texts:
 Gentleman

Others

References

Further reading
 Evans, Hilary and Mary.The Man Who Drew the Drunkard's Daughter: Life and Art of <mask>, 1792-1878. (London: Frederick Muller, 1978). <mask>, <mask>. Graphic Works of <mask> (New York: Dover Publications, 1980)
 <mask>, Mary Dorothy. Catalogue of Political and Personal Satires Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, vol. VI (1938), vol. VII (1942), vol.VIII (1947), vol. IX (1949). Bryant and Heneage. Dictionary of British Cartoonists and caricaturists 1730–1980 (Scolar Press, 1994). Buchanan-Brown, John. The Book Illustrations of <mask>k  Charles Tuttle 1980
 Cohn, Albert M. "<mask>k: A Catalogue Raisonne of the Work Executed During the Years 1896–1977", Bookmans journal (London, 1924). Bates, William.<mask>: The Artist, the Humourist, and the Man, with Some Account of his Brother Robert. A Critico-bibliographical Essay (Amsterdam: Emmering, 1972)
 Price, Chris. "'Pictorially Speaking, so Ludicrous': <mask> IV on the Dance Floor", Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography XLIII/1-2 (2018), 49–65. External links

 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Fairy Tale Illustrations of <mask>k
 <mask>k cartoons at CartoonStock (Commercial site)
 Online Gallery of Illustrations by <mask>k
 <mask>k letters, 1845 and 1868 from the Woodson Research Center at Rice University
 Patten Research Material on <mask>k from the Woodson Research Center at Rice University

 Works by <mask>k on Flickr Commons
 <mask> at Comiclopedia
Guide to the George Cruikshank Etchings. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California. 1792 births
1878 deaths
English people of Scottish descent
19th-century engravers
British engravers
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
Charles Dickens
English caricaturists
English cartoonists
English illustrators
English

masks:
George Cruikshank
Cruikshank
George
George Cruikshank
George
George Cruikshan
George Cruikshan
George Cruikshank
George
George Cruikshan
George Crushan
George Cruikshan
George Crushan
George Crushan
George Cruikshan
George Cruikshank


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 5 November 1973) is a convicted war criminal and the former military chief of staff of the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), an armed militia group operating in the North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He is a former member of the Rwandan Patriotic Army and allegedly a former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FPLC), the military wing of the Union of Congolese Patriots. Until March 2013, he was wanted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for the war crimes of enlisting and conscripting children under the age of fifteen and using them to participate actively in hostilities. Prior to his surrender, <mask> had been allegedly involved in the rebel group March 23 Movement, a military group based in eastern areas of the DRC. On 18 March 2013, <mask> voluntarily handed himself into the U.S. Embassy in Rwanda, asking to be transferred to the ICC. On 22 March, he was taken into custody by the ICC. On 8 July 2019, the ICC convicted him of war crimes.He was subsequently sentenced to 30 years for crimes against humanity. Early life
<mask> was born in the small town of Kinigi, situated in the foothills of Rwanda's Virunga mountain range in the Musanze District. When he was a teenager, <mask> fled to Ngungu-Masisi in eastern DRC after attacks on his fellow ethnic Tutsis started taking place in Rwanda. He attended secondary school there but did not graduate; at the age of 17 he joined Rwandan Patriotic Front rebels in southern Uganda. At some point he acquired Congolese citizenship. Rwandan and Congolese military career
<mask> fought with the Rwandan Patriotic Army in the early 1990s and participated in the overthrow of the Hutu-led Rwandan government in 1994 following the Rwandan genocide. He subsequently joined the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FPLC), the military wing of the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC), and became its chief of military operations.During this time, he is alleged to have been

masks:
Bosco Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda
Ntaganda


texts: involved in numerous massacres and other serious human rights abuses. When <mask> was in charge of the UPC, he told child soldiers; "When you're a soldier, you get a woman for free. Everything is free." In January 2005, <mask> was offered a position as a general in the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo as part of a peace process, but he refused the offer. On 1 November 2005, a United Nations Security Council committee imposed a travel ban and asset freeze on him for violating an arms embargo. In 2006, following conflicts within the UPC, he returned to North Kivu, his home province, and joined Laurent Nkunda's National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP). As of April 2008, he was believed to be living in the Masisi district of North Kivu, serving as the CNDP's chief of staff.The CNDP has since been incorporated into the regular Congolese armed forces and <mask> was acting as a General in the army, despite being wanted by the ICC. In 2012, he was living openly in the city of Goma in the DRC, on Avenue des Tulipiés, about 100 yards from the Rwandan border. According to DRC authorities, General <mask> <mask> had "crossed from Goma to the town of Gisenyi, Rwanda, twice in 2011, in March and again in September, despite the travel ban imposed on him. Congolese authorities reported that on both occasions <mask> had gone there to attend a burial, having sought official authorization to do so from his military hierarchy and from immigration authorities. Rwandan officials said that they have no objections to <mask> crossing the border. They claim that his status as a sanctioned individual "is not a Rwandan problem, but a Democratic Republic of the Congo problem", adding that "Bosco contributes to peace and security to the region, which converges with Rwanda's aims". A United Nations group of experts reported in late 2011 that Ntaganda controlled the Mungwe and Fungamwaka mines, near Numbi, through the Great Lakes Mining Company, managed by Edson Musabarura.Ntaganda also derived profits from mineral

masks: Ntaganda Ntaganda Ntaganda Bosco Ntaganda Ntaganda Ntaganda


texts:
 exploitation at Nyabibwe, through his alliance with Colonel Saddam Ringo. At Rubaya, Ntaganda gained large revenues from taxation levied by "parallel" mine police. <mask> ordered his troops to intervene on behalf of Krall Metal Congo at Lueshe. On 4 April 2012, it was reported that Ntaganda and 300 loyal troops defected from the DRC and clashed with government forces in the Rutshuru region north of Goma. On 11 April 2012, president Joseph Kabila called for Ntaganda's arrest. On 16 March 2013,  Sultani Makenga's forces "seized control ... of the town of Kibumba ... Ntaganda and an estimated 200 fighters fled into the forest while hundreds of others crossed the border into Rwanda," including "about 300 uniformed M23 rebels loyal to Ntaganda." Indictment by the International Criminal Court
On 22 August 2006, a Pre-Trial Chamber of the ICC found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that <mask> bore individual criminal responsibility for war crimes committed by the FPLC between July 2002 and December 2003, and issued a warrant for his arrest.He was charged with the war crimes of enlisting and conscripting children under the age of fifteen and using them to participate actively in hostilities. The arrest warrant was originally issued under seal because the court decided that "public knowledge of the proceedings in this case might result in <mask> <mask> hiding, fleeing, and/or obstructing or endangering the investigations or the proceedings of the Court". In April 2008, the court ruled that circumstances had changed and unsealed the warrant. On 18 March 2013, <mask> handed himself in to the U.S. embassy in Kigali, Rwanda, where he requested transfer to the International Criminal Court in The Hague. Though the reasons for his surrender are unknown it was speculated that he was either pressured to do so by Rwanda or feared infighting within the M23 movement and its military leader Sultani Makenga, which had recently militarily forced a faction around Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero and Baudouin Ngaruye, which was allegedly

masks: Ntaganda Ntaganda Bosco Ntaganda Ntaganda


texts:
 connected to <mask>, to flee the DRC into Rwanda. Though Rwanda was not a signatory to the Rome Statute, the media speculated it would be forced to turn him over to the ICC. The U.S. also had listed him on its War Crimes Rewards Program.On 22 March, he was detained by the ICC. He made his first appearance before the ICC on 26 March. At his first appearance before the ICC in the Hague on 26 March 2013, <mask> denied his guilt. Trial
<mask>'s trial at the ICC began on 3 September 2015. He pleaded not guilty to eighteen charges brought against him, including rape, murder, recruitment of child soldiers and sexual slavery of civilians. The trial was expected to last many months with the prosecution calling eighty witnesses, thirteen of them expert and the rest victims. Three of the witnesses were former child soldiers in <mask>'s  Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FPLC).On 8 July 2019 he was convicted on all 18 counts and on 7 November 2019 was sentenced to 30 years in prison, the longest sentence ever handed down by the ICC. He is the first person to be convicted of sexual slavery by the ICC. On 8 March 2021 the ICC ruled that Ntaganda′s victims should be compensated with USD $30 million, the highest amount ever rewarded. Since Ntaganda does not have the money to pay, the Court will use its own funds to compensate victims. <mask> subsequently appealed his conviction. On March 30, 2021, the ICC Appeals Chamber rejected his appeal and confirmed the conviction. See also
 Bertrand Bisimwa
 Sultani Makenga
 Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero
 Ratko Mladic

References

External links
Case The Prosecutor v <mask> Ntaganda — ICC records relating to the Ntaganda case

Living people
1973 births
People detained by the International Criminal Court
Democratic Republic of the Congo military personnel
Rwandan rebels
Democratic Republic of the Congo people imprisoned abroad
Tutsi people
Rwandan emigrants to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
People of the M23 rebellion
African warlords
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo

masks: Ntaganda Ntaganda Ntaganda Ntaganda Ntaganda Bosco


texts: <mask> (18 May 1923 – 7 April 1985) was a Scottish lawyer, orator, naval officer, politician and anti-nuclear campaigner. In the Second World War he served in the British Army and then the Royal Indian Navy. He supported the Indian independence movement and for much of his life was active in the Scottish National Party (SNP). <mask> is remembered for his mysterious death, in which his car crashed in a remote part of the Scottish Highlands and he was found shot in the head with a revolver. The official verdict was undetermined. <mask> was born in Carron, Falkirk, where his father was an electrician. <mask> edited a local newspaper in Grangemouth at the same time as reading history at the University of Glasgow, from which he gained a first-class degree.In the Second World War he was commissioned into the Seaforth Highlanders but transferred to the Royal Indian Navy, in which he became a lieutenant commander and aide-de-camp to Admiral Lord Mountbatten. He supported the Indian independence movement. After the war <mask> returned to the University of Glasgow and graduated again, this time in law. He authored the maritime law of Israel and was an emeritus professor of the University of Haifa. After his death a forest of 3,000 trees was planted in Israel in his memory. <mask> became a solicitor and an SNP activist. In both of the 1974 General Elections and in the 1979 General Election he stood for Parliament as the SNP candidate for Ross and Cromarty.In October 1974 he only lost to the Conservative Hamish Gray by 633 votes, but in 1979 Gray's majority increased to 4,735. In the latter year he also contested the SNP leadership, coming third in a three-way contest with 52 votes to Stephen Maxwell's 117 votes and winner Gordon Wilson's 530 votes. <mask> was a vocal critic of the British nuclear lobby. Early in the 1980s he was a key figure in a

masks:
Willie McRae
McRae
Life McRae
McRae
McRae
McRae
McRae


texts:
 campaign against the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority plans to dispose of nuclear waste in the Mullwharchar area of the Galloway Hills. Representing the SNP in a public inquiry, McRae asked difficult questions of the UKAEA and famously declared at one meeting that "nuclear waste should be stored where Guy Fawkes put his gunpowder." The authority's plans were rejected, and <mask> was credited with "single-handedly" preventing the area from becoming a nuclear waste dump. Death

On 5 April 1985 <mask> left his Glasgow flat at 18:30 to spend the weekend at his cottage at Ardelve near Dornie, Ross-shire.He was not seen again until the next morning around 10:00, when two Australian tourists saw his maroon Volvo saloon car on a moor a short distance from the junction of the A887 and A87 roads Bun Loyne, Glenmoriston, Inverness-shire. The car was straddling a burn about  from the road. The tourists flagged down the next car to pass, whose driver turned out to be a doctor, Dorothy Messer, accompanied by her fiancé as well as David Coutts, an SNP Dundee councillor who knew <mask>. It was discovered that <mask> was in the car. His hands were "folded on his lap", his head was "slumped on his right shoulder", and there was a "considerable amount of blood on his temple". He was not wearing a seat belt. Another car was sent to call the emergency services.Dr Messer examined <mask> and found that he was still alive and breathing. She noted that one of his pupils was dilated, indicating the possibility of brain damage, and estimated that he had been in that state for 10 hours. <mask> was removed by ambulance to Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, accompanied by Dr Messer. After admission it was decided to transfer him to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. At Aberdeen it was realised that the incident was more than a road accident; six hours after he had been

masks: McRae McRae McRae McRae McRae McRae


texts:
 found, a nurse washing his head discovered what appeared to be the entry wound of a gunshot. An X-ray confirmed that <mask> had been shot above his right ear and a bullet was detected in his head. His brain was severely damaged and his vital functions very weak.The next day, Sunday 7 April, after consultation with his next of kin, <mask>'s life-support machine was switched off. Investigation
The investigation was headed by Chief Superintendent Andrew Lister of Northern Constabulary CID. Despite no weapon having yet been found, <mask>'s car was moved at 12:00 on 7 April. It later transpired that the police had kept no record of the precise location where the car had been found, and the position stated by them was later found to be  in error, and was corrected by a witness who had been present at the scene. A weapon was found the next day, in the burn over which the car had been discovered,  from the vehicle. It was a Smith & Wesson .22 calibre revolver containing two spent cartridges and five remaining rounds. Controversy
Although it was ruled at the time by authorities that <mask>'s death was undetermined, aspects of the investigation remain disputed, some claiming that the distance from <mask>'s car at which the gun was found and the lack of fingerprints on it rendered a suicide not credible.At the time of his death, <mask> had been working to counter plans to dump nuclear waste from the Dounreay Nuclear Power Development Establishment into the sea. Due to his house being burgled on repeated occasions prior to his death, he had taken to carrying a copy of the documents relating to his Dounreay work with him at all times. They were not found following his death, and the sole other copy which was kept in his office was stolen when it was burgled, no other items being taken. Neither <mask>'s medical reports nor the post-mortem data have

masks: McRae McRae McRae McRae McRae McRae McRae


texts:
 been released to the public and there was no fatal accident inquiry. Aftermath
Winnie Ewing – then President of the SNP and herself an accomplished lawyer – was directed by the SNP's National Executive Committee (NEC) to conduct an internal investigation for the party to come to a conclusion as to whether Ewing "was satisfied or dissatisfied with the official version that he committed suicide". Having been refused access to police records of the investigation and rebuffed by both the Lord Advocate and the Procurator Fiscal in her attempts to conduct private, confidential meetings with them, Ewing, as she later wrote, came "up against a brick wall". Ewing reported to the SNP NEC that she was not satisfied with the official account of suicide: "I do not know what happened, but I think it is important that the truth emerges, despite the time that has passed.Why the State refuses to let the truth be known is a pertinent question." In 1991 Channel 4 broadcast a "Scottish Eye" documentary investigating the mysterious circumstances of <mask>'s death. It found evidence to suggest that <mask> had been under surveillance by UK intelligence services and that his death had likely involved foul play. In 2005 Winnie Ewing's son Fergus, by then an MSP, requested a meeting with Elish Angiolini, Solicitor General for Scotland, to discuss allegations that have persisted that <mask> was under surveillance at the time of his death. The request was rebuffed, with Angiolini claiming that he had not been under surveillance and that she was satisfied that a thorough investigation into the case had been carried out. In July 2006 a retired police officer, Iain Fraser, who was working as a private investigator at the time of <mask>'s death, claimed that he had been anonymously employed to keep <mask> under surveillance only weeks before he died. In November 2006

masks: McRae McRae McRae McRae McRae


texts: an episode of the Scottish Television show Unsolved examined the circumstances of <mask>'s death.In November 2010 John Finnie, then SNP group leader on Highland Council and a former police officer, wrote to the Lord Advocate urging her to reinvestigate <mask>'s death and release any details so far withheld. Finnie's request was prompted by the release the previous month of further details concerning the death of David Kelly. In January 2011 the Crown Office requested the files on the case from Northern Constabulary. Also in November 2010 Donald Morrison, a former Strathclyde Police officer, alleged that <mask> had been "under surveillance" by both Special Branch and MI5. Morrison had collaborated with former colleague Iain Fraser to discover more about <mask>'s death. Morrison called for an enquiry into <mask>'s death and promised that he would give it a sworn affidavit that MI5 was involved. In July 2014 two unconnected plays by George Gunn and Andy Paterson about <mask>'s life and death, both coincidentally titled 3,000 Trees, were staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.One of the plays explored his anti-nuclear campaigning, links with nationalist radicals and allegations that Special Branch and MI5 were surveilling him. In November 2014 a Scottish Sunday Express front-page article alleged that <mask> had uncovered evidence of the alleged paedophile ring in Westminster during the 1980s. The article suggests he may have been murdered and that the evidence he possessed was stolen at the time of his death. In April 2015 there was a campaign to have a Fatal Accident Inquiry (FAI) on <mask>'s death. It attracted 6,500 signatures in 5 days. The petition eventually collected over 13,000 signatures and was handed in, in June 2015. The Crown Office rejected the proposal to hold a Fatal Accident Inquiry.On the Easter weekend of April 2015,

masks: McRae McRae McRae McRae McRae McRae McRae McRae


texts:
 the 30th anniversary of <mask>'s death, Scotland on Sunday ran a story claiming that <mask>'s Volvo was moved back to the crash site by Northern Constabulary in an attempt to hide that the car had been moved before the bullet had been found – accounting for the discrepancies relating to the gun's distance from the car. On the same day, one of the journalists involved started crowdfunding for a book on the case titled '30 Years of Silence'. Following the rejection of the petition for a Fatal Accident Inquiry by the Crown Office, a "Justice For Willie" Campaign group was set up by Mark MacNicol. The campaign decided to launch their own investigation since no official inquiry was forthcoming. They hired two private investigators to re-interview original witnesses from the time of <mask>'s death. The results were published in November 2016, and the campaign were unable to find any new evidence to undermine the official suicide verdict. In October 2018, fresh doubt on the official verdict was raised again by a nurse who claims to have treated <mask> at Forrester Hill Hospital Aberdeen.Katharine Mcgonigal disputed that the bullet wound was to the right temple, as the post-mortem claimed, and said it was instead to the back of the neck. References

Further reading
 A fictionalised account of events leading up to <mask>'s death and its aftermath. External links
  official Northern Constabulary files and photographs

1923 births
1985 deaths
British anti–nuclear weapons activists
Deaths by firearm in Scotland
Indian independence activists
Scottish National Party parliamentary candidates
Scottish National Party politicians
Scottish solicitors
University of Haifa faculty
British Army personnel of World War II
Seaforth Highlanders officers
Indian military personnel of World War II
Royal Indian Navy officers
Conspiracy theories in the United

masks:
McRae
McRae
Willie McRae
Willie McRae
McRae


texts:
<mask> (born 21 October 1987) is a former international cricketer who represented England in four One Day Internationals (ODIs) as well as Somerset in county cricket. She was a right-arm medium-fast bowler and right-handed batter. After making her county debut for Somerset at the age of 13, <mask> quickly progressed into the England development and youth sides. She toured Australia with England Under-19s aged 15 and after two successful European tournaments, she captained the England Under-21s to victory in the 2006 Under-21 European Championships. After more matches for the development squad, and a number of tour matches for England, she made her ODI debut during the 2007–08 tour of Australia and New Zealand, playing the fifth and final one-day match against Australia, and three of the five matches against New Zealand. Following this, she continued to be involved in the England Academy, but did not make any further ODI appearances. In 2009, she took on the captaincy of Somerset.Career

Early years
After watching cricket with her father, <mask> began playing Kwik cricket, and then played age-group cricket for local boys' teams, including Mountain Ash and Mid Glamorgan. At the age of 13, she took part in a women's trial match, and was selected to play with the older women cricketers in the South West of England. At this time, she began to play women's cricket for Somerset Wanderers as well as her boys' matches. She soon progressed into the Somerset county side, making her debut that same year, aged 13 against Lancashire. She played four of Somerset's five Women's County Championship matches in 2001, and claimed her first wicket for the side in the third of these, trapping Derbyshire's Jane Morris leg before wicket during an economical spell in which she conceded only five runs off four overs. <mask> progressed quickly into the England development squad,

masks:
Stephanie Ann Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies


texts:
 representing them in a 2002 match against British Universities Sports Association. She also played a match for Wales, helping her native country defeat Scotland by seven wickets.Although she did not appear for Somerset in the County Championship during the season, she did help Somerset Wanderers reach the semi-final of the ECB Women's National Knockout. In 2002, she made her first appearance in the Super Fours—a competition in which the England selectors place the 48 leading players into four teams—playing one match for the Knight Riders. England Under-19 debut
She was chosen as part of the England Under-19s squad to tour Australia during the English winter of 2002–03, in which the England side took part in the Women's Australian Under-19 Championships. <mask> had little impact in the competition, claiming two wickets from her nine overs, and scoring eleven runs during her two innings. She also played in one of the two matches against the Australia Under-19s side, bowling six overs in which she claimed one wicket. In 2003, <mask> was again selected for the Super Fours competition, appearing in three matches for the Braves without standing out. She played five County Championship matches for Somerset, moving up the batting order; after batting at number four in her first match of the season, she was promoted to open the innings for the remainder of the season.The move proved profitable, she passed her previous highest total during her first match in the new position, scoring 35 against Middlesex, and after a couple of lower totals, she made her highest score in women's List A cricket when she scored 70 against Hampshire. Despite this move she remained in the lower order on her next international appearance, a 50-over contest for the England development squad which served as a warm-up for the touring South Africa national women's cricket team. She claimed

masks: Davies Davies


texts: three wickets during her seven overs as the English side won by seven wickets. Twenty20 cricket was introduced into the English women's domestic game for the first time in 2004 as part of the Super Fours competition. Playing her first match of this format, <mask> took four wickets for Braves, helping them to a 12 run victory in the semi-final of the competition. <mask> had some success in the 50-over tournament; although she only claimed two wickets in her four matches, she boasted the third lowest economy rate. She continued to open the batting for Somerset, but did not pass 50 runs in a match during her four matches for the county.Upon the conclusion of the English domestic season, <mask> travelled to Ireland as part of the England squad to compete in the 2004 Women's European Under-21 Championships. <mask> played two different roles for England during the tournament; in the first match she was used purely as an opening batsman, scoring 25 runs off 27 balls to help chase down a small Scotland total of 57 in under 10 overs. In the subsequent two matches, she batted as part of the middle order, and bowled at least five overs in each match. Against the Netherlands, she bowled very economically, finishing with figures of 1/5 off her 5.3 overs. England won all three of their matches to win the competition. During 2005, <mask> passed 50 twice, making 65 against Nottinghamshire and 51 against Berkshire in the second half of the season. Due to her improved performances with the bat in the previous season, <mask> was promoted to bat slightly higher in the order for the Braves, playing two matches at number five and two at number three.At the close of the season, she played for England A women in a match against the senior England side, scoring 8 runs after opening the batting. She was then selected as part of the England Development Squad to compete in the 2005

masks: Davies Davies Davies Davies Davies Davies


texts: Women's European Championship in Wales. As with her appearances in the Under-21 European Championship, her role altered from match to match. On the two occasions on which she was asked to bat, she scored 23 at number three against Ireland, and 31 opening the innings against Netherlands. She finished the tournament as the leading bowler in terms of wickets, bowling average and economy. In total she claimed nine wickets in her four matches, coming at an average of 5.88. The highlight of her bowling came in the match against Scotland, when <mask> collected four wickets in 6.2 overs, conceding just five runs during this time.<mask> had a reasonably quiet 2006 domestic season with both bat and ball. In four 50-over matches for Somerset she scored 34 runs at an average of 8.50, and took four wickets at an average of 33.75, taking a wicket in each match. <mask> was again selected for the Super Fours, this time playing for the Emeralds. She made 74 runs at 14.80 in five matches with a highest score of 29, but was ineffective with the ball, taking 2 wickets at 74.00. <mask> performed well for England A during a match against the touring Indian side, restricting the visitors to just fifteen runs off her ten overs, taking two wickets as she did so. Opening both the batting and bowling for England in this match, she then added an unbeaten 27, albeit off 77 balls, to help England A secure victory via the Duckworth–Lewis method. She was named as captain of the England Under-21 side for the 2006 Women's European Under-21 Championships, and led her side to three large victories to retain the competition title.She finished the tournament near the top of both the batting and bowling averages charts, boosted by her performance against Ireland, in which she took three wickets for just six runs conceded in her bowling duties, and followed it up with a score of 31 as her side

masks: Davies Davies Davies Davies


texts:
 chased a low Irish total of 69 to win. Full international debut
In June 2007, <mask> made her first appearance for the senior England side, albeit in a non-international match against an England Cricket Board Invitational XI. She was not required to bat or bowl in the match, which England won by five wickets. As the English summer continued, she played three matches for the England development squad, making scores of 34 and 18 in matches against South Africa, and 15 against England. In November 2007, she was named as part of the England squad which travelled to Australia and New Zealand, her first tour as a member of the senior England side. She was selected to play in two of the three warm-up matches on the tour, but did not make her ODI debut until the fifth and final match of the series. Coming on to bowl as the first change, <mask> claimed four wickets in her first international innings, trapping Lisa Sthalekar, Kate Blackwell and Leonie Coleman leg before wicket, and having Kirsten Pike stumped off the last ball of the innings.Despite her performance, Australia won the match by 41 runs. After playing the only warm-up match in New Zealand, in which she scored 25 from the lower order, <mask> missed the first ODI, returning for the second. She bowled six wicket-less overs in this match, and was not required to bat as England chased down the hosts total for the loss of only one wicket. Her bowling was used slightly more in the next match, claiming the wicket of Amy Satterthwaite during her nine overs. As with the previous match, her batting was not required as England reached the required target with six wickets remaining. She added one more wicket the fourth ODI, but there was no result as the match was washed out, leaving <mask> without a batting innings during the series. In September 2007, <mask> started studying Sport and Physical Education at the

masks: Davies Davies Davies Davies Davies


texts:
 University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, meaning that she had to juggle her cricket career with her academic studies in 2008.She represented England sides twice, both in early August, playing for the academy against Ireland and for the development squad the following day against the senior England side. As an MCC Young Cricketer, she was also selected to play in an MCC side against India later in the same month. She played five Somerset's six County Championship matches, her best performance of the season coming against Warwickshire, when she claimed a wicket and scored 25 runs to help her county to victory. She also made one appearance in the Super Fours for Rubies. Somerset captain
<mask> was named Somerset captain for the 2009 season, taking over from Hannah Lloyd, who continued to play for the side. In her first match as captain—against Surrey on 10 May 2009—she scored a half-century, and shared a 128-run partnership with fellow opener Sophie Le Marchand, helping her side to a 21 run victory. That score remained her best of the season, and in a rebuilding season for the county, she finished as the leading run-scorer, with 217.She also finished the season as Somerset's most economical bowler, and her seven wickets meant that she trailed only Izzy Westbury among wicket-takers. She continued to play for both England Academy and MCC Young Cricketers, and represented the academy in two Twenty20 matches against Pakistan prior to the 2009 ICC Women's World Twenty20. She continued as captain in 2010, and in Somerset's opening fixture of the season, against Berkshire, she claimed her fourth List A four-wicket haul. She played her last match for Somerset in 2011 against Cheshire. References

External links

1987 births
England women One Day International cricketers
Living people
Somerset women cricket captains
Somerset women cricketers
Sportspeople from


texts:
<mask>  (11 August 1936 – 25 December 2021) was an English-born American historian, sinologist, and writer specialising in Chinese history. He was Sterling Professor of History at Yale University from 1993 to 2008. His most widely read book is The Search for Modern China, a survey of the last several hundred years of Chinese history based on his popular course at Yale. A prolific author, reviewer, and essayist, he published more than a dozen books on China. <mask>'s major interest was modern China, especially the Qing dynasty, and relations between China and the West. <mask> frequently used biographies to examine cultural and political history. Another common theme is the efforts of both Westerners and Chinese "to change China", and how such efforts were frustrated.Early life
<mask> was born on 11 August 1936 to Muriel ( Crailsham) and Dermot <mask> in Surrey in England. His mother was a French researcher while his father worked at an art gallery and a publishing house. <mask> was educated at Winchester College and at Clare College, Cambridge and graduated in 1954. He spent two years in the military after graduating and was deployed in Germany during this period. He received his BA in history from Cambridge in 1959, studying at Clare College, Cambridge. During this time he was the editor of the campus magazine and was also the co-editor of British literary magazine Granta. He went to Yale University on a Clare-Mellon Fellowship to study the history and culture of China, receiving an MA and then a PhD in 1965, when he won the John Addison Porter Prize.As part of his graduate training, he spent a year in Australia to study under Fang Chao-ying and Tu Lien-che, scholars of the Qing dynasty. Career
<mask> taught a popular undergraduate class at Yale University on the history of modern China, which formed the basis for his

masks:
Jonathan Dermot Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence


texts: book The Search for Modern China (1989). He taught for more than 40 years at the university. During this time he wrote many books on China that furthered the understanding of the country and its culture with western audiences. Some of his books during this period included The Search for Modern China (1990), which was published on the back of the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989, and God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan (1996). <mask> was president of the American Historical Association between 2004 and 2005. While his primary focus was on Qing dynasty China, he also wrote a biography of Mao Zedong and The Gate of Heavenly Peace, a study of twentieth-century intellectuals and their relation to revolution.He retired from Yale in 2008. His book The Search for Modern China was a New York Times best seller and documented the evolution of China starting from the decline of the Ming dynasty in the early 1600s to the pro-democracy movement of 1989, while his book Treason by the Book (2001) documented the story of a scholar who took on the third Manchu Emperor in the 1700s. <mask> received eight honorary degrees in the United States as well as from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and (in 2003) from Oxford University. He was invited to become a visiting professor at Peking University and an honorary professor at Nanjing University. He was named Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 2001, and in 2006, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. He received the William C. DeVane Medal of the Yale Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa (1952); a Guggenheim Fellowship (1979); the Los Angeles Times History Prize (1982), and the Vursel Prize of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters (1983). He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1985), named a

masks:
Spence
Honors Spence


texts:
 MacArthur Fellow (1988), appointed to the Council of Scholars of the Library of Congress (1988), elected a member of the American Philosophical Society (1993), and named a corresponding fellow of the British Academy (1997).In May and June 2008, he gave the 60th anniversary Reith Lectures, which were broadcast on BBC Radio 4. In 2010, <mask> was appointed to deliver the annual Jefferson Lecture at the Library of Congress, the US federal government's highest honour for achievement in the humanities. Personal life
<mask>'s name in Chinese,  (pinyin: Shǐ Jǐngqiān), was given to him by Fang Chao-ying to reflect his love of history and admiration for the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian. He chose the surname 史 (Shǐ; literally "history") and personal name  (Jǐngqiān), where  (jǐng) means admire (as in ) and  (qiān) was taken from the personal name of Sima Qian (). <mask> became an American citizen in 2000. <mask>'s wife Annping Chin was a senior lecturer in history at Yale with a PhD in Chinese thought from Columbia. He had two sons from a previous marriage (1962–1993) to Helen Alexander, Colin and <mask>, two stepchildren, Yar Woo and Mei Chin, a grandchild as well as two step-grandchildren.<mask> died from complications of Parkinson's disease on 25 December 2021, at the age of 85 at his residence in West Haven, Connecticut. Bibliography

Books
The Search for Modern China (1990; 2nd edition, 1999; 3rd edition 2013)
Tsʻao Yin and the Kʻang-hsi Emperor: bondservant and master (1966)
 To Change China: Western Advisers in China, 1620–1960 (Boston, Little Brown, 1969). Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang-Hsi (1974)
The Death of Woman Wang (1978). Story situated in 17th century Tancheng. The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (1984)
The Question of Hu (New York: Knopf, 1987 ). Biography of John Hu 胡若望, 18th-century Chinese who

masks:
Spence
Spence
Spence
Spence
Ian Spence
Spence


texts:
 went to France with Jean-François Foucquet. Chinese Roundabout: Essays on History and Culture
The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution 1895–1980 (1982)
The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds
God's Chinese Son (New York: Norton, 1996 ).Biography of Hong Xiuchuan, leader of Taiping Rebellion. Treason by the Book (2001)
Return to Dragon Mountain: Memories of a Late Ming Man (2007) Viking, 332 pages. Book reviews
"The Dream of Catholic China" The New York Review of Books 54/11 (28 June 2007) : 22–24 [reviews Liam Matthew Brockey, Journey to the East: the Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724]

References

Citations

Sources

 Bruce Mazlish, "The Question of the Question of Hu", History and Theory 11 (1992): 141–152
 Mirsky, <mask>. Review of Chinese Roundabout The New York Review of Books, Volume 39, Issue No. 17 (5 November 1992): 51–55. Nathan, Andrew J. "A Culture of Cruelty: Review of The Search for Modern China" pages 30–34 from The New Republic, Volume 203 (30 July 1990): 50–54.Roberts, Priscilla. "<mask>, <mask>.", The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing edited by Kelly Boyd, Volume 2, (London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999. ): 1136–1137. External links
<mask> archive from The New York Review of Books

1936 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
British historians
British sinologists
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
English emigrants to the United States
Historians of China
MacArthur Fellows
Microhistorians
People educated at Winchester College
People from Surrey (before 1965)
People with acquired American citizenship
Presidents of the American Historical Association
Yale Sterling Professors
Yale University faculty
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in

masks:
Jonathan
Spence
Jonathan D
Spence


texts:
<mask> (1925–1966) () was an Egyptian painter. He occupies a unique position among the artists of his generation. His membership in the Contemporary Art Group elevated his status as an artist through his utilization of social commentary in addition to the group's focus on traditional, Egyptian identity. This commentary is most widely recognized in his painting, The High Dam, in which he comments on the effects of modernization by the Egyptian government on society and their way of life. Since his death, his work has not ceased to challenge artists, intellectuals and critics both in Egypt and abroad. Life and career
<mask><mask> was born on March 14, 1925, in the Akkabri district in Alexandria; he was son of a Sheikh, a religious scholar. In 1940, his family moved to Cairo and settled in the district of Sayyida Zaynab.At Helmiyya Secondary School, <mask>r attended courses at the 'artistic club’ organized by  Hussein Youssef Amin, the founder of The Group of Contemporary Art, in 1944; this group constituted one  of the major early attempts to ground Egyptian arts in its own culture. The artists embarked on a search for Egyptian traditions and applied folk symbols mixed with popular philosophy in order to rid Egypt's art of romantic and unrealistic traces left by the earlier Western Orientalist painters. In many ways the group drew upon their predecessor, the Art and Freedom Group—as with the continuation of the use of surrealism and abstraction. However, the Art and Freedom Group focused on the breakdown of Egyptian identity, which is where they differed. <mask>r was a member of this group, which included other Egyptian important artists such as Hamed Nada and Samir Rafi'. In 1950, <mask>r graduated from the Cairo School of Fine Arts, where he

masks:
Abdel Hadi Al Gazzar
Abdel Hady Mohammad El
- Gazzar
Al Gazza
Al Gazza
Al Gazza


texts:
 subsequently worked as an assistant professor. He had his first personal exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Egyptian Art in Cairo during the period December 17–24, 1951.<mask>r obtained two scholarships in Rome, Italy, in 1954 and in 1957. He obtained a diploma from the School of Art and Restoration of Rome. He visited schools of Fine Arts in England, France and Italy. In his early years, <mask>r's choice of medium was crayon or ink on paper, before moving to painting in his later years. From 1958 to 1965, <mask>r participated in many national and international exhibitions, winning several medals and prizes. At one Contemporary Art Group exhibition, he and his mentor, Hussein Youssef Amin, got arrested for the political commentary in their works. In 1965, shortly before his death, he participated for the second time in the Alexandria Biennial.He died in 1966 of a heart condition. Exhibitions
Some of the most important private and collective exhibitions:

 1946, Contemporary Art Group Exhibition, Paris, France. 1946, Contemporary Art Group Exhibition, Bab Al Louk Licee’. Cairo, Egypt. 1951, Modern Art Museum of Cairo, Egypt. 1953, Fine Arts Museum, Alexandria, Egypt. 1957, São Paulo Biennial, Brazil.1957, Spring Exhibition, Cairo, Egypt. 1958, “Art in Fifty Years” International Exhibition, Brooklyn, USA. 1960, Venice Biennial, Italy. 1961, Alvolka Gallery, Rome, Italy. 1962, “The Revolution, Ten Years After” Art Competition, Cairo, Egypt. 1962, Fine Fans Society Exhibition, Cairo, Egypt. 1964, Cairo Saloon Exhibition, Egypt.1965, Alexandria Biennial, Egypt. 1972, Contemporary Egyptian Art, Moscow, Russia. 1985, Mashrabiya Gallery, Cairo, Egypt. 1991, Portrait Art Exhibition, Cairo Opera Hall, Egypt. 1995, 70th Anniversary of Gazzar’s

masks:
Al Gazza
Al Gazza
Al Gazza


texts:
 Birthday, Modern Art Museum of Cairo, Egypt. 2001, Safar Khan Gallery, Cairo, Egypt. 2003, Picasso Gallery, Cairo, Egypt.2004, Creativity Gallery, Cairo, Egypt. Awards
 1942: 1st Prize for Painting, Helmiyya Secondary School, Cairo, Egypt. 1945: 1st Prize for Photography, in the National Contest for Art Products Exhibition, Denshway, Egypt. 1957: Bronze Medal Award, São Paulo Biennial, Br
 1958: 1st Prize for Mural Painting Design, Cairo Court Complex, Egypt. .1958: Silver Medal Award from the Italian city of Bari, Italy. 1958: Henry Moore Statue Prize, the International Exhibition "Fifty years of Arts",Brussels, Belgium. 1958: Silver Medal Award from the Italian city of Palermo, Italy.1962: 1st Prize for his painting "The Charter", in the competition " The Revolution , Ten Years After ", Cairo, Egypt. 1963: 1st Prize, the 40th Cairo Salon, Egypt. 1964: Golden Medal Award, the 41st Cairo Salon, Egypt. 1964: Medal of Arts & Science and State Incentive Award for his painting "The High Dam". Egypt. 1964/1965: State Incentive Award in Photography, Cairo, Egypt. 1965: Full-time Grant Art, Ministry of Culture and National Guidance, Cairo, Egypt.1966: 2nd Prize for Photography, Alexandria Biennial, Egypt. 1998: Medal Award by the Second Scientific Conference, Fine Arts Faculty, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt. 2006: The Golden Feather by the 4th Honorary Exhibition for Artists, Cairo, Egypt. Writings
Folk Poems. Many Articles for "the Islamic Post Magazine". Two stories:
"Barber's Shop"
"Soul's Departure"

Collections
 State Collections

 Museum of the Modern Egyptian Art. Cairo, Egypt.Museum of Faculty of Fine Arts. Cairo, Egypt. Museum of Faculty of Fine Arts. Alexandria, Egypt. Port Said Museum. Egypt. Banha Museum.Egypt. The Arab Museum of


texts:
 Paris, France. Museum of New Delhi, India. Private Collections

 Art Lovers Association. Cairo, Egypt. Bibliography
 Sobhy <mask> :"<mask> <mask> <mask>r: The Strangers",  Copyright Dr. Sobhy <mask>. 1961.Sobhy <mask>: "<mask> <mask> <mask> the Artist of the Legend and Space World", National Publication House. 1966. Badr El Din Abu Ghazi: "Generations of Pioneers", Publications of Fine Arts Fans Society. 1975. Ezz El Din Naguib: "Modern Egyptian Art Dawn", Beirut, Arab Future House. 1982. Samia Mehrez: "<mask> <mask> al-Gazzar: an Egyptian Painter", translation from Arabic to English of the poetry by and about the Egyptian painter <mask> in a collective, trilingual volume on his life and work.Dar al Mustaqbal al Arabi. 1990. pp. 28–45. <mask> and Chritine Rosion: " Egyptian Painter <mask> <mask> <mask>r", Arab Future Publication House. 1990. Samir Gharib: "Surrealism in Egypt", General Egyptian Book Authority. 1996.Sherifa Zuhur: "Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance , Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East", AUC Press. 1998. (Modern Painting in the Mashriq, Hussein, 1989, p. 37). Sabri Mansour: "Plastic Studies: Series of Plastic and Prospects", General Authority of Cultural Palaces. 2000. Liliane Karnouk: "Modern Egyptian Art 1910-2003",AUC Press, 2003. Venetia Porter: "Arab artists' appropriation of modernity", British Museum Press.2006. Sobhy <mask>-Sharouny, Abdel <mask> <mask>-<mask>, Cairo, 2007 (illustrated in colour, p. 89). References

 The Institut at 20, Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue No. 875, December 2007
 Abd al-<mask> El-<mask>, artnet
 Not quite a sylvan scene, Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue No.515, January 2001

External links

1925 births
People from Alexandria
1966 deaths
Folk art
Surrealist artists
20th-century Egyptian

masks:
Al Sharouny
Abdel
Hadi
AlGazza
Al Sharouny
Al Sharouny
Abdel
Hadi
Al Gazzar
Abdel
Hadi
Al Gazzar
Alain
Abdel
Hadi
Al Gazza
Al
Hadi
Al
Gazzar
Hadi
Gazzar


texts: <mask>Camille Cornelis<mask> (April 14, 1919 – February 11, 2002) was a Belgian (Flemish) linguist. After an academic career in Flanders and the Netherlands he was appointed professor at Cornell University in 1968, and consequently he emigrated to the US, where, after a few years, he chose to become a naturalized American citizen. <mask> was born on April 14, 1919, in Geraardsbergen, a small town in the southeastern part of the province of East Flanders, on the Franco-Dutch language border. His native language was the (Dutch) dialect of Geraardsbergen. At a very early age, he lost both his parents, and his aunt and uncle raised him and sent him to a French-language boarding school. After finishing high school in 1939, he attended a Nivelles "régendat" (a type of teacher training college below university level), yet another French-language school. However, he was so dissatisfied with the education that he was getting that in 1941, he ended it and switched to the Catholic University of Leuven to study Germanic philology.(At the time, "Germanic philology" included Dutch, English and German languages and literatures as well as a number of courses in philosophy and history.) Even before graduating, he had worked as an interpreter for the British armed forces during the Allied invasion of Germany. He graduated in 1946; his undergraduate thesis dealt with the sounds and the morphology of his native Geraardsbergen dialect. Less than a year later, on April 30, 1947, he married his childhood sweetheart. His Ph.D. thesis, which he defended in 1952, was also devoted to the sounds and the

masks:
Frans (
) Van Coetsem
Life Coetsem


texts: morphology of the Geraardsbergen dialect; his thesis supervisor was L. Grootaers. However, before he had obtained his degree, he had been hired by the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT) as a trainee editor, which meant moving to Wassenaar, near his job in Leiden. There, he was coached by K.H.Heeroma, who also assisted him in choosing the subject of his "Aggregatie voor het Hoger Onderwijs", which he obtained in 1956. His thesis, published by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) the same year, was a significant breakthrough in the comparative study of the Germanic languages, and it established his international reputation in the field. In 1957, he was appointed successor to his supervisor L. Grootaers [†1956] at the Germanic Philology department of the Catholic University of Leuven, and he moved back to Belgium. However, in 1963, he also became Extraordinary Professor of comparative Germanic linguistics at Leiden University. Cornell University invited him as visiting professor for the 1965–1966 academic year. Its research facilities as well as the opportunity to teach mainly graduate students made him decide in 1968 to accept Cornell's offer of tenure. At Cornell, he supervised a number of Ph.D. students, all of whom went on to have academic careers.After his retirement in 1989, he remained active in supervising graduate students and continuing his research. It was mainly as an emeritus professor that he wrote his important works about language contact, some of which were unfinished at his death and so published posthumously. About five years after his wife's


texts:
 death, which had occurred on January 26, 1993, he was diagnosed with cancer, which caused his death on February 11, 2002. Work

Teacher
<mask> was able to hold his students' attention, whether they were over two hundred, as in his introductory phonetics course at the Catholic University of Leuven, or less than a dozen, seated around the big table in his Cornell office. His lectures were well planned, and he gave them with enthusiasm. In fact, he could argue a point with real passion, when his blackboard was liable to look like an abstract expressionist painting; he was not known for orthodox didactics. However, his argumentation was always clear, and he never lost the big picture, even when a student's question would send him off on a tangent.That often happened, for he welcomed questions: he took his students seriously. (The informality between teaching staff and students was another reason for him to move to Cornell.) He used those occasions to discuss problems on which his research was focusing, which often took his students to the outer edge of modern linguistic research. As a thesis supervisor, he was anything but heavy-handed. He respected his students too much to overcorrect what they wrote, and he did not mind if they took positions with which he disagreed or if they following methods that were not his. On the contrary, if their work was solid, he would help them improve it on their own terms. The variety of Ph.D. theses that he supervised is quite remarkable.Researcher
<mask> considered doing research a true, if nonreligious, calling. What he wrote was always the result of

masks: Coetsem Coetsem


texts: thorough study, and his carefully worded argumentation was thought out to its furthest consequences. Two incidents in his life reveal the stringent requirements that he thought research imposed, and they show how demanding he was in his own work. While writing his Ph.D. thesis, he had gradually come to see that the neogrammarian framework in which he was working was out of date. That made him categorically refuse to publish his thesis, in spite of its excellence. The 1956 publication of his habilitation, highly specialised as it was, sold out fairly quickly, and the KNAW had it reprinted, unchanged and published in 1964 without his knowledge. When he eventually found out, he demanded and obtained all copies that were still unsold to be called back and for a notice to be inserted to the effect that he would have wanted to modify certain parts, in view of recent research.He could get very upset at researchers whose work was not careful or who used it as a means of self-promotion. However, he deeply appreciated and respected serious researchers, whatever their orientation or philosophy. The history of Toward a Grammar of Proto-Germanic is revealing in that respect. He had planned the work as a modern successor to Eduard Prokosch's 1939 A Comparative Germanic Grammar, and he had brought together a number of distinguished historical linguists for the purpose. However, the chapters that they contributed were very diverse in nature (some were suitable for a textbook, others contributed original and advanced research) and in approach (some were clearly structuralist, others worked within


texts: generative linguistics). <mask> respected his authors and published their contributions as they were, rather than imposing a format or an approach, though that forced the original plan to be abandoned. The book was a series of contributions Toward a Grammar of Proto-Germanic, rather than a grammar of Proto-Germanic proper.<mask>'s research ranged wide, and his knowledge of general linguistics was vast. His own research can usefully be assigned to four subfields of linguistics. His first research (his Ph.D. and his work at the WNT) was on Dutch, and he would work on Dutch throughout his career, focusing often on variation within Dutch: between the Netherlands and Flanders, his 1957 article on the national border between the Netherlands and Flanders as a language border, brief as it was, being cited extensively, and between the dialects and the standard language. He was also the linguistic expert behind a highly popular language program on the standard language that had a ten-year run (1962–1972) on Belgian (Flemish) television. His interest in language variation was to come to full fruition after his retirement. <mask> was best known as a specialist in comparative Germanic linguistics. Instead of considering Proto-Germanic as undifferentiated chronologically, he realized that "Proto-Germanic" had lasted a long time and that it should be divided into periods.That insight, in combination with his knowledge of phonetics and phonology led him to a classification of the Germanic strong verbs that differs radically from the traditional one in seven classes, but it explained many of their

masks: Coetsem Coetsem Coetsem


texts: characteristics and much of their evolution; cf. the title of his 1956 book (translated): 'The system of the strong verbs and the periodization of Proto-Germanic'. An indirect consequence was a new explanation of an old crux in comparative Germanic linguistics, the so-called ē², a long ē that appeared in Proto-Germanic (in a later stage, according to Coetsem) and differed from the long ē inherited from Proto-Indo-European, the ē¹. (The difference is still clearly recognizable in Dutch and German: hier 'here' goes back to Proto-Germanic *hē²r, but waar, wahr 'true', to Proto-Germanic *wē¹ra .) All of that led him to being asked to write the chapter on Proto-Germanic in the Kurzer Grundriß der germanischen Philologie bis 1500 (published in 1970), and it was probably the main reason for him to be invited to Cornell. He continued to work out and refine those ideas until the end of his life; witness his 1990 and 1994 books. For more information on the latter, see Germanic Parent Language, a term that he seems to have introduced.<mask> was trained in phonetics but not in phonology; when he was in college, phonology was a still a very young branch of linguistics. (Both N. van Wijk's Phonologie and Nikolai Trubetzkoy's Grundzüge der Phonologie were published in 1939.) However, he would do outstanding work in both. He was a member of the team that made the first radiographic images involving the use of a contrast medium of the pronunciation of some Standard Dutch vowels. They were taken at the institute of physiology of the Catholic University of Leuven, where he lectured and taught his


texts: courses at the Department of Germanic Philology; even in the 1950s, he supported interdisciplinarity. He was also a cofounder of the speech therapy program at the Catholic University of Leuven. Phonology played an important role in almost all his publications on Germanic, and it was the first aspect he dealt with in his studies about language contact.Also, problems about accent interested him, as can be witnessed by his Towards a Typology of Lexical Accent and the last publication that he himself saw through the press. In that 2001 article, he proposed the following explanation of the "violent contrast" between the British and the American lexical accent (compare the three-syllable British pronunciation of necessary with the four-syllable American one). In British English, stress is so strong that neighboring syllables are weakened or disappear altogether and has an extremely dominant accent, which is difficult for non-native speakers to imitate. America was populated by so many non-native speakers that the inadequately weakened syllables in their pronunciation ended up in the standard pronunciation of American English. <mask>'s interest in linguistic variation led him to an in-depth investigation of language contact. He clearly distinguished between borrowing, which happens, for example, when a Dutch-speaker borrows the  of English goal and the word, with imposition, which happens, for example, when a Dutch speaker imposes his articulatory habit on English by pronouncing goal with his Dutch . That distinction seems evident, but no one before him had ever formulated it so clearly or


texts:
 suspected its implications.A second fundamental factor that must not be remembered when language contact is studied is the degree of stability of a language component. For example, the lexicon of a language very unstable, but its morphology and syntax are much more stable. A word like save can easily be borrowed into Dutch but hardly its morphology: the Dutch principal parts of that borrowing are . In a number of publications, <mask> elaborated those ideas and used them to explain all kinds of contact phenomena. Bibliography
This chronologically ordered selection, lists, besides his books, only the publications mentioned in this Wikipedia article. Het dialect van Geraardsbergen: Klank- en vormleer (K.U.Leuven, 1952) (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis — see § 2.2; in the library of the Catholic University of Leuven.) F<mask> <mask>, G. Forrez, G. Geerts, J. Tyberghein Fonetische Platenatlas (Leuven: Acco, s.d.)Das System der starken Verba und die Periodisierung im älteren Germanischen (Mededelingen der KNAW, afd. Letterkunde, N.R. 19.1) (Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij, 1956) (Reprint 1964; see § 2.2.) "De rijksgrens tussen Nederland en België als taalgrens in de algemene taal" in: A. Weijnen & F. van Coetsem De rijksgrens tussen België en Nederland als taalgrens (Bijdragen en Mededelingen der Dialectencommissie van de KNAW, XVIII) (Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij, 1957) pp. 16–28
"Zur Entwicklung der germanischen Grundsprache" Kurzer Grundriß der germanischen Philologie bis 1500, ed. L.E. Schmitt (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1970) pp.1–93
<mask> <mask> &

masks:
Coetsem
. Van
Coetsem
Frans
van Coetsem


texts:
 Herbert L. Kufner, eds. Toward a Grammar of Proto-Germanic (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1972)
Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact (Dordrecht: Foris, 1988)
Ablaut and Reduplication in the Germanic Verb (Heidelberg: Winter, 1990)
"The Interaction between Dialect and Standard Language, and the Question of Language Internationalization: Viewed from the standpoint of the Germanic languages" Dialect and Standard Language in the English, Dutch, German and Norwegian Language Areas = Dialekt und Standardsprache, ed. J. A. van Leuvensteijn & J.B. Berns (Verhandelingen der KNAW, Afd. Letterkunde, N.R. 150) (Amsterdam, etc. : North-Holland, 1992) pp.15–70
The Vocalism of the Germanic Parent Language: Systemic Evolution and Sociohistorical Context (Heidelberg: Winter, 1994)
Towards a Typology of Lexical Accent (Heidelberg: Winter, 1996)
A General and Unified Theory of the Transmission Process in Language Contact (Heidelberg: Winter, 2000)
"A 'Violent Contrast' in Lexical Accent between British and American English" Leuvense Bijdragen 90 (2001) pp. 419–426
"Topics in Contact Linguistics" Leuvense Bijdragen 92 (2003) pp. 27–99

Honors
In 1964 <mask> <mask> was elected "Korrespondierendes Mitglied in Übersee für den Wissenschaftlichen Rat des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache" in Mannheim, which he remained until 1997, when he resigned. On April 14, 1970, he was installed as a foreign correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences Division. In 1976 he was invited by the University of Vienna as visiting professor, to teach a course on

masks:
Frans
Van Coetsem


texts:
 Proto-Germanic and one on the neogrammarian, structuralist and generative approaches to historical linguistics. He was invited by the Meertens Instituut in Amsterdam (a research institute of the KNAW) to give the keynote address at a colloquium about dialect and the standard language from October 15 through 18, 1990. His 1992 article is an expanded version of his address.Sources
Apart from what is in the Notes, the data of this article are taken from Van Coetsem's publications and from the six In Memoriams published about <mask> <mask>. All electronic sources mentioned in this article were retrieved in the spring of 2010. Buccini, Anthony F. "In memoriam <mask> <mask>" Journal of Germanic Linguistics 15.3 (2003) pp. 267–276
Buccini, Anthony, James Gair, Wayne Harbert & John Wolff [Untitled In Memoriam] Memorial Statements of the Faculty 2001-2002 (Cornell University)
Leys, Odo "In memoriam <mask> <mask> (1919–2002)" Leuvense Bijdragen 91 (2002) pp. 1–2
Muysken, P.C. "Frans Camille Cornelis van Coetsem" Levensberichten en herdenkingen 2005 (Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen) pp. 32–35, available here
Schaerlaekens, Annemarie "In memoriam <mask> <mask> (1919–2002)" L&A Alumni Logopedie en Audiologie (K.U.Leuven, 1992) nr.3, p. 3; available here
Tollenaere, F. de "In memoriam <mask> <mask>" Jaarverslag 2002 (Leiden: Instituut voor Nederlandse Lexicologie) p. 6

Notes

1919 births
2002 deaths
People from Geraardsbergen
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Linguists from Belgium
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Cornell University

masks:
Frans
Van Coetsem
Frans
van Coetsem
Frans
van Coetsem
Frans
Van Coetsem
Frans
van Coetsem


texts:
<mask>, 15th Duke of Norfolk,  (27 December 184711 February 1917), styled Lord Maltravers until 1856 and Earl of Arundel and Surrey between 1856 and 1860, was a British Unionist politician and philanthropist. He served as Postmaster General between 1895 and 1900, but is best remembered for his philanthropic work, which concentrated on Roman Catholic causes and the city of Sheffield. Background
Norfolk was the eldest son of <mask>, 14th Duke of Norfolk, and Augusta Mary Minna Catherine, younger daughter of Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons. Edmund Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Viscount Fitzalan of Derwent, was his younger brother. The Duke was first educated at The Oratory School, but owing to restrictions from the Catholic Hierarchy he was unable to attend either Oxford or Cambridge Universities. His higher education instead consisted of a Grand Tour of Europe around 1867 under the guidance of classical scholar and biographer Robert Ornsby. Public career
Norfolk succeeded to the dukedom at the age of 12 on the death of his father 25 November 1860.He also succeeded to the hereditary office of Earl Marshal held by the <mask> of Norfolk. On 5 April 1871 he was commissioned as Captain in the part-time 9th (Arundel) Sussex Rifle Volunteer Corps, which had been raised by his father just before his death. He was promoted to Major in the 2nd Sussex Rifle Volunteers on 4 March 1882. In 1895 he was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Postmaster General by Lord Salisbury, a post he held until early 1900, when he resigned in order to serve in the Boer War. In 1895 he also became Mayor of Sheffield; serving two terms during which he arranged the city's monumental celebrations in honour of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897. Shortly thereafter he was

masks:
Henry Fitzalan Howard
Henry Fitzalan Howard
Dukes


texts: appointed the first Lord Mayor of Sheffield, but retained the office only until November 1897. He was appointed an honorary Freeman of the City of Sheffield three years later.In November 1900 he became the first Mayor of Westminster and, at age 53, went to the Second Boer War as a lieutenant colonel in the Imperial Yeomanry, in the course of which he was wounded near Pretoria and invalided back to Britain. After the end of the war he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of the his volunteer battalion (now the 2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment) on 24 December 1902, and chaired the Royal Commission on Militia and Volunteers that was established in 1903.The commission attempted to define the role of the auxiliary forces, and made detailed proposals on how their deficiencies in training and equipment could be addressed. Norfolk's commission proposed a Home Defence Army raised by conscription, which was unpopular with the Volunteers and Yeomanry, and was quickly shelved. However, in conjunction with the Elgin Commission on the War in South Africa, the Norfolk Commission's work influenced the creation of the Territorial Force (TF) under the 1908 Haldane Reforms, which subsumed the old Volunteer Force. He retired from command of the 4th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment (as the battalion had become in the TF) in 1913 after 42 years' service. In his capacity as Earl Marshal the duke arranged the state funerals of William Ewart Gladstone (1898), Queen Victoria (1901), and King Edward VII (1910), and the coronations of Edward VII (1902) and George V (1911). Apart from serving as Earl Marshal between 1860 and 1917, <mask> was Lord Lieutenant of Sussex between 1905 and 1917.He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1886, and received


texts:
 the Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) from King Edward VII on 11 August 1902, following the King's coronation two days earlier. He was three time chairman of the National Union of Conservative Associations, grand chancellor of the Primrose League, and commanding officer of the 4th (Volunteer) Battalion Royal Sussex Regiment. Philanthropy and Religious Work
[[File:StEdmund'sCrest.png|thumb|Arms of St Edmund's College, Cambridge: Arms of the founder <mask>-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk (quarterly of four: Howard, Brotherton, Warenne, FitzAlan) with a canton of St Edmund of Abingdon (Or, a cross fleury gules between four Cornish choughs proper) all within a bordure argent]]
As is common with the Dukes of Norfolk, but exceptional within the British aristocracy, Norfolk was a Roman Catholic. In his dual role as Premier Duke and most prominent Roman Catholic in England, he undertook a programme of philanthropy which served in part to reintegrate Roman Catholics into civic life. He was born a generation after the Catholic Relief Act 1829 but before the reconstitution of Roman Catholic dioceses in 1850. By the time he came of age as Duke in 1868, the process of Catholic Emancipation had made the establishment of Catholic institutions legal, but the reality of two hundred years of legislation in favour of the Church of England left Roman Catholics with few structures of their own. Norfolk's first major benefaction commemorated his coming of age as Duke.At his ancestral seat of Arundel Castle (being also one of the Earls of Arundel), he sponsored the construction of the Church of Our Lady and St Philip Neri between 1868 and 1873. This church was later chosen to serve as Arundel Cathedral in 1965 and rededicated in 1971 to include


texts:
 Saint Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel, one of his ancestors. In 1877, he married his first wife, Lady Flora Hastings. He later wrote, 'Shortly after my most happy marriage, I wished to build a church as a thank-offering to God.' To commemorate this occasion, he undertook construction of a church in his titular ancestral seat in Norwich, Norfolk. After commencing in 1882 with a gift of £200,000, construction would not be completed until 1910, nearly 23 years after Lady Flora's death in 1887. This church was also later chosen to serve as St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich when the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia was re-established in 1976.In the 1890s Norfolk was instrumental in the campaign that convinced the Vatican authorities to relax its restrictions on Catholic students enrolling at the great English universities, culminating with the co-founding of St Edmund's College, Cambridge along with Baron Anatole von Hugel. He was a significant contributor to the Father Damien fund to fight leprosy. He also donated funds for the building of the University of Sheffield and was its initial Chancellor between 1905 and 1917. From 1898 on, he edited, together with Charles Tindal Gatty, the hymnal Arundel Hymns'', to which Pope Leo XIII contributed a preface in form of a personal letter. Family
In 1877, Norfolk married as his first wife, Lady Flora Paulyna Hetty Barbara Abney-Hastings (1854–1887), daughter of Charles Abney-Hastings, 1st Baron Donington and Edith Rawdon-Hastings, 10th Countess of Loudoun, in 1877. They had one child:

Philip Joseph Mary Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Surrey, Earl of Arundel (7 September 1879 – 8 July 1902), died unmarried. After Lady Flora's death from Bright's Disease in April 1887, aged 33, he remained


texts:
 unmarried for nearly seventeen years.On 7 February 1904, at age 56, he married, as his second wife, his first cousin once removed, the Hon. Gwendolen Constable-Maxwell, eldest daughter of Marmaduke Constable-Maxwell, 11th Lord Herries of Terregles and the Hon. Angela Mary Charlotte, daughter of Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop. She was 30 years his junior, and aged 27 at their wedding. They had four children:

Lady Mary Rachel Fitzalan-Howard (27 June 1905 – 17 August 1992)
Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk (1908–1975)
Lady Katherine Mary Fitzalan-Howard, (1912–2000)
Lady Winifred Alice Fitzalan-Howard, (31 October 1914 – 27 May 2006)

In 1908 Gwendolen succeeded her father as Lady Herries of Terregles. The <mask> of Norfolk died in February 1917, aged 69, and was succeeded in the dukedom by his only surviving son, Bernard. On his death, Lord Curzon  said he was a man "who was diffident about powers which were in excess of the ordinary".The Duchess of Norfolk died in August 1945, aged 68. She was succeeded in the Scottish lordship of parliament by her son, Bernard. Ancestry

Family tree

References

External links

1847 births
1917 deaths
315
33
306
123
23
Earls Marshal
<mask>-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk
British Yeomanry officers
Royal Sussex Regiment officers
Catholic Church in Cambridge
English Roman Catholics
Fellows of St Edmund's College, Cambridge
Henry
Founders of English schools and colleges
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Sussex
Lord Mayors of Sheffield
Mayors of places in Greater London
Members of London County Council
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of Westminster Metropolitan Borough Council
United Kingdom

masks:
Duke
Henry Fitzalan


texts:
<mask><mask> (born March 30, 1934) is an American Roman Catholic priest and moral theologian. He currently serves at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, as the Elizabeth Scurlock University Professor of Human Values. Biography
<mask> grew up in Rochester, New York, and was ordained there in 1958 for the Diocese of Rochester. After intensive graduate work and earning two doctorates in theology in Rome, <mask> taught at the seminary in Rochester, New York. In 1965 he joined the theology faculty at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. Contrary to some sources, he did not serve as a peritus or expert at the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). That distinction belonged to <mask>, a member of the psychology department at Loyola University Chicago.In April 1967, university trustees voted to let <mask><mask>'s tenure stream appointment lapse rather than reappoint him, primarily because of his dissenting views on contraception. After a faculty-led strike that included students, the university reversed its position on <mask> two weeks later and the trustees not only reappointed him, but also promoted him to associate professor with tenure. <mask> then returned to prominence. In 1968 he was part of the group of 87 theologians that authored a response to Humanae vitae, Pope Paul VI's encyclical affirming the traditional ban on artificial contraception. <mask> continued to teach and write on the church's teaching on various moral issues, including premarital sex, masturbation, contraception, abortion, homosexual acts, divorce, euthanasia, and in vitro fertilization, throughout the 1970s and 1980s. <mask> was again removed from the faculty of the Catholic University of America in 1986 as a dissident against

masks:
Charles E
. Curran
Curran
Curran
Charles Arthur Curran
Charles E
. Curran
Curran
Curran
Curran
Curran


texts: the Catholic Church's moral teaching. He maintains in his 1986 Faithful Dissent that Catholics who may dissent nevertheless accept the teaching authority of the pope, bishops and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.<mask> contended in 1971 that homosexual acts, in the context of a committed relationship, fell short of the ideal but were to be considered good for homosexual people; he stated that "I had come to accept the moral legitimacy of a union of two gay men or lesbians." In 1992, he said that "the official hierarchical Roman Catholic teaching should accept the moral value and goodness" of same-sex relationships, not excepting those that include sex. However, he has since recognized shortcomings in this argument, albeit without explicitly stating a change of position. <mask> has stated that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith systematically attempted to silence authors critical of teachings on homosexuality, citing the "highlighting" of errors in Dr. John J. McNeill's The Church and the Homosexual. In 1986, the Vatican declared that <mask> could no longer teach theology at the Catholic University of America schools, and he was neither suitable nor eligible to be a professor of Catholic theology. <mask> sued the university for wrongful dismissal and breach of contract and lost. Although a tenured professor (<mask> retained his tenure status, but his ecclesiastical mission to teach Catholic theology was revoked) "clashes with Church authorities finally culminated in a decision by the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, headed by then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger [later Pope Benedict XVI]".The areas of dispute included publishing articles that debated theological and ethical views

masks: Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran


texts:
 regarding divorce, "artificial contraception", "masturbation, pre-marital intercourse and homosexual acts." As noted in an American Association of University Professors (AAUP) report, "Had it not been for the intervention of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Professor <mask> would undoubtedly still be active in the [Catholic University's] Department of Theology, a popular teacher, honored theologian, and respected colleague." <mask>'s attorneys argued that CUA did not follow proper procedures or its own policy statements in handling the case. In essence, CUA claimed that the Vatican's actions against <mask> trumped any campus-based policy or tenure rules. In 1989, he filed suit against Catholic University, and the court determined that the university had the right to fire him for teaching views in contradiction to the school's religion. While the controversy was unfolding, <mask> taught as a visiting professor at Cornell University and Auburn University. Since then, <mask> has taken a full tenured professorship at Southern Methodist University and has published personal accounts about his experience with the Roman Catholic Church and his viewpoint on the actions of Roman Catholic Church authorities.Since he continues to dissent from orthodox Catholic Church teaching, <mask> has been deemed, by the Vatican, unfit to teach Catholic theology. <mask> is a major financial benefactor of SMU's Catholic organization. He has remained a controversial figure. His invitation to speak at St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland in 2006, was controversial, with the college president, Mgr. Dermot Farrell, denying any involvement without actually preventing him speaking. Education
 B.A., St. Bernard's

masks: Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran


texts:
 College (New York), 1955. S.T.L., Pontifical Gregorian University, 1959.S.T.D., Pontifical Gregorian University, 1961. S.T.D., (with a specialization in moral theology), Alphonsian Academy (Rome), 1961. Selected publications
Loyal Dissent: Memoirs of a Catholic Theologian (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2006)
The Moral Theology of Pope John Paul II (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2005)
Catholic Social Teaching 1891–Present: A Historical, Theological, and Ethical Analysis (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2002)
The Catholic Moral Tradition Today: A Synthesis (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1999)
Moral Theology at the End of the Century (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1999)
The Origins of Moral Theology in the United States: Three Different Approaches (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1997)
co-editor of the eighteen-volume series from Paulist Press: Readings in Moral Theology

For a complete bibliography of <mask>, see Thomas W. O'Brien, "Bibliography of <mask>. <mask> 1961-90: Thirty Years of Catholic Moral Theology", Horizons 18 (1991): 263-78, and O'Brien, "Bibliography of <mask>. <mask>, 1990-2000: Another Decade of Catholic Moral Theology", Horizons 28 (2001): 307-13. References

External links
<mask>'s SMU website
Whispers in the Loggia: In Big D, SMU Swims the Tiber

1934 births
Living people
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
21st-century Roman Catholic priests
Roman Catholic moral theologians
Southern Methodist University faculty
Dissident Roman Catholic theologians
Catholic University of America School of Theology and Religious Studies faculty
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Alphonsian Academy alumni
Presidents of the Catholic Theological

masks:
Curran
Charles E
Curran
Charles E
Curran
Curran


texts:
<mask> (March 28, 1921 – September 29, 2013) was an American physicist, best known for having flown as a scientific observer on the Hiroshima bombing mission and, later, as the third director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Agnew joined the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago in 1942, and helped build Chicago Pile-1, the world's first nuclear reactor. In 1943, he joined the Los Alamos Laboratory, where he worked with the Cockcroft–Walton generator. After the war ended, he returned to the University of Chicago, where he completed his graduate work under Enrico Fermi. Agnew returned to Los Alamos in 1949, and worked on the Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll in 1954. He became head of the Weapon Nuclear Engineering Division in 1964. He also served as a Democratic New Mexico State Senator from 1955 to 1961, and was the Scientific Adviser to the NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) from 1961 to 1964.He was director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1970 to 1979, when he resigned to become President and Chief Executive Officer of General Atomics. He died at his home in Solana Beach, California, on September 29, 2013. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Denver, Colorado on March 28, 1921, the only child of a pair of stonecutters. He attended South Denver High School and entered the University of Denver, where he majored in chemistry. He was a strong athlete who pitched for the university softball team that won a championship. He left the University of Denver in January 1942, but had enough credits to graduate Phi Beta Kappa with his Bachelor of Arts degree in June, and he received a

masks:
Harold Melvin Agnew
Harold Melvin
Agnew


texts: scholarship to Yale University. After the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor brought the United States into the Pacific War, Agnew and his girlfriend Beverly, a fellow graduate of South Denver High School and the University of Denver, attempted to join the United States Army Air Corps together.They were persuaded not to sign the enlistment papers. Instead, Joyce C. Stearns, the head of the physics department at the University of Denver, persuaded Agnew to come with him to the University of Chicago, where Stearns became the deputy head of the Metallurgical Laboratory. Although Agnew had enough credits to graduate, Beverly did not and had to remain behind. They were married in Denver on May 2, 1942. They then went to Chicago, where Beverly became a secretary to Richard L. Doan, then head of the Metallurgical Laboratory. Agnew and Beverly had two children, a daughter Nancy, and a son, John. At the Metallurgical Laboratory, Agnew worked with Enrico Fermi, Walter Zinn and Herbert L. Anderson.There, he was involved in the construction of Chicago Pile-1. Initially, Agnew worked with the instrumentation. The Geiger counters were calibrated using a radon-beryllium source, and Agnew received too high a dose of radiation. He was then put to work stacking the graphite bricks that were the reactor's neutron moderator. He witnessed the first controlled nuclear chain reaction when the reactor went critical on December 2, 1942. Agnew and Beverly moved to the Los Alamos Laboratory in March 1943. Agnew, Beverly and Bernard Waldman first went to the University of Illinois, where the men disassembled the Cockcroft–Walton generator and particle accelerator while


texts: Beverly catalogued all the parts.The parts were shipped to New Mexico, where Agnew and Beverly met up with them, and rode the trucks hauling them to the Los Alamos Laboratory. There, Beverly worked as a secretary, initially with Robert Oppenheimer and his secretary Priscilla Green. She then became secretary to Robert Bacher, the head of Physics (P) Division, and later the Gadget (G) Division, for the rest of the war. Agnew's job was to reassemble the accelerator, which was then used for experiments by John Manley's group. When experimental work wound down, Agnew was transferred to Project Alberta, working as part of Luis W. Alvarez's group, whose role was to monitor the yield of nuclear explosions. With Alvarez and Lawrence H. Johnston, Agnew had devised a method for measuring the yield of the nuclear blast by dropping pressure gauges on parachutes and telemetering the readings back to the plane. In June 1945, he was issued an Army uniform and dog tags at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, and was flown to Tinian in the Western Pacific in a C-54 of the 509th Composite Group.Agnew's first task was to install his yield measurement instrumentation in the Boeing B-29 Superfortress aircraft The Great Artiste. During the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, on August 6, 1945, Agnew, along with Alvarez and Johnston, flew as a scientific observer in The Great Artiste, piloted by Charles Sweeney, which tailed the Enola Gay as the instrumentation aircraft. Agnew later recalled, "After we dropped our gauges I remember we made a sharp turn to the right so that we would not get caught in the blast – but we still got badly shaken up by it." He brought along a movie


texts:
 camera and took the only existing movies of the Hiroshima event as seen from the air. After the war ended, Agnew entered the University of Chicago, where he completed his graduate work under Fermi. Agnew and Beverly stayed with Fermi and his family, due to the post-war housing shortage. He received his Master of Science (MS) degree in 1948 and his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1949, writing his thesis on "The beta-spectra of Cs137, Y91, Pm147, Ru106, Sm151, P32, Tm170".Fellow postgraduate students at Chicago at the time included Tsung-Dao Lee, Chen Ning Yang, Owen Chamberlain and Jack Steinberger. Los Alamos years

With his doctorate in hand, Agnew returned to Los Alamos as a National Research Foundation Fellow, and worked on weapons development in the Physics Division. In 1950, he was assigned to the thermonuclear weapons project, and was project engineer for the Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll in 1954. He became head of the Weapon Nuclear Engineering Division in 1964. Agnew served as a Democratic New Mexico State Senator from 1955 to 1961. He was the first state senator to be elected from Los Alamos County. Senators served unpaid, receiving only a per diem allowance of five dollars.Since the New Mexico legislature convened for only 30 days in even numbered years and 60 days in odd numbered years, he was able to continue working at Los Alamos, taking leave without pay to attend. He attempted to reform New Mexico's liquor laws, which specified a minimum mark-up. He was unsuccessful in 1957, but the law was reformed in 1963. From 1961 to 1964, he was Scientific Adviser to the NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). He


texts:
 also held a number of part-time advisory position with the military over the years. He was a member of the United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board from 1957 to 1968, and was chairman of the Science Advisory Group of the United States Army's Combat Development Command from 1966 to 1970. He was a member of the Defense Science Board from 1966 to 1970, the Army's Scientific Advisory Panel from 1966 to 1974, and the Army Science Board from 1978 to 1984.Agnew became director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1970, when it had 7,000 employees. He took over at a time of great change. His predecessor, Norris Bradbury, had rebuilt the laboratory from scratch after the war, and many of the people he had brought in were approaching retirement. Under his directorship, Los Alamos developed an underground test containment program, completed its Meson Physics Facility, acquired the first Cray supercomputer, and trained the first class of International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors. Agnew managed to get the Los Alamos Laboratory responsibility for the development of the W76, used by the Trident I and Trident II Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles, and the W78 used by the Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missiles. He was proud of the work with insensitive high explosive that made nuclear weapons safer to handle. Support from the Atomic Energy Commission for reactor development dried up, but during the  1970s energy crisis, the laboratory explored other types of alternative fuels.Later life
In 1979, Agnew resigned from Los Alamos and became President and Chief Executive Officer of General Atomics, a position he held until 1985. In his


texts: letter of resignation to David S. Saxon, the President of the University of California, Agnew wrote that his decision was influenced by "dissatisfaction with University administration policies and a lack of advocacy for the total LASL [Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory] program" and "frustration with what I consider to be a continuing inequitable distribution of defense program funding by the Department of Energy between the LASL and LLL [Lawrence Livermore Laboratory]." Agnew chaired the General Advisory Committee of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency from 1974 to 1978, and served as a White House science councillor from 1982 to 1989. He was a member of NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel from 1968 to 1974, and from 1978 to 1987. He became an adjunct professor at the University of California, San Diego in 1988. He was the recipient of the E.O. Lawrence Award in 1966, and of the Department of Energy's Enrico Fermi Award in 1978.Along with Hans Bethe, Agnew was the first to receive the Los Alamos National Laboratory Medal. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. A proponent of tactical nuclear weapons, Agnew pointed out in 1970 that the Thanh Hoa Bridge in Vietnam required hundreds of sorties to destroy with conventional weapons when a nuclear weapon could have done the job with just one. In a 1977 article for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Agnew argued that the fusion reactions of neutron bombs could provide "tactical" advantages over conventional fission weapons, especially in countering the "massive armor component possessed by the Eastern bloc." Citing conclusions reached by


texts: the Rand Corporation, Agnew argued that without affecting the armor of a tank, the neutrons produced by a fusion blast would penetrate the vehicle and "in a matter of a few tens of minutes to hours kill or make the crew completely ineffective." Because the neutron bomb reduced collateral damage, it could be used in a much more selective fashion than a fission weapon, thereby providing a clear "advantage for the military defender as well as for the nearby non-combatant." Agnew maintained that no new U.S. nuclear weapon design could be certified without nuclear testing, and that stockpile reliability stewardship without such testing may be problematic.In a 1999 letter to the Wall Street Journal, he commented on the significance of allegations of Chinese nuclear espionage. "As long as any nation has a demonstrated nuclear capability and a means of delivering its bombs and warheads, it doesn't really matter whether the warheads are a little smaller or painted a color other than red, white, and blue," he wrote. "I suspect information published in the open by the National [sic.] Resources Defense Council has been as useful to other nations as any computer codes they may have received by illegal means." Beverly died on October 11, 2011. Agnew was diagnosed of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and died at his home in Solana Beach, California, on September 29, 2013, while watching football on television. He was survived by his daughter Nancy and son John.He had arranged to be cremated and his ashes interred with Beverly at the Guaje Pines Cemetery in Los Alamos. In a 2005 BBC interview, Agnew stated, "About three-quarters of the U.S. nuclear arsenal was


texts:
 designed under my tutelage at Los Alamos. That is my legacy." Notes

References

External links
1994 Audio Interview with <mask> by Richard Rhodes Voices of the Manhattan Project
1992 Video Interview with <mask> by Theresa Strottman Voices of the Manhattan Project
Register of the <mask> Agnew motion picture film at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University

1921 births
2013 deaths
American physicists
Enrico Fermi Award recipients
Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
Manhattan Project people
People from Denver
People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
University of Denver alumni
University of Chicago alumni
United States Army Science Board people
Fellows of the American Physical

masks:
Harold Agnew
Harold Agnew
Harold Melvin


texts:
<mask> (12 December 1802 – 2 June 1892) was a naturalist, artist, and entomologist, and was born at Cranmore House, Belfast, Ireland. Life and work

<mask> was the son of <mask>, and was educated in Belfast Academical Institution, which was in part his father's creation. In 1821 he left Ireland for Edinburgh, Scotland to study medicine and following graduation practised in the University hospital. In the same year he became a Member of the Belfast Natural History Society. In 1833 (6 May) he was commissioned as Assistant Surgeon in the Royal Artillery, initially stationed at the Royal Artillery Barracks, Woolwich, close to London, England. In 1834, <mask> was stationed to Mauritius and in 1835 to Rio de Janeiro and Recife. From Rio (1835) he took ship to Colombo, Ceylon, via the Cape of Good Hope and in this year became a Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London.A brief sojourn in Ceylon was followed by a stay in Malta (1836). Later in 1836 he moved on to Corfu and Albania. In all these places <mask> collected insects and other invertebrates and in 1839 he became a Corresponding Member of the Entomological Society of London. A twelve-year stay in

masks:
Robert Templeton
Robert Templeton
John Templeton
Templeton
Templeton


texts:
 Ceylon (1839–1851) followed, and in 1847 <mask> was promoted from Assistant Surgeon to Surgeon. In these years at various times he visited Southern India – Madras, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka- and twice Northern India Uttarakhand and Kashmir. Recalled from Ceylon in 1852 due to the unrest in Europe which was to erupt in the bloody and terrible Crimean War, he served in the Crimea from March 1854–1856 and was promoted to Surgeon-Major on 7 December 1855. He retired with the honorary rank of Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals on 31 January 1860.Work on Thysanura

<mask> was particularly interested in the Thysanura and his first published entomological paper concerns these insects. Thysanurae hibernicae (Irish bristle tails and spring-tails) was published in the first volume of the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for 1836 and is the first significant work in English on these primitive insects, remaining so until 1875. In this short work prefaced by John Obadiah <mask> described two new genera and twelve new species accompanied by two plates showing whole animals and details of structure. Forty years later the entomologist

masks:
Templeton
Templeton
Westwood Templeton


texts:
 Lubbock paid tribute to <mask>'s early work by naming a thysanuran genus after him — <mask>ia. Work on spiders

Much of <mask>'s early work and very much in Ceylon was on spiders. Studies of Irish spiders were passed to John Blackwall who incorporated the notes and drawings into his own work. Oddly, although he collected my old pets the spiders, he published very little on them.Work on Sri Lankan arthropods
In Ceylon <mask> worked mainly on Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera alongside Edgar Leopold Layard (1824–1900). New species of Lepidoptera collected by <mask> and Layard were described by Frederic Moore, Francis Walker and <mask> Gray. The new Coleoptera were described by Joseph Sugar Baly, Francis Walker, John Obadiah Westwood, Carl August Dohrn and Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe. <mask>'s publications on Lepidoptera amount to some general comments on papilionid butterflies and two species descriptions — Oiketicus terlius and Oiketicus (Cryptothelia) consortus. The bulk of the new beetles, some of the Hymenoptera (the rest were described by Frederick Smith) and other insects in <mask>'s collection were described by Francis Walker who also compiled the

masks:
Templeton
Templeton
Templeton
Templeton
Templeton
George Robert
Templeton
Templeton


texts: first list of the insects of Ceylon for Tennent's book Ceylon, Physical, Historical and Topographical based on the collections of <mask>, Layard, the British Museum and the Museum of the East India Company; there are 2,000 species and Layard and <mask> captured between them 932 species of butterflies and moths in Ceylon many, new to science. <mask> supplied many of the insects incorporated in Westwood's book Oriental Cabinet, one of which, the beetle Compsosternus templetonii bears his name. Unfortunately only the published part of <mask>'s correspondence with Westwood (the Secretary of the Entomological Society) survived, the manuscripts are apparently lost.<mask>'s Ceylon insect collection was apparently divided between the Belfast Museum (now in the National Museum of Ireland), the Entomological Society of London and the British Museum (the Entomological Society's collections are now incorporated in those of the latter institution). <mask>'s watercolour paintings of Ceylon butterflies are in the Ulster Museum, Belfast. <mask>, Layard and George Henry Kendrick Thwaites and later John Nietner (died 1874) contributed almost all that was known of the insect fauna

masks: Templeton Templeton Templeton Templeton Templeton Templeton Templeton