texts:
<mask> (born 1930) is an artist, art critic and poet with a career that spans seven decades of creative output. In the 1950s, he simultaneously studied literature at Alexandria University and painting at the studio of Silvio Becchi, the son of Italian master Otorino Becchi. In 1974, <mask> moved to New York City, where he continues to paint, write and critique from his Manhattan home. His work is in public collections including the Egyptian Museum of Modern Art, the Alexandria Museum of Fine Arts, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art, Sharjah Art Foundation, Barjeel Art Foundation and in various notable private collections in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, France, England and the United States. Visions of a fictive, invented Alexandria run through most of <mask>'s work and his practice offers a powerful and mystical meditation on remembrance and the passage of time. His body of work bears witness to the artist's life as an Alexandrian that has been living away from home since the 1970s. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Alexandria, Egypt, in 1930.His mother was of Moroccan descent and his father was from Upper Egypt. In 1954, he graduated from the University of Alexandria, Faculty of Arts with a major in English Literature. During the years 1952-53, he studied art with Silvio Becchi, son of Italian master Otorino Becchi, in Alexandria. Early on, <mask> was initiated into Alexandria's literary society as

masks:
Ahmed Morsi
Morsi
Morsi
Morsi
Ahmed Morsi


type: original

texts:
 well as the city's very own rising group of artists. By his early twenties, he was participating in group shows with Egypt's most notable modern artists, including A Al Gazzar, H El Telmisani, I Massouda, F Kamel, H Nada and M Moussa. In 1949, he started writing poetry and developed this talent in parallel with his painting – publishing his first Diwan, “Songs of the Temples / Steps in Darkness” at the age of 19. Career
<mask> moved to Baghdad, Iraq in 1955, where he taught English to supplement his two-year stay.This was a time of a cultural renaissance in Iraq, when Baghdad was a center for the literati, the artists and the intellectuals. It was in Baghdad that he developed a friendship and a working relationship with several Iraqi writers and painters, among them Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati, Fouad al-Tikerly and Ardash Kakavian; and these relationships continued to produce noteworthy creative cooperation as well as lifelong friendships throughout the coming decades. Returning to Egypt, he moved to Cairo in 1957. In these years, <mask> was the first Egyptian to work alongside Egypt's acclaimed playwrights, Alfred Farag, Abdel Rahman Al Sharkawi, designing stage sets and costumes for The National Theater at the original, Khedieval, Cairo Opera House – art forms that had until then previously been relegated only to Italian designers. He also partnered with Abdel Hadi Al Algazzar and co-designed stage sets for "Bury

masks:
Morsi
Ahmed Morsi


texts:
 the Dead" by American playwright Irwin Shaw at the Cairo Opera House. Other projects with Al Gazzar included a book of Morsi's poetry alongside Al Gazzar's drawings. The book was never published due to Al Gazzar's untimely passing, however the poetry/drawings live on.In 1968, he co-founded the avant-garde magazine Galerie 68 with Edwar Al Kharrat, Ibrahim Mansour, Gamil Atteya, Sayed Hegab and others. This publication immediately became Egypt's most reputable source as the voice of the new modernism. With these years began the Artist's journey into the world of criticism, publishing critiques on both art and literature, both of which remaining intimate domains. He wrote two items for Grand Larousse Encyclopédique (1975); “Art in Egypt” and “Art in Iraq”. Again the pioneer, <mask> introduced a new creative vehicle to the art public in Egypt with his 1995 show: “The Artist’s Book”. Following his exhibition, a new Biennial, The Artist's Book, was created in Alexandria. Later life
In 1974, <mask> moved to New York City, where he continues to paint, write and critique from his Manhattan home.In 1976, like many artists residing in the NYC area, he took up the art of lithography at The New School, the art of printmaking at The Art Student League and added yet another dimension to his creative tools and in the last 20 years, the Artist embraced photography – the last art form to be included in <mask>'s extensive

masks:
Ahmed Morsi
Ahmed Morsi
Ahmed Morsi


texts:
Giacomo Micaglia () (March 31, 1601 – December 1, 1654) also <mask> in Croatian, was an Italian linguist and lexicographer, of Slavic ancestry. He was born in the town of Peschici (Apulia), at that time under the Kingdom of Naples. He said about himself to be "an Italian of Slavic language". Life

Micaglia was born in Peschici, a small town on the Gargano peninsula that six centuries before (about 970) was a settlement of Croat refugees and that in those years entertained fruitful trade with Venice and the city-states on the Dalmatian coast (like the Republic of Ragusa). He was the great-uncle of Pietro Giannone (1676–1748), the historian born in Ischitella, few kilometers by Peschici. About it Giannone writes that «Scipio Giannone (his father) had married in Ischitella in 1677 Lucretia Micaglia, daughter of Matteo Micaglia from Peschici and Isabella Sabatello.»

Because of his knowledge of Croatian, Micaglia was dispatched to the Republic of Ragusa by the Jesuit order. It was the time of Counter-Reformation and the Catholic Church wished to restore its power in the Balkans as well.For four years (1630–1633) he taught grammar at the Jesuit College in Ragusa (Dubrovnik). There he wrote "Latin grammar for Illyrian students" after Emanuel Alvares (De institutione grammatica pro Illyricis accommodata, 1637). A few years later, in 1636, Micaglia sent a letter to the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, proposing a reform of the Latin alphabet for the needs of Croatian. He discussed the same issue in the chapter "On Slavic Orthography" of his work in Croatian "God-Loving Thoughts on the Lord's Prayer


texts:
 Taken from the Books of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor" (Bratislava, 1642). From 1637 to 1645 he was a missionary among the Catholics in Timișoara in the Banat (present day Romania). He came back to Italy, where he was confessor in Slavic languages at the Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto, from 1645 till his death in that town. Dictionary

Micaglia's greatest work is "Thesaurus of Slovinian Language and Slovinian Dictionary (where Croatian words are translated in Italian and Latin)".It was first printed in Loreto in 1649, but a better printing press was needed, so it was completed in Ancona in 1651. The dictionary was a Jesuits project, an instrument to fight the Protestant Reformation and even more the progression of the Muslim faith in the Balkans. It was the first Croatian dictionary, with Croatian (under name of "Illyric" or "Slovinian") as the starting language (in the very same dictionary, he treats the terms Croatian, Slovinian and Illyric as synonyms  ). An important thing to note is that in his dictionary Micaglia names Croatian as "Illyric" or "Slovinian", and Italian as "Latin", which he names as the "students' language" (diacki). The introduction to the dictionary has a "Latin" dedication, a note to the reader in Italian (Al benigno lettore), a presentation of the alphabet and orthography in Latin and Croatian (Od ortographie jezika slovinskoga ili načina od pisanja), and an Italian grammar in Croatian (Grammatika Talianska). Micaglia explains in the foreword that he chose the Bosnian dialect because "everyone says that the Bosnian language is the most beautiful one" ("Ogn'un dice che la


texts:
 lingua Bosnese sia la piu bella"). Bosnian is identified as the Shtokavian dialect of the local South Slavic languages.The dictionary, intended primarily to teach students and young Jesuits, has around 25,000 words. It belongs to the corpse of dictionaries in Shtokavian dialect, with some Chakavian parts, and even Kaykavian lexic as entry or synonym. <mask>'s dictionary is regarded as a Croatian dictionary by mainstream lexicographers and linguists. Micaglia's thesaurus is a trilingual dictionary in which the entry column is, though, organised as a monolingual dictionary: with a sequence of synonyms founded on dialectical contrasts, as well as definitions, and hyperonims as explanations. Thus Štokavian-Čakavian terms are accompanied by Bosnian Franciscan words, turcisms, Raguseisms and Croatian words. It has thus been said to illustrate the lexical wealth of the "Illyrian regions". From the cultural point of view, Micaglia's work was influenced by earlier works of Fausto Veranzio and Bartolomeo Cassio, and it influenced the Croatian circle of lexicographers (among them Franciscans Divković and Tomo Babić), both in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina.His work is an integral part of development and standardization of Croatian modern language. Works

Thesaurus linguae Illyricae sive Dictionarium Illyricum. In quo verba Illyrica Italice, et Latine redduntur, Romae: et sumptibus Sacrae congregationis de propaganda fide impressum, Loreto, apud Paulum et Io. Baptistam Seraphinum, 1649 (Thesaurus of Croatian or a Croatian Dictionary, in Which Croatian Words Are Translated into Italian and Latin) (Ancona, 1651). Blago


texts:
 jezika slovinskoga ili Slovnik u Komu izgovarajuse rjeci slovinske Latinski, i Diacki. Bogoljubno razmiscgljanje od ocenascja Pokupgljeno iz kgniga Svetoga Tomme od Aquina Nauciteglja Anghjelskoga (God-Loving Thoughts on the Lord's Prayer Taken from the Books of St Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, Bratislava, 1642)
Printing of the "Thesaurus" was started by Serafini brothers in Loreto in 1649, and completed by O. Beltrano in Ancona in 1651. References

Bibliography
 Max L. Baeumer, The Emergence of national languages Vol 11  Longo, 1984
 Croatian Academy of America, Journal of Croatian studies, p. 286 Volumes 36-37, 1997
 Sylvain Auroux, History of the language sciences: an international handbook on the evolution of the study of language from the beginnings to the present Volume 1, Walter de Gruyter, 2000,
 Wiener slavistisches Jahrbuch, Volume 36 Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1990
 A. Tamaro, La Vénétie Julienne et la Dalmatie: histoire de la nation italienne sur ses frontières orientales, Page 233 Volume 3, Imprimerie du Sénat, 1919
 Ivo Banac, Hrvatsko jezično pitanje Vol.6, p. 43, of Mladost, 1991,
 Edward L. Keenan, Josef Dobrovský and the origins of the Igor' tale Harvard University Press

External links

Google book: Giacomo Micaglia. p 209 (in Italian)
IHJJ - About <mask> Mikalja
A page about Jakov Mikalja
Scientific project about <mask> <mask>ja)
Neki ga još smatraju Talijanom (Some still regard him as Italian)
Colonie slave in Puglia (in Italian)

1601 births
1654 deaths
People from the Province of Foggia
People from Apulia
Linguists from Italy
17th-century

masks: Jakov Jakov Mikaljakalkal


texts:
<mask> (Ukrainian – Олександр Саєнко, sometimes transliterated as <mask>) (born 29 February 1984, in the city of Kyiv) – Ukrainian politician, Minister at the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (since 14 April 2016). Within the Volodymyr Hroisman's Government, he was responsible for the implementation of priority reforms and coordination of work of the Secretariat of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. He heads the Reforms Delivery Office under the prime minister of Ukraine. On 26 April 2017, the Cabinet of Ministers appointed <mask> as a chairman of the Coordination Council for Public Administration Reform. Honorary president of the National Sambo Federation of Ukraine (elected on 6 September, 2017th at the extraordinary NFSU conference). Head of the working group on privatization, according to the Government resolution dated 24 June 2015, No. 525 from 14 February 2018.Is a member of the nominating committee for the selection of top-managers of SOEs of high- importance to the economy of Ukraine. In 2014, he works as an advisor to the vice prime minister – Minister of Regional Development, Construction, Housing and Utilities of Ukraine. In 2015, he heads the secretariat of the chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Parliament of Ukraine). Education
<mask> <mask> graduated from the Kyiv Professional and Pedagogical College named after Anton Makarenko, later on – from the National Academy of State Tax Service of Ukraine (2006) with a specialization in "Jurisprudence." From 2006 until 2009 he is doctoral candidate at the Legislation Institute of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. In 2011, he completed his studies at the Center for Creative Leadership (USA) and at the Canada School of Public Service. Professional career
<mask> began his working career in 2003 in the position of lead specialist on Labor and Social Protection Department of the Shevchenko County State Administration in the city of Kyiv.In June 2004, he moved to the Ministry of Economy and European

masks:
Oleksandr Saienko
Oleksandr Sayenko
Oleksandr Saienko
Oleksandr
Saienko
Saienko


texts: Integration to work in the position of lead specialist at the Office of Legal Support for the Budget Policy. During 2005, he served at the Center for Support of Civil Service Institutional Development of the Main Department of the Civil Service of Ukraine, on the position of senior consultant at the Department for Legal Support and Rule-Making, and head of International Cooperation Department. In 2005–2006, he participated in a functional survey of ministries, worked on the Law of Ukraine "On State Service," participated in the assessment of the public administration system under the Sigma Program and in the implementation of Institution Building Instruments Twinning, TAIEX. From February to April 2006, he worked in the position of senior tax inspector at the Organization and Administrative Management Department of the State Tax Service in Kyiv Oblast. From April to September 2006, he worked in the position of head of department for European Integration and International Cooperation at the Department for Strategic Management and Efficiency of Public Service of the Main Department of Civil Service of Ukraine. In October 2006, he was transferred to the position of head of department for International Cooperation of the Center for Support of Civil Service Institutional Development of the Main Department of Civil Service of Ukraine. Later on he was the first deputy director of the Center for Support of Civil Service Institutional Development and since 2009 occupied the position of director of the School of Senior Civil Service of Ukraine (city of Kyiv).In December 2011, he started working for the Ukraine Economic Reform Fund (city of Kyiv) in the position of economic consultant. From March 2014, <mask> worked as a senior advisor to the vice prime minister – Minister of Regional Development, Construction, Housing and Utilities of Ukraine. From January to March 2015, he worked as assistant consultant to Member of Ukrainian Parliament V. B. Hroisman. In March 2015, he


texts:
 became head of the secretariat of the chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. He worked on the concept of public administration reform and the administrative services reform. He was one of the drafters of the Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Services" that implements the best international experience of granting the powers of providing services to local governments. The Leadership Program for top public officials has been implemented based on the School of Senior Civil Service of Ukraine with the support from Canada School of Public Administration.On 14 April 2016, he was appointed Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Activities in the position of Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
In the position of Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, <mask> <mask> was responsible for the implementation of multi-sector reforms and liaisons among ministries. The activities of a Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine are governed by Regulation of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 394 of 28 June 2016. "A Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers shall be responsible for horizontal communications and coordinate work of ministries in different areas. For example, there are reforms requiring the participation of several ministries and departments – therefore, horizontal communications are required. Examples may be the administrative reform and civil service reform."It is about the effective interaction among ministries and the organization of the meetings of the government," – he noted in an interview to the Internet-periodical "Livyi Bereh". One of the main areas of his responsibility is the public administration reform. It started May 2016 with the entry into effect by the Law of Ukraine "On State Service." Then it has been designated as one of the priority Government reforms. In June 2016, The Government approved the Public Administration Reform Strategy for 2016 – 2020 with a clear action plan for its implementation. In December,

masks: Oleksandr Saienko


texts:
 at the meeting of the Association Committee, the Financial Agreement with the EU was signed in support of the reform. Public Administration Reform includes the following components:
•	Government capacity building to carry out strategic planning.A Strategic Planning Department was established within the Secretariat of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine that, jointly with the Office, was involved in the preparation of the Strategic Plan of Priority Actions for the Government for the period up to 2020. •	Delineation of political and administrative functions in ministries and the development of the state secretaries' institute. In 2016, the state secretaries' institute was established, said secretaries to assume administrative functions, which would allow the Ministers to focus on the political component of their work. At the same time, this innovation would ensure the sustainability of the functioning of ministries. State secretaries of ministries are selected in an open competition for a 5-year tenure. •	Introduction of a policy analysis cycle as a mandatory procedure for the drafting of all government resolutions. •	Implementation of electronic government.In August 2016, the Cabinet of Ministries fully switched to electronic document flow with central executive authorities. •	Strengthening the professional and institutional capacity of all ministries and of the Secretariat of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In November 2016, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the concept of introducing the positions of reform specialists. Reform specialists shall mean government officials who are appointed based on the results of an open competition pursuant to the Law of Ukraine "On State Service." They shall be responsible for the implementation of key reforms and will enjoy a special compensation package. The list of positions of reform specialists shall be compiled by the ministers and approved by the government. Aside from their official salaries and public


texts:
 official benefits envisaged by law, the reform specialists will receive additional incentive payments.Funding will be allocated from the State Budget. The State Budget funds spent for the incentive payments will be compensated at the cost of the EU financial support. At the meeting of the Government of 26 April 2016, <mask> <mask> presented his concept of the reform of ministries. In the course of this reform, it is envisaged to select nine pilot ministries and the Secretariat of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine that will serve as a model for the later reform of all other ministries. The reform of the ministries includes the stage of analyzing the functions of ministries that will be implemented by working groups with the participation of EU experts, the engagement of professionals (1000 new positions of reforms specialists have been announced) and the introduction of an electronic interaction system (EIS). On 26 April 2017, the Government approved the concept of ministries reform proposed by O<mask>. <mask> stayed on has minister until on 29 August 2019 the Honcharuk government was installed.2019 parliamentary election
<mask> took part in the July 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election with the party Ukrainian Strategy. But this party did not manage to win any parliamentary seats. Family
<mask> <mask> is married and has a daughter and two sons. Hobby
Sambo, Chess

References

External links
 Page on Facebook
 Public service - is the engine of the machine. Politician - the driver of this car (in Ukrainian)
 I hope I will work in a team Groisman, where and on what positions he may be  (in Ukrainian)
 For whom will be raising salaries, when roads will be repaired, and why not all reforms succeed, says Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (in Ukrainian)
 Top 5 of the most inconspicuous members of the Cabinet of Ministers (in Ukrainian)
 Declaration for 2015
 Declaration for 2016

1984 births
Living people
Politicians from Kyiv
Cabinet Office ministers

masks:
Oleksandr
Saienko
. Saienko
Saienko
Saienko
Oleksandr
Saienko


texts:
<mask> (November 27, 1878 – December 18, 1969) was an American track and field athlete who specialized in the pole vault. He attended the University of Michigan where he competed for the Michigan Wolverines men's track and field team from 1900 to 1904. He participated in the 1900 Summer Olympics where he was a favorite in the pole vault. However, he missed the competition after being told by officials that the finals would not be held on a Sunday. He won a special silver medal in a consolation competition. In 1903, he set a world's record in the pole vault with a jump of 11 feet, 11 inches. (This mark doesn't appear in the progression of World or American Records).<mask> returned to international competition and won the gold medal in the pole vault at the 1904 Summer Olympics. <mask> later served as a high school football, basketball and track coach in Seattle, Washington, where he died in 1969 at age 91. Early years
<mask> was born in Chicago in 1878. He was the son of Frank E. and Antoinette (Hrdlicka) <mask>. Dvorak attended the Lewis Institute in Chicago, considered the first junior college in the United States. The Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States credits <mask> as being one of the earliest Americans of Czech descent to achieve significant success in athletics. University of Michigan

In approximately 1898, <mask> transferred to the University of Michigan as a junior in the Department of Literature, Science and Arts.While attending Michigan over the following six years, <mask> was captain of the track team, vice-president of the Republican Club, athletic editor of the University of Michigan Daily, editor of the U. of M. Republican, and a member of the Comedy Club, the Board of Control, the Gymnasium Team, the Social Committee, the Fencing Club, and the Hawks. Before enrolling at Michigan, Dvorak had

masks:
Charles Edward Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak


texts:
 competed in the pole vault, achieving a height of 9 feet, 6 inches. At Michigan, Dvorak worked with track coach Keene Fitzpatrick, who has been credited with inventing modern pole-vaulting technique. Fitzpatrick taught Dvorak to grasp the pole with his hands close together, resulting in a significant increase in the heights Dvorak was able to clear. In 1901, <mask> won the first Western Conference pole vault championship with a jump of 11 feet, 6 inches. After the 1901 season, <mask> received his bachelor's degree as a member of the University of Michigan's literary class of 1901. He returned in the fall as a student in Michigan's law department, earning his law degree in 1904.<mask> was a member of four consecutive Western Conference championship track teams from 1901 to 1904 and was the conference pole vault champion in both 1901 and 1903. He won the 1903 conference championship with a vault of 11 feet, 9 inches, breaking the intercollegiate record of 11 feet, 6-1/2 inches held by Chapman of Drake. In May 1903, <mask> set a world's record in the pole vault with a jump of 11 feet, 11 inches. He reportedly often cleared 12 feet in practice. 1900 Summer Olympics

In 1900, funds were solicited from faculty, students, alumni and Ann Arbor businessmen to send <mask>, three other Michigan track athletes, and Coach Fitzpatrick to the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. In Paris, <mask> missed the event finals following a controversy over the scheduling of certain event finals for a Sunday. Several American athletes agreed they would not violate Sabbath.The pole vault, in which <mask> was a favorite, was one of the events scheduled for Sunday. Two of the Americans (<mask> and Bascom Johnson) nevertheless went to the Racing Club grounds where the event was to be held. They were told not to worry, that the event had been rescheduled. The

masks: Dvorak Dvorak Dvorak Dvorak Dvorak Dvorak Dvorak Dvorak


texts:
 officials later changed their decision, and the event was held after <mask> and Johnson had left. Irving Baxter won the competition with a jump of 10 feet, 10 inches. Because of the confusion, a special, albeit unofficial, competition was arranged for the athletes who had not participated in the Sunday event. <mask> took the silver medal in the special competition with a jump of 11 feet, 1-3/4 inches.On his return from Paris, Fitzpatrick praised the American athletes and criticized Paris officials for holding key event finals on a Sunday: "The Americans showed themselves superior in every kind of track athletics. They won practically everything. We felt keenly the breach of faith in holding the Paris games on Sunday, but we could do nothing more than make a formal protest." An entirely different account of <mask>'s disqualification was published in October 1900 by The Michigan Alumnus. According to the latter account, <mask>'s "form in vaulting had been a revelation to the Frenchmen. Each day cries of 'Bravo! Bravo!'could be heard as Charlie swung over an eleven foot jump with the greatest ease." However, on the day of the finals, <mask> and the Princeton vaulters chose not to cross the patch where the 100 meters run was occurring and therefore did not arrive at the standards until the other contestants had made their first trial jump. According to this account, <mask> and the Princeton vaulters were not allowed to participate due to their late arrival. Use of bamboo pole
<mask> is also known as the first pole vaulter to use a bamboo pole in lieu of the traditional, heavier ash or hickory poles. He first used a bamboo pole at the 1900 Summer Olympics. The hickory pole he had brought with him from Ann Arbor broke on a practice vault. One observer recalled, "we heard a ripping, tearing noise, and looking around saw him lying on the

masks: Dvorak Dvorak Dvorak Dvorak Dvorak Dvorak Dvorak


texts:
 ground beside his pole, which was broken and useless."In spite of the "severe jarring" received in the fall, <mask> borrowed a light bamboo pole from a Danish competitor and used it to complete his participation in the consolation event. <mask>'s coach, Keene Fitzpatrick, opined that <mask> would have been able to reach a height close to 12 feet if he had not been forced to jump with a new, unfamiliar pole. <mask> worked with a bamboo pole for approximately a year from 1902 to 1903, though he discarded the bamboo pole for his old pole when he broke the world's record in May 1903. In 1963, <mask>, at age 84, was interviewed by Life magazine about the controversy over the introduction that year of fiberglass poles. <mask> shared his recollection about murmurs that were exchanged when the bamboo pole was introduced. With respect to the use of fiberglass poles, he stated that he "doesn't know what all the hollering is about." 1904 Summer Olympics

<mask> returned to international competition as a member of the United States Olympic team at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis.While no other vaulter jumped higher than 11 feet, <mask> won the gold medal with a jump of 11 feet, 6 inches on September 3, 1904—the final day of competition in the St. Louis games. The vault set a new Olympic record, and was described in a press account as follows:

There was an unusually fine field in the pole vault contest. Five men broke the Olympic record before the event narrowed down to the final jumps, with three men eligible. <mask><mask> of the C.A.A. then demonstrated his class, and from the 11-foot mark he competed alone, the other four men being tied at that mark. <mask>'s best was 11 feet 6 inches breaking the Olympic record of 10 feet 9-9/10 inches held by I. K. Baxter of the University of Pennsylvania, set at the Paris Olympiad. Coaching,

masks:
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Charles E
. Dvorak
Dvorak


texts:
 farming and legal career
After retiring from athletic competition, <mask> worked over the next 35 years as a lawyer, apple farmer, civil servant, athletic coach and teacher.Armour Institute and Chicago law practice
In 1905, he was hired to coach the Armour Institute track team in Chicago. He also established a law office in Chicago at the Chamber of Commerce Building at 140 Washington Street. University of Idaho
In January 1908, <mask> was hired as the athletic director and track coach at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. At the time of his hiring, a wire service report noted, "<mask> probably is better fitted for the position than any other available man in the northwest. He is an all-round athlete, has been connected with track for many years, and is thoroughly in touch with the game." Legal and farming positions in Washington
Dvorak spent the months of August and September 1908 in the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming. He had previously announced plans to spend the summer prospecting with an old miner.In the fall of 1908, he moved to Spokane, Washington. In 1910, <mask> was employed in helping to organize the Union Title and Trust Company of Okanogan County, Washington. He was placed in charge of the company's legal and trust work. In 1912, <mask> moved from Molson, Washington, to Marcus, Washington. From at least 1913 to 1914, he was also the proprietor of Sunny Slope Farm, an apple raising business at Bossburg, Washington. From at least 1914 to 1917, he was the Chief Deputy Assessor of Stevens County, Washington, at Colville, in the northeastern part of the state. In February 1918, <mask> and his wife had a son, Robert Larry <mask> (1918–1986), who was born in Spirit Lake, Idaho.Franklin High School (Seattle)
In 1920, <mask> moved to Seattle, Washington, where he was hired as the coach of all athletic teams at Franklin


texts:
 High School. He was the football coach at Franklin in 1920 and 1921. At Franklin, Dvorak coached African-American athlete Brice Taylor, who went on to become an All-American football player at the University of Southern California. A report on Dvorak in December 1921 noted: "He is coaching the Franklin High School football team and is very much of a success at it. He is very much admired by pupils and associates." Roosevelt High School (Seattle)
By 1925, <mask> had moved from Franklin High School to Roosevelt High School in Seattle, where he served for many years as the football, basketball and track coach. The players coached by Dvorak at Roosevelt High include Washington State Cougars football great Harry Speidel.In 1927, Spalding's Official Pacific Coast Interscholastic Foot Ball Guide reported that "<mask>, the renowned player of former years on Yost's University of Michigan team," was coach at Roosevelt High School. Dvorak compiled an overall record of 42-27-18 in 15 years as a high school football coach. In 1934, <mask> retired from coaching football to devote his time to basketball and track. Later reports in 1937 and 1941 indicated that he was still a teacher and coach at Roosevelt High School. Death and posthumous honors
<mask> died in 1969 at age 91. His last place of residence was in Seattle. In 2008, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Michigan Track and Field Hall of Fame.References

1878 births
1969 deaths
American male pole vaulters
American people of Czech descent
Track and field athletes from Chicago
Michigan Wolverines men's track and field athletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 1904 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Medalists at the 1904 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and

masks:
Dvorak
Charles Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak
Dvorak


texts:
<mask> is a Venezuelan attorney, politician, and chief of staff to Juan Guaidó; he was arrested by SEBIN during a raid on his home in the early morning hours of 21 March 2019,  and detained in El Helicoide, a prison run by SEBIN and "considered the country's largest torture center" according to Clarín. <mask> is also an attorney for Leopoldo López; López is Guaidó's mentor and a political prisoner. Néstor Reverol, Interior Minister, said Marrero was part of a "terrorist cell" that was planning to attack government officials. On 28 March, a judge ruled that Marrero would remain in prison while evidence is gathered; the prosecutor has 45 days to present evidence. He was charged with "conspiracy, money laundering, association to commit a crime and concealment of weapons and explosives". During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, the US had repeatedly warned Nicolás Maduro not to go after Guaidó; Haaretz reported that the arrest of Guaidó's number-two person was a test of the US. Personal life
<mask> founded the Human Rights Chair at Santa Maria University.He was a councilor for the Baruta Municipality. As of March 2019, he is 49 years old. Political career
When Carlos Vecchio was prohibited from running in the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary elections, the Democratic Unity Roundtable (, MUD) solicited the National Electoral Council to accept Marrero as the candidate for Monagas state. Representing the Popular Will () political party, Marrero served as secretary in 2016 for the Venezuelan National Assembly. According to El Tiempo, Marrero has been working for "years behind the big names of the Venezuelan party Popular Will (VP), outlawed and fiercely persecuted by the regime of Nicolás Maduro." A personal friend of the founder of the Popular Will party, political prisoner Leopoldo López, Marrero was a member of the party's leadership. El Tiempo says he "is

masks:
Roberto Eugenio Marrero Borjas
Marrero
Roberto Eugenio Marrero Borjas


texts:
 considered, by his party colleagues, as one of its main political operators, one of the channels of information closest to Lopez and appointed by him to be a right-hand man, caretaker and advisor to ... Juan Guaidó".Arrest and detention

In the early morning of 21 March 2019, SEBIN officials first broke into the home of <mask>'s neighbor, National Assembly deputy Sergio Vergara. Vergara tweeted that there were at least 40 SEBIN officials with long arms in 12 vehicles; The Wall Street Journal reports 15 SEBIN officials. They had Vergara on the floor, asking him where Marrero lived, a question he says he did not answer. Vergara reported that the agent's faces were covered; they held him for several hours although he informed them that he had parliamentary immunity. Vergara said he heard the officials breaking into Marrero's apartment next door. After about three hours between both apartments, the officials took Marrero and Vergara's driver, Luis Alberto Páez Salazar. Vergara says that as he was being taken away, Marrero shouted to him that the officials had planted a grenade and two rifles.Marrero was able to send an audio message before he was taken away, saying: Guaidó said on 21 March that Marrero's whereabouts were not known. The Guardian says Marrero was taken to El Helicoide; Joel Garcia, Marrero's attorney, said that although he had not been able to see Marrero, he was certain that Marrero was at El Helicoide. El Tiempo said that, because of his closeness to both Guaidó and López, there was concern for Marrero's life; opposition politician Fernando Albán Salazar died after being detained by SEBIN in what his party says was a result of torture, while officials labeled it a suicide. Opposition lawmakers were concerned he would be given psychotropic substances to induce false testimony. By noon on 22 March, there had been no contact with Marrero, and


texts:
 lawmakers who went to El Helicoide were denied access. In the evening of 22 March, attorneys were able to see Marrero and Paez when they were taken to court for a hearing; they both appeared well "psychically and physically". Charges
Jorge Rodríguez, Maduro's Communications Minister, alleged on state television that "Marrero was the ringleader of a plot to bring hitmen from Central America to Venezuela to carry out assassinations".Rodríguez alleged that Leopoldo López was the head of the "terrorist organization" that included <mask>, Vergara and Freddy Guevara, Carlos Vecchio, Freddy Superlano and two other unnamed persons. As evidence, he offered screen shots from Marrero's cell phone, which Rodríguez claims show that Marrero was arranging payment for these hitmen. Maduro alleged that phone conversations about attempts to assassinate him had been recorded; the opposition denies these allegations. Several days later, attorney Juan Planchart Márquez, Guaidó's cousin, was arrested and was being held at SEBIN headquarters; Rodríguez claimed Planchart was the "financial operator" of the network that allegedly plotted to assassinate Maduro. On 28 March, a judge ruled that Marrero would remain in prison while evidence is gathered; the prosecutor has 45 days to present evidence. He was charged with "conspiracy, money laundering, association to commit a crime and concealment of weapons and explosives". <mask>'s brother said Marrero would be held at El Helicoide.Páez was released on the condition that he is prohibited from leaving the country and must present regularly before the court. Planchart was also to remain in prison. Reactions

Guaidó called it a "vile and vulgar kidnapping", adding "Either Nicolas Maduro doesn't dare to arrest me, or he's not the one giving orders." According to The Wall Street Journal, Guaidó said he had received calls from security

masks: Marrero Marrero


texts: force officials disclaiming any involvement in the arrest; he replied that they need say no more, per the 2019 Venezuelan Amnesty Law; he said the "incident was indicative of divides within the Maduro regime". Hugo Carvajal, the head of Venezuela's military intelligence for ten years during Hugo Chávez's presidency and "one of the government's most prominent figures", said that Maduro had two objectives with the "political kidnapping":  1) to "test the international threats against the dictatorship", and 2) to create a distraction to cover the recent revelations from Ronald Dugarte. Dugarte was formerly with Venezuela's military counterintelligence, and told the Organization of American States (OAS) that political prisoners – both civilians and members of the armed forces – are tortured, and that intelligence work is directed by Cubans in Venezuela. US special envoy for Venezuela Elliot Abrams said there will be consequences for the five individuals involved in <mask>'s arrest.US Secretary of State Pompeo tweeted that the US "will hold accountable those involved". US Senator Marco Rubio said that Maduro's forces were testing the international response, "to calculate how & when to arrest Guaido". US national security advisor John Bolton stated that "Maduro has made another big mistake" that "will not go unanswered". The United States Department of State issued a statement in April 2019 highlighting <mask>'s case as an example of the Maduro administration human rights abuses, alleging that "SEBIN has a record of using cruel and inhumane treatment to coerce confessions". After the arrest of several people around Guaidó, OAS Secretary-General Luis Almagro described it as a "totalitarian attack"  and called for "more forceful actions" from other countries. The Lima Group – including Argentina, Brazil and Canada – condemned the arrest. Paraguay's Chancellery


texts: tweeted that it condemned the illegal detention and demanded an end to human rights violations in Venezuela.Juan Carlos Varela, President of Panama, said the country would take concrete measures against Maduro's regime if Marrero is not released. Iván Duque Márquez, Colombia's President, called the incident a "vile aggression" and said the international community should "condemn the criminal persecution of the dictatorship". Costa Rica and Peru also condemned the act. Canada's Chrystia Freeland said Marrero had been "illegally detained by the Maduro regime. Intimidation and fear will not stop the return of democracy to #Venezuela. Those responsible must be held accountable." Michelle Bachelet, chief of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), called on Maduro to reveal Marrero's location.Venezuela's bishops condemned the arresst. The European Union called for the immediate and unconditional release of Marrero. France insisted that the repression against opposition members has to stop. Germany expressed repudiation for the arbitrary detention, saying it only intensified the conflict, and asked for guarantees of Marrero's safety. Reuters described the arrest and detention as part of "an escalating crackdown by President Nicolas Maduro against his opponents". USA Today described it as a kidnapping. The New York Times said the arrest resulted in a "significant escalation of the country’s political crisis".Bloomberg said Maduro was pressuring Guaidó, and "testing the commitment of foreign governments to protecting him". Luis Salamanca, a Central University of Venezuela political scientist told The New York Times that Maduro was "raising the government's bargaining power in any future negotiations over the transfer of power ... but at the same time they are preparing escape routes if their ability to govern deteriorates


texts:
 further.”  A risk consultant for London's IHS Markit, Diego Moya-Ocampos, said to Bloomberg that "the regime is testing the international community and its repeated warnings against laying a hand on Maduro's rival [Guaidó] ... if they can’t touch him, they'll go after those close to him." Nicholas Watson of Teneo Intelligence told The Wall Street Journal that "Marrero's arrest looks like a desperate attempt to break Guaidó's momentum .. The weakness in the regime's position is visible in the fact that arresting Guaidó himself would be seen as a step too far." Phil Gunson, analyst at the think tank International Crisis Group, said: “Maduro is essentially calling Trump’s bluff ... [he has] concluded that the military option is a very remote possibility. If he doesn’t see a meaningful response, he would be tempted to take the next step and jail Mr. Guaidó himself.”

An April survey of 1,000 voters by Hercon Consultores found that 71% of Venezuelans surveyed disagreed with <mask>'s detention. Banking sanctions
Just hours after <mask>'s detention, the United States Department of the Treasury responded on 22 March 2019 by placing sanctions on BANDES, the Venezuelan Economic and Social Development Bank () and four of its subsidiaries, that are based in Venezuela, Uruguay and Bolivia.The sanctioned subsidiaries are Banco Bandes Uruguay, Banco Bicentenario del Pueblos, Banco Universal SA Banco de Venezuela, and Banco Prodem SA, of Bolivia. The sanctions mean that "all property and interests in property of these entities, and of any entities that are owned, directly or indirectly, 50 percent or more by this entity, that are in the United States or in the possession or control of U.S. persons are blocked" and they "prohibit all dealings by U.S. persons or within (or transiting) the United States that involve any property or interests in property of blocked or


texts:
 designated persons." US National Security Advisor John Bolton tweeted, "BANDES bank is to Venezuela's financial sector what PDVSA is to its oil sector. This action will severely affect any attempted currency movements by Maduro and his cronies moving forward." Bolton told Univision the sanctions were a direct response to Marrero's arrest, and that "Our aim is to bring this crisis to a conclusion quickly for the benefit of the Venezuelan people to get the Maduro regime to peacefully transiton to the Guaido regime so that we can have free and fair elections." Univision said this action "put 'the entire banking sector' on notice" that "persons operating in Venezuela's financial sector may be subject to sanctions." Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said, "The willingness of Maduro's inner-circle to exploit Venezuela’s institutions knows no bounds.Regime insiders have transformed BANDES and its subsidiaries into vehicles to move funds abroad in an attempt to prop up Maduro. Maduro and his enablers have distorted the original purpose of the bank, which was founded to help the economic and social well-being of the Venezuelan people, as part of a desperate attempt to hold onto power." Mnuchin warned, "The regime's continued use of kidnapping, torture, and murder of Venezuelan citizens will not be tolerated by the U.S. or the international coalition that is united behind President Guaido. <mask> and other political prisoners must be released immediately." See also
 Detention of Juan Requesens
 Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni

Notes

References

External links

 <mask>o archive at La Patilla
 Tal Cual Digital Judges

Living people
Popular Will politicians
People of the Crisis in Venezuela
2019 in politics
March 2019 events in Venezuela
Venezuelan prisoners and detainees
Year of birth missing (living people)
Prisoners and detainees of Venezuela
Venezuelan

masks:
Roberto Marrero
Roberto Marrer


texts: <mask> (December 9, 1890 – May 1975) was a Romanian businessman, politician, and diplomat. The son of an admiral, <mask> joined the Romanian Navy and, being first in his class, was sent to Germany, as a pre-World War I Romanian-German convention provided. Based in Kiel, he was a cadet in the Imperial German Navy and, again at the head of his class, was appointed a German naval officer, serving two years on a man of war, then being obliged to return to Romania. Admiral von Tirpitz himself held <mask> in high esteem. However, he became dissatisfied with his career in the Romanian Navy: after cruising the world on a German man of war, commanding a Danube monitor or a Black Sea torpedo boat was not very attractive to him and he left the navy after two years. He was then granted leave to attend courses at the Royal Technical College of Charlottenburg, from where he graduated with excellent marks. During World War I, Major <mask> served in the Romanian Air Forces and showed great skill as a pilot and as an organizer.He received a degree in engineering from Columbia University in 1920. After the war, Jean Chrissoveloni, a Bucharest banker, tasked <mask> with organizing the Chrissoveloni Bank in New York City. He ran the bank from 1921 to 1928, successfully closing the branch because he sensed a financial crisis coming and because operating a foreign bank tended to be unprofitable because more burdensome business regulations were placed on such institutions. At the time, it was the only Romanian banking institution in the United States. After it closed on April 1, 1928, <mask>, formerly agent and manager, stayed on for a time as its representative on Wall Street. When Queen Marie of Romania attended a luncheon in New York on October 22, 1926, <mask> heaped praise upon

masks:
Radu Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu
Irimescu


texts: his host country: "It is natural...that Romania should look today to America for good will and cooperation...The wealth and resources of America are stupendous. Her leadership and influence in the affairs of the world are paramount today.Her prosperity is well established and well deserved...Let us...express the wish for the continuous prosperity of the United States of America and that of the entire civilized world." Upon his return to Romania, <mask> Vaida-Voevod National Peasants' Party cabinet, with the expectation that he would upgrade and modernize his branch of the military. Additionally, he served as interim Minister of War for a week in August–September 1937, in Gheorghe Tătărescu's National Liberal Party cabinet. In 1938 <mask> was appointed Minister to the United States. This drew some concern from the American Jewish Congress, as he had served in the recent Octavian Goga cabinet, which passed anti-Semitic legislation. Augustine Lonergan, Democratic Party Senator for Connecticut, forwarded these concerns to Secretary of State Cordell Hull.However, Hull reassured him, noting that as an aviation expert, <mask> had served in all cabinets since that of Vaida-Voevod, regardless of party, and that he himself belonged to no party. He also mentioned that <mask> had an American wife. The new envoy arrived in the United States with his wife on April 7, 1938, being greeted by a number of Romanians, including his brother Ştefan (1894-1967), active in the community. Upon his arrival he declared, "As far as I know, there is no anti-Semitism in Romania that deserves any special discussion or notice." Also in 1938, some three months after Queen Marie died, Time magazine printed a wry article claiming, for instance, that "she had long since been forgiven by most

masks: Irimescuandru Irimescu Irimescu Irimescu


texts:
 Rumanians for her endorsements of face creams, her exuberant U.S. junket, and the fact that in the end most of her dowagerish intrigues gained nothing for Rumania." The next month, an offended <mask> asked in the magazine, "Has not this great Lady done anything in Her life to justify a favorable comment on your part?" To his observation that "De mortuis nil nisi bonum", Time'''s editors replied: "De mortuis nil hokum."As might be expected for an ambassador, <mask> expressed public support for the royal dictatorship established by King Carol II (see National Renaissance Front). For instance, in a speech given at a social event on November 26, 1938, he proclaimed that "the last twenty years of experimentation with the so-called democratic regime has shown that political parties could and would act against public interest", claiming that the new system was based on an idea "of organization, of order against chaos, of a regime of social harmony wherein the source of rights is work and one's fulfillment of one's civic obligations, and not the exploitation of the community for personal interest and rapid enrichment." He lauded the new constitution adopted in 1938, which he said "sets up an equilibrium between liberty and authority...regulates the exercise of [civic] rights for the public good...insures...a disciplined liberty" and "disposes once and for all of partisan politics and libertine democracy." He repeated similar sentiments when the constitution's second anniversary was celebrated on March 3, 1940: "The entire development of Romania in the last two years is wholly the outcome of the new Constitution. "<ref>"Rumania's Basic Law Receives Praise Here", 'The New York Times, March 4, 1940.</ref>

On April 9, 1943, <mask> wrote a letter to The New York Times

masks: Irimescu Irimescu Irimescu


texts:
 responding to criticism that Carol Davila, former Romanian Minister to the United States, had levelled against him in that newspaper. <mask> denied having represented the National Legionary State, claiming that as the King abdicated, he heard a Romanian Radio broadcast from Bucharest that Ion Antonescu had dismissed him; he wrote that he received a telegram from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania the next day informing him of his dismissal and giving him until October 15, 1940, to pass on his account books to his successor. He stated that at the same time as his dismissal, all his property in Romania, "including bank accounts, securities, real estate" and furniture was confiscated, and that "Antonescu and his Iron Guard cronies have persecuted me relentlessly."As evidence of his "democratic ideals" he presented the fact that he became an American citizen in November 1941. Regarding the ongoing war, he opined that "Only a sincere cooperation of the democracies and Russia can rebuild the world." <mask> lived the rest of his life in the United States. In 1955, he was working for Floyd Odlum's Atlas Corporation. That January, he attended a Motor Boat Show, buying a chrome-trimmed, 55-m.p.h. Coronado speedboat for about $5,500, ten minutes after the doors opened. References

Bibliography
"Rumanian Minister Trained in New York", The New York Times, August 28, 1932.1890 births
1975 deaths
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Romanian Air Force officers
Ambassadors of Romania to the United States
20th-century Romanian businesspeople
20th-century Romanian engineers
Romanian expatriates in the United States
Romanian military personnel of World War I
Romanian Naval Forces officers
Romanian Ministers of Defence
20th-century American

masks: Irimescu Irimescu


texts:
<mask><mask> (born in 1955) is an American biochemist who studies the functional and regulatory role nucleosomes play in gene expression, specifically during early development. After receiving his PhD (1981) and completing post-doctoral research, <mask> became an assistant professor at Massachusetts General Hospital (1985), where he started a research laboratory focused on understanding chromatin's structure with regards to transcriptional regulation. As a Harvard graduate himself, <mask> has served his alma mater through his leadership. He was the head of the Harvard's Biological and Biomedical Sciences PhD program from 2004 to 2007, the chair of the Molecular Biology Department at Massachusetts General Hospital from 2005 to present day, the vice-chair of the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, and the chair of the executive committee on research at Massachusetts General Hospital from 2012 to 2015. In addition to being a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, <mask> frequently organizes conferences and performs editorials on his research interests. In 2016, he was elected by his peers to be a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Education
<mask> graduated from Harvard College in 1976.Four years later, he completed his PhD on bacteria's regulatory mechanisms at the University of California, Berkeley, while under the mentorship of Michael Chamberlin. He then performed postdoctoral research on mammalian post-transcriptional mechanisms at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the supervision of Dr. Philip Sharp. Research
<mask>'s research continues to have a significant

masks:
Robert E
. Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston
Kingston


texts:
 impact on developmental biology and epigenetics, as it focuses on an important feature of eukaryotic gene expression: chromatin remodeling. His research can be applied to the field of gene therapy, specifically principles surrounding chromatin regulation. nusA protein
In 1981, <mask> received his PhD after working on a number of research initiatives surrounding genome regulation and expression. Through an in vitro study that mapped termination sites dependent on the nusA protein, he discovered that in vivo rRNA transcription is regulated by turnstile attenuation, a mechanism that terminates rrnB chains in the leader region. He found that this happens because of the specific presence and location of pause sites, located 90 and 91 bases from P1 promoter, which are sensitive to the presence of nusA protein and concentration of regulatory nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate.Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)
After recognizing that the myc gene was involved with tumor formation, <mask> drew a parallel between the presence of the myc gene and the increased genomic expression of HSP70. He also found that the genomic expression of HSP70 is also dependent on physiological stresses.5 Analyzing the gene sequences showed that heat shock, cadmium induction, and metallothionein II responsiveness are needed for HSP70 gene expression during the primary level of transcription. He observed that while the physiological factors have a role on one domain (distal) of the HSP70 promoter, the other domain (proximal) is more responsive to serum stimulation. After conducting in vitro transcription experiments, <mask> found that there is a

masks: Kingston Kingston Kingston


texts:
 heat-shock transcription factor (HSTF) that allows the interactions with the heat shock element (HSE), and that the HSP70 gene promoter also depends on a CCAAT-box-binding transcription factor (CTF) for CCAAT-box-dependent transcription. In vitro cell-free systems that have heat-induced activation of human heat-shock factor (HSF) were used to determine that at 43 °C, HSF undergoes post-translational modification to where it can then bind to a specific DNA sequence, HSE. SWI/SNF subunits of chromatin remodeling
<mask>'s primary research interests surround chromatin remodeling, and his breakthroughs within the field began when he discovered the functional subunit responsibilities of SWI/SNF, a chromatin remodeling complex that causes specific transcription factors to bind to nucleosomal DNA. He defined that two SWI/SNF subunits, BRG1 and BAF155, along with EKLF zinc-finger DNA binding domains (DBDs) can be used to remodel chromatin, meaning that these specific domains of SWI/SNF have an effect on transcription factor-directed nucleosome remodeling.He was also able to conclude that different domains of transcription factors target SWI/SNF complexes to chromatin in a gene-selective way. His work on nucleosomal DNA extends to his findings on TATA-binding protein (TPB), specifically how dynamic remodeling of chromatin can allow for TPB to bind onto the TATA sequence. His work on SWI/SNF led him to conclude that these two subunits are responsible for an “activation” function related to transcription. This is because a purified human SWI/SNF complex mediated the ATP-dependent disruption of a nucleosomal barrier,


texts:
 resulting in SWI/SNF activators (GAL4-VP16 and GAL 4-AH) binding onto the nucleosome core. Since the TATA sequence is inside a nucleosome, adding ATP will cause human SWI/SNF to recognize its chromatin structure and alter the nucleosomal DNA sequence so that the TPB can access and bind to it. From a broader perspective, this allows for more eukaryotic gene expression, since a variety of eukaryotic promoters will be regulated. Advancements in biotechnology
Because Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) contains a number of proteins that work together to repress SWI/SNF complex chromatin remodeling, <mask> refined a method to reconstitute a stable complex of proteins that together form a “chromatin structure” that excludes human SWI/SNF.<mask> found that in order to form the complex that silences chromatin remodeling, it must be stable and compact. Through electron microscopy, he found that the components of PRC 1 induce compaction of nucleosomal arrays. The compaction of chromatin occurs within the presence of three nucleosomes and a region of Posterior Sex Combs together. His work with Polycomb proteins further extends, as he helped develop a RIP-sequence method to capture the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) transcriptome in embryonic stem cells. Noting that Polycomb proteins factor into stem cell renewal and the formation of diseases, <mask>'s discovery of direct interactions (Ezh2 subunit) and PRC2 cofactors (Gtl2 RNA) really contributed to identifying the function of Polycomb proteins within the genome. Dr. <mask>'s heavy interest in chromatin remodeling also showed through his research regarding

masks: Kingston Kingston Kingston Kingston


texts:
 purifying the proteins associated with chromatin remodeling. He established a protocol, Proteomics of Isolated Chromatin Segments (PICh), where a specific nucleic acid probe is used to isolate genomic DNA with regards to the quantity and purity of associated proteins.The PlCh protocol was then used on telomeric chromatin to identify telomeric factors and resulted in finding a number of novel associations. <mask>'s advancements within the field of biotechnology extend into developing eukaryotic cell transfection protocols, for he also developed two methods of calcium phosphate transfection for transient and stable transfections. These two methods use a precipitate to introduce plasmid DNA into monolayer cell cultures. The difference between them is that one uses a HEPES-buffered solution while the other uses a BES-buffered system, but both form a precipitate over the cells and allow for similar levels of transient expression. Macromolecular interaction in chromatin remodeling
<mask>'s research surrounding chromatin remodeling dwells into understanding how long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a role on chromatin binding sites. He was able to genome map NEAT1 and MALAT (both lncRNAs) and found that they localize overactive genes. His research also suggests that NEAT1 and MALAT interact with complementary proteins.He found that underlying DNA sequences are not responsible for targeting NEAT1 to chromatin, but it is rather transcriptional sequences that allow it to bind onto chromatin sites. <mask>'s work with lncRNAs extends, as he also discovered that DIGIT interacts with the Bromodomain-containing protein 3

masks:
Robert Kingston
Kingston
Robert Kingston


texts:
 (BRD3). He found that they work together to regulate endoderm differentiation transcriptionally. <mask> found another breakthrough: that a protein-protein interaction affected chromatin remodeling in the lymphoid system. He discovered that the Ikaros-NURD complex is able to target chromatin remodeling and histone deacetylation complexes in vivo. This allowed him to conclude that chromatin remodeling affects lymphocyte differentiation. Advances in structural and functional biochemistry
One of the biggest discoveries that <mask> found was that the nucleosome structure could be arranged into different conformations so that different biophysical properties can result, including mechanisms of transcription.Specifically, multiprotein complexes that were used for transcriptional regulation were found to acetylate nucleosomes, deacetylate nucleosomes, or alter nucleotome structure when ATP was present. These alterations would essentially be a major way to regulate eukaryotic gene expression. <mask> furthered this and discovered the novel nucleosome remodelling and deacetylating (NRD) complex. Through in vitro studies with CHD3 and CHD4 proteins with ATPase domains found in chromatin remodelling factors, Dr. <mask> established that there was a functional and physical link between nucleosome remodeling proteins and histone deacetylases’ chromatin-modifying features. Selected review publications

 The CBX family of proteins in transcriptional repression and memory
 Cooperation between complexes that regulate chromatin structure and transcription
 Mechanisms of polycomb gene silencing: knowns and unknowns
 Occupying

masks:
Kingston
Robert Kingston
Kingston
Kingston


texts:
 chromatin: Polycomb mechanisms for getting to genomic targets, stopping transcriptional traffic, and staying put
 ATP-dependent remodeling and acetylation as regulators of chromatin fluidity
 Characterization of the piRNA complex from rat testes
 Comparative analysis of metazoan chromatin organization

References

1955 births
American biochemists
Harvard College alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Living


texts:
<mask>,  (21 March 1868 – 8 March 1937) was a British-Australian geologist, naturalist, and winner of the Lyell Medal in 1927. Early life
<mask> was born in North Street, Audenshaw, Cheshire, England, the son of <mask> from Manchester and Margaret, née Neil, from Edinburgh, Scotland. On his father's side the family had been stonemasons, while his maternal grandfather was a Scottish Presbyterian minister. <mask>'s early childhood was spent in Nagpur in the Central Provinces of India where his family moved when he was a year old. Around 1876 they emigrated to Victoria. Here John and Margaret taught at a State School in the gold-mining settlement of Enoch's Point in the Victorian Alps before John was appointed as head teacher of the, recently created, North Winton State School near Benalla. John died of angina in 1879 and so until her death in 1898 Margaret took over the running of the school which was attended by both her surviving children – <mask> and his younger brother (John) Sidney.Career
<mask> joined the Public Service in Victoria in 1886 as a clerk. Whilst still employed in this function he also carried out geological field work. This fired a passion and encouraged him to take up part-time studies in geology at the Working Men's College (now the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology) and subsequently at the University of Melbourne. By 1903, he had risen to become second-in-command of the Geological Survey of Victoria of which he subsequently became senior geologist and for a time acting director. He contributed

masks:
Sir Albert Ernest Kitson
Kitson
John Kitson
Albert
Albert
Albert Kitson


texts: a number of studies on the mineral resources of Victoria and the Glacial beds of Tasmania. In 1907, <mask> recommended that the Buchan Caves in Gippsland, Victoria be set aside as a reservation to protect them from vandalism. After his initial work in Victoria, <mask> spent much of his subsequent professional life in Africa.Recognising his geological talents Professor J. W. Gregory recommended him for a post as Principal mineral surveyor in Southern Nigeria where he went on to discover coal and lignite. In 1909 he discovered black bituminous coal along the Enugu-Udi escarpment in Nigeria and high hopes were placed in such a potentially important coal deposit. The town of Port Harcourt was built in 1912 as an outlet for this Nigerian coal and was linked with Enugu via a railway line that extended northwards to Kaduna. The Enugu coal fields went into production in 1915 and caused an important immigration of population to Enugu earning the town the nickname of the "Coal City". The Nigerian coal turned out to be of poor quality and was used mainly for domestic consumption within the colonies, providing an important power resource for the railways and electricity. Although Kitson's mission was to discover mineral deposits which might be exploited by the British colonial authority he always combined this with a paternalistic concern to improve the material situation of the local populations. In 1912, after hearing a lecture by J. P. Unstead about the climatic conditions for wheat cultivation in North America, <mask>'s

masks:
Albert Kitson
Kitson
Kitson


texts: response was to ask whether Unstead's findings might be applied to Nigeria.<mask> argued: "Could a wheat-growing industry be established it would be a great boon to the people of West Africa." In paternalistic tones he went on: "It might in Northern Nigeria replace to a large extent the less valuable millet now grown there, while in Southern Nigeria it could materially supplement the staple foods- cassava, yams and maize". After Nigeria, <mask> continued his explorations in Africa, along with Edmund Thiele, working particularly in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) between 1913–30 where he was first Principal of the Mineral Survey and afterwards Director of the Geological Survey. <mask> travelled round the colony by train and bicycle and discovered sizeable mineral deposits including bauxite  and manganese. He discovered Bauxite, the raw material of alumina, in the Atewa Range near Kibi in 1914. The first manganese ore which he discovered was in May 1914 when he found occurrences near the Sekondi-Kumassi Railway about  from Tarkwa. These deposits were important to Britain's war effort, as supplies of these minerals from other locations had become difficult.During the last year of the war 32 000 tons of manganese, used in munitions production, were shipped to Britain from the deposits Kitson had found in the Gold Coast. Then in February 1919, together with his colleague E. O. Teale (formerly Thiele), he discovered on the Birim River the first deposits of diamonds to be found in the Gold Coast. The diamonds were of small size

masks: Kitson Kitson Kitson


texts:
 but high quality. Kitson observed that they were good crystals showing octahedron and dodecahedron. This proved to be a particularly valuable source of diamonds and the exportation of diamonds grew spectacularly. In 1934 the  of diamonds exported from the Gold Coast accounted for 39% of the world's supply that year. Kitson is also associated with the development of hydro-electric power in the Gold Coast/Ghana.In 1915 he was the first to recommend building a dam at Akosombo on the Volta River to generate hydro-electricity, hoping to use this to process the bauxite deposits that he had discovered in the Kwahu plateau the previous year. It was not until 1965 that the idea of the dam was put into effect when Ghana's first black president, Dr Kwame Nkrumah, decided to generate hydropower as a means of modernizing the economy. This development created Lake Volta, the largest man-made lake in the world. Late life
After his retirement from the Gold Coast in 1930 <mask> moved to Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, where he called his house "Benalta" (a reference to the original name of Benalla), as an indication of his enduring passion for Australia. Here he continued to be consulted on geological questions connected to Africa. In particular he reported on goldfields in Kenya during the so-called Kakamega Gold Rush of the early 1930s where gold-mining once again showed its disrespect for the rights of local communities and the environment. In his report for the Colonial Office <mask> suggested that possibly as much as half of the

masks: Kitson Kitson


texts: gold being prospected was wasted by amateur techniques.In an article for the magazine The Spectator, <mask> compared the influx of amateur gold-prospectors to a similar situation in Klondike in Canada in 1897-8 : "The road to Kakamega now resembles a miniature 'trail of 98' without the snow. Old mining men, from ex-Klondyke Pioneers to Australian backwoodsmen, are hurrying to the spot". But it seems that <mask>'s initial report had helped create the rush in the first place by highlighting the rich pickings available. As The Spectator noted: "Since the publication of Sir <mask>'s report, the population of the Kakamega goldfields had doubled". <mask>'s article in this magazine merely fuelled the rush still further. Numerous honours came <mask>'s way in recognition of his work. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1918 and Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1922.In 1927 <mask> was knighted for his services to geology. The Geological Society of London elected him as a fellow in 1897, awarded him the Wollaston fund in 1918 before honouring him with the very prestigious Lyell Medal in 1927, an annual award given to an outstanding Earth Scientist. In 1929 he was appointed as President of the Geology Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and, following his retirement, he became President of the Geologists' Association in 1934. <mask> was an official representative of the British Government at International Geological Congresses (four times)

masks:
Kitson
Kitson
Albert Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
Kitson


texts: and at World Power Conferences (four times). One of the Buchan Caves in Victoria Australia is named after him, as are a fossil mollusk, a fossil eucalypt and a living eucalypt. The Eucalyptus tree Eucalyptus kitsoniana (Gippsland Malee) bears his name, as does the lizard Panaspis kitsoni (sometimes considered a synonym of Panaspis togoensis). <mask> Avenue in Takoradi in modern-day Ghana is named in his honour as is <mask> Court in Benalla, Victoria, Australia and <mask> Place in the Florey suburb of Canberra, Australia.For his obituary the journal Nature wrote: "SIR ALBERT KITSON, whose death occurred on 8 March, was a geologist of world-wide repute, and the discoveries which he made and which are now being exploited in many parts of the world entitle him to be classed as one of the foremost economic geologists of his time." From his earliest age, Kitson took an interest in the natural world around him. Throughout his career he collected fossils which he would send to museums in Victoria and London. He was fascinated by the Victorian Lyrebird, publishing an article on it for the Smithsonian Institution. In the Australian bush he learnt a facility to handle snakes and this would later earn him a reputation on the Gold Coast as a fetish priest. He was also a keen photographer. By the end of his first three years in the Gold Coast he had taken around 450 photos of the colony.Many of these are preserved in Ghana's national archive (where they are wrongly attributed to E. A<mask>). <mask> was also noted for his keen

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Kitson
Kitson
Kitson
. Kitson
Kitson


texts: amateur interest in archeology, finding numerous artefacts which he made available to Museums in Africa and England. Nicknamed "Kittie", <mask> was a very religious serious-minded man and a teetotaller. He was quite strict as J. N. F. Green makes clear: "Lifelong self-discipline gave Kitson exceptional powers of endurance and concentration in difficult and trying conditions. Somewhat of a driver in the field, he never spared himself, taking the heaviest burden." L. J. Spencer, formerly keeper of minerals at the British Museum, described Kitson as "a most energetic little man; his constant companion was a small prospecting pan". Spencer remembered "a journey with him in 1924 in the mining districts of northern Ontario; at every halt of the train he was out with his little pan in any ditch he could find".At the award of his Lyell medal, Ormsby-Gore spoke of "his tireless energy, but his attractive and stimulating personality". In 1910 he married Margaret Legge, née Walker (1870–1920). After her death he married Elinore Almond Ramage (1892–1963) in 1927. Like his mother she was the daughter of a Scottish Presbyterian minister, although she herself was born in Victoria, Australia. Despite their advancing years (the couple had a combined age of around 100) they had two children: (Ernest) Neil (1928–2009) and David (1935–2011). <mask> died in Beaconsfield on 8 March 1937 of broncho-pneumonia and influenza. Sir <mask> is sometimes wrongly referred to as Sir <mask> or Sir <mask>.He is also sometimes confused with his

masks:
Kitson
Albert Kitson
Albert Kitson
Arthur Kitson
Alfred Kitson


texts:
 contemporary <mask>, 2nd Baron Airdale (1863–1944) who does not appear to be related. References

Sources

The Times, 9 March 1937;
Proceedings of the Geological Society, Vol. LXXXIII, 1927, pp. XLVI- XLVII;
John Frederick Norman Green, "Obituary: <mask> <mask>", Quarterly Journal, Geological Society no. 94, 1938, pp. CXXV—CXXVII;
L. J. Spencer, 'Biographical notes of mineralogists recently deceased', The Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, no 165, June 1939, Vol. XXV;
John M. Saul, Arthur J. Boucot, Robert M. Finks, "Fauna of the Accraian Series (Devonian of Ghana) including a Revision of the Gastropod Plectonotus", Journal of Paleontology, Vol.37, No. 5 (September 1963), pp. 1042–1053;
N. R. Junner & F. A. Bannister, The Diamond Deposits of the Gold Coast with Notes on Other Diamond Deposits in West Africa, GCGS, Gold Coast, 1943;
H. Service & J. A. Dunn, The Geology of the Nsuta Manganese Ore Deposits, GCGS, Kensington printer, 1943; "A Special Correspondent", "The Volta River Project", African Affairs, Vol. 55, No. 221 (October 1956), pp. 287–293;
Ann Brower Stahl, "Innovation, diffusion, and culture contact: The holocene archaeology of Ghana", Journal of World Prehistory, Volume 8, Number 1, March 1994, pp.51–112. <mask>'s publications include

A. E<mask>, "The Gold Coast", The Geographical Journal, vol XLVIII, no 5, November 1916, pp. 369–392;
A. E<mask>, "Proposed reservation of limestone caves in the Buchan District, Eastern Gippland", Rec. geol. Surv. Vict., 1907, II(I)

masks:
Albert Kitson
Albert Ernest
Kitson
Kitson
. Kitson
. Kitson


texts:
 :37–44;
Leonard Darwin, Tempest Anderson, A. E<mask>, E. O. Thiele, 'Some New Zealand Volcanoes: Discussion',  The Geographical Journal, Vol. 40, No.1 (July 1912), pp. 23–25;
Major Darwin, Walter Egerton, Dr. Falconer & A. E. <mask>, "Southern Nigeria: Some Considerations of Its Structure, People, and Natural History: Discussion", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan. 1913), pp. 34–38;
A. E<mask>, "The Economic Minerals and Rocks of Victoria", Department of Mines, Special Report, Melbourne; J. Kemp, Acting Government Printer; 1906. pp. 517–536;
Percy Cox, K. S. Sandford, Vaughan Cornish, L. J. Spencer, <mask><mask>, R. A. Bagnold, "The Movement of Desert Sand: Discussion", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 85, No.4 (April 1935), pp. 365–369;
A<mask>, "First Report on Kakamega Goldfield, Kenya", Mining Journal, London, 12 November 1932, pp. 757–8;
A. E<mask>, "Notes on the Victoria Lyre-Bird". Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report, 1906, 363–374;
Percy Cox, H. H. Austin, <mask><mask>, W. Campbell Smith, E. B. Worthington, 'Teleki's Volcano and the Lava Fields at the Southern End of Lake Rudolf: Discussion",The Geographical Journal, Vol. 85, No. 4 (April 1935), pp. 336–341
Prof. Myres, R. H. Curtis, W. P. Rutter, J. Wrigley, A. E<mask>, J. F. Unstead, "The Climatic Limits of Wheat Cultivation, with Special Reference to North America: Discussion', The Geographical Journal, Vol.39, No. 5 (May 1912), pp. 441–446
A. E<mask>, "The possibility of Bui Gorge as the site of hydro-electric station". Gold Coast. Geological

masks:
. Kitson
Kitson
. Kitson
Albert E
. Kitson
. Kitson
. Kitson
Albert E
. Kitson
. Kitson
. Kitson


texts:
 Survey Bulletin No. 1. Accra, Gold Coast, 1925;
<mask>, Memorandum On the Operations of the Geological Survey Department of the Gold Coast, 1913–30.Gold Coast, No. XXII of 1930–31. Accra: Printed by the Government Printer at the Government Printing Office, 1930;
A. E<mask>, "Observations on the geology of Mount Mary and the lower Werribee Valley". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 14, 1902 pp. 153–165;
John Dennant, & A. E<mask>, "Catalogue of the described species of fossils (except Bryozoa and Foraminifera) in the Cainozoic fauna of Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania". Records of the Geological Survey of Victoria 1, 1903, pp. 89–147;
A. E<mask>, Report on the Discovery of Diamonds at Abomosa, Northwest of Kibbi, Eastern Province, Gold Coast, Govt.Press, Accra, Gold Coast, 1919;
A. E. Kitson & E. O.Thiele, "The Geography of the Upper Waitaki Basin, New Zealand", Geographical Journal, vol. 36, 1910, p. 431. External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070317210951/http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/IDA/USAID/RC/Guide_to_Electric%20Power_in_Ghana.pdf
 Yonatan Girmay, "Assessing the Environmental Impacts of a Hydropower Project: The case of Akosombo/Kpong Dams in Ghana". Master of Science Thesis, Stockholm, Sweden, 2006
 History of Akosombo dam at www.ghanaweb.com
 The History – Volta River Authority at www.vra.com
 M. Andreini, N. van de Giesen, A. van Edig, M. Fosu, W. Andah, "Volta Basin Water Balance", No. 21, ZEF – Discussion Papers on Development Policy Bonn, March 2000. More about Kete Krachi

masks:
Albert Kitson
. Kitson
. Kitson
. Kitson


texts: <mask> (; born <mask> (); July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was a Swiss-German-American film director and producer who won the Academy Award for Best Director three times, those being for Mrs. Miniver (1942), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), and Ben-Hur (1959), all of which also won for Best Picture. In total, he holds a record twelve nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director. Born in Alsace, then in Germany, but later part of France, <mask> was a troublemaker in the schools of his youth. He emigrated to United States in 1921, working first for Universal Studios in New York before moving to Los Angeles. By 1925, he was the youngest director at Universal, and in 1929 he directed Hell's Heroes, Universal's first sound production filmed entirely on location. In 1936, he earned his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director for Dodsworth, starring Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor, "sparking a 20-year run of almost unbroken greatness." He helped propel a number of actors to stardom, including finding and directing Audrey Hepburn in her debut film, Roman Holiday (1953), and directing Barbra Streisand in her debut film, Funny Girl (1968), both winning Academy Awards.Olivia de Havilland and Bette Davis both won their second Oscar in <mask> films, de Havilland for The Heiress (1949) and Davis for Jezebel. Davis said <mask> made her a "far, far better actress" than she had ever been, while Laurence Olivier, who received his first Oscar nomination for <mask>'s Wuthering Heights (1939), credited <mask> with teaching him how to act for the screen. <mask>'s three Best Picture-winning films each featured a Best

masks:
William Wyler
Willi Wyler
Wyler
Wyler
Wyler
Wyler
Wyler
Wyler


texts:
 Actress or Actor Oscar winner - Greer Garson in Mrs Miniver, Frederic March in The Best Years of Our Lives, and Charlton Heston in Ben-Hur. Other popular <mask> films include: The Westerner (1940) with Gary Cooper, The Letter (1940) again with Davis, Detective Story (1951) with Kirk Douglas, Friendly Persuasion (1956) with Cooper, The Big Country (1958) with Gregory Peck and Heston, The Children's Hour (1961) with Hepburn, Shirley MacLaine and James Garner, and How to Steal a Million (1966) with Hepburn and Peter O'Toole. Film historian Ian Freer calls <mask> a "bona fide perfectionist", whose penchant for retakes and an attempt to hone every last nuance, "became the stuff of legend." His ability to direct a string of classic literary adaptations into huge box-office and critical successes made him one of "Hollywood's most bankable moviemakers" from the 1930s to 1960s. Through his talent for staging, editing, and camera movement, he turned dynamic theatrical spaces into cinematic ones.For his work <mask> was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for career achievement, the Director's Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award and the American Film Institute Life Achievement Award. Early life
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Mulhouse, Alsace (then part of the German Empire). His Swiss-born father, Leopold, started as a traveling salesman but later became a thriving haberdasher in Mulhouse. His mother, Melanie (née Auerbach; died February 13, 1955, Los Angeles, aged 77), was German-born, and a cousin of Carl Laemmle, founder of Universal Pictures. During <mask>'s childhood, he attended a number of schools and developed

masks: Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler


texts: a reputation as "something of a hellraiser", being expelled more than once for misbehavior. His mother often took him and his older brother Robert to concerts, opera, and the theatre, as well as the early cinema. Sometimes at home his family and their friends would stage amateur theatricals for personal enjoyment.<mask> was supposed to take over the family haberdashery business in Mulhouse, France. After World War I, he spent a dismal year working in Paris at 100.000 Chemises selling shirts and ties. He was so poor that he often spent his time wandering around the Pigalle district. After realizing that Willy was not interested in the haberdashery business, his mother, Melanie, contacted her distant cousin, Carl Laemmle who owned Universal Studios, about opportunities for him. Laemmle was in the habit of coming to Europe each year, searching for promising young men who would work in America. In 1921, <mask>, while traveling as a Swiss citizen (his father's status automatically conferred Swiss citizenship to his sons), met Laemmle who hired him to work at Universal Studios in New York. As <mask> said: "America seemed as far away as the moon."Booked onto a ship to New York with Laemmle upon his return voyage, he met a young Czech man, Paul Kohner (later the famous independent agent), aboard the same ship. Their enjoyment of the first class trip was short-lived, however, as they found they had to pay back the cost of the passage out of their $25 weekly income as messengers to Universal Pictures. After working in New York for several years, and even serving in the New York Army National Guard for a year, <mask> moved to Hollywood to

masks: Wyler Wyler Wyler Wyler


texts:
 become a director. Career

1920s
Around 1923, <mask> arrived in Los Angeles and began work on the Universal Studios lot in the swing gang, cleaning the stages and moving the sets. His break came when he was hired as a second assistant editor. But his work ethic was uneven, and he would often sneak off and play billiards in a pool hall across the street from the studio, or organize card games during working hours. After some ups and downs (including getting fired), <mask> focused on becoming a director and put all his effort into it.He started as a third assistant director and by 1925 he became the youngest director on the Universal lot directing the westerns that Universal was famed for turning out. <mask> was so focused on his work that he would dream about "different ways (for an actor) to get on a horse". In several of the one-reelers, he would join the posse in the inevitable chase of the 'bad man'. He directed his first non-Western, the lost Anybody Here Seen Kelly?, in 1928. This was followed by his first part-talkie films, The Shakedown and The Love Trap. He proved himself an able craftsman. In 1928 he became a naturalized United States citizen.His first all-talking film, and Universal's first sound production to be filmed entirely on location, was Hell's Heroes, filmed in the Mojave Desert in 1929. 1930s
In the early 1930s <mask> directed a wide variety of films at Universal, ranging from high-profile dramas such as The Storm with Bebe Daniels, A House Divided with Walter Huston, and Counsellor at Law with John Barrymore, to comedies like Her First Mate with Zasu Pitts and The Good Fairy with Margaret Sullavan. He became


texts: well known for his insistence on multiple retakes, resulting in often award-winning and critically acclaimed performances from his actors. After leaving Universal he began a long collaboration with Samuel Goldwyn for whom he directed such classics as Dodsworth (1936) with Walter Huston, These Three (1936) with Miriam Hopkins and Merle Oberon, Dead End (1937) with Humphrey Bogart, Wuthering Heights (1939) with Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon, The Westerner (1940) with Gary Cooper and Walter Brennan, The Little Foxes (1941) with Bette Davis, and The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) with Myrna Loy and Fredric March. It was during this time that <mask> began his famous collaboration with cinematographer Gregg Toland. Toland and <mask> virtually created the "deep focus" style of filmmaking wherein multiple layers of action or characters could be seen in one scene, most famous being the bar scene in The Best Years of Our Lives. Toland went on to use the deep focus he mastered with <mask> when he shot Orson Welles' Citizen Kane.Bette Davis received three Oscar nominations for her screen work under <mask>, and won her second Oscar for her performance in <mask>'s 1938 film Jezebel. She told Merv Griffin in 1972 that <mask> trained her with that film to be a "far, far better actress" than she had been. She recalled a scene that was only a bare paragraph in the script, but "without a word of dialog, Willy created a scene of power and tension. This was moviemaking on the highest plane," she said. "A scene of such suspense that I never have not marveled at the direction of it." During her acceptance speech when she received the AFI Life

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texts:
 Achievement Award in 1977, she thanked him. Laurence Olivier, whom <mask> directed in Wuthering Heights (1939) for his first Oscar nomination, credited <mask> with teaching him how to act for the screen, despite clashing with <mask> on multiple occasions.Olivier would go on to hold the record for the most nominations in the Best Actor category at nine, tied with Spencer Tracy. Critic Frank S. Nugent wrote in the New York Times, "<mask> has directed it magnificently. It is, unquestionably, one of the most distinguished pictures of the year." Variety described Olivier's performance as "fantastic... he not only brings conviction to his portrayal but translates intelligently its mystical quality." Five years later, in 1944, while visiting London, <mask> met with Olivier and his actress wife, Vivien Leigh. She invited him to see her performance in The Doctor's Dilemma, and Olivier asked him to direct him in his planned film, Henry V. But <mask> said he was "not a Shakespearian" and turned down the offer. In 1950, <mask> and Olivier made a second film together, Carrie, which was not a commercial success.However, some critics state that it nonetheless contains Olivier's finest film performance, but because of its old-fashioned story, the film was very under-appreciated: In critic Michael Billington's opinion:

Director and screenwriter John Huston had been a close friend of <mask> during his career. When he was twenty-eight and penniless, sleeping in parks in London, Huston returned to Hollywood to see if he could find work. <mask>, four years his senior, had met Huston when he was directing his father, Walter Huston, in A House Divided

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Wyler
Wyler
Wyler
William Wyler
Wyler
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Wyler
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texts:
 in 1931, and they got along well. <mask> read dialogue suggestions that Huston had given to his father Walter and hired John to work on the dialogue for the script. He later inspired Huston to become a director and became his "early mentor." When America entered World War II in 1941, <mask>, Huston, Anatole Litvak and Frank Capra, by then all directors, enlisted at the same time. Later in his career, Huston recalled his friendship with <mask> during an interview:

1940s

In 1941, <mask> directed Mrs. Miniver, based on the 1940 novel; it was the story of a middle-class English family adjusting to the war in Europe and the bombing blitz in London.It starred Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon. Pidgeon originally had doubts about taking on the role, until fellow actor Paul Lukas told him, "You will find working with <mask> to be the most delightful experience you ever had, and that's the way it turned out." Pidgeon recalls: "One thing that would have been a terrific regret in my life is if I had succeeded in getting out of doing Mrs. Miniver" He received his first Oscar nomination for his role, while his co-star, Greer Garson, won her first and only Academy Award for her performance. The idea for the film was controversial since it was intended to make America less isolationist. By portraying the real-life suffering of British citizens in a fictional story, Americans might be more prone to help Britain during their war effort. The film succeeded in its propaganda elements, showing England during its darkest days of the war. Years later, after having been in the war himself, <mask> said that the film "only scratched the surface of war...It


texts: was incomplete." However, before America entered the war in December 1941, all films that could be considered anti-Nazi were banned by the Hays Office. U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom, Joseph Kennedy, told the studios to stop making pro-British and anti-German films. Kennedy felt that British defeat was imminent. But MGM producer Eddie Mannix disagreed, saying that "someone should salute England. And even if we lose $100,000, that'll be okay." Mrs. Miniver went on to win six Academy Awards, becoming the top box office hit of 1942.It was <mask>'s first Academy Award for Best Director. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill both loved the film, said historian Emily Yellin, and Roosevelt wanted prints rushed to theaters nationwide. The Voice of America radio network broadcast the minister's speech from the film, magazines reprinted it, and it was copied onto leaflets and dropped over German-occupied countries. Churchill sent MGM head Louis B. Mayer a telegram claiming that "Mrs. Miniver is propaganda worth 100 battleships." Bosley Crowther wrote in his New York Times review that Mrs. Miniver was the finest film yet made about the war, "and a most exalting tribute to the British." Between 1942 and 1945, <mask> volunteered to serve as a major in the United States Army Air Forces and directed a pair of documentaries: The Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress (1944), about a Boeing B-17 and its U.S. Army Air Force crew; and Thunderbolt! (1947), highlighting a P-47 fighter-bomber squadron in the Mediterranean.<mask> filmed The Memphis Belle at great personal risk, flying over enemy territory on actual

masks: Wyler Wyler Wyler


texts: bombing missions in 1943; on one flight, <mask> lost consciousness from lack of oxygen. <mask>'s associate, cinematographer Harold J. Tannenbaum, a First Lieutenant, was shot down and perished during the filming. Director Steven Spielberg describes <mask>'s filming of Memphis Belle in the 2017 Netflix series, Five Came Back. Before being assigned to the Air Force, <mask> was  hired to direct the documentary The Negro Soldier on African-Americans in the United States Armed Forces. Working on Thunderbolt! <mask> was exposed to such loud noise that he passed out. When he awoke, he found he was deaf in one ear.Partial hearing with the aid of a hearing aid eventually came back years later. <mask> returned from the War a lieutenant colonel and a disabled veteran. Returning from the War and unsure whether he could work again, <mask> turned to a subject that he knew well and directed a film which captured the mood of the nation as it turned to peace after the war, The Best Years of Our Lives (1946). This story of the homecoming of three veterans from World War II dramatized the problems of returning veterans in their adjustment back to civilian life. Arguably his most personal film, Best Years drew on <mask>'s own experience returning home to his family after three years on the front. The Best Years of Our Lives won the Academy Award for Best Director (<mask>'s second) and Academy Award for Best Picture, as well as seven other Academy Awards. In 1949 <mask> directed The Heiress, which earned Olivia de Havilland her second Oscar and garnered additional Oscars for Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design, and Best Music.The film is considered

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texts:
 by some to be a highlight in her career, "that could strike envy even in the most versatile and successful actress," according to one critic. De Havilland had seen the play in New York and felt she could play the lead perfectly. She then called <mask> to convince him to have Paramount buy the film rights. He flew to New York to see the play and moved by the story, convinced the studio to buy it. Along with de Havilland, he managed to get Montgomery Clift and Ralph Richardson to co-star. 1950s
In 1951, <mask> produced and directed Kirk Douglas and Eleanor Parker in Detective Story, portraying a day in the lives of the various people in a detective squad. Lee Grant and Joseph Wiseman made their screen debuts in the film, which was nominated for four Academy Awards, including one for Grant.Critic Bosley Crowther lauded the film, describing it as "a brisk, absorbing film by producer-director <mask>, with the help of a fine, responsive cast." Carrie was released in 1952 starring Jennifer Jones in the title role and Laurence Olivier as Hurstwood. Eddie Albert played Charles Drouet. Carrie received two Academy Award nominations: Costume Design (Edith Head), and Best Art Direction (Hal Pereira, Roland Anderson, Emile Kuri). <mask> was reluctant to cast Jennifer Jones, and the filming was subsequently plagued by a variety of troubles. Jones had not revealed that she was pregnant; <mask> was mourning the death of his year-old son; Olivier had a painful leg ailment, and he developed a dislike for Jones. Hollywood was reeling under the effects of McCarthyism, and the studio was afraid to distribute a film that could be attacked as

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William Wyler
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Wyler


texts: immoral.Ultimately, the ending was changed and the film was cut to make it more positive in tone. During the immediate postwar period, <mask> directed a handful of critically acclaimed and influential films. Roman Holiday (1953) introduced Audrey Hepburn to American audiences in her first starring role, winning her an Academy Award for Best Actress. <mask> said of Hepburn years later, when describing truly great actresses, "In that league there's only ever been Garbo, and the other Hepburn, and maybe Bergman. It's a rare quality, but boy, do you know when you've found it." The film was an instant hit, also winning for Best Costume Design (Edith Head), and Best Writing (Dalton Trumbo). Hepburn would eventually do three movies with <mask>, who her son said was one of the most important directors in her career.Friendly Persuasion (1956) was awarded the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) at the Cannes Film Festival. And in 1959, <mask> directed Ben-Hur, which won 11 Oscars, a feat unequaled until Titanic in 1997 and The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King in 2003. He had also assisted in the production of the 1925 version. <mask> and its star, Charlton Heston, both knew what the film meant for MGM, which had massive investments in its final outcome, with the film's budget having gone from $7 million to $15 million, and the fact that MGM was already in dire financial straits. They were aware that if it failed at the box office, MGM might go bankrupt. The film, like many epics, was difficult to make. When Heston was asked which scene he enjoyed doing most, he said "I didn't enjoy any of it.It was hard work." Part of the reason for that was the