gen. B. F. Butler (1889),and Rev. Phillips Brooks (1893); "Immortality" (1893); and portraits of John A. Andrew (1894) and Charles P. Clark (1897). In 1897, assisted by his brother Cyrus, he decorated the walls of the banquet hall of the Tuileries, Boston, with panels illustrative of French history. Of the nine panels he painted six: "Jeanne d'Arc"; "An Intrigue in the Court of Louis XIII"; "Richelieu and the Mayor of Rochelle "; "A Troublesome Edict of Louis

masks:
Darius Cobb
Cobb
Cobb
Cobb
Darius Cobb


texts:
 XIV"; "The Storming of the Tuileries"; and "The Downfall of the Second Empire."In 1898 he painted two large pictures for the town hall at Revere, Massachusetts, the subjects being scenes in the ride of Paul Revere. <mask>'s work managed to find life on a postcard, too. According to The Town Crier (Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts) for May 5, 1911, 10,000 postal cards printed with <mask>'s painting of the Last Comrade's Final Tribute were circulated throughout the United States. Legacy
Though <mask> was considered to be one of America's better historical painters during his lifetime, his work has not received much attention since his death in 1919. Still, his legacy lives on, as many of his finest pieces are included among many important collections, with specific works on display at the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts, the Butler Institute of American Art in Youngstown, Ohio, and the State House in Concord, New Hampshire. Other works on display include Washington at Dorchester Heights, which was hung in the Memorial Continental Hall in Washington; The Old Drummer of the Revolution, which was placed in the Old State House in Boston; the Boston Tea Party, which was hung in the hall of the Ancients and Honorables; and The Death of Cuchullan, which is on display at Boston College. According to The Autobiography of William Sanders Scarborough, <mask>'s paintings also hung in art galleries in England and France.Works

References

1834 births
1919 deaths
19th century in Boston
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
Artists from Massachusetts
Boston Latin School alumni
People from Malden, Massachusetts
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Twin people from the United States
19th-century

masks: Cobb Cobb Cobb Cobb


texts:
<mask> (; born 9 February 1979) is a Russian former figure skater. She is a two-time World champion (2002, 2005), two-time Olympic medalist (silver in 2002, bronze in 2006), seven-time European champion (1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006), a four-time Grand Prix Final champion (2000–2002, 2005) and a four-time Russian national champion (2000–2002, 2005). She won a record total of 17 titles on the Grand Prix circuit. <mask>, known for her athletic ability, was the first female skater to land a triple lutz-triple loop combination. She is also known for her trademark double Biellmann spin with a foot change, which she also invented. With her women's record seven European titles she is generally considered to be one of the most successful ladies' singles skaters in Russian and European history. Career

Early years
<mask> started skating at the age of four, encouraged by her mother.Coached by Zhanna Gromova from the age of six, she first made her mark as a promising junior skater by winning the bronze medal at the 1994 World Junior Championships, held in December 1993 in Colorado Springs. This would be the beginning of a twelve-year rivalry with American legend Michelle Kwan, who won gold at this same event. In the 1994–95 season, <mask> continued her rise; after winning the 1995 World Junior title in November 1994 in Budapest, she took bronze at 1995 Russian Championships to qualify for her first senior ISU Championship. At the 1995 European Championships, she came back from a fall in the short program to skate the third best free skating and rose to fifth overall. She qualified for Worlds along with silver medalist Olga Markova, by finishing ahead of Russian champion Maria Butyrskaya (7th). At the 1995 World Championships, <mask> again fell in the short program but performed six triples in the next segment, finishing 5th in the free skating and 7th overall. 1995–96 to 1997–98 seasons
In the 1995–96 season, Slutskaya competed in the inaugural edition of the Champions Series (later renamed the ISU Grand Prix of Figure

masks:
Irina Eduardovna Slutskaya
Slutskaya
Slutskaya
Slutskaya
Slutskaya


texts: Skating), taking bronze at the 1995 Skate America and placing fourth at the 1995 Trophée de France.In January 1996, at the European Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria, she became the first Russian woman to win the European title, performing six triples in the free skating to dethrone the five-time defending champion Surya Bonaly. <mask> also won the Centennial on Ice, combining with Butyrskaya to hand Kwan her only defeat of the season. At the Champions Series Final, held in Paris in late February 1996, she finished ahead of reigning World champion Chen Lu (4th) and took the silver medal behind Michelle Kwan. In March, she competed at the 1996 World Championships in Edmonton, Canada. Third in the short program, she held onto her position in the next segment after recovering from an early fall to complete six triples. She was awarded the bronze medal and stepped onto her first World podium, alongside Kwan (gold medalist) and Chen (silver). In 1996–97, <mask> began her season by winning her first Champions Series title at the 1996 Skate Canada International, beating rising star Tara Lipinski.She went on to win two more CS events, the 1996 Nations Cup and 1996 Cup of Russia. In January 1997, she repeated as the European champion, landing seven triples (one with a slightly flawed landing). By the Champions Series Final, held in late February and early March 1997, <mask> was struggling with jumps and finished third behind Lipinski, the new U.S champion, and Kwan. At the 1997 World Championships in Lausanne, a missed combination left her in 6th place in the short program. She then incurred a back injury from a hard fall in practice the day of the free skating. In the free skating, she completed six triples, including a 3S-3Lo combination, and received three first-place votes for the segment. Due to the short program, she finished fourth overall.In the 1997–98 season, <mask> took silver at the 1997 Nations Cup and gold at the 1997 Cup of Russia. In December, she finished off the podium at the Russian Championships and at the

masks: Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya


texts:
 Champions Series Final in Munich before winning the silver medal in January 1998 at the European Championships in Milan. In February, she competed at her first Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. Ranked fifth in the short program after her planned combination became a 2Lz-2T, <mask> performed five triples in the free skating and received two third-place votes (from the U.S. and Hungary) but placed fifth in the segment and overall. The next month, she won silver at the 1998 World Championships, coming back from a fall in the short program and successfully landing two triple-triple combinations in the free skating. 1998–99 to 2001–02 seasons
During the 1998–99 season, <mask> won a silver and two bronze medals on the Grand Prix series to qualify for her fourth Final. In January 1999, she placed fourth at the 1999 Russian Championships, leading to her omission from the Russian teams to the European and World Championships.She took bronze behind Tatiana Malinina and Butyrskaya at the Grand Prix Final, held in Saint Petersburg in March 1999. <mask> then considered leaving competition but decided to continue. <mask> made a successful comeback in the 1999–2000 season. In December 1999, she defeated Butyrskaya, the reigning World champion, to win her first Russian national title. The following month, she won the Grand Prix Final, defeating both Butyrskaya and Kwan. In second place behind Kwan ahead of the two-women "super final," <mask> landed seven triples in the final segment, including two triple-triple combinations, and became the first woman to perform a 3Lz-3Lo combination in competition. In February, she won her third European title, in Vienna, Austria.At the 2000 World Championships in Nice, France, <mask> won her qualifying pool over Kwan and placed second to Butyrskaya in the short program. She completed six triples in the free skating, with a 2S instead of her planned 3S-3Lo, and finished second overall behind Kwan. Slutskaya began the 2000–01 season in dominant fashion. After defeating Kwan to win Skate Canada

masks: Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya


texts: International, she took her fourth European title, in January 2001 in Bratislava, and then defended her Grand Prix Final title, in February in Tokyo. After winning the short program at the 2001 World Championships, in the free skating, she became the first woman to land a 3S-3Lo-2T combination. She two-footed her 3Lz-3Lo-2T combination and had problems on two other landings. The judges voted 7–2 to award the gold medal to Kwan while silver went to Slutskaya.In the 2001–02 season, <mask> won all five of her meetings with Kwan, however, she also saw a new challenge from the 2001 World bronze medalist, Sarah Hughes. After winning her first Goodwill Games title, she finished second to Hughes at Skate Canada International and then took gold at Cup of Russia. At the Grand Prix Final, <mask> performed well to win the first two segments of the event, but her second free skating contained only three clean triples. Three judges placed her third behind Kwan and Hughes but four others placed her first, giving <mask> her third GPF title. She then took her third straight Russian national title but lost her European title to Maria Butyrskaya. Third in the short program after a fall, she placed first in the free skating but it was not enough to overcome her deficit. <mask>'s next event was the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.Kwan and <mask> were ranked first and second in the short program, with Cohen and Hughes placing third and fourth, respectively. After Kwan finished below Hughes in the overall standings, <mask> had to place first in the free skating in order to win gold but Hughes won the free skating in a 5–4 decision. Hughes performed seven triples and two triple-triple combinations, while <mask> did not attempt any triple-triples and had rough landings on two jumps. Russia, still somewhat aggrieved about the outcome of an earlier dispute over the pairs competition, filed a complaint against the result but it was rejected shortly. <mask>'s silver was the second medal for a Russian competitor in an Olympic ladies' figure

masks: Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya


texts:
 skating event (Kira Ivanova took bronze at the 1984 Olympics). Later, Russian businessman and politician Anton Bakov awarded <mask> a "consolation" custom gold medal completely made of 700 grams of gold. The next month, <mask> won the 2002 World title in Nagano.Ranked first in both the qualifying round and the short program, followed by Fumie Suguri and Michelle Kwan, in theory <mask> could place second to Kwan in the free skating and still win the title but she won a majority of the judges' votes in the segment. It was her first World title. 2002–03 to 2005–06 seasons: Illness and comeback

In the 2002–03 season, <mask> took silver at the 2002 NHK Trophy and bronze at the 2002 Cup of Russia before losing her national title to Elena Sokolova at the Russian Championships in December 2002. In January 2003, she defeated Sokolova to win her fifth European title in Malmö. The following month, she took silver at the Grand Prix Final in Saint Petersburg after placing first in one segment and second to Sasha Cohen in the other two. <mask> decided not to compete at the 2003 World Championships after receiving news that her mother had fallen seriously ill, requiring a kidney transplant. The initial transplant was rejected and another one had to be performed.Soon after her mother's condition began improving, however, <mask> experienced severe fatigue and swelling in the legs, which several hospitals struggled to correctly diagnose. She missed most of the 2003–04 season. Although doctors told her that she should stay away from the cold, she elected to compete at the 2004 World Championships and finished ninth. She was diagnosed ultimately with vasculitis. In 2005, <mask> made a comeback after a long stay at a hospital. The season would be her most dominant ever — for the only time in her career she went undefeated, winning every competition she entered. She thrived under the new scoring system which heavily rewarded her jumps, spins (particularly Biellman spins), difficult footwork, and speed and power.In winning the 2005 European

masks: Irina Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya


texts:
 Championships, she matched the record for the most European titles in ladies' singles. At the 2005 World Championships, <mask> was first after the short program and skated last in the free skating, in which she performed seven triples (although one was disallowed due to 3 triple loops being performed), including a 3Lz-3Lo combination, to win her second World title. Often criticized for her lack of artistry, her beautiful and elegant performance also gained the highest PCS (artistry) scores, in addition to the highest technical ones. She said the free skating was "the skate of her life" because "she was in front of her friends and family, and she was skating at home." She also said:

On 19 January 2006, <mask> won the European Championships for the seventh time, breaking the record she had shared with Sonja Henie and Katarina Witt to become the most successful ladies' skater at the event. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, <mask> was considered the odds on favorite to win the gold medal — 15-year-old Mao Asada, who had upset her at that season's Grand Prix Final, was barred from the event due to age regulations. She was in second place after the short program by only 0.03, behind Sasha Cohen of the United States.In the free skating, <mask> doubled a triple flip and then fell on a triple loop jump. She won the bronze medal, behind gold medalist Shizuka Arakawa of Japan and silver medalist Cohen. <mask> did not compete at the 2006 World Championships the following month. She originally not planned on competing at the 2006 worlds in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, but decided before the event she would like to compete and vye for a 3rd world title, unfortunately her entry request was deemed too late and she was disallowed to compete. In November 2006, she denied reports that claimed she was retiring from competitive figure skating, saying the reports were completely false. Despite the claims she has not competed since the 2006 Torino Olympics so it seems clear she had in fact retired, but had not yet wanted to make it

masks: Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya Slutskaya


texts:
 public. Post-competitive career
On 10 April 2007, <mask> announced she was returning to Russia from the United States and would not participate on the 2007 Champions on Ice tour since she and her husband, Sergei, were expecting a child.<mask> stated that she enjoyed motherhood and had no plans to return to competitive skating. "I don’t see the target," she said. "I don’t know why I have to go there. I have almost all the titles." She began a career in showbusiness. She presented figure skating reality shows on Russia Channel 1 "Stars on Ice" with co-host Evgeni Plushenko and "Ice Age" with actor Marat Basharov. She has also released a CD.In 2008, she took part in a Russian TV soap opera about figure skating "Hot Ice". She also toured as the lead skater in the Russian version of the show "Winx on Ice". In November 2008, Slutskaya performed in the "Skate from the Heart" show. In 2009, she was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. In 2011, Slutskaya also participated in 2010 Winter Olympic champion Yuna Kim ice show All That Skate Summer. In October 2012, Slutskaya competed in the first Medal Winner's Open, an event for Olympic and World medalists. She placed third in the ladies' field.She was an ambassador for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. Personal life
Slutskaya was born in 1979 in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, the only child of a Russian mother and Russian Jewish father. Slutskaya was raised in the Russian Orthodox faith and was known to cross herself in most of her competitions. Her mother was a former cross-country skier for the Soviet Union. <mask> married her boyfriend, Sergei Mikheev, in August 1999. They met each other three years earlier at a summer camp near Moscow, where Mikheev was a physical education instructor. She gave birth to a son, Artem, in November 2007 in Moscow.An only child who longed for siblings, she said she would like another baby. In October 2010, she gave birth to their second child, a daughter named Varvara. <mask> and Mikheev divorced after seventeen


texts:
 years of marriage. She married businessman Alexei Govyrin in June 2018. In October 2019, she gave birth to her third child and first with Govyrin, a daughter named Kira. Records and achievements
 Invented the double Biellmann spin with foot change
 First Russian woman to win European title (1996)
 First woman to land triple lutz-triple loop combination in competition (2000 Grand Prix Final)
 First woman to land a triple salchow-triple loop-double toe loop combination (2001 World Championships)
 First Russian woman skater to win a silver medal at the Olympics (2002 Salt Lake City)
 Four-time Russian Nationals champion
 Record holder for most Grand Prix Final titles won by a woman. Record later tied by Mao Asada.First (and only) woman ever to win seven European titles (2006)

Results
GP: Champions Series / Grand Prix

Programs

See also
 List of select Jewish figure skaters

References

External links

  (The link is deprecated and is not related to Ms. <mask> at the moment)
  Gold and tears

! colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #78FF78;" | World record holders

1979 births
Living people
Russian female single skaters
Olympic figure skaters of Russia
Figure skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Russian people of Jewish descent
Figure skaters from Moscow
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Goodwill Games medalists in figure skating
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Universiade silver medalists for Russia
Competitors at the 1999 Winter Universiade
Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism alumni
Competitors at the 1994 Goodwill Games
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill


texts:
<mask> (15 August 1924 – 19 July 2014) was an English football goalkeeper. He made 254 league appearances in an 11-year career in the Football League. He was the younger brother of Frank and <mask>. He began his career with Newcastle United, but spent World War II in the army, and also had to contend with a catalogue of injuries. After the war, he played for Leyton Orient, before injury again forced him out of the professional game. He spent time with Ashington, before making another comeback in May 1949, this time with Port Vale. He was in goal for the "Valiants" in one of the club's brightest periods, helping them to win the Third Division North title and to reach the FA Cup semi-finals in 1953–54.He won one cap for the England "B" team, and later went into management with non-league clubs Boston United, Poole Town and Sittingbourne. He later worked as a physiotherapist, and also spent time behind the scenes at Oxford United, Luton Town, Southampton. Early life
<mask>, the youngest of three brothers, was born in the Northumberland mining village of Radcliffe on 15 August 1924. The family were evicted from their colliery house after his father was suspected of instigating a miner's strike. They briefly attempted to run a fish and chip shop, but had to give up the business when elder brother Frank accidentally burnt the house down. At age eight, he moved with his family to the town of Amble, where his father had secured a position as a check weighman. After he left school at age 14, <mask> began a five-year painter and decorator apprenticeship.Not long after the outbreak of World War II, he spent two years serving in the Home Guard, under the command of his father. He was enlisted into the army in December 1942. He served in the King's Own Royal Regiment, leading his comrades to remark that

masks:
Raymond King
George King
Raymond King
King


texts:
 "he even has his own regiment!". Club career
<mask> began his career playing wartime football for Newcastle United, signing a contract of thirty shillings for every first team appearance, plus a £10 signing-on fee. He made his first team debut at age 17 against rivals Sunderland at St James' Park. In his autobiography, he states that the night before his debut he slept at a teammate's house, and had to sleep in an armchair after the teammate made gay advances towards him in the only bed in the house. The match, the last of the 1941–42 season, finished level at 2–2.However, during an army cup final, he received a blow on his left knee that resulted in synovitis. After recovering from this injury, defender Ron Suart under-hit a back pass, and the resulting collision between <mask> and the onrushing attacker led to a thumb injury. He rose to the rank of Corporal, and also guested for Chester City during World War II. In goal for the "Seals" at Goodison Park, Everton's Tommy Lawton hit a penalty shot so hard that it broke <mask>'s right wrist. He played 15 games at outside-right with his broken wrist in plaster. After his recovery, he continued to play for the "Magpies" in 1945, but again broke his wrist after punching the crossbar in an attempt to save a shot from Bradford Park Avenue's Len Shackleton. He returned from his injury to play under Charlie Hewitt at Leyton Orient, but broke his left wrist in his debut against Northampton Town.He took his plaster off early, and again broke the wrist in a reserve team clash with Charlton Athletic, leaving him in plaster until May 1947. This was his last game for the "O's", and soon after he departed Brisbane Road. After leaving the army, he returned to play in outfield Amble of the Northern Alliance, only to break his jaw. He returned from injury

masks: King King King


texts: once again, and was signed to non-league Ashington in 1948. He joined his brother George at Port Vale in May 1949. On his arrival <mask> stated that The Old Recreation Ground was like 'some shanty town out west' and compared the dressing room to 'a dungeon', despite which somehow he 'felt completely at home'. He immediately established himself between the sticks, making 43 appearances to George Heppell's three in 1949–50.However his brother was sold to Barrow, and the two never played on the same team again. <mask> featured 33 times in 1950–51, in Gordon Hodgson's last season as manager. <mask> survived Ivor Powell's 'reign of terror' at the start of the 1951–52 season, and remained with the "Valiants" for the beginning of Freddie Steele's reign. Powell never selected <mask>, as club chairman William Holdcroft was in a dispute with <mask> over accommodation he had given him. <mask> played only 19 Third Division South that season, and featured in just three Third Division North games in 1952–53, as <mask> briefly established himself as the club's preferred goalkeeper. <mask> was once again injured, this time after Steele severely damaged his hand during a practice match, apparently whilst still angry with <mask> for conceding a goal to his brother in a defeat to Bradford City at Valley Parade. The 1953–54 season was one of the most successful in Port Vale's history, as the club won the Third Division North title and reached the FA Cup semi-finals.<mask> played all but one of Vale's 54 games that season, and was ably assisted by an 'Iron Curtain' defence consisting of Tommy Cheadle, Reg Potts, Stan Turner, and Roy Sproson. He kept 29 clean sheets during the campaign, a club record. He achieved this despite playing the second half of the season with a chipped bone in his right knee, following

masks:
King
King
King
King
King
King
Ray Hancock
King
King
King


texts:
 a knock sustained in a defeat to Hartlepools United at Victoria Park. He missed just one Second Division game in the 1954–55 season, and played the FA Cup defeat to Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane despite splitting open his hand. At the end of the season he was offered a £2,500 to throw the match against promotion-chasing Rotherham United; he refused the offer and in fact saved a penalty that would have secured the "Millers" a promotion into the First Division. He featured 41 times in 1955–56, despite spending a brief period on the sidelines after being 'pole-axed' at Filbert Street by Leicester City duo Arthur Rowley and Willie Gardner. He played 39 times in 1956–57, but the arrival of new boss Norman Low signalled the end of <mask>'s time at Vale Park and the goalkeeper handed in a transfer request.After 275 matches (23 FA Cup and 252 league) he was sold to Boston United for £2,500 in July 1957, where he became player-manager. International career
<mask> made one international appearance for England 'B' on 22 May 1954 when he played the first half in a 2–0 defeat by their Swiss equivalents, before giving way to George Thompson at half time. He later toured with the full England squad, but never won a senior cap. He instead sat on the bench as cover for Reg Matthews. Coaching career
<mask> managed Boston United from 1957 to 1960. The "Pilgrims" were elected to the Southern League from the Midland League in 1958. They finished third in 1958–59 and ninth in 1959–60.He departed York Street after former chairman Ernest Malkensen returned to the club and re-appointed former manager <mask>. He then took charge at Poole Town, who had just released all but one of their first team squad. He won one promotion with the "Dolphins", as they finished as runners-up of the Southern League Division

masks:
King
King
King
Ray Middleton


texts:
 One in 1961–62. He also led them to the First Round of the FA Cup, before they then took Watford to a replay following a 2–2 draw at Vicarage Road. In 1963, he left Poole after only being offered a one-year contract, and took the management post at Sittingbourne. However he quickly left the "Brickies" after the club encountered trouble in paying his wages. <mask> then coached at Oxford United under Arthur Turner.He gave pre-match massages to Ron Atkinson, who he stated had "the meatiest legs I had ever seen". <mask> was offered the management position at Cambridge United, but a pay rise convinced him to stay at the Manor Ground. However he was sacked by Turner for 'disloyalty' after he applied for the management position at Cardiff City. He made a return to the Football League in November 1971, when he was appointed youth team manager at Luton Town by Harry Haslam. His charges included future professionals <mask>, Alan Biley, Lil Fuccillo, and Dave Carr. However he fell out with Haslam, and left Kenilworth Road during the 1974–75 campaign. He later did scouting work for Southampton, though quit the role after finding his payment did not meet the costs of driving to watch the players he was scouting.Personal life and post-retirement
He married wife Norma in October 1949. They were one month off celebrating their golden wedding anniversary, when Norma died. Together they had a son, Gary, in 1951; he became an educator, who taught in Bermuda, New York, and Thailand. After leaving Oxford, <mask> dabbled in physiotherapy, and worked as a masseur at RAF Brize Norton. He failed to find success as a private masseur in Poole, his only customer being a man who left after he discovered his belief that wife Norma would be giving the massage was erroneous. He later worked as a salesman, before becoming

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 a P.E. instructor; in this capacity he taught aspiring cricketer Mark Austin, who went on to become a well-known journalist.After leaving Luton, <mask> was employed by the Department for Education as a painting and decorating supervisor for a government training programme. Returning to physiotherapy, he built up a list of clients, including John Lennon. As a physiotherapist in the early 1990s, he was accused of sexually assaulting a female patient, and cleared his name following a four-day trial. He released an autobiography, entitled Hands, Feet and Balls, of which only 1,500 copies were printed. In 2011, he released a second book, entitled To the End of the Road. He also wrote columns for the Bangkok Post and The Ambler, a newspaper based in his home town of Amble. <mask> died after a fall at his home in Bangkok, Thailand on 19 July 2014.Statistics
Source:

Honours
Port Vale
Football League Third Division North runner-up: 1952–53
Football League Third Division North winner: 1953–54

Poole Town
Southern Football League First Division runner-up: 1961–62

References
Specific

General

1924 births
2014 deaths
Footballers from Northumberland
King's Own Royal Regiment soldiers
British Home Guard soldiers
British Army personnel of World War II
English footballers
England B international footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Newcastle United F.C. players
Chester City F.C. wartime guest players
Ashington A.F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
Association football player-managers
English football managers
Boston United F.C.managers
Southern Football League managers
Association football coaches
Association football scouts
English autobiographers
Military personnel from

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<mask> (; 30 May 1875 – 15 April 1944) was an Italian neo-Hegelian idealist philosopher, educator, and fascist politician. The self-styled "philosopher of Fascism", he was influential in providing an intellectual foundation for Italian Fascism, and ghostwrote part of The Doctrine of Fascism (1932) with Benito Mussolini. He was involved in the resurgence of Hegelian idealism in Italian philosophy and also devised his own system of thought, which he called "actual idealism" or "actualism", which has been described as "the subjective extreme of the idealist tradition". Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born in Castelvetrano, Italy. He was inspired by Risorgimento-era Italian intellectuals such as Mazzini, Rosmini, Gioberti, and Spaventa from whom he borrowed the idea of autoctisi, "self-construction", but also strongly influenced and mentored by the German idealist and materialist schools of thought – namely Karl Marx, Hegel, and Fichte, with whom he shared the ideal of creating a Wissenschaftslehre (Epistemology), a theory for a structure of knowledge that makes no assumptions. Friedrich Nietzsche, too, influenced him, as seen in an analogy between Nietzsche's Übermensch and <mask>'s Uomo Fascista. In religion he presented himself as a Catholic (of sorts), and emphasised actual idealism's Christian heritage; Antonio G. Pesce insists that 'there is in fact no doubt that <mask> was a Catholic', but he occasionally identified himself as an atheist, albeit one who was still culturally a Catholic.He won a fierce competition to become one of four exceptional students of the

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Giovanni Gentile
Giovanni Gentile
Gentile
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 prestigious Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, where he enrolled in the Faculty of Humanities. In 1898 he graduated in Letters and Philosophy with a dissertation titled Rosmini e Gioberti, that he realized
under the supervision of Donato Jaja, a disciple of Bertrando Spaventa. During his academic career, <mask> served in a number of positions, including as:
 Professor of the History of Philosophy at the University of Palermo (27 March 1910);
 Professor of Theoretical Philosophy at the University of Pisa (9 August 1914);
 Professor of the History of Philosophy at the University of Rome (11 November 1917), and later as Professor of Theoretical Philosophy (1926);
 Commissioner of the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (1928–32), and later as its Director (1932–43); and
 Vice President of Bocconi University in Milan (1934–44). Involvement with Fascism
In 1922, <mask> was named Minister of Public Education for the government of Benito Mussolini. In this capacity he instituted the "Riforma Gentile" – a reformation of the secondary school system that had a long-lasting impact on Italian education. His philosophical works included The Theory of Mind as Pure Act (1916) and Logic as Theory of Knowledge (1917), with which he defined actual idealism, a unified metaphysical system reinforcing his sentiments that philosophy isolated from life, and life isolated from philosophy, are but two identical modes of backward cultural bankruptcy. For <mask>, this theory indicated how philosophy could directly influence, mould, and penetrate life; or, how philosophy could govern life.In 1925, <mask> headed

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texts: two constitutional reform commissions that helped establish the corporate state of Fascism. He would go on to serve as president of the Fascist state's Grand Council of Public Education (1926–28), and even gained membership on the powerful Fascist Grand Council (1925–29). <mask>'s philosophical system – the foundation of all Fascist philosophy – viewed thought as all-embracing: no-one could actually leave his or her sphere of thought, nor exceed his or her thought. Reality was unthinkable, except in relation to the activity by means of which it becomes thinkable, positing that as a unity — held in the active subject and the discrete abstract phenomena that reality comprehends – wherein each phenomenon, when truly realised, was centered within that unity; therefore, it was innately spiritual, transcendent, and immanent, to all possible things in contact with the unity. <mask> used that philosophic frame to systematize every item of interest that now was subject to the rule of absolute self-identification – thus rendering as correct every consequence of the hypothesis. The resultant philosophy can be interpreted as an idealist foundation for Legal Naturalism. <mask> was described by Mussolini, and by himself, as "the philosopher of Fascism"; moreover, he was the ghostwriter of the first part of the essay The Doctrine of Fascism (1932), attributed to Mussolini.It was first published in 1932, in the Italian Encyclopedia, wherein he described the traits characteristic of Italian Fascism at the time: compulsory state corporatism, Philosopher Kings, the abolition of the parliamentary

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 system, and autarky. He also wrote the Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals which was signed by a number of writers and intellectuals, including Luigi Pirandello, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and Giuseppe Ungaretti. Final years and death

<mask> became a member of the Fascist Grand Council in 1925, and remained loyal to Mussolini even after the fall of the Fascist government in 1943. He supported Mussolini's establishment of the "Republic of Salò", a puppet state of Nazi Germany, despite having criticized its anti-Jewish laws, and accepted an appointment in its government. <mask> was the last president of the Royal Academy of Italy (1943–1944). In 1944 a group of communist GAP partisans led by Bruno Fanciullacci assassinated <mask> as he returned from the prefecture in Florence. <mask> was buried in the church of Santa Croce in Florence.Philosophy
Benedetto Croce wrote that <mask> "... holds the honor of having been the most rigorous neo-Hegelian in the entire history of Western philosophy and the dishonor of having been the official philosopher of Fascism in Italy." His philosophical basis for fascism was rooted in his understanding of ontology and epistemology, in which he found vindication for the rejection of individualism, and acceptance of collectivism, with the state as the ultimate location of authority and loyalty outside of which individuality had no meaning (and which in turn helped justify the totalitarian dimension of fascism). The conceptual relationship between <mask>'s actual idealism and his conception of fascism is not self-evident. The

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texts: supposed relationship does not appear to be based on logical deducibility. That is, actual idealism does not entail a fascist ideology in any rigorous sense. <mask> enjoyed fruitful intellectual relations with Croce from 1899 – and particularly during their joint editorship of La Critica from 1903 to 1922 – but broke philosophically and politically from Croce in the early 1920s over <mask>'s embrace of fascism. (Croce assesses their philosophical disagreement in Una discussione tra filosofi amici in Conversazioni Critiche, II.)Ultimately, <mask> foresaw a social order wherein opposites of all kinds weren't to be considered as existing independently from each other; that 'publicness' and 'privateness' as broad interpretations were currently false as imposed by all former kinds of government, including capitalism and communism; and that only the reciprocal totalitarian state of Corporatism, a fascist state, could defeat these problems which are made from reifying as an external reality that which is in fact, to Gentile, only a reality in thinking. Whereas it was common in the philosophy of the time to see the conditional subject as abstract and the object as concrete, <mask> postulated (after Hegel) the opposite, that the subject is concrete and the object a mere abstraction (or rather, that what was conventionally dubbed "subject" is in fact only conditional object, and that the true subject is the act of being or essence of the object). <mask> was, because of his actualist system, a notable philosophical presence across Europe during his time. At its base, <mask>'s brand of idealism


texts: asserted the primacy of the "pure act" of thinking. This act is foundational to all human experience – it creates the phenomenal world – and involves a process of "reflective awareness" (in Italian, "l'atto del pensiero, pensiero pensante") that is constitutive of the Absolute and revealed in education. <mask>'s emphasis on seeing Mind as the Absolute signaled his "revival of the idealist doctrine of the autonomy of the mind." It also connected his philosophical work to his vocation as a teacher.In actual idealism, then, pedagogy is transcendental and provides the process by which the Absolute is revealed. His idea of a transcending truth above positivism garnered particular attention by emphasizing that all modes of sensation only take the form of ideas within one's mind; in other words, they are mental constructs. To <mask>, for example, even the correlation of the function and location of the physical brain with the functions of the physical body was merely a consistent creation of the mind, and not of the brain (itself a creation of the mind). Observations like this have led some commentators to view <mask>'s philosophy as a kind of "absolute solipsism," expressing the idea "that only the spirit or mind is real". Actual idealism also touches on ideas of concern to theology. An example of actual idealism in theology is the idea that although man may have invented the concept of God, it does not make God any less real in any possible sense, so long as God is not presupposed to exist as abstraction, and except in case qualities about what existence actually entails (i.e. being

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 invented apart from the thinking that makes it) are presupposed.Benedetto Croce objected that <mask>'s "pure act" is nothing other than Schopenhauer's will. Therefore, <mask> proposed a form of what he called "absolute Immanentism" in which the divine was the present conception of reality in the totality of one's individual thinking as an evolving, growing and dynamic process. Many times accused of solipsism, <mask> maintained his philosophy to be a Humanism that sensed the possibility of nothing beyond what was colligate in perception; the self's human thinking, in order to communicate as immanence is to be human like oneself, made a cohesive empathy of the self-same, without an external division, and therefore not modeled as objects to one's own thinking. Whereas solipsism would feel trapped in realization of its solitude, actualism rejects such a privation and is an expression of the only freedom which is possible within objective contingencies, where the transcendental Self does not even exist as an object, and the dialectical co-substantiation of others necessary to understand the empirical self are felt as true others when found to be the unrelativistic subjectivity of that whole self and essentially unified with the spirit of such higher self in actu, where others can be truly known, rather than thought as windowless monads. Phases of his thought
A number of developments in <mask>'s thought and career helped to define his philosophy, including:
 the definition of Actual Idealism in his work Theory of the Pure Act (1903);
 his support for the invasion of Libya (1911) and the


texts:
 entry of Italy into World War I (1915);
 his dispute with Benedetto Croce over the historic inevitability of Fascism;
 his role as minister of education (1922–24);
 his belief that Fascism could be made subservient to his philosophical thought, along with his gathering of influence through the work of students like Armando Carlini (leader of the so-called "right Gentilians") and Ugo Spirito (who applied Gentile's philosophy to social problems and helped codify Fascist political theory); and
 his work on the Enciclopedia Italiana (1925–43; first edition finished in 1936). Gentile's definition of and vision for Fascism

Gentile considered Fascism the fulfillment of the Risorgimento ideals, particularly those represented by Giuseppe Mazzini and the Historical Right party. Gentile sought to make his philosophy the basis for Fascism.However, with <mask>, the "problem of the party" existed by virtue of the fact that the Fascist "party", as such, arose organically rather than from a tract or pre-established socio-political doctrine. This complicated the matter for <mask> as it left no consensus to any way of thinking among Fascists, but ironically this aspect was to <mask>'s view of how a state or party doctrine should live out its existence: with natural organic growth and dialectical opposition intact. The fact that Mussolini gave credence to <mask>'s view points via <mask>'s authorship helped with an official consideration, even though the "problem of the party" continued to exist for Mussolini as well. <mask> placed himself within the Hegelian tradition, but also sought to distance

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texts: himself from those views he considered erroneous. He criticized Hegel's dialectic (of Idea-Nature-Spirit), and instead proposed that everything is Spirit, with the dialectic residing in the pure act of thinking. <mask> believed Marx's conception of the dialectic to be the fundamental flaw of his application to system making. To the neo-Hegelian Gentile, Marx had made the dialectic into an external object, and therefore had abstracted it by making it part of a material process of historical development.The dialectic to Gentile could only be something of human precepts, something that is an active part of human thinking. It was, to Gentile, concrete subject and not abstract object. This Gentile expounded by how humans think in forms wherein one side of a dual opposite could not be thought of without its complement. "Upward" wouldn't be known without "downward" and "heat" couldn't be known without "cold", while each are opposites they are co-dependent for either one's realization: these were creations that existed as dialectic only in human thinking and couldn't be confirmed outside of which, and especially could not be said to exist in a condition external to human thought like independent matter and a world outside of personal subjectivity or as an empirical reality when not conceived in unity and from the standpoint of the human mind. To Gentile, Marx's externalizing of the dialectic was essentially a fetishistic mysticism. Though when viewed externally thus, it followed that Marx could then make claims to the effect of what state or condition the dialectic objectively existed in


texts: history, a posteriori of where any individual's opinion was while comporting oneself to the totalized whole of society. i.e.people themselves could by such a view be ideologically 'backwards' and left behind from the current state of the dialectic and not themselves be part of what is actively creating the dialectic as-it-is. <mask> thought this was absurd, and that there was no 'positive' independently existing dialectical object. Rather, the dialectic was natural to the state, as-it-is. Meaning that the interests composing the state are composing the dialectic by their living organic process of holding oppositional views within that state, and unified therein. It being the mean condition of those interests as ever they exist. Even criminality is unified as a necessarily dialectic to be subsumed into the state and a creation and natural outlet of the dialectic of the positive state as ever it is. This view (influenced by the Hegelian theory of the state) justified the corporative system, where in the individualized and particular interests of all divergent groups were to be personably incorporated into the state ("Stato etico") each to be considered a bureaucratic branch of the state itself and given official leverage.Gentile, rather than believing the private to be swallowed synthetically within the public as Marx would have it in his objective dialectic, believed that public and private were a priori identified with each other in an active and subjective dialectic: one could not be subsumed fully into the other as they already are beforehand the same. In such a manner each is the


texts:
 other after their own fashion and from their respective, relative, and reciprocal, position. Yet both constitute the state itself and neither are free from it, nothing ever being truly free from it, the state (as in Hegel) existing as an eternal condition and not an objective, abstract collection of atomistic values and facts of the particulars about what is positively governing the people at any given time. (1914)
 Writings of life and ideas by V. Gioberti (1915)
 Donato Jaja (1915)
 The Bible of the Letters in Print by V. Gioberti (1915)
 Vichian Studies (1915)
 Pure experience and historical reality (1915)
 For the Reform of Philosophical Insights (1916)
 The concept of man in the Renaissance (1916)
 "The Foundations of the Philosophy of Law" (1916)
 General theory of the spirit as pure act (1916)
 The origins of contemporary philosophy in Italy (1917)
 System of logic as theory of knowledge (1917)
 The historical character of Italian philosophy (1918)
 Is there an Italian school? Summary of pedagogy as a philosophical science (Vol. I: General pedagogy; vol. II: Teaching).III. The general theory of the spirit as pure act. IV. The foundations of the philosophy of law. V–VI. The System of Logic as Theory of Knowledge (Vol. 2).VII. Reform of education. VIII. The philosophy of art. IX. Genesis and structure of society. Historical works

X.History of philosophy. From the origins to Plato. XI. History of Italian philosophy (up to Lorenzo Valla). XII. The Problems of Schooling and Italian Thinking. XIII.Studies on Dante. XIV The Italian thought of the Renaissance. XV. Studies on the


texts:
 Renaissance. XVI. Vichian Studies. XVII.The legacy of Vittorio Alfieri. XVIII–XIX. History of Italian philosophy from Genovesi to Galluppi (vol.2). XXXXI. Albori of the new Italy (vol.2). XXII. Vincenzo Cook.Studies and notes. XXIII. Gino Capponi and Tuscan culture in the decimony of the century. XXIV. Manzoni and Leopardi. XXV. Rosmini and Gioberti.XXVI. The prophets of the Italian Risorgimento. XXVII. Reform of Hegelian Dialectics. XXVIII. Marx's philosophy. XXIX.Bertrando Spaventa. XXX. The sunset of the Sicilian culture. XXXI-XXXIV. The origins of contemporary philosophy in Italy. (Vol. I: Platonists, Vol II: Positivists, Vol III and IV: Neo-Kantians and Hegelians).XXXV. Modernism and the relationship between religion and philosophy. Various works

XXXVI. Introduction to philosophy. XXXVII. Religious Speeches. XXXVIII.Defense of philosophy. XXXIX. Education and lay school. XL. The new middle school. XLI. School Reform in Italy.XLII. Preliminaries in the study of the child. XLIII. War and Faith. XLIV. After the win. XLV-XLVI.Politics and Culture (Vol. 2). Letter collections

I–II. Letter from Gentile-Jaja (Vol. 2)
III–VII. Letters to Benedetto Croce (Vol. 5)
VIII.Letter from Gentile-D'Ancona
IX. Letter from Gentile-Omodeo
X. Letter from Gentile-Maturi
XI. Letter from Gentile-Pintor
XII. Letter from Gentile-Chiavacci
XIII. Letter from Gentile-Calogero
XIV. Letter from Gentile-Donati

Notes

References
 A. James Gregor, <mask>: Philosopher of Fascism.Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2001. Further reading
English
 Brown, Merle E. (1966). Neo-idealistic Aesthetics:


texts:
 Croce-Gentile-Collingwood, Wayne State University Press. Brown, Merle E., "Respice Finem: The Literary Criticism of <mask>," in Italica, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Spring, 1970). Crespi, Angelo (1926).Contemporary Thought of Italy, Williams and Norgate, Limited. De Ruggiero, Guido, "G. Gentile: Absolute Idealism." in Modern Philosophy, Part IV, Chap. III, (George Allen & Unwin, 1921). Evans, Valmai Burwood, "The Ethics of <mask>tile," in International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Jan. 1929).Evans, Valmai Burwood, "Education in the Philosophy of <mask>," in International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Jan. 1933). Gregor, James A., "<mask> and the Philosophy of the Young Karl Marx," in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 24, No. 2 (April–June 1963). Gregor, James A.(2004). Origins and Doctrine of Fascism: With Selections from Other Works by <mask>. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers
 Gregor, James A. (2009). Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought, Princeton University Press. Gullace, <mask>, "The Dante Studies of <mask>tile," Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society, No. 90 (1972).Harris, H. S. (1966). The Social Philosophy of <mask>tile, U. of Illinois Press. Holmes, Roger W. (1937). The Idealism of <mask>tile The Macmillan Company. Horowitz, Irving Louis, "On the Social Theories of <mask>tile," in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Dec. 1962).Lion, Aline (1932). The Idealistic Conception of Religion; Vico, Hegel, <mask>, Oxford: The Clarendon Press. Lyttleton, Adrian, ed. (1973). Italian Fascisms: From Pareto to

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texts:
 Gentile, Harper & Row. Minio-Paluello, L. (1946). Education in Fascist Italy, Oxford University Press.Moss, M. E. (2004). Mussolini's Fascist Philosopher: <mask> Reconsidered, Lang. Roberts, David D. (2007). Historicism and Fascism in Modern Italy, University of Toronto Press. Romanell, Patrick (1937). The Philosophy of <mask>tile, Columbia University. Romanell, Patrick (1946).Croce versus Gentile, S. F. Vanni. Runes, Dagobert D., ed. (1955). Treasury of Philosophy, Philosophical Library, New York. Santillana, George de, "The Idealism of <mask>tile," in Isis, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Nov. 1938).Smith, J.A. "The Philosophy of <mask>tile," Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, Vol. 20, (1919–1920). Smith, William A. (1970). <mask> on the Existence of God, Beatrice-Naewolaerts. Spirito, Ugo, "The Religious Feeling of <mask>tile," in East and West, Vol.5, No. 2 (July 1954). Thompson, Merritt Moore (1934). The Educational Philosophy of <mask>tile, University of Southern California. Turi, Gabrielle, "<mask>tile: Oblivion, Remembrance, and Criticism," in The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 70, No. 4 (December 1998).In Italian
 <mask> (Augusto del Noce, Bologna: Il Mulino, 1990)
 <mask> filosofo europeo (Salvatore Natoli, Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 1989)
 <mask> (Antimo Negri, Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1975)
 Faremo una grande università: Girolamo Palazzina-<mask>; Un epistolario (1930–1938), a cura di Marzio Achille Romano (Milano: Edizioni Giuridiche Economiche Aziendali dell'Università Bocconi e Giuffré editori S.p.A., 1999)
 Parlato, Giuseppe. "<mask>: From the Risorgimento to

masks:
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Giovanni Gen
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Giovanni Gentile
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Giovanni Gentile
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texts:
 Fascism." Trans. Stefano Maranzana. TELOS 133 (Winter 2005): pp. 75–94. Antonio Cammarana, Proposizioni sulla filosofia di <mask>, prefazione del Sen. Armando Plebe, Roma, Gruppo parliamentare MSI-DN, Senato della Repubblica, 1975, 157 Pagine, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze BN 758951.Antonio Cammarana, Teorica della reazione dialettica : filosofia del postcomunismo'', Roma, Gruppo parliamentare MSI-DN, Senato della Repubblica, 1976, 109 Pagine, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze BN 775492. External links

 Castelvetrano website

Media talks by Diego Fusaro captioned in English:
Diego Fusaro: <mask>'s Philosophy of Pure Act
Diego Fusaro: The Idealism of Karl Marx, according to <mask>
Diego Fusaro: The Act of <mask> & Antonio Gramsci's Praxis
Emanuele Severino & Diego Fusaro: Action & Becoming. About <mask> & Antonio Gramsci
Diego Fusaro: <mask>'s Philosophy. An Introduction
Diego Fusaro: Idealism & Practice; Fichte, Marx & Gentile
Diego Fusaro: We Must Think Outside The Box (Gramsci, Pound, Gentile)

1875 births
1944 deaths
People from Castelvetrano
20th-century Italian philosophers
Continental philosophers
Education ministers of Italy
Mussolini Cabinet
Government ministers of Italy
Fascist writers
Hegelian philosophers
Historians of fascism
Idealists
Italian atheists
Italian fascists
Italian anti-communists
Members of the Royal Academy of Italy
People of the Italian Social Republic
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
University of Pisa faculty
20th-century Italian politicians
Burials at Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
Deaths by firearm in

masks:
Giovanni Gentile
Giovanni Gentile
Giovanni Gentile
Giovanni Gentile
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<mask> (26 July 1865 – 13 September 1910) was a Bengali poet and composer, known for his devotional (bhakti) compositions, as well as his patriotic songs. Early life, education and profession

<mask> was born in a Vaidya family in the village of Bhangabari, Sirajganj of Pabna district,presently situated at Bangladesh. He was the third child of <mask> and Manomohini Debi. <mask>'s sister Ambuja Sundari Dasgupta was a renowned poet too. Originally, his ancestors hailed from Sahadevpur village under Tangail Subdivision of Mymensingh District on right side of Brahmaputra in Bangladesh. When Rajanikanta's great grand father Jogiram died, his pregnant wife Karunamoyee came to his Brother's residence at Bhangabari village and gave birth to Golaknath, grand father of Rajanikanta. Though Golaknath was deprived of higher education due to financial constraints, he imparted best of education to his two sons, Govindanath and Guruprasad.Govindanath practiced law in the court of Rajshahi in Bangladesh. Guruprasad, father of <mask>, passed LLB from Dacca university and became a sub-judge. He served as sub-judge in many parts of Bengal, such as Rangpur, Dinajpur, Bhagalpur, Munger, Kalna, and Katwa, and finally came to Krishnanagar and retired.Guruprasad was posted in Katwa when <mask> was born. <mask> started his schooling at Boalia Zilla School (now Rajshahi Collegiate School). He learned Sanskrit from Rajnath Tarkaratna, a neighbour in his village Bhangakuthi during school vacations. He got Gopal Chandra Lahiri as his academic mentor. In 1882 he passed Entrance Examination from Coochbihar Jenkins School.Other claims such as he was from Koochbihar are of no substance. Then he came to Calcutta and passed FA in 1885 with

masks:
Rajanikanta Sen
Rajanikanta
Guruprasad Sen
Rajanikanta
Rajanikanta
Rajanikanta
Rajanikanta