texts:
 chairman of the board Africa-Israel Investments Ltd. and, in 1997, was appointed executive chairman of the board of Bezeq
, a position he retained until July 2000. During his tenure at Bezeq, Israel's largest communications provider, and, at the time, the country's largest corporation, Tapoohi guided the company through increasing competition in the international telecommunications market and began preparations for the telecom giant's privatization, completed in 2005.In July 2000, Tapoohi founded InQSOFT, which evaluated and recommended investments in early-stage high-tech startups to top-level international investors. Tapoohi was InQSOFT CEO until 2004. From 2002 to 2008, Tapoohi served on the board of directors and was chairman of the audit committee for Strauss Group Ltd
. In the latter capacity, Tapoohi was closely involved in the company's merger with Elite, one of the most complex corporate mergers in Israel of the past decade. He was director of Israel Electric Corporation
from 2004 to 2007 and a member of the board of directors of Tadiran Communications Ltd. in 2005. Tapoohi also served on the boards and chaired the audit committees of Harel Insurance Investments Ltd., Shikun VeBinui Holdings Ltd., and Menora Mivtachim Holdings Ltd. He was a member of the boards of Menora Mivtachim Insurance Ltd.
, Paz Oil Company Ltd.
, and Paz Ashdod Refinery Ltd.In early 2007, Tapoohi, together with a number of prominent Israeli business leaders, established More Group International Real Estate, which developed real estate in Eastern Europe, primarily Montenegro. In June 2010, <mask> was appointed chairman of Tel Aviv Centennial Properties Ltd., a company investing in and managing retail properties in central Tel Aviv. Public service
<mask> has held a number of key advisory positions, all of which were on a volunteer basis. From 1996 to 1999 he was Benjamin Netanyahu's liaison to foreign investors and coordinated the think-tank that advised the prime minister's office on economic policy. During this same period, <mask> was the Likud Party

masks: Tapoohi Tapoohi Tapoohi


type: original

texts:
 treasurer, also on a voluntary basis, from May 1993 through April 1997, and, in 1998, co-chaired the 50th Anniversary Jubilee Conference for Business Investment in Israel. As part of the formation of the second Netanyahu government in March 2009, Tapoohi was appointed to the '100 Days Team.' Together with Finance Minister Yuval Steinitz, Tapoohi developed guidelines and policies to keep Israel's economy resilient in the face of ongoing global recession.From May 2009 to May 2011, Tapoohi was part of a forum of businessmen, economists and academics advising the Finance Ministry on macro-economic policy. Tapoohi was a member of the Council and Advisory Committee of the Bank of Israel and the Committee of the Association of Publicly Listed Companies on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. He also sat on the Weizmann Institute's board of governors. Tapoohi was a member of the directorate of the Israel-Australia Chamber of Commerce, the Israel-Switzerland Chamber of Commerce, and the Israel-British Business Council. Through December 2010, Tapoohi was a member of the directorate of the Israel-British Chamber of Commerce, and, from 2004 to 2006, was a member of the Israel-America Chamber of Commerce. Israel Bonds
Following a recommendation from then-Finance Minister Steinitz, the board of directors of Development Corporation for Israel approved <mask>'s appointment as president and CEO. He officially began his new role October 31, 2011.During his time with the organization, Tapoohi stressed the strength of Israel's economy. In an interview published November 4, 2014, on Bloomberg.com, Tapoohi said, “It’s an economic narrative that we’re giving today, and not a geopolitical one.”

The Bloomberg article noted Tapoohi's use of technology to assist Bonds registered representatives in  increasing annual U.S. sales. In 2013 and ’14, domestic sales exceeded $1.1 billion, with reinvestment rates of approximately 60 percent. U.S. sales again exceeded $1 billion in 2015. Previously, in an op-ed published in the January 8, 2014 issue of the Jerusalem Post,


texts:
 Tapoohi wrote: “Every day, Israel Bonds emphasizes the message that Israel’s economy is dynamic, full of innovative spirit and groundbreaking entrepreneurship. It is a message that has resonated with Israel Bonds clients from across the spectrum who invest in Israel bonds to become stakeholders in one of the world’s most resilient economies." Prior to 2012, Tapoohi's first full year with Israel Bonds, annual U.S. sales had remained in the $600 million range for several years.In his first year, sales topped $800 million, followed by three consecutive years (2013-2015) of domestic sales exceeding $1 billion. He prioritized the organization's digital presence, particularly its e-commerce site, which, since its launch in fall 2011, has resulted in over $125 million in sales to date, encompassing more than 50,000 bondholders. Together with the utilization of new technologies, Tapoohi ensured that the Bonds organization maintained personal contact with all clients via a national call center that proactively interacts with hundreds of clients each week, as well as through digital communication. He has also focused on enhanced levels of customer service. Tapoohi also emphasized the need to attract a new generation to Israel Bonds, stating this was"a foremost priority" for the organization. Additionally, he launched an initiative to counter anti-Israel activism on campus. Entitled "The Alternative BDS - Bonds Donated to Schools," the program encouraged donations of Israel bonds to universities.''Personal life
Tapoohi is married to Regina (formerly Lossak), who was a senior attorney at Israel's Justice Ministry working the field of trans-border criminal law. In September 2013, she was named senior delegate to the UN on behalf of the International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists, and she continues to serve in that capacity on a volunteer basis. She was elected to the association's board of governors in November 2014. They have three daughters and one son. References

Living people
Israeli businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living


texts:
<mask> ( or ) (24 April 1919 – 25 September 1992) was a Spanish artist, sculptor, architect and nature activist from Lanzarote. Early life

<mask> was born in Arrecife, Lanzarote, one of the Canary Islands. His father <mask>, originally from Fuerteventura, built the family house in Caleta de Famara. <mask> himself once said this house and its surroundings has impressed him greatly. He fought in the Spanish Civil War as a volunteer in the artillery unit on Franco's side. He attended the University of La Laguna to study architecture, but after two years he quit his studies. Career
He moved to Madrid in 1945 and received a scholarship for the Art School of San Fernando, where he graduated as a teacher of art and painting.Between 1964 and 1966 he lived in New York City, where a grant from Nelson Rockefeller allowed him to rent his own studio. He painted many works in New York, which were exhibited in the prestigious "Catherine Viviano" gallery. Manrique returned to Lanzarote in 1966. Upon his return, he intended to start an artist's colony on the island. Pepín Ramírez, a childhood friend of Manrique as well as the president of the island helped Manrique realize this idea. <mask> went on to reflect the unique landscape and colour palet of Lanzarote in his art and the architecture on the island. Beside continuing his personal art career, Manrique gained a lot of attention with his commitment to protect Lanzarote from the in his eyes destroying developments that resulted from the growing tourism branche on the island.This is not to say Manrique was against tourism on the island. On the contrary, he thought (high-quality) tourism should be the economic engine of the island. His legacy on the island includes the art, culture

masks:
César Manrique Cabrera
Manrique
Gumersindo Manrique
Manrique
César Manrique


texts:
 and tourism centre at Jameos del Agua (1963–87); his Volcano House, Taro de Tahiche (1968); the restaurant at the restored Castillo de San José at Arrecife (1976); the visitors center at the Timanfaya National Park (1971); his Palm Grove House at Haria (1986); the Mirador del Rio (1973), and the Jardin de Cactus at Guatiza. He had a major influence on the planning regulations on Lanzarote following his recognition of its potential for tourism and lobbied successfully to encourage the sustainable development of the industry. One aspect of this is the ban of high-rise hotels on the island, which do not fit the aesthetic harmony that should cover the entire island, according to Manrique. Those high buildings that are were built before the ban are generally keeping with the use of traditional colors in their exterior decoration. Homeowners are encouraged to protect this visual unity by keeping the exterior of the houses white (with specific colors for the woodwork).Manrique published a book on the topic in 1974 called Architecture Unpublished, collaborating with the renowned Spanish architect Fernando Higueras. International reputation

In addition to his artistic engagement in the Canary Islands and on the Spanish peninsula, Manrique also became internationally renowned. In 1990, he created one of the much respected BMW Art Cars with the German designer and paint artist Walter Maurer. Their collaboration for the international automobile company increased Manrique's fame beyond the country's borders. Manrique maintained a close friendship with Walter Maurer until <mask>'s death in 1992 and was involved in a constant artistic exchange. Before the collaboration with <mask>, Maurer had already designed BMW Art Cars with

masks:
César Manrique
César Manrique


texts:
 other highly recognised international artists such as Andy Warhol, Frank Stella and Roy Lichtenstein. The work for the joint Art Car was carried out in Maurer's studio in Munich.<mask> took care of the initial design proposals, coordinated them with his artistic partner Walter Maurer and was responsible for the final approval, while Maurer was responsible for applying the design to the BMW 730i. In september 2019, one hundred years after his birth, <mask> was awarded the Medal of Honor of the University of La Laguna, where he briefly studied architecture at the start of his career. Death

<mask> died in a car accident at Tahíche, Teguise, very near the Fundación, his Lanzarote home, in 1992. He was aged 73. César Manrique Foundation

The César Manrique foundation was set up in 1982 by <mask> and a group of friends but wasn't officially opened until 1992 after Manrique died. The foundation, based at <mask>'s home, following his move to a townhouse in the North of the Island, is a private, non-profit organisation set-up to allow tourists access to Manrique's home. The foundation is also an art-gallery featuring art created by Manrique himself as well as Art that he acquired during his life.The gallery includes original sketches by Pablo Picasso and Joan Miró. The money the foundation takes from ticket sales goes toward raising awareness about the art of Lanzarote, as well as being used to fund the foundation's "artistic, cultural and environmental activities". Manrique's home itself is built within a 3,000 m2 lot, on the site of the Lanzarote eruptions in the 18th century, and was created upon <mask>'s return from New York City in 1966. The rooms on the first floor, including the artist studios, were created with the

masks:
César Manrique
Manrique
Manrique
César Manrique
Manrique
Manrique


texts:
 intention of keeping with Lanzarote traditions, yet making them more modern with open spaces and large windows. The "ground floor", more appropriately titled the "basement", contains five areas situated within volcanic bubbles, the rooms bored into volcanic basalt. There is a central cave which houses a recreational area, including a swimming pool, a barbecue and a small dance floor. Once outside the main house, the visitor comes to the outside area, where there is a small square with a fountain in the middle before approaching a small café area and the visitor shop.This area was once <mask>'s garage. One of the foundation's fundamental missions is to oppose the spread of high-rise concrete across the Spanish coastline and her island. The foundation recently brought attention to 24 illegally erected hotels in Lanzarote. See also
 List of single-artist museums

Honours

1978 Weltpreis für Ökologie und Tourismus, Berlin, Germany
1986 Europa Nostra Prize European parliament
1989 Art Prize, Canarian government
1989 Fritz Schumacher Prize at the Leibniz University Hannover, Germany

Works

In Lanzarote:
Casa / Museo César Manrique (<mask>'s house and artist studio in Haria, with landscaped garden). Mirador del Rio (built in 1973 overlooking the neighbouring island of Graciosa). Jameos del Agua (concert venue/nightclub for 600 persons in a cave). Jardín de Cactus (a cactus garden home to over 1,100 different varieties of cactuses near Guatiza).Taro de Tahíche (Manrique's house near Teguise, the present seat of the Fundación César Manrique). International Museum of Contemporary Arts in the Castillo de San José, Arrecife. Garden and swimming pools of the five-star hotel Las Salinas in Costa Teguise. El triunfador (built in

masks:
César Manrique
Manrique


texts:
 1990 in the area of Fundacion César Manrique, a sculpture). Juguetes del viento (built in 1992 in Arrieta, windmill). El Diablo, symbol of the Timanfaya National Park. El Diablo Restaurant (uses volcanic heat to cook).Outside Lanzarote:
Lago Martiánez (1977, large "semi natural" open air sea-water pool complex in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife). Playa Jardín (volcanic beach and sub-tropical gardens complex in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife). La Vaguada Shopping Centre in Madrid (1983), the first shopping centre perfectly integrated into the natural environment in Spain. La Peña (1989, a restaurant and belvedere on El Hierro). Mirador del Palmarejo (1989, a lookout point in La Gomera). BMW Art Car in collaboration with Walter Maurer (1990), Munich, Germany. Canarian Pavilion (1992, Expo 92, Seville, Spain).Parque Marítimo César <mask>, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife

Additional images

References

<mask>, Manrique Arquitectura inédita
ALEJANDRO SCARPA, 2019. <mask>, acupuntura territorial en Lanzarote. . (Spanish edition with English summarized translations). Lancelot Internacional, Especial: <mask>, Lanzarote, 3. Revisada 1996, Lanzarote. Idiomas: Español, Inglés y Alemán (3rd revision 1996, Lanzarote. Languages: English, German and Spanish). External links

Official website of the Cesar Manrique Foundation
Architectural drawings and location of all Manrique's work in Lanzarote
http://www.cesarmanrique.com
360° Panoramic vtour of the Lago Martiánez and pools

1919 births
1992 deaths
People from Arrecife
Spanish architects
Artists from the Canary Islands
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century male artists
Spanish male painters
Spanish sculptors
Spanish male sculptors
Road incident deaths in Spain
20th-century

masks:
Manrique
César
César Manrique
César Manrique


texts:
<mask> (born 21 June 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a right back for  club Cheltenham Town. <mask> started his career with Racing Club Warwick and after one season with the club signed for Stratford Town in 2008. He left for Bedworth United a year later, before going on to have spells with Redditch United and A.F.C. Telford United in the Conference North. He joined Kidderminster Harriers of the Conference Premier in 2010 and after one season signed for York City. He scored in the 2012 FA Trophy Final and 2012 Conference Premier play-off Final at Wembley Stadium, and his winning goal in the latter saw York promoted into League Two. After one season with York in League Two, <mask> signed for divisional rivals Fleetwood Town in 2013 and was released in January 2015.Club career

Early career
Born in Warwick, Warwickshire, <mask> started his career in the Midland Football Alliance with his hometown club, Racing Club Warwick, in the 2007–08 season. He signed for Stratford Town of the Midland Football Alliance on 7 July 2008. After signing, manager Micky Moore said of <mask>: "He had an excellent season with Racing Club Warwick and I feel coming to Stratford and its environment will make him a better player". He finished 2008–09 with seven goals in 40 league appearances for Stratford. <mask> signed for Southern League Division One Central club Bedworth United on 3 June 2009. He scored four times for Bedworth in 16 appearances before signing for Conference North club Redditch United on 25 November 2009. Having made 15 appearances and scored two goals for Redditch, <mask> moved on again, signing for Conference North rivals A.F.C.Telford United on 19 March 2010. He finished 2009–10 with one goal in seven appearances for Telford. Kidderminster Harriers
<mask> signed

masks:
Matthew James Blair
Blair
Blair
Blair
Blair
Blair
Blair
Blair


texts:
 for Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on 9 August 2010 on non-contract terms following a trial. He made his debut on 14 August 2010 as a 75th-minute substitute in Kidderminster's 2010–11 opening day 2–1 victory away to York City. His first goal for the club came after scoring with a low shot in the 75th minute of a 2–1 win at home to Gateshead on 5 October 2010. In the following match, <mask> scored twice as Kidderminster beat Grimsby Town 3–2 on 10 October 2010. <mask> signed a contract until the end of 2010–11 on 18 October 2010.His first hat-trick for Kidderminster came after scoring all three of their goals in a 3–3 draw away to Grimsby on 9 April 2011, including an 83rd-minute equaliser after latching onto a loose ball in the penalty area. He finished the season with 11 goals in 45 appearances for Kidderminster. York City

After turning down a new contract with Kidderminster, <mask> signed for Conference Premier rivals York City on 1 June 2011 on a two-year contract. A compensation package was agreed by the two clubs later that month. He made his debut in York's opening match of 2011–12, a 2–1 victory away to Ebbsfleet United on 13 August 2011. His first goal came in the following match with York's final goal in a 3–1 victory at home to Barrow on 16 August 2011, with a sidefooted shot from six yards in the fifth minute of stoppage time. <mask> scored the equaliser to give York a 1–1 away draw to Luton Town in the FA Trophy semi-final second leg with a 90th-minute header from a Jamal Fyfield cross.York progressed to the final with a 2–1 aggregate victory. With a 111th-minute header from a Jason Walker cross, <mask> scored the winning goal for York away to Mansfield Town during extra time of their play-off semi-final second leg on 7 May 2012. He scored the opening

masks: Blair Blair Blair Blair Blair


texts:
 goal for York in their 2–0 victory over Newport County in the 2012 FA Trophy Final at Wembley Stadium on 12 May 2012, after lifting the ball 20 yards into an empty net after goalkeeper Glyn Thompson had charged out of his goal. Eight days later, <mask> scored the winning goal in York's 2–1 victory over Luton in the 2012 Conference Premier play-off Final at Wembley Stadium. He scored in the 47th minute with a sidefooted shot from four yards after the ball was head down by Daniel Parslow, and the goal was allowed despite <mask> being in an offside position. This result meant York were promoted into League Two after an eight-year absence from the Football League. He finished his first season at York as top scorer with 20 goals in 52 appearances, and was named in the 2011–12 Conference Premier Team of the Year alongside York teammate James Meredith.<mask> came on as a 78th-minute substitute in York's 2012–13 opener away to League One team Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup first round on 11 August 2012. Following a 1–1 draw after extra time the team lost 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out, with <mask> missing the final penalty kick. He then entered York's first Football League fixture since their promotion, a 3–1 defeat at home to Wycombe Wanderers on 18 August 2012, as a 56th-minute substitute. His first goal of the season came with the 80th-minute winner in York's 1–0 victory away to Rotherham United in the Football League Trophy first round Northern section. He finished the season with seven goals in 49 appearances. Fleetwood Town
Following discussions with York manager Nigel Worthington, <mask> expressed his desire to look for another club, and was in talks with newly relegated League Two club Portsmouth before asking for more time to consider the move. However, he signed for League Two


texts:
 rivals Fleetwood Town on a two-year contract on 13 May 2013.<mask> joined fellow League Two club Northampton Town on 10 January 2014 on a one-month loan. He made his debut the following day in a 2–0 home defeat to former club York, before scoring a 76th-minute equaliser for Northampton in their 1–1 away draw with Cheltenham Town on 1 February 2014. His loan was ended on 5 February 2014, three days ahead of when it was due to expire, having made three appearances and scored one goal for Northampton. <mask> scored the only goal in the play-off semi-final against his former club York, and started for Fleetwood in their 1–0 win over Burton Albion in the 2014 League Two play-off Final at Wembley Stadium on 26 May. This result meant they were promoted into League One for the first time in their history. He finished 2013–14 with 33 appearances and five goals for Fleetwood. On 17 November 2014, <mask> joined League Two club Cambridge United on loan until January 2015.Mansfield Town
<mask> signed for League Two club Mansfield Town on a contract until the end of 2014–15 on 14 January 2015 after leaving Fleetwood by mutual consent. Doncaster Rovers
<mask> rejected a new contract with Mansfield to sign for newly relegated League Two club Doncaster Rovers on 24 May 2016 on a two-year contract. He made 48 appearances and scored 3 goals in 2016–17 as Doncaster were promoted to League One after finishing third in League Two. He was named as PFA League One Community Player of the Year in both seasons 2017–18 and 2018–19. In April 2019, <mask> was also named as Community Champion by the PFA for the 2018–19 season in recognition of all his community services. Cheltenham Town
<mask> rejected a new contract offered by Doncaster, and was signed by Cheltenham Town at the beginning of September 2020 on a

masks: Blair Blair Blair Blair Blair Blair Blair


texts:
 one year contract. He made his debut for the club on 8 September 2020 in an EFL Trophy group stage away win over Newport County.International career
<mask> made his England national C team debut as a 56th-minute substitute for Connor Franklin in a 1–0 defeat at home to Portugal in the 2009–11 International Challenge Trophy on 19 May 2011. His second and final cap came after starting England's 1–1 draw at home to Italy in the 2011–13 International Challenge Trophy on 28 February 2012. Personal life
<mask> is the son of former professional footballer <mask>. His sister-in-law is actress Holly Matthews, who was married to his brother Ross up until his death from a brain tumour. Career statistics

Honours

York City
Conference Premier play-offs: 2012
FA Trophy: 2011–12

Fleetwood Town
Football League Two play-offs: 2014

Doncaster Rovers
EFL League Two third-place promotion: 2016–17

Cheltenham Town
League Two Champions: 2020-21

Individual
Conference Premier Team of the Year: 2011–12

References

External links

Profile at the Doncaster Rovers F.C. website

1989 births
Living people
People from Warwick
Sportspeople from Warwickshire
English footballers
England semi-pro international footballers
Association football wingers
Association football fullbacks
Racing Club Warwick F.C. players
Stratford Town F.C.players
Bedworth United F.C. players
Redditch United F.C. players
AFC Telford United players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Fleetwood Town F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C.players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Midland Football Alliance players
Southern Football League players
National League (English football) players
English Football League players
English people of

masks:
Blair
Blair
Andy Blair


texts:
<mask> (September 26, 1887 – February 15, 1967), better known as <mask> or <mask>, was a Spanish-born American actor and film director of the silent film era and through the 1950s. Early life and silent films
Born in Madrid, Spain, <mask> emigrated to New York in 1901 and settled in Massachusetts, where he completed his education. Although he claimed to have attended Williston Seminary in Easthampton, Massachusetts, the Archives of the school, now the Williston Northampton School, have no record of his having done so. He became a stage actor in regional theater productions. In 1912, he moved to Hollywood, California, where he was signed to Biograph Studios, and began his career in bit parts. His film debut was in Iola's Promise (1912). In 1914, <mask> began co-starring in a series of highly successful serials at Vitagraph opposite popular silent film actress Norma Talmadge.These appearances increased <mask>'s popularity with nascent filmgoers, and by 1915, he was a highly regarded matinee idol, appearing with successful actors such as Tyrone Power, Sr., Gloria Swanson, Blanche Sweet, Pola Negri, and Dorothy Gish. <mask> often was typecast in his early films as the "Latin Lover". These roles predate Rudolph Valentino's breakthrough as a "Latin Lover" in the 1921 film The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. By the early 1920s, <mask> joined film mogul Jesse Lasky's Famous Players and became one of the company's highly paid performers. In 1926, <mask> starred opposite Swedish acting legend Greta Garbo in The Temptress, and the following year, he had a starring role in the enormous box-office hit It with

masks:
Antonio Garrido Monteagudo
Antonio Moreno
Tony Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno


texts:
 Clara Bow. Sound films
With the advent of sound films in the late 1920s and early 1930s, <mask>'s career began to falter, in part because of his heavy Spanish accent. While still acting in English language films, <mask> began taking parts in Mexican films.During the early 1930s, <mask> directed several well-received Mexican films, including the 1932 drama Santa, which has been hailed by film critics as one of the best Mexican films of the era. By the mid-1930s, he began rebuilding his faltering Hollywood career by taking notable roles as a character actor. By the mid-1940s and throughout the 1950s, <mask> appeared in a number of well-received roles, most notably, his 1954 role in the classic horror film Creature from the Black Lagoon and his 1955 role as Emilio Figueroa in film director John Ford's epic The Searchers. Personal life
On January 27, 1923, <mask> married American heiress Daisy Emma Canfield in Los Angeles, California. They moved to an estate known as Crestmount. The union lasted 10 years and ended shortly before she was killed in an automobile accident on February 23, 1933. Death and legacy
<mask> died at his home in Beverly Hills, California, on February 15, 1967, aged 78.He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park cemetery in Glendale, California. His film career spanned more than four decades. In 1994, the Mexican magazine Somos published its list of "The 100 best movies of the cinema of Mexico" in its 100th edition and named the 1931 <mask> directed Santa its 67th choice. For his contribution to the motion picture industry, <mask> was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at

masks:
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Antonio Moreno


texts:
 6651 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood, California. Prince (1914, Short) as Prunella's Brother
 Fogg's Millions (1914, Short)
 The Song of the Ghetto (1914, Short) as Mario Amato - the Composer
 John Rance, Gentleman (1914, Short) as Dr. John Rance
 Men and Women (1914, Short) as Man in Kirke's Office (uncredited)
 Memories in Men's Souls (1914, Short) as Graham's Son
 The Hidden Letters (1914, Short) as John Reynolds
 Politics and the Press (1914, Short) as John Marsden - the Newspaper Editor
 The Loan Shark King (1914, Short) as Harry Graham
 The Peacemaker (1914, Short) as Jack Strong
 Under False Colors (1914, Short) as Pvt. "<mask>, Silent-Film Star," The New York Times, February 16, 1967. Bodeen, Dewitt."<mask>," Films in Review, June–July, 1967. Menefee, David W.  The First Male Stars: Men of the Silent Era. Albany: Bear Manor Media, 2007. "Public Pleased by Vitagraph’s Move to Return <mask> to Feature Films," The Moving Picture World. New York: Chalmers Publishing Company. December 25, 1920. Virginia, Violet."<mask> of the Vitagraph Players," Motion Picture Magazine, December 1914. Pages 103-105. External links

 <mask> at Silents Are Golden
Some contemporary articles and interviews with <mask>
Photographs and literature

1887 births
1967 deaths
Williston Northampton School alumni
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
Spanish male film actors
Spanish male silent film actors
20th-century Spanish male actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
Male actors from Madrid
Spanish emigrants to the United States
20th-century American male actors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park

masks:
Antonio Moreno
Antonio Moreno
Antonio Moreno
Antonio Moreno
Antonio Moreno
Antonio Moreno


texts:
<mask> (13 May 1804 – 25 January 1870) born Jane Ann Ionn, was an English astronomer, navigation expert, mathematician, and meteorologist. She published various works on astronomy and navigation, founded an academy for the teaching of these subjects, and ran a warehouse focused on the distribution, production and repair of navigational instruments. Her Academy was highly regarded and recommended by the East India Company, Trinity House, and the Admiralty. In recognition of her work, she was awarded medals by the Kings of Prussia and the Kings of the Netherlands, and her rule for calculating latitude from altitudes was described as "ingenious". <mask> was one of the very few women working as a scientific instrument maker in London in the 19th century. Her "Mariner's Calculator", patented in 1834, was dismissed by the Admiralty. Early life
<mask> was born in Wolsingham, England to Reverend Peter Ionn and Jane Deighton, being the sixth born of the family of eight.Her father was master of the Free Grammar School, which was one of the few north county schools that included navigation in its curriculum, and he allowed Jane Ann to attend both the basic grammar school and theoretical navigation tuition. At the age of nine, she gained a scholarship to  to attend Queen Charlotte’s school, Royal School for Embroidering Females, in Ampthill, Bedfordshire, where all the students started at the age of fourteen. After her father's death, Jane Ann continued her education with theoretical navigation studies. Her father's passing left her with a good fortune, which she invested wholeheartedly into a career in nautical education, a male dominated field at the time. In 1821, she worked for her older

masks:
Janet Taylor
Taylor
Taylor


texts:
 brother's business, managing all his finances with ease due to her amazing math skills. In 1831, she became a stepmother to <mask>'s three children. Achievements
<mask> opened her first academy, the George Taylor Nautical Academy,  in 1833 with her husband's support.This academy was strictly made for merchant service officers. During this time period she published "Luni-Solar and Horary Tables: with their application in nautical astronomy; containing an easy and correct method of finding the longitude, by lunar observations and chronometers; the latitude, by double altitudes and elapsed time, the azimuth, amplitude, and true time," which discussed calculations that were able to "reduce the lunar distance" that used a formula she derived herself. She continued her path in navigation and in 1834 received a patent for her invention of the Mariner's Calculator. The invention did not get approved by Admiralty, deeming it unworthy for the Lordships Patronage. Later on, she published a second edition of the book, "Principles of Navigation Simplified." Though, the cost of creating the second edition of this book and the Mariner's Calculator put her in a place where she was slowly draining her capital. Afterwards, she spent some time working on the formula she derived for her first published book to further improve it.Around the mid-1835, she had a child. After the improvement on the formula she derived for some time she was able to publish the second edition of the "Luni-Solar and Horary Tables," She owed much of this success to the hydrographer Francis Beaufort, who helped push for the acceptance of her work by the Naval establishment. Luni-Solar and Horary Tables
This was <mask>'s

masks:
George Taylor
Janet Taylor
Janet Taylor


texts: first published book, done in 1833. This book was specifically meant to simplify the calculations of astronomical navigation by using the moon instead of the sun as one's point of reference. During the time surrounding this publication, there would be a lot of criticism around finding the best way to calculate longitude while at sea. Luni-Solar and Horary Tables  would become a great success, due to <mask>'s discovery proving that the earth is spheroidal rather than spherical. Knowing how big of a contribution this discovery would make to in her field, she proceeds to use  "he" instead of "her" to refer to herself throughout the book, because of how male-dominated her field was.To pay respects to Queen Charlotte, who gave her a scholarship to her school regardless of her age, <mask> dedicated this book to King William IV, her son. King William IV was incredibly impressed by <mask>'s mathematical principles and her writing in layman's terms for young mariner's to learn, that he offered her a job as an educator for nobility. Though she declined, <mask> knew having a King impressed with her writing, would help her a lot on the road to being a respected author and educator. By the end of 1833, the first edition of Luni-Solar and Horary Tables would be reviewed in The United Service Journal, The Atlas, and The Morning Advertiser. All of which would be positive reviews, urging young mariners to use this as their basis of studying. In 1834, <mask> would publish a shorter version of Luni-Solar and Horary Tables called: The Principles of Navigation Simplified: with Luni-Solar and horary tables, and their application in Nautical Astronomy, where she would continue getting amazing reviews in

masks: Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor Taylor


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 famous magazines. In 1835, after getting support and a grant from the Admiralty, Trinity House, and East India Company, <mask> was able to publish the second edition of Luni-solar and Horary Tables, and soon after in 1836, she would go on to publish the third edition.By 1854, she published her seventh and last edition to this book. Being a promoted author, <mask> published a second book, An Epitome of Navigation, and Nautical Astronomy, with the Improved Lunar Tables, in 1842. This book however, she did not refer to her readers as males, using "the student" or "Practical Navigator" instead" compared to her first book. Since she has already proved herself as a woman in this extremely male-dominate field, she was no longer concerned by these simple details. She would go on to publish twelve editions of "Epitome of Navigation," by 1859. Mrs. <mask>'s Nautical Academy and Navigation Warehouse. After <mask>'s book, Luni-Solar and Horary Tables, second edition came out in 1835, and was selling good, along with the steady income from her first nautical academy, she was able to open her second academy named after her this time during late 1835.This success meant <mask> was increasingly recognized as a credible mathematician and entrepreneur. Mrs. <mask>'s Nautical Academy and Navigation Warehouse offered training in all subjects a mariner would need: "a complete course on Navigation, including Trigonometry, and its application to Navigation. Another course was Algebra, Geometry, Physical Geography in relation to the velocity of tides, waves, etc. Mechanics including the Composition of Forces, Mechanical

powers, the Laws of Motion, the strength of strain, of materials; wind, rain, steam

masks:
Taylor
Taylor
Janet Taylor
Taylor
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 powers, Atmospheric and Oceanic Phenomena... and so it continued....". During the late 1830's and 40's, her academies would be advertised by The Shipping and Mercantile Gazette and the London Shipping Gazette. <mask>'s second academy had a very large and positive impact on the young English mariners. So much so that the expansion of her second nautical academy was endorsed by organizations like: the Admiralty, the Trinity House, and the East India Company.This expansion allowed her to house pupils who would not have been able to attend otherwise. Inventions
<mask>, before anything was an instrument maker, and established herself as such. 1838 was when her first advertisements for her very own chronometers were appearing. After her discovery that the Earth was spheroidal, <mask> would create and adjust compasses, sextants, binnacles, and other nautical tools to keep up with this new discovery and the principles that came with it. The Mariner's compass, while not endorsed by the Admiralty, could be considered <mask>'s "most notable" invention. In 1850, <mask> developed and designed a quintant for the Prince of Wales, who would later become King Edward VII, specifically made for royalty with space at the bottom for Prince Edward's three-feathered family crest. A year.later, Prince Albert decided to host the Great Exhibition of 1851, which would really boost <mask> among 15,000 male inventors. There she presented her "bronze binnacle, with compass, designed from the water lily." For three years following the Great Exhibition of 1851, <mask> would continue to develop many binnacles, by performing experiments consisting of swinging ships back and forth across the Thames and recording

masks:
Janet Taylor
Janet Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
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 the compass actions. She would then explain these results in a letter to astronomer George Biddell Airy in 1854. This letter would lead to a great professional relationship between Airy and <mask> for a while to come. In 1856, <mask> invented another nautical instrument consisting of an attachment for sextants and quadrants, called sea artificial horizon. In 1862, <mask> presented a newly innovated sextant and her mariner's compass at the 1862 London International Exhibition of Industry and Art.Her developed sextant was incredibly popular with the public. Later life
1853 was the start of hapless events for Mrs. <mask>, starting with her husband, <mask>'s, death. and then both of her senior employees leaving her to start their businesses. From 1860, <mask> began to receive a Civil List Pension of £50 per year, and around this year her nautical academy changed its name to Mrs Janet Taylor and Co, turning her academy into a company. In 1863, she published the sixth edition of Directions To The Planisphere Of The Stars, but unfortunately that was still not enough to help with her financial troubles. In 1864, <mask> declared bankruptcy and left London as a whole, in 1866. By 1870 she became ill. During this time she was with her sister Joyce and her husband the Rev.Matthew Chester. On the 26th of January in 1870, Mrs. <mask> died of bronchitis. On her death certificate, her occupation is stated as "Teacher of Navigation." Works
Lunar Tables for Calculating Distances
Luni-Solar and Horary Tables
Principles of Navigation Simplified
Epitome of Navigation
Directions To The Planisphere Of The Stars, With Introductory Remarks on The Stellar and Planetary Systems

References

Further

masks:
Taylor
Taylor
Janet Taylor
Taylor
George Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Janet Taylor


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 reading

Rose, Laura (2014). Poppy's with Honour. AuthorHouse. p. 87.Croucher, John S. & Rosalind F. Mistress of Science. p.60. Great Exhibition London, England. 1851. Official catalogue of the Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations, 1851. 2nd ed. London: Spicer Brothers.320 pp. 49. External links

1804 births
1870 deaths
19th-century British astronomers
Women astronomers
19th-century British women


texts:
<mask> (born 1 April 1946) is an Italian former professional football coach. He was twice manager of AC Milan (1987–1991, 1996–1997), with great success. He won the Serie A title in his 1987–88 debut season and then dominated European football by winning back to back European Cups in 1989 and 1990. From 1991 to 1996, he was head coach of the Italy national team and led them to the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final, where they lost to Brazil in a penalty shoot-out. <mask> is regarded as one of the greatest managers of all-time and his Milan side (1987–1991) is widely regarded to be one of the greatest club sides to ever play the game, and by some to be the greatest of all-time. <mask> was never a professional football player and for many years worked as a shoe salesman. This led to his famous quote directed at those who questioned his qualifications: "I never realised that in order to become a jockey you have to have been a horse first."Another famous <mask> quote is that "football is the most important of the least important things in life." Career

Early career
<mask> had grown up watching attacking sides, such as Budapest Honvéd, Real Madrid, Brazil and the Netherlands. He started his career managing his local club, Baracca Lugo, because he was not good enough to play for them. Of the challenge he faced, <mask> said, "I was twenty-six, my goalkeeper was thirty-nine and my centre-forward was thirty-two. I had to win them over." He next coached at Bellaria before joining Cesena, who were in the Serie B, as a youth team coach. He then took over at Rimini who were playing in the Serie C1, and almost led them to a title.He received his breakthrough when he moved to Fiorentina as a youth coach. His achievements with the youth team earned interest from Parma, who were then playing in Serie C1. He led Parma to promotion in his first season, and in the following

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Arrigo Sacchi
Sacchi
Sacchi
Sacchi
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 season took them to within 3 points of promotion to Serie A. Of greater importance to his time at Parma, however, was the team's performance in the Coppa Italia; they beat AC Milan 1–0 in the group stages, and beat them again 1–0 on aggregate in the first knockout round. This was enough to attract interest from Milan club owner Silvio Berlusconi, who promptly appointed <mask> as manager. AC Milan
At Milan, <mask> again faced problems of credibility. The press argued that such an inadequate player could never go on to be a successful coach, and that even Berlusconi – who had played football at amateur level – was probably a better player.<mask>, however, coined a witty term in response: "I never realised that in order to become a jockey you have to have been a horse first." <mask> was an instant success at the San Siro, leading Milan to its first Serie A title in nine years in his debut season, following up the league title with a Supercoppa Italiana in 1988. <mask>'s success at Milan gained him two back-to-back European Cups. The success he gained was largely attributed to the Dutch trio he had purchased: Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard. However, other great players such as Roberto Donadoni, as well as the defensive back four of Franco Baresi, Alessandro Costacurta, Mauro Tassotti and Paolo Maldini, were also a key to his success. The first European Cup final in 1989 was against Steaua București, who were beaten resoundingly 4–0. Gullit and Van Basten scored two goals each and Milan lifted the European Cup for the first time in over 20 years.En route to the final, Milan had dispatched Real Madrid 6–1 on aggregate in the semi-final, a result which almost represented the passing of the mantle for best European club. The quarter-final against Werder Bremen was a tight affair; Milan only went through 1–0 on aggregate thanks to a Van

masks: Sacchi Sacchi Sacchi Sacchi Sacchi


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 Basten penalty. The second round was shrouded in controversy. Donadoni had his life saved only through the quick-thinking of the Red Star Belgrade physio, who broke his jaw to make a passage for oxygen to reach his lungs after he had suffered a bad foul and lay unconscious. The first leg ended in a 1–1 draw and the second leg got called off in 64th minute and rescheduled to be replayed the next day due to the thick fog (Milan was losing 0–1 at the moment). Milan eventually progressed following a penalty shoot-out. Although the team was not as strong as they had been in the previous season, they were victorious again in 1990.After victories against HJK Helsinki, Real Madrid and KV Mechelen, Milan defeated German giants Bayern Munich in the semi-final, thanks to an away goal. The Dutch magic worked again in the final, as Frank Rijkaard scored the only goal of the game through a Van Basten assist to conquer Sven-Göran Eriksson's Benfica. By winning the final, Milan became the first team which retained the title since 1980, and the last team to do so until Real Madrid would manage to achieve this feat 27 years later. <mask> would also capture back to back European Super Cups and Intercontinental Cups in 1989 and 1990, and would lead Milan to the final of the 1989–90 Coppa Italia, where they were defeated by Juventus. The following season saw them defeated by eventual runners-up Marseille in the quarter-final, and finish second in Serie A behind Sampdoria, while they were eliminated in the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia by eventual champions Roma. This was <mask>'s last season with i Rossoneri. Italy national team
In November 1991, <mask> was appointed manager of the Italy national team, replacing Azeglio Vicini.<mask> based his Italian selection predominantly on Milan players, especially in the defensive line which featured Paolo Maldini and Franco

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 Baresi; the attacking line was led by talismanic 1993 Ballon d'or winner Roberto Baggio of Juventus. Notable exclusions from <mask>'s Azzurri selections, however, included Gianluca Vialli, Roberto Mancini, Giuseppe Bergomi and Walter Zenga. <mask> successfully led Italy through the qualification campaign to reach the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Despite not being among the favourites and losing their first match 1–0 to the Republic of Ireland, Italy reached the final (their first since 1982), where they were defeated by Brazil in a penalty shoot-out, the first ever shootout in a World Cup final. Under <mask>, Italy qualified for UEFA Euro 1996, but were eliminated from a group which included the eventual finalists, Germany and the Czech Republic. Later coaching and executive career
After leaving his position with the national team, <mask> returned to Milan to replace Óscar Tabárez in December 1996. However, the second spell was unsuccessful with Milan finishing 11th in the league and suffering its worst ever Serie A defeat, losing 6–1 at home to eventual champions Juventus.<mask> had brief spells in the Spanish La Liga, taking charge of Atlético Madrid in 1998 after his second spell with the Rossoneri, where he left his post in March of that season, with them languishing in the bottom half of the table. He also briefly returned to Parma in 2001, replacing Alberto Malesani, but soon resigned after disappointing results, and was replaced by Renzo Ulivieri. He later returned to Madrid, this time at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium as director of football at Real Madrid for the 2004–05 season. Management style, reception, and influence
Nicknamed "The Prophet of Fusignano", <mask> is regarded as one of the greatest managers of all-time. He favored a fluid, yet highly organised attacking 4–4–2 formation, discarding the traditional libero in an era where Italian

masks: Sacchi Sacchi Sacchi Sacchi Sacchi Sacchi


texts: football was mainly focussed on strong defensive play, and Helenio Herrera's Catenaccio tactics were still a strong influence. Defensively, <mask>'s teams adopted a zonal marking system, which had already been introduced by his predecessor Nils Liedholm, and were known for their defensive strength, conceding few goals; indeed, the defensive quartet of Maldini, Baresi, Costacurta, and Tassotti, which <mask> deployed both at Milan and with the Italy national team, is regarded as one of the greatest defences of all-time. <mask> believes in the Dutch concept of Total Football, insisting that young players should be coached in all aspects of football rather than into specialist positions, helping the team both with or without the ball.He was also a firm believer in team ethic and treating all players as equals, once saying, "The only way you can build a side is by getting players who speak the same language and can play a team game. You can’t achieve anything on your own, and if you do, it doesn’t last long. I often quote what Michelangelo said: 'The spirit guides the hand.'" To perfect his team's cohesion, <mask> introduced "shadow play", where his players would simulate a match in training without a football. As a coach, he also attracted controversy, as he was known for implementing a strict and rigorous training regime upon his players, and his teams were often known for their work ethic and discipline. <mask> is also remembered for his outspokenness, stubbornness and his meticulous, obsessive attention to detail when preparing tactical solutions and perfecting plays, which his players were then expected to memorise and implement consistently during matches. <mask> is also credited as an innovator, popularising high pressing from his teams, the offside trap, and a high defensive line with no more than 25 metres between defence and attack.This style


texts:
 of pressing has been emulated successfully by José Mourinho's Porto, Pep Guardiola's Barcelona, Jürgen Klopp's Borussia Dortmund and Jupp Heynckes's Bayern Munich. His successor at Milan, Fabio Capello, retained <mask>'s tactics and went on to win four Scudetti in five seasons and the 1993–94 Champions League. Spanish coach Rafael Benítez – who won the UEFA Cup and La Liga with Valencia, the UEFA Champions League and FA Cup with Liverpool, the FIFA Club World Cup with Internazionale and the UEFA Europa League with Chelsea – cites <mask> as his role model and "the coach who has revolutionised football in the past 50 years". Career statistics

Honours
Parma
Serie C1: 1985–86

Milan
Serie A: 1987–88
Supercoppa Italiana: 1988
European Cup: 1988–89, 1989–90
European Super Cup: 1989, 1990
Intercontinental Cup: 1989, 1990
Coppa Italia Runners-up: 1989–90

Italy
FIFA World Cup Runners-up: 1994
Individual
Seminatore d'Oro: 1988, 1989
World Soccer Awards Manager of the Year: 1989
Greatest Manager of All Time – one of 5 managers ranked top 10 by France Football, World Soccer and ESPN
3rd place (France Football): 2019
6th place (World Soccer): 2013
6th place (ESPN): 2013
European Coach of the Year—Sepp Herberger Award: 1989
European Coach of the Season: 1989–90
Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2011

References

1946 births
Living people
People from the Province of Ravenna
Italian footballers
A.C. Bellaria Igea Marina players
Italian football managers
Rimini F.C. 1912 managers
Parma Calcio 1913 managers
A.C. Milan managers
Italy national football team managers
Atlético Madrid managers
Serie A managers
La Liga managers
UEFA Champions League winning managers
1994 FIFA World Cup managers
UEFA Euro 1996 managers
Italian expatriate football managers
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Association footballers not categorized

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<mask>  (1880–1947) is the pen name of an author or group of authors who remained anonymous and who published a book about funding of the Nazi Party by American bankers between 1929 and 1933. The book's Dutch title De geldbronnen van het Nationaal-Socialisme: drie gesprekken met Hitler refers to three conversations <mask> said Sydney would have had with Adolf Hitler. The original states that the text was "Door Sydney Warburg, vertaald door J.G. Schoup" (By <mask>, translated by J.G. Schoup). Publication history
The original version of this book was published in 1933 under the title De geldbronnen van het nationaal-socialisme, 3 gesprekken met Hitler (Financial origins of national socialism) in the Netherlands. According to Jean Gustave Schoup (sometimes spelled as Jan Gustaaf Schoup) the original text had been provided by <mask> and J.G.Schoup had translated this text English into Dutch. After the book came out the Dutch publisher learned from various sources that no "Sydney Warburg" existed in the New York <mask> family and called back all copies from book dealers and destroyed the whole edition. A German version exists with the title: So wurde Hitler finanziert, Das verschollene Dokument von Sidney Warburg über die internationalen Geldgeber des Dritten Reiches, herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Ekkehard Franke-Gricksch, Verlag Diagnosen, Leonberg 1983, . The original Dutch text was republished in 2008 together with an introduction by Karl Hammer Kaatee. Book summary
The so-called "Sydney Warburg", presented by the translator of 1933 as the son of a great American banker of Kuhn, Loeb & Co (Felix Warburg), describes a meeting had taken place in July 1929 with a "Carter" (John Ridgley Carter, who married Alice Morgan) the president of JP Morgan's Guarantee Trust, the leaders of the Federal Reserve, "the young Rockefeller" – John D. Rockefeller Jr. – and "Glean from Royal Dutch" (Henri Deterding). It was decided that <mask> who spoke German, had to travel to Germany and ask Hitler how much money he needed to become head of state. The only condition was that Hitler would take an

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Sydney Warburg
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Sydney Warburg
Sydney Warburg
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 "aggressive foreign policy".The intention of the sponsors of Warburg is not to cause a war between France and Germany, but to cause a threat of war on France for engagement as possible to support the financial affairs of the United States and Great Britain. "Sydney Warburg" details three meetings with Hitler between 1929 and 1933. In total approximately $32 million were transferred to the NSDAP. 1929
The first meeting took place in a brewery and Hitler calculated his needs on a sheet of paper with the help of a Von Heydt. It appears from the book that Hitler would have received nearly $10 million in 1929. This was a very significant amount in this time of economic depression – the Nazis gave food and shelter to many supporters. Hitler was not informed of the reason for their help and did not ask.On one occasion he would have asked out loud if "Warburg" was himself Jewish, but had rejected the idea before he could answer. 1931
In October 1931, Warburg received a letter informing him that Hitler had spent all the 10 million and needed new financing. Back in Germany, he met Hitler again in his home where he asked "500 million marks to make a revolution or 200 million marks for acquiring power legally". Warburg, having telegraphed its bankers received a refusal message. He is visited by Hermann Göring and Julius Streicher and literally gets caught in part by Göring who accuses him of avarice. After having complained to Hitler about the behavior of his lieutenant, he received a letter of apology from Göring and next a visit from Von Heydt and Gregor Strasser. He eventually passes on the final response of its sponsors: $15 million at most.The amount is divided into three transfers: one at Mendelsohn & Co., Amsterdam, where he travels to with Von Heydt, the other in the Rotterdamsche Bankvereniging, Rotterdam, where he goes to with Gregor Strasser, and the at third Banca Italiana in Rome with Göring. In Rome, Italo Balbo and Cesare Rossi receive them, he and Göring. 1933
Warburg is in Berlin on the day of the Reichstag fire. On the evening of that day he meets Göring and Goebbels, and


texts:
 finally he met Hitler. Hitler asks again if he is a Jew but he responds by saying that he has a German name. Warburg promises Hitler $7 million payable directly to Warburg via Rhenania Joint Stock Co., the German branch of Royal Dutch in Düsseldorf. The book concludes with considerations by Warburg about predicting anything good on the consequences of these money transfers: The world continues to suffer under a system that has to bow to a Hitler to keep itself on its feet.Poor world, poor humanity!. The NSDAP and Hitler came to power. Epilogue
The book concludes with an unsigned epilogue that has been written in 1946. This epilogue was not written by <mask>. In the epilogue it has been mentioned that Joseph Goebbels wrote the following in his diary Von Kaiserhof zur Reichskanzlei on February 20, 1933: "We are in the process of raising significant funds which will resolve our financial problems at once." However, it is unclear whether this jubilant exclamation from Goebbels refers to the Sydney Warburg transaction. Analysis
The book that has been published under the pseudonym <mask>, De Geldbronnen van het nationaal Socialisme: drie gesprekken met Hitler (Funding of National Socialism: Three Conversations with Hitler), published by Van Holkema & Warendorf's Uitg.-Mij.NV disappeared almost immediately from bookstores. This book dealt with funding received by the Nazi Party in 1929, 1931 and 1933. Franz von Papen recommends the book in his memoirs that were published in 1953. Henry Coston wrote in 1975 that Otto Strasser alone is the author. The editor of the English version of Hitler's Secret Backers wrote in 1983 that the original edition of this book might have been a warning by an individual member of the <mask> family against the coming European war. Pierre de Villemarest wrote in 1984 that the pseudonym <mask> could refer to Georg Bell, a German engineer acting as an agent of Henri Deterding, or the brothers Otto Strasser and Gregor Strasser. According to what E.R.Carmin wrote in 1994 the book is a factual testimony as to Des Griffin. In the introduction of the 2008 edition Karl

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Sydney Warburg
Sydney Warburg
Warburg
Sydney Warburg


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 Hammer Kaatee wrote that J.G. Schoup's son had admitted that J.G. Schoup had published under a pseudonym what he had learned himself as a spy about Hitler's financial backers. The author Ben Peri evokes the theme in a pamphlet published in 2011. According to what the journalist Louis Kilzer wrote in 2011, James Paul <mask> is the person named in the book as intermediary, that he is the perpetrator or not. Cees van Hoore described Jean Gustave Schoup in 2014 as follows: ''Schoup was not only a talented writer but also a crook who boasted about his contacts inside the German Sicherheitsdienst.He told the resistance that he could liberate arrested resisters by paying ransom to these German contacts. However, Schoup kept the money for himself. I think this is why Schoup has been liquidated in 1944.' Jasper Wielaert proved previously in 2014 that Schoup, aiming to profit, did indeed cunningly deceive the resistance. Nevertheless, he also arranged hiding places for Jewish people. Above that Jasper Wielaert makes it thoroughly clear that corrupt members of the Rotterdam resistance in 1944–1945 were equally involved in seeking financial gain. Wielaert hints that the individuals involved in the assassination may have been interested in murdering him not just because of his scams, but for their own very personal reasons.Denial
For Jacques Attali, the <mask>burg in question, posing the son of <mask>, <mask> is imaginary, from which no one has carried this name of <mask> It will be worth many family denials and false pamphleteer published in Amsterdam will be awarded to a Dutch journalist scandal. The book was the subject of an indignant denial in 1949, as a signed declaration (an affidavit) by James Paul <mask>, son of one of the two <mask> brothers implicated in the book. See also

<mask> approximates about another later book whose provenance is uncertain repeating verbatim the thesis summarizing and adding the financing of international communism by international finance : Symphony in red. References

Conspiracy theories
1933 essays
German memoirists
Pseudonymous writers
Books about

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Sydney War
Felix Warburg
Warburg
Sydney
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texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, July 6, 1923 – October 21, 1965) was an American singer and actress known as "The Body Beautiful" and later nicknamed "The Body". Early life
Born  in Burgin, Kentucky, <mask> was the daughter of Evertt "Ed" Frye and <mask> (née <mask>) who performed in the Ziegfeld Follies. After her parents divorced, she eventually moved with her mother and stepfather to Yonkers, New York. At the age of 15, she began competing in numerous beauty pageants and was named "The Queen of Coney Island", "Miss Yonkers" and "Miss Loew's Paradise". At the age of 15, she dropped out of school and began modeling. In 1939, <mask> was named "Miss New York State". Later that same year, she debuted in George White's Scandals of 1939.The following year, at age 17, she landed a showgirl role in the Broadway production at the Earl Carroll Theatre called Earl Carroll's Vanities. Shortly thereafter, she moved to Hollywood hoping to develop a career in show business. She continued modeling and continued to work for the owner of the Broadway theatre as a showgirl at his Sunset Boulevard nightclub. Career
After auditioning for Tommy Dorsey in December 1940, she joined Dorsey & His Orchestra on his radio show and she later performed with other big bands. Dorsey suggested that she change her last name from "Frye" to her mother's maiden name "<mask>", which she used professionally for the rest of her life. In 1942, she was put under contract by Universal for $75 a week and immediately appeared in several minor roles. That year, she appeared in three motion pictures, most notably, Pardon My Sarong, which earned her the nickname "The Body" for her shapely physique.She was eventually dropped by

masks:
Marie McDonald
Cora Marie Frye
McDonald
Marie Taboni
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald


texts: Universal and signed with Paramount Pictures, earning $100 a week. While at Paramount, <mask> appeared in Lucky Jordan (1942). The following year, she was lent to Republic Pictures, where she co-starred in A Scream in the Dark, a "B" detective mystery that met with reasonable success. During World War II, <mask> became one of Hollywood's most popular pin-up girls and posed for the United States military magazine, Yank. While she initially did not mind being called "The Body", <mask> soon grew tired of the nickname and focus on her body and expressed a desire to be known for her acting and singing skills. She returned to Paramount where she appeared in supporting roles. In 1944, <mask> co-starred in Guest in the House, in which she received the first positive reviews in her career.Her next starring role came when she worked for independent producer Edward Small as the title character in the 1945 screwball comedy Getting Gertie's Garter. In 1947, <mask> signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and co-starred with Gene Kelly in Living in a Big Way (1947). <mask> and Kelly did not get along while shooting and the film was a financial failure. <mask> bought out the rest of her contract at MGM and went to Columbia Pictures where she appeared in a supporting role in Tell It to the Judge (1949). In 1950, <mask> appeared in Once a Thief and Hit Parade of 1951, which would be her final films for the next eight years. For the remainder of the 1950s, <mask> focused on theatre and music. <mask> recorded an LP for RCA Victor in 1957, The Body Sings, backed by Hal Borne and His Orchestra, which consisted of twelve standard ballads.She also toured the world in a very successful nightclub act. She

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 returned to the screen in 1958, when she was cast as actress Lola Livingston in The Geisha Boy, a slapstick comedy, opposite Jerry Lewis. In 1963, she made her last film appearance in the sex comedy Promises! Promises!, opposite Jayne Mansfield. Personal life
<mask>'s seven marriages and various romances kept her in the media throughout her career. <mask>'s first marriage was to sportswriter Richard Allord in 1940. The marriage was annulled after three weeks.In January 1943, <mask> married her agent, Victor Orsatti, in Reno, Nevada. They divorced in May 1947. While awaiting her divorce from Orsatti, <mask> had an affair with mobster Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel. Siegel reportedly dumped <mask> because of her chronic tardiness. <mask>'s third and fourth marriages were to millionaire shoe manufacturer Harry Karl. They initially married in September 1947. After <mask> suffered several miscarriages, the couple adopted two children, Denice and Harrison.They separated in August 1954 and were divorced that November. Shortly thereafter, the couple announced that they would remarry. By January 1955 however, <mask> claimed that plans to remarry were "all off" because she discovered she was allergic to Karl. Despite this claim, <mask> and Karl remarried in Arizona in June 1955. They separated in March 1956 and, in May, Karl filed for divorce claiming that <mask> had beat him, causing him "grievous mental suffering". At the time of their separation, <mask> was pregnant with the couple's first biological child. Karl dropped the divorce suit in June.In July, <mask> filed for divorce from Karl and was granted an interlocutory divorce decree later that month but their divorce was never finalized.

masks: McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald


texts: Their daughter, <mask>, was born in September 1956. During their separation, <mask> dated Michael Wilding. <mask> and Karl reconciled again in 1957 but separated again in December 1957. They divorced for good on April 16, 1958. Karl would go on to marry actress Debbie Reynolds. During her final separation from Karl, <mask> began dating George Capri.Capri was one of the owners of the Flamingo Las Vegas. On June 12, 1958, Capri accompanied <mask> to the hospital after she accidentally overdosed on sleeping pills while the two were staying in Las Vegas. The following month, <mask> told the media that the two planned to marry after Capri's divorce. They broke up in September 1958. On May 23, 1959, <mask> married television executive Louis Bass in Las Vegas. She filed for divorce after ten months, charging Bass with "mental cruelty". On August 6, 1961, she married banker and attorney Edward Callahan in Las Vegas.On September 17, 1962, Callahan filed suit in Los Angeles asking for a divorce from <mask> for mental cruelty or that the marriage be annulled due to fraud. Callahan claimed that the two had only lived together for two days because <mask> had no intention of making a home with him or having his children. Callahan also charged that <mask> would not convert to Roman Catholicism. <mask> counter sued dismissing Callahan's claim, stating that they had lived together until September 7. She also claimed that Callahan had committed adultery and borrowed $2600 from her to finance their wedding and honeymoon which he did not repay. <mask> married for the sixth time to Donald Taylor in 1963. They met while <mask> was appearing in Promises, Promises, the final film which Taylor

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Tina Marie
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald


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 produced.They remained married until <mask>'s death. Alleged kidnapping

On January 4, 1957, <mask>'s mother phoned police claiming that a man who sounded "nervous" called her at her home in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles at around 12 a.m. and told her that he had abducted <mask> from her Los Angeles home. <mask>'s mother went to her daughter's house and discovered a note in the mailbox instructing her not to call the police and that "they" would be in touch with her. Approximately two hours later, <mask>'s then estranged husband Harry Karl also received a call from a male who sounded "like a nervous young kid" also informing him not to call police if he wanted to see <mask> alive again. While <mask> was supposedly being held by her abductors at another home, she telephoned her agent Harold Plant, actor Michael Wilding (whom she was dating at the time), and columnist Harrison Carroll. <mask> told Carroll that two men kidnapped her from her house, demanded that she give them her ring and money and gave her "a shot of something". <mask> later said one of the men discovered her making the call to Carroll; he then took the phone from her, slapped her, blindfolded her and loaded her into a car.According to <mask>, the two men drove with her for some time and discussed taking her to a house in Mexico but, after hearing reports of her kidnapping on the radio, decided against this idea and dumped her on the side of the road. On January 5, a truck driver discovered <mask> on a highway near Indio, California. After being rescued, <mask> told police that on January 4, "two swarthy men" came to her house brandishing a sawed-off gun demanding that she open the door or they would shoot into the


texts: bedrooms of her children. After entering the home, <mask> said the two men took some jewelry, prepared a note and discussed demanding a $30,000 ransom for her return. The men then allowed <mask> to put on a robe and slippers and pack a small carrying case. They then forced <mask> into their car where she claimed she was blindfolded and driven to a home. At the home, <mask> said the men forced her to swallow pills which made her drowsy.She also claimed that she was able to make the three phone calls when the men left the room. A doctor who examined <mask> discovered she had two cracked teeth, bruises on her face and abrasions on her neck, legs and cheek but was otherwise unharmed. The doctor concluded that <mask>'s injuries were not consistent with the supposed assault she claimed the two men inflicted on her. Police immediately began to doubt <mask>'s story, which changed several times. Those doubts were furthered when it was discovered that the newspapers which the two supposed abductors used to construct the note found in <mask>'s mailbox were found in <mask>'s fireplace. Upon searching <mask>'s home, police found a copy of the novel The Fuzzy Pink Nightgown, by Sylvia Tate. The book tells the story of a movie star who is kidnapped by two men.One investigator noticed that details in the book matched <mask>'s story. Police then asked <mask> to undergo a polygraph test but her lawyer refused. <mask> agreed to reenact the abduction which the police filmed. <mask>'s estranged husband Harry Karl also doubted the story and claimed <mask> was "not a well woman". He also said that he doubted that two men would have easily abducted her as she would have surely fought back. <mask> then

masks: McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald McDonald


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 accused Karl of orchestrating the abduction for publicity purposes (Karl denied this, calling <mask>'s claims "absurd and ridiculous"). She later admitted that she made up Karl's alleged involvement.After investigating the alleged kidnapping, police admitted that they could find no conclusive evidence that the event took place, due to "perplexing discrepancies". On January 16, a grand jury convened to investigate the kidnapping. <mask> testified that her story changed frequently because she was in shock when she gave her initial statement and had been taking sedatives when she gave other statements. After weighing the evidence, the grand jury could not come up with any conclusive evidence to bring charges against anyone. Death
On October 21, 1965, <mask>'s sixth husband, Donald F. Taylor, found <mask>'s body slumped over her dressing table in their Hidden Hills, California home. On October 30, the coroner announced that <mask>'s death was caused by "active drug intoxication due to multiple drugs" and was determined to be an accident or a suicide. The case was then referred to a suicide team of psychologists and psychiatrists who would determine the final mode of <mask>'s death.<mask>'s funeral was held on October 23 at the Church of the Recessional at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale in Glendale, California. Her remains were interred in the Freedom Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale. In December 1965, the suicide team classified her death as "accidental" after determining that <mask> likely did not choose to commit suicide. Three months after <mask>'s death, on January 3, 1966, her widower, Donald F. Taylor, died of an intentional overdose of Seconal. <mask>'s


texts:
 three surviving children were raised by Harry Karl (her former husband) and his wife, Debbie Reynolds. On May 4, 1967, <mask>'s father, Evertt "Ed" Frye, committed suicide by a self-inflicted gunshot to the head in the garage of his New Smyrna Beach, Florida home. Filmography

References

External links

1923 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Accidental deaths in California
Actresses from Kentucky
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Drug-related deaths in California
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Paramount Pictures contract players
People from Mercer County, Kentucky
RCA Victor artists
Traditional pop music singers
20th-century American singers
Singers from Kentucky
20th-century American women singers
1965


texts:
<mask> (Vilassar de Dalt, September 10, 1850 – Barcelona, 1920) was a Catalan modernisme artist. He was one of the less known painters in the late 19th century and early 20th century in Catalonia, Spain. He was born in Vilassar de Dalt on September 10, 1850. He died in Barcelona in 1920. He is most known for performing some commissions for the Güell family, thanks to his friend and colleague, Antoni Gaudí. Early life
<mask> was born in Vilassar de Dalt, Catalonia, in 1850. Very little information is known about his personal life.He was the youngest child in a large family. He was the son of Villa Teresa Puig and Antonio Pons <mask>. He was primarily raised in Vilassar. Later, he married Gumersinda, a woman from Rues. She was a widow who was originally married to Mariano Ferré Bergues and had two children. <mask> and Gumersinda later had a daughter together, Teresa. Education
When he lived to Reus, Spain, he found his mentor and fellow painter Franco Hernandez.With a good understanding of the basic artistic skills, he went to Barcelona where he enrolled in the Escola de la Llotja where he learned from Claudi Lorenzale. Majority of <mask> <mask>' works were in opposition of Claudio Lorenzale, which led to <mask> being one of Lorenzale's favorite students. Lorenzale was active in a group called the Natzaren painters, which was a group of German painters who were led religiously by Frederick Overbeck. <mask> was a primary disciple of Friedrich Overbeck and was later appointed professor at the Escola de la Llotja. <mask> later went to Paris, France to further his education where he became a pupil of Eugène Carrière. It also is assumed that <mask> took lessons at the Academy of the Palette Utrillo. He moved to Uruguay

masks:
Alex Clapés
Clapés
Clapés
Clapés
Aleix
Clapés
Clapés
Clapés
Clapés
Clapés


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 and Rome.Where he worked on mural painting techniques. He also studied the works of Michelangelo and Raphael. <mask>’ best professional years occurred at the turn of the century. He received a minimal amount of social recognition during this time period. These accomplishments allowed him to purchase a home in the Rambla de Catalonia. He also opened a store, where he sold perfumes, gifts, and art objects. Inspiration
The amount of artwork in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were rich in Catalonia, including such artists as Santiago Rusiñol, Ramon Casas, Antonio Gaudi, and Lluis Domenech i Montaner.Many of these people were colleagues as well as competitors in the art world with <mask>. Much of Clapés’ art brought individuals closer to spirituality, mysticism, and prevailing. He quickly gained confidence. Much of his style displayed had been influenced by Overbeck. He had a very colorful palette, closest to El Greco than to Overbeck. The public's lack of interest eventually blossomed into public recognition. His talent did not go unnoticed and quickly entered the studio of S. Juan Hernandez.He specialized in drawings and paintings, who from the outset was considered one of the best and most gifted students. Career

Expo and Gaudi relationship
<mask> participated in an expo in 1888, where he began a close relationship with Antoni Gaudí. Gaudi hired him to work on the decoration of the Palau Güell in 1851. Where, he also held the position of director from 1858 to 1885. <mask> received notoriety for contributing to the paintings that decorated the halls of the palace and the great mural painting which occupied part of the front side. Despite his participation in important projects, such as the Palau Güell and

masks: Clapés Clapés Clapés Clapés


texts:
 La Pedrera, he enjoyed the minor recognition that his talent deserved. Antoni Gaudi's success seem to cloud <mask>' success in the involvement of these projects.Although, Gaudi's success also introduced <mask> to many opportunities that he may not have had without his close relationship with Gaudi. Furniture
Clapés artistic abilities did not limit him to painting. He also excelled in designing carpets and furniture. This included close collaboration with Ibars Josep Ribas, a furniture maker and decorator, including furnishing designs for the Asylum Hospital de Sant Pau. During the construction of Palau Güell, <mask> also "created cabinet doors inserts, including twelve copper plates that contained the representation of apostles, one of whom is believed to be his self-portrait. In the living room are also his paintings that occupy the four corners the room. These are large-scale works and innovative aesthetics that stand to adapt perfectly to the unique architecture Gaudí proposed by tracing angles and beams of the room."Magazine
Clapés established and worked at the Magazine Hispania from 1899 to 1902. The Magazine Hispania was published bimonthly to display modern art and literature. During this time, <mask> was relatively popular. He made many commissions for the wealthy people. However, he was only able to keep it open until 1903 due to the expensive method of printing. Literary competition
On August 14, 1887, a literary contest was held in Vilassar de Mar. An announcement was made on May 22, 1887 including the deadline for submission on July 31, 1887.Vilassar had adopted the model of the Floral Games of Barcelona as a catalyst for revitalization of the Catalan culture. The compositions were to be unpublished


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 and original. It was the first organized event in Vilassar de Mar. The review panel was composed of Eduard Vidal Valenciano, Damasus Calvet, Angel Guimera, and Valentine Admiral Frederic Soler. <mask> <mask> won a prize for the best poem about "The Latin sea." It was read by Damas Calvet. Artworks
It appears that <mask> <mask>’ first works was the portrait of a famous poet, Joaquim Maria Bartins.It was later exhibited at the Reading Center of Rues. It is currently on display at the Rues City Hall. The portrait was painted during a time when Joaquim Maria Bartins was ill. It portrayed much of her pain and suffering during this time of illness. The portrait received great reviews by Lo Somatent, which was the first newspaper to be printer in Catalan Rues. He also painted a painting of Hercules on the exterior of the east side of the Palau Guell. Hercules was the mythical founder of Barcelona.Guell had an infatuation with Hercules. Hercules was present on the lateral wall parallel to the La Rambla in a large painting by <mask> <mask>. He also painted The Rapture on the walls of Palau Güell, where Hercules, the hero, had been portrayed as the main protagonist. He also painted El Prisionero. The English translation is "The Prisoner". It was charcoal drawing on the Civil War in Uruguay. He also painted El Peon (English translation: "The Pawn").It was purchased by Trotsky in Paris in 1920 for 2,000,000 francs, which was France's currency prior to the euro. It was then taken to Kremlin. Trotsky was the organizer of the Red Army and advocated for forced military drafts. <mask>' Hercules Searching for the Hesperides was painted with oil on canvas circa 1890. It was donated to Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya by Maria

masks: Aleix Clapés Aleix Clapés Aleix Clapés Clapés


texts:
 Lluisa Guell in 1928, but as of January 2016 is on loan to the Palau Güell. It has been selected for the project "Partage Plus – Digitising and Enabling Art Nouveau for Europeana". Allegory of Doctor Robert was painted with oil on canvas circa 1890–1902.It was donated to Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya by Pere Mila Camps in 1933 and is displayed at the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya. <mask>' Self-Portrait was painted with oil on canvas circa 1902. It was purchased by the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya in 1954. It has been selected for the project "Partage Plus – Digitising and Enabling Art Nouveau for Europeana". Portrait of Manuel Dalmau Oliveres (1864–1923) is an oil painting on canvas circa 1915–1919. It was donated to Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya by Albert Bernis in 1942. It is on display at the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya.It has also been selected for the project "Partage Plus – Digitising and Enabling Art Nouveau for Europeana". <mask>' Saint Isabel Offering the Queen’s Crown to a Beggar is an oil painting on canvas circa 1890–1895. It was donated to Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya by Pere Mila I Camps in 1933. It is stored in the archives at the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya. It has been selected for the project "Partage Plus – Digitising and Enabling Art Nouveau for Europeana." Christ and Mary Magdalene is an oil painting on canvas circa 1890–1918. It was donated to Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya by Pere Mila I Camps in 1933.It is stored in the archives at the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya. It has been selected for "Partage Plus – Digitising and Enabling Art Nouveau for Europeana". References

19th-century Catalan painters
20th-century Catalan painters
1850 births
1920

masks: Clapés Clapés


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<mask> of (Liu) Song ((劉)宋明帝) (9 December 439 – 10 May 472), personal name Liu Yu (劉彧), courtesy name Xiubing (休炳), nickname Rongqi (榮期), was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song. He became emperor after his violent and impulsive nephew Emperor Qianfei was assassinated in 465, as he was regarded as more lenient and open-minded at first, but he soon turned cruel and suspicious as well after becoming emperor, and during his reign, his nephews and brothers were nearly all slaughtered on his orders, greatly weakening the Liu Song state and contributing to its fall in 479, just seven years after his death. Background
Liu Yu was born in 439, as Emperor Wen's 11th son. His mother Consort Shen Rongji () was a low-ranked imperial consort with the title Meiren (). For reasons unknown, Wen once wanted to put her to death, but she convinced him that killing her would offend the spirit of his deceased wife, Empress Yuan Qigui, and she was spared. In 448, Liu Yu was created the Prince of Huaiyang. In 452, his title was changed to Prince of Xiangdong.Consort Shen died in 453, the same year that <mask> was assassinated by his crown prince Liu Shao, who took over as emperor and subsequently put a number of his brothers, including Liu Yu, under house arrest, but Liu Yu and the other brothers were released when another older brother, Liu Jun the Prince of Wuling, defeated and killed Liu Shao and took the throne himself (as Emperor Xiaowu). <mask> posthumously honored Liu Yu's mother Consort Shen as Princess Dowager of Xiangdong, and Emperor Xiaowu's mother Empress Dowager Lu Huinan took over the duties of raising Liu Yu to adulthood. As he grew, as was customary for Liu Song imperial princes, he was

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Emperor Ming
Emperor Wen
Emperor Xiaowu


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 rotated through governorships of commanderies and provinces. Liu Yu was regarded as a kind and open-minded man, with substantial literary abilities. He was also said to be grossly overweight. During Emperor Qianfei's reign
In 464, <mask> died, and was succeeded by his son <mask>. Emperor Qianfei was impulsive and violent, and he, after discovering and brutally suppressing a plot to depose him in favor of his granduncle Liu Yigong () the Prince of Jiangxia, suspected his uncles as well, and had them returned to the capital and confined.Of his uncles, he particularly suspected Liu Yu, Liu Xiuren () the Prince of Jian'an, and Liu Xiuyou () the Prince of Shanyang, since they were the oldest. (Another even older uncle, Liu Hui () the Prince of Donghai, was considered so unintelligent that Emperor Qianfei did not view him as much of a threat.) Because these three princes were all overweight, he had them put in cages and weighed as pigs would, and because Liu Yu was the heaviest, he called Liu Yu the Prince of Pigs, Liu Xiuren the Prince of Murderers, and Liu Xiuyou the Prince of Thieves. He often humiliated Liu Yu by putting him in stables and feeding him the way that pigs would be fed. He often wanted to kill Liu Yu, Liu Xiuren, and Liu Xiuyiu, but each time Liu Xiuren flattered him and caused him to change his mind. In one particular incident, he tied Liu Yu up like how a pig would be tied up, and had him delivered to the kitchen, stating, "Today is pig-killing day." Liu Xiuren, however, stated, "This is not the pig-killing day."He angrily asked Liu Xiuren why that was the case, and Liu Xiuren stated, "After your son is born, then kill the pig and take out his entrails!" Emperor Qianfei

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Emperor Xiaowu
Emperor Qianfei


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 liked Liu Xiuren's joke and did not kill Liu Yu. In winter 465, around the time that Emperor Qianfei created his second wife, Lady Lu, empress, the palace eunuchs were of insufficient number to prepare for the ceremony, so Emperor Qianfei had the eunuchs from the princes' mansions conscripted to help, and Liu Yu had his own eunuch, Qian Lansheng (), observe Emperor Qianfei's actions and report to him. Meanwhile, some attendants of Emperor Qianfei were plotting to kill him, and when he was carrying out a ghost-shooting ceremony (after dreaming of the spirit of a lady in waiting that he had killed), the attendant Shou Jizhi () killed him. (Traditional historians generally hint that Liu Yu was involved in the plot, but not having conclusive evidence, they did not state so conclusively.) With support from the officials and particularly with his brother Liu Xiuren as a major advocate, Liu Yu was declared emperor (as Emperor <mask>). Early reign: victory over Liu Zixun and loss of northern provinces
Emperor <mask> posthumously honored his mother Consort Shen as Empress Dowager Xuan but, because he was raised by <mask>'s mother Grand Empress Dowager Lu, he continued to honor her as empress dowager.He also tried to pacify the empire by promoting the various officials, his brothers, and some of his nephews. (However, he forced Emperor Qianfei's oldest younger brother Liu Zishang () the Prince of Yuzhang, and his sister Liu Chuyu the Princess Kuaiji, both born also of Empress Wang Xianyuan and both of whom participated in his ill-fated governance, to commit suicide.) He created his wife Princess Wang Zhenfeng empress. One of the nephews that he tried to promote, Liu Zixun the Prince of Jin'an,

masks:
Ming
Ming
Emperor Xiaowu


texts: whose chief of staff Deng Wan () had just prior to Emperor Qianfei's death declared a rebellion against Emperor Qianfei, refused, and instead declared a rebellion against Emperor <mask>, in association with Yuan Yi () the governor of Yong Province (雍州, modern northwestern Hubei and southwestern Henan) and Liu Zisui's chief of staff Xun Bianzhi (). They accused Emperor <mask> of being an usurper and having unduly killed Liu Zishang. Jing Province (荊州, modern central and western Hubei) and Kuaiji Commandery (the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay), governed by Liu Zixun's brothers Liu Zixu () the Prince of Linhai and Liu Zifang () the Prince of Xunyang, also quickly rose in support. In spring 466, Deng Wan, claiming to have received a secret edict from Liu Zixun's grandmother Empress Dowager Lu Huinan, declared Liu Zixun emperor.Upon the declaration, nearly the entire empire declared for Liu Zixun, with Emperor <mask> only in control of the region immediately around the capital Jiankang. However, Liu Zixun's generals proceeded slowly, believing that Jiankang would collapse on its own due to the lack of food supply. Emperor <mask>'s general Wu Xi () was quickly able to advance east and capture Liu Zifang, taking the commanderies around Kuaiji that had declared for Liu Zixun and securing a food supply. The troops of Liu Zixun and <mask> stalemated for months in the Chaohu region, until <mask>'s general Zhang Xingshi () built a defense post at Qianxi (錢溪, in modern Chizhou, Anhui), upstream from Liu Zixun's main troops commanded by Yuan Yi and Liu Hu (), cutting off their food supplies. As Liu Hu then tried to capture Qianxi to reopen food routes, he was defeated by Zhang and Shen Youzhi, and

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Ming
Ming
Ming
Ming
Emperor Ming
Emperor Ming


texts: Liu Hu and Yuan then fled, with their troops collapsing. Liu Hu fled back to Xunyang, but then left under guise that he was going to set up perimeter defenses while instead fleeing. Xunyang was left without a defense, and Deng Wan contemplated killing Liu Zixun to save himself, but instead was killed by another staff member Zhang Yue ().Shen then arrived and executed Liu Zixun, ending his rival claim. However, Emperor <mask> then grew arrogant in light of his victory. Instead of his initial policy of pardoning those who had declared for Liu Zixun, he began to deal with those who had not surrendered by this point harshly. In particular, at Liu Xiuren's suggestion, he put to death all of the still living sons of Emperor Xiaowu, accusing them (the oldest of whom was 10) of treason, along with several other officials whom he suspected of covertly supporting Liu Zixun, including Empress Dowager Lu's nephews. (Empress Dowager Lu herself had died during the war under suspicious circumstances. A rumor that the Nan Shi found reliable but indicated was not conclusively proven indicated that she had been secretly pleased about Liu Zixun's rebellion, and had tried to poison Emperor <mask> so that Liu Zixun could be successful, but Emperor <mask>, realizing her intent, poisoned her instead.) Late in 466, <mask> created his oldest son, Liu Yu (different character than his own name), crown prince.Emperor <mask>'s reprisals brought an immediate heavy toll for <mask>. When Xue Andu () the governor of Xu Province (徐州, modern northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui), who had earlier declared for Liu Zixun, tried to surrender to him, <mask>, instead of just pardoning Xue, sent a force toward Xue's defense

masks:
Ming
Ming
Ming
Emperor Ming
Ming
Liu Song
Emperor Ming


texts: post at Pengcheng, Xue became fearful that Emperor <mask> had no intent of pardoning him. (Indeed, <mask> did not, and was intending to lead Xue into resisting, and then wiping him out.) Instead of simply resisting, however, Xue surrendered Xu Province to rival Northern Wei. He was joined in this action by Bi Zhongjing () the governor of Yan Province (兗州, modern western Shandong), Shen Wenxiu () the governor of Qing Province (青州, modern central and eastern Shandong), and Cui Daogu () the governor of Ji Province (冀州, modern northwestern Shandong), although Shen and Cui soon changed their allegiance back to Emperor <mask>. Northern Wei forces quickly joined Xue's, and they took up defense position against the attacking forces sent by <mask>, commanded by the generals Zhang Yong () and Shen Youzhi. With Liu Song forces unable to siege Pengcheng effectively, Zhang and Shen Youzhi were forced to withdraw in spring 467, and on their retreat, Northern Wei forces commanded by Yuchi Yuan () sandwiched them with Xue, leading to a major rout.Against Shen Youzhi's protestations, Emperor <mask> ordered him to attack Pengcheng again in fall 467, and Yuchi again defeated Shen Youzhi, ending Emperor <mask>'s efforts at recapturing Xu and Yan Provinces. With Ji and Qing Provinces now completely isolated from the rest of Liu Song, they could not be supplied with fresh troops, and the Northern Wei general Murong Baiyao () forced Cui's surrender in spring 468 and captured Shen Wenxiu's defense post at Dongyang (東陽, in modern Weifang, Shandong), annexing those provinces for Northern Wei. (While Pengcheng would temporarily be taken by Emperor Wu of Liang, the rest of the territory was lost to Southern

masks:
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Emperor Ming
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 Dynasties forever.) Emperor <mask> also began to be suspicious of his brothers, and in 469, when a plot to make Liu Hui emperor was discovered, Emperor <mask> had his brother demoted and then forced him to commit suicide. He also became displeased at the increasing authorities of Liu Xiuren, and Liu Xiuren, realizing that he was being suspected, surrendered part of his authorities but could not regain Emperor <mask>'s trust. Late reign
Meanwhile, Emperor <mask>'s own conduct also began to decay. For example, in 470, he ordered officials and governors to offer him gifts, and when Sun Fengbo () the governor of Shixing Commandery (始興, roughly modern Shaoguan, Guangdong) only offered guqin and books, and not the treasures that Emperor <mask> was hoping for, he sent poison to Sun to order him to commit suicide, although he soon retracted that order.Also on one occasion, he held an imperial feast inside the palace, and ordered his ladies in waiting to strip for the guests. Empress Wang, embarrassed, covered her eyes with a fan. In anger, Emperor <mask> said, "Your household is so naïve and unaware of the world. Today everyone is trying to have fun, so why are you covering your eyes?" She responded, "There are many ways to have fun. What kind of a scene is it for aunts and sisters to gather to watch naked ladies in waiting and laugh about it? The fun that our household has is different."He became angrier and chased her away. Historical accounts, written during the succeeding Southern Qi Dynasty, indicate that Emperor <mask> was impotent, and that although he had 12 sons, those were the results of his having seized his brothers' pregnant concubines and kept the children if they bore males, or

masks: Ming Ming Ming Ming Ming Ming Ming


texts: his having had his concubines have sexual relations with others. (However, the fact that Empress Wang had two daughters, although no sons, may argue against such allegations, because it appeared rather unlikely that Emperor <mask> would do this over female children—indeed, the allegations stated that he would only do this if his brothers' concubines bore males—or that the morally upright Empress Wang would engage in sexual relations with others, thus suggesting that the allegations were made to delegitimize Emperor <mask>'s sons Emperor Houfei and Emperor Shun vis-à-vis Southern Qi.) In addition, Emperor <mask> was said to be suspicious, jealous, cruel, and violent. In addition, he was also superstitious, and his officials and attendants were forced to observe a number of taboos in both language and acts. Whoever violated these taboos would be executed, often in cruel manners, including having their hearts cut open or their entrails pulled out. In 471, Emperor <mask> grew ill, and as Crown Prince Yu was only eight, he was fearful that his brothers would seize the throne, and therefore turned against them.His first target was Liu Xiuyou the Prince of Jinping, who was considered arrogant and violent and often offended Emperor <mask>. Emperor <mask> therefore, when he was out on a hunt with Liu Xiuyou, found an opportunity to have his guards push Liu Xiuyou off his horse and then pounded to death. When this news reached his youngest brother, Liu Xiuruo () the Prince of Baling, the governor of Jing Province, Liu Xiuruo's staff members suggest that he start a rebellion, particularly in light of orders for him to return to Jiankang and then take up Liu Xiuyou's old post at governor of South

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texts: Xu Province (南徐州, modern western central Jiangsu), but the cautious Liu Xiuruo did not rebel, but instead reported to South Xu. Meanwhile, because the public believed that Liu Xiuren would become regent if <mask> died, the mid-level officials were all trying to ingratiate themselves with Liu Xiuren and his staff, drawing <mask>'s anger and suspicion, and he forced Liu Xiuren to commit suicide. He then summoned Liu Xiuruo back to Jiankang and forced him to commit suicide as well. The only brother who was spared with Liu Xiufan () the Prince of Guiyang, who was considered to be unvirtuous and incompetent, and therefore not viewed as a threat. Emperor <mask>'s suspicions soon turned to other officials as well.In order to test the attitude of Xiao Daocheng the governor of South Yan Province (南兗州, modern eastern central Jiangsu), he had his strategist Wu Xi deliver a pot of wine to Xiao. Xiao, believing that wine was poisoned, was about to flee to Northern Wei, when Wu revealed that the wine was not poisonous and that <mask> was merely trying to test him, and Wu drank some of the wine first to show Xiao. Xiao then drank the wine, and Wu returned to the capital and vouched for Xiao's loyalty, but his leaking of the non-poisonous nature of the wine was soon revealed. Emperor <mask>, who was already suspicious of Wu's abilities, forced him to commit suicide. In fear, Empress Wang's brother Wang Jingwen (), the commander of the armed forces, tried to resign. Emperor <mask> would not let him do so, and then, suspecting that Wang would take power after Emperor <mask>'s death, forced Wang to commit suicide in spring 472. Emperor <mask> himself died in summer 472, and was succeeded by Crown Prince

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