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 399 runs, taking 34 wickets and holding 12 catches. Somerset won the Benson & Hedges Cup for the first time in 1981 and did well in the County Championship too, finishing third.They were again runners-up in the JPL, but a long way behind the winners Essex. In the renamed NatWest Trophy (formerly Gillette Cup), Somerset were knocked out in the second round. <mask> played in the B&H final at Lord's, in which Somerset defeated Surrey by seven wickets. He took no wickets but provided Viv Richards (132 not out) with good support in the run chase. <mask> ended the season with 67 wickets at 25.55, a best return of six for 90 (for Somerset v Sussex) and one 10wM (sixth Test). He scored 925 runs with a highest of 149* (third Test) at 42.04; and held 19 catches. Somerset and England (1981–82 to 1983–84)
During this period, <mask> played in 25 Tests.There were home series against both India and Pakistan in 1982; and New Zealand in 1983. His overseas tours were to India and Sri Lanka in 1981–82 (he took part in the inaugural Test played by Sri Lanka); to Australia in 1982–83; and to New Zealand and Pakistan in 1983–84. He played for England in the 1983 Cricket World Cup and was a member of their losing team in the semi-final. <mask>'s return to India was less than triumphant and Wisden took him to task for his "ineffectiveness with the ball". Having achieved a match analysis of nine for 133 at Bombay, where England were beaten on a poor pitch, <mask> took only eight more wickets, at 65 each, in the last five Tests and Wisden said this "was a telling blow to England's chance of levelling the series". 1982 was a good all-round season for <mask>,


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texts: especially as Somerset retained the Benson & Hedges Cup. In 17 first-class matches, he scored 1,241 runs with a highest of 208 against India (this was ultimately his career highest in Test cricket) at a good average of 44.32.He took 66 wickets at the low average of 22.98 with a best return of five for 46. England won their Test series against Pakistan by 2–1 and the one against India 1–0. <mask> scored two centuries against India: 128 at Old Trafford and his career high 208 at The Oval. Somerset finished sixth and ninth in the County Championship and the JPL respectively. They reached the quarter-final of the NatWest Trophy and their season highlight was retaining the B&H Cup they won in 1981. In the final at Lord's, Somerset dismissed Nottinghamshire for only 130 (<mask> two for 19)and won easily by nine wickets. <mask> toured Australia again in 1982–83 with England seeking to retain the Ashes, but Australia won the series 2–1 despite England winning, at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), a Test described by Wisden as "one of the most exciting Test matches ever played".<mask> had a poor series and tour. He played in nine first-class matches and scored only 434 runs at the low average of 24.11 with a highest of 65. He was no better with the ball, taking just 29 wickets for a too-high 35.62 with a best return of four for 43. He did, however, field well and held 17 catches, nearly two a match. In the 1983 English season, Somerset won the NatWest Trophy for the first time, defeating Kent in the Lord's final by 24 runs with <mask> as their captain. They were very close to taking the JPL title too but, having tied with Yorkshire on 46

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 points, they were placed second on run rate. In the County Championship, they won only three matches and finished tenth.They were knocked out of the B&H Cup early. <mask> had a good season with the bat, scoring 852 runs in his 14 first-class matches at 40.57 with a highest score of 152 among three centuries. He did less well with the ball: only 22 wickets at the high average of 33.09. New Zealand played a four-match Test series against England after the World Cup and, at the 29th attempt, finally defeated England for the first time in a Test match in England. England won the other three matches convincingly, however, to take the series 3–1. <mask> did little with the ball, the same story as in his whole season, but he did score a century (103) in the final Test at Trent Bridge (see photo). In the winter of 1983–84, England toured New Zealand from January to February and Pakistan in March.Apart from one innings at Basin Reserve in the first Test against New Zealand, <mask> was a disappointment on this tour, especially as a bowler. He scored 138 in the first Test, sharing in a sixth wicket partnership of 232 with Derek Randall (164), but the match was drawn. It was a poor tour for England, all told, and described by Wisden as "ranking among the unhappiest they have ever undertaken". England lost both series 1–0. <mask> left Pakistan after the first Test there, the one England lost, to have a knee problem investigated at home. Somerset and England (1984 to 1986–87)
After ten seasons as a first-team regular, <mask> was appointed Somerset club captain in 1984 and 1985. In the County Championship, they finished seventh in 1984 and then


texts: dropped to 17th (bottom of the table) in 1985.In the JPL, they were 15th in 1984 and eleventh in 1985. They made little impression in either of the B&H Cup or the NatWest Trophy so, all in all, <mask>'s captaincy period was a lean time for the club who had enjoyed its most successful period ever in the preceding seasons. <mask> played in 18 Tests from 1984 to 1986, ten of them (five home, five away) against West Indies. Throughout <mask>'s Test career, the highest international standards were set by West Indies and <mask> was generally unsuccessful against them. In both of these series, 1984 and 1985–86, West Indies beat England 5–0 in whitewashes that were dubbed "blackwash". Ironically, his highest score and both his best and worst bowling performances against West Indies occurred in the same match at Lord's in 1984. Clive Lloyd won the toss and, perhaps mistakenly, elected to field.The first day was rain-affected and England, 167 for two overnight, scored 286 thanks to a century by Graeme Fowler; <mask> scored a useful 30. West Indies lost three quick wickets, all of them to <mask> who was a "reminder of his old self" in the words of Wisden, but recovered to reach 119 for three at the close of play on day two. In the third morning, Viv Richards was dismissed by <mask> under dubious circumstances but <mask> was inspired by the capture of his great friend's wicket and went on to take eight for 103, dismissing West Indies for 245 and for once giving England a chance of victory against the world's best team, with a first innings lead of 41. This was <mask>'s best-ever bowling performance against West Indies by some distance. England

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texts: began their second innings and had been reduced to 88 for four when <mask> joined Allan Lamb. They reached 114 for four at day three close. There was no Sunday play and England resumed on the Monday 155 runs ahead with six wickets standing.<mask> and Lamb added 128 for the fifth wicket before <mask> was out for 81, including nine fours and one six, easily his highest score and best innings against West Indies. Lamb made a century and England were all out on the Tuesday morning (final day) for exactly 300. West Indies needed 342 to win in five and a half hours. They lost Desmond Haynes to a run out at 57 for 0, whereupon Larry Gomes (92 not out) joined Gordon Greenidge (214 not out) and West Indies went on to win by nine wickets with 11.5 of the last twenty overs to spare. Although Wisden does not name <mask> except as an "inattentive" fielder who dropped a catch, it describes the England bowlers "looking second-rate and nobody but Willis bowling the right line or setting the right field to the powerful and phlegmatic Greenidge". <mask> bowled the most overs, 20, and with nought for 117 he conceded almost a run a ball (Willis had nought for 48 from 15 overs). In mitigation, Wisden conceded that Greenidge played "the innings of his life, and his ruthless batting probably made the bowling look worse that it was".He also played in the one-off Test against Sri Lanka: not bowling particularly well in the first innings although he took the first wicket (1/114 out of 491), and being dismissed for 6 as England batted (370). Toward the end of Sri Lanka's second innings as the match meandered to a draw, in absolutely ferocious heat <mask>

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texts: dispensed with his usual fast bowler's long run-up and switched to bowling off-spin off a few paces, surprising everybody (himself included) by taking several wickets with it, out of an analysis of 6/90. He decided to take a rest over the winter, and sit out of the 1984–85 tour of India. In 1985, <mask> played in all six Tests against a poor Australian team as England, themselves a second-rate team based on their recent performances, comfortably regained the Ashes and he was the leading wicket-taker, but the series was dominated by England's specialist batsmen, especially Mike Gatting and David Gower. <mask>, who by this time had adopted a dyed blonde mullet haircut as a trademark, contributed relatively little with the bat, compared with the massive totals amassed by Gower, Gatting, Graham Gooch and Tim Robinson. He scored 250 runs at 31.25 with a highest of 85. He did take the most wickets (31 at 27.58 with a best of five for 109) but he was rarely impressive and he was bowling to a weak batting side, Allan Border apart.England's best bowler was Richard Ellison who played only twice and took 17 wickets at only 10.88 with a best of six for 77 and one 10wM. <mask> was suspended for 63 days by the England and Wales Cricket Board in 1986 after he admitted in an interview that he had smoked cannabis. Due to the ban, <mask> played in only one Test which was the final one of the series against New Zealand. He made his mark on that Test though: beginning it by taking the wicket of Bruce Edgar with his very first delivery, to go level with Dennis Lillee on 355 as holder of the world record for Test wickets. The next delivery was edged through

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texts: the slip cordon by Jeff Crowe. <mask> went past the mark in his second over to hold the record outright, by trapping Crowe leg-before. Then on the fourth day of the match, coming in after centuries from Gatting and Gower, he bashed a quickfire half-century in just 32 balls, including 24 off one over from Derek Stirling – equalling the record at the time, for most runs off a single over in Tests... a record which he himself was responsible for, but from the other side, having conceded 24 runs to Andy Roberts back in the 1980/81 tour of the West Indies.England declared with a massive first-innings lead, but rain came after lunch on the fourth day and only one further over was bowled. <mask> was succeeded by Peter Roebuck as Somerset captain for 1986 but, during the season, tensions arose in the Somerset dressing room which eventually exploded into a full-scale row and resulted in the sacking by the club of <mask>'s friends Viv Richards and Joel Garner. <mask>, who supported Richards and Garner, decided to resign at the end of the season. 1986 was not a season for <mask> to remember except for one brilliant List A innings when he made his career highest score in the limited overs form of 175 not out for Somerset against Northamptonshire in a 39-over JPL match at the Wellingborough School ground. It was to no avail, however, as the weather intervened and the game ended in no result. His innings remains a ground record. <mask>'s final tour of Australia was in 1986–87 under Mike Gatting's captaincy.He played in four Tests and England won the Ashes for the last time until 2005. In many ways, the series was also <mask>'s last hurrah because he

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texts: scored his final Test century (138 in the first Test at Brisbane which England won by seven wickets) and took his final Test 5wI (five for 41 in the fourth Test at the MCG which England won by an innings and 14 runs). Wisden pointed out that although <mask> had a modest series statistically, "he was an asset to the side" because of his enthusiasm and "going out of his way to encourage younger players, especially Phil DeFreitas". Unfortunately he suffered a severe rib injury in the Second Test in Perth, which kept him out of the 3rd Test entirely and reduced the pace of his bowling for the remainder of the tour as he tried to manage it:  as a result, with reasonable success, he changed his bowling style to a defensive, miserly military-medium pace. England also won the two one-day tournaments, the one-off Benson & Hedges Perth Challenge (against Australia, West Indies and Pakistan) and the World Series (against Australia and Windies): <mask> produced several match-winning performances with both bat and ball despite being not fully fit, and was Man of the Match in both matches of the best-of-three final of the World Series – with the bat in the first, opening the batting for 71 (scored out of 91 while he was at the crease), and with the ball in the second, for a particularly miserly spell which also took three wickets as England defended a low total by nine runs, to win the finals 2–0. It was also in this tournament that England tried the experiment of having <mask> open the batting in ODIs, with the idea of hitting the ball over the top to counter the fielding restrictions which forced most of the fielders to be close to the bat inside

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 the early overs. Worcestershire and England (1987 to 1991)
After his resignation from Somerset, Botham joined Worcestershire for the 1987 season and spent five seasons with them.In 1987, he scored 126* against his old county but otherwise he was more successful as a limited overs batsman, scoring two centuries and averaging 40.94. His bowling too was much better in the shorter form, wherein he averaged 21.29 against 42.04 in first-class. His limited overs efforts helped Worcestershire to win the Sunday League. They finished ninth in the County Championship and were unsuccessful in the two knockout trophies. Worcestershire, taking a leaf from England's winter tactic, sometimes used <mask> to open the batting in one-day matches, in partnership with regular opener Tim Curtis. <mask> played in the five 1987 Tests against Pakistan, the last time he represented England in a full series. He scored 232 runs in the series with one half-century (51*) at 33.14; and took only seven wickets which were enormously expensive.Pakistan won by an innings at Headingley with the other four Tests drawn, although England were in superior positions in the First and Fourth tests which lost much time to rain, and only narrowly failed to level the series in the Fourth, running out of overs chasing a small target. When Pakistan totalled 708 at The Oval, the 217 runs conceded by <mask>, from 52 overs, were the most by an England bowler, passing the 204 by <mask>, from 71 overs, against Australia at The Oval in 1930, although he took three wickets and also ran out Imran Khan. The half-century, his final and by far his slowest Test fifty, was a dogged, defensive

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texts: effort occupying most of the last day in a drawn match, in an unbroken partnership with Gatting (150*) to save the 5th test and keep England's margin of defeat at 1–0. He declined to go on tour with England the following winter, either for the 1987 World Cup in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (in which England reached the final) or for the subsequent tours of Pakistan (lost 1–0) and New Zealand (a rain-ruined 0–0 drawn series). <mask> spent the 1987–88 Australian season with Queensland, playing for them in the Sheffield Shield. Queensland were one of the better state teams in the 1980s and were always in the Shield's top three from the 1983–84 season through to the 1990–91 season, but didn't win it. In <mask>'s season there, his teammates including Allan Border (captain), wicketkeeper <mask> and pace bowler Craig McDermott, they finished second to Western Australia.<mask> scored several half-centuries and took a reasonable number of wickets and helped Queensland make the Sheffield Shield final. <mask> and Dennis Lillee were fined for damaging the Queensland dressing room in Launceston, Tasmania during a one-day match. When the Queensland team flew to Perth for the Shield final, <mask> was involved in an altercation where he allegedly assaulted a fellow airline passenger who had intervened in an argument between the Queensland players. Queensland lost the final. <mask> was fined $800 by a magistrate and $5,000 by the Australian Cricket Board. He was consequently sacked by Queensland. <mask> was unfit for most of the 1988 season and played in only four first-class and seven limited overs matches during April and May.He did not play for

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texts: England. Nevertheless, Worcestershire won both the County Championship and the Sunday League. <mask> was out of action for eleven months, having had an operation to fuse vertebrae in his spine in response to a long-standing back problem. He returned in May 1989 and, bowling well in the County Championship, helped Worcestershire to a second successive title. With England struggling against Allan Border's rebuilt Australian team which featured the likes of Healy, McDermott, Steve Waugh, Merv Hughes and Mark Taylor, <mask> was recalled for the third, fourth and fifth Tests of the pivotal Ashes 1989 series. He could do little to stem a tide which had now turned completely in Australia's favour and looked completely out of his depth. He scored only 62 runs at the very low average of 15.50 – two-thirds of them in one innings – and took just three wickets at an enormously expensive 80.33.The summer of 1989 saw more controversy for England with the organisation of a rebel tour to South Africa, all participants being banned for three years: <mask> declined the rebel tour, hoping to be selected for the winter tour of the West Indies, only to be dropped for his poor form. Another two-year absence from international cricket ensued until he was recalled again to play against West Indies in 1991, on the strength of belting 161* for Worcestershire against them in their early-season tour match against the county – it was to be his only century ever against the West Indies. He was selected for the early-season ODI series at first: he took a wicket in his first over, and four in his ten-over spell, but later tore a hamstring, going for a quick single


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 while batting. He could have retired hurt, but opted to continue with a runner, only to be dismissed by the next delivery. The injury put him out of the remaining ODIs (both won by England) and the first couple of Tests (which England won and drew to lead 1–0): then, on his comeback in a county match, another injury caused him to be unavailable for the 3rd and 4th Tests (both lost by England). He was recalled for the 5th Test with England needing a victory to tie the series: batting in the first innings, he scored a respectable 31 before attempting to hook Curtly Ambrose and being dismissed "hit wicket", in circumstances which caused an infamous giggling fit in the BBC Test Match Special radio commentary box. Used sparingly with the ball, he took 1/27 and 2/40 as West Indies were bowled out, forced to follow on and bowled out again, by Tufnell (6/25) and Lawrence (5/106) in the first and second innings respectively.His only Test victory against the Windies was completed when he himself hit the winning runs – a boundary off his first delivery – as England chased a target of 143 with five wickets to spare, and tied the series. Two weeks later, he played against Sri Lanka at Lord's, achieving little of note. He helped Worcestershire to win the B&H Cup for the only time in 1991. Durham and England (1991–92 to 1993)
<mask>'s final tour was to Australia and New Zealand in 1991–92. In the tour of NZ, he played in only the last Test, and the one-day series: his most notable contribution was his highest ODI score of 79, opening the batting, in which he seemed to be set fair to finally reach a century in an ODI, but NZ managed to keep him away


texts: from the strike for several overs, he ran out of patience, slogged a delivery straight up in the air and was caught. After this came the World Cup in Australia. <mask> had not previously won any man of the match awards in the World Cup, but in this competition he won two.Against India at the WACA Ground, he bowled tightly and restricted India, needing 237, to only 27 runs from his ten overs, an economy rate of 2.70 which was significantly lower than anyone else's. He captured two wickets and one of them was Sachin Tendulkar. England won by nine runs. Against Australia at Sydney Cricket Ground later in the competition, <mask> won the award for the sort of all-round performance which had made his reputation. Australia won the toss and decided to bat first. They scored 171 all out in 49 overs and <mask> took four for 31 in his ten. He then opened the England innings with Graham Gooch – the tactic England had trialled in Australia five years before, and again in the ODIs against NZ at the end of the tour before the World Cup – and scored 53 from only 77 balls in a partnership with Gooch of 107.England went on to win by eight wickets with nine overs to spare. He was less successful in the final, where previously economical bowling figures were ruined by a late assault from the Pakistani batting line-up, and then he was given out caught-behind for a duck (perhaps unfortunately, since he appeared not to have touched the ball according to the camera replays) in Wasim Akram's first over, England losing the match. In 1992, <mask> joined County Championship newcomers Durham, scoring a century in the second innings in their inaugural first-class


texts: match against Leicestershire: and he played in the first two Tests against Pakistan, the second one at Lord's being his final Test appearance. <mask> scored 2 and 6, cheaply dismissed each time by the pace of Waqar Younis. As a bowler, he was used for only five overs, his final Test return being none for nine. England lost the match by two wickets and Pakistan went on to win the series 2–1. <mask> did however play in the ODI series, in all five matches, which England won 4–1: these were his last international matches.England's batting was so dominant in all but one of the matches, that <mask> only came in right at the end of the innings, or not at all, reverting to his old place in the middle order, and he had little to do: except in the 4th match, where he opened the batting again (in Gooch's absence) and scored a respectable and workmanlike 40, but saw England lose their last four wickets for ten runs and the match by three runs. His bowling was similarly unremarkable, usually capturing one or two wickets at about four an over: he neither scored a run (did not bat) nor took a wicket (0–43) in his final match. It was in 1992 that <mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to cricket and for his charity work in the Queen's Birthday Honours. <mask> retired from cricket midway through the 1993 season, his last match being for Durham against the visiting Australians at The Racecourse 17–19 July 1993. Durham batted first and scored 385 for eight declared (Wayne Larkins 151). In his final first-class innings, <mask> scored 32. In reply, Australia could only make 221, thanks to Simon Brown who took


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 seven for 70 (<mask> none for 21).Being 164 behind, Australia had to follow on and a victory for Durham was possible but centuries by Matthew Hayden and David Boon saved Australia and the match was drawn. <mask>'s final bowling return was none for 45 from eleven overs. In the final over of the game, <mask> also kept wicket, without wearing gloves or pads. Records in international cricket

<mask>'s Test career spanned 16 seasons and he played in 102 matches. He scored 5,200 runs at an average of 33.54 with a highest score of 208 in his 14 centuries. He took 383 wickets at an average of 28.40 with a best return of eight for 34 and achieved ten wickets in a match four times. He held 120 catches.In 116 LOIs from 1976 to 1992, he scored 2,113 runs with a highest score of 79; took 145 wickets with a best return of four for 31; and held 36 catches. A straight comparison of these totals with those of his Test career reveal that he was less effective in the limited overs form of the game. He did have some outstanding LOI matches, however, winning six man of the match awards. <mask> took part in three editions of the Cricket World Cup: 1979, 1983 and 1992. He played in 22 World Cup matches including the finals in 1979 and 1992, both of which England lost, and he was in England's losing team in the 1983 semi-final. <mask> was the 21st player to achieve the "double" of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in Test cricket and he went on to score 5,200 runs and take 383 wickets, as well as holding 120 catches. He held the world record for the greatest number of Test wickets from 21 August 1986 to 12 November 1988.His predecessor was Dennis Lillee who had


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 retired with 355 wickets in 70 matches. <mask> extended the record to 373 in 94 matches before he was overtaken by Richard Hadlee. <mask> ended with 383 wickets in 102 matches while Hadlee extended the record to 431 in 86 matches. See List of Test cricket records#Career. As described above, <mask> in 1980 became the second player to achieve the "match double" of 100 runs and ten wickets in Test cricket, following Alan Davidson in 1960–61. <mask> was, however, the first to score a century and take ten wickets in a Test match (Davidson scored 44 and 80). The century and ten double has since been achieved by Imran Khan who scored 117 and took six for 98 and five for 82 against India at the Iqbal Stadium in Faisalabad in January 1983., and again by Shakib Al Hasan for Bangladesh against Zimbabwe at Khulna in 2014.List of Test centuries and five-wicket innings

Compared with many of cricket's greatest players, most of whom were specialists, <mask>'s averages seem fairly ordinary but this overlooks the fact that he was a genuine all-rounder and it is rare for this type of player to achieve world-class status. Since the Second World War, <mask> is one of perhaps a dozen or so world-class all-rounders whereas there have been numerous world-class specialists. Some of the great all-rounders, such as Garfield Sobers and Jacques Kallis as batsmen or Alan Davidson and Richard Hadlee as bowlers, could justifiably be described as world-class specialists in their main discipline who were effective practitioners of the other. The genuine all-rounders to achieve world-class status during the era, besides <mask> himself, have included Keith Miller,


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 Richie Benaud, Mike Procter, Clive Rice, Imran Khan, Kapil Dev and Andrew Flintoff. Of note, <mask>'s first 202 wickets came at 21.20 per wicket, while his final 181 cost on average 36.43 apiece; the first average is one that would make <mask> one of the greatest bowlers of the modern era, ranking alongside the West Indian greats Curtly Ambrose (career average 20.99), Malcolm Marshall (career average 20.94), and Joel Garner (career average 20.97), but the second average depicts a player who, as a specialist bowler, would be unable to sustain a place in many Test teams. This difference can be largely attributed to the longer term effects of a back injury he sustained in 1980; this limited his bowling pace and his ability to swing the ball. <mask>'s batting – although never the equal of his bowling abilities – declined as well, with a batting average of 38.80 for his first 51 Tests substantially higher than the 28.87 he managed in his last 51 Tests, again a number that would be considered unsatisfactory for a specialist batsman in most Test sides.In the first 5 years of <mask>'s Test career, when not playing as captain, he scored 2,557 runs at an average of 49.17 including 11 centuries and a highest score of 208, took 196 wickets at an average of 21.28 including nineteen 5 wicket hauls and held 50 catches. Such figures denote a player who would easily maintain a place in any Test side as a specialist batsman or bowler alone. During this period his reputation as one of the leading Test all-rounders was firmly established. Style and technique
<mask> had an affinity with Brian Close, his first county captain who became a mentor to him, as


texts: they shared a determination to do well and win matches. Wisden has commented on another shared characteristic: "outstanding courage", mainly because Botham would readily field anywhere, generally in the slips but also in dangerous positions near the batsman and he was a brilliant fielder. As a batsman, Botham was often wrongly labelled by the tabloid press as a "big hitter" (effectively implying that he was a "slogger") but, while it is true that his strength enabled him to drive a ball for six and his courage to hook one for six, Botham actually had a very correct batting style as he stood side-on and played straight: Wisden praised his "straight hitting and square cutting". <mask> might not have been good enough to retain a regular England place as a specialist batsman (his Test career batting average was a fairly modest 33.54) but as a bowler who was capable of taking 383 Test wickets, he certainly would.Wisden praised Tom Cartwright for helping to develop <mask>'s technique as a swing bowler and, by the time he made his Test debut in 1977, <mask> had mastered change of pace, the outswinger and the fast inswinging yorker, all formidable parts of his repertoire which eventually enabled him to break the world Test wicket record. Writing in Barclays World of Cricket (1986), former England captain Tony Lewis commented on <mask>'s strength, enthusiasm and aggression "which he took into every game". Lewis, however, pointed out that <mask>'s exuberance often reduced the efficiency of his play, in that he would take too many risks or refuse to give up on a bowling tactic despite ongoing heavy cost. He summarised <mask> as an exciting


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 cricketer who lacked self-discipline. <mask> was in the middle of his career when the book was published, but Lewis emphasised the speed at which <mask> had achieved certain milestones such as 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in Test cricket. At that time there seemed no reason why Botham should not go on reaching milestones, but he had already peaked and, in retrospect, his career had a meteoric aspect. His rival Imran Khan asserted this when he said: "Botham was someone who I don't think ever did justice to his talent.When he started he could have done anything, but he declined very quickly. In a way our careers were the opposite of each other. I started quite slowly but got better, maximised my talent. He went the other way, I think". Legacy
<mask>'s career and ability level has been oft-debated. For example, when naming him as a Cricketer of the Year in its 1978 edition, Wisden described Botham as "a determined character who knows where he is aiming, and who will, quite naturally and fiercely, address himself to the interesting view that he is overrated". Denis Compton would dismiss Botham as "overrated" and said he "only did well because all the best players had joined Packer": i.e., for World Series Cricket (WSC).Despite such conjecture on his talent level, <mask> does not appear to have been a self-promoter; rather, he would readily give praise to his colleagues, for instance, his batting partners Hallam Moseley and Bob Clapp after the 1974 Benson and Hedges quarter-final against Hampshire; and to Bob Willis, the man whose bowling spell won the test match at Headingley in 1981. The Richards–Botham Trophy, set to replace the Wisden


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 Trophy for winners of West Indies–England Test series, is named in honour of <mask> and Viv Richards. Libel cases brought against Imran Khan (1994–1996)
In 1994, the year after he retired, <mask> became embroiled in a legal dispute with Imran Khan who, in an article for India Today, had accused <mask> and Allan Lamb of bringing cricket into disrepute. <mask> and Lamb instigated a libel action in response. The case was heard at the High Court in 1996 with the court choosing to hear on the second day a separate action brought solely by <mask> against Khan, who had suggested in a newspaper article that <mask> had been involved in ball-tampering. This would become the subject of a court case later on, one that Khan would go on to win. <mask> was liable for all expenses in the court case in the ruling, including those incurred by Khan.Football career
<mask> was a talented footballer but, believing he was better at cricket, he chose the latter for his full-time career. Even so, he played football as a centre-half from 1978 to 1985 for Yeovil Town and Scunthorpe United. He made eleven appearances in the Football League for Scunthorpe. While with Yeovil, <mask> made an appearance for the Football Association XI (a representative side for non-League footballers) against the Northern Football League at Croft Park during the 1984–85 season. Charity fundraising

<mask> has been a prodigious fundraiser for charitable causes, undertaking a total of 12 long-distance charity walks. His first, in 1985, was a 900-mile trek from John o' Groats to Land's End. His efforts were inspired after a visit to Taunton's Musgrove Park Hospital in 1977 whilst

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texts:
 receiving treatment for a broken toe.When he took a wrong turn into a children's ward, he was devastated to learn that some of the children had only weeks to live, and why. At the time he was an expectant father. Since then his efforts have raised more than £12 million for charity, with leukaemia research the main cause to benefit. In recognition of this work, <mask> in 2003 became the first-ever President of Bloodwise, the UK's leading blood cancer charity. On 10 October 2007, he was invested a Knight Bachelor by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace, having been appointed in the Queen's Birthday Honours "for services to Charity and to Cricket". Media career
After retiring from cricket, <mask> became involved in the media and has worked as an analyst and commentator for Sky Sports for many years. He has earned much respect as a broadcaster because of his deep knowledge and understanding of cricket; he imparts information and opinion objectively, giving praise where it is due and constructive criticism where that is due.Unlike Fred Trueman and others, he does not hark back to "in my day". Wisden editor Matthew Engel remarked on <mask>'s calmness, wit and sagacity as a TV commentator, though admitting he was surprised by it. On 9 August 2009, while commentating on the fourth Ashes Test at Headingley that season, <mask> was invited to take part in an on-field ceremony to induct him into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame along with the Yorkshire greats Wilfred Rhodes, Fred Trueman and Geoffrey Boycott. Geoff Boycott was also in attendance, along with Fred Trueman's widow Veronica and Colin Graves who, as Yorkshire County Cricket Club


texts:
 chairman, accepted the honour on behalf of Wilfred Rhodes. <mask> said: "To be named amongst 55 of the most prolific players in cricketing history is a great honour for me. To have my cricketing career recognised in the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame is not something I would have thought when I began playing cricket but to be receiving this award today is something I'm extremely grateful for". Colin Graves included <mask> in his tribute to Rhodes when he said: "It is a great honour to accept the cap on behalf of a Yorkshire legend.Wilfred Rhodes was an exceedingly gifted player and is rightly regarded as one of England's greatest all-rounders. I am also delighted to see two other great Yorkshiremen and another great all-rounder inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame today". He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1981 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews during a meeting at Lord's. On 12 August 1995 <mask> was interviewed at length by Andrew Neil on his one-on-one interview show Is This Your Life? for Channel 4. Peerage
He was nominated for a life peerage in the 2020 Political Honours. He was created Baron Botham, of Ravensworth in the County of North Yorkshire on 10 September and took the oath and his seat on 5 October 2020.He made his maiden speech on 3 November the same year. On 23 August 2021, Boris Johnson appointed him the UK's Trade Envoy to Australia. Personal life
<mask> is colour blind. In 1976, in Doncaster, Botham married Kathryn ("Kathy") Waller (now Lady Botham) whom he first met in June 1974. After their marriage, they lived until the late 1980s in Epworth, near Scunthorpe. They have one son, Liam (born August 1977),


texts: and two daughters, Sarah and Becky. The family live in Ravensworth in North Yorkshire, and also own property in Almería, where Botham frequently plays golf.<mask> is an avid trout and salmon fisherman. As a result, he was invited to present a TV series called Botham on the Fly. He has also been a team captain on the BBC series A Question of Sport. Besides angling and golf, Botham enjoys game shooting and owns a grouse moor. This has resulted in a high-profile dispute with the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). In August 2016, he called for Chris Packham to be sacked by the BBC as part of a campaign funded by the grouse shooting industry, after Packham had highlighted the industry's involvement in the illegal killing of endangered species of birds of prey. According to the New Statesman in 2015, "Botham is an old-fashioned Englishman [...] he is conservative with a small and upper-case C" and "a robust monarchist".<mask> was a staunch supporter of Britain's withdrawal from the European Union. He was quoted: "Personally, I think that England is an island. I think that England should be England. And I think that we should keep that." He appeared at a number of pro-Leave campaign events in the run-up to the United Kingdom's European Union membership referendum in 2016. <mask>'s private life has also made occasional dramatic appearances in Britain's tabloid newspapers, with at least one extra-marital affair prompting a public apology to his wife Kathy. He also fell out publicly with other players, including fellow England player Geoff Boycott, Somerset captain Peter Roebuck, and Australian batsman <mask>, with whom he had an

masks:
Botham
Botham
Botham
Ian Chappell


texts:
 altercation in an Adelaide Oval car park during the 2010–11 Ashes series.Bibliography

References

External links
Sir <mask>, OBE's Biography, Debrett's People of Today (archived in 2013)

1955 births
Association football central defenders
BBC Sports Personality Lifetime Achievement Award recipients
BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners
British monarchists
Conservative Party (UK) people
Cricket players and officials awarded knighthoods
Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut
Crossbench life peers
Doping cases in cricket
Durham cricketers
England One Day International cricketers
England Test cricket captains
England Test cricketers
English autobiographers
English cricket commentators
English cricketers of 1969 to 2000
English cricketers
English Football League players
English footballers
English memoirists
English sportswriters
Knights Bachelor
Living people
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Cheshire
People from Heswall
Queensland cricketers
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Somerset cricket captains
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World
Worcestershire cricketers
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Life peers created by Elizabeth


texts:
<mask>, baptised Pierre-Jacques Hélias, nom de plume Pierre-Jakez Hélias (1914–1995) was a Breton stage actor, journalist, author, poet, and writer for radio who worked in the French and Breton languages. For many years he directed a weekly radio programme in the Breton language and co-founded a summer festival at Quimper which became the Festival de Cornouaille. Life and work

<mask> was born in 1914 in Pouldreuzig, Penn-ar-Bed, Brittany. He had a modest upbringing, but this included a good education. After a career in the French Resistance during the Second World War, in 1946 <mask> was appointed as director of a weekly programme in Breton on Radio Kimerc'h. Working with Pierre Trépos, he created hundreds of dialogues, many of them between two stock characters, Gwilhou Vihan and Jakez Kroc'hen. In 1948 he was the co-founder, with François Bégot and Jo Halleguen, of Les grandes Fêtes de Cornouaille, a major summer festival of Breton life.The theatre was <mask>'s favourite genre, as he was convinced that the Breton reality was primarily a spoken one, so that it could best be captured by drama, and much of his early work was in the form of plays and scripts for radio. His An Isild a-heul, or Yseulte seconde (1963), was a three-act tragedy based on the story of Tristan and Isolde, but with a focus on Tristan's wife rather than his lover. Written first in Breton, it was published in a dual text, with a French translation on the facing page, and was broadcast on the France Culture radio station in 1965.

masks:
Pr Jakez Helias
Helias
Helias
Helias


texts: <mask>'s best-known and most often performed play is Mevel ar Gosker, or 'The Yardman of Kosker'. A mevel bras (majordomo) was the most important Breton farm worker, a man who might enjoy many privileges, but he was not of the landowning class and it was inconceivable in the old Brittany that he could aspire to marry into it. However, the mevel of the play, Jakez Mano, contrives by a complicated means to marry his master's daughter, God Konan. The fact that he can not only think of this but even achieve it is seen as proof that the old Brittany, in which marriages were decided by social status and by the ownership of land, is dying.<mask>'s poetry includes two collections in Breton, Ar men du (1974, The Black Stone) and An tremen-buhez (1979, The Pastime). An important theme in his work is his devotion to the Breton language and its power. One of his lines translates as "Breton speaker that I am, my heritage lies on my tongue, it shall never be yours". His best-selling work is his autobiographical Le cheval d'orgueil, or The Horse of Pride, adapted for cinema by Claude Chabrol in 1980, rooted in the Bigoudenn area south of Quimper. This was also published in Breton as , after its success on screen had turned Helias into a national celebrity. Helias also collected folk tales from his native Brittany and published work on the Breton language and culture. He became a major figure in Breton literature during the last third of the 20th century.Despite his importance in Brittany, <mask> came under fire from the

masks: Helias Helias Helias


texts:
 radicals promoting the revival of the Breton language. This was only partly due to his willingness to work primarily in French and his refusal to disapprove of the use of that language. In his important and influential Le cheval d'orgueil, <mask> was accused of presenting a disappearing Breton world without obvious regret, and he says in the book that he enjoyed learning French. The book appeared first in French, and the English translation was available before there was one into Breton. The radicals condemned it as folklore. One commentator has said of this "Brittany's two writers most famous in France as a whole, Per-Jakez <mask> and Jean-Edern Hallier, are regarded with some scorn by the Breton zealots." <mask> died on 13 August 1995 in Quimper, Brittany.The Encyclopædia Britannica edition of 1997 says of him, "Per-Jakez Helias as poet, playwright, and radio script writer has been both prolific and popular." Selected publications

Biskoaz kemend-all (1947)
Eun ano bras, darvoud en eun arvest (1953)
War eun dachenn foball (1955)
Danses de Bretagne (1955)
Mojennou Breiz I (1957)
Tan ha ludu (1957)
Eun den maro ha ne goll ket e benn (1958)
Mojennou Breiz II (1959)
Mevel ar Gosker (play, 1959)
Kanadenn Penn ar Bed (1959)Marvaillou ar votez-tan. Contes  du sabot à feu (1961)Comme on connaît ses saints (1961)An Izild a-heul; Yseult seconde (play, 1963)Maner Kuz. Manoir secret (1964)Divizou eun amzer gollet. (1981)L'esprit du rivage (1981)L'herbe d'or (novel, 1982)Images de Bretagne (1983)La colline des


texts:
 solitudes (novel, 1984)Les contes du vrai et du semblant (1984)
 (Breton autobiography, 1986)Dictionnaire . Breton-français, français- (1986)Bugale Berlobi I - Brud an Dreued (1987)Lisbonne (1987)Bugale Berlobi II - Marvaillou da veva en ho sav (1988)Vent de soleil (1988)Midi à ma porte (1988)Amsked. Pobl an noz; Clair-obscur.Le peuple de la nuit (1990)Le quêteur de mémoire: quarante ans de recherche sur les mythes et la civilisation bretonne (1990)La nuit singulière (1990)D'un autre monde; A-berz eur bed all (poetry, 1991)
Katrina Lenn-zu (1993)
Le diable à quatre (novel, 1993)
Le piéton de Quimper (1993)
Ruz-Kov ar foeterez-vro: gand seiteg tresadenn war pri-poaz gand Dodik (1996)
Ventre-à-Terre, l'aventurier
Un pays à deux langues (2000)

Notes

Further reading
 Pierre-Jakez Hélias, book #36, published by Skol Vreizh
 Per-Jakez Hélias. Niverenn ispisial, special edition #172, published by Brud Nevez, 1994
 Francis Favereau: Pierre-Jakez Hélias, Bigouden universel, published by Pluriel
 Thierry Glon: Pierre-Jakez Hélias et la Bretagne perdue, published by Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 1998
 Pascal Rannou: Inventaire d'un héritage — Essai sur l'œuvre littéraire de Pierre-Jakez Hélias, published by An Here, 1997; new édition by Les Montagnes noires, 2014. 1914 births
1995 deaths
Breton poets
Breton writers
People from Finistère
French Catholic poets
University of Rennes alumni
20th-century French poets
Breton-language writers
Breton-language poets
French male poets
20th-century French male


texts:
<mask> (c. 1505 – 4 February 1555) was an English clergyman, Bible translator and commentator. He guided the development of the Matthew Bible in vernacular English during the reign of Henry VIII and was the first English Protestant executed as a heretic under Mary I of England, who was determined to restore Roman Catholicism. Biography of <mask>

Early life
<mask> was born in Deritend, an area of Birmingham then within the parish of Aston. His father was also called <mask> and was a lorimer – a maker of bits and spurs – whose family came from Aston; his mother was Margaret Wyatt, the daughter of a tanner with family in Erdington and Sutton Coldfield. <mask> was educated at the Guild School of St John the Baptist in Deritend, and at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge University, where he graduated B.A. in 1526. Between 1532 and 1534 he was rector of Holy Trinity the Less in the City of London.Antwerp and the Matthew Bible
In 1534, <mask> went to Antwerp as chaplain to the English merchants of the Company of the Merchant Adventurers. Here he met William Tyndale, under whose influence he abandoned the Roman Catholic faith, and married Antwerp native Adriana de Weyden (b. 1522, anglicised to Adrana Pratt in 1552) in 1537. After Tyndale's death, <mask> pushed on with his predecessor's English version of the Old Testament, which he used as far as 2 Chronicles, employing Myles Coverdale's translation (1535) for the remainder and for the Apocrypha. Although it is claimed that <mask> was the first person to ever print a complete English Bible that was translated directly from the original Greek and Hebrew, there was also a reliance upon a Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible by Sebastian Münster and published in 1534/5. Tyndale's New Testament had been published in 1526. The complete Bible was put out

masks:
John Rogers
John Rogers
Rogers
John Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers


texts: under the pseudonym of Thomas Matthew in 1537; it was printed in Paris and Antwerp by Adriana's uncle, Sir Jacobus van Meteren.Richard Grafton published the sheets and got leave to sell the edition (1500 copies) in England. At the insistence of Archbishop Cranmer, the "King's most gracious license" was granted to this translation. Previously in the same year, the 1537 reprint of the Myles Coverdale's translation had been granted such a licence. The pseudonym "Matthew" is associated with <mask>, but it seems more probable that Matthew stands for Tyndale's own name, which, back then, was dangerous to employ in England. <mask> had at least some involvement with the  translation, although he most likely used large parts of the Tyndale and the Coverdale versions. Some historians declare <mask> "produced" the Matthew Bible. One  source states that he "assembled" the Bible.Other sources suggest that his share in that work was probably confined to translating the prayer of Manasses (inserted here for the first time in a printed English Bible), the general task of editing the materials at his disposal, and preparing the marginal notes collected from various sources. These are often cited as the first original English language commentary on the Bible. <mask> also contributed the Song of Manasses in the Apocrypha, which he found in a French Bible printed in 1535. His work was largely used by those who prepared the Great Bible (1539–40), and this eventually led to the Bishops' Bible (1568) and the King James Version. <mask> matriculated at the University of Wittenberg on 25 November 1540, where he remained for three years, becoming a close friend of Philipp Melanchthon and other leading figures of the early Protestant Reformation. On leaving Wittenberg he spent four and a half years as a

masks: Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers


texts:
 superintendent of a Lutheran church in Meldorf, Dithmarschen, near the mouth of the River Elbe in the north of Germany. <mask> returned to England in 1548, where he published a translation of Philipp Melanchthon's Considerations of the Augsburg Interim.In 1550 he was presented to the crown livings of St Margaret Moses and St Sepulchre in London, and in 1551 was made a prebendary of St. Paul's, where the dean and chapter soon appointed him divinity lecturer. He courageously denounced the greed shown by certain courtiers with reference to the property of the suppressed monasteries and defended himself before the privy council. He also declined to wear the prescribed vestments, donning instead a simple round cap. On the accession of Mary he preached at Paul's Cross commending the "true doctrine taught in King Edward's days," and warning his hearers against "pestilent Popery, idolatry and superstition." Defamatory pamphlets littered the streets exhorting Protestants to take up arms against Mary Tudor. ‘Nobles and gentlemen favouring the word of God’ were asked to overthrow the ‘detestable papists’, especially ‘the great devil’, Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester. A number of leading Protestant figures, including <mask>, were arrested and leading reformist bishops such as <mask> and Hugh Latimer were imprisoned weeks later.Thomas Cranmer was sent to the Tower for his role in Lady Jane's attempted coup. <mask> was also against radical Protestants. After Joan of Kent was imprisoned in 1548 and convicted in April 1549, <mask>, one of the few Protestants opposed to burnings, approached <mask> to intervene to save Joan, but he refused with the comment that burning was "sufficiently mild" for a crime as grave as heresy. Imprisonment and martyrdom

On 16 August 1553 he was summoned before

masks:
Rogers
John Rogers
John Hooper
Rogers
John Foxe
Rogers


texts:
 the council and bidden to keep within his own house. His emoluments were taken away and his prebend was filled in October. In January 1554, Bonner, the new Bishop of London, sent him to Newgate Prison, where he lay with <mask>, Laurence Saunders, <mask> and others for a year. Their petitions, whether for less rigorous treatment or for opportunity of stating their case, were disregarded.In December 1554, Parliament re-enacted the penal statutes against Lollards, and on 22 January 1555, two days after they took effect, <mask> (with ten other people) came before the council at Gardiner's house in Southwark, and defended himself in the examination that took place. On 28 and 29 January he came before the commission appointed by Cardinal Pole, and was sentenced to death by Gardiner for heretically denying the Christian character of the Church of Rome and the real presence in the sacrament. He awaited and met death cheerfully, though he was even denied a meeting with his wife. Shortly before the execution, <mask> was offered a pardon if he were to recant but refused. He was burned at the stake on 4 February 1555 at Smithfield. Bishop Thomas Cranmer who had encouraged the Matthew Bible, was executed in 1556 also by Queen Mary I of England. Antoine de Noailles, the French ambassador, said in a letter that <mask>' death confirmed the alliance between the Pope and England.He also spoke of the support given to <mask> by the greatest part of the people: "even his children assisted at it, comforting him in such a manner that it seemed as if he had been led to a wedding." A bust in his memory was erected at St John's Church, Deritend in Birmingham in 1853, by public subscription; the church was demolished in 1947. <mask>, Vicar of St. Sepulchre's, and Reader of St. Paul's, London
The quotation

masks:
John Hooper
John Bradford
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
John Rogers


texts: that follows is from Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Chapter 16. It is included here because of its historical significance, being the vehicle by which the story of Rev. <mask> has been most widely disseminated. "<mask> was educated at Cambridge, and was afterward many years chaplain to the merchant adventurers at Antwerp in Brabant. Here he met with the celebrated martyr William Tyndale, and Miles Coverdale, both voluntary exiles from their country for their aversion to popish superstition and idolatry.They were the instruments of his conversion; and he united with them in that translation of the Bible into English, entitled "The Translation of Thomas Matthew." From the Scriptures he knew that unlawful vows may be lawfully broken; hence he married, and removed to Wittenberg in Saxony, for the improvement of learning; and he there learned the Dutch language, and received the charge of a congregation, which he faithfully executed for many years. On King Edward's accession, he left Saxony to promote the work of reformation in England; and, after some time, Nicholas Ridley, then bishop of London, gave him a prebend in St. Paul's Cathedral, and the dean and chapter appointed him reader of the divinity lesson there. Here he continued until Queen Mary's succession to the throne, when the Gospel and true religion were banished, and the Antichrist of Rome, with his superstition and idolatry, introduced. The circumstance of Mr. <mask> having preached at Paul's cross, after Queen Mary arrived at the Tower, has been already stated. He confirmed in his sermon the true doctrine taught in King Edward's time, and exhorted the people to beware of the pestilence of popery, idolatry, and superstition. For this he was called to account, but so ably defended himself that, for that time, he was dismissed.The

masks:
John Rogers
John Rogers
Rogers


texts: proclamation of the queen, however, to prohibit true preaching, gave his enemies a new handle against him. Hence he was again summoned before the council, and commanded to keep to his house. He did so, though he might have escaped; and though he perceived the state of the true religion to be desperate. He knew he could not want a living in Germany; and he could not forget a wife and ten children, and to seek means to succor them. But all these things were insufficient to induce him to depart, and, when once called to answer in Christ's cause, he stoutly defended it, and hazarded his life for that purpose. After long imprisonment in his own house, the restless Bonner, bishop of London, caused him to be committed to Newgate, there to be lodged among thieves and murderers. After Mr. <mask> had been long and straitly imprisoned, and lodged in Newgate among thieves, often examined, and very uncharitably entreated, and at length unjustly and most cruelly condemned by Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, the fourth day of February, in the year of our Lord 1555, being Monday in the morning, he was suddenly warned by the keeper of Newgate's wife, to prepare himself for the fire; who, being then sound asleep, could scarce be awaked.At length being raised and awaked, and bid to make haste, then said he, "If it be so, I need not tie my points." And so was had down, first to bishop Bonner to be degraded: which being done, he craved of Bonner but one petition; and Bonner asked what that should be. Mr. <mask> replied that he might speak a few words with his wife before his burning, but that could not be obtained of him. When the time came that he should be brought out of Newgate to Smithfield, the place of his execution, Mr. Woodroofe, one of the sheriffs, first came to Mr. <mask>, and asked

masks: Rogers Rogers Rogers


texts:
 him if he would revoke his abominable doctrine, and the evil opinion of the Sacrament of the altar. Mr. <mask> answered, "That which I have preached I will seal with my blood." Then Mr. Woodroofe said, "Thou art an heretic." "That shall be known," quoth Mr. <mask>, "at the Day of Judgment.""Well," said Mr. Woodroofe, "I will never pray for thee." "But I will pray for you," said Mr. <mask>; and so was brought the same day, the fourth of February, by the sheriffs, towards Smithfield, saying the Psalm Miserere by the way, all the people wonderfully rejoicing at his constancy; with great praises and thanks to God for the same. And there in the presence of Mr. Rochester, comptroller of the queen's household, Sir Richard Southwell, both the sheriffs, and a great number of people, he was burnt to ashes, washing his hands in the flame as he was burning. A little before his burning, his pardon was brought, if he would have recanted; but he utterly refused it. He was the first martyr of all the blessed company that suffered in Queen Mary's time that gave the first adventure upon the fire. His wife and children, being eleven in number, ten able to go, and one sucking at her breast, met him by the way, as he went towards Smithfield. This sorrowful sight of his own flesh and blood could nothing move him, but that he constantly and cheerfully took his death with wonderful patience, in the defence and quarrel of the Gospel of Christ."Notes

References

Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Translators of the Bible into English
People executed for heresy
Executed British people
People executed under Mary I of England
1500s births
1555 deaths
Executed English people
16th-century Protestant martyrs
People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Protestant


texts:
<mask> (17 March 1922 in Budapest – 2 August 2002 in Budapest) was a Hungarian documentary film director and international news correspondent. She was an early war correspondent and also was among the first women to be film directors. Kolonits' films were known for their lyrical treatment of historical events and the lives of ordinary people. Kolonits received numerous awards and nominations throughout her career, including international film festivals in Paris, Moscow, Oberhausen, Cortina d’Ampezzo, Berlin, Leipzig, Mexico City and Budapest. Kolonits has been awarded the title Righteous Among the Nations and the 'Pro Virtue' Award for Courage of the Republic of Hungary for saving the lives of many during the Second World War. Biography

<mask> was born in 1922 in Budapest to a family of notable humanitarian political activists. Her father <mask> and mother <mask> (née Holka) took an active part in the Hungarian anti-fascist resistance movement in the Second World War.<mask> volunteered to rescue over 40 children from the Budapest Ghetto who were destined to be deported and killed in the Nazi's concentration camps. In 2007, alongside her mother and her two sisters, Margit and Paola Kolonits, she was awarded the Righteous Among the Nations title by Yad Vashem in recognition of saving the lives of numerous people during the Second World War. The Kolonits family sheltered in their country home and fashion boutique in Budapest a great number of Jewish people and anti-fascists persecuted by the Nazis this way saving them from being killed by the fascists in Hungary or in death

masks:
Ilona Kolonits
Kolonits
Ferenc Kolonits
Paulina Kolonits
Ilona


texts: camps. <mask>'s elder sister, Margit rescued children of Jewish prisoners while they were being deported. Among others, the Kolonits family rescued and adopted an orphan of the Holocaust, Erzsebet Garai, the later well known film theoretician and editor of a renowned Film theory periodical, Filmkultura. In 1944, <mask>'s father Ferenc was deported to the Buchenwald concentration camp for his anti-fascist activities along with other leading members of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party. He took an active role in organising the Buchenwald Resistance movement and fought to liberate the prisoners from the camp.<mask> also took part in carrying messages during the Nazi occupation between groups taking part in resistance in various parts of Budapest. During the Siege of Budapest she was cut off from her family, on the other side of the city over the Danube river and was stranded in a cellar for several weeks without food and very little water. She wrote a farewell note to her family but was saved when the Nazis were driven out of Budapest by the advancing 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Front of the Soviet Army. Having witnessed the brutal fascist persecutions, numerous atrocities from the Nazis against minorities, and the street fights in Budapest during the Second World War made a lasting impression on <mask> and formed her lifelong commitment to international peace and humanitarian affairs. As a child <mask> was interested in drama, acting and athletic sports. After the Second World War she studied at the Academy of Drama and Film in Budapest and subsequently went on to study film

masks: Ilona Ilona Ilona Ilona Ilona


texts:
 directing. She wrote her thesis in Documentary Cinema, and in 1954 became a Fellow of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, one of the first women to do so, alongside Dr. Elizabeth Garai and Yvette Biro.In the anti-fascist movement she befriended many young Hungarian writers, artists and poets including the poet Attila József, and later she became a member of the Fészek Art Club in Budapest. Career

Between 1951 and 1989 Kolonits was a film director at the Mafilm Film Studios in Budapest and later at the Hungarian Documentary Film Studios. While other Hungarian filmmakers of her generation including Márta Mészáros and <mask> Katkics produced feature films, <mask> remained faithful to her calling as a documentary filmmaker. Kolonits was a dedicated documentary film director and international news and war correspondent. She shot over 500 newsreels and directed over one hundred documentaries, popular science and sport films, of which 17 received international and six Hungarian film awards. Kolonits risked her life in order to provide news from remote and conflict ridden parts of the world. She filmed armed conflicts in the Middle East and Far East in the 1960s and 1970s, accepting assignments turned down by her colleagues because of the dangers involved.Kolonits' poetic and expressive documentary cinema aimed to promote world peace, justice, equality and humanitarian causes. Kolonits often portrayed minority groups in her films, and she was in particular concerned with the cause of women and children whose lives were distraught by violent conflicts. One of her cinematic

masks: Ilona Kolonits


texts: achievements is the short film Eroica (1975), which depicts the tragedy of the Vietnam War on the lives of women and children in a series of  images edited to the sounds of Symphony No. 3 in E flat major (Op. 55) by Ludwig van Beethoven (known as the Eroica, Italian for "heroic") played by the Vietnam National Symphony Orchestra. Eroica advocates peace over war by expressing simultaneously the great sorrow of loss and the overwhelming joy of rebirth in peace lived by a whole nation. <mask>' best known and most disputed film is As It Happened (1957), a documentary portraying the events of the 1956 Uprising in Hungary.The film was edited from original footages which <mask> herself shot on the streets of Budapest as none of the Hungarian film directors nor camera crews were prepared to work under the conditions of violent conflict. By risking her life while filming alone on the streets during the fights, Kolonits provided authentic documentary footages of the armed conflict. The political controversy surrounding this film related to the interpretation of the events through editing in years to come overshadowed the international cinematic heritage of Kolonits' humanist documentary cinema. Kolonits' cinematic style has been characterised as lyrical and poetic. In her films she depicted the beauty and heroism in the everyday lives of people. Her kindness and compassion won hearts both in her home country and worldwide allowing Kolonits to portray intimate moments of joy and grief, traditions and customs of minority and ethnic communities, women and children. In 1955 she started a

masks: Kolonits Kolonits


texts:
 several-decades-long series of documentary films entitled Birthday following the lives of a group of women throughout their annual school reunions, this way presenting a very personal, feminine view of a generation.Among Kolonits' cinematic subjects were Fine Art. 'Thank You For The Clay' (Köszöntöm az agyagot) (1976) is a homage to the art and skill of the renewed Hungarian sculptor, Margit Kovacs. Kolonis' 1988 film You Like Horses, Don't You? addresses animal rights. Kolonits gave a lyrical homage to the city where she was born and which she loved in her film Budapest. The films of Kolonits are filed at the Hungarian National Digital Film Archives and Film Institute and are protected by the Hungarian Society for the Protection of Audio-Visual Authors' and Producers' Rights. Personal life

Kolonits was considered by those few who knew her well to be a kind, courageous, noble yet lighthearted person.She never gave interviews, enjoying a private and modest life with her parents in a green suburb of Budapest. Kolonits spent her free time between her parents, siblings and extended family with whom she shared her love of reading and nature walks. She collected in her home a considerable library and art collection, while often giving large amounts anonymously to charity in support of children orphaned due to violent conflicts and war. The only known romantic interest Kolonits had was a platonic fascination with the  Hungarian poet Attila József. Their age difference, József's engagement, and eventual early death made any relationship between them impossible. Kolonits was


texts:
 inspired by the his artistic talent, patriotic feelings and pacifist activities. József's speeches at the meetings of the young anti-fascists, condemning social injustice, the death penalty and supporting the cause of the oppressed minorities had a profound influence on her during her youth, and Kolonits lived by these humanitarian values throughout her life.Kolonits died in Budapest in 2002 at the age of 80. Her ashes are resting alongside those of her parents in the historical pantheon of the Farkasréti Cemetery in Budapest. Her last wish was for József's poem, At The Danube (1936), expressing a hope for peace and for national and international reconciliation, to be read at her memorial service. Selected awards
1963 - The Béla Balázs Award, Hungarian State Award for the Arts
1965 - The 'SZOT' Hungarian State Award
1973 - Distinguished Artist, Hungarian State Award
1979 - Award of The International Olympic Committee
1980 - Outstanding Artist, Hungarian State Award
2007 - 'Righteous Among the Nations', awarded by the Commission for Designation of the Righteous of the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority (Yom HaShoah), Jerusalem, Israel
 Film and Cinematic Festival awards won by Kolonits included Paris, Moscow, Oberhausen, Cortina d’Ampezzo, Mexico City, Budapest and Miskolc . Selected filmography

 Flowering Life Replacing The Ruins (Romok helyen viragzo elet) 1949
 They Need Peace (Nekik béke kell), 1952 - Winner of the 1954 Children's Film Festival, Paris, France
 Matyasföld, (Matyásföld), 1953
 Before the Decision (Választas elött...) 1953
 Budapest,


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 1953
 In the Land of 'Matyo', 1953
 Budapest Industrial Expo (Budapesti Helyipari Vásár), 1955
 A Journey In Szabolcs (Utazás Szabolcsban), 1955
 Birthday (Születésnap), 1955
 On The Embankment Of The Sajo River (Sajoparti Történet), 1955
 Six Boys, Six Buses (Hat fiu, hat busz),	1956
 Change of Programme (Müsorváltozás), 1957
 Ez It Happened (Így törtent), 1957
 Talking Fruits (Beszélö gyümölcsök), 1957
 Nowhere Else Apart From Here (A nagyvilágon e kivul), 1957
 May I? (Szabad? (Jo reggelt Sziberia!)- The Prize of the City of Leipzig, Germany
 In Several Voices (Több szolamban), 1977
 The Continuation of A Film (Egy film folytatása), 1978
 Nursery Olympics (Óvis Olympia), 1979 - Award of the International Youth Committee, 1980, Award of the International Olympic Committee 1980, Award of the Russian Olympic Committee, 1980, Silver Javelin Prize, 1980, Budapest, Hungary
 The Survivals (A tulélök), 1980
 Thank You, We Are Well… (Koszonjuk, jol vagyunk...), 1981
 Greeting Life (Eletköszöntö), 1982
 House of Lace ( A csipkeház), 1982
 Painting With Background (Festmény háttérrel), 1983
 A Nuclear Power Station (Atomeromu), 1983
 Goose Empire (Libabirodalom), 1983
 The Daughters of Laos (Laosz lányai), 1984
 The Fourth Meeting (Negyedik találkozás), 1985
 The City Of The Golden Budda (Az arany Buddha városa), 1985
 The Fourth Meeting (A negyedik talákozás), 1985
 You Do Love Horses, Don't You? (A lovakat szeretik, ugye? ), 1988 - Award of Montecatini, Special Prize of the Festival Of Tourism, Special Prize at the Hungarian Sport Film Festival,


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 Budapest

References

Notes
 Kolonits, Margit, 'My Memoirs' ('Visszaemlékezéseim' ) (10 August 1976, Budapest)
 Csőke, József, 'Kolonits Ilona (1922–2002)', Krónika,  Filmvilág folyóirat 3 September 2002 old. Elena Kaplinskaya 'Illuzion', Profizdat 1991
 Lóránt, Stőhr, 'Nothing is Set in Stone - Conversation with Éva Kármentő' (Semmi sincs kőbe vésve - Beszélgetés Kármentő Évával)

Bibliography
 The British Film Institute, Archives, http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba034a8bb
 Csőke, József, 'Kolonits Ilona (1922–2002)', Krónika,  Filmvilág folyóirat 3 September 2002 old. Dr. Garai, Erzsébet,  'My Memoirs' ('Visszaemlékezéseim' ) (2003, Budapest),
 Kolonits, Margit (Vámos Ferencné), 'My Memoirs' ('Visszaemlékezéseim' ) (10 August 1976, Budapest), manuscript, in private collection, Budapest
 Kaplinskaya, Elena 'TIlluzion', Profizdat 1991


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<mask> ( ; September 27, 1809 – August 30, 1877) was an officer in the Confederate Navy during the American Civil War. Until then, he had been a serving officer in the US Navy from 1826 to 1860. During the American Civil War, Semmes was captain of the cruiser , the most successful commerce raider in maritime history, taking 65 prizes. Late in the war, he was promoted to rear admiral and also acted briefly as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army. His appointment or arrangement to act as a temporary brigadier general from April 5 to April 26, 1865, was never submitted to or officially confirmed by the Confederate Senate. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Charles County, Maryland on Tayloe's Neck, a cousin of future Confederate general <mask> and of future Union Navy Captain <mask>. He graduated from Charlotte Hall Military Academy
and entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman in 1826.Semmes then studied law and was admitted to the bar. He was promoted to lieutenant in February 1837. Career
During the Mexican–American War, he commanded the  in the Gulf of Mexico. In December 1846 a squall hit the ship while under full sail in pursuit of a vessel off Veracruz. Somers capsized and was lost along with 37 sailors. Semmes then served as first lieutenant on the , accompanied the landing force at Veracruz, and was dispatched inland to catch up with the army proceeding to Mexico City. Following the war, <mask> went on extended leave at Mobile, Alabama, where he practiced law and wrote Service Afloat and Ashore During the Mexican War.He became extremely popular,

masks:
Raphael Semmes
Semmes
Paul Jones Semmes
Alexander Alderman Semmes
Semmes


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 and the nearby town of Semmes, Alabama was named after him. Semmes also maintained a home in Josephine, Alabama on Perdido Bay. He was promoted to the rank of commander in 1855 and was assigned to lighthouse duties until 1860. Following Alabama's secession from the Union, Semmes was offered a Confederate naval appointment by the provisional government; he resigned from the U.S. Navy the next day, February 15, 1861. Confederate service

After appointment to the Confederate Navy as a commander and a futile assignment to purchase arms in the North, Semmes was sent to New Orleans to convert the steamer Habana into the cruiser/commerce raider . In June 1861, Semmes, in Sumter, outran the , breaching the Union blockade of New Orleans, and then launched a brilliant career as one of the greatest commerce raider captains in naval history. Semmes's command of CSS Sumter lasted only six months, but during that time he ranged wide, raiding U.S. commercial shipping in both the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean; his actions accounted for the loss of 18 merchant vessels, while always eluding pursuit by Union warships.By January 1862, Sumter required a major overhaul. Semmes's crew surveyed the vessel while in neutral Gibraltar and determined that the repairs to her boilers were too extensive to be completed there. Semmes paid off the crew and laid up the vessel. U.S. Navy vessels maintained a vigil outside the harbor until she was disarmed and sold at auction in December 1862, eventually being renamed and converted to a blockade runner. Semmes and several of his officers traveled to


texts: England where he was promoted to captain. He then was ordered to the Azores to take up command and oversee the coaling and outfitting with cannon of the newly built British steamer Enrica as a sloop-of-war, which thereafter became the Confederate commerce raider . Semmes sailed on Alabama from August 1862 to June 1864.His operations carried him from the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico, around Africa's Cape of Good Hope, and into the Pacific to the East Indies. During this cruise, Alabama captured 65 U.S. merchantmen and quickly destroyed the , off Galveston. Alabama finally sailed back to the Atlantic and made port in Cherbourg, France, for a much-needed overhaul; she was soon blockaded by the pursuing Union steam sloop-of-war, . Captain Semmes took Alabama out on June 19, 1864, and met the similar Kearsarge in one of the most famous naval engagements of the Civil War. The commander of Kearsarge had, while in port at the Azores the year before, turned his warship into a makeshift partial ironclad;  of the ship's port and starboard midsection were stepped-up-and-down to the waterline with overlapping rows of heavy chain armor, hidden behind black-painted wooden deal board covers. Alabamas much-too-rapid gunnery and misplaced aim, combined with the deteriorated state of her gunpowder and shell fuses, enabled a victory for both of Kearsarges  Dahlgren smoothbore cannon. While Alabama opened fire at long range, Kearsarge steamed straight at her, exposing the Union sloop-of-war to potentially devastating raking fire.In their haste, however, Alabama's gunners fired many shells


texts:
 too high. At , Kearsarge turned broadside to engage and opened fire. Soon the heavy  Dahlgren cannon began to find their mark. After receiving a fatal shell to the starboard waterline, which tore open a portion of Alabamas hull, causing her steam engine to explode from the shell's impact, <mask> was forced to order the striking of his ship's Stainless Banner battle ensign and later to display a hand-held white flag of surrender to finally halt the engagement. As the commerce raider was going down by the stern, Kearsarge stood off at a distance and observed at the orders of her captain (John Ancrum Winslow); Winslow eventually sent rescue boats for survivors after taking aboard Alabama survivors from one of the raider's two surviving longboats. As his command sank, the wounded Semmes threw his sword into the sea, depriving Kearsarges Captain Winslow of the traditional surrender ceremony of having it handed over to him as victor. Semmes was eventually rescued, along with forty-one of his crewmen, by the British yacht Deerhound and three French pilot boats.He and his forty-one men were taken to England where all but one recovered; while there they were hailed as naval heroes, despite the loss of Alabama

From England, Semmes made his way back to America via Cuba and from there a safe shore landing on the Texas gulf coast. It took his small party many weeks of journeying through the war-devastated South before he was finally able to make his way to the Confederate capital. He was promoted to rear admiral in February 1865, and during the last months of the war he commanded


texts: the James River Squadron from his flagship, the heavily armored ironclad . With the fall of Richmond, in April 1865, Semmes supervised the destruction of all the squadron's nearby warships and thereafter acted as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army, the implication being that he was appointed to that grade. Historians John and David Eicher show Semmes as appointed to the grade of temporary brigadier general (unconfirmed) on April 5, 1865. Semmes's appointment as a brigadier general was at most an informal arrangement made four days before General Robert E. Lee's surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. That appointment was not and could not have been submitted to or confirmed by the Confederate Senate, since the Second Confederate Congress adjourned for the last time on March 18, 1865.Historian Bruce Allardice notes that Semmes was vague about this appointment in his memoirs and considered his naval rank of rear admiral to be the equivalent of a brigadier general. After the destruction of the naval squadron, Semmes's sailors were turned into an infantry unit and dubbed the "Naval Brigade"; Semmes was then placed in command. His intention for the brigade was to join Lee's army after burning their vessels. Lee's army, however, was already cut off from Richmond, so most of Semmes's men boarded a train and escaped to join General Joseph E. Johnston's army in North Carolina. A few men of the Naval Brigade were able to join with Lee's rear guard and fought at the Battle of Sailor's Creek. Semmes and the


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 Naval Brigade were surrendered to Union Major General William T. Sherman with Johnston's army at Bennett Place near Durham Station, North Carolina; he was subsequently paroled on May 1, 1865. Semmes's parole notes that he held commissions as both a brigadier general and rear admiral in the Confederate service when he surrendered with General Johnston's army.He insisted on his parole being written to include the brigadier general commission in anticipation of being charged with piracy by the United States government. After the war

The U.S. briefly held Semmes as a prisoner after the war, but released him on parole, then later arrested him for treason on December 15, 1865. After a good deal of behind-the-scenes political machinations, all charges were eventually dropped, and he was finally released on April 7, 1866. After his release, Semmes worked as a professor of philosophy and literature at Louisiana State Seminary (now Louisiana State University), as a county judge, and then as a newspaper editor; his traitorous military service always played a part in forcing his job changes. Semmes later returned to Mobile and resumed his legal career. In October 1866 the Louisiana State Seminary offered Semmes a position as Professor of Moral Philosophy and English Literature. The position paid $3,000 per year.<mask> assumed this role on January 1, 1867. His fellow faculty-members described him as "dignified and easy to talk with". His teaching method in classes incorporated mainly formal lectures, with very little discussion. In May 1867 <mask> resigned from academia to take

masks: Semmes Semmes


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 over as editor of a newspaper, the Memphis Bulletin. He defended both his actions at sea and the political actions of the southern states in his 1869 Memoirs of Service Afloat During The War Between the States. The book was viewed by some, including Putnam's Magazine, as one of the most cogent but bitter defenses written about the South's "Lost Cause". <mask> is credited with helping to popularize the phrase “War Between the States" to refer to the American Civil War.In 1871 the citizens of Mobile presented Semmes with what became known as the <mask> Semmes House, and it remained his residence until his untimely death in 1877 from complications that followed food poisoning from eating contaminated shrimp. Semmes was then interred in Mobile's Old Catholic Cemetery. Legacy

Semmes is a member of the Alabama Hall of Fame. One of the streets on the current Louisiana State University campus once carried his full name in his honor, as does Semmes Avenue in Richmond, Virginia. A life-sized statue of Admiral Semmes was removed by the city of Mobile early on the morning of June 5, 2020. A suburban area of western Mobile County is named for him, as well as a hotel in downtown Mobile named The Admiral Hotel. When Semmes returned to the South from England, he brought a ceremonial Stainless Banner (the second national flag of the Confederacy) with him.It was inherited by his grandchildren, <mask> III and Mrs. Eunice <mask> Thorington. After his sister's death, <mask> III donated the ensign to the state of Alabama on September 19, 1929. Today, the battle ensign resides in the

masks:
Semmes
Raphael
Raphael Semmes
Semmes
Raphael Semmes


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 collection of the Alabama Department of Archives and History among its Confederate Naval collection, listed as "Admiral Semmes' Flag, Catalogue No. 86.1893.1 (PN10149-10150)". Their provenance reconstruction shows that it was presented to Semmes in England sometime after the sinking of the Alabama by "Lady Dehogton and other English ladies". Dates of rank
 Midshipman, USN – April 1, 1826
 Passed midshipman, USN – April 26, 1832
 Lieutenant, USN – February 9, 1837
 Commander, USN – September 14, 1855
 Resigned from USN – February 15, 1861
 Commander, CSN – March 26, 1861
 Captain, CSN – July 15, 1862
 Rear admiral, CSN – February 10, 1865

References

Citations

Sources

 Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. .
 Delaney, Norman C. 'Old Beeswax': <mask> of the Alabama.Harrisburg, PA, Vol. 12, #8, December 1973 issue, Civil War Times Illustrated. No ISSN. Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Fox, Stephen. Wolf of the Deep: <mask> and the Notorious Confederate Raider CSS Alabama . Vintage Books, 2007. .
 Gindlesperger, James.Fire on the Water: The USS Kearsarge and the CSS Alabama . Burd Street Press, 2005. .
 Luraghi, Raimondo. A History of the Confederate Navy. Naval Institute Press, 1996. .
 Madaus, H. Michael. Rebel Flags Afloat: A Survey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine. Winchester, MA, Flag Research Center, 1986. . (An 80-page special edition of The Flag Bulletin magazine, #115,

masks:
Raphael Semmes
Raphael Semmes


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 devoted entirely to Confederate naval flags.) <mask>, R., CSS, Commander.The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter (two volumes in one), Carlton, Publisher, New York, 1864. Secretary of the Navy. Sinking of the Alabama: Destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge . Washington, D.C., Navy Yard, 1864. (Annual report in the library of the Naval Historical Center.) Silverstone, Paul H. Civil War Navies, 1855–1883. Naval Institute Press, 2001. .

Further reading
 Semmes, <mask>.The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter, 2001. .
 Taylor, John M. Confederate Raider, Raphel <mask> of the Alabama, 1994. . External links

 <mask>s article, Encyclopedia of Alabama

1809 births
1877 deaths
American pirates
Burials at the Catholic Cemetery (Mobile, Alabama)
Catholics from Alabama
Charlotte Hall Military Academy alumni
Confederate States Army generals
Confederate States Navy admirals
CSS Alabama
Military personnel from Mobile, Alabama
People of Alabama in the American Civil War
People of Maryland in the American Civil War
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War
People from Charles County, Maryland
Military personnel from Maryland
Catholics from

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Semmes
Raphael
Semmes
Raphael Semme


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<mask> (November 27, 1908 – September 7, 1980) was an American comic book editor and sometime writer and artist for DC Comics during the period known to historians and fans as the Golden Age of Comic Books. He was also DC's "movie studio contact", becoming both a producer and story editor on the TV series The Adventures of Superman. Biography
<mask> "Whit<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York. He took a cartooning course at the YMCA in Brooklyn and worked on the syndicated features Dumb Dora (for Newspaper Feature Service), Embarrassing Moments (providing plots, pencils and inks for both) and Just Kids (assisting with pencils and inks, for the King Features Syndicate) between 1927 and 1929. In the early 1930s, he began working on another syndicated feature, Tillie the Toiler, for King, as well as writing gag cartoons, articles and features for the Newark Star-Eagle/Ledger newspaper (1931–1934), also finding time to work on a number of pulp magazine stories throughout the 1930s. National Allied Publications (DC)
In late 1934, he became associated with Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson's fledgling company National Allied Publications, later known as DC Comics. Initially an assistant editor, before becoming associate editor (1936–38), <mask> worked on such titles as Billy the Kid, Little Linda and More Fun Comics, as well as producing cover roughs for several years.<mask> left the company in c. 1937-38 for a brief hiatus in California before returning to DC a couple of years later. He subsequently served as editorial director until c. 1951–1953, in particular on such titles as the flagship titles Action Comics, Adventure Comics, Batman, Detective Comics and Superman between 1940 and 1951, and later on such diverse titles as

masks:
Frederick Whitney Ellsworth
Whitney
" Ellsworth
Ellsworth
Ellsworth


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 The Adventures of Alan Ladd, All-Star Comics, Green Lantern, Mr. District Attorney, Real Fact Comics, Real Screen Comics, Scribbly, Superboy and Wonder Woman (among others) between 1948 and 1951. In 1945, he licensed The Fox and the Crow and other animated characters from their distributor, Columbia Pictures. Pulps
<mask> also wrote short stories for the pulp titles Black Bat, G-Man (including the Dan Fowler novel "Spotlight on Murder" in September 1942) and The Phantom Detective (for which title he certainly ghosted two pulps – #76 Murder at the World's Fair and #77 The Forty Thieves in June and July 1939), among others. Comics, including Batman
Acting as DC's major creative guide and editor during the company's early years, <mask> oversaw editorially both scripts and art for several diverse comics (including Batman, World's Best Comics,  World's Finest Comics, et al. ), developed a number of projects (including creating Congo Bill in 1941) and wrote several more, including Hollywood Screen Shots (1936) (which, like some others, he also pencilled and inked), Slam Bradley, Genius Jones, Laughing at Life, Speed Saunders and Starman, among many other characters and comics. He also sketched "rough cover layouts for DC's top titles," including notably some for "Batman and Detective Comics until about 1946."Newspaper strip

<mask> was also the first writer on the Batman & Robin newspaper strip, which appeared first on Sundays and later on weekdays. Featuring artwork primarily from Sheldon Moldoff and Joe Giella, <mask> wrote the strip between 1966 and 1970, whereupon E. Nelson Bridwell took over for a couple of years. TV and film
In addition to his extensive comics work, <mask> "was DC's movie studio contact" on a number of

masks: Ellsworth Ellsworth Ellsworth Ellsworth Ellsworth


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 projects, keeping his "editorial director" title, but working mainly on "DC properties in Hollywood" between c. 1951–1959. The Superman serials
<mask> was the representative from National Comics during the production of the 1948 serial Superman, a position which gave him absolute control of the script and production. He initially objected to casting of Kirk Alyn as the lead, whom producer Sam Katzman had found by looking through studio photographs. This was made even worse when Alyn came in for a screen test, during filming on a historical film, with a goatee and moustache. These initial reservations were eventually overcome and Alyn got the part.Columbia's advertising claimed that they could not get an actor to fill the role so they had hired Superman himself. Kirk Alyn was merely playing Clark Kent. The Adventures of Superman
Most notably, <mask> was a consultant on the serial sequel Atom Man Vs. Superman (1950) (also with Kirk Alyn), and co-wrote the feature film Superman and the Mole Men (1951) before becoming a producer, episode writer, and script editor on the subsequent live-action TV series The Adventures of Superman (both starring George Reeves as the Man of Steel). In 1958, he created a pilot titled Superpup, which attempted to capitalise on that series' success by recasting the Superman mythos in a fictional universe populated by dogs instead of people. Three years later, <mask> helped produce another, ultimately aborted pilot for another spin-off series called The Adventures of Superboy. Other
According to noted comics historian Jerry Bails, <mask> was also a consultant on the two Batman serials in 1943 and 1949; the Superman serial starring Kirk Alyn that was a precursor to the later live-action Superman

masks: Ellsworth Ellsworth Ellsworth Ellsworth


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 features, and the Congo Bill serial (1949). He is listed as having been – for "one week only" – a consultant on the 1966 Batman TV series (with Adam West), and a writer for the Superman radio show during the war years.In addition, he wrote the Off-Broadway production Maiden Voyage (1935), for the TV series The Millionaire1 (1955) between c. 1954–56 and produced another pilot in 1961, this time for a "comedy-detective series starring Sheree North" to be called Here's O'Hare (ABC did not pursue the show). <mask> is also said by Bails to have helped co-write The Godfather. Later life
<mask> left DC (shortly after leaving the Batman newspaper strip) in 1970/1971. He died on September 7, 1980, in North Hollywood. In 1985, he was posthumously named as one of the honorees by DC Comics in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great. References in popular culture
The actor/film historian Jim Beaver, preparing a biography of Adventures of Superman star George Reeves, played a character called "<mask>" in the TV series Deadwood (2004). At his request, producer David Milch okayed the character being given the first name "<mask>" in homage to Reeves's Adventures of Superman producer.The actor Eric Johnson played the character <mask> in the Superman TV series Smallville (2001–2011). The name <mask> was a clear homage to <mask>, the producer (after Robert Maxwell) of the original Superman TV series. References

External links

1908 births
1980 deaths
Comic book editors
American comics writers
American comics artists
People from Brooklyn
DC Comics people
Golden Age comics creators
Television producers from New York City
Silver Age comics creators
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American

masks:
Ellsworth
Ellsworth
Ellsworth
Whitney
Whitney Fordman
Whitney
Ellsworth


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<mask> (born <mask>; 15 June 1902 – 12 May 1994) was a Danish-German-American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychological development of human beings. He coined the phrase identity crisis. Despite lacking a bachelor's degree, <mask> served as a professor at prominent institutions, including Harvard, University of California, Berkeley, and Yale. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked <mask> as the 12th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century. Early life
<mask>'s mother, Karla Abrahamsen, came from a prominent Jewish family in Copenhagen, Denmark. She was married to Jewish stockbroker Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen, but had been estranged from him for several months at the time <mask> was conceived. Little is known about <mask>'s biological father except that he was a non-Jewish Dane.On discovering her pregnancy, Karla fled to Frankfurt am Main in Germany where <mask> was born on 15 June 1902 and was given the surname Salomonsen. She fled due to conceiving <mask> out of wedlock, and the identity of <mask>'s birth father was never made clear. Following <mask>'s birth, Karla trained to be a nurse and moved to Karlsruhe. In 1905 she married <mask>'s Jewish pediatrician, Theodor Homburger. In 1908, <mask>'s name was changed to <mask>, and in 1911 he was officially adopted by his stepfather. Karla and Theodor told <mask> that Theodor was his real father, only revealing the truth to him in late childhood; he remained bitter about the deception all his life. The development of identity seems to have been one of <mask>'s greatest concerns in his own life as well as being central to his theoretical work.As an older adult, he wrote about his adolescent "identity confusion" in his European days. "My

masks:
Erik Homburger Erikson
Erik Salomonsen
Erikson
Erikson
Erikson
Erik
Erik
Erik
Erik
Erik
Erik
Erik
Erik Salomonsen
Erik Homburger
Erik
Erikson


texts: identity confusion", he wrote "[was at times on] the borderline between neurosis and adolescent psychosis." <mask>'s daughter wrote that her father's "real psychoanalytic identity" was not established until he "replaced his stepfather's surname [Homburger] with a name of his own invention [<mask>]." The decision to change his last name came about as he started his job at Yale, and the "<mask>" name was accepted by <mask>'s family when they became American citizens. It is said his children enjoyed the fact they would not be called "Hamburger" any longer. <mask> was a tall, blond, blue-eyed boy who was raised in the Jewish religion. Due to these mixed identities, he was a target of bigotry by both Jewish and gentile children.At temple school, his peers teased him for being Nordic; while at grammar school, he was teased for being Jewish. At Das Humanistische Gymnasium his main interests were art, history and languages, but he lacked a general interest in school and graduated without academic distinction. After graduation, instead of attending medical school as his stepfather had desired, he attended art school in Munich, much to the liking of his mother and her friends. Uncertain about his vocation and his fit in society, <mask> dropped out of school and began a lengthy period of roaming about Germany and Italy as a wandering artist with his childhood friend Peter Blos and others. For children from prominent German families, taking a "wandering year" was not uncommon. During his travels he often sold or traded his sketches to people he met. Eventually, <mask> realized he would never become a full-time artist and returned to Karlsruhe and became an art teacher.During the time he worked at his teaching job, <mask> was hired by an heiress to sketch and eventually

masks: Erikson Erikson Erikson Erik Erik Erik Erik Erik


texts:
 tutor her children. <mask> worked very well with these children and was eventually hired by many other families that were close to Anna and Sigmund Freud. During this period, which lasted until he was 25 years old, he continued to contend with questions about his father and competing ideas of ethnic, religious, and national identity. Psychoanalytic experience and training
When <mask> was twenty-five, his friend Peter Blos invited him to Vienna to tutor art  at the small Burlingham-Rosenfeld School for children whose affluent parents were undergoing psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud's daughter, Anna Freud. Anna noticed <mask>'s sensitivity to children at the school and encouraged him to study psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute, where prominent analysts August Aichhorn, Heinz Hartmann, and Paul Federn were among those who supervised his theoretical studies. He specialized in child analysis and underwent a training analysis with Anna Freud. Helene Deutsch and Edward Bibring supervised his initial treatment of an adult.Simultaneously he studied the Montessori method of education, which focused on child development and sexual stages. In 1933 he received his diploma from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. This and his Montessori diploma were to be <mask>'s only earned academic credentials for his life's work. United States
In 1930 <mask> married Joan Mowat Serson, a Canadian dancer and artist whom <mask> had met at a dress ball. During their marriage, <mask> converted to Christianity. In 1933, with Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, the burning of Freud's books in Berlin and the potential Nazi threat to Austria, the family left an impoverished Vienna with their two young sons and emigrated to Copenhagen. Unable to regain Danish

masks: Erik Erikson Erikson Erikson Erikson Erikson Erikson