texts:
 1925 <mask> married Mildred Eleanor Levy, whose father, Heniot Levy, a noted pianist and composer, had emigrated from his native Poland to Chicago.Their son <mask> (1930–2002) was a celebrated harpsichordist. Following in similar creative footsteps, <mask>'s grandson, Jeremy R<mask> (born 1965), has become known as a photographer, record producer, film director, and recently creator of  The Kipnis Studio Standard – The 21st Century Ultimate Screening Room Design, an evolution of George Lucas's and Tom Holman's THX Motion Picture & Sound Standards. Recordings
CD reissues of his recorded work include:
 The Best of <mask> – arias and songs by Wagner, Mozart, Verdi, Gounod, Brahms, Meyerbeer, Wolf and Halevy in recordings selected by his son, <mask>, and issued by Pearl (Pavilion Records Ltd.), GEMM CD 9451. "<mask>, Mussorgsky, Boris Godunov" contains excerpts from Boris recorded in 1945 by RCA and a selection of Russian arias and songs. album 60522-2-RG
 Austrian Preiser Records issued several well-filled CD recitals devoted to <mask>. German TIM AG, Die Zauberflöte, 2 CD's. <mask> as Sarastro, Vienna Philharmonic (conducted by Toscanini) 1937 Order No.205179 EAN 4011222051790

References

Sources
 Shawe-Taylor, Desmond: <mask>, <mask> in 'The New Grove Dictionary of Opera', ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992)

External links

1891 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Russian male opera singers
20th-century American male opera singers
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Operatic basses
People from Zhytomyr
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Jews of the Russian Empire
Jewish

masks:
Kipnis
Igor Kipnis
Kipnis
. Kipnis
Alexander Kipnis
Igor Kipnis
Alexander Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Alexander


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1963/1964) is a British-Australian business executive who is the chief executive of Toll Global Express having held similar roles at Australia Post and Blackmores. She is also a board member of the Collingwood Football Club. She is also an inaugural chair of the board of the Australia-ASEAN Council. She was one of only 20 business leaders invited to the 2014 G20 Brisbane summit. She is also the first woman awarded the "CEO of the Year" by CEO Magazine. In 2015, <mask> was ranked in the top “100 Women of Influence” by the Australian Financial Review. Early life and education
<mask> grew up with her four siblings, in Cheshire, England.<mask>'s father was an entrepreneur and ran a construction company. From when she was young, her father insisted that she run “little businesses” to earn her pocket money. When Holgate was 15, she cleaned windows with a friend and had a van selling ice–creams. By the time Holgate turned 18 in 1982, she left Cheshire for London. In London, Holgate met Florence Knight, who financially supported her to pursue a business degree at the University of North London. Holgate has three post-graduate diplomas in management, marketing, and purchasing and supply. She gained her diploma in management in 1986 and completed her Master of Business Administration degree in 1991.Career

Early career
<mask> first worked as postie for the Christmas season when she was 18. After graduating from university, she worked for Allied Healthcare and BBC News. In 1988, she joined the telecommunication company Cable & Wireless and started her international career. During her 12 years at Cable & Wireless, <mask> directed the company’s marketing department, and conducted projects across Caribbean, Europe and Hong Kong. In 2000, <mask> joined J.P. Morgan as the "Managing Director of Marketing" of its European subsidiary. She was the only woman in J.P.

masks:
Christine Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate


texts:
 Morgan's executive team in Europe during her incumbent period. <mask> worked for J.P. Morgan for 18 months before joining telecommunications company Energis in May 2001, as the Group Director of Strategy and Marketing.Her job was to lead the Energis strategy and planning teams in Europe, and monitor its marketing activities. In November 2002, <mask> received a job invitation from David Thodey, the group managing director of Telstra Mobiles, and became the marketing director. While she continued to lead its marketing team, <mask>'s role was expanded into building Telstra's business sales and managing the operations of its channels. Blackmores
In 2008, <mask> left Telstra to join health supplements company Blackmores as chief executive officer and managing director. Her sister's death from cancer spurred her to join the company. Within her first two months, <mask> identified that Blackmores operations in Malaysia, Thailand and Taiwan were neglected. In 2009, she appointed Peter Osborne to direct Blackmores business in Asia and minimise the entry barriers.Osborne had worked in Asia for more than 20 years before his appointment. From 2008 to April 2012, Holgate increased Blackmores' annual sales to $234 million. The company increased its profits from the Thai and Malaysian markets, and prepared to enter the Chinese market. The profits from the Asian market accounted for nearly 25% of Blackmores' profits. In 2011, Holgate was confronted by a crisis related to a deal between Blackmores and The Pharmacy Guild of Australia. Under the deal, pharmacists "would be prompted to promote" Blackmores health supplements to their patients during the prescription process. The proposal of Blackmores caused "national outrage" and the "strong level of public concern".<mask> was criticised for referring the deal as a "Coke and fries" option. She explained the phrase was quoted out

masks: Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate


texts:
 of context, having said that the proposal "would add the "Coke and fries" to the prescribed medication, and provide pharmacies with a "new and important revenue stream". She conceded that linking medicine with junk food "was highly unfortunate". In 2014, <mask> was one of the only 20 business leaders invited to that year's 2014 G20 Brisbane summit. To help increase sales of Blackmores in the Chinese market, she was photographed with the president of China Xi Jinping and Australian prime minister Tony Abbott. At that time, Blackmores' Chinese sales were under $1million, while the required capital for labour and marketing was around $10 million. Her picture with the two leaders was widely circulated in China and helped attract local consumers.At the end of 2014-15, Blackmores sales in the Chinese market increased to $50 million and they reached $500 million in 2015-16. In September 2015, Blackmores joined the ASX200 index, comprising the top 200 most prominent companies in Australia, and <mask> was named the first female CEO of the Year in November. During <mask>’s nine years at Blackmores, its share price rose from $18 to $90 and peaked at $220 in 2016. <mask> had transformed Blackmores, a member of the Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN), into the major health supplement exporter to Asia. Australia Post
<mask> resigned from Blackmores in 2017 to become CEO of Australia Post, the first woman in that role. Her appointment came as Australia Post began to position itself as the leading Australian e-commerce postal delivery service. Her job was to manage the modernisation of Australia Post’s logistics system and its 33,000 workforce.<mask> had no previous experience in managing logistics systems. Her appointment was partly based on her strategic ability to exploit the potentials in the Asian markets and enhance the business profitability. She also had direct

masks:
Holgate
Christine Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate
Holgate


texts: experience as a Christmas postal worker while a student in North London. <mask> visited branches across Australia to meet postal employees and noticed the scepticism of the workforce. Before her arrival, Australia Post had divided its business into two product lines, the profitable transport and logistics operation StarTrack and the traditional postal service. After consulting staff, <mask> received agreement to unify the two businesses, which was done preserving traditional red livery and name Australia Post. In 2018, <mask> launched the "Everyone Matters" promotion, an advertising campaign supporting postal workers and post offices in regional areas.The net promoter score increased over 30 percent in six months. She also tackled the trust problems of employees and launched an "equal pay for equal work" campaign. She invested $300 million to upgrade parcel processing systems using automation and tracking devices. She restructured the Australia Post's executive team to align with her customer-oriented and Asian-focused strategies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> had to deal with a number of problems at Australia Post, including significant delays and cuts in service, allegations of the intrusive surveillance of staff, the planned payment of executive bonuses at a time when public servants were expected to take pay cuts, a bipartisan Senate committee accusing <mask> of attempting to avoid parliamentary scrutiny of Australia Post, and <mask>'s personal intervention in the attempted delivery of Pauline Hanson's One Nation-branded stubby holders to locked-down public housing towers in Melbourne after Hanson made inflammatory comments about tower residents. Further controversy arose when <mask> revealed at an appearance before a Senate committee on 22 October 2020 that Australia Post had purchased four Cartier watches valued approximately around $20,000 in

masks: Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate


texts:
 total as gifts for senior management executives who secured a lucrative deal with three Australian banks. Communications minister Paul Fletcher announced an investigation into Australia Post and asked <mask> to step aside as CEO.During question time in the House of Representatives that day, Prime Minister Scott Morrison said that if <mask> wished not to stand aside then she could go. On 2 November 2020, she offered her resignation, stating that she would not seek financial compensation. A subsequent report by law firm Maddocks, commissioned by the government, found that no specific policy that would support provision of Cartier watches had been identified, and that there was no evidence of fraud or corruption. In May 2021, <mask> was appointed CEO of Toll Global Express. Awards and recognition

In 2011, <mask> won a Chief Executive Women scholarship and attended the Women's Leadership Forum at the Harvard Business School. In 2015, <mask> won the "Women in Leadership" award at the Australian Growth Company Awards. In October 2015, <mask> was named one of the "100 Women of Influence" in Australia by The Australian Financial Review.In November 2015, <mask> was awarded "Australian CEO of the Year" by The CEO Magazine, the first woman to win the award. In 2016, <mask> was runner-up in the Australian CEO of the Year award. In 2019, <mask> received the Sir Charles McGrath award from the Australian Marketing Institute. Family
In January 2016, <mask> married Michael Harding, the chairman of the Downer Group, in Aldeburgh, England. She has a close relationship with her nephews Brian and Eddie, the sons of <mask>'s late sister, Elizabeth, which was the reason for the wedding being held in England. References

Living people
Australian chief executives
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of North London
1960s births
English expatriates in

masks: Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate Holgate


texts:
<mask> (born 1957) is a Scottish DJ and music producer, in the genres of Northern soul, Deep funk, Garage punk, and Rockabilly music. He is credited with inventing the term "deep funk". Early life
Darge has described himself as "a bit of a thug" in his youth. In his late teens, he "picked a fight with the only English boy in the town" and the other teenager gave him a drubbing, using taekwondo moves. Surprised, Darge asked him how he had done it, then began taking taekwondo classes. He eventually became Scottish taekwondo champion. Darge began Northern soul dancing in his late teens and entered local disco dance competitions (dancing in the "northern soul style") in the North of Scotland.He made an appearance in the nationally televised 1979 UK disco dance finals. Along with his Scottish dancing, he also danced at the Wigan Casino. Darge began buying records for what would eventually become his ultimate passion and career for the rest of his life. Career
Soon after he began dancing, he was DJing in Wigan at a club next to the casino, and around Scotland as well with his record collection throughout the 1970s. At the age of 22, <mask> moved to London, ceasing to be a DJ. Music promoters from then approached him, asking him to come back to DJing. He obliged, and gave the Northern soul phenomenon exposure in London through his performances, bringing in people from northern England to London who were previously associated with Wigan's Northern soul scene before it dissolved.Meanwhile, he worked in various jobs, including butcher's boy, window cleaner and delivering leaflets. During the 1970s, his work in tracking down

masks:
Keb Darge
Darge


texts: vintage funk and soul music led to friendships with American musicians including Isaac Hayes, Curtis Mayfield, Harold Melvin and George Clinton. In 1987, he sold many of his Northern soul records to pay for his divorce but he had left over in his loft many other records of what he then referred to as "junk music" that he had picked up in the United States on his many jaunts to find Northern soul records there and in the UK. This "junk music" would be the beginning of what Keb would later call "Deep Funk", having underestimated the potential of these leftover records. In 1989, during the heyday of acid house in the UK, Keb decided to play these funk records, and managed for a short while to get a night to perform regularly at "The Wagclub", a club specializing in acid jazz. After his night there ended around 1992–93, he met fellow funk record collector Mark Cotgrove, aka Snowboy, at Club Ormonds in London where the first funk-only night in the city was held, called 'Deep Funk'. The night was named by Keb (he would later go on to use the name to describe the sound of the funk records he would play), but arranged by the club owners.After this, <mask> and Snowboy wanted to further expand on the "deep funk" sound, and decided to start their own all-funk night in on old restaurant, but this failed to catch on after a few months due to the burgeoning popularity of house music in the UK at the time, forcing Keb and Snowboy to close up shop there. After this Snowboy left to focus on his jazz dance events. Shortly afterwards, Keb heard about Madame Jojo's, a strip club located in the Soho district of London. He managed to


texts:
 arrange with the club a night for himself and various guests to perform weekly. The club accommodated him and Keb's funk nights there became an instant success (and still are the leading club nights for funk in London today). Madame Jojo's closed down their strip nights, becoming a full-time music club, partly due to Keb's success there. Until early 2010, Keb held a funk night at the club every Friday, called "Legendary Deep Funk".He also tours around the world DJing and runs a record label, Kay-Dee, with Kenny Dope. He has released several albums of compiled classic deep funk tracks, most notably the Funk Spectrum: Real Funk For Real People and <mask> <mask>'s Deep Funk compilations released on BBE Records. <mask> <mask> is a leading authority on deep funk and soul music of the 1960s and 1970s. He has also helped to produce the modern-day funk group The New Mastersounds. In 1995, <mask> had a cameo part in the surf film, Blue Juice, starring Sean Pertwee and Catherine Zeta-Jones, where he can be seen dancing in the village hall. Personal life
Darge has been married four times. His middle two marriages ended in divorce with hefty settlements, and caused him to sell off much of his prized record collection.He is currently married to a woman from the Philippines, and decided to move to the Philippines in the early months of 2012. After Typhoon Haiyan struck the Philippines in 2013. Keb provided food and shelter to victims of the storm. He also criticized the stockpiling of food aid by corrupt local politicians on his Facebook page. He has a passion for militaria and is an avid collector of military miniatures.

masks: Keb Darge Keb Darge Keb


texts:
 Discography

Compilation albums
 <mask> <mask>'s Legendary's Deep Funk vol. 1 - BBE (1997) CD/LP
 <mask> Darge's Legendary's Deep Funk vol.2 - BBE (1998) CD/LP
 Keb Darge's Legendary's Deep Funk vol. 3 - BBE (1999) CD/LP
 Soul Spectrum - with Bob Jones, BBE (1998) CD/LP
 Soul Spectrum II - BBE (1999) CD/LP
 Jazz Spectrum: Real Jazz For Real People - with Bob Jones, BBE (1999) CD/LP
 Funk Spectrum: Real Funk For Real People - with Josh Davis, BBE (1999) CD/LP
 Funk Spectrum II: Real Funk For Real People - with Kenny Dope, BBE (2000) CD/LP
 Funk Spectrum III: Real Funk For Real People - with Pete Rock, BBE (2001) CD/LP
 Keb Darge Presents Funk For The 21st Century - Do Right! Music (2002) CD
 Beams Presents The Keb Darge Experience - Beams (1999) CD/LP
 Beams Presents Keb Darge Deep Funk - Beams (2002) CD
 Keb Darge Digs For... P&P Records - P&P Records (2007) CD
 The Kings Of Funk - with RZA, BBE (2007) CD/LP
 Keb Darge and Cut Chemist present Lost And Found - BBE (2007) CD/LP (LP released in 2013)
 Keb Darge and Cut Chemist present The Darkside - BBE (2017) CD/LP
 Kenny Dope & Keb Darge present Kay-Dee Records - Kay-Dee (2006) CD
 Kenny Dope & Keb Darge present Kay-Dee Volume 2 - Kay-Dee (2008) CD
 This Is Dj's Choice

masks: Keb Darge Keb


texts:
<mask> (born September 27, 2004) is an Anishinaabe Indigenous rights advocate from the Wiikwemkoong First Nation on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. She was named Chief Water commissioner for the Aniishnabek Nation in 2019. In 2018, at the age of thirteen, <mask> addressed world leaders at the UN General Assembly on the issue of water protection. Early life
<mask> lives on Lake Huron, one of the largest groups of freshwater lakes on Earth. She comes from the territory of Wikwemkoong, a First Nations reserve. She attended St. Mother Teresa High School and currently lives in Ottawa.<mask> grew up understanding the importance of water and the need to protect it. She advocates for the universal right to clean drinking water, raising awareness towards water rights and ensuring communities have access to clean, safe and reliable drinking water. By the age of eight, <mask> was attending water ceremonies on First Nation reserves. At one particular ceremony in Serpent River First Nation in Ontario, she witnessed warning signs of “toxic” drinking water, caused by factors such as pipeline leaks and pollution. When her mother informed her of the 20-year boil-water advisory in the community, <mask> was shocked. This experience served as a catalyst for <mask>’s work as a water protector, as she soon began partaking in water ceremonies across Ontario. She continues her work for the access of clean water concerning indigenous peoples across the world.Much of her inspiration and early knowledge comes from her great-aunt, Josephine Mandamin,  a well-known activist for clean water and the previous Chief Water Protector for the Aniishnabek Nation, a title awarded to <mask> after Mandamin's death in 2019. Positions on water conservation
<mask>’s views on conservation justice are in line with traditional Indigenous perspectives and can be

masks:
Autumn Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier
Peltier


texts:
 characterized as relational, which entails a kinship as well as an interdependent human relationship with nature and all its beings. She says that:

<mask> is also a strong believer in the role of women in water advocacy, explaining that the first two teachings all humans experience when in the womb are to love the water and to love one’s mother. Thus, according to <mask>, women are truly connected to water in a spiritual way, as the nine months of carrying a baby is believed to be a ceremony. Peltier also believes strongly in the power of young people to create change. She supports the advocacy of other youth to collectively effect change, as youth will make future decisions for their countries. She expresses frustration at how young people must “[pay] for the mistakes that older people made”.Despite this frustration, she describes feeling good about her own work and other young people stepping up to take action. One major facet of <mask>’s work is her environmental justice activism. She has discussed the challenge of environmental racism against First Nations communities in Canada in the context of water rights. <mask> has argued that the demands of Indigenous peoples in Canada are consistently ignored and minimized by virtue of their indigeneity. <mask> has drawn attention to disparities in treatment of Indigenous people in Canada relative to non-indigenous Canadians, comparing the experience of First Nations citizens (who often face police brutality, political repression, and racism), with that of white Canadians living in remote communities, who are never denied access to water. Water advocacy and impact
Peltier gained national and international notice at a 2016 meeting of the Assembly of First Nations when she presented Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau with a copper water pot and, although she did not have time

masks: Peltier Peltier Peltier Peltier Peltier


texts:
 to deliver her prepared speech, confronted Trudeau on his record on water protection and his support for pipelines. She said:

Upon reflecting on the confrontation with Prime Minister Trudeau in a 2020 interview, Peltier recalled how she questioned how the public could trust Prime Minister Trudeau considering his lacklustre environmental record, highlighting the hypocrisy of Trudeau’s authorization of the construction of the Kinder-Morgan pipeline (which was preceded by a significant oil spill in British Columbia).Her act inspired the Assembly of First Nations to create the Niabi Odacidae fund. <mask> further gained attention when she spoke at The Global Landscapes Forum in New York City in September 2018, where she addressed the United Nations and important decision-makers. This conference also allowed <mask> to further spread awareness for her cause globally. <mask> was also invited to speak at the United Nation Secretary-General's Climate Action Summit in New York, in 2018 and 2019. <mask> is active on various social media platforms, where she has over 100 thousand followers, using them to spread awareness of water advocacy issues, receiving support from youth, politicians, and other activists. She has brought attention to the absence of clean drinking water in Indigenous communities in Canada. In April 2019, <mask> was named the chief water commissioner by the Anishinabek Nation.This position was previously held by her great-aunt, Josephine Mandamin, who died in 2019. At the time of her selection, current Anishinabek Nation Ground Council Chief Glen Hare explained how it was quite a simple decision to make: “Autumn has extensive nibi giikendaaswin (water knowledge). She has been bringing global attention to the water issues in our country for a few years now.”  In her role as Chief Water Commissioner, <mask> represents

masks: Peltier Peltier Peltier Peltier Peltier Peltier


texts:
 39 First Nations in Ontario and is responsible for relaying community concerns to the Anishinabek Council. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> spoke up about the increased importance of clean water access as a public health issue for First Nations communities, where outbreaks have been particularly severe. <mask> believes that the response to the COVID-19 pandemic globally has paved a way for a response to the issue of the drinking water crisis for First Nations in Canada and is hopeful that change is possible. Awards and recognition

 Nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize, 2017, 2018, 2019. Canadian Living Me to We Award Youth in Action under 12, 2017.Ontario Junior Citizens Award, Ontario Newspaper Association, 2017. Sovereign Medal of Exceptional Volunteerism, by Governor General of Canada and Lieutenant Governor Of Ontario, March 2017
 Ottawa Riverkeeper Award, 2018. Water Warrior Award at the Water Docs Film Festival in Toronto, 2019. Young Leader Award, Ontario Municipal Social Services Association Award, 2019. Named Top 30 under 30 in North America for Environmental Education making a difference, 2019. Named to the BBC 100 Women list for 2019. Named to Maclean's list of 20 to Watch in 2020.Named to Huffington Post's list of 15 Canadian Icons Who Stole our Hearts in 2019. Named to the Union of Concerned Scientists list of 2019 Science Defenders. Named as a Chatelaine 2019 Woman of the Year. "Planet in Focus" Rob Stewart Youth Eco-Hero, 2019. Feature in Short Documentary Film The Water Walker, 2020
 RevolutionHer Community Vision Youth Award, 2021

References

Living people
2004 births
Anishinaabe people
Canadian child activists
Canadian women environmentalists
Canadian environmentalists
First Nations activists
First Nations women
People from Manitoulin Island
BBC 100 Women
Youth climate

masks: Peltier Peltier


texts:
<mask> (born September 29, 1963) is an American actor and singer. Jue is known for his performances on Broadway, in national tours, Off-Broadway and in regional theatre, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area and at The Muny in St. Louis. His roles in plays and musicals range from Shakespeare to Rodgers and Hammerstein to David Henry Hwang. He is also known for his recurring role on the TV series Madam Secretary (2014–2019). Jue's Broadway credits include Pacific Overtures (1984; 2004), M. Butterfly (1989) and Thoroughly Modern Millie (2002), in which he created the role of Bun Foo. Among his acting awards are an Obie Award and a Lortel Award, for his role in Yellow Face at the Public Theater (2008), a Dramalogue Award in Kiss of the Spider Woman at TheateWorks (1997), an Elliot Norton Award in Miss Saigon at North Shore Music Theatre (2013), another Obie Award for Wild Goose Dreams at the Public (2018) and a second Lortel Award in Cambodian Rock Band at the Signature Theatre (2020). He has been nominated for three Drama Desk Awards (one in 2008 and two in 2020).He has also appeared in film and in other television roles. Life and career
Jue was born in San Francisco, California, the sixth of nine children of Chinese Americans Frank (an engineer for the U.S. Navy) and Jennie Jue. He grew up in the Richmond District of San Francisco and attended St. Ignatius College Preparatory high school, taking part in the school's drama program. He received his B.A. degree at Yale University. NY Theatre
Jue first appeared in New York in 1984 in a production of Pacific Overtures as the boy in the tree and the Dutch Admiral. He appeared in a California production of the same musical in 1988, and later, he appeared in the show on Broadway as the Dutch Admiral and Madam (2004–05).He also appeared on Broadway in the original Broadway production of M.


texts: Butterfly, where he understudied the title character, Song Liling, and Comrade Chin (1989–90), also acting as understudy for these characters in the first national tour (1990–91); he then starred as Song Liling in the second national tour (1991–92). In the original Broadway production of Thoroughly Modern Millie, he created the role of Bun Foo (2002–04). Jue's Off-Broadway credits include Dr. Mendel in the 2006 National Asian American Theater Festival's revival of William Finn's Falsettoland; numerous roles with the New York Shakespeare Festival in Hamlet, King Lear, The Tragedy of Richard II, Pericles, Prince of Tyre, Timon of Athens and The Winter's Tale; Dream True: My Life with Vernon Dixon (Vineyard Theatre); Oscar in Chay Yew's A Language of Their Own (2005); the father in Kevin So's musical, Victor Woo: The Average Asian American; and Vice-Principal Huang in No Foreigners Beyond This Point, by Warren Leight (2005). He won the 2008 Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Featured Actor and a 2008 Obie Award for his performance in David Henry Hwang's Yellow Face at the Public Theater. He was also nominated for a 2008 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play. Of this role, writer Lia Chang observed: "Jue distinguishes himself as Hwang's father, Henry Y. Hwang. ... Jue's moving and heartfelt portrayal ... has been earning [him] rave reviews."<mask> has said, "For me, Hwang's work has been a seminal part of being Asian-American in this culture. It's about feeling alienated in your own country." In 2009, after recovering from a back injury sustained in a 15-foot fall during rehearsals for a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, Jue appeared in Coraline with MCC Theater at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in the role of Father. He returned to the Public Theater in 2011 as Sir Nathaniel in Love's Labor's Lost. In early 2014,


texts:
 <mask> played the title character's father off-Broadway in Signature Theatre Company's premiere of Hwang's Kung Fu. He appeared in The World of Extreme Happiness, a play by Frances Ya-Chu Cowhig, that premiered at Goodman Theatre in Chicago in September and October 2014 and reopened at Manhattan Theatre Club in New York City in February and March 2015. In between these two runs, with York Theatre Company in December 2014, he appeared in My Favorite Year.From October to December 2018, Jue appeared in Wild Goose Dreams, a new play by Hansol Jung, at the Public Theater, receiving another Obie Award for his performance. In 2019, <mask> reprised his role in Soft Power at the Public Theater beginning in September 2019. In 2020, he played Duik in Lauren Yee's Cambodian Rock Band at Signature Theatre. Jue was nominated for 2020 Drama Desk Awards and Lucille Lortel Awards for both roles; he won the Lortel Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play for the latter role. He was also nominated for the
Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical for his role in Soft Power, and the show's cast album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. Other theatre
Jue has also appeared widely in regional theatre as Jeffrey in A Song for a Nisei Fisherman at Asian American Theatre Company (1988); the title character in M Butterfly at Hippodrome Theatre (1992), TheatreWorks in California (1992, 2007), Arizona Theatre Company (1993) and Vineyard Playhouse (1994); the MC in Cabaret at Cider Mill Playhouse (1993) and TheatreWorks (1996, Bay Area Critics Circle Award), Sacramento Music Theatre (1998); Puck in A Midsummer Night's Dream at Arizona Theatre Company (1995); Amanuensis and Geronte in The Illusion at Arizona Theatre Company (1997, winning a ZONI award); Molina in Kiss of the Spider Woman at TheateWorks

masks: Jue Jue


texts: (1997, Dramalogue Award); Thomas in A Question of Mercy at Magic Theatre (1998); Mike, Ronald and Skunk in As Bees in Honey Drown and the title character in Amadeus, both at TheatreWorks (1999); The Parsi Man in Just So at North Shore Music Theatre (2001); Skeets Miller in Floyd Collins at TheatreWorks (2001); Hua in Red at Wilma Theatre (2003) and TheatreWorks (2004; "Jue ... is utterly convincing. He is self-righteous, stern and yet completely sympathetic."); the narrator in Into the Woods, which he also choreographed, at TheatreWorks (2006, Bay Area Critics Circle Award; "Jue ... shows his amazing physical acting talent. ... He has a true theatrical voice when doing the splendid narration of the story. "); the King in The King and I at American Music Theatre of San Jose (2006) and Carousel Dinner Theatre (2008); and Mr. Oji in Philip Kan Gotanda's After the War at American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco (2007). At The Muny in St. Louis, he starred in the title roles of The King and I (2006) and Peter Pan in 2007 and as The Engineer in Miss Saigon in 2008. In 2009, he reprised his role in Yellow Face at Theatreworks. In 2010, Jue played Smokey in Damn Yankees at The Muny.That fall, he starred as Dr. Givings in The Actors Theatre production of In the Next Room (or The Vibrator Play) in Phoenix, Arizona (for which he won a ZONI award). In 2011, he was back at The Muny as Sebastian in The Little Mermaid. CBS St. Louis wrote: "The consummate acting, dancing and singing skills of <mask> as Sebastian are a joy to experience." In early 2012, he appeared in The Winter's Tale at Yale Repertory Theatre and returned to The Muny that summer in Thoroughly Modern Millie (this time as Ching Ho) and Kassim in Aladdin. Later in the year, Jue created two roles in You for Me for You, a new play by Mia Chung, debuted at the Woolly Mammoth Theatre


texts: Company. Jue appeared as Salvatore "Sally" Camatoy in a stage adaptation of Paper Dolls, by Philip Himberg, at the Tricycle Theatre in London from 28 February 2013 to 13 April 2013. The Daily Telegraph wrote: "Jue gives a haunting performance as Sally".The Times commented, "At [the musical's] heart is the relationship (which repeatedly made me cry) between Chaim ... and the wonderful <mask> as Salvatore – 'Sally'." In June, he appeared at the New Haven International Arts Festival in the musical Stuck Elevator, with music by Byron Au Yong and a libretto by Aaron Jafferis, directed by Chay Yew about a delivery man trapped in a Bronx elevator for 81 hours. In November, Jue returned to North Shore and to the role of the Engineer in Miss Saigon. A review in The Boston Globe commented: "Jue delivers an indelible portrait of a Mephistophelean hustler who doesn’t so much walk as slither, a cannily corrupt survivor adept at switching allegiances. ... Jue excels in one of the show’s best numbers, "The American Dream". Jue won an Elliot Norton Award for his performance and was nominated for an IRNE Award. In October 2015, Jue created several roles, including the father, in a new comic play, Tiger Style!by Mike Lew at Alliance Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia. "Jue steals the show as he rapidly modulates between characters, performing with charisma and humor". In early 2016, Jue played sushi master chef Koji in Tokyo Fish Story by Kimber Lee at Theatreworks. Later in the year, he reprised his roles in Tiger Style! in Boston. The following year, he played Larry Yee in "King of the Yees", by Lauren Yee, in Chicago and Los Angeles. A reviewer for Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "You will, without any question, fall madly in love with Larry Yee, or more precisely, with <mask>e, the wiry, wide-eyed, shrewdly comic, comically un-hip and altogether remarkable actor who

masks:
Francis Jue
Francis Ju


texts:
 plays him with such effortless guile."Jue repeated the role in 2019 at the San Francisco Playhouse. A reviewer for The San Diego Union-Tribune commented that in Wild Goose Dreams at La Jolla Playhouse in September and October 2017, "Jue portrays the father with a winning, playfully comic touch". Jue starred in David Henry Hwang and Jeanine Tesori's new "play with a musical", Soft Power, which opened at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in May 2018 and moved to San Francisco's Curran Theatre in June. In mid-2019, Jue played Resten in The Language Archive at TheatreWorks Silicon Valley. Television, film and radio
Jue's television credits include Dorian on Talk to Me (2000, ABC), voice of James in Nikki (2000, Cartoon Network), Dr. Yamagatchi on One Life to Live, Dr. Fong and later Judge Ong on Law and Order: SVU (2004–06; 2013, NBC), Dr. Tom Li on The Good Wife (2009–10, CBS) and Dr. Halberton on Law & Order (2010, NBC). From 2014 to 2019, he played the recurring role of Chinese Foreign Minister Ming Chen on the CBS TV series Madam Secretary. In 2020, Jue appeared as the recurring character Fred on season 1 of the Starz series Hightown.On film, Jue appeared in the 1999 comedy short, Puppet, Love & Mertz, as Mertz; and he made his feature film debut as Ang Hsu in Joyful Noise'', in 2012, starring Dolly Parton and Queen Latifah. He played Chris in the 2019 short suspense-thriller Rendezvous. In 2021, Jue starred in San Francisco Mime Troupe's radio serial "Tales of the Resistance, Volume 2: Persistence", Episode 2. Notes

References
 2004 profile of Jue
 Photo and profile of Jue
 Information from a 1996 interview of Jue

External links

 Photos from M. Butterfly

American male musical theatre actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male actors of Chinese descent
1963


texts:
<mask> (Hangul 권혁웅; born 1967) is a South Korean poet, literary critic, and professor. He was born in Chungju, South Korea and studied Korean literature at Korea University, where he also received his doctoral degree. He has been teaching creative writing at Hanyang Women's University since 2003. Life
<mask>g was born in Chungju, South Korea. He began his literary career when he won the Joongang Ilbo New Writer's Contest in 1996 for criticism and the Munye Joongang Literary Award in 1997 for poetry. As a critic, he was closely involved in a heated controversy over South Korean Futurist literature in the mid-2000s. Experimental works by young South Korean poets in that decade were attracting criticism for their abstruseness, but <mask> defended them arguing that they simply used “a different style of communication” from conventional poetry.He was in fact the first one to call them “Futurist” poetry, and despite the controversy surrounding the subject, the name stuck. It became an important term to explain South Korean poetry in the 2000s and sparked various other discussions on new poetics. <mask>'s own poetry, however, was not the kind of work he praised as a critic. He preferred to write lyrical and romantic poetry. He earned a

masks:
Kwon Hyeokg
Kwon Hyeok un
Kwon
Kwon


texts:
 number of accolades for his work, including the 6th Modern Poetry Coterie Award in 2000, the 4th Yushim Award for Best Criticism in 2006, the 2nd Society of Korean Poets Award for Emerging Poets in 2006, the 15th Contemporary Poetry Award in 2010, and the 12th Midang Literary Award in 2012. He served on the editorial board of literary journals Munye Joongang and Hyeondaesihak. He currently teaches creative writing at Hanyang Women's University.Writing
<mask> Hyeok-ung's poetry has a lyricism that subtly balances emotion with logic. His first poetry collection Hwanggeumnamu areseo (황금나무 아래서 Beneath the Golden Tree) (2001) observes the interior and exterior of objects. His second collection Majingga gyebohak (마징가 계보학 A Genealogy of Mazinger) (2005) nostalgically portrays the hardships of the 1970s and 80s in South Korea by alluding to comic books, erotica, and other cultural memes that were popular among the lower middle class during that time. Geu eolgure ipsureul daeda (그 얼굴에 입술을 대다 I Pressed My Lips on That Face) (2007) is a collection of love poems set in a fantastical universe, featuring mythical creatures from around the world such as centaurs, werewolves, unicorns, and jiangshi. Kwon captures everyday scenes using different


texts:
 motifs for each collection. From his fourth collection Somundeul (소문들 Rumors), his poems start taking on a more subversive character. In particular, they advocate a type of semantics where signifiers resist and gain independence from the “tyranny” of meaning, explore the meaning of resisting meaning, and seek a counterpower to cause power to implode.Such satirical poetry allowed him to perceive the world in a new light and experience the constant tension between language and reality. From parodies and love poems through political satires to poems about everyday life, <mask>'s poems have diversified in their sensibility and expression. Literary critic Shin Hyeong-cheol argues that <mask> is “an intelligent poet” who takes easy-to-miss “people and objects and turns them into protagonists of his stories, then casually nudges them toward us.<mask> has also been noted for his lyricism, experimental style, ability to create images from mundane subjects, imagination, and extensive knowledge of poetry. Works

Poetry collections

1. 『마징가 계보학』(창비, 2005) { A Genealogy of Mazinger. Changbi, 2005. } 2.『그 얼굴에 입술을 대다』(민음사, 2007) { I Pressed My Lips on That Face. Minumsa, 2007. } 3. 『소문들』(문학과지성사, 2010) { Rumors. Moonji, 2010. } 4. 『애인은 토막난 순대처럼

masks:
Kwon
Kwon
” Kwon


texts:
 운다』(창비, 2013) { The Lover Wails Like a Chopped up Sausage.Changbi, 2013. } Essay collections

1. 『태초에 사랑이 있었다』(문학동네, 2005) { In the Beginning There Was Love. Munhakdongne, 2005. } 2. 『두근두근』(랜덤하우스코리아, 2008) { Pitapat. Random House Korea, 2008. }3. 『몬스터 멜랑콜리아』(민음사, 2011) { Monster Melancholia. Minumsa, 2011. } 4. 『당신을 읽는 시간』(문예중앙, 2012) { Time to Read You. Moonye Joongang, 2012. } 5.『꼬리치는 당신』(마음산책, 2013) { You’re Flirty. Maumsanchaek, 2013. } 6. 『미주알 고주알』(난다, 2014) { Every Last Detail. Nanda Books, 2014. } 7. 『생각하는 연필』(난다, 2014) { Thinking Pencil.Nanda Books, 2014. } 8. 『외롭지 않은 말』(마음산책, 2016) { Unlonely Words. Maumsanchaek, 2016. } Criticism

1. 『미래파』(문학과지성사, 2005) { Futurism. Moonji, 2005. }2. 『시론』(문학동네, 2010) { Poetics. Munhakdongne, 2010. } 3. 『입술에 묻은 이름』(문학동네, 2012) { The Name Stained on Your Lips. Munhakdongne, 2012. } 4.『시적 언어의 기하학』(새미, 2013) { The Geometry of Poetic Language. Saemi, 2013. } Works in translation
1. 現代詩手帖 2007年 8月号 (Japanese)

Awards
1. 2000: 6th Modern Poetry Coterie Award

2. 2005: 3rd Aeji Literary Award for Best Criticism

3. 2006: 4th Yushim Award for Best Criticism

4.2006: 2nd Society of Korean Poets Award for Emerging Poets

5. 2010: 15th Contemporary Poetry Award

6. 2012: 12th Midang Literary


texts:
 Award

Further reading
1. 최현식, ｢파문의 기원과 궤적｣, 『실천문학사』 봄호, 2002. { Choi, Hyeon-sik. “The Origins and Trajectory of Scandal.” Literature and Practice, Spring 2002 Issue. } 2.김종훈, ｢시어 수집가의 기록 보관소｣, 『문학과사회』 봄호, 2011. { Kim, Jong-hoon. “The Archives of a Poetic Words Collector.” Literature and Society, Spring 2011 Issue. } 3. 신형철, ｢우주의 지도를 그리다가 심장 부근에서 : 권혁웅의 시｣, 『열린시학』 봄호, 2007. { Shin, Hyeong-cheol. “Mapping the Universe but Near the Heart: The Poetry of <mask> Hyeok-ung.” Open Poetics, Spring 2007 Issue. }4. 강동호, ｢메타적 상상력의 미래를 위하여 : 권혁웅 비평집 『시론｣, 『창작과비평』 봄호, 2011. { Gang, Dong-ho. “For a Future of Meta-Imagination: <mask> Hyeok-ung’s Critical Essay Collection Poetics.” Changbi, Spring 2011 Issue. } External links
1. 백(白)형제의 문인보](24) 시인 권혁웅 { “Writer Bios of the White Brothers: Poet <mask> Hyeok-ung.” The Kyunghyang Shinmun. Last modified September 28, 2014. }2. 미당문학상 받는 시인 권혁웅 씨 "술 취한 샐러리맨에서 현대인 상처 봤죠“ { “Poet <mask> Hyeok-ung, Winner of Midang Literary Award, Says He Saw the Scars of Modern Society in a Drunk Office Worker.” Hankyung News. Last modified September 25, 2012. } References

1967 births
Living people
21st-century South Korean poets
South Korean literary critics
South Korean male poets
Midang Literary Award

masks: Kwon Kwon Kwon Kwon


texts:
<mask> (20 October 1890 in Liepāja – 17 October 1971 in Kaunas) was one of the most prominent Lithuanian politicians of the interwar period. A Christian Democrat, he rose to the peak of his career in 1925, when he was appointed as the Prime Minister of Lithuania. <mask> also headed the ministries of education, defense and foreign affairs in several different governments throughout 1920s and 1930s and twice served as the speaker of the Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas. After the 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état and the subsequent fall of parliamentary democracy, <mask> led the Christian Democrats and, despite persecution, acted as an outspoken leader of the opposition to the authoritarian President Antanas Smetona. After the Soviet occupation and annexation of Lithuania, <mask> was arrested, sentenced without a trial and deported from Lithuania, only returning permanently after the death of Josef Stalin. <mask> lived the remaining years of his life in obscurity and poverty, supported only by the local people of Kaunas. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1890 to a working-class family in Liepāja, Courland Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in Latvia), where his father had emigrated.He graduated from the Liepāja Gymnasium in 1911. <mask> attempted studying medicine at the University of Geneva, switching to philosophy at the University of Freiburg a year later. He then returned to studying medicine in Dorpat (now Tartu), but was unable to finish due to the complex international environment leading up to World War I. Upon the start of the war, <mask> was conscripted to the Imperial Russian Army and served in Russia until the Bolshevik Revolution, initially as a private and later as a medic. After the war, Bistras returned to Lithuania and helped to establish the Kaunas municipality, and worked for the press office in Lithuania and Switzerland. <mask> finally graduated from the University of Freiburg in 1921, with a PhD in Philosophy. Between 1922 and 1940 he taught at the faculty of Theology and Philosophy at the Kaunas University.Throughout his life, <mask> did not publish a single article in philosophy (other than his doctoral thesis), but was proud of his doctoral

masks:
Leonas Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras
Bistras


texts:
 degree, signing his name "Dr. <mask> <mask>" throughout his political career. Political career

Entry into politics
<mask> first ventured into politics during the World War I. The February Revolution liberalized the political environment and allowed for discussions on the status of Lithuania. In Voronezh, <mask> met other active Lithuanian Catholics and edited the newspaper Voice of the Lithuanians (Lietuvių balsas), giving him his first experience in journalism – an activity that would take much of his interest in the coming decades. In 1917, Bistras joined the activities of the emerging Lithuanian Christian Democratic movement. The political situation during the war led to the formation of two parties styling themselves as the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party. One was originally established by Lithuanian refugees in Russia, led by priest Mykolas Krupavičius, and was radicalized by the ongoing revolution there.The other, established in Lithuania, was led by Aleksandras Stulginskis and was more moderate in its goals. In November 1918, a conference was called to unite the two parties. During the conference, <mask> emerged as one of the leaders of the movement and proposed a solution once an impasse was reached – both radical and moderate Christian Democrats would be represented in the joint leadership of the party and both programs would remain in place until they could be aligned. This goal was eventually achieved and the party remained united. <mask> officially joined the party as a member in 1921 and from 1922 onward was regularly elected to its central committee. Member of the Seimas
<mask>' growing prominence in the Lithuanian politics was evident when, in 1922, he was elected to the First Seimas from the constituency of Raseiniai and became its speaker. He played a role in the election of Stulginskis as the President of Lithuania, dismissing complaints from the opposition politicians that the Seimas did not have the necessary quorum when voting on his candidacy.The first Seimas, however, had a short and troubled life – no clear majority had emerged in the elections (Christian Democrats and their allies won 38 of the 78 seats allocated), making governing difficult.

masks: Leonas Bistras Bistras Bistras Bistras Bistras Bistras


texts:
 In fact, Prime Minister Ernestas Galvanauskas failed twice to get his cabinet approved by the Seimas and Stulginskis dissolved the First Seimas on 12 March 1923. However, the Seimas did play a role in the history of interwar Lithuania, authorizing the Klaipėda Revolt that would see the Klaipėda Region become an autonomous part of Lithuania between 1923 and 1939. <mask> was reelected to the Second Seimas in 1923. Between June 1923 and January 1925, he served as the minister of education in the successive cabinets headed by Galvanauskas and Antanas Tumėnas. As a minister, he took a hard line insisting on religious instruction in public schools, drawing criticism from political opponents. Between January and September 1925, <mask> again served as the speaker of the Seimas.Prime Minister
In September 1925, the government of Vytautas Petrulis opened negotiations with Poland over the navigation of the Neman as required by the Klaipėda Convention. Successive Lithuanian governments bitterly contested the Polish possession of the Vilnius region and refused to open diplomatic relations. Although Petrulis' government saw negotiations as technical and not constituting a diplomatic recognition, the public and military discontent was widespread. An ultimatum from military offices forced Petrulis to resign and <mask> was appointed as the Prime Minister of the 12th cabinet on 25 September 1925. He also served as the minister of defense and, after the resignation of Mečislovas Reinys, as the minister of foreign affairs. His government was in power for less than a year, until the Seimas elections the following spring. <mask>' cabinet withdrew from the negotiations with Poland.Feeling isolated in the international arena, Bistras started negotiations with the Soviet Union on the Soviet–Lithuanian Non-Aggression Pact that would eventually be signed by the government of Mykolas Sleževičius in 1926. Bistras later regretted this shift in political direction. Seeing the growing power of the Soviet Union and Germany in mid-1930s, he advocated for stronger ties with Latvia, Estonia and, above else, Poland, even if it meant accepting the Polish possession of Vilnius. A major challenge for the Bistras'

masks: Bistras Bistras Bistras Bistras


texts:
 government was managing relations with the Holy See in the Vatican. While Christian Democrats were naturally aligned with the Church in their views on a number of matters, organization of the Catholic Church presented the Lithuanian government with a headache. Even after the declaration of independence in 1918, Catholic churches in Lithuania continued to be organized under ecclesiastical provinces based in foreign countries. The issue escalated in 1925, when the Holy See signed the Concordat of 1925 with Poland and assigned the contested Archdiocese of Vilnius to the Polish ecclesiastical province.While this did not confer a diplomatic recognition of the Polish possession of Vilnius, public opinion in Lithuania turned against Vatican and the Christian Democrats, who were perceived as their allies. Despite protests, Bistras accepted the establishment of the Lithuanian ecclesiastical province without Vilnius in 1926. <mask> was elected to the Third Seimas in 1926, this time in Marijampolė, but Christian Democrats and their allies did not fare well in the elections. For the first time in six years, the party was in opposition to a left-leaning coalition that attempted to normalize the life in Lithuania by lifting the martial law and introducing far-reaching reforms. Christian Democrats proved to be an active opposition in the parliament, with multiple interpellations to the government, many of them co-authored or signed by Bistras. Christian Democrats voted against the treaty with the Soviet Union that was originally conceived under Bistras' government and criticized other government decisions, as support for the government waned, especially among the military officers and the clergy. Coup d'état and Smetona's rule
In December 1926, military officers executed a coup d'état, removing Mykolas Sleževičius as the Prime Minister and Kazys Grinius as the President.Although <mask> and the Christian Democrats were not directly involved in the coup, they participated in implementing its outcome. Christian Democrats voted to elect Antanas Smetona as the President, thus giving him constitutional legitimacy, and initially joined the government, with <mask> appointed as the minister of

masks: Bistras Bistras Bistras


texts: education. <mask>, ever trying to reach a compromise, initially hoped that a new election would be called, allowing the Christian Democrats to return to power. As the prospect of new elections waned and the Third Seimas was dissolved, <mask>, together with the other Christian Democrats, resigned from the government, leaving Smetona's Nationalists Union of Lithuania as the sole governing party. <mask> assumed the leadership of the Christian Democrats in 1927, leading it through a difficult period. Smetona did not call for new elections to the parliament until 1936, severely limiting the activities and influence of the party. Party leadership was constantly persecuted and put under surveillance, and party congresses were banned in 1929.Apart from the pressure from the government, the Christian Democrats also struggled to maintain unity with their traditional allies (the Farmers' Association and the Labour Federation) as well as within their own ranks. The party, along with other opposition political parties, was finally banned in 1936. <mask> was openly critical of the government during the period. In 1927, he was alleged to have influenced several military officers who attempted to force Smetona to form a coalition government. The intervention failed and Brisas fled Lithuania for Germany, only returning the following year. Starting with 1930, he, together with other Catholic leaders, criticized the government for their attempt to curtail the activities of religious organizations and, in 1935, he openly criticized the government in a speech at the Global Lithuanian Congress. Until 1936, <mask> also edited newspaper Rytas (The Morning) giving a voice to Christian Democrats in Lithuania.The newspaper was often critical of the ruling Nationalists and Smetona, and was often a target of censure and fines. In 1928, the publication of the newspaper was suspended as a result of "infractions" and Bistras started publishing Sutemos (The Dusk) instead, expressing the editor's view of the situation in the country. Bistras had many political articles published in minority (especially Jewish) press, which was less subject to censure. For his activities in inciting protests against the

masks: Bistras Bistras Bistras Bistras Bistras


texts:
 government, <mask> was sentenced in 1938 and sent to a three-month exile to Alytus, separating him from the political elite in Kaunas. His sentence was cut short and Bistras even returned to the government after Lithuania lost the Klaipėda Region after the German ultimatum of March 1939, serving on the 20th cabinet as the minister of education. Even as part of the government, Bistras maintained an explicitly cold relationship with Smetona, refusing to present the president with the work plan for his ministry. Later life and death
In July 1940, <mask> was arrested, imprisoned in the Kaunas Prison and, without a trial, deported to the region of Archangelsk in 1941.Charges laid against him were related to the suppression of the Lithuanian Communist Party in the interwar Lithuania. Proving <mask>' involvement in implementing the suppression was not seen as necessary, his mere participation in the government and the Christian Democratic Party was enough. Due to health reasons, he was transferred to Atbasar in Kazakhstan, where he worked as a medic. In January 1945, he was sentenced again, for allegedly providing a fake certificate of absence, but was released seven months later and allowed to return to Lithuania. In Lithuania, he worked at the library of the Archdiocese of Vilnius. In 1950, he was again arrested, sentenced and sent to Siberia, only returning in 1954 or 1956. As he was not granted a pension or given work by the Soviet government, <mask> lived on donations from the people of Kaunas, where he died in 1971, three days before his 81st birthday.He was buried in Petrašiūnai Cemetery in Kaunas. References

1890 births
1971 deaths
Politicians from Liepāja
People from Courland Governorate
University of Freiburg alumni
University of Geneva alumni
Vytautas Magnus University faculty
Lithuanian people of World War I
Russian military personnel of World War I
Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Lithuania
Ministers of Education of Lithuania
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania
Ministers of Defence of Lithuania
Speakers of the Seimas
Lithuanian journalists
Prisoners and detainees of the Soviet Union
Burials at Petrašiūnai


texts:
<mask> (or <mask>) (reigned 1584–1588) was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. His long stay in Turkey, theological training, and possibly age, may have unfitted him to rule. Most of the fighting was done by his brother <mask>. He was one of the many sons of <mask>. His reign was briefly interrupted by the usurpation of his nephew Saadet, and much of his reign was spent in conflict with Saadet and his brothers, the sons of his murdered brother and predecessor, <mask>. Unlike many Crimean khans he died of natural causes. Early life
The year of his birth is not given.After his father Devlet <mask> came to the throne in 1551, Islyam was sent to the Sultan's court as a rekhin or kind of honorary hostage. Girays living in Istanbul could be put on the Crimean throne if the ruling khan was disobedient. He spent more than 30 years of his life in Turkey and at some point left the Ottoman court for the Mevlevi Order of Sufis at Konya, where he engaged in prayer, meditation and theological study. Accession
In 1584 his elder brother Khan Mehmed <mask>y refused a Turkish order to lead the Crimeans on a distant campaign to Persia. Murad <mask> recalled Islyam and declared him the new Crimean Khan. The Sultan's reasons were probably that Islyam was the eldest Giray after Mehmed and that his long stay in Turkey and lack of military experience would make him a tractable vassal. In May 1584 Islyam arrived at Kaffa with Turkish soldiers and was joined by his brothers Alp, Selyamet and Mubarek and most of the Crimean nobles including the Shirin clan.Mehmed, his sons (below) and the pro-Nogai Mansur clan leaders fled toward the steppe seeking Nogai support. Near Perekop Alp caught up with Mehmed and had him strangled. Islyam with Turkish troops

masks:
Islyam II Giray
İslâm
Alp Giray
Devlet I Giray
Mehmed II Giray
I Giray
II Gira
III


texts:
 marched to Bakhchisarai and took the throne. Alp became his kalga and Mubarak his nureddin. Saadet’s rebellion
When Mehmed died his sons were Saadet II Giray, Murad and Safa. Three months after Islyam's accession, seeking revenge for their murdered father, Saadet and his brothers led 15000 Nogais, 230 Don Cossacks and the Mansur bey southward. There was no defending army because most of the beys and mirzas had gathered at Bakhchiserai to make arrangements for the new reign.They defended the capital for seven days and then broke up. Under cover of darkness Islyam fled southwest through the hill country to Balaklava and took ship to the Turkish garrison at Kaffa. He was joined by his brothers Alp and Selyamet who had traveled by land. Saadet seized the royal treasury and headed east toward Kaffa. Because of his victory and possession of the treasury many beys joined him. At the old capital of Stary Krym the beys proclaimed him khan. At some point he was joined by some Kumyks.The Zaporozhian Cossacks offered to fight for pay, but this plan was overtaken by events. Saadet marched south and besieged Kaffa. Saadet could not break the walls and the garrison could not deal with the Nogai cavalry. Islyam appealed to the Turks. After a two and a half month siege 4000 janissaries arrived in galleys. Alp opened the gate and the Turkish artillery drove back the Nogai horse. There was a bloody battle at the river Indol near Stary Krym.Saadet was defeated and fled. In the summer of the following year (1585) Saadet tried again but was defeated by Alp <mask> before he reached Perekop. On the steppe
The three brothers were now in danger since any bold chieftain might seize them and sell them to Islyam. Saadet and his younger brother Safa


texts: fled east to refuge with Chopan, the shamkhal of the Kumyks on the Caspian Sea. Chopan probably wanted a bargaining chip to protect his independence, since in the last reign Turkish and Crimean troops had several times marched through his lands to attack the Persians. The Shah of Persia was happy with Saadet's arrival and sent him a decorated saber which he suggested be used against the Turks. See Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90).Another source has Safa go first to Cherkassia, then to the Kumyks in autumn 1586, and later refuse to cooperate with the Russians. Murad chose a stronger protector and went to the Russians at Astrakhan. The Russians hoped to use him as a puppet khan just as they had done at Kazan. Murad went to Moscow in the spring of 1586, was shown great honor and returned to Astrakhan in September. He affected royal airs and called himself 'Lord of the Four Rivers" (Don, Volga, Ural and Terek), but was closely watched by the Russians. He was told to unite the Nogais, Kabardians and Kumyks against Crimea and Turkey. Urus Bey of the Nogais submitted very reluctantly and sent a complaint to the sultan.In the spring of 1587 Islyam heard that the czar had sent Murad 30000 streltsi and Cossacks in preparation for an attack on Crimea at the end of the year. In response, Alp and Selyamet made a raid on the Oka (1587). The Russians claimed success, but the raid reduced their support for Murad. The Russians pretended that they had sent the men to fight the Poles, not the Crimeans. Unhappy with Murad's demands, Urus-Bey sent an ambassador to the sultan offering to become a Turkish subject and receive a Turkish governor, asking for Adil <mask>'s fort of Bola-Serai to replace Saraichik which the Volga Cossacks had destroyed


texts:
 and proposed a new Turkish campaign to liberate Astrakhan. Some time before the Sultan had received a proposal from Bukhara for a joint attack on Astrakhan to open up communications north of the Caspian. Both were at war with Persia.The vizier Piyale-Pasha visited both Bukhara and the Nogais and reported that the capture of Astrakhan was feasible. The sultan ordered Urus and Islyam to prepare for a Volga campaign in the spring of 1588. Islyam would be in charge. Piyale-Pasha began filling Kaffa with food and equipment. (When Islyam died in 1588 the campaign was cancelled, the Turkish troops were sent to the Persian front and the galleys returned to the Mediterranean.) At this time Murad had gone to the Kumyks to marry the Shamkhal’s daughter and bring him into the Russian orbit, while Saadet moved from Kumykia to Astrakhan. It was learned in Crimea that a certain Khoja-bey had left Istanbul, bypassed Crimea and landed at Azov with messages for Saadet and Murad.We do not know what was said, but a few weeks later Saadet was found dead at Astrakhan. It is thought that the Russians had him murdered, fearing that he might go over to the Turks. The whole business remains mysterious. In Crimea
After Saadet's expulsion the Janissaries were rather rough with his supporters which made Islyam unpopular. There was a problem with Alp since he had long been in Crimea, had military experience and would probably have made a better khan. Islyam had difficulty imposing himself since his subjects might to go over to the three brothers if he did anything unpopular. Less than a month after Alp's 1587 campaign, Islyam and his younger brother Fetikh went of Gozleve/Evpatoria on some business.The Turks there complained that they could not reach


texts:
 Crimea by land because the Cossacks were raiding and had destroyed fort of Ak-Chakum (apparently Ochakiv at the mouth of the Dnieper estuary). While he was there the Cossacks looted seventeen villages on the northwest coast of Crimea and disappeared before Islyam could do anything. The sultan sent a blunt letter hinting that he knew what to do with a khan who could not defend their northern frontier. He also ordered Islyam to make a retaliatory campaign against the Poland which, in theory, controlled Zaporozhian Cossacks. That winter Islyam started his only military campaign, along with his brothers Alp and Fetikh. He was to join the Turkish army at Akkerman and do something that is not explained. The campaign failed from the start.He had to coerce a number of subjects who did not want to join him. Because of an unusually warm winter they had to spend a month on the Dnieper waiting for it to freeze. When he got to Akkerman he found that the Turks, who had been waiting for him since autumn, had dispersed because of his delay. He was therefore forced to wait at Akkerman until they came back. In March 1588, at that city, he died of natural causes. He was buried in the walls to the Akkerman mosque. The beys who were with Islyam chose Alp <mask> as the new khan.They sent to Istanbul for confirmation, but the sultan chose Gazi II <mask> (1588–1608). See also
Crimea#geography for places

References and notes
Oleksa Gaivoronsky «Повелители двух материков», Kiev-Bakhchisarai, second edition, 2010, , volume 1, pages 319–331
Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, pp. 518–523 (out of date)

Crimean Khans
1588 deaths
16th-century monarchs in

masks: Giray Giray


texts:
<mask> (; July 16, 1918 – October 12, 2015), was an American electrical engineer who was an associate administrator at NASA who headed the Office of Manned Space Flight from September 1963 until December 1969. Hailed as one of NASA's "most brilliant and fearless managers", he was instrumental in introducing the all-up testing philosophy for the Saturn V launch vehicle, which ensured the success of the Apollo program in landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth by the end of 1969. <mask> also played a key part in the design of Skylab, and championed the space shuttle's development, which earned him the nickname, "the father of the space shuttle." More recently, <mask> was chairman and chief vehicle architect of the now defunct Kistler Aerospace Corp. Early life and education
<mask> was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 16, 1918. His mother, a high school graduate, was from Belleville, Illinois and had been a secretary, but she never worked after marriage. His father was an electrician who began working as a boy and never went to high school, but later became superintendent of an electrical motor repair shop in St. Louis.Both parents were English speakers, but also spoke German; <mask> never learned German well enough to converse. He went to Benton School in St. Louis until the 8th grade, when he and his parents moved to a larger house in the country called Bel Nor, and later graduated from Normandy High School. The young <mask> enjoyed reading science fiction and, helped by his grandfather, woodworking. When he was aged 11 or 12 <mask> also built and raced model aircraft – such as gliders and rubber band model airplanes. Always curious about how things worked, he also built radios, following in the footsteps of his

masks:
George Edwin Mueller
Mueller
Mueller
George Mueller
Mueller
Mueller
Mueller


texts:
 father. Interested in these activities, the teenage <mask> wanted to be an aeronautical engineer but discovered that where he could afford to go to school, the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy (now Missouri University of Science and Technology) in Rolla, Missouri, there was no aeronautical engineering department. They did offer mechanical engineering, so he enrolled in that program but found it discouraging and switched to electrical engineering.<mask> assumed he would end up working in industry and so, in his senior year, went on a tour of various suitable companies. He applied to RCA, General Electric and Emerson but when he graduated in 1939 the economy took another downturn and he, like most of the class, had no job. After applying to several graduate schools, he got an offer of a television fellowship (funded by RCA) at Purdue University. The fellowship led to his working on an early television project. Purdue was building a television transmitter for the campus, and it was the first of the kind that was using all vacuum tubes to produce the pictures. It was also the first using a cathode ray tube for display purposes. They still had mechanical disks for scanning but were trying to develop an all-electronic approach.Bell Labs
Near graduation, he applied for a research job at Bell Labs, which he received. After a year to establish himself there, he married Maude Rosenbaum, whom he had met in St. Louis and dated while at Purdue. The work <mask> did at Bell Labs deferred him from being drafted into the military during World War II. He initially researched orthicon technology, but, as Bell Labs geared up for war, it later became heavily involved in airborne radar technology. As the war progressed, his group was given the task of

masks: Mueller Mueller Mueller


texts:
 building the first airborne radar for Bell. Ultimately, the radar designed by MIT was chosen over the Bell Labs system, but not until after <mask> became spectacularly sick while flight testing Bell Labs' radar on a visit to Wright Airfield in Ohio. He continued his work on magnetrons and said he came close to co-inventing the transistor.If he and his co-workers had placed their contacts on a single crystal of zircon rather than working with multiple crystals, they would have beaten Shockley's team, also at Bell Labs. PhD and Ramo-Wooldridge
<mask> increasingly believed that to move up in the hierarchy of the Labs he would need a PhD, and he began working towards this goal on a part-time basis at Princeton University, getting up every morning at around 5 o'clock and driving to Princeton to take a couple of courses before driving back down to Holmdel to work all day at Bell Labs. In 1946 a colleague at the Labs, Milton Boone, a professor from Ohio State University on leave at Bell Labs during the war, encouraged <mask> to help set up a vacuum tube lab and run the communications group at Ohio State. Moving to Columbus, <mask> taught electrical engineering and the new field of system engineering, and continued his research, focusing his PhD thesis on dielectric antennas. Upon obtaining his doctorate in physics in 1951, he became associate professor of electrical engineering. Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation, later part of TRW, recruited him and he took a one-year sabbatical in 1953. A consultant to Ramo-Wooldridge, <mask> got involved in the review of radar designs and the Bell Labs radar for the Titan rocket (which was originally radio-guided).<mask> was peripherally involved with some of the developments of the inertial systems and generally began

masks: Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller


texts:
 to help out wherever there was a problem. <mask> admitted in 1987 that at this time he did not know anything about missiles. After returning from his sabbatical year to Ohio State, <mask> taught but was also retained as a part-time consultant to R-W. In 1957 he joined Ramo-Wooldridge full-time as director of the Electronics Laboratories. This Laboratory soon merged with the mechanical group, and then <mask> became deputy leader of this larger research and development organization. He was also program director for the Pioneer program and later took over as head of R&D [Research and Development]. The Thompson Products Company bought R-W and merged it into what became TRW.While working on missile systems <mask> became convinced that all-up testing was essential as "you don't want to be testing piece-wise in space. You want to test the entire system because who knows which one's going to fail, and you'd better have it all together so that whatever fails, you have a reasonable chance of finding the real failure mode, not just the one you were looking for." NASA and the Apollo program

<mask> became increasingly involved with NASA and the Apollo Program. NASA's Administrator James E. Webb sounded <mask> out for a top job. <mask> would only agree if the agency was restructured, and so during the fall of 1963 Webb worked with Associate Administrator Robert Seamans to restructure NASA, shifting three key centers (Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and the Launch Operations Center (LOC)) to report directly to <mask>, as well as a local staff at Headquarters. <mask> accepted the job, and took a substantial pay cut. The reorganization of NASA and the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF) was announced in November

masks: Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller


texts: 1963.Encouraged by Webb, <mask> had studied the three centers, speaking with people he knew from his work at Ramo-Wooldridge. His impression: "there wasn't any management system in existence". More seriously, <mask> found no means to determine and control hardware configurations, which gave no way to determine costs or schedules. <mask> concluded he would have to "teach people what was involved in doing program control." In August 1963, <mask> invited each of his three field center directors to visit him and explained how his proposed changes would put Apollo back on schedule and solve problems with the Bureau of the Budget. Change did not come easy and he had some problems with Wernher von Braun who gave "one of his impassioned speeches about how you can't change the basic organization of Marshall." After some argument, von Braun accepted <mask>'s proposals and reorganized MSFC, strengthening its capacity in running large projects.<mask>'s position was strengthened by directors at MSC, MSFC and LOC reporting directly to OMSF. <mask> also reduced attendance at the Manned Space Flight Management Council to just himself and the Center directors. Borrowing from the US Air Force Minuteman program, <mask> formed the Apollo Executive Group, which consisted of himself and the presidents of Apollo's main contractors. The biggest problem <mask> still faced was Apollo's slipping schedule and huge cost overruns. He had always thought the only way to resolve this, and achieve a lunar landing before 1970, was to reduce the number of test flights. <mask> wanted to use his "all-up testing" concept with each flight using the full number of live stages. This approach had been used successfully on the Titan II and Minuteman programs but violated von Braun's

masks: Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller


texts: engineering concepts.The von Braun test plan called for the first live test to use the Saturn's first stage with dummy upper stages. If the first stage worked correctly then the first two stages would be live with a dummy third stage and so on, with at least ten test flights before a manned version was put into low earth orbit. The Saturn V program manager Arthur Rudolph cornered <mask> with scale models of Saturn and Minuteman. The Saturn dwarfed the Minuteman but <mask> replied, "So what?" Eventually von Braun and the others were won over. As von Braun stated: "It sounded reckless, but <mask>'s reasoning was impeccable. Water ballast in lieu of a second and third stage would require much less tank volume than liquid-hydrogen-fuelled stages, so that a rocket tested with only a live first stage would be much shorter than the final configuration.Its aerodynamic shape and its body dynamics would thus not be representative. Filling the ballast tanks with liquid hydrogen? Fine, but then why not burn it as a bonus experiment? And so the arguments went on until <mask> in the end prevailed." <mask>'s concept of all-up testing worked. The first two unmanned flights of the Saturn V were successful (the second less so), then the third Saturn V put Frank Borman's Apollo 8 crew in orbit round the Moon on Christmas 1968, and the sixth Saturn V carried Neil Armstrong's Apollo 11 to the first lunar landing. In an interview <mask> acknowledged what would have happened if all-up testing had failed, "The whole Apollo program and my reputation would have gone down the drain".With this battle won, in November 1965, <mask> reorganized the Gemini and Apollo Program Offices, creating a five-box structure at HQ and field center. This structure replicated <mask>'s

masks:
Mueller
Mueller
George Mueller
George
Mueller
Mueller
Mueller
Mueller


texts:
 concept of system management and provided far better program overview. The key part of the idea was that inside these "GEM boxes" (named from his initials), managers and engineers communicated directly with their functional counterparts in NASA HQ, bypassing the usual chain of command and bureaucracy. With another battle won, <mask> still found that he could not always find the right people with the right skills. Using his background with Air Force projects, <mask> sought Webb's permission to bring in skilled Air Force program managers. He proposed Minuteman program director Colonel Samuel C. Phillips as Apollo program director in OMSF. Webb agreed, and so did AFSC chief General Bernard Schriever.Phillips in turn agreed and brought with him 42 mid-grade officers and eventually 124 more junior officers. Ultimately, over 400 experienced military officers worked on Apollo and other NASA programs during the 1960s. Seamans (promoted in 1965 to deputy administrator) stated that <mask> "didn't sell; he dictated – and without his direction, Apollo would not have succeeded." Also well known were <mask>'s Project Status Reviews, often held on Sundays and in brutal detail. The presentations were nicknamed "pasteurized" as the tired managers' ability to absorb the detail was waning, and the charts were merely "past your eyes." After the Apollo 1 fire, NASA Administrator James Webb became distrustful of <mask>, but commented. "Even if I wanted to, I couldn't fire him because he was manager of our successful Apollo project, and one of the ablest men in the world ...The last thing I wanted was to lose him, but I also had another desire, which was not to let his way of working create too many difficulties." Apollo applications and Skylab
Even while Apollo

masks: Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller Mueller


texts: was progressing <mask> and others were pushing for an aggressive post-Apollo program. He established the Apollo Applications Office in 1965. The Applications were extensive, involving a manned lunar base, an Earth-orbiting space station, Apollo telescope, a Grand Tour of the Outer Solar System, and the original "Voyager program" of Mars Lander probes. Faced with Congressional disapproval and infighting within NASA, the ambitious Apollo Applications Program was cut back time and time again, until just Skylab remained. Father of the Space Shuttle? <mask> is often credited as being the "Father of the Space Shuttle".Whether this is entirely true is debatable – Scott Pace propounded the view that, in such a complex system with so many stakeholders, "everyone was a Shuttle designer." What is beyond doubt is that <mask> played a key role in early Space Shuttle decisions and in championing the cause for a reusable space vehicle. While perhaps not the 'Father' he has been accurately described by Professor John Logsdon as the 'Policy Father of the Space Shuttle'. <mask> held a one-day symposium (held at NASA headquarters) in December 1967 to which 80 people from the Air Force, NASA and industry were invited to discuss low cost space flight and shuttle-like designs. The designs ranged from 'simple' concepts like Martin Marietta's six person reusable craft similar to the Dyna-Soar (launched by a Titan III-M), to partially reusable concepts like Lockheed's Star Clipper or Tip Tank from McDonnell Douglas, to fully reusable two-stage vehicles like the one proposed by General Dynamics. Following this symposium <mask> continued to champion a "space shuttle". He did not invent the term, but he made it his own.He was also a keen proponent of space stations and


texts: was well aware that the space shuttle was to shuttle to and from such a station. While in London in August 1968, to receive an award from the British Interplanetary Society, he again trumpeted the cause of the shuttle, "... there is a real requirement for an efficient earth to orbit transportation system – an economical space shuttle". "I forecast that the next major thrust in space will be the development of an economical launch vehicle for shuttling between Earth and the installations, such as the orbiting space station that will soon be orbiting in space." He also stated, as many others would do later, that "The shuttle ideally would be able to operate in a mode similar to that of a large commercial air transports and be compatible with the environment of major airports". <mask>'s optimism grew in 1968 and he chided Wernher von Braun (who had been cautiously promoting a cheap interim shuttle-type craft), "You'd be telling me that my Shuttle was in the future and you needed an interim system." <mask> was sure that the incoming president, Richard Nixon, would want to go "all out" and that "this may be the big program for Nixon". In 1987 <mask> had this to say about the shuttle, "It was clear to us at that time that we needed to have a joint program between the Air Force and NASA, and that that program ought to be aimed at providing low cost space transportation for all of our needs.It's just in my view unfortunate that we made the compromise, after I left NASA, in terms of a partially reusable vehicle, and all that that implies in terms of not only the cost of the throw-away parts but also the cost of the ground troops that have to process it and put it together and fly it every time. That combination—and ground support is a not


texts:
 insignificant part of a Shuttle cost—was a set of decisions that doomed low cost space transportation for that generation of vehicles." <mask>'s working style
Almost everyone who worked with <mask> on Apollo agreed he was technically brilliant and exceedingly capable. Even those who frequently disagreed with him like Christopher Kraft or <mask> recognized his abilities. While <mask> could be described as intellectually arrogant he was not an office tyrant; one of his colleagues, John Disher, describes working for him as a "piece of cake". Nor did he try to belittle others or shout them down. While appearing affable and reasonably charming "with the epitome of politeness, but you know down deep he's just as hard as steel!".Resignation from NASA
<mask> resigned from NASA on November 10, 1969 effective from December 10. Rumors had been circulating for a while that he wanted to return to private industry. The New York Times stated that 'informed sources' "alleged clashes with (Administrator) Thomas Paine over space priorities for '70s and disputes with subordinates; he has twice been passed over for deputy admr post". In an interview <mask> gave different reasons for leaving, "One is that the decision had been made to terminate the Apollo program, and that was a good time then to leave before, and let someone else take over for the next phase. From a practical point of view, I needed to go make some money so I could keep my family going. It was costly for us to join the Apollo program. My salary was half what I was making in industry when I went there, and it was just a strain to keep the family going and work going at the same time.So I went back to industry." After a short time at General Dynamics, <mask> became chairman and president of the

masks:
Mueller
Mueller
George Low
Mueller
Mueller
Mueller
Mueller


texts:
 System Development Corporation, a spin-off from the RAND Corporation, in 1971. He remained with SDC following the Burroughs Corporation's acquisition of the company, and retired after growing the company successfully in 1984. While at SDC, <mask> married his second wife, Darla. After a short retirement, <mask> became the president of the International Academy of Astronautics, in addition to consulting and other volunteer work. Yearning to return to full-time employment, he became the CEO of Kistler Aerospace in 1996 and remained with the company for a number of years. Post NASA career
 Senior vice president of General Dynamics Corporation, Falls Church, Virginia (1969–1971)
 System Development Corporation, Santa Monica, California
Chairman, president (1971–1980)
Chairman, chief executive officer (1981–1983)
Burroughs Corporation
Senior vice-president (1982–1983)
Consultant (1984 – date unknown)
Kistler Aerospace (Rocketplane Kistler from 2006)
CEO 1995–2004
Chairman and chief vehicle architect 2004

<mask> died of congestive heart failure in Irvine, California, on October 12, 2015, at the age of 97.Awards and Honors
 1970, National Medal of Science
 1972, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement

References
Specific

General
 Murray, C. and Cox, C.B. (2004). Apollo. Pages 151-162. South Mountain Books, Burkittsville, MD. Buy the Book
 Heppenheimer, T.A. The Space Shuttle Decision, 1965–1972: History of the Space Shuttle, Volume 1.Smithsonian Institution Press. Pace, Scott (1982) Engineering Design and Political Choice: the Space Shuttle 1969–1972, Thesis (M.S. ), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1982
 Slotkin, Arthur L., (2012). Doing the Impossible: <mask><mask> and the

masks:
Mueller
Mueller
Mueller
George E
. Mueller


texts:
 Management of NASA's Human Spaceflight Program, Springer-Praxis Scientific Publications, New York. External links

 Interview with <mask> for NOVA series: To the Moon WGBH Educational Foundation, raw footage, 1998
 <mask> Mueller
 Dr. <mask> interview NASM Oral History Project

NASA people
1918 births
2015 deaths
American people of German descent
National Medal of Science laureates
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Burroughs Corporation

masks:
George Mueller
George Edwin
George Mueller


texts:
<mask> (18 August 1925 – 14 January 2019) was a German art historian. Life and career
Born in Barmen, <mask> grew up in a working-class district of Barmen. He completed an apprenticeship as a bricklayer, then was drafted for military service. After the Second World War, he helped his parents work on a farm near Leipzig, where the family had been evacuated after a heavy Air Raids on Wuppertal. In 1948, the parents returned to their hometown. At the same time, <mask> took up work as a journalist in Halle (Saale). He studied art history, German studies and architecture at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg from 1946.From 1953 to 1957, he was an aspirant and lecturer at the Institute of Art History there and received his doctorate. From 1957 to 1959, <mask> took on a teaching position. During these years, he worked on his first work, Wir und die Kunst (We and Art), a popularly written introduction to the study of art and art history, which was published in 1959, and of which several greatly revised and expanded editions were published until 1988. Numerous dogmatic objections from critics loyal to the line were directed against the publication. As early as 1956, the Ministry for State Security (MfS), Halle district administration, opened an "" because of "softening up and decomposition activity within the University of Halle". Therefore, Hütt followed the call of the rector, Professor , to the Institute for Art History at the University of Leipzig and continued his academic work there as a senior assistant from 1959 to 1961. But even in Leipzig, the observation by the MfS, Leipzig district administration, continued and culminated in the suspicion of organising an

masks:
Wolfgang Hütt
Hütt
Hütt
Hütt


texts: "anti-state group formation".Because of his art-theoretical views - which the leadership of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as "revisionist" - he was increasingly defamed by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) increasingly defamed him. After his public criticism of the construction of the Berlin Wall and his opposition to initial plans in the context of urban redevelopment to sacrifice the Paulinerkirche, he was expelled from the SED in 1961 and dismissed from Leipzig University. Nevertheless, <mask> did not leave the GDR, but continued to work as a freelance publicist in Halle. An attempt to gain a foothold as director of the "Staatliche Galerie Moritzburg Halle" (1969-1971) failed. After his commitment to formalism" and his opposition to the sale of works of art from the gallery's depot, <mask> had to give up this position in 1971. Subsequently, he produced an extensive journalistic oeuvre. Precisely because of his conflicts with the dogmatists in the GDR, <mask> contributed to an objective view of the art history of the GDR.As a member of the advisory board of the art publishers of the GDR, as a member of the advisory board of the  and the artists' associations, Hütt was valued as a contentious discussion partner. <mask> never accepted the prescribed separation from his family and his hometown of Wuppertal, and despite all the sanctions he never let contact break off. He dealt with this life conflict in Heimfahrt in die Gegenwart (1925 to 1949), published in 1982, and the autobiography Schattenlicht - ein Leben im geteilten Deutschland, published in 1999. After the Peaceful Revolution, <mask> conducted extensive research for years in the bequeathed archives of

masks: Hütt Hütt Hütt Hütt Hütt


texts:
 the SED, the Stasi and in the . On this basis, he created the extensive book Gefördert. Monitored. Reform Pressure of Visual Artists in the GDR - The Example of Halle.Hütt continued to support young academics into old age. After a serious illness, he had to end his publishing work in 2015 and handed over extensive material to the Academy of Arts as an estate. He died in January 2019 at the age of 93 in a nursing home in Halle-Kröllwitz. Awards
In 1986 he was awarded the Handel Prize of the Halle district. Publications as author (selection)
 Wir und die Kunst. Henschelverlag Berlin, 1959 (grundlegend überarbeitete Neuauflagen 1973 und 1988)
 Adolph Menzel. E. A. Seemann, Leipzig, 1964 (3rd edition), 2008 (Lizenz in München und Wien)
 Deutsche Malerei und Graphik im 20.Jahrhundert. Henschelverlag Berlin, 1968
 Mathis Gothard Neithardt, genannt Grünewald. Leben und Werk im Spiegel der Forschung, E. A. Seemann, Leipzig, 1968
 Was Bilder erzählen. Kinderbuchverlag Berlin, 1969
 Deutsche Malerei und Graphik der frühbürgerlichen Revolution. Leipzig, 1973
 Kleine bunte Welt. Kinderbuchverlag Berlin, 1973 (auch engl., span., ungar. Ausgaben)
 Wir – Unsere Zeit – Künstler der DDR in ihren Selbstbildnissen.Henschelverlag Berlin, 1974
 Arbeit in der Kunst. E. A. Seemann Leipzig, 1974
 Plastik, Grafik, Malerei. () Kinderbuchverlag Berlin, 1974
 Willi Sitte. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1976
 Was Städte und Häuser erzählen. Kinderbuchverlag Berlin, 1977
 Künstler in Halle. Henschelverlag, Berlin, 1977
 Carl Marx. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1978
 Grafik in der DDR.Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, 1979. Holbein d.J., Maler und Werk. Verlag der Kunst, 1980
 Carl Crodel. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden,


texts:
 1981
 Heimfahrt in die Gegenwart – Ein Bericht. Henschelverlag, Berlin, 1982
 Adolph Menzel – Ausgewählte Holzschnitte. E. A. Seemann, Leipzig, 1983
 Die Düsseldorfer Malerschule. E. A. Seemann Leipzig, 1984
 Der Drachentöter im Paradiesgärtlein – Ikonografie für Kinder.Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin, 1988
 Deutsche Malerei und Grafik 1750–1945. Henschelverlag Berlin, 1986
 Defregger 1835–1921. Leipzig und München, 1986
 Hintergrund – Mit den Unzüchtigkeits- und Gotteslästerungsparagraphen gegen Kunst und Künstler, 1900–1933., Henschelverlag, 1990
 Schattenlicht. Fliegenkopf-Verlag, Halle, 1999. Gefördert. Überwacht. Reformdruck bildender Künstler der DDR.Das Beispiel Halle. Stekovics, 2004, . Zinnoberrot und Schweinfurter Grün. Roman, Halle (Saale), 2009
 Wo ist Arkadien? Roman, Halle (Saale), 2011

Publications as co-author (selection)
 Der Naumburger Dom. Sachsenverlag Dresden, 1956
 Otto Nagel, Berliner Bilder. 1970
 Albrecht Dürer, Das Gesamte graphische Werk.Henschelverlag, Berlin 1971 (Lizenzausgabe Verlag Rogner & Bernhard, München)
 Das Albrecht Dürer Hausbuch. Rogner & Bernhard, Munich, 1975
 Ludwig Knaus. Wiesbaden, 1979
 Figurative Malerei aus dem letzten Jahrzehnt der DDR. 1999
 Enge und Vielfalt – Auftragskunst und Kunstförderung in der DDR. 1999
 Ergötzliche Briefe des Dessauer Malers Carl Marx an <mask>tt. 2002
 Johann Peter Hasenclever – Ein Malerleben zwischen Biedermeier und Revolution. Solingen, 2003
 Further more than 400 scientific and popular science publications, essays and contributions.References

External links

 <mask>-Hütt-Archiv im Archiv der Academy of Arts, Berlin
 <mask>tt auf http://www.barmen-200-jahre.de/

German art historians
1925 births
2019

masks:
Wolfgang Hü
Wolfgang
Wolfgang Hü


texts:
<mask> (1771 1839) was an African American freed slave who is best known for his 1825 autobiography entitled A Narrative of Some Remarkable Incidents in the Life of <mask>, Formerly a Slave in the State of Delaware, North America. Published in London, it is among the early slave narratives written by slaves who gained freedom before the American Civil War and emancipation. <mask> was born into slavery in Delaware. After escaping and being recaptured, he later bought his freedom, and that of his wife and children. He worked as a farmer and at a sawmill. In their later years, he and his wife emigrated in 1827 to the new colony of Liberia, where he worked as a missionary and farmer. His short book about the colony was published in Delaware in 1833.From slavery to freedom

<mask> is believed to have been born about 1772 into slavery in Kent County, in what is now the state of Delaware). As was the case with many African Americans who lived in the United States during the 19th century, neither his birth nor death were recorded. Scholars such as Henry Louis Gates, Jr. have made rough estimates of <mask>'s birth and death years based on his autobiography and related materials. Bayley learned that his maternal grandmother was born in Guinea, where she was captured at the age of eleven, sold into slavery, and transported to the English colonies in North America in 1690. She had fifteen children in total. <mask>'s mother had a total of thirteen children, while held by the same family. When a daughter of the family married a man from Delaware, she took Bayley's mother and father Abner, and the rest of the family with her to Delaware.After

masks:
Solomon Bayley
Solomon Bayley
Bayley
Bayley
Bayley
Bayley


texts: some time, they moved back to Virginia, and <mask>'s family was widely dispersed in sales, with his father, sister Margaret, and brother Abner taken to Long Island in the West Indies and sold to Abner Stephen. His mother escaped with a young son and finally reached New Jersey. It was eighteen years before Bayley saw her again, after he had gained his own freedom. Bayley was held in Delaware and trained as a cooper. Although the state legislature had passed a law forbidding the sale of slaves in Delaware to other states, in 1799 Bayley was sold as a young man to a man from Virginia. <mask> had already, since slaves could not marry, informally married Thamar, an enslaved woman on another Delaware plantation, and they had a nine-month-old son. His new owner took him to Virginia, but Bayley escaped as he was being transported there.He returned to Delaware, where he was briefly reunited with his wife, but knew he could not stay. He moved on to Dover and then to Camden, Delaware. After a time, his owner recaptured him. <mask> sued in a Delaware court for his freedom, saying that he had been illegally sold out of state. While the case was in court, his master agreed to let Bayley buy his freedom for $80. As noted, his wife Thamar and their infant daughter Margaret were owned by another Delaware planter. Bayley first "hired out" his wife (with their child) from her master, paying for her time in order to keep her with him.He worked to save money to buy her outright; and he paid her master about $103 dollars. After gaining their freedom, <mask> and his wife worked as tenant farmers. He started work in a sawmill to earn more money. Their

masks: Bayley Bayley Bayley Bayley


texts:
 son Spence had been sold earlier and was auctioned at a sale in 1813 after his master's death. Prices had risen and Bayley despaired of being able to buy him, but white men who knew Bayley from the Methodist church aided him in buying his son's freedom, at a price of more than $360. As their children grew, Bayley apprenticed them to "good families", so that they could learn skills and gain educations. About this time, Bayley also arranged for his mother to come to them from New Jersey, and she lived with him to "a great age", as her own mother had done.In 1820 <mask> met Robert Hurnard, a Quaker and abolitionist from Essex, England, who was visiting Delaware. After hearing the story of his life, Hurnard encouraged Bayley to write about it and publish an account. He corresponded with Bayley for years afterward, and Hurnard wrote a preface for the memoir, which was published in London in 1825. In 1821 both <mask>'s oldest and youngest daughters died, Margaret and Leah, respectively, several months apart; they were in their early 20s. In each case, he wrote about their faith in their last days. Emigration to Africa
Bayley learned about Paul Cuffee, a wealthy African-American shipbuilder in Boston, Massachusetts, who promoted free blacks emigrating to Africa. This idea appealed to Bayley but Cuffee died before the project could get well underway.In this period the American Colonization Society was established in 1817, to encourage free blacks to emigrate to a colony it established as Liberia in West Africa in the antebellum years. It was supported by both slaveholders and abolitionists, who thought for different reasons that free

masks: Bayley Bayley