texts:
 Americans had been largely disenfranchised since the turn of the century by the 1890 constitution that imposed poll taxes and literacy tests as barriers. Administration by white officials meant that rulings were subjectively decided against African Americans. After the wade-in protests, <mask> and other activists formed the first chapter in Biloxi of the NAACP; he was chosen as president and served in that position for the next 34 years.<mask> also served as president of the Mississippi state NAACP for 33 years. In 2000, <mask> published a memoir about the wade-ins, entitled Beaches, Blood, and Ballots: A Black Doctor's Civil Rights Struggle. It was written with James Patterson Smith and published by University Press of Mississippi. Death and legacy
<mask> died on July 8, 2006, in Ocean Springs, Mississippi. He was interred in Biloxi City Cemetery, Biloxi, Mississippi. <mask>'s contributions to the civil rights movement were honored posthumously in May 2009 and 2010. The state of Mississippi designated a section of U.S. Highway 90 near Biloxi as the "Dr. <mask> Sr. Memorial Highway."In addition, the state installed historic markers commemorating these civil rights events on the beach in 2009 and at the Biloxi Light in 2010, to mark the 50th anniversaries of two of the wade-in events. A Head Start center in Biloxi was named for him in 2010. In 2019, the National Science Foundation announced that its third Regional Class Research Vessel would be named in <mask>'s honor. The Research Vessel <mask> R. <mask> will have dual homeports at the Port of Gulfport and Houma, LA, and will be operated by the Gulf – Caribbean Oceanographic Consortium, led by the University of Southern Mississippi (USM) and the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON). References

External links

Biloxi, Mississippi
Civil rights protests in the United States
1959 in Mississippi
1963 in Mississippi
History of Mississippi
Conflicts in 1960
1960 in Mississippi
Activists for African-American civil rights
Civil disobedience
1928 births
2006 deaths
Howard University College of Medicine alumni
Tennessee State University

masks:
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Gilbert Mason
Mason
Gilbert
Mason


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 31 December 1981) is a British actor. <mask> first came to prominence as a model for Reebok in the early 2000s. He is known in the United Kingdom for his role as Calvin Valentine in the soap opera Hollyoaks. In 2009, he finished second in the BBC reality competition Strictly Come Dancing. In 2012, <mask> crossed over to American television when he booked a recurring role on VH-1's Single Ladies, followed by a recurring role on ABC's Mistresses in 2014. From 2014 to 2016, <mask> appeared in The CW's post-apocalyptic drama The 100 as Lincoln. As of 2017, <mask> appears in the lead role of Shadow Moon in the Starz television series American Gods.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Oldham, England, to Harry and Maggie (Goodwin) <mask>. He is the oldest of three children. His mother is from England and his father is from Jamaica. His father was in the Royal Air Force so the family moved to a different country every few years. However, <mask> was primarily raised in Northern Ireland and revealed that he'd been bullied as a child because he was the only black child in school. At one point, <mask> told his mother he wanted to be white so he could fit in. <mask> studied law at Southampton Solent University where he was football team captain.In order to pay for text books, he started to model. However, <mask> left university just before graduation. Career

2002–2011: Career beginnings and Hollyoaks
<mask> took up modelling in college. He would go on to become the face of Reebok in 2000. <mask> made his acting debut in 2002 the television series Dream Team which aired on Sky 1. The actor said the show was a "dream job" for a young actor just starting out. <mask>'s agent surprised him and sent him to audition for Dream Team.<mask> credits his career to his

masks:
Richard Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle


texts:
 co-star Terence Maynard whom he auditioned with. <mask> left the show in 2006 after series 9 and in May 2006, it was announced that <mask> had joined the cast of the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks in the role of Calvin Valentine. In December 2009, it was announced that <mask> would leave Hollyoaks and the character would be killed off in 2010. In an interview with Digital Spy explained his reasons for leaving Hollyoaks and revealed his plans to try his hand at American television and film. He only planned to do four years with the series. In the summer of 2009, <mask> joined series 7 of the BBC reality series, Strictly Come Dancing. He was paired with professional dancer Natalie Lowe.<mask> would place second after sports presenter Chris Hollins. He permanently relocated to Los Angeles in the summer of 2011 to further his career. 2012–2016: American TV breakthrough and The 100
Upon his arrival in the US, <mask> met with someone to put a reel together. The meeting led to him signing with manager Ken Jacobsen. Jacobsen has also represented James Franco, Michelle Williams and Hilary Swank. Not long after, <mask> was cast in the feature film Austenland opposite Keri Russell, Jane Seymour and Jennifer Coolidge. <mask> joked that he only booked the role because of his body as the audition tape he submitted cut off his head.He found it ironic that it filmed on location in the UK when he travelled to Los Angeles to pursue American TV projects. After that, <mask> had no problem booking gigs. However, his immigration status caused him to pull out of a few projects. <mask> was set to film an episode of the NBC sitcom Up All Night when his management contacted him the night before to inform him that the network wouldn't accept his visa. After this incident, <mask> decided to apply

masks: Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle


texts: for his green card. In March 2012, it was announced that <mask> was cast in the recurring role of Charles, a love interest of Denise Vasi's character, in the second season of the VH1 comedic-drama Single Ladies. <mask> submitted his audition tape just as he returned to the UK for Christmas.While he was too young for the role he initially auditioned for, the producers found another role for him. <mask> was initially supposed to appear in two episodes, and that turned into six. However, <mask> made such an impression on producer Stacy A. Littlejohn that she wrote him into the rest of the season. <mask> filmed the series in Atlanta from January to June 2012. In 2013, <mask> appeared in an episode of the CBS drama NCIS, "Detour." In 2014, <mask> joined the cast of The CW's post-apocalyptic drama The 100 in the role of Lincoln. On 25 July 2014, at San Diego Comic-Con, it was announced that <mask> had been promoted to series regular for season 2.Around the same time, <mask> booked the recurring role of Daniel on ABC's prime-time drama Mistresses. <mask> wrapped filming for The 100 the week before he was scheduled to start production on Mistresses. Daniel Zamora is the love interest for April played by Rochelle Aytes. <mask> appeared in 10 episodes. In January 2016, it was reported that <mask> was in talks for the lead role on another series. During an interview with AfterBuzz TV in April 2016, <mask> announced his decision to leave The 100. <mask> controversially accused the show's creator Jason Rothenberg of bullying him into leaving the series by marginalizing his character.The actor explained that once Warner Bros. Television President Peter Roth and The CW President Mark Pedowitz were made aware of the situation, he was allowed to audition for other projects. 2017–present:

masks: Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle Whittle


texts:
 American Gods and Nappily Ever After
In January 2016, it was announced that <mask> had been cast as Shadow Moon, the lead role in Starz television adaptation of Neil Gaiman's 2001 novel American Gods opposite Ian McShane. Though <mask> had no prior knowledge of the novel, he was a fan favourite pick to play Shadow when Starz announced the series in August 2015. Out of the 2,000 audition tapes submitted, <mask> was chosen out of approximately 600 actors that met with the producers. <mask> submitted 16 audition tapes over the five-month process. In September 2017 <mask> was cast opposite Sanaa Lathan in the Netflix original film, Nappily Ever After based on the novel of same name by Trisha R. Thomas. On 16 April 2018 it was announced that <mask> signed with talent agency William Morris Endeavor.Personal life
<mask> dated his Hollyoaks co-star Carley Stenson from 2007 to 2009. The two have remained close friends. <mask> dated Kirstina Colonna from 2016 until 2018. Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

<mask> interview

1981 births
Living people
Male actors from Oldham
People from Burghfield
Alumni of Solent University
Black British male actors
English male models
English male television actors
Male actors from Greater Manchester
21st-century English male actors
English people of Jamaican

masks:
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Whittle
Ricky Whittle


texts:
<mask> (born May 16, 1968) is a Spanish composer who began his musical education at the Conservatorio Superior de Música de Vigo. Later, he moved to Madrid and to Paris completing his studies in Harmony and Composition with Isabelle Duha (Conservatoire d'Issy les Molineaux-Paris XIII)

He has studied musical composition with David del Puerto, Jesús Rueda,  (Köln Conservatory), Richard Steinitz (Huddersfield University) and with Cristobal Halffter and Tomás Marco (Villafranca del Bierzo, Spain). He has a master's degree from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and has a Doctorat (PhD) from the Universidad de Vigo (thesis about Spanish contemporary music)

He has been a professor at the Conservatory of Vigo and Conservatory of Ourense (Spain). He has been composer in residence at Academy of Spain in Rome (Real Academia de España en Roma – RAER) in the course 2019-2020

He is also the author of the novel "Olozábal, el último zarzuelista, en el Madrid de la movida" published on Amazon () and Smashwords ()

He is also the author of several documentaries such as Film me (on Cuba) winner of awards at international festivals such as CinemAmbiente (Torino, Italy) and Festival International de Programs Audiovisuels (FIPA, Biarritz, France)

Style
Musicologist Robert Fallon has written, "<mask>'s triptych All the Echoes Listen, But in Vain and They Hear no Answering Strain, dedicates each movement to Messiaen, Takemitsu and Grisey. Melodies in All the Echoes Listen have the "Chant d'extase" contour and They Hear no Answering Strain sounds a five-note descending octatonic scale in strings much like Le

masks:
Eduardo Soutullo
Eduardo Soutullo


texts:
 tombeau resplendissant." Awards and honors

 First Prize "X Edition of the AEOS-BBVA Foundation Composition Prize" (Spanish Association of Symphony Orchestras)
First Prize "VII Composition Competition New Note – Croatia 2018" – Croatian Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra – 43rd Samobor Music Festival
First Prize "Lawson-May Award for Composition 2020" (Solent Music Festival, Lymington, United Kingdom)
 Finalist "RED NOTE New Music Festival Composition Competition - Illinois State University Symphony Orchestra (November 2018)
 Honourable Mention in  Lutoslawski Award 2007, (Warsaw, December 17, 2007), Chairman of the jury, Zygmunt Krauze
 Finalist at International Profofiev Competition (St. Petersburg, april 2008), Chairman of the jury, Rodion Shchedrin
 Third Prize International Composition Competition ITALY 150,  Chairman of the jury, Magnus Lindberg)
 Third Prize International Composition Competition Auditorio Nacional - Fundación BBVA, Chairman of the jury, Tristán Murail. Finalist at GESAMT project organized by filmmaker Lars von Trier  with Copenhagen Art Festival, the Danish Film Institute and Zentropa
 Finalist at  XXVI Queen Sofía Composition Prize 2008 with his PIano Concerto
 First Prize in "Ciutat de Tarragona International Award for Musical Composition" in 2005.First Prize  in "7th Manuel Valcárcel International Piano Composition Competition" (Marcelino Botín Foundation). The work has been premiered by Ananda Sukarlan in Santander International Festival, august 2008
 He has been one of the three composers selected to represent Spain at the World Music Days 2009 ( ISCM /


texts:
 International Society of Contemporary Music). Works

Opera

 Romance de lobos (2017) based on the theatrical play Romance de lobos written by Ramón María del Valle-Inclán

Orchestral (selection)

 All the echoes listen (2005), winner of the Ciutat de Tarragona International Award for Musical Composition". But in vain (2006), commissioned and premiered by Orquesta Real Filharmonia de Galicia
 They Hear no Answering Strain (2008), commissioned and premiered by Orquesta Sinfónica de Galicia and conductor Josep Pons
 Erfahrung und sonst nichts (2010), winner of Third Prize in International Composition Competition Auditorio Nacional - Fundación BBVA, premiered by Orquesta Nacional de España conducted by José Luis Temes
 Jobs and Gates at dawn (2015) commissioned and premiered by Orquesta Ciudad de Granada and conductor Virginia Martínez
Alén (2019), winner of "X Edition of the AEOS-BBVA Foundation Composition Prize"

Soloist and orchestra

 That scream called silence (Piano Concerto) (2007), finalist of the Queen Sofía Composition Prize 2008, premiered by Ananda Sukarlan (piano) and Orquesta Sinfónica de RTVE conducted by Adrian Leaper
 The other face of the wind (Clarinet concerto) (2010), commissioned and premiered by José Luis Estellés (clarinet) Joven Orquesta Nacional de España and conductor Patrick Davin

Chamber, vocal and solo works (selection)

 Have you said spectral? (2007, for solo piano), winner of "7th Manuel Valcárcel International Piano Composition Competition" (Marcelino Botín Foundation). Premiered at New York   by Isabel Pérez Dobarro
Lira de sombra -Isaac Albéniz in memoriam


texts:
 (2009, for solo piano), commissioned by Fundacion Albéniz. Performed by Gustavo Díaz-Jerez
 Cantigas de Martín Codax (2010, for soprano and piano), with the text of Cantigas de Amigo.Premiered at Carnegie Hall, New York. Aut Caesar, aut nihil (2012, for mixed choir), premiered at "Semana de Música Religiosa de Cuenca"
Noh Quartet, (2014, for string quartet), Premiered at "Xornadas de Música Contemporánea" (Santiago de Compostela) by Breton String Quartet
 Le sourire d'Isabelle H. (2017 for ensemble, fl. cl. vl. vch. and piano), commissioned and premiered by Grup Instrumental de Valencia conducted by Joan Cerveró. Recordings (selection)

All the echoes listen, by Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by B Tommy Andersson.Sverige Radio (Live recording)
All the echoes listen (abridged version) by Orchestre national de Lorraine conducted by Jacques Mercier. IRCAM. But in vain, by Orquesta Real Filharmonia de Galicia. Fundacion SGAE Records New symphonic works 1
 Erfahrung und sonst nichts, by Orquesta Nacional de España. Verso Records. Recitativ, Aria, Scherzo, by Roberto Alonso Trillo, Ouvirmos Records
 I've got you under my string, by Adam Levin (guitar). NAXOS Records

External links

 <mask>o official web site http://eduardosoutullo.com/
List of works (selection) at Biblioteca Nacional de España
Scores published in Trito Ed.Interview with Jose Luís García del Busto, Mario Carro and Joan Magrané. Fundación Maphre, July 15, 2011. Interview in Diario de León, July 28, 2011. Interview with Arturo Reverter, May 6, 2012. Interview in Televisión de Galicia, November 21, 2012
Interview in


texts:
 Televisión de Galicia, November 2, 2018. Further reading

 Fallon, Robert. 2013.Messiaen Perspectives 2: Techniques, Influence and Reception, pp 259, 261. Notes

"<mask>ullo puesta por rescartar la emotividad de la música en Santander", ABC, August 23, 2008. "<mask>, clásico aos 40 anos", EL PAIS, December 12, 2008. "La Sinfónica de Galicia homenajea a los grandes compositores en Lisboa", El Progreso, March 7, 2009
 "El gallego <mask>, finalista de los Premios Reina Sofía", La voz de Galicia, March 12, 2009
 "Soutullo y los ecos en soledad", EL PAIS, April 17, 2009
"Concierto de obras finalistas del XXVI Premio Reina SofÍa de composición musical", Agencia EFE, December 8, 2009. "La Sinfónica estrena a Soutullo bajo la batuta de Rizzi", EL PAIS, February 8, 2011. "-La otra cara del viento- es la segunda obra de <mask>utullo para solista", Diario de León, July 21, 2011
"La música del vigués Eduardo Soutullo sonará en Chicago", Atlántico Diario, August 12, 2014
"Una mirada española a la leyenda de Ibn Battuta, el viajero del tiempo", EL MUNDO, October 17, 2016. "La OCG estrena 'Jobs and gates at dawn', de <mask> Soutullo", Granada Hoy, November 4, 2016."Una orquesta de Hong Kong estrena una pieza del compositor <mask>ullo", Faro de Vigo, March 20, 2017
 "Del amanecer a la Feria", EL PAIS, October 28, 2017. "Vanguardia en marcha", Diario de Sevilla, November 13, 2017. "Tres estrenos en el Ciclo de Música Contemporánea de la Quincena", Gara, August 19, 2018
"<mask>ullo gana el primer premio de la Orquesta Sinfónica de la Radio-Televisión de Croacia", Faro de Vigo, September 30, 2018. "Soutullo

masks:
Eduardo Sout
Eduardo Soutullo
Eduardo Souto
Eduardo So
Eduardo
Eduardo Sout
Eduardo Sout


texts:
<mask> (born 2 July 1973),"STAR FILES ...<mask> – musical rebel ", Jamaica Star, 14 January 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2012 known by her stage name <mask>, is a Jamaican reggae singer and deejay who emerged in the late 1990s. She is most known for her hits "Yuh Nuh Ready Fi Dis Yet" — later featured on the Reggae Gold 1997 compilation album — and "It's a Pity", for which <mask> achieved international recognition. She and business partner Andrew Henton have together co-founded Tarantula Records. Biography
<mask> was born in 1973 and grew up in St. Mary and St. Ann, attending Zion Hill and Ocho Rios primary schools and St Mary High. She has three brothers and three sisters (one sister deceased). She began recording in the mid-1990s for producers such as Dave Kelly and Philip "Fatis" Burrell.Her 1996 single "Yuh Nuh Ready Fi Dis Yet", produced by Kelly, brought her to the attention of the Jamaican public, and she had further success with singles such as "Draw fi Mi Finger", "Freaky Type", and "Cry and Bawl". Her debut, Big Things a Gwaan, was released in 1994 (featuring Yami Bolo on a cover version of Suzanne Vega's "Tom's Diner" and Prezident Brown on a remix of the title track), and second album Too Hype followed in 1997. She moved to Sweden, where she signed a record deal with Warner Music Sweden and recorded the 2001 pop album Sintoxicated. After returning to Jamaica she released the critically acclaimed Gangsta Blues album in 2004. Her album Rebelution was released in August 2006, and the first single "These

masks:
Vivienne Tanya Stephenson
Tanya Stephens
Tanya Stephens
Stephens
Stephens


texts:
 Streets" was a number one hit in the Caribbean staying on Tempo's Chart at number 1 for more than 4 weeks. The album was totally sold out in Jamaica and other parts of the Caribbean. The track "Come A Long Way" is a dedication to black leaders.Infallible, was released in 2010, initially given free with the Jamaican base German magazine Riddim then made available for free download for more than a year. In 2019, <mask> was honoured by the Jamaica Reggae Industry Association (JaRIA) for her contribution to the reggae industry as a songwriter. Legal issues
In 2006, <mask> sued American rapper Lil' Kim for plagiarism on her song "Durty" from The Naked Truth asking for all rights to the song, past, present & future. <mask> claimed that Kim used the lyrics from her song "Mi and Mi God", stating that "she even used a west Indian accent". She claimed that in 1999 <mask> was flown out to New York by Kim, who claimed to be a huge fan & owned her albums, Kim wanted her to record for an album, but her vocals were never used. Lyrical content

Her early material was lyrically typical of dancehall and drew comparisons with Lady Saw, along with whom she was proclaimed "the top female artists in Jamaica" in 1998 by the Washington Post, but later developed beyond what she called "the same old four topics" to 'reality' themes and even lyrics critical of homophobia. Social scientist Clinton Hutton said of her: "She is very intuitively intelligent and deftly tackles relevant social issues".In a talk in 2011 at the University of the West

masks: Stephens Tanya Stephens Tanya


texts:
 Indies, she urged her fellow artists to be more socially responsible, and spoke out against the objectification of women in dancehall lyrics and the promotion of bigotry and violation of human rights, saying "The music that once spoke to and spread messages of peace and love, now merely judges, condemns and provokes." Her song "Still Alive" deals with discrimination against people with HIV, and it was used in a television campaign dealing with the issue. Other work
In 2007, <mask> was awarded a scholarship by Resource Development International to study for a Business Management degree via the internet from the University of Sunderland. In 2009 she made her acting debut, playing Nurse Tracey in the CVM TV series Royal Palm Estate. She also opened the restaurant 'H2O' the same year in the Coconut Grove Shopping Centre in Ocho Rios. <mask> also owns Tarantula Records, founded in 2004 with business partner & producer Andrew Henton which has handled all of her music since then. Personal life
<mask> has a daughter, Kelly, born in 1994."Wuk and Bruk" (1999), RC-ONE
 "Dis Name" (1999), Pure & Clean
 "Wuk Dat" (2000), Kings of Kings
 "Shetengae" (2000), Studio 2000
 "Big Up Di Cash" (2000), Fan Club
 "Bad Luck Boy" (2000), Flynn & Flynn
 "Back to Haunt Me" (2001), Telegram Records Stockholm
 "Galang So" (2001), First Name – B-side of Cobra's "Standing"
 "What a Day" (2002), Xterminator
 "It's Over Now" (2002), Dubz House
 "Soft Inside" (2002), Topaz
 "Forever" (2002), Silly Walks Productions
 "Leave Me Alone" (2002),

masks: Stephens Tanya Stephens


texts:
<mask><mask> () is a retired psychology professor and expert on police use of force at his own Force Science Institute, founded in 2004. He provides training to police and serves as an expert witness in court cases. Early career
Born in Canada, Lewinski started his career as a school teacher in Winnipeg, Ontario. He received his doctorate from the distance-learning Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1988, in a self-designed major of police psychology. The school isn't accredited in psychology, his police psychology major isn't recognized by the American Psychological Association, and Lewinski has never been licensed to practice as a psychologist. He was a tenured professor at Minnesota State University in Mankato, Minnesota, and founded the Center for the Study of Performance in Extreme Encounters in 2004. It was later renamed Force Science Research Center, moved off-campus, and removed its affiliation with the school.He retired from the university after 28 years. Police use of force philosophies
<mask>'s career is as a researcher and expert witness in police use of force cases. In two court cases, Lisa Fournier, editor of the American Journal of Psychology, has testified that Lewinski's work lacked basic elements of legitimate research, drew conclusions unsupported by data, and was pseudoscience. In response Lewinski stated she was "naïve or her ethics are seriously compromised". He was described as an "opportunist" by Michael Haddad, president of the National Police Accountability Project. Haddad also called him "charming" but "his opinions can be pretty flaky". Paul Wright of Prison Legal News said Lewinski is "firmly in the category of junk science".Shoot first and reaction time
Lewinski published three studies between 1999 and 2002

masks:
William J
. Lewinski
Lewinski


texts:
 showing that test subjects could raise and fire a previously hidden gun faster than a police officer could react, termed "action/reaction". The studies were published in The Police Marksman, which is a magazine, not a peer-reviewed journal. <mask>'s has defended police on the basis of his policies, even in cases where someone was unarmed, facing away from the police, or the officer's testimony did not match video evidence. Chuck Wexler, director of Police Executive Research Forum, has objected to Lewinski's "shoot first" view. Christy Lopez, Obama Justice Department attorney and Georgetown University law professor, said "the <mask> show" was part of an insidious trend in police training that used pseudoscience to justify excessive force. Dan Handelman of Portland Copwatch dubs the "shoot first" philosophy as the "Superman theory", describing how "many suspects are shot in the back because they turn before the officer's bullet hits them". Inattentional blindness
Lewinski's testimony often cites inattentional blindness for any flaws or omissions in an officer's testimony.Arien Mack, one of the psychologists who coined the term, called his use of the term "completely inappropriate", stating "I hate the fact that it’s being used in this way. When we work in a lab, we ask them if they saw something. They have no motivation to lie. A police officer involved in a shooting certainly has a reason to lie." Excited delirium
Lewinski has also promoted the term "excited delirium", captured in a discussion while officer Derek Chauvin was choking George Floyd. The Los Angeles Times noted that Force Science had over 20 articles using the term on its website. The Marshall Project has noted the term is controversial despite being used frequently in use-of-force cases.Axon Enterprise has also

masks:
Lewinski
Bill Lewinski


texts:
 lobbied use of the term to explain deaths, rather than from excessive use of their Taser. Cooling-off periods
Lewinski is also a strong advocate for "cooling-off periods" before police officers document an officer-involved shooting, a position that is not afforded to other testimonies in a shooting and is contrary to studies. In an opinion for the Washington Post, author Radley Balko discussed the cooling-off period and called Lewinski "an unapologetic partisan who pushes pseudoscience in order to clear cops of wrongdoing", noting Lewinski advocates that officers shoot without hesitation yet should be provided time for their shooting statements. Cases
Lewinski's testimony has been used in the following cases:

 Tycel Nelson, 1990, Minneapolis
 Anthony Lee, 2000, Los Angeles Police Department
 Willie Wilkins, 2001, undercover police officer shot to death by Oakland Police Department. City settled for $3.5 million. Timothy Thomas, 2001, Cincinnati
 Shooting by Officer Robert Murtha, 2003, Hartford Connecticut
 Darryl Hamilton, 2003, Chicago Police Department  (Lewinski also provided testimony for at least six other Chicago cases by 2015)
 Duy Ngo, 2003, Minneapolis Police Department officer shot and killed by a follow officer. City paid Ngo's family $4.5 million.Deborah King, 2003, use of force by Minnesota's Ramsey County Sheriff's Office. Lewinski made a medical diagnosis of King from the stand, though he has no medical endorsements. City paid King $450,000. James Jahar Perez, 2004, Portland Police Bureau
 Devin Brown, 2005, Los Angeles Police Department
 Elio Carrion, 2007, wounded in shooting by San Bernardino County sheriff’s deputy Ivory Webb. Settled civil suit with the County for $1.5 million; Webb was acquitted of felony charges. Philip Miller, 2007, Los Angeles.


texts:
 Lewinski's testimony was disputed by expert witness Roger Clark and Lewinski's qualifications were disputed.Lewinski's testimony was thrown out. The City still won the case, however. Paul Boyd (animator), 2007, Vancouver Police Department, British Columbia. After <mask>'s bias in the case was questioned, BC's oversight board (Office of the Police Complaint Commissioner) stated they would not hire him again. Oscar Grant III, 2009, Bay Area Rapid Transit police, Oakland. Shot while face-down, hands behind his back, with another officer's knees on his neck. Lewinski bolstered the theory that the officer accidentally used his gun rather than his Taser.James Boyd, 2014, Albuquerque Police Department
 Andy Lopez, 13-year-old carrying a toy gun, 2014, Sonoma Countysheriff
 Stephon Clark, 2018, Sacramento

Departments trained by Lewinski or Force Science Institute
 Minneapolis Police Department cadet training, 1990-1993
 US Justice Department
 Los Angeles Police Department, further training cancelled
 90 officers from 13 states for a national seminar at Madison Area Technical College, 2014
 Chicago Independent Police Review Authority, 2015
 Rochester Police Department, 2017, city funds for attendance of officers withdrawn after objections, was still hosted by RPD's union, the Locust Club
 National seminar for International Union of Police Associations, 2018
 National seminar held at St. Paul Police Department, Minnesota, 2019
 Ohio State University police department, 2020, cancelled after objections. The training included a description explaining how "investigators can ‘mine’ officers’ memories and avoid interviewing mistakes that can put the officer, the investigator, and the entire department in jeopardy." See also
 Slips and capture

References

1940s births
Living people
Year of


texts:
<mask> (born June 3, 1970) is a film producer and film/TV visual effects supervisor and 2nd unit director. Early career
<mask> was born in Bad Harzburg, Germany. While in Christian-von-Dohm-Gymnasium, a grammar school in Goslar, Germany, he developed an interest in filmmaking. He moved on to study directing and producing from 1991 to 1994 at the Film Academy Baden-Württemberg. There he met Volker Engel, who would later win the Academy Award for the visual effects of Independence Day and become Weigert's business partner in the production company Uncharted Territory, LLC. During his studies, Weigert was visual effects producer for Volker Engel on the television film Der Letzte Kosmonaut, directed by Nico Hofmann. The film won the "Prix Futura".He also produced several commercials and award-winning short films for German TV. Weigert moved to Los Angeles in 1994, after receiving a scholarship from a German producer's association. Later career
In 1995, Weigert founded the company Dreamscape Imagery Inc. with his wife Stacey. He became VFX Project Manager for the film Independence Day (1996), for which Weigert created "Digital Assistant for Visual Effects", a project management software to manage, schedule and track the filming of VFX elements. In conjunction with the software, Weigert also developed a design for a visual effects production board, in conjunction with manufacturing company Hollywood Production Boards. Between 1996 and 2000, he created new software versions to include the post-production process. Digital Assistant for Visual Effects has been used for several feature films, including Stuart Little, Alien Resurrection, Flubber, Volcano, Godzilla, Wing Commander, Monkeybone, Bless the Child and X-Men, as well as on television films and series.Dreamscape Imagery Inc. sold the source code to the Internet company Creative Planet Inc. in 2000. As visual effects supervisor for Dreamscape, Weigert worked on a plethora of international feature films, television films, series and commercials, most notably Disney's Flubber, Seven Days to Live,

masks:
Marc Weigert
Weigert


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 Muppets from Space and The Drew Carey Show. He also worked on several documentaries, earning Dreamscape the CINE Golden Eagle award. In 1997, Weigert held the master class "action with effects" for the European Film Academy. In 2014, he taught a second master class for the EFA and thus became the only instructor to hold two EFA master classes in his lifetime. He also taught digital compositing classes at the Art Institute of California - Los Angeles, was speaker at the iHollywood Forum and the Producers Guild of America (PGA)'s first "produced by" conference in Los Angeles in 2009. He also spoke at the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) conference, SIGGRAPH Los Angeles and Vancouver conferences, FMX Germany, the University of Applied Sciences in Salzburg, Austria and the HPI School of Design Thinking at the Hasso Plattner Institute, Berlin

In 1999, he founded the production company Uncharted Territory LLC with long-time friend and colleague Volker Engel.The first production, and Weigert's first film as a producer, Coronado, was shot in 2001 in Mexico. The film was written by Weigert, Engel and director Claudio Faeh. In 2003, Weigert co-produced the film Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King and served as visual effects director together with Volker Engel. Dark Kingdom, aka Ring of the Nibelungs is based on the same Germanic myth as Richard Wagner's opera series Der Ring des Nibelungen. In-between film productions, Uncharted Territory also created the Intermedia logo animation which premiered before Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines and provided visual effects services for Roland Emmerich's The Day After Tomorrow in 2004. In 2005, Weigert wrote the screenplay Southern Skies and produced the miniseries The Triangle together with Engel and Kelly Van Horn, for executive producers Bryan Singer and Dean Devlin. In 2006, Weigert won the Emmy Award for The Triangle.In 2006, Weigert wrote the screenplay Force Majeure und co-wrote Raising Phoenix and Red Sea with writer Kurt Frey and Volker Engel. He also served as visual effects


texts: supervisor on the Canon EOS commercial "Welcome to the Playground". In 2007, he served as visual effects supervisor for Kellogg's and Tropicana commercials, and as vfx producer for Cafe FX, working - amongst other projects - on the Hogwarts castle ride film for the new Harry Potter Island of Adventure at Universal Studios Florida. In 2008-2009, Weigert co-supervised and co-produced Roland Emmerich's 2012 for Sony Pictures with his business partner Volker Engel. In 2010, Weigert was executive producer and VFX supervisor for the film Anonymous, again for director Roland Emmerich. In 2012/13, Weigert was VFX supervisor, co-producer, and 2nd unit director for Emmerich's "White House Down". He led a 70-people strong 2nd Unit for exterior Montreal and Washington, D.C. shoots, including the iconic car chase between the presidential limousine ("the beast" ) and secret service vehicles on the White House lawn.In July 2014, Weigert was named President of Method Studios worldwide. Method Studios is headquartered in Los Angeles, California, and has 9 facilities, including New York, London, Vancouver, Chicago, Detroit, Atlanta, Sydney and Melbourne. He left Method after one year in June 2015. In July 2015, Weigert joined the production of Independence Day: Resurgence as VFX Producer, 20 years after the first Independence Day. In the same year, he was voted into the prestigious American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) as associate member. In June 2016, he started as co-producer and VFX producer on "Nutcracker and the four realms" for the Walt Disney Company, released worldwide in November 2018. Weigert is a member of the Directors Guild of America (DGA), Producers Guild of America (PGA), the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (ATAS) and the Visual Effects Society (VES).He was part of the ASC/ADG/VES subcommittee on Previsualization and the joint committee on virtual production of the ASC, ADG, VES, PGA and Previsualization society. He also writes a blog called "tracking marc" for Animation World Network (AWN) at


texts: <mask> (; 5 October 193618 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, playwright, and former dissident, who served as the last president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992 and then as the first president of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003. He was the first democratically elected president of either country after the fall of communism. As a writer of Czech literature, he is known for his plays, essays, and memoirs. His educational opportunities having been limited by his bourgeois background, when freedoms were limited by the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, <mask> first rose to prominence as a playwright. In works such as The Garden Party and The Memorandum, Havel used an absurdist style to criticize the Communist system. After participating in the Prague Spring and being blacklisted after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, he became more politically active and helped found several dissident initiatives, including Charter 77 and the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted. His political activities brought him under the surveillance of the StB secret police, and he spent multiple periods as a political prisoner, the longest of his imprisoned terms being nearly four years, between 1979 and 1983.<mask>'s Civic Forum party played a major role in the Velvet Revolution that toppled the Communist system in Czechoslovakia in 1989. He assumed the presidency shortly thereafter, and was re-elected in a landslide the following year and after Slovak independence in 1993. <mask> was instrumental in dismantling the Warsaw Pact and enlargement of NATO membership eastward. Many of his stances and policies, such as his

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 opposition to Slovak independence, condemnation of the treatment of Sudeten Germans, such as the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after World War II, and granting of general amnesty to all those imprisoned under the Communist era, were very controversial domestically. By the end of his presidency, he enjoyed greater popularity abroad than at home. <mask> continued his life as a public intellectual after his presidency, launching several initiatives including the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, the VIZE 97 Foundation, and the Forum 2000 annual conference. <mask>'s political philosophy was one of anti-consumerism, humanitarianism, environmentalism, civil activism, and direct democracy.He supported the Czech Green Party from 2004 until his death. He received numerous accolades during his lifetime, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Gandhi Peace Prize, the Philadelphia Liberty Medal, the Order of Canada, the Four Freedoms Award, the Ambassador of Conscience Award, and the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award. The 2012–2013 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. He is considered by some to be one of the most important intellectuals of the 20th century. The international airport in Prague was renamed to Václav Havel Airport Prague in 2012. Early life

<mask> was born in Prague on 5 October 1936 into a wealthy family celebrated in Czechoslovakia for its entrepreneurial and cultural accomplishments. His grandfather, Vácslav <mask>, a real estate developer, built a landmark entertainment complex on Prague's Wenceslas Square.His father, <mask> <mask>, was the real estate developer behind the suburban

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 Barrandov Terraces, located on the highest point of Prague—next door to which his uncle, Miloš <mask>, built one of the largest film studios in Europe. <mask>'s mother, Božena Vavrečková, also came from an influential family; her father was a Czechoslovak ambassador and a well-known journalist. In the early 1950s, because of his class background, <mask> entered into a four-year apprenticeship as a chemical laboratory assistant and simultaneously took evening classes at a gymnasium. He completed his secondary education in 1954. For political reasons, he was not accepted into any post-secondary school with a humanities program; therefore, he opted for studies at the Faculty of Economics of the Czech Technical University in Prague but dropped out after two years. On 9 July 1964, <mask> married Olga Šplíchalová. Early theatre career

The intellectual tradition of his family was essential for Havel's lifetime adherence to the humanitarian values of the Czech culture.After finishing his military service (1957–59), <mask> had to bring his intellectual ambitions in line with the given circumstances, especially with the restrictions imposed on him as a descendant of a bourgeois family. He found employment in Prague's theatre world as a stagehand at Prague's Theatre ABC – Divadlo ABC, and then at the Theatre on Balustrade – Divadlo Na zábradlí. Simultaneously, he was a student of dramatic arts by correspondence at the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (DAMU). His first own full-length play performed in public, besides various vaudeville collaborations, was The Garden Party (1963). Presented in a series of Theatre of the Absurd, at the Theatre on

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 Balustrade, this play won him international acclaim. The play was soon followed by The Memorandum, one of his best known plays, and The Increased Difficulty of Concentration, all at the Theatre on Balustrade. In 1968, The Memorandum was also brought to The Public Theater in New York, which helped to establish <mask>'s reputation in the United States.The Public Theater continued to produce his plays in the following years. After 1968, <mask>'s plays were banned from the theatre world in his own country, and he was unable to leave Czechoslovakia to see any foreign performances of his works. Political dissident

During the first week of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, <mask> assisted the resistance by providing an on-air narrative via Radio Free Czechoslovakia station (at Liberec). Following the suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968, he was banned from the theatre and became more politically active. He took a job at Krakonoš brewery in Trutnov, an experience he wrote about in his play Audience. This play, along with two other "Vaněk" plays (so-called because of the recurring character Ferdinand Vaněk, a stand in for Havel), became distributed in samizdat form across Czechoslovakia, and greatly added to <mask>'s reputation of being a leading dissident (several other Czech writers later wrote their own plays featuring Vaněk). This reputation was cemented with the publication of the Charter 77 manifesto, written partially in response to the imprisonment of members of the Czech psychedelic rock band The Plastic People of the Universe; Havel had attended their trial, which centered on the group's non-conformity in having long hair, using

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 obscenities in their music, and their overall involvement in the Prague underground movement.<mask> co-founded the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted in 1979. His political activities resulted in multiple imprisonments by the authorities, and constant government surveillance and questioning by the secret police (Státní bezpečnost). His longest period in prison, from May 1979 to February 1983, is documented in letters to his wife that were later published as Letters to Olga. He was known for his essays, most particularly The Power of the Powerless (1978), in which he described a societal paradigm in which citizens were forced to "live within a lie" under the Communist regime. In describing his role as a dissident, <mask> wrote in 1979: "we never decided to become dissidents. We have been transformed into them, without quite knowing how, sometimes we have ended up in prison without precisely knowing how. We simply went ahead and did certain things that we felt we ought to do, and that seemed to us decent to do, nothing more nor less."Samuel Beckett's 1982 short play, Catastrophe, was dedicated to <mask> while he was held as a political prisoner in Czechoslovakia. Presidency

On 29 December 1989, while he was leader of the Civic Forum, <mask> became President of Czechoslovakia by a unanimous vote of the Federal Assembly. He had long insisted that he was not interested in politics and had argued that political change in the country should be induced through autonomous civic initiatives rather than through the official institutions. In 1990, soon after his election, <mask> was awarded the Prize For Freedom of the Liberal International. In 1990,


texts: Czechoslovakia held its first free elections in 44 years, resulting in a sweeping victory for Civic Forum and its Slovak counterpart, Public Against Violence. Between them, they commanded strong majorities in both houses of the legislature, and tallied the highest popular vote share recorded for a free election in the country. <mask> retained his presidency.Despite increasing political tensions between the Czechs and the Slovaks in 1992, <mask> supported the retention of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic prior to the dissolution of the country. <mask> sought re-election in 1992. Although no other candidate filed, when the vote came on 3 July, he failed to get a majority due to a lack of support from Slovak deputies. The largest Czech political party, the Civic Democratic Party, let it be known that it would not support any other candidate. After the Slovaks issued their Declaration of Independence, he resigned as president on 20 July, saying that he would not preside over the country's breakup. However, when the Czech Republic was created as one of two successor states, he stood for election as its first president on 26 January 1993, and won. Although he was nominally the new country's chief executive, the framers of the Constitution of the Czech Republic intended to vest most of the real power in the prime minister.However, owing to his prestige, he still commanded great moral authority, and the presidency acquired a greater role than the framers intended. For instance, largely due to his influence, the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSCM), successor to the KSC's branch in the Czech Lands, was kept on the margins for most of his presidency.

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texts: <mask> suspected that the KSCM was still an unreformed Stalinist party. <mask>'s popularity abroad surpassed his popularity at home, and he was often the object of controversy and criticism. During his time in office, <mask> stated that the expulsion of the indigenous Sudeten German population after World War II was immoral, causing a great controversy at home. He also extended general amnesty as one of his first acts as president, in an attempt to lessen the pressure in overcrowded prisons as well as to release political prisoners and persons who may have been falsely imprisoned during the Communist era. Havel felt that many of the decisions by the previous regime's courts should not be trusted, and that most of those in prison had not received fair trials.However, critics claimed that this amnesty led to a significant increase in the crime rate: the total number of crimes doubled, as did the number of murders. Several of the worst crimes in the history of the Czech criminology were committed by criminals released in this amnesty. Within four years of the Velvet revolution (and following another two amnesties declared by Havel), criminality had more than tripled since 1989. According to <mask>'s memoir To the Castle and Back, most of those who were released had less than a year to serve before their sentences ended, but statistics contradict <mask>'s claims. In an interview with Karel Hvížďala (included in To the Castle and Back), <mask> expressed his feeling that it was his most important accomplishment as president to have contributed to the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact. According to his statement the dissolution was very complicated. The infrastructure

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texts: created by the Warsaw Pact was part of the economies of all member states, and the Pact's dissolution necessitated restructuring that took many years to complete.Furthermore, it took time to dismantle the Warsaw Pact's institutions; for example, it took two years for Soviet troops to fully withdraw from Czechoslovakia. Following a legal dispute with his sister-in-law Dagmar Havlová (wife of his brother Ivan M<mask>), <mask> decided to sell his 50% stake in the Lucerna Palace on Wenceslas Square in Prague, built from 1907 to 1921 by his grandfather, also named <mask> <mask> (spelled Vácslav,) one of the multifunctional "palaces" in the center of the once booming pre-World War I Prague. In a transaction arranged by Marián Čalfa, <mask> sold the estate to <mask> Junek, a former Communist spy in France and head of the soon-to-be bankrupt conglomerate Chemapol Group, who later openly admitted that he bribed politicians of the Czech Social Democratic Party. His near friend was Ivan Medek, who become the chef of the president office. In January 1996, Olga Havlová, his wife of 32 years, died of cancer at 62. In December 1996, <mask> who had been a chain smoker for a long time, was diagnosed with lung cancer. The disease reappeared two years later.He quit smoking. In 1997, he remarried, to actress Dagmar Veškrnová. <mask> was among those influential politicians who contributed most to the transition of NATO from being an anti-Warsaw Pact alliance to its present form. Havel advocated vigorously for the inclusion of former-Warsaw Pact members, like the Czech Republic, into the Western alliance. <mask> was re-elected president in 1998. He had to undergo a colostomy in

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 Innsbruck when his colon ruptured while he was on holiday in Austria. On 30 January 2003, <mask> signed The letter of the eight.<mask> left office after his second term as Czech president ended on 2 February 2003. <mask> Klaus, one of his greatest political adversaries, was elected his successor as president on 28 February 2003. Margaret Thatcher wrote of the two men in her foreign policy treatise Statecraft, reserving the greater respect for Havel. <mask>'s dedication to democracy and his steadfast opposition to communist ideology earned him admiration. Post-presidential career

Beginning in 1997, Havel hosted Forum 2000, an annual conference to "identify the key issues facing civilisation and to explore ways to prevent the escalation of conflicts that have religion, culture or ethnicity as their primary components". In 2005, the former president occupied the Kluge Chair for Modern Culture at the John W. Kluge Center of the United States Library of Congress, where he continued his research on human rights. In November and December 2006, <mask> spent eight weeks as a visiting artist in residence at Columbia University.The stay was sponsored by the Columbia Arts Initiative and featured "performances, and panels centr[ing] on his life and ideas", including a public "conversation" with former U.S. President Bill Clinton. Concurrently, the Untitled Theater Company No. 61 launched a Havel Festival, the first complete festival of his plays in various venues throughout New York City, including The Brick Theater and the Ohio Theatre, in celebration of his 70th birthday. <mask> was a member of the World Future Society and addressed the Society's members on 4 July 1994.

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texts: His speech was later printed in THE FUTURIST magazine (July 1995). Havel remained an admired individual by Czech citizens. In The Greatest Czech TV show (the Czech spin-off of the BBC 100 Greatest Britons show) in 2005, Havel received the third biggest amount of voices, so he was elected to be third greatest Czech when he was still alive.<mask>'s memoir of his experience as president, To the Castle and Back, was published in May 2007. The book mixes an interview in the style of Disturbing the Peace with actual memoranda he sent to his staff and modern diary entries and recollections. On 4 August 2007, <mask> met with members of the Belarus Free Theatre at his summer cottage in the Czech Republic in a show of his continuing support, which has been instrumental in the theatre's attaining international recognition and membership in the European Theatrical Convention. <mask> went on a hunger strike in 2007 to support Kurdish doctor and human rights activist Yekta Uzunoglu in his legal battle. A former president going on a hunger strike to support the legal battle of a foreigner in his country was a first in world history. <mask>'s first new play in almost two decades, Leaving, was published in November 2007, and was to have had its world premiere in June 2008 at the Prague theater Divadlo na Vinohradech, but the theater withdrew it in December as it felt it could not provide the technical support needed to mount the play. The play instead premiered on 22 May 2008 at the Archa Theatre to standing ovations.<mask> based the play on King Lear, by William Shakespeare, and on The Cherry Orchard, by Anton Chekhov; "Chancellor Vilém Rieger is the central character of


texts: Leaving, who faces a crisis after being removed from political power." The play had its English language premiere at the Orange Tree Theatre in London and its American premiere at The Wilma Theater in Philadelphia. <mask> subsequently directed a film version of the play, which premiered in the Czech Republic on 22 March 2011. Other works included the short sketch Pět Tet, a modern sequel to Unveiling, and The Pig, or Václav <mask>'s Hunt for a Pig, which was premiered in Brno at Theatre Goose on a String and had its English language premiere at the 3LD Art & Technology Center in New York, in a production from Untitled Theater Company No. 61, in a production workshopped in the Ice Factory Festival in 2011 and later revived as a full production in 2014, becoming a New York Times Critic's Pick. In 2008, <mask> became a Member of the European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation. He met U.S. President Barack Obama in private before Obama's departure after the end of the European Union (EU) and United States (US) summit in Prague in April 2009.<mask> was the chair of the Human Rights Foundation's International Council and a member of the international advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. <mask> was a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system. From the 1980s, <mask> supported the green politics movement, partly due to his friendship with the co-founder of the German Alliance '90/The Greens party Milan Horáček. From 2004 until his death,


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 he supported the Czech Green Party. Death

<mask> died on the morning of 18 December 2011, at age 75, at his country home in Hrádeček. A week before his death, he met with his longtime friend, the Dalai Lama, in Prague; Havel appeared in a wheelchair. Prime Minister Petr Nečas announced a three-day mourning period from 21 to 23 December, the date announced by President <mask> Klaus for the state funeral.The funeral Mass was held at Saint Vitus Cathedral, celebrated by the Archbishop of Prague Dominik Duka and <mask>'s old friend Bishop <mask> Malý. During the service, a 21 gun salute was fired in the former president's honour, and as per the family's request, a private ceremony followed at Prague's Strašnice Crematorium. <mask>'s ashes were placed in the family tomb in the Vinohrady Cemetery in Prague. On 23 December 2011, the Václav Havel Tribute Concert was held in Prague's Palác Lucerna. Reactions

Within hours <mask>'s death was met with numerous tributes, including from U.S. President Barack Obama, British Prime Minister David Cameron, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and former Polish President Lech Wałęsa. Merkel called Havel "a great European", while Wałęsa said he should have been given the Nobel Peace Prize. The Russian Embassy sent an official condolence on behalf of the President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.At news of his death, former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, a native of Czechoslovakia, said, "He was one of the great figures of the 20th Century", while Czech expatriate novelist Milan Kundera said, "Václav <mask>'s most important work is his own life." Communists took the opportunity to criticize <mask>.

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 Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia leader Vojtěch Filip stated that <mask> was a very controversial person and that his words often conflicted with his deeds. He criticized <mask> for having supported the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, repeating the charge that <mask> had called the event a "humanitarian bombing", although <mask> had expressly and emphatically denied ever using such a phrase. An online petition organized by one of the best-known Czech and Slovak film directors, Fero Fenič, calling on the government and the Parliament to rename Prague Ruzyně Airport to Václav Havel International Airport attracted—in a week after 20 December 2011—support of over 80,000 Czech Republic and foreign signatories. It was announced that the airport would be renamed the Václav Havel Airport Prague on 5 October 2012. Reviewing a new biography by Michael Žantovský, Yale historian Marci Shore summarized his challenges as president: "<mask>'s message, 'We are all responsible, we are all guilty,' was not popular.He enacted a general amnesty for all but the most serious criminals, apologized on behalf of Czechoslovakia for the post-World War II expulsion of the Sudeten Germans and resisted demands for a more draconian purge of secret police collaborators. These things were not popular either. And as the government undertook privatization and restitution, Havel confronted pyramid schemes, financial corruption and robber baron capitalism. He saw his country fall apart (if bloodlessly), becoming in 1993 the Czech Republic and Slovakia." Awards
<mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983. In 1986, <mask> received the Erasmus Prize, in 1989 the Friedenspreis des

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texts: Deutschen Buchhandels, and in 1990, he received the Gottlieb Duttweiler Prize for his outstanding contributions to the well-being of the wider community. In the same year he received the Freedom medal.In 1993, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. On 4 July 1994, <mask> <mask> was awarded the Philadelphia Liberty Medal. In his acceptance speech, he said: "The idea of human rights and freedoms must be an integral part of any meaningful world order. Yet I think it must be anchored in a different place, and in a different way, than has been the case so far. If it is to be more than just a slogan mocked by half the world, it cannot be expressed in the language of departing era, and it must not be mere froth floating on the subsiding waters of faith in a purely scientific relationship to the world." <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1995. In 1997, <mask> received ex aequo the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities and the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.In 2001, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2002, he was the third recipient of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation. In 2003, he was awarded the International Gandhi Peace Prize by the government of India for his outstanding contribution towards world peace and upholding human rights in most difficult situations through Gandhian means; he was the inaugural recipient of Amnesty International's Ambassador of Conscience Award for his work in promoting human rights; he received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom; and he was appointed as an honorary

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 Companion of the Order of Canada. In 2008 he was also awarded the Giuseppe Motta Medal for support for peace and democracy. As a former Czech President, <mask> was a member of the Club of Madrid. In 2009 he was awarded the Quadriga Award, but decided to return it in 2011 following the announcement of Vladimir Putin as one of the 2011 award recipients. <mask> also received multiple honorary doctorates from various universities such as the prestigious Institut d'études politiques de Paris in 2009, and was a Foreign Associate Member of the French Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques from October 1992 until his death.On 10 October 2011, <mask> was awarded by the Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili with the St. George Victory Order. In November 2014, he became only the fourth non-American honored with a bust in the U.S. Capitol. State honours and awards

Honours

Awards
 : Geuzenpenning (1995), Vlaardingen
 : Indira Gandhi Peace Prize (1993), New Delhi
 : Gandhi Peace Prize (08/2003), Dehli

Memorials

Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent
In April 2012, <mask>'s widow, Dagmar Havlová, authorized the creation of the Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent. The prize was created by the New York-based Human Rights Foundation and is awarded at the annual Oslo Freedom Forum. The prize "will celebrate those who engage in creative dissent, exhibiting courage and creativity to challenge injustice and live in truth." Václav Havel Library
The Václav Havel Library, located in Prague, is a charitable organization founded by Dagmar Havlová, Karel Schwarzenberg and Miloslav Petrusek on 26 July 2004. It maintains a collection of pictorial, audio and written materials


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 and other artefacts linked to Václav Havel.The institution gathers these materials for the purpose of digitisation, documentation and research and to promote his ideas. It organises lectures, holds conferences and social and cultural events that introduce the public to the work of Václav Havel and club discussion meetings on current social issues. It runs educational activities for second-level students. It is also involved in the issuing of publications. The library makes accessible Václav <mask>'s literary, philosophical and political writings, and provides a digital reading room for researchers and students in the Czech Republic and elsewhere. In May 2012, the library opened a branch in New York City named the Václav Havel Library Foundation. In 2014, the Václav Havel Library moved to larger premises at Ostrovni 13, in the centre of Prague.Václav Havel Building of the European Parliament
In July 2017, the European Parliament opened a new building on its official Strasbourg site. The building was named after <mask> Havel Memory in Zagreb
On 4 October 2016, the day before what would have been the 80th birthday of <mask> <mask>lav Havel Boulevard and memorial plaque in Kyiv
In November 2016, Václav Havel Boulevard was opened in Kyiv, Ukraine. The new name has replaced the one given during Soviet era when boulevard was named in honor of the Communist politician Jānis Lepse. In December, First Deputy Chairman Iryna Herashchenko along with Minister of Culture of Czech Republic Daniel Herman and Minister of Culture of Ukraine Yevhen Nyshchuk opened memorial plaque in honor of <mask> <mask>.Václav Havel Bench
The Václav Havel Bench (Havel's Place) is an artistic and

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 urban utility project, created by Czech architect and designer Bořek Šípek. It is composed of two wooden garden chairs connected by a round table, which has a hole inside. A linden, national tree of Czechia, is growing through this hole. These benches can be found in many Czech towns as well as in some foreign locations such as Washington, D.C., Dublin, Lisbon, and Barcelona. Sculptures and busts
On 19 November 2014, a bust of <mask>, created by Czech-American artist Lubomír Janečka, was unveiled at the U.S. Congress, commemorating the 25-year anniversary of the Velvet Revolution. <mask> is the fourth European ever to be honored by having a bust of himself in the U.S. Congress, after Winston Churchill, Raoul Wallenberg and Lajos Kossuth. Another sculpture of Havel is placed in a boardroom of Leinster House in Dublin, the historical seat of the Oireachtas, the Irish National Parliament.On 22 June 2017 a statue of <mask> <mask> created by Georgian sculptor Jumber Jikia was unveiled in Tbilisi, Georgia. The Václav Havel Library Foundation donated a bust of <mask> to Columbia University in New York City. This bust was unveiled on 27 September 2018 while Havel was being honored by former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Online]
 Living in Truth (1986)
 Letters to Olga (Dopisy Olze) (1988)
 Disturbing the Peace (1991)
 Open Letters (1991)
 Summer Meditations (Letní přemítání) (1992/93)
 Towards a Civil Society (1994)
 The Art of the Impossible (1998)
 To the Castle and Back (2007)

Fiction books for children
 Pizh'duks

Films
 Odcházení, 2011

Music
 Havel was a major supporter of The Plastic People of the Universe, and close friend of its leader, Milan

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 Hlavsa, its manager, Ivan Martin Jirous, and its guitarist/vocalist, Paul Wilson (who later became Havel's English translator and biographer) and a great fan of the rock band The Velvet Underground, sharing mutual respect with the principal singer-songwriter Lou Reed, and was also a lifelong Frank Zappa fan. Havel was also a great supporter and fan of jazz and frequented such Prague clubs as Radost FX and the Reduta Jazz Club, where U.S. President Bill Clinton played the saxophone when Havel brought him there. Cultural references
<mask> <mask> has been portrayed, as himself or a character based on him, in a number of feature and television films:
 Czech Century is a 2013 historical television series chronicling Czech history from 1989. Havel is portrayed by Marek Daniel.Marek Daniel also portrayed <mask> in a satirical web series, Kancelář Blaník. Havel is a 2020 historical film about <mask>'s (Viktor Dvořák) life before 1989. The Prog-related Art-rock band, Toy Matinee, recorded a song about Havel, entitled "Remember My Name" from their 1990 eponymous album released by Reprise Records. See also
 Civil resistance
 Hrad (politics)
 List of peace activists
 Nonviolent resistance
 Mlýny, Czech comedy play
 Václav Havel Human Rights Prize

References

Primary sources
Works by Václav Havel
 Commentaries and Op-eds by Václav <mask> and in conjunction between Václav <mask> and other renowned world leaders for Project Syndicate. "Excerpts from The Power of the Powerless (1978)", by Václav <mask>. "Excerpts from the Original Electronic Text provided by Bob Moeller, of the University of California, Irvine." "The Need for Transcendence in the Postmodern World" (Speech

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 republished in THE FUTURIST magazine).Retrieved 19 December 2011
 . Czech.cz (Official website of the Czech Republic), 10 September 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007. On personal responsibility, freedom and ecological problems. Two Messages <mask> <mask> on the Kundera affair, English, salon.eu.sk, October 2008

Media interviews with <mask> Havel
 After the Velvet, an Existential Revolution? dialogue between <mask> <mask> and Adam Michnik, English, salon.eu.sk, November 2008
 Warner, Margaret. "Online Focus: Newsmaker: Václav <mask>".The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS, broadcast 16 May 1997. Retrieved 21 December 2007. (NewsHour transcript.) Biographies
 Keane, John. <mask> <mask>: A Political Tragedy in Six Acts. New York: Basic Books, 2000. . (A sample chapter [in HTML and PDF formats] is linked on the author's website, "Books" .)Kriseová, Eda. <mask> <mask>. Trans. Caleb Crain. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. .
 Pontuso, James F<mask> <mask>: Civic Responsibility in the Postmodern Age. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. .
 Rocamora, Carol. Acts of Courage.New York: Smith & Kraus, 2004. .
 Symynkywicz, Jeffrey. Václav <mask> and the Velvet Revolution. Parsippany, New Jersey: Dillon Press, 1995. .
Williams, Kieran. <mask> <mask>. London: Reaktion Books, 2016. ISBN

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<mask> (born September 4, 1953) is a former U.S. Department of Defense official, businesswoman, social entrepreneur and nonprofit executive. Since 1996, she has been the president and CEO of the Commonwealth Club of California, America's largest and oldest public forum, founded in 1903. From 2010 to 2017 she led the acquisition, financing, design, entitlements and construction of the club's first headquarters building, at 110 The Embarcadero in San Francisco. The grand opening for the club's new building took place on September 12, 2017. The building received a 2016 California Heritage Council award for historic preservation. Early life and education
<mask> attended public schools in Lafayette, California, and began working in her family's real estate and land development office while a student at M. H. Stanley Middle School in 1965. She graduated from Acalanes High School in 1971, having completed life sciences courses including an invited human physiology course.She excelled in Spanish, receiving a medal for her proficiency from the National Society of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese. She was the editor-in-chief of the school newspaper, The Blueprint. While a student, she served on the Lafayette School District's Drug Education Committee. She also co-founded, with her classmate Dr. Donald Goff, the Lafayette Youth Services Commission

<mask> holds a 1975 A.B. degree magna cum laude from Occidental College in Los Angeles, where her general studies track was science and human values, her major was interdisciplinary studies, she was a College Scholar and she was co-editor-in-chief of The Occidental Weekly, the campus newspaper. She also served on the College's Educational Policy and Curriculum Committee. <mask> holds a doctorate, an M.Phil.and an M.A. in political science, from Columbia University in New York, where she was a Presidents' Fellow, studied with the late Dr. Marshall D. Shulman, and served as research assistant to Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski prior to his appointment as National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter. She was also research assistant to Dr. Gordon Adams. Her master's thesis was on the impact of US and Soviet policies in Iran and Iraq in the early 1970s on the two countries'

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 Kurdish populations, completed with support from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, D.C., where she was a Humanitarian Policy Studies Fellow in the summer of 1976. After completing her coursework at Columbia at the end of 1976, <mask> worked as a resident consultant at the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, California and then as Communications Director at the Arms Control Association in Washington, D.C., before returning to academia to complete her Ph.D. In 1980, Dr. Coit Blacker invited <mask> to become an Arms Control Fellow at Stanford University's Arms Control Program (later renamed the Center for International Security and Arms Control or CISAC). <mask> held a Hubert H. Humphrey Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship, from the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, which supported the preparation of her Columbia University doctoral thesis while at CISAC, on the impact of US domestic politics on the non-ratification of the SALT II Treaty.She was one of four female fellows Blacker recruited, notable in the largely male international security and arms control field, including Condoleezza Rice, who later became National Security Advisor to President George W. Bush and Secretary of State; the late Janne Nolan, and Cynthia Roberts. <mask> and Rice lived together in a rented house in Palo Alto. Nolan began calling the group "the Fellowettes," a name that stuck and the group became life-long friends and colleagues. Career

<mask> has had a varied career, including research, journalism, education, business, management, scientific collaboration and research funding, philanthropy, public service at the local and national levels, defense and arms control policy, international arms negotiations, conflict resolution and real estate management and development. She has founded, served as President/CEO and chaired the board of a number of projects and organizations, including serving as the CEO of three organizations for a total of 39 years. Organizations she has founded, co-founded, of which she has chaired the board or served as President/CEO include the Lafayette Youth Services Commission, Global Outlook, Ploughshares Fund,  the World Forum of Silicon Valley, CRDF Global, the Guadalupe

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 River Park Conservancy and the Commonwealth Club of California

CISAC at Stanford
<mask>gli Institute, of which CISAC is a part, at Stanford for 22 years.She reflected on the early history of CISAC, the impact of its work and her distinguished colleagues including physicists Dr. Sidney Drell and Dr. Wolfgang Panofsky, Dr. Condoleezza Rice and the other "fellowettes," Dr. Blacker, China scholar Dr. John Lewis, Secretary of Defense Dr. William Perry and others at CISAC at its 25th anniversary commemoration in 2009. She also spoke about the impact of the Arms Control Program's founder, and CISAC's first co-director, Dr. John Lewis, at a conference commemorating his legacy, held at Stanford in January, 2018. Dismantling WMD in the former Soviet Union

<mask> served as deputy assistant secretary of defense, Special Coordinator for Cooperative Threat Reduction, and secretary of defense representative and deputy head to the safety, security and dismantlement talks, under Defense Secretaries Les Aspin and William Perry and Assistant Secretary Ashton Carter, in the Clinton Administration. Washington Post columnist Al Kamen joked in his In The Loop column that she had the longest title of any Clinton Administration appointee. She was responsible for negotiating the dismantlement and destruction of weapons of mass destruction in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. With Ambassador James Goodby and other colleagues, she completed over fifty agreements with these countries for dismantling and disposal of their weapons of mass destruction, managing a $400 million annual budget. She received the Secretary of Defense Award for Outstanding Public Service in 1995.In May 2016, the 25th anniversary of the Nunn-Lugar legislation, Secretary of Defense Ash Carter presented <mask> and four other individuals with inaugural Nunn-Lugar Trailblazer Awards, at a ceremony at the Pentagon. Civilian Research and Development Foundation

In 1995, while at the Defense Department, <mask> responded to a request from the White House to fund a newly created organization, the Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF Global), providing the initial $5 million for its budget from Defense Department funds, which was then matched

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 by philanthropist George Soros. Its creation, through the U.S. National Science Foundation, was mandated by the U.S. Congress, led by the late House Science and Technology Committee Chairman George Brown. The initial purpose was to provide employment in civilian scientific research to former Soviet WMD scientists who were unemployed or underemployed, and whose skills might be in demand by countries or groups seeking to obtain weapons of mass destruction. After leaving the U.S. government, <mask> served on, then chaired, the board of directors of the CRDF. She served on the board from 1996 to 2009, and chaired the board for ten years, from 1998 until 2008. During this time, the organization grew to raise and spend nearly $300 million in government and private funds, and expanded its operations worldwide.Currently, CRDF Global is a major funder for collaborative scientific research between American scientists and colleagues in other countries. It provides alternative employment for weapons scientists, promotes scientific collaboration on global health problems like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, biosafety and biosecurity, helps emerging countries to develop science and technology based economies, and helps the U.S. to form scientific links in other countries. Ploughshares Fund

In 1982, <mask> become the first executive director of a start-up organisation, Ploughshares Fund, a public foundation initiated in San Francisco by philanthropist Sally Lilienthal, former Nixon Administration official Lewis H. Butler and others. Ploughshares Fund works directly and provides grants to individuals and institutions working to diminish the threats of nuclear war and nuclear proliferation. She served as executive director, 1982–1984, setting up initial grantmaking guidelines and procedures, helping to shape the funding priorities and process, and undertaking a number of special projects. During her tenure, Ploughshares funded a project between the US Natural Resources Defense Council and the Soviet Academy of Sciences to establish and collect data from seismic stations near the Soviet Semipalatinsk nuclear testing site, demonstrating that seismic monitoring of low-level nuclear tests was possible. Demonstrating the

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 verifiability of a low-threshold nuclear test ban enabled the United Nations to adopt the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1996.In the years since, she has served on both the board of directors and the advisory board of Ploughshares Fund. She is currently a member of the advisory board. Global Outlook

In 1985, <mask> founded the independent research institute Global Outlook, based in Palo Alto, California which focused on US-Soviet relations and international security in the nuclear age. She served as its president and CEO until 1993. Global Outlook undertook research, public policy advising and public education on issues including arms control treaty compliance and dispute resolution, the political psychology of the nuclear arms race, the sources and implications of "new thinking" about international relations under the Gorbachev leadership in the Soviet Union and verification of a chemical weapons treaty. Global Outlook also worked with new parliamentary leaders in the former Soviet countries to assist in their transition to civil society and civilian oversight of national security. Books authored by Global Outlook staff included Compliance and the Future of Arms Control by <mask>, Greg Dalton, Matthew State and Leo Sartori;  Minds at War by Steven Kull, and Burying Lenin by Steven Kull.Global Outlook's project on arms control compliance led to a 1987 hearing before the House Foreign Affairs Committee on the validity of cases the Reagan Administration was making that the Soviet Union was cheating on arms control agreements, at which <mask> and other Stanford and Global Outlook experts testified. Between 1991 and 1993, Global Outlook held six consultations among parliamentary leaders of the new Independent States and American national security and arms control experts, Members of Congress and Congressional staff members. Topics included the role of parliamentary committees in oversight of national security, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and control of nuclear exports, the transition from defense economies to peacetime productivity, legislative oversight of the defense budget, war powers and legislative oversight and the arms trade in a transitional economy. The reports from the

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texts: conferences were published by Global Outlook. Global Outlook staff and fellows later founded or led organizations, institutes and programs. These include Global Outlook Senior Research Associate and psychologist Dr. Steven Kull who founded and leads several public opinion research organizations, including Voice of the People; Deputy Director Greg Dalton who founded and heads Climate One, at the Commonwealth Club; Global Outlook Deputy Director Dr. Ruth Shapiro who founded and has headed several organizations, including the Center for Asian Philanthropy and Society in Hong Kong; Global Outlook Deputy Director Leslie Saul Garvin went on to serve in positions at 3Com and Siemans Corporations and at TechNet, and serves as a Senior Program Officer at the Haas Center for Public Service at Stanford University;  Leonid Zagalsky, a Russian journalist who joined Global Outlook in 1992 after his Knight Fellowship at Stanford, became a Contributing Editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and a project coordinator for the Committee to Protect Journalists, then returned to Russia to produce independent films. ; Dr. Matthew State, a research associate at Global Outlook, who is Chair of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco; Dr. Karen Peabody O'Brien, a research associate at Global Outlook, who went on to work for the W. Alton Jones Foundation, and founded the Advancing Green Chemistry Institute, and Dr. Kiron Skinner, research associate at Global Outlook, who served as the Director of Policy Planning at the US Department of State, co-authored two books on President Ronald Reagan, and is the founding Director of the Institute for Politics and Strategy at Carnegie Mellon University.Funders of Global Outlook included the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the United States Institute of Peace, The Compton Foundation, Rockefeller Family Associates, the Winston Foundation, the Joyce Mertz-Gilmore Foundation, the S.H. Cowell Foundation, the W. Alton Jones Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. Board members were Dr. Coit Blacker, Chair; Hon. Margaret Carpenter, Denis Hayes, the late Dr. Janne E. Nolan and Susan Reed Clark. Advisory Board members were the


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 late George Bunn, the late Dr. Alexander George, Michael Krepon, Dr. Robert Legvold, the late Dr. Wolfgang Panofsky, the late Dr. Marshall Shulman, Colette Shulman, Wayne Silby and the late Dr. Richard Smoke. Global Outlook closed in 1993, after <mask> and Blacker were appointed to positions in the Clinton Administration. Civil rights, equity and justice, conflict resolution

<mask> began her work on equity and justice by volunteering for Wilson Riles in his campaign for CA State Superintendent of Public Instruction, while in high school in 1970.Riles was the first African-American to win statewide elected office in California. In 1972, as a college freshman, she travelled to what was then Rhodesia, in Southern Africa, to study the attitudes of the white minority in Rhodesia to majority rule. She turned the interviews for her academic research into a four-part series of articles for The Occidental Weekly, arguing that the hardline and racist white attitudes she documented would lead to conflict and violence. The series, titled "The Country that Doesn't Exist," won a Los Angeles Press Club student journalism award, in 1974. In 1987, she co-founded the World Forum of Silicon Valley, based in San Jose, to host dialogue among various communities about global issues. <mask> served as the first board president until 1993, followed by Santa Clara County Municipal Court Judge Jerome Nadler. The organization was merged into the Commonwealth Club in 1997.<mask> has served as a mediator and in conflict resolution initiatives including a 1998 effort working, together with Stanford colleagues Alexander Dallin and Gail Lapidus and Ambassador James Goodby, with the national security advisors to the presidents of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia to build trust and hopefully to reduce hostility among the three countries. In 1997, as president of the Guadalupe River Park and Gardens Corporation in San Jose, she brought together environmental activists and public agencies at odds over environmental mitigation of a flood control project on the Guadalupe River, helping lead to a resolution of the issues and forward progress in the flood control project and creating the Guadalupe River Park. Beginning in 2020, <mask>


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 initiated and coordinates an Equity and Justice Task Force at the Commonwealth Club. Trusteeships, Professional Committees, Advisory Boards

<mask> has served as a trustee, chair of the board, president of the board, director and advisory board member of some two dozen organizations nationally and locally in the Bay Area. These include the boards of directors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in Chicago and Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility in Palo Alto, California. She served as Board President of the Guadalupe River Park Conservancy, and served on the board of directors of Los Gatos Community Hospital, now El Camino Hospital. She has been a trustee of Occidental College in Los Angeles since 2006, and served as vice chair of its executive committee.She has chaired the board's academic affairs committee and co-chaired the board's Student Life and Enrollment Management Committee. She served as a trustee and on the executive committee of Dominican University of California, in San Rafael, California. In addition to serving for over two decades on the international advisory board of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University, she serves on the advisory board of the Harriman Institute at Columbia University and the advisory board of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies in Monterey, CA. She has served on the Science, Arms Control and International Security Committee of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and on the selection committee for the Science and Technology Policy Fellows program. <mask> was for seven years a board director and treasurer of the Compton Foundation, where she oversaw the management of $120 million in assets. She has been a member of or chaired committees funding grants, fellowships and scholarships for the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation of Chicago, the Truman Scholarships (the national memorial to President Truman), the University of California system, the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and a number of other organizations. She is an advisor for
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 homeless individuals with their family members and friends.She is also on the national advisory board of Voice of the People, a Washington, D.C., polling organization. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Silicon Valley Capital Club and the Lafayette United Methodist Church. Teaching, editing, writing, Congressional testimony

<mask> has team-taught an arms control course at Stanford University, as well as guest-lectured at various colleges and universities. As communications director for the Arms Control Association, in Washington, D.C., from 1978 to 1980, she was editor of the magazine, Arms Control Today. She oversees The Commonwealth magazine at the Commonwealth Club, and oversaw publication of Each a Mighty Voice:  A Century of Speeches from The Commonwealth Club of California, Heyday Books, 2004. <mask> is the author or editor of a number of books and articles. Her first policy report was Power Politics:  The Nuclear Industry and Nuclear Exports, with Dr. Gordon Adams, published by the Council on Economic Priorities in 1978, followed by Soviet Nuclear Energy:  Domestic and International Policies, published in 1979 by the Rand Corporation.This was followed by the textbook Blacker and <mask>, International Arms Control Issues and Agreements, Stanford University Press, 1984 and <mask>, et al. Compliance and the Future of Arms Control, Ballinger, 1988. She has published articles in journals in her field such as International Security, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Arms Control Today and Science Magazine, and contributed chapters to many edited volumes on international security and foreign policy. <mask>'s chapters in jointly authored books with other scholars have sometimes been based on her lectures or speeches. For example, in 1993, she spoke at the Arab and Israeli-attended Ginosar Conference in Tel Aviv on possible application of treaty verification measures developed in East–West arms control to Middle East security agreements. This presentation was later published in the book, Confidence Building and Verification:  Prospects in the Middle East, edited by Shai Feldman. Beginning with a widely reprinted article about Zbigniew Brzezinski in the Washington Post in


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 August 1976, "The Man Behind Carter's Foreign Policy," <mask> has written for many newspapers including the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times and the Chicago Tribune.She was a columnist for the "Christian Science Monitor" in 1980–82, and for Pacific News Service in the 1980s. She writes a regular column, Insight, for The Commonwealth magazine, as well as periodic op-ed pieces for the San Francisco Chronicle, San Jose Mercury News, on Medium and for other online and print publications. She periodically writes, speaks, holds public forums and works with public officials on issues of protecting elders from financial and other abuse. She is working to establish more stringent local rules of court for probate in California counties that do not currently require attorneys to justify their fees as benefitting a protected person or their estate. The current laxity in rules is leading to significant financial abuse of protected people, their families and their estates. She currently serves on the Attorney Fee Review Team for the Spectrum Institute, which is reviewing flaws and abuses in California's probate system, to make recommendations for reform to the governor and state legislature. <mask> testified in 1987 before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, on arms control treaty compliance, and in 1994 before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, on the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program.<mask> speaks and writes frequently about ethics, collaboration, consensus-based decision-making and cooperation. Her lectures on these topics include "Getting Things Done" at the Commonwealth Club, her 2017 speech at the Chautauqua Institution, and her sermon, "The Power of Civility" at Lafayette United Methodist Church

Honors and awards

<mask> is a recipient of the Janet Gray Hayes Award, presented annually to an outstanding woman leader in honor of San Jose's first woman mayor; a Character Award from the Silicon Valley Monterey Bay Boy Scout Council; A Woman of Achievement Award for Public Service from the San Jose Mercury News and the Women's Foundation, and a Human Relations Award from Santa Clara County. In 2019, she received a Good Neighbor Award from Miracle Messages. She has been recognized over

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 many years as a leader in business and management by the San Francisco Business Times, the Silicon Valley Business Journal and the Alameda County Commission on the Status of Women. In 2019, she was selected by the San Francisco Business Times as the most admired non-profit CEO in the Bay Area. <mask> was the 2020 recipient of the Alumni Seal Award as Occidental College's Alum of the Year. <mask> received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of San Francisco, in 2006.<mask> has held a high-level security clearance from the US government since 1977. As board chair, <mask> held the facility clearance for classified research at the Civilian R&D Foundation. Personal life and business activities

She is married to Rod Diridon, Sr., former chair of the Santa Clara County board of supervisors and a leader in transportation policy and the development of public transportation systems regionally, nationally and internationally. The Amtrak and Caltrain Station in San Jose is named the Diridon Station, after Rod Diridon. They have two children and four grandchildren. Rod Diridon Jr. served two terms on the Santa Clara City Council, and is currently senior manager of state and local government affairs/West for Apple Computer. In 2022, <mask> marks 57 years of responsibilities as an employee, owner and managing partner in her family real estate business.She has also been a limited partner in a dozen non-family real estate projects. In the mid-2000s, she was a partner in the McCloud Book Gallery, an independent bookstore and art gallery in Siskiyou County, California. The Book Gallery was founded to create business and employment in McCloud as an alternative to the proposed building of a large water-bottling plant that would have negatively impacted the streams and groundwater at the top of the CA watershed. <mask> played competitive basketball in high school and tennis in high school and college; and currently swims, hikes, bicycles, skis, kayaks and practices yoga. She has summited Mt. Shasta in California (14,179 ft) and Mt. Chirripo in Costa Rica (12,533 ft).References

External links

1953 births
Living people
People from Lafayette, California
Occidental College alumni
Columbia University

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<mask>,  (13 December 1815 – 18 July 1881), known as <mask>, was an English Anglican priest and ecclesiastical historian. He was Dean of Westminster from 1864 to 1881. His position was that of a Broad Churchman and he was the author of a number of works on Church History. He was a co-founder of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Life and times
<mask> was born in Alderley Edge in Cheshire, where his father <mask>, later Bishop of Norwich, was then rector. A brother was <mask> and his sister <mask>. The middle-name 'Penrhyn' suggests Welsh lineage.Early life
He was educated at Rugby School under Thomas Arnold, and in 1834 went up to Balliol College, Oxford. He is generally considered to be the source for the character of <mask> in Thomas Hughes's well-known book Tom Brown's Schooldays which is based on Rugby. After winning the Ireland scholarship and Newdigate prize for an English poem (The Gypsies), he was in 1839 elected a Fellow of University College, and in the same year took holy orders. In 1840 he travelled in Greece and Italy, and on his return settled at Oxford, where for ten years he was tutor of his college and an influential element in university life. His relationship with his pupils was close and affectionate, and the charm of his character won him friends on all sides. His literary reputation was early established by his Life of Arnold, published in 1844. In 1845 he was appointed select preacher, and published in 1847 a volume of Sermons and Essays on the Apostolic Age, which not only laid the foundation of his fame as a preacher, but also marked his future position as a theologian.In university politics, which at that time wore mainly the form of theological

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 controversy, he was a strong advocate of comprehension and toleration. Controversies
As an undergraduate he had sympathised with Arnold in resenting the agitation led by the High Church Party in 1836 against the appointment of R. D. Hampden to the Regius professorship of divinity. During the long controversy which followed the publication in 1841 of Tract 90 and which ended in the withdrawal of John Henry Newman from the Church of England, he used all his influence to protect from formal condemnation the leaders and tenets of the "Tractarian" party. In 1847 he resisted the movement set on foot at Oxford against Hampden's appointment to the bishopric of Hereford. Finally, in 1850, in an article published in the Edinburgh Review in defence of the Gorham judgment he asserted two principles which he maintained to the end of his life—first, "that the so-called supremacy of the Crown in religious matters was in reality nothing else than the supremacy of law, and, secondly, that the Church of England, by the very condition of its being, was not High or Low, but Broad, and had always included and been meant to include, opposite and contradictory opinions on points even more important than those at present under discussion." University reform

It was not only in theoretical but in academic matters that his sympathies were on the liberal side. He was greatly interested in university reform and acted as secretary to the royal commission appointed in 1850.Of the important changes in administration and education which were ultimately carried out, <mask>, who took the principal share in drafting the report printed in 1852, was a strenuous advocate. These changes included the transference of


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 the initiative in university legislation from the sole authority of the heads of houses to an elected and representative body, the opening of college fellowships and scholarships to competition by the removal of local and other restrictions, the non-enforcement at matriculation of subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles, and various steps for increasing the usefulness and influence of the professorship. Before the report was issued, <mask> was appointed to a canonry in Canterbury Cathedral. During his residence there he published his Memoir of his father (1851), and completed his Commentary on the Epistles to the Corinthians (1855). In the winter and spring of 1852–1853 he made a tour in Egypt and the Holy Land, the result of which was his well-known volume on Sinai and Palestine (1856). In 1857 he travelled in Russia, and collected much of the materials for his Lectures on the Eastern Orthodox Church (1861). The book of these lectures, "History of the Eastern Church", contained an argument for the Apostolic claims of the Church of Abyssinia.His Memorials of Canterbury (1855), displayed the full maturity of his power of dealing with historical events and characters. He was also examining chaplain to Bishop A. C. Tait, his former tutor. Chair of ecclesiastical history
At the close of 1856 <mask> was appointed Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Oxford, a post which, with the attached canonry at Christ Church, he held till 1863. He began his treatment of the subject with "the first dawn of the history of the church," the call of Abraham; and published the first two volumes of his History of the Jewish Church in 1863 and 1865. From 1860 to 1864 academic and clerical

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