texts:
 the Billboard Bubbling Under chart in Nov. 1962. The trade magazine gave it a Pop Spotlight pick: "<mask> bows on the N.O. label with a moving reading of a touching rockaballad. He sells it with warmth, and he can sing.”

<mask> failed to follow up the success of "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" with two more Frisco singles. The next disc <mask> recorded, "Loan Me Your Handkerchief", a song written by Earl King, was leased by Frisco to ABC-Paramount for national distribution.This Wardell Quezergue-produced record, featuring Irving Banister on guitar and Mac Rebennack on piano, sold more than 100,000 copies, rising to the top of the local charts. <mask> and the Cavaliers toured with artists such as Jimmy Reed, Otis Redding, and Marvin Gaye. <mask> said "We played the Rockland, the Apollo, all the bigger theatres. Universal booked me." In 1964 Frisco partner Hal Atkins left New Orleans to take a job at WDIA in Memphis. <mask>'s sessions were moved to Memphis, where he was produced by Isaac Hayes and David Porter. <mask> remembered, "Hal Atkins was transferred to WDIA up in Memphis and he got to know Jim Stewart, Booker T, and the gang around Stax.He arranged for me to fly up to Memphis" for what turned out to be the last Frisco sessions. "I got with Isaac Hayes and Dave Porter and they recorded me." Hayes and Porter had yet to establish themselves as premier Stax producers so <mask>'s first recordings were made at Royal Studios with the musicians who would become the Hi Rhythm Section, including Mabon "Teenie" Hodges on guitar, Howard Grimes on drums, and the Memphis Horns. Sadly, the discs received little play and few sales. Connie LaRocca closed Frisco Records in 1966. "Stax used to lease stuff to other

masks:
Danny White
White
White
White
White
Danny White
White
White


type: original

texts:
 labels too, not just put their own stuff out", <mask> said. "They got me a deal with Atlas Records out of New York, and that's when 'Keep My Woman Home' and 'I'm Dedicating My Life' came out in 1966."Because DJs did not play the record, it did not sell. It gained popularity in U.K. discotheques, prompting British label Sue Records to issue it in the U.K., but failed to chart there. Hal Atkins remained a steady supporter of <mask>'s talent. He sent <mask> back to Royal Studios to work with producer Willie Mitchell. The resulting two releases, issued in 1966 and 1967, marked <mask>'s return to Decca Records. The discs, including a remake of "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" had airplay in New Orleans and select other urban areas, though not enough to hit the charts. Later life
Integration, lack of successful record sales, and the British Invasion led <mask> to disband the Cavaliers in 1966.White club owners had stopped booking black R&B bands because they feared black patrons would alienate their white clientele. R&B was pushed off of radio playlists by British bands emulating their black R&B heroes. In 1968 Allen Toussaint brought <mask> back into the studio to record two sides, "Natural Soul Brother" and "One Way Love Affair", which were released by Nashville record man Shelby Singleton's SSS International with little notice. Two more sides were recorded the following year, possibly in New York City or Washington, D.C., for Kashe Records. By 1969 <mask> had left performing to manage the seminal New Orleans funk band The Meters. <mask> moved to the Washington, D.C. area in 1972 and worked as a sales manager for a furniture company. He died January 5, 1996, after suffering a stroke.<mask> was survived by his

masks: White White White White White White White White White


texts:
<mask> (April 23, 1901 – March 23, 1987) was an American businessman, broadcasting executive and labor lawyer. He is best known for having defended striking workers during the Auto-Lite Strike in 1934 and for successfully resisting the federal government's attempt to strip him of his broadcasting licenses during the McCarthy era. <mask> was born to British-born Clarence and Mary (Gross<mask> in 1901 in Toledo, Ohio. He was one of ten children. <mask> was a commercial fisherman on Lake Erie, and <mask> a housekeeper. <mask> entered Dartmouth College in 1920. He received a juris doctor degree from Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve University) in 1927.He was admitted to the Ohio bar the same year. Career

Government
In 1928, he became assistant counsel for the city of Toledo. He quit public life in 1929 and opened a private practice. Labor lawyer
In 1934, <mask> turned from corporate to labor law after workers at the Auto-Lite auto parts manufacturer asked him to represent them during the Auto-Lite Strike. "I knew it would finish me with the corporations I represented, but those workers were in the right and I took their case." <mask> became deeply involved in the negotiations which ended the violent Auto-Lite strike, and helped to successfully negotiate a collective bargaining agreement. <mask> remained active in labor law through the 1930s and 1940s, representing more than 75 unions.He was jailed several times for contempt of court during labor union strikes. Other notable instances where <mask> represented workers were the "onion fields strike" in McGuffey, Ohio, in 1934; the Little Steel Strike in Ohio in 1937; the shoe workers'

masks:
Edward Lamb
Background Lamb
) Lamb
Clarence Lamb
Mary Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb


texts:
 strike in Portsmouth, Ohio, in 1937; and the strike against the U.S. Gypsum Company in Port Clinton, Ohio, in 1938. During the shoe workers' strike, corporate attorneys initiated disbarment proceedings against <mask> for his aggressive defense of trade union members. The disbarment proceeding was unsuccessful. <mask> won a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in 1946. In Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680 (1946), the Supreme Court held that workers were entitled to pay for required preliminary duties after arriving at the places of work, if the employer made them wait before and after the shift periods, and for time spent in walking from time clocks to their places of work.The decision subsequently became known as the "portal to portal case." Associations
In the 1930s, <mask> was a member of the International Juridical Association. Broadcasting
Increasingly wealthy from a series of stock investments, <mask> began buying newspapers and television and radio stations in the 1940s. Picture Waves, Inc., a Lamb-owned affiliate, was awarded the license for WTVN-TV (now WSYX) in Columbus, Ohio and the station began broadcasting in 1949. He also owned several media interests in Erie, Pennsylvania; including the now-defunct Erie Dispatch Herald newspaper and WICU-AM-TV. He nearly lost his Erie stations in a bitter legal battle with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). When the station's license came up for renewal in 1954, the FCC tried to get <mask> to surrender his broadcasting license on grounds that he associated with communists.<mask> fought for the right to hold the license, and won his case in 1957. Investments
<mask> also owned more

masks: Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb


texts:
 than 55 manufacturing and financial concerns (including Nevada National Bancorporation, later part of Security Pacific Bank). One of his largest businesses was the Seiberling Rubber Co.  <mask> fought a losing proxy fight for control over the company in 1956, but seized control after another shareholder battle in 1962. Trustee

In his later years, <mask> was a trustee of the United Nations Association chapter in the United States, and participated in peace and civil rights demonstrations in the 1960s. He was also a trustee of the Fund for the Republic, a civil rights organization which was absorbed by the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in 1979. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. <mask>'s company changed its name to Great Lakes Communications after selling off all of his interests outside of Erie.He continued to serve as president and chairman until his death in 1987. Personal and death

<mask> and his wife, Prudence had two children:  Priscilla <mask> and <mask>. He died on March 23, 1987, at his home in Maumee, Ohio. Legacy

His wife and children survived him, and continued to operate WICU-TV until selling it in 1996. His estate endowed the Edward Lamb Foundation of Maumee, Ohio (also listed as Perrysburg, Ohio). References

External sources
Bernstein, Irving. The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941.Paperback edition. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1970. (Originally published 1969.) Brown, Jr., Ralph S. "Character and Candor Requirements for FCC Licensees." Law and Contemporary Problems. 22:4 (Autumn 1957). "<mask>."The Nation. April 1987. "<mask> is Dead at 84; Millionaire and Labor Lawyer."

masks:
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb Scher
Edward Lamb
Edward Lamb
Edward Lamb


texts:
 New York Times. March 25, 1987. French, Michael. "Structure, Personality, and Business Strategy in the U.S. Tire Industry: The Seiberling Rubber Company, 1922-1964."Business History Review. 67:3 (Summer 1993). "Innocent Lamb?" Time. November 29, 1954. Kelly, Frank K. Court of Reason: Robert Hutchins and the Fund for the Republic. New York: The Free Press, 1981.<mask>, <mask>. No Lamb for Slaughter. New York: Harcourt, Brace World, 1963. <mask>, <mask>. Trial By Battle: The Case History of a Washington Witch-Hunt. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, 1964. Reeves, Thomas C. Freedom and the Foundation: The Fund for the Republic in the Era of McCarthyism.New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969. "Shorn Lamb." Time. May 7, 1956. Chapman, Roger. "American Progressivism and the Cold War: The Case of <mask> of Toledo, Ohio, 1901-1987." Ph.D.diss., Bowling Green State University, 2004. WTVN-TV History Page at the Early Television Foundation
<mask> Papers, Center for Archival Collections, Jerome Library, Bowling Green State University
Full text of Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. courtesy of Findlaw.com
Fund for the Republic archives, Princeton University
"Program 75: No Lamb for Slaughter," Audio Archive, Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, Davidson Library, University of California-Santa Barbara, September 26, 1963 (Interview with <mask>)

1901 births
1987 deaths
American people of English descent
Lawyers from Toledo, Ohio
American television executives
American labor lawyers
Dartmouth College alumni
Case Western Reserve University alumni
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American businesspeople
People from

masks:
Lamb
Edward
Lamb
Edward
Edward Lamb
Edward Lamb
Edward Lamb


texts:
<mask> (also known as <mask> or le Père Mersenne; ; 8 September 1588 – 1 September 1648) was a French polymath whose works touched a wide variety of fields. He is perhaps best known today among mathematicians for Mersenne prime numbers, those which can be written in the form  for some integer . He also developed Mersenne's laws, which describe the harmonics of a vibrating string (such as may be found on guitars and pianos), and his seminal work on music theory, Harmonie universelle, for which he is referred to as the "father of acoustics". <mask>, an ordained Catholic priest, had many contacts in the scientific world and has been called "the center of the world of science and mathematics during the first half of the 1600s" and, because of his ability to make connections between people and ideas, "the post-box of Europe". He was also a member of the Minim religious order and wrote and lectured on theology and philosophy. Life
Mersenne was born of Jeanne Moulière, wife of <mask>, peasants who lived near Oizé, County of Maine (present-day Sarthe, France). He was educated at Le Mans and at the Jesuit College of La Flèche.On 17 July 1611, he joined the Minim Friars and, after studying theology and Hebrew in Paris, was ordained a priest in 1613. Between 1614 and 1618, he taught theology and philosophy at Nevers, but he returned to Paris and settled at the convent of L'Annonciade in 1620. There he studied mathematics and music and met with other kindred spirits such as René Descartes, Étienne Pascal, Pierre Petit, Gilles de Roberval, Thomas Hobbes, and

masks:
Marin Mersenne
Marinus Mersennus
Mersenne
Julien Mersenne


texts: Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc. He corresponded with Giovanni Doni, Jacques Alexandre Le Tenneur, Constantijn Huygens, Galileo Galilei, and other scholars in Italy, England and the Dutch Republic. He was a staunch defender of Galileo, assisting him in translations of some of his mechanical works. For four years, Mersenne devoted himself entirely to philosophic and theological writing, and published Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim (Celebrated Questions on the Book of Genesis) (1623); L'Impieté des déistes (The Impiety of the Deists) (1624); La Vérité des sciences (Truth of the Sciences Against the Sceptics, 1624). It is sometimes incorrectly stated that he was a Jesuit.He was educated by Jesuits, but he never joined the Society of Jesus. He taught theology and philosophy at Nevers and Paris. In 1635 he set up the informal Académie Parisienne (Academia Parisiensis), which had nearly 140 correspondents, including astronomers and philosophers as well as mathematicians, and was the precursor of the Académie des sciences established by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1666. He was not afraid to cause disputes among his learned friends in order to compare their views, notable among which were disputes between Descartes and Pierre de Fermat and Jean de Beaugrand. Peter L. Bernstein, in his book Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk, wrote, "The Académie des Sciences in Paris and the Royal Society in London, which were founded about twenty years after Mersenne's death, were direct descendants of Mersenne's activities." In 1635 Mersenne met with


texts:
 Tommaso Campanella but concluded that he could "teach nothing in the sciences ... but still he has a good memory and a fertile imagination." Mersenne asked if Descartes wanted Campanella to come to Holland to meet him, but Descartes declined.He visited Italy fifteen times, in 1640, 1641 and 1645. In 1643–1644 <mask> also corresponded with the German Socinian Marcin Ruar concerning the Copernican ideas of Pierre Gassendi, finding Ruar already a supporter of Gassendi's position. Among his correspondents were Descartes, Galileo, Roberval, Pascal, Beeckman and other scientists. He died on 1 September 1648 of complications arising from a lung abscess. Work

Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim was written as a commentary on the Book of Genesis and comprises uneven sections headed by verses from the first three chapters of that book. At first sight the book appears to be a collection of treatises on various miscellaneous topics. However Robert Lenoble has shown that the principle of unity in the work is a polemic against magical and divinatory arts, cabalism, and animistic and pantheistic philosophies.He mentions Martin Del Rio's Investigations into Magic and criticises Marsilio Ficino for claiming power for images and characters. He condemns astral magic and astrology and the anima mundi, a concept popular amongst Renaissance neo-platonists. Whilst allowing for a mystical interpretation of the Cabala, he wholeheartedly condemned its magical application, particularly angelology. He also criticises Pico della Mirandola, Cornelius Agrippa, Francesco


texts:
 Giorgio and Robert Fludd, his main target. Fludd responded with Sophia cum moria certamen (1626), wherein he admits his involvement with the Rosicrucians. The anonymous Summum bonum (1629), another critique of Mersenne, is an openly Rosicrucian text. The cabalist Jacques Gaffarel joined Fludd's side, while Pierre Gassendi defended Mersenne.Harmonie universelle is perhaps <mask>'s most influential work. It is one of the earliest comprehensive works on music theory, touching on a wide range of musical concepts, and especially the mathematical relationships involved in music. The work contains the earliest formulation of what has become known as <mask>'s laws, which describe the frequency of oscillation of a stretched string. This frequency is:
 Inversely proportional to the length of the string (this was known to the ancients; it is usually credited to Pythagoras)
 Proportional to the square root of the stretching force, and
 Inversely proportional to the square root of the mass per unit length. The formula for the lowest frequency is

where f is the frequency [Hz], L is the length [m], F is the force [N] and μ is the mass per unit length [kg/m]. In this book, Mersenne also introduced several innovative concepts that can be considered the basis of modern reflecting telescopes:
 Much earlier than Laurent Cassegrain, he found the fundamental arrangement of the two-mirror telescope combination, a concave primary mirror associated with a convex secondary mirror, and discovered the telephoto effect that is critical in reflecting telescopes, although he

masks: Mersenne Mersenne


texts: was far from having understood all the implications of that discovery. Mersenne invented the afocal telescope and the beam compressor that is useful in many multiple-mirror telescope designs.He recognized also that he could correct the spherical aberration of the telescope by using aspherical mirrors and that in the particular case of the afocal arrangement he could do this correction by using two parabolic mirrors, though a hyperboloid is required. Because of criticism that he encountered, especially from Descartes, Mersenne made no attempt to build a telescope of his own. <mask> is also remembered today thanks to his association with the Mersenne primes. The Mersenne Twister, named for Mersenne primes, is frequently used in computer engineering and in related fields such as cryptography. However, <mask> was not primarily a mathematician; he wrote about music theory and other subjects. He edited works of Euclid, Apollonius, Archimedes, and other Greek mathematicians. But perhaps his most important contribution to the advance of learning was his extensive correspondence (in Latin) with mathematicians and other scientists in many countries.At a time when the scientific journal had not yet come into being, Mersenne was the centre of a network for exchange of information. It has been argued that Mersenne used his lack of mathematical specialty, his ties to the print world, his legal acumen, and his friendship with the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (1596–1650) to manifest his international network of mathematicians. <mask>'s

masks: Mersenne Mersenne Mersenne


texts:
 philosophical works are characterized by wide scholarship and the narrowest theological orthodoxy. His greatest service to philosophy was his enthusiastic defence of Descartes, whose agent he was in Paris and whom he visited in exile in the Netherlands. He submitted to various eminent Parisian thinkers a manuscript copy of the Meditations on First Philosophy, and defended its orthodoxy against numerous clerical critics. In later life, he gave up speculative thought and turned to scientific research, especially in mathematics, physics and astronomy. In this connection, his best known work is Harmonie universelle of 1636, dealing with the theory of music and musical instruments.It is regarded as a source of information on 17th-century music, especially French music and musicians, to rival even the works of Pietro Cerone. One of his many contributions to musical tuning theory was the suggestion of

as the ratio for an equally-tempered semitone (). It was more accurate (0.44 cents sharp) than Vincenzo Galilei's 18/17 (1.05 cents flat), and could be constructed using straightedge and compass. <mask>'s description in the 1636 Harmonie universelle of the first absolute determination of the frequency of an audible tone (at 84 Hz) implies that he had already demonstrated that the absolute-frequency ratio of two vibrating strings, radiating a musical tone and its octave, is 1 : 2. The perceived harmony (consonance) of two such notes would be explained if the ratio of the air oscillation frequencies is also 1 : 2, which in turn is consistent with the


texts:
 source-air-motion-frequency-equivalence hypothesis. He also performed extensive experiments to determine the acceleration of falling objects by comparing them with the swing of pendulums, reported in his Cogitata Physico-Mathematica in 1644. He was the first to measure the length of the seconds pendulum, that is a pendulum whose swing takes one second, and the first to observe that a pendulum's swings are not isochronous as Galileo thought, but that large swings take longer than small swings.Battles with occult and mystical thinkers
Two German books which circulated around Europe in 1614-15, Fama fraternitatis and Confessio Fraternitatis, claimed to be manifestos of a highly select, secret society of alchemists and sages called the Brotherhood of Rosicrucians. The books were hoaxes, but were obviously written by a small group who were reasonably knowledgeable about the sciences of the day, and their main theme was to promote educational reform (they were anti-Aristotelian). However, these books also promoted an occult view of science containing elements of Paracelsian philosophy, neo-Platonism, Cabalism and Hermeticism. In effect, they sought to establish a new form of scientific religion with some pre-Christian elements. Mersenne led the fight against acceptance of these ideas, particularly those of Rosicrucian promoter Robert Fludd, who had a lifelong battle of words with Johannes Kepler. The Rosicrucian ideas were defended by many prominent men of learning, and some members of the European scholarly community boosted their own prestige by


texts:
 claiming to be among the selected members of the Brotherhood. However, it is now generally agreed among historians that there is no evidence that the order of Rosicrucians ever existed.During the mid-1630s <mask> gave up the search for physical causes in the Aristotelian sense (rejecting the idea of “essences”, which were still favoured by the scholastic philosophers) and taught that true physics could be only a descriptive science of motions (Mécanisme), which was the direction set by Galileo Galilei. <mask> had been a regular correspondent with Galileo and had extended the work on vibrating strings originally developed by his father, Vincenzo Galilei. Music
An air attributed to Mersenne was used by Ottorino Respighi in his second suite of Ancient Airs and Dances

List of works

 Euclidis elementorum libri, etc. (Paris, 1626)
 Les Mécaniques de Galilée (Paris, 1634)
  Questions inouies ou récréation des savants (1634)
 Questions théologiques, physiques, etc. (1634)
 Harmonie universelle First edition online from Gallica (Paris, 1636). Translation to English by Roger E. Chapman (The Hague, 1957)
 Nouvelles découvertes de Galilée (1639)
 Cogitata physico-mathematica (1644)
 Universae geometriae synopsis (1644)

See also
Catalan–Mersenne number/Catalan's Mersenne conjecture
Equal temperament
List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics
Renaissance skepticism
Seconds pendulum

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

 Baillet, Adrien (1691). Vie de Descartes.Dear, Peter Robert (1988). Mersenne and the Learning of the Schools Ithaca:


texts:
 Cornell University Press. Gehring, F. (1922) “Mersennus, <mask> (le Père Mersenne)”. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (ed. J.A. Fuller Maitland). Grosslight, Justin (2013)."Small Skills, Big Networks: <mask> as Mathematical Intelligencer". History of Science 51:337–374. Moreau, Roger (2012). <mask> et la naissance de l'esprit scientifique. Editions Anagrammes, Perros Guirec. (). Poté, J.(1816). Éloge de Mersenne. Le Mans. External links

 IMSLP Traité de l'Harmonie Universelle. The Correspondence of <mask> in EMLO

 "<mask> Mersenne", Mathematics Genealogy Project. Minimospedia "<mask> Mersenne" especially for bibliography
Scholars and Literati at the "Mersenne" Academy (1635–1800), in Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE . Documentaries
<mask>—The Birth of Modern Geometry (UK Open University TV documentary made in 1986 and transmitted on BBC2)

1588 births
1648 deaths
People from Sarthe
17th-century French mathematicians
French mathematicians
17th-century French people
Number theorists
French music theorists
French Roman Catholics
Minims (religious order)
Catholic clergy scientists
Deaths from lung disease
French male non-fiction writers
17th-century French male

masks:
Marin
Marin Mersenne
Marin Mersenne
Marin Mersenne
Marin
Marin
Marin Mersenne


texts: <mask>. (born October 18, 1927) of Banilad and Sibonga, Cebu, Philippines, is the incumbent 3-termer regular member of the Judicial and Bar Council. Appointed on December 17, 1997, by Fidel Ramos, he was reappointed on September 12, 2001, and on October 4, 2005, by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. <mask>. was initially appointed to the Supreme Court as an Associate Justice on July 10, 1995, and retired on his 70th birthday on October 18, 1997. <mask>. graduated Valedictorian at the Sibonga Elementary School (1933–1940) and Salutatorian at the Cebu Provincial High School (1940–1941). He earned his Associate of Arts and his law degree with cum laude  from the University of Visayas (1948–1952). He passed the Bar Examinations in 1953 with a fair rating of 83.45%. <mask>. started his career as Law Professor, Criminal Law and Criminal Law Review at the University of Visayas, Cebu City; he taught Evidence at the Far Eastern University, Manila and Trial Technique and Moot Court at the San Sebastian College; he was a Bar Reviewer in Criminal Law at the University of Visayas and FEU, and Bar Examiner, Criminal Law, 1999 Bar Examination.<mask> Jr. attended post-graduate studies of Program for Executive Development at the Development Academy of the Philippines (1975) and at the University of the Philippines Law Center, Institute and Seminars. <mask> Jr. began his legal career in private law practice (1953; 1955–1966) by establishing the famous Hermosisima Law Offices at Cebu, Basilan City, and Zamboanga City, Zamboanga del Sur. He was Technical Assistant in 1954 of the House of

masks:
Regino Campos Hermosisima Jr
Hermosisima Jr
Profile Hermosisima Jr
Hermosisima Jr
Hermosisima
Hermosisima


texts:
 Representatives, Manila, City Councilor, Basilan City (1960–1963), Vice-Mayor, Basilan City (1963), chair, Eighth Amnesty Commission in 1973 at Mindanao (appointed by the then Secretary of Justice Vicente Abad Santos, while serving as CFI Judge of Basilan City). Hermosisisa Jr. rose from the ranks. He had 31 years in the judiciary, starting as trial judge (20 YEARS): Judge, Court of First Instance (1966–1976) Basilan City and Province;  Judge, CFI of Cebu (1976–1979), Branches IX and XI; Judge, Circuit Criminal Court (1983–1986), Cebu City, Branch XVIII, Region 7. <mask> Jr. was appointed by <mask> Aquino as Sandiganbayan Justice (9 years) (May 16, 1986 – July 18, 1995), and was promoted as an Associate Justice on July 10, 1995, and retired on his 70th birthday on October 18, 1997. He is the incumbent chair of the Board of Trustees, University of Cebu.He was awarded a Medal of Honor as the most distinguished alumnus of the University of Visayas. Aquino-Galman case

On December 2, 1985, Justice Manuel Pamaran of the Sandiganbayan rendered judgment in Criminal Cases Nos. 10010-10011 acquitting all the 16 accused, who allegedly killed Benigno Aquino Jr. However, the Supreme Court nullified the proceedings, which is regarded as a "sham", and ordered a retrial of the cases before the Sandiganbayan (Galman vs. Sandiganbayan, 144 SCRA 43, 1986). In his 177 pages decision dated September 28, 1990, <mask> Jr.'s Sandiganbayan found the said accused guilty as principals of the crime of murder in both Criminal Cases Nos. 10010 and 10011, and he sentenced them to reclusion perpetua

masks: Hermosisima Corazon Hermosisima


texts: in each case. The judgment became final after this Court denied petitioners’ petition for review of the Sandiganbayan decision for failure to show reversible error in the questioned decision, as well as their subsequent motion for reconsideration.In August 2004, the said accused asked the High Tribunal to re-open the case, but the last appeal was denied. On August 21, 2007, (Aquino's 24th death anniversary), Enrile stated that the case of the 14 soldiers incarcerated for 24 years now, due to the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. should be reviewed for clemency. Enrile paid for the legal services of the soldiers during their trial and said the soldiers and their families have suffered enough. 15 soldiers of the Aviation Security Command were sentenced to double life imprisonment for the double murder of Aquino and scapegoat Rolando Galman, and one of them had died. They were all initially acquitted in December 1985, by the Sandiganbayan' Manuel Pamaran, but the Sandiganbayan's <mask> C<mask> Jr. (promoted to Supreme Court Justice and incumbent 3 termer Judicial and Bar Council regular member) convicted them on September 28, 1990. On the 24th anniversary of the death of Benigno Aquino Jr., <mask> stated that she had forgiven the 14 incarcerated soldiers for the assassination of her husband but she would not ever nod to appeals for their release. On the other hand, Andres Narvasa stressed that there was no direct evidence linking Ferdinand Marcos and Fabian Ver to the murder.Narvasa further pleaded for the release of the 14 soldiers since they have suffered enough, and

masks:
Regino
. Hermosisima
Cory


texts:
 warned that Mrs. Aquino is  not a vengeful person. Two guns that changed Philippine history

On August 21, 2007, the 24th anniversary of Ninoy's murder, 2 guns that altered the course of Philippine history are rusting away in the drawers of the Sandiganbayan. The first is the charcoal-toned Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum pistol, with a grip made of deer horn, was discovered near the body of Rolando Galman, and was marked "Exhibit 32. Its twin or the 2nd gun surfaced when the Supreme Court ordered a retrial in 1986. This 2nd gun, which has the same serial number "K919079" as the first one was marked as "Exhibit 12," and really added to the mystery of Aquino's assassination. Sandiganbayan Associate Justice <mask> C<mask> Jr. in a 177-page decision promulgated in September 1990, incarcerated the 16 soldiers who were already acquitted by Manuel Pamaran's Sandiganbayan. In the 1990 judgment, the gun's owner was <mask>. Octavio Alvarez, who retired from the military on March 7, 1985.Both the Agrava Board report and the <mask> Jr. court resolved that it was either a .45 cal. or a .38 cal. pistol that was used in killing Aquino, thereby dismissing Olivas’ magnum theory, which pointed to Rolando Galman as the killer and the weapon as the .357 Magnum pistol. The court maintained that it was Moreno who shot Aquino but that he used a different gun. But the real weapon and the masterminds are still unaccounted for after 24 years. Meanwhile, the 2 mysterious Magnum revolvers will remain at the Sandiganbayan’s bodega until the return of Capt. Felipe Valerio, the group commander of the

masks:
Regino
. Hermosisima
Col
Hermosisima


texts:
 Avsecom 805th Special Operations Squadron, might be the last key to Aquino's death.Timeline of Aquino-Galman murder
 August 21, 1983 - Benigno Aquino Jr. was assassinated after disembarking a China Airlines plane at the Manila International Airport. Also killed was Rolando Galman. August 24, 1983 – Ferdinand Marcos set a fact-finding commission headed by Supreme Court Chief Justice Enrique Fernando to investigate the Aquino murder (composed of 4 retired Supreme Court Justices who resigned, after its composition was challenged in court and thereafter,  Arturo M. Tolentino declined appointment as board chair. August 31, 1983 – Burial of Ninoy at the Manila Memorial Park, Parañaque after the 11-hour procession joined by 2 million Filipinos. October 22, 1983 – Marcos created another fact-finding Agrava Board, headed by former Court of Appeals Justice <mask>zon J. Agrava, chair, with lawyer Luciano E. Salazar, businessman Dante G. Santos, labor leader Ernesto F. Herrera and educator Amado C. Dizon, as members (3 P.D. 1886 dated October 14, 1983, and Amendatory P.D. 1903 dated February 8, 1984).It held 125 hearing days from November 3, 1983 (including 3 hearings in Tokyo and 8 hearings in Los Angeles, California), heard 194 witnesses recorded in 20,377 pages of transcripts. October 22, 1984 – Agrava Board released the reports concluding that military officers, including Armed Forces Chief of Staff Gen. Fabian Ver, conspired to kill Ninoy; the Supreme Court assigned the case to the Sandiganbayan. December 2, 1985 – Manuel Pamaran Sandiganbayan acquitted all the accused. May


texts: 16, 1986 – <mask> Aquino appointed <mask> C<mask> Jr. Justice of the Sandigangbyan (until July 18, 1995). September 12, 1986 – The Supreme Court ordered a retrial, granting the 2nd Motion for Reconsideration in G.R. No. 72670.September 16, 1986 – The Sandiganbayan issued a warrant to arrest 25 military men, led by Ver, and a civilian. September 28, 1989 – Marcos died in exile at age 72 in Hawaii. September 28, 1990 – <mask> C<mask> Jr. penned the 177-page Sandiganbayan judgment to jail the 16 suspects, sentencing them to reclusion perpetua in each case. Convicted of the crime were the Avsecom chief, Brig. Gen. <mask>, Capt. Romeo Bautista, 2nd Lt. <mask>, and Sergeants <mask> L. Lat, Arnulfo de Mesa, Filomeno Miranda, Rolando de Guzman, Ernesto Mateo, Rodolfo Desolong, Ruben Aquino and Arnulfo Artates, gunman Constable Rogelio Moreno, M/Sgt. Pablo Martinez, C1C Mario Lazaga, A1C <mask>va Estelo and A1C Felizardo Taran.<mask> died of cancer while in prison in 1991. Estelo was stabbed dead in 2005 by another inmate. However, no mastermind was named. July 23, 1991 – The Supreme Court affirmed the conviction. July 10, 1995 - Fidel Ramos appointed <mask> C<mask> Jr. Associate Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court and retired on his 70th natal day in October 18, 1997. December 17, 1997 – <mask> C<mask> Jr. was appointed Judicial and Bar Council regular member.November 21, 1998 – Ver died of a lung ailment in Bangkok. September 12, 2001 – <mask> C<mask> Jr. was re-appointed Judicial and Bar Council regular member. March 8, 2005 – The Supreme Court denied the petition of the

masks:
Corazon
Regino
. Hermosisima
Regino
. Hermosisima
Luther Custodio
Jesus Castro
Claro
Cordo
Custodio
Regino
. Hermosisima
Regino
. Hermosisima
Regino
. Hermosisima


texts:
 accused (filed in August 2004) to re-open the case. October 4, 2005 – <mask> C<mask> Jr. was reappointed Judicial and Bar Council regular member, for his 3rd term, duplicating the 3rd term of Teresita <mask>. His last term was set to expire on July 9, 2009. August 21, 2007 – The 24th anniversary of Ninoy's murder. Chief Justice Andres Narvasa appealed for the closure of the case; Juan Ponce Enrile asked for the review for clemency in favor of the 14 convicts; Palawan Bishop Pedro Arigo, chair of the CBCP’s Episcopal Commission on Prison Pastoral Care (ECPPC) asked for a pardon for the convicts, though he said the ECPPC will have to study the cases before asking clemency for the soldiers; <mask> Aquino and Benigno Aquino III forgave the 14 soldiers but opposed their appeals for clemency or parole (which Sec.Raul Gonzales submitted to the President on 2004); Eduardo Ermita stated that the Bureau of Pardons and Parole had recommended a grant of executive clemency. August 24, 2007 - Eduardo Ermita officially announced that due to political implications, the appeal for clemency by the 14 soldiers was archived, even if the Bureau of Pardons and Parole presently reviews the plea. The executive secretary refused to give a time frame for the review. Judicial and Bar Council
In April 2004, <mask> Jr. was duly appointed chair of The Change Management Committee's Technical Group, with the function of restructuring and strengthening of the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC) and the Philippine Judicial Academy (PHILJA). On March 10, 2006, <mask> Jr. delivered a brilliant speech on the

masks:
Regino
. Hermosisima
Cruz Sison
Corazon
Hermosisima
Hermosisima


texts:
 Judicial and Bar Council Strategic and Operations Planning Workshop at the Pan Pacific Hotel, Adriatico, Manila. Likewise, he stated in his JBC message that the Council aims to nominate the "best and the brightest" among the applicants. In support, he cited Oliver Wendell <mask> Jr. was past President of the Councils of YMCA movements in Asia and Pacific countries and Territories and incumbent Member of Executive Committee, Standing Committees and Task Groups For the Quadrennium:2004-2007 and Member also of the CONSTITUTIONAL MATTERS, YMCA. On November 27, 2005, the feast day of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal, <mask> Jr. was reelected national President of the YMCA, Philippines (established in 1911, 94 years ago). <mask> Jr. was also:
 Charter Member, Community Chest
 Past President, Basilan JAYCEES
 Past President, Cebu Capitol Tennis Club
 Past President, Cebu Tennis Club
 Past President, Philippine Columbian Association
 Past President, Rotary Club of Basilan
 Past President, Rotary Club of Cebu
 President, Parish Pastoral Council, St. Peter Parish, Quezon City
 President, YMCA of Cebu
 Roman Catholic Lay Leader
 Special Minister of Holy Communion

<mask> Jr. wrote brilliant ponencias: Sombongh v. Court of Appeals, Atok Big Wedge Mining Company v. Intermediate Appellate Court, Catholic Bishop of Balanga v. Court of Appeals, Equatorial Realty Development Inc. v. Court of Appeals, Estate of Mariano San Pedro vs. Court of Appeals, GMRC, Inc., et al. v. Court of Appeals, Islamic Directorate of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, De Santos v. Hon. Angeles,

masks:
Holmes Jrmosisima
Hermosisima
Hermosisima
Hermosisima


texts:
 Defensor-Santiago, et al. v. Comelec, inter alia. Family
<mask> Jr. lives at a small condominium at the Capitol Estates, Fairview, near the St. Peter Parish and Ever Gotesco, Fairview, Quezon City.Papa Ino to his grandchildren <mask> is married to Rosemary P. Navarro of Alaminos, Pangasinan, and Lamitan, Basilan Province. They were blessed by God with very good children: Atty. Marceliano <mask>, Assistant Vice-President, Trust Department, Philippine National Bank; Mr. <mask>, businessman; Dr. <mask>-<mask>, Asst. City Health Officer, Zamboanga City; Dr. Monalisa <mask>, <mask>a, Consultant Physician, Chong Hua Hospital, Cebu City; and Dr. Beverly Ann <mask>, Consultant Physician, Chong Hua Hospital, Cebu City. See also
 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
 Constitution of the Philippines
 Supreme Court of the Philippines

References

External links
 JBC Gallery
 JBC Profile
 Members, Supreme Court
Official website of the Judicial and Bar Council
Supreme Court of the Philippines

Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Filipino lawyers
Living people
1927 births
People from Cebu
University of the Visayas alumni
YMCA

masks:
Hermosisima
Regino
Hermosisima
Mario Hermosisima
Carol Hermosisima
Carabaña
Hermosisima
Chu
Hermosisima


texts:
<mask> (born August 31, 1944), best known as <mask>, is an American former professional boxer who competed between 1969 and 1995. A two-time world heavyweight championship challenger, Shavers is known for being one of the hardest punchers in boxing history. He scored 68 knockout wins, including 23 in the first round. He holds a 76.4% overall knockout ratio. Shavers challenged unsuccessfully twice for the heavyweight championship, losing to Muhammad Ali in 1977 and to Larry Holmes in 1979. He hurt Ali in the second round and scored a seventh-round knockdown against Holmes. Shavers defeated former world champions Vicente Rondón, Jimmy Ellis, and Ken Norton, as well as three-time European heavyweight champion Joe Bugner and top heavyweight contender  Jimmy Young.In 2001, Shavers released an autobiography called Welcome to the Big Time. Since retiring from boxing he has attended boxing events as a special guest, autograph signer, and motivational speaker. Amateur career
Shavers started boxing at the late age of 22. Before turning professional, he had a short but notable amateur career, winning the 1969 National AAU heavyweight title. In March 1969, National Golden Gloves director Tony Mange said Shavers "carries a hefty punch". He had nine straight knockout wins before he was himself knocked out by the 230-pound (104 kg) West German Horst Koschemann. Highlights

 Cleveland Golden Gloves, Cleveland, Ohio, 1968:
Finals: Defeated Mike Boswell
National Golden Gloves, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 1968:
1/8: Defeated Dave Foley
1/4: Defeated Tommy Garrett by decision
1/2: Lost to Frank Steele TKO 3
United States National Championships, Toledo, Ohio, April 1968:
1/8: Lost to Chuck Haynes TKO
National Golden Gloves, Municipal Auditorium, Kansas City, Missouri, March 1969:
1/8: Defeated Bernard Roberts

masks:
Earnie Dee Shaver
Earnie Shavers


texts:
 KO 1
1/4: Defeated Nick Wells by decision
1/2: Lost to Ron Draper by decision

 United States National Championships, San Diego, California, April 1969:
1/8: Defeated Wayne McGee KO
1/4: Defeated Mose Hill Jr. KO 2
1/2: Defeated Otis Evans KO
Finals: Defeated Charles Elder TKO 1
USA–FRG Duals, Cincinnati Gardens, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1969:
Lost to Horst Koschemann (West Germany) TKO 2
Ohio State Fair Amateur Boxing Tournament, State Fairgrounds, Columbus, Ohio, August 1969:

National Team Selection Eliminator, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, October 1969:
Lost to Charles Elder by decision

Shavers posted a 20–6 amateur record as a heavyweight and recorded 14 knockouts (with half losses also by knockout.)Professional career

Early bouts
Known as the "Black Destroyer", Shavers won 44 of his first 47 fights by knockout; mostly against unremarkable opposition. This included 27 consecutive knockouts, of which 20 were in the first round. He suffered setbacks with losses to Ron Stander and Stan Johnson. He began to rise to the upper ranks of the heavyweight division after he hired Cleveland-based promoter Don King to be his manager. His wins included a novice Jimmy Young who later became a world championship contender. Stepping up the class of opposition, he came to public prominence with a first-round KO of one time WBA heavyweight champion Jimmy Ellis. His progress was halted when he was KO'd in the first round by Jerry Quarry, which was followed by another loss to a journeyman Bob Stallings.Shavers then had a thunderous match with hard hitting Ron Lyle but was stopped after 6 brutal rounds. He then knocked out hard hitter Howard King and beat powerful prospect Roy Williams in a brutal back and forward battle in which Shavers was nearly knocked out, a match <mask> maintains was one of the


texts:
 toughest of his career. Fighting champions

<mask> vs Ali

<mask> fought Muhammad Ali at Madison Square Garden on September 29, 1977. Coming into the bout, Shavers had a record of 54–5–1, with 52 knockouts. Ali nicknamed Shavers "The Acorn" because of his shaved bald head. The fight was shown in prime time broadcast television by NBC, which rarely did prime time fights (ABC tended to get the Ali fights) and had the judges' scoring announced after each round to help avoid any controversial decision. Ali's cornerman Angelo Dundee asked Baltimore matchmaker Eddie Hrica to watch the broadcast in the dressing room and signal on the scoring.In the second round, Shavers hurt Ali with an overhand right. Ali play-acted that he was seriously hurt, and Shavers hesitated. On the scorecard they exchanged rounds. Ali won the fifth decisively. To win the fight Ali had to survive the last three rounds. Shavers, whose stamina was suspect before the fight, came alive in the 13th round. In the 14th, he battered Ali about the ring.Before the 15th, according to Sports Illustrated boxing writer Pat Putnam, "Ali was on very wobbly legs." Realizing Ali needed to last three more minutes, Dundee told him, "You don't look so good. You better go out and take this round." In a furious final round, the two men tagged each other, but Ali closed strongly, nearly dropping Shavers in the last 20 seconds. He won a unanimous decision. The next day, Garden matchmaker Teddy Brenner encouraged Ali to retire by stating the Garden would never make another offer to host an Ali fight. Brenner also thought that Shavers deserved the nod against Ali.The fight made the cover of Sports Illustrated, with "ALI'S DESPERATE HOUR" featuring a photograph of Shavers scoring with an overhand right. Ali's fight doctor Ferdie Pacheco also urged

masks: Shavers Shavers


texts:
 Ali to retire after noting the punishment Ali had absorbed against Shavers. Ali later said Shavers was the hardest puncher he ever faced, stating "Earnie hit me so hard, it shook my kinfolk back in Africa" - a quip Ali had previously used to describe other hard-hitting opponents. Shavers vs Norton
In a mandatory title challenge eliminator he knocked out former champion Ken Norton in the first round, possibly the best win of his career. <mask> vs <mask> then fought for the title against world heavyweight  champion Larry Holmes at Caesars Palace in Paradise, NV on September 29, 1979, exactly two years after his defeat by Ali. Shavers knocked Holmes down in round seven but  after taking punches in the eleventh round without responding, the referee stopped the fight. Holmes, known for his ability to take a punch, later said that Shavers' blow was the hardest he had ever taken in his career.Later career
The Holmes bout was the last big match for Shavers. In 1980, in a wild slugfest he was stopped in the eighth round by durable prospect Randall "Tex" Cobb. Prior to the Cobb fight, Shavers had undergone eye surgery for a detached retina. (Since eye surgery was not nearly as refined then as it is today, the majority of boxers retired for good after that kind of injury. In the words of Duane Ford, a detached retina for a boxer was like an AIDS diagnosis). Shavers had not fully recovered from the surgery when he came back for the Cobb fight. He never again fought for the world title.In 1982 he fought Joe Bugner, also on the comeback trail. Bugner was knocked down in the first, and was stopped by cuts in the second round. <mask> continued to fight professionally for several years, retiring in 1995 after losing to Brian Yates. Many thought he should have retired after his upset loss to lower contender

masks:
Shavers
Holmes Shavers
Shavers


texts:
 Bernardo Mercado. Shavers suffered a similar retinal eye injury as boxer Sugar Ray Leonard. Comeback
<mask> attempted two abbreviated comebacks–—a fight in 1987, and two in 1995, in the second of which he was KO'd by Brian Yates in round 2. After this loss, Shavers retired for good.<mask> has been named among the top-10 punchers in boxing history by The Ring and others. Shavers finished his career in 1995 with a record of 74 wins (68 by knockout, 23 inside the first round, with 46 in the first 3 rounds), 14 losses and 1 draw. Fighting style

Shavers was an exceptionally heavy puncher who stalked his opponents, setting them up for his thunderous right, which was responsible for many of his knockouts, although Angelo Dundee in a Sports Illustrated mid-1970s article said "He can get you out of there with any kind of shot", referring to Shavers's ability to inflict damage with a left hook, right cross or right uppercut. Several boxers famous for their tough chins had fallen to Shavers's punches, including Bugner and Ellis who were felled by his uppercut. Shavers would throw punches against any legal area he could reach, exposed or covered, relying on his tremendous power to wear down his opponents and exploiting any opening. His fighting stance produced a short and powerful image. His chin was his weakness.He could however "box" as well as slug. Notably, he injured his right hand early in a 10-round match against rated craftsman Henry Clark and responded with  a strong jabbing performance to beat Clark, himself noted for his jabbing ability, on points. Video and book
Shavers published a video of highlights of his career in 1992 titled Earnie D. Shavers, The hardest one-punch hitter, and later an autobiography. Life after boxing

Shavers retired in 1983 after retinal problems were discovered.


texts:
 After retirement, he became an ordained Christian minister and moved to Phoenix, where he preached for many years. He moved to England to pastor a church there in the early 2000s. He has been on the Benny Hinn TV show several times.During the early 1980s while preparing for the feature film Rocky III, Sylvester Stallone explored the possibility of using a real heavyweight boxer in the role of James "Clubber" Lang by inviting <mask> <mask> to spar with him. Shavers initially refused to hit Stallone with anything other than a soft jab. This frustrated Stallone, who asked Shavers, "C'mon Earnie, show me something real." <mask> responded by punching him once near the liver, forcing an immediate retirement; Stallone later said: "that nearly killed me. I went straight to the men's room and threw up". However, according to Rhonda Young, the film's casting director, the reason why he was eventually not chosen for the part is that his voice was too high-pitched and not menacing enough (Joe Frazier was also considered but, reportedly, couldn't even read the character's lines without stuttering). Shavers visited Ali several times and he says he, Ali, and George Foreman became very good friends over the years.Foreman, when asked about toughest and hardest punching opponent he ever met in the ring, said:
Foreman: You only meet three genuine punchers throughout your career: Gerry Cooney, Ronnie Lyle and Cleveland Williams, and they hit so hard that it vibrates your body even if you block, it just goes right through you. Letterman: What about <mask>? Foreman: I never fought <mask> <mask>. Thank goodness. Shavers accepted the invitation of the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International to preach at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester. Earnie also worked in Liverpool in the UK, as head of

masks:
Earnie
Shavers
Earnie
Ernie Shavers
Earnie
Shavers


texts:
 security at Hannah's bar, where he was very much respected. The staff of Hannah's bar say that he does not work there now.Until 2009, he worked at Yates' Wine Lodge in Liverpool "meeting and greeting". On occasion Shavers was a troubleshooting referee in professional wrestling after his retirement. He is also a Patron of The Shannon Bradshaw Trust, a children's charity based in Warrington, Cheshire, helping children with life-threatening conditions, and their families. Earnie speaks to pupils at Barr Beacon Language College in Walsall. Earnie also gave a speech 26 February 2008 at The Streetly School in Walsall, which was based upon helping kids make the right decisions in life. Personal life
Shavers was married to Laverne Payne. They had five daughters from their marriage together: Tamara, Cynthia, Catherine, Carla, and Amy.He also has four daughters and a son from other relationships: Catherine, Lisa, Natasha and Latonya, and a son, <mask>, Jr. He has 24 grandchildren and one great grandchild. He worked at General Motors in Lordstown, Ohio in the late 1960s. Shavers made a guest appearance on the Irish TV programme The Late Late Show hosted by Ron Lyle where the two fighters discussed their previous bout that had happened a month earlier. Shavers was a frequent visitor to the pub "Roddy Bolands" in Dublin. There is a signed picture of Shavers drinking a pint of Guinness on the wall there. Professional boxing record

References

External links

1944 births
American Christian clergy
Heavyweight boxers
Living people
Professional wrestling referees
Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers
African-American boxers
American male boxers
Sportspeople with a vision impairment
People from Butler County, Alabama
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American


texts:
<mask> (17 October 1938) was a Polish pianist, pedagogue and composer who, in addition to his own immense technique, had a profound influence upon the teaching of pianoforte technique, especially in relation to the works of Chopin and J.S. Bach, and left this legacy among a large number of pupils. Early life and training
<mask> was born in 1851 in Kamianets-Podilskyi in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. From 1867, at the age of 16, he studied at Leipzig Conservatory as a pupil of Ignaz Moscheles, Carl Reinecke and Theodor Coccius. Coccius was his greatest influence, and he was industrious, often practising for 10 hours a day. In 1869 he went to Berlin and studied under Carl Tausig. (Tausig attempted to make him adopt a very high finger position, which nearly ruined his technique.)He moved to Warsaw, where he settled permanently, in 1870. At about this time he made the friendship of Karol Mikuli (1821-1897), who had received lessons from Chopin between 1844 and 1848, and was head of the Lviv Conservatory. Mikuli imparted to him many of the composer's own ideas about the performance of his works; <mask> also met Chopin's gifted pupil Princess Marcelina Czartoryska (née Radziwiłł), who played some mazurkas to him. Moscheles had also been a friend of Chopin's, and therefore <mask> obtained a rich understanding of Chopin's pianistic thought and performance. His Chopin style
He was familiar with all Chopin's works, and devoted a lifetime to their study. In performance, he occasionally altered the musical text, and transcribed some in the manner of Moriz Rosenthal. In 1878 he visited Franz Liszt at Weimar, and at first (having connections with the Leipzig

masks:
Aleksander Michałowski
Aleksander Michałowski
Michałowski
Michałowski


texts:
 Conservatory) was not made welcome, but afterwards made such an impression that Liszt acknowledged his authenticity of performance and approved the variants that he introduced.A later successor at Warsaw Zbigniew Drzewiecki wrote:
'As an interpreter of Chopin he created a certain style of rendering the composer's works which found many imitators. It consisted of the chiselling of swift passages and stressing their elegance in smoothing the edges of sharper expressive climaxes, in lending Chopin's works the air of almost drawing-room sentimentality. And yet this slight sentimentality was always under the strict control of moderation, instrumental purity and good taste.' Teaching principles
In 1874 he settled in Warsaw and took up teaching, at first privately. From 1891 he became professor of the concert pianists' class at the Warsaw Institute of Music (at that time under the direction of Apolinary Katski), and continued there until 1918, after which he taught at the Fryderyk Chopin Music School of the Warsaw Music Society. He particularly emphasised the importance of contrapuntal playing, and during the first two years of his students' work with him he made them play a lot of J.S. Bach.In the case of one of his most famous pupils, Wanda Landowska, this led to a career dedicated to Bach and to baroque music. Chopin himself had a particular sympathy for Bach, and <mask> understood that the contrapuntal principles were most important for the understanding of Chopin's work. He also developed the imaginative and bravura aspects of his students' playing. He used much demonstration in his lessons, and encouraged students to imitate aspects of his own performance.


texts:
 Students and successors
Among his very many students were several who might have had more famous international careers had not the two world wars interrupted or in some cases terminated their work. Among them was Jerzy Żurawlew, who founded the International Chopin Piano Competitions in 1927. Wanda Landowska, Vladimir Sofronitsky  and Mischa Levitzki were probably the most famous pupils.Jerzy Lefeld became his amanuensis. Bolesław Kon, an outstanding pupil, who also studied with Konstantin Igumnov, died in 1936 aged 30. Róża Etkin-Moszkowska was killed in the German retreat from Warsaw in 1944. Henryk Pachulski (b. 1859) and Piotr Maszyński (b. 1855) were among his earlier pupils, and Stanislaw Urstein, Edwarda Chojnacka, Wiktor Chapowicki, Józef Śmidowicz, Vladimir Sofronitsky, and Bolesław Woytowicz among the later ones. Heinrich Neuhaus, a renowned teacher, whose own pupils included Sviatoslav Richter, Emil Gilels, Yakov Zak and Ryszard Bakst, received lessons from <mask>.Radziwonowicz also lists Stefania Allina, Zofia Buckiewiczowa, Janina Familier Hepner, Zofia Frankiewicz, Stefania Niekrasz, Stanislaw Nawrocki, Ludomir Różycki, Piotr Rytel, Henryk Schulz-Evler, Władysław Szpilman, Juliusz Wolfsohn and Alexander Zakin as Michałowski pupils. Józef Turczyński, his immediate successor at Warsaw, and after him Zbigniew Drzewiecki, were not his students but continued his work as leading teachers of the Polish school. Later career
<mask> was also a chamber musician, and performing duos with the violinist Stanisław Barcewicz, and trios with Barcewicz and the cellist Aleksandr Verzhbilovich. He wrote 35 pianoforte works (mostly short, brilliant items) and

masks: Michałowski Michałowski


texts:
 produced an instructive edition of the works of Chopin. He made a substantial number of gramophone records, made in three different periods, the first around 1906, the second around 1918, and the last in the 1930s. Harold C. Schonberg considered that they revealed a 'heroic voice.' Although he had been a very successful concert performer, he increasingly turned to teaching, particularly when his sight failed rapidly after 1912.However he was persuaded back to the platform by a colleague, Mme Ruszczycówna, and gave large numbers of concerts in the following years, in 1919 celebrating a half-century since his debut. In 1929 he performed both Chopin concerti in a single concert. He died in Warsaw aged 87, on 17 October 1938, the anniversary of the death of Chopin. Discographie

2016 : Acte Préalable AP0365 – <mask> <mask> - Piano Works 1 (Artur Cimirro)

See also
List of Poles

Notes

Sources
Arthur Eaglefield Hull, A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924). J. Methuen-Campbell, Chopin Playing from the Composer to the Present Day (Gollancz, London 1981). H.C. Schonberg, The Great Pianists (Gollancz, London 1964). External links

 Prof Karol Radziwonowicz, The Greatest Polish Pianists in the History of Chopin's Time till today (Chopinov Zlati Prstan, 3 Oct 2007: KULTURNICA BLAŽ KUMERDEJ, Gorenjska cesta 25)

 Scores by <mask> <mask> in digital library Polona

1851 births
1938 deaths
People from Kamianets-Podilskyi
People from Kamenets-Podolsky Uyezd
Polish composers
Polish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Lviv Conservatory alumni
Chopin University of Music faculty
Piano pedagogues
Władysław Szpilman
Officers of the Order of

masks: Aleksander Michałowski Aleksander Michałowski


texts:
<mask> (28 August 1725 – 4 September 1767) was a British politician who held various titles in the Parliament of Great Britain. His establishment of the controversial Townshend Acts is considered one of the key causes of the American Revolution. Early life
He was born at his family's seat
of Raynham Hall in Norfolk, England, the second son of <mask>, 3rd Viscount <mask>, and Audrey (died  1788), daughter and heiress of Edward Harrison of Ball's Park, near Hertford. He was a sickly child, suffered from epilepsy, and had a strained relationship with his parents. <mask> was a brash young man, whose "wonderful endowments [were] dashed with follies and indiscretions." <mask> graduated from the Dutch Leiden University on 27 October 1745;  while there he had associated with a small group of other English youth, who later became well known in various circles, including Dowdeswell, Wilkes, and Alexander Carlyle. The latter would chronicle their exploits in his Autobiography.Following his return in 1746, he represented Great Yarmouth in Parliament until 1756, when he found a seat for the admiralty borough of Saltash, subsequently transferring in 1761 to Harwich, another borough where the seat was in the government's gift. Public attention was first drawn to his abilities in 1753, when he delivered a lively attack against Lord Hardwicke's marriage bill, although this measure passed into law. Politics
From 1749- April 1759, <mask> was a member of the Board of Trade. It was during this time that he first showed an interest in increasing British powers of taxation and control over the American colonies. In 1754 and 1755, he served as Lord of the Admiralty,

masks:
Charles Townshend
Charles Townshend
Townshend
Townshend
Charles
Townshend


texts: but at the close of 1755, his passionate attack against the policy of the ministry caused his resignation. In the administration which was formed in November 1756, and which was ruled by William Pitt the Elder, the lucrative office of treasurer of the chamber was given to <mask>, but he retired the following Spring and George Grenville took over. The higher post of First Lord of the Admiralty then fell to <mask>'s lot and his refusal to accept the nomination led to his exclusion from the new administration.In the dying days of Grenville's cabinet, to retain the administration of Lord Rockingham, <mask> accepted the position of Paymaster of The Forces, though he questioned the stability of the administration, calling it a "mere Lute-string administration" and stating that it was "pretty 'summer wear', but it will never stand the winter." Under the ministry of William Pitt the Elder, <mask> accepted the role of Chancellor of the Exchequer in August 1766. A few weeks later his urgent appeals to the Prime Minister for increased power were favorably answered, and he was admitted to the inner circle of the cabinet. The new chancellor proposed the continuance of the land tax at four shillings in the pound, while he held out hopes that it might be reduced next year to three shillings, whereupon his predecessor, William Dowdeswell, by the aid of the landed gentlemen, carried a motion that the reduction should take effect at once. <mask> pledged to find revenue in America with which to meet the deficiency caused by the reduction. Early in 1767, shortly after The Stamp Act was repealed owing to colonial protests and boycotts of British goods, <mask>

masks: Townshend Townshend Townshend Townshend Townshend Townshend


texts:
 proposed that the Parliament could procure revenue from the Americans without causing them offense via "external" import taxes instead of internal taxes. These were known as the Townshend Acts.The Acts passed resolutions for taxing several exports to America, such as glass, paint, paper and tea. The Townshend Acts established a Board of Commissioners in Boston to enforce them, which was seen as a threat to the American colonial tradition of self-government. He estimated these export taxes would produce a sum of £40,000 for the English treasury. He had the support of his cousin <mask> who was also a minister in the government. The Townshend Acts would be <mask>'s last official act before his death. Soon after that he died somewhat suddenly of a fever on  September 4, 1767. Private life
In August 1755 he had married Caroline Campbell (d. 1794), the eldest daughter of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll and the widow of Francis Scott, Earl of Dalkeith, the eldest son of Francis Scott, 2nd Duke of Buccleuch.<mask>'s wife was created (August 1767) baroness Greenwich, and his elder brother <mask>, 1st <mask>, was made Lord-lieutenant of Ireland. <mask> conceived a great and dangerous passion for his step-daughter Frances Douglas, Lady Douglas, and her memorialist, Lady Louisa Stuart, wrote after his death of his character:
This was careless, gay, inconsiderate, volatile, seemingly foreign to every serious reflection or feeling. He had one of those happy tempers which nothing can ruffle, without a grain of pride, sternness or resentment in his nature. Ready to laugh with every body and at every thing, he poured out wit in torrents; and it was so much the

masks:
Thomas Townshend
Townshend
Townshend
George Townshend
Marquess Townshend
Townshend


texts:
 worse for truth if ever truth stood in wit's way. The American towns of Townsend, Massachusetts and Townshend, Vermont were founded and named after <mask> in 1732 and 1753, respectively. Raynham, Massachusetts was also named after him. References

Lady Louisa Stuart, Memoire of Frances, Lady Douglas (Edinburgh and London, Scottish Academic Press, 1985)
William Edward Hartpole Lecky, History of England (1892);
Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of George III., edited by G. F. R. Barker (1894)
Reuben Percy and Sholto Percy (1823) The Percy Anecdotes, 1823; online text.Memoir (1866) by Percy Fitzgerald

1725 births
1767 deaths
18th-century English nobility
18th-century English politicians
<mask>
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Younger sons of viscounts
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Saltash
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1747–1754
British MPs 1754–1761
British MPs 1761–1768
Politics of the Borough of Great Yarmouth
Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain
Lords of the Admiralty
Paymasters of the Forces
Presidents of the Board of Trade
British officials in the American Revolution
People with epilepsy
Leiden University alumni
People from North Norfolk

masks:
Charles Townshend
Charles Townshend


texts:
<mask> (born July 25, 1992) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her role as pre-teen Abigail "Abby" Deveraux on Days of Our Lives, Hayley on Victorious, and her lead role as Lindsey Lou in the film Pretty Broken. Biography
Born in Portland, Oregon. <mask> began a stage career on singing. One year later, she starred in A Dream is a Wish, a one-person original stage musical. Afterwards, she starred in several TV commercials. In the summer of 2000, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, and began appearing in film and television roles.In 2002 she had two roles in major movies including Sam Raimi's Spider-Man and a role as the voice of a little girl in Steven Spielberg's Catch Me if You Can. In 2004, she received a position as a host on the children's news-magazine show All Access Pass. She acted in, executive-produced, and co-wrote the theme song for the live action comedy pilot L.A.F.I.T., in 2005. Her singing has appeared on the Soap Sessions 8 Christmas CD, the Hollywood Hooligans Christmas CD, and a number of CDs for children. <mask> also has performed for many charitable causes, mostly for the protection of animals. <mask> <mask> has appeared on both the big and small screen in numerous projects including her double award winning portrayal of pre-teen Abby Deveraux on NBC's Days of Our Lives and guest appearances on ABC's Castle and Suburgatory, etc. Her most well-known character on the silver screen was in the Nickelodeon show Victorious in the two-parter "Freak the Freak Out" as Haley Ferguson, a rival to Tori Vega (played by Victoria Justice).Recent films include starring roles in The Kitchen, alongside Bryan Greenberg and Laura Prepon,

masks:
Jillian Clare
Clare
Clare
Clare
Jillian
Clare


texts: plus the recently released faith-based holiday feature, By God's Grace. <mask> also stars in Alien Abduction by famed producers Lawrence Bender and Mike Fleiss for IFC – their highest grossing film to date. No stranger to the stage either, <mask>’s background includes lead roles in musicals, original pieces, and iconic plays. Fall 2014 brought another dimension to <mask>'s theater experience as she starred in Delusion: Lies Within – the pioneer production of horror theater produced by the Tony Award Winning team, Glendell Entertainment. <mask> also starred in the 2016 production of Delusion: His Crimson Queen. In early 2010, <mask> joined the ranks of New Media and began producing and starring in the multi-award winning teen series Miss Behave, which also featured other Days of Our Lives performers Darin Brooks, Patrika Darbo and Eric Martsolf. She expanded her web experience to the north starring in the Season Two finale of the award winning Canadian female fatale series, Clutch, which earned her the title of Best Supporting Actress in a Drama at the 2014 Indie Series Awards.<mask> currently stars in Acting Dead, a dark comedy about Hollywood and Zombies. The show is the first independent series to win a Primetime Emmy. <mask> also made a special guest appearance on Fame Dogs – a new mini-digital series that has been winning several awards in the community. Fall 2015 marked a new adventure as Miss <mask> produced her first short film, Advent, which she is also starred in. Advent will be the first in a series of short and feature films that <mask> plans to produce under her production company, Whimsical Entertainment. The film was a Finalist at the 2016

masks:
Miss Clare
Clare
Jillian
Jillian
Miss Clare
Jillian
Jillian
Clare
Jillian


texts: USA Film Festival Short Film Competition and an Official Selection at the 2016 Great Lakes International Film Festival. In April 2016, <mask> was cast in Ladies of The Lake which tells the story of four wealthy wives living in the exclusive gated community of Avalon.When their abusive husbands begin to turn up dead, Detective Shawn Daniels launches an investigation, only to discover the many secrets hidden beneath the glossy veneers of Avalon. <mask> plays Cassidy Montgomery, the Queen Bee of the Ladies of the Lake children. The mini-series is a live action version of the novel of the same name written by Ken Corday (Days of Our Lives, executive producer). The show lasted two seasons. <mask> stars in Pretty Broken (formerly Free For All), in which she also produced. The film was shot in <mask>'s hometown of Portland, OR and made its world premiere at The Newport Beach Film Festival. The film was released in 2019.Most recently, <mask> stepped behind the camera for her directorial debut on the feature film To The Beat!. The film follows 14 year old twin sisters who enter a contest to be dancers in their favorite pop stars music video, which leads to a battle with their rival, across the street who wants to win the contest as well. The film was released on DVD and VOD March 13, 2018. <mask> returned behind the camera to direct the sequel to To The Beat!, To The Beat! Back 2 School. The film was released right before the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United States. In addition to her career, <mask> is an outspoken environmentalist and activist.She has been the Ambassador for several causes over the course of her career, including Ape Action, St. Baldrick's

masks: Jillian Jillian Jillian Clare Jillian Clare Jillian


texts:
 Foundation, Starlight Children's Foundation, and several other animal-centric charities. Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations
<mask> has been nominated for five Young Artist Awards, in 2003, 2004, and 2005. She won twice, for Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Young Actress for her role in Days of our Lives, in both 2004 and 2005. Her other nominations were for Best Performance in a Commercial, for Children's Tylenol, in 2003; Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actress Age Ten or Younger, for Quigley, in 2004; and Best Performance in a Short Film, for "Chasing Daylight", in 2005. For her singing, she has received several vocal talent awards. In 2014, <mask> took home the Jury Award at the Austin Indie Flix Showcase for Best Actress for her portrayal of Alex in Acting Dead. <mask> has been nominated several times at the Indie Series Awards.She was nominated three times for Best Lead Actress in a Drama for her series, Miss Behave in 2011-2013. In 2014, she won Best Supporting Actress in A Drama for her role as Nicole in the Canadian drama Clutch. <mask> has been nominated twice at the awards for her comedic performances; Best Lead Actress in A Comedy for Acting Dead in 2015, and Best Guest Actress in A Comedy in 2017 for her role in Fame Dogs. References

External links

 Official Web Site
 <mask> <mask> - Instagram
 <mask> <mask> - Facebook
 <mask> <mask> - Twitter

1992 births
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
American child actresses
American child singers
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
Actresses from Portland, Oregon
21st-century American actresses
Singers from Oregon
21st-century

masks: Clare Clare Clare Clare Jillian Clare Jillian Clare Jillian Clare


texts:
Al-<mask> (; born 25 May 1973) is a Libyan retired professional football player. He captained the national team, but his career was widely attributed to the influence of his father <mask>, the country's supreme leader. In 2011, <mask> was the commander of Libya's Special Forces and participated in the Libyan Civil War. An Interpol notice was issued against him in 2011. In March 2014, he was arrested in Niger and extradited to Libya, where he faced murder charges, which he was cleared of in 2018. In August 2015, a video surfaced allegedly showing him being tortured. Football career
<mask> is known for his participation in Libyan football, which was arranged in his favour.One law forbade announcing the name of any football player with the exception of <mask>. Only numbers of other players were announced. Referees favoured <mask>'s club and security forces were used to silence protests. On 6 June 2000, the BBC reported that <mask> had signed with Maltese champions Birkirkara F.C. and would play for them in the Champions League. The move failed to materialize. In 2003, he signed for Italian Serie A team Perugia, employing Diego Maradona as his technical consultant and Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson as his personal trainer.He made only one substitute appearance against Juventus for Perugia before failing a drug test, due to presence in his system of the illegal substance Nandrolone. An article in la Repubblica said that "Even at twice his current speed he would still be twice as slow as slow itself." He was also captain of the Libya national football team, captain of his home club in Tripoli, and president of the Libyan Football Federation. <mask> joined UEFA Champions League qualifiers Udinese Calcio in

masks:
Saadi Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi


texts:
 2005–06, playing only 10 minutes in an end-of-season league match against Cagliari Calcio. He joined U.C. Sampdoria during season 2006–07, without playing a single match. Business activities
In 2006, Al-Saadi <mask> and the Jamahiriya government launched a project to create a semi-autonomous city similar to Hong Kong in Libya, stretching 40 km between Tripoli and the Tunisian border.The proposed new city would become a high tech, banking, medical and educational center not requiring visas to enter. The city would have its own international airport and a major seaport. Gaddafi promised religious tolerance with both "synagogues and churches" and no discrimination in this new metropolis. The new city would have "Western-style" business laws that Saadi thought European and American companies would find welcoming and familiar. Gaddafi used to take great interest in the affairs of many of Libya's other business interests like Tamoil, the oil refining and marketing company owned by the Libyan government, before the overthrow of the regime. Italian lawsuit
In July 2010, Gaddafi was ordered by an Italian court to pay €392,000 to a luxurious Ligurian hotel for an unpaid bill dating back to a month-long stay in the summer of 2007. Personal life
<mask> is married to the daughter of al-Khweildi al-Hmeidi, a Libyan military commander.In 2009, a U.S. diplomatic cable called <mask> "the black sheep" of Muammar <mask>'s family. It mentioned scuffles with European police, "abuse of drugs and alcohol, excessive partying" and "profligate affairs with women and men". <mask>'s bisexuality had partly prompted the arrangement of his marriage to the commander's daughter, the cable said. Saadi was having a relationship with

masks: Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi


texts:
 Bulgarian national Dafinka Mircheva. 2011 to present

Libyan civil war
On 15 March 2011, there were unconfirmed reports that a pilot by the name of Muhammad Mokhtar Osman had flown his jet into the Gaddafi stronghold of Bab al-Azizia in Tripoli damaging it and injuring him and his brother Khamis. Speaking to BBC Panorama, a former Jamahiriya soldier claimed that <mask> had personally ordered to shoot unarmed protesters in Benghazi when visiting the city's army barracks at the beginning of the uprising. <mask> confirmed that he had been at the barracks but denied giving orders to fire on protesters.<mask> was reportedly the driving force behind a change in fighting tactics of the government's forces. Instead of using heavy infantry, tanks and armored cars – which could easily be distinguished from the Free Libyan Army and then destroyed by allied fighter jets – the fight against the rebels was pursued with small, fast and versatile units. The rebels claimed that they captured him during the Battle of Tripoli, on 21 August, but later the claim turned out to be false. On 24 August, <mask> contacted CNN, stating that he had the authority to negotiate on behalf of loyalist forces, and wished to discuss a ceasefire with U.S. and NATO authorities. A week later he contacted Al Arabiya, stating his father was ready to step down, and called for dialogue with the National Transitional Council. On 5 September, <mask> said in an interview with CNN that an "aggressive" speech by his brother Saif al-Islam had led to the breakdown of talks between NTC forces and Gaddafi loyalists in Bani Walid, and said he had not seen his father in two months. <mask> also claimed a position of neutrality in the conflict and offered to

masks: Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi


texts:
 mediate.On 11 September, <mask> fled to Niger and was allowed entrance on humanitarian grounds. According to the government of Niger, they planned to detain <mask> while determining what to do with him. <mask> had also been trying to assemble a team to transport him to Barbados or Venezuela. On 29 September, an Interpol red notice was issued for <mask>. Brigi Rafini, the prime minister of Niger said he would not allow <mask> to be extradited. On 11 November, Niger's President Mahamadou Issoufou said his government had decided to grant Gaddafi asylum "on humanitarian grounds". On 7 December, the Mexican interior secretary said that Mexican intelligence agents broke up a smuggling ring attempting to bring <mask> into Mexico under a false name.Extradition and torture allegations
On 5 March 2014, Libya announced that <mask> had been extradited by Niger and was in Tripoli. His lawyer, Nick Kaufman, protested about the move stating "extradition suggests that this was a legal process where Saadi Gadhafi was accorded a lawyer, a court hearing, and…it's not even clear to me that that even took place". In May 2015, <mask> appeared in a Tripoli court and was formally charged with unlawful imprisonment and murder for the 2005 killing of football player Bashir al-Riani. In early August 2015, video surfaced that appeared to show a blindfolded <mask> being forced to listen to other men allegedly being tortured in the next room. Then the guards beat the man appearing to be <mask> on the feet as he screams, after asking him if preferred to be beaten on the feet or on his buttocks. "It does appear to be Saadi <mask>," one of his lawyers, Melinda Taylor, told RT. "He looks the same in sense [that] his head ... [had been]

masks: Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi Gaddafi


texts:
 shaved which happened to him last year."No legal team appears to be present. International human rights groups and activists condemned the video, which appeared to take place at al-Hadba prison in Tripoli, and was first released by Arabic network Clear News. "This is a shocking video that raises questions about conditions inside the prison," said Karim Khan, a British attorney who represents Libya's former prime minister Baghdadi Mahmudi, who is also at al-Hadba. "The international community needs to demand a full investigation." An appeals court on 3 April 2018 cleared Saadi from the charge of murdering the footballer Bashir. He was however fined 500 Libyan dinars and a suspended one-year prison term for drinking and possessing alcohol. As of 5 September 2021, he has been released from custody from al-Hadaba prison.It was claimed that Saadi’s captors denied him the appropriate medical care. See also

 List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences

References

External links

 Gaddafi set to quit Udinese

1973 births
Living people
Libyan people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
Libyan people of Croatian descent
Libyan people of Hungarian descent
Libya international footballers
Libyan expatriate footballers
Al-Ittihad Club (Tripoli) players
Al-Saadi
Doping cases in association football
Libyan footballers
Libyan sportspeople in doping cases
People from Tripoli
A.C. Perugia Calcio players
Al-Ahli SC (Tripoli) players
Serie A players
U.C. Sampdoria players
Udinese Calcio players
Children of national leaders
People extradited from Niger
People extradited to Libya
Libyan military personnel
Association football forwards
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Libyan expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Libyan


texts:
<mask> (), known as <mask> (, 29 October 1947 – 31 January 2020), was an eminent Azerbaijani author, political analyst, anchorman, radio journalist, publisher, and translator. <mask> was a Mountain Jew. He also was known as <mask>. <mask> died on January 31, 2020 in Germany. Early life
In July 1973, <mask> completed his graduation at the law faculty at the Azerbaijan State University. From August 1973 to January 1974, he worked as a lawyer in Sumgait. In June 1974, he immigrated to Israel and attended special courses for lawyers from the USSR at Tel-Aviv University.From June 1975 to January 1976, he served in the Israel Defense Forces. Bible translation
The first Azerbaijani translation by <mask> and Feliks Zaręba was the Gospel of Matthew, published in 1842 in London by Basel Missionary Society. The complete New Testament was fully translated and published in 1878 in London and the Old Testament in 1891. At the request of the Stockholm Institute for Bible Translation, <mask> translated the Bible  – the New Testament and Old Testament – into the Azerbaijani language. <mask> started translation of the entire Bible in 1975 and finished in 1984. In 1982, the Institute for Bible Translation in Stockholm, Sweden, released <mask>'s new modern Azerbaijani language translation of the New Testament, which currently is used in Azerbaijan. The first edition was printed in Zagreb, Croatia.<mask>'s translation of the New Testament was reprinted five times in subsequent years. <mask> completed translation of the Old Testament in 1984, but the translation has not been printed yet. Work
From August 1976 to October 1985, <mask> worked as deputy editor-in-chief of the Azerbaijani Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in Munich, Germany. In October 1985, he was invited to Washington, D.C.

masks:
Mirza Karim oglu Mikayilov
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Michaeli
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Farrukh
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar


texts:
 to be editor-in-chief of the Azerbaijani Service of Radio Voice of America. In February 1987, <mask> returned to Munich to lead the Azerbaijani Service at Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, and he worked there until September 2003. In January 2004, he founded the Voice of Mirza Khazar (Mirzə Xəzərin Səsi) newspaper in Baku. <mask>hazar, and he ran the online newspaper The Voice of Mirza Khazar in three languages: Azerbaijani, English, and Russian.From September to October 2005, <mask> was host of Azadlig TV (Freedom TV), the first independent station to broadcast from a foreign country to Azerbaijan. In December 2005, he launched an Internet radio program, The Voice of Mirza Khazar, where visitors can listen to prerecorded audio items. Papers
<mask>'s articles pertaining to the political and economic situation in Azerbaijan and other former Soviet states were published in Azerbaijan, Turkey, Czech Republic, and other countries. <mask>'s The Formation of the Popular Front in Azerbaijan (December 28, 1988) was the first research paper about attempts of local intellectuals and patriots to launch a national-democratic movement in Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani Popular Front was created officially in 1989. In August 1989, his Birlik Society in the Azerbaijani Democratic Movement was published. 1990 Black January

During the Black January crackdown, the Soviets managed to suppress all efforts to disseminate news from Azerbaijan to the local population and the international community.On the eve of the Soviet military invasion in Baku, an energy supply source to Azerbaijani TV and State Radio was blown up by intelligence officers in order to cut off the population from any source of information. TV and radio was silent and all print media was banned. But <mask> and his staff at Radio

masks:
Mirza Khazar
Mirza K
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar


texts:
 Free Europe/Radio Liberty succeeded in broadcasting daily reports from Baku, making it the only source of news to Azerbaijanis within and outside of the country for several days. The Kremlin leadership tried hard to keep the outside world and the population inside Azerbaijan unaware of the military invasion, but <mask> and his staff foiled this attempt. Thanks to <mask> and his staff at Radio Liberty, Azerbaijanis in and outside Azerbaijan, as well as the international community, learned about the Soviet invasion and gained a chance to organize protest actions. Shocked by this "surprising" development, the government of the USSR complained officially to the United States about Radio Liberty's coverage of the military invasion of Azerbaijan. The January 20, 1990 broadcasts turned <mask> into a legend among Azerbaijanis in and outside Azerbaijan.Melahet Agacankizi, a well-known Azerbaijani poet and writer, described <mask>'s appearance on radio at the time of the Soviet military invasion as follows: "On January 20, <mask> with his God-given divine voice, gave hope to the dying Azerbaijani people." His distinctive voice and his name are familiar to Azerbaijanis inside and outside Azerbaijan. Books

The first book by <mask> "Verba Volant, Scripta Manent" ("Words fly away, written words remain") appeared in Munich, Germany in 2013. The second book "Factum est Factum" ("Facts are Facts") was printed at the end of December 2014. Both books are available online on the internet. Awards
<mask>'s name was included into the book "100 Great Azerbaijanis", prepared by the prominent Azerbaijani researcher and writer Alisa Nijat and published in Baku in 1999. In 1990, The Popular Front of Azerbaijan awarded <mask> the Mammed Amin Rasulzade prize for his role in the national-democratic

masks:
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar


texts:
 movement in Azerbaijan.Mammed Amin Rasulzade was one of the founders of the first independent Azerbaijani Republic in 1918. Sabir Rustamkhanly, a prominent Azerbaijani writer and politician, called <mask> "a symbol of our national struggle" in his interview with the newspaper "Cumhuriyet" in September 2003. <mask> lived in Munich, Germany for a long time. Audio archive
20 yanvar 1990 – <mask>'s audio of 20 January 1990
Poetry: Khalil Rza
Poetry: <mask> Sabir
Poetry: Hokume Bulluri

Articles in English
Azerbaijani Economy, 2001
Political Situation in Azerbaijan, 2001
Successor Issue in Azerbaijan, 2001
Relations Between Azerbaijan and Turkey
Karabakh Peace Talks in Key West
Iranian-Azerbaijani Relations
There Was No Anti-Semitism In Azerbaijan
The Fight For Azerbaijan, or, Illusions Again? References

External links
The Voice of <mask> (English version)
1989 interviews and phone conversations (Indiana.edu)
EurasiaNet: FROM ABROAD, AZERBAIJANI TV STATIONS TRY TO SPEAK OUT

1947 births
2020 deaths
Azerbaijani-language writers
People from Goychay District
Azerbaijani Jews
Azerbaijani writers
Azerbaijani columnists
Azerbaijani journalists
Azerbaijani book publishers (people)
Translators of the Bible into Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani translators
Translators to Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani radio presenters
Soviet emigrants to Israel
20th-century

masks:
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Alekber
Mirza Khazar


texts:
<mask>. (, ; 8 April 1932 – 12 December 1993) was a Hungarian teacher, librarian, historian, and statesman who served as the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Hungary, holding office from May 1990 until his death in December 1993. He was also the leader of the Hungarian Democratic Forum from 1989. Early life and education

<mask>icse et Kisjene was born to an ancient Hungarian family from the lower nobility in Budapest on 8 April 1932. His father, <mask>., a jurist and civil servant, worked for the government in several ministries. <mask>. coordinated the first living wage calculations in Hungary, and he was a founding member of the Independent Smallholders' Party (1931). During World War II, he presided over the government committee for refugees. After the German occupation of Hungary he resigned; later he was arrested by the Gestapo.After the war, he became minister of reconstruction in the government of Zoltán Tildy. Later, he became president of the Hungarian Red Cross, but after the communist coup he resigned and retired to his family estate. In 1991, he was posthumously honoured by Yad Vashem. His mother, Irén Szűcs has Jewish roots, she was the daughter of a village teacher. Her father, István Szűcs (born Hermann Frankl), also became a political figure during the First World War and the interwar period. In the 1920s Szűcs became a deputy Secretary of State. Antall had a sister, <mask>.His brother-in-law, Géza Jeszenszky later became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the <mask> cabinet. He graduated from the Budapest Piarist High School in 1950. He was interested in politics early on, but (quite understandably) didn't pursue his political career during the communist regime of the 1950s. After graduating from high school, he studied Hungarian language and literature at the Eötvös Loránd University as well as history and archival science. He wrote his thesis about the politics

masks:
József Tihamér Antall Jr
József Tihamér Antall de Drg
József Antall Sr
Antall Sr
Edith Antall
Antall


texts:
 of <mask> Eötvös, obtaining degrees in teaching, library science and museology. On 30 September 1991, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctoral degree from Central Connecticut State University. <mask> and his wife, Klára Fülepp, had two children, György <mask>, a lawyer, and Péter <mask>, a photojournalist, who later became director of the Antall József Knowledge Centre.Its primary objectives are to foster the Antall tradition and promote the spread of knowledge. Early career
Following the graduation, Antall worked for the Hungarian State Archives and the Research Institute of Pedagogy. In 1955, he started teaching in József Eötvös Grammar School, leading the Revolutionary Committee of the school during the 1956 Hungarian Uprising. During the revolution, he participated in the reorganization of the Independent Smallholders Party and in the founding of the Christian Youth Alliance. After the Soviet Union crushed the revolution, he was arrested and released several times. He continued his teaching career in Ferenc Toldy Grammar School in 1957, but in 1959 he was banned from teaching due to his former political activities. Following this, he worked as a librarian for two years.In 1963 he wrote biographies of 80 doctors for the Lexicon of Hungarian Biographies. He became interested in the history of medicine, and conducted fundamental research in the area. He started working in the library and archives department of the Semmelweis Museum, dedicated to the history of medicine. Starting as a research fellow, he was promoted to deputy director and in 1974 he became director of the institute. His research was recognised internationally, and in 1986 he was the vice president of the International Society for the History of Medicine. Prime Minister

<mask> was delegated to the National Roundtable Talks by the Hungarian Democratic Forum on 22 March 1989 and worked in the committee on constitutional

masks: József Antall Antall Antall Antall Antall


texts: reform. He became well known for his activities during the negotiations.On 21 October 1989 he was elected President of the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) by an overwhelming majority, thus becoming the party's official candidate for prime minister. The MDF was heavily tipped to win the 1990 elections, and as expected won a sweeping victory with 164 seats, just short of a majority. On 23 May he became the first prime minister since 1948 who was not either a Communist or fellow traveler. He headed a centre-right coalition comprising the MDF, the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party (FKGP) and the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP)–the first in 44 years with no Communist participation. He also made a pact with the main opposition party, the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). This agreement laid the foundations for the parliamentary operation of Hungarian democracy. His statement that, in spirit, he wanted to be the Prime Minister of 15 million Hungarians made a great sensation.At the same time, he contributed to the Euro-Atlantic orientation of Hungary. He played a great role in the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the termination of the Comecon as well as in the withdrawal of the occupying Russian forces in 1991. In 1991, in Strasbourg, he was awarded with the Robert Schuman Prize for his activities aimed at uniting Europe as well as extending Hungary's European relations. As prime minister, <mask> oversaw the establishment of a legal system to promote a market economy and attract foreign investment. The ruling coalition attempted to stabilize the economy while implementing privatization and other elements of a market economy, while the populist right wing of the MDF was vocal about the “national issue”—the question of the Hungarian minorities in neighbouring countries—and attempted to put it at the centre of the government's platform. However, the


texts:
 return to a capitalist system and all its accompanying reforms resulted in socioeconomic difficulties for the country during <mask>'s term. Unemployment jumped from nonexistence to 14 percent.Inflation increased at an annual rate of 23–35 percent (excluding indexing of wages and pensions). Older, retired people, more than one-fifth of the population, suffered the most, and the living standards of more than one-third of the populace declined to below subsistence level. In the meantime, income disparities increased, which irritated the people. Corruption became more widespread and visible than before. Together with the previously omnipotent police force, street security also collapsed in 1990. The crime rate, especially in Budapest, increased threefold in five years. In the summer of 1990, Antall and the MDF supported the introduction of a Catholic religious education into the national curriculum.This led to conflict with the other coalition parties, since only three-quarters of the Hungarian population were Catholics. By 1991 <mask> was receiving criticism for his authoritarian style, though this contrasted with his uncharismatic presence. Conflict over their powers erupted between him and Hungary's President, Árpád Göncz, who belonged to the opposing party, the Alliance of Free Democrats. In the realm of domestic politics, <mask> had to face hardships during his career: the taxi-blockade in Budapest in 1990 and the withdrawal of the Independent Smallholders' Party from the coalition government forced him to restructure his cabinet in February 1992; that reorganisation ultimately saved his administration from being toppled. Within MDF, <mask> was continuously attacked by István Csurka who later on set into motion a stand-alone movement, thus Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP) came into existence. Illness and death

<mask> became ill and diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the summer

masks: Antall Antall Antall Antall Antall


texts:
 of 1990. In October, two days before the outbreak of taxi drivers' blockade, he underwent surgery, the famous interview in pajamas with him was made thereafter in the hospital to respond to the heated political situation resulted by the taxi blockade.<mask>'s cancer recurred half a year later. A day before his death, <mask> was awarded Grand Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit by President Árpád Göncz on 11 December 1993. During the last period of his premiership <mask> was substituted by the Interior Minister Péter Boross. <mask> <mask> died on 12 December 1993 before the end of his 4-year term. He led the former Eastern Bloc's longest lasting and most stable post-communist government. He was succeeded by Péter Boross as Prime Minister who led the cabinet until the 1994 parliamentary election, where MDF suffered a serious defeat from the Socialist Party, while Defence Minister Lajos Für replaced him as party leader. <mask> was buried on 18 December 1993, his bier was erected in front of the Hungarian Parliament Building, where it was bidden farewell by Speaker György Szabad, writer András Sütő and titular abbot Pál Bolberitz.The funeral procession finished at Kerepesi Cemetery. His tomb was later erected by sculptor Miklós Melocco in 1999. Legacy
In recognition of his work, one of the buildings of the European Parliament in Brussels was named after him in 2008. There is also a bust of him in Budapest on Apród st.

References

Other information

Hungary from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
 Monography: A Miniszterelnök (author: Debreczeni <mask>)

1932 births
1993 deaths
Budapest University alumni
Writers from Budapest
Hungarian Democratic Forum politicians
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1990–1994)
Hungarian historians
Prime Ministers of Hungary
Deaths from cancer in Hungary
Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery
20th-century historians
Politicians from

masks: Antall Antall Antall József Antall Antall József