texts:
 commission as a lieutenant on 7 February 1951 (seniority from 27 August 1948), and was promoted to captain on 27 August 1954. On 20 November 1956, he was seconded for service with the 8th Battalion of the Assam Rifles, and was then assigned to the Village Guards (Naga Hills, Tuensang Area) on 1 December 1957. He was appointed Officer Commanding Village Guard (Tuensang Wing) on 1 March 1958. On 3 May 1961, <mask> was decorated with the Ashoka Chakra for his heroism while in command of a platoon during the Nagaland Insurgency:

No. 9-Pres/62.—The  President  is  pleased  to  approve  the  award   of  the ASHOKA  CHAKRA,  CLASS  I,  to  the  undermentioned  personnel  for  most conspicuous bravery:

Captain  MAN  BAHADUR  RAI   (IC-5261). M.C.,  I.D.S.M.,  11th Gorkha  Rifles.(Seconded  to  Assam  Rifles). (Effective   date  of  award — 3rd  May 1961)

In  April–May  1961, Captain  <mask>  <mask>  <mask>   (IC-5261)  took  part  in  a series  of  actions  against  a  body  of  hostile  Nagas  who  had  entrenched  themselves  in  a  very  difficult,   densely  wooded,  hilly  region  interspersed  with numerous  ravines. Towards  the  end  of  April  1961, he  led  a  platoon  at  dead of  night  through  two  hostile  positions  into  the  heart  of  their stronghold, fiercely  attacked  them  and  was  successful  in  dislodging  them  from  that position. On the  3rd  May  1961, he  led  a  platoon  against  another  strongly  fortified hostile  position  which  was  situated  on  the  steep  slopes  of  a   ravine. This position  dominated  the  surrounding  area  and  could  not  be  approached except  frontally. Captain  <mask>,  knowing  that  heavy  casualties  would  result if  he  were  to  attack  frontally,  took  half  a  platoon, crawled  through  the thick  undergrowth  and  scaled  up  the  steep  side  while  exposed  to  a

masks: Rai Man Bahadur Rai Rai


type: original

texts:
 hail of close  range  fire  which  covered  his  advance. On  locating  the  hostile position,  he  pressed  forward  in  its  direction,  threw  two  hand  grenades  killing a  few  hostiles  and  charged  the  position  firing  as  he  went  and  killing   two more  hostiles.This  fearless  and  unexpected  assault  spurred  his  men  to action  and  so  demoralised  the  hostiles  that  they  fled  into  the  thick  jungle. The  hostiles  lost  ten  men  in  the  encounter  and  left  behind  two  rifles, one 12 bore  gun  and  one  tommy  gun. The  attack  dealt  a  crushing  blow  to  the hostiles  and  led  to  the  eventual  destruction  of  their  position. This  action  was  one  of  several  in  which  Captain  <mask>  took  part,   first   as an  officer  of  the  8th  Battalion  of  the  Assam  Rifles  and  more  recently  as  an officer   of  the  Village  Guards  Organisation  of  Nagaland. Throughout  this period,  he  repeatedly  showed  conspicuous  bravery,  unselfishness  and    indomitable  courage  in  very  difficult  and   dangerous  situations. His  leader-ship  and  unconquerable  will  have  been  a  source  of  inspiration   to  all   his comrades  and  are  in  the  highest  traditions   of  the  Army. Later life and death
After retiring from the Indian Army, <mask> settled at Jorhat in Assam.He died there on 14 February 2011, aged 97, and was accorded full military honours by the Assam Rifles at his funeral. The Assam Rifles named an auditorium at their Shillong HQ in honour of <mask>. Awards

References

1914 births
2011 deaths
People from Darjeeling district
Recipients of the Military Cross
Recipients of the Indian Distinguished Service Medal
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Military personnel from West Bengal
Indian Army personnel
Recipients of the Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)
Ashoka Chakra
Rai

masks: Rai Rai Rai


texts: <mask> (, 27 April 1937 – 21 January 2022) was a Chinese novelist and short-story writer. In the meanwhile, she was also the co-author of a biography of the film director Wu Zuguang in 1986. She worked on writing different kinds of books for or with young protagonists, these types of works are included in junior and senior high school textbooks in China. She is one of China's first contributors to feminist fiction. In <mask>e's works, she mainly worked on the themes of "people" and "love",  she often emphasizes the emotions and relationships between mother and daughter, which was formed mainly by early poverty and the fierce protection of her mother. The Person Who loved me the most on earth is gone is the long story,which is a kind of long self-statement recounted the last eighty days and nights of her mother's life, who died in 1991. She remembered her mother's submission, dependence and forbearance to her, and her consideration, complaint and regret to her mother.This novel is a simple and unpretentious expression of the love between mother and daughter. <mask>'s novel Leaden Wings was translated into German in 1982 and published in England in 1987 by Virago Press. She was awarded the Mao Dun Literature Prize in 1985 for Leaden Wings and in 2005 for Without a Word, making her the first writer to receive the award twice. She is not only the only one writer who has won the Mao Dun Literature Price twice, but is also one of the most influential writers in contemporary China. <mask>e is a representative of female writers in contemporary China. In her words, she creates many female images with different life paths and destinies, and explores the situation of women in the contemporary China from her unique perspective.

masks:
Zhang Jie
Zhang Ji
Zhang Jie
Zhang Ji


texts:
 Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Beijing on April 27, 1937, and was raised up by her mother in a village in Fushun, in Liaoning Province.<mask> was born in a modest civil-servant family. Her parents were separated when she was very young, and then she lived with her mother and took her mother's last name. <mask> and her mother were dependent on each other and spent long, miserable years in the turbulent times. Her mother worked as a teacher in the village elementary school and was forced to work as a servant and a factory mail-woman. <mask>e was fond of music and literature when She was in elementary school and middle school. In 1960, She graduated from the Department of Statistics in Renmin University of China (People's University), and went to work for the First Ministry of Machinery Industry. <mask>e married to a singer in the theatrical work unity and had a daughter called Tang Di, she and her husband got divorced in 1969.During the Cultural Revolution, she was sent to the "May 7 cadre school" and returned to Beijing in 1972 and back to work in the First Ministry of Machinery Industry. <mask>e has endured many pains in her personal life, she has supported a family of three generations of women for a long time with her strong perseverance. After the Cultural Revolution, <mask>e finally started her literary work, she published her first novelThe Child of the Forest in 1978. Once published in Beijing Literature and Art, the novel immediately attracted the attention of the literary world, and won the Best Short Stories, this was her first entry into the literary world. In the following year, she published a number of short stories and joined the Chinese Writer's Association. <mask>e joined the Communist Party

masks:
Zhang Jie
Zhang Jie
Zhang Jie
Zhangji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji


texts:
 in 1980. The novel Leaden Wings published in April 1981, which immediately aroused strong reactions and controversies, and almost became a notable event in the literary world and the society.In 1982, she joined the International PEN China Center and accompanied a delegation of Chinese writers to the United States to attend the first Sino-American Writers' Conference, she was the vice chairman of the Beijing Writers' Association. She has visited and been invited countless times to hold readings of her works, lectures and press conferences in Berlin, Paris, Vienna and other parts of the world. Leaden Wings was reissued by the People's Literature Publishing House in July 1984 and was well received by the literary community and won the 2nd Mao Dun Literature Prize of 1985. Over the years, <mask>'s creative works have been very successful. From December 1984 to January 1985, <mask>e attended the Fourth Congress of the Chinese Writer's Association. By 1986, <mask> was the first writer of the new period to win three national awards. Some of her works have been translated into foreign languages and distributed around the world.Personal life and death
<mask>e died in New York on January 21, 2022, at the age of 84. Awards
Best Short Stories of 1978 --- The Child of the Forest
Best Short Stories of 1979 --- Who Knows how to live
Best Short Stories of 1983 --- The Time is not yet ripe
Best Novellas of 1983-1984 --- Emerald (Zu Mulü)
2nd Mao Dun Literature Prize of 1985 --- Leaden Wings
6th Mao Dun Literature Prize of 2005 --- Without A World

Main works
 The Child of the Forest (Cong senlin li laide haizi) (1978)
 Love Must Not be Forgotten (1979)
 Leaden Wings (沉重的翅膀) (1981)
 The Ark (1982)
 On a Green Lawn (1983)
 Emerald


texts:
 (1984)
 If Nothing Happens, Nothing Will (1986)
 Only One Sun (1988)
 As Long As Nothing Happens, Nothing Will''' (translated short stories, 1988)
 A Chinese Woman in Europe (1989)
 You are a Friend of my Soul (1990)
 Fever (Shang Huo) (1991)
 Interior Heat (1992)
 In the Twilight (1994)
 The Person Who loved me the most on earth is gone (Shijieshang zui teng wo de nage ren qu le) () (1994)
 Why... in the First Place? (1994)
 A Collection of Proses (1995)
 Oversea Travels (1995)
 Without A Word (Wu Zi) () (2002)

 Introduction of works

 The Child of the Forest ()
This was the first work of <mask>e in 1978, which was a story that took place during the Cultural Revolution, it is a work of Scar literature. The Scar Literature was a literary phenomenon that dominated the literary scene in mainland China from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. The story describes a touching story about a student who traveled thousands of miles to take an examination in the Central Conservatory of Music in order to fulfill his teacher's wishes, this teacher is one of the most talented musician in that period. The protagonist, Sun Changning, is the son of a lumberjack. Although he lives in the forest, he has to  be branded with "Scars" during the Cultural Revolution.With this novel, <mask>e wants to express the belief that art is one of the things that can sustain the human spirit during the Cultural Revolution, but only if the belief in art is honest and not evil. Leaden Wings (沉重的翅膀)
This novel can also be called as Heavy Wings for the different translations, this novel was awarded in the 2nd Mao Dun Literature Prize of 1985. The experience of <mask>e working in the First Ministry of Machinery Industry provided her with the inspiration

masks:
Zhang ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji


texts:
 and knowledge to write about this novel on the problems faced by the companies. <mask>e not only conveys people's reform ideals, but also describes the cruxes of the society with exquisite style. The "heavy" reformer she created belongs to the literary image of the deepening period of reform. The novel, with the theme of reform, revolves around the work and life of high-level cadres. On the one hand, it shows the contents of enterprise management and political thought of the Ministry of Heavy Industry in China, and focuses on the efforts of several reformers.On the other hand, it also shows the family life of different characters. Through the description of their life, it reflects <mask>e's thinking on marriage. Without A Word (Wu Zi) ()
Love is one of the major themes in Wu Zi. <mask>e uses interspersion technique to integrate the description of the Times with the personal life experiences of a female writer called Wu Wei, describes the marriage story of Wu Wei and several generations of women in her family. The context of this book is based on a time of upheaval and big change in China. It expresses women's realistic demands for love, marriage and family freedom at different stages in the new era, and shows the arduous and difficult course of women's liberation. This novel is the second time that <mask>e has won the 6th Mao Dun Literature Prize after Leaden Wings.<mask>e tried to use the emotional experience of several generations in this novel to break the shackles of Chinese women, but she found that everything was in vain. Women were giving everything to fight with love, but the tragic fate could not change. Love Must Not Be Forgotten ()
This short story showed the topic of what <mask>e is mainly woking on,

masks:
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang Ji
Zhang ji


texts:
 "Love", and unraveled the tragedy of Zhong Yu and the old cadre's "lovers cannot be married" through the memories of her mother by a 30-year-old unmarried young woman named Shan Shan. This story shows two types of love at the same time, one is the love between the daughter and her mother, the other one is the love story of mother and a senior official in the Communist Party of who her mother had always loved. Zhong Yu wrote down her infinite affection for this man in her notebook called "Love, is not to forget". The obstacle in their love was that the man, out of gratitude and duty, married the fiancée of his fellow soldier who gave his life to protect the senior official. The Ark (方舟)
This novel advocats that men and women should first have social equality, is <mask>e's most personal characteristic works.The novel describes three high school classmates, after a long and bumpy life, in order to get rid of the pain of reality, and respectively leave their husbands to get together in a residential unit, they called this resident the "Ark", to seek temporary shelter. The three women are all highly educated and intelligent women who are not respected in their marriage, and being biased by neighbors because divorce or separation, yet they also have difficulties mainly on facing hostility and abuse at work. . Through realism, it expresses the anxiety, loneliness and desolation of modern intellectual women's life path and spiritual pursuit. Further reading
 Bloomsbury Guide to Women's LiteratureWho Knows how to live in 1979Screeplays of <mask>'s novels"ZhangJie zhuzuo xinian," Zhangjie yanjiu zhuanji'', by He Huoren

References

External links
 The Life and Literature of <mask>e
 Zhang Jie bibliography at Asian and Pacific

masks:
Zhang Ji
Zhang Jie
Zhang Ji


texts:
 Writers Network

1937 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Chinese short story writers
20th-century Chinese women writers
21st-century Chinese women writers
21st-century Chinese writers
Chinese feminists
Short story writers from Beijing
Chen Bochui Children's Literature Award winners
Mao Dun Literature Prize laureates
Chinese women novelists
Chinese women short story writers
People's Republic of China short story writers
People's Republic of China


texts:
<mask> (born 20 December 1956) is an independent curator and researcher based in Cardiff, Wales. His interests lie in integrating the practices often separated in curating in the arts and heritage settings: research, display, promotion, participation and learning. His own practice centres on curating in collaborative or site-specific contexts, where negotiating and celebrating relationships with audiences are at the core of projects. Journeys with 'The Waste Land' (2018)
<mask>'s commitment to participation and social engagement is exemplified by his role in, Journeys with 'The Waste Land', a major exhibition exploring the significance of T.S. Eliot’s poem 'The Waste Land' through the visual arts. Tooby described himself as the "initiating curator" of this project, elsewhere he is described as its "architect". Journeys with 'The Waste Land''' was exhibited first at the Turner Contemporary in Margate and then at the Herbert Art Gallery & Museum in Coventry.Information about the project (including its timeline, methodology, downloads, videos of its research group in action and visitor data) is available on the Turner Contemporary Website. <mask> gave the 2018 Ursula Hoff Lecture in curating at the University of Melbourne. In this lecture, Tooby explored how testimony has played a key role in his recent curatorial projects. His starting point was the use of William Blake's Illustrations to Dante in Journeys with 'The Waste Land', which was created by the collective sharing of different life experiences and expertise by over 100 participants in its curating. He will show how this process was informed by his previous interest in testimony when co-curating faith-based and minority cultural projects in Wales, such as The

masks:
Mike Tooby
Tooby
Tooby


texts:
 Muslim World on Your Doorstep and Hineni: belonging and identity in a Jewish community. Professional career
Since 2012, <mask> has been Professor of Art & Design at the Bath School of Art & Design at Bath Spa University. His teaching specialisms are: History of Art & Design; Museology; Contemporary Curatorial Practice.Previously, Tooby was: curator  (1992 to 1999) at Tate St Ives and curator of the Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden (1992–1999); Director, National Museum & Gallery (2000 to 2004) and Director of Learning, Programmes and Development (2004 to 2011) for Amgueddfa Cymru - National Museum of Wales;

Other recent academic appointments include: Senior Research Fellow (2014–15) at the Henry Moore Institute; Steering Group Member (2015–18) for the Arts and Humanities Research Council funded research project led by Sonia Boyce, "Black Art and Modernism", at the University of the Arts London; Academic Advisor to the Academy of Visual Arts (2015–18), Hong Kong Baptist University; International Visiting Scholar (2018) in the Art History and Curating programme, Australian National University. Early life
Tooby grew up in Coventry and was educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry (1967 to 1974) before studying for a Master of Arts (MA) in Art History, Archaeology and Anthropology at Magdalene College, Cambridge (1975–78)

 Bibliography

Full details of Tooby's "research and academic outputs" can be found on ResearchSPAce

 Books

 Tooby, M, ed. (2018) wavespeech: Edmund de Waal and David Ward - a collaborative work in context Tooby, M and Shalgosky, S, eds. (2015) Imagining a university: fifty years of the University of Warwick Art collection Stair, J and Tooby, M (2014) Julian Stair: Quietus


texts:
 reviewed. Archaeology of an exhibition Tooby, M (2012) Engaging young people in the arts in Norway and Wales. Tooby, M (2005) Trevor Bell: Heatscape, the Florida six, Still: the new paintings Tooby, M and Feary, J (1999) Colour in space: Patrick Heron: public projects Tooby, M and de Waal, E (1999) Modern home: an intervention by Edmund de Waal at High Cross House Tooby, M, Daniel, S and Barlow, M (1995) From the interior: selected sculptures 1981-1995
 Tooby, M and Shalev, D (1995) Tate Gallery St Ives: the building Tooby, M (1993) Tate Gallery St. Ives, Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden: an illustrated companionTooby, M (1987) 'In Perpetuity and Without Charge': Mappin Art Gallery 1887–1987 Chapters
 2020: '"Who me? ": the individual experience in participative and collaborative projects.', O'Neill, M and Hooper, G, eds. Connecting Museums 2017: 'When forms become attitude: a consideration of the adoption by an artist of ceramic display as narrative device and symbolic landscape. ', Petrie, K and Livingstone, A, eds. The Ceramics Reader 2015: 'Veronica Ryan. ', Making It: Sculpture in Britain 1977–1986 2015: 'Do not call it fixity. ', James Hugonin: binary rhythm: paintings 2010-2015 2014: 'Many-roomed mansion to theatre of memories: thoughts on artists and museums. ', Nicol, G, ed.Inspired by: your guide to art and the museum 2013: 'Simplicity and subject. ', William Scott: simplicity and subject 2012: 'Look closely. ', Kurt Jackson: A New Genre of Landscape Painting 2010: 'Rachel Nicholson: critical view. ', Wilkinson, A, ed. Rachel Nicholson 2008: 'The master printer. ', Hughes, S, Clark, M and Fitch, A, eds. Hugh Stoneman: master printer 2007: 'St Ives - is it worth saving?', The St Ives School


texts:
 1997-2007 2006: 'Where does the museum end? ', Lang, C, Reeve, J and Woollard, V, eds. The responsive museum: working with audiences in the twenty-first century 2003: 'Trevor Bell. ', Trevor Bell: a British painter in America 2001: 'Towards a study of Terry Setch. ', <mask>, M and Holman, M, eds. Terry Setch: a retrospective 2000: 'Iwan Bala. ', Offerings and reinventions 2000: 'Light the blue touch paper.', Gage, J and <mask>, M, eds. Blue: borrowed and new 2000: 'A working environment. ', David Nash: chwarel goed, wood quarry 1998: 'The same subject: sources and origins. ', Glennie, S, ed. William Scott: paintings and drawings 1998: 'Peter Randall-Page. ', Whistling in the dark: Peter Randall-Page, drawings and prints 1983-98 Journal articles

 with Scott, T (2016: 'A journey with 'The waste land'.' Arts & Education (8)
 2014: 'Interpreting and learning.'Engage (35)
 2012: 'When forms become attitude: a consideration of the adoption by an artist of ceramic display as narrative device and symbolic landscape'. Behind the Scenes at the Museum: Ceramics in the Expanded Field 2012: 'Order and disorder: Some relationships between ceramics, sculpture and museum taxonomies.' Interpreting Ceramics (14)
 2011: 'Home and away: collections abroad.' Engage (28)
 2010: 'Edmund de Waal: the hare with amber eyes' Interpreting Ceramics (12)
 2009: 'More than skin deep: the new Art Gallery of Ontario.' Museum Practice (45)
 2006: 'St Ives and Cardiff: two experiences of cultural tourism.' Nexus (35)

 Conferences, Lectures and Workshops

 2019: Julian Stair: Tea and sensation. Summer 2019, co-facilitator, Compton Verney Art Gallery & Park
2018: Modernism, image and text: reflections on T.S.Eliot and visualisation of 'The waste

masks: Tooby Tooby


texts:
 land'.29 October 2018, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. 2018: 'I can connect': the power of curating to share experiences. 18 October 2018, The Ursula Hoff Lecture 2018, University of Melbourne, Australia
 2018: Trevor Bell: his time as Gregory Fellow and its position in the trajectory of the Gregory Fellowships. 14–15 June 2018, University of Leeds, UK. 2015: <mask>, M, Smith, R and O’ Keeffe, D A journey with T. S. Eliot’s 'The Waste Land' 8 October 2015, Ilkley Literature Festival, Ilkley Playhouse, Ilkley, UK. 2015: Another side of Stanley Royle. 29 April 2015, Lunchtime Talk Series, Graves Art Gallery, Sheffield, UK.Exhibitions

 2018: Journeys with 'The Waste Land' [curator]. Turner Contemporary, Margate, UK, 3 February - 7 May 2018. 2015: wavespeech [curator]. The Pier Arts Centre, Stromness, Scotland, 20 June - 12 September 2015. 2014: Storio - store. Settlement, Spit and Sawdust Skatepark, Cafe and Artspace, Roath, Cardiff, 17 October 2014. 2013: At the mad shepherdess.Diffusion: Cardiff International Festival of Photography., Chapter, Cardiff, 12–19 May 2013. 2013: William Scott: Simplicity and Subject. Victoria Art Gallery, Bath, UK, 7 September - 17 November 2013. 2012: The Museum of Amazing Coincidences. Made in Roath, Cardiff, UK, October 2012. 2011: Kelvin Road mantelpiece. Made in Roath, Cardiff, 2011.2008: National Museum and Gallery, Cardiff: complete redisplay of art galleries, representation of natural history gallery and learning spaces. National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK, 2008. 1997: A Quality Of Light: A Collaborative Visual Arts Event.'' Tate Gallery St Ives, May - July 1997

References

Living people
People from Coventry
English curators
Academics of Bath Spa


texts:
<mask><mask> (born April 27, 1938) is an artist based in Chicago, Illinois. <mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois. Her father was an avid art collector and <mask> was brought up in the art world from the time she was born. She attended classes at the Art Institute of Chicago as a young child and went on to pursue a degree in Art History from Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania in 1959. <mask> worked as a private art dealer for some time before deciding to continue her education and become a fine art photographer. She graduated from the Art Institute of Chicago with her MFA in 1982. <mask> later went on to be a Professor of Photography at The School of the Art Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, and Beloit College.She was Adjunct Professor of Photography at Columbia College in Chicago until 2005. Since she started making photographs, <mask> has had exhibits across the nation as well as in Germany and China. Constructing artwork
<mask> constructs her photographs by montaging multiple slide projections and found objects into room-sized assemblages in her studio. She then photographs it, making a tableaux into which layers of meaning are woven. She does not use computer editing, just straight photography. <mask> stated, "The images can be seen as my commentary on the political and social roles projected onto society whose desires, manipulated by language and image, conflict with concerns of gender, sexuality, race and female identity." She says, "I make photographs, I don’t take them.I am a maker of meaning, not an observer of it.My medium is photography, although it is includes the processes of sculpture and installation . I build room-sized sets onto which I project images and text, recording the final result with the camera. There are no darkroom or digital tricks.

masks:
Jane L
. Calvin
Calvin
Calvin
Calvin
Calvin
Calvin
Calvin
Calvin


texts:
 The process is straight photography." For over 25 years, <mask> has been exploring contemporary society's approach to issues of gender, female identity, sexuality, vulnerability, and love & desire. Eschewing linearity, the work stands in opposition to the simplicity and minimalism prevalent in earlier 20th century image-making. Her images are elliptical, fragmented, layered, reflecting the contemporary world as one of discontinuity and ambiguity with myriad connections, a world less temporally and spatially fixed than ever before.Through the content carried in found materials and appropriated texts, –she addresses— the social and political conditions that are just out of sight, but remain like some kind of background radiation exerting a subtle but undeniable influence on our society.Pop and pulp references throw a humorous light on cultural identity and gender roles projected onto society. The subject matter, appearing disconnected from its place and time, mysteriously overlaps our own collective awareness. –She asks the viewer to see what has been there all along.–—/> Exhibition publication, Gallery 210, University of Missouri, St Louis, 2005,  '<mask> Sentences' Introduction by Terry Suhre, Director, and Essay "<mask>'s Phantasmagoric Spaces" by Dr. Mark White</ref>

Awards and grants
The focus of <mask>'s career has been as a fine art photographer. Her photographs are in the permanent collections of The Art Institute of Chicago, Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Detroit Institute of Art, The Polaroid International Collection, Germany, The Readers Digest Collection, New York, The Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, MA, The Tweed Museum of Art, MN, The Ulrich Museum of Art, KS. Her images are featured in books such as Love and Desire, by William Ewing, Director,

masks:
Calvin
Jane Calvin
Jane Calvin
Jane Calvin


texts: Musee de l’Elysee, Lausanne SWITZERLAND, in Discontinuum, by Peter Spooner, Curator, The Tweed Museum of Art, in many issues of The Tampa Review, Tampa, FL, and as cover image of  L’ apprendistato di Duddy Kravitz, Adelphi Editions, MILAN. International and national institutions which have featured her work include: The Museum Anna Nordlander, SWEDEN 2011; 798 Photo Gallery, BEIJING 2005; ArtSea Gallery, SHANGHAI 2005; Selby Gallery, Ringling School of Art & Design, Sarasota, FL, 2004 and 2007; Southeast Museum of Photography, Daytona Beach, FL 2004;  Cress Gallery, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga 2004; Gallery 210, St. Louis, MO 2005; University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 2005; University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 2005; The Contemporary Arts Center of Virginia 2006, Purdue University 2007 ; Swedish National TV News, 2011; The Isetan Museum, Tokyo, JAPAN; The Photographic Center, Skopelos, GREECE; The Minneapolis Institute of Art, MN; ART CHICAGO, Int Art Exposition; Kim Foster Gallery NEW YORK; Robert Burge 20th Century Photographs, NEW YORK; The Tweed Museum of Art, Duluth, MN 2002; The Chicago Cultural Center: Ulrich Museum, Wichita, KS; The Detroit Institute of Art; Hartley/Scarfone Galleries, University of Tampa, FLA;  The Delaware Center for Contemporary Art; Oklahoma State University; TAI Gallery, NEW YORK;. She is a recipient of a National Endowment for the Arts Grant; Polaroid Materials Grants; numerous Illinois Arts Council Grants; and an Arts Midwest/ NEA Grant.The exhibition "<mask>, A Decade of Work" at NIU Gallery in Chicago was awarded Best Photography Exhibition of 2002 by "New City, Chicago". Her work has been widely published and reviewed in venues such as: The New York Times; The Chicago Tribune; Japan Art & Cultural Association Exhibition


texts:
 Catalogue, Tokyo; The Wilson Quarterly;  Color Magazine, USA;  Museums, Chicago;  Love & Desire, Thames & Hudson, London; Body Icons, Skopelos, Greece; The Tampa Tribune, Florida; The Tampa Review Literary Magazine; The Toledo Blade, Ohio; Artweek, Los Angeles; Art News, New York; The Tampa Review; Expressions Magazine, Beijing; Homonumus Literary Magazine, Beijing; L’apprendistato di Duddy Kravitz, Mordecai Richler, Milan Italy. She has appeared on CCTV International "Cultural Express", Beijing,CHINA 2005; SVT Swedish National TV News  Stockholm SWEDEN 2011; and "848  Chicago Public Radio; WBEZ CHICAGO 2005. She has been a Juror for The Pennsylvania Council on the Arts; a board member of WHITEWALLS, Journal of Language and Art; and a Guest Curator for the Rockford Art Museum, IL. She has been featured as Guest Lecturer and Visiting Artist at: The School of The Art Institute of Chicago, The University of Illinois, Society for Photographic Education, Bryn Mawr College Club of Chicago, University of Toledo, The Tweed Museum of Art, The Ulrich Museum of Art, Oklahoma State University, University of Tampa, National Conference of the Women's Caucus for Art, Rockford Art Museum, The Selby Gallery, Sarasota, FLA, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR & The Bryn Mawr College Chicago Alumnae Association, among others. She has been a Professor of Photography at The School of The Art Institute, Illinois Institute of Technology, and Beloit College. She was Adjunct Professor of Photography at Columbia College, Chicago 1988 to 2008.
.

References

Artists from Chicago
1938 births
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Living people
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
American women photographers
American photographers
Fine art photographers
American women academics
21st-century American


texts:
<mask> (August 24, 1922January 27, 2010) was an American historian, playwright, philosopher, socialist thinker and World War II veteran. He was chair of the history and social sciences department at Spelman College, and a political science professor at Boston University. <mask> wrote over 20 books, including his best-selling and influential A People's History of the United States in 1980. In 2007, he published a version of it for younger readers, A Young People's History of the United States. <mask> described himself as "something of an anarchist, something of a socialist. Maybe a democratic socialist." He wrote extensively about the civil rights movement, the anti-war movement and labor history of the United States.His memoir, You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train (Beacon Press, 2002), was also the title of a 2004 documentary about <mask>'s life and work. <mask> died of a heart attack in 2010, at age 87. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born to a Jewish immigrant family in Brooklyn on August 24, 1922. His father, <mask>, born in Austria-Hungary, immigrated to the U.S. with his brother Samuel before the outbreak of World War I. His mother, Jenny (Rabinowitz) <mask>, emigrated from the Eastern Siberian city of Irkutsk. His parents first became acquainted as workers at the same factory. His father worked as a ditch digger and window cleaner during the Great Depression.His father and mother ran a neighborhood candy store for a brief time, barely getting by. For many years, his father was in the waiters' union and worked as a waiter for weddings and bar mitzvahs. Both parents were factory workers with limited education when they

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texts: met and married, and there were no books or magazines in the series of apartments where they raised their children. <mask>'s parents introduced him to literature by sending 10 cents plus a coupon to the New York Post for each of the 20 volumes of Charles Dickens' collected works. As a young man, <mask> made the acquaintance of several young Communists from his Brooklyn neighborhood. They invited him to a political rally being held in Times Square. Despite it being a peaceful rally, mounted police charged the marchers.<mask> was hit and knocked unconscious. This would have a profound effect on his political and social outlook. He also studied creative writing at Thomas Jefferson High School in a special program established by principal and poet Elias Lieberman. <mask> initially opposed entry into World War II, influenced by his friends, by the results of the Nye Committee, and by his ongoing reading. However, these feelings shifted as he learned more about fascism and its rise in Europe. The book Sawdust Caesar had a particularly large impact through its depiction of Mussolini. Thus, after graduating from high school in 1940, <mask> took the Civil Service exam and became an apprentice shipfitter in the New York Navy Yard at the age of 18.Concerns about low wages and hazardous working conditions compelled <mask> and several other apprentices to form the Apprentice Association. At the time, apprentices were excluded from trade unions and thus had little bargaining power, to which the Apprentice Association was their answer. The head organizers of the association, which included <mask> himself, would meet once a week outside of work to

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 discuss strategy and read books that at the time were considered radical. <mask> was the Activities Director for the group. His time in this group would tremendously influence his political views and created for him an appreciation for unions. World War II
Eager to fight fascism, <mask> joined the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and became an officer. He was assigned as a bombardier in the 490th Bombardment Group, bombing targets in Berlin, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.As bombardier, <mask> dropped napalm bombs in April 1945 on Royan, a seaside resort in western France. The anti-war stance <mask> developed later was informed, in part, by his experiences. On a post-doctoral research mission nine years later, <mask> visited the resort near Bordeaux where he interviewed residents, reviewed municipal documents, and read wartime newspaper clippings at the local library. In 1966, <mask> returned to Royan after which he gave his fullest account of that research in his book, The Politics of History. On the ground, <mask> learned that the aerial bombing attacks in which he participated had killed more than a thousand French civilians as well as some German soldiers hiding near Royan to await the war's end, events that are described "in all accounts" he found as "une tragique erreur" that leveled a small but ancient city and "its population that was, at least officially, friend, not foe." In The Politics of History, <mask> described how the bombing was ordered—three weeks before the war in Europe ended—by military officials who were, in part, motivated more by the desire for their own career advancement than in legitimate

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texts: military objectives. He quotes the official history of the U.S. Army Air Forces' brief reference to the Eighth Air Force attack on Royan and also, in the same chapter, to the bombing of Plzeň in what was then Czechoslovakia.The official history stated that the Skoda works in Pilsen "received 500 well-placed tons", and that "because of a warning sent out ahead of time the workers were able to escape, except for five persons. "The Americans received a rapturous welcome when they liberated the city. <mask> wrote:I recalled flying on that mission, too, as deputy lead bombardier, and that we did not aim specifically at the 'Skoda works' (which I would have noted, because it was the one target in Czechoslovakia I had read about) but dropped our bombs, without much precision, on the city of Pilsen. Two Czech citizens who lived in Pilsen at the time told me, recently, that several hundred people were killed in that raid (that is, Czechs)—not five. <mask> said his experience as a wartime bombardier, combined with his research into the reasons for, and effects of the bombing of Royan and Pilsen, sensitized him to the ethical dilemmas faced by G.I.s during wartime. <mask> questioned the justifications for military operations that inflicted massive civilian casualties during the Allied bombing of cities such as Dresden, Royan, Tokyo, and Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II, Hanoi during the War in Vietnam, and Baghdad during the war in Iraq and the civilian casualties during bombings in Afghanistan during the current war there. In his pamphlet, Hiroshima: Breaking the Silence written in 1995, he laid out the case against targeting civilians

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 with aerial bombing.Six years later, he wrote:Recall that in the midst of the Gulf War, the U.S. military bombed an air raid shelter, killing 400 to 500 men, women, and children who were huddled to escape bombs. The claim was that it was a military target, housing a communications center, but reporters going through the ruins immediately afterward said there was no sign of anything like that. I suggest that the history of bombing—and no one has bombed more than this nation—is a history of endless atrocities, all calmly explained by deceptive and deadly language like 'accident', 'military target', and 'collateral damage'. Education
After World War II, <mask> attended New York University on the GI Bill, graduating with a B.A. in 1951. At Columbia University, he earned an M.A. (1952) and a Ph.D. in history with a minor in political science (1958).His master's thesis examined the Colorado coal strikes of 1914. His doctoral dissertation Fiorello LaGuardia in Congress was a study of Fiorello LaGuardia's congressional career, and it depicted "the conscience of the twenties" as LaGuardia fought for public power, the right to strike, and the redistribution of wealth by taxation. "His specific legislative program," <mask> wrote, "was an astonishingly accurate preview of the New Deal." It was published by the Cornell University Press for the American Historical Association. Fiorello LaGuardia in Congress was nominated for the American Historical Association's Beveridge Prize as the best English-language book on American history. His professors at Columbia included Harry Carman, Henry Steele Commager, and David Donald. But it was Columbia

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 historian Richard Hofstadter's The American Political Tradition that made the most lasting impression.<mask> regularly included it in his lists of recommended readings, and, after Barack Obama was elected President of the United States, <mask> wrote, "If Richard Hofstadter were adding to his book The American Political Tradition, in which he found both 'conservative' and 'liberal' Presidents, both Democrats and Republicans, maintaining for dear life the two critical characteristics of the American system, nationalism and capitalism, Obama would fit the pattern." In 1960–61, <mask> was a post-doctoral fellow in East Asian Studies at Harvard University. Academic career

<mask> was professor of history at Spelman College in Atlanta from 1956 to 1963, and visiting professor at both the University of Paris and University of Bologna. At the end of the academic year in 1963, <mask> was fired from Spelman for insubordination. His dismissal came from Dr. Albert Manley, the first African-American president of that college, who felt <mask> was radicalizing Spelman students. In 1964, he accepted a position at Boston University (BU), after writing two books and participating in the Civil Rights Movement in the South. His classes in civil liberties were among the most popular at the university with as many as 400 students subscribing each semester to the non-required class.A professor of political science, he taught at BU for 24 years and retired in 1988 at age 66. "He had a deep sense of fairness and justice for the underdog. But he always kept his sense of humor. He was a happy warrior," said Caryl Rivers, journalism professor at BU. Rivers and

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texts: <mask> were among a group of faculty members who in 1979 defended the right of the school's clerical workers to strike and were threatened with dismissal after refusing to cross a picket line. <mask> came to believe that the point of view expressed in traditional history books was often limited. Biographer Martin Duberman noted that when he was asked directly if he was a Marxist, <mask> replied, "Yes, I'm something of a Marxist."He especially was influenced by the liberating vision of the young Marx in overcoming alienation, and disliked what he perceived to be Marx's later dogmatism. In later life he moved more toward anarchism. He wrote a history text, A People's History of the United States, to provide other perspectives on American history. The book depicts the struggles of Native Americans against European and U.S. conquest and expansion, slaves against slavery, unionists and other workers against capitalists, women against patriarchy, and African-Americans for civil rights. The book was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1981. In the years since the first edition of A People's History was published in 1980, it has been used as an alternative to standard textbooks in many college history courses, and it is one of the most widely known examples of critical pedagogy. The New York Times Book Review stated in 2006 that the book "routinely sells more than 100,000 copies a year."In 2004, <mask> published Voices of a People's History of the United States with Anthony Arnove. Voices is a sourcebook of speeches, articles, essays, poetry and song lyrics by the people themselves whose stories are told in A People's History. In

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 2008, the Zinn Education Project was launched to support educators using A People's History of the United States as a source for middle and high school history. The project was started when a former student of <mask>, who wanted to bring <mask>'s lessons to students around the country, provided the financial backing to allow two other organizations, Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change to coordinate the project. The project hosts a website with hundreds of free downloadable lesson plans to complement A People's History of the United States. The People Speak, released in 2010, is a documentary movie based on A People's History of the United States and inspired by the lives of ordinary people who fought back against oppressive conditions over the course of the history of the United States. The film, narrated by <mask>, includes performances by Matt Damon, Morgan Freeman, Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Eddie Vedder, Viggo Mortensen, Josh Brolin, Danny Glover, Marisa Tomei, Don Cheadle, and Sandra Oh.Civil rights movement
From 1956 through 1963, <mask> chaired the Department of History and Social Sciences at Spelman College. He participated in the Civil Rights Movement and lobbied with historian August Meier "to end the practice of the Southern Historical Association of holding meetings at segregated hotels." While at Spelman, <mask> served as an adviser to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and wrote about sit-ins and other actions by SNCC for The Nation and Harper's. In 1964, Beacon Press published his book SNCC: The New Abolitionists. In 1964 <mask>, with the SNCC, began developing an educational program so


texts: that the 200 volunteer SNCC civil rights workers in the South, many of whom were college dropouts, could continue with their civil rights work and at the same time be involved in an educational system. Up until then many of the volunteers had been dropping out of school so they could continue their work with SNCC. Other volunteers had not spent much time in college.The program had been endorsed by the SNCC in December 1963 and was envisioned by <mask> as having a curriculum that ranged from novels to books about "major currents" in 20th-century world history, such as fascism, communism, and anti-colonial movements. This occurred while <mask> was in Boston. <mask> also attended an assortment of SNCC meetings in 1964, traveling back and forth from Boston. One of those trips was to Hattiesburg, Mississippi, in January 1964 to participate in a SNCC voter registration drive. The local newspaper, the Hattiesburg American, described the SNCC volunteers in town for the voter registration drive as "outside agitators" and told local blacks "to ignore whatever goes on, and interfere in no way..." At a mass meeting held during the visit to Hattiesburg, <mask> and another SNCC representative, Ella Baker, emphasized the risks that went along with their efforts, a subject probably in their minds since a well-known civil rights activist, Medgar Evers, had been murdered getting out of his car in the driveway of his home in Jackson, Mississippi, only six months earlier. Evers had been the state field secretary for the NAACP. <mask> was also involved in what became known as Freedom Summer in Mississippi in the summer of 1964.Freedom Summer involved

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texts: bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work for the summer in various roles as civil rights activists. Part of the program involved organizing "Freedom Schools". <mask>'s involvement included helping to develop the curriculum for the Freedom Schools. He was also concerned that bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work as civil rights activists could lead to violence and killings. As a consequence, <mask> recommended approaching Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett and President Lyndon Johnson to request protection for the young civil rights volunteers. Protection was not forthcoming. Planning for the summer went forward under the umbrella of the SNCC, the Congress of Racial Equality ("CORE") and the Council of Federated Organizations ("COFO").On June 20, 1964, just as civil rights activists were beginning to arrive in Mississippi, CORE activists James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were en route to investigate the burning of Mount Zion Methodist Church in Neshoba County when two carloads of KKK members led by deputy sheriff Cecil Price abducted and murdered them. Two months later, after their bodies were located, <mask> and other representatives of the SNCC attended a memorial service for the three at the ruins of Mount Zion Methodist Church. <mask> collaborated with historian Staughton Lynd mentoring student activists, among them Alice Walker, who would later write The Color Purple, and Marian Wright Edelman, founder and president of the Children's Defense Fund. Edelman identified <mask> as a major influence in her life and, in the same journal article, tells of his accompanying students to a


texts: sit-in at the segregated white section of the Georgia state legislature. <mask> also co-wrote a column in The Boston Globe with fellow activist Eric Mann, "Left Field Stands". Although <mask> was a tenured professor, he was dismissed in June 1963 after siding with students in the struggle against segregation. As <mask> described in The Nation, though Spelman administrators prided themselves for turning out refined "young ladies", its students were likely to be found on the picket line, or in jail for participating in the greater effort to break down segregation in public places in Atlanta.<mask>'s years at Spelman are recounted in his autobiography You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train: A Personal History of Our Times. His seven years at Spelman College, <mask> said, "are probably the most interesting, exciting, most educational years for me. I learned more from my students than my students learned from me." While living in Georgia, <mask> wrote that he observed 30 violations of the First and Fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution in Albany, Georgia, including the rights to freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and equal protection under the law. In an article on the civil rights movement in Albany, <mask> described the people who participated in the Freedom Rides to end segregation, and the reluctance of President John F. Kennedy to enforce the law. <mask> said that the Justice Department under Robert F. Kennedy and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, headed by J. Edgar Hoover, did little or nothing to stop the segregationists from brutalizing civil rights workers. <mask> wrote about the struggle for civil

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 rights, as both participant and historian.His second book, The Southern Mystique, was published in 1964, the same year as his SNCC: The New Abolitionists in which he describes how the sit-ins against segregation were initiated by students and, in that sense, were independent of the efforts of the older, more established civil rights organizations. In 2005, forty-one years after he was sacked from Spelman, <mask> returned to the college, where he was given an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters. He delivered the commencement address, titled "Against Discouragement", and said that "the lesson of that history is that you must not despair, that if you are right, and you persist, things will change. The government may try to deceive the people, and the newspapers and television may do the same, but the truth has a way of coming out. The truth has a power greater than a hundred lies." Anti-war efforts

Vietnam

Zinn wrote one of the earliest books calling for the U.S. withdrawal from its war in Vietnam. Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawal was published by Beacon Press in 1967 based on his articles in Commonweal, The Nation, and Ramparts.In the opinion of Noam Chomsky, The Logic of Withdrawal was <mask>'s most important book:"He was the first person to say—loudly, publicly, very persuasively—that this simply has to stop; we should get out, period, no conditions; we have no right to be there; it's an act of aggression; pull out. It was so surprising at the time that there wasn't even a review of the book. In fact, he asked me if I would review it in Ramparts just so that people would know about the book." <mask>'s diplomatic visit to Hanoi with


texts: Reverend Daniel Berrigan, during the Tet Offensive in January 1968, resulted in the return of three American airmen, the first American POWs released by the North Vietnamese since the U.S. bombing of that nation had begun. The event was widely reported in the news media and discussed in a variety of books including Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam 1963–1975 by Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan. <mask> and the Berrigan brothers, Dan and Philip, remained friends and allies over the years.Also in January 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the war. In December 1969, radical historians tried unsuccessfully to persuade the American Historical Association to pass an anti-Vietnam War resolution. "A debacle unfolded as Harvard historian (and AHA president in 1968) John Fairbank literally wrestled the microphone from <mask>'s hands." Daniel Ellsberg, a former RAND consultant who had secretly copied The Pentagon Papers, which described the history of the United States' military involvement in Southeast Asia, gave a copy to <mask> and Roslyn <mask>. Along with Noam Chomsky, <mask> edited and annotated the copy of The Pentagon Papers that Senator Mike Gravel read into the Congressional Record and that was subsequently published by Beacon Press. Announced on August 17 and published on October 10, 1971, this four-volume, relatively expensive set became the "Senator Gravel Edition", which studies from Cornell University and the Annenberg Center for Communication have labeled as the most complete edition of the Pentagon Papers to be published.

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texts: The "Gravel Edition" was edited and annotated by Noam Chomsky and <mask>, and included an additional volume of analytical articles on the origins and progress of the war, also edited by Chomsky and <mask>.Beacon Press became the subject of an FBI investigation, an outgrowth of which was Gravel v. United States in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in June 1972 that the Speech or Debate Clause in the US Constitution did grant immunity to Gravel for his reading the papers in his subcommittee, and did grant some immunity to Gravel's congressional aide, but granted no immunity to Beacon Press in relation to its publishing the same papers. <mask> testified as an expert witness at Ellsberg's criminal trial for theft, conspiracy, and espionage in connection with the publication of the Pentagon Papers by The New York Times. Defense attorneys asked <mask> to explain to the jury the history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam from World War II through 1963. <mask> discussed that history for several hours, and later reflected on his time before the jury. I explained there was nothing in the papers of military significance that could be used to harm the defense of the United States, that the information in them was simply embarrassing to our government because what was revealed, in the government's own interoffice memos, was how it had lied to the American public. ... The secrets disclosed in the Pentagon Papers might embarrass politicians, might hurt the profits of corporations wanting tin, rubber, oil, in far-off places.But this was not the same as hurting the nation, the people. Most of the jurors later said that they voted for acquittal.

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texts: However, the federal judge who presided over the case dismissed it on grounds it had been tainted by the Nixon administration's burglary of the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist. <mask>'s testimony on the motivation for government secrecy was confirmed in 1989 by Erwin Griswold, who as U.S. solicitor general during the Nixon administration sued The New York Times in the Pentagon Papers case in 1971 to stop publication. Griswold persuaded three Supreme Court justices to vote to stop The New York Times from continuing to publish the Pentagon Papers, an order known as "prior restraint" that has been held to be illegal under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The papers were simultaneously published in The Washington Post, effectively nullifying the effect of the prior restraint order. In 1989, Griswold admitted there had been no national security damage resulting from publication.In a column in the Washington Post, Griswold wrote: "It quickly becomes apparent to any person who has considerable experience with classified material that there is massive over-classification and that the principal concern of the classifiers is not with national security, but with governmental embarrassment of one sort or another." <mask> supported the G.I. anti-war movement during the U.S. war in Vietnam. In the 2001 film Unfinished Symphony: Democracy and Dissent, <mask> provides a historical context for the 1971 anti-war march by Vietnam Veterans against the War. The marchers traveled from Bunker Hill near Boston to Lexington, Massachusetts, "which retraced Paul Revere's ride of 1775 and ended in the massive arrest of 410 veterans and civilians


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 by the Lexington police." The film depicts "scenes from the 1971 Winter Soldier hearings, during which former G.I.s testified about "atrocities" they either participated in or said they had witnessed committed by U.S. forces in Vietnam. <mask> also took part in the 1971 May Day protests (with among others Noam Chomsky and Daniel Ellsberg).In later years, <mask> was an adviser to the Disarm Education Fund. Iraq

<mask> opposed the 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq and wrote several books about it. In an interview with The Brooklyn Rail he said, We certainly should not be initiating a war, as it's not a clear and present danger to the United States, or in fact, to anyone around it. If it were, then the states around Iraq would be calling for a war on it. The Arab states around Iraq are opposed to the war, and if anyone's in danger from Iraq, they are. At the same time, the U.S. is violating the U.N. charter by initiating a war on Iraq. Bush made a big deal about the number of resolutions Iraq has violated—and it's true, Iraq has not abided by the resolutions of the Security Council.But it's not the first nation to violate Security Council resolutions. Israel has violated Security Council resolutions every year since 1967. Now, however, the U.S. is violating a fundamental principle of the U.N. Charter, which is that nations can't initiate a war—they can only do so after being attacked. And Iraq has not attacked us. He asserted that the U.S. would end Gulf War II when resistance within the military increased in the same way resistance within the military contributed to ending the U.S. war in Vietnam. <mask> compared the demand by a


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 growing number of contemporary U.S. military families to end the war in Iraq to parallel demands "in the Confederacy in the Civil War, when the wives of soldiers rioted because their husbands were dying and the plantation owners were profiting from the sale of cotton, refusing to grow grains for civilians to eat." <mask> believed that U.S. President George W. Bush and followers of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, who was personally responsible for beheadings and numerous attacks designed to cause civil war in Iraq, should be considered moral equivalents.Jean-Christophe Agnew, Professor of History and American Studies at Yale University, told the Yale Daily News in May 2007 that <mask>'s historical work is "highly influential and widely used". He observed that it is not unusual for prominent professors such as <mask> to weigh in on current events, citing a resolution opposing the war in Iraq that was recently ratified by the American Historical Association. Agnew added: "In these moments of crisis, when the country is split—so historians are split." Socialism
<mask> described himself as "something of an anarchist, something of a socialist. Maybe a democratic socialist." He suggested looking at socialism in its full historical context as a popular, positive idea that got a bad name from its association with Soviet Communism. In Madison, Wisconsin, in 2009, <mask> said:

FBI files

On July 30, 2010, a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request resulted in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) releasing a file with 423 pages of information on <mask>'s life and activities.During the height of McCarthyism in

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<mask> married Roslyn Shechter in 1944.They remained married until her death in 2008. They had a daughter, Myla, and a son, Jeff. Myla is the wife of mindfulness instructor Jon Kabat-<mask>. <mask> was swimming in a hotel pool when he died of

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 an apparent heart attack in Santa Monica, California, on January 27, 2010, at age 87. He had been scheduled to speak at Crossroads School and Santa Monica Museum of Art for an event titled "A Collection of Ideas... the People Speak." In one of his last interviews, <mask> stated that he would like to be remembered "for introducing a different way of thinking about the world, about war, about human rights, about equality," and

for getting more people to realize that the power which rests so far in the hands of people with wealth and guns, that the power ultimately rests in people themselves and that they can use it. At certain points in history, they have used it.Black people in the South used it. People in the women's movement used it. People in the anti-war movement used it. People in other countries who have overthrown tyrannies have used it. He said he wanted to be known as "somebody who gave people a feeling of hope and power that they didn't have before." Notable recognition
2008 <mask> was selected as a special senior advisor to Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann, the president of the United Nations General Assembly 63rd session. Established by a former Boston University student of <mask>'s and two nonprofit organizations (Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change) while he was alive, the Zinn Education Project is <mask>'s legacy to middle- and high-school teachers and their students.The project offers classroom teachers free lessons based on A People's History of the United States and like-minded history texts. Awards

In 1991 the Thomas Merton Center for Peace and Social Justice in Pittsburgh awarded <mask> the Thomas Merton Award

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 for his activism and work on national and international issues that transform our world. For his leadership in the Peace Movement, <mask> received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award in 1996. In 1998 he received the Eugene V. Debs Award, the Firecracker Alternative Booksellers Award in the Politics category for The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy, and the Lannan Literary Award for nonfiction. The following year he won the Upton Sinclair Award, which honors those whose work illustrates an abiding commitment to social justice and equality. In 2003, <mask> was awarded the Prix des Amis du Monde diplomatique for the French version of his seminal work, Une histoire populaire des Etats-Unis. On October 5, 2006, <mask> received the Haven's Center Award for Lifetime Contribution to Critical Scholarship in Madison, Wisconsin.Controversy and critiques
In July 2013, the Associated Press revealed that Mitch Daniels, when he was the sitting Republican Governor of Indiana, asked for assurance from his education advisors that <mask>'s works were not taught in K–12 public schools in the state. The AP had gained access to Daniels' emails under a Freedom of Information Act request. Daniels also wanted a "cleanup" of K–12 professional development courses to eliminate "propaganda and highlight (if there is any) the more useful offerings." In one of the emails, Daniels expressed contempt for <mask> upon his death:

At the time the emails were released, Daniels was serving as the president of Purdue University. In response, 90 Purdue professors issued an open letter expressing their concern. Because of Daniels' attempt to


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 remove <mask>'s book, the former governor was accused of censorship, to which Daniels responded by saying that his views were misrepresented, and that if <mask> were alive and a member of the Purdue faculty, he would defend his free speech rights and right to publish. But he said that would not give <mask> an "entitlement to have that work foisted on school children in public schools."Stanford education professor Sam Wineburg has publicly criticized <mask>'s research. Reviewing a critique by Wineburg, reviewer David Plotnikoff credits Wineburg for showing that "A People's History perpetrates the same errors of historical practice as the tomes it aimed to correct," for "<mask>'s desire to cast a light on what he saw as historic injustice was a crusade built on secondary sources of questionable provenance, omission of exculpatory evidence, leading questions and shaky connections between evidence and conclusions," for which he provides many examples. Daniel J. Flynn, an author and columnist at The American Spectator, likewise charges <mask> with presenting biased history. Michael Kazin, professor at Georgetown University, also faults <mask>, stating that "A People's History is bad history, albeit gilded with virtuous intentions. Zinn reduces the past to a Manichean fable." In early 2017, Arkansas Representative Kim Hendren (R) submitted a "Bill introduced to ban <mask>'s books from Arkansas public schools." Bibliography

Author
LaGuardia in Congress (1959; based on his 1958 Ph.D. dissertation Fiorello LaGuardia in Congress) .The Southern Mystique (1962) . SNCC: The New Abolitionists (1964) . New Deal Thought (editor) (1965) . Vietnam:


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 The Logic of Withdrawal (1967) . Disobedience and Democracy: Nine Fallacies on Law and Order (1968, re-issued 2002) . The Politics of History (1970) (2nd edition 1990) . The Pentagon Papers Senator Gravel Edition.Vol. Five. Critical Essays. Boston. Beacon Press, 1972. 341p. plus 72p.of Index to Vol. I–IV of the Papers, Noam Chomsky, <mask>, editors. .
Justice in Everyday Life: The Way It Really Works (Editor) (1974) . Justice? Eyewitness Accounts (1977) . A People's History of the United States: 1492 – Present (1980), revised (1995)(1998)(1999)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2010) . Playbook by Maxine Klein, Lydia Sargent and <mask> (1986) . Declarations of Independence: Cross-Examining American Ideology (1991) .A People's History of the United States: The Civil War to the Present Kathy Emery and Ellen Reeves, <mask> (2003 teaching edition) Vol. I: . Vol II: . Failure to Quit: Reflections of an Optimistic Historian (1993) . You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train: A Personal History of Our Times (autobiography)(1994)
A People's History of the United States: The Wall Charts by <mask> and George Kirschner (1995) . Hiroshima: Breaking the Silence (pamphlet, 1995) . The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy (1997) ; 2nd edition (2009) .The Cold War & the University: Toward an Intellectual History of the Postwar Years (Noam Chomsky (Editor) Authors: Ira Katznelson, R. C. Lewontin, David Montgomery, Laura Nader, Richard Ohmann, Ray Siever, Immanuel Wallerstein, <mask> (1997) . Marx in Soho: A Play on History (1999) . The Future of History: Interviews With David Barsamian (1999) . <mask> on War (2000) . <mask> on History (2000) . La Otra

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texts:
 Historia De Los Estados Unidos (2000) . Three Strikes: Miners, Musicians, Salesgirls, and the Fighting Spirit of Labor's Last Century (Dana Frank, Robin Kelley, and <mask>) (2002) .Terrorism and War (2002) . (interviews, Anthony Arnove (Ed.)) The Power of Nonviolence: Writings by Advocates of Peace Editor (2002) . Emma: A Play in Two Acts About Emma Goldman, American Anarchist (2002) . Artists in Times of War (2003) . The 20th century: A People's History (2003) . A People's History of the United States: Teaching Edition Abridged (2003 updated) .Passionate Declarations: Essays on War and Justice (2003) . Iraq Under Siege, The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War, co-author (2003)
<mask> On Democratic Education Donaldo Macedo, Editor (2004) . The People Speak: American Voices, Some Famous, Some Little Known (2004) . Voices of a People's History of the United States (with Anthony Arnove, 2004) ; 2nd edition (2009) . A People's History of the Civil War: Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, <mask> (Series Editor) (2005) . A Power Governments Cannot Suppress (2006) . Original Zinn: Conversations on History and Politics (2006) <mask> and David Barsamian.A People's History of American Empire (2008) by <mask>, Mike Konopacki and Paul Buhle. .
A Young People's History of the United States, adapted from the original text by Rebecca Stefoff; illustrated and updated through 2006, with new introduction and afterword by <mask>; two volumes, Seven Stories Press, New York, 2007. Vol. 1: Columbus to the Spanish–American War. .
Vol. 2: Class Struggle to the War on Terror. .
One-volume edition (2009) . The Bomb (City Lights Publishers,

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 2010) . The Historic Unfulfilled Promise (City Lights Publishers, 2012) . <mask> Speaks: Collected Speeches 1963-2009 (Haymarket Books, 2012) .Truth Has a Power of Its Own: Conversations About A People's History by <mask> and Ray Suarez (The New Press, 2019) . Contributor
Ars Americana Ars Politica: Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture. by Peter Swirski (2010) . Admirable Radical: Staughton Lynd and Cold War Dissent, 1945–1970 (2010), Kent State University Press by Carl Mirra . A Gigantic Mistake by Mickey Z (2004) . A People's History of the Supreme Court by Peter H. Irons (2000) . A Political Dynasty In North Idaho, 1933–1967 by Randall Doyle (2004) .American Political Prisoners: Prosecutions Under the Espionage and Sedition Acts by Stephen M. Kohn (1994) . American Power and the New Mandarins by Noam Chomsky (2002) . Broken Promises Of America: At Home And Abroad, Past And Present: An Encyclopedia For Our Times by (Douglas F. Dowd (2004) . Deserter From Death: Dispatches From Western Europe 1950–2000 by Daniel Singer (2005) . Ecocide of Native America: Environmental Destruction of Indian Lands and Peoples by Donald Grinde, Bruce Johansen (1994) . Eugene V. Debs Reader: Socialism and the Class Struggle by William A. Pelz (2000) . From a Native Son: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1985–1995 by Ward Churchill (1996) .Green Parrots: A War Surgeon's Diary by Gino Strada (2005) . Hijacking Catastrophe: 9/11, Fear And The Selling Of American Empire by Sut Jhally editor, Jeremy Earp editor (2004) . If You're Not a Terrorist...Then Stop Asking Questions! by Micah Ian Wright (2004) . Iraq: The Logic of

masks:
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texts: Withdrawal by Anthony Arnove (2006) . Impeach the President: The Case Against Bush and Cheney Dennis Loo (Editor), Peter Phillips (Editor), Seven Stories Press: 2006 . Life of an Anarchist: The Alexander Berkman Reader by Alexander Berkman Gene Fellner, editor (2004) .Long Shadows: Veterans' Paths to Peace by David Giffey editor (2006) . Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution Through the Clinton Years by Clara Nieto, Chris Brandt (trans) (2003) . Peace Signs: The Anti-War Movement Illustrated by James Mann, editor (2004) . Prayer for the Morning Headlines: On the Sanctity of Life and Death by Daniel Berrigan (poetry) and Adrianna Amari (photography) (2007) . Silencing Political Dissent: How Post-9-11 Anti-terrorism Measures Threaten Our Civil Liberties by Nancy Chang, Center for Constitutional Rights (2002) . Soldiers In Revolt: GI Resistance During The Vietnam War by David Cortright (2005) . Sold to the Highest Bidder: The Presidency from Dwight D. Eisenhower to George W. Bush by Daniel M. Friedenberg (2002) .The Autobiography of Abbie Hoffman Intro by Norman Mailer, Afterword by HZ (2000) . The Case for Socialism by Alan Maass (2004) . The Forging of the American Empire: From the Revolution to Vietnam, a History of U.S. Imperialism by Sidney Lens (2003) . The Higher Law: Thoreau on Civil Disobedience and Reform by Henry David Thoreau, Wendell Glick, editor (2004) . The Iron Heel by Jack London (1971) . The Sixties Experience: Hard Lessons about Modern America by Edward P. Morgan (1992) .You Back the Attack, We'll Bomb Who We Want by Micah Ian Wright (2003) . A People's History of the


texts:
 American Revolution by Ray Raphael (2002) . <mask> Foreword for New Press People's History Series. Recordings
A People's History of the United States (1999)
Artists in the Time of War (2002)
Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, and the Revolutionary Struggle (2000)
Stories Hollywood Never Tells (2000)
You Can't Blow Up A Social Relationship, CD including Zinn lectures and performances by rock band Resident Genius (Thick Records, 2005)

Theatre
Emma (1976)
Daughter of Venus (1985)
Marx in Soho (1999)

See also
 List of peace activists

References

Further reading
 Duberman, Martin. <mask>: A Life on the Left. (The New Press, 2012). Ellis, Deb and Mueller, Denis.<mask>: You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train. (film 2004)
 . Retrieved 2010-03-09. Greenberg, David. "Agit-Prof: <mask>'s influential mutilations of American history", The New Republic March 19, 2013
 Joyce, Davis D. <mask>: A Radical American Vision. (Prometheus Books, 2003). Lynd, Staughton.Doing History from the Bottom Up; On E.P. Thompson, <mask>, and Rebuilding the Labor Movement from Below. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014. Interviews
 2001 Interview with <mask> about A People's History of the United States, religion, and movies
 Interview with Guernica: a magazine of arts and politics. The Tavis Smiley Show: "<mask> and the Omissions of U.S. History", November 27, 2003, National Public Radio. An Interview with <mask> on Anarchism: Rebels Against Tyranny by AK Press
 "War is the Health of the State: An Interview with <mask>", By Paul Glavin & Chuck Morse, Perspectives on Anarchist Theory, Vol. 7, No.1, Spring 2003
 "A Great Faith in Human Beings." In Klin,

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texts:
 Richard and Lily Prince (photos), Something to Say: Thoughts on Art and Politics in America. (Leapfrog Press, 2011)

Obituaries
 Helene Atwan, director of Beacon Press on "The Loss of <mask>inn" January 29, 2010. <mask>, Historian, is Dead at 87, By Michael Powell, New York Times, January 28, 2010
 Obituary in the Oxonian Review

Videos
 The Legacy of <mask>  – video by Big Think
 <mask> on why there are no just wars: "Holy Wars" – video by Democracy

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<mask>, known by her stage name <mask>, is a Filipina actress and singer. After beginning her career in GMA in 2001, she transferred to its rival network, ABS-CBN, where she played mostly minor and supporting roles before returning to GMA in 2006. During the first two years of her second stint with GMA, she continued to play supporting roles in series such as Boys Nxt Door and Asian Treasures before landing a lead role in the television remake of the film Kaputol ng Isang Awit. She appeared in villain roles in the remakes of Kung Aagawin Mo ang Lahat sa Akin and Stairway to Heaven, and on the musical series Diva before finally achieving leading lady status in the fantasy series Grazilda in 2010. In addition to her television appearances, she has also acted in a number of mainstream and independent films, including Sukob, Patikul, Batanes, and Still Life. She leads also in a top-rating primetime series called The Rich Man's Daughter. As a singer, <mask> has so far released four albums: Magbalik Ka, released in 2001, the self-titled Glaiza, released in 2006,  Synthesis, released in 2015, and Magandang Simulain, released in 2017.On April 4, 2016, <mask> <mask> was announced as she played the role of Pirena in the 2016 remake of Encantadia. Acting career

Early career: minor roles on television and in movies (2002–2006)

<mask> began her career with GMA-7 playing a minor role in the soap opera Ikaw Lang Ang Mamahalin. However, after only a few months with the company, she transferred to rival network ABS-CBN and became a contracted artist of Star Magic, the company's training ground for young talent. During her time in ABS-CBN, she continued to play

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 both supporting and minor roles, two of the most prominent being the role of Halley in the teen-oriented show, Berks. Between 2002 and 2005, she would only appear in films sporadically, playing bit parts in movies such as Singsing ni Lola (2002) and Miss Pinoy (2005). By 2006, she began to appear in films more frequently, with minor parts in the horror films Sukob and White Lady, as well as the Manny Pacquiao biographical film, Pacquiao: The Movie. Her most prominent film role during this point in her career was in the film adaptation of Carlo Vergara's graphic novel, Zsazsa Zaturnnah; the film was an entry to the 2006 Metro Manila Film Festival.Return to GMA and breakout roles (2006–2008)
After four years with ABS-CBN, <mask> returned to its rival GMA Network in 2006. One of her first roles back was as Honey on the fantasy-adventure series, Fantastikids, where she starred alongside Marky Cielo, Jackie Rice and Ryza Cenon, as well as former child star Paolo Contis and former beauty queen Melanie Marquez. The reception to the show was mostly warm; journalist Paul Daza of The Philippine Daily Inquirer compared it favorably to its counterpart on ABS-CBN (fantasy-drama anthology Komiks), and commented that, based on ratings, "it would seem like the new [GMA-7] stars are outshining the more established [ABS-CBN] performers." At this time, she also performed regularly on GMA's regular Sunday variety show, SOP Rules. In 2007, <mask> appeared in the afternoon teen drama Boys Nxt Door. The series has been dubbed in Malay on the Malaysian channel 8TV and became the first Filipino drama to air in South Korea, via KBS2. The second role was in the 2007

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texts: action-adventure series, Asian Treasures, GMA-7's most expensive show to date.<mask> played Clara, an expert on history and geography who would use this knowledge to help the main characters find the titular treasures. 2007 also saw her featured prominently in the independent film Still Life, a film written and directed by Katski Flores, about an artist stricken with a terminal illness who has traveled to an isolated island to paint his last work. In the film, <mask> plays Emma, a woman who relates her past to the main character. Her portrayal of Emma was noted by film critic Tito Valiente of Business Mirror as "one reason the short life on that island becomes very real." Valiente went on to note that <mask>'s character was "vulnerable but not whiny. Even in tears she conjures an image of a woman whose only way out of life is finding life in anything." The film was a finalist at that year's Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival, where <mask> received a Golden Screen Awards nomination in the Best Actress category.She also played a supporting role that year in the romantic film Batanes, alongside top GMA actress Iza Calzado, Taiwanese singer-actor Ken Chu, and Marky Cielo. The following year, 2008, she started shooting another independent film, Rakenrol. The film is based on director Quark Henares' views on growing up in the local rock scene, as well as his own personal experiences in starting a band. <mask> described the film, which was still in production as of March 2009, as "a lighter version of Almost Famous and "a fun, feel-good movie". In 2008, she played the lead role in the television adaptation of the 1991 film, Kaputol ng

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 Isang Awit. In the series, <mask> played Sarah Monteza a poor girl with a good voice but low self-esteem. <mask> herself would later go on to say that the role was her "biggest break" thus far.Career resurgence (2009–present)
After another supporting role in the television adaptation of comic-book writer Carlo J. Caparas' graphic novel Gagambino, <mask> once again landed a lead role on another television adaptation of a Filipino film, Kung Aagawin Mo ang Lahat sa Akin opposite Patrick Garcia, Maxene Magalona, Jackie Rice and JC Tiuseco. In the series she played Gladys Andrada (a role originated by co-star Jackie Lou Blanco), the jealous, only biological child of Gilbert (played by Nonie Buencamino) and Clara Andrada (played by Blanco). Her portrayal was well-received; columnist Jason John Lim commented that while she knew she was breaking out of her comfort zone, "What she didn't know that she would also begin breaking the expectations of everybody." Right after Kung Aagawin Mo ang Lahat sa Akin, she played another supporting role on an episode of the drama anthology SRO Cinemaserye, which chronicled the life story of singer Eva Castillo (portrayed in this episode by Manilyn Reynes). Shortly thereafter, she landed another role in the Philippine remake of the widely popular Korean television drama, Stairway to Heaven, alongside Dingdong Dantes, Rhian Ramos and TJ Trinidad. She portrayed Eunice Manansala (serving as the counterpart for Han Yoori, played by actress Kim Tae-hee), the envious stepsister of Jodi Reyes (played by Rhian Ramos). To prepare for the role, <mask> watched the original series in order to attempt to get an idea of who her

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texts: character was as a person.<mask> also commented on the relative complexity of her character in this series compared to her character in Kung Aagawin Mo Ang Lahat Sa Akin: "Unlike my previous role, you don't know what is going on inside the mind of Eunice. What's going inside her head is really devious. She is subtle in her approach and very scheming... Despite being evil, she still has a heart and there's a reason she became a bad person. If she is stepping down on people, she is also being stepped on by other people. She also has to fulfill her needs and wants and she will do everything for the person she loves." As with her two previous major roles, her portrayal was also well received by critics; Jerry Donato of The Philippine Star, in particular, has gone so far to say that "So far, Glaiza has given her Korean counterpart a run for her money."In 2009, <mask> appeared in five films. In the first, the independent political thriller Benteshe replaced former StarStruck contestant and fellow GMA star Jewel Mische when the latter refused to film a sex scene she considered "beyond [her] moral standards". as directed by Mel Chionglo. The film was released in June 2009 and received mixed reviews, with Rito Asilo of the Philippine Daily Inquirer citing its thematic substance and Gomez's and Calzado's "insightful performances", while also going on to blast the film's "disparate stories", "incohesive feel and style", and sudden ending "in a convenient anticlimax". The second film was the horror movie Tarot, released on August 26. The film, about a girl who is able to predict the future through the use of tarot cards, was directed by Jun Lana and was


texts: top-billed by Marian Rivera and Dennis Trillo. A third film, Ang Manghuhula, was released commercially in September (it had been shown at the Cinemanila International Film Festival the previous year).The film was directed by Paolo Herras and saw <mask> playing the daughter of Messina (played by Eula <mask>), a seer. The production was received warmly, with Noelani Torre of the Philippine Daily Inquirer noting its "fascinating subject matter", "colorful cast" and "visual richness and clarity". The fourth film <mask> starred in that year was the independent film Astig (international title: Squalor) alongside Sid Lucero, Edgar Allan Guzman, Arnold Reyes and Dennis Trillo (who also directed the film). In Astig, <mask> playing Elgine, a teenager afflicted with a sexually transmitted disease who eventually becomes the love interest of Trillo's character. The film, released in July of that year, was a critical and financial success, topping the box office in that year's Cinemalaya Film Festival, with a profit of P137,890.00. Darwin Chiong of GMANews.tv called the film's cinematography "remarkable" and praised the cast as a whole, saying, "The movie gathers an ensemble of actors that deliver in the acting department, even those in supporting roles like <mask> <mask> and Malou Crisologo." Her performance in this film earned her a nomination in the Best Supporting Actress Category at the 33rd Gawad Urian Awards.The fifth film was the sixth film under the Mano Po banner, subtitled A Mother's Love. The film, directed by Joel Lamangan and top-billed by Sharon Cuneta, Zsa Zsa Padilla, Heart Evangelista and Dennis Trillo, saw <mask> playing a younger version

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texts: of Cuneta's character, Melinda Uy. The film was released on December 25 and was an entry to that year's annual Metro Manila Film Festival. Her first project on GMA for 2010 was in another villain role in what was billed as the Philippines' first musical, comedy-drama series, Diva, which debuted on GMA Network on March 1, 2010 and ended on July 30 of that year. The show, which also starred Regine Velasquez, Mark Anthony <mask>, TJ Trinidad and singer Jaya and is partly based on the American movie trilogy High School Musical and the American television series Glee, saw <mask> playing the ambitious Tiffany, who is Lady's (Rufa Mae Quinto) assistant and soon-to-be a villainess to singer-actress Regine Velasquez's heroine Melody. After Diva, <mask> auditioned for and won the title role on the primetime fantasy series Grazilda. The show, a sequel to the Cinderella story, centers on Grazilda, who is in turn based on one of <mask>'s wicked stepsisters, Drizella.The plot revolves around Grazilda's banishment from her home world of Fantasia to the human world, where she suffers a fate similar to <mask>'s. The series, which premiered on September 13, 2010, also stars Geoff Eigenmann, Yasmien Kurdi, Jolina Magdangal and Cherie Gil, and marks <mask>'s first lead role in a primetime series. Prior to the show's debut, the actress was constantly quoted as being unable to believe her success; she had by then been accustomed to playing only villainous roles and expected to do so for the remainder of her career. The show was both a critical and commercial success, beating its rival show 1DOL by a margin of five points in the AGB Mega Manila ratings. In light of

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 the show's success, <mask>'s manager, Manny Valera, has decided to turn down any further villain roles on behalf of his talent in order to build her up as a lead star. On October 30, it was announced that <mask> would no longer be cast in the remake of the film Temptation Island and would instead be launched as a lead star in the 2011 remake of the 1992 film Aswang, produced by Regal Films with film director Topel Lee. But her lead role went to Lovi Poe instead.<mask> later played the major role in an epic drama Amaya, opposite Marian Rivera and Sid Lucero. In 2012, <mask> first appear on Tweets for My Sweet playing the role of Kimberly, the long lost daughter and a sister to Meg which is portrayed by Marian Rivera and on the 3rd Quarter of the year she was chosen to be cast on the Philippine adaptation of Temptation of Wife, playing the role of Heidi which is originally by Alessandra <mask> when she declined the role. In 2013, <mask> will co-star Vampire Ang Daddy Ko which is top billed by Vic Sotto and Oyo Boy Sotto. In 2015, another major role has landed to <mask>'s career. She played the role of Althea Guevarra in the hit TV lesbian series, "The Rich Man's Daughter" alongside Rhian Ramos. In 2016, she played the role of Pirena in the hit Telefantasya, "Encantadia" originally by Sunshine Dizon. In 2017, she reprised the role in the series Mulawin vs. Ravena.In March 2018, she took on the title role in the revenge series Contessa. Other works
In March 2016, <mask> was part of UN Women's Safe Cities Program, a program that aims to increase the awareness and stop street harassment and sexual violence against women in public spaces. As part of

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 the program, <mask> was part of Quezon City's campaign against sexual harassment. Music
<mask> has so far released four albums. The first one, titled Magbalik Ka, was released under XAX Music Entertainment, in 2001, when she was thirteen. Five years later, she released a second album, the self-entitled Glaiza, this time released under Dyna Records. The latter album, described by <mask> herself as "more defined" compared to her first album, comprises pop and R&B songs, and contains mostly original content except for three tracks: a cover of Joey Albert's song "How Can I Make You See", as well as a Tagalog version (titled "Paano"), and an English version of Dingdong Avanzado's "Basta't Kasama Kita".When asked why it took her half a decade to release a second album, <mask> explained that after the first album was completed, she did not renew her contract with the record company and instead focused on her television career. In June 2008, Glaiza was officially launched, two years after the album was released. In 2015, <mask> launched her third, self-produced album Synthesis. She did mall shows to promote this album. It was her most successful album so far. In 2017, <mask> <mask> released her fourth album under PolyEast Records titled Magandang Simulain. After its release, <mask> mounted a concert to promote the songs under this album.The concert was held at the Music Museum. <mask> received critical acclaim for her in-character covers of the Asin songs "Himig ng Pag-ibig" and "Pagbabalik" when she played anti-dictatorship activist Cecilia Flores-Oebanda in the 2018 film Liway. Moviegoers were noted to be so emotional during the film that they often

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 clapped in the cinemas after being moved by <mask>'s performance, both in terms of acting and in performing the songs. Public image
Despite gaining wider recognition for her roles as a villain in Kung Aagawin Mo Ang Lahat Sa Akin and Stairway to Heaven, <mask> has reportedly had qualms about portraying a villain again in future projects. Of this, she commented, "I don't want to be typecast as an antagonist forever because it's difficult to get rid of that sort of image." However, she has expressed preference for antagonist roles over "sexy" roles. She later retracted this statement, saying that she "didn't think [she'd] get typecast because [she] plays different kinds of women each time" and explained this by saying, "The stories are different, so [her] characters' [motivations] are also different."Although she had, in the past, considered posing for magazines such as FHM "for instant fame and fortune", she eventually decided against it and opted to hone her craft as a serious actress, saying, "I just want to start on the right foot by focusing more on acting than diverting my attention to other interests. I want to become an actress and to show what I can do." She has also expressed interest in playing "out-of-the-box and extreme roles", in the vein of Natalie Portman in V for Vendetta and Charlize Theron in Monster. In 2008, she spoke of her preference for independent film, commenting in Taglish, "As for me, I feel fulfilled in indie films. I'm given roles in indie projects that are heavier compared to the mainstream. And I'm rarely offered roles in mainstream [films] anyway." Advocacy and political positions

<mask> is known as a Women’s

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 Rights and Protection Advocate, having won a Media People's Choice Award for her advocacy in 2017.After performing the role of anti-Marcos activist Cecilia Flores-Oebanda in 2018, <mask> has spoken against historical negationism regarding the Philippines' martial law era, which was the setting of the film. She agreed that it was a polarizing topic, but said that Filipino youth need to be “made more aware of it, because it’s important to know history and learn from it. It’s necessary for everyone’s growth.” In 2020, she participated in activities denouncing the then newly-signed Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, joining numerous artists in reciting Charlie Chaplin's final speech in the film The Great Dictator, as translated into Filipino by writer Rody Vera. Personal life
She also maintained a close friendship with consistent on-screen partner Marky Cielo for a significant part of the latter's career until his death in 2008. In the wake of her friend's death, <mask> recounted an exchange she had the day before Cielo died: she told Cielo about a dream she had about him and Rich Asuncion; according to her, Cielo had other people tell him they had dreams about him, which he took to be an omen of death. Filmography

Film

Television

Discography

Albums
Magbalik Ka (2001)
Glaiza (2006)
Synthesis (2015)
Magandang Simulain (2017)

Synthesis soundtrack
 "Dusk 'til Dawn"
 "Sayo Pa Rin"
 "Country Tree"
 "Waiting Shed"
 "Pag-ikot"
 "Makaturok"
 "Barcelona"
 "Memo"

Magandang Simulain soundtrack
 "Ganti"
 "Itanong Mo sa Mga Bata"
 "Dukha"
 "London"
 "Bato sa Buhangin"
 "Sinta"
 "Ang Himig Natin"
 "Magandang Simulain"

Singles

Concerts

Poetry books

Awards and

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 nominations

References

External links
 at GMANetwork.com

1988 births
Living people
Star Magic
Star Magic Batch 11
Filipino child actresses
Filipino Christians
Filipino evangelicals
Filipino film actresses
Filipino television actresses
Filipino Pentecostals
Filipino Protestants
Sparkle GMA Artist Center
Actresses from Metro Manila
People from Valenzuela, Metro Manila
21st-century Filipino actresses
21st-century Filipino women


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Count <mask> (2 June 1621 – 17 April 1693), also known as <mask> was a soldier, officer and civil servant in Swedish service, being appointed Lieutenant General in 1670, General in 1674, Field Marshal in 1678, Governor General of the Scanian provinces, in 1680, and Royal Councilor in 1681. Biography
<mask> was born on the estate Berbonen (Perbohnen) in Courland (today part of Latvia) on 2 June 1621. He was of an old Westphalian family that had emigrated to Courland in the 16th century. His parents were <mask> and <mask>. Thirty Years' War
At the age of 13 he served as page for Colonel Brink of the Swedish army fighting in the Thirty Years' War in Germany. He was present at a number of major battles, including the Battle of Nördlingen in 1634. In 1639 he left the army for studies in France.At the age of 19 he was drafted to a Hessian cavalry regiment in Swedish service. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Wolfenbüttel 1641. In the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1642 he was wounded and captured by the enemy, but later rescued. During the remaining part of the Thirty Years' War, Ascheberg fought under Field Marshals Lennart Torstenson and Carl Gustaf Wrangel. He distinguished himself on a number of occasions and was made Cornet in 1644, Captain Lieutenant in 1645 and Rittmeister in 1646. After the peace was settled in 1648, Ascheberg remained in Germany. He held a position as bailiff 1651–1655.In 1655, he was offered a position as Lieutenant Colonel and command of a regiment within the Swedish army, which prepared for a war against Poland-Lithuania. Second Northern War (1655–1660)
The war, known as the Second Northern War, initially took place in Poland-Lithuania. Ascheberg proved to be successful during the

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Margaretha von der Osten


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 campaign. In March 1656. after capturing the city of Jarosław, Ascheberg was promoted Colonel. In July of the same year, he attended the Battle of Warsaw. He commanded the Swedish forces in the Battle of Chojnice (Konitz), in which he was highly successful according to some sources. As a token of his appreciation, Swedish king Charles X Gustav gave <mask> a rapier he had used in battle.<mask> also received valuable jewellery and an estate in Prussia. Denmark attacked Swedish dominions in Germany in 1657. This meant that the Swedish army, including the forces under Ascheberg's command, left Poland to instead engage their Danish enemy. In 1658, Ascheberg spearheaded the March across the Belts as the Swedish army marched across the ices of Little Belt and Great Belt in order to reach the Danish island of Zealand. He narrowly escaped being caught when the enemy under Frederick William of Brandenburg and Polish commander Stefan Czarniecki attacked Sønderborg in December 1658. In February 1659, he was badly wounded during the assault on Copenhagen. After spending 10 weeks abed, a recovered <mask> returned to the battlefield in time to be in charge of the conquest of the island Møn in May 1659.He remained on the island until the war ended in 1660. Promotions and knighting
In 1664, <mask> was promoted to Major General and in 1665, he took part when Field Marshal Wrangel led Swedish troops to the German city of Bremen during the conflict between Sweden and Bremen. He returned to Sweden when the conflict was settled. In 1670 he reached the rank of Lieutenant General and in 1673, he was declared Freiherr of the estate Kastellgården outside Kungälv. In 1674 he was promoted to General. Scanian War (1675–1679)
In the

masks:
von Ascheberg
von Ascheberg
von Ascheberg
Ascheberg