texts:
 Democratic Party. While running for mayor of Oakland, <mask> was officially registered as a member of the Democratic Party. On October 1, 2007, <mask> endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democratic presidential primary at a press conference held at Laney College in Oakland. He was named national chair of Clinton's Urban Policy Committee. <mask> was a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One. Autobiography
In 2000, <mask> published an autobiography, cowritten with H. Lee Halterman, entitled Lying Down with the Lions: A Public Life from the Streets of Oakland to the Halls of Power.See also

List of African-American United States representatives
List of Democratic Socialists of America who have held office in the United States
The Color of Friendship

References

External links
Profile at Citymayors.com

Dellums victory signifies a sea change in Oakland politics San Francisco Chronicle, June 19, 2006. <mask>'s oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project. |-

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1935 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
African-American history in the San Francisco Bay Area
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
African-American military personnel
African-American city council members in California
American lobbyists
American socialists
California Democrats
California socialists
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. Deaths from prostate cancer
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
History of Berkeley, California
Mayors of Oakland, California
Members of the Democratic Socialists of America
Members of the United States House of Representatives from California
Military personnel

masks:
Dellums
Dellums
Dellums
Dellums
Ron Dellums


type: original

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 from California
Nixon's Enemies List
Non-interventionism
Politicians from Berkeley, California
Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
San Francisco State University alumni
United States Marines
Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Writers from Oakland, California
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Dellums family
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from


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<mask> (22 March 1901 – 7 April 1951) was a New Zealand palaeontologist and conchologist. He was born in Comilla, India (now Bangladesh), on 22 March 1901. His main research interest was marine and non-marine malacofauna of New Zealand, both recent and fossil. He also specialised on fossil Foraminifera. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1939, and was awarded the scoiety's Hector Memorial Medal in 1941. Bibliography
Many of <mask>'s works were published in Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand abbreviated as Trans. N.Z.Inst. (incomplete; complete only for publications from Trans. N.Z. Inst.) 1923
 Finlay H. J. 1923. Some Remarks on New Zealand Calliostomidae, with Descriptions of New Tertiary Species.Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, pp. 99–105. Finlay H. J. & McDowall F. H. 1923.Fossiliferous Limestone at Dowling Bay. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, pp. 106–114. 1924
 Finlay H. J.1924. A Chemical Investigation of Pintsch Oil. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 55, 1924,
 Finlay H. J. 1924. Three Fossil Annelids new to New Zealand.Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 55, 1924,
 Finlay H. J. 1924. New shells from New Zealand Tertiary Beds. Trans. N.Z.Inst., vol. 55, 1924, pp. 450–479. <mask> H. J. 1924. New Zealand

masks:
Harold John Finlay
Finlay
Finlay


texts:
 Tertiary Rissoids. Trans.N.Z. Inst. vol 55, 1924, pp. 480–490. Finlay H. J. 1924. The Molluscan Fauna of Target Gully.Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol 55, 1924, pp. 494–516. <mask> H. J. 1924. Additions to the Recent Molluscan Fauna of New Zealand.Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol 55, 1924, pp. 517–526. <mask> H. J. 1924. The Family Liotiidae, Iredale, in the New Zealand Tertiary: Part 1—The Genus Brookula.Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol 55, 1924, pp. 526–531. Finlay H. J. & McDowall F. H. 1924. Preliminary Note on the Clifden Beds.Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, pp. 534–538. <mask> H. J. 1924.Two New Species of Magadina. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 55, 1924,
 Finlay H. J. 1924. Some necessary changes in Names of New Zealand Mollusca. Proc.Mal. Soc. (Lond. ), vol. 16, pt. 2, pp. 99–107.Finlay H. J. 1924. List of Recorded Relationships between Australian and New Zealand Mollusca. Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol.16, pp. 332–343. 1925
 Finlay H. J. 1925 Some Modern Conceptions Applied to the Study of the Caenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand. Verbeek Mem. Birthday Vol., pp. 161–172.1926
 Finlay H. J. 1926 New Shells from New Zealand Tertiary Beds: Part 2. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, 1926, pp. 227–258.Finlay H. J. 1926 On Iredalina, new genus: a Volute without plaits. Proc. Mal.

masks: Finlay Finlay Finlay


texts:
 Soc. (Lond. ), vol.17, pt. 1, pp. 59–62. 1927
 Finlay H. J. 1927. Additions to the Recent Molluscan Fauna of New Zealand.—No. 2.Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 57, 1927, pp. 485–487
 <mask> H. J. (19 January) 1927. New Specific Names for Austral Mollusca. Trans.N.Z. Inst., Volume 57, 1927, pp. 488–533. <mask> H. J. (23 December) 1927. A Further Commentary on New Zealand Molluscan Systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 57, 1927, 320-485.1928
 Finlay H. J. 1928. The Recent Mollusca of the Chatham Islands. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 59, 1928, pp. 232–286

1930
 Finlay H. J.(23 August) 1930. Additions to the Recent Molluscan Fauna of New Zealand. No. 3. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 61, 222-247.(PDF)
 Finlay H. J. 1930. Invalid Molluscan Names. No. 1. Trans. N.Z.Inst., Volume 61, 1930
 Finlay H. J. 1930. New Shells from New Zealand Tertiary Beds. Part 3. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 61, 1930, pp.49–84
 Finlay H. J. 1930. Notes on Recent Papers dealing with the Mollusca of New Zealand. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 61, 1930, pp. 248–258
 Finlay H. J.1930. Revision of the New Zealand. Shells Referred to Fusinus. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 61, 1930

1931
 Finlay H. J. 1931–1932.On Turbo postulatus Bartrum: Does it

masks: Finlay Finlay


texts:
 indicate a Pliocene Connection with Australia? Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 62, 1931–32
 Finlay H. J. 1931–1932. On Austrosassia, Austroharpa, and Austrolithes, New Genera; with some Remarks on the Gasteropod Protoconch. Trans.N.Z. Inst., Volume 62, 1931–32, pp. 7–19
 Finlay H. J. 1931–1932. On the Occurrence of Strebloceras in New Zealand. Trans. N.Z.Inst., Volume 62, 1931–32
 Finlay H. J. & Laws C. R. (23 May) 1931. A Second Species of Planorbis from New Zealand. Trans. N.Z. Inst. Volume 62, 1931–32.23-25. 1938
 Finlay H. J. 1938–1939. New Zealand Foraminifera: Key Species in Stratigraphy—No. 1. Trans. N.Z.Inst., Volume 68, 1938–39,
 Finlay H. J. 1938–1939. New Zealand Foraminifera: The Occurrence of Rzehakina, Hantkenina, Rotaliatina, and Zeauvigerina. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 68, 1938–39

1940
 Finlay H. J. 1940.New Zealand Foraminifera: Key Species in Stratigraphy. No. 2. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 69, 1940
 Finlay H. J. & Marwick J.1940. The Divisions of the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary in New Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z., vol. 70, pp.77–135. 1946
 <mask> H. J. 1946–1947. The Microfaunas of the Oxford Chalk and Eyre River Beds. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 76, 1946–47,
 Finlay H. J.1946–1947. The Foraminiferal Evidence for Tertiary


texts:
 Trans-Tasman Correlation. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 76, 1946–47

1947
 Finlay H. J. & Marwick J. 1947.New Divisions of the New Zealand Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary. N.Z. Journ. Sci. Tech., vol. 28, (sec. B), pp.230–236. 1950
 Benson W. N. & Finlay H. J. 1950. A Post-Tertiary Micro-Fauna in a Concretion Containing Cancer novae-zealandiae. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Volume 78, 1950, 269-270.References

 Scott, G. H. <mask>, <mask> 1901 – 1951. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 22 June 2007

Further reading
 Rehder H. A. (July) 1952. <mask> <mask>, 1901–1951. The Nautilus 66(1): 30-31. Hornbrook N. de B. (July) 1951.The Micropaleontologist. volume 5, number 3. <mask>, A. M. (July) 1981. H. J<mask>, 1901—1951. Geological Society of New Zealand. Newsletter No 53 (July 1981): 29—30
 Hornbrook, N. de B. (December) 1971.Finlay & Marwick. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 14, No 4 (Dec. 1971): 640—654
 Hornbrook, N. de B. 1975. <mask><mask> (1901–1951). New Zealand's Nature Heritage 59 (1975): facing 1656

External links
 http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/name-207944.html

New Zealand paleontologists
1901 births
1951 deaths
University of Otago alumni
Micropaleontologists
Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand
20th-century New

masks:
Finlay
Harold John
Harold John
Finlay
Finlay
. Finlay
Harold J
. Finlay


texts:
Emmett Evan "<mask><mask>. (December 13, 1908 – July 23, 1971) was an American theatre, radio and film actor. He played mostly character parts over the course of his film career, but during the 1940s had a string of roles as a leading man. <mask> won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Johnny Eager (1942). He also had memorable roles in Westerns such as Shane (1953), 3:10 to Yuma (1957), and Gunman's Walk (1958). Early life
<mask> was born in Walters, Oklahoma, the son of Fanny Bleecker (née Shippey) and Dr. <mask>, a dentist. He was of Irish and French ancestry. Heflin's sister was Daytime Emmy-nominated actress <mask> (who married composer Sol Kaplan).Heflin attended Classen High School in Oklahoma City. One source says Long Beach Polytechnic High School. He also went to the University of Oklahoma, where he received a bachelor's degree in 1932 and was a member of Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He earned a master's degree in theater at Yale University. Career

Broadway
<mask> made his film debut in A Woman Rebels (1936), opposite Katharine Hepburn, whom he played opposite in the stage version of The Philadelphia Story. He followed it with The Outcasts of Poker Flat (1937), billed third after Preston Foster and Jean Muir, and Flight from Glory (1937), a Chester Morris programmer where Heflin played an alcoholic pilot. <mask> was in Annapolis Salute (1937), then was given his first lead role in Saturday's Heroes (1937), playing a star quarterback. <mask> returned to Broadway for Western Waters (1937–38) and Casey Jones (1938), the latter for the Group Theatre and directed by Elia Kazan. In Hollywood <mask> had a support role in Back Door to Heaven (1939). He returned to Broadway where he played Macaulay Connor

masks:
Van
" Heflin Jr
Heflin
Heflin
Emmett Evan Heflin
Frances Heflin
Heflinflin
Heflin
Heflin
Heflin


texts:
 opposite Katharine Hepburn, Joseph Cotten and Shirley Booth in The Philadelphia Story, which ran for 417 performances from 1939–1940. It led to <mask> being offered a choice character part in the Errol Flynn western Santa Fe Trail (1940) at Warners, playing a villainous gun seller.The movie was a big hit. It also led to a contract offer from MGM. MGM

MGM initially cast <mask> in supporting roles in films such as The Feminine Touch (1941) and H.M. Pulham, Esq. (1941). He had an excellent part as Robert Taylor's doomed best friend in Johnny Eager (1942), which won <mask> an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and was a box office success. Stardom

MGM began to groom <mask> as a leading man in B movies, giving him the star role in Kid Glove Killer (1942), directed by Fred Zinnemann, and Grand Central Murder (1942). Both were popular.Encouraged, MGM cast him as Kathryn Grayson's love interest in a musical, Seven Sweethearts (1942), then was given the star role in an "A" film, as the embattled President Andrew Johnson in Tennessee Johnson (1942), playing opposite (and at odds with) Lionel Barrymore who, in the role of Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, failed to have Johnson convicted in an impeachment trial by the slimmest of margins. The film was a box office flop. <mask> was Judy Garland's love interest in Presenting Lily Mars (1943), then he enlisted in the army. <mask> served during World War II in the United States Army Air Force as a combat cameraman in the Ninth Air Force in Europe and with the First Motion Picture Unit. He appeared in a training film, Land and Live in the Jungle (1944). When Helfin returned to Hollywood, MGM loaned him to Hal Wallis to appear opposite Barbara Stanwyck in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946). He

masks: Heflin Heflin Heflin Heflin Heflin Heflin


texts:
 was in the all-star musical Till the Clouds Roll By (1946) then was loaned to Warner Bros to co star with Joan Crawford in Possessed (1947).Back at MGM he co-starred with Lana Turner in Green Dolphin Street (1947), a big prestige film for the studio and their biggest hit of 1947. He was reunited with Stanwyck in B.F.'s Daughter (1948) and was loaned to Walter Wanger for Tap Roots (1948), where he was top billed; both lost money. MGM cast him as Athos in The Three Musketeers (1948), a huge success. He was top-billed in Zinnemann's Act of Violence (1949), and supported Jennifer Jones in Madame Bovary (1949). Both movies were acclaimed but lost money. He then made a third film with Stanwyck, East Side, West Side (1950), but he was now billed beneath James Mason. While that production did not lose money, it only netted a small profit for the studio.Radio
The Adventures of Philip Marlowe was a radio detective drama that aired from June 17, 1947, through September 15, 1951, first heard on NBC in the summer of 1947 starring <mask> (June 12, 1947 – September 9, 1947). He also acted on the Lux Radio Theatre, Suspense, Cavalcade of America and many more radio programs. Leaving MGM
<mask> began appearing on television on episodes of Nash Airflyte Theatre and Robert Montgomery Presents (an adaptation of Arrowsmith). <mask> had the lead role in a Western at Universal, Tomahawk (1951) and starred in a thriller directed by Joseph Losey, The Prowler (1951). At Universal he made a family comedy with Patricia Neal, Week-End with Father (1951), then he was an FBI man in Leo McCarey's anti-Communist My Son John (1952). <mask> went to England to star in South of Algiers (1953). He appeared in a huge success as the honest farmer in Shane (1953) with Alan

masks:
Van Heflin
Heflin
Heflin
Heflin


texts:
 Ladd.However he followed it up with action films at Universal: Wings of the Hawk (1953), and Tanganyika (1954). He starred in an independent Western, The Raid (1954) and was one of many stars in 20th Century Fox's Woman's World (1954). <mask> stayed at Fox to star in Black Widow (1954) and he was top billed in Warners' Battle Cry (1955) based on Leon Uris's best seller which was a major hit at the box office. After a Western, Count Three and Pray (1955), <mask> starred in Patterns (1956) based on a TV play by Rod Serling. He also did a Playhouse 90 written by Serling, "The Dark Side of the Earth", and "The Rank and File"; he also did "The Cruel Day" by Reginald Rose. <mask> returned to Broadway to appear in a double bill of Arthur Miller's A View From the Bridge and A Memory of Two Mondays which ran for 149 performances under the direction of Martin Ritt. Heflin had an excellent part in 3:10 to Yuma (1957) with Glenn Ford.He made a Western with Tab Hunter, his old Battle Cry co star, Gunman's Walk (1958). That was made for Columbia, with whom Heflin signed a contract to make one film a year for five years. Europe
<mask> then went to Italy to star in Tempest (1959). He was billed after Gary Cooper and Rita Hayworth in They Came to Cordura (1959). <mask> went back to Europe for 5 Branded Women (1960), which he starred in for Martin Ritt, Under Ten Flags (1960), and The Wastrel (1961). In Hollywood he appeared on The Dick Powell Theatre. <mask> went to the Philippines to star in a war film Cry of Battle (1963).This was playing at the Texas Theatre in Dallas on November 22, 1963. His name and the film title appear on the marquee. It was that theatre where Lee Harvey Oswald was apprehended in the aftermath of President Kennedy's


texts:
 assassination. <mask> had another Broadway hit in the title role of A Case of Libel (1963–64) which ran for 242 performances. Later career
<mask> appeared in a short but dramatic role as an eyewitness of Jesus' raising of Lazarus from death in the 1965 Bible film, The Greatest Story Ever Told. After seeing the miracle he ran from Bethany to the walls of Jerusalem and proclaimed to the guards at the top of the wall that Jesus was the Messiah. <mask> returned to MGM for a support part in Once a Thief (1965).He was in the remake of Stagecoach (1966) and went to Europe to star in The Man Outside (1967) and Every Man for Himself (1968). In the US he was in the TV movies A Case of Libel (1968), and Certain Honorable Men (1968) and he had a support part in The Big Bounce (1969). <mask>'s last feature film was Airport (1970). He played "D. O. Guerrero", a failure who schemes to blow himself up on an airliner so that his wife (played by Maureen Stapleton) can collect on a life insurance policy. It was an enormous success. His last TV movies were Neither Are We Enemies (1970) and The Last Child (1971). Personal life
Heflin had a six-month marriage to actress Eleanor Shaw (née Eleanor Scherr, died 2004) in the mid-thirties.In 1942,  <mask> married RKO contract player Frances Neal. They had two daughters, actresses <mask> O'Brien and Cathleen (Kate) <mask>, and a son, Tracy. The couple divorced in 1967. Heflin was the grandfather of actor Ben O'Brien and actress Eleanor O'Brien. <mask>'s sister, Fran, nickname 'Fra', regularly appeared as Mona Kane, mother of Erica [Susan Lucci] in the daytime television drama series All My Children. She played the role from January 5, 1970 until her death in June 1994. He was also the uncle of <mask> and Mady

masks:
Heflin
Heflin
Heflin
Heflin
Heflin
Vana
Heflin
Van Heflin
Marta Heflin


texts:
 Kaplan, both actresses, and director Jonathan Kaplan.<mask>'s brother, Martin, a public relations executive, was married to American theatre producer <mask>. Death
On June 6, 1971, <mask> had a heart attack while swimming in a pool. Medics took him to a hospital, and though he lived for nearly seven weeks, he apparently never regained consciousness. <mask> died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles on July 23, 1971 at 6:43 am, aged 62. He had left instructions forbidding a public funeral. Instead, his cremated remains were scattered in the ocean. Recognition
In 1960, <mask> was honored with two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, for his contributions to motion pictures at 6311 Hollywood Boulevard, and for television at 6125 Hollywood Boulevard.He was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 1964. In February 2016, a biography, <mask>lin A Life in Film, by Derek Sculthorpe, was published by McFarland & Co., Inc., of Jefferson, N.C.

Filmography

Television credits

Radio appearances

References

Further reading
Sculthorpe, Derek (2016). <mask>lin: A Life in Film. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. External links
<mask>lin A Life in Film

Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Heflin, <mask>
Photographs and literature on <mask>fln

1908 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male radio actors
American male stage actors
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Classen School of Advanced Studies alumni
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
Male Spaghetti Western actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
Male actors from Oklahoma
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
People from Walters, Oklahoma
RKO Pictures contract players
United States Army Air Forces

masks:
Heflin
Julia Heflin
Heflin
Van Heflin
Heflin
Van Hef
Van Hef
Van Hef
Van
Van He


texts:
<mask> OBE (born 11 July 1953) is an English motion picture and television director, writer and producer. <mask> is a director and producer of television commercials in the UK, having made over 500 commercials, including a popular and long-running series for Walkers crisps. He has also directed several British television series, including Alas Smith and Jones (1989–1992) and Mr. Bean (1991–1992). His feature film credits include Made of Honor (2008), Sixty Six (2006), Blackadder: Back & Forth (1999), Roseanna's Grave (1997), City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold (1994) and Leonard Part 6 (1987). Early years
<mask> grew up in the Southgate section of London, England and attended De Bohun's school. He left school at age 17 and worked as a messenger before becoming a copywriter. Career

Television commercials
Weiland began his directing career making British television commercials.Weiland has made more than 500 commercials. Weiland's most successful advertising campaign was a series of television commercials for Walkers crisps. The commercials have featured celebrities, including English football striker Gary Lineker, boxer Lennox Lewis and Victoria Beckham. The commercials became enormously popular in Britain, leading Weiland to then say, "A friend said to me the other day that they've become like little Woody Allen films – people want to appear in them. Lennox Lewis obviously didn't need the money but felt that he wanted to be more approachable to the British public. He was interesting, did a good job, as did David Seaman and Victoria Beckham." Weiland is the owner of The Paul Weiland Film Company and has become a multimillionaire with his work on television commercials.In the 1990s, his company won the top British TV Awards prize for five consecutive years. Leonard Part 6
In 1987, <mask> made his debut as a feature film director with Leonard Part 6, a comedy starring Bill Cosby as secret agent who is called out of retirement to save the world from an evil genius

masks:
Paul Weiland
Weiland
Weiland
Weiland


texts:
 who has developed the ability to brainwash small animals into killing humans. The film was a critical and box office bomb. The Village Voice called it "the worst film of the decade." The Los Angeles Times wrote: "'Leonard Part 6' is a smug, tedious exercise in self-indulgence ... There's virtually nothing to laugh at in this film, and too much of everything else." The Times noted that, although <mask> was the director, "clearly Cosby, as star, producer and idea man, is the auteur here."His direction of Leonard Part 6 resulted in <mask>'s being nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director. Asked years later about his work on the film, <mask> recalled:"It was a terrible mistake. ... When anyone gets into that position (Bill Cosby's position of power in the 1980s), they are surrounded by sycophants and no one tells them the truth. But Cosby just wasn't funny. I couldn't tell him directly. I'd say it feels slow, and he'd say 'You worry about construction, let me worry about funny'.""Cosby attributed most of the movie's problems to first-time director <mask>, whom he felt was too young and inexperienced. Cosby himself was producer and writer of the story". Mr. Bean
Between 1991 and 1992, <mask> directed several episodes of the Mr. Bean television series starring Rowan Atkinson. In 2005, The Times wrote: "The director <mask> made millions laugh with the television comedy series Mr Bean and Alas Smith and Jones." City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold
In 1994, <mask> returned to feature films as the director of City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold starring Billy Crystal, Daniel Stern, Jon Lovitz and Jack Palance. The film was a sequel to the popular 1991 film City Slickers. In the film, Billy Crystal's character discovers a treasure map and sets off with Lovitz and Stern to find the treasure of gold in the Arizona desert.Blackadder: Back & Forth
In 2001, <mask> renewed his partnership with Rowan Atkinson, directing him in the British television

masks:
Weiland
Weiland
Weiland
Weiland
Weiland
Paul Weiland
Weiland
Weiland


texts:
 film, Blackadder: Back & Forth. The film is a time travel comedy in which Atkinson's character, Lord Blackadder, travels in a time machine to the Jurassic period, Sherwood Forest, and the Battle of Waterloo. Miranda Richardson, Hugh Laurie, Stephen Fry, Colin Firth and Kate Moss also appear in the film. <mask> was nominated for a BAFTA TV Award for his direction of the film. Sixty-Six
<mask>'s 2006 feature film Sixty Six is an autobiographical comedy-drama based on <mask>'s bar mitzvah which was held on the same night as England's win over West Germany in the 1966 FIFA World Cup final. As a result of the football match, guests cancelled en masse, and only a handful showed up at the bar mitzvah. The film received generally positive reviews.The Guardian of London wrote that, "Despite the whimsical voice-over and gloopy, sentimental tone, it's a hard film to dislike and boasts a wonderfully lugubrious performance from Eddie Marsan as the round-shouldered schlub of a dad." Made of Honor
<mask> also holds the distinction of directing the last screen appearance of Sydney Pollack, in the 2008 feature Made of Honor. Awards
<mask> has won a BAFTA Award for The Storyteller: The Three Ravens. He also won the President's Award for Lifetime Achievement at the Design & Art Directors Association. In 1983, he was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Short Film for directing Keep Off the Grass. Personal life
<mask> is married, and he and his wife, Caroline, have four children: Maxwell, Hannah, Bella and Joseph. Filmography
<mask>'s film directing credits include:
 Leonard Part 6 (1987)
 Bernard and the Genie (1991)
 City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold (1994)
 Roseanna's Grave (1997)
 Blackadder: Back & Forth (1999, short film)
 Sixty Six (2006)
 Made of Honor (2008)

References

External links

1953 births
Comedy film directors
Film directors from London
Writers from London
Television commercial directors
Living people
English male writers
Officers of the Order of the British

masks: Weiland Weiland Weiland Weiland Weiland Weiland Weiland


texts: <mask> (born November 25, 1965) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles (1987–1989), the Minnesota Vikings (1990–2001) and the Miami Dolphins (2002). After playing college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes, <mask> was drafted by the Eagles in the fourth round of the 1987 NFL supplemental draft. While in Philadelphia, head coach Buddy Ryan helped to coin one of ESPN's Chris Berman's famous quotes about <mask>: "All he does is catch touchdowns." He was let go by Ryan in 1989, however, due to off-the-field issues. <mask> was signed by the Vikings and turned his life and career around, becoming a two-time first-team

masks:
Graduel Christopher Darin Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter


texts: and one-time second-team All-Pro and playing in eight consecutive Pro Bowls. When he left the Vikings after 2001, he held most of the team career receiving records. He briefly played for the Dolphins in 2002 before retiring.Since retiring from the NFL, <mask> has worked on HBO's Inside the NFL, ESPN's Sunday NFL Countdown and Monday Night Countdown, and online at Yahoo Sports. He also works as an assistant coach at St. Thomas Aquinas High School, where his son played wide receiver. In 2017, <mask> began co-hosting First Things First with Nick Wright on FS1. He was terminated from the show following a suspension and investigation in 2019. <mask> resides in Boca Raton, Florida. He is the brother of former NBA

masks: Carter Carter Carter


texts:
 player and coach <mask>. After six years, and five finalist selections, <mask> was voted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on February 2, 2013.Early years
<mask> was born in Troy, Ohio. For elementary school he went to Heywood Elementary in Troy, Ohio. He spent his early childhood there before moving to Middletown, Ohio, with his mother, three brothers, and two sisters. They lived in a small four-bedroom apartment. He attended Middletown High School and starred in both football and basketball. Named after his grandfather, Graduel, <mask> dropped his birth name and unofficially changed his name to <mask> after wide receiver <mask> Collinsworth, stating that he would never be famous with the name Graduel.

masks:
Butch Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Cris
Cris


texts:
 According to <mask> on ESPN Radio's "Mike & Mike" (on September 15, 2014), he dropped the name during 7th grade, and his name is still listed as Christopher on official documents, including his driver's license.College career
<mask> was heavily recruited out of high school for both basketball and football. He accepted the offer to attend Ohio State University from Buckeyes head coach Earle Bruce. <mask> became a consensus All-America selection after his junior season, Ohio State's first All American at wide receiver. <mask> had intended to play both football and basketball at Ohio State, but decided to focus on football after making an immediate impact his freshman year. That year, he set a Rose Bowl record

masks: Carter Carter Carter Carter


texts: with nine receptions for 172 yards. In his junior season, he caught 69 passes for 1,127 yards and 11 touchdowns. <mask> was known for great hands, running precise routes, and for acrobatic leaps.He had remarkable body control and footwork when making catches near the sidelines. At the Citrus Bowl at the end of the 1985 season, <mask> caught a ball that quarterback Jim Karsatos was intending to throw away. Karsatos has claimed that catch by <mask> was the greatest in the history of college football: "When I finally saw it on film, he was tiptoeing the sidelines and he jumped up and caught the ball left-handed by the point of the football at least a yard out of bounds. Then he somehow levitated back in bounds to


texts: get both his feet in bounds. I swear to this day he actually levitated to get back in bounds. When I saw it on film, it just blew me away." Prior to <mask>'s senior season, he secretly signed with notorious sports agent Norby Walters.When the contract was discovered, <mask> was ruled ineligible. The absence of <mask> in the 1987 offense contributed to a disappointing 6–4–1 season and the firing of Coach Bruce. Missing this season also cost him a chance at evening his personal record against Michigan; <mask> finished 1–2, his lone taste of victory in the series being his freshman year. Despite losing his senior year, <mask> left Ohio State holding the school record for receptions (168), gaining 2,725 yards and

masks: Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter


texts:
 27 touchdowns from them. In 2000, he was selected as a member of the Ohio State Football All-Century Team. In 2003, he was inducted into the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame. Professional career

Philadelphia Eagles
A 4th round pick by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1987 supplemental draft, <mask> saw limited action during his rookie season catching just 5 passes for 84 yards and 2 touchdowns.His first professional catch was a 22-yard touchdown vs. the St. Louis Cardinals. <mask> got more involved in the Eagles offense in 1988 catching 39 passes for 761 yards and tying for the team lead with 6 scoring receptions. In 1989, he became the teams' primary red zone receiver, leading the Eagles with 11 touchdown

masks: Carter Carter


texts:
 catches (3rd in the NFC) while hauling in 45 passes for 605 yards. Shortly after, <mask> had a falling out with coach Buddy Ryan and was a surprise cut following the pre-season. <mask> later admitted that Ryan released him because of alcohol and drug abuse, including large amounts of ecstasy, cocaine and marijuana, and credits his former coach with helping him turn his life around as a result. Minnesota Vikings
The Minnesota Vikings claimed the troubled wide receiver off waivers on September 4, 1990, for only $100. Stuck behind Hassan Jones and resident star receiver, <mask> (no relation), <mask> didn't see very many passes come his way during his first season in Minnesota.He did gain a measure of revenge

masks:
Carter
Carter
Anthony Carter
Carter


texts: against his former team, however, catching six passes for 151 yards, including a 78-yard touchdown, in a Monday Night contest at Philadelphia on October 15. <mask> finished the 1990 campaign with 27 receptions for 413 yards and 3 touchdowns. In 1991, <mask> stepped forward as Minnesota's top pass catcher. He led the team with 72 receptions, 962 yards, and 5 touchdown catches. The winds of change were blowing in Minnesota; after a second straight disappointing season head coach Jerry Burns retired. Stanford head coach Dennis Green was named as his replacement on January 10, 1992, and began a house cleaning process. "The New Sheriff in Town" released stalwarts like RB Herschel Walker and QB Wade Wilson and


texts: traded DT Keith Millard to the Seattle Seahawks.The Vikings returned to NFL prominence in 1992, posting an 11–5 record and capturing their first NFC Central Division title since 1989. With Rich Gannon and Sean Salisbury alternating at QB, <mask> remained the team's primary aerial weapon—leading the team with 53 receptions, 681 yards, and 6 touchdowns despite missing the final four games of the season with a broken collar bone. The Vikings season ended in disappointment, however, as the defending Super Bowl champions Washington Redskins upended them 24–7 in the Wild Card round. In 1993, veteran QB Jim McMahon acted as the team's primary signal-caller and <mask> had a breakout season. He posted career highs in


texts: receptions, 86, and yards, 1,071, while catching 9 touchdowns — all team highs, and appeared in his first Pro Bowl. The Vikings finished the season 9–7, good enough for a playoff berth, but fell 17–10 to the New York Giants in the Wild Card round. Veteran quarterback Warren Moon was acquired before the 1994 season and immediately developed a rapport with <mask>.The veteran helped <mask> set the NFL single-season record for receptions with 122 (the record was broken in 1995 by Detroit's Herman Moore). <mask> also led the team with 1256 yards and 7 receiving touchdowns, which earned him First-team All Pro honors. Moon and <mask> carried the team to a 10–6 record and the NFC Central title, but couldn't stop the


texts: Vikings from a third straight first-round playoff exit — a 35–18 home loss to the Chicago Bears. <mask> teamed up with Moon in 1995 to post his finest statistical season. He caught 122 passes for a career-high 1,371 yards and led the NFL with 17 touchdown receptions. <mask> received Second-team All Pro honors for his efforts. The Vikings, however, finished 8–8 and missed the playoffs for the first time under Green.Midway through the 1996 season Brad Johnson took over at QB for the Vikings. <mask> didn't miss a beat, catching 96 passes for 1,163 yards and 10 touchdowns. The Vikings returned to the playoffs with a 9–7 record, but were routed by the Dallas Cowboys 40–15 in the Wild Card round. <mask> appeared in


texts: his fourth straight Pro Bowl following the season. <mask> continued to be the focal point of the Vikings' offense in 1997. He was named to his fifth consecutive Pro Bowl, leading the NFL with 13 touchdown receptions while pacing the team with 89 catches and 1069 yards. Even though he had more impressive seasons statistically, 1997 may have been <mask>'s finest hour, as week after week he dazzled with one spectacular catch after another.With Randall Cunningham at QB (he replaced the injured Johnson late in the season) the Vikings finally broke through in the playoffs, defeating the Giants 23–22 in a last-minute miracle comeback. The playoff success was fleeting, however, as the team fell to the San Francisco


texts: 49ers 38–22 the following week. In 1998 the Vikings drafted Marshall wide receiver Randy Moss with 21st pick in the first round. Suddenly, the Vikings possessed the NFL's most dangerous weapon. They cruised through the regular season, posting a 15–1 record while scoring a then-league record 556 points. <mask>, who made the Pro Bowl for the fifth time, caught 78 passes for 1,011 yards and 12 touchdowns. Led by Moss, <mask>, and Miller Lite Player of the Year Randall Cunningham, the Vikings entered the playoffs as heavy favorites to reach the Super Bowl.They easily defeated the Arizona Cardinals 41–21 in the Divisional Round, advancing to the NFC Championship Game for the first time since 1987. The Vikings


texts: entered that game as 13 and a half point favorites over the Atlanta Falcons, but lost in overtime 30–27 to become the biggest favorite to ever lose a home playoff game. <mask> later said losing that game was the lone regret of his time in Minnesota, and that he didn't even know if he wanted to play anymore afterwards. The following year, <mask> had his finest individual season since 1995— the First-team All Pro caught 90 passes for 1241 yards and an NFL-best 13 touchdowns. The Vikings easily defeated the Dallas Cowboys 27–10 in the Wild Card round and headed to St. Louis to face the NFL's new hottest offense. Minnesota led the eventual Super Bowl champions 17–14 at the half, but a second-half flurry led to a


texts: 49–37 Rams win. <mask> finished the decade of the '90s with 835 receptions, second only to Jerry Rice's 860, and was named to the NFL's All Decade team.In 2000, led by Daunte Culpepper, the Vikings won the NFC Central division, and <mask> finished the season with 96 receptions, 1274 yards, 9 touchdowns, and an eighth Pro Bowl. On November 30, <mask> became only the second player in NFL history to reach the 1,000 reception plateau when he caught a 4-yard touchdown pass against Detroit. In 2001, the Vikings floundered with a record of 5–11, their first losing season since 1990. <mask>'s production dipped to its lowest point since 1992 (mostly because of QB Spergon Wynn's ineffectiveness in the last three games)


texts:
 — 73 catches, 871 yards, 6 touchdowns — and his streak of eight straight Pro Bowls came to an end. Following the season, the longest-tenured Viking exercised an out clause in his contract that ended his career in Minnesota. <mask> <mask> left the Vikings as their all-time leader in, among other things, receptions (1,004), receiving yards (12,383), and touchdowns (110). Miami Dolphins
<mask> spent the spring of 2002 looking for a team.Although he talked with the Rams, Browns, and Dolphins, he was unable to complete a deal and joined HBO's Inside the NFL team as an analyst on May 21. He served in that capacity until October 21 when the Miami Dolphins lured the veteran back onto the playing field to bolster their

masks: Cris Carter Carter


texts: injury-riddled receiving corps. The Boca Raton resident started in his first game as a Dolphin at Lambeau Field in Week 9. <mask> showed signs of rust, catching just three passes for 31 yards and fumbling once. During the week that followed, he checked into the hospital with a kidney ailment and was sidelined for the next four weeks. <mask> returned in Week 14, but struggled to get back into the Dolphins receiver rotation. In Week 15, however, he caught a one-handed touchdown pass as the Dolphins beat the Raiders 23–17.The following week against the Vikings, however, he made a key drop in the end zone that cost Miami a touchdown. The Dolphins wound up losing that game and then lost to the Patriots the


texts:
 following week, missing the playoffs. Even though he put up respectable numbers for the number of games that he played, he retired after the season. Legacy
At the time of his retirement, <mask>'s 1,101 career receptions and 130 touchdowns as a receiver placed him second in NFL history behind Jerry Rice, although his reception total has since been surpassed by Marvin Harrison, and his touchdown receptions by Randy Moss and Terrell Owens. <mask> is one of 14 players in NFL history with 1,000 or more receptions. He was named to the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team. <mask> was one of 15 finalists for the Pro Football Hall of Fame class of 2008, but was not elected in a surprise to some commentators.<mask> was once again


texts:
 excluded in 2009 and again in 2010 as receivers Jerry Rice and Tim Brown became eligible for the first time, though Brown did not make it. Additionally, Andre Reed was another possible candidate that diminished <mask>'s chance for enshrinement in 2010. In 2011, he also did not make it despite not having a single wide receiver in the class. NFL Network's NFL's Top 10 placed him atop the list of wide receivers with the best hands. On February 2, 2013, <mask> was announced as an inductee into the Hall of Fame Class of 2013 along with Bill Parcells, Larry Allen, Jonathan Ogden, Warren Sapp, Curley Culp, and Dave Robinson. NFL career statistics

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texts: for Yahoo Sports and ESPN. He is also a faculty member and assistant coach at St. Thomas Aquinas High School, where his son played wide receiver in 2008. He is the owner of <mask> <mask>'s FAST Program, a sports training center in South Florida and is an ordained minister. He also appeared in the 2005 sports video game NFL Street 2 as a wide receiver for the NFL Gridiron Legends team along with former teammate, safety Joey Browner, and a few other historical NFL legends. <mask> was a speaker at the 2008 NFL rookie symposium and again at the 2009 NFL Rookie Symposium.He also spoke at the 2014 NFL rookie symposium, where he encouraged players to get a fall guy they can trust to take the blame if they get in


texts: trouble. The comments were revealed in 2015 in an ESPN The Magazine story about Chris Borland. The NFL took the video of the speech down from its website and released a statement saying in part: "The comment was not representative of the message of the symposium or any other league program...The comment was not repeated in the 2014 AFC session or this year's symposium." <mask> apologized on Twitter, saying he realized it was bad advice, and everyone should take responsibility for their own actions. ESPN also released a statement saying <mask>'s comments do not reflect the company's views. <mask> was chosen to be a coach for a team in the 2015 Pro Bowl, along with former Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Michael


texts:
 Irvin. In December 2016, <mask> was hired by Fox Sports as a football analyst.In May 2017, his role was expanded as it was announced that <mask> would co-host a morning show, First Things First, on Fox Sports 1 with radio personality Nick Wright and moderator Jenna Wolfe. The show premiered on September 5, 2017. His tenure ended in November 2019 following a suspension. Since 2021 he has been part of Good Morning Football as an analyst. Personal life
<mask> is a Christian and has two children. His daughter, Monterae works in philanthropy. His son, Duron <mask>, played wide receiver at Ohio State in 2009 and Coffeyville Community College in 2010.Professionally, he played for the Montreal Alouettes, a Canadian


texts:
 Football League (CFL) team, in 2013-2014 and 2016, spending 2015 on the practice squad of the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL. In Montreal, Duron was described as being a terrible teammate among the players on the Alouettes team. In 2017, he signed on with the Saskatchewan Roughriders, also in the CFL, where he served primarily as a receiver and occasionally played cornerback. Duron was released by the Roughriders in August 2018, in the midst of the 2018 CFL season. He subsequently signed on with the Toronto Argonauts a few weeks later, and now currently plays for the B.C Lions. <mask> is the younger brother of ex-NBA player and coach <mask>. References

Notes

External links

1965 births
African-American

masks:
Cris
Butch Carter


texts:
 players of American football
All-American college football players
American football wide receivers
African-American sports announcers
African-American sports journalists
Fox Sports 1 people
Living people
Miami Dolphins players
Minnesota Vikings players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
People from Troy, Ohio
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of American football from Ohio
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Middletown, Ohio
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
10,000 receiving yards club
National Football League players with retired


texts:
<mask> (5 November 1904 – 4 April 1996) was an English actress best known for her appearances in the Aldwych farces of the 1920s and early 1930s. Initially a singer and dancer in the ensembles of musical comedies, Shotter was spotted by the comedian and producer Leslie Henson. He recommended her to his colleague Tom Walls, who was in search of a leading lady to succeed Yvonne Arnaud in his series of farces at the Aldwych Theatre, London. From 1926 to 1932, Shotter played in eight of the farces, in a regular company headed by Walls and Ralph Lynn. She appeared in several films during the 1930s, including adaptations of four of the Aldwych plays. After the Aldwych series ended, Shotter appeared in numerous West End shows, worked briefly in Hollywood, and continued to appear in British films. During the Second World War she joined the Entertainments National Service Association (ENSA), performing for troops in Europe and Asia.An example is French Leave, a play by Reginald Berkeley, sub-titled: A Normandy Story, where she appeared with Lawrence O'Madden. After the war she joined the BBC as an announcer on the relaunched television service. During the 1950s she gradually withdrew from performing and retired to Switzerland with her second husband. Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born in London, the eldest of the six children (five of them girls) of Frederick Ernest and Harriet Payne <mask>. The four younger daughters, Constance, Margaret, Eva and Barbara, all followed Winifred into the acting profession. Their only brother, Victor, became a television executive. Her father worked as a tie cutter and later as the manager of a leather factory.Before Winifred there was no stage tradition in her family, but from her days as a schoolgirl at Maidenhead High School she was determined to perform. She made her London debut, at the age of 14, in a travesti role in Soldier Boy at the Apollo

masks:
Winifred Florence Shotter
Shotter
Shotter


texts:
 Theatre. Over the next five years she was a member of the ensemble in musical comedies at the Winter Garden Theatre, with small roles in the hit show Sally (1921) and then in The Beauty Prize (1923), both of which starred Leslie Henson. In 1925 she made her New York debut at the Gaiety in the revue By-the-Way. Aldwych farce
When she returned to England, Henson recommended Shotter to his co-producer Tom Walls for the ingenue role of Rhoda Marley in the new Aldwych farce, Rookery Nook. This was the third in the series of farces presented by Walls at the Aldwych Theatre in the 1920s and early 1930s. The heroines in the first two had been played by the hugely popular Yvonne Arnaud, who left the company to play in variety.As her successor, Shotter made an immediate impact: in the words of The Times, "This was 1926, and it was considered delightfully shocking that an actress should make her first appearance in a play in a pair of pyjamas." Her colleague Molly Weir recalled her as "an enchanting 'flapper' who had to be hidden for fear of discovery by prim visiting relatives, and she sent the house into screams of warning appreciative laughter as she raced downstairs from the bedroom and across the stage clad only in exquisitely revealing pink crepe-de-Chine camiknickers." <mask> remained a member of the Aldwych company for the next six years, playing roles written expressly for her in six farces by Ben Travers and two by others. She played Kitty Stratton in Thark (1927), Joan Hewlett in Plunder (1929), Betty Ramsbotham in A Cup of Kindness (1930), Cora Mellish in A Night Like This (1930), Doris Chataway in Marry the Girl (1930 – by George Arthurs and Arthur Miller), Rose Adair in Turkey Time (1931) and Peggy Croft in Fifty Fifty (1932 – by H. F. Maltby). During this time she married Brigadier Michael Green; the marriage lasted from 1931 until 1951, when they divorced. Most of the farces


texts:
 were adapted for the cinema. Shotter appeared in films of Rookery Nook (1930), Plunder (1931) and A Night Like This (1932), directed by Walls and featuring the principals of the Aldwych company.She was the only member of the stage cast to feature in the 1934 film of Marry the Girl, directed by Maclean Rogers, with Hugh Wakefield, Sonnie Hale and John Deverell in roles played on stage by Walls, Ralph Lynn and Robertson Hare. 1930s and 40s
According to The Times, Shotter was essentially a stage performer, but "like any actress of her generation, she could not afford to ignore Hollywood." She visited America in the mid-1930s and made one film for MGM, Petticoat Fever, a farce featuring Robert Montgomery and Myrna Loy. The film did good business, but Shotter did not greatly care for America, and she returned to England as soon as she could. In addition to adaptations of the Aldwych plays she appeared in more than a dozen other British films through the 1930s, including On Approval with Walls, Hare, Brough and her Aldwych predecessor, Yvonne Arnaud, and Summer Lightning, an adaptation of P G Wodehouse's novel of the same name, co-starring with Lynn. In the West End, Shotter starred in a series of plays, including Wodehouse's Good Morning, Bill, with Lawrence Grossmith, in a 1934 revival. Chase the Ace (1935) was a departure for her: it was not a comedy but a thriller.The role was poorly written, and she returned to comedy in plays including High Temperature at the Duke of York's Theatre, in which, according to Ivor Brown in The Observer, "Miss Winifred Shotter has mainly to be under-clad and over-worried, which she does very prettily." During the Second World War Shotter joined ENSA, entertaining the troops in India and Europe. When BBC television transmissions resumed in 1946 she was appointed as one of three announcers, together with Jasmine Bligh and McDonald Hobley. Later


texts:
 years
After her divorce from her first husband in 1951, Shotter remarried the following year. Her second husband was the actor Gilbert Davis (1899–1983), whom she had first met in Hollywood. After this she wound her career down. She made her last film in 1955, playing Mrs Swayne in John and Julie.Her later West End appearances included the role of Barbara Fane in a 1954 revival of Ian Hay's 1936 comedy, Housemaster, with Jack Hulbert. The Manchester Guardian observed that Shotter "gives the final touch of pre-war mood to the comedy". Her last stage play was a farce, Caught Napping, at the Piccadilly Theatre in 1959. Shotter and her husband settled in Switzerland in a house at Montreux, overlooking Lake Geneva. After his death she returned to England, where she died aged 91 at Redhill in Surrey. She had no children from either marriage. Filmography

 Rookery Nook (1930) – Rhoda Marley
 On Approval (1930) – Helen Hayle
 Plunder (1930) – Joan Hewlett
 The Chance of a Night Time (1931) – Pauline Gay
 Mischief (1931) – Diana Birkett
 A Night Like This (1932) – Cora Mellish
 Jack's the Boy (1932) – Ivy
 The Love Contract (1932) – Antoinette
 Summer Lightning (1933) – Millicent Keable
 Sorrell and Son (1933) – Molly Pentreath
 Up to the Neck (1933) – April Dawne

 Night of the Garter (1933) – Gwen Darling
 Just My Luck (1933) – Peggy Croft
 Lilies of the Field (1934) – Betty Beverley
 D'Ye Ken John Peel?(1935) – Lucy Merrall
 The Rocks of Valpre (1935) – Christine Wyndham
 Marry the Girl (1935) – Doris Chattaway
 Petticoat Fever (1936) – Clara Wilson
 His Lordship Regrets (1938) – Mary / Mabel
 Candles at Nine (1944) – Brenda Tempest – Cecil's Wife
 The Body Said No! (1950) – TV Announcer
 John and Julie (1955) – Mrs. Swayne
Source: British Film Institute. References

External links

1904 births
1996 deaths
Aldwych farce
Actresses from London
English film actresses
20th-century English


texts:
<mask> (5 April 1472 – 31 December 1510) was the queen of Germany and Italy, and empress of the Holy Roman Empire as the third spouse of Maximilian I. She was the eldest legitimate daughter of Duke <mask> of Milan by his second wife, Bona of Savoy. Early life
<mask> was born in Pavia as the eldest daughter of Duke <mask> of Milan, by his second wife, Bona of Savoy. She was named after her paternal grandmother, <mask>. When <mask> was not yet five years old, her father was assassinated inside the Church of Santo Stefano in Milan on 26 December 1476, which was the Feast Day of St. Stephen. He was stabbed to death by three high-ranking officials of the Milanese court. On 6 January 1474 the 21-month-old <mask> married her first cousin Duke Philibert I of Savoy, the son of her uncle Amadeus IX of Savoy, and Yolande of France.Duke Philibert I died in the spring of 1482, leaving <mask> a widow at the age of ten. She returned to Milan, under the tutelage of her uncle Ludovico Il Moro, who cared little about her education and allowed her to indulge her own interests, mainly needlework. On 31 July 1485, the engagement between <mask> and John Corvinus, the only (though illegitimate) son of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, was formally announced. With this marriage, the Hungarian ruler wanted to secure his son's future inheritance of Hungary and Bohemia and to make him Duke of Austria. The marriage by proxy was signed on 25 November 1487, and according to the terms of the contract, <mask> received several Hungarian counties. However, due to the opposition and intrigues of Queen Beatrix, wife of King Matthias, the formal marriage never took place. In March 1492 a marriage between <mask> and King James IV of Scotland was considered, but the idea was soon abandoned.Queen and empress
On 16 March 1494 in Hall, Tyrol,

masks:
Bianca Maria Sforza
Galeazzo Maria Sfoa
Bianca
Galeazzo Maria Sfoa
Bianca Maria Visconti
Bianca
Bianca
Bianca
Bianca
Bianca
Bianca


texts: <mask> married her second husband, the widowed King Maximilian I of Germany. <mask>'s second marriage was arranged by her uncle, who wanted recognition and the title of duke confirmed by Maximilian; in exchange, Maximilian received a large dowry along with <mask>, 400,000 ducats. Her magnificent retinue on her way to her wedding aroused much attention. At her wedding, <mask> wore a bodice "with eighty pieces of the jeweler's art pinned thereon, with each piece consisting of one ruby and four pearls". Maximilian's claim to overlordship of Milan angered Anne of France, regent for her brother King Charles VIII of France, and brought about French intervention in Italy, thus inaugurating the lengthy Italian Wars. The union was unhappy: shortly after the consummation of the marriage, Maximilian complained that <mask> may have been more beautiful than his first wife, Duchess Mary of Burgundy, but was not as wise. It was impossible for the young bride to win the affection of her husband, who considered her too uneducated, talkative, naive, wasteful with money, and careless.She very much liked her stepchildren Philip the Handsome and Margaret, but, as was remarked by Hermann Wiesflecker, <mask> remained "all her life a child who played while sitting on the floor" and was criticized for forgetting her dignity position as Maximilian's wife. According to Daniel Unterholzner, although there was early rumours of pregnancies, <mask> apparently could not become pregnant (the time she shared with Maximilian was already little, due to his busy schedule, and decreased more and more). The reasons for this were not certain, although she seemed to be angry with her doctor Battista Baldironi for this problem. Maximilian had always concentrated on the children of his first marriage in terms of succession politics from the

masks:
Bianca
Bianca
Bianca
Bianca
Bianca
Bianca Maria
Bianca


texts: beginning, despite this policy was very risky as he had only one male child, Philip (after whose early death in 1506, he would concentrate on Karl and Ferdinand, his grandsons). Her childlessness made <mask> lose one of her important areas of responsibility as the female head of their family. <mask> had her own court of 150–200 people and she was considered extravagant, but Maximilian did not let her get control of her own finances and thus one minute she lived in luxury and the next her court was a show of poverty. After 1500, Maximilian lost all interest in <mask>.She lived with her own court of Milanese people in various castles in Tyrol. On several occasions he left her behind as security when he could not pay for his rooms on trips (although this is disputed by historian Sabine Weiss, according to whom she was only left behind if it was related to her own debt). Maximilian took the title of emperor-elect of the Holy Roman Empire in 1508, making <mask> empress. Empress <mask> died at Innsbruck on 31 December 1510. She was buried at Stams. Her husband did not attend her funeral or even dedicate a gravestone to her. Recent research though indicates that <mask> was an educated woman who had a political role as a mediator for different kinds of agenda both involving Ludovico Sforza and Maximilian.Unterholzner notes that while the emperor did not love her and sent few letters (an 1499 letter explained the reason Maximilian did not come to the defence of her uncle Ludovico; another, sent in 1504, informed her of his victory against the Kufstein fortress), there was contact between them and he supported her rights in numerous cases, notably concerning her preces primariae. In 1503, <mask> was persuaded by the pseudo-mystic of Augsburg, Anna Laminit (who claimed to be a "hunger saint" and had managed to

masks: Bianca Bianca Bianca Bianca Bianca Bianca Bianca


texts:
 dupe even her husband Maximilian), to lead a penitent procession with the city's leading officials – probably the largest one the city had ever seen. Later Laminit's fraud would be exposed by Maximilian's younger sister Kunigunde in October 1512. In 1514, Maximilian expelled Laminit  from Augsburg. After continuing to engage in fraudulent behaviours, she was condemned as a witch and executed by drowning. According to Nicole Riegel, after <mask>'s death in 1510, building activities for Maximilian's imperial residence project (which had been ongoing for almost two decades) in Innsbruck completely ceased, suggesting that the project was tied to their marriage. Only after 1506, when the Hungarian double wedding happened with the appearance of the two brides Mary and Anne, new reparations began again.In arts and media

La Bella Principessa is attributed by several scholars to be a portrait of <mask> by Leonardo da Vinci. <mask> is the main character of the 2019 musical Schattenkaiserin (The shadow empress) by Jürgen Tauber und Oliver Ostermann. The musical received three nominations for the German Musical Theater Price 2020/2021 (due to the coronavirus crisis, the price covers both the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons) for composition, stage design and costume and won the prize for stage design. Notes

References and literature

  and

External links

 <mask> <mask> at the aeiou Encyclopedia
 Portrait of <mask> Sforza at the National Gallery

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1472 births
1510 deaths
Nobility from Milan
<mask> Sforza
<mask> Sforza
<mask> Sforza
Italian queens consort
<mask>
<mask> Sforza
<mask> Sforza
16th-century Italian nobility
Austrian royal consorts
15th-century Italian women
15th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire
16th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Remarried

masks:
Bianca
Bianca Maria
Bianca Maria
Bianca Maria
Sforza
Bianca Maria
Bianca Maria
Bianca Maria
Bianca Maria
Bianca Maria
Bianca Maria
Bianca Maria


texts:
<mask><mask> (born March 13, 1942) is an American businessman, former consultant to several Secretaries and Deputy Secretaries of Defense, advisor to the Edgar M. Bronfman family, executive vice president and corporate officer of the Seagram Company, advisor to the President's Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets, and secretary general of the World Jewish Congress. He was the youngest person to be appointed commissioner on the Gates Commission (All-Volunteer Armed Force). <mask>' career has specialized in "fixing" institutions – governmental, business, and not-for-profit – with strategic planning and management consulting. Background
Son of Nathaniel and <mask> of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. <mask> earned his AB from Tufts in 1964 and his JD degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1972. He has lived in Boston, D.C., Geneva, New York City, Tokyo, London, Seoul, Miami, and currently resides in Western North Carolina. Early political career (1967–1977)
After college and prior to starting law school, <mask> worked as research assistant for Massachusetts Attorney General Edward Brooke's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate (1966).In 1967, <mask> was hired as a Congressional staffer in Washington. It was there that <mask> developed his work on addressing the inequities of the military draft. His work on Capitol Hill led to his providing research and editorial assistance to the publication of "How to End the Draft – The Case for an All-Volunteer Army". The book received national and international attention and subsequently, <mask> was appointed to the President's Commission on An All-Volunteer Armed Force (Gates Commission). <mask> was the youngest Commissioner to receive the appointment, being only 27 years of age. He served alongside noted economists Milton Friedman and Alan Greenspan. Subsequently, hired as the special assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Defense of Manpower and Reserve Affairs in the

masks:
Stephen E
. Herbits
Herbits
Esther Herbits
Herbits
Herbits
Herbits
Herbits
Herbits
Herbits


texts: Department of Defense, he helped implement the transition to an All-Volunteer Armed Force at the senior level.He also authored the study (1974) which gave the acting Secretary of Defense the information used to reverse Army decisions deliberately undermining achieving the All-Volunteer Force. In 1974, following his work as special assistant at the Department of Defense, <mask> was hired by Donald H. Rumsfeld, then chief of staff to President Gerald Ford. Following his role in the Presidential Personnel Office, he moved to Geneva as Counsel to the Head of the US Delegation to the Multilateral Trade Negotiations (then GATT) in the Office of the Special Representative for Trade Negotiations. In 1976 he moved back to the Pentagon under Rumsfeld. <mask> was named The Special Assistant to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense, a position equivalent to other departments' Chief of Staff. While employed in the private sector, <mask> was called back to public service several times. In 1981, he served as an unpaid consultant to assist in transitions for Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, in 1989 for Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, and then again in 2001 for Secretary Donald Rumsfeld.During these transitions, Herbits developed job requirements and objectives for key Department of Defense Presidential Appointments and helped recruit and screen candidates. Rumsfeld brought <mask> back to the Department of Defense immediately following the attacks of September 11th, 2001 to work on, among other tasks, special projects regarding internal mission development and organizational change as a result of the attacks. In this context, Herbits helped design and create a system of civilian review and succession planning for senior military officers, a project subsequently studied and published by the RAND Corporation. On several occasions between 1969 and 1977, Herbits did project work with one of the earliest political consulting

masks: Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits


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 firms in the country – Bailey, Deardourff. Corporate career (1977–1997)
In 1977, <mask> was hired by the spirits and wine company, Seagram Company Ltd., a Fortune 150 Corporation. He was tasked with developing and implementing strategies for various subsidiaries. Between 1977 and 1983, <mask> held many positions in the company, including vice president of Seagram Overseas Sales Company in Tokyo, vice president of Seagram Europe in London, president of Browne Vintners in New York, and president of Seagram Wine Company in the United States.In 1983, <mask> was promoted to vice president of corporate development and then promoted again in 1986 with the added role of external affairs. During this period, <mask>, in the additional role of chef de cabinet to Seagram Chairman and President of the World Jewish Congress, Edgar M. Bronfman, helped prepare for and traveled to meetings with world leaders. "He [<mask>] sat at the intersection of Mr. Bronfman's corporate, World Jewish Congress and other philanthropic roles." <mask> became a corporate officer and
an executive vice president of corporate policy and external affairs from 1989 to his retirement in 1997. Equivalence Campaign
In 1985, while <mask> was vice president of corporate development at Seagram, a hefty tax was raised on liquor, significantly widening the gap with taxes for other beverage alcohol. In response, <mask> led a campaign known as "Equivalence" to educate consumers that a 12 oz can of beer, 5 oz glass of wine and a  oz shot of spirits all contain the same kind and amount of alcohol. This campaign received national and international media attention and was successful as the gap began to close during the years that followed.On Retirement from Seagram
On retirement, <mask> formed The Herbits Group, LLC as a business consulting entity. In that capacity, he has worked for several domestic and international companies, the RAND Corporation, and the Department of

masks: Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits


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 Defense. Political career (1981–present)

In addition to his return to the Pentagon on several occasions through early 2004, <mask> became a vocal proponent of Hillary Clinton and donated to her 2000 and 2006 Senate campaigns and her 2004 and 2016 presidential campaigns. He was selected to serve on Clinton's Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Task Force, a steering committee that recruited many of the most powerful LGBT citizens in the nation. He supported Obama/Biden in 2008 and 2012, including volunteering as an official poll worker for the election. He again supported Clinton in 2016 and Biden in 2020 and undertook several transition projects in support of the Biden/Harris race. Among other efforts, <mask> has used a substantial portion of a donor-advised account to support 501(c)(3) efforts to assure a fair election.World Jewish Congress
Following his departure from the Defense Department in 2004, <mask> was brought into the World Jewish Congress by Edgar Bronfman, its president, because of public allegations that there were financial irregularities within the organization. <mask> was charged with the responsibility of "fixing [the] entity", as he had done for Bronfman in other areas in the past. Shortly after <mask> arrived, the New York State Attorney General's office opened up its own investigation into the financial irregularities. <mask> managed the WJC’s responses to the NYS Assistant Attorney General for Charities and led the WJC to adopt a new charter, by-laws, governance structure, and financial controls. <mask> spent three years as its secretary general, the group's most senior professional staff position. He eventually negotiated a satisfactory Assurance of Discontinuance with the New York State Attorney's office. Following the retirement of Edgar Bronfman, Sr. after 25 years as President, <mask> agreed to stay on for several months to assist in the transition of the incoming president.The City of

masks: Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits Herbits


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 Miami

Periodically, from 2004 through 2017, <mask> volunteered with a group of citizens to hold the City of Miami to the requirements of State law and regulations and county and city ordinances, rules and regulations in the approval and permitting of projects on the City’s waterfront property. Philanthropy
Herbits volunteered for Gay Men's Health Crisis (known as GMHC) in the 1980s, the earliest and foremost AIDS service organization in America. He then served as treasurer and was subsequently asked to take over as President of the Board of AIDS Action Council, the policy and lobbying organization representing the AIDS service organizations across the U.S. <mask> also served in a number of different capacities for several national, New York City and Miami AIDS organizations, such as the National Task Force on AIDS (1986). <mask> was one of the original supporters of GLAAD (the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) in 1986–1987 and worked with organizations such as Save DADE (1999–2002) and a founding Board member and treasurer of Youth Expressions, Inc., an after-school program for at-risk youth in Miami’s Haitian Community (2000–2006). He has provided substantial pro bono planning and strategic advice to a wide range of LGBT organizations. Further reading
<mask>' writings and activities regarding the all-volunteer armed force, including correspondence, reports, memoranda, notes, and printed matter are organized and researchable at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, California. The following publications and books discuss Herbits regarding his involvement in the All-Volunteer Force:

Other books where Herbits is mentioned:

References

External links

Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Politicians from Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Jewish American government officials
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
LGBT rights activists from the United States
1942 births
Living people
Seagram
21st-century


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<mask>, D.D. (February 27, 1830 – April 18, 1897) was an American Presbyterian pastor, Christian leader and author. Dr. <mask> led congregations in Ohio and Missouri during a career spanning 43 years. He became a leader among his peers in the Niagara Bible Conference which led to editing The Truth: or, Testimony for Christ, a periodical. His legacy is also found in the many books, booklets and tracts he produced. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Pulaski, Tennessee, February 27, 1830, into a family descending on both sides from clergymen. When he was very young, his father, also a Presbyterian minister, died.<mask> made his way to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he graduated in 1853. He had brief studies at the Princeton Theological Seminary where he refused financial assistance. When he "was compelled to stop his theological studies on account of lack of means," he returned to Ohio. After becoming established in Saint Louis, he received the honorary Doctor of Divinity in 1864 from both the University of Missouri and Westminster College. Ministry and leadership
Soon after returning to Ohio, on April 20, 1854, <mask> <mask> was ordained and installed as the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Dayton. Soon he received a call to the Second Presbyterian Church in St. Louis, preaching there for the first time on February 18, 1858. A new congregation was "colonized" in 1864 by members from Second Presbyterian to a location at Walnut & 16th Streets where a new edifice was built.<mask> became the pastor of the resulting Walnut Street Presbyterian Church. This congregation relocated in 1879 to a new church building at the corner of Washington and Compton streets, becoming the Washington and Compton Presbyterian

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James Hall Brookes
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 Church, where <mask> remained until his death on Easter Sunday, April 18, 1897. Brookes had a deep knowledge of the Bible's original languages, an excellent memory, and continually read and studied the Bible. He believed the Bible to be perfect, inerrant, and therefore infallible and immutable. This remarkable knowledge was coupled with his ability to communicate in a highly effective manner. Benjamin B. Warfield, then professor of theology at Princeton Seminary, wrote of Brookes: "Large in figure, commanding in carriage, fluent and forceful in speech, fired with intense convictions, infused with emotion, whether in pulpit or on platform his oratory not only caught the attention but dominated the feelings and controlled the convictions of his audience ... [He had] the voice of a lion and the vehemence of an Elijah ... His was no anæmic (sic) Christianity." Dispensationalist and Premillennialist
Brookes was a premillennialist, believing that nowhere in the New Testament is there "so much as a hint of the millennium .. . preceding the personal [Second] coming of Christ." During this thousand year period, Christ will reign and "Israel will see the fulfillment of its covenants that were unconditionally promised in the Old Testament." The millennium will follow the "resurrection and rapture" of believers and a period of "culminating wickedness" before Christ returns with his church to reign over the earth. <mask> <mask> was considered a "founding father" of dispensationalism in the United States along with men like Dwight L. Moody, Adoniram Judson Gordon, C. I. Scofield, William Eugene Blackstone, and Arno C. Gaebelein. In the foreword to the Dictionary of Premillennial Theology, Mal Couch writes "Not all premillennialists are

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 dispensationalists, but all dispensationalists are premillennialists." Among their beliefs, dispensationalists hold that the Bible is inerrant, verbally inspired, and must be consistently interpreted with a normal literal-grammatical-historical hermeneutic, views that were foundational for Brookes. <mask> led the Niagara Bible Conference for many years which "helped to spread Dispensationalism across America."Premillennial and dispensational beliefs became incorporated in the 1878 confession of faith (Niagara Creed) that was largely written by Brookes and adopted by the Niagara Bible Conference. Writings
Dr. <mask> was a prolific author, writing more than 200 books, booklets, tracts and journal articles. He was a well-known Bible teacher and the editor of The Truth or Testimony for Christ, a periodical which served, along with the journal Watchword, as the official organ of the premillennial movement until his death in 1897. Many of <mask>'s writings are available digitally and as reprints. Following are a sample. An Outline of the Books of the Bible (n.d.)
 Bible Reading on the Second Coming of Christ (n.d.)
 Chaff and Wheat. A defense of verbal inspiration (1891)
 Did Jesus Rise?A book written to aid honest skeptics (n.d.)
 From Death Unto Life; or, The Sinner Saved (n.d.)
 God Spake All These Words (1895)
 Gospel Hymns (1871)
 He Is Not Here: the Resurrection of Christ (1896)
 How to be Saved: or, The sinner directed to the Saviour (1864)
 "I Am Coming"  (1895)
 In Memoriam: Hamilton Rowan Gamble, Governor of Missouri (1864)
 Is the Bible Inspired? (n.d.)
 Is the Bible True? (1877)
 Israel and the Church, the terms distinguished as found in the word of God (n.d.)
 Life through the Living One (1891)
 May Christians Dance? (1869)

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 Maranatha: or The Lord Commeth (1889)
 Present Truth: being the testimony of the Holy Ghost on the second coming of the Lord, the divinity of Christ and the personality of the Holy Ghost (1877)
 The Bible Under Fire
 The Christ (1893)
 The Holy Spirit (n.d.)
 The Mystery of Suffering (1890)
 The Way Made Plain (n.d.)
 Till he Come (1891)

Family
In 1854, after returning from his brief study at Princeton Theological Seminary and accepting the call to ministry at First Presbyterian Church of Dayton, Ohio, <mask> married Susan Ann Oliver. They had five daughters. Etta Oliver Brookes lived from 1856 to 1872. Susan Mary <mask> (1861–1936) married Selden P. Spencer, who became a U.S.Senator. Sarah Lacy <mask> (1864–1886) married Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, who became president of Miami University. Judith Bertha <mask> (1866–1905) married Harry French Knight, a St. Louis financier. Olive J<mask> (1872–1930) married David Riddle Williams who authored the 1897 James H. Brookes: A Memoir. Olive's second husband was Rev. Harris H. Gregg. Dr. <mask> died in 1897 on Easter Sunday; his wife, Susan, died in 1910.Both Dr. and Mrs. <mask> along with all of their children except Judith are buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery, Saint Louis, Missouri. Brookes Bible College
The Saint Louis Bible Training School for Lay Workers was established in Saint Louis in 1909. Subsequently, the school was renamed in honor of Dr. <mask>. It was known as Brookes Bible Institute for many years. Following its accreditation, the name was changed to Brookes Bible College. The college is now located in Saint Ann, Missouri, a suburb of Saint Louis. References

External links

1830 births
1897 deaths
American Presbyterian ministers
American religious writers
19th-century

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Jongumsobomvu <mask> (1798–1873) was a Xhosa chief and a commander of the Xhosa forces during the Cape Frontier Wars. Born in the Right Hand House of the Xhosa Kingdom, he was the older brother of Chief Mgolombane Sandile and nephew to King Hintsa. In 1818, he commanded the forces of his father, Ngqika, who seemingly was trying to overthrow the government and become the king of the Xhosa nation. In 1829, he moved to the so-called neutral zone to take land but was expelled by the British troops. Early life
Born on in the right hand house of the Xhosa Kingdom , <mask> was the oldest son of Chief Ngqika. Throughout his life, he was opposed to his father's strategy of ceding land to the Cape Colony; as a result, in 1822, he went back into the Neutral Zone in order to establish his own chiefdom. Sixth Xhosa War

The Sixth War is known as Hintsa's War by the Xhosa.However, Hintsa did not instigate the war and, although he gave support to the Xhosa armies which were involved, it was Chief <mask> who was the primary leader of the Xhosa forces. Background
On the Cape's eastern border (now the Keiskamma River) insecurity persisted. Particularly as the Xhosa on the other side of the border were under considerable pressure from forces further east such as the effects of the expanding Zulu Empire. Although highly unstable, the frontier region was seeing increasing amounts of cultural diversity, with Europeans, Khoikhoi and Xhosa living and trading throughout the frontier region. Outbreak
Local Cape responses to the Xhosa cattle raids varied, but in some cases were drastic and violent.

masks: Maqoma Maqoma Maqoma


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 On 11 December 1834, a Cape government commando party killed a chief of high rank, incensing the Xhosa: an army of 10,000 men, led by <mask>, swept across the frontier into the Cape Colony, pillaged and burned the homesteads and killed all who resisted. Among the worst sufferers was a colony of freed Khoikhoi who, in 1829, had been settled in the Kat River valley by the British authorities.Refugees from the farms and villages took to the safety of Grahamstown, where women and children found refugee in the church
In the cape

British campaign
The response was swift and multi-faceted. Boer commandos mobilised under Piet Retief and inflicted a defeat on the Xhosa in the Winterberg Mountains in the north. Burgher and Khoi commandos also mobilised, and British Imperial troops arrived via Algoa Bay. The British governor, Sir Benjamin d'Urban mustered the combined forces under Colonel Sir Harry Smith, who reached Grahamstown on 6 January 1835, six days after news of the uprising had reached Cape Town. It was from Grahamstown that the retaliatory campaign was launched and directed. The campaign inflicted a string of defeats on the Xhosa, such as at Trompetter's Drift on the Fish River, and most of the Xhosa chiefs surrendered. However <mask> and Tyali (the other major Xhosa leader) retreated to the fastnesses of the Amatola Mountains.The treaty
British governor Sir Benjamin d'Urban believed that Hintsa ka Khawuta, King of the Gcaleka Xhosa, commanded authority over all of the Xhosa tribes and therefore held him responsible for the initial attack on the Cape Colony, and for the

masks: Maqoma Maqoma


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 looted cattle. D'Urban came to the frontier in December 1834, and led a large force across the Kei river to confront Hintsa at his residence and dictate terms to him. The terms dictated that all the country from the Cape's prior frontier, the Keiskamma River, as far as the Great Kei River was annexed as the British "Queen Adelaide Province", and its inhabitants declared British subjects. A site for the seat of province's government was selected and named King William’s Town. The new province was declared to be for the settlement of loyal tribes, rebel tribes who replaced their leadership, and the Fengu (known to the Europeans as the "Fingo people"), who had recently arrived fleeing from the Zulu armies and had been living under Xhosa subjection. Magistrates were appointed to administer the territory in the hope that they would gradually, with the help of missionaries, undermine tribal authority. Hostilities finally died down on 17 September 1836, after having continued for nine months.Eighth Xhosa War

Background
Large numbers of Xhosa were displaced across the Keiskamma by Governor Harry Smith, and these refugees supplemented the original inhabitants there, causing overpopulation and hardship. Those Xhosa who remained in the colony were moved to towns and encouraged to adopt European culture. Harry Smith also attacked and annexed the independent Orange Free State, hanging the Boer resistance leaders, and in the process alienating the Burghers of the Cape Colony. To cover the mounting expenses he then imposed exorbitant taxes on the local people of the frontier and cut the


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 Cape's standing forces to less than five thousand men. In June 1850 there followed an unusually cold winter, together with an extreme drought. It was at this time that Smith ordered the displacement of large numbers of Xhosa squatters from the Kat River region. The Outbreak of War (December 1850)
Governor Sir Harry Smith travelled to meet with the prominent chiefs after unrest in the Xhosa nation.When Sandile refused to attend a meeting outside Fort Cox, Governor Smith deposed him and declared him a fugitive. On 24 December, a British detachment of 650 men under Colonel Mackinnon was ambushed by Xhosa warriors in the Boomah Pass. The party was forced to retreat to Fort White, under heavy fire from the Xhosa, having sustained forty-two casualties. The very next day, during Christmas festivities in towns throughout the border region, apparently friendly Xhosa entered the towns to partake in the festivities. At a given signal though, they fell upon the settlers who had invited them into their homes and killed them. With this attack, the bulk of the Ngqika joined the war. Initial Xhosa victories
While the Governor was still at Fort Cox, the Xhosa forces advanced on the colony, isolating him there.The Xhosa burned British military villages along the frontier, and captured the post at Line Drift. Meanwhile, the Khoi of the Blinkwater River Valley and Kat River Settlement revolted, under the leadership of a half-Khoi, half-Xhosa chief Hermanus Matroos, and captured Fort Armstrong. Large numbers of the "Kaffir Police" — a paramilitary police force the British had established to


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 combat cattle theft — deserted their posts and joined Xhosa war parties. For a while, it appeared that the Khoi people of the in Xhosaland were also fighting and taking up arms against the British. Harry Smith finally fought his way out of Fort Cox with the help of the local Cape Mounted Riflemen, but found that he had alienated most of his local allies. His policies had made enemies of the Burghers and Boer Commandos, the Fengu, and the Khoi, who formed much of the Cape's local defences. Even some of the Cape Mounted Riflemen refused to fight.British counter-attack (Jan 1851)
After  these initial successes, however, the Xhosa experienced a series of setbacks. Xhosa forces were repulsed in separate attacks on Fort White and Fort Hare. Similarly, on 7 January, Hermanus and his supporters launched an offensive on the town of Fort Beaufort, which was defended by a small detachment of troops and local volunteers. The attack failed however, and Hermanus was killed. The Cape Government also eventually agreed to levy a force of local gunmen (predominantly Khoi) to hold the frontier, allowing Smith to free some imperial troops for offensive action. British reinforcements
By the end of January, the British were beginning to receive reinforcements from Cape Town and a force under Colonel Mackinnon was able to successfully drive north from King William's Town to resupply the beleaguered garrisons at Fort White, Fort Cox and Fort Hare. With fresh men and supplies, the British expelled the remainder of Hermanus' rebel forces (now under the command of Willem Uithaalder) from Fort


texts:
 Armstrong and drove them west toward the Amatola Mountains.Over the coming months, increasing numbers of Imperial troops arrived, reinforcing the heavily outnumbered British and allowing Smith to lead sweeps across the frontier country. In 1852, HMS Birkenhead was wrecked at Gansbaai while bringing reinforcements to the war at the request of Sir Harry Smith. As the ship sank, the men (mostly new recruits) stood silently in rank, while the women and children were loaded into the lifeboats. They remained in rank as the ship slipped under and over 300 died. Final stages of the conflict

Insurgents led by Maqoma established themselves in the forested Waterkloof. From this base they managed to plunder surrounding farms and torch the homesteads. Maqoma's stronghold was situated on Mount Misery, a natural fortress on a narrow neck wedged between the Waterkloof and Harry's Kloof.The Waterkloof conflicts lasted two years. Maqoma also killed Colonel Fort Fordyce and inflicted heavy losses on the forces of Sir Harry Smith. In February 1852, the British Government decided that Sir Harry the feet  inept rule had been responsible for much of the violence, and ordered him replaced by George Cathcart, who took charge in March. For the last 6 months, the man of foot town  ordered scourings of the countryside for rebels. In February 1853, Sandile and the other chiefs surrendered. The 8th frontier war was the most bitter and brutal in the series of Xhosa wars. It lasted over two years and ended in the complete subjugation of the Ciskei Xhosa.Imprisonment
<mask> was twice prisoner at Robben


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 Island. During the first term, he was allowed company with his wife and son. However, on the second term, at the age of seventy-three, he was sent there alone. A visiting Anglican chaplain witnessed his last moments in 1873, when he "cried bitterly, before dying of old age and dejection". See also
Makana (prophet)
Xhosa Wars
Hintsa kaKhawuta

References

Xhosa people
African warriors
1873 deaths

1798


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<mask> of Simmern, the Pious, Elector Palatine of the Rhine (14 February 1515 – 16 October 1576) was a ruler from the house of Wittelsbach, branch Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim. He was a son of John II of Simmern and inherited the Palatinate from the childless Elector Otto-Henry, Elector Palatine (Ottheinrich) in 1559. He was a devout convert to Calvinism, and made the Reformed confession the official religion of his domain by overseeing the composition and promulgation of the Heidelberg Catechism. His support of Calvinism gave the German Reformed movement a foothold within the Holy Roman Empire. Life

<mask> was strictly educated in the Catholic faith at his father's court and at Cologne, but, influenced by his wife, the pious princess Maria of Brandenburg, whom he married in 1537, he followed the Reformation, and in 1546 made a public profession of his faith. He succeeded his father John II as duke of Simmern on 18 May 1557, and became elector on 12 February 1559, on the death of Otto Henry. Under his predecessor strict Lutherans like Tilemann Heshusius, Melanchthonians, and Calvinists had found a place in the Palatinate.In the summer of 1559 bitter controversies arose among them. Theses on the Lord's Supper prepared by the Heidelberg deacon Wilhelm Klebitz provoked a bitter controversy between him and Heshusius. When efforts at mediation failed <mask> deposed both men on 16 September 1559. To get a clear understanding of the controversy <mask> spent days and nights in theological studies and was thus led more and more to the Reformed confession. A disputation held in June 1560 between the

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Frederick III
Frederick
Frederick
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texts: Saxon theologians Johann Stössel and Joachim Mörlin and the Heidelbergers Pierre Boquin, Thomas Erastus, and Paul Einhorn increased <mask>'s dislike for the Lutheran zealots. After the Naumburg Convention (January 1561) <mask> fully adopted the Reformed dogmas. In March 1561 he invited Emmanuel Tremellius to Heidelberg, and in September the famous Zacharius Ursinus.The whole Church was now transformed. Caspar Olevianus had been there since January 1560. Images of the saints, vestments, baptismal fonts, and other "idolatrous works," even organs, were ruthlessly removed from the churches. In the celebration of the Lord's Supper the breaking of bread was introduced. The revenues from monasteries and foundations were confiscated and applied to Evangelical church purposes or charity. The Heidelberg Catechism, prepared by a committee of theologians and ministers likely led by Ursinus, now served as the norm of doctrine and for the instruction of the youth. The church order of 15 November 1563 and the consistory order of 1564 consolidated the changes.The opposition of ministers inclining to Lutheranism was suppressed by their dismissal. Among the Lutherans, <mask>'s measures caused a great sensation. The religious colloquy held at Maulbronn in April 1564 increased the animosity. In 1565 the Emperor Maximilian ordered the changes to be annulled. A unanimous decree of the 1566 Diet of Augsburg also demanded the abolition of the changes. <mask>, however, declared in the 14 May session of the Diet that a matter was concerned over which God alone has the rule, and if it was intended to proceed against

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 him, he would find comfort in the promises of his Saviour. The decree was not carried out.After completing the work of reform in the Rhine Palatinate, <mask> endeavored to continue it in the Upper Palatinate; but here he was resisted by the zealous Lutheran estates. He continued his work of reform on the Rhine by introducing in 1570 a strict church discipline. <mask> pronounced the sentence of death on the Antitrinitarian Johann Sylvan based on the opinion signed by Olevianus, Ursinus, and Boquin, on 23 December 1572. In 1562 <mask> gave Frankenthal as a refuge to the Evangelicals driven from the Netherlands. He sent his like-minded son Johann Casimir in 1567 and again in 1576 to France in aid of the Huguenots. In 1569 he assisted also Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken on his way to France. <mask>'s last years were troubled by domestic afflictions.As his older son Louis was a strict Lutheran, he could not hope that after his death his work would be carried out in his own spirit. Family and children
<mask> was married twice. Firstly, he married in 1537  Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1519 – 1567), daughter of Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth and Susanna of Bavaria. Their children were:
 Alberta (4 April 1538 – 19 March 1553)
 Louis VI, Elector Palatine (4 July 1539 – 22 October 1583)
 Elisabeth (30 June 1540 – 8 February 1594), married in 1558 to Duke <mask> II of Saxony
 Hermann Ludwig (6 October 1541 – 1 July 1556)
 Johann Casimir (7 March 1543 – 16 January 1592); married: 1570 Elisabeth of Saxony (18 October 1552 - 2 April 1590)
 Dorothea Susanne (15 November 1544 – 8 April

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 1592), married in 1560 to John William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar
 Albert (30 September 1546 – 30 April 1547)
 Anna Elisabeth (23 July 1549 – 20 September 1609), married:
 in 1569 to Landgrave Philipp II of Hesse-Rheinfels;
 in 1599 to Count Palatine John August of Veldenz
 Christof (13 June 1551 – 14 April 1574)
 Karl (28 December 1552 – 12 September 1555)
 Kunigunde Jakobäa (9 October 1556 – 26 January 1586), married in 1580 to Count John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg

Secondly, he married in 1569 Amalia of Neuenahr ( 1539 – 1602), but this marriage was childless. He died in 1576, and was succeeded as Elector Palatine by his son Louis VI. <mask> had carved out a territory from the Lower Palatine land dubbed "Pfalz-Lautern" for his second surviving son Johann Casimir as an enclave to enable the continued existence of the Reformed faith. Johann Casimir would serve as regent for the Electorate of the Palatinate upon Louis VI's death and would oversee the return of the Reformed faith to the Palatinate.Literature

Ancestors

1515 births
1576 deaths
People from Simmern
Converts to Calvinism
German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
House of Palatinate-Simmern
House of Wittelsbach
Prince-electors of the


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<mask> (born 19 July 1966) is an Italian historian, academic and politician of the Democratic Party (PD), incumbent Mayor of Rome since 2021 and Minister of Economy and Finances in the government of Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte from 2019 until 2021. He previously was a member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019, where he chaired the influential Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee within the Parliament from 2014 until 2019. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Rome in 1966. In 1992 he graduated in Literature and Philology at Sapienza University of Rome. In 1997, he obtained a Ph.D in History at the Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici di San Marino. <mask> later became professor of Contemporary history at Sapienza University of Rome, where he had authored several books and articles on twentieth century Italian history and on the history of the European integration. Political career
Since 2001, Gualtieri has been Deputy Director of the Gramsci Institute Foundation.In the same year, he became a member of Democrats of the Left (DS), the main social-democratic political party in Italy, direct heir of the Italian Communist Party. In 2006, Gualtieri was among the founders of the Democratic Party (Congress of Orvieto, October 2006) and he was among the "wise men" who wrote its Manifesto. In 2007 he was elected to the National Assembly of the party and since 2008 he has been a member of its National board, where he was confirmed in 2014. Gualtieri voted against party leader Matteo Renzi in favour of post-communists both in 2013 and 2014 (the year Renzi won the leadership ballot). From 2008 to 2011, Gualtieri served as director (with José Luis Rhi-Sausi) of the "Annual Report on European Integration" (published by Il Mulino). Since 2009, he is a member of the editorial committee of the Foundation "Italianieuropei" . Member of the European Parliament
In 2009, Gualtieri was appointed

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Roberto Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri


texts: S&D Group coordinator for the Subcommittee on Security and Defence (SEDE) and standing rapporteur for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) budget in the Committee on Budgets (BUDG).He was also a full member of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO) and substitute of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET). In 2010, he was appointed S&D Group negotiator within the EP negotiating team (with Elmar Brok and Guy Verhofstadt) on the creation of the European External Action Service. In addition to his committee assignments, he was part of the parliament's delegation for relations with the NATO Parliamentary Assembly between 2009 and 2014. In December 2011, Gualtieri was part of the European Parliament negotiating team (with Brok, Verhofstadt and Daniel Cohn-Bendit) for the establishment of the "Fiscal Compact". In October 2012, he was designated "sherpa" negotiator for the European Parliament (with Brok, Verhofstadt and Cohn-Bendit) in the working group set up by Herman Van Rompuy on a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union. In 2013 he was co-rapporteur of  the Report on constitutional problems of a multitier governance in the European Union with Rafał Trzaskowski. In 2013, he participated in the elaboration of the new Treaty for the European Union, with Brok, Verhofstaft, Cohn-Bendit, Andrew Duff and Jo Leinen, promoted by the "Spinelli Group", of which he is a member.From 2013, Gualtieri was member of the Spinelli Group in the European Parliament, and he has been among the authors of the "Fundamental Law of the European Union" (with Elmar Brok, Guy Verhofstadt, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Andrew Duff and Jo Leinen), published by the Bertelsmann Foundation. Gualtieri led the EU-Election Observer Missions for the parliamentary election in Kosovo in 2014 and the 2013 municipal elections in Kosovo. Following his re-election as an MEP in July 2014, Gualtieri was elected Chairman of the


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 Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. On the committee, he served as rapporteur of several files, among which the Annual Banking Union report, statistical files, including the appointments of heads and board members of the European Central Bank, the Single Resolution Board, the European Banking Authority, the European Securities and Markets Authority, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority. He chaired the EP Financial Assistance Working Group, established in 2016 to monitor the implementation of third Greek financial assistance program, and the Committee's Banking Union Working Group. From 2016, Gualtieri was also a member of the Committee of Inquiry to investigate alleged contraventions and maladministration in the application of Union law in relation to money laundering, tax avoidance and tax evasion. In addition, he was a member of the Transatlantic Legislators' Dialogue (TLD), the European Parliament Intergroup on Integrity (Transparency, Anti-Corruption and Organized Crime) and of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights.From 2017, Gualtieri served on the Parliament's so-called Brexit Steering Group, which works under the aegis of the Conference of Presidents and to coordinates Parliament's deliberations, considerations and resolutions on the UK's withdrawal from the EU. Within group, he was – together with Guy Verhofstadt and Elmar Brok – one of the Parliament's representatives at the European Council Sherpa meetings on Brexit. Following the 2019 elections, Gualtieri was part of a cross-party working group in charge of drafting the European Parliament's five-year work program on economic and fiscal policies as well as trade. Shortly after, <mask> was elected vice-chair of the S&D Group, under the leadership of chairwoman Iratxe García. Minister of Economy and Finance

In August 2019 tensions grew within the populist government, leading to the