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<mask>, 1st Duke of Westminster,  (13 October 1825 – 22 December 1899), styled Viscount Belgrave between 1831 and 1845, Earl Grosvenor between 1845 and 1869, and known as The Marquess of Westminster between 1869 and 1874, was an English landowner, politician and racehorse owner. He inherited the estate of Eaton Hall in Cheshire and land in Mayfair and Belgravia, London, and spent much of his fortune in developing these properties. Although he was a member of parliament from the age of 22, and then a member of the House of Lords, his main interests were not in politics, but rather in his estates, in horse racing, and in country pursuits. He developed the stud at Eaton Hall and achieved success in racing his horses, winning the Derby on four occasions. Grosvenor also took an interest in a range of charities. At his death he was considered to be the richest man in Britain. Personal life
<mask> was the second and eldest surviving son of Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster and Lady Elizabeth Leveson-Gower, the younger daughter of George Leveson-Gower, the 2nd Marquess of Stafford and later the 1st Duke of Sutherland.He was educated at Eton College and, until 1847, at Balliol College, Oxford. He left Oxford without taking a degree to become Member of Parliament (MP) for Chester. This seat had been held by his uncle, Robert Grosvenor (later the 1st Baron Ebury), who decided to move to one of the two unopposed Middlesex seats. In 1851 he toured India and Ceylon. The following year, on 28 April, he married his first cousin, Lady Constance Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, the fourth daughter of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland; at the time of the wedding she was aged 17. The wedding was held in the Chapel Royal in St. James's Palace, London, and was attended

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Hugh Lupus Grosvenor
Hugh Lupus Grosvenor


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 by Queen Victoria and Albert. Constance's mother had been Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria and a "favourite" of the queen.Their first child, a son, was born in 1853, and Queen Victoria became his godmother. By 1874 the couple had eleven children, eight of whom survived into adulthood; five sons and three daughters. In 1880 Constance died from Bright's disease (nephritis). Two years later, in June 1882, Grosvenor married Katherine Cavendish, the third daughter of the 2nd Baron Chesham and Henrietta Frances Lascelles, who was then aged 24; she was younger than the duke's eldest son and two of his daughters. They had four children, two sons and two daughters. Political and public life

Grosvenor was elected as Whig MP for Chester in 1847 and continued to represent that constituency until, on the death of his father in 1869, he succeeded as 3rd Marquess of Westminster and entered the House of Lords. His maiden speech in the Commons was made in 1851 in a debate on disorders in Ceylon, shortly following his tour of the country.Otherwise he took little interest in the affairs of the House of Commons until 1866 when he expressed his opposition to Gladstone's Reform Bill. This played a part in Gladstone's resignation, the election of the Conservative Derby government and Disraeli's Second Reform Act. The relationship between Grosvenor and Gladstone later improved and in Gladstone's resignation honours in 1874, Grosvenor was created the 1st Duke of Westminster. When Gladstone became Prime Minister again in 1880, he appointed Grosvenor as Master of the Horse, a position appropriate to his interests in horse racing but "not an actively political office". In the 1880s Grosvenor disagreed with Gladstone again, this time about Home Rule for Ireland.


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 During this dispute, Grosvenor sold his portrait of Gladstone that had been painted by Millais. Ten years later they were again reconciled when they both opposed atrocities by the Turks against the Armenians.When Gladstone died in 1898, Grosvenor presided over a Gladstone National Memorial committee that commissioned statues of him, and rebuilt Gladstone's St Deiniol's Library at Hawarden in north Wales. In 1860 Grosvenor formed the Queen's Westminster Rifle Volunteers and became its Lieutenant Colonel and Honorary Colonel in 1881. He led the Cheshire Yeomanry as Colonel Commandant from 1869. He also supported charities; at one time or another, he was the president of five London hospitals, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association, the Gardeners' Royal Beneficent Association, the Hampstead Heath Protection Society, the Early Closing Association, the United Committee for the Demoralization of Native Races by the Liquor Traffic, and the Royal Agricultural Society. He was a member of the Council for the Promotion of Cremation; at that time cremation was unpopular with the Church. Grosvenor was chairman of the Queen's Jubilee Nursing Fund, an organisation that provided district nurses for the sick poor, through which he became associated with Florence Nightingale. In 1883 he was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire, and when the London County Council was created in 1888, he became the first Lord Lieutenant of the County of London.Development of the estates

The seat of the Grosvenor country estate is at Eaton Hall in Cheshire. When Grosvenor inherited the estate it was worth at least £152,000 (equivalent to £ as of ), a year. After inheriting the estate, one of


texts: his first acts was to commission a statue of his namesake, the Norman <mask>, who had been the 1st Earl of Chester, from G. F. Watts, to stand in the forecourt of the hall. In 1870 Grosvenor commissioned Alfred Waterhouse to design a new house to replace the previous hall designed by William Porden and extended by William Burn. The core of the previous hall was retained, parts were completely rebuilt and other parts were refaced and remodelled. A private wing was built as a residence for the family, and this was connected to the main hall by a corridor. Waterhouse also designed Eaton Chapel and its associated clocktower, and redesigned the stables.It is said that the hall's guests "were not greatly amused" by the carillon of 28 bells that played 28 tunes and sounded every quarter of the hour during the day and the night. The work took 12 years to complete and it cost £803,000 (equivalent to £ as of ). The hall has been described as "the most ambitious instance of Gothic Revival domestic architecture anywhere in the country", and as "a vast, cheerless, Gothic structure". Grosvenor paid for many buildings on his estates. He was a patron of the Chester architect John Douglas. Douglas' biographer, Edward Hubbard, estimated that the duke commissioned four churches and chapels, eight large houses, about 15 schools and institutions, about 50 farms (in whole or part), about 300 cottages, lodges, smithies and the like, two cheese factories, two inns, and about 12 commercial buildings (for most of which Douglas was the architect) – and these were just the buildings in the city of Chester and on the Eaton estate. He commissioned G. F. Bodley to rebuild St Mary's Church in his Cheshire estate village of Eccleston, which was completed in 1899, the year of


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 his death.He also spent money on Grosvenor House in London and Cliveden in Buckinghamshire, which he had inherited on the death of his mother-in-law. He built shooting lodges on sporting estates in Sutherland, in Scotland, that he rented from his cousin, the <mask> of Sutherland. The Grosvenor wealth came mainly from the ground rents of Mayfair and Belgravia in London; these grew from about £115,000 (equivalent to £ as of ) in 1870 to about £250,000 (equivalent to £ as of ) annually in 1899. He oversaw much rebuilding in Mayfair and commissioned architects, such as Norman Shaw, Aston Webb and Alfred Waterhouse to design new buildings. He held his own opinions on architectural styles and decoration, favouring the Queen Anne style rather than the Italianate stucco preferred by his father; for red brick and terracotta; for stucco to be painted bright orange, and railings in chocolate or red; and for Oxford Street to be paved with wooden blocks. He opposed the use of telegraph poles and wires, and would not allow any building work during the London season. He encouraged the provision of more urinals, both on his estates and in London generally, and has been described as a "one-man planning and enforcement officer".Personality and personal interests

Grosvenor's major interest was in horse racing. In 1875, he established a racing stable at Eaton, eventually employing 30 grooms and boys, with two or three stallions and about 20 breeding mares. He regarded this, not so much as an extravagance, but rather as an aristocratic duty. He never gambled or placed a bet on any of his horses. In 1880, one of his horses, Bend Or, ridden by Fred Archer, won the Derby, and he had more Derby successes in 1882, 1886, and 1899. With his successes and sale of horses,


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 it is considered possible that this enterprise was self-financing. Grosvenor took an interest in the country pursuits of deer stalking and shooting, both in the Scottish Highlands and on his Cheshire estate and added to the family's art collection.Grosvenor was teetotal and a supporter of temperance. In his Mayfair estate he reduced the number of public houses and beerhouses from 47 to eight. Final year and death
In 1899, the last year of his life, he supported the Seats for Shop Assistants Act (to reduce cruelty to women employees), stalked a stag in Scotland, shot 65 snipe in 1½ hours in Aldford on his Cheshire estate, and attended the wedding of one of his granddaughters. Later that year, while visiting the same granddaughter in Cranborne, Dorset, he developed bronchitis, from which he died. He was cremated in Woking Crematorium and his ashes were buried in the churchyard of Eccleston Church, Cheshire. The 1st <mask> of Westminster had two cenotaphs erected in his honour, one in the Grosvenor Chapel of Eccleston Church and another in the south transept of Chester Cathedral. Another memorial was a stained-glass window in the south transept of Westminster Abbey, dedicated by the Dean in September 1902.He was succeeded as Duke of Westminster by his grandson, <mask>. At his death he was "reputedly the wealthiest man in Britain"; his estate for the purposes of probate was £594,229 (equivalent to £ million as of ), and his real estate (entailed therefore not included in his personal estate under the law of that time) was valued at about £6,000,000 (equivalent to £ million as of ),. Family

The Duke married twice and was the father of fifteen children, twelve of whom survived into adulthood. The difference in age between his eldest son Victor and

masks: Duke Hugh


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 his youngest son Edward was thirty-nine years. The Duke's first wife, whom he married in 1852, was his first cousin, Lady Constance Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, the fourth daughter of his maternal uncle the 2nd Duke of Sutherland. They had eleven children, eight of whom survived into adulthood, being:

Victor Alexander Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor (28 April 1853 – 22 January 1884), who married Lady Sibell Mary Lumley, the daughter of Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough and Frederica Mary Adeliza Drummond. He was the father of <mask>or, 2nd Duke of Westminster
Lady Elizabeth Harriet (11 October 1856 – 25 March 1928), who married James Butler, 3rd Marquess of Ormonde.Lady Beatrice Constance (14 November 1858 – 12 January 1911), who married her stepmother's brother Charles Cavendish, 3rd Baron Chesham in 1877. Lieutenant-Colonel Lord <mask> (31 May 1860 – 29 April 1929), who married Helen, the daughter of Sir Robert Sheffield, 5th Baronet. Lord Henry George (23 June 1861 – 27 December 1914), who married, first, Dora Mina, the daughter of James Erskine-Wemyss, and was the father of William Grosvenor, 3rd Duke of Westminster; and second, Rosamund Angharad, the daughter of Edward Lloyd. Lord Robert Edward (19 March 1869 – 16 June 1888), who died unmarried. Margaret Evelyn (9 April 1873 – 27 March 1929), who married Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge, younger brother of Queen Mary. Captain Lord Gerald Richard (14 July 1874 – 10 October 1940), who died unmarried. Constance died in 1880.In June 1882, Grosvenor married Katherine Cavendish, third daughter of the 2nd Baron Chesham. She bore him four children, being:

Lady Mary Cavendish (12 May 1883 – 14 January 1959), who married, first Henry Crichton, Viscount Crichton (1872–1914), and was the

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Hugh Grosven
Arthur Hugh


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 mother of John Crichton, 5th Earl Erne; and second, Colonel the Hon. Algernon Francis Stanley (1874–1962), son of Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby. Lord <mask> (6 April 1884 – 30 October 1914), who married Lady Mabel Florence Mary, the daughter of John Crichton, 4th Earl Erne, and who was the father of Gerald Grosvenor, 4th Duke of Westminster and Robert Grosvenor, 5th Duke of Westminster. He was killed in action in the First World War. Lady Helen Frances (5 February 1888 – 21 October 1970), who married Brigadier-General Lord Henry Seymour (1878–1939) and was the mother of <mask>, 8th Marquess of Hertford. She gave her name to Lady Helen Seymour House, part of the former St Mary's Hospital for Women and Children in Plaistow.Lord Edward Arthur (27 October 1892 – 26 August 1929), who married Lady Dorothy Margaret, the daughter of Valentine Browne, 5th Earl of Kenmare. References
Citations

Sources

External links

 <mask> Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster on The Peerage website

1825 births
1899 deaths
British racehorse owners and breeders
Owners of Epsom Derby winners
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<mask>, 1st Duke of Westminster
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Cheshire
Lord-Lieutenants of the County of London
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People from Cheshire
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
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UK MPs who were granted peerages
People associated with the Royal National College for the Blind
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Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria
19th-century British

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Hugh William
Hugh Seymour
Hugh Lupus
Hugh Grosvenor


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<mask>'Brien was an optical physicist and "the founder of the Air Force Studies Board and its chairman for 12 years. O'Brien received numerous awards, including the Medal for Merit, the nation's highest civilian award, for his work on optics in World War II and the Frederic Ives Medal in 1951. Circa 1966 he "chaired an ad hoc committee under the USAF Science Advisory Board (AFSAB) looking into the UFO problem". He also had steering power over National Academy of Sciences (NAS) projects, Project Blue Book, and helped pave the way for the Condon Committee. Early years
"<mask>' Brien was born in Denver, Colorado in 1898 to Michael Phillip and Lina Prime O' Brien. he attended the Latin School of Chicago from 1909–1915, and continued at the Yale Sheffield scientific school where he earned a Ph.B. in 1918 and a Ph.D. in 1922.He also did course work at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. In 1922 he married Ethel Cornelia Dickerman and they had one son, <mask>, Jr. After Ethel Cornelia died, he married a second time to Mary Nelson Firth in 1956. He was a research engineer at Westinghouse Electric Co. from 1922 to 1923. During this period he developed, along with Joseph Slepian, the auto-valve lightning arrester, which is still in use. In 1923 he moved to J. N. Adam Memorial hospital in Perrysburg, New York, a tuberculosis sanitarium run by Buffalo's Public Health Department. Prior to the use of antibiotics, the primary treatment for tuberculosis was fresh air and sunshine. There was some evidence that sun tanning did help in the remission of the disease, but Perrysburg—40 miles south of Buffalo—had very little sunshine in the winter.Therefore, O'Brien, as a physicist on staff, developed a carbon arcs with cored

masks:
Brian O
Brian O
Brian


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 carbons that very closely matched the solar spectrum. With this development the patients could have sun therapy year-round. Due to a general interest in biological effects of solar radiation, he published some of the early work on the ozone layer and erythema caused by the sun. O'Brien moved to the University of Rochester in 1930 to hold the chair of physiological optics. Shortly thereafter he became the director of the Institute of Optics. His continuing interest in the biological effects of solar radiation led to research in vitamin chemistry. The need for vitamin D, especially in the diet of children, had been recognized for preventing rickets.At that time there was no synthetic vitamin D, but the dehydrocholesterol in milk can be converted to vitamin D by radiation with ultraviolet light. The carbon arcs developed at Perrysburg were an ideal source of ultraviolet, but for proper irradiation, the milk had to be in a very thin film. ... A film of high enough flow volume for commercial application was produced, and vitamin D-fortified milk became widespread." War and peace: 1940 - 1953
"By the end of 1940, The Institute of Optics was already involved with optical problems for government agencies; by the end of the academic year 1941-42, it was becoming more and more deeply involved." At the time the Institute was dealing with a spike in number of students and attempted to tailor the curriculum for military usefulness. O' Brien's right-hand man was R.E. Hopkins, a young instructor with a B.S.from MIT who had just received his MS from the Institute of Optics, helping with lens design and geometrical optics. The National Defense Research council became involved with the Institute December 1942 and continued the relationship until


texts: January 1946. They were looking for someone to make infrared sensitive phosphors. Franz Urbach, an escaped Viennese expert, was working in the physics department and was quietly transferred to the Institute of Optics to help develop the "metascopes" for night vision. It was in relation to this work, in 1948, that Albert Noyes and O'Brien were awarded The Medal of Merit by President Harry S. Truman, the highest civilian award given by government. In a report sent to President Valentine, O' Brien estimated that the Institute had "spent" about one million dollars for the war effort "including overhead allowances to the University." There was also a marked increase in undergraduate students during this time period.Recognizing his own personal research involvement O' Brien decided to no longer accept graduate students. The Institute emerged from the war a little brighter and a little less worse for wear. However the school still had a very small faculty, "only one full-time professor and a few junior faculty." Despite this limitation "five master's degrees and two Ph.D.s were awarded to students already enrolled." In his '47 report, O'Brien pointed out the number of government and industry requests made for the Institute to conduct research. He enjoyed the projects, but recognized the research would get in the way of "quality teaching ... and that fair balance must be achieved." He decided he was much more interested "guiding research and advanced degree students than in the tiresome details of undergraduate instruction."M. Parker Givens, a Cornell Ph.D, joined the Institute during this growth spurt. This permitted an increase in students. "Fourteen, he said, should be graduating, in 1948, and the total student enrollment was 53, about


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 equally divided through the classes." One of the hallmark innovations developed following the war was a camera with a six-inch f/1 lens for night aerial work, "giving excellent definition over a curved surface, the film being curved by compressed air between the lens and film." Another, first described at a meeting of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers in 1949, was a high-speed camera, "used for observations at the Bikini bomb test, later much improved to make rapid sequences of pictures at speeds up to 20 million frames per second." Notes

References

External links
 Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, Volume 7
Air Force Space Command: High Frontier - Not Related to Reconnaissance in Any Way: An Interview with Dr. F. Robert Naka
Review of the University of Colorado Report on UFO's By the O'Brien Panel of the National Academy of Science, 1969—see also James E. McDonald, Book Review: The Condon report, scientific study of Unidentified Flying Objects, Icarus, Volume 11, Issue 3, November 1969, pages 443–447, . 1898 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Yale University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of Rochester faculty
United States Air Force civilians
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Optical


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<mask>  (born 26 July 1935) is Rollins Professor of History Emeritus at Princeton University. He is credited with having brought coherence to the field of Late Antiquity, and is sometimes regarded as the inventor of the field. His work has concerned, in particular, the religious culture of the later Roman Empire and early medieval Europe, and the relation between religion and society. Early life

<mask> was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1935, to a Scots-Irish Protestant family. Until 1939, he spent winter and spring each year in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, where his father worked as a railway engineer based at Khartoum. For the rest of the year, he would return with his mother to Bray, in Co. Wicklow, near Dublin. Following the outbreak of war, <mask> and his mother remained in Ireland, though his father did not return finally until 1948.<mask> has written and spoken about the influence of the Sudanese connection on several occasions. Speaking to the Daily Princetonian, he has remarked: "Living in the Sudan put in me a love of the Middle East, a real interest in it, distant memories of a very sunny world with large, dark Sudanese servants in long white robes", combined with memories of "hippopotami, crocodiles, and camels under starry skies". After his father had returned to Ireland, 'a handbook of Sudanese Courtesy Customs, containing delicate Arabic phrases of greeting and polite enquiry, was prominent on his bookshelf, as was a deluxe edition of T. E. Lawrence's The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, which I would read, from cover to cover, every time that I returned home on holiday from my school in England." Such influences, with "roots

masks:
Peter Robert Lamont Brown
Peter Brown
Brown
Brown


texts: deep in my childhood, already ensured, perhaps, that both religion and the 'exotic' (the non-European and, by implication, the non-classical) were both too large, too ever-present and too rich for their intrusion into the classical world to be dismissed out of hand, as unambiguously negative symptoms of decline. The power of both had begun to puzzle and intrigue me. The collapse of an enlightened empire might, indeed, be a catastrophic event, for all I knew; but it was unlikely to be uninteresting." <mask> was initially educated at Aravon School – now closed but, at that time, a distinguished preparatory school in Bray, County Wicklow, where he first studied Latin and French.<mask> was then educated at Shrewsbury School and New College, Oxford. At Shrewsbury, <mask> expected to concentrate on sciences, but first studied Ancient Greek and turned in earnest to the study of history: "I myself had become a keen amateur astronomer, and had re-invented gunpowder to the detriment of my aunt's carpet. I fully intended to enter the Science stream of my new school. My housemaster summoned me to his study. In between puffs of his pipe, he announced with utter certainty: '<mask>, you did too well in [the] Entrance [examination] to do Science. You shall do ... Greek.'And Greek I did, if only for one year, before taking the Junior Certificate and then lapsing from the high calling of a classical scholar in the English Public School tradition into the study of mere History." When asked to comment on his intellectual formation, <mask> has also indicated that he completed his public schooling a year early, returning to Ireland (as he had done for

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 school holidays) in 1952, the year he turned 17. It was then in Dublin that he read Mikhail Rostovtzeff's The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (1926), which he borrowed from the lending library of the Royal Dublin Society at Ballsbridge. The academic year 1952–3 was a "hiatus" for <mask>, between school and university, during which he learned to type at a secretarial school, and received German lessons from an academic at Trinity College Dublin who had been a refugee from Nazi Germany. In 1953, <mask> took up a scholarship to read Modern History at New College, leaving in 1956. Most of his degree was "devoted to English History in its entirety and to the European High Middle Ages, from 919 to 1127", but in his final academic year, he undertook a Special Subject on The Age of Augustine, and was particularly influenced by the writings of Marrou and Piganiol. That Special Subject had a profound influence on <mask>: "I was thrilled by the glimpse which both authors offered of the sheer resilience of a pre-Christian society and culture at the very moment of the triumph of the Christian church within the Roman empire.Institutions and powerful bodies of ideas, that I had known only in the medieval and post-Reformation periods — and many of which, in their modern form, still hung, like chill clouds, above the heart of any Irish boy, Catholic or Protestant — were shown to have originated first in a very distant, ancient world." Career

Employment and professional memberships
Following his graduation <mask> began, but did not complete, a doctoral thesis under the external supervision of Arnaldo Momigliano (at that time

masks: Brown Brown Brown Brown


texts: professor of ancient history at University College London). The potential he had shown as an undergraduate was recognized by the award of the Harmsworth Senior Scholarship at Merton College, Oxford, and a seven-year Prize Fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. At a time when it was normally possible to remain in the college after the Prize Fellowship, All Souls College subsequently elected him a research fellow in 1963 and a senior research fellow in 1970. The Modern History Faculty of the University of Oxford appointed him a special lecturer in 1970 and a reader (ad hominem) in 1973. He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1971. <mask> left Oxford to become professor of modern history and head of the Department of History at Royal Holloway College in the University of London (1975–78).He subsequently left Britain to become professor of classics and history in the University of California at Berkeley (1978–86) and then Philip and Beulah Rollins Professor of History at Princeton University (1986–2011). He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1979, a fellow of the Medieval Academy of America in 1988, and a resident member of the American Philosophical Society in 1995. Before joining the tenured faculty at UC Berkeley and Princeton, <mask> held visiting professorships at both institutions: at UC Berkeley in 1975, and at Princeton in 1983-6. He has also held visiting professorships at UCLA and in Italy. Other engagements as a visiting teacher have taken <mask> to Toronto in the 1970s and, since 2000, to Hungary and Iceland. At Princeton, <mask> was given the President's Award for


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 Distinguished Teaching in 2000. A significant number of his former students in the UK and US have gone on to substantive academic posts.Speaking engagements
<mask> has delivered several named lecture series. These include the Carl Newell Jackson Lectures at Harvard University (1976); the Haskell Lectures at the University of Chicago (1978); the ACLS Lectures in the History of Religion (1981-2); the Curti Lectures at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (1988); the Tanner Lectures at Cambridge and Yale (1993 and 1996 respectively); the Menahem Stern Lectures in Jerusalem (2000); the Lectures in Human Sciences at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna (2012); and the James W. Richard Lectures at the University of Virginia (2012). He has also delivered a multitude of named single lectures. These include national academic occasions in the UK and US: the Raleigh Lecture in History in the British Academy (1992); and the Charles Homer Haskins Lecture ("A Life of Learning") for the American Council of Learned Societies (2003). Other named lectures include the Stenton Lecture at Reading University (1976); the Sigmund H Danziger Jr Memorial Lecture at the University of Chicago (1997); a Presidential Lecture at Stanford University (2002); the Clark Lecture at Trinity College, Cambridge (2004); the Gennadius Library Lecture at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens (2007); the Fr. Alexander Schmemann Lecture at St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, NY (2013); the Annual Distinguished Lecture in Religion at Rutgers University (2013); the Nicolai Rubinstein Lecture at Queen Mary College, University of London (2013); the


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 Patricia H. Labalme Friends of the Library Lecture at the American Academy in Rome (2013); the Burke Lecture on Religion and Society, University of California, San Diego (2014); the Corish Lecture at Maynooth College, Ireland (2014); the Etienne Gilson Lecture at the Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, Toronto (2014); and the inaugural Costan Lecture at Georgetown University (2014). He has also been a named lecturer, usually in retrospect, in all the universities at which he has held substantive posts: lectures include the Magie Lecture at Princeton (1991); the Pritchett Lecture at UC Berkeley (1993); the Hayes Robinson Lecture at Royal Holloway College, University of London (1997); the Ronald Syme Lecture at Wolfson College, Oxford, and the Dacre Lecture in the History Faculty at Oxford (2006 and 2010 respectively).In 2007, <mask> gave an inaugural talk at the opening of the Oxford Centre for Late Antiquity. In 2015 he was hosted by the Group for the Study of Late Antiquity at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, in a public discussion with Paula Fredriksen. <mask> has also frequently been a keynote speaker at conferences and congresses. These include the International Congress of Medieval Studies at Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo (1986); the International Medieval Congress at Leeds (1999); the Sewanee Medieval Colloquium (2012); and the First Annual Symposium on Medieval and Renaissance Studies at St. Louis University (2013). He gave the inaugural address at the first Coloquio Internacional "Nuevas perspectivas sobre la Antigüedad tardía" in Segovia (2009). Editorial work
For several decades, <mask> has

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 been General Editor of the book series "The Transformation of the Classical Heritage", published by the University of California Press. The first volume in the series was published in 1981.The full published list to date now exceeds fifty-five titles. Research grants
Following his earlier books, <mask> has received some prestigious and substantial research grants. These include the MacArthur Fellowship in 1982 and the Distinguished Achievement Award for scholars in the humanities from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation in 2001. Research overview

<mask>, who has a knowledge of at least 26 languages, has been instrumental in the development of the study of late antiquity as a field. Within this broad field, he has also been central in the study of Augustine, monasticism (both the eremitical "holy man" and coenobitic alternatives), the cult of the saints and the practice of sexual renunciation. More recently, he has made fundamental contributions to the study of power relations in late Roman society and to the study of financial giving. He has produced a steady stream of articles (several being classics in the field) since 1961, and a steady series of influential books since 1967.Janet Nelson, the distinguished British historian of the early Middle Ages, has said: "He took the study of medieval history into fields of cultural history and social history, social psychological history. He was interested in religion but not in an old-fashioned ecclesiastical history, institutional sort of way, but what made people think in this way: how did they conceptualise God? How did they think about religious symbols and rituals in the ways that

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 they did? Why did these things change? That was his agenda. He wrote mostly about late antiquity, the very early period, but he sometimes ventured into the Middle Ages and whenever he did he transformed the scene. The great area he’s famous for doing is the cult of the saints."Drawing on her interview with <mask>, Ruby Shao has remarked: "<mask> cites the balance of his scholarship between eastern and western Christianity as his proudest accomplishment. Few scholars research both equally, as the task demands mastery of different languages and intuitions. His commitment has challenged him throughout his career to break into new territory, such as by examining the Desert Fathers, Syriac poetry, and languages like Greek and Coptic." 1956 to 1971

Following his exposure to the works of Marrou and Piganiol as an undergraduate, and shortly after joining All Souls College as a Prize Fellow, <mask> travelled in Italy in 1957–8, doing research at the British School in Rome. During that time, he was especially influenced by the work of Santo Mazzarino, which provided a stimulus for <mask>'s earliest lectures at Oxford, on return from Italy in 1958. Other early influences were Norman Hepburn Baynes, William Frend and A. H. M. Jones. <mask>'s earliest research articles concerned the Christianization of the senatorial aristocracy of Rome (1961), and the phenomena of religious dissent and coercion in late Roman North Africa (1961, 1963).From there, he turned to the study of Augustine's own views on the state (1963) and its use of coercion in matters of religion (1964). Italy and Africa in the fourth and early fifth centuries provided the


texts: principal context for the life of Augustine, which became the subject of <mask>'s substantial first book - Augustine of Hippo: A Biography (1967). This was followed by related articles that explored both the Pelagian milieu in Italy (1968, 1970) and the relation between Christianity and local culture in Roman Africa (1968). Following the completion of Augustine, however, <mask> felt "free, at last" to take a wider approach to Late Antiquity, and to turn in particular to the Near East and Central Asia. In 1964, A. H. M. Jones's vast magnum opus on The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey had appeared, on which <mask> wrote a long and important review article for the Economic History Review (1967). In addition, as Augustine had been a Manichaean for many years, <mask> already had a natural route into the religious history of the eastern half of the later Roman Empire and the Persian Empire. An article on "The Diffusion of Manichaeism in the Roman Empire" (1969) reflected the direction of his interests, and was spectacularly corroborated when, shortly after, the Cologne Mani-Codex came to light.In 1969, Geoffrey Barraclough (as General Editor of the Thames & Hudson "Library of European Civilization" series) approached <mask> with a view to commissioning a book on late antiquity - and <mask> has since noted that it might well have been Barraclough who suggested "The World of Late Antiquity" as a title. At this point, <mask> engaged increasingly with the work of Henri Pirenne – and also with that of the French Annales School, in particular Fernand Braudel. Their work, combined with the eastward

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 shift in his interests, prompted <mask> to think increasingly of the Mediterranean as "truly distinctive". <mask>'s interest in analyzing culture and religion as social phenomena, and as part of a wider context of historical change, had already been fostered by engagement with the work of Baynes, Frend and Jones. But the Annales influence in <mask>'s work can be seen in his increasing use of anthropology and sociology as interpretative tools for historical analysis. <mask> was influenced by Anglo-American anthropology, himself noting the role of both a largely British tradition of social anthropology and a largely American tradition of cultural anthropology. 1971 to present
<mask>'s views slightly shifted in the eighties.In articles and new editions <mask> said that his earlier work, which had deconstructed many of the religious aspects of his field of study, needed to be reassessed. His later work shows a deeper appreciation for the specifically Christian layers of his subjects of study. His most recent research focuses on wealth and poverty in late antiquity, especially in Christian writers. Principal publications

Augustine of Hippo: A Biography (1967; 2000)
<mask>'s biography of Augustine of Hippo was widely acclaimed. Reviewing it in the Journal of Theological Studies, William Frend – with whom <mask> had had a courteous but critical difference of opinion on the religious history of Roman Africa – wrote: "This is a superb book, an intensely personal interpretation of its central figure, but one in which the scholar's full range of skills, those of the historian, the philosopher, and human psychologist have been brought to

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 bear, sustained throughout by a profound knowledge of Augustine's writings and those of his contemporaries, as well as of modern critical works. The entire compass of the life and thought of the later Roman Empire in the West is its canvas." The idiosyncrasies of the book did not go unnoticed.Another great master of Augustinian studies, the Rev. Henry Chadwick, remarked that <mask>'s book was a "biography without the theology" - a judgment that <mask> has accepted as "fair". For this reason, among Anglophone students, <mask>'s book has often been read hand in hand with Gerald Bonner's St Augustine of Hippo: Life and Controversies, which first appeared four years earlier, in 1963, and which Bonner updated in subsequent editions. Equally, however, it was <mask>'s distinctive and subtle de-emphasis of theological content, combined with his use of psychoanalytic insight - which was then highly unusual in the study of an ancient figure - that helped to set Augustine convincingly, as an individual, within a historical landscape. This was noticed by Richard Southern, who praised <mask> for "bringing Augustine out of the tomb of theological doctrine, and setting his mind and emotions working before our eyes." <mask> published a new edition in 2000, closing with two new chapters, one focusing on new evidence and the other on new interpretations. The World of Late Antiquity (1971)
In his second book The World of Late Antiquity (1971), <mask> offered a radically new interpretation of the entire period between the second and eighth centuries AD.The traditional interpretation of this period was centred around the idea of decadence from a


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 'golden age', classical civilisation, after the famous work of Edward Gibbon The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1779). On the contrary, <mask> proposed to look at this period in positive terms, arguing that Late Antiquity was a period of immense cultural innovation. "The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity" (1971)
His most celebrated early paper concerned the figure of the 'holy man'. According to <mask>, the charismatic, Christian ascetics (holy men) were particularly prominent in the late Roman empire and the early Byzantine world as mediators between local communities and the divine. This relationship expressed the importance of patronage in the Roman social system, which was taken over by the Christian ascetics. But more importantly, <mask> argues, the rise of the holy man was the result of a deeper religious change that affected not only Christianity but also other religions of the late antique period – namely the need for a more personal access to the divine. The Body and Society (1988)
Published in 1988, <mask>'s The Body and Society was a groundbreaking study of the marriage and sexual practices of early Christians in the ancient Mediterranean and Near East.<mask> focuses on the practice of permanent sexual renunciation-continence, celibacy, and lifelong virginity in Christian circles from the first to the fifth centuries A.D. and traces early Christians' preoccupations with sexuality and the body in the work of the period's great writers. The Body and Society questions how theological views on sexuality and the human body both mirrored and shaped relationships between men and women,

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 Roman aristocracy and slaves, and the married and the celibate. <mask> discusses Tertullian, Valentinus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Constantine, the Desert Fathers, Jerome, Ambrose, and Augustine, among others, and considers asceticism and society in the Eastern Empire, martyrdom and prophecy, gnostic spiritual guidance, promiscuity among the men and women of the church, monks and marriage in Egypt, the ascetic life of women in fourth-century Jerusalem, and the body and society in the early Middle Ages. In his new introduction, <mask> reflects on his work's reception in the scholarly community. Through the Eye of a Needle (2012)
<mask>'s longest book to date, Through the Eye of a Needle concerns attitudes to philanthropic giving in the Latin West in Late Antiquity. Divided into five parts, the core of the book – the long Parts II and III – focuses on two generations between about AD370 and 430, when a rich diversity of views gave way to an increasing polarization of thought brought on by the debate between Augustine and the Pelagians. Parts I and IV–V place this highly focused study in the much wider frame of the social structures of the fourth, fifth and sixth centuries.Honours
<mask> has received formal recognition for his academic achievements in at least twelve countries on three continents. Honorary degrees and college fellowships
He has received some twenty honorary degrees. From outside the USA, he has received honorary doctorates from the University of Fribourg, Switzerland (1974), Trinity College Dublin (1990), the University of Pisa (2001), Cambridge (2004), the Central European University in Budapest (2005), Oxford


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 (2006), King's College London (2008), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2010), the Aristotle University in Thessaloniki (2010), and the University of St Andrews (2014). His US honorary doctorates include the University of Chicago (1978), Wesleyan University (1993), Tulane (1994), Columbia University (2001), Harvard University (2002), Southern Methodist University (2004), Yale University (2006), Notre Dame University (2008), Amherst College (2009), and St Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, NY (2013). He is an honorary fellow of Royal Holloway College in the University of London (1997), and of New College at Oxford University (1998). Prizes
<mask> has received several major prizes, including the Heineken Prize for History from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (1994), the Ausonius Prize for Ancient History from the University of Trier (1999) and the Premio Anaxilao from the Municipality of Reggio di Calabria (1999). In 2008 he was the co-winner, with Indian historian Romila Thapar, of the semi-regular Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Study of Humanity, from the US Library of Congress.In 2011, <mask> was awarded the prestigious International Balzan Prize for the Humanities, for his works on Graeco-Roman antiquity. He shared the Dan David Prize in the category of "Retrieving the Past: Historians and their Sources" in 2015. Learned centres, societies and academies
In addition to the professional memberships acquired during his career in the UK and US, <mask> has received honorific recognition from a number of other learned bodies. He is a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and


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 Sciences (1991); a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Letters in Barcelona (1997); an honorary fellow of the Italian Association for the Study of Sanctity, Cults and Hagiography; an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy (2010); a foreign member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in Italy (2015); and a fellow of the Ecclesiastical History Society in the UK (2016). He is also honorary president (from 2012) of the Centro Internacional de Estudios sobre la Antigüedad Tardía 'Teodosio el Grande', in the Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, at Segovia. Foreign public recognition
<mask> is a Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters in France (1996). Book prizes
<mask> has won several distinguished book prizes.Augustine of Hippo: A Biography (1967) won the Arts Council of Great Britain Prize. The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (1988) won the Vursell Award of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and the Ralph Waldo Emerson Award of Phi Beta Kappa. Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West, 350–550AD (2012) won the Jacques Barzun Prize in Cultural History from the American Philosophical Society, and the Philip Schaff Prize from the American Society of Church History. It also secured the R.R. Hawkins Award (the top prize in a tiered structure) at the American publishing industry's annual PROSE Awards. Selected bibliography

Books
Augustine of Hippo: A Biography (1967/2000) – , new edition, with new epilogue,
The World of Late Antiquity: AD 150–750 (1971/1989) –
 The Making of Late Antiquity (1978) –
The


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 Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (1981) –
Society & the Holy in Late Antiquity (1982) –
The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (1988) –
Power and Persuasion: Towards a Christian Empire (1992)
Authority and the Sacred: Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman world (1995) –
The Rise of Western Christendom (1996/2003) –
Poverty and Leadership in the Later Roman Empire (2002)
Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West 350–550 AD (2012)
The Ransom of the Soul: Afterlife and Wealth in Early Western Christianity (2015)
Treasure in Heaven: The Holy Poor in Early Christianity (2016)

References

External links
Heineken Prize laureate page. Stanford site about <mask> Brown.Kluge Prize laureate page. Balzan Prize laureate page. Dan David Prize laureate page. Interview by Ben Altshuler for Classics Conclave, APA Oral History Project. Bound to Please by Michael Dirda, p. 22–25, W.W, Norton, 2005

1935 births
Living people
Academics of Royal Holloway, University of London
Alumni of New College, Oxford
American medievalists
British medievalists
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Classical scholars of the University of California, Berkeley
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Fellows of New College, Oxford
Irish scholars and academics
20th-century Irish historians
21st-century Irish historians
Irish medievalists
Irish people of Scottish descent
Irish Protestants
Irish classical scholars
MacArthur Fellows
Members of the


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 American Philosophical Society
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Patristic scholars
Writers from Dublin (city)
People educated at Shrewsbury School
Princeton University faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Wesleyan University people
Winners of the Heineken Prize
Augustine scholars
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Historians from


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Edwin "<mask>" <mask> (29 January 1909 – 19 May 2002), a Yuin man, was a prominent Aboriginal leader. He toured Australia with a gumleaf orchestra during the Great Depression of the 1930s, played rugby league and became a respected elder who campaigned for protection of sacred sites on the South Coast. He went to the United Nations in New York and urged the World Council of Churches to accept Indigenous religions, and also met the Dalai Lama. Early life
<mask> was born in 1909 under a gum tree at Jembaicumbene in the Braidwood area of the South Coast of New South Wales. He was born into the Yuin people, which he always maintained was a Nation made up of many individual tribes. <mask> is a contraction of his birth name Edwin; and Guboo, the name he was best known for, was his tribal name meaning "good friend". Guboo was son of William "Bill" <mask>, a tribal elder, and  Mary Gwendoline "Linno" Ahoy, a woman of Chinese descent.Although he was the third of ten children, he was recognised as a future spiritual leader by the elders of the Yuin before he was ten years old. <mask> knew most about his father's family, and it was from his father's family that he drew his strong bonds with the Aboriginal community. His father William "Bill" Iberia <mask> (1888-?) and his grandfather <mask> were both tribal elders. His grandmother Hannah (Nyaadi) McGrath  was a medicine woman who took him along on her healing rounds, and told him Dreamtime stories. His father, grandfather and uncles instructed him in sacred rites, male ancestral laws and Yuin customs . He was eventually chosen by them to be given special knowledge and to become the future elder and spiritual leader of the Yuin Nation.His part-Aboriginal mother Mary Gwendoline "Linno"  Ahoy (1887–1959) had a Chinese father. <mask> also knew that she had French blood as her mother's surname had been de Mestre; his French great-great-grandfather Prosper de Mestre (1789–1844) was a prominent businessman in Sydney from 1818 to 1844, while his Chinese

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 grandfather James Ahoy was a market gardener in the Braidwood area at the time of the gold rush, who moved back to China leaving his family behind. <mask> grew up on the Wallaga Lake Aboriginal Station, an Aboriginal reserve run by the New South Wales Aborigines Protection Board, where he attended the tiny local school until he was eight. <mask> would say of this time: "All I was taught at school was to knit, sew, make little johnnycakes and tend a garden. In those days, no-one bothered to teach the Aboriginal children the three Rs". Withdrawn from school by his parents, his education in Dreamtime culture then began. When he was nine, his father, uncle and other Yuin elders took him on their Dreamtime walkabout from Mallacoota on the Victorian border to the Hawkesbury River and showed him all the sacred sites for which he would later be responsible.During his early years he also watched as his grandfather called in dolphins to help them catch fish, and called in killer whales to help them catch whales, his grandfather even being called by the killer whales at night to join a hunt. Musical career
As a teenager he toured with a Hawaiian performing troupe, and later was a member of the Wallaga Lake Gumleaf Band that toured southern New South Wales and Victoria, and performed at the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. The Gumleaf Band played at football dances, and on the back of trucks at district shows, gymkhanas, and sports picnics on the beach. He used these trips to visit Aboriginal missions from Victoria, up the New South Wales coast into Queensland, and inland over the Great Dividing Range. He would visit the old people to learn more about their customs and beliefs, tour their sacred sites and talk to them about protecting the land and the Great Spirit that sustained it. The band included seven of <mask>'s family, including his father and uncles and three of his brothers. It performed traditional dances with sticks and spears, and also did step dancing, tap dancing, hula

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 dancing, burlesque, clowning, and singing.They made music with gum leaves, an accordion, ukuleles, guitars, fiddle, and drums. <mask> played the guitar, so very different from the traditional instruments that he played in his later years of the clapping sticks and didgeridoo. Land rights and cultural work

After his music career <mask> then took work on various jobs around New South Wales including jackarooing, collecting shellac, cutting railway sleepers, working in the timber industry, as leader of an Aboriginal work-crew at Warragamba Dam, and as a union delegate at a Botany foundry. Most of his working life, however, was spent as a commercial fisherman on the South Coast applying that special knowledge given to him by his elders, except that "the middleman made all the money". When <mask> was 58 he, along with all other Aboriginal Australians, finally became an Australian citizen following the 1967 referendum. After the referendum, he sold his fishing-boat after 25 years to devote himself to the responsibilities handed to him by his beloved elders. He moved back to Wallaga Lake with his family.In the early 1970s <mask> and his wife Ann and other tribal Elders joined Pastor Frank Roberts' New South Wales Aboriginal Lands and Rights Council. This experience strengthened <mask>'s commitment to Aboriginal land rights and culture. "Land rights, self-determination, and cultural identity" became his catch-cry. His activism began by hitchhiking to Canberra to urge the Government to make the Wallaga Lake Aboriginal Station into a reserve and to seek protection of the sacred sites. Before long he began working with the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies (now AIATSIS), recording all the Aboriginal sites in coastal New South Wales. His work with the Institute of Aboriginal Studies was ground-breaking, and became the basis of all future land claims along the South Coast. He attended land rights marches in Wollongong, and land rights meetings in Sydney.In 1977 he played a significant role

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texts: in the establishment of a New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council to co-ordinate the land rights campaign. In 1978 he helped prepare land claims which were presented to the New South Wales Government. After five years of demonstrations and lobbying, the Wallaga Lake community received its title deeds, and he proudly accepted them. He died before the ownership of a much greater area, of the former Wallaga Lake National Park and the rest of the Gulaga National Park were restored to the area's original owners, the Yuin people, in May 2006. In 1978 <mask> became alarmed about forestry operations on nearby Mumbulla Mountain threatening sacred sites. The New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, with the help of <mask>, commenced an Anthropological and Archaeological investigation of Mumbulla Mountain. This investigation supported the claims of the Yuin people, and determined that Mumbulla Mountain is significant to Aboriginal people.Several politicians still claimed there were no sacred sites and dismissed <mask>'s claims. In 1979 the then seventy-year-old elder first came to public attention when, largely through his efforts, the New South Wales Premier Neville Wran ordered a cease to logging on the Mumbulla Mountain south of Bermagui. <mask> continued the fight, and after five long years the victory was a significant land rights settlement for Aboriginal people. Around this time, he began espousing a spiritual message, believing that the noisy protests and marches only aggravated racism. He became a member of the Baháʼí Faith, emphasising the spiritual unity of humankind of all religions. In 1984 the then 75-year-old began travelling the world teaching the Dreamtime, the heart of Aboriginal spirituality. He wanted to build bridges, bringing people together through a mutual love and respect for Mother Earth.He wanted the Dreaming to enrich the lives of all Australians, and devoted the rest of his life to being a catalyst for a worldwide return to selfless ancient values. He went

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 to the United Nations, and he asked the World Council of Churches to accept Indigenous religions. He met spiritual and religious leaders, like the Dalai Lama, who would later contact him when passing through Australia. For the next 20 years he held "Dreaming camps" around Australia and overseas to teach and pass on his knowledge, to renew the Dreaming of these places and restore sacredness to the landscape. He spent each January at Blue Gum Flats, in the Budawangs, behind Pigeon House Mountain (Bulgarn). Thousands of people from around the world came to meet him in the deep wilderness and to seek a spiritual relationship with nature. Many non-Indigenous Australians participated in these Dreaming camps.In 1988, the year of the Australian Bicentenary, the 79-year-old had re-enacted his own childhood  Dreamtime walk of seven decades earlier. The walk went from Mallacoota on the Victorian border to the Hawkesbury River, and took six weeks. <mask> walked with a group of Koori children from broken homes. <mask> envisioned a nation that has put internal conflict between white and black Australians behind it in the realisation of a truly unified Australian identity with a respect for Aboriginal culture and love of the land as its bedrock. While <mask> went on to work tirelessly to bring black and white together, his own people mistrusted him for most of his remaining life. For the remainder of his life <mask> held "Renewing the Dreaming" Camps around Australia and overseas, for which he was well respected. However among his own people he was not without his critics, some of whom felt that he had discovered the perks of being a new-age guru to the white community.Unfortunately he also sometimes upset the actual traditional owners of the land where his ceremonies were held, by not always respecting their sacred sites, and by violating local Aboriginal laws. Later life and death
He shared the Dreamtime stories from his childhood with all who would listen. His birthday present for his 90th birthday


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 in 1999 was the performance of a puppet show "Dreamtime Stories of the Yuin Tribe" performing a Dreamtime story as told to <mask> by his grandmother "Granny Tungii" the medicine woman. Ever the gentle activist, in February 2002 he took part in a protest at Sandon Point near Wollongong demonstrating against a development threatening Aboriginal sites and the area's natural beauty. The 93-year-old sat in a wheelchair and clapped two sticks together. He also identified some "sacred stones" in Thomas Gibson Park at Thirroul, but Wollongong Council took more almost two years before they arranged for him to come from Wallaga to the site and identify them in early 2002. <mask> was then too unwell to walk the site in order to re-locate and identify them and the site was later approved for residential development.Active in what he saw as his life's work till the very end, in his last days he participated in a study about Indigenous kinship with the Natural World in New South Wales. He died at 93 years of age on 19 May 2002, just before that year's Reconciliation Week celebrated the rich culture and history of Australia's Koori citizens. Works and legacy
<mask>'s work in developing mutual respect and understanding, and in the renewal of the Spirit and the Dreaming, was prolific and ongoing. In his own words:
The Earth is our Mother. When I die I'm going down there. When you die you're going there too. But what are you doing for the Earth?<mask> wanted Aboriginal spirituality, the Dreaming, to enrich the lives of all Australians. His accomplishments showed his commitment to Australia, and his Aboriginal community in particular:
 Through his work with the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, an invaluable record of sacred sites along the New South Wales coast was established. It was largely through his efforts that logging ceased on Mumbulla Mountain, which led to a significant land rights settlement in New South Wales. Notes

References

1909 births
2002 deaths
Australian indigenous


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<mask> (born 5 March 1968) is a British politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Chipping Barnet since 2005, having previously served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2005. A member of the Conservative Party, <mask> was Minister of State for Rail and Aviation from 2010 to 2012, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2012 to 2016 and Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from 2019 to 2020. Early life
<mask> was born in Hunstanton, Norfolk in 1968, the third child of <mask> by his marriage to Anne Virginia Threlfall; she has two elder brothers, Edward and Henry. On her father's side, she is a descendant of <mask> (1806–1843), brother of <mask>, 4th Earl of Clarendon, <mask>, <mask>, and <mask> and a direct descendant of King Edward II. Growing up in North London, she was educated at the independent Francis Holland School. <mask> gained a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree with first-class honours in 1990 from the University of Bristol, and a year later the postgraduate degree of Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) from Jesus College, Oxford. After university, she qualified for the bar at the Inner Temple, and worked as a lecturer at King's College London from 1994 until 1999.Member of the European Parliament
<mask> was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the London constituency in 1999, and was re-elected in 2004. She stood down after the 2005 general election when she was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Chipping Barnet. She served as Deputy Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament between 2001 and 2002. She also served as a member of the governing board of the Conservative Party during this period. Member of Parliament
In 2003, following Sir Sydney Chapman's announcement that he would retire at the following election, <mask> was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Chipping Barnet. Although Chapman's majority at the 2001 general

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 election had only been 2,701 votes, the party viewed Chipping Barnet to be quite a "safe" Conservative seat, and <mask> held it at the 2005 general election with an increased majority of 5,960 votes, which she increased again to 11,927 in 2010. Her majority dropped to 7,656 in 2015, and was reduced to just 353 in 2017.However, <mask>' majority rose to 1,212 in the 2019 general election, despite her percentage share of the vote going down slightly. Upon her election to the House of Commons in 2005, she resigned from her seat in the European Parliament; it went to Syed Kamall, the next candidate on the Conservatives' regional list for London. <mask> now lives at Arkley in her constituency, and formerly lived at Hillsborough Castle. <mask> was sworn of the Privy Council on 9 June 2010. In July 2021, <mask> was one of five Conservative MPs found by the Commons Select Committee on Standards to have breached the code of conduct by trying to influence a judge in the trial of former Conservative MP Charlie Elphicke, who was eventually found guilty of three counts of sexual assault and sentenced to two years in prison. <mask> was one of three of the group recommended for a one-day suspension by the committee. Shadow Cabinet
In December 2005, following the election of David Cameron as Conservative Party Leader, <mask> was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet, as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury.In July 2007, Cameron promoted her to Shadow Secretary of State for Transport. Government

Following the 2010 general election, the Conservatives, short of an overall majority, formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. This required positions in Cabinet to be awarded to Lib Dem MPs, so <mask> did not become Secretary of State for Transport as might have been expected in the event of a majority Conservative government taking office. That role went instead to Philip Hammond, who had shadowed the post of Chief Secretary to the Treasury. <mask> instead became a

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texts: Minister of State at the Department for Transport. <mask> was appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in September 2012. Her time in Northern Ireland gained mixed reviews.She made a speech in February 2016 defending the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the British Army, which had been accused of colluding with loyalist murderers in the Loughinisland massacre. The Police Ombudsman who investigated the murders, Dr. Michael Maguire, later stated with regard to law enforcement authorities colluding with the murderers: "I have no hesitation in unambiguously determining that collusion is a significant feature of the Loughinisland murders". <mask> had said that "a pernicious counter-narrative" of the Troubles was emerging whereby responsibility for acts of terrorism was being shifted onto the security forces "through allegations of collusion, misuse of agents and informers or other forms of unlawful activity". <mask> was one of the six cabinet ministers who came out in support of Brexit during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. Following the referendum, on 14 July 2016, <mask> resigned from her position as Northern Ireland Secretary after stating that new Prime Minister <mask> had offered her a post in the Cabinet which was "not one which I felt I could take on". During the referendum, 62.2% of voters in her constituency (based on a 72.1% turnout), voted to remain in the European Union. After the referendum, <mask> continued to support leaving the EU.<mask> was appointed Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs by Boris Johnson upon him becoming Prime Minister in July 2019. She left the government in the post-Brexit cabinet reshuffle. In June 2020 The Times newspaper reported that the hold up in the formation of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament since the 2019 United Kingdom general election had been due to <mask> appointment having been dismissed by the Prime Minister for her defiance of the

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 Government's whip on a vote where she supported an amendment which would have banned the import of chlorinated chicken products from the US in upcoming post-Brexit trade negotiations. Parliamentary expenses and second home
She also has a house in Arkley in her North London constituency of Chipping Barnet. The house, a semi-detached property that she bought for £296,500 in May 2004, is an eight-minute drive away from High Barnet tube station, from which commuters can reach Westminster in about forty-five minutes. Political opinions
<mask> supported the temporary suspension of Ken Livingstone, then-Mayor of London, by the Adjudication Panel for England, which examined the case after a complaint from the Board of Deputies of British Jews to the Standards Board for England. <mask> is a member of, and since 2017 Vice-Chair, of Conservative Friends of Israel.On 19 July 2018 she was the only MP of any party to attend a rally of about 200–300 Jewish and other persons called by the "Campaign Against Antisemitism" (CAA) in Parliament Square, London, to protest against Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party. She has, on previous occasions, attended CAA protests similar to that of 19 July 2018 against anti-semitism within Labour. She has spoken out publicly in support of Iranian resistance to the Iranian regime at an event in Paris in 2017, organised by the National Council of Resistance of Iran. The NCRI is considered by some analysts to be a front organisation for the Mojahedin-e-Khalq (MEK), which was once listed by the US as a terror organisation. Since September 2008, <mask> has dedicated a considerable proportion of her public announcements to aviation policy, specifically the expansion of airports in the South East of England. <mask> underlined that despite differences of opinion, the Coalition government's policy was opposed to a third runway at Heathrow airport. She has also spoken out against Boris Johnson's favoured proposal for a new London airport to be built in

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Villiers


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 the Thames Estuary, and alternative expansions at Gatwick and Stansted airports, arguing that airlines should make greater use of the UK's regional airports, though some regional airports themselves have expressed concern about being adversely affected by capacity shortages in the South East.<mask> favours construction of a high-speed rail link from London to Birmingham and Manchester, arguing that flyers could use capacity at airports such as Birmingham International and Manchester International Airport. In May 2017, <mask> announced that she fundamentally supports the ban on hunting of wild animals with dogs but suggested that there remains scope for reform of the Hunting Act 2004. In September 2019 at that year's Conservative Party Conference, <mask> set out plans to end live exports of farm animals, ban primates from being kept as pets and for cats to be microchipped. Personal life
<mask> married fellow barrister Sean Wilken QC in 1997,  and the following year they co-wrote a book on matters of contract and quasi-contract law, which was published by a major publishing house. They are now divorced. Publications

References

External links

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1968 births
Living people
Academics of King's College London
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Bristol
British Secretaries of State for the Environment
Female members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Inner Temple
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
MEPs for England 1999–2004
MEPs for England 2004–2009
20th-century women MEPs for England
21st-century women MEPs for England
People educated at Francis Holland School
People from Hunstanton
Politicians from Norfolk, East Anglia
Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs

masks: Villiers Villiers Villiers Villiers


texts:
Syd'<mask> (born February 7, 1987) is a former American football cornerback. He was drafted by the Denver Broncos as the 225th overall selection in the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at California. Early life
<mask> was born on February 7, 1987. in Sacramento, California, to mother <mask>. He is also the brother of Carolina Panthers' linebacker <mask>. He attended Grant Union High School where he played football and earned all-state honors three times. As a junior in 2004, he recorded 950 rushing yards for 18 touchdowns, 15 receptions for 360 yards and four touchdowns, returned five punts, and returned one kickoff for a touchdown.That year, Rivals.com ranked him the number-one junior player in the state, and he received the California Mr. Football Award. As a senior, he recorded more than 70 tackles, two interceptions, 1,000 rushing yards, and 12 touchdowns. He received an invitation to play in the CaliFlorida Bowl. The Sacramento Bee named him to its all-metro second team. Scout.com rated him the number-five player in its West Hot 100. Rivals.com rated him the 13th-ranked athlete in the nation and the 21st-ranked player in California. ESPN assessed him as the 11th-ranked cornerback in the nation.PrepStar named him an All-American, as did SuperPrep, which also rated him the 17th-ranked defensive back in the nation and the 13th-ranked player in California. <mask> was rated a four-star prospect by both Scout.com and Rivals.com. He received scholarship offers from Arizona, California, Kansas State, Oklahoma, Oregon, UCLA, and Washington. College career

2005–2007 seasons
<mask> enrolled at the University of

masks:
Quan Thompson
Thompson
Patrice Thompson
Shaq Thompson
Thompson
Thompson


texts:
 California, Berkeley where he majored in social welfare. He sat out the 2005 season as a redshirt. In 2006, starting cornerback Tim Mixon suffered a knee injury before the season, which forced <mask> to fill in that role for the remainder of the season. In the season-opener against Tennessee, <mask> played with a cast because of a broken wrist and was twice outpaced by All-American wide receiver Robert Meachem for touchdown receptions.Tennessee won, 35–18. <mask> started all 13 games of the season, and he recorded 60 tackles including 35 solo, two fumble recoveries including one returned for a touchdown against Stanford, and one interception. The Sporting News named him to its freshman All-Pac-10 team. In 2007, <mask> again started all 13 games and recorded 78 tackles including six for loss, ten broken-up passes, and one interception. 2008 season

In 2008, he started in all 13 games at cornerback and as served as the punt returner. He recorded four interceptions for 128 yards and 18 passes defended. Against Washington State, he set a school single-game record with 108 interception return yards.In that game, he intercepted one pass and returned it 90 yards, before being caught by Washington State running back Christopher Ivory five yards short of the goal line. California scored on its ensuing possession, but <mask> reported he was teased by his teammates and asserted that he "was good for the first 40 yards, but then my back and my hip started tightening up". Against Colorado State, he returned a punt 73 yards for a touchdown, for which he was named the Pac-10 Special Teams Player of the Week. <mask> received the team's

masks: Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson


texts:
 Andy Smith Award for most playing time, and he was named to the All-Pac-10 first team. 2009 season
<mask> is on the watch list for the 2009 Lott Trophy, which is an award bestowed upon the nation's best defensive player with strong character. He has also been declared a preseason All-American by many various publications. In preseason predictions for California, many analysts have named California's secondary a major strength, largely because of <mask>.When asked to name his four most important teammates, California linebacker Worrell Williams included <mask> as the only defensive player. He said, "So what's that tell you? He's going to shut down one side of the field when he's out there." The NFL Draft Scout, a CBS Sports affiliate, rated <mask> 15th of its Top 32 seniors for the 2009 season, and wrote, "His straight-line speed, agility, reliable open-field tackling and natural return skills would be earning significantly more attention from the national media if he played in the Big Ten or SEC." The NFL Draft Scout assessed him as the best cornerback out of the 226 available for the 2010 NFL Draft and projected him as a first or second round selection. Following his senior season, <mask> represented Cal at the 2010 Senior Bowl

Professional career

Denver Broncos
<mask> was drafted in the seventh round of the 2010 NFL Draft by the Broncos as the 225th overall selection. He recorded his first NFL interception against the New York Jets on October 17, 2010.On September 2, 2011, during the Broncos' last preseason game at the Arizona Cardinals, <mask> suffered a ruptured Achilles tendon, and missed the entire 2011 season.

masks: Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson


texts:
 <mask> was released from the Denver Broncos roster during the roster cuts before the 2012 regular season. San Jose SaberCats
<mask> was assigned to the San Jose SaberCats, of the Arena Football League, on November 1, 2013. Orlando Predators
On February 3, 2014, <mask> was traded, along with Quentin Sims and Andre Freeman, to the Orlando Predators for Simeon Castille. Los Angeles Kiss
On February 6, 2014, <mask> was traded, along with Matt Spanos, to the Los Angeles Kiss. Personal life
<mask>'s younger brother Shaq was one of the most touted recruits of the class of 2012. He committed to California on March 6, 2011, but a week later, he re-opened his recruitment.On January 7, 2012, he re-committed to California, but re-opened his commitment once again. On January 30, he committed to the University of Washington. He was drafted in the 2015 NFL Draft by the Carolina Panthers. References

External links

Denver Broncos bio
California Golden Bears bio

1987 births
Living people
American football return specialists
American football cornerbacks
Players of American football from Sacramento, California
California Golden Bears football players
Denver Broncos players
San Jose SaberCats players
Orlando Predators players
Los Angeles Kiss

masks: Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson


texts: <mask> (7 December 1807 – 26 June 1853) was an English novelist, remembered primarily for The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox, the Ventriloquist (1839–40). <mask> was born in George Yard, Shoreditch, London, the third of eight children of William and <mask>. His father may have been a weaver. Nothing is known about his childhood or education; all that can be ascertained about his early life is that he spent some years employed in a house of business in Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk. Here, on 9 May 1837, he married Ann Howes in St. James's Church (now the Cathedral). Ann was the daughter of Eleanor Howes, a widow who owned The Seven Stars Inn in Long Brackland, a street in that town. <mask> and Ann had a daughter, Eleanor Anne, and a son, Edward Stanley, born in Bury St. Edmunds on 20 December 1839 and 11 December 1841.In 1839 <mask> commenced writing The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox the Ventriloquist. Published by Robert Tyas of London, in the monthly serial format, popularised by Charles Dickens, it was an immediate success, enjoying great popularity and acclaim. Illustrations by Thomas Onwhyn were a prominent feature of this, and most of <mask>'s later novels. The first three chapters are set 'in one of the most ancient and populous boroughs in the county of Suffolk', a thinly disguised Bury St. Edmunds. Valentine Vox teaches himself ventriloquism after seeing a performer in a local tavern, then uses his skills to create mayhem and mischief. Fearing this will lead him into trouble, his family send him to stay with his uncle Grimwood Goodman in London. This provides unlimited opportunities to perform pranks, such as disrupting political meetings, theatrical performances, educational lectures and social events.Valentine develops a close friendship with Grimwood. Fearing that Grimwood will re-write his will in Valentine's favour, unscrupulous relatives have Grimwood confined in a private lunatic asylum, where he undergoes many horrific

masks:
Henry Cockton
Henry Cockton
Mary Cockton
Henry
Henry Cockton
Henry Cockton


texts: experiences. Eventually Valentine finds Grimwood, and liberates him, not by using ventriloquism, but by paying for his release. At the novel's conclusion, Valentine marries the love interest, Louise Raven, and abandons ventriloquism. Valentine's activities as a ventriloquist are quite incredible, showing an impossible, almost super-human level of ability: by the end of the book he has duped literally hundreds of people from all walks of life in all situations, not one of whom ever suspects him. Yet the novel contains no technical information about ventriloquism, and it is doubtful if the author had any practical knowledge of the subject. The completed work contained a preface by <mask>, outlining the scandal of private lunatic asylums.As with Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby, he clearly intended to draw attention to a social issue about which he felt strongly. Valentine Vox was lauded as one of most amusing and entertaining works of the year, rivalling the popularity of Dickens's novels. Between 1853 and 1902 over 400,000 copies were published in the UK. It even spawned an imitation: Thomas Peckett Prest wrote a plagiarism, The Adventures of Valentine Vaux, or, the Tricks of a Ventriloquist (1840), using the pseudonym Timothy Portwine. Valentine Vox was last printed in 1920. While modern readers will probably gain little from the humour, which consists of one joke, told with repetition, it contains some vividly observed scenes of contemporary London life, which can be read as sources of social history. The success of Valentine Vox prompted Richard Bentley to commission <mask> to write Stanley Thorn (1841) for Bentley's Miscellany.This was not an original composition, but a work initiated by Richard Barham in which several authors had been asked to collaborate in a work on the theme of The Rake's Progress, about the downfall of a wealthy young man of property. <mask> was given the manuscripts to adapt and complete, which he did,

masks:
Henry Cockton
Henry Cockton
Henry Cockton


texts: adding an unconvincing happy ending in place of the tragic end that was originally envisioned. <mask> does not seem to have made much money from novel-writing, as the 1841 census showed him and his family as resident in 165 Blackfriars Road, Southwark, where they were lodgers of Maria Dowie, a widowed dressmaker. <mask>'s third novel, George St. George Julian The Prince was intended to expose financial corruption, fraud and forgery. In the course of his misadventures the eponymous hero encounters several rogues and cheats, including the historical Gregor MacGregor, the self-styled Cazique of Poyais. The publisher collapsed before <mask> had received any payment for George St. George Julian, and he was effectively bankrupted, being imprisoned for debt, but being released after declaring himself an insolvent debtor. Three further novels followed.The Sisters of England and France (1843), originally serialised in the Illustrated London News, set in Regency England, tells the stories of Caroline and Lucrece, whose lives diverge as a result of their marriages. Sylvester Sound the Somnambulist (1844), was a comic tale about a persistent sleepwalker, who unknowingly performs many exploits in this state. A comic novel, it enjoyed some success, selling over 40,000 copies, and remaining in print until 1921. The Love Match (1845), about a general's daughter who marries a stable hand, is of some interest for descriptions of the contemporary Newmarket horse-racing community: this featured a terse message announcing it would probably be the author's last book. His failure to make a financial profit from writing was probably the primary reason for his change of career, and he returned to Bury St. Edmunds to run The Seven Stars for his mother-in-law. Here he unwisely stood surety for the sum of £200 for his brother, Edward, only to lose the money when Edward fled to Australia. He then embarked on a malting speculation, buying large quantities of the product, possibly


texts:
 for re-sale or to start a business, but he was largely ignorant of the malt trade, and his scheme collapsed, leaving him financially ruined.He abandoned innkeeping, and, with his family, moved into his mother-in-law's house, where he wrote three further novels, none of which enjoyed great success. The Steward: a Romance of Real Life (1850), describes the downfall of George Croly, a Suffolk country gentleman, who is categorically lambasted as an evil, duplicitous person. An angry vitriolic work, The Steward possibly reflects the author's own feelings at the time. Lady Felicia (1852), a Cinderella inspired story about a shop assistant who marries a titled lady, is of some interest for its setting in Sudbury in Suffolk, against a background of local political corruption, a theme which had featured in the Pickwick Papers. Percy Effingham, or the germ of the world's esteem (1853), the story of an amiable and intelligent, but naive young man, who loses 'the world's esteem' (in this case, money and financial success), may have reflected the author's feelings about his own life, being finished only a few days before his death, on 26 June 1853. Four days later he was buried in an unmarked grave in the town churchyard of Bury St. Edmunds. There were no obituary notices.Soon after his death his widow petitioned the Royal Literary Fund for financial assistance, in a detailed account of his life and misfortunes. Never published, this makes sad reading. She received £25. In 1856 the Bury And Norwich Post published a further appeal for his family. In 1884 some admirers raised a tablet in his memory on the wall of the abbey's ruined charnel house in the town churchyard. The name Valentine Vox has been adopted as a stage name by Jack Riley, a popular performer of and author about ventriloquism, and used as a title of a record album released by Chris Jagger in 1974. References

1807 births
1853 deaths
English male novelists
19th-century English novelists
19th-century


texts:
<mask> (born 11 April 1991) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Ligue 1 club Marseille and the DR Congo national team. He made his professional debut for Sochaux in 2010, and played 107 official games for them over five seasons, scoring 21 goals. He then moved to Bursaspor for €1.8 million, finishing as top scorer as his team came runners-up in the Turkish Cup, before signing for Villarreal a year later. Born in France, he represented them internationally at youth level up to the under-20s, scoring eight goals in 38 games and winning the 2010 UEFA European Championship for the under-19s. In 2015, he made his senior debut for the DR Congo national team. Club career

Sochaux
Born in Vitry-sur-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Bakambu began his career at local Ivry at the age of 10 before transferring to Sochaux four years later. On 1 May 2010, Bakambu played in the 2010 Coupe Gambardella Final and scored a goal for his team at the Stade de France.Sochaux, however, lost the match 4–3 on penalties. He had previously scored a double in the team's 4–3 aggregate semi-final victory over Metz. <mask> made his professional debut on 7 August 2010 in Sochaux's opening match of the Ligue 1 season against Arles-Avignon, appearing as an 83rd-minute substitute for Modibo Maïga in a 2–1 win at the Stade Auguste Bonal. The following month, he signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with the club until June 2013. On 17 September 2011, <mask> scored his first professional goal, the first equaliser in a 2–2 draw at Lille OSC, eleven minutes after replacing Carlāo. A year and nine days later, as a 66th-minute replacement for King Osanga, he scored twice in a 3–2 extra-time home win over Evian in the third round of the Coupe de la Ligue. <mask> scored seven goals in 31 appearances over the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season, in which Sochaux were relegated; this included two on 21 December in a 2–1 home win over

masks:
Cédric Bakambu
Bakambu
Bakambu
Bakambu


texts:
 Rennes.Across the campaign, he was placed on the right wing by manager Hervé Renard until he would become sufficiently mentally mature for a centre-forward role. On 23 March, he was sent off for handball in a 2–1 loss at Saint-Étienne. Bursaspor
On 1 September 2014, Bakambu left France for the first time, moving on a four-year transfer to Turkey's Bursaspor for a fee of €1.8 million and an annual salary of €800,000. He made his debut in the Süper Lig twelve days later, replacing Ozan İpek in the 55th minute of a 2–1 win at Gençlerbirliği. His first goals for the "Green Crocodiles" came on 19 October, in either half of a 2–2 draw against Eskişehirspor at the Bursa Atatürk Stadium, and six days later he scored a first professional hat-trick in a 5–0 win at Balıkesirspor. He finished his only league season in Bursa with 13 goals in 27 games. In the season's domestic cup, <mask> was the top scorer with eight goals in 12 games as his team reached the final before a 3–2 home loss to Galatasaray.This tally included trebles in a 5–0 win at Mersin İdmanyurdu on 27 January and a 3–0 victory over Fatih Karagümrük nine days later, both in the group stage. As Galatasaray won the double, Bursaspor faced them in the 2015 Turkish Super Cup on 8 August, with Bakambu playing the whole of the 1–0 loss. Villarreal

On 19 August 2015, Spanish side Villarreal announced the signing of <mask> on a five-year contract. He made his La Liga debut four days later, replacing Léo Baptistão in the 61st minute of a 1–1 draw at Real Betis in the first game of the season; on the 28th he came on for the same player and scored two goals in the closing minutes of the fixture against Espanyol at Estadio El Madrigal, to secure a 3–1 victory for the "Yellow Submarine". <mask> played his first game in European competition on 17 September, again as a substitute in a 2–1 loss at Rapid Wien in the group stage of the season's UEFA Europa League. On 22 October, he

masks: Bakambu Bakambu Bakambu


texts:
 scored his first goals in the tournament, a first-half double in a 4–0 home win over Dinamo Minsk; he added another two the following 10 March against Bayer Leverkusen in the first leg of the last 16 (2–0 win, same aggregate). In the quarter-finals, he scored twice in each leg of a 6–3 aggregate win over Sparta Prague.He was one of four strikers named in the competition's Squad of the Season, and his 9 goals put him only one behind the top scorer, Athletic Bilbao's Aritz Aduriz. On 1 October 2017, Bakambu scored a hat-trick in a 3–0 home win over Eibar. He then scored two goals in a 2–1 win at Girona and another in a 4–0 win over Las Palmas to be named La Liga Player of the Month, the first African to win the award. In early January 2018, Villarreal manager Javier Calleja said that Bakambu was going through a transfer to Beijing Sinobo Guoan of the Chinese Super League. On 17 January 2018, Bakambu rescinded his contract with Villarreal. Two weeks later, however, Beijing Guoan still had not announced the signing of Bakambu who had already played and scored for the club. It was reported that Beijing Guoan were trying to avoid paying a 100 percent tax placed on incoming transfers worth over 45 million yuan (US$7 million) by the Chinese Football Association.The transfer went through in time for the start of the Chinese season with the full fees being paid. Beijing Guoan
On 28 February 2018, the final day of the Chinese transfer window, <mask>'s protracted transfer from Villarreal to Beijing Sinobo Guoan was finally confirmed with the club paid his €40million release clause, but Beijing did not announce the Congolese forward's signing amid confusion over whether they had to pay a 100 per cent levy on the transfer. He scored his first goal in China in his second game, in a 2–1 win over Jiangsu Suning. He won the Chinese FA Cup in his first season. Marseille
On 13 January 2022, <mask> signed for French club Marseille on a

masks: Bakambu Bakambu


texts:
 contract until 30 June 2024. He scored in his first appearance for the club, after coming on as a substitute in a 2-0 win over Lens. International career
<mask> was a French youth international and has represented the country at both under-18 and under-19 level.He was a part of the team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Championship on home soil. On 18 July, he scored twice in a 4–1 opening win over the Netherlands in Caen, and the 2–1 winner against Croatia in the semi-finals nine days later, also at the Stade Michel d'Ornano. He was also part of the team that came fourth at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia, opening a 2–0 win over Mali in the last group game in Cali. In March 2015, he opted to represent DR Congo at senior level. On arrival in Kinshasa he was greeted by fans with banners of him, later reflecting "I hadn't even played a match yet they made banners for me. It's really something else. It was through football that I discovered my country."He was first called up in June ahead of a friendly against Cameroon on the 9th, and started that match, a 1–1 draw at the Stade Charles Tondreau in Mons, Belgium. On 26 March the following year, <mask> scored his first international goal, opening a 2–1 win over Angola at the Stade des Martyrs with a penalty, in qualification for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. He added two more on 5 June, in a 6–1 win away to Madagascar. He was chosen in Florent Ibengé's squad for the final tournament in Gabon, and started in the opening group match, a 1–0 win over Morocco at the Stade d'Oyem. He then did not play again until a seven-minute run in the quarter-finals where the Congolese lost 2–1 to Ghana. On 24 March 2019, <mask> returned to action for DR Congo after missing previous qualifiers vs. rivals Congo to injury. He started and scored the winner in a 1–0 victory against Liberia.This secured The Leopards' qualification to the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, at the expense


texts:
 of their opponents. Personal life
Born in France to parents from the DR Congo, Bakambu said "I grew up with both cultures and I am very proud of that. I think it's something that enriches you." Bakambu and international teammate Dieumerci Mbokani were at Brussels Airport when it was struck by terror attacks in March 2016; both escaped unharmed. Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Scores and results list DR Congo's goal tally first. Honours
Beijing Guoan
Chinese FA Cup: 2018
France U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2010
Individual
UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2015–16
La Liga Player of the Month: October 2017
Chinese Super League Top Scorer: 2020

References

External links

 Cédric Bakambu club profile

1991 births
Living people
People from Vitry-sur-Seine
Sportspeople from Val-de-Marne
Citizens of the Democratic Republic of the Congo through descent
Democratic Republic of the Congo footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo international footballers
French footballers
France youth international footballers
Association football forwards
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players
Bursaspor footballers
Villarreal CF players
Beijing Guoan F.C. players
Olympique de Marseille players
Ligue 1 players
Süper Lig players
La Liga players
Chinese Super League players
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
French expatriate footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in China
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in China
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
French expatriate sportspeople in China
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain
French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
French sportspeople of Democratic Republic of the Congo


texts:
<mask> (October 31, 1967 – April 1, 2020) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, composer, and record producer. He was a founding member of the bands Fountains of Wayne, Ivy, and Tinted Windows, and was a key songwriting contributor and producer for Brooklyn-based synth-pop duo Fever High. He also wrote songs for television and film, for which he won three Emmy Awards, a Grammy Award, and the ASCAP Pop Music Award, and was nominated for Academy, Tony, and Golden Globe Awards. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City on October 31, 1967, the son of publicist Barbara (née Bernthal) and <mask>. He was a cousin of actor Jon Bernthal and the grandson of musician Murray Bernthal (1911–2010). He was raised in a secular Jewish family in the Manhattan borough of New York City and Montclair, New Jersey, attending Montclair High School in the latter. He received a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts.Songwriting

Film
In addition to writing and co-producing the title song to That Thing You Do!, Schlesinger composed "Master of the Seas" for Ice Age: Continental Drift, performed by Jennifer Lopez, Peter Dinklage and others. He wrote and produced three songs for Music and Lyrics, and his music has also been featured in films such as Shallow Hal (which he scored with Ivy); Robots; There's Something About Mary; Me, Myself & Irene; Josie and the Pussycats; Scary Movie; Art School Confidential; Fever Pitch; The Manchurian Candidate; Because of Winn-Dixie; Orange County; Two Weeks Notice; and others. Songs performed by other artists
 "Our Own World", "I Was There", and "House of Broken Gingerbread" by The Monkees
 "Just the Girl" and "I'll Take My Chances" for The Click Five
 "Everybody Loves Music" by Nicki Minaj,

masks:
Adam Lyons Schlesinger
Schlesinger
Stephen Schlesinger


texts:
 Pat Monahan, and Ken Jeong on The Billboard Music Awards
 "I Guess It's American" for Superdrag (co-written with John Davis)
 "High School Never Ends" with Bowling for Soup (co-written with Jaret Reddick)
 "I Am What I Am" for the Jonas Brothers
 "Hackensack" (Fountains of Wayne cover) by Katy Perry
 "Perfect Night" by Sarah Silverman and will.i.am
 "1-800 Clap Your Hands", "Marisol", "You Get Me Through", "Double Talk", and "Jerkface Loser Boyfriend" by Emily Osment
 "Work to Do" for America
 Eight songs for Stephen Colbert's television special A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All! performed by Stephen Colbert, Jon Stewart, Feist, John Legend, Willie Nelson, Elvis Costello and Toby Keith (co-written with David Javerbaum)
 "Barbie Eat a Sandwich" and "My Problems" with Care Bears on Fire
 "A Little More Us" by Stereo Skyline
 "Just Like a Rockstar" by The Fresh Beat Band
 "Stay in Our PJs" by Big Time Rush
 "I'll Say It" by Kathy Griffin
 "Text Me Merry Christmas" by Straight No Chaser feat. Kristen Bell
 "Tantalized", "All Work", "That's So Typical", "Spit It Out", and "Looks Good on Paper" by Fever High

In theatre
Schlesinger and The Daily Show executive producer David Javerbaum co-wrote the songs for the musical theater adaptation of the John Waters film Cry-Baby. Cry-Baby debuted at the La Jolla Playhouse in La Jolla, California in November 2007. Previews for the Broadway run began at the Marquis Theatre on March 15, 2008.Its official opening night was April 24, 2008. <mask> and Javerbaum co-wrote the closing song "I Have Faith in You" for Javerbaum's play An Act of God, which opened on Broadway on May 28, 2015. The song is performed by Jim Parsons, Chris Fitzgerald, and Tim Kazurinsky. <mask> and Sarah Silverman collaborated on a musical

masks: Schlesinger Schlesinger