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<mask> (; 7 July 184321 January 1926) was an Italian biologist and pathologist known for his works on the central nervous system. He studied medicine at the University of Pavia (where he later spent most of his professional career) between 1860 and 1868 under the tutelage of Cesare Lombroso. Inspired by pathologist Giulio Bizzozero, he pursued research in the nervous system. His discovery of a staining technique called black reaction (sometimes called Golgi's method or Golgi's staining in his honour) in 1873 was a major breakthrough in neuroscience. Several structures and phenomena in anatomy and physiology are named for him, including the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex. Golgi and the Spanish biologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal were jointly given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system". Biography
<mask> was born on 7 July 1843 in the village of Corteno near Brescia, in the province of Brescia (Lombardy), at the time Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, today Italy.The village is now named Corteno Golgi in his honour. His father <mask> was a physician and district medical officer, originally from Pavia. In 1860, he entered the University of Pavia to study medicine, and earned his medical degree in 1865. He did an internship at the San Matteo Hospital (now IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation). During his internship he briefly worked as a civil physician in the Italian Army, and as assistant surgeon at the Novara Hospital (now Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara). At the same time he was also involved in the

masks:
Camillo Golgi
Camillo Golgi
Alessandro Golgi


type: original

texts: medical team for investigating cholera epidemic in villages around Pavia. In 1867, he resumed his academic study under the supervision of Cesare Lombroso.Lombroso was a renowned scientist in medical psychology such as genius, madness and criminality. Inspired by Lombroso, <mask> wrote a thesis on the etiology of mental disorders, from which he obtained his M.D. in 1868. He became more interested in experimental medicine, and started attending the Institute of General Pathology headed by Giulio Bizzozero. Three years his junior, Bizzozero was an eloquent teacher and experimenter, who specialised in histology of the nervous system and the properties of bone marrow. The most important research publications of <mask> were directly or indirectly influenced by Bizzozero. The two became so close that they lived in the same building; and <mask> later married Bizzozero's niece, Lina Aletti.By 1872, <mask> was an established clinician and histopathologist. He, however, had no opportunity as a tenured professor in Pavia to pursue teaching and research in neurology. Financial pressure prompted him to join the Hospital of the Chronically Ill (Pio Luogo degli Incurabili) in Abbiategrasso, near Milan, as Chief Medical Officer in 1872. To continue research, he set up a simple laboratory on his own in a refurbished hospital kitchen, and it was there that he started making his most notable discoveries. His major achievement was the development of staining technique for nerve tissue called the black reaction (later the Golgi's method). He published his major works between 1875 and 1885 in the journal Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria e di medicina legale. In

masks: Golgi Golgi Golgi Golgi


texts:
 1875, he joined the faculty of histology at the University of Pavia.In 1879, he was appointed Chair of Anatomy at the University of Siena. But the next year, he returned to the University of Pavia as full Professor of histology. From 1879 he also became Professor of General Pathology as well as Honorary Chief (Primario ad honorarem) at the San Matteo Hospital. He served as Rector of the University of Pavia twice, first between 1893 and 1896, and second between 1901 and 1909. During the First World War (1914–1917), he directed the military hospital Collegio Borrmeo at Pavia. He retired in 1918 and continued to research in his private laboratory till 1923. He died on 21 January 1926.Personal life

<mask> and his wife Lina Aletti had no children, and they adopted <mask>'s niece Carolina. <mask> was irreligious in his later life and became an agnostic atheist. One of his former students attempted an unsuccessful deathbed conversion on him. Contributions

Black reaction or Golgi's staining

The Central nervous system was difficult to study during <mask>'s time because the cells were hard to identify. The available tissue staining techniques were useless for studying nervous tissue. While working as chief medical officer at the Hospital of the Chronically Ill, he experimented with metal impregnation of nervous tissue, using mainly silver (silver staining). In early 1873, he discovered a method of staining nervous tissue that would stain a limited number of cells at random in their entirety.He first treated the tissue with potassium dichromate to harden it, and then with silver nitrate. Under the microscope, the outline of the neuron became distinct


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 from the surrounding tissue and cells. The silver chromate precipitate, as a reaction product, selectively stains only some cellular components randomly, sparing other cell parts. The silver chromate particles create a stark black deposit on the soma (nerve cell body) as well as on the axon and all dendrites, providing an exceedingly clear and well-contrasted picture of neuron against a yellow background. This makes it easier to trace the structure of the nerve cells in the brain for the first time. Since cells are selective stained in black, he called the process la reazione nera ("the black reaction"), but today it is called Golgi's method or the Golgi stain. On 16 February 1873, he wrote to his friend Niccolò Manfredi:

His discovery was published in the Gazzeta Medica Italiani on 2 August 1873.Nervous system

In 1871, a German anatomist Joseph von Gerlach postulated that the brain is a complex "protoplasmic network", in the form of a continuous network called the reticulum. Using his black reaction, Golgi could trace various regions of the cerebro-spinal axis, clearly distinguishing the different nervous projections, namely axon from the dendrites. He drew up a new classification of cells on the basis of the structure of their nervous prolongation. He described an extremely dense and intricate network, composed of a web of intertwined branches of axons coming from different cell layers ("diffuse nervous network"). This network structure, which emerges from the axons, is essentially different from that hypothesized by Gerlach. It was the main organ of the central nervous system according to Golgi. Thus, Golgi presented the reticular theory


texts:
 which states that the brain is a single network of nerve fibres, and not of discrete cells.Although <mask>'s earlier works between 1873 and 1885 clearly depicted the axonal connections of cerebellar cortex and olfactory bulb as independent of one another, his later works including the Nobel Lecture showed the entire granular layer of the cerebellar cortex occupied by a network of branching and anastomosing nerve processes. This was due to his strong conviction in the reticular theory. <mask>'s theory was challenged by Ramón y Cajal, who used the same technique developed by Golgi. According to Ramón y Cajal's neurone theory, the nervous system is but a collection of individual cells, the neurones, which are interconnected to form a network. In addition to this, <mask> was the first to give clear descriptions of the structure of the cerebellum, hippocampus, spinal cord, olfactory lobe, as well as striatal and cortical lesions in a case of chorea. In 1878, he also discovered a receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension, and is now known as Golgi tendon organ or Golgi receptor; and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles (pressure transductors). He further developed a stain specific for myelin (a specialised membrane which wraps around the axon) using potassium dichromate and mercuric chloride.Using this he discovered the myelin annular apparatus, often called the horny funnel of Golgi-Rezzonico. Kidney
<mask> studied kidney function during 1882 to 1889. In 1882, he published his observations on the mechanism of renal hypertrophy, which he understood to be due to renal cell proliferation. In 1884, he described tubular cell mitoses in the kidney of a


texts:
 person suffering from tubulointerstitial nephritis, and he noted that the process was an essential part of repairing the kidney tissue. He was the first to dissect out intact nephrons, and show that the distal tubulus (loop of Henle) of the nephron returns to its originating glomerulus, a finding that he published in 1889 ("Annotazioni intorno all'Istologia dei reni dell'uomo e di altri mammifieri e sull'istogenesi dei canalicoli oriniferi". Rendiconti R. Acad. Lincei 5: 545–557, 1889).Malaria
A French Army physician Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran discovered that malaria was caused by microscopic parasite (now called Plasmodium falciparum) in 1880. But scientists were sceptical until <mask> intervened. It was <mask> who helped him prove that malarial parasite was a microscopic protozoan. From 1885, Golgi studied the malarial parasite and its transmission. He established two types of malaria, tertian and quartan fevers caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae respectively. In 1886, he discovered that malarial fever (paroxysm) was produced by the asexual stage in the human blood (called erythocytic cycle, or Golgi cycle). In 1889–1890, <mask> and Ettore Marchiafava described the differences between benign tertian malaria and malignant tertian malaria (the latter caused by P. falciparum).By 1898, along with Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli, Angelo Celli and Marchiafava, he confirmed that malaria was transmitted by Anopheline mosquito. Cell organelle

An organelle in eukaryotice cells now known as Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex, or sometimes simply as Golgi, was discovered by <mask> <mask>. Golgi modified

masks: Golgi Golgi Golgi Camillo Golgi


texts:
 his black reaction using osmium dichromate solution with which he stained the nerve cells (Purkinje cells) of the cerebellum of an owl. He noticed thread-like networks inside the cells and named them apparato reticolare interno (internal reticular apparatus). Recognising them to be unique cellular components, he presented his discovery before the Medical-Surgical Society of Pavia in April 1898. After the same was confirmed by his assistant Emilio Veratti, he published it in the Bollettino della Società medico-chirurgica di Pavia. However, most scientists disputed his discovery as nothing but a staining artefact.Their microscopes were not powerful enough to identify the organelles. By the 1930s, <mask>'s description was largely rejected. It was only firmly established 50 years after its discovery, when electron microscopes were developed. Awards and legacy
<mask>, together with Santiago Ramón y Cajal, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906 for his studies of the structure of the nervous system. In 1900 he was named senator by King Umberto I. In 1913 he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He received honorary doctorates from the University of Cambridge, University of Geneva, Kristiania University College, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and Paris-Sorbonne University.In 1994, the European Community commemorated him with postage stamps. Monuments in Pavia

In Pavia several landmarks stand as <mask>'s memory. A marble statue, in a yard of the old buildings of the University of Pavia, at N.65 of the central "Strada Nuova". On the basement, there is the following

masks: Golgi Golgi Golgi


texts:
 inscription in Italian language: "Camillo Golgi / patologo sommo / della scienza istologica / antesignano e maestro / la segreta struttura / del tessuto nervoso / con intenta vigilia / sorprese e descrisse / qui operò / qui vive / guida e luce ai venturi / MDCCCXLIII – MCMXXVI" (<mask> Golgi / outstanding pathologist / of histological science / precursor and master / the secret structure / of the nervous tissue / with strenuous effort / discovered and described / here he worked / here he lives / here he guides and enlightens future scholars / 1843 – 1926). "<mask>’s home", also in Strada Nuova, at N.77, a few hundreds meters away from the University, just in front to the historical "Teatro Fraschini". It is the home in which Golgi spent the most of his family life, with his wife Lina. <mask>'s tomb is in the Monumental Cemetery of Pavia (viale San Giovannino), along the central lane, just before the big monument to the fallen of the First World War.It is a very simple granite grave, with a bronze medallion representing the scientist's profile. Near <mask>'s tomb, apart from his wife, two other important Italian medical scientists are buried: Bartolomeo Panizza  and Adelchi Negri. Golgi's museum was created in 2012, in the ancient Palazzo Botta of the University of Pavia at N.10 of Piazza Antoniotto Botta reconstructs the study of <mask> Golgi and its laboratories with furniture and original instruments. Eponyms
 The organelle Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex
 The sensory receptor Golgi tendon organ
 Golgi's method or Golgi stain, a nervous tissue staining technique
 The enzyme Golgi alpha-mannosidase II
 Golgi cells of the cerebellum
 Golgi I

masks: Camillo Golgi Golgi Golgi Camillo


texts:
 nerve cells (with long axons)
 Golgi II nerve cells (with short or no axons)
 Golgi (crater), a lunar impact crater
 Minor planet 6875 Golgi is named after him. See also
 List of pathologists

References

Further reading

External links
 Life and Discoveries of <mask> Golgi
  including the Nobel Lecture on 11 December 1906 The Neuron Doctrine – Theory and Facts
 Some places and memories related to <mask> Golgi
 The museum in Corteno, now called Corteno Golgi, dedicated to Golgi. Includes a gallery of images of his birthplace. The Museum Camillo Golgi in Pavia
 Biography at Encyclopædia Britannica
 Biography at Encyclopedia.com
 Profile at Whonamedit?IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation
 Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara

1843 births
1926 deaths
University of Pavia alumni
People from the Province of Brescia
Physicians from Pavia
Italian agnostics
Italian neuroscientists
Italian anatomists
Italian pathologists
History of neuroscience
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Italian Nobel laureates
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Malariologists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of

masks: Camillo Camillo


texts:
<mask> is a retired American professional mixed martial artist. A professional competitor from 1998 until 2016, he competed for the UFC, RINGS, Vale Tudo Japan, Pancrase, the WEF, and the International Vale Tudo Championship. Background
Born and raised in Jefferson, Ohio, <mask> holds an accomplished wrestling background, competing at West Liberty State College in West Virginia where he was a two-time NCAA Division II Champion, a U.S. National Freestyle Wrestling All-American and also excelled at tennis, being a West Virginia College Conference Tennis Champion. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> was offered a fight in Brazil for $1,000 and an all-expenses paid trip. He accepted and made his professional debut against future PRIDE veteran Ebenezer Fontes Braga in 1998 for the International Vale Tudo organization in Brazil. The inexperienced Hinkle lost the fight by submission (triangle choke). After amassing a 12-6-1 record, with wins over Travis Fulton, Yoshihisa Yamamoto, and Jorge Rivera, <mask> was signed by the UFC.Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask>

masks:
Branden Lee Hinkle
Hinkle
Hinkle
Hinkle
Hinkle


texts:
 made his UFC debut against Sean Gannon at UFC 55. Gannon, a former Boston police officer, had gained fame for defeating Kimbo Slice in an organized but unsanctioned fight that had was uploaded onto YouTube. Hinkle won the fight by TKO, but dropped his next three consecutive fights against veteran Jeff Monson, former WEC Light Heavyweight Champion Jason Lambert, and another UFC veteran, Alexandre Ferreira. Post-UFC
Hinkle then bounced back with a unanimous decision win over former PRIDE veteran Roman Zentsov before facing fellow collegiate wrestler and future UFC veteran, Chris Tuchscherer. Hinkle was knocked out by punches. In his next fight he faced UFC and Strikeforce veteran Kevin Jordan, and won by TKO. <mask> then debuted in Pancrase, but lost by submission (rear-naked choke).<mask>'s last professional fight was in 2016, in Woodward, Oklahoma, which he won by submission. |-
| Loss
| align=center| 13–8 (1)
| Jason Lambert
| TKO (referee stoppage)
| UFC Fight Night 5
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|Light Heavyweight

masks: Hinkle Hinkle


texts:
<mask> (August 1, 1791 – January 26, 1871) was an American academician and Hispanist, specializing in the subject areas of languages and literature. He is known for his scholarly work on the history and criticism of Spanish literature. Biography
<mask> was born on August 1, 1791 in Boston, Massachusetts. He received his early education from his father, <mask>, former headmaster of the Franklin Grammar School, a grocer, and a founder of the Massachusetts Mutual Fire Insurance Company, the system of free primary schools in Boston, and the first New England savings bank, Provident Institution for Savings. In 1805 <mask> entered the junior class at Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1807. During the next three years he studied Latin and Greek with Rev. Dr John Sylvester John Gardiner, rector of Trinity Church, Boston, and a pupil of Dr Samuel Parr.In 1810 <mask> began the study of law, and he was admitted to the bar in 1813. He opened an office in Boston, but practiced for only one year, satisfying himself that his vocation, or at least his taste, lay in the direction of letters rather than of law. His father helped finance his studies, and <mask> traveled to Europe in 1815, studying for nearly two years at the University of Göttingen. He attended the lectures of the university and devoted himself to philological studies, especially to the ancient classics. After that, he remained two years longer in Europe, chiefly on the continent, spending most of his time in the capitals of France, Spain and Portugal, where he conducted critical studies of the national

masks:
George Ticknor
Ticknor
Elisha Ticknor
George
Ticknor
Ticknor


texts: literatures. In 1817, while still in Europe, <mask> was selected as Smith professor of French and Spanish languages and literatures (a chair founded in 1816), and professor of belles-lettres at Harvard University. In 1819 he returned to the United States, bringing with him a valuable library.He continued to add to this, and in time, it became one of the largest private collections in the country. For the rarity and importance of the books, it was unsurpassed, in some of its departments. His collection of Spanish literature was considered to rival the best private ones in Europe, and his library was also particularly strong in Portuguese literature. <mask> was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1821. During his professorship <mask> advocated the creation of departments, the grouping of students in divisions according to proficiency, and the establishment of the elective system. He reorganized his own department. He suggested improvements in the system of discipline, influenced by his studies of German universities.He greatly extended the range of intellectual culture among the students at the university, where literary instruction had been confined to the classics. He gave long, elaborate courses of lectures on French and Spanish literature. He also entered into a critical analysis of such writers as Dante, Goethe, Milton, and Shakespeare. His lectures were attended by people from outside the college, who were attracted by their interest and by <mask>'s reputation as a speaker known for his diction and delivery. In 1828, he was

masks: Ticknor Ticknor Ticknor Ticknor


texts: elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. <mask> moved into half of the home built by Thomas Amory at the corner of Beacon and Park streets in 1829; it became known as the Amory-Ticknor House. In 1835 he resigned his chair after holding it for 15 years, and returned to Europe.In 1836, he was succeeded in the professorship at Harvard by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. While in Europe, in June 1836, <mask> recorded a frank interview with Austrian chancellor Klemens von Metternich. After his return to Europe, <mask> devoted himself to the chief work of his life, the history and criticism of Spanish literature. It was not fully treated even in Europe, where there was no adequate study of the literature as a whole in Spanish. Both Friedrich Bouterwek and Jean Charles Leonard de Sismondi had worked with limited or secondhand resources. <mask> developed in his college lectures the scheme of his more permanent work, which he published as the History of Spanish Literature (New York and London, 3 volumes, 1849). The book addresses Spanish civilization and manners as well as its literature.The History is considered exhaustive in scholarship, and direct in style. It gives many illustrative passages from representative works, and copious bibliographical references. It was soon translated into Spanish (1851 – 1857) by Pascual de Gayangos y Arce and Enrique de Vedia; into French by Magnabal; and German by Nikolaus Heinrich Julius and Ferdinand Wolf. The second American edition appeared in 1854; the third, corrected and enlarged, in 1863; the fourth, containing


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 the author's last revision, in 1872, under the supervision of <mask> Hillard; and the sixth in 1888. <mask> had succeeded his father as a member of the Primary School Board in 1822, and held this position until 1825. He was a trustee of the Boston Athenaeum in 1823 – 1832, and was vice-president in 1833. In addition, he was a director (1827 – 1835) and vice-president (1841 – 1862) of the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, and a trustee of the Massachusetts General Hospital (1826 – 1830) and of the Boston Provident Institution for Savings (1838 – 1850), the bank that his father had helped to found.He was especially active in the establishment of the Boston Public Library (1852), and served in 1852 – 1866 on its board of trustees, of which he was president in 1865. He spent fifteen months abroad in 1856 – 1857, at his own expense, to collect books for it, and gave the library both money and books. He helped establish the free circulating department. He left his collection of Spanish and Portuguese books and manuscripts to the Boston Public Library, after it was famously turned down by Harvard. Family

Spouse: Anna (Eliot) <mask>. Anna Eliot Ticknor
 <mask> <mask>, died during his childhood at age 5
 Susan Perkins Ticknor, died in infancy
 Eliza Sullivan (Ticknor) Dexter (1833–1880)

Bibliography

Works by Ticknor
 History of Spanish literature. v.1 (6th ed.); v.2 (4th ed.) 6th ed. (via Internet Archive): v.1, v.2, v.3 + index
 Life, letters, and journals of <mask>. v.1 (1876 ed. ); v.2 (1877 ed.). Ed. by <mask> Hillard

<mask>'s minor works include,

masks:
George Stillman
Ticknor
Ticknor
George Haven
Ticknor
George Ticknor
George Stillman
Ticknor


texts:
 besides occasional reviews and papers:
 Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on the History and Criticism of Spanish Literature (1823)
 Outline of the Principal Events in the Life of General Lafayette (1825)
 Remarks on Changes Lately Proposed or Adopted in Harvard University (1825)
 The Remains of Nathan Appleton Haven, with a Memoir of his Life (1827)
 Remarks on the Life and Writings of Daniel Webster (1831)
 Lecture on the Best Methods of Teaching the Living Languages, delivered, in 1832, before the American Institute of Education
 Life of William Hickling Prescott (1864).Works about Ticknor
 Charles Henry Hart. Memoir of <mask>, Historian of Spanish Literature. Collins Printer, 1871
 "<mask>" in: Edwin Percy Whipple, Cyrus Augustus Bartol. Recollections of eminent men: with other papers. Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1886; p. 244+
 Sheila Heti. <mask>, Fictionalized account of the relationship between <mask> and William H. Prescott. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006

Notes

References

Attribution
   This work in turn cites:
 <mask>. Hillard, Anna Eliot <mask>, Life, Letters and Journals of <mask> (2 vols., 1876).This book was edited, with a critical introduction, in 1909, by Ferris Greenslet. External links

1791 births
1871 deaths
19th-century translators
American Hispanists
Dartmouth College alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University faculty
Literary critics of Spanish
People from Boston
Spanish–English translators
University of Göttingen alumni
Trustees of the Boston Public Library
Members of the American

masks:
George Ticknor
George Ticknor
Ticknor
George Ticknor
George S
Ticknor
George Ticknor


texts:
<mask> (April 12, 1881 – April 21, 1961) was a French-Danish sculptor. He won a bronze medal for Denmark in the art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics for his Boxer. Biography
The fourth  child of the marriage of <mask> (1848–1903) and Mette Sophie Gad (1850–1920), <mask> was born in Paris in 1881. His family moved to Copenhagen in 1884 where his father briefly and unsuccessfully tried making a living  as a tarpaulin salesman. Six months  on, his father left Copenhagen for Paris and beyond  to pursue his life of creativity and wanderlust. <mask> last saw his father at age ten when Paul spent two weeks in Copenhagen before leaving for Tahiti. They had little communication as <mask> spoke no French at that time and his father spoke no Danish.<mask> was raised in Copenhagen by his mother Mette and maternal grandparents. Albeit from a bourgeois Danish family he was brought up in  very modest circumstances. At the age of eight he fell out a third floor window and sustained severe injuries from which he  recovered. He left school in 1895 and undertook an 11-month sailor's training program. Thereafter he apprenticed as a carpenter but hated the trade and went back to working  as a  sailor. In 1904 shortly after <mask>'s death he inherited three of his father's paintings that he immediately sold. With these funds he traveled throughout Europe, venturing as far as Greece, visiting museums and viewing monuments wherever he went.These travels initiated his long artistic career. He loved to travel and visited his birthplace, Paris, a number times learning French fluently. In 1927 he set off on an

masks:
Jean René Gauguin
Paul Gauguin
Jean René Gauguin
Jean René
Jean René
Jean René
Paul Gauguin


texts:
 extremely long cycling tour of France. Starting in Lyon, he pedaled on to Montpellier, Lyon, Avignon, Narbonne, Toulouse, Orléans, Paris, Dunkerque, and completed the feat with a return leg all the way to Copenhagen. He visited Portugal in 1930 and visited Paris anew in 1937. Despite his wanderlust, his life and work remained rooted in Copenhagen. He was an outspoken socialist, not afraid to make his political views known.In December 1913 <mask> married Clara Federsen (1889–1966), from this marriage was born a son Pierre Sylvester. They settled at Nyhavn 33, Copenhagen but later separated. He married a  second time 1935 with cartoonist Sys Poulsen (1909–1999) and from this union was born <mask> in 1937. He is buried with a simple gravestone in the Vor Frelser cemetery in Copenhagen. His work
<mask> <mask> was an active and prolific ceramist and sculptor from 1910 until shortly before his death in 1961. His ceramic  production pieces were made in collaboration with Sleiss of Gmunden (Austria), Bing & Grøndahl, Copenhagen and Manufacture nationale de Sèvres. His earliest works were wood carvings however these rapidly evolved into bronze castings of athletes, dancers, centaurs, and classically inspired male and female torsos.In 1921 he traveled to Gmunden, Austria and worked at the Sleiss Factory  where he created tin glazed ceramic figures. As of 1923 he started  working  for the Bing and Grondahl ceramic studios for whom  he continued creating new models throughout his life. His first major sculpture was a Boxer ( col. Statens Museum for Kunst) created in 1922 for the 1924 Paris Olympics. For

masks:
Jean René
Lulu Gauguin
Jean René
Gauguin


texts: this work the Olympic committee awarded him a bronze medal following a competition held at the Grand Palais in Paris. <mask> <mask> exhibited several works created for B§G at the seminal 1925 Paris 'Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs'. His large stoneware sculptural groups with themes from mythology  won him critical acclaim and an article in the October issue of the influential revue 'Art et Décoration'. For these works he was awarded the 'Grand Prix de la Ceramique' .He equally showed a  massive silver guild hall chalice created in collaboration  with Georg Jensen and Anton Rosen. In 1927 he worked as guest artist at the Sèvres porcelain works. Around this time  he  received a  commission  to  create a sculpture for the Jardin des Tuileries. Referred to as La Fontaine de Chine, no sign of this structure exists today and its whereabouts remain a mystery. On April 6, 1932, <mask> <mask> leapt off a ten-meter diving board into the gigantic swimming pool of the resort town of Havested. This was a fitting way to inaugurate his largest work, Sea Horse. An enormous stoneware structure built in this studios of  Bing § Grondahl, Sea Horse was a remarkable undertaking.Inspired by the myths of Europa and Poseidon, it dominated a massive public swimming pool where it was totally destroyed by a falling scaffolding on June 14, 1952. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, his work continued to alternate between two principal mediums, bronze and stoneware. On the one hand he produced stylized athletes and animals cast in bronze. Alongside these he expressed  his fascination with the sea and its myths and

masks:
Jean Rene
Gauguin
Jean René
Gauguin


texts: it's monsters creating  a fascinating ceramic opus of tritons, nereids, underwater creatures, octopuses, and unusual depictions of the horses of Poseidon. The production pieces he created for Bing § Grondahl were executed in polychrome glazed stoneware or porcelain for the smaller figures. Expressive monkeys, water buffaloes, tigers and lions in ceramic form also populated his universe. In his studio pieces he often opted for rough surfaced  unglazed  stoneware, witness his impressive urns with Chinese inspired temple dogs as lid handles.In the 1950s, his ceramics became inspired from pre-Columbian Peru home of his paternal grandmother. He created a series of bottle shapes incorporating sculptural depictions. In the last year of his life these evolved into a surreal series of screaming agonizing ceramic vessels. In interviews with journalists he clearly stated that his namesake had been  a hindrance to his career. Although his work would never become a pillar of modern art like his father's, his oeuvre was totally original and not a pastiche based on a recognizable name. He expressed that bearing the Gauguin name had been a barrier to museums and art critiques accepting his work seriously. His work interpreted the vibrant bright color spectrum used by Scandinavian painters of the early years of the 20th century onto stoneware.His formal language created a rapprochement between the erotic and the fantastic. In his depiction of an underwater world he excelled in the illustration of the phantasmagorical and the grotesque. His technical prowess with glazed figural stoneware remains unparalleled to


texts:
 this day as were his experiments in polychrome glaze work. Paienne cultures as diverse of China and Peru were amongst his many sources of inspiration. With his mastery of the human figure he brought to life musicians, storytellers, athletes, dancers, and jockeys, and his capture of animal movement vitalized a whole menagerie of beasts, real and imagined. Catalog of works
Although there is to date no catalogue raissoné of the works of <mask> <mask>, an excellent listing was established by Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon in 1947. A major cataloged exhibition of his works was held at the Vejen Kunstuseum (Denmark) in 2002–2003 with 176 photos of individual works.Collections
Art Institute of Chicago. (catalog no. 1971.815). Triton and Nereid
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York U.SA, ceramic sculpture Surf, inventory number 46.94.1
Royal Copenhagen Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark, numerous ceramics
Fyns Kunsmuseum Odense bys Museer inv. JWL 188
Arthus Kunsmeuseum inv. S72
Statens Museum for Kunst inv. 5723
Storstroms Kunsmuseum, Maribo
Det danske Kunstindustriemuseum

The above listing is incomplete.Bibliography
Revue Commerciale Danoise No. 7  Avril 1925, publieé par le Ministère des Affaires Etrangères par les soins de la Danish Publishing Office, Copenhagen
Asger Bremer, Monograph <mask> Gauguin 1941
Vejen Kunstuseum (Denmark) 2002–2003, catalogue
"<mask> <mask> And The Underwater World" Annette Rosenvald in Ordrupgaard Focus, 02, Ordrupgaard Denmark 2007

Exhibitions
<mask> exhibited throughout Europe as well as the US  with one man shows  and group showings of the  Bing § Grondahl ceramic

masks:
Jean René
Gauguin
Jean René
Jean René
Gauguin
Gauguin


texts:
 studios. His monumental works created huge interest and were the subject of many press articles. Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon
provides a very complete listing of his expositions. Den frie Udst. 1911–12; Der Sturm, München 1913;
Charl. Forår 1914, 1916–17, 1919–21, 1923, 1937–44, 1946;
Høstudst., Kristiania (Oslo) 1915- 16;
Grønningen 1915, 1921–22, 1926, 1929–33;
da.udst., Liljevalchs, Sth. 1918–19;
KE 1920–21, 1923;
Nord. konst, Göteborg 1923;
Olympiske Lege, Paris 1924;
verdensudst., Paris 1925, 1937, Bruxelles 1935;
Det da. Kunststævne, Forum 1929;
Barcelona 1929;
Salon des Artistes décorateurs, Paris 1930;
Exhib. of Painting, Sculpt. and Arch., Edinburgh 1934;
da. udst., Amsterdam 1934;
bien., Venezia 1936; da udst., Riga, Budapest, Bukarest 1936, Beograd 1937;
Da.-norsk billedh.sammenslutn., Kunstnernes Hus, Oslo 1938; N.Y. 1939;
Den off.da. Kunstudst. i Oslo 1946;
Ny Carlsbergfondets jub.udst. Charl.borg 1952;
Charl. Eft. 1953, 1958, 1961 (mindeudst. );
Deense beeldhouwkunst, Stadspark Groningen 1957;
Carl Gruvemans kunstsaml., Anneberg 1978;
Erling Koefoeds saml.af maleri, skulp., grafik, Nikolaj, Kbh. 1980;
Grønningen, de tidlige år, Glyptoteket 1990. Separatudstillinger: Oslo 1912, 1918;
Bird, Eriksen & Ko., Vestervoldg., Kbh. 1913;
Da. Kunsthdl., Kbh. 1918; Sèvres 1927; Sth. 1928; Kunsthallen, Kbh.1936;
Chr. Larsens Kunsthdl., Kbh. 1938; Bing & Grøndahl, Kbh. 1941, 1943, 1951, 1981. References

External links
 Profile
French National Television: Video interview 23/09/60 with French journalist Louis Pauwels (from archives of Institut Nationale de


texts:
 l'Audiovisuelle)
Interview with Ruth Hamilton 1937
Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon

1881 births
1961 deaths
20th-century Danish sculptors
20th-century male artists
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Olympic bronze medalists in art competitions
Artists from Paris
Danish people of French descent
Recipients of the Thorvaldsen Medal
20th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
Paul


texts:
<mask> (born 30 August 1958) is a British politician serving as Member of Parliament (MP) for Westminster North, previously Regent's Park and Kensington North, since 1997. A member of the Labour Party, she was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Transport from 2005 to 2006 and has served as Shadow Minister for Social Security since 2020. Early life
Born in Castlederg, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, <mask> was educated at the Chelmsford County High School for Girls and the London School of Economics, from where she was awarded a BSc and a MSc in Economics, and an MA in Social Policy and Administration. She joined the Labour Party in 1978. The following year, she became a research and development worker with Outset, a charity working with disabled people, before joining Hackney London Borough Council in 1983, initially working for them as a senior disability officer, and from 1986 as a public health officer. <mask> first ran for election in 1986, aged 27, as one of the three Labour candidates in Westminster City Council's Cavendish ward, an area straddling Marylebone and the West End of London. Despite the large increase in the Labour vote, all three seats were narrowly retained by the Conservatives, in a tightly contested election which saw Labour come close to winning the council.She began working for the Labour Party in 1987 as a health directorate researcher, becoming a campaign strategy coordinator in 1992. She was elected to Westminster City Council in 1990, representing Queen's Park ward (situated around the area of that name) in a safe seat for her party. <mask> remained on the council until shortly after her election to parliament in 1997, when she stood down. Whilst a councillor, she was involved in exposing the fraudulent behaviour of council leader

masks:
Karen Patricia Buck
Buck
Buck
Buck


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 Shirley Porter and the homes for votes scandal. Parliamentary career
<mask> was selected to stand for election for Labour through an all-women shortlist. The seat was based largely on the former Westminster North constituency, which was held narrowly by the former Conservative minister John Wheeler. Wheeler retired, and <mask> was elected at the 1997 general election as the Labour MP for Regent's Park and Kensington North as part of the Labour landslide, with a majority of 14,657.She made her maiden speech on 17 June 1997, and has remained an MP since this time. Following her election to Parliament, <mask> joined the Social Security Select committee, and after the 2001 general election she joined the Work and Pensions Select Committee. In 2001, her appointment as an Assistant Government Whip was announced without her knowledge and consent. She declined to take up the post. However, she did become a member of Prime Minister Tony Blair's government in the wake of the 2005 general election, as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Transport. At the 2010 general election she was elected MP for the newly recreated marginal seat of Westminster North, with a majority of 2,126 over Joanne Cash, the Conservative candidate, in a high-profile race. In the Labour leadership contest which resulted from Gordon Brown's resignation as party leader, and Labour going into opposition, <mask> nominated Ed Miliband to replace him.Following Miliband's election as Leader of the Labour Party, <mask> was made Shadow Minister for Work and Pensions, and then Shadow Minister for Education, before becoming his Parliamentary Private Secretary. In July 2015, she was elected as a member of the Work and Pensions Select Committee. Following Labour's defeat at the 2015

masks: Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck


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 election, which saw <mask> re-elected with a slightly decreased majority, Miliband resigned as leader. <mask> nominated Yvette Cooper in the resulting leadership election. Cooper came third, with Jeremy Corbyn becoming party leader; <mask> did not serve in any posts during his leadership. In the 2016 Labour leadership election, when Corbyn was challenged by Owen Smith, <mask> nominated Smith. At the 2017 general election, <mask> increased her majority by 14.7%, from 1,977 (5.0%) to 11,512 (26.6%), representing a 10.8% swing to Labour in the constituency.In December 2018, <mask>'s Private Member's Bill received Royal Assent as the Homes (Fitness for Human Habitation) Act, coming into force on 20 March 2019. If a landlord failed to let and maintain a property that was fit for human habitation, the Bill would give tenants the right to take action in the courts. The Bill received cross-party support. She was re-elected in 2019, with a small swing away from Labour, again with a substantial majority of 10,759 (25.07%), suggesting that Westminster North is now a safe seat. Nationally, Labour were defeated for the fourth time in a row, and a leadership election was held in 2020 to replace Corbyn. <mask> nominated Sir Keir Starmer, who won and consequently became party leader. In July 2020, she was made a Shadow Minister for Social Security.Views
<mask> is concerned that homeless Londoners are forced to move out of London, stating "Losing your home is a deeply traumatic event and then being offered accommodation miles away from your community, your work, your children's school and your care responsibilities compounds all that trauma. People are struggling against the most appalling odds to hold their own lives together and above all to hold their kids' lives together." She has

masks: Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck


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 voted in favour of the hunting ban and gay marriage, whilst she has voted against the Iraq War and replacing Trident. Personal life
<mask>'s spouse is Barrie Taylor, a former Labour councillor in Westminster who was conferred with the title of Honorary Alderman in July 2018. From 1994 to 1997, <mask> and Taylor served together as councillors for Queen's Park ward in Westminster. The couple have a son. <mask> is a Roman Catholic.References

External links

 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: <mask> MP
 CNN.com video segment on <mask>'s 2010 reelection campaign

|-

1958 births
Living people
People from Castlederg
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Councillors in the City of Westminster
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Labour Party (UK) councillors
People educated at Chelmsford County High School for Girls
Politicians from County Tyrone
20th-century British women politicians
21st-century British women politicians
20th-century women from Northern Ireland
20th-century people from Northern Ireland
21st-century women from Northern Ireland
21st-century people from Northern Ireland
Women councillors in

masks:
Buck
Buck
Buck
Karen Buck
Buck


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<mask> (real name Charles Mackenzie) (22 March 1805 – 15 September 1877) was an English actor best known for his Shakespearean comic roles. <mask> began his career in Shakespeare plays in the British provinces. He then began to specialize in low comedy roles in touring companies, where he played for over a decade. He first appeared in London in 1837 and joined the company at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane later that year, again playing in Shakespeare. Other notable roles that followed included Tony Lumpkin in She Stoops to Conquer, Gnatbrain in Black-Eyed Susan, Sir Peter Teazle in The School for Scandal and Foresight in Love for Love. By the early 1840s, <mask> had earned the reputation of being the best Shakespearian clown of his age both in London and in the provinces. He performed for three years at the Princess's Theatre, London, famously playing Touchstone in As You Like It in 1844.He also played at the Olympic Theatre for three years, then the Royal Strand Theatre. In 1853 he joined the company at the Haymarket Theatre, where he originated roles in important new plays. He also won praise as Mr. Cox in revivals of Box and Cox. In the 1870s, he played frequently at the old Globe Theatre. One of his most famous roles was the Gravedigger in Hamlet, which he played often, including at the Lyceum Theatre with <mask> in 1875. <mask>'s last role was in 1877 in Liverpool as Pangloss in The Heir at Law. After he became ill, his friends organised two star-studded benefit performances for him in March 1877.Biography
<mask> was born in Huntingdonshire the son of a minister of the Congregational church, St Neots. His

masks:
Henry Compton
Compton
Compton
Henry Irving
Compton
Compton


texts:
 parents were John Mackenzie and his wife, formerly Mrs Elizabeth Symonds, and he was the sixth of eleven children. Through both parents, <mask> was related to members of the medical profession. After being educated at Huntingdon and at a boarding school at Little Baddow in Essex, <mask> was apprenticed to his mother's brother, who was a cloth merchant in Aldermanbury, near London. <mask> was unhappy with a life in trade and, desiring instead a life on the stage, ran away twice but was returned to his family each time. However, after running away for a third time in 1826, his family finally accepted his wish to become an actor. He took his grandmother's maiden name, <mask>, as his stage name.Early career

<mask>'s first professional appearances were in Shakespeare plays in the provinces. He then began to specialize in low comedy roles in touring companies, where he played for over a decade. He moved from Jackman's Bedford company to Fanny Robertson's Lincoln company in 1832 before moving to York in 1835. He first appeared in London at the Theatre Royal Lyceum and English Opera House on 20 July 1837 as Tommy Tadpole in The Haunted Inn, followed, on 24 July 1837, as Robin in the musical farce The Waterman and as Paul Shack in Master's Rival. On the 27 July he was Frolick in The Mountain Sylph and as Simon in The Rendezvous. A Quarter to Nine by Peake was written to introduce <mask> (Frolick) as an imitator or personator, and performed on 5 August. On 17 August he played Jean Jachere in Blanche of Jersey.On 24 August, he was Tranquille in The Little Laundress and Alessio in La Sonnambula! He added Sampson in Guy

masks: Compton Compton Compton Compton Compton Compton


texts: Mannering on 27 September. After several further roles there, he joined the company at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in October 1837. His first appearance was as Master Slender in The Merry Wives of Windsor on 7 October. In December he was Tom in Peeping Tom of Coventry  Other roles included those of Tony Lumpkin in She Stoops to Conquer, Gnatbrain in Black-Eyed Susan, Silky in The Road to Ruin, Bailie Nicol Jarvie, Mawworm in Isaac Bickerstaff's The Hypocrite, Marrall in Philip Massinger's A New Way to Pay Old Debts, and Dr Ollapod in George Colman's The Poor Gentleman. In 1839 he returned to Robertson's company and performed at the Georgian theatre in Wisbech, and other theatres in Robertson's Lincoln Circuit in the role of Touchstone in As you like it and Paul Shack in Master's Rival and again as Mawworm. In August 1840 he distinguished himself as Lublin Log jnr in the new piece Like Father Like Son at the English Opera House.By the early 1840s, <mask> had earned the reputation of being the best Shakespearian clown of his age. He continued in seasons at Dublin, Ireland, at Drury Lane (playing Polonius, Sir Peter Teazle in The School for Scandal, Launcelot Gobbo in The Merchant of Venice, and Foresight in William Congreve's Love for Love), at Manchester and elsewhere. At the Princess's Theatre, London, where he performed for three years, he famously played Touchstone in Shakespeare's As You Like It in 1844. He was then at the Olympic Theatre, where he also remained three years. After the Olympic burned down, he moved to the Royal Strand Theatre. In 1853 he joined the company of John Baldwin Buckstone at the


texts:
 Haymarket Theatre, where he originated the role of Blenkinsop in An Unequal Match by Tom Taylor, Sir Solomon Frazer in Taylor's The Overland Route, De Vaudray in A Hero of Romance by Westland Marston, and Captain Mountraffe in Home by T. W. Robertson. He also played Mr. Cox in revivals of Box and Cox by John Maddison Morton with such success that W. S. Gilbert later wrote, "Mr. Morton's dialogue can only be properly given by Messrs. Buckstone and <mask>, and in the mouths of any other actors it is, to those who have seen Messrs. Buckstone and <mask> in the parts (and who has not?)a bore." In 1848 <mask> married the actress Emmeline Catherine Montague (1823–1911). They had seven children, all of whom had stage careers, including <mask>, <mask>  and <mask>. He was the grandfather of the actress <mask>. and the novelist <mask>. Later years

In 1870, he was back at the Olympic in Taylor's Handsome is that Handsome Does, and in 1871 was in Partners for Life by H. J. Byron at the old Globe Theatre, where he performed in many plays thereafter. <mask>'s last role was in 1877 at the Prince of Wales's Theatre in Liverpool as Mawworm in The Hypocrite and Pangloss in George Colman's The Heir at Law.One of his most famous roles was as the Gravedigger in Hamlet, which he played often in his career, including at the Lyceum Theatre with <mask> in June 1875. <mask> was described as "an actor perfectly original in his style, and possessing a fund of dry, quiet humour that never failed to minister to the amusement of the playing public." He then joined the Vezin-Chippendale tour. He appeared at the Haymarket as Tony Lumpkin in the

masks:
Compton
Compton
Compton
Charles Compton
Henry Compton
Katherine Compton
Fay Compton
Compton Mackenzie
Compton
Henry Irving
Compton


texts:
 Alehouse scene for Edgar Bruce's benefit on 9 August. When <mask> became ill with cancer and was unable to work to support his family, his friends organised two benefit performances for him. The first was held at Drury Lane on 1 March 1877. This performance included scenes from Othello; Bulwer Lytton's comedy Money, featuring <mask>'s son, <mask>; Sheridan's The Critic with Charles Mathews as Mr.Puff; Morton's Lend me Five Shillings; Macklin's Man of World; and Trial by Jury. <mask>, Joseph Jefferson, Squire Bancroft, Ellen Terry, J. L. Toole, Nellie Farren and many other leading stars took part. In Trial by Jury, conducted by Arthur Sullivan, W. S. Gilbert appeared as the Associate, Pauline Rita was the Plaintiff, W. H. Cummings was the Defendant and Arthur Cecil was the Usher. The chorus comprised leading stars such as W. S. Penley, George Grossmith, Kate Bishop and Marion Terry. The benefit realised over £3250, a large sum by the standards of the day. The second benefit, which was held at Manchester on 27 March 1877, was nearly as successful. <mask> died in 1877 after a long struggle with cancer at the age of 72 at his home, Seaforth House, Stanford Road, St. Mary Abbotts in Kensington, London.His will was proved at the Principal Registry on 17 October by his widow. Notes

Sources

Further reading
<mask>, Charles and Edward. Memoir of <mask>, Tinsley Brothers, London, 1879

External links
<mask> on The Peerage website
Contemporary biography of <mask>
Memoir of <mask>
Portraits of <mask> at the National Portrait Gallery

English male stage actors
English male Shakespearean actors
19th-century English male

masks:
Compton
Compton
Edward Compton
Henry Irving
Compton
Compton
Henry Compton
Compton
Compton
Henry Compton
Compton


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<mask> (; born 10 April 1952) is a Russian economist and politician. He is best known as the author of the 500 Days Programme, a plan for the transition of the Soviet regime to a free-market economy, and for his leadership of the social-liberal Yabloko party. He ran twice for Russia's presidency – in 1996, against Boris Yeltsin, finishing fourth with 7.3% of the vote; and in 2000, against Vladimir Putin, finishing third with 5.8%. He did not run in 2004 or 2008, after his party failed to cross the 5% threshold in the 2003 Duma elections. In 2012 presidential election he was prevented from running for president by Russian authorities, despite collecting 2 million signatures of Russian citizens for his candidacy, as was demanded by law. <mask> was Yabloko's nominee for President of Russia in the 2018 presidential election. <mask> holds a PhD in economics from the Central Economic Mathematical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; his doctoral dissertation was entitled "The socio-economic system of Russia and the problem of its modernization."He is a professor in the National Research University Higher School of Economics. Yavlinsky speaks Russian, Ukrainian and English. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born in Lviv, Ukrainian SSR to a Jewish father and Russian mother. His father, <mask>, was an officer, and his mother, Vera Naumovna, who taught chemistry at an institute. Both his parents are buried in Lviv, and his brother Mikhail lives there. Natan <mask>, the nuclear physicist who invented tokamak, was related to him. In 1967 and 1968, he was the champion of the Ukrainian SSR in junior boxing.He

masks:
Grigory Alexeyevich Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Alexei Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky


texts: decided to become an economist during his school years. From 1967 to 1976, he studied at the Plekhanov Institute of the National Economy in Moscow as a labor economist and took a post-graduate course there. As a kandidat (PhD student) of economics, he worked in the coal sector. After finishing his postgraduate studies he was employed by the All-Soviet Union Coal Mines Department Research Institute. His job was to compose new unified work instructions for the coal industry, and he was the first in the USSR to accomplish this assignment. To perform his duties, he had to go down into the mines. One of his shifts nearly ended tragically for him when the mine collapsed.Together with four workers, he spent ten hours waist-deep in ice-cold water, waiting for help. Three of his fellow sufferers died in a hospital after having been rescued. <mask> spent four years at this job. For him, it was an opportunity to see the world hidden behind the propaganda posters. He reported about the horrible conditions in which the coal miners lived and worked, but his reports changed nothing. In 1980, <mask> was assigned to the USSR State Committee for Labor and Social Affairs as the head of the heavy industry sector. At this position, he began to develop a project aimed at improving the USSR labor system.In his work he pointed out two possible ways of making the system more efficient: establishing total control over every move of every worker in the country or, as an alternative, giving more independence to the enterprises. <mask>'s work caused discomfort with the head of the State Committee for Labor, Yury Batalin. The KGB confiscated

masks: Yavlinsky Yavlinsky Yavlinsky


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 600 draft copies of <mask>'s project and interrogated the author several times. When Brezhnev died in 1982, the KGB got off <mask>'s back, but he still had to stop working: he was diagnosed with an active form of tuberculosis and sent to a closed medical facility for nine months. The drafts of his project were burned together with his other personal belongings as contagious. It is still not exactly clear if he was ill or if his diagnosis was faked by the secret services. From 1984, he held a management position at the Labor Ministry and then the Council of Ministers of the USSR.In this capacity, he had to join Communist Party of the Soviet Union, of which he was a member in 1985–1991. He was head of the Joint Economic Department of the Government of the USSR. In 1989, he was made department head of Academician Leonid Abalkin's State Commission for Economic Reforms. Post-Soviet economic reforms
<mask>'s commitment to a market economy was established when in 1990 he wrote "500 Days" – a program for the Soviet Union promising rapid transition from centrally planned economy to a free market in less than 2 years. To implement the program, <mask> was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and Deputy Chairman of the State Commission for Economic Reform. President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev decided to combine Yavlinsky's program with another one which had been developed simultaneously. This other program, "The Main Directives for Development", was created by the chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikolai Ryzhkov, who threatened to retire if his project would be rejected.In October 1990,

masks: Yavlinsky Yavlinsky Yavlinsky Yavlinsky


texts: when it became clear that his program was not going to be implemented, <mask> resigned from the government. He then established his own think tank, EPICenter, which brought together many members of his 500 Days team who were to become his future associates in Yabloko (Sergei Ivanenko, Aleksei Melnikov, Aleksei Mikhailov et al.) In the summer of 1991, during his stay in Harvard, he co-authored a new reform program, jointly with Graham Allison, that offered a platform for Gorbachev's negotiations with the "G-7" over financial aid in support of transition to the market After the defeat of the hardline August 1991 coup against Gorbachev and Yeltsin, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Management of National Economy that acted in place of Soviet government. The new president of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin made Yavlinsky return to the government to work and even thought about making him Prime MinisterIn this role he successfully negotiated an economic union among Soviet republics. The agreement was signed by representatives of twelve republics in Alma-Ata on 18 October 1991. But when Yeltsin signed the Belavezha Accords, ending the Soviet Union and tearing up all the political and economic connections between the former Soviet republics, <mask> left again as a sign of protest against Yeltsin's actions. A year later, <mask> started his own political career.With the launching of the 'shock therapy' reforms by Yeltsin and Yegor Gaidar in January 1992, <mask> became an outspoken critic of these policies, emphasizing differences between his and Gaidar's reforms program (such as the sequencing of privatization vs.


texts:
 liberalization of prices and the applicability of his program to the entire Soviet Union). In 1992, <mask> served as advisor to Boris Nemtsov who at the time was Governor of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. <mask> developed a regional economic reform program for him. Later, however, their paths diverged, as Nemtsov sided with Yeltsin's government on most issues, eventually becoming deputy prime minister and one of the founders and leaders of the Union of Rightist Forces, while <mask> became the leader of liberal opposition to Yeltsin. Political activities

During Yeltsin's presidency
In 1993, as conflict between Yeltsin and the parliament over shock therapy exacerbated, Yavlinsky had high ratings in the polls as a potential candidate for Russia's presidency, who had the image of an independent, centrist politician, untainted by corruption. He built close relations with many disaffected democrats and NGOs, as well as with Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov and rising financial and media magnate Vladimir Gusinsky. In September–October 1993, he joined a group of senior politicians who tried to mediate between Yeltsin and the parliament and was on a short list of compromise candidates for the post of the Prime Minister.However, with the outbreak of hostilities on the streets of Moscow on 3 October he unequivocally called upon Yeltsin to use force against violent supporters of the parliament. (He was later blamed for having abandoned neutrality in this situation.) When Yeltsin set the date for the elections to the new parliament and a constitutional referendum for 12 December 1993, <mask> had to cobble together an electoral bloc in


texts: haste, as he had no party of his own, and had to recruit existing parties as co-founders. His bloc was co-founded by three of them, Republican Party of the Russian Federation, Social Democratic Party of Russia and Christian Democratic Party of Russia, all three tilting on most issues toward the Yeltsin camp. However, they were soon marginalized within his bloc and RPRF was ousted from it 1994. The top three names on the slate – <mask>, Yury Boldyrev (former State Comptroller and a disaffected democrat) and Vladimir Lukin (at the time Russia's ambassador to the US) – gave the bloc its initial name, "Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin", abbreviated as YaBLoko. The bloc's leadership was divided over Yeltsin's constitutional project, but <mask> himself was openly critical of it.With no prior electoral experience, YaBLoko succeeded in winning 7.9% of the vote and forming the fifth largest faction in the Duma. After Boldyrev clashed with <mask> over the bill on production-sharing agreements and left the bloc in 1995, the name was retained but now reinterpreted as "Yavlinsky Bloc". In 1995, the Yabloko caucus in the Duma set up its own political association that in 2001 was reincorporated as a political party. Among the features of the new party that would distinguish it from other liberal parties was its critique of Yeltsin's policies, from economic "shock therapy" and the handling of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis to First Chechen War and Russia's relations with the West. <mask> established himself as a permanent leader of "democratic opposition". In this capacity, he was a principled opponent of Gaidar's Russia's Choice


texts: and its successors in the parliament, such as the Union of Rightist Forces. In their turn, they charged him with being too inflexible and blamed his personality for a failure to merge with other democrats in order to mount a concentrated electoral challenge to the hardline forces.Others, however, admitted to philosophical differences between <mask>'s unspoken social democratic bent and the neoliberal orientation of his democratic opponents. In September 1998, after Russia's 1998 financial crash brought down Sergei Kirienko government, <mask> proposed the candidacy of Yevgeny Primakov who was elected Prime Minister in spite of resistance from Yeltsin, his family and entourage. This helped resolve the political stalemate and many credit Primakov with rescuing the economy from chaos and with the start of the recovery of the industrial production that continued under Vladimir Putin. However, <mask> declined Primakov's offer to join his Communist-dominated government as deputy premier for social policies and soon joined the ranks of his critics on the liberal side. Later in 1999 Yavlinsky criticized Primakov as a throwback to the stagnation days of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. "This Brezhnev style of the government absolutely does not suit us," he was quoted as saying by Interfax. Yavlinsky said Primakov relied too much on communists and other leftists who do not understand modern economics.Yet even <mask> warned Yeltsin against sacking the entire government. That, he believed, would have set up a showdown with the Duma of the kind that brought Primakov to the prime minister's chair in the first place. In May 1999


texts:
 <mask> joined forces with the Communist Party in an attempt to impeach Yeltsin. The news media had been full of speculation that if the Duma goes ahead with impeachment, Yeltsin may retaliate by firing the communist-backed Cabinet of Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov. That would precipitate a political crisis and possible dissolution of the Duma, threaten the political stability that Primakov has brought Russia since previous summer. Of the four items of impeachment, the article that got the most support from both parties was the one charging Yeltsin with abuse of power in connection with war in Chechnya. This was a warning, Yavlinsky said, to all politicians that they will be judged for their actions.Just as the Communists began to nod their assent, <mask> attacked them, dismissing the other charges as politically inspired. He said Yeltsin made very serious mistakes, sometimes fateful, in the course of reform, that led to the bankruptcy of the country, not out of a desire to destroy Russia but because he could not overcome his past and that he did not have the intent to destroy or liquidate anyone, he did not have such a conscious goal. In his final speech, <mask> declared:

Although <mask>'s repeated statements that his party's all forty-six Duma deputies would vote unanimously in favor of the Chechen war accusation, eight defected and sided with Yeltsin. The outcome was still 17 votes short of the two-thirds majority(300 votes) needed to start impeachment proceedings. The impeachment drive is largely a sideshow. Even if it clears the Duma, the effort is considered doomed because Russia's constitution strongly


texts:
 favors the presidency. Russia's vague 1993 constitution makes impeaching a president and removing him from office very difficult.If one of the charges musters the necessary support, the Duma has five days to submit the charges to the Supreme Court for examination and to the Constitutional Court to confirm that the procedure has not been violated. If both courts give a positive ruling, the accusations then go to the upper house, the Federation Council. A two-thirds council majority is then required to remove Yeltsin from office. In 1996 and 2000, <mask> ran for President with endorsement from his party and other organizations. In 1996, he came in fourth and received 7.3% of the vote. In the 2000 presidential elections, he finished third and received 5.8% of the vote. In both cases, he did not subsequently offer his support to either Yeltsin or Putin or their Communist opponent in both elections, Gennady Zyuganov.<mask> does not conceal his lukewarm view of the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 that occurred while he was negotiating an economic treaty among the republics. However, he never advocated a restoration of Soviet Union or a revision of post-Soviet borders. <mask> was at times critical of the US policies toward Russia, particularly under the Clinton administration. Some of the most trenchant of these criticisms are contained in his lecture at the Nobel Institute, delivered in May 2000. During Putin's presidency

Under the Putin presidency, <mask> remained an active opponent of military solution to the problems in Chechnya. In 2002, he took part in the unsuccessful negotiations during the Moscow theater


texts: hostage crisis and was praised by President Vladimir Putin for his role in the standoff. His party also campaigned against the imports of radioactive waste into Russia, thus building a crucial alliance with environmental NGOs, as well as with human rights organizations, labor unions, women associations, and ethnic minority groups.He was also an uncompromising critic of the Putin government's reforms of the housing and utilities sector and of the energy sector. A number of times, the Yabloko faction in the Duma initiated petitioning campaigns for the resignation of the government. At that time, he developed close relations with Mikhail Khodorkovsky, an oligarch who positioned himself as an autonomous economic and political player vis-a-vis the Kremlin. A number of Khodorkovsky's associates became Duma members on the Yabloko slate (as well as through the Communist Party). Yavlinsky had difficult relations with the authorities both under Yeltsin and under Putin (even though he was at times criticized by more radical groups for being a "house oppositionist"). While supporting many of the government's tax and budgetary reforms and aligning himself on many issues with Putin's reform czar Alexei Kudrin, as well as supporting Putin's early foreign policies of developing closer ties to the United States, he remained critical of domestic policies, particularly of the arrest of Mikhail Khodorkovsky in the fall of 2003. He became even more outspoken about what many saw as an assault on democratic freedoms in Russia.In distinction from the new oppositionists, such as Boris Nemtsov, Garry Kasparov et al., he insisted that


texts:
 Putin's policies were to be seen as a direct continuation of Yeltsin's. Nonetheless, he was repeatedly mentioned in media rumors as a possible candidate for Prime Minister, both under Yeltsin and Putin. In the 2003 elections to the Duma, Yabloko failed to cross the 5% threshold of Duma representation. Both vote-rigging and Yabloko's declining support may have been the primary factor. <mask> later recalled that Putin telephoned him early on election night to congratulate him, apparently believing – or pretending to believe – that Yabloko had succeeded in gaining representation. <mask> refused to run for president in 2004, claiming that Putin had rigged elections to the point of making them meaningless. <mask> remains a prominent critic of Putin and of Russia's leading United Russia Party.In a 12 January 2004 interview, he is quoted as saying:

We don't have an independent parliament any more. For the first time since the dissolution of the Soviet Union we again have a one-party parliament. There are no independent mass media of any significance any more. There is no public control over secret services and the law enforcement agencies, there is no independent legislature. The authorities considerably influence the elections. All elements of society are concentrated in the same hands which resemble the 1930s. This is a semi-Soviet system.After Yabloko again failed to secure representation in the 2007 Russian legislative election, there was some possibility of <mask> running again for presidency in 2008. However, most Yabloko members and <mask> himself supported the long-shot and largely symbolic candidacy of émigré

masks: Yavlinsky Yavlinsky Yavlinsky Yavlinsky Yavlinsky


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 dissident Vladimir Bukovsky who in the end failed to clear legal obstacles to his registration. <mask>'s leadership of Yabloko occasionally came under attacks from internal opponents, who eventually were defeated and not infrequently had to leave the party. The most prominent of them included Yury Boldyrev, Yabloko's vice-leader and member of the upper house, in 1995; Vyacheslav Igrunov, a left-wing intellectual and a campaign manager, who quit over the restructuring of the organization in 2003; and some of the younger members, such as Ilya Yashin and Maksim Reznik, who advocated for a closer alliance with other opposition groups (Yashin is no longer a Yabloko member, while Reznik stayed as a leader of its St. Petersburg branch, but later excluded from the party for supporting electoral fraud of St. Petersburg legislative election). <mask> became deputy of Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg and a head of Yabloko's fraction in it. On 22 June 2008, <mask> stepped down as party leader at Yabloko's 15th congress, proposing in his place the candidacy of Moscow City Duma deputy Sergey Mitrokhin who was elected the new party chairman. Yavlinsky remains a member of Yabloko's Political Committee (elected there with the largest number of votes) and a regular spokesman for the party, particularly in local election campaigns.Outside politics he is a professor of Moscow's Higher School of Economics. He is also a member of the Trilateral Commission. 2008 global financial crisis

In an interview at HSE's conference <mask> stated that common disease for all states in the late 20th early 21st century is states' merger with


texts: the business. Largely that's what resulted in economic crisis in the US. A fusion of Wall Street and White House paralyzed all possibilities of Barack Obama other than to inject fresh money in the old economy. Which doesn't have any prospect because of the level of public debt and poor quality of the state in decision making. According to Yavlinsky the global financial crisis of 2008-09 happened because of the appearance of insurance issued loans, that dramatically increased their number and volume.Since once you prove to be insolvent, your creditors will be paid the insurance. So it created an impression that the loans were safe. But the reliability of borrowers declined. When too many extremely unreliable loans were issued in the United States, at some point a lot of borrowers proved to be insolvent at the same time, so it was impossible to pay the insurance, and money no longer could return to its lenders. Thus the biggest banks and investment companies became bankrupt. To explain it in simple terms, all that is a gigantic "financial pyramid" (Ponzi scheme). It's when you take money from someone, and for some reason it doesn't work for you, but you need to pay for it, to pay interest.You borrow from someone else paying interest, then, to pay it, you borrow more, and so on and so on until it ends in failure. The enormous scale of the "financial pyramid" became possible because of too soft financial regulation on the part of the government. In his opinion, the way to resolve the crisis was to bankrupt all the financiers and bankers who led to it. But since there was too many of them, and in many respects the


texts:
 economy is dependent on them, it might lead to greater social problems. In addition, they are very much integrated into the US power elites. Therefore, and because of fears of social unrest, the US government saved them by giving them tax payers' money, helping those who were actually responsible for creating the crisis. Doing it, officials hoped that the economy would work and would start to grow after receiving a huge infusion.But despite Bush's administration 750 billion and Obama's 800 billion dollars investments nothing changed, economic activity wasn't growing because of markets' distrust. In his recent book Realeconomik: The Hidden Cause of the Great Recession (and How to Avert the Next One), the internationally respected economist makes a powerful case that without a commitment to established social principles in business and politics, a stable global economy will be impossible to achieve:

<mask> argues against viewing the world of money as separate from culture and society: he believes the financial crisis was merely a symptom of a wider moral collapse, and that it is time to examine the way we live. 2012 presidential election

<mask> attempted to run for president again in the 2012 election. Days after <mask>'s candidature was endorsed by Gorbachev, the National Electoral Commission (NEC) declared 20% of the signatures collected in support of the leader of Yabloko invalid. Commenting on the incident at a news Conference <mask> said: 'I consider the decision of the NEC as politically motivated. They aren't letting me join the race, because they don't want to allow an alternative - political, economic and


texts:
 moral.' He also cautioned that such refusal to allow him to join the race would undermine the vote's legitimacy and could lead to unrest and instability in the country.<mask> needed to collect and submit at least 2,000,000 votes in order to register since he was nominated by a non-parliamentary party. ALDE-PACE (Liberal International Cooperating Organisation) issued a statement condemning the situation as 'another sign of the limitation of political competition and expression in the country.' The group also expressed concern that the latest developments in Russia severely compromise the possibility for free and fair presidential elections on 4 March 2012. After 2012

In 2021 <mask> criticised Alexei Navalny's investigations and political views. Many Yabloko members and other opposition politicians in turn criticised Yavlisky for expressing these views while Navalny was in jail after having been poisoned. Some commentators said that Yavlinsky thus assisted government propaganda against Navalny. Personal life
Yavlinsky met his wife, Yelena, while studying at the Plekhanov Institute, and the couple have two children.Their son Mikhail was born in 1971 and currently works for the BBC Russian Service in London. Their other son, Alexei, was born in 1981 and works as a computer programmer in Moscow. A recent interview revealed that during the turbulent times of Russia's politics in the 1990s <mask>'s opponents had his 23-year-old piano-playing son kidnapped, and his fingers cut off and mailed to him. He declined to reveal who he thinks is behind the attack saying he "was receiving corresponding letters" prior to the


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 incident. Books

Transition to a Market Economy (500 Days Program) St.Martin's Press, New York, 1991)
G<mask>. Economics and Politics in Russia: Diagnosis. Harvard, 1992.Laissez-Faire versus Policy-Led Transformation (lesson of the Economic Reforms in Russia) EPIcenter-NikaPrint, 1994
The Inefficiency of Laissez-Faire in Russia: Hysteresis Effects and the Need for Policy-Led Transformation Journal of Comparative Economics. Volume 19, N 1. 1994. G<mask> and S. Braguinsky. G. <mask>. An Uncertain Prognosis // Journal of Democracy, Vol. 8, No.1, January 1997, pp. 3–11. Russia’s Phony Capitalism // Foreign Affairs, 1998. Vol. 77, No. 3. Braguinsky S., <mask> G. Incentives and Institutions: The Transition to a Market Economy in Russia.Princeton University Press, 2000, 280 pp. G. A<mask>. Ten years after the Soviet breakup – Going backwards // Journal of Democracy, 2001. Vol. 12, No. 4, p. 79-86. G. A<mask>.Peripheral Capitalism Review By Lilia Shevtsova; 159 pages, Moscow: Integral-Inform, 2003
G. A<mask>. Realeconomik. The Hidden Cause of the Great Recession (And How to Avert the Next One) / Пер. с рус. : A. W. Bouis. L., New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011. G. A<mask>, A.Kosmynin.Peripheral Authoritarianism What Russia Has Achieved and Why. G. A<mask>, A.Kosmynin. Notes on History and Politics: the People, the Country, and the Reforms. See also
1995 Russian legislative election
1999 Russian legislative election
2003 Russian legislative election

References

External links

Official Yavlinsky website

1952 births
Living people
Moscow theater hostage crisis
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Politicians from Lviv
Plekhanov

masks:
. Yavlinsky
. Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
. Yavlinsky
. Yavlinsky
. Yavlinsky
. Yavlinsky
. Yavlinsky


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 Russian University of Economics alumni
Russian anti-communists
Russian economists
Russian Jews
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Higher School of Economics faculty
2011–2013 Russian protests
21st-century Russian politicians
Yavlinsky
Yabloko politicians
First convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Second convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Third convocation members of the State Duma (Russian


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<mask> (died 388 AD) was a Roman bureaucrat and close confidant of the emperor Theodosius I. He held the offices of praetorian prefect of the East (384–388) and consul (388), and has been widely blamed by historians for instigating the widespread destruction of pagan temples and shrines throughout the eastern Roman provinces. Some recent authors, however, have questioned his role in events and his overall reputation as a Christian fanatic and temple destroyer. Biography
<mask>us is usually thought to be a native of Hispania, deduced from the fact that his body was sent there to be buried. He also seems to have belonged to the extended circle of relatives and intimates of the emperor Theodosius I, who was likewise a Spaniard. All of Cynegius's recorded career shows him holding the highest court rank () and offices under that emperor, which has led scholars to deduce that his connection to Theodosius earned him a quick promotion to these honors. On the other hand, a dedicatory inscription records that Cynegius held all grades of honors in the civil hierarchy, which led historian McLynn to infer that he had some experience under previous emperors, and that it was this which recommended him to Theodosius.Cynegius is first securely attested in the spring of 383 serving as Theodosius's treasurer (). Within a few months, he was appointed to the office of  and, shortly afterwards (January 384), praetorian prefect of the East, with the task of replenishing the undermanned municipal councils () of the eastern provinces, as well as, according to the 6th-century historian Zosimus, closing pagan temples and suppressing worship of the gods therein. Cynegius's ensuing tour of the east brought him to Egypt, probably in late 386,

masks:
Maternus Cynegius
Maternus Cygi


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 where he announced at Alexandria that Theodosius had recognized the military usurper Maximus as a legitimate emperor. Rewarded by his services with the consulship in 388, Cynegius died early in the same year, either at Constantinople or on the return journey there from Egypt. He was interred at the Church of the Holy Apostles on 19 March 388, but his widow, named Achantia, sent his body to Hispania a year later. Known administrative measures which Cynegius helped implement while in office include laws aimed at filling vacant seats in city councils and punishing the neglection of curial duties by local officials, as well as the building of city walls and other public works at Antioch. He is also the nominal addressee, and thus probable instigator, of a decree that renewed a prohibition on the pagan practice of haruspicy, as well as several laws against heretics and Jews.Those in the latter group, in particular, have been said to display a conspicuous 'anti-Jewish tendency contrary to Theodosius's usual policy'. Cynegius has been identified with the high official who received the Missorium of Theodosius I and was probably depicted on it. A country house found by archaeologists near Carranque in Spain has been attributed to Cynegius. Anti-pagan activities and reputation
Maternus Cynegius has received widespread attention and notoriety in scholarship due to evidence that he instigated numerous acts of vandalism against pagan shrines throughout the east. The evidence from ancient sources is listed as follows. The 6th-century Greek historian Zosimus, a pagan, blames Cynegius for the systematic closure of temples and suppression of traditional rituals throughout the east while en route to, and then in, Egypt. A similar


texts: story is told by the Consularia Constantinopolitana, a Latin-language almanac issued at Constantinople.The Antiochene rhetor Libanius, a pagan and contemporary of events, reports a series of outrages committed against pagan shrines in Syria during Cynegius's term of office, and specifically denounces an unnamed official (usually identified as Cynegius himself) who, at his wife's instigation, destroyed a temple in Osroene (likely at Carrhae or perhaps Edessa) without the emperor's permission. The 5th-century ecclesiastical historian Theodoret reports an unidentified eastern governor's attempt to demolish a temple of Zeus at Apameia, Syria, with the aid of the local bishop, Marcellus. Zosimus's explicit mention of Cynegius and the contemporary actions reported by Libanius and Theodoret have led many authors, like Otto Seeck, John Matthews and those of the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, to attribute the main responsibility for the disturbances to Cynegius. Paul Petit, following Libanius, portrays Cynegius as encouraging bands of monks to destroy rural shrines across the east, coordinating operations while based at Antioch in 385–386, though Petit identifies the vandal of Theodoret as a different, lower ranking official instead. In 1982, Polish archeologist Barbara Gassowska tentatively ascribed the demise of the temple of Al-Lat in Palmyra to Cynegius. Olszaniec takes for granted that Cynegius was the official described by Libanius and that he was acting at the behest of emperor Theodosius. In 2005, Neil McLynn cast doubt on Cynegius's reputation as a destroyer of temples, arguing that the accounts of Zosimus, Libanius and Theodoret are too disparate or unreliable for them to be securely conflated into a


texts:
 single narrative.McLynn takes Theodoret's anecdote to be highly rhetorical and unreliable, and also believes that Libanius's narrative is inconsistent with the zealot official, who is never explicitly named, being Cynegius or any other of such high rank. Furthermore, whereas Libanius has his unnamed subject destroy shrines throughout Syria, Zosimus reports that Cynegius merely closed temples, and that his actions climaxed instead at Alexandria, Egypt. McLynn gives reasons to believe that Zosimus's account, along with the similar notice in the Latin almanac titled Consularia Constantinopolitana (which was probably Zosimus's own source), overstate Cynegius's role, which in the end may have been very minor or even symbolic. McLynn's conclusions have been endorsed or at least positively acknowledged by a number of scholars. Family
A sepulchral monument at Raphanea, Syria, was set up to one woman named Materna Cynegia, her sister Antonia Cassia and daughter Herennia. Judging by the name of the former, they must have been related to Maternus Cynegius, and are perhaps his daughters. He was also probably related to Aemilius Florus Paternus, governor of Africa in 393, who had a son called Cynegius, as well as with Aemilia Materna Thermantia, grandniece of the emperor Theodosius and wife of Honorius.The praetorian prefect, furthermore, was presumably related to the Cynegius whom the empress Aelia Eudoxia sent against the temple of Zeus Marnas at Gaza in 401. Notes

Citations

References

388 deaths
4th-century Roman consuls
Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles
Comites sacrarum largitionum
Praetorian prefects of the East
Roman consuls who died in office
Romans from Hispania
Year of birth


texts: <mask> (born March 20, 1993) is an American professional tennis player. She achieved a career-best ranking of No. 3 in the world after Wimbledon in 2018. <mask> was the 2017 US Open champion, and has won seven WTA singles titles in total. Born to athletic parents with backgrounds in collegiate swimming and professional American football, <mask> was introduced to tennis at the club across the street from her house in Fresno, California. Her stepfather was a competitive recreational tennis player and was her primary inspiration for beginning to play the sport. <mask> moved to Florida to train at a tennis academy, ultimately working with Nick Saviano.She became a promising junior player, reaching an ITF junior ranking of world No. 5 and winning three out of four Grand Slam girls' doubles titles in 2010 with her partner Tímea Babos. While 19 years old, <mask> rose to prominence at the 2013 Australian Open with a semifinal run beating world No. 3, Serena Williams. Although she reached No. 11 towards the end of 2013, she regressed and stayed outside the top 25 to the end of 2015. She switched to a new coach, Kamau Murray, under whom she returned to elite level and won three WTA titles in the first half of 2016.Her successful year was cut short by a foot injury that kept her out for months. She returned from injury in the middle of 2017 and won the US Open singles title in her fifth tournament back. She was also awarded WTA Comeback Player of the Year for her successful season. In 2018, she continued her success by winning her first Premier Mandatory title at the Miami Open, reaching a second Grand Slam singles final at the French Open, entering the top 10 for the first time, and finishing runner-up at the WTA

masks:
Sloane Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens


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 Finals. Early life and background
<mask> was born on March 20, 1993 in Plantation, Florida to Sybil Smith and <mask>, both of whom were accomplished athletes. Her mother was the first African-American woman to be named a first-team All-American swimmer in Division I history. She is enshrined in the Boston University Athletic Hall of Fame and recognized as the greatest swimmer in the history of the university.<mask>'s father was a Pro Bowl running back for the New England Patriots in the National Football League. Pro Football Hall of Famer Raymond Berry regarded him as the best athlete he had ever seen. Smith left <mask>'s father after his multiple arrests in 1994. <mask> was raised by her mother and her stepfather, Sheldon Farrell, who married Smith in 1997 and worked as a business consultant. She has a younger half-brother, Shawn Farrell, who played baseball and football at Notre Dame High School outside of Los Angeles. <mask> did not talk with her biological father until she was 13 years old, when he expressed interest in getting to know her after being diagnosed with degenerative bone disease. Even though they only met a few times in person, the two of them developed a close relationship remotely.<mask>'s stepfather died from cancer in 2007, while her biological father died in a car crash in 2009. <mask> moved to her mother's hometown of Fresno in California at the age of two. She started playing tennis at the age of nine at the Sierra Sport and Racquet Club, a tennis facility located across the street from her house where her stepfather regularly played and her mother was taking lessons. Former top 100 player Francisco González, the head of tennis at the club, recognized <mask> had impressive

masks:
Stephens
John Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens


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 ability given her limited experience and recommended her to pursue more rigorous training opportunities. Two years after she started playing tennis, <mask> relocated to Boca Raton in Florida. She began training at the Evert Tennis Academy founded by John Evert and also run by his sister, International Tennis Hall of Famer Chris Evert. The following year at age 12, <mask> switched to the Nick Saviano High Performance Tennis Academy, and also began online homeschooling.After her stepfather's death, <mask> and her family moved back to their hometown of Fresno where her grandparents and other members of her mother's family still lived. From then on, she split time living in both California and Florida. Junior career

<mask> began competing in low-level events on the ITF Junior Circuit in 2006 at the age of 13. Her first breakthrough result came at the US Open in 2008, where she reached her first doubles final at a Grand Slam with Mallory Burdette. She then finished the year with a semifinal appearance at the high-level Orange Bowl tournament, a Grade A event. <mask> began 2009 by winning her first two tournaments of the year, the Grade 1 USTA International Spring Championships and the Grade A Italian Open. Following these big titles, she only played in the remaining junior Grand Slam events in 2009 and 2010, while also skipping the Australian Open.At the French Open, <mask> extended her main-draw win streak to 16 matches in a row to start the season, despite needing to qualify for the main draw, before losing to French junior Kristina Mladenovic in the semifinals. Mladenovic ended up winning the tournament, and would also defeat <mask> in their next encounter at the Wimbledon quarterfinals. These results

masks: Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens


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 brought her to a career-high junior ranking of No. 5 in the world. During the US Open, she left New York after her first match to attend her biological father's funeral in Louisiana. She returned to play and win her next match, but ultimately lost in the third round. In 2010, <mask> partnered with Tímea Babos to win the doubles title at all three majors in which they participated.They became just the second pair of girls to win three Grand Slam tournament doubles titles in one season after Corina Morariu and Ludmila Varmužová in 1995. <mask> also reached at least the quarterfinals in each of the singles events. Her best singles result that year was a Grand Slam semifinal at the US Open, where she lost to Daria Gavrilova in a third set tiebreak. Professional career

2007–11: Tour debut, entering the top 100

<mask> played her first professional events on the ITF Women's Circuit in late 2007. In the spring of 2008, she received a qualifying wildcard into her first WTA Tour event, the Miami Open, where she lost her opening round match. She would lose in qualifying the next two years as well. <mask> also received wildcards into the US Open qualifying rounds for three consecutive years.In her first appearance in 2008, she defeated world No. 109, Melinda Czink, while still only 15 years old, but was unable to advance to the main draw in any of these appearances. During the summer of 2008, <mask> won her first professional title in doubles at a low-level $10K event in Wichita alongside partner Christina McHale. In the middle of 2009, <mask> participated in World TeamTennis as a member of the New York Buzz. Although she seldom played on the pro tour that year, <mask> decided to turn pro in October following a


texts:
 strong junior season. In March 2010, <mask> qualified for the Indian Wells Open to make her WTA debut a week before turning 17. She defeated Lucie Hradecká in her first career main-draw match before losing to the defending champion, 12th-seeded Vera Zvonareva.Her only other WTA Tour win that year came at the Swedish Open in July. After starting the year ranked No. 802, she finished the 2010 season just inside the top 200 at No. 198. <mask> continued to climb the WTA rankings during the 2011 clay-court season. She won her first professional singles title at the Camparini Gioielli Cup, a $50K event in Italy. She then made it through qualifying at the French Open to make her Grand Slam main-draw debut in singles.Although she lost to Elena Baltacha, she rose to a career best No. 128 in the world. In August, <mask> entered the Southern California Open as a wildcard and defeated No. 20, Julia Görges, en route to her first WTA quarterfinal. Later that month, she was awarded a wildcard into her first US Open main draw. In the opening round, she defeated Réka Luca Jani for her first Grand Slam tournament match win. She then backed up that win by beating 23rd seed Shahar Pe'er.With this third-round appearance, <mask> made her debut in the top 100 of the WTA rankings and also became the youngest player in the top 100 at 18 years old. 2012: Teenage success, top 50

With an improved ranking, <mask> was able to play WTA Tour-level events the entire season. Early in the year, she played in her first Australian Open main draw and made it to the second round. <mask> then closed out the winter hardcourt season by qualifying for the Miami Open. Having played there every year since 2008, she picked up her first two main

masks: Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens


texts: draw wins at the tournament, including the second one over No. 30 Sara Errani. In late April, <mask> made her Fed Cup debut in an away playoff tie against Ukraine.She won her only match, a doubles dead rubber with partner Liezel Huber, as the United States won the tie 5–0 to return to the top-level World Group in 2013. After early losses at her first few clay-court events of the year, <mask> finished this part of the season with three impressive results. First, she qualified for the Premier-5 Italian Open and advanced to the second round. She then reached her first WTA semifinal at the Internationaux de Strasbourg. Finally, she produced her best result at a Grand Slam tournament to date by reaching the fourth round at the French Open. <mask> built on this momentum with a third-round appearance in her Wimbledon main-draw debut, which was highlighted by an upset of 23rd seed Petra Cetkovská. This string of performances brought her into the top 50 of the WTA rankings for the first time.Back in the United States, <mask> played at the Citi Open in late July and made it to her second career WTA semifinal. She also reached the third round at the Premier 5 Cincinnati Open, where she lost a tight match to world No. 3, Agnieszka Radwańska. Her final tournament of the year was the US Open. She lost in the third round to No. 13 Ana Ivanovic after struggling with a torn abdominal muscle, which was initially injured during her fourth-round loss at the French Open a few months earlier. <mask> later stated, "I kept playing when I shouldn't have," as part of an effort to try to qualify for the Olympics.She ended up taking the rest of the year off to recover. Nonetheless, she finished the year as the youngest player in

masks: Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens


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 the top 50 at No. 38. 2013: Major semifinal, Serena upset, world No. 11
<mask> was ready to return for the Australian hardcourt season. In her first tournament back, she made it to the quarterfinals at the Brisbane International to set up an encounter with world No. 3, Serena Williams.Although Williams won the match in straight sets, she praised <mask>, saying she could be "the best in the world one day." <mask> improved on that result the following week with a semifinal at the Hobart International. She entered the Australian Open seeded 29th, her first Grand Slam tournament as a seeded player. She defeated four unseeded players to make her first Grand Slam tournament quarterfinal and set up her second clash with Williams that month. Williams entered the semifinal on a 20 match win streak, while multiple betting websites listed the 19-year-old <mask> as at least an 11-to-1 underdog. <mask> was down a set and a break early in the second set, but came from behind to pull off a huge upset. This was the first top-ten victory of <mask>'s career and made her much more prominent.Although <mask> would lose her next match to world No. 1, Victoria Azarenka, she rose to a career-high ranking of No. 17 after the tournament. Following the Australian Open, <mask> was forced to miss the United States' quarterfinal Fed Cup tie after aggravating her abdominal injury during her deep run at the tournament. When she returned to the court, this injury continued to hinder her performance as she did not defeat another top 50 opponent until after the clay-court season. She played in the Fed Cup playoff tie in April and lost her only match against Sweden's Sofia Arvidsson. Nonetheless, the United States won the tie 3–2 to

masks: Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens


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 secure a place in the 2014 World Group.Despite these struggles, <mask> produced another good Grand Slam tournament result at the French Open, where she defeated three unseeded opponents – none ranked higher than No. 92 – to reach the fourth round. She then lost to world No. 2, Maria Sharapova. <mask> continued her Grand Slam tournament success at Wimbledon by making it to the quarterfinals, again without defeating a seeded opponent. She lost to the eventual champion Marion Bartoli. Her best win at these two majors came in the first round of Wimbledon against world No.25, Jamie Hampton. At the Cincinnati Open in August, <mask> scored her second big upset of the year when she knocked out Sharapova, the No. 3 player in the world, in the second round. She lost in the next round to No. 15, Jelena Jankovic. Two weeks later, <mask> entered the US Open as the 15th seed, where she faced Williams again in the fourth round. This time, Williams avenged her Australian Open loss in straight sets and went on to win the tournament.Although <mask> continued to struggle outside of the majors after the US Open, she was named the second alternate for the WTA Tour Championships. She finished the year at world No. 12 and was one of only three players to make it to the second week of all four Grand Slam tournaments in 2013, along with Williams and Agnieszka Radwańska. <mask> also reached a career-high ranking of No. 11 in October and became the second-highest ranked American. 2014: Inconsistency

<mask> began 2014 at the Hopman Cup with John Isner. The two Americans finished the round-robin in third place in their group, with only one rubber win against Spain.<mask> also withdrew from her last match with a wrist injury. She