texts:
 one-year grants from the American Philosophical Society (1944, 1945 and 1948) and by an appointment as a research fellow (1944–1947, supported by E.G. Boring and Gordon Allport), <mask> returned to Harvard and worked on an essay on "The space system of the perceiving self". A 127-page manuscript of four chapters of this essay, which in a letter to Boring, <mask> mentions having sent to the Society, has not been located to date. <mask> retired from Harvard in 1947. He moved to Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in 1953 and died there on April 25, 1954. In retrospect, <mask> appears one of the most insightful students of behavior of the 20th century.The reasons why his insights did not resonate more strongly with his contemporaries, with few exceptions, and why these insights did not secure him academic success continue to be discussed. Publications by <mask>

 1902. Song in birds. Science, 15, 590–592. 1902. Ecology. Science, 15, 793.1908. The voices of pigeons regarded as a means of social control. American Journal of Sociology, 14, 86–100. 1909. The expressions of emotion in the pigeons: I. The blond ring dove. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 19, 29–80.1911a. Oviposition induced by the male in pigeons. Journal of Morphology, 22, 299–305. 1911b. The expressions of emotion in the pigeons: II. The mourning dove. Auk, 28, 398–407.1911 c. The expressions of emotion in the pigeons: III. The passenger

masks:
Craig
Craig
Craig
Craig
Wallace Craig


type: original

texts: pigeon. Auk, 29, 408–427. 1912a. Pigeons do not carry their eggs. Auk, 29, 392–393. 1912b.Observations on doves learning to drink. Journal of Animal Behavior, 2, 273–279. 1912c. Behavior of the young bird in breaking out of the egg. Journal of Animal Behavior, 2, 296–298. 1913a. The stimulation and the inhibition of ovulation in birds and mammals.Journal of Animal Behavior, 3, 215–221. 1913b. Recollections of the passenger pigeon in captivity. Bird Lore, 93–99. 1914. Male doves reared in isolation. Journal of Animal Behavior, 4, 121–133.1916. Synchronism in the rhythmic activities of animals. Science, 44, 784–786. 1917. On the ability of animals to keep time with an external rhythm. Journal of Animal Behavior, 7, 444–448. 1917.Appetites and aversions as constituents of instincts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 3, 685–688. 1918. Appetites and aversions as constituents of instincts. Biological Bulletin, 34, 91–107. 1919. Tropisms and instinctive activities.Psychological Bulletin, 16, 151–159. 1920. Tropisms and instinctive activities. Psychological Bulletin, 17, 169–178. 1921. Why do animals fight? International Journal of Ethics, 31, 264–278.1922. A note on Darwin's work on the expression of the emotions in man and animals. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 16, 256–266. 1924. The dog as a detective. Scientific Monthly, IS, 38–47. 1926.The twilight song of the


texts:
 wood pewee: A preliminary statement. Auk, 43, 150–152. 1926. Request for the data on the twilight song of the wood pewee. Science, 63, 525. 1933. The music of the wood pewee's song and one of its laws.Auk, SO, 174–178. 1943. The song of the wood pewee Myiochanes virens Linnaeus: A study of bird music. New York State Museum Bulletin No. 334. Albany: University of the State of New York. 1944.The twilight ceremonies of horseflies and birds. Science, 99, 125–126. References

Further reading
 1940. Holzapfel M: Triebbedingte Ruhezustände als Ziel von Appetenzhandlungen. Naturwissenschaften, 28, 273–280. 1954. Lorenz K: Psychologie und Stammesgeschichte.In Heberer G (ed.) Die Evolution der Organismen. pp. 131–172. Jena: G. Fischer Verlag. 1966. Lorenz K: On aggression (translated by M Latzke).London: Methuen. (original work in German published in 1963). 1970a. Lorenz K: Companions as factors in the bird's environment. In K Lorenz Studies in human and animal behaviour (translated by R Martin). Vol. 1, pp.101–258. London: Methuen. (original work in German published in 1935)
 1970b. Lorenz K: The establishment of the instinct concept. In K Lorenz Studies in human and animal behaviour (translated by R Martin). Vol. 1, pp.259–315. London: Methuen. (original work in German published in 1937)
 1988. Burkhardt RW jr: Charles Otis Whitman, <mask>, and the biological study of animal behavior in the United


texts:
 States, 1898–1925. In R Rainger, K Benson & J Maienschein (eds.) The American development of biology. pp.185–218. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1973. Lorenz K: Autobiography, Nobel Prize
 2008. Burkhardt RW jr: <mask>, <mask>. The Library of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, holds a copy of <mask>'s unpublished BS thesis, "On the Early Stages of the Development of the Urogenital System of the Pig" (1898). The Forbes Biological Station of the Illinois Natural History Survey at Havana, Illinois, holds a copy of <mask>'s unpublished MS thesis, "On the Fishes of the Illinois River System at Havana, Ill." (1901).1876 births
1954 deaths
American psychologists
Experimental

masks: Craig Wallace Craig Craig


texts:
<mask>   (born December 15, 1993) is an American football cornerback for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Purdue. Early years
<mask> attended Hillsborough High School, where he played football. He was a two-year starter and received second-team All-Hillsborough County honors. As a junior, he tallied 69 tackles, one interception, one pass defensed and four receptions for 52 yards. In his last year he was a two-way player, posting 25 tackles, two interceptions, three passes defensed, 911 rushing yards, 14 rushing touchdowns, 18 receptions for 239 yards and one touchdown. He also practiced track.College career
<mask> accepted a scholarship from Purdue University. He became a starter as a sophomore, registering 69 tackles (second on the team), 3 tackles for loss, 3 passes defensed and one forced fumble. The next year, he posted 54 tackles (fifth on the team), 5.5 tackles for loss, 1.5 sacks, 10 passes defensed, and one fumble recovery. As a senior, he made 60 tackles (fourth on the team), 4 interceptions (first interceptions of his career) and 6 passes defensed. Statistics
Source:

Professional career

2016
The Dallas Cowboys selected <mask> in the sixth round with the 189th overall pick in the 2016 NFL Draft. <mask> was the 27th cornerback drafted in 2016. On May 18, 2016, the Dallas Cowboys signed <mask> to a four-year, $2.47 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $134,947.Throughout training camp, <mask> competed to be a backup cornerback against Josh Thomas, Isaiah Frey, Dax Swanson, and Deji Olatoye. Head coach Jason Garrett named <mask> the fourth cornerback on the

masks:
Anthony Shaquille Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown


texts:
 depth chart to start the regular season. He began the season behind Brandon Carr, Morris Claiborne, and Orlando Scandrick. He made his professional regular season debut in the Dallas Cowboys’ season-opener against the New York Giants and made one solo tackle during their 20–19 loss. On September 25, 2016, <mask> earned his first career start in place of Orlando Scandrick who was inactive due to a hamstring injury. <mask> finished the Cowboys’ 31–17 victory against the Chicago Bears with four combined tackles. In Week 6, he collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (ten solo) during a 30–16 win at the Green Bay Packers.<mask> began to see extended play beginning in Week 9 of the season after Morris Claiborne sustained a groin injury the previous week. On December 11, 2016, <mask> recorded two solo tackles, broke up a pass, and made his first career interception as the Cowboys lost 10–7 at the New York Giants in Week 14. <mask> intercepted a pass attempt by Giants’ quarterback Eli Manning, that was originally intended for wide receiver Victor Cruz in the fourth quarter. He finished his rookie season in 2016 with 55 combined tackles (40 solo), eight pass deflections, and one interception in 16 games and nine starts. The Dallas Cowboys finished first in the NFC East with a 13–3 record and earned a first round bye. On January 15, 2017, <mask> recorded one tackle during a 34–31 loss to the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Round. 2017
<mask> entered training camp as a possible candidate to win the role as a starting cornerback after Brandon Carr departed in free agency.He competed against Orlando Scandrick, Nolan Carroll, Chidobe

masks: Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown


texts:
 Awuzie, and Jourdan Lewis. Head coach Jason Garrett named <mask> the fourth cornerback on the depth chart to begin the regular season, behind Orlando Scandrick, Nolan Carroll, and Chidobe Awuzie. He appeared in the Dallas Cowboys’ season-opener against the New York Giants on Sunday Night Football and recorded one solo tackle, broke up a pass, and intercepted a pass by Giants’ quarterback Eli Manning in the fourth quarter of their 19–3 victory. The following week, he collected a season-high seven solo tackles during a 42–17 loss at the Denver Broncos in Week 2. He earned his first start of the season in Week 2 after Nolan Carroll suffered a concussion and was subsequently released on October 11, 2017. <mask> started the next ten games, but was eventually benched for Chidobe Awuzie in Week 13 and remained a backup for the last five games of the regular season. On December 31, 2017, <mask> recorded six combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first career sack in the Cowboys’ 6–0 win at the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 17.<mask> sacked Eagles’ backup quarterback Nate Sudfeld for a 14-yard loss in the third quarter. <mask> finished the 2017 NFL season with 56 combined tackles (47 solo), 11 pass deflections, two interceptions, and a sack in 16 games and ten starts. 2018

During training camp, <mask> competed to be a starting cornerback against Byron Jones after Jones was moved from free safety to cornerback. Head coach Jason Garrett named <mask> the third cornerback and first-team nickelback on the Cowboys’ depth chart to begin the regular season. He was listed on the depth chart behind Chidobe Awuzie and Byron Jones. 2019
<mask>

masks: Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown


texts:
 entered the 2019 season as the third cornerback on the depth chart behind Byron Jones and Chidobe Awuzie. In Week 11, <mask> suffered a torn triceps and was ruled out the rest of the season.He finished the season playing in nine games with four starts, recording 17 tackles and five passes defensed. 2020
<mask> re-signed with the Cowboys on a three-year contract on March 20, 2020. On September 19, 2020, he was placed on injured reserve with a rib injury. He was designated to return from injured reserve on October 7, and began practicing with the team again. He was activated on October 10. In Week 5 against the New York Giants, <mask> returned a fumble forced by teammate DeMarcus Lawrence on Daniel Jones for a 29 yard touchdown during the 37–34 win. In Week 15 against the San Francisco 49ers, <mask> recorded his first interception of the season off a pass thrown by Nick Mullens during the 41–33 win.2021
In a Week 12 36-33 Cowboys loss to the Las Vegas Raiders on Thanksgiving, <mask> committed 4 defensive pass interference penalties for 91 yards, including one to set up the Raiders' game-winning field goal in overtime. He was the first player since at least 2000 to commit 4 pass interference penalties in a single game. However, <mask> statistically had the best season of his career, as he accumulated career-highs with 3 interceptions, 71 total tackles, 45 interception yards and one defensive touchdown. References

External links
Dallas Cowboys bio
Purdue Boilermakers bio

1993 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
Dallas Cowboys players
Players of American football from Tampa, Florida
Purdue Boilermakers football

masks: Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown


texts:
<mask> was an English bare knuckle boxer. After defeating Tom Allen in Boone County, Kentucky, he held the American and what many boxing historians now consider the World Heavyweight boxing championship from 7 September 1876 to 30 May 1880. Although he rarely scaled more than 160 pounds, the clever and aggressive <mask> routinely fought men both bigger and heavier than himself. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 6 November 1837 in Northampton, Northamptonshire, East Midlands, England. His father was a shoemaker, and brought his son up in that trade. By 18, Goss was fighting exhibitions at county fairs and beginning to win a reputation as a talented hard hitting boxer. At the age of twenty, <mask> began his career with a 90-minute victory over George Ayers at London's Brompton Bushes for the modest sum of £5.<mask> then defeated Jack Rooke in a marathon 64 rounds taking an hour and forty-four minutes on 20 September 1859 in Leaseford, England. On 17 July 1860, <mask> defeated Bodger Crutchley in 120 rounds lasting 3 hours and 20 minutes for a split of £100. He defeated Bill Ryall convincingly, first on 24 September 1861 in 37 rounds requiring 2 hours and 50 minutes for £50. In their second meeting, on 11 February 1862, <mask>, with astonishing persistence, fought with one hand from a dislocated shoulder for $100, drawing with Ryall in 36 rounds, requiring 3 hours and eighteen minutes. English Middleweight champion, 1862
In an important bout on 25 November 1862 for £25

masks:
Joseph Goss
Goss
Goss
Goss
Goss
Goss
Goss


texts: a side,  <mask> defeated John "Posh" Price for the Middleweight championship of England in 66 rounds, at Stonebridge. The fight had been moved once due to pressures from police. The first hour of fighting appeared fairly equal but afterwards Price appeared visibly exhausted.After one hour 40 minutes and a hard fought 66 rounds, Price went down without a blow, unable to continue, and his seconds threw in the sponge signalling an end to the bout in what would be considered a technical knockout today. <mask> claimed the middleweight championship of England. Both men fought at 10 Stones, 12 pounds or roughly 69 kg (152 lbs.) catch wait, below <mask>'s future fighting weight and what would now be considered below middleweight range. <mask> lost one of the few matches of his early career when Hall of Famer Jem Mace defeated him in 19 rounds (1 hour and 55 minutes) near London on 1 September 1863 for the exceptional purse of £500 a side. The title bout was for the middleweight championship of England. Mace won the bout, <mask> being "knocked out of time", or down and unable to continue the fight.Eluding the police, the large crowd had to be moved from two previous locations to Plumstead Marshes, Southeast of London. According to the Irish Post Goss lost to future American Champion <mask> in a buildup to his fight with Jem Mace, which was to take place in Piercetown, Tipperary, Ireland in 1864. Goss fought a 1 round draw against Jem Mace on 24 May 1866 near Meopham, Kent that was

masks:
Goss
Goss
Goss
Goss
Goss
Joe Coburn


texts: considered to be for the English Heavyweight Championship. Very few blows were struck, when after 1 hour, the referee leapt into the ring and facing the laughter and hisses of the crowd, declared the fight a "drawn battle". Mace later claimed he had sprained an ankle severely a few nights before. In a major loss, Jem Mace defeated <mask> on 6 August 1866 in 21 rounds near a spot off the Thames known as Long Reach between Purfleet and Gravesend in what boxing historians concur was an attempt at the English Heavyweight Championship. By one reliable account, the ring used was only sixteen feet square, eight square feet shorter than the regulation size.Mace was said to still be suffering from a strained left foot or ankle. In a close physical matching, <mask> was nearly the same height, and only a few pounds lighter, at around 158 pounds, not considered in the heavyweight division today. <mask>, though he had the vitality of a man nearly seven years younger, did not gain from the advantage, as Mace's experience, skill, and conditioning seemed to count for more than the wear he'd received from his years in the ring by age 35. Mace deftly avoided <mask>'s strong rushes with a shift of his shoulders or a bob of his head, showing great flexibility and speed. In the third round, Mace tripped <mask> by extending his left foot behind <mask> and pushing him down. Mace could strike or counter quickly, particularly using his left, and often did so under Goss's defenses, even in the

masks: Goss Goss Goss Goss Goss Goss


texts:
 early rounds where he scored early and with precision. Mace, in the 14th through 20th rounds, got the better of Goss, frequently striking his left eye with his right fist.At the end of the match in the 21st round, Mace remained strong, but <mask> was groggy and weak. Mace was said to have very few injuries, but Goss had been battered around the "head, face, neck, and chest", with loosened teeth and badly battered eyes. In the final round, Goss's seconds threw up the sponge ending the fight when their boxer staggered in his attempt to land a blow on Mace, who defended himself by merely stepping aside. Middleweight defence
After several earlier fights were stopped by Police, Tom Allen and <mask> finally met on 5 March 1867 in Bristol for what a few historians considered a defense of the Middleweight championship of England. With Police still pursuing the combatants, the fight was relocated twice before commencing at last in Bristol. <mask> had just completed a year in jail for his previous fight with Jem Mace. According to one account, Goss had a decided lead until the 34th round.<mask>'s right and Allen's left hands were somewhat disabled in the fighting, which caused the judges to end the fight in the 35th round in a draw. Like Jem Mace, <mask> would soon flee to America where boxing was still popular, and somewhat less hounded by the Police, at least during exhibitions, where he would secure his income for the next few years. In America
<mask> was in America by July

masks:
Goss
Joe Goss
Goss
Goss
Goss
Goss


texts:
 1867, and remained there fighting primarily exhibitions through 1882, except for a brief trip back to London in January 1876. <mask> returned to America on 15 April 1876, accompanied by Jem Mace, and spent the Spring and Summer travelling the country with the circus. He sparred much of the time from 1877–8 with the well-known wrestler, "Professor" William Miller, and the boxer Johnny Dwyer. He was already 38 years of age, and had been brought over by Jem Mace under contract to the Howe and Cushing circus. Though he had not entered the competitive prize ring in nearly eight years, he hoped to eventually meet Tom Allen again and defeat him in a heavyweight championship contest.Heavyweight champion of America, 1876

On 7 September 1876, <mask> took the bare-knuckle heavyweight championship of America from Tom Allen in a total of 21 rounds in Boone County, Kentucky, taking one hour and fourteen minutes. Seven rounds were fought in the first location with fourteen additional rounds fought in the second. When authorities intervened in Kenton County, the bout was ruled a draw and moved to Boone County. Each side collected $2,500, an impressive sum, but not surprising as many  boxing historians today consider the match for a world and not just an American title. According to one source, a foul caused when Allen struck <mask> in the face when he was down in the 21st and last round, turned the decision in favor of <mask>. Some dispute occurred as to whether the blow was deliberate.

masks: Goss Goss Goss Goss


texts:
 Several newspaper accounts seemed to agree with Allen that he had the better of the fight and was winning when the foul occurred.Allen claimed to have won the bout, and stated "It seems to me that I cannot get fair play in this country, and I now say I will never again enter the ring". Allen was arrested briefly after the match, as boxing was illegal in Kentucky. <mask> was later arrested on 16 September in New York and served four months in jail in Burlington, Kentucky. According to one account, Allen skipped bail to head to England to seek fights, and spend time at the racetracks. Losing American championship
In the most significant defeat of his career, <mask> lost the bare-knuckle heavyweight championship to Paddy Ryan on 30 May 1880 in Collier's Station, West Virginia. The bout was certainly not Ryan's first prize fight, but it may have been his first with bare knuckles. <mask> at nearly forty-two was overwhelmed by his youthful twenty-nine year old opponent.In the 87th round, <mask> was unable to continue the championship contest and it was stopped after ninety minutes. In the final round, Ryan knocked out <mask> with a well placed right. Up until that time the fight was tight and well contested. <mask>'s seconds claimed a foul in the 87th, and with him being unable to continue, the judges awarded the bout to Ryan after one hour and twenty-seven minutes, a very lengthy contest. <mask> appeared winded, but Ryan was terribly battered around the face and body. <mask>

masks: Goss Goss Goss Goss Goss Goss Goss Goss


texts: had as much as a twenty-pound weight disadvantage and nearly a six-inch disadvantage in height, a discrepancy which would have never been allowed in today's boxing, and may have made the difference in the match. It had earlier been made clear to the combatants by the Mayor of nearby Pittsburgh that the illegal fight would not take place in his city.Goss had grown up and apprenticed as a cobbler in Wolverhampton, Buckinghamshire as a boy. By 1873, an Inn on Wolverhampton's King Street, known as the "Saracen's Head", he had once kept in Woverhampton, Buckinghamshire, near Birmingham, and Northeast of London was liquidated. A Saracen was a reference to an Arab or Muslim, and the emblem of a Saracen's Head usually indicated a person had been on the crusades. It was a name given to several Medieval buildings in Northampton and a large number of subsequent English Pubs and hotels. Goss engaged in a series of exhibition bouts in America with John L. Sullivan before retiring in 1882 and was in Sullivan's corner when Sullivan won the title from Paddy Ryan. After he had coached and seconded John L. Sullivan in 1882, he opened his own "Saracen's Head", a Boston Sporting House and tavern at 22 Lagrange Street. On 24 March 1885, <mask> died of Bright's disease, not uncommon to boxers, at his clubhouse, Saracen's Head in Boston, at the age of 47.At his side were his wife, his old bartender, and a few relatives and friends. He had been in a state of coma for several days. In 2003,


texts:
 <mask> was admitted to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the Pioneer category. Selected fights

|-
| align="center" colspan=8|6 Wins, 3 Losses, 2 draws
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent(s)
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Duration
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-
| Win
| George Ayers
| 1857
| Brompton Brushes
| 1


texts:
<mask> is a diplomatic historian who has authored several books on Sino-Indian border dispute and the Indo-Pakistani dispute over Kashmir. He has also worked in archaeology and ethnography in Asia and Africa. Career
<mask> was born in 1930. He entered the University of Cambridge in 1953 and graduated with a doctorate degree in 1958. His thesis was on the history of the British Indian border between the era of Warren Hastings and the 1904 British expedition to Tibet. He is a diplomatic historian by training. In 1959, <mask> moved to British Malaya where he studied archaeological sites.<mask> was a Reader of History at the University of Malaya for nine years and was a Senior Fellow in the Department of History at the Australian National University for three years. From 1968 to 1972, he was a Professor of History at the University of Ghana. He was a Reader of History at Hatfield Polytechnic during the 1980s. Honours
<mask> is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London and a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. He is also a council member of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Research

<mask> is recognised as an expert on the juridical and diplomatic history of the Kashmir dispute. In addition to his work on diplomatic history, <mask> has worked in archaeology and ethnography in Asia and Africa.<mask>'s doctoral thesis on the history of the Younghusband Expedition was published in 1960 by Routledge & Kegan Paul as the book Britain and Chinese Central Asia: The Road to Lhasa 1761 to 1905. The book was revised and published in 1986 under a new title, British India and Tibet: 1766-1910, by bringing it up to the events of 1910 based on newly released archival documents. In the 1960s, <mask> studied Hindu and Buddhist sites in Kedah and southern Thailand in a series of papers. When the China–India border dispute was getting critical in

masks:
Alastair Lamb
Alastair Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb
Lamb


texts:
 1962, <mask> was conducting research in British archives in the Public Record Office and the India Office Library. <mask> has stated that he came across a number of documents in the archive which looked "rather different" from the versions published by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs. Through the mediation of Dorothy Woodman, <mask> managed to meet a senior official in the Indian High Commission in London in order to bring these facts to India's notice. However, he states the official was least interested.The more he checked the published Indian documents, the more convinced he became of "distortions and misquotations". Thus he came to the "reluctant conclusion", he says, that the Indian government was least interested in the historical accuracy of its territorial claims. This motivated him to write The China-India border in 1964, where he claims he did his utmost to "play down the defects of the Indian published material". In 1966, he expanded the book into a large two-volume work titled The McMahon Line. In 1966 <mask> also wrote his first book on the Kashmir conflict, titled The Crisis in Kashmir. This was soon after the Second Kashmir War. In 1991, after the start of the Kashmir insurgency, he expanded it into a larger volume titled Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy.Reception
Journalist and scholar Andrew Whitehead cited <mask> <mask> among historians of eminence, whose work is however tarnished by partisan comment. Scholar Ian Copland has called him a "meticulous historian" with exhaustive research and eye for detail. Parshotam Mehra called him "a professional historian of great academic distinction". He stated that his work was thorough and painstaking even though it suffered from gaps in the presentation and interpretation. Certain aspects of <mask>'s claims related to India-China, such as India being an aggressor or <mask>'s claims on the

masks: Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb Alastair Lamb Lamb Lamb


texts:
 Shimla convention, have been countered by Bertil Lintner's book, China’s India War. The McMahon Line
Leo Rose called the book a "special pleading" rather than a scholarly work, which presents the Chinese position extremely well. <mask> points out rightly than China had never ratified the Simla Convention which contained the definition of the McMahon Line but he dismisses the question of whether the British and Tibetan governments were competent to conclude the agreement.Rose also notes that <mask> seems annoyed at the fact that the Indian authorities do not follow the British imperial line, which he terms "out of place". Parshotam Mehra, calling the two-volume work a "herculean effort", nevertheless labels it an "outright partisan attempt at demolishing the Indian case and thereby lending countenance to, and buttressing, the Chinese claims." The historian in <mask> <mask> is "fairly sound", he says, but frequently departs from being a historian to a "factionist". Mehra's own later work, McMahon Line and After was judged by Leo Rose to be "more balanced and less advocative" than <mask>'s. Wim van Eekelen describes the work as an "impressive and well-documented study of the relations between India, China, and Tibet between 1904 and 1914", which was in agreement with his own research in the India Office Library. Van Eekelen notes that due to greater weight being placed on the opinions exchanged with London, <mask>'s book tends to be critical of the Indian government and disparaging of the Tibetan point of view, but that these criticisms were "often more a matter of accent than of substance." Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990
Victoria Schofield describes the book as an expansion of <mask>'s earlier work with the use of newly available documents.Schofield states that <mask> has successfully identified the main issues and mistakes. Schofield finds that

masks: Lamb Lamb Alastair Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb


texts:
 <mask>'s work is so filled with facts that additional notes are provided with each chapter. <mask> also successfully shows the impact a few individuals have had on South Asia's history. Ross H. Munro observes that <mask> has written an authoritative history of Kashmir. He called <mask>'s work a "tour de force" that "combines impeccable scholarship with an fascinating story". Munro sees that <mask> refutes India's claim on Kashmir and seriously indicts Indian actions, leaders and also his own countryman, Mountbatten. Victor Kiernan recommends the book.Kiernan notes that <mask> is the top authority on the region and describes the book, like <mask>'s previous ones, as very thorough, uninvolved and objective, regardless of the rare instance where India is treated with "little sympathy." Historian Hugh Tinker notices that <mask> <mask> explains Kashmiri political history in a "masterly style." Tinker points out that <mask> is known as the foremost authority on the region but also notes that his findings will not be accepted by Indian authors, who see Kashmir as a test of Indian secularism. Copland observes that <mask>'s analysis of the Kashmir conflict is the most detailed and describes his work as a "considerable feat of scholarship." Copland states that the problems in the book are "few and far between" and notes that this high calibre book's bibliography ignores post-1980 writings. Parshotam Mehra, on the other hand, points out that <mask> is unabashedly pro-Pakistan with several bones to pick against India, arguing for various ways in which Kashmir could have gone to Pakistan instead of India. He also points out how <mask> glosses over the culpability of Pakistan in the 1947 crisis as well as in later developments, facts which scholars such as Ayesha Jalal admit.Mehra concludes:

Prem Shankar Jha, in his Kashmir 1947: Rival Versions of History, tried to

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texts:
 provide a detailed critique of the contentious aspects of <mask>'s treatment of the Kashmir dispute, although David Taylor points out that while providing alternative readings on some points, Jha does not manage to entirely refute <mask>. Srinath Raghavan credits <mask> for discovering that Kashmir's Instrument of Accession was most likely signed on 27 October 1947, after the Indian troops landed in Srinagar, rather than 26 October, as official Indian history maintains. However, he states that in his later work, Birth of a Tragedy, <mask> "overreached" by claiming that the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir never signed the Instrument of Accession at all. He conveniently overlooked other letters where the Maharaja mentioned having signed accession. Selected publications
 The China–India Border: The Origins of the Disputed Boundaries (Chatham House, 1964)
 The McMahon Line:  A Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914 (2 volumes, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966)
 The Crisis in Kashmir 1947–1966 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966), also published as The Kashmir Problem 1947–1966 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966)
 Asian Frontiers (Praeger, 1968)
 The Sino-Indian Border in Ladakh (Australian National University Press, 1973)
 British India and Tibet 1766-1910 (Routledge, 1986)
 Tibet, China & India 1914-1950 (Roxford Books, 1989)
 Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy 1846-1990 (Oxford University Press, 1991). Birth of a Tragedy, Kashmir 1947 (Oxford University Press, 1994). Incomplete Partition, 1947-48 (Oxford University Press, 2002).Miscellaneous Papers on Early Hindu and Buddhist Settlement in Northern Malaya and Southern Thailand. pp. 90, pls. 117. Federation Museums Journal, Vol. VI, New Series, Kuala Lumpur, 1961. Notes

References

British writers
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Living people
Writers about the Kashmir

masks: Lamb Lamb Lamb Lamb


texts: <mask> (13 February 1886 — 8 October 1927) was an Argentine novelist and poet, one of the most significant Argentine writers of his era, particularly known for his 1926 novel Don Segundo Sombra, set amongst the gauchos. <mask> was born in Buenos Aires, the second son of a wealthy family of the old landowning aristocracy. His mother was Dolores Goñi, descendant of Ruiz de Arellano, who founded the village of San Antonio de Areco in 1730. <mask>, his father, later intendente (governmentally appointed mayor) of Buenos Aires, was a cultured, educated man, interested in art. <mask> inherited that predilection; in his youth he sketched rural scenes and painted in oils. When Güiraldes was one year old, he travelled with his family to Europe, living for four years in Paris near the Rue Saint-Claude. By the age of six, he spoke not only Spanish but French and German.Indeed, French was his first language, and French-language literature would leave a strong mark on his literary style and tastes. <mask>'s childhood and youth were divided between the family ranch, La Porteña in San Antonio de Areco, and Buenos Aires. In San Antonio he came into contact with the world of the gauchos, which would figure prominently in his novels Raucho and Don Segundo Sombra; there, too, he met Segundo Ramírez, upon whom he based the title character of the latter work. He loved the country life, but suffered from asthma that sometimes limited his own physical activity, though he generally presented an image of physical vigor. He was educated by several female teachers and, later, by a Mexican engineer, Lorenzo Ceballos, who recognized and encouraged his literary ambitions. He studied in various institutes and completed his bachillerato at the age of 16.

masks:
Ricardo Güiraldes
Life Güiraldes
Manuel Güiraldes
Ricardo
Güiraldes


texts: Güiraldes was not a brilliant student; at the Colegio Lacordaire, the Vertiz Institute and the Instituto Libre de Segunda Enseñanza, he studied both architecture and law, but never practiced either one.He did make several attempts at business, all unsuccessful. He traveled to Europe in 1910 in the company of his friend Roberto Leviller, then travelled with another friend, his future brother-in-law Adán Deihl, with whom he visited Italy, Greece, Constantinople, Egypt, Japan, China, Russia, India, Ceylon, and Germany before settling in Paris, where (after his father decided he had had enough of paying the costs of his son's idleness) he stayed with the sculptor  (to whom he later dedicated Xaimaca), and where he decided to become a writer. Despite that decision, <mask> threw himself into the French capital's social whirl, practically abandoning his literary ambitions. But one day he unpacked some draft stories he had written about rural Argentina and set to work; these would eventually become his Cuentos de muerte y de sangre ("Stories of death and of blood"). He read the stories to friends, who encouraged him to publish them. Even the early drafts already showed a distinct, individual style. Finally truly committed to literature, he returned to Buenos Aires in 1912, becoming part of the circle of Alejandro Bustillo.On October 13, 1913 he married Adelina del Carril, also from one of the city's leading families, whom he had first met in 1905. In 1913–1914, he published several stories in the magazine Caras y Caretas; in 1915, these and others were published as Cuentos de muerte y de sangre; earlier that year he had published a book of poetry, El cencerro de cristal. He was encouraged in his writing by his wife and by


texts: Leopoldo Lugones, but when these early works did not meet with a receptive public, Güiraldes withdrew them from circulation, gathered up the unsold copies, and threw them into a well. His wife managed to rescue some; these surviving, water-damaged copies are now prized by book collectors. At the end of 1916, the couple traveled to the Pacific Ocean, to Cuba, and to Jamaica, where he wrote a "theatrical caprice" called El reloj ("The clock", never published). These travels would eventually lead to his 1923 novel Xaimaca, but long before that, in 1917, came his first novel Raucho, followed in 1918 by a short novel Un idilio de estación ("A Season's Idyll") in Horacio Quiroga's magazine El cuento ilustrado; this would eventually be revised and published as a well-received book in 1922, with the new title Rosaura. In 1919, with his wife, Güiraldes again traveled to Europe.In Paris he established contact with many French writers and frequented literary salons and bookstores; there, too, he began Don Segundo Sombra. He has been described as particularly influenced by his friend Valéry Larbaud, but Güiraldes's English-language translator Harriet de Onís believes that influence to have been overstated. Güiraldes returned to Argentina, then went back to Europe in 1922, where besides returning to Paris he passed some time in Puerto de Pollensa, Majorca, where he rented a house. In this period he underwent an intellectual and spiritual change. He became interested in theosophy and Eastern philosophy, seeking spiritual peace; this is strongly reflected in his late poetry. At the same time, <mask>'s writing became more accepted in his native Buenos Aires, where he became a supporter of new avant-garde writers; he was something of an


texts:
 elder and teacher to the Florida group. In 1924, along with Alfredo Brandán Caraffa (1898-1978), Jorge Luis Borges, and Pablo Rojas Paz he founded the short-lived magazine Proa, which was not particularly successful in its home city but met with a better reception elsewhere in Latin America.Güiraldes also co-founded the Frente Ứnico, opposed to pompierismo (the use of dry or pompous academic language in writing), and collaborated in the publication of the magazine Martín Fierro. After closing down the magazine, <mask> focused on finishing Don Segundo Sombra, which he completed in March 1926. In 1927, intending to head back to India because of his increasing interest in Hinduism, <mask> traveled once more to France. He went first to Arcachon, but it developed that he was sick with Hodgkin's disease. He was brought to Paris by ambulance, was met there by his wife, and died in the house of his friend, the painter Alfredo González Garaño (1886-1969). <mask>'s body was brought back to Buenos Aires and finally entombed in San Antonio de Areco. His nephew was the president of Aerolineas Argentinas, Juan José <mask>.Works

Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in literature" or "[year] in poetry" article:
 1915: El cencerro de cristal (poetry)
 1915: Cuentos de muerte y sangre (short stories)
 Aventuras grotescas (short stories)
 Trilogía cristiana (short stories)
 1917: Raucho (novel)
 1917: Un idilio de estación, later revised as Rosaura (1922), published in Rosaura y siete cuentos. Short novel. 1923: Xaimaca (fictionalized travel story). 1926: Don Segundo Sombra (novel)
 1928: Poemas místicos (posthumously published, poems)
 1928: Poemas solitarios (posthumously published poems)
 1929: Seis relatos (posthumously

masks: Güiraldes Güiraldes Güiraldes Güiraldes


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 published short stories)
 1932: El sendero (posthumously published)
 1936: El libro bravo (posthumously published poems)
 1954: Pampa (posthumously published)
 1952: El pájaro blanco (poem)

Further reading
J.P. Spicer-Escalante, <mask>ldes’s Américas: Reappropriation and Reacculturation in Xaimaca (1923). Studies in Travel Writing 7.1: 9-28. J.P. Spicer, Don Segundo Sombra: en busca del otro. Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana 38.2: 361-73.<mask> and Don Segundo Sombra; life and works / Giovanni Previtali, 1963
Language, humor, and myth in the frontier novels of the Americas : Wister, Güiraldes, and Amado / Nina M Scott, 1983
Martín Fierro, Don Segundo Sombra, ambassadors of the New World / Edward Larocque Tinker, 1958
<mask>s : argentino (1886-1927) / Harry Weiss, 1955

References

 Harriet de Onís, afterword (p. 215–222) to her 1935 translation of Don Segundo Sombra; Signet, 1966. Accessed 13 September 2006. Johannes Beilharz, <mask>ldes on jbeilharz.de. Undated. Accessed 14 September 2006. <mask>, undated, on Todo-Argentina.net. Accessed 14 September 2006.<mask>ldes. Part of La Literatura en Argentina, Escuela Normal Superior de Chascomús; site dated 1997. Accessed 14 September 2006. Carlos Galliani, Delia del Carril: Neruda's wife was born in Saladillo, undated, on the official site of the city of Saladillo, Argentina. Accessed 28 February 2007. External links

  <mask>s works online on Portal Academia Argentina de Letras

1886 births
1927 deaths
20th-century Argentine novelists
20th-century Argentine poets
20th-century Argentine male writers
Argentine male novelists
Argentine male poets
Argentine writers in French
Argentine writers in German
People from Buenos Aires
Deaths from cancer in France
Deaths

masks:
Ricardo Güira
Ricardo Güiraldes
Ricardo Güiralde
Ricardo Güira
Ricardo Güiraldes
Ricardo Güira
Ricardo Güiralde


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<mask> (, ; 15 August 1979 – 23 August 2019) was an ethnic Chechen Georgian who was a former platoon commander for the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria during the Second Chechen War, and a Georgian military officer during the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Later on, he allegedly turned into a useful source of information for Georgian intelligence by identifying Russian spies and jihadists operating on domestic and foreign soil through a connection with Georgian intelligence agents. Khangoshvili continued to be considered a terrorist by the Russian security service, the Federal Security Service (FSB RF), and wanted in Russia. On 23 August 2019, <mask> was assassinated in a Berlin park by Vadim Krasikov, Russian FSB operative. Life
<mask> was born into the family of Sultan Khangoshvili on 15 August 1979, in the Duisi village of the Pankisi Gorge, a region of Georgia home to a large ethnic Chechen population known as the Kists. He is the nephew of Chechen and Kist historian <mask>. Zelimkhan finished school in Pankisi and later went to work in Chechnya, the residence of his elder brother Zurab, in the late 1990s.Chechnya was at the time known as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, a de facto independent break-away republic of Russia. In 2001, after the outbreak of the Second Chechen War, <mask> joined the armed resistance of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in their fight against Russia. He was a field commander and had close ties to former Chechen president Aslan Maskhadov, who was killed in March 2005 in a raid by the Federal Security Service (FSB RF). According to <mask>'s brother, Zurab, Zelimkhan participated in the June 2004 attack on security, military and police forces in the Russian Republics of Ingushetia and Dagestan, in which 88 police officials and civilians were killed. Zelimkhan was reportedly wounded in the leg during the

masks:
Zelimkhan Sultanovich Khangoshvili
Khangoshvili
Zelimkhan Khangoshvili
Khaso Khangoshvili
Khangoshvili
Khangoshvili


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 operation. Russian president Vladimir Putin claimed that he was one of the perpetrators of a Moscow metro bombing. Zelimkhan denied that he was ever responsible for war crimes, telling Georgian media, "The Russians are blaming me for many things, including terrorist attacks.This is a lie. No one can provide any evidence that a single civilian was injured or killed in any of my actions!" After returning to Georgia, Khangoshvili commanded an anti-terror military unit in South Ossetia during the 2008 war, but his unit was never deployed. In 2016, Khangoshvili, his wife, and four children sought refuge in Germany after several attempts on his life in Georgia, which his brother believes were orchestrated by Russian intelligence, although the accusation has been denied by Russian authorities. Assassination
On 23 August 2019, at around midday in the Kleiner Tiergarten park in Berlin, <mask> was walking down a wooded path on his way back from the mosque he attended when he was shot three times—once in the shoulder and twice in the head—by a Russian assassin on a bike with a suppressed Glock 26. The bicycle, a plastic bag with the murder weapon, and a wig the perpetrator was using were dumped into the Spree. The suspect, identified as 56-year-old Russian national "Vadim Sokolov" by German police, was apprehended soon after the assassination.The Russian government and Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov have both been linked to the killing. The victim's body was later transported to Duisi, Georgia, to be buried on 29 August 2019. Identifying <mask>'s assassin
<mask>'s assassin, detained by German police, traveled on a valid Russian passport issued under the fake identity of Vadim Sokolov. Reports by Der Spiegel and other media disclosed that the suspect traveled from Moscow to Paris to Warsaw, where he rented a hotel room for five days,

masks: Khangoshvili Khangoshvili Khangoshvili


texts: during which he traveled to Berlin. Sokolov's passport was issued without any biometric data, the inclusion of which has been the default option for all Russian passports since 2009, except "in emergency situations when the applicant has no time to wait for the fingerprint encryption and printing process". The Daily Beast noted that "20 GRU operatives outed by Bellingcat in recent years, including those suspected of poisoning Skripal, have used these 'old-style' passports in ultimately futile attempts to hide their cover identities." The investigative research network Bellingcat and the investigative authorities concluded that Sokolov was actually Vadim Krasikov, born in August 1965 in the then Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.Krasikov was also named as a suspect in the murder of a Russian businessman on 19 June 2013 in Moscow. The murder was recorded by a surveillance camera and had a similar pattern: a cyclist murdered the businessman from behind with a head shot. The Russian Interpol red notice on 23 April 2014 against Krasikov was withdrawn on 7 July 2015 without a reason. Investigations by Bellingcat suggest that Krasikov was a member of the elite unit Vympel. Police investigations in connection with the murder in Berlin revealed that Sokolov and Krasikov are the same person. No personal connections between him and <mask> were found to exist. On 4 December 2019, the Federal Attorney General took over the investigation into the case.This was justified by the fact that "there were sufficient factual indications that the killing of Tornike K. [<mask> <mask>'s alias] was either commissioned by government agencies of Russia or those of the Chechen Republic as part of the Russian Federation. On the same day, two members of the military intelligence service GRU in the Russian Embassy in Berlin were expelled from the country in

masks: Khangoshvili Zelimkhan Khangoshvili


texts:
 connection with the investigation." On 6 December 2019, several media outlets reported that the Federal Intelligence Service received credible information that a Russian secret service agent was attempting to kill Krasikov while in remand to prevent possible statements from him; as a result, he was moved from the JVA Moabit to the high-security wing of the JVA Tegel. In February 2020, Bellingcat suspected that the operation, both with training and with a false ID, was supported by the FSB RF. In June 2020, the federal prosecutor general brought charges against a Russian citizen, called the act a contract killing, and referred to the Government of the Russian Federation as the mastermind behind the contract killing. According to the prosecution, the background to the killing order was <mask>'s opposition to the Russian central state, the governments of its autonomous republics Chechnya and Ingushetia, and the pro-Russian government of Georgia. This was followed by a conversation between the Russian ambassador to Germany with the Foreign Office.The prosecution also named "Roman D." as a possible accomplice, which confirmed Bellingcat's suspicions that more than one person was involved in the murder, and identified one of them. Bellingcat pointed out that deliberately false references to the identity of the suspect had been circulated. Diplomatic repercussions
On 4 December 2019, the German Federal Foreign Office accused Russia of refusing to cooperate in the investigation of the <mask> murder and expelled two Russian foreign office diplomatic employees working in Berlin. An official request for assistance in the case was submitted to Russia two days after the expulsion. In response, Russia expelled two German diplomats on 12 December. On 10 August 2020, the Slovak Foreign Ministry announced that three diplomats from the Russian

masks: Khangoshvili Khangoshvili


texts:
 embassy in Bratislava were to be expelled from the country by 13 August. Slovak authorities noted information provided by Slovak intelligence services that "[the diplomats'] activities were in contradiction with the Vienna convention on diplomatic relations," according to a Slovak foreign ministry spokesman.He also added that "there had been an abuse of visas issued at the Slovak general consulate in St Petersburg, and in this connection a serious crime was committed on the territory of another EU and NATO member state". In December 2021, two Russian diplomats were expelled after a Berlin court determined that the murder was a state-ordered killing. Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock called the murder a “grave breach of German law and the sovereignty of the Federal Republic of Germany” and summoned Russia’s ambassador in Berlin to discuss the court’s conclusion. Trial and verdict
On 15December 2021, a Berlin court found Krasikov guilty of murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment without automatic parole. The court also determined that the murder was ordered by the Russian government as a "state-contracted killing". See also
 List of Soviet and Russian assassinations
 Amina Okueva
 Sulim Yamadayev
 Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev
 Umar Israilov

References

External links
 Pro-Kremlin sources target the BBC for report on murdered Chechen commander. Russian officials, news sites, and social network users accused the BBC of glorifying Zelimkhan <mask>, medium.com, 29 October 2019

1979 births
2019 deaths
Assassinated Chechen people
Assassinated people from Georgia (country)
Chechen field commanders
Deaths by firearm in Germany
Islamists from Georgia (country)
People from Georgia (country) murdered abroad
People from Kakheti
People murdered in Germany
People of the Chechen wars
People of the Russo-Georgian War
People attacked in FSB


texts:
<mask> (20 February 1887 – 14 May 1980), was an actor, stage director and arts administrator. <mask>'s early career was as an actor, training under Max Reinhardt and becoming one of the leading actors in his native Germany during the 1920s. During that decade he was also appointed to administrative posts, both theatrical and academic. In 1929 he directed opera for the first time, and during the 1930s established a reputation as an operatic director in Germany and beyond. A strong opponent of Nazism, he left Germany in 1933 and did not return until 1945. Together with John Christie and the conductor Fritz Busch, <mask> created the Glyndebourne Festival Opera in 1934. <mask> remained its artistic director until 1959, though productions were suspended during the Second World War.In the 1930s and 1940s <mask> helped establish a national conservatory in Turkey, where he and his family lived from 1940 to 1947. In his later years <mask> held administrative posts in Los Angeles and Berlin, and was a guest director at opera houses and festivals in Europe. Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born in Berlin, the son of a Polish father, Count Anton Potulicky, who was a government official in Berlin, and an Irish-American mother, Mary Collins, a music student. To keep it secret from her family that she had an illegitimate child, Mary Collins persuaded a fellow-student, Eileen Lawless, to be officially recorded as the boy's mother. He was given the name of Charles Lawless. His father rented rooms in the house of Wilhelm and <mask> in Berlin. He persuaded the couple to take charge of his son.When the boy was seven years old the <mask>s legally adopted him as their son. He was known as <mask> from then until the First World War when he took a German form of his first name. <mask> was educated in Berlin  at the Friedrich Werder'sche Oberrealschule  Berlin. From 1905 he trained for two years to be a banker, but in 1907 he gained a free place at Max Reinhardt's School of Dramatic Art in

masks:
Carl Anton Charles Ebert
Ebert
Ebert
Ebert
Ebert
Ebert
Ebert
Maria Ebert
Ebert
Charles Ebert
Ebert


texts: Berlin, and pursued a career in the theatre. While still a student <mask> played several major parts in Rheinhardt's productions at the Deutsches Theater, Berlin. While a member of Reinhardt's resident company at the Deutsches Theatre, <mask> married Lucie Splisgarth (1889–1981) in 1912. They had a daughter, who became a leading German actress and died in 1946, and a son, Peter, who became a stage director and theatre administrator.In 1914 <mask> was called up for military service, but after a year he was released at the instigation of the Schauspielhaus, Frankfurt, which was in urgent need of a leading actor. In the next seven years he played major roles for the Frankfurt company, and in 1919 he co-founded the Frankfurt Drama College. In 1923 he and his wife divorced. The following year she married the conductor Hans Oppenheim (later a colleague of <mask> at Glyndebourne), and <mask> married Gertrude Eck. All four remained on close terms with one another. <mask>'s second marriage lasted for the rest of his life; he and Gertrude had two daughters and one son. <mask>'s grandson is <mask>.In 1922 <mask> returned to his native Berlin, where he joined the Berlin State Drama Theatre, continuing to build a reputation as one of Germany's leading actors. His greatest success was in the role of Leicester in Schiller's  Mary Stuart. While continuing to act with the Berlin company he was appointed director and professor at the new State drama school at the Hochschule für Musik in Berlin, a post he held for two years. In 1927 he was appointed Generalintendant of the Landestheater Darmstadt, the first actor to hold the post. There he directed his first opera productions, Le nozze di Figaro and Otello (1929). For the next four years he refined his ideas for modernising the production of opera. In 1931 he was appointed to run the Städtische Oper in Berlin.Among the productions during his tenure were the world premiere of Weill's Die Bürgschaft in 1932, and a new production of Verdi's Un

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Ebert
Ebert
Ebert
Ebert
Ebert
Ebert
Carl
Alex Ebert
Ebert


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 ballo in maschera in the same year, on which he collaborated for the first time with the conductor Fritz Busch. Exile

When the Nazis came to power in 1933, Hermann Göring, in his capacity as chief minister of Prussia, offered <mask> an expanded role, with control of all the opera houses of Berlin. <mask>, politically hostile to Nazism, preferred instead to leave the country and base himself and his family in Switzerland, where he rented a home in Lugano. He directed at the Schauspielhaus Zürich, the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in Florence and the German opera season at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. During four seasons at the Colón <mask> worked closely with Fritz Busch, who, like him, was a voluntary exile from Nazi Germany. Later <mask> was a guest director at La Scala, the Metropolitan Opera, the Vienna State Opera and the Salzburg Festival, among others. In 1934 Busch accepted an invitation to take charge of the inaugural season of the Glyndebourne Festival Opera in a purpose-built opera house in the grounds of John Christie's country house in south east England.At Busch's suggestion Christie engaged <mask> as director. With Christie's backing, they revolutionised the staging of opera in Britain. The Times later said of <mask>:

In The Observer, A H Fox Strangways wrote, "[T]his is the first time in this generation, and probably much longer, that opera has been done right under English management. In 1936, at the instigation of Kemal Atatürk, <mask> founded the opera and drama school of the Ankara Conservatory. After five successful seasons Glyndebourne suspended productions for the duration of the Second World War. Both Busch and <mask> would have been liable to internment as enemy aliens had they remained in Britain, and <mask> moved his family to Ankara in 1940, remaining as head of the Department of the Performing Arts at the conservatory there until 1947. Postwar
At the end of the Second World War the Allied powers occupying Germany invited <mask> to undertake

masks: Ebert Ebert Ebert Ebert Ebert Ebert Ebert Ebert Ebert Ebert


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 a thorough tour of all parts of the country and report on the state of the theatre.He did so, but declined the offer that followed of a permanent theatre post in Germany. When Glyndebourne reopened after the war <mask> and Busch returned, and their productions continued to set high standards. <mask> remained as artistic director  until retiring in 1959. In 1948 <mask> created the opera department of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles of which he was professor and head until 1954. From this grew a professional company, the Guild Opera Company of Los Angeles, of which he was general director from 1950 to 1954. During this period he took American citizenship. In 1954 he finally returned to a permanent post in Germany, resuming his former position in charge of the Städtische Oper, Berlin.In 1961 he supervised the rebuilding and directed the opening production of the company's new opera house in Berlin, the Deutsche Oper, after which he retired. <mask> continued to accept invitations to work as a guest director with Glyndebourne (until 1963), Zürich and the Wexford Festival (until 1965), and Berlin (until 1967). In 1965 and 1967 he gave masterclasses, televised by the BBC. <mask> retired to California, where he died in Santa Monica at the age of 93. Selected filmography
 The Living Dead (1919)
 The Closed Chain (1920)
 The Bull of Olivera (1921)
 Nora (1923)
 Earth Spirit (1923)
 Living Buddhas (1925)
 The Adventures of Sybil Brent (1925)
 His Toughest Case (1926)

Notes

References

1887 births
1980 deaths
German theatre directors
German male stage actors
German male film actors
German male silent film actors
German theatre managers and producers
Opera managers
Opera in Turkey
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
Male actors from Berlin
University of Southern California faculty
German emigrants to the United States
20th-century German male actors
Ankara State Conservatory

masks: Ebert Ebert Ebert Ebert Ebert


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<mask> (born 23 March 2003) is an American woman who video recorded the murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, and then posted her video on Facebook. The video undermined the initial account of Floyd's death by the Minneapolis Police Department and led to criminal charges against four police officers. She testified during the trial that ended with the conviction of Derek Chauvin on murder charges. She received a special award and citation from the Pulitzer Prize board in 2021. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Saint Paul and later attended Roosevelt High School in Minneapolis. She has several siblings. Described by her lawyer as a normal teenager "with a boyfriend and a job at the mall," Frazier was a high school junior at the time of Floyd's murder.Video of George Floyd

Murder of George Floyd

On May 25, 2020, Frazier walked to the Cup Foods grocery store with her nine year old cousin, who wanted to buy snacks. Before they could enter the store, they saw the police restraining George Floyd on the pavement. Frazier sent her cousin into the store and then began filming the encounter with her phone. Twenty seconds after she started filming, Floyd said "I can't breathe", which was repeated by protesters worldwide on the days and weeks that followed. The video showed Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck until he died, and records Floyd's distressed comments, such as, "My stomach hurts. My neck hurts. Everything hurts.I need some water or something, please. Please," and "They're going to kill me, man," and then, "Don't kill me." He called out for his "Mama" and said, "I'm through". Her video lasted ten minutes and nine seconds, until Floyd's lifeless body was carried  away on a stretcher. Facebook video and protests

At 1:46 a.m. on May 26, Frazier posted her video to Facebook, adding the caption: "They killed him right in front of cup foods

masks:
Darnella Frazier
Darnella Frazier


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 over south on 38th and Chicago!! No type of sympathy </3 </3 #POLICEBRUTALITY." Her video quickly went viral.When the Minneapolis Police Department issued a misleading statement about Floyd's death called "Man Dies After Medical Incident During Police Interaction," Frazier responded at 3:10 a.m., saying "Medical incident??? Watch outtt they killed him and the proof is clearlyyyy there!!" In a statement released by her lawyer, Frazier said, "I opened my phone and I started recording because I knew if I didn't, no one would believe me". Frazier returned to the scene of the murder the following day, where she was seen crying and hugging protesters. She said, "I posted the video last night and it just went viral," and went on to say, "Everybody's asking me how do I feel? I don't know how to feel, 'cause it's so sad, bro. This man was literally right here at 8:00 pm yesterday.I was walking my cousin to the store, and I just see him on the ground and I'm like 'What is going on?'" She ended her remarks by saying, "It is so traumatizing." In the weeks that followed, Frazier's video helped spark large protests in hundreds of U.S. cities and at least 60 different countries. Although the majority of the protests were peaceful, rioting and looting took place in some cities including Minneapolis. As many as 15 million to 25 million people may have participated in the protests. Daniel Q. Gillion, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, called Frazier's video a "powerful catalyst" for the protests, adding "If you aren't moved by the George Floyd video, you have nothing in you". Trial of Derek Chauvin

Frazier's video was among the most important pieces of evidence in Chauvin's murder trial.She testified and said "It's been nights I stayed up apologizing and apologizing to George Floyd for not doing more and not physically interacting and not saving


texts:
 his life". She also testified that "When I look at George Floyd, I look at my dad, I look at my brothers, I look at my cousins, my uncles, because they're all Black," adding, "I have a Black father. I have a Black brother. I have Black friends," concluding, "I look at how that could have been one of them." When Chauvin was convicted, analysts agreed that her video and testimony were important to the outcome and had "helped shatter that narrative", referring to the misleading statements initially made by police officials. Frazier celebrated Chauvin's conviction on Facebook, writing, "This last hour my heart was beating so fast, I was so anxious, anxiety bussing through the roof. But to know GUILTY ON ALL 3 CHARGES !!!THANK YOU GOD THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU," concluding with "justice has been served." First anniversary

On the first anniversary of Floyd's death, Frazier issued a lengthy statement on Facebook. She described the trauma of seeing Floyd's murder, and how her life and that of her cousin had changed. She criticized the racial profiling and police brutality that too often victimize Black people. She discussed weeks of sleep problems and moving from hotel to hotel to avoid unwanted attention, and the anxiety she felt when she sees a police car. She thanked her mother for her support, and expressed pride that her video had helped bring justice in the Floyd murder case, while expressing regret that she had been powerless to save him. She concluded by speaking directly to Floyd: "I can't express enough how I wish things could have went different, but I want you to know you will always be in my heart.I'll always remember this day because of you. May your soul rest in peace. May you rest in the most beautiful roses." Trial of J. Alexander Kueng, Thomas Lane and Tou Thao

In February 2022, Frazier was called to testify at the


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 trial of the three other officers involved in Floyd's death. Shortly after questioning began, Frazier became upset and was unable to continue, causing the judge to call a short recess. She completed her testimony after the recess. Awards and acclaim

In December 2020, free speech advocacy group PEN America presented Frazier with its Benenson Courage Award.Director Spike Lee gave the award in a virtual ceremony. The group's CEO Suzanne Nossel said "With nothing more than a cell phone and sheer guts, Darnella changed the course of history in this country, sparking a bold movement demanding an end to systemic anti-Black racism and violence at the hands of police," adding, "Without Darnella's presence of mind and readiness to risk her own safety and wellbeing, we may never have known the truth about George Floyd's murder." On December 31, 2020, the Daily Dot said, referring to the day of Floyd's murder, "On that day, Frazier became both a citizen journalist and an activist. She also became an American hero, and for that reason, she's the Daily Dot's Internet Person of the Year." Tim Walz, the governor of Minnesota,  thanked Frazier, saying, "Taking that video, I think many folks know, is maybe the only reason that Derek Chauvin will go to prison". Former White House photographer Pete Souza, who served as White House photographer during the Obama administration, wrote that Frazier "demonstrated courage and perseverance in filming what she knew was wrong," adding that "This verdict does not happen without her," and "Thank you Darnella; you have changed our country forever." Roy Peter Clark, who has served as a Pulitzer Prize juror four times, recommended Frazier for a Pulitzer Prize in May 2021.He wrote, "<mask> Frazier's work lives in that tradition. Her excruciating video had a social and ethical purpose, one that aligns with journalistic values:


texts:
 To give voice to the voiceless, to speak truth to power, to reveal secrets that the corrupt seek to hide, to stand strong in a moment of personal peril, and to document a fleeting reality that is fraught with meaning." On June 11, 2021, the Pulitzer Prize board issued Frazier a special award and citation, for, "courageously reporting the murder of George Floyd, a video that spurred protests against police brutality around the world, highlighting the crucial role of citizens in journalists' quest for truth and justice." Death of Leneal Frazier
Frazier's uncle, Leneal Frazier, was killed when a Minneapolis Police Department squad vehicle crashed into his vehicle during high-speed car chase pursuit of a robbery suspect in the Camden area of the Minneapolis on July 6, 2021, at 12:30 a.m. Leneal Frazier was uninvolved in the police pursuit and his vehicle was struck unintentionally by a police squad car driving at a high speed through the intersection of Lyndale Avenue and 41st Avenue North during the pursuit. <mask> Frazier questioned why police had conducted a high-speed chase on a residential street, and also wrote, "Another black man lost his life in the hands of the police!...Minneapolis police has cost my whole family a big loss...today has been a day full of heartbreak and sadness." On October 22, 2021, Hennepin County Attorney Mike Freeman said he would charge Minneapolis police officer Brian Cummings, who drove the police vehicle, with second-degree manslaughter and criminal vehicular homicide. See also
 George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul

References

External links
Darnella Frazier's video on Facebook
2021 Pulitzer Prizes

21st-century African-American women
Murder of George Floyd
Citizen journalists
African-American journalists
American child activists
African-American children
People from Minneapolis
2003 births
Living


texts: <mask> (; 17 March 1834 – 6 March 1900) was a German engineer, industrial designer and industrialist born in Schorndorf (Kingdom of Württemberg, a federal state of the German Confederation), in what is now Germany. He was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile development. He invented the high-speed liquid petroleum-fueled engine. <mask> and his lifelong business partner Wilhelm Maybach were two inventors whose goal was to create small, high-speed engines to be mounted in any kind of locomotion device. In 1883 they designed a horizontal cylinder layout compressed charge liquid petroleum engine that fulfilled Daimler's desire for a high speed engine which could be throttled, making it useful in transportation applications. This engine was called Daimler's Dream. In 1885 they designed a vertical cylinder version of this engine which they subsequently fitted to a two-wheeler, the first internal combustion motorcycle which was named the Petroleum Reitwagen (Riding Car) and, in the next year, to a coach, and a boat.Daimler called this engine the grandfather clock engine (Standuhr) because of its resemblance to a large pendulum clock. In 1890, they converted their partnership into a stock company Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG, in English—Daimler Motors Corporation). They sold their first automobile in 1892. Daimler fell ill and took a break from the business. Upon his return he experienced difficulty with the other stockholders that led to his resignation in 1893. This was reversed in 1894. Maybach resigned at the same time, and also returned.<mask> died in 1900 and Wilhelm Maybach quit DMG in 1907. Early life and

masks:
Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler
Daimler
Daimler


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 education: 1834–1862

<mask> <mask> was the son of a baker named Johannes Däumler (Daimler) and his wife Frederika, from the town of Schorndorf near Stuttgart, Württemberg. By the age of 13 (1847), he had completed six years of primary studies in Lateinschule and became interested in engineering. After completing secondary school in 1848, <mask> had trained as a gunsmith under Master Gunsmith Hermann Raithel. In 1852 he ended the training with the trade examination. He graduated in 1852, passing the craft test with a pair of engraved double-barreled pistols. The same year, at eighteen, <mask> decided to take up mechanical engineering, abandoning gunsmithing, and left his hometown.Daimler enrolled at Stuttgart's School for Advanced Training in the Industrial Arts, under the tutelage of Ferdinand von Steinbeis. <mask> was studious, even taking extra Sunday morning classes. In 1853, <mask>, with Steinbeis' assistance, got work at "the factory college", Rollé und Schwilque (R&S) in Grafenstaden, so-called because its manager, Friedrich Messmer, had been an instructor at the University of Karlsruhe. <mask> performed well, and when Rollé und Schwilque began making railway locomotives in 1856, <mask>, then 22, was named foreman. Instead of staying, <mask> took two years at Stuttgart's Polytechnic Institute to hone his skills, gaining in-depth understanding of steam locomotives, as well as "a profound conviction" steam was destined to be superseded. He conceived small, cheap, simple engines for light industrial use, possibly inspired by the newly developed gas engines of that era. In 1861, he resigned from R&S, visiting Paris, then went on to

masks:
Gottlieb
Wilhelm Daimler
Daimler
Daimler
Daimler
Daimler
Daimler
Daimler
Daimler


texts:
 England, working with the country's top engineering firms, becoming knowledgeable with machine tools.He spent from autumn 1861 to summer 1863 in England, then regarded as "the motherland of technology", at Beyer, Peacock & Company, Manchester. Beyer was from Saxony. While in London, he visited the 1862 International Exhibition, where one of the exhibits was a steam carriage. These carriages did not evidently inspire him, however, for his wish was to produce machine tools and woodworking machinery. Career through 1882
Daimler went to work for Maschinenfabrik Daniel Straub, Geislingen an der Steige, where he designed tools, mills, and turbines. In 1863, he joined the Bruderhaus Reutlingen, a Christian Socialist toolmaker, as inspector and later executive. While there, he met Wilhelm Maybach, then a 15-year-old orphan.Thanks to Daimler's organizational skills, the factory managed to show a profit, but he quit in frustration in 1869, joining Maschinenbau Gesellschaft Karlsruhe in July. When in 1872 N.A. Otto and Cie reorganized as Gasmotoren-Fabrik Deutz, management picked Daimler as factory manager, bypassing even Otto, and Daimler joined the company in August, bringing in Maybach as chief designer. While Daimler managed to improve production, the weakness in Otto's vertical piston design, coupled to Daimler's stubborn insistence on atmospheric engines, led the company to an impasse. Neither Otto nor Daimler would give way, and when Daimler was offered the choice of founding a Deutz branch in Saint Petersburg or resigning, he resigned to set up shop in Cannstatt (financed by savings and shares in Deutz), where he was shortly joined by


texts:
 Maybach. The Otto four-stroke engine (1876)
In 1872 at age 38, Daimler and Maybach moved to work at the world's largest manufacturer of stationary engines at the time, the Deutz-AG-Gasmotorenfabrik in Cologne. It was half-owned by Nicolaus Otto, who was looking for a new technical director.As directors, both Daimler and Otto focused on gas-engine development while Maybach was chief designer. In 1876, Otto developed a gaseous fuel, compressed charge four-stroke cycle, (also known as the Otto Cycle) engine after 14 years of effort, a system characterized by four piston strokes (intake, compression, power, and exhaust). Otto intended that his invention would replace the steam engines predominant in those years, even though his engine was still primitive and inefficient. Otto's engine was patented in 1877, but one of his 25 patents was soon challenged and overturned. Daimler, who wanted to make his own engine, feared Otto's patent would prevent it. Daimler hired an attorney who found that a prior art patent for a four stroke engine had been issued in Paris in 1862 to Beau De Rochas, a French public works engineer. Meanwhile, serious personal differences arose between Daimler and Otto, reportedly with Otto being jealous of Daimler, because of his university background and knowledge.Daimler wanted to build small engines that could be applied to transportation but Otto had no interest in this. When Otto excluded Daimler from his engine patents there was great animosity between the two. Daimler was fired in 1880, receiving 112,000 Gold marks in Deutz-AG shares in compensation for the patents of both Daimler and Maybach. Maybach resigned later


texts:
 and followed Daimler. Independent inventor of small, high speed engines, 1882

At Cannstatt, Daimler and the more creative thinking Maybach devised their engine. At Daimler's insistence, it eliminated "the clumsy, complicated slide-valve ignition", in favor of a hot tube system invented by an Englishman named Watson, since electrical systems functioned too slowly. In the summer of 1882, Daimler moved to Cannstatt (just outside of Stuttgart at that time), purchasing a cottage in Cannstatt's Taubenheimstrasse, with 75,000 Gold marks from the compensation from Deutz-AG.Maybach followed in September of that year. In the garden, they added a brick extension to the roomy glass-fronted summer house and this became their workshop. Their activities alarmed the neighbors who reported them to the police as suspected counterfeiters. The police obtained a key from the gardener and raided the house in their absence, but found only engines. Daimler and Maybach spent long hours debating how best to fuel Otto's four-stroke design, and turned to a commonly available petroleum fraction. The main distillates of petroleum at the time were lubricating oil, kerosene (burned as lamp fuel), and ligroin (petroleum naphtha or heavy naphtha), which up to then was used mainly as a cleaner and was sold in pharmacies. " [i.e.ligroin and similar petroleum fractions] of a kind common and readily available at pharmacies (chemist's) at the time", as described by antique car expert Michael Plag. "This is a combustible fuel called n-hexane." The Dream engine 1883

In late 1883, Daimler and Maybach patented the first of their engines fueled by ligroin. This engine was


texts:
 patented on 16 December 1883. It achieved Daimler's goal of being small and running fast enough to be useful at 750 rpm. Improved designs in the next four years brought that up to 900 rpm. Daimler had three engines built to this design early in 1884, and a flywheel was included in one of the engines.This design was smaller and lighter than engines by other inventors of the time. <mask> relied on hot tube ignition, until 1897, when he adopted the electrical ignition designed by Bosch. The 1885 Grandfather clock engine

The engine with the flywheel included was built into a light vehicle, called the Reitwagen, the first vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. It took considerable effort and experimentation, but eventually, the duo perfected a  vertical single, which was fitted in the Reitwagen, a purpose-built two-wheeler chassis with two spring-loaded stabilizers. Features of the 1885 Engine included:
 a single horizontal cylinder of  ()
 air cooling
 large cast iron flywheel
 surface carburetor
 hot tube ignition system (patent 28022)
 cam operated exhaust valves, allowing high speed operation

 600 rpm running speed, beating previous engines, which typically ran at about 120 to 180 rpm
 weight of around
 height of

In 1885, they created a carburetor which mixed gasoline with air allowing its use as fuel. In the same year Daimler and Maybach assembled a larger version of their engine, still relatively compact, but now with a vertical cylinder of 100 cc displacement and an output of 1 hp at 600 rpm (patent DRP-28-022: "non-cooled, heat insulated engine with unregulated hot-tube ignition"). It was baptized the Standuhr


texts:
 ("grandfather clock"), because Daimler thought it resembled an old pendulum clock.In November 1885, Daimler installed a smaller version of this engine in a wooden two wheeler frame with two outrigger wheels, creating the first internal combustion motorcycle (Patent 36-423impff & Sohn "Vehicle with gas or petroleum drive machine"). It was named the Reitwagen (riding car). Maybach rode it for three kilometers (two miles) alongside the river Neckar, from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim, reaching . First automobile 1886
Independently of each other, Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler each produced an automobile in 1886, both in Germany, about 60 miles apart. About sixty miles away in Mannheim, Karl Benz built an automobile using an integral design for a motorized vehicle with one of his own engines. He was granted a patent for his motorwagen on 29 January 1886. When this proved the engine capable of driving a vehicle, Daimler devised a  single and ordered a Wimpff und Söhne four-seater phaeton to house it.Daimler's engine was installed by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen and drove the rear wheels through a dual-ratio belt drive. On 8 March 1886, Daimler and Maybach secretly brought an American Model coach made by Wilhelm Wimpff and Sohn into the house, telling the neighbors it was a birthday gift for Mrs. <mask>. Maybach supervised the installation of a larger 1.1 hp  () version of the Grandfather Clock engine into this stagecoach and it became the first four-wheeled vehicle to reach . The engine power was transmitted by a set of belts. As with the motorcycle, it was tested on the road to Untertürkheim where nowadays the Mercedes-Benz Arena, formerly


texts:
 called the Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion, is situated. Driven by Daimler's desire to use the engine as many ways as possible, Daimler and Maybach used the engine in other types of transport including:
 on water (1886), by mounting it in a  long boat and achieving a speed of . The boat was called Neckar after the river where it was tested.(patent DRP 39-367). This was the first motorboat and boat engines soon would become Daimler's main product for several years. The first customers expressed fear the petrol engine could explode, so Daimler hid the engine with a ceramic cover and told them it was "oil-electrical". street-cars and trolleys. in the air in Daimler's balloon, usually regarded as the first airship, where it replaced a hand-operated engine designed by Dr. Friedrich Hermann Wölfert of Leipzig. With the new engine, Daimler successfully flew over Seelberg on 10 August 1888. They sold their first foreign licenses for engines in 1887 and Maybach went as their representative to the 1889 Paris Exposition to show their achievements.First Daimler-Maybach automobile built (1889)

Engine sales increased, mostly for use in boats, and in June 1887, Daimler bought another property at Seelberg hill, Cannstatt. It was located some distance from the town on Ludwigstraße 67 because Cannstatt's mayor did not approve of the workshop. Built at a cost 30,200 goldmarks, the new premises had room for 23 employees. Daimler managed the commercial issues while Maybach ran the engine design department. In 1889, Daimler and Maybach built the Stahlradwagen, their first automobile that did not involve adapting a horse-drawn carriage with their engine, but


texts:
 which was somewhat influenced by bicycle designs. There was no production in Germany, but it was licensed to be built in France and presented to the public in Paris in October 1889 by both engineers. The same year, Daimler's wife, Emma Kunz, died.Daimler Motors and the Phönix engine (1890 to 1900)

With demand for engines growing, for uses in everything from motorboats to railcars, Maybach and Daimler expanded. With funding from gunpowder maker Max Duttenhofer, industrialist, and banker Kilian von Steiner, and munitions manufacturer :de:Wilhelm Lorenz, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft was founded 28 November 1890, with Maybach as chief designer. Its purpose was the construction of small, high-speed engines for use on land, water, and air transport. The three uses were expressed by Daimler in a sketch that became the basis for a logo with a three-pointed star. "Pact with the devil"
From 1882 until 1890, Daimler had resisted making his company into an incorporation or stock company. He had seen what happened to too many engineers who had pioneered a capital invention as he had. Many of them were forced out of their own companies by stock holders who "knew better" about how to run the company that they had just purchased than the man who created it.This is a very common occurrence in the business world. It happened to Henry Ford, Ransom Olds, Karl Benz, August Horch, and many others. Many German historians consider this Daimler's "pact with the devil". Daimler hated having to incorporate his company. Unable to obtain majority control, he sold out and then resigned. DMG expanded, but it changed. The newcomers, not believing in automobile


texts:
 production, ordered the creation of additional stationary engine building capacity, and considered merging DMG with Otto's Deutz-AG.Daimler and Maybach preferred plans to produce automobiles and reacted against Duttenhofer and Lorenz. Maybach was denied a seat on the board and on 11 February 1891, he left the business. He continued his design work as a freelance in Cannstatt from his own house, with Daimler's support, moving to the closed Hermann Hotel in the autumn of 1892. He used its ballroom and winter garden as workshops, employing twelve workers and five apprentices. The new company developed the high-speed inline-two Phönix, for which Maybach invented a spray carburettor. This was fitted in a singularly ugly car, which entered production in 1895 after a cessation of hostilities between Daimler, Maybach, and the DMG board. Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft and First automobile sold (1890)
In 1890 Daimler founded his own engine business, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG).Its purpose was the construction of small, high speed engines they had developed based on the same stationary engine technology. In 1892, DMG finally sold its first automobile. <mask> <mask>, aged 58, had heart problems and suffered a collapse in the winter of 1892–1893. His doctor prescribed a trip to Florence, where he met Lina Hartmann, a widow 22 years his junior who was the owner of the hotel where he was staying. They married on 8 July 1893, honeymooning in Chicago during its World Fair. Returning from the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago with his new wife, Daimler had vowed to purchase enough shares of DMG to regain control. This effort failed.Daimler sold all his

masks: Gottlieb Daimler


texts:
 shares and patents and resigned from the company. Maybach had left earlier. The disputes with Lorenz continued. Daimler attempted to buy 102 extra shares to get a majority holding, but was forced out of his post as technical director. The corporation was 400,000 Gold marks in debt. The other directors threatened to declare bankruptcy if Daimler didn't sell them all his shares and all his personal patent rights from the previous thirty years. Daimler accepted the offer, receiving 66,666 Gold Marks, and resigned in 1893.In 1894 at the Hermann Hotel, Maybach together with Daimler and his son Paul designed a third engine called the "Phoenix" and had DMG make it. It featured:
 four cylinders cast in one block arranged vertically and parallel
 camshaft operated exhaust valves
 a spray nozzle carburetor, patented by Maybach in 1893
 an improved belt drive system

This is probably the same internal-combustion engine referred to by the American author and historian Henry Brooks Adams, who describes the "Daimler motor" and its great speed from his visit to the 1900 Paris Exposition in his autobiography. Daimler and Maybach continued to work together. They built a four-cylinder engine with Maybach' spray nozzle carburetor. It was in the first organized automobile race, the "Paris to Rouen" and defeated all the entries from DMG. Frederick Simms, German-born long-time friend of Gottlieb Daimler insisted that Daimler be brought back into the company making it a condition of his payment of  £17,500 for the transfer of his Daimler licenses to the British Daimler Company which would stabilize the corporation's finances, that Daimler, now aged sixty,


texts:
 should return to DMG. Gottlieb Daimler received 200,000 goldmarks in shares, plus a 100,000 bonus.Simms received the right to use the name "Daimler" as his brand name for Daimler Company products. In 1895, the year DMG assembled its 1,000th engine, Maybach returned as  General Inspector, receiving 30,000 shares. During this period, they agreed to licenses to build Daimler engines around the world, which included:
 France, from 1890, under a licence held by Louise Sarazin: Panhard et Levassor and Peugeot,
 the United States, from 1891, under Daimler Motor Company of Long Island City in a partnership with American and German piano maker Steinway & Sons
 the United Kingdom, from 1893, by Frederick Simms' Daimler Motor Syndicate transferred in 1896 to the Daimler Motor Company
 Austria, by Austro Daimler

Daimler died in 1900, and in 1907 Maybach resigned from DMG. Founding of Daimler-Benz

Daimler had developed the first liquid petroleum vehicle in 1885 and Karl Benz had developed the first purpose built automobile using a 2 cycle engine of his own design a few months later. Daimler never met Karl Benz during the period of invention. In 1896 Daimler (DMG) sued Benz & Cie for violating his 1883 patent on hot tube ignition. Daimler won and Benz had to pay royalties to DMG.Daimler did not meet Karl Benz while they were in court in Mannheim. Later at the founding of the Central European Motor Car Association Daimler and Benz still did not speak to each other. Years after Daimler died, the two companies did cooperate in many ways. After many years of cooperation, on 28 June 1926 representatives of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) and Benz


texts:
 & Cie signed the agreement for the merger of the two oldest automobile manufacturers in the world. The resulting new company was named Daimler-Benz AG. Honours
Gottlieb Daimler was accepted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1978. Between 1993 and July 2008 Daimler had a stadium named after him in Stuttgart, Germany.The Mercedes-Benz Arena was the venue for six matches in the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. Gottlieb <mask>'s motto was Das Beste oder nichts ("The best or nothing at all"; "Nothing but the best"). Mercedes-Benz adopted this motto as their slogan in 2010. See also
 Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, physics of the internal combustion engine
 Illuminating gas, first internal combustion engine fuel
 Ligroin or heavy naphtha, first liquid automotive fuel, n-hexane
 List of German inventors and discoverers

Car and car engine designers, chronologically by first vehicle/engine built
 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (1725–1804), French inventor of the world's first automobile, a 1769-1770 steam-fuelled vehicle
 Étienne Lenoir, developer of the first atmospheric gaseous fueled internal combustion engine and automobile (1860–1863), pioneer of electroplating
 Nicolaus Otto, developer of the first successful compressed charge gaseous fueled internal combustion engine (1860s-70s)
 Siegfried Marcus, developed petrol-powered, internal combustion engine vehicles (1864? 1870? 1888)
 Wilhelm Maybach, designed engines starting in the 1870s-80s; first motorbike (1885), second internal combustion car (1889)

References

Sources

 Niemann, Harry: Gottlieb Daimler. Fabriken, Banken und Motoren.Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 2000, . Seherr-Thoss, Hans-Christoph


texts:
 von, ed. : Zwei Männer, ein Stern – Gottlieb Daimler und Karl Benz in Bildern, Daten, Dokumenten. VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1989, . Hier handelt es sich um Reprints der beiden o.g. Werke in einem Band. Siebertz, Paul.<mask> <mask>: ein Revolutionär der Technik. 4. Auflage, Stuttgart: Reclam Verlag, 1950. Völker, Renate; Völker, Karl-Otto: Gottlieb Daimler – Ein bewegtes Leben. Silberburg-Verlag, Tübingen und Baden-Baden 2013, . Wise, David Burgess. "Daimler: Founder of the Four-Wheeler", in Northey, Tom, ed.World of Automobiles Volume 5, pp. 481–3. London: Orbis, 1974. External links

 The workaholic who made the automotive revolution possible
Gottlieb-Daimler Memorial
1883: the high-speed engine with hot-tube ignition system from Daimler
Daimler's Dream Engine of 1883
 Encarta article (Archived 31 October 2009)

 The Maybach S600 - Mercedes Benz tribute to Wilhelm Maybach

1834 births
1900 deaths
People from Schorndorf
German automotive pioneers
Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft
German founders of automobile manufacturers
German industrialists
Engineers from Baden-Württemberg
19th-century German inventors
People associated with the internal combustion engine
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
University of Stuttgart alumni
19th-century German


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<mask> (李沖) (died September 22, 688), formally the Prince of Langye (琅邪王), posthumously known during Wu Zetian's reign as <mask> (虺沖), was an imperial prince of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. Along with his father <mask>, <mask> rose against Wu Zetian, then empress dowager and regent, as they feared that she was about to slaughter the Tang imperial <mask> clan. Both he and <mask> were quickly defeated, however, and <mask> was killed in battle. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born. He was the oldest son of <mask> the Prince of Yue, a son of Emperor Taizong. It was not known when he was crowned the Prince of Langye, but it is known that he had successively served as prefects of Mi Prefecture, Ji (濟州, in modern Liaocheng, Shandong), and Bo (博州, also in modern Liaocheng) Prefectures, and was known for being capable. It was also said that he liked literature and was good at horsemanship and archery.Intrigue
<mask>'s uncle Emperor Gaozong died in 683 and was succeeded by his son <mask> (as Emperor Zhongzong), but real power was in the hands of Emperor Gaozong's powerful wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian). She took power as empress dowager and regent. In spring 684, when Emperor Zhongzong showed signs of independence, she deposed him and replaced him with his brother <mask> the Prince of Yu, but thereafter held onto power even more tightly. She also gradually elevated the statuses of not only herself but also her Wu clan members, both past and present. This led members of the imperial Li clan to suspect that she planned slaughter them,  overthrow the Tang

masks:
Li Chong
Hui Chong
Li Zhen
Li Chong
Li
Li Zhen
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Zhen
Li Chong
Li Zhe
Li Dan


texts:
 Dynasty, and replace it with her own. Rebellion against Empress Dowager Wu
The <mask> clan members who were suspecting that Empress Dowager Wu was planning to slaughter them included <mask>; his father <mask>; his granduncles (sons of the dynasty founder Emperor Gaozu)  <mask> (李元嘉) the Prince of Han, <mask>i (李元軌) the Prince of Huo, and <mask>i (李靈夔) the Prince of Lu; <mask>a's son <mask> (李譔) the Duke of Huang; <mask>i's son <mask> (李緒) the Prince of Jiangdu; <mask>i's son <mask> (李藹) the Prince of Fanyang; and another cousin of <mask>'s, <mask> (李融) the Prince of Dongwan. They secretly corresponded with each other, seeking one common plan to disarm Empress Dowager Wu.They became heavily alarmed when Empress Dowager Wu, after she had finished constructing a grand imperial hall, the Mingtang (明堂), issued orders to summon members of the imperial clan to the eastern capital Luoyang to be ready for a ceremony to worship the deity of the Luo River (洛水, near Luoyang). House arrest
The princes began to prepare to act, and in preparation, <mask> forged an edict from Emperor Ruizong to <mask>, stating, "I am under house arrest. The princes should come save me!" <mask> also forced an edict from Emperor Ruizong to himself, stating, "The Empress Dowager is planning to transfer the sovereignty of the <mask> clan to the Wu clan!" Bo Prefecture
However, prior to the princes' working out a coordinated plan, on September 16, 688, <mask> launched a rebellion himself at Bo Prefecture (博州, roughly modern Liaocheng, Shandong), where he was serving as prefect. He notified <mask>a, <mask>i,

masks:
Li
Li Chong
Li Zhen
Li Yuanjia
Li Yuangu
Li Lingku
Li Yuanji
Li Zhuan
Li Yuangu
Li Xu
Li Lingku
Li Ai
Li Zhen
Li Rong
Li Zhuan
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li
Li Chong
Li Yuanji
Li Yuangu


texts:
 <mask>i, <mask>, and <mask> (李慎) the Prince of Ji (<mask>'s brother) and asked them to rise as well, but only <mask> did, as the other princes, not fully prepared, were hesitant to do so. Attacks
When Empress Dowager Wu heard of <mask>'s rebellion, she commissioned the general Qiu Shenji (丘神勣) to attack <mask>.Meanwhile, <mask> gathered some 5,000 men and was preparing to attack Ji Prefecture. In preparation, he first attacked Wushui (武水, also in modern Liaocheng). Guo Wuti (郭務悌), the magistrate of Wushui County, fled to Wei Prefecture (魏州, roughly modern Handan, Hebei) to seek aid, and one of Wei Prefecture's county magistrates, Ma Xuansu (馬玄素) the magistrate of Shen County (莘縣, also in modern Liaocheng), took 1,700 men, initially intending to confront <mask>, but then felt that he had insufficient strength, and so entered Wushui to defend it. <mask> took up position south of Wushui and placed wagons filled with straw near Wushui's south gate, preparing to set it aflame so he could charge in, but as soon as he ignited the fire, the wind shifted from the south to the north, instead cutting off <mask>'s attack. Meanwhile, one of <mask>'s officers, Dong Xuanji (董玄寂), started telling his colleagues that <mask> was committing treason. <mask> beheaded Dong, but this made the soldiers even more fearful, and they began to desert, to the point that <mask> only had his servants and guards with him. He was forced to flee back to the capital of Bo Prefecture, and when he arrived there on September 22, he was killed by the guards of the city gate.After his death
After <mask>'s death,

masks:
Li Lingku
Li Zhen
Li Shen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Chong


texts:
 Qiu Shenji arrived at Bo Prefecture. The officials of the prefectural government, dressed in white mourning garments, exited the city to show submission, but Qiu nevertheless beheaded all of them. Meanwhile, <mask>'s father <mask> was the only prince who rose in rebellion after <mask> did, but he too was quickly defeated. After <mask>'s and <mask>'s deaths, Empress Dowager Wu put one of her secret police officers, Zhou Xing, in charge of investigating, and under her direction, Zhou arrested <mask>a, <mask>i, <mask>, Princess Changle, and Zhao Gui, and forced them to commit suicide. Their family members were mostly slaughtered, while those who were not killed were excised from the imperial clan rolls and had their family names changed to Hui (虺), meaning "viper." Empress Dowager Wu subsequently seized the throne from Emperor Ruizong in 690, interrupting Tang Dynasty and establishing her own Zhou Dynasty. In 705, she was in turn overthrown, and Emperor Zhongzong was restored to the throne.He posthumously restored <mask>'s family name and imperial clan status, but not his titles, as the move was opposed by his cousin and trusted advisor Wu Sansi (his cousin on the Wu side of the family) and his concubine Consort Shangguan Wan'er. Only later, during the reign of Emperor Zhongzong's nephew Emperor Xuanzong (Emperor Ruizong's son), in 716, were <mask> and <mask> reburied. They were also given posthumous honors. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 76. New Book of Tang, vol. 80.Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 204. Tang dynasty imperial princes
688 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Wu

masks:
Li Chong
Li Zhen
Li Chong
Li Chong
Li Zhen
Li Yuanji
Li Lingku
Li Zhuan
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Chong