texts: propositional logic given by Quine, which had appeared a few months before in the Journal of Symbolic Logic. This reading was highly significant for Henkin, not so much because of the content itself, but because with it he discovered that he could understand the research on logic and mathematics that was taking place at the time. According to <mask>, although he managed to follow Quine's demonstration, he did not manage to capture the idea of the proof: "I simply noted that the aim of the paper was to show that every tautology had a formal proof in the system of axioms presented, and I expended my utmost effort to check Quine's reasoning that this was so, without ever reflecting on why author and reader were making this effort. This strictly limited objective also kept me from wondering how the author thought of putting the steps of the proof together; the result was that I failed to get 'the idea of the proof', the essential ingredient needed for discovery." Just before <mask> began his second year at Columbia, World War II broke out. This had several repercussions on his life.One of them had a positive effect on his education. Days before the war broke out, the Polish mathematician and logician Alfred Tarski had come to Harvard, at Quine's invitation, to give a series of lectures on logic. With the invasion of Poland by Germany, Tarski found it impossible to return to

masks: Henkin Henkin


type: original

texts: Poland and he had to remain in the United States. Tarski visited several cities giving lectures on logic. One of these lectures was at Columbia, and <mask>, like the rest of the logic students, attended it with great enthusiasm. In it Tarski spoke of Gödel's work on undecidable propositions in Type Theory and on the existence of decision algorithms for formal systems, a subject that <mask> found extremely stimulating. In his last year at Columbia, in 1941, Professor F. J. Murray, knowing that <mask> was a mathematics student interested in Logic, suggested that they review together the monograph by Gödel recently published at Princeton on the consistency of the axiom of choice with the generalized continuum hypothesis.Although the meetings they had to discuss it were scarce and <mask> ended up revising this monograph practically alone, the experience was considered by him as the most enriching one in his formation at Columbia. According to Henkin, then began to take form some of the ideas that became the starting-point of his doctoral dissertation. In 1940, <mask> decided to apply for admission to a doctoral program, without having fully defined what path to follow in his research. He was accepted to three universities, from which he chose Princeton, since the renowned logician Alonzo Church was there, although at the time Henkin was unaware of his work. Postgraduate

masks: Henkin Henkin Henkin Leon Henkin


texts:
 Studies
<mask> began his graduate studies at Princeton in 1941, studying under the direction of Church. The Ph.D. program he attended consisted of two years of mathematics courses, after which he was to take a "qualifying" oral examination to show he was well educated in at least three branches of mathematics; with this he would receive a M.A. degree.He would then have another two years to write a doctoral dissertation containing an original research, after which he would get the degree of Ph.D. The first two years he took courses in logic -taught by Church-, analysis and general topology. In the first logic course with Church were studied several formal systems of Propositional Logic and First-Order Logic; some proofs of completeness and discussed part of the Löwenheim-Skolem theorems were revised, as well as a presentation of Gödel's proof on the completeness of First-Order Logic. In the second one they dealt in great detail with a Second-Order system for Peano Arithmetic, as well as with the incompleteness of this axiomatic theory and the consequent incompleteness of Second-Order Logic. In 1942 the United States entered the Second World War, altering Henkin's plans. He had to rush his oral qualification exam, with which he obtained the degree of M. A. and left Princeton to take part in the Manhattan Project. This interruption would last four years, during which he


texts: contributed his mathematical knowledge working on radar problems and in the design of a plant to separate uranium isotopes.Most of his work required numerical analysis to solve partial differential equations. During this period, all of his work and readings on logic were completely suspended. Once the war was over, <mask> returned to Princeton in 1946, where he was still required to write a dissertation to complete his Ph.D. studies. Upon his return he joined the logic course that Church had begun a month earlier on Frege's theory of "sense and reference". In this course he discovered Church's theory of types, which he found extremely interesting. The questions he asked about it eventually led him to give his proof of the completeness of the theory of types, which he was able to adapt to also give a new proof of the completeness of First-Order Logic. These results, as well as others that other that emerged from the same ideas, came to take part in <mask>'s doctoral dissertation, which was titled "The completeness of formal systems", with which he graduated in June 1947.The dissertation itself was not published, although parts of it were rewritten and published in articles, and. Many years later, <mask> wrote the article "The discovery of my completeness proofs", which contains a detailed review of the contents of his dissertation. The procedures used in it have become

masks: Henkin Henkin Henkin


texts:
 frequent methods of proofs in various branches of logic. After the graduation
Having obtained his Ph.D. degree, <mask> spent two more years at Princeton working on post-doctoral studies. During this time, in 1948, he met Ginette Potvin, during a trip to Montreal with his sister Estelle and Princeton mathematics graduate student Harold Kuhn. Ginette would become his wife in 1950, a half year after Estelle married Harold. After completing his second year of postdoctoral studies at Princeton in 1949, <mask> returned to California, where he entered the mathematics department at the University of Southern California.There he held the position of assistant professor until 1953. In 1952 Tarski had managed to obtain a permanent position at Berkeley for <mask>. However, <mask> did not want to accept it, as he was sympathetic to the protests recently raised by the controversial oath of allegiance that had been required of university professors since 1950. Once the oath requirement dissaperead, <mask> accepted Tarski's offer and settled in Berkeley in 1953. His life in Berkeley
From 1953, most of <mask>'s academic activity revolved around Berkeley, where he collaborated with a solid research group in Logic. He remained there for almost all his academic life, except for some periods in which he traveled abroad with scholarships and grants of diverse institutes, like the one-year

masks: Henkin Leon Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin


texts:
 stay he had in Amsterdam or the one in Israel with the Fulbright Research Grants he was awarded (in 1954 and 1979 respectively). <mask> was always grateful to Tarski, as it was thanks to him that he was able to settle in Berkeley.After Tarski's death in 1983, he wrote in a personal letter: “I write to tell you that Alfred Tarski, who came to Berkeley in 1942 and founded our great Center for the Study of Logic and Foundations, died Wednesday night, at age 82 [...]. It was he who brought me to Berkeley in 1953, so I owe much to him personally as well as scientifically.”

Tarski not only offered <mask> a job opportunity, but also provided him with a very fertile interdisciplinary collaborative environment for the development of Logic. Tarski had founded the Center for the Study of Logic and Foundations in Berkeley, but with <mask>'s help he was able to bring together a group of logicians, mathematicians and philosophers who formed the Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science, which is still active today. As part of this project they created an interdisciplinary postgraduate program culminating in a Ph.D. Tarski and <mask> boosted the project by organizing important congresses and conferences on Logic, following Tarski's conception of "logic as a common basis for the whole of human knowledge". The intense activity that took place in Berkeley in the 1950s and 1960s on

masks: Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin


texts: metalogic was largely due to the activity of Tarski and <mask>, both in teaching and research. Many results of what are today crucial to Model Theory came as a result of the academic activity in Berkeley that took place in those years. Among the research trips that <mask> did throughout the years are his visits to universities in Hanover, Princeton, Colorado, as well as to several European Universities, such as Oxford (in the United Kingdom), and others in Yugoslavia, Spain, Portugal and France.In 1979, with his second Fulbright Grant, <mask> spent a year in Israel, in Haifa, at the Department of Science Education of the Technion University. On this occasion he also visited two universities in Egypt. In 1982 he first visited  Spain. He gave conferences at several universities, including those in Barcelona, Madrid and Seville. <mask> had an active role in research and teaching, but his activities at the university went far beyond that. In addition to the dedication he put in his teaching as well as and in guiding the Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science, he held some administrative positions; he was director of the Department of Mathematics from 1966 to 1968, and subsequently from 1983 to 1985. One of the activities to which he devoted most energy was the teaching of mathematics, on which he also did some research.On some occasions <mask> attended to his

masks: Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin


texts:
 children's schools to talk to elementary school children about maths, talking to them about "the negative numbers", or "how to subtract by addition". Around that time (about 1960), <mask> began to alternate his research work in mathematics with research work in teaching mathematics; the latter became increasingly frequent. In 1991 he was granted the title of Professor Emeritus at the University of Berkeley and retired. Retirement and death
After he retired, <mask> continued to work on math teaching projects. From 1991, he took part on a summer courses program at Mills College intended to give talented women from across the nation education in mathematics in order to prepare them for college. Finally, Ginette and <mask> moved to Oakland, where <mask> died a few years later, in November 2006. Always kind to his students and colleagues, whom he frequently invited to his home to enjoy evenings with Ginette, he is remembered as a brilliant researcher, a teacher committed to his discipline and a person who showed solidarity with his community.One of the phrases that best captures the sentiment expressed in various testimonies of his students is that given by Douglas Hofstadter: "I feel very fortunate to have been his graduate student since I learned from him much more than logic. It is his humanity that conquered my heart. I always wish I am not less kind to my graduate


texts:
 students and no less eager to follow their professional growth after graduation than he was to me". Legacy

Algebra
Henkin's work on algebra focused on cylindric algebras, a subject he investigated together with Alfred Tarski and Donald Monk. Cylindric Algebra provides structures that are to first-order logic what Boolean algebra is to propositional logic. One of the purposes of <mask> and Tarski in promoting algebraic logic was to attract the interest of mathematicians to logic, convinced as they were that logic could provide unifying principles to mathematics:  "In fact we would go so far as to venture a prediction that through logical research there may emerge important unifying principles which will help to give coherence to a mathematics which sometimes seems in danger of becoming infinitely divisible". According to Monk, <mask>'s research on cylindrical algebra can be divided into the following parts: Algebraic Theory, Algebraic Set Theory, Representation Theorems, Non-representable Algebraic Constructions and Applications to Logic.Completeness Theorems
In 1949 "The completeness of the first order functional calculus" was published, as well as "Completeness in the theory of types" in 1950. Both presented part of the results exposed in the dissertation "The completeness of formal systems" with which <mask> received his Ph.D. degree at Princeton in 1947. One of


texts: <mask>'s best known results is that of the completeness of First-Order Logic, published in the above-mentioned 1949 article, which appears as the first theorem of the 1947 dissertation. It states the following:Any set  of sentences of  formally consistent in the deductive system of  is satisfiable by a numerable structure .This theorem is nowadays called the 'completeness theorem', since from it the following easily follows:If  is a set of sentences of  and  is semantic consequence of  , then  is deducible from  .This is the strong version of the completeness theorem, from which the weak version is obtained as a corollary. The latter states the result for the particular case in which  is the empty set, this is to say, the deductive calculus of first order logic is capable of deriving all valid formulas. The weak version, known as Gödel's completeness theorem, had been proved by Gödel in 1929, in his own doctoral thesis. <mask>'s proof is more general, more accessible than Gödel's and more easily generalizable to languages of any cardinality.It approaches completeness from a new and fruitful perspective and its greatest quality is perhaps that its proof can be easily adapted to prove the completeness of other deductive systems. Other results central to model theory are obtained as corollaries of the strong completeness of the first order logic proved by <mask>. From it


texts: follows, for example, the following result for a first order language  :Every set of well-formed formulas of  that is satisfiable in a −structure is satisfiable in an infinite numerable structure.This result is known as the "downwards" Löwenheim-Skolem theorem. One other result obtained from the completeness theorem is: A set  of well-formed formulas of  has a model if and only if each finite subset of it has a model. The latter is known as the "compactness theorem" of first-order logic, which can also be phrased as: "Any set of well formed formulas of  that is finitely satisfiable is satisfiable". This is to say, if for each of the finite subsets of  there is a structure in which all of its formulas are true, then there is also a structure in which all the formulas of  are true. It is known as "compactness theorem" because it corresponds to the compactness of a certain topological space, defined from semantic notions.Among the other theorems of completeness given by <mask>, the most relevant is perhaps that of the completeness of Church's Theory of Types, which is the first of the completeness theorems <mask> proved. Then, he adapted the method developed in that proof to prove the completeness of other deductive systems. This method has continued to be used to give proofs of completeness in both classical and non-classical logics, and it has become the usual proof of


texts:
 completeness for First-Order Logic in Logic textbooks. When <mask> published this result in 1949, completeness was not even part of the canonical subjects covered by the textbooks; some twenty years later, this theorem, along with its proof and corollaries, was part of virtually every Logic textbook. As for non-classical logics, <mask>'s method can be used, among other things, to extend the completeness of Fuzzy Logic from first order to higher order, producing a complete Fuzzy Type Theory; it also offers a way to obtain results that link classical logic with intuitionist logic; and it allows one to test results of completeness in other non-classical logics, as in the cases of Hybrid Type Theory and Equational Hybrid Propositional Type Theory. The Discovery of the Completeness Theorems
Despite being one of his best known results, <mask> got to the proof of the completeness of first-order logic "accidentally", trying to prove a completely different result. The order of publication of his articles and even the order of presentation of the theorems in his 1947 dissertation does not reflect the evolution that followed the ideas that led him to his completeness results.However, <mask> simplifies the difficult task of tracing the development and shaping of his ideas by his article "The discovery of my completeness proofs", published in 1996. In it, he describes the process of


texts: the development of his dissertation. He doesn't only explain the content of his work, but he also explains the ideas that led to it, from his first logic courses in College until the end of the writing of his thesis. At the end of the war, <mask> returned to Princeton to complete his doctoral studies, for which he still had to write a dissertation containing an original research. As soon as he arrived at Princeton, he attended Church's course in logic that had begun one month earlier, which dealt with Frege's theory of "sense and reference". Motivated by Frege's ideas, Church wanted to put them into practice through a formal axiomatic theory. To do so, he took the simple Theory of Types he had published a few years earlier, and supplied it with a hierarchy of types, inspired by the idea of "sense" exposed by Frege.It was in this course that <mask> became acquainted with Church's Theory of Types, which he found of great interest. He immediately made a conjecture about it, whose proof he hoped could become his doctoral dissertation. One of the attributes that drew <mask>'s attention to Church's Theory of Types was that the -operator allowed to name many objects in the type hierarchy. As he explains in "The discovery of my completeness proofs", he set out to find out which elements had names in this theory. He began by exploring the elements that were named in the two


texts: domains at the base of the type hierarchy. He took  as the universe of individuals, and added a constant for each the number  and the successor function , so that each element in the domain was named from  and repeated occurrences of . Going up through the hierarchy, he tried to specify which functions over those elements were nameable.The set of them was supernumerable, so there had to be some without a name, since there is only a numerable number of expressions. How could be said which elements were the nameable ones? To make each expression correspond to the element it denotated, he needed a choice function, in whose search Henkin invested many efforts. Finally, he realized that by means of the deductive calculus he could form equivalence classes of expressions whose equality could be derived by the calculus, and form with these classes a model isomorphic to the new hierarchy of types formed by the named elements. He had been focusing on the interpretations of the formal language, when the key to solving the problem lied on the deductive system. It remained to make the universe of the objects named by the propositions a set of two elements: the truth values. This could be achieved by expanding the axioms to form a maximally consistent set.Once this was achieved, it could be proved that every consistent set of formulas  has a model that satisfies exactly the formulas


texts:
 of  –the elements of such model are the equivalence classes of the expressions themselves–. That is, he would have managed to give a proof of the completeness of the deductive calculus. The same method used to prove the completeness of Church's Theory of Types could easily be adapted to give a proof of (strong) completeness of First-Order Logic, and of others that followed later on. The ideas on the nameable elements in the hierarchy of types underlying the discovery of <mask>in models). Henkin's method
Henkin's method to give the completeness proofs consists on building a certain model: it starts with a set of formulas , of which the consistency is assumed. A model is then constructed, which satisfies exactly the formulas of . <mask>'s idea to build a suitable model relies on obtaining a sufficiently detailed description of such model using the sentences of the formal language, and to establish which objects could be the elements of such model.If it were known, for each formula of the language of , if it should be satisfied or not by the model, we would have a comprehensive description of the model that would allow its construction. This is exactly what is being looked for: a set of sentences  containing  for which it holds that every sentence of the language or its negation belongs to Gamma. In the case of first order logic one more thing is required: that the set  be

masks: Henkinnk Henkin


texts: exemplified, this is, for all existential formula there is a constant that acts as a witness of it. On the other hand, since the nature of the objects that make up the model's universe is irrelevant, no objection arises against taking as individuals the terms of the language themselves –or classes of equivalence of them–. The first step that must be taken is to extend the language of  adding an infinite collection of new individual constants, and then to order the formulas of the language (which are infinite). Once this is done, the aim is to inductively construct an infinite chain of consistent and exemplified sets: we start from , systematically adding to this set every formula that doesn't make the resulting set inconsistent, adding also exemplifications of the existential formulas. Thus, an infinite chain of consistent and exemplified sets is built, whose union is a maximally consistent and exemplified set; this will be the required set .Having achieved to construct this maximally consistent and exemplified set, the model described by it can be constructed. Which individuals constitute the model's universe? In the case of First-Order Logic without equality, the elements of the domain will be the terms of the formal language. To construct the functions and relations of the model we follow thoroughly what  dictates: if the language contains a -relator , its


texts:
 interpretation in the model will be a relationship formed by all the -tuples of terms in the model's universe such that the formula that says they are related belongs to . If the language includes equality, the domain of the model are classes of equivalence of the terms of the language instead. The equivalence relation is established by the formulas of the maximally consistent set: two terms are equal if there is in  a formula stating they are. Summarizing, the demonstration in the case of a numerable language has two parts:

 Extending the set  to a maximally consistent and exemplified set.Constructiong the model described by the formulae of this set using the terms of the language –or its equivalence classes– as objects of the model's universe. General models
The simple Theory of Types, with the -calculus and the standard semantics is sufficiently rich to express arithmetic categorically, from where it follows, by Gödel's incompleteness theorem, that it is incomplete. Following the idea of identifying the namable elements in the hierarchy of types, <mask> proposed a change in the interpretation of the language, accepting as types hierarchies some that  previously were not admitted. If it was asked from each level of the hierarchy not that there must be all the corresponding functions, but only those that are definable, then a new semantics is obtained, and with it a


texts: new logic. The resulting semantics is known as general semantics. In it the structures that are admissible as models are those known as 'general models'. These can be used not only in Type Theory, but also, for instance, to obtain complete (and compact) Higher-Order Logics.Obtaining complete Higher-Order Logics by the use of general semantics meets the expected balance between the expressive power of a logic and the power of its deductive calculus. In Second-Order Logic with standard semantics it is known that quantifying over predicative variables gives the language an immense expressive power, in exchange for which the power of deductive calculus is lost: the latter is not enough to produce the extense set of valid formulas of this logic (with standard semantics). Changing the calculus does not solve anything, since Gödel's incompleteness theorem ensures that no deductive calculus could achieve completeness. On the contrary, by changing the semantics, that is, by changing the sets that form the universes in which the predicative variables and constants are interpreted, the logic turns out to be complete, at the cost of losing expressive capacity. In Second-Order Logic the set of valid formulas is so large because the concept of standard structure is too restrictive and there are not enough of them to find models that refute the formulas. By relaxing the conditions we


texts:
 ask of the structures on which the language is interpreted, there are more models in which the formulas must be true to be valid and therefore the set of valid formulas is reduced; it does so in such a way that it coincides with the set produced by a deductive calculus, giving rise to completeness. Towards a translation between logics
One of the areas in which the foundations laid by <mask>'s work have proved fruitful is in the search for a logic that works as a common framework for translation between logics.This framework is intended to be used as a metalogical tool; its purpose is not to choose "one logic" above the others, which would suppress the richness provided by the diversity of them, but to provide the adequate context to contrast them, understand them and thus make the best use of the qualities of each one. A research that takes <mask>'s ideas in this direction is that of María Manzano, one of his students, whose proposal is to use Many-Sorted Logic as a common framework for the translation of logics. The aims of this proposal can be synthesized into two: 1) to use a single deductive calculus for all of them; and 2) to use the metaproperties of Many-Sorted Logic in order to more easily proof metaproperties of other logics. In addition, having a logical framework is useful for comparing different logics by comparing the theories that represent them. Although


texts:
 Henkin does not speak of formulae translation, nor does he make explicit a Many-Sorted Language or calculus, the ideas he uses in two of his articles serve as a basis for the approach to translation: "Completeness in the theory of types" and "Banishing the Rule of Substitution for Functional Variables". Mathematical Induction
The topic of mathematical induction was frequently addressed in Henkin's activities on teaching. Probably his experience in this field was the result of his article "On mathematical induction".This was <mask>'s favorite article of his own, of which he even wrote that he considered it his best expository article. In it he defined Peano Models as those that fulfill Peano's three Second-Order Axioms and Induction Models as those that satisfy the third of them: the induction axiom. He demonstrated that although all recursive operations can be introduced in the Peano models, this is not the case in the Induction Models. Concretely, there are Induction Models in which the exponentiation operation cannot be defined. In this article, <mask> also presents the mathematical structure that Induction models can have, which is quite simple: they can either be the standard model, that is, isomorphic to natural numbers, or in two more ways; isomorphic to cycles –which correspond to the  integers module ; or isomorphsicn to what Henkin called "spoons," which is a


texts:
 combination of a finite list followed by a cycle. Philosophical position
Of the articles published by Henkin, the most philosophical is "Some Notes on Nominalism", which he wrote in response to two articles on nominalism, one by Quine and the other jointly written by Quine and Goodman. The discussions relevant to this philosophical doctrine arise naturally in the proofs of completeness given by Henkin, as well as in his proposal for a change in semantics through general models.Both from the content of his works and from his own statements it is considered that his position was nominalist. Teaching
<mask>'s activity as a university professor was vigorous. He taught at all levels, putting the same care and dedication into each of them. Some of the courses he taught were directly related to his research area, such as "Mathematical Logic", "Metamathematics" or "Cylindric Algebra", but others extended to a great diversity of areas, including, among others, "Fundaments of Geometry", "Algebra and Trigonometry", "Finite Mathematics", "Calculus with Analytic Geometry" or "Mathematical Concepts for Elementary School Teachers". His students agree that his explanations were extremely clear and caught the listener's attention. In the words of one of his students, "part of his magic was his elegant expression of the mathematics, but he also worked hard to engage his audience in


texts: conjecturing and seeing the next step or in being surprised by it. He certainly captured the interest of his audiences."One of the aspects of his lectures in which he put special care was in finding an appropriate pace, facing the constant dilemma of how to find the optimal speed for learning. He considered it important that the students could follow the rhythm of the class, even if this meant that some would found it slow –they could continue at their own pace with the readings. However, he also considered that what was easily learned was easily forgotten, so he sought a balance between making his classes accessible and challenging for students, so that they would make the effort to learn more deeply. About his own experience as a student, he commented in an interview: "That easy way in which ideas came made it too easy to forget them. I probably learned more densely condensed material in what we called the 'seminar for babies in conjunctive topology', conducted by Arthure Stone. I learned more because it forced us to do all the work." In addition to his courses and supervision of graduate students, Henkin's role in the scholars education was significant.Tarski had invited him to Berkeley with a clear purpose. As a mathematician, <mask> had a key role in Tarski's project to make Berkeley a center of development of logic, bringing together mathematicians, logicians and


texts: philosophers. <mask> aided him to carry out the project, helping him in the creation of the interdisciplinary Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science, whose successful performance was largely due to <mask>'s drive. Part of this project was the creation of an interdisciplinary university program that culminated in a Ph.D. in "Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science". He also collaborated in organising important meetings and conferences that promoted interdisciplinary collaboration united by logic. The outcome was that in the 1950s and 1960s there was a vibrant development of logic in Berkeley, from which many advances in Model Theory emerged. Although <mask>'s first encounter with teaching mathematics was as a professor, later in life he began to do research in mathematics' teaching as well.Some of his writings in this field are: "Retracing Elementary Mathematics", "New directions in secondary school mathematics" or "The roles of action and of thought in mathematics education". From 1979 onwards he put special emphasis on this facet of his research and the last doctoral theses he directed are related to the teaching of mathematics or the integration of minority groups in research. <mask> liked to write expository articles, for some of which he received awards such as the Chauvenet Prize (1964), for the article "Are Logic and Mathematics Identical? " or the


texts:
 Lester R. Ford Award, for the article "Mathematical Foundations of Mathematics". Social Projects
Throughout his life, <mask> showed a deep commitment to society and was often called a social activist. Many of his mathematics teaching projects sought to bring minority or socially disadvantaged groups closer to mathematics and related areas. He was aware that we are part of history and the context around us, as one of his writings records:"Waves of history wash over our nation, stirring up our society and our institutions.Soon we see changes in the way that all of us do things, including our mathematics and our teaching. These changes form themselves into rivulets and streams that merge at various angles with those arising in parts of our society quite different from education, mathematics, or science. Rivers are formed, contributing powerful currents that will produce future waves of history. The Great Depression and World War II formed the background of my years of study; the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement were the backdrop against which I began my career as a research mathematician, and later began to involve myself with mathematics education. "Henkin was convinced that changes could be achieved through education and, true to his idea, he committed himself to both elementary mathematics education programs and to programs whose aim was to combat exclusion. He


texts: showed a political commitment to society, defending progressive ideas. He inspired many of his students to become involved in mathematics education.Diane Resek, one of his students with an affinity for teaching, described him as follows: "<mask> was committed to work toward equity in society. He was able to see that profes- sional mathematicians could make a difference, particularly regarding racial inequities in the United States. He was one of the first people to say that one thing holding back racial minorities and poorer people in America was their low participation rates in math/science careers. He believed that there were ways of teaching and new programs that could correct this problem. "Aware of the contributions that mathematicians could make through teaching, <mask> defended that teaching should be valued in the academy environment, as he expressed in a personal letter: "In these times when our traditionally trained mathematics Ph.D.’s are finding rough going in the marketplace, it seems to me that we on the faculty should particularly seek new realms wherein mathematics training can make a substantial contribution to the basic aims of society." Some of the social projects he formed or participated in are the following. Between 1957 and 1959 he was part of the Summer Institutes, aimed at mathematics teachers and dedicated to improving high school and college

masks: Leon Henkin


texts: education.In 1958 the National Science Foundation authorized the committee of the American Mathematical Society –which had been interested for some years in the use of films and visual material for mathematics education– to produce experimental films for this purpose, accompanied by printed manuals with appendices that would go deeper into the content and problems to be solved. <mask> participated in this project with a film on mathematical induction, whose supplementary manual was printed by the American Mathematical Society. The film was broadcast in the series "Mathematics Today". Between 1961 and 1964, he participated in a series of courses for elementary school teachers, organized by the Committee on the Undergraduate Program in Mathematics. Also around that time, he promoted the Activities to Broaden Opportunity initiative, which sought to provide opportunities for promising students from ethnic minority groups by offering them summer courses and scholarships. He took part in the SEED (Special Elementary Education for the Disadvantaged) program, which encouraged college students to participate in elementary education, as well as in SESAME (Special Excellence in Science and Mathematics Education), the interdisciplinary doctoral program created by members of various science departments, whose purpose was to research teaching and learning of science, engineering, and


texts:
 mathematics. Between 1960 and 1968 he participated in a series of conferences in mathematics schools, and was involved in the development of several films produced by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM).These films dealt with topics such as the integer system and the rational number system. He also participated in support courses for female calculus students and convinced the mathematics department to allow graduate students to receive the same financial support for working as elementary school teachers as they did for working as assistant teachers in college. "He not only believed in equality, but also worked actively to see that it was brought about." Henkin's Main Articles

 <mask>, L. (1949). The completeness of the first-order functional calculus. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 14(3), 159-166. <mask>, L. (1950).Completeness in the theory of types. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 15(2), 81-91. <mask>, L. (1953). Banishing the Rule of Substitution for Functional Variables. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 18(3), 201-208. <mask>, L. (1953). Some interconnections between modern algebra and mathematical logic.Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 74, 410-427. <mask>, L. (1953). Some notes on nominalism, The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 18(1), 19-29. <mask>, L. (1954) A generalization of the concept of $\omega$-consistency. The Journal of

masks: Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin


texts: Symbolic Logic. 19(3), 183-196. <mask>, L. (1955) The nominalistic interpretation of mathematical language.Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society. 7, 137-141. <mask>, L. (1955) The representation theorem for cylindrical algebras. En Skolem, Th., Hasenjaeger, G., Kreisel, G., Robinson, A. (Eds.) Mathematical Interpretation of Formal Systems, pp. 85–97.<mask>, L. (1957) A generalization of the concept of -completeness. The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 22(1), 1-14. <mask>, L. (1960). On mathematical induction. The American Mathematical Monthly. 67(4), 323-338.<mask>, L. (1961). Mathematical Induction. En MAA Film Manual No.1 The Mathematical Association of America, University of Buffalo, Nueva York. <mask>, L., Tarski, A. (1961) Cylindric algebras. En Dilworth, R.P. (Ed.)Lattice Theory. Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics. American Mathematical Society, 2, 83-113. <mask>, L. Smith, W. N., Varineau, V. J., Walsh, M. J. (1962) Retracing Elementary Mathematics. Macmillan, New York. <mask>, L. (1962).Are logic and mathematics identical?, Science, vol.138, 788-794. <mask>, L. (1963). New directions in secondary school mathematics. En Ritchie, R. W. (Ed.) New Directions in Mathematics, 1-6. Prentice Hall, New York.<mask>, L. (1963). An Extension of the Craig-Lyndon Interpolation theorem. The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 28(3), 201-216. <mask>, L. (1963). A theory of

masks: Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin Henkin


texts:
 propositional types. Fundamenta mathematicae.52, 323-344. <mask>, L. (1971). Mathematical foundations for mathematics. The American Mathematical Monthly. 78(5), 463-487. <mask>, L. (1975). Identity as a logical primitive.Philosophia 5, 31-45. <mask>, L. (1977). The logic of equality.The American Mathematical Monthly. 84(8), 597-612. <mask>, L. (1995). The roles of action and of thought in mathematics education –one mathematician's passage. Fisher, N.D., Keynes, H.B., Wagreich, Ph.D.(Eds. ), Changing the Culture: Mathematics Education in the Research Community, CBMS Issues in Mathematics Education, vol. 5, pp. 3–16. American Mathematical Society in cooperation with Mathematical Association of America, Providence. <mask>, L. (1996). The discovery of my completeness proofs, Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, vol.2(2), 127-158. Awards received
1964 — The Chauvenet Prize, Mathematical Association of America award to the author of an outstanding expository article on a mathematical topic by a member of the Association. 1972 — Lester R. Ford Award — for Mathematical foundations for mathematics, American Mathematical Monthly 78 (1971), 463–487. 1990 — First recipient of the Gung and Hu Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics. 1991 — Berkeley Citation — the highest honor/award bestowed by the University of California. 2000 — <mask> Citation — for Distinguished Service, which is

masks:
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Leon Henkin


texts:
 presented to a (UC) faculty member for "exceptional commitment to the educational development of students from groups who are underrepresented in the academy." See also
 Branching quantifier

References

Further reading

<mask>, <mask> (1949)."The Completeness of the First-Order Functional Calculus", Journal of Symbolic Logic. 14: 159–166. <mask>, <mask> (1949). "Fragments of the propositional calculus", The Journal of Symbolic Logic 14: 42–48. <mask>, <mask> (1950). "Completeness in the theory of types", Journal of Symbolic Logic 15: 81–91. <mask>, <mask> (1996).«The Discovery of My Completeness Proofs». Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 2 (2): 127-158. ISSN 1079-8986. doi:10.2307/421107. Manzano, María, Sain, Ildikó, Alonso, Enrique (Eds.). (2014). "The Life and Work of <mask>", Birkhauser. External links

 Berkeley Citation Award
 An interview with <mask> and others about their experiences at Princeton
 An interview with <mask> about his experience at Princeton
 <mask>, advocate for diversity in math & science, has died by Robert Sanders, UC Berkeley News press release, November 9, 2006.Obituaries: <mask>, 85: professor steered minorities and women to math by Valerie J. Nelson, Los Angeles Times, November 16, 2006, p. B-6. <mask><mask>—Cal math educator by Rick DelVecchio, San Francisco Chronicle, November 20, 2006, p. B-3. In Memoriam: <mask> Henkin by John Addison,

masks:
Henkin
Leon
Henkin
Leon
Henkin
Leon
Henkin
Leon
Leon Henkin
Henkin
Henkin
Leon Henkin
Leon Henkin
Leon A
. Henkin
Leon Albert


texts:
 William Craig, Carolyn Kane, and Alan Schoenfeld (University of California Academic Senate memorial). In Memoriam: <mask> <mask>, 1921–2006 by J. Donald Monk, The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, vol. 15, no. 3 (Sept. 2009), pp. 326–331.1921 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Princeton University alumni
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Henkin|Henkin, Leon
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Manhattan Project people
People from Brooklyn
Mathematicians from New York

masks:
Leon Albert
Henkin


texts:
<mask>  <mask> (Yevzerov) (1894–1973) was a leader of the Zionist movement in Siberia and a proponent of expanding commerce, tourism and industry in both the pre-state Yishuv and the then-newly established State of Israel. <mask> was elected in 1931 to the 3rd Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine) ("Asefat Hanivcharim") representing the Revisionist Party of Ze'ev Jabotinsky, and later served as chief adviser on tourism for the first government of Israel. <mask> was the chief designer of the Middle East pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair and the organizer of the 1928 and 1934 Levant Industrial Fairs (Levant Fair or "Yerid Hamizrach"). He was the founder of Binyanei HaUma and organized its first international exhibition, Kibush Hashmama in 1953. Biography
<mask> (later Ezer), son of Miriam née Silifka and Manuel Yevzerov (the nephew of "Hamagid Hayadua" Yehuda Tzvi Yevzerov), was born on May 10, 1894, in Pryluky, Ukraine. In 1913-1915 he attended the Psychoneurological Institute in Saint Petersburg. In 1915 he  transferred to the University of Tomsk in Siberia  to complete his law degree.In St. Petersburg he established a Zionist student organization called The Friend and was the editor of a magazine  distributed to Jewish students throughout Russia. Then, while living in Siberia, the Russian Revolution broke out, and <mask> was involved in Zionist activities and support for Jewish political prisoners sent to Siberia. The Bolshevik revolution and the oppression of Jews led Yevzerov to escaped from Siberia. He journeyed by trains, horses and seventeen days on a camel back through the Gobi Desert to reach Harbin, China in October, 1920, and then to Shanghai. He found a thriving community of Jewish refugees in China. Together

masks:
Alexander
Ezer
Ezer
Ezer
Alexander Yevzerov
Alexander


texts: with another Zionist activist, Moishe Novomeiski (Chairman of the National Counsel of the Far East Jews), <mask> establish the weekly periodical Siberia-Palestine that later was renamed Jewish Life; the publication continued until 1943 under the editorship of Dr. Abraham Kaufman. <mask> was also active in the "underground rail-road" to help Russian refugees in China get certificates to allow them to immigrate to the Land of Israel (which was under the British mandate at the time).On June 12, 1921, together with 44 other members of the Siberian Zionist Organization, <mask> boarded the Lloyd Triestino Nippon cargo ship. After 40 days at sea they arrived at Port Said, Egypt and then took another ship to Jaffa, Palestine. In Jaffa <mask> joined the "Siberian Group" of new immigrants that set to pave the new road between Haifa and Geda and then built British constructions in Jenin. Laborers at that group remember <mask> as the crazy guy who after a long working day would march around the encampment reciting Russian poetry while others were entirely worn out trying to rest. When <mask> fell ill with Malaria, he was sent to the hospital in Tel Aviv and fell in love with the nurse, which later became his wife, Rebecca Volkenstein (b. Chita, Siberia, 1897–1981). Rebecca herself was active in establishing the Hadassah Nursing School in Tel Aviv; she was the head nurse in that school and after moving to Jerusalem continued to work in Hadassah Medical Center and in other care centers until her 80s. <mask> and Rebecca had two children, Manuela Fuller and Gabriel (Gabbi) <mask>, 6 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren.In 1973, <mask> died after a long battle with cancer. <mask> and Rebecca are buried in Israel's Har HaMenuchot Cemetery in Givat Shaul,

masks:
Alexander Yevzerov
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Ezer
Alexander
Alexander


texts:
 Jerusalem. Promoting Industry
<mask> developed a vision of making Israel an industrial powerhouse. He began to organize local industrial exhibitions in 1923 and 1924, which later were expanded into an international Fairs, the 1928 and 1934 "Levant Fairs" (or Orient Fair). The symbol of the fairs was the flying camel, envisioned by <mask> and designed by the architect Arie Elchanani. These fairs grew rapidly: in the Levant Fair of 1934, 820 international companies were represented and 600,000 people from around the world came to see the public exhibitions. At the time, Tel Aviv was only populated by about 35,000 people.To accommodate the fair, <mask> and Meir Dizengoff (the first mayor of Tel Aviv) established the company "Mischar Ve Taasia" (Trade and Industry Publishing and Exhibition Co.), which purchased land north of Tel Aviv to develop the fair grounds. They also published a bi-weekly magazine, "Mischar Ve Taasia", starting in 1925, with <mask> serving as its editor. In 1927, <mask> published "Palestine from the Air", one of the first aerial photography ever taken in this region. Unfortunately, an Arab upheaval erupted in 1939, which made Tel Aviv a dangerous place for an international fair to be held. As a result, the Levant Fairs had to be canceled and instead <mask> organized the Middle-East pavilion of the 1939 World Fair held in New York City. Origin of the Name Ezer
After Israel fought and won its War of Independence, <mask> and his good friend Moshe Shertok wanted new names to go along with their new state. They decided to make their new names synonyms of each other.Shertok changed his name to Sharett, which means "to serve" in Hebrew. Yevserov changed his name to <mask>, which means "to help" in Hebrew. Moshe Sharett eventually

masks:
Alexander
Ezer
Alexander
Ezer
Ezer
Alexander
Alexander Yeserov
Ezer


texts:
 became the first Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs and the second Prime Minister of Israel after the first Prime Minister David Ben Gurion resigned. Other work
<mask>'s next vision was to make Jerusalem, the new capital, a center for commerce, industry and culture for Israel and the world's Jews. In 1950, he built the National Conference Center of Jerusalem (Binyanei HaUmah in Hebrew). Among the famous events held at the center were the Zionist Congress, a 1953's exhibition of Israel's achievements "blooming desert" and the 1958 exhibition for the 10th anniversary of Israel. <mask> helped in the publication of the first Israeli Encyclopedia, and he founded the International Club of Hebrew Literature.He thought that the best way to help the economy of the young state was to establish a strong tourism industry. He founded the Ministry of Tourism and became the first government adviser of tourism. Additionally, he authored books and newspaper articles about the history of the Zionist movement, politics, art, culture and more. He started a radio broadcast for Soviet Jews who under the communist regime were not allowed any communications with the outside world. His radio provided the Soviet Jews with  information about Israel in an attempt to contradict Soviet propaganda. His radio pseudonym was Asaf-Tal-Or, a combination of the names of his three Israeli grandsons. Awards and recognition
He was listed as one of the 2,000 most influential men in the world and appears in Who's Who of World Jewry.The mayor of Jerusalem Teddy Kollek gave him the honorary Medallion of the city. References

1894 births
1973 deaths
People from Pryluky
Ukrainian Jews
Jews of the Russian Empire
White Russian emigrants to China
Chinese emigrants to Mandatory

masks: Ezer Ezer


texts:
<mask>, 7th Earl of Carnarvon,  (19 January 1924 – 11 September 2001), was a British peer and racing manager to Queen Elizabeth II from 1969. He was the only son of The 6th Earl of Carnarvon by his wife Catherine Wendell. From his birth to September 1987, he was known by the courtesy title Lord Porchester. He owned the family seat, Highclere Castle. Life and career
After attending Eton College, Carnarvon served in the Royal Horse Guards during the Second World War, serving in Egypt and Italy. He left the army as a lieutenant in 1947, after which he studied at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, with a view to farming, and managing the stud on his father's Highclere estate. Lord Carnarvon had been a personal friend of Queen Elizabeth II since their teenage years.The Queen often visited Highclere Castle and – like his other friends – called him 'Porchey', after his Lord Porchester courtesy title. In 1969 <mask> was appointed the Queen's racing manager, a position he held until his death in 2001. His son the 8th Earl, who is the Queen's godson, observed that
[I]t was a very equal friendship ranging over many interests. They were from the same generation. They had been through the war. They shared a great love of the countryside and wildlife as well as horses. He and the Queen had a similar passion for every aspect and detail of horse breeding.The Queen broke with custom and attended the Earl's funeral, and remained a friend of his widow, Jeanie. Lord <mask> became an influential figure in British horseracing, establishing a reputation as a successful breeder at

masks:
Henry George Reginald Molyneux Herbert
Carnarvon
Carnarvon


texts:
 the Highclere Stud. He played a leading role in the administration and restructuring of the racing industry. In 1964 he was elected to the Jockey Club and was Chairman of the club's race planning committee (1967–1985) and, as well as being the Queen's racing manager, he was an active member of several other racing committees. He was appointed President of Newbury Racecourse in 1985. <mask> was an independent member of the Hampshire County Council for 24 years and served as its chairman from 1973 to 1977. He also served on a number of public bodies, including the Sports Council (1965–1970), Agricultural Research Council (1978–1982) and was Chairman of the South East Economic Planning Council (1971–1979).He served as President of Hampshire County Cricket Club (1966–1968) and became Honorary Colonel of the 115th (Hampshire Fortress) Engineer Regiment (Territorial Army) in 1963. He succeeded as Earl of Carnarvon in 1987, and sat in the House of Lords as a crossbencher, using his position to promote the interests of horseracing. He also inherited the family seat, Highclere Castle. He was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1976 and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in 1982. The Earl of Carnarvon died on 11 September 2001 aged 77, after a heart attack. He was succeeded as the Queen's racing manager by his son-in-law John Warren, a former stable boy who had worked at the Highclere Stud and married his daughter Carolyn. Marriage and children
On 7 January 1956, Carnarvon (then known by his courtesy title Lord


texts:
 Porchester) married Jean Margaret Wallop (1935–2019) of Big Horn, Wyoming, in St. James' Episcopal Church in New York City.She was a granddaughter of Oliver Wallop, 8th Earl of Portsmouth. Carnarvon's father, the 6th Earl had also married an Anglo-American. The Earl and Countess of Carnarvon had three children:
George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon (born 10 November 1956). Married Jayne Wilby on 16 December 1989, had two children, and divorced in January 1998. He then married Fiona Aitken on 18 February 1999 with whom he had one son:
Lady Saoirse Herbert (born 2 June 1991)
George Kenneth Oliver Molyneux Herbert, Lord Porchester (born 13 October 1992), the heir to the titles
Hon. Edward Herbert (born 10 October 1999)
The Hon. <mask> "Harry" Malcolm Herbert (2 March 1959), who married Francesca "Chika" Bevan in 1992 and had three children.He married Clodagh McKenna (b. 10 May 1975) on 14 August 2021 at the Church of Saint Michaels and All Angels, Highclere, a TV chef and broadcaster, daughter of the late James J. McKenna, by his wife Irene. Chloe Victoria Herbert (born 1994)
Francesca Jeanie Herbert (born 21 November 1995)
<mask> Herbert (born 14 November 1999)
Lady Carolyn Herbert, (born 27 January 1962), who married John Warren, racing manager to the Queen, in 1985. They have three children:
Jake James Warren (born 1986) a godson of Diana, Princess of Wales. Susanna Warren (born 1988)
Alexander Edward Warren (born 1994)

Cultural depictions
He is featured as a character in the first three series of the Netflix drama The Crown, portrayed by Joseph Kloska in the first

masks:
Henry
William Henry


texts:
 two series and John Hollingworth in the third series. Further reading

Cross, William, The Life and Secrets of Almina Carnarvon : 5th Countess of Carnarvon of Tutankhamun Fame , 3rd ed. 2011 ().Cross, William, Catherine and Tilly: Porchey <mask>'s Two Duped Wives: The Tragic Tales of the Sixth Countesses of Carnarvon, Book Midden Publishing, 2013 (). Cross, William. Prince Victor Duleep Singh & the Curse of the Carnarvons Book Midden Publishing  2019. Cross, William. More on Prince Victor Duleep Singh & the Curse of the Carnarvons : The Final Twists Book Midden Publishing  2022. Cross, William. Highclere Insider-David Sox : The Man Who Knew Too Much Book Midden Publishing  2022.References

External links

Grice, Elizabeth. "Perfect 10: The Men and Women Who Have Shaped the Queen," The Daily Telegraph online, telegraph.co.uk, 1 June 2012, accessed 1 June 2012. 1924 births
2001 deaths
British racehorse owners and breeders
Deputy Lieutenants of Hampshire
7
<mask>
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Members of Hampshire County Council
Rothschild family
Sportspeople from London
Royal Horse Guards officers
People from

masks: Carnarvon Henry


texts:
<mask> (born August 11, 1970) is an American serial killer who murdered seven young women (including two who were pregnant) in the southeastern United States between 1997 and 2003. German authorities suspect he may have killed several local women when he was stationed there with the U.S. Army during the early 1990s. Typically, Durousseau would gain the victim's trust, enter the victim's home, tie their hands, rape, then strangle them to death. All of his known victims were young, single African-American women. Personal life
<mask> was born in Beaumont, Texas. In 1970, he moved in with his mother's family in Los Angeles after his father, unwed to his mother, deserted them. Little else is known publicly about Durousseau's childhood.After graduating high school, 19-year-old <mask> found himself working as a security guard. His first offenses as an adult took place on December 18, 1991, and January 21, 1992, for carrying a concealed firearm in California. In November 1992, <mask> enlisted in the U.S. Army and was stationed in Germany, where he met Natoca, who would later become his wife. The two married in 1995 in Las Vegas. In 1996, they were transferred to Fort Benning, Georgia. On March 13, 1997, <mask> was arrested for kidnapping and raping a young woman. However, in August of that year he was cleared of those charges.Soon after, he was found in possession of stolen goods. He was court-martialed in January 1999, found guilty and dishonorably discharged from the Army. <mask> and his wife moved to Jacksonville, Florida, where they had two daughters. It was during that period that he committed most of the murders. He struggled to keep jobs to make ends meet, and the couple would often have

masks:
Paul Durousseau
Paul Durousseau
Durousseau
Durousseau
Durousseau
Durousseau


texts:
 fights over the issue of finances. In 1999, the police advised <mask>'s wife on how to file for a restraining order after he allegedly slapped her in the face and grabbed her by the neck. Later, she testified he got violently angry when she talked about getting a divorce.In September and October 2001, <mask> spent 48 days in jail for domestic battery. <mask> still managed to hold various legitimate jobs. In 2001, he was hired as a school bus driver and an animal control worker despite being a convicted felon. In 2003, he worked as a taxi driver and it is now accepted that this is how he first came into contact with some of his victims. It was erroneously reported that Gator City Taxi Company failed to run a background check on Durousseau; the City of Jacksonville was responsible for the background check, and issued Durousseau's taxi driver permit. Neighbors and friends described Durousseau as a "lewd womanizer". He often asked young women when they planned to "make flicks" with him.A witness recalled <mask> hitting on a girl that appeared to be around 13 or 14 years old. Chronology of the murders
Less than one month after the acquittal over the rape charges, the nude body of 26-year-old Tracy Habersham was found on September 7, 1997, in Fort Benning. She had been missing for 48 hours and was last seen leaving a party. She had been raped and strangled to death with a cord. <mask> was not a suspect in the murder, but DNA would later tie him to the crime. He later confessed to Habersham's killing after his arrest. In 1999, Durousseau raped and killed 24-year-old Tyresa Mack in her apartment.Witnesses saw him leave her place carrying a television. In 2001, he was arrested for raping a young

masks: Durousseau Durousseau Durousseau Durousseau Durousseau


texts: woman in Jacksonville. He spent 30 days in jail and received two years' probation. On December 19, 2002, 18-year-old Nicole L. Williams' body was found wrapped in a blue blanket at the bottom of a ditch in Jacksonville. She had been reported missing two days earlier. On January 1, 2003, family members of 19-year-old Nikia Kilpatrick went to check on her. They had not had any news from her for several days.They found her body in the bedroom of her apartment. She had been raped then killed by strangulation with a cord two days before. Her two sons, an eleven-month-old and a two-year-old, were alive but malnourished. Kilpatrick was approximately six months pregnant at the time of her death. Eight days later, 20-year-old nurse assistant Shawanda Denise McCalister, who was also pregnant at the time of her death, was raped and strangled in her Jacksonville apartment. The murder scene was almost identical to that of Kilpatrick. She was killed on <mask>'s first day of driving a cab for Gator City Taxi.Her body was found the following day. The next two victims were 17-year-old Jovanna Jefferson, and 19-year-old Surita Cohen. Their bodies were found close to each other in a ditch next to a construction site on New Kings Road in Jacksonville on February 5. Police estimated that Jefferson was murdered around January 20 and Cohen was killed 10 days later. Witnesses recount having seen the two last victims with a taxi driver fitting <mask>'s description on the night they disappeared. <mask> was arrested and charged with five counts of murder on June 17, 2003. On December 13, 2007, he was sentenced to death by lethal injection for the murder of Tyresa Mack.As of August 18, 2013, he was still a resident on

masks:
Durousseau
Paul Durousseau
Durousseau


texts:
 Florida's death row at Union Correctional Institution. In January 2017, <mask>'s death sentence was overturned by the Florida Supreme Court. The jury that sentenced <mask> was split 10-2 and the high court declared a split decision unconstitutional in capital sentencing. He was resentenced to life in prison without parole on December 10, 2021, after a jury split 10–2 in favor of another death sentence. See also
 List of death row inmates in the United States
 List of serial killers in the United States

References

1970 births
1991 crimes in the United States
1997 murders in the United States
20th-century American criminals
21st-century American criminals
Living people
African-American people
American people convicted of rape
American rapists
American serial killers
Male serial killers
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to death
Military personnel from Texas
Prisoners sentenced to death by Florida
People from Beaumont, Texas
People from Jacksonville, Florida
People convicted of murder by Florida
United States Army soldiers
Criminals from Texas
American taxi drivers
Bus drivers
People acquitted of kidnapping
People acquitted of rape
People convicted of domestic violence
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American

masks: Durousseau Durousseau


texts:
<mask>,  (24 April 1862 – 17 June 1925) was an English essayist, poet and academic, and the 28th Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge. He wrote the lyrics of Edward Elgar’s Coronation Ode, including the words of the patriotic song "Land of Hope and Glory" (1902). His literary criticisms, poems and volumes of essays were highly regarded. He was also noted as an author of ghost stories. Early life and family
<mask> was born on 24 April 1862 at Wellington College, Berkshire as one of six children of <mask> (1829–1896), Archbishop of Canterbury from 1883 to 1896 and, before that, the first headmaster of the college. His mother, <mask>, was a sister of the philosopher Henry Sidgwick. <mask>'s literary family included his brothers <mask>, best remembered for his Mapp and Lucia novels, and <mask>, a priest of the Church of England before converting to Roman Catholicism, who wrote many popular novels.Their sister <mask> was an artist, author, and amateur Egyptologist. Though exceptionally accomplished, the <mask> family met tragic times: a son and daughter died young, while another daughter and <mask> himself suffered from a mental condition that may have been bipolar disorder or manic-depressive psychosis, seemingly inherited from their father. None of the children married. Despite his illness, <mask> was to become a distinguished academic and a prolific author. From the ages of 10 to 21, he lived in cathedral closes, first at Lincoln where his father was Chancellor of Lincoln Cathedral, and then at Truro, where his father was the first Bishop of Truro. He retained a love of church music and ceremony. In 1874 he won a

masks:
Arthur Christopher Benson
Benson
Edward White Benson
Mary Sidgwick Benson
Benson
Edward Frederic Benson
Robert Hugh Benson
Margaret Benson
Benson
Arthur
Arthur


texts:
 scholarship to Eton from Temple Grove School, a preparatory school in East Sheen.In 1881 he went up to King's College, Cambridge, where he was a scholar (King's College had closed scholarships for which only Etonians were eligible) and achieved first-class honours in the Classical tripos in 1884. Career
From 1885 to 1903 <mask> taught at Eton, but returned to Cambridge in 1904 as a Fellow of Magdalene College to lecture in English Literature. He became president of the college (the Master's deputy) in 1912, and he was Master of Magdalene (head of the college) from December 1915 until his death in 1925. From 1906, he was a governor of Gresham's School. Modern development of Magdalene was shaped by <mask>, as a generous benefactor with a marked impact on the appearance of the college grounds; he appears in at least 20 inscriptions round the college. In 1930, the new <mask> Court was named after him. <mask> worked with Lord Esher in editing the correspondence of Queen Victoria, which appeared in 1907.His poems and essay volumes, such as From a College Window and The Upton Letters (essays in the form of letters) were famous in his time; and he left one of the longest diaries ever written: some four million words. His literary criticisms of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Edward FitzGerald, Walter Pater and John Ruskin rank among his best work. <mask> wrote the lyrics of the Coronation Ode, set to music by Edward Elgar for the 1902 coronation of King Edward VII and Queen <mask>. It has as its finale one of Britain's best-known patriotic songs, "Land of Hope and Glory". Like his brothers Edward Frederic and Robert Hugh, <mask>

masks: Benson Benson Benson Benson Benson Alexandra Benson


texts:
 was noted as an author of ghost stories. The bulk of them, in two volumes, The Hill of Trouble and Other Stories (1903) and The Isles of Sunset (1904), were written for his pupils as moral allegories. After <mask>'s death, <mask> found a collection of unpublished ghost stories and included two in a book, Basil Netherby (1927).The title story was renamed "House at Treheale" and the volume completed by a long piece, "The Uttermost Farthing", but the fate of the other stories is unknown. Paul the Minstrel and Other Stories (1911, reprinted 1977) collects the contents of The Hill of Trouble and Other Stories and The Isles of Sunset. Nine of <mask>'s ghost stories are included in David Stuart Davies (ed. ), The Temple of Death: The Ghost Stories of A. C. & R. H. <mask> (Wordsworth, 2007), together with seven by his brother R. H. <mask>, while nine of <mask>'s and ten of Robert's appear in Ghosts in the House (Ash-Tree, 1996) – the contents of the joint collections are similar but not identical. Views
In The Schoolmaster, <mask> summarised his views on education after 18 years' experience at Eton. He criticised a trend he found prevalent in English public schools, to "make the boys good and to make them healthy" to the detriment of their intellectual development. A Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, he founded the Benson Medal in 1916 "in respect of meritorious works in poetry, fiction, history and belles lettres".Death

A. C<mask> died at the Master's Lodge at Magdalene and was buried at St Giles's Cemetery in Cambridge. A cousin, James Bethune-Baker, is also buried there. Critical reception
Horror critic R.

masks:
Arthur
Fred Benson
Arthur
Benson
Benson
Arthur
Benson
. Benson


texts:
 S. Hadji included <mask>'s Basil Netherby on a list of "unjustly neglected" horror books. Works
Men of Might: Studies of Great Characters, with H. F. W. Tatham, 1892
Le Cahier Jaune: Poems, 1892
Poems, 1893
Genealogy of the Family of <mask> of Banger House and Northwoods, in the Parish of Ripon and Chapelry of Pateley Bridge, 1894
Lyrics, 1895
Lord Vyet & Other Poems, 1898
Ode in Memory of the Rt. Honble. William Ewart Gladstone, 1898
Thomas Gray, 1895
Essays, 1896. "Poets All", The Speaker, Volume 15, 13 February 1897 (London), 196
"Mr. <mask>'s Poems", The Literary World, Volume 48, 3 November 1893 (London: James Clarke & Co.), 329
"Selected Poetry of <mask> <mask>" (1862–1925)
"A Literary Causerie" in The Speaker, Volume 15, 13 March 1897 (London), 299

References

Citations

Sources

Edward Hewish Ryle (1925), <mask> <mask> as Seen by Some Friends, London: G. Bell and Sons

Keith Wilson (1990), "A. C. <mask>," Robert Beum, ed., Dictionary of Literary Biography: British Essayists, 1880–1960.Detroit: Gale, 192–204. External links

Works by A.C<mask>, at Hathi Trust
Essays by <mask> at Quotidiana.org
Representative Poetry Online

<mask>, <mask> (1862–1925)

1862 births
1925 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Masters of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Anglican writers
English diarists
English essayists
English horror writers
Ghost story writers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
English LGBT poets
People educated at Temple Grove School
British male essayists
English male poets
Councillors in Cambridgeshire
AC
English male non-fiction writers
People with bipolar

masks:
Benson
Benson
Benson
Arthur Christopher
Benson
Arthur Christopher
Benson
Benson
. Benson
Arthur Benson
Benson
Arthur Christopher


texts:
<mask> (1651–1713) was an English naval engineer and shipbuilder who, as Surveyor of the Navy, designed and supervised the construction of the Royal Navy dockyard at (Devonport), Plymouth and designed the extension of that at Portsmouth. His survey of the south coast ports is a valuable and well-known historic document. He also served Arundel as Member of Parliament for approximately ten years and founded the first packet service between Falmouth, Cornwall and the West Indies. He died a bankrupt in the Fleet debtors' prison. In her account of Dummer, Celina Fox sums up his career thus:Using elements of mathematical calculation and meticulously honed standards of empirical observation, <mask> tried to introduce a more rational, planned approach to the task of building ships and dockyards, with the help of his extraordinary draughting skills. Operating on the margins of what was technically possible, meeting with opposition from vested interests and traditional work patterns, he struggled to succeed. Today he is little recognized outside the circle of naval historians and his grandest building projects were almost wholly destroyed by later dockyard developments or bombing.Early career
<mask> was baptised on 28 August 1651 at St. Nicolas' Church, North Stoneham, Hampshire, the eldest of four sons born to <mask> (1626–1710), gentleman farmer of Chickenhall, in the parish of North Stoneham near Southampton, and his wife, Joanne Newman. He joined the Royal Navy in 1668 and served his apprenticeship as a shipwright under Sir John Tippetts at Portsmouth naval dockyard. In his 1686 account of the state of the Navy, Samuel Pepys wrote that when <mask> was

masks:
Edmund Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Thomas Dummer
Dummer


texts: apprenticed to Tippetts, he was "mostly employed as his clerk in writing and drawing". By 1678, <mask> was employed as an "extra clerk" in the office of the Surveyor, "my patron and friend from my youth upward". His job was to make designs for a variety of projects – lanthorns, wet docks, lodgings at Sheerness, ships' sterns – as well as to draught ships' lines. In 1677, <mask> and Tippetts assisted Sir Anthony Deane, who had been appointed Controller of the Victualling Accounts on the Navy Board, and given the responsibility for establishing for the first time standardised sets of dimensions of ships of the line to be applied to the "thirty new ships", the largest single shipbuilding programme hitherto undertaken. For his work on establishing the new standards, <mask> was "singled out by the Navy Board for his extraordinary ingenuity to lay down the bodies of all the thirty new ships".Several of <mask>'s draughts from this period survive including a sketch-book Tables of Proportions of Ships, which comprises a series of engraved sheets of squared paper on which are plotted the curves or sweeps of the hulls of one second rate and some of the third rate ships newly built in the Thames and Medway yards. A volume of eight Dummer drawings entitled Draught of the Body of an English Man of War is in the Pepys Library; these are much more elaborate, doubtless intended to show off his extraordinary skills as a draughtsman to potential patrons, and include vertical sections through the ships showing the design and layout of the structure. These works constitute the earliest surviving example of <mask>'s skills as a draughtsman, demonstrating a capacity to

masks: Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer


texts: express an organised tectonic sensibility that was to mark his progress towards the surveyorship. In February 1679, <mask> became caught up in a political dispute involving Pepys and Deane, who had been accused of leaking naval intelligence to France. Amongst the charges laid against Pepys and Deane by Parliament were that "they had employed a man to take the bodies of the king's ships, supposed to be no good intention". <mask>, "being extremely fearful myself what ill use might be made of me, or of the works so innocently meant" was taken before the King "to prevent (if in him it lay) by the King's approbation and allowance any reflection upon them that were already distressed". <mask> was sent to Bristol until January 1680 when he was summoned to attend the Navy Board with his draughts.There he met Deane who had been released from prison though not yet discharged; Deane asked <mask> to make two draughts for him, a promise <mask> failed to keep, having been instructed by the Navy Board not to do so. The Admiralty still appeared to have suspicions about the loyalty of both <mask> and Deane, and at a meeting of the Lords Commissioners it was ordered "that I did not at the same time draw draughts for any other and as well as that of the King's service, and ordered they should give me a written order ... and also to report what was fitting to allow me to draught ...". By April 1680, <mask> had delivered five draughts; he wrote to the Navy Board to ask "whether I can be supposed to draw new draughts by that way I have practised". In May he was still asking whether the Board wanted to discharge or continue employing him, warning of his impending ruin: "I

masks: Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer


texts:
 could have borne the present with more respect and patience, were I not able to say it hath been always my misfortune, that the greatness of the enterprise was never truly valued nor encouraged". Although the order to pay him at the rate of £7 per draught was made by the Admiralty to the Navy Board on 24 February and again on 11 May 1680 (with the proviso, "to take care before the payment of any of the said sums to the said Mr Dummer, that the work be so performed as may answer the end for which the said draughts were at first designed") he was still waiting for payment on 11 June. 1682 voyage to the Mediterranean
In July 1682, <mask> (now officially Master Carpenter on HMS Windsor Castle) was commissioned as a midshipman-extraordinary on HMS Woolwich and sent to the Mediterranean "in order to his collecting what useful observations should arise to him, in his enquiries through the several foreign ports there, relating either to the said art of ship-building, or the nature and order of the said ports, appearances of land, or ought else than might conduce to our service". Dummer had estimated that his expenses for about two years would be £95 4s 0d and it was agreed he was to be reimbursed for that sum by the Treasurer of the Navy.On 3 August 1682, <mask> set out from Deal on the Woolwich, under the command of Captain William Holding, taking the Moorish Ambassador, who had been in England for six months, back to Tangiers. Despite an attempted mutiny by the Ambassador's Moorish retainers while the ship was at anchor in Plymouth Sound, the Woolwich reached Tangiers on 31 August. After a change in command to Lieutenant Rigby (Holding had died and was buried

masks: Dummer Dummer


texts: at Tangiers), they sailed on east into the Mediterranean, south of Sardinia and Sicily, across the Ionian Sea to Cephalonia and Zante, then back through the Strait of Messina past the active volcano of Stromboli to Naples and Livorno, where Dummer disembarked, while the Woolwich started back to England on 24 November. <mask> records that he then divided his time between Livorno and Pisa until 11 February 1683, when he received an answer from the Commissioners of the Admiralty "to whom I had given an account of my leaving the ship, and the reasons" for requesting extended shore leave. During this period, <mask> delivered to Sir Thomas Dereham, the English envoy in Florence, a magnificent panel carved by Grinling Gibbons celebrating the fruits of peace and friendship between princes, which was commissioned by Charles II as a gift for Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Dummer took a keen interest in recording towns, their dockyards and fortifications throughout the Mediterranean, making detailed perspectives and measured plans, producing a visual record of the arsenals of Naples, Livorno, Pisa, Venice, Genoa, Toulon, Marseilles, Gibraltar and Cadiz. In contrast to the English method of building and repairing ships in dry dock, the Mediterranean ports used covered slipways of which Dummer made many drawings.He was particularly impressed by the Venetian Arsenal, drawing it in plan, general and detailed perspective, including A Perspective of the Mode of laying up small Ordnance and A Perspective of Two Arches ... under which Ships & Gallies are Built & Repaired. By April 1683, he was in Toulon where he took the opportunity to carry out a little


texts: informal espionage: "They with much readiness permit you to go aboard their ships, but it is in such regularity, as not to be done but by a note, under the hand of a special officer". Amongst the 50 or more vessels in the harbour was the Royal Louis and two more first-rate vessels. <mask> described the fleet as a "good fleet, but in appearance ill built, or through some weakness in long living have generally put their wales a little straight in the midships". He described the Royal Louis as "a great ship and glorious in her first carving, no doubt; but to my judgment not of good proportion, nor good workmanship, her figure under water I know not, nor is that above to be admired". <mask> reported that in Toulon, "all ships great & small are built on launches, and are careened when their occasions require it; for here are no docks, an obligation we are not tied to". He also made drawings of the new fortifications then under construction to the designs of Vauban.On 14 April 1683, he arrived at Marseilles the home of the French King's galleys, of which there were 35 in the harbour. He described the galleys as "the most polite and beautiful I ever saw". During the voyage, <mask> diligently carried out the King's orders to make "observations upon all foreign shipping", from Cadiz to Constantinople. His journal described each vessel, both large and small, in great detail accompanied by both watercolour views and three-dimensional skeleton models. In July 1683 <mask> sailed homewards from Livorno in the Swallow via the Balearic Islands, Málaga, Alicante, Gibraltar and Cadiz, where on 13 September he received orders to attend Lord Dartmouth in Tangier and stay

masks: Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer


texts:
 until the English garrison was given up and destroyed, on 6 February 1684. <mask> returned to England accompanied by Samuel Pepys who had been in Tangier assisting Lord Dartmouth with the evacuation and abandonment of the British colony; they travelled back through Spain, arriving back in England after a particularly rough passage on 30 March 1684. By the end of the year his expenses, which amounted to £150 10s 6d – 50% more than his initial estimate – had been reimbursed.On the completion of the voyage, <mask> produced a "sumptuous volume" which is now in the British Library. Chatham
While completing the fair copy of his journal, <mask> applied for positions as shipwright based in part on the strength of his skills as a draughtsman. In September 1685, on the recommendation of Pepys (now Secretary to the Admiralty Board), <mask> visited John Evelyn in Deptford. Evelyn was "so charmed with his ingenuity", he wrote to Pepys, "that I look on it as a new obligation to you; and if you find I cultivate it for my own sake a little; you will let him understand ... how much I wish him the improvement of your favours ..." In December, following the death of Thomas Shish, the Master Shipwright at Woolwich, <mask> applied for the vacant posts of Assistant Shipwright at Deptford and Chatham; he was supported in his application by John Evelyn, who described him as "a diligent and most ingenious man", adding "in my life I have never observed a young man ... less pragmatical, and of greater modesty, beside his so humble, cheerful and becoming dedication of himself to his patron alone, which is a mark of his discretion, as well as of his duty". Thus in 1686, <mask>

masks: Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer


texts:
 replaced Daniel Furzer as first assistant master shipwright at Chatham, under Robert Lee, retaining this post until 1689. Writing at the time, Pepys considered <mask> "an ingenious young man, but said rarely to have handled a tool in his life, nor knows judiciously how to convert a piece of timber; has been much abroad indeed, but gained his present promotion upon the credit only of his designing and making of draught". Surveyor of the Navy
On 20 April 1689 Dummer was appointed Assistant Surveyor of the Navy (under Sir John Tippetts) with a salary of £300 a year; on the death of Tippetts in August 1692, he succeeded him as Surveyor at £500 a year.As Surveyor, <mask> endeavoured to strengthen the Navy by extending the measure of uniformity in ship construction initiated by the thirty new ships project. Despite the Navy's desire for standardisation, even the thirty new ships differed in size and tonnage, as shipwrights took the dimensions specified as being minimum rather than absolute measures. To end these disparities, in 1692 <mask> wrote to the men appointed to survey and measure the ships then under construction, enclosing a small printed sketch, with measurement points keyed into letters, "to serve for one common rule of direction and information, whereby the parts necessary to be truly measure[d] and known are at one view made intelligible to every man alike: and the numbers to be set down are to respect the letters in the manner following ..." His method of measurement was adopted as official practice in April 1696. <mask> was the first surveyor who introduced exact standards for the construction of new vessels, sending each builder with his


texts:
 warrant for building a new ship the precise measurements together with models of the completed vessel. "Mr <mask> caused every master builder, at docking a ship, to measure the body and compare the figure". In January 1693, following instructions by the Admiralty Board to report on the subject of bomb vessels, <mask> wrote to his old master Robert Lee at Chatham and to Fisher Harding at Deptford, asking them to check the proportions of a bomb-vessel designed by "a French engineer (Jean Fournier) who contrived those bomb vessels I saw when I was at Toulon". On the basis of their views, an experimental and rather unsatisfactory class of bomb vessels was built to English dimensions and rigging in 1693.A smaller, cheaper and more effective class followed two years later, built to mercantile dimensions in merchant yards. In 1699, <mask> reported to the Admiralty on Thomas Savery's patent designs for a system of paddle-wheels driven by a capstan – following <mask>'s negative report, the idea was dismissed by the Admiralty. <mask>'s main achievement as Surveyor was his development of the royal dockyards at Devonport near Plymouth and at Portsmouth. Devonport
In September 1689, shortly after his appointment as Assistant Surveyor he was ordered to report on the most suitable site for a single dry dock at Plymouth. He returned to London in November with details of three possible locations, including sites at Cattewater and Hamoaze, which is a section of the River Tamar, in the parish of Stoke Damerel, including estimates of the cost of building on each site, both in timber and stone. After some debate, the small inlet at Hamoaze was selected; the work was to be


texts: done in stone with a protective wet dock in front and, at the insistence of King Willam, the dry dock was made large enough to hold first-rate ships. At Devonport, <mask> was the designer of the first successful stepped stone dry dock in Europe.Previously the Navy Board had relied upon timber as the major building material, which resulted in high maintenance costs and was also a fire risk. The docks <mask> designed were stronger with more secure foundations and stepped sides that allowed shorter timbers to be used for shoring and made it much easier for shipwrights to reach the underside of the vessel. These innovations also allowed rapid erection of staging and greater workforce mobility. He discarded the earlier three-sectioned hinged gate, which was labour-intensive in operation, and replaced it with the simpler and more mobile two-sectioned gate. He wished to ensure that naval dockyards were efficient working units that maximised available space, as evidenced by the simplicity of his design layout for Plymouth. He introduced a centralised storage area and a logical positioning of buildings, and his double rope-house combined the previously separate tasks of spinning and laying while allowing the upper floor to be used for the repair of sails. By 16 September 1694, <mask> reported to the Admiralty, "Our docks here are finished and we purpose to take in the cleaning the mouth of the basin from the dam that stands before it, which will be done in a few days; a more particular account I will give you hereafter".His Account of the Generall Progress and Advancement of his Majestie's New Docks and Yard at Plymouth was presented to the Principal Officers

masks: Dummer Dummer Dummer


texts: and Commissioners of the Navy in December 1694. It clearly explains the logical thinking behind his planning of the works, influenced by his extensive travels. Typically, to the description of works undertaken he appended eight draughts: plans of the site, the yard and the dry dock, plans and elevations for the officers' dwelling houses, the great store house, hemp house, rope house and rope yard buildings, for "by representations and descriptions of works of this nature, when they are disposed in a manner most familiar and easy of the understanding, one finds at once both encouragement in the contemplation, and satisfaction in the judging of them". The drawings therefore served as a means of explanation and a form of advocacy, as well as evidence of and pride in his achievement. In his design for the docks at Devonport, <mask> sought to arrange the buildings as efficiently as possible to eliminate the "great abuses committed in their Majesties' yards" such as "the tedious and expensive practices of carrying all things afloat for expediting of ship works, and which are many times very remote from the places where materials are kept, and workmen resort". This led to time-wasting and obstruction and presented opportunities for embezzling ships' stores. Because of the innumerable abuses, "too many to be named, and some too subtle to be discovered", <mask> ensured that men and materials were placed close together under the constant eye of command, saving time and costs.The thirteen officers' dwelling houses were similarly sited "on the most eminent spot of ground in the yard, for the officers' better observance of things abroad, and readier communication


texts:
 and conference with one another, on all occasions". An abstract of the costs in <mask>'s 1694 account amounted to £50,000, but he was at pains to point out that this was because of the greatness and novelty of the works, which overcame the deficiencies of the other yards. Obstructions had been brought about because of the irregular cash flow, the weakness of contracts and "the imbecile stock of a private man under the weight of so chargeable a work" (probably referring to the stonemason Robert Waters who was also blamed by <mask> for problems with the works), not to mention the fact that the country was at war. Increases on the original estimate (£23,406 in 1692, which nearly tripled by 1698) had, he maintained with some aplomb, been made purposefully by stealth so that they would be borne more easily, rather than by demanding too great a lump sum and getting rejected at the outset. Portsmouth
In 1689, Parliament ordered one new dry dock and two new wet docks (or non-tidal basins) to be built at Portsmouth and work began in 1691 at an estimated cost of £15,890. It was built to new designs developed by <mask> who again substituted brick and stone for wood and increased the number of altars or steps. As with all future extensions, the new works were built on reclaimed land and the civil engineering involved was on an unprecedented scale.The great stone dock as it was called (extensively rebuilt in 1769 as No.5 dock) was evacuated with chain pumps powered by horses. A building slip was constructed in No.3 dock where the Mary Rose is now housed. In November 1691 he oversaw the raising and repairing of the 54-gun fourth rate ship St David which had capsized


texts:
 and partially blocked Portsmouth harbour. Survey of the South Coast
In June 1698, under orders from the Lords of the Admiralty, <mask> undertook a plan to survey various harbours along the south coast of England, at a time when a new war with France was a real threat, and Portsmouth would have been a major target. In the survey, he was assisted by Captain Thomas Wiltshaw, a fellow Navy Board Commissioner and two Masters of Trinity House, Captain James Conaway and William Cruft, who were assisting the Navy because of their navigational experience. The surveying was completed in the months of July and August 1698, with eighteen harbours being visited – the resulting charts appear to be rushed; on close examination they appear to be incomplete as in most cases they show few soundings, only the high and low water lines, and few, if any, navigational features making it difficult for any large vessel to enter one of these so-called ports, but this was not the purpose of this undertaking. <mask> and Wiltshaw were looking for sites for new dockyards, and also to see if any of the existing smaller ports could be improved to accommodate larger vessels.When all the surveys were completed and the critique written up, the work was addressed to the Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy and sent to the Lords of the Admiralty some time after 19 November 1698, just over four months after it was started. It was suggested in this report that the only ports worth considering were the ones in the area around Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight and that no further yards should be built between Dover and Land's End. A copy of this report is held by the


texts:
 Hampshire County Council Museums Service. Survey of the Royal Navy Dockyards
In 1698, <mask> also produced his , which gave an account of the improvements which had been made at each of the royal dockyards since 1688, with full descriptions of the various buildings with their quantity and value, together with detailed descriptions of the new docks at Portsmouth and Plymouth. <mask>'s survey was part of a general effort on his part and that of a handful of colleagues on the Navy Board to get to grips with the management of the massive business under their charge. <mask>'s draughts constitute an extraordinary feat of surveyorship. In the volume, each royal dockyard is treated separately and its description given in the same order, each of the four types of drawing being made to the same scale so that cross-comparisons can be made.The emphasis was on exact measurement, with <mask> combining geometrical precision with great artistry. The first type of drawing relating to each dockyard gives the general situation of the port and harbour; the second focuses on the situation of the yard; the third compares the plan of the yard at the Revolution with its development ten years on, showing the improvements or new buildings added; the fourth – the most extensive section – gives in plan and elevation every single building in each yard. The Survey first covers each of the royal dockyards on the Thames and Medway – Chatham, Sheerness, Woolwich and Deptford – as well as the Navy Office, before dealing with the dockyards at Portsmouth and Plymouth. In total it was estimated that the value of His Majesty's Dockyards was £291,124, of which £166,799 had been spent in the


texts:
 previous ten years, more than doubling the original value. The greatest investment had been made at Plymouth of £67,095, followed by Portsmouth (£63,384), Deptford (£12,880), Chatham (£11,155), Woolwich (£10,477), Sheerness (£1,566) and finally the Navy Office (£239). <mask>'s achievements as Surveyor for the royal dockyards are highly regarded by present-day naval historians with the new docks at Plymouth and Portsmouth being "lasting monuments of his great skill". Parliamentary career
In November 1695, <mask> stood for election in Portsmouth.The candidates were Admiral Russell, Alderman Hedger, and <mask>. The inhabitants of Portsea, Portsmouth living within the jurisdiction of the borough and paying "Scot and lot", supported <mask> and insisted on their right to vote, but were prevented from doing so by measures adopted on behalf of Mr. Hedger. The gates of the town were shut against them, while threats and other unconstitutional measures were resorted to. Although a petition was lodged to have the election overturned, this was not followed up, with <mask> having been elected to represent Arundel in the neighbouring county. <mask> was elected MP for Arundel three times as a supporter of the court, firstly in 1695 until 1698, when he did not stand for re-election. In January 1701 he was re-elected but this position lasted only ten months when he was replaced by Carew Weekes in November. <mask> returned to Parliament the following year and continued to represent the town for a further six years.In his Parliamentary career, he was a supporter of Robert Harley. Greenwich Hospital
<mask> was appointed as one of the Governors of the newly opened Greenwich

masks:
Dummer
Dummer
Edmund Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer


texts:
 Hospital in 1695, retaining this position until his death in 1713. Downfall
<mask>'s career as Surveyor of the Navy came to an abrupt end in December 1698, when he was suspended without warning following a dispute with John Fitch, the main contractor undertaking building works at Portsmouth Dockyard. The origin of the dispute went back as far as 1693, when <mask> and Sir Anthony Deane had cause to doubt Fitch's working methods and his claims for payments for "overworks". There had been endless construction problems, caused partly because the new docks were built on unstable reclaimed land. Fitch's workmen had damaged the entrance to the lower basin causing its banks to slide into the channel on the spring tide, leaving the piling exposed and vulnerable. On 20 June 1695, <mask> wrote from Portsmouth to Harley with the news that the dam which had been constructed the previous winter to shelter the work on the new docks from the sea had been breached.The following January and February he was writing to excuse his attendance at Parliament on account of the need to secure the great dam in the face of terrible weather. By the end of 1696, <mask> had finally ejected Fitch because of fraudulent claims for payment and terrible workmanship. Fitch brought a case for payment against the Crown, with the Attorney General, Richard Haddock, and <mask> himself being named as defendants. The case was first heard in the Court of Exchequer on 23 November 1696 and referred to trial. On 27 April 1697, the Court ordered that the matter be referred for arbitration to four referees, two appointed on behalf of the plaintiff and two on behalf of the defendants, with an umpire to


texts: determine between them if they were unable to agree. The party arrived in Portsmouth on 2 June to examine the works and advise on repairs, accompanied by Sir Christopher Wren, in his capacity as Surveyor of the King's Works. After spending a day examining the works, the party returned to London and on 25 August their report took "a very strict view of the nature of the said defects" and confirmed <mask>'s condemnation of the workmanship and ordered that the upper wet dock be taken down and rebuilt.The Exchequer Court issued the final decree in late June or early July 1698, stating that Fitch should have been satisfied with the amounts already paid for the work done on the contract, £13,773 14s 6½d, and rejected his claims for payment on over work not included. It was also accepted that Fitch was still owed for further contract work completed before he was turned off site, valued at £8,757 1s 5d and £2,030 18s for materials. Fitch then complained to the Admiralty that <mask> had asked for bribes in return for awarding him Navy contracts, claiming specifically that <mask> had told him he would get an immediate certificate for his bill if he made him a present of £100 and helped him with the sale of timber for Plymouth. Although <mask> conceded that he had borrowed £152 from Fitch on behalf of William Wyatt, a Bursledon ship builder, he denied the other charges. With counter-accusations from both sides, <mask> was suspended from office with effect from Christmas Eve 1698. Although his name was cleared by a civil court, which awarded him damages of £364, his career at the Navy Office was abruptly over. He was allowed the title and salary for 1699 but was