texts: well-being was observed during her detention. On 17 March, Áñez was examined by a prison doctor, who recorded that she was suffering from hypertension and that her arterial blood pressure registered at 190 mm Mercury, putting her at risk of stroke. Due to her state of health, Áñez's defense and family requested that she be transferred to the Clinica del Sur —located two blocks from the prison— for examination. Her lawyer, Luis Guillén, stated that the request had initially been authorized, but, "at the last minute", the Departmental Director of the Penitentiary Regime changed course and rejected it, instead bringing its own specialists to treat her. A freedom action filed by Áñez's lawyers in order to transfer her to a public clinic was accepted by the Tenth Sentencing Court, but the decision was reversed upon appeal by the Prosecutor's Office, which requested that she be treated by personnel from the Institute of Forensic Investigations (IDIF) —dependent on the Prosecutor's Office— or by doctors from public hospitals transferred to the prison. After visiting her in her cell, Amparo Carvajal, president of the Permanent Human Rights Assembly of Bolivia (APDHB), reported that Áñez was experiencing severe depression and suicidal thoughts."She doesn't want to fight. […] No one could visit her, not even her family, only her lawyer", she said. On 19 April, after some delays, a personal doctor was admitted into the Miraflores prison to examine Áñez's state of health. It was recorded that Áñez was suffering from hyperventilation and fever syndrome and was undergoing stomach pains. According to the doctor, such ailments could result in a probable kidney complication if left untreated. A later medical report determined that she had a urinary tract


type: original

texts: infection that necessitated urgent hospitalization. For this reason, her defense submitted an evacuation request for medical and humanitarian reasons, but the prison, citing staffing issues, refused to accept it.Under pressure from the OHCHR, a judge ruled that Áñez would be allowed to be treated by a private doctor, but they would have to do so in the prison and not in a clinic. Shortly after her period of preventative detention was extended by six months, <mask> was briefly transferred to the Thorax Institute to undergo a cardiological check-up on 11 August. An official medical report determined that she continued to suffer from hypertension and had depressive anxiety syndrome. As a result, two days later, the Second Anticorruption Court ordered that Áñez be allowed to leave prison in order to be transferred to the German Clinic to undergo a medical evaluation. Instead, she was once again taken to the Thorax Institute, where a cardiological evaluation recommended by IDIF was carried out instead of the Doppler echocardiography that her family had requested. On 18 August, <mask> was once again transferred to a hospital —the third time in two weeks— to undergo a thorax exam. Her lawyers decried that the trip had not been coordinated with her family.Suffering from increasingly severe depression, <mask> attempted to commit suicide on 21 August, slashing her lower arms. She has likened the processes against her to the military dictatorship of Luis García Meza: "These are very dark times […], jail has been imposed on anyone who raises their head, protests, or demands compliance with the law". She argued that instead of employing force of arms, "the MAS political elite" had co-opted the judiciary in order to persecute its opponents. Hunger

masks: Áñez Áñez Áñez


texts:
 strike
Viewing her sentence to have already been decided, <mask> declared a hunger strike on 9 February 2021. After eight days, her lawyers reported that she was suffering from paresthesia in the mouth, legs, and feet due to a lack of magnesium and potassium, and a decrease in sugar. On 17 February, a virtual hearing for the cessation of her preventative detention was forced to be suspended until the twenty-first after Áñez began to decompensate. Her private doctor, Karim Hamdan, reported that the former president's health was "delicate".He explained that Áñez was in the initial stages of emaciation and dehydration. Due to her critical state of health, <mask>'s defense filed a freedom action to secure her release for urgent medical treatment. This was accepted by a judge, who arranged her transfer to a hospital. The news of Áñez's possible release provoked a mobilization of MAS-related groups, who gathered outside the Miraflores prison to prevent her exit. The protest devolved into violence when a vigil in support of Áñez was attacked, leading to multiple injuries, including Áñez's daughter, Carolina, who was left with a bruised eye and scratches on her face. Within hours, the judge who authorized Áñez's release reversed his decision at the request of the prison's warden, who argued that the protests outside made it impossible to comply with the transfer request. Instead, the judge ordered that Áñez receive treatment from inside the prison.Coup I and coup II cases
The primary process against <mask> is the coup d'état case, in which she is accused of conspiracy, sedition, and terrorism. In May 2021, the Prosecutor's Office admitted a lawsuit by President of the Senate Andrónico Rodríguez, which expanded the case to include new processes

masks: Áñez Áñez Áñez


texts:
 against her for allegedly illegally assuming the presidency of the Senate in 2019. Her lawyers affirmed that Rodríguez's lawsuit covered the same crimes as the original case and thus should not have been included because it is illegal to judge an individual twice for the same action. The singular coup d'état case was split into two separate processes —labeled coup I and coup II— on 31 July. The coup I case —covering the conspiracy, sedition, and terrorism charges— was mired by difficulties due to the inability of prosecutors to gather the necessary testimonies. To date, only Mesa responded, only to affirm his right not to testify. The coup II case covers Rodríguez's complaint surrounding <mask>'s succession to the presidency, for which she stands accused of resolutions contrary to the Constitution and laws and breach of duties.Coup II trial
On 12 January 2022, Minister of Government Eduardo del Castillo announced that the first oral trial against <mask> for the "Coup II" case would commence "in the next days". Guillén criticized that her defense had not been officially notified of this by the court prior to the announcement and pointed out that the Ministry of Government, as part of the executive branch, was not authorized to release official communications on behalf of the judiciary. He alleged that this "irregular, anomalous" action was a sign of government pressure on the courts to expedite the judicial process. On 21 January, the official date of the trial was set for 9:00 a.m. on 10 February in a virtual courtroom using the Cisco Webex system. The Prosecutor's Office has stated that it will seek a sentence of twelve years for Áñez. Her defense denounced the trial as "illegal", citing sixteen irregularities in the procedure leading up

masks: Áñez Áñez


texts:
 to it. In particular, the lawyers accused the judges of "prevarication", noting that the judge who ordered the opening of the trial had been irregularly appointed, it was installed with the signature of just one of the three judges that made up the court, and the set date was not in line with the twenty to forty-five days that should have been allotted to formulate her defense.Additionally, they denounced interference by executive authorities within the Ministry of Government, Ministry of Justice, and Attorney General's Office into the investigation of the Prosecutor's Office, who they also regarded as "inquisitive". Within hours of its opening, the First Anti-Corruption Sentencing Court of La Paz annulled the order to initiate that process. The decision was made unanimously given technical difficulties and the defense's request that the trial be held in person. Other processes
Two days after <mask>'s arrest, the Ministry of Justice announced that it would present four additional liability trials separate from the coup d'état case to the Attorney General's Office. On 24 March 2021, it accepted all four accusations. In the first case, <mask> —in conjunction with her minister of government, José Luis Parada, and the former president of the Central Bank of Bolivia, Guillermo Aponte— stands accused of having accepted a loan of $360 million from the International Monetary Fund that generated $5 million in interest. The fact was made effective through Supreme Decree N° 4277, which is considered unconstitutional because it circumvented the authorization of the Legislative Assembly, whose consent is necessary to approve such a loan according to Article 158 of the Constitution.For this, she is charged with resolutions contrary to the Constitution


texts:
 and laws, uneconomic conduct, and breach of duties. On 14 April, <mask> refrained from testifying in this case. In the second case, <mask> is prosecuted for promulgating Supreme Decree N° 4231 during the COVID-19 pandemic, for which she is again charged with resolutions contrary to the Constitution and laws, as well as failure to comply with duties, crimes against freedom of the press, and attacks against the freedom to work. The third case relates to an incident in the first months of the <mask> administration, in which Bolivian nationals residing in Chile were not authorized to reenter their country for some weeks. For that, she faces a third count of resolutions contrary to the Constitution and laws, a second count of breach of duties, and is additionally charged with crimes against public health and discrimination. For the fourth and final case, <mask> is accused of granting illegal concessions to the Fundempresa company and is charged with a fourth count of resolutions contrary to the Constitution and laws. On 14 April, she also refused to testify or provide a statement regarding the Fundempresa concessions.On 12 June, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice delivered formal indictments to the Legislative Assembly requesting liability trials for the first, second, and fourth cases. Senator Rodríguez conveyed his hope that a two-thirds majority of legislators would approve the processes. Potential trial of responsibilities
With the installation of the new legislature on 3 November 2020, the MAS lost the two-thirds supermajority it had enjoyed in the two previous legislative terms. As a result, its ability to proceed with a trial of responsibilities against <mask> would necessitate the cooperation of the opposition. Both CC and Creemos

masks: Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez


texts:
 expressed their willingness to approve such a motion, but only if Morales was also prosecuted. They argued that according to a report issued by the Interdisciplinary Group of Independent Experts for Bolivia (GIEI-Bolivia) —appointed by the IACHR— human rights violations occurred between September and December 2019, a period that includes the mandates of both Morales and Áñez. In this context, the MAS assured that it would not "negotiate" a trial and accused the opposition of seeking "impunity" for Áñez.For this reason, <mask> has not yet been prosecuted for the events at Sacaba and Senkata. Nonetheless, on 26 August 2021, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice accepted a petition from the Prosecutor's Office to send an indictment against her to the Legislative Assembly in order to open a trial of responsibilities on charges of genocide, serious and minor injuries, and injury followed by death. In terms of the processes Áñez faces for the alleged coup d'état, Minister of Justice Iván Lima assured that she was being prosecuted as a former senator and not as a former president and, as such, she had no constitutional privilege to a trial of responsibilities. In response, former deputy Rafael Quispe pointed out that the Constitution grants legislators immunity from being criminally prosecuted for actions carried out in the performance of their functions. Ideology and personal life

Personal life
In Santa Cruz, at age twenty-three, <mask> married the lawyer Tadeo Ribera, with whom she had two children: Carolina and José Armando. In 1995, Ribera stood as a candidate on behalf of the political party Solidarity Civic Unity for mayor of Trinidad, the capital of Beni, and was elected in a surprise upset victory. He served as mayor of that city from 1996 to


texts:
 1999.Since divorced from <mask>, Ribera died in Santa Cruz on 29 January 2020, three months into her presidency, causing her to reschedule some official presidential activities to attend his funeral with her children two days later. <mask>'s second husband is Héctor Hernando Hincapié, a Colombian politician from Chaparral, Tolima. Hincapié was a frequent candidate in multiple Colombian elections, running for senator for the Conservative Party in 2018, where he won just 1,066 votes. Prior to that, he stood as a candidate for Departmental Assembly of Tolima in 2010, also with the conservatives, and for the Colombian Chamber of Representatives in 2014 for the Party of the U. Known for her passion for animals, <mask> adopted at least eight street dogs that wandered near her official residence during her time as president, including one that she named "Pitita", in reference to the popular mobilizations that culminated in the downfall of Morales and her arrival to office; La Paz records indicate that there are around two million stray dogs in the city. To celebrate Saint Roch's day on 16 August 2020, <mask> had intended to introduce all of the puppies that accompanied her during her presidency, but she canceled the event due to the death of her family's longtime dog, Vicente. Racial views
Around forty-one percent of Bolivia's population are indigenous, and this population often encounters discrimination, mainly related to poverty and ethnicity.After Morales —Bolivia's first indigenous president— assumed office in 2006, polarization increased between the indigenous peoples and others. Shortly after <mask> was sworn in, her opponents circulated numerous tweets directed at indigenous peoples dating back to 2013. In one dated 20 June 2013, <mask>

masks: Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez Áñez


texts:
 refers to the Willkakuti —the Aymara New Year— calling it "satanic" and stating that "no one replaces God!". In another from 5 October 2019, she described Morales as a "poor Indian" who was "clinging to power". Agence France-Presse verified most of the circulated tweets to be genuine, though it could not verify the authenticity of an especially egregious comment in which Áñez allegedly stated that she "dream[s] of a Bolivia free of satanic indigenous rites". <mask> denied writing any of the "ill-intentioned" tweets. Electoral history

References

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

Official
 Constituent profile Constituent Assembly .Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Senate profile (2010) Vice Presidency . Senate profile (2015) Vice Presidency . Senate profile Chamber of Senators . Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Other
 . 1967 births
Living people
21st-century Bolivian lawyers
21st-century Bolivian politicians
21st-century Bolivian women politicians
Bolivian lawyers
Bolivian feminists
Bolivian prisoners and detainees
Bolivian radio journalists
Bolivian Roman Catholics
Bolivian senators from Beni
Bolivian television directors
Bolivian television journalists
Bolivian television presenters
Bolivian women journalists
Bolivian women's rights activists
Bolivian women television presenters
Candidates in the 2020 Bolivian presidential election
Female heads of government
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
Hunger strikers
Members of the Bolivian Constituent Assembly
Members of the Senate of Bolivia
People from Mamoré Province
Plan Progress for Bolivia – National Convergence politicians
Political prisoners
Presidents of Bolivia
Presidents of the Senate of Bolivia
Prisoners and detainees of


texts:
<mask> bin Mohamed Yusoff (born 12 May 1969) or better known as <mask> is a legendary comedian of Malaysia. He was once called the "Malaysia's No.1 Comedian" during his heyday and also the title of "Sifu" by comedians today. Until today, his aura and credibility as a comedian are unparalleled and unmatched. He is known as an intellectual comedian who is knowledgeable in every word and manners while entertaining. Apart from comedy, he is also known as a Malaysian actor, director, singer, host and performer. He is also an actor who has starred in the most films in Malaysia from the past to the present until he broke the tradition as the comedian who holds the most main characters in each of his acting films. Earlier, he was a former member of the group Senario and left the group a few years later.However, he is now back with the group with the original members and rebranding themselves as Senariounion. He was once named the Most Popular Star, Berita Harian Most Popular Star Award (ABPBH) 2003 and then carved his name in history as the first comedian to win the award. Most recently, he was named the recipient of the 2021 Comedy Icon Award at the 2021 Malaysian Industry & Entrepreneur Personality Awards. At the end of 2021, he was invited to enter the Astro-produced singing program, Gegar Vaganza Season 8 as a duo with Yassin Yahya/Anye and was known as the group Sa.Ya. Early life
He was born as Mohd <mask> bin Mohd Yusoff in Gombak, Selangor. On his birth certificate and identity card, it says 15 August 1969 but the fact is, <mask>'s date of birth is 12 May 1969. The confusion was due to the events of 13 May 1969 when he had to be handed over to another family for unavoidable reasons and then only registered.<mask> was initially raised by the late Jahindun binti Haji Sahin and her mother's second husband, the late Haji

masks:
Muhammad Saiful Azam
Saiful Apek
Saifulazam
Saiful
Saiful


texts:
 Mohammad Jaafar Ali until the death of his mother when <mask> was 21 years old. On the day of his mother's funeral, <mask> only found out that he was an adopted child after not being allowed to kiss the forehead of his adoptive mother's corpse. Around 1991, after migrating to Singapore, he was moved to find a biological parent who had long been separated. After obtaining information from various sources, he was finally found with 6 siblings along with his two biological parents, namely Rahmah binti Uyub and Husin bin Hashim. In 1994, while at the Subang Parade shopping mall, he accidentally met his best friend who at the time was managing the registration of a television audition, Sinaran Pasport Kegemilangan had registered him as a participant. That was the starting point of <mask> <mask>'s career as an industry player in Malaysia. Career
<mask>'s talent (who was then 25 years old) was discovered through the first season of Sinaran Pasport Kegemilangan competition in 1994 organized by TV3, thus becoming popular through the sitcom Senario which aired until 2013.He was also the host of TV3's most popular entertainment show, Melodi with Fauziah Ahmad David by using the name Apek. <mask> owns his own production company, Gitu-Gitu Productions Sdn Bhd and was named the Most Popular Star at the Berita Harian Popular Star Award 2003 (ABPBH03). <mask> made his first film appearance through a special guest character in the film Puteri Impian 2 directed by Aziz M. Osman and starring Amy Mastura. <mask> and his group, Senario appeared together in their acting debut film, Senario The Movie which premiered in 1999. In this film, <mask> played the role of the party boss, Apek later appeared in four more Senario acting films. He also appeared in the telefilm Neon (2003) directed by Mohd Feroz Abdul Kader starring the late Faizal Yusup

masks: Saiful Saiful Saiful Apek Saiful Saiful Apek Apek Apek


texts: and Erik Fuzi with many actors including Azhar Sulaiman, Aziz M. Osman, Rashidi Ishak, Sofi Jikan, Aziz Sattar, Kuswadinata, Abby Abadi, Serina Redzuawan , Zila Bakarin, Rita Rudaini, Kartina Aziz and many more. <mask> appeared with Faizal Hussein and Zul Yahya in the investigative comedy action film MX3 directed by Yusof Kelana which premiered on November 25, 2003.Apart from that, his famous acting films are Jutawan Fakir, KL Menjerit, Gangster, Laila Isabella, Cinta Luar Biasa, Biar Betul, Gila-Gila Pengantin Popular, Kuliah Cinta, Man Laksa, Duyung, Anak Mami Kembali, Nana Tanjung, Otai, Bujang Senang, Ladyboss, Cicakman and many more. On November 1, 2004, <mask> launched his fan club Apek's F.C (A.F.C) to strengthen the relationship between him and the fans. <mask>'s most successful acting film for 2006 was Cicak-Man directed by Yusry Abdul Halim. This is the first superhero film in Malaysia. He played the main character, along with the actors involved including Fasha Sandha, Aznil Nawawi, Yasmin Hani, Yusry KRU, Jalaluddin Hassan, AC Mizal and Adlin Aman Ramlie. <mask> plays the character of Hairi, a young man who accidentally swallows a lizard that is in the process of being tested in the laboratory. He and his close friend, Danny, worked at a company owned by Professor Klon, in Metrofulus City.In the same year, he appeared in the casual comedy show Gitu-Gitu Apek which aired on Astro Ria. <mask> plays the role of Jimmy in the fictional comedy film, Duyung directed by Assoc Prof A. Razak Mohaideen who paired him with Maya Karin who plays the role of Puteri. The film premiered on March 6, 2008 to commercial success. He also contributed his voice to the soundtrack of the film by singing a song entitled "Aspalela". <mask> returned to his role as Hairi/Cicakman in the film Cicakman 2 - Black Planet which premiered on

masks: Apek Apek Saiful Apek Apek Apek


texts:
 December 11, 2008. His character Cicakman also made a special appearance in the film The Wedding Game. He was offered to join Maharaja Lawak Mega 2015, but refused to maintain his position as a senior comedian.For him, there is nothing else he has to prove on the comedy stage. However, he accepted the offer to join the Gegar Vaganza Season 8 singing program at the end of 2021 on the grounds of 'keep learning' because he is aware that in the field of singing, there is still a lot of knowledge that he needs to learn and overlooked during his youth. Personal Life
He married Roslina Abu Hassan on 11 June 1994. They were blessed with two sons, Mohd Riyadh Aslam (born 1996) and Mohd Radzin Aiman (born 1998). He also owns the Gitu-Gitu Char Koey Tiaw restaurant which operates in Penang. In 2013, <mask> decided to quit smoking because he was concerned about his health. Controversy
<mask> <mask> was found guilty of injecting cannabis into his body on June 12, 2010.On 22 May 2013, the Shah Alam High Court ordered him to defend himself after allowing the prosecution's appeal against the Magistrate's Court's decision to acquit them of the charges on 25 June of the same year. Apek and his employees were released after finding that the prosecution had failed to prove a prima facie case. On April 25, 2014, Apek and three of his employees were each fined RM2,500 by the High Court here on Friday after being found guilty of injecting cannabis into the body. Filmography

Film

Television

Television series

Telemovie

Discography

Single
 Saiful Apek & Famili - Kalakian - (2009; featuring. Diarra)
 Saiful Apek & Famili - Hua Hua Hua - (2009)
 Pak Pung - (2013; Isma AF7 & featuring. Altimet)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Malaysian comedians
Malaysian male actors
Malaysian people of

masks: Apek Saiful Apek


texts:
<mask>eighbor Cloke (4 October 1904 – 1 October 1995) was a British illustrator and watercolorist best known for her prolific output of artwork for children's books and greeting cards. Her work often displayed a whimsical quality, with frequent subjects being flora and fauna, pixies, fairies, sprites, and elves. Life and career
Born in Plymouth, England in 1904, Cloke never trained formally as an artist and was largely self taught. She was the older sister of concert pianist Olive Cloke. Their father was a bank manager. She began her career as an illustrator in the 1920s with W. R. Chambers Publishers. Her first work of note for that publisher was as the artist for The Radiant Way children's book series.She continued to illustrate children's books for the next seven decades, working for most major publishers in the United Kingdom. Some of the books she illustrated include, Alice in Wonderland, Red Riding Hood Goes to the Teddy-Bear's Picnic, Joy Bells, Little Boy Blues Nursery Rhymes and Fairy Tales, Little Folk’s First Book, Enid Blyton’s Everyday Book series, My Best Book of Enid Blyton Stories and Woodland Tales among many others. She also illustrated several religious books for children. She worked for many years as an artist for Medici Cards, designing more than a 100 greeting cards for that company. Her work was also featured in the magazine Playhour. During World War II, Cloke worked as a tracer, producing maps of enemy camps and installations from photographs made by the Royal Air Force for the War Office. After the war, she settled in Wimbledon VIllage where she resided with her


texts:
 sister.A shy person, she avoided being the center of attention or engaging with the public, preferring to remain anonymous and unacknowledged in her work. She never married and died in Wimbledon on 1 October 1995. In 2013–2014 Cloke's work was included in the exhibition "Grimm Girls: Picturing the Princess" at The Otter Gallery at the University of Chichester. Partial list of publications with Cloke’s artwork

Books
Mr Podge of Oaktree Lodge. Bognor Regis & London, John Crowther, 1943. Chickweed. Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1947.Joy Bells Picture and Story Book. London, Juvenile Productions, 1949. Before We Go To Bed. London, Juvenile Productions, 1953. The Little Roundabout Horse. London & Glasgow, Blackie & Son, 1954. Tippety is Snowed Up.London & Glasgow, Blackie & Son, 1954. Barnaby's Cuckoo Clock. Exeter, Wheaton, 1958. Merry's New Hat. Exeter, Wheaton, 1958. Paul Piglet Keeps Shop. London & Glasgow, Blackie, 1960.Popkyn the Pedlar. London & Glasgow, Blackie, 1960. Snowy For Sale. London & Glasgow, Blackie, 1961. Adventure in Acorn Wood. London & Glasgow, Blackie, 1962. Little Darling Book series.London, Sandle Bros., 4 vols., 1964. Dragonfly Story Books series:
The Big Race. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. Filbert Builds a Boat. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. The Letter. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966.Roddy in the Rain. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. The Sleepy Visitors. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. The Twins Go to Market. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. The Walking Holiday.Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. The Wishing Well. Exeter, Wheaton, 1966. A Posy of Little Verses, illus. Adolf Zabransky. London, Hamlyn, 1967. No Dogs Please!.Exeter,


texts:
 Haldon Books, Sep 1967. The Happy Seasons. Poems for the young, illus. by Adolf Zabransky. London, Hamlyn, 1968. Music in the Meadow, and other verses, illus. by Adolf Zabransky.London, Hamlyn, 1968. The Brave Tin Soldier by Hans Andersen, retold by <mask>. London, Dean, 1969. Woodland Stories. London, Award Publications, 1975. I Can Read a Rainbow. London, Award Publications, 1976.ABC Counting Book. London, Award Publications, 1977? <mask>'s Bedtime Book of Fairytales and Rhymes. London, Award Publications, 1978. Brer Rabbit's Colour Book. London, Award Publications, 1988. Brer Rabbit's Puzzle Book.London, Award Publications, 1988. Tales of Hopping Wood series:
Tufty's Pot of Paint. London, Award, 1988. Flipperty's Aeroplane. London, Award, 1988. Larry's Caravan. London, Award, 1988.Tales of Oaktree Wood series:
Rusty's House. London, Award, 1989. Mandy's Umbrella. London, Award, 1990. Spindle's Picnic. London, Award, 1990. Vicky's New Hat.London, Award, 1990. Woodland Tales, London, Award Publications, 2003. Illustrated books
The Children's Hour. Stories, jigsaws & painting, illus. with others. London, Daily *Express Publications, 1935. Bible Painting Books no.1–4. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1941. Bible Painting Books no. 5–8, ed. E. H. Hayes. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1942. Bible Story Picture Books: Jesus Our Friend, ed.Bertha C. Krall. Wallington, Carwal Publications, 1943. Red Riding Hood Goes to the Teddy Bears' Picnic by Bey Royle. Bognor Regis & London, John Crowther, 1943. The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Andersen. Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1943. Alice

masks:
Rene Cloke
Rene Cloke


texts:
 in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll.London, P. R. Gawthorn, 1944. The Nightingale by Hans Andersen. Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1945. Amelia Jane Again! by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1946. The Balloon in the Tree; and, The Very Strange Pool by Enid Blyton.London, Sampson Low, 1946. Favourite Stories from Hans Andersen, with an introduction by Roger Lancelyn Green. Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1947. Grimms' Fairy Tales. London, P. R. Gawthorn, 1947. The Sleeping Beauty and other tales, retold by Roger Lacelyn Green, Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1947. Beauty and the Beast, and other tales, retold by Roger Lancelyn Green.Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1948. Little Boy Blue Nursery Rhymes and Fairy Tales. London, Juvenile Productions, 1949. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott. London, P. R. Gawthorn, 1949
Favourite Hymn Painting Book, ed. Ernest H. Hayes. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1950.Gospel Stories Painting Book. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1950. Three Little Nursery Rhymes. London, Juvenile Productions, 1950. Through the Looking-Glass and what Alice found by Lewis Carroll. London, 1951. Punch and Judy Annual.London, Juvenile Productions, c.1951. Three Little Kittens. Nursery rhymes. London, Juvenile Productions, 1952. Pantomime Stories. London & Melbourne, Ward, Lock & Co., 1953. Birds of the River by Mary Kerr.Leicester, Edmund Ward, 1959. A Play at Pebblings Village by Modwena Sedgwick. London, Burke, 1960. My First Reading Book of Fairy Stories. London, Kingfisher Colour Books, 1960. My First Reading Book of Fairy Tales. London, Kingfisher Colour Books, 1960.Bible Stories from the Old


texts: Testament and the Life of Jesus. London, Ward Lock (All Colour Picture Book 8), 1961. The Lord Jesus. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1961. Good News. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1961. Jesus, Friend of All.Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1961. Stories From the Bible. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1961. Pat-a-Cake Nursery Rhymes. Paulton, Purnell, 1961. Little Folks' Book of Nursery Rhymes. London, Frederick Warne & Co., 1962.Little Folk's Book of Nursery Tales. London, Frederick Warne & Co., 1963. Little Folk's First Book, ed. Kate Burchell. London, 1964. The Wild Swans. London & Melbourne, Ward Lock & Co. (Kingfisher Colour Book 14), 1965.Little Folk's Second Book, ed. Kate Burchell. London, 1966. Crossword Painting Books. Wallington, Religious Education Press, 1966– . Fairies and Giants. Three favourite stories for children.London, Collins, 1967. My Bumper Book of Colour Fairy Stories. London, Warwick Press, 1968. The Snow Queen by Hans Christian Andersen; retold by <mask>. London, Dean, 1968. The Adventures of Mr Pink-Whistle by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1969.Fairyland Tales (includes Canterbury Bells by <mask>). London, Collins, 1969. My Favourite Book of Fairy Stories. London, Ward Lock, 1969. Naughty Amelia Jane by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1969. Puss in Boots, retold by <mask>.London, Dean, 1969. The Three Golliwogs by Enid Blyton. London, Dean & Son, 1969. Weather in Britain by L. G. Humphrys. Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1969. Jack and the Beanstalk, retold by Antony Camden. London, Sandle Brothers (Tulip-Colour Books 1), 1969?Babes in the Wood.

masks:
Rene Cloke
Rene Cloke
Rene Cloke


texts:
 London, Sandle Brothers (Tulip-Colour Books 2), 1969? Red Riding Hood, retold by Antony Camden. London, Sandle Brothers/Ward Lock & Co., 1969
Aladdin, and other stories, retold by Antony Camden. London, Sandle Brothers/Ward Lock & Co., 1969. Dick Whittington, retold by Antony Camden. London, Sandle Brothers/Ward Lock & Co. (Tulip-Colour Books 7), 1969.Jack and the Beanstalk, retold by <mask>. London, Dean, 1970. Mister Meddle's Mischief by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1970. Mister Meddle's Muddles by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1970. Mr Pink-Whistle Interferes by Enid Blyton.London, Dean, 1970. My Picture Book of Rhymes. London, Dean, 1970. Sleeping Beauty. London, Dean, 1970. Nursery Rhymes. London, Dean, 1972.Enid Blyton's Everyday Book of Goodnight Stories by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1975. Enid Blyton's Everyday Book of Playtime Stories by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1975. Enid Blyton's Everyday Book of Sleepytime Stories by Enid Blyton. London, Dean, 1975. Enid Blyton's Everyday Book of Twilight Stories by Enid Blyton.London, Dean, 1975. Hans Andersen Stories. London, Award, 1975. My First Picture Book of Tales of Hans Christian Andersen. 1975; as Hans Andersen Fairy Tales, London, Award, 1996. Nursery Stories. London, Award, 1975.Toddler's Picture Book. London, Award, 1975. My First Picture Book of Fairy Tales. 1976; as Favourite Fairy Tales, London, Award, 1996. My First Picture Book of Nursery Rhymes. London, Award Publications, 1976. My First Picture Book of Telling the Time.London, Award Publications, 1976. Enid Blyton's Gift Book of Bedtime Stories (some illus. from Enid Blyton's


texts: Everyday Book series). London, Dean, 1978. Brer Rabbit Stories by Joel Chandler Harris. London, Award, 1982. More Brer Rabbit Stories by Joel Chandler Harris.London, Award, 1982. The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse. London, Award, 1982. My Big Book of Brer Rabbit Stories by Joel Chandler Harris. London, Award, 1983. Bible Stories for Children. London, Award, 1984.The Greedy Rabbit and other stories by Enid Blyton. London, Award Publications, 1985. Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, adapted by Michael Bishop. London, Award, 1985; later reissued as a series of sticker books, The Wind in the Willows: The River Bank, The Wind in the Willows: The Wild Wood, London, Award, 1997. The Little Match Girl and other stories. London, Award, 1985; as Storyland Classics, London, Award, 1998. Storyland.Classic tales for children, retold by Howard Hall. London, Award, 1985. What No Cheese! ; and, The Lambikin by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1985? Classic Fairy Tales. Manchester, Cliveden Press, 1986.Brer Rabbit Again by Joel Chandler Harris, retold by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1987. More Bible Stories, retold by Jane Carruth. London, Award, 1987; revised as More Bible Stories for Children, London, Award, 1995. Little Treasury of The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, retold by Tina Rose. Worksop, Award, 1988. Pipes for Old Puff; and, The Little Down Cushion by Enid Blyton.London, Award, 1988. Cathy Dresses Up (Dressing Book). London, Award Publications, 1989. Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, adapted by Jane Carruth. London, Award Publications, 1990. Mr Twiddle Stories (contains Hello,


texts:
 Mr Twiddle! and Well, Really, Mr Twiddle!).London, Red Fox, 1990. Pinocchio. London, Award Publications, 1990. Cinderella. London, Award Publications, 1991. Little Red Riding Hood. London, Award Publications, 1991.Mr Toad Comes Home, from Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, adapted by Jane Carruth. London, Award, 1993. The Conjuring Wizard; and, Snippitty's Shears by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994. The Lucky Green Pea by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994. The Pixies and the Primroses; and, Upadee and the Dragon by Enid Blyton.London, Award, 1994. The Rude Little Rabbit by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994. The Squirrel and the Pixie; and, Dame Thimble and Her Matches by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994. The Tale of Scissors the Gnome; and, How Derry the Dormouse Lost His Secret by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994.Three Bold Pixies and other stories by Enid Blyton. London, Award, 1994. The Adventures of Mr Toad from Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, adapted by Jane Carruth. London, Award, 1995. Little Otter is Missing from Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, adapted by Jane Carruth. London, Award, 1995. The Crown of Gold by Enid Blyton.London, Award, 1995. The Sailor Doll Goes to Sea; and, The Meddlesome Butterfly by Enid Blyton. London, Award Publications, 1996. Big-Eyes the Enchanter; and, The Squirrel and the Pixie. London, Award, 1998. Fairyland Classics, retold by Jane Carruth. London, Award, 1998.References

External links
<mask> at bearalley

1904 births
1995 deaths
British illustrators
British watercolourists
People from Plymouth
War Office personnel in


texts:
<mask> (July 28, 1937 – July 22, 2021) was a Canadian dramatist, essayist, playwright and poet for print and radio. She began her career as a writer and publisher while studying for a Bachelor of Arts degree at the Université de Montréal. Throughout her career, Lalonde worked at the editorial boards of the magazine Situations, the journal Liberte and Maintenant. She authored historical plays and collections of poems and won the 1980 Prix Duvernay from the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society. Lalonde was professor of the history of civilizations at the National Theatre School of Canada, served as president of both the Fédération internationale des écrivains de langue française and the Quebec Writers' Union, and was a member of the Order of Francophones of America. Her works from 1957 to 1977 are stored in the Montreal collection of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Early life and education
On July 28, 1937, <mask> was born in Montreal, Canada, to <mask> and Clairette Senecal.She graduated from the Université de Montréal with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy in 1959. In 1960, Lalonde conducted research at Harvard University, then at the University of Baltimore from 1963 to 1964 and at the University of London between 1963 and 1964. She also worked on an uncompleted doctorate at the Université de Montréal in 1965. Career
Lalonde began her career as a writer and publisher while studying at university. In March 1957, she authored the historical play Ankrania ou celui qui crie that was produced at Montreal's Le Proscenium at the Festival d'Art Dramatique de l'Ouest du Quebec. Also that same year, Lalonde helped to organize annual gatherings of Canadian writers referred to as "recontres" now known

masks:
Michle Lalonde
Lalonde
Hector Lalonde


texts: as Rencontre Quebecoise Internationale des Ecrivains. Her first book of poetry, Songe de la fiancée détruite published in 1958, focuses on solitude and people's inability to communicate.The following year, Lalonde authored another collection of poetry, Geôles. In the same year, she joined the editorial board of the magazine Situations as cultural and literary reviewer. From 1963 to 1964, Lalonde served as a member of the board of the journal Liberte, writing articles and news stories. At the journal, she got more immersed in the Canadian literary scene composed of authors and intellectuals. In 1967, Lalonde authored the poem collection Terre des hommes. Poeme pour deux recitants. The poem was performed at Expo 67's inauguration ceremonies with André Prévost providing backup music.She wrote the poem, Speak White, hurriedly for the actress Michelle Rossignol to read in May 1968 at the height of the 1960s Quiet Revolution in Quebec, became her most famous work and denounces "the inferior cultural, social and economic conditions of French Canadians, while calling for the solidarity of oppressed peoples against all forms of colonialism and imperialism." Lalonde recited Speak White in essays, lectures, manifestos and statements concerning politics, intellectual and authors' rules, and Quebec women's status. In 1973 and 1974, she was part of the editorial team of Maintenant, writing a series of essays about Quebec nationalism and the debate on linguistics. She experimented with the 1977 historical play known as Dernier recours de Baptiste à Catherine that was first produced at Montreal's Theatre d'Aujourd'hui. Lalonde compiled her best works between 1965 to 1975 into the collection Défense et illustration de la


texts:
 langue québécoise and Portee disparue in 1979. The following year, she won the Prix Duvernay from the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society for her work, and worked on the film concerning La Nuit de poesie, where she read Speak White. In 1981, she co-wrote Cause commune: manifeste pour une internationale des petites cultures with Denis Moniere and Petit testament: Outremont on her own.<mask> was made president of the International Federation of French-language writers three years later. In 1989, she wrote with Jean Dozois and Jean Poupart Construction sociale de la dangerosite: pratique criminologique et systeme penal for the Conseil quebecois de la recherche sociale of the Government of Quebec. Lalonde served as professor of the history of civilizations at the National Theatre School of Canada from 1976 to 1980. Between 1982 and 1986, she served as the Fédération internationale des écrivains de langue française's president. Lalonde was president of the Quebec Writers' Union from November 1984 to November 1986. She received the Prix du poète from the Francophone Poetry Market in 2004. Lalonde has been a member of the Order of Francophones of America since 1985.Manuscripts of some of her works are kept in the Montreal collection of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, and her works were broadcast on Radio-Canada. She died on July 22, 2021 in Montreal. Personal life
<mask> was married to neurologist Yves-Jules Duchastel de Montrouge. They had three children. Analysis
According to Ian Lockerbie in Lalonde's entry in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French, she was "prominent among the many Quebec writers in the 1960s who committed themselves publicly to the nationalist cause through public

masks: Lalonde Lalonde


texts:
 performances, poster poems, marches, and manifestos." Mary Jean Green noted the poet described her works as "very intimist poems ... where I speak in a personal voice." But, in the mid-1960s, Lalonde's works had become "‘committed’: no longer addressed to a limited readership, they sought a wider audience and adherence to the socio-political concerns of the people.In addition, the borders between poetry and the essay began to disappear for her, ‘commitment’ becoming the major concern in her work." She had, according to Green, "become conscious of her role in the struggle for Quebec's autonomy" and that "a significant shift occurred in her poetic voice." References

1937 births
2021 deaths
Writers from Montreal
Université de Montréal alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Baltimore alumni
Alumni of the University of London
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian essayists
21st-century Canadian essayists
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Canadian poets in French
Canadian dramatists and playwrights in French
French Quebecers
Canadian women poets
Canadian women essayists
Canadian women dramatists and


texts:
<mask>, Duchess of Devonshire,  (born <mask> and latterly <mask>, Dowager Duchess of Devonshire; 31 March 1920 – 24 September 2014) was an English aristocrat, writer, memoirist, and socialite. She was the youngest and last-surviving of the six Mitford sisters, who were prominent members of English society in the 1930s and 1940s. Life
Known to her family as "Debo", <mask> was born in Asthall Manor, Oxfordshire, England. Her parents were David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale (1878–1958), son of Algernon Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale, and his wife, Sydney (1880–1963), daughter of Thomas Gibson Bowles, MP. She married Lord Andrew Cavendish, younger son of the 10th Duke of Devonshire, in 1941. When Cavendish's older brother, William, Marquess of Hartington, was killed in action in 1944, Cavendish became heir to the dukedom and began to use the courtesy title Marquess of Hartington. In 1950, on the death of his father, the Marquess of Hartington became the 11th Duke of Devonshire.The Duchess was the main public face of Chatsworth for many decades. She wrote several books about Chatsworth, and played a key role in the restoration of the house, the enhancement of the garden and the development of commercial activities such as Chatsworth Farm Shop (which is on a quite different scale from most farm shops, as it employs a hundred people); Chatsworth's other retail and catering operations; and assorted offshoots such as Chatsworth Food, which sells luxury foodstuffs carrying her signature; and Chatsworth Design, which sells image rights to items and designs from the Chatsworth collections. Recognising the commercial imperatives of running a stately home, she

masks:
Deborah Vivien Cavendish
Deborah Vivien Freeman Mitford
Deborah
Deborah Mitford


texts:
 took a very active role and was known to man the Chatsworth House ticket office herself. She also supervised the development of the Cavendish Hotel at Baslow, near Chatsworth, and the Devonshire Arms Hotel at Bolton Abbey. In 1999, the Duchess was appointed a Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) by Queen Elizabeth II, for her service to the Royal Collection Trust. Upon the death of her husband in 2004, her son Peregrine Cavendish became the 12th Duke of Devonshire. She became the Dowager Duchess of Devonshire at this time, and moved into a smaller house on the Chatsworth estate.She and the duke had seven children, four of whom died shortly after birth:
 Mark Cavendish (born and died 14 November 1941)
 Lady Emma Cavendish (born 26 March 1943), married Hon Tobias William Tennant, son of the 2nd Lord Glenconner, in 1963 and has issue. Peregrine Andrew Morny Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire (born 27 April 1944)
 An unnamed child (miscarried December 1946; the child was a twin of Victor Cavendish, born in 1947)
 Lord Victor Cavendish (born and died 22 May 1947)
 Lady Mary Cavendish (born and died 5 April 1953)
 Lady Sophia Louise Sydney Cavendish (born 18 March 1957), married, firstly, Anthony William Lindsay Murphy in 1979, divorced 1987. In 1988 she married secondly Alastair Morrison, 3rd Baron Margadale, son of James Morrison, 2nd Baron Margadale, with whom she had two children. Following divorce she married, thirdly, William Topley in 1999. She was a maternal aunt of Max Mosley, former president of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as well as the grandmother of fashion model Stella Tennant (1970–2020). Politics
In 1981, the


texts:
 Duchess became politically active when she and her husband, Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire, joined the new Social Democratic Party. Death
The Duchess died on 24 September 2014, at the age of 94.Her funeral was held on 2 October 2014 at St Peter's Church, Edensor. Guests included The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall. At the time of her death, journalist Michael Crick speculated that she was the last living Briton who had met Hitler. Titles
 1920–1941 – The Honourable <mask>-Mitford
 1941–1944 – Lady Andrew Cavendish
 1944–1950 – Marchioness of Hartington
 1950–1999 – Her Grace The Duchess of Devonshire
 1999–2004 – Her Grace The Duchess of Devonshire, DCVO
 2004–2014 – Her Grace The Dowager Duchess of Devonshire, DCVO

Selected interviews
Cavendish was interviewed on her experience of sitting for a portrait for painter Lucian Freud in the BBC series Imagine in 2004. In an interview with John Preston of The Daily Telegraph, published in September 2007, she recounted having tea with Adolf Hitler during a visit to Munich in June 1937, when she was visiting Germany with her mother and her sister Unity, the latter being the only one of the three who spoke German and, therefore the one who carried on the entire conversation with Hitler. Shortly before ending the interview, Preston asked her to choose with whom she would have preferred to have tea: American singer Elvis Presley or Hitler. Looking at the interviewer with astonishment, she answered: "Well, Elvis of course!What an extraordinary question." In 2010, the BBC journalist Kirsty Wark interviewed the Duchess for Newsnight. In it, the Duchess talked about life in the 1930s and 1940s,


texts:
 Hitler, the Chatsworth estate, and the marginalisation of the upper classes. She was also interviewed on 23 December by Charlie Rose for PBS. On 10 November 2010, she was interviewed as part of "The Artists, Poets, and Writers Lecture Series" sponsored by the Frick Collection, an interview which focused on her memoir and her published correspondence with Patrick Leigh Fermor. Ancestry

Publications

Books
Chatsworth: The House (1980; revised edition 2002)
The Estate: A View from Chatsworth (1990)
The Farmyard at Chatsworth (1991) – for children
Treasures of Chatsworth: A Private View (1991)
The Garden at Chatsworth (1999)
Counting My Chickens and Other Home Thoughts (2002) – essays
The Chatsworth Cookery Book (2003)
Round About Chatsworth (2005)
Memories of <mask> (2007)
The Mitfords: Letters Between Six Sisters (2007), edited by Charlotte Mosley,
In Tearing Haste: Letters Between <mask> and Patrick Leigh Fermor (2008), edited by Charlotte Mosley
Home to Roost . . . and Other Peckings (2009)
Wait for Me!...Memoirs of the Youngest Mitford Sister (2010)
All in One Basket (2011)
Mitford, Diana, The Pursuit of Laughter (2008) – introduction

Magazines
 The Spectator

Bibliography

Documentary
 Chatsworth (TV series)

References

External links
<mask>: Beauty Icon on style.com; accessed 28 September 2014. 1920 births
2014 deaths
English duchesses by marriage
Cavendish family
British cookbook writers
Daughters of barons
English socialites
English memoirists
English non-fiction writers
Dames Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Mitford family
People from Derbyshire Dales (district)
Women cookbook writers
People from West Oxfordshire District
British women

masks:
Andrew Devonshire
Deborah Devonshire
Deborah Mitford


texts:
<mask> () (1892 – July 20, 1947), also known as <mask>, was a Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu social reformer, literary critic, author, poet, teacher and ascetic from the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Vipulanada was an early pioneer associated with the Indian-based Ramakrishna Mission in Sri Lanka. Along with other reformers, Vipulanada was instrumental in the revival of the Hindu religion and native traditions in Sri Lanka after a long period of dormancy and decline during the previous 500 years of colonial rule by various European powers. Biography
Vipulanada was born in the village of Karativu, in the south of Batticaloa in Sri Lanka. His father's name was Samiththamby and mother's name was Kannamma. His birth name was Mylvaganam. Vipulanada had his early education in St. Michael's College National School in Batticaloa city.After completing his high school education at the age of 16, Vipulanada became a teacher in various cities across the island nation. During his tenure as a teacher he completed his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of London, and also became the first Sri Lankan Tamil Pandithar, a degree awarded by the Tamil Nadu-based Madurai Tamil Sangam, a linguistics academy created to promote the study of Tamil language. Vipulanada eventually became the head of operations of the Ramakrishna Mission in Sri Lanka as well as a professor of Tamil language in two universities. Literary contributions

Apart from Vipulanada's knowledge of Tamil he also knew English, Greek, Latin, Sanskrit and Sinhala. After researching Tamil music and other Indian musical forms and musical instruments for many years, Vipulanada produced the seminal book of scientific research in Tamil called the Yazh Nool, or Book of Stringed Musical

masks:
Swami Vipulananda
Vipulananda Adigal


texts:
 Instruments, which was published just before he died in 1947. The book was an effort by the author to understand and explain the intricacies and technicalities of genre of Tamil music in general, and the stringed musical instruments in particular, using modern techniques and tools of research and calculations based on mathematics and physics. Yal Nool is recognized as a unique work of its kind.Using the literary traditions in Sanskrit, Greek and English he wrote Mathangaculamani, a translation of twelve of Shakespeare's plays, as a treatise on drama with commentaries focusing on various aspects of drama such as the plot, structure, sequence of action, characterization, subjective experience and gestures. Professor Chelva Kanaganayagam, in a critical review of Mathangaculamani, concludes that

Vipulanada also served as editor of several publications including Ramakrishna Vijayam (Tamil), Vivekananda (Tamil) and Prabuddha Bharata (English). He also edited and helped publish literary works of several well-known scholars. His translations from English to Tamil include selected writings of <mask>, Bengali Nobel Laureate Rabindra Nath Tagore and historian Kathiresan Chettiar. He also translated from Tamil to English selected poems from the Sangam literature period, devotional songs from the Bhakti movement period, and poems of Subramanya Bharathi and Navaneetha Krishna Bharathi. Vipulanada authored six major Tamil publications: a collection of four Prabanthangal, Mathangaculamani, The Great Dance of Thillai, Umamageswaram (all related to Saiva traditions of the Hindu religion), Dictionary of Technical Terms on Chemistry and Yal Nool. A collection of 170 essays, written from 1914 to 1947, were published posthumously in four parts in


texts:
 1995.He also wrote many poems, and a collection of 32 of his poems was published in 1995. He was a good public speaker and most of his speeches, focusing mainly on history of the Tamils, Tamil literature, Tamil music and musical instruments, and Vedanta philosophy, were published in international journals and magazines. Ramakrishna Mission

Founded in 1897 by <mask>, the disciple of Ramakrishna, the Ramakrishna Mission is a unique order of ascetics and volunteers dedicated to service to community, irrespective of religious, caste, creed or language differences. The mission, while promoting spiritual development, does not believe in religious conversion. The mission's charitable and philanthropic activities focus mainly on the provision of educational and medical services to the weaker segment of the population through schools, hospitals and orphanages run by the mission. It became a counter weight to Christian missionary-run charitable  organizations throughout South Asia. Vipulananda initially met the head of the Mylapore Ramakrishna Mission, <mask>da, in Colombo in 1916.This was followed up with another visit in Jaffna in 1917. He entered the Mylapore Ramakrishna Math in 1922 for his monastic training. On completion of the training in 1924, he was given the name Vipulananda. After his ordination he dedicated his life to educational and spiritual pursuits and service to the community in Sri Lanka and India. In 1925 Vipulanada became an administrator of Ramakrishna Mission (RKM) schools in Sri Lanka. He was instrumental in founding new RKM schools in Jaffna, Batticalao, Trincomalee  and in many villages. He also founded orphanages – two for boys at Vaitheeswara Vidyalayam, Jaffna and Sivananda Vidyalayam in Batticaloa, and one for

masks:
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Sarvanan


texts:
 girls in Karativu.Thereafter, a number of RKM schools were opened in several remote villages in the North and East of Sri Lanka. This provided an alternative to the natives to go to schools and orphanages that were not associated with western Christian missionaries. He also helped his lifelong friend A. M. A. Azeez, a pioneering Sri Lankan Muslim educator and civil servant, to establish charitable organizations to help poor Muslims in the east of the country. Professional career

As a noted educationist, scholar and community worker, Vipulanada was invited by the University of Madras to present its case for the establishment of a Tamil University to the special commission set up to investigate the proposal. On the recommendation of the commission, the Annamalai University was opened in 1927. In 1931 he became its first Professor of Tamil language. Professor <mask> also received a second invitation to become the first Professor of Tamil soon after the University of Ceylon was established in 1943, which he held until his death in 1947.Thus Professor Vipulananda enjoys the unique distinction of being the first scholar to be appointed the first professor of Tamil in two Universities in two different countries. Vipulanada was a strong advocate of the mother tongue as the medium of education, but stressed the importance of learning other languages. At Sivananda Vidyalayam, in addition to Tamil, Vipulanada facilitated the teaching of English, Sinhala and Latin. He also recognized and promoted the importance of learning sciences such as biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics, as well as job-related technical subjects. He facilitated the efforts of other Tamil scholars to translate science and technology publications into Tamil by


texts:
 providing suitable technical terms. Based on his critical studies of some of Professor Vipulananda's writings, Mr. K.S. Sivakumaran, one of the notable literary critics from Sri Lanka, has called him a pioneer of Tamil literary criticism and the first Sri Lankan Tamil literary critic.As a social reformer, Vipulanada led the movement to recognize Subramanya Bharathi, a Brahmin by birth, as the Maha Kavi (National Poet), and succeeded despite strong opposition from socially and politically powerful elites due to Bharathi's anti-castist views and his opposition to the perpetuation of the caste system and the superstitious Hindu practices and rituals. As a nationalist, he hoisted the Indian flag on the occasion of the visit of Sir George Fredrick Stanley to the Annamalai University for the 1937 convocation, while India was still a British possession. There are number of institutions named after him in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka and Germany have issued stamps honoring him. He died after a brief illness on July 19, 1947. <mask>da is buried close to the Sivananda Vidyalayam in Kalladi, near Batticaloa city. (see picture here).See also
Other social reformers from Sri Lanka of the same period
Anagarika Dharmapala
Arumuga Navalar
Kumaraswamy Pulavar

References

External links
<mask>ulananda children’s home
Swami Vipulananda Institute of Aesthetic Studies
One hundred Tamils- <mask>ulananda
A website from Sawmi's Birth Place

1892 births
1947 deaths
Advaitin philosophers
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
Hindu revivalists
Hindu missionaries
Sri Lankan Hindus
Sri Lankan Tamil poets
Tamil scholars
Annamalai University faculty
Indian social reformers
20th-century poets
Sri Lankan missionaries
Sri Lankan poets
Alumni of St. Michael's College

masks:
Swami Vipulana
Swami Vip
Swami Vip


texts:
<mask>  (born 1949 in Auckland) is a New Zealand designer of racing and cruising yachts. Farrdesigned boats have won, challenged for, or placed highly in the Whitbread Round the World Race, America's Cup, and Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, among others. Farr's services to yacht design were recognised in the 1990 Queen's Birthday Honours, when he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He currently lives near Annapolis, Maryland. Early boats
Farr began building boats at the age of 13 near Warkworth north of Auckland. His first boats were plywood hard chine Moth class designs. He later designed and built variants of Cherubs and especially Flying 18s.His early designs were built in plywood with a focus on light weight and good planing shapes. By his late teens he was designing small lightweight keel boats that were successful on the race course. He first achieved acclaim as a sailboat designer in the highly competitive 18ft Skiff class, popular in Australia and New Zealand. Farr designs won the 18 ft Skiff Giltinan World title several times in the early 70s. Ocean racing
Boats designed by Farr Yacht Design competed in every Whitbread Round the World Race after 1981, and won the 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1998 races. The first <mask>r yacht in the Whitbread Race was the Farr-designed Ceramco New Zealand, which competed in the 1980 Whitbread Race and won the Sydney to Hobart the same year. Farr's design proved exceedingly fast, and Ceramco New Zealand would have won the Round the World Race, save for an unfortunate dismasting on the first leg, a trans-Atlantic crossing.The deltas for the rest of the

masks:
Bruce Kenneth Farr
Bruce Far


texts: legs would have put Ceramco New Zealand 30 hours ahead of her next competitor. This yacht was helmed and captained by New Zealand's most famous yachtsman Sir Peter Blake. Farr designed the 58-foot yacht which came to be known as Maiden, with the first all-female crew in the 1989–90 Whitbread Round the World Race, skippered by Tracy Edwards MBE. The yacht had previously been skippered by South African Bertie Reed in the 1986-87 BOC single-handed challenge. Maiden is still active in 2018. In 2001 the event was renamed the Volvo Ocean Race. The Farr Yacht Design-designed Illbruck Challenge was victorious in 2002.Farr's Volvo Ocean Race boats fared less well in 2006 as all four of his designs experienced problems after various failures in their Farr-designed keel canting mechanisms, including an abandonment of the yacht Movistar which was unable to prevent the flow of water through the keel box and, to this day, lies on the ocean floor, unrecovered. Farr's Volvo Ocean 65 was the first ever One-Design selected for the Volvo Ocean Race, for the 2014-15 race, and again in the 2017-18 edition. Farr is the most successful designer of winners of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, having designed 15 overall winners between 1945 and 2003. Cookson Boatworks developed a new 50' design, using the Farr office to collaborate, called the Cookson 50. Irish-owned yacht Chieftain, conceived, developed and constructed in 2005 at Cookson's in New Zealand, was the overall winner of the 2007 Rolex Fastnet race. Shortly after it was launched, Chieftain finished 5th at Australia's Hamilton Island Race Week, then won class in the 2005 Rolex


texts:
 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. Chieftain competed in all of the 2006 season Royal Ocean Racing Club races and won class in the Round Ireland, won overall in Round Britain and Ireland Races, was awarded Boat of the Year in Ireland in 2006, and finished as the overall winner of the Rolex Fastnet Race.America's Cup
Farr is also a designer of America's Cup competitors, including New Zealand's entries in 1986 (co-designed with Ron Holland and Laurie Davidson) and 2000, and Larry Ellison's United States's BMW Oracle Racing Challenger in 2003 (accepted as Challenger of Record for the 2007 Cup). Farr's design Young America (USA-36) proved faster than the other American sailed yachts, but was unsuccessful in defending the Cup in the 1995 Finals, losing 0–5 to a Davidson designed Black Magic of New Zealand, led by the late Sir Peter Blake. Among the most impressive of Farr's design boats was the 90-foot-long KZ-1, the Michael Fay-sponsored boat brought forth to challenge the San Diego Yacht Club immediately following their gaining the cup in 1987. The challenge was unusual in that it did not allow the host yacht club the conventional three to four years to prepare for the event, nor did the challenging boat adhere to the 12-metre class design that the America's Cup had been contested in for thirty-five years, nor did it allow time for other international challengers and defenders to participate. The unconventional challenge was answered with an unconventional defence, and the entire episode serves as an excellent case study on how the process of yacht racing can be mired in the legal system when America's Cup participants


texts:
 radically depart from the spirit of the rules. Farr sailed on the boat during the 1988 America's Cup. Cruising yachts
Farr's cruising yachts have been sold and sailed the world around.His production designs (mass-produced as opposed to custom) have been produced by a variety of yacht manufacturers including Cookson Boats, Carroll Marine, Beneteau, Concordia, Baltic, and Nauta. Some of the larger cruising luxury yachts Farr has designed include Bavaria, Mirabella, Philanderer, Sojana, and the two Southern Wind-built 100 footers: Farewell and Farandwide. Designs
 Farr 3.7
 Farr 38
 Farr 5000
 Farr 6000
 Farr 7500
 Laser 28
 Farr 1020
 Farr 1220
 Farr 920
 Farr 1104
 Farr 9.2
 Ceramco NZ
 Steinlager 2
 Fisher & Paykel
 NZ Endeavour
 Noelex 30
 NZI Enterprise
 Jenny H
 Disque D'or
 Farr MRX
 Atlantic Privateer
 UBS Switzerland
 Farr Phase 4
 The Card
 Merit
 Maiden
 Brindabella
 Yamaha
 Intrum Justitia
 Winston
 La Poste
 Merit Cup
 Tokio
 Tag Heuer
 Beneteau First 40.7
 Mumm 36
 Ragamuffin
 Beneteau First 42S7
 Sayonara
 Farr 44
 Beneteau First 45F5
 Flash Gordon
 Farr 40
 Cookson 12
Gerontius

See also
 Ron Holland
 <mask>
 Doug Peterson
 Laurie Davidson
 Greg Elliott
 Juan Kouyoumdjian
 Frank Bethwaite
 Zamazaan (racing sailboat)

Notes

Bibliography

External links
Farr Yacht Design company website
About <mask>r
Design list

1949 births
Living people
People from Auckland
New Zealand yacht designers
New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Boat and ship designers
America's Cup yacht designers
New Zealand expatriates in the United States
1988 America's Cup sailors
People educated at Mahurangi

masks:
Bruce Nelson
Bruce Far


texts:
<mask><mask> (March 14, 1860 – June 6, 1909) was an American journalist, author, social activist, environmentalist and educator, who is today remembered largely for her tempestuous lesbian relationship with Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In her lifetime, Knapp was known as a fixture of the turn-of-the-century San Francisco Bay Area literary scene. An outspoken writer who often addressed controversial topics in her columns for The San Francisco Call, Knapp wrote on a wide range of subjects from livestock to the Annexation of Hawaii. Though often drawn to progressive causes like child labor and conservation, Knapp also tended to espouse reactionary views, as evidenced by her Anti-Chinese sentiments and criticisms of the women's suffrage movement. At a time when many American women were joining the movement to extend political and voting rights to women, Knapp spoke in state senate hearings in New York expressing doubts about the benefits of suffrage to women, and she allowed her speeches and letters on the topic to be used as propaganda by the anti-suffragism movement. Knapp was also the author of numerous short stories, as well as a novel set in the Arizona desert—works reflecting her outdoor enthusiast sensibilities, keen intellect, and interest in Western regionalism. These works, though praised in her lifetime, today have few readers among enthusiasts of Western fiction.Early years
<mask> <mask> was born on March 14, 1860, in Buffalo, New York, to Lyman and <mask> (née Maxwell) Knapp. She was one of nine children born to this family. Knapp was named after her mother, Adeline. In order to distinguish between the two women, Knapp was given the nickname of

masks:
Adeline E
. Knapp
Adeline
Knapp
Adeline


texts: Dellie, which was used during her childhood. Throughout her adult life, though, she was known simply as "Delle" to her family and friends. As a young child, when she wasn't spending time with the family's horses, Knapp showed a strong interest in writing. When she was only eight years old, she wrote short poems and stories to entertain her friends.Then when she was 14 years of age, she published a volume of her writing. She also published her own four-page, 12-column newspaper, entitled The Queen City Enterprise. As a monthly newspaper, it flourished for nearly two years and gave her the first taste of life in journalism. This was considered a huge accomplishment for young women at her age. She continued on while publishing the Aspirant in Buffalo and became widely known as a poet. In 1877, she became a member of the National Amateur Press Association. While she often expressed an interest to one day pursue a career in medicine, it was also thought by her family that she would most likely end up pursuing a career in journalism.While <mask>'s mother had never worked outside of the home, her father, Lyman <mask>, was a highly respected and hard-working man in the Buffalo community. In 1835, Mr. Knapp arrived in Buffalo via Hudson and began working in the wholesale and retail grocery business. After just a few years, he became a partner in a distilling business. For years, he was a senior member of the brokerage firm of Knapp & Gillett. For several years, he was also Chief Engineer with the Volunteer Fire Department. And finally, he was active in founding the Fireman's Benevolent Association, and assisted in organizing the first Water Works Company. The

masks: Knapp Knapp


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 family was considerably financially secure.Knapp's parents instilled a strong work ethic in the lives of their children. By the age of 17, while continuing to live at the family home with her parents, young Adeline felt compelled to begin making her own way in life. She began seeking employment and soon started working in a large mercantile house. For seven years, she set aside her journalistic pursuits and worked diligently in the mercantile. However, at the age of 24, opportunity in the form of the Buffalo Christian Advocate came knocking and she began working as an associate editor for the local news journal. Not to be outdone by her father and his numerous pursuits, in addition to working at the Advocate, Knapp also began attending school at the University at Buffalo studying medicine. Her educational career lasted for three years, before she made the decision to leave Buffalo and head for California.Life in California
In 1887, Knapp left Buffalo for San Francisco, taking a position on staff at the San Francisco Call, where she founded the paper's Woman's Department, which became very popular. While she continued her work with the Call, within a year after her arrival in California, she purchased the weekly Alameda County Express and began the life of a country editor and publisher. In this capacity, she was essentially the editor, business manager, solicitor, subscription and advertising agent, proofreader, collector and mailing clerk, and delivery staff all rolled into one. After a year and a half, she merged the Express with the Oakland Daily Tribune. After the Express was consolidated with the Tribune, she began serving the Call as the staff


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 coast and foreign exchange editor. However, when her background and knowledge regarding horses and cattle were discovered, she was transferred to the livestock department. Under the pen name of Miss Russell, she contributed an article every Sunday on the subject of horses and cattle, while she also wrote a story on a variety of subjects under her own name.Knapp soon established herself as an important member of the San Francisco Bay Area literary community, particularly its East Bay contingent, which included Joaquin Miller, Edwin Markham, Ina Coolbrith, Charles Keeler, and Yone Noguchi. It was during her time in the Bay Area that her interest in women's issues began to take root. Much of her personal time was spent working with the San Francisco Woman's Educational and Industrial Union, which was a prominent organization uniting women across the United States in advocating for woman's suffrage. They counted a membership between 600 and 700 women in San Francisco. For approximately ten years, she was a strong advocate for women in business, female suffrage, and equality of the sexes. However, her ideals would end up changing around the turn of the 20th century. Charlotte Perkins Gilman

In April 1891, Knapp met the writer Charlotte Perkins Stetson (later Gilman), who had separated from her husband and recently moved to California.The two women soon became close friends, and in September, they began living together at 673 Grove Street. Their friendship was seemingly inseparable. However, time has shown that Knapp is often remembered today for her tempestuous relationship with Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Gilman wrote about Knapp in her autobiography, The


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 Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, that "the pleasure in the new relation is that I now have some one to love me, and whom I love." "It is possible, but not certain, that Charlotte and Delle were lovers", writes Gilman's biographer Ann Lane. The most explicit evidence that they were, comes from Stetson's letter to her future husband:

Adeline Knapp has (I suppose she has) letters of mine most fully owning the really passionate love I had for her. I told you that I loved her that way.You ought to know that there is a possibility of such letters being dragged out some day. Fancy San Francisco papers with a Profound Sensation in Literary Articles! Revelations of a Peculiar Past! Mrs. Stetson's Love Affair with a Woman. Is this Friendship! and so on. By 1893, the relationship had become acrimonious.The editor of Gilman's diaries gives the following account of the breakup:

Although Charlotte was "absurdly glad to see" Delle when she returned to Oakland on April 5, their relationship was in jeopardy. On May 3 Charlotte wrote: "Trouble with Delle over the years—and other things." May 11: "All along lately hard times with Delle. Am to [sic] exhausted to attend committee meeting to arrange constitution for State Council of Women. Delle goes without me. ... Dreadful time with Delle."And the next day: "Home utterly exhausted—scene with Delle all the way up from ferry to house, in the car." By May 14 they had decided to part company: Delle "decides to leave the house. I have so desired since last August—and often asked her to." Delle remained, however, for another two months, and it was July before she packed her belongings. In her autobiography, Gilman


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 describes her breakup with "Dora" (as she refers to <mask> in the autobiography) in very harsh terms:

Harder than everything else to me was the utter loss of the friend with whom I had sincerely hoped to live continually. She certainly did love me. At first anyway.And had been most generously kind with money. My return was mainly in service, not only in making a home for her, but in furnishing material for her work. She was a clever writer, and later I learned that she was one of those literary vampires who fasten themselves on one author or another with ardent devotion, and for the time being write like them. The kindest thing I can say of her character is that she had had an abscess at the base of the brain, and perhaps it had affected her moral sense. I do not mean to describe her as 'immoral' in its usual meaning; she was malevolent. She lied so freely as to contradict herself in the course of a conversation, apparently not knowing it. She drank.I saw her drunk at my table. She swore freely at me, as well as others. She lifted her hand to strike me in one of her tempers, but that was a small matter. What did matter was the subtle spreading of slanders about me, which I cannot legally prove to have come from her, but which were of such a nature that only one so close could have asserted such knowledge. Also, I do know of similar mischief-making from her in regard to others. At any rate that solace ended not only in pain but in shame—that I should have been so gullible, so ignorant, as to love her dearly. So, the New Year's inscription for 1893 is a doleful one....

International activities
In the early 1890s, Knapp's coverage of horses and cattle


texts: gave way to greater responsibilities as she took over the investigative reporting of international events. In 1893, she traveled to Hawaii to cover the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, where she was "probably the first woman to represent a newspaper in such a crisis." During the crisis, Knapp's correspondence frequently dominated the Calls front pages. On March 9, a long piece signed by Knapp and dated March 1, entitled "Hawaii's Hope", covered all of the front page and a third of page two. It was, by this time, some six weeks since the bloodless anti-royalist coup which had deposed Queen Liliuokalani, and a visitor "would scarcely believe himself to be in the midst of riot and upheaval of the law." The palace is closed to all visitors, but owing to the fact that the marines from the Boston are occupying the legislative chamber the Provisional Government finds itself very greatly pressed for room, and has ordered the palace cleaned and put in readiness for Government use. By special permit The Call's correspondent was allowed to pass through the building at a very interesting time.When the Provisional Government decided to convert the palace to its own use it was found that a good deal of personal property belonging to the outgoing regime was still in the building. These articles were being taken away, to be ultimately divided between the Queen Dowager Kapiolani, Princess Kaiualani and the ex-Queen. Loaded upon one-horse trucks, like the household goods of any evicted Tar Flat family, the relics of departing royalty presented a touching spectacle. While <mask> evidently felt some sorrow for the deposed queen and princess, she noted that the Queen


texts:
 Dowager Kapiolani was "avowedly jubilant over the present state of affairs." But she was under no illusions that the native Hawaiians supported annexation:

I do not think it can be said, with any degree of truthfulness, that the natives really want annexation. The majority of them would doubtless favor an American protectorate, but it is not in reason to suppose that they like to see their native kingdom swallowed up in a greater power. There are plenty, even among those of American parentage, children of the early missionaries, who feel much the same way, and are at a loss to say what they do want.The natives, though, want, in a word, better times, a condition of things that will bring more money into the country. Capital, ever timid, has been driven from the islands almost altogether, by the uncertain tenure of the Government, and the natives, perhaps more than any other class, have felt the pinch. They want better times and they do not care who brings them. There is probably not one in the Kingdom who is prepared to waste any sentimental regret over the downfall of the house of Kalakaua. To their way of thinking monarchy vanished when the tabu was raised. The problems of the Hawaiian monarchy were only one reason Knapp thought resistance movements unlikely to succeed. "The natives, even should they desire to resist, are too uncertain themselves as to what they want to unite in any concerted action.They have no money, no arms, no leaders, and really no cause save their ancient traditions, which have so far lapsed, since the overthrow of the tabu, as to make no very powerful appeal to their national pride." Moreover, "they themselves are dying out


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 at the rate of nearly 1,000 a year, and but a handful are left of the hundreds of thousands that once swarmed in the islands." These arguments helped Knapp to justify what she saw as the inevitable American appropriation of the islands:

Some foreign power must inevitably assume control of the country, and there is no such power whose interests are so directly and largely at stake as are those of the United States. To enlarge upon this point would be to indulge in mere truisms; the conclusion is irresistible. We must annex the islands or see them pass into the control of a foreign power and become a constant menace on our frontier. For those who might dispute the significance of these "little islands in the midst of the Pacific", Knapp suggested that:

A glance at the map will show at once the relation of the principal ports and naval stations of the Pacific Ocean to the islands, and will give, as no words can do, an idea of the strategic importance of a coaling and naval station here in the event of war between the United states and any foreign power, It needs only for Great Britain to possess these islands for her to have the United States hemmed in on every side. After Knapp's Hawaiian visit, she traveled to the Far East writing accounts of her journey to Yokohama and Manila.Following the Spanish–American War, Knapp moved from San Francisco, California, to the Philippines. She was one of a thousand volunteer teachers known as the Thomasites who went to the Philippines aboard the ship U.S. Army Transport Thomas to teach in the new Filipino schools. In 1902, Knapp authored a history book about the Philippines. It traced Philippine history from


texts:
 Magellan's discovery, until the arrival of the Americans. Her book was the first history of the Philippines written for school children. In presenting her book, she shared that she wrote it for the children, with the intention to bring a history of the land within their reach for the first time. Social reform activism
Both in and outside her journalistic work, Knapp was drawn to numerous social causes and reform movements.One of Knapp's activist efforts was an 1892 series of fictionalized sketches portraying the evils of child labor. "Two Chums: Sketches from Life", which appeared in the San Francisco Call in August 1892, tells a melodramatic story of two young jute mill workers who die tragic deaths, one under the wheels of a streetcar, the other in sorrowful suicide for the loss of his friend. Their deaths are hardly noticed. The series of articles garnered approval from The Woman's Column, a publication of the American Woman Suffrage Association: "Miss <mask> <mask>, one of the staff writers on the San Francisco Morning Call, has, through a series of graphic sketches published in that journal, aroused the public against the employment of children in the jute mills and factories of that city. Little creatures of five and six years, as there is no law save that of compulsory education to prevent the hiring of infants, go to their daily toil. Environmentalism

Knapp was also an active environmentalist. "She is California's naturalist at large", noted the San Francisco Call in 1897.In the mid-1890s, <mask> wrote many articles on environmental topics for the Call. "The Blessed Hills of San Francisco", a typical example, suggested that walking the hills

masks: Adeline Knapp Knapp


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 of San Francisco would give San Francisco's citizens a better perspective on their civic life. "Only from the hills can we note the real majesty and beauty which this city has, hateful though most of its buildings are to the eye, and this beauty can by no means be rightly seen, and appreciated when seen, even from the dummy of a hurrying cable-car." Her book Upland Pastures, published by Elbert Hubbard's Roycroft press in 1897, collected a small number of her nature sketches. Another collection of nature essays, In the Christmas Woods, was published in 1899. A surviving letter to John Muir in 1899 enlists Muir's help in the fight against the destruction of birds for their plumes (taking up a cause begun a few years earlier by Harriet Hemenway). "Some of us hope to persuade certain of the women's clubs to take action in the matter", <mask> wrote, requesting Muir to write "a few lines on the subject" for an "article with interviews etc.from some of our bird lovers." She added that "The milliners say that not in 20 years have birds been used for trimming as they are this winter. We need to strike hard and quickly just now, to make an impression." Views on race and immigration
In recent years, Knapp's views on race and immigration have been questioned. According to Gilman's biographer Cynthia Davis, "Delle vocally opposed Asian immigration and may have helped cultivate Charlotte's xenophobia." As evidence, Davis cites a 1996 article in which Gary Scharnhorst critiqued the anti-Chinese perspective of <mask>'s 1895 story, "The Ways That Are Dark",
 which borrowed its title from a line in Bret Harte's notorious poem, "The Heathen Chinee". Whereas Harte,


texts: Scharnhorst claims, was treating anti-Chinese sentiment ironically, "Knapp endorsed the racist reading of 'Plain Language' in a crudely 'yellow peril' tale."During the years Knapp spent with Gilman, anti-Chinese sentiment was strong in California; attempts to regulate the growing population had led to the passage of legislation restricting and deporting Asian immigrants, including the 1892 Geary Act upheld by the United States Supreme Court in 1893. On the other hand, Knapp clearly admired the Japanese writer Yone Noguchi, and wrote several articles supporting and publicizing his work. Knapp's views of Filipinos may be found in the 1902 history textbook she wrote for Filipino students, The Story of the Philippines. Most of Knapp's history is concerned with European colonialism in the islands. Among the inhabitants before the arrival of the Spanish, Knapp briefly mentioned two "wild tribes", the Negritos and Igorotes, whom she distinguished from the "civilized Filipino people" who were members of the Malay race. "The Negritos", she wrote "are dying out. They are a small, timid people, with thick lips and flat noses.Their hair is like curly wool. They hunt and fight with bows and arrows, and are very quick and active. Their chief food is fish, and the brown mountain rice which they plant and harvest. Even if taken when children and brought up in a city, they do not grow to like civilized life, but run away and go back to the mountains as soon as they have the chance." Of the Igorots she wrote, "The Igorrotes are the finest and strongest of all the wild tribes in the country. They are very brave, and are good fighters, using in warfare a short, broad


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 knife, which they wield with deadly skill. They never submitted to the Spaniards, and were badly used by that people.The Spaniards always made war upon them, and at one time tried to put an end to all of the tribe in Luzon. They burned their villages and killed all who fell in their power. They could not conquer them, however, and the Igorrotes have always hated the Spanish fiercely." The Malays she describes as "a sea-going folk, daring sailors, and skillful in managing their boats" who "went boldly to sea in tiny crafts, with only the stars to guide them, taking risks such as no Europeans dared to take." Opposition to woman suffrage

Over the years, Knapp and Gilman shared enthusiasm and prejudices on a wide variety of topics that undoubtedly reinforced their bond. But ultimately, on one key issue, the two women took opposing sides. Initially, both women supported equal rights and appeared equally passionate working on behalf of women's rights.On the suffrage question, however, Knapp came to espouse a position which questioned and opposed extending to women the right to vote and run for political office. At a time in American history when women were rallying the cry to extend rights to women, Knapp voiced her opinions through the publication of literature that spoke out against the suffrage movement. Knapp spoke before the Senate and Assembly Judiciary Committee of the New York State Legislature, and her views were publicized in pamphlets published by the New York State Association Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage to Women., which was founded in 1897 and had over 90 members in 1908. Knapp is not listed as a member in the Association's 1908


texts: Annual Report, but was presumably aware of its use of her writings as propaganda. The Association remained active in producing pamphlets and publications explaining their views of women's suffrage, until the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed in 1920. The San Francisco Call once ran a column ostensibly written by Knapp that singled out economic dependence rather than disenfranchisement as the primary cause of women being brought under the control of men, stating, "As long as they depend on men for their bread and butter, they will be under the orders of men, and it will not help them except indirectly to obtain suffrage." By 1899, Knapp's relative indifference to suffrage had developed into outright opposition.To support her newfound stand on the issue, she drafted "An Open Letter to Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt," that was printed by the New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, questioning whether women actually needed "the ballot", or the right to vote. Knapp argued for the "quiet conservation of the inner things of the home and of society which are permanently in the hands of women." The letter was prompted by a conference in Oakland where Catt spoke on the full suffrage of women. Just one year prior, Catt had published Women and Economics which outlined her case for the domestic liberation of women. For a few years in the 20th century, Knapp edited the Household Magazine in New York. During this time, she maintained a relationship with Gilman. In subsequent years, when both <mask> and Gilman were living in New York, Gilman was campaigning on behalf of women's suffrage, while Knapp provided opposing testimony


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 before the State legislature.At a February 19, 1908, hearing at Albany on election reform, where "a strong delegation of women from all parts of the state was present in opposition to the woman suffrage proposition", Knapp spoke on the question "Do Working Women Need the Ballot?" Her speech was subsequently published by the New York State Association Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage to Women. By this point, Knapp's views had so far departed from those of Gilman that she could argue that women worked only out of necessity rather than preference, which directly contradicted Gilman's understanding of work fulfilling one's potential. Knapp maintained that women have simply failed at the ability to cooperate with the opposite sex, while Gilman celebrated this tendency as one of the noblest inclinations of women. More and more, Gilman's writings would take a hostile stance, labeling the women that opposed suffrage, as traitors. Final days
On June 6, 1909, Knapp died in California after a long illness. Her New York Times obituary printed June 26, 1909, quoted a recent letter summing up her career: "They said I made a hit, (in Hawaii,) but the experience convinced me that newspaper work does not offer a real career for a woman—the sacrifices are too great."For this reason, <mask> wrote, "I went away from cities altogether and lived for two or three years alone in a canyon in the Contra Costa foothills. I built a house there, a small one, all myself, cut down trees, tramped the woods, wrote a book or two, and did a lot of thinking." Publications

Books

 <mask>, Delle E. The Romance of the Castle Rock and Other Poems, Buffalo, New York. Queens City


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 Enterprise Print, 1876. Knapp, Adeline. One Thousand Dollars a Day: Studies in Practical Economics. Boston, The Arena Publishing Company.1894. .
 <mask>, Adeline. In the Christmas Woods: Being the Introductory Essay of a Series on Observations of Nature through the Year. San Francisco, Press of the Stanley-Taylor Company. 1899. <mask>, Adeline. The Story of the Philippines. New York: Silver, Burdett and Company.1902. <mask>, Adeline. The Boy and the Baron. New York: The Century co. 1902. <mask>, Adeline. How to Live: A Manual of Hygiene for Use in the Schools of the Philippine Islands. New York: Silver, Burdett and Company.1902. <mask>, Adeline. This Then is Upland Pastures: Being Some Outdoor Essays Dealing with the Beautiful Things That the Spring and Summer Bring. East Aurora, New York. Roycroft Printing Shop, 1897. .
 <mask>, Adeline. The Well in the Desert. New York: The Century Company.1908. .
 Ashley, Mike (editor) and <mask> <mask>, E. Nesbit, and Mary Shelley. The Dreaming Sex: Tales of Scientific Wonder and Dread by Victorian Women. Peter Owen Ltd. 2010. .

Pamphlets
 <mask>, <mask>. "An Open Letter to Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt" New York: New York State Association Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage to Women. 1899. (8 pages)
 <mask>, Adeline. "Do working women need the ballot?An address to the Senate and Assembly Judiciary Committee of the New York Legislature." New York: New York State Association Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage to Women. 1908. (8 pages)
 Knapp, Adeline. "In the Christmas woods; being the introductory essay of a series on observations of nature through the year." San Francisco, California. Stanley-Taylor

masks: Knapp Knapp Knapp Knapp Knapp Knapp Adeline Knapp Knapp Adeline Knapp


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 Company.1899. (16 pages)

References

External links

1860 births
1909 deaths
American women novelists
American women journalists
Anti-suffragists
American lesbian writers
LGBT people from New York (state)
History of the San Francisco Bay Area
Writers from California
19th-century American novelists
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
19th-century American women writers
20th-century American non-fiction


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<mask> (; born September 22, 1948) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party from the state of Colorado. <mask> is a Colorado native and graduate of the University of Colorado Boulder. He worked as a dairy farmer and community banker before serving as chairman of the Colorado Republican Party from 1999 to 2002. He was then elected to represent Colorado's 7th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, and served from 2003 to 2007. He gave up his seat to run for Governor of Colorado in the 2006 election but lost to Democratic nominee Bill Ritter. He was the Republican nominee for governor again in the 2014 election, losing to incumbent Democratic Governor John Hickenlooper. <mask> is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.Early life
<mask> was born in Lafayette, Colorado. He grew up on his family's dairy farm, which had been purchased by his grandparents, outside of Boulder, Colorado. He is the son of Marie (née Stengel) and Joseph C<mask>. His paternal grandparents had emigrated from Belgium to Colorado and raised draft horses on the family's land. His mother's family was of German descent. His parents raised both Hereford and dairy cattle on the farm. Beauprez often cites his father's example as a major influence on his life.Beauprez attended Fairview High School where he played football and was named all-conference offensive tackle. He went on to study physical education at the University of Colorado, and received his B.S. in 1970. Republican Party chairmanship
While Beauprez had been involved in the Republican Party for some time, his first leadership role came in 1997 as the chairman of the Boulder County Republican Party. In 1999, with the backing of Senator Wayne Allard, <mask> became chairman of the Colorado Republican Party. His tenure as state party chairman was marked by an aggressive attempts to use redistricting to get more Republican candidates

masks:
Robert Louis Beauprez
Beauprez
Beauprez
Beauprez
. Beauprez
Beauprez


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 elected in Colorado. The Republican Party lost control of the Colorado State Senate for the first time in four decades while Beauprez was chairman.U.S. House of Representatives
In 2002, <mask> ran to represent Colorado's 7th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives, regarded as a "swing" district. In beating Democrat Mike Feeley by only 121 votes he won the closest race in the nation. As a freshman, Beauprez served on the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, the Veterans Affairs Committee, and the Small Business Committee. He was re-elected in 2004 and subsequently obtained a position on the powerful House Ways and Means Committee. 2006 Colorado gubernatorial election

<mask> won the Republican Party nomination for governor in August 2006, running to succeed two-term governor Bill Owens, who was ineligible for a third consecutive term. <mask> ended up winning the nomination uncontested; he was briefly opposed by Marc Holtzman, who dropped out of the race and endorsed Beauprez several months before the primary. Military service controversy

On February 2, 2006, veterans called on Beauprez to apologize for appearing at a photo-op in a military-issued uniform, even though he had never served in the military.He had requested and received three draft deferments and then a medical release during the Vietnam War. In May 2006, ProgressNow, a liberal advocacy group, produced an Internet-based ad that again focused on Beauprez's draft status during Vietnam. The Beauprez campaign dismissed the ad as done by a "well-financed attack machine." NCIC database
In October, <mask> started running ads that attacked Ritter's performance as Denver district attorney, citing a plea-bargained case against illegal immigrant and alleged heroin dealer Carlos Estrada Medina. Under the plea bargain, the dealer was given probation. Later, he was arrested in California, under an alias, on suspicion of sexual

masks: Beauprez Beauprez Beauprez Beauprez


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 abuse on a child. But the fact that that information couldn't be verified in public court records prompted inquiries to <mask>'s campaign as to where it got its facts.<mask>'s campaign manager, John Marshall told a local news station, "In federal criminal databases, the guy's information matches up." That comment set off alarms in Ritter's campaign because federal criminal databases are off-limits to anyone but law enforcement and can be used only for law enforcement purposes. Owing to the fact that the subsequent arrest was under an alias, Ritter's supporters argued that the information could only have been obtained by accessing the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) database, which access is restricted by federal law. The Colorado Bureau of Investigation initiated an investigation, and found enough evidence to then ask FBI to join its probe. <mask> denied anything improper had occurred, and that he had never heard of the NCIC database. The Denver Post noted that, as a Congressman, Beauprez had cosponsored a bill relating to the database. When charges were brought against the ICE agent who provided the information to John Marshall, he was acquitted in a jury trial.Criticism and praise regarding Cory Voorhis
Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement Senior Special Agent Cory Voorhis was prosecuted for retrieving Medina's rap sheet from the NCIC database and sharing it with Beauprez' staff. <mask> defended the action as "whistleblowing," citing a pattern of lenient plea bargains during Ritter's term as district attorney. Many questioned why a Denver District Attorney employee, who accessed the same information and shared it with the Ritter campaign, was not also prosecuted. Voorhis was found not guilty on April 9, 2008. One of the jurors in the case said the jury didn't think Voorhis had "done anything intentionally wrong" and there were "some feelings" that Voorhis had been unfairly "singled out" for