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 the Tatra V570 and Tatra 97. This resulted in a lawsuit against Porsche claiming infringement of Tatra's patents regarding air-cooling of the rear engine. The suit was interrupted by the German invasion of Czechoslovakia: several years after World War II Volkswagen paid a settlement. Since being engaged by the National-Socialist authorities in building the Volksauto, Porsche was praised as the Great German Engineer. Hitler considered Czechs subhuman and Porsche was urged to apply for German citizenship in 1934.A few days later, he indeed filed a declaration giving up the Czechoslovak citizenship at a Czechoslovak consulate in Stuttgart. In 1937, he joined the Nazi Party (becoming member no. 5,643,287) as well as the SS. By 1938, he was using the SS as security personnel and drivers at his factory, and later set up a special unit called SS Sturmwerk Volkswagen. In 1942, he reached the rank of SS-Oberführer, and during the war, he was further decorated with the SS-Ehrenring and awarded the War Merit Cross. As the war progressed his proposed solutions to new developments became more complex and he gained a reputation in certain circles as a "mad scientist" especially with Albert Speer (mainly due to his newfound affinity for "pointy" designs). A new city, "Stadt des KdF-Wagens" was founded near Fallersleben for the Volkswagen factory, but wartime production concentrated almost exclusively on the military Kübelwagen and Schwimmwagen variants.Mass production of the car, which later became known as the Beetle, began after the end of the war. The city is named Wolfsburg today and is still the headquarters of the Volkswagen Group. Auto Union racing car

German racing driver Hans Stuck had


type: original

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 met Hitler before he became Chancellor, and not being able to gain a seat at Mercedes, accepted the invitation of Rosenberger to join him, von Oertzen and Porsche in approaching the Chancellor. In a meeting in the Reich Chancellery, Hitler agreed with Porsche that for the glory of Germany, it would be better for two companies to develop the project, resulting in Hitler agreeing to split the money between Mercedes and Auto Union with 250,000 Reichsmark to each company. This highly annoyed Mercedes, who had already developed their Mercedes-Benz W25, and resulted in a heated exchange both on and off the racing track between the two companies for the period until World War II. Having obtained state funds, Auto Union bought Hochleistungs Motor GmbH and hence the P-Wagen Project for 75,000 Reichsmark, relocating the company to Chemnitz. As Porsche became more involved with the construction of the Wolfsburg factory, he handed over his racing projects to his son, Ferry.The dominance of the Silver Arrows of both brands was only stopped by the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Military vehicles
Porsche produced a heavy tank design in 1942, the VK4501 also known as "Tiger (P)". Due to the complex nature of the drive system, a competing design from Henschel was chosen for production instead. Ninety chassis that had already been built were converted into self-propelled anti-tank guns; these were put into service in 1943 as the Panzerjäger Tiger (P) and known by the nickname "Ferdinand". The Ferdinand was driven by a hybrid electric powertrain, and was armed with a long barrel development of the 88mm anti-aircraft gun. The most common reason for losses was because the vehicle became stuck or broke


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 down, and so the crews often had to destroy their own vehicles to avoid allowing them to be captured. It had a kill ratio of nearly 10:1, but as with most German wartime vehicles, lack of supplies made maintenance a serious problem, reducing the effectiveness of the vehicles, and forcing crews to destroy many otherwise operational vehicles.Post war
In November 1945, Porsche was asked to continue the design of the Volkswagen in France and to move the factory equipment there as part of war reparations. Whilst in France, Porsche was also asked to consult on the design/manufacture of the upcoming Renault 4CV, which led to serious conflict with the recently appointed head of Renault, the former resistance hero, Pierre Lefaucheux. Differences within the French government and objections from the French automotive industry put a halt to the Volkswagen project before it had even begun. On 15 December 1945, French authorities arrested Porsche, Anton Piëch, and <mask> as war criminals. While Ferry was freed after 6 months, <mask> and Anton were imprisoned first in Baden-Baden and then in Paris and Dijon. While his father was in captivity, Ferry worked diligently to keep the company in business; and developing a business for the repair of automobiles, water pumps, and winches. A contract with Piero Dusio was completed for a Grand Prix motor racing car, the Type 360 Cisitalia.The innovative 4WD design never raced. The legal circumstances of Piëch and Porsche's imprisonment and trial could be largely apportioned to <mask>'s contribution to his country's war effort. In the Porsche family's own account, the affair was a thinly veiled attempt at extorting money and forcing them to collaborate with

masks:
Ferry Porsche
Ferdinand
Ferdinand Porsche


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 Renault. But the family was deceptive about the use of forced labor and the size of their wartime operation. It was later shown that approximately 300 forced laborers were employed, including Poles and Russians. During the war, it was common practice for German factories of this size (about 1000 workers) to use what was essentially slave labor, often with Slavic prisoners of war, who were frequently worked to death. The post-war French government required a payment of one million francs, variously described as ransom or bail, for the release of Piëch and Porsche.Initially unable to obtain this amount of money, the family eventually raised it through their contract with Cisitalia. During a trial, witnesses were brought forward to testify that no French prisoners had been imported to work at the plant. In addition to its work with Cisitalia, the company also started work on a new design, the Porsche 356, the first car to carry the Porsche brand name. The company then was located in Gmünd in Carinthia, where they had relocated from Stuttgart to avoid Allied bombing. The company started manufacturing the Porsche 356 in an old saw mill in Gmünd. They made only 49 cars, which were built entirely by hand. Return to Stuttgart
The Porsche family returned to Stuttgart in 1949 not knowing how to restart their business.While the banks would not give them credit, as the company's plant was still under American embargo and could not serve as collateral, they did still possess considerable resources. So Ferry Porsche took one of the limited series 356 models from Gmünd and visited Volkswagen dealers to raise some orders. He asked the dealers to pay for the ordered cars in advance. The series


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 production version made in Stuttgart had a steel body, welded to the central-tube platform chassis, instead of the aluminium body used in the initial limited Gmünd-made series. When Ferry Porsche resurrected the company he counted on series production figures of about 1,500. More than 78,000 Porsche 356s were manufactured in the following 17 years. Porsche was later contracted by Volkswagen for additional consulting work and received a royalty on every Volkswagen Beetle manufactured.This provided Porsche with a comfortable income as more than 20 million Type I were built. In November 1950, Porsche visited the Wolfsburg Volkswagen factory for the first time since the end of World War II. Porsche spent his visit chatting with Volkswagen president Heinrich Nordhoff about the future of VW Beetles, which were already being produced in large numbers. A few weeks later, Porsche suffered a stroke. He did not fully recover, and died on 30 January 1951. In 1996, Porsche was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame and in 1999 posthumously won the award of Car Engineer of the Century. Views on labor
Porsche visited Henry Ford's operation in Detroit many times where he learned the importance of productivity.There he learned to monitor work. He was also surprised at how the workers and the managers treated each other as equals; even he, as a visiting dignitary, had to carry his own tray in the cafeteria and eat with the workers. The need to increase productivity became a primary interest of Porsche's. Conventional methods for increasing productivity included longer working hours, a faster rate of work, and new labour-saving techniques. Originally, the Volkswagen project was to be


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 a collaboration of the existing German auto manufacturers, but they bowed out of the project, and a complete workforce was needed. The Volkswagen plant was completed in 1938 after Italian labour was brought in. Volkswagen, under <mask>, profited from forced labour.This included a large number of Soviets. By early 1945, German nationals only made up 10% of Volkswagen's workforce. Controversy in Porsche's birthplace
Following protests from local World War II survivors that Porsche's Czech birthplace Vratislavice nad Nisou was promoting Nazism by displaying signs commemorating its native son, in 2013 the town authorities removed the signs and changed the content of a local exhibition so that it would cover not only his automotive achievements, but also his Nazi party and SS membership, and the importance of his work for the Nazi war cause. The move was criticized by the local association of Porsche car owners as silly and intent on smearing the name of Porsche. Moreover, Porsche AG removed cars that it had previously provided for the museum. Notes

References

 - Total pages: 160

Further reading

 Barber, Chris (2003). Birth of the Beetle: The Development of the Volkswagen by <mask>.Haynes Publishing. .

Hiott, Andrea: "Thinking Small: The Long Strange Trip of the Volkswagen Beetle." Random House, 2012, . Ludvigsen, Karl E. (2008). Porsche: Excellence Was Expected – The Comprehensive History of the Company, Its Cars and Its Racing Heritage. Brooklands Books. Hans Mommsen; Manfred Grieger: Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich, ECON Verlag, Düsseldorf 1996,
 Peter Müller: <mask>. Der Vater des Volkswagens, 4.Aufl., 1998
 Martin Pfundner: Austro Daimler und Steyr.

masks:
Ferdinand Porsche
Ferdinand Porsche
Ferdinand Porsche


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 Rivalen bis zur Fusion. Die frühen Jahre des Ferdinand Porsche. Böhlau, Wien 2007. External links

 West Ham's Cedes Stoll Trolleybus Porsche design
 Website of the Society of Automotive Historians about him
 Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Lohner-Porsche. Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Landwehr and C-train

1875 births
1951 deaths
Austrian automobile designers
German automotive pioneers
Czech automobile designers
German automobile designers
German Bohemian people
German founders of automobile manufacturers
20th-century German inventors
German industrialists
German prisoners of war in World War II held by France
International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees
Naturalized citizens of Germany
Nazi Party members
People from Liberec
Ferdinand
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
SS-Oberführer
Volkswagen Group people
Automotive businesspeople
19th-century German


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<mask> (born February 17, 1976) is an American former professional baseball utility infielder. He played for the San Francisco Giants, Houston Astros, New York Yankees, Philadelphia Phillies, Arizona Diamondbacks Milwaukee Brewers, San Diego Padres, and Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball. Early life
Ransom was raised in Mesa, Arizona. He attended Chandler High School in Chandler, Arizona. He was selected by the Cleveland Indians in the 43rd round (1,202nd overall) in the 1995 Major League Baseball draft but did not sign with the Indians. He instead attended South Mountain Community College. He was a survivor of a fatal van accident when his South Mountain Community College baseball team's van blew a tire on a team trip to Tucson, causing the van to roll over.Two of Ransom's teammates died. After spending two years at South Mountain, Ransom spent the 1997 season at Mesa State, helping the Mavericks to the NCAA Division II regional. Ransom transferred to Grand Canyon University for the 1998 season, and was a key member of an Antelopes squad that won the Western Athletic Conference Northern Division. Ransom started every game at shortstop, hitting .330 with eight home runs and 48 RBIs while leading the team with 20 doubles. Professional career

San Francisco Giants
Ransom was drafted again in 1998, this time by the San Francisco Giants in the ninth round (278th overall). After signing, he spent his first professional season with the Single-A Salem-Keizer Volcanoes. Ransom made his major league debut on September 5, 2001, against the Arizona Diamondbacks.For the next three seasons from 2002 to 2004, he played for the


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 Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies and the major league club. He was mainly used as a defensive replacement by the Giants. On August 8, 2003, he hit his first major league home run off Philadelphia Phillies starting pitcher Vicente Padilla. Following the 2004 season, he was granted free agency by the Giants. He was signed by the Chicago Cubs on January 20, 2005. On March 30, 2005, he was acquired by the Texas Rangers for cash considerations. He played for the Triple-A Oklahoma Redhawks and played in 24 games in which he batted .261 with five home runs.He was released on May 25, 2005. He re-signed with the Chicago Cubs two days later and played with the Triple-A Iowa Cubs for the rest of the season. He was granted free agency after the season. Houston Astros
Ransom signed with the Seattle Mariners on January 27, 2006, with an invitation to Spring Training. He played in 19 games during Spring Training in which he batted .219 with no home runs. After being reassigned to minor league camp, he was acquired by the Houston Astros for cash considerations on March 30, 2006. He played for the Triple-A Round Rock Express for 2006 season.He batted just .247 with 21 home runs in 122 games. He returned to the Round Rock Express for the 2007 season. He played for the Express until the end of the minor league season. Ransom batted .263 in 134 games and led the Express in home runs (28) and RBIs (90). He was also second on the team in hits with 131. His good performance earned him a call up on September 4, 2007. On September 16, 2007, against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Ransom hit a home run off Paul Maholm.It was Ransom's first home run in the


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 major leagues since 2004. New York Yankees

Ransom signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees before the 2008 season and was called up to the Yankees on August 15. He homered in both his first and second Yankee at bats, the first hitter in Yankee history to do so. The first occurred on August 17, 2008, against the Kansas City Royals; the second was on August 22, 2008, against the Baltimore Orioles. On September 21, 2008, Ransom made the last putout in Yankee Stadium history. Baltimore Orioles second baseman Brian Roberts hit a slow ground ball down the first baseline that Ransom fielded, then stepped on first for the deciding out in a 7–3 Yankees win. On September 26, Ransom had his first multi-home run game against the Boston Red Sox.Both home runs came on the first pitch of the at bat. Ransom was one of only three Yankees to hit a home run while serving as a pinch hitter. Ransom started the 2009 season as the Yankees' starting third baseman due to the hip surgery recovery of Alex Rodriguez; however, Ransom too was put on the disabled list on April 25 after an injury to his right quadriceps. On August 5, 2009, Ransom was designated for assignment. He was released August 7, 2009, but re-signed with the Yankees to a minor league contract on August 10, and was assigned to the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees. He was placed on the 7-day disabled list for an unknown injury on August 16, 2009. Philadelphia Phillies
On December 11, 2009, Ransom signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies.On July 3, 2010, the Phillies called him up to the majors after injuries to Chase Utley and Plácido


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 Polanco. Ransom played in 22 games in July and August, making starts at third, second and first base. He had eight hits and two home runs in 42 at-bats. One of them was a game-tying home run with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning against the Cincinnati Reds on July 7. Arizona Diamondbacks
On January 19, 2011, Ransom signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. On July 21, 2011, Ransom was called up from the Triple-A Reno Aces to replace an injured Stephen Drew. Ransom played in 12 total games at shortstop and third base in July and August.He elected free agency on October 10. The Diamondbacks re-signed Ransom to a minor league contract on December 11. He again started the year in Reno, but was called up on April 18 when Chris Young went on the disabled list. He made 13 starts at third base, hitting .269, before the Diamondbacks designated Ransom for assignment on May 21, 2012. Milwaukee Brewers
On May 23, 2012, Ransom was claimed off waivers from the Arizona Diamondbacks by the Milwaukee Brewers. On July 13, 2012, Ransom hit his first career grand slam against the Pittsburgh Pirates, lifting the Brewers to victory 10–7. Ransom made 33 starts at shortstop, nine at third base, and two at second for the Brewers, hitting .196 with six home runs in 168 total at-bats.Return to the Diamondbacks
On August 31, 2012, the Arizona Diamondbacks claimed Ransom off waivers from the Milwaukee Brewers. He played in nine games for Arizona in September, making starts at shortstop and third and picking up seven hits in 23 at-bats. San Diego Padres
On December 21, 2012, Ransom signed a minor league contract with


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 the San Diego Padres. With injuries to Chase Headley and Logan Forsythe in spring training, Ransom made his third Opening Day roster and second Opening Day line-up starting at third base. He was designated for assignment on April 12, 2013. Chicago Cubs
Ransom was claimed off waivers by the Chicago Cubs on April 16, 2013. He was designated for assignment on September 8, 2013, and released on September 16.Seibu Lions
Ransom signed a contract with the Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball for the 2014 season. Personal life
Ransom is married to Ericka, and they have a daughter named Mackenzie and son named Jordan. A 2009 YouTube video of his 60-inch box jump in a training session has received almost 400,000 hits. References

External links

1976 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Bakersfield Blaze players
Baseball players from Arizona
Chicago Cubs players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Grand Canyon Antelopes baseball players
Houston Astros players
Iowa Cubs players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball shortstops
Major League Baseball third basemen
Milwaukee Brewers players
New York Yankees players
Nippon Professional Baseball third basemen
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Reno Aces players
Round Rock Express players
Saitama Seibu Lions players
Salem-Keizer Volcanoes players
San Diego Padres players
San Francisco Giants players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Shreveport Captains players
Sportspeople from Mesa, Arizona
South Mountain Cougars baseball players
Colorado Mesa Mavericks


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<mask> (born Bernice Frankel; May 13, 1922 – April 25, 2009) was an American actress, comedian, singer, and activist. <mask> began her career on stage in 1947. She won the 1966 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for playing Vera Charles in Mame. She went on to play Maude Findlay on the sitcoms All in the Family (appearing 1971–72) and Maude (1972–78), as well as Dorothy Zbornak on the sitcom The Golden Girls (1985–92). She won Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1977 for Maude and 1988 for The Golden Girls. Her film appearances include Lovers and Other Strangers (1970) and Mame (1974). In 2002, she starred in the one-woman show <mask> on Broadway: Just Between Friends.An obituary described <mask> as “the tall, deep-voiced actress whose razor-sharp delivery of comedy lines made her a TV star ….”

Early life
Bernice Frankel was born on May 13, 1922, the middle of three daughters, to Rebecca ( Pressner, born in Austria) and Philip Frankel (born in Poland) in Brooklyn, New York City. <mask> was raised in a Jewish home with an older sister, Gertrude and a younger sister, Marian (1926-2014). In 1933, the Frankel family relocated to Cambridge, Maryland, where her parents subsequently operated a women's clothing shop. At age 16, young Bernice Frankel developed a serious condition called coagulopathy, in which her blood would not clot. Concerned for her health, her parents decided to send her to Linden Hall School for Girls, an all-girls' boarding school in Lititz, Pennsylvania, for her final two years of high school. Afterwards she studied for a year at Blackstone College for Girls in Blackstone, Virginia. During World War II, Frankel enlisted as one of the first members of the United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve in 1943.After basic training, she served as a typist at Marine headquarters in Washington, D.C. In June 1943, the Marine Corps accepted her transfer request to the Motor Transport School at Camp Lejeune, North

masks:
Beatrice Arthur
Arthur
Bea Arthur
Arthur
Arthur


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 Carolina. Frankel then worked as a truck driver and dispatcher in Cherry Point, North Carolina, between 1944 and 1945. She was honorably discharged at the rank of staff sergeant in September 1945. After serving in the Marines, Frankel studied for a year at the Franklin School of Science and Arts in Philadelphia, where she became a licensed medical technician. After interning at a local hospital for the summer, she decided against working as a lab technician, departing for New York City in 1947 to enroll in the School of Drama at The New School. That same year, she married fellow Marine Robert Alan Aurthur.They divorced three years later, but she kept his surname, with the spelling adjusted to "<mask>". Career

Theater

From 1947, <mask> studied at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York, N.Y. with German director Erwin Piscator. <mask> began her acting career as a member of an off-Broadway theater group at the Cherry Lane Theatre in New York City in the late 1940s. Onstage, her roles included Lucy Brown in the 1954 Off-Broadway premiere of Marc Blitzstein's English-language adaptation of Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera, Nadine Fesser in the 1957 premiere of Herman Wouk's Nature's Way at the Coronet Theatre, Yente the Matchmaker in the 1964 premiere of Fiddler on the Roof on Broadway. In 1966, <mask> auditioned for the title role in the musical Mame, which her husband Gene Saks was set to direct, but Angela Lansbury won the role instead. <mask> accepted the supporting role of Vera Charles, for which she won great acclaim, winning a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical the same year. She reprised the role in the unsuccessful 1974 film version opposite Lucille Ball.In 1981, she appeared in Woody Allen's The Floating Light Bulb. She made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in 1994 portraying the Duchess of Krakenthorp, a speaking role, in Gaetano Donizetti's La fille du régiment. In 1995, she starred opposite Renée Taylor and Joseph Bologna in

masks:
Arthur
Beatrice Arthur
Arthur
Arthur
Arthur


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 Bermuda Avenue Triangle in Los Angeles. Television

In 1971, <mask> was invited by Norman Lear to guest-star on his sitcom All in the Family, as Maude Findlay, the cousin of Edith Bunker. An outspoken liberal feminist, Maude was considered the antithesis role to the caricatured reactionary character Archie Bunker, who described her as a "New Deal fanatic". Nearly 50, <mask>'s tart turn on All in the Family impressed viewers as well as executives at CBS who, she would later recall, asked "'Who is that girl? Let's give her her own series.'"That series, previewed in her second All in the Family appearance, would be simply titled "Maude". The show, debuting in 1972, found her living in the affluent community of Tuckahoe, Westchester County, New York, with her fourth husband Walter (Bill Macy) and divorced daughter Carol (Adrienne Barbeau). Her performance in the role garnered <mask> several Emmy and Golden Globe nominations, including her Emmy win in 1977 for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. Maude would also earn a place for <mask> in the history of the women's liberation movement. The series addressed serious sociopolitical topics of the era that were considered taboo for a sitcom, including the Vietnam War, the Nixon Administration, Maude's bid for a Congressional seat, divorce, menopause, drug use, alcoholism, nervous breakdown, mental illness, women's lib, gay rights, abortion, and spousal abuse. A prime example is "Maude's Dilemma", a two-part episode airing near Thanksgiving of 1972 in which Maude's character grapples with a late-life pregnancy, ultimately deciding to have an abortion. Even though abortion was legal in New York State since 1970, as well as in California since its state's 1969 on-demand ruling, it was illegal in many other regions of the country and, as such, sparked controversy.As a result, dozens of affiliates refused to broadcast the episode when it was originally scheduled, substituting either a repeat from earlier in the season or

masks: Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthur


texts: a Thanksgiving TV special in its place. However, by the time of the summer rerun season six months later all the flak had died down, and the stations that refused to air the episode upon its first run reinstated it for the reruns the following summer. As a result, a reported 65 million viewers watched the two-episode arc either in their first run that November or during the following summer as a rerun. The episode initially aired two months before the U.S. Supreme Court legalized the procedure nationwide in the Roe v. Wade outcome in January 1973. By 1978, <mask> decided to move on from the series. Later in 1978, she costarred in Star Wars Holiday Special, in which she had a song and dance routine in the Mos Eisley cantina. She hosted The Beatrice Arthur Special on CBS on January 19, 1980, which paired the star in a musical comedy revue with Rock Hudson, Melba Moore and Wayland Flowers and Madame.<mask> returned to television in the short-lived 1983 sitcom Amanda's (an adaptation of the British series Fawlty Towers). The show was not a hit with audiences and only 10 of the 13 filmed episodes actually aired. In 1985, at the age of 63, <mask> was cast in The Golden Girls, in which she played Dorothy Zbornak, a divorced mother and substitute teacher living in a Miami house owned by widow Blanche Devereaux (Rue McClanahan). Her other roommates included widow Rose Nylund (Betty White) and Dorothy's Sicilian mother, Sophia Petrillo (Estelle Getty). Getty was actually a year younger than <mask> in real life. Initially, Betty White was cast as the man-hungry Blanche, and Rue McClanahan (who had previously co-starred with <mask> in Maude) was cast as the naive Rose. <mask> refused to be in a show essentially about Maude and Vivian living with Sue Ann Nivens.After White and McClanahan switched roles, <mask> reconsidered. The series was a hit and remained a top-ten rating fixture for six of its seven seasons. <mask>'s performance as Dorothy Zbornak led to several Emmy

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 nominations over the course of the series and an Emmy win in 1988. <mask> decided to leave the show after seven years, and in 1992, the show was moved from NBC to CBS and retooled as The Golden Palace in which the other three actresses reprised their roles, with Cheech Marin as their new foil. <mask> made a guest appearance in a two-part episode, but the new series lasted only one season. Film
<mask> sporadically appeared in films, reprising her stage role as Vera Charles in the 1974 film adaption of Mame, opposite Lucille Ball. She portrayed overbearing mother <mask> Vecchio in Lovers and Other Strangers (1970), and had a cameo as a Roman unemployment clerk in Mel Brooks' History of the World, Part I (1981).She appeared in the 1995 American movie For Better or Worse as Beverly Makeshift. Later career
After <mask> left The Golden Girls, she made several guest appearances on television shows and organized and toured in her one-woman show, alternately titled An Evening with <mask> <mask> as well as And Then There's Bea. She made a guest appearance on the American cartoon Futurama, in the Emmy-nominated 2001 episode "Amazon Women in the Mood", as the voice of the feminist "Femputer" who ruled a race of giant Amazonian women. She appeared in a first-season episode of Malcolm in the Middle as Mrs. White, one of Dewey's babysitters who was a strict disciplinarian. She was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance. She also appeared as Larry David's mother on Curb Your Enthusiasm. In 2002, she returned to Broadway, starring in <mask> <mask> on Broadway: Just Between Friends, a collection of stories and songs (with musician Billy Goldenberg) based on her life and career.The show was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event. In addition to appearing in a number of programs looking back at her own work, <mask> performed in stage and television tributes for Jerry Herman, Bob Hope, Ellen DeGeneres. In 2004,

masks: Arthur Arthur Arthur Bea Arthur Bea Arthur Bea Arthur Arthur


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 she appeared in Richard Barone's "There'll Be Another Spring: A Tribute to Miss Peggy Lee" at the Hollywood Bowl, performing "Johnny Guitar" and "The Shining Sea". In 2005, she participated in the Comedy Central roast of Pamela Anderson, where she recited sexually explicit passages from Anderson's book Star Struck in a deadpan fashion. Influences
In 1999, <mask> told an interviewer of the three influences in her career: "Sid Caesar taught me the outrageous; [method acting guru] Lee Strasberg taught me what I call reality; and [original Threepenny Opera star] Lotte Lenya, whom I adored, taught me economy." Another source of influence to <mask> was that of famed actress/director Ida Lupino, whom <mask> praised: "My dream was to become a very small blonde movie star like Ida Lupino and those other women I saw up there on the screen during the Depression. " Personal life
<mask> was married twice.Her first marriage took place in 1944, during her time in the military when she wed fellow Marine Robert Alan Aurthur, later a screenwriter, television, and film producer and director, whose last name she took and kept (though with a modified spelling). Shortly after they divorced in 1950, she married director Gene Saks with whom she adopted two sons, Matthew, an actor, and Daniel, a set designer. She and Saks remained married until 1978. In 1972, she moved to Los Angeles and sublet her apartment on Central Park West in New York City and her country home in Bedford, New York. In a 2003 interview, while in London promoting her one-woman show, she described the English capital as her "favorite city in the world". <mask> was a longtime champion of equal rights for women and an active advocate of the elderly and Jewish communities in both her major television roles and through her charity work and personal outspokenness. Contrary to the character she played as Maude, she was originally skeptical of the women's rights movement.Following her divorce from Gene Saks, she later adopted

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 the language of that movement. Considered a longtime gay icon, she embraced the gay community that had supported her since the 1970s. Late in life, <mask> took up the cause of LGBTQ+ youth homelessness. She raised $40,000 for the Ali Forney Center with one of her final live performances, a revival of her one-woman Broadway show in 2005 after she had fallen ill with cancer. She would go on to advocate for the center until her death, telling
Next Magazine, "These kids at the Ali Forney Center are literally dumped by their families because they are lesbian, gay or transgender — this organization really is saving lives." Regarding politics, <mask> herself was a liberal Democrat who confirmed her views by saying, "I've been a Democrat my whole life. That's what makes Maude and Dorothy so believable, we have the same viewpoints on how our country should be handled."<mask> was a private and introverted woman according to her friends. She was a particularly close mentor and friend to Adrienne Barbeau, who co-starred with her on Maude for six seasons. Barbeau was unavailable to perform regularly on the sitcom during its last season due to her schedule; nevertheless, the two remained close and stayed in touch for the rest of <mask>'s life. In a 2018 interview with the American website Dread Central, Barbeau shared some of her feelings about her friend:

Death and legacy
<mask> died of lung cancer at her home in Brentwood, Los Angeles on April 25, 2009, aged 86. On April 28, 2009, the Broadway community paid tribute to <mask> by dimming the marquees of New York City's Broadway theater district in her memory for one minute at 8:00 p.m. On September 16, 2009, a public tribute to <mask> was held at the Majestic Theatre in Manhattan, where friends and colleagues including Angela Lansbury, Norman Lear, Rosie O'Donnell and Rue McClanahan paid tribute to the actress. <mask>'s surviving co-stars from The Golden Girls, Rue McClanahan and Betty White, commented on her death via


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 telephone on an April 27 episode of Larry King Live. On the Today Show by phone, McClanahan said she and <mask> got along together "like cream".White said "I knew it would hurt, I just didn't know it would hurt this much." Longtime friends Adrienne Barbeau (with whom she had worked on Maude) and Angela Lansbury (with whom she had worked in Mame) reflected on her death. Barbeau said, "We've lost a unique, incredible talent. No one could deliver a line or hold a take like Bea and no one was more generous or giving to her fellow performers". Lansbury said, "She became and has remained my bosom buddy [...] I am deeply saddened by her passing, but also relieved that she is released from the pain." <mask> bequeathed $300,000 to the Ali Forney Center, a New York City organization that provides housing for homeless LGBTQ+ youths. The center was heavily damaged in October 2012 by Hurricane Sandy, but has since been restored and re-opened.The <mask> <mask> Residence, which opened in 2017, is an 18-bed residence in Manhattan for homeless LGBT youth operated by the Ali Forney Center. Awards

<mask> won the American Theatre Wing's Tony Award in 1966 as Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance that year as Vera Charles in the original Broadway production of Jerry Herman's musical Mame. <mask> received the third most nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series with nine; only Julia Louis-Dreyfus (11) and Mary Tyler Moore (10) have more. She received the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences' Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series twice, once in 1977 for Maude and again in 1988 for The Golden Girls. She was inducted into the academy's Television Hall of Fame in 2008. On June 8, 2008, The Golden Girls was awarded the Pop Culture award at the Sixth Annual TV Land Awards. <mask> (in one of her final public appearances) accepted the award with McClanahan and White.Filmography

Film

Television

Theater

masks: Arthur Arthur Bea Arthur Arthur Arthur Arthur


texts:
 performances

References

External links

<mask> <mask> Interview, emmytvlegends.org; accessed June 13, 2014. <mask> <mask> profile, Comedy Hall of Fame website; accessed June 13, 2014. <mask> at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection; accessed June 13, 2014. <mask> profile by Kirsten Fermaglich, Jewish Women Encyclopedia; accessed June 13, 2014. N.Y. Times obituary, April 26, 2009; accessed June 13, 2014. "Huffington Post" obituary; April 25, 2014; accessed June 13, 2014. "<mask>: A towering comedic talent from another era", L.A. Times, August 27, 2009; accessed June 13, 2014
Entertainment Weekly article about her death, ew.com; accessed June 13, 2014.<mask> obituary, Daily Telegraph; accessed June 13, 2014. 1922 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
Activists from Maryland
Actresses from Maryland
Blackstone College for Girls alumni
American feminists
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Television personalities from New York City
American women television personalities
American women comedians
American women's rights activists
California Democrats
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from lung cancer
Jewish activists
Jewish American actresses
Jewish feminists
Jewish singers
LGBT rights activists from the United States
Marine Corps Women's Reserve personnel
New York (state) Democrats
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Cambridge, Maryland
Tony Award winners
The New School alumni
Comedians from New York City
Military personnel from New York City
Jewish American female comedians
United States Marine Corps non-commissioned officers
20th-century

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Bea
Arthur
Bea
Arthur
Beatrice Arthur
Beatrice Arthur
Beatrice Arthur
Beatrice Arthur


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<mask>'Archevêque (September 30, 1672–August 20, 1720) was a French explorer, soldier and merchant-trader. One of the few survivors of the ill-fated French colony Fort Saint Louis (Texas), L'Archevêque, the son of a merchant-trader from Bayonne, France, indentured himself to merchant-trader Sieur Pierre Duhaut in order to participate in the expedition to find the colony. L'Archevêque is known to have been the decoy that led René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle into an ambush in which Duhaut shot La Salle. While Duhaut was killed by expedition members to avenge La Salle's murder, L'Archevêque escaped the same fate because he was viewed more favorably and was thought to be less guilty. L'Archevêque was killed in 1720 near what is now Columbus, Nebraska by Native Americans of the Pawnee tribe during the Villasur expedition. Fort Saint Louis

L'Archevêque was born to Claude and Marie (d'Armagnac) L'Archevêque on September 30, 1672 in Bayonne, France. The L'Archevêque family was Catholic while in Bayonne, but the family had been bourgeois Huguenots (French Protestant Calvinists) in Bordeaux prior to the conversion of Pierre L'Archevêque, <mask>'Archevêque's paternal grandfather.The family relocated to Bayonne in the 1650s. In 1684, aged twelve, L'Archevêque joined the expedition of René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. Two years previously, La Salle had led the first expedition down the Mississippi River from New France to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the entire Mississippi River watershed for France as the new territory of Louisiana. La Salle returned to France and proposed establishing a French colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, between Spanish Florida and New Spain. The colony would provide a base for promoting

masks:
Jean L
Jean L


texts: Christianity among the native peoples as well as a convenient location for attacking the Spanish province of Nueva Vizcaya and gaining control of its lucrative silver mines. On July 24, 1684, the expedition left La Rochelle for the New World with 300 people aboard 4 ships. The members included 100 soldiers, 6 missionaries, 8 merchants, over a dozen women and children, and artisans and craftsmen.Fifty-eight days later, the expedition stopped at Santo Domingo (Saint-Domingue), where one of the ships, the St-François, which had been fully loaded with supplies, provisions, and tools for the colony, was captured by Spanish privateers. L'Archevêque joined the expedition with Pierre and Dominique Duhaut when La Salle stopped at Petit-Goâve, the French West Indies outpost, to acquire provisions, which were purchased with credit extended by the brothers Duhaut. The Duhauts were then given trading privileges and allowed space for merchandise on La Salle's ships that would have ordinarily been reserved for supplies for the colony. L'Archevêque had come to Petit-Goâve with his merchant-trader parents, and claimed kinship with the Duhaut brothers. In late November 1684, the three remaining ships continued their search for the Mississippi River delta. A combination of inaccurate maps, La Salle's previous miscalculation of the latitude of the mouth of the Mississippi River, and overcorrecting for the currents led the ships to be unable to find the Mississippi. Instead, they landed at Matagorda Bay in early 1685,  west of the Mississippi.On February 20, the colonists finally reached shore, their first feel of land in the three months since leaving Santo Domingo. They set up a temporary camp near the location of the present-day Matagorda


texts: Island Lighthouse. While trying to navigate the shallow pass into the bay, one of the ships, L'Aimable, was grounded on a sandbar. For several days the men attempted to salvage the tools and provisions that had been loaded on the Aimable, but a bad storm prevented them from recovering more than food, cannons, powder, and a small amount of the merchandise. By March 7, the ship had sunk. The following week, the ship Le Joly, which had been loaned to La Salle by the Louis XIV, returned to France, leaving the colonists with only one ship, La Belle. Many of the colonists chose to return to France aboard Le Joly, leaving approximately 180 behind.La Salle searched for a more permanent settlement site and found Garcitas Creek, which had fresh water and fish, with good soil and timber along its banks, and named it Rivière aux Boeufs for the nearby buffalo herds. Fort Saint Louis would be constructed on a bluff overlooking the creek, 1.5 leagues from its mouth. The men found a source of salt nearby and constructed a community oven. In early June, La Salle summoned the rest of the colonists to the new settlement site. Seventy people began the 50-mile (80 km) overland trek on June 12. All of the supplies had to be hauled from the Belle, a physically draining task that was finally completed by the middle of July. Although trees grew near the site, timber suitable for building was found several miles inland, and the trees were transported back to the new building site.Some timbers were even salvaged from the Aimable. By the end of July, over half of the settlers had died, most from a combination of scant rations and overwork. With their permanent camp established, the colonists took several short trips within the next few months to


texts: further explore their surroundings. At the end of October La Salle decided to undertake a longer expedition from January until March 1686, La Salle and most of his men searched overland for the Mississippi River, traveling towards the Rio Grande, possibly as far west as modern-day Langtry. It is unknown whether L'Archevêque accompanied La Salle or remained behind. While La Salle was gone, La Belle was wrecked in a storm. The destruction of their last ship left the settlers stranded on the Texas coast, with no hope of gaining assistance from the French colonies in the Caribbean.By early January 1687, fewer than 45 people remained in the colony. La Salle believed that their only hope of survival lay in trekking overland to request assistance from New France, and sometime that month he led a final expedition to attempt to reach Illinois. Fewer than 20 people remained at Fort Saint Louis. Seventeen men were included on the expedition, including La Salle, his brother, two of his nephews, and L'Archevêque. While camping near present-day Navasota on March 18, several of the men quarreled over the division of buffalo meat. That night, one of La Salle's nephews and two other men were killed in their sleep by another expedition member. The following day, La Salle was shot by Pierre Duhaut while speaking to L'Archevêque as he was approaching the camp to investigate his nephew's disappearance.Infighting led to the deaths of two other expedition members, including Pierre Duhaut, within a short time, and L'Archevêque was targeted but was spared at the insistence of the Recollect friar Father Anastasius Douay. Two of the surviving members, including L'Archevêque, did return to La Salle's camp and remained for two months, but later


texts:
 joined the Caddo after missing a rendezvous with members of La Salle's expedition that were heading to French Illinois Country. The remaining six men made their way to Illinois Country as quickly as possible and met several of Henri de Tonti's men near the Arkansas River. During their journey through Illinois to Canada, the men did not tell anyone that La Salle was dead. They reached France in summer 1688 and informed King Louis of La Salle's death and the horrible conditions in the colony. Louis did not send aid. Rescue
L'Archevêque quickly tired of his life with the Caddo.In 1689, he and his companion, Jacques Grollet, wrote a note asking for rescue. They gave the note to the Caddo, who passed it on to the Jumano Indians while trading. The Jumano were allied with the Spanish and brought a packet of documents to Spanish authorities in New Mexico. The documents included a parchment painting of the Joly, as well as a written message from  L'Archeveque. The message read: "I do not know what sort of people you are. We are French[;] we are among the savages[;] we would like much to be Among the Christians such as we are[.] ... we are solely grieved to be among beasts like these who believe neither in God nor in anything.Gentlemen, if you are willing to take us away, you have only to send a message. ... We will deliver ourselves up to you." Alonso De León rescued L'Archeveque and Grollet. On interrogation, the men maintained that over 100 of the French settlers had died of smallpox, and the others had been killed by the Karankawa. The only people known to have survived the final attack were the Talon children, who had been adopted by the Karankawa. According to the children, the Indians had attacked around Christmas in 1688,


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 killing the remaining settlers. Spanish citizen
L'Archevêque and Grollet were taken first to Mexico City.In the summer of 1689, they sailed with Captain Andrés de Pez as prisoners to Spain, and arrived in Madrid in January 1690. Five months later, they petitioned for a stipend of two Spanish reals per day, which was granted, then they were forgotten in prison for almost two years. In May 1692, L'Archevêque and Grollet petitioned to be released, arguing that they had committed no crimes against Spain. The Junta De Guerra de Indias war council reviewed the petition, but could not recommend they be set free outright because their knowledge of Spanish territory could have weakened Spain's position against France. However, the war council also could not recommend keeping then isolated in royal jail while at peace with France because Louis XIV would have had grounds for their repatriation. After swearing an oath to Spain, the war council allowed the men to return to Spanish territory controlled by the Viceroy of New Spain Gaspar de la Cerda Sandoval Silva y Mendoza, 8th conde de Gelves, where they would be out of reach of the French, and granted them an additional stipend and a soldier's rations for the voyage. They departed from Cádiz to Veracruz with Admiral Andrés de Pez in 1692.L'Archevêque became a soldier then joined a group of colonists led by Diego de Vargas and arrived in Santa Fe on June 22, 1694. Three years later he married a widow, Antonia Gutiérres, who bore him two children, Miguel and Maria. It is likely that Antonia died in 1701. That year, L'Archevêque purchased an estate in Santa Fe, but continued to serve as a soldier. He served as a scout in 1704 under Juan de Ulibarri. In 1706, L'Archevêque, as part of a


texts:
 militia which included a smattering of French, Flemish, and other European exiles, accompanied a Spanish expedition headed by Juan de Ulibarrí, who suspected that knowledge of the French language would be useful, to the El Cuartelejo village of western Kansas. In 1714 he became a member of a junta.After retiring from the military, L'Archevêque became a merchant-trader. His sons, Miguel, and illegitimate son Agustin, assisted him with his business. In 1719 he became a father again, as a servant girl gave birth to his illegitimate son. Later that year, on August 16, he married Manuela Roybal, the daughter of alcalde Ignacio de Roybal, which was attended by the Spanish governor of New Mexico, Antonio Valverde y Cosío. The year following his marriage, L'Archevêque joined the Villasur expedition to investigate suspected French influence among the Pawnee in the present state of Nebraska. The Pawnee force was believed by the Spanish to be assisted by a Frenchman, so L'Archevêque was to assist in interpreting contacts with the French. The Pawnee, probably without any French participation, attacked suddenly on August 20, 1720, and killed most of the Spanish, including L'Archevêque.The battle took place near present-day Columbus, Nebraska. By the time of L'Archevêque's death he had become known as Captain Juan de Archibeque. He was credited with honorable military service and had become a successful merchant-trader. His regular operations extended as far as Sonora with occasional business in Mexico City, and his notes of credit were accepted and endorsed by those connected to the government. He is the progenitor of the Archibeque family of New Mexico. In fiction
The life of <mask>'Archevêque is recounted in Mike Blakely's novel


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<mask> "<mask><mask> (December 28, 1722  May 27, 1793) changed agriculture in colonial South Carolina, where she developed indigo as one of its most important cash crops. Its cultivation and processing as dye produced one-third the total value of the colony's exports before the Revolutionary War. Manager of three plantations, Pinckney had a major influence on the colonial economy. In the 20th century, <mask> was the first woman to be inducted into South Carolina's Business Hall of Fame. Early life and education
<mask> (known as <mask>) <mask> was born on December 28, 1722, on the island of Antigua, in the colony of the British Leeward Islands in the Caribbean. <mask> grew up on Poorest, one of her family's three sugarcane plantations on the island. She was the eldest child of Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, of Dalzell's Regiment of Foot in the British Army, and Ann (probably Meldrum<mask>.She had two brothers, Thomas, and George, and a younger sister Mary (known to her family as Polly). Colonel and Mrs. <mask> sent all their children to London for schooling. It was customary for elite colonists to send boys to England for their education when they might be as young as 8 or 9. Girls would not be sent until their mid-teens when nearing marriageable age. During this period, many parents believed that girls' futures of being wives and mothers made education in more than "the three Rs" and social accomplishments less necessary. But <mask>'s ability was recognized. She treasured her education at boarding school, where studies included French and music, but she said her favorite subject was botany.She wrote to her father that she felt her "education, which [she] esteems a more valuable fortune than any [he] could have given [her], … Will make me happy in my future life." Move to South Carolina and career
In 1738, the year <mask> would turn 16, Colonel <mask> moved his family from Antigua to South Carolina, where he had inherited three

masks:
Elizabeth
Eliza
" Lucas Pinckney
Eliza Pinckney
Elizabeth
Eliza
Lucas
Lucas
George Lucas
) Lucas
Lucas
Eliza
Eliza
Lucas


texts: plantations from his father. With tensions increasing between Spain and England, he believed his family would be safer in Carolina than on the tiny, exposed island in the West Indies. <mask>'s grandfather, <mask>, had acquired three tracts of land: Garden Hill on the Combahee River (1,500 acres), another 3,000 acres on the Waccamaw River, and Wappoo Plantation (600 acres) on Wappoo Creek—a tidal creek that connected the Ashley and Stono Rivers. They chose to reside at Wappoo, which was 17 miles by land to Charleston (then known as Charles Town) and six miles by river. In 1739, Colonel <mask> had to return to his post in Antigua to deal with the political conflict between England and Spain. He was appointed lieutenant governor of the island.England's involvement in the War of the Austrian Succession thwarted his attempts to move back to South Carolina with his family. <mask>'s letters to him show that she regarded her father with great respect and deep affection, and demonstrated that she acted as head of the family in terms of managing the plantations. Her mother died shortly after they moved. <mask> was 16 years old when she became responsible for managing Wappoo Plantation and its twenty slaves, plus supervising overseers at two other Lucas plantations, one inland producing tar and timber, and a  rice plantation on the Waccamaw River. In addition, she supervised care for her extremely young sister, as their two brothers were still in school in London. As was customary, she recorded her decisions and experiments by copying letters in a letter book. This letter book is one of the most impressive collections of personal writings of an 18th-century American woman.It gives insight into her mind and into the society of the time. Her letter book reveals that she taught slaves girls to read and trained them to be teachers of her other slaves. From Antigua, Colonel <mask> sent <mask> various types of seeds for trial on the

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Eliza
John Lucas
Lucas
Eliza
Eliza
Lucas
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 plantations. They and other planters were eager to find crops for the uplands that could supplement their cultivation of rice. First, she experimented with ginger, cotton, alfalfa and hemp. Starting in 1739, she began experimenting with cultivating and improving strains of the indigo plant, for which the expanding textile market created demand for its dye. When Colonel <mask> sent <mask> indigofera seeds in 1740, she expressed her "greater hopes" for them, as she intended to plant them earlier in the season.In experimenting with growing indigo in new climate and soil, <mask> also made use of knowledge and skills of enslaved Africans who had grown indigo in the West Indies and West Africa. After three years of persistence and many failed attempts, <mask> proved that indigo could be successfully grown and processed in South Carolina. While she had first worked with an indigo processing expert from Montserrat, she was most successful in processing dye with the expertise of an indigo-maker of African descent whom her father hired from the French West Indies. <mask> used her 1744 crop to make seed and shared it with other planters, leading to an expansion in indigo production. She proved that colonial planters could make a profit in an extremely competitive market. Due to her successes, the volume of indigo dye exported increased dramatically from 5,000 pounds in 1745–46, to 130,000 pounds by 1748. Indigo became second only to rice as the South Carolina colony's commodity cash crop, and contributed greatly to the wealth of its planters.Before the Revolutionary War, indigo accounted for more than one-third of the value of exports from the American colonies. Her writings
From the time that she began her life in South Carolina on Wappoo Plantation to the time that she died in Philadelphia in 1793, <mask> carefully copied all her conversations and letters into a "letter-book." She organized her writings into multiple volumes, each

masks: Lucas Eliza Lucas Eliza Eliza Eliza


texts: depicting with great detail a different period during her life. The volumes recount most of her life, with the bulk of her writings referring to the time between 1739 and 1762. The first few volumes range from the years 1739 to 1746. They begin with her description of her family's move to the plantation in South Carolina when she was about 17 years old. Throughout these years, she began to experiment with the indigo seeds along with others that her father had sent to her.Her letters describe the many years of experiments that she did on the crop to make it successful. They also detail her marriage to longtime friend and neighbor Charles Pinckney in 1744. The second set of volumes begins around 1753 and ends around 1757. By this time, <mask> and Charles had begun their new life together and had children. These sets reference the time she and her family moved to London for her husband's job. They lived there for about five years while Charles worked as the commissioner of the South Carolina colony. The third set of volumes covers 1758 through 1762.It corresponds with the family's return to South Carolina and soon after, the death of her husband. She was in charge of overseeing her family's plantations along with her late husband's as well. She lived as a widow for more than thirty years until her death in 1793 while she was searching for a cure for breast cancer. Though she continued to keep copies of her letters after her husband died, very few of them remain today. This letter-book is one of the most complete collections of writing from 18th century America and provides a valuable glimpse into the life of an elite colonial woman living during this time period. Her writings detail goings on at the plantations, her pastimes, social visits, and even her experiments with indigo over several years. Many scholars consider this letter-book extremely precious because it describes everyday life over an extended period of time rather


texts:
 than a singular event in history.<mask> passed her letter-book on to her daughter Harriott, who in turn passed it to her daughter. It was passed down from mother to daughter well into the 20th century, at which point the <mask> family donated it to the South Carolina Historical Society. Marriage and family
<mask> knew independence at a very young age. Her determination to stay independent carried over into her personal life. <mask>, <mask>'s father, presented two potential suitors—both wealthy, connected, South Carolina socialites—to <mask> in the years before she fell in love with and married Charles Pinckney. <mask> rejected both suitors. This was very strange and even unheard of in 18th-century colonial America.<mask> and Charles Pinckney, a planter on a neighboring plantation, became attached after the death of his first wife. <mask> had been very close to the couple before his wife's death. They were married on May 25, 1744. She was 22 years old and took her family responsibilities seriously, vowing:

to make a good wife to my dear Husband in all its several branches; to make all my actions Correspond with that sincere love and Duty I bear him… I am resolved to be a good mother to my children, to pray for them, to set them good examples, to give them good advice, to be careful both of their souls and bodies, to watch over their tender minds. Mr. Pinckney had studied law in England and had become a politically active leader in the colony. He was South Carolina's first native-born attorney, and served as advocate general of the Court of Vice-Admiralty, justice of the peace for Berkeley County, and attorney general. He was elected as a member of the Commons House of Assembly and Speaker of that body intermittently from 1736 to 1740, and he was a member of the Royal Provincial Council.<mask> was unlike many women of her time, as she was "educated, independent, and accomplished." When the Pinckneys lived in Charleston,

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Eliza
Lucas Pinckney
Eliza
George Lucas
Eliza
Eliza
Eliza
Eliza
Eliza
Eliza


texts: <mask> was soon planting oaks and magnolias at their mansion overlooking the bay, and corresponding regularly with major British botanists. <mask> soon gave birth to three sons and a daughter: Charles Cotesworth (1746–1825), <mask>, Harriott Pinckney (1749–1830), and Thomas (1750–1828). <mask> Pinckney, her father's namesake, died soon after birth in June 1747. In 1753, the family moved to London for five years. Shortly after their return in 1758 to South Carolina, Charles Pinckney contracted malaria and died. Widowed, <mask> continued to manage their extensive plantations, in addition to the <mask> holdings.Most of her agricultural experiments took place before this time. The surviving Pinckney sons became influential leaders. Charles was a signatory of the United States Constitution and was the Federalist vice-presidential candidate in 1800. In 1804 and 1808, he was the Federalist candidate for president. Thomas was appointed Minister to Spain, where he negotiated Pinckney's Treaty in 1795, guaranteeing American navigation rights on the Mississippi River to New Orleans. He was the Federalist vice presidential candidate in 1796. Harriott married Daniel Huger Horry, Jr. and lived at Hampton Plantation, now a South Carolina State Historic Site.<mask> Pinckney died of cancer, in Philadelphia in 1793. At the end of the 17th century, Antiguan political opponents of <mask>'s grandfather, <mask>, believed that the <mask> family had powerful influence in London through Henry Grey (1664–1740), later Duke of Kent, a senior member of Queen Anne's government; and <mask>, 3rd Lord <mask> (1649–1705), then governor of the Tower of London. There is documentary evidence that the family used this influence for their own purposes. The West India merchant <mask> (c.1720–1784) and his business partner William Coleman were prominent. But, no researcher has documented a "blood" relationship between any of these men and the Antigua and South

masks:
Eliza
Eliza
George Lucas
George Lucas
Eliza
Lucas
Eliza Lucas
Eliza
John Lucas
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Robert Lucas
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Thomas Lucas


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 Carolina family. Honors and legacy
1989 - For her contributions to South Carolina's agriculture, <mask> Pinckney was the first woman to be inducted into the South Carolina Business Hall of Fame. 1793 - President George Washington served as a pallbearer at her funeral at St. Peter's Church, in Philadelphia where she had traveled for treatment.1753 - At an audience with Augusta, the Dowager Princess of Wales, in London, <mask> presented the princess with a dress made of silk produced on the Pinckney plantations. Further reading
South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 99:3 (July 1998). Special issue on <mask> Pinckney, featuring three academic articles and three previously unpublished letters. "<mask> Pinckney", in G. J. Barker Benfield and Catherine Clinton, eds., Portraits of American Women: From Settlement to the Present, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Glover, Lorri. <mask> Pinckney: An Independent Woman in the Age of Revolution, New Haven, Conn. Yale University Press, 2020.Ravenel, Harriott Horry. <mask>, New York: Scribner's, 1896. Nicolson, Adam. The Gentry, chapter 'Courage', London, 2011. Williams III, Roy, and <mask> Lofton. Rice to Ruin: Saga of the <mask> Family, 1783-1929 (U of South Carolina Press, 2018) online review
Boyd, Natasha, The Indigo Girl. Blackstone Publishing, 2017.References

1722 births
1793 deaths
American agronomists
American agricultural writers
American planters
Indigo structure dyes
South Carolina colonial people
People of pre-statehood South Carolina
Pinckney family
British emigrants to the United States
Businesspeople from South Carolina
18th-century American businesspeople
18th-century American scientists
18th-century American women scientists
18th-century American writers
18th-century American women writers
Burials at St. Peter's churchyard, Philadelphia
American slave owners
American women non-fiction writers
18th-century American businesswomen
18th-century American

masks:
Eliza Lucas
Eliza
Eliza Lucas
Eliza Lucas
Eliza Lucas
Eliza Pinckney
Alexander Lucas
Lucas


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<mask> (September 28, 1961 – March 9, 2019) was an American professional baseball outfielder for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB). Born in Lansdale, Pennsylvania, on September 28, 1961, <mask> was the youngest of four children to parents Robert and Paula. <mask> was raised in Chalfont and attended Central Bucks High School West in Doylestown, where he was an American football quarterback and baseball pitcher. He played football and baseball at the University of Arizona from 1979 to 1983. <mask>'s first year of college football was played under coach Tony Mason. In his sophomore season, <mask> started three games at quarterback for coach Larry Smith before Smith moved <mask> to receiver. <mask> played collegiate baseball under coach Jerry Kindall between 1981 and 1983.In 1982, <mask> hit for a .403 batting average, 46 runs batted in, and fourteen stolen bases. All three were team-leading totals, and <mask> was named to the All-Pac-10 South team. After the 1982 season, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League. <mask> was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies in the sixth round of the 1983 Major League Baseball draft. He spent time the Oakland Athletics organization before making his major league debut with the San Diego Padres in 1991. Over two seasons with the team, <mask> played in a total of 125 games, and hit for a .217 average, with five career home runs alongside twenty runs batted in. High School career
<mask> excelled as a starting quarterback for CB West.Running an option play, <mask> ran for 98 yards against Coatsville during a game in the 1977 season. While in high school <mask> played baseball and football, and one year of baseball as a sophomore. <mask> finished his high school career with a 21-1 record as quarterback, going 11-0 during his senior year and was a third team all-state selection at quarterback. Future NFL star Dan Marino was the first team selection. His stand out career led to his recruitment at Arizona where he was a two-sport star for

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Kevin Michael Ward
Kevin Ward
Ward
Ward
Ward
Ward
Ward
Ward
Ward
Ward
Ward
Kevin ward
Ward
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 the Wildcats. Pro career
<mask> made his professional debut with the Bend Phillies of the Northwest League in 1981. <mask> led the team with a .307 batting average, as well as lead the team in hit by pitch with four.The following season was spent in a higher class of A ball, as ward played for the Peninsula Pilots of the Carolina League. While <mask>'s batting average dipped against a higher level of competition, he did find his power, belting 13 home runs, second on the team to Randy Day. The following season, <mask> again moved up the chain, playing double A ball for the Reading Phillies. Appearing in 43 games that season, ward belted 21 home runs and hit over three hundred again, finishing the season with a .303 batting average. He played the following season at Reading as well. His manager that season at Reading was George Culver,a journeyman ex major league pitcher who the previous season had been <mask>'s teammate. Playing time increased as war played in 119 games that season, but his home run and batting averages dipped.However, the Phillies thought highly enough of <mask> that they promoted him to the Maine Guides, their Triple A club in 1988. <mask> was part of an outfield that also included two other Phillies prospects, Ron Jones and Jim Orlander. While <mask> was steady in the field, he hit 11 home runs and batted .230. At the end of the 1988 season, <mask> became a free agent and signed a contract with the Oakland A's, for whom he played two minor league seasons in their farm system, starting at double A- hunstville and finally Triple A Tacoma. He was granted free agency at the end of the 1990 and signed with the San Diego Padres before spring training in 1991. After a long struggle in the minor leagues, <mask> finally made his major league debut on May 10, 1991. <mask> batted sixth in the line up, right after power hitting Fred McGriff, who batted fifth.In the bottom of the second, facing Expos pitcher Brian Barnes, ward got a hit in his first at bat, a double that drove in McGriff. <mask> faced Barry Jones in the

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 seventh when Jones was called for a balk. The bases were loaded, so the balk forced Bip Roberts home and advanced the runners. However, Montreal held on for the 6-4 win. On August 26, 1991, the San Diego Padres were playing the Pittsburgh Pirates. San Diego led off the second inning, and <mask> was facing Pirates pitcher Randy Tomlin. Facing a 3-2 count, <mask> hit a deep fly to center field that turned into <mask>'s first home run in the major leagues.<mask>'s homer made it 2-1 Padres, and they went on to win 7-5. <mask> would hit his second homer of the season the very next game, off Pirates pitcher Zane Smith in the seventh inning. The Pirates ended up winning the game 5-2. The home runs against the Pirates were <mask>'s only long balls of the season. Another highlight of the 1991 season was a series the Padres played in Philadelphia. Not only was it special because it was Philadelphia that he'd been drafted by to start his pro career, but it was also the first time that his parents got to see him play professional baseball. <mask> turned 30 in 1992, and spent the season as a reserve outfielder for San Diego.1992 was <mask>'s second and final season in the majors. In 1993, he signed with the expansion Colorado Rockies and played for their Triple A team, the Colorado City Sky Sox. <mask> retired from baseball after that season. Death
<mask> was diagnosed with brain cancer in December 2018, and died of the disease on March 9, 2019, aged 57. He was married to Christy, with whom he had two children. References

External links

Baseball Almanac page

1961 births
2019 deaths
Arizona Wildcats baseball players
Harwich Mariners players
Bend Phillies players
Peninsula Pilots players
Reading Phillies players
Maine Guides players
Maine Phillies players
Huntsville Stars players
Tacoma Tigers players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
San Diego Padres players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
People from Lansdale, Pennsylvania
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from brain tumor
Arizona Wildcats football

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<mask> (November 24, 1935 – July 30, 2018) was an American politician who served as Mayor of Oakland from 2007 to 2011. He had previously served thirteen terms as a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 9th congressional district, in office from 1971 to 1998, after which he worked as a lobbyist in Washington, D.C.

<mask> was born into a family of labor organizers, and enlisted in the United States Marine Corps before serving on the Berkeley, California, City Council. He was the first African American elected to Congress from Northern California and the first successful openly socialist non-incumbent Congressional candidate after World War II. His politics earned him a place on President Nixon's enemies list. During his career in Congress, he fought the MX Missile project and opposed expansion of the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber program. When President <mask> vetoed <mask>'s Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, a Democratic-controlled House and a Republican-controlled Senate overrode Reagan's veto, the first override of a presidential foreign-policy veto in the 20th century. Early years and family life

<mask> was born in Oakland, California, to Verney and Willa (Terry<mask>.His father was a longshoreman. His uncle, C. L<mask>, was one of the organizers and leaders of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He had a younger sister Theresa. His mother Willa died on August 17, 2008, at the age of 89. <mask> attended Oakland Technical High School and McClymonds High School. He served in the United States Marine Corps from 1954 to 1956. <mask> later received his A.A. degree from the Oakland City College, now Merritt College, in 1958, his B.A.from San Francisco State University in 1960, and his M.S.W.

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 from the University of California, Berkeley in 1962. He became a psychiatric social worker and political activist in the African-American community beginning in the 1960s. He also taught at San Francisco State University and the University of California, Berkeley. <mask> was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He was also a member of the fraternity's World Policy Council, a think tank whose purpose is to expand the fraternity's involvement in politics, and social and current policy to encompass international concerns. <mask> was married three times.He married his second wife, attorney Leola "Roscoe" Higgs, in 1961. The two divorced in 1998. He married his third wife, Cynthia Lewis, in 2000. One son, Michael, was convicted of a drug-related homicide in 1979, and remains in prison, being repeatedly denied parole due to bad behavior. Dellums had four other children: professional actor Erik, author Piper, Brandon and Pam; five grandchildren: Danielle Henderson, Jacob Holmes, Sydney Ross, Dylan Ross, and <mask>; and two great-grandchildren: Jared Henderson and Charli Henderson. Berkeley City Council
<mask> was elected to the Berkeley City Council, after prompting from Maudelle Shirek,
and served from 1967 to 1970. U.S. Congress
<mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1970 after being recruited by anti-Vietnam War activists to run against the incumbent, Jeffery Cohelan, a white liberal close to organized labor who had not opposed the war early enough to win reelection in the district.<mask> defeated Cohelan in the Democratic primary and won the general election, serving without interruption for 27 years. In 1972, <mask> was reelected to Congress, 60 to 38 percent over his Republican opponent, Peter

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 D. Hannaford, an advisor to then Governor <mask>. His politics earned him a place on the so-called Nixon's Enemies List, where his notation stated <mask> "had extensive EMK-Tunney support in his election bid." Foreign policy
During his tenure in Congress, <mask> opposed every major American military intervention, except for emergency relief in Somalia in 1992. <mask> also supported the restriction of foreign aid to repressive African governments in Zaire (present-day DRC), Burundi, Liberia and Sudan. Anti-apartheid campaign

In 1972, <mask> began his campaign to end the apartheid policies of South Africa. Fourteen years later, the U.S. House of Representatives passed <mask>'s anti-apartheid legislation, calling for a trade restriction against South Africa and immediate divestment by American corporations.The bill, the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, had broad bipartisan support. It called for sanctions against South Africa and stated preconditions for lifting the sanctions, including the release of all political prisoners. President Reagan called for a policy of "constructive engagement" and vetoed the bill; however, his veto was overridden. It was the first override in the 20th century of a presidential foreign policy veto. <mask>'s fight against apartheid in South Africa was the subject of a Disney Channel made-for-TV film, The Color of Friendship, released in 2000. The role of Congressman <mask> was played in the film by actor Carl Lumbly. Cold War conflicts in southern Africa
As part of the Cold War struggle for influence in southern Africa, the United States joined with the apartheid government of South Africa in support of UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi, against the ultimately victorious Angolan forces of the

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 MPLA supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba.<mask> was criticized for his support of Fidel Castro's involvement with the MPLA in Angola and was called "the prototype of the Castroite congressman" by the conservative press. He also introduced legislation (which was unsuccessful) in September 1987 to prohibit economic and military assistance to Zaire, citing poor human rights, corruption, and collaboration with South Africa. <mask> v. Bush (1990)
In 1990, <mask> and 44 of his congressional colleagues sued then-president President George H. W. Bush in D.C. Federal District Court in 1990, in the case <mask> v. Bush, 752 F. Supp. 1141 (1990) attempting to halt a preemptive military buildup in the Middle East in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The plaintiff members of Congress asserted that military action without a declaration of war would be unlawful under U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl.11 of the United States Constitution. <mask> v. Bush is notable in that it is one of only a few cases in which the Federal Courts have considered whether the War Powers Clause of the U.S. Constitution is justiciable in the courts. The Court in <mask> v. Bush indicated that, in that instance, it was, but because Congress had not yet acted as a majority, the lawsuit was premature. Military budgets and arms control
Throughout his career <mask> led campaigns against an array of military projects, arguing that the funds would be better spent on peaceful purposes, especially in American cities. Programs he opposed included the Pershing II and MX missiles, and the B-2 bomber (popularly known as the "stealth bomber"). Because of his commitment to the closing of unneeded military bases, <mask> did not oppose the closing of the former Naval Air Station

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 Alameda in his own district. The B-2 Stealth Bomber is a long-range strategic bomber, that features stealth technology that makes it far less visible to radar.The B-2 was a major technological advance; however, it was designed during the Cold War for military scenarios that some argued were less relevant following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Its total program cost was estimated in 1997 at over US$2.2 billion per airplane. Although <mask> opposed the B-2 project from the start, Congress approved initial funding for production of 135 bombers in 1987. However, with the winding down of the Cold War, total B-2 production was reduced to 21 aircraft in the early 1990s. But in 1997, seven former Secretaries of Defense signed a letter urging Congress to buy more B-2s, citing the difficulty of assembling a similar engineering team in the future should the B-2 project be terminated. <mask>, citing five independent studies consistent with his position, offered an amendment to that year's defense authorization bill to cap production of the bombers with the existing 21 aircraft. The amendment was narrowly defeated; nonetheless, Congress never approved funding for additional B-2 bombers.Vietnam war crimes hearings
In January 1971, just weeks into his first term, <mask> set up an exhibit of Vietnam war crimes in an annex to his Congressional office, coordinated with the  Citizens Commission of Inquiry (CCI). The exhibit featured four large posters depicting atrocities committed by American soldiers, embellished with red paint. The My Lai massacre was followed shortly thereafter by a series of hearings on war crimes in Vietnam, which began April 25, 1971. <mask> had called for formal investigations into the allegations, but Congress

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 chose not to endorse the proceedings. As such, the hearings were ad hoc and only informational in nature. As a condition of room use, press and camera presence were not permitted; however, the proceedings were transcribed. A small number of other anti-Vietnam War congressional representatives also took part in the hearings.Integration of gays and lesbians in the military
In 1993, <mask> was Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee. Though he argued in favor of integration, <mask> was the sole sponsor of H.R. 2401, introduced on June 14, 1993, adding language to the Defense Authorization Act of 1994 to ensure continued support for unit cohesion in the military. Although the bill contained that language, <mask> pointed out that he personally found the language unacceptable, stating in the Congressional Record on August 4, 1993: "The bill also contains at least one policy that, while unacceptable to this Member in substantive terms, is not as retrograde as it might have been: It supports the President and the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the issue of allowing gay and lesbian service members to serve their country." Remaining in the bill was Title V Section G "[e]xpresses as congressional policy the prohibition against homosexual conduct or activity in the armed forces. Requires separation from the armed forces for such conduct or activity. Directs the Secretary to ensure that the standards for military appointments and enlistments reflect such policy."<mask>'s "yes" vote on the bill with the unit cohesion support language was the first time in his 22-year congressional tenure that he voted in favor of any defense spending bill, previously opposing them on economic principles. However, <mask> gave several economic reasons in

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 the Congressional Record for his "yes" vote, on H.R. 2401, including that "It cuts ballistic missile defense to $3 billion—less than one-half the level planned by the Bush administration ..." and: "it devotes a record $11.2 billion to environmental cleanup and improvement, and does so in a way that will stimulate the development of new technologies and new markets for American firms". U.S. House Committee positions
<mask> served as chairman of the House Committee on the District of Columbia and the House Armed Services Committee. <mask> also served on the Foreign Affairs Committee, the Post Office and Civil Service Committee, the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and the Select Committee to Investigate the Intelligence Community. <mask> co-founded the Congressional Black Caucus in 1971. <mask>'s last Congressional election

<mask> was reelected 11 times from this Oakland-based district, which changed numbers twice during his tenure–from the 7th (1971–75) to the 8th (1975–93) to the 9th (1993–98).He only dropped below 57 percent of the vote twice, in 1980 and 1982. In his last House election race, in 1996, <mask> bested his opponent, Republican Deborah Wright, by a 77%–18% margin. In 1997, <mask> announced that he was retiring from Congress in the middle of his term, forcing a special election for the balance of his term — which created a series of five special elections in 12 months as various East Bay politicians ran for different political offices. For more detailed information, see Special election musical chairs. <mask>'s successor, Barbara Lee, won the 2000 election by an even larger, 85%–9% margin. Congressional tribute
Upon his resignation, several members of Congress, including Nancy Pelosi, Jane Harman,


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 William Coyne, Nick Rahall, Ike Skelton, Juanita Millender-McDonald, and Tom DeLay gave speeches on the floor of the House in honor of <mask>. Millender-McDonald described <mask> as a "distinguished, principled [and] educated man."Her tribute went on:

Congressman <mask> is revered on both sides of this aisle because of his integrity and his commitment to progressive ideas. He was always on the cutting edge of the issues. California will miss him in the ninth district, but the State has been enriched by <mask>. While he towers above most of us physically, this attribute is matched by his intellect, faith in the process and optimism for peaceful resolution of conflict. Congressman Danny Davis of Illinois described Dellums:
A creative, piercing, probing, incisive, thought-provoking, inspiring, charismatic, careful, considerate and deliberative mind. The mind to stand up when others sit down. The mind to act when others refuse to act.The mind to stand even when you stand alone, battered, bruised and scorned, but still standing. Standing on principle, standing tall and standing for the people. House Majority Leader Tom DeLay described <mask> as "...one of the most giving, open and stalwart, a real stalwart man when he was Chairman"
We are losing one of its finest Members, a Member that I have great respect for, because he always did his homework, was so articulate and eloquent on this floor. He always got my attention when he stood up and took the microphone. He would stop every Member in their tracks to hear what he had to say, and there are very few Members that have served in this body that can claim the respect that both sides of the aisle had for the gentleman from California. And the incredible reputation that the gentleman

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 from California has brought to this House; he has elevated this House. He has elevated the distinction of this House by serving here, and this House will greatly miss him when he leaves.Voting record

<mask>'s voting records in Congress were "almost without exception straight As" from groups such as the Sierra Club, the National Organization for Women and the AFL-CIO. He received 100% on consumer group Public Citizen's scorecard. In contrast, he received an "F" from NumbersUSA, a group dedicated to limiting immigration. Dismissal of drug use allegations
An eight-month investigation cleared <mask> of allegations that he had used cocaine and marijuana, finding there was no basis for the allegations. The investigation of <mask> and two other congressmen, Texas Democrat Charlie Wilson and California Republican Barry Goldwater Jr., began in 1983, based on a complaint from a House doorkeeper, who pleaded guilty to drug charges on Capitol Hill himself in March 1983. Presidential nominations
In 1976, <mask> was nominated for president by the National Black Political Assembly but refused, stating "It is not my moment; it's not my time." That year, he received 20 delegate votes at the Democratic National Convention for the Vice-Presidency.Four years later, he was again nominated as the presidential candidate, this time for the Independent Freedom Party, but refused the nomination because the IFP had not yet created an effective political structure. In that year's Democratic National Convention, <mask> received three delegate votes for the Presidential nomination. Lobbyist
<mask> worked as a legislative lobbyist, which drew criticism described in the East Bay Express, a local newspaper. Shortly after leaving office, <mask> began

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texts: consulting for an international health-care company, Healthcare Management International which invests in health insurance programs in developing countries. <mask> worked in Washington, D.C., as a lobbyist for clients such as the East Bay Peralta Community College District and AC Transit, the public transit district charged with offering mass transit throughout the East Bay. <mask>'s firm lobbied for Rolls Royce, a company that manufactures aircraft engines. He also worked on behalf of the San Francisco International Airport during its attempts to build additional runway capacity, which has been vigorously opposed by environmental groups.His company was engaged in community relations work for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory which conducts scientific research on behalf of the Department of Energy, and has long had a contentious relationship with its residential neighbors and the Berkeley city council. In addition he lobbied for Bristol-Myers Squibb, a multinational pharmaceutical corporation. In 2017, Bill Browder testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that representatives of Vladimir Putin had hired "Howard Schweitzer of Cozen O'Connor Public Strategies and former Congressman <mask> to lobby members of Congress on Capitol Hill to repeal the Magnitsky Act and to remove Sergei's name from the Global Magnitsky bill." The bill is named for the Russian lawyer who was murdered in prison for pursuing the corruption of Putin's allies. Browder also worked with the Human Rights Accountability Global Initiative to oppose sanctions on Russia. Dellums lobbied for the Haitian government in 2001–2002 and worked to support Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the first democratically elected, former President of Haiti who was deposed

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 in a 2004 coup. When running for mayor of Oakland, Dellums listed his most recent profession as "retired Congressman" in election filing forms.When assistant City Clerk Marjo Keller informed the Dellums campaign that this description was unacceptable, the campaign elected to leave the occupation field blank. A former East Bay Express columnist once wrote a column titled "Dellums for Dollars" criticizing Dellums's lobbying. Speaking in defense of Dellums, Alameda County Supervisor Keith Carson said that, if asked, Dellums would likely say "just because I'm advocating for a company that may be paying me consulting fees, I'm not selling out my beliefs." Mayor of Oakland

2006 Oakland mayoral election

After Oakland Council President Ignacio De La Fuente and District 3 City Council member Nancy Nadel declared their mayoral candidacies, <mask> was recruited to run for Mayor of Oakland. An informal committee, "Draft Dellums", collected 8,000 signatures and presented them to the former Congressman at a public meeting at Laney College. Crowds of Oaklanders chanted "Run, <mask>, Run". In October 2005, reportedly after weeks of deliberation and speculation, <mask> announced that he would run for mayor of Oakland.The incumbent mayor, former California Governor Jerry Brown, was prohibited by term limits from running again. On June 16, 2006, after a careful ballot count, and a dispute over whether votes for unqualified write-in candidates such as George W. Bush and Homer Simpson counted towards the total, <mask> was unofficially declared the winner in the Oakland mayoral race. <mask> garnered a 50.18 percent majority to win the election. This was 155 votes more than needed to avoid a runoff. <mask> received 41,992 votes, while his nearest

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 challengers received 27,607 votes, and 10,928 votes respectively. Transition and citizen task forces
Mayor-Elect <mask>'s transition to office involved 800 Oaklanders who joined 41 task forces to make recommendations on issues ranging from public safety to education and affordable housing. Many of these recommendations helped to shape the policy agenda of the <mask> administration.The task forces recommended a land use policy which would emphasize zoning for job-creating business. This policy was adopted in 2007, and the city is being zoned. The task forces recommended a stronger policy on the hiring of local residents, and the City Council appointed a group to pursue this change. The task forces recommended a focus on the green economy, and the Mayor, along with a variety of community organizations created the Green Jobs Corps, an office of sustainability and the East Bay Green Corridor. Mayor <mask> reported that approximately two-thirds of the recommendations had been implemented as of the end of 2009. The Task Forces and the Inauguration itself, which included hundreds of the city's least affluent residents, were considered examples of grassroots democracy. Public safety initiatives
Crime rates were high when <mask> took office in January 2007 and at his first State of the City Address in January 2008, Dellums called for hiring more police officers.<mask> promised that by year's end, the police department would be fully staffed at 803 officers. On November 14, 2008, 38 Oakland police officers were added to the force after graduating the 165th academy, bringing the department's force to 837 officers, the most in OPD history. In addition, to follow through on his calls for hiring more officers, <mask> offered Measure NN on

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 the November 2008 ballot, a voter initiative parcel tax to hire 70 additional police officers at a hiring and training cost of $250,000 each. Though 55 percent of Oakland voters supported Measure NN, this failed to meet California's "two thirds" constitutional requirement for the enactment of a new tax. <mask>'s administration negotiated the passage of a new police contract which was especially noteworthy, as it broke the Oakland Police Officers Association's opposition to the civilianization of certain OPD positions which were previously staffed by "sworn," uniformed police officers, with concomitant payrolls and police academy training costs. OPD then hired "non-sworn" personnel to work some of its desk jobs and administrative jobs, freeing up academy uniformed officers for street patrol and investigative work. On Saturday, March 21, 2009, during the 2009 Oakland police shootings incident, the Oakland Police Department lost three sergeants and one officer.One of the officers left instructions in his emergency packet that if he were killed in the line of duty that <mask> not be permitted to speak at his funeral. Two of the officers' families requested the same, and when <mask> attended the March 28 public memorial service at the Oracle Arena he honored the requests. In his State of the City address in 2008 <mask> promised to reduce the crime rate by 10% during 2009;  the crime rate actually went down by 13%. In 2009 Dellums hired the highly regarded Anthony Batts, formerly the Long Beach police chief. Batts had a record of reducing both crime and police shootings in that Southern California city. Education initiatives
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 students would require increasing the number of teachers who came from the local community, <mask> initiated a program  to create more teachers who were diverse local residents. He held teacher recruitment summits in City Hall, helped the Teach Tomorrow in Oakland program to obtain $2.7 million in federal funding, and spoke to the U.S. Conference of Mayors about the national potential of such programs.The Community Task Forces remained active in these efforts. In 2009 <mask> launched an anti-drop-out initiative which included sponsoring back to school rallies at City Hall and participating with the school district in truancy reduction efforts. He accepted an invitation from the national organization, America's Promise,  to join their efforts at drop-out prevention. As part of this effort, he started Oakland's Promise,  recruited several dozen community-based organizations to participate, held a Summit with 350 participants, and adopted an Action Plan to cut Oakland's drop-out rate in half. Promoting Oakland
As Mayor, <mask> proposed the idea of Oakland as a "Model City". He argued that Oakland is "big enough to be significant and small enough to get your arms around", and that the federal government needs a city like Oakland on which to try out new urban policy inventions. From 2008, <mask> campaigned to bring millions in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act federal stimulus funding to Oakland, using both his extensive Washington D.C. contacts and the idea of the Model City.By the end of 2009, his efforts had yielded US$65 million in stimulus funding for Oakland, including the largest police grant of any city in the country, and the second largest amount in competitive funding after Chicago. Criticism and recall


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 efforts
After his election as mayor of Oakland, <mask> came under criticism for a wide range of issues, including a lack of transparency in government, ineffectual governance, and alleged extended absence from his duties at City Hall. He was criticized for refusing to disavow a staff-generated letter sent in his name in July 2007 to a Federal Bankruptcy Court in support of the Your Black Muslim Bakery, whose owners were suspects in the 2007 murder of reporter Chauncey Bailey. In 2009, <mask> and his wife were cited with failure to pay over $239,000 in federal income taxes. In 2007, Oakland reporter Elise Ackerman launched an unsuccessful campaign to recall <mask> and released an open letter addressed to Dellums. When addressing a town hall-style meeting in 2007, <mask> declared: "I'm giving it everything that I have. If that's not enough, that's cool.Recall me and let me get on with my private life." <mask> later announced he would not seek a second term as mayor of Oakland in the 2010 election. He was succeeded by Jean Quan. Death
<mask> died of complications from prostate cancer on July 30, 2018, at age 82. <mask> was interred with military honors in section 82, at Arlington National Cemetery. Partisan affiliations

Although he ran as a Democrat and caucused as a Democrat in Congress, <mask> described himself as a socialist. He was the first self-described socialist in Congress since Victor L. Berger.In the 1970s, <mask> was a member of the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC), an offshoot of the Socialist Party of America. He later became vice-chair of the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), which was formed by a merger between the DSOC and the New American Movement, and which works within and outside the

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