texts:
 Together they had eight children:
 Ilya born July 3, 1860
 Beraha (Boris) – 14 December 1861
 Azari – May 15, 1865
 Anne – 13 December 1867
 Mordechai (Mark) – 18 July 1870
 Michael – 21 May 1872
 Emanuel – January 31, 1875 r
 Sarah – 21 February 1876

Publications
 Harp David verses // Karaim life. – Moscow, 1911.– Kn. 3-4. (Aug. Sept). – P. 3-4. Jewish pogroms in Tauride province // Tauris. – Simferopol, 1881. – № 61.Karaims, their rituals and doctrine // Tauride Provincial Gazette. – Simferopol, 1869. – № 8. To friends: poems / per. KA // Karaim life. – Moscow, 1911. – Kn.3-4. (Aug. Sept). – S. 5. Kivshono Shel Olam, i.e. "World Secrets" (by Jules Simon). Arguments about God's providence and immortality: On HEB. lang.– Yevpatoria: type. ML Murovanskogo 1899. Leregel Gayladim. Textbook Hebrew Tatar translation. – Odessa, 1868. – Part I; 1868 – Charles II. Measures to maintain Calais // News Taurian scientific archival commission.– Simferopol, 1890. – № 10. - ss. 61-73. On the lack of education of the Karaims and the need for opening the spiritual Karaim school // Tauris. – Simferopol, 1881. – №№ 31, 32
 Last wish: // verses Karaim life.– Moscow, 1911. – Kn. 3-4. (Aug. Sept). – P. 4. Talisiz // Yeni Terdzhiman. – Bakhchisarai, 10.11.1917.– № 197. Torat Gaadam or start Ethics (by


type: original

texts:
 Jean Paul): On HEB. lang. – Warsaw, 1889
 Fenelon and his essay "On the education of girls": This, said. on the gatherings. Simfero act. wives.Gymnasium on August 30. 1884 Ven. Pedagogy I. <mask>. – Simferopol: Tavrich. lips. type., 1885. – 66 p.
 Emet Meerets, i.e."The truth of the earth." Extract from the work of Vigouroux, "The Bible and the latest discoveries in Palestine, Egypt and Assyria": On HEB. lang. – Odessa, 1908. – Vol. 1. Are Karaims Jews?// Novorossiysk Telegraph. - Odessa, 04.16.1869. - Annex to the number 63. Word Protection // Novorossiysk Telegraph. – Odessa, 19.01.1869 (№ 9); Odessa, 22.01.1869 (№ 10). Karaim population of New Russia // Odessa Herald. – Odessa, 1880.– № 9. Oł dor ... // Karaj Awazy. – Łuck, 1931. – №2. - S. 34. General notes about the Karaims // Karaim life. – Moscow, 1911.– Kn. 3-4. (Aug. Sept). – S. 37-71. Short practical Russian language textbook for elementary schools Tatar / Comp. I. Kazas. Dep.12. – Odessa: the type. P. Frantsova, 1873-1875. – 2 tons. Short practical Russian language textbook compiled for elementary schools Tauride province Tatar former inspector Simferopol Tatar school teacher's J. <mask> / Trans. in the cauldron. adverb Maksudov.– Kazan: type. BL Dombrowski, 1900. – 60 s.
 Practical textbook for Hebrew schools Karaim /

masks: Kazas Kazas


texts:
 Comp. Inspector Alexander. Karaim. spirits. UCH-conductive J. <mask>.– Yevpatoria: type. Murovanskogo M., 1896. – [4], IV, 282 p.
 Russian primer for the Tatar national schools / Comp. I. Kazas. – Odessa: the type. P. Frantsova, 1870. – 30 s.

References

Sources
 Sigaeva GV Crimean Karaites and their contribution to the multinational culture of Russia and Crimea.// Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea: Scientific journal. – Simferopol, 1997. – № 3 - September. Barash Ya teacher, educator, poet <mask> <mask> <mask> / 1833-1912 /. // History in Faces. – Symphonic . : "ANOONK", 1997.Prokhorov DA I. J. <mask> – editor of "Tauris" // MAIET. Simferopol, 2002. Vol. IX. Prokhorov DA Scientific and regional studies I. Kazas // Ethnography of Crimea XIX-XX centuries. and modern ethno-cultural processes: Materials and Research. Simferopol, 2002, pp 372–379.Prokhorov DA II Kazas – Inspector Simferopol Tatar teachers' school // MAIET. Simferopol, 2003, Vol. X.
 Prokhorov DA system of public education Karaims Tauride province in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. // MAIET. Simferopol, 2006. Vol. XIII.Sarach MS, Yuri Alexandrovich Polkanov representatives Karaims: // Karaim intellectuals popular encyclopedia. – Moscow: OOO "Tortuga Club", 1998. – T. 4. – S. 113. – . 1832 births
1912

masks: Kazas Ilya Ilyich Kazas Kazas


texts:
<mask> (also known as Fursa, Fursy, Forseus, and Furseus: died 650) was an Irish monk who did much to establish Christianity throughout the British Isles and particularly in East Anglia. He reportedly experienced angelic visions of the afterlife. <mask> is one of the Four Comely Saints. Early life
He was born in the region of modern-day Connacht supposedly the son of Fintan and grandson of Finlog, pagan king of the area. His mother was Gelges, the Christian daughter of Aed-Finn, king of Connacht. He was born probably amongst the Hy-Bruin, and was baptised by St Brendan the Traveller, his father's uncle, who then ruled a monastery in the Island of Oirbsen, now called Inisquin in Lough Corrib. He was educated by St Brendan's monks, and when he became of the proper age he was inducted into the monastery at Inisquin (near Galway), under the Abbot St Meldan, his "soul-friend" (anam-chura), where he devoted himself to religious life.His great sanctity was early discerned, and there is a legend that here, through his prayers, twin children of a chieftain related to King Brendinus were raised from the dead. He built his own monastery at Killursa outside the town of Headford in modern Co. Galway and he became the patron saint of the Parish of Headford. Visions
He was said to have been something of an ascetic, wearing thin clothing year round. Aspirants came in numbers to place themselves under his rule, but he wished to secure also some of his relatives for the new monastery.

masks:
Saint Fursey
Fursey


texts: For this purpose he set out with some monks for Munster, but on coming near his father's home he was seized with an apparently mortal illness. He fell into a trance from the ninth hour of the day to cock-crow, and while in this state received the first of the ecstatic visions which have made him famous in medieval literature. In this vision were revealed to him the state of man in sin, the beauty of virtue.He heard the angelic choirs singing "the saints shall go from virtue to virtue, the God of Gods will appear in Sion." An injunction was laid on him by the two angels who appeared to restore him to his body to become a more zealous labourer for the Lord. Three nights later, the ecstasy was renewed. He was taken to the heavens by three angels who contended six times with demons for his soul. He saw the fires of hell, the strife of demons, and then heard the angel hosts sing in four choirs "Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts." Among the spirits of those just made perfect he recognized Saints Meldan and Beoan. They entertained him with much spiritual instruction concerning the duties of ecclesiastics and monks, the dreadful effects of pride and disobedience, and the heinousness of spiritual and internal sins.They also predicted famine and pestilence. As he returned through the fire the demon hurled a tortured sinner at him, burning him, and the angel of the Lord said to him, "Because thou didst receive the mantle of this man when dying in his sin the fire consuming


texts:
 him hath scarred thy body also." <mask>'s body bore the mark from that day forward. Exactly twelve months later he received a third vision. This time, the angel remained with him a whole day, instructed him for his preaching, and prescribed for him twelve years of apostolic labour. This he faithfully fulfilled in Ireland, and then stripping himself of all earthly goods he retired for a time to a small island in the ocean. After some years he founded a monastery at Rathmat on the shore of Lough Corrib which Colgan identifies as Killursa, in the deanery of Annadown.His brothers Foillan and Ultan then joined the community at Rathmat, but <mask> seems to have renounced the administration of the monastery and to have devoted himself to preaching throughout the land, frequently exorcising evil spirits. Mission to East Anglia
<mask> was the first recorded Irish missionary to Anglo-Saxon England. He arrived in East Anglia with his brothers, Foillan and Ultan, during the 630s shortly before St Aidan founded his monastery on Holy Island. The conversion of the Kingdom of East Anglia to Christianity began under Raedwald, but halted with the martyrdom of Raedwald's successor, his son Eorpwald. Sigeberht of East Anglia was already Christian when he took the throne around 630. By 633, Sigeberht of East Anglia had established the first East Anglian bishopric at Dommoc and appointed a Burgundian Bishop named Felix. When <mask> arrived with his brothers Foillan and Ultan, as well as

masks: Fursey Fursey Fursey Fursey


texts:
 other brethren, bearing the relics of Saints Meldan and Beoan, he had been welcomed by the king, who gave him land to establish an abbey at Cnobheresburg, where there was an abandoned Roman fort, traditionally identified with Burgh Castle in Norfolk.Here he laboured for some years converting the Picts and Saxons. After Sigeberht was slain by an army led by Penda of Mercia, it is recorded that his successor King Anna of East Anglia, and his nobles, further endowed the monastery at Cnobheresburg. Three miracles are recorded of <mask>'s life in this monastery. He then retired for a year to live with Ultan the life of an anchorite. However, as great numbers continued to visit him, and as war threatened in East Anglia, he left Foillan as abbot and proceeded to Lagny, in France around 644. Mission in Neustria
He arrived in France in 648. Passing through Ponthieu, in a village near Mézerolles he found grief and lamentation on all sides, for the only son of Duke Hayson, the lord of that area, was dead.At the prayer of <mask> the body was restored. Pursuing his journey to Neustria he cured many infirmities on the way. He converted a robber, who had attacked the monks in a wood near Corbie, and his family through miracles. He also cured the inhospitable worldling Ermelinda, who had refused to harbour the weary travellers. His fame preceded him to Péronne, where he was joyfully received by Erchinoald, and through his prayers obtained the reprieve of six criminals. He was

masks: Fursey Fursey


texts:
 offered any site in the king's dominions for a monastery. He selected Latiniacum (Lagny), close to Chelles and about six miles from Paris, a spot beside the Marne, at that time covered with shady woods and abounding in fruitful vineyards.Here he built his monastery and three chapels, one dedicated to Jesus Christ the Saviour, one to St Peter, and the third, an unpretending structure, was later dedicated to <mask> himself. Many of his Irish countrymen were attracted to his rule at Lagny, including Emilian, Eloquius, Mombulus, Adalgisius, Etto, Bertuin, Fredegand, Lactan, and Malguil. His journeys continued and many churches in Picardy are dedicated to him. He received some premonitions of his end, and set out to visit his brothers Foillan and Ultan who had by this time recruited the scattered monks of Cnobheresburg and re-established that monastery. Death
He died about 650 at Mézerolles while on a journey. The village was for some time called Forsheim, which translated as the house of Fursey. He was buried in a church (built specially by Earconwald) in Péronne which has claimed him as patron ever since.Many unusual events attended the transmission of his remains, and his body was eventually buried in the portico of the church of St Peter where <mask> had earlier placed the relics of Saints Meldan and Beoan. His body lay unburied for thirty days pending the dedication of the church, and was during that time visited by pilgrims from all parts, incorrupt and emitting a

masks:
St Fursey
Fursey


texts:
 sweet odour. At the end of that time, it was buried near the altar of the church. Four years later, on 9 February, his remains were moved from their earlier location by Saint Eligius, Bishop of Noyon, and Cuthbert, Bishop of Cambrai, to a new chapel specifically built to hold the remains to the east of the main altar. The city would later become a great centre of devotion to him. Iconography and veneration
In art <mask> is represented with two oxen at his feet in commemoration of the prodigy by which, according to legend, Erkinoald's claim to his body was made good; or he is represented striking water from the soil at Lagny with the point of his staff; or beholding a vision of angels, or gazing at the flames of purgatory and hell. It is disputed whether he was a bishop; he may have been a chorepiscopus.A litany attributed to him is among the manuscripts in Trinity College Dublin. An Irish prophecy is attributed to him by Harris. His feast day is 16 January. In popular culture
 James Joyce mentions S. Fursa in his book Ulysses, among a list of mostly Irish heroes and heroines. The Unfortunate Fursey, a popular comic novel by Mervyn Wall describes the saint as a hapless poor soul tormented by visions of buxom women of a type that could only be imagined by the sex-starved Irish ecclesiastics, and bargaining with demons to escape the torments of religion. Further reading
 Eileen Gardiner, Visions of Heaven and Hell Before Dante (New York: Italica Press, 1989), pp.


texts:
 51–55, provides an English translation of the Latin text of his vision of heaven and hell.Buckley, Ann
'Nobilitate vigens Furseus' - The Medieval Office of St Fursey
Fursey Pilgrims 2014. Foreword by the Rt Revd Graham James, the Bishop of Norwich
Introduction by the Author
Brown, Michelle P.
The Life of St Fursey: what we know and why it matters (Fursey Pilgrims, 2001, reprinted 2003, 2007)
Fursey Occasional Paper number 1

Foreword by the Rt Revd Graham James, The Bishop of Norwich
The inaugural Fursey Lecture was given by Michelle Brown in 2000. She gathers together the current state of knowledge about <mask>, following him from Ireland - to become the first Irish leader in the English church - to France, where he died; he became the object of veneration shortly afterwards. Brown reviews the sources for our knowledge of Fursey, both textual and from place-name studies. For Brown, Fursey represents 'charity and a sense of compassion', and is an ideal model for 'the ecumenical celebration of the Christian faith'. Dunn, Marilyn
The vision of St Fursey and the development of purgatory (Fursey Pilgrims, 2007)
Fursey Occasional Paper number 2

The Visio of Fursey is recognized to contain one of the earliest coherent expressions of the idea of purgatory, which would not reach its fullest form until some six hundred years after Fursey's death. In her lecture, Marilyn Dunn considers the concept of purgatory and the place of the Visio in its development.Roberts, Jane


texts:
Guthlac of Crowland, a Saint for Middle England (Fursey Pilgrims, 2009)
Fursey Occasional Paper number 3

Guthlac of Crowland was a near contemporary of Fursey, dying in 714, as well as being located not too far distant from the area of Fursey's English ministry. Jane Roberts highlights the story of Guthlac, then compares elements of the two saints' Lives. Although little remembered today, the once great abbey of Crowland, and hints of Guthlac in later English literature, testify to his significance in English historical tradition. Hoggett, Richard
Beyond Bede: The History and Archaeology of the East Anglian Missions (Fursey Pilgrims, 2010)
Fursey Occasional Paper number 4

The Venerable Bede provides one principal source for our knowledge of Fursey; using Bede as a starting point, Richard Hoggett considers the historical and political context of Fursey's East Anglia, and presents the archaeological evidence for and against the competing identifications of Fursey's Cnobheresburg. Casey, Aine
The Vita Fursei and its use by Bede and Aelfric (Fursey Pilgrims, 2010)
Fursey Occasional Paper number 5

O Riain, Padraig
Fursa's Irish Origins:  Munster, Connacht or Ulster? (Fursey Pilgrims, 2015)
Fursey Occasional Paper number 6

Wooding, Jonathan M.
St Fursey: Pilgrim and Visionary (Fursey Pilgrims, 2015)
Fursey Occasional Paper number 7

References

Bibliography
 Ann Williams, Alfred P. Smyth and D. P. Kirby (1991). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age


texts:
 Britain.Seaby. Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .
 Buckley, Ann. 'Nobilitate vigens Furseus'. The Medieval Office of St Fursey.Norwich: Fursey Pilgrims, 2014. Dahl, L. H., The Roman Camp and the Irish Saint at Burgh Castle (Jarrold, London 1913). Plunkett, S. J., Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times (Tempus, Stroud 2005). Rackham, O., Transitus Beati Fursei - A Translation of the 8th Century Manuscript Life of <mask>rsey (Fursey Pilgrims, Norwich 2007)

External links

 The Passage (Life) of Fursei: 2015 Critical Translation with Audio Drama at biblicalaudio
 Bibliography on the Vision of Furseus. Fursey Pilgrims - The Fursey Pilgrims are an ecumenical group of Christians spanning a wide range of Christian traditions and who are "united in regarding Fursey as their Father in the Faith". San Fursa
 Lalley.com

650 deaths
East Anglian saints
7th-century Frankish saints
7th-century Irish abbots
English abbots
Angelic visionaries
Medieval Irish saints
Year of birth unknown
Irish expatriates in England
Irish expatriates in France
Colombanian


texts:
<mask> (; September 5, 1890 – September 1920), was an Ataman of the Ussuri Cossacks and General associated with the Anti-Bolshevik White Movement during the Russian Civil War. Biography

Youth
<mask> was born in the District of Grozny in the Terek Region on September 5, 1890. His father was an old trader from Kharkov. He was brought up in the Alexandrovskaya Missionary Theological Seminary in the village of Ardon, Terek District (present-day North Ossetia). He joined the service in 1909 in the Tiflis Junker Military School as a Junker of rank in the direction of the Ataman of the Groznenskaya Village and the Ataman of the Kizlyar-Grebensky Department. In 1910 he was promoted to Non-commissioned officer. On October 30, 1913, he submitted a report to the Commander of the 2nd Sapper Company requesting "a petition for his transfer for the benefit of service to the Ussuri Cossack Division" as a patriotic Cossack.His request was granted and on January 20, 1914, he was transferred to the Ussuri Cossack Regiment. World War I
He took part in the First World War, holding the rank of Centurion (сотник) from 1915, then Captain (Подпоручик) from 1917, in the Ussuri Cossack Regiment. During the war he received four awards, including the Order of St. Vladimir and the Sword of St. George, in battle on Dec. 17, 1916, on the ridge of Poiana-Kiriyak, commanding two and a half hundred and guarding the right flank of the 12th Romanian Infantry Division retreating into the valley of the River Solchya. He held his position and thereby ensured the evacuation of the Romanian Division, despite repeated and persistent attacks by the Germans to flank around the rear and surround the Romanians. Russian Civil War
Following the February Revolution, he returned to Primorye in the fall of 1917. With the outbreak of the October Revolution and the Bolshevik seizure of power, he

masks:
Ivan Pavlovich Kalmykov
Ivan Kalmykov


texts: took to guerrilla fighting against the newly created Red Army. First he fought against the Bolsheviks from his base at Grodekovo and, on 5 September 1918 at the head of the Special Ussuri Cossack Detachment, he occupied Khabarovsk.On September 17, he took over as head of the Khabarovsk Garrison. On October 22, 1918, the 5th Extraordinary Great Military Circle of the Ussuri Cossack Army, for distinctions in battle against the Bolsheviks, promoted to him the rank of Major-General and elected him the Military Ataman of the Ussuri Cossack Army. In March 1919 he was awarded by Ataman Grigory Semyonov for his combat services with the Order of St. George, 4th Class. On December 30, 1919, Semyonov appointed him an assistant in the position of Marching Ataman of the Far Eastern Cossacks, and on January 30, 1920, the head of the Ussuri group of forces and the Khabarovsk Military District. Kalmykov became infamous for the number of robberies, murders, and wanton rape and looting committed by his soldiers, which aroused the indignation of many leaders in the White Movement, first among them Admiral Kolchak himself. On January 4, 1920, Admiral Kolchak, on the eve of his arrest, transferred the entirety of military and civil power in the Far East to Ataman Grigory M. Semyonov. At the same time, the real power belonged to General S. N. Rozanov, who was the Chief of Staff of the Amur region in Vladivostok; to <mask> in Khabarovsk, and to the Amur Army Ataman Kuznetsov in Blagoveshchensk.All these Atamans depended heavily on Japanese money and troops. Rozanov was removed from power on January 31, 1920, after which the Provisional Government of the Primorsky Regional Zemstvo Board assumed control in Primorye. The authority of Kuznetsov ceased on February 4, 1920, after which <mask> remained alone with the Zemstvo, who moved their troops against him. Under the

masks:
Ivan Kalmykov
Kalmykov


texts:
 command of Ataman <mask>, the Ussuri Cossack detachment left Khabarovsk on February 13 and transferred the Ussuri Host to the Chinese territory over the ice. Shortly before, Kalmykov seized 622 kg/1372 lb of gold from the Khabarovsk branch of the State Bank, secretly transferring it as a loan to the Japanese command. Death
Representatives of the Bolshevik Government in Moscow and the White Regional Zemstvo Board unanimously protested against Kalmykov's division's stay on Chinese territory. Under mounting pressure, the detachment was disarmed on February 29, 1920 on the Chinese shore of Ussuri Bay, opposite Bikin Station.The Officers and all healthy fighters were escorted to Fujin CityFugdin, where on March 8, the Ataman was arrested by the Chinese military authorities together with Major-General N.N. Sukhodolsky and Captain 1st Rank V. V. Bezuar. Under escort, part of the detachment were sent to Lahasusu. On March 12, the ill and injured Cossacks were transferred from Lakhasusu to the village of Mikhailo-Semyonovskaya. <mask> was charged with the appropriation of 917 kg/2022 lb of gold, the murder of representatives of the International Red Cross - Swede Sven Hedblom and Norwegian Ole Opshaug - near the Pogranichnaya Station, as well as in the shelling of a detachment of Chinese gunboats on the Amur River in October 1919. Kalmykov said that his testimony would be given either to the Emissaries of the legitimate White Russian government, or to the international commission, but not to the Chinese military. On March 21, 1920, General Sukhodolsky died, and <mask> and Bezoar were transported to the city of Jilin on April 16, where they were placed in the building of the gendarme.Initially, the detainees were kept in complete isolation, but on April 30 they met with a Japanese military adviser. After the conversation between the Japanese and General Bao

masks: Kalmykov Kalmykov Kalmykov


texts:
 Guiqin, <mask> got an opportunity to meet with the Russian Consul V.A. Brattsov. Russian diplomats petitioned for the release of those arrested, but the Chinese stated that the Ataman was accused of attacking Chinese warships and crossing the Chinese border with weapons. The Provisional Government in the Far East demanded that <mask> be transferred to Vladivostok in custody. At the behest of the Russian Envoy in Beijing, Prince Nikolai A. Kudashev, Brattsov demanded the relief of Kalmykov in late May 1920, after which the Chinese allowed the Ataman to visit the Russian consulate 1-2 times a week. During these visits, an escape plan was drawn up on July 13, and Kalmykov hid in one of the buildings in the territory of the consulate.Although the alibi of consular workers was prepared in advance, the Chinese authorities rejected their explanations and placed soldiers on the premises of the institution. In this situation, Nikolai A. Kudashev sent Consul General A.A. Kolokolov to Jilin. On August 25, Chinese soldiers discovered the hiding place of Kalmykov. At the request of the Russian Envoy, Jilin's authorities replied that the Ataman would be sent to Beijing, and from there to Vladivostok. The Japanese refused to participate in the extradition of Kalmykov. At the beginning of September 1920, the Ataman, escorted by the convoy to Jilin once again attempted to flee from the city, wounded the Chinese officer, and was subsequently shot and killed by the Chinese soldiers during the escape attempt. References
1.Maurice Janin, Ma mission en Sibérie 1918-1920, Payot, Paris, 1933
2. Jamie Bisher, White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian

1890 births
1920 deaths
People from Groznensky District
People from Grozny
White movement generals
Russian generals
Atamans
Russian people of World War I
People of the Russian Civil War
Warlords
Deaths by firearm

masks: Kalmykov Kalmykov


texts:
<mask> (Jehan <mask>, John Parvus) (b. most likely at Brachy, Caux, in Normandy, and certainly in the Diocese of Rouen, c. 1360 − 15 July 1411) was a French theologian and professor in the University of Paris. He is known for his public defence of a political killing as tyrannicide. Life

Some historians (Duboulay, Luke Wadding) say he was a Franciscan, others that he was a Dominican: as a matter of fact, he never was a member of any religious order. He owed his education to the generosity of the Duke of Burgundy, who granted him a pension. In the first extant document that records his name, he is called Master of Arts (16 August 1385). Two years later his name occurs in the list sent by the University of Paris (31 July 1387) to Pope Clement VII, recommending its masters for vacant benefices. He became a licentiate in theology in May 1400, and received the degree of Doctor before 1403, since he is mentioned in that year on the roll of the university as an active member of the theological faculty of Paris.In April 1407, he formed part of the embassy sent by Charles VI of France to urge Antipope Benedict XIII and Pope Gregory XII to abdicate and thus reunite Christendom. This embassy had just returned to Paris, after a fruitless journey, when an event took place that gave <mask> a great notoriety in history. Justification of political assassination

On 23 November 1407, assassins in the pay of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, murdered Louis I, Duke of Orléans, brother of mentally ill Charles VI. The unpopular Duke of Orléans

masks:
Jean Petit
Petit
Jean Petit


texts: was widely held responsible for public disorder and heavy, arbitrary taxation. The University of Paris bitterly opposed him for having renewed obedience to Avignon antipope Benedict XIII. The Duke of Burgundy, on the contrary, was very popular, regarded as a friend of the commoners and an opponent of abusive taxation, while the university supported him in opposition to the Avignon antipope. Excluded from the royal council after the assassination, he withdrew to his estates in Flanders, raised an army, and called around him several of the university professors, including <mask>, who for three years had been attached to his suite and was receiving a pension from him.Thus supported, <mask> declared that he would go to Paris and justify himself. The royal council forbade him to enter Paris, but he came anyway and was received with popular acclaim. He demanded an audience with the king. It was granted on 8 March 1408, in the Hôtel de St-Paul, where the court habitually resided. There, before the Dauphin, King of Sicily, Cardinal de Bar, Dukes of Anjou, Berry, Brittany, Bar, and Lorraine; the rector of the University of Paris, and many counts, barons, knights, and citizens, <mask> delivered on behalf of his client a pedantic address, bristling with propositions, syllogisms, Scriptural texts, and examples from Holy Writ. To summarize his argument: Whosoever is guilty of high treason and becomes a tyrant, deserves to be punished with death, all the more so when he is a near relative of the king; and in that case the natural, moral,

masks:
Jean Petit
Jean Petit
Jean Petit


texts:
 and Divine laws allow any subject whatever, without any command or public authorization, to kill him or to have him killed openly, or by stealth; and the more closely the author of the slaying is related to the king the more meritorious the act. Now, the Duke of Orléans — so ran the minor proposition — a slave to the passion of greed, the source of all evil, was guilty of high treason, and was a tyrant; which was proved by holding him guilty of all the pretended crimes which popular imagination and the partisans of the Duke of Burgundy laid to his charge.The conclusion was therefore that the Duke of Burgundy not only should not be punished or blamed for what had been done to the Duke of Orléans, but rather should be rewarded. This thesis seemed preposterous to the more rational members of the assembly; but the Duke of Burgundy was present with his troops, ready to suppress any attempt at reply, and further he was in the good graces of the university; so he had no difficulty in obtaining letters of pardon from the king. As for <mask>, who in his address was not ashamed to admit that he was receiving, and expected still to receive, a pension from the Duke of Burgundy, he found it more prudent to withdraw from Paris and retire to the estate of the Duke of Burgundy at Hesdin, Artois, where he died in a house of his protector, regretting, it is said, that he had ever allowed himself to defend such a proposition. Scholarly and theological responses
The interest it excited was not to die with him. As long as the Duke of Burgundy was


texts: all-powerful in Paris, the argument could not be attacked publicly, but when he was expelled, <mask>, in a sermon delivered before the king, strongly denounced seven propositions of <mask> as heretical and scandalous (1413). Shortly afterwards the king asked Gerard de Montaigu, Bishop of Paris, and the inquisitor of France to examine them and to take whatever action they judged proper — without however mentioning the name of <mask>. The bishop and the inquisitor with sixty doctors went into what was called a "Council of the Faith."After several sittings the speech of <mask> and nine propositions, said to have been extracted from it, were condemned (23 February 1414) by decree of the Bishop of Paris and of the inquisitor, and the book containing them was publicly burnt three days later. In the month of March following, the Duke of Burgundy appealed from the decision of the Bishop of Paris to Antipope John XXIII. The pontiff entrusted the investigation to three cardinals. On the other hand, Gerson and the ambassadors of the King of France brought the affair before the ecumenical Council of Constance. At this juncture, John XXIII left Constance (20 March 1415) and withdrew from the council, while the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy made peace by the Treaty of Arras (22 February 1415). Thereupon Charles VI ordered his representatives to take no action at the council against <mask>, provided the Duke of Burgundy would also let the matter rest. Gerson broke the agreement by trying to obtain from the council a declaration

masks:
Jean Gerson
Jean Petit
Jean Petit
Jean Petit
Jean Petit


texts:
 that the writings of <mask> contained numerous errors in matters of faith.The Duke of Burgundy replied by a letter in which, while disavowing the general principles that formed the major proposition of the argument of <mask>, he maintained that the propositions condemned by the Bishop of Paris were not contained in the discourse. Thereupon the three cardinals, entrusted with the duke's appeal, cited the Bishop of Paris to appear before them, and as he failed to do so, they reversed his decision, declaring at the same time that they did not intend thereby to approve of the propositions condemned by him, but only wished to do justice to the Duke of Burgundy, who had not been heard at the trial. From that moment the trial of <mask> became the battleground of the ambassadors of France and of the Duke of Burgundy, and even of the Emperor Sigismund. The council had no intention of lending its authority to any political party, and in its fifteenth session, 6 July 1415, contented itself with a general condemnation of tyrannicide as upheld in the following proposition:

"A tyrant may be licitly and meritoriously, and rightly put to death by any vassal or subject, even by resorting to secret plots, adulation, and feigned friendship, notwithstanding any oath of fealty to him or treaty concluded with him, without any judicial decree or order." But <mask> was not mentioned and the council avoided saying that any such proposition was contained in his address, and no further decision was pronounced by the council on the particular case.

masks:
Jean Petit
Petit
Jean Petit
Jean Petit


texts:
 After securing the condemnation of <mask> in August 1416, King Charles VI two years later disavowed Gerson and his supporters (6 October 1418), and on 3 November 1418, he rehabilitated <mask> and annulled the sentences pronounced against him. The propositions attributed to him by his adversaries are not contained in his discourse, in the form in which it has reached us.Other works

<mask>'s career occurred at the time of the Western Schism. France sided with Pope Clement VII, but every one was anxious for reunion. <mask> gave expression to this desire in his Complainte de l'Eglise, a poem discovered in the National Library, Paris. This poem of 322 verses was composed in 1394. He had already written four others, the Disputation des pastourelles (1388), defending the Immaculate Conception; the Livre du champ d'or; the Livre du miracle de Basqueville (1389); and the Vie de Monsieur saint Léonard, about the same time. They offer an unflattering picture of the society of the day. References

Bulaeus, Historia Universitatis Parisiensis (Paris, 1770);
<mask>, Opera, ed.Dupin, V (Antwerp, 1706);
Amédée Hellot, Nobles et vilains, le miracle de Basqueviue, d'apres les poesies inedites de <mask> (Paris, 1895);
Le Verdier, Le livre du champ d'or et autres poemes inedits de Me <mask> <mask> (Paris, 1896);
Bess, Zur Geschichte des Constanzer Konzils, Studien I, Frankreichs Kirchenpolitik und der Prozess des Jean <mask> (Marburg, 1894);
Valois, La France et le grand schisme d'Occident, III and IV (Paris, 1902):
Denifle, Chartularium

masks:
Jean Petit
Jean Petit
Petit
Petit
Jean Gerson
Jean Petit
Jean Le
Petit
Petit


texts:
 Universitatis Parisiensis, III and IV (Paris, 1893, 1897);
Mansi, Sac. conciliorum collectio, XXVII (Venice, 1784). External links
Catholic Encyclopedia article

1411 deaths
15th-century French Catholic theologians
14th-century French writers
14th-century French poets
Year of birth unknown
French male poets
14th-century French Catholic theologians
15th-century French poets
15th-century


texts:
<mask> (October 21, 1867 – April 6, 1936) was an ordained Roman Catholic priest who was born in Cadamstown, Ireland, and served the Archdiocese of St. Louis, Missouri, from 1891 through 1936. Dempsey was instrumental in helping the working class and the poor of St. Louis, founding a hotel for working men in 1906, a hotel for working women in 1911, and a segregated hotel for working African American workers in 1922. Dempsey created "Father Tim's Free Lunch Room" during the Great Depression, serving millions of free meals to the public in a time of great need. He served as mediator for many labor disputes, helping to bring resolution to several strikes during the 1920s. In 1909, Dempsey purchased a portion of ground in an existing cemetery and devoted its use to those who had no families, naming it "Exiles' Rest," which is where he was interred in 1936. The legacy of <mask> has continued long after his death and the organizations that he started continue to help the homeless in St. Louis, operating as "Father Tim's Charities" under the administration of the Archdiocese of St. Louis. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Cadamstown, Ireland, in 1867, the first of eleven children born to <mask> and Bridget Ryan.Baptized Catholic at birth, he began studying for the priesthood by the age of thirteen. He studied at the National School at Mullingar and then at Navan College. He went on to the foreign missionary college at St. Patrick's at Carlow, Ireland, for seminary training and was ordained a priest on June 14, 1891. Soon afterwards, he was sent to the United States to serve, immigrating in 1891. <mask> served at several Catholic churches before being assigned to his desired post at St. Patrick's Church, located at 1201 Sixth Street in the city's original Irish neighborhood, celebrating his first Mass there on July 4, 1898. Exiles' Rest
In the winter

masks:
Timothy Dempsey
Father Tim Dempsey
Timothy Dempsey
Thomas Dempsey
Dempsey


texts:
 of 1906, <mask> established a boarding house for destitute men, located at Eighth and Franklin streets in St. Louis, which he called "Exiles' Rest." On May 5, 1907, Archbishop John.J. Glennon christened the hotel and gave it the  name "<mask>'s Hotel for Working Men." Realizing that he needed a larger space to accommodate more people, six months later <mask> leased the buildings at 111-1121 North Seventh Street, allowing him to expand capacity in what used to be the St. Patrick's School (also noted as "Shields School"). The hotel could house 400 and posted a sign that said, "Never Closed." During its first year, the hotel had provided free lodging to over 8,000 men. The hotel also established an employment bureau, and over 500 jobs were found for the hotel's men during that inaugural year. From its founding through Father Tim's death in 1936, the hotel had recorded providing 600,000 free lodgings and over 300,000 free meals. Though the hotel charged pennies for a night's stay, Dempsey didn't necessarily require payment in advance, allowing destitute guests to pay him later when they found work and could afford to do so.Soon after the founding of the hotel, <mask> obtained a large section of ground in Calvary Cemetery in 1909 and named it "Exiles Rest," which was the moniker he sometimes used for the hotel. <mask> reportedly was granted this land in the cemetery by its board of directors. He also successfully appealed to the funeral home of Bensiek-Niehaus to provide caskets and hearses, free of charge. By obtaining this plot of cemetery land, <mask> intended to provide plots for destitute men so that they could be buried in consecrated ground. Day Nursery and Women's Hotel
Following the success of the hotel for men, <mask> turned his attention to the needs of women. In 1910, he started a daycare for children in a building at 1019 North Sixth Street,

masks:
Dempsey
Father Dempsey
Dempsey
Dempsey
Dempsey
Dempsey
Dempsey


texts:
 named the St. Patrick's Day Nursery and Emergency Home, which could accommodate 100 children of poor working women. He reasoned that by providing childcare options to mothers without a husband, whether due to desertion, untimely death, incarceration or illness, it might prevent some children from being given up as wards of the state.At first, care was provided by lay women, and then briefly by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet. In 1913, it was moved into a better quarter behind the parish school at 1209 North Sixth Street. Then, by 1916, the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul took over and remained in charge for many years. Once the day nursery was established, <mask> was approached by Miss Nellie Sullivan, with the request that he establish a hotel for women just as he had for men. Father Tim agreed and in 1911 Miss Sullivan became the first guest in the St. Patrick's Hotel for Working-women, located at 1402 North Broadway in St. Louis, the former location of the Bemont Hotel. Later, the hotel was moved to 1421 Hogan Street. By the time of <mask>'s death in 1936, the hotel for working women had provided 150,000 free lodgings and 200,000 free meals.In 1922, <mask> recognized a need to provide poor children with proper nutrition and instruction to prevent tuberculosis, which was prevalent at the time. To supply poor families with clothing, furniture and food, he established the White Cross Crusade, which was creatively funded by the sale of recycled newspaper. Other Causes
With a great number of people out of work during the Great Depression, <mask> opened his "Free Lunch Room" in 1931, which served over 3,000,000 meals over five years. In addition to serving meals, <mask>'s program also provided 500 weekly food baskets to poor families. In an era of segregation, <mask>'s practice was racially inclusive. In 1922, seeing a need, he

masks: Dempsey Dempsey Dempsey Dempsey Dempsey Dempsey


texts:
 established his "Home for Colored Men," located at 1127 North Sixth Street in St. Louis. As many as 300 men were sheltered there at one time and it recorded providing shelter for 60,000 per year.In one accounting from 1934, his church congregation was described as, "Old and young, colored and white (all intermingle here) they fill three-fourths of the pews. Toward the front are a few colored women." Further aiding children, Dempsey also created and sponsored Father Tim's Boys Drum and Bugle Corps and Pipers Band, which played at his funeral. Labor relations
Throughout his time as a priest, which coincided with the era when organized labor unions were being established as well as the Great Depression, Dempsey was instrumental in settling many labor disputes, serving as both mediator and arbitrator. By the time of his death, he had reportedly aided in the resolution and settlement of over 50 different conflicts over wages and labor conditions. Death
Father <mask> died suddenly of a heart attack on April 6, 1936, at the age of 68. Dempsey's death shocked the city.Archbishop John J. Glennon (later promoted to Cardinal) said, "he died because his heart was too big; . . . he overworked his heart for the poor". Reportedly six-hundred people packed the St. Joseph's Church and thousands lined the way to Calvary Cemetery. Father Tim was interred in Exiles' Rest, which he had created in 1910 as a last resting place for the poor and forgotten he had served. His grave site is marked with a Celtic Cross and the inscription, "God gave him grace abundant in the light of faith he saw his neighbor's needs. The poor, forlorn and outcast he served with christlike charity. Here where his Exiles' Rest, he also willed to rest to await with them a glorious resurrection and the summons home."He lies with hundreds of those whose lives he touched. As a testament to his


texts:
 respect within the trade unions, his casket was carried by six pall bearers that were all members of the Teamsters Union, Father Tim being an honorary member of Local 600, International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Two months following his death, on Sunday, June 7, he was given a memorial service that was held at the Municipal Auditorium and attended by many dignitaries and prominent people from all walks of life. Among the participants and speakers were U.S. Senator Bennett Champ Clark, Bishop William Scarlet, Rabii Julius Gordon, and Thomas Quinn, President of the Buildings Trades Council. Legacy
Father <mask>'s charitable work established the basis for a foundation that continues to serve the needs of the homeless in St. Louis. The agency of "Father Dempsey's Charities," part of the Archdiocese of St. Louis and located at 3427 Washington Avenue, gives up to 78 residents a place to live and help with daily nourishment, getting a job, obtaining needed medical treatment, and accessing government benefits.<mask>'s Charities offers guests a room equipped with a bed, dresser, nightstand, lamp, and bedding. Bathrooms and kitchen facilities are shared. Breakfast and dinner are provided. <mask>'s charitable work inspired others to do the same. In New Orleans, a newly ordained priest who attended Kenrick Seminary in St. Louis, Father Peter M.H. Wynhoven, started the St. Vincent's Hotel in 1911, complete with inexpensive rooms, meals and an employment bureau, all based on the work of Father <mask>. Other similarly inspired institutions were founded in Seattle, San Francisco, Newark, Omaha, Milwaukee and Kansas City.The Ancient Order of Hibernians – Father Dempsey Division 1 is named in his honor. External links
 Father <mask> Collection finding aid at the St. Louis Public Library

References

1867 births
1936 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic priests
People

masks:
Timothy Dempsey
Father Dempsey
Dempsey
Timothy Dempsey
Tim Dempsey


texts:
<mask> (April 11, 1904 – March 16, 1920), a student at a rural Great Plains one-room school, died while protecting her 10-year-old brother, Emmet, and 8-year-old sister, Myrdith, from the spring blizzard of 1920 in Center, Oliver County, North Dakota. After her death, she became a national American heroine. Her actions were celebrated in a folk ballad and were published in many newspaper and magazine articles in the subsequent decades. Life and family
<mask> was the 15-year-old daughter of <mask>, a farmer, and his wife, the former Blanche Steele, both originally of Iowa. The family had lived for a time in Staples, Minnesota but had returned to their farm in North Dakota the year before the blizzard. <mask>'s sisters and brothers were Zelda, 21; Emmet, 10; Myrdith, 8; and Howard, 5. <mask> was an eighth grade student at a one-room school, the same attended by Emmet and Myrdith.The Oliver County register of deeds, whose daughter had played with <mask>, recalled, "Kind of a quiet girl she was," and described her as "sort of motherly, for one so young." Her father considered her highly dependable. Her obituary described her as "quiet and loving," with a "sunny, cheerful nature" and having a liking for children. <mask> had planned to start high school in Bismarck, North Dakota that fall. Death in the blizzard

The Miner children lose their way
On March 15, 1920, the first day of the blizzard, the school dismissed its students early to enable them to go home before the storm arrived. Many of the students, like the Miner children, were used to driving to and from school with a horse and buggy, but the school teacher had a rule that no child was permitted to drive home in bad weather without permission from a parent. William Miner, who was worried about the blizzard

masks:
Hazel Dulcie Miner
Hazel
William Albert Miner
Hazel
Hazel
Hazel
Hazel


texts:
 conditions, rode the two miles to the school on a saddle horse to escort his children home.At about one o'clock in the afternoon, at the school, Miner hitched the children's horse, "Old Maude," to their light sleigh and told <mask> to wait while he went back to the school's barn to get his horse. <mask> wasn't strong enough to keep the horse from heading out into the blizzard before her father came back from the barn. William Miner searched for his children, but soon realized they must have gotten lost and went home to organize a search party. Via telephone, farm families from the surrounding countryside summoned men to join the search for the missing Miner children. Even though she was familiar with the road, <mask> quickly became disoriented due to the blinding, blowing white snow, which made it impossible to see more than a few feet in front of her. She was dressed in warm coat, hat, gloves and sturdy, one-buckle overshoes, but the clothing was insufficient protection against the wind and freezing temperatures, and her hands and feet became numb in the cold. When the sleigh hit a coulee, <mask> slid from the sleigh into waist-deep, mushy snow.She said, "Oh, my! I am wet clear to the waist and my shoes are full of water," her brother recalled later. Her prolonged exposure virtually guaranteed eventual severe hypothermia. The horse's harness slipped and <mask> had to readjust it. She led the horse forward through the blizzard, but found she had lost sight of the road. There were few landmarks on the prairie to guide the children. Shelter of last resort
The children continued traveling and growing more tired and cold.Then the sleigh again hit an obstruction and tipped over, throwing <mask> over the dashboard into the snow. <mask>, Emmet, and Myrdith tried to push

masks: Hazel Hazel Hazel Hazel Hazel Hazel Hazel


texts:
 the sleigh upright, but were not strong enough to lift it, even with all three pushing at once. Using the overturned sleigh as a shelter, <mask> spread two blankets, told Emmet and Myrdith to lie down, and placed a third blanket atop them. The children tried to keep moving to stay warm. <mask> huddled beside her brother and sister and used her body heat to warm them. She told them stories to keep them awake. The children sang all four verses of "America the Beautiful," a song they had sung during opening exercises at the country school that morning, and repeated the Lord's Prayer.<mask> advised her siblings, "Remember, you mustn't go to sleep — even if I do. Promise me you won't, no matter how sleepy you get. Keep each other awake! Promise?" Her brother and sister promised. Throughout the night, the children could hear a dog barking somewhere nearby, but no one came to their aid. As the night wore on, <mask> talked less and less, until she finally became silent.Her brother Emmet later recalled the blizzard for an article in the March 15, 1963 issue of The Bismarck (N.D.) Tribune:

Search and rescue
A search party of more than thirty men looked for the children throughout the afternoon and evening. They had to give up when it grew dark, but set out again the next morning. When they finally found the children, it was two o'clock in the afternoon on March 16, twenty-five hours since the children had first set out from the school house. The overturned sleigh, with the horse still hitched up to it, was resting in a coulee two miles south of the school. "With breathless haste we harried to the rig and will never forget the sight that met our eyes," one of the men reported. The searchers found the rigid <mask> lying over her siblings, covering them with her body. Her

masks: Hazel Hazel Hazel Hazel Hazel


texts:
 coat, which she had unbuttoned, was spread over the bodies of the two younger children and her arms were stretched out over them.Beneath her, still alive, were Emmet and Myrdith. "Maude," the old horse, was standing beside the overturned sled, also still alive. If the horse had moved, the three children would have been tipped into the snow. They took the three children to the home of William Starck, a neighbor, for immediate care. Starck's daughter, Anna Starck Benjamin, who was 4½ years old at the time, remembered "the sound of <mask>'s outstretched arms as they brushed against the furniture as they brought her into the house, and took her into my parents' bedroom. The crackling sound as that of frozen laundry brought in off the clothes line in winter. Then I remember the crying, so much crying."They worked over <mask> for hours, trying to revive her, but without success. <mask>'s mother, Blanche, was brought to the Starck house after the searchers found the children and sat in a chair, rocking back and forth, while they tended to the three children. Throughout the night when the children were missing, she had been kept company by neighbors. At one point, she drifted off to sleep, and said later that her daughter had come to her in a dream. In the dream, <mask> said, "I was cold, Mama, but I'm not anymore." At <mask>'s funeral, the minister preached a sermon on the Christian Bible verse John 15:13: "Greater love hath no man that he lay down his life for his friend," and said, "Here and there are occasionally people who by their acts and lives endeavor to imitate Him." <mask> was one of 34 people who died during the blizzard, which lasted three days.Legacy

<mask> became a posthumous heroine after her story became known. On January 15, 1921, an article in The


texts:
 North Dakota Children's Home Finder appeared about how "this guardian angel of the prairies, covered with a thick sheet of ice, gave up her own life to save her brother and sister." The North Dakota Children's Home Society wanted to use publicity about <mask>'s story to raise money to build an orphanage for children in the state. A memorial committee was established in Center and talked of naming a new hospital in <mask>'s honor, but some months later her parents said they wanted a memorial statue erected instead. Children across the state collected money to pay for a memorial. A link to a pdf copy of the relevant issue of The North Dakota Children's Home Finder appears at the foot note

Emmet and Myrdith were interviewed by various North Dakota newspapers numerous times in the years following the blizzard and many news articles were written about <mask>. Emmet's grandson told a reporter that Emmet rarely spoke about the story to his family and he thinks Emmet had never gotten over the traumatic experience and “never forgave himself” for his sister's death.The story eventually attracted national attention. In 1952 the Ford Motor Company commissioned two paintings of scenes from the story by North Dakota artist Elmer Halvorson. The paintings and an article about <mask>r were published in the February 1953 edition of the Ford Times. In recent years, a folk ballad entitled The Story of <mask>r was written by folk artist Chuck Suchy of Mandan, North Dakota. The song was recorded on Suchy's Much to Share (1986) cassette and on his Dancing Dakota (1989) cassette. In the song, recalling <mask>'s outstretched arms, Suchy sings of "wings on the snow, a fate not chose, morning finds a dove so froze." But "in warmth below, her love survived."The May 30, 2002 centennial

masks:
Hazel
Hazel
Hazel
Hazel Mine
Hazel Mine
Hazel


texts:
 issue of the Center (N.D.) Republican featured a story about "<mask>r, Angel of the Prairies." The story was also recounted in Joe Wheeler's 2002 anthology Everyday Heroes: Inspiring Stories of Ordinary People Who Made a Difference. A retired Mandan, North Dakota elementary teacher, Kevin Kremer, wrote a 2019 children's book called Angel of the Prairie based on the story of <mask>r. A Gothic-style granite monument honoring <mask>'s memory was erected in front of the Oliver County Courthouse in 1936, sixteen years after her death, by former North Dakota governor L. B. Hanna. The stone reads "In memory of <mask>r. To the dead a tribute, to the living a memory, to posterity an inspiration." <mask>'s grave can be found in the Center Community Cemetery in Oliver County.Today the story of <mask> and her actions during the 1920 blizzard are also studied by some students in North Dakota as part of a North Dakota history class. North Dakota Governor Doug Burgum proclaimed March 16, 2020 “Hazel Miner Day” in honor of <mask> and of the 100th anniversary of the blizzard. The town of Center, North Dakota held a ceremony on that date at which Chuck Suchy sang The Story of <mask>r and tours were given of places significant to her life and death. A roadway in Center is named <mask> Avenue in her honor. See also
Wohlk brothers (1920 blizzard victims)
Mrs. Andrew Whitehead
1920 North Dakota blizzard
Schoolhouse Blizzard
Racheltjie de Beer

References

Bibliography
Jackson, William (2003). The Best of Dakota Mysteries and Oddities. Dickinson, North Dakota: Valley Star Books. .External links
<mask>, her 1920 ND story and family, a discussion at Genealogy.com

1904 births
1920 deaths
American children
People from Oliver County, North Dakota
Deaths from hypothermia
Natural disaster

masks:
Hazel Mine
Hazel Mine
Hazel
Hazel Mine
Hazel
Hazel
Hazel
Hazel Mine
Hazel Miner
Hazel Miner


texts:
<mask> (; 1884–1962) was a painter and the technical director of the Louvre Museum's laboratory in Paris. He devoted his life to understanding the oil-based media of the Old Masters. He emigrated to the United States in 1939 and became an influential teacher. His book, The Secret Formulas and Techniques of the Masters, has been criticized by some modern writers on painting who say that the painting medium Maroger promoted is unsound. Training and early career
In 1907, Maroger began to study with Louis Anquetin and worked under his direction until Anquetin's death in 1932. Anquetin worked closely and exhibited with the artists Vincent van Gogh, Charles Angrand, Émile Bernard, Paul Gauguin, Camille Pissarro, Georges Seurat, Paul Signac and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. He was very active in the Impressionist movement of the time.In his later years, Anquetin became very interested in the works of the Flemish masters. As Maroger's teacher, Anquetin provided guidance in the study of drawing, anatomy and master painting techniques. Maroger began to become famous around 1931, when the National Academy of Design in New York City reported Maroger's painting discoveries. From 1930 to 1939, Maroger started to work at the Louvre Museum in Paris as Technical Director of the Louvre Laboratory. He served as a professor at the Louvre School, a Member of the Conservation Committee, General Secretary of the International Experts, and President of the Restorers of France. In 1937, he received the Légion d'honneur, and his pride at the honor is reflected in his self-portrait of the time, in which one can see his Legion pin on his lapel. He emigrated to the United States in 1939 and became a lecturer at the Parsons School of Design in New York.His New York students, Reginald Marsh, John Koch, Fairfield Porter and Frank Mason adopted his Old Master painting techniques, and taught it in turn to their own students. In


texts: 1942, Maroger became a Professor at the Maryland Institute College of Art in Baltimore and established a school of painting. At the Maryland Institute he led a group of painters who came to be known as the Baltimore Realists, including the painters Earl Hofmann, Thomas Rowe, Joseph Sheppard, Ann Didusch Schuler, Frank Redelius, John Bannon, Evan Keehn, and Melvin Miller. Maroger published The Secret Formulas and Techniques of the Masters in 1948. When Maroger's book became available, Reginald Marsh drew on Maroger's book-jacket an airplane dropping an atomic bomb on the Maryland Art Institute, a reference to the controversy Maroger was causing in the local press over the abstract art versus realism debate. Maroger's formula and techniques have been studied by many modern painters who wish to obtain the paint quality of the Old Masters. The "secret formula" that Maroger devised during his lifetime included the main ingredient white lead.White lead when cooked into linseed oil acts as a drying agent, accelerating the polymerization of the oil film. Maroger claimed to have introduced to the modern day artist what the masters achieved centuries before in their paintings, a way to ensure permanence and color quality in oils without sacrificing fluid and subtle paint handling. Equipped with these formulas, the artist could once again blend his paint easily without losing control of his brush. The paint stays where it is applied and does not run off the panel. It dries very fast so that he can paint on the same areas the very next day, which speeds up painting. Frank Redelius, one of Maroger's protégés from the Baltimore Realists group, wrote a book that updates, builds upon and revises <mask>'s research of the painting techniques and formulas of the Old Masters. Redelius was assisting Maroger with a revision of The Secret Formulas and Techniques of the Masters before Maroger's death in 1962.Frank


texts:
 Redelius' book, published in 2009, is titled The Master Keys: A Painter's Treatise On The Pictorial Technique Of Oil Painting. Critics of <mask>
Maroger has been criticized by some modern writers on painting because of his bold claims about having found the secret formulas of the Masters. The most commonly used of Maroger's recipes today is in fact nothing other than a renamed version of the ages-old "megilp", also known as "macguilp", "meglip", "meguilp", and a variety of other names. Megilp/maroger medium is simply the thixotropic gel resulting from the equal combination of mastic varnish and black oil. Megilp and related media have been in use for centuries, and such media were readily available from many artists' colormen during the time of Maroger's research. The archival quality of the medium itself is controversial in art circles, in part because its documented use dates back less than a century. This is from Michael Skalka, Conservation Administrator,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.:

See the work of Lance Mayer and Gay Myers for more information on Curry and Maroger. This criticism can be misleading, however. Many of the media involved in Curry's work (and other followers of Maroger) bear no resemblance whatsoever to the modern mastic varnish/black oil recipe. Maroger medium which is not made properly may contain a large amount of dirt and impurities from improperly filtered mastic varnish, or the black oil may be overcooked, both of which would contribute to darkening and weakening of the work. In addition the overuse of megilp media (or any medium for that matter) tends to create weak paint films. Conservation science has shown that the presence of natural resins like mastic in the paint film causes embrittlement, darkening, and continued solubility. See the work of Leslie Carlyle or Joyce Townsend for problems related to 18th-century painting that contain megilp.Lost old


texts:
 master formulas by Maroger

Six formulas of Maroger taken from his book on painting formulas
 Lead Medium – attributed to Antonello da Messina – One part litharge (yellow lead oxide) or lead white, combined by cooking with three to four parts linseed. Lead Medium – attributed to Leonardo da Vinci – One part litharge or lead white, combined by cooking with three to four parts raw linseed oil, and three to four parts water. Lead Medium – attributed to the Venetian painters – Giorgione, Titian and Tintoretto – One or two parts litharge or lead white, combined by cooking with 20 parts raw linseed or walnut oil. Lead Medium – attributed to Peter Paul Rubens -This medium was allegedly based on the black oil of Giorgione with an addition of mastic resin, Venice turpentine and beeswax. One or two parts litharge or lead white, combines by cooking with 20 parts raw linseed. A little more than one spoonful of "black oil" combined with even one spoonful of mastic varnish resulted in the "jelly" medium thought to be Megilp (another name of Maroger media). Lead Medium – (attributed to the "Little Dutch Masters") This medium was the same as the one used by Rubens, but did not include beeswax.Lead Medium – attributed to Velázquez – One part verdigris (derived from copper – this material is substituted for the lead-based metallic driers), combined by cooking with 20 parts raw linseed or walnut oil. The majority of these recipes are not employed today, as there are few companies that produce them. The primary form of "Maroger medium" known today is black oil ("Giorgione's" medium) and mastic varnish combined in approximately equal parts to form a gel. While Maroger medium is usually mixed directly with oil paints, its proportion should be kept to no more than 20% of the mixture. A useful technique is to rub a very thin film of Maroger medium over the area to be painted and paint into that—known as "painting into


texts:
 the couch." This lubricates the brush stroke. Maroger medium (or any other painting medium, for that matter) should never be used as a final picture varnish, as Maroger requires reaction by admixture with oil paint in order to dry.The reduced availability of lead, combined with injunctions against lead use in household products and other factors has caused most major paint makers to discontinue the production of Maroger's medium. Many paint makers now offer faux-maroger's media or faux-megilps, generally made by substituting different materials, such as lime, for genuine lead, or (as in the case of Gamblin's Neo-Megilp) by creating a similar product out of specially thickened alkyd medium. These products produce effects similar to, but not the same as those of real Maroger medium, which depends on specific chemical reactions between leaded oil, mastic resin, and turpentine (the mastic varnish vehicle). Home and Studio
The white gingerbread cottage that was Maroger's home in Baltimore is found on the east campus of Loyola College in Maryland and is used for drawing and painting courses. The building, created in the style of a Parisian studio, is aptly called the Maroger Art Studio. References

External links
 The Secret Formulas and Techniques of the Masters by <mask>er
 How to Paint Like the Old Masters by Joseph Sheppard
 The Master Keys: A Painter's Treatise on the Pictorial Technique of Oil Painting by Franklin H. Redelius
 The Schuler School of Fine Arts, Baltimore, MD, USA http://www.schulerschool.com/
 Joan Brady Studios, Annapolis, MD, USA Source for authentic Maroger Medium, Black Oil, and Mastic Varnish https://web.archive.org/web/20140320024810/http://bradystudios.net/

1884 births
1962 deaths
20th-century French painters
20th-century male artists
French male painters
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Maryland Institute College of Art faculty
Recipients of the


texts:
<mask> (born July 07, 1977) is a Cameroonian mixed martial artist and Muay Thai kickboxer currently signed to ONE Championship, where he competes in the Heavyweight division. He is a four-time Muay Thai World Champion. Biography and career
Ngalani started learning Judo at the age of six, following his brothers. He started showing ability early, winning back-to-back junior tournaments in Cameroon and all over Africa. He was influenced by his mother, who loved the sport and wanted her boys to learn discipline and focus their energy positively. As a youth he cut down his judo training in order to study other styles such as Karate (Shotokan, Koshiki and Kyokushin), Kickboxing, Savate, Sanda and Muay Thai. Later he picked up other disciplines like boxing, jiu-jitsu and wrestling in preparation for fighting in MMA competitions.In addition to martial arts, he worked as a bodyguard for VIPs and high-profile personalities in Côte d'Ivoire before immigrating to Hong Kong in 2001. Move to Hong Kong and Planet Battle
While based in Hong Kong, he travelled to Thailand, Japan and Mainland China to win numerous titles. When the "Planet Battle" promotion was formed in 2008, Ngalani became a regular fighter for the


texts:
 organization. After defeating Michael McDonald at Planet Battle I in June 2008, he went on to compete in the 8-man tournament at Planet Battle II in November 2008. Ngalani, who was ordered by doctors not to fight due to a severely injured right knee, lost to Brian Douwes via knockout with a knee in the quarter-final. He then bounced back by knocking out Eduardo Maiorino at Planet Battle III on June 6, 2009. At Planet Battle IV on October 7, 2009, Ngalani defeated Bob Sapp via decision, and then on March 26, 2010, he stopped Carter Williams with low kicks at Planet Battle V.

Ngalani could not continue after getting knocked down with an alleged punch to the back of his head against Dževad Poturak in 2011.The match was for the IKA Super Heavyweight World Championship and was considered a no contest. ONE Championship
<mask>i briefly moved back to kickboxing, competing in the ONE Super Series, where he lost to Tarik Khbabez by third-round technical knockout at ONE Championship: Pinnacle of Power on June 23, 2018. On October 6, 2018 at ONE Championship: Kingdom of Heroes, his fight with Andre Meunier ended in a no contest when he was on the receiving end of an accidental low blow. Mixed martial arts career

ONE


texts:
 Championship

2013
On September 13, 2013, Ngalani switched from striking to mixed martial arts, debuting with a 31-second spinning heel kick KO win over Mahmoud Hassan at ONE FC: Champions & Warriors. However, he went without a win in his next three contests as he lost to Paul Cheng by verbal submission at ONE FC: Moment of Truth on December 6, 2013. 2014
On May 30, 2014, Ngalani faced Chi Lewis-Parry at ONE FC: Honor and Glory. The fight ended in a no contest when Lewis-Parry landed an inadvertent groin strike.He lost their rematch at ONE FC: War of Dragons by first-round knockout via ground-and-pound elbows. 2015
Ngalani got back to his winning ways with a first-round TKO win over Igor Subora at ONE Championship: Pride of Lions on November 13, 2015. 2016
On August 13, 2016, he was stopped by Alexandre Machado in the second round at ONE Championship: Heroes of the World. 2017
He broke the ONE record for fastest heavyweight knockout when he stopped BJJ and judo black belt Hideki Sekine in 11 seconds at ONE Championship: Total Victory on September 16, 2017. On November 3, 2017, Ngalani faced Aung La Nsang in the ONE Championship's first-ever openweight superfight at ONE Championship: Hero's Dream, where he


texts:
 lost by submission via guillotine choke. 2018
On March 24, 2018, he recorded his first decision win over Ariunbold Tur-Ochir at ONE Championship: Iron Will. 2019
Ngalani returned to mixed martial arts on March 8, 2019, where he lost to Mauro Cerilli by first-round TKO at ONE Championship: Reign of Valor.2020
On April 28, 2020, news surfaced that <mask> was scheduled to face Vitor Belfort, who was making his ONE debut. Their bout never materialized as Belfort parted ways with ONE in June 2021 without ever having fought for the promotion. 2021
On January 12, 2021, ONE Championship announced that Ngalani would instead face Senegalese wrestling champion Oumar Kane in the latter's promotional debut at ONE Championship: Unbreakable 2 on January 29, 2021. Ngalani lost by first-round technical knockout. Ngalani faced ONE promotional newcomer Thomas Narmo at ONE Championship: Battleground 2 on August 13, 2021. After a groin kick committed by Ngalani, Narmo was unable to continue and the bout was declared a no contest. Titles
 International Kickboxing Association
 2011 IKA Super Heavyweight World Champion.Planet Battle
 2010 Planet Battle Heavyweight World Champion
 2009 Planet Battle Heavyweight World Champion


texts:
 World Professional Muaythai Federation
 2004 WPMF Muay Thai Heavyweight World Champion, Thailand

 King's Cup
 2004 King's Birthday Cup runner-up, Thailand? style=background:white colspan=8 |
|- style="background:#c5d2ea;"
| 2010-06-11 || No Contest ||align=left| Ramazan Ramazanov || Planet Battle VI ||Wan Chai, Hong Kong || No contest (ring invasion) || 2 ||
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 2010-03-26 || Win ||align=left| Carter Williams || Planet Battle V || Hong Kong || TKO (low kicks) || 2 ||
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 2009-10-07 || Win ||align=left| Bob Sapp ||Planet Battle IV ||Wan Chai, Hong Kong ||Decision || 3 || 3:00
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| 2009-06-06 || Win ||align=left| Eduardo Maiorino || Planet Battle III || Hong Kong ||KO (punches) ||1 ||
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 2008-11-25 || Loss ||align=left| Brian Douwes || Planet Battle II || Hong Kong ||KO (Knee) || 3 ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=8 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2008-06-25 ||Win ||align=left| Michael McDonald || Planet Battle I || Hong Kong || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2004-04-24 ||Win ||align=left| Marek Olafski || Muay Thai World Championship || Bangkok, Thailand || TKO (Low kicks) ||


texts:
<mask> (June 20, 1897 – November 29, 1988) was an American Marine Corps naval aviator, writer of many aviation articles and stories in a variety of leading publications, and manager of the promotional tours of aviation pioneers, especially of Charles Lindbergh. In the 1950s he became well known as a UFO researcher, arguing that the U.S. government should conduct research in UFO matters, and should release all its UFO files. Jerome Clark writes that "<mask> was widely regarded as the leader in the field" of ufology in the 1950s and early to mid-1960s. Early life and career
<mask> was born and raised in Ottumwa, Iowa. Upon receiving his B.S. degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1919, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps. In 1922, his arm was injured during an airplane crash in Guam.During his long convalescence, <mask> began writing as a hobby. He eventually returned to active duty, but the injury gave Keyhoe persistent trouble, and, as a result, he retired from the Marines in 1923. He then worked for the National Geodetic Survey and U.S. Department of Commerce. In 1927, <mask> managed a very popular coast-to-coast tour by Charles Lindbergh. This led to <mask>'s first book, 1928's Flying With Lindbergh. The book was a quick success, and led to a freelance writing career, with many of <mask>'s articles and fictional stories (mostly related to aviation) appearing in a variety of leading publications. <mask> returned to active duty during World War II in a Naval Aviation Training Division before retiring again at the rank of major.Writing for the pulps and glossies
By the time his UFO books appeared,

masks:
Donald Edward Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe


texts: <mask> was already a well-established author, with numerous appearances in the pulp magazines of the 1920s and 1930s. Four of his short stories were printed in Weird Tales, one of the most prestigious of the pulps: "The Grim Passenger" (1925), "The Mystery Under the Sea" (1926), "Through the Vortex" (1926) and "The Master of Doom" (1927). He also produced the lead novel for all three issues of a short-lived magazine called Dr. Yen Sin: "The Mystery of the Dragon's Shadow" (May/June 1936), "The Mystery of the Golden Skull" (July/August 1936) and "The Mystery of the Singing Mummies" (September/October 1936). The Doctor was opposed by a hero who could not sleep. <mask> wrote a number of air adventure stories for Flying Aces, and other magazines, and created two larger-than-life superheroes in this genre. The first of these was Captain Philip Strange, referred to as "the Brain Devil" and "the Phantom Ace of G-2."Captain Strange was an American intelligence officer during World War I who was gifted with ESP and other mental powers. His existence has been perpetuated beyond <mask>'s stories as a minor member of the Wold Newton universe. Keyhoe's other "superpowered" flying ace was Richard Knight, a World War I veteran who was blinded in combat but gained a supernatural ability to see in the dark. Knight featured in a number of adventure stories set in the 1930s (when the stories were written). Other series he wrote included the "Eric Trent" series in Flying Aces and the Vanished Legion in Dare-Devil Aces, and two long-running series: "The Devil Dog Squadron" in Sky Birds and "The Jailbird Flight" in Battle Aces. Many of <mask>'s stories for the pulps were

masks: Keyhoe Keyhoe Keyhoe Keyhoe


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 science fiction or Weird Fantasy, or contained a significant measure of these elements — a fact that was not lost on later critics of his UFO books. He was also a freelancer for Saturday Evening Post, The Nation, and Reader's Digest.Flying Saucers Are Real
Following Kenneth Arnold's report of odd, fast-moving aerial objects in the summer of 1947, interest in "flying disks" and "flying saucers" was widespread, and <mask> followed the subject with some interest, though he was initially skeptical of any extraordinary answer to the UFO question. For some time, True (a popular American men's magazine) had been inquiring of officials as to the flying saucer question, with little to show for their efforts. In about May 1949, after the U.S. Air Force had released contradictory information about the saucers, editor Ken Purdy turned to <mask>, who had written for the magazine, but who also, importantly, had many friends and contacts in the military and the Pentagon. After some investigation, Keyhoe became convinced that the flying saucers were real. As their forms, flight maneuvers, speeds and light technology was apparently far ahead of any nation's developments, Keyhoe became convinced that they must be the products of unearthly intelligences, and that the U.S. government was trying to suppress the whole truth about the subject. This conclusion was based especially on the response <mask> found when he quizzed various officials about flying saucers. He was told there was nothing to the subject, yet was simultaneously denied access to saucer-related documents.<mask>'s article "Flying Saucers Are Real" appeared in the January 1950 issue of True (published


texts: December 26, 1949) and caused a sensation. Though such figures are always difficult to verify, Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, the first head of Project Blue Book, reported that "It is rumored among magazine publishers that <mask>'s article in True was one of the most widely read and widely discussed magazine articles in history." Capitalizing on the interest, <mask> expanded the article into a book, The Flying Saucers Are Real (1950); it sold over half a million copies in paperback. He argued that the Air Force knew that flying saucers were extraterrestrial, but downplayed the reports to avoid public panic. In <mask>'s view, the aliens — wherever their origins or intentions — did not seem hostile, and had likely been surveilling the earth for two hundred years or more, though <mask> wrote that their "observation suddenly increased in 1947, following the series of A-bomb explosions in 1945." Dr. Michael D. Swords characterized the book as "a rather sensational but accurate account of the matter." (Swords, p. 100) Boucher and McComas praised it as "cogent, intelligent and persuasive."<mask> wrote several more books about UFOs. Flying Saucers from Outer Space (Holt, 1953) is perhaps the most impressive, being largely based on interviews and official reports vetted by the Air Force. The book included a blurb by Albert M. Chop, the Air Force's press secretary in the Pentagon, who characterized <mask> as a  "responsible, accurate reporter" and further expressed approval for <mask>'s arguments in favor of the extraterrestrial hypothesis. Carl Jung argued that <mask>'s first two books were "based on official material and studiously avoid the wild speculations,

masks:
Don Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe


texts:
 naivete or prejudice of other [UFO] publications." The Flying Saucer Conspiracy
In 1955,  <mask> authored a book that pointedly accused elements of United States government of engaging in a conspiracy to cover up knowledge of flying saucers. <mask> claims the existence of a "silence group" of orchestrating this conspiracy. Historian of folklore Curtis Peebles argues: "The Flying Saucer Conspiracy marked a shift in Keyhoe's belief system.No longer were flying saucers the central theme; that now belonged to the silence group and its coverup. For the next two decades <mask>'s beliefs about this would dominate the flying saucer myth." The book features claims of a possible discovery of an "orbiting space base" or a "moon base", knowledge of which might trigger a public panic. The Flying Saucer Conspiracy also incorporated legends of the Bermuda Triangle disappearances. <mask> sensationalized claims, ultimately stemming from optical illusions, of unusual structures on the moon. The NICAP era
In 1956, <mask> cofounded the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP). He was one of several prominent professional, military or scientific figures on the board of directors, which lent the group a degree of legitimacy many of the other contemporary "flying saucer clubs" sorely lacked.NICAP published a newsletter, The UFO Investigator, which was mailed to its members. Although the newsletter was intended to be published on a regular monthly basis, due to financial problems it was often delivered on a more erratic basis. For example, in 1958 four issues were published, but only two issues were published in 1959. NICAP founder Thomas Townsend Brown

masks: Keyhoe Keyhoe Keyhoe Keyhoe Keyhoe


texts:
 was ousted as director in early 1957 after facing repeated charges of financial ineptitude. <mask> replaced him; he was only slightly better at managing NICAP's finances, and the organization often faced financial shortfalls and crises throughout <mask>'s twelve years as director. Even so, it would remain the largest and most influential civilian UFO research group in the United States from the late 1950s to the late 1960s. With <mask> in the lead, NICAP pressed hard for Congressional hearings and investigation into UFOs.They scored some attention from the mass media, and the general public (NICAP's membership peaked at about 15,000 during the early and mid-1960s) but only very limited interest from government officials. However, there was increasing criticism of the Air Force's Project Blue Book. Following a widely publicized wave of UFO reports in 1966, NICAP was among the chorus which called for an independent scientific investigation of UFOs. The Condon Committee was formed at the University of Colorado with this goal in mind, though it quickly became mired in infighting and later, in controversy. <mask> publicized the so-called "Trick Memo", an embarrassing memorandum written by the Condon Committee coordinator which seemed to suggest that the ostensibly objective and neutral committee had determined to pursue a debunking operation well before even beginning their studies. Television appearances
On January 22, 1958, <mask> appeared on a CBS live television show the Armstrong Circle Theatre to speak on the topic of UFOs. <mask> charged that a U.S. Congressional committee was evaluating evidence that "will absolutely prove that the UFOs are

masks: Keyhoe Keyhoe Keyhoe Keyhoe Keyhoe Keyhoe


texts:
 machines under intelligent control".However CBS stopped the audio portion of the live broadcast. Herbert A. Carlborg, CBS director of editing stated "this program had been carefully cleared for security reasons". On March 8, 1958, <mask> appeared on The Mike Wallace Interview on ABC and spoke about flying saucers, contactees and the details of the Armstrong Circle Theatre censorship, which he blamed on the Air Force rather than CBS. In 1967, <mask> appeared as himself on the May 23 episode of To Tell the Truth, receiving three of four possible votes. <mask> was portrayed by actor Adam Greydon Reid in an episode of the television series Project Blue Book. In the episode, "The Lubbock Lights" (aired January 22, 2019), <mask> is a writer (spelled in the IMDB credits as "<mask>") who federal agents try to intimidate into clearing his UFO stories through them before publication. Later life
NICAP's membership plummeted in the late 1960s, and <mask> was blamed by critics within NICAP for the organization's decline.Some NICAP members accused him of incompetent handling of NICAP's finances and personnel, and of being too authoritarian in his leadership style. By July 1969 NICAP was facing bankruptcy, and <mask> was forced to lay off five of NICAP's nine staff members. Additionally, The UFO Investigator, the organization's newsletter, which was edited and published by <mask>, gradually moved from being delivered on a reliable monthly basis in the mid-1960s to an increasingly erratic and unreliable delivery schedule, which angered many NICAP subscribers. In 1969 <mask> turned his focus away from the military and focused on the CIA as the source of the UFO cover

masks:
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Donald Kehoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe


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 up. However, NICAP's Board of Governors, headed by Colonel Joseph Bryan III, investigated NICAP's finances and found that Social Security taxes had been withheld from employee's paychecks, but not reported to the government, and that some NICAP members had not paid their annual dues for years, but were still receiving copies of The UFO Investigator and enjoying full NICAP membership rights. In December 1969, in what was described as a "stormy meeting", the board forced <mask> to retire as NICAP chief. Colonel Bryan became the new director of NICAP.Under Bryan's leadership, NICAP disbanded its local and state affiliate groups, and by 1973 it had been completely closed. In 1973, <mask> wrote his final book about UFOs, Aliens from Space. It promoted "Operation Lure", a plan to entice extraterrestrials to land on Earth, and described the problems <mask> had getting information from government agents. Beyond this book, <mask> had little contact with ufology as he settled into retirement. However, he did speak at several UFO conferences after his ouster from NICAP. In 1981 he joined MUFON's board of directors, but his membership was essentially in name only because of his declining health, and he had little to do with the organization. <mask> died in 1988 at the age of 91, and was buried in Green Hill Cemetery in Luray, Virginia.Several of <mask>'s books are now in the public domain and are available online. Books
 Flying with Lindbergh, 2003 (reprint), Kessinger Publishing,
 The Flying Saucers Are Real (1950), 2006 (reprint), Cosimo Classics,
 Flying Saucers from Outer Space (1953), Henry Holt and Company, NY
 The Flying Saucer Conspiracy, 1955, Henry

masks:
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Keyhoe
Donald Keyhoe
Keyhoe


texts:
 Holt and Company, NY
 Flying Saucers: Top Secret, 1960, G.P. 450–474)
 Michael D. Swords, "UFOs, the Military, and the Early Cold War" (pp. 82–122 in UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge, David M. Jacobs, editor; University Press of Kansas, 2000; ISBN)
H. W. Wilson, Current Biography, 1956, February 1989
Curtis Peebles, Watch the Skies: A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth; New York: Berkley Books, 1995. External links
 <mask>. <mask> Archives

 The Flying Saucers are Real by <mask> (free ebook.) <mask><mask> interviewed by Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview March 8, 1958
<mask> <mask> at Find A Grave

1897 births
1988 deaths
American aviation writers
American UFO writers
UFO conspiracy theorists
Ufologists
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Naval Aviators
American science fiction writers
American fantasy writers
People from Luray, Virginia
People from Ottumwa, Iowa
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
Pulp fiction writers
Novelists from Iowa
Novelists from Virginia
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Aviators from Iowa
American conspiracy theorists
Military personnel from

masks:
Donald E
Keyhoe
Donald Keyhoe
Donald E
. Keyhoe
Donald Edward
Keyhoe


texts:
<mask> (died January 13, 2013) was an American comic book store owner from Rome, Georgia, who is most famous for having been charged with distributing obscene material to a minor in connection with the Free Comic Book Day on Halloween, 2004. The Comic Book Legal Defense Fund was heavily involved in <mask>'s defense. <mask> was previously convicted on another obscenity charge. 1994 obscenity conviction
<mask> was the owner of the comic book store Legends, which was based in Rome, Georgia. <mask> was convicted on February 18, 1993 of "distributing obscene materials" for selling the pornographic comics Final Taboo and Debbie Does Dallas to adult customers. He was fined $1,000 and sentenced to 12 months; both were suspended on payment of $250. <mask> made appeals to the court, but they were denied by the Georgia Court of Appeals and Georgia Supreme Court in 1994.The Comic Book Legal Defense Fund assisted with fees for the trial and the appeal. On September 3, 1993, <mask> filed suit for the return of inventory seized in conjunction with the obscenity case. The comics seizure had occurred on November 1, 1991, the day the police received a complaint about comics that were purchased at Legends. Around 300 books were taken as evidence under a search warrant, but were not returned until July 29, 1994, when the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia issued a ruling ordering the district attorney to return the inventory within ten days. Charged with selling to a minor
<mask> entered the news again after the Halloween 2004 Free Comic Book Day giveaway at a street fair in Rome. <mask>'s shop gave away thousands of free comics on that day, but a copy of Alternative Comics #2 was unintentionally included in the giveaway. Alternative Comics #2 is an anthology containing an excerpt from the story The Salon by Nick Bertozzi.The story portrays

masks:
Gordon Lee
Lee
Lee
Gordon Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee


texts:
 Pablo Picasso's first meeting with the fellow cubist Georges Braque, during which Picasso is depicted as nude in a non-sexual context. (The CBLDF has made statements that the comic is historically accurate in this depiction.) The copy of that comic that was unintentionally given away was handed to a minor, whose parent filed a complaint with the police. Upon learning of the error, <mask> admitted that a mistake was made and offered to make a public apology for the first of many times. That apology was rejected, and days later, <mask> was arrested. The minor in question was originally described as a nine-year-old boy, but various accounts by the District Attorney's office later stated that the comic was given either to the boy's six-year-old brother or to both boys. <mask> later stated "Though I am willing to apologize for this particular art book getting in the hands that found it offensive, I will adamantly agree that the book is not 'harmful to children' or 'obscene.'In my opinion, this book is no more offensive then viewing the beautiful paintings of the Sistine Chapel or reading one of the best selling books with stories of sex, lust and nudity known as the Bible." District Attorney Leigh Patterson charged <mask> with two felony counts and five misdemeanors. The two felony charges were brought under the Distribution of Material Depicting Nudity or Sexual Conduct law, which requires materials containing nudity to be distributed in a labelled envelope. Penalties for violating this law include one to three years in prison and/or fines of up to $10,000 US. The five misdemeanors were presented under the Distribution of Material Harmful to Minors law, which makes it a misdemeanor to supply minors any material containing nudity. CBLDF involvement
<mask> approached Comic Book Legal Defense Fund board member Peter David for help late in January

masks: Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee


texts:
 2005. The CBLDF Board of Directors voted unanimously to financially support <mask>'s defense, putting a defense team in place within days.In May 2005, the CBLDF submitted four motions to dismiss the counts <mask> faced, challenging the constitutionality of both laws. A hearing on those motions was held on December 1, 2005, during which all charges under the Distribution of Material Depicting Nudity or Sexual Conduct law were dropped. Two of the remaining misdemeanor charges were dropped as well, and the three remaining charges were consolidated into only two. The remaining charges were for "distributing a book, pamphlet, magazine, and printed matter containing pictures, drawings and visual representation and images of a person a portion of the human body which depict sexually explicit nudity, sexual conduct, and sadomasochistic abuse and which is harmful to minors;" and for knowingly furnishing and disseminating to a minor materials "containing explicit and detailed verbal descriptions and narrative accounts of sexual excitement, sexual conduct, and sadomasochistic abuse and which taken as a whole is harmful to minors." The Fund maintained  that the material did not meet the criteria as charged. Delays in the trial
By November 2007, the CBLDF had spent over $80,000 on <mask>'s defense after taking the case in early 2005, and estimated costs reaching six figures by the end of the trial. The case has been ready for trial three times, but has been delayed each time.Re-filing of charges
On April 2, 2006, 18 hours before <mask>'s jury trial, the District Attorney's team informed the defense team that all charges were being dropped against <mask> based on a mistake: The recipient of the comic was not the nine-year-old originally referenced in the charges; it was his six-year-old brother. The same charges were immediately re-filed, but with the child


texts:
 listed. The defense team expressed shock at this statement, which meant the case (and defense preparations for it) had been proceeding for 18 months under faulty charges. Also, the prosecutor's admission meant that false testimony had been presented under oath at the pre-trial hearing. Lead counsel Alan Begner protested "How did a year and a half of statements based on one set of facts get changed at the last minute to another set of facts?" New arraignment and additional delays
On May 19, 2006, a new arraignment was held, again charging the same two misdemeanors; this time both the six-year-old and nine-year-old boys were cited as victims. The CBLDF filed several procedural motions and motions to dismiss on May 30.The motions included allegations of prosecutorial misconduct in connection with what were now characterized as false allegations, as well as allegations of the District Attorney's office allowing untruthful testimony to be presented under oath, causing <mask> and his defense counsel to incur unnecessary expense by requiring a change in trial date on too-short notice. Patterson said that her office had "been honest and above board throughout this case. We forwarded new information to the defense as quickly as we got it." On June 2, 2006, prosecutors filed yet another new indictment, modifying the second misdemeanor charge. This marked the third time <mask> had been formally charged for this one incident. Although new indictments were issued, the first two sets of charges were never formally dropped. The CBLDF team again filed motions, this time in response to all three sets of accusations, but they were all dismissed, including those alleging prosecutorial misconduct.The trial was postponed again on August 15, 2007, due to the illness of presiding Judge Larry Salmon. Mistrial
Opening statements in the new trial began on November 5,

masks: Lee Lee


texts:
 2007, but quickly resulted in a mistrial. Prior to the opening statements, the defense requested that the judge bar prosecutors from commenting on <mask>'s previous conviction in 1994. However, the prosecution noted in opening statements that <mask> told deputies during the 2004 incident he had "been through this before and beat it". The district attorney's office planned to bring the case back to Floyd Superior Court the following year. At this point, the CBLDF had spent over $80,000 on <mask>'s defense. Case dismissed
On Friday, 18 April 2008, it was announced in author Neil Gaiman's blog that the case had been dismissed.Effects of the case
The charges against <mask> have unnerved many shop owners who are concerned about distributing materials that could result in similar charges. One store owner in Georgia stated that "We are a smaller community, very similar to the community that <mask> is in. We will special order [controversial comic Lost Girls] for anybody, but we will not have it out on display." Later life and death
<mask> entered the news for unrelated reasons when he chased two women who have since been charged with stealing two puzzles based on the movie The Nightmare Before Christmas from his store. In an attempt to stop the women, <mask> jumped on the hood of their car, and was thrown off, unhurt, after riding on the hood for a block. The women were later charged with shoplifting, and the driver was charged with aggravated assault. <mask> died on the afternoon of January 13, 2013, from complications stemming from a series of strokes.He was 54 years old. References

External links
 <mask>'s MySpace page. The home page for Legends, <mask>'s comic store. 1958 births
2013 deaths
American bloggers
American victims of crime
Comics people
People from Rome, Georgia
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
20th-century American

masks:
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Gordon
Lee
Lee
Lee
Gordon Lee
Lee


texts:
<mask> (born 1957 in California) is an architect of operating systems and computer languages. He brought multitasking to personal computers in 1985 with the creation of the Amiga Computer operating system kernel, and he is the designer of the REBOL computer language, REBOL/IOS collaboration environment, the Safeworlds AltME private messaging system, and other products. <mask> is currently a Principal Engineer at Roku, Inc.

Background
<mask> was born in 1957 to Charles and <mask> in California. His father was a chemical engineer involved in research and development related to petroleum refining, paper production, and air pollution control systems. In the late 1960s his family relocated from the San Francisco Bay Area to the small town of Eureka, California. From his early childhood Sassenrath was actively involved in electronics, amateur radio, photography, and filmmaking. When he was 13, Sassenrath began working for KEET a PBS public broadcasting television station.A year later he became a cameraman for KVIQ (American Broadcasting Company affiliate then) and worked his way up to being technical director and director for news, commercials, and local programming. In 1980 Sassenrath graduated from the University of California, Davis with a B.S. in EECS (electrical engineering and computer science). During his studies he became interested in operating systems, parallel processing, programming languages, and neurophysiology. He was a teaching assistant for graduate computer language courses and a research assistant in neuroscience and behavioral biology. His uncle, Dr. <mask>, headed the educational psychology department at UC Davis, and his aunt, Dr. <mask>, was one of the original researchers of THC at the California National Primate Research Center. Career

Hewlett-Packard

During his final year at the university,

masks:
Carl Sassenrath
Carl
Carl Sassenrath
Carolyn Sassenrath
Julius Sassenrath
Ethel Sassenrath