texts: Japan to study pheasants kept in the Imperial Preserves there. In Japan, <mask> was given two cranes by the Imperial Household in exchange for a pair of swans, which were unknown in Japan. His expedition was completed after a total of 17 months, <mask> and Blair crossed the Pacific to San Francisco, then crossed the United States to return to their home in New York. Their expedition had obtained live or stuffed specimens of nearly all the pheasants he had sought, and also produced extensive notes about their behavior. Some of these pheasants, such as Sclater's impeyan or Himalayan monal, had never before been seen in the wild by Americans or Europeans. <mask>'s observations of sexual dimorphism in pheasants during this expedition led him to become the first biologist to correctly understand the mechanism by which this aspect of sexual selection operates. based on his observations he also proposed a new evolutionary model of pheasant ancestry, involving a period of rapid diversification followed by more typical and gradual changes.Although this evolutionary model is now taken for granted, in <mask>'s time it was a novel idea. In January 1913, Blair left Beebe for Reno intending to divorce him, since at this time in history it was easier to obtain a divorce in Reno than in most other areas of the United States. The divorce was granted on August 29, 1913, after Blair had spent the minimum requirement of six months as a resident in Reno. Obtaining a divorce in Reno required a person to demonstrate that their spouse had committed either adultery or extreme cruelty; Blair's complaint accused <mask> of the latter, claiming that during the pheasant expedition he had threatened to commit suicide by "throwing himself in the river, shooting himself through

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texts: the roof of the mouth with a revolver, and by cutting his throat with a razor." Beebe made very little effort to contest the divorce and did not appear in court to offer any testimony. Although newspapers at the time reported Blair's accusations uncritically, with headlines such as "Naturalist was cruel", modern biographers consider it more likely that Blair resorted to hyperbole to make a divorce case. A week after her divorce from Beebe, Blair was remarried to their next-door neighbor Robin Niles, suggesting that the true reason for the divorce may have been cuckoldry.On the other hand, some biographers have suggested that <mask> suffered a nervous breakdown during the expedition and that he may have contributed his own part to Blair's alienation. Blair's departure came as a shock to <mask>, and he was severely depressed for more than a year afterward. Despite her assistance during the pheasant expedition, Beebe excised any mention of her from the monograph he was preparing based on the data gathered during it. By the end of 1914, <mask>'s pheasant monograph was essentially complete in the manuscript. While the text was written by <mask>, the illustrations were provided by several artists: Robert Bruce Horsfall, who had accompanied <mask> on the expedition, painted the environmental scenes for the illustrations' backgrounds, while the pheasants themselves were painted by other artists including George Edward Lodge, Charles R. Knight, and Louis Agassiz Fuertes. Due to the elaborate nature of the book's color artwork, no American publisher was considered capable of reproducing it. The publisher which <mask> chose for his work was George Witherby and Sons of London, as a result of their success publishing the artwork of John James Audubon.The

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 reproduction of the illustrations themselves was to be handled by several companies in Germany and Austria. Reproductions of the illustrations were in the process of being printed when World War I began, holding up the completion of the project for the next four years. Return to Guiana and World War I
Beebe undertook an expedition to Brazil in 1915, to capture more birds for the zoo. This expedition was an important turning point for Beebe in several ways. Beebe had far more field experience than either of the two others accompanying him on the expedition, G. Inness Hartley and Herbert Atkins, making this his introduction to the role of a mentor. During this expedition, Beebe was also amazed to discover the number and variety of organisms living under a single tree and pioneered the method of studying a small area of wilderness for an extended amount of time. This expedition marked the beginning of a shift for Beebe from ornithology to the study of tropical ecosystems.In 1916, <mask> traveled to Georgetown in pursuit of his earlier goal of establishing a permanent field research station in Guiana. After following several leads which came to nothing, his goal was realized when George Withers, who owned a rubber plantation on the Mazaruni River, offered him the use of a large house on his property for this purpose. Soon after <mask> and his researchers moved into the plantation house, which was known by the name of Kalacoon, they were paid a visit by Theodore Roosevelt and his family. Roosevelt subsequently wrote an article about the station for Scribner's Magazine, which helped to build public support for the station. The establishment of the Kalacoon research station enabled <mask> to research the ecology of the surrounding jungle in far more

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texts: detail than had been possible during his earlier expeditions. Using Kalacoon as his base of operations, Beebe performed a novel type of study: methodically dissecting a small area of jungle, and all of the animals which inhabit it, from the top of the canopy to below the ground. In a second study, Beebe performed the same task for a much larger area of jungle, approximately a quarter-mile (0.4  km) square.During his first season at Kalacoon in 1916, Beebe brought back 300 living specimens for the zoo. This time he succeeded at capturing a hoatzin, the bird that he had narrowly missed during his earlier trip to Guiana, although he was unable to keep it alive for the zoo during the trip back to New York. <mask> summarized his discoveries at Kalacoon in his 1917 book Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, which inspired many other researchers to plan trips to Kalacoon or to establish their own field research stations of the type that Beebe had pioneered. <mask> was eager to serve in World War I, but at 40 he was considered too old for regular service. With Roosevelt's help, he secured a post-training American pilot for a flight squadron on Long Island. His training work was halted when, veering to avoid a photographer who had run in front of his airplane as he landed, he crashed on landing and severely injured his right wrist. During a second trip to Kalacoon while his wrist healed, Beebe was further devastated to discover that due to wartime demand for rubber, the entire jungle surrounding the house had been clear-cut to make room for rubber trees.Since the purpose of Kalacoon station had been to study the jungle, the jungle's destruction left <mask> with no choice but to close the station and return with its supplies to New York. Combined with his


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 earlier loss of Blair, the effect of losing Kalacoon plunged Beebe into depression. This did not go unnoticed by <mask>'s mentor Osborn, who expressed concern about it in a letter to Madison Grant, writing "I find that he is worried and far from well. [...] Without telling him so, we must take care of him." In October 1917, Beebe had his opportunity to serve in the war. With the help of a letter of recommendation from Roosevelt, he was given the duty of flying aerial photography planes over German gun emplacements. He also spent time in trenches and accompanied a Canadian Indian platoon on a night raid.<mask> subsequently wrote several articles describing his war experience for Scribner's Magazine and Atlantic Monthly. <mask> generally did not make the exact nature of his military service clear in his writings about it, although he expressed his general dismay at the realities of the war. The best-known of these accounts is provided by the opening paragraph of his 1918 book Jungle Peace:

<mask>'s position in the Zoological Society changed in 1918: He was given the title of Honorary Curator of Birds and was made the director of the newly created Department of Tropical Research. With his new position, Beebe no longer had the duty of caring for the zoo's animals, freeing him to devote himself fully to his writing and research. <mask>'s duties as curator were passed to Lee Crandall, the former Assistant Curator who had worked under Beebe, although Crandall continued to rely on Beebe for help treating illness in birds, and caring for the exotic birds brought back from Beebe's expeditions. The first volume of <mask>'s pheasant monograph was published that fall, although the ongoing war made it unclear when the remaining three volumes would be published.


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 The first volume was highly praised by reviewers, and received the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1918.In January 1919 Roosevelt, who was severely ill by this point, wrote to <mask> from his hospital bed congratulating <mask> on the publication of his monograph. His letter of congratulation to Beebe was the last letter that Roosevelt wrote before his death. Volume II of the monograph was published in 1921, and volumes III and IV were published in 1922. The completed work, titled A Monograph of the Pheasants, has been considered by some reviewers to be possibly the greatest ornithological monograph of the twentieth century. In 1919, Osborn helped secure Beebe a new research station in Guiana to replace Kalacoon: Beebe was offered Kartabo Point, an outpost of a New York-based mining corporation. Beebe was enthusiastic about the new station, and it proved very successful for conducting the same detailed analyses of wildlife within small areas that had been performed at Kalacoon. At Kartabo Beebe discovered the phenomenon known as an ant mill, a column of ants following itself in an endless loop until nearly all of them died of exhaustion.Galápagos expeditions
Beebe was eager to undertake an expedition to the Galápagos Islands, intending to obtain more detailed data in support of evolution than Charles Darwin had been able to collect in his earlier visit. In 1923, <mask> agreed to finance such an expedition, and Beebe was provided with a  steam yacht called the Noma for this purpose along with a support crew. The support crew included several scientists who had worked with Beebe previously and several artists including the marine painter Harry Hoffman, as well as some of <mask>' friends whose inclusion was a

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texts: condition for <mask>' agreement to fund the expedition. Passing through the Sargasso Sea on the way to the Galápagos, Beebe was fascinated by the diversity of life that could be found in the sargassum weed floating on the surface and spent several days scooping the weed from the water to examine the creatures that lived in it. Beebe's first expedition to the Galápagos lasted twenty days, broken into two ten-day periods, between which the Noma was forced to return to Panama for fresh water and coal. During this expedition he documented the unique ways that animals that inhabit the Galápagos have evolved in response to the absence of predators. The Galápagos animals generally showed no fear of humans, causing the team to have a high degree of success at capturing live specimens for the zoo.<mask> also discovered a previously unknown bay on Genovesa Island (also known as Tower Island) in the Galápagos, which he named Darwin Bay, and documented the diversity of animal life that inhabited it. During the return to New York from this expedition, <mask> continued to dredge animals from the sea, using a pair of new devices he had devised to assist himself with this: a "pulpit", an iron cage affixed to the bow of the ship that enabled its occupant to examine the surface of the sea more closely; and a "boom walk", a  boom jutting from the side of the ship from which he suspended himself. The book in which <mask> summarized this expedition, titled Galápagos: World's End, was an instant best-seller and remained on the New York Times top ten list for several months. In 1924, <mask> went on another expedition to his Guiana research station of Kartabo, intending to continue the detailed documentation of the tropical ecosystem that he had begun at Kalacoon. The

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texts: paper which finally resulted from this study was published in Zoologica in 1925 and was the first study of its kind in the developing field of tropical ecology. <mask> continued to battle depression during this trip to Kartabo, both over his earlier loss of Blair, and over the death of his mother Nettie, who had died shortly before the beginning of the expedition. Despite his ongoing research in Guiana, what <mask> desired most was to return to the Galápagos, this time with a properly fitted-out scientific research vessel that possessed the ability to dredge animals from beneath the ocean.In 1925, <mask> set out on a second Galápagos expedition, The Arcturus Oceanographic Expedition, backed by <mask> and several other donors. His ship for this expedition was the steam yacht Arcturus, presented to the New York Zoological Society by Executive Committee member Henry D. Whiton. Arcturus, at , was considerably larger than the Noma and was capable of being at sea for extended periods of time. The Arcturus was outfitted with <mask>'s pulpit and boom walk from the Noma, as well as cages and tanks for live animals, chemicals and vials to preserve dead ones, and a darkroom for developing film and studying the bioluminescent animals they hoped to encounter. The Arcturus did not encounter the thick mats of sargassum in the Sargasso Sea that <mask> was hoping to study, but <mask> and his crew experienced great success dredging creatures from the sea off the coast of Saint Martin and Saba. In the Pacific, they encountered a strange boundary between two currents of very different temperatures, containing a vast diversity of life on the border between the two. He sailed along the border between the currents for several days to document it, theorizing that it could

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texts: be the cause of the unusual climate which South America had recently been experiencing.<mask>'s study of these currents, and their effect on the climate of South America, is the earliest known study of the phenomenon known as El Niño. Anchoring near Darwin Bay, <mask> made his first attempt at studying sea animals in their native environment by descending into the ocean in a diving helmet. <mask> continued to perform helmet dives throughout his Galápagos expedition, documenting several previously unknown sea animals. In addition to his helmet dives, Beebe applied the same method of research that he had pioneered in the tropics to a small area of ocean, sailing in circles around it for ten days to document all actions and interactions of marine life within that area. This study yielded a collection of 3,776 fish of 136 species, many of them also new to science. While anchored off the Galápagos, <mask> and his crew noticed volcanic activity on Albemarle Island, and set out to investigate it. Anchoring in a small cove, <mask> and his assistant John Tee-Van searched for an active crater where they could observe the eruption and were nearing exhaustion by the time they found one.As he observed the crater, <mask> realized that the air surrounding it was filled with noxious gases, and narrowly avoided suffocation before staggering away from it. Observing the eruption from his ship for another two days, as well as again at a later point in the expedition, Beebe recorded how numerous birds and marine animals were killed after either failing to escape the lava or drawing too close to it in an attempt to scavenge other animals that had died. During the return from the Galápagos through the Sargasso Sea, Beebe once again failed to find the thick mats of


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 Sargassum whose study had been one of the primary goals of the expedition. Searching for a way to satisfy his expedition's donors, <mask> hit upon the idea of documenting the marine life of the Hudson Gorge just beyond the shore of New York City. Applying the same techniques to studying the Hudson Gorge that he had used in the Galápagos, Beebe encountered a surprising variety of sea animals, many of which had previously been thought to be exclusive to the tropics. Shortly after <mask>'s return from this expedition, Anthony Kuser requested that <mask> produce a condensed, popular version of his pheasant monograph. The book which resulted from this, titled Pheasants: Their Lives and Homes (also known by the title Pheasants of the World), was released in 1926 and received the John Burroughs Medal.During the course of writing this book, <mask> was reminded of many experiences during the pheasant expedition which he had not included in his original monograph, and wrote an additional book titled Pheasant Jungles about his adventures during this expedition. While A Monograph of the Pheasants had been a factual account of this expedition, Pheasant Jungles was a somewhat fictionalized account, in which Beebe altered some aspects of his experience to appeal to a wider audience. Haiti and Bermuda
In 1927, <mask> went on an expedition to Haiti to document its marine life. Anchoring his ship the Lieutenant in the harbor of Port-au-Prince, he performed over 300 helmet dives examining the area's coral reefs and classifying the fish that inhabited them. These dives involved several technological innovations: a watertight brass box which could be used to house a camera for underwater photography, and a telephone which was incorporated into the diving helmet,

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 allowing the diver to dictate observations to someone on the surface instead of having to take notes underwater. Within a hundred days, <mask> and his team had created a catalog of species inhabiting the area nearly as long as what had been assembled on the neighboring island of Puerto Rico in the past four hundred years. In 1928 Beebe and Tee-Van published an illustrated and annotated list of 270 such species, which was expanded in 1935 bringing the total to 324.<mask> provided an account of this expedition in his 1928 book Beneath Tropic Seas, which was the first of his books to receive less than enthusiastic reviews, due to its episodic structure. As he gained experience with helmet diving, Beebe soon became an enthusiastic advocate of it, believing it to be something that should be experienced by everyone who had the opportunity to do so. He later went so far as to suggest that beachfront homes would someday contain their own underwater gardens, to be experienced with the help of diving helmets:

By this point in his life <mask> was developing a close friendship with the American romance novelist Elswyth Thane, who had met <mask> in 1925. Very little of their early correspondence survives, but Elswyth had idolized Beebe for years, and her first novel Riders of the Wind was devoted to him. The novel was an account of a young woman who falls in love with and eventually marries, a much older adventurer who strongly resembled Beebe. <mask> and Elswyth were married on September 22, 1927, when Beebe was 50. Due to Elswyth's tendency to misrepresent her age, conflicting accounts exist of how old she was when she and Beebe were married, ranging from 23 to 28.Elswyth and <mask> had an open marriage, in which neither expected sexual exclusivity from the


texts: other so long as their life together was not damaged. Although Riders of the Wind was partially based on <mask>'s pheasant expedition, Elswyth did not enjoy Beebe's current research. She disliked the heat of the tropics and was unwilling to go with Beebe to Kartabo. As a compromise, <mask> decided to continue his marine research in Bermuda, where she and <mask> had spent their honeymoon. Bermuda's governor Louis Bols introduced <mask> to Prince George, who was fascinated by <mask>'s books, and Prince George persuaded Beebe to take him helmet diving. Governor Bols and Prince George subsequently offered Beebe Nonsuch Island, a  island off the east coast of Bermuda, for use as a research station. With the financial help of his sponsors, Beebe planned to use his new research station on Nonsuch Island to conduct a thorough study of an  square area of ocean, documenting every living thing they could find from the surface to a depth of .However, <mask>'s ability to research the deep ocean using these methods was constrained by the inherent limitations of dredging, which could only provide an incomplete picture of the animals living there. <mask> compared the knowledge that could be gained of the deep ocean from dredging to what a visitor from Mars could learn about a fog-shrouded earthly city by using a dredge to pick up bits of debris from a street. <mask> began planning to create an underwater exploration device, which he could use to descend into the depths and observe these environments directly. The New York Times carried articles describing <mask>'s plans, which called for a diving bell with the shape of a cylinder. These articles caught the attention of Otis Barton, an engineer who had long admired Beebe and who had his own ambition to become a

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 deep-sea explorer. Barton was convinced that Beebe's design for a diving vessel would never be capable of withstanding the extreme pressure of the deep ocean, and with the help of a friend who arranged a meeting with <mask>, proposed an alternative design to him. Barton's design called for a spherical vessel, which was the strongest possible shape for resisting high pressure.Barton had the good fortune that years earlier, Theodore Roosevelt had proposed a similar idea to Beebe, and Beebe approved of Barton's design. Beebe and Barton made a deal: Barton would pay for the sphere and all of the other equipment to go with it. In return, Beebe would pay for other expenses such as chartering a ship to raise and lower the sphere, and as the owner of the sphere, Barton would accompany Beebe on his expeditions in it. Beebe named their vessel the Bathysphere, from the Greek prefix bathy- meaning "deep" combined with "sphere". Work at Nonsuch Island

From 1930 to 1934, Beebe and Barton used the Bathysphere to conduct a series of dives of increasing depth off the coast of Nonsuch Island, becoming the first people to observe deep-sea animals in their native environment. The Bathysphere was lowered into the ocean using a steel cable, and a second cable carried a phone line which the Bathysphere's occupants used to communicate with the surface, as well as an electrical cable for a searchlight to illuminate animals outside the Bathysphere. Beebe's observations were relayed up the phone line to be recorded by Gloria Hollister, his chief technical associate who was also in charge of preparing specimens obtained from dredging.Beebe and Barton made a total of 35 dives in the Bathysphere, setting several consecutive world records for the deepest dive ever performed by


texts: a human. The record set by the deepest of these, to a depth of  on August 15, 1934, lasted until it was broken by Barton in 1949. In 1931, Beebe and Barton's Bathysphere dives were interrupted for a year due to technical problems and uncooperative weather. An additional difficulty in 1931 was the death of <mask>'s father, and Beebe left Nonsuch Island for a week to attend his father's funeral. A second year-long interruption occurred in 1933, and was caused in part by a lack of funds due to the Great Depression. Although Beebe and Barton performed no dives in 1933, their work gathered a large amount of publicity when the Bathysphere was displayed in a special exhibit for the American Museum of Natural History, and later at the Century of Progress World's Fair in Chicago, where they shared the fair's Hall of Science with Auguste Piccard. <mask> and Barton also obtained publicity for their dives from several articles <mask> wrote describing them for National Geographic, and from an NBC radio broadcast in which Beebe's voice transmitted up the phone line from inside the Bathysphere was broadcast nationally over the radio.Although <mask> attempted to ensure that Barton would receive credit as the Bathysphere's inventor and <mask>'s fellow diver, the popular media tended to ignore Barton and pay attention only to <mask>. Barton was often resentful of this, believing Beebe to be deliberately hogging the fame. <mask> in turn lacked patience for Barton's unpredictable moods and felt that Barton did not display the proper respect for the natural world. Still, <mask> and Barton both had something the other needed: <mask> for his experience as a marine biologist and Barton for his mechanical skill. Out of pragmatic concern for the success of their lives, they


texts: managed to resolve their disagreements well enough to work together at Nonsuch Island, although they did not remain on good terms afterward. Likely, <mask> became romantically involved with Hollister during his work at Nonsuch Island. An entry in <mask>'s personal journal, written in a secret code that he used when describing things he wished kept secret, reads "I kissed her [Gloria] and she loves me."It is unclear whether Elswyth knew of <mask>'s affair with Gloria, but if she did she appears to not have minded it. In addition to the open nature of their marriage, Elswyth described in a 1940s interview with Today's Woman magazine that she enjoyed the knowledge that Beebe was attractive to women. Beebe continued to conduct marine research after 1934, but he felt that he had seen what he wanted to see using the Bathysphere and that further drives were too expensive for whatever knowledge he gained from them to be worth the cost. With the help of <mask>'s friend the physician Henry Lloyd, Beebe conducted an expedition in the West Indies examining the stomach contents of tuna, which uncovered previously unknown larval forms of several species of fish. Shortly after returning, Beebe set out on a longer expedition to the waters around Baja California, financed by the Californian businessman Templeton Crocker on board his yacht the Zaca. The goal of this expedition was to study the area's undersea fauna utilizing dredging and helmet diving, and <mask> and his team were surprised by the diversity of animals that they encountered there. In 1937 Beebe went on a second expedition aboard the Zaca, documenting the native wildlife along the Pacific Coast from Mexico to Colombia.During this expedition, rather than focusing on either sea animals as he had at


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 Nonsuch Island or on birds as he had earlier in his life, he attempted to document all aspects of the ecosystem. <mask> described his two expeditions onboard the Zaca in his books Zaca Venture and The Book of Bays, in which he emphasized his concern for threatened habitats and his dismay at human destruction. During the two Zaca expeditions <mask> was accompanied by his longtime assistant John Tee-Van as well as Jocelyn Crane, a young carcinologist who had first worked for Beebe at Nonsuch Island in 1932, and who would subsequently be among Beebe's most cherished associates for the rest of his life. Like Hollister before her, Crane would eventually become Beebe's lover during the long expeditions that Beebe made without Elswyth's companionship. During this time Beebe was also forming a close friendship with Winnie-the-Pooh's creator A. A. Milne, who wrote of Half Mile Down "I don't know which I envy you most: all those moral and physical qualities which you have and I lack, or all that wonder of a new world. [...] One of the few things in the world of which I am really proud is that I know Will Beebe."Return to the tropics
Although <mask> continued to use Nonsuch Island as his base of operations throughout the 1930s, with the onset of World War II in 1939 it was announced that the ferry linking Bermuda to New York would soon be making its final run, requiring <mask> and his team to hastily abandon their station there. Transportation to and from Bermuda resumed in 1940, and Beebe returned there in May 1941, but the environment was slowly being transformed due to the war. A large number of military ships made docking difficult, most of the island's reefs were being destroyed to construct an airfield, and the combination of construction activity and

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texts: pollution observed the sea life impossible. Appalled by the destruction, <mask> finally rented his station at Nonsuch Island to a military contractor and returned to New York. With the loss of their station in Bermuda, Beebe and Elswyth gave up on their compromise of finding a research station where they could both be happy. Elswyth, who was most content in temperate environments, began searching for a home in New England where she could continue her writing. Meanwhile, Beebe began searching for a new tropical research station to replace Kartabo, which had fallen victim to deforestation just like Kalacoon before it.<mask> eventually helped Elswyth purchase a small farm near Wilmington, Vermont, where he visited her frequently. Elswyth explained in a magazine interview that she was uncomfortable on <mask>'s expeditions, so the two of them had agreed that they would keep their careers separate from their private lives. With the financial assistance of Standard Oil and the Guggenheim Foundation, <mask> established his next research station in Caripito, a small city in Venezuela around  west of Trinidad and Tobago. <mask> and his team used this station to study the ecology of the region and recorded how its inhabitants were affected by its cycle of wet and dry seasons. One important study which resulted from this region was the first documentation of rhinoceros beetles using their horns in competition between males, proving that their horns were an adaptation for sexual selection rather than for defense against predators. Although <mask>'s research at Caripito was productive, he felt that the extremity of its wet-dry cycle made it impractical as a research station, and the expanding oil operations in the region were in danger of destroying the local


texts: environment. For these reasons, <mask> did not return to Caripito after his first season there.In the spring of 1944, Jocelyn Crane returned to Venezuela to search for a location for a new field station to replace the one at Caripito. The location that she found, known as Rancho Grande, had initially been intended as a palace for Venezuela's dictator Juan Vicente Gómez in the  Henri Pittier National Park. The palace's construction had been left unfinished after Gómez's death, and since then the building's vast corridors and ballrooms had become the home of jaguars, tapirs and sloths. Unlike Beebe's other tropical research stations, which had been located in lowland regions, Rancho Grande was located on a mountainside in what Beebe described as "the ultimate cloud jungle". Creole Petroleum, a Venezuelan spin-off of Standard, agreed to cover the cost of the station and finished a small portion of the vast structure for Beebe and his team to use. <mask> and his team began work there in 1945, staying as guests of the Venezuelan government. Rancho Grande was located at a mountain pass in a branch of the Andes known as the Venezuelan Coastal Range, which was an important migration route for butterflies, and the station proved very lucrative in the study of insects.During his work at Rancho Grande, <mask> broke his leg in a fall from a ladder, and the forced immobility which resulted from having his leg in a cast presented him with a new opportunity for observing the area's wildlife. At his request, he and his chair were transported into the nearby jungle, and as he sat motionless the wild animals around him soon began to go about their business without noticing his presence. His immobility also presented him with the opportunity to spend hours at a time


texts: observing a pair of bat falcons through binoculars, documenting the behavior of their two chicks and every prey item fed to them by their parents. His observations documented several behaviors which were new to science, including the first documented example of play in birds. Although <mask> and his team enjoyed rewarding seasons at Rancho Grande in 1945 and 1946, they did not return there in 1947. The reason they gave in their annual report was that the previous two seasons had produced so much material that they needed an additional year to analyze it, but in reality, this was more the result of insufficient funding as well as the unstable state of Venezuelan politics. <mask> returned to Rancho Grande in 1948, where he completed several technical papers about the migration patterns of birds and insects, as well as a comprehensive study of the area's ecology which he coauthored with Jocelyn Crane.Realizing that the area's politics might soon put an end to their research there, in spring of 1948 Jocelyn made a side trip to Trinidad and Tobago in hope of finding a site for a research station where the politics would be more secure. Finally, when the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état installed Marcos Pérez Jiménez as Venezuela's dictator, <mask> decided that he could no longer continue to work in Venezuela. <mask> described his experiences at Rancho Grande in his 1949 book High Jungle, which was the last of <mask>'s major books. In January 1950, the New York Zoological Society celebrated to commemorate the 50th anniversary of <mask>'s work for them. He was by this point the only remaining member of the zoo's original staff, and had produced more scholarly papers and publicity than any other employee. Letters and testimonials poured in from other scientists


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 with whom Beebe had worked, attesting to their admiration of him and his influence on them. One letter from the Harvard biologist Ernst Mayr wrote that <mask>'s work had been an inspiration to his own, particularly A Monograph of the Pheasants and <mask>'s books about jungle wildlife.Final years in Trinidad and Tobago
The product of Jocelyn Crane's search for a potential research station in Trinidad and Tobago was a house on a hill overlooking the Arima Valley, which was known as Verdant Vale. In 1949, Beebe bought this estate to use a permanent research station to replace Rancho Grande. Beebe renamed the estate Simla, after the hill in India that featured in Rudyard Kipling's writings. He later described the sense of destiny that marked his introduction to the estate:

At Simla <mask> and his team worked closely together with Asa and Newcome Wright, the owners of the adjacent Spring Hill estate, who provided accommodations for them while water and electricity were connected at Simla. Although the initial purchase of Simla had contained only the house and  of the forest surrounding it, Beebe soon realized that this was insufficient for the research he wished to conduct, and purchased another neighboring estate known as St. Pat's which contained an additional . In 1953, <mask> donated both properties to the New York Zoological Society for one dollar, giving him the position of one of the society's "Benefactors in Perpetuity". Research at Simla formally began in 1950.<mask>'s research at Simla combined elements of many different earlier stages of his research, including observations of the life cycles of the area's birds, detailed analyses of every plant and animal in small areas of forest, and studies of insect behavior. Insects were the focus of


texts: the scientific papers he produced during this period, marking a transition from his past areas of study into the field of entomology. Local children periodically brought animal specimens to Beebe at Simla and asked him to classify them. Remembering the early studies of his own childhood, in which he had brought specimens to the American Museum of Natural History, he was happily working with them. In 1952, on his seventy-fifth birthday, <mask> retired from his position as the director of the NYZS's Department of Zoological Society and became Director Emeritus, while Jocelyn Crane was promoted to Assistant Director. In honor of his lifetime of work as a naturalist, <mask> was awarded the Theodore Roosevelt Distinguished Service Medal in 1953. <mask>'s last major expedition occurred in 1955, retracing the route he had taken during his pheasant expedition 45 years earlier, with the intention of discovering how the populations he had previously studied were faring in response to human encroachment.Jocelyn accompanied him on this expedition for the purpose of documenting Asia's fiddler crabs. Although Jocelyn's studies during this expedition served as part of the basis for her monograph Fiddler Crabs of the World, Beebe never published the results of his own observations during it. During <mask>'s later years, Simla was an important gathering point for researchers in many other areas of biology. Other biologists who visited to conduct studies there and exchange ideas with Beebe included myrmecologist Ted Schneirla, ethologist Konrad Lorenz, entomologist Lincoln Brower, ethologist Donald Griffin, and ornithologist David Snow. Snow became a regular visitor to Simla, and in return Beebe provided financial assistance for some of Snow's own research. Beebe


texts: devised an unusual method for determining how he would react to his visitors at Simla. His terrace there was decorated with statues of characters from Winnie-the-Pooh that had been a gift from A.A. Milne. Visitors who recognized these characters as Milne's creations were greeted by <mask> with enthusiasm, while those who did not recognize them were just endured by <mask> until they left. <mask> remained active well into his old age. In 1957, at the age of eighty, he was still capable of climbing slippery tree trunks to study bird nests. However, by 1959 his strength had lessened enough that long hikes and tree climbing were no longer practical for him, and he contented himself with work that could be conducted in the laboratory, such as dissecting birds' nests to analyze their method of construction. <mask> also began to be afflicted with a throat ailment which may have been Sjögren's syndrome, although lacking a complete understanding of what caused it, <mask> and his doctors referred to it as "mango mouth". <mask> was reluctant to accept speaking engagements because of the effect this had on his voice, although he continued to give lectures on occasion with Jocelyn's help.In an account of his final meeting with <mask>, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr. describes how during <mask>'s last few years he gradually succumbed to illness, eventually becoming nearly immobile and incapable of speech. However, <mask>'s personal physician A. E. Hill provides a differing account, stating that Beebe remained lucid and able to move about without assistance almost until his last day, apart from the periods of time during which his "mango mouth" temporarily slurred his speech. Both accounts agree that throughout his final years Beebe remained fond of playing practical


texts:
 jokes on his visitors at Simla, and retained his sense of humor even within days of his death. <mask> died of pneumonia at Simla on June 4, 1962. According to his wishes, he was buried in Mucurapo Cemetery in Port of Spain. Memorial services were held in both Trinidad and Tobago and New York City so that Beebe's friends in both parts of the world could attend. Following <mask>'s death, Jocelyn succeeded him as the director of the Department of Tropical Research and continued to run the Simla station along with the rest of Beebe's former staff.<mask> had frequently worried that Elswyth would write a biography of him after his death. To prevent this possibility, he left all of his papers and journals to Jocelyn. After Elswyth died in 1984, Jocelyn donated Beebe's papers to the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections at Princeton University's Firestone Library. Even in the possession of Firestone Library, <mask>'s papers remained inaccessible without Jocelyn's permission, and most scholars were prevented from using them until Jocelyn offered access to the writer, Carol Grant Gould, to write <mask>'s biography. The Archives of the Wildlife Conservation Society also holds several collections related to the Department of Tropical Research. Personality and cultural image
<mask> was more famous in the United States than any other American naturalist before the days of television. As a scientific writer who participated in both the popular and academic worlds, he occupied a similar role to the role later occupied by Stephen Jay Gould.<mask> was a well-known figure in the Roaring Twenties of New York City and was friends with numerous other well-known figures of the period, including Fannie Hurst and the cartoonist Rube Goldberg. Although he was not

masks:
William Beebe
Beebe
Beebe
Beebe
Beebe
William Beebe
Beebe


texts: physically handsome in the traditional sense, he tended to dominate every social and professional situation due to his enthusiasm, intelligence, and charisma. As a result of his much-publicized divorce from Blair and his later marriage to Elswyth, he was also known for his stormy relationships with women. <mask> described his religious beliefs as a combination of Presbyterianism and Buddhism. His religion was largely the result of seeking to combine his sense of awe and wonder at the natural world with a scientific understanding of its workings. He was highly critical of efforts to use science to justify political ideologies, such as socialism or the belief that women were inferior to men. Beebe also disapproved of the eugenic ideas advocated by many biologists in the early 20th century, including some of his contemporaries at the zoo, although this was largely out of fear that these ideas would alienate friends of the zoo and cause divisions among its staff.<mask> had a troubled relationship with some of his superiors at the zoo, particularly Hornaday, who was resentful of <mask>'s constant demands for more funding and staff, as well as the fact that as <mask>'s career progressed he gradually devoted less and less time to care for the zoo itself. One particular point of disagreement was <mask>'s forgetfulness about returning books which he had borrowed from the Zoological Society's Library, which would occasionally go missing for years as a result. However, Hornaday never publicly expressed his disagreements with <mask> and did not hesitate to defend <mask>'s work when others criticized it. Beebe had high expectations of the people working under him on all of his expeditions, although he never revealed the exact characteristics that he looked for

masks: Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe


texts:
 in potential employees. Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr. recounts one incident in which Beebe turned down a scientist who wished to work with him when the scientist described boredom with his current duties as one of his reasons for requesting this. In response to this request, Beebe retorted:

Beebe nonetheless exhibited a high degree of loyalty to those employees who were capable of meeting his standards. When he felt that the pressure of working under him had become too great, he would announce that his birthday was approaching, and his staff would have several days free from work to celebrate it.On one such occasion, when a scientist working under <mask> whispered to him that he knew it was not in fact <mask>'s birthday, <mask> responded "A man should have a birthday when he needs one". Impact of work and legacy
<mask> was a pioneer in the field now known as ecology. His theory that organisms must be understood in the context of the ecosystems they inhabit was completely new for its time and has been highly influential. The method he invented of methodically analyzing all organisms within a small area of wilderness has become a standard method in this field. <mask> was also a pioneer in the field of oceanography, setting a precedent with his Bathysphere dives which many other researchers would follow. E. O. Wilson, Sylvia Earle and Ernst Mayr have all described <mask>'s work as an influence on their own choice of careers. Among the most significant of <mask>'s influences on other researchers was Rachel Carson, who regarded Beebe as both a friend and an inspiration.Carson dedicated her 1951 book The Sea Around Us to <mask>, writing "My absorption in the mystery and meaning of the sea have been stimulated and the writing of this book aided by the

masks:
Beebe
Beebe
Beebe
William Beebe
Beebe
Beebe
Beebe
Beebe


texts: friendship and encouragement of <mask>." Due to <mask>'s renewed emphasis on field research at a time when laboratory studies were becoming the dominant trend in biology, more recent field researchers such as Jane Goodall and George Schaller are also sometimes considered his intellectual descendants. By writing for a scientific as well as the popular audience, <mask> did much to make science accessible to the general public. This was particularly significant in the area of conservation, of which he was one of the most important early advocates. With his many writings about the dangers of environmental destruction, Beebe helped to raise public awareness about this topic. However, <mask>'s prolific writing for a popular audience had a downside, in that other scientists of his time were reluctant to hold him in high accord because they regarded him as a popularizer. During the course of his career, <mask> authored over 800 articles and 21 books, including his four-volume pheasant monograph.He had a total of 64 animals named after him, and he described one new species of bird and 87 species of fish. While 83 of the fish that he described were done so in a conventional manner, the remaining four were done so based on visual observations. A lingering controversy exists in ichthyology over the validity of the four species <mask> described based on visual descriptions only, which he had observed during his Bathysphere dives. The naming of a new species ordinarily requires obtaining and analyzing a type specimen, something which was obviously impossible from inside the Bathysphere. Some of <mask>'s critics claimed that these fish were illusions resulting from condensation on the Bathysphere's window, or even that Beebe willfully made them up, although the

masks:
William Beebe
Beebe
Beebe
Beebe
Beebe
Beebe
Beebe


texts:
 latter would have been strongly at odds with <mask>'s reputation as an honest and rigorous scientist. While many of <mask>'s observations from the Bathysphere have since been confirmed by advances in undersea photography, it is unclear whether others fit the description of any known sea animal. One possibility is that although these animals indeed exist, so much remains to be discovered about life in the deep ocean that these animals have yet to be seen by anyone other than him.Tetrapteryx

Along with his analysis of pheasant phylogeny and his studies of life in the Galápagos Islands, <mask> regarded one of his most important contributions to the field of evolutionary biology to be his hypothesis that the ancestors of birds passed through what he referred to as a “Tetrapteryx stage”, with wings on both their front and hind limbs. <mask> based this theory on his observation that the hatchlings and embryos of some modern birds possess long quill feathers on their legs, which he regarded as an atavism; he also noticed vestiges of leg-wings on one of the specimens of Archaeopteryx. <mask> described his idea in a 1915 paper published in Zoologica, titled "A Tetrapteryx Stage in the Ancestry of Birds". Gerhard Heilmann discussed <mask>'s Tetrapteryx hypothesis at considerable length in his 1926 book The Origin of Birds. Heilmann examined hatchlings of many other bird species, both closely related to those studied by Beebe and belonging to more primitive species, in hope of finding additional evidence for the leg-wings which Beebe had documented. After failing to find such evidence, Heilmann ultimately rejected <mask>'s Tetrapteryx hypothesis, and this remained the consensus among ornithologists for the next several decades. <mask>, however, continued to

masks: Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe


texts:
 advance his Tetrapteryx hypothesis as late as the 1940s.In 2003, <mask>'s Tetrapteryx hypothesis was supported by the discovery of Microraptor gui, a small feathered dinosaur which possessed asymmetrical flight feathers on both its front and hind limbs. Beebe's Tetrapteryx hypothesis is now regarded as prescient for its prediction of both the anatomy and likely gliding posture of Microraptor gui, which Richard O. Prum has described as "[looking] as if it could have glided straight out of the pages of <mask>’s notebooks." This animal's discovery has had the effect of resurrecting <mask>'s theory that leg feathers played an important role in the origin of bird flight. William Beebe Tropical Research Station

Following <mask>'s death in 1962, his research station at Simla remained in operation under Jocelyn Crane's management, under the new name of the William Beebe Tropical Research Station. However, because Jocelyn's research required her to travel north for extended periods, by 1965 she had little time to keep the station running. By 1971, the station had fallen into disuse and was declared closed. Meanwhile, as Asa Wright's health began to fail in her old age, her friends began to fear that after her death her neighboring estate of Spring Hill might be lost to developers and established a trust to buy the estate and convert it into the Asa Wright nature center.In 1974, Beebe's property was donated to the newly established Asa Wright Nature Center. Now under the management of the Asa Wright Nature Center, the William Beebe Tropical Research Station has gradually been renovated. It is now once again actively involved in research and an important gathering place for scientists. It is also a popular destination for birdwatchers, who can observe the

masks:
Beebe
Beebe
Beebe
William Beebe


texts:
 same populations of hummingbirds, tanagers and oilbirds that <mask> studied decades earlier. See also
:Category: Taxa named by <mask>

References

 Sources

Further reading
"<mask>be," in Tom Taylor and Michael Taylor, Aves: A Survey of the Literature of Neotropical Ornithology'', Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Libraries, 2011. External links

 The "Official William Beebe Website"
 Asa Wright Nature Centre & Lodge
 William Beebe Tropical Research Station

 Department of Tropical Research collections finding aids, Wildlife Conservation Society Archives
 Article (free access) on <mask>'s contributions to Deep-Sea Biology

1877 births
1962 deaths
American curators
American ecologists
American entomologists
American explorers
American marine biologists
American naturalists
American ornithologists
American science writers
Bermuda in World War II
John Burroughs Medal recipients
Scientists from Brooklyn
Wildlife Conservation Society

masks:
William Beebe
William Beebe
William Bee
William Beebe


texts:
<mask> (born 24 January 1981) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Starting off his career in Sweden with IF Elfsborg in the early 2000s, he went on to represent F.C. Copenhagen and Malmö FF before retiring at Hammarby IF in 2019. A full international between 2007 and 2013, he won nine caps for the Sweden national team and was a part of their UEFA Euro 2008 and 2012 squads. Club career

Early career
<mask> was born in Borås, but grew up in the locality of Viskafors. He started playing football at a young age at the local club Rydboholms SK. Simultaneously, he played ice hockey in his early teens.He made his debut in Rydboholms senior team at age 16, in the Swedish seventh level, and got scouted by the goalkeeping coach of local club IF Elfsborg. In 1997, Wiland joined the club's youth system. IF Elfsborg
Wiland made his senior debut for Elfsborg in an away game against Halmstad BK on 4 May 2000, and was denied the clean sheet from a 91st-minute penalty kick. Throughout the rest of the season, the 19-year old Wiland rotated with the far more experienced Anders Bogsjö as Elfsborg's first choice. During the upcoming season, Wiland established himself as the starting goalkeeper at Elfsborg. On 25 May 2001, he started in the final of the Svenska Cupen against AIK. The game ended 1–1 after full-time and overtime, but Elfsborg won 9–10 on penalties.On 9 August the same year, <mask> made his continental debut in a UEFA Cup qualifying fixture against the Estonian side Narva Trans. Elfsborg won the game 1–3. Except from missing a few games due to suspensions, Wiland played all of Elfsborg's competitive games in Allsvenskan between 2002 and 2004. The club finished in the lower regions of the table during all three of the campaigns. In 2003, Elfsborg won the Svenska Cupen again, beating Assyriska FF in the final on 1 November. <mask> kept a

masks:
Johan Kristoffer Sellberg Wiland
Johan Wiland
Wiland
Johan Wiland


texts:
 clean sheet as Lasse Nilsson scored a brace, deciding the result to 2–0 at Råsunda Stadium. Elfsborg participated in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, where the club eventually lost in the first round against the Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb.Wiland kept a clean sheet in the home leg, 0–0, but Elfsborg lost 2–0 in the away fixture and got knocked out of the tournament. In 2005, Wiland missed the more part of the season due to a fracture in the forearm, and only played 11 games in Allsvenskan. The club's best season in its history came in 2006, when they won Allsvenskan. Wiland started in all 26 matches throughout the campaign, conceded 19 goals (least in the league) and kept 12 clean sheets. As reigning Swedish champions, Elfsborg participated in the qualification to the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League. The club got knocked out in the third qualifying round against Valencia CF on 29 August 2007, 1–5 on aggregate, as the Spanish side became the first visiting team to win at Borås Arena in eight months. Subsequently, Elfsborg competed in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup where they got knocked out in the group stage.Wiland appeared in all of the six fixtures. In 2008, Wiland set a new league record when he kept 19 clean sheets in one season. Elfsborg eventually finished 2nd in the league and Wiland attracted much interest from clubs abroad. During the fall of 2008, he turned down a move to the Premier League side Tottenham. He was reportedly sought out as a back-up to Heurelho Gomes, but Wiland wanted to play more regularly. At the end of the year, Wiland was prized as the Swedish Goalkeeper of the Year at the annual Fotbollsgalan, hosted by the Swedish Football Association. F.C.Copenhagen

In January 2009, Wiland moved to F.C. Copenhagen in the Danish Superliga. He signed a five-year deal with the club, and a fee of 8 million Danish kroner (approximately £1 million) was suggested. At first, Wiland


texts:
 struggled to get playing time, acting as a back-up to Danish international Jesper Christiansen during the whole spring of 2009. During the next season, in 2009–10, Wiland established himself as the first choice goalkeeper at Copenhagen. In 2010, Wiland won a number of honours including Goalkeeper of the Year in Denmark and Swedish Goalkeeper of the Year (for the second time in his career). During the campaign, Wiland was also named in the UEFA Champions League "Team of the week".The following season, in 2011–12, he recorded the second most clean sheets in the league. On top of that, Wiland won the prize as Goalkeeper of the Year in Denmark in 2011 (his second consecutive win) and got voted as F.C. Copenhagen Player of the Year in 2012. In 2012–13, Wiland suffered from a number of injuries and his form declined. Manager Ståle Solbakken openly criticized the goalkeeper's form. He would however remain as the first choice throughout the whole season. A highlight for Wiland during the season was Copenhagen's surprising 1–1 draw against the Serie A club Juventus on 17 September 2013.<mask> saved a point for his side in the Champions League group stage tie, thanks to a series of saves in the second half. During the summer of 2014, Wiland lost his place in the first team at Copenhagen, following the signing of the Danish international Stephan Andersen. <mask> remained at the bench throughout the whole year and saw his playing time limited to one appearance in the Danish Cup. In total, <mask> played 141 games in the Danish Superliga during his stint at Copenhagen. He also made 43 appearances in continental cups (UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League) and won 8 caps in the domestic cup. In 2014, <mask> was selected as the goalkeeper when 32,000 fans participated in a fan vote selecting their 11 all-time favourite Copenhagen players. Malmö IF

In July 2015, he transferred

masks: Wiland Wiland Wiland Wiland


texts:
 to Malmö FF, following the sale of their previous first choice goalkeeper Robin Olsen to PAOK FC in the Superleague Greece.Wiland signed a two and a half-year deal with the side. During the same fall, <mask> kept a clean sheet as Malmö won (2–0) against Celtic in the 2015–16 Champions League group play-off round on 25 August. Malmö advanced to the group stage with an aggregated score of 4–3. Eventually, Malmö finished last in their group, surpassed by European clubs Paris Saint-Germain and Real Madrid. Wiland kept a clean sheet in the home leg against Shaktar Donetsk on 21 October, as Malmö won 1–0 – thus claiming their only victory in the group stage. The following season, in 2016, Malmö won the domestic championship. Wiland played 28 games and kept 12 clean sheets, the second most in the whole league.At the end of the year, he was voted as the Goalkeeper of the Year in Allsvenskan. As reigning champions, Malmö qualified for the 2017–18 Champions League. The side entered the tournament in the second qualifying round, where they faced Vardar from Macedonia. Surprisingly, Malmö got knocked out on 18 July after losing 4–2 on aggregate. Roughly at the same time, Wiland sought a move away from the club due to personal reasons. He expressed a wish to live closer to his family in Stockholm. Simultaneously, Malmö had acquired goalkeeper <mask> from FC Midtjylland and Wiland got permission to leave the club.In total, Wiland made 16 league appearances for Malmö in 2017, and the club went on to win Allsvenskan in October after his departure. Hammarby IF
On 28 July 2017, Wiland transferred to Hammarby IF on a two and a half-year contract. He made his debut the following day in a 1–0 away loss against Jönköpings Södra. Wiland kept his first clean sheet for the side on 21 August, as Hammarby won 3–0 away against Örebro SK. He received much praise for his performance in a derby

masks:
Johan Wiland
Johan Dahlin


texts:
 fixture against AIK on 10 September, where Wiland kept the score to 1–1 following a series of saves. After the 2017 season, Wiland was nominated as Swedish Goalkeeper of the Year, following his performances at both Malmö and Hammarby, and won his second consecutive prize as Goalkeeper of the year in Allsvenskan. On 13 August 2018, in a 0–0 away draw against IFK Norrköping, Wiland kept his 100th clean sheet in Allsvenskan.He played 25 games during the year, as Hammarby finished 4th in Allsvenskan. <mask>'s season was cut short in October when he went under the knife due to a shoulder injury. After being sidelined during the first half of the 2019 season, Wiland made his comeback to the pitch as a substitute in a 2–2 draw against Kalmar FF on 4 August. He eventually played 7 games in Allsvenskan, competing with the former second choice keeper Davor Blažević, as Hammarby finished third in the table. On 17 February 2020, Wiland announced his immediate retirement from professional football after not being able to recover properly from a shoulder injury, aged 39.

International career

<mask> made his debut for the Sweden national team came against Ecuador on a tour in South America in January 2007. He represented his country at the UEFA Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland where he acted as back up to Andreas Isaksson. He was seen as manager Lars Lagerbäck's third choice, behind Isaksson and Rami Shaaban.<mask> was also called up to the Swedish side by manager Erik Hamrén ahead of the UEFA Euro 2012, again acting as a back up to Isaksson. His last competitive appearance for Sweden came in a 5–3 loss against Germany on 15 October 2013. Ultimately, his country failed to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and <mask>by Fotboll players
Allsvenskan players
Danish Superliga players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
Swedish expatriate footballers
Expatriate

masks: Wiland Wiland Wiland Wilandmar


texts:
Emmanuel N'Djoké "<mask>" <mask> (12 December 1933 – 24 March 2020) was a Cameroonian musician and songwriter who played saxophone and vibraphone. He developed a musical style fusing jazz, funk, and traditional Cameroonian music. His father was a member of the Yabassi ethnic group, while his mother was a Duala. He was best known for his 1972 single "Soul Makossa". He died from COVID-19 on 24 March 2020. Early life
Emmanuel "<mask>" <mask> was born in Douala, Cameroon in 1933. His father, Michel Manfred N'<mask>, was a civil servant.Son of a farmer, he met his wife travelling by pirogue to her residence, Douala. Emmanuel's mother was a fashion designer, running her own small business. Both her ethnic group, the Douala, and his, the Yabassi, viewed this union of different ethnic groups with some disdain. Dibango had only a stepbrother from his father's previous marriage, who was four years older than him. In Cameroon, one's ethnicity is dictated by one's father, though <mask> wrote in his autobiography, Three Kilos of Coffee, that he had "never been able to identify completely with either of [his] parents". Dibango's uncle was the leader of his extended family. Upon his death, Dibango's father refused to take over, as he never fully initiated his son into the Yabassi's customs.Throughout his childhood, Dibango slowly forgot the Yabassi language in favour of the Douala. However, his family did live in the Yabassi encampment on the Yabassi plateau, close to the Wouri River in central Douala. While a child, Dibango attended Protestant

masks:
Manu
Dibango
Manu
Dibango
Djoké Dibango
Dibango


texts:
 church every night for religious education, or nkouaida. He enjoyed studying music there, and reportedly was a fast learner. In 1941, after being educated at his village school, Dibango was accepted into a colonial school, near his home, where he learned French. He admired the teacher, whom he described as "an extraordinary draftsman and painter". In 1944, French president Charles de Gaulle chose this school to perform the welcoming ceremonies upon his arrival in Cameroon.In 1949, at age 15, <mask> was sent to college in Saint-Calais, France. After that he attended the lycée de Chartres where he learned the piano. Career
He was a member of the seminal Congolese rumba group African Jazz and has collaborated with many other musicians, including Fania All Stars, Fela Kuti, Herbie Hancock, Bill Laswell, Bernie Worrell, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, King Sunny Adé, Don Cherry, and Sly and Robbie. He achieved a considerable following in the UK with a disco hit called "Big Blow", originally released in 1976 and re-mixed as a 12″ single in 1978 on Island Records. In 1998, he recorded the album CubAfrica with Cuban artist Eliades Ochoa. At the 16th Annual Grammy Awards in 1974, he was nominated in the categories Best R&B Instrumental Performance and Best Instrumental Composition for "Soul Makossa". The song "Soul Makossa" on the record of the same name contains the lyrics "makossa", which means "(I) dance" in his native tongue, the Cameroonian language Duala.It has influenced popular music hits, including Kool and the Gang's "Jungle Boogie". The


texts: 1982 parody song "Boogie in your butt" by comedian Eddie Murphy interpolates Soul Makossa's bassline and horn charts while "Butt Naked Booty Blues" by 1990s hip-hop group Poor Righteous Teachers heavily samples its musical bridge and drum patterns. He served as the first chairman of the Cameroon Music Corporation, with a high profile in disputes about artists' royalties. <mask> was appointed a UNESCO Artist for Peace in 2004. His song "Reggae Makossa" is featured on the soundtrack to the 2006 video game Scarface: The World Is Yours. In August 2009, he played the closing concert at the revived Brecon Jazz Festival. In 1982, Michael Jackson used the "Ma ma-se, ma ma-sa, ma ma-kossa" hook from Dibango's 1972 single "Soul Makossa" without his permission and without credit for the song "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" from his superhit 1982 album Thriller.When Dibango found out he considered suing the megastar, but Jackson was quick to admit that he borrowed the line and the matter was settled out of court.In 2007, Rihanna sampled the same hook from Jackson's song for her track "Don't Stop the Music" and did not credit Dibango. When Rihanna had asked Jackson for permission to sample the line, he allegedly approved the request without contacting Dibango beforehand. In 2009, Dibango sued both singers. <mask>'s attorneys brought the case before a court in Paris, demanding €500,000 in damages and asking for Sony BMG, EMI and Warner Music to be "barred from receiving 'mama-se mama-sa'-related income until the matter is resolved". The judge

masks: Dibango Dibango


texts:
 ruled that Dibango's claim was inadmissible: a year earlier, a different Paris-area judge had required Universal Music to include Dibango's name in the liner notes of future French releases of "Don't Stop the Music", and, at the time of this earlier court appearance, Dibango had withdrawn legal action, thereby waiving his right to seek further damages. In July 2014, he performed an 80th-anniversary concert in Olympia, France, which was broadcast by TV5Monde. On 8 September 2015, Michaëlle Jean, Secretary General of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, honoured <mask> <mask> with the title of Grand Témoin de la Francophonie aux Jeux Olympiques et Paralympiques de Rio 2016 (Special Representative of Francophonia to the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games).On 24 March 2020, <mask> died from COVID-19 in Melun near Paris. Discography

As leader

 Saxy-Party (Mercury, 1969)
 <mask> <mask> (Fiesta, 1971)
 Africadelic (Mondiophone, 1972)
 Soul Makossa (Fiesta, 1972)
 O Boso (Fiesta, 1972)
 African Woodoo (PSI, 1972)
 Makossa Man (Fiesta, 1973)
 Super Kumba (Fiesta, 1974)
 Countdown at Kusini (D.S.T., 1975)
 Afrovision (Fiesta, 1976)
 Manu 76 (Fiesta, 1976)
 Bande Originale du Film Ceddo (Fiesta, 1977)
 A L'Olympia (Fiesta, 1977)
 L'Herbe Sauvage (Fiesta 1977)
 Anniversaire Au Pays (Fiesta, 1978)
 Le Prix De La Liberte (Fiesta, 1978)
 Home Made (Fiesta, 1979)
 Gone Clear (CRC, 1980)
 Piano Solo Melodies Africaines Vol. 1 (AfroVision, 1981)
 Ambassador (CRC, 1981)
 Waka Juju (CRC, 1982)
 Mboa (AfroVision, 1982)
 Soft and

masks: Manu Dibango Dibango Manu Dibango


texts:
 Sweet (Garima, 1983)
 Deliverance Live in Douala (AfroVision, 1983)
 Surtension (Garima, 1984)
 Melodies Africaines Vol. 2 (AfroVision, 1984)
 L'Aventure Ambigue (Carrere, 1984)
 Electric Africa (Celluloid, 1985)
 Manu Invite... Akofa Akoussah Au Togo (Blackspot, 1983)
 Afrijazzy (Soul Paris, 1986)
 La Fete a Manu (Buda Musique, 1988)
 Negropolitaines Vol. 1 (Soul Paris, 1989)
 Comment Faire L'Amour Avec Un Negre Sans Se Fatiguer (Milan, 1989)
 Polysonik (Fnac Music, 1990)
 Live '91 (Fnac Music, 1991)
 Bao Bao (Mau Mau, 1992)
 Wakafrika (Fnac Music, 1994)
 Lamastabastani (Soul Paris, 1995)
 Negropolitaines Vol. 2 (Soul Paris, 1995)
 Papa Groove Live 96 (Wotre Music, 1996)
 CubAfrica (Melodie, 1998)
 Manu Safari (Wagram, 1998)
 Mboa' Su Kamer Feeling (JPS, 2000)
 Spirituals (Bayard Musique, 2000)
 Kamer Feeling (JPS, 2001)
 From Africa (Blue Moon, 2003)
 Homage to New Orleans (Goya, 2007)
 Lion of Africa (Global Mix, 2007)
 Past Present Future (BorderBlaster, 2011)
 Ballad Emotion (Konga Music, 2011)
 Balade en Saxo (EGT, 2014)

Citations

General sources

Further reading

External links

 "Manu Dibango" World Music Legends
 Manu Dibango's MySpace page

1933 births
2020 deaths
20th-century saxophonists
20th-century vibraphonists
21st-century saxophonists
21st-century vibraphonists
Cameroonian musicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in France
Decca Records artists
Fania Records artists
Giant Records (Warner) artists
Island Records artists
London Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Saxophonists
Vibraphonists
World music


texts:
<mask> (born June 20, 1967 in Lipa City, Batangas) is a Filipino musician. He is best known for being the guitarist for the Filipino rock band the Dawn. He was the chief radio announcer and musical director for the rock station NU107.5 FM who  uses the on-air stage name <mask>. He is also the editor of Billboard Philippines, which was launched in 2016. Early years
<mask> was born and raised in Lipa City, the second child of <mask>, a photographer, and Teresita Marquinez Saludo, a housewife. His youth was not particularly musical and his on-stage experiences were focused on oratorical contests which he regularly won. He started playing guitar at 14, helped by his elder brother Ferdinand who was a "natural" guitarist.The <mask>es were not rich, and his first proper guitar was a fake Gibson acoustic worth Php150.00 that his mother promised as a gift if he won a declamation contest during his junior high school year in De La Salle Lipa. Although supported by his mother, <mask>' choice to pursue music or fine arts in university was not encouraged by the family so he majored in Political Science and minored in Literature at De La Salle University. Nevertheless, he continued to study music on his own, bringing an old Telecaster copy–a gift from an uncle in Canada–to school and practicing behind the university library. He formed a few bands with friends and played at school events. The school's prohibitive tuition fees plus the delicate financial status of his family at the time took their toll and he went looking for writing jobs to supplement his income. In 1987, he auditioned for an FM radio station and became a graveyard shift trainee but was eventually able to join NU107. Career

NU107
At around the same time he joined NU107, he became a member of

masks:
Francis Florentino Saludo Reyes
Francis Brew
Reyes
Florante Luz Reyes
Reyes
Reyes


texts:
 Afterimage, which was then managed by Martin Galan, who also managed the Dawn.When <mask> joined the Dawn, he was juggling school, NU107, and the band. When the schedule of the Dawn began to fill up, he became somewhat negligent with the radio station and was let go amicably in 1992. He returned in 1997 to host the show "In the Raw", and has been with the station since then. He eventually was appointed its chief announcer and musical director until NU107 went its final broadcast on November 7, 2010. The Dawn
<mask> met the Dawn during his tenure with Afterimage, although he had already known Jett Pangan in university during interpretative reading contests which Pangan regularly won. He became friendly with the group's guitarist/founder Teddy Diaz and they even spoke of forming a thrash metal side project with drummer JB Leonor's brother Dennis. Unfortunately, Teddy was murdered mere days after their talk.<mask> was then asked to be one of the three guitarists who were to play Teddy's parts in the tribute concert "Salamat Teddy" at the Folk Arts Theater in September 1988. <mask> returned to Afterimage during Atsushi Matsuura's tenure with the Dawn and also became one of band's roadies. In November 1989, he was asked to replace Matsuura. <mask> recorded three albums and played with the Dawn until January 1995 when the band decided to go on hiatus. Between then and until the band reformed, he became a session guitarist for Lou Bonnevie, Kulay, P.O.T., and Joey Ayala. He credits his experience with The Dawn and their eclectic music for being able to play in different genres comfortably. The Dawn reformed with Atsushi Matsuura in 1999, thus expanding the line-up to a five-piece.When Matsuura parted ways with the band in 2004, <mask> became the sole

masks: Reyes Reyes Reyes Reyes Reyes Reyes


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 guitarist. On April 16, 2009, <mask> left the band after what Jett Pangan called a "hard meeting". Pangan went on to state though that <mask> is welcome to rejoin the band. <mask>, along with bassist Carlos Balcells returned to the band on June 7, 2016, thus the band became a quintet once again. Solo work and current projects
<mask> is also currently a contractual music arranger for the Roadrunner Network. He recently contributed a piece for the compilation album Mga Gitarista under 12Stone Records. Although constantly encouraged by peers to create a guitar-oriented solo album, <mask> is not interested, preferring to focus his energies on the Dawn.He formed the improvisation-oriented trio Garlic with Razorback bassist Louie Talan and Imago drummer Zach Lucero (also an NU107 alumnus) in 1998. Although the group garnered some critical accolades, they have yet to record an album. He was part of Helenovela with former Orange and Lemons frontman Mcoy Fundales, now with KENYO and PESO Movement with Japs Sergio (ex-Rivermaya), drummer Kurt Floresca and former Jet Pangan Group bassist Macky Macaventa who is now with True Faith. <mask> was also a part of the supergroup, Project 1. Billboard Philippines
In 2016, <mask> became the editor-in-chief of Billboard Philippines, a brand dedicated to music news, charts and other related services. He later abolished it in January 2018. Musical influences
<mask> credits Ritchie Blackmore's solo on the intro to Deep Purple's "Speed King" as the moment when he decided he wanted to be a guitarist, although he was an obsessive Queen/Brian May fan as well.His early heroes included Eddie Van Halen and Gary Moore, and actually put electrical tape on his Telecaster copy à la Van Halen. His current influences are Pat Metheny, Eric

masks: Francis Reyes Reyes Reyes Reyes Reyes Reyes Reyes


texts:
 Johnson, Robert Fripp, Allan Holdsworth, David Torn, Adrian Belew, Matthew Bellamy, Jonny Greenwood, Ed O'Brien, Nels Cline, and Jimi Hendrix. Equipment used

Electric guitars
<mask> used to be an endorser for Hamer Guitars. He used the Hamer Standard XT and Vector XT models. His other guitars used to include a Squier Standard Telecaster, a Gretsch 5235T Pro Jet, a Dame Mind 505, and a pre-lawsuit Yamaha Lord Player which he all sold. Now he mainly uses guitars from Lyric Music Stores which he is also a part of. He has been playing Tokai Guitars, a Yamaha Revstar and a PRS Tremonti Custom SE of late.He also still has the Casio PG380 guitar synthesizer used during his first two years with the Dawn. Amplifiers
Vox Valvetronix AD50VT

Effects pedals
Digitech Brian May Red Special
Z Vex Fuzz Factory
Zoom G9.2tt (for pitch shift, modulation, and delays)
Line 6 DL4 (for on-the-fly sampling)
Korg Kaoss Pad KP3 (for sampling and spontaneous textures)

Keyboards
E-mu XK6
Korg EA-1 Electribe
Yamaha vintage Monophonic synthesizer

Other equipment
<mask> also has a Vietnamese dan tranh, a Xaphoon pocket sax, and assorted small instruments such as a kalimba and tin whistle, all subtly used in the Dawn's recordings. Filmography

Television

Discography
The Dawn
Heart's Thunder (1990)
Abot Kamay (1992)
Puno't Dulo (1994)
Prodigal Sun (2000)
Harapin (2004)
Tulad ng Dati (2006)
The Later Half of Day (2008)

Peso Movement
The Gentle Sound of Chaos (2014)

References

Philippine Star Article on EJ Play at CCP

Hamer Guitar Page
Ride the Rock Xpress NOKIA Event

External links
Francis Brew Myspace

1967 births
Filipino rock guitarists
VJs (media personalities)
Filipino radio personalities
Living people
People from Lipa, Batangas
Musicians from Batangas
De La

masks: Reyes Reyes


texts:
<mask><mask><mask>, born Solomon Regenstreif (1913–1992) was an American Communist business man, best remembered as one of the individuals spearheading a failed attempt at liberalization of the Communist Party USA in 1957. Background

Solomon Regenstreif, better known by the Anglo-Saxon name he later adopted, <mask>, was born in 1913 in New York City, the son of ethnic Jewish parents who hailed from Poland. Career

Active in the campaign to free the Scottsboro Boys, <mask> left college prior to graduation so that he could pursue his radical political activism. <mask> first worked with unemployed workers in Ohio, eventually running unsuccessfully for the city council of Youngstown. Spanish Civil War veteran

When the Spanish Civil War broke out, <mask> joined the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and fought in Spain. In March 1938, at the age of 24, <mask> rose to the rank of battalion political commissar of the Lincoln-Washington Battalion. In this capacity, <mask> gained a reputation as a strict disciplinarian.He later admitted he had gone somewhat overboard. In 1938, he was involved in the controversial decision to execute a deserter named Paul White who had left the lines before having a change of heart and returning, only to be executed for disciplinary reasons. The decision caused great dissension in the Lincoln Brigade's ranks, forcing the immediate declaration that no further executions would take place. Political career
Returning to the United States from Spain, <mask> became the head of the Young Communist League. The week after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, <mask> enlisted in the American armed forces. In the summer of 1948, <mask> was one of 12 "kingpin Commies" (to borrow a colorful contemporary turn of phrase

masks:
John "
Johnny
" Gates
John Gates
Gates
Gates
Gates
Gates
Gates
Gates
Gates
Gates


texts:
 from Time magazine) indicted under the Smith Act for being "dedicated to the Marxist–Leninist principles of the overthrow and destruction of the Government ... by force and violence." Although the Smith Act had been implemented eight years earlier at the time of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact for the altogether different purpose of fighting potential infiltration of America by secret Nazi and Communist saboteurs, at the height of the Cold War the existing law was used as a tool against national officials of the Communist Party.Prosecution of the ailing 67-year-old William Z. Foster was eventually dropped, but the 11 others, <mask> among them, were convicted in 1949 and sentenced to five years in prison. Following his release from prison in 1955, <mask> was appointed as editor of the Communist Party's newspaper, The Daily Worker. In that capacity, <mask>' editorial policy soon came to set him at odds with the Party leadership, he took liberal positions embracing Nikita Khrushchev's criticisms of Stalin and opposing the Soviet Union's suppression of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Party leaders were particularly upset by his support of Howard Fast, a prominent writer who was quite critical of the Soviet Union and soon after also left the Communist Party. However, The Daily Worker was in deep trouble with significant losses in circulation due to a general disenchantment with communism, by both workers and intellectuals, and pressure from McCarthyism. Confronted with deep deficits and its inability to control <mask>, on December 22, 1957, the Party suspended publication of the paper as a daily, the last daily issue appearing January 13, 1958.Resignation
<mask> resigned from the Party in January 1958, claiming that it had "ceased to be an

masks: Gates Gates Gates Gates Gates


texts:
 effective force for democracy, peace, and socialism in the United States." He set to work writing his memoirs, The Story of an American Communist, tapping fellow ex-Communist pariah Earl Browder to write the book's introduction. In a January 18, 1958, television interview with Mike Wallace, <mask> attempted to illuminate his interlocutor on the nature of the power relationship between the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the American Communist movement:    [Y]ou have to understand how and why [the CPUSA] followed [Moscow's] line. It's not a matter that someone gave orders over there and we followed it over here. It's much more subtle than that. We followed that line because we thought it was right. It's more or less like a relationship between two people.One is an aggressive, brilliant personality and the other worships that person, and that person becomes sort of an idol for him and he tends to imitate and ape everything that he does. Well that kind of relationship is a bad relationship for both people." <mask> cited the American Communist Party's failure to declare its independence from Moscow as decisive in his decision to leave the organization. Following publication of his memoirs, <mask> went to work as a senior research assistant for the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU). In this capacity, <mask> helped members with workers' compensation, unemployment, and Social Security claims. He retired from the union in 1987. Death
<mask> died on May 23, 1992 in  Miami Beach, Florida at the age of 78.He was survived by his wife of 47 years, the former Lillian Schwartz; a brother, Nat Regenstreif, of Hollywood, Florida, and three sisters, Blanche Smiles of the Bronx, Irene Travis of Charlotte, North Carolina, and

masks:
Gates
Gates
Gates
Gates
Johnny Gates


texts:
 Marlene Seml of Boca Raton, Florida. Works
 The South: The Nation's Problem. New York: New Century Publishers, 1948. On Guard against Browderism, Titoism, Trotskyism. New York: New Century Publishers, 1951. What America Needs: A Communist View. With Eugene Dennis.New York: New Century Publishers, March 1956. Evolution of an American Communist: Why I Quit after 27 Years: Where I Stand Now. New York: J. Gates, 1958
 A Case Study on the Communist Conspiracy, April 23, 1958. With Herbert Philbrick. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Forum Committee, 1958. The Story of an American Communist.Introduction by Earl Browder. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1958. References

Further reading
 United States District Court. New York (Southern District). The Case of United States of America v. William Z. Foster, Eugene Dennis, <mask>. Williamson, Jacob Stachel, Robert G. Thompson, Benjamin J. Davis, Jr., Henry Winston, <mask>, Irving Potash, Gilbert Green, Carl Winter, Gus Hall. New York: National Civil Rights Congress, 1948.Joseph R. Starobin, American Communism in Crisis, 1943-1957. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972. External links
 "The Mike Wallace Interview. Guest: <mask>," January 18, 1958. — Includes video and transcript. Retrieved June 13, 2020. "<mask>", Spartacus Educational.Retrieved October 14, 2009. <mask>, 78, U.S. Communist. The Seattle Times (May 26, 1992). Retrieved August 9, 2008. <mask>, 78, Former Editor of The Daily Worker, Is Dead. The New York Times (May 24, 1992). Retrieved August 9, 2008.1913 births
1992 deaths
Journalists from New York City
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Members of the Communist Party USA
American Marxists
American newspaper editors
Abraham Lincoln Brigade members
People convicted

masks:
John B
John Gates
John Gates
John Gates
John Gates
John Gates


texts:
<mask> (born 1971) is an American former businessman and white-collar criminal. He was arrested January 26, 2009 on charges of an estimated $370–413 million Ponzi scheme. <mask> conducted the scheme using his company Agape World Inc. in Hauppauge, New York, which claimed to make its profits via commercial bridge lending. Authorities arrested him in Hicksville, New York. <mask> was arraigned in Islip, New York on January 27, 2009 on charges of mail fraud. <mask> had previously been convicted of felony fraud in 1999, and had served his sentence of 21 months in prison for the offense. On October 14, 2011, <mask> was sentenced to 25 years in prison.It has been reported that his crimes represent the 8th largest financial fraud in history, since the first documented flimflam in 1719 involving Scotsman John Law. Agape World
Prosecutors stated that <mask> used $212,000 in Agape funds to pay restitution from the 1999 federal mail fraud conviction. Prosecutors were able to trace only $10 million of bridge loans that were made. $80 million to $100 million was allegedly lost in commodity-futures trading and $55 to $63 million of investors' funds went to pay the broker's commissions. The complaint against Agape World stated that many of the employees had criminal records. Postal inspectors said Cosmo paid the brokers, some of whom were ex-convicts with records that included robbery and heroin importation, to recruit investors. One of the largest assets of Agape World was an indoor athletic complex purchased for $3.85 million.The complex was sold via auction in June 2009 to a

masks:
Nicholas Cosmo
Cosmo
Cosmo
Cosmo
Cosmo
Nick Cosmo


texts:
 company called Coastal Sports. <mask> had purchased the  building in Hauppauge, New York for $3.85 million in 2008 and spent another $1 million to transform the former paintball arena into indoor athletic fields. The building was the most valuable asset in Cosmo's holdings liquidated by bankruptcy trustee, Silverman Acampora, and was auctioned off by David R. Maltz & Co. of Plainview, New York. <mask> posts bail
As of June 2009, <mask> was unable to post bail. Judge Hurley would not release <mask> until several conditions were met, including a requirement that <mask>'s relatives agreed to back a $1.25 million bail package secured by their homes and financial accounts. <mask>, chief executive of a private suburban New York investment firm indicted for a $400 million fraud, was freed from jail after it took months for him to make bail. A U.S. judge released <mask> on $1.25 million bail secured by property and frozen bank accounts but ruled he would be confined to his home under electronic monitoring on New York's Long Island.Judge revokes <mask>'s bail
In October 2009, a federal judge found that <mask> couldn't be trusted and ended his house arrest after less than three months and returned him to jail to await trial. U.S. District Judge Denis R. Hurley, at a hearing in Central Islip, New York, ordered that <mask> be jailed pending trial after prosecutors alleged he used a computer and tried to transfer assets in violation of his bail conditions and provided false statements to a U.S. Pretrial Services officer. <mask> pleads guilty to $413 million Ponzi scheme
<mask>

masks: Cosmo Cosmo Cosmo Cosmo Cosmo Cosmo Cosmo Cosmo Cosmo Cosmo Cosmo Cosmo


texts:
 pled guilty to mail and wire fraud charges on Friday October 29, 2010, and faced up to 40 years in prison. On October 14, 2011, he was sentenced to 25 years in jail. "Those who lie and steal from the investing public are on notice that they face severe penalties", U.S. Attorney Loretta Lynch in Brooklyn said today in a statement. "As recounted today in court by several of his victims, the defendant's actions crushed the hopes and dreams of everyday citizens". On April 25, 2012, a criminal complaint was unsealed in federal court in Central Islip, New York charging Jason Keryc, Anthony Massaro, Anthony Ciccone, and Diane Kaylor, former account representatives of Hauppauge, New York-based Agape World Inc. and Agape Merchant Advance (AMA), for their participation in a large-scale Ponzi scheme.SEC charges 14 Agape World Ponzi scheme brokers
The Securities and Exchange Commission has charged 14 former sales agents, including four pairs of siblings, for misleading investors while earning more than $52 million in commissions in the $400 million Agape World Ponzi scheme. The SEC alleged the sales agents falsely promised investor returns as high as 12 – 14 percent, in several weeks when they sold investments offered by Hauppauge-based Agape World. They also misled investors to believe that only 1 percent of their principal was at risk. The Agape securities they peddled were actually non-existent, and investors were merely lured into a Ponzi scheme where earlier investors were paid with new investor funds, according to the SEC. Brokers sentenced
Jason Keryc, formerly of


texts:
 Hauppauge-based Agape World, was sentenced to nine years in prison by U.S. District Judge Denis Hurley in Central Islip, New York, and ordered to pay $179 million of restitution, prosecutors said. U.S. Attorney Robert Capers in a statement said the sentence ensures that Keryc, 38, "will now pay the price for his self-enrichment and deceit." Keryc's sentencing came after a federal jury in April found him and another ex-employee, Diane Kaylor, guilty on charges including securities fraud, conspiracy, mail fraud, and wire fraud.Prosecutors said Keryc spent some of the $8.9 million he made off the scheme on a million-dollar vacation home in Montauk, a condominium in Long Beach, NY, automobiles, jewelry and designer clothing

References

External links
Website of Agape World's receiver
Summary of Articles and Videos at New York Newsday (January 27, 2009)
"Another Ponzi Scheme? Feds Arrest Money Manager Cosmo", Time (January 27, 2009)
"Troubled Times Bring Mini-Madoffs to Light", The New York Times (January 28, 2009)
"Cosmos Field of Dreams Sold For 3.4M", Long Island Business News  (June 4, 2009)
"Accused Ponzi Schemer Cosmo Denied Bail for Now" Newsday (June 23, 2009)
"Judge Revokes Cosmos Bail", Wall Street Journal (October 9, 2009)
"Cosmo Pleads Guilty" Business Week  (November 1, 2010)
" Brokers Charged By S.E.C." Long Island Business News (June 12, 2012)
"Brokers Sentenced" "Fortune Magazine" (February 25, 2016)

1971 births
Living people
American money managers
American hedge fund managers
American people convicted of fraud
Pyramid and Ponzi schemes
People from


texts:
<mask>'Driscoll (born 21 January 1979) is an Irish former professional rugby union player. He played at outside centre for the Irish provincial team Leinster and for Ireland. He captained Ireland from 2003 until 2012, and captained the British & Irish Lions for their 2005 tour of New Zealand. He is regarded by critics as one of the greatest rugby players of all time. O'Driscoll is the fourth most-capped player in rugby union history, having played 141 test matches: 133 for Ireland (83 as captain), and 8 for the Lions. He scored 46 tries for Ireland and 1 try for the Lions in 2001, making him the highest try scorer of all time in Irish Rugby. He is the 8th-highest try scorer in international rugby union history, and the highest scoring centre of all time.O'Driscoll holds the Six Nations record for most tries scored with 26. He has scored the most Heineken Cup tries (30) by an Irishman. O'Driscoll was chosen as Player of the Tournament in the 2006, 2007 and 2009 Six Nations Championships. He was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame on 17 November 2016 at the opening ceremony for the Hall's first location in Rugby, Warwickshire. O'Driscoll was involved in Irish Rugby's unsuccessful bid to host the 2023 World Cup. He now works as a rugby analyst for BT Sport and ITV Sport in the United Kingdom. He is also involved in a number of business ventures including the Ultimate Rugby mobile app and Zipp, an Irish e-scooter start-up.Early life
O'Driscoll was born in Dublin to Frank and Geraldine O'Driscoll,


texts: both physicians. O'Driscoll's family was steeped in rugby. His father, Frank, played two games for Ireland and a cousin of his father, Barry, won four caps. However it was another cousin of Frank's, Barry's brother John, who really put the O'Driscoll name on the map: he represented Ireland 26 times and was a member of the Lions side that toured 1980 British Lions tour to South Africa and 1983 British Lions tour to New Zealand. As a child, <mask> played Gaelic football before switching to rugby. For his secondary education, he attended Blackrock College, where he played in the Senior Cup team in 1996 and 1997 after coming up through the ranks from the lower-level teams. Although O'Driscoll started the first two rounds of the competition in 1996, he was subsequently dropped to the bench for the remainder of the competition, and was an unused replacement in the team's victorious final appearance, in which Leo Cullen and Bob Casey were the second row.In 1997 they were beaten in the quarter-final by Clongowes, who had Gordon D'Arcy in their side. He was capped three times for Ireland Schools in 1996. In 1998, O'Driscoll played for the Ireland U-19 side, which won the Under 19 Rugby World Championship. After leaving school, he attended UCD on a scholarship. At UCD, he first made the under-20 side, before being promoted to the top team near the end of his first year. After two years, O'Driscoll graduated from UCD with a diploma in sports management. While at UCD, his coach John McClean moved O'Driscoll from


texts:
 the fly-half position to centre.O'Driscoll made his Ireland under-21 debut in February 1999, and eventually gained four caps. Leinster
O'Driscoll made his debut for Leinster in 1999, and under head coach Matt Williams and backs coach Alan Gaffney he became an explosive force in the Leinster backline, forming a highly effective centre partnership with Shane Horgan. In 2001, Leinster won the inaugural Celtic League beating Munster in Lansdowne Road. In 2003, Leinster were heavy favourites for that year's Heineken Cup but were beaten by Perpignan in the semi-finals. Leinster appointed Michael Cheika in the summer of 2005 and despite rumours of O'Driscoll moving to France, O'Driscoll agreed to another year in Ireland. That year, O'Driscoll returning from a shoulder injury suffered on the Lions tour, would assume the captaincy for the season. Under backs coach David Knox and the movement of Argentine international Felipe Contepomi to fly half, the Leinster back line became one of the most potent in Europe.O'Driscoll excelled in wins over Bath Rugby and Toulouse away from home. These victories would set up a Heineken Cup semi-final in Lansdowne Road against Munster, but defeat against the eventual champions Munster would deny O'Driscoll and his team a final berth. Leinster were also denied a Magners League title, with David Humphreys of Ulster slotting an injury time drop goal to give victory to Ulster in their final game of the season. In 2007, Wasps beat Leinster in the quarter-finals of the Heineken Cup.


texts: In 2008, Leinster lost in the group stages. In 2007, Leinster reached the final hurdle of the Magners league only to be denied by the Ospreys and Cardiff. In 2008, Leinster won that title ahead of Munster, marking O'Driscoll's second honour with the province, his first and only as captain.The 2008–09 season marked a shift in focus for O'Driscoll. While retaining the Irish captaincy under new coach Declan Kidney, he handed the honour of Leinster captain to Leo Cullen. O'Driscoll scored two tries in the defeat of English champions London Wasps, however this victory was followed by away defeats for Leinster to both London Wasps and Castres. Leinster advanced to the quarter-finals to face Harlequins at the Twickenham Stoop. When O'Driscoll was absent through injury in April 2009, Leinster relinquished their Magners League crown to Munster at Thomond Park. Against Harlequins, Leinster scored a 6–5 victory, the game infamous for the Bloodgate incident. In the semi-final against rivals Munster in Croke Park, an 82,206 sell out, O'Driscoll was awarded the man of the match award (which he later dedicated to the entire team) after an intercept try completed a convincing win for Leinster and sent O'Driscoll to his first Heineken Cup final.Leinster captured the Heineken Cup against Leicester Tigers on 23 May 2009. The 19–16 Heineken Cup victory included a drop goal from O'Driscoll who was suffering from a shoulder injury. In the 2010–11 season, O'Driscoll won his second Heineken Cup with Leinster. Having suffered


texts:
 a knee injury in a Magners League game one week before the final, O'Driscoll was a major doubt, but he recovered sufficiently and was named in the starting XV. In the final held at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff on 21 May 2011, Leinster came from behind to defeat Northampton 33–22. In the 2012 Heineken Cup Final O'Driscoll won his third Heineken cup with Leinster. They beat Ulster 42–14 in an entertaining battle.Seán O'Brien opened the scoring for Leinster to put them ahead 7–3. At half time the score was 14–6, with Cian Healy scoring the second try for Leinster but there was still a lot to play for. A penalty try was then awarded for Leinster but Ulster pulled a try back from second-row Dan Tuohy. Heinke van der Merwe then settled the game with a try for Leinster and Seán Cronin made sure of Leinster's success. O'Driscoll said in September 2013, that the 2013–14 season would be his last before retiring. His final appearance for Leinster, and for any team, was in the 2014 Pro12 Grand Final on 31 May in Leinster's home ground, the RDS in Dublin, in which Leinster defeated the Glasgow Warriors 34–12. He left the field injured early in the first half to be replaced by Ian Madigan.His final act as a rugby player was assisting club captain Leo Cullen – who also finished his career on this day – in lifting the Pro12 trophy

International Rugby

Ireland

In 1999, O'Driscoll was selected for the senior squad and was on the bench for a match against Italy, although he did not play. He won his first Test cap at


texts: age 20 on 12 June 1999 in a 46–10 loss to Australia in Brisbane as part of the tour of Australia. O'Driscoll played for Ireland before he played for the senior Leinster team. In 2000, O'Driscoll scored a Hat-trick of tries in a Six Nations Championship victory against France in Paris, propelling Ireland to their first win in Paris since 1972. O'Driscoll's popularity in Ireland was expressed by supporters wearing T-shirts bearing the motto "In BOD We Trust". In 2002, O'Driscoll was handed the captaincy for the first time in Ireland's 18–9 win over Australia, the first Irish victory over the Wallabies since 1979. In 2003, following the international retirement of long-time Ireland captain Keith Wood, O'Driscoll was awarded the captaincy on a permanent basis.In that year, O'Driscoll led Ireland to second place in the Six Nations Championship. This was followed by Triple Crowns in 2004 (Ireland's first crown since 1985), 2006 and 2007. In 2004, O'Driscoll captained Ireland to a 17–12 victory over South Africa, the first Irish win over the Springboks since 1965. In 2009, O'Driscoll was again selected as captain, leading Ireland to win the Triple Crown, Six Nations Championship and their first Grand Slam in 61 years. He scored a try in every match except one, culminating in a 17–15 victory in Cardiff in which O'Driscoll again scored a try and was the RBS man of the match. On 27 March 2009, he was named as player of the 2009 Six Nations Championship, winning the fans' online poll. In May 2009, he was named