texts:
 award for the Best Nonfiction Book of 2015. It was also selected as one of the Best Books of 2015 by Amazon.com, the Daily Beast, Buzzfeed, Seattle Times, Boston Globe, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Entertainment Weekly, Audible, and in the Wall Street Journal and Bloomberg Business by Nobel economics laureate, Prof. Angus Deaton, of Princeton University. In 2019, Dreamland was selected as one the Best 10 True-Crime Books of all time based on lists, surveys, and ratings of more than 90 million Goodread.com readers. Also in 2019, Slate.com selected Dreamland as one of the 50 best nonfiction books of the last 25 years. In 2021, GQ Magazine selected Dreamland as one of the “50 Best Books of Literary Journalism of the 21st Century.”

In The Least of Us (published October 2021), <mask> chronicles the emergence of a drug-trafficking world producing massive supplies of dope cheaper and deadlier than ever, marketing to the population of addicts created by the nation's opioid epidemic, as the backdrop to tales of Americans’ quiet attempts to recover community through simple acts of helping the vulnerable. In 2022, the National Book Critics Circle nominated The Least of Us as one of the best nonfiction books of 2021.<mask> has lectured a more than 50 universities across the United States. In 2012, he gave a lecture at the University of Arizona entitled “So Far from Mexico City, So Close to God: Stories of Mexican Immigrants" and of Mexico's Escape from History.”

Personal life
<mask> lives in Southern California. Awards and honors
2015 National Book Critics Circle Award (Nonfiction) winner for Dreamland: The True Tale of America's Opiate Epidemic

References

External links
Official website
2017 Interview with WATE Television in Pittsburgh, PA
<mask> on Twitter
<mask>'s blog

American male journalists
Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Los Angeles Times people
People from Claremont,

masks:
Quinones
Quinones
Quinones
Quinones
Sam Quinone


type: original

texts:
<mask> (November 26, 1916May 4, 1966) was an American third baseman and right fielder in Major League Baseball who played most of his career with the Pittsburgh Pirates and Boston Braves. He also briefly managed and coached in the Majors. Born in San Francisco, California, the right-handed batting and throwing <mask> stood  tall and weighed . <mask> contributed some of the happiest memories to the Braves' final Boston years, winning the  National League Most Valuable Player Award and earning the nickname "Mr. Team." The following season, his power hitting helped lift Boston to its second National League pennant of the 20th century, the team's first in 34 years, and last before relocating to Milwaukee. He was the second Major League third baseman to have five seasons of 100 runs batted in, joining Pie Traynor, and retired with the highest career slugging percentage (.440) of any NL third baseman.He also led the National League in assists three times and in putouts and double plays twice each, and ended his career among the NL leaders in games (8th, 1262), assists (7th, 2547), total chances (10th, 4113) and double plays (4th, 231) at third base. Early career with Pirates
Raised in El Centro, California, he attended El Centro Junior College and signed with the Pirates in 1936. <mask> came to the Major Leagues as an outfielder in 1939. As a right-handed batter, his power hitting was hampered by the spacious left field at Forbes Field, but in eight years with the team he compiled more than 100 RBI three times, and he batted .315 in 1943. Manager Frankie Frisch shifted him to third base after the 1941 season, seeking to take advantage of his strong arm while compensating for his lack of speed. Exempted from World War II military service due to head injuries from being hit by

masks:
Robert Irving Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott


texts:
 a batted ball in 1943, <mask> was named to the NL All-Star team in 1941, 1942, 1944 and 1945, and finished among the top ten players in the MVP voting from 1942 through 1944, placing second in the league in RBI the last two years. On July 15, 1945, he hit for the cycle.After the 1946 season, he was traded to the Braves in a lopsided deal for 37-year-old second baseman Billy Herman, a future member of the Baseball Hall of Fame who was named Pittsburgh's playing manager for 1947. But Herman was aghast at the price — <mask> — the Pirates had paid for him. "Why, they've gone and traded the whole team on me", he said. Herman played only 15 more Major League games and the other three players made a total of 127 appearances with the Pirates. Boston's "Mr. Team"
With a friendlier hitting environment at Braves Field, <mask> exceeded the 20 home run mark three times in his five years in Boston, equalling Whitey Kurowski for the most 20-HR seasons by an NL third baseman. In his 1947 MVP campaign, <mask> did not lead the NL in any offensive category; however, he batted .317 (second in the NL), with 22 home runs and 113 runs batted in, all team highs.In 1948, when the Braves won the pennant, <mask> batted .283 with 23 homers and 100 RBI and made his sixth All-Star team. He also led the Major Leagues with 131 walks, breaking the club record of 110 set by Billy Hamilton in 1896; it remains the franchise record. Batting cleanup, he hit .333 in the 1948 World Series, which Boston lost in six games to the Cleveland Indians; he had a pair of home runs in his first two at bats in Game 5, an 11–5 victory, and was 3 for 3 with a walk in the final 4–3 loss in Game 6. Although his numbers declined somewhat thereafter, <mask> enjoyed productive years from  through , including a season batting

masks: Elliott Elliott Elliott Elliott Elliott Elliott


texts:
 .305 with 24 HRs and 107 RBI in , his sixth 100-RBI campaign. He was named to his last All-Star squad in 1951, his final year with Boston. By the early 1950s he had broken Kurowski's NL record for career home runs at third base, though Eddie Mathews surpassed him within a few seasons. Late playing career
<mask>'s playing career began to wind down in 1952, as he struggled with the New York Giants following an April trade, and ended after a 1953 campaign split between the St. Louis Browns and Chicago White Sox.Over 15 years (1939–53) and 1,978 games, <mask> batted .289 and collected 2,061 hits, 170 home runs, 382 doubles, 94 triples, 1,064 runs, 967 bases on balls and 1,195 RBI. <mask>'s last highlight was two home runs on opening night for the Giants in 1952, both off Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Robin Roberts. His final Major League game occurred on September 16, 1953 for the White Sox. <mask> then returned to California in 1954 and played for his hometown team, the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League, for the second half of the season. He hit two home runs and drove in five runs in the final game of the year, helping the Padres to win the pennant for the first time since 1937, the team's second year in the PCL (when they were led by 19-year-old San Diegan star Ted Williams). Manager and coach
He became the Padres' manager in 1955 and managed them through the first 35 games of the 1957 season. He also managed the Sacramento Solons of the Pacific Coast League in 1959.After a third-place finish in Sacramento, <mask> received his only Major League managing opportunity when he took over the Kansas City Athletics for the  season. But the Athletics were one of the weakest teams in the American League, and the team's owner, Arnold Johnson, died suddenly just before

masks: Elliott Elliott Elliott Elliott Elliott


texts:
 the season began. The A's won only 58 games while losing 96 (.377) in <mask>'s only season at the helm, finishing in last place. He was fired by new owner Charles O. Finley at season's end, and replaced by Joe Gordon. In , <mask> was a coach for the expansion Los Angeles Angels during their maiden AL campaign. Less than five years later, <mask> died at age 49 in San Diego after suffering a ruptured vein in his windpipe. He was survived by his wife, Skippy, two daughters, Judy Gale and Cheryl Townsend, and grandchildren Daren Klum, Chris Townsend and <mask>.<mask> is buried at Greenwood Memorial Park in San Diego. <mask> was posthumously inducted into both the San Diego Hall of Champions (1967) and the Boston Braves Hall of Fame (1997). See also

 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle

References

Further reading

<mask> at Baseball Evolution Hall of Fame

External links

1916 births
1966 deaths
Baseball players from San Francisco
Boston Braves players
Burials at Greenwood Memorial Park (San Diego)
Chicago White Sox players
Kansas City Athletics managers
Knoxville Smokies players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Los Angeles Angels coaches
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball third basemen
National League All-Stars
National League Most Valuable Player Award winners
New York Giants (NL) players
People from El Centro, California
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Sacramento Solons managers
St. Louis Browns players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Savannah Indians players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Baseball players from San

masks:
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Bob Townsend
Elliott
Elliott
Bob Elliott


texts:
<mask> (1823–1884) was an English Post Office reformer and writer. Life
The son of <mask>, a solicitor, by his wife Charlotte, daughter of Colonel Francis Downman, R.A. and niece of Sir Thomas Downman, he was born at Eltham in February 1823, and educated at Christ's Hospital; Sir <mask>, was his uncle. On leaving school he entered the General Post Office (1841), and, on the amalgamation of the receiver-general's and the accountant-general's offices in 1852, was appointed chief examiner of the new department. In 1856 <mask> became receiver and accountant general. He was, after George Chetwynd of the money-order office, heavily involved in the scheme for government savings banks. Scudamore explained to William Ewart Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer the proposed machinery, and had support and obtained authorisation from parliament in 1861. In 1865 Scudamore drew up a report on the advisability of the state acquiring the telegraphs, which were then in the hands of a few private companies, on lines suggested by Frederick Ebenezer Baines.In negotiations <mask> was employed as chief agent, and the way was prepared for the Telegraph Act 1868 entitling the state to acquire all the telegraphic undertakings in the kingdom, and the Telegraph Act 1869 giving the Post Office the monopoly of telegraphic communication. In 1870 the Irish telegraphs were transferred to the Post Office. Sir John Tilley, <mask>'s superior, did not support the nationalisation, but allowed Scudamore to run the resulting state telegraph system. <mask> had been promoted assistant

masks:
Frank Ives Scudamore
John Scudamore
Charles Scudamore
Scudamore
Scudamore
Scudamore
Scudamore


texts:
 secretary (1863) and soon afterwards second secretary, of the Post Office, and in 1871 he was made C.B. Clashes over his impatience of obstacles led to his resignation in 1875. Among other changes made by Scudamore was the introduction of female clerks into the postal service. He then accepted an offer of the Ottoman government to go to Constantinople to organise the Turkish international post office; the sultan conferred on him the order of the Medjidieh in 1877; he gave up his post on encountering delays.He continued to live at Therapia, and wrote. <mask> died at Therapia on 8 February 1884, aged 61, and was buried in the English cemetery at Scutari. Works
<mask> wrote:

People whom we have never met (1861), a lecture on fairies. The Day Dreams of a Sleepless Man, London, 1875. France in the East; a contribution towards the consideration of the Eastern Question (London, 1882), which is a plea for the good intentions of France in south-eastern Europe, and against the policy of preserving the integrity of the Ottoman empire. <mask> also contributed to Punch, and in The Standard, The Scotsman, the Comic Times, and other papers. He wrote for The World under Edmund Yates.Mentioned by Anthony Trollope
The distinguished British author Anthony Trollope (1815-1882), was employed in the Post Office from 1859 until 1867, when he resigned to devote all his energy to his writing. In his autobiography, he mentioned Scudamore:

When Sir Rowland Hill left the Post Office, and my brother-in-law, Mr.[John] Tilley, became Secretary in his place, I applied for the

masks: Scudamore Scudamore Scudamore


texts: vacant office of Under-Secretary. Had I obtained this I should have given up my hunting, have given up much of my literary work,—at any rate would have edited no magazine,—and would have returned to the habit of my youth in going daily to the General Post Office. There was very much against such a change in life. The increase of salary would not have amounted to above £400 a year, and I should have lost much more than that in literary remuneration. I should have felt bitterly the slavery of attendance at an office, from which I had then been exempt for five-and-twenty years. I should, too, have greatly missed the sport which I loved.But I was attached to the department, had imbued myself with a thorough love of letters,—I mean the letters which are carried by the post,—and was anxious for their welfare as though they were all my own. In short, I wished to continue the connection. I did not wish, moreover, that any younger officer should again pass over my head. I believed that I had been a valuable public servant, and I will own to a feeling existing at that time that I had not altogether been well treated. I was probably wrong in this. I had been allowed to hunt,—and to do as I pleased, and to say what I liked, and had in that way received my reward. I applied for the office, but Mr. Scudamore was appointed to it.He no doubt was possessed of gifts which I did not possess. He understood the manipulation of money and the use of figures, and was a great accountant. I think that I might have been more useful in regard to the labours and wages of the


texts:
 immense body of men employed by the Post Office. However, Mr. <mask> was appointed; and I made up my mind that I would fall back upon my old intention, and leave the department. I think I allowed two years to pass before I took the step; and the day on which I sent the letter was to me most melancholy. In one of his novels, Trollope made a humorous mention of <mask>. In The Way We Live Now, the planned elopement of Marie Melmotte is frustrated when she is intercepted by detectives instructed by a telegram sent by her father:

It may be well doubted whether upon the whole the telegraph has not added more to the annoyances than to the comforts of life, and whether the gentlemen who spent all the  public money without authority ought not to have been punished with special severity in that they had injured humanity, rather than pardoned because of the good they had produced.Who is benefited by telegrams? The newspapers are robbed of all their old interest, and the very soul of intrigue is destroyed. Poor Marie, when she heard her fate, would certainly have gladly hanged Mr. Scudamore. <mask> married in 1851 Jane, daughter of James Sherwin, surgeon, of Greenwich, and left children. They had at least one son called Leonard George <mask> who was a casualty during the First World War. He was buried in the Commonwealth war graves cemetery of St Leonard's Church at Sutton Veny. Notes

Attribution

1823 births
1884 deaths
Civil servants in the General Post Office
English writers
People from Eltham
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie
People educated at

masks:
Scudamore
Scudamore
Family Scudamore
Scudamore


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; 13 July 1935 – 14 July 2021) was a Danish cartoonist. In 2005 he drew a cartoon of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, wearing a bomb in his turban as a part of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons, which triggered several assassinations and murders committed by Islamists around the world, diplomatic conflicts, and state-organized riots and attacks on Western embassies with several dead in Muslim countries. After the drawing of the cartoon, <mask> received numerous death threats and was a target of assassination attempts. As a result, he was under constant police protection. Early life
<mask> was born on 13 July 1935 in the village of Døstrup, in the Mariagerfjord area of Jutland. He grew up in a conservative Christian family (Inner Mission) environment, going to Sunday school. <mask> was introduced to cultural radicalism during high school in the 1950s, which he experienced as an "epiphany" and "a liberation from the religious subjugation of his childhood."<mask> was a trained schoolteacher, educated at Ranum Seminarium. After working as a teacher for some time, he enrolled at the University of Copenhagen to study psychology. He subsequently worked as a teacher for handicapped children and was a principal of a school in the Djursland area for the handicapped. Cartooning
After briefly working for the newspaper Demokraten, he was a cartoonist for Jyllands-Posten from the early 1980s on. In 2005, he drew a depiction of Muhammed wearing a bomb in a turban as part of the Prophet cartoons controversy. On 12 February 2008, the Danish Security and Intelligence Service (PET) arrested three Muslims – two Tunisians and one Moroccan-born Dane – who were charged with planning to murder Westergaard. After the plot was foiled, the Danish secret service was made

masks:
Kurt Westergaard
Kurt Vestergaard
Westergaard
Westergaard
Westergaard
Westergaard


texts:
 responsible for protecting Westergaard.He was placed under police surveillance when traveling to and from work and his house was fitted with steel doors, a panic room, reinforced glass in the windows, and surveillance cameras. Following the release of Dutch politician Geert Wilders' film Fitna in 2008, which used <mask>'s cartoon without permission, <mask> made a cartoon depicting Wilders with a bomb and a sign which reads: "Danger! Freedom of expression". In a 2009 interview, <mask> said he was trying to "show that terrorists get their spiritual ammunition from parts of Islam and with this spiritual ammunition, and with dynamite and other explosives, they kill people." He took issue with the way Danish people have judged his intentions, telling Canadian blogger Jonathan Kay that he was shunned by many of his former friends: "One of my old friends from the left, he said last year to me 'There are many who say that if something happens to [you], you were asking for it' — that it would be my own fault." <mask> also criticised the reaction of immigrant communities in Denmark to his cartoon, stating that "many of the immigrants who came to Denmark, they had nothing. We gave them everything – money, apartments, their own schools, free university, health care.In return, we asked one thing – respect for democratic values, including free speech. Do they agree? This is my simple test." Attacks
On 1 January 2010, a 28-year-old Somali Muslim intruder armed with an axe and knife entered <mask>'s house and was subsequently shot and wounded by police. <mask> was unharmed due to security precautions in his house. He escaped to a panic room when he saw the intruder standing in the hallway wielding an axe. <mask> took his five-year-old granddaughter into the "panic room" when he

masks: Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard


texts: realized what was happening.The intruder attempted to break down the reinforced door with his axe, shouting phrases like "We will get our revenge! ", "Revenge!" and "Blood!" He failed to get through and was shot in the hand and knee by police officers who arrived on the scene within a few minutes. The assailant was arrested, taken into custody, and charged with the attempted murders of <mask> and a police officer. This second attempted murder in two years received extensive coverage in the Danish newspapers. The Sunday edition of Jyllands-Posten included a front-page article about how <mask> now needs a bodyguard to provide round-the-clock security; a full-page article on the background of the controversy; an interview with <mask> by Lars Pedersen; a list of quotes showing the "disgust and condemnation" aroused by the attack; an article about the assailant's appearance in a court in Aarhus; two articles about the man himself, who had apparently been living in Denmark for fifteen years and was known to the intelligence services; and, in the editorial and in an opinion piece by political commentator Ralf Pittelkow, advocacy of the values Western society is based on, in particular freedom of expression.According to PET intelligence, the suspect is closely linked to the Somali Islamist insurgency group al-Shabaab, commonly considered a terrorist organization, as well as an al-Qaeda affiliate in East Africa. On 22 June 2011, the assailant was found guilty of an attempt to perform an act of terrorism and attempted murder, by a unanimous jury. The assailant pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a weapon and breaking and entering, but pleaded not guilty to the other charges. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison followed by permanent deportation from Denmark. In

masks: Westergaard Westergaard Westergaard


texts:
 March 2013, a psychiatric patient was taken into custody by the Danish police. According to Danish newspapers the man had been a passenger on a bus, when he started yelling and threatening to bomb the bus and <mask>, who was not on the bus. Al-Qaeda hit list
In 2010 Anwar al-Awlaki published an Al-Qaeda hit list in Inspire magazine, including three Jyllands-Posten staff members: <mask>, Carsten Juste, and Flemming Rose, along with other figures claimed to have "insulted Islam," including Salman Rushdie, Ayaan Hirsi Ali and cartoonist Lars Vilks.The list was later expanded to include Stéphane "Charb" Charbonnier, who was murdered in a terror attack on Charlie Hebdo in Paris, along with 11 other people. After the attack, Al-Qaeda called for more killings. Death
<mask> died in his sleep in Copenhagen on 14 July 2021, a day after his 86th birthday, after suffering from a long illness. Awards
<mask> was awarded the Sappho Award in May 2008, an award given by the Free Press Society in Denmark to a 'journalist who combines excellence in his work with courage and a refusal to compromise'. On 8 September 2010, he was awarded the M100 Media Award (M100-Medienpreis) by German Chancellor Angela Merkel for his contributions to freedom of opinion. Memoirs
In 2011, <mask>, helped by John Lykkegaard, published his memoir Manden bag stregen. See also

Charlie Hebdo shooting
Theo van Gogh (1957–2004), Dutch film director
Lars Vilks
Stéphane Charbonnier (Charb)
Naji al-Ali (1938–1987), Palestinian political cartoonist

References

1935 births
2021 deaths
Danish editorial cartoonists
Danish critics of Islam
Danish cartoonists
Former Lutherans
People associated with the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
People from Aarhus
People from Tønder Municipality
Jyllands-Posten

masks:
Kurt Westergaard
Kurt Westergaard
Westergaard
Westergaard
Westergaard


texts: <mask> (, also known as <mask> and <mask>; March 23, 1894 – 1976) was a Russian politician, literary critic, scholar and translator. He was a lifelong member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, and, in 1917, served as its deputy for Bessarabia in the Russian Constituent Assembly. He joined the Samara Government during the early phases of the Civil War, opposing both the Bolsheviks and the conservative elements of the White movement. Assigned to his party's Foreign Delegation, <mask> lobbied unsuccessfully for the return of Bessarabia to Russia during the Paris Peace Conference. After a short stay in Tuscany, he settled in Czechoslovakia in 1922, an editor of Volya Rossii review. <mask>, who was also an Italian-trained literary scholar, became Volya Rossiis literary theorist and columnist. From that vantage point, he gave encouraged the liberal-progressive and modernist side of the White émigré intellectuals.<mask> argued, against conservatives such as Zinaida Gippius, that the exiles needed to appreciate changes occurring in the Soviet Union and became one of the first popularizers of Soviet writers in the West. He was also one of the main backers (and an intimate friend) of poet Marina Tsvetaeva. In 1928, convinced that Russian literature in exile was in fact dead, <mask> moved to Paris and, as an anti-fascist, opened up to Soviet patriotism. His 1930s contacts with the Union for Repatriation were particularly controversial. He escaped World War II and arrived to the United States aboard the SS Navemar, spending the 1940s and '50s as a teacher at Sarah Lawrence College. He continued to publish tracts and textbooks on

masks:
Mark Lvovich Slonim
Marc Slonim
Marco Slonim
Slonim
Slonim
Slonim
Slonim


texts:
 Russian literary topics, familiarizing the American public with the major trends of Soviet poetry and fiction. He spent his final years in Geneva, where he translated Andrei Bely's Silver Dove and worked sporadically on his memoirs.Biography

Early activities
<mask> was born in the Russian Empire's port city of Odessa (now in Ukraine), although some sources mistakenly have Novgorod-Severskiy, Chernihiv Governorate. His elder brother Vladimir was also born in Odessa in 1887. Their parents were upper-middle-class Russian Jewish intellectuals; <mask>'s uncle was the literary critic Yuly Aykhenvald. The future critic was also a distant relative of Yevsey Lazarevich <mask>, whose daughter, Vera Yevseyevna, became the wife of novelist Vladimir Nabokov. According to Russologist Michel Aucouturier, <mask>'s memoirs show him as an erudite and an adept of aestheticism, whose "socialist sympathies" were only cemented by the Russian Revolution. While completing his secondary studies at a classical gymnasium in Odessa, Slonim came into contact with the Socialist Revolutionaries (or "Esers"), and, like his older brother Vladimir before him, became their follower. Their radicalism pitted them against their father, who supported the moderate-liberal Kadet Party.Slonim, who regarded himself as a libertarian socialist rather than a Marxist, worked on establishing "self-instruction circles", circulating banned literature among students, artisans and workers, and traveled to Europe to meet with Osip Minor. As he recalled in the 1960s, the Eser leadership was "appalled to discover than in Odessa and the nearby region most of the work was being

masks: Slonim Slonim Slonim Slonim


texts:
 done by boys and girls of 16 or 17." According to later sources, he was brought to the attention of the Okhrana and left Russia surreptitiously. From 1911, he studied philosophy and literature at the University of Florence, where he took his Ph.D. In 1914, he published in Italy a translation of Ivan Turgenev's poetry cicle, Senility. By 1918, Slonim was also a graduate of Saint Petersburg Imperial University. Upon the start of World War I, Slonim followed the "defensist" line of the Eser mainstream, supporting Russia's commitment to the Allies, and served in the Imperial Army.The February Revolution caught him on the Romanian Front, but he soon returned to Petrograd, where (Aucouturier writes) "his talents as a propagandist and an orator soon made him one of his party's celebrities". Slonim supported the Russian Provisional Government and its "defensist" policies against the Left Esers, with public disputations against Vladimir Karelin and Maria Spiridonova. According to Slonim, he was one of the youths left in charge of party work: the more senior Esers were either in government or consumed by work in the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Constituent Assembly and Paris Conference
In his memoirs, <mask> claims to have foreseen the danger posed by the reorganized Bolsheviks, having heard their leader, Vladimir Lenin, speak. He contrasts Bolshevik unity with the Esers' indecisiveness and factionalism. He was still active after the October Revolution, which placed Russia under a Bolshevik Council of People's Commissars. <mask> became an Eser candidate for the Russian Constituent Assembly in the November 25 election,

masks: Slonim Slonim


texts: running in the southwestern province of Bessarabia.He took his seat in the Eser landslide win, and, aged 23, was the youngest parliamentarian. Days after, Bessarabia formed its own government as the Moldavian Democratic Republic, and remained undecided about its future within the Russian Republic. The elections for the Constituent Assembly were chaotic, and the results were never fully recorded. <mask> was present in the Assembly on the morning of January 19, 1918, when the Bolsheviks dissolved it by force and opened fire on the supporting crowds. For a while, he was in the Ukrainian State, helping Gregory Zilboorg put out a clandestine paper which angered both the Bolsheviks and the Ukrainian nationalists. He later fled to Samara, where the Constituent Assembly had formed its own "Committee of Members" government. He joined the latter, then, upon its merger into the Provisional All-Russian Government, moved to Omsk.As the Russian Civil War took hold of the countryside, <mask> followed the Czechoslovak Legion and became friends with its leaders, trailing across Siberia under an assumed name. Nevertheless, he disliked the concept of Allied intervention, and moved closer to the Left Esers. His party sent him abroad as a member of its Foreign Delegation, which originally existed to put persuade the West not to recognize Alexander Kolchak as Russia's Supreme Ruler. In November 1918, <mask> had lost his Bessarabian constituency, as the region united with Romania. The writer became a strong critic of that merger, claiming that the Romanian identity in both Romania and Bessarabia had been recently fabricated by intellectuals,

masks: Slonim Slonim Slonim


texts: lacking popular support among the Moldavian peasants (see Moldovenism). Slonim also claimed that the union process had been triggered by the German Empire in late 1917, as an anti-Bolshevik move, and supported by Russians who had discarded "personal and national dignity." Building on such arguments, Slonim depicted the Russian Empire as a functional and organic economic entity, suggesting that Bessarabia had more in common with Ukraine than with Romania.He also argued that Bessarabia had not been renounced by Russia, not truly annexed by the Romanian Kingdom. "Sooner of later", he suggested, "there must come about [Bessarabia's] reunion with the Russian State." Acknowledging that there was a "united front" between the White movement and Soviet Russia on the Bessarabian issue, he proposed to overcome the impasse by organizing a League of Nations referendum in the former Moldavian Republic. Scholar Charles Upson Clark, who sees Slonim's accounts as among "the best [...] from the Russian standpoint", rejects his theory about the German inspiration for the union, noting that it was in fact a traditional Romanian goal. Slonim joined a self-appointed team of politicians and landowners who claimed to speak for Bessarabia, and attended the Paris Peace Conference to lobby for the Russian cause. Among the other members of this body were Alexander N. Krupensky, Alexandr K. Schmidt, Vladimir Tsyganko, and Mihail Savenco. <mask>, seconded by Tsyganko, circulated rumors of "unheard-of atrocities" committed by the Romanian Army, such as the massacre of 53 people in one village of after the Khotyn Uprising, and the torturing of many


texts:
 others.Interviewed by L'Humanité, the French Communist Party paper, Slonim also claimed the socialists were being repressed, and that unconditional union had been voted on "under the menace of machine guns". These statements were rejected outright by the Bessarabian unionists: Ion Inculeț, the former President of the Moldavian Republic, called the interview "idiotic", while his aide Ion Pelivan wrote to L'Humanité to restate that the union was expressing the free will of the Bessarabian people. In his notes, Pelivan referred to Slonim as a "deserter", an "impostor", and a Belarusian Jew. Tuscany, Berlin, and Volya Rossii
Slonim spent the years 1919–1922 in Tuscany, becoming a regular contributor to the leftist daily Il Secolo. In an article of August 1920, he opined that only "peace with Russia" and "the complete renunciation of all intervention into [her] internal affairs" could ensure the demise of "Bolshevist imperialism". That year, he published at H. Bemporad & figlio an Italian-language work on the revolutionary ideologies of Béla Kun and the Spartacus League, eponymously titled Spartaco e Bela Kun, and two memoirs: La rivoluzione russa ("The Russian Revolution"), and Il bolscevismo visto da un russo ("Bolshevism as Seen by a Russian"). The latter was translated into French the following year, as Le Bolchévisme vu par un russe.La Revue Critique des Idées et des Livres described it as "abundant in little facts from experience", a fresco "of the general misery, terror and fright that have been reigning in Russia for these past three years." His thoughts on communism brought him to the attention of Benito Mussolini,


texts: leader of the Fasci Italiani, who invited <mask> to write for Il Popolo d'Italia. <mask> explained that he would never write for the right-wing press; in a later reply, Mussolini insisted that his budding fascist movement was not in fact reactionary. Another work, tracing the historical background of Bolshevism and the Esers, appeared in 1921 as Da Pietro il Grande a Lenin: Storia del movimento rivoluzionario in Russia ("From Peter the Great to Lenin: History of the Revolutionary Movement in Russia"); a French edition came out in 1933, at Éditions Gallimard. Slonim followed up with an essay on Bolshevik Proletkult and Futurism, taken up by Henri Grégoire's monthly, Le Flambeau (October 1921). At this early stage, Slonim derided Soviet literary productions, and described the better poets (Alexander Blok and Andrei Bely) as incompatible with communist dogmas. After a short stay in Berlin, during which time he issued his own journal, Novosti Literatury, Slonim settled in Prague, Czechoslovakia, where he taught at the Russian Free University and joined the local Zemgor.He was also co-opted to write for the Russian-language émigré magazine Volya Rossii ("Russia's Will", "Russia's Freedom", or "Russia's Free Will"). Its editorial board included <mask> (editorial secretary to 1923, later full editor), Sergey Postnikov, Evsei Stalinskii, Vasily Sukhomlin, and Vladimir I. Lebedev. The former four were all members of the Eser Foreign Delegation; Lebedev was not. Occupying a Prague building which had reputedly housed Mozart, and also gathering for conversations at Národní kavárna café, the circle members networked with European


texts:
 policymakers such as Aristide Briand, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, and Émile Vandervelde. Although it published noted works of literature, including Marina Tsvetaeva's Rat-Catcher, Volya Rossii had a small readership. It depended largely on Czechoslovak government support, but the subsidies grew thinner by the year. Originally a daily in 1920, it became a weekly in 1922, and a monthly in 1923.From its relaunch in 1923, Volya Rossii was primarily noted as an exponent of the political left, and as such a rival of the more eclectic, Paris-based, Sovremennye Zapiski. Its acceptance of various Bolshevik reforms made it close to the Mladorossi émigrés, but the magazine saw itself as eminently Narodnik, carrying through the ideology of Alexander Herzen and Nikolay Chernyshevsky. Beyond them, Slonim saw himself as a legatee of the Decembrists. Volya Rossii was explicitly against the Kadet émigrés in Paris, and fought with their leader, Pyotr Struve, for control over the Russian Free University. It also took a secular approach to anti-communism, decrying the émigrés' debt to Russian Orthodoxy—the church, Slonim asserted, was not a true foundation of Russian identity and culture. These positions were summarized in Slonim's sarcastic characterization of Sovremennye Zapiski, a "non-partisan voice of the liberal-democratic broad front, with some tendencies that are sometimes socialist, sometimes religious." Literary columnist
Volya Rossii stated its support for "moral socialism", relying on "the spontaneous activity and creativity of the masses."While the group rallied around Slonim's ideas about Russian organicism and post-imperial


texts: federalism, it also firmly rejected expressions of Russian nationalism, envisioning a Russia that rejected "all differences of faith, race or religion". Slonim himself was a noted adversary of Eurasianism and theories of Russian exceptionalism, which understood Bolshevism as compatible with nationalist ideas. He interpreted Bolshevism as a "Jacobin" experiment in state control; he still believed in the regime's inevitable failure, and in the reemergence of democratic Russia. However, as he reported to Alexander Kerensky, the Prague Esers feared the growth of the Czechoslovakia's Communist Party, which could turn on the émigré community. While contributing articles on political news and historical sketches, as well as impressions from a 1926 trip to the United States and a 1928 homage to Prague, Slonim became the main literary chronicler at Volya Rossii. He believed that the importance of Russian literature was to be found in its ability to convey "the vital problems of individual and social existence", and hoped that this tradition would be carried on in exile: "We know that the best among [émigré writers] made their way through suffering and struggle." Before 1925, Slonim focused his polemics on Zinaida Gippius, whose articles in Sovremennye Zapiski prophesied the death of Russian literature.Chiding the "old guard" of Russian literati, he argued instead that modern literature was thriving both in Russia and in exile. From then on, Gippius came to regard Slonim with intense hostility, particularly since he also promoted Tsvetaeva, her personal enemy. While their Acmeist rival Georgy Adamovich wanted to see through the


texts: emergence of a Russian psychological novel, Slonim and Ivan Bunin believed that psychological introspection and social realism could still blend into a coherent whole: "spiritual vicissitudes had to be illustrated from the outside so that the reader could see them." They urged émigrés to follow modernist developments and replicate steps taken in Soviet literature. As a reviewer of Soviet works, Slonim identified echoes of the 19th-century philosophical and political epics, showing up in novels by Yevgeny Zamyatin, Boris Pasternak, Vsevolod Ivanov and Yury Olesha. He looked with political optimism to the unfolding of the New Economic Policy, which took Russia back to grassroots capitalism. Slonim searched for clues that communist writers were growing disenchanted with the Soviet state, and kept records about the "more tiresome and woeful" literature of agitprop.In order to illustrate such points, Volya Rossii published fragments of works by Zamyatin, but also by Isaac Babel and Mikhail Sholokhov, alongside Guillaume Apollinaire or Karel Čapek. Volya Rossii soon patronized a generation of émigré modernists, beginning with Tsvetaeva and Aleksey Remizov, followed later by Nina Berberova, Dovid Knut, Valentin Parnakh, Vladimir Pozner, Gleb Struve, and Yuri Terapiano. However, Slonim's encouragement had a perverse effect: in Russia, authors praised by Slonim or sampled in Volya Rossii were singled out as potential enemies of the regime. In 1927, the magazine hosted fragments from Zamyatin's novel We, the first publication of that work in its original Russian. In order not to expose the author's direct contacts with the émigrés,


texts:
 Slonim claimed that these were back-translations from Czech and English reprints. Later, Slonim's positive reviews of Krasnaya Nov' magazine were used against its editor, Aleksandr Voronsky, who was eventually purged from the Soviet Communist Party. Slonim became a backer of Tsvetaeva and her husband Sergei Efron, who had settled in Prague.Together with Salomeya Halpern, Hélène Iswolsky, D. S. Mirsky and Lebedev, he organized a Committee to Assist Marina Tsvetaeva. He became a friend, confidant, and dedicated promoter of Tsvetaeva, even though she declined interest in Eser ideology and political matters in general. They continued to disagree over politics, whenever Tsvetaeva made a public show of her loyalty for the House of Romanov. Their liaison had romantic undertones: to Tsvetaeva, he was "the dear one", and his departure to be with another woman inspired her to write the poem "Attempt at Jealousy". Thinking that she held an idealized view of him, <mask>, newly separated from his first wife, rejected her advances in 1924, but they remained friends. He was critical of her affair with K. B. Rodzevitch, whom he regarded as a "dull, mediocre" man. Move to Paris
By the late 1920s, Slonim had come to share Gippius' opinion that Russian literature in exile was doomed, its links with the Russian soil forever severed.He noted that, from 1926 on, the Foreign Delegation had only relied on Soviet publications for understanding the goings-on in Russia, and argued that Soviet literature could be followed for its documentary value. He himself published an introduction to Russian literature in the 1927 edition of Slovanský Přehled.


texts: His skepticism was also showing in his political essays, where he asserted that the Eser cause had been stifled by the 1922 Show Trials. By then, the Esers' Prague group had become torn between two camps, each accusing the other of serving the Soviets. One was led by Viktor Chernov, the other (comprising the Volya Rossii group) was headed by Sukhomlin. Slonim also had a quarrel with writer Vasily Yanovsky—reportedly, because he commented on Yanovsky's poor use of Russian and his borrowings from Mikhail Artsybashev. In 1927, Slonim purchased a printing press in Paris, where he hoped to relaunch Volya Rossii.He ultimately abandoned the plan and, in 1928, simply relocated to Paris, together with Stalinskii and Sukhomlin. They reinforced a Russian colony that was just growing in importance, as French interest in Russian affairs was about to peak. Volya Rossii continued to appear in Prague until March 1932, when it closed down as a result of the Chernov scandal. In its last years, it supported the Right Opposition and the Five-Year Plan, seeing them as evidence of Soviet normalization, and a promise for Eser uprisings. Lebedev even claimed to have traveled inside the Soviet Union. <mask> remained skeptical of this "mysticism", while also noting that the expanding Stalinist regime had emerged from industrialization as a "petty bourgeois" force, its appeal increased among émigré monarchists and Eurasianists. His articles were regularly featured in other émigré publications: Sotsialist-Revolyutsioner, Problemy and Novaya Gazeta in Paris; Russkiy Arkhiv of Belgrade; and the American Moskva.<mask> was focusing his attention on


texts: writing counter-propaganda descriptions of Socialist Realism, which was entering the official Soviet literary and political discourse under Joseph Stalin. Readers of his work provide contrasting reviews: Aucouturier finds his 1930 study on Stalinism in Literature "important"; however, according to the Russian sociologist Evgeny Dobrenko, <mask>'s contribution here "overstep[s] the boundaries of scholarship." Although he still upheld the old Narodnik values, <mask> favored aestheticism and formalism over social determinism, and, on these grounds, criticized Pavel Milyukov's work in literary history. He also looked for tensions between the official dogma and writers who still cultivated individualism in its various forms, citing works by Pasternak, Artyom Vesyoly, Yury Libedinsky, and Leonid Leonov. He welcomed Stalin's decision to disband the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, seeing it as a "Charter of Liberation" for the nonconformist authors. In Paris, <mask> Montparnasse, until 1938, when it dissolved.Like Nikolai Berdyaev and Nicholas Zernov, <mask> also attached himself to the French Catholic circles, which welcomed Russian liberals who were at once anti-communist and anti-fascist. He was also close to avant-garde painters Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova, whom he introduced to Efron and Tsvetaeva when the latter couple also settled in Paris. In 1933, he attended a symposium grouping Chisla magazine writers and members of the French Communist Party, discussing André Gide's account of life in the Soviet Union. The meeting veered into scandal when (according to <mask>'s account) he took the rostrum and

masks: Slonim Slonim Slonimare Slonim Slonim


texts:
 informed both camps that Gide was not in fact a convert to communism, and that "instead of making loud pronouncement they had better read Gide's oeuvre." Impresario and Soviet "defensist"
Slonim's work diversified, and he became a literary impresario, founding, with George Reavey, the European Literary Bureau. It had contracts with Berdyaev, Samuel Beckett, André Malraux and Jacques Maritain. He also worked on translations and on editing books for print: in 1930, Čestmír Jeřábek's Svět hoří; and in 1934, Adèle Hommaire de Hell's Mémoires d'une aventurière.Together with Reavey, he put out one of the first collections of Russian prose rendered in English (1934), which is also noted for its inclusion of Socialist Realists Alexander Fadeyev and Feodor Gladkov. With Gide's help, Slonim and Reavey's anthology of Soviet literature came out at Gallimard in 1935, and possibly included unsigned translations by Tsvetaeva. Slonim was by then also publishing regular literary chronicles, turning his attention to works by William Faulkner, Peter Neagoe, and D. H. Lawrence. Slonim was for years critical of émigrés who asked to be resettled in the Soviet Union, denouncing Efron's work for the NKVD-sponsored Union for Repatriation. In 1935, he finally met Zamyatin, who had escaped Russia, and they "became very good friends"—before Zamyatin's sudden illness and death. In 1934, <mask> had resumed his conferencing on Lenin, networking with Italian anti-fascists such as Oddino Morgari and Alberto Meschi, and being followed around by Mussolini's OVRA. <mask> and Lebedev became alarmed by the rise of Nazi Germany, and predicted that it would


texts: attack the Soviet Union with support from the right-wing exiles.With this in mind, they founded in 1936 a Russian Émigré Defensist Movement (REOD), its newspaper edited by Slonim. Slonim came to agree with the basic tenets of Soviet thinking: he believed that democracy was doomed, and that the world was becoming split into two camps, of communism and fascism. He formulated his preference into a socialist-patriotic manifesto: "The defensist joyfully greets all tidings of the internal and external successes of Russia. When a new factory is built in the Soviet Union, when a strong army is created, when a heroic flight is made, when important discoveries are made and when a talented book is written, the defensist feels a sense of pride." He put out in 1935 a sympathetic book on the ill-fated expedition of SS Chelyuskin, followed in 1937 by Les onzes républiques soviétiques ("The Eleven Soviet Republics"), at Éditions Payot. The latter book was well-liked in the Soviet Union itself, and recommended by Intourist, but criticized by Pierre Pascal for its geographical and historical inaccuracies. In 1938, Slonim also translated Viktor Shklovsky's Voyage de Marco Polo.However, he had grown more appreciative of the Sovremennye Zapiski writers, and in 1939, published generous commentary on Vladimir Nabokov's work, beginning with King, Queen, Knave. That year, Slonim also completed a version of Bunin's Liberation of Tolstoy, published by Gallimard but disliked by the author. When Lebedev abandoned the REOD and moved to America in 1936, <mask> continued his work. This was an especially controversial decision, as the REOD became exposed


texts:
 for its links with the Union for Repatriation and the NKVD. <mask> ultimately presented his resignation in July 1938. In June 1939, he met Tsvetaeva one final time in Paris, as she and Efron began their return trip to the Soviet Union. <mask> was still in Paris after the Nazi–Soviet Pact and before the Nazi invasion of France.Arrested for his contacts with the French communists, he was sent to a French concentration camp. By August 1941, he was in Spain, taking the SS Navemar from Seville to New York City. He completed the journey, despite the Navemars "criminally inadequate" facilities, alongside friends Zosa Szajkowski and <mask>. Sarah Lawrence College
Slonim initially lectured on Russian topics at Yale, Chicago and Penn, before becoming, in 1943, a professor of Russian and comparative literature at Sarah Lawrence College, Yonkers. While publishing various pieces in American academic journals, Slonim also contributed to the Jewish cultural review Yevreiski Mir. In a 1944 article for that magazine (quoted favorably by scholar <mask>), he denied the existence of a separate Jewish literature in Russia, proposing that Jewish authors were merely Russian authors. His stance in this far-reaching debate about Jewish assimilation was similar to that of his uncle Aykhenvald, including their proposed reference to Jewish writers as "writers who are Jews".In late 1944, he lectured at the Phillips Academy East and West Association on the issue of Russia–United States relations. <mask> was viewed with caution by the American Esers. They investigated his REOD activity and concluded that he had shown callousness, and had mixed with NKVD

masks:
Slonim
Slonim
Mark Zborowski
Simon Markish
Slonim


texts: envoys, but cleared him of allegations that he had been a spy himself. Following the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union, <mask> and his colleagues, reunited in New York City, resumed the "defensist" line, unconditionally; Chernov took a more moderate stance. In February 1945, <mask> finally met Nabokov at a dinner party in New York. Nabokov dismissed him as a Soviet agent, and probably used him as an inspiration for the novella Double Talk. Nabokov's reading is dismissed by his exegetes: Vladimir E. Alexandrov speaks of Nabokov's "unjustified suspicions, including his snubbing of <mask>"; Brian Boyd also notes that Slonim "was in fact firmly against Stalin and the Soviet system."Before 1950, Slonim was again banned in the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc: copies of Le Bolchévisme vu par un russe were confiscated on sight by the Romanian Propaganda Ministry. In 1950, Oxford University Press released Slonim's literary panorama, The Epic of Russian Literature from Its Origins Through Tolstoy. According to the Revue des Études Slaves, it was an "intelligent and alert" work, appealing "to the cultivated public rather than the specialists". The Epic, echoing the approach of Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé, focused on the 19th-century novels and debates, being more dismissive of earlier literature. He followed up in 1953 with a second volume, Modern Russian Literature, covering the period from Anton Chekhov to the 1950s, and a biographical study, Tri lyubi Dostoyevskogo ("Three Loves of Dostoevsky"). He returned to Italy on a research trip, employed by La Sapienza University's Institute for Slavic Philology, and, in 1954, edited the

masks:
Slonim
Slonim
Marc Slonim


texts:
 collection Modern Italian Short Stories. In 1954, at the height of McCarthyism, he appeared before the Jenner Committee, dismissing rumors of communist activities at Sarah Lawrence.Additionally, <mask> worked with Harvey Breit on a Signet anthology of love stories, which appeared in 1955 as This Thing Called Love. In 1959, he lectured at Vassar on Pasternak's philosophical outlook. A year later, he commemorated Pasternak by moderating a round table for Radio Liberty. Guests included Reavey, B. J. Chute, Herbert Gold, Ferenc Körmendi, and Santha Rama Rau. Also in 1960, he collected and edited for print selections from Mikhail Zoshchenko's satires (as Izbrannoe). In parallel, he arranged for print the diaries of Leonid Andreyev. That project was put on hold by son Vadim Andreyev, for fear that disclosing his father's opinions on Bolshevism would make the ban on his work permanent.Final years
According to Aucouturier, <mask> stands out as "one of the first independent critics of the USSR's literary output [and] a pioneer of Soviet literary historiography in the Occident." Italian writer Italo Calvino, who visited Sarah Lawrence College in 1959, called <mask> "the most famous expert on Russian literature in America". Philologist Melissa Frazier sees him as an "incredibly significant figure in the phenomenon of Russian émigré culture". She notes: "Slonim did a lot more in the way of plot summary—but in the polarized world of the Cold War, even plot summary was hugely important. [...] He was one of the few in the West actually reading what was being written in the Soviet Union with the recognition that there were still great


texts: writers who had stayed behind." <mask> retired from Sarah Lawrence in 1962, and from teaching in 1965, living the rest of his life in Switzerland, where he was animator of a Russian literary club. In 1963–1964, from his new home in Geneva, Slonim worked on an English version of Andrei Bely's Silver Dove, and corresponded over literary details with Maria Olsufyeva, who had finished translating that same novel into Italian.Slonim's last standalone book was the 1964 textbook Soviet Russian Literature. Writers and Problems, praised by Revue des Études Slaves for its "sense of balance", but criticized for its "allusive nature". Social historian Lawrence H. Schwartz notes its "vitriolic" critique of the Union of Soviet Writers. Slonim also contributed regularly to reviews and encyclopedias, answering queries posed by his younger colleagues, and supporting the Sarah Lawrence graduate program in Switzerland. Some of his final articles defended a fellow critic, Andrei Sinyavsky, who had angered the Soviet establishment with his reading of Alexander Pushkin. In late 1968, he staged a letter writing campaign in support of the Soviet writer-dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. His historical essay on Volya Rossii was published in 1972, as part of Nikolai Poltoratsky's review of Russian literature in exile.He also arranged for print Sofiya Pregel's Last Poems (1973). <mask> died in 1976 in the French resort of Beaulieu-sur-Mer. His incomplete memoirs, covering the period up to October 1917, were handed by his widow, Tatiana, to Aucouturier, who published them in Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique. <mask> continued to live in Geneva. In

masks:
Slonim
Slonim
Tatiana Slonim


texts:
 1986, she donated her husband's 16th-century copy of the Theotokos of Vladimir to the city's Art and History Museum. Notes

References
Michel Aucouturier, "La critique de l'émigration et la littérature soviétique: <mask> et Volja Rossii", in Revue des Études Slaves, Vol. 71, Part 2, 1999, pp.377–389. Michel Aucouturier, <mask>, "Les souvenirs de Marc Slonim. Reminiscences on the Revolution", in Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, Vol. 18, Issue 4, 1977, pp. 411–434. Charles Upson Clark, Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea.New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1927. Ion Constantin, Ion Negrei, Gheorghe Negru, Ion Pelivan, părinte al mișcării naționale din Basarabia. Bucharest: Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, 2011. Ion Constantin, Ion Negrei, Gheorghe Negru, Ioan Pelivan: istoric al mișcării naționale din Basarabia. Bucharest: Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Bucharest, 2012. Lily Feiler, Marina Tsvetaeva: The Double Beat of Heaven and Hell. Durham & London: Duke University Press, 1994.Simon Karlinsky, Marina Tsvetaeva: The Woman, Her World, and Her Poetry. Cambridge etc. : Cambridge University Press, 1985. Leonid Livak,
How It Was Done in Paris: Russian Émigré Literature and French Modernism. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003. Russian Émigrés in the Intellectual and Literary Life of Interwar France: A Bibliographical Essay. Montreal etc.: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010. Rossana Platone, "Un tentativo fallito: la rivista Beseda", in Europa Orientalis, Vol. 3, 1984, pp. 171–188. Catia Renna, "Il dibattito critico degli anni Venti sulla letteratura russa di emigrazione e la 'nota praghese':

masks:
Mark Slonim
Mark Slonim


texts:
 M. Slonim e A. Turincev", in eSamizdat, Issue 1, 2004, pp. 23–31. Lawrence H. Schwartz, Marxism and Culture: The CPUSA and Aesthetics in the 1930s.Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1980. Maxim D. Shrayer, An Anthology of Jewish-Russian Literature: Two Centuries of Dual Identity in Prose and Poetry, 1801–2001. Oxon & New York City: Routledge, 2015. Gene Sosin, Sparks of Liberty: An Insider's Memoir of Radio Liberty. University Park: Penn State University Press, 1999. Elizabeth White, The Socialist Alternative to Bolshevik Russia. The Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1921–1939.Oxon & New York City: Routledge, 2010. Gregory Zilboorg, <mask>, introductory notes to Yevgeny Zamyatin, We, pp. xix–xxxv. New York City: E. P. Dutton, 1959. 1894 births
1976 deaths
Libertarian socialists
Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
Politicians of the Moldavian Democratic Republic
Russian Constituent Assembly members
Russian political philosophers
Russian avant-garde
Russian formalism
20th-century essayists
Russian male essayists
20th-century biographers
Russian biographers
Male biographers
20th-century memoirists
Russian memoirists
Russian travel writers
Russian anthologists
20th-century Russian translators
Russian–English translators
Translators from Czech
Russian writers in French
Russian writers in Italian
Russian literary critics
Russian literary historians
Jewish historians
Slavists
Comparative literature academics
Literary agents
Russian newspaper founders
Russian newspaper editors
Russian magazine editors
Russian book publishers (people)
Jewish Ukrainian writers
Jewish Russian politicians
Jewish socialists
Politicians from


texts:
 Odessa
Odessa Jews
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
University of Florence alumni
Russian military personnel of World War I
White Russian emigrants to Italy
White Russian emigrants to Czechoslovakia
White Russian emigrants to the United States
Russian anti-fascists
Russian people of World War II
Russian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of France
Jewish refugees
Refugees in Spain
Sarah Lawrence College faculty
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty


texts:
<mask><mask> (July 17, 1922 – June 11, 2002) is thought to be the only enlisted man in the history of the U.S. military to receive four awards of the Silver Star, the United States third highest decoration for valor in combat. <mask> was born in Catonsville, Maryland, in 1922. In 1938, he lied about his age to enlist in the Maryland National Guard's Company B, 5th Regiment (The Dandy Fifth). Farinholt was mobilized with his unit for service in World War II in January 1941, at which time the unit was reorganized as the 175th Infantry Regiment, 29th Infantry Division. Corporal Farinholt was assigned to the anti-tank platoon of Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, in which he initially served as an assistant gun-crew chief manning a 57 mm towed anti-tank gun, an American-produced British "6 Pounder". First Silver Star

Farinholt earned his first Silver Star on July 13, 1944, near Saint Lô in Normandy, France when he fully exposed himself to enemy fire and with complete disregard for his own safety, neutralized an enemy mortar and anti-armor weapon, so that his battalion's attack could advance. For this action Farinholt was promoted to staff sergeant.Second Silver Star

His second Silver Star came five days later on July 18, 1944, when in three of four days he led multiple, daring raids behind enemy lines to recapture weapons and equipment thought lost to the enemy. Baltimore News-Post correspondent <mask> heard of Farinholt's exploits in the Normandy campaign and went looking for the story. On August 19, 1944, an article appeared on the front page of the News-Postarticle with

masks:
Joseph A
. Farinholt
Service Joseph Farinholt
Louis Azreal


texts:
 the headline "Baltimorean Wins Tank Raid Medal." All of Baltimore now knew of the man whose commander called him "Lightning." Third Silver Star

Promoted to technical sergeant, and now the senior non-commissioned officer in his platoon, Farinholt earned his third Silver Star in Germany's Aachen Gap on October 13, 1944. In this selfless action, Technical Sergeant Farinholt saved several lives while at great risk to his personal safety; in the midst of a blistering artillery barrage, he exposed himself to enemy fire and personally evacuated to safety several badly wounded men. Fourth Silver Star

Farinholt's fourth Silver Star was earned on November 26, 1944, in Bourheim, Germany.The 175th Infantry had captured Bourheim three days earlier, but had to fight off at least six attempts by the Germans to retake the town. In the enemy's final attempt on November 26, they attacked with a heavy force that included Tiger I tanks from Schwere Panzer Abteilung (Funklenk) 301. After one of Farinholt's antitank gun crews was knocked out of action by a Tiger leading an armored column into Bourheim, he personally manned the gun, firing and neutralizing the tank by hitting a left rear road wheel and knocking off its track. In doing so, he temporarily blocked the enemy's route and brought to a halt their armored and infantry advance, but he was seriously wounded when the tank's machine gunner returned fire. Farinholt suffered 26 bullet and shrapnel wounds to his body, including having the tibia in his right leg completely shattered. Despite his severe injuries, and while still under fire, he


texts:
 managed to crawl to a nearby jeep in which he drove, with one leg, to the 3rd Battalion command post to warn its leaders of the coming attack. Farinholt's report led to an airstrike by P-47 Thunderbolts which decimated the attacking Germans.In 2001, Farinholt's fourth Silver Star was reviewed by the Army Board for the Correction of Military Records (ABCMR) for an upgrade to the Medal of Honor or Distinguished Service Cross. Despite acknowledging the veracity of Farinholt's valor and actions critical to the 175th Infantry's defense of Bourheim, the ABCMR declined to recommend upgrading the decoration, primarily because of a lack of living eyewitnesses who could make the Medal of Honor recommendation. The ABCMR also cited a reluctance to overrule the decision of the commanders on the ground at that time, even if it could be demonstrated that decision was shortsighted. It has been incorrectly reported that the paperwork for an upgrade of Farinholt's fourth Silver Star was lost during the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack at the Pentagon. Repercussions

Farinholt spent the next two years in Army hospitals, recovering from his wounds. Doctors were able to save his shattered right leg; however, the wound never completely closed and for 58 years, until his death in 2002, Farinholt cleaned and dressed the open wound twice each day. In 2005, The National Guard Bureau commissioned a painting of Farinholt's November 1944 action in Bourheim, Germany, for its Heritage Series, which depicts important battlefield contributions in American military history made by the National


texts:
 Guard.Other awards
Farinholt's military awards and decorations include: the Combat Infantryman Badge, Silver Star Medal (with 3 Oak Leaf Clusters), Bronze Star, Purple Heart
Good Conduct Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal (with Arrowhead and 4 Battle Stars), American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal and Belgian Croix de Guerre for valor. Silver Star with three oak leaf clusters
  Bronze Star
  Purple Heart
  Army Good Conduct Medal
  American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp
  American Campaign Medal
  European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with Arrowhead and 4 battle stars
  World War II Victory Medal
  Belgian Croix de Guerre with palm
  Combat Infantryman Badge

References

Further reading
Answering Their Country's Call: Marylanders in World War II by Michael H. Rogers
The Silver Star: A History of America's Third Highest Award for Combat Valor by Fredric L. Borch III and William R. Westlake
Baltimore News-Post August 19, 1944. The Baltimore News-Post is defunct. Its archive is maintained by the Archives of the State of Maryland. External links
 <mask><mask>. Veterans History Project. Retrieved 2019-04-16.Four-time Silver Star Recipient, a Humble Hero at a Maryland State Veterans Cemetery. United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Carpenter, Bryce (January 25, 2017). Retrieved 2019-04-16. 1922 births
2002 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Army soldiers
Place of death missing
People from Catonsville, Maryland
Military personnel from

masks:
Joseph A
. Farinholt


texts:
<mask> (born 1982 Sarajevo) is a Bosnian contemporary visual artist. She was born in Sarajevo. She is known for her socially engaged art on the subject of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the role of partisan women during the Second World War in Yugoslavia. She has exhibited her works in more than 100 international exhibitions including: Frestas – Trienal de Artes (São Paulo), The Women's Room (New York), Balkan Artist Guild (London), Manifesta 8. (Murcia), ISCP (New York), Videonale (Bonn), Image Counter Image (München). <mask> is a cofounder of the Association for Art and Culture Crvena. <mask> is one of the creators of the online archive of the antifascist struggle of women in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia.She lives and works in Sarajevo. Education
<mask> attended the High School of Applied Arts from 1997 to 2001. She obtained an MA from the Academy of Fine Arts, the Department of Printmaking, Sarajevo University in 2007. She completed her second MA in Democracy and human rights in South East Europe from Sarajevo and Bologna universities in 2013. She completed her internship as part of ERMA program at the Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities, Skopje, Macedonia in 2013. Career
<mask> grew up in Sarajevo during the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina which strongly influenced her art works. The main aspects of her work are her personal experience of the war and the politics of war, her strong devotion to feminism, communality and solidarity.She uses different media: video, video performance, performance, collage and drawing. (The sniper, I will never talk about the war again, Silk lavander shirt, Ride the recoil). Second part of her works portray partisan women's role in the Second World War and the role of women in Socialism (Unknown Heroines, What has our struggle given us?, Unknown partisan woman). Until 2017, she has created more than 50 multimedia and visual art works. Her works have been reviewed by Marina Gržinić, David Elliot, Jelena Petrović, Matthew Webber, Jonathan Blackwood, Alessandra Ferrini and Hodara Susan, among some. Her work is

masks:
Adela Jušić
Jušić
Adela Jušić
Jušić
Jušić


texts:
 described as "disarmingly honest and candid, be it dealing with family stories or broader political narratives." Auto-biographical works on war in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Sniper (2007)
Original title Snajperist, this short video is an auto-biographical work.<mask> <mask>'s father had been a member of the Bosnian Army in Sarajevo from the start of the war. His task during Sarajevo siege was to hunt down the snipers who were shooting at civilians in breach of human rights and the Geneva Conventions. It was on December 3, 1992, when, as a sniper, he got killed by a sniper bullet which hit him in the eye. In The Sniper, the artist narrates the part of her father's notebook where he had listed how many soldiers he had killed during his combat assignments, while drawing a red circle behind which the photograph of her father appears. The Sniper was part of the MOMENTUM exhibition “HERO MOTHER / Contemporary Art by Post-Communist Women Rethinking Heroism” curated by Rachel Rits-Volloch and Bojana Pejic in Berlin. Bojana Pejic states that: "Memory is also re-enacted in the pieces that treat the trauma and loss caused by the war in Bosnia (Maja Bajević and <mask> <mask>), and these works also specify that the memories of women, even when they are soldiers, differ from those of men." Alessandra Ferini, visual artist, researcher and educator, states:

The Sniper was used as part of MA Fine Art degree course at Chelsea College of Arts, University of the Arts London and Tate Research Centre and rose "the issue of how personal material occupies the field of catharsis in making, living and restoring memories."<mask> presented her work The Sniper at London School of Economics panel "Art in Conflict" in 2013. The Sniper is part of imai – inter media art institute foundation archive and Transitland: Video Art from Central and Eastern Europe. Transitland EUROPA is a collaborative archive of 100 videos that reflect on the transitions and transformations in the post-Socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The videos include works from the past twenty years, from the fall of the

masks: Adela Jušić Adela Jušić Jušić


texts:
 Berlin Wall to the present. When I die, you can do what you want (2011)
Original title of the work is Kad ja umrem, radite šta hoćete, 2011. In this video, the artist tenderly applies dye to the hair of her grandmother, who has since died. On the soundtrack,  <mask> whispers in Bosnian, retelling the stories her grandmother shared about her difficult life.“Back then it was hundred times worse,” the subtitles read, and, “Death is a pretty relief.”. <mask>'s grandmother had lived through both the Second World War and the previous war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hana Marku describes the work:
When I die, you can do what you want is also part of imai – inter media art institute foundation archive of 3,000 artistic and documentary works from the pioneering era of the 1960s until the present day. I will never talk about the war again (2011)
Original title of the work is: Ja više nikada neću pričati o ratu. In this collaborative video performance I Will Never Talk About the War Again of <mask>  <mask> and Lana Cmajcanin, the two artists from Bosnia and Herzegovina promise each other not to talk about the war anymore, repeating the same sentence over and over, increasingly becoming more and more agitated that they cannot escape the subject even by not talking. Matthew Webber reviews the work:
The work I will never talk about the war was included in the Perpetuum Mobile collection of Living Archive, during its first edition in Zagreb, Croatia in 2011, as "integral part, an attempt and challenge to politically (re)articulate these overlapping, conflicting and rebounding grounds". Jelena Petrovic, member of curatorial team, states that "the work itself becomes a trigger for the curators’ positioning in relation to the work, as well as a signifier of the context in which it is presented to the audience, media and the politics of place."This work, along with The Sniper and When I die, you can do what you want have been included in Film Mutations: Festival of Invisible Cinema 08 Parallel Film, Zagreb 2014. Selector of the Festival, theoretician and artist Marina Gržinić, describes the

masks: Jušić Jušić Adela Jušić


texts:
 works showing the "intensified, militarized colonialism and the machine of war (which regulates gaze, affects and life)" and further that:

I will never talk about the war again exhibitions
I will never talk about the war again was used as a title for an exhibition in Färgfabriken's global project, Psychosis in Stockholm in 2011, curated by Vladan Jeremic, on post-war trauma and the social psychological consequences. It presents the works of artists from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia and Russia such as <mask>  <mask>, Marina Abramović, Igor Grubić, Živko Grozdanić Gera, Lana Cmajcanin and several others. I will never talk about the war again work and Bedtime stories, also a collaboration between <mask>  <mask> and Lana Cmajcanin are both included in the exhibition. The modified exhibition of the original one presented in Stockholm I will never talk about the war again was also presented in Maribor, Slovenia as a part of the programme created by KIBLA for the manifestation Maribor 2012: European Capital of Culture. It is focused on critical social analysis and testimonies of violence and trauma connected with recent wars in the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Ride the recoil (2013)
<mask> <mask>'s mixed media work in collaboration with Ervin Prašljivić Ride the Recoil was developed with technical support by Ervin Prašljivić and Ognjen Šavija.Ride the Recoil is a critique of the video game Sniper : Ghost Warrior 2 (set in Sarajevo) as the commodification of the Bosnian war. The work consists of the video-game excerpts, audio narrative part of the artist on how to avoid snipers (based on her wartime experiences) overdubbing the instructions of the video game on how to kill and series of photographs of a little girl leaving the gate. Ride the recoil has won the Special award of 54th October salon. Ride the Recoil was first published as part of Triple Canopy’s Internet as Material project area, supported by the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, the Brown Foundation, Inc., of Houston, the Lambent Foundation Fund of Tides Foundation, the National Endowment

masks: Adela Jušić Adela Jušić Adela Jušić


texts:
 for the Arts, the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs in partnership with the City Council, and the New York State Council on the Arts. Jonathan Blackwood, theoretician, writer and curator of contemporary art, describes the piece:

Silk lavander shirt (2016)
As a main element of the performance, the artist uses ICTY trial transcripts, the memoirs of Biljana Plavšić, her statements to the media, and other relevant materials. Biljana Plavšić, the former President of the Republic of Srpska, was indicted in 2001 by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes during Bosnian war. After pleading guilty and statement of repentance, the prosecutors dropped genocide charges against her, and sentenced her to 11 years.She served two thirds of her sentence in prison in Sweden and was released earlier. During her stay in prison in 2005, she published a voluminous memoirs in which she denied her previous confession. The idea of the performance was to point out to the contrast present in representation of Biljana Plavsic, her false repentance and light sentence she had received, disproportionate to the crimes she had committed. The title of the work was inspired by the quote about Biljana Plavšić of a prominent writer Slavenka Drakulić: Pale green, lavender, fuchsia, and dark blue seem to be her favorite colors; a silk shirt under her jacket part of her uniform. Works on partisan women and Second World War
<mask> <mask> has dedicated years to the research of participation of women in National Peoples Struggle, Women's Antifascist Front and their position in the aftermath of the Second World War. First central segment of her work is related to the portrayals of women partisans, their representation in NOB, women's narratives and their oral history. Such works include What has our struggle given us?(2013), which is a mixed media work inspired by the book Women heroes on life stories of 10 Bosnian heroines from World War II. Another example of  <mask>'s work is Unknown Partisan woman (2016). After the World War II

masks: Adela Jušić Jušić


texts:
 in Yugoslavia, Partisans whose names were not known were buried under the gravestone that instead of a name had words Unknown Partisan or Unknown Partisan woman engraved. <mask> created a replica of such gravestone with words: Unknown Partisan woman and put it in the park in the center of Sarajevo, near other historically important sites and across the building where notorious Beledija jail was, where many woman antifascists were held prisoners and tortured during the war. After almost a year, no city authorities or media gave attention to the gravestone. It is still on the same spot. The second central topic of her work is the relationship of the economy and the reproductive role of women during Socialism.<mask> compares the participation of women in Second World War through their mass mobilization and armed struggle, post-war participation of women in re-building of the state through their voluntary work and the big turnover of perception of women's work during 1950's when women are called into their natural roles as mother, housewives and nurturers. Some of the most notable works on this topic include: Labor of Love in collaboration with Andreja Dugandzic (2014), Here come the Women (2015), We long for work and toil in collaboration with Andreja Dugandzic (2014) and many more. As Jonathan Blackwood describes:

Archive of Anti-fascist Front of Women of BiH and Yugoslavia
<mask> <mask> and Andeja Dugandžić have started an online archive of Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia and Women's Antifascist Front of BiH in 2015. This online platform consists of thousands of documents, photographs, interviews, transcripts, periodicals and books <mask>  <mask> and Andreja Dugandzic have been collecting for years in public archives, libraries and private collections. The archive was launched on 8 March, the International Women's day in 2015. The archive was launched as to:

As part of the archive a book as a collection of essays, works and illustrations called Izgubljena revolucija: AFŽ Između mita i zaborava was published and presented. The collection features a chapter on <mask>'s

masks: Jušić Jušić Adela Jušić Adela Jušić Jušić


texts:
<mask>, 1st <mask>, KB ( – 4 July 1551) was an English nobleman. He was the only son of the Tudor statesman <mask>, 1st Earl of Essex ( – 1540) and Elizabeth Wyckes (d. 1529). <mask>'s father <mask> rose from obscurity to become the chief minister of Henry VIII, who attempted to modernize government at the expense of the privileges of the nobility and church. He used his office to promote religious reform and was one of the strongest advocates of the English Reformation. In 1537, <mask> married Elizabeth, Lady Ughtred, widow of Sir Anthony Ughtred, sister to Jane Seymour and therefore became brother-in-law to Henry VIII and uncle to Edward VI. <mask> survived the dramatic fall from royal favour and subsequent execution of his father in 1540, as well as the ousting of his brother-in-law and patron, Edward Seymour in 1549. He became a wealthy landowner, owning land and property in several counties in England, mainly in Rutland and Leicestershire.<mask>'s family connections had provided him with wealth, property and privileges; however, it was through his own intelligence and ability, combined with the remarkable education and training provided by his father, that he was able to benefit from them, leaving his wife and family well provided for at his death. <mask> was succeeded by his eldest son, and heir, Henry. <mask> died in July 1551, the same month as Henry Brandon, the young Duke of Suffolk and his brother Charles. He may be the subject of two portrait miniatures by Hans Holbein the Younger. Early years
<mask> was born in London around 1520. Surviving letters suggest that the home where

masks:
Gregory Cromwell
Baron Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell


texts: he lived with his father, mother and grandmother, Mercy Pryor, was a happy one. <mask>'s father, <mask>, had "The habit of not taking himself too seriously; the friendly and familiar atmosphere out of which this comes was evidently the atmosphere of <mask>'s house.And he seems to have early displayed that ready gratitude for kindness, that fidelity to those who had helped him, for which he became noted at home and abroad. People liked to go to his home and remembered their visit with pleasure." A successful merchant and lawyer, <mask> was a self-made man of relatively humble beginnings whose intelligence and abilities enabled him to rise to become the most powerful man in England next to the king. His own father, <mask>, had been a jack of all trades – a blacksmith, fuller and brewer who had, from time to time, come to the attention of the authorities. <mask> was sent to school as a boy, where he learned to read and write and was taught a little Latin. <mask> provided a more extensive education for his own son, <mask>. Thomas and Elizabeth had three surviving children – a son, <mask>, and two daughters, Anne and Grace.<mask>'s wife died early in 1529, and his daughters, Anne and Grace, are believed to have died not long after their mother. Provisions made for Anne and Grace in <mask>'s will, written on 12 July 1529, have been crossed out at a later date. <mask> had another daughter, Jane ( – 1580) whose early life is a complete mystery. According to Hilary Mantel, "<mask> had an illegitimate daughter, and beyond the fact that she existed, we know very little about her. She comes briefly

masks:
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Walter Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell


texts:
 into the records, in an incredibly obscure way – she's in the archives of the county of Chester." Jane married William Hough ( – 1585), of Leighton in Wirrall, Cheshire, around 1550. William Hough was the son of Richard Hough (1505 – 1573/4) who was employed by <mask> from 1534 to 1540 as his agent in Chester.It is unknown what role Thomas and <mask> played in her life. However, it would be safe to say that, after her marriage, Jane did not share her father's religious beliefs. Jane and her husband William Hough were staunch Catholics who, together with their daughter, Alice, her husband, William Whitmore and their children, all came to the attention of the authorities as recusant Catholics in the reign of Elizabeth I.

<mask> came to share his father's interests and religious beliefs and was closely following the religious developments taking place in England while his father was in office. <mask>'s close friends, William Cecil and Ralph Sadler, were known adherents of the reformed faith. A letter written to <mask> by Henry Dowes in March 1540 reveals that he was deeply concerned about the recantation of the vicar of Stepney, William Jerome. In his report to his former pupil, Dowes noted that "your comaundemente hath fully persuaded me you to be nott a litle desyrous to receyve knowledge after what sorte he behaved himselfe, aswell concernyng his Recantation, as also the reste of thinges conteyned in his saide Sermon." After the deaths of his wife and daughters, <mask> was devoted to his son, <mask>, and his sister Catherine's son, Richard Williams (alias <mask>) and they were a close

masks:
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell


texts:
 family.One of Richard's letters to his uncle bemoaned their separation from one another. He wrote that "I never more desired anything, than since your departure, to see you, nor thought time longer in your absence." <mask> was equally effusive in a letter where he asked only for his father's blessing, which he described as "more treasure unto me then all the abundance of worldly goods." <mask> remained close to his father and looked up to his older cousin, <mask>, who had distinguished himself by his military skill and gallantry. By the autumn of 1529, he had adopted the name <mask>. Richard must have been fond of his cousin, <mask>, leaving him "a great horse" in his will. Education
Be sure you shall have in him a wise quick piece
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

 <mask> ensured his son received the best possible education at Cambridge with a number of carefully selected tutors, often sending gifts to <mask> and his older companions, Nicholas Sadler and cousins, Christopher Wellyfed and another known only as Beresford, who were educated with him.<mask> was at Cambridge from 1528 to 1533. During his education, he resided in Pembroke Hall and Christ's College and at the homes of his father's friends and colleagues. It has been incorrectly asserted by early historians such as J. S. Brewer and R. B. Merriman and assumed by later historians like B.W. Beckingsale and David Loades that <mask> was fourteen or fifteen when he was being educated at Cambridge in 1528 and therefore born around 1514. This has led to negative speculation about the boy's character and abilities which can be

masks:
Gregory
Gregory
Richard Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell


texts: disproved. <mask> was, in fact, beginning his education and not undertaking a degree at the end of his education. He did not obtain a degree at Cambridge.That would have been unusual for a gentleman's son at that time, unless he had been destined for a career in the church. Sir Henry Ellis stated that "The date of <mask>'s birth is not recorded, but it could hardly have been earlier than 1520." It appears that Henry Ellis was right and that <mask> was a small boy in 1528, no more than eight years old. Letters from <mask>'s supervisors, tutors and mentors during his education point to a year of birth of around 1520. As evidence that <mask> was very young in 1528, there are two letters written by John Chekyng, his tutor, to <mask>, describing a little boy who plays and who is learning to read and write. The first letter, written in July 1528, states that his son <mask> "is not now at Cambridge, but in the country, where he works and plays alternately ... He is now studying the things most conducive to the reading of authors, and spends the rest of the day in forming letters."A second letter from Chekyng, written in November 1528, notes that "Little <mask> is becoming great in letters." Another letter to <mask>, which can be dated to between September 1529 and Whitsuntide 1530, written by Margaret Vernon provides further proof of <mask>'s young age. Vernon wrote "You promised that I should have the governance of the child till he was 12 years old. By that time he shall speak for himself if any wrong be offered him, for as yet he cannot, except by my maintenance." After the death of his

masks:
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory


texts:
 mother, <mask> was placed in the care of his father's friend, Margaret Vernon, Prioress of Little Marlow, in Buckinghamshire. At that time it was not unusual for gentlemen to place their young children in the care of nuns. As a rule the boys in nunneries were very young as it was not considered appropriate for them to stay with the nuns later than their ninth or tenth year.The nuns were permitted to educate only the girls. It was acceptable for young boys, up to the age of nine or ten, to be supervised by nuns, but not taught by them, and so they were usually accompanied by a male tutor. Margaret Vernon wrote to <mask> in 1528 stating that "Your son and his master are in good health, and now prosper in learning more in one day than before in a week, by reason of Nich. Saddelar, who is of very good conditions. Mr. Copland every morning gives each of them a laten, the which Nicholas doth bear away, as well <mask>'s lesson as his own, and maketh the same <mask> perfect against his time of rendering. The master takes such comfort that he is with them three times a day." <mask>'s older companion, Nicholas Sadler, may have been a younger brother or perhaps a cousin of Sir Ralph Sadler, <mask>'s personal secretary and close friend.Nicholas Sadler also had with him a "little gentlewoman", who Margaret wished permission to educate herself, to fill up her leisure intervals. While <mask> was at Cambridge, his tutors Included:

 John Chekyng – Fellow of Pembroke Hall, sophister, chosen 1519, reader of divinity, 1534. Henry Lockwood – Master of Christ's College, 1531–1548. John Hunt, (1514–1586) –

masks:
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory


texts:
 Graduate of Cardinal College, Oxford, lawyer. <mask> was later placed under the care and supervision of his father's friends and allies,
 Rowland Lee, (died 1543) – Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. English Bishop. Educated at Cambridge, he received preferment under the patronage of Cardinal Wolsey, who employed him in the suppression of the monasteries (1528 – 29).He was greatly esteemed by Henry VIII and is believed to have performed the ceremony of Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn (1533). He was one of the first bishops to take the oath of supremacy recognizing Henry as Head of the Church. Sir Richard Southwell, (1504–1564) – Privy Councilor. Early in 1535, for some period, <mask> lived with Southwell in Woodrising Manor in Norfolk,
and
 Henry Dowes, (1501 – 1550) – the son of a wealthy Maldon merchant, who was mentor to <mask> for several years. He supervised his pupil's tuition in Latin, French and other subjects. Dowes appears to have kept up his relationship with <mask> after ceasing to be his mentor. In March 1540 he sent <mask> a detailed report of a sermon preached by the vicar of Stepney, William Jerome, which had included 'opprobrious words against the burgesses of the Parliament as calling them butterflies, dissemblers and knaves'.<mask> received dedications to three humanist works: Voluzenus's version of Cicero's Dream of Scipio; David Clapham's translation of Agrippa's Commendation of Matrimony and Sir Richard Morrison's translation of Vives' Introduction to Wisdom. In 1540, Sir Richard Morrison ( – 1556), an English humanist scholar and diplomat who was a protégé of <mask>,

masks:
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell


texts: propagandist for Henry VIII, and then ambassador to the German court of Charles V for Edward VI, dedicated his translation of Introductio ad sapientiam by Juan Luis Vives to <mask>. Vives' devotional work, The Introduction to Wisdom, a companion piece to the Instruction, was translated into English by Sir Richard Morison in 1540 and dedicated to the son of <mask>. The translator is lavish in his praise of Vives: "This boke was gathered by Ludovicus Vives, a man greatly conversant in all good authours and excellentlye wel sene in all kindes of lerning." Vives' manual was extremely popular in the English schools, used as a textbook in the Tudor schools together with Lily's Grammar." Juan Luis Vives (1493–1540) was a Spanish humanist and educational theorist, who strongly opposed scholasticism and made his mark as one of the most influential advocates of humanistic learning in the early sixteenth century. His works are not limited to education but deal with a wide range of subjects including philosophy, psychology, politics, social reform and religion.<mask>, influenced by the humanist view of preparation for the active life, took great pains with his son's education, although the boy's studies were not always conducted along humanist lines. <mask> approved a curriculum including the study of the works of Erasmus, English and ancient history, music, and exercise with arms for <mask>. He provided for his son, the sort of education which Sir Thomas Elyot was advocating for the ruling class. In a letter to <mask>, Henry Dowes, <mask>'s preceptor, details how his son studied French, Latin,

masks:
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory


texts: English, accounting, music and Roman and Greek history. He practised the longbow, played the lute and virginals and shared his father's love of hunting, hawking and riding. <mask> and his cousin, Christopher Wellyfed were permitted to indulge their love of hunting during breaks in their studies. <mask> promised his father that he would do his best at all times ... although he needed a little encouragement!On the whole, <mask>'s tutors seemed to be happy with his progress. In November 1528, John Chekyng advised his father that "Little <mask> is becoming great in letters." Margaret Vernon noted in 1529, that <mask> "is in good health, and is a very good scholar, and can construe his paternoster and creed. When you next come to me I doubt not that you shall like him very well." At that time, young children practised reading from religious texts, the primer, containing the Paternoster, Ave Maria, Creed and other common prayers and liturgical works like the antiphonal and the psalter. In the case of boys, the learning of Latin grammar also involved religious material. An elementary exercise might take the form of studying and analysing the basic prayers in their Latin forms, as <mask> is mentioned by Vernon, learning to translate the Paternoster and the Creed from Latin.The lure of the countryside could prove a distraction to an active boy, who needed to be pulled back into line. Henry Dowes wrote to <mask> in September 1534 explaining that he had used every effort to advance <mask> in his studies, but "forcause summer was spent in the service of the wild gods, it is so much to be regarded

masks: Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Cromwell Gregory


texts: after what fashion youth is brought up". However, by April 1535, Dowes was able to report to his father that "his improvement is greater than at any time here before, partly because he is brought into some awe and dread, and is ready to give himself to learning when required, partly because those things which formerly alienated his mind from study are now withdrawn." <mask> excelled in athletic pursuits. Dowes reported to <mask> in September 1535, that his son "for his recreation he useth to hawke and hunte, and shote in his long bowe, which frameth and succedeth so well with hime that he semeth to be therunto given by nature." Towards the end of <mask>'s education, the boy was to become an asset to his father and a help to his mentor, Rowland Lee, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, in Ludlow. The bishop had written to <mask> on 19 January 1536 to ask for assistance, now that he had to "learn a new school, to play with pen and counters, for the King's grace's money."Believing that it would be difficult for him without some help, he asked <mask> to "please send me my lover Mr. <mask>, for though the thieves have hanged me in imagination, I trust to be even with them shortly." During his time in Wales, Rowland Lee came to be known as the "hanging bishop" for the harsh measures taken in an attempt to curb widespread lawlessness. One man, in particular, was impressed by the young man. Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, reported to <mask> in August 1536 that his son was in good health and, "sparing no horseflesh to run after the deer and hounds. I trust you will not be discontent that I now

masks: Gregory Cromwell Gregory Cromwell Cromwell Gregory Cromwell


texts:
 cause him to forbear his book. Be sure you shall have in him a wise quick piece." It would appear that <mask>, and John More, the son of Thomas More, have been wrongly assumed to have been unintelligent, simply because they happened to be overshadowed by their extraordinary fathers.It is evident that <mask>'s son was a capable scholar, who besides mastering Latin, French and accounting, had learned to play the lute and virginals and excelled in the outdoor pursuits of riding, hunting with the longbow and hawking. He was athletic and therefore had much in common with his older cousin, the courtier <mask>. It is apparent that <mask> was an intelligent, well-educated and accomplished young man who must have been a source of pride to his father. <mask> had received an extensive education to prepare him for adult life. Now that his education was complete, he was ready to marry and begin a career in his father's service. Marriage and issue

In March 1537 Elizabeth, Lady Ughtred had written to <mask> from York to seek his favour in acquiring one of the soon-to-be dissolved monasteries. Aged about 19, she was the widow of Sir Anthony Ughtred, who had died in 1534: a younger daughter of Sir John Seymour, sister of Queen Jane Seymour and the future Protector Somerset.The opportunity was not lost on <mask> and he proposed instead that she marry his son and heir, <mask>. By June it appears that <mask>'s offer had been accepted, although <mask> had not been her only suitor. Sir Arthur Darcy had written to her on 15 June, regretting his loss: "If I do tarry here in the country, I would have been glad to

masks:
Gregory Cromwell
Cromwell
Richard Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory
Cromwell
Gregory


texts: have had you likewise, but sure it is, as I said, that some southern lord shall make you forget the North." The couple were married on 3 August 1537 at Mortlake. Historian Derek Wilson has observed that in marrying his son <mask> to the then queen's younger sister, <mask> became "related by marriage to the king, an event well worth recording for posterity by a portrait of his daughter-in-law." A portrait by Hans Holbein dated circa 1535–1540 exhibited at the Toledo Museum of Art as Portrait of a Lady, Probably a Member of the <mask> Family (1926.57), once thought to be Queen Catherine Howard, may instead depict the wife of <mask>. The lady is wearing a French hood, her sleeves are said to follow a style set by Anne of Cleves and she has wonderful blackwork decorating her cuffs.Born in around 1518, Elizabeth was probably in her 21st year in 1539 or 1540 and about the right age to be the sitter. The portrait may have been commissioned by <mask> between January 1540 and early June 1540 when Anne of Cleves was queen consort and before his arrest. It is also possible that a portrait of <mask> was painted at the same time and has not survived. It appears that Elizabeth had two children from her marriage to Ughtred. Sir Richard Southwell wrote to <mask> in August 1537 that he had seen "a child of my lady your daughter's at Wylberffosse nunnery, Yorksh., who was in good health at the writing of this." As the writer refers to my lady your daughter, he could only be referring to <mask>'s new daughter-in-law, Lady Ughtred, and the child was in Yorkshire, where she had been living in the years since

masks:
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell
Gregory Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Gregory
Thomas Cromwell
Cromwell