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<mask> (born 17 May 1953 in Szczecin) is a Polish composer of electronic music. Career
He is an alumnus of the Academy of Music in Poznan (Music College in Poznan). He owes his popularity in the music market to his bestseller album "The Garden of the King of Dawn"  and video "Escape From The Tropics", which was voted by TV audiences as the best clip of 1984. By then he had already been awarded a “Gold Disc" and had given many concerts in Poland and abroad (e.g. in Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen, Prague, Moscow and Kuwait). Moreover, he was awarded the first prize in Poland for the most popular multi-instrumentalist for five consecutive years (1981–1985). For the next 4 years (1986–1990) he was a lecturer in the Academy of Music in Kuwait.At this period of time he created compositions with Arabic influences. The most well known composition in Poland that emerged from this period of time was the symphonic fantasia "Faces of the Desert". This composition was supposed to be used in the celebration of the 30th anniversary of Kuwait's independence, but the Iraqi invasion precluded realization of the event. After the Persian Gulf War, the "Faces of the Desert" (which was visualized by photos of artist-photographer Jacek Wozniak ) represented Kuwait on the Global Exhibition EXPO’92 in Seville, Spain. After returning to Poland he regained his place in instrumental music. He transferred his earlier albums to compact discs. In 1994 he produced a new CD called "The Child of the Sun".Inspired by his music, choreographer


type: original

texts: Ewa Wycichowska created the ballet called “The Child of the Sun” which was performed by the Polish Theater of Dance. The premiere of this event took place in The Great Theater in Poznan at the end of November 1995. Among other performances, he presented a recital called "Music Tales" for TVP2 (Polish TV Station 2). As a composer, musician and juror he often takes part in radio and TV programs. His music appeared in cinema and television films (inter alias "Friend of Merry Devil" and "Close encounters with Merry Devil" directed by Jerzy Lukaszewicz.). Likewise his music was used in "The Wheel of Fortune" quiz show, in the Gala of the Polish Phonographic Industry Awards -"Fryderyk’96", "Fryderyk’97" and on CD-ROM discs in Poland and abroad, mainly in "The Minden Pictures Collection" in USA. In collaboration with another composer, Wojciech Trzcinski, <mask> Bilinski had written the music for a drama, "Brother of Our God", written by Karol Wojtyla - present Pope John Paul II, and directed by Andrzej Marja Marczewski.<mask> Bilinski was awarded as the best composer and virtuoso of synthesizers in 1995 in the Polish professional magazine "Music". In 1998 he was commissioned to write a suite, "Reflection: I - Toscania, II - Loara, III - Bolero, IV - Seville", in celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of the artistic work of Agnieszka Duczmal and her Chamber Orchestra "Amadeus". This piece was composed for chamber orchestra and percussion and each movement bears the names of the places where the orchestra

masks: Marek Marek


texts:
 performed. The premiere of the suite occurred in November 1998 at the National Philharmonic in Warsaw. "Reflections" were received very enthusiastically by the audience. As the first in Poland and in this part of Europe, following the steps of Jean - Michel Jarre, he performed great outdoor concerts of music and light in Szczecin ('93) and Kraków ('94), which were viewed together by 50,000 spectators. Other Concerts of this type were the following:

In July 1996 during the Festival of Euro-Eko Meeting in Zlotów, <mask> Bilinski presented a very unusual concert - " The Beginning of the Light", with international musicians: Hannibal Means (tenor)- USA, Sarhan Kubeisi (ethnic percussion instruments) - Syria, Edyta Kulczak (soprano)- Poland, Stanislaw Skoczynski (percussion instruments) - Poland and others.With laser, light and picture most of his important compositions were played at the concert. TVP1 recorded and showed the entire concert on September 1, 1996. It was recognized as one of the most interesting artistic events of the year. On March 12, 2000 in Gniezno he performed a concert, "Gniezno - 2000 - Sound - Fire - Light - Color", in honor of Five European Presidents Summit. <mask> Bilinski shared the stage with Michal Grymuza, Wojciech Pilichowski, Michal Dabrówka, Piotr "Jackson" Wolski and others. They used the biggest drums in Europe for this occasion. The show was on live transmission by TVP1.On June 21, 2003 in Old Town of Gdansk on the bank of Motlawa, he gave a multimedia performance,


texts:
 "St. John’s - Night". <mask> Bilinski played with Piotr Cugowski, <mask> Raduli, Mieczyslaw Jurecki, Mariusz "Fazi" Mielczarek, Tomasz Losowski, Ryszard Bazarnik, Krzysztof Krzyskow. The whole music program was embellished by the dancers on the boats. <mask> Bilinski's compositions deduces from the best standards of classical and romantic music. His talent and knowledge unite tradition with vision of modern world sounds. Discography

Studio albums
 Ogród Króla świtu (eng. The Garden Of The King Of Dawn) - 1983, Wifon LP053
 E≠mc² - 1984, Polton LPP-010
 Wolne Loty (eng.Open Flights) - 1986, Polton LPP-026
 Ucieczka do Tropiku (eng. Escape to the Tropics) - 1987, Polton PC-029
 Dziecko Słońca (The Child of the Sun) - 1994
 Fire - 2008, Bi Ma
 Mały Książę (eng. The Little Prince) - 2010

Singles & EP
 „Fontanna radości” (eng. Fountain of Joy) / „Taniec w zaczarowanym gaju” (eng. Dancing in a magic grove)- 1982, Tonpress S460
 „Dom w Dolinie Mgieł” (eng. House In The Foggy Valley) / „Ucieczka z tropiku” (eng. Escape From The Tropics) - 1983, Tonpress S488
 Porachunki z bliźniakami (eng.Settle With Twins) - 1984, Polton MSP001
 „Kosmiczne opowiadania” (eng. Cosmic Tales) / „Gorące lato” (eng. Hot summer) - 1985, Tonpress S584
 Refleksje I-IV (1998)

Compilations
 <mask> Biliński The Best of (1998)
 Best of the Best (2014)

Split
 Mabi Plays World Hits (1993)

References

External links
 Artist's official webpage
 Artist's official YouTube channel

1953 births
Polish electronic musicians
Living

masks: Marek Marek Marek Marek


texts:
<mask> (March 3, 1927 – February 3, 1987) was an American designer, builder and racer of the famous Magnum Marine, Cary, Cigarette, Donzi, and Formula speedboats. He built speedboats for the Shah of Iran, Charles Keating, Robert Vesco, Malcolm Forbes, and George H. W. Bush. Retired President Lyndon B. Johnson owned several 16 ft. Donzi speedboats on his Texas ranch with which he would race his Secret Service agents. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood of Brooklyn, the youngest son of Russian-Jewish immigrants Herman and <mask>. He had two elder sisters, Sylvia and Lillian. His father owned a gas station and then a taxi company which collapsed during the Great Depression. He graduated a top athlete from James Madison High School in 1944, worked as a life guard at Coney Island, and enrolled at Brooklyn College.In 1945, he joined the merchant marine and worked overseas until the end of World War II. In 1947, he returned to the USA and completed his studies graduating from Brooklyn College in 1948 with a physical education degree earning letters in football, wrestling, and track. Career
After school, he worked as a physical education teacher for a time until he accepted a job at his father-in-law's southern New Jersey construction business which was booming thanks to demand from returning World War II veterans. In 1953, he established his own construction company, the Aronow Corporation which quickly became one of the largest construction companies in the state. In 1959, at age of 32, the now-millionaire Aronow moved to Miami with his family, where he began racing boats as a hobby. The hobby evolved into a business and

masks:
Donald Joel Aronow
Aronow
Ruth Aronow


texts: by the end of 1962, he had formed the Formula Marine boat company, which he then sold to Merrick Lewis' Alliance Machine Corp out of Dayton, Ohio. In 1964 he started Donzi Marine made the Donzi brand an international success and quickly sold the company to Teleflex Inc. in mid 1965.In 1966, he founded Magnum Marine and in 1967 proceeded to win his first World Championship driving two 27' Magnums, a single engine inboard and a triple engine Mercury powered outboard. Since he was not supposed to be building boats in 1969, according to his non-compete clause following the sale of Magnum Marine, <mask> built the first Cigarette boat under the name Cary, with the help of Elton Cary's Miami Beach facility. After campaigning his boat "The Cigarette" around the world with mechanic Norris "Knocky" House as his cockpit companion, he won his second World Championship in three years, and third consecutive United States Championship while becoming only the 2nd American in history to win the UIM Gold Medal of Honor (Gar Wood was America's first UIM champion). Once <mask> was able to formally open his new company, he started Cigarette Racing Team using his own designs in 1970. Having sold Cigarette for the last time in 1982 (after having sold it and purchasing it back in the late 1970s while merging it with his own Squadron Marine), he formed USA Racing Team and built the Blue Thunders, 39-foot catamarans used by the United States Customs Service to patrol U.S. waters and run down illegal offshore activities, especially drug smuggling. <mask>'s close friend at the time, Vice President George Bush, was a former Cigarette owner and was involved in testing out the 39-foot

masks: Aronow Aronow Aronow


texts:
 cats prior to government approval. Aronow's boats won over 350 offshore races and he was a two-time world champion and three-time U.S. champion.He has been elected to every powerboating Hall of Fame in existence and as stated above, he and Gar Wood were the only two Americans to have ever received the UIM Gold Medal of Honor. Murder
The great speed of Cigarette boats also made them a popular choice among cocaine smugglers. On February 3, 1987, <mask> was murdered in his car at the end of 188th Street in North Miami Beach where his boat companies operated. <mask> had just left a meeting with Bob Saccenti, part owner of Apache Power Boats together with partner Ben Kramer. Witnesses said a powder blue Lincoln pulled up next to <mask>'s car from the opposite direction, and when Aronow rolled down its window the driver opened fire. Another witness tried to follow the Lincoln as it fled but could not catch the killer(s). The Lincoln drove over the grass to get away.Nearly a decade later, two men pleaded no contest to charges related to <mask>'s killing. In 1995, career criminal Bobby Young admitted to shooting Aronow and pleaded no contest to second degree murder, eventually providing a full confession in 2009 shortly before his death. Ben Kramer, winner of the 1986 American Power Boat Association Offshore Championship, pleaded no contest to manslaughter in 1996. Kramer had a business dispute with Aronow after buying the latter's USA Racing Team but was forced to sell it back to Aronow after the Customs Service refused to do business with him. Kramer was already in prison on a life sentence with no possibility of parole following 1988 and 1989 convictions for

masks: Aronow Aronow Aronow Aronow


texts:
 drug smuggling and gun charges, as well as receiving a 1990 conviction for a failed escape attempt by helicopter from a federal prison near Miami. The story was also the basis for the 2009 documentary film Thunder Man: The <mask> Story and the 2018 movie Speed Kills with John Travolta. Personal life
Aronow married twice.In 1948, he married Shirley Goldin who he had met while working as a lifeguard on Coney Island. They had three children:
Michael who was a star athlete at the University of Florida until he was severely injured in a car accident in 1970 and used a wheelchair after that. David
Claudia is a New York artist and ex-wife of real estate developer Martin Kimmel. Their son is menswear designer Adam Kimmel, who is married to the actress Leelee Sobieski. His second wife was former Wilhelmina model, Lillian Crawford, 24 years his junior. They had two sons, Gavin and Wylie. Wylie is one of the cofounders of Bored Ape Yacht Club, a prominent NFT collection.References

Further reading
 <mask>: The King of Thunderboat Row, 1994, by <mask>
 Historic Offshore Race Boat Association - <mask>ow
 Blue Thunder: How the Mafia Owned and Finally Murdered Cigarette Boat King <mask>, 1990, Thomas Burdick and Charlene Mitchell

 "The Murder of Speedboat Builder <mask>", Matt Meltzer, Miami Beach 411, September 18, 2007
 "Rock around the States: <mask>" by Antonio Soccol
 "30 for 30 Shorts: Collision Course" Documentary on Aronow's Murder

1927 births
1987 deaths
American boat builders
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Murdered American Jews
Deaths by firearm in Florida
People murdered in Florida
James Madison High School (Brooklyn) alumni
Brooklyn College

masks:
Don Aronow
Don Aronow
Michael Aronow
Donald Aron
Donald Aronow
Don Aronow
Don Aronow


texts:
<mask><mask> (January 24, 1856 – March 18, 1927) was an itinerant photographer who spent most of his life in central Nebraska, in the Great Plains region of the United States. A settler under the Homestead Act, he began in 1886 to produce a photographic record of the history of white settlement in the region. Over 3,000 of his negatives survive; more than 1,000 of these depict sod houses. <mask> wrote two books incorporating his photographs: Pioneer History of Custer County and Short Sketches of Early Days in Nebraska (1901), and Sod Houses, or the Development of the Great American Plains (1904). <mask> was unable to achieve financial success as a farmer, as a photographer, or in a number of other schemes later in his life, and at the time of his death felt that he had been a failure. However, the number and scope of his photographs of Nebraska pioneer life have made them a valuable resource to students of that period of history, and they have become a staple of historical texts and popular works alike. His oeuvre has been described as "the most important chronicle of the saga of homesteading in America".Early life

<mask><mask> was born on January 24, 1856, the oldest child of Thomas Jefferson <mask> and Esther (Ullom<mask>, in Burton in Wetzel County, in what was then the state of Virginia but later became part of West Virginia. In 1860, his family moved to LaSalle County, Illinois, where his father worked for the Illinois Central Railroad. The family remained there for nearly twenty years. <mask> finished high school in 1874 and was

masks:
Solomon D
. Butcher
Butcher
Butcher
Solomon D
. Butcher
Butcher
) Butcher
Butcher


texts: briefly apprenticed to a tintypist, who taught him the business of photography. In the winter term of 1875–76, he attended the Henry Military School in Henry, Illinois. He then worked as a travelling salesman for a firm in Clyde, Ohio until 1880. In 1880, Thomas Jefferson <mask> announced that he was leaving his secure job with the railroad and moving west, to establish a homestead in Custer County, Nebraska.Although <mask> had a good job, he had grown tired of his work, and "had already thought seriously of seeking my fortune in the great west". In March 1880, a party consisting of <mask>, his father, his brother George, and his brother-in-law J. R. Wabel started westward in two covered wagons. After seven weeks, they arrived in northeastern Custer County, where they occupied homesteads near the north bank of the Middle Loup River, west-northwest of present-day Sargent. The party began construction of a sod house, and <mask> quickly came to rue his decision to go west: "I soon came to the conclusion that any man that would leave the luxuries of a boarding house, where they had hash every day, and a salary of $125 a month to lay Nebraska sod for 75 cents a day... was a fool." Upon the completion of the house, <mask> and his father returned to Illinois to bring his mother and his youngest brother to Nebraska. However, <mask> did not return with them: he stayed in Illinois for several months, returning to Nebraska with only three days left to construct a dwelling on his homestead; failure to do so would mean forfeiting his claim. <mask>,

masks:
Butcher
Solomon Butcher
Butcher
Butcher
Butcher
Butcher
Butcher


texts:
 his father, and two of his brothers built and occupied a dugout, saving the claim.Two weeks later, however, he once again went back east, moving to Milwaukee, Wisconsin and abandoning his homestead. "I would not have remained and kept batch for five years for the whole of Custer county," he declared. <mask> attended medical college in Minneapolis in the winter and spring of 1881–2. There, he met Lillie M. (Barber) Hamilton, a young widow working as a nurse at the hospital. The two were married in May 1882. Soon thereafter, <mask> once again decided that the West was the place for him. "I had just seen enough of the wild west to unfit me for living contentedly in the East", he wrote.In October 1882, the couple returned to Custer County, where they moved in with his father. During that winter, he worked as a schoolteacher. Photographer on the Plains

<mask> was able to save some of his teacher's salary, and to borrow enough more to open the first photography studio in Custer County. The studio was housed in a lath-and-adobe building, measuring , with a dirt floor and with cotton sheeting in lieu of glass to cover the windows and the skylights. As a backdrop for the photos, he used an old cloth wagon cover. The cloth had been gnawed by rats and was full of holes, which Lillie patched. To keep the patches from showing up in photographs, <mask> attached two coil springs from an old bed to the ceiling, then hung the backdrop from them.Before taking a picture, he plucked the backdrop so that it oscillated on the springs; the motion, combined

masks: Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher


texts:
 with the long exposure time required, blurred the backdrop so that the patches would not be visible in the photograph. Photography alone was not enough to pay the bills. <mask> opened a post office in his studio, which he named "Jefferson" after his father. This proved less than lucrative: his postal income came from stamp cancellations, and in the first three months amounted to 68 cents. He also did farm work for his father, at a wage of 50 to 75 cents per day. In December 1884, the town of Walworth was established near <mask>'s homestead. <mask>, his wife, and their two children moved there and built a sod house.In Walworth, <mask> found a business partner, A. W. Darling, who supplied the money to put up a frame building for a studio. However, Walworth did not last: it had been established at a time when rains had been unusually good, and the resumption of normal dry conditions led to the town's demise. <mask>'s family had to leave their sod house after six weeks of residence. He and Darling were forced to sell their building, which was moved to the town of West Union; there, they rented it for five years. Pioneer History

In the spring of 1886, <mask> conceived the idea of writing an illustrated history of Custer County. This, he thought, would be the key to fame and riches. "At last, Eureka!Eureka! I had found it. I was so elated that I lost all desire for rest and had to take morphine to make me sleep." To embark upon this project, he needed financing. Unlike <mask>, his father had succeeded as a farmer, running a gristmill and a

masks: Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher


texts: freighting business as well; it was to him that <mask> turned for assistance. Thomas Jefferson <mask> was initially skeptical; but after his son had arranged to photograph 75 homesteads, he agreed to provide a team and wagon for the project. In June 1886, <mask> took the first photograph for the book.He met a certain amount of skepticism—"Some called me a fool, others a crank..."  He began his work only thirteen years after the establishment of the first homestead in the county, when it could hardly be said to have a history. He persevered: from 1886 to 1892, he took over 1,500 photographs and recorded over 1,500 narratives. Hard times struck Custer County in the early 1890s. Crops failed in 1890; good crops in the following two years were offset by low prices. The harvest was small in 1893, and the spring and summer of 1894 were almost entirely devoid of rain. The county also partook of the nationwide depression that began with the Panic of 1893. <mask> was an early victim of this agricultural and economic collapse: in 1892, he lost his farm, and was forced to suspend his history project.The Populist Party and its predecessor, the Farmers' Alliance, were strong in Custer County in the 1890s, carrying elections for a decade beginning in 1889. <mask> attached himself to the movement and, in 1896, was elected Justice of the Peace and Clerk of the Election for West Union. Rising farm prices and a generally improving economy allowed him to secure a home and to get himself nearly out of debt, and in 1899 he was about to resume work on the

masks: Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher


texts:
 history. In 1899, however, <mask>'s house burned down, destroying its entire contents, including the pioneer narratives and the photographic prints. Fortunately for the history project, the glass negatives were stored in a granary, and escaped the fire. The house had carried no insurance, however, and <mask> was once again left penniless. <mask> persevered, again setting himself to the task of compiling pioneer narratives.He secured the assistance of George B. Mair, the editor of the Callaway Chronicle, in editing these accounts and in preparing the manuscript. To cover the cost of engraving, typesetting, and publishing, he recruited Ephraim Swain Finch, an early settler of Custer County and now a wealthy rancher. Finch, whom <mask> knew through his Populist activities, agreed to underwrite these expenses; moreover, he placed an advertisement in the Custer County Chief, assuring readers that orders for <mask>'s forthcoming book would be filled. Orders for the book began flowing in. The first edition of 1000 copies sold out before its delivery date, in the summer of 1901; a second printing, of either 500 or 1000 copies, was issued before Christmas of that year. The book, titled Pioneer History of Custer County and Short Sketches of Early Days in Nebraska, included 200 engravings in its more than 400 pages. Later career

Encouraged by the success of Pioneer History, <mask> began planning similar photographic histories of Buffalo and Dawson counties, which border Custer County on the south.He moved to Kearney, the county seat of Buffalo

masks: Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher


texts: County, in 1902; there, he opened a photography studio together with his son Lynn. He roamed more widely still, through Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming; carrying his equipment in a wagon, he made negatives on the site, then shipped these to Kearney, where Lynn and several women employees made the prints and mailed them back to the customers. <mask> pere et fils also ran a postcard business, making over 2 million cards for the local trade. In 1904, he published a second book, Sod Houses; or, The Development of the Great American Plains, at the urging of a lawyer who hoped to use <mask>'s photographs and accounts to sell land in Nebraska. In 1909, he visited Yellowstone National Park and produced a set of 100 stereographic postcards. <mask> abandoned the history of Buffalo and Dawson counties after spending more than a thousand dollars on the project. Discontented with his profession as photographer, which had failed to make him a fortune or even to put him on a sound financial footing, he turned his efforts elsewhere.In 1911, he turned the Kearney studio over to his son and began work as an agent for the Standard Land Company. He gave stereopticon lectures throughout Buffalo and Dawson counties promoting the company's irrigated lands in south Texas, and made plans to move there himself. Before he could move, however, he had to dispose of his thousands of  glass-plate negatives. He also had to get himself out of debt once again. In an attempt to accomplish both of these at once, he offered his collection of negatives to the Nebraska State

masks: Butcher Butcher Butcher


texts: Historical Society. To Addison Sheldon, head of the Society's Legislative Reference Bureau, he wrote, "Now is the time to buy me cheap, when I need the money so badly." In November 1911, he and Sheldon signed a contract for the sale of the negatives for $1000.<mask> was to receive $100 down; the rest would be paid after the Nebraska legislature passed a bill appropriating funds for the purchase. Unfortunately for <mask>, a feud was raging between Sheldon and Clarence S. Paine, secretary of the Historical Society. Sheldon was an ardent Populist; Paine, a follower of conservative Democrat J. Sterling Morton. Sheldon believed that Paine had used underhanded tactics to displace his predecessor as secretary; Paine believed that Sheldon was scheming to bring the Society under control of the University of Nebraska regents. At the legislature's next biennial session, in 1913, Sheldon had an appropriations bill introduced to pay for the Butcher purchase. The bill passed the House unanimously, but ran into stiff opposition in the Senate, probably at Paine's instigation.In the end, <mask> was forced to accept a compromise payment of only $600. <mask>'s Texas land deals came to nothing. In 1915, he moved to Broken Bow, back in Custer County. In December of that year, Lillie <mask>, who had suffered ill health for many years, died. For a short time in early 1916, <mask> worked for Sheldon, annotating his collection of negatives and adding narratives that had not been included in Pioneer History. In 1917, he married Mrs. Laura M. (Brachear) Nation.


texts:
 <mask> briefly worked as a travelling salesman for a grain and flour mill.However, he abandoned this for less practical schemes. He invented what he described as an "electromagnetic oil detector", applying the principles of dowsing to the discovery of oil. In 1921, he planned a photographic expedition to Central America to produce material for a series of travelogue lectures, and tried to interest Sheldon in it; Sheldon was skeptical, and the expedition was never launched. In about 1924, he began marketing a patent medicine, consisting chiefly of alcohol, dubbed "<mask>'s Wonder of the Age". In 1926, the <mask>s moved to Greeley, Colorado; <mask> died there on March 18, 1927. Works

<mask>'s work received little notice outside of Nebraska during his lifetime. Although there was a market for photos depicting the romance of the Wild West, the public preferred mountains and canyons to open prairie.Later in his life, popular taste inclined toward the modern and the sophisticated; images of rustics gathered around sod houses were out of fashion. His photographs had little to recommend them from an artistic standpoint. Biographer John Carter describes him as unconcerned with aesthetics, and with no more than adequate technical abilities. "Unquestionably he was not a prairie Stieglitz." Recognition of <mask>'s work came only later, when the history of the settlement of the Plains began to be written. His photographs became staples of textbooks and popular works dealing with the homestead era. According to Carter, "They are the images that we


texts: conjure up when we think of plains settlement."<mask> has been compared to painter George Catlin, who painted Native Americans in the 1830s, and to Nebraska writer and photographer Wright Morris, who depicted rural Nebraska in the 1930s and 1940s. Like them, <mask> recognized that an era in Plains history was passing, and tried to document it visually before it was gone. Even during his short career, the face of Nebraska changed; the sod houses of his earlier photographs are increasingly supplanted by frame buildings in his later ones. <mask> did not confine himself to recording events that took place when he was present. He was not above re-enacting historical events for a photo: for example, the 1878 lynching of two Custer County homesteaders at the behest of rancher Print Olive, or the cutting of another rancher's fences by homesteaders. The latter photograph has been uncritically accepted by many historians as documentation of the actual event, although a closer examination reveals that the wire-cutters are made out of wood. <mask> also did not hesitate to retouch photos.He photographed a hill in Cherry County that had been important to early settlers because of its cedar trees; since the trees had been cut long before he got there with his camera, he scratched trees on the bare hill on his negative. To illustrate Ephraim Swain Finch's account of how he had battled an 1876 infestation of grasshoppers, he posed Finch in his cornfield, then incised scores of dots and specks into the negative to depict the flying insects. When he sought


texts: to illustrate a large flock of ducks, but realized that the birds were flying too fast for his camera to record, he photographed the scene without the waterfowl and then scratched dozens of ducks into the negative. <mask> retouched for his own purposes as well. On one occasion, he damaged a spot on a negative, producing a hole in a photograph of a sod house. Rather than undertaking a round trip of  to re-shoot the scene, he concealed the damage by inking a crudely drawn turkey on the negative. Upon seeing the finished product, the homesteader expressed wonderment, declaring that he owned no white turkeys; but he was persuaded to put aside his doubts, since the camera was incapable of lying.<mask>'s determination to record a vanishing era led him to photograph every detail of life in the homestead era. According to the editor of a 1965 edition of Pioneer History, "There was nothing too inconsequential for him to direct his camera upon." The <mask> collection at the Nebraska State Historical Society consists of nearly 3,500 negatives; nearly 1,500 were taken in Custer County, and more than 1,000 show sod houses. The number and scope of <mask>'s photographs has made them a valuable resource to the historian of the period. Nebraska folklorist Roger Welsch conducted a detailed analysis of <mask>'s sod-house photos, including furnishings, farm equipment, animals, etc., for his 1968 Sod Walls, which initiated present-day investigations of sod-house construction and living. Studies based on the photographs continue: in the 21st century, digital


texts:
 image processing enabled researchers to see details inside doors and windows, which appeared as nothing more than dark oblongs in the original prints. Although <mask> never achieved financial success or artistic recognition, and died believing himself a failure, his work has endured.According to one writer, "No other photographer captured settlement in the Great Plains with such insight into the experience of homesteading." Notes

References

<mask>, S. D. (1901). Pioneer History of Custer County, and Short Sketches of Early Days in Nebraska. Broken Bow, Nebraska. <mask>, <mask>. (1904). Sod Houses, or the Development of the Great American Plains. Kearney, Nebraska and Chicago, Illinois: Western Plains Publishing Co.
Carter, John (1985).<mask><mask>: Photographing the American Dream. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Chrisman, Harry E. (1965). Introduction to <mask><mask>, Pioneer History of Custer County, Nebraska, with which is combined Sod Houses of the Great American Plains. Denver: Sage Books. pp. v-viii.Diffendal, Annie Polk (1978). Retrieved 2012-06-10. Gaston, W. L. and A. R. Humphrey (1919). History of Custer County, Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska: Western Publishing and Engraving Company. Kampinen, Andrea L. (2008). "The sod houses of Custer County, Nebraska".Masters thesis, University of Georgia. Retrieved 2011-10-22. McAsh, Heather (1991). "Remnants of Power: Tracing Cultural Influences in the Photography of <mask><mask>". American Studies, vol. 32, no. 2 (Fall 1991), pp.29–39. Available online via JSTOR.

masks:
Butcher
Butcher
Butcher
Solomon D
Solomon D
. Butcher
Solomon D
. Butcher
Solomon D
. Butcher


texts:
 Retrieved 2012-06-05. McKee, Jim (2010). "Jim McKee: Photographer <mask> 'saved' the sod house". Lincoln Journal Star. 2010-01-24.Retrieved 2012-06-15. Welsch, Roger L. (1968). Sod Walls: The Story of The Nebraska Sod House. Broken Bow, Nebraska: Purcells, Inc. External links
"Prairie Settlement 1862–1912". Includes links to a number of digitized <mask> photos, and an index of photographic subjects. At American Memory, Library of Congress.Selection of <mask> photos. At

Interview with the curator of Solomon D. Butcher Photograph Collection, 2015. C-SPAN

1856 births
1927 deaths
People from Broken Bow, Nebraska
People from LaSalle County, Illinois
People from Wetzel County, West Virginia
Photographers from Nebraska
Photographers from West Virginia
People from Kearney, Nebraska
People from Greeley,


texts:
<mask> (born May 10, 1930) is former United States Ambassador to Italy (2001–2005), and former Ambassador to Australia and Nauru (1989–1993). He has also served as Chairman of the Board of the Sembler Company, which develops and manages shopping centers, and co-founder of Straight, Inc., a controversial drug-treatment center. Sembler is the chairman of the Scooter Libby Legal Defense Trust, and was a co-chair of the Florida Finance Committee for Mitt Romney. Early life and education
Sembler was born in 1930 in St. Joseph, Missouri, and earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Northwestern University in 1952. He is of Jewish descent. Political fund raising career
Sembler has been a Republican fundraiser since 1979, raising a record $21.3 million at a single dinner in April 2000. During the 1988 Presidential campaign, Sembler served on the National Steering Committee and the National Finance Committee for the George H.W.Bush for President campaign. Additionally, he was finance co-chairman for the state of Florida for the George Bush for President campaign. He served on President Reagan's White House Conference for a Drug-Free America and was an advisor on drug policy to President Bush and to Florida's former governor Bob Martinez. He served as co-chairman of the Republican National Committee's Team 100 and finance co-chairman of the American Bicentennial Presidential Inaugural, and from 1993 to 1995 he was finance chairman of the Republican Party of Florida. Sembler served as finance chairman for the Republican National Committee from 1997 to 2000, as Florida's National Committeeman to the Republican National Committee from 1994–2000, as honorary chairman of the Republican Jewish Coalition, as chairman of the Drug Free America Foundation, served on the boards of the Florida


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 Governor's Mansion Foundation, and the Florida Holocaust Museum. He is a resident member of the Florida Council of 100, a business advisory council to the governor of Florida. Sembler serves on the boards of the International Council of Shopping Centers, Freedom's Watch, the American Enterprise Institute, American-Australian Education Leadership Foundation, George Bush Presidential Library Foundation, American Momentum Bank and the Moffitt Cancer Center.Sembler was a supporter of the presidential candidacy of Mitt Romney and is one of the more prominent Jewish donors to the Republican party. On October 11, 2011, Republican presidential hopeful Mitt Romney announced that he had appointed Sembler to his Florida Finance Team. Sembler is a vocal opponent of medical marijuana. In 26 April 2016, he pledged to begin a fundraising drive to defeat the proposed constitutional amendment in Florida that would legalize medical marijuana. Orlando attorney and major democratic donor John Morgan challenged Sembler through Twitter to match his own $7 million contribution in support of the amendment, calling Sembler "<mask> Moocher." Financial career
Sembler has served on the Board of Directors of several banks, including the First Bank of Treasure Island, the National Bank, First Union Bank, and presently serves on the Board of Directors of American Momentum Bank. He founded the Sembler Company, a shopping center development and management firm, and served as the spokesman for the shopping career industry as the 1986-1987 President of the International Council of Shopping Centers, where he served for 25 years.The Sembler Company came to the attention of federal investigators in 2008 after a planned shopping center in Boynton Beach, Florida, that had previously been denied a zoning


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 variance, was suddenly approved after a payment of $100,000 had been made to lobbyist Hugo Unruh. Unruh's name had previously "popped up" in a corruption investigation that led to the conviction of two Palm Beach county commissioners in 2006. Diplomatic career
In February 1989, President George H. W. Bush appointed Sembler United States Ambassador to Australia and Nauru, where he served for three and a half years. On August 23, 1989, cartoonist Garry Trudeau published a Doonesbury comic strip which seemed to imply that Sembler had purchased the ambassadorship. It has been pointed out that Sembler had no previous diplomatic experience and had donated $100,000 to the presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush shortly before his appointment. During his tenure as ambassador, however, his performance "won favorable reviews and quieted his critics". At the recommendation of the Governor-General of Australia and with the approval of Queen Elizabeth II, Sembler was named an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia at an investiture ceremony in October 2000, recognising achievement or meritorious service to Australia or humanity at large.Sembler was appointed U.S. Ambassador to Italy by President George W. Bush, being sworn in on 16 November 2001. In February 2005 Sembler had an annex to the U.S. Embassy in Rome named after him (the <mask> Building), an honour never before bestowed on a sitting diplomat, and made possible due to an amendment by Congressman Bill Young to an appropriations bill. President George W. Bush appointed Sembler to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008. He received the America Award from the Italy-USA Foundation in 2014. Straight, Incorporated

In 1976,


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 Sembler and his wife, Betty, founded Straight, Incorporated, an adolescent drug treatment program which has treated more than 12,000 young people who were labeled as addicts. The group now operates as the Drug Free America Foundation.In May 1983, Straight, Inc was convicted of false imprisonment after being sued by then 20-year-old Fred Collins Jr., who alleged he had been held captive by the program against his will. The program was ordered to pay $40,000 in compensatory and $180,000 in punitive damages. In 1990, a jury awarded Karen Norton $721,000 in damages due to mistreatment by Straight. In 1982, while a patient in Straight's Florida facility, Norton alleged that staff members assaulted her, and denied her health care. It has been suggested that licensing for Straight's Florida-based programs had been renewed under pressure from Sembler on state senators. Sembler's Drug Free America Foundation continues to campaign for hard-line drug policy. Former Governor Jeb Bush of Florida, the brother of President George W. Bush, former Drug Enforcement Administration Administrator Karen Tandy, and Congressman Dan Lungren of California are on the advisory board.Personal history
Sembler and his wife Betty () were married in 1953. They had three sons, Steve, Brent, and Greg plus eleven grandchildren. Betty died on February 16, 2022. References

External links
 United States Department of State profile
 Sembler Company bio of <mask>r

1930 births
Living people
People from St. Joseph, Missouri
20th-century American Jews
Ambassadors of the United States to Australia
Ambassadors of the United States to Italy
Florida Republicans
Northwestern University alumni
Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia
21st-century American Jews
20th-century American diplomats
21st-century American


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<mask> (born November 21, 1989) is a Venezuelan professional baseball second baseman and outfielder for the Samsung Lions of the KBO League. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, San Diego Padres and Philadelphia Phillies, and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp. He made his major league debut in 2014. Early life
<mask> was born in Valera, Trujillo, Venezuela. Professional career

Minor leagues
<mask> signed with the New York Yankees as an international free agent, receiving a $300,000 signing bonus. He made his professional debut with the Yankees in 2007 for the Dominican Summer League Yankees 1. He reached Triple-A for the first time in 2013 with the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League.After the season, he played for the Aguilas del Zulia of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. <mask> began the 2014 season with the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders. He ended the International League season with a .305 batting average (5th in the league), 87 runs (leading the league), 11 triples (leading the league), 10 home runs, and 60 runs batted in (RBIs). He was named a midseason All-Star, a postseason All-Star, and an MiLB.com Organization All Star. New York Yankees
On September 16, 2014, the Yankees promoted <mask> to the major leagues. He made his major league debut on September 22, hitting a triple in his first at bat, and a single later in the game. In seven games with the Yankees in 2014, he batted .333 with two triples and three RBIs.On September 25, 2014, <mask>'s single in the Yankees' last home game of the season against the Baltimore Orioles set up Derek Jeter's walk-off hit in his final at-bat at Yankee Stadium. <mask> singled to leftfield and subsequently replaced by

masks:
José Manuel Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela
Pirela


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 pinch-runner Antoan Richardson, who scored the winning run on Jeter's hit. <mask> suffered a concussion on March 22, 2015, in a spring training game against the New York Mets while playing center field. He ran into the outfield wall while chasing a fly ball. On April 2, he was placed on the 7-day disabled list to begin the season due to his concussion, and a week later he was transferred to the 15-day disabled list. On June 7, he hit his first major league home run against the Los Angeles Angels. He batted .256 with 1 RBI in 18 games before he was optioned to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre on June 10.San Diego Padres

On November 11, 2015, the Yankees traded <mask> to the San Diego Padres for minor league pitcher Ronald Herrera. He began the 2016 season with the El Paso Chihuahuas of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League, and was promoted to the Padres on April 22. <mask> played in 15 games with the Padres in 2016, making nine starts at second base and one in right field, before being optioned to El Paso when Yangervis Solarte was activated from the disabled list on May 21. <mask> was shut down in June with an Achilles tendon injury after playing in only 35 minor league games on the season. He had originally hurt the Achilles in the spring and it affected his performance all season. <mask> was non-tendered in the 2016 offseason, and became a free agent. He signed a minor league contract with the Padres on December 13, 2016.<mask> began the 2017 season with El Paso, where he batted .331/.387/.635 with 13 home runs in 181 at bats. The Padres promoted <mask> to the Major Leagues on June 6. <mask> was slotted into left field and impressed with his bat, securing the number three spot in the batting order by August and holding onto the left field position after Opening Day left fielder Travis

masks: Pirela Pirela Pirela Pirela Pirela Pirela Pirela Pirela


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 Jankowski came off the disabled list. <mask> saw his season ended in mid-September with a sprained finger, but he led the Padres regulars in batting average, on-base percentage, and slugging percentage, and was the Padres nominee for the Hank Aaron Award. He finished 2017 with a .288/.347/.490 batting line with 10 home runs and 40 RBIs in 83 games, playing 72 games in the outfield, 7 games at second base, 5 games at first base, and 1 game at third base. <mask> began 2018 as a starter for the Padres, but he saw his playing time significantly shrink as the season progressed. He began the season as the regular left fielder, but took over second base from Carlos Asuaje in May as Franchy Cordero moved over to left.When Asuaje was recalled from El Paso on July 1 and moved back onto second base, <mask> had no regular position but continued to appear as a pinch hitter and utility player. In 2018 with San Diego he batted .249/.300/.345 with 5 home runs and 32 RBIs in 146 games. <mask> started the 2019 season in AAA but was recalled to the majors on April 19, 2019, before being placed on the injured list with an oblique strain five days later. For El Paso he batted .353/.401/.674 with 18 home runs in 221 at bats. He was designated for assignment on July 22. Philadelphia Phillies
On July 27, 2019, the Padres traded <mask> to the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for cash considerations. With the AAA Lehigh Valley IronPigs he batted .281/.331/.455 with 4 home runs and 14 RBIs in 121 at bats.With the Phillies he batted .235/.316/.471 with one home run and two RBIs in 17 at bats. In the major leagues through 2019, Pirela had played 127 games at second base, 105 games in left field, 14 games at first base, 14 games in right field, and one game at third base. Hiroshima Toyo Carp
On November 2,

masks: Pirela Pirela Pirela Pirela Pirela


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 2019, <mask> signed with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). On June 19, 2020, he made his NPB debut. On December 2, 2020, he become a free agent. Samsung Lions
On December 16, 2020, <mask> signed with the Samsung Lions of the KBO League for $600,000 in salary and signing bonus, with an additional $200k possible from incentives. <mask> led the team with 29 home runs and 97 RBIs in 140 games played.He re-signed with the club for the 2022 season for $800,000 in salary and signing bonus, with an additional $400k possible from incentives. Playing style
<mask> is a free-swinger in the batter's box, with a 6.4% walk rate in the major leagues. Despite this, he has kept his strikeout rate at 19.9%. In the field, <mask> has appeared in the majors at first base, second base, third base, and in both of the outfield corners. See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Águilas del Zulia players
Charleston RiverDogs players
Dominican Summer League Yankees players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
El Paso Chihuahuas players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Hiroshima Toyo Carp players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball right fielders
New York Yankees players
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
People from Valera
Philadelphia Phillies players
Phoenix Desert Dogs players
San Diego Padres players
Samsung Lions players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players
Tampa Yankees players
Trenton Thunder players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Japan
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
Venezuelan expatriate baseball


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<mask> (<mask>, 14 November 1864 – 20 July 1950) was an English journalist, novelist, music lyricist, short story writer, music critic and collaborated on successful plays. He is best remembered as a satirist of the "Naughty Nineties". Biography
<mask> was born in Speldhurst in Kent, the eldest son of the Rev. <mask>, and his wife Abigail Elizabeth Smythe. He was educated at Clifton College, the Royal College of Music and early on had a desire to be a musician. Later in life he would become music critic on The World, taking the place of George Bernard Shaw. He studied at the London School of Journalism.Hichens was a great traveller. Egypt was one of his favourite destinations – he first went there in the early 1890s for his health. For most of his later life he lived outside England, in Switzerland and the Riviera. <mask> was a homosexual; he never married. Hichens first novel, The Coastguard's Secret (1886), was written when he was only seventeen. He first became well known among the reading public with The Green Carnation (1894), a satire of Hichens's friends Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas; since the work made clear Wilde was homosexual it was withdrawn from publication in 1895,  but not before helping set the stage for Wilde's public disgrace and downfall. <mask> was also friends with several other writers, including E. F. Benson and Reggie Turner, as well as the composer Maude Valérie White.Hichens's first big success was An Imaginative Man (1895); set in the city of Cairo, Egypt, a place which fascinated Hichens, it is a study of insanity, in which the hero has a number of sexual adventures and then smashes his head against the Great Sphinx. Other early fiction includes The Folly of Eustace (1896), a collection of stories including some supernatural; Flames (1897), a story resembling Dr Jekyll and Mr

masks:
Robert Hichens
Robert Smythe Hichens
Hichens
Frederick Harrison Hichens
Hichens
Hichens


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 Hyde; The Londoners (1898), a satire about decadent London; The Slave (1899), a fantasy about an amazing emerald; Tongues of Conscience (1900), a collection of five horror stories including "How Love Came to Professor Guildea" (this story is about a supernatural visitation and is thought by some to be Hichens's best fiction – it is frequently anthologised). "How Love Came to Professor Guildea" was not initially well-received, with Frederic Taber Cooper calling the story "a hideous bit of morbidity" and Edmund Wilson dismissing the story as "trash". Later reviews of the story were more positive; J. A. Cuddon called it "outstanding" and compared it with "The Horla" by Guy de Maupassant and "The Beckoning Fair One" by Oliver Onions. Brian Stableford described the story as an "authentic masterpiece of horror fiction", and Jason Colavito called it "possibly one of the greatest stories of its age". Hichens's Felix (1902), is an early fictional treatment of hypodermic morphine addiction, while The Garden of Allah (1904) sold well internationally, and was made into a film three times.Hichens published his memoirs in 1947, Yesterday. Selected bibliography
Novels
 The Coast Guard's Secret (1886)
 The Green Carnation (published anonymously, 1894; republished, 2009) – available at  Wikisource
 An Imaginative Man (1895)
 Flames (1897)
 The Londoners (1898)
 The Slave (1899)
 The Prophet of Berkeley Square (1901)
 Felix (1902)
 Black Spaniel, and Other Stories (1905)
 The Garden of Allah (1904), elaborately presented as a play in New York City and filmed thrice, in 1916, 1927 (with Alice Terry) and 1936 (one of the earliest three-strip Technicolor features, with Marlene Dietrich and Charles Boyer)
 The Woman with the Fan (1904)
 The Call of the Blood (1906)
 Barbary Sheep (1907)
 A Spirit in Prison (1908)
 Bella Donna (1909),


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 in which Alla Nazimova starred on Broadway in 1912, filmed in 1915, in 1923 with Pola Negri and in 1934 with Mary Ellis and Conrad Veidt. The Fruitful Vine (1911)
 The Dweller on the Threshold (1911)
 The Way of Ambition (1913)
 In the Wilderness (1917)
 Snake-Bite (1919)
 Mrs. Marden (1919)
 Spirit of the Time (1921)
 December Love (1922)
 The Last Time (1924)
 After the Verdict (1924)
 The Bracelet (1930)
 The First Lady Brendon (1931)
 Mortimer Brice (1932)
 The Paradine Case (1933) – film version directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1947
 The Power To Kill (1934)
 The Pyramid (1936)
 The Sixth of October (1936)
 Daniel Airlie (1937)
 Secret Information (1938)
 The Journey Up (1938)
 That Which Is Hidden (1939)
 The Million (1940)
 A New Way of Life (1942)
 Veils (1943)
 Harps in the Wind (1945)
 Beneath the Magic (1950)

Collections
The Folly of Eustace: And Other Stories (1896)
Bye-Ways (1897)
Tongues of Conscience (1898, 1900)
The Black Spaniel: And Other Stories (1905)
Snake-Bite: And Other Stories (1919)
The Return of the Soul and Other Stories (2001; ed. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume 153: Late-Victorian and Edwardian British Novelists. First Series. Detroit: Gale Research, 1995.Author and Book Info.com

External links

 <mask> <mask>, brief bibliography at Fantastic Fiction

Two plays by <mask> on Great War Theatre

1864 births
1950 deaths
People from Speldhurst
19th-century English novelists
20th-century English novelists
Alumni of the London School of Journalism
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
English autobiographers
English horror writers
English male novelists
British gay writers
LGBT writers from England
People educated at Clifton College
19th-century English male writers
20th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers
People from the Borough of Tunbridge

masks:
Robert S
Hichens
Robert Hichens


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<mask> RSA, RGI (born 1947 in Braco, Perthshire, Scotland) is an artist who is primarily a painter but who has also made films throughout his career. He is an academician of the Royal Scottish Academy (elected Associate, 1996, Academician, 2005), was elected a Professional Member of the Society of Scottish Artists in 1971 and a member of the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts in 2013. <mask> studied at Edinburgh College of Art from 1964–1968, and was awarded an S.E.D postgraduate scholarship there from 1968–1969. He later studied education at Jordanhill College, Glasgow, from 1970–71. After periods between 1969 and 1973 when he taught in the secondary and further education sectors, <mask> moved into teaching posts in art schools. He was Head of Painting in both Crawford School of Art, Cork (1974–78) and Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, University of Dundee (1995–2001), where he also established and directed the Masters Course in Public Art and Design and the MFA Course from 1983–1995. He was a lecturer at Glasgow School of Art (1979–2003), and is Honorary Visiting Professor of Fine Art at the University of Abertay, Dundee, (2003–present).He has also served on the boards of a range of trusts and arts charities including Hospitalfield Arts, Perthshire Public Arts Trust, Dundee Public Art Programme, Workshop and Artist Studio Provision Scotland (WASPS) and the Glasgow League of Artists. The Work
Forbes’s art reflects the complex visual languages of modern life while referencing mythology and art history, and, as Dr Tom Normand wrote in "Portfolio: Treasures from the Diploma Collection of the Royal Scottish Academy", 2013, "his work has explored a philosophical discourse that speculates on the nature of

masks:
Ronald Forbes
Forbes
Forbes


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 reality." Dr Peter Hill noted in his essay in "<mask>: (mind)games", 2005 that <mask> is regarded as one of Scotland’s leading figurative painters, while Dr Carol Gow, writing in Cencrastus issue 36, 1990, noted that <mask> prefers the term "imagist" rather than "figurative." Dennis Adrian, Chicago historian, critic and collector, wrote in Riddles and Puzzles: Paintings by <mask>,

 "<mask> is a metaphysical painter out of the necessities of his own perceptions. His metaphysical qualities are those which can be found in much modern and older art; a sensibility which evidences an unshakeable conviction that the full perception and comprehension of our experience are not and cannot be achieved through logic alone and that there are other forms of knowledge to which we have access in art through images and symbols as well as the forms and colors which manifest them. In <mask>’s painting, this sort of awareness (logical thought plus perceptual awareness) is a disrupted state in which no one single structural system or vocabulary of images has primacy. Accordingly, <mask>’s imagery seems never to be presented through a consistent and uniform language of form and image, but usually presents several such systems simultaneously within a "single" composition.The result has been called collage-like." Professional activity
There have been solo, group and curated exhibitions of <mask>’s work in Scotland, England, Ireland, USA, Australia, Japan, France and the Netherlands. His paintings are held in a range of public collections in the UK, Ireland, the USA, Poland and Australia. He has received many prizes, including the Guthrie Medal from the Royal Scottish Academy, and awards from bodies such as the Leverhulme Trust, the Carnegie Trust,

masks:
Ronald Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Ronald Forbes
Ronald Forbes
Forbes
Forbes
Forbes


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 the Scottish Arts Council and the Hope-Scott Trust. His films have been shown in many exhibitions and have been part of the official selection for film festivals including Glasgow Short Film Festival, Abstracta Film Festival, Rome, Italy Lucerne International Film Festival, Switzerland and Skepto Film Festival, Cagliari, Italy. Throughout his career, <mask> has fulfilled a number of artist residencies in Scotland, The Netherlands and Australia, including the Leverhulme Senior Art Fellowship at the University of Strathclyde, 1973–74, Artist in Residence in Livingston New Town, 1978–80, the Scottish Arts Council Amsterdam Studio Award 1980, Artist in Residence at the University of Tasmania Art School, Hobart, Australia in 1995, and the Leverhulme Trust Artist in Residence at the Scottish Crop Research Institute (now the James Hutton Institute) 2006–08. <mask> has been curator of a number of exhibitions such as ‘Focus on Film’ at the Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh, Scotland in 2014 and the Celtic Connections Festival Visual Art Exhibition, Glasgow, Scotland in 1994 and 1995.He has also been founder and organiser of artists groups including the Glasgow League of Artists in 1971. Amsterdam Studio Award
1979 Scottish Arts Council Award for Film-making
1979 R.S.A. Guthrie Award, Royal Scottish Academy
1975 Prize for film, "Between Dreams" in BBC "Scope" Film Competition
1968 Prize in Scottish Young Contemporaries Exhibition
1967 1st prize in first Scottish Young Contemporaries Exhibition
1964–69 Numerous awards and prizes at Edinburgh College of Art

References

1947 births
Living people
Royal Scottish Academicians
Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
20th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
21st-century Scottish

masks: Forbes Forbes


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<mask> (27 May 1849 – 18 April 1934), widely known as <mask> or Miss Cranston, was a leading figure in the development of tea rooms. She is nowadays chiefly remembered as a major patron of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Margaret MacDonald, in Glasgow, Scotland. The name of Miss Cranston's Tea Rooms lives on in reminiscences of Glasgow in its heyday. Background
Her father, <mask>, was a baker and pastry maker and, in 1849, the year of her birth, he became proprietor of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Chop House and Commercial Lodgings at No. 39 George Square in Glasgow city centre. The hotel was renamed the Royal Horse, then renamed again in May 1852 to become Cranston's Hotel and Dining Rooms, offering:
"Convenient Coffee room and detached Smoking Rooms on Ground Floor, commodious Commercial Room and Parlour, comfortable Bed-rooms and Baths, &c.  Coffee always ready. Cigars, wines, spirits, ales, Newspapers, Time-Tables, Writing Materials.Superior and varied Bill of Fare at the usual moderate charges. Her slightly older brother Stuart (1848–1921) became a tea dealer and, according to Glasgow in 1901, was "a pioneer of the business" there of "tea shops pure and simple" who by 1901 had three such tearooms offering nothing more substantial to eat than a sandwich. Kate went on to create much more of a social facility. Like other cities in the United Kingdom, Glasgow was then a centre of the temperance movement which sought an alternative to male-centred pubs. Tea had previously been a luxury for the rich, but from the 1830s it was promoted as an alternative to alcoholic drinks, and many new cafés and coffee houses were opened, catering more for ordinary people. However it was not until the 1880s that tea rooms and tea shops became popular and fashionable. Miss Cranston's Tea Rooms

In 1878 Miss Kate Cranston opened her first tearoom, the Crown Luncheon Room, on Argyle

masks:
Catherine Cranston
Kate Cranston
George Cranston


texts: Street, Glasgow.She set high standards of service, food quality and cleanliness, and her innovation lay in seeing the social need for something more than a restaurant or a simple "tea shop", and in putting equal attention into providing amenities designed in the latest style. Her first tearoom was decorated in a contemporary baronial style. On 16 September 1886 she opened her Ingram Street tearoom and in 1888 commissioned George Walton to decorate a new smoking room in the Arts and Crafts style in one of her tea rooms. In 1892 she became happily married to John Cochrane, but continued to trade under the name of Miss Cranston's Tearooms. She opened new tearooms in Buchanan Street in 1897 (designed by George Washington Browne), expanded to take over the whole building in Argyle Street by 1898 (designed by H and D Barclay), then completed her chain of four establishments with the Willow Tearooms (by Charles Rennie Mackintosh) in Sauchiehall Street, opened in 1903. While other cities offered very expensive and very basic tea rooms by 1901, <mask> set the standard in Glasgow for more welcoming establishments. Rooms were provided for ladies only and for gentlemen only, as well as luncheon rooms where they could dine together and smoking rooms and billiards rooms for the gentlemen.Miss <mask>'s Tea Rooms became social centres for all, for business men and apprentices, for ladies and ladies' maids. The Ladies Rooms were a particular success, newly allowing respectable women to get out and meet together without male company. Unlike cafes or tearooms in other cities, there was no intrusive supervision and those having tea had an assortment of scones and cakes to hand, with a discreet notice reminding newcomers to remember the amount consumed. At "the accounting", Glasgow in 1901 reported, "One states the amount of ones indebtedness, and receives a check therefor from the attendant

masks:
Kate Cranston
Cranston


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 maiden. This, with the corresponding coin or coins, one hands in at the pay-desk, and so home. Nothing could be simpler or less irritating." The city was a centre of artistic innovation at the time, and the tearooms served as art galleries for paintings by the "Glasgow Boys".The architect Sir Edwin Lutyens visited the Buchanan Street tearoom in 1898, finding it "just a little outré", and wrote from there to his wife that "Miss <mask> is now Mrs. Cochrane, a dark, fat wee body with black sparkling luminous eyes, wears a bonnet garnished with roses, and has made a fortune by supplying cheap clean goods in surroundings prompted by the New Art Glasgow School." Tea rooms opened around the city, and in the late 1880s fine hotels elsewhere in Britain and in America began to offer tea service in tea rooms and tea courts. Glasgow in 1901 reported that "Glasgow, in truth, is a very Tokio for tea-rooms. Nowhere can one have so much for so little, and nowhere are such places more popular and frequented." and that "It is not the accent of the people, nor the painted houses, nor yet the absence of Highland policemen that makes the Glasgow man in London feel that he is in a foreign town and far from home. It is a simpler matter. It is the lack of tea-shops."The original Sauchiehall Street tearoom building has been restored and reopened in 2018. The adjacent building has been converted to serve as a visitor centre and retail space. The 'Willow Tearooms' brand has been separated from the building and is now run privately at a location in Buchanan Street adjacent to Miss Cranston's original premises. This location features recreated Mackintosh furniture and interior features. The restored Willow Tea Rooms building now trades as "Mackintosh at The Willow". Walton and Mackintosh

George Walton set up George Walton & Co, Ecclesiastical and House Decorators on the basis of his 1888 commission


texts:
 from Kate Cranston, and in 1896 was commissioned by her to design the interiors of new tearooms, designed and built by George Washington Browne of Edinburgh, at 91–93 Buchanan Street, which opened the following year. He was assisted in this by Charles Rennie Mackintosh who designed wall murals in the form of stencilled friezes depicting opposing pairs of elongated female figures surrounded by roses for the ladies' tearoom, the luncheon room and the smokers' gallery."It is believed (and averred) that in no other town can you see in a place of refreshment such ingenious and beautiful decorations in the style of the new art as in <mask>'s shop in Buchanan Street. Indeed, so general in the city is this belief that it has caused the Glasgow man of the better sort to coin a new adjective denoting the height of beauty... 'It's quite <mask>-ish !' "

<mask> expanded her first tearoom to take over the whole building at 114 Argyle Street and commissioned Walton to design a new more modern interior, which opened in 1898. Walton's work included fireplaces, stencilled wall murals and stained glass panels for the doors. In the luncheon room the murals and door panels had a rose pattern theme. The furniture was designed by Mackintosh, introducing for the first time his characteristic high-backed chairs. In 1900 <mask> gave Mackintosh the opportunity to redesign an entire room, at the Ingram Street tearoom.He had just recently married the artist Margaret MacDonald, and together they created the White Dining Room, including a hallway opening onto the street and divided off by a wooden screen with leaded glass panels, giving those entering glimpses into the room itself. His fame was spreading, and in 1902 The Studio wrote of "Miss <mask>, whose tea-rooms, designed by Mr. Mackintosh, are reckoned by some of the pilgrims to Glasgow as one of the sights of the city." The Willow

masks:
Miss Cranston
Kate Cranston
Kate Cranston
Kate Cranston
Cranston


texts:
 Tearooms

Next Kate Cranston gave Mackintosh the major commission for an entire building in Sauchiehall Street, again in collaboration with his wife Margaret MacDonald on designs for the interiors. Behind a strikingly simple new façade this building provided three interlinked main tearooms at the ground floor and on a first floor gallery, with steps from that leading up a further half-storey to the famous "Room de Luxe" stretching the width of the building above the main entrance and front tearoom. In a humorous review of the new tearoom for the Glasgow Evening News titled Erchie in an Art Tea Room, Neil Munro described the "Room de Looks":
"The chairs is no like ony ither chairs ever I clapped eyes on, but ye could easy guess they were chairs, and a' roond the place there's a lump o' looking-gless wi' purple leeks pented on it every noo and then." In 1905 Dekorative Kunst featured a special issue about the Willow Tea Rooms written by Hermann Muthesius who advised that "Today any visitor to Glasgow can rest body and soul in <mask>'s Tea Rooms and for a few pence drink tea, have breakfast and dream that he is in fairy land." Further projects

Although the Willow Tearooms completed her chain, and remains the most famous of her tea rooms, Kate Cranston carried out several more projects, and Mackintosh provided increasingly innovative designs.In 1904 she commissioned him to carry out the redecoration and design of new furniture for the mansion of Hous'hill near Nitshill which was home to herself and her husband John Cochrane. Mackintosh carried out further work on the Argyle Street tearoom in 1906 to design a basement conversion to form The Dutch kitchen. He did further redesigns for rooms in the Ingram Street tearooms, creating the Cloister Room and the Chinese Room in 1911. The latter provides an exotic fantasy, with bright blue finished timber screens incorporating a


texts:
 cashier's kiosk, elaborate door lintels and dark blue finished furniture, all in Mackintosh's version of an oriental style. In the same year <mask> provided temporary "Exhibition Cafes" at the Scottish International Exhibition, apparently set up and designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, though nothing is now known of his scheme for this. The menu card designed by Margaret MacDonald Mackintosh shows the name for the tearooms, The White Cockade, but makes no visual connection with this reference to Jacobitism. It gives credit for supply of cakes to Miss Cranstons Bakery, 292 St Vincent St., Glasgow.In 1916 Kate opened <mask>'s Cinema De Luxe in an entertainment complex designed for her by the architect James Miller, occupying the third floor of a six-storey building in Renfield Street, Glasgow. In 1917 Mackintosh carried out his last commission for <mask>, and indeed one of his last architectural works to be constructed, with the design of an extension of the Willow Tea Rooms into the basement of the building next door to create The Dug Out in a style that anticipated Art Deco. <mask> was greatly distressed when her husband died in 1917. She sold off her tea rooms and other businesses, and withdrew from public life. She had no children, and when she died in 1934 her will left two-thirds of her estate to the poor of Glasgow. Legacy

Even though <mask> had sold her tea rooms off, the name Miss Cranston's Tea Rooms long remained a byword for quality and for memories of Glasgow's heyday at the turn of the century. By 1938 tea rooms at 43 Argyll Arcade, 28 Buchanan Street, Renfield Street and Queen Street were being run by Cranston's Tea Rooms Ltd.They went into liquidation in 1954 and their premises were sold on for other uses. The Willow Tearooms were renamed, then in 1928 they were sold on to Daly's department store who incorporated the premises into their shop, keeping the

masks:
Kate Cranston
Cranston
Kate Cranston
Kate Cranston
Kate Cranston


texts: Room de Luxe in operation as the department store tea room. Miss Cranston's Tearooms on Ingram Street continued in use as catering facilities from 1930 for Cooper's & Co., then in 1950 the rooms came into the ownership of Glasgow City Council and were used for storage and a souvenir shop. In 1971 the furnishings were removed into storage when the building was demolished, and they are now the only original set of Mackintosh tearoom interiors to survive. Ownership was transferred to Glasgow Museums in 1978, and after a further period of storage restoration work began in 1993. The Ladies' Luncheon Room was exhibited three years later, and the Chinese Room and Cloister Room have since been restored. The Glasgow Museums website reports that they are "currently assessing what will be needed to research and preserve the Charles Rennie Mackintosh interiors of the Ingram Street Tearooms for future public display."and prospective plans now exist to install at least some of the interiors at the new V&A museum in Dundee. It was decided to conserve and restore the Oak Room designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh for the V&A Museum of Design in Dundee. A short documentary about the conservation of the Oak Room was also commissioned by the V&A museum. While Mackintosh's reputation was eclipsed by the 1920s, he was later recognised as a pioneer of modern architecture, particularly in terms of the exterior of the Willow Tea Rooms. In the 1960s a resurgence of interest in Art Nouveau brought him international fame, and the furniture and designs he and his wife created for <mask> are now extremely valuable. When Daly's closed, the Willow Tea Rooms were restored to an approximation of their original appearance. Catering reopened in the Room de Luxe, later extending to the recreated Tea Gallery.The owner of the business also opened a new tearoom on the first floor of a building in Buchanan


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 Street, near the original Buchanan Street and Ingram Street tearooms, fitted out with replicas of the White Dining Room and the Chinese Room from the Ingram Street Tearoom. Following closure of the Sauchiehall Street building for restoration in 2014 a branch of "The Willow Tea Rooms" also operated within the Watt Brothers Department Store further up Sauchiehall Street between 2016 and its closure in 2019. Following a trade mark dispute which was resolved in 2017 the Buchanan Street location now trades under the name of "The Willow Tea Rooms". These new tearooms draw renewed attention to the contribution Cranston's patronage made to Mackintosh's work, and the impact she had on the social life of Glasgow is still remembered in popular books such as Tea at Miss Cranston's. The restoration and re-opening of the original Willow Tea Rooms building in 2018 has created further interest in this heritage which is served by an extensive interpretation centre located in the adjacent building. The continuing interest in <mask> is also reflected in the prices realised for items associated with her tearooms; for example £940 for six pieces of cutlery stamped Miss Cranston's. In October 2018, it was announced that Cranston would feature on a design for The Royal Bank of Scotland £20 note to be circulated in 2020, the first woman other than Queen Elizabeth II to be depicted on a banknote of that denomination in that country (images of Nan Shepherd had been on a £5, Mary Somerville and Mary Slessor on a £10 and Elsie Inglis on a £50 in the past, while notes issued by English banks had already featured Elizabeth Fry, Florence Nightingale and Jane Austen).See also
 People on Scottish banknotes

References

1849 births
1934 deaths
People associated with Glasgow
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
Tea houses of the United Kingdom
Place of birth missing
20th-century Scottish


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Roy Clinton "<mask><mask>, Jr. (July 9, 1929 - February 15, 2019) is an American writer, editor, author and publisher who was influential in environmental and progressive causes throughout the second half of the 20th century and early 21st. He is also known in the sports world as founder (in 1971) of Ride and Tie, a conversion to racing of a historic means of transportation for two individuals who had only one horse and needed to travel a long distance. Early life and education

Raised in a series of small Michigan towns, <mask> began his newspaper career as a regional correspondent for the daily Flint Journal and weekly Flushing Observer. While still in high school he moved to Flint and worked at the Flint Sporting Digest and then the Journal. He enrolled at Albion College with a down payment of one-third of his first semester's tuition and worked his way 100 per cent as a reporter for the Albion Evening Recorder, weekly sports columnist for the Journal and its fellow Booth Michigan Newspapers, waiting tables for his meals and officiating high school football and basketball games. Albion named him a Distinguished Alumnus in 1999. Career

After graduating from college <mask> served in the Marine Corps from 1951 to 1953, reaching the rank of staff sergeant.During that time he participated in a 1952 A-bomb test with troops who double timed to ground zero without protective gear 2000 meters from their fox holes. In 1953 <mask> was a reporter for the Flint Journal as a reporter mainly covering politics. He left the Journal for a brief stint as a reporter for the San Diego Union, joining New York-based Fairchild Publications in 1960 and becoming its San Francisco bureau chief the next year. He went to Levi Strauss & Co.as public relations director in 196y9, became director of corporate communications the next year. He was later elected corporate vice president . He retired from the company in 1984. During the years 1976 to 1981 <mask> was responsible for annual conferences sponsored by Levi Strauss

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Bud
" Johns
Johns
Johns
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Johns


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 & Co. at the Sun Valley (ID) Center for the Arts and Institute of the American Institute.Ride and Tie
In 1971 <mask> founded, with Levi's sponsorship, the sport of Ride and Tie." <mask> had been charged by the Company with finding a "a distinctive sports event" for Levis to sponsor. He recalled having read about the old-fashioned custom of two people sharing a single horse on a journey by alternately riding and tying the horse where the other person could come up to it an mount, turn by turn, years before beginning to work for Levi Strauss & Co.  <mask> first heard such a story while researching the history of Pine Valley, California to promote it on behalf of a real estate developer. An article in the July 23, 1933 issue of the San Diego Union told of a Pine Valley father and son,  Charles Emery and his father, William, who set out in 1873 to track down and catch a band of horse thieves who had stolen 14 of their horses. Unfortunately, father and son made the mistake of leaving one of their mounts behind. Determined not to lose the thieves, they pursued them ride-and-tie style - traveling 40 miles a day until they reached Mexico where they found the thieves and were able to reclaim 7 of the stolen horses. Father and son then watched as the Mexican Army executed the horse thieves.he and his California rancher father had used their one remaining horse to go to Mexico to get the horses taken by rustlers who had subsequently been captured and shot.(Ride & Tie: The Challenge of Running and Riding, Don Jacobs, 1978.) <mask> thought that Ride and tie was a perfect fit for the image Levi Strauss was trying to project. By the time of the first race, with 64 teams running and riding 25 miles over California's Mayacamus Mountains between the Napa and Sonoma valleys, <mask> had learned that ride and tie's transportation history was even older. In England, in March 1737, Dr. <mask> and his student David Garrick (later to become the noted actor) had traveled that way 120 miles to London because they had

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Johns
Johns
Johns
Johns
Johns
Samuel Johnson


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 only enough money to rent one horse and stay one night in an inn. (Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson). In 1742 Henry Fielding's novel History of Joseph Andrews concluded a chapter about the ride and tie journey of two travelers with “...and that is that method of traveling so much in use among our prudent ancestors.”

In addition to his primary corporate communications responsibilities – media relations, company publications, product publicity and involvement with investment relations – <mask> directed the championship race its first 14 years and advocated establishment of the event elsewhere. In 1983 there were an estimated 350 R&T races in the U.S. and abroad.That year on three successive weekends, while in Europe on company business, <mask> attended the 1st annual Swiss championship, the 3rd annual German championship and the 5th annual English championship. On his return to the U.S. he directed the “Levi's” at Eureka, CA, with a field of 198 teams. After 1987 Levi Strauss transferred responsibility for the championship and its promotion to the non-profit Ride & Tie Association. Publishing and writing career

<mask> publishing career began in 1954 when he and his Flint Journal colleague William D. Chase co-founded Apple Tree Press to publish George Bernard Shaw's Last Will and Testament as a book. (Saturday Review (March 27, 1954) and The Book Club of California Quarterly. Fall 2004). <mask> transferred his interest in Apple Tree to Chase who continued it with his brother to publish the annual Chases' Calendar of Annual Events: Special Days, Weeks and Months which is now a part of McGraw-Hill Publishing.In 1968 <mask> founded Synergistic Press which has published an eclectic list focusing on non-fiction including biography and art subjects. He was a director and part owner of Applewood Books, New Bedford, MA. He produced and wrote the script for a half-hour television film on Ride & Tie and was executive producer of "The Best They Can Be," a Clio award-winning television program on athletes

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 striving to participate in the 1980 Summer Olympics. As freelancer <mask> wrote numerous magazine and newspaper articles. His books include The Ombibulous Mr. Mencken 1968, What Is This Madness? (1985), co-editing and writing the biographical introduction to Bastard in the Ragged Suit (1977) editing, writing the introduction to and one essay in Old Dogs Remembered, published in hardcover by Carroll & Graf, New York, in 1983, and paperback by Synergistic Press in 1999 (1993). Civic participation
During the years 1976 to 1981 <mask> was responsible for annual conferences sponsored by Levi Strauss & Co. at the Sun Valley (ID) Center for the Arts and Institute of the American West on themes such as Western Movies: Myth or Reality?, The Writers and the West, and That Awesome Space (environmental issues).Board memberships include the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area's Greenbelt Alliance (formerly People for Open Space), San Francisco, 1982-2004 (President 1990–1994); Documentary Research, Inc., Buffalo, NY (1978–1990); San Francisco Contemporary Music Players (1981–2004), President, 1996–1998; Stern Grove Festival Association, San Francisco (1970–1981); Rodeo Advisory Committee of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Colorado Springs, CO (1969–1981); Western States Trails Foundation (1987-1988); and Tamarind Institute of Lithography, University of New Mexico. He was a member of the National Council of the Museum of the American Indian, New York City, 1980–1981. <mask> and his wife, Fran Moreland <mask>,  were generous donors of art from their collection to Washington's Corcoran Gallery of Art. Personal life
<mask> was married to the artist Judith Spector Clancy whose drawings of architectural notable buildings were widely published in magazines, from 1971 until her death in 1990. In 1992 he married Frances Moreland, a writer whose professional name is Fran Moreland <mask>. References

2019 deaths
1929 births
American male journalists
American male novelists
American male non-fiction

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<mask>  (October 10, 1863 – September 15, 1941) was an American businessman, politician, and diplomat who served as a Congressman and Ambassador. He was a member of the Republican Party. Early life and business career

<mask><mask> was born on October 10, 1863, in Cambridge, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. He was the son of Ellen Ann (<mask>) and <mask>, Jr. (1837–1909), who would later be President of the Corning Glass Works, the company founded by <mask>'s grandfather <mask>, Sr. in 1851. In 1868, his family moved to Corning, New York. He attended the Corning Free Academy in Corning and St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. <mask> graduated from Harvard University in 1886 and then pursued postgraduate courses in Europe.He attended graduate school in Göttingen, Berlin, and Paris until 1889. Upon his return to Corning in 1889, <mask> began work for his family's business, Corning Glass Works. He served as Vice President of the company from 1902 to 1910, and as the company's president from 1910 to 1918. Under <mask>'s leadership, the company tripled in size to become one of the largest producers of glass products in the United States. The company manufactured 40% of incandescent light bulbs and 75% of the railway signal glass used in the U.S.

<mask>'s interest in and promotion of education, particularly in western New York state, led to his being appointed a trustee of Hobart College in 1917. He was a member of the Jekyll Island Club (aka The Millionaires Club) on Jekyll Island, Georgia, along with J.P. Morgan and William Rockefeller among others. <mask> was a presidential elector in the 1904 presidential election.He was also a presidential elector in 1916, voting for the Republican candidates Charles Evans Hughes and Charles W. Fairbanks. In 1918, <mask> B<mask> defeated incumbent Congressman Harry H. Pratt in the Republican primary. He went on to win the general election and joined the Sixty-sixth Congress, representing New York's 37th Congressional District. In 1920, <mask> garnered 68% of

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Alanson Bigelow Houghton
Alanson B
. Houghton
Bigelow
Amory Houghton
Alanson
Amory Houghton
Houghton
Houghton
Houghton
Houghton
Politics Houghton
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. Houghton
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 the vote to win reelection over Democrat Charles R. Durham and Socialist Francis Toomey. <mask> took office on March 4, 1919. During his two terms in the House, <mask> served on the Foreign Affairs and Ways and Means committees. Diplomacy
<mask>, having studied in prewar Germany, admired German culture and understood German politics.His appointment was approved by the U.S. Senate and well received by the Weimar Republic. On February 28, 1922, <mask> resigned his House seat to accept appointment from President Warren G. Harding as the U.S. Ambassador to Germany. <mask> believed that world peace, European stability, and American prosperity depended upon a reconstruction of Europe's economy and political system. He saw his role as promoting American political engagement with Europe. He overcame domestic opposition, and disinterest in Washington. He quickly realized that the central issues of the day were all entangled in economics, especially war debts owed by the Allies to the United States, reparations owed by Germany to the Allies, worldwide inflation, and international trade and investment.Solutions, he believed, required new policies by Washington and close cooperation with Britain and Germany. He was a leading promoter of the Dawes Plan. On February 24, 1925, President Calvin Coolidge appointed <mask> as the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain. <mask> assumed the post on April 6, 1925, and served until April 27, 1929. <mask>'s service in both Germany and England gave him a unique ability to address the issue of the war reparations Germany owed to its World War I opponents, England being one of them. <mask> laid some of the groundwork for the Dawes Plan, named after then U.S. Vice President Charles G. Dawes, who would be <mask>'s successor as Ambassador to Great Britain.In 1928, <mask> ran for the U.S. Senate from New York against first-term incumbent Royal S. Copeland, a Democrat. <mask> lost by just over one percentage point. Death and legacy
After his loss in the 1928 Senate race, <mask> returned

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 to managing the Corning Glass Works. He was a founding member of the Board of Trustees of the Institute for Advanced Study, in Princeton, New Jersey, serving as Chairman until his death in 1941. He also was an original standing committee member of the Foundation for the Study of Cycles and served as vice president of the American Peace Society, which publishes World Affairs, the oldest U.S. journal on international relations. <mask> died at his summer home in South Dartmouth, Massachusetts, on September 15, 1941. He was interred at Hope Cemetery Annex in Corning, New York.During World War II the Liberty ship  was built in Panama City, Florida, and named in his honor. <mask>'s son, Amory <mask> (1899–1981), served as the United States Ambassador to France (1957–1961) under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His grandson, Amo <mask>, was a U.S. Congressman from New York from 1987 until 2005. See also
 List of covers of Time magazine (1920s) – April 5, 1926
 The Harvard Monthly

References

Further reading
 Jones, Kenneth Paul, ed. U.S. Diplomats in Europe, 1919–41 (ABC-CLIO. 1981) online on <mask>'s role in Europe, pp 25–42..
 Matthews, Jeffrey J. <mask> B. <mask>: Ambassador in the New Era .Wilmington, Del. : Scholarly Resources Inc., 2004. Retrieved on 2008-02-15
Kestenbaum, Lawrence. The Political Graveyard. Harvard Business School. Leadership database. External links

American business executives
Corning Inc.
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
1863 births
1941 deaths
Businesspeople from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
Ambassadors of the United States to Germany
Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts
New York (state) Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Corning, New York
1904 United States presidential electors
1916 United States presidential electors
People from Dartmouth, Massachusetts
20th-century American

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<mask> was a French-Canadian screenwriter, playwright, and journalist, born in 1895 in Saint-Barnabé, Quebec, Canada. She has been noted as one of the primary figures in Quebecois silent cinema and was likely one of the first female screenwriters in Quebec. In the early years of Francophone cinema in Canada, films were primarily focused on non-fiction topics; filmmakers produced newsreels, actualities, and travelogues. However, of the few fiction films produced, <mask> was a notable female screenwriter alongside Marguerite Marquis. <mask> also became well known for her column, Courrier de Manon, and also ran as a candidate in federal elections. <mask> has been considered a key pioneer in French-Canadian cinema by numerous scholars. Personal life
<mask> was born in the small Canadian village of Saint-Barnabé, Quebec, Canada in 1895.She was educated through a convent prior to starting work as a secretary at 13-years-old. In her early 20s, she moved to Montréal, Quebec, to study and later became a regular contributor to a number of local newspapers. During her career as a screenwriter in the 1920s and 1930s, she was rumoured to have been in a romantic relationship with film director Joseph-Arthur Homier, though he was married with children. Homier died in 1934, and <mask> married Allan Robert Green in 1939. <mask> died in Montréal, Quebec, in 1952 of an asthma attack. Career

Journalism
After moving to Montréal in her 20s, <mask> became a regular contributor to Le Samedi and La Revue populaire, among other Quebec newspapers. In 1922, <mask> wrote her award-winning play Namounah, a drama about

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Emma Gendron
Emma Gendron
Gendron
Emma Gendron
Gendron
Gendron
Emma Gendron
Gendron
Gendron


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 forbidden love between an Indigenous princess and a white man.The play gained significant attention from the Montréal press, and was awarded a drama prize from McGill University in 1922. Screenwriting
Shortly after writing Namounah, <mask> met Joseph-Arthur Homier, who was making newsreel films about Montréal at the time. <mask>'s first screenwriting credit was for Homier's feature-length film, Madeleine de Verchères (1922), a book adaption based on the tale of Quebecois heroine, Madeleine de Verchères. The film was successful in Canadian box offices, which led <mask> and Homier to release another film, La drogue fatale (1924). La drogue fatale (1924) failed to reach Anglophone-Canadian audiences and was not nearly as successful as Madeleine de Verchères (1922). Shortly after the release of La drogue fatale (1924), Homier and <mask> began working on their third film, Les fils de la liberté, which was to be a tale of the Quebecois rebellion against the British in the late 1830s. However, this film was never taken to the production stage.After the release of La drogue fatale and end of her work on Les fils de la liberté, <mask> returned to journalism in Montréal. She became well known for her advice column, Courrier de Manon, in which she wrote as her persona, Manon. The column was later gathered in La Revue de Manon, a women's magazine and film digest. In La Revue de Manon, <mask> wrote serial romances and gossip columns among other pieces. She also began writing serial novels and children's comics that have been argued by some to be infamous for reproducing Rosicrucian ideas. Politics
Before

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 settling down with Allan Robert Green in 1939, <mask> ran as an independent candidate in the riding of Saint-Jacques in downtown Montréal during the federal election of 1935. She was the only female candidate from Quebec in the election, and even though she was not elected, <mask> still collected around 3,000 ballots.Similar to the ideologies in her novels and children's comics, <mask> raised ideas from Rosicrucianism. Films

Madeleine de Verchères (1922)
Gendron's first credited film, Madeleine de Verchères, was directed by Joseph-Arthur Homier and retold the story of a Quebec colony that was defended in 1692. Madeleine de Verchères was a 14-year-old historical heroine who was said to have saved the new colony from the Iroquois with the help of only a few settlers. The film was produced by the British American Film Manufacturing Company (BRIAM) and began production in 1912 near Montréal. During this time, many lost or forgotten Quebecois heroes were being brought back into the media. The film was shot on the Kahnawake Mohawk Territory south of Montréal and residents were employed as extras. After its release in 1922, modern reviewers and critics hailed the film for its historical realism.Though the film has been lost, archived newspaper articles described it as realistic and historically accurate. However, at the time of release, the film failed to be marketed to the National Historic Sites of Canada because federal historians found many inaccuracies. Madeleine de Verchères has been noted as the first feature film produced in Canada, and perhaps in all of North America. However, this is up for

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 debate among academia and historians, since Evangeline (1913) was released first, but began production after Madeleine de Verchères. La drogue fatale (1924)
Gendron and Homier's second film together, La drogue fatale, was an urban crime drama, likely inspired by American gangster movies of the time. The film tells the story of twin orphans separated at birth, one of which is adopted by a police chief. The main plot focuses on a war between the Montréal police and drug mafia.In order to stop investigations, the mafia leader kidnaps the police chief's daughter and causes her to become dependent on drugs. She is later freed by another member of the mafia, whom she ends up marrying. The film has Anglophone-sounding characters and included bilingual subtitles, but failed to reach English-speaking audiences. The film marks the end of <mask> and Homier's filmmaking careers. Les fils de la liberté (unfinished)
After La drogue fatale (1924), Homier and <mask> began work on another film, Les fils de la liberté. The film was to recall the Lower Canada Rebellion against the British Empire in 1837–1838, but was never pushed to production, likely because of the lack of success of La drogue fatale. Filmography
 Madeleine de Verchères (1922)
 La drogue fatale (1924)
 Les fils de la liberté (unfinished)

References

French Quebecers
1895 births
1952 deaths
Canadian women screenwriters
20th-century Canadian screenwriters
Journalists from Quebec
Writers from Quebec
People from Mauricie
Canadian women non-fiction writers
20th-century Canadian women writers
Independent candidates in the 1935 Canadian federal

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<mask> (20 January 1910 – 19 March 1992) co-founded the British Sub-Aqua Club, "the largest and most successful diving club in the world", and the partnership E. T. Skinner & Co. Ltd., which became Typhoon International, "the world’s largest manufacturer of drysuits". Born <mask> in Paris with dual Austrian and French citizenship, he was naturalised British as "Manager and Secretary (Toy Manufacturers)" on 29 August 1951. Early life
<mask> was born in Paris in 1910 to an Austrian father and a French mother. He started as a hotel kitchen hand in Austria, peeling carrots. By the age of 21 he was a hotel director in the south of France. When World War II started, he joined the French Army. After the Germans broke through into France, he destroyed his papers, swam across the mouth of the Loire and boarded the last British destroyer which was evacuating British troops.As he had no papers, he was interned on the Isle of Man, and released at the end of the war. He became a swimming pool attendant, and then managed an American Army Officers' Club. After the Americans left, he became a partner of Eric Skinner, who was selling jigsaw puzzles. E. T. Skinner & Company Ltd

Gugen's partnership was named E. T. Skinner & Co. Ltd after Eric Skinner. The firm traced its origins back to 1948. E. T. Skinner & Co. Ltd. traded from premises at 400 Harrow Road, London W9, then from 1955 at 2 Lochaline Street, Hammersmith, London W6. Gugen used his knowledge of languages and business acumen to expand by importing swimming goggles and swimfins from

masks:
Norbert Oscar Gugen
Norbert Oscar Gugenbichler
Gugen


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 France, as the Dunlop Rubber company, who had made wartime frogmen's fins, had decided that there would be no market for them in peace time.Soon he was selling 300 pairs of fins a week, mainly to Gamages and to Colin McLeod at Lillywhites. The 1956 and 1966 editions of Skinner's handbook for skin divers served as the company's product catalogues during the 1950s and 1960s. This guide provided basic safety advice and listed the company's full range of underwater swimming products, both imported lines and its own-brand "Typhoon" articles of British design and manufacture. Both editions contained product descriptions of diving masks (the Typhoon Super Star and Blue Star diving masks pictured right appeared in both issues), breathing tubes, swimfins (the Typhoon Clubmaster swimming fins pictured right appeared in both issues, while the Typhoon Speedmaster swimming fins pictured alongside them only appeared in the 1956 edition), dry suits, wetsuits and harpoon guns. The 1966 issue also listed an underwater camera and demand valves. Typhoon International
In the 1970s, E. T. Skinner & Co. Ltd. was renamed Typhoon and a factory was built in Redcar, where the company continues to operate. Typhoon is a manufacturer of dry suits for diving and other water sport, rescue, commercial and military applications, and lifejackets and buoyancy aids.Patents
During the 1950s and 1960s, E. T. Skinner & Co. Ltd. filed several successful British patent applications:
 GB746764 (published 21 March 1956): Improvements in and relating to Swim-Fins. The