texts:
 her marriage. This child may have been Henry Ughtred, born around 1533, in Jersey, or Margery Ughtred of Kexby, Yorkshire, who married William Hungate of Burnby, Yorkshire.Elizabeth assured her new father-in-law that "which doth comfort me most in the world, that I find your lordship is contented with me, and that you will be my good lord and father the which, I trust, never to deserve other, but rather to give cause for the continuance of the same". It is unknown whether it was <mask> or Edward Seymour who suggested the match, but the marriage appears to have been happy and Elizabeth's brother and father-in-law were certainly on friendly terms. Edward Seymour, then Viscount Beauchamp, wrote to <mask> on 2 September 1537 to know how he has fared since the writer's departure. Wishes <mask> were with him, when he should have had the best sport with bow, hounds, and hawks and sends commendations to his brother-in-law and sister, adding "and I pray God to send me by them shortly a nephew." <mask> and Elizabeth had five children:

 <mask>, 2nd Baron <mask>, (1538 – 1592), married before 1560, Mary Paulet, daughter of John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester. The couple had three children:

 <mask>, 3rd Baron <mask>, ( – 27 April 1607), married first Elizabeth Upton (died 1592/3), of Puslinch, Devon, and then Frances Rugge (died 1631) of Felmingham, Norfolk, by whom he had a son, <mask>, 1st Earl of Ardglass and two daughters, Frances and Anne. Sir <mask>, married Frances, daughter of Sir Edward Griffin of Dingley, Northamptonshire.Katharine <mask> (d. 24 March 1621), married on 10 February 1581

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Henry Cromwell
Cromwell
Edward Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell


type: original

texts: at North Elmham, Norfolk, Sir Lionel Tollemache, 1st Baronet, of Helmingham, Suffolk (before 14 December 1562 – 1612), son of Sir Lionel Tollemache and Susan Jermyn. They had a son, Sir Lionel Tollemache, 2nd Baronet. <mask> (1539 – bef. 1553.) <mask>, ( – died between February 1610 and April 1611), educated at St John's College, Cambridge. Married, August 1580, Katherine (died 1615/1616), daughter of Thomas Gardner of Coxford, 5 sons, 4 daughters. He was an English Member of Parliament during the reign of Elizabeth I.His diaries of proceedings in the House of Commons are an important source for historians of parliamentary history during the period when he was a member, and Sir John Neale draws heavily upon them in his groundbreaking study of Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, vol. I (1559–1581), 1953, vol. II ( 1584–1601), 1957. Sir William Cecil (later Lord Burghley), a friend of his father, may have found him his seats at Fowey, Bodmin and Grampound, possibly by arrangement with the end Earl of Bedford at Fowey and Bodmin. His return at Preston in 1584 is accounted for by the patronage of Sir Ralph Sadler, chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, who was brought up in the household of <mask>'s grandfather, <mask>, 1st Earl of Essex. Neale has described <mask> as "the model type of parliamentarian, deeply versed in the history and procedure of the institution, though lacking in historical perspective; eminently responsible, but fearless in defence of liberty." He was a puritan, but his zeal did not cloud his judgment, which, with his knowledge of procedure, rendered him one of the most

masks:
Edward Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell


texts:
 experienced committeemen of his time.He served on nearly 100 committees, and wrote journals covering the sessions of Parliament in 1572, 1576, 1581 and 1584, now in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. <mask>, (– ) wife of John Strode of Parnham, Dorset, son of Robert Strode and Elizabeth Hody. They had six children. <mask>, ( – 7 February 1562) on 11 November 1560 at Compton, Hampshire, married Richard Strode of Newnham, Devon, son of William III Strode (1512–1579) by his wife Elizabeth Courtenay, daughter and heiress of Philip Courtenay of Loughtor, a younger son of Sir Philip Courtenay (died 1488) of Molland in North Devon. They had one son, William Strode (died 1637), MP. Death of Queen Jane

Presumably, <mask> was still in his father's service, and he and his wife were living in one of <mask>'s many houses after the marriage, however, there is no mention of <mask> and Elizabeth in the records until the death of Queen Jane on 24 October 1537, less than three months after their wedding. On 12 November they took part in the late queen's funeral procession.<mask> and his cousin, <mask> carried banners; their wives were among the principal mourners. Her sister's death was not only a personal tragedy for Elizabeth, but it was to have long-term repercussions for the <mask>s, particularly for <mask>, that could never have been foreseen. Career and public life, 1537–1539
After his marriage, <mask> continued his training in his father's service. During his career, he held several offices, including:
 Justice of the Peace, Sussex, 1538
 Ranger, Rutland Forest, 1545
 Commissioner, Musters,

masks:
Katherine Cromwell
Frances Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Richard Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory


texts:
 Leicestershire, 1546
 Commissioner, Relief, 1550
 various other commissions 1539–1551

Lewes
The couple's first child, Henry, was baptised 1 March 1538, probably at Hampton Court, where the Lady Mary almost certainly stood godmother. Shortly after the baptism, <mask> and his wife left for Lewes in Sussex, arriving with a large retinue at the former Cluniac Priory of St Pancras, recently acquired by <mask>. While in Sussex, <mask> became a justice of the peace, which was his first official position. The site and possessions of the Priory of St Pancras, Lewes were granted to <mask> and his heirs, on 16 February 1538.Their extent was considerable. The demolition of the monastery began without delay, however the Priory House was not demolished and was reserved as a place of residence for the new owner. In a letter to his father in April, <mask> gives the details of his arrival, and of the warm reception and presents given to him and his wife, by the families of the neighbourhood. However, the rats of Lewes had presents of their own, and in May, plague had broken out in the town. The couple left Lewes and hastily retreated to another of <mask>'s houses called "The Motte" about four miles away from the town. In late June, the king was expected to come to Lewes in his Progress. <mask> wrote to his father to inform him that the plague had not completely abated in the town.<mask> and his wife were to leave Sussex in 1539, and their household at Lewes was disbanded after <mask> was accused of a sex crime and refused his penance. Leeds Castle

After the appointment of <mask> as Constable of Leeds

masks:
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell


texts:
 Castle, Kent, in January 1539, his son <mask> and his wife moved into the castle. <mask> and his wife lived mainly at Leeds Castle at <mask>'s expense from their arrival until his arrest in June 1540. Living there qualified <mask> for election as one of the knights of the shire for Kent to the Parliament of that year. His partner, the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, Sir Thomas Cheyne, presumably ensuring his return at the request of his father. It is notable that <mask> was under the age of majority of twenty-one. His election is to be seen as one move in <mask>'s campaign to ensure a "tractable" Parliament.Welcoming Anne of Cleves at Calais

<mask> was summoned to Parliament on 28 April 1539. In December 1539, during its second prorogation, he travelled to Calais to welcome Anne of Cleves. <mask> wrote several letters to his father at this time, detailing the difficulties of the crossing from Dover to Calais (a twelve-hour journey), reporting that many of the gentlemen with him were "extremely vexed with sickness" and assuring his father that he and the Lord Admiral were not among them. More than likely, this was his first time on board a ship and away from the English mainland. He describes his impressions at the first sight of Calais, how he has seen the castle and the blockhouses and other fortresses and recounts the delights of the feasting, entertainments and jousting while waiting for Henry VIII's new bride. <mask> also wrote to his wife from Calais, addressing her as his "loving bedfellow", describing the arrival of Anne of Cleves, and requesting news "as well of yourself as also

masks:
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory


texts: my little boys, of whose increase and towardness be you assured I am not a little desirous to be advertised." The Admiral and his entourage spent about nine days in Calais before the arrival of Anne of Cleves, passing the time, in part, with tournaments and other amusements.Anne of Cleves arrived on Thursday 11 December. "She arrived within the English pale at Calais between 7 and 8 a.m., and was received by the lord Deputy, the Lieutenant of the Castle, the Knight Porter, and the Marshal of Calais, Sir George Carow, Captain of Resbanke, and the Captain of the Spears, well appointed with great horses, and with them the men of arms, in velvet coats and gold chains, and all the archers in the King's livery well appointed; "and so brought her towards Calais, a gentleman of arms of the King's and another of hers riding together." Within a mile of Calais, she was received by the earl of Southampton, Lord Admiral, with the lord William Howard, Sir Francis Brian, the lord Grey of Wilton, the lord Hastings, lord Clifford, lord Herbert, lord Tailbush, Sir Thomas Seymour, Sir Henry Knyvett, Mr. <mask>, with "xxiiij" gentlemen in coats of satin damask and velvet, besides the said lords, who wore three collars of cloth of gold and purple velvet and chains of gold, and 200 yeomen, &c., in the King's colours, red and blue cloth. "Then the King's ships off Newland as she came by them let 200 shots of guns", after which the town of Calais shot 300 pieces of ordnance. When she came to the Lantern Gate, she stayed and viewed the king's ships, the Lion and the Sweepstake, decked with 100 banners of silk and


texts: gold, wherein were 200 master gunners and mariners and 31 trumpets, "and a double drum that was never seen in England before"; and so her Grace entered into Calais. At her entry, 150 pieces of ordnance let out of the said two ships made such a smoke that one of her train could not see another. "Where stood in order on both sides the streets, like a lane, with 500 soldiers in the King's livery of the retinue of Calais, and the mayor of Calais with his brethren, and the commons of Calais, and the merchants of the Staple, stood in like manner in array, and made a lane wherethrough she passed to her lodging".There the mayor and his brethren came to her and gave her 50 sovereigns of gold, and the mayor of the Staple, 60. Next morning "she had a gun shot, justing and all other royalty that could be devised in the King's garrison;" and kept open household there for the 15 days that she remained." The Admiral had been instructed by Henry VIII to "cheer my lady and her train so they think the time short". Anne knew little English, so, with the assistance of an interpreter, he taught her to play "Sent" and other card games that the king enjoyed, with <mask> taking part. The journey to England was planned for Friday afternoon; however, the weather proved so rough that it was futile to think of crossing at that time. The Lord Admiral entertained Anne of Cleves on the Saturday by showing her the ship prepared for her passage, with the other ships in the harbour, gaily decorated and with men on the tops, shrouds, and yard-arms. Guns were shot off in her honour, and after a banquet there was jousting.The


texts:
 high winds and rough seas continued until Saturday the 27th, when the weather was favourable for the crossing and Anne of Cleves finally arrived in England, landing at Deal, in Kent. The Great London Muster, 1539

In 1539, in response to the potential threat of invasion by his Roman Catholic enemies, Charles V and Francis I, Henry VIII prepared for the worst by fortifying the coasts and fitting out his navy, and ordered a muster of all his male subjects, aged from sixteen to sixty. The Lord Mayor of London ordered a general muster of the citizens to be held at Mile End on Thursday, 8 May. It was a formidable display of the king's power – three divisions, each of five thousand men and their attendants marched through the city to the Palace of Westminster, where the King stood in his gatehouse, to see them as they passed by. The size of the muster was estimated, by the Lord Chancellor, Thomas Audley, to have been about sixteen and a half thousand men. <mask> played his part, sending a great number of men and weapons among the citizens of London. They were led by a veritable forest of pike-men, bowmen and gunners in the thousands, and followed by weaponry drawn on carts, moving through the city to parade past Henry VIII at Westminster.<mask>'s son and heir, <mask> and his nephew, <mask> rode with muster, together with Sir Christofer Norris, Master of the Ordinance, "and other of the Kinges servantes." They followed "the end of the last battell, rydinge on goodly horses and well apparayled." The Fall of <mask>, 1540

1540 was to be a year of triumphs and tears for the <mask> family. In

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Richard Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell


texts:
 January, Elizabeth was appointed to the household of the new Queen, Anne of Cleves. In March, during a virtual witch-hunt against 'heretical' preachers by Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, <mask> requested Henry Dowes to write a letter detailing the recantation of William Jerome, Vicar of Stepney. This was significant, as Stepney was <mask>'s church, where he and his family worshipped. Gardiner was firing a warning shot in his rival's direction.Still rising in royal favour, <mask> was created Earl of Essex on 17 April, and his son, <mask> assumed the courtesy title of Lord <mask> (from his father's secondary title of Baron <mask>, of Wimbledon in the County of Surrey). The arms granted to <mask> were four coats, quarterly; 1st, quarterly, per fess indented, azure, and or, four lions passant, counterchanged; 2nd, per fess, or and gules, on a pale between two lis, azure, and two pelicans of the first, a pelican and lis, all counterchanged; 3rd, azure, on a fess, between three lions rampant, a rose, gules, between two Cornish choughs; 4th, Prior, as before, and the motto, "Faire mon devoir". On 18 April, <mask> was made Great Chamberlain. The May Day Jousts, 1540
In May 1540, <mask>, now <mask>,
 and his cousin <mask> took part in the May Day Jousts which were held at the Palace of Westminster. The jousts began on Saturday, 1 May, and lasted for a week. The jousts had been announced in France, Flanders, Scotland and Spain for all who would compete against the challengers of England. The challengers included Sir John Dudley, Sir Thomas Seymour, Sir Thomas Poyninge, Sir George Carew,

masks:
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Lord Cromwell
Richard Cromwell


texts:
 Anthony Kingston, and <mask>.The challengers entered the lists that day richly dressed, their horses trapped in white velvet, with knights and gentlemen riding ahead of them, dressed in white velvet and white sarcenet, and all their servants in white sarcenet doublets and hose, in the Burgundian fashion. To joust against them, forty-six defendants entered, led by the Henry, Earl of Surrey, including Lord William Hayward, Lord Edward Clinton, Lord <mask>, and others, who were all richly dressed. After the jousting had ended the challengers rode to Durham Place, which was lavishly decorated, with great cupboards of plate on display and where they kept open household during the tournament. Delicious foods and drinks were plentiful and minstrels played continually. Elaborate feasts and suppers were provided there, which were attended by the King, the Queen and her ladies, all the court, and all other comers. The guests "were served every meal with their own servants after the manner of war, their drum warning all the officers of household against every meal." On the second day of the jousts, Mr. Anthony Kingston and <mask> were made knights.<mask> so impressed the king with his valour, that he was given a diamond ring from the king's own finger. A Gathering storm

The wave of success was to be short-lived for <mask>. Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, a traditionalist conservative, was determined to destroy his arch-enemy, <mask>, by accusing him of supporting heretical preachers, thereby undoing his programme of religious reforms. At the same time, <mask>'s political rival and religious

masks:
Richard Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell


texts: conservative, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, who had pushed hard for the Act of Six Articles to be passed in Parliament, was rising in favour and fast becoming a threat. The Act of Six Articles, which reaffirmed certain Catholic principles in Henry VIII's Church of England, had been passed in May 1539. Henry VIII had now drawn a line in the sand on religious reform and <mask> found himself in an untenable position with regards to his reformist policies. French Ambassador, Charles de Marillac noted "the division among this King's ministers, who are trying to destroy each other."<mask>'s party seemed to have the upper hand, however the situation was about to take a turn for the worse. <mask> was safe only as long as he retained royal favour. However, the king had found his new wife Anne of Cleves particularly unappealing and as she was no longer of any political use he wanted a divorce. <mask> realised that a divorce would result in a massive loss of face for him as the promoter of the marriage and its associated political machinations and that it could lead not only to his ruin, but also to the end of the Reformation in England. He made the fatal mistake of hesitating when the king asked him to look to a solution to end the marriage. Taking advantage of the king's marital discontent and <mask>'s hesitation over the divorce, Gardiner and the Norfolk together came up with a plan to bring down the Earl of Essex. Norfolk used his pretty young niece, Catherine Howard, at court, to distract the king; and while Henry VIII was distracted, he and Gardiner plotted their rival's demise.Stephen

masks:
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell


texts:
 Gardiner entertained the king and the girl in his episcopal palace, while their agents were searching for any damning evidence that could be used against <mask>. Feeling threatened, after the arrest of Bishop Sampson of Chichester, Gardiner and Norfolk decided to make a preemptive strike. "<mask> was accused of the sacramentarian heresy, or denial of the real presence. The charge with its overtones of anabaptism and anarchy, temporarily overbalanced Henry" and with the deposition by Wriothesley that implied <mask> was stalling over the divorce, the king was persuaded to order <mask>'s arrest. Henry was made to see his chief minister as an obstacle to Anne's removal and replacement by Catherine. Gardiner was more than happy to provide the king with the means to a speedy divorce and "false knaves", Richard Rich and Michael Throgmorton were easily procured to make further allegations to the king about the Earl of Essex." Arrest
<mask> was arrested suddenly at a council meeting at 3.00 p.m. on the afternoon of 10 June 1540, on trumped up charges of treason and heresy, taken to the Tower and his possessions seized.The French Ambassador Charles de Marillac described his arrest in the Council Chamber at Westminster. As soon as the Captain of the Guard declared his charge to make him prisoner, <mask> in a rage cast his bonnet on the ground, saying to the duke of Norfolk and others of the Privy Council assembled there that this was the reward of his services, and that he appealed to their consciences as to whether he was a traitor; but since he was treated thus he renounced all pardon, as he had

masks:
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell


texts: never thought to have offended, and only asked the King not to make him languish long. Thereupon some said he was a traitor, others that he should be judged according to the laws he had made, which were so sanguinary that often words spoken inadvertently with good intention had been constituted high treason. The duke of Norfolk having reproached him with some "villennyes" done by him, snatched off the order of St George which he bore on his neck, and the Admiral, to show himself as great an enemy in adversity as he had been thought a friend in prosperity, untied the Garter. Then, by a door which opens upon the water, he was put in a boat and taken to the Tower without the people of this town suspecting it until they saw all the King's archers under Mr. Cheyney at the door of the prisoner's house, where they made an inventory of his goods. According to the sixteenth century chronicler Edward Hall, those who genuinely mourned <mask>'s arrest were far outnumbered by those who rejoiced. <mask>, who was courageous enough to implement radical changes in an inherently conservative society like England, was by no means a popular man.Marillac, reporting the news of <mask>'s arrest to Francis I, wrote that "considering that public affairs thereby entirely change their course, especially as regards the innovations in religion of which <mask> was principal author, the news seems of such importance that it ought to be written forthwith" and in another letter to Montmorency noted "the division among this King's ministers, who are trying to destroy each other. <mask>'s party seemed the strongest lately

masks: Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell


texts:
 by the taking of the dean of the Chapel, bp. of Chichester, but it seems quite overthrown by the taking of the said lord <mask>, who was chief of his band, and there remain only on his side the abp. of Canterbury, who dare not open his mouth, and the lord Admiral, who has long learnt to bend to all winds, and they have for open enemies the duke of Norfolk and the others. The thing is the more marvellous as it was unexpected by everyone." <mask> would have been nearby, in the House of Commons, at Westminster, when his father was arrested and must have hastily sent word to his wife Elizabeth, who was at court attending Queen Anne. He and his wife found themselves in a very vulnerable position, and were faced with the possibility of their own arrest.Having been dependents of <mask>, they found themselves homeless—all <mask>'s houses, lands, money, and goods were seized by the king (Leeds Castle was soon in the hands of Sir Anthony St Leger)—and, no doubt, in dire financial straits. It is highly probable that Elizabeth's brother, Edward Seymour, then Earl of Hertford, interceded with the king on the couple's behalf, gave them advice, and provided them with a place to live, and that Sir Ralph Sadler was secretly sending news to <mask> about his father. <mask>'s marriage to Elizabeth—the sister of the late Queen Jane and his connection to Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, now a favourite of the Henry VIII—may have afforded him a degree of protection from the king's wrath. There is no record of <mask> or his wife being questioned in relation to <mask>'s arrest. Prisoner in the Tower

The case

masks:
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell


texts:
 against <mask> was weak; it was well known that <mask> favoured religious reform, though he had not proceeded any further with his programme of reforms than the king would allow, and his every act had been authorised by the king. <mask> had not broken any laws, contravened any statutes or disobeyed any royal proclamations. Therefore, he was condemned without a trial and his sentence was later confirmed by an act of attainder.There are no surviving records of <mask> and Elizabeth's movements at this time. From the day of <mask>'s arrest until 16 June, during which time he was formally questioned by Norfolk and Thomas Audeley, he gave written answers to questions and wrote detailed letters at the king's command, there was still a faint hope of a reprieve. However, on 17 June, the bill of attainder was heard in Parliament for the first time and <mask> would have known his terrible fate. Ominously, on a deposition to the king, he wrote "All these articles be tr[ue by the] death I shall die, and m[ore] as more plainly app[eareth by a] letter written with my [own hand] sent by Mr. Secretary [unto] the King's Highness." <mask> wrote a desperate letter from the tower to the king to plead his innocence and appeal to him to be merciful to his son and the rest of his family. "Sir, upon [my kne]es I most humbly beseech your most gracious Majesty [to be goo]d and gracious lord to my poor son, the good and virtu[ous lady his] wife, and their poor children"
According to John Foxe, Ralph Sadler alone dared to carry to the King his letter pleading for mercy. From this Letter we learn that Henry VIII sent

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell


texts:
 <mask> money while in the Tower and it appears to have given him more than a hope of life.Moreover, <mask> was granted the extraordinary 'privilege' of being told of the charges against him and who his accusers were. When Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk was himself arrested in 1546, he "prayed the lords to intercede with the king, that his accusers might be brought face to face, to say what they had against him ; and he did not doubt but it should appear he was falsely accused. He desired to have no more favour than <mask> had, he himself being present when <mask> was examined." He added that <mask> "desired, if he might not see his accusers, that he might at least know what the matters were ; and if he did not answer truly to every point, he desired not to live an hour longer. He had always been pursued by great enemies about the king ; so that his fidelity was tried like gold." On 29 June, the act of attainder was passed in both houses of parliament and <mask>'s fate was sealed. It is not known whether <mask> was present in the House of Commons during the proceedings against his father.In July 1540, fearing for her family's future security, Elizabeth wrote the following letter of submission to Henry VIII:

"After the bounden duty of my most humble submission unto your excellent majesty, whereas it hath pleased the same, of your mere mercy and infinite goodness, notwithstanding the heinous trespasses and most grievous offences of my father-in-law, yet so graciously to extend your benign pity towards my poor husband and me, as the extreme indigence and poverty wherewith my said

masks:
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell


texts: father-in-law's most detestable offences hath oppressed us, is thereby right much holpen and relieved, like as I have of long time been right desirous presently as well to render most humble thanks, as also to desire continuance of the same your highness' most benign goodness. So, considering your grace's most high and weighty affairs at this present, fear of molesting or being troublesome unto your highness hath disuaded me as yet otherwise to sue unto your grace than alonely by these my most humble letters, until your grace's said affairs shall be partly overpast. Most humbly beseeching your majesty in the mean season mercifully to accept this my most obedient suit, and to extend your accustomed pity and gracious goodness towards my said poor husband and me, who never hath, nor, God willing, never shall offend your majesty, but continually pray for the prosperous estate of the same long time to remain and continue." This undated letter is placed at the end of July 1540 in Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. It is possible that it was written while <mask> was imprisoned in the Tower, as Elizabeth refers to her father-in-law, and not her late father-in-law. Moreover, it was customary at that time to write "may his soul God pardon" or something similar when referring to someone who had recently died, which she did not do. The letter may have been written on the advice of her brother or at the king's command.The king was inclined to be generous and Elizabeth was to be included in the future Queen Catherine Howard's household as one of her attendant ladies. Richard Hilles, a


texts:
 merchant, wrote in a letter dated 28 February 1541, "some think it was a like artifice in the King to confer his title and many of his domains while he was yet in prison upon his son <mask>, who was almost a fool, in order that he might the more readily confess his offences at execution." There is absolutely no evidence that <mask> was a fool, and much to prove that he was intelligent and accomplished. Moreover, <mask> was not created Baron <mask> by letters patent until December 1540 and did not receive any royal grants before February 1541. His courtesy title of <mask> was forfeit after his father's arrest, although he did continue to receive the profits from the property alienated to his use and his heirs by his father in November 1538. This property included the manors and lordships of Oakham and Langham (Rutland), Clapthorne, Hackleton and Piddington (Northamptonshire), and Blaston (Leicestershire), with the advowson of Blaston church, and the manors of North Elmham and Beetley (Norfolk). <mask> was still receiving the profits from Langham in April 1541, his entitlement was then being questioned and which was later resolved in his favour.Hilles' comments can be dismissed as unsubstantiated gossip, although there is always the possibility that the mercurial Henry VIII promised <mask>, while he was in the Tower, to be a "good and gracious lord" to his son. Death of <mask>
<mask>'s letter had moved the king, who had asked for it to be read to him three times. However, it was not enough to save his life. <mask> was beheaded on Tower Hill on 28 July 1540. Since Thomas was attainted, <mask>

masks:
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Lord Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory


texts: could not succeed his father as Earl of Essex and Baron Cromwell (of Wimbledon in the County of Surrey). <mask> and Elizabeth were not implicated, although it took many months before their desperate situation was to be resolved. Their lives were still in danger from an increasingly paranoid king.It is unknown if <mask> and his family were present at <mask>'s execution or if permission was given by the king to bury his beloved father with dignity, as Sir Thomas More's family had, under the floor in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower. Among those who genuinely mourned <mask>, beside <mask> and his family, were his protégés and close friends: Sir Ralph Sadler had lived in <mask>'s household as a boy, was educated by him and had known <mask> since he was born. <mask> was godfather to Sadler's first two sons. It was Sadler who managed to acquire Holbein's portrait of <mask> and keep it hidden during the remaining years of the reign of Henry VIII. The poet Sir Thomas Wyatt penned an eloquent lamentation of his personal loss. The verse speaks of a man who was not only his patron, but his friend, and confidant. The pillar perish'd is whereto I leant,The strongest stay of my unquiet mind;The like of it no man again can find,From east to west still seeking though he went,To mine unhap.For hap away hath rentOf all my joy the very bark and rind:And I, alas, by chance am thus assign'dDaily to mourn, till death do it relent.But since that thus it is by destiny,What can I more but have a woful heart;My pen in plaint, my voice in careful cry,My mind in woe, my body full of smart;And I myself,

masks:
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell


texts:
 myself always to hate,Till dreadful death do ease my doleful state.Sir Thomas Wyatt

Aftermath
At the time of his arrest in 1540, <mask> was one of the wealthiest landowners in England. This was "the end result of an active decade buying and selling lands, augmented by large monastic and other royal grants." <mask> as his sole heir should have inherited a vast fortune. Instead, over the next few years his father's lands and property were distributed by the king to others. <mask>, his wife and their children faced an uncertain future. For several months after <mask>'s execution, Henry VIII remained convinced of his late chief minister's guilt and anyone who had been closely associated with the late Earl of Essex was regarded with suspicion and closely watched. Tensions within the court were running high.Matters came to a head on the evening of 17 January 1541, when Ambassadors Eustace Chapuys and Charles de Marillac reported to their masters that Sir Thomas Wyatt, Sir Ralph Sadler and unnamed others had been arrested. The following morning, they were taken from Hampton Court, with their hands bound, and accompanied by 24 archers, to the Tower. Marillac wrote to Montmorency that Thomas Wyatt "was led to the Tower so bound and fettered that one must think ill, for the custom is to lead them to prison free" noting that it "must be some great matter for he has for enemies all who leagued against <mask>, whose minion he was." Sir Ralph Sadler was able to clear himself and was released in a few days. Sir Thomas Wyatt was set free the following March, at the request of Queen Catherine Howard.

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell


texts:
 Sadler must have provided some very persuasive evidence to his interrogators in the Tower, sufficient not only to secure his own release, but enough to convince the king to question his late chief minister's fate. The French ambassador, Marillac was to write to Montmorency on 3 March 1541 that Henry VIII had reproached his ministers for <mask>'s death, "saying that, upon light pretexts, by false accusations, they made him put to death the most faithful servant he ever had."It appears that Henry VIII no longer considered <mask> to have been guilty of the charges against him, that he had been misled by his councillors and now regretted the loss of an able minister. Peerage and knighthood
On 18 December 1540, less than five months after his father's execution, <mask> was created <mask> by letters patent, and summoned to Parliament as a peer of the realm. This title was a new creation, rather than a restoration of his father's forfeited barony. The arms he adopted were: quarterly, per fess, indented, azure and or, four lions passant counterchanged and his motto, "Faire mon devoir". He was now <mask>, 1st Baron <mask> in his own right. When <mask> was created Earl of Essex on 17 April 1540, his son, <mask> had assumed the courtesy title of <mask> from his father's secondary title, <mask>, 1st Baron <mask> (of Wimbledon in the County of Surrey). <mask> was never created Baron <mask> (of Wimbledon in the County of Surrey) in his own right and only held the courtesy title for a few weeks until his father's arrest and subsequent attainder, when the title was forfeited.Henry VIII granted Oakham to

masks:
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Baron Cromwell
Lord Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Lord Cromwell
Lord Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell


texts:
 <mask> in July 1538 under the old title of the castle, lordship and manor, yet the grant seems to have referred only to the manor of Oakham with certain judicial rights in the soke and not to the dependent manors and fees of the barony. In November 1538 the manor was settled on <mask> and his wife Elizabeth, to hold for their lives, with remainder to their son, Henry. In this way it escaped forfeiture at the time of <mask>'s attainder and execution, and was held by his descendants. The following February <mask> received a royal grant of lands that had been owned by his late father. The grant included the house and site of the former priory of Launde, in Launde and Loddington, Leicestershire and lands specified in Loddington, Tilton on the Hill, and Launde as well as "lands enclosed within the said site, called 'Whadborowgh' or 'Wateborogh', belonging to the late monastery of St. James near Northampton", and a water-mill in Launde, the manor of Loddington, parcel of the possessions of the said late priory and also the rectory and advowson of the vicarage of Loddington. Launde Abbey in Leicestershire was to become the main family estate. It is a manor house built on the site of an Augustinian Priory founded in 1119.<mask> had bought Launde Abbey for £1500 but did not live to take up residence. <mask> completed the building of the manor house on the site of the priory and lived there with his family from 1541 until his death in 1551. <mask> was created a Knight of the Bath at the coronation of King Edward VI, on 20 February 1547. Later years
<mask> managed to avoid the pitfalls of the Tudor

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell


texts: nobility. He did not participate in court politics and for the last ten years of his life he combined managing his estates and shire administration with attendance in the House of Lords where he had an excellent attendance record. He remained close to his cousin, Sir <mask>, his former preceptor Henry Dowes, Sir Ralph Sadler and William Cecil, who had been one of the Duke of Somerset's personal secretaries and Master of Requests in the Duke's household. Sir <mask> died only four years after <mask>.<mask> had become a very wealthy man, having accumulated vast amounts of land, in addition to the land given to him by his father in 1538, through several royal grants. In 1541, <mask> received a grant of property in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire of the "house and site, &c., of the late priory of Launde, in Launde and Lodyngton, Leic., and lands specified in Lodyngton, Tylton, and Launde; also lands enclosed within the said site, called "Whadborowgh" or "Wateborogh," belonging to the late monastery of St. James near Northampton, a water-mill in Launde, and the manor of Lodyngton, parcel of the possessions of the said late priory; also the rectory and advowson of the vicarage of Lodyngton." In Rutland, <mask> held the castle and the Manor of Oakham, the Manor of Langham, two windmills, three other mills, sixty messuages, twenty cottages with their appurtenances in Oakham, Langham and Flitteris, of the King in Capite, by Knights Service in Fee. Also the Manor of Lyddington, and land belonging to the late chantry at Manton, with their appurtenances in Lyddington, Belton and Wardley, Stoke Dry,

masks:
Richard Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory


texts: and Snelston, with the advowson of Wardley, of the King, by the rent of 14l 3 s 5 d ob. per annum for all services as appeared by Letters Patents granted by Edward VI. This last mentioned estate was for the lives of himself and Elizabeth his wife. In addition, from 1538, he owned the manors of Clapthorne, Piddington and Hackleton in Northamptonshire as well as the manors of North Elmham and Beetley in Norfolk,and from 1545, held the lease of a moiety of the manor of Rompney in the lordship of Newport, South Wales in survivorship (formerly granted to his father.)Though not very long, <mask>'s life was eventful. He lived through the last turbulent years of Henry VIII's reign, saw his queens and courtiers come and go, he survived the execution of his father, witnessed epidemics of plague and sweating sickness take away his friends and relations and lived through much political, social and religious upheaval. Although his exemption from attending the king in the war in France in 1544 might suggest illness or injury, he appears to have made a full recovery. During his time in the House of Lords, he participated in several high-profile proceedings, notably the attainders of Catherine Howard on 8 February 1542, as well as Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, in January 1547. In 1547 he participated in the funeral of Henry VIII, as one of the lords carrying the canopy over the late king's coffin. On 28 February 1549 he was present in the House of Lords when the bill of attainder was passed on his wife's brother Thomas Seymour and again in January 1550 during


texts:
 proceedings against his brother-in-law and patron Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset. Death and succession

<mask> died of sweating sickness on 4 July 1551 at his home, Launde Abbey, Leicestershire, and on 7 July 1551 was buried in a magnificent tomb in the chapel there.His wife was also ill but survived. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Henry. Henry's grandson, Thomas, 4th Baron <mask>, later 1st Viscount Lecale, was created Earl of Ardglass in the Irish peerage on 15 April 1645. The Barony of Cromwell was held by the 1st Viscount Lecale from 22 November 1624 and by the Earls of Ardglass from 15 April 1645 until 26 November 1687, when, on the death of Vere <mask>, 4th Earl of Ardglass and 7th Baron <mask>, both titles became extinct. Lady <mask> subsequently married, between 10 March and 24 April 1554, Sir John Paulet, later Lord St. John, eldest son of Sir William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester. She died 19 March 1568, and was buried 5 April in St Mary's Church, Basing, Hampshire. In culture
<mask> was played by actor Jack West in the Season 3 finale of Showtime cable television show The Tudors.In Wolf Hall, a novel by Hilary Mantel, which offers a sympathetic portrayal of the rise of <mask>, <mask> is depicted as a childlike, slightly inept but lovable young man. In Bring Up the Bodies, Mantel's acclaimed sequel to Wolf Hall, the portrayal is of a young man coming of age with confidence - still naive, but with potential; he is played in the BBC television adaptation by Tom Holland. In the stage production of Wolf Hall Part Two, <mask> (played by Benedict Hastings) is an intelligent

masks:
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Essex Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory


texts:
 young man who understands why his father must be sometimes ruthless but is still young enough to be horrified by his father's actions, especially in the disposal of Anne Boleyn's "lovers". Notes

References

 at HathiTrust
(subscription required)

  at HathiTrust

in JSTOR

 (subscription required)

External links

 The Monument to <mask> in Launde Abbey Chapel Flickr
 Teri Fitzgerald, All that Glitters: Hans Holbein's Lady of the Cromwell Family
 Launde Abbey Leicestershire & Rutland Churches: A Photographic Journal
 Launde Abbey History
 The Priory of St Pancras, Lewes Lewes Priory Trust
 Sir Ralph Sadleir (1507-1587) and the Gossips

1520s births
1551 deaths
Peers of England created by Henry VIII
Deaths from sweating sickness
People from London
Gregory
English MPs 1539–1540
Knights of the Bath
16th-century English nobility
People from Loddington, Leicestershire
Barons


texts:
<mask> (born 30 March 1957) is an Italian applied mathematician and operations researcher. Her research involves the application of mathematical optimization to problems including portfolio optimization and the combination of inventory management with vehicle routing. She is a professor of operations research in the faculty of economics and business of the University of Brescia, a former vice chancellor and dean at the university, the former president of the Association of European Operational Research Societies and the INFORMS Transportation Science and Logistics Society, and the president of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies. Education and early career
<mask> graduated from the University of Milan with a master's degree in applied mathematics in 1980 and a doctorate in applied mathematics in 1983. She arrived at the University of Brescia in 1990 after working as an assistant professor at the University of Milan from 1983 to 1987 and an associate professor at the University of Udine from 1987 to 1990. In 1994, she was promoted to full professor at the Faculty of Economics and business at the University of Brescia. Research area and interests
Resource allocation and project scheduling, logistics, portfolio optimization, combinatorial optimization, and vehicle routing have been the key areas of her scientific endeavor.Mixed integer programming models, computational complexity, worst-case analysis, exact (branch-and-cut and branch-and-price) and heuristic algorithms have been her primary areas of research. She has collaborated on scientific projects with both Italian and foreign colleagues, and she has co-authored publications with some

masks:
Maria Grazia Speranza
Speranza


texts:
 of the greatest scholars like Hans Kellerer and Ulrich Pferschy of the University of Graz (Austria), Zsolt Tuza of the Hungarian Academy of Science - Budapest (Hungary), Dimitri Bertsekas of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (U.S.A.), <mask>, Gilbert Laporte, and Alain Hertz of the University of Montreal (Canada), <mask> of the Georgia Institute of Technology (U.S.A. (Canada). Administrative and society service

Committee appointments
She is a former president of the Association of European Operational Research Societies (EURO) from 2011 to 2012, and president of the INFORMS Transportation Science and Logistics Society (TLS) from 2013. She was the president of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) for 2019–2021. University appointments
<mask> has served as the President of the Research Council at the University of Brescia (1998-2000) and later appointed as the Dean of the Faculty of Economics and business at the same university (2002-2008). She was appointed as the Deputy Rector of the university twice from 2000 to 2002 and again from 2017 to 2020. She has been serving as the president of the Research center on ‘Models for the economy and management of transport and logistics’ since 2006.Positions in boards of directors
She is the member of the Board of Directors of a2a, a multi-utility company and the 15th largest Italian company. She is also one of the Board of Directors of Fondazione Comunita’ Bresciana and Fondazione Nocivelli. Other memberships activities
She has coordinated several research initiatives that have received funding from the Ministry of Higher Education, the National Research Council, and the European

masks:
Michel Gendreau
Martin Savelsbergh
Maria


texts:
 Union. In specifically, she led a study in "Industrial logistics" involving 12 research units as part of the National Research Council's Finalized Transportation Program 2. From 1990 to 1996, she served on the board of the Italian Operations Research Society. She has served on committees to evaluate PhD theses from institutions throughout the world, including Troyes (France), Trondheim (Norway), Lausanne (Switzerland), and Lancaster (England) (UK). Selected publications
She has over 366 articles published in journals with over 13360 citations.Peer-reviewed articles

 A sequential approach for a multi-commodity two-echelon distribution problem, (with C. Archetti, D. Cattaruzza, W. Gu, M. Ogier, F. Semet)
 Optimization models for fair horizontal collaboration in demand-responsive transportation (with E. Angelelli, V<mask>di)
 Optimization in multimodal distribution problems: a survey, to appear in European Journal of Operational Research (with C.Archetti, L.Peirano)
 A Kernel Search Heuristic for a Fair Facility Location Problem, to appear in Computers & Operations Research (with C. Filippi, G. Guastaroba, D. L. Huerta-<mask>noz, M. G. <mask>)
 A Kernel Search heuristic for the Multi-Vehicle Inventory Routing Problem, to appear in International Transactions of Operations Research (with C.Archetti, G. Guastaroba, D. Huerta-<mask>, <mask>. <mask>)
 System optimal routing of traffic flows with user constraints using linear programming, to appear in European Journal of Operational Research (with E. Angelelli, V. <mask>di, M. Savelsbergh)
 On single source capacitated facility location with cost and fairness objectives, European Journal of Operational Research 289,

masks:
. Moran
Mu
Speranza
Mu˜noz
M G
Speranza
Moran


texts:
 959–974, 2021 (con C.Filippi, G.Guastaroba)
 A branch-and-cut algorithm for the inventory routing problem with pickups and deliveries, European Journal of Operational Research 282, 886–895, 2020 (with C. Archetti, M. Boccia, A. Sforza, M.G. <mask>, C. Sterle)
 Dynamic traveling salesman problem with stochastic release dates, European Journal of Operational Research 280, 832–844, 2020 (with C. Archetti, D. Feillet, A. Mor)
 Flexible two-echelon location routing, European Journal of Operational Research 277, 1124–1136, 2019 (with C. Archetti, L. C. Coelho, M. Darvish)

Books
Speranza is the co-author, with Renata Mansini and Włodzimierz Ogryczak, of the book Linear and Mixed Integer Programming for Portfolio Optimization (EURO Advanced Tutorials in Operational Research, Springer, 2015). Some of her other books are:
 Quantitative approaches to distribution logistics and supply chain management, Springer Science & Business Media, vol. 519, 2012 (with A. Klose, L.N. Van Wassenhove, eds)
 New trends in distribution logistics, Springer Science & Business Media, vol. 480, 2012 (with P. St¨ahly, eds)
 Advances in distribution logistics, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Springer-Verlag, vol.460, 2012 (with B. Fleischmann, J. van Nunen, P. St¨ahly, eds)
 Methodology, implementation and applications of Decision Support Systems, CISM Courses and Lectures 320, Springer Verlag, 1991 (with A.Lewandowski, P.Serafini, eds)

References

External links
Home page

Presentation to Operational Research Society Women in OR and Analytics Network

Living people
Operations researchers
University of Milan alumni
University of Milan faculty
University of Brescia
1957


texts:
<mask> (April 5, 1917 – April 21, 2004) was an American cardiothoracic surgeon, general surgeon, prolific author and medical educator who is best remembered for refining <mask>'s heart–lung bypass machine via a pump-oxygenator to make feasible under direct vision, routine open-heart surgery and repairs of some congenital heart defects. The success of these operations was combined with his other advances, including teamwork and developments in establishing the correct diagnosis before surgery and progress in computerized intensive care unit monitoring after open heart surgery. After completing his undergraduate education at the University of Minnesota, <mask> gained admission to Harvard Medical School from where he graduated in 1942. He was a neurosurgeon during the Second World War, but later, after being appointed to the Mayo Clinic in 1950, specialised in the surgical treatment of congenital heart disease. From 1964 he led the surgical departments at the Mayo Clinic and from 1966 until retirement, held the same position at the University of Alabama School of Medicine (UAB). He performed the world's first successful series of open heart operations using the heart-lung machine. The Board of Governors at the Mayo Clinic approved the first eight operations, of which 4 (50%) survived.<mask> had the idea of training surgeon assistants as a new type of physician's assistant and started the UAB's Surgeon Assistant (SA) Training Programme in 1967. He was also the editor of The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and received a number of honorary degrees from universities around the world. He was president of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery in 1978. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Muncie, Indiana, in the United States, on April 5, 1917. His parents were Byrl <mask>, a radiologist, and Gladys Marie <mask>. He had one sister, Mary W<mask>. At the age of eight, he moved with his family to Minnesota, where his father became the first

masks:
John Webster Kirklin
John Gibbon
Kirklin
Kirklin
John Kirklin
Raymond Kirklin
Webster Kirklin
. Kirklin


texts:
 director of radiology at the Mayo Clinic.Subsequently, he completed his undergraduate education at the University of Minnesota in 1938 after which, in 1942, he graduated from Harvard Medical School. He then carried out his internship at the University Hospital of Pennsylvania and finished his residency at the Mayo Clinic. Second World War
In 1944, <mask> began service with the United States Army with the rank of Captain and undertook neurosurgical training at O'Reilly General Hospital in Missouri. He served as an army neurosurgeon until he was discharged in 1946. Mayo Clinic

<mask>'s interest in neurosurgery changed to heart surgery and congenital heart disease under Robert Gross at the Boston Children's Hospital. In 1950, he was appointed to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. He later recalled writing notes "about how we would fix the inside of a heart if we could get there.We couldn't, of course, but being young, you dream!". In 1952, F. <mask>, at the University of Minnesota, used deep hypothermic circulatory arrest to visualize and directly close an atrial septal defect (ASD) in a five-year-old girl. In the same year, Kirklin formed a team of specialists including a cardiologist, a physiologist and an engineer to advance a cardiac surgical programme for the clinical application of a mechanical pump-oxygenator. Kirklin acquired <mask>'s pump-oxygenator blueprint after evaluating other devices. Gibbon had successfully closed an ASD in an 18-year-old woman on 6 May 1953, with use of his machine, the only successful procedure using the pump-oxygenator machine before Kirklin's work. Kirklin refined the heart-lung machine (screen type) originally developed by Gibbon, to the point that it allowed the person to receive oxygenated blood, temporarily providing a blood free environment to work on the heart. In 1954, Kirklin's  rival, C<mask> Lillehei used the technique of cross circulation to operate on an 11-month-old baby who died on the 11th day after

masks:
Kirklin
Kirklin
John Lewis
John Gibbon
. Walton


texts: surgery.Usually using the parent for cross circulation, he performed 45 operations of ventricular septal defects (VSDs), ASDs and tetralogy of Fallot. 30 survived and 20 were still alive 50 years later. Following the experimental trial in dogs, which by 1955 had demonstrated a 90% survival following heart-lung bypass, <mask>'s team were granted permission by the governance of the Mayo Clinic to go ahead with a clinical trial in eight children, using the machine. In March 1955, the first child survived a repair of a VSD. In this planned series of clinical cases, a 50% survival was reported. This was the first clinical series of open heart surgeries performed with a mechanical pump-oxygenator. Prior to this, the conditions were predominantly fatal.He therefore performed the world's first successful series of open heart operations using the heart-lung machine. The Board of Governors at the Mayo Clinic approved the first eight operations, of which 4 (50%) survived. As a result, open heart surgeries and repairs of some heart defects could be performed under direct vision routinely and with a high degree of success. Kirklin's modifications and team work also allowed repairs of tetralogy of Fallot. Varying in style and character, Lillehei and Kirklin worked only 90 miles away from each other. During the 1950s and 1960s, the trend for ambitious trainee cardiac surgeons was to fly to Minneapolis to observe Lillehei and subsequently travel to the Mayo Clinic to then watch Kirklin. One such surgeon was Donald Ross.Initially, unsuccessful open heart surgery was frequently the result of errors in diagnosis and limited understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the congenital heart defects that the surgeons were attempting to correct. Under <mask>'s leadership, other innovations contributing to better success at surgery included developments in establishing the correct diagnosis before surgery and in the progress of computerized intensive care unit monitoring after

masks: Kirklin Kirklin


texts:
 open heart surgery. In 1960, he became Professor of Surgery and in 1964 he was appointed Chairman of the Department of Surgery at the Mayo Clinic. In 1961, Italian surgical trainee Giancarlo Rastelli received a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) scholarship and entered into a fellowship under Kirklin's guidance. University of Alabama

After years as the chair of the Department of Surgery at the Mayo Clinic, <mask> accepted the same position at the University of Alabama School of Medicine in 1966, succeeding Champ Lyons. He later recounted that he felt he would be more able to develop a department of surgery and the training of surgeons in Birmingham. He built the school and UAB Hospital system into one of the leaders in the health care industry, and UAB named its Kirklin Clinic in his honour.He was also the editor for The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and established a training programme for surgical assistants at UAB. In addition, Kirklin developed the use of technology for continuous monitoring of vital functions in the intensive care unit. Surgical assistants
Kirklin had the idea of training surgeon assistants as a new type of physician assistant in the late 1960s. He started the UAB's Surgeon Assistant (SA) Training Programme in 1967, with four students and enrolling his wife, <mask>, as the programme's first Academic Director. This was America's first formal educational programme to train surgeon assistants. Personal and family
Kirklin married physician Margaret Katherine Hair. They had three children, of which, one son, James K<mask> is a Cardiothoracic surgeon who became the Director of Cardiothoracic Transplantation at UAB and Director of the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery.Later life and legacy
<mask> retired in 1989. He died, aged 87, on April 21, 2004 following a head injury. During <mask>'s lifetime, almost one million heart operations had been performed around the world using the heart-lung bypass machine. The <mask> W.

masks:
Kirklin
Margaret Kirklin
. Kirklin
Kirklin
Kirklin
John


texts:
 Kirklin Award for Professional Excellence is awarded by the American Association of Surgical Physician Assistants. Awards and honours
Among the awards and honours that <mask> received are:
Elected honorary FRCS England in 1970
The Lister Medal 1972, for his contributions to surgical science. The corresponding Lister Oration, given at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, was delivered on 11 April 1973, and was titled 'An Academic Surgeon's Work'. The American Heart Association Research Achievement Award, 1976
The Ray C. Fish Award (the medal of the Texas Heart Institute) 1977
The Rudolph Matas Award in Vascular Surgery
The Rene Leriche Prize of the International Society of Surgery and the American Surgical Association Medallion for Scientific Achievement

Between 1978 and 1979, he was president of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery.In addition, he received honorary degrees from a number of universities including the University of Munich, UAB, Indiana University, University of Bordeau and the University of Marseille. Selected publications
Kirklin had more than 700 publications to his name and with his colleague, Brian Barratt-Boyes, he authored the textbook Cardiac Surgery. Books
 The Tetralogy of Fallot from a surgical viewpoint, with Robert B. Karp, Philadelphia: Saunders (1970),
 Cardiac Surgery, Wiley, 1986. (With  Brian Barratt-Boyes)
 "The Surgical Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction", co-authored with James K<mask>, International Practice in Cardiothoracic Surgery, Springer Dordrecht (1986), pp. 1069–1079 ,

Articles

,

References

External links

UAB Press Release about Kirklin

1917 births
2004 deaths
American surgeons
Harvard Medical School alumni
University of Alabama at Birmingham people
United States Army officers
People from Muncie, Indiana
People from Rochester, Minnesota
Military personnel from Indiana
Physicians from Indiana
Physicians of the Mayo Clinic
History of heart surgery
20th-century surgeons
Military personnel

masks:
Kirklin
. Kirklin


texts:
<mask> (born 17 September 1964 in Bludenz, Austria) is an ancient historian and Assyriologist, known for his works on Herodotus, the Persian-Achaemenid Empire, ancient empires and cross-cultural encountering in the ancient world. He is a full professor at the University of Innsbruck and a full member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW). Academic career

studied Ancient History, History, and Ancient Near East studies at the University of Innsbruck from 1984 to 1989, where he earned his MA in 1989 with an interdisciplinary thesis on Herodotus’ Babylonian Logos. 1993, he earned his Ph.D with. a dissertation focused on early forms of historical thinking in the Ur III-period. In. In 1999, he finished his habilitation on cultural connections between Greece and the Ancient Near East during the 8th and 5th century BCE.He was a lecturer, senior lecturer and reader in the department of Ancient History and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at   Innsbruck from 1990 until 2005. Since 2005, he has been holding the chair for “cultural interactions between the ancient Near East and the Mediterranean” in the department of Ancient History and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at the University of Innsbruck. His academic teachers were Reinhold Bichler and Karl Oberhuber. In 2007, he was a visiting professor at the University of Hildesheim. From 2010-2015, he was the Finland Distinguished Professor at the University of Helsinki in the Department of World Cultures where he headed the research project “Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East.” From


texts:
 2006-2008 and 2010-2011, he was a visiting professor at the Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations at the Aga Khan University in London. From 2013-2017, he was chair of the “Melammu” project (an endeavor dedicated to studies on the “intellectual Heritage of Assyria and Babylonia on East and West”), which gathers together scholars with international renown. In 2019, the Getty Research Center in Los Angeles invited him to become a Getty Scholar.Since 2020, he holds the NAWA-chair at the University of Wrocław where he is the head of the international project “From the Achaemenid to the Roman Rule: Empires in Contexts – the Processes of Long Lasting.”

<mask> is editor and co-editor of numerous journals and series, among which are Oriens et Occidens (Franz Steiner Verlag), Classica et Orientalia (Harrassowitz), Studies in Universal and Cultural History (Springer), Philippika (Harrassowitz), Melammu Symposia (Austrian Academy of Science), Empires Through the Ages in Global Perspective (de Gruyter), and the Ancient History Bulletin, Ancient West & East. He is a member of international research groups hosted at the Collège de France and the Durham University, as well as a member of the core group of the European Network for the History of Ancient Greece. He is a full member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI), and a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. In recent years, his research has focused on the history of empires in the ancient Near


texts:
 East and the Classical world as well as universal history with a comparative approach. He has published over 150 articles and is editor/co-editor of over 70 volumes. Selected publications
 Herodots Babylonischer Logos. Eine kritische Untersuchung der Glaubwürdigkeitsdiskussion an Hand ausgewählter Beispiele: Historische Parallelüberlieferung – Argumentationen – Archäologischer Befund – Konsequenzen für eine Geschichte Babylons in persischer Zeit, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft 84, Innsbruck 1993.Frühformen historischen Denkens. Geschichtsdenken, Ideologie und Propaganda im alten Mesopotamien am Übergang von der Ur-III zur Isin-Larsa Zeit (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 263), Münster. Alexander und die großen Ströme. Die Flussüberquerungen im Lichte altorientalischer Pioniertechniken (Classica et Orientalia 7), Wiesbaden 2013. <mask> and Christoph Ulf (eds. ), Das Archaische Griechenland: Interne Entwicklungen – Externe Impulse, Berlin 2004. Bruno Jacobs and <mask> (eds.), Der achaimenidische Hof / The Achaemenid Court (Classica et Orientalia 2), Wiesbaden 2010. Giovanni Lanfranchi and <mask> (eds. ), Concepts of Kingship in Antiquity. Proceedings of the European Science Foundation Preparatory Workshop Held in Padova, November 28 – December 1, 2007 (HANE/M X), Padua 2010. <mask> and Christoph Ulf (eds. ), Lag Troia in Kilikien? Der aktuelle Streit um Homers Ilias, Darmstadt 2011.<mask>, Brigitte Truschnegg and Reinhold Bichler (eds. ), Herodot und das Persische Weltreich – Herodotus and the Persian Empire (Classica

masks:
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger


texts:
 et Orientalia 3) Harrassowitz-Verlag Wiesbaden 2011. Johannes Haubold, Giovanni B. Lanfranchi, <mask>, John Steele (eds. ), The World of Berossos (Classica et Orientalia 5), Wiesbaden 2013. Michael Gehler and <mask> (eds. ), Imperien in der Weltgeschichte. Epochenübergreifende und globalhistorische Vergleiche, 2 Volumes, Wiesbaden 2014.Giovanni Battista Lanfranchi, Raija Mattila, and <mask> (eds. ), Writing Neo-Assyrian History. Sources, Problems, and Approaches (State Archives of Assyria Studies 29), Penn State University Press 2019. Kai Ruffing, Kerstin Droß-Krüpe, Sebastian Fink, <mask> (eds. ), Societies at War (Melammu Symposia 10), Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press 2020. <mask>, Julian Degen and Michael Gehler (eds. ), Short-term empires in World History (Universalund kulturhistorische Studien / Studies in Universal and Cultural History), Wiesbaden: Springer 2020.Bruno Jacobs and <mask> (eds. ), A Companion to the Persian Achaemenid Empire, 2 volumes (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World), Malden: John Wiley & Sons 2021, in press. References

 Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. <mask>er_english
 ÖAW Mitglieder Detail
 Papers of <mask> on academia.edu: <mask> | University of Innsbruck - Academia.edu

1964 births
Living people
People from Bludenz
Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Austrian historians
20th-century historians
21st-century historians
Austrian Assyriologists
University of Innsbruck alumni
University of Innsbruck faculty
21st-century Austrian male writers
20th-century Austrian male writers
Historians of

masks:
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rolling
Robert Rollinger
Robert Rollinger


texts:
<mask> (September 5, 1869 – April 15, 1944) was a German-American businessman who became the father of the Indiana state parks system. At his death, he could be considered the most powerful spokesman in the United States for the conservation of natural resources. Early life

He was born into privilege in Düsseldorf, Germany, in 1869. As a young child he was largely tutored, due to having an illness following a chest injury. He was also frequently in trouble due to his free-spirited nature. He spent time in London, England, following his graduation from secondary education, due to his parents' wanting him to learn the English language. While there he spent much of his time going to various museums and historical places; his liberal allowance from his parents meant plenty of time to learn English and do sightseeing.After his time in London, as two of his paternal uncles were living in Indianapolis, Indiana, he decided to go to the Hoosier state in 1891. This was with his parents' blessing: they feared he was gaining socialism's attitudes from his time in London after a Christmas trip back to Düsseldorf. His first job in America was working as a reporter for the Indiana Tribune, eventually marrying Emma Rappaport, the daughter of the owner. After the sale of the paper, he started his own personal businesses. Liking the freedom he felt in America, he publicly forsook his German citizenship. It was after a tour of Yosemite National Park in 1900 that he became a proponent of conservation. This was further increased by a month and a six-week tour of the Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana.He went as a delegate to a White House conference about conservation by Theodore Roosevelt. After meeting Roosevelt, he started a series of articles promoting conservation. Indianapolis being the site of the Fourth National Conservation Congress, with <mask> as chairman, certified his status as a major figure for conservation. It was there that <mask> met Woodrow Wilson, and from there they formed a partnership for

masks:
Richard Lieber
Lieber
Lieber


texts:
 American conservation. Beginning state parks

With the centennial of Indiana's statehood of 1916, <mask> thought that Indiana needed its own state parks like several other states. He encouraged Indiana Governor Samuel M. Ralston to start the State Parks Committee, with <mask> as chairman. With his twenty-man committee, he started acquiring parks, succeeding with McCormick's Creek and Turkey Run both opening on December 11, 1916, without any state funds (The Indianapolis Motor Speedway was a major private donor).In 1917, at the start of official American involvement in World War I, he was given the positions of Forestry Board secretary, Indiana State Parks Committee director, and Military Secretary to the Governor, and made a Colonel; he would forever be called "Colonel <mask>". These 1917 appointments were all done by governor James P. Goodrich. These were not easy decisions for the governor, due to World War I fueling anti-German sentiment in Indiana, and <mask> was not only German, but he had three brothers who were colonels in the German army. Lieber convinced Goodrich, the new governor and close friend, to create a Department of Conservation to unite all the various state groups that were involved in various natural causes; the department was stopped from forming by the Democratic legislature in 1917, but the new Republican one of 1919 created it. As the Conservation Commission Chairman until 1933, he saw the creation of ten state parks and five state memorials. Little state money was used; Lieber had a knack for inspiring private citizens to obtain money to acquire park areas that would later be turned over for state park use. Attendance at Indiana state parks rose to 623,000 in 1932, up from 33,000 in 1919.In 1934, despite the lack of people and wealth compared to other states, it was rated as one of the three best state park systems by the National Park Service. <mask> was increasingly asked to help in national endeavors. Indiana's park system, thanks to him, became a model for the rest of

masks: Lieber Lieber Lieber Lieber Lieber


texts:
 the United States. In 1921, <mask> and Stephen Mather organized the first nationwide gathering of state park workers, which met at Turkey Run. Although a Republican, politics was never a pressing concern for him; he often turned down offers for jobs in Washington, D.C. But in 1933 the new Democratic governor, Paul V. McNutt, decided to dissolve the Conservation Commission, and effectively demoted <mask> to Division of State Parks and Lands and Waters Director; <mask> resigned in response on July 15, 1933. He would serve as an adviser to different sections of the National Park Service and led the National Conference on State Parks.<mask> died in 1944 while staying at McCormick's Creek's Canyon Inn. His ashes, along with those of his wife Emma, are buried at his beloved Turkey Run State Park. Legacy
<mask> stressed that it was important to charge gate fees for state parks, as it made its users value them more. To further increase parks being self-sufficient, he had various state parks build inns. Both were revolutionary ideas for their time. By 1942, the parks became economically self-sufficient. Also a nouveau approach was ensuring that each park had a "nature guiding program".A quote from <mask> summarizes his beliefs: "Our parks and preserves are not mere picnicking places," he said. "They are rich storehouses of memories and reveries. They are guides and counsels to the weary and faltering in spirit. They are bearers of wonderful tales to him who will listen; a solace to the aged and an inspiration to the young." He wrote a book entitled America's natural wealth:  A story of the use and abuse of our resources in 1942, with several of his speeches also published. His widow would write a small-press book about him in 1947. Notes

References

External links
<mask> collection, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library

1869 births
1944 deaths
Indiana Republicans
State parks of Indiana
German emigrants to the United States
People from Düsseldorf
Businesspeople from Indianapolis
American

masks:
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Lieber
Richard Lieber


texts:
<mask> was an American lyricist, playwright, and screenwriter who contributed to numerous Hollywood musicals and Broadway shows of the mid-20th century. Her writing partnership with Adolph Green spanned six decades: "the longest running creative partnership in theatre history." The musical-comedy duo of <mask> and Green collaborated most notably with composers Jule Styne and Leonard Bernstein, as well enjoyed success with Singin' in the Rain, as part of the famed "Freed unit" at MGM. Early life
<mask> was born Basya Cohen in Brooklyn, New York in 1917, the younger child of Leo Cohen (originally Astershinsky), a lawyer, and Rebecca ( Sadvoransky) Cohen, an English teacher. Both were Russian immigrants and observant Jews. She had an older brother, Nathaniel (“Nat”), born circa 1915. Basya "attended Erasmus Hall High School and studied drama at New York University, graduating in 1938," according to The New York Times.In 1938, mutual friends introduced her to Adolph Green, an aspiring actor. Along with the young Judy Holliday and Leonard Bernstein, Comden and Green formed a troupe called the Revuers, which performed at the Village Vanguard, a club in Greenwich Village. Due to the act's success, the Revuers appeared in the 1944 film Greenwich Village, but their roles were so small they were barely noticed, and they returned to New York. Comden and Green's first Broadway show was in 1944, with On the Town, a musical about three sailors on leave in New York City that was an expansion of a ballet entitled Fancy Free on which Bernstein had been working with choreographer Jerome Robbins. Comden and Green wrote the book

masks:
Betty Comden
Comden
Betty Comden


texts:
 and lyrics, which included sizable parts for themselves (as "Claire" and "Ozzie"). Their next musical, Billion Dollar Baby in 1945, with music by Morton Gould was not a success, and their 1947 show Bonanza Bound closed out-of-town and never reached Broadway. Broadway and film success
Comden and Green headed to California and soon found work at MGM.They wrote the screenplays for Good News and The Barkleys of Broadway (which reunited Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers), and then adapted On the Town for Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly, scrapping most of Bernstein's music at the request of Arthur Freed, who did not care for the Bernstein score. The duo reunited with Gene Kelly for their most successful project, the classic Singin' in the Rain, about Hollywood in the final days of the silent film era. Comden and Green provided the story and screenplay; the songs were hits from the late 1920s and early 1930s by Arthur Freed and Nacio Herb Brown. They followed this with another hit, The Band Wagon, in which the characters of Lester and Lily, a husband-and-wife musical-writing team, were patterned after themselves. They were Oscar-nominated twice, for their screenplays for The Band Wagon and It's Always Fair Weather. Both films also received Screen Writers Guild Awards;  On the Town did too. Comden and Green's stage work of the 1950s included Two on the Aisle, starring Bert Lahr and Dolores Gray, with music by Jule Styne; Wonderful Town, a musical adaptation of the play My Sister Eileen, with music by Bernstein; and Bells Are Ringing, which reunited them with Judy Holliday and Jule Styne.The score, including the standards


texts:
 "Just in Time", "Long Before I Knew You", and "The Party's Over", proved to be one of their richest. The duo contributed additional lyrics to the 1954 musical Peter Pan, translated and streamlined Die Fledermaus for the Metropolitan Opera, and collaborated with Styne on songs for the play-with-music Say, Darling. In 1958, they appeared on Broadway in A Party with <mask> and Adolph Green, a revue that included some of their early sketches. It was a critical and commercial success, and they brought an updated version back to Broadway in 1977. The pair wrote the screenplay for Auntie Mame in 1958. The New York Times movie review from that year lays it out as follows:

In its superficial racing across several strata of rich society, it does catch some glimpses of behavior that flash a few glints of irony. The picture is every bit as potent, if not a good deal more so, than the play.Actually, the stage play, as written by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee from the novel of Patrick Dennis, was more like a movie script in its pile-up of pictorial business and its multiplicity of scenes. The invitation to expansion was hand-engraved in the play. Now it has been accepted by screenwriters <mask> and Adolph Green and by the director, Morton DaCosta, who has reveled in the greater physical range. <mask> and Green's Broadway work in the 1960s included four collaborations with Jule Styne. They wrote the lyrics for Do Re Mi, and the book and lyrics for Subways Are For Sleeping, Fade Out – Fade In, and Hallelujah, Baby! Their Hallelujah, Baby! score won a Tony Award.Comden and Green wrote the libretto for the 1970 musical

masks:
Betty Comden
Betty Comden
Comden


texts:
 Applause, an adaptation of the film All About Eve, and wrote the book and lyrics for 1978's On the Twentieth Century, with music by Cy Coleman. Comden also played Letitia Primrose in that musical when original star Imogene Coca left the show. Comden and Green's final musical hit was 1991's The Will Rogers Follies, providing lyrics to Cy Coleman's music. The duo's biggest failure was 1982's A Doll's Life, an attempt to figure out what Nora did after she abandoned her husband in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House, which ran for only five performances, although they received Tony Award nominations for its book and score. In 1980, Comden was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. And, in 1981, she was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. In the early 1980s, Comden acted in Wendy Wasserstein's play Isn't It Romantic, portraying the lead character's mother.In 1984, filmmaker Sidney Lumet directed a film about Greta Garbo, Garbo Talks, starring Anne Bancroft and Ron Silver. The producers of the film were sure that the real Garbo either could not be located or would refuse flatly to appear in a cameo. They asked a known associate of Garbo to ask the great actress if she would appear in the film, but received no response. So, Comden was asked to appear in the film for the brief, pivotal "over-the-shoulder" scenes. Comden and Green received Kennedy Center Honors in 1991. In 1994, Comden and Green were guest callers, "Linda" and "Walter", on the long-running sit-com Frasier in the episode entitled "Burying the Hatchet". Family
Comden and Green were a creative partnership, not a romantic couple.In 1942,


texts:
 Comden married Siegfried Schutzman, a designer and businessman, who changed his name to Steven Kyle. He died in 1979 of acute pancreatitis. They had two children, a daughter, Susanna, and a son, Alan, who died in 1990. She never remarried. Death
<mask> died of heart failure following an undisclosed illness of several months at New York Presbyterian Hospital in Manhattan on Thanksgiving Day, November 23, 2006, aged 89. She was buried in Mount Carmel Cemetery in Glendale, New York. Awards and nominations

References

External links

 <mask> writes about teaching

 Comden and Green papers, 1933–2003.Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library
 <mask>mden Papers, 1929–2004. Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library
 New York Public Library Blog on Comden and Green's Unproduced Screenplay, Wonderland

Further reading
 Off Stage, a memoir by <mask>den published in 1995

Screenwriters from New York (state)
1917 births
2006 deaths
Grammy Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
American musical theatre librettists
American musical theatre lyricists
American women dramatists and playwrights
American women screenwriters
Broadway composers and lyricists
Women librettists
Jewish American songwriters
Erasmus Hall High School alumni
Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development alumni
Songwriters from New York (state)
Tony Award winners
Writers from Brooklyn
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American women
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American

masks:
Betty Comden
Betty Comden
Betty Co
Betty Com


texts:
Camille-<mask> (13 March 1811 – 19 April 1870) was a French pianist, piano teacher and composer predominantly of piano music and studies (études). Today largely forgotten, he was one of the preeminent piano teachers in 19th-century Paris. His most famous pupils were Louis Moreau Gottschalk and Camille Saint-Saëns. Stamaty was the star pupil of Friedrich Kalkbrenner and heir to Kalkbrenner's teaching method. He taught a crisp, fine, even filigree piano playing that concentrated on evenness of scales, independence of fingers and minimum movement of body and arms. Stamaty composed a great number of piano studies, various other shorter piano works (waltzes, fantasies, quadrilles, and variations), a piano concerto and some chamber music. None of his music is still in the repertoire today.Biography

Descent and family background

Camille-<mask>, born in Rome, was the son of a naturalized Greek father and a French mother. His father was for a time French consul in the Italian town of Civitavecchia. His mother was French and according to Antoine François Marmontel, who probably knew her, a fine singer of Italian operatic arias. <mask>'s father died in 1818, which forced the family to move back to France, first to Dijon, later on to Paris. 1825–1836: Musical training and education
Stamaty did not have musical training from an early age on. Marmontel mentions that his musical studies had to take second place after classes in

masks:
Marie Stamaty
Marie Stamaty
Stamaty


texts:
 literature and history. Stamaty did not have a piano of his own before he was fourteen years of age.His mother, on the advice of her family, was against a career of her son in music, although <mask> showed considerable musical gifts from an early age on. <mask>'s family wanted him to become a diplomat, a civil engineer or a clerk in the administration. Stamaty did become a civil servant but he did not give up on music altogether. In his spare time he kept practicing and composing and his playing must have been so good that he could perform at soirees in fashionable Parisian homes. This was no mean achievement as Paris was considered to be the city of pianists and Stamaty had ample competition in fashionable salons from Sigismond Thalberg, Franz Liszt, Stephen Heller, Henri Herz, Émile Prudent and scores of lesser known piano players. 1832: Kalkbrenner's star pupil
Finally it was an encounter with Friedrich Kalkbrenner that decided Stamaty's fate. Kalkbrenner had been looking for a pupil who would continue his school for some time.He had considered Frédéric Chopin, but Chopin on the advice of his teacher Józef Elsner had turned him down. The same had happened with Charles Hallé. Hallé, too, had at first sought out Kalkbrenner to become his pupil, but Kalkbrenner's stiff, old-fashioned playing deterred Hallé so much that he decided otherwise. Stamaty in many ways was the ideal candidate for Kalkbrenner. He was

masks: Stamaty Stamaty


texts:
 talented, ambitious and, in addition to that, he was poor and bored at his job in the Préfecture. And above all he was prepared to suffer Kalkbrenner who had a reputation as a martinet. Marmontel shrewdly points out that, as Stamaty was no artist on the scale of Chopin and thus lacked the strong personality of the great genius, he was ideally suited for Kalkbrenner's strict regime.So when Kalkbrenner heard <mask> play a quadrille with variations of his own composition he approached <mask> and made him a business proposal: <mask> would become his pupil and his répètiteur at the same time. A "répètiteur" was an auxiliary teacher to Kalkbrenner who in his later years did little teaching himself. Kalkbrenner gave fashionable and very expensive piano courses for selected pupils, while Stamaty would prepare students for these courses and do all the preparatory teaching. 1832–1836: Studies with Benoist, Reicha and Mendelssohn

Even as teacher, <mask> (one guesses supervised by Kalkbrenner) did not neglect his studies in music theory. He received lessons in organ playing from François Benoist and in harmony and counterpoint from Anton Reicha. Finally, in October 1836, Stamaty went to Leipzig to receive the finishing touches of his education from Felix Mendelssohn. Mendelssohn writes about the lessons he gave Stamaty in a letter to Ferdinand Hiller on 29 October 1836:

"Stamaty is staying here, and I have got to teach him

masks: Stamaty Stamaty Stamaty Stamaty


texts:
 counterpoint – I declare I really don't know much about it myself.He says, however, that that is only my modesty." On 26 November 1836, Mendelssohn wrote some more about <mask> to Hiller:

"<mask> will be at Frankfort in a few days, on his way back to Paris. I maintain that he has got de l'Allemagne and du contrepoint double par dessus les Oreilles." Stamaty figured also in a letter Mendelssohn's sister Rebecca wrote to Karl Klingemann on 4 October 1836:

"Moreover, Kalkbrenner's best pupil, Mr. <mask>, élève du conservatoire de Paris, and popular music master, is here in Germany learning music from Felix, and refuses to play until he has learned something better". 1835–1870: Celebrity teacher
For some 35 years (1835–1870) Stamaty must have been the most sought after and the most fashionable piano teacher in Paris. He had numerous students, most of them from wealthy families in the aristocratic Faubourgs (Saint-Germain and Saint-Honoré). He charged some of the highest fees in Paris.According to Marmontel, he was a born teacher and also had the useful talent of inspiring trust not so much in his pupils but in their mothers:

"Let's add that he [Stamaty] combined all the proper qualities that would inspire confidence and trust in mothers of families: distinction, reserve, correct and pure talent. He talked little and achieved a lot. Apart from Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Stamaty's most famous pupil was Camille

masks: Stamaty Stamaty Stamaty


texts:
 Saint-Saëns. Saint-Saëns started with Stamaty when he was seven years old (1842) and he stayed with him until he was fourteen (1849), whence he went on to the Paris Conservatoire. Although Saint-Saëns in his later life was very critical, even dismissive of Stamaty's teaching, it is a fact that Saint-Saëns under Stamaty's tutelage developed into a first rate pianist who maintained the high level of his playing all his life, well into his eighties. Personal life and crisis (1848)
Stamaty, from the age of 19 on, suffered from nervous exhaustion, overwork and frequent and severe bouts from what was then called rheumatism. Sometimes these illnesses lasted for up to half a year; during this time Stamaty was forced to give up all musical activities.When his mother died in 1846, <mask> grieved so much that he left Paris to retreat to Rome for a full year. <mask> married in 1848 and became the father of four children. Marmontel points out that Stamaty was the most devoted of husbands and fathers. Piano technique
Stamaty's piano technique has its roots in the piano manufacturing craft of the first decades of the 19th century. Most pianos manufactured in France before 1850 had a light action and an easy touch. These pianos were ideal for the execution of rapid scales, facile arpeggios and quickly repeated notes. This resulted in an elegant and glittering bravura playing ideally suited for salons and smaller venues.Stamaty's


texts:
 piano technique was firmly rooted in the pre-Steinway era of pianos built with a wooden frame. Marmontel clearly states that <mask> was a "pianist of style but was no transcendental virtuoso" and that his playing lacked "warmth, colour and brilliance". Stamaty's method prescribed complete immobility of body and arms, elbows tucked into the body and all action of the muscles limited to finger and forearms. Saint-Saëns who during his long life had witnessed the development from the old purely digital technique to the transcendental virtuosity of Franz Liszt, Anton Rubinstein and even Leopold Godowsky sums up the advantages and the drawbacks of the Kalkbrenner-Stamaty school like this:

"Firmness of the fingers is not the only thing that one learns from Kalkbrenner's method for there is also refinement of the quality of the sound made by the fingers alone, a valuable resource which is unusual in our day. Unfortunately, this school also invented the continuous legato, which is both false and monotonous; the abuse of nuances, and a mania for continuous expressivo used with no discrimination." Selected works
His works include a great quantity of studies, shorter piano works (waltzes, fantasies, quadrilles, variations), several sonatas, some chamber music and a piano concerto. The only work of his still in print are the "Finger Rhythm Studies" (Études des doigts, Op.36). <mask>'s studies are similar to the studies of Carl


texts:
 Czerny. There are many similarities between <mask>'s best output and Czerny's more demanding studies such as his Études de mécanisme, Op. 499. Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 2
 Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 3
 Études pittoresques, Op.21
 Études progressives, Opp. 37–39
 Chant et méchanisme, Op. 38
 Études concertantes, Opp. 46, 47
 Les Farfadets
 Rythme des doigts
 Six Études caractéristiques sur Obéron
 12 transcriptions: Souvenir du Conservatoire
 Piano Sonata in F minor
 Piano Sonata in C minor
 Piano Trio

Notes and references

Sources
 Chopin, Frédéric, Chopin's Letters, unabridged and slightly corrected Dover Reprint (1988) of the original Knopf edition, edited by E. L. Voynich (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931), . Ehrlich, Cyril, The Piano, A History, revised edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), . Hallé, C.E. Hallé and Marie, Life and Letters of Sir Charles Hallé (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1896).Hense, Sebastian, The Mendelssohn Family (1729–1847). From Letters and Journals, vol. 2 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1881). Hiller, Ferdinand, Mendelssohn - Letters and Recollections (London: Macmillan & Co., 1874). Karasowski, Moritz, Frédèric Chopin. His Life and Letters (London: William Reeves, n. d. [c.1880]). Loggins, Vernon, Where the Word Ends.The Life of Louis Moreau Gottschalk (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958), . Marmontel, Antoine Francois, Les Pianistes célèbres (Paris:


texts:
 Imprimerie Centrale des Chemins de Fer, A. Chaix et Cie, 1878). Saint-Saëns, Camille, Musical Memoirs, translated by Edward Gile Rich (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1919). Saint-Saëns, Camille, Musical Memoirs newly annotated edition by Roger Nichols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), . Schonberg, Harold C., The Great Pianists, revised and updated edition (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984). External links
 Free scores by Camille-Marie <mask> in the International Music Score Library Project

1811 births
1870 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century French male classical pianists
19th-century French composers
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery
Composers for piano
French music educators
French people of Greek descent
Piano


texts:
<mask> (February 26, 1887 – March 3, 1966) was an American vaudevillian and actor best remembered for playing landlord Fred Mertz in the American television sitcom I Love Lucy and "Bub" O'Casey in the television comedy series My Three Sons. <mask> began his career in vaudeville in 1914 with his wife, Edna Louise Broedt. Their comedy act, known as "Frawley and Louise", continued until their divorce in 1927. <mask> performed on Broadway multiple times and signed with Paramount Studios in 1916 to play in silent films. He appeared in more than 100 films over 35 years. Early life
<mask> was born in 1887 in Burlington, Iowa, the second son of four children of Michael A<mask> (1857–1907) and Mary E. (Brady<mask> (1859–1921). He attended Catholic schools and sang in the choir at St. Paul's Catholic Church.As he got older, he played small roles in local theater productions at the Burlington Opera House, and performed in amateur shows, though his mother, a highly religious woman, discouraged such activities. <mask>'s first job was as a stenographer in an office of the Union Pacific Railroad in Omaha, Nebraska. After two years working in that position, he relocated to Chicago, where he found a job as a court reporter. Not long after that move, and against his mother's wishes, he obtained a singing part in a musical comedy, The Flirting Princess. To appease his mother, Frawley relocated to St. Louis, Missouri, to work for another railroad company. Feeling unfulfilled in that job, as well, he continued to hope he would one day be a professional entertainer. He

masks:
William Clement Frawley
Frawley
Frawley
William Clement Frawley
. Frawley
) Frawley
Frawley


texts:
 finally decided to act on that desire by forming a vaudeville act with his brother Paul (1889–1973), but six months later, Frawley's mother told Paul to return to Iowa.Meanwhile, <mask> wrote and sold a script titled Fun in a Vaudeville Agency, earning more than $500 for his efforts. After his initial success as a scriptwriter, <mask> decided to relocate yet again, this time to the West, settling in Denver, where he was hired as a singer at a café and teamed with pianist Franz Rath. The duo soon moved to San Francisco with their act, "A Man, a Piano, and a Nut". During his vaudeville career, Frawley introduced and helped popularize the songs "My Mammy", "My Melancholy Baby", and "Carolina in the Morning". Many years later, in 1958, he recorded a selection of his old stage songs on an LP, <mask> Sings the Old Ones. Early career

Frawley began performing in Broadway theater. His first such show was the musical comedy, Merry, Merry, in 1925.He later made his first dramatic role in 1932, playing press agent Owen O'Malley in the original production of Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur's Twentieth Century. He continued to be a dramatic actor at various locales until 1933. In 1916, Frawley had appeared in two short subject silent films. He performed subsequently in three other short films, but he had not decided to develop a cinematic career until 1933, beginning with short comedy films and the feature musical Moonlight and Pretzels (Universal Studios, 1933). He relocated to Los Angeles, where he signed a seven-year contract with Paramount Pictures.

masks:
William
Frawley
Bill Frawley


texts:
 Finding much work as a character actor, he had roles in many different genres of films — comedies, dramas, musicals, Westerns, and romances. He appeared in Miracle on 34th Street (1947), portraying Judge Harper's political adviser, who warns his client in great detail of the dire political consequences if he rules that there is no Santa Claus.Some of his other memorable film roles were as the baseball manager in Joe E. Brown's Alibi Ike (1935), as the wedding host in Charlie Chaplin's Monsieur Verdoux (1947), and as a hard-nosed insurance investigator in My Home in San Antone, with Roy Acuff and Lloyd Corrigan. Television

I Love Lucy

By 1951, the 64-year-old Frawley had appeared in over 100 movies, but was starting to find film role offers becoming fewer. When he heard that Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball were casting a new television situation comedy, he applied eagerly to play the role of the cantankerous, miserly landlord Fred Mertz. One evening, he telephoned Lucille Ball, asking her what his chances were. Ball was surprised to hear from him, a man she barely knew. Both Ball and Arnaz agreed it would be great to have <mask>, a motion-picture veteran, appear as Fred Mertz. Less enthusiastic were CBS executives, who were wary  of Frawley's well-known frequent drinking and instability.Arnaz warned Frawley about the network's concerns, telling him that if he was late to work, arrived drunk, or was unable to perform because of something other than legitimate illness more than once, he would be written out of the show. In one version of this


texts: conversation, Arnaz told Frawley he would get three chances. The first screw-up would be tolerated, the second would result in a severe reprimand, and the third would result in his being fired. Contrary to the network's concerns, Frawley never arrived at work drunk, and mastered his lines after only one reading. Arnaz eventually became one of <mask>'s few close friends. Before each episode, Frawley would read the script with the rest of the cast, then would take out the sheets with only his lines and discard the rest of the script to study only his part. I Love Lucy debuted October 15, 1951, on CBS, and was a huge success.The series was broadcast for six years as half-hour episodes, later changing to hour-long specials from 1957 to 1960 titled The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show (later retitled The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour). Vivian Vance played Ethel Mertz, <mask>'s on-screen wife. Although the two actors worked well together, they greatly disliked each other. Most attribute their mutual hatred to Vance's vocal resentment of having to play wife to a man 22 years her senior. <mask> reportedly overheard Vance complaining; he took offense and never forgave her. "She's one of the finest girls to come out of Kansas", he once observed, "But I often wish she'd go back there." An avid New York Yankees baseball fan, Frawley had it written into his I Love Lucy contract that he did not have to work during the World Series if the Yankees were playing.The Yankees were in every World Series during that time except for 1954 and 1959. He did not appear in two episodes

masks: Frawley Frawley Frawley