texts:
 followers played a significant and active role in the Pakistan Movement at educational and political fronts. Despise of the British
The Imam's refusal to unite with Hindu Nationalists against the British is misconstrued by his detractors, either due to ignorance or malice, as opposition to the re-establishment of the Caliphate, or even more ludicrously as support for the British.This supposed support can be dismissed by the fact that he refused to acknowledge the British courts during their occupation in India, his refusal to pray for one of his own students as it may have indirectly benefitted the British, and the fact that he would even turn the postage stamps on letters upside down as a mark of disrespect. Legacy
Many religious schools, organizations, and research institutions teach <mask>'s ideas, which emphasize the primacy of Islamic law over adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to the prophet Muhammad. Recognition
 On 21 June 2010, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, a cleric and Sufi from Syria, declared on Takbeer TV's programme Sunni Talk that the Mujaddid of the Indian subcontinent was <mask> <mask>, and said that a follower of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can be identified by his love of <mask> and that those outside of that those outside the Ahlus Sunnah are identified by their attacks on him. 'Ali bin Hassan Maliki, Mufti of Mecca, called <mask> the encyclopedia of all religious sciences. Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), a poet, Sufi and philosopher, said: "I

masks:
Khan
Ahmed Raza
Khan Barelvi
Khan
Khan


type: original

texts: have carefully studied the decrees of <mask> and thereby formed this opinion; and his Fatawa bear testimony to his acumen, intellectual caliber, the quality of his creative thinking, his excellent jurisdiction and his ocean-like Islamic knowledge. Once Imam <mask> forms an opinion he stays firm on it; he expresses his opinion after a sober reflection. Therefore, the need never arises to withdraw any of his religious decrees and judgments.In another place he says, "Such a genius and intelligent jurist did not emerge." It is rumored that Prof. Sir Ziauddin Ahmad, who was the head of department of Mathematics at Aligarh University, was once unable to find solutions to some mathematic algorithms, even after he took help from the mathematicians abroad. On the request of his friend who was also the mureed (disciple) of <mask>, Ziauddin visited <mask> on special visit to get answers to his difficult questions, and under guidance of <mask> he finally succeeded in getting solutions. Justice Naeemud'deen, Supreme Court of Pakistan: "Maulana <mask>'s grand personality, a representation of our most esteem ancestors, is history making, and a history uni-central in his self. ... You may estimate his high status from the fact that he spent all his lifetime in expressing the praise of the great and auspicious Holy Prophet (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam), in defending his veneration, in delivering speeches regarding his unique conduct, and in promoting and spreading the Law of Shariah

masks:
Ahmed Raza
Ahmed Raza
Ahmed Raza
Ahmed Raza
Ahmed Raza
Ahmad Raza


texts:
 which was revealed upon him for the entire humanity of all times. His renowned name is 'Muhammad' (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam), the Prophet of Almighty Allah. ...The valuable books written by a encyclopedic scholar like <mask>, in my view, are the lamps of light which will keep enlightened and radiant the hearts and minds of the men of knowledge and insight for a long time." Societal influence
 Ala Hazrat Express is an express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Bareilly and Bhuj in India. The Indian government issued a commemorative postal stamp in honour of <mask> <mask> on 31 December 1995. Aala Hazrat Haj House Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
 Aala Hazrat Hospital Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
 Ala Hazrat Terminal, Bareilly Airport, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
 Raza Academy

Spiritual successors
<mask> <mask> <mask> had two sons and five daughters. His sons Hamid <mask> <mask> and <mask> <mask>ri are celebrated scholars of Islam. Hamid <mask> <mask> was his appointed successor. After him <mask> <mask> succeeded his father, who then appointed Akhtar <mask> <mask> as his successor.His son, Mufti Asjad <mask> <mask> now succeeds him as the spiritual leader. He had many disciples and successors, including 30 in the Indian subcontinent and 35 elsewhere. The following scholars are his notable successors:
Hamid <mask> <mask> (d. 1875/1943)
<mask> <mask> (d. 1892/1981)
Amjad Ali Aazmi (d. 1882/1948)
Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi
Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi
Zafaruddin Bihari

masks:
Ahmed Raza
Ahmad Raza
Khan
Imam Ahmed
Raza
Khan
Raza
Khan
Mustafa Raza
Khan Qad
Raza
Khan
Mustafa Raza
Khan
Raza
Khan
Raza
Khan
Raza
Khan
Mustafa Raza
Khan


texts:
 (d. 1886/1962)
Abul Muhamid al-Ashrafi al-Jilani (d. 1894/1961)
Hasmat <mask> (d. 1901/1960)
Maulana Ziauddin Madani (d. 1877/1981)

Educational influence
Al Jamiatul Ashrafia is the main educational institute and learning centre that provides Islam education. Raza Academy publishing house in Mumbai
Imam Ahmed Raza Academy Durban, South Africa

See also
 Dargah-e-Ala Hazrat
 Hassan Raza Khan
 Asjad Raza Khan
 Hamid <mask> <mask>
 Akhtar <mask> <mask>
 Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi
 Mustafa Raza Khan
 Qamaruzzaman Azmi
 Raza Academy
 Amjad Ali Aazmi
 Abdul Rashid Dawoodi founder of Tehreek-e-Soutul Awliya

References

Further reading
 Baraka, A. (2003). A Saviour in a Dark World (Article). The Islamic Times, March 2003.Stockport, UK: Raza Academy. Haroon, Muhammad. (1994). The World Importance of <mask> <mask> <mask>elvi. Stockport, UK: Raza Academy. Imam, Muhammad Hassan. (2005).The Role of the Khulafa-e-Imam <mask> <mask> in Pakistan Movement 1920–1947. Diss. Karachi: University of Karachi. Azimbadi, Badr. (2005).Great Personalities in Islam. Adam Publishers. External links

English books of Imam <mask> Qadri
 Full Biography of Ala Hazrat in Urdu
 Official website of Dargah Imam <mask>

1856 births
1921 deaths
<mask>vi
Barelvis
Mujaddid
Indian Sufis
Sunni imams
Critics of Shia Islam
Hanafi fiqh scholars
Hanafis
Maturidis
Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Translators of the Quran into Urdu
Writers in British India
Barech
Indian male poets
Poets in British

masks:
Ali Khan
Raza
Khan
Raza
Khan
Imam Ahmed
Raza
Khan Bar
Ahmed Raza
Khan
Ahmed Raza
Ahmad Raza
Ahmed Barel


texts:
 India
Poets from Uttar Pradesh
Muslim reformers
Scholars from Uttar Pradesh
People from Bareilly
People from Bareilly district
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
19th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian non-fiction writers
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Indian Sunni Muslims
Critics of Ahmadiyya
Indian people of Pashtun descent
People who memorized the


texts:
Gormflaith ingen <mask> (c. 870–948) was an Irish Queen of Tara, Munster, and Leinster. Family background

Gormflaith was the daughter of <mask>, High King of Ireland from 879 to 916. Her mother was Gormlaith ingen <mask> mac Conaing of Brega. Her known siblings were:

 Donnchad Donn, her full sibling. Óengus mac Flann Sinna, died 915. Máel Ruanaid mac Flann Sinna, killed in 901
 Donnell mac <mask>, King of Mide 919–921. Lígach ingen Flann <mask>, died 923.Conchobar mac Flann Sinna, king of Mide 916–919. Áed mac Flann Sinna, blinded on Donnchad Donn's orders in 919. Cerball mac Flann Sinna
 Muirgel ingen Flann Sinna, died 928. Queen of Munster

Gormflaith was notable for been the successive queen consort of Munster, Leinster and Tara. Gormflaith was married first to King Cormac mac Cuilennáin of Munster, who had taken vows of celibacy as a bishop. The marriage was not said to be consummated. MacShamhran (p. 203) writes that "difficulties relating to this marriage leave it probable that it is a fiction – created when memory of Gormlaith became assimilated to the "sovereignty goddess" who had three husbands".However, recent work has criticised attempts to see influence from supernatural beliefs in the portrayals of Gormflaith. Queen of Leinster

Cormac was killed at the battle of Bealach Mugna in 908 by an alliance of <mask> <mask> of Tara and Cerball mac Muirecáin, King of Leinster. Flann afterwards married Gormflaith to Cerball, who is alleged (according to a text in the Book of Leinster) to have abused her so much that she was forced to return to her father at least once. Political intrigue

MacShamhran writes (p. 203) "... the case for

masks:
Flann Sinna
Flann Sinna
Flann
Fn Sinna
Sinna
Flann
Sinna


texts:
 accepting as historical her marriage to Cerball is strengthened by a dindshenchas poem in the Book of Leinster, which also presents a different view of their relationship, implying that she was involved in intrigue on his behalf. She is blamed for the deaths of Cellach Carmain, who was an Ui Muirdaig dynast, and his wife Aillenn – apparently rivals of her husband. This circumstance, along with the fact that Cerball had the support of Flann Sinna at Belach Mugna, fits well with a Clan Cholmain-Ui Faelain alliance in the years prior to that battle." Ó Cróinín (pp.219), citing the poem Cell Chorbbáin (composed shortly after 909), writes: "It states quite categorically that Gormlaith was responsible for the death of Cellach of Carmun and his wife Aillend – 'she laid them in the church ground' (dos-fuc i talmain cilli) and by these actions 'she wrought terrible deeds' (do-ringni gnimu grana). This is clearly referring to a double-murder, and equally clearly, it is implicit that Gormlaith – and, by extension, her husband Cerball? – were involved together in a conspiracy to remove the reigning king of Leinster (here named as Cellach Carmun) and presumably replace him with Cerball." Ó Cróinín goes on to compare the data in the poem with that of Cóic ríg tríchat to show that "there is something wrong with the Ui Dunlainge succession at precisely this point. ... It looks very much as though the struggle for succession ... saw several of the Ui Muiredaig line eliminated in the first half of the ninth century, and their names were simply expunged from the record:"

Queen of Tara

After Cerball's death in 909 Gormlaith married her stepbrother Niall Glúndub,


texts:
 who died in 919. By him she had Muirchertach mac Néill, ancestor to the O'Neill dynasty of the north of Ireland.After marriage

The Annals of Clonmacnoise have her becoming poverty-stricken after the death of Niall, reduced to wandering from place to place as a poet to survive. This literary tradition, which appears over a century after her death, may be based upon a misreading of her obit in the Annals of Ulster, which instead indicates she died in a convent. Poems

A number of poems of later date are ascribed to Gormflaith in Middle Irish sources, including laments for Cerball and Niall, but not for Cormac. L.M. McCraith, noting that “the charm of Gaelic verse depends for the most part on an elaborate system of repetition and alliteration, which no other language can reproduce,” gives this translation of the poem “Gormlaith, the daughter of Flann, speaks to the Priest”:

“Monk, remove thy foot! Lift it from the grave of Nial. Too long dost thou heap earth
On him with whom I fain would lie.Too long dost thou, Monk, there
Heap earth on Noble Nial,
Thou brown-haired friend, though gentle,
Press not with thy sole the earth! Do not too firmly close the grave
O Priest, whose office is so sad. Rise off the fair, the dark-knee’d Nial,
Monk! Remove thy foot! O Mac Nial of finest gold
‘Tis not my will that thou are bound [i.e. in grave-clothes],
Leave – Ah! leave his stone and grave.Monk! Remove thy foot! I am Gormley, regent queen. Daughter I of Flann the Bold! Stand not thou upon the grave. Monk! Remove thy foot!”

Family tree

     Gormlaith ingen <mask> mac Conaing = Flann Sinna =
                                       |             |
     __|


texts:
       |_
    |                                  |             |            |         |        |      |       |        |       |
    |                                  |             |            |         |        |      |       |        |       |
    Gormflaith, d. 948.Donnchad Donn Cerball Máel Ruanaid  Óengus  Áed Conchobar Donnell Lígach Muirgel
    =Niall Glúndub                     |
    |                                  |
    |                                  |
    Muirchertach mac Néill Donnall, King of Tara
    |                                  |
    |                                  |
    Domnall ua Neill Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill
    |                                  |
    |                                  |
    O'Neill dynasty Ua Mael Sechlainn

See also

 Gormflaith (Irish name)

References

 Three weddings and a funeral: rewriting Irish political history in the tenth century, Dáibhí Ó Cróinín, pp. 212–224; and Gormfhlaith, daughter of Flann Sinna and the lure of the sovereignty goddess, Máirín Ní Dhonnchadha, pp. 225–237, in Seanchas: Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis J. Byrne, Dublin: Four Courts, 1999. .
 Gormlaith (d. 948), p. 203, Ailbhe MacShamrain, in Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia, 2005. Medieval Irish poets
Irish royal consorts
9th-century Irish writers
10th-century Irish writers
People from County Westmeath
Irish princesses
9th-century Irish women
10th-century women writers
10th-century writers
Irish women poets
870s births
Year of birth uncertain
948 deaths
10th-century Irish women
10th-century Irish people
10th-century Irish poets
9th-century Irish


texts:
<mask> (  ; born June 30, 1947 in Tanta, Egypt) is an Egyptian film director active in the Egyptian film industry since the 1970s. He is considered one of the Egyptian directors who re-defined Realism in Egyptian cinema in the 1980s. In a recent book published by Bibliotheca Alexandrina in 2007 about the most important 100 films in the history of Egyptian cinema, three of his movies were listed: The Collar and the Bracelet, Bitter Day, Sweet Day, and Ice Cream in Gleem. Biography
<mask> completed his high school in Cairo then joined the Egyptian Higher Institute of Cinema where he graduated in 1967. He then went to Warsaw, Poland on a fellowship for two years where he met his future wife, Monika Kowalczyk. He started his career with a focus on documentaries then moved to feature narratives and directed 12 long features that were screened at various international film festivals. He is one of the first Egyptian and Arab directors to venture into digital film making in the late 1990s.70
“If we consider ‘The will’ by Kamel Selim in 1939 the beginning of Egyptian realism in cinema, so we have to admit that ‘House-Boat No.70’ by <mask> <mask>, 1982, is the start of the new realism”
Samir Farid (prominent Film Critic) in his book “New Realism in Egyptian Cinema”, 1991. Thesis by Beaty Klimkiewicz, Warsaw University, Neofilology Department, Poland

1996 The Centennial of Arab Cinema, Lincoln Center, New

masks:
Khairy Beshara
Beshara
Khairy
Beshara


texts:
 York, USA

1996 The 6th Edition of Black Movie, Genève, Switzerland

Sweet Day, Bitter Day
1988 The 12th Cinematographic Days of Carthage, Tunis
Best Actress – Faten Hamama

1988 The Three Continents Film Festival, Nantes, France
Special Mention

1988 “Cinema & Reality of the 80’s in Egypt”, M.A. Wild Desire
1991 Montreal World Film Festival, Canada, “Today’s Cinema, Tomorrow’s Cinema” Program

Ice Cream in Gleem
1993 The 19th Festival of the Egyptian Film Society
Special Jury Award

America Abracadabra (America Shika Bika)
1993 The 11th Damascus Film Festival, Syria (Main Program)

1994 The 4th Pyongyang Film Festival, Korea
The Special Prize of the Juries

1997 The International House of Philadelphia, USA, Contemporary Egyptian Cinema

Traffic Light
1995 The 19th Cairo International Film Festival
Special Jury Prize “Silver Pyramid”
“The Jury believes that ‘Traffic Light’ deserves the award because it managed to paint with great sensitivity a nation’s troubles in a single night during a crowded traffic light of the city of Cairo”

1997 II Cinema Dei Paesi Arabi, Cinema Del Comune Di Bologna, Italy

In the Press
The best of Egyptian cinema , the best 15 best Egyptian films of all time

See also
 List of Copts
 Lists of Egyptians

References

 Biography for Khairy Beshara

External links
 Khairy Beshara
 Moondog
 خيري بشارة

Egyptian film directors
1947 births
Living people
People from


texts:
<mask>. (born November 10, 1992) is an American football quarterback for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Louisville and was drafted in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings. With the Vikings, <mask> threw for 14 touchdowns in each of his first two seasons, including winning the NFC North and making a Pro Bowl appearance in 2015. The following preseason, <mask> suffered a severe injury to his left leg, which knocked him out for all but one offensive series of the next two seasons. After the Vikings declined his fifth-year option, <mask> signed with the New York Jets, although he was promptly traded to the New Orleans Saints. With the Saints, he served as backup to Drew Brees, including winning all five games as a replacement when Brees was injured in 2019. He signed with the Carolina Panthers the following season and started for the majority of it.<mask> was then traded to the Broncos in 2021. Early years
The son of <mask> Sr. and Rose Murphy, <mask> was born in Miami, Florida on November 10, 1992. He attended Miami Northwestern Senior High School. In his sophomore year, he replaced Jacory Harris as starting quarterback and took over a team that had been named the 2007 national champions by USA Today. He completed 97 of 160 attempts (60.6 percent) for 1,560 yards over the season, throwing 16 touchdowns with three interceptions. He also carried 45 times for 211 yards (4.7 average) and two more scores. Northwestern finished the season 13–3, falling short to Seminole High School of Sanford 28–21 in the

masks:
Theodore Edmond Bridgewater Jr
Bridgewater
Bridgewater
Bridgewater
Bridgewater
Teddy Bridgewater
Bridgewater


texts:
 6A state title game.As a junior, <mask> passed for 2,546 yards and 32 touchdowns and rushed for 379 yards and five more scores. In a late-September game against Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School, he completed 19 of 24 passes for 327 yards and a Dade County record of seven touchdowns. He was named second-team All-State for 6A classification and first-team All-County by the Miami Herald. Northwestern finished the season 10–2, after a 29–16 loss to rival Miami Central High School. As a senior, <mask> had 2,606 passing yards and 22 touchdowns despite missing parts of the season with a medial collateral ligament injury. He also rushed for 223 yards and eight more scores. Northwestern had a 9–3 record for the season, losing 42–27 to Miami Central in the 6-A semifinals, in which he threw for 436 yards and scored four touchdowns.Regarded as a four-star recruit, <mask> was considered the sixth best dual-threat quarterback prospect in the nation by Rivals.com. He played in the 2011 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. <mask> originally committed to the University of Miami in June 2010. But, after the firing of Miami head coach Randy Shannon in November 2010, <mask> switched his commitment to the University of Louisville. College career

As a freshman at Louisville in 2011, <mask> entered the season as a backup to Will Stein. However, by the Cardinals' fourth game of the season against Marshall, he was starting and remained the starter the rest of the year. He finished the season completing 191 of 296 passes for 2,129 yards with 14 touchdowns and 12 interceptions.For his play, he was named the Big East Rookie of the

masks: Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater


texts:
 Year and was named a freshman All-American by Rivals.com, Scout.com, CBS Sports, and Sporting News. As a sophomore in 2012, <mask> started 11 of 12 regular season games. In his only non-starting action, coming off the bench while injured against Rutgers, he led his team to a win, a Big East title, and a berth to the BCS. He finished the regular season completing 267 of 387 passes for 3,452 yards with 25 touchdowns and just 7 interceptions. He finished 6th in the nation in completion percentage, 8th in yards per attempt, and 7th in passing efficiency. For his play, he was named the Big East Offensive Player of the Year. <mask> and his Cardinals football team entered the 2013 Sugar Bowl against the Florida Gators as decided underdogs.Although Florida boasted the nation's #1 pass efficiency defense, <mask> passed for 266 yards and a pair of touchdowns to become the game's MVP in a 33–23 win. As a junior in 2013, <mask> completed 303 of 427 passes for 3,970 yards with 31 touchdowns and four interceptions. In his final college game against the Miami Hurricanes in the 2013 Russell Athletic Bowl, he completed 35 of 42 passes for 447 yards three touchdowns and was named the game's MVP. Statistics

Professional career
As early as April 2013, <mask> was seen as one of the top prospects for the 2014 NFL Draft, alongside Jadeveon Clowney and Johnny Manziel. Reports said that, had he been eligible for the 2013 Draft, he most likely would have been the first quarterback taken. At one point, he was projected by many to be the first overall pick in the draft. On January 1, 2014, <mask> announced that he would


texts:
 forgo his final year of eligibility at Louisville.Minnesota Vikings

2014 season

<mask> was selected by the Minnesota Vikings as the 32nd and final pick of the first round of the draft. The Vikings had traded their second round and fourth round picks to the Seattle Seahawks to move up and select <mask>. <mask> signed a four-year contract worth $6.85 million with a $3.3 million signing bonus with the Minnesota Vikings. <mask> entered the season as the second-string quarterback, behind veteran Matt Cassel, but ahead of Christian Ponder. <mask> made his NFL debut on September 21, 2014, against the New Orleans Saints, entering in relief of the injured Cassel and finishing the game with 150 passing yards. He was named the starting quarterback for the remainder of the season after Cassel, who broke his foot in the aforementioned game, was placed on injured reserve. On September 28, 2014, <mask> made his first NFL start against the Atlanta Falcons and won the game, in large part due to his 317 passing yards, and scored his first NFL touchdown on a 13-yard rush.After spraining his ankle during the Falcons matchup, <mask> was inactive for the next game against the Green Bay Packers in Week 5. However, he was able to recover in time for the Week 6 game against the Detroit Lions. However, a weak offensive line against a strong Lions' defense led to a 17–3 rout. <mask> was intercepted three times, two from tipped passes, and was sacked eight times. During Week 7 against the Buffalo Bills, <mask> threw his first NFL touchdown pass to Cordarrelle Patterson. Despite being sacked five times and throwing two

masks: Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater


texts:
 interceptions, <mask> helped the Vikings get a 16–10 lead, but the effort was negated only by the Bills' comeback win which put them up 17–16 with no time to retaliate. In the next game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, <mask> threw for 241 yards and a touchdown and was sacked only once.He led a game-tying drive to force overtime, where fellow first-round pick Anthony Barr made a fumble recovery on the Bucs' first overtime play, giving the Vikings a 19–13 win. His third win as a starter, a 29–26 comeback win over the Washington Redskins, broke a franchise record shared by Fran Tarkenton and Ponder for wins among starting rookie quarterbacks. <mask> added to this record with wins over the Carolina Panthers, New York Jets, and Chicago Bears in weeks 13, 14, and 17 respectively. The win over the Jets is notable for when wide receiver Jarius Wright turned a screen pass from <mask> into an 87-yard touchdown, giving the Vikings another overtime win. <mask> finished his rookie year with 2,919 passing yards, 14 touchdowns, 12 interceptions, and an 85.2 passer rating. He also rushed for 209 yards and a touchdown. He played in 13 games, starting 12 of them.On January 13, 2015, <mask> was selected as the quarterback of the 2014 NFL All-Rookie team by the Pro Football Writers of America, joining Tommy Kramer as the only Vikings quarterbacks to claim this award. <mask> also won the 2014 Pepsi Rookie of the Year award, as voted by fans. 2015 season

<mask> threw for no touchdowns and an interception behind a struggling offensive line that allowed five sacks in the 3–20 loss at the San Francisco 49ers in Week

masks: Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater


texts: 1. He threw only 18 times the next game, but completed 14 of those passes for 153 yards and threw his first touchdown pass of the year to tight end Kyle Rudolph in a 26–16 win over the Detroit Lions in Minnesota's home opener. <mask> had some struggles in week three against the San Diego Chargers, going 13 of 24 for 121 yards and one interception but won the game 31–14 with a strong performance by the defense and running back Adrian Peterson. He rebounded to go 27 of 41, 269 yards and a touchdown pass to Mike Wallace against Denver Broncos who had the number one ranked defense coming into the game. Minnesota still lost 23–20 as <mask> was sacked seven times.Coming off of a bye week, he threw 31 times and completed 17 of them for 249 yards with another touchdown pass to Rudolph, but threw two interceptions in a sloppy 16–10 win against the Kansas City Chiefs. <mask> then had arguably the best game of his career the next week against the Detroit Lions in Detroit, going 25 of 35, 316 yards, two touchdown passes and no interceptions, including his first touchdown pass to rookie Stefon Diggs. That game was <mask>'s fourth career 300+ yard passing game, and the second 300+ passing game of <mask>'s career against the Lions. <mask> led his fourth career fourth-quarter comeback at the Bears despite having a below-average day going 17 of 30, 187 yards, one touchdown and one interception. <mask> went 13 of 21 for 144 yards and an interception while also rushing for a touchdown and two-point conversion against the St. Louis Rams before he sustained a blow to the head by the Rams' safety Lamarcus Joyner that

masks: Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgewater


texts:
 caused <mask> to leave the game in the fourth quarter. Minnesota still managed to pull off a 21–18 victory in overtime against the Rams. At home against the Chicago Bears in week 15, <mask> completed 17 of 20 pass attempts, four passing touchdowns, and a rushing touchdown in a 38–17 win, giving him a career-high passer rating (154.4).In a fight for the NFC North Division Title in week 17 against the Green Bay Packers, <mask> connected only 52.6% of his passes for 99 yards and an interception. Despite his career-lowest passer rating (45.7), the Vikings pulled off a 20–13 victory and won their first division title since 2009. <mask> finished his second season with 3,231 passing yards, 14 touchdowns, and 9 interceptions. He also rushed for 192 yards and 3 touchdowns. On January 10, in the Wild Card Round against the Seattle Seahawks in one of the coldest games ever played, <mask> was 17-of-24 for 146 yards as the Vikings fell 10–9. On January 25, 2016, he was named to his first Pro Bowl. 2016 season

During a team practice on August 30, 2016, <mask> suffered a non-contact injury to his left leg.A subsequent MRI confirmed that he tore his ACL and suffered other structural damage, including a dislocation of the knee joint. As a result, <mask> missed the rest of the 2016 season. After the loss of <mask> for at least the 2016 season, the Vikings traded a first-round pick in the 2017 NFL Draft and a conditional fourth-round pick in the 2018 NFL Draft to the Philadelphia Eagles for quarterback Sam Bradford. In 2016, the Vikings went 8–8, finishing third in the NFC North and missing the playoffs, despite


texts:
 starting the season with a 5–0 record. 2017 season
Originally, the media reported that <mask>'s injury would keep him out for 17–19 months, meaning he would miss the entire 2017 season. In January 2017, doctors confirmed that the healing would indeed take 19 months. On May 1, 2017, the Vikings declined the fifth-year option on <mask>'s contract, making him a free agent after the 2017 season.<mask> began throwing and doing individual work in May at Vikings mini-camps. Head coach Mike Zimmer said on June 6, that <mask> "has a long way to go" until he is fully healed, but was impressed by his rehabilitation progress to that point. However, on September 2, the Vikings announced that he would begin the season on the PUP list, meaning that he would miss the first six games to begin the year. On October 16, he was cleared to practice, but could not return to action for three more weeks. <mask> was activated off PUP to the active roster on November 8 to be Case Keenum's backup. <mask> entered the Week 15 game against the Cincinnati Bengals in relief of Keenum in the fourth quarter. The crowd gave <mask> a standing ovation as he walked onto the field.He finished with an interception out of two pass attempts as the Vikings won 34–7. New York Jets

On March 18, 2018, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the New York Jets. The contract only guaranteed a $500,000 signing bonus, though he could make up to a maximum of $15 million from a non-guaranteed salary and incentives. New Orleans Saints

2018 season
On August 29, 2018, the Jets traded <mask> and a 2019 sixth-round draft pick to the New Orleans Saints


texts:
 for a 2019 third-round draft pick. <mask> made his Saints debut on October 8 against the Washington Redskins, taking a knee twice to close out the game. He did this in two more games later in the season. On December 28, with the Saints already having locked up the #1 seed, it was announced that <mask> would start in the season finale against the Carolina Panthers.Making his first start since 2015, <mask> finished the game completing 14 of 22 passes for 118 yards, a touchdown, and an interception as the Saints lost 14–33. He also rushed for 12 yards. 2019 season
On March 15, 2019, <mask> signed a one-year, $7.25 million fully guaranteed contract with the Saints. During Week 2, he replaced Drew Brees, who left with a right thumb injury, completing 17 of 30 passes for 165 yards in a 27–9 loss to the Los Angeles Rams. Due to Brees's injury, <mask> was named the starting quarterback for Week 3. In that game, <mask> completed 19 of 27 passes for 177 yards and two touchdowns as the Saints defeated the Seattle Seahawks on the road by a score of 33-27. This was the first game where <mask> threw for more than one touchdown in a game since week 15 of the 2015 season.In Week 5 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, <mask> threw for 314 yards, four touchdowns, and one interception in the 31–24 win. In Week 6, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had 240 passing yards and one passing touchdown in the 13–6 victory. In Week 7, against the Chicago Bears, he had 281 passing yards and two passing touchdowns. Brees returned from his injury in Week 8 against the Arizona Cardinals. Carolina Panthers

On March 26, 2020,


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 <mask> signed a three-year, $63 million contract with the Carolina Panthers. <mask> made his debut with the Panthers in Week 1 against the Las Vegas Raiders. During the game, <mask> threw for 269 yards, including a 75-yard touchdown to former Jets' teammate Robby Anderson, in the 30–34 loss.During Week 2 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, <mask> finished with 367 passing yards and two interceptions as the Panthers lost 17–31. In Week 3 against the Los Angeles Chargers, <mask> threw for 235 yards and one touchdown during the 21–16 win. This was <mask>'s first win as a Panther. In Week 5 against the Atlanta Falcons, <mask> threw for 313 yards and two touchdowns during the 23–16 win. In Week 9 against the Kansas City Chiefs, <mask> threw for 310 yards and two touchdowns and rushed for 19 yards and another touchdown during the 31–33 loss. <mask> finished the season with career high totals in several statistics, including completions (340), passing yards (3,733), touchdowns (15), and rushing yards (279). Denver Broncos
On April 28, 2021, weeks after the Panthers acquired Sam Darnold in a trade with the Jets, <mask> was traded to the Denver Broncos in exchange for a 2021 sixth-round pick.The team brought in <mask> to compete with incumbent quarterback Drew Lock, and the players split starts throughout the 2021 preseason. On August 25, 2021, the Broncos announced that <mask> had won the starting job. On September 12, <mask> made his Broncos debut on the road against the New York Giants, completing 28-of-36 passes for 264 yards and two touchdowns in a 27–13 season-opening victory. He then led the team to

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 2–0 with a victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 2 with a 328-yard, two-touchdown day. <mask> suffered a concussion in the Broncos Week 15 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals ruling him out for the rest of the season. <mask> was placed on injured reserve on January 5, 2022. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

NFL records
 First rookie quarterback to ever complete over 70% of his passes in four straight games.Vikings franchise records
 Most wins in a season by a rookie starting quarterback: 6
 Highest single season completion percentage by a rookie: 64.4
 Highest single season passer rating by a rookie: 85.2
 Most passing attempts in a season by a rookie: 402
 Most games with 30 passing attempts by a rookie: 6
 Most games with 40 passing attempts by a rookie: 3
 Most completions in a season by a rookie: 259
 Most passing yards by a rookie quarterback: 2,919
 Longest pass by a rookie quarterback: 87
 Most completions in a game by a rookie: 31 (December 14, 2014)
 Highest completion percentage in a single game by a rookie quarterback with at least 40 attempts: 75.6% (December 14, 2014)

Personal life
<mask> grew up in Miami as the youngest of four children to a single mother. He is a Christian. He graduated from the University of Louisville with a degree in Sports Administration after the 2013 college football season. His mother, Rose, is a breast cancer survivor. In 2014, soon after her son was drafted by the Vikings, Cadillac presented a pink Escalade to Rose when they learned that <mask> had wanted to get her one since he was in the third grade. References

External

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 links

Denver Broncos bio
 Louisville Cardinals bio

1992 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
American football quarterbacks
Carolina Panthers players
Denver Broncos players
Louisville Cardinals football players
Miami Northwestern Senior High School alumni
Minnesota Vikings players
New Orleans Saints players
New York Jets players
Players of American football from Miami
Unconferenced Pro Bowl


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<mask> (born 1964) is an American writer, consultant and teacher on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies and journalism. In 2017 he was appointed Vice Provost of Educational Technologies of New York University (NYU), after serving as Chief Information Officer at NYU Shanghai from 2014 to 2017. He also is an associate professor at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute and Associate Arts Professor at the Tisch School of the Arts' Interactive Telecommunications Program. His courses address, among other things, the interrelated effects of the topology of social networks and technological networks, how our networks shape culture and vice versa. He has written and been interviewed about the Internet since 1996. His columns and writings have appeared in Business 2.0, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, the Harvard Business Review and Wired. Shirky divides his time between consulting, teaching, and writing on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies.His consulting practice is focused on the rise of decentralized technologies such as peer-to-peer, web services, and wireless networks that provide alternatives to the wired client–server infrastructure that characterizes the World Wide Web. He is a member of the Wikimedia Foundation's advisory board. In The Long Tail, Chris Anderson calls <mask> "a prominent thinker on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies." Education and career

After graduating from Yale University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in fine art in 1986, he moved to New York. In the 1990s he founded the Hard Place Theater, a theatre company that produced non-fiction theater using only found materials such as government documents, transcripts and cultural records and also worked as a lighting designer for other theater and

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 dance companies, including the Wooster Group, Elevator Repair Service and Dana Reitz. During this time, <mask> was vice-president of the New York chapter of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and wrote technology guides for Ziff Davis. He appeared as an expert witness on cyberculture in Shea v. Reno, a case cited in the U. S. Supreme Court's decision to strike down the Communications Decency Act in 1996.<mask> was the first Professor of New Media in the Media Studies department at Hunter College, where he developed the MFA in Integrated Media Arts program. In the Fall of 2010, <mask> was a visiting Morrow Lecturer at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government instructing a course titled: "New Media and Public Action". Views
In his book Here Comes Everybody, <mask> explains how he has long spoken in favor of crowdsourcing and collaborative efforts online. He uses the phrase "the Internet runs on love" to describe the nature of such collaborations. In the book, he  discusses the ways in which the action of a group adds up to something more than just aggregated individual action borrowing the phrase "more is different" from physicist Philip Warren Anderson. <mask> asserts that collaborative crowdsourced work results from "a successful fusion  of a plausible promise, an effective tool, and an acceptable bargain with the users." He states that the promise of what the user will get out of participating in a project leads to a person's desire to get involved.Collaborators will then choose the best social networking tool to do the job. One that "must be designed to fit the job being done, and it must help people do something they actually want to do." The bargain, <mask> states, defines what collaborators expect from each other's participation in the project. <mask>'s 'Promise, Tool,

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 Bargain' premise restates aspects of the Uses and Gratifications Theory of mass media research. He points to four key steps. The first is sharing, a sort of "me-first collaboration" in which the social effects are aggregated after the fact; people share links, URLs, tags, and eventually come together around a type. This type of sharing is a reverse of the so-called old order of sharing, where participants congregate first and then share (examples include Flickr, and Delicious).The second is conversation, that is, the synchronization of people with each other and the coming together to learn more about something and to get better at it. The third is collaboration, in which a group forms under the purpose of some common effort. It requires a division of labor, and teamwork. It can often be characterized by people wanting to fix a market failure, and is motivated by increasing accessibility. The fourth and final step is collective action, which <mask> says is "mainly still in the future." The key point about collective action is that the fate of the group as a whole becomes important. <mask> also introduces his theory of mass amateurization:

Combined with the lowering of transaction costs associated with creating content, mass amateurization of publishing changes the question from "Why publish this?"to "Why not?" Tied to mass amateurization is the idea of publish-then-filter which is now required due to the mere size and amount of material being created on a daily basis. <mask> calls this mass amateurization of filtering a forced move. He uses the Portland Pattern Repository, which introduced the wiki concept that inspired Wikipedia, as an example of this new marriage of mass content creation and mass filtering. In 2010 <mask> published Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a

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 Connected Age which expands on themes introduced in Here Comes Everybody. The book follows concepts he introduced in a Web 2. 0 conference presentation April 23, 2008 called "Gin, Television, and Social Surplus", Herein he popularizes the concept of cognitive surplus, the time freed from watching television which can be enormously productive when applied to other social endeavors.Technology has turned many past consumers into producers. This new production capacity, combined with humanity's willingness to share, can change society if applied to civic endeavors. <mask> introduces Cognitive Surplus as a continuation of his work in Here Comes Everybody. "This book picks up where that one left off, starting with the observation that the wiring of humanity lets us treat free time as a shared global resource, and lets us design new kinds of participation and sharing that take advantage of that resource." <mask> has also written about "algorithmic authority," which describes the process through which unverified information is vetted for its trustworthiness through multiple sources. Institutions vs collaboration
In July 2005, <mask> gave a talk titled "Institutions vs collaboration" as a part of TEDGlobal 2005. This presentation reveals many of the ideas and concepts that would ultimately be presented in Here Comes Everybody and in future TED talks.Shirky compares the coordination costs between groups formed under traditional institutions and those formed by groups which "build cooperation into the infrastructure." Classic institutions have to create economic, management, legal and physical structures and inherently, by creating these rigid structures, must exclude large numbers of people. Companies like Flickr, however, having built "cooperation into the infrastructure" of their company, do not

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texts: have to build massive infrastructure nor exclude large groups of potential contributors. Shirky states that since many social systems follow the Pareto principle wherein 20% of contributors account for 80% of contributions, traditional institutions lose out of the long tail of contributors by turning only the few that dominate the distribution into employees. The cooperative infrastructure model escapes having to lose this resource. Shirky presents an institution as enabler and institution as obstacle concept. The relatively small number of high-volume contributors can be assimilated, as employees, into the old-style corporate model and thus can live in an "institution-as-enabler world".The long tail of contributors, however, who make few and infrequent contributions, see institutions as an obstacle as they would never have been hired, therefore, disenfranchised. <mask> argues that an idea or contribution may be infrequent and significant. Furthermore, all of the long tail contributors, taken in aggregate, can be substantial. One pitfall of the "mass amateurs" creating their own groups is that not all niches that are filled will be positive ones; <mask> presents pro-ana groups as an example. Shirky closes by stating that the migration from institutions to self-organizing, collaborative groups will be incomplete and will not end in a utopian society. Rather, chaos will follow as was created by the advent of the printing press before it, and that this period of transition will last roughly fifty years. <mask> claims that our actions and behavior are generated by convenience.Writer and analyst Megan Garber writes: "The more people we have participating in media, and the more people we have consuming it—and the more people we have, in particular, creating it—the better. Not because bigger is


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 implicitly better than the alternative compact, but because abundance changes the value proposition of media as a resource." According to Jay Baer by making collaboration more convenient for the user, it will eventually become a more commonplace. Further, enhancing the outcome of collaboration will instill motivation within the users. According to Audrey Tang, <mask> has coined the phrase "cognitive surplus", to describe the way that time spent on the internet can have an increasing social value. Evolution of asymmetric media
In June 2009, <mask> participated in a TED@State talk titled "How cellphones, Twitter and Facebook can make history" aka "How social media can make history." In the talk, he explains that this is the first time in history that communication is possible from many to many.In the past, communication to a large group excluded the possibility of having a conversation, and having a conversation meant not interacting with a group and instead was necessarily a one-to-one structure. <mask> labels this incongruous exchange as asymmetric. In <mask>'s view, this feature is one of the main reasons that the internet revolution is different from communication revolutions that preceded it. The second difference between the twentieth and twenty-first century communication revolution, Shirky states, is now all media is digitized. This means that the Internet now encapsulates all forms of media from the past and the medium itself has become the site of exchange, not just a means of exchange. Finally, the Internet allows people to create content, thus the line between producers and consumers has become blurred. As <mask> puts it, "Every time a new consumer joins this media landscape, a new producer joins as well."Even countries like China, as <mask> gives as an example, go to great lengths

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 to control information exchange on the Internet but are having trouble as the "amateurization" of media creation has effectively turned every owner of a cellphone and Twitter account into a journalist. The populace as a whole, <mask> claims, is a force much harder to control than a handful of professional news sources. He compares the "Great Firewall of China" to the Maginot Line as both were built to protect from external threats but that is not where the majority of content is being created in this new media landscape. As an example of the potential of this two-way, collaborative environment <mask> believes we are now living in, he presents as a case study MyBarackObama.com. Over the issue of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, members of the website were upset over Obama's announcement that he was changing his stance and that now he was going to sign the bill "that granted immunity for possibly warrantless spying on American persons." Despite the disagreement between the President and the posters opposed to his altered view, <mask> cites the mere fact that the President posted a reply to their concerns, instead of persecuting/ignoring the group, as hope for the future of this new form of mass media. Shirky principle

In April 2010, Kevin Kelly cited the phrase "Institutions will try to preserve the problem to which they are the solution", and called it the "Shirky Principle", as the phrasing reminded him of the clarity of the Peter Principle.Communal value vs civic value
In June 2010, <mask> participated in TED@Cannes wherein he spoke about cognitive surplus and its role furthering communal and civic value. The talk was titled, "How cognitive surplus will change the world," and the possibility for change, which <mask> presents, runs the spectrum at one end with communal value being

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 increased and at the other end with civic value being furthered. Digital technology has allowed human generosity and "the world's free time and talents," which <mask> calls cognitive surplus, to combine and create a new form of creative expression. This creative expression can take the form of lolcats or endeavors such as Ushahidi; the former <mask> says increases communal value, "it is created by the participants for each other" for simple amusement, whereas the latter he cites furthers civic value meaning the group action is taken to benefit society as a whole. <mask> then presents the view that society lives under social constraint and that these social constraints can create a culture that is "more generous than" the environment created by contractual constraints alone. Understanding where the economic or contractual motivation of a situation ends and where the social part begins, <mask> claims is key when designing to maximize generosity. This being the case, to have society use its "trillion hours a year of participatory value" to advance civic value, society itself simply needs to prize, and collectively praise, endeavors like Ushahidi.<mask> wrote an essay about the aspects of online community building through broadcast media. As members of a broad social community and users of media outlets, Shirky suggests ways in which we can  build up this type of society. Shirky suggests five different things to think about when dealing with broadcast media outlets:
Audiences are built. Communities grow. Communities face a tradeoff between size and focus. Participation matters more than quality. You may own the software, but the community owns itself.The community will want to build. Help it, or at least let it. Response to Evgeny Morozov on consulting for the Libyan government
In March 2011,

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 <mask> responded to questions raised by Evgeny Morozov about consulting he had done for the Libyan government. Morozov tweeted "With <mask> consulting the Libyan govt, it's now clear why dictators are so smart about the Web". <mask> explained he had been invited in 2007 to speak in Boston to Libya's IT Minister. <mask> stated the talk was "about using social software to improve citizen engagement in coastal towns. The idea was that those cities would be more economically successful if local policies related to the tourist trade were designed by the locals themselves."<mask> added that nothing came of the project beyond his initial talk. He defended his underlying desire to expand representative government in Libya and concluded that "the best reason to believe that social media can aid citizens in their struggle to make government more responsive is that both citizens and governments believe that." Reaction to SOPA
In January 2012, at TED Salon NY, <mask> gave a talk titled "Why SOPA is a bad idea." He cites SOPA as a way for traditional, mass media producers to "raise the cost of copyright compliance to the point where people simply get out of the business of offering it as a capability to amateurs." After an offending internet site is identified, with the identification process itself not specified in the bill, the targeted site will be removed from the Domain Name System (DNS). <mask> claims since you can still use the static IP address of the site in question, removal from DNS is futile. He identifies the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 as a law that was able to delineate between sharing with your friends as being legal and selling for commercial gain as illegal.Unsatisfied, media companies, <mask> claims, continued to push government to create more sweeping legislation which would

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 hinder any form of sharing. This pressure, in 1998, created the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. It was now legal for media companies to sell uncopyable material although uncopyable digital material does not exist. To remedy this fact, <mask> states that media companies now tried to break consumer's computer hardware to create the illusion that the media they purchased was indeed uncopyable. Whereas DMCA was "surgical," SOPA is "nuclear" since the law stipulates any sites pointing to "illegal" content may be censored. Ultimately, <mask> points out the public-at-large is by far the largest producers of content and they are the ones which will be censured. They will be presumed guilty until they can prove the content they published is not illegal.This turns the American legal system on its head. He closes by encouraging Americans to contact their senators and congressmen and reminding them they prefer "not to be treated like a thief." Distributed version control and democracy
On June 29, 2012, <mask> participated in Session 12: Public Sphere of TEDGlobal 2012. <mask> made the observation that many of the technological advancements in communication throughout history, from the printing press to the television, were heralded as harbingers of world peace yet ended up creating greater dissent. "The more ideas there are in circulation, the more ideas there are for any individual to disagree with." However, <mask> claims, with this increased "arguing," comes an increased "speed" of information exchange. <mask> cites "The Invisible College" as an example of a group that was able to utilize this effect created by the printing press, via the scientific journal, to help launch the scientific revolution.He then states we are in a similar period today with open-source programmers and their use of


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 distributed version control or DVCS. DVCS, he argues, allows for "more arguments" to be made into "better arguments". DVCS also allows for "cooperation without coordination" which <mask> states is "the big change". He then suggests that DVCS fits naturally with law as it, and software development, are "dependency-related." <mask> presents another application for DVCS – drafting legislation. He cites Open Legislation, a listing of legislative information from the New York State Senate and Assembly, as an early step in that direction. The talk culminates with <mask> posing the open question of whether or not government will transition from striving towards one-way transparency to mutual collaboration and suggests if it does, there is already a "new form of arguing" centered around DVCS to aid the transition.Bibliography
 The Internet by E-Mail (1994) –
 Voices from the Net (1995) –
 P2P Networking Overview (2001) –

 Planning for Web Services: Obstacles and Opportunities (2003) –
 Selected Articles in The Best Software Writing I, Joel Spolsky ed. (2005) –
 "A Group is its Own Worst Enemy" by <mask>
 "Group as User: Flaming and the Design of Social Software" by <mask>
 Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations (2008) –
 Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age (2010) –
 Little Rice: Smartphones, Xiaomi, and the Chinese Dream (2015) –

See also
 Networked advocacy

Footnotes

References

External links

  <mask>'s Bio

 Clay Shirky's writings on the O'Reilly Network

 Socially Intelligent Computing A Dialogue with Daniel Goleman
 "It's Not Information Overload. It's Filter Failure." Video, <mask> at Web 2.0 Expo NY, Sept. 16–19, 2008. Video (and audio) of interview/discussion with <mask> by Will Wilkinson on Bloggingheads.tv
 Let a

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 Thousand Flowers Bloom A talk about journalism and pay walls. – Colloquium @ NYU. Ontology is Overrated: Links, Tags, and Post-hoc Metadata – a presentation (MP3) from the O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference held in San Diego, California, March 14–17, 2005.1964 births
American technology writers
Internet culture
Living people
New York University faculty
Writers from Columbia, Missouri
Technology evangelists
Wikimedia Foundation Advisory Board members
Yale University


texts: <mask><mask> is a cultural anthropologist, Professorial Research Associate at SOAS, University of London, Professor Emerita at Loyola University Chicago, and an Adjunct Curator at the Field Museum of Natural History. Her award-winning books include Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia and The Ethnography of Tourism: Edward Bruner and Beyond (with N. Leite and Q. Casteneda)'. Additional books authored by <mask> include 'Everyday Life in Southeast Asia (With K. Gillogly), Indonesia: History, Heritage, Culture, and Home and Hegemony: Domestic Service and Identity Politics in South and Southeast Asia (with S. Dickey). <mask> is best known for her research on cultural transformations in island Southeast Asia, (especially Toraja society in Indonesia), and her contributions to critical tourism studies, heritage studies, and museum studies. A former Fulbright recipient, <mask> received a B.A. in anthropology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and an M.A./Ph.D. in cultural anthropology at the University of Washington.<mask> previously held the Mouat Family Endowed Chair for Junior Faculty  at Beloit College in Wisconsin, and was visiting professor at Loyola University Chicago's John Felice Rome Center, Ateneo de Manila University, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, the National University of Singapore and on several University of Virginia Semester at Sea voyages. <mask> is currently (2021-2022) a Visiting Fellow at The Center for Tourism Research at Wakayama University. <mask>' book on the politics of art and tourism in Sulawesi (Indonesia) won the Alpha Sigma Nu

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 award as the best social science book published in 2007–2009 by faculty at Jesuit institutions. Her book The Ethnography of Tourism: Edward Bruner and Beyond(co-edited with Leite and Casteneda) received the Anthropology of Tourism Interest Group's 2020 best book award. A Fulbright awardee (1984–85) and Isaac Manasseh Meyer Fellowship (1999) recipient, <mask>' work has been supported by the American Philosophical Society and other foundations. She received Loyola University's Sujack Master Researcher Award twice (2016 and 2020), Loyola University Chicago's 2007 Sujack Award for Teaching Excellence, and recognition by Princeton Review as one of the "300 best professors" in the US and Canada in 2012. Significant publications
 2020 "(Post-) Pandemic Tourism Resiliency: Southeast Asian Lives and Livelihoods in Limbo."Tourism Geographies. 2020 "What Western Tourism Concepts Obscure: Intersections of Tourism and Migration in Indonesia." Tourism Geographies. 2019 "Indonesia: History, Heritage, Culture Key Issues in Asian Studies Series. Ann Arbor: Association for Asian Studies Press. 2019 "The Ethnography of Tourism: Edward Bruner and Beyond (Co-edited with N. Leite and Q. Casteneda. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.2018 "Revisiting "Wonderful Indonesia": Tourism, Economy, and Society". The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia, ed. by Robert Hefner. Abingdon on Thames: Routledge. 2018 "Local Strategies for Economic Survival in Touristically Volatile Times: An Indonesian Case Study of Microvendors, Gendered Cultural Practices, and Resilience." Tourism Culture & Communication 18(4): 287–301. 2018 "A Room with a View:


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 Local Knowledge and Tourism Entrepreneurship in an Unlikely Indonesian Locale.” (with D. Sandarupa), Asian Journal of Tourism Research.3(1): 1-26. 2018 "Leisure in the 'Land of the Walking Dead': Western Mortuary Tourism, the Internet, and Zombie Pop Culture in Toraja, Indonesia." In Leisure and Death: An Anthropological Tour of Risk, Death and Dying, ed. by A. Kaul and J. Skinner. Boulder: Univ. of Colorado Press. 2015 "Families, Funerals and Facebook: Reimag(in)ing and Curating Toraja Kin in Translocal Times.” TRaNS: Trans –Regional and –National Studies of Southeast Asia, 3(2).2015 Guest Editor of Special Issue "Back to the Future? Emergent Visions for Object-Based Teaching in and Beyond the Classroom.” Museum Anthropology, Vol 38(2). 2012  "Love American Style and Divorce Toraja Style: Lessons from a Tale of Mutual Reflexivity in Indonesia,” Critical Arts 26(2). 2011 Everyday Life in Southeast Asia. Indiana University Press. (With <mask>ly). 2010 "Courting and Consorting with the Global: The Local Politics of an Emerging World Heritage Site in Sulawesi, Indonesia.” In V.T.King, M. Parnwell & M. Hitchcock (eds.) Heritage Tourism in Southeast Asia, NIAS Press & Univ. of Hawai'i Press. 2008 “The Janus-Faced Character of Tourism in Cuba: Ideological Continuity and Change.” Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1):27-46. Co-authored with Peter Sanchez. 2006	Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism, and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia. University of Hawaii Press.(Winner of the 2009 Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities Alpha Sigma Nu National Book Award, best in Social Sciences 2007-2009)
 2005	“Public


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 Interest Anthropology in Heritage Sites: Writing Culture and Righting Wrongs.” International Journal of Heritage Studies, 11(5):433-439. 2005 “Generating Theory, Tourism & “World Heritage” in Indonesia: Ethical Quandaries for Practicing Anthropologists.” National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin, 23:45-59. Part of a Special Issue on “Anthropological Contributions to Travel & Tourism: Linking Theory with Practice.”
 2004  “The Genesis of Touristic Imagery: Politics and Poetics in the Creation of a Remote Indonesian Island Destination.”  Tourist Studies, 4(2):115-135. 2000 Home and Hegemony: Domestic Service and Identity Politics in South and Southeast Asia''. University of Michigan Press. (With Sara Dickey). References

Other sources

External links
<mask><mask> at Academia.edu
<mask>. <mask> Faculty Page

Living people
American anthropologists
American women anthropologists
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
University of Washington alumni
Indonesianists
Beloit College faculty
Cultural anthropologists
Tradition
Tourism researchers
People from San Francisco
Writers about globalization
Social anthropologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics
21st-century American

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<mask> (February 24, 1811 – June 19, 1881) was a United States Representative, Senator, and the 13th Governor of Indiana; he was by design the shortest-serving Governor of Indiana, having made plans to resign the office should his party take control of the Indiana General Assembly and elect him to the United States Senate. He held that office for only two days, and was known for his opposition to slavery. A Whig until the party collapsed, he supported compromise with the south. He became an early leader in the Republican Party starting in 1856 serving as the president of the first party convention, delivering its keynote address, and was influential in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. With the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became a full-fledged abolitionist, and in the Senate he was a pro-Union advocate and a strong supporter of the war effort to end the rebellion. Early life

Family and background
<mask> was born in Bath County, Kentucky near Sharpsburg on February 24, 1811, the son of James H. and <mask>. He received a classical education from private tutors and studied law; he was admitted to the bar in Mount Sterling, Kentucky in 1832.He moved to Crawfordsville, Indiana, in 1835 working at the Bank of Indiana and opening a law office, taking mainly criminal cases. <mask> was an opponent of slavery early in life, and came to support <mask> while he lived in Kentucky. At age 20, he delivered an anti-slavery speech to the Colonization Society in October 1831. In the speech he declared, "The History of all times admonishes us that no man or community of men can be kept forever in slavery." While <mask> opposed to expansion of slavery he was not in favor of abolition, but like <mask> he believed that over time slavery would die out if it was prevented from spreading. In 1833 he married to Pamela Bledsoe Jameson. The couple had no children, and his wife was killed in a stage coach accident

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texts:
 1842; <mask> escaped the accident with only minor injuries.Active in Whig politics, he was a member of the Indiana Senate in 1837 as a representative of Montgomery County and a member of the Indiana House of Representatives in 1838–39. <mask> was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1840 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Tilghman A. Howard, he won reelection defeating John Bryce by overwhelming majority the next year, and served until 1843. He did not seek reelection to a second full term. While in office, he was in favor of compromising with the south over the slavery issue and openly condemned the abolitionists agitators as promoting disunity. Mexican–American War
During the 1844 elections, <mask> stumped most of Indiana for presidential candidate <mask>. He married Joanna Maria Elston, a daughter of Isaac Compton Elston, a major investor in the Bank of Indiana in 1845. <mask> returned to his law practice after the election and remained there until the outbreak of the Mexican–American War.In May 1846, <mask> attended the war meeting held in Indianapolis, and became and active member, writing part of the resolutions the meeting issued, pledging troops for the invasion of Mexico. After the meeting, <mask> set out to personally raise a company of men to join the war effort, and he served during the war at its head, and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel of the First Regiment Indiana Infantry. His regiment spent most of the war in Mexico, guarding supply lines and military posts, and saw little action. When his companies' enlistment expired, <mask> returned to Indiana by ship, landing in Madison, Indiana. He there confronted many members of the Whig party who were opposed to the war and publicly decried their lack of support for the cause. <mask> then set out to organize a new company and set out again for Mexico as part of the Fifth Indiana Regiment Infantry, and remained

masks:
Lane
Lane
Lane
Henry Clay
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane
Lane


texts:
 in Mexico for the duration of the war. Shifting parties
After returning from the war, <mask> was a candidate for Congress in 1849, challenging Joseph E. McDonald.The election was a close contest, but <mask> was ultimately defeated and returned to private life. He abandoned the profession of law and engaged in the banking business at Crawfordsville in 1854. The same year the Know Nothing Party was established and <mask> joined, along with many other disaffected Whigs. In the legislature he was a strong supporter of sending a Know-Nothing candidate to the United States Senate. The debate began the start of a period of divisive state politics that would continue until the American Civil War. The Democrats refused to allow the new party any national representation, and Ashbel Willard, who was President of the State Senate, was able to lock up voting and prevent any Senator from being elected. The situation exploded and the Know-Nothings responded by locking up the entire General Assembly.The results were disastrous and the Know-Nothing party quickly fell apart, but the battle brought <mask> national fame in standing up to the Democrats. In 1856 <mask> attended the first Republican National Convention. He was elected president of the convention and gained national recognition for his oratory. After the convention he returned to Indiana and stumped the state for the new party. That year Republicans gained a strong representation in the General Assembly and, with the support of some Democrats, were able to elect <mask> and William McCarty to the United States Senate. The two men went to Washington to challenge the state's sitting senators, but the Senate refused to accept the new senators. In 1857, the Missouri Compromise was repealed.The act had a profound effect on <mask>'s position on slavery. While before he had supported compromise on the issue, the law's repeal led him to become a full-fledged

masks: Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane


texts:
 abolitionist and favor anti-slavery action on the national level. Republican

Gubernatorial campaign
<mask> returned to Indiana where he continued to spread the ideas of the new party. In 1860, the state Republican convention chose <mask> to run for governor, and Oliver Morton as lieutenant governor. They challenged Thomas Hendricks on the Democratic ticket. Prior to the election it was negotiated that <mask> would be elected to the Senate and Morton would continue as governor. The men canvased the entire state.After a major speech in Evansville, <mask> attended the second Republican National Convention, and was influential in helping Abraham Lincoln win the presidential nomination. <mask> and Lincoln had a friendly relationship and Lincoln once said of <mask>, "Here comes an uglier man than I am". Returning to Indiana after the convention, he held a final debate with Hendricks in Fort Wayne. <mask> was not as skilled a debater as Hendricks, but was considered a superior orator. <mask> refused to have any more debates with his opponent, and instead traveled across the state again giving speeches. The election was close and <mask> defeated Hendricks by about 1,000 votes and was elected governor; he was inaugurated January 14, 1861. However, he served just two days, and resigned to accept a seat in the U.S. Senate to honor the agreement with running mate Morton, who then became governor.Senator
<mask> was again elected by the Republican-controlled Indiana Legislature, but again the Democratic-dominated U.S. Senate refused to seat him. As southern states began to secede from the Union, however, the Southern majority quickly gave way and <mask> was permitted to be seated. He served from March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1867, and was a supporter of President Lincoln's policies during the Civil War. While in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills (Thirty-seventh through Thirty-ninth

masks: Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane Lane


texts:
 Congresses) and a member of the Committee on Pensions (Thirty-ninth Congress). Return to private life

After his Senate term ended, <mask> returned to Crawfordsville, never again to hold elected office. He served as special Indian commissioner from 1869 to 1871, and was commissioner for improvement of the Mississippi River, appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant. On June 18, 1881, <mask> entertained some friends at his home in Crawfordsville for the evenings.After the party he began to have severe chest pains, and he died the next afternoon, June 19 around 1 pm, of an apparent heart-attack. His death was reported nationally, and biers were held nationwide. <mask> was buried on June 21, his pallbearers being former governors of the state, and fellow senators. He was buried in a vault in Oak Hill Cemetery, and that state erected a monument over his grave. See also

 List of governors of Indiana

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Dumas Malone (ed. ), Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 5, part 2, New York:Charles Scribner's Sons (1961), pp.574–575. External links
 Retrieved on 2009-04-23

 Biography and Jacob Cox portrait from the Indiana Historical Bureau

1811 births
1881 deaths
Members of the Indiana House of Representatives
Indiana state senators
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana
Governors of Indiana
United States senators from Indiana
Indiana lawyers
American bankers
Indiana Republicans
Indiana Whigs
United States Army officers
People from Bath County, Kentucky
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of Indiana in the American Civil War
Union political leaders
People from Indiana in the Mexican–American War
American Methodists
Indiana Know Nothings
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Republican Party United States senators
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American

masks: Lane Lane Lane


texts:
<mask> (15 December 1926 – 9 January 2014), also known as <mask>, was a Spanish Catalan writer, poet, literacy critic, publisher and editor. Born in Barcelona, he began his career in writing in 1955, and wrote novels and poetry in both Catalan and Spanish. His final novel was published in 2012. He played an outstanding role in the Spanish and Catalan culture life of the second half of the 20th century. He was the chief editor of the publishing house Edicions 62 (1964–1996) and afterwards president of the Grup 62. He was the founder and first president of the Associació d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana (Catalan writers association), a board member of the Comunità europea degli scrittori, the Prix international de Littérature jury and the dean of the Institució de les Lletres Catalanes (Institution of Catalan letters). <mask> died on 9 January 2014, aged 87, in his hometown of Barcelona.Biography
Castellet received his education as a literary critic by working for university magazines. His biographers stress his active participation in the editorial board of the magazine Laye (1950–1954), where he held a critical position towards contemporary Spanish literature, and the first publication of an article collection Notas sobre literatura española contemporánea (Notes on contemporary Spanish literature, 1955). His willingness for renewal and the discovery of the European literary critique through the Laye group led him to write La hora del lector (The reader's hour, 1957). As he wanted to make known a group of young poets that had started publishing in Laye

masks:
Josep Maria Castellet Díaz de Cossío
José María Castellet
Josep Maria Castellet


texts: (Carlos Barral, Jaime Gil de Biedma and José Agustín Goytisolo), he published the polemic anthology Veinte años de poesía española (20 years of Spanish poetry, 1960) that postulated historic realism. Ten years later a new anthology, Nueve novísimos poetas españoles (Nine brand-new Spanish poets, 1970), marked a change to new poetic tendencies after realism. In 1963 Castellet published, together with Joaquim Molas, Poesia catalana del segle XX (20th century Catalan poetry) guided by historic realism, a concept that he developed theoretically in Poesia, realisme, història (Poetry, realism, history, 1965). His work as a critic during that time centered on two important books that are still considered works of reference: the structuralist reading of the poetry by Espriu —Iniciació a la poesia de Salvador Espriu (Initiation to Salvador Espriu's poetry, 1971)— and the analysis of the narrative richness of <mask> Pla's work, Josep Pla o la raó narrativa (Josep Pla or narrative reason, 1978).In Per un debat sobre la cultura a Catalunya (For a debate on culture in Catalonia, 1983) he reflected on the role of culture in the recently democratic state and the frame of the autonomous region of Catalonia. His last works consisted of memories; the first one, not published until 2007 was Dietari de 1973 (Diary of 1973). He started this presentation of himself and his times in {{lang|ca|Els escenaris de la  (Memory's stages, 1988), went on with  (Seducers, enlightened and visionaries, 2009) and  (Confidential memories of a publisher. Three befriended writers, 2012).


texts:
 Work
 1955. (Notes on contemporary Spanish literature), Laye, Barcelona. 1957.(The reader's hour), Seix Barral, Barcelona (Italian translation: Einaudi, Torino, 1957). 1958. (The spiritual evolution of E. Hemingway), Taurus, Madrid. 1960. (Twenty years of Spanish poetry), Seix Barral, Barcelona, 2d ed., 1969; 3d ed., 1962. (Italian translation: Feltrinelli, Torino, 1962). Further editions under the title:  (A Quarter of a Century of Spanish Poetry), Seix Barral, Barcelona, 1966, 1969, 1973.1963. (20th century Catalan poetry), Edicions 62, Barcelona, 5th ed., 1980. (Together with Joaquim Molas). 1965. (Poetry, realism, history), Edicions 62, Barcelona. 1969. (Reading Marcuse), Edicions 62, Barcelona.(Originally published in Catalan. Spanish version: Seix Barral, Barcelona, Reprinted 1971). 1969. (Eight centuries of Catalan poetry), Alianza Editorial, Madrid. (Bilingual anthology, together with J. Molas) Reedited 1976. 1970. (Nine brand-new Spanish poets), Barral Editores, Barcelona.(Italian translation: Einaudi, Torino, 1976). 1971. (Introduction to Salvador Espriu's poetry), Taurus Ediciones, Madrid, Taurus essay prize 1970. (Catalan edition: Edicions 62, Barcelona. Reedited: 1978, 1984). 1975. (Questions of literature, politics and society), Edicions 62, Barcelona.1976. (Literature, ideology and politics), Anagrama, Barcelona. 1977. (<mask>. Painting in liberty), Edicions 62, Barcelona. (Together with <mask> Moix). 1978.(Josep Pla or narrative reason), Edicions Destino, Barcelona. Josep Pla prize, 1978. (Spanish translation: Ediciones Península,

masks:
Maria Girona
Anna Maria


texts:
 Barcelona, 1982). 1979. (General anthology of Catalan poetry), Edicions 62, Barcelona. (Together with J. Molas). 1983.(For a debate on culture in Catalonia), Edicions 62, Barcelona. 1984. (The generation of 27. Poems), Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main. (Together with Pere Gimferrer). 1985. (Culture and the cultures), Argos Vergara, Barcelona.1987. (The reader's hour. Followed by Poetry, realism and history), Edicions 62, Barcelona. 1987. (Informal memories of a literary editor, taken from the book 'Edicions 62, 25 years (1962–1987)), Edicions 62, Barcelona. Edició novenal. 1988.(Memory's stages). Edicions 62, Barcelona. Reedited, 1995, 2009. 1988. (Memory's stages, in Spanish), Anagrama, Barcelona. 2001. {{lang|ca|La hora del lector (The reader's hour).(Critical edition by Laureano Bonet), Ediciones Península, Barcelona. 2001. (Nine brand-new. With a documentary appendix), Ediciones Península, Barcelona, 2001. New, corrected edition, with a  “sentimental appendix”, Ediciones Península, Barcelona, 2006. 2005. (Eight centuries of Catalan poetry), Edicions 62, Barcelona.(Together with J. Molas). 2007. (1973 Diary), Edicions 62, Barcelona. 2009. (Seducers, enlightened and visionaries). Edicions 62, Barcelona. 2010.(Seducers, enlightened and visionaries, in Spanish), Anagrama, Barcelona. 2012. (Confidential memories of a publisher. Three befriended writers), Edicions 62, Barcelona. Awards
 Taurus d'assaig (Taurus essay award), 1970. Gaziel de periodisme (Gaziel journalism award), 1977. Premi <mask> Pla de narrativa (Josep Pla Award) for Josep Pla o la raó


texts:
 narrativa, 1977.Premi Joanot Martorell de narrativa (Joanot Martorell award) for Escenaris de la memòria, 1987. Premi Crítica Serra d'Or de Literatura i Assaig#Biografies i memòries (Serra d'Or Critics award in the section of biography and memory) for Escenaris de la memòria, 1989. Premi de literatura catalana de la Generalitat, modalitat prosa (Catalan literature award for prose, awarded by the regional government of Catalonia), 1989. Premi Lletra d'Or (Golden Letter award) for Escenaris de la memòria, 1989. Premi Nacional a la Trajectòria Professional i Artística (National award for the professional and artistic lifetime achievement), 2009. Premi Crítica Serra d'Or de Literatura i Assaig#Biografies i memòries (Serra d'Or Critics award in the section of biography and memory) for Seductors, il·lustrats i visionaris. Sis personatges en temps adversos'', 2010.Premio Nacional de las Letras Españolas (National award of Spanish letters), 2010. Medals
 Creu de Sant Jordi of the Generalitat de Catalunya, 1983. Hungarian Medal Proculture of the Republic of Hungary, 1987. Officier de l'Ordre National du Mérite of the French government, 1988. Medalla de oro de las Bellas artes del Ministerio de Cultura, 1992. Medalla d'or al mèrit artístic de l'Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1993. Medalla d'Or de la Generalitat de Catalunya, 2003.References

External links

1926 births
2014 deaths
People from Barcelona
Catalan-language poets
Spanish literary critics
Spanish publishers (people)
Spanish editors
Spanish male poets
20th-century Spanish poets
20th-century Spanish male


texts:
<mask> (17 April 1981 – 29 April 2015) was an Australian who was convicted in Indonesia of drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005, <mask> was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta with eight others. Police found  of heroin in a suitcase in the room. According to court testimonies of convicted drug mules, <mask> and Andrew Chan were the co-ringleaders of the heroin-smuggling operation from Indonesia to Australia. After a criminal trial, Sukumaran was sentenced on 14 February 2006 by the Denpasar District Court to execution by firing squad. After lodging an appeal against his sentence, <mask>'s appeal was initially dismissed by the Bali High Court. A judicial review by the Indonesian Supreme Court on 6 July 2011 affirmed the death sentence.<mask>'s plea for clemency was rejected by the President of Indonesia Joko Widodo on 30 December 2014. He and Chan were executed on 29 April 2015. Early life and family
Myutan <mask> was born on 17 April 1981 in London. He was the eldest child of Sam and Raji <mask> who are Hindus of Sri Lankan Tamil origin. Sukumaran had a brother (Chintu) and a sister (Brintha). The family moved to Australia in 1985 and lived in Auburn, a western suburb of Sydney. <mask> was educated at Homebush Boys High School where he was known as "Myu."Although Andrew Chan also attended Homebush the pair were four years apart and mixed in different circles. Sukumaran told a psychiatrist that he faced bullying and racism at school. Only in his adolescence did he start making friends, mostly Chinese and Vietnamese, and started to feel accepted. After dropping out of university in the first year of his course, Sukumaran worked as a mail-room clerk at State Street Corporation, an American investment bank, and at the passport office in Sydney. He started using drugs and, attracted by fast cars, nightclubs and instant rewards, got involved in drug selling after a university friend introduced him to the criminal world. Sukumaran met Andrew

masks:
Myuran Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran


texts:
 Chan at a friend's party in 2002 and got involved in smuggling drugs from Indonesia to Australia. Trafficking conspiracy
Media reports based on the testimony of co-conspirator Renae Lawrence claim that she met Sukumaran through Andrew Chan.Sometimes referred to in the media as a "martial arts expert" or "the enforcer", Sukumaran trained in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. In an interview broadcast on SBS TV's Dateline program following his sentencing and appeal, <mask> said:

According to Lawrence, following earlier alleged threats from Chan, on 5 April 2005 Sukumaran met with Si Yi Chen, Martin Stephens and Lawrence at a Sydney hotel where police allege drug smuggling tools such as sealable plastic bags, medical tape, elastic waist bands and skin tight bike shorts were stuffed into the bags of Stephens and Lawrence. Lawrence claimed she was given cash; whilst Stephens claimed that his life was threatened. The following day, Sukumaran allegedly provided another group with cash for airflight tickets. On arrival in Bali, Sukumaran checked into the Hard Rock Hotel, where Chan had already arrived. Other members of the Bali Nine were staying at other hotels across Kuta. It is unclear what Sukumaran's movements were whilst in Bali.On the evening of 17 April, appearing like tourists, Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen, Chen and Matthew Norman checked into the Melasti Hotel. <mask>, who was also with them with his bags, left the bags with the others as he decided to go back to the Hard Rock Hotel complex. Arrest
<mask> was arrested on 17 April 2005, the day of his 24th birthday, at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta with Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen, Si Yi Chen and Matthew Norman. Indonesian police claim the group were in possession of  of heroin and bundles of plastic wrapping, Elastoplast tape, and a set of scales, indicating involvement in a plan to transport drugs to Australia. Earlier that day at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Indonesian police also arrested the following drug mules after they

masks: Sukumaran Sukumaran Sukumaran


texts:
 were found carrying various amounts of heroin concealed on their bodies. Martin Stephens was found to be carrying ; Renae Lawrence was found to be carrying ; Michael Czugaj was found to be carrying  and Scott Rush was found to be carrying  of heroin. Alleged co-ringleader, Andrew Chan, was also arrested the same day whilst seated on an Australian Airlines flight waiting to depart Denpasar for Sydney.At the time Chan was arrested, he was carrying three mobile phones and a boarding pass. No drugs were found in his possession. <mask> denied any involvement with the heroin seized at the airport or any heroin located at the premises upon his arrest. Up until his arrest in Indonesia, Australian and Indonesian police did not know the identity of the "dark skinned man". Indonesian police speculated that Sukumaran was Chan's bodyguard, because they were always together. Criticism of Australian Federal Police tipoff

Lee Rush, the father of Scott Rush, a fellow member of the Bali Nine, said that he contacted the Australian Federal Police (AFP) prior to the commission of the offence, fearing his son was travelling to Bali and would commit a drug-related crime. Rush senior said he received assurances from the AFP that it would tell his son he was under surveillance to dissuade him from going through with the crime before the group's departure from Indonesia.Scott Rush's lawyers said he was never contacted. It was revealed that the AFP alerted Indonesian police that a crime was to be committed approximately two weeks before the arrests, and had commenced an investigation about ten weeks prior to the arrests. When the Bali Nine were arrested, the news of the tipoff became public and there was criticism of the role of the AFP in protecting the interests of Australian citizens. Commenting on the matter at the time, AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty was reported as saying:

Rush took action in the Federal Court of Australia against the AFP for breach of the bilateral treaty between


texts:
 Indonesia and Australia when information was handed by the AFP to the Indonesians. Rush's case claimed that such information should only be released by the Attorney-General. However, the Commonwealth Government maintained that the treaty only applies after a suspect is charged. The application was dismissed by the Federal Court in January 2006.In 2015, Nick Xenophon, Clive Palmer and Cathie McGowan announced they would support a private member's bill to impose jail terms on public officials who disclose information that could lead to the execution of Australians overseas, with a maximum prison sentence of 15 years. Trial

Criminal trials for the accused commenced in the Denpasar District Court on 11 October 2005. Chen, Nguyen, and Norman were tried together, with <mask> being one of the remaining six defendants tried separately. In December 2005, as the trials began, it was reported that tensions were building between the Bali Nine drug mules and Sukumaran and Chan. Several days later, lawyers acting for some members of the Bali Nine initially sought the support of the Director of Public Prosecutions to intervene and lay charges for conspiracy to import drugs, so that the nine could be extradited and charged under Australian law. However, the judges hearing the trial matters in Bali called for Australia not to intervene in Indonesia's right to impose capital punishment, with Australian lawyers counter-claiming that the fairness of the trial was in jeopardy. During the trial of Czugaj, Sukumaran refused to give testimony, stating "...I am also on trial."During his trial, Sukumaran denied knowing Czugaj and Rush, or any knowledge of a heroin importation plan, and frequently blamed amnesia on his inability to remember events leading to his arrest. Sukumaran denied signing police statements, and when asked by judges to sign his name as an example of his signature, signed his name in four different styles. During his testimony, Sukumaran claimed he met Nguyen on the


texts:
 flight to Bali, and went out drinking with him, Chen, Norman and Chan whilst in Bali. Sentencing and appeal
On 24 January 2006, prosecutors called for the death penalty to be handed down on Sukumaran, the first time a demand of death was put forward by prosecutors for any of the Bali Nine. Days later, prosecutors advanced the same call followed for Chan. Prosecutors told a Bali court there was no reason to show any leniency towards Sukumaran because he helped organise the heroin smuggling operation. Prosecutors also claimed Sukumaran and Chan strapped heroin to the bodies of the fellow accused.Indonesian police identified Sukumaran as one of the main players in what they say was a major smuggling ring. Sukumaran was found guilty of drug trafficking on 14 February 2006 by three judges in the Denpasar District Court, who sentenced him to death by firing squad. Despite being relatively free of emotion during criminal proceedings, on the day verdicts were handed down, Sukumaran lunged at photographers. The sentencing was carried live on Australian television as <mask> and Chan both showed little emotion during the proceedings. Commenting on the sentences at the time, AFP Commissioner Keelty stated:

The Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, was reported as commenting:

It was also reported that the Australian government had, since December 2005, used diplomatic channels to plead with the Indonesian government that the death penalty not be sought. Following the handing down of the death sentence for both Sukumaran and Chan, The New Zealand Herald speculated the circumstances under which the execution would occur. Julian McMahon, a Melbourne human rights lawyer who took over the case in 2006 on a pro-bono basis, appealed against the severity of Sukumaran's sentence to the Indonesian Supreme Court.During the appeal hearings, it was revealed that the governor of Kerobokan Prison described Sukumaran and Chan as model prisoners and that <mask> and Chan have a positive

masks: Sukumaran Sukumaran


texts:
 influence on other prisoners. In the meantime, the Australian Government elected to not intervene until the outcome of the appeals was known. On 7 July 2011, it was announced that the Indonesian Supreme Court had rejected <mask>'s appeal against his death sentence. Indonesian President at that time, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, had the power to grant clemency, although media reports considered this unlikely and expected that Sukamaran would be executed. In October 2014, Joko Widodo ("Jokowi") succeeded Yudhoyono as president. Jokowi, who held a hardline position against drugs, declined <mask>'s plea for clemency in December 2014. In January 2015 the Australian prime minister, Tony Abbott, together with the Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Julie Bishop, made further representations to Jokowi and Indonesia's Foreign Minister, Retno Marsudi, for clemency on behalf of <mask>.In late January lawyers for Chan and Sukumaran filed an application for a judicial review into their cases; which was rejected by the Denpasar District Court a few days later. Meanwhile, Indonesian officials continued planning for the execution of Chan and Sukumaran:

In a final attempt to avert the death penalty, on 9 February lawyers for Chan and Sukumaran launched a rare challenge against the Indonesian president's refusal to grant them pardons; which was dismissed by the Indonesian government a day later. On 11 February 2015, Indonesian authorities approved the transfer of Andrew Chan and <mask> <mask> from Kerobokan prison to Nusa Kambangan in preparation for execution. The transfer was carried out on 4 March. Reaction in Australia
A candlelight vigil hosted by the Mercy Campaign, entitled Music for Mercy, was held in Sydney's Martin Place on the evening of 29 January 2015 in support of <mask> and Chan. The concert featured performances by singer-songwriter Megan Washington, Josh Pyke, Kate Miller-Heidke, Paul Mac, Glenn Richards from Augie March, and The Presets' Julian Hamilton; with Ben

masks: Sukumaran Sukumaran Sukumaran Myuran Sukumaran Sukumaran


texts:
 Quilty, Andrew Denton, his partner, Jennifer Byrne, and Missy Higgins who recorded video messages of support for <mask> and Chan. Similar vigils were organised in Perth, Federation Square and Toongabbie near <mask>'s family home.Amnesty International organised similar vigils in Federation Square, , Adelaide, Canberra, and . In January 2015, Roy Morgan Research completed a poll that found over half of Australians opposed the execution of Andrew Chan and <mask> Sukumaran. The poll asked "Andrew Chan and <mask> Sukumaran have been convicted of drug trafficking by the Indonesian courts. Should the death penalty be carried out?" 53% of responses were negative. However, 62% said the Australian Government should not do more to stop the execution of <mask> and Chan. On 13 February, Australia's foreign minister, Julie Bishop, raised the potential for a boycott of Bali as a tourism destination should the executions proceed.Former high court judge Michael Kirby stated that he expected a decline in tourism was a potential consequence of executing Chan and Sukumaran. Both Bishop and Tanya Plibersek, Labor's foreign affairs spokeswoman, made pleas for clemency in the Australian parliament. Quilty and Victorian Supreme Court judge Lex Lasry visited Chan and Sukumaran in Bali. Human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson addressed a vigil in Sydney on 28 April 2015, ahead of the planned execution in the early morning on 29 April, calling for last-minute intervention by the Australian Government. Prison life
Sukumaran taught English, computer, graphic design and philosophy classes to prisoners. He was instrumental in opening up a computer and art room and also pushed unsuccessfully for an accountancy and law course to be set up. In February 2015 Curtin University conferred Sukumaran with an associate degree in Fine Arts.He also started a business which sells artworks and a clothing brand called Kingpin Clothing. <mask> was appointed head of a group of over 20 prisoners, including those

masks: Sukumaran Sukumaran Myuran Myuran Sukumaran Sukumaran


texts:
 facing execution and housed in the prison's maximum security wing. His role included assigning tasks to prisoners under him, liaising with the guards, resolving disputes and overseeing modest penalties for those who transgress in their jobs cleaning, gardening and making small repairs in the prison. Sukumaran painted multiple self-portraits while on Nusakambangan. His final painting resembles a bleeding Indonesian flag. Along with Andrew Chan, he converted to Christianity while imprisoned. Prior to his death, he was working on a bachelor's degree on Fine Arts from Curtin University.Australian artist Matthew Sleeth, who ran art workshops inside Kerobokan prison, called him the "best student" he had seen. <mask> had his first major Australian exhibition at the Campbelltown Arts Centre in January 2017, curated by Australian artist Ben Quilty. Execution and funeral
By order of the Indonesian government, <mask> was executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015 at 12:25am WITA along with Chan and six other prisoners (four Nigerians, a Brazilian and an Indonesian). <mask> and the other seven prisoners refused to be blindfolded. <mask>'s funeral was conducted at Dayspring Church, Castle Hill on 9 May 2015. See also
 List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad
 List of convicted Australian criminals
 List of Australian criminals

References

External links
Raji and Brintha <mask>, ABC Radio

1981 births
2015 deaths
Bali Nine
Bali Nine
21st-century Australian criminals
Australian art teachers
Australian Christians
Australian drug traffickers
Australian graphic designers
Australian painters
Australian prisoners sentenced to death
Australian people executed abroad
Executed Australian people
Australian people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Converts to Christianity
Criminals from Sydney
Curtin University alumni
Inmates of Nusa Kambangan prison
People executed by Indonesia by firing squad
English emigrants to Australia
21st-century executions by Indonesia
People executed for drug

masks:
Art Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran
Sukumaran


texts:
<mask> (22 December 1925 – 19 January 2006) was an Austrian composer, conductor, choral conductor, and flutist. <mask> was born in Wels, Upper Austria in 1925. He moved to Germany in 1934 at the age of nine with his father, composer <mask>, and mother. <mask>'s younger brother, <mask>, (born 1934) later became a violinist. In 1967, at the age of forty-two, he married  (), a Persian Opera singer and they moved to Iran. <mask> was the chief conductor of the orchestra of the National Iranian Television NITV, and also taught at the University of Tehran for seven years until 1973. He had an enormous and invaluable role in the growth and development of the Classical music in Iran.He conducted numerous masterpieces in different venues in Iran from late 1960s to late 1990s. Life
<mask> studied at the St. Thomas School in Leipzig, and was a member of the Thomanerchor. He then studied at the Leipzig Conservatory and at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 1948, he moved to Stuttgart and studied musicology studies in Tübingen. He taught at the Mozarteum, from 1945 to 1948. Additionally, he was the head of the South German Madrigal choir and vocal coach at the Stuttgart Opera between 1948 and 1957. Starting in 1957, he taught at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna.In 1960, he led the Chamber Choir in Vienna. In 1967, at the age of forty-two, he married Mansooreh (Behjat) Ghasri, a famous Persian opera singer after they worked together on Atossa opera. After their marriage, they moved to Iran. <mask> was the chief conductor of the orchestra of the National Iranian Television NITV and also taught at University of Tehran for seven years until 1973. From 1974 to 1988, he was professor of music theory and composition at the Vienna Academy of Music. From 1980 to 1995, he was principal conductor of the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester, Berlin. Between 1986 and 1988, he was the president of the Austrian Composers' Association.In 1992, he was the artistic director at

masks:
Thomas Christian David
David
Johann Nepomuk David
Thomas
Lukas David
David
David
David