texts:
 White sourced a new possible venue for his own comedy club, the Boulevard Theatre in the Raymond Revue Bar, run by Paul Raymond.<mask> called it The Comic Strip, taking with him a core group from the Comedy Store. It opened in October 1980 and ran until 1981, when the troupe went on a national tour. <mask> approached producer Mike Bolland, the newly appointed Channel Four youth and entertainment commissioning editor to propose a series of Comic Strip films for the channel. Bolland agreed to his proposal, his first commission for the station and Jeremy Isaacs quickly approved the budget. The series opener, Five Go Mad in Dorset was the first comedy shown on the new channel on its opening night in November 1982. The Comic Strip Presents... ran from 1982 to 1988 on Channel 4, and then continued from 1990 to 1993 on the BBC. <mask> wrote more than half of the shows together with his longtime writing partner Pete Richens, and he also directed most of the BBC series.In 1998 <mask>, Planer, Mayall and Edmondson reunited to appear in new film Four Men in a Car, about four obnoxious sales representatives. This was followed up by 2000s Four Men in a Plane. <mask> returned to Channel 4 with the Comic Strip film, Sex Actually in 2005. In 2011, he wrote and directed The Hunt for Tony Blair. In 2012, he wrote and directed, Five Go To Rehab which premiered on Gold. Feature film work
<mask>'s success on the small screen has not always translated well to cinematic releases. 1985's The Supergrass, was the first feature length theatrical release for a Comic Strip film and was funded through Film4 Productions.Reviews were mixed but mostly favourable and the film has a cult following. <mask> himself expressed the opinion in retrospect that maybe it was too gentle for a Comic Strip film. <mask> followed this up with the 1987 film Eat the Rich, written by himself and Pete Richens, about a waiter at an exclusive restaurant called Bastard's, who stages a rebellion against the government. Critics were

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


type: original

texts: mixed in their opinions on the film. Hal Hinson writing in the Washington Post gave the film a lukewarm review and said "The punk jaggedness they bring to their derivations is the only hint of originality, but this, too, seems a little staid. It feels like punk on the downward swing, after most of its rude energy has dissipated." Vincent Canby in the New York Times was more favourable and drew comparisons to "an upscale John Waters satire" and "Jean-Luc Godard's pre-Maoist period" In January 1988 the film was one of several attacked in the Sunday Times by Oxford University historian Norman Stone for their critique of Thatcherite society and values, Stone describing them as "worthless and insulting" and "riddled with left wing bias".<mask> ran into controversy with a proposed three part papal satire which he pitched to Channel 4 in 1988. Several British newspapers picked up on the fact the script was being considered, generating anger amongst the Catholic establishment and after some unfavourable press attention Channel 4 scrapped the project. Shortly after this <mask> moved The Comic Strip Presents... to the BBC and produced two episodes based on the original trilogy screenplay, although they were heavily changed. He reworked the remainder of the story and again with backing from Film4 used elements of it to write the 1991 film The Pope Must Die, starring Comic Strip regulars Robbie Coltrane and Adrian Edmondson along with Herbert Lom and Paul Bartel. <mask> again directed. The film experienced problems placing advertising in several countries, particularly the US due to its controversial title, received mixed reviews from critics and struggled to make back its £2.5 million budget, grossing $2,544,770 overall (approximately £1.7 million). <mask> appeared in the 1992 revival of the Carry On franchise, Carry On Columbus, alongside other Comic Strip members Rik Mayall, Alexei Sayle and Nigel Planer.The film was badly received, with Time Out London saying "None of the new crew of

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


texts:
 Sayle, <mask>, Mayall and Planer is remotely endearing in their awfulness"

In 2003 <mask> began filming on his return to the big screen, directing Christian Slater and Neve Campbell in Churchill: The Hollywood Years, which was released in December 2004. The film was a return to the universe of Comic Strip films The Strike and GLC, where Hollywood remakes and distorts events from British historical events and portrayed Winston Churchill as a gun toting U.S. G.I. similar to Bruce Willis. Phillip French writing in the Observer called it "a hit and miss affair" <mask> in the Guardian gave it three stars and said "It's wildly uneven and very broad, but there are some laughs in <mask>'s Comic Strip fantasy of Churchill's real life as a kickass action hero." However Nev Peirce on the BBC's website panned the film, saying "Sadly, <mask> suffers the fate of many satirists; in trying to mock bad films, he's simply made a bad film"  The film grossed £148,326 on its opening weekend across 170 screens in the UK
The same year <mask> released a feature-length film of Stella Street through his new production company. <mask> co-wrote and directed the film. It received unfavourable reviews, Anita Gates in the New York Times writing "the concept doesn't translate well to the longer form.The sense of the absurd is watered down." while Michael Rechtshaffen in the Hollywood Reporter said "What might have achieved a degree of cult status across the pond when it was aired in 10-minute installments, struggles to pass big-screen scrutiny in a feature-length treatment that hinges on the flimsiest of plot lines." However Derek Elley in Variety thought it "Manages to sustain its single-joke premise...over feature length." The film opened in 10 screens in the USA and took $2,574 on the opening weekend. Other television work
During the last series of Comic Strip films, <mask> introduced a new group of performers, Doon Mackichan, Mark Caven, Phil Cornwell, Sara Stockbridge, George Yiasoumi and Gary Beadle, and

masks:
Richardson
Richardson
Peter Bradshaw
Peter Richardson
Peter Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Peter


texts:
 went on to star them in "The Glam Metal Detectives". The series was a hit with critics, and did well enough in the ratings, but spiralling production costs and internal wranglings at the BBC meant it only ran for one series. Apart from the Comic Strip, <mask>'s best-known work is the sitcom Stella Street, which he directs and co-writes with impressionists John Sessions and Phil Cornwell.A Stella Street feature film was released in 2004. He also directed the mock documentary Lust for Glorious about comedian Eddie Izzard with Mark Caven and Phil Kay. Production work
In 2004, <mask> co-founded the production company Great Western Features with Nick Smith, which is based in Totnes, Devon. The company produced Churchill: The Hollywood Years, feature film The Golden Road and the Comic Strip production Sex Actually. They also produced a feature-length film of Stella Street, which <mask> also directed. They currently are due to start filming a new Comic Strip entitled 'It Ends Badly' in August 2013. They have also produced commercials for recycling, Flybe, Harris Tweed and the Devon Tourist Board.Filmography

Films
The Supergrass (1985)
Eat the Rich (1987)
The Pope Must Die (1991)
Carry On Columbus (1992)

TV series
The Comic Strip Presents... (42 episodes) (1982–2016)

Director
The Supergrass (1985)
Eat the Rich (1987)
The Comic Strip Presents (20 episodes) (1988–2016)
The Pope Must Die (1991)
The Glam Metal Detectives (1995)
Eddie Izzard: Glorious (1997)
Stella Street (TV series) (1997)
Stella Street (film) (2004)
Churchill: The Hollywood Years (2004)

References

External links

 <mask> profile on BFI with full filmography. 1951 births
Living people
Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
English comedy writers
English film directors
English male film actors
English male television actors
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
English stand-up comedians
English television directors
English television writers
Male actors from Devon
The Comic Strip
British

masks:
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Peter Richardson


texts:
<mask>, born Mangilal Garg, known as <mask> (born 15 August 1945 in Rupawas, Pali district, Rajasthan, India), is a yogi, guru ''. Youth
His parents were pandit Krishna Ramji Garg and Phul Devi Garg. His father was an astrologist. Inspired by his parents, he started to learn to meditate when he was 3 years old. He grew up with two brothers and three sisters and soon spent most of his time in prayer and meditation. His father died when he was twelve and his mother sent him to meet his uncle, <mask>, at the age of 13 in Nipal. Mangilal showed little interest in schoolwork, but constantly asked his uncle to make him a sannyasi.After some years Madhavananda granted his wish. Mangilal was prescribed strict yogic exercises and after six months of fasting and meditation he attained the state of self-realization (1962). He was initiated in the order of swamis in 1967. In 1972 he went to Europe and founded the Austrian-Indian Yoga-Vedanta fellowship in Vienna and the first Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram. Guru lineage
The guru lineage begins with Sri Alakh Puriji. He was the Guru of Sri Devpuriji. Sri Devpuriji was believed to be an incarnation of Shiva, by his disciples.He lived sometime in the 19-20th century in ashram in a village Kailash in Rajasthan, India. His spiritual successor was named Sri Mahaprabhuji. Sri Mahaprabhuji was born in 1828 and died in 1963 and was therefore believed to be 135 years old at that time. As Sri Devpuriji, he also announced his departure and died in meditation posture after singing OM in the presence of his disciples. Sri Mahaprabhuji was believed to be an incarnation of Vishnu by his disciples and was thought to possess all 24 siddhis. He spent a lot of his life in an ashram built close to Bari Kathu in Rajasthan. Sri Mahaprabhuji received the title of Paramhansa from Sri Shankaracharya of Shringhari Matha in Pushkar in the presence of

masks:
Swami Maheshwarananda
Swamiji
Swami Madhavananda


texts:
 Sri Shankaracharya of Puri.Paramhans Swami Madhavananda spent on the side of Mahaprabhuji more than 20 years and with his permission wrote a book titled "Lila Amrit" about the lives of Sri Mahaprabhuji and Sri Devpuriji describing the many miracles they performed. <mask> named Paramhans Swami <mask> as his spiritual successor and died in 2003. Teachings
The main points of <mask>'s teachings are physical, mental, social and spiritual health; respect for life; tolerance for all religions, cultures and nationalities; world peace; protection of human rights and values; protection of the environment and preservation of nature; selfless service, and care and love for all living things. According to his teachings, the realisation of these fundamental principles of life will lead man to spiritual development, self-realization, and realisation of God. Yoga is not a part of any religion, but all religions are part of Yoga, because Yoga is universal. Yoga is a religion in terms of relation between individual and cosmic self, that is God. It is not a religion in terms of today's understanding of the word religion.Yoga is a Universal principle which balances entire Universe, the space and the consciousness. There is only one religion, humanity. One should not change religion, but become a better Christian, a better Muslim.... a better human according to their religion. Helping hands are worth more than praying hands. We can help the world peace by limiting our needs, reduce the use of plastics, become vegetarians and avoid drugs, especially alcohol, which can be considered as a devil in the form of liquid. Peace begins within one's own heart and charity within one's own home. "Yoga in Daily Life, the System" is a holistic and comprehensive system concerning body, mind, consciousness and soul.The system can't be described only as a religion or only as exercise. Yogic

masks:
Swami Madhavananda
Maheshwarananda
Maheshwarananda


texts:
 exercises are so called psychosomatic movements which can be adapted to any individual. The exercises have very old origin coming from ancient yogic scriptures. The system was developed with doctors, therapists and psychologists and is designed as a complete system in the yoga tradition, including all the main yoga paths:

 the path of the selfless way of acting (Karma Yoga)
 the path of discipline and meditation (Raja Yoga)
 the path of devotion (Bhakti Yoga)
 the path of realisation and knowledge (Jnana Yoga)
 purification techniques (Hatha Yoga)

The system was developed and organised into 8 levels by Swami Maheshwarananda. The goal of "Yoga in Daily Life, the System" is to create a program in which people can learn human responsibility towards the world and environment in which we are living; foster our compassion for all living beings; develop dormant hidden forces, and learn how to use them for the benefit of the world. The system can be lived and practised independently of age, social status, nationality and denomination. The system is an acknowledged diplomatic course in overseas (European) universities, and is taught in schools and hospitals for physical rehabilitation.<mask>'s books are published in 11 languages and thousands of non-profit centres of Yoga in Daily life are present in all five continents. Organization of work
The International Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram Fellowship is a non-profit and non-denominational organisation seated in Vienna/Austria, at Schikanedergasse 12/13 (A-1040 Vienna). It was founded in 1990 by Paramhans <mask> to unite, under one organisation, the various associations of "Yoga in daily life" that are scattered across the world. The fellowship has a member association in Roster Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC). In 1990 Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda also laid the

masks:
Swamiji
Swami Maheshwanda


texts:
 foundation stone of a project referred to as "Om Ashram" with the full name Om Vishwa Deep Gurukul, Swami Maheshwarananda Education & Research Center. The center is located on  in the Jadan district of Rajasthan in the form of ancient symbol OM. Once completed, it would be the largest man-made symbol of OM in the world.Since 2003, the Om Ashram is also the Mahasamadhi Shrine (tomb) of his guru Dharmasamrat Paramhans Swami Madhavananda. Another his initiative is the Sri Swami Madhavananda World Peace Council which has been established as a non-governmental, humanitarian and charitable society. The feature event of the Sri Madhavananda World Peace Council is the "World Peace Summit" (WPS) which met for several years in different countries with the aim to discuss a special topic (religious dialogue, humanitarian projects,... ) to support world peace. The events brought together a large gathering of politicians, scientists and general public. Latest initiative by Swami Maheshwaranandaji "Save the Birds" would like to bring broader attention to the problem of birds live being endangered. Humanitarian projects
 In 2002 the Shree Vishwa Deep Gurukul Prathmik Vidyalaya, Yoga in Daily Life's primary school in Rajasthan, India, was founded. To address the major water crisis in the desert state of Rajasthan, India, the International Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram Fellowship, has launched a Desert Rainwater Harvesting initiative.Healthcare. The "Sri Swami Madhavananda Hospital" at Jadan Ashram in the Pali district of Rajasthan, India, serves as a naturopathic and allopathic hospital since there is no other professional hospital in the 30 km area of the Ashram. This will provide residential health care to neighbouring districts. Recognitions and awards
 Representative at the Millennium World Peace Conference of Religious and Spiritual Leaders at the UN-Headquarter, New


texts:
 York, 2000. Award with the Danica Order, the highest decoration for humanitarian merits, by the President of the Republic Croatia, Stjepan Mesic, Oct. 2002
 Bharat Guaurav, Lifetime achievement Award in 2014. One of the Highest Awards in India. Bibliography
 Yoga in Daily Life – The System, Publ.by Iberia/European University Press, Austria, 2000. Available in 12 languages (English (), Spanish (), German (), French (), Hungarian (), Slovakian (), Czech (), Croatian (), Serbian (), Slovenian (), Katalan, Hindi)
 The Hidden Power in Humans – Chakras and Kundalini, Publ. by Iberia/European University Press, Austria, 2002. 1st edition available in 10 languages 2nd edition publ. by Ibera. European University Press – Austria. Available in 4 languages.English (), German, Czech, Russian (978-5399001449)
 A Bright future through yoga – Promoted by the Ministry of Health of Rajasthan, India
 Meetings with a Yogi, Publ. by B. R. Publishing Corporation, India, Delhi, 1994,
 Diabetes, Help through Yoga in Daily Life, Publ. by Iberia/European University Press, Austria, 2007,
 Healthy Heart through Yoga in Daily Life, Publ. by Iberia/European University Press, Austria, 2004,
 High Blood-Pressure, Help through Yoga in Daily Life, Publ. by Iberia/European University Press, Austria, 2000,
 Yoga Against Backache, Publ. by Maudrich, Germany, 1998,
 Yoga for Joints, Publ. by Ehrenwirth, Germany, 1993,
 Yoga with Children, Publ.by Hugendubel, Germany, 1990,
 Patanjali's Yoga Sutras – Samadhi Path, Publ. by Int.Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram Fellowship. Available in 6 languages. Selected Pearls. Publ. by Int.Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram Fellowship

References

External links
 Official International homepage of Yoga In Daily Life

Indian Hindu monks
People from Rajasthan
Indian yoga teachers
Indian spiritual writers
Spiritual teachers
1945 births
Living people
People from Pali


texts:
<mask> (born October 16, 1960) is a Jamaican-American artist, photographer, lecturer, political activist and curator. Her work is considered part of the feminist art movement in the United States. Among the best known of her provocative works are Queen Nanny of the Maroons, Raje and Yo Mama's Last Supper, which exemplify her Black Feminist politic. In addition, her work has provoked conversations at the intersections of cultural work, activism, gender, and African Studies. As a specialist in film and digital portraiture, <mask> uses light, form, digital technology, and her own signature style to capture the identities and beauty within her subjects and herself. Background
<mask> has "dedicated her career to deconstructing stereotypes and to reconfiguring the black woman's body, using her nude form as a subject." She uses herself as a primary model in order to promote an idea of "self-love" as articulated by bell hooks in her book Sisters of the Yam, because as <mask> writes in an artist's statement, "slavery stripped black men and women of their dignity and identity and that history continues to have an adverse affect [sic] on the African American psyche."One of <mask>'s main motivations has always been to create new, positive visual representations of African Americans. In her article, "A Gynocentric Aesthetic", <mask> argues that a shift to matriarchal art will transform aesthetic expressions to interact with daily life and society, rather than compartmentalized artistic discussions that emphasize beauty over process and expression. Greg Tate, writer for The Village Voice, wrote: "(<mask>'s) her own

masks:
Renee Cox
Cox
Cox
Cox
Cox
Cox
Renee


texts:
 heroine. She's very much about using the work as a platform for self-love. And she's clearly having fun in her role playing. It's a very New York attitude: 'Yeah, so what? I'm Jesus.I'm Wonder Woman." In addition to making art, <mask> has curated and acted. She has done projects for Rush Art Gallery from its inception. In 1996 she curated an exhibition entitled No Doubt at the Aldrich Museum of Art in Ridgefield, Connecticut and she co-starred in Bridgett Davis' independent film Naked Acts, where she portrayed a photographer. Career

Editorial career
As a student at Syracuse University, <mask> majored in film studies. After graduating, she decided to devote her energy to the realm of still photography. She began as an assistant fashion editor at Glamour Magazine and then moved to Paris to pursue a career as a fashion photographer.She spent three years working in Paris, shooting for magazines including Votre Beaute and Vogue Homme and for designers Issey Miyake and Claude Montana, among others. <mask> then returned to New York City, where she continued to work as a fashion photographer for ten years. Among her clients were editorial magazines such as Essence, Cosmopolitan, Mademoiselle, and Seventeen. She also worked with Spike Lee, producing the poster for his 1988 film School Daze. In the early 1990s, inspired by the birth of her first son, <mask> decided to focus primarily on fine art photography. She received her Master of Fine Arts at the School of Visual Arts in New York and subsequently spent a year working with Mary Kelly and Ron Clark in the Whitney Independent Study Program. Fine arts career

masks: Cox Cox Cox Cox


texts: In 1994, <mask> exhibited her piece It Shall Be Named in the show Black Male: Representations of Masculinity in Contemporary American Art, curated by Thelma Golden at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City.A review of the show published in Art in America described the work as referring "back to traditional art forms—in this case, the shaped crucifixes of 13th and 14th century Italy—with deep solemnity. The modern "distortions" and elisions of <mask>'s representation interact with the reference to iconic martyrdom to evoke the terrible history of lynchings, beatings and emasculation visited on the bodies of black men in this country." That same year, <mask>'s seven-foot nude self-portrait Yo Mama was included in the Bad Girls show curated by Marcia Tucker at the New Museum. <mask> was the first woman ever to be pregnant during the Whitney Independent Study Program, pregnant at the time with her second son, which motivated her to create the Yo Mama character and series of photographs. In the photograph <mask> stands nude, wearing black high heels, brandishing her older son as if he were a weapon. In Yo Mama and the Statue, <mask> critiques race and gender issues, whilst attempting to "reconcile her persona as a pregnant black woman artist with the white male convention of museum study and classical statuary." In 1995, <mask>, Fo Wilson, and Tony Cokes created the Negro Art Collective (NAC) to fight cultural misrepresentations about Black Americans.The collective, working with Creative Time and Gee Street Records, created a poster campaign to challenge and provoke preconceived notions about

masks: Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox


texts: race, crime and poverty. "As far as representation, we have to take it back," <mask> explained to the Daily News. The NAC appropriated a quote from scholar Charles Murray and added their commentary so as to appropriate the quote for their purposes. The idea was to present viewers with real information, which flies in the face of what Americans are taught to believe. The 24 by 36 inch posters read: "Surprise, Surprise, 'in raw numbers, European-American whites are the ethnic group with the most people in poverty, most illegitimate children, most people on welfare, most unemployed men, and most arrests for serious crimes.' Surprised." The posters ran in Manhattan, Brooklyn and Los Angeles.The project was originally inspired by <mask>'s five-year-old son who had asked her one day: "Why are all black people bad?" Soon after, <mask> created her Raje alter-ego, a superhero who fights racism and teaches children African-American history. In 1998 the body of work was featured in a Fin de Siècle art festival in Nantes, France. Nantes was historically the last stop on the slave trade, before the ships were to return to Africa to pick up their human cargo. The photographs were installed on billboards all over the city. In 1999, <mask>'s work was shown in the Venice Biennale, in the Oratorio di S. Ludovico, a 17th-century Catholic church, where her piece Yo Mama's Last Supper a contemporary re-imagining of Leonardo da Vinci's classic, was first shown. In <mask>'s reimagining of this historically iconic scene, she stood nude in the place of Jesus Christ and is surrounded by all black apostles, except for Judas, who

masks: Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox


texts:
 is white.In 2001, the piece was included in a Brooklyn Museum of Art exhibition Committed to the Image: Contemporary Black Photographers, curated by Barbara Millstein. In 2001, <mask> opened a show at the Robert Miller Gallery called American Family. The series featured family snapshots, as well as older family photographs juxtaposed with erotic self-portraits, and new re-creations of art historical classics. "Olympia's Boyz" is featured in this show, which first appeared at the Brooklyn Museum in 2001. <mask> has written: "The body of work was a rebellion against all of the pre-ordained roles I am supposed to embrace as a woman: dutiful daughter, diminutive wife, and doting mother." Later that year <mask> undertook another series of photographs, this one named for the Jamaican national heroine, Queen Nanny of the Maroons. In the series, <mask> took on the persona of Queen Nanny, who led the Maroons to victory in the First Maroon War.Queen Nanny of the Maroons was originally shown at the Robert Miller Gallery in 2005. <mask> then exhibited the body of work in the Jamaican Biennial in 2007 where it won the Aaron Matalon Award. <mask> continues to show her work as well as develop new projects as she is inspired. Her present work explores sacred geometry and the use of fractals to create sculptural kaleidoscopes. Soul Culture for <mask> has marked her embrace of the digital world and her continued exploration of the human body as a site to engage viewers and evoke the practice of healthy and intersectional discourse. Critical assessment
Writing for Vogue magazine, art critic Roberta Smith described Yo Mama


texts: as "one of the most striking images in the East Coast portion of the Bad Girls exhibition…A towering self-portrait, it showed the artist, naked except for a pair of black high heels, holding her two-year-old son…The image presents a woman, both regal and erotic, who seems singularly disinclined to take guff from anyone and whose son will undoubtedly grow up to respect her gender." In 2001, Yo Mama's Last Supper sparked an enormous controversy when Rudy Giuliani, then mayor of New York City, saw the work and proceeded to accuse <mask> of being anti-Catholic.Giuliani gained national attention when he subsequently called for the creation of a panel to create decency standards for all art shown in publicly funded museums in the city. Giuliani told the Daily News that he did "not believe that it is right for public money to be used to desecrate religion, to attack people's ethnicity." <mask>'s Yo Mama is one of the focuses of writer Sheila F. Winborne's chapter, "Images of Jesus in Advancing Great Commission", in the book Teaching All Nations: Interrogating the Matthean Great Commission. Winborne describes <mask>'s Yo Mama as "fine", relating the piece to "The perpetuation of the myth that the realistically rendered white Christ is superior to all other representational approaches supports the perception that the main issue is about appearances as signs of cultural and spiritual value, whereas in reality the main concern is the power to control outcomes in one's own favor." Winborne further compares <mask>'s Yo Mama to popular representations of Christ by adding: "Ideas of white Christ as necessarily the most


texts:
 'holy' of images reinforces the power of this myth's creators and supporters, along with the continued unequal treatment of others." <mask> publicly responded to Giuliani's accusations by defending her first amendment right to portray herself as Christ. As <mask> explained, her Catholic school education taught her that all human beings were created in the likeness of God."It's all very hypocritical," she was quoted as saying in the Daily News, "now that he has been busted with the other woman, I wouldn't be talking about moral issues." At the time, Giuliani had recently admitted his affair with long-time friend Judy Nathan and proceeded to divorce his wife, Donna Hanover. <mask> states that her reasoning for her Yo Mama's Last Supper piece was because "Christianity is big in the African-American community, but there are no presentations of us," <mask> added, "I took it upon myself to include people of color in these classic scenarios." This was the second time during Giuliani's tenure that he attempted to censor art shown in New York City's museums and it sparked a national controversy about artists' first amendment rights. Exhibition history

Publication list

Books
Bonazzoli, Francesca; Robecchi, Michele. Mona Lisa to Marge: How the World's Greatest Artworks Entered Popular Culture. Cassel, Valerie; Sabin, Roger; Weldt, Bernard; Mayo, Marti.Splat Boom Pow! The Influence of Cartoons in Contemporary Art. Copeland, Cynthia R.; Hulser, Kathleen; Stokes Sims, Lowery, Legacies: Contemporary Artists Reflect on Slavery
Coq, Christian. Kreyol Factory
<mask>, <mask>; Isaak, Jo Anna. <mask>: American family.

masks:
Cox
Cox
Cox
Cox
Cox
Renee
Renee Cox


texts:
 Cullen, Deborah; Fuentes, Elvis. Caribbean: Art at the Crossroads of the World.Dunye, Cheryl; Goode Bryant, Linda; Tanner, Marcia; Tucker, Marcia. Bad Girls
Farrington, Lisa. Art & identity: the African-American aesthetic at the New School
Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty! : An American History (Fourth Edition) (Vol. 1). Heartney, Eleanor; Posner, Helaine; Princenthal, Nancy, Scott, Sue.The Reckoning: Women Artists of the New Millennium. Hobson, Janell. Venus in the Dark: Blackness and Beauty in Popular Culture. Hoffmann, Nancy. Who More Sci-Fi Than Us? : Contemporary Art from the Caribbean. Isaac, Jo Anna.Looking Forward, Looking Black. Jay Z, Decoded
Jones, Amelia. Self/Image: Technology, Representation, and the Contemporary Subject
Lawrence, O'Neil. Pictures from Paradise: A Survey of Contemporary Caribbean Photography. Liss, Andrea. Feminist Art and the Maternal. Lotz, Leo.Bizarro World! The Parallel Universes of Comics & Fine Arts
Plate, S. Brent. Blasphemy: Art that Offends
Reid-Pharr, Robert F.; Delany, Samuel R. Black Gay Man: Essays. Rosenfeld Dassel, Sara. Dramatis personae: a look at role-playing and narrative in contemporary photography. Solana, Guillermo. Heroinas
Stirratt, Betsy; Johnson, Catherine.Feminine Persuasion: Art and Essays on Sexuality. Szeemann, Harald. Venice Biennale 1999: Over All - 48th Exposition of International Art, Aperto. Thompson, Barbara. Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body. Willis, Deborah. Black Venus 2010: They Called Her "Hottentot".Willis, Deborah; Williams, Carla. The Black Female Body: A Photographic History
X Ball, Barry; Steensma,


texts:
 Regnerus; Nieboer, Jan Willem; Blaettler, James R. The one chosen: images of Christ in recent New York art
Yee, Lydia. Urban Mythologies: The Bronx Represented Since 1960's

Magazines and journals
Charles, Nick. "Art of fighting stereotypes." Daily News
Colangelo, Lisa and Michael R. Blood "Rufy & 'Yo Mama,'" Daily News
Eversley, Shelly; Morgan, Jennifer. The Sexual Body: WSQ: Spring / Summer 2007. Nochlin, Linda."Learning From 'Black Male'" Art in America, March 1995
Srivastav, Vinita. "The Woman Behind the Storm." Savoy Magazine, May 2001
Smith, Roberta. "Body of Evidence." Vogue, August 1994
The Sunday Review 10 July 2000. "Pride and Prejudice", The Independent on Sunday. References

External links
 <mask>'s Official Website
 Salon interview with Cox
 Rush Art Gallery
 Soul Culture
 Aperture interview with <mask>

1960 births
American women photographers
American photographers
American contemporary artists
Feminist artists
Jamaican emigrants to the United States
Living people
People from Queens, New York
Syracuse University College of Visual and Performing Arts alumni
Postmodern artists
People from Scarsdale, New York
Jamaican photographers
Jamaican women artists
Jamaican artists
21st-century American

masks:
Renee Cox
Cox


texts:
<mask> (born November 5, 1962) is an American entrepreneur and politician who served as the 29th mayor of Albuquerque, New Mexico. He is also a former two term member of the New Mexico House of Representatives. <mask> was sworn into office on December 1, 2009, after defeating incumbent Democrat Martin Chávez. <mask> became the first Republican Mayor of Albuquerque in nearly 30 years. Early life, education, and business career
<mask> was born in Waterloo, Iowa on November 5, 1962. He was raised in Nebraska and graduated from Beatrice Senior High School in Beatrice, Nebraska in 1981. <mask> moved to Albuquerque in 1982 to attend the University of New Mexico on academic and athletic scholarships (track & field, decathlon).While at the Anderson School of Management, he met his future wife, Maria Medina. <mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1985. After graduating, he became an entrepreneur in the construction industry. New Mexico House of Representatives

Elections
In 2006, <mask> ran for the 20th district of the New Mexico House of Representatives after Republican State Representative Ted Hobbs decided to retire. He won the June 6 Republican primary with 52% of the vote, defeating two other candidates. He won the general election unopposed. In 2008, he won re-election to a second term unopposed.Tenure
<mask> was a member of the pension solvency task-force. Committee assignments
Appropriations and Finance
Rules
Rural and Economic Development
Transportation and Public Works

Mayor of Albuquerque

Elections

In 2009, <mask> decided to run for Mayor of Albuquerque. He won the election with 44% of the popular vote. He defeated two Democrats: incumbent Mayor Martin Chávez (35%) and State Senator <mask> (21%). <mask> ran for re-election to a second term in 2013 and won with 69% of the

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Richard James Berry
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Richard Berry
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Richard Romero
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 vote, defeating Democrat Pete Dinelli and Republican Paul Heh. National leadership
<mask> served as the Chairman of the US Conference of Mayors Metro Economies Committee, as well as an elected member of the Advisory Board. In addition, he served as the Chairman of the Community Leaders of America (CLA) from 2013–2015.Budgets
As Mayor, <mask> reduced government spending by over $140 million, while keeping services to the community intact and without layoffs. In addition, <mask> has reduced the size of city government by over 300 positions, through attrition and vacancies. This attrition was made up partially by the 8% reduction in the city's police force during which time the city experienced a spike in violent crimes. Without raising taxes, he has increased the city's operating reserve percentage. <mask> initiated an "Efficiency, Stewardship, and Accountability" program that encourages city employees to report areas of inefficiency or waste in resources, offering a cash incentive to employees to encourage participation. By 2015, the program had saved over $20 million. Other innovations included switching to one provider for insurance, saving of more than $4 million.The city has maintained its "AAA" S&P bond rating. Education
One of <mask>'s core focus areas is augmenting the existing educational system with smart public sector investments. One way he is doing so is through a program called Running Start for Careers, a nationally recognized apprenticeship and education program. This public-private partnership allows high school students to enroll in a semester-long, dual-credit career exploration class held at industry sites for work-and-learn programs. Participants have higher graduation rates, and the program has served over 1000 local students and the program has maintained a 98% graduation rate.

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texts: Running Start for Careers was named one of the Top 25 "Innovations in Government" by the Harvard Ash Center in May 2015. <mask> has also committed $100,000 a year to fund six "Homework Diner" locations.Homework Diner is a grassroots, community-led program that provides after-school tutoring and meal assistance to families. The program addresses two common barriers to education – hunger and lack of parental involvement. Homework Diner provides free nutritious meals prepared by culinary students from the Central New Mexico Community College (CNM), and educators stay late to tutor children and help them with their homework. It brings families together around a table with a meal and involves parents in helping their children with their academics. The program's inter-generational approach also includes GED courses for parents who attend. <mask> announced that the city will provide approximately $115,000 for an International Baccalaureate (IB) program at Sandia High School, the first program of its kind in the local public school district. The IB diploma program is a world-recognized college prep program for juniors and seniors based on rigorous academic standards.Qualified students from across Albuquerque will be encouraged to participate. APS expects IB to be offered to a junior class of 100-150 students beginning with the 2013-2014 school year. Another initiative <mask> put into action is TalentABQ, which helps people gain the certifications they need to show prospective employers that they have the skills to do the job and improve productivity in their businesses. The program tests people for free at 35 locations around the City of Albuquerque. In the last two years 14,000 people have decided to be tested to see what job they would be best at, nearly 42,000 assessments have been taken. The city is

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 working with 250 businesses to go into skills based hiring. The City of Albuquerque has 622 people through TalentABQ and the skills-based hiring.Social initiatives
In 2011 <mask> launched a homelessness aid initiative, called Albuquerque Heading Home. This program provides chronically homeless, medically vulnerable individuals with housing through partnerships with local service providers. Since 2011, 646 individuals and families have been housed through the program. A study by the University of New Mexico found that it was 31% more cost-effective to house chronically homeless, medically-vulnerable individuals through the program than to let them remain on the streets. In August 2013, <mask> announced a pay equity taskforce to address gender-based wage and salary inequality. As a result of task force recommendations, in May 2015 the City Council passed a bill supported by <mask> that gave incentives to companies bidding for city contracts that can prove that they pay women within 10% of what they pay men in comparable jobs. In 2015, <mask> launched the There's A Better Way campaign.The initiative helps to eradicate homelessness in the Albuquerque area. With the help of St. Martin's Hospitality Center, a van goes out in the morning picks up panhandlers and homeless people. They pay the individuals $9 an hour, give them lunch, and then at the end of the day go back to St. Martin's and get invited to engage into programs that may help them to end their homelessness. To date, about 1,200 day jobs have been provided and over 180 people have been connected with some kind of permanent employment opportunities. Through the program about 100,000 pounds of trash and weeds have been cleaned up from about 310 city blocks. Capital improvements
<mask>'s administration completed the $93 million Paseo del Norte and


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 I-25 interchange improvement project. This critical project is shortening commute times for over 56 million drivers a year and is estimated to bring nearly $3 billion in economic opportunity to Albuquerque in the coming decades.Transparency
A leader in government transparency, <mask> also launched ABQ-View. It allows citizens to easily access city spending data, employee salaries, vendor contracts, capital projects, audits, internal investigations, budget trending, travel expenses, and political contributions. This led to the City of Albuquerque to receive an A+ rating from the Sunshine Review for transparency in both 2011 and 2012. To encourage city employees to cut spending and waste, <mask> created the Efficiency, Stewardship and Accountability Award. This program allows employees to submit ideas for saving the city money in their own departments. If the idea results in actual savings, the employee's department is eligible for an efficiency bonus. The citizens of Albuquerque have saved over $1.4 million, much of it recurring.A recent ESA example involved identifying annual savings on cell phones of $344,000. Recognitions
Under <mask>, Albuquerque:
 Bloomberg Businessweek’s latest ranking has Albuquerque topping major cities like Boston and Los Angeles. The ranking recognized Albuquerque’s scenery and its stable economy, recreational opportunities, and quality educational system. Albuquerque received high marks from Business Facilities magazine’s annual ranking of metro areas’ economic strengths. Albuquerque was the 2nd-highest-rated area in terms of both economic growth potential and alternative energy industry leaders, 3rd for motion picture industry growth, and the 5th-highest-ranked metro area for quality of life. MovieMaker magazine ranks Albuquerque  the #1 city to live, work, and make movies

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 in their January 2010 issue. Relocate America ranked Albuquerque among the Top 10 Recovery Cities – May 2010 issue.Forbes ranked Albuquerque among the best retirement places in its March 2011 issue. The Brookings Institution ranked Albuquerque's exports 20th in the US in its July 2010 issue. Brookings Institution also ranked Albuquerque #7 for increase in gross metro product, in its April 2010 issue. William F. Dixon Award for Open Government, the Foundation for Open Government, 2012. City of Albuquerque received an A+ rating from the Sunshine Review for transparency in both 2011 and 2012. Public safety
<mask>'s office claims that by stepping up community policing efforts in conjunction with smart policing technology Albuquerque has seen its crime rate drop to the lowest the city has seen in 20 years. Homicide totals, robberies, burglaries, auto theft, and property crime are all down since <mask> took office, according to 2012 statistics from the Albuquerque Police Department.However, media reports contradict some of these statements, with some reports showing an overall rise in violent crime and property crime from 2010 onwards, 2014 ranking as the most violent year for the last five years. <mask> and then-Police Chief Raymond Schultz launched a new initiative in 2012 aimed to get more recruits into the police academy. "We are looking for the best and brightest," <mask> said; "We believe these new incentives will attract some of the best law enforcement recruits in our region." The advertising campaign was called, "My Mommy and Daddy Are Heroes". However, those recruiting efforts have largely been unsuccessful. APD continues to suffer from a significant shortage of new officers and difficulty attracting qualified recruits, as of 2015. <mask> has defended APD in several shootings, causing many


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 protests in the city.<mask>'s platform for police reform and the department's lack of transparency have been met with national scrutiny and criticism. 2014 report on the Albuquerque Police Department
Despite the Albuquerque Police Department's focus on the drop in crime rates, a 2014 Justice Department investigation into APD's practices resulted in a report citing numerous violations of individuals' constitutional rights and finding that the "department engages in a pattern or practice of using excessive force during the course of arrests and other detentions in violation of the Fourth Amendment and Section 14141." The DOJ report includes specific examples of excessive and unnecessary use of force,  from a random sample of 200 force reports during <mask>'s term between 2009–2013 and includes recommendations for revising department policies and practices  The report was submitted to <mask>, APD Chief Gordon Eden, and Albuquerque City Attorney David Tourek on April 10, 2014. The report also notes that "Albuquerque police officers also often use less-lethal force in an unconstitutional manner" and that "The use of excessive force by APD officers is not isolated or sporadic. The pattern or practice of excessive force stems from systemic deficiencies in oversight, training, and policy. Chief among these deficiencies is the department’s failure to implement an objective and rigorous internal accountability system. Force incidents are not properly investigated, documented, or addressed with corrective measures."As of May 2015, more than a year after the DOJ report, APD's website does not outline any specific policy changes, or otherwise respond to the report, although it does provide a link. Personal life
<mask> is an Eagle Scout, participating with his son who is also an Eagle Scout. <mask> received the

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Mayor Berry
Mayor Berry
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 Silver Beaver Award from the Boy Scouts of America for his work as a Scout leader who has made an impact on the lives of youth through service given to the council. He enjoys outdoor activities with his family including, hunting and fishing, snowboarding, water skiing, and other outdoor sports. <mask> lettered in track & field while at the University of New Mexico. He participates in community and philanthropic events. He is a Roman Catholic.See also
 List of mayors of Albuquerque
 List of mayors of the largest 50 US cities

References

External links
2009 Mayoral Election
<mask> at the Albuquerque City website
First Republican Candidate Jumps Into Race
NMFOG announces 2012 Transparency Award winners

1962 births
Living people
Mayors of Albuquerque, New Mexico
Members of the New Mexico House of Representatives
New Mexico Republicans
People from Beatrice, Nebraska
People from Waterloo, Iowa
University of New Mexico

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<mask>va (Russian: Алла Назимова; born Marem-Ides Leventon, Russian: Марем-Идес Левентон; June 3 [O.S. May 22] , 1879 – July 13, 1945) was a Russian-American actress, director, and producer. On Broadway, she was noted for her work in the classic plays of Ibsen, Chekhov and Turgenev. She later moved on to film, where she served many production roles, both writing and directing films under pseudonyms. Her film Salome (1923) is regarded as a cultural landmark. Nazimova was bisexual and openly conducted relationships with women while being married to a man. She created the Garden of Allah hotel, which became a retreat for many celebrities of the time.She is credited with having originated the phrase "sewing circle" as a discreet code for lesbian or bisexual actresses. Early life
She was born Marem-Ides Leventon (Russian name: Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon) in Yalta, Crimea, Russian Empire. Although her accepted birth year is 1879, that is far from certain because there are different sources that indicate 1878 or even 1876. Her stage name <mask> Nazimova was a combination of <mask> (a diminutive of Adelaida) and the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the Russian novel Children of the Streets. She was widely known as just Nazimova. Her name was sometimes transcribed as Alia Nasimoff. The youngest of three children born to Jewish parents Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sarah Leivievna Gorowitz (later known as Sofia or Sophie Lvovna Gorovitz, Horovitz, or Herowitz), who moved to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev, she grew up in a dysfunctional family.Her parents divorced when she was eight. After her parents separated, she was shuffled among boarding schools, foster homes and relatives. As a teenager she began to pursue an interest in the theatre and took acting lessons at the Academy of Acting in Moscow. She joined Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre using the name of Alla Nazimova for the

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Alla Nazimo
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 first time. Career

Nazimova's theater career blossomed early, and by 1903, she was a major star in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. She toured Europe, including London and Berlin, with her boyfriend Pavel Orlenev, a flamboyant actor and producer. In 1905, they moved to New York City and founded a Russian-language theater on the Lower East Side.The venture was unsuccessful, and Orlenev returned to Russia while <mask> stayed in New York. She was signed by the American producer Henry Miller and made her Broadway debut in New York City in 1906 to critical and popular success. Her English-language premiere in November 1906 was in the title role of Hedda Gabler. She quickly became extremely popular (<mask>'s 39th Street Theatre was named after her) and remained a major Broadway star for years, often acting in the plays of Henrik Ibsen and Anton Chekhov. Dorothy Parker described her as the finest Hedda Gabler she had ever seen. <mask>'s film career began when she was 37 years old. Due to her notoriety in a 35-minute 1915 play entitled War Brides, Nazimova made her silent film debut in 1916 in the filmed version of the play, which was produced by Lewis J. Selznick.She was paid $1,000 per day, and the film was a success. A young actor with a bit part in the movie was Richard Barthelmess, whose mother taught Nazimova English. <mask> had encouraged him to try out for movies and he later became a star. In 1917, she negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures, a precursor to MGM, that included a weekly salary of $13,000. She moved from New York to Hollywood, where she made a number of highly successful films for Metro that earned her considerable money. In 1927, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Nazimova soon moved to film, where she created and worked under Nazimova Productions from 1917 to 1921.She filled many roles in film production, outside of acting. She served as a director, producer, editor, lighting

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 designer, and received credit for costume design for the film Revelation. She wrote screenplays under the pseudonym Peter M. Winters, and was a director for films credited to the name of her partner Charles Bryant. In her film adaptations of works by such notable writers as Oscar Wilde and Ibsen, she developed filmmaking techniques that were considered daring at the time. Her film projects, including A Doll's House (1922), based on Ibsen, and Salomé (1923), based on Wilde's play, were critical and commercial failures. Salome, however, has become a cult classic, regarded as a feminist milestone in film. In 2000, the film was added to the National Film Registry.By 1925, she could no longer afford to invest in more films, and financial backers withdrew their support. Left with few options, she gave up on the film industry, returning to perform on Broadway, notably starring as Natalya Petrovna in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 New York production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country and an acclaimed performance as Mrs. Alving in Ibsen's Ghosts, which critic Pauline Kael described as the greatest performance she had ever seen on the American stage. In the early 1940s, she returned to films, playing Robert Taylor's mother in Escape (1940) and Tyrone Power's mother in Blood and Sand (1941). This late return to motion pictures fortunately preserves Nazimova and her art on sound film. Personal life

Marriages

In 1899, she married Sergei Golovin, a fellow actor. From 1912 to 1925, Nazimova maintained a "lavender marriage" with Charles Bryant (1879–1948), a British-born actor. To bolster this arrangement with Bryant, Nazimova kept her marriage to Golovin secret from the press, her fans, and even her friends.In 1923, she arranged to divorce Golovin without traveling to the Soviet Union. Her divorce papers, which arrived in the United States that summer, stated that on May 11, 1923, the marriage of "citizeness Leventon <mask>


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 Alexandrovna" and Sergius Arkadyevitch Golovin, "consummated between them in the City Church of Boruysk June 20, 1899", had been officially dissolved. A little over two years later, on November 16, 1925, Charles Bryant, then 43, surprised the press, Nazimova's fans and Nazimova herself by marrying Marjorie Gilhooley, 23, in Connecticut. When the press uncovered the fact that Charles had listed his current marital status as "single" on his marriage license, the revelation that the marriage between Alla and Charles had been a sham from the beginning embroiled Nazimova in a scandal that damaged her career. Relationships with women
From 1917 to 1922, Nazimova wielded considerable influence and power in Hollywood. She helped start the careers of both of Rudolph Valentino's wives, Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova. Although she was involved in an affair with Acker, it is debatable as to whether her connection with Rambova ever developed into a sexual affair.Nevertheless, there were rumors that <mask> and Rambova were involved in a lesbian affair (they are discussed at length in Dark Lover, Emily Leider's biography of Rudolph Valentino) but those rumors never have been confirmed. She was very impressed by Rambova's skills as an art director, and Rambova designed the innovative sets for Nazimova's film productions of Camille and Salomé. The list of those Nazimova is confirmed to have been involved with romantically includes actress Eva Le Gallienne, film director Dorothy Arzner, writer Mercedes de Acosta, and Oscar Wilde's niece Dolly Wilde. Bridget Bate Tichenor, a Magic Realist artist and Surrealist painter, was rumored to be one of Nazimova's favored lovers in Hollywood during 1940–1942. The two had been introduced by the poet and art collector Edward James, and according to Tichenor, their intimate relationship angered Nazimova's longtime companion Glesca Marshall.It is believed that Nazimova coined the phrase sewing


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 circle as code to refer to lesbian or bisexual actresses of her day who concealed their true sexuality. Nazimova lived together with Glesca Marshall from 1929 until Nazimova's death in 1945. Friends and relations
Edith Luckett, a stage actress and the mother of future U.S. First Lady Nancy Reagan, was a friend of Nazimova, having acted with her onstage.Edith married Kenneth Seymour Robbins, and following the birth of their daughter Nancy in 1921, <mask> became her godmother. <mask> continued to be friends with Edith and her second husband, neurosurgeon Loyal Davis until her death. She was also the aunt of American film producer Val Lewton. Garden of Alla

Nazimova's private lifestyle gave rise to widespread rumors of outlandish and allegedly debauched parties at her mansion on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California, known as The Garden of Alla, which she leased in 1918 and bought outright the next year. Facing near-bankruptcy in 1926, she converted the 2.5-acre estate into a hotel by building 25 villas on the property. The Garden of Alla Hotel opened in January 1927. But Nazimova was ill-equipped to run a hotel and eventually sold it and returned to Broadway and theatrical tours.By 1930, the hotel had been purchased by Central Holding Corporation, which changed the name to the Garden of Allah Hotel. When <mask> moved back to Hollywood in 1938, she rented Villa 24 at the hotel and lived there until she died. Death and memorials
On July 13, 1945 Nazimova died of a coronary thrombosis, age 66, in the Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles. Her ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Her contributions to the film industry have been recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Legacy
<mask> has been depicted a number of times in film and onstage. The first two were biographical films about Rudolph Valentino: The Legend of Valentino (1975), in which she was


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 portrayed by Alicia Bond; and Valentino (1977), in which she was portrayed by Leslie Caron.She was featured in two 2013 silent films about Hollywood's silent movie era: Return to Babylon in which she was played by Laura Harring and Silent Life (Vlad Kozlov, Isabella Rossellini et al.) based on the life of Rudolph Valentino, where she was played by Sherilyn Fenn.The character of Nazimova also appears in Dominick Argento's opera Dream of Valentino, in which she also played the violin. Nazimova was also featured in make-up artist Kevyn Aucoin's 2004 book Face Forward, in which he made up Isabella Rossellini to resemble her, particularly as posed in a certain photograph. Actress Romy Nordlinger first portrayed <mask> Nazimova in The Society for the Preservation of Theatrical History production of Stage Struck: From Kemble to Kate staged at the Snapple Theater Center in New York City in December 2013. In Fall 2016, PLACES, a multimedia solo show about <mask> Nazimova, supported by the League of Professional Theatre Women's Heritage Program, written and performed by Romy Nordlinger debuted at Playhouse Theatre for a limited run. The Garden of Allah cabaret was an influential LGBTQ+ cabaret venue in the mid-1900s that took its name and inspiration from Nazimova's original Garden of Alla. Nazimova also appears in Medusa's Web, a novel by fantasy-fiction writer Tim Powers.Filmography

See also

 List of American film actresses
 List of film producers
 List of Jewish actors
 List of people from California
 List of people from New York City
 List of people from Ukraine
 List of Russian people
 List of women writers

References

Further reading
 Golden, Eve (2001). Golden Images: 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. .
 Lewton, Lucy Olga (1988). <mask> Nazimova, My Aunt, Tragedienne: A Personal Memoir. Minuteman Press. Smith, Frederick James (September 1918). "Those Nazimova

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<mask> (born 23 January 1990) is an Irish hurler and Gaelic footballer who plays for Cork Championship club Kanturk and at inter-county level with the Cork senior hurling team. He usually lines out as a full-forward. Playing career

Cork Institute of Technology

In 2011, he helped the Cork Institute of Technology hurling team to their first county final where they played Carrigtwohill. Despite being favourites for the game Carrigtwohill ran out 0–15 to 1–11 winners. Then the GAA barred <mask>, as well as goalkeeper Michael Boyle, from playing for DCU in controversial circumstances. Kanturk

<mask> joined the Kanturk club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels as a dual player. His early successes included winning Duhallow Championship titles in 2009 and 2011 after defeats of Rockchapel.On 11 November 2011, <mask> was at midfield for the Kanturk junior football team that faced Mitchelstown in the final of Cork Junior Championship. He was held scoreless in the game but collected a winners' medal after the 1-20 to 0-04 victory. He ended the game as man of the match. On 3 November 2013, <mask> was at right wing-forward when the Kanturk intermediate hurling team faced Éire Óg in the final of the Cork Intermediate Championship. He scored 1-01 from play in the 2-22 to 1-12 victory. The 2017-18 season proved to be a hugely successful one for <mask> and the Kanturk club. After claiming a Cork Premier Intermediate Championship medal with the hurling team following a two-point defeat of Mallow in the final, he later won a Cork Intermediate Championship medal as a footballer following a 0-14 to 0-13 defeat of Mitchelstown in the final.On 19 November 2017, <mask> won a Munster Championship medal with the hurlers after a 1-23 to 0-25 extra-time defeat of Kilmaley in the final. On 4 February 2018, he won an All-Ireland medal after scoring two points in

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 a 1-18 to 1-17 defeat of St Patrick's Ballyragget in the final. Cork

Minor and under-21

<mask> first played for Cork as a member of the minor football team. He made his first appearance on 11 April 2007 and scored six points from right wing-forward in a 0-20 to 0-03 defeat of Waterford. On 1 July, <mask> won a Munster Championship medal after scoring three points in a 1-16 to 2-08 defeat of Kerry in the final. <mask> became a dual player at minor level in 2008. He made his first appearance for the Cork minor hurling team when he lined out at midfield in a 2-17 to 2-16 defeat by Clare on 30 April 2008.In spite of this defeat, Cork still reached the provincial decider via the play-off route. <mask> was switched to right wing-back and collected a Munster Championship medal after a 0-19 to 0-18 defeat of Tipperary. On 14 March 2009, <mask> made his first appearance for the Cork under-21 football team. He lined out at centre-back in a 1-17 to 0-09 defeat of Kerry. On 28 March, he won a Munster Championship medal after a 1-09 to 2-05 defeat of Tipperary in the final. <mask> was again at centre-back when Cork faced Down in the All-Ireland final on 4 May. He collected a winners' medal after a 1-13 to 2-09 victory.On 3 June, <mask> made his first appearance for the Cork under-21 team in a 2-22 to 0-25 defeat by Tipperary in the Munster Championship. On 6 April 2011, <mask> was at midfield for the under-21 footballers when Cork faced Kerry in the Munster Championship final. He collected a second winners' medal after the 2-24 to 0-08 victory. On 3 August, <mask> was at left wing-forward for the Cork under-21 hurling team that faced Limerick in the Munster Championship final. He scored eight points from play in the 4-20 to 1-27 defeat. Senior

<mask> made his first appearance for the Cork senior football team on 5 July 2009. He was introduced as a 59th-minute substitute for Ger

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texts: Spillane in Cork's 2-06 to 0-11 defeat of Limerick in the Munster Championship final.It was his only appearance during the championship, however, he was an unused substitute for Cork's 0-16 to 1-09 defeat by Kerry in the All-Ireland final on 20 September. On 25 April 2010, <mask> was at midfield for Cork's National League final against Mayo. He scored a point in the 1-17 to 0-12 victory. <mask> was also named at midfield for Cork's All-Ireland final meeting with Down on 19 September. He ended the game with a winners' medal after a 0-16 to 0-15 victory for Cork. <mask> ended the season by winning an All-Star award as well as being named Young Footballer of the Year. After playing in the early rounds of the National League, <mask> won a second successive winners' medal on 24 April 2011 in spite of missing Cork's 0-21 to 2-14 defeat of Dublin in the final.<mask> won his third National Football League medal on 29 April 2012. Lining out at full-forward he scored a vital goal when Cork defeated Mayo by 2-10 to 0-11 to win the title. On 8 July, <mask> top scored with 1-01 when Cork defeated Clare by 3-16 to 0-13 to win the Munster Championship. He ended the season by winning a second All-Star award. In November 2013, <mask> announced that he would line out for both the Cork senior hurling and football teams during the 2014 season. He made his first appearance for the Cork senior hurling team on 15 February 2014 when he lined out at left wing-forward in Cork's 0-17 apiece draw with Limerick in the National League. On 3 July, <mask> won a Munster Championship medal after scoring two points from midfield in Cork's 2-24 to 0-24 defeat of Limerick in the last final to be played at the old Páirc Uí Chaoimh.On 30 October 2014, <mask> ended his status as a dual player and committed to playing only inter-county hurling during the 2015 season. On 3 May, he was at midfield for Cork's

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 1-24 to 0-17 defeat by Waterford in the National League final. <mask> remained with the Cork senior hurling team for the 2016 season as well, however, he rejoined the Cork senior football team in July 2016. At the end of the season he left the Cork senior hurling team and committed to the Cork senior football team for the 2017 season. After leaving the Cork senior football team at the end of the 2018 season, <mask> announced his intention to make himself available to the Cork senior hurling team for 2019. Career statistics

Honours

Team

Kanturk
 Cork Senior A Hurling Championship (1): 2021
All-Ireland Intermediate Club Hurling Championship (1): 2018
 Munster Intermediate Club Hurling Championship (1): 2017
 Cork Premier Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 2017
 Cork Intermediate Football Championship (1): 2017
 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 2013
 Cork Junior Football Championship (1): 2011

Cork
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (1): 2010
Munster Senior Football Championship (2): 2009, 2012
Munster Senior Hurling Championship (1): 2014
National Football League (2): 2010, 2011, 2012
McGrath Cup (1): 2014
All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship (1): 2009
Munster Under-21 Football Championship (2): 2009, 2011
Munster Minor Football Championship (1): 2007
Munster Minor Hurling Championship (1): 2008

Ireland
International Rules (2): 2011, 2013 (vc)

Individual

Awards
All Stars Young Footballer of the Year (1): 2010
All-Star (2): 2010, 2012
96fm/C103 Cork Sports Person of Year (1): 2009

References

External links
<mask> profile at the Cork GAA website

Living people
1990 births
Kanturk Gaelic footballers
Kanturk hurlers
All Stars Young Footballers of the Year
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county hurlers
Dual players
Irish international rules football players
Winners of one All-Ireland medal (Gaelic football)
DCU Gaelic

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<mask> (born Helen Foster-Barham; October 25, 1892 – January 23, 1970) was a Canadian actress, author, screenwriter, producer, director, animal rights activist and animal trainer. Her works often had autobiographical elements to them and reflected her passion for nature. She is best known for her work in adventure films adapted from the novels of American writer, James Oliver Curwood. Shipman started two independent producing companies in her career: Shipman-Curwood Producing Company and Nell Shipman Productions. In 1919, she and her husband, <mask>, a film producer, made the most successful silent film in Canadian history, Back to God's Country. Personal life
She was born as Helen Foster-Barham in Victoria, British Columbia. Her parents were Arnold and Rose Barham.She grew up in a middle-class family. From an early age, she developed a respect towards animals. She was passionate about animal rights and advocated for them in Hollywood. She developed her own zoo, containing more than 200 animals. In 1904, her family moved to Seattle, Washington. A year later, she left home and joined the Paul Gilmore travelling theatrical company. When Helen was 18 years old, she met and married <mask>, a 39-year-old theatrical impresario.Their son, <mask>, was born a couple year later in 1912. While married to <mask>, <mask> engaged in a six year long affair with actor Bert Van Tuyle. They eventually split during the filming of The Grub Stake, because of Van Tuyle's deteriorating mental state. Two years later, in New York City, Shipman met and married a painter named Charles Ayers with whom she had two children named Charles and Daphne. They separated in 1934. At the end of her life, Shipman moved to

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 Cabazon, California, where she continued writing. She died there in 1970 at age 77.Career
After marrying <mask>, the couple moved to Hollywood, where the American film industry was developing. During this time, <mask> sold the rights to her novel, Under the Crescent Moon to Universal Studios (they wanted to make a six-film serial of the book). <mask> started acting in Universal, Selig & Vitagraph studio productions. Between 1915 and 1918, she played several leading roles, including her debut in God's Country and the Woman (1915), based on a short story by American writer James Oliver Curwood. Shipman directed, produced, and acted in this film. She was one of the first directors to shoot her films almost entirely on location. Throughout her life, Shipman wrote many scripts and short stories.One of her stories was adapted for the American film Wings in the Dark (1934), starring Myrna Loy and Cary Grant (1934). In 1925, Shipman wrote three essays called "The Movie That Couldn't Be Screened." Additionally, she wrote a children's book titled "Kurly Kew and the Tree-Princess: A Story of the Forest People Told For Other-People" (1930). Most of <mask>'s work had autobiographical elements to them. <mask> turned down a contract with Samuel and Goldwyn in favor for independent cinema. Her preference for independent cinema led her to starting two producing companies, Shipman-Curwood Producing Company and Nell Shipman Productions. Neither she nor <mask> had been able to repeat their success with Back to God's Country.Other directors made new versions of the film, by the same title, in 1927 and 1953. Shipman's last major project was her autobiography, The Silent Screen and My Talking Heart. It was

masks:
Ernie Shipman
Nell Shipman
Nell Shipman
Nell Shipman
Nell Shipman
Ernest Shipman


texts:
 published posthumously by Boise State University through their Hemingway Western Studies Series. The university also houses the <mask> Collection at Albertsons Library. Many of her films were preserved and are available through the library. Shipman-Curwood Producing Company
During her recovery from Spanish influenza in 1918, <mask> created a production company called “Shipman-Curwood Producing Company", in partnership with James Curwood. Her husband, <mask>, convinced a consortium of Calgary businessmen to invest in Alberta, Canada.They incorporated a company, Canadian Photoplays Ltd., on February 7, 1919, with a $250,000 investment. The company produced one film, based on Curwood's short story, "Wapi the Walrus." Shipman adapted this for the screen herself. The 73-minute film (at 18 frames per second) was shot in Los Angeles, San Francisco and on location near Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta, Canada by director David M. Hartford. It was released as Back to God's Country, to capitalize on her success in God's Country and the Woman. <mask> also played the lead in the film, which featured her in a very brief, but controversial nude scene. A promotional advertisement for the film had a line drawing of a nude <mask>, shown from the back and frolicking with several animals.Part of the caption read: "Don't book Back To God's Country unless you want to prove the Nude is NOT Rude." Back To God's Country was a major Canadian and international silent film hit. Despite the film's success, Curwood did not like the fact that Shipman changed the plot of his short story. She changed the protagonist of the film from Wapi the Great Dane, to Delores. Nell Shipman Productions
She created "Nell Shipman

masks:
Nell Shipman
Shipman
Ernest Shipman
Shipman
Nell


texts:
 Productions" with Bert Van Tuyle in 1919, and established herself as an independent producer. She focused on the major themes she enjoyed: wild animals, nature, feminist heroes, and filming on location. She produced, wrote, co-directed and starred in The Girl From God’s Country (1921) and The Grub Stake (1923).Both films were not successful. She transported her zoo of animals on barges up to Priest Lake, Idaho, where she made several short films at Lion Head Lodge. One of the films made there was called The Grub Stake (1923). It cost around $180,000 to produce. The film was never distributed, because the American distributor went bankrupt and during the subsequent litigation, the film became tied up in the legal proceedings. Van Tuyle became increasingly unstable, and hostile locals killed her animals. <mask> and Van Tuyle got lost in the wild for two days during a violent snow storm in January 1924.They encountered and were saved by two brothers, Joseph and Fred Gumaer. In 1925, Shipman's company went bankrupt. In total, they produced ten films. Cultural legacy
For three years, from 1917 to 1920, <mask> lived in what has been preserved as The Doctor's House Museum in Glendale, California. Her mother died here in 1918 during the flu epidemic. Shipman described the site of the house in her autobiography as on a "tree lined dirt road, away from the hub bub of Hollywood". “<mask> Shipman Point” is a piece of land in Priest Lake, Idaho.It is named after her because The Grub Stake (1923) was filmed there. The Canadian playwright Sharon Pollock was commissioned to write a one-act play about <mask>'s life called Moving Pictures (1999). All of <mask>'s surviving films are available on DVD from

masks:
Shipman
Nell Shipman
Nell
Shipman
Nell Shipman


texts:
 Boise State University, which holds a collection of materials about her. <mask> is considered by Canada to be the "First Lady of Canadian Cinema." Filmography

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 "Dreams Made in Canada – a history of feature film, 1913 to 1995" –  an article by Sam Kula, Archivist, Archives and Government Records The Archivist No. 110 (1995), Magazine of the National Archives of Canada. External links

 <mask> Website
 Canadian Film Encyclopedia [A publication of The Film Reference Library/a division of the Toronto International Film Festival Group]
<mask> at the Women Film Pioneers Project
 <mask> at Canadian Women Film Directors Database

 Nell Shipman Biography
 Canadian Encyclopedia Article on <mask>
 The <mask> Exhibit at City of Glendale, CA

 A Brief History of <mask> by Joel Zemel ©1997
 Silent Era <mask>man
 <mask> Collection at Boise State University
 Famous Canadian Women
 <mask> (<mask>'s son)

1892 births
1970 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American women writers
20th-century Canadian actresses
Actresses from Seattle
Actresses from Victoria, British Columbia
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
American women film producers
American women screenwriters
Canadian animal rights activists
Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States
Canadian film actresses
Canadian film producers
Canadian silent film actresses
Canadian women film directors
Canadian women film producers
Canadian women screenwriters
Film producers from Washington (state)
Screenwriters from Washington (state)
Writers from Seattle
Writers from Victoria, British Columbia
20th-century Canadian screenwriters
20th-century American

masks:
Nell Shipman
Nell Shipman
Nell Shipman
Nell Shipman
Nell Shipman
Nell Shipman
Nell Shipman
Nell Ship
Nell Shipman
Barry Shipman
Nell


texts:
Claude-<mask> (8 December 1851 – 31 July 1934) was a French Post-Impressionist artist, painter, art teacher and art collector. A friend of Paul Gauguin and Odilon Redon, and one of the first collectors of works by Vincent van Gogh, Schuffenecker was instrumental in establishing The Volpini exhibition, in 1889. His own work, however, tends to have been neglected since his death—and even worse, recent season campaigns in the media have reactivated resentments virulent since the late 1920s, when Schuffenecker was suspected to have imitated the work of other contemporary artists, among them, Van Gogh. Still a contentious issue, it has not been established whether or not he produced forgeries. Meanwhile, serious scholarly research at least has provided the base for a sober historical approach to Schuffenecker's life and work. Biography

Claude-<mask>, son of Nicolas Schuffenecker (1829–1854) and Anne Monnet (1836–1907) was born in Fresne-Saint-Mamès (Haute-Saône). His father, a tailor originating from Guewenheim (Alsace, today Haut-Rhin), died when Émile was little more than two years old; the same year his brother Amédée was born in Charentenay (Haut-Rhin).The widow with her two boys moved to Meudon, close to Paris, where part of her mother's family lived, and where she had found work at a laundry. In the years to follow <mask> was raised by his mother's sister, Anne Fauconnet Monnet, and her husband Pierre Cornu in Paris, educated by the Frères des Ecoles chrétiennes, and started work in his uncle's business, a chocolate and coffee-roasting facility in the Les Halles quarter. On 28 February 1872, Schuffenecker joined the broker Bertin, where he met Paul Gauguin; they became close friends. Both used to study the Old Masters at

masks:
Émile Schuffenecker
Émile Schuffenecker
Émile


texts:
 the Louvre, and worked at the Académie Colarossi. In 1880, Schuffenecker married a cousin, Louise Lançon (1860-); their daughter Jeanne was born in 1882, their son Paul in 1884. In these years, however, the economic situation decreased. By 1880, both Schuffenecker and Gauguin evidently had gained enough money to leave Bertin - just in time before the French Panama canal project began to turn into a disaster - and to try to stand on their own feet: Both opted for a career in the arts, and probably for additional income at the stock exchange.Then, in January 1882, the Paris Bourse crashed, and while Gauguin chose to remain independent, Schuffenecker decided to apply for the diploma to teach. Two years later, he was appointed to teach drawing at the Lycée Michelet in Vanves, with the painter Louis Roy as a collegial friend. Much has been said about Gauguin's portrait of "le bon Schuff" and his family, painted early in 1889 in Schuffenecker's studio, soon after Gauguin's return from Arles: judging from Gauguin's portrait, the personal relations of the couple are widely considered to have been precarious. Since Gauguin's return from Denmark, in 1885, he had been welcome to stay at Schuffenecker's, but soon after his return from Brittany in 1890, Gauguin was asked to find a place elsewhere. Rumours (most probably initiated by <mask> Bernard) spread that Schuffenecker had been betrayed by his wife, and for years, he separated himself from his family, until in 1899, his wife demanded a divorce and won the right of custody over their children. He left the Lycée in 1914. Schuffenecker died in Paris, 33 rue Olivier de Serres, and was buried at the Montparnasse cemetery on 3 August.Artist

Together with Gauguin, Schuffenecker was


texts:
 trained at the Académie Suisse, in 1872, and at the Académie Colarossi, in 1883 - but his point of depart was, in 1866, the private atelier of Paul Baudry; in 1869 he received a "first-class mention in design", as a pupil of Father Athanase, and from 1872 to 1881, he continued his training with Carolus-Duran, admittance to the annual Salon included. In 1882 and 1883, however, his paintings were refused by the Salon jury. So Schuffenecker, in 1884, joined the Société des Artistes Indépendants and, in 1886, the Impressionists in their 8th and final exhibition. Art collector
Jean de Rotonchamp, Gauguin's first biographer, described Schuffenecker's collection at 14, rue Durand-Claye, in 1906: Besides paintings by Gauguin such as The Yellow Christ and some of his ceramics, there were works by Cézanne, including a female portrait, and several works by Vincent van Gogh, a Postman, an Olive orchard in Provence, The Good Samaritan, an Arlésienne and a version of the Sunflowers. Ukiyo-e prints and some Redon complete Rotonchamp's survey. Alleged forgery
Since the late 1920s, Schuffenecker is suspected to have imitated the work of other contemporary artists including Vincent van Gogh. When the Wacker scandal emerged and Schuffenecker's name was dropped, cautious voices already claimed that a young Swiss artist (!)inspired by Van Gogh cannot be blamed. Some sketches and drawings prove that Schuffenecker carefully studied works by Van Gogh in his possession. But there is also evidence that Schuffenecker went a step further and "completed" paintings he considered to be unfinished. In 1927, he himself frankly admitted to having "finished" the Large Tree at Montbriand, then in the collection of Maurice Gangnat, as well as other works by


texts:
 Paul Cézanne: a landscape from L'Estaque as well as a portrait of his wife, and a view of the pool at the Jas de Bouffan. Presumably, Schuffenecker also embellished versions of Van Gogh's Sunflowers and Daubigny's Garden slightly, both since 1894 in his possession. This was possibly done simply to adapt a painting to a frame he had at hand, which is the reason he mentioned to Maximilien Gauthier. But up to now, it has never been established that Schuffenecker indeed forged, comprising the intention to betray.Jill-Elyse Grossvogel stated in the preface to her catalogue raisonné: "We can now confirm the fact, based on the most recent research, that Schuffenecker did no forgeries of Van Gogh's paintings prior to 1900. It is too soon to specify titles and dates of forged works post-1900 until additional evidence is carefully reviewed." Notes

References
 Boudot-Lamotte, Maurice: Le peintre et collectionneur Claude-Emile <mask> (1851-1934), L'Amour de l'Art XVII/8, October 1936, pp. 284
 Puget, Catherine, & Grossvogel, Jill-Elyse: Emile Schuffenecker 1851-1934, Musée de Pont-Aven & (Saint-Germain-en-Laye,) Musée Maurice Denis "Le Prieuré", 1996
 Grossvogel, Jill-Elyse: Claude-Emile <mask>, Catalogue raisonné, volume I, Alan Wofsky Fine Arts, San Francisco, 2000
 Grossvogel, David I.: Behind the Van Gogh Forgeries, Authors Choice Press (March 2001)   /

External links

 Sacramento Bee - Efforts to authenticate painting brushed off by museum
 Artcyclopedia List
 Man with a pipe

1851 births
1934 deaths
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century male artists
Post-impressionist painters
French art collectors
Art forgers
Alsatian-German people
Pont-Aven painters
Académie

masks: Schuffenecker Schuffenecker


texts:
<mask> ( / Husayn Bāyqarā; June/July 1438 – 4 May 1506) was the Timurid ruler of Herat from 1469 until May 4, 1506, with a brief interruption in 1470. A skilled statesman, <mask> was best known for his interest in the arts and was renowned as a benefactor and patron of learning in his kingdom, with his reign being heralded as the second Timurid Renaissance. He has been described as "the quintessential Timurid ruler of the later period in Transoxiana" and his sophisticated court and generous artistic patronage was a source of admiration, particularly from his cousin, the Mughal emperor Babur. <mask> was the last Timurid ruler of consequence in Khorasan. Early life and lineage
<mask> was born as <mask> in Herat in June/July 1438. His parents were Ghiyas ud-din Mansur Mirza of the Barlas tribe and his wife, <mask>. His parents had four other children; a son, <mask> II, as well as three daughters, Aka Biki, Badi al-Jamal and <mask>um.His father was a great-grandson of the Central Asian conqueror Timur. His mother was the daughter of <mask> of the powerful Tayichiud tribe, for whom he was named. Firuza was also herself a great-granddaughter of Timur twice over. Both his parents were also descendants of the Mongol Emperor, Genghis Khan. In addition to this, he claimed descent in the ninth generation from Khwaja Abdullah Ansari of Herat, also known as Pir-e-Herat (Sage of Herat). <mask>'s father died when he was seven or eight years old. Given that the latter was not a noteworthy personality in the Timurid family,

masks:
Sultan Husayn Bayqara Mirza
Sultan Husayn Bayqara
Sultan Husayn Bayqara
Husayn Bayqara
Sultan Husayn
Firuza Sultan Begum
Bayqara Mirza
Urun Sultan Khan
Sultan Husayn
Sultan Husayn


texts:
 <mask>n adopted the name Bayqara after his more illustrious grandfather, <mask> Mirza I.After consulting with his mother, <mask> (now <mask> <mask>) entered the service of his older cousin, Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, ruler of Herat in 1452. Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza was not the best ruler. He mismanaged his territory and went into battle against Abu Sa'id Mirza, the Timurid ruler of Samarkand. <mask> <mask>, not happy with his employment, tried to go over to Abu Sa'id Mirza by meeting with him. Although Abu Sa'id was inclined to take him into his service, a rebellion on part of <mask> <mask>'s relative, <mask> Mirza, son of Muhammad Mirza, son of <mask> Mirza, induced Abu Sa'id to arrest <mask> <mask> and other relatives as a precaution. Eventually on the plea of his mother, Firuza Begum, he was freed and he rejoined Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza till the latter's death two years later. Period of Anarchy in Khurasan
Following Babur's death in 1457, a period of anarchy ensued in Khurasan.Economic instability and lack of central authority with frequent regime changes invited the invasion of the region by the ruler of Samarkand, Abu Sa'id Mirza who occupied Herat on July 19, 1457. But Abu Sa'id Mirza immediately abandoned the city in order to deal with troubles at home. Next came the invasion of the Kara Koyunlu leader, Jahan Shah who took Mazandaran. During this chaotic time Khurasan was divided into many territories;
Asterabad to Sabzevar – Muzaffar-al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf of Kara Koyunlu
Balkh – Abu Sa'id Mirza,

masks:
Sultan Husay
Bayqara
Sultan Husayn
Sultan Husayn
Bayqara
Husayn
Bayqara
Husayn
Bayqara
Sultan Awais
Bayqara
Husayn
Bayqara


texts:
 ruler of Transoxiana
Abivard – Ala al-Dawla Mirza
Herat – Ibrahim Mirza
Tus & Imad Fortress – Shah Mahmud Mirza
Marv – <mask>jar Mirza
Sistan, Farah & Isfizar – Malik Qasim ibn Amir Iskander Turkmen, an Amir. In Merv and Khwarazm
Husayn <mask>, unable to compete with these rivals, adopted the life of a mercenary and joined <mask> Mirza of Merv who married him to his daughter, Beqa <mask>gum. To them was born Badi' al-Zaman Mirza. <mask> Mirza and Husayn Bayqara got along well, but in June/July 1457 when Sanjar appointed Husayn in charge of the city while he was absent, <mask> tried to take power.This was due to him suspecting that the chief dignitary, Hasan Arlat was plotting to kill him. Amirs loyal to Sanjar revolted and the attempt failed. <mask> <mask> was forced to escape with just five horsemen. But outside the city he was joined by the head of security of trade caravans of Iranji sector, Hasan Charkas and his 200 men. This would become <mask> <mask>'s first mercenary force. To solidify this new relationship, he married Hasan Charkas' daughter, Afāk Begum. He was chased by Sanjar Mirza to Karakum Desert.He was continuously pursued until he was forced to march towards Khwarazm, where he remained between the deserts of Marv and Khiva. Timurid-Kara Koyunlu Conflict
Recognizing the weakness of Timurid authority in Herat, Jahan Shah invaded and took the city on June 28, 1458, which was now occupied by Ibrahim Mirza's father, Ala al-Dawla Mirza. But Abu Sa'id Mirza could not tolerate this and after

masks:
Sultan San
Bayqara
Sultan Sanjar
Sultan Be
Sultan Sanjar
Husayn
Husayn
Bayqara
Husayn
Bayqara


texts:
 negotiations, Jahan Shah decided to return territorial demarcation to Shah Rukh's times. Thus, Khurasan, Mazandaran and Jurjan were returned to the Timurids and Abu Sa'id Mirza returned and took Herat a second time on December 22, 1458. Conflict with Abu Sa'id Mirza
<mask> Bayqara had now mustered a force of 1,000 men and took Jurjan on October 19, 1458 from the Kara Koyunlu. Abu Sa'id Mirza invaded Jurjan, which <mask> Bayqara hastily abandoned and fled towards Khwarazm again. Abu Sa'id Mirza appointed his son, <mask> Mirza as Jurjan's governor.When <mask> <mask> learned that Abu Sa'id Mirza had left Herat to crush the rebellion of his relative Muhammad Juki, he attacked Jurjan again and at the Battle of Jauzi Wali in May 1461, he defeated <mask> Mirza and appointed Abdal-Rahman Arghun the territory's governor. However, he could not follow up this victory when he besieged Herat from August–October 1461. Abu Sa'id Mirza returned and <mask> <mask> again fled towards Khwarazm, from where he began making pillaging raids into Khurasan; these raids were conducted in earnest starting in 1464. Seeking to protect himself against Abu Sa'id, he requested the help of the Uzbeks. But that help never came since Abul-Khayr Khan, the Uzbek leader died in 1468. This period of 8 to 10 years was the worst in <mask> <mask>'s life. He wandered from one place to the next at times in dire straits.Becoming ruler of Khurasan
When Abu Sa'id Mirza went to war against the Aq Qoyunlu, he was defeated at the Battle of Qarabagh and

masks:
Husayn
Husayn
Sultan Mahmud
Husayn
Bayqara
Sultan Mahmud
Husayn
Bayqara
Husayn
Bayqara


texts:
 captured. The leader of the Aq Qoyunlu, Uzun Hasan handed him over to the 19-year-old Timurid Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, who had him executed. Upon Abu Sa'ids death, the Timurid Empire collapsed. Taking advantage of Abu Sa'id Mirza's absence, <mask> <mask> had again entered Khurasan and besieged Herat which he finally captured on March 24, 1469. Thus he became the ruler of Khurasan. The sons of the late Abu Sa'id Mirza attempted to march against him, but turned back when they learned that not only had <mask> Bayqara consolidated his control over the city, but the defeated army of their father had joined him. Conflict with Aq Qoyunlu and Yadgar Muhammad Mirza
Meanwhile, Uzun Hasan sent his protege, Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, to conquer Khurasan.Husayn defeated Yadgar at the Battle of Chenaran on September 15, 1469, but the latter was sent reinforcements. Uzun Hasan demanded that Husayn hand over various Kara Koyunlu officials who had fled to him, a demand which Husayn refused. Yadgar therefore continued his assault, and Husayn was unable to match his forces due to mass desertions. He ended up fleeing Herat, which was occupied on July 7, 1470. Six weeks later, Husayn reoccupied the city after raising a fresh force and defeating the sons of Abu Sa'id, who were attempting to advance into the region. He captured Yadgar and executed him. Husayn's empire was now secure.The Aq Qoyunlu made no further attempts against him, and the Timurids in Transoxiana were too weakened by internal conflicts to advance into his territory.

masks: Husayn Bayqara Husayn


texts:
 His boundary with the Aq Qoyunlu started on the southern edge of the Caspian Sea, running south, then east across the north of the Dasht-e Lut, ending at Lake Hamun. His border with the Timurids was the Oxus River. He more or less respected both borders, refusing to cross north in an attempt to capture Transoxiana from his former enemies. He was probably aware of the Uzbek threat to the region, and was wise enough not to pursue a border with this dangerous tribal people. Administration
Husayn was viewed as "a good king, a lover of peace and justice", and he built numerous structures including a famous school; however, he was sick with a palsy for twenty years of his reign. He was forced to deal with several revolts and incursions.In 1490 the brother of Husayn's son Ibrahim Husain's guardian, Darvish 'Ali, conspired with <mask>, who by that time ruled in Hisar. Mahmud moved against Balkh, which Ibrahim resided in, forcing Husayn to mobilize against him. Some years later, <mask> transferred his eldest son, Badi' al-Zaman, from Astarabad (renamed Gorgan in 1937) to Balkh, but Badi' revolted when his son Muhammed Mu'min was denied rule in Astarabad. Husayn defeated both Muhammed, whom he executed, and Badi', whom he reconciled with. The truce fell apart afterwards, however, and in 1499 Badi' besieged Herat. <mask> <mask> introduced a ban on the drinking of wine  and the shaving of beards. He said that “Although in the days of some [other rulers], the principles of the Sharia and the community of Islam were at

masks:
Sultan Mahmud
Husayn
Husayn
Bayqara


texts:
 the mercy of heretics ... (in his time) the arms of the Holy Law and the laws of the Prophet are so strong that...." going on to boast about how his police maintained morality.Uzbek threat
In 1501 the Uzbeks conquered Transoxiana for good from the Abu Sa'id's grandson, Babur. Under Muhammad Shaybani, the Uzbeks could now threaten Khurasan. Suffering from the effects of advanced age, Husayn made no move against them, even after Babur advised him to act. The Uzbeks began conducting raids into his kingdom. Finally changing his mind, he began to march against them but died in 1506 just after beginning his advance. The inheritance of his empire was disputed between his sons Badi' and Muzaffar Husain. Babur, who had begun an expedition in support of Husayn, noted the infighting between the brothers, decided the area was impossible to defend and retreated.The next year, Muhammad Shaybani conquered Herat and caused Husayn's successors to flee, putting an end to Timurid rule in Khurasan. Culture
<mask> <mask> was notably a patron of arts and literature, particularly of poets, which led to the blossom of literal culture in Herat. The leading poets of the court were Jami (died 1492) and Ali-Shir Nava'i (died 1501). The former is acknowledged as the last of the great classical Persian poets, while the latter is renowned for being the founder of Chagatai Turkic literature. Under <mask> <mask>, the amalgation of the cultural sphere of the Turks and Persians reached its zenith, as demonstrated by his support and

masks: Husayn Bayqara Husayn Bayqara


texts:
 involvement in the literary culture of both languages. Regardless, Persian remained the dominant language of realm. Family
Consorts
Husayn had twelve consorts:
Bega <mask>gum (m. 1457 - div., died 1488), daughter of Sanjar Mirza of Merv, son of Mirak Ahmad Mirza, son of Umar Shaikh Mirza, son of Timur;
Tulak Begum known as Chuli Begum (div.), daughter of <mask> Sufi, a chief of the Azaks, and sister of Amir Yusuf Sufi Jandar;
Shahr Banu Begum (m. 1469 - div. "The Mughal Emperors and the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia". Peter Jackson (1986). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Six: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. People from Herat
1438 births
1506 deaths
Timurid monarchs
Mercenaries
History of Herat
15th-century monarchs in Asia
16th-century monarchs in

masks:
Sultan Be
Husayn


texts: <mask> (born 13 July 1973) is an agricultural scientist, specializing in genomics, genetics, molecular breeding and capacity building in developing countries. Varsheny is currently the Research Program Director- Genetic Gains that includes several units viz. Genomics & Trait Discovery, Forward Breeding, Pre-Breeding, Cell, Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, Seed Systems, Biotechnology- ESA, Sequencing and Informatics Services Unit, and Genebank (until 2020); and Director, Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), a global agricultural research institute. He holds Adjunct/Honorary/Visiting Professor positions at 10 academic institutions in Australia, China, Ghana, Hong Kong and India, including Murdoch University, The University of Western Australia, University of Queensland, West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement (University of Ghana), University of Hyderabad, Chaudhary Charan Singh University and Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University. <mask>, a highly cited researcher for 7 consecutive years (2014-2020), is a highly prolific author and frequently invited speaker including TEDx speaker. Varshney has presented research and novel concepts related to food and nutrition security in several high-level fora such as: G8 International Conference on Open Data for Agriculture on Open Data in Genomics and Modern Breeding for Crop Improvement, organized by US and UK Governments in the World Bank (2013); Brainstorming session on Digital Revolution for Agriculture at Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in (2012); Brainstorming session on DNA Fingerprinting for Impact Assessment, BMGF, USA (2018); FAO's international conference on Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing Countries in Mexico (2010); FAO's Regional Conference on Agricultural Bio technologies in Sustainable Foods Systems and Nutrition in Asia-Pacific Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2017) etc. Varshney’s research and interviews have been published in many Indian/ International print and electronic media including TV channels and radio programs.He has been honored with elected and

masks:
Rajeev Kumar Varshney
Varshney


texts:
 honorary fellowships from a dozen academies/ societies and  awards from USA, Germany, China, India, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines, UAE, including Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award, the science and agricultural sciences awards from Government of India in 2015 and 2019, respectively. Education and Professional career
<mask> received his bachelor's degree (B.Sc. Honours) in Botany and master's degree in Botany (Genetics, Plant Breeding and Molecular Biology) from the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh in 1993 and 1995, respectively. He then joined the laboratory of Professor P K Gupta at Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut and earned doctoral degree (PhD) in 2001 in Agriculture (Molecular Biology) based on work done on a Wheat Biotechnology Project sponsored by Department of Biotechnology, Government of India. In addition, <mask> has undertaken several high-performance leadership and management courses from the leading business and management schools in Singapore, Malaysia and The Philippines. After receiving his PhD degree, <mask> took up an assignment of Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter (Research Scientist) in 2001 at Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics & Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany. He worked there for five years in the area of structural and functional genomics of barley and comparative genomics of cereals.He then accepted the assignment of Senior Scientist for Applied Genomics at ICRISAT in late 2005. While working at ICRISAT, he took up a half time appointment with Generation Challenge Programme, hosted at CGIAR CIMMYT, as SubProgramme Leader for SubProgramme 2- Genomics towards Gene Discovery in 2007. With an objective to accelerate genomics research in dryland crops, he as a Founding Director established Center of Excellence in Genomics in 2007, with support from Department of Biotechnology Government of India. Later in 2017, this center transformed into Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology. He was promoted to the position of Principal Scientist (Applied Genomics) at ICRISAT in 2008. He had a dual appointment with ICRISAT as Principal Scientist and GCP as SubProgramme

masks: Varshney Varshney Varshney