texts:
 not reinstated and dismissed by the Lords of the Admiralty on 10 August 1699, with Daniel Furzer, Master Shipwright at Chatham, being appointed in his place from 22 September.Sowley Ironworks
In 1700 he and his cousin and namesake, <mask> of South Stoneham (with whom he has been confused) helped to finance an ironworks at Sowley, near Beaulieu in Hampshire, leased from Ralph, Lord Montagu to Henry Corbett, ironmaster, who had manufactured the two-sectioned gate at <mask>'s dry dock at Portsmouth. The works obtained many orders for iron wares from Portsmouth dockyard. Henry Corbett died in 1708 and <mask> seized his property by writ of exchequer, claiming unpaid debts; Chancery ruled in 1711 that <mask> was the rightful holder of the lease on the ironworks and Corbett's naval contracts. <mask> continued the business until 1712 whilst his brother Thomas (an ex-navy purser) continued to supply the navy until 1716. Packet service
In 1694, when <mask> held the appointment of Surveyor of the Navy, he had supervised the construction of a number of exceptionally fast packet-boats (sloops) for the Post Office packet service from Harwich to the Low countries. <mask> also operated a packet service between Falmouth, Corunna and Lisbon. On the loss of his position as Surveyor of the Navy, <mask> devoted much of his energies to studying the problem of a regular packet service between England and the British Island Plantations in the West Indies.In a document dated 18 June 1702, he set out the Terms for settling a monthly intelligence between England and the Island Plantations in the West Indies. <mask> proposed a monthly service to be operated by four oceangoing

masks:
Edmund Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer


type: original

texts: packet-boats calling at Barbados, Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis and Jamaica. On 30 June, the Crown agreed <mask>'s plan, granting special concessions. He was permitted to fly the Queen's colours on his ships, his crews were exempted from impressment for naval service, and he was granted a letter of marque for the duration of the War of the Spanish Succession which had commenced in the previous year. The first transatlantic mail service directly sponsored by the Post Office was inaugurated on 21 October 1702, with the sailing from Portsmouth for Barbados of Dummer's packet Bridgeman. Bridgeman and its sister ship, Mansbridge, had operated on a mail service between Gravesend and Brill in the Netherlands in 1699 and 1700. Two further ships, the King William, of 90 tons and 8 guns, and the Frankland of 132 tons and 10 guns, were purchased to start the service.The four vessels were "designed to succeed each other monthly" and whose "motions are determined to be very quick, because thereon depends the chief fruit that is to be reaped". <mask>'s fast transatlantic mail service had a best time of 88 days round trip (just under three months). <mask>'s packet service created the pattern which has been adapted by subsequent overseas mail services for the British Empire – a service operated privately albeit with a heavy Government subsidy. To begin with, <mask> submitted his expenses to the Postmaster General who passed them on to the Treasury. During the first year £9,000 was impressed for the service, but the Treasury were so slow in paying that <mask>'s finances could not stand the strain. In 1704 he was granted a salary as a Commissioner of the Navy, to be paid as

masks: Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer


texts: from the date of the beginning of the service. In the following year a new contract was drawn up to run for at least three years, or five years if the war continued.Under this a monthly service was to be maintained by a fleet of five vessels; <mask> was to receive £12,500 per annum, and was to be allowed to carry for his own profit 5 tons of freight on the outward journeys, and 10 tons on the homeward runs. In return he was to accept all risks to the ships and was responsible for replacements if they were lost or captured; further, he guaranteed that the Post Office would receive £8,000 per annum from the mail and passengers carried. For this new contract five new ships were built: Queen Anne, Prince George, Jamaica, Barbadoes and Antegoe. Each of these vessels was of 200 tons, armed with 20 guns, and with two decks; they were also fitted with 24 oars apiece to enable them to escape from attacking vessels in the calms, often met with in the Caribbean. By 1707 <mask> realised that he could no longer maintain the service as long as the clause guaranteeing the £8,000 income to the Crown remained in the contract. This resulted in a further contract being drawn up on 25 January 1708. Under this he was to continue the monthly service with five vessels; to supply stores and ammunition, and to be responsible for the payment of the crews; and to take all risks from the loss of ships.He was to be allowed £12,000 a year during time of war, and £8,000 in peacetime, together with all proceeds of cargo and passengers, whilst the revenue from the Mail was to go to the Crown. Even with this new contract, however, it was impossible to carry on the service indefinitely.

masks: Dummer Dummer


texts:
 <mask> had to borrow money on the security of future payments. By the end of 1711, with the return of the packet Martlett, the service came to an end. The loss of ships from enemy action during the War of the Spanish Succession and losses from storms, had left <mask> bankrupt. In nine years, <mask> had lost two packets at sea and had seven captured. His remaining seven packets were seized by creditors & the service lapsed.It was not until 1745 that the Post Office re-introduced a service to the West Indies, based on <mask>'s original plans, in response to demands from merchants, due to the growth of British interests in sugar plantations. Shipbuilder for the Navy
<mask> continued his association with the Royal Navy through his shipbuilding interests at Blackwall. In 1704 he presented to the Admiralty a model and a draught for a small vessel designed to "cruise on the coast of this Kingdom" and "to row with oars" as well as sail. On 7 March 1704, the Admiralty instructed the Navy Board to contract with <mask> to build two vessels to this design. These two sloops, HMS Ferret and HMS Weazle, were significantly greater in size and firepower than earlier unrated craft. These 128-ton vessels were the first sloops built to serve as effective warships, carrying eight minions and two falconets, subsequently replaced by a uniform armament of twelve 3-pounder guns. In 1709 <mask> also designed and built the small sixth rate HMS Swan by contract with the Navy Board, and in the same year they purchased from him a similar vessel which he was building on speculation – the Sixth rate HMS Hind.The French captured Ferret in 1706, the Hind unfortunately stranded and

masks: Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer Dummer


texts:
 wrecked off the Isle of Wight just two months after her launch in 1709, and the Weazle and Swan were sold in 1712. South Stoneham House

In 1705, <mask> acquired the estate at South Stoneham, near Southampton from Giles Frampton and by 1708 South Stoneham House was completed, probably to the designs of the architect Nicholas Hawksmoor. Bankruptcy and death
<mask> was declared bankrupt in February 1711, and although he was released from the Fleet Prison soon afterwards he was recommitted to the Fleet in April 1712. He died there at the end of April 1713 and was buried at St Andrew's, Holborn on 8 May 1713. After his death, the business at Sowley was bought from his creditor, the Duke of Montagu, by his brother, who ran the ironworks until 1716. In December 1713, a petition from his widow, Sarah, and his unmarried daughter, Jane, who were close to destitution, was presented to the Navy Board. The petition was heard by <mask>'s former political mentor, Robert Harley as Secretary to the Lord High Treasurer.In the light of <mask>'s earlier services as a civil engineer, they were granted a pension of £150 per annum. In August 1716, <mask>'s estate, including South Stoneham manor and property at Shedfield and Curdridge, were eventually sold by Jane to meet the claims of his creditors. The manor passed to Edward Nicholas of Newton Valence. Family
<mask> married Sarah in about 1680 and they had five children:

Mary (1680–1690)
Sarah (1682–1700)
<mask> (died 1701)
Susanna (born 1684, married <mask> (a cousin) and had two children, <mask> (born 1704) and Sarah (born 1705).) Jane

His widow survived him by only a few months and died in early 1714, being buried at

masks:
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Dummer
Edmund
William Dummer
Edmund


texts:
 St. Margaret's, Westminster on 20 February. References

External links
A Survey of the Ports on the South West Coast of England from Dover to the Lands-end, made by <mask> and Captain Thomas Wiltshaw, Royal Navy, 1698. The Family of Dummer of British Origin
The Ingenious Mr Dummer: Rationalizing the Royal Navy in Late Seventeenth-Century England
Ian Kenneth Steele – The English Atlantic, 1675–1740: an exploration of communication and community

1651 births
1713 deaths
People from Southampton
British marine engineers
Surveyors of the Navy
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1707–1708
Postal history
Inmates of Fleet Prison
People from North Stoneham
English MPs 1695–1698
English MPs 1701
English MPs 1702–1705
English MPs 1705–1707
17th-century Royal Navy personnel
People imprisoned for debt
People in English Tangier
People from South


texts:
<mask> (26 March 1958 – 15 May 1986) was an Italian racing driver who participated in Formula One between  and , racing for the Shadow, Lotus and Brabham teams. He was killed in an accident while testing the Brabham BT55 at the Paul Ricard circuit, near the commune of Le Castellet, France, in 1986. <mask> was a very competitive and highly popular presence in Formula One during the 1980s, and is sometimes referred to as Formula One's "last gentleman player". Early life
<mask> was born in Rome. His father Giulio was an inshore and offshore powerboat racer who won many world championships in the 1960s and 1970s. After a brief spell with karts, <mask> went on to win the Italian Formula Three Championship in 1977. In 1978 he raced in Formula Two for Minardi and then for the ICI British F2 Team, he also competed in one round of the British Formula One championship and won the prestigious Monaco F3 race.Formula One
At the end of the 1977 season, <mask> Ferrari's short list to replace Niki Lauda. <mask> successfully tested the Ferrari at the Fiorano circuit but eventually Ferrari decided to hire Gilles Villeneuve. <mask>'s debut Formula One season was in  with Shadow. He finished seventh in his maiden Grand Prix in Argentina and 15th in the championship with three points. <mask>'s performance with Shadow caught the eye of Lotus boss Colin Chapman, who hired him to partner Mario Andretti in . At the age of 21, <mask> became the youngest Grand Prix podium finisher of all time when he finished  second at the Brazilian Grand Prix, run at the  Interlagos circuit. His first victory came in the 1982 Austrian Grand Prix at the Österreichring,  0.05 seconds ahead of the Williams of eventual  World Champion Keke Rosberg.The win was the last hailed by Colin Chapman's  act of throwing his cloth cap into the air. Chapman died in December that year and Peter Warr became the new Lotus team manager. In  Lotus switched from the Cosworth DFV

masks:
Elio de Angelis
De Angelis
De Angelis
de Angelis
de Angeliszo
De Angelis
De Angelis
De Angelis
de Angelis


texts: they had been using since , to Renault turbo engines, but it was a disappointing season, suffering multiple mechanical failures. <mask>'s best result was a fifth place in the 1983 Italian Grand Prix. In  <mask> had a much better season, scoring a total of 34 points and finishing third in the standings with three podiums. His best result was a second place at the Detroit Grand Prix. <mask> was the only driver to finish in the top 5 in 1984 not to score a race win, showing his consistent performances throughout the season with the improving Lotus-Renault.In , <mask> was joined at Lotus by Ayrton Senna, who had left the Toleman team. <mask>'s second win came in the third race of the season, at the 1985 San Marino Grand Prix, after Alain Prost was disqualified when his McLaren MP4/2B was found 2 kg underweight. <mask> also claimed his last Formula One pole position that year in Canada. He finished fifth in the championship, with 33 points, five points behind his teammate. However, <mask> chose to leave Lotus at the end of the season, frustrated that the team's efforts were being focused mostly on Senna. <mask>'s drive for  was with Brabham, as a replacement for twice World Champion Nelson Piquet, who had moved to Williams to join <mask>'s former Lotus teammate Nigel Mansell. Fellow Italian Riccardo Patrese was his teammate.Patrese was returning to the Bernie Ecclestone owned team after two unhappy years with Alfa Romeo. The 1986 Brabham-BMW, the BT55, was the brainchild of long time Brabham designer Gordon Murray. The BT55 was a lowline car with a reduced frontal area, the idea being to have a cleaner airflow over the car to create more downforce, while at the same time reducing the car's drag. The chassis proved effective, unlike the l4 BMW turbo that had to be tilted to an angle of 72°. This caused severe oil surge and an even greater lack of throttle response than the BMW had become famous for. Although the team worked

masks:
De Angelis
de Angelis
De Angelis
de Angelis
De Angelis
De Angelis
de Angelis
De Angelis
de Angelis


texts:
 hard to overcome these problems, it was clear from early in the season that Brabham had fallen behind the leading pack. Death and aftermath
In May 1986, during tests at the Paul Ricard circuit in France, the rear wing of <mask>'s BT55 detached at high speed resulting in the car losing downforce on the rear wheels, which instigated a cartwheel over a sidetrack barrier, causing the car to catch fire.The impact itself did not kill <mask> but he was unable to extract himself from the car unassisted. The situation was exacerbated by the lack of track marshals on the circuit who could have provided him with emergency assistance. A 30-minute delay ensued before a helicopter arrived and <mask> died 29 hours later, at the hospital in Marseille where he had been taken, from smoke inhalation. His actual crash impact injuries were only a broken collar bone and light burns on his back. <mask>'s death also saw the end of Formula One using the full 5.81 km (3.61 mi) Paul Ricard Circuit. F1 cars started using the 3.812 km (2.369 mi) "Club" version of the circuit, bypassing the Verriere curves where the Brabham had crashed, and cutting the length of the Mistral Straight from 1.8 to 1 km in length. The move was unpopular with many of the drivers, although most did like the reduced straight length as it was easier on the engines.Paul Ricard would not host a race on the full layout until , which featured sharper Verriere curves and a chicane on Mistral effectively cutting the straight to two 800m straights. <mask>'s place in the Brabham team was subsequently taken by Derek Warwick, allegedly because Warwick was the only available top level driver who did not contact team owner Bernie Ecclestone immediately after <mask>'s death asking to replace him. McLaren driver Keke Rosberg, who was a close friend of <mask>, retired at the end of the 1986 season. <mask> was the last driver to die in a Formula One car until Roland Ratzenberger died

masks:
de Angelis
de Angelis
de Angelis
De Angelis
De Angelis
de Angelis
de Angelis
De Angelis


texts:
 during qualifying for the San Marino Grand Prix at Imola eight years later. The day after Ratzenberger's death, <mask>'s former Lotus teammate (and by then a triple World Champion) Ayrton Senna was killed on the seventh lap when his Williams-Renault crashed into the Tamburello Curve wall at over . Legacy
<mask> was a concert-standard pianist, and famously kept his fellow Formula One drivers entertained with his skills while they locked themselves in a Johannesburg hotel before the 1982 South African Grand Prix at Kyalami when the Grand Prix Drivers Association held a strike in protest at the new Super Licence conditions imposed by the governing body, the  FIA. The French-Italian driver Jean Alesi, who broke into the sport in , wore a helmet that matched <mask>'s design, in tribute to his semi-compatriot.In 2016, in an academic paper that reported a mathematical modelling study that assessed the relative influence of driver and machine, <mask> was ranked the 20th best Formula One driver of all time. In 2017 <mask> was honoured at the Ludovico Scarfiotti Memorial in Rome. Racing record

Career summary

Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

 ‡ Race was stopped with less than 75% of laps completed, half points awarded. References

External links
 <mask> <mask> Tribute Page
 Unfinished Symphony: An Elio <mask> Tribute
 <mask> <mask> at Motorsport Memorial

1958 births
1986 deaths
Italian racing drivers
Italian Formula One drivers
Shadow Formula One drivers
Team Lotus Formula One drivers
Brabham Formula One drivers
Formula One race winners
European Formula Two Championship drivers
FIA European Formula 3 Championship drivers
Italian Formula Three Championship drivers
British Formula One Championship drivers
Racing drivers killed while racing
Deaths by smoke inhalation
Italian pianists
Racing drivers from Rome
Sport deaths in France
20th-century pianists
20th-century Italian

masks:
de Angelis
De Angelis
de Angelis
de Angelis
de Angelis
Elio
de Angelis
de Angelis
Elio
de Angelis


texts:
<mask> of Hanau-Münzenberg (1602–1651) was Landgravine consort and Regent of Hesse-Kassel. She married the future William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1619 and became Landgravine upon his ascension to power in 1627. In 1637, military defeats forced her and William V into exile in East Frisia. Later that year, she became regent for their son William VI upon her husband's death. Through skillful diplomacy and military successes in the Thirty Years' War, she advanced the fortunes of Hesse-Kassel and influenced the Peace of Westphalia that brought the conflict to an end. She handed over an enlarged landgraviate to her son when she abdicated upon his majority in 1650. However, her health had deteriorated over the course of the war, and she died soon after her abdication in 1651.Early life

Amalie <mask> was born in 1602 to Philip Louis II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg and Countess Catharina Belgica of Nassau. Her mother was a daughter of William the Silent, making Amalie <mask> the niece of her contemporary Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. Through her mother's numerous siblings, Amalie <mask> was also related to many of the other noble houses of Europe. These included the Reformation-minded Wittelsbachs in Heidelberg, where she lived for a while with her aunt, Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau, and her husband Frederick IV, Elector Palatine. After the early death of her father in 1612, she returned to Hanau. She later stayed with her relatives in the Netherlands. In 1618, when Amalie <mask> was 16, the Defenestration of Prague triggered a revolt in Bohemia, beginning the conflict that would come to be known as the Thirty Years’ War.At the time she was engaged

masks:
Ame Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Elisabeth


texts:
 to Albrecht Jan Smiřický von Smiřice, one of the six Bohemian nobles at the Defenestration of Prague who threw the Emperor's representative from a window. However, Albrecht Johann Smiřický died later that year, before the couple could be married. There was a quarrel between Amalie <mask> and his heirs over his inheritance, which came to an end when the Habsburgs confiscated it in 1621. Soon after the death of Albrecht Johann Smiřický, Amalie <mask> was engaged to William of Hesse-Kassel. This betrothal was part of a larger effort by William’s father Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, to build alliances with other anti-Habsburg states. Landgravine

Amalie <mask> married William of Hesse-Kassel in 1619. They had their first child, Agnes, in 1620, and would go on to have 12 children together.During the first years of their marriage, William’s father Landgrave Maurice was facing serious internal and external challenges to his authority. Many of these challenges would remain unresolved until Amalie <mask> became regent. In 1604, the ruling family of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg had died out, and the will of its last Landgrave stipulated that its territory should be divided between Landgrave Maurice of Hesse-Kassel and Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, provided they both agreed to preserve the Lutheran faith. However, in 1603 Maurice had converted to Calvinism and he later attempted to convert his half of the Marburg inheritance to his new faith. Louis V, a devout Lutheran, thus challenged Maurice’s right to the inheritance, taking the case to the Aulic Council. Maurice had little reason to think the court would find in his favor, as Calvinism was

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts: not one of the legally recognized religions of the Empire. He began forming alliances with anti-Habsburg states, joining the Protestant Union in 1609.In 1623, the Aulic Council ruled in favor of Louis V and awarded Hesse-Darmstadt the entire inheritance and further financial reparations. In 1624 Louis V, who had established connections with the Catholic League, moved to enforce his claim, with Imperial General Tilly occupying Marburg and southern Hesse-Kassel. Landgrave Maurice tried desperately to raise a force to expel Tilly and prevent the annexation, but he was opposed from within Hesse-Kassel by the Landgraviate’s estates, composed of representatives from the local towns and nobility. No new taxes could be levied without the approval of the estates, and because they opposed Maurice’s foreign policy goals they prevented him from raising an army. After years of fruitless struggle, in 1627 the estates forced Maurice to abdicate to his son William. William now became Landgrave William V, with Amalie <mask> as his Landgravine. From the beginning of his reign, William V desired to reverse the humiliating settlement forced on Hesse-Kassel by the Emperor and the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.His anti-Imperial sentiments were further enflamed by the issuing of the Edict of Restitution in 1629, which strengthened Imperial authority and directly threatened his religion. In 1630, when Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded to oppose the Emperor, William V became the first German prince to officially ally with Sweden. Initially, the war went well for the allies, with William V and the Swedes achieving many victories. As the war continued William V began to receive


texts: subsidies from France. The allies also eventually occupied several territories in Westphalia, which Gustavus Adolphus granted to William V in lieu of subsidies. These subsidies and territories gave William V an independent source of revenue, preventing the Hessian estates from obstructing his war effort as they had his father’s. When William V was away on military campaigns, Amalie <mask> ran affairs in Hesse-Kassel on his behalf.The Imperial and Spanish troops' victory against Sweden in the 1634 Battle of Nördlingen led many German princes to desert Sweden and sign the Peace of Prague with the Emperor. However, because he was excluded from the general amnesty and because the Peace of Prague did not protect the rights of Calvinists, William V was one of the few princes who refused to make peace. Instead, he signed an alliance with the French, who now officially joined the war on the side of the Swedes. On the 13th of June 1636 William V liberated the city of Hanau, Amalie <mask>’s birthplace, from a siege by Imperial troops. Despite this success the Peace of Prague had decisively shifted the balance of the war in the Emperor’s favor, and military defeats soon left Hesse-Kassel itself under attack by Imperial armies. These defeats forced William V, Amalie <mask>, and their 8 year-old son and heir William to withdraw to the territory of East Frisia, which had been recently occupied by William V’s forces. During this flight, William V and Amalie <mask> had to leave their young daughters Amelia, Charlotte, <mask> and Louise behind in Kassel.William V soon fell ill, and on October 1, 1637, he died in Leer, East Frisia, at age 36. His will named Amalie <mask>

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts:
 as regent for their still underage son, now William VI. The most important instrument of power he left his wife was his army, which had been able to flee to Frisia. Regency

Consolidation of Power
William V's will stipulated that Amalie <mask> should rule at the head of a regency council composed of the former members of his royal council. However, the Landgravine quickly enforced her own authority and diminished the influence of the other regency council members. She accomplished this by frequently flattering the councilors and shaming them when they did not eagerly obey her. She also physically separated them by sending them on frequent diplomatic missions across Europe.Another tactic she used to great effect was delaying decisions when the councilors pushed her to do things she did not wish to do. She even delayed the official establishment of the regency government, thus leaving the councilors’ authority in question. Amalie <mask> also moved quickly to secure control over her late husband’s army. In 17th century Europe, it was considered highly unusual for a female ruler to hold authority over military matters. As a result, after her ascension both Charles Louis, Prince Palatine, and William V’s half-brother Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Eschwege asked to be given command of Hesse-Kassel’s armies. Amalie <mask> rebuffed both advances, telling the Prince Palatine that he should not approach her while he had no lands, funds, or allies, and forcing Landgrave Frederick to accept her authority. Although she was determined to retain control over the army, she did allow its command to remain in the hands of her late husband’s top general, Peter Melander,

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts: Count of Holzappel.Retaining Melander was not without risk, as he was notoriously greedy and self-interested, so his defection was always a possibility. Amalie <mask> managed to retain Melander’s loyalty with the help of the French Court, which, fearing Melander’s defection to the Imperialists, offered him generous amounts of money and new titles. One of the Landgravine’s first actions as regent was to order the army and the inhabitants of the territories still under her control to swear an oath of loyalty to her young son William VI, further solidifying her power. Amalie <mask> faced unique threats to her legitimacy because she was a woman. Many in 17th century Europe considered government by women to be unjustifiable under any circumstances, but there were some exceptions. For example, in 1559 John Calvin wrote that “there were occasionally women so endowed, that the singular good qualities which shown forth in them, made it evident that they were raised up by divine authority." Throughout her reign, Amalie <mask> asserted that she was one such woman, repeatedly claiming that God had placed her in this position and it was her responsibility to carry out his will.She also stressed her role as a widow and mother to reinforce her legitimacy, refusing any course of action which would violate her late husband’s intent or compromise her son’s inheritance. Amalie <mask> also continued her husband’s efforts to limit the power of the Hessian estates. Because she retained the territories occupied by her husband and eventually renegotiated subsidies from the French, she maintained sources of revenue independent of the estates. As a result, she was able to overlook


texts:
 the estates’ hostility towards her government and rebuff their repeated calls for peace. She was also able to dismiss the grievances of the estates when they were presented to her upon her return to Hesse-Kassel. Diplomacy

Amalie <mask> inherited a desperate situation from her husband. Although she held East Frisia and other territories in Westphalia, the countryside of Hesse-Kassel was under Imperial occupation and its fortresses were under siege.The situation deteriorated further in late October 1637, when Landgrave George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, son of Landgrave Louis V, announced that the Emperor had declared the late William V an enemy of the Empire, annulled his will, and appointed George II as imperial administrator of Hesse-Kassel. The situation within Hesse-Kassel was so desperate that Amalie <mask>’s councilors and the Hessian estates opened negotiations with George II at Marburg and urged the Landgravine to accept whatever terms were necessary to achieve peace. However, George II refused to offer any concessions and demanded Hesse-Kassel’s unconditional submission to the Emperor. He also demanded very harsh terms for his own benefit, such as further territorial concessions to Hesse-Darmstadt, control over her regency government, and that the Hesse-Darmstadt line supplant Hesse-Kassel’s as the senior Hessian house. Amalie <mask> concluded that the terms were intolerable and unjust and repeatedly refused to ratify the agreement, against the advice of her councilors. Events soon vindicated her repeated refusals to make peace, as in 1638 the French and Swedish armies, along with Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, defeated and captured an Imperial army at the


texts: Battle of Rheinfelden. This victory allowed Hessian General Peter Melander to successfully negotiate a cease-fire with the Imperial forces in the region.With her position quickly improving, Amalie <mask> sought a better settlement than the terms offered by Landgrave George II. To this end she and her councilors appealed to the other German princes, arguing that George II’s stubbornness and unreasonable demands were preventing a settlement from being reached. As more princes were convinced by this argument, and as the French and Swedish continued to gain momentum, the Emperor decided to revoke George II’s authority over the negotiations and appointed the Elector of Mainz to conclude the treaty. The Elector of Mainz was one of the princes whose lands in Westphalia were occupied by Amalie <mask>’s forces, so he sought to make peace as quickly as possible. The Elector offered more generous terms, including no further territorial or political concessions to Hesse-Darmstadt and official recognition of the right of all Calvinist princes to practice their religion. Amalie <mask> was delighted by these terms and agreed to ratify the treaty. The Emperor, however, refused to ratify it, as the legalization of Calvinism was not a concession he was willing to accept.While she was negotiating with the Emperor for a separate peace, Amalie <mask> also negotiated with France. After the death of William V, the French feared that Amalie <mask>’s regency was unstable and could collapse, so they halted all subsidy payments to Hesse-Kassel. Although French agents had since reported that the Landgravine had a firm grip on power, by early 1639 the subsidy payments had still not

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts:
 resumed. She thus requested that the subsidies be renewed and increased and that the alliance between France and Hesse-Kassel be restored. In the ensuing negotiations, Amalie <mask> used her gender to her advantage by portraying herself as an unfortunate widow faced with a desperate situation and in dire need of help from the French court. She also stressed Hesse-Kassel’s importance to the allied cause, claiming that if she were to fall France and Sweden would not be able to defeat the Emperor. In addition to these tactics, she strengthened her negotiating position by making her negotiations for peace with the Emperor public, signaling to the French that she would make a separate peace if they did not agree to her terms.The French eventually agreed to her demands, and in August 1639 they signed the Treaty of Dorsten, renewing the alliance and granting her a greater subsidy than her husband had received. Over the next decade of war, the alliance between France and Hesse-Kassel would remain firm, and Amalie <mask> would maintain amicable ties with the French court. Her efforts also earned her the admiration of the First Minister of France, Cardinal Richelieu, who wrote in 1637 that the Landgravine “defended herself with courage, not least by the force, as by the justice of her cause." Thirty Years' War

After renewing Hesse-Kassel’s alliance with France, Amalie <mask> rejoined the war on the allied side. She soon agreed to support a joint allied offensive and in 1640 ordered General Peter Melander to link up with the armies of France and Sweden. Melander, however, did not support rejoining the war against the Emperor and strongly objected to serving under


texts: the Swedish Field Marshal Johan Banér, who had been given overall command of the allied army. In July 1640 Melander returned to Kassel and offered his resignation.Amalie <mask>, having had enough of Melander’s criticisms of her leadership, accepted the resignation. Peter Melander would later become a general in the Imperial army and fight against Hesse-Kassel. Over the remaining course of the war, the Landgravine chose several other men to command her armies, including Count Kaspar von Eberstein and Johann von Geyso. Amalie <mask> remained allied with France and Sweden and committed the army of Hesse-Kassel to their cause until the end of the war. In 1641 Hessian troops fought alongside the French and Swedish armies. Together they won a pyrrhic victory in the Battle of Wolfenbüttel. Later that year, the Swedish attempted to relieve a Hessian force under siege in Dorsten, where Amalie <mask> had once held court, but they were too late, and Dorsten fell to Imperial forces in September.In January 1642, Hessian forces assisted the French army under the Comte de Guébriant in winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Kempen, strengthening the allied position along the Rhine. Two Hessian cavalry regiments fought alongside Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson’s forces at the Second Battle of Breitenfeld in October 1642. The battle was a major victory for the allies, leaving the Habsburg Hereditary lands vulnerable and further turning the tide of the war. Hessian forces were also present at the last battle of the Thirty Years’ War, which took place at Wevelinghoven in 1648. In this battle, the Hessian army under Johann von Geyso defeated an Imperial army


texts: under Guillaume de Lamboy. In addition to committing troops to the major campaigns of the war, Amalie <mask> also launched initiatives to increase the size of her children’s inheritance. For example, in 1641 the last count of Hanau-Münzenberg died without a male heir and a succession struggle ensued between many different claimants.Amalie <mask> had a great deal of influence in Hanau-Münzenberg because it was the county of her birth, her husband had liberated it from Imperial siege in 1636, and its government owed money to Hesse-Kassel. One claimant, Count Friedrich Casimir of Hanau-Lichtenberg, offered to allow the territory to revert to Hesse-Kassel if his line ever lacked a male heir in exchange for Amalie <mask> supporting his claim. She accepted the deal and in 1643 Count Friedrich Casimir won the succession struggle with her help. Thereafter if the Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg ever died without a male heir, Hanau-Münzenberg would belong to Hesse-Kassel, which eventually took place in 1736. Amalie <mask>’s most significant initiative was her campaign to reclaim the Marburg inheritance lost to Hesse-Darmstadt by her late father-in-law. In October 1643, she re-asserted Hesse-Kassel’s claim to the territory, using the opinions of legal experts to show that the 1627 treaty conceding it was both illegal and forced. In 1645, she went a step further by launching an invasion and occupying Marburg and the rest of the disputed territory.This was the start of the Hessenkrieg, or "Hessian War," which would be waged throughout the later stages of the Thirty Years’ War. Initially, the experienced army of Hesse-Kassel was easily able to defeat the meager forces


texts:
 Landgrave George II was able to muster. However, George II requested aid from the Imperialists, and the Emperor and the Elector of Bavaria sent a force under Peter Melander to assist him. Amalie <mask> called upon her French and Swedish allies to support her, and the main focus of the war shifted to the conflict in Hesse. In 1647 Melander managed to retake the city of Marburg, but the city’s fortress held out and Melander’s army began to run out of supplies. In December of that year a cannonball from the fortress seriously injured Melander, and in January 1648 his army retreated from the territory. Amalie <mask>’s forces re-occupied Marburg, and George II was forced to come to terms.In April of that year, both Hessian houses signed an agreement in which Amalie <mask> received most of the disputed territory, including the valuable city of Marburg. Peace of Westphalia
In 1642, diplomats laid plans to host a general peace conference between the Emperor, the French and the Swedish in the Westphalian cities of Münster and Osnabrück, although the negotiations would not begin for several more years. Once they began all the princes of the Empire were invited to attend the congress, with Catholic princes joining the French at Münster and Protestant princes going to Osnabrück with the Swedes. Because Amalie <mask> was one of the few German princes remaining at war with the Emperor, she sent diplomatic delegations to both Münster and Osnabrück. Throughout the negotiations the Landgravine instructed her diplomats to pursue an uncompromising strategy to achieve her demands. This strategy did not endear her to any of the other princes, as her demands were far more


texts: ambitious than they had expected and many thought she was being unreasonable. In addition to negotiating with the princes of the Empire, Amalie <mask> also had to repeatedly ensure that her French and Swedish allies would not abandon her demands in favor of their own.One of Amalie <mask>’s most ambitious demands was a formal change in the structure of the Holy Roman Empire. Her husband, the late Landgrave William V, had been a staunch opponent of the Habsburg emperors’ attempts at centralization and believed that every Imperial prince should enjoy the same rights. Amalie <mask> thus sought to achieve her husband’s goal of stripping the Emperor and the Electors of their power over the Empire by formalizing an aristocratic interpretation of the Imperial constitution. This goal was also supported by the French, the Swedes, and a few German princes, the most prominent of which was the Elector of Brandenburg. However, these allies were prevented from working together by other disputes. Sweden and Brandenburg both claimed the territory of Pomerania, so the Imperial negotiator mediated the dispute, awarding Sweden half of Pomerania and compensating Brandenburg with lands elsewhere. As a result of this mediation, both parties agreed to drop their demands for changes to the constitution of the Empire.Without their support, Amalie <mask> was unable to achieve all of her constitutional goals. Although a complete re-interpretation of the Imperial constitution did not occur, Amalie <mask> and her allies did achieve important concessions on this issue. The Peace of Westphalia confirmed that every Imperial Prince had the right to make alliances and take up arms


texts: independently. The most important issue for Amalie <mask> was the question of religion. Throughout the conference she repeatedly demanded that Calvinism be given the same legal status within the Empire as Catholicism and Lutheranism. She faced strong opposition on this issue, both from the Emperor’s delegates and from those of the Lutheran princes, who were not inclined to make common cause with their fellow protestants. However, this was not an issue she was willing to compromise on, as she had repeatedly refused to make peace in the past without explicit protections for her religion.Eventually her hardline stance won out, and the delegates agreed to grant Calvinists the same rights enjoyed by Catholics and Lutherans since the Peace of Augsburg. Amalie <mask> also advanced the interests of Hesse-Kassel throughout the conference. She initially demanded territorial concessions from the princes whose lands in Westphalia she occupied. These demands were strongly opposed by many other princes, so she eventually agreed to drop them in exchange for 600,000 Reichsthalers in reparations payments. Although she did not achieve these territorial demands, she did gain recognition of her acquisition of the Marburg inheritance and several smaller territories such as Hersfeld Abbey and parts of the County of Schaumburg. In addition, the Landgravine successfully negotiated an amnesty going back to 1618 for herself and all other princes outside the Habsburg hereditary lands. With the help of Sweden and France, she also secured a compensation payment to demobilize her army, the only German territory to do so.In total <mask> <mask> achieved many of her objectives and

masks: Elisabeth Elisabeth Amalie Elisabeth


texts:
 wielded significant influence on the Peace of Westphalia, despite being the ruler of a minor German state. In the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, there are a full 15 paragraphs specifically addressing the affairs of Hesse-Kassel and Amalie Elisabeth. Death
Amalie <mask>’s efforts during the war and the burdens they brought with them had a lasting impact, and her health had steadily deteriorated through the war. In September 1650, she declared her intention to abdicate and transfer power to her son William VI, who had turned 21 earlier that year. On the 5th of October, she held an extravagant abdication ceremony, attended by her advisors and the Hessian estates, at which William VI was officially granted control over the court. Before her abdication, Amalie <mask> had overseen the marriage of her daughter Charlotte to Elector Charles Louis of the Palatinate. In March 1651, she and her daughter <mask> traveled to Heidelberg to visit the newly married Electress Charlotte and her husband.While she was there, she suffered a severe bout of rheumatism in her foot and had to have part of it amputated in a painful surgery. Amalie <mask> returned to Kassel completely exhausted and with her condition much deteriorated. Four weeks later, on August 8, 1651, Amalie <mask> died in her sleep in Kassel. She was buried in the Martinskirche cemetery on September 30. Legacy
Amalie <mask> was remembered fondly among Calvinists for her efforts to preserve the Reformed faith in the Holy Roman Empire. When she visited Heidelberg in 1651, she was praised by the city’s inhabitants, who called her a second Deborah. In his 1901 book Women of the Reformed Church, James Isaac


texts:
 Good calls her both a “Reformed Deborah” and a “Reformed Joan of Arc."Her first biography was likely written by Christian Gottfried Körner and appeared as an appendix to the Representation of the Thirty Years War by Friedrich Schiller. <mask> <mask> was one of only four women accepted into King Ludwig I's Walhalla hall of fame during his lifetime (There are twelve women present today). Her bust was carved by Christian Friedrich Tieck. Although <mask> <mask>’s reign was remembered for generations, modern scholarship on the Thirty Years’ War often pays little or no attention to her or her accomplishments. The foremost English-language biography on her is The Iron Princess: Amalia Elizabeth and the Thirty Years' War, written by Dr. Tryntje Helfferich and published in 2013. In her book, Dr. Helfferich argues that Amalie <mask>’s role in the Thirty Years’ War has been marginalized in modern works “largely because she was a woman, for her role in the Thirty Years War rivaled that of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, Cardinal Mazarin, or even King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden." Issue
Agnes (24 November 1620 – 20 August 1626).Maurice (born and died 24 September 1621). <mask> (21 October 1623 – 13 January 1624). William (31 January 1625 – 11 July 1626). Emilie (11 February 1626 – 15 February 1693), married 15 May 1648 to Henri Charles de La Trémoille. Charlotte (20 November 1627 – 16 March 1686), married 12 February 1650 (div. 14 April 1657) to Charles I Louis of the Palatinate. William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (23 May 1629 – 16 July 1663), married 9 July 1646 to Margravine Hedwig Sophie of Brandenburg.Philipp (16 June 1630 – 17 August 1638). Adolf (17 December 1631 –

masks: Amalie Elisabeth Amalie Elisabeth Elisabeth Elisabeth


texts:
 17 March 1632). Karl (18/19 June 1633 – 9 March 1635). <mask> (23 June 1634 – 22 March 1688), Princess-Abbess of Herford. Stillbirth (8 February 1635). Luise (5 November 1636 – 6 January 1638). Stillbirth (28 May 1637).References

|-

1602 births
1651 deaths
17th-century women rulers
Countesses of Hanau-Münzenberg
House of Hesse-Kassel
Landgravines of Hesse-Kassel
German people of the Thirty Years' War
German female regents
17th-century German


texts:
<mask> (born February 23, 1976) is a retired right-handed pitcher. He played for the Houston Astros (–), Colorado Rockies (2001–), Cleveland Indians (2004–, ) and the Kansas City Royals (–)

Playing career

Minor leagues; Houston Astros (1994–2001)
Elarton was chosen by the Astros in the first round of the  Major League Baseball Draft (25th overall) when he was 18 years old. Foregoing college for the Minor Leagues, Elarton went from the single-A level to triple-A in  and made his Major League debut on June 20, 1998, at 22 years of age. He spent most of 1998 as a relief pitcher and registered a 3.32 earned run average,  but gave up the game-winning run in the pivotal Game 3 of the National League Division Series against the eventual league champion San Diego Padres. Elarton started  in the bullpen. He was moved to the starting rotation in early July and recorded a 3.48 ERA and 9–5 record. Elarton had shoulder surgery after the 1999 season and started  on the disabled list and in Minor League rehabilitation.Despite the injury, he had the best season of his career in 2000, posting a 17–7 record for a poor Astros team that compiled only a 72–90 record. Winning twice as many games as any other pitcher on the team at the hitter-friendly Enron Field while posting a 4.81 ERA, he was named the team's Pitcher of the Year. In 2001, <mask>'s ERA rose to 7.14 in 20 starts for the Astros, compiling a record of 4–8 before his trade to the Rockies. Colorado Rockies (2001–2004)
He was traded to the Rockies for Pedro Astacio at the trading deadline, returning Elarton to his home state of Colorado. The Rockies' hitter-friendly Coors Field stadium did little to improve his ERA, which finished at 7.06 as he was shut down due to shoulder discomfort, appearing in only 4 games for the

masks:
Vincent Scott Elarton
Elarton


texts:
 Rockies. He also finished the season at fifth-worst in the National League in home runs allowed and eighth-worst in earned runs allowed. Elarton had major shoulder surgery and missed the entire  season.He then spent  primarily in the minors, posting an ERA of 5.31 with a 6–8 record before getting the call up to the Rockies. Elarton posted a 6.27 ERA in 11 games in the majors. Entering 2004, Elarton was competing for a starting spot in the Rockies rotation. After a good spring training, Elarton made the opening day roster as the 5th starter. Through 8 starts, he posted an ERA of 9.80 without winning a decision and also set a Colorado record for most consecutive decision losses to open a season, as he opened the season 0–6. The Rockies released him in mid-May. Cleveland Indians (2004–2005)
After being released by the Rockies in 2004, he was signed to a Minor-League contract by Cleveland and was soon back in the Majors.He posted a 4.53 ERA and win-loss record of 3–5 and earned his first victory on July 29 against the Tigers, pitching 7 innings. On August 29, 2004, Elarton pitched the best game of his career against the Chicago White Sox, a two-hit complete game shutout, allowing only one walk and recording six strikeouts. In 2005, <mask> spent his first season entirely in the Majors since 2001. He recorded his first double-digit winning season since 2000. He responded with an 11–9 record for the second-place Indians and a 4.61 ERA while ranking among the ten worst in home runs allowed for the second year in a row. Kansas City Royals (2006–2007)
After the 2005 season, <mask> was signed as a free agent by the Kansas City Royals. In 2006, Elarton gave up Derek Jeter's 2000th career hit.<mask> was shut down after 20 starts, finishing with a 4–9 record and a strikeout/walk

masks: Elarton Elarton Elarton


texts:
 ratio of 3.8 (49 strikeouts, 52 walks) in 114 innings. The Royals released him on July 25, 2007, after going 2–4 with a 10.46 ERA in 37 innings. Return to the Cleveland Indians (2008)
He signed a Minor League contract with the Indians on August 3, 2007. He re-signed with the Indians on February 8, 2008, to a Minor League contract with an invitation to spring training. He was called up to the majors on May 24. On July 8, <mask> was put on the 15-day disabled list with a non-baseball condition. He had been on the restricted list prior to that with what Indians manager Eric Wedge described as "personal issues."Chicago White Sox (2010)
After taking a year off from baseball, Elarton signed a minor league deal with the White Sox. He appeared in just 16 games for their minor league affiliate Charlotte Knights after being hampered by a toe injury the whole season. Philadelphia Phillies (2012)
Elarton spent the following years battling numerous injuries and remaining outside of professional baseball. He was at 299 pounds between 2009 and 2011. In 2011, a chance encounter with Philadelphia Phillies general manager Rubén Amaro, Jr. led to Elarton receiving a minor league contract with Phillies and an invitation the team's  spring training. Elarton spent the whole year in the Phillies minor league affiliate Lehigh Valley IronPigs. He pitched in 26 starts, going 6–11 with an ERA of 5.41.At one point, Elarton had a 22 inning scoreless streak. For Elarton, it was just a matter of having love for the game again after appearing in just 16 games from 2009 to 2012. Minnesota Twins (2013)
On December 11, 2012, the Minnesota Twins signed <mask> to a minor-league contract. but released him before the end of spring training. He then signed a contract with the Sugar Land Skeeters for the

masks: Elarton Elarton


texts:
 2013 season. Sugar Land Skeeters
Soon after being released by Minnesota, Elarton signed a contract to pitch for the Sugar Land Skeeters. At the end of the 2013 season, he announced his retirement, where the crowd gave him a standing ovation.Coaching career

Pittsburgh Pirates farm system
On January 14, 2014, it was announced that Elarton would serve as the pitching coach for the Gulf Coast League Pirates, the Gulf Coast League affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates. The following season, Elarton was named as the pitching coach for the Pirates' High-A affiliate, the Bradenton Marauders. The next season, he was named a special assistant to the general manager in the Pirates' front office. Scouting report
At 6 feet, 7 inches, Elarton would hide the ball well due to his tall frame, relying on a sinking two-seam fastball. At the time of his callup with the Astros, his fastball clocked at 93–95 MPH, but due to multiple shoulder injuries, it lost two to three miles per hour, reaching between 90 and 92 MPH. Elarton also threw a curveball, a changeup and a cutter. His propensity for being a flyball pitcher was the reason he gave up a lot of home runs.References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Houston Astros players
Colorado Rockies players
Cleveland Indians players
Kansas City Royals players
People from Lamar, Colorado
Pittsburgh Pirates scouts
Baseball players from Colorado
Major League Baseball pitchers
Gulf Coast Astros players
Quad Cities River Bandits players
Kissimmee Cobras players
Jackson Generals (Texas League) players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Round Rock Express players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Wichita Wranglers players
Omaha Royals players
Charlotte Knights players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Sugar Land


texts:
<mask><mask> FRCSC, AOE, FACS, CABES, (born January 17, 1934) is a Canadian ophthalmologist, university professor, senior editor, and amateur musician. He is better known for his invention, along with Thomas Neuhann, of the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC), a technique employed in modern cataract surgery. Early life
<mask> was born in Calgary, Alberta. The son of Jacob and <mask>, he grew up along with five siblings on a grain and dairy farm east of Calgary near the small town of Beiseker. In 1952, he graduated from high school at Canadian University College near Lacombe (Alberta). He attended Walla Walla University in Washington, and graduated with a degree in physics. It was here where he met his wife and lifetime companion, Judy Carl, whom he married on the evening of his graduation day.Education
<mask> attended medical school at Loma Linda University School of Medicine (California), and graduated in 1960. Given his physics background and interest in optics, the choice of specialization in Ophthalmology came naturally to him. After completing his residency training at White Memorial Medical Center (Los Angeles, California) in 1964, <mask> returned to Calgary where he set up his Ophthalmology practice. Always an early adaptor of new technologies, he soon became known as "Gadget <mask>". In January 1974, <mask> took a course with Charles Kelman in phacoemulsification, a surgical technique for the removal of cataracts through a suture-less, 3 mm incision. Prior to phacoemulsification, cataract surgery required a 10 to 12 mm incision, which was closed with sutures and caused significant astigmatism. Later that same year, he attended the

masks:
Howard V
. Gimbel
Gimbel
Ruth Gimbel
Gimbel
Gimbel
Gimbel
Gimbel


texts:
 first International Intraocular Lens Implantation Course by Cornelius "Cees" Binkhorst and Jan Worst in the Netherlands.Despite being considered standard care today, the concept of intraocular lens implantation during cataract surgery was a topic of much controversy at the time. These two novel techniques had a profound influence on <mask>, who was among the first ophthalmologists in North America to successfully implement them into his practice. Career
In 1984, <mask> introduced radial keratotomy to Canada, a refractive surgery technique in which peripheral corneal incisions are carefully placed to correct refractive errors. That same year he founded an eye surgery centre dedicated to the treatment of cataracts and refractive surgery, the Gimbel Eye Centre. It was around this time that he perfected the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC), and the divide and conquer nucleofractis techniques, two techniques currently employed in small incision cataract surgery. His excellent surgical outcomes compelled him to share these techniques and others with his colleagues at universities and societies around the world through presentations, videotape distribution, and over 25 live satellite broadcasts at international conferences. As the first surgeon in Canada to acquire the excimer laser for refractive surgery, <mask> has remained at the forefront of refractive vision correction.In 1990, the first photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) procedure in Canada was performed at the Gimbel Eye Centre by John A. van Westenbrugge. PRK is a laser treatment of the corneal surface for the correction of refractive errors. Similarly, <mask> was the first surgeon in

masks: Gimbel Gimbel Gimbel Gimbel


texts:
 North America to offer the Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) to his patients in 1997. The ICL is a posterior chamber, phakic intraocular lens used for the correction of moderate to high refractive errors. In February 2000, <mask> accepted an appointment to the Department of Ophthalmology at Loma Linda University, where he remains chairman and professor. He is also an associate professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Calgary, and director of the Anterior Segment and Refractive Surgery fellowship at the Gimbel Eye Centre. In 2009, he was presented with the Canadian Ophthalmological Society Lifetime Achievement Award, and is considered one of the most influential and accomplished ophthalmologists in the world.Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis
The continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) has been crucial to modern cataract surgery. It consists of making a small circular opening on the anterior surface of the crystalline lens to facilitate subsequent phacoemulsification and cataract removal. This technique constitutes a marked improvement from the previous can-opener capsulorhexis, where multiple small anterior capsular tears were connected. By providing a smooth, continuous surface that resists radial extension, the CCC significantly improved the safety and ease of phacoemulsification, effectively popularizing it. <mask> employed this technique as early as 1983, and published his landmark description of it in 1991, along with Thomas Neuhann. Divide and Conquer Nucleofractis (CCC)
One of the basic techniques of cataract nucleofractis (fragmentation and removal), divide and conquer is among the safest approaches to phacoemulsification

masks: Gimbel Gimbel


texts:
 and cataract removal. Its safety is reflected in being among the first techniques of phacoemulsification taught to ophthalmology residents and beginner surgeons around the world.It consists of fashioning two orthogonal and deep central grooves in the crystalline lens nucleus, followed by mechanical fracturing of the cataract with the phacoemulsification probe and second instrument. This effectively divides the cataract into four quadrants that are more easily removed by phacoemulsification. <mask> initially proposed this technique in 1991. Kwitko was the first to perform and introduce radial keratotomy to Canada. Other innovations and techniques

Family life and interests
<mask> currently lives in Calgary, Alberta. He commutes every two weeks between his private practice at the Gimbel Eye Centre in Calgary and his chairman position at Loma Linda University. A lifelong Seventh-day Adventist, he is the father of five children, and has 12 grandchildren.He has a 1,750 acre farm, which he visits on his free time. Besides farming, he enjoys family reunions, hiking, singing in choral groups, and playing musical saw and trombone. He is able to accomplish all of these activities with the support of his wife Judy, who provides organizational support for his travel plans, conferences, and other commitments. Awards and recognitions

References

External links
 <mask>. <mask>:Dialogue With an Adventist Eye Surgeon in Canada College and University Dialogue Retrieved November 23, 2018

1934 births
Living people
Canadian ophthalmologists
People from Calgary
Walla Walla University alumni
Members of the Alberta Order of Excellence
Canadian Seventh-day

masks:
Gimbel
Gimbel
Howard V
Gimbel


texts:
<mask> (21 September 1862 – 30 November 1915) was a noted Indian playwright, dramatist, poet, and writer known for his works in Telugu theatre. Rao wrote the play Kanyasulkam in 1892, which is considered as the greatest play in the Telugu language. One of the pioneers of Indian theatre, Rao holds the titles Kavisekhara and Abyudaya Kavitha Pithamahudu. In 1910, Rao scripted the widely known Telugu patriotic song "Desamunu Preminchumanna". In 1897, Kanyasulkam was published (by Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu and Sons, Madras) and dedicated to Maharaja Ananda Gajapati. <mask> (along with his brother Syamala Rao) wrote several English poems. His Sarangadhara, published in "Indian Leisure Hour", was well received.The editor of the Calcutta-based "Rees and Ryot", Sambhu Chandra Mukherji read it and re-published it in his magazine. Gundukurti Venkata Ramanayya, editor of the "Indian Leisure Hour", encouraged <mask> greatly during the same period. In 1891, <mask> was appointed to the post of Epigraphist to the Maharaja of Vizianagaram. Early life and education
<mask> was born in a Niyogi brahmin family on 21 September 1862 at his maternal uncle's home in Rayavaram village, near Yelamanchili, Visakhapatnam district. His parents were Venkata Rama Dasu and Kausalyamma. Gurajada lived most of his life in and around Vizianagaram in what was then called as Kalinga Rajyam. He and his father before him were both employed by the princely state of Vizianagaram.Gurajada enjoyed a close

masks:
Gurajada Venkata Apparao
Apparao
Apparao
Gurajada
Gurajada


texts:
 relationship with the ruling family during his adult life. He had his initial schooling in Cheepurupalli while his father was working there. His remaining schooling was done at Vizianagaram after his father died. During that time, he was taken care of by the then M.R. College Principal, C. Chandrasekhara Sastri who provided him free lodging and boarding. He completed his matriculation in 1882 and obtained F.A. in 1884.Soon after, he was employed as a teacher in M.R. High School in 1884 with a salary of Rs.25. In 1887, Gurajada spoke at a Congress Party meeting in Vizianagaram. His daughter Voleti Lakshmi Narasamma was born in 1887. He was simultaneously involved in social work and became a member of the Voluntary Service Corps in Visakhapatnam in 1888. He was elected vice-president of the Ananda Gajapati Debating club in 1889. His son <mask> Venkata Ramadasu was born in 1890.In 1891 he was promoted to Lecturer (Level III) with a salary of Rs.125. He taught the F.A. and B.A. classes several subjects including English Grammar, Sanskrit Literature, Translation, Greek and Roman Histories. His younger brother Syamala Rao died in 1892 while studying at Madras Law College. 1908 Congress session at Madras
In 1911, he was appointed to the Board of Studies by Madras University. The same year, <mask> and his friends started the Andhra Sahitya Parishat to promote use of spoken dialects.The next year, he was invited to attend the meeting of the Bangeeya Sahitya Parishat (Bengal Literary

masks: Gurajada Gurajada


texts:
 Association) at Calcutta. Kanyasulkam

Kanyasulkam is about the deplorable condition of widows in traditional Brahmin families in the Andhra region of India during the 19th century. The play is a highly thought-provoking social drama dealing with social issues relevant to the time. <mask> Apparao was deeply troubled by the double standards, hypocrisy and social inequalities in the Indian society. The English preface to the first edition of his play states: "Such a scandalous state of things is a disgrace to society, and literature can not have a higher function than to show up such practices and give currency to a high standard of moral ideas. Until reading habits prevail among masses, one must look only to the stage to exert such healthy influence." Perhaps for the first time in Telugu literary history, a prostitute was given a very positive image so much so that she is shown to better the lives of many people during the course of the play.The play is ageless in the sense that its projection of the Indian mindset and psyche is very relevant and applicable in Indian Society today. The play was, in some ways, ahead of its time and was very bold in criticizing the popular opinions and practices during that era. It frequently jabs at the male-dominated society of India, by bringing to the forefront certain egoistic idiosyncrasies of a typical Indian male, in an unflattering manner. It also questions the practices of witchcraft, sorcery, and their popular usage in medical


texts:
 practice during that period in India. Personal life

Gurajada married Appala Narasamma in 1885. He continued his studies and graduated with B.A. (Philosophy major and Sanskrit minor) in 1886.For some period during 1886, he worked as Head Clerk in the Deputy Collector's office. On Vijayadasami day, 1887, he joined as a Lecturer (Level IV) in M.R. College with a salary of Rs.100. Around the same time, he was introduced to Maharajah Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju (1850–1897). In 1905, Gurajada's mother died. In 1906, his close friend P.T. Srinivasa Iyyangar, principal of Mrs. A.V.N.College, Visakhapatnam started an association to promote curriculum reform in high schools. One of the chief aims was to introduce spoken dialects. Along with him, J.A. Yates (1874–1951) -a British civil servant, Gidugu and Gurajada were the principal members. Another friend S. Srinivasa Iyengar (1874–1941) also gave a lot of support and encouragement. Incidentally, this Srinivasa Iyengar was a well-known lawyer and was the President of AICC (All India Congress Committee) annual session at Guwahati in 1926. <mask>li, Gidugu Rammurty (1863–1940) was his school of thought.Retirement and death
Gurajada retired in 1913, and the then Madras University honored him with the title "Emeritus Fellow". He died on 30 November 1915. Bibliography

Other Literature works
The Cook (N/A. An English Poem -1882)
Sarangadhara (In English, a long poem, (padya kavyam) -1883. {Refer a letter addressed by the Editor of Reis


texts:
 ans Rayyet, to Gundukurti Venkataramanaiah, dated:14-8-1883)
Chandrahasa (N/A. An English long poem, padya kavyam - Authorship and Date uncertain)
Victoria Prasasti (English poems in praise of Queen Victoria presented to the then Viceroy of India by Maharani of Reeva -1890)
KanyaSulkamu (Drama, First Ed. -1892, Completely revised second Ed.-1909)
Review and Introduction in English to Sree rama vijayam and jArji dEva caritaM (both Sanskrit works -1894)
Edited (1890s) "the Wars of Rajas, Being the History of Hande Anantapuram, Thathacharyula kathalu," both originally collected by C.P. Brown. These works were published after <mask>'s death. Review and introduction in English to Harischandra (An English Drama -1897)
Minugurlu (children's story, perhaps the first in modern style -1903?) Kondubhatteeyam (Unfinished humorous drama -1906)
Neelagiri patalu (Songs describing the beauty of Nilagiri hills where Gurajada recuperated from an illness -1907)
 "Madras Congress" an article by Gurajada, in The Hindu, on the 1908 Congress Party Annual Session at Madras criticizing the lack of focus, integrity and strong will to take on the British rulers, original not traceable, only Avasarala Suryarao's Telugu translation is now available. Part of the above said article, a poem parodying the session,is now available. "Canna kalapu cinna buddhulu," essay denouncing the superstitions associated with the appearance of Haley's Comet in 1910.Mutyala Saralu and Kasulu (Poems in Gurajada's own meter,


texts:
 matra Chandassu -1910). Many poems and short stories in modern style during the same year. These were perhaps the earliest instances of modern short stories in Telugu. Also published several essays supporting the use of vernacular as formal language. His famous patriotic song "Desamunu Preminchumanna" was written around this time. Bilhaneeyam (Unfinished drama, Act I -1910, Act II -1911)
Lavanaraju kala (Poem -1911)
Kanyaka (Poem -1912)
Subhadra (Poem -1913)
Visvavidyalayalu: samskrita, matru Bhashalu (Report submitted to Madras University -1914)
Asammati patram (Minute of Dissent -report against the decision of Madras University to retain classical language as the platform for curriculum development -1914)
Dimcu langaru (Poem -1914)
Langarettumu (Poem -1915)
"Sree gurajada appa ravu gari Daireelu," Collected dairies of Gurajada published many decades after Gurajada's death. Editor: Burra Seshagiri Rao
'Gurujadalu', complete works of Gurajada (Mahakavi Gurajada Sarvalabhya Rachanala Samkalanam); Editors:Sri Pennepalli Gopalakrishna, Dr Kalidasu Purushotham and Sri Mannem Rayudu, Published by MANASU Foundation, Hyderabad.First Edition: 21 September 2012. "Subject For An Extravaganza" An English Poem by Gurajada, published in 'Vijaya' magazine by Ramadasu Pantulu around 1940. References

Telugu poets
Telugu people
Telugu writers
Hindu poets
1862 births
1915 deaths
Telugu-language writers
University of Madras alumni
Indian arts administrators
Indian theatre


texts:
 directors
19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Indian male dramatists and playwrights
Telugu-language dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Visakhapatnam
19th-century Indian male writers
Dramatists and playwrights from Andhra Pradesh
Poets from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian male writers
People from Visakhapatnam district
People from


texts:
<mask>  (1862–1934) was a Belgian engineer and glass works owner at Charleroi near Brussels. His glass works was the largest in the world in that time. He was one of the first occupied with social economy. He spoke Walloon with his blue collar workers, which was exceptional in that time. He was a prolific writer (in French) of articles for newspaper and political journals, brochures, and books on political philosophy, and had several of his works translated into German and English. He favoured individualism, free trade, and international peace. He also wrote works about corporations, trade unions, government, democracy, and representation, voicing bold and well-intentioned ideas (which may not be altogether consistent).But his criticism of the principle of limited liability in connection with corporations is an original point which seems to have attracted attention at the turn of the century, as well as his ideas about the organisation of trade unions. He was called upon to address lawyers' and economists' associations and other bodies. References

 <mask> - A profound thinker and still relevant - Pierre Casimir-<mask>
 <mask>. Un grand penseur toujours d'actualité, Jean-Louis Van Belle, Editions La Taille d'Aulme, 2010
 <mask>, cofondateur de la

masks:
Henri Lambert
Henri Lambert
Lambert
Henri Lambert
Henri Lambert


texts:
 Ligue internationale du Libre-Échange (1918) ou de l’inutilité de l’Europe unie, Jean-Louis Van Belle

Books
 <mask>, Le Nouveau Contrat Social ou L’Organisation de la Démocratie Individualiste
http://www.henrilambert.eu/medias/files/nouveaucontratsocial.pdf

 The False Peace
http://www.henrilambert.eu/medias/files/falsepeace.pdf

 Pax Economica
http://www.henrilambert.eu/medias/files/paxeconomica.pdf

 The ethics of international trade (1915)
http://www.henrilambert.eu/medias/files/ethicsinternationaltrade.pdf

 Un autre aspect de la question européenne et une solution (1915)
http://www.henrilambert.eu/medias/files/autreaspectquestioneuropeenne.pdf

Articles

1893

H.L., Révision constitutionnelle. Représentation des intérêts, Tamines, s.d. [1893] brochure,15 p. (copie d’une lettre adressée à L’Indépendance belge du 27.12.1892). H.L., « La représentation des intérêts », in Gazette de Charleroi, 27 janvier 1893, p. 1-2.1894

H.L., Note complémentaire à la brochure traitant de l’organisation du suffrage général par la représentation des intérêts, Tamines, 15 p., s.d [1894]. 1895

H.L. et BAUDOUx (É. ), Les syndicats professionnels et l’évolution corporative, Bruxelles,1895, 74 p. H.L., « Situation de l’industrie du verre à vitre en Belgique », in


texts:
 Revue industrielle deCharleroi, 3 février 1895, p. 2. H.L., « Deux hérésies économiques », in Gazette de Charleroi, 7 février 1895, p. 1. H.L., « Situation de l’industrie du verre à vitre en Belgique », in Revue industrielle de Charleroi,10 février 1895, p. 2.H.L., « Situation de l’industrie du verre à vitres en Belgique » in Moniteur industriel de Charleroi et de la province, 10 février 1895, p. 42-43. H.L., « Deux hérésies économiques », in Gazette de Charleroi, 14 février 1895, p. 1. H.L., « Situation de l’industrie du verre à vitre en Belgique », in Revue industrielle deCharleroi, 17 février 1895, p. 2. H.L., « Situation de l’industrie du verre à vitre en Belgique », in Revue industrielle deCharleroi, 17 février 1895, p. 51-52. H.L., « Situation de l’industrie du verre à vitre en Belgique », in Revue industrielle deCharleroi, 24 février 1895, p. 2.x.,

[H.L.?] « La crise verrière.Situation de l’industrie du verre à vitre en Belgique », inGazette de Charleroi, 1 mars 1895, p. 1. H.L., « Controverse économique », in Gazette de Charleroi, 2 mars 1895, p. 1. H.L., « Controverse économique », in Gazette de Charleroi, 3 mars 1895, p. 1.- 375

H.L., « La production en verrerie. Un remède empirique », in Gazette de Charleroi, 21 mars 1895, p. 1. H.L.,


texts:
 « La production en verrerie. Un remède empirique (suite) », in Gazette de Charleroi, 22 mars 1895, p. 1. H.L., « La crise verrière », in Revue industrielle de Charleroi, 14 avril 1895, p. 1-2.H.L., « Producteurs et consommateurs », in Gazette de Charleroi, 21 mai 1895, p. 1. H.L. et BAUDOUx (É.) « Les associations professionnelles », in La Liberté, 22 décembre 1895, p. 1-2. H.L. et BAUDOUx (É. ), « Les associations professionnelles », in La Liberté, 29 décembre 1895, p. 2-3.1896

H.L. et BAUDOUx (É. ), « Les associations professionnelles », in La liberté, 12 janvier 1896,p. 1-2. H.L. et BAUDOUx (É. ), « Les associations professionnelles », in La Liberté, 26 janvier 1896,p.1-2. 1897

H.L. et BAUDOUx (É. ), Les syndicats professionnels et le régime général des associations modernes, Bruxelles, s.d., [1897], 32 p. H.L., Des syndicats de production, s.d., [1897] brochure, 10 p.

1898

H.L. et BAUDOUx (É. ), Rapport à la question « Quelle est la meilleure organisation des Unions professionnelles ?» in STRAUSS (L.), ROOST (A. ), Congrès international de la Législation douanière et de la réglementation du travail, Anvers, du 12 au 17 septembre 1898,I, Rapports, Anvers, 1898, p. 143-154. H.L., « Le système libéral », in La Chronique, 5 novembre 1898,


texts:
 p. 1. 1899

H.L., « La représentation des intérêts », in Gazette de Charleroi, 2 février 1899, p. 1. 1906

H.L., « Le Suffrage universel organisé », in Gazette de Charleroi, 12 février 1906, p. 1. 1907

H.L., « Une appréciation sur le marché verrier », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 28 juillet 1907,p. 233.H.L. et BAUDOUx (É. ), « Le droit commun d’Association », in Revue des Deux-Mondes,15 août 1907, p. 842-860. 1908

H.L., « Les deux régimes », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 12 janvier 1908, p. 10. H.L., « Les deux régimes », in Gazette de Charleroi, 14 janvier 1908, p. 1-2. H.L., « Fédération des Avocats belges. II, Note complémentaire à l’étude sur le droit commun d’association par Eugène Baudoux et <mask> », in Journal des Tribunaux,n° 2204, 16 janvier 1908, col. 52-56.- 376

H.L., « Le droit commun d’association », in Gazette de Charleroi, 19 janvier 1908, p. 1.H.L., « Fédération des Avocats belges, La Personnification civile des associations, Débats ,L’utilité publique », in Journal des Tribunaux, 23 janvier 1908, n° 2206, col. 87. H.L., « Les deux régimes », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 26 janvier 1908, p. 25-26. H.L., « Les deux régimes », in Gazette de Charleroi, 28 janvier 1908, p. 1. H.L., « Fédération des Avocats belges. La Personnification civile


texts:
 des associations, discours d’H.L. », in Journal des Tribunaux, 6 février 1908, n°2210, (suppl.) col.153-159.H.L., « Les deux régimes. Conclusion », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 9 février 1908, p. 41. H.L., « Les deux régimes. Conclusion », in Gazette de Charleroi, 11 février 1908, p. 1-2. H.L., « Le troisième régime. Lettre de M. Henri <mask> », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 23 février1908, p. 58-59. H.L., « La question congolaise.Une solution internationale », in Gazette de Charleroi, 8 avril1908, p. 1. H.L., « Une solution internationale », in Le Ralliement, 19 avril 1908, p. 237-239. H.L., « L’internationalisation du « Congo belge », in Gazette de Charleroi, 18 juin 1908,p. 1-2. H.L., « L’internationalisation du Congo », in Le Ralliement, 5 juillet 1908, p. 408-410. H.L., « L’internationalisation du « Congo belge », in Gazette de Charleroi, 12 juillet 1908,p. 1.H.L., « L’internationalisation du Congo », in Le Ralliement, 26 juillet 1908, p. 453-454. 1909

H.L., « Le droit d’association et le problème social », in L’Opinion, 22 mai 1909, p. 679-680. H.L., « À propos d’une entente générale de la verrerie belge », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 30 mai 1909, p. 169-170. H.L., in VAVASSEUR (J.) « Réforme de la loi sur les syndicats professionnels », Séance du 5


texts:
 juin de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, intervention d’H.L., t. xxII, 1909, Paris, p. 412- 416. H.L., « L’organisation du suffrage universel et la représentation des fonctions sociales (théorie et formule) », in La Revue politique et parlementaire, Paris, avril-juin 1909, t. Lx,p. 62-78.1910

H.L., « Les deux régimes », in Journal des Économistes, t. xxVIII, 15 octobre 1910, Paris,p. 27-47. 1911

H.L., « Les syndicats de fabricants sont-ils un obstacle au progrès des Industries ? Réponse à M. Georges De Leener professeur d’Économie sociale l’Université de Bruxelles », in L’Échode l’Industrie, 13 février 1911, p. 67-69.- 377

H.L., « La Belgique et le libre-échange », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 26 février 1911, p. 65-66. H.L., « La Belgique et le libre échange », in Gazette de Charleroi, 1 mars 1911, p. 1. H.L., FOLLIN, « Le libre échange et la paix », in Gazette de Charleroi, 17 mars 1911, p. 1. H.L., « La Belgique et le libre échange », in Gazette de Charleroi, 22 mars 1911, p. 1.H.L., « Le libre échange, l’arbitrage et la paix », in Gazette de Charleroi, 4 avril 1911, p. 1. H.L., « À propos d’une entente générale de la verrerie belge », in L’Écho de l’Industrie, 30 mai 1911, p. 169-170. 1912

H.L., « Le


texts:
 suffrage universel organisé (projet de réforme parlementaire) » in Revue de Belgique, 15 août-1er septembre 1912, t. 131, Bruxelles, p. 759- 773. 1913

H.L., « Pax Oeconomica », in L’Action économique, 27 avril 1913, p. 1-2. H.L., Pax Oeconomica, Publication de la Ligue du Libre-Échange, Paris, 1913, 15 p. H.L., La question européenne en l’année 1913 et sa solution économique, in Publication de la Ligue du Libre-Échange, avril 1913. H.L., « La représentation des intérêts sociaux », in Le Ralliement, 20 juillet 1913, p. 229-230.H.L., « L’organisation du suffrage universel et la représentation des fonctions sociales », in Le Ralliement, 17 août 1913, p. 261-263. H.L., « Pax Oeconomica », in Le Ralliement, 21 septembre 1913, p. 301. H.L., [ARISTIDION], « Le problème de l’enseignement primaire », in Le Soir, 17 décembre1913, p. 1. 1914

H.L., [ARISTIDION], Le problème de l’enseignement primaire – La solution libérale, s.d. [1914]. H.L., in ZOLLA (D.), « La législation sur les accidents du travail et l’agriculture », Séancedu 5 Mars 1914 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, intervention d’H.L., t. xxVII, Paris, 1914, p. 478. H.L., « La réorganisation des chemins de fer de l’État belge », in L’Action économique,


texts:
 15mars 1914, p. 1-2.H.L, « L’organisation du suffrage universel et la solution de la crise sociale », in L’Individualiste européen, Revue de Philosophie politique, n° 60, juin 1914, p. 26 sq. H.L., « Ingezonden Stukken, Openbrief, Lettre ouverte d’un industriel de Belgique à Monsieur Woodrow Wilson, Président des États-Unis d’Amérique », in Nieuwe RotterdamscheCourant, le 8 octobre 1914, p. 1-2. 1915

H.L., Un autre aspect de la question européenne et une solution (suivi d’une lettre ouverte à M.Wilson Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, le 8 octobre 1914, Londres, 1915, 20 p.- 378

H.L., L’idéal mondial de l’Allemagne et de l’Autriche (réponse à Mr le Docteur Lotz, prof. à l’université de Munich, Châtelineau et Gosselies, 1915, 13 p. H.L., La guerre et le moyen d’éviter son renouvellement (Réponse à Mr. le prof. Brentano, prof. d’économie politique à l’université de Munich), Châtelineau et Gosselies, 1915, 13 p. H.L., The ethics of international trade, Papers for war time, n° 29, Third series, Oxford university press, London, 1915, 24 p. (cf. réédition 2009). H.L.et LUPTON (A. ), The war and the possibilities of a satisfactory settlement, 1915, Westminster,16 p. H.L., « La guerre et le moyen d’éviter son renouvellement (Réponse à Mr. le prof.


texts:
 Brentano,prof. d’économie politique à l’Université de Munich) », in Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant,3 mars 1915, p. 3. H.L., « L’idéal mondial de l’Allemagne et de l’Autriche (réponse à Mr le Docteur Lotz, prof. à l’université de Munich », in Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, 27 avril 1915, p. 1-2. H.L., «Belgium and peace», in The Nation, 3 juillet 1915, p. 448. H.L., « La place au soleil de l’Allemagne », (cf.PE, p. 263-267), lettre de novembre 1915, parue dans Manchester Guardian, Westminster Gazette, New-York Evening Post, New YorkEvening Mail, l’Indépendance belge (édition de Londres). H.L., « Pax oeconomica », in Internationale Rundschau, Zürich, 1 nov. 1915, p. 353-360. H.L., (en anglais La défaite du militarisme), in Daily News and Leader, novembre 1915. H.L., « La défaite du militarisme », in L’Indépendance belge, 4 décembre 1915, p. 2-3. 1916

H.L., The economic solution of the European crisis, New york, 1916, 30 p. H.L., Neuer Gesichtspunkt zur Friedensfrage, Zurich, 1916, 38 p. H.L., International Morality and Exchange with an introduction by the Rt.Hon. Lord Courtney of Penwith, London, 1916, (traduction anglaise de sa publication parue la même annéedans le Journal des Économistes), 40 p. H.L., « La morale et l’échange internationaux », in


texts:
 Journal des Économistes, t. xLIx, Paris,15-2-1916, p. 217-240. H.L., « Les bases morales des civilisations », in Journal des Économistes, t. LI, 15 août 1916,Paris, p. 214-227. H.L., « A Belgian for peace with good-will », in The New York Times, 19 novembre 1916. 1917

H.L., « Positive international Justice and Morality », in League of Nations Magazine, 1917,p. 503-506.H.L., « The Economic fundamentals of international Morality », in Public, 23 mars 1917,p. 291.- 379

H.L., Pax Oeconomica, (texte en anglais publié à Boston USA par l’International Free-Trade League). H.L., Pax Economica ; freedom of international exchange the sole method for the permanent and universal abolition of war, with a statement of the cause and the solution of the European crisis and a sketch of the only possible conclusive settlement of the probleme confronting the world,New york, 1917, 99 p. H.L., Pax Economica ; freedom of international exchange the sole method for the permanent and universal abolition of war, with a statement of the cause and the solution of the European crisis and a sketch of the only possible conclusive settlement of the probleme confronting the world,New york, 1917, 99 p. (2e éd.). H.L., « Message sur le Libre-Échange et la Paix » à la « Society of


texts:
 Friends » secte des Quakerset autres chrétiens (cf. PE, p. 156-161) parus dans Public Ledger de Philadephie, Springfield Republican Johnstown Democrat, Ploughshare de Londres (organe des Quakers) (Écrit auprintemps 1917). H.L., « Le salut de la civilisation », (cf.PE, p. 269-273), lettre de décembre parue dansPublic Ledger (Philadelphie), Daily Republican (Springfield), Evening Mail (New York),Daily Democrat (Johnstown). 1918

H.L., Pax Economica ; freedom of international exchange the sole method for the permanent and universal abolition of war, with a statement of the cause and the solution of the European crisis and a sketch of the only possible conclusive settlement of the probleme confronting the world, Boston, Mass, International Free-Trade League, 1918, 99 p. (3e éd.). H.L., « Brest-Litovsk et la Paix Economique », (cf. PE, p. 267-269) lettre de janvier 1918 parue in Public Ledger (Philadelphie,) Daily Republican (Springfield), Evening Mail (New York), Daily Democrat (Johnstown). H.L., « Japon et Sibérie » (cf. PE, p. 273-275) lettre parue en mars 1918, in Evening Post de New York. H.L., « Deux lacs allemands », (cf.PE, p. 275-278), lettre du 20 Mars 1918 parue in Public Ledger (Philadelphie), Daily Republican (Springfield), Evening Mail


texts: (New York), Daily Democrat (Johnstown). H.L., « La libre-disposition des nationalités » (cf. PE, p. 193-209) cf. Journal des Économistes, titre différent, paru dans « North-American Review, avril 1918 ». Le titre anglais était « National self-Determination » paru dans le vol. 207, avril 1918, p. 541-548. H.L., « La moralité internationale et la spiritualité humaine », conférence au Clergy Club de New york, avril 1918, (cf.PE, p. 233-259).H.L., « La liberté des nationalités », in Journal des Économistes, 15 septembre 1918, p. 303-311 (traduction de l’article paru dans le « North American Review » avril 1918). H.L., « Que n’ai-je pas fait? » (cf. PE, p. 287-289) lettre avril 1918 parue in Public Ledger (Philadelphie), Daily Republican (Springfield) Evening Mail (New York, Daily Democrat (Johnstown).- 380 -H.L., International morality and the spirituality of man, New york, mai 1918. H.L., « Une Fédération Russe » (cf. PE, p. 279-281), lettre mai 1918 parue in New YorkEvening Post.H.L., « Les fondements de l’Ordre international » (cf. PE, p. 281-284), lettre septembre 1918 aux éditeurs de « The World Tomorrow ». H.L., « Les bases de la Société des Nations » (cf. PE., p. 179-185) in Journal des Économistes « Les bases de la Ligue des Nations (1919) »


texts:
 est paru aussi in The World to morrow (New York, octobre 1918). H.L., « The fundamentals of a League of Nations I et II Free trade and national sovereignty», in The World to morrow, décembre, 1918, p. 313. H.L., « The basis of a world peace », in The Single Tax Review, vol. 18, 1918, p. 1-13.HL., « Free trade and national sovereignty », in The New World, 1918, n° 1. 1919

H.L., « Open and secret Diplomacy », in Public, 18 janvier 1919, p. 63. H.L., « Le désarmement et la liberté des mers » (cf. PE, p. 186-192), in Journal des Économisteset in The World Tomorrow, février 1919. H.L., « Les bases de la Ligue des nations », in Journal des Économistes, t. LxI, janvier-mars1919, Paris, p. 62-66. H.L., The false peace : protectionism means endless conflict, Boston, Mass : The international Free-Trade League, s.d. [1919], 8 p.H.L., The false peace: protectionism means endless conflict, Boston, Mass : The international Free-Trade League, s.d. [1919], 19 p. H.L., « La Troisième condition » (cf. PE, p. 289-295), Lettre du 28 mars 1919, in Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, 28 mars 1919. H.L., « Pax Economica », in Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, 8 avril 1919, p. 2 (texte ennéerlandais). H.L., « Pax Economica », in Gazette de Charleroi, 12 avril 1919, p. 1. H.L., «


texts:
 Le désarmement et la liberté des mers », in Journal des Économistes, t. LxII, avril- juin1919, Paris, p. 55-59.H.L., CR de la séance du 3 août 1919 de la Société d’Économie Politique de Belgique consacrée à « la question de l’exploitation des chemins de fer en Belgique », in Comptes rendus des travaux de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique n°18 A, 1919, interventions d’ H.L.,p. 50, 51, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65. H.L., Pax Economica, in Revue d’études internationales, Le Drapeau Bleu, août 1919, p. 38-40. H.L., CR de la séance du 5 octobre 1919 de la Société d’Économie Politique de Belgique consacrée à « la question de l’exploitation des chemins de fer en Belgique » (suite), in- 381 -Comptes rendus des travaux de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique n°18 B, 1919, interventions d’ H.L., p. 71, 73. H.L., « La paix des Alliés. Le protectionnisme, voilà l’ennemi », in Journal des Économistes,15 octobre 1919, t. LxIV, p. 28-33. H.L., « Une Fédération Économique Mondiale » (cf.PE, p. 284-286), lettre décembre 1919 aux éditeurs de « The World Tomorrow ». 1920

H.L., Le Nouveau Contrat Social ou l’organisation de la Démocratie individualiste, Paris, 1920,352 p. H.L., Pax Economica, La liberté des échanges internationaux. Fondement


texts:
 nécessaire et suffisant de la Paix universelle et permanente, Paris, 1920, 324 p. H.L., False peace : protectionism means endless conflict, Boston, Mass : The international FreeTrade League, s.d., [1920]. H.L., « La faillite des Dirigeants et la défaite des Vainqueurs », in Monde Nouveau, août 1920. H.L, « The failure of the leaders and the defeat of the conquerors », in The New World, 1920,p.169-173. 1921

H.L., « Les méfaits du protectionnisme. Le protectionnisme conduit à une politique de conquête », in Revue industrielle de Charleroi, 8 avril 1921, p. 5-6. H.L., « Libre Echange ou Protectionnisme ? », in Revue industrielle de Charleroi, 8 mai 1921,p. 6. H.L., « La faillite internationale des dirigeants et la défaite des vainqueurs », in Revue Parlementaire, économique et financière, 1-15 octobre 1921, p. 101-102.1922

H.L., Der neue Gesellschaftsvertrag ; die Organisation der individualistischen Demokratie. EinVersuch sozialer Einigung, Berlin, Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte,1922, 244 p. H.L., Der Weltwirtschaftsfriede : der Freihandel als Weg zum Weltfrieden. Autorisierte Uebersetzungaus dem Franzözischen von G.Flachsbart, Berlin, deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte, Berlin, 1922, 244 p. H.L., in «


texts:
 TRUCHy (Henri), Participation ouvrière à la gestion des Entreprises »,Séance du 4 Mars 1922 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, intervention d’H. L., Paris, 15 mars 1922, p. 361. H.L., « Le seul règlement possible de la situation internationale : la paix libre-échangiste », in L’Écho de la Bourse, 8 juin 1922, p. 3.H.L., « Le seul règlement possible de la situation internationale : la paix libre-échangiste », in Journal des Économistes, 15 juin 1922, p. 315-324.- 382

H.L., « Le seul règlement possible de la situation internationale : la paix libre- échangiste », in Journal des Économistes, 15 juin 1922,10 p. (tiré à part, texte légèrement différent duprécédent). H.L., « La paix libre-échangiste », in Gazette de Charleroi, 22 juin 1922, p. 1. H.L., « La paix libre-échangiste », in Le Travail (Verviers), 2 septembre 1922, p. 1. 1924

H.L., « Une lettre de M. Henri <mask> », in La Libre Belgique, 23 février 1924, p. 2. H.L., « Lettre au directeur de « La Libre Belgique », in Bulletin de La Ligue du Libre-Échange, Journal des Économistes, 15 mars 1924, p. 382-384. H.L., « Démocratie, Libre-échange et Paix », in Gazette de Charleroi, 25 mars 1924, p. 1. H.L., « La Belgique et le libre échange », in Gazette de


texts:
 Charleroi, p. 1.H.L., Aux libéraux belges, 22 novembre 1924, 2 p.

1925

H.L., « Droit d’association et question sociale », Séance du 5 mai 1925 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, 15 mai 1925, p. 225-239. H.L., « Le droit d’association et la question sociale », in Comptes rendus de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique, n° 36, 23 juin 1925, p. 51-83. 1926

H.L., in « SAINT-MARC (Pierre), Le minotaure fiscal et les droits de succession », Séance du 5 février 1926 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, intervention d’H. L., 15 février 1926, p. 239-240. H.L., « Pax Oeconomica », in Revue la Paix, vol.1, n° 3, mai 1926, p. 97-99. H.L., in « POTTIER (Aristide), Le martyre des valeurs mobilières », Séance du 4 juin 1926 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, intervention d’H. L.,Paris, 15 juin 1926, p. 422- 423.H.L., « Le socialisme, cause ou effet de la décadence européenne ? Une lettre de M. Henri <mask> », in Gazette de Charleroi, 1 juillet 1926, p. 1. H.L., « Anonymat et responsabilité. Une lettre de M. <mask> », in Gazette de Charleroi, 8 juillet 1926, p. 1. H.L., « Pour la restauration économique. Une lettre de M. Henri <mask> », in

masks:
Lambert
Henri Lambert
Lambert


texts:
 Gazette de Charleroi, 20 juillet 1926, p. 1. 1927

H.L., in « TRUCHy (Henri), Le nouvel article 419 du Code pénal », Séance du 5 avril 1927 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, intervention d’H.L.,15 avril 1927, p. 119-121. H.L., in AJAM (Maurice), « Les idées mères du communisme? ». Séance du 5 Mars 1928 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes intervention d’H. L.,15 mars 1928, p. 417-420.- 383 -

H.L., in PAVIE (André), « La valeur actuelle de la propriété rurale en France », Séance du 5 mai 1928 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, interventiond’H. L., 15 mai 1928, p. 115-116. 1930

H.L., « La crise du libéralisme et le problème social », in Journal des Économistes du 15-3-1930, Paris, t. xCV, p. 270-277.1931

H.L., Les entreprises par actions dans le cadre de l’évolution industrielle », échange de vues à la Société d’Économie Politique de Belgique entre M. R.-J. LEMOINE et M. H. LAMBERT, Bruxelles, [1931? ], 45 p. H.L., in « CR de la séance du 10 février 1931 de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique consacrée au thème de la crise économique », in Comptes rendus des travaux de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique n° 15, 1931,


texts:
 interventions d’ H. L., p. 10. H.L., in « CR de la séance du 28 avril 1931 de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique consacrée au thème « Les sociétés anonymes et la bourse », in Comptes rendus des travauxde la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique n°s 71-72, 1931, interventions d’ H. L., p. 7-16. H.L., in « CR des séances des 12 et 19 juin 1931 de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique consacrées à la question du Limbourg », in Comptes rendus des travaux de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique n° 16, 1931, interventions d’ H. L., p. 34-39. H.L., « Les grandes enquêtes de « l’Étoile Belge ».La crise économique actuelle est-elle un phénomène d’exception ? L’opinion de M. <mask> », in L’Étoile Belge, 17 avril 1931,p. 1. H.L., « La crise économique est-elle exceptionnelle ? » in La Ligue du Libre-Échange, (octobre 1931), in Journal des Économistes, 15 octobre 1931, p. 205-207. H.L., Le seul règlement possible de la situation internationale : la solution libre-échangiste, Bruxelles [1931]. 1932

H.L., in « FERRAND (Lucien), Les conséquences financières de la législation sur les habitations à bon marché », Séance du 5 février 1932 de la Société d’Économie politique de Paris, in Journal des Économistes, intervention d’H.L., 1932,


texts:
 p. 172. H.L., « Les conditions de la sécurité et de la paix », in La Ligue du Libre-Échange, (mars1932), in Journal des Économistes, 15 mars 1932, p. 247-249. H.L., « Un programme de reconstruction du monde Terre et Liberté », in Bulletin de la Ligue pour la Réforme foncière et de la Ligue du Libre-Échange, 1932, mars-avril, p. 29-32. H.L., « A propos de la « Pan-Europa » et des « États-Unis d’Europe » de MM.Briand, Herriot, Coudenhove-Kalergi et consorts. Remarques présentées au Congrès européen de Bâle octobre 1932 », in Le Libre-Échange, novembre 1932, 4 p. 1933

H.L., De l’urgente nécessité d’abolir le capitalisme pour sauver la propriété privée et la liberté,s.d. [1933], 72 p.- 384

H.L., in « H.D. Les grandes enquêtes de l’ « Étoile Belge » La crise économique actuelle est-elle un phénomène d’exception ?L’opinion de M. <mask> », in L’Étoile belge, avril 1933, p.1. H.L., « Les garanties de la Sécurité et de la Paix », in La Ligue du Libre-Échange, (mai1933) in Journal des Économistes, 15 mai 1933, p. 438-439. H.L., « Les garanties de la Sécurité et de la Paix », in La Ligue du Libre-Échange, (juillet1933), in Journal des Économistes, Paris, 15 juillet 1933, p. 628-629. H.L., « L’équilibre du monde », in Le Libre-Échange n° 33,


texts:
 septembre-octobre 1933, p. 127-128. H.L., « L’Équilibre du monde », in La Ligue du Libre-Échange, (octobre 1933), in Journal des Économistes, 15 octobre 1933, p. 726-727. 1934

H.L., La réforme de l’État en Belgique et ailleurs. Pour un état démocratique et individualiste ; contre le corporatisme et la dictature : Le suffrage universel organisé et le parlementarisme d’intérêt général.Bruxelles, .s.d. [1934], 59 p. H.L., Le règlement de la situation internationale. Libre-échange ou Périr, Bruxelles, s.d. [1934],43 p. H.L., « Faut-il réformer l’État ? réponse de M. <mask> », in La Revue Belge, 11ème année, t. II, n° 1, 1er avril 1934, p. 49-52.H.L., in x., « Quelques remarques sur le Plan de Man. Une lettre de M. <mask> sur l’économie libre. Il faut découvrir la cause de la monopolisation graduelle ou deson danger », in L’Étoile belge, 29 avril 1934, p.1 sq. H.L., in « CR de la séance du 15 mai 1934 de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique consacrée au plan du travail d’<mask> », in Comptes rendus des travaux de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique, n° 96, mai 1934, interventions d’ H. L., p. 17-18, 28. 1935

H.L., Hypothèse sur l’évolution physique et métaphysique de l’Énergie, Bruxelles, 1935, 232 p.

2009

H.L., The Ethics of

masks:
Henri Lambert
Henri Lambert
Henri Deman


texts:
 International Trade, réédition de l’étude parue à Londres en 1915, Bibliobazaar LLC, La Vergne, USA, 2009. H.L., Pax Economica, réédition de l’étude parue sous le titre, Pax Economica ; freedom of international exchange the sole method for the permanent and universal abolition of war, with a statement of the cause and the solution of the European crisis and a sketch of the only possible conclusive settlement of the probleme confronting the world, Boston, Mass, International Free-Trade League, 1918, 99 p. (3e éd. ), Breinigsville, LLC, USA, 2009.1862 births
1934 deaths
19th-century Belgian engineers
Belgian writers in French
People from Charleroi
Political philosophers
20th-century Belgian