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 time he was a cavalier without fear and beyond reproach. Criticism and controversy

The controversy over blame for the disaster at Little Bighorn continues to this day. Major Marcus Reno's failure to press his attack on the south end of the Lakota/Cheyenne village and his flight to the timber along the river after a single casualty have been cited as a factor in the destruction of <mask>'s battalion, as has Captain Frederick Benteen's allegedly tardy arrival on the field, and the failure of the two officers' combined forces to move toward the relief of Custer.Some of <mask>'s critics have asserted tactical errors. While camped at Powder River, <mask> refused the support offered by General Terry on June 21 of an additional four companies of the Second Cavalry. <mask> stated that he "could whip any Indian village on the Plains" with his own regiment, and that extra troops would simply be a burden. At the same time, he left behind at the steamer Far West, on the Yellowstone, a battery of Gatling guns, knowing he was facing superior numbers. Before leaving the camp all the troops, including the officers, also boxed their sabers and sent them back with the wagons. On the day of the battle, <mask> divided his 600-man command, despite being faced with vastly superior numbers of Sioux and Cheyenne. The refusal of an extra battalion reduced the size of his force by at least a sixth, and rejecting the firepower offered by the Gatling guns played into the events of June 25 to the disadvantage of his regiment.<mask>'s defenders, however, including historian Charles K. Hofling, have asserted that Gatling guns would have been


type: original

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 slow and cumbersome as the troops crossed the rough country between the Yellowstone and the Little Bighorn. <mask> rated speed in gaining the battlefield as essential and more important. Supporters of <mask> claim that splitting the forces was a standard tactic, so as to demoralize the enemy with the appearance of the cavalry in different places all at once, especially when a contingent threatened the line of retreat. Attacks on Indigenous Peoples

Sharply criticizing the self-styled “Indian fighter,” Indigenous people's movements have emphasized <mask>'s role in the U.S. government's land theft, treaty violations and atrocities against Native Americans. Standing Rock Sioux theologian and author Vine Deloria, Jr. told the Los Angeles Times in 1996 that he considered <mask> “the Adolf Eichmann of the Plains.” In his 1969 book <mask> Died for Your Sins, Deloria condemned <mask>'s violations of the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty that established the Black Hills region as unceded territory of the Sioux and Arapaho peoples. <mask>'s violations of the Fort Laramie Treaty included a 1874 gold expedition and the 1876 Battle of Greasy Grass (Battle of the Little Bighorn). Critics have also highlighted <mask>'s 1868 Washita River surprise attack that killed Cheyenne non-combatants including mothers, children, and elders.<mask> was following Generals William Sherman and Philip Sheridan's orders for “total war” on the Indigenous nations. Describing total war methods, Sherman wrote, “We must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux, even to their extermination, men, women, and children...during an assault, the soldiers

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 can not pause to distinguish between male and female, or even discriminate as to age." There is “credible evidence” that following the attack, <mask> and his men took “sexual liberties” with female captives, in the euphemism of one historian. Another historian writes, “There was a saying among the soldiers of the western frontier, a saying <mask> and his officers could heartily endorse: ‘Indian women rape easy.’”

Indigenous criticism of <mask>’s posthumous legacy may have begun immediately after <mask> died. Good Fox (Lakota) recounted:
"I was told that after the battle two Cheyenne women came across <mask>’s body. They knew him, because he had attacked their peaceful village on the Washita. These women said, ‘You smoked the peace pipe with us.Our chiefs told you that you would be killed if you ever made war on us again. But you would not listen. This will make you hear better.’ The women each took an awl from their beaded cases and stuck them deep into <mask>’s ears.”

In 1976, the American Indian Movement (AIM) celebrated the centennial anniversary of Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho victory in the Battle of Greasy Grass, performing a victory dance around the marker of <mask>’s death. AIM continued protesting there demanding the official renaming of the “Custer Battlefield,” finally winning this demand in 1991. In May 2021, the United Tribes of Michigan unanimously passed a resolution calling for the removal of a Custer statue in Monroe, Michigan. The resolution stated in part:
"(It) is widely perceived as offensive and a painful public reminder of the legacy of Indigenous people's genocide and present realities

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 of systemic racism in our country... <mask> is notoriously known as the 'Indian Killer' [...] <mask> does not deserve any glory, nor the right to further torment minoritized citizens 145 years postmortem." Monuments and memorials

 Counties are named in <mask> Mine, which was named for Custer), Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota.Townships in Illinois, Michigan, and Minnesota were named for <mask>. Other municipalities named after Custer include the villages of Custer, Michigan, and Custar, Ohio; the city of Custer, South Dakota; and the unincorporated town of Custer, Wisconsin. Custer National Cemetery is within Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, the site of Custer's death. The <mask> Custer Equestrian Monument of Custer, by Edward Clark Potter, was erected in Monroe, Michigan, Custer's boyhood home, in 1910. Fort Custer National Military Reservation, near Augusta, Michigan, was built in 1917 on 130 parcels of land, as part of the military mobilization for World War I. During the war, some 90,000 troops passed through Camp Custer. The establishment of Fort Custer National Cemetery (originally Fort Custer Post Cemetery) took place on September 18, 1943, with the first interment.On Memorial Day 1982, more than 33 years after the first resolution had been introduced in Congress, impressive ceremonies marked the official opening of the cemetery. Custer Hill is the main troop billeting area at Fort Riley, Kansas. Custer's 1866 residence on the post has been preserved and is currently maintained as the Custer House Museum and meeting space (also sometimes referred to as Custer Home). The 85th

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 Infantry Division was nicknamed The Custer Division. The Black Hills of South Dakota is full of evidence of Custer, with a county, town, and Custer State Park all located in the area. A prominent mountain peak in the Black Hills bears his name. The <mask> house at Fort Abraham Lincoln, near present-day Mandan, North Dakota, has been reconstructed as it was in Custer's day, along with the soldiers' barracks, block houses, etc.Annual re-enactments are held of <mask>'s 7th Cavalry's leaving for the Little Bighorn. On July 2, 2008, a marble monument to Brigadier General <mask> was dedicated at the site of the 1863 Civil War Battle of Hunterstown, in Adams County, Pennsylvania. <mask> Monument at the United States Military Academy was first unveiled in 1879. It now stands next to his grave in the West Point Cemetery. <mask> Memorial Monument at his birthplace was erected by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical society in 1931. It is located near the remains of the foundation of his birthplace homestead in New Rumley, Ohio. <mask> Monument is managed locally by the Custer Memorial Association.Miscellany

In addition to "Autie", <mask> acquired a number of nicknames. During the Civil War, after his promotion to become the youngest brigadier general in the Army at age 23, the press frequently called him "The Boy General". During his years on the Great Plains in the American Indian Wars, his troopers often referred to him with grudging admiration as "Iron Butt" and "Hard Ass" for his physical stamina in the saddle and his strict discipline, as well as with the more derisive "Ringlets" for his long, curling blond


texts:
 hair, which he frequently perfumed with cinnamon-scented hair oil. <mask> was quite fastidious in his grooming. Early in their marriage, Libbie wrote, "He brushes his teeth after every meal. I always laugh at him for it, also for washing his hands so frequently." He was 5'11" tall and wore a size 38 jacket and size 9C boots.At various times he weighed between 143 pounds (at the end of the 1869 Kansas campaign) and a muscular 170 pounds. A splendid horseman, "<mask> mounted was an inspiration." He was quite fit, able to jump to a standing position from lying flat on his back. He was a "power sleeper", able to get by on very short naps after falling asleep immediately on lying down. He "had a habit of throwing himself prone on the grass for a few minutes' rest and resembled a human island, entirely surrounded by crowding, panting dogs." Throughout his travels, he gathered geological specimens, sending them to the University of Michigan. On September 10, 1873, he wrote Libbie, "the Indian battles hindered the collecting, while in that immediate region it was unsafe to go far from the command...."

He was well-liked by his native scouts, whose company he enjoyed.He often ate with them. A May 21, 1876, diary entry by Kellogg records, "General <mask> visits scouts; much at home amongst them." Before leaving the steamer Far West for the final leg of the journey, <mask> wrote all night. His orderly John Burkman stood guard in front of his tent and on the morning of June 22, 1876, found <mask> "hunched over on the cot, just his coat and his boots off, and the pen still in his hand." During his service in Kentucky, <mask>

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 bought several thoroughbred horses. He took two on his last campaign, Vic (for Victory) and Dandy. During the march he changed horses every three hours.He rode Vic into his last battle. <mask> took his two staghounds Tuck and Bleuch with him during the last expedition. He left them with  orderly Burkman when he rode forward into battle. Burkman joined the packtrain. He regretted not accompanying <mask> but lived until 1925, when he took his own life. The common media image of <mask>'s appearance at the Last Stand—buckskin coat and long, curly blonde hair—is wrong. Although he and several other officers wore buckskin coats on the expedition, they took them off and packed them away because it was so hot.According to Soldier, an Arikara scout, "<mask> took off his buckskin coat and tied it behind his saddle." Further, <mask>—whose hair was thinning—joined a similarly balding Lieutenant Varnum and "had the clippers run over their heads" before leaving Fort Lincoln. Dates of rank

See also

 Cultural depictions of <mask> <mask>
 <mask>'s Revenge
 Fort Abraham Lincoln
 German-Americans in the Civil War
 Half Yellow Face
 White Swan
 List of American Civil War generals (Union)
 List of German Americans

References

Bibliography

 Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996 [1975]). Crazy Horse and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors. New York: Anchor Books. .
 Barnett, Louise (1996) Touched by Fire: The Life, Death, and Mythic Afterlife of <mask> <mask>  New York, Henry Holt and Company, Inc.
 Boulard, Garry (2006) The Swing Around the Circle: Andrew Johnson and the Train Ride that Destroyed a Presidency
 Caudill,

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 Edward and Paul Ashdown (2015). Inventing Custer: The Making of An American Legend. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Goodrich, Thomas. Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains, 1865–1879. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997. Longacre, Edward G. (2000). Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac. Stackpole Books. .
 Longstreet, James, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America, J.B. Lippincott, 1908. Mails, Thomas E. (1972).Mystic Warriors of the Plains. Doubleday. Marshall, Joseph M. III. (2007). The Day the World Ended at Little Bighorn: A Lakota History. New York: Viking Press. Merington, Marguerite, Ed.The <mask> Story: The Life and Intimate Letters of General <mask> and his Wife Elizabeth. (1950)
 Michno, Gregory F. (1997). Lakota Noon: The Indian Narrative of <mask>'s Defeat. Mountain Press Publishing Company. .

 Perrett, Bryan. Last Stand: Famous Battles Against the Odds. London: Arms & Armour, 1993. Punke, Michael, "Last Stand: <mask> Grinnell, the Battle to Save the Buffalo, and the Birth of the New West", Smithsonian Books, 2007,
 Robbins, James S. The Real <mask>: From Boy General to Tragic Hero.Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2014,
 Tagg, Larry. (1988). The Generals of Gettysburg. Savas Publishing. .
 Urwin, Gregory J. W., Custer Victorious, University of Nebraska Press, 1990, . Utley, Robert M. (2001). Cavalier in Buckskin: <mask> <mask> and the Western Military Frontier, revised edition. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. .
 Vestal, Stanley.Warpath: The True Story of the Fighting Sioux Told in a Biography of

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 Chief White Bull. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1934. Welch, James, with Paul Stekler. (2007 [1994]). Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Wert, Jeffry D. <mask>: The Controversial Life of <mask> <mask>.New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996. .

Further reading

 Stiles, T.J<mask>'s Trials: A Life on the Frontier of a New America (2015), Pulitzer Prize. External links

 Indian Wars and the Year of <mask>
 Friends of the Little Bighorn Battlefield
 Custer Battlefield Museum
 Little Big Horn Associates
 Little Bighorn History Alliance
 Kenneth M Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Harold G. Andersen Library, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater
 Gallery of Custer images
 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -<mask>, <mask>

 George A. and Elizabeth B<mask> papers, Vault MSS 364 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
 Charles F. Bates Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 1839 births
1876 deaths
People from Harrison County, Ohio
American people of German descent
American people of English descent
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Union Army generals
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
People of Michigan in the American Civil War
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
United States Army personnel who were court-martialed
Comanche campaign
United States Military Academy alumni
People from Monroe, Michigan
Michigan Brigade
American military personnel killed in the American Indian

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<mask> (born 4 March 1968) is an English former professional footballer and manager who was most recently manager of League Two club Stevenage. <mask>'s playing career, spent mostly as a striker in non-League football, was curtailed due to injury whilst playing for Kingstonian. It was at Kingstonian that he started his managerial career, at the age of 28, managing them for five months, before spending a year in charge of Enfield. In 1999, <mask> became manager of Farnborough Town, guiding them to the Football Conference in 2002. He left Farnborough the following season, to become manager of Stevenage. He took the club to within one game of promotion to the Football League, but left the club in 2006 when his contract expired. <mask> then had a brief spell with Rushden & Diamonds, as well as acting as caretaker manager at Kettering Town.He took a year out of the game, before rejoining Stevenage in May 2008. He managed the club to FA Trophy success in 2009, before securing promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club's history in April 2010, finishing the season as league champions. The club won back-to-back promotions in his first season as a Football League manager, following Stevenage's successful 2010–11 League Two play-off campaign. At the start of 2012, <mask> left Stevenage to join Preston North End. He was sacked by the club in February 2013. A month later, <mask> rejoined Stevenage, his third spell at the club. He managed the club for another two years, before leaving again in May 2015.He took charge at Peterborough United four months later, before being sacked shortly before the end of the 2015–16 season. He was appointed manager at Newport County in October 2016, with the club lying bottom of the Football League, and was sacked five months later. He was appointed as head coach of Barnet in January 2018, before managing Stevenage for a fourth time for two months from December 2019. Playing career
<mask> was born in Hounslow, London and he started his footballing career as an apprentice with

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 Queens Park Rangers. During his time at QPR, <mask> represented England at under-18 level. He then joined Gillingham in March 1986. He made two Third Division appearances for the club before joining Barnet.He made three appearances and scored one goal for them in the Football Conference during the 1987–88 season, making his debut for the club in a 2–2 draw against Macclesfield Town at Moss Rose. <mask> joined Wycombe Wanderers in the latter stages of 1987 for a fee of £7,500, making a scoring debut in a 2–1 away victory at Telford United. He scored in Wycombe's next two games, and was a first team regular until manager Peter Suddaby left the club in January 1988. <mask> played just once under new manager Jim Kelman and left soon afterwards to sign for Kingstonian. He played 24 times for Wycombe, scoring five goals in all competitions during the club's 1987–88 campaign. He later played for a number of non-League clubs, including Kingstonian, Wealdstone, Farnborough Town, Harlow Town, Enfield, Aylesbury United, Harrow Borough, Tooting & Mitcham United, Molesey and Walton & Hersham – three of which he would later go on to manage. He was voted Player of the Season at Enfield, before being swapped to Aylesbury in exchange for Darren Collins in December 1992.During his time at Kingstonian, he suffered a dislocated ankle and broken leg in three places, which subsequently cut his playing career short as he never fully recovered from the injury. Managerial career

Early management
While recovering from a broken leg, at the age of 28, <mask> was appointed as manager of Kingstonian in December 1996 after approaching the club about their vacant managerial post. His first two games as manager of the club both ended in 4–4 draws against Walton & Hersham and Harrow Borough, with <mask> saying "at the time, there was something raw and exciting about the team that I sent out. Although there was also something evidently missing". His first victory as manager was a 2–0 victory over Wokingham Town in the Isthmian League Cup, before

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 securing his first league win in the following game, a 5–2 win away at Aylesbury United. Kingstonian drew clear of relegation, with <mask> recalling a 3–2 victory over champions Yeovil Town at Huish Park as a "memorable victory". Despite helping Kingstonian avoid relegation, he was sacked after five months, being replaced by Geoff Chapple.He managed Kingstonian for 25 games, recording nine wins, eight losses, and eight draws. In September 1997, <mask> was appointed as manager of another club he had previously played for in the form of Isthmian League Premier Division club Enfield. He appointed <mask> as his assistant, who had also previously played for, and managed, Enfield. He outlined his ambition of ensuring the club returned to the top tier in non-League, despite the club struggling with financial difficulties, he stated "my ambition is to see silverware in the table, and if you can't take the pressure, you shouldn't take big jobs like this one". His first game as manager of Enfield was a 2–0 home defeat to St Albans City. Enfield finished in seventh place in <mask>'s first season there and he left the club after nine months in charge. He managed the club for 41 games; winning 19, losing 16, and drawing six, with a win percentage of 46.34%.Farnborough Town
In 1999, <mask> bought a controlling interest in Farnborough Town and appointed himself as manager. He managed the club to a 12th-place finish in his first season and enjoyed success in the Isthmian Cup; winning the competition in 2000. The following season, Farnborough won the Isthmian League Premier Division; securing 31 victories from 42 matches and amassing 99 points. <mask> overhauled the squad shortly after the club's promotion to the Football Conference, which he later stated as a "huge regret". At this point, he also tried to arrange a merger with Kingstonian, citing the club's "Football League rated ground" as the reasoning behind his proposed idea, although it never happened due to "fans resistance". During the 2001–02 season, the club consolidated

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 their position in the first tier of non-League football; finishing in seventh place in the league. The following season, <mask> managed the club to the Third Round of the FA Cup after a 3–0 victory at Southport, where they faced Football League competition in the form of Darlington at Feethams.They won the match 3–2 and the club were rewarded with a Fourth Round tie at home to Arsenal. The match was moved to Highbury, Arsenal's home stadium, because the tie stood to make around £600,000 in gate receipts from playing at Highbury, whereas playing at Cherrywood Road would have generated the club an estimated £50,000. <mask> left the club after the sell-out 'home' tie at Highbury, which they lost 5–1. Shortly after his resignation, he became manager at Football Conference club Stevenage Borough in January 2003, signing a three-year contract. <mask> confirmed he would be leaving his shareholding in Farnborough to other existing shareholders, and would also be withdrawing his financial backing at the club. On moving to Stevenage, <mask> said "I've enjoyed my time at Farnborough, but I feel that I need to move on now and that I need to concentrate on football management, which is where my ambitions lie". He also stated that Stevenage's "long-term potential" was another key factor behind the move.Stevenage
When <mask> took over the Hertfordshire club, Stevenage were positioned in 21st place in the Football Conference, and were six points adrift of safety. Unlike his position at his previous club, <mask> was appointed as first team manager, with no board involvement. With an initial objective of keeping the club in the highest tier in non-League football, he signed seven players from his previous club Farnborough, as well as his former assistant <mask> and goalkeeping coach <mask>. His first game as manager of the club was a 1–1 draw at home to Morecambe on 13 February 2003, before waiting three games for his first win, a 2–0 victory away at local rivals Barnet on 8 March 2003. The victory served as the catalyst for an

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texts: eight-game unbeaten run, recording six consecutive victories to ensure the club avoided relegation. <mask> guided the club from 21st in the table to a 12th-place finish by the end of the season. Stevenage finished in eighth place during the 2003–04 season, <mask>'s first full season.As was the case in previous seasons, <mask> made wholesale changes at the end of the season, releasing several of the players he had originally signed from Farnborough, and replacing them with a mixture of players with Football League experience – in the form of Brian Quailey, Dannie Bulman, and Matt Hocking, as well as players from lower divisions such as Jon Nurse and Craig McAllister. <mask> also gave first team opportunities to players who had progressed through the club's youth system, which included George Boyd. The new squad lost five games of the opening eight games of the club's league season. Following a 4–1 home defeat to  part-time Canvey Island, with Stevenage supporters calling for <mask> to leave the club, he walked across the pitch to  the East Terrace and told supporters he "would turn it around". The team responded with four consecutive victories, and stayed close to the play-offs places. Stevenage went into the final day of the season needing to beat already-relegated Leigh RMI, and had to rely on Tamworth to hold Morecambe, who were currently occupying the final play-off spot. Stevenage beat Leigh 2–0, while Tamworth held Morecambe to a goalless draw, ultimately meaning Westley's team had reached the play-offs on the final day of the season.Stevenage overcame second-placed Hereford United 2–1 on aggregate, before losing 1–0 to Carlisle United at the Britannia Stadium in the final. The 2005–06 season marked <mask>'s third season in charge as manager of the club, and although the club were consistent at Broadhall Way throughout the season, the team did not replicate this form away from home, winning four away games all season. <mask> had also fallen out with the club's top goalscorer the previous season, striker Anthony

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 Elding, was eventually sold to Kettering Town in January 2006. There were also question marks surrounding the discipline of the squad under <mask>'s control, as Stevenage received 14 red cards during the season, more than any other club in the league. A 2–0 defeat away to relegation-threatened Forest Green Rovers on the final day of the season meant that Stevenage failed to reach the play-offs, finishing sixth in the league table. After failing to reach the play-offs, <mask> confirmed in May 2006 that he would leave the club when his contract expired in June, ending his three-and-a-half years with the Hertfordshire club. Rushden & Diamonds
He was appointed manager of Conference National club Rushden & Diamonds in December 2006, with the club placed 22nd in the league table, two points adrift of safety.<mask>'s first game as manager of Rushden was a 1–0 victory away at Cambridge United on 26 December 2006. <mask> signed several players who he had previously managed at Stevenage; signing Jamie Cook, David Perpetuini, and Dino Maamria. <mask> also brought in Michael Bostwick and Chris Beardsley, younger players who he had previously written about in his weekly column in The Non-League Paper. The newly assembled team won five consecutive games in the league, including victories away at the top two teams in the league at the time, Oxford United and Dagenham & Redbridge. Despite managing an upturn in the form of the club, <mask> was sacked after a 2–2 draw at Aldershot Town in February 2007. He had taken the club from 22nd in the league to 12th in the space of two-and-a-half months, and the club were on a seven-match unbeaten run at the time. <mask> managed Rushden for thirteen games; winning seven, drawing three and losing three.No reasons were given as to why <mask> left the club and he was replaced two days later by Garry Hill. Kettering Town
Shortly after leaving Rushden, <mask> was appointed caretaker manager of Conference North club Kettering Town for the rest of the 2006–07 season on 20 April 2007. Due to the date he

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 joined, <mask> was unable to bring any new players, with just two games remaining until the end of the season. His first game as manager was a 0–0 draw away to Stalybridge Celtic, shortly followed by a 1–0 defeat to Alfreton Town at Rockingham Road enough to ensure Kettering finished the season in second place. He managed Kettering in the play-offs, as they were beaten on penalties by Farsley Celtic in the semi-final after a 1–1 aggregate scoreline over two legs, he left shortly after when his short-term contract expired in May 2007, managing the club for four games. Return to Stevenage

After almost a year without work in football, <mask> returned as manager of Stevenage on 2 May 2008, two years after he had left. On his return, <mask> stated he had come to "finish the job he started", referring to trying to guide the club into the Football League for the first time in its history.He said that "the moment was right" for him to come back into football and that he "had some very good times at Stevenage before". His appointment was met with scepticism by some Stevenage supporters, but <mask> promised to deliver a winning team. <mask> started by overhauling the squad in the summer transfer window and brought in 12 players. Among those brought in were Gary Mills and David Bridges, who <mask> had managed during his time at Kettering. He also signed Michael Bostwick and Mark Albrighton, who he had also signed at Rushden & Diamonds. <mask> also signed Andy Drury and Eddie Odhiambo respectively, both of whom were players <mask> had previously earmarked. Stevenage started the season poorly, losing three out of their first four games and conceding thirteen goals in the process, including a 5–0 defeat to Wrexham on the first day of the season.The club secured its first victory of the season on 30 August 2008, a 3–1 win away at Barrow, before winning four consecutive matches throughout September. Through the first half of the club's 2008–09 campaign, <mask>'s team were suffering from the same inconsistency that was common in his


texts: first spell as manager of the Hertfordshire club, losing three consecutive matches in November, the last of which was a 2–1 home defeat to Wrexham; it was to be Stevenage's last defeat at Broadhall Way in the league for 18 months. <mask> brought in former player, Dino Maamria as first-team coach at the club. This, coupled with signings during the season, such as Chris Day, Mark Roberts, and Jon Ashton, meant that Stevenage improved during the second half of the season. A club record 24-game unbeaten run lasting from December 2008 to April 2009 meant that the club made the Conference Premier play-offs, finishing in the last play-off place. Despite taking a 3–1 lead into the second leg, Stevenage lost 4–3 on aggregate to Cambridge United. The club won the FA Trophy that season, beating York City 2–0 in the Final at Wembley Stadium.The FA Trophy success was <mask>'s first managerial honours won as manager of Stevenage. After the game, <mask> signed a one-year contract extension. The majority of the squad that performed well in the second half of the club's 2008–09 campaign were retained, with very little transfer activity in comparison to previous seasons under <mask>. Steve Morison, the club's top goalscorer for the past three seasons, transferred to Millwall for a fee of £130,000, while both John Martin and Calum Willock were released by <mask> in late May 2009. Midfielder Gary Mills was the last departure of the close season; rejecting a contract and instead opting to join fellow Conference Premier club Mansfield Town. Five players joined the club during the close season. Charlie Griffin was the first signing of the season, joining Stevenage from Salisbury City on a free transfer.Yemi Odubade, Chris Beardsley, and Joel Byrom signed for the club shortly after; the latter commanding a transfer fee of £15,000. <mask> had previously managed Beardsley at Rushden & Diamonds and Kettering Town. The last signing of pre-season was Stacy Long; who joined the club on a free transfer from Ebbsfleet United. No players departed the

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texts: club during the season, with Tim Sills the only addition, signing for an undisclosed fee from Torquay United in January 2010. Stevenage started the 2009–10 season by recording one win from their first five games of the season. Following a 2–1 defeat to Oxford United in August 2009, the team went on a 17-game unbeaten run from August to December 2009, propelling the club into the top two. Unlike in previous seasons, the club were performing strongly away from home, and secured victories at promotion rivals Luton Town and Mansfield Town.A 4–1 victory against Cambridge United on New Year's Day meant that Stevenage were positioned in first place in the league table for the first time in the season. Two away defeats within the space of a week in February meant that rivals Oxford United had an eight–point lead going into March 2010. Stevenage responded by winning eight consecutive games; including a 1–0 victory over Oxford United in late March, subsequently replacing Oxford at the top of the table. Stevenage earned promotion to the Football League with two games to spare following a 2–0 win against Kidderminster Harriers at Aggborough on 17 April 2010. The team won their last six games of the league campaign without conceding a goal, and recorded 42 points from a possible 45 from their last 15 league fixtures. Stevenage finished the season having amassed 99 points from 44 games, winning the league by 11 points. The promotion meant <mask> had led Stevenage to the Football League for the first time in their history, as well as managing a Football League team for the first time in his managerial career.<mask> also guided the club to another FA Trophy Final; this time losing 2–1 after extra-time against Barrow at Wembley Stadium. At the end of the season, <mask> signed a new two-year contract; keeping him contracted to the club until 2012. On signing the new deal, <mask> said "I am grateful for all the support that we have all been given in the past two years. I am delighted to have the opportunity to manage the launch of the

masks: Westley Westley Westley Westley


texts: club into the Football League". In his first two seasons back at the club, from May 2008 to May 2010, <mask> has been in charge for 114 games, winning a total of 70 games – recording a win percentage of 61.40%. Similarly to the club's successful campaign the season before, but in complete contrast to his first spell at the club, the 2010–11 season saw five players joining the club, while five players left the club in the close season. The club started the season inconsistently, with <mask> stating the season would be a "massive learning curve" for both himself and the players.Following four defeats in six games in December 2010 and January 2011, Stevenage found themselves in 18th position, just four points above the relegation zone. Throughout February and March 2011, Stevenage won nine games out of eleven, propelling the club up the league table and into the play-off positions. This included winning six games in a row, a sequence only matched by Bury that season. A 3–3 draw against Bury on the final day of the season meant that Stevenage finished the season in sixth place. They faced fifth-placed Accrington Stanley in the 2010–11 League Two play-off semi-finals, winning both legs by a 3–0 aggregate scoreline. They beat Torquay United 1–0 in the Final at Old Trafford on 28 May 2011. The victory meant that <mask> had guided the club to back-to-back promotions, playing in League One for the first time in the club's history.On securing promotion, <mask> said "It's a fantastic feeling. The players work so hard and they deserve everything they get". During the 2010–11 season, <mask> also guided the club to the Fourth Round of the FA Cup, where they lost to Reading 2–1. In the previous round, Stevenage beat Premier League club Newcastle United 3–1 at Broadhall Way. After the match, <mask> said before the game he had told the players to "go out and win the match 5–0. We established that if we did just 20% of what it would take to win 5–0 then we would still win the game". At the start of the 2011–12 season, <mask> signed a


texts:
 three-year contract extension at Stevenage that kept him contracted to the club until 2014.Westley acquired five players on free transfers, while also releasing five of the existing squad. Stevenage started their first ever League One campaign well, beating the 2010–11 League One play-off semi-finalists, AFC Bournemouth, 3–1 at Dean Court to secure their first victory of the season on 16 August 2011. Stevenage were exceeding expectations in the third tier of English football, sitting just outside the play-off places after securing a notable 5–1 victory against Sheffield Wednesday at Broadhall Way in September 2011. The club also inflicted Charlton Athletic's first league defeat of the season after a 1–0 win against the league leaders. The victory against Charlton was to spark a 13-game unbeaten run for the team, and a 6–1 away victory at Colchester United on Boxing Day 2011 meant the club were in sixth place, the final play-off position. After managing Stevenage for three-and-a-half years, <mask> left Stevenage in January 2012, joining fellow League One club Preston North End. His final game as manager of Stevenage was a 1–0 away victory at Reading in the FA Cup Third Round.Preston North End
In January 2012, Preston North End asked for permission to speak to <mask> with the view to employing him as their new manager. Though the Hertfordshire club described the approach as "unwelcome", permission was granted. After personal terms and a compensation package were agreed, <mask> was appointed as Preston's new manager on 13 January 2012. His first game in charge of the club was a 2–0 home defeat against Leyton Orient on 21 January 2012. He picked up his first win as Preston manager in his fourth game in charge, securing a 1–0 home victory over Hartlepool United on 14 February 2012. Following Preston's 2–0 televised defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 31 March 2012, <mask> stated that a Sheffield Wednesday player had informed him that four Preston players had leaked the Preston team and tactics to opposition players ahead of


texts: the match. <mask> stated "It doesn't surprise me.When you have got people in your own camp working against you it is tough". Preston won two games out of the next 17 during the remainder of the campaign, and finished the season in 15th place. At the end of the season, <mask> criticised the club's "mediocre" mentality, stating the squad have "not got a clue what it takes to get success". <mask> subsequently went about overhauling the squad ahead of the 2012–13 season. In May 2012, Preston announced that 21 players would be leaving the club; 14 of which were released at the end of their contracts, while a further seven were transfer-listed. Preston signed 18 players during the summer transfer window, including Scott Laird, John Mousinho, Joel Byrom, and Chris Beardsley, four players from Westley's former club, Stevenage. <mask> stated a desire for the new group of players to be committed to his ideas – "My job is to develop a plan that would see the club back on an upward curve.The plan is in place. I'm looking forward to working with a group that thinks along the same lines that I do". Preston started the season by beating Championship club Huddersfield Town 2–0 at Deepdale in the League Cup. Later on in the month, Preston went on to secure consecutive 4–1 home victories, beating Crystal Palace and Swindon Town respectively, as well as defeating Hartlepool United 5–0 a month later. After this, the club went on to win two leagues matches in a four-month period from October 2012 to February 2013. A day after Preston's 3–1 away defeat to Yeovil Town on 12 February 2013, the club released a statement announcing <mask> had been sacked. With Preston sitting just five points above the relegation zone, "the board felt that a change of manager was the only way forward".On his time at Preston, <mask> stated he had to "slash the wage bill by 60 percent", and as a result the "re-building was well underway but the club lost confidence in me whilst I was doing it. They just want results. Short-term pain is necessary sometimes. It was


texts:
 necessary at Preston. And the fans got restless. I get that. Just as managers have to be brave enough to grit their teeth and face up to that, so owners have to be brave at difficult times.And they have to be able to understand the issues. I knew the answers to problems but I wasn't being allowed to solve all the problems". Third spell at Stevenage
After a month out of work, <mask> rejoined Stevenage on 30 March 2013, his third spell in charge at the club. On the appointment, Stevenage chairman Phil Wallace stated – "<mask> was keen to come back to Stevenage and, although I met some strong candidates, without doubt I think he's the best man for the job right now. The club enjoyed a great deal of success before he left last year and we moved forwards significantly in his time here on several levels". On his return, <mask> stated "I'm really happy to be back, the training ground is fantastic, the club just keeps moving forward. All the facilities keep improving and I hope that I can come back and make another positive difference".In his first game back in charge of the club, Stevenage secured a 1–0 victory over Hartlepool United on 1 April 2013. Stevenage ended the 2012–13 season in 18th place, and <mask> released four players and transfer-listed three others. He signed seven players in preparation for the 2013–14 season, and further strengthened by signing striker François Zoko in September. However, Stevenage never recovered from a poor start to the season, and despite a late run of six undefeated games ended the campaign in last-place and were therefore relegated into League Two, finishing eight points shy of safety. Westley responded by releasing nine players, whilst a further four were sold on. <mask> was forced to largely rebuild the squad for the 2014–15 season, and brought in 15 new signings, including Dean Wells, Calvin Zola, and Charlie Lee. He guided the team to a play-off place with a sixth-place finish, before they were beaten by Southend United 4–2 on aggregate in the semi-finals after conceding two goals

masks: Westley Graham Westley Westley Westley


texts:
 in extra-time of the second leg fixture at Roots Hall.On 21 May 2015, <mask> was replaced as manager by ex-England striker Teddy Sheringham. Peterborough United
In September 2015, <mask> was appointed manager of League One club Peterborough United. He was named as League One Manager of the Month for November 2015 after his team secured 12 points and 14 goals from four league games, which earned him praise for his side's open, attacking play. Despite lifting the "Posh" into the play-off places in January, a very poor run of form saw Peterborough slide down the table and <mask> was appointed manager of League Two bottom side Newport County on 7 October 2016, following the sacking of Warren Feeney. Despite <mask> criticising his players with some "harsh words", saying he was "not prepared to tolerate that sort of rubbish anymore", Newport went on to lose eight successive games, which <mask> described as "embarrassing" and "humiliating". Club secretary <mask> resigned in December, saying "<mask> is an impossible man to work with... he needs to learn some manners and start treating people with some respect".Shortly afterwards <mask> again courted controversy after refusing to leave opposition manager Derek Adams's press conference. He signed 14 players in the January transfer window, a move he admitted was a "short-term risk". However, he failed to arrest the team's declining fortunes and was sacked on 9 March 2017 with Newport 11 points adrift at the bottom of League Two. The club's board said that they had consulted both fans and the players over their decision to sack <mask>; he had been confronted by irate supporters at Rodney Parade and after his sacking transfer-listed midfielder Mark Randall came out to say he had been "treated quite unfairly" by <mask>. Caretaker-manager Michael Flynn managed to organise an unlikely escape from relegation for the "Exiles" after overseeing seven victories in the remaining 12 games of the 2016–17 season. <mask> maintained that his strategy had played a key part in Newport's survival,

masks:
Westley
Westley
Westleyley
Westley
Westley
Graham Bean
Graham Westley
Westley
Westley
Westley
Westley


texts:
 stating "If you go back to the AGM just after the turn of the year, Newport were rooted to the bottom of the Football League and I was very clear there was one way out of it – turning the whole squad over in January. I put together a team to function on the bog of a pitch that was Rodney Parade and my strategy is what kept that club in the Football League.Yes, it happened under Flynny's management but I think anyone who is honest would say I did a very good job in working out a way of surviving and building a squad that would win the games at home to keep them in the League". Barnet
<mask> was appointed as head coach of League Two club Barnet on 15 January 2018. Barnet chairman Anthony Kleanthous stated the move had come about after <mask> had been recommended to him by Peterborough United director of football, Barry Fry. Despite his previous ties with local rivals Stevenage, <mask> had been identified as a "high impact manager" capable of changing Barnet's fortunes, with the club sitting bottom of League Two at the time of his appointment. He joined Barnet on a rolling contract. <mask>'s first game in charge was a 1–1 draw with promotion-chasing Lincoln City on 20 January 2018. He was sacked by Barnet on 19 March 2018, just two months into his time there, and was immediately replaced with Martin Allen.Barnet had won two games out of eleven with <mask> in charge, drawing four and losing five. Fourth spell at Stevenage
On 15 December 2019 <mask>'s return to Stevenage as manager was announced, four-and-a-half years after his last spell ended and taking over from caretaker manager Mark Sampson who reverted to first team coach. <mask> returned with the club 23rd in EFL League Two, signing a contract until the end of the 2019–20 season. On 21 December 2019 Sampson completed his final match in charge of the club, losing 5–1 at home to Crewe Alexandra. <mask> started his role two days later but won just one and drew three of the next 13 league matches, despite signing nine players in the January 2020 transfer window. <mask>


texts:
 resigned as manager on 16 February 2020 with Stevenage in 24th place and seven points adrift at the bottom of League Two, having lost all six of his final matches in charge. Stevenage youth team manager Alex Revell replaced <mask> as team manager until the end of the 2019–20 season.Personal life
<mask> wrote a weekly column in The Non-League Paper, sharing his views and experiences on the non-League game. He is the chief executive of the Aimita Corporation, an organisation that provides performance management consulting. <mask> has also gained a Master of Arts degree in company direction. Statistics

Playing statistics
Source:

Managerial statistics

Honours

Farnborough Town
Isthmian League Cup: 2000–01
Isthmian League Premier Division: 2000–01

Stevenage
FA Trophy: 2008–09; runner-up: 2009–10
Conference Premier: 2009–10
League Two play-offs: 2010–11

Individual
 Conference Premier Manager of the Month: October 2005, January 2009, January 2010
 League One Manager of the Month: November 2015

References

1968 births
Living people
Footballers from Hounslow
English footballers
England youth international footballers
Association football forwards
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C.players
Kingstonian F.C. players
Wealdstone F.C. players
Farnborough F.C. players
Harlow Town F.C. players
Enfield F.C. players
Aylesbury United F.C. players
Harrow Borough F.C.players
Tooting & Mitcham United F.C. players
Molesey F.C. players
Walton & Hersham F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
Southern Football League players
English football managers
Kingstonian F.C. managers
Enfield F.C. managers
Farnborough F.C. managers
Stevenage F.C.managers
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. managers
Kettering Town F.C. managers
Preston North End F.C. managers
Peterborough United F.C. managers
Newport County A.F.C. managers
Barnet F.C. managers
Isthmian League managers
National League (English football) managers
English

masks: Westley Westley Westley


texts:
<mask> ( , ; 5 July 19112 April 1974) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1969 until his death in 1974. He previously was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968—the longest tenure in the position's history. He had long been a top aide to President Charles de Gaulle. <mask> was elected President of France in 1969. As head of state, he was a moderate conservative who repaired France's relationship with the United States and maintained positive relations with the newly independent former colonies in Africa. He strengthened his political party, the Union of Democrats for the Republic ("Union des démocrates pour la République" or UDR), to make it a bastion of the Gaullist movement. <mask> died in office in 1974.His presidency is generally held in high esteem by French political commentators. Biography
The family of <mask> was of very modest origins:  he was the grandson of farmers of modest means in Cantal on both his father's and his mother's side. His parents were teachers. Thus his case is often cited as a typical example of social mobility in the Third Republic, thanks to public schooling. <mask> <mask> was born on 5 July 1911 in the commune of Montboudif, in the department of Cantal in central France. After his khâgne at Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where he befriended future Senegalese poet and statesman Léopold Sédar Senghor, he attended the École Normale Supérieure, from which he graduated with a degree of agrégation in literature. He first taught literature at the lycée Henri IV in Paris until hired in 1953 by Guy de Rothschild to work at Rothschild.In 1956, he was appointed the bank's general manager, a position he held until 1962. Later, he was hired by Charles de Gaulle to manage the Anne de Gaulle Foundation for Down syndrome (de Gaulle's youngest daughter Anne had Down syndrome). Prime

masks:
Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou
Pompidou
Pompidou
Georges Pompidou
Georges Jean
Raymond Pompidou


texts:
 Minister
Jacques Chirac served as an aide to Prime Minister <mask> and recalled:

{{quote|The man gave the appearance of being secretive, wily, a little cunning – which he was, to a degree. However, it was primarily his intelligence, culture, and competence that conferred indisputable authority on him and commanded respect.... I remember his untamed eyebrows, his penetrating, very kindly gaze, his perceptive smile, full of humour and mischievousness, his voice with its wonderful low, warm, gravelly tone, and a figure that was both powerful and elegant. Naturally reserved, little given to emotional outbursts, <mask> did not forge very close ties with his colleagues.<ref>Jacques Chirac, M Life and Politics" (2011) p 24</ref>}}

He served as prime minister of France under de Gaulle after Michel Debré resigned, from 14 April 1962 to 10 July 1968, and to this day is the longest serving French prime minister under the Fifth Republic. His nomination was controversial because he was not a member of the National Assembly.In October 1962, he was defeated in a vote of no-confidence, but de Gaulle dissolved the National Assembly. The Gaullists won the legislative election and <mask> was reappointed as Prime Minister. In 1964, he was faced with a miners' strike. He led the 1967 legislative campaign of the Union of Democrats for the Fifth Republic to a narrow victory. <mask> was widely regarded as being responsible for the peaceful resolution of the student uprising of May 1968. His strategy was to break the coalition of students and workers by negotiating with the trade-unions and employers (Grenelle conference). However, during the events of May 1968, disagreements arose between <mask> and de Gaulle.<mask> did not understand why the President did not inform him of his departure to Baden-Baden on 29 May. Their relationship, until

masks: Pompidou Pompidou Pompidou Pompidou Pompidou Pompidou


texts:
 then very good, would be strained from then on. <mask> led and won the 1968 legislative campaign, overseeing a tremendous victory of the Gaullist Party. He then resigned. Nevertheless, in part due to his actions during the May 1968 crisis, he appeared as the natural successor to de Gaulle. <mask> announced his candidature for the Presidency in January 1969. Some weeks later, his wife's name was mentioned in the Marković affair, thus appearing to confirm her husband's status as a cuckold.<mask> was certain that de Gaulle's inner circle was responsible for this smear. In social policy, <mask>'s tenure as prime minister witnessed the establishment of the National Employment Fund in 1963 to counter the negative effects on employment caused by industrial restructuring. Presidency
After the failure of the 1969 constitutional referendum, de Gaulle resigned and <mask> was elected president of France. In the general election of 15 June 1969, he defeated the centrist President of the Senate and Acting President Alain Poher by a wide margin (57%–42%). Though a Gaullist, <mask> was more pragmatic than de Gaulle, notably facilitating the accession of the United Kingdom to the European Community on 1 January 1973. He embarked on an industrialisation plan and initiated the Arianespace project, as well as the TGV project, and furthered the French civilian nuclear programme. He was sceptical about the "New Society" programme of his prime minister, Jacques Chaban-Delmas.In 1972, he replaced Chaban-Delmas with Pierre Messmer, a more conservative Gaullist. While the left-wing opposition organised itself and proposed a Common Programme before the 1973 legislative election, <mask> widened his presidential majority by including Centrist pro-European parties. In addition, he paid special attention to regional and local needs in order to

masks: Pompidou Pompidou Pompidou Pompidou Pompidou Pompidou Pompidou


texts:
 strengthen his political party, the UDR (Union des Democrates pour la Ve République), which he made a central and lasting force in the Gaullist movement. Foreign affairs
The United States was eager to restore positive relations with France after de Gaulle's departure from office. New US President Richard Nixon and his top adviser Henry Kissinger admired Pompidou; the politicians were in agreement on most major policy issues. The United States offered to help the French nuclear programme. Economic difficulties, however, arose following the Nixon Shock and the 1973–75 recession, particularly over the role of the American dollar as the medium for world trade.Pompidou sought to maintain good relations with the newly independent former French colonies in Africa. In 1971, he visited Mauritania, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, and Gabon. He brought a message of cooperation and financial assistance, but without the traditional paternalism. More broadly, he made an effort to foster closer relations with North African and Middle Eastern countries in order to develop a hinterland including all nations bordering the Mediterranean. Modernising Paris
<mask>'s time in office was marked by constant efforts to modernise France's capital city. He spearheaded construction of a modern art museum, the Centre Beaubourg (renamed Centre Pompidou after his death), on the edge of the Marais area of Paris. Other attempts at modernisation included tearing down the open air markets at Les Halles and replacing them with the shopping mall of the same name, building the Montparnasse Tower, and constructing an expressway on the right bank of the Seine.Death in office

While still in office, <mask> died on 2 April 1974, at 9 PM, while in his apartment, from Waldenström macroglobulinemia. His body was buried on 4 April, in the churchyard of

masks: Pompidou Pompidou


texts:
 Orvilliers, where he had bought an old baker's house which he turned into a weekend home. The official memorial service for him was held at Notre-Dame de Paris with 3000 dignitaries in attendance (including 28 heads of state and representatives from 82 countries). Attendees included :
  Secretary General Kurt Waldheim
  Director General René Maheu
  President of the European Commission Jean Rey
  Secretary General Joseph Luns
  (Interim) President Alain Poher
  President Richard Nixon
  Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau
  Prime Minister Harold Wilson and predecessor Edward Heath
  Chancellor Willy Brandt
  President Manfred Gerlach
  Chancellor Bruno Kreisky
  President Hans-Peter Tschudi
  King Hassan II
  King Baudouin
  Queen Juliana
  Emperor Haile Selassie
  President Habib Bourguiba
  President Giovanni Leone
  Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit
  President  Urho Kekkonen
  President Nikolai Podgorny
  Prime Minister Petar Stambolić
  President Gustáv Husák
  Prime Minister Poul Hartling
  Prime Minister Olof Palme
  President of Portugal Americo Tomas
  Crown Prince Juan Carlos I of Spain
  Prince Rainier III
  Grand Duke Jean
  Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka
  Prime Minister Kim Jong-pil
  Foreign Minister Nguyễn Duy Trinh
  President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu

A controversy arose surrounding the secrecy kept over <mask>'s illness, and the political class "agreed" that future presidents of the Republic will have to provide reports on the state of their health. However, President François Mitterrand, who had pledged during his 1981 campaign to publish regular health bulletins, would also conceal, after his accession to power, the severity of the cancer from which he was suffering. Pompidou's wife Claude Pompidou would outlive him by more than thirty years. The couple had one (adopted) son, Alain Pompidou, who went on to serve as


texts:
 president of the European Patent Office.France withdrew from the Eurovision Song Contest 1974, which took place just four days after <mask>'s death, as a mark of respect. Works
 Anthologie de la Poésie Française, Livre de Poche/Hachette, 1961
 Le Nœud gordien, éd. Plon, 1974
 Entretiens et discours, deux vol., éd. Plon, 1975
 Pour rétablir une vérité, éd. Flammarion, 1982

Medal
 Legion of Honour :
 Chevalier de la Legion of Honour : (France) (1948);
 Officier de la Legion of Honour : (France) (1957);
 Grand-croix de la Legion of Honour : 1969, grand-maître de l'ordre (France) (1969-1974, as president of the republic);
 Grand-croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite (France);
 Grand Cross of Order of St. Olav (Norway) (1962);
 Grand Cordon of Order of Leopold (Belgium). Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) (1972)
 Knight Grand Cross with Collar of Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1973). See also

Centre Georges Pompidou
Lycée Français International Georges Pompidou - A French school in Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

References

Further reading
 Bell, David et al.eds. Biographical Dictionary of French Political Leaders Since 1870 (1990) pp 346–349. Bell, David. Presidential Power in Fifth Republic France (2000) pp 105–26. Demossier, Marion, et al., eds. The Routledge Handbook of French Politics and Culture'' (Routledge, 2019). Offices and titles

1911 births
1974 deaths
20th-century presidents of France
20th-century Princes of Andorra
Deaths from cancer in France
Deaths from lymphoma
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Gaullism
French Army personnel of World War II
French Roman Catholics
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
People from Cantal
People of the Cold War
Princes of Andorra
Sciences Po alumni
Lycée Henri-IV teachers
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
French


texts:
<mask> (née Griffiths; born 18 March 1976) is an English television presenter  and former model. She is known for her television and radio work with Channel 5, BBC, ITV, and Heart FM. <mask> has presented Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother (2013–2018), as well as the spin-off series Big Brother's Bit on the Side (2011–2015). Since 2014, she has presented The Voice UK. In 2019 and 2021, <mask> presented the second and third series of The Circle. Early life
<mask> was born in Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, West Midlands, attending Wylde Green Primary School and then John Willmott School in Sutton Coldfield. She began modelling at the age of 15, and during her career worked for a range of magazines, retailers and companies including Marie Claire, Elle, Vogue, GAP and Chanel.Career
<mask> got her first big break presenting on MTV in 2002 before presenting various other shows, including guest-hosting shows such as CD:UK, This Morning and Loose Women. ITV
In 2007, <mask> presented ITV2 spin-off series I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW! with her husband Matt before departing in 2008. She presented numerous episodes of The Hot Desk on ITV2 between 2008 and 2014. In September 2012, <mask> became a permanent presenter on This Morning, presenting segments in The Hub, taking over from Coleen Nolan. The feature was axed in 2014.She was also a stand-in presenter on the main show when Holly Willoughby or Ruth Langsford were absent and returned to guest present the show with Rylan Clark-Neal in 2018. <mask> hosted two series of the ITV2 reality show Girlfriends in 2012 and 2013. On 16 November 2012, <mask> was drafted in to guest anchor Loose Women and has since presented on several occasions as a stand-in presenter. In 2013, <mask> guest presented an episode of The Paul O'Grady Show, while O'Grady was away. In 2013, <mask> co-presented the ITV game show Prize Island with Alexander

masks:
Emma Louise Willis
Willis
Willis
Emma Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis


texts:
 Armstrong. In 2015, <mask> was a team captain on the six-part ITV2 comedy panel show Reality Bites, hosted by Stephen Mulhern. On 2 July 2015, it was announced that <mask> would present a new three-part series for ITV called What Would Be Your Miracle, about modern miracles.The series began on 28 April 2016. In January 2017, The Voice UK moved from BBC One to ITV. It was confirmed on 9 June 2016 that <mask> would present the series after co-hosting three previous series on the BBC. She also presented two series of The Voice Kids on ITV since 2017. In 2017, she presented The BRITs Are Coming live on ITV. She co-presented the 2017 BRIT Awards in February alongside Dermot O'Leary. She hosted The BRITs Are Coming for a second year in 2018.She presented Your Song in 2017, a one-off special for ITV. On 3 March 2018, <mask> made a surprise appearance on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, as she presented Win the Ads while the main hosts playing the game as part of the show's 100th episode. Channel 4
In 2007, <mask> guest hosted the tenth week of Big Brother's Big Mouth. In 2010, <mask> began presenting a Celebrity Big Brother online spin-off show entitled Celebrity Big Brother's Big i. While presenting the online spin-off in the same series, <mask> also presented another edition of Big Mouth when Davina McCall entered the Big Brother house as part of a task. She was then later announced as the new co-presenter on the final series of Big Brother's Little Brother, hosting opposite George Lamb. In 2019, <mask> replaced Alice Levine and Maya Jama as host of The Circle.Channel 5
In 2010, it was announced that <mask> would replace Melinda Messenger on the Channel 5 series Live from Studio Five, but after only two months, <mask> announced she would be departing in order to co-present Big Brother's Little Brother and was therefore replaced by Jayne Middlemiss. In 2011, it was confirmed that

masks: Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis


texts:
 she would be returning to the revived series, presenting the spin-off show Big Brother's Bit on the Side. On 13 March 2013, it was reported that Brian Dowling would be axed from Big Brother and be replaced by <mask> with a source saying, 'Brian has been a great host but <mask> is seen by channel chiefs as a true successor to Davina. They're talking to her now about taking over the role from the summer.' It was later confirmed, on 2 April 2013 by Channel 5 that <mask> would be replacing Dowling as the new host of Big Brother. On 13 June 2013, she began presenting the fourteenth series of Big Brother. Even though <mask> presents the main Big Brother and celebrity series, she still continued to host the spin-off show Bit on the Side, sharing the presenting duties with Rylan Clark.On 2 February 2015, it was announced that <mask> was to present her final edition of Bit on the Side that night, and Clark would take over as the main presenter of the spin off show. <mask> infamously interrogated Winston McKenzie during his exit interview on Celebrity Big Brother over his controversial opinions. <mask> has expressed personal pride on this moment in her career. On 30 March 2014, <mask> presented the Mum of the Year Awards, with the highlights being shown on Channel 5 that same evening. BBC
In 2013, <mask> was confirmed as the replacement for Holly Willoughby on the BBC One talent show  The Voice UK. On 11 January 2014, she began co-presenting the third series with JLS singer Marvin Humes, who replaced Reggie Yates. In March 2014, it was announced that The Voice UK had been renewed for two future series.Both <mask> and Humes returned to the show for the fourth series in 2015 and fifth series in 2016. The show was axed by the BBC after series 5 and moved to ITV in 2017. <mask>, and Reggie Yates co-hosted the Saturday night game show Prized Apart on BBC One. The series began on 13 June 2015

masks: Willis Emma Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis Willis


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 and was axed after the first series, due to poor ratings. Radio
On 5 August 2012, <mask> began co-presenting Sunday Morning Breakfast with Stephen Mulhern across the Heart network. Other work
In 2015, she became the celebrity ambassador for Gillette Venus and Oral-B. Awards
In September 2013, <mask> received a longlist nomination for Most Popular Entertainment Presenter at the National Television Awards in 2014.It was her second successive longlist nomination for the award. Personal life
On 5 July 2008, <mask> married Busted member <mask> at Rushton Hall, Northamptonshire, after three years of dating. The wedding was featured in OK magazine. She gave birth to their first child, Isabelle, in June 2009. In November 2011, the couple had a second child, Ace, and in May 2016, <mask> gave birth to her third child, Trixie. In an episode of Who Do You Think You Are?, <mask> confirmed that she has longstanding roots in Birmingham, West Midlands with her family tree being traced back to her great-great-great-grandfather, who was named James Gretton and was listed as a Horn and Hair Merchant in the census records. She also found she had Irish ancestors, a fact that came as a surprise to her.The revelations about her ancestry left her extremely uncomfortable with the actions of one, who she discovered was a violent Orangeman, but overall she was happy to have found a connection to her more broad Irish heritage. <mask> is a supporter of Aston Villa F.C. In 2019, <mask> obtained a qualification as a maternity care assistant following her experience on the W series Delivering Babies. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, <mask> and her husband completed training with St John Ambulance to act as vaccination volunteers. Filmography

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
English television presenters
Heart (radio network)
<mask>
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Comic Relief

masks:
Willis
Willis
Emma Griffiths
Matt Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Matt Willis


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Sir <mask>, GCMG (24 July 1926 – 22 June 2017) was the second President of Botswana, in office from 1980 to 1998. He was honored with the Knighthood of the Grand Cross of Saint Michael and Saint George by Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II in 1990. He was a leading figure in the independence movement and then the new government, and played a crucial role in facilitating and protecting Botswana's steady financial growth and development. He stepped down in 1998 and was succeeded by Vice-President Festus Mogae, who became the third President of Botswana. Early life
<mask> was born on 24 July 1926 in Kanye, Botswana into a cattle-herding family to Gaipone (née Kgopo) and <mask>. He grew up in a community where male commoners, such as himself, were expected to become low-paid migrant labourers in the mines of apartheid South Africa. From an early age Masire set himself apart through academic achievement.After graduating at the top of his class at the Kanye school, he won himself a scholarship to further his education at the Tiger Kloof Educational Institute in South Africa. In 1950, after graduating from Tiger Kloof, Masire helped found the Seepapitso II Secondary School, the first institution of higher learning in the Bangwaketse Reserve. He served as the school's headmaster for about six years. During this period he clashed with Bathoen II, the autocratic Bangwaketse ruler. Resenting Bathoen's many petty interferences in school affairs, Masire, working through the revived Bechuanaland African Teachers Association, became an advocate for the autonomy of protectorate schools from chiefly authority. In 1957, Masire earned a Master Farmers Certificate and established himself as one of the territory's leading agriculturalists. His success led to renewed conflict

masks:
Ketumile Quett Joni Masire
Masire
Joni Masire


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 with the jealous Bathoen, who seized his farms as a penalty for the supposed infraction of fencing communal land.In 1958, <mask> was appointed as the protectorate reporter for the African Echo/Naledi ya Botswana newspaper. He was also elected to the newly reformed Bangwaketse Tribal Council and after 1960, the protectorate-wide African and Legislative Councils. Although he attended the first Kanye meeting of the People's Party, the earliest nationalist grouping to enjoy a mass following in the territory, he declined to join the movement. Masire married Gladys Olebile <mask> in 1958. Sir Quett and Lady Masire had six children. Politics and governance
In 1961, Masire helped found the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP). He was instrumental in the formation of the party, and served as its first secretary-general.In 1965, the Democratic Party won 28 of the 31 contested seats in the new Legislative Assembly, giving it a clear mandate to lead Botswana to independence. He was elected to the National Assembly in March 1965 and became Deputy Prime Minister in 1966. <mask> became the new nation's Vice-President, serving under Seretse Khama, in 1966. Until 1980 he also held the significant portfolios of finance (from 1967) and development planning (from 1967), which were formally merged in 1971. As a principal architect of Botswana's steady economic and infrastructural growth between 1966 and 1980, Masire earned a reputation as a highly competent technocrat. However, his local Bangwaketse political base was eroded by his old nemesis Bathoen. During the initial years of independence the Democratic Party government moved decisively to undercut many of the residual powers of the chiefs.As a result, in 1969 Bathoen II a Seêpapitsô abdicated, only to reemerge as the leader

masks: Masire Masire Masire


texts:
 of the opposition National Front. This set the stage for Bathoen's local electoral victory over <mask> during the same year. However, the ruling party won decisively at the national level, thus allowing <mask> to maintain his position as one of the four "specially elected" members of Parliament. Presidency

Khama died on 13 July 1980, and <mask> automatically became acting president per the Constitution. Five days after Khama's death, <mask> was elected as President by secret ballot at the National Assembly on 18 July 1980. Masire's three full terms were characterised by an emphasis on developments through regional and international organisations. Masire was chairman of the Southern African Development Community and vice chairman of the Organisation of African Unity; he was also chairman of the Global Coalition for Africa and a member of the UN group on Africa Development.On August 7, 1988, while flying with his staff to a summit in Angola, his executive jet was accidentally shot at by an Angolan Air Force MiG-23. The plane was damaged and Masire was injured, but the co-pilot was able to make a successful emergency landing. Post-Presidency and death
Following his retirement in 1998, Sir Ketumile <mask> was involved in numerous diplomatic initiatives in a number of African countries, including Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Ghana and Swaziland. Between 1998 and 2000 he served as Chairman of the International Panel of Eminent Personalities Investigating the Circumstances Surrounding the 1994 Rwanda Genocide, and between 2000–2003 was the facilitator for the Inter-Congolese National Dialogue, which had the objective of bringing about a new political dispensation for the Democratic Republic of Congo, in terms of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement. In

masks: Masire Masire Masire Masire Masire


texts: 2007, Sir Ketumile <mask> set up the Sir Ketumile Masire Foundation to promote the social and economic well being of the society of Botswana. The Foundation strives to facilitate and drive efforts to promote peace, good governance and political stability internationally; assist children with disabilities from birth; and promote innovation and alternatives in agriculture. During the last decade of his life, Masire became increasingly unhappy with the direction of the Botswana Democratic Party and the government of Ian Khama.Events such as the loss of about a fifth of the membership to the breakaway Botswana Movement for Democracy in 2010, and the bitter 2011 BOFEPUSU strike made him question leadership decisions. He came to conclude that the BDP had lost its original ideas, and had instead been taken over by opportunists looking to benefit from senior government positions. As a result, he became estranged from the party for the first time in his life. Sir Ketumile is also a founding Member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with Heads of Government on governance-related issues of concern to them. In May 2010 Sir Ketumile Masire led an African Union Election Observer Mission to the May 2010 Ethiopia Legislative Elections, and in October 2010 he co-led (with


texts:
 fellow GLF Member Joe Clark) a National Democratic Institute pre-election assessment mission in Nigeria, which identified a number of hurdles that could undermine a successful process surrounding the 2011 state and national polls.He was the chancellor of the University of Botswana from 1982 to 1998. Masire died at Bokamoso Hospital in Mmopane, Botswana, surrounded by his family, on 22 June 2017 at the age of 91. He had been hospitalized on 18 June after undergoing surgery for an unspecified reason, but his health deteriorated afterwards. He was buried on the morning of Thursday 29 June 2017 in his home village Kanye, Botswana. Honours and accolades
Three Honorary Doctorates of Law (L.L.D.) from St. John University, New York, and Williams College, Massachusetts, in the United States (1980), and in the United Kingdom (1988)
Two Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Ohio University (1988), and DePaul University (1994) in the United States. Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger (1988)
Grand Counsellor of the Royal Order of Sobhuza II, Swaziland (1988)
Honorary Knighthood of the Grand Cross of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG), UK (1990)
Namibia's Order of the Welwitschia (1995)
Free Market Award from the Free Market Foundation of South Africa (2000)

References

Further reading
Masire, <mask> Ketumile Joni and Stephen R. Lewis Jr.(ed. ), Very Brave or Very Foolish: Memoirs of an African Democrat (2008). Palgrave Macmillan. External links

1926 births
2017 deaths
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Presidents of Botswana
Vice-presidents of Botswana
Finance ministers of Botswana
Botswana Democratic Party politicians
People from Kanye, Botswana
Botswana independence activists
Botswana


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<mask> (born January 1, 1986) is a retired Pakistani professional footballer who formerly played for Khan Research Laboratories, and is the current defending coach of his life-long club Khan Research Laboratories. Born in Faisalabad, Punjab, <mask> made his professional debut in 2004–05 Pakistan Premier League with Panther Club, surviving relegation due to Allied Bank folding their team. <mask> got relegated with Panthers in 2005–06 season. <mask> joined Khan Research Laboratories at the start of 2006–07 season. With Khan Research Laboratories, Ishaq won four league titles and 6 national cups. <mask> made his international debut at the 2005 SAFF Championship, which was hosted in Jinnah Sports Stadium, Islamabad, Pakistan. <mask> was part of the team that lost to Bangladesh in the semi-finals.Club career

Panther Club

2004–06
<mask> started his career at Panther Club from his hometown of Faisalabad. He competed in 2004–05 Pakistan Premier League with them. Panther finished the season in relegation zone at 11th position with 30 points, but avoided relegation due to Allied Bank who finished on 8th position folded their team at the end of the season. In the 2005–06, <mask> faced relegation once again as Panther Club finished 11th again, with 20 points. <mask> scored his first goal for Panther Club in a 5–0 victory over City Football Club from Lahore in 2005 National Challenge Cup on 11 June 2005. <mask> scored the second goal of the match and his team in 47th minute. <mask>aib, a game which Wohaib drew 2–2 in the last 10 minutes after trailing by 2–0.In the second stage of the tournament, Panther Club ended in the bottom of table and got knocked out of the tournament. Khan Research Laboratories

2006–2008
Ishaq joined Rawalpindi giants, Khan Research Laboratories before the start of 2006–07 Pakistan Premier League. <mask> was a regular in starting eleven throughout the season as Khan Research Laboratories finished 3rd, conceding only 12 goals in 20 games. In the 2007–08 season, <mask> scored his first ever top-flight league goal on 5 January 2008 against Pakistan

masks:
Samar Ishaq
Ishaq
Ishaq
Ishaq
Ishaq
Ishaq
Ishaq
Ishaq
Ishaq
Ishaq
Ishaqoh
Ishaq
Ishaq


texts: Airlines, scoring the equaliser after Shakir Lashari gave lead to Pakistan Airlines at the 11th minute. Khan Research won the game 4–1. <mask> again ended 3rd with Khan Research Laboratories, as his side had the second best defense of the league behind Pakistan Army, who conceded 10 goals as compared to 13 of Khan Research Laboratories. The 2008–09 season saw Ishaq winning his first silverware, as Khan Research Laboratories won the 2009 National Football Challenge Cup, defeating Pakistan Airlines 1–0 in the finals, thanks to 64th minute goal by Muhammad Qasim.However they finished third in the league again behind league winners and runners-up WAPDA and Pakistan Army respectively. In 2009–10 season, <mask> and Khan Research Laboratories won their first ever league national title, as they won the league on goal difference, finishing first with a goal difference of +32 as compared to +22 of Pakistan Army after both teams ended season with 60 points each. Ishaq with his team conceded only 8 goals in 26 matches. He scored his first goal of the season in a 2–0 win over National Bank on 7 August 2009, as he opened the scoring on 63rd minutes. On 4 October 2009, <mask> scored the lone goal in the 90+1 minute as Khan Research Laboratories defeated Pak Elektron 1–0. <mask> and Khan Research Laboratories went on to achieve the double and they also successfully defended the National Challenge Cup. <mask> scored the fastest goal of the 2010 National Football Challenge Cup, when he scored the goal in 2nd minute of the match in the finals, as his team went on to defeat Pakistan Navy 4–0, with Kaleemullah Khan, Zubair Ahmed and Abid Ghafoor scoring in 22nd, 63rd and 77th minutes respectively.<mask> finished second in the 2010–11 Pakistan Premier League after WAPDA topped the league, 9 points clear of Khan Research Laboratories, although Khan Research Laboratories had the best defense of the season conceding only 16 goals 20 matches. <mask> scored his only goal of the season against Pakistan Army on 20 September 2010, converting a penalty on 56th minutes. <mask> however, won his and

masks: Ishaq Ishaq Ishaq Ishaq Ishaq Ishaq Ishaq Ishaq


texts:
 team's third consecutive National Challenge Cup title as they defeated Karachi Electric Supply Corporation 1–0 in the finals held at <mask>'s hometown of Faisalabad. <mask> scored his only goal of the tournament in group stage in a 2–0 win over Habib Bank. <mask> became the captain of Khan Research Laboratories, at the 2011–12 season, as they went on to achieve the double once again, becoming first team in Pakistan to achieve this feat more than once, as Allied Bank and Crescent Textile Mills did the double in 1999 and 1987 respectively. He won the league as Khan Research Laboratories finished at top of the table, 20 points clear of surprise runners-up Afghan Chaman. This was the first time in Pakistan Premier League, that the league was won by any team with 6 games remaining to play.<mask> won the 2012 National Football Challenge Cup 3–1 on penalties after match stayed 0–0 after extra-time, <mask>'s missed his penalty after hitting the post. <mask> won his third league and second consecutive title, as they went on to win the 2012–13 Pakistan Premier League, courtesy of Kaleemullah Khan who scored 35 goals in 30 games, most in the history of Pakistan Premier League. <mask> scored his first league goal of the season on 5 January 2013, after scoring a penalty on 77th minutes against Karachi Port Trust 2–1. Ishaq missed the decisive penalty in a quarter-finals match against National Bank in the 2013 National Football Challenge Cup, causing them to crash out of the tournament. International career statistics

Goals for Senior National Team

Honours
Khan Research Laboratories
 Pakistan Premier League: 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14
 National Football Challenge Cup: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016

Individual
 Premier League Player of the Year: 2008–09, 2011–12

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Faisalabad
Khan Research Laboratories F.C. players
Pakistani footballers
Pakistan international footballers
Association football fullbacks
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for

masks: Ishaq Ishaq Ishaq Ishaq Ishaq Ishaq Ishaq


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<mask> (  born 9 March 1957) is a Swedish politician who was leader of the opposition and leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party from 2007 to 2011. Sahlin was a Member of Parliament, representing Stockholm County, from 1982 to 1996 and again from 2002 to 2011. She has also held ministerial posts in the Swedish government from 1990 to 1991, from 1994 to 1995 and from 1998 to 2006. <mask> was elected as leader of the Social Democratic Party on 17 March 2007, succeeding Göran Persson who resigned as leader following the defeat in the 2006 general election. <mask> is the first female leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party and became in 2011 the first since Claes Tholin in 1907 to leave that position without having served as Prime Minister of Sweden. In 2012, her successor Håkan Juholt joined her as the second now living person to do so. On 14 November 2010, following another electoral defeat for the Social Democrats, she announced her intent to step down as party chairman, which she did in early 2011.Youth and education
Sahlin was born <mask> Andersson in Sollefteå, Västernorrland County, Sweden. Her father, Hans Andersson, worked at youth care schools community homes. In the mid 1960s, the family moved to Järla in Stockholm County where they remained. Her father later became an advisor to former Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson. In 1964, at the age of seven, Sahlin founded the Swedish "Barbie Club". During her childhood, she also enjoyed soccer and music. Sahlin performed as one of the back up singers to Jan Malmsjö, in the selection for the song to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1969.The song was written by Benny Andersson and Lasse Berghagen and it came in second place. Sahlin was educated at Nacka Samskola and Södra Latin in Stockholm and completed secondary school in 1977. From 1976 to 1977, she was vice

masks:
Mona Ingeborg Sahlin
Sahlin
Sahlin
Mona Ingeborg


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 chairperson of the Swedish Pupils' Association. Thereafter she worked at a private company and later as a trade union representative for the Swedish National Union of State Employees. Political career

At age 13, Sahlin joined the Swedish support group for the Viet Cong. Sahlin's political career began in the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League in Nacka, Stockholm County, in 1973, at the age of 16. This was during the Vietnam War, and already as a 13-year-old Sahlin had joined the Swedish FNL group.In the Swedish general election of 1982, <mask> was elected to the Riksdag as the youngest member of parliament at that time. In 1990, she became Minister for Employment, but after the Social Democrats lost power in the 1991 election, <mask> began to serve as chairman of the Riksdag's Committee on the Labour Market and as spokesman for the Social Democrats on labour market issues. From 1992 to 1994, she was party secretary. During this period, she openly criticized government reforms, particularly on social welfare and employees' rights, maintaining they needed to be reversed. She left her position to rejoin the government as Minister for Gender Equality and Deputy Prime Minister, when the Social Democrats regained power in the 1994 election. In October 1995, the newspaper Expressen following an investigation led by Christian Democratic Spanish-Swedish Public Auditor Carlos Medina de Rebolledo reported that <mask>, who was then serving as Deputy Prime Minister and was widely seen as the main candidate to succeed Ingvar Carlsson as Prime Minister, had charged more than 50,000 Swedish kronor for private expenses on her working charge card, which was only for working expenses. At a news conference, she admitted that she had used a Government credit card to buy groceries.She further confessed to having failed to pay 19 parking tickets and

masks: Sahlin Sahlin Sahlin


texts:
 several bills for her children's day care on time. Later, she apologized in a Stockholm newspaper. A preliminary investigation was initiated by the chief prosecutor Jan Danielsson, as a result of the transactions,
and was closed in early 1996 when it came to the conclusion that there was no infringement. She eventually paid the bills (and an extra of 15,000 kronor) to the Treasury. The controversy was dubbed as the "Toblerone affair" due to the inclusion of Toblerone bars on the credit card statement. Break from politics and return
From 1996 to 1997, Sahlin worked as a self-employed owner of a small company and as a television reporter. In 1997, she was elected chairman of the European Council Against Racism and in 1998 she became the head of the Social Democratic youth education school Bommersvik.Sahlin returned to national politics in 1998 when then Prime Minister Göran Persson appointed her as Minister without Portfolio. She served first in the Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communication from 1998 to 2002, then from 2002 to 2004 in the Ministry of Justice as the "Minister for Democracy and Integration", and from 2004 to 2006 in the Ministry of Sustainable Development as the "Minister for Sustainable Development". In 2004, she was the Social Democratic minister for integration of refugees and her public positions indicated an opposition to proposed restrictions on asylum seekers, arguing the all refugees entering Sweden must have the same rights and obligations. Social Democratic Party leadership
After the Social Democratic defeat in the 2006 election, Göran Persson announced his retirement as party leader on the election night. <mask> was mentioned as a possible successor, but not considered to be the most likely candidate. Both Margot Wallström and Carin Jämtin received stronger support amongst local and regional party


texts: organisations. Ulrica Messing was also mentioned as a possible candidate.Wallström, Jämtin and Messing declared however that they would not stand for the post and instead supported Sahlin, leaving <mask> as the only serious candidate. On 18 January, she was officially asked by the party's Election Committee to stand as party leader, and accepted. On 17 March, she was unanimously elected at the extra party congress in Stockholm. In January 2007, support for the new centre-right government of Sweden had dropped greatly in the polls, which showed the left bloc (including the Green Party) as having much stronger support. This provided <mask>, as leader of the biggest opposition party, with excellent opportunities to lead the opposition against the PM Fredrik Reinfeldt. By April 2009, however, the support had waned and a Demoskop poll published in Expressen showed that the four-party Alliance claimed a combined 50 percent voter support while the Sahlin-led opposition had 45.2 percent. Later the same month a Sifo poll showed that merely 27 percent of Swedes were confident or extremely confident in her leadership ability, while the public confidence in Reinfeldt was measured at 60 percent.<mask> is often described as a scion of the party's more moderate members, and a number of left-wing party members criticised her candidacy for party leader. Much of this criticism was silenced in January 2007 when the chairman of the Trade Union Confederation, Wanja Lundby-Wedin, expressed full support for Sahlin as well as several powerful party districts around the country. One of her key initiatives was the formation of the Red-Green alliance between the Social Democrats and the Green Party to counter the move to pare back the social welfare system and privatize state-owned assets. In the election to the European Parliament held on 7 June 2009 – Sahlin's

masks:
Mona Sahlin
Mona Sahlin
Mona Sahlin


texts: first election as party leader – the Social Democratic Party received 24.41 percent of the votes (a slight reduction from the 2004 election in which the party received 24.56 percent). The result was the lowest for the Social Democratic Party since the introduction of universal suffrage in Sweden in 1921. In a speech before trade unionists during the election campaign on 12 May 2009, Sahlin said: "If there's not a plus in front of our figures it's a deep failure". She led the Social Democratic Party in the election of September 2010 where she failed to unseat Fredrik Reinfeldt as Prime Minister.The Social Democrats received the lowest recorded percentage of the votes in their history but were still the largest party in Sweden by a slim margin in 2010. She resigned as party leader on 25 March 2011, becoming the second Social Democratic Party leader to have resigned without having served as prime minister. Speaking in 2005 at a Swedish mosque, Sahlin said that "many Swedes are envious of immigrants because they have a culture, a history, something that binds them together. Swedes have only Midsummer Night and such silly things." Karen Jespersen, a former Minister of Integration in Denmark, commented: Cultural self-denial cannot easily be more monstrous and ghastly." After the terrorist action in Brussels in March 2016, <mask>, who was then serving as national coordinator against violent extremism, maintained in an op-ed that such atrocities were the fault not only of the terrorists themselves but of critics of Islam whose remarks in online chat rooms, in comments fields, and on social media "give the extremists their nourishment." Commentator Jenny Sonesson called for her to be dismissed from her position, saying that she "knows nothing about Islam."Writing in Expressen, Sakine Madon also criticized Sahlin for her refusal to address the


texts:
 reality of jihadism. On 5 May 2016, Sahlin stepped down from her position as Sweden's national coordinator against violence-embracing extremism, due to revelations by the newspaper Expressen that she had lied about her bodyguard's salary, in order to help him secure a mortgage. The bodyguard had a monthly salary of 43 000 SEK, but <mask> wrote a confirmation letter stating that he had a salary of 120 000 SEK. When confronted with the issue, she first made a false statement that she had paid the difference out of her own pocket, before retracting the statement after it was proven by Expressen to actually be false. The media mentioned similarities to the so-called Toblerone case of the 1990s when Sahlin was caught using her government credit card to pay for private expenses and then dodging the issue when confronted. In November 2017, Sahlin was found guilty of tax evasion. In 2015, she had failed to declare 151,072 kronor in income from writing and lecturing, and in 2016 she had failed to declare 106.193 kronor.She was required to pay a fine of 23,000 kronor. Personal life

<mask> has one brother and two sisters. Her brother, Janne Andersson, is the former lead singer of the pop group Japop and owns his own production company. Her sister Lena Ridemar is the chief of staff at the Tenants' Association. In 1982, she married <mask>, a politician who later became the CEO of the Social Democratic media company AiP Media Produktion AB in 2006. The couple have three children: Jenny (b. 1983), Gustav (b.1989), and Johan who died after ten months as a result of heart failure. She also has a child named Ann-Sofie from a previous relationship with a man named David Peña. Bibliography

References

External links

<mask>'s page on the Swedish Parliament's web site
Profile: <mask> in The Local
Article in Expressen about <mask>'s past in

masks:
Mona Sahlin
Mona Sahlin
Bo Sahlin
Mona Sahlin
Mona Sahlin
Mona


texts:
 Expressen

20th-century women politicians
21st-century Swedish women politicians
1957 births
Living people
People from Sollefteå Municipality
Swedish Social Democratic Party politicians
Leaders of the Swedish Social Democratic Party
Swedish Ministers for Employment
Deputy Prime Ministers of Sweden
Swedish Ministers for the Environment
Swedish Ministers for Integration
Swedish Ministers for Gender Equality
Women members of the Riksdag
Women government ministers of Sweden
Members of the Riksdag


texts:
<mask>  (May 12, 1904 – February 13, 2002) was an American politician who served as the first female mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina from 1977 until 1979. At the age of 73, she defeated the incumbent Mayor, Jyles Coggins, during the election of 1977. Known as "the little old lady in tennis shoes," she served one term as mayor of Raleigh until 1979. <mask> died at the age of 97 on February 13, 2002. Education and Employment
<mask> was born <mask> (daughter of Helen Bett Seamans and James Walton) on May 12, 1904, in 15 Downieville Crescent, Dunfermline, Scotland, and came to the United States with her family in 1916. After graduating from Winecoff High School in North Carolina, she attended Elon College where she received a Bachelor of Arts in English and Science in 1924. While working as a teacher at Elon College high school, she married Claude M<mask> in 1924, who was a registrar and business manager at Elon College.In addition to working as a high school teacher, she encountered a variety of work experience, including her position as the mayor of Raleigh. She served as the director of the Elon College weekday experimental school of religious education from 1925 to 1928, worked as a cashier at the Elon Banking and Trust Company from 1928 to 1930, and later became an assistant registrar and manager of the college bookstore at Elon in 1932. Ten years later, she became a bookkeeper and payroll manager at WRAL Radio Station in Raleigh and worked until 1943. She then held a position as a supervisor with the French Supply Council in Washington D.C. from 1944 to 1945. For the next two years, she was an interviewer for overseas financial clearance for returning and terminating personnel in the United

masks:
Isabella McLean Bett Walton Cannon
Isabella Cannon
Cannon
Isabella McLean Bett Walton
. Cannon


texts:
 Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. From 1947 to 1954, she traveled overseas to Liberia, West Africa, and Iraq with her husband, <mask>, who was serving in diplomatic service. After returning to the United States, he died in 1954 in Raleigh.Soon after, she became the director of the library at North Carolina State University and maintained her job for the next fifteen years. Mayor of Raleigh
<mask> was elected as the first female mayor of Raleigh in 1977. On November 13, 1977, the New York Times reported, "Rather than the simple, senior-citizen Cinderella story of a 73-year-old political novice who upset a vigorous, veteran incumbent, the victory of <mask> as Mayor-elect is considered here as the latest skirmish in a continuing power struggle over the economic future of this capital city of 150,000". Her victory over the previous mayor, Jyles Coggins, was surprising news for many people, not only because of her age, but also because of his widespread support from the city residents. Based on her motto of "planned growth," however, she was able to win the election by 14,508 to 13,315. She was sworn-in in December and served one term until 1979. She was defeated for re-election by city councilman Smedes York.Honors
In 1978, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree from Elon University. In the same year, Mrs. <mask> was nominated for Woman of the Year by Ladies Home Journal. From 1980-1981, she was nationally recognized as the Woman of the Year by the senior citizens organization, September Days Clubs. In 1983 she received Elon University's Distinguished Alumni Award and was the first woman to receive the Elon medallion in 1991. In 1999, <mask> was awarded the Order of

masks:
Claude Cannon
Isabella Cannon
Isabella Cannon
Isabella Cannon
Cannon
Cannon