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<mask> (15 November 1918 – 12 May 1995) was an Argentine football player and coach. Nicknamed "El Maestro" ("The Teacher"), he was widely considered to be one of the best world football players in the 1940s and one of the greatest Argentine players of all time. Pedernera was the natural conductor of both the famous River Plate team known as La Máquina ("The Machine"), with whom he won several Argentine and South American titles, and the Millonarios team called Ballet Azul ("Blue Ballet") that won the Small Club World Cup in 1953 among many others Colombian titles. Playing for the Argentine national team, <mask> won the Copa América in 1941 and 1946, being named the Best Player of the latter. He also was elected the 12th-best South American footballer of the 20th century in a poll by the IFFHS in 2000, and his name appears in the list of the 100 greatest all time footballers selected from the magazine FourFourTwo in 2017, in which he holds the 58th place. <mask> usually played as an inside forward and was renowned for his technique and ability to create chances for other players, whilst also being a prominent goalscorer. Early career

As an adolescent, Pedernera displayed talent for football.The first club he joined was Cruceros de la Plata, but he soon joined the professional Club Atlético Huracán. In 1933, he joined the Club Atlético River Plate. In 1935, at the age of 16, he debuted with this club. During his time at River Plate he was part of five Primera División winning squads in 1936, 1937, 1941, 1942 and 1945. With the Argentina national team he won the Copa America 1941 and 1946. The Second World War kept Pedernera away from the game as he could not participate in a World Cup, but afterwards, his

masks:
Adolfo Alfredo Pedernera
Pedernera
Pedernera


type: original

texts: career continued to progress. Still with the Club Atlético River Plate, he played with the likes of Ángel Labruna, José Manuel Moreno, Félix Loustau, and Juan Carlos Muñoz.He also collaborated with Hugo Reyes, Antonio El Maestrico Báez, Néstor Rossi, and Alfredo Di Stéfano who he would later be teammates with them for CD Los Millonarios in Colombia, but first, in 1947, he was offered a million pesos to play for Atlanta of Buenos Aires. <mask>'s time with Atlanta was short. After the club was relegated for the first time, he returned in 1948 to Huracán where he started his career. However, Carlos Aldabe, the trainer of Millonarios, visited Pedernera in Buenos Aires and convinced him to come to Bogotá, Colombia. There, <mask>a settled in the north of Bogotá after being received into the club.On 11 June 1949, he attended his first game with the Millonarios, in which they defeated the Club Atlético Municipal (now the Atlético Nacional) with a score of 6–0. On 25 June, Pedernera played for the first time with the club, helping them defeat the Club Deportes Caldas with a score of 3–0. The press of Bogotá received Pedernera well and commented the next day that "El Maestro" ("The Teacher") was "a phenomenon, an artist, a master of passing, and a show of intelligence. After the debut of El Maestro, everything is possible." Along with Alfredo Di Stéfano and Nestor Rossi, <mask> helped the Millonarios to their Colombian championship title in 1949. According to Di Stéfano, the team played with the "5 and dance" strategy, in which they would try to not humiliate their opponents by scoring when they were leading by five goals. This strategy was employed in nine consecutive victories.In championship play, <mask> scored

masks: Pedernera Pederneraederner Pedernera Pedernera


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 the two decisive goals in the championship deciding play-off matches against Deportivo Cali in 1949. After Carlos Aldabe retired as coach from Millonarios <mask> took over as player-manager and was in this position instrumental in winning the three consecutive championships from 1951 to 1953 and the Copa Colombia of 1953. In this era the Millonarios defeated such other strong teams at the time as Argentina's Huracán, Bolivia's Bolívar, Austria's Rapid Wien, and even his old team, Argentina's River Plate, which had won Primera División championships in 1952 and 1953. In March 1952, when <mask> was 33 years old, he was part of the  Millonarios tour of Europe. On this trip, they achieved an outstanding win over Real Madrid 4–2 at Chamartín Stadium. The Spanish club asked for a rematch, playing two games else that were also won by Millonarios. <mask> also led his team to victory in the Small Club World Cup ("Pequeña Copa del Mundo", an international club tournament held in Venezuela) in 1953.He, along with Don Alfonso and Mauro Mórtola, were placed on a list of noted Millonarios players. The team credits him with establishing their mark on Colombia football. In 1954, the Lima Pact forced all "illegal" players to return to their clubs of origin, so <mask> returned briefly to Huracán. Coaching career
In later years Pedernera also coached Nacional in Uruguay, Gimnasia y Esgrima (LP), Huracán, Independiente, Boca Juniors, América de Cali and River Plate

Pedernera also coached Colombia and Argentina national teams. He is remembered in Colombia for helping the national team qualify for its first FIFA World Cup, the 1962 edition in Chile, where Colombia had a good participation. On the other hand, under his

masks: Pedernera Pedernera Pedernera Pedernera


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 coaching Argentina failed to qualify to the 1970 World Cup when the team tied 2–2 with Peru in La Bombonera. This was the first time that Argentina failed to qualify to a World Cup tournament.Later years

In 1993, he published his autobiography named "El fútbol que viví ... y que yo siento" (the football I lived ... and I feel), assisted by journalist Alejandro Yebra. In 1994, <mask> was reunited for the last time with his lifelong friends Alfredo Di Stéfano and Pipo Rossi at the Feria Internacional del Libro in Bogotá. Pedernera died the next year. Honours

Player
 Copa América: 1941, 1946
 Primera División Argentina: 1936, 1937, 1941, 1942, 1945
 Categoría Primera A: 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953
 Copa Colombia: 1953
 Copa América Best Player: 1946

References

External links

1918 births
1995 deaths
Sportspeople from Avellaneda
Argentine people of Italian descent
Argentine footballers
Argentina international footballers
Argentine expatriate footballers
Club Atlético Huracán footballers
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Club Atlético Atlanta footballers
Millonarios F.C. players
Argentine Primera División players
Categoría Primera A players
Expatriate footballers in Colombia
América de Cali managers
Argentine football managers
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata managers
Club Atlético Huracán managers
Club Atlético Independiente managers
Boca Juniors managers
Club Atlético River Plate managers
Club Atlético Banfield managers
All Boys managers
Club Nacional de Football managers
Argentina national football team managers
Colombia national football team managers
1962 FIFA World Cup managers
San Lorenzo de Almagro managers
Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery
Copa América-winning players
Association football


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<mask> (Serbian-Cyrillic: Владан Матијевић; born 16 November 1962 in Čačak, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian  writer and poet. Life and Work
<mask>vić worked for eighteen years as an engineer in a chemical base factory after completing his university education. Since 2005, he has been working as directing editor of the publications of the Nadežda Petrović Gallery in his native town, where he still lives in a suburb today. He said in an interview with the Austrian newspaper Der Standard about himself that he tries to write as little as possible. Nevertheless, he has already created a considerable and well-respected literary work, which has been discussed in more than fifty reviews and essays of Serbian literary journals. Many of his much sold novels have been published for several times in Serbia, his internationally most successful novel Moments of Joy has been published in French (four editions in 2007, 2008 and 2009), Spanish (2008), German (2009), Italian (2014), Russian and Macedonian (2015) translation. In 2009, he took part in the event New Literature from Serbia by the Austrian literary society Podium and read from the original Serbian version of his novel Moments of Joy on the small stage of the Viennese coffee house Prückel.The sequence presented by him was subsequently read by an actress in German translation. In 2011, a collection of four short stories has been published as a multilingual edition in Albanian, Hungarian, Bulgarian and Romanian. In the same year, he was an invited participant of the Salon international du livre de Québec, the Leipzig Book Fair and the multinational event of the so-called cultural program Literature in Flux,

masks:
Vladan Matijević
Vladan Matije


texts:
 organized by the HALMA Network in collaboration with the International Canetti Society. There were  readings on board of various ships in the harbors of some European cities along the Danube, he read in Ruse, Cetate, Belgrade, Novi Sad and Budapest. The artist was a Serbian representative at the European Literature Nights 2013 in Paris. In 2014, an English edition of his novel Very Little Light has been published by Geopoetika publishing in Belgrade. Matijević is multiple laureate of some major literary awards of Serbia and he is considered one of the most important contemporary authors in his country.In 2016, the writer Aleksandar Gatalica had a half-hour conversation with him in a broadcast of the program series Literary Dialogue (Književni dijalog), which has been recorded for RTS. He was participant of the Beijing International Book Fair 2017. In June 2018, he was invited by the Andrić Institute to Andrićgrad, where he talked about his work in a public discussion and answered questions from the audience. In an interview with Gloria magazine, the writer was supposed to answer each letter associatively with an aphorism. Here are some samples that give his profound seriousness or fine sense of humor in a concise manner:
„B like Belgrade: A city where I have experienced many delightful moments.“
„E like European Union: We have been taking big steps for decades, and we have not come closer for a millimeter. Maybe it is a Serbian Fata Morgana.“
„G like Gandhi: prevailed without violence against the Empire and liberated the country. A fact that sounds like a myth.“
„H like Harem: after the liberation from the Ottoman Turks, some of our Vojvodes tried


texts:
 to preserve this wonderful oriental institution but were destroyed by European influence and premature Serbian emancipation.“
„P like Process: the best prose work of the Twentieth century.“
„V like Vatre: the first masterpiece of Marguerite Yourcenar.She wrote it to overcome her unhappy love.“

Finally, the author of many profound stories about people and our time shall be cited again:

„Since the second half of the 20th century, there are graduate marketing professionals in all areas of life. Advertising has become the greatest need of each person, it does not know any toothpaste to use, nor any food to eat, nor in what bed it wants to sleep until it is explained to the person by an advertising expert. I notice that today it is especially important that  is something inexpensive. And that's why everything became cheap. Such are our lives as well. Soon they will also go on sale. With the emergence of the internet, the phenomenon of advertising has reached its peak.“

Bibliography (selection)
Ne remeteći rasulo (Don't Disturb the Chaos), poetry, Dom omladine, Zaječar 1991.Van kontrole (Out of Control), novel, Dečje novine, Gornji Milanovac 1995. R. C. neminovno (R. C. Unavoidably), novel, Rad, Belgrade 1997, . Samosvođenje (Self-reduction), poetry, Multigraf, Čačak 1999. Prilično mrtvi (Pretty Dead), short stories, Narodna knjiga–Alfa, Belgrade 2000. Pisac izdaleka (Writer from Afar), novel, Narodna knjiga–Alfa, Belgrade 2003, . Časovi radosti (Moments of Joy), novel, Narodna knjiga–Alfa, Belgrade 2006, . Žilavi komadi (Tough Plays), dramas, Gradac K, Čačak 2009, .Vrlo malo svetlosti (Very Little Light), novel, Agora, Zrenjanin 2010, . Memoari,


texts:
 amnezije : eseji, besede, beleške (Memoirs, Amnesias: Essays, Words, Notes), Službeni glasnik, Belgrade 2012, . Pristaništa (Ports), short stories, Agora, Zrenjanin 2014, . Susret pod neobičnim okolnostima (Meeting Under Unusual Circumstances), novel, Laguna, Belgrade 2016, . Sloboda govora (Freedom Of Speech), novel, Laguna, Belgrade 2020, . English editions
Very Little Light, Geopoetika Publishing, Belgrade 2014, . The Quite Dead, Kontrast, Belgrade 2020, .French editions
Les aventures de Minette Accentiévitch (Moments of Joy), Les Allusifs, Montreal 2007 and 2009, . Les aventures de Minette Accentiévitch, Éditions Points, Paris 2008 and 2009, . Le baisespoir du jeune Arnold (Out of Control), Les Allusifs, Montreal 2009, . Un rien de lumière (Very Little Light), Les Éditions Noir Sur Blanc, Paris and Lausanne 2019, . Awards
 Milutin Uskoković Award 1999 for the short story Proleće Filipa Kukavice
 Andrić Award 2000 for Prilično mrtvi. NIN Award 2003 for Pisac izdaleka. Awards Zlatni Hit liber (Golden Hit liber) and Zlatni bestseler (Golden bestseller) 2004 for Pisac izdaleka
 Meša Selimović Award 2010 for Vrlo malo svetlosti
 Borisav Stanković Award 2010 for Vrlo malo svetlosti
 Isidora Sekulić Award 2010 for Vrlo malo svetlosti
 Awards Kočićevo pero and Kočićeva knjiga 2012 for Memoari, amnezije : eseji, besede, beleške
 Stevan Sremac Award and Danko Popović Award 2014 for Pristaništa
 Ramonda Serbika Award 2019 of Književna kolonija „Sićevo“for his entire contribution to Serbian literature

References

1962 births
Living people
Writers from Čačak
Serbian novelists
Serbian male poets
Serbian male short story writers
Serbian dramatists and


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<mask> "Sasha" <mask> (, , , ) (born December 23, 1987) is an Israeli retired ice dancer. With her brother <mask>, she is the 2009 Skate America bronze medalist, 2009 Golden Spin of Zagreb champion, a three-time Nebelhorn Trophy medalist, and a three-time Israeli national champion. They finished as high as sixth at the World Championships and competed twice at the Winter Olympics, finishing tenth in 2010. Personal life
<mask> was born on December 23, 1987, in Minsk, Belarus SSR, Soviet Union. The <mask> family was Jewish and made aliyah, settling in Metula, Israel, in 1990. <mask> trained in rhythmic gymnastics as a young child before choosing skating. She speaks fluent Hebrew, Russian, and English.Her sons, Dennis and Adam, were born in Indiana, United States. Career

Early years
<mask> began skating in Metula at the age of 6. She originally competed as a single skater, winning age group medals. When older brother Roman wanted to switch to ice dancing, his sister was the only girl at the rink he could partner, so their parents put them together. She was seven and he was 11 when they switched to ice dancing. They were coached by their mother until 2001, when they relocated for training to the United States. The siblings debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in October 2001, placing 11th in The Hague, Netherlands.They placed 19th at the 2002 World Junior Championships in Hamar, Norway. 2002–2003 season
In September 2002, the Zaretskys became the first Israeli figure skaters to medal on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series, taking bronze in Belgrade, Serbia. After winning another bronze, at a JGP event in Chemnitz, Germany, they were

masks:
Alexandra
Zaretsky
Roman Zaretsky
Alexandra Zaretsky
Zaretsky
Alexandra
Alexandra Zaretsky


texts:
 named the first alternates for a spot at the JGP Final. In January 2003, the siblings became the first Israelis to medal at the European Youth Olympic Festival. They went on to finish eighth at the 2003 World Junior Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic. They were coached by Irina Romanova and Igor Yaroshenko in Wilmington, Delaware. 2003–2004 season
Competing in their third JGP season, the Zaretskys won silver in Mexico City, Mexico, and then gold in Gdańsk, Poland.They qualified for the first time to the JGP Final, where they would finish sixth. They placed ninth at the 2004 World Junior Championships in The Hague, Netherlands. 2004–2005 season
In their final JGP season, the Zaretskys took bronze in Chemnitz, Germany, and then silver in Miercurea Ciuc, Romania. In December, they placed eighth at the JGP Final in Helsinki, Finland. They decided to change coaches, switching to Evgeni Platov in January 2005. In March, they competed at the 2005 World Junior Championships in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. Ranked third in the compulsory dance, fourth in the original dance, and fifth in the free dance, they finished fourth overall.2005–2006 season
The Zaretskys debuted on the senior Grand Prix series, placing 9th at both of their assignments. They were required to finish at least 15th at the 2006 European Championships in order to be sent to the Olympics as Israel's second team. They accomplished this and were sent to Torino, where they placed 22nd. 2006–2007 season
In the summer of 2006, the Zaretskys briefly trained in Moscow because Platov was taking part in a skating reality show and then returned to the U.S. with Platov. Following Galit


texts:
 Chait / Sergei Sakhnovski's retirement at the end of the previous season, the siblings became the top Israeli ice dancing team. They won the bronze medal at the 2006 Nebelhorn Trophy, a senior "B" international, and finished just off the podium at the 2006 Cup of China. They finished 11th at the 2007 Europeans and 14th at the 2007 World Championships.They were coached by Platov in Little Falls, New Jersey until the end of the season. 2007–2008 season
They Zaretskys began their season with a new coaching team, having joined Galit Chait and Nikolai Morozov in Hackensack, New Jersey. They competed at two Grand Prix events, 2007 Skate America and 2007 Cup of China, repeating their 4th-place finish in China. They finished 8th at the 2008 Europeans and 9th at the 2008 World Championships, setting a new personal best score. 2008–2009 season
In October 2008, the Zaretskys and their coach Galit Chait filed a lawsuit against the Ice House training rink in Hackensack, New Jersey, alleging that rink officials discriminated against them on the basis of their Israeli nationality by denying them prime training time and threatening to ban them from the rink. The siblings had an up and down season, winning their first international event, the 2009 Winter Universiade, but placing lower at both the 2009 Europeans and 2009 World Championships than they had the previous year. 2009–2010 season

The Zaretskys rebounded in their final competitive season.After a 5th-place finish at the 2009 Cup of China, the siblings won their first Grand Prix medal – bronze at the 2009 Skate America after placing fourth in the compulsory dance, third in the original dance, and


texts:
 second in the free dance. They were named third alternates for the Grand Prix Final. The Zaretskys won their next event, the 2009 Golden Spin of Zagreb, and skated to 7th place at the 2010 European Championships, their career-best result at that event. Based on their top-ten finish at the Europeans, the Zaretskys met their national criterion for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. There, in February 2010 they performed to music from Schindler's List in the free dance, having chosen the music in part to honor 27 family members who died in Minsk during the Holocaust. They finished tenth, setting new personal best scores in the free dance and overall. They went on to finish 6th at 2010 Worlds, again setting personal bests in the free dance and overall.The Zaretskys announced their retirement from competitive skating on June 20, 2010, citing a lack of support from their federation as the reason. Post-competitive career
The Zaretskys later performed in various ice shows, including Shall We Dance on Ice, and coached together for several years in Houston, Texas. In 2017, <mask> relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina. Programs

Competitive highlights

GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

with Roman Zaretsky

See also
List of select Jewish figure skaters

References

External links

1987 births
Sportspeople from Minsk
Israeli female ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters of Israel
Universiade medalists in figure skating
People from Metula
Belarusian emigrants to Israel
Living people
Universiade gold medalists for Israel
Competitors at the 2009 Winter


texts:
<mask> (28 November 1886 – 16 February 1964) was a Berlin city politician and parliamentarian. He was a founder member of the Communist Party, but was among those excluded from it in 1931 after openly opposing the leadership's adoption of Stalin's "social fascism" doctrine. After the war he returned to the Social Democratic Party with which he had broken over its support for the war back in 1917. He remained active in city politics well into his 70s, by which time he had become known to Berliners as "Papa Raddatz". Life

Provenance and early years
<mask> was born into a Protestant family in Konikow (as the village of Konikowo was known at that time) in the coastal county of Köslin, roughly halfway between Stettin and Danzig. He completed an apprenticeship as a skilled metal worker and, while still relatively young, came to Berlin. He joined the trades union in 1907 and in 1910 became a member of the Social Democratic Party ("Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands" / SPD).War and opposition to it
<mask> participated in the First World War, serving as a soldier between 1916 and 1918. The decision by the  SPD leadership to support war funding in a Reichstag (German parliament) vote in 1914 had been controversial with party members from the outset and set a pattern which persisted through the four years of the war. As the slaughter of war increased and austerity on the home front intensified anti-war sentiment in Germany grew ever  stronger, especially on the political left. In 1917 the SPD split over the issue. <mask> was one of those who moved across to the breakaway Independent Social Democratic Party ("Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands" / USPD). It was as a USPD member that he took work as a local government official in the city district of

masks:
Erich Raddatz
Erich Raddatz
Raddatz
Erich Raddatz


texts:
 Berlin-Neukölln, subsequently promoted to the position of "welfare inspector" ("Stadtinspektor im Fürsorgewesen"). Communist party official
In the revolutionary turmoil of 1918/1919 the USPD in its turn broke apart, with a majority of members drawing inspiration from Russia's at this stage widely celebrated October Revolution and joining Germany's own recently launched Communist Party.In 1920 <mask> switched his own party allegiance, serving as a Communist member of the local council for Neukölln between 1920 and 1925. He continued to sit on the Neukölln  council between 1926 and 1930, but now in an unpaid capacity. Between 1928 and 1932 he also served as a member of the "Magistrat" which under the terms of the 1920 "Greater Berlin Law" was a municipal executive body with (limited) powers and responsibilities covering the entire city. Prussian parliament
In 1928 Wilhelm Pieck, already a leading figure in the Communist Party, gave up his seat in the Prussian parliament ("Landtag"), having been elected to the German parliament ("Reichstag") in May's general election. In June 1928 <mask> was selected to take over the Landtag seat vacated by his party comrade, representing a Potsdam electoral district ("Wahlkreis 3"). In the course party ructions during 1930/31 <mask> was excluded from the party. He nevertheless continued to sit as a member of the Landtag till the 1932 state election.Group of 60
The 1929 Wall Street crash heralded an economic depression which hit the German economy badly. As unemployment surged, politics became ever more polarised. Within the Communist Party, opinions were sharply divided between those who saw the populist National Socialist party under Adolf Hitler as the principal political danger to the party and the country, and those -

masks:
Erich Raddatz
Raddatz
Raddatz


texts: taking their lead from Moscow - who insisted that the greater danger came from the centre-left Social Democratic Party, because it represented a more potent roadblock along the route to the dictatorship of the proletariat. The party leader, Ernst Thälmann, and those comrades with whom he had surrounded himself in positions of leadership in the party central committee since 1925, were unwavering in their view that the greater danger lay in attempting to reach any sort of accommodation with the Social Democrats. After 1933 commentators would increasingly express the view that Thälmann had badly underestimated the seductive populist skills of Adolf Hitler. Three years before that, on 28 February 1930, a group of 60 Berlin party activists and officials addressed an open letter to Thälmann in which they criticised  the leadership's favoured "social fascism" doctrine. The "Group of 60" were immediately excluded from the party, becoming in effect a group of 60 independent Berlin communists.The Berlin city councillor Hermann Letz and <mask> found themselves the de facto co-leaders of the group. They lost no time in issuing their own newsletter. It quickly became apparent, however, that there could be no political future for a group of 60 party activists independent of a resolutely extremist Communist Party, and with no alternative political home. On 26 February 1931 the SPD party newspaper, Vorwärts, reported that "30 former communists [including <mask>] are joining the Social Democratic Party". <mask> now devoted his considerable political energies to canvassing trades unionist comrades still in the Communist Party, urging them to switch away from the ever more inflexible party which, in the eyes of many, was by this time taking all its orders from Moscow. 12 years under

masks:
Erich Raddatz
Erich Raddatz
Raddatz


texts:
 Hitler
Regime change arrived in January 1933 and was followed by a rapid transformation of Germany into a one-party dictatorship. Political involvement as a Communist or Social Democrat was outlawed.The security services were particularly unstinting in their surveillance of those with any record of involvement with the now illegal Communist Party. Raddetz lost his job with the Berlin city council and fell back on his factory training and skills, working as a clerk in a metals processing factory in Berlin-Lichtenberg, and promoted later to a job as a foreman-supervisor. There is no mention in sources of any political activity or engagement by <mask> during the twelve Hitler years. New beginnings
War ended in May 1945, and with it the one-party Hitler dictatorship. <mask> re-joined the re-emerging SPD in June 1945 and was appointed to lead the social affairs department for Berlin-Neukölln. The western two thirds of Germany were now divided into four military zones of occupation. For Berlin, set in the middle of the Soviet occupation zone, separate arrangements had been agreed between the allied leaders, although many practical decisions over how the city would be administered had been left ambiguous, reflecting the inability of the so-called "Big Three" to agree the details between themselves.Berlin was divided into four sectors, each under the military administration of one or other of the victorious powers. Neukölln was in the American zone, and in November 1945 the American military administration confirmed <mask> in his post as "Bezirksstadtrat" (loosely, "District city councillor") for social affairs. He would continue to hold the job through a succession of political reconfigurations, till his retirement in January 1959. A "new" party
In April 1946 a


texts: contentious merger took place between the Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party. It is possible that the architects of the merger intended or hoped that it would take effect in all four occupation zones. In the event it only ever took effect, with full backing from the military administration, in Germany's Soviet occupation zone. Berlin, as in so much else during this period, was an exception in various ways.In the longer term the party merger would only endure in the eastern sector of the city, which was contiguous with, and to the extent possible administered after 1945 as part of, the Soviet zone. Justification for the merger came from a widespread consciousness that the divisions on the political left during the early 1930s had opened the way for National Socialism to triumph in 1933. The product of the merger was the Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" / SED) which, if only within the Soviet zone, rapidly became the ruling party in a new kind of German one-party dictatorship, closely modelled on the Leninist structure devised for the Soviet Union. Across the Soviet zone hundreds of thousands of Communists and a large number of Social Democrats rushed to sign their party memberships across to the SED. In Berlin's three western sectors enthusiasm for the party merger among Social Democrats was more muted. Many, even in 1946, suspected that the SED might somehow become a vehicle for Soviet imperialist ambitions. But among those who had campaigned most strongly during the early 1930s - in the teeth of opposition emanating from the Soviet Union - for closer collaboration between Communists and Social Democrats there were, even in the American, British and French sectors of Berlin, those who swallowed their doubts and


texts:
 signed their political allegiance across from the SPD to the new party.<mask> was one of these. By 20 October 1946 his name was included on the list of SED candidates in local council elections for Neukölln. He succeeded in being elected, and retained his post as "Bezirksstadtrat", no longer simply through nomination, but now endorsed in the election. In the immediate postwar period it was possible to believe that the division of Germany into four separately administered zones might be a relatively short term expedient. After 1948 it became harder to believe in German reunification as a practical proposition. The events leading up to the 1948 Berlin Blockade made it clear that reunification on Soviet terms could never be acceptable to the United States and reunification on western terms could never be acceptable to the Soviet Union. Through the 1950s cold war tensions grew, leaving Germany with one of the most technically sophisticated and deadly borders in the world, not on its outer edge, but down its middle.In August 1948 <mask> left the SED and returned, again, to the  Social Democratic Party. Over the next few years he found himself singled out for media criticism from East German media, but his popularity in his West Berlin home base seems not to have suffered from his record of sometimes choosing the "wrong" party. By the time of his retirement from his council duties in 1959 he was becoming known by the affectionate soubriquet "Papa Raddatz", or even "Opa {Grandpa} Raddatz". Along with his social affairs portfolio as "Bezirksstadtrat", between 1955 and 1959 he also served as deputy mayor of Neukölln. Final years
<mask> lived on another five years after his retirement, during which time he served as a "hands-on" regional vice president for the Berlin AWO


texts:
 ("Workers' Welfare") association. Following a serious operation, he died in West Berlin on 16 February 1964. References

People from Berlin
1886 births
1964 deaths
Members of the Landtag of Prussia
Members of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Independent Social Democratic Party politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Social Democratic Party in the GDR politicians
Socialist Unity Party of Germany


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<mask> is an English television producer and director, notably for Britain's Channel 4. He has produced, directed and executive-produced programmes covering the arts, science, history, entertainment, features and social documentaries. He is a libertarian, but was formerly connected to the now defunct Revolutionary Communist Party, and a number of his documentaries have caused controversies, including those critical of state spending  and environmentalism. He has been described as "the scourge of the greens" and "one of the environmentalists' favourite hate figures". Documentaries

Against Nature
In 1997, Channel 4 broadcast <mask>'s documentary series Against Nature, which attacked the environmental movement as being a threat to personal freedom and for crippling economic development. The UK's then broadcasting regulator the Independent Television Commission received 151 complaints from viewers and interviewees featured in the programme with four complaints upheld. In its report on the series, the ITC rejected 147 complaints that mainly were concerned with fairness and misrepresentation, stating that "the programmes' line that green ideologies were, at least in some respects, open to criticism on both scientific and humanitarian grounds, was a legitimate approach".It stated that environmentalists had been permitted a fair chance to air their side of the story in the televised debates that followed the broadcast. The ITC stated that four complaints were upheld because: "the programmes breached the Programme Code in respect of the failure to make the four interviewees adequately aware of the nature of the programmes, and the way their contributions were edited." For these reasons, Channel 4 later issued a public apology on prime time television. According to The Independent, Durkin "accepts the charge of misleading contributors, but describes the verdict of distortion as 'complete tosh'". Equinox

Durkin produced 2 documentaries for Channel 4's science strand Equinox. In 1998 he produced "Storm in a D-Cup", which argued that the medical dangers of

masks:
Martin Richard Durkin
Durkin


texts:
 silicone breast implants had been exaggerated for political reasons and highlighting evidence that implants may even carry medical benefits. In 2000 he produced The Rise and Fall of GM defending the science of genetic modification.The 1998 documentary on breast implants was originally developed for the BBC but was eventually produced for Channel 4 after the BBC declined to commission it; the BBC's in-house researcher concluded that <mask> had ignored evidence contradicting his claims in the programme. Environmental activist and writer George Monbiot wrote "Neither <mask> nor, extraordinarily, Charles Furneaux, the commissioning editor of the science series Equinox, has a science background. They don't need one, for science on Channel 4 has been reduced to a crude manifesto for corporate libertarianism." The film later won awards from the British Medical Association and the American Society for Plastic Surgeons. The Rise and Fall of GM
This documentary, which argues in favour of genetic modification, was broadcast on Channel 4 on 20 March 2000, also met with complaints. Environmentalist activists organised a campaign in an effort to discredit the film. A joint letter signed by a number of scientists from the Third World  was issued in protest of <mask>'s claims in this documentary.Mae-Wan Ho, a scientist featured on the programme, later said of her participation in the programme: "I feel completely betrayed and misled. They did not tell me it was going to be an attack on my position." However, although broadcasting regulator Ofcom received 17 complaints about the programme none was upheld; Ofcom concluded that 'although the programme set out to be a critical analysis of the case against GM, it nevertheless gave opportunity for a number of anti-GM speakers to explain their views clearly and fairly.' Ofcom review of complaints against <mask>, ofcom.org.uk; accessed 20 December 2015. The Great Global Warming Swindle

The Great Global Warming Swindle was a 2007 documentary film promoting climate change denial that premiered on Channel 4 in the United

masks:
Durkin
Martin Durkin
Durkin
Martin Durkin


texts: Kingdom on March 8, 2007 and was subsequently criticised heavily by scientists. The film features scientists and others who oppose the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by human activity. The second part of the programme examines the conditions under which one of the current theories was developed.It alleges political pressures on those who do reject anthropogenic causes of global warming, speculates on reasons for the wide adoption of this consensus and on factors leading to its original development. The film also interviews deniers who view environmental policies as holding back developing nations from industrialising. The film has drawn widespread complaints  from some in the scientific community, citing numerous errors and misleading claims. Carl Wunsch who appeared on the programme has since repudiated the film, and described it "as close to propaganda as anything since World War II". <mask> responded that Wunsch had been told very explicitly the nature of the programme and now appeared to be back-tracking. The film was praised by opponents of the scientific consensus on global warming, including Andrew Bolt, Dominic Lawson and Steven Milloy, and <mask>'s work has been defended in an interview in Spiked. It later emerged that <mask> had fallen out with geneticist Armand Leroi (with whom <mask> had previously refused to work), after Leroi questioned the accuracy of the data used in the film in an email to <mask>.Leroi copied the e-mail to various colleagues including Guardian journalist and Bad Science columnist Ben Goldacre and science writer and mathematics expert Simon Singh. <mask> replied to Leroi copying in the others with the single sentence: "You're a big daft cock." Singh then sent an email to <mask> that said: "I have not paid the same attention to your programme as Armand has done, but from what I did see it is an irresponsible piece of film-making. If you can send me a copy of the programme then I will examine it in more detail and give you a more considered response...it would be great if you could engage in the

masks: Durkin Durkin Durkin Durkin Durkin Durkin Durkin


texts:
 debate rather just resorting to one line replies." <mask> responded by claiming that global warming had stopped, and concluded with, "Never mind a bit of irresponsible film-making. Go and fuck yourself." <mask> later apologised for his language, saying that he had sent the e-mails when tired and had just finished making the programme, and that he was "eager to have all the science properly debated with scientists qualified in the right areas."The film was awarded the Best Documentary trophy at the Io Isabella film festival and was shortlisted for the Best Documentary prize in the British television industry's 2008 Broadcast Awards. An official judgement issued on 21 July 2008 by the British media regulator Ofcom found that the programme "did not fulfill obligations to be impartial and to reflect a range of views on controversial issues". It upheld complaints by Sir David King that his views had been misrepresented, and Carl Wunsch, on the points that he had been misled as to its intent, and that the impression had been given that he agreed with the programme's position on climate change. However, the regulator said that because "the link between human activity and global warming... became settled before March 2007" the audience was not "materially misled so as to cause harm or offence". Ofcom declined to rule on the accuracy of the programme, saying: "It is not within Ofcom's remit or ability in this case as the regulator of the 'communications industry' to establish or seek to adjudicate on 'facts' such as whether global warming is a man-made phenomenon". Britain's Trillion Pound Horror Story

In 2010 <mask> made a programme called Britain's Trillion Pound Horror Story for Channel 4. Ostensibly about Britain's national debt, the film makes a case for lower taxes, a smaller public sector and a free-market economy.The film argues that Hong Kong's social and economic success is attributable to the positive non-interventionism implemented in 1961 by John James Cowperthwaite. In the film, <mask> argued that increasing public spending would stunt the

masks: Durkin Durkin Durkin Durkin


texts:
 economy instead of reviving it. The film featured Nigel Lawson, Geoffrey Howe, Brendan Barber and Alastair Darling. Brexit: The Movie

In 2016 <mask> made a documentary film called Brexit: The Movie, about that year's referendum on EU membership, arguing for a vote to Leave. The film had a budget of £100,000, funded by crowdfunding. As executive producer
<mask> has executive produced a wide range of programmes. Productions include: The Naked Pilgrim, an architectural travelogue that followed art critic Brian Sewell's pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela; produced for UK's Channel Five it won the Sandford St. Martin Trust award for best programme in 2004; Face of Britain for Channel 4, a three-part series presented by Neil Oliver, which looked at the Wellcome Trust's DNA project profiling the ancestry of various British communities; How Do They Do It?, an engineering series for Discovery Channel; Secret Intersex, a two-part series about intersexuality for Channel 4, which was short listed for Best Science Programme in the 2004 Royal Television Society awards.He has served on the steering committees of the World Congress of Science Producers and the Edinburgh Television Festival and as a judge on the Bafta and Royal Television Society Awards. References

External links

 Geoffrey Lean, "Global Warming: An inconvenient truth or hot air? ", The Independent, 4 March 2007. Britain's Trillion Pound Horror Story · Watch on 4OD · Play on 4OD Player
 Robin McKie, "Why Channel 4 has got it wrong over climate change", The Observer, 4 March 2007. Profile of <mask> on GMWatch.org Profile of <mask>, GMWatch.org; accessed 20 December 2015. "More digs at Durkin", The Guardian, 22 March 2000. Friends of the Earth press release, foe.co.uk, 2 April 1998.Independent Television Commission ruling on "Against Nature", ofcom.org.uk; accessed 20 December 2015. "Why does Channel 4 seem to be waging a war against the greens?" The Guardian, 22 July 2008. Brexit - The Movie web site

Living people
English television producers
British documentary film directors
1962

masks:
Durkin
Martin Durkin
Martin Durkin
Martin Durkin


texts: <mask> (born <mask>, , ) is an Israeli-born American actress. With an extensive career in film since her teenage years, she has starred in various blockbusters and independent films, for which she has received multiple accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and two Golden Globe Awards. Portman began her acting career at age twelve, when she starred as the young protégée of a hitman in the action drama film Léon: The Professional (1994). While in high school, she made her Broadway debut in a 1998 production of The Diary of a Young Girl and gained international recognition for starring as Padmé Amidala in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999). From 1999 to 2003, <mask> attended Harvard University for a bachelor's degree in psychology, while continuing to act in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (2002, 2005) and in The Public Theater's 2001 revival of Anton Chekhov's play The Seagull. In 2004, Portman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won a Golden Globe Award for playing a mysterious stripper in the romantic drama Closer. <mask>'s career progressed with her starring roles as Evey Hammond in V for Vendetta (2005), Anne Boleyn in The Other Boleyn Girl (2008), and a troubled ballerina in the psychological horror film Black Swan (2010), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress.She went on to star in the romantic comedy No Strings Attached (2011) and featured as Jane Foster in the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero films Thor (2011), and Thor: The Dark World (2013), which established her among the world's highest-paid actresses. She has since portrayed Jacqueline Kennedy in the biopic Jackie (2016),

masks:
Natalie Portman
Natalie Hershlag
Portman
Portman


texts:
 earning her third Academy Award nomination, and a biologist in the science fiction film Annihilation (2018). <mask> also reprised her role of Foster in the Disney+ animated series What If...? and the 2022 film Thor: Love and Thunder. Portman's directorial ventures include the short film Eve (2008) and the biographical drama A Tale of Love and Darkness (2015). She is vocal about the politics of the United States and Israel, and is an advocate for animal rights and environmental causes. She is married to dancer and choreographer Benjamin Millepied, with whom she has two children.Early life and education
<mask> was born on June 9, 1981, in Jerusalem, to Jewish parents with roots in Poland, Austria and Russia. She is the only child of Shelley (née Stevens), an American homemaker who works as Portman's agent, and Avner Hershlag, an Israeli-born gynecologist. Her maternal grandparents were American Jews, whereas her paternal grandparents were Jewish immigrants to Israel. Portman and her family first lived in Washington, D.C., but relocated to Connecticut in 1988 and then moved to Long Island in 1990. While living in Washington, Portman attended Charles E. Smith Jewish Day School in Rockville, Maryland. Her native language is Hebrew. While living on Long Island, she attended a Jewish elementary school, the Solomon Schechter Day School of Nassau County.She studied ballet and modern dance at the American Theater Dance Workshop, and regularly attended the Usdan Center for the Creative and Performing Arts. Describing her early life, Portman has said that she was "different from the other kids. I was more ambitious. I knew what I liked and what I wanted, and I worked very hard. I was

masks:
Portman
Natalie Herschlag


texts:
 a very serious kid." When Portman was ten years old, a Revlon agent spotted her at a pizza restaurant and asked her to become a child model. She turned down the offer but used the opportunity to get an acting agent.She auditioned for the 1992 off-Broadway Ruthless!, a musical about a girl who is prepared to commit murder to get the lead in a school play. <mask> and Britney Spears were chosen as the understudies for star Laura Bell Bundy. Career

1994–1998: Early work and acting background
Six months after Ruthless! ended, <mask> auditioned for and secured a leading role in Luc Besson's action drama Léon: The Professional (1994). To protect her privacy, she adopted her paternal grandmother's maiden name, <mask>, as her stage name. She played Mathilda, an orphan child who befriends a middle-aged hitman (played by Jean Reno). Her parents were reluctant to let her do the part due to the explicit sexual and violent nature of the script, but agreed after Besson took out the nudity and killings committed by <mask>'s character.<mask> herself said that after those scenes were removed, she found nothing objectionable about the content. Even so, her mother was displeased with some of the "sexual twists and turns" in the finished film, which were not part of the script. Hal Hinson of The Washington Post commended <mask> for bringing a "genuine sense of tragedy" to her part, but Peter Rainer of the Los Angeles Times believed that she "isn't enough of an actress to unfold Mathilda's pain" and criticized Besson's sexualization of her character. After filming The Professional, <mask> went back to school and during the summer break of 1994, she filmed a part in Marya Cohn's short film

masks: Portman Portman Portman Portman Portman Portman Portman


texts: Developing. In it she played a young girl coping with her mother's (played by Frances Conroy) cancer. She also enrolled at the Stagedoor Manor performing arts camp, where she played Anne Shirley in a staging of Anne of Green Gables. Michael Mann offered her the small part of the suicidal stepdaughter of Al Pacino's character in the action film Heat (1995) for her ability to portray dysfunction without hysteria.Impressed by her performance in The Professional, the director Ted Demme cast her as a precocious teenager who flirts with her much-older neighbor (played by Timothy Hutton) in the ensemble comedy-drama Beautiful Girls (1996). Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote, "Portman, a budding knockout, is scene-stealingly good even in an overly showy role." She subsequently went back to Stagedoor Manor to appear in a production of the musical Cabaret. Also in 1996, Portman had brief roles in Woody Allen's musical Everyone Says I Love You and Tim Burton's comic science fiction film Mars Attacks!. Portman was cast opposite Leonardo DiCaprio in Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet (1996), but she dropped out during rehearsals when studio executives found her too young for the role. She was also offered Adrian Lyne's Lolita, based on the novel of the same name, but she turned down the part due to its excessive sexual content. She later bemoaned that her parts in The Professional and Beautiful Girls prompted a series of offers to play a sexualized youngster, adding that it "dictated a lot of my choices afterwards 'cos it scared me ... it made me reluctant to do sexy stuff".<mask> instead signed on to star as Anne Frank in a Broadway adaptation of The Diary of Anne Frank, which was


texts:
 staged at the Music Box Theatre from December 1997 to May 1998. In preparation, she twice visited the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam and interacted with Miep Gies, who had preserved Anne's diary after the family was captured; she found a connection with Frank's story, given her own family's history with the Holocaust. Reviewing the production for Variety, Greg Evans disliked her portrayal, which he thought had "little of the charm, budding genius or even brittle intelligence that the diary itself reveals". Conversely, Ben Brantley found an "ineffable grace in her awkwardness". The experience of performing the play was emotionally draining for her, as she attended high school during the day and performed at night; she wrote personal essays in Time and Seventeen magazines about her experience. 1999–2006: Star Wars, education, and transition to adult roles

<mask> began filming the part of Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars prequel trilogy in 1997, which marked her first big-budget production. The first film of the series, Episode I – The Phantom Menace was released in 1999, when she was in her senior year of high school.<mask> was unfamiliar with the franchise when she was cast, and watched the original Star Wars trilogy before filming began. She worked closely with the director George Lucas on her character's accent and mannerisms, and watched the films of Lauren Bacall, Audrey Hepburn, and Katharine Hepburn to draw inspiration from their voice and stature. Filming in arduous locations in Algeria proved challenging for <mask>, who struggled with the process of making a film involving special effects. She did not attend the film's premiere so she could study for her high school

masks: Portman Portman Portman


texts: finals. Critics disliked the film but with earnings of $924 million worldwide it was the second highest-grossing film of all time to that point, and it established <mask> as a global star. <mask> graduated from Syosset High School in 1999. Her high school paper, "A Simple Method to Demonstrate the Enzymatic Production of Hydrogen from Sugar", co-authored with scientists Ian Hurley and Jonathan Woodward, was entered in the Intel Science Talent Search.Following production on The Phantom Menace, <mask> initially turned down a lead role in the coming-of-age film Anywhere but Here (1999) after learning it would involve a sex scene, but the director Wayne Wang and actress Susan Sarandon (who played <mask>'s mother in the film) demanded a rewrite of the script. She was shown a new draft, and decided to accept the part. Mary Elizabeth Williams of Salon called <mask>'s performance "astonishing" and added that "unlike any number of actresses her age, she's neither too maudlin nor too plucky". She received a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination for it. <mask>'s sole screen appearance in 2000 was in Where the Heart Is, a romantic drama filmed in Texas, in which she played a pregnant teenager. After finishing work on the film, she began attending Harvard University to pursue her bachelor's degree in psychology, and significantly reduced her acting roles over the next few years. She studied advanced Hebrew literature, neurobiology, and she served as Alan Dershowitz's research assistant.In the summer of 2001, she returned to Broadway (at the Delacorte Theater) to perform Chekhov's drama The Seagull, which was directed by Mike Nichols and co-starred Meryl Streep and

masks: Portman Portman Portman Portman Portman Portman


texts: Philip Seymour Hoffman. Linda Winer of Newsday wrote that the "major surprises come from <mask>, whose Nina transforms with astonishing lyricism from the girl with ambition to Chekhov's most difficult symbol of destruction". Also in 2001, <mask> was among several celebrities who made cameo appearances in the comedy Zoolander. The following year, she reprised her role of Amidala in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, which she had filmed in Sydney and London during her summer break of 2000. She was excited by the opportunity to play a confident young woman who did not depend on the male lead. When asked about balancing her career and education, she said, "I don't care if [college] ruins my career. I'd rather be smart than a movie star."In 2002, she contributed to a study on memory called "Frontal lobe activation during object permanence: data from near-infrared spectroscopy". Portman graduated from Harvard in 2003 and her sole screen appearance that year was in the brief part of a young mother in the war film Cold Mountain. Portman began 2004 by featuring in the romantic comedy Garden State, written and directed by its star Zach Braff. She was the first actor to sign on to the film after finding a connection with her part of a spirited young girl suffering from epilepsy. Her role in it is considered a prime example of the Manic Pixie Dream Girl character type. Portman later said she found it upsetting to have contributed to the trope. She followed it by playing a mysterious stripper in Closer, a romantic drama directed by Mike Nichols based on the play of the same name, and co-starring Julia Roberts, Jude Law, and Clive Owen.<mask> agreed to her first sexually


texts: explicit adult role after turning down such parts in the past, saying it reflected her own maturity as a person. She had also performed her first nude scenes for the film, but they were deleted from the final cut when she insisted that they were inessential to the story. Closer grossed over $115 million worldwide against a $27 million budget, and the critic Peter Travers took note of <mask>'s "blazing, breakthrough performance", writing that she "digs so deep into the bruised core of her character that they seem to wear the same skin." She won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress and received an Academy Award nomination in the same category. Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, the final installment of the Star Wars prequel trilogy, was <mask>'s first film release of 2005. It earned over $848 million to rank as the second-highest-grossing film of the year. She next played a Jewish-American girl in Free Zone, a drama from Israeli filmmaker Amos Gitai.To prepare, she studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and read memoirs of Yitzhak Rabin, which she said allowed her to explore both the role and her own heritage. Controversy arose when she filmed a kissing scene at the Western Wall, where gender segregation is enforced, and she later issued an apology. Critics disliked the film for its heavy-handed approach to the conflicts in the Middle East. <mask>'s final film role in 2005 was that of Evey Hammond in the political thriller V for Vendetta, based on the comics of the same name, about an alternative future where a neo-fascist regime has subjugated the United Kingdom. She was drawn to the provocative nature of the script, and worked with a dialect coach


texts:
 to speak in an English accent. Owing to a scene in which her character is tortured, her head was shaved on camera; she considered it an opportunity to rid herself of vanity. Ruthe Stein of the San Francisco Chronicle deemed it Portman's strongest performance to that point, and remarked that she "keeps you focused on her words and actions instead of her bald head."She was awarded the Saturn Award for Best Actress. <mask> began 2006 by hosting an episode of the television sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live. One of her sketches, a song named "Natalie's Rap", was released later in 2009 on Incredibad, an album by the Lonely Island. In the anthology film Paris, je t'aime, consisting of eighteen short films, she had a role in the segment named "Faubourg Saint-Denis" from director Tom Tykwer. Later that year, she starred in Miloš Forman's Goya's Ghosts, about the painter Francisco Goya. Forman cast her in the film after finding a resemblance between her and Goya's portrait The Milkmaid of Bordeaux. She insisted on using a body double for her nude scenes after discovering on set that she had to perform them when they were not originally in the script.It received predominantly negative reviews, but Roger Ebert was appreciative of Portman for playing her dual role "with fearless conviction". 2007–2015: Career expansion and Black Swan

Portman began 2007 by replacing Jodie Foster in Wong Kar-wai's romantic drama My Blueberry Nights, which was his first English-language film. For her role as a gambler, she trained with a poker coach. Richard Corliss of Time magazine believed that "for once she's not playing a waif or a child princess but a mature, full-bodied woman" and commended


texts: her "vibrancy, grittiness and ache, all performed with a virtuosa's easy assurance". Her next appearance was in Hotel Chevalier, a short film from Wes Anderson, which served as a prologue to his feature The Darjeeling Limited (in which Portman had a cameo). In the short, she and Jason Schwartzman play former lovers who reunite in a Paris hotel room. For the first time, Portman performed an extended nude scene; she was later disappointed at the undue focus on it and she subsequently swore off further nude appearances.Keen to work in different genres, <mask> accepted a role in the children's film Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium, in which she played an employee at a magical toy store. She also appeared in Paul McCartney's music video "Dance Tonight" from his album Memory Almost Full, directed by Michel Gondry. Scarlett Johansson and <mask> starred as rival sisters Mary and Anne Boleyn, respectively, in the period film The Other Boleyn Girl (2008). She was excited by the opportunity to work opposite another actress her age, bemoaning that such casting was rare in film. Derek Elley of Variety was critical of <mask>'s English accent and wrote that she "doesn't quite bring the necessary heft to make Anne a truly dominant power player". The film had modest box-office earnings. She served as a jury member of the 2008 Cannes Film Festival and also launched her own production company, named handsomecharlie films, after her late dog.<mask>'s directorial debut, the short film Eve, opened the short-film screenings at the 65th Venice International Film Festival. It is about a young woman who goes to her grandmother's romantic date, and <mask> drew inspiration for the older character

masks: Portman Portman Portman Portman Portman


texts: (played by Lauren Bacall) from her own grandmother. A poorly received adaptation of Ayelet Waldman's novel Love and Other Impossible Pursuits, entitled The Other Woman, marked <mask>'s first film role of 2009. She appeared in a faux perfume commercial called Greed, directed by Roman Polanski, and in the anthology film New York, I Love You, she directed a segment and also starred in a different segment directed by Mira Nair. <mask> next took on a role opposite Tobey Maguire and Jake Gyllenhaal in the drama film Brothers, a remake of the 2004 Danish film of the same name. Her role was that of a war widow, for which she interacted with military wives. The film was shot during the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike, and Portman found it challenging to shoot certain scenes without a bound script.Claudia Puig of USA Today found her to be "subdued and reactive in a part that doesn't call for her to do much else". After producing and co-starring alongside Joseph Gordon-Levitt in the black comedy Hesher (2010), Portman played a ballerina overwhelmed with the prospect of performing Swan Lake in Darren Aronofsky's psychological horror film Black Swan. She was trained by the professional ballerina Mary Helen Bowers, and in preparation, she trained for five to eight hours daily for six months and lost . Her performance was acclaimed; writing for Empire, Dan Jolin found her to be "simultaneously at her most vulnerable and her most predatory, at once frostily brittle and raunchily malleable [...] before peaking at the film's denouement with a raw, alluring showstopper of a performance." Black Swan emerged as a sleeper hit, grossing over $329 million worldwide against a $13 million

masks: Portman Portman


texts: budget, and earned Portman several prizes including the Academy Award for Best Actress. Following her Oscar win, controversy arose over who performed the bulk of the on-screen dancing in the film. Sarah Lane, one of <mask>'s dancing doubles in the film, claimed that the actress performed only about five percent of the full-body shots, adding that she was asked by the film's producers not to speak publicly about it during awards season.Aronofsky defended Portman by insisting that she had performed 80 percent of the on-screen dancing. Portman next served as an executive producer for No Strings Attached (2011), a romantic comedy starring Ashton Kutcher and her as a young couple in a casual sex relationship. She described the experience of making it as a "palate cleanser" from the intensity of her Black Swan job. It received unfavorable reviews but was a commercial success. She next agreed to the stoner film Your Highness for the opportunity of playing an athletic and foul-mouthed character, which she believed was rare for actresses. Critics were dismissive of the film's reliance on scatological humor and it proved to be a box-office bomb. In her final film release of 2011, <mask> took on the part of Jane Foster, a scientist and love-interest of the titular character (played by Chris Hemsworth) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero film Thor.She liked the idea of Kenneth Branagh directing a big-budget film that emphasized character; she signed on to it before receiving a script, and helped develop her part by reading the biography of scientists such as Rosalind Franklin. Richard Kuipers of Variety commended <mask>'s "sterling work in a thinly written role" for adding


texts: dimension to the film's romantic subplot. Thor earned $449.3 million worldwide to emerge as the 15th highest-grossing film of 2011. In 2012, <mask> topped Forbes listing of the most bankable stars in Hollywood. Her sole screen appearance that year was in Paul McCartney's music video "My Valentine", alongside Johnny Depp. The following year, she reprised the role of Jane Foster in Thor: The Dark World, which earned over $644 million worldwide to emerge as the 10th highest-grossing film of 2013. Forbes featured her in their Celebrity 100 listing of 2014, and estimated her income from the previous year to be $13 million.In 2015, <mask> appeared alongside an ensemble cast, including Christian Bale, in Terrence Malick's experimental drama film Knight of Cups, which marked her first project after giving birth. She shot for it within a week; she did not receive a traditional script or dialogues and improvised most of her scenes with Bale. She said that shooting with Malick influenced her own directorial venture, A Tale of Love and Darkness, which released in the same year. Based on Israeli author Amos Oz's autobiographical novel of the same name which is set in Jerusalem during the last years of the British Mandate of Palestine, the Hebrew-language film starred <mask> who also produced and co-wrote it. She wanted to adapt the book since she first read it a decade ago, but postponed it until she was old enough to play the leading role of a mother herself. She collaborated closely with Amos, showing him drafts of her script as she adapted the book. A. O. Scott of The New York Times found it to be a "conscientious adaptation of a difficult book" and was appreciative of <mask>'s

masks: Portman Portman Portman Portman


texts:
 potential as a filmmaker.She next produced and starred in the western film Jane Got a Gun about a young mother seeking vengeance. Initially scheduled to be directed by Lynne Ramsay, the production was plagued with numerous difficulties. Ramsay did not turn up on set for the first day of filming and was eventually replaced with Gavin O'Connor. Michael Fassbender, Jude Law and Bradley Cooper were all cast as the male lead, before Ewan McGregor played the part. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian reviewed that <mask>'s "stately performance" was not enough to save the "laborious and solemn western", and it grossed less than $4 million against its $25 million budget. 2016–present: Jackie and continued success

<mask> portrayed Jacqueline Kennedy in the Pablo Larraín-directed biopic Jackie (2016), about Kennedy's life immediately after the 1963 assassination of her husband. She was initially intimidated to take on the part of a well-known public figure, and eventually researched Kennedy extensively by watching videos of her, reading books, and listening to audiotapes of her interviews.She also worked with a dialect coach to adapt Kennedy's unique speaking style. David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter termed it an "incandescent performance" and added that "her Jackie is both inscrutable and naked, broken but unquestionably resilient, a mess and yet fiercely dignified". She won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She also served as producer for the comedy horror film Pride and Prejudice and Zombies, directed by Burr Steers, and starred in Rebecca Zlotowski's French-Belgian drama Planetarium. The 2017


texts: experimental romance Song to Song marked Portman's second collaboration with Terrence Malick, which like their previous film polarized critics. In 2018, <mask> starred in the science fiction film Annihilation, based on Jeff VanderMeer's novel. She played a biologist and former soldier who studies a mysterious quarantined zone of mutating organisms.She was pleased to headline a rare female-led science fiction film, and she moved her family near Pinewood Studios during filming. For the action sequences, she underwent movement training with the dancer Bobbi Jene Smith. Benjamin Lee of The Guardian took note of Portman's "strong, fiercely compelling presence" and commended her for playing the part without unnecessary sentimentality. It only received a limited theatrical release and was distributed on Netflix internationally. Her next appearance was in Xavier Dolan's first English-language film, the ensemble drama The Death & Life of John F. Donovan (2018), which was termed a "shocking misfire" by Eric Kohn of IndieWire. She then starred as a troubled pop singer in Vox Lux, sharing the part with Raffey Cassidy. She was drawn to the idea of showcasing the negative effects of fame, and in preparation, she watched documentaries on musicians and listened to the music of Sia, who wrote her songs in the film.For the climactic dance routines, she trained with her husband, Benjamin Millepied, who choreographed the sequence. It received mixed reviews from critics, but <mask>'s performance earned unanimous praise. Comparing it to her performances in Black Swan and Jackie, Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph wrote that "this role has a similar audacity and extravagance that few actresses


texts:
 would dare attempt, let alone be allowed to get away with". Unused footage from Thor: The Dark World and a new voice-over was used for <mask>'s brief appearance in the 2019 superhero film Avengers: Endgame. She then portrayed a psychologically troubled astronaut (based on Lisa Nowak) in the drama Lucy in the Sky, directed by Noah Hawley. She replaced the film's producer Reese Witherspoon, who backed out due to a scheduling conflict. The film was poorly received, though <mask>'s performance was praised.The following year, she narrated the Disney+ nature documentary Dolphin Reef. Upcoming projects
<mask> will next reprise her role as Jane Foster in Thor: Love and Thunder, which is scheduled for release in 2022. She also voiced the same character in Marvel's Disney+ animated series What If...? In March 2021, it was announced that <mask> will produce and star alongside Lupita Nyong’o in the limited series adaptation of the Laura Lipman novel Lady in the Lake. In March 2021, <mask> and her producing partner, Sophie Mas, founded the production company MountainA, and signed a first-look television deal with Apple TV+. Activism
<mask>, who is an advocate for animal rights, became a vegetarian at age eight, a decision which came after she witnessed a demonstration of laser surgery on a chicken while attending a medical conference with her father. She became a vegan in 2009 after reading Jonathan Safran Foer's Eating Animals and later produced a documentary on factory farming systems in the U.S. by the same title.In September 2017, she was recognized for her work on the film by the Environmental Media Association Awards with the Ongoing Commitment Award. She does not wear animal


texts: products and has praised animal-friendly products designed by Stella McCartney and Target. In 2007, she launched her own brand of animal-friendly footwear with no fur, leather, or feathers. In 2007, Portman traveled to Rwanda with Jack Hanna, to film the documentary, Gorillas on the Brink. Later, at a naming ceremony, Portman named a baby gorilla Gukina, which means "to play". Portman has been an advocate of environmental causes since childhood, when she joined an environmental song and dance troupe known as World Patrol Kids. Portman has also supported anti-poverty causes.In 2004 and 2005, she traveled to Uganda, Guatemala, and Ecuador as the Ambassador of Hope for FINCA International, an organization that promotes micro-lending to help finance women-owned businesses in developing countries. In an interview conducted backstage at the Live 8 concert in Philadelphia and appearing on the PBS program Foreign Exchange with Fareed Zakaria, she discussed microfinance. Host Fareed Zakaria said that he was "generally wary of celebrities with fashionable causes", but included the segment with Portman because "she really knew her stuff". In the "Voices" segment of the April 29, 2007, episode of the ABC Sunday morning program This Week with George Stephanopoulos, <mask> discussed her work with FINCA and how it can benefit women and children in Third World countries. In fall-2007, she visited several university campuses, including Harvard, USC, UCLA, UC Berkeley, Stanford, Princeton, New York University, and Columbia, to inspire students with the power of microfinance and to encourage them to join the Village Banking Campaign to help families and communities lift themselves out of


texts: poverty. Portman is a supporter of the Democratic Party, and for the 2004 presidential election she campaigned for the Democratic nominee, Senator John Kerry. Prior to the 2008 presidential election, she supported Senator Hillary Clinton of New York in the Democratic primaries.Portman later campaigned for the eventual Democratic nominee, Senator Barack Obama of Illinois. In a 2008 interview, she also stated: "I even like John McCain. I disagree with his war stance – which is a really big deal – but I think he's a very moral person." In 2010, her activist work and popularity with young people earned her a nomination for VH1's Do Something Awards, which is dedicated to honoring individuals who do good. In 2011, Portman and her then-fiancé Benjamin Millepied were among the signers of a petition to President Obama in support of same-sex marriage. She supported Obama's re-election campaign in 2012. In 2009, Portman signed a petition that defended Roman Polanski, who was charged with drugging and raping a thirteen-year-old girl in 1977, and has been a fugitive for decades.In February 2018, she expressed regret over signing the petition. In January 2011, <mask> was appointed an ambassador of WE Charity (formerly known as Free The Children), an international charity and educational partner, spearheading their Power of a Girl campaign. She hosted a contest challenging girls in North America to fundraise for one of WE Charity's all-girl schools in Kenya. As incentives for the contest winner, Portman offered the designer Rodarte dress she wore to the premiere of Black Swan, along with tickets to her next film premiere. It was announced in May 2012 that Portman would be working with


texts: watch designer Richard Mille to develop a limited-edition timepiece with proceeds supporting WE Charity. During WE Day California 2019 Portman gave a pro vegan speech in front of the student audience, linking vegan lifestyle and feminism. In December 2019, she visited Kenya a second time with WE Charity and spoke with young girls determined to improve their lives through access to education.In 2006, <mask> served as a guest lecturer at Columbia University for a course in terrorism and counterterrorism, where she spoke about her film V for Vendetta. In February 2015, <mask> was among other alumni of Harvard University including Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Darren Aronofsky and Susan Faludi who wrote an open letter to the school demanding it divest its $35,900,000,000 endowment from coal, gas, and oil companies. Later that year in May, she spoke at the annual Harvard Class Day to the graduating class of 2015. At Harvard, <mask> wrote a letter to The Harvard Crimson in response to an essay critical of Israeli actions toward Palestinians. She has nevertheless criticized the Israeli government, specifically Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Portman was critical of Netanyahu's re-election in 2015, saying she was "disappointed" and often found his comments racist. In November 2017, Portman was announced as the Genesis Prize recipient for 2018, which includes $2,000,000 in prize money.The following April, <mask> announced that she did not plan to attend the awards ceremony scheduled for June, due to "recent events in Israel" that left her feeling uncomfortable attending public events there. The ceremony was canceled. <mask> later clarified that she was not boycotting Israel, but did


texts:
 not want to "appear as endorsing" Netanyahu, who was set to give a speech at the ceremony. She is also a member of the One Voice movement. In January 2018, she donated $50,000 to the Time's Up initiative. <mask> took part in the 2018 Women's March in Los Angeles, where she spoke about the "sexual terrorism" she experienced at age thirteen after the release of her film Léon: The Professional. She told the crowd, "I understood very quickly, even as a 13-year-old, that if I were to express myself sexually I would feel unsafe and that men would feel entitled to discuss and objectify my body to my great discomfort."She drew attention to the Me Too movement, revealing that her first fan letter was a "rape fantasy" from a man and that her local radio station created a countdown until her eighteenth birthday (when she would become of legal age to consent to have intercourse). In 2020, Portman endorsed the "defund the police" movement. In 2020, Portman collaborated with JusticeLA to create a public service announcement #SuingToSaveLives about the health of people in L.A. County jails amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Later in 2020, <mask> was announced as one of the investors in an almost all-female group that was awarded a new franchise in the National Women's Soccer League, the top level of the women's sport in the U.S. The new team, since unveiled as Angel City FC, is set to start play in 2022. Personal life and endorsements

Portman is married to French dancer and choreographer Benjamin Millepied, with whom she has two children. The couple began dating in 2009 after having met while working together on the set of Black Swan, and wed in a Jewish ceremony held in Big Sur, California,


texts:
 on August 4, 2012.The family lived in Paris for a time after Millepied accepted the position of director of dance with the Paris Opera Ballet, and Portman expressed a desire to become a French citizen. As of 2013, they reside in Los Angeles. In 2006, Portman commented that she felt more Jewish in Israel and that she would like to raise her children Jewish: "A priority for me is definitely that I'd like to raise my kids Jewish, but the ultimate thing is to have someone who is a good person and who is a partner." In January 2014, her husband Millepied said he was in the process of converting to Judaism. In 2010, Portman signed on with Dior and appeared in several of the company's advertising campaigns. In October 2012, Britain's Advertising Standards Authority banned a Dior advertisement that featured Portman wearing Dior mascara after a complaint from Dior's competitor, L'Oreal. The ASA ruled that the photographs of Portman "misleadingly exaggerated the likely effects of the product".Portman is the face of one of the company's fragrances, Miss Dior, inspired by Catherine Dior. She has starred in campaign videos for the fragrance, and promoted a new version of the fragrance, Rose N'Roses, in 2021. Filmography and awards

Portman's most acclaimed and highest-grossing films, according to the online portal Box Office Mojo and the review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, include Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999), Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002), Closer (2004), Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005), V for Vendetta (2005), Black Swan (2010), No Strings Attached (2011), Thor (2011), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Jackie (2016), and


texts: Annihilation (2018). Portman was awarded the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama and the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Black Swan, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for Closer. She has received two more Academy Award nominations: Best Supporting Actress for Closer and Best Actress for Jackie; and two more Golden Globe nominations: Best Supporting Actress for Anywhere but Here (1999) and Best Actress in a Drama for


texts:
<mask><mask><mask> (born December 12, 1986) is a former Canadian football wide receiver in the Canadian Football League (CFL). His career came to an end as the result of several years of criminal activity, including sexual assault, many under the alias <mask>. On November 5, 2018, Boden was charged with second-degree murder after the 2009 killing of Kimberly Hallgarth. Football career
Boden wore the number 1, weighs 205 lb. and is 6'1 tall. In his Canadian Junior Football League career, Boden played for the South Surrey Rams (now the Langley Rams of the British Columbia Football Conference. In his only season there, Boden was BCFC Most Outstanding Receiver, Special Teams Player, Offensive Player and Rookie of the Year.He won the CJFL Rookie of the Year award as well. BC Lions
In 2005, Boden attended the BC Lions training camp. In a preseason game against the Calgary Stampeders, he scored a 14-yard touchdown. Boden was officially signed as a free agent by B.C. in May 2006, but as a member of the Territorial Protected List. In 2006, he attended training camp again and made the teams as a member of the Developmental Roster. In 2007, Boden made the team's roster as a backup wide receiver.During a game on September 29, 2007, he caught his first CFL pass and finished the game with 3 catches for 83 yards. <mask> was released by the Lions following being charged with domestic assault and robbery in April 2008. The charges were dropped on August 14, 2008, and <mask> stated his intention to resume his football career. BC Lions general manager Wally Buono stated he did not intend to re-sign him. In two seasons with the Lions he caught 14 passes for 237 yards. Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Three months after being released by the Lions he formally signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on September 24, 2008, in time for a September 27 game against the Lions at BC Place. Nevertheless, he never played a regular season game for the Ti-Cats.After he was cut, GM Bob O'Billovich

masks:
Joshua (
Josh
) Joseph Boden
Mike Boden
Boden
Boden


texts:
 said Boden was cut because Chris Bauman's post-concussion problems were cleared. Criminal history

<mask> goes by the alias <mask> and has an extensive criminal history of violence, sexual assault, and involvement with prostitutes. 2008
<mask> was charged with assault, theft, and mischief (court file number 197454) in April 2008 in connection with a complaint laid by former girlfriend Kimberly Lynn Hallgarth, age 33. Hallgarth changed her story on the witness stand in August 2008 and charges were dropped. The charges resulted in Boden's dismissal from the BC Lions. On October 12, 2008, Boden was charged with four firearms offences. 2009
On or about March 15, 2009, Kim Hallgarth was found brutally murdered at her 6776 Colborne Avenue, Burnaby, BC residence (IHIT File #2009-2220).Boden was a "person of interest" in the Hallgarth investigation. <mask>, <mask>'s mother, said that her son always blamed Hallgarth for "ruining" his football career. It was reported that Kimberly Hallgarth owned a nail salon but also worked as a prostitute. It has been noted that Boden's mother, Karen, was placed in a safe house to hide from her son and also altered her appearance to not be recognized by the son she now fears. On Monday September 7, 2009, Boden was arrested by Vancouver Police after the police allegedly observed him fondling a woman. Boden was taken into custody after a violent struggle near Commercial Drive and Broadway in Vancouver and charged with sexual assault and resisting or obstructing the police. Boden was also a person of interest in four other sexual assaults by a muscular black male during the summer of 2009.Previous firearms charges were dismissed Thursday October 11, 2009 due to prosecution not proving the four firearms in Boden's possession were operational. 2011
On December 12 or 13, 2011, Boden was convicted of two counts of sexual assault and one count of assaulting and one count of obstructing a police officer. 2012

<mask> was charged

masks:
Joshua Boden
Mike Boden
Joshua Boden
Karen Boden
Josh
Joshua Boden


texts:
 under Criminal Code of Canada 264.1. Uttering threats according to B.C. Court file number 192462 January 14, 2012. These charges were thrown out of court. On April 13, 2012, while on bail for previous charges, <mask> was charged with four counts of assault at Tinseltown Cinema in Vancouver according to B.C.Court file number 11232. On July 26, 2012, Crown lawyer Michaela Donnelly asked for a one-year jail sentence for the former BC Lions football player convicted of sex crimes at Vancouver SkyTrain stations. Boden was set to appear in Vancouver Provincial Court on August 31, 2012 for decision. On August 31, 2012, <mask> was sentenced to one year of imprisonment for the 2009 sex-crimes he committed as well as obstruction and assaulting a police officer. He served six months, given credit for time already in custody, and was to be on probation for three years after his release. 2014
Boden was charged with four counts of assault causing bodily harm and breaching his probation conditions. This was relating to a complaint to Surrey RCMP received from a woman alleging that <mask>den assaulted her several times dating back to 2013.These charges were thrown out of court. On July 15, 2014, <mask> Boden was facing multiple charges: Procuring someone to be a prostitute, living on the avails of prostitution, aiding a person to engage in prostitution and criminal harassment. These charges were related to incidents that took place in Vancouver and Port Moody in February 2014. These charges were thrown out of court. 2018
On November 5, 2018, Boden was charged with second-degree murder after the 2009 killing of Kimberly Hallgarth. References

External links
Just Sports Stats

1986 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian criminals
BC Lions players
Canadian football wide receivers
Canadian male criminals
Crime in British Columbia
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Players of Canadian football from British Columbia
Sportspeople from Vancouver
Violence against women in

masks:
Joshua Boden
Josh Boden
Josh Bo
Joshua Joseph


texts:
<mask> (; , born April 7, 1933) is an Iranian philosopher and University Professor of Islamic studies at George Washington University. Born in Tehran, Nasr completed his education in Iran and the United States, earning a bachelor's degree in physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a master's in geology and geophysics, and a doctorate in the history of science from Harvard University. He returned to his homeland in 1958 and was appointed a professor of philosophy and Islamic sciences at Tehran University. He held various academic positions in Iran, including vice-chancellor at Tehran University and President of Aryamehr University, and established the Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy at the request of Empress Farah Pahlavi, which soon became one of the most prominent centers of philosophical activity in the Islamic world. During his time in Iran, he also studied with several traditional masters of Islamic philosophy and sciences. The 1979 revolution forced him to exile with his family to the United States, where he has lived and taught Islamic sciences and philosophy ever since, establishing himself as one of the world's leading representatives of the Islamic philosophical tradition and the perennialist school of thought. Nasr writes and speaks from the viewpoint of perennial philosophy, which is based in metaphysics.Although Islam and Sufism are major influences on his writings, his perennialist approach inquires into the essence of all orthodox religions, regardless of their formal particularities. He is the author of over fifty books and more than five hundred articles. Biography

Origins
Seyyed <mask> <mask> was born on 7 April 1933 in Tehran to <mask>

masks:
Seyyed Hossein Nasr
Hossein
Nasr
Seyyed


texts:
 Valiallah Khan Nasr, who was a physician to the royal family, philosopher and homme de lettres, and one of the founders of modern education in Iran. Nasr's parents were originally from Kashan. His mother was well-versed in Persian literature and poetry. He is a descendant of Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri from his mother's side, is the cousin of Iranian philosopher Ramin Jahanbegloo as well as the father of American academic Vali <mask>. The surname "Nasr", which means "victorious", was given to his grandfather by the Shah.The title "Seyyed" indicates a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. Education

Nasr completed his primary education in Tehran, and his education was supplemented by religious and philosophical discussions with his father and an entourage of theologians, ministers, scholars, and mystics. He immersed himself in the Koranic studies, Persian literature, Arabic and French languages at an early age. While he was completing his first year of secondary school at Firooz Bahram High School, his father was hurt in a serious accident, so his mother sent him to continue his education in the United States so that he would not be present at the time of his father's imminent death. He would later say that there are three things that his father left him: "first of all, love of knowledge for our own Persian culture, our religious, literary, philosophical tradition; secondly, an avid interest in what was going on in the West in the realm of science and philosophy, literature and everything else; thirdly, a sense of serenity that he had within himself." In the United States, Nasr first attended Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey, graduating in 1950 as the valedictorian of his


texts: class. He then applied to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston to study physics and was accepted with a scholarship.When he realized, after an encounter with the philosopher Bertrand Russell, that the study of physics would not bring answers to his questions, he enrolled in additional courses on metaphysics and philosophy with Giorgio de Santillana who introduced him to the works of René Guénon. From there, Nasr discovered the works of other Perennialist metaphysicians, notably Ananda Coomaraswamy, Frithjof Schuon, Titus Burckhardt, Martin Lings, and Marco Pallis. This school of thought has shaped Nasr's life and thinking ever since. The widow of Commaraswamy gave him access to the library of her late husband, and Nasr spent much of his time there and worked to catalogue the library. He visited Schuon and Burckhardt in Switzerland while still a student and was initiated into the Alawi branch of the Shadhili Sufi order. He considered the works of Schuon, with central importance given to the practice of a spiritual discipline in addition to doctrinal knowledge, especially instrumental in determining his intellectual and spiritual life. After receiving an MIT B.S.degree in physics in 1954, Nasr enrolled in the graduate program in geology and geophysics at Harvard University, where he received a Master of Science in both fields in 1956, and went on to pursue his PhD degree in the history of science and learning at the same university. He planned to write his dissertation under the supervision of George Sarton, but Sarton died before he could begin his dissertation work and so he wrote it under the direction of I. Bernard Cohen, Hamilton Gibb, and Harry Wolfson.


texts:
 At the age of twenty-five, Nasr graduated with a PhD from Harvard and completed his first book, Science and Civilization in Islam, the title being a direct tribute to Science and Civilization in China, the work by Joseph Needham which had for task to present to Westerners the complex developments of the history of science and technology in China, a mission Nasr was himself following for the Islamic civilization. His doctoral dissertation entitled "Conceptions of Nature in Islamic Thought" was published in 1964 by Harvard University Press as An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Apart from mastering Arabic and French he was initially taught in his childhood, during his student years, Nasr also learned Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish and German. Back to Iran
After receiving his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1958, Nasr was offered the position of associate professor at MIT, as well as a three year research position as a junior fellow followed by a formal teaching position at Harvard, but he decided to return to Iran. That same year, Tehran University hired him as associate professor of philosophy and the history of science.He continued his study of Islamic sciences with traditional Iranian masters and philosophers (Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, Allameh Sayyed Abul Hasan Rafiee Qazvini and Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Assar), completing his dual education, academic and traditional. He had married and started a family at this point. His son, Vali <mask>, would go on to become an academic and expert on the Islamic world. At thirty, <mask> <mask> <mask> was the youngest person to become a full professor at Tehran University. He was quickly recognized as an authority in Islamic

masks: Nasr Seyyed Hossein Nasr


texts: philosophy, Islamic science and Sufism. For fifteen years he conducted a doctoral seminar in comparative philosophy and Islamic philosophy with Henry Corbin who was at that time the director of the French Institute for Iranian Studies in Tehran. Five years later he would be made the dean of the faculty of letters and then vice-chancellor of the university.In 1972, the Shah chose him to become the President of Aryamehr University (now Sharif University of Technology). There, Nasr created a faculty for the humanities in order to encourage the students not to focus exclusively on scientific matters. He also designed courses that focused on the assessment of modern technology and its impact on human society and the environment. During this time, he was also involved in the creation of the Islamic and Iranian studies departments at Harvard, Princeton, the University of Utah, and the University of Southern California. Nasr refused to engage in the politics of his country despite a number of offers for ministerial positions and ambassadorship. In 1974, Empress Farah Pahlavi commissioned him to establish and lead the Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy (now the Institute for Research in Philosophy), the first academic institution to be conducted in accordance with the intellectual principles of the Traditionalist School. During that time, Nasr, Tabataba'i, William Chittick, Peter Lamborn Wilson, Kenneth Morgan, Sachiko Murata, Toshihiko Izutsu, and Henry Corbin held various philosophical discourses.The book Shi'ite Islam and the traditionalist journal Sophia Perennis were products of this period. In 1978, he was named director of the Empress's private bureau, while continuing


texts:
 to teach philosophy at Tehran University, and serve as chancellor of Aryamehr University, and President of the Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy. Return to the West

In January 1979, the revolution put an end to the Pahlavi dynasty and Nasr, who was visiting London with his family at the time, was unable to return to Iran. He lost everything, including his manuscripts and library. His family settled in Boston. After a few months of teaching at the University of Utah, Nasr was appointed a professor of Islamic studies at Temple University in Philadelphia, which had the largest Ph.D. program in religious studies in the United States. During the 1980-1981 academic year, Nasr delivered the Gifford lectures at the University of Edinburgh, which were later published under the title Knowledge and the Sacred.According to William Chittick, "three out of the four of his first books in English (An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines, Three Muslim Sages, and Science and Civilization in Islam) were published by Harvard University Press, and they immediately established him as one of the major and original voices in Islamic studies. His strong endorsement of the writings of Schuon and Burckhardt in these books were in turn instrumental in bringing the Traditionalist school to the notice of official academia". Nasr left Temple University in 1984 to become a professor of Islamic studies at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., a position he holds to this day. That same year, he established the Foundation for Traditional Studies which published the journal Sophia and works on traditional thought. He has authored over fifty books and over five hundred articles


texts:
 based on the principles of the philosophia perennis. He is regularly invited to give courses and conferences at various institutions and universities of the five different continents on the major themes for which he has become well known: Islam, philosophy, metaphysics, cosmology, anthropology, spirituality, religion, science, ecology, literature, art, etc. His works have been translated into twenty-eight different languages.Notable aspects of his works
Nasr's expertise encompasses traditional culture (wisdom, religion, philosophy, science and art), Western thought from antiquity to the present day, and the history of science. He argues in favor of revelation, tradition, and what he considers "scientia sacra", in opposition to rationalism, relativism, and modern western materialism. Nasr has not developed a new system of thought, but instead hopes to revive traditional doctrines that he believes have been  forgotten in the modern world. He is content to recall what, according to him, corresponds to the many manifestations of a timeless wisdom. Although Islam and Sufism are present throughout his writings, his universalist perspective, which is that of perennial philosophy, takes into account what he assumes to be the  common essence of all orthodox religions beyond their formal particularities or their current state: "My philosophical world is a kind of synthesis between the perennial philosophy, which I espouse and represent, and the Islamic philosophical tradition, which I have tried to revive and to which I also belong. And so I would say that for the first category, there are Guénon and Schuon; if I had to name a third person, then Coomaraswamy; and for the second


texts:
 category, Ibn Sina, Suhrawardı, Ibn Arabi, and Mulla Sadra." According to Sarah Robinson-Bertoni, Nasr is one of the principal figures in Islamic philosophy, working at the crossroads of Western and Islamic intellectual traditions.Harry Oldmeadow considers Nasr to be "of the living traditionalists the most widely known in academic circles". For him, Nasr's works are characterized by "rigorous scholarly methodology, an encyclopedic erudition about all matters Islamic, a robustness of critical thought, and a sustained clarity of expression"; and he is "the foremost traditionalist thinker" to base himself on "eternal wisdom (sophia perennis)" in order to provide a solution to the contemporary environmental crisis. The Perennialist or Traditionalist school

When he discovered the writings of the most influential members of what would become the Traditionalist or Perennialist school (René Guénon, Ananda Coomaraswamy, Frithjof Schuon, Titus Burckhardt, Martin Lings), the student <mask> <mask> Nasr fully aligned himself to their perspective founded on the philosophia perennis. Thus, in the middle of a "materialistic century", this School provides Nasr with the keys to his spiritual quest: an esoteric doctrine and method within the framework of a Sufi path. For Patrick Laude:

For Nasr, the expression, "philosophia perennis", as understood by the Perennialist School refers to both the universal metaphysical truth and to its spiritual realization. The latter can only be considered, according to Nasr, in the framework of a tradition, thus with the aid of a method, rites, symbols and other means sanctified by revelation. The truth, though veiled, is innate to the human spirit and its

masks: Seyyed Hossein