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 piano, Op. 26 (1951)
 Čtvero ročních dob (The Four Seasons), Suite for wind quintet or 12 instruments (1952)
 Sonata da camera for flute, oboe, cello and harpsichord or piano (1952)
 Esercizi for flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon (1956)
 Malý faun (Little Faun; Le petit faune), 5 Pièces en forme de suite for flute and piano (1956)
 Moments musicaux, Suite for 11 wind instruments (1962)
 Concerto for oboe and piano (1964)
 Vánočńí koledy (Christmas Carols) for violin and piano (1968)
 Gloria di flauti for 2 flutes (1972)
 Concertino for violin and piano (1973)
 Concertino for 2 violins and piano (or harpsichord) (1981); also orchestrated
 Obrázky (Little Pictures), Very Easy Pieces for flute (or recorder, or oboe) and piano (1984)
 Sonatina for double bass (or bassoon) and piano (1985)
 Wind Quintet No. 2 (published 1943)
 Preludia (Preludes), Op. 3 (1940); words by František Vrba
 Dívčí písně (Girl's Songs) for medium voice and piano,


type: original

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<mask> or Brăilean (September 14, 1882 – October 3, 1947) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian sociologist and politician. A native of the Bukovina region, he attended Czernowitz University, where he studied philosophy and classical languages, subsequently earning a doctorate. Ending up as a translator in Vienna, he fought for Austria during World War I. At the conclusion of hostilities, returned to the renamed Cernăuți, now part of Greater Romania. There, he soon became a professor of sociology, leading a "Cernăuți School" of academics during the interwar period. Meanwhile, he was involved in nationalist politics, supporting Alexandru Averescu, Nicolae Iorga and, ultimately, the extremist Iron Guard, of which he was among the most prominent intellectual backers. A theoretician of organicism, corporatism, and antisemitism, he inspired the creation of Iconar, a literary society, and founded the review Însemnări Sociologice.He was elected to the Romanian Senate in 1937, and reached the apex of his political career during the short-lived National Legionary State of 1940–1941. He served as Education and Arts Minister under this regime, targeting the country's Jewish community and his various political opponents. In the wake of the Legionnaires' rebellion, he was arrested, tried and acquitted, but later arrested again and interned. Freed yet again in 1944, he was placed under house arrest following the King Michael Coup that August, and, increasingly ill with ulcers, was tried before one of the Romanian People's Tribunals in 1946. Given a twenty-year sentence for war crimes, he died the following autumn at Aiud Prison, shortly before the establishment of a communist regime that suppressed his publications for the more than four decades of its existence. Biography

Origins and education
Born in Bilca, Suceava County, a village located in Austrian-ruled Bukovina not far from Rădăuți, Brăileanu was the ninth of twelve siblings. His father Gheorghe (1839–1902) was the director of the local


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 primary school for at least forty years.Gheorghe's father Ioan, born in 1807, had been a simple peasant, but two of his sons became teachers, and the third a Romanian Orthodox priest. <mask>'s mother, Maria (née Polonic) was the daughter of a shoemaker from Suceava, and married his father in 1865. The first serious tragedy in his life came when his sister Ilenuța died, leaving the entire family despondent. Another two beloved siblings died of diphtheria in late 1893, leaving him a mature individual at an early age. His mother predeceased his father, so that both parents had died by the time he was twenty. The young Traian was a voracious reader, his interests including classical literature, German literature, other European literatures in German translation, Romanian literature and Romanian history, including Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol's Istoria românilor. He was attached to his brother Constantin, who settled in the Romanian Old Kingdom, which he represented as consul at Bitola and Thessaloniki; an employee of the Romanian Foreign Ministry, his son was killed in action during World War I.

<mask> attended three grades of primary school in his native village, followed by a fourth grade in 1892–1893 at Rădăuți, where he and a number of Romanian classmates spent the year perfecting their German and preparing for admission to the local German High School.He passed the entrance examination easily, entering the school in the autumn of 1893. German was the language of instruction; Latin and Greek the principal subjects. Upon graduation in 1901, he was fluent in all three. Entering Czernowitz University, he took courses in philosophy and classical philology, the subjects of his degree. His professors included Richard Wahle and Ion G. Sbiera. Initially, he shared a rented room with two older sisters of his, who were attending a normal school. In late 1902, after starting his second year of university, he went to the Romanian capital Bucharest to bury his father, who had sought medical

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 treatment there.As a student, he was associated with Societatea Academică Junimea, a Romanian youth movement. In December 1901, already a member of the local chapter, he was selected as editor-in-chief of its satirical-humorous newsletter. Under his aegis it appeared bimonthly, and some issues were written entirely by Brăileanu. In 1904, he was named president of the society's literary section. In this capacity, together with Ion Nistor and George Tofan, he founded Junimea Literară, a literary journal. There, he published a short story, a series of humorous sketches and several poems. The magazine had a nationalist and Sămănătorist agenda, and, according to Nistor, sought to counterbalance Austria's "hatred and contempt for all things [Romanian]".Another member, Romulus Cândea, described the society and its magazine as preservers of "the nationalist flame" and "the Romanianist line". Upon graduation, <mask> became a teacher at a German-language high school in Czernowitz, but, not finding the daily routine suitable to his studies, left after completing the 1905–1906 academic year. He then performed his military service in the Austrian Army, first at Czernowitz and then at the officers' school in Lemberg. For a time, he held a series of low-paid jobs, including that of journalist. Around 1908, he was penning articles for various newspapers secretly run by Aurel Onciul, a controversial leader of the Democratic Peasants' Party. In November 1909, Brăileanu obtained a doctorate in philosophy magna cum laude, his adviser being Wahle. The same year, he became engaged to Emilia Silion, of an old Bukovina family; the couple, who married in 1910, had three sons and a daughter.Academic beginnings
Thanks to his elder brother, in 1909 he obtained a position as translator at the Romanian Legation in Vienna, where he remained until 1914. During this period, he took courses at the University of Vienna and undertook research at its library. In 1912, he published a work of epistemology, followed by one


texts: on ethics (Die Grundlegung zu einer Wissenschaft der Ethik) in 1919. During that interval, he became especially interested in the work of Vasile Conta, a 19th-century metaphyisician and political thinker. Writing in 1915, Ana Conta Kernbach identified <mask> as one of "the few young men who are researching [Conta's] work". Upon the outbreak of World War I, <mask> was drafted into the Austrian Army. Wounded, he was hospitalized in Bohemia, then moved to Lemberg with his regiment, after which he returned to Vienna.Meanwhile, his wife and the two children had taken refuge in Siret and then in Suceava, later returning to Austria. The union of Bukovina with Romania occurred at the end of World War I, and he immediately left Vienna for his native province, upon his older brother's urging. Beginning in 1919, <mask> was a librarian at his alma mater in what was now Cernăuți. He occupied this role until 1921, while in 1920, he became a lecturer. In 1924, he was named full professor at the department of sociology, ethics and politics. As an academic, his objective was to write survey texts of sociology, then ethics and finally politics. His introduction to sociology, published in 1923, was noted for on the sociological work of Conta, whom he identified as the founder of Romanian philosophy, and a personal guide.Following Conta, <mask> described a holistic social system of organic unity, grouping "social tissues", for which he eventually coined the term "human community". While ethics dealt with individual behavior, the community was the inextricable object of sociology. His first major success, this work drew positive reviews from, among others, Nicolae Iorga. Nicknamed "Socrates" by his admiring students, he was known to appreciate the term, considering the Greek philosopher a model. Politically, he was, after 1919, involved in nationalist movements within the nascent Greater Romania. <mask> was at first a follower of Alexandru Averescu and his People's League, the Bukovina wing of which he

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 led. He was involved in a lengthy dispute with a Nicolai Mitenco, after deposing him as editor of Țărănimea newspaper and "purging" the party of undesirables.In September 1924, with an article he published in Societatea de Mâine, Brăileanu sought to identify the political problems of Greater Romania as they affected Bukovina's society. It suggested that, in the new political climate, "entirely stunted by the supremacy of timely politics, or what we call politicking", Romanian intellectuals were "caving in to a despotic domination by the bankers". He claimed that the Bukovina Jews were a parasitical class, 90% of whom "made a living from the stupidity of the native population", and justified economic antisemitism as a reaction to historical "imbalance". Nonetheless, he argued in favor of complete Jewish assimilation, including "long processes of interbreeding" with Romanians and a renewed social organization, based on the "division of labor" (with references to Conta and Émile Durkheim). Joining the Iron Guard
<mask> eventually quit the People's League due to internal maneuvers that displeased him. Then, he entered the Democratic Nationalist Party of Iorga, whom he sincerely respected, and organized the party's Bukovina chapter from 1922 to 1925. He left this party too, unhappy with certain mergers it had undergone.Progressively, <mask> identified with the extreme right, claiming that the political mainstream took a "soft attitude" toward ethnic minorities. He migrated to the antisemitic National-Christian Defense League (LANC), which he left following a disagreement with its leader A. C. Cuza. In 1926–1927, <mask> was member of the small political group called "Statutory LANC", which, as academic Lucian Butaru noted, was home to "shady figures of the Romanian political and cultural life", including Ion Zelea Codreanu and Corneliu Șumuleanu. At the time, he presided over a commission which investigated the clashes between Romanian authorities in Bukovina and Jewish students who had

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texts: failed the Romanian Baccalaureate. He wrote an angry report, noting that Jews were ignorant of "the history and geography of the fatherland", and claiming that the riots were "premeditated". His antisemitic bias was brought up publicly by Mayer Ebner, the Jewish community spokesman, and may have led to <mask>'s eventual dismissal. This came in July 1927, when the governing National Liberal Party reasserted control over his university.<mask> was one of the editors of Gheorghe Alexianu's Bucovina, a review of law, sociology, and criminology, and contributed to Ion Petrovici's philosophical journal, Minerva, with an essay on the sociology of Vilfredo Pareto. By then, his sociological work intertwined with his politics. As noted by historian Lucian Nastasă, he was one of the Romanian academics whose work exemplifies "strongly nationalistic and extremist ideologies". In his 1928 Politica, considered the first Romanian volume of political theory, he suggested the establishment of a military dictatorship to consolidate the Romanian monarchy. <mask> most likely joined the Iron Guard (or "Legionary Movement"), a radical antisemitic and fascist group, upon its founding in 1927. He entered its senate in 1930, helping to consolidate the movement's intellectual prestige, and is seen by some as its most important theoretician after Nae Ionescu. Possibly radicalized under the influence of racial eugenicist Iordache Făcăoaru, Brăileanu's views on minority issues were recast into a scientifically racist sociological theory, which postulated that Jews were not capable of being integrated into any other nation.His support for racial determinism led him to conclude that "the variation of social types" was only a historical action of environmental and demographic factors, and that, in all other respects, individuals of the same race were identical. Brăileanu also founded the literary society Iconar, noted for its strong xenophobia, which eventually divided itself into a far-right wing, under <mask>, and

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 a more moderate one, supportive of the National Liberals. Writing in 1936 for Marta Rădulescu's Revista Mea, he demanded a neo-traditionalist and nationalist revival in Romanian art, placed in service to "the Church and the State", and rejecting "kike commercialism". According to literary historian Rodica Ilie, his call to "purge Romanian society of corrupting influences" was a "trope" shared by extreme nationalists and communists of the day, the latter of whom targeted "bourgeois seductions" rather than "Jewish spirituality". Throughout the interval, <mask> carried on with his research, writing textbooks of sociology and ethics for the high school level. A translator from German and Greek, he was especially drawn to Immanuel Kant and Aristotle. <mask>'s translation of the Critique of Pure Reason appeared in 1930, being hailed by philosopher Tudor Vianu as one of the prime achievements of its era, but criticized by Ernest Bernea as "confusing" and "fragmentary".There followed more works on ethics (1935–1936) and the history of sociological doctrines (1936–1937). From 1931 to 1933, he was dean of the Philosophy and Letters Faculty. He had ties to foreign sociologists, and in 1937 became a member of the Columbia University-affiliated Academy of Political Science. In addition, from 1933 he was assistant professor in the history of philosophy department, replacing the deceased Vasile Gherasim. He was made a commander of the Order of the Crown in 1933. Însemnări Sociologice and senatorial mandate
<mask> ultimately became the unchallenged leader of a sociological school at Cernăuți, akin to those led by Dimitrie Gusti at Bucharest, Virgil Bărbat at Cluj and Petre Andrei at Iași. During this time, he founded Însemnări Sociologice magazine.As noted by various historians, it should be seen as largely dedicated to supporting the Iron Guard platform. <mask>'s articles there combined a condemnation of the multi-party system with the theory of "Judaeo-communist revolution", arguing that the


texts: former would inevitably lead to the latter, and proposed instead a corporate state headed by the Guard. Leon Volovici concludes that Însemnări Sociologice "did not differ from Legionary propaganda", with its ample references to "the Internationale of the yids", anti-Masonic lore, and calls for racial segregation ("complete, biological and spiritual separation from the Jews"). <mask> himself proudly acknowledged that there was little difference between his Guardist credo and his sociological work, describing Însemnări Sociologice as providing "Legionary doctrine" with "all the support of social science". "Doctrines", he argued, always took precedence over scientific observation, since "they determine the lives of individuals and peoples." Brăileanu's writings, including his articles in teachers' magazines, shifted toward developing a Romanian "elite theory" and the role of state pedagogy in cultivating a fresh political establishment. His idea of corporatism differed from that espoused by Mihail Manoilescu, arguing a strong dictatorship by an "ascetic elite", with a charismatic leader, could set up the Romanian corporations, but never the other way around.He saw his "meritocratic aristocracy" embodied in Ion Moța and the other five Iron Guard men who left as volunteers for the Spanish Civil War. Invoking the examples set by Italian fascism and Nazism, <mask> argued that educating the masses to accept leadership and social selection "without a murmur" was far more beneficial than perpetuating universal suffrage. In a June 1937 article for Buna Vestire, he identified international fascism as the quintessential enemy of communism and Jewishness, and postulated that freedom was only possible within nationalism. Unlike other Guard intellectuals, he was skeptical of territorial expansionism, writing that, as Greater Romania, the Romanian state had reached its "natural borders" and economic self-sufficiency. His complaint was that the entity had not yet become a "nation state". Like the rest

masks: Brăileanu Brăileanu


texts: of the Guard, <mask> found himself in conflict with King Carol II and the political factions who supported him, leading to a series of violent clashes and retaliatory murders. In 1936, he was one of 50 "nationalist luminaries" invited at the Guard's student congress in Târgu Mureș.The event ended with mass arrests for conspiracy, during which time <mask> was asked to serve as the Guard's defense witness. According to one report, Însemnări Sociologice was banned in February 1937. The Guard itself was also outlawed, but reemerged under the guise of the "Everything for the Country Party". Although by then a secondary figure, cut off from the major political centers, <mask> was deeply involved in its creation, in recruiting youth, and in organizing charity campaigns, his activities closely monitored by the Romanian Police. He was particularly enthusiastic about the Guard's work-camp network, deeming them the "formative school of the Legionary Romanian". <mask> was still the inspiration behind Iconar, described in police records as "a camouflaged Legionary newspaper of the defunct Iron Guard". Other magazines he edited included Cugetări, Poporul, Gazeta Poporului and Înălțarea, the last at Sibiu between 1940 and 1941.<mask> was sent to the Romanian Senate following the general election of December 1937, having presented himself on Legionary lists for both Cernăuți and Câmpulung Moldovenesc. Nationally, the split vote resulted in minority rule by a LANC successor, the National Christian Party (PNC), with the king's endorsement. Writing in Însemnări Sociologice in January 1938, <mask> complained that the PNC's antisemitic program was incomplete, since it failed to target liberal democracy, "that which has made kikes all-powerful". The LANC, he noted, had been too moderate, "demagogic and corrupt"; the Iron Guard would need to reemerge and "turn chaos to order". He nevertheless displayed his and his party's loyalty toward the king, explaining for Buna Vestire that "the monarch represents the

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 supreme principle of order and the political hierarchy". <mask> eventually lost his Senate seat the establishment of a single-party regime, the National Renaissance Front (FRN), in February 1938. He withdrew from political life, while his Iconar disciples sought a rapprochement with the FRN chapter in Ținutul Suceava.He focused on a synthesis of his sociological theory, with Teoria Comunității Omenești ("The Theory of Human Community"), published in 1939 by Editura Cugetarea (second edition 1941). The work also signified his distancing from both holism and the mainline, positivist, sociological school of Bucharest, turning to phenomenological sociology and pragmatism, with more or less explicit borrowings from Edmund Husserl and William James. Iron Guard Minister

Due to the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in the summer of 1940, <mask> was obliged to flee his home, and his entire personal library was lost. He then entered the University of Bucharest as a professor. From his new home in Bucharest, <mask> was consulted by the FRN regime and Prime Minister Ion Gigurtu, helping them draft Romania's first set of antisemitic laws. A month later, the FRN dictatorship crumbled, and Carol II abdicated; the Guard seized the opportunity and proclaimed its National Legionary State, with Ion Antonescu as the Conducător. <mask> took over two ministerial portfolios, fused into one: the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs and the Ministry of the Arts.His deputy was a Bucharest sociologist, <mask> Herseni. The staff he appointed also included other Guard affiliates: Făcăoaru, Haig Acterian, Vasile Băncilă, Dan Botta, Eugen Chirnoagă, Vladimir Dumitrescu, and Radu Gyr. Reportedly, <mask>'s appointment prefigured later conflicts between the Guard and Antonescu: the latter disliked <mask>'s radicalism, but yielded to pressures from Horia Sima, the Guard Commander. After assuming office, <mask> ordered changes in his ministry, but upheld and expanded upon the Gigurtu laws,

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texts: equating interwar democracy with "the establishment of foreign and Kike rule". On his orders, Jewish students were expelled from Romanian high schools, excepting only those who could present proof that they were the direct descendants of war veterans; he allowed for the creation of a private-run, fully segregated, Jewish educational system. This policy enlisted protests from Jewish community leaders such as Wilhelm Filderman and Alexandru Șafran. Their protests, which went unanswered, noted that Brăileanu's criteria for segregation were more intransigent than the Nuremberg Laws in Nazi Germany.<mask> similarly ordered the segregation of Jewish actors, who were sacked from all Romanian theaters, public or private, "without restriction or exception". They could only be employed by "Jewish theaters", which had to advertise their racial makeup, and could only perform in plays screened for "anti-patriotic" content. Speaking at the time, the minister intimated his goal of outlawing Judaism, and hinted at the possibility of destroying synagogues, finding that these were "too many, if compared to the number of kikes." One other decree issued during his term banned Romanian pupils from purchasing schoolbooks from Jewish-owned businesses, while another dismissed eleven Jewish high school teachers. <mask> also went after one of his FRN predecessors, the left-wing sociologist Andrei, declaring him an undesirable, banned from teaching in all public schools. In October 1940, he countersigned the order to arrest Andrei, who was thus shamed into committing suicide. <mask> annoyed Antonescu by insisting on minute details of cultural and religious policy: he wanted to rename villages whose name still honored Ion G. Duca, demanded the removal of frescoes depicting Carol II, and also proposed to shut down the Bucharest Crematorium, which he saw as anti-Christian.According to various reports, his Ministry encouraged the display of propaganda material in high schools, allowing teachers to put up portraits


texts: of the Guard's assassinated founder, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. The Guard was allowed to recruit young students, grouped into "Cross Brotherhoods"; teachers were prevented from interfering with their paramilitary activities, even when students skipped classes. Enlistment therein was facilitated by rumors that non-members would be barred from entering universities. Brăileanu's other decrees lifted academic freedom, allowing the Ministry to intervene in college policy, and prioritized the academic employment of people who, like himself, were known Guard members or had been jobless since the Soviet occupation. He disbanded the National Student Front, the sole student association established under the FRN, and lifted bans on other student associations. However, these were effectively centralized into the National Union of Christian Students, which answered directly to Brăileanu, and the Student Front property was handed over to the Guard. Creating "review boards" presided over by Herseni, Chirnoagă and Făcăoaru, Brăileanu also presided over the purge of former FRN men, Jews, and known leftists, and personally stripped George Călinescu, Iorgu Iordan and Bazil Munteanu of their university chairs.He also ordered the immediate pensioning of all teachers aged 65 and over. This measure was designed to hurt Iorga, who had emerged as a major adversary of the Guard. Brăileanu's tenure at the twin Ministries is described by historian Marian Ștefan as a "vast program for the political influencing of both teaching body and youth." He was applauded by Sima as a "doctrinaire of nationalism" and "one of the prime representatives of our race". Co-opted on the Guard's executive committee, or "Legionary Forum", he was still particularly interested in the creation of a new Guardist elite. Unlike Sima, he saw in it a conservative rather than revolutionary force, lecturing on the topic and having his ideas reprinted in Universul. He also attended to problems of school organization, took steps to enhance


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 theological education, and envisaged a state-sponsored translation program of the classics.Like Sima and painter Alexandru Bassarab, he also promoted the ideal of a new "Legionary art", which advertised itself as the true representative of Romanian values. He described Codreanu as the national "educationist" and "great reformer of our times", and overall a "holy torch" of the Romanian people. Downfall
Together with Sima and Herseni, <mask> sought to establish full Guardist control over cultural institutes such as Accademia di Romania, but their moves were vetoed by Antonescu, who favored a more conservative approach. <mask> had a tense relationship with another one of Antonescu's proteges, Sextil Pușcariu, who led the Romanian Institute in Berlin and had been given discretionary powers. Antonescu also asked <mask> to tone down his purge of academia, and the latter threatened with his resignation. Horrified by the Guard's assassinations of Iorga and Virgil Madgearu, in late November, he again tendered his resignation, but was persuaded to reverse his decision—allegedly, he agreed so that he could spare the country even greater chaos. The Guard and Antonescu still clashed over issues of political control, until, in January 1941, tensions exploded as the Legionary rebellion.During these events, the "Cross Brotherhoods" were activated in various schools, and some of their members took up arms against Antonescu's more conservative faction. The university student corps was also highly active during the events, and later organized an underground movement against Antonescu. Within seven days, however, Antonescu had retaken control of the country and purged his government of Guardist ministers. <mask>'s immediate successor was an apolitical figure, Radu R. Rosetti, who proceeded to undo the politicization of schools and universities. However, as Rosetti himself noted, the Ministry was in effect under Antonescu's direct control. Faced with ministerial suggestions for toning down the repression


texts: of Jews, Antonescu remained adamant that segregation was a valuable policy, and devised a system for its perpetuation. Arrested during the counter-coup, <mask> was jailed in a former Bucharest barracks.He was sought after as an expert in Nazi Germany: in May, Ernst Krieck, the racial scientist, invited him over as a visiting scholar. <mask> was tried in June 1941 for "corrupting the youth" or "encouraging dissent among the military". After acting as his own attorney, he was acquitted of the more serious charge of treason, but sentenced to six months in jail for the lesser accusation. A nephew of his, Virgil Procopovici, who had been visibly active in the Guard, was also detained at that time. In December 1942, when rumors spread that Sima was preparing to return from exile with Nazi support, <mask> was re-arrested, alongside some 1,500 other Guard figures, and interned at Târgu Jiu. He arrived there together with his former subordinates Gyr and Petre P. Panaitescu, and found themselves cold-shouldered by left-wing inmates. One of these was journalist Zaharia Stancu, who made a point of noting that <mask> looked "ill and profoundly miserable."Unusually, <mask> shared lodgings with a group of Jewish inmates such as Alexandru Albescu. Despite pleas from prominent members of the establishment, he was not released, whereas other detainees, including Gyr, left in February 1943. <mask> was again freed in the spring of 1944 and repeatedly offered a chance to emigrate, which he declined. The year 1941 marked the end of <mask>'s teaching career; he was forced to retire following his acquittal. Meanwhile, he continued his studies from 1941 to 1945, especially working on translations. In 1944, the official publishing company, Casa Școalelor, issued his Romanian version of the Nicomachean Ethics—according to literary critic Adrian Marino, it was a "failed attempt", and "downright impossible". Philosopher Cristian Ducu also notes <mask>'s inconsistent translation of the term ergon, which results

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 in "grave errors at the conceptual level."Postwar trial and death

Following the King Michael Coup of August 1944, General Nicolae Rădescu, soon to become prime minister, pointed to <mask> as among those guilty of the "national disaster" that had befallen the country. He was placed under house arrest, and was held under permanent watch in the room where he lay bedridden with a duodenal ulcer. In 1945, he was removed from his house, detained and taken to police headquarters. Hospitalized following a hemorrhage, he remained under medical care until his trial. This took place in May of the following year, when <mask> and Antonescu were among the 24 politicians brought before Romanian People's Tribunals, collectively charged with "bringing disaster upon the country". At the time, the Communist Party organ, Scînteia, described <mask> as "flushed out, disjointed, his baldness sowed with grey bristle hairs as on a worn-out brush, his mouth toothless, words emerging inconsistent, gelatinous". As argued by political scientist Ruxandra Cesereanu, such portrayals meant to induce the notion that <mask> was already dead to the world, a "living corpse".<mask> was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment; another official jailed at the same trial was Ion Petrovici, a successor of his at the Education Ministry. First held at Văcărești Prison before being moved to Aiud Prison, <mask> continued working on translations of Aristotle, as well as on a memoir covering the early part of his life. In 1947, he developed a severe ulcer and, gravely ill, was taken to the Brașov prison hospital. In June, a committee of doctors decided he did not require a hospital stay, and he was returned to Aiud. He died there, most likely on October 3. Shortly before, the prison doctor had refused to send him for an operation, and he was not allowed to access a package his relatives had sent. His family managed to bring the body to Bucharest, where he was buried in an Orthodox ceremony at Sfânta Vineri Cemetery.Others who


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 occupy the same gravesite include his wife, who lived until 1972, and his father. Publication and analysis of his works was entirely suppressed under the communist regime that followed his death. Some exceptions were made under the national communism of the 1980s, when Mihu Achim recovered him as a reference for "national sociology". By 1990, following the anticommunist Romanian Revolution, <mask>'s works were again the object of public scrutiny. Controversially, sociologist Dan Dungaciu published a piece honoring <mask> and his theory of the elites in a May 1993 issue of Mișcarea, the neo-fascist newspaper. In 1997, the Romanian Academy's sociological institute held a session dedicated to <mask>. His ancestral home in Bilca was reopened as a local museum.<mask>'s one daughter was married to his assistant Leon Țopa (1912–1996). Late in his life, Țopa was interviewed by Dungaciu, arguing that <mask> should be understood as a sociologist, beyond his political commitments. <mask>'s nephew Virgil Procopovici survived both his jailing under Antonescu and a renewed communist imprisonment from 1948, and, in 1999, reemerged as a legatee of the Iron Guard, republishing Guardist literature that he had kept hidden for the previous 50 years. Selected bibliography
Despre condițiile conștiinței și ale cunoștinței ("On the Conditions of Consciousness and Knowing"; 1912)
Die Grundlegung zu einer Wissenschaft der Ethik ("The Foundation of a Science of Ethics"; 1919)
Introducere în sociologie ("Introduction to Sociology"; 1924)
Sociologie generală ("General Sociology"; 1926)
Etică și sociologie. Contribuții la soluționarea problemei Individ și Societate ("Ethics and Sociology. Contributions to the Solution of the Problem of the Individual and Society"; 1928)
Politica ("Politics"; 1928)
Etica ("Ethics"; 1935)
Sociologia și arta politică ("Sociology and the Art of Politics"; 1937)
Teoria Comunității Omenești ("The Theory of Human Community"; 1939, 1941)
Sociologia și arta guvernării. Articole politice


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<mask> (born July 26, 1942) is an American author and journalist whose writing against the Church of Scientology resulted in harassment from Scientologists. An early critic of the church, she published The Scandal of Scientology in 1971. She endured many years of attacks from church leadership and their agents, including lawsuits, smear campaigns, overt and covert surveillance, outright threats, and even a criminal frame-up. Church founder and leader L. Ron Hubbard was reportedly obsessed with her and personally plotted against her. The Church of Scientology instituted a total of nineteen lawsuits against <mask> from all over the world. She countersued them three times before finally settling with the church in 1985.

<mask> has authored or co-authored nearly two dozen books, covering a wide range of topics including travel, missing persons, psychics, and pets, in addition to Scientology. Her books have sold close to half a million copies in total.Early life
<mask>'s birth parents were Chaim and Ruchla (née Minkowski) Bucholc, Polish Jews who immigrated to Antwerp, Belgium in the late 1920s. Paula "<mask>" was born on July 26, 1942, during the Nazi occupation of Belgium. Chaim, a skilled leatherworker, was arrested four days before her birth; Ruchla was arrested that October. Both perished that year at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Family friends kept Paula and her older sister Sarah in hiding for months, but Nazi troops eventually found them. Just before they were to be sent to Auschwitz in the summer of 1943, friends of Chaim's and other benefactors secured their release by bribing Nazi officials. <mask> and Sarah spent years in various

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 orphanages in Belgium.Sarah (later known as "Suzy") was eventually adopted by an aunt who could not afford to support both sisters. An American Jewish couple, Ted and Stella (née Toepfer) <mask>, arranged for <mask> to come live with them in New York City in 1948. The adoption was formalized in 1950, at which time <mask> was also naturalized. Education
Though she spoke only French when she arrived in the United States, <mask> adopted English quickly, reading voraciously and writing by age 8. She graduated from Brandeis University with a psychology degree in 1964, having also completed a summer course in comparative religion at Harvard. After graduation she returned to Harvard for several months to work on a schizophrenia study. She later earned a master's degree from The City College of New York.Early career
Early in her career, <mask> distinguished herself in her work for advertising agencies, including the prestigious BBDO. She enjoyed the challenge of working in the field of copywriting. However, she soon began to pursue magazine writing and the colorful lifestyle surrounding it. By age 26, she had already sold stories to TV Guide, Cosmopolitan, and The Washington Post. As a freelancer, she was always on the lookout for new and interesting subjects for her writing. In 1970 her writing about her adventure as "the first female stowaway" on a cruise liner caught the attention of several major media outlets. Conflict with Scientology
<mask>'s interest in Scientology began with a disturbing visit from a former BBDO colleague.The man told her that through his involvement with Scientology, he had learned he was the reincarnation of

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 Jesus Christ. After that he announced, "God has decided to rape you," but <mask> managed to get him out of her apartment without incident. She called a former boyfriend who had himself experimented with Scientology and told him about the visitor's claim that he was Jesus. "Maybe he really is," the ex-boyfriend said. <mask>, thinking she may have stumbled on an intriguing story subject, signed up for an introductory "Communication Course" at the local Scientology "org". Between sessions she explored the facility, asking questions and even taking several documents from an office. One document listed people deemed "Suppressive Persons"—enemies of Scientology.She began work on a Scientology article in earnest. She later said of her motivation to write about Scientology: "I had a master’s degree in psychology and had studied comparative religion at Harvard for a summer and what I learned during my research about the group founded by L. Ron Hubbard was both fascinating and frightening. The story cried out to be told." Queen magazine article
Through interviews with former church members, <mask> learned much about the organization's internal methods of control and the harassment of those who left. When the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) raided the Washington, D.C. church in 1963, agents and police seized thousands of pages of documents, from which <mask> gleaned additional insights. She also procured a copy of the Anderson Report, a damning 1965 indictment of the church from the Australian state of Victoria, which denounced the church's methods as psychologically abusive and recommended banning it. The church's already

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 litigious reputation made many publications wary of Scientology stories.Nevertheless, London's Queen magazine eventually included <mask>'s article, "The Tragi-Farce of Scientology", in its December 1969 issue (its last issue before it was absorbed into Harper's Bazaar). While it mainly addressed the harassment of Scientology critics, it was the first Scientology story to delve into sexual misconduct by church auditors. Shortly after its publication, <mask> received two anonymous, telephoned death threats warning her to stop writing about Scientology. The Scandal of Scientology

<mask> leveraged her research for the magazine article to produce a 22-chapter book, The Scandal of Scientology, subtitled "A chilling examination of the nature, beliefs, and practices of the 'now religion'". She pitched this exposé as a trove of "exciting, interesting, unknown, controversial material". Despite multiple lawsuit threats from the Church of Scientology, Tower Publications released the book in June 1971. Its Appendix "The Scientologist's Story" included author questions with answers provided by David Gaiman, then the Public Relations Director of Scientology in England.Soon after publication, the church sued <mask> for libel over the Queen magazine article, though Harper's Bazaar settled the matter quickly. In December, the church followed with a lawsuit against the book itself in Los Angeles Superior Court, alleging "untrue, libelous, and defamatory statements about the Church." Tower Publications would buy itself out of the lawsuit in late 1973, to <mask>'s disappointment. A Scientology defector would later claim she saw a copy of The Scandal

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 of Scientology in the lounge of the Apollo, the flagship of Scientology's Sea Org. Attacks by the Guardian's Office
By early 1971, <mask> was being targeted by the Guardian's Office (GO) of the Church of Scientology (since superseded by the Office of Special Affairs, or OSA). This organization, linked to church founder L. Ron Hubbard's wife Mary Sue, was the church's sophisticated spy and intelligence operation. They heard about <mask>'s book and tried to stop its publication through various means.They used the church's legal apparatus to threaten her publisher with lawsuits. While she was visiting Scotland for a travel story, dozens of strangers staked out her hotel, and some followed, photographed, or called her; David Gaiman, also a GO operative, even met her at the airport with fake writs for libel. Early in 1972, a GO memo referred to <mask> as "an unhandled attacker of Scientology", and the organization stepped up its surveillance and harassment. They researched her past, her personal life, and even her college grades. <mask> received many obscene phone calls and some threatening ones. Damage to her telephone lines suggested someone had eavesdropped on her. In March, <mask> sued the New York Church of Scientology for $15.4 million, hoping to stop the harassment.Also in March, <mask> was named as one of 18 defendants in another church lawsuit, which alleged a conspiracy to produce Robert Kaufman's book Inside Scientology. This connection put her in contact with L. Ron Hubbard, Jr. (a.k.a. "Nibs"), son of the church founder and a prominent Scientology defector. Together they collaborated on a long essay, "A Look Inside

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 Scientology", while staying with <mask>'s parents. <mask>, Nibs, and Kaufman discussed their work on multiple radio and television programs. Internal GO memos suggest the organization considered plans to ruin <mask>'s father Ted's finances and diamond business, "thus cutting off one of P.C. 's financial supports".An imposter had her phone briefly disconnected. A scandal sheet circulated accusing <mask> of sexual deviancy and writing pornography. All this, in addition to the lawsuits, impeded her ability to work. At her lawyer's behest, she began compiling a harassment diary in 1972 to support her lawsuit. Operation Dynamite / Operation Lovely
In 1972 the GO launched "Operation Dynamite" to "[attempt] commitment procedures" on <mask>. A critical sequence of developments and suspicious events occurred in December 1972:

 6th: <mask> signed a petition offered to her by a canvasser named "Margie". 8th: The Church of Scientology in New York received the first of two poorly-written bomb threats.The church alerted the FBI, naming <mask> as a possible suspect. 13th: The second threat was hand-delivered to the church. 15th: <mask> moved to a new apartment. 19th: <mask>'s cousin was attacked by an armed intruder while staying at <mask>'s old apartment. In February 1973, anonymous flyers appeared all over <mask>'s new apartment building accusing her of various sexual perversions, including pedophilia. <mask> suspected her ex-boyfriend from BBDO had provided the Church of Scientology with certain details mentioned in the letter—details also hinted at in the first bomb threat. The pedophilia claim was oddly similar to an incident involving a

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texts: church auditor that she had researched for her book.Soon after, <mask> received a federal grand jury subpoena and learned that she was a prime suspect in the bomb threats. At the hearing, the prosecutor revealed that <mask>'s fingerprint was found on the second bomb threat letter. Both letters were also linked to <mask>'s typewriter. Nibs had reconciled with Scientology in the fall of 1972 and probably provided intelligence on <mask>. Details about <mask> in the first bomb threat letter suggested he may have helped write it. He had also had access to her typewriter while they were collaborating. <mask> would later see letters from Nibs to his father in which he claimed to be actively working against his father's "enemies".Such individuals fell under Scientology's Fair Game policy, meaning they "[m]ay be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist...[and] tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed." <mask>'s fingerprint on the second letter may have come from Nibs, or from the petition she signed in early December. On May 17, 1973, <mask> was indicted in connection with the threats. By this time, the GO had come to refer to the campaign against <mask> as Operation Lovely, since her code name in internal GO correspondence was "Mrs. Lovely". While she awaited trial, <mask> depended heavily on several close friends, two of whom turned out to be agents of the Church of Scientology. "Paula" had been introduced to her by "Margie", the canvasser from December. Paula disappeared soon after <mask> discovered a photo of a woman who resembled her in Scientology's Freedom magazine."Jerry" often stayed in her apartment and

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 would eventually move in for several months, during which time he reported regularly to the GO. In one GO memo he noted that if <mask> became depressed enough to commit suicide, "Wouldn't this be a great thing for Scientology?" On several occasions, he tried to coax <mask> to stand with him on the dangerous ledge of her 33rd-floor apartment. "Jerry" disappeared after <mask> found his name in a Scientology publication and confronted him about it. Later, former Scientology operatives would identify him as a man using the alias "Don Alverzo", the Church's most senior spy at the time. Meanwhile, the smear campaign continued. In March, a smear letter was sent to her parents.Similar letters addressed to her boyfriend, which also threatened his career, would eventually destroy their relationship. The United States of America vs. <mask> <mask> never went to trial. <mask> made a deal with the U.S. Attorney's office in which she admitted no guilt. On September 16, 1975, the U.S. Attorney's Office formally filed a nolle prosequi in the case. Though she avoided a trial, she still feared the indictment becoming public and damaging her career prospects. <mask> had failed a polygraph early on, but she passed a truth-serum test shortly before the indictment was dropped. She was ultimately vindicated when the FBI raided Scientology offices in 1977 and recovered documents relating to the operation.Operation Freakout

The GO's harassment of <mask> continued into 1974. Her father's office received copies of pages from the diary she had kept as a teenager—and still had in her possession. In early 1975 GO agents broke into the office of <mask>'s

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texts: college psychiatrist and stole her records. Later that year, <mask> began receiving copies of her medical records in the mail from anonymous senders. The church compiled a detailed internal report on her that year. L. Ron Hubbard was reportedly "obsessed" with <mask>. "He thought [she] was working for every group he could imagine that was against Scientology," said Bill Franks, a Scientology member tasked with dismantling the GO after its leaders were imprisoned."He just thought she was the antichrist." On one occasion in 1975, Hubbard was overheard referring to her as "That bitch, <mask> <mask>!" In 1976, Hubbard and his operatives in the GO, frustrated by their failure to silence <mask>, developed an ambitious new campaign to discredit her. Dubbed Operation Freakout, its goal was to have <mask> "incarcerated in a mental institution or jail or at least to hit her so hard that she drops her attacks." The plan included staging multiple tightly coordinated incidents involving imposters, false reports, and planted items. Central to the plot was another series of bomb threat letters. One, full of vitriol concerning the treatment of Israel, was to be delivered to an Arab embassy.Another would be addressed to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. The new campaign included another scheme to get <mask>'s fingerprint on a piece of paper. <mask> suspected such an attempt when a stranger approached her in a bar with a clipboard. Around the same time, she learned that someone impersonating her had made phone calls to friends. In the end, Operation Freakout was never implemented, at least not fully. <mask> may have complicated the plan by moving

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 to Los Angeles to assist with her defense in a Church of Scientology lawsuit there. An affidavit by a former Scientologist alleges that in 1977 the church was plotting to assassinate <mask>.However, no other source corroborates this, despite voluminous GO documentation about the attempts to ruin her life and reputation. Lawsuits
Over the course of its conflict with <mask>, the Church of Scientology sued her nineteen times, operating in courts all over the world. <mask> ultimately counter-sued the church three times. In Church of Scientology of California vs <mask> <mask>, et. al., filed in December 1971 in Los Angeles Superior Court, the plaintiff alleged that The Scandal of Scientology made "untrue, libelous, and defamatory statements about the Church." The case was due to go to trial in 1976, by which time the book's publisher had long-since reached a separate settlement with the church. Despite a strong defense, <mask>, homesick and weary of litigation, also decided to settle.As part of the deal signed on December 5, 1976, <mask> surrendered the copyright for her book to the church and agreed to no longer comment on it publicly. In return, the church dropped all its remaining lawsuits against <mask>. In the weeks leading up to the settlement, dozens of Scientologists tried to influence the course of events. They regularly camped outside <mask>'s lawyer's office and filled the courtroom, hoping to steer the thoughts of the lawyer and the judge in the church's favor. On July 8, 1977, the FBI raided Church of Scientology facilities in D.C. and Los Angeles in response to Operation Snow White, the church's program to collect

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texts: intelligence and steal documents related to Scientology from federal agencies. Documents seized in the raid detailed other criminal activities, and the FBI reached out to <mask> for help with the investigation. As she assisted them, she came upon a photo of her vanished friend "Paula", confirming she had been a church agent.In April 1978, the Washington Post published a pair of articles based on the seized documents. One covered <mask>'s frame-up in detail. In the first article, author Ron Shaffer wrote: "The 'attack and destroy' campaign carried out by the Church of Scientology's 'Guardian's Office' to silence critics has involved illegal surveillance, burglaries, forgeries and many forms of harassment, according to sources close to an intensive federal investigation of the Scientologists' activities." The Church of Scientology of California falsely accused <mask> of helping prepare the Post stories, an alleged violation of the 1976 settlement terms. The church filed yet another lawsuit against her on May 25, 1978, and the New York church did the same the following month. <mask> counter-sued in both cases. On March 9, 1981, <mask> sued the Boston church and L. Ron and Mary Sue Hubbard for $25 million.In August the church filed its 18th lawsuit against her for discouraging celebrity support of a benefit auction for a new Celebrity Centre in Los Angeles. Around the same time, however, changes in church leadership created a push to settle all outstanding lawsuits and charges. In February 1985, <mask> finally settled with the church for an undisclosed amount. On a couple of occasions, even after the settlement, the church strangely


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 tried to bribe <mask> to spy for them. Clearwater Hearings

The Church of Scientology had been plotting to take over the city of Clearwater, Florida since 1975, looking to establish a literal safe harbor for L. Ron Hubbard. The citizenry pushed back. <mask> was one of the speakers at an anti-Scientology rally in Clearwater that drew 10,000 local residents.On June 1, 1980, the news magazine program 60 Minutes aired a segment about Scientology's takeover of Clearwater. <mask> was interviewed for the story and described her indictment ordeal. In the same program, Scientology leader David Gaiman claimed that <mask>'s harassment was the fault of "overzealous" Scientologists and that Hubbard had not been involved in it—despite Hubbard's own policy letters encouraging such activity. On May 8, 1982, <mask> testified at the Clearwater Hearings, held by city officials over five days to investigate the Scientology takeover. She detailed her history with the church, describing a more than a decade of harassment, lawsuits, and threats. "It was an incredible vindication to look at these [FBI-seized] documents and see that everything I had said about Scientology since 1968 was true, and that they had turned out to be worse than anything I had said or imagined." Activism
During the 1970s, some former Scientologists and distraught family members sought out <mask> for help.She connected them with newspaper reporters and magazine writers and encouraged them to tell their stories. She also encouraged fellow journalists to cover the church critically. In the early 1980s <mask> published a newsletter entitled "Scientology Clearing-House: A Quarterly

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texts: Summary of Scientology news (non-objectively) edited by <mask> <mask>". After the final legal settlement with the church in 1985, <mask> went silent about Scientology for a while. The church's litigious response to a 1991 TIME magazine article caused the mainstream media to avoid stories about Scientology for about fifteen years. During this time, though, alt.religion.scientology (ARS) formed on Usenet and began publishing secret church teachings. In 1995 an ARS regular posted the complete text of The Scandal of Scientology online.After this, <mask> would occasionally contribute to ARS (and elsewhere online) She started reaching out again to journalists writing about Scientology. In the 2000s, mainstream media interest in Scientology began growing again, in part due to the antics of celebrity adherent Tom Cruise. <mask> wrote an article entitled "The Scandal of the Scandal of Scientology", published in 2007 in Byline magazine, the publication of the New York Press Club. In 2011 The Village Voice wrote at length about <mask>'s ordeal with Scientology. This article, plus subsequent writing about her early life in Belgium, garnered additional media interest. Also in 2011, <mask> learned that a Vanity Fair journalist she considered a friend had been secretly working for the church for two decades; among other services, he had spied on <mask>. In May 2015, Tony Ortega, a writer for The Village Voice, published a biography of <mask> entitled The Unbreakable Miss Lovely: How the Church of Scientology tried to destroy <mask> <mask>.<mask> continues to speak out about the Church of Scientology today, enjoying high regard from online

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 activists, ex-Scientologists, and others. Career
As a journalist, <mask> has written hundreds of stories on a variety of subjects. She produced many of these for the National Enquirer, which employed her beginning in 1974; though she avoided assignments that invaded the privacy of celebrities, she pursued Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis for years, once ending up in the foreground of a photo of Onassis published by the New York Post. On one occasion, she visited Africa as part of her travel writing and investigated the history of the slave trade. She currently writes a column about pets for the Palm Beach Daily News. <mask> has also authored or co-authored nearly two dozen books, covering a wide range of topics including travel, missing persons, psychics, and her favorite subject, pets. Her 1973 book The Medical Detectives, an early and thorough exploration of forensic science, earned <mask> an Edgar Award in nonfiction from Mystery Writers of America.She has also ghost-written several books, including one for Margaret Truman, daughter of President Harry S. Truman. <mask> wrote a one-act, one-woman play about her Church of Scientology frame-up entitled "The Perils of Paulette". Staged in 1997, it garnered a Chicago Dramatist Award. Personal life
As part of her career, <mask> moved in celebrity circles. At various times she dated television personality Allen Funt, writer Jerzy Kosinski, and author Ira Levin. <mask> married television producer Paul Noble on May 17, 1988. They live in Palm Beach, Florida with their two shih-tzus.The couple have authored four books together. <mask>'s sister Suzy now lives in New York. She has two children,


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 named after their parents. Awards
In 1992, the American Society of Journalists and Authors awarded her their highest honor, the prestigious Conscience-in-Media Award. Selected bibliography
 The Scandal of Scientology. Tower Publications, 1971. The Medical Detectives.D. McKay Co., 1973. Let's Find Out About Halloween. Reader's Digest Services, 1977. The 100 Top Psychics in America (co-written by Paul Noble). Pocket Books, 1996. 277 Secrets Your Cat Wants You to Know (co-written by Paul Noble). Ten Speed Press, 1997.The Most Romantic Resorts for Destination Weddings, Marriage Renewals & Honeymoons (co-written by Paul Noble). S.P.I. Books, 2002. Battlefield Scientology: Exposing L. Ron Hubbard's dangerous "religion" (co-written by Tony Ortega) Polo Publishing of Palm Beach, 2018. See also

 The Scandal of Scientology
 Office of Special Affairs (OSA), formerly the Guardian's Office (GO)
 Operation Freakout
 Fair Game (Scientology)

References

External links
The Scandal of Scientology by <mask> <mask>
"The Tragi-Farce of Scientology" by <mask> <mask>
Scientology documents about <mask> <mask> seized by the FBI. <mask> <mask>'s website
 <mask> <mask>'s description of her frame-up

Media
Video of <mask> <mask>'s testimony at the Clearwater Hearings - May 8, 1982
Transcript of Clearwater Hearings testimony

Critics of Scientology
Living people
1942 births
American adoptees
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Jewish American writers
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Belgian Jews
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American non-fiction

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<mask> (1 August 1909 – 7 April 1973) was a German politician. She was a co-founder and official of the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend / FDJ), the youth organisation that after 1946 became the youth wing of East Germany's ruling Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED). Between 1946 and her death she was a member of the country's powerful Party Central Committee. Sources sometimes identify her as <mask>. Between the late 1940s and early or mid-1950s, sources differing on both the dates of marriage and divorce (see below), she was married to Erich Honecker, at that time the chairman of the Free German Youth organisation, and from 1971 until 1989, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, East Germany's leader. Life

Provenance and early years
<mask> was born into a working-class family in Prenzlauer Berg, at that time a recently developed district on the southern edge of Berlin. Her father was a building worker.She attended school locally, training as a . Between 1925 and 1929 she was employed as a typist by a pharmacist wholesale supplier:  a succession of typing jobs followed. She joined the Socialist Workers' Youth movement (Sozialistische Arbeiter-Jugend / SAJ) in 1925, remaining a member till 1931. Between 1925 and 1933 she was also a member of the Zentralverband der Angestellten (ZdA) trades union. She joined the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands / SAPD) in 1931, which was the year in which it broke away from the more moderate mainstream Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands / SPD). She was also a leading member of the Socialist Youth League of Germany (Sozialistischer Jugend-Verband Deutschlands / SJV / SJVD ), the youth wing of the SAPD. Nazi Germany
The Nazi take-over in January 1933 ushered in a rapid series of social and political changes, as the new government lost little time in creating a one-party dictatorship.<mask>n was a political

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 activist in the "wrong" party. At the party conference in March 1933 she was voted on to the party executive of the SAPD, and continued to devote herself actively to what now counted as "illegal party work". During this time, between April and August 1933, she was supporting herself by working as a typist with the "National Agency for Milk Products, Oils and fats" ("Reichsstelle für Milcherzeugnisse, Öle u. Fett") based in Berlin. She was brutally beaten and arrested by the Gestapo in August 1933. Baumann was detained and tortured whilst in investigatory custody for more than a year, first in prison at Berlin-Moabit and then at the women's prison along Barnimstraße. She faced trial in December 1934 and was sentenced by the special "people's court" to three years in prison for preparing to commit high treason ("Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat"). In the event she was released in October 1936.She remained in Berlin. Between 1936 and 1938 she was employed as a typist by a Berlin patent attorney. Between 1936 and 1945 she was employed as a book keeper at the company owned by the "Carbon By-products Association" ("Kohlenwertstoff-Verbände"). Soviet occupation zone
The Second World War ended in Europe in May 1945 with a large area surrounding Berlin administered as the Soviet occupation zone. In September 1945 <mask> was recruited to work with Erich Honecker to establish the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend / FDJ) organisation. Although the organisation had roots in the 1930s, this was in most respects a new beginning for an important social and political pillar of the new Germany that the zone's sponsors would create over the next few years. Baumann started out as the FDJ General Secretary and then became its deputy chairman, a position she retained until 1949.The FDJ chairman was Erich Honecker. Within the Soviet occupation zone the contentious merger, in April 1946, of the Communist Party with the centre-left Social Democratic Party of Germany was intended to avoid the mistakes of 1932 when divisions


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 between the two principal left wing parties were widely believed to have opened the way for the Nazi dictatorship, and both the ensuing war and Holocaust. In the event the new merged party, the Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED), would have emerged by 1949 as the ruling party in a new one-party dictatorship. <mask>n was a top level party functionary from the outset. In 1946 she became a member both of the SED Party Executive ("Parteivorstand") and of its Central Committee. German Democratic Republic
In October 1949 the Soviet occupation zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), a separate German state with its political and social institutions consciously modelled on those developed in the Soviet Union during the previous three decades. Between 1949 and 1953 Baumann belonged to the secretariat of the Central Committee, also serving, between 1953 and 1955, as party secretary of the regional party leadership team for Berlin itself.Between 1955 and 1961 she headed up working groups and the central committee Women's Section. The zenith of her career was the period between 1958 and 1963 when she was listed as a candidate member of the Politburo, though she never made the final leap to full Politburo membership. From 1961 till 1963 she was simultaneously also Central Committee secretary with responsibilities over trade and supply, light goods and food products. After this, till 1973, the focus of her political career switched to Berlin where she served as a city councillor and secretary to the city executive group ("Magistrat von Berlin"). Under the Leninist constitutional arrangements in force, political power was concentrated on the party, and within the party on its Central Committee, rather than with ministers or with the national parliament. However, the stark simplicity of the party's supremacy was blurred to the extent that Central Committee members often combined their party roles with ministerial office and/or membership of the


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 national legislature. From its inception in 1947 <mask>n herself sat as a member of the German People's Council ("Deutscher Volksrat") and of the East German National Parliament ("Volkskammer") which replaced it in 1949.She retained her parliamentary seat till her death in 1973. Parliamentary seats were allocated according to predetermined quotas by the ruling party not only to itself and the other political parties (which it controlled), but also to certain approved mass organisations. In the early years Baumann sat in the parliament as a member representing the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend / FDJ). After 1949 she represented the SED itself in the Volkskammer, however. In 1947 <mask> was a co-founder of the Democratic Women's League ("Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands" / DFD) which, like the FDJ, was one of the so-called mass organisations with the accompanying "National Front" political privileges such as direct representation in the national parliament "Volkskammer". She remained a member of the DFD national executive till 1964. Personal

Marriage

Discussion of Erich Honecker's private life was a constant taboo.The private lives of public figures in East Germany habitually went unremarked. Honecker's relationship with <mask>, his second wife, nevertheless featured sufficiently in the consciousness of East Germany to reappear in the West German political media well before 1971, when Honecker emerged as the new East German leader. When he took over, his marriage to Baumann was already a subject of discussion in the West German press. Understandably, however, a lot of normally mainstream and uncontentious information on the Honecker-Baumann marriage emerged only after 1989, and even now sources differ over quite basic aspects of it. According to various sources, Erich Honecker married <mask> in 1947. That seems to have been the year in which, after only two years of marriage, his first wife, Charlotte Schanuel, fell ill and died. Other sources assert that the marriage took place at the

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texts: end of 1949, after <mask> discovered she was pregnant with their daughter, Erika.Erich Honecker was three years younger than <mask>. He was still married to Charlotte in the summer of 1947 when he and <mask> travelled together to Moscow. They were already close colleagues through their FDJ and party work, and on the Moscow trip the relationship between the comrades took a new direction. Intimacy ensued. Looking back in 1990 Erich Honecker was measured in his recollections of what happened and how:  "At that time I was badly in need of support. We often sat together, also at her home in Mühlenbeck. And she was an ace with the type writer.".The later insights offered by Politburo comrade Gerhard Schürer (1921–2010), are also less than generous, though perhaps his directness is a little more striking to an English-language reader than to readers in other mainstream European languages:  "I was always a bit baffled ... politically they were of course very well attuned to one another, but in such human terms ... Honecker was a fine looking young man with a good figure, warm eyes and beautiful hair:  she came across as a much older, frumpy comrade. Whatever view Erich Honecker took of matters at the time or subsequently, for <mask> their marriage was based on love. However Klaus Herde, a close colleague of the young woman who later became Erich Honcker's third wife, has suggested that Honecker married <mask> out of a sense not of love but of duty, when he realised she was pregnant. Erich and <mask>'s marriage ended in 1953 or 1955:  again, sources differ. However, since reunification, more information has emerged on what happened. Assuming that the marriage took place in December 1949, it was just a couple of weeks later that Erich Honecker led a delegation of the East German party to Moscow in order to attend celebrations of the seventieth birthday of the Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin. The delegation also included Margot Feist, the 22-year-old leader of the Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation.Honecker was

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Edith Honecker


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 fascinated by Feist "both because she was a pretty young girl and because she was very active in the party". Intimacy ensued. It is reported that Honecker attempted to conceal their affair, but he failed because almost every night he went directly to Feist's apartment. <mask> did not acquiesce, however. For most purposes, by this time the most powerful German in East German politics was the General Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Walter Ulbricht. Ulbricht now received a letter from Baumann asking him to have a very firm word with his ambitious, philandering young comrade, her husband, saying "Erich never gets home before one in the morning, his head is starting to cave in and he fantasizes about the wildest stuff..."

Walter Ulbricht was appalled by Honecker's affair. Unaware at this stage that news of his affair with Feist had reached Ulbricht, Honecker was summoned to visit the General Secretary at his weekend retreat north of Berlin.Baumann had written persuasively that Ulbricht should cut off her husband's lover from her important youth work ("aus der Jugendarbeit ausscheiden") and send her away from Berlin. Feist's biographer, , believes that the extra-marital romance constituted a huge threat to the political careers of both lovers. But old President Pieck took a more pragmatic view. Despite his declining health and diminishing involvement in day-to-day affairs, Pieck never lost the full confidence of Joseph Stalin. In the judgement of Politburo member Gerhard Schürer it was largely down to Pieck that the ending of Erich and <mask>'s marriage ran its jagged course without erupting into scandal. Margot Feist held on to her job and remained in Berlin. Whenever Feist's name was mentioned in Pieck's presence, he developed a twinkle in his eye.In the summer of 1952, the "unruly partnership" ("wilde Ehe") of comrades Honecker and Feist even came up in the Politburo. Under "Agenda Item 20" the two of them were authorized to take a holiday together in the Soviet Union, but the parties were also

masks:
Edith
Edith Honecker


texts:
 instructed to come up with a rapid clarification of their relationships. Honecker was at this point still sharing an apartment with his wife <mask> and their daughter Erika, born in 1950. But now it was Margot who was visibly pregnant with Erich's daughter: Sonja would be born at the beginning of December 1952. It was not until January 1955 that <mask>-<mask> agreed to give her husband a divorce. Soon after this Honecker married Margot Feist. Three years later the new couple moved into the residential quarter of Berlin-Wandlitz, the residential suburb of choice for upwardly mobile politburo members.According to her biographer, Ed Stuhler, Margot Honecker officially was always deeply embarrassed over the duration of the couple's premarital cohabitation. She was not embarrassed however, over how she used her relationships to later reach the pinnacle of power in East Germany. Death
<mask>n died in East Berlin on 7 April 1973. Erich Honecker led the mourning at her funeral. The urn containing her ashes was placed in the section of the Berlin Main Cemetery reserved for political leaders and others highly honoured by the East German political establishment. Awards and honours

 1955 Clara Zetkin Medal
 1955 Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
 1959 Banner of Labor
 1960 Banner of Labor
 1965 Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
 1969 Patriotic Order of Merit gold clasp

In 1989 the East German postal service featured <mask>n on a postage stampStamps of Germany (DDR) 1989, MiNr 3222.jpg. Notes

References

1909 births
1973 deaths
Politicians from Berlin
Socialist Workers' Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Members of the 1st Volkskammer
Members of the 2nd Volkskammer
Members of the 3rd Volkskammer
Members of the 4th Volkskammer
Members of the 5th Volkskammer
Members of the 6th Volkskammer
Democratic Women's League of Germany members
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
Recipients of the

masks:
Edith
Edith Honecker
Baumann
Edith Bauman
Edith Bauman


texts:
<mask> is a leading African poet, dramatist, linguist, and literary critic. Born on March 12, 1947 in Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria, his poetry is influenced by the oral poetry of his Yoruba culture, which he capaciously hybridizes with other poetic traditions of the world, including African American, Latin American, Asian, and European. Osundare is a champion of free speech and his creative and critical writings are closely associated with political activism, decolonization, black internationalism, and the environment. He is the recipient of numerous prizes, including the Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Poetry Prize, the Commonwealth Poetry Prize, the Tchicaya U Tam'si Poetry Prize, and the ANA/Cadbury Poetry Prize (twice). In 1991, Osundare became the first Anglophone African poet to win the Noma Award (Africa's most prestigious book award), and in 1998, he was awarded the Fonlon/Nichols Prize for his "excellence in literary creativity combined with significant contributions to Human Rights in Africa." In 2014, he was admitted to the National Order of Merit, his country's highest honor for intellectual distinction and creative achievement. <mask> is Emeritus Distinguished Professor of English at the University of New Orleans.Family and education
Osundare gained degrees in English at the University of Ibadan (BA), the University of Leeds (MA), and York University, Canada (PhD, 1979). Previously professor (from 1989) and Head of English (1993–97) at the University of Ibadan, he became professor of English at the University of New Orleans in 1997. Osundare has a wife, Kemi, and three children, two girls and a son who still lives in Nigeria. His deaf daughter is the reason Niyi settled in the United States. She could not go to school in Nigeria so

masks:
Niyi Osundare
Osundare


texts:
 they found a school in the U.S. for her, and moved so as to be closer to her. He has been used in many schools as an example of a poet. Career
He has always been a vehement champion of the right to free speech and is a strong believer in the power of words, saying, "to utter is to alter".<mask> is renowned for his commitment to socially relevant art and artistic activism and has written several open letters to the former President of Nigeria (Olusegun Obasanjo), whom <mask> has often publicly criticised. Osundare believes that there is no choice for an African poet but to be political:"You cannot keep quiet about the situation in the kind of countries we find ourselves in, in Africa. When you wake up and there is no running water, when you have a massive power outage for days and nights, no food on the table, no hospital for the sick, no peace of mind; when the image of the ruler you see everywhere is that of a dictator with a gun in his hand; and, on the international level, when you live in a world in which your continent is consigned to the margin, a world in which the colour of your skin is a constant disadvantage, everywhere you go – then there is no other way than to write about this, in an attempt to change the situation for the better." Under the rule of the dictator General Sani Abacha (1993–98), <mask> regularly contributed poems to a Nigerian national newspaper (now part of the collection Songs of the Season) that criticised the regime and commented upon the lives of people in Nigeria. As a result, he was frequently visited by security agents and asked to explain his poems and to whom they referred:"By that time I realized that the Nigerian security apparatus had become quite 'sophisticated', quite 'literate' indeed! ""A couple of my

masks: Osundare Osundare Osundare


texts:
 students at the University of Ibadan had become informers; a few even came to my classes wired. And when I was reading abroad, someone trailed me from city to city.At home, my letters were frequently intercepted." In 1997, he accepted a teaching and research post at the University of New Orleans. In 2005 Osundare was caught in Hurricane Katrina, and he and his wife were stuck in their attic for 26 hours. Their neighbour, who at the time was driving by in his boat, heard their shouts for help. They were rescued and bounced around from rescue shelters until they ended up in Rindge, New Hampshire, where Osundare could get a teaching job as a professor at Franklin Pierce College and things settled down. Honors and recognition
Osundare is a holder of numerous awards for his poetry, as well as the Fonlon/Nichols award for "excellence in literary creativity combined with significant contributions to Human Rights in Africa". His 60th birthday literary fete took place at venues in Ikere-Ekiti, Ibadan and Lagos state of Nigeria in March 2007.His poem "Not My Business" is compulsory study in the AQA A syllabus for General Certificate of Secondary Education English Language. In 2011, an Associate Professor of English at The University of Lagos, Christopher Anyokwu, wrote an article on <mask> Osundare's Poetry and the Yoruba World View, where he analysed the use of Indigenous Yoruba concepts found in <mask> Osundare's texts. The associate professor, went further to assume that Osundare unified in his work the concepts and traditions of Yoruba culture and Marxist ideology. In December 2014, <mask> was awarded the Nigerian National Merit Award for academic excellence. Literary prizes and awards
 First Prize, Western State of Nigeria Poetry Competition

masks: Niyi Niyi Osundare


texts:
 (1968)
 1981 Major Book Prize and Letter of Commendation, BBC Poetry Competition (1981)
 Honorable Mention, Noma Award for Publishing in Africa (1986)
 Honorable Mention, Noma Award for Publishing in Africa (1989)
Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Poetry Prize (1986)
 Joint-Winner, Overall Commonwealth Poetry Prize (1986)
 Kwanza Award (1991)
 Noma Award for Publishing in Africa (the first Anglophone African poet to receive the award) (1991)
 Cadbury/ANA Poetry Prize (Nigeria’s highest poetry prize). The film follows <mask> and Cheney-Coker on a road-trip through Sierra Leone and Nigeria as they discuss their friendship and how their life experiences have shaped their art. References

Relevant literature
 Ayinuola, Fortress Isaiah, and Onwuka Edwin."Yoruba eco-proverbs in English: An eco-critical study of <mask> Osundare’s midlife and horses of memory." Journal of Literary Society of Nigeria 6 (2014): 29-40. External links
 <mask> Osundare at the University of New Orleans
 "I am a Humanist": An Interview with <mask> Osundare
 After Katrina, Nigerian Poet Starts New Life in New England (VOA News): <mask> Osundare survives Hurricane Katrina
 Kọ́lá Túbọ̀ṣún, Review of  Niyi Osundare: A Literary Biography by Sule E. Egya. Brittle Paper, 9 October 2017. People from Ekiti State
University of Ibadan alumni
Alumni of the University of Leeds
York University alumni
University of Ibadan faculty
Nigerian poets
University of New Orleans faculty
Yoruba poets
Nigerian literary critics
Living people
1947 births
20th-century Nigerian writers
21st-century Nigerian writers
English-language writers from Nigeria
Yoruba academics
Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States
International Writing Program alumni
Recipients of the Nigerian National Order of

masks: Osundare Niyi Niyi Niyi Niyi


texts:
<mask> (15 May 1888 – 6 March 1986) was a Colombian prelate of the Catholic Church. From 1944 until his death in 1986, he was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Bogotá. Born in Chía, Cundinamarca, he entered the Major Seminary of Bogotá as a child and was ordained a priest in 1911. He studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University, returning to Colombia in 1918. He served the Archdiocese of Bogotá in varied capacities, including as a chaplain for clergy, and a school chaplain. In 1944, he was ordained a bishop and was appointed auxiliary bishop of Bogotá. In 1950, he became the vicar general for the archdiocese.In the 1960s, he was made a titular archbishop and participated in the Second Vatican Council. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> <mask> was born on 15 May 1888, in Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia. He was of Spanish, French, and Polish descent. His great-great-grandfather was Antonio Nariño, the Colombian independence fighter and statesman. His parents, Luís <mask> Saíz and María Josefa <mask>, both came from prominent families, and were dignified but simple people. They instilled in Brigard humanitarian principles and a devout Catholic faith. He had three siblings: Julio, Arturo, and María Luisa.<mask> was admitted as a child to the Major Seminary of Bogotá to study. He was ordained to the priesthood on 28 October 1911, at the age of 23, by the Archbishop of Bogotá, Bernardo Herrera Restrepo. A few months later he was appointed chaplain of the San Antonio Asylum. Soon after, he was sent to Rome, Italy, and entered the Pontifical Pio Latino American College. He earned two advanced degrees from the Pontifical Gregorian University, graduating with his Doctor of Theology in 1915 and his Doctor of Canon Law in 1917. Priesthood
After completing his education in Rome, he returned to Colombia in 1918 and began a

masks:
Emilio de Brigard Ortiz
Emilio de
Brigard
Ortiz
de Brigard
Ortiz Álvarez
Brigard


texts:
 long and varied career in service of the Archdiocese of Bogotá. His work was often focused especially on care for children, the poor and the sick, and took up the cause of striving to gain better working conditions for laborers.He provided support to poorly-funded charity homes and provided charity to those in need. He was revered by the many he served and worked with, and was affectionately nicknamed "el Doctorcito" (diminutive of "the Doctor"). Officially, he served in various offices throughout his priesthood: as a chaplain to fellow priests, director of the "Home for Homeless Children," and the chaplain of the Visitation Order monastery in Bogotá. However, he was best known for serving as the chaplain of the Gimnasio Moderno, Gimnasio Nuevo, Gimnasio Femenino, and the Colegio de la Presentación Centro schools in Bogotá. He was also on the faculty of the Major Seminary of Bogotá, his alma mater, and the Pontifical Xavierian University, among others. He also served as the chancellor of the archdiocese. Auxiliary bishop
On 29 July 1944, Brigard was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Bogotá and Titular Bishop of Coracesium by Pope Pius XII.His episcopal consecration took place on  3 September 1944 at the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá, with the Archbishop of Bogotá Ismael Perdomo Borrero, as principal consecrator. The Bishop of Manizales, Luis Concha Córdoba, and the Bishop of Antioquía, <mask> <mask>, served as co-consecrators. As auxiliary bishop, Brigard grew very close to Archbishop Perdomo. By the mid-1940s, the archbishop was in his 70s, and Brigard assisted him in leading the archdiocese. Brigard often represented the archdiocese at international events, such as the Second National Eucharistic Congress in Ecuador in 1949, and the Quinquennial visit ad limina in the Vatican City in 1950. When Archbishop Perdomo died on 3

masks:
Luis Andrade
Valderrama


texts:
 June 1950, Brigard was appointed vicar capitular, in which capacity he administered the archdiocese until 8 September 1950, when Crisanto Luque Sánchez was installed as archbishop. He then became the vicar general of the archdiocese.Throughout his episcopacy, Brigard ordained many priests and co-consecrated multiple bishops. He ordained Father José Miguel López Hurtado in 1946, and ordained two priests who went on to become bishops: Héctor Luis Gutiérrez Pabón in 1962 and Fabio Suescún Mutis in 1966. The bishops he co-consecrated were: Vicente Roig y Villalba in 1945, Luis Pérez <mask> in 1946, Camilo Plácido Crous y Salichs in 1947, Baltasar Álvarez Restrepo in 1949, Antonio Torasso in 1952, Pedro Grau y Arola in 1953, and Pablo Correa León in 1957. On 11 October 1961, Brigard celebrated his Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood. The occasion was a very important social event in Bogotá, with many prominent people attending the ceremonies. He was even honored by the pope, who elevated him to Titular Archbishop of Dysti two days before the anniversary. Beginning in 1962, he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council.For his 90th birthday in 1978, he directed his many friends to, instead of giving him gifts, help him start a charitable foundation. Upon the death of Bishop Pierre Kamel Medawar on 27 April 1985, Brigard, at age 96, became the oldest living Catholic bishop, a title he held for less than a year before his death. Death and legacy
Brigard died on March 6, 1986 in Bogotá. He is buried in the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá. His legacy lives on in the charitable foundation he started, which now bears his name, and the school Gimnasio Emilio de Brigard in Bogotá, also named for him. The Fundación Emilio de Brigard is based in the Gimnasio Moderno, where Brigard was


texts: <mask> (born 7 June 1945) is an Irish retired hurler, Gaelic footballer and manager who played for Cork Senior Championship clubs Glen Rovers and St. Nicholas'. As a dual player he played for the Cork senior teams for 15 years, during which time he played as a back, a midfielder and a forward. Coughlan is regarded as one of Cork's greatest-ever dual players. Coughlan began his career at club level as a hurler with Glen Rovers and as a Gaelic footballer with St. Nicholas'. His club career spanned three decades from the 1960s until the 1980s, the highlight of which was winning All-Ireland Club Championship medals with Glen Rovers in 1973 as captain and again in 1977. Coughlan also won a combined total of four Munster Club Championship medals and seven Cork County Championship medals across both codes. At inter-county level, Coughlan was part of the successful Cork junior football team that won the All-Ireland Championship in 1964 before later winning the All-Ireland Championship with the Cork under-21 hurling team in 1966.He joined the Cork senior football team in 1965 before linking up with the Cork senior hurling team in 1968. From his debut, Coughlan was ever-present as a midfielder or left wing-back and made a combined total of 53 Championship appearances across both codes in a career that ended with his last game for the Cork hurling team in 1980. During that time he was part of five All-Ireland Championship-winning teams – four as a hurler and one as a Gaelic footballer. Coughlan also secured a combined total of 10 Munster Championship medals and three National Hurling


texts:
 League medals. Coughlan won his first All-Star in 1972, before claiming a further three All-Stars in 1976, 1977 and 1978. He was also selected as the Texaco Hurler of the Year in 1977. At inter-provincial level, <mask> was selected to play in several championship campaigns with Munster as dual player, with Railway Cup wins in 1972 as a Gaelic football and 1978 as a hurler.In retirement from playing Coughlan became involved in team management and coaching at club and inter-county levels in both hurling and Gaelic football. After guiding St. Catherine's to the Cork Junior Championship in 1983, he later had two unsuccessful seasons as coach of the Cork senior football team. Coughlan also enjoyed Munster Championship victories as coach of the Cork minor and under-21 hurling teams. Playing career

North Monastery

During his secondary schooling at the North Monastery, Coughlan played in all grades of hurling before eventually joining the college's senior hurling team in his final years. He played in several Harty Cup campaigns but enjoyed little success. St. Nicholas'

On 14 November 1965, Coughlan lined out at midfield in his first final of the Cork Senior Football Championship, with St. Finbarr's providing the opposition. He ended the game with his first winners' medal after a 2-04 to 0-06 victory.<mask> was again selected at midfield when St. Nicholas' and St. Finbarr's clashed in a second successive final on 4 December 1966. Described in the Cork Examiner as "the most stylish footballer on the field", he ended the game with a second championship medal after the 1-07 to 1-06

masks: Coughlan Coughlan


texts:
 victory. On 19 July 1967, <mask> claimed a Munster Club Championship medal from midfield following St. Nicholas' 2-04 to 1-06 defeat of John Mitchels in the final. On 26 October 1969, Coughlan lined in a third final with University College Cork providing the opposition. After starting at right wing-back, he was switched to right wing-forward in an effort to increase the scoring threat, however, Coughlan ended the game on the losing side after a 0-09 to 0-08 defeat. Glen Rovers

<mask> was still just 18-years-old when he was added to the Glen Rovers senior hurling team in advance of the 1964 Championship. On 11 October 1964, he was a member of the extended panel when Glen Rovers claimed the championship after a 3-12 to 2-07 defeat of St. Finbarr's in the final.By the time the Munster Club Championship was completed nearly 18 months later, Coughlan had broken onto the starting fifteen. He claimed a Munster Club Championship medal on 10 April 1966 after lining out at midfield in the Glen's 3-07 to 1-07 defeat of Mount Sion in the final. On 8 October 1967, <mask> was selected at centre-back when Glen Rovers faced St. Finbarr's in the 1967 final. He was instrumental in bolstering the labouring Glen midfield in the second half and claimed a second winners' medal - his first on the field of play - following the 3-09 to 1-09 victory. <mask> was selected at midfield when Glen Rovers qualified to meet University College Cork in the 1969 final on 21 September 1969. He ended the game with a third winners' medal after the 4-16 to 1-13 victory. On 11 April 1971, Coughlan again lined out

masks: Coughlan Coughlan Coughlan Coughlan


texts: at midfield when Glen Rovers faced Roscrea in the delayed Munster Club Championship final.He ended the game on the losing side after a 3-06 to 1-09 defeat. After an absence of three years, Glen Rovers qualified for the final once again on 12 November 1972, with <mask> lining out at midfield. He ended the game with a third winners' medal after the 3-15 to 1-10 victory over first-time finalists Youghal. On 22 April 1973, Coughlan claimed a second Munster Club Championship medal after scoring two points from play in the 2-09 to 1-10 defeat of Roscrea in the final. On 9 December 1973, he captained Glen Rovers in the delayed All-Ireland final against St. Rynagh's and collected an All-Ireland Club Championship medal following the 2-18 to 2-08 victory. On 14 October 1973, Coughlan captained Glen Rovers from right wing-back when they faced Blackrock in the 1973 final. He ended the game on the losing side for the first time in his career after the Glen suffered a 2-12 to 2-10 defeat.On 14 September 1975, Coughlan lined out at centre-back when Glen Rovers played Blackrock in a second final in three years. The 4-11 to 0-10 scoreline resulted in a defeat for Glen Rovers. Glen Rovers faced Blackrock in a third final in four years on 3 October 1976, with Coughlan being selected at left wing-back. He claimed a fourth winners' medal following the 2-07 to 0-10 victory. On 19 December 1976, Coughlan collected a third Munster Club Championship medal after scoring two points from play in the 2-08 to 2-04 defeat of South Liberties in the Munster final. On 27 March 1977, he was again selected at


texts:
 left wing-back when Glen Rovers faced Camross in the All-Ireland final. Coughlan collected a second All-Ireland Club Championship winners' medal after the 2-12 to 0-08 victory.On 18 September 1977, Glen Rovers faced St. Finbarr's in front of a record crowd of 34,151 in the 1977 final. Lining out at left wing-back, Coughlan ended the game on the losing side after the Glen suffered a 1-17 to 1-05 defeat,

Glen Rovers qualified for a fourth successive final on 22 October 1978, with Blackrock providing the opposition. Coughlan once again lined out at left wing-back but lost his second successive final after a 4-12 to 1-07 defeat. <mask> was appointed the Glen Rovers captain for the 1980 Championship. On 12 October 1980, he led the team from left wing-back to an appearance in the final against St. Finbarr's. Coughlan ended the game on the losing side after a 1-09 to 2-04 defeat. On 13 September 1981, Coughlan lined out in his 10th final, with reigning champions St. Finbarr's providing the opposition for a second successive year.In what was his last major game for the club, Coughlan ended on the losing side for the sixth time in his career after the 1-12 to 1-09 defeat. Cork

Minor and under-21

<mask> first played for Cork as a member of the minor football team during the 1963 Munster Championship. He made his first appearance for the team on 14 July 1963 when he was selected at left corner-back in Cork's 0-08 apiece draw with Kerry in the Munster final. Coughlan retained his position on the starting fifteen for the replay on 26 July 1963 but ended the game on the losing side


texts: after the 0-11 to 0-04 defeat. Coughlan was just out of the minor grade when he was a late addition to the Cork under-21 football panel for the delayed 1963 Munster final against Kerry on 22 March 1964. Lining out at centre-back, he ended the game with a Munster Under-21 Championship medal following the 2-03 to 1-04 victory. On 8 August 1965, Coughlan claimed a second Munster Under-21 Championship medal after lining out at midfield in the 2-14 to 1-06 defeat of Tipperary in the Munster final.On 3 October 1965, he was again selected at midfield when Cork faced Kildare in the All-Ireland final. Coughlan scored a point from play but ended the game on the losing side following a 2-11 to 1-07 defeat. On 18 August 1966, Coughlan was named at centre-back when Cork faced Kerry in the Munster final. In what his last game for the Cork under-21 football team, he ended the game on the losing side after a 3-08 to 0-14 defeat. By this stage Coughlan had become a dual player when he was also selected for the Cork under-21 hurling team. He won a Munster Under-21 Championship medal in that code on 8 September 1966 when he lined out at right wing-back in a 5-12 to 2-06 defeat of Limerick in the Munster final. Coughlan retained his position on the starting fifteen for the 3-12 to 5-06 All-Ireland final draw with Wexford on 2 October 1966.He was again selected at right wing-back for the replay on 23 October 1966, however, the game once again ended in a 4-09 apiece draw. Coughlan was switched to left wing-back for the second replay on 13 November 1966 and claimed an All-Ireland Under-21


texts:
 Championship medal at the third attempt following a 9-09 to 5-09 victory. Senior

On 20 June 1965, Coughlan had just turned 20 when he made his Munster Championship debut for the Cork senior football team. He lined out at left corner-back in a 2-06 to 0-06 defeat by Limerick in the Munster semi-final. <mask> was dropped from the Cork senior football team for the 1966 Munster Championship, but returned as captain of the team the following year while he was also a substitute with the Cork senior hurling team. On 16 July 1967, he won his first Munster Championship medal after captaining the team from centre-back in an 0-08 to 0-07 defeat of Kerry in the final. On 24 September 1967, <mask> captained Cork to an All-Ireland final appearance against Meath.He ended the game on the losing side following a 1-09 to 0-9 defeat. On 14 July 1968, Coughlan lined out at centre-back in a second successive Munster final against Kerry. He ended the game on the losing side as Cork surrendered their title following a 1-21 to 3-08 defeat by Kerry. A week later on 21 July 1968, Coughlan lined out at midfield when the Cork senior hurling team faced Tipperary in the Munster final. For the second week in succession he ended the Munster final on the losing side as the hurlers suffered a 2-13 to 1-07 defeat. Coughlan continued with his dual player status for the 1969 season, and won a National Hurling League medal as a non-playing substitute on 4 May 1969 after a 3-12 to 1-14 defeat of Wexford in the final. Coughlan lined out in a third successive Munster final with the Cork senior football team on 20