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 the same name. "Heart and Soul" (1961) reached No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 popular chart in July of that year and appeared in the 1973 American comedy-drama film, American Graffiti. <mask> had further success in 1961 in co-writing Joey Dee & the Starliters' number one "Peppermint Twist"; and two years later, The Rivieras recorded <mask>'s song "California Sun" resulting in a Top 5 hit. <mask> worked with Louisiana Red during the early 1960s, and also created for a short period his own record label. On it <mask> recorded both Larry Dale and Titus Turner. <mask> also produced The Essex in 1963 and 1964.<mask> later returned to King Records and briefly acted as label head until it was bought by Starday. In 1975, Levon Helm and <mask> co-founded a new label, RCO Productions, which released two of Helm's solo projects. The same year <mask> produced The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album, which won a Grammy, and the following year Paul Butterfield's, Put It in Your Ear. Also in 1976 <mask> partly arranged with Garth Hudson, Howard Johnson, Tom Malone, John Simon and Allen Toussaint the horn section on The Band's concert, The Last Waltz, and thus subsequent album, The Last Waltz. In 1986 <mask> was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame. Death
He died of a heart attack in April 1991, in St. Albans, New York, at the age of 69. He was survived by his wife, Doris, and a son, Ware and two daughters, Sherry and Leslie.Songwriting credits
"All My Love Belongs to You" – recorded by Bull Moose Jackson and The Platters
"Annie Had a Baby" – recorded by Hank Ballard (as The Midnighters)
"Baby, I'm Doin' It" – recorded by Annisteen Allen
"Baby, You're Driving Me Crazy" – recorded by Joey Dee and the Starliters
"Blues So Bad" – recorded by Levon Helm
"Blues Stay Away from Me" – recorded by B. B. King, Merle Haggard, Harry James,

masks: Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover


type: original

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<mask>  (9 January 1916 – 29 October 2004) was a British mathematician, Second World War codebreaker and entomologist. The first professional mathematician to be recruited to GC&CS. Head of ISK from 1943, the unit responsible for decrypting over 100,000 Abwehr communications. Early life and education
Born in Streatham, South London, Twinn was the son of a senior General Post Office official. After attending Manchester Grammar School and Dulwich College, he graduated in mathematics at Brasenose College, Oxford. He won a scholarship to pursue postgraduate studies in physics. Cryptography

Twinn was the first professional mathematician to join GC&CS.In early 1939, he applied after seeing an advertisement, working first in London before moving to Bletchley Park. He worked with Dilly Knox and Alan Turing on German Enigma ciphers. In early 1942, he became the head of the Abwehr Enigma section. Recruitment to GC&CS

He was in the middle of a postgraduate scholarship studying Physics when he saw an advertisement for a job with the government. "I was a bit unsettled," he remembered. "I'd finished my university degree and I didn't quite know what to do." The advertisement indicated that they were looking for mathematicians, but was unclear about what else was involved.In that unsettled period after the Munich Agreement, international relations between the major European powers were tense and getting tenser.

" They offered me this job at the princely salary of, I think, £275 a year," he said, "which sounded all right to me, and I was taken along on the first day to be introduced to Dilly Knox." He began as an assistant to Alfred Dilwyn ("Dilly") Knox, who headed a team of codebreakers at GC&CS. An eccentric but brilliant character, Dilly Knox was the first British codebreaker to work on the Enigma cipher. Like most GC&CS experts, he was a classicist. But, as war loomed, GC&CS began employing


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 mathematicians, as well as chess players and crossword experts. Twinn was in fact the first mathematician to join the team.Knox believed in throwing his new recruits in at the deep end. He gave Twinn a mere five minutes' training before telling him to go and get on with it. On the eve of war

Twinn was the first British cryptographer to read a German military Enigma message, having obtained vital information from Polish cryptanalysts in July 1939. Twinn said that "It was a trifling exercise, but I repeat for the umpteenth time, no credit to me." In July 1939 GC&CS moved from London to Bletchley Park. The mansion in the park was used by the staff, but many other buildings had to be constructed to accommodate the large number of people who worked for GC&CS during the war. These temporary buildings were known as the "huts".World War II

Enigma

The Enigma machine dated back to 1919, when Hugo Alexander Koch, a Dutchman, patented an invention that he called a secret writing machine. A little later, Arthur Scherbius, an engineer, was experimenting with this and similar machines and became enthusiastic about encryption machines that used rotors. He recommended them to Siegfried Turkel, the director of the Institute of Criminology in Vienna, who also became interested in them. In the meantime, Koch had set up a company with the hope of selling his encryption machine for commercial use. But industry was not interested. However, in 1926 the German Navy looked at the Koch machine. Senior officers were impressed with it and ordered a large number.The purchase of the device – called Enigma – was kept strictly secret. The Enigma machine was a very complicated instrument. It had a keyboard, like the ones used on a typewriter, containing all the letters of the alphabet. Each of the 26 letters was connected electrically to one of three rotors, each provided with a ring. Each ring also held the 26 letters


texts: of the alphabet. Further electrical connections led from the rotors to 26 illuminated letters. When an operator, enciphering a message, pressed a key, an electric current passed through the machine and the rotors turned mechanically, but not in unison.Every time a key was pushed, the first rotor would rotate one letter. This happened 26 times until the first rotor had made a complete revolution. Then the second rotor would start to rotate. And so on. When a key was pressed, a light came on behind the cipher text letter, always different from the original letter in the plain text. The illuminated letters made up the coded message. The system worked in reverse.The person decoding a cipher message would use an Enigma with identical settings. When he pressed the cipher text letter, the letter in the original plain text message lit up. The illuminated letters made up the original message. To make the codes more difficult to break, each of the rotors could be taken out and replaced in a different order. Also, the rings on the rotors could be put in a different order each day – for example, on one day the first rotor could be set at B, the next day at F, and so on. The military version of Enigma was provided with a plug board, like an old telephone switchboard. This allowed an extra switching of the letters, both before they entered the rotors and after leaving them.The plug board had 26 holes. Connections were made with wires and plugs. With three rotors and, say, six pairs of letters connected with the plug board, there would be 105,456 different combinations of the alphabet. In December 1938 the Germans added additional rotors (up to six) and the number of combinations increased dramatically. The Germans believed that messages sent on their most sophisticated Enigma machines were so well coded that they could not be decoded. But Twinn and his colleagues proved them wrong. About 10,000 people


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 worked at Bletchley.The core group was the small number of cryptanalysts trying to crack the Enigma machine; at the beginning, this group consisted of no more than ten people, with Knox and Twinn in charge. The British codebreakers had been working on the commercial version of Enigma, the easier of the two to break, during the 1920s and 1930s, and they had made much progress in breaking the military version. But Twinn and his colleagues were stymied because they could not work out the order in which the Enigma keys were wired up. In July 1939, a month or so before the war started, Knox and some others travelled to Poland. Polish cryptologists, some of whom were brilliant, handed over to their British colleagues key information about Enigma, including replica machines. The British discovered that Enigma machines were wired alphabetically: A to the first contact, B to the second, and so on. This was the order given in the diagram attached to the patent application.But Twinn and his colleagues thought it such an obvious thing to do that nobody considered it worth trying. In early 1940 Twinn made the first break into Enigma. This could have been done much earlier if only they had tried the alphabetical system detailed in the patent application. The ability to read German encoded military messages was of inestimable help to the Allies in winning the war. It was achieved largely because of the efforts of Twinn, Knox, Alan Turing (who later became the father of artificial intelligence) and others at Bletchley Park. Turing, a brilliant mathematician, developed a machine called the “bombe”, which speeded up the deciphering process by trial and error — a crucial development for the codebreakers. German Naval Enigma

Twinn worked with Turing on breaking the German Naval Enigma.Their success helped allied convoys to avoid German U-boats. Intelligence Services Knox

In October 1941, Dilly Knox solved


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 the Abwehr Enigma. Intelligence Services Knox (ISK) was established to decrypt Abwehr communications. In early 1942, with Knox seriously ill, Twinn took change of running ISK and was appointed head after Knox's death. By the end of the war, ISK had decrypted and disseminated 140,800 messages. Intelligence gained from these Abwehr decrypts played an important part in ensuring the success of Double-Cross operations by MI5 and M16, and in Operation Fortitude, the Allied campaign to deceive the Germans about D-Day. Post-war career
Twinn's carried on government work after the war in a number of departments, including, in the late 1960s, as Director of Hovercraft in the Ministry for Technology.Later he became Secretary of the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough. In the early 1970s, he was the second secretary of the Natural Environment Research Council. He was appointed CBE in the 1980 Birthday Honours. Twinn became interested in entomology, gaining his doctorate from the University of London in the jumping mechanism of click beetles. He co-authored A Provisional Atlas of the Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) (1999), a study of the distribution of a number of beetle species. Twinn had an interest in music and played the clarinet and viola. Twinn married Rosamund Case, whom he had met at Bletchley Park through his interest in music, in 1944; they had a son and three daughters.Publications
 <mask>. G. Twinn and P. T. Harding, "Provisional atlas of the longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) of Britain", Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre, 1999. Notes

References

External links
 Telegraph obituary

1916 births
2004 deaths
People educated at Dulwich College
Bletchley Park people
English entomologists
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of London
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
20th-century


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<mask> (November 13, 1922 – July 18, 1982) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned 10 seasons, including two in Major League Baseball with the St. Louis Browns (1948–1949). Over his major league career, <mask> compiled a batting average of .184 with 23 runs, 41 hits, eight doubles, one triple, two home runs and 17 runs batted in (RBIs) in 122 games played. <mask> also played in the minor leagues with the Class-D Paragould Browns (1941), the Class-B Springfield Browns (1942), the Double-A San Antonio Missions (1946–1947, 1950–1951), the Class-B Longview Cherokees (1952), the open-class Los Angeles Angels (1952), the Class-A Spokane Indians (1953) and the Class-A Yakima Bears (1953). <mask> also served in the United States Army during World War II. During his service, he was captured by German soldiers and held as a prisoner of war. He was later freed and resumed his baseball career. Professional career

Early career
<mask> was born on November 13, 1922, on Bremerton, Washington.He attended Silverdale High School and after graduation, was signed by St. Louis Browns scout Jack Fournier. In 1941, <mask> began his professional career with the Class-D Paragould Browns of the Northeast Arkansas League. He batted .259 with 112 hits, 15 doubles, five triples and one home run in 114 games played. On defense, <mask> played 64 games at shortstop, committing 24 errors in 252 total chances. During the 1942 season, <mask> played with the Springfield Browns of the Class-B Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League. In 109 games played that season, he batted .302 with 111 hits, 19 doubles, seven triples and 14 home runs. In the field,

masks:
Andy Holm Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


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 <mask> played 108 games at second base, committing 37 errors in 547 total chances.Amongst Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League batters, <mask> was fourth in home runs, behind Ducky Detweiler with 16 home runs, Tom Jordan with 22 home runs and Pat Seerey with 33 home runs. World War II
On November 28, 1942, <mask> entered service in the United States Army. Although out of the professional circuit, <mask> did play amateur baseball in his home state of Washington before deploying. Holding the rank of Private First Class, <mask> fought in Europe during World War II. On November 21, 1944, <mask> was captured by German soldiers and was held as a prisoner of war at Stalag IX-B in Bad Orb, Germany. <mask>, whose weight had dropped from  to , was rescued on May 4, 1945. To rehabilitate, <mask> was sent to Santa Barbara, California.Jack Fournier, the scout who originally signed <mask>, visited him when he was in Santa Barbara and told him that when he was ready, he could resume his job in the Browns organization. Return to baseball
In 1946, a year after being rescued from a German prisoner of war camp, <mask> returned to the St. Louis Browns organization with the San Antonio Missions of the Double-A Texas League. With San Antonio that season, <mask> batted .246 with 126 hits, 24 doubles, three doubles and one home run in 142 games played. On defense, <mask> played shortstop and second base. He continued playing with San Antonio in 1947, playing in 147 games that season. In those games, <mask> batted .250 with 138 hits, 20 doubles and six home runs. <mask> again played both shortstop and second base in the field.<mask> joined the St. Louis

masks: Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson


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 Browns during spring training in 1948, making the team going into regular season as a back-up infielder. <mask> made his Major League Baseball debut on May 10, 1948, against the Washington Senators, going hitless in one at-bat. His first major league hit came on May 19, against the New York Yankees. Against the Philadelphia Athletics on June 11, <mask> hit his first major league home run. During the 1948 season, <mask> batted .276 with 13 runs, 24 hits, five doubles, one triple, one home run and 12 runs batted in (RBIs) in 51 games played. On defense, <mask> played 21 games at second base, 10 games at shortstop and two games at first base. In 1949, <mask> again made the Browns major league roster.That season, he batted .125 with 10 runs, 17 hits, three doubles, one home run and five RBIs in 71 games played. In the field, <mask> played 44 games at shortstop, eight games at second base and eight games at third base. Later career
In 1950, <mask> returned to the minor league and spent the season with the Double-A San Antonio Missions. He played 90 games that season, and batted .247 with 66 hits, nine double and five home runs. <mask> played third base and second base with the Missions that season. During the 1951 season, <mask> played just three games with the Missions, getting no hits. In those games, <mask> played shortstop.<mask> split the 1953 season with the Class-B Longview Cherokees and the open-class Los Angeles Angels. With the Cherokees, who played in the Big State League, <mask> batted .284 with 19 hits and five doubles in 20 games played. <mask> played 10 games with the Angeles, who were members of the Pacific

masks: Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson Anderson


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 Coast League and affiliated with the Chicago Cubs, he batted .227 with one run, five hits and one double. <mask> played with two teams in the 1954 season, the Class-A Spokane Indians and the Class-A Yakima Bears, both of the Western International League. Combined between the two teams, <mask> batted .234 with 71 hits, 12 doubles and one home run in 88 games played. In all of his 65 games in the field, <mask> played second base. That season would prove to be <mask>'s last in professional baseball.<mask> was born on November 13, 1922, in Bremerton, Washington. He died on July 18, 1982, in Seattle, Washington, and was buried at Evergreen Washelli Memorial Park. References
General reference

Inline citations

External links

1922 births
1982 deaths
Major League Baseball infielders
St. Louis Browns players
Longview Cherokees players
Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
Paragould Browns players
San Antonio Missions players
Spokane Indians players
Springfield Browns players
Yakima Bears players
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Baseball players from Washington (state)
People from Bremerton, Washington
American prisoners of war in World War

masks:
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Personal Anderson


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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born 1968) is an Italian-American bassist and record producer, who rose to fame when several of the bands he produced experienced huge gains in popularity during the pop-punk boom of the mid-‘90s. Among these bands was Giorgini's own Squirtgun, which received minor MTV rotation and several soundtrack appearances in major films in the 1990s. <mask> is also the son of renowned Italian artist <mask>. Music career
<mask> has played bass guitar, alto and tenor saxophones, and sung backing vocals for a number of punk rock bands including Screeching Weasel, Common Rider, Squirtgun, Rattail Grenadier, The Mopes, Teeth and the Man, Torture the Artist, and Sweet Black And Blue. As a composer, <mask> has written songs primarily for his band Squirtgun, but in addition has lent writing assistance to several bands he has produced. His songwriting work also appears in the films Mallrats (Gramercy Pictures) and Bubble Boy (Disney). As a producer, he has worked in conjunction with leading punk rock figures such as Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day and Kris Roe of the Ataris, and produced music by bands such as Rise Against, Anti-Flag, and Alkaline Trio.Since 1990, he has owned and operated Sonic Iguana Studios in Lafayette, Indiana. He has been involved in creating the recordings of many bands (sometimes recording, mixing, mastering, and producing). His production work has taken him all over the globe, including production stints in Australia, Spain, Canada, and the Cayman Islands, as well as in numerous states of the United States. Discography

Screeching Weasel- Ramones (1992)
The Queers- Love Songs for the Retarded (1993)
Screeching Weasel- Wiggle (1993)
Smoking Popes- Get Fired (1993)
Screeching Weasel- How to Make Enemies and Irritate People (1994)
The Queers- Beat Off (1994)
The Fighters - Breaking Bones for Laughs (1994)
The

masks:
Massimiliano Adelmo
Mass
Giorgini
Mass Giorgini
Aldo Giorgini
Giorgini
Giorgini


texts:
 Fighters / Winepress - The Rambling Boys of Pleasure (1994)
The Bollweevils – Stick Your Neck Out! (1994)
The Queers- Move Back Home (1995)
The Riverdales- The Riverdales (1995)
Squirtgun- Squirtgun (1995)
88 Fingers Louie- Behind Bars (1995)
Starbilly - BUZZ Records (1995)
The Crumbs- The Crumbs (1996)
The Queers- A Day Late And A Dollar Short (1996)
Cub- Box of Hair (1996)
Screeching Weasel- Bark Like a Dog (1996)
The Queers- Don't Back Down (1996)
Beatnik Termites - Bubblecore (1996)
The Riverdales- Storm the Streets (1997)
Squirtgun- Another Sunny Afternoon (1997)
Groovie Ghoulies- Re-Animation Festival (1997)
The Huntingtons- Fun and Games (1997)
Beatnik Termites - Pleasant Dreams (1996)
The Queers- Punk Rock Confidential (1998)
Parasites (band) - Rat Ass Pie (1998)
The Connie Dungs - Earthbound for the Holiday (1999)
Groovie Ghoulies- Fun in the Dark (1999)
The Lillingtons- Death By Television (1999)
Dead Letter Dept. (Formally: The Stiffs)  - Forever in a Day (2000)
Groovie Ghoulies- Travels with my Amp (2000)
Anti-Flag- Underground Network (2001)
Rise Against- The Unraveling (2001)
Caulfield - ...Sleep Tight, Ya Morons (2001)
The Real Swinger - Back from Nowhere (2001)
Ded Bugs - Planet of Blood (2001)
Common Rider- This is Unity Music (2002)
Justin Sane- Life, Love and the Pursuit of Justice (2002)
Groovie Ghoulies- Go! Prior to his career in music, Giorgini earned a degree in Psychology from Purdue University and began a course of graduate study in that same field.When his father became terminally ill with a form of brain cancer, Giorgini suspended his studies in order to care for his ailing father. Following his father's death, Giorgini abandoned his doctorate studies in psychology, and dedicated himself to music. A pair of articles co-authored by Giorgini were published in respected psychology academic journals from Giorgini's


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 period prior to his departure from the field. Giorgini later returned to academics in the area of Spanish Literature, in which he earned both a Master's and Ph.D. degree from Purdue University in Cervantes Studies at the same university. He has published several articles in academic journals and chapters in book-length studies on literature and film. Most of his research has been on the investigation of encoded messages protesting the Inquisition written between the lines of the novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes. In March 2014, Giorgini delivered a TEDx Talk at Purdue University summarizing some of his research on the same topic.<mask> was the model for the fictional character "Max" in the novel Weasels in a Box by John Jughead. In the novel, the character "Max" is a punk rock producer who also studies the literary figure Don Quixote. Giorgini has taught Audio Production Techniques in the Theatre Department at Purdue University, as well as Italian and Spanish in the Foreign Language Department of the same institution. In addition to his ongoing research on Cervantes and his production work, Giorgini presents at symposia on forensic techniques in the analysis of coded language. Footnotes

External links
Sonic Iguana Studios
Official Squirtgun site
Mass Giorgini's Blog

An article by <mask> for an academic psychology journal:
Response Time Distributions: Some Simple Effects of Factors Selectively Influencing Mental Processes (1999) by Richard Schweikert & <mask>i, from the Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, Volume 6, Issue 2, pages 266-288. Living people
1968 births
Purdue University faculty
American punk rock bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American people of Italian descent
American audio engineers
American record producers
20th-century American bass guitarists
Screeching Weasel members
20th-century American male

masks:
Giorgini
Mass Giorgini
Massiorgin


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<mask> (born 11 September 1963) is a politician (CDU), member of the German Bundestag and former Bundeswehr general staff officer. Early life and career
After passing the German Abitur examination in 1982, Kiesewetter joined the German military artillery forces. From 1983 until 1986 he studied economics and organizational sciences at the Bundeswehr University Munich and the University of Texas at Austin. From 1995 to 1997 he attended the German General Staff Course at the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr in Hamburg, being awarded the Heusinger prize for the best German graduate. Having finished the studies in Hamburg, <mask> was posted at the European Council, the NATO Headquarters in Brussels and Mons as well as in the German Ministry of Defence. Besides that he also used to be commander of a German army battalion and took part in different military missions abroad. From 2006 to 2009 he was head of the offices of the then Chiefs of Staff of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Rainer Schuwirth and Karl-Heinz Lather in Brunssum, Belgium.In 2009 he had a post at the Rapid Reaction Forces Operations Command (Kommando operative Führung Eingreifkräfte), until he was elected member of parliament on 17 October 2009 and left the army as a colonel. Political career
<mask> has been a member of the German Bundestag since the 2009 federal elections. In the Bundestag, Kiesewetter is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs as well as deputy chairman of the Sub-Committee for Disarmament, Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. In his parliamentary group he serves as spokesman for disarmament and on civilian crisis prevention. Within the Committee on Foreign Affairs, he is his group's rapporteur on the Balkans, the Mediterranean and Maghreb countries; he previously also covered energy policy. In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2013 federal elections, Kiesewetter was part of the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on foreign affairs, defense policy and development cooperation, led by Thomas de Maizière and Frank-Walter Steinmeier. Between 2014 and

masks:
Roderich Kiesewetter
Kiesewetter
Kiesewetter


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 2015, Kiesewetter represented the CDU/CSU parliamentary group in a crossparty committee headed by former defense minister Volker Rühe to review the country's parliamentary rules on military deployments.From April 2014, he served as member of the German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal; he resigned from the body in January 2015, citing an increased need to focus on his duties in the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, Kiesewetter is a member of the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since 2019, he has been a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly. In February 2013, Kiesewetter accompanied President of the Bundestag Norbert Lammert to Morocco for meetings with the president of the House of Representatives, Karim Ghellab, the President of the Assembly of Councillors, Mohamed Cheikh Biadillah, Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane, and Foreign Minister Saad-Eddine El Othmani. In early 2015, he joined Germany's Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier on official trips to Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria; later that year, he also accompanied him on a trip to Cuba; it was the first time a German foreign minister had visited the country since German reunification in 1990. Political positions

Domestic politics
Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018, Kiesewetter publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party's chair. He later endorsed Norbert Röttgen as Kramp-Karrenbauer's successor at the party’s 2021 leadership election.In September 2020, <mask> was one of 15 members of his parliamentary group who joined Röttgen in writing an open letter to Minister of the Interior Horst Seehofer which called on Germany and other EU counties to take in 5000 immigrants who were left without shelter after fires gutted the overcrowded Mória Reception and Identification Centre on the Greek island of Lesbos. Ahead of the 2021 national elections, Kiesewetter endorsed Armin Laschet as the Christian Democrats' joint


texts:
 candidate to succeed Chancellor Angela Merkel. Defence policy
In 2012, <mask> and Andreas Schockenhoff proposed in a strategy paper a reform of the requirement of parliamentary approval when sending Bundeswehr soldiers abroad, suggesting instead to introduce a yearly, general parliamentary decision on German participation in integrated military structures, such as AWACS, EU Battlegroups and the NATO Response Force (NRF). The government would then have a right to deploy, while the Bundestag would have the right to recall the troops. NSA surveillance scandal
In 2014, Kiesewetter said efforts to lock in a "no-spy" agreement with the U.S. contradict the need to follow threatening developments in friendly states. Later that year, he called on Edward Snowden to speak with the German parliament's investigative committee on NSA surveillance activities in Germany. Relations with Russia
In August 2012, Kiesewetter was one of 124 members of the Bundestag to sign a letter that was sent to the Russian ambassador to Germany, Vladimir Grinin, expressing concern over the trial against the three members of Pussy riot."Being held in detention for months and the threat of lengthy punishment are draconian and disproportionate," the lawmakers said in the letter. "In a secular and pluralist state, peaceful artistic acts – even if they can be seen as provocative – must not lead to the accusation of serious criminal acts that lead to lengthy prison terms." Holding a special interest in the Balkans, <mask> has in the past called for a stronger German and European commitment to the region, arguing that "Russia is coming into the region as a competitor." He also argues that Berlin should respond to positive changes in the region, such as the election of Klaus Johannis, the reform-minded Romanian president, who "deserves support". In a 2014 article in Vanity Fair, Kiesewetter is quoted on the Russian military intervention in Ukraine: "We think he has a hidden strategy to disturb and weaken the E.U. to cause it to split." On a United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union, he later argued "it would be

masks: Kiesewetter Kiesewetter


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 a success for Russia" and that "it cannot be in Germany's national interest for a British exit to weaken the EU and strengthen Germany."Relations with Israel
When Der Spiegel uncovered the German government's controversial decision to export up to 270 Leopard 2A7+ tanks to Saudi Arabia in October 2011, Kiesewetter in a parliamentary debate put forward a version of events presenting Israel as the driving force behind the decision, claiming that "Israel not only wanted the sale of these tanks, but explicitly supported it." When Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman called on Germany to lead a control mission for the Rafah checkpoint between the Gaza Strip and Egypt in 2014, Kiesewetter cautioned that "having German soldiers on the ground is not an option because that would be unacceptable for Israel." Other activities
 German Military Reserve Association, president (2011–2016)
 Southeast Europe Association (SOG), vice-president
 Advisory Board for Civilian Crisis Prevention, member
 EastWest Institute, Member of the Parliamentarians Network for Conflict Prevention
 Federal Academy for Security Policy (BAKS), member of the advisory board
 Center for International Peace Operations (ZIF), member of the supervisory board
 European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), member
 European Leadership Network (ELN), member
 European Security Round Table, member of the advisory board (2009–2013)
 German-British Society, member
 Parliamentarians Network for Conflict Prevention of the EastWest Institute, member
 Lions Club, member

References

External links
 Personal website
 Profile on the Bundestag website

1963 births
Living people
People from Pfullendorf
German Protestants
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Members of the Bundestag for Baden-Württemberg
Bundeswehr University Munich alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
German military personnel of the Bundeswehr
Members of the Bundestag 2021–2025
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017
Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of


texts:
<mask> is an American author and actress, best known for her 1978 memoir and exposé, Mommie Dearest, which described her turbulent relationship with her adoptive mother, film star <mask>. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Los Angeles, California in 1939, to an unmarried teen. According to her personal interview with Larry King, her father was married to another woman and supposedly in the Navy; her mother was unmarried. <mask> was adopted from a baby broker in Nevada because Joan was formally denied an adoption by social services for being an unfit candidate in California in 1940 (due at least in part to her status as a two-time divorcee). <mask> was one of five children adopted by Joan. Her siblings were Christopher (1942–2006), adopted in 1943, and twin girls Catherine (Cathy, 1947–2020) and Cynthia (Cindy, 1947–2007) — adopted in 1947. In 1942, another boy, who also had the name Christopher, had been adopted by <mask>, but was reclaimed by his birth mother.<mask> has stated that her childhood was affected by her adoptive mother's alcoholism. At 10, <mask> was sent to Chadwick School in Palos Verdes, California, which many other celebrity children attended. However, her mother sent her from Chadwick to graduate from Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy in La Cañada (now the city of La Cañada Flintridge), California, and curtailed <mask>'s outside contact until her graduation. After graduating from Flintridge, she moved from California to Pittsburgh to attend Carnegie Mellon School of Drama and then to New York City, where she studied at the Neighborhood Playhouse in Manhattan. After seven years, she gained a Bachelor of Arts degree from UCLA. After 14 years as an actress, <mask> returned to college, graduating magna cum laude from UCLA and receiving her master's degree from the Annenberg School of Communication at USC. Then she worked in corporate communications at the Los Angeles headquarters of Getty Oil

masks:
Christina Crawford
Joan Crawford
Christina Crawford
Crawford
Christina
Joan Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford


texts:
 Company.Career
<mask> appeared in summer stock theatre, including a production of Splendor in the Grass. She also acted in a number of Off-Broadway productions, including In Color on Sundays (1958). She also appeared in At Christmas Time (1959) and Dark of the Moon (1959) at the Fred Miller Theater in Milwaukee, and The Moon Is Blue (1960). In 1960, due to her mother's career in film, <mask> was given a supporting role in the crime drama film Force of Impulse, which was released in 1961. Also in 1961, <mask> was assigned a small role in the musical Wild in the Country, a film starring Elvis Presley. That year, she made a guest appearance on Dean Miller's NBC celebrity interview program Here's Hollywood, promoting the films. In 1962, she appeared in the play The Complaisant Lover.She played five character parts in Ben Hecht's controversial play Winkelberg. The same year, she appeared on the CBS courtroom drama The Verdict is Yours. In October 1965, she appeared in Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park, with Myrna Loy, a friend of her mother, before being fired. She was considered a capable actress, but difficult to work with in the industry, described as 'stubborn' by Loy who stated in her autobiography Being and Becoming that "We didn't have any problems in Barefoot in the Park until she appeared. The idea of Joan's daughter playing the role delighted me until I discovered how recalcitrant this child was...I've never known anyone like her, ever. Her stubbornness is really unbelievable. She would not do a single thing anyone told her to do."She also had a supporting role in Faces (1968), a romantic drama directed by John Cassavetes. <mask> played Joan Borman Kane on the soap opera The Secret Storm in New York from 1968 until 1969. While <mask> was in the hospital recovering from an emergency surgery in October 1968, Joan asked to "fill in" for <mask>. She did so without mentioning it to her daughter, "holding the role" for her for

masks: Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Christina


texts:
 four episodes so that the part would not be recast during her absence. Viewership increased 40% during this replacement time, much to <mask>'s chagrin. Eventually let go from the series, <mask> insisted it was due to her mother's appearance. The producers, however, said that Joan was gracious, professional and brought huge ratings, and that <mask>'s character and her storyline had simply run its course.<mask> also was given guest appearances on other TV programs, including Medical Center, Marcus Welby, M.D., Matt Lincoln, Ironside and The Sixth Sense. Later career
After <mask> died in 1977, <mask> and her brother, Christopher, discovered that their mother had disinherited them from her $2 million estate, her will citing "reasons which are well-known to them." Though being estranged from (and no longer financially supported by) their famous mother for years, in November 1977, <mask> and her brother sued <mask>'s estate to invalidate their mother's will, which she signed on October 28, 1976. Cathy LaLonde, another <mask> daughter, and her husband, Jerome, the complaint charged, "took deliberate advantage of decedent's seclusion and weakened and distorted mental and physical condition to insinuate themselves" into Joan's favor. A court settlement was reached on July 13, 1979, awarding <mask> and Christopher $55,000 from their mother's estate. In 1978, <mask>'s book Mommie Dearest was released. The book accused her mother of being a cruel, violent, neglectful, and deceitful narcissistic fraud who adopted her children only for wealth and fame after she had been labeled "box office poison" after being fired from MGM studios.In 1981, a movie adaptation of the book was released, starring Faye Dunaway as <mask>, Mara Hobel (Mara Boyd) as very young <mask>, and Diana Scarwid as adult <mask>. The film, while critically panned, grossed more than $39 million worldwide from a $5 million budget and garnered five Golden Raspberry Awards,

masks:
Christina
Crawford
Christina
Crawford
Joan Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Joan Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Joan Crawford
Christina
Christina Crawford


texts: including worst picture. <mask> had no involvement with the making of the film, and has categorically denounced the film as "grotesque" and a work of fiction. <mask> has repeatedly stated that the film is highly inaccurate, and that the portrayal of her mother in the film is nothing like the real <mask>, specifically citing that her mother never chopped down a tree with an axe, or beat her with a wire hanger as depicted in the film. <mask> has published five subsequent books, including Survivor'," "Black Widow," "No Safe Place," "Daughters of The Inquisition," and "Scammed." After a stroke in 1981, she spent five years in rehabilitation before moving to the Northwest. She ran a bed and breakfast called Seven Springs Farms in Tensed, Idaho, between 1994 and 1999.She formed Seven Springs Press in 1998 to self-publish the 20th-anniversary edition of Mommie Dearest in paperback from the original manuscript and included new material about the years after her graduation from high school. On July 20, 1998, one of <mask>'s other adopted children, <mask> LaLonde, filed a lawsuit against <mask> for "defamation of character." LaLonde stated in her lawsuit that during the 20th anniversary book tour of Mommie Dearest, <mask> publicly claimed to interviewers that LaLonde and her twin sister, Cynthia, were not biological sisters, and that their adoption was never legal. Lalonde stated neither claim by <mask> was true, and attached copies of the twin girls' birth certificates and adoption documentation to the lawsuit. The lawsuit was later settled out of court for $5,000 plus court costs. In 2000, <mask> began working as entertainment manager at the Coeur d'Alene Casino in Idaho, where she worked until 2007. She then wrote and produced a regional TV series, Northwest Entertainment.On November 22, 2009, she was appointed county commissioner in Benewah County, Idaho, by Governor Butch Otter, but she lost her bid for election in November 2010. In

masks:
Christina
Christina
Joan Crawford
Christina Crawford
Joan Crawford
Cathy Crawford
Christina Crawford
Christina
Christina
Crawford


texts:
 2011, <mask> founded the non-profit Benewah Human Rights Coalition and served as the organization's first president. In 2013, she made a documentary, Surviving Mommie Dearest. On November 21, 2017, the e-book editions of Mommie Dearest, Survivor, and Daughters of the Inquisition were published through Open Road Integrated Media. She is also currently working with composer David Nehls on a stage musical adaptation of Mommie Dearest, to be produced in regional theater. <mask> is currently writing the third book in her memoir trilogy, following Mommie Dearest and Survivor. Personal life
<mask> met Harvey Medlinsky, a director and Broadway stage manager, while she was appearing in the Chicago national company of Barefoot in the Park.They were married briefly in the late 1960s. She met her second husband, commercial producer David Koontz, while she was working on a car commercial. Filmography

 Books
 Mommie Dearest (1978)
 Black Widow: A Novel (1981)
 Survivor (1988)
 No Safe Place: The Legacy of Family Violence (1994)
 Daughters Of The Inquisition: Medieval Madness: Origin and Aftermath (2003)
 Scammed: A True Story of <mask> & The General (2014)
 Mommie Dearest: Special Edition (2017) ebook
 Survivor (2017) ebook
 Daughters of the Inquisition: Medieval Madness: Origin and Aftermath'' (2017) ebook

References

External links

American women novelists
American adoptees
American film actresses
American memoirists
20th-century American novelists
American stage actresses
American television actresses
County commissioners in Idaho
Writers from Los Angeles
Living people
Actresses from Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Southern California alumni
21st-century American novelists
Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Year of

masks: Crawford Crawford Crawford Christina


texts:
is a Japanese professional baseball shortstop for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball. Early Baseball career
<mask> attended Meiho High School, pitcher-shortstop, hitting 62 home runs and throwing as hard as 154 km/h(96 mph). He participated in the 2rd grade spring the 80th Japanese High School Baseball Invitational Tournament, 3rd grade spring the 81th Japanese High School Baseball Invitational Tournament, and 3rd grade summer the 91th Japanese High School Baseball Championship as a Third baseman, Shortstop and Pitcher. And he pitched a 154km/h (95.69mph) fastball as a pitcher in the quarterfinals of 91th Japanese High School Baseball Championship against the Hanamaki Higashi High School's Yusei Kikuchi. Professional career
The Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks drafted him in the first round in the 2009 Nippon Professional Baseball draft. 2010–2015 season
In 2010 season, <mask> played in the Western League of NPB's minor leagues. In 2011 season, <mask> made his debut with the Pacific League on April 12, 2011, as a defensive sub at 1B.For the year, he played 18 games (11 at first base, 7 not appearing in the field) but only had one at-bat (he was retired). He had two steals and three runs, indicating he pinch-ran at times. And he was selected as the Japan Series roster in the 2011 Japan Series. After the 2011 NPB season, <mask> played in the Australian Baseball League for the Brisbane Bandits, and was named to the 2011 Australian Baseball League All-Star Game. On April 30, 2012, <mask> hit his first hit in the Pacific League. And he hit his first home run against the Saitama Seibu Lions, on August 4, and also hit a home run on the 5th, recording two days  consecutive home runs. In 2012 season, <mask> finished the regular season in 126 games with a batting average of .238, a two home runs, a RBI of 14, a 8

masks: Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya


texts:
 stolen bases, and a 21 sacrifice bunts.In 2013 season, <mask> broke the Pacific League season record with 62 sacrifice bunts. And he recorded in 143 games with a batting average of .253, a 5 home runs, a RBI of 43, and a 10 stolen bases. On November 26, <mask> was honored for the Mitsui Golden Glove Award at the 2013 Professional Baseball Convention. On July 18, 2014, <mask> participated in the MAZADA All-Star Game 2014 for the first time. In 2014 season, <mask> recorded 62 sacrifice bunts and achieved 60 sacrifice bunts for the first time in NPB history for the second consecutive year. And he recorded in all 144 games with a batting average of .240, a 3 home runs, a RBI of 42, and a 10 stolen bases. In the 2014 Japan Series against the Hanshin Tigers, he recorded his first hit in the Japan Series in Game 1.On November 26, <mask> was honored the Pacific League Best Nine Award for the first time and the Mitsui Golden Glove Award for the second consecutive year at the NPB Awards 2014. On July 2, 2015, <mask> was elected an MAZDA all-star Game 2015. In 2015 season, he finished the regular season in 142 games with a batting average of .228, a 7 home runs, a RBI of 45, a 3 stolen bases, and a 35 sacrifice bunts. In the 2015 Japan Series against the Tokyo Yakult Swallows, he contributed to the team's second consecutive Japan Series champion with a batting average of .278 and one home run. On November 25, <mask> was honored for the Mitsui Golden Glove Award for the third consecutive year at the NPB Awards 2015. 2016–2020 season
On June 2, 2016, <mask> achieved 200 sacrifice bunts, the youngest in NPB's  history. In 2016 season, he finished the regular season in 137 games with a batting average of .245, a 10 home runs, a RBI of 56, a 8 stolen bases, and a 38 sacrifice bunts.On October 28, <mask> underwent surgery on his right

masks: Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya


texts: elbow. On November 28, <mask> was honored for the Mitsui Golden Glove Award for the fourth consecutive year at the NPB Awards 2016. On January 26, 2017, <mask> declined to participate in the 2017 World Baseball Classic due to rehabilitation of his right elbow. He returned to the team at the start of the 2017 season. On June 26, <mask> was selected by fan voting for MyNavi All-Star Game 2017, and has participated for the fourth time in a row since 2014. He finished the regular season in 141 games with a batting average of .264, a 14 home runs, a RBI of 64, a 15 stolen bases, and a 52 sacrifice bunts. In the 2017 Japan Series against the Yokohama DeNA BayStars, He contributed to the team's second consecutive Japan Series champion with a good defense of diving catches in Game 4 and three hits and two stolen bases in Game 5.On November 20, <mask> was honored for the Pacific League Best Nine Award for the second time in three years and the Mitsui Golden Glove Award for the Fifth consecutive year at the NPB Awards 2017. On June 14, 2018, <mask> left the team for rehabilitation due to pain in his right elbow. He returned to the team in about a month, but the number of games played was reduced to 99. And he recorded .266 batting average, 11 home runs, 45 RBIs, 5 stolen bases and 22 sacrifice bunts. In the 2018 Japan Series against the Hiroshima Toyo Carp, <mask> contributed to the team's second consecutive Japan Series champion with a batting average of .357 (5 hits in 14 at bats) in four games. In 2019 season, <mask> changed his uniform number from 2 to 6. On June 4, 2019, he achieved 1,000 appearances.In the match against Chiba Lotte Marines on August 8, <mask> hit a reversal home run with a pinch hitter for the first time. He finished the regular season in 106 games with a batting average of .256, a 14 home runs, a RBI of 41,

masks: Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya


texts:
 a 4 stolen bases, and a 7 sacrifice bunts. In the 2019 Pacific League Climax Series against the Saitama Seibu Lions, <mask> won the Pacific League Climax Series Most valuable player Award with 5 hits and 6 RBIs including 3 home runs in Game 4. In the 2019 Japan Series against the Yomiuri Giants, <mask> contributed to the team's third consecutive Japan Series champion with a batting average of .313 (5 hits in 16 at bats) in four games. In the match against the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters on July 3, 2020, <mask> achieved the youngest 300 sacrifice bunts in NPB history. On August 22, <mask> was diagnosed with a muscle injury in his left calf. He spent the rest of his time rehabilitating, reducing his participation in the 2019 season to 43 games.International career
In 2013, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the 2013 BASEBALL CHALLENGE Japan vs. Chinese Taipei. In 2014, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the 2014 MLB Japan All-Star Series. On February 16, 2015, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the GLOBAL BASEBALL MATCH 2015 SAMURAI JAPAN vs. Europe National Team. On November 2, 2015, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the 2015 WBSC Premier12. February 15, 2016, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the 2016 SAMURAI JAPAN Warm-up Game Japan vs Chinese Taipei. On March 1, 2018, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the ENEOS SAMURAI JAPAN Series Japan vs Australia. References

External links

 Kenta <mask> at B-R Bullpen
 NPB.jp
 6 Kenta <mask> PLAYERS2021 - Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site

1991 births
Brisbane Bandits players
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players
Living people
Nippon Professional Baseball shortstops
Baseball people from Ōita Prefecture
Japanese expatriate baseball players in

masks: Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya


texts:
<mask> (1518–1566) was an Italian Mathematician and Cartographer active in Venice during the early 16th century. He was also an alchemist, writing pseudonymously as Alessio Piemontese. Biography

<mask> was born in Viterbo (from a family described by different sources as of humble origins, of minor nobility, or notaries), probably in 1518, although in many texts list the year of birth as 1504. He lived in Aquilea, then in Padua, and later in Rome where in 1541 he founded the "Accademia dello Sdegno". He later moved to Naples, and finally in 1548 he moved to Venice where he remained until his death. The exact term to describe his business is polygraph, a literary man who, immediately after the invention of printing, earned a living working for a publisher on his own works or translating and often plagiarizing the work of others. He was a writer on the most varied subjects, both as author or curator, and on behalf of third parties, in this latter function in particular until 1555 in partnership with the publisher Plinio Pietrasanta.In that year he was tried by the Inquisition for the unlicensed publication of a satirical poem, Il capitolo delle Lodi del Fuso published by Plinio Pietrasanta in Venice 1554, and fined 50 ducats (about 6oz of gold), after which the small publishing company did not long survive. Most of his later works were published by Vincenzo Valgrisi. A mannerist portrait of Ruscelli by his friend Bernardo Tasso found in Il Minturno overo de la Bellezza by Bernardo's son Torquato Tasso. Based on documents on from testamentary bequests, it is known that <mask>'s wife was Virginia Panarelli, sister of Teofilo Panarelli a doctor with Protestant sympathies who was hanged and burned in Rome in 1572. It is generally accepted that

masks:
Girolamo Ruscelli
Girolamo Ruscelli
Ruscelli


texts:
 he was Alessio Piemontese (in Latin, Alexius Pedemontanus), a pseudonym under which he wrote an immensely popular book of alchemy first published in 1555, De Secreti Del Alessio Piemontese, which included recipes for alchemical compounds, cosmetics, dyes, and medicines. It was reprinted for over two centuries and translated into numerous languages (French, English, German, Latin, Dutch, Spanish, Polish, Danish). Among his best known works, printed by Vincenzo Valgrisi, were translations of various classics including the Decameron, Orlando Furioso, and a translation of the Geografia of Ptolemy.Among the 69 copperplate maps in his translation of Geografia were 40 then contemporary maps based generally on maps compiled by Giacomo Gastaldi in 1548. He engaged in linguistics, and compiled a Rimario that remained in use until the 19th century. Works

 <mask> <mask>, Tre discorsi à M. Lodovico Dolce. L'uno intorno al Decamerone del Boccaccio, L'altro all'Osservationi della lingua volgare, Et il terzo alla tradottione dell'Ovidio. Venezia, Plinio Pietrasanta, 1553. <mask> <mask> (a cura di), Rime di diuersi eccellenti autori bresciani...tra le quali sono le rime della Signora Veronica Gambara, & di M. Pietro Barignano, ridotte alla vera sincerità loro, Venezia, Plinio Pietrasanta, 1554
 <mask> <mask>, De' secreti del reuerendo donno Alessio Piemontese, prima parte diuisa in sei libri. Opera utilissima et universalmente necessaria e diletteuole a ciascheduno.Ora in questa seconda editione dall'autor medesimo tutta ricorretta et migliorata. Et aggiuntovi nel fine de ogni libro molti bellissimi secreti nuovi, Venezia, 1557. <mask> <mask> (a cura di), Tutte le Rime della Illustriss. et Eccellentiss. Signora Vittoria Colonna. Marchesana di Pescara.

masks: Girolamo Ruscelli Girolamo Ruscelli Girolamo Ruscelli Girolamo Ruscelli


texts:
 Con l'espositione del Signor Rinaldo Corso, nuovamente mandate in luce da Girolamo Ruscelli.Venezia, Giovan Battista Et Melchior Sessa Fratelli, 1558. Ludovico Ariosto, <mask> <mask> (a cura di), Orlando Furioso... Con le Annotationi, gli Auvertimenti, & le Dichiarationi di <mask> <mask>, La Vita dell'Autore descritta dal Signore Giovan Battista Pigna. Gli Scontri de' luoghi mutati... Aggiuntavi in questa Seconda impressione la Dichiaratione di tutte le Istorie, et Favole toccate nel presente libro, fatta da M. Nicolò Eugenico. Annotationi, Et Auvertimenti Di Girolamo Ruscelli, Venezia, Vincenzo Valgrisi, 1558. <mask> <mask>, Del modo di comporre in versi nella lingua italiana, trattato di Girolamo Ruscelli, nuouamente mandato in luce. Nel quale va compreso vn pieno & ordinatissimo Rimario, con la dichiaratione, con le regole, et col giudicio per saper conueneuolmente usare ò schifar le uoci nell'esser loco, così nelle prose, come ne i uersi, (noto anche come Rimario), Venezia, Giovanni Battista e Melchiorre Sessa fratelli, 1559. <mask> Ruscelli, Le Imprese illustri, Venezia, 1566, doi:10.3931/e-rara-79841 (Digitized edition at e-rara).<mask> <mask> (Alessio PIEMONTESE), Secreti nuovi di maravigliosa virtù..., Venezia, eredi di Marchiò Sessa, 1567
 <mask> <mask> (a cura di), Lettere di principi, le quali o si scrivono da principi o a principi o ragionano di principi, Venetza, Giordano Ziletti e compagni, 1570-1577. <mask> <mask>, Precetti della Militia moderna, tanto per mare, quanto per terra. Trattati da diversi nobilissimi ingegni, & raccolti ... né quali si contiene tutta l'arte del bombardiero, & si mostra l'ordine che ha da tenere il maestro di campo ....., In Venetia, Heredi di Marchiò Sessa, 1572. <mask> <mask>, Le Imprese

masks: Girolamo Ruscelli Girolamo Ruscelli Girolamo Ruscelli Girolamo Girolamo Ruscelli Girolamo Ruscelli Girolamo Ruscelli Girolamo Ruscelli


texts:
 illustri, con espositioni, et discorsi... Con la Giunta di altre Imprese tutto riordinato et corretto da Franc.co Patritio. Venezia, 1572 (Libri I-III), 1583 (Libro quarto). <mask> <mask>, De' commentarii della lingua italiana. Del sig.<mask> Ruscelli viterbese libri VII. Ne' quali con facilità, et copiosamente si tratta tutto quello, che alla vera et perfetta notitia di detta Lingua s'appartiene: hora posti in luce da Vincenzo Ruscelli. Con due Tauole, una de' capitoli, & l'altra delle cose più notabili. All'Illustrissimo, & Eccellentissimo Sig. Iacomo Boncompagno Duca di Sora, & Governator Generale di S. Chiesa, Venezia, Damian Zenaro, 1581
 Kunstbuch Des Wolerfarnen Herren Alexii Pedemontani/ von mancherleyen nutzlichen unnd bewerten Secreten oder Künsten / jetzt newlich auß Welscher und Lateinischer Sprach in Teutsch gebracht/ durch Doctor Hanß Jacob Wecker/ Stattartzet zu Colmar. Basel: König, 1616. Les secrets de reverend Alexis Piémontois : contenans excellens remedes contre plusieurs maladies, playes et autres accidens ; avec la manière de faire distillations, parfuns, confitures, teintures, couleurs et fusions ; oeuvre bien approuvé, très utile et nécessaire a un chacun.- Anvers: Plantin, 1557. De secreti del reverendo donno Alessio Piemontese. - Venetia: de gli Antonii, 1562. . Vol. 1, 2, 3
 *

References

Bibliography
  (presentato alla Society of Antiquaries, Londra, 11.2.1897)

 M.Celaschi, A. Gregori, <mask> <mask> a Alessio Piemontese. I Secreti dal Cinque al Settecento, Manziana, Vecchiarelli, 2015. A site about the Renaissance with information about Alessio Piemontese. P. Procaccioli, <mask> <mask>, DBI, Volume 89, 2017

1518 births
1566 deaths
16th-century Italian cartographers
16th-century Italian

masks:
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Da Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli


texts:
<mask>. (Bill<mask> (born 1939) is a space scientist who worked at the NASA Ames Research Center. Upon joining NASA in 1962, Borucki designed the heat shields for Apollo program spacecraft. He later turned his attention to the optical efficiency of lightning strikes in the atmospheres of planets, investigating the propensity that these lightning strikes could create molecules that would later become the precursors for life. Subsequently, <mask>'s attention turned to extrasolar planets and their detection, particularly through the transit method. In light of this work, <mask> was named the principal investigator for NASA's Kepler mission, launched on March 6, 2009 and dedicated to a transit-based search for habitable planets. In 2013, <mask> was awarded the United States National Academy of Sciences's Henry Draper Medal for his work with Kepler.In 2015 he received the Shaw Prize in Astronomy. Education and career
Born in Chicago in 1939, <mask> grew up in Delavan, Wisconsin. He studied physics at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, earning a master's degree in the subject 1962. Following this, <mask> started work on Apollo program heat shields, which were designed to protect the spacecraft and their occupants from being destroyed by the heat of re-entry into the atmosphere. After his work for Apollo, Borucki studied meteorology at San Jose State University, earning a master's degree in 1982. That year, <mask> began studies at NASA into the nature of lightning, using satellites equipped with instrumentation he helped design in order to discover what fraction of the energy in this lightning went into the production of prebiotic molecules. As a part of this research, Borucki conducted analysis based on observations from space probes in order to find the frequency of lightning on other planets within the Solar System.By 1984, <mask>'s attention had turned to the search for extrasolar planets by use of the transit method, which involves observing the periodic dimming of the star in order to detect the signature of a planet

masks:
William J
) Borucki
Borucki
Borucki
Borucki
Borucki
Borucki
Borucki
Borucki


texts:
 blocking some of its light as it passes in front. In that year and subsequently in 1988, Borucki organized workshops of scientists in order to determine the best methods for achieving transit-based detections of exoplanets, and also worked closely with the National Institute of Standards and Technology to develop photometers that could achieve the sensitivity desired. At the Lick Observatory, Borucki demonstrated the techniques required for extrasolar planet detection by the transit method, and later constructed a ground-based proof-of-concept for a space telescope designed to hunt for planets. Until his retirement in July 2015, Borucki was the chief investigator for the Kepler space telescope, designed to hunt for exoplanets with the transit method. The telescope has detected 105 confirmed planets and thousands of likely planet candidates as of January 9, 2012. For his work, he has received the NASA Outstanding Leadership Award, the Popular Mechanics Breakthrough Award in 2009, and the NASA Systems Engineering Excellence Award in 2010, and the Lancelot M. Berkeley Prize for Meritorious Work in Astronomy in 2011. He received the 2013 Henry Draper Medal from the United States National Academy of Sciences "For his founding concept, unflagging advocacy, and visionary leadership during the development of NASA's Kepler mission, which has uncovered myriad planets and solar systems with unforeseen and surprising properties."and the 2015 Shaw Prize in Astronomy for "his conceiving and leading the Kepler mission, which greatly advanced knowledge of both extrasolar planetary systems and stellar interiors." In 2016, he was named as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Personal life
<mask> married the former <mask> <mask> in 1963. They met while both were students at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin. They have three daughters; Virginia (<mask>), Monica, and Stella, five grandchildren; Georgia, <mask>, Sydney, Kira, and Madeline, and two step grandchildren; Carina and Marcus (through

masks:
William Borucki
Josephine Julia
Joyce
Joy
Jack


texts: <mask> (c. 1817–1887) was an entertainer who appeared in blackface minstrel shows from 1853 until the early 1880s under the name Japanese Tommy. He was also sometimes billed as "The African 'Tom Thumb'" and the "African Dwarf Tommy". Dilward is one of only two known African-Americans to have performed with white minstrel companies before the American Civil War (the other being William Henry Lane). <mask>'s size, between 23 and 36 inches in height, made him a "curious attraction" and allowed him to take to the stage with whites at a time when almost no black men did; in addition, his stage name may have been intended to hide his ethnic background. He was famous for his skills at singing, dancing, and playing the violin. He has also been credited in John Russell Bartlett's 1877 Dictionary of Americanisms with having invented the word hunky-dory, meaning "everything is all right". In 1887, the Indiana State Sentinel stated that Dilward was of Native American and African American ancestry.<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York circa 1817. He first performed with George Christy in 1853, possibly as a response to General Tom Thumb, a dwarf appearing in productions staged by P. T. Barnum. Into the late 1860s, <mask> performed with Dan Bryant's Minstrels, Wood's Minstrels, the Morris Brothers' Minstrels, and Kelly and Leon's Minstrels. Beginning in the 1860s, he appeared with a number of black minstrel troupes. Between 1866 and 1873 he had a successful career in Britain initially with Sam Hague's Slave Troupe, then with other people and companies, including George Christy's Minstrels. He went to Australia  and New Zealand, returning to Britain with an Australian minstrel company in 1880. At the end of this British tour in 1881, he returned to America where he died in 1887.Modern writers, such as Mel Watkins, cite <mask> (but his name appears as Dilverd in primary sources, like the 1881

masks:
Thomas Dilward
Dilward
Background Dilward
Dilward
Dilward


texts:
 British census  and his obituaries) as possibly being one of the first black entertainers to present some element of authentic black dance on the white American stage. He would also have had opportunity to present some degree of black comedy and song, but he probably did not stray far from the traditional, white-defined material. Professional career
<mask> was around three feet tall. He quickly developed talents to entertain people because this was the most promising plan to support himself. He could sing, dance, act, and play violin. Diverd went on to perform in blackface minstrelsy, which was considered a low form of entertainment, even in the mid-19th century. Most of these shows featured white people using "blackface" to imitate African-Americans and consisted of comic skits, dancing, and music, but for most of the time relied on humor was at the expense of African Americans.Frederick Douglass, who was a contemporary social reformer, said of these minstrel shows that they comprised "filthy scum of white society, who have stolen from us a complexion denied to them by nature, in which to make money and pander to the corrupt taste of their fellow citizens."(Kuntz). <mask> had the stage name of "Japanese Tommy". The reasons for the name are unknown but it is rumored that it was created to conceal his identity as an African-American because audiences did not want to pay to see a black person perform. The name may also have been assumed to cash in on a diplomat from Japan whose arrival caused a sensation in America. He too was known as Japanese Tommy. Dilward was one of the only two known African-Americans to have performed with white minstrel companies before the American Civil War (The other being Henry "Juba" Lane). (Watkins) These black minstrel troupes made appearances around the mid-1850s.These groups advertised themselves as genuine but mostly used burnt cork to cover their

masks: Dilward Dilward


texts:
 face and make it black. Once African-Americans started to appear on stage without "blackface", audiences were surprised at the variety of skin colors that existed. (Knowles)

According to the Dictionary of Americanisms (1877), he was credited with the invention of the word "hunky-dory", meaning "everything is all right". Even though Dilward faced extreme inequality and discrimination, he made the best of his situation and embraced his size and race in order to benefit himself financially. He was permitted to perform in these white minstrel shows because he was considered an "oddity" at three feet tall. However, "Japanese Tommy" was such an oddity that the demand to see him was very high. In the Lewiston Evening Journal of 1871 there is an advertisement for the Morris Brothers minstrel show, which features him and his "enormous salary" of $200 per week in gold.In many other newspapers during the mid-19th century that had advertisements for minstrel shows, "Japanese Tommy" usually headlined their advertisement. Advertisers went as far as referring to him as "The Wonderful Japanese Tommy". (Ottawa Citizen & Halifax Morning Sun 1865) Dilward performed in a number of different minstrel shows including Dan Bryant's Minstrels, Wood's Minstrels, Morris Brothers' Minstrels, and Kelly & Leon's Minstrels. Also, some modern historians such as Mel Watkins cite "Dilward" as possibly being one of the first black entertainers to present some element of authentic black dance on the white American stage. The first of these minstrel shows started to debut in the mid 1800s. Most all of these shows consisted of white performers using "blackface". Once people realized the success these groups were having, minstrel groups began forming that consisted of entirely black performers.This became an outlet for African American performers to benefit financially. In general though, these shows exhibited high


texts:
 levels of racism and discrimination that were used as comedic material. These minstrel shows had overall probably a negative effect on civil rights and African Americans in general. The only beneficial factor of these shows for African Americans was probably the financial compensation for the black performers such as Dilward but besides those select few, these minstrel shows were very racist and counter-productive for society. <mask> was a pioneer in African American culture as well as the entertainment industry. He made the best of the cards that he was dealt. Although he was three feet tall and black, Dilward's artistic value triumphed any physical feature that was used as comedy.The fact that advertisers used "Japanese Tommy" as their headliner and didn't advertise his height or race proved that Dilward was a better singer, dancer, and musician than many of the white performers at the time. He was so well known that others, like a Frenchman named Millet cashed in on his fame, while he was abroad

His career in Britain and its then-colonies of Australia and New Zealand gave him the opportunity to appear in less racist societies, although they were not completely free of prejudice. Here his colour was not, it appears, a major feature in his various acts: his height was what was emphasized. One of the most popular elements of his act in Britain was a song, “The Mulligan Guard”, which had an Irish theme. Death
<mask> died in Manhattan on July 9, 1887; he was buried three days later in his hometown of Brooklyn at the Cemetery of the Evergreens. Notes

References

External links
 <mask> obituary

African-American male dancers
19th-century American male actors
American male stage actors
Blackface minstrel performers
African-American male actors
Entertainers with dwarfism
1840 births
1887 deaths
Actors with dwarfism
19th-century American dancers
19th-century African-American male

masks:
Thomas Dilward
Dilward
Thomas Dilward


texts:
<mask>-Camino (1903–1980) was a Spanish Traditionalist politician. He was the leader of Carlist paramilitary Requeté structures during the Republic and a champion of Carlist collaborationist policy during mid-Francoism, though in the 1940s he maintained a firm anti-regime stand. He was also a representative of the post-Francoist hard core in the course of early transition to parliamentary democracy. He served in the parliament in two strings of 1933-1936 and 1961–1976; in 1961-1976 he was also a member of the Francoist Consejo Nacional. In 1972-1976 he was a member of Consejo de Estado. Family and youth

<mask>' paternal ancestors originated from Biscay; the great-grandfather was a pharmacist. His son <mask> also ran a pharmacy, first in the Biscay Carrantza and later in the Cantabrian Laredo.Politically he sympathized with Carlism, though after the 1888 Integrist breakup he followed the secessionists. Gregorio was married twice; <mask>' father, <mask> Monreal (1866-1920), was born out of the second marriage. He also became a pharmacist and owned a business in Santander; like his predecessor, he also developed Integrist sympathies. At the turn of the centuries he emerged as a recognized local Traditionalist activist; he co-organized Centro Católico Montañés, the Integrist outpost in Cantabria, co-founded urban and rural Catholic trade unions, and became president of La Propaganda Católica de Santander, a publishing house issuing El Diario Montañés, a militantly anti-liberal daily affiliated with the Santander bishopry. President of the Integrist Junta Provincial and member of the regional Castilla La Vieja executive, in 1909-11 he served as concejal in the

masks:
José Luis Zamanillo González
José Luis
Gregorio Zamanillo del Campo
José Luis
José Zamanillo


texts: Santander ayuntamiento and in 1915 briefly as diputado provincial. <mask> Monreal married María González-Camino y Velasco, descendant to a bourgeoisie family originating from Esles de Cayón. It was founded by an enriched indiano, Francisco González-Camino, and has traditionally remained in the first row of business, politics and culture in the region, holding stakes in companies from banking, insurance, industry, railways, electrify, utilities and other businesses.<mask> and María settled in Santander and had 6 children; they were brought up "en un hogar español cristiano y montañes", learning "to prey to God and to love Spain" and with a sense of local Cantabrian pride. <mask> was born as the second oldest son. His older brother Nicolás followed in the footsteps of 3 generations and also became a pharmacist, his younger brother Gregorio became a physician. Two of his sisters tried their hand in letters, Matilde more successful than María; all were active in Traditionalism. Little is known about education of <mask>; at one point he left family home to join the Jesuit college of the Biscay Orduña, where he obtained bachillerato. Then he commenced law studies and one source claims he graduated at Deusto; date of his graduation is not known, normally it would have fallen on the mid-1920s. He commenced law career in his native Santander; details are not clear, except that in 1930 he already practiced on his own handling civil cases and in 1931 was referred to as "joven abogado".In 1931 <mask> married <mask> Urquiza y Castillo (1905-2002); none of the sources consulted provides any information on her family. The couple settled in Santander and had 12 children; 2 of

masks:
Zamanillo
José
José Luis
José Luis
José Luis
Luisa


texts:
 them died in infancy. None of them grew to prominence, though it is known that at least some were active Traditionalists in their youth. The best-known relative of <mask> is his older cousin, Marcial Solana González-Camino; an Integrist Cortes deputy in 1916, he made his name in the 1920s and 1930s as Traditionalist philosopher and author. Cortes deputy and paramilitary leader (1931-1936)

<mask> engaged in unspecified Integrist activity already during last years of the monarchy. When in late 1931 the party commenced re-integration into Carlism, the three <mask> brothers followed suit and joined the united Comunión Tradicionalista. It seems that <mask> remained in the shadow of Nicolás, who led Juventud Integrista, was noted as public speaker in 1932 and grew to head of Juventud Tradicionalista in Santander.During the run-up to the 1933 elections it seemed that Nicolás would emerge at the forefront, but in unclear circumstances it turned out that <mask> represented the Carlists on the joint Santander list of Unión de Derechas Agrarias. He was comfortably elected and somewhat unexpectedly he emerged among 20-odd Carlist deputies, most distinguished figures of the Comunión, and one of the few representing a new generation. <mask>'s rise was so startling that to acknowledge it, editors celebrating 100 years of Carlism had to hastily amend their publications. <mask> remained moderately active as a deputy. He joined Comisión de Comunicaciones and formed a group advancing the interests of Cantabrian fishermen, later growing to head of its Junta Directiva. During general sessions he was noted as following the overall Carlist strategy, highly suspicious towards the

masks:
José Luis
José Luis
Zamanillo
José Luis
José Luis
Zamanillo
Zamanillo


texts: CEDA-Radical governments, at times taking part in parliamentary obstruction and rather occasionally making it to the headlines of the Carlist press. It was not Cortes activity which gained him recognition in the party.Following a general overhaul of Comunión command layer in 1934 the former Integrists gained a strong position and their man Manuel Fal Conde rose to Jéfe Delegado. It was Fal who in May 1934 appointed <mask> head of Special Delegation for the Requeté, section of the party executive co-ordinating growth of the Carlist paramilitary. With neither military training nor combat experience, <mask> was entrusted with general organization, financing, logistics, recruitment, personal policy and overall guidance. His key objective was to re-format requeté into a nationwide Frente Nacional de Boinas Rojas, the task successfully carried out in course of 1935. Himself involved in logistics, he was however focused on recruitment, with the overall Requeté strength growing from 4,000 in late 1934 to 25,000 in mid-1936. Politically <mask> remained among the Carlist hawks; though he signed the Bloque Nacional funding act, in 1935 he developed enmity towards the monarchist alliance advanced by the likes of Rodezno and Pradera. On the other hand, he remained on excellent terms with the Cantabrian Falange and its leader Manuel Hedilla.The policy backfired when in 1936 the Carlists were left out of the local Cantabrian Candidatura Contrarrevolucionaria; standing on their own they fared badly and <mask> lost his Cortes ticket with just 12,000 votes gathered. He could have focused on buildup of requete structures, considered its "protagonista fundamental"; he was touring

masks: Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo


texts:
 the country, delivering addresses, attending meetings and mobilizing support. At that time initially defensive Requeté format was rapidly being re-defined to embrace a new, insurgent strategy. Conspirator and insurgent (1936)

In March 1936 <mask> entered a Carlist body co-ordinating preparations to a rising and based in Sant-Jean-de-Luz. He was among key architects of a so-called "Plan de los Tres Frentes", a project of toppling the Republic by means of an exclusively Carlist coup; it crashed in early June when security unearthed a depot with hundreds of false Guardia Civil uniforms. Preparations were re-formatted as negotiations with the military conspiracy. Since 1935 engaged in noncommittal talks with UME he took part in key debates of early summer, meeting general Mola on June 11 and July 2.In conspiracy using the alias of "Sanjuan", <mask> was cruising between Sant-Jean-de-Luz, his temporary headquarters of Elizondo, Irun  and Estella. He adhered to the line advocated by Fal, who demanded that political deal is concluded first and who opposed unconditional access to military coup. Details are not entirely clear; at one point it seemed that negotiations with increasingly desperate Mola  have crashed, but eventually the Navarrese outmaneuvered Fal and closed an ambiguous deal. On July 15 <mask> ordered requeté mobilization and 2 days later he issued the order to rise. As the hostilities broke out <mask> was flown together with Fal from southern France to the Nationalist zone. In August 1936 he entered Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra, the new wartime executive Carlist structure; he co-headed Delegación Nacional de Requeté, a sub-unit of Sección Militar, with


texts: his duties related to recruitment, personal appointments and general administration. In September he toured the frontlines, hailing common Carlist-Falangist comradeship, lambasting CEDA and somewhat belittling the military.Congratulated by his king Alfonso Carlos, following his death in October he travelled to Vienna to attend the funeral. Having hardly noticed the ascent of Franco he rather saluted Don Javier as a new caudillo and had problems coming to terms with the vision of perhaps necessary, transitional military dictatorship before a Traditionalist monarchy gets reinstated. In late 1936 Zamanillo kept co-ordinating requeté recruitment and organization, voicing strongly in favor of independence and regional basis of the Carlist units. Informal talks with the military produced an idea of organizing systematic training for Carlist would-be officers, the concept which materialized as Real Academia Militar de Requetés, announced by Fal to be set up shortly. As it was initially to be based in Pamplona, Zamanillo contacted the Navarrese Carlists in an apparent bid to offer an olive branch and address increasingly sour relations between their Junta Central Carlista de Guerra de Navarra and the Burgos-based Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra. On December 20 he accompanied Fal in his journey from Toledo to Franco's Salamanca headquarters but was left in antechamber when Dávila presented Fal with an alternative of either exile or the firing squad. Later the same day he took part in an improvised session of Junta Nacional, discussing the ultimatum from the military; Zamanillo's stand is not clear, before later the same day he returned with Fal to Toledo.Dissenting


texts:
 Nationalist (1937-1939)

While Fal complied with the military ultimatum and left the Nationalist zone for Portugal, within the Carlist command <mask> formed the faction of his most staunch supporters. Already in early January 1937 he met Dávila in vain seeking to ensure Fal's return, yet at the time the lot of Jefe Delegado was getting gradually eclipsed by rumors of amalgamating Carlism into sort of a new state party. <mask> took part in the February session of Carlist heavyweights in the Portuguese Insua, which confirmed him as member of the strict 7-member executive. During the following session, held in March in Burgos, he and Valiente acted as chief Falcondistas and displayed most skepticism about would-be unification, confirming that attacks against Comunión hierarchy were unacceptable; nevertheless, the junta vaguely and unanimously agreed that political unity was a must. The same month he denounced political maneuvering and presented the military with Don Javier's letter advocating the return of Fal; though <mask> remained on amicable terms with Mola, he was viewed increasingly unfavorably in Franco's entourage. In the final meeting of Carlist executive in Burgos of early April 1937 he assumed a hard line, protesting alien intervention in Carlist affairs. In the aftermath of Unification Decree, on April 19 enraged <mask> resigned from all functions; he was so disgusted with apparent bewilderment among the Carlist executive that he concluded that Fal's exile worked to his advantage, allowing Jefe Delegado to maintain an honorable position.A number of sources claim that embittered, <mask> enlisted to combat requeté units, though none provides any details of

masks: Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo


texts:
 his service. He might have enlisted to Tercio de Navarra or Tercio de Palencia, where his brothers served, though scarce information does not allow to tell which <mask> was meant in the reports. In May 1937 he was still noted in Pamplona, when dodging unification process he was issuing antedated requeté promotions. Also later Zamanillo kept sabotaging unification; in November 1937 and still in Pamplona he assisted Carlist volunteers who deserted from Falange-dominated units and re-directed them to newly formed Navarrese tercios. Once Cantabria had been taken over by the Nationalists some young local Carlists started to form anti-unification resistance groups. The dissenters, dubbed "Tercio <mask> <mask>", were eventually prosecuted; it is not clear to what extent <mask> was involved and whether he held any posts in the new Nationalist administration of Santander. There is almost no information on <mask>'s whereabouts during 1938, except minor pieces related to occasional Carlist feasts.In early 1939, shortly before the end of the war, he co-signed a document named Manifestacion de los Ideales Tradicionalistas, a memorandum of key Carlist politicians; delivered to Franco, it contained a lengthy discourse arguing that once the war was about to end, it was time to introduce the Traditionalist monarchy. The document was left with no response. Carlist against Francoism (1940-1954)

In the early 1940s, Zamanillo formed the core of Falcondistas, acting as watchdogs of the Carlist orthodoxy. Fal, partially incommunicado, considered him, Senante and Lamamié "el triunvirato de los feroces integristas tachados de intemprantes" and indeed as Fal's trustee he carried out

masks:
Zamanillo
José Luis
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo


texts: appointments in Navarre, always keen to pursue their own policy. He made sure that Comunión remained neutral towards the European war, that claims of the new Alfonsist claimant Don Juan were rejected with pro-Juanista sympathies eradicated and that there was no political collaboration with the regime. In a 1941 document he castigated Francoism as totalitarian system rejected by the society. Touring the country from Seville to Barcelona Zamanillo delivered addresses at meetings styled as Christian or ex-combatant feasts.In 1943 he co-signed Reclamacion del poder, Carlist memorandum demanding introduction of Traditionalist monarchy; in May he was detained, spent a week in police dungeons and was ordered exile in Albacete, terminated in April 1944. Still head of Requeté structures he tried to prevent their disintegration. In 1945 he was among those behind Pamplona riots; detained and trialed in early 1946, <mask> was the only member of Carlist executive sentenced to unconditional incarceration. By May 1946 <mask> was free again, speaking at the predominantly Carlist Montserrat feast. He used to attend the gathering systematically, present also in 1947, though in the late 1940s his relations with Sivatte, chief personality of Catalan Carlism, deteriorated; Zamanillo's calls for discipline were largely aimed against the Sivattistas. Confirmed as member of Consejo Nacional and attending the first gathering or regional leaders since Insua he was bent on preserving Traditionalist identity against Francoist distortions and called for setting up Centro de Estudios Doctrinales. An awkward sign of recognition came in wake of his 1948 trip to Rome, when the émigré PSUC

masks: Zamanillo Zamanillo


texts:
 periodical noted him among "dirigents del [Carlist] movimient" whose dissidence demonstrated ongoing decomposition of Francoism.It is neither clear where <mask> lived in the late 1940s and early 1950s nor how he made a living; sporadically he was mentioned as related either to Santander or to Madrid, in both cases connected to the education system. Most likely he kept practicing as a lawyer, as demonstrated by proceedings related both to minors and to politics: in 1953 he was involved in machinations to ensure that former wife of another Carlist claimant, the late Carlos VIII, would not get legal custody of their juvenile daughters. As the action was allegedly triggered by Franco himself, the episode might be indicative of <mask>'s improving relations with the regime. On the Carlist front he remained loyal to Fal and kept fighting the increasingly vocal Sivattistas; none of the sources consulted clarifies whether he joined those pressing Don Javier to terminate the regency and to claim monarchic rights himself, what sort of happened in Barcelona in 1952; it was only much later that he declared it a grave error. In 1954 he was confirmed as a member of largely inactive Junta Nacional and its day-to-day executive, a Permanent Commission. Carlist in collaboration (1955-1962)

When Fal Conde resigned in August 1955 Zamanillo was still member of Junta Nacional and one of the party moguls. Don Javier did not nominate a new Jefe Delegado, creating a new collegial executive, Secretaría Nacional; according to some scholars <mask> initially was not appointed and got recommended by Fal slightly afterwards, according to others he formed part from the onset.At that time those

masks: Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo


texts: advocating more intransigence competed with those advocating more flexibility. It is not clear where <mask> stood; for 20 years the right hand of adamant Fal, only some time later he emerged as supporter of the collaborative strategy, championed by Valiente. Within Carlism the anti-Francoist feelings were running high, with especially the Navarros and the Gipuzkoanos trying to sabotage his nomination; during the 1956 Montejurra gathering they tried to block his access to the microphone, and when he finally succeeded, they cut the cables. However, the collaborationists and Zamanillo consolidated their position; backed by the claimant, who conferred Carlist honors upon him, he was handling the link to Movimiento, a tricky task as the Carlist rank and file booed and jeered whenever the name of the Francoist state party was mentioned. Together with Valiente and Saenz-Díez he soon emerged as member of a new triumvirate running the party. The new strategy seemed to work and in 1957 <mask> was rumored to land a ministerial job or a high position in Movimiento, the perspective which faded away once Arrese had been replaced with Solis. Undeterred, he kept advocating flexibility towards the regime as the best way to confront Juanistas, who should be beaten not "en los montes sino desde los cargos oficiales".In 1958 he was nominated secretario general, a new position reporting only to Valiente, and the same year got double-hatted as regional jefe of Castilla la Vieja. He cautiously endorsed introduction of the Carlist prince Carlos Hugo and taking advantage of his links with the regime officials intervened to spare him trouble, be it after the 1958 Montejurra, before the


texts:
 1960 Montejurra, securing his residence permit in Madrid in 1960 and 1961 or launching the bid for Spanish citizenship for the Borbon-Parmas. At the turn of the decades, <mask>'s position in Carlism reached its climax. Though Valiente was officially nominated new Jefe Delegado, due to his requeté past Zamanillo enjoyed more prestige; he handed over the post of requeté leader as late as 1960. Within the party he was entrusted with disciplinary missions. When addressing gatherings at Montserrat and Montejurra he could have afforded to ignore suggestions of Movimiento and Carlist leaders alike. During aplecs advocating "religious unity consubstantial with national unity", since 1959 he organized "marchas al Valle de los Caídos", an initiative providing opportunity to fraternize with the Falangists and himself frequently wined and dined with the Movimiento officials, even though he was suspicious about genuine intentions of the regime.In 1961 <mask> was nominated to Consejo Nacional, which guaranteed seat in the Cortes, and in 1962 he was admitted by Franco. Breakup (1962-1963)

<mask>'s interventions facilitating Carlos Hugo's entry proved successful and in January 1962 the young prince settled in Madrid. He turned a group of his young entourage into Secretaría Privada, which in turn embarked on a number of new initiatives. <mask> viewed them as part of the collaborationist strategy and supported; in 1960 Semana Nacional de Estudios of AET in Valle de los Caidós he spoke about a possibilist evolution of the doctrine and engaged in Círculos Vázquez de Mella. The sympathy, however, was not reciprocal. Unlike the older generation, for whom <mask> was an icon of


texts: requeté, Carlos Hugo and his aides, led by Ramón Massó, were far more skeptical. They considered him an old-type man of the past, valiant but with scarce political intuition and tending to inactivity.Once the Hugocarlistas gained formal outposts and launched own initiatives, friendly but loose early relations were getting thorny. Initially it looked like a generational conflict, not helped by <mask>'s unshakable sense of own authority. He was getting uneasy about what was becoming known as "camarilla" of the prince, the youth were skeptical about his power-hungry "requeté cohort". In few weeks suspicion turned into a full-scale conflict, especially that upon closer contact <mask> developed doubts about Traditionalist orthodoxy of the Hugocarlistas. They also identified him as a chief obstacle in their path to power and got determined to remove it. Conscious of royal support they did not step back and provoked <mask> to resign from his post in the executive; he intended the move as a mere demonstration of protest. With his resignation awaiting royal decision, in the spring of 1962 he opposed structural changes proposed by Hugocarlistas and spoke out against "delfinismo", which puts "sons against fathers".At the same time he launched Hermandad de Antiguos Combatientes de Tercios de Requeté, an organization supposed to help in the imminent clash for power, and openly confronted new advancements of Carlos Hugo. The conflict materialized over few other issues yet did not seem unbridgeable until in September 1962 his resignation – to <mask>'s shock and amazement and against the advice of Valiente – was accepted. Since the fall of 1962 Zamanillo developed a furious


texts:
 anti-Hugocarlista activity; it culminated in a letter, denouncing Carlos Hugo as ignorant and subversive revolutionary. In 1963 Massó and his men prepared ground for final confrontation, marginalizing <mask>'s supporters, floating rumors about his treason and mobilizing support of iconic personalities. Zamanillo played into their hands resigning from further functions, also in Hermandad. The climax came in June 1963, when on a party council the Hugocarlistas launched an all-out attack advancing a number of charges. In November Secretaría demanded that Zamanillo be expulsed; Don Javier had few doubts and Zamanillo was purged by the year-end.Hugocarlista strategy worked perfectly; disguising their progressive agenda they deflected the conflict from ideological confrontation to secondary issues, isolated their opponent, provoked him into unguarded moves, and removed the key person bent on preventing their intended control of Carlism. Francoist (1964-1974)

In the early 1960s <mask> was already considered icon of collaborationism, as evidenced by his 1961 nomination to its Consejo Nacional. In 1962 Franco thought him a candidate for vice-minister of justice, nomination thwarted by Carrero Blanco, who denounced him – either erroneously or as part of own stratagem – as supporter of Carlos Hugo. Following expulsion from Carlism Zamanillo was welcome among the Movimiento hardliners. In 1964 he was awarded Gran Cruz del Mérito Civil, a visible sign of excellent relations with the regime. His nomination to Consejo was renewed in 1964, to be prolonged in 1967 and 1971; as consejero he had seat in the Cortes guaranteed. Within the Francoist structures Zamanillo entered


texts: important though not front-row bodies.In 1964 he became secretary of Comisión de Ordenación Institucional, entrusted with working out a new recipe for Falangism; in 1967 he was secretary to its later incarnation, the section of "Principios fundamentales y desarollo político". In the Cortes he worked in commission drafting Ley Orgánica del Movimiento, an eventually abandoned attempt to ensure Falangist domination. In 1967 he grew to one of 4 secretarios of the diet, the function renewed also in 1971, and represented Spain in international inter-parliamentary bodies. In 1970 <mask>'s status was acknowledged with Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Militár. In terms of officialdom his position climaxed in 1972, when Zamanillo entered Consejo de Estado. In terms of impact on real-life politics Zamanillo found himself increasingly marginalized; he sided with the Falangist core, which during the 1960s was outmaneuvered by the technocratic bureaucracy. Though speaking with Franco "many times" and allegedly conceded to be right, he failed to influence the caudillo who allowed political changes that Zamanillo opposed, like liberalization of the  labor law or the press law; the project which drew his particular enmity was the 1967 Law on Religious Liberties.On the other hand, he supported the 1966 introduction of Tercio Familiar as a step towards Traditionalist type of representation; claiming that backbone of Traditionalism was doctrinal rather than dynastical in 1969 he voted in favor of Juan Carlos as the future king. In late 1973 Zamanillo participated in one of the last hardline attempts to seize control, Comisión Mixta Gobierno-Consejo Nacional, dissolved soon afterward


texts:
 by Carrero Blanco. Labeled "falso carlista" by Don Javier, <mask> kept considering himself a Carlist. He kept leading Hermandad of ex-combatants, periodically purging it of the most vocal Javieristas; at the turn of the decades he considered it a would-be platform to launch a new Carlist organization, a "Comunión without a king". The organization finally animated to this end was already existing Hermandad de Maestrazgo; <mask> presided over its Patronat Nacional in 1972 and in 1973 entered its collegial presidency. With Valiente and Ramón Forcadell considered a triumvirate running the group, he emphasized Falangist and Traditionalist commonality in the service of Spain and Franco. The organization failed to attract popular support and did not become a genuine Carlist counterweight to the newly emergent Partido Carlista.Post-Francoist Traditionalist (1975-1980)

During the final years of Francoism Zamanillo engaged in the launch of a broad Traditionalist organization. Following the so-called Ley Arias of December 1974, which legalized political associations, he first tried to mobilize support by means of a new periodical, Brújula, gathering together "partidarios de la Monarquía tradicional, social y representativa". In June  1975 the initiative materialized with 25,000 signatures required as Unión Nacional Española; Zamanillo entered its Comisión Permanente and in early 1976 jointly with Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora its presidency, becoming also member of Junta Directiva. The association, in 1976 officially registered as political party, adhered to Traditionalist principles; Zamanillo explained its objectives as "lo que hay que hacer es un 18 de julio pacífico y


texts: político", played down differences with other right-wing groupings and advanced suggestions of a National Front, formed by UNE, ANEPA, UDPE and others. In May 1976 he co-organized Traditionalist attempt to dominate the annual Carlist Montejurra gathering, since mid-1960s controlled by the Hugocarlistas; the day produced violence, with two Partido Carlista militants shot. Still member of the Cortes, when forming factions had been allowed Zamanillo joined Acción Institucional, the closest one to the hardline búnker. Having noticed with some surprise in May 1976 that "heritage of July 18 is no longer protected by state", in the diet he did his best first to obstruct works on a new law on political parties voting against its final version, and to water-down the draft on Ley Para la Reforma Política; in November 1976 he was among those who refused to commit "political suicide of the Francoist Cortes" and cast a "no" ballot during the plenary session; indeed he was already speaking openly about a suicidal governmental policy.In gear-up to the elections in late 1976 UNE joined the Alianza Popular coalition and <mask> signed its founding manifesto. In parallel, apparently somewhat skeptical about the UNE format and definitely disillusioned about Juan Carlos, in February 1977 he co-founded a strictly Carlist organization, Comunión Tradicionalista, and entered its executive; dynastic leader of the party turned out to be Sixto, Traditionalist younger brother of Carlos Hugo. In the June 1977 elections <mask> ran for the senate on the UNE/AP list from Santander, but suffered heavy defeat. UNE was getting increasingly divided about the general strategy; its November 1977