texts:
Robert Markovich is a retired American professional wrestler better knownby his ring name <mask> and the second Battle Kat. He wrestled for the World Wrestling Federation, World Class Championship Wrestling, the Universal Wrestling Federation, World Championship Wrestling, All Japan Pro Wrestling, and the National Wrestling Conference. Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Federation (1982-1988)
After being trained by "Superfly" Jimmy Snuka, Markovich began his career in 1982, appearing at a World Wrestling Federation taping on June 1, 1982 in Allentown, PA. There he wrestled and was defeated by noted wrestler and trainer  Larry Sharpe. Wrestling as "<mask>", he would continue to make appearances at tapings for the WWF syndicated shows Championship Wrestling and All-American Wrestling, facing opponents such as Jimmy Snuka, Blackjack Mulligan, and Buddy Rose. A little more than a month after his first match, <mask> gained his first victory when he pinned Laurent Soucie at a house show in Salisbury, MD. Despite his inexperience, he became a full-time member of the roster.As an enhancement talent, he sustained numerous losses in 1983 and 1984, falling to much of the WWF roster. He also gained occasional wins, defeating similar undercard talent like Barry Hart (Barry Horowitz), Mac Rivera, and Jose Estrada. Following January 1984 his appearances became infrequent, and he wrestled only a small number of WWF matches that year and in 1985. During 1985 he also appeared for the NWC promotion in Massachusetts, wrestling as "Cowboy" <mask>. In 1986 <mask> donned a mask and was known as "The Tiger" during a WWF tour of Australia. He also donned a mask that year and wrestled occasionally as The Red Demon. On September 16, 1986 he was the opponent for "Superstar" Billy Graham in the latter's return to the WWF.Following a loss to Jerry Allen on October 26, 1986 he wrestled exclusively as The Red Demon. His final match in his first WWF run came January 26, 1988 when he teamed with Van Van Horne against The British Bulldogs. World

masks:
Bob Bradley
Bob Bradley
Bradley
Bob Bradley
Bradley


type: original

texts:
 Class Championship Wrestling (1986-1987)
While still wrestling under a mask in the WWF, Markovich joined World Class Championship Wrestling in Texas, making his first appearance on a Christmas Day card where he wrestled The Dingo Warrior (Ultimate Warrior) to a double disqualification. The following month he achieved his greatest success in the promotion, when he defeated Roberto Soto, Steve Simpson, Matt Borne, and finally The Dingo Warrior to win a tournament to determine the vacated Texas Heavyweight Champion. Three weeks later he would lose the title to The Dingo Warrior in a match in Fort Worth. Following the defeat <mask> entered a losing streak that carried through to his departure from the promotion in March. Universal Wrestling Federation (1987)
A month later <mask> joined Bill Watts's Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF), losing to Steve Williams in on April 19 in Fort Worth, TX.He wrestled a total of twelve times for the UWF, facing The Super Ninja, Mike Boyette, Dick Murdoch, and others and winning several matches. Following a match with Sting on the August 15th, 1987 edition of Power Pro Wrestling he left the promotion. World Championship Wrestling (1989)
<mask> entered World Championship Wrestling (WCW) on February 4, 1989 losing to Abdullah the Butcher at a house show in Philadelphia, PA. On February 15 he made his first televised appearance, losing to Ricky Steamboat at Clash of the Champions V. <mask> was winless in competition against Eddie Gilbert, Rick Steiner, and Michael Hayes. He left the promotion at the end of March. World Wrestling Federation (1989-1992)
On August 29, 1989 Markovich returned to the WWF and was defeated by Jimmy Snuka at a Wrestling Challenge taping in Springfield, MA. After sporadic appearances, he began another full-time run with the promotion in December. On January 2, 1990, just less than three years after defeating him to win the Texas Heavyweight Championship in WCCW, <mask> was squashed by Intercontinental Champion The Ultimate Warrior at a WWF Superstars of Wrestling taping in

masks:
Bradley
Bradley
Bob Bradley
Bradley
Bradley


texts:
 Birmingham, AL.He finally picked up his first victory since 1987 when he pinned Jim Powers in Wheeling, WV, but remained mired in the undercard. Fellow enhancement talent Brady Boone returned to the WWF in 1990 and was given the first real push of his career when he was given the character of Battle Kat. Dressed in a furry black mask, the character was accentuated by Boone's gymnastics. Wrestling as Battle Kat, his first televised opponent was against <mask> in a match that aired on Wrestling Challenge on October 14, 1990. However, after the match Boone left the promotion, and the WWF decided to instead give the gimmick to the also acrobatic <mask>. Two weeks later on Wrestling Spotlight he would make his debut as the Kat, teaming with Koko B. Ware against The Orient Express. Under the mask Markovich would see the greatest push of his WWF tenure, facing and defeating Buddy Rose, Pez Whatley, Paul Diamond, and Boris Zukhov.His run at Battle Kat finally ended when he was defeated by The Barbarian on the December 10th edition of Prime Time Wrestling, and shortly thereafter the promotion eliminated the gimmick. <mask> returned to his previous role as an enhancement talent in 1991, losing to Kerry Von Erich, Koko B Ware, Jim Duggan, "Conan" Chris Walker, and others. On September 10, 1991 he became involved in a minor angle on Wrestling Challenge. In a match with Big Bully Busick the two went to a no-contest after Busick attacked him before the bell. Sid Justice then came out to defeat Busick. Markovich's final match came on November 20, 1992 in Auburn Hills, MI when he teamed with Barry Horowitz against High Energy. Championships and accomplishments
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 302 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1991.PWI ranked him # 335 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1992. World Class Wrestling Association
WCWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

References

American male professional wrestlers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Professional wrestling

masks:
Bob Bradley
Bob Bradley
Bradley


texts:
<mask> (4 July 1676 – 4 September 1750) was a Spanish playwright. Cavalry officer, public official, and author of around one hundred works, he was one of the most important dramatists of the early 18th century. Life
Born in Madrid on 4 July 1676, and baptized ten days later in the church of San Martín, Cañizares had his roots in the countryside south of the capital. His parents were by birth manchegos, from Almagro, Ciudad Real, in the region known as La Mancha. <mask> was named after his father. His mother was Doña <mask> y la Caballería. Both parents belonged to the minor nobility or hidalgo class, which their son later portrayed with humor in many of his plays.Sometime in his late teens or early twenties, Cañizares entered the military service. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) he served with a unit of heavily armored cavalry, fighting on the side of Felipe V.  By 1711, he had attained the rank of Lieutenant Captain, and also, due to his family background, the patronage of the Duke of Osuna, and his own growing fame as author of comedias in the Golden Age tradition, enjoyed a place at Felipe's court. In 1702 Cañizares found himself appointed by the Magistrate of Madrid as fiscal de comedias, a member of the Board of Theatrical Censors, an office which he exercised in the intervals between combat when the king and his armies returned to the capital. This five-member committee included the Magistrate and his appointee (Cañizares), plus the Vicar of Madrid and his two appointees. Every play proposed for public performance in Madrid had to be submitted to this committee. Each of the officials in turn must approve the play or it would be banned from the stage. As the years went by, Cañizares submitted many of his own

masks:
José de Cañizares y Suárez
Don José
Jerónima Suárez de Toledo


texts: plays for approval.As he gained experience in his craft, the board occasionally called upon him to revise a classic Golden Age play so that it would comply with the moral and political views of early 18th century Spain. His signed approbations are to be found on manuscripts dating as early as 1702. Receipts for his annual salary as fiscal are found dating as early as 1708. He supplemented his military and civil service incomes by composing 2-4 major plays per year up through 1734. Of Cañizares' family life, we know only what the public records, as cited chiefly by Cristóbal Pérez Pastor, reveal. Sometime prior to 1733, Cañizares retired from the military and contracted marriage with Doña Lorenza, daughter of Don Gregorio <mask> Losada and  Doña Phelipa Osorio <mask>, both residents of Madrid. Doña Lorenza was the widow of Don Andrés González Valdés y Salgado, with whom she had had a son, Pedro.On 16 November 1733, she gave birth to Cañizares' son and heir, named <mask> after his father and grandfather. She also bore him a daughter, Jerónima, presumably named after Cañizares' mother. Pérez Pastor notes the daughter's birth as after 1734. The family residence was located in the Calle de las Veneras, opposite the Plazuela de Santo Domingo. The year 1747 marked a change in Cañizares' life. Now in his seventies, he took a position in the counting house of the Duke of Osuna. On 25 November, he and his wife made a will, giving her custody of the children in the event of his death.He received his salary as fiscal for the last time on 10 September 1750. The balance for the remaining six months was collected by his widow. <mask> <mask> died on 4 September 1750 at his Madrid residence, and was buried in the Dominican monastery of El Rosario.

masks:
Alvarez de
de Redín
José
Don José
de Cañizares


texts:
 His works lived on, continuing to be performed in Madrid and the provinces through the remainder of the 18th century and on into the first few years of the 19th, with occasional revivals up to the present day. Works
<mask> <mask> was the most prolific dramatist of early 18th century Spain, credited with writing 80-100 comedias and zarzuelas, plus numerous minor works such as loas, entremeses, mojigangas, bailes, and fines de fiesta, the little pieces that rounded out a theatrical evening. Many of his plays enjoyed immense popularity in his lifetime and formed an integral part of the repertoire of the Madrid companies for over 60 years after his death. He is said to have written his earliest play in 1696 at the age of 13:  Las cuentas del Gran Capitán, a reworking of a play by Lope <mask>.When finally produced in his adult years, Cañizares' version enjoyed such success that it eventually replaced Lope's play in the 18th century theatrical repertoire. The earliest of Cañizares' plays to be performed were zarzuelas on classical, mythological, and chivalresque themes presented in the royal theater of the Buen Retiro. This type of play, produced in collaboration with well-known composers of the period (<mask> Líteres, <mask>, Jaime Facco, Francisco Coradini), incorporated many features (da capo arias, duets, dance sequences) of the Italian opera so loved by Felipe V and both his Italian-born queens. Spoken scenes and passages alternated with those that were sung. What made the zarzuela uniquely Spanish was the retention of many elements of the Calderonian comedia, including the three-act format and typical characters such as the rustic nobleman (figurón) and comical servant (gracioso). We have first performance dates for the following

masks:
José de
Cañizares
de Vega
Antonio de
José Nebra


texts: zarzuelas:  Acis y Galatea (1708—repeated at the royal court of Lisbon in 1711), Las Amazonas de España (1720), Amor es todo invención: Jupiter y Anfitrión (Love is a Fiction—1721), Angélica y Medoro (1722), and La hazaña mayor de Alcides (The Greatest Deed of Alcides—1723). After this period, Cañizares began writing for the great public theaters of Madrid, the Teatro del Príncipe and the Teatro de la Cruz.Cañizares wrote nearly every conceivable type of comedia. Among his most popular capa y espada (cloak and sword) plays written in the tradition of <mask>ón are Castigar Favoreciendo (To Punish by Favoring), Dios los cría y ellos se juntan (Birds of a Feather Flock Together), Yo me entiendo y Dios me entiende (I Know What I Mean and God Knows What I Mean). Some of his most popular historical plays, which focus on a military hero who saves the day for his or her country, are Carlos V sobre Túnez (Charles V at Tunis), El guapo Julián Romero (The Daring Julian Romero), La heroica Antona García (The Heroic Antona Garcia). Some examples of his picaresque comedias are El picarillo en España y Señor de la Gran Canaria (The Little Rogue in Spain, and Lord of Grand Canary), and El falso nuncio de Portugal (The False Papal Agent of Portugal). Religious plays (comedias de santos) include, among others, La más amada de Cristo, Santa Gertrudis la Magna (The Most Beloved of Christ, St. Gertrude the Great—Parts I and II), Lo que vale ser devoto de San Antonio de Padua (The Value of Devotion to St. Anthony of Padua), A cuál mejor, confesada y confesor (Which Is Greater, Confessed or Confessor?--St. Teresa of Avila and St. John of the Cross). La viva imagen de Cristo: El Santo Niño de la Villa de la Guardia (The Living Image of Christ: The Holy


texts:
 Child of Villa de la Guardia) is based on the legend of the Holy Child of La Guardia.The two genres at which Cañizares excelled, the comedia de figurón (rural nobleman at court) and the comedia de magia (magic), both enjoyed a long life in the "little theaters" of Madrid. One or another of the most popular seldom failed to be presented at Christmas, Easter, and other seasons of joy. Among his figurón plays are El Dómine Lucas,  La más ilustre fregona (The Most Illustrious Kitchenmaid) and El honor da entendimiento (Honor Gives Understanding). The zarzuela De los hechizos de amor la música es el mayor (The Greatest Enchantment of Love is Music) incorporates a figurón who competes with the hero for the hand of his lady. The public had a special fondness for Cañizares' comedias de magia, a genre full of special effects and sudden plot twists. Among these are El asombro de Francia, Marta la Romarantina (The Wonder of France, Marta la Romarantina—Parts I and II), Don Juan de Espina en Milán,  Don Juan de Espina en Madrid, and El anillo de Giges y mágico rey de Lidia (The Ring of Giges and Magician-King of Lydia—Parts I, II and III). Also extant are a few of Cañizares' non-dramatic works, most notably a collection of lyrics for villancicos de Navidad (Christmas carols) commissioned by the Royal Chapel of Madrid, and two examples of Gongorine-style funereal prose in honor of the Dauphin of France, father of Felipe V.

The total number of Cañizares' plays that continued to be staples of the major theaters of Madrid comes to 24.Of these, 20 had at least one performance after 1800. The operatic theater Caños del Peral presented a few of his plays along with a series of Golden Age works in the early 19th century. The last 19th century data


texts:
 available show a performance of the all-time favorite figurón play Dómine Lucas in the Teatro de la Cruz in 1840. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, some of his zarzuelas have been successfully revived on the Madrid stage. Selected works
Acis y Galatea 1708
El estrago en la fineza, Júpiter y Semele - a Spanish-language zarzuela opera by <mask> Literes to a libretto by <mask> <mask>, premiered 9 May 1718 at the Teatro de la Cruz, Madrid. References

Bibliography
Alvarez y Baena, Joseph Antonio. Hijos de Madrid ilustres en santidad, dignidades, armas, ciencias y artes.Barrera y Leirado, Cayetano <mask> la. Catálogo bibliográfico del teatro antiguo español desde sus orígenes hasta mediados del siglo XVIII. Coe, Ada M.  Catálogo bibliográfico y crítico de las comedias anunciadas en los periódicos de 	Madrid desde 1661 hasta 1819. Coe, Ada M.  Entertainments in the Little Theaters of Madrid 1759-1819. Cotarelo y Mori, Emilio. Orígenes y establecimiento de la ópera en España hasta 1800. Ebersole, Alva V.  <mask> Cañizares, dramaturgo olvidado del siglo XVIII.Jack, W.S. "Bances candamo and the Calderonian Decadents." PMLA, 44 (1929), 1079–89. Moir, Duncan W., ed. Theatro de los theatros de los passados y presentes siglos. Pérez Pastor, Cristóbal. "Noticias y documentos relativos a la historia y literatura españolas."Memorials de la Real Academia Española, X (1911), 9–307. Subirá, <mask>. Historia de la música teatral en España. Subirá, <mask>. El Teatro del Real Palacio. Trífilo, S.S.  "Influencias calderonianas en el drama de Zamora y de Cañizares." Hispanófila, 4 (1961), 	30–45.Valbuena Prat, Angel. Historia del Teatro español. 1676 births
1750 deaths
Spanish dramatists and playwrights
Spanish male dramatists and

masks:
Antonio de
José de
Cañizares
Alberto de
José de
José
José


texts:
<mask> (b. <mask>, July 28, 1946, known professionally as <mask> or <mask>) is a fine art photographer, designer, color theorist, digital artist, and educator. He is known for traditional black and white photography, revival of hand-colored photographic technique, and as an early practitioner of digital photography. <mask> is an artist who recognized and advocated for the computer as a fine art medium. Life
Born in Canton, Ohio, an industrial town in the northeast rust belt of Ohio, <mask> is the oldest of four children born to Edwin and <mask>. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1965 to 1968. Following his time in the Navy he resumed his education and began his career as a fine art photographer and educator. Art education and career
Early in 1970 he enrolled in Northern Virginia Community College, Alexandria, Virginia where he began formal studies in art.He subsequently enrolled in The George Washington University, Washington, DC (GWU) where fine arts classes were offered at the Corcoran School of Art as well GWU campus. He earned a BA degree in Fine Arts in 1977. In the fall of that year he was accepted into the Fine Arts Graduate Program and was awarded a Graduate Teaching Fellowship. <mask> earned a Master in Fine Arts, Photography in 1980. His work with hand-colored photography put him among those on the cusp of a revival of the process in fine art photography. <mask> joined the GWU faculty as a full-time and tenure track Visiting Professor of Photography in 1980. Among his art faculty colleagues was the noted Washington painter Arthur Hall Smith, He moved to Associate Professor of Photography and then to Associate Professor of Design in 1991, a position he held until his academic retirement in 2012.He currently holds the position

masks:
Jeffrey Lynn Stephanic
Jeffery Lynn Stephanic
Jeffrey
Jeff Stephanic
Stephanic
Stephanic
Patsye Stephanic
Stephanic
Stephanic


texts:
 of Associate Professor Emeritus from The George Washington University. <mask> introduced digital photography and computer design to the GWU art curriculum. He developed a prototype multimedia resource for the National Bonsai Foundation for the National Bonsai and Penjing Museum, U.S. National Arboretum, Washington, DC in 1996. In 2007 he became the Director of the Summer Distant Learning Initiative (later known as the Online Learning Initiative). His experience with the new technology paved the way forward for online learning at the university. His professional career as an educator and as an exhibiting artist continued simultaneously. He served as a juror in art competitions including Herndon Festival of Fine Arts Show, Council for the arts of the Herndon, Herndon, VA in 1991 and the National Photographic Exhibition: Westmoreland Arts & Heritage Festival, Greensburg, PA, 1988, 1993, and 1998.Exhibitions
<mask>'s professional exhibition record includes both national and international shows. In 1999 his exhibit at Galerie Lee in Paris, France  resulted in five of his works being accepted into the permanent collection of the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Three of the works were hand-colored photographs and two were digital prints. <mask> was represented in Washington, DC by Anton Gallery from 2000 to 2006. He participated in numerous shows including "Monuments" (July 13-August 25, 2001), "<mask>: Within Sight,"   A selection of these prints is included in the permanent collection of the University of Maryland University College. As a member of the art faculty at The George Washington University, <mask>'s work was shown frequently in the Dimock Gallery, George Washington Art Galleries. His work was also shown at the Fine Arts

masks:
Stephanic
Stephanic
Stephanic
Jeff Stephanic
Stephanic


texts:
 Center Gallery, Charles County Community College, La Plata, MD., now named The Tony Hungerford Memorial Gallery, College of Southern Maryland.Selected exhibits

"Scenes of Southern Italy" World Bank, Washington, DC (1984)
"4th Annual Brandeis Juried Art Exhibit" Strathmore Hall, Rockville, MD (1985)
"Color and Photography" Rathbone Gallery, Albany, NY (1987)
"Hand-colored Silver Prints" Pittsburgh Filmakers' Gallery, Pittsburgh, PA (1988)
"Current Trends in Digital Imaging" Tyler Gallery, Northern Virginia Community College, Alexandria, VA (1997)
"<mask>: photographie en giclée et colorié å la main" Galerie Lee, Paris France, 1999
"Monuments" Anton Gallery, Washington, DC, 2001
"Winthin Sight: digital photographs" Anton Gallery, Washington DC, 2002

Works of art in collections

<mask>'s work is in numerous private and public collections including:
University of Maryland University College, College Park, MD
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Prints and Photographs collection (reference number Ep-3972-Boite Fol. ), Paris, France
J.M. Marriott Corporation, Bethesda, MD
The George Washington University, Washington, DC
The College of Southern Maryland, La Plata, MD

Recognition and awards
Art Directors Club of Metropolitan Washington Award of Excellence, Washington, DC, 1977
David lloyd Kreeger Prize in Photography, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 1979
Printing Industries of America First Prize, Poster Division, Warrendale, PA, 1982
Academic Excellence Award Web site designed for the National Bonsai Foundation and National Bonsai and Penjing Museum, U.S. National Arboretum, Washington, DC. Lectures and workshops
Hand-Colored Photographs workshop, Smithsonian Resident Associate Program, Smithsonian Institution,

masks:
Jeffrey Stephanic
Stephanic


texts:
 Washington, DC (1981) (1982)
An Artistic Commentary on the Alfred Stieglitz Exhibition, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (1983)
An Artistic Commentary on the Ansel Adams Exhibition, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (1985)
Impressionist' Exposure to Photography, Smithsonian Resident Associate Program, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (1986
Mousing Around: Making Art on the Computer. Presented to the Woman's Caucus for Art of Greater Washington, University of Maryland, College Park, MD (1999)

Reviews, publications  and catalogues
"Photography by Jeffery L. Stephanic" exhibition review, The Repository, North Canton, OH (1986)
"Jeffrey Lynn Stephanic" Marquis Who's Who in the East, 21st edition, 1966-1987. Macmillan Directory Division, (1987) p. 767
"JCA Photography Exhibit Innovative" exhibition review, Times Union, Albany, NY (April, 1987)
"9/11/01" exhibition review, The Washington Times (October 13, 2001)
"Monumental Exhibition at Anton Gallery" exhibition review, The Washington Times (August 4, 2001) p. D5
"Jeff Stephanic: Within Sight" exhibition review The Washington Times (September 12, 2002) p. M5
Artist's Quarter" exhibition review, GWMagazine (Spring, 2007) p. 51

Photographs in print
"Jeffrey L. Stephanic: Hand-Colored Silver Prints" Alexandria, VA (1986)
"A Most Remarkable Man: J. Willard Marriott" The Marriott Corporation, Bethesda, MD ( 1986)
"Jeffrey Stephanic/photographs - Douglas H Teller/watercolors" Dimock Gallery, Art Department, The George Washington University, Washington, DC (1989)
"Jeff Stephanic: A 2006 Portfolio" Alexandria, VA (2006)

References

External links

https://s2.docgo.net/uploads/DP2017/03/05/s7H1FyYfbz/89c2c4bc89e274fdbeffa75ecc74ff98.pdf

American male artists
1946


texts:
<mask> (born September 16, 1978) is a figure competitor from the United States. <mask> quickly moved up the amateur ranks in 2003 and soon became a professional figure competitor in 2004 by winning NPC National Figure Championships. Today <mask> is one of the top figure competitors in the Industry, winning the Ms. Figure International on two consecutive occasions and placing in the top-five at the Ms. Figure Olympia on two occasions. Biography

<mask> was born in New Orleans, Louisiana is a professional figure competitor. <mask> was raised amid Spanish culture; her mother, Marianela, was born in Cuba and her father, Jose, in Spain.The oldest of three, <mask> along with her two brothers, Jose and Carlos were raised to be active, well-mannered individuals, who go after their dreams and work hard to achieve them. She still lives at her home state of Louisiana near her friends in a close-knit family. At an early age her parents encouraged her daughter to get involved in sports. Even as a child <mask> was a naturally competitive child in different fields such as sports. In high school, <mask> was on the volleyball, basketball, softball and track teams. This competitive fire helped her in her education; excelling in volleyball and softball, she received a full four-year scholarship to attend Chipola Junior College in Marianna, Florida as a pitcher, and then to Georgia Southwestern State University to play Softball. There she majored in sociology, and while she treasured her education, she felt uncomfortable studying and having to do homework was not a very enjoyable activity for her during her college years.After graduation <mask> felt that she needed something to do in order to deal with her competitive

masks:
Mary Elizabeth Lado
Mary
Lado
Mary Lado
Lado
Mary
Lado
Lado
Lado


texts: energy since school was over and she had no sports nor people to play sports with. She toyed with free weights to stay active, when she was encouraged by relatives in the gym to compete in figure competitions. In 2003, after six months of hard training, she entered her first NPC figure contest, the New Orleans Figure Championships, and won her height class. In 2004, she came in second in the NPC Junior Nationals in her height class and won the figure overall title at the Nationals, catapulting her into the pros. In 2005, <mask> entered five pro figure contests, winning the Pittsburgh Pro Figure Championships and the California Pro Figure Championships. Everything was going well at the professional level for <mask>, but soon she would find herself with some personal issues that began to take their toll on her competitive career. While visiting family in Spain her hometown was hit by Hurricane Katrina.Unable to community with her family members in Louisiana for more than a week after her the disaster, <mask> was in a serious emotional turmoil and for sometime thought of not attending the 2005 Ms. Figure Olympia contest (her first Olympia). But she then decided to the Olympia after being able to talk to her family in Louisiana. Unable to find adequate gyms in Spain, and only relying on Theraband exercise and outdoor cardio sessions to prepare for the Olympia contest. After returning to Louisiana, she stayed with some friends and continued her last few preparations for the contest. And while she was not in her best condition she managed to place 4th at the Sacramento Pro Figure, and 5th Figure Olympia (her last two competitions of 2005). During this time <mask> asked some of the judges and professional

masks: Lado Lado Mary Lado


texts:
 figure competitors about what she needed to do to improve her performance on stage as well as other areas that she needed work on in order to be more competitive at the pro level.She was told that she needed more stage presence and needed to work at her conditioning as well. <mask> put her newfound knowledge to work and began her preparations for the 2006 Arnold Classic, where she placed 1st. Her crowning achievement to date came at this year's Arnold Fitness Weekend, she became the only athlete besides Jenny Lynn to hold the Figure International title, in total <mask> has won the title twice. Vital stats

Full Name: <mask> <mask>
Birthday: September 16
Place of Birth: New Orleans
Current state of Residence: New Orleans
Occupation: Figure competitor, personal trainer, and fitness model. Height: 5'7"
Weight (In Season): 128-130 lbs. (Off-Season):138-142 lbs. Marital Status: Married
Eye Color: Brown
Hair Color: Light Brown
Measurements: 36-28-36
Size: 4
Shoe: 10.5

Bodybuilding philosophy

Lado's training consists of weight training 6 days a week in the off-season (usually two to three body parts per day off-season, and only one body part per day on-season).She uses a variation of compound and isolation movements (with free weights, machines and cables) in her training, focusing on her hamstrings, back, and shoulders. <mask> uses between 9 sets for small bodyparts and up to 16 sets per large bodypart. She will train her legs early in the week when she is fresh and trains hamstrings twice a week. For cardio <mask> uses the StepMill, Elliptical machine and the incline treadmill as her main tools. She does one to two sessions of cardio six days a week in the off-season and three sessions in the on-season.

masks:
Mary
Lado
Mary Elizabeth
Lado
Mary
Mary


texts:
 Competition history

2003 NPC New Orleans Championships, 1st (Tall)
2003 NPC Louisiana State Figure Championships, 2nd (Tall Class)
2003 NPC New Orleans Figure Championships, 1st (Tall Class)
2003 NPC Greater Gulf States Figure Championships, 1st (Tall Class) and Overall
2004 NPC Junior National Figure Championships, 2nd (Class D)
2004 NPC National Figure Championships, 1st (Tall Class) and Overall
2005 IFBB Figure International, 3rd
2005 IFBB Pittsburgh Pro Figure, 1st (Tall Class) and Overall
2005 IFBB California Pro Figure, 1st (Tall Class) and Overall
2005 IFBB Sacramento Pro Figure, 4th
2005 IFBB Figure Olympia, 5th
2006 IFBB Figure International, 1st
2006 IFBB Figure Olympia, 5th
2007 IFBB Figure International, 1st
2007 IFBB Figure Olympia, 10th
2008 IFBB Jacksonville Pro-Figure, 1st

References

Magazine references

CSCS, MS, Peña, Jimmy. Queen <mask> from unknown Newcomer To The Sport's New Force, Figure International Champ <mask>do Shares Her Unbelievable Quads Routine.California: Muscle and Fitness. September 2006 Edition. . (New York, NY: Weider Publications, LLC., a division of American Media Inc., 2006.). Section: Training and Fitness: 224-226, 228, 230, 231 covers Lado's article. External links

 Official Website

1978 births
Living people
Fitness and figure

masks:
Mary
Mary La


texts:
<mask> (or Arnoul, or Arnold) of Valenciennes (d. 22 October 1011), was a 10th and 11th century count and perhaps sometimes a margrave, who was lord of the fort of Valenciennes, which was at that time on the frontier with France (West Francia), on the river Scheldt. It was part of the pagus of Hainaut, in Lower Lotharingia, within the Holy Roman Empire. In the 10th century he is often mentioned together with the margrave of the next imperial fort to the north, at Ename, who was also count of Mons, Count Godefrey "the captive". He was possibly the same person as his contemporary <mask> the count of Cambrai. 10th century
As listed out by Ulrich Nonn (p. 130), many of the sources which list <mask> and Godefrey as counts in Hainaut are clerical narrative sources rather than dated charters. The Gesta of the Bishops of Cambrai for example lists the two counts as coming next in a sequence of counts in Hainaut, after the two brothers Werner and Reynold, who in turn replaced Count Richer. While several such sources describe Count Godefrey very clearly as the Count in Mons, only one, the Translatio s. Sulpicii, describes this <mask> specifically as a count of Valenciennes.Only one record seems to describe <mask> as a margrave rather than count, and this is a military listing made in 982, where Gottefredus et Arnulfus marchiones are listed among many different imperial leaders who were responsible to bring a certain number of armoured knights, for the imperial campaign being planned in Italy. <mask> also appears clearly named in charters of Saint Peter's Abbey in Ghent, which also names his wife and son in several cases. This shows

masks: Arnulf Arnulf Arnulf Arnulf Arnulf Arnulf


texts:
 that he had possessions on both sides of the Flemish march, in both the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire. In 998 one such charter shows that he held Mater, very close to the frontier fort of Ename, seat of the march held by Godefrid the captive. 11th century
A count named <mask>, and generally equated to <mask> of Valenciennes, who had rights in Cambrai, had them given by emperor Otto III to the bishop of Cambrai in 1001, and then in 1007, without naming any count, his successor Henry II granted the county of Cambrai to the bishop. <mask> out-lived Godefried the Captive who died in 1002, and at some point before he died, a count named Reginar was in control of Mons, either Reginar IV or V. This was recorded in an account of the miracle of St Ghislain. Late in life, in the years before he died, the Vita Balderici, written in Liège, reports that <mask>'s fort at Valenciennes had come under pressure from the County of Flanders.In 1006 Baldwin IV of Flanders took control of Valenciennes. Falling ill, his kinsman Bishop Balderic travelled to visit him and he counseled him to leave his "castrum", possibly Valenciennes itself, or possibly Visé, to the bishopric. Balderic returned to Liège and the Vita says he was trying to gather a military force when <mask> died. This has been determined by modern historians to have been in 1011. Matching dates, different by one day, can be found in necrologies in Liège and Cambrai. <mask>'s widow Lietgarde, struggling to maintain herself under pressure from Flanders, attempted to travel to Liège, but was taken captive by Count Lambert I of Louvain. The Vita reports that Lambert,


texts:
 who had attacked and defeated Balderic II in the Battle of Hoegaarden in 1013, took the opportunity to force Lietgarde to cede rights in Hanret to him, which he then ceded to Balderic II.These rights in Hanret became part of the possessions of the new Cathedral of St James which Bishop Balderic founded in Liège. Family
His mother was named as a Countess Bertha, in documents concerning grants she made in favour of Sint-Truiden Abbey just before she died in 967. Not only was her son and heir a Count <mask>, but Dhondt and Vanderkindere pointed to a shared connection to the , near Lille about 45 km west of Valenciennes and in the kingdom of France. The version of the grant recorded in the chronicle of Sint-Truiden itself, showed that she had rights in the area of Sint-Truiden itself, in Melveren and Brustem. He and his wife and son appear in a 994 Ghent St Peter charter granting Carvin in Caribant to the Abbey, and he made another grant in 983 for the soul of his late brother Rodger, of Corulis in Caribant. It has been pointed out by historian Bas Aarts that the witnesses in the grant of Bertha also match partially with another grant by a Bertha with a son <mask>, to Nivelles Abbey, of 5 manses with meadow and forest on the upper Dyle river. In that charter two younger brothers of <mask> are named: Herman and Geveard.His father is not named in medieval records, but it has been proposed on the basis of him being count of Cambrai, and his name, that his father must be the <mask> who was named as a son of Count Isaac of Cambrai in 941. It has also been proposed by Vanderkindere that there was a count of Valenciennes before

masks: Arnulf Arnulf Arnulf Arnulf


texts:
 him named Count Amulric who is mentioned in two records from about 953 to 973. In the earliest record from the 950s Amulric was described as a count from Hainaut, and it was mentioned that he had married a daughter of Isaac, Count of Cambrai, but the marriage had been annulled by the bishop due to them being too closely related. <mask> was a close relative of Bishop Balderic II of Liège, who was in the family of the Counts of Loon. This relationship was noted in two later Liège documents, the Vita (life story) of Balderic himself, and a falsified charter, supposedly made 1015. Vanderkindere believed this must have been a connection through his mother Bertha's side. His wife, who survived him, was named Lietgard or Luitgard.It has been proposed that she had a connection to family of the counts of Namur, both because of her son's name, Adalbert, and because after the death of <mask> she was involved in transactions which led to the acquisition of Hanret, which is in the direction of Namur, by Lambert I, Count of Louvain. <mask> and Lietgard had a son named Adalbert (Albert), who predeceased both of them. The obituaries kept by the Saint-Lambert in Liège commemorate the deaths of both Count <mask> (23 October) and Count Adalbert (30 March) for their grant of Visé to them, showing that Arnulf had an important patrimony very close to Liège itself. References

Biography

Primary sources

Hemptinne, T. de, A. Verhulst and L. De Mey eds, De oorkonden der graven van Vlaanderen (Juli 1128 - September 1191), Uitgave 2, Band 1 (Brussels 1988)

Medieval Belgian nobility
County of Hainaut
11th century in Belgium
Margraves of


texts:
<mask> is a former Canadian pathologist known for performing flawed child autopsies that resulted in wrongful convictions. As the head forensic pathologist at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario, from 1982 to 2003, <mask> performed more than 1,000 child autopsies. In 2002, <mask> was reprimanded with a caution by the Ontario College of Physicians and Surgeons for his work on three suspicious-death cases, and in 2003 he was removed from performing autopsies. In June 2005, the Chief Coroner of Ontario ordered a review of 44 autopsies carried out by <mask>, thirteen of which had resulted in criminal charges and convictions. The review was released in April 2007, indicating that there were substantial problems with 20 of the autopsies. In response to the review, Ontario Attorney General Michael Bryant immediately announced that there would be a full public inquiry into the state of pediatric forensic pathology in Ontario. The Goudge Inquiry began hearing evidence on November 12, 2007.The following year the inquiry found there to be fundamental errors made on the part of <mask>. It concluded that <mask> had "actively misled" superiors and made "false and misleading" statements in court. Many of the cases in which he had testified were re-examined and appealed. <mask> proclaimed that he had "a thing against people who hurt children", while critics said that "he was on a crusade and acted more like a prosecutor"  than a pathologist. Early life and career
<mask> was born in a Toronto Salvation Army Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, and put up for adoption three months later. He spent years looking for his biological mother and called her on her 65th birthday though she refused to take his call. His adoptive father was in the Canadian Armed Forces and lived in numerous places in Canada and Germany.<mask> attended high school in Ottawa. <mask> graduated from the University of Saskatchewan in

masks:
Charles Randal Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


texts:
 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada in 1975. He completed his training in Pathology at the University of Toronto and was certified as an anatomical pathologist in 1980. He joined the Hospital for Sick Children in 1981 as one of the rotating team of pathologists, and shortly was doing autopsies on children who had met sudden or suspicious deaths. In 1992, the Ontario Coroner's Office created a pediatric forensic pathology unit at Hospital for Sick Children and <mask> was appointed director. He had become almost solely responsible for investigating suspicious child deaths in Ontario. In this period he conducted hundreds of autopsies and testified in court multiple times.He conducted training sessions for lawyers on how to examine and cross-examine expert witnesses, and training for law-enforcement and medical staff on detecting child abuse. While at Sick Children's Hospital, <mask> lived on a farm in Newmarket. Notable cases

Maureen Laidley
Maureen Laidley was charged with killing Tyrell Salmon, the three-year-old son of her boyfriend. Laidley said the boy had jumped off the couch, slipped and struck his head on a marble coffee table, but was arrested after <mask> informed them that such injuries could not result in death. The charge was abruptly stayed when outside experts testified that the injuries were fully consistent with Laidley's account. William Mullins-Johnson
William Mullins-Johnson of Sault Ste. Marie was found guilty of the first-degree murder of his niece, Valin Johnson, after a two and half week trial in September 1994.He was convicted after a jury trial in which <mask>'s evidence played a major role in determining the time of death, the cause of death and whether the girl had been sexually assaulted. Mullins-Johnson had babysat Valin, 4, and her 3-year-old brother on the evening of June 26, 1993. When the girl's mother returned home, she did not check on her daughter. At 7 a.m. the next

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith


texts:
 day she found Valin dead in bed. A local pathologist performed an autopsy on Valin. Then "consultation reports" were sought from <mask> and four other specialists, based on tissue samples and other evidence from the autopsy. <mask> was the only consultant to conclude Valin was sexually assaulted at the time of death.That contradicted the defence's point that Valin, who had a history of vomiting in bed, might have died of natural causes. The jury convicted, which the Ontario Court of Appeal upheld in 1996. The Supreme Court of Canada dismissed a further appeal in 1998. Attempts were made to clear his name based on available DNA technology, but the tissue could not be located by <mask>, who was given the evidence by the pathologist who did the autopsy, until 2005, 11 years after the trial, when the missing tissue samples turned up in <mask>'s office. William Mullins-Johnson was released on bail in 2005, pending review of his case. On July 16, 2007, a report by three expert pathologists (a report written unbeknownst to the lawyers working on his behalf) determined there was no evidence that the girl was sexually assaulted, and the Ontario Attorney General Michael Bryant, said that William Mullins-Johnson's conviction "cannot stand" and that he should be acquitted by the appeals court. On October 15, 2007 he was acquitted by the Ontario Court of Appeal.In 2010, five years after he filed a $13 million lawsuit, he received $4.25 million in a compensation settlement from the government of Ontario. Sherry Sherret
On the morning of January 23, 1996, Sherry Sherret found her four-month-old son Joshua lying in his bed not breathing. He was rushed to the hospital where he was pronounced dead. Three and a half years later she was given the option to accept a plea of infanticide. She was convicted of infanticide without offering a defence (but offering no admission of guilt) in a plea (the delay was primarily


texts:
 attributable to <mask>'s unavailability to testify). Sherret was jailed on the basis of <mask>'s opinion that her four-month-old son Joshua had a skull fracture, and that he had been smothered. She was released on bail in 1996 and remained on bail until the conviction.Sherret's sentence was 1 year in jail and 2 years probation. Sherret served eight months in total, and was entered into the child abuse registry. Her older child was removed by Children's Aid, and in order to get him out of foster care, she agreed to give him up for adoption and have no physical contact with him until he was 18. Later exhumation of the child and examination of the skull have shown that there was no skull fracture. It is thought Dr. <mask> confused the normal gap between the baby's skull plates for an injury. On December 7, 2009, the Ontario Court of Appeal exonerated Sherret, stating that it was "profoundly regrettable that due to flaws in pathological evidence" she was wrongfully convicted. Brenda Waudby
Brenda Waudby of Peterborough was charged with beating her 2-year-old daughter Jenna to death on January 22, 1997, on the basis of <mask>'s professional opinion as to what time the injuries were inflicted.Anthony Kporwodu and Angela Veno
Anthony Kporwodu and Angela Veno were charged in 1997 with murdering their infant daughter. <mask> took more than seven months to prepare his initial autopsy report. The charges were ultimately thrown out by a judge for violating the constitutional right to a timely trial. Louise Reynolds
Louise Reynolds was a 28-year-old single mother living in Kingston, Ontario, charged with second degree murder for having killed her seven-year-old daughter Sharon in 1997 by stabbing her more than 80 times with a pair of scissors. Much of the case rested on Dr. <mask>'s 10-page autopsy report. In January 2001 the Crown abruptly dropped the charges, after numerous experts, including Crown

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


texts:
 witnesses, disagreed with <mask> and agreed that a powerful dog had mauled the girl (there was a pit bull present in the house at the time). By then, Reynolds had spent 22 months in custody.Louise Reynolds sued in March 2007. Despite the rules related to Crown immunity, the Court of Appeal ruled, in a ground-breaking decision, that the suit against <mask> and other experts could go ahead: while court testimony is protected, faulty work is not. Dinesh Kumar
Dinesh Kumar was a 26-year-old Punjabi immigrant to Canada who was charged with second degree murder in the 1992 death of his infant son. He pled guilty to criminal negligence causing death and was sentenced to ninety days in jail. He was acquitted by the Ontario Court of Appeal on January 20, 2011. His case was part of the review ordered of Dr. <mask>'s cases following the Goudge Inquiry. Tammy Marquardt
Tammy Marquardt was convicted in Ontario in 1995 of killing her two-year-old son, who had epilepsy.Her conviction rested in large part upon testimony from <mask>, who concluded the boy had been strangled or smothered. She was sentenced to life in prison, and her two other children were taken from her and put up for adoption. Marquardt's conviction was set aside on 10 February 2011 by the Ontario Court of Appeal. Prosecutors agreed her trial had been faulty because of <mask>'s unreliable testimony, but they would not say whether a retrial would be sought or not. On June 6, murder charges were withdrawn. Maria Shepherd
Maria Shepherd pled guilty in 1992 to the 1991 death of her stepdaughter, Kasandra Shepherd. She was sentenced to two years less a day for manslaughter.In May 2009, the Ontario Court of Appeal allowed her to appeal her initial conviction. In February 2016, the Crown agreed her guilty plea and conviction should be struck and an acquittal should be entered in its place. Life and Career after SickKids

Around the time that his

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


texts:
 pathology work at Sick Children's received heavy scrutiny, <mask>'s marriage collapsed. <mask> resigned from Sick Children's Hospital in July 2005, to take up a position at Saskatoon City Hospital in Saskatchewan. However, he failed to mention to his new employers that he was under investigation for misconduct in Ontario; in December 2005 he was dismissed. <mask> successfully appealed, but was not reinstated because he was not licensed to practise in Saskatchewan. He pled guilty to a charge of unprofessional conduct for his failure to disclose he was under investigation by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Saskatchewan.On February 1, 2011, <mask> was stripped of his licence during a hearing by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario examining "disgraceful conduct". In 2017 multiple attempts to locate and contact <mask> by the CBC failed and it was unknown where he lived. Legacy

Justice Goudge's report, released on October 1, 2008 concluded that there were serious problems with the way suspicious deaths involving children are handled in Ontario. He pointed to the problems that had been found with the 20 or so problematic cases that <mask> had handled as evidence of serious problems in the Ontario system. Also in 2008, the chief forensic pathologist for Ontario began a public inquiry into 220 cases of shaken baby syndrome to determine if anyone was wrongfully convicted in the babies' deaths. See also
List of miscarriage of justice cases

References

External links
 Background biography
Injustice Busters coverage

Report and inquiry
 Goudge Inquiry
 The Charles Smith Blog by Harold Levy, a retired TorStar reporter writing a book on Smith
 Coroner's report

Living people
Canadian evangelicals
Canadian pathologists
Forensic pathologists
Members of the Christian and Missionary Alliance
People from Toronto
University of Saskatchewan alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Year of birth

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Charles Smith


texts:
<mask> (born 8 June 1962) is a Canadian engineer, professor, and inventor who works in augmented reality, computational photography, particularly wearable computing, and high-dynamic-range imaging. <mask> is sometimes labeled the "Father of Wearable Computing" for early inventions and continuing contributions to the field. He cofounded InteraXon, makers of the Muse brain-sensing headband, and is also a founding member of the IEEE Council on Extended Intelligence (CXI). <mask> is currently CTO and cofounder at Blueberry X Technologies and Chairman of MannLab. <mask> was born in Canada, and currently lives in Toronto, Canada, with his wife and two children. Early life and education
<mask> holds a PhD in Media Arts and Sciences (1997) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.Sc., B.Eng. and M.Eng.from McMaster University in 1987, 1989 and 1992, respectively. He was also inducted into the McMaster University Alumni Hall of Fame, Alumni Gallery 2004, in recognition of his career as an inventor and teacher. While at MIT, in then Director Nicholas Negroponte's words, "<mask> … brought the seed" that founded the Wearable Computing group in the Media Lab and "<mask> is the perfect example of someone … who persisted in his vision and ended up founding a new discipline." In 2004 he was named the recipient of the 2004 Leonardo Award for Excellence for his article "Existential Technology," published in Leonardo 36:1. He is also General Chair of the IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society, Associate Editor of IEEE Technology and Society, is a licensed Professional Engineer, and Senior Member of the IEEE, as well as a member of the IEEE Council on Extended Intelligence (CXI). Career
<mask> is a tenured full

masks:
William Stephen George Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann
Steve Mann
Steve Mann
Mann


texts:
 professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, with cross-appointments to the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and Faculty of Forestry at the University of Toronto, and is a Professional Engineer licensed through Professional Engineers Ontario. Ideas and inventions

Many of <mask>'s inventions pertain to the field of computational photography.Chirplet transform, 1991: <mask> was the first to propose and reduce to practice a signal representation based on a family of chirp signals, each associated with a coefficient, in a generalization of the wavelet transform that is now referred to as the chirplet transform. "Digital Eye Glass," "Eye Glass," "Glass Eye," or "Glass", 1978: a device that, when worn, causes the human eye itself to effectively become both an electronic camera and a television display. Comparametric equations, 1993: <mask> was the first to propose and implement an algorithm to estimate a camera's response function from a plurality of differently exposed images of the same subject matter. He was also the first to propose and implement an algorithm to automatically extend dynamic range in an image by combining multiple differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter. High-dynamic-range imaging (HDR): "The first report of digitally combining multiple pictures of the same scene to improve dynamic range appears to be <mask>." (Robertson et al.) <mask>'s work on wearable computing was motivated by his early computer vision systems that helped people see better (e.g.while welding, or in other high-dynamic range situations, with dynamic range management, overlays, and augmentation as well as diminishment in both the additive and subtractive sense). Hydraulophone: <mask> invented an experimental

masks: Mann Mann Mann Mann Mann Mann


texts:
 musical instrument that uses pressurized hydraulic fluid, such as water, to make sound. The instrument is played by placing the fingers in direct contact with the sound-producing hydraulic fluid, thus giving the musician a high degree of control over the musical expression in the sound. Integral kinematics and integral kinesiology: principles of negative derivatives (integrals) of displacement, such as absement (the area under the displacement-time curve), as embodied by hydraulophones (water-based instruments). This work has been built upon by others, and also forms the basis for a new way of understanding electrical engineering. See also <mask>'s 2014 paper, "Integral Kinematics (Time‐Integrals of Distance, Energy, etc.) and Integral Kinesiology."Natural user interface: In the 1980s and '90s, <mask> developed a number of user-interface strategies using natural interaction with the real world as an alternative to a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI). <mask> referred to this work as "Natural User Interfaces", "Direct User Interfaces", and "Metaphor-Free Computing"
 Scratch input, an acoustic-based method of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) that takes advantage of the characteristic sound produced when a finger nail, stick, or other object strikes or is dragged over a surface, such as a table or wall. Sensory Singularity, together with Marvin Minsky and Ray Kurzweil, <mask> proposed the theory of the "Sensularity" Sensory Singularity and cyborg-logging. Surveilluminescent wand: a device for visualizing vision and seeing sight, by way of making visible the sightfield (time-reversed lightfield) of a camera or similar computer vision sensor, using time-exposure with array of surveilluminescent lights

masks: Mann Mann Mann Mann


texts: to make visible to one camera what another camera can see. Telepointer and SixthSense, a wearable computer based on a pendant that contains a webcam and laser-based infinite depth-of-focus projector, and related technologies for gesture-based wearable computing systems. Video Orbits, 1993: <mask> was the first to produce an algorithm for automatically combining multiple pictures of the same subject matter, using algebraic projective geometry, to "stitch together" images using automatically estimated perspective correction. This is called the "Video Orbits" algorithm.<mask> also works in the fields of computer-mediated reality. He is a strong advocate of privacy rights, for which work he was an award recipient of the Chalmers Foundation in the fine arts. His work also extends to the area of sousveillance (a term he coined for "inverse surveillance"). <mask> and one of his PhD students, James Fung, together with some of his other students, have been building a cyborg community around the cyborg-logging concept. <mask>, together with Professor Ian Kerr at the University of Ottawa, has written extensively on surveillance, sousveillance, and equiveillance. "Sousveillance," a term coined by <mask>, along with the concepts that he and Kerr have developed around these ideas, have created a new dialog for cyborg technologies, as well as related personal information gathering technologies like camera phones. He has created the related concept of humanistic intelligence.In 2003, Joi Ito credited <mask> with having initiated the moblogging movement by creating a system for transmission of realtime pictures, video, and text. In particular, from 1994 to 1996, <mask> continuously transmitted his life's experiences, in real time, to his

masks: Mann Mann Mann Mann Mann Mann Mann


texts:
 website for others to experience, interact with, and respond to. His CyborGLOGS ('glogs), such as the spontaneous reporting of news as everyday experience, were an early predecessor of 'blogs and the concept of blogging, and earlier than that, his pre-internet-era live streaming of personal documentary and cyborg communities defined cyborg-logging as a new form of social networking. Anonequity project
<mask> is presently collaborating with a number of researchers including Ian Kerr, Canada Research Chair in Ethics, Law & Technology, University of Ottawa, who teaches a course on "Cyborg Law" that uses <mask>'s book. <mask>, together with Kerr and others, are doing an SSHRC-funded project to study the Ethics, Law & Technology of anonymity, authentication, surveillance, and sousveillance, in addition to issues related to cyborg-law. The anonequity project is ongoing, and collaborator Kerr has also researched and lectured widely on implantable technologies. Media coverage
<mask> has been referred to as the "father of wearable computing", having created the first general-purpose wearable computer, in contrast to previous wearable devices that perform one specific function such as time-keeping (e.g.wristwatch); calculations (e.g. wearable abacus); or Edward O. Thorp and Claude Shannon's wearable computers, which were timing devices concealed in shoes or cigarette packs and designed for cheating at a game of roulette. <mask> has also been described as "the world's first cyborg" in Canadian popular press such as NOW, The Globe and Mail, National Post, and Toronto Life, but has himself rejected the term "cyborg" as being too vague. Publications
<mask> is author of more than 200 publications, including a textbook on electric


texts:
 eyeglasses and a popular culture book on day-to-day cyborg living. Selected works:
 Intelligent Image Processing
 Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer Randomhouse Doubleday 2001
 The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP): A Wiley Tech Brief
 International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 2003: Special Issue : Mediated Reality
 Advanced Palm Programming: Developing Real-World Applications''

McVeillance and the Mann-Wassel Law

On July 16, 2012, after numerous unsuccessful attempts to contact McDonald's, <mask> published a first-person account of a July 1, 2012 incident from when he and his family were eating dinner at BFI Champs Elysées, a McDonald's restaurant in Paris, France, as follows (excerpt):

Within a day, this incident was posted on reddit under the title "<mask>, father of wearable computing, physically assaulted by McDonald's for wearing Digital Eye Glass," quickly becoming the top post on the site. The subsequent media coverage resulted in <mask> being successful in contacting McDonald's Head of Customer Service, but only to receive a denial, not an apology. <mask> requested a review of the video surveillance recordings from the many surveillance cameras in this McDonald's establishment, but received no further replies from McDonald's.Subsequently, <mask> sent a much shorter letter, in French, to McDonald's Head of Customer Service, but also received no reply. As a result of this incident, rather than bringing legal action against McDonald's, <mask> teamed up with the IEEE (world's largest technical society), the ACLU, and some industry leaders such as the Pete Wassell, CEO of Augmate Corporation, to propose the Mann-Wassell law for presentation to the New

masks:
Mann
Steve Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann
Mann


texts:
 York legislature, as well an IEEE conference on the topic of Veillance. The goal of this work is to create a legal, policy, and social climate to counteract the actions of companies like McDonald's, that are likely to have a chilling effect on the research and use of Augmediated Reality technologies in everyday life. In this context, <mask> also formalized the concept of McVeillance as placing people under surveillance while simultaneously forbidding them from using their own cameras. More precisely, McVeillance was defined as the ratio (linearly) or difference (logarithmically) of surveillance to sousveillance. McVeillance is one of the topics of the IEEE conference. News coverage
Additional news items soon appeared thereafter, e.g."Broken glass: Father of wearable computing allegedly assaulted," and "What may be the world's first cybernetic hate crime...", etc. Due to the employee's alleged rough handling of the device, which <mask> claimed was soundly attached to his head, the temporary storage buffer in the computer system could no longer be overwritten by new images, the damage to the system thus causing photos of these persons to remain stored in the glass memory. These were published, with faces concealed, on <mask>'s weblog. He also claims that his iPhone and the control board for the EyeTap were damaged after he was thrown out and his bladder released involuntarily, soaking the contents of his pockets. McDonald's has stated that their investigation of this issue has concluded, according to their response to <mask>, and McDonald's Head of Customer Service has failed to respond to an open letter from <mask>, dated 2012 August 17. McDonald's defense has been limited only to witness statements from their employees, and

masks: Mann Mann Mann Mann Mann


texts:
 they have refused to answer a request to examine their surveillance videos. The shorter letter in French, also remains unanswered.Their official statement remains somewhat out-of-date as per these more recent open letter correspondences. See also
 Gordon Bell
 Ray Kurzweil
 Marvin Minsky
 Kevin Warwick
 Surveillance art
 Chorded keyboard

References

External links

 Mann's current web site as of 2015
 EyeTap Personal Imaging (ePi) Lab
 Mann's website (wearcam.org)
 Publications

Human–computer interaction researchers
1962 births
Living people
Canadian electrical engineers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
McMaster University alumni
University of Toronto faculty
People from Hamilton, Ontario
Canadian transhumanists
MIT Media Lab people
Canadian expatriate academics in the United States
20th-century Canadian engineers
21st-century Canadian engineers
Canadian


texts:
<mask> is a professor at the University of California, Berkeley's Boalt Hall School of Law. She is best known for her work on the theory of evidence, and additionally teaches civil procedure, the legal profession, and periodic seminars. Early career
<mask> graduated from the University of Chicago Laboratory High School. Upon graduating from Yale Law School, <mask> clerked for Judge M. Joseph Blumenfeld of the U.S. District Court in Hartford and for Chief Judge David L. Bazelon of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. She then practiced in Houston with the firm of Vinson & Elkins. At Boalt

<mask> joined the Boalt faculty in 1979.She served as associate dean at Boalt from 1998 to 2000. She is also chair of the Committee on Professional Development of the Association of American Law Schools and is a past chair of the Evidence Section. From 1992 to 1997, she chaired a special faculty-student committee appointed by Dean Herma Hill Kay to develop a proposal for improving and expanding the clinical curriculum at Boalt. In 1998 she received Boalt's Rutter Award for Teaching Distinction and in 2000 she received UC Berkeley's Distinguished Teaching Award. The focus of her teaching and research is on the adversary system: the legal rules, practices, and procedures that govern civil and criminal trials. She teaches courses in Civil Procedure, Evidence, and the Legal Profession. <mask> incorporates three perspectives in her classes: theoretical, professional, and ethical."My aim," she says, "is to introduce students to the practice of law under a system of rules, to develop their ability to critique those rules, and to enable them to experience the ethical dilemmas of lawyers acting in role." Students consistently point to the effect her teaching has had on their lives. A former student says, "It would be easy for me to say that I went to the Eleanor Swift School of Law. . . .The lasting imprint of her message makes me use my legal education to make the world a slightly better place. I could never thank her enough for her instruction." Student course evaluations point to the demanding

masks:
Eleanor Swift
Eleanor Swift
Eleanor Swift
Swift
Swift


texts:
 nature of the course: "Evidence is a conceptually difficult course, but her teaching brought out clear thinking," says one student. Says another, "I think this topic is pretty complex and difficult, which makes the instructor and class materials all the more impressive."One of Professor <mask>'s most lasting contributions to the Law School's teaching mission is her leadership in the establishment of Boalt's Center for Clinical Education," which brings clients in need of legal advice to Boalt, where students, directed by a faculty member, provide counsel. <mask> v. Boalt
<mask> was originally denied tenure at Boalt Hall in 1987. She initiated a suit against the University alleging sex discrimination in her tenure review process. The suit was settled with an agreement to leave the tenure decision to an outside independent review committee of distinguished academics. This committee unanimously recommended that she be promoted to tenure, which finally happened in the fall of 1989. She wrote about this experience in Becoming a Plaintiff, 4 Berkeley Women's L.J. 245 (1990).Statement of Teaching Philosophy

"The courses that I teach at the School of Law—Civil Procedure, Evidence, and Legal Profession—all focus on the adversary system. My goal is, of course, to develop students' knowledge of the legal rules, practices and procedures that govern civil and criminal trials. Equally important, however, is that students understand how these rules establish roles for the participants in the adversary system — the lawyers, their clients, the judge and the jury. I develop opportunities for students to learn how lawyers function in resolving individual and societal disputes, and to critique this function from theoretical, professional, and ethical perspectives. "Taking a theoretical perspective on the rules of the adversary system requires examination of the core values—truth (or rectitude of decision), fairness, efficiency and finality—that underlie our procedural justice system. The rules are carefully examined and debated with regard to their efficacy in promoting these values. Since these core

masks: Swift Swift Swift


texts:
 values are often in tension, alternatives are explored and compromises are evaluated."A professional perspective on legal rules integrates both theory and practice. Students are introduced to acting in the lawyers' and judge's roles through specific role-playing techniques that I have incorporated into all of my classes. These techniques permit discussion of ethical dilemmas in the lawyer's role to arise naturally in class. "The ethical perspective emphasizes the importance of the lawyer's responsibility to the client within the adversary system. Law students tend to think of lawyers as "in charge" and it is important to expose them to the constraints on their autonomy created by a representational relationship. My aim is to introduce students to various other role dilemmas, to the incomplete answers provided by our codes of professional ethics, and hence to their own responsibility to develop their individual moral commitments both in and out of role. Finally, I also address the ethical obligation of the legal profession to provide access to our system of justice."The practice of law is challenging precisely because it is constantly working out the tension in the core values of the justice system. Legal education must train students to think competently and critically not only about the content of the law and legal rules, but also about the lawyer's role as a professional, with obligations to others, including the legal system in general, beyond self-interest. In law teaching, it is easy to focus almost exclusively on content, but to do so would be to fail in our own professional responsibility." Publications

<mask>'s recent and forthcoming publications include "One Hundred Years of Evidence Law Reform: Thayer's Triumph" in the California Law Review (2000); "Rival Claims to 'Truth'" in Hastings Law Journal (1998); and Evidence: Text, Problems and Cases, 2nd ed. (with Allen and Kuhns, 1997). References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American legal scholars
Legal educators
UC Berkeley School of Law faculty
Yale Law School alumni
University of Chicago Laboratory


texts:
<mask> (13 April 1771 – 22 April 1833) was a British inventor and mining engineer from Cornwall. The son of a mining captain, and born in the mining heartland of Cornwall, Trevithick was immersed in mining and engineering from an early age. He was an early pioneer of steam-powered road and rail transport, and his most significant contributions were the development of the first high-pressure steam engine and the first working railway steam locomotive. The world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey took place on 21 February 1804, when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren Ironworks, in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. Turning his interests abroad Trevithick also worked as a mining consultant in Peru and later explored parts of Costa Rica. Throughout his professional career he went through many ups and downs and at one point faced financial ruin, also suffering from the strong rivalry of many mining and steam engineers of the day. During the prime of his career he was a well-known and highly respected figure in mining and engineering, but near the end of his life he fell out of the public eye.Childhood and early life
<mask> was born at Tregajorran (in the parish of Illogan), between Camborne and Redruth, in the heart of one of the rich mineral-mining areas of Cornwall. He was the youngest-but-one child and the only boy in a family of six children. He was very tall for the era at , as well as athletic and concentrated more on sport than schoolwork. Sent to the village school at Camborne, he did not take much

masks:
Richard Trevithick
Richard Trevithick


texts:
 advantage of the education provided; one of his school masters described him as "a disobedient, slow, obstinate, spoiled boy, frequently absent and very inattentive". An exception was arithmetic, for which he had an aptitude, though arriving at the correct answers by unconventional means. Trevithick was the son of mine "captain" <mask> (1735–1797) and of miner's daughter Ann Teague (died 1810). As a child he would watch steam engines pump water from the deep tin and copper mines in Cornwall.For a time he was a neighbour of William Murdoch, the steam carriage pioneer, and would have been influenced by his experiments with steam-powered road locomotion. Trevithick first went to work at the age of 19 at the East Stray Park Mine. He was enthusiastic and quickly gained the status of a consultant, unusual for such a young person. He was popular with the miners because of the respect they had for his father. Marriage and family
In 1797 Trevithick married Jane Harvey of Hayle. They raised six children:
 <mask> (1798–1872)
 Anne Ellis (1800–1877)
 Elizabeth Banfield (1803–1870)
 John Harvey Trevithick (1807–1877)
 Francis Trevithick (1812–1877)
 Frederick Henry Trevithick (1816–1883)

Career

Jane's father, John Harvey, formerly a blacksmith from Carnhell Green, formed the local foundry, Harveys of Hayle. His company became famous worldwide for building huge stationary "beam" engines for pumping water, usually from mines.Up to this time such steam engines were of the condensing or atmospheric type, originally invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, which also became

masks:
Richard Tck
Richard Treck


texts:
 known as low-pressure engines. James Watt, on behalf of his partnership with Matthew Boulton, held a number of patents for improving the efficiency of Newcomen's engine—including the "separate condenser patent", which proved the most contentious. <mask> became engineer at the Ding Dong Mine in 1797, and there (in conjunction with Edward Bull) he pioneered the use of high-pressure steam. He worked on building and modifying steam engines to avoid the royalties due to Watt on the separate condenser patent. Boulton & Watt served an injunction on him at Ding Dong, and posted it "on the minestuffs" and "most likely on the door" of the Count (Account) House which, although now a ruin, is the only surviving building from Trevithick's time there. He also experimented with the plunger-pole pump, a type of pump—with a beam engine—used widely in Cornwall's tin mines, in which he reversed the plunger to change it into a water-power engine. High-pressure engine

As his experience grew, he realised that improvements in boiler technology now permitted the safe production of high-pressure steam, which could move a piston in a steam engine on its own account, instead of using pressure near to atmospheric, in a condensing engine.He was not the first to think of so-called "strong steam" or steam of about . William Murdoch had developed and demonstrated a model steam carriage, initially in 1784, and demonstrated it to Trevithick at his request in 1794. In fact, Trevithick lived next door to Murdoch in Redruth in 1797 and 1798. Oliver Evans in the U.S. had also concerned


texts:
 himself with the concept, but there is no indication that his ideas had ever come to Trevithick's attention. Independently of this, Arthur Woolf was experimenting with higher pressures whilst working as the Chief Engineer of the Griffin Brewery (proprietors Meux and Reid). This was an Engine designed by Hornblower and Maberly, and the proprietors were keen to have the best steam engine in London. Around 1796, Woolf believed he could save substantial amounts of coal consumption.According to his son Francis, Trevithick was the first to make high-pressure steam work in England in 1799, although other sources say he had invented his first high-pressure engine by 1797. Not only would a high-pressure steam engine eliminate the condenser, but it would allow the use of a smaller cylinder, saving space and weight. He reasoned that his engine could now be more compact, lighter, and small enough to carry its own weight even with a carriage attached. (Note this did not use the expansion of the steam, so-called "expansive working" came later)

Early experiments
Trevithick began building his first models of high-pressure (meaning a few atmospheres) steam engines – first a stationary one and subsequently one attached to a road carriage. A double-acting cylinder was used, with steam distribution by means of a four-way valve. Exhaust steam was vented via a vertical pipe or chimney straight into the atmosphere, thus avoiding a condenser and any possible infringements of Watt's patent. The linear motion was directly converted into circular motion via a crank instead of


texts:
 using a more cumbersome beam.Puffing Devil

Trevithick built a full-size steam road locomotive in 1801, on a site near present-day Fore Street in Camborne. (A steam wagon built in 1770 by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot may have an earlier claim.) Trevithick named his carriage Puffing Devil and on Christmas Eve that year, he demonstrated it by successfully carrying six passengers up Fore Street and then continuing on up Camborne Hill, from Camborne Cross, to the nearby village of Beacon. His cousin and associate, Andrew Vivian, steered the machine. It inspired the popular Cornish folk song "Camborne Hill". During further tests, Trevithick's locomotive broke down three days later after passing over a gully in the road. The vehicle was left under some shelter with the fire still burning whilst the operators retired to a nearby public house for a meal of roast goose and drinks.Meanwhile, the water boiled off, the engine overheated and the machine burned, destroying it. Trevithick did not consider this a serious setback, but rather operator error. In 1802 <mask> took out a patent for his high-pressure steam engine. To prove his ideas, he built a stationary engine at the Coalbrookdale Company's works in Shropshire in 1802, forcing water to a measured height to measure the work done. The engine ran at forty piston strokes a minute, with an unprecedented boiler pressure of . Coalbrookdale Locomotive

In 1802 the Coalbrookdale Company in Shropshire built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran. The death of a


texts:
 company workman in an accident involving the engine is said to have caused the company to not proceed to running it on their existing railway.To date, the only known information about it comes from a drawing preserved at the Science Museum, London, together with a letter written by Trevithick to his friend Davies Giddy. The design incorporated a single horizontal cylinder enclosed in a return-flue boiler. A flywheel drove the wheels on one side through spur gears, and the axles were mounted directly on the boiler, with no frame. On the drawing, the piston-rod, guide-bars and cross-head are located directly above the firebox door, thus making the engine extremely dangerous to fire while moving. Furthermore, the first drawing by Daniel Shute indicates that the locomotive ran on a plateway with a track gauge of . This is the drawing used as the basis of all images and replicas of the later "Pen-y-darren" locomotive, as no plans for that locomotive have survived. London Steam Carriage

The Puffing Devil was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.He built another steam-powered road vehicle in 1803, called the London Steam Carriage, which attracted much attention from the public and press when he drove it that year in London from Holborn to Paddington and back. It was uncomfortable for passengers and proved more expensive to run than a horse-drawn carriage, and was abandoned. In 1831, Trevithick gave evidence to a Parliamentary select committee on steam carriages. Tragedy at Greenwich
Also in


texts: 1803, one of Trevithick's stationary pumping engines in use at Greenwich exploded, killing four men. Although Trevithick considered the explosion to be caused by a case of careless operation rather than design error, the incident was exploited relentlessly by James Watt and Matthew Boulton (competitors and promoters of the low-pressure engine) who highlighted the perceived risks of using high-pressure steam. Trevithick's response was to incorporate two safety valves into future designs, only one of which could be adjusted by the operator. The adjustable valve comprised a disc covering a small hole at the top of the boiler above the water level in the steam chest.The force exerted by the steam pressure was equalised by an opposite force created by a weight attached to a pivoted lever. The position of the weight on the lever was adjustable thus allowing the operator to set the maximum steam pressure. Trevithick also added a fusible plug of lead, positioned in the boiler just below the minimum safe water level. Under normal operation the water temperature could not exceed that of boiling water and kept the lead below its melting point. If the water ran low, it exposed the lead plug, and the cooling effect of the water was lost. The temperature would then rise sufficiently to melt the lead, releasing steam into the fire, reducing the boiler pressure and providing an audible alarm in sufficient time for the operator to damp the fire, and let the boiler cool before damage could occur. He also introduced the hydraulic testing of boilers, and the use of a


texts:
 mercury manometer to indicate the pressure."Pen-y-Darren" locomotive

In 1802 <mask> built one of his high-pressure steam engines to drive a hammer at the Pen-y-Darren Ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil, Mid Glamorgan. With the assistance of Rees Jones, an employee of the iron works and under the supervision of Samuel Homfray, the proprietor, he mounted the engine on wheels and turned it into a locomotive. In 1803, Trevithick sold the patents for his locomotives to Samuel Homfray. Homfray was so impressed with Trevithick's locomotive that he made a bet with another ironmaster, <mask>, for 500 guineas that Trevithick's steam locomotive could haul ten tons of iron along the Merthyr Tydfil Tramroad from Penydarren () to Abercynon (), a distance of . Amid great interest from the public, on 21 February 1804 it successfully carried 10 tons of iron, 5 wagons and 70 men the full distance in 4 hours and 5 minutes, an average speed of approximately . As well as Homfray, Crawshay and the passengers, other witnesses included Mr. Giddy, a respected patron of Trevithick and an 'engineer from the Government'. The engineer from the government was probably a safety inspector and particularly interested in the boiler's ability to withstand high steam pressures.The configuration of the Pen-y-Darren engine differed from the Coalbrookdale engine. The cylinder was moved to the other end of the boiler so that the fire door was out of the way of the moving parts. This obviously also involved putting the crankshaft at the chimney end. The locomotive comprised a boiler with a single

masks:
Trevithick
Richard Crawshay


texts: return flue mounted on a four-wheel frame. At one end, a single cylinder with very long stroke was mounted partly in the boiler, and a piston rod crosshead ran out along a slidebar, an arrangement that looked like a giant trombone. As there was only one cylinder, this was coupled to a large flywheel mounted on one side. The rotational inertia of the flywheel would even out the movement that was transmitted to a central cog-wheel that was, in turn connected to the driving wheels.It used a high-pressure cylinder without a condenser; the exhaust steam was sent up the chimney assisting the draught through the fire, increasing efficiency even more. The bet was won. Despite many people's doubts, it had been shown that, provided that the gradient was sufficiently gentle, it was possible to successfully haul heavy carriages along a smooth iron road using the adhesive weight alone of a suitably heavy and powerful steam locomotive. Trevithick's was probably the first to do so; however some of the short cast iron plates of the tramroad broke under the locomotive as they were intended only to support the lighter axle load of horse-drawn wagons and so the tramroad returned to horse power after the initial test run. Homfray was pleased he won his bet. The engine was placed on blocks and reverted to its original stationary job of driving hammers. In modern-day Merthyr Tydfil, behind the monument to Trevithick's locomotive lies a stone wall, the sole remainder of the former boundary wall of Homfray's Penydarren House.A full-scale working reconstruction of the


texts:
 Pen-y-darren locomotive was commissioned in 1981 and delivered to the Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum in Cardiff; when that closed, it was moved to the National Waterfront Museum in Swansea. Several times a year it is run on a  length of rail outside the museum. "Newcastle" locomotive
Christopher Blackett, proprietor of the Wylam colliery near Newcastle, heard of the success in Wales and wrote to Trevithick asking for locomotive designs. These were sent to John Whitfield at Gateshead, Trevithick's agent, who in 1804 built what was probably the first locomotive to have flanged wheels. Blackett was using wooden rails for his tramway and, once again, Trevithick's machine was to prove too heavy for its track. Catch Me Who Can

In 1808 Trevithick publicised his steam railway locomotive expertise by building a new locomotive called Catch Me Who Can, built for him by John Hazledine and John Urpeth Rastrick at Bridgnorth in Shropshire, and named by Davies Giddy's daughter. The configuration differed from the previous locomotives in that the cylinder was mounted vertically and drove a pair of wheels directly without a flywheel or gearing.This was probably <mask>'s fourth locomotive, after those used at Coalbrookdale, Pen-y-darren ironworks, and the Wylam colliery. He ran it on a circular track just south of the present-day Euston Square tube station in London. The site in Bloomsbury has recently been identified archaeologically as that occupied by the Chadwick Building, part of University College London. Admission to the "steam circus" was one shilling


texts:
 including a ride and it was intended to show that rail travel was faster than by horse. This venture also suffered from weak tracks and public interest was limited. Trevithick was disappointed by the response and designed no more railway locomotives. It was not until 1812 that twin-cylinder steam locomotives, built by Matthew Murray in Holbeck, successfully started replacing horses for hauling coal wagons on the edge railed, rack and pinion Middleton Railway from Middleton colliery to Leeds, West Yorkshire.Engineering projects

Thames tunnel
Robert Vazie, another Cornish engineer, was selected by the Thames Archway Company in 1805 to drive a tunnel under the River Thames at Rotherhithe. Vazie encountered serious problems with water influx, and had got no further than sinking the end shafts when the directors called in Trevithick for consultation. The directors agreed to pay Trevithick £1000 (the equivalent of £ in ) if he could successfully complete the tunnel, a length of . In August 1807, he began driving a small pilot tunnel or driftway  high tapering from  at the top to  at the bottom. By 23 December, after it had progressed , progress was delayed after a sudden inrush of water; and only one month later on 26 January 1808, at , a more serious inrush occurred. The tunnel was flooded; Trevithick, being the last to leave, was nearly drowned. Clay was dumped on the river bed to seal the hole, and the tunnel was drained, but mining was now more difficult.Progress stalled, and a few of the directors attempted to discredit Trevithick, but the quality of his


texts:
 work was eventually upheld by two colliery engineers from the North of England. Despite suggesting various building techniques to complete the project, including a submerged cast iron tube, Trevithick's links with the company ceased and the project was never actually completed. Completion
The first successful tunnel under the Thames was started by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel in 1823,  upstream, assisted by his son Isambard Kingdom Brunel (who also nearly died in a tunnel collapse). Marc Brunel finally completed it in 1843, the delays being due to problems with funding. Trevithick's suggestion of a submerged tube approach was successfully implemented for the first time across the Detroit River between Michigan in the United States and Ontario in Canada with the construction of the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, under the engineering supervision of The New York Central Railway's engineering vice president, William J Wilgus. Construction began in 1903 and was completed in 1910. The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel which was completed in 1930 for automotive traffic, and the tunnel under the Hong Kong Harbour were also submerged-tube designs.Return to London
<mask> went on to research other projects to exploit his high-pressure steam engines: boring brass for cannon manufacture, stone crushing, rolling mills, forge hammers, blast furnace blowers as well as the traditional mining applications. He also built a barge powered by paddle wheels and several dredgers. Trevithick saw opportunities in London and persuaded his wife and four children reluctantly to join him in 1808


texts:
 for two and a half years lodging first in Rotherhithe and then in Limehouse. Nautical projects
In 1808 Trevithick entered a partnership with Robert Dickinson (businessman), a West India merchant. Dickinson supported several of Trevithick's patents. The first of these was the Nautical Labourer; a steam tug with a floating crane propelled by paddle wheels. However, it did not meet the fire regulations for the docks, and the Society of Coal Whippers, worried about losing their livelihood, even threatened the life of Trevithick.Another patent was for the installation of iron tanks in ships for storage of cargo and water instead of in wooden casks. A small works was set up at Limehouse to manufacture them, employing three men. The tanks were also used to raise sunken wrecks by placing them under the wreck and creating buoyancy by pumping them full of air. In 1810 a wreck near Margate was raised in this way but there was a dispute over payment and Trevithick was driven to cut the lashings loose and let it sink again. In 1809, Trevithick worked on various ideas on improvements for ships: iron floating docks, iron ships, telescopic iron masts, improved ship structures, iron buoys and using heat from the ships boilers for cooking. Illness, financial difficulties and return to Cornwall
In May 1810 Trevithick caught typhoid and nearly died. By September, he had recovered sufficiently to travel back to Cornwall by ship, and in February 1811 he and Dickinson were declared bankrupt.They were not discharged until 1814, Trevithick having paid off most of the partnership


texts:
 debts from his own funds. Cornish boiler and engine
In about 1812 Trevithick designed the ‘Cornish boiler’. These were horizontal, cylindrical boilers with a single internal fire tube or flue passing horizontally through the middle. Hot exhaust gases from the fire passed through the flue thus increasing the surface area heating the water and improving efficiency. These types were installed in the Boulton and Watt pumping engines at Dolcoath and more than doubled their efficiency. Again in 1812, he installed a new 'high-pressure' experimental condensing steam engine at Wheal Prosper. This became known as the Cornish engine, and was the most efficient in the world at that time.Other Cornish engineers contributed to its development but <mask>'s work was predominant. In the same year he installed another high-pressure engine, though non-condensing, in a threshing machine on a farm at Probus, Cornwall. It was very successful and proved to be cheaper to run than the horses it replaced. It was in use for 70 years, and was then retired to an exhibit at the Science Museum. Recoil engine
In one of Trevithick's more unusual projects, he attempted to build a 'recoil engine' similar to the aeolipile described by Hero of Alexandria in about AD 50. Trevithick's engine comprised a boiler feeding a hollow axle to route the steam to a catherine wheel with two fine-bore steam jets on its circumference. The first wheel was  in diameter and a later attempt was  in diameter.To get any usable torque, steam had to issue from the nozzles at a very high velocity and in such large


texts:
 volume that it proved not to operate with adequate efficiency. Today this would be recognised as a reaction turbine. South America

Draining the Peruvian silver mines
In 1811 draining water from the rich silver mines of Cerro de Pasco in Peru at an altitude of  posed serious problems for the man in charge, Francisco Uville. The low-pressure condensing engines by Boulton and Watt developed so little power as to be useless at this altitude, and they could not be dismantled into sufficiently small pieces to be transported there along mule tracks. Uville was sent to England to investigate using Trevithick's high-pressure steam engine. He bought one for 20 guineas, transported it back and found it to work quite satisfactorily. In 1813 Uville set sail again for England and, having fallen ill on the way, broke his journey via Jamaica.When he had recovered he boarded the Falmouth packet ship 'Fox' coincidentally with one of Trevithick's cousins on board the same vessel. Trevithick's home was just a few miles from Falmouth so Uville was able to meet him and tell him about the project. Trevithick leaves for South America
On 20 October 1816 Trevithick left Penzance on the whaler ship Asp accompanied by a lawyer named Page and a boilermaker bound for Peru. He was received by Uville with honour initially but relations soon broke down and Trevithick left in disgust at the accusations directed at him. He travelled widely in Peru acting as a consultant on mining methods. The government granted him certain mining rights and he found mining areas, but did not have the


texts:
 funds to develop them, with the exception of a copper and silver mine at Caxatambo. After a time serving in the army of Simon Bolivar he returned to Caxatambo but due to the unsettled state of the country and presence of the Spanish army he was forced to leave the area and abandon £5,000 worth of ore ready to ship.Uville died in 1818 and Trevithick soon returned to Cerro de Pasco to continue mining. However, the war of liberation denied him several objectives. Meanwhile, back in England, he was accused of neglecting his wife Jane and family in Cornwall. Exploring the isthmus of Costa Rica on foot
After leaving Cerro de Pasco, Trevithick passed through Ecuador on his way to Bogotá in Colombia. He arrived in Costa Rica in 1822 hoping to develop mining machinery. He spent time looking for a practical route to transport ore and equipment, settling on using the San Juan River, the Sarapiqui River, and then a railway to cover the remaining distance. In a biography his son wrote that Trevithick had in mind a steam-driven railway and not mule-driven.The initial party comprised Trevithick, Scottish mining projector James Gerard, two schoolboys: José Maria Montealegre (a future president of Costa Rica) and his brother Mariano, whom Gerard intended to enrol at a small boarding school at Lauderdale House in Highgate (where Trevithick later made his temporary London home), and seven natives, three of whom returned home after guiding them through the first part of their journey. The journey was treacherous – one of the party was drowned in a raging torrent and


texts:
 Trevithick was nearly killed on at least two occasions. In the first he was saved from drowning by Gerard, and in the second he was nearly devoured by an alligator following a dispute with a local man whom he had in some way offended. Still in the company of Gerard, he made his way to Cartagena where he chanced to meet Robert Stephenson who was himself on his way home from Colombia, following a failed three-year mining venture. It had been many years since they last met (when Stephenson was just a baby), and the two men were judged by witnesses to their meeting to have little in common. Despite this Stephenson gave Trevithick £50 to help his passage home. Whilst Stephenson and Gerard booked passage via New York, Trevithick took ship direct to Falmouth, arriving there in October 1827 with few possessions other than the clothes he was wearing.He never returned to Costa Rica. Later projects
Taking encouragement from earlier inventors who had achieved some successes with similar endeavours, Trevithick petitioned Parliament for a grant, but he was unsuccessful in acquiring one. In 1829 he built a closed cycle steam engine followed by a vertical tubular boiler. In 1830 he invented an early form of storage room heater. It comprised a small fire tube boiler with a detachable flue which could be heated either outside or indoors with the flue connected to a chimney. Once hot the hot water container could be wheeled to where heat was required and the issuing heat could be altered using adjustable doors. To commemorate the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832 he


texts:
 designed a massive column to be  high, being  in diameter at the base tapering to  at the top where a statue of a horse would have been mounted.It was to be made of 1500 10-foot-square (3 m) pieces of cast iron and would have weighed . There was substantial public interest in the proposal, but it was never built. Final project
About the same time he was invited to do some development work on an engine of a new vessel at Dartford by John Hall, the founder of J & E Hall Limited. The work involved a reaction turbine for which Trevithick earned £1200. He lodged at The Bull hotel in the High Street, Dartford, Kent. Death

After he had been working in Dartford for about a year, Trevithick was taken ill with pneumonia and had to retire to bed at the Bull Hotel, where he was lodging at the time. Following a week's confinement in bed he died on the morning of 22 April 1833.He was penniless, and no relatives or friends had attended his bedside during his illness. His colleagues at Hall's works made a collection for his funeral expenses and acted as bearers. They also paid a night watchman to guard his grave at night to deter grave robbers, as body snatching was common at that time. Trevithick was buried in an unmarked grave in St Edmund's Burial Ground, East Hill, Dartford. The burial ground closed in 1857, with the gravestones being removed in 1956–57. A plaque marks the approximate spot believed to be the site of the grave. The plaque lies on the side of the park, near the East Hill gate, and an unlinked path.Memorials

In Camborne, outside the public library, a