texts:
 At the time of his death, Park Communications controlled 21 radio stations, seven television stations, and 144 publications; the company's market reach was estimated at one-quarter of all American households and employed over 3,000 people. As the conglomerate grew, he often said that he did not sell media properties, he bought them. After his death, Park Communications was bought for $710 million by a pair of investors using a loan from the Retirement Systems of Alabama. It was resold in 1996 to Media General. In 2017, Media General was sold to Nexstar Broadcasting Group. The combined company is now known as Nexstar Media Group.Other

<mask> lived in the Ithaca, New York area for the remainder of his life, having purchased a stone mansion on seven acres in Cayuga Heights in the mid-1950s. He maintained connections to his native state, sitting on the Board of Visitors for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Journalism and Mass Communication, and on the Board of Trustees of North Carolina State University. In 1989, the state of North Carolina presented him with its highest civilian honor, the North Carolina Award. In addition to his media holdings, <mask> owned a number of rental properties in Ithaca, timberland in North Carolina, and was a major shareholder in both Procter & Gamble and the Tompkins County Trust Company, owning 7% of the latter at his death. He also owned a billboard and outdoor advertising business that he eventually sold to his son. <mask> was actively involved with Ithaca College, joining its board of trustees in 1973 and serving as chairman from 1981 to 1992. In 1989, the college's media school was renamed the Roy H. <mask> School of Communications.The college's School of Business is housed in the Dorothy D. and <mask> H. Park Center, which opened in 2008. At Cornell University, he sat on the Advisory Council of the Johnson Graduate School of Management and endowed the Lewis H. Durland Memorial Lecture Series, which brings a prominent business leader to campus every year. (Durland, the longtime university treasurer, was

masks: Park Park Park Park Roy


type: original

texts:
 a friend of <mask>.) <mask> died in 1993 from a heart attack in New York City. Philanthropy

In 1966, <mask> created the Park Foundation as an outlet for his philanthropic interests. After his death, a substantial percentage of his wealth went to the foundation. The foundation quickly ran into trouble, with <mask>'s two children (one liberal, one conservative) disagreeing about which causes to support.In 2001, <mask> divided the foundation in two. She, along with her daughter Adelaide Gomer and Gomer's daughter, continued to operate the Park Foundation, whereas <mask>. and his children took over the spun-off Triad Foundation. In 2010, with <mask> suffering from advanced Alzheimer's, her two children sued each other after disagreeing over whose foundation should get the bulk of her estimated $220-million estate. (<mask> died in 2016, at 103.) The Park Foundation supports a myriad of causes including higher education, media and public awareness, and environmental protection. Among their largest contributions include the Park Scholarships program at North Carolina State University and the Park Scholar program at Ithaca College within the Park School of Communications. In addition, the Dorothy and <mask> Park Alumni Center at North Carolina State was named after the couple.Awards and Honors
1970: NC State Alumni Association Meritorious Service Award
1971: Abe Lincoln Award from the Southern Baptist's Radio and Television Commission
1975: Watauga Medal, NC State's highest honor
1978: NC State honors <mask> with an Honorary Doctor of Humanities degree
1982: North Carolina Broadcasting Hall of Fame
1984: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
1989: North Carolina Award
1989: Ithaca College in New York dedicates its communications building in his honor
1990: University of North Carolina School of Journalism Hall of Fame
1992: NC State University Centennial Award

References

1910 births
1993 deaths
People from Dobson, North Carolina
Ithaca College
North Carolina State University alumni
Associated Press reporters
20th-century American non-fiction

masks:
Park
Park
Park
Park
Dorothy Park
Park Jr
Dorothy Park
Dorothy Park
Roy
Park


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<mask>-in (May 18, 1920 – April 3, 1983), also known in English reference as Byung-in <mask>, was a Korean Grandmaster of martial arts. He is believed to be the first Korean national to study Chuan Fa (Chinese Gung Fu) in China and to return to teach it in Korea. He was an influential instructor to many current and past Masters and Grandmasters, and himself a master of many styles and studies of Martial Arts. Life

Childhood
<mask>-in was born on May 18, 1920 in Fengtian, Manchuria. He was second of three sons of Yun Myong-keun, a distillery owner. His grandfather, Yun Young-hyun, was a Korean of noble birth. Following the Japanese annexation of Korea, his father's business started to suffer and took his family and fled to Manchuria.Yun attended elementary and secondary school (at that time, an eight-year program) in Manchukuo and graduated in 1938. During his elementary years, after diligent efforts to impress a Mongolian Chuan-fa master, the child Byung-In was permitted to study Chuan Fa or Gung Fu. Yoon studied Chinese Chuan Fa under the guidance of a Mongolian instructor in Manchuria for unspecified time. Japan

Yoon went to Tokyo, Japan in late 1938 to study agriculture at Nihon University. During this time, he started learning Shudokan karate under Kanken Toyama. He was not initially engaged in karate training at the university, but was often seen practicing conditioning exercises against a courtyard tree. This tree reportedly started leaning from his practice.At one point, Japanese karate students pursued and started to beat up another Korean karate student who

masks:
Yoon Byung
Yoon
Yoon Byung


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 had skipped karate class to spend time with his sweetheart. After being persuaded by the other Korean student for help, Yoon used his Chuan Fa to skillfully deflect and evade the karate students’ strikes and kicks to the point that they gave up and ran back to tell their teacher what had happened. Teacher Tōyama invited <mask> to tell him about the skillful non-karate martial art he used against his students. Yoon explained to Toyama about his Chuan-fa education in Manchuria. Toyama appreciated the Chuan-fa background since he (Toyama) had studied Chuan-fa in Taiwan for 7 years, previously. They decided to exchange knowledge; Yoon would teach Toyama Chuan Fa and Toyama would teach <mask> his Shudokan Karate. Yoon soon became the captain of Nihon University’s karate team and eventually was awarded a master’s certificate and the rank of 4th dan by Toyama.In 1940s – while in Japan – <mask> taught quan-fa and karate at Tokyo YMCA. Return to Korea
<mask> returned to Korea in 1945, after the Japanese rule over Korea ended upon the Surrender of Japan in World War II. Upon settling, he formulated his martial art style and called it Kwon Bop Kong Soo Do (roughly translated as "fist art empty hand way", i.e "Quan fa-Karate"). On September 1, 1946, he first began teaching martial arts at the Kungsung Agricultural High School. Around this time, he also taught martial arts at Yun Moo Kwan. Either late 1946 or early 1947, he established his own school at YMCA in Seoul. This school would become known as "Seoul Kwonbup Bu" and/or "YMCA Kwon Bop Bu", which would serve as the

masks: Yoon Yoon Yoon Yoon


texts:
 foundation for future Chang Moo Kwan.Early in his Seoul Kwan, <mask> taught some Kung Fu forms, however specifics of the curriculum remain unspecified. <mask>'s teaching of Karate techniques/kata is much well known and its curriculum has been vouched by Lee Num-suk. He also varied students’ training according to body size. North Korea
Yoon would disappear amidst of Korean War to the North Korean side. According to Kim Pyung-soo, Yoon vanished in August 1950. <mask> Byung-du, a Captain in the North Korean Army and <mask> Byung-in's brother is identified as cause of <mask> Byung-in going to North Korea. <mask> Byung-du made him to come with him to DPRK's side, likely by force, as <mask> Byung-in would had to leave his wife and eight month daughter behind.When <mask> Byung-in arrived to DPRK's side, he would be imprisoned at Gojae-do Island as prisoner of war. Between 1951 and 1966, the whereabouts and activities of <mask> Byung-in are unknown. In 1966 and 1967, he taught Gyeoksul to North Korean special forces of the Moranbong. In late 1967, Master Yoon completed his assignment and was assigned to a position at a concrete factory in Chongjin, where he was until his death from lung cancer in April 1983. Martial Arts knowledge
The Mongolian quan fa master who taught Yoon chinese martial arts remains unknown. His name has never been specified by <mask> nor any of his associates. It is speculated that the style this Mongolian martial artist taught to Yoon was either Changquan and/or Yang-style t'ai chi ch'uan.It is known that early Chuan-fa forms from the YMCA Kwon Bop Bu

masks: Yoon Yoon Yoon Yoon Yoon Yoon Yoon Yoon Yoon Yoon


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 included Dan Kwon (Duan Quan), Chang Kwon (Changquan), Tai Jo Kwon (Taizuquan), Pal Gi Kwon (Bajiquan), and Doju San (토조산, Escaping Mist) and others. Yoon learnt Shudokan Karate under Kanken Toyama. Yoon has been awarded 4th Dan Black by Toyama. One of the styles of quan fa that Toyama had studied in Taiwan was taijiquan, and he is known to have taught this to several of his advanced students, including Yoon. Despite heading a notable kwan in post-World War II Korea and being associated with various figures that would be involved in creation of Taekwondo, <mask> Byung-in himself was never directly involved in creation of the afromentioned martial art. Yoon was taken to North Korea in August 1950, during the early phases of the Korean War and was not involved in the unification process of the kwans that would begin circa 1955 and finalized in 1959 with establishment of Korea Taekwondo Association. It has been reported that in mid-1960s, <mask> Byung-in served as a martial arts instructor for Korean People's Army and has contributed to the development of Gyeoksul.Notes
1.Allegedly, the majority of kung fu practitioners and instructors in areas of Manchuria circa 1930s were of Mongolian ethnicity/origins. 2.By June 1950, the North Korean Army (KPA) had taken over much of South Korean region. 3.Originally called Korea Tang Soo Do Association, then Korea Taesoodo Association and in 1965 it was referred to as Korea Taekwondo Association. References

1920 births
1983 deaths
North Korean male martial artists
Chinese emigrants
Immigrants to North Korea
South Korean emigrants

masks: Yoon Yoon


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<mask> (16 July 1896 – 8 August 1969) was a German human biologist, Nazi, and geneticist, who was the Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Münster until he retired in 1965. A member of the Dutch noble Verschuer family, his title Freiherr is often translated as baron. He was regarded as a pioneer in the twin methodology of genetics research and in the study of the inheritance of diseases and anomalies. A eugenicist with an interest in racial hygiene, he was an advocate of compulsory sterilization programs in the first half of the 20th century. Among his many students was Josef Mengele, a war criminal who directed experiments on children at Auschwitz. He successfully redefined himself as a geneticist in the postwar era. During the 1950s and 1960s, he was known for research on the effects of nuclear radiation on humans and for his warnings against the possibility of creating "scientifically improved" human beings offered by genetic science.Verschuer was the director of the Institute for Genetic Biology and Racial Hygiene from 1935 to 1942 and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics from 1942 to 1948. From 1951 to 1965, he was Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Münster, where he also served as Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. At Münster, he established one of the largest centers of genetics research in West Germany, and remained one of the world's most prominent genetics researchers until his death. He became Professor Emeritus in 1965; he received numerous memberships in learned societies. In 1952 he was elected President of the German Anthropological Association. His son <mask> <mask> was a high-ranking official of the European Commission. Family
<mask> <mask>er was born into a noble family originally from Gelderland, Netherlands; the

masks:
Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
Helmut von
Verschuer
Otmar
von Verschu


texts:
 Verschuer family remains prominent in the Netherlands, where it is known as van Verschuer.From birth he held the title of Freiherr (baron), a title that had been granted to several family branches by the Holy Roman Emperor, the Dutch king, and the elector of Hesse. He was mainly of Dutch, German, Estonian/Baltic German, and Swedish descent, and had distant Scottish ancestry. His father <mask> <mask> was a businessman who owned a mining company, while his mother Charlotte née <mask> was originally from Estonia; her family was ennobled in Russia in the mid-19th century and was partially resident in Sweden. He was a descendant of the House of Stuart through his 6th great grandmother Brita Stuart, a Swedish noblewoman of Scottish royal descent. <mask> <mask> was the father of <mask> <mask> (also known as Helmut van <mask>), a high-ranking official of the European Commission, and the grandfather of the Belgian-German actor, <mask> <mask> (born 1961 in Brussels). Early career
Verschuer served in the First World War and had been promoted to first lieutenant by 1918. From 1919, he studied medicine at the University of Marburg.He earned a doctorate in medicine at LMU in 1923 and a habilitation at the University of Tübingen in 1927. In 1927, he became head of department for human genetics at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics. Nazi era

In 1935, Verschuer became a member of the congregation of the anti-Nazi pastor Otto Fricke, a leading member of the Confessing Church. He also maintained a close friendship with his relative, <mask> Trott zu Solz, a leading resistance figure. Despite his proximity to the Confessing Church, he joined the Nazi Party in 1940, although he was not actively involved with politics. In the late stages of the Second World War, Verschuer directly or

masks:
Hans von
Verschuer
von Arnold
Otmar
von Verschuer
Helmut Freiherr
von Verschuer
Verschuer
Leopold Freiherr
von Verschuer
Adam von


texts:
 indirectly started to use research material obtained in the Auschwitz concentration camp, mainly through his former student Josef Mengele, who served there as a camp physician. Verschuer was never tried for war crimes despite many indications that not only was he fully cognisant of Mengele's work at Auschwitz, but even encouraged and collaborated with Mengele.In a report to the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; DFG) from 1944, Verschuer talked about Mengele's assistance in supplying the KWIfA with some "scientific materials" from Auschwitz:

My assistant, Dr. Mengele (M.D., Ph.D.) has joined me in this branch of research. He is presently employed as Hauptsturmführer and camp physician in the concentration camp at Auschwitz. Anthropological investigations on the most diverse racial groups of this concentration camp are being carried out with permission of the SS Reichsführer [Himmler]; the blood samples are being sent to my laboratory for analysis. Verschuer wrote in the report that the war conditions had made it difficult for the KWIfA to procure "twin materials" for study, and that Mengele's unique position at Auschwitz offered a special opportunity in this respect. In the summer of 1944, Mengele and his Jewish slave assistant Dr. Miklós Nyiszli sent other "scientific materials" to the KWIfA, including the bodies of murdered Gypsies, internal organs of dead children, skeletons of two murdered Jews, and blood samples of twins infected by Mengele with typhus. He was accepted during the war as a member of the American Eugenics Society, a position he kept until his death. Post-war career
As the war was drawing to a close in 1945, Verschuer moved the files of the KWIfA into the Western part of Germany, hoping for a more favorable response from the advancing Allied armies than from the


texts: advancing Soviet Army.In late 1945 or early 1946, he petitioned the mayor of Frankfurt to allow him to reestablish the KWIfA. However, the commission in charge of rebuilding the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft decreed that "Verschuer should be considered not as a collaborator, but one of the most dangerous Nazi activists of the Third Reich." The KWIfA was not reestablished. In 1951, Verschuer was awarded the prestigious professorship of human genetics at the University of Münster, where he established one of the largest centers of genetics research in West Germany. Like many "racial hygienists" of the Nazi period, and many American eugenicists, Verschuer was successful in redefining himself as a genetics researcher after the war, and avoided the taint of his work with Nazi eugenics. Many of his wartime students were similarly appointed to top positions in universities of Erlangen, Frankfurt, Düsseldorf, and Münster. In his denazification hearing, Verschuer was deemed to be a Nazi fellow traveler (Mitläufer, a relatively mild categorization meaning someone who was neither a supporter or member of the regime nor an active opponent), and fined 600 Reichsmark.He was never prosecuted for his research activities during the war. Leo Alexander who investigated the case concluded that no solid evidence could be found, and considered it likely that Verschuer had destroyed any possibly incriminating material. During the 1950s and 1960s, Verschuer led major research projects on the effects of nuclear radiation on humans. Deeply religious, he also concerned himself with questions of Christian ethics, and argued that eugenics must be based on human dignity and love for mankind; according to historian Sheila F. Weiss he "turned his back on" Nazi beliefs. In the 1960s he warned against human geneticists trying to create


texts:
 "scientifically improved" human beings. Verschuer died in 1969 in a car accident. Honours
 1934: Fellow of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
 1943: Fellow of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
 1949: Fellow of the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur
 1949: Corresponding member of the American Society of Human Genetics
 1953: Honorary member of the Italian Society of Medical Genetics
 1955: Honorary member of the Anthropological Society of Vienna
 1956: Honorary member of the Japanese Society of Human Genetics
 1959: Corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
 1961: Among the founders of The Mankind Quarterly

Bibliography
Erbpathologie (Hereditary pathology, 1934).Erbbiologie als Unterlage der Bevölkerungspolitik (Hereditary biology as a basis for the population policy). First published in 1933, re-published and modified in 1936. Rassenhygiene als Wissenschaft und Staatsaufgabe (Racial hygiene as Science and State function, 1936). Leitfaden der Rassenhygiene (Textbook of Racial hygiene, 1944). Eugenik. Kommende Generationen in der Sicht der Genetik (Eugenics: Coming Generations in the view of Genetics, 1966). See also
Nazi eugenics
Heinrich Gross

Notes

References

Other sources
 {{citation | editor1-last=Westermann | editor1-first=Stefanie | editor2-last=Kühl | editor2-first=Richard | editor3-last=Gross | editor3-first=Dominik | title=Medizin und Nationalsozialismus vol.1: Medizin im Dienst der "Erbgesundheit": Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eugenik und "Rassenhygiene" (English: Medicine and National Socialism, Vol. 1: Medicine at work, the "hereditary health": Contribution to history of Eugenics and "race hygiene")| year=2009 | publisher=LIT Verlag Münster| isbn=978-3643104786| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=h54Gsl6JBT8C&pg=PA78 }}
 Sheila Faith Weiss: After the Fall.


texts:
 Political Whitewashing, Professional Posturing, and personal Refashioning in the Postwar Career of <mask> <mask> <mask>er. Isis, Vol. 101 (2010), 722–758. Peter Degen, "Racial Hygienist <mask> <mask>er, the Confessing Church, and comparative reflections on postwar rehabilitation," pp. 155–65 in Jing Bao Nie, Japan´s Medical Wartime Atrocities (London: Routledge&Kegan, 2010)
 Robert N. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.Paul Weindling, "'Tales from Nuremberg': The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology and Allied medical war crimes policy," in Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus: Bestandaufnahme und Perspektiven der Forschung, ed. Doris Kaufmann, v.2 (Goettingen: Wallstein, 2000), 635–652. Katrin Weigmann: "In the name of science. The role of biologists in Nazi atrocities: lessons for today's scientists" in EMBO Reports v.2 #10 (2001), 871–875. Eric Ehrenreich, "Otmar <mask>er and the 'Scientific' Legitimization of Nazi Anti-Jewish Policy," Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2007 21(1):55–72

 External links

 "In the name of science" EMBO Reports article about KWI scientists' wartime atrocities, with images of Verschuer
 "Skeletons in the Closet of German Science" Deutsche Welle'' article on Verschuer's research connection to Mengele

1896 births
1969 deaths
People from Hersfeld-Rotenburg
People from Hesse-Nassau
German eugenicists
German military personnel of World War I
Barons of Germany
Physicians in the Nazi Party
University of Marburg alumni
Goethe University Frankfurt faculty
University of Münster faculty
Prussian Army personnel
Road incident deaths in Germany
20th-century German writers
German people of Dutch descent
German people of Swedish descent
German people of Scottish descent
Kapp Putsch

masks:
Otmar
Freiherr
von Vchu
Otmar
von Verschu
von Verschu


texts:
<mask> (19 October 1910 - 12 February 2010) was an American singer, actor, and guitarist. A classical bass-baritone, he had an active performing career in operas, concerts, and musicals during the 1930s through the 1960s. As a stage performer he is best known for succeeding Roger Rico in the role of Emile de Becque (originally played by Ezio Pinza) in the original Broadway production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific. He portrayed the role for two years opposite Martha Wright as Nellie Forbush, and for a few weeks opposite Cloris Leachman. Britton began performing concerts of folk music in the 1950s, accompanying himself on the guitar. In 1957 he cofounded the Philadelphia Folksong Society and  the Philadelphia Folk Festival in 1962. In the 1960s his career moved primarily into performing folk music.He also taught guitar and voice at his studio, the George Britton Folk Studio. Early life and education
Britton was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, to parents of Irish and Pennsylvania Dutch descent. He studied at Columbia University where he graduated with a music degree in 1932. He notably was awarded the Gold King's Crowns Award by the University his senior year. He pursued graduate studies in voice at the Juilliard School, studying voice with Anna E. Schoen-René, a student of Pauline Viardot-García and Manuel García, earning a master's degree in 1936. While at Juilliard he notably appeared in the New York premiere of Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos and portrayed Etienne in the world premiere of Robert Russell Bennett's Maria Malibran opposite Helen Marshall in the title role and Risë Stevens as Cornelia. Career
Britton made his professional opera debut at the Chautauqua Opera in the summer of 1934.He was a regular performer with that company for over the next decade. In 1936 he married Patricia Norton at Chautauqua; they were divorced by 1946. Also in 1936 he made his first appearance at the Worcester Festival in a concert of opera arias with soprano Helen Jepson and conductor Albert Stoessel. He returned to that festival


texts: several times during the late 1930s and 1940s. In 1938, <mask> sang Silvio in PAGLIACCI in Prague with Richard Tauber as Canio. In 1941 <mask> made his Carnegie Hall debut portraying the title role in Giacomo Puccini's Gianni Schicchi with the National Orchestral Association under the baton of Léon Barzin. He sang several roles with the short-lived New Opera Company (NOC) in Manhattan in the early 1940s, notably portraying Prince Tomsky opposite Martha Lipton in her professional opera debut as Pauline in Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades in October 1941.He also starred in the world premiere of Walter Damrosch's The Opera Cloak with the NOC in November 1942. In the summer of 1942 he made his first appearance at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Franz Schubert's Blossom Time. In 1945 he presented the world premiere of Miriam Gideon's art song "The Hound of Heaven" at the International Society for Contemporary Music convention. <mask> made one of his earliest forays into musical theatre in 1943, appearing in the Blackfriars Repertory Theatre's original musical, Moment Musical. The following year he returned to the Paper Mill Playhouse (PMP) to star in a production of Sigmund Romberg's The Student Prince. He was a regular performer at the PMP up through 1950. In 1946 he portrayed Huckleberry Haines in Jerome Kern's Roberta at the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera and starred in Victor Herbert's The Fortune Teller at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco.He made his Broadway debut at the New Century Theatre in September 1946 as Sandor in Robert Wright and <mask>'s Gypsy Lady. In 1948 he performed on the cast recording of Arthur Schwartz and Howard Dietz's musical review Inside U.S.A.. The recording was made before the show premiered on Broadway, and <mask> did not actually appear in the stage production. <mask> continued to perform in operas, musicals, and concerts throughout the United States during the late 1940s through the early 1960s. In 1950 he portrayed Don Andrès de Ribeira in Jacques Offenbach's La Périchole at New York's Town Hall under the

masks:
Britton
Britton
Britton
George Forrest
Britton
Britton


texts:
 direction of Maggie Teyte. That same year he portrayed the four villains in Offenbach's The Tales of Hoffmann for NBC Opera Theatre and the role of Massakroff in Oscar Straus's The Chocolate Soldier on NBC's Musical Comedy Time. He made several appearances with Philadelphia's Co-Opera Company in the early 1950s, including Mr Gobineau in Gian Carlo Menotti's The Medium.In January 1952 he took over the role of Emile de Becque in the original Broadway production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific, staying with the production until it closed on Jan 16, 1954. In 1953 he recorded selections from Anything Goes and Kiss Me Kate with Lisa Kirk and Helena Bliss for RCA Records. In 1961 he appeared in the United States premiere of Roland Fiore's Linda at the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company. Although initially a singer by profession, <mask> was also a talented guitarist. In the early 1950s he became seriously interested in the music of his mother's Pennsylvania Dutch heritage. He began performing concerts of these folk pieces with just his voice and a guitar. In 1955 he recorded his only solo album, "Pennsylvania Dutch Folk Songs", with Folkways Records.The recording is now a part of the collection at the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. After leaving South Pacific in 1954 his performance career became increasingly more involved with performing folk music and by the mid-1960s he had left classical music entirely. For many years he was heavily involved with the Philadelphia Folk Festival, which he helped establish in 1962. References

External links

American folk singers
American folk guitarists
American male guitarists
American male musical theatre actors
20th-century American male opera singers
Columbia University alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Operatic bass-baritones
Actors from Reading, Pennsylvania
1910 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American guitarists
Musicians from Reading, Pennsylvania
Guitarists from Pennsylvania
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
Singers from


texts:
<mask>'Flaherty  (28 February 1898 – 30 October 1963), was an Irish Catholic priest and senior official of the Roman Curia, and a significant figure in Catholic resistance to Nazism. During World War II, O'Flaherty was responsible for saving 6,500 Allied soldiers and Jews. His ability to evade the traps set by the German Gestapo and Sicherheitsdienst (SD), earned O'Flaherty the nickname "The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican". After the Second World War he was named a papal domestic prelate by Pope Pius XII and served as notary of the Holy Office, working alongside and assisting Alfredo Cardinal Ottaviani until 1960. Early life
Shortly after <mask>'Flaherty's birth in Lisrobin, Kiskeam, County Cork, his parents, James and Margaret, moved to Killarney. The family lived on the golf course where James O'Flaherty worked as a steward. By his late teens, young O'Flaherty had a scratch handicap and a scholarship to a teacher training college.However, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College, a Jesuit college in County Limerick dedicated to preparing young men for missionary priesthood. Normally, students ranged from 14 to 18 years of age. At the time when O'Flaherty came in, he was a little older than most of the students, about 20. The college allowed for some older people to come in if they had been accepted by a bishop who would pay for them. O'Flaherty's sponsor was the Bishop of Cape Town, Cornelius O'Reilly, in whose diocese he would be posted after ordination, a big step for a young man who had never set foot outside of Munster. At the time when O'Flaherty was in Mungret, the Irish War for Independence was ongoing. He was posted to Rome in 1922 to finish his studies and was ordained on 20 December 1925.He never joined his diocese however, staying to work for the Holy See and serving as a Vatican diplomat in Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. In 1934, he was appointed a papal

masks:
Hugh O
Hugh O


texts:
 chamberlain with the title of Monsignor. He was originally ascribed to the Sacred Congregation De Propaganda Fide through which,
in collaboration with the Cardinal Prefect, H.Em. Pietro of the marquesses Fumasoni Biondi and the Pro-Rector of the Pontifical Urban College De Propaganda Fide, Monsignor Saverio Maria of the barons
Paventi di San Bonaventura, he began to establish his precious network of assistants with whom
he managed to save approximately 6,500 people between civilians, military and Jews, whom he
lodged in Vatican extra-territorial residences and religious institutes during the Nazi occupation of
Rome in the Second World War. It was as a result of that activity, carried out while evading
German military intelligence, that he was given the name of "The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican". World War II
In the early years of World War II, O'Flaherty toured prisoner of war (POW) camps in Italy and tried to find out about prisoners who had been reported missing in action. If he found them alive, he tried to reassure their families through Radio Vatican.When Mussolini was removed from power by the King in 1943, thousands of Allied POWs were released; however, when Germany imposed an occupation over Italy, they were in danger of recapture. Some of them, remembering visits by O'Flaherty, reached Rome and asked him for help. Others went to the Irish embassy to the Holy See, the only English-speaking embassy to remain open in Rome during the war. Delia Murphy, who was the wife of Thomas J. Kiernan, the Irish ambassador (and, in her day, a well-known ballad singer), was one of those who helped O'Flaherty. O'Flaherty did not wait for permission from his superiors. He recruited the help of other priests (including two young New Zealanders, Fathers Owen Snedden and John Flanagan), two agents working for the Free French, François de Vial and Yves Debroise, Communists and a Swiss count. One


texts: of his aides was British Major Sam Derry, a POW escapee.Derry along with British officers and escaped POWs Lieutenants Furman and Simpson, and Captain Byrnes, a Canadian, were responsible for the security and operational organisation. O'Flaherty also kept contact with Sir D'Arcy Osborne, British Ambassador to the Holy See, and his butler John May (whom O'Flaherty described as "a genius ... the most magnificent scrounger"). O'Flaherty and his allies concealed 4,000 escapees, mainly Allied soldiers and Jews, in flats, farms and convents. Among those sheltered was one Ines Gistron and a Jewish friend whom O'Flaherty placed in a pensione run by Canadian nuns at Monteverde (Rome), where they were given false IDs. One of the first hideouts was beside the local SS headquarters. O'Flaherty and Derry coordinated all this from his room at the Collegio Teutonico. When outside the Vatican, O'Flaherty wore various disguises.The German occupiers tried to stop him and eventually they found out that the leader of the network was a priest. SS attempts to assassinate him failed. They learned his identity, but could not arrest him inside the Vatican. When the German ambassador revealed this to O'Flaherty, he began to meet his contacts on the stairs of St. Peter's Basilica. Obersturmbannführer Herbert Kappler, the head of the SS Sicherheitsdienst and Gestapo in Rome, learned of O'Flaherty's actions; he ordered a white line painted on the pavement at the opening of St. Peter's Square (signifying the border between Vatican City and Italy), stating that the priest would be killed if he crossed it. Pietro Koch, head of the Banda Koch, a special task force charged with hunting down partisans and rounding up deportees for the Germans, often spoke of his intention to torture O'Flaherty before executing him if he ever fell into his hands. Several others, including priests, nuns and lay people, worked in secret with


texts:
 O'Flaherty, and even hid refugees in their own private homes around Rome.Among these were the Augustinian Maltese Fathers Egidio Galea, Aurelio Borg and Ugolino Gatt, the Dutch Augustinian Father Anselmus Musters and Brother Robert Pace of the Brothers of Christian Schools. Another person who contributed significantly to this operation was the Maltese-born widow Chetta Chevalier who hid some refugees in her house with her children, and escaped detection. Jewish religious services were conducted in the Basilica di San Clemente, which was under Irish diplomatic protection, under a painting of Tobias. When the Allies arrived in Rome in June 1944, 6,425 of the escapees were still alive. O'Flaherty demanded that German prisoners be treated properly as well. He took a plane to South Africa to meet Italian POWs and to Jerusalem to visit Jewish refugees. Of the 9,700 Jews in Rome, 1,007 had been shipped to Auschwitz.The rest were hidden, over 5,000 of them by the Church − 300 in Castel Gandolfo, 200 or 400 (estimates vary) as "members" of the Palatine Guard and some 1,500 in monasteries, convents and colleges. The remaining 3,700 were hidden in private homes. At the time of the liberation of Rome, O'Flaherty's and Derry's organisation was caring for 3,925 escapees and men who had succeeded in evading arrest. Of these 1,695 were British, 896 South African, 429 Russian, 425 Greek and 185 American. The remainder were from 20 different nations. This does not include Jews and sundry other men and women who were in O'Flaherty's personal care. Post-war
After the war O'Flaherty received a number of awards, including appointment as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) "for services to the Forces in Italy" and the US Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm.He was also honoured by Canada and Australia. He refused to use the lifetime pension that Italy had given him. In 1954 he was promoted to domestic


texts:
 prelate. In the 1950s, the Chaplet of the Divine Mercy, in the form proposed by the now-canonised Mary Faustina Kowalska, was under a ban from the Vatican. It was O'Flaherty who, as Notary, signed the document that notified Catholics of the ban. He was the first Irishman named Notary of the Holy Office. O'Flaherty regularly visited his old nemesis Herbert Kappler (the former SS chief in Rome), in prison, month after month, being Kappler's only visitor.In 1959, Kappler converted to Catholicism and was baptised by O'Flaherty. In 1960, O'Flaherty suffered a serious stroke during Mass and was forced to return to Ireland. Shortly before his first stroke in 1960, he was due to be confirmed as the Papal Nuncio to Tanzania. He moved to Cahersiveen to live with his sister, at whose home he died on 30 October 1963, aged 65. He was buried in the cemetery of the Daniel O'Connell Memorial Church in Cahersiveen. There is a monument in Killarney town and a grove of trees dedicated to his memory in the Killarney National Park. Some sources incorrectly state that, in 2003, he became the first Irish person honoured as Righteous Among the Nations by the State of Israel.However, according to the list of those honoured, this is not the case. Application to have him added to the rolls is still in progress as of 2017. Dramatization
O'Flaherty was portrayed by Gregory Peck in the 1983 television film, The Scarlet and the Black, which follows the exploits of O'Flaherty from the German occupation of Rome to its liberation by the Allies. He was also the second principal character in a radio play by Robin Glendinning on Kappler's time seeking asylum in the Vatican, titled The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican, which was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on Radio 4, with Wolf Kahler as Kappler. Killarney-born actor and playwright Donal Courtney penned a new one-man play entitled "God has no Country", which he premièred


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 in Killarney as part of the <mask> Flaherty memorial celebrations for 3 nights in October 2013. Courtney portrays the O'Flaherty during the wartime years in German-occupied Rome; the story is told from the O'Flaherty's point of view and is a study of the torment and difficulty in the decisions he undertook in his fight for justice. Television
The Irish-language television station TG4 broadcast a 51-minute documentary on O'Flaherty in 2008.It is available (in mixed Irish/English with English subtitles) on a region-free DVD entitled The Pimpernel of the Vatican – The Amazing Story of Monsignor <mask>'Flaherty. References

Further reading
 'The Rome Escape Line: The Story of the British Organization in Rome for assisting Escaped Prisoners-of-war 1943–44. ', by Sam Derry (1960)
 William C. Simpson 1996, A Vatican Lifeline, Sparedon Press. Stephen Walker 2011, Hide & Seek: The Irish Priest In The Vatican Who Defied The Nazi Command, Harper Collins (London). Gallagher, J.P. (2009). The Scarlet and the Black: The True Story of Monsignor <mask>'Flaherty, Hero of the Vatican Underground. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.'The Vatican Pimpernel: The Wartime Exploits of Monsignor <mask>'Flaherty. ', by Brian Fleming (2008)
 Alison Walsh 2010, <mask>'Flaherty: His Wartime Adventures, Collins Press. External links
 Monsignor <mask>'Flaherty: Hero of the Vatican
 The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican
 Hugh O'Flaherty Memorial Society

1898 births
1963 deaths
Irish anti-fascists
Irish humanitarians
Diplomats of the Holy See
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Medal of Freedom
Irish people of World War II
20th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
People from County Kerry
People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust
Irish expatriates in Italy
Vatican City in World War II
Irish expatriates in Egypt
Irish expatriates in Haiti
Irish expatriates in the Dominican Republic
Christian clergy

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Hugh O
Hugh O
Hugh O
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<mask> (born <mask>; 19 May 1964 – 16 December 2014) was an Iranian-born refugee and Australian citizen who took hostages in a siege at the Lindt Chocolate Café at Martin Place, Sydney on 15 December 2014, lasting for 17 hours, until the early hours of the following morning. The siege resulted in the death of <mask> and two hostages. While Monis had a warrant out for his arrest in Iran, he sought political asylum in Australia in 1996, which was granted in 2001. Monis variously promoted himself as an Iranian intelligence official, a political activist, a spiritual healer and expert in black magic, an outlaw bikie and a Muslim cleric. He told a psychiatrist who diagnosed him with schizophrenia that he had to change his name for "security reasons," variously calling himself "Michael Hayson Mavros", "<mask>", and "Ayatollah <mask>di". Monis ran a "spiritual healing" business, telling some women that they needed to submit to sexual molestation to receive treatment. In 2014, <mask> was charged with being an accessory to the murder of his ex-wife, as well as over 40 counts of sexual assault.At the time of his death, he had recently converted from Shia Islam to Sunni Islam, and attended Islamist rallies promoting conspiracy theories about Australian security agencies. While on bail, and facing a likely lengthy imprisonment, he declared allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Life in Iran
<mask> was born in Borujerd, Iran on 19 May 1964. He published a book of poetry, Inside and Out or Daroon va Boroon (), in 1996 in Iran. It did not sell well, which disappointed Monis. In the 1990s, Monis ran a company called Salhani Amal (), which he used to buy discounted tyres

masks:
Man Haron Monis
Mohammed Hassan Manteghi Borujerdi
Monis
Sheikh Haron
Mohammed Manteghi Boroujer
Monis
Monis


texts: from the Iranian government and re-sell them on the black market. He also ran a charity scam to avoid paying tax.In 2001, using the pseudonym Ayatollah <mask> Boroujerdi, he claimed in an interview with ABC Radio National's The Religion Report that he had been involved with the Iranian ministry of intelligence and security, and that his criticism of the regime and secret information he possessed had resulted in his persecution as well as the detention of his wife and children. During an ABC Radio interview, he claimed that his family's detention was a result of views the Iranian government believed to be "dangerously liberal". David Ruteledge, the journalist who interviewed him, described this as "a little bit dramatic." Australia granted his request for political asylum that year. He claimed that his request for asylum followed the detention of his wife and children by Iranian authorities after he espoused liberal views on Islam. According to London-based Persian TV channel Manoto 1, he had fled Iran after taking US$200,000 of his customers' money in his tourism agency. According to Iran's official news agency, he was under investigation by Interpol and Iranian police at the time he was granted asylum, and Australian police did not extradite him despite several requests.Some commentators have expressed concern regarding this immigration and citizenship process. Esmaeil Ahmadi-Moghaddam, Iran's chief of police, told reporters that <mask> had "a dark and long history of violent crime and fraud" in Iran and had run a travel agency in 1996, before fleeing to Malaysia and then Australia. "It lasted 4 years to collect evidence on <mask> [<mask>]'s identification documents

masks: Manteghi Monis Manteghi Monis


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 and we reported this to the Australian police but since Australia has no extradition treaty with Iran, they didn't extradite him to Iran". He was protected from extradition by his refugee status. Iran's official Islamic Republic News Agency states that he was "under prosecution by the Interpol" and Iran provided information to the Australian government about his criminal record, mental and spiritual status. Despite this, he was granted asylum in Australia. Iranian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Marzieh Afkham publicly questioned the decisions made by the Australian government after several discussions in which <mask>'s criminal status in Iran was made "completely clear".Life in Australia
He migrated to Australia as a refugee in 1996 seeking political asylum. He used a one-month business visa to gain entry to the country. He applied for a protection visa when his business visa expired, and was granted a bridging visa while the protection visa application was assessed. From 1997 to 2000, Monis held a security guard licence, which would have let him carry a pistol between March and June 1997. In November 2000, he chained himself to a pole at Parliament House, Sydney, and went on a one-day hunger strike to draw attention to his cause. He began to sexually assault women while passing himself off as a spiritual healer named 'Marcus' in the early 2000s. On 16 September 2002, <mask> changed his name to Michael Hayson Mavros.While he was known as Mavros, he seemed to be 'embracing a secular life'. He gained Australian citizenship in 2004. On 21 September 2006, he changed his name to <mask> <mask>. Monis was investigated by the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation four

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Monis
Man Haron
Monis


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 times, and there were more than 40 calls to ASIO's National Security Hotline. The family of his partner called the National Security Hotline in 2010 and were advised Monis "wasn't a threat". Monis had been on the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation's watch-list in 2008 and 2009, but was dropped off the list for reasons that were not specified. In 2009, in Granville, NSW, Monis gave a lecture calling for an Islamic society and taunting foreign governments saying, "your intelligence service is not working properly."Monis lived in a flat with a housemate for six months in 1998. Monis said he was a senior member of the clergy in Iran, always locked his bedroom door, even when he went to the bathroom, and told his housemate not to bring friends over and not to answer the door if anyone knocked. Monis said that he was in "financial hardship" and borrowed payments amounting to $9,000, which were never repaid. Spouses
In 2003, Monis dated Amanda Morsy for about six months, telling her he was Romanian, giving her gold necklaces and driving her to dates in a Mercedes, convertible Peugeot and a Jeep. Monis was unable to be contacted after 8 pm, claiming he was busy with his "spiritual consultation" business. Morsy described him as "secretive", "very reserved" and "formal" and wanting to "fit in". He broke the relationship off after her family expressed reservations about his personality.In 2003, Monis married a woman who was a client of his "black magic" business. However, he always kept his blinds closed, and told people at a Sydney mosque that he had a wife in Iran. In July 2011, <mask> was charged at a St Mary's police station for intimidation of his ex-wife,


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 following a confrontation in a McDonald's car park in Green Valley. His ex-wife claimed Monis had threatened to shoot her and told her that he held a gun licence. In 2010, the family of Amirah Droudis reported <mask> to the National Security Hotline because they found his behaviour strange. He was secretive with the family and always refused to have his photo taken even at Christmas. He gave them the appearance of having money and being "very generous" but vague about where he worked.They described him as "rarely forthcoming with any direct or detailed answers." Social worker Sylvia Martin talked with Monis during a meeting with his former wife in 2012. She described Monis as prone to "grandiosity" and a "hero in his own story" describing him as "capable of narcissism and also capable of manipulation." His ex-wife said that Monis had "intimidated, duped and emotionally manipulated her" and that around 2007 he "became more strict" and told her to wear a veil, and restricted her from "singing and dancing" allegedly telling her "I'm doing it for Islam ... I want to be a martyr". Accessory to murder charge
On 21 April 2013, <mask>' ex-wife's body was found stabbed 17 times and alight in a Werrington apartment stairwell. Monis' girlfriend Amirah Droudis was formally charged with murder, and on 15 November 2013, Monis was charged by NSW Police with being an accessory before the fact and an accessory after the fact to the murder.On 12 December 2013, <mask> and Amirah appeared before Magistrate William Pierce at Penrith Local Court where they were granted bail. The magistrate said there were significant flaws in the Crown's case against the pair and that "It is a weak case".

masks: Monis Monis Monis


texts:
 Prosecutor Brian Royce said Monis' claims that the Iranian Secret Police and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) were trying to frame him for the murder were fanciful. Magistrate Pierce said all theories needed to be examined. On 22 January 2014, Monis appeared at Parramatta Local Court and, after informing magistrate Joan Baptie that he was representing himself, began discussing documents that he claimed were held by ASIO. He also claimed that ASIO was "conspiring against him" as they wanted him jailed. Magistrate Baptie told Monis that she had no power to order the release of documents held by ASIO and "advised him to stop talking because he would harm his defence".<mask> staged a protest outside the court, following the adjournment of the case, "wearing chains and holding a sign claiming he has been tortured in custody". He was quoted as saying: "This is not a criminal case. This is a political case." Claims of membership of Iranian Intelligence
<mask> told individuals in Australia, including his lawyers, that he had worked for the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Security and had knowledge about Iran's clandestine operations, and that it was for this reason he fled Iran. However, an Iranian embassy official stated <mask>' claim to have worked in intelligence and security in Iran was a lie. <mask> said he was the secretary of the Iranian intelligence department. After 9/11, <mask> called ASIO saying he knew Iran was responsible and asked for a financial reward for the information.He also asked ASIO to pay him to work as an informant. Allegations of fabricated cleric status
Monis proclaimed himself to be a Shia cleric. In late 2007, Australian

masks: Monis Monis Monis Monis Monis


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 Federation of Islamic Councils head Ikebal Patel said no Islamic community leaders knew anything about Monis and believed he "could be a fake deliberately stirring up anti-Islamic sentiment". On 28 January 2008, Australia's senior Shia leader and head of Supreme Islamic Shia Council of Australia, Kamal Mousselmani, told The Australian that Monis "was not a genuine Shia spiritual leader" and "there are no ayatollahs in Australia." He urged Federal government officials to investigate his identity. "From the way he writes his fatwas (or religious edicts), I don't think he is Shia Muslim", he added. Psychiatric assessment
In 2010 <mask> was involuntarily hospitalised at Canterbury Hospital after displaying bizarre and erratic behaviour in a parking lot in Ashfield.A psychiatrist who assessed Monis said she believed he had chronic schizophrenia and needed to be on anti-psychotic medication. Monis stated that he had been forced to close his spiritual business, was $20,000 in debt, and had to change his name for "security reasons." Monis was treated by two different psychiatrists who didn't know about the other and he was giving them different information. He was described as "quite guarded and reluctant to disclose too much information" and refused to give his phone number and home address. He was concerned that "ASIO and police were following him... and that some people could read his mind," according to a psychologist who grew up in Iran, who diagnosed him with obsessive-compulsive disorder. He avoided buying medication for mental illness with his Medicare card to conceal his use of medication from authorities. One solicitor said that Monis seemed paranoid and would often


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 speak with his hand over his mouth because he thought people "watching him" might be able to lip read.In an inquest held after <mask>' death, Dr. Jonathan Phillips diagnosed him with narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders. Hate mail campaign
<mask>, together with Amirah Droudis, undertook a campaign protesting against the presence of Australian troops in Afghanistan, by writing letters to the families of soldiers killed there, in which he called the soldiers murderers, and urged the soldiers' families to petition the government to remove its troops from Afghanistan. According to Justice Dyson Heydon of the High Court, the letters compared "the (deceased soldier) son to a pig and to a dirty animal. It calls the son's body 'contaminated'. It refers to it as 'the dirty body of a pig'. It describes Hitler as not inferior to the son in moral merit". Monis was arrested on charges of "using a postal or similar service to menace, harass or cause offence".Droudis received a 2-year good-behaviour bond for "assisting Monis in sending the letters". She appealed the sentence, but on 12 March 2015 Droudis dropped her appeal. Court cases

On 10 November 2009, Monis appeared in court and claimed through his lawyers to be a peace activist. He later chained himself to the courthouse in protest over the charges. Monis was subsequently barred by the courts from expanding his protest to include letters to UK soldiers' families. In an inquest, lawyer Chris Murphy said that Monis claimed to be contacting families to recruit "people who had suffered loss in war" to join his cause. Murphy said "He didn't strike me as very intelligent."Monis chained himself to the courthouse against

masks: Monis Monis


texts: the directions of lawyers, and Murphy said "He was entirely self absorbed with his performance ... my recollection is he held a pen in the air and said 'this is my sword'." Lawyers described Monis as a "pest" and a "dickhead". <mask> said that conversations with Monis were "draining and exhausting." Monis expressed conspiracy theories about ASIO, claiming that families of dead soldiers were not upset at his letters, but "ASIO was putting them up to it." He said "Monis was a very proud man," who cried "like a baby" in prison. Another lawyer said he always wanted to be "the centre of attention" in the media. In December 2011, Monis appeared before the Court of Criminal Appeal in Sydney arguing that the charges against him were invalid because they infringed his implied constitutional freedom of political communication, but the three-judge panel unanimously dismissed his case.Upon further appeal to the High Court of Australia, the six-judge panel split 3–3 over the issue. Although the High Court of Australia normally comprises seven judges, one seat was vacant and as yet unfilled at the time <mask>'s case appeared before the court. Failing to achieve a majority vote in <mask>'s favour, the lower court's unanimous decision was left to stand. On 12 December 2014, <mask>' appeal against his conviction for criminal use of the postal service resulted in a split decision of the High Court. The decision related to his protest against the presence of Australian troops in Afghanistan, which he expressed by sending letters to the families of soldiers killed there in which he called the soldiers murderers and urged the families to petition the government to remove its troops from

masks:
Manny Conditsis
Monis
Monis
Monis


texts:
 Afghanistan. One of the letters compared a dead soldier to a pig and called his body "contaminated". He sent similar letters to the families of British soldiers and the mother of a government official killed by a bombing in Jakarta, Indonesia.Monis pleaded guilty and was sentenced to probation and 300 hours of community service and banned from using the Australian postal service. According to The Age, this conviction consumed him for several years, and the hostage incident followed three days after an unsuccessful attempt to have the conviction overturned. Monis had been granted conditional bail because the magistrate said "there were significant flaws in the Crown's case". Rebels Motorcycle Club
Monis attempted to join the Rebels Motorcycle Club sometime in 2012 or 2013, and was photographed with a "1%" logo representing outlaw motorcycle clubs. Club members reportedly stated "no one really liked him" and described him as "strange and weird" and said "He would say he had a lot of money, but then he didn't have any." He was kicked out of the club and Rebels took his motorbike. Sexual assault charges
Monis ran a "spiritual healing" business and promoted himself as a clairvoyant and an expert in "astrology, numerology, meditation and black magic" services.Monis used the business to make unwelcome sexual advances toward vulnerable women, telling them that they could only receive treatment if they undressed and allowed him to massage their breasts and genitals. He also threatened to put curses on his victims if they refused. On 14 March 2014, <mask> was arrested and charged with sexually assaulting a young woman who went to his consultancy in Wentworthville, New South


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 Wales, for "spiritual healing", after seeing an advertisement in a local newspaper. Seven months later, on 13 October 2014, a further 40 charges were added, including 22 counts of aggravated sexual assault and 14 counts of aggravated indecent assault, allegedly committed against six more women who had visited his business. Political activity
<mask> promoted himself as a peace activist, and told his lawyers that his hate-mail campaign was to make families of dead soldiers support peace. Commercial news media in Sydney often condemned Monis for making videos with his girlfriend narrating, expressing happiness about the Holocaust and 9/11 and attacking rape victims. Monis hated Channel Seven for their coverage of the Muhamed Haneef affair, and ran aggressive protests outside their studios.He once rushed at television hosts Melissa Doyle and David Koch in Martin Place yelling, "You are a killer and a terrorist." Monis would often put on clerical garb and chain himself to a post visible from the Channel Seven live studio, handing out pamphlets declaring there was a "War on Islam" - leading the network to move studios when broadcasting the Sunrise program. Following the Haneef affair, in which a doctor was accused of aiding terrorists, Monis handed out pamphlets against Sunrise alleging that they told "Muslim doctors" that "If you want to kill people, why not use the tools of your own trade like a plague or a disease or something?" Monis made complaints to Channel Seven and the Australian Communications and Media Authority, which were dismissed. Kevin Rudd publicised his consideration of changes to citizenship laws during the prosecution of Monis's letters. Monis used social


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 media to attack politicians including then Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott and former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. His criticisms of Abbott, from 2013, related to Australia's military presence in Afghanistan.On 5 December 2014, he referred to a statement made by Rudd on changing immigration laws after Monis had been charged with seven counts of harassment. Before it was taken down, on 15 December 2014, Monis's Facebook account had 14,000 "likes". Monis featured a photograph of Osama bin Laden on his website in 2008. It has been reported that Monis was radicalised by members of Hizb ut-Tahrir. In June 2014 Monis attended a presentation by Uthman Badar and Wassim Doureihi of Hizb ut-Tahrir which was held in response to an earlier Uthman Badar lecture titled 'Honour Killings are Morally Justified', which was cancelled. Monis attended Hizb ut-Tahrir rallies and was described by Sydney Morning Herald journalist Anne Davies as "a little unstable. He also seemed a little creepy.Ominously, he also told me he did not think giving speeches would be enough." Seeking contact with ISIS
In October 2014, <mask> wrote a letter to George Brandis' office seeking advice on the legality of communicating with ISIS. Conversion to Sunni Islam
<mask> claimed to have converted from Shia Islam to Sunni Islam. An announcement on his now-suspended website, posted a week before the Sydney siege, stated: "I used to be a Rafidi, but not any more. Now I am a Muslim, Alhamdu Lillah." "Rafidi", which means "one who rejects" in Arabic, "is typically used by Sunnis to denigrate Shias as non-Muslim." <mask> also used his website to pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State


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 whose 'main enemies' are the Shi'a.On the day prior to taking a group of people hostage, Monis posted to his website:

Australian Muslim commentators said that his conversion to Sunni Islam was less out of genuine religious conviction than designed to provide credibility in seeking an association with ISIL, as one "can't really claim to love IS when you're a Shiite and they're trying to exterminate you". He was a long-time self-proclaimed sheikh, albeit not recognised as such in the Islamic community. He was marginalised by Australian Muslim religious authorities and mosques for his extremist views and problematic personal and criminal history. It appears he came to espouse an extreme Islamist ideology on his own, and police and intelligence agencies have not identified any connections between Monis and international terrorist organisations. The Lindt Cafe Siege

On the morning of 15 December 2014, Monis took hostage employees and customers at the Lindt chocolate café in Martin Place, Sydney, across from a Seven Network television studio. Hostages were made to hold up a Black Standard with the shahādah (Islamic statement of faith) written in white Arabic text. Neighbouring buildings, including government offices and financial institutions, and Martin Place railway station, were evacuated and locked down.Some hostages managed to escape. The event lasted over 16 hours when hostages made a run for the exit with Monis firing missing all hostages. Monis then took Tori Johnston (the cafe manager) at gunpoint forcing him to kneel before firing a fatal shot into Johnston's head. Police tactical officers then decided to storm the café resulting in a shootout between Monis and


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 police in the early hours of the following morning and Monis was confirmed by police to have died in the ensuing confrontation. Two of the hostages total died, several others were wounded, and a police officer suffered minor injuries. In a website posting prior to the hostage incident, <mask> denied all the charges against him, calling them politically motivated, accusing the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Australia's ASIO of framing him. No one claimed Monis's body when it was released by the NSW Coroner, and he was subsequently buried in an undisclosed NSW location at state expense.In 2016, Monis was listed under mentally disturbed individuals who have launched recent violent attacks justified with Islamist ideas or slogans. Other examples include the perpetrator of the 2016 Munich knife attack and Michael Zehaf-Bibeau, the perpetrator of the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa. According to psychologists and psychiatrists who study radicalisation, jihad propaganda and calls to kill the infidels can push mentally ill individuals to act, even in the absence of direct or personal contact with Islamists. Investigations
Prime Minister Tony Abbott was briefed by the Australian Federal Police on 16 December 2014 that Monis had a gun licence, but the AFP later confirmed that Monis "was not a registered firearms licence holder". A joint review has been announced by the federal and state governments, to be helmed by Michael Thawley from the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and Blair Comley of the New South Wales Department of Premier and Cabinet. It will investigate the handling of the siege, and how Monis "slipped through state and federal security and


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 legal nets". Although a call had been made to the national security hotline based on the contents of Monis' website, there were no threats of direct violence.On 16 December 2014, officers from the New South Wales Police Force and the Australian Federal Police went to the Belmore home of Monis' partner Amirah Droudis, and removed property. Her bail was revoked after a hearing on 22 December. In November 2016 Droudis was found guilty, in a judge-only trial, of the murder of Monis' ex-wife. On 29 January 2015, an inquest began into the deaths at the Lindt Cafe, presided over by the NSW State Coroner, Michael Barnes. Its aim is "to determine how the [three] deaths occurred, the factors that contributed to them and whether they could have been prevented". The joint State-Federal review was released on 22 February 2015. See also
 2015 Parramatta shooting
 Crime in Australia
 Islam in Australia
 List of terrorist incidents in Australia

References

External links

1964 births
2014 deaths
21st-century Australian criminals
21st-century Iranian criminals
Australian former Shia Muslims
Australian Sunni Muslims
Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam
Deaths by firearm in New South Wales
Fugitives wanted by Iran
Fugitives wanted on fraud charges
Fugitives
Iranian emigrants to Australia
Iranian former Shia Muslims
Members of Hizb ut-Tahrir
People convicted of harassment
People from Borujerd
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Australia
People with antisocial personality disorder
People with narcissistic personality disorder
People with obsessive–compulsive disorder
People with schizophrenia
Refugees in Australia
Rights in the Australian Constitution cases
Security guards


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<mask> (June 9, 1910 – December 2, 1990) was an American film and television actor known mainly for his roles in comedy films such as The Devil and Miss Jones (1941) and Princess O'Rourke (1943), but who was also effective in dramatic films, especially two of Alfred Hitchcock's thrillers, Saboteur (1942) and Dial M for Murder (1954). He received five Primetime Emmy Award nominations, and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Best Actor in a Single Performance in 1955. On February 8, 1960, he received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion picture and television industries, at 6816 Hollywood Boulevard and 1718 Vine Street. Early life
<mask> was born in Joplin, Missouri, a son of Dr. <mask> and the former Ruth Annabelle Kraft. His father was a surgeon, part of the original medical staff of St. John's Hospital in Joplin, and the founder of the Jasper County Tuberculosis Hospital in Webb City, Missouri. <mask>'s mother was an ordained minister of the Science of Mind. While attending Joplin High School, <mask> was taught to fly by his godfather, aviation pioneer Orville Wright.His first solo was on March 3, 1927. During high school, <mask> gave Joplin residents rides in his aircraft for $5 per person. When the government began licensing flight instructors, <mask> was issued flight instructor certificate No. 1, making him the first official flight instructor in the United States. Education
<mask> studied briefly at Drury College in Springfield, Missouri, but his love of flying caused him to transfer to the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh. He studied aeronautical engineering for a year before he dropped out

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 for financial reasons, his family having lost heavily in the 1929 stock market crash. <mask> became interested in acting while performing in plays at Carnegie Tech, and decided to pursue it as a career.Since the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City paid its male actors $14 a week, <mask> decided to study there. He stayed only  one season, but later said he learned "three basic principles of acting. The first – never anticipate; second – take pride in my profession. And third – trust in God. And that last is said in reverence." Early acting career

Blade Stanhope <mask> started looking for work in 1930, but couldn't find any roles, forcing him to get a job at a theatrical agency. Realizing that, at the time, "three quarters of Broadway plays were from England" and that English accents and actors were in demand, <mask> decided to cash in an insurance policy and buy a round-trip ticket there.He was driving a motorbike through the countryside, picking up the accent and learning about the country, when his bike broke down at Harrogate. While waiting for repairs, he devised a plan. He invented the name "Blade Stanhope Conway" and bribed the janitor of a local theatre to put on the marquee: "Blade Stanhope Conway in Candida". He then had a photo taken of himself in front of the marquee and had 80 prints made. In London, he outfitted himself with a new wardrobe, composed a letter introducing the actor-author-manager-director "Blade" of Harrogate Repertory Theatre, and sent it off to 80 New York theatrical agents and producers. As a result, when <mask> returned to New York, he was able to obtain several meetings. One of the producers to

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 whom he sent letters, Charles Hopkings, cast him in a production of The Roof by John Galsworthy, playing the role of the Hon.Reggie Fanning. Also in the cast was Henry Hull. The play ran from October to November 1931 and Brooks Atkinson of the New York Times listed "Conway" among the cast who provided "some excellent bits of acting." In November 1932, "Conway" replaced Edwin Styles in the Broadway revue Earl Carroll's Vanities after studying song and dance by correspondence course. <mask> later encouraged an old drama school classmate, Margaret Kies, to use a similar deception – she became the "British" Margaret Lindsay. He later said pretending to be Conway broke up his first marriage, to a girl from Joplin. "She couldn't stand me."He was an extra in the Laurel and Hardy comedy film Sons of the Desert (1933) and in the musical short Seasoned Greetings (1933). Bryce Hutchens
<mask> decided to change his approach, when in the words of one report, "suddenly the bottom dropped out of the John Bull market; almost overnight, demand switched from Londoners to lassoers." In 1934, <mask> changed his name to "Bryce Hutchens". He appeared under this name in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1934, which ran from January to June in 1934. He had a duet with Vivi Janiss, a native of Nebraska, with whom he sang "I Like the Likes of You". <mask> and Janiss went with the show when it went on tour after the Broadway run, and they married towards the end of the tour. Paramount
The tour of Ziegfeld ended in Los Angeles in January 1935.<mask> enjoyed the city and wanted to move there. He returned to New York, then heard King Vidor was looking for Texan actors for So Red the

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 Rose (1935). He auditioned, pretending to be a Texan, having acquired his own version of a Texan accent by listening to cowboy bands on the radio. His ruse was exposed, but Vidor nevertheless cast him, under his actual name. In their review, the New York Times said that <mask> "does a fine bit" and "has the only convincing accent in the whole film." He followed this with a part in Paramount's The Virginia Judge (1935). In July, the studio signed <mask> to a long-term contract.Before his first two Paramount films were released, he was also cast in a supporting part in Millions in the Air (1935). <mask> appeared as one of the leads in the Western Desert Gold (1936), then had a supporting role in Forgotten Faces (1936) and a starring part in Three Cheers for Love (1936). He also appeared in:
 Beyond Flight (1936)
Hollywood Boulevard (1936)
 The Accusing Finger (1936)
 Hideaway Girl (1936)
 Arizona Mahoney (1936)
 The Last Train from Madrid (1937). Most of these were B pictures. He had a small role in an A picture, Souls at Sea (1937), then appeared in Sophie Lang Goes West (1937), Wells Fargo (1937) and College Swing (1938). He had a small role in You and Me (1938) (directed by Fritz Lang), and was in The Texans (1938) and Touchdown, Army (1938). Eventually, Paramount dropped their option on him."I was poison", he said. "No agent would look at me." In June, Paramount announced he would return for King of Chinatown with Anna May Wong, but he does not appear in the final film. In September he was cast at Republic, playing the lead in the crime movie I Stand Accused (1938). <mask> said it was "...a fluke hit—so at least I could get inside the casting

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 agents again." Universal
In November 1938, <mask> auditioned for the romantic lead in Three Smart Girls Grow Up (1939), starring Deanna Durbin, for producer Joe Pasternak. Pasternak was reluctant to cast him, preferring to find a musician, but <mask> told him, "I could fake it".He later said, "I'd had a lot of experience faking things harder than that. He let me try it and he signed me up." On 21 November <mask> gave Universal an option on a seven-year contract starting at $600 a week, going up to $750 a week the following year, then ultimately up to $3,000 a week. His first film for them, Three Smart Girls Grow Up (1939) was a big success, and in March 1939 Universal took up their options on the actor. The film was directed by Henry Koster, who called <mask> "brilliant, wonderful… I made five pictures with him. I thought he was the best leading man I ever worked with. He had that marvelous comedy talent and also a romantic quality."Reviewing the film, the New York Times said <mask> "displays a really astonishing talent for light comedy—we never should have suspected it from his other pictures." Pasternak used him again, supporting another singing star, Gloria Jean, in The Under-Pup (1939). (He was meant to reteam with Jean in Straight from the Heart,  but it appears not to have been made.) In August 1939 Columbia wanted him for the lead in Golden Boy, but could not come to terms with Universal. <mask> supported Basil Rathbone and Victor McLaglen in Rio (1939), then was borrowed by 20th Century Fox to romance Sonia Henie in Everything Happens at Night (1939). At Universal he had a key role in Charlie McCarthy, Detective (1939), then was borrowed

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 by MGM to play the lead in a B movie with Laraine Day, And One Was Beautiful (1940). Back at Universal, <mask> was the romantic male lead in a comedy, Private Affairs (1940); then he romanced Durbin again in Spring Parade (1940).<mask> made his mark in the CBS Radio network's dramatic serial titled Those We Love, which ran from 1938 to 1945. He also played the role of David Adair in the serial drama Those We Love, opposite Richard Cromwell, Francis X. Bushman and Nan Grey. A series of classic films
 <mask> and Allan Jones were cast as the comic team leads in the film One Night in the Tropics (1940), but were overshadowed by the performances (as supporting actors, in their first film) by Abbott and Costello.. MGM borrowed <mask> a second time, to play opposite Ruth Hussey in Free and Easy (1941). In the same period, he was borrowed by a company established by Norman Krasna and Frank Ross, who were making a comedy from a script by Krasna for release through RKO: The Devil and Miss Jones (1941). <mask> played a union leader, Jean Arthur's love interest, under the direction of Sam Wood. <mask> shot the film at the same time as Free and Easy. Free and Easy lost money for MGM, but Devil and Miss Jones was a critical and commercial success.20th Century Fox borrowed him for Moon Over Miami (1941), starring Don Ameche and Betty Grable; Fox was willing to postpone the film so <mask> could finish Devil and Miss Jones. In January 1941 Louella Parsons wrote, "is that boy going places in 1941. From the looks of things it's a <mask> year – because all his troubles with Universal are ironed out and almost every studio in town wants to borrow him. Back at

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texts: Universal, Pasternak used <mask> as the romantic male lead in It Started with Eve (1941), from a script by Krasna, opposite Deanna Durbin and Charles Laughton. Meanwhile, Sam Wood was directing an adaptation of the novel Kings Row (1942), over at Warner Bros, where the head of production was Hal Wallis. Wallis did not have any contract players at Warner Bros who were considered ideal for the role of Paris, and after trying desperately to get Tyrone Power tried to borrow <mask>, who had done an impressive test. However, <mask> was busy on It Started with Eve and the actor had to drop out.Then the schedule was rearranged and <mask> was able to make both films. Production of Kings Row did have to be suspended for a week so <mask> could return to Universal to do reshoots for Eve. Both films were huge successes. Hal Wallis said <mask> "was actually too old for the part" in Kings Row "not quite right, but he was helped considerably by an extraordinary support cast." Back at Universal, <mask> starred in the Alfred Hitchcock spy thriller Saboteur (1942), made at Universal, with Priscilla Lane and Norman Lloyd. He played Barry Kane, an aircraft worker wrongfully accused of espionage, trying to clear his name. In December 1941, John Chapman said <mask> was among "the most sought-after leading men in town" and was one of his "stars for 1942".Universal announced <mask> for Boy Meets Baby with Deanna Durbin, which became Between Us Girls (1942) with Diana Barrymore. He filmed it concurrently with a Hal Wallis movie at Warner Bros, and Princess O'Rourke (made 1942, released 1943), Norman Krasna's directorial debut. <mask> was meant to be in We've Never Been

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 Licked for Walter Wanger at Universal, but it appears to have not been made. World War II
In December 1941, <mask> joined the fledgling Civil Air Patrol, an organization of citizens and pilots interested in helping support the U.S. war effort. In February 1942, he helped establish Squadron 918-4 located in Glendale, California, at the Grand Central Air Terminal, becoming its first commanding officer. Two weeks later, he and other members of the squadron went in search of the Japanese submarine that had attacked the oil refinery at Goleta, California. During the war, <mask> participated in search and rescue missions, courier missions, and border and forestry patrols around the Western United States.For this work he used his own aircraft, Spinach I, a 1936 Porterfield, and Spinach II, a Cessna 165 Airmaster. The squadron he established still operates as San Fernando Senior Squadron 35 and is based at Whiteman Airport in Pacoima, Los Angeles. In November 1942, <mask> joined the United States Army Air Forces. During World War II, he served as a flight instructor. After the war, <mask> served as a pilot in the United States Air Force Reserve, where he achieved the rank of captain. <mask> played aircraft pilots in several of his postwar film roles. During the war service, he had small roles in the all-star Forever and a Day (1943) and Flesh and Fantasy (1943), but he was effectively off screen for two years.Suspension from Universal
<mask> was meant to be in Fired Wife with Teresa Wright, Charles Coburn, and Eddie Anderson and a director "comparable with" Leo McCarey. However, when he found out these actors would not be in the film, and the director


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 would be Charles Lamont, he refused to be in it. (Filming began in April 1943 with <mask> taking <mask>'s role.) Universal put him on suspension for five weeks, refused to give him a new part, or pay his weekly salary of $1,500 after the suspension had been lifted. <mask> notified the studio in May 1943 that he considered himself no longer under contract. In September 1943, <mask> sued the studio for withheld wages of $10,700, also arguing that for some time, Universal tried to put him in minor roles to "run him ragged" and "to teach him a lesson". In March 1944, the court ruled in <mask>'s favor, saying Universal had voided its contract with the actor and owed him $10,700.This decision happened in the same fortnight as another court case involving Olivia de Havilland, which also ruled in the actor's favor. Freelance star

Hal Wallis
<mask> was considered free of Universal since August 1944. In January he signed a four-year exclusive contract with Hal Wallis, who had left Warner Brothers to become an independent producer. Shortly after, he took leave from the Air Force to star in You Came Along (1945) for Hal Wallis, directed by John Farrow with a screenplay by Ayn Rand. The Army Air Forces pilot <mask> played, Bob Collins, died off camera, but was resurrected 10 years later for <mask>'s television show. <mask> was under contract to Wallis for four years. Also for Wallis—who had now moved to Paramount—he did The Bride Wore Boots (1946), a comedy with Barbara Stanwyck.He was announced for Dishonorable Discharge for Wallis from a story by John Farrow, but it appears to have not been made. Neither was Its Love Love Love, which was announced by RKO,

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 or Dream Puss, which Wallis announced for <mask> at Paramount. In 1946, <mask> said, "Often I play the boyfriend of a girl young enough to be my daughter. I'm 36, and whenever I start drooping, I run one of my pictures and feel like a kid again." Around this time, he also said he was more interested in producing and directing, and hoped to act in only one film per year. United California Productions
<mask> had the leads in two films for Nero Films, a company of Seymour Nebenzal and Eugene Frenke, who released through United Artists: a film noir, The Chase (1946); and a Western, Heaven Only Knows (1947). <mask> decided to form his own production company with Frenke and Philip Yordan, which they called United California.(They originally called it United World, but it was too similar to another company's name.) In December 1946, it was announced that <mask> had signed an exclusive contract with United California Productions, and that his deal with Wallis was for one film a year for seven years. They announced Bad Guy from a script by Yordan. They were also going to do Joe MacBeth (which was ultimately made by others). In 1947, <mask> had reportedly earned $110,000 in the preceding12 months. The Lost Moment (1947) was a film noir for Walter Wanger at Universal based on The Aspern Papers by Henry James. It was a big flop at the box office.He was meant to follow it with The Big Curtain for Edward Alperson at Fox, but it was never made. <mask> appeared in Sleep, My Love (1948), another noir, directed by Douglas Sirk and produced by Mary Pickford. United California eventually brought in manufacturer Frank Hale as partner. Its first film, Let's Live a

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 Little (1948), was a romantic comedy with Hedy Lamarr, released through United Artists. <mask> announced a series of projects for United California: Ho the Fair Wind from a novel by IAR Wylie, The Glass Heart by Mary Holland, Poisonous Paradise (a docudrama for which some footage had been shot called Jungle), Passport to Love by Howard Irving Young, and a remake of Two Hearts in Three Quarter Time. <mask> was also trying to interest Norman Krasna into writing the story of how <mask> broke into acting, to be called Pardon My Accent. <mask> did The Accused (1949) for Hal Wallis at Paramount, supporting Loretta Young.Reign of Terror (1949) was a thriller set in the French Revolution for director Anthony Mann; Eagle Lion co-produced with United California. <mask> did a comedy at Universal, Free for All (1949). Columbia
In July 1949, <mask> signed a three-picture deal with Columbia. He made Tell It to the Judge (1949), with Rosalind Russell, for them. He did one for Wallis at Paramount, Paid in Full (1950) (originally Bitter Victory), then went back to Columbia for The Petty Girl (1950) a musical with Joan Caulfield. <mask> did announce he would make The Glass Heart for his own company and release through Columbia, but this did not happen. <mask> supported Clifton Webb in For Heaven's Sake (1950) at Fox, then played a con man in The Barefoot Mailman (1950), his third film for Columbia.<mask> began working in television, appearing in Sure as Fate ("Run from the Sun") and Somerset Maugham TV Theatre ("The Luncheon"). He was in a Broadway play Faithfully Yours (originally The Philemon Complex), which had a short run in late 1951. At Columbia, he was in

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 The First Time (1952), the first feature directed by Frank Tashlin. On TV, he was in Lux Video Theatre ("The Shiny People", "Pattern for Glory"), Betty Crocker Star Matinee ("Sense of Humor"), and Robert Montgomery Presents ("Lila My Love"). <mask> was one of the four stars featured in the short-run radio version of Four Star Playhouse. He was offered Battle in Spain, the story of El Cid, with Linda Darnell, but turned it down because it was too controversial. Television star

My Hero
<mask> starred in his first regular television series in the comedy My Hero (1952–53), playing a bumbling real estate salesman.He also wrote and directed some episodes. The series ran for 33 episodes before (it was reported) <mask> decided to end it and accept other offers. In reality, the show had been axed. "After it was dropped, I was as dead as you could possibly get in show business" said <mask>. "I sat in my agent's office one day and heard a top producer tell him on the phone that nobody would buy me." Out of work, he accepted the State Department's invitation to go on a goodwill mission to Argentina. The show earned him an Emmy nomination.<mask> was in Marry Me Again (1953) at RKO for Tashlin, then went to England to star in another Hitchcock film, Dial M for Murder (1954), playing the lover of Grace Kelly, whose husband Ray Milland tries to kill her. The film was a hit. <mask> then supported Doris Day in a musical at Warner Bros, Lucky Me (1954). He was chosen by producer John Wayne as his co-star to play airline pilot Captain Sullivan in The High and the Mighty, partly due to <mask>'s flying experience; however, director William A. Wellman overruled Wayne


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 and hired <mask> for the part. Twelve Angry Men
In 1954, <mask> appeared in Twelve Angry Men, an original TV play for Westinghouse Studio One written by Reginald Rose and directed by Franklin Schaffner,  alongside actors including Franchot Tone and Edward Arnold. <mask> played Juror Number Eight, the role taken by Henry Fonda in the feature-film adaptation. <mask>'s performance earned him the 1955 Emmy Award for Best Actor in a Single Performance.Other television appearances included Campbell Summer Soundstage ("The Test Case"), Justice ("The Crisis"), The Elgin Hour ("Floodtide"), and a TV version of Best Foot Forward (1954). Laurel Productions and The Bob Cummings Show
In July 1954, <mask> formed his own independent film production company, Laurel Productions, Incorporated. The company's name had several affiliations to <mask>: his youngest daughter was named Laurel Ann <mask>; the street he and his family lived on was named Laurel Way; his wife's grandmother's name was Laurel; and finally, the fact that Laurel & Hardy had given <mask> his film debut back in 1933. His wife Mary Elliott was appointed president of Laurel Productions. In July 1954, <mask> filmed the pilot for his television show, The Bob Cummings Show, and would go on to produce 173 episodes. <mask> intended to produce a film titled The Damned through Laurel Productions, from a novel by John D. MacDonald and to be written and directed by Frank Tashlin. In December 1954, <mask> and George Burns formed Laurmac Productions, with the hope of co-producing a feature film in May 1955.In January 1955, The <mask> Show began airing, and went through 1959. <mask> starred on the successful

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texts: NBC sitcom, The Bob <mask> Show (known as Love That Bob in reruns), where he played Bob Collins, a former World War II pilot who became a successful professional photographer. As a bachelor in 1950s Los Angeles, the character considered himself quite the ladies' man. The sitcom was noted for some very risqué humor for its time. A popular feature of the program was <mask>'s portrayal of his elderly grandfather. His co-stars were Rosemary DeCamp as his sister Margaret MacDonald; Dwayne Hickman as his nephew Chuck MacDonald; and Ann B. Davis, in her first television success, as his assistant Charmaine "Schultzy" Schultz. When <mask> appeared on the NBC interview program Here's Hollywood, he was seen by Nunnally Johnson, who cast him opposite Betty Grable in How to Be Very, Very Popular (1955) at Fox, which turned out to be Grable's last film.<mask>'s contract was amended to allow him time off to rehearse and record his TV show. Around this time, <mask> said he had made 78 films, and "I always had the feeling I was distinguished for none of them. Hollywood's never been really hot about me. I was always second choice. I used to say to my wife Mary, 'Somebody's got to be sick someday – Bill Holden or maybe some boy not even born yet! I used to say 'If I could find another business where I could be successful!'." <mask> was one of the hosts on ABC's live broadcast of the opening day of Disneyland on July 17, 1955, along with Ronald Reagan and Art Linkletter.On that day, <mask> played off his playboy character image by being “caught” embracing and kissing a young woman in a bonnet with a stricken look on her face. <mask>'s performance in The Bob <mask>


texts: Show earned him another Emmy nomination for Best Actor in a Continuous Role in 1956. He turned down The Heavenly Twins for the Theatre Guild; and was mentioned for Bewitched by Charles Bennett in England, but did not do it. During the series' production, <mask> still found time to play other roles. He returned to Studio One ("A Special Announcement"), and did episodes of General Electric Theater ("Too Good with a Gun"), The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, and Schlitz Playhouse ("One Left Over", "Dual Control"). He was also in "Bomber's Moon" for Playhouse 90 (1958), from a Rod Serling script directed by John Frankenheimer, who said "Bobby's a really fine dramatic actor, but people usually associate him only with comedy. Naturally enough I suppose.Directing an actor like this who feels immediately what the script wants and what the director wants makes you love this business." "It's a great life, acting", <mask> said in 1959. "I wouldn't have it any other way. I'm a completely content actor." When his TV show ended in 1959, <mask> claimed it was his decision, as he was tired and wanted to take a year off. He was also keen to sell the show into syndication. "I don't think I'll do another comedy", he said.In 1960, <mask> starred in "King Nine Will Not Return", the opening episode of the second season of CBS's The Twilight Zone, written by Serling and directed by Buzz Kulik. He guested on Zane Grey Theater ("The Last Bugle", directed by Budd Boetticher), The DuPont Show of the Week ("The Action in New Orleans"), The Dick Powell Theatre ("Last of the Private Eyes", co-starring Ronald Reagan), and The Great Adventure ("Plague"). The New <mask>

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 Show
The New <mask> Show followed on CBS for one season, from 1961 to 1962. It was a variation of The Bob <mask> Show with <mask> as a pilot who had various adventures. It ran for 22 episodes before being cancelled. <mask> returned to films with a supporting role in My Geisha (1962), written by Krasna. He was top-billed in Beach Party (1963), although the film is better remembered today for first teaming Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello.<mask> had supporting roles in two popular films, The Carpetbaggers (1964) and What a Way to Go! (1964), and was in Theatre of Stars ("The Square Peg"). In 1964, he was a guest as a beauty pageant judge in The Beverly Hillbillies episode, "The Race for Queen". My Living Doll

In 1964–65, <mask> starred in another CBS sitcom, My Living Doll, co-starring Julie Newmar as Rhoda the robot and Jack Mullaney as his friend. After 21 episodes, <mask> asked to be written out of the show. It lasted five more episodes. Later career
In the late 1960s, <mask> had supporting roles in Promise Her Anything (1966) and the remake of Stagecoach (1966) (playing the embezzler).<mask> had the lead in Five Golden Dragons (1967) for producer Harry Alan Towers and supported in Gidget Grows Up (1969). He was in another Broadway play, The Wayward Stork, which had a short run in early 1966. A review in the New York Times said <mask> "is not in top form. He sounded a bit hoarse and somewhat strained. Usually he is a quite , breezy farceur." He guest-starred again on Theatre of Stars ("Blind Man's Bluff"), as well as The Flying Nun ("Speak the Speech, I Pray You"), Green Acres ("Rest and Relaxation"), Here Come the Brides ("The She-Bear"),

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 Arnie ("Hello, Holly"), Bewitched ("Samantha and the Troll"), Here's Lucy ("Lucy's Punctured Romance", "Lucy and Her Genuine Twimby"), and several episodes of Love, American Style. <mask>'s last lead roles on film were in a pair of TV movies, The Great American Beauty Contest (1973) and Partners in Crime (1973).During the 1970s for over 10 years, <mask> traveled the US performing in dinner theaters and short stints in plays while living in an Airstream travel trailer. He relayed those experiences in the written introduction he provided for the book Airstream written by <mask> and James Phillippi in 1984. <mask> had a cameo in Three on a Date (1978) and appeared in 1979 as Elliott Smith, the father of Fred Grandy's Gopher on ABC's The Love Boat. In 1986, <mask> hosted the 15th-anniversary celebration of Walt Disney World on The Wonderful World of Disney. In 1987, he said, "I wouldn't mind living until I'm 110. I still swim, do calisthenics, and keep fit. I've never been in hospital, except for a hernia operation at one time.People laugh about my using so many vitamins. When I tell them I take 50 liver pills a day, they look surprised, but whether they laugh or not, the thing works." He added, "I'm retired, I live on a pension" and "if I have a problem I get expert counsel, then ask the opinion of a good psychic." <mask>'s last public appearance was on The Magical World of Disney episode "The Disneyland 35th Anniversary Special" in 1990. Personal life

Marriages
<mask> got married five times and fathered seven children. His first marriage was to Emma Myers, a girl from his hometown. His second marriage was to Vivi Janiss, an actress he met while

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 performing in Ziegfeld Follies.His third wife, Mary Elliott, was a former actress and she ran <mask>'s business affairs. They separated in 1968 and had a bitter divorce, during the course of which she accused him of cheating on her with his former secretary Regina Fond, and using methamphetamines which she said caused wild mood swings. She also claimed he relied on astrologers and numerologists to make financial decisions with "disastrous" consequences. In 1970, when the divorce was finalized, their communal property was estimated as being worth from $700,000 to $800,000 (equivalent to between $ million and $ million in ). He was married to Gina Fong from 1971 to 1987, and married Martha Burzynski just two years later. He died the following year. Hobbies
He was an avid pilot and owned a number of airplanes, all named "Spinach."He was a staunch advocate of natural foods and published a book on healthy living, Stay Young and Vital, in 1960. Legal troubles
In May 1948 Hedda Hopper reported that there were four lawsuits against <mask>. In 1952, <mask> was sued by a writer of My Hero who had been fired. In 1952, <mask> was served with papers concerning the suit by LA County Deputy Sheriff William Conroy; <mask> assaulted Conroy and was then sued by the sheriff for damages. Conroy stated that when he tried to serve <mask> with a subpoena the actor gunned the motor of his car and dragged him along the pavement. <mask> explained that he didn't know Conroy was a deputy. Both cases were settled in 1954.In 1972 he was charged with fraud for operating a pyramid scheme involving his company, Bob Cummings Inc, which sold vitamins and food supplements. In 1975


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 he was arrested for being in possession of a blue box used to defraud the telephone company. He avoided trial under the double jeopardy rule. Reported drug addiction
Despite his interest in health, <mask> was alleged to have been a methamphetamine addict from the mid-1950s until the end of his life. In 1954, while in New York to star in the Westinghouse Studio One production of Twelve Angry Men, <mask> began receiving injections from Max Jacobson, the notorious "Dr. Feelgood". His friends Rosemary Clooney and José Ferrer recommended the doctor to <mask>, who was complaining of a lack of energy. While Jacobson insisted that his injections contained only "vitamins, sheep sperm, and monkey gonads", they actually contained a substantial dose of methamphetamine.<mask> allegedly continued to use a mixture provided by Jacobson, eventually becoming a patient of Jacobson's son Thomas, who was based in Los Angeles, and later injecting himself. The changes in <mask>'s personality caused by the euphoria of the drug and subsequent depression damaged his career and led to an intervention by his friend, television host Art Linkletter. The intervention was not successful, and <mask>'s drug abuse and subsequent career collapse were factors in his divorces from his third wife, Mary, and fourth wife, Gina Fong. After Jacobson was forced out of business in the 1970s, <mask> developed his own drug connections based in The Bahamas. Suffering from Parkinson's disease, he was forced to move into homes for indigent older actors in Hollywood. Children
<mask> had seven children. His son, <mask>, played Rick Halloway in the NBC daytime serial Another World in the early

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