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 “But I must point out also that to write literature humanizing queerness is only as political as it is not, because it is grounded in lived experience, grounded in the vagaries of everyday breathing that has no recourse to grand political intentions; because, in your country Nigeria, there is Akinnifesi Olumide who died from a mob beating in Ondo State in February 2016; there are the forty-two men arrested in Lagos this year for attending a ‘gay party’; there is the online hate faced by Bobrisky for straddling masculinity and femininity so loudly; and there are the man and the boy harassed on video in Edo State this year. How can one un-robbed of empathy say that to show these lives in literature is a ‘political concession’?”

Obi-Young has argued against having a category of LGBT literature. “I am heavily skeptical of the term ‘queer literature,’ or ‘LGBTQ literature,’ because it has no counter-reference,” he says. “Unlike ‘African literatures’—Anglophone, Francophone, Lusophone, and in indigenous languages—which fits into a geopolitics that acknowledges an equal term, ‘European literatures’—English, French, Italian, Spanish—the lack of an equal for ‘queer literature’—an equal which would have been called ‘heterosexual literature,’ writing that examines what it means to be heterosexual—begs the question: Why should literature exploring same-sex desire be categorized based on who its characters find themselves loving or on who its writers themselves love, especially as such categorization is withheld from literature exploring desire for the opposite sex? While the


type: original

texts:
 categorization does function as a marketing tool, a way of drawing attention to literature traditionally overlooked, lives deliberately unseen, it is one that is rooted in Othering, and so proves insufficient in humanizing queerness, particularly with the way it takes focus away from the skill of its writers and pushes it to their subject, a denial not bestowed on writers of ‘heterosexual literature.’”

Views on contemporary African literature
In 2018, Obi-Young used the term “the confessional generation” to describe his generation of African writers.“The contributors to Selves: An Afro Anthology of Creative Nonfiction belong to this generation,” he wrote. “Aside from their skills having been honed on the continent rather than in the West, these writers stand out for their boldness in expressing themselves, for their lack of fear in going where it hurts. Powerful miners of personal stories, theirs is a confessional generation. In general, you will find them on social media emoting boundlessly, sharing the spoken and unspoken, their lives an invitation for participation. In particular, you will find that they write fiction well, have breathed life back into the poetry scene, but that it is in nonfiction that they are unshackled, unspooling confessions in a hitherto unconventional manner. Through emotional honesty as raw as it is brave, they are taking the genre to places their predecessors shied away from, leading important conversations about trauma, about sex and sexuality, about depression and vulnerability and private shame.”

In a 2016 interview with Africa in


texts:
 Dialogue, Obi-Young is quoted as saying: “Cultural production in Africa is no longer dominated by heterosexual men, not as it used to be. Literature, for example, is now run by women, and they are using it so well to fight back, to write their sex and gender back into history.The next generation of writers, the ones who began to blossom last year and would peak in five years’ time, is dominated by people who are either queer or female and who have already begun to revolt against the normalized absence of their kind in literature.”

Fiction
Writing about Obi-Young’s short story, “A Tenderer Blessing,” in Los Angeles Review of Books, Erik Gleibermann notes:

“Chukwudi’s language circles around his feelings as he observes Nnaemeka on campus. The two enter an intimate friendship. Yet much still remains unspoken. Obi-Young relies on body language cues and the spaces between words to shape the intimacy. Finally, Chukwudi internally names his own feelings, though even then with a heterosexual framing. ‘For an unguarded moment, a slender second of resurgent craving, I wondered if he’d ever imagine that were he a girl, I would chase him endlessly.’ As readers, we feel almost as though we’ve been holding our breath the whole story, waiting for him to finally say it. We feel almost as though we have ourselves come out.This makes Chukwudi’s subsequent unrequited confession all the more devastating.”

Reviewing Obi-Young's short story, "You Sing of a Longing," Adedamola Kolawole writes: "One remarkable quality I'll ascribe to Otosirieze's short fiction is audacity. Profound.


texts:
is a Japanese writer. Her work has won every major Japanese literary award, including the Akutagawa Prize and the Yomiuri Prize. Internationally, she has been the recipient of the Shirley Jackson Award and the American Book Award. The Memory Police was also shortlisted for the International Booker Prize in 2020. Some of her most well known works include The Housekeeper and the Professor, The Diving Pool and Hotel Iris. Background and education
<mask> was born in Okayama, Okayama Prefecture, and attended Waseda University, Tokyo. When she married her husband, a steel company engineer, she quit her job as a medical university secretary and wrote while her husband was at work.Initially, she wrote only as a hobby, and her husband didn't realise she was a writer until her debut novel, The Breaking of the Butterfly, received a literary prize. Her novella Pregnancy Diary, written in brief intervals when her son was a toddler, won the prestigious Akutagawa Prize for literature, thus cementing her reputation in Japan. She currently lives in Ashiya, Japan. Career
Since 1988, Ogawa has published more than fifty works of fiction and nonfiction. Much of her work has yet to be translated into English. In 2006, she worked alongside the mathematician Masahiko Fujiwara to co-write "An Introduction to the World's Most Elegant Mathematics", a dialogue on the extraordinary beauty of numbers. Her work has been published in the New Yorker, A Public Space and Zoetrope.The 2005 French film L'Annulaire (The Ringfinger) was based in part on


texts:
 <mask>'s Kusuriyubi no hyōhon. Her novel The Housekeeper and the Professor was adapted into the movie The Professor's Beloved Equation. In partnership with Amazon studios, Reed Morano and Charlie Kaufman are set to adapt The Memory Police. Themes and Influences
Kenzaburō Ōe has said, "Yoko <mask> is able to give expression to the most subtle workings of human psychology in prose that is gentle yet penetrating." Her English translator, Stephen Snyder, has said that “There is a naturalness to what she writes so it never feels forced...Her narrative seems to be flowing from a source that’s hard to identify.”

Frequently, she explores the theme of memory in her works. For instance, The Housekeeper and the Professor follows a mathematics professor who cannot remember anything for longer than eighty minutes, and The Memory Police is about a group of islanders who gradually forget the existence of certain things, such as birds or flowers. Human cruelty features as another prominent theme in her work, as she is interested in exploring what drives people to commit acts of physical or emotional violence.She often writes about female bodies and the woman's role in a family, which has led many to label her as a feminist writer. <mask> is hesitatant about this label, stating instead that she "just peeked into [the world of her characters] and took notes from what they were doing". The Diary of Anne Frank has been a significant source of inspiration to her throughout her career. She first encountered the diary as a teenager,

masks: Ogawa Ogawa Ogawa


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 and was inspired to start a diary of her own, writing back to Anne as though they were friends. She notes how “Anne’s heart and mind were so rich,” and that “her diary proved that people can grow even in such a confined situation. And writing could give people freedom.” Given its themes of persecution and confinement, The Memory Police in particular is a response to Anne's diary and the Holocaust in general. While at Waseda University, she was influenced by fellow Japanese authors such as Mieko Kanai, Kenzaburō Ōe, and Haruki Murakami.She also felt influenced by the American author Paul Auster, who she believes “writes a spoken literature—it feels like he’s written down a story someone told him, rather than creating it himself. Shibata’s translation was also very important, but when I read Moon Palace I thought ‘This is how I’d like to write.’ Like I’m just a medium for transferring a story from the world outside.”

Awards and honors
 1988 Kaien literary Prize (Benesse) for her debut The Breaking of the Butterfly (Agehacho ga kowareru toki, 揚羽蝶が壊れる時)
 1990 Akutagawa Prize for Pregnancy Diary (Ninshin karendaa, 妊娠 カレンダー)
 2004 Yomiuri Prize, Bookseller's Award for The Professor's Beloved Equation (Hakase no aishita sūshiki, 博士の愛した数式; translated as The Housekeeper and the Professor)
 2004 Izumi Kyōka Prize for Burafuman no maisō, ブラフマンの埋葬
 2006 Tanizaki Prize for Meena's March (Mīna no kōshin, ミーナの行進)
 2008 Shirley Jackson Award for The Diving Pool
 2014 Independent Foreign Fiction Prize shortlist for Revenge:


texts:
 Eleven Dark Tales (Japanese; trans. Stephen Snyder)
 2020 American Book Award for The Memory Police (Japanese; trans. Stephen Snyder)
 2021 Medal with Purple Ribbon

Works in English translation
 The Man Who Sold Braces (Gibusu o uru hito, ギブスを売る人, 1998); translated by Motoyuki Shibata, Manoa, 13.1, 2001. Transit (Toranjitto, トランジット, 1996); translated by Alisa Freedman, Japanese Art: The Scholarship and Legacy of Chino Kaori, special issue of Review of Japanese Culture and Society, Vol. XV (Center for Inter-Cultural Studies and Education, Josai University, December 2003): 114-125. The Cafeteria in the Evening and a Pool in the Rain (Yūgure no kyūshoku shitsu to ame no pūru, 夕暮れの給食室と雨のプール, 1991); translated by Stephen Snyder, The New Yorker, 9/2004.Read here
 Pregnancy Diary (Ninshin karendā, 妊娠カレンダー, 1991); translated by Stephen Snyder, The New Yorker, 12/2005. Read here
 The Diving Pool (Daibingu puru, ダイヴィング・プール, 1990; Ninshin karendā, 妊娠カレンダー, 1991; Dormitory, ドミトリイ, 1991); translated by Stephen Snyder, New York: Picador, 2008. ; published on The New York Times in 2006
 The Housekeeper and the Professor (Hakase no ai shita sūshiki, 博士の愛した数式, 2003); translated by Stephen Snyder, New York : Picador, 2008. Hotel Iris (Hoteru Airisu, ホテル・アイリス, 1996), translated by Stephen Snyder, Picador, 2010. Revenge: Eleven Dark Tales (Kamoku na shigai, midara na tomurai, 寡黙な死骸みだらな弔い,1998) Translated by Stephen Snyder, Picador, 2013. The Memory Police (Hisoyaka na kesshō, 密やかな結晶, 1994), translated by Stephen Snyder, Pantheon


texts:
<mask>, also known as <mask> (5 December 1945 – 30 August 2020) was a Mexican film, theatrical, and television actress. Prior to her professional acting career, which began in the 1980s, she was a member of Mexico women's national basketball team during the 1960s. <mask>, who appeared in more than 30 theater productions during her career, was often cast as rebellious or comedic characters. Her telenovela and television roles became popular throughout Mexico and Latin America during the 1990s. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born on 5 December 1945, in Mexico City. She was raised in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Her mother, <mask>, was a high school teacher, while her father, <mask>, owned and operated several pharmacies and medical laboratories.An athlete, <mask> played for Mexico women's national basketball team during the 1960s. She then enrolled at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and received her bachelor's degree in 1978. <mask> worked as an economist for the Mexican government before becoming a talent manager for advertising models. Acting career
In the early 1980s, <mask> received a phone call at her agency looking for extras for the American science fiction film, Dune, which was filming in Mexico at the time. <mask>, who was 38-years old at the time, decided to sign up as an extra for film herself. She enjoyed the experience and quickly decided to pursue acting as a career. She was soon cast in the 1985 film, Los Náufragos del Liguria, which focused on a group of shipwreck survivors.<mask> soon found on-screen acting roles in Mexican television during the mid and late 1980s as well, launching a decades-long professional TV career. <mask> was taller than most other

masks:
Cecilia Romo
Ceci Romo
Romo
Romo
Cecilia Santillan de Romo
Luis Romo Maconde
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo
Romo


texts: television actresses, but became popular with audiences in Latin America and Mexico for her comedic facial expressions and gift for slapstick comedy. For example, in the 1990s telenovela De pocas, pocas pulgas, <mask> enters a doctor's office, scaring the patient "with a syringe the size of a hunting rifle," according to the New York Times. In the TV Azteca telenovela Prófugas del destino (2010-2011), <mask> utilized her trademark comedic facial expressions to play Madre Lourdes, a mother superior who discovers that several of the women in her convent are actually escaped fugitives disguised as nuns. <mask> also appeared in more than 30 professional theatrical plays and musicals, including the Spanish-language, Mexican productions of Hello, Dolly!, La Cage aux Folles, and Mame. In 2003, she appeared in the American film, Out of Time, starring Denzel Washington. In 2012 interview for the program "Momentos de Telenovela" on , <mask> discussed the range of characters she had played on stage and screen, which were often rebellious, but also comedic, "I've played all the nuns in the world: mother superior, the kitchen nun, the garden nun.All of them! In comedies, dramas, theater, musicals." Actress , who appeared opposite her in several productions, noted that "She [<mask>] played a lot of villains, but the roles that she was most known for were playful and cheeky, because she was like that." <mask>'s villainous roles included a witch and evil nurses and nuns. <mask> was known for a personal and professional sense of humor. On the set of her final television series, Como tú no hay 2 (2020), <mask> began whistling like a stereotypical truck driver to catch the attention of the crew and her co-stars. She and

masks: Romo Romo Romo Romo Romo Romo Romo Romo


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 the show's writers ultimately incorporated her whistle into her character, Doña Remedios, a traditional healer in a local market.Death
<mask> died from complications of COVID-19 in Mexico City on 30 August 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico after a 169-day battle with the illness. She had been hospitalized several times during her treatment for COVID-19 and its complications, including anemia and three pulmonary hemorrhages. <mask> died just five months after she filmed her final episode of Como tú no hay 2. <mask> was survived by her third husband, film editor Guillermo Coelho; two of her four children, diplomat <mask> Edelman and Luis Roberto Ravelo <mask>; and two grandchildren. Her two other children, Adriana <mask> and Raúl <mask>, both died from genetic disorders as toddlers. <mask>'s previous marriages, to civil engineer Raul Domingo González Soto and musician Alfonso Ravelo, ended in divorce. (2006) - Señora Bueno
 Mujeres asesinas (2009) - Angeles Chata Bovela
 La rosa de Guadalupe (2008-2011) - Beatriz/Amparo/Martha/Felicia
 Como dice el dicho (2016) - Sarita
 Un día cualquiera (2016) - Tisibe
 Silvia Pinal, frente a ti (2019)

Films
 Los náufragos del Liguria (1985)
 El segundo aire (2001)
 Out of Time (2003)
 Fantasías (2003) - Michelle
 Corazón marchito (2007) - Isela
 Rock Marí (2010) - Edna
 Luz azul (2010) (short film)
 Amante de lo ajeno (2012) - Elvira

References

External links

1945 births
2020 deaths
Mexican stage actresses
Mexican television actresses
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican film actresses
Mexican women's basketball players
Actresses from Mexico City
People from Ciudad Juárez
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic

masks:
Cecilia Romo
Romo
Romo
Claudia Romo
Romo
González Romo
González Romo
Romo


texts:
<mask>,  (25 January 1885 – 16 August 1977) was an English Anglican bishop. He was the Archbishop of Brisbane in Australia before returning to England to become the Bishop of Bath and Wells before becoming the Bishop of London. Early life
<mask> was born in Grantham, Lincolnshire, the son of <mask>, a butcher, and his wife Elizabeth Ann Ovelin, née Turner. Despite <mask>'s father being a staunch Calvinist, his mother brought him up in the Church of England. Educated at The King's School, Grantham and St Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he took first-class honours in theology (BA, 1907; MA, 1911), he prepared for ordination at Bishop Jacob Hostel, Newcastle upon Tyne. He was ordained a deacon in 1908 and a priest in 1909. He served curacies at Benwell and Lancaster.On 11 October 1911 he married Amy Agnes Wiggins (1883-1966) at St Leonard's parish church in Watlington, Oxfordshire and they had two children. In 1914, he was appointed vicar-choral of Salisbury, and became part of a cathedral family centred on ‘the Close’. World War I
Wand volunteered for the army chaplaincy in July, 1915. He was Anglo-Catholic in a Chaplaincy in which ‘low church’ predominated. He was posted to Gallipoli, and would write vividly of his experience there. For example, his simile of Sulva Bay conveys the fearsome context of British positions on a narrow beach. "Our position on that beach was rather like that of a theatre orchestra as he turns his back on the stage and looks up at the tiers of boxes and galleries in front and on either hand.Only in this case they were not filled with an applauding audience but with the enemy and his guns". Wand's autobiography is an evocative but rarely used source of first-hand experience of Gallipoli, and Wand also wrote letters published in the Salisbury Diocesan Chronicle, including a reflection on

masks:
John William Charles Wand
William Wand
Arthur James Henry Wand
Wand


texts:
 how the reputation of padres depended on their willingness to display bravery. "The soldier needs not only a man who can preach to him, however eloquently, or pray with him, however movingly, or arranges his recreation for him, however good humouredly, but one who will lay his remains to rest in his last resting place in spite of the terror by night or the arrow that flieth by day. And who can blame him?" Wand was attached to Australian hospitals and hospital ships but caught paratyphoid and had to be evacuated to Malta and then to London. He had recovered by April, 1916, and was posted to Rouen and after the Armistice, to Cologne. Archbishop of Brisbane
Demobilised in March 1919, Wand was made perpetual curate of St Mark's, Salisbury, where St Clair Donaldson was bishop.In 1925 Wand became a fellow and the dean of Oriel College, Oxford and university lecturer in church history. Eight years later Bishop St Clair Donaldson was asked by archbishop Cosmo Lang to nominate a candidate for the see of Brisbane as archbishop. Wand was consecrated in St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 1 May 1934, by archbishop Lang, together with the new bishop of Johannesburg and the suffragan bishop of Plymouth. He was enthroned in St John's Cathedral, Brisbane on 5 September, after arriving in Brisbane on 30 August. Wand's arrival in Queensland was almost immediately clouded by the death in a climbing accident, near Chamonix-Mont-Blanc on the France/Switzerland border, of his only son, Paul (1912–34). He had a difficult reception: those who had wanted a local dignitary as their new bishop united to oppose Wand. His attempts to eradicate slackness made him appear authoritarian to his clergy.Sturdy in appearance, shy and gracious, Wand was often seen as being aloof and something of an intellectual snob though this belied his natural


texts:
 humour and quick wit. The decision to move St Francis's Theological College from Nundah to the Bishopsbourne property was unpopular, although Wand's relations with its students won him their respect and affection and its proximity to the Archbishop's home improved the standards of training. His establishment of a property and finance board to handle the economic problems of the diocese also did not meet with general favour. As a member of the University of Queensland senate, Wand worked to promote biblical studies and helped to create the first university theological faculty in Australia. During his episcopate he wrote a weekly article for The Courier-Mail, translated the New Testament epistles and gave the Moorhouse lectures in Melbourne in 1936. He consecrated Ss Peter and Paul Cathedral, Dogura, Papua (now Papua New Guinea) on 29 October 1939. The date was continually altered owing to the start of World War II and its isolated position.Dogura is in Milne Bay Province. The cathedral was built on a battle site, held 800 with a further 500 standing outside at the consecration. Wand made a lecture tour of the United States of America in 1940. He argued in support of a new constitution for the Church, but thought that the proposed appellate tribunal should have a majority of bishops, rather than legal laymen, to determine points of doctrine. Bishop of Bath and Wells
During World War II, when Brisbane resembled a garrison town, Wand and his wife worked for the Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen's Help Society. His 1942 address to the Royal Society of St George defended the British war effort and was published as the pamphlet, "Has Britain Let Us Down?" This brought Wand to the attention of Brendan Bracken, Minister of Information, and of Prime Minister Winston Churchill.It was already known that Wand was unpopular


texts:
 in Australia since the Archbishop of Perth had written to the Archbishop of Canterbury, <mask>, asking Temple to find a post for Wand in England. The death of the Bishop of Bath and Wells provided that opportunity. Early in 1943, Wand was offered the see of Bath and Wells, and the family left Brisbane in July the same year. Bishop of London
Wand was surprisingly translated to London two years later, being interviewed personally by Winston Churchill at a lunch he described in his autobiography. Both appointments caused some dissension since Wand was suspected ‘...of Papish practice, and was roughly handled by Protestant demonstrators at his confirmation ....’

In London post-war difficulties, including the rebuilding of shattered city churches, challenged and revealed Wand's administrative gifts. As bishop, Wand was a privy counsellor; in 1955 he was appointed KCVO; in 1946-57 he was prelate of the Order of the British Empire. He resigned his see as Bishop of London in 1956.Archbishop Fisher had preceded Wand at London, and was no admirer of Wand, writing after Wand's retirement, ‘Wand had been interested only in certain aspects of diocesan life. It was high time that the Diocese of London was placed in firm hands’. Conversely, the scholarly Canon Charles Smyth wrote of Wand that he ‘ Was methodical, patient, shrewd, far-sighted, never complacent, but always cheerful, and physically robust.’ Dean Marcus Wright noted ‘There was nothing deceitful or ‘smooth’ about him: he was a straight man of integrity and you always knew where you were with him. He was no actor.’ High-powered as Wand was, the human side was expressed through a supply of detective stories read in bed at night and, as a family man, notably Saturday afternoons ‘sacred to the weekly visit to the cinema with Mrs Wand'. With the Bishop of Fulham


texts:
 Basil Batty, he supported the early ecumenical movement. He was the first Chairman of the Executive body of the British Council of Churches, attending the 1948 foundation of the World Council of Churches in Amsterdam. Seretse Khama affair
On 25 September 1948, Seretse Khama, a 27-year-old black African man, and <mask>, a 24-year-old white English woman, went to the Anglican St George's Church in Campden Hill, London, to get married.Half an hour before the service their vicar, the Reverend Leonard Patterson, under severe pressure from various parties opposed to the inter-racial marriage, told the couple he was not willing to perform at the ceremony. Khama, who was heir to the kingship of the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, and <mask>, who was a London insurance clerk, pleaded with Patterson to change his mind, but instead he took them to the nearby St Mary Abbots church in Kensington to meet <mask>, who, as Bishop of London, was performing an ordination. There they attempted to gain Wand's consent to be married in the Church of England. However, Wand refused such permission without even speaking to the couple himself, sending the Archdeacon of Middlesex with a message that read: "Get in touch with the Colonial Office. When they agree to the wedding, I will". Although senior officials at the Colonial Office had no say over whether the couple could get married in a church, or indeed anywhere else, they had made it known through various back channels that they were opposed to the union, not only because they found it distasteful but because they believed that, given Khama's royal status, it would create political difficulties with apartheid South Africa, a neighbouring state to Bechuanaland. Wand's refusal to sanction a church ceremony forced Khama and <mask> to get married in a civil service four days

masks:
Ruth Williams
Williams
Wand
Williams


texts:
 later, at Kensington Registry Office in London.Latter years
After resigning as bishop, Wand was appointed minor canon and later Canon Treasurer of St Paul's Cathedral, London, until 1969 and edited The Church Quarterly Review. A wide-ranging and facile historian, he wrote forty-five books, among them a History of the Modern Church (1930), History of the Early Church (1937), White of Carpentaria (1949), Anglicanism in History and Today (1961) and an autobiography, The Changeful Page (1965). Survived by a daughter, Wand died on 16 August 1977 at the College of St Barnabas, Lingfield, Surrey, and was cremated. An obituary in the Church Times paid tribute to his scholarship, administrative genius and unsentimental piety. Selected works

A History of the Modern Church from 1500 to the Present Day, 1930. A History of the Early Church to A.D. 500, Methuen, 1937. The Authority of the Scriptures, Mowbray, 1949.Seven Steps to Heaven, Longman, Green & Co. Ltd, 1956. The Church Today: A brief description of the Christian Church in its external variety and its inner unity, Penguin, 1968. Notes

References

Sources
F. R. Arnott, 'Wand, <mask> Charles (1885 - 1977)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 12, MUP, 1990, p. 377. Retrieved 19 January 2010

External links
Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury

1885 births
1977 deaths
People from Grantham
Anglican archbishops of Brisbane
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
Bishops of Bath and Wells
Bishops of London
Deans of the Chapel Royal
20th-century Anglican bishops in Australia
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Officers of the Order of St John
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Prelates of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at The King's School, Grantham
20th-century Church of England


texts: <mask> of France ( – 22 August 1358), sometimes described as the She-Wolf of France (), was Queen of England as the wife of King Edward II, and regent of England from 1327 until 1330. She was the youngest surviving child and only surviving daughter of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre. <mask> was notable in her lifetime for her diplomatic skills, intelligence, and beauty. She overthrew her husband, becoming a "femme fatale" figure in plays and literature over the years, usually portrayed as a beautiful but cruel and manipulative figure. <mask> arrived in England at the age of 12 during a period of growing conflict between the king and the powerful baronial factions. Her new husband was notorious for the patronage he lavished on his favourite, Piers Gaveston, but the queen supported Edward during these early years, forming a working relationship with Piers and using her relationship with the French monarchy to bolster her own authority and power. After the death of Gaveston at the hands of the barons in 1312, however, Edward later turned to a new favourite, Hugh Despenser the Younger, and attempted to take revenge on the barons, resulting in the Despenser War and a period of internal repression across England.<mask> could not tolerate Hugh Despenser and by 1325 her marriage to Edward was at a breaking point. Travelling to France on a diplomatic mission, <mask> may have begun an affair with Roger Mortimer, and the two may possibly have agreed at this point to depose Edward and oust the Despenser family. The Queen returned to England with a small mercenary army in 1326, moving rapidly across England. The King's forces deserted

masks: Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella


texts:
 him. <mask> deposed Edward, becoming regent on behalf of her son, Edward III. Some believe that <mask> then arranged the murder of Edward II. <mask> and Mortimer's regime began to crumble, partly because of her lavish spending, but also because the Queen successfully, but unpopularly, resolved long-running problems such as the wars with Scotland.In 1330, aged 18, Edward III forcibly asserted his authority, and Mortimer was executed. <mask> lost her regency and was put under arrest for two years, but afterwards she lived for many years in considerable style; though she did not reside at court, she often visited to see her grandchildren. Early life and marriage: 1295–1308

<mask> was born in Paris on an uncertain date—on the basis of the chroniclers and the eventual date of her marriage, she was probably born between April 1295 and January 1296. She is described as born in 1292 in the Annals of Wigmore, and Piers <mask> agrees, claiming that she was 7 years old in 1299. The French chronicler Guillaume de Nangis and English chronicler Thomas Walsingham describe her as 12 years old at the time of her marriage in January 1308, placing her birth between January 1295 and of 1296. A papal dispensation by Clement V in November 1305 permitted her immediate marriage by proxy, despite the fact that she was probably only 10 years old. Since her brother Charles was born on 18 June 1294, and she had to reach the canonical age of 12 before her marriage in January 1308, the evidence suggests that she was born between April 1295 and January 1296.Her parents were King Philip IV of France and Queen Joan I of Navarre; her brothers Louis, Philip and

masks: Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Langtoft


texts: Charles became kings of France. <mask> was born into a royal family that ruled the most powerful state in Western Europe. Her father, King Philip, known as "le Bel" (the Fair) because of his good looks, was a strangely unemotional man; one contemporary described him as "neither a man nor a beast, but a statue"; modern historians have noted that he "cultivated a reputation for Christian kingship and showed few weaknesses of the flesh". Philip built up centralised royal power in France, engaging in a sequence of conflicts to expand or consolidate French authority across the region, but remained chronically short of money throughout his reign. Indeed, he appeared almost obsessed about building up wealth and lands, something that his daughter was also accused of in later life. <mask>'s mother died when <mask> was still quite young; some contemporaries suspected Philip IV of her murder, albeit probably incorrectly. <mask> was brought up in and around the Louvre Palace and the Palais de la Cité in Paris.<mask> was cared for by Théophania de Saint-Pierre, her nurse, given a good education and taught to read, developing a love of books. As was customary for the period, all of Philip's children were married young for political benefit. <mask> was promised in marriage by her father to Edward, the son of King Edward I of England, with the intention to resolve the conflicts between France and England over the latter's continental possession of Gascony and claims to Anjou, Normandy and Aquitaine. Pope Boniface VIII had urged the marriage as early as 1298 but it was delayed by wrangling over the terms of the marriage contract. The renewal of

masks: Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella


texts: the Anglo-French truce in 1299 led to the marriage of Edward I to Philippe's sister Margaret further anticipating the marriage of <mask> to Edward II. In 1303 Edward I may have considered a Castilian bride for Edward II instead of <mask> and even increased her dowry before the wedding. Edward I attempted to break the engagement several times for political advantage, and only after he died in 1307 did the wedding proceed.<mask> and Edward II were finally married at Boulogne-sur-Mer on 25 January 1308. <mask>'s wardrobe gives some indications of her wealth and style—she had dresses of baudekyn, velvet, taffeta and cloth, along with numerous furs; she had over 72 headdresses and coifs; she brought with her two gold crowns, gold and silver dinnerware and 419 yards of linen. At the time of her marriage, <mask> was probably about twelve and was described by <mask> of Paris as "the beauty of beauties... in the kingdom if not in all Europe." This description was probably not simply flattery by a chronicler, since both <mask>'s father and brothers were considered very handsome men by contemporaries, and her husband was to nickname her "<mask> the Fair". <mask> was said to resemble her father, and not her mother, queen regnant of Navarre, a plump, plain woman. This indicates that <mask> was slender and pale-skinned, although the fashion at the time was for blonde, slightly full-faced women, and <mask> may well have followed this stereotype instead. Throughout her career, <mask> was noted as charming and diplomatic, with a particular skill at convincing people to follow her courses of action.Unusual for the medieval period, contemporaries

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texts:
 also commented on her high intelligence. Queenship
As queen, the young <mask> faced numerous challenges. Edward was handsome, but highly unconventional, possibly forming close romantic attachments to first Piers Gaveston and then Hugh Despenser the Younger. Edward found himself at odds with the barons, too, in particular his first cousin Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, whilst continuing the war against the Scots that he had inherited from Edward I. Using her own supporters at court, and the patronage of her French family, <mask> attempted to find a political path through these challenges; she successfully formed an alliance with Gaveston, but after his death at the hands of the barons her position grew increasingly precarious. Edward began to take revenge on his enemies, using an ever more brutal alliance with the Despenser family, in particular his new favourite, Hugh Despenser the Younger. By 1326 <mask> found herself at increasing odds with both Edward and Hugh, ultimately resulting in <mask>'s own bid for power and the invasion of England.Fall of Gaveston: 1308–1312

Edward was an unusual character by medieval standards. Edward looked the part of a Plantagenet king to perfection. He was tall, athletic, and wildly popular at the beginning of his reign. He rejected most of the traditional pursuits of a king for the period—jousting, hunting and warfare—and instead enjoyed music, poetry and many rural crafts. Furthermore, there is the question of Edward's sexuality in a period when homosexuality of any sort was considered a serious crime, but there is no direct evidence of his sexual orientation. However, contemporary chroniclers

masks: Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella


texts: made much of his close affinity with a succession of male favourites; some condemned Edward for loving them "beyond measure" and "uniquely", others explicitly referring to an "illicit and sinful union". Nonetheless, <mask> bore four children by Edward, leading to an opinion amongst some historians that Edward's affairs with his male favourites were platonic.When <mask> first arrived in England following her marriage, her husband was already in the midst of a relationship with Piers Gaveston, an "arrogant, ostentatious" soldier, with a "reckless and headstrong" personality that clearly appealed to Edward. <mask>, then aged twelve, was effectively sidelined by the pair. Edward chose to sit with Gaveston rather than <mask> at their wedding celebration, causing grave offence to her uncles Louis, Count of Évreux, and Charles, Count of Valois, and then refused to grant her either her own lands or her own household. Edward also gave Gaveston <mask>'s own jewelry, which he wore publicly. <mask> complained to her father that Gaveston took her place next to Edward II, she received insufficient funds and Edward visited Gaveston's bed more than hers. It took the intervention of <mask>'s father, Philip IV, before Edward began to provide for her more appropriately. <mask>'s relationship with Gaveston was a complex one.For a time her dislike of him was widely known and she was said to be in contact with her father, the pope and cardinals in order to have him exiled. Baronial opposition to Gaveston, championed by Thomas of Lancaster, was increasing, and Philip IV began to covertly fund this grouping, using <mask> and her household as

masks: Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella


texts: intermediaries. Edward was forced to exile Gaveston to Ireland for a period, and began to show <mask> much greater respect, assigning her lands and patronage; in turn, Philip ceased his support for the barons. Gaveston eventually returned from Ireland, and by 1309–11 the three seemed to be co-existing together relatively comfortably. Indeed, Gaveston's key enemy, <mask>'s uncle Thomas of Lancaster, considered her to be an ally of Gaveston's. <mask> had begun to build up her own supporters at court, principally the de Beaumont family, itself opposed to the Lancastrians; originating, like her, in France, the senior member of the family, <mask> Vesci, had been a close confidant of Edward's mother Eleanor; supported by her brother, Henry de Beaumont. During 1311, however, Edward conducted a failed campaign against the Scots, during which <mask> and he only just escaped capture.In the aftermath, the barons rose up, signing the Ordinances of 1311, which promised action against Gaveston and expelled <mask> Vesci and Henry de Beaumont from court. 1312 saw a descent into civil war against the king;—<mask> stood with Edward, sending angry letters to her uncles d'Évreux and de Valois asking for support. Edward left <mask>, rather against her will, at Tynemouth Priory in Northumberland whilst he unsuccessfully attempted to fight the barons. The campaign was a disaster, and although Edward escaped, Gaveston found himself stranded at Scarborough Castle, where his baronial enemies first surrounded and captured him. Guy de Beauchamp and Thomas of Lancaster ensured Gaveston's execution as he was being taken south to rejoin Edward. Tensions grow:

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Isabella
Isabella
Isabella de
Isabella
Isabella de
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Isabella


texts:
 1312–1321
Tensions mounted steadily over the decade. In 1312, <mask> gave birth to the future Edward III, but by the end of the year Edward's court was beginning to change.Edward was still relying upon his French in-laws—<mask>'s uncle Louis, for example, had been sent from Paris to assist him—but Hugh Despenser the Elder now formed part of the inner circle, marking the beginning of the Despensers' increased prominence at Edward's court. The Despensers were opposed to both the Lancastrians and their other allies in the Welsh Marches, making an easy alliance with Edward, who sought revenge for the death of Gaveston. In 1313, <mask> travelled to Paris with Edward to garner further French support, which resulted in the Tour de Nesle Affair. The journey was a pleasant one, with many festivities, although <mask> was injured when her tent burned down. During the visit her brothers Louis and Charles put on a satirical puppet show for their guests, and after this <mask> had given new embroidered purses both to her brothers and to their wives. <mask> and Edward then returned to England with new assurances of French support against the English barons. Later in the year, however, <mask> and Edward held a large dinner in London to celebrate their return and <mask> apparently noticed that the purses she had given to her sisters-in-law were now being carried by two Norman knights, Gautier and Philippe d'Aunay.<mask> concluded that the pair must have been carrying on an illicit affair, and appears to have informed her father of this during her next visit to France in 1314. The consequence of this was the Tour de Nesle Affair in Paris, which led


texts: to legal action against all three of <mask>'s sisters-in-law; Blanche and Margaret of Burgundy were imprisoned for life for adultery. Joan of Burgundy was imprisoned for a year. <mask>'s reputation in France suffered somewhat as a result of her perceived role in the affair. In the north, however, the situation was turning worse. Edward attempted to quash the Scots in a fresh campaign in 1314, resulting in the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn. Edward was blamed by the barons for the catastrophic failure of the campaign.Thomas of Lancaster reacted to the defeats in Scotland by taking increased power in England and turning against <mask>, cutting off funds and harassing her household. To make matters worse, the "Great Famine" descended on England during 1315–17, causing widespread loss of life and financial problems. Despite <mask> giving birth to her second son, John, in 1316, Edward's position was precarious. Indeed, John Deydras, a royal pretender, appeared in Oxford, claiming to have been switched with Edward at birth, and to be the real king of England himself. Given Edward's unpopularity, the rumours spread considerably before Deydras' eventual execution, and appear to have greatly upset <mask>. <mask> responded by deepening her alliance with Lancaster's enemy Henry de Beaumont and by taking up an increased role in government herself, including attending council meetings and acquiring increased lands. Henry's sister, <mask> Vesci, continued to remain a close adviser to the Queen.The Scottish general Sir James Douglas, war leader for Robert I of Scotland, made a bid to capture <mask> personally in 1319, almost

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Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella de
Isabella


texts: capturing her at York—<mask> only just escaped. Suspicions fell on Lancaster, and one of Edward's knights, Edmund Darel, was arrested on charges of having betrayed her location, but the charges were essentially unproven. In 1320, <mask> accompanied Edward to France, to try and convince her brother, Philip V, to provide fresh support to crush the English barons. Meanwhile, Hugh de Despenser the Younger became an increasing favourite of <mask>'s husband, and was believed by some to have begun a sexual relationship with him around this time. Hugh was the same age as Edward. His father, Hugh the Elder, had supported Edward and Gaveston a few years previously. The Despensers were bitter enemies of Lancaster, and, with Edward's support, began to increase their power base in the Welsh Marches, in the process making enemies of Roger Mortimer de Chirk and his nephew, Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, their rival Marcher Lords.Whilst <mask> had been able to work with Gaveston, Edward's previous favourite, it became increasingly clear that Hugh the Younger and <mask> could not work out a similar compromise. Unfortunately for <mask>, she was still estranged from Lancaster's rival faction, giving her little room to manoeuvre. In 1321, Lancaster's alliance moved against the Despensers, sending troops into London and demanding their exile. Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, a moderate baron with strong French links, asked <mask> to intervene in an attempt to prevent war; <mask> publicly went down on her knees to appeal to Edward to exile the Despensers, providing him with a face-saving excuse to do so, but Edward intended to arrange their return

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texts:
 at the first opportunity. <mask>'s attempts, though heavily praised by the English, had very little impact and she had no lasting effect as a mediator for foreign or domestic affairs. Return of the Despensers, 1321–1326
Despite the momentary respite delivered by <mask>, by the autumn of 1321, the tensions between the two factions of Edward, <mask> and the Despenser, opposing the baronial opposition led by Thomas of Lancaster, were extremely high, with forces still mobilised across the country. At this point, <mask> undertook a pilgrimage to Canterbury, during which she left the traditional route to stop at Leeds Castle in Kent, a fortification held by Bartholomew de Badlesmere, steward of the King's household who had by 1321 joined the ranks of Edward's opponents.Some historians believe that the pilgrimage was a deliberate act by <mask> on Edward's behalf to create a casus belli. Lord Badlesmere was away at the time, having left his wife Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere in charge of the castle. When the latter adamantly refused the Queen admittance, fighting broke out outside the castle between <mask>'s guards and the garrison, marking the beginning of the Despenser War. Whilst Edward mobilised his own faction and placed Leeds Castle under siege, <mask> was given the Great Seal and assumed control of the royal Chancery from the Tower of London. After surrendering to Edward's forces on 31 October 1321, Margaret, Baroness Badlesmere and her children were sent to the Tower, and 13 of the Leeds garrison were hanged. By January 1322, Edward's army, reinforced by the Despensers returning from exile, had forced the surrender of the

masks: Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella


texts: Mortimers, and by March Lancaster himself had been captured after the Battle of Boroughbridge; Lancaster was promptly executed, leaving Edward and the Despensers victorious. Hugh Despenser the Younger was now firmly ensconced as Edward's new favourite and together over the next four years Edward and the Despensers imposed a harsh rule over England, a "sweeping revenge" characterised by land confiscation, large-scale imprisonment, executions and the punishment of extended family members, including women and the elderly.This was condemned by contemporary chroniclers, and is felt to have caused concern to <mask> as well; some of those widows being persecuted included her friends. <mask>'s relationship with Despenser the Younger continued to deteriorate; the Despensers refused to pay her monies owed to her, or return her castles at Marlborough and Devizes. Indeed, various authors have suggested that there is evidence that Hugh Despenser the Younger attempted to assault <mask> herself in some fashion. Certainly, immediately after the Battle of Boroughbridge, Edward began to be markedly less generous in his gifts towards <mask>, and none of the spoils of the war were awarded to her. Worse still, later in the year <mask> was caught up in the failure of another of Edward's campaigns in Scotland, in a way that permanently poisoned her relationship with both Edward and the Despensers. <mask> and Edward had travelled north together at the start of the autumn campaign; before the disastrous Battle of Old Byland in Yorkshire, Edward had ridden south, apparently to raise more men, sending <mask> east to Tynemouth Priory. With the Scottish army


texts: marching south, <mask> expressed considerable concern about her personal safety and requested assistance from Edward.Her husband initially proposed sending Despenser forces to secure her, but <mask> rejected this outright, instead requesting friendly troops. Rapidly retreating south with the Despensers, Edward failed to grasp the situation, with the result that <mask> found herself and her household cut off from the south by the Scottish army, with the coastline patrolled by Flemish naval forces allied to the Scots. The situation was precarious and <mask> was forced to use a group of squires from her personal retinue to hold off the advancing army whilst other of her knights commandeered a ship; the fighting continued as <mask> and her household retreated onto the vessel, resulting in the death of two of her ladies-in-waiting. Once aboard, <mask> evaded the Flemish navy, landing further south and making her way to York. <mask> was furious, both with Edward for, from her perspective, abandoning her to the Scots, and with Despensers for convincing Edward to retreat rather than sending help. For his part, Edward blamed Lewis de Beaumont, the Bishop of Durham and an ally of <mask>, for the fiasco. <mask> effectively separated from Edward from here onwards, leaving him to live with Hugh Despenser.At the end of 1322, <mask> left the court on a ten-month-long pilgrimage around England by herself. On her return in 1323 she visited Edward briefly, but was removed from the process of granting royal patronage. At the end of 1324, as tensions grew with <mask>'s homeland of France, Edward and the Despensers confiscated all of <mask>'s lands,

masks: Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella


texts:
 took over the running of her household and arrested and imprisoned all of her French staff. <mask>'s youngest children were removed from her and placed into the custody of the Despensers. At this point, <mask> appears to have realised that any hope of working with Edward was effectively over and begun to consider radical solutions. Invasion of England
By 1325, <mask> was facing increasing pressure from Hugh Despenser the Younger, Edward's new royal favourite. With her lands in England seized, her children taken away from her and her household staff arrested, <mask> began to pursue other options.When her brother, King Charles IV of France, seized Edward's French possessions in 1325, she returned to France, initially as a delegate of the King charged with negotiating a peace treaty between the two nations. However, her presence in France became a focal point for the many nobles opposed to Edward's reign. <mask> gathered an army to oppose Edward, in alliance with Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, whom she may have taken as a lover. <mask> and Mortimer returned to England with a mercenary army, seizing the country in a lightning campaign. The Despensers were executed and Edward was forced to abdicate—his eventual fate and possible murder remains a matter of considerable historical debate. <mask> ruled as regent until 1330, when her son, Edward deposed Mortimer in turn and ruled directly in his own right. Tensions in Gascony, 1323–1325

<mask>'s husband Edward, as the Duke of Aquitaine, owed homage to the King of France for his lands in Gascony.<mask>'s three brothers each had only short reigns, and Edward had successfully avoided


texts: paying homage to Louis X, and had paid homage to Philip V only under great pressure. Once Charles IV took up the throne, Edward had attempted to avoid doing so again, increasing tensions between the two. One of the elements in the disputes was the border province of Agenais, part of Gascony and in turn part of Aquitaine. Tensions had risen in November 1323 after the construction of a bastide, a type of fortified town, in Saint-Sardos, part of the Agenais, by a French vassal. Gascon forces destroyed the bastide, and in turn Charles attacked the English-held Montpezat: the assault was unsuccessful, but in the subsequent War of Saint-Sardos <mask>'s uncle, Charles of Valois, successfully wrested Aquitaine from English control; by 1324, Charles had declared Edward's lands forfeit and had occupied the whole of Aquitaine apart from the coastal areas. Edward was still unwilling to travel to France to give homage; the situation in England was febrile; there had been an assassination plot against Edward and Hugh Despenser in 1324—the famous magician John of Nottingham had been hired to kill the pair using necromancy—and criminal gangs were occupying much of the country. Edward was deeply concerned that should he leave England, even for a short while, the barons would take the chance to rise up and take their revenge on the Despensers.Charles sent a message through Pope John XXII to Edward, suggesting that he was willing to reverse the forfeiture of the lands if Edward ceded the Agenais and paid homage for the rest of the lands: the Pope proposed <mask> as an ambassador. <mask>, however, saw this as a perfect opportunity to resolve her

masks: Isabella Isabella Isabella


texts: situation with Edward and the Despensers. Having promised to return to England by the summer, <mask> reached Paris in March 1325, and rapidly agreed a truce in Gascony, under which Prince Edward, then thirteen years old, would come to France to give homage on his father's behalf. Prince Edward arrived in France, and gave homage in September. At this point, however, rather than returning, <mask> remained firmly in France with her son. Edward began to send urgent messages to the Pope and to Charles IV, expressing his concern about his wife's absence, but to no avail. Edward instructed <mask> to come home in September, but she expressed concern the young Despenser would try to kill her upon her arrival, or the Earl of Richmond.She also feared her own husband might attempt to have her killed. For his part, Charles replied that the, "queen has come of her own will and may freely return if she wishes. But if she prefers to remain here, she is my sister and I refuse to expel her." Charles went on to refuse to return the lands in Aquitaine to Edward, resulting in a provisional agreement under which Edward resumed administration of the remaining English territories in early 1326 whilst France continued to occupy the rest. Meanwhile, the messages brought back by Edward's agent Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter and others grew steadily worse: <mask> had publicly snubbed Stapledon; Edward's political enemies were gathering at the French court, and threatening his emissaries; <mask> was dressed as a widow, claiming that Hugh Despenser had destroyed her marriage with Edward; <mask> was assembling a court-in-exile, including Edmund of Kent


texts:
 and John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond. <mask> surrounded herself with mostly exiles, among them her rumored lover Roger Mortimer. Roger Mortimer, 1325–1326

Roger Mortimer was a powerful Marcher lord, married to the wealthy heiress Joan de Geneville, and the father of twelve children.Mortimer had been imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1322 following his capture by Edward during the Despenser wars. Mortimer's uncle, Roger Mortimer de Chirk finally died in prison, but Mortimer managed to escape the Tower in August 1323, making a hole in the stone wall of his cell and then escaping onto the roof, before using rope ladders provided by an accomplice to get down to the River Thames, across the river and then on eventually to safety in France. Victorian writers suggested that, given later events, <mask> might have helped Mortimer escape and some historians continue to argue that their relationship had already begun at this point, although most believe that there is no hard evidence for their having had a substantial relationship before meeting in Paris. <mask> was reintroduced to Mortimer in Paris by her cousin, Joan, Countess of Hainault, who appears to have approached <mask> suggesting a marital alliance between their two families, marrying Prince Edward to Joan's daughter, Philippa. Mortimer and <mask> may have begun a physical relationship from December 1325 onwards. If so both <mask> and Mortimer were taking a huge risk in doing so—female infidelity was a very serious offence in medieval Europe, as shown during the Tour de Nesle Affair—both <mask>'s former French sisters-in-law had died by 1326 as a result of their imprisonment


texts:
 for exactly this offence, and their alleged lovers had been brutally executed. <mask>'s motivation has been the subject of discussion by historians; some believe that there was a strong sexual attraction between the two, that they shared an interest in the Arthurian legends and that they both enjoyed fine art and high living.One historian has described their relationship as one of the "great romances of the Middle Ages" in spite of the fact that they are reputed to have murdered her husband. They also shared a common enemy—the regime of Edward II and the Despensers. Taking Prince Edward with them, <mask> and Mortimer left the French court in summer 1326 and travelled north to William I, Count of Hainaut. As Joan had suggested the previous year, <mask> betrothed Prince Edward to Philippa of Hainault, the daughter of the Count, in exchange for a substantial dowry. She then used this money plus an earlier loan from Charles to raise a mercenary army, scouring Brabant for men, which were added to a small force of Hainaut troops. William also provided eight men-of-war ships and various smaller vessels as part of the marriage arrangements. Although Edward was now fearing an invasion, secrecy remained key, and <mask> convinced William to detain envoys from Edward.<mask> also appears to have made a secret agreement with the Scots for the duration of the forthcoming campaign. On 22 September, <mask>, Mortimer and their modest force set sail for England. Seizure of power, 1326

Having evaded Edward's fleet, which had been sent to intercept them, <mask> and Mortimer landed at Orwell on the east coast of England on 24 September with a small


texts: force; estimates of <mask>'s army vary from between 300 and around 2,000 soldiers, with 1,500 being a popular middle figure. After a short period of confusion during which they attempted to work out where they had actually landed, <mask> moved quickly inland, dressed in her widow's clothes. The local levies mobilised to stop them immediately changed sides, and by the following day <mask> was in Bury St Edmunds and shortly afterwards had swept inland to Cambridge. Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, joined <mask>'s forces and Henry of Lancaster—the brother of the late Thomas, and <mask>'s uncle—also announced he was joining <mask>'s faction, marching south to join her. By the 27th, word of the invasion had reached the King and the Despensers in London.Edward issued orders to local sheriffs to mobilise opposition to <mask> and Mortimer, but London itself was becoming unsafe because of local unrest and Edward made plans to leave. <mask> struck west again, reaching Oxford on 2 October where she was "greeted as a saviour"—Adam Orleton, the Bishop of Hereford, emerged from hiding to give a lecture to the university on the evils of the Despensers. Edward fled London on the same day, heading west towards Wales. <mask> and Mortimer now had an effective alliance with the Lancastrian opposition to Edward, bringing all of his opponents into a single coalition. <mask> now marched south towards London, pausing at Dunstable, outside the city on 7 October. London was now in the hands of the mobs, although broadly allied to <mask>. Bishop Stapledon failed to realise the extent to which royal power had collapsed in the capital and tried to intervene

masks: Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella Isabella


texts: militarily to protect his property against rioters; a hated figure locally, he was promptly attacked and killed—his head was later sent to <mask> by her local supporters.Edward, meanwhile, was still fleeing west, reaching Gloucester by the 9th. <mask> responded by marching swiftly west herself in an attempt to cut him off, reaching Gloucester a week after Edward, who slipped across the border into Wales the same day. Hugh Despenser the Elder continued to hold Bristol against <mask> and Mortimer, who placed it under siege between 18–26 October; when it fell, <mask> was able to recover her daughters Eleanor and Joan, who had been kept in the Despenser's custody. By now desperate and increasingly deserted by their court, Edward and Hugh Despenser the Younger attempted to sail to Lundy, a small island just off the Devon coast, but the weather was against them and after several days they were forced to land back in Wales. With Bristol secure, <mask> moved her base of operations up to the border town of Hereford, from where she ordered Henry of Lancaster to locate and arrest her husband. After a fortnight of evading <mask>'s forces in South Wales, Edward and Hugh were finally caught and arrested near Llantrisant on 16 November. The retribution began immediately.Hugh Despenser the Elder had been captured at Bristol, and despite some attempts by <mask> to protect him, was promptly executed by his Lancastrian enemies—his body was hacked to pieces and fed to the local dogs. The remainder of the former regime were brought to <mask>. Edmund Fitzalan, a key supporter of Edward II and who had received many of Mortimer's confiscated lands in


texts:
 1322, was executed on 17 November. Hugh Despenser the Younger was sentenced to be brutally executed on 24 November, and a huge crowd gathered in anticipation at seeing him die. They dragged him from his horse, stripped him, and scrawled Biblical verses against corruption and arrogance on his skin. He was then dragged into the city, presented to Queen <mask>, Roger Mortimer and the Lancastrians. Despenser was then condemned to hang as a thief, be castrated, and then to be drawn and quartered as a traitor, his quarters to be dispersed throughout England.Simon of Reading, one of the Despensers' supporters, was hanged next to him, on charges of insulting <mask>. Once the core of the Despenser regime had been executed, <mask> and Mortimer began to show restraint. Lesser nobles were pardoned and the clerks at the heart of the government, mostly appointed by the Despensers and Stapledon, were confirmed in office. All that was left now was the question of Edward II, still officially <mask>'s legal husband and lawful king. Death of Edward, 1327

As an interim measure, Edward II was held in the custody of Henry of Lancaster, who surrendered Edward's Great Seal to <mask>. The situation remained tense, however; <mask> was clearly concerned about Edward's supporters staging a counter-coup, and in November she seized the Tower of London, appointed one of her supporters as mayor and convened a council of nobles and churchmen in Wallingford to discuss the fate of Edward. The council concluded that Edward would be legally deposed and placed under house arrest for the rest of his life.This was then confirmed at the next parliament, dominated by


texts: <mask> and Mortimer's followers. The session was held in January 1327, with <mask>'s case being led by her supporter Adam Orleton, Bishop of Hereford. <mask>'s son, Prince Edward, was confirmed as Edward III of England, with his mother appointed regent. <mask>'s position was still precarious, as the legal basis for deposing Edward was doubtful and many lawyers of the day maintained that Edward II was still the rightful king, regardless of the declaration of the Parliament. The situation could be reversed at any moment and Edward II was known to be a vengeful ruler. Edward II's subsequent fate, and <mask>'s role in it, remains hotly contested by historians. The minimally agreed version of events is that <mask> and Mortimer had Edward moved from Kenilworth Castle in the Midlands to the safer location of Berkeley Castle in the Welsh borders, where he was put into the custody of Lord Berkeley.On 23 September, <mask> and Edward III were informed by messenger that Edward had died whilst imprisoned at the castle, because of a "fatal accident". Edward's body was apparently buried at Gloucester Cathedral, with his heart being given in a casket to <mask>. After the funeral, there were rumours for many years that Edward had survived and was really alive somewhere in Europe, some of which were captured in the famous Fieschi Letter written in the 1340s, although no concrete evidence ever emerged to support the allegations. There are, however, various historical interpretations of the events surrounding this basic sequence of events. According to legend, <mask> and Mortimer famously plotted to murder Edward in such a way as not to draw blame on


texts: themselves, sending a famous order (in ) which, depending on where the comma was inserted, could mean either "Do not be afraid to kill Edward; it is good" or "Do not kill Edward; it is good to fear". In actuality, there is little evidence of anyone deciding to have Edward assassinated, and none whatsoever of the note having been written. Similarly, accounts of Edward being killed with a red-hot poker have no strong contemporary sources to support them.The conventional 20th-century view has been that Edward did die at Berkeley Castle, either murdered on <mask>'s orders or of ill-health brought on by his captivity, and that subsequent accounts of his survival were simply rumours, similar to those that surrounded <mask> Arc and other near contemporaries after their deaths. Three recent historians, however, have offered an alternative interpretation of events. Paul Doherty, drawing extensively on the Fieschi Letter of the 1340s, has argued that Edward in fact escaped from Berkeley Castle with the help of William Ockle, a knight whom Doherty argues subsequently pretended to be Edward in disguise around Europe, using the name "William the Welshman" to draw attention away from the real Edward himself. In this interpretation, a look-alike was buried at Gloucester. Ian Mortimer, focusing more on contemporary documents from 1327 itself, argues that Roger de Mortimer engineered a fake "escape" for Edward from Berkeley Castle; after this Edward was kept in Ireland, believing he was really evading Mortimer, before finally finding himself free, but politically unwelcome, after the fall of <mask> and Mortimer. In this version, Edward makes his

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Joan of
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 way to Europe, before subsequently being buried at Gloucester. Finally, Alison Weir, again drawing on the Fieschi Letter, has recently argued that Edward II escaped his captors, killing one in the process, and lived as a hermit for many years; in this interpretation, the body in Gloucester Cathedral is of Edward's dead captor.In all of these versions, it is argued that it suited <mask> and Mortimer to publicly claim that Edward was dead, even if they were aware of the truth. Other historians, however, including David Carpenter, have criticised the methodology behind this revisionist approach and disagree with the conclusions. Later years
<mask> and Mortimer ruled together for four years, with <mask>'s period as regent marked by the acquisition of huge sums of money and land. When their political alliance with the Lancastrians began to disintegrate, <mask> continued to support Mortimer. <mask> fell from power when her son, Edward III deposed Mortimer in a coup, taking back royal authority for himself. Unlike Mortimer, <mask> survived the transition of power, remaining a wealthy and influential member of the English court, albeit never returning directly to active politics. As regent, 1326–1330

<mask>'s reign as regent lasted only four years, before the fragile political alliance that had brought her and Mortimer to power disintegrated.1328 saw the marriage of <mask>'s son, Edward III to Philippa of Hainault, as agreed before the invasion of 1326; the lavish ceremony was held in London to popular acclaim. <mask> and Mortimer had already begun a trend that continued over the next few years, in starting to accumulate huge wealth.


texts: With her lands restored to her, <mask> was already exceptionally rich, but she began to accumulate yet more. Within the first few weeks, <mask> had granted herself almost £12,000; finding that Edward's royal treasury contained £60,000, a rapid period of celebratory spending then ensued. <mask> soon awarded herself another £20,000, allegedly to pay off foreign debts. At Edward III's coronation, <mask> then extended her land holdings from a value of £4,400 each year to the huge sum of £13,333, making her one of the largest landowners in the kingdom. <mask> also refused to hand over her dower lands to Philippa after her marriage to Edward III, in contravention of usual custom.<mask>'s lavish lifestyle matched her new incomes. Mortimer, in effect her first minister, after a restrained beginning, also began to accumulate lands and titles at a tremendous rate, particularly in the Marcher territories. The new regime also faced some key foreign policy dilemmas, which <mask> approached from a realist perspective. The first of these was the situation in Scotland, where Edward II's unsuccessful policies had left an unfinished, tremendously expensive war. <mask> was committed to bringing this issue to a conclusion by diplomatic means. Edward III initially opposed this policy, before eventually relenting, leading to the Treaty of Northampton. Under this treaty, <mask>'s daughter Joan would marry David Bruce (heir apparent to the Scottish throne) and Edward III would renounce any claims on Scottish lands, in exchange for the promise of Scottish military aid against any enemy except the French, and £20,000 in compensation for the raids across


texts: northern England.No compensation would be given to those earls who had lost their Scottish estates, and the compensation would be taken by <mask>. Although strategically successful and, historically at least, "a successful piece of policy making", <mask>'s Scottish policy was by no means popular and contributed to the general sense of discontent with the regime. Secondly, the Gascon situation, still unresolved from Edward II's reign, also posed an issue. <mask> reopened negotiations in Paris, resulting in a peace treaty under which the bulk of Gascony, minus the Agenais, would be returned to England in exchange for a 50,000-mark penalty. The treaty was not popular in England because of the Agenais clause. Henry, Earl of Lancaster was amongst the first to break with <mask> and Mortimer. By 1327 Lancaster was irritated by Mortimer's behaviour and <mask> responded by beginning to sideline him from her government.Lancaster was furious over the passing of the Treaty of Northampton, and refused to attend court, mobilising support amongst the commoners of London. <mask> responded to the problems by undertaking a wide reform of royal administration and local law enforcement. In a move guaranteed to appeal to domestic opinion, <mask> also decided to pursue Edward III's claim on the French throne, sending her advisers to France to demand official recognition of his claim. The French nobility were unimpressed and, since <mask> lacked the funds to begin any military campaign, she began to court the opinion of France's neighbours, including proposing the marriage of her son John to the Castilian royal family. By the end of 1328 the situation


texts: had descended into near civil war once again, with Lancaster mobilising his army against <mask> and Mortimer. In January 1329 <mask>'s forces under Mortimer's command took Lancaster's stronghold of Leicester, followed by Bedford; <mask>—wearing armour, and mounted on a warhorse—and Edward III marched rapidly north, resulting in Lancaster's surrender. He escaped death but was subjected to a colossal fine, effectively crippling his power.<mask> was merciful to those who had aligned themselves with him, although some—such as her old supporter Henry de Beaumont, whose family had split from <mask> over the peace with Scotland, which had lost them huge land holdings in Scotland—fled to France. Despite Lancaster's defeat, however, discontent continued to grow. Edmund of Kent had sided with <mask> in 1326, but had since begun to question his decision and was edging back towards Edward II, his half-brother. Edmund of Kent was in conversations with other senior nobles questioning <mask>'s rule, including Henry de Beaumont and <mask> Vesci. Edmund was finally involved in a conspiracy in 1330, allegedly to restore Edward II, who, he claimed, was still alive: <mask> and Mortimer broke up the conspiracy, arresting Edmund and other supporters—including Simon Mepeham, Archbishop of Canterbury. Edmund may have expected a pardon, possibly from Edward III, but <mask> was insistent on his execution. The execution itself was a fiasco after the executioner refused to attend and Edmund of Kent had to be killed by a local dung-collector, who had been himself sentenced to death and was pardoned as a bribe to undertake the beheading.<mask> Vesci escaped

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 punishment, despite having been closely involved in the plot. Mortimer's fall from power, 1330
By mid-1330, <mask> and Mortimer's regime was increasingly insecure, and <mask>'s son, Edward III, was growing frustrated at Mortimer's grip on power. Various historians, with different levels of confidence, have also suggested that in late 1329 <mask> became pregnant. A child of Mortimer's with royal blood would have proved both politically inconvenient for <mask>, and challenging to Edward's own position. Edward quietly assembled a body of support from the Church and selected nobles, whilst <mask> and Mortimer moved into Nottingham Castle for safety, surrounding themselves with loyal troops. In the autumn, Mortimer was investigating another plot against him, when he challenged a young noble, William Montagu, during an interrogation. Mortimer declared that his word had priority over the king's, an alarming statement that Montagu reported back to Edward.Edward was convinced that this was the moment to act, and on 19 October, Montagu led a force of twenty-three armed men into the castle by a secret tunnel. Up in the keep, <mask>, Mortimer and other council members were discussing how to arrest Montagu, when Montagu and his men appeared. Fighting broke out on the stairs and Mortimer was overwhelmed in his chamber. <mask> threw herself at Edward's feet, famously crying "Fair son, have pity on gentle Mortimer!" Lancastrian troops rapidly took the rest of the castle, leaving Edward in control of his own government for the first time. Parliament was convened the next month, where Mortimer was put on trial for treason. <mask> was portrayed as


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 an innocent bystander during the proceedings, and no mention of her sexual relationship with Mortimer was made public.Mortimer was executed at Tyburn, but Edward III showed leniency and he was not quartered or disembowelled. In retirement, 1330–1358

After the coup, <mask> was initially transferred to Berkhamsted Castle, and then held under house arrest at Windsor Castle until 1332, when she then moved back to her own Castle Rising in Norfolk. Agnes Strickland, a Victorian historian, argued that <mask> suffered from occasional fits of madness during this period but modern interpretations suggest, at worst, a nervous breakdown following the death of Mortimer. <mask> remained extremely wealthy; despite being required to surrender most of her lands after losing power, in 1331 she was reassigned a yearly income of £3000, which increased to £4000 by 1337. She lived an expensive lifestyle in Norfolk, including minstrels, huntsmen, grooms and other luxuries, and was soon travelling again around England. In 1348, there were suggestions that she might travel to Paris to take part in peace negotiations, but eventually this plan was quashed. She was also involved in the talks with Charles II of Navarre in 1358.As the years went by, <mask> became very close to her daughter Joan, especially after Joan left her unfaithful husband, King David II of Scotland, who was imprisoned by her brother in the Tower of London at the time where she visited him once. Joan also nursed her just before she died. She doted on her grandchildren, including Edward, the Black Prince. She became increasingly interested in religion as she grew older, visiting a number


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 of shrines. She remained, however, a gregarious member of the court, receiving constant visitors; amongst them appear to have been her friend Marie de St Pol, Countess of Pembroke, and her cousin Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster. King Edward and his children often visited her as well. She remained interested in Arthurian legends and jewellery; in 1358 she appeared at the St George's Day celebrations at Windsor wearing a dress made of silk, silver, 300 rubies, 1800 pearls and a circlet of gold.She may also have developed an interest in astrology or geometry towards the end of her life, receiving various presents relating to these disciplines. <mask> took the nun's habit of the Poor Clares before she died on 22 August 1358 at Hertford Castle, and her body was returned to London for burial at the Franciscan church at Newgate, in a service overseen by Archbishop Simon Islip. She was buried in the mantle she had worn at her wedding and at her request, Edward's heart, placed into a casket thirty years before, was interred with her. <mask> left the bulk of her property, including Castle Rising, to her favourite grandson, the Black Prince, with some personal effects being granted to her daughter Joan. Cultural depictions

Literature and theatre
Queen <mask> appeared with a major role in Christopher Marlowe's play Edward II (c. 1592) and thereafter has been frequently used as a character in plays, books and films, often portrayed as beautiful but manipulative or wicked. Thomas Gray, the 18th-century poet, combined Marlowe's depiction of <mask> with William Shakespeare's description of Margaret of Anjou (the wife of Henry VI) as the


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 "She-Wolf of France", to produce the anti-French poem The Bard (1757), in which <mask> rips apart the bowels of Edward II with her "unrelenting fangs". The "She-Wolf" epithet stuck, and Bertolt Brecht re-used it in The Life of Edward II of England (1923).Film
In Derek Jarman's film Edward II (1991), based on Marlowe's play, <mask> is portrayed (by actress Tilda Swinton) as a "femme fatale" whose thwarted love for Edward causes her to turn against him and steal his throne. In contrast to the negative depictions, Mel Gibson's film Braveheart (1995) portrays <mask> (played by the French actress Sophie Marceau) more sympathetically. In the film, an adult <mask> is fictionally depicted as having a romantic affair with the Scottish hero William Wallace. However, in reality, she was nine years old at the time of Wallace's death. Additionally, Wallace is incorrectly suggested to be the father of her son, Edward III, despite Wallace's death being many years before Edward's birth. Issue
Edward and <mask> had four children, and she suffered at least one miscarriage. Their itineraries demonstrate that they were together 9 months prior to the births of all four surviving offspring.Their children were:

 Edward III, born 1312
 John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall, born 1316
 Eleanor of Woodstock, born 1318, married Reinoud II of Guelders
 Joan of the Tower, born 1321, married David II of Scotland

Arms

Ancestry

<mask> is descended from Gytha of Wessex through King Andrew II of Hungary and thus brought the bloodline of the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, Harold Godwinson, back into the English royal family. See also
 <mask> Baker
 Hundred Years'

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 Vita Edwardi Secundi

Notes

Sources
 Ainsworth, Peter. (2006) Representing Royalty: Kings, Queens and Captains in Some Early Fifteenth Century Manuscripts of Froissart's Chroniques. in Kooper (ed) 2006. Boutell, Charles. (1863) A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular. London: Winsor & Newton.Carpenter, David. (2007a) "What Happened to Edward II?" London Review of Books. Vol. 29, No. 11. 7 June 2007.Carpenter, David. (2007b) "Dead or Alive." London Review of Books. Vol. 29, No. 15. 2 August 2007.Doherty, P.C. (2003) Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II. London: Robinson. .
 Ewan, Elizabeth. "Braveheart." American Historical Review. Vol. 100, No.4. October 1995. Given-Wilson, Chris. (ed) (2002) Fourteenth Century England. Prestwich: Woodbridge. Holmes, George. (2000) Europe, Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320–1450, 2nd edition.Oxford: Blackwell. Kibler, William W. (1995) Medieval France: an Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. Kooper, Erik (ed). (2006) The Medieval Chronicle IV. Amsterdam: Rodopi. Lord, Carla.(2002) Queen <mask> at the Court of France. in Given-Wilson (ed) (2002). Mortimer, Ian. (2004) The Greatest Traitor: The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, Ruler of England 1327–1330. London: Pimlico Press. Mortimer, Ian. (2006) The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation.London: Vintage Press. .
 Myers, A. R. (1978) England in the Late Middle Ages. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Neillands, Robin. (2001) The Hundred Years War. London: Routledge. Sumption, Jonathan. (1999) The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle.Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press. Weir, Alison. (1999) Britain's Royal Family: A


texts:
 Complete Genealogy. London: The Bodley Head. Weir, Alison. (2006) Queen <mask>: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England. London: Pimlico Books. .External links

 Heidi Murphy <mask> of France (1295–1358), Britannia biographical series

|-

1295 births
1358 deaths
13th-century French people
14th-century French people
14th-century English people
13th-century French women
14th-century English women
14th-century French women
14th-century women rulers
Duchesses of Aquitaine
Edward II of England
English rebels
English royal consorts
Founders of English schools and colleges
French princesses
French expatriates in England
French Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
House of Capet
Irish royal consorts
Nobility from Paris
Philip IV of France
Poor Clares
Regents of England
Women in 14th-century warfare
Women in medieval European warfare
Women in war in France
Daughters of

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William A<mask> (born February 13, 1926) is an American sportscaster, educator and author. Originally from Muskogee, Oklahoma, he has retired to Durham, North Carolina after a long residence in Richardson, Texas. In 2002, he was inducted into the Texas Radio Hall of Fame. Personal
During World War II, <mask> served in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946 aboard the USS Rixey and USS LCI(G)–439 (Landing Craft Infantry – Gunboat) as a Signalman. <mask>'s ships participated in five invasions: Marshall Islands, Guam, Leyte, Luzon and Okinawa. He is included in the List of notable surviving veterans of World War II. <mask> first attended college at Northeastern State College in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, after the war.He then earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Denver in 1949 and a master's degree from North Texas State University in Denton, Texas in 1966. <mask>'s Granddaughter Emma Tiedemann is the play-by-play voice of the Portland Sea Dogs in Portland, Maine. Career
<mask> is best known as a play-by-play radio announcer for baseball, football, basketball and wrestling. He was also a news reporter for Dallas, Texas television station KRLD, covering the John F. Kennedy assassination in 1963. He and fellow reporters George Phenix, Wes Wise and Bob Huffaker wrote When the News Went Live about their experiences during that time. <mask> also wrote,  Play-by-Play: Tales from a Sportscasting Insider, about his experiences in sportscasting. He enjoyed a stint as a sports anchor at KVIL radio station in Dallas-Fort Worth during the 1970s and 80s, alongside longtime morning host Ron Chapman.<mask> also spent over 35 years teaching new generations of sports broadcasters in the University of North Texas's Radio/TV Department. He was also recognized by the University of Texas at Dallas Athletic Department for his involvement with their live game broadcasts. Play by Play
In his 60+ year career, <mask> provided play-by-play broadcasting for several minor league teams: First, the Muskogee

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 Giants of the Class C Western Association, then the Dallas Rangers (Triple A baseball) from 1959 to 1964, and the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs (Texas League baseball) from 1965 to 1971. He then moved up to broadcast for major league baseball's Texas Rangers (major league baseball) in 1972 (with Don Drysdale) and Chicago White Sox in 1974. <mask> also provided play-by-play for University of North Texas (known as North Texas State College until 1961, and North Texas State University from 1961 to 1988) football and basketball from 1959 to 1994. <mask>'s first broadcasts for professional teams began with the Dallas Texans (American Football League) in 1960 with Charlie Jones, then for the Dallas Cowboys (National Football League) from 1966 to 1971. Initially, <mask> provided color commentary with Jay Randolph in 1965 for the Cowboys, then became the play-by-play announcer when Randolph moved to St. Louis the following year.In the 1980s, <mask> broadcast Southwest Conference football and basketball for Mutual Radio. In the 2000s, he assisted Mike Capps with play-by-play for Round Rock Express minor league baseball of the Texas League (currently in the Pacific Coast League,) and for three years with Scott Garner of the Frisco RoughRiders of the Texas League. While at KRLD-AM/TV in Dallas, he served seven years as color commentator for CBS Radio's annual broadcasts of the Cotton Bowl Classic college football game. <mask> is also noted for calling the "Ice Bowl," the NFL championship game between the Dallas Cowboys and Green Bay Packers in 1967, along with the Cowboys' second Super Bowl appearance in January, 1972. Wrestling
During his time at UNT, he called games involving Kevin Adkisson and Steve Williams, who both became professional wrestlers under the names Kevin Von Erich and Stone Cold Steve Austin, respectively. He also was the announcer in 1959 at UNT when Abner Haynes broke the color line in Texas and later became a star with the second incarnation of the Dallas Texans (American Football

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 League). <mask> provided play-by-play announcing for the internationally acclaimed World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW,) based in Dallas, from 1982 to 1987.Telecasts were originally shown on Dallas-Fort Worth station KXTX, Channel 39. <mask> became a wrestling announcer in the 1950s in Muskogee, Oklahoma during the course of broadcasting all area sports for local radio station KMUS. By the late 1950s, <mask> had relocated to Dallas and began calling televised wrestling matches at the Dallas Sportatorium and in the studio for KRLD-TV (present day KDFW-TV,) Channel 4. In early 1976, <mask> took over announcing duties for the long-running Saturday Night Wrestling program on KTVT, Channel 11, in Fort Worth, when original announcer Dan Coates retired. Awards
 Texas Sports Hall of Fame (2020 inductee)
Texas Radio Hall of Fame (2002 inductee)
 University of North Texas Athletic Department Hall of Fame
 Texas Baseball Ex-Pro's Baseball Hall of Fame
 Oklahoma Sports Museum, Guthrie, Oklahoma: The <mask>ins Award
 Texas Intercollegiate Press Association Hall of Fame, April 2009
 University of Texas-Dallas Athletic Department Hall of Honor, 2011
 Namesake of the Bill <mask> Press Club at the University of North Texas's Apogee Stadium, awarded in 2012
Muskogee High Athletics Hall of Fame (2014)

Bibliography
 When the News Went Live: Dallas 1963. Play-by-Play: Tales from a Sportscasting Insider

References

1926 births
American Football League announcers
American radio sports announcers
Chicago White Sox announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Dallas Cowboys announcers
Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Football League announcers
North Texas Mean Green football
Writers from Muskogee, Oklahoma
People from Richardson, Texas
Professional wrestling announcers
Sportswriters from Texas
Texas Rangers (baseball) announcers
United States Football League announcers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy

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<mask> is a Belarusian journalist, anarchist activist, blogger, and political prisoner. He was released in 2015 and became in involved in the 2020 Belarusian protests. He was arrested by authorities and is currently again a political prisoner. Biography
<mask> was born on August 23, 1988, in Brahin. He graduated from the BSU College of Law. After graduating from college, he was enrolled in the 3rd year of the Faculty of Law of BSU, but didn't study there. He left BSU, entered the European Humanities University at the political science department (he studied in absentia; at the time of his arrest he was a 2nd year student).He worked in a collection firm, where he acted as a journalist, lawyer and programmer at the same time. He also became a member of the Belarusian anarchist movement. In May 2011, <mask> was sentenced to 4.5 years in prison in a maximum security colony for participating in attacks on government buildings. In February 2015, Dedok was sentenced to an additional year in prison under Article 411 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus. After his release, he continued his social and political activities, took up journalism and research in the field of political science. Arrest and prison sentence
Before his arrest, Dedok, according to himself, was an activist unknown to the general public. His name appeared in the media for the first time only in connection with his arrest.<mask> <mask> was detained on September 3, 2010, as a suspect in the case of the attack on the Russian Embassy in Minsk on the night of August 31. The law enforcement bodies of Belarus arrested the young man for three days and placed him in a temporary detention center. Failing to collect a sufficient amount of evidence that would confirm <mask>'s involvement in the case, law enforcement agencies extended the term of his detention, but in a different case – an attack on the House of Trade Unions. However, when the accusation of

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texts: his participation again did not receive sufficient evidence, <mask> was detained for the third time as a suspect in the case of an attack on a Belarusbank branch. After that, when all possibilities for detention were exhausted, they began to ascribe other illegal actions to Mikola, in particular, theft and hooliganism. On September 24, 2010, having already served more than 20 days under arrest, <mask> <mask> was accused of participating in an unauthorized rally near the General Staff of Belarus, and on October 1 he was charged under Article 339, part 2 – "hooliganism." On May 27, 2011, the Zavodskoy Court of Minsk sentenced Dedok to 4 and a half years in a high security prison.<mask> was held in the so-called "anarchist case" together with Igor Olinevich (sentenced to 8 years) and Alexander Frantskevich (sentenced to 3 years). At the trial, Dedok did not admit his guilt and later in prison refused to sign a petition for pardon addressed to the president. While imprisoned, on September 13, 2011, <mask> <mask> married Valeria Khotina in the Mogilev colony. In October 2011, the Viasna Human Rights Centre and the Belarusian Helsinki Committee recognized those convicted in the "anarchist case", including <mask> <mask>, as political prisoners. <mask> was taken under the patronage of Sari Essayah, member of the European Parliament from Finland, in November 2011. In prisons No. 15 and 17 of Shklov, <mask> received more than 10 penalties for various far-fetched violations.By a court decision on December 5, 2012, the conditions of serving the sentence were changed to stricter ones – he was transferred from prison No. 17 in Shklov to prison No. 4 in Mogilev. In November 2014, a new criminal case was opened against Dedok under Article 411 for "willful disobedience to the requirements of the administration of the correctional institution". Five days before the end of his term on February 26, 2015, the Leninsky District Court of

masks: Mikola Mikola Dziadok Mikola Mikola Dziadok Mikola Dziadok Dziadok Mikola


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 Mogilev sentenced <mask> Dziadok to 1 year in a strict regime prison, under Article 411 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus for "malignant disobedience to the demands of the administration". Grandpa was charged with 16 violations of the regime in places of detention. For each of these 16 violations, <mask> had already been punished in a disciplinary order, having received a reprimand of from 5 to 10 days in a punishment cell.After the conviction, he wrote an open letter to the press, in which he criticized Art. 411 of the Criminal Code as inhumane and repressive. On May 12, 2015, <mask> was transferred to prison IK-9 in Gorki, where out of the first 50 days of his stay, he spent 42 days in a punishment cell "for violation of the sentence serving regime" and "refusal to work". To draw attention to the unbearable conditions of detention, on May 20, 2015, Dedok was forced to inflict cut wounds on his stomach and arms. On June 24, 2015, Manuel Sarrazin, Member of the German Bundestag and representative of the Alliance 90/The Greens parliamentary group in the European Parliament, took over the "patronage" of the political prisoner <mask> <mask>. On August 22, 2015, Alexander Lukashenko pardoned six political prisoners – <mask> <mask>, Igor Olinevich, Nikolai Statkevich, Yevgeny Vaskovich, Artem Prokopenko and Yuri Rubtsov. The report notes that the decision to pardon was made in accordance with the "principle of humanism".After release
After his release, <mask> <mask> returned to the European Humanities University under the International Politics and Economics program, which he graduated from in 2019. He is a member of the anarchist movement. He works as a journalist for the Novoe Vremya newspaper, writes for other publications, maintains a number of blogs on social networks and a channel in the Telegram messenger, as well as a Radix video blog on "revolutionary political analysis, social struggle and

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 anarchism in Belarus." He has written several books. Since October 2019, he has been a fellow of K. Kalinowski's master's degree program and a student of Polish language courses at the Center for Language and Polish Culture of the Maria Skłodowska-Curie University. Continued persecution
On March 25, 2017, <mask> <mask> was detained in Minsk and taken to the Partizanskiy ROVD, and then to the Center for Isolation of Offenders. On the same day, he was taken with a head injury to the emergency hospital, accompanied by police.After 4 days spent in the hospital, <mask> was escorted to court, where he received 10 days of arrest under Articles 23.34 (Violation of the procedure for holding mass events) and Art. 23.4 Administrative Code (Disobedience to police orders). 2018
On June 30, 2018, along with 17 other anarchists, he was detained by a special forces group SOBR and employees of the GUBOPiK during the dispersal of an informal meeting of anarchists in a forest near Krupki. According to <mask> himself, he spent five hours in handcuffs with his face to the ground. Dziadok appealed to law enforcement agencies with a request to initiate a criminal case against employees of the GUBOPiK for abuse of office. On July 12, 2018, <mask> was detained near his house by riot policemen, when he was going to the trial of journalist Dmitry Galko. He was taken to the Frunzensky District Department of Internal Affairs, and then to the Frunzensky District Court, where he received a fine of 10 basic units under Art.17.10 of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Belarus. "Demonstration of Nazi symbols". The reason for initiating an administrative case was a post on Facebook condemning Nazism. On December 27, 2018, <mask> was fined by the Frunzensky District Court of Minsk in the amount of 40 base units under Article 17.10 of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Belarus. He was accused of distributing extremist products: posting

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 on his Facebook page an illustration depicting the symbols of the Misantropic Division (an international association of neo-Nazi groups), which was included in the republican list of extremist materials by the court of the Central District of Minsk. But <mask>'s post was directed precisely against Nazism: “The picture from July 2016 is an illustration for a post in which I criticize people for standing next to the Nazis (!!!). Photos are driven to confirm their words.Do you understand the charm of the whole situation? Indeed, how can Nazism be condemned when any illustrative material can be retroactively outlawed? If we proceed from the GUBOPiK's information, then we should judge, for example, those who broadcast military newsreels on television, employees of the Belarusian television who show Nazis and do not retouch them,” he explained his position. The case was heard by judge Maria Erokhina. 2019
<mask> <mask> became a defendant in a high-profile scandal involving the Russian media. The reason was seven articles in the Novy Chas newspaper, where Dedok works, dedicated to Chechen political and military leaders, in particular, Shamil Basayev. In the 2017 article "Basayev: Your Great Russian dream – sitting up to your throat in shit to drag everyone else there ...", dedicated to the 11th anniversary of the murder of the field commander, <mask> <mask> presented Basayev as an ambiguous personality, from which, however, "they make a monster from hell".In January 2019, two years later, the Russian media drew attention to it, criticizing and condemning the author of the article, <mask>, as well as Alena Anisim, who is the head of the Belarusian Language Association and the founder of the newspaper "Novy Chas". From the point of view of a number of media outlets, the publication is a “glorification of terrorists". The article on the Belarusian pro-Russian website Teleskop, which started the information attack, was

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