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 that the restaurant was part of a Democratic Party child sex ring.<mask> visited the restaurant in a show of support the following week, speaking out against the consequences of fake news. In January 2017, Newsham oversaw city-wide police preparations for the Inauguration of Donald Trump, with its anticipated high number of protests. In February 2017 <mask> was nominated as Chief of Police by Mayor Muriel Bowser. Protester disruptions caused the suspension of his first oversight hearing, and the ACLU recommended delaying the confirmation vote until an investigation was concluded. In defending her nomination of <mask> to be police chief, Mayor Bowser praised his "commitment to transparency" and "“availability to his officers and members of the public", and said she was impressed with the job her nominee did as interim chief, citing the police department's performance during the Presidential Inauguration of Donald Trump and the ensuing Women’s March on Washington on his watch. On the eve of a confirmation vote by the D.C. council, the Washington City Paper'' said of the nominee, "He's generally respected by the rank-and-file when it comes to policing, and he has managed to forge his own reputation as a leader despite years of being the main enforcer for former Chief Cathy Lanier, who was not particularly well liked by the rank-and-file", while noting allegations of domestic and alcohol abuse made in the 1990s, and "a professional history stained by a high-profile mass arrest gone bad". <mask> was approved by the Council in a 12-1 vote, with the sole dissenting vote coming from Councilmember David Grosso.Administration as Chief of Police
<mask> has identified his priorities as chief to address trust in the community and officer morale. Following a massive gunfight in

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type: original

texts: Northeast Washington in January, 2019, in which more than 40 bullets were fired in front of a barbershop long suspected by police to be an "open-air drug market", activists and D.C. Council members criticized what they called illegal and aggressive searches by officers. In response, <mask> asserted that Council members had emboldened the drug dealers by suggesting that police had acted inappropriately. Community activists called the assertion shocking. In September 2019, data released by MPD pursuant to a court order found significant disparities among stops by officers. African Americans accounted for 70% of all police stops while D.C. is 47% African American. Newsham disputed whether the data, taken over a four week period, was representative.By October 2019, homicides had increased 11 percent from the same time in 2018, which rose 40 percent from the previous year. 2019 had the highest number of homicides in a decade and the trend continued into 2020. To fight the rise, <mask> authorized overtime pay for officer patrol. <mask> was inadvertently caught on camera saying that he thought homicides would continue unabated. In January 2020, <mask> announced that D.C. police will no longer handcuff children under 12, except as needed to protect the child or the public from danger. In a March 2020 D.C. Council meeting, <mask> confirmed that the MPD was conducting multiple internal investigations into crime underreporting, but assured the council that "when we report out on crime statistics, we do it as accurately as we can". As he had in his previous roles, <mask> also addressed gun violence as Chief of Police.In October 2019, he "expressed frustration that more isn’t being done to deal with repeat gun offenders". In February 2020, he noted that detectives were working with

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 federal agencies to investigate the origins of untraceable homemade ghost guns. <mask> joined the mayor and other officials in saying that "action was necessary to stop the flow of ghost guns into the city". In March 2020, <mask> praised incoming U.S. Attorney Tim Shea for the latter's agreement to aggressively pursue gun violence and gun crimes by repeat violent offenders. Following George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C. in May and June 2020, <mask> objected to some reforms introduced by the D.C. Council, while supporting others. The Council sought to bring greater accountability, limit the use of force against unarmed civilians, and make it easier to fire officers, among other reforms. In particular, Newsham objected to provisions regarding the release of body-camera footage, which historically had generally not been released.<mask> said police officers "feel they have been abandoned", and that the Council's actions failed to reflect years of reforms within the department, while Councilmembers said he had missed the point of the protests, with members Robert White, Charles Allen, and Vincent C. Gray asserting that his comments were dangerous. In July 2020, in response to litigation filed in the aftermath of the use of force to clear protesters for the Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church, <mask> denied that officers in his department were involved in that action. In November 2020, it was announced that <mask> would be leaving the District to become Chief of Police for nearby Prince William County, Virginia. Personal life
<mask> lives in Southeast Washington. He has two children from a previous marriage. <mask> has lived in Washington for over 30 years and is a Boston Red Sox and New England Patriots fan; however, he has stated that the Washington Football

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 Team is his favorite National Football Conference team. , <mask> is a member of the Maryland State Bar.References

Living people
Chiefs of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
American police officers
1960s births
People from Providence, Rhode Island
People from Weymouth, Massachusetts
Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts alumni
College of the Holy Cross alumni
University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law


texts:
<mask> (born 1954) in the Bronx, New York - is an American artist and describes himself as of "African, Native American, European and Amerindian" descent. He received a BFA from Purchase College, State University of New York. <mask> challenges colonial assumptions on history, culture, and race – encouraging viewers to consider the social and historical narratives that represent the western canon. <mask> received a MacArthur Foundation "genius grant" in 1999 and the Larry Aldrich Foundation Award in 2003. <mask> represented the United States at the Biennial Cairo in 1992 and the Venice Biennale in 2003. In May 2008, it was announced that <mask> would become a Whitney Museum trustee replacing Chuck Close. Career
An alumnus of Music & Art High School in New York, <mask> received a BFA from SUNY Purchase in 1976, where he was the only black student in his program.While studying <mask> worked as a guard at the Neuberger Museum. Between 1978 and 1980, he worked as an artist in East Harlem as part of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act’s (CETA) employment of artists. He says that he no longer has a strong desire to make things with his hands. "I get everything that satisfies my soul," he says, "from bringing together objects that are in the world, manipulating them, working with spatial arrangements, and having things presented in the way I want to see them." An installation artist and political activist, <mask>'s subject is social justice and his medium is museology. In the 1970s, he worked as a free-lance museum educator for the American Museum of Natural History, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Craft Museum. Beginning in the late 1980s, <mask> used his insider skills to create "Rooms

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texts: with a View", a series of "mock museums" that address how museums consciously or unwittingly reinforce racist beliefs and behaviors.This strategy, which <mask> refers to as "a trompe l'oeil of museum space," has increasingly become the focus of his life's work. From 1988 to 1992, <mask> served on the board of directors at Artists Space in TriBeCa, New York. He currently serves on the board of trustees of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. In 1987, as part of his outdoor "Platform" series, <mask> created No Noa Noa, Portrait of a History of Tahiti, designed to illustrate "how Western societies turn Third World peoples into exotic sideshow creatures to entertain and titillate but who are not to be taken seriously." In his 1992 seminal work co-organized with The Contemporary Museum, Mining the Museum, <mask> reshuffled the Maryland Historical Society's collection to highlight the history of Native and African Americans in Maryland. In 1994, <mask> continued in this vein with Insight: In Site: In Sight: Incite in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where, according to art historian Richard J. Powell, his "re-positioning of historical objects and manipulation of exhibition labels, lighting, and other display techniques helped reveal aspects of the site's tragic African-American past that (because of the conspiratorial forces of time, ignorance, and racism) had largely become invisible." In 2001, <mask> was the subject of a retrospective, <mask>: Objects and Installations, 1979–2000, organized by Maurice Berger for the Center for Art and Visual Culture at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.The show traveled to numerous venues, including the Santa Monica Museum of Art, Berkeley Museum of Art,

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texts: Blaffer Gallery (University of Houston), Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery (Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY), The Addison Gallery of American Art in Andover, Massachusetts, Chicago Cultural Center, Studio Museum in Harlem. For the 2003 Venice Biennale, <mask> created a multi-media installation that borrowed its title from a line in Othello. His elaborate Venice work "Speak of Me as I Am" focused on representations of Africans in Venetian culture. In 2007 <mask> was invited to be a part of the Indianapolis, Indiana, Cultural trail. <mask> proposed to redo the sole African American depicted in the Soldiers and Sailors Monument in downtown Indianapolis. The African American represents a recently freed slave reaching up to lady liberty. <mask> planned on using a scan of the African American to make an entirely new work, which would give the African American a more proud and strong posture, holding a flag composed of all of the African countries' flags.The proposed work was entitled, E Pluribus Unum, and was met with much controversy, eventually leading to the project's rejection. In 2009, <mask> was awarded the Cheek Medal by William & Mary's Muscarelle Museum of Art. The Cheek Medal is a national arts award given by The College of William & Mary to those who have contributed significantly to the field of museum, performing or visual arts. 2011 saw the publication of <mask>: A Critical Reader by Ridinghouse, edited by Doro Globus. An anthology of critical texts about and interviews with the artist, this publication focuses on the artist's pivotal exhibitions and projects, and includes a wide range of significant texts that mark the critical reception of <mask>'s work over the last two decades. Major

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<mask>'s unique artist approach is to examine, question, and deconstruct the traditional display of art and artifacts in museums. With the use of new wall labels, sounds, lighting, and non-traditional pairings of objects, he leads viewers to recognize that changes in context create changes in meaning.<mask>'s juxtaposition of evocative objects forces the viewer to question the biases and limitations of cultural institutions and how they have shaped the interpretation of historical truth, artistic value, and the language of display. According to <mask>, "Museums ignore and often deny the other meanings [of objects]. In my experience it is because if an alternate meaning is not the subject of the exhibition or the focus of the museum, it is considered unimportant by the museum." <mask> uses these objects to analyze the representation of race in museums and to examine the power and privileges of cultural institutions. For example, for his installation at the 2003 Venice Biennale he employed a tourist to pretend to be an African street vendor selling fake designer bags — in fact his own designs. He also incorporated "blackamoors", sculptures of black people in the role of servants, into the show. Such figures were often used as stands for lights.<mask> placed his wooden blackamoors carrying acetylene torches and fire extinguishers. He noted that such figures are so common in Venice that few people notice them, stating, "they are in hotels everywhere in Venice...which is great, because all of a sudden you see them everywhere. I wanted it to be visible, this whole world which sort of just blew up for me." Mining the Museum exhibition

Mining the Museum was an exhibition created by <mask> held from April

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 4, 1992, to February 28, 1993 at the Maryland Historical Society. Background

The title of the exhibition refers to how <mask> extracted and unearthed objects from the Maryland Historical Society collections to create this exhibition.The purpose of the exhibition was to address the biases museums have, often omitting or under-representing oppressed peoples and focusing on "prominent white men". <mask> took the existing museum's collection and reshuffled them to highlight the history of African-American and Native American Marylanders. This reassembly created a new viewpoint of colonization, slavery and abolition through the use of satire and irony.Artifacts

<mask> juxtaposed historically important artifacts with each other to address the injustices in history and the injustices of not being properly exhibited. The entrance of the exhibition displayed three busts of important individuals: Napoleon, Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay displayed on pedestals. To the left of these busts were empty black pedestals with the names of three important, overlooked African American Marylanders: <mask>, Benjamin Banneker, and Harriet Tubman. Arranged in the center of these pedestals is a silver-plated copper globe with the word “Truth” inscribed on it in a case. <mask> extracted paintings from the eighteenth century and nineteenth century featuring African Americans from the MHS collection. Within this collection <mask> renamed the paintings in order to shift the focus towards African Americans in them. One of the oil paintings titled “Country Life” was renamed “Frederick Serving Fruit” in order to emphasize and underline the young African American that was serving “well-dressed whites at a picnic”.Other paintings

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 featuring slave children were paired with audiotape recordings that played on a loop in which visitors were able to hear these children in the paintings ask various poignant questions. <mask> used these paintings to force visitors to recognize how the depiction of African Americans and their invisibility in portrayals of American life is “paradoxical”. The installation titled "metalwork" arranged ornate silverware with slave shackles to address that the prosperity of one could not have been achieved without the other. Similarly, "Cabinet Making" addresses more subjugation by having antique chairs gathered around and facing an authentic whipping post, incorrectly reported by several publications to have been used on slaves. In fact, the post had been used to punish wife-beaters in the Baltimore City jail. However, these false assumptions helped bolster <mask>'s idea that the exhibit was "charged by what you bring to it." Pieces such as "Cabinet Making" encouraged visitors to interpret the works however they saw it, to think critically and acquire a new perspective.Other works included cigar-store Indians turned away from visitors, a KKK mask in a baby carriage, a hunting rifle with runaway slave posters and a black chandelier hung in the museum's neoclassical pavilion made for the exhibition. Impact

The exhibition was successful in that it made visitors more historically conscious of the racism that is an integral part of American history. ""Mining the Museum" worked because it was suggestive rather than didactic, provocative rather than moralizing"  More than 55,000 people viewed <mask>'s exhibit and helped him create other similar exhibitions around the United States. Critics would coin this new type of

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 work as "museumist art". Speak of Me As I Am
At the 2003 Venice Biennale <mask> represented the United States. A series of works was a reworking of Shakespeare’s Othello that consisted of various objects such as mirrors and chandeliers that were used to comment on the text. These works have been extended on in the exhibition, <mask>: Sculptures, Paintings, and Installations, 2004–2014.These objects are made of black Murano glass, which indicates how <mask> into a world where race is not ignored and is instead is a crucial central focus. Afro Kismet
Afro Kismet, a mixed-media installation at the US Pavilion during the 50th Venice Biennial, focused on issues and representations of race in Venice, specifically the history of black people in Venice. The installation consisted of prints, paintings, and other artifacts from the Pera Museum collections and underlined the “discarded” or “hidden” history of African people in the Ottoman Empire. Selected exhibitions
 2003: American Representative, United States Pavilion, 50th Venice Biennale, Italy
 2001 <mask>, Objects and Installations 1979-2000, Center for Art, Design, and Visual Culture, UMBC, Baltimore, MD, Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY; Chicago Cultural Center, Chicago, IL; Tang Teaching Museum, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY
 1995: Collectibles, Metro Pictures Gallery, New York, NY
 1994: Insight: In Site: In Sight: Incite - Memory, Artist and the Community: <mask>, South Eastern Center for Contemporary Art, Winston-Salem, NC
 1993: The Spiral of Art History, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, IN
 1992–3: Mining the Museum: An Installation by <mask>, The Contemporary & Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, MD
 1992: "Panta Rhei: A

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Wilsonllo
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texts:
 Gallery of Ancient Classical Art," Metro Pictures, New York, NY
 1991: Primitivism: High & Low, Metro Pictures, New York, NY

References

External links
The Pace Gallery
Biography, interviews, essays, artwork images and video clips from PBS series Art:21 -- Art in the 21st-century  - Season 3 (2005). <mask> at the Minneapolis Institute or Art, Minneapolis, MN

1954 births
Living people
American printmakers
African-American contemporary artists
American contemporary artists
Institutional Critique artists
MacArthur Fellows
State University of New York at Purchase alumni
People from the Bronx
Artists from the Bronx
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
Trustees of museums
Decolonial artists
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
African-American printmakers
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American


texts:
<mask> (1891–1994), known also as "Uncle Don", was a Black Canadian civil rights activist who fought to change Canada’s immigration laws. He is known for his involvement in several civil rights organizations and for leading a delegation in Ottawa that successfully managed to push the Government of Canada to revise discriminatory immigration laws affecting non-white immigrants. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Saint Michael, Barbados on November 2, 1891 to <mask>, a cabinetmaker and member of the Barbados Harbour Police Force, and <mask>. <mask> had learned the skills of a tailor in Barbados and had begun to ply his trade. In 1913, when he was 21, <mask> emigrated to New York City, and then moved again to Montreal shortly afterwards. <mask> attempted to find work as a tailor but could not work in that field due to racism. He worked as a pullman porter, one of the few occupations available to Black men in Canada at the time.<mask>'s work brought him to Toronto by the spring of 1913. He enrolled at the Dominion Business College at 357 College Street. During his time at the college, <mask> completed courses necessary to enroll in the dentistry program at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. After saving enough money, <mask> entered the dentistry program at Dalhousie in 1918. However, <mask> caught tuberculosis during his dentistry education and had to leave his studies, abruptly ending his plans to become a dentist. <mask> spent 18 months in a hospital recovering from tuberculosis. <mask> returned to Toronto shortly after his recovery.in 1920, <mask> started working as a tailor at Occidental Cleaners and Dyers, eventually buying the business after saving enough money. <mask> became heavily involved in the local Black and West Indian communities. He served as the secretary of the Black Community Church of Canada, and opened up the church gym to Black youth for activities such as rollerblading and boxing that were otherwise inaccessible for them due to racism. <mask>'s business became important to the local West Indian community, becoming the founding place for the Toronto chapter of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and

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texts:
 African Communities League. <mask> would continue to administrate his business until retirement in 1975. Activism

Early activism
<mask> was a prominent community leader and civil rights activist in the West Indian-Canadian and Black Canadian communities. In the 1920s, <mask> met and was influenced by Marcus Garvey, the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).<mask> subsequently became a founding member of the Toronto chapter of the UNIA. Additionally, <mask>'s dry-cleaning business became a gathering spot for the UNIA. In 1944, <mask> became a founding member of the first Black credit union. <mask> was also a key player in the formation of the West Indian Progressive Association, which later became the West Indian Trading Association. In 1950, <mask> met Bromley Armstrong the two began talking. In 1951,<mask> and Armstrong, among others, founded the Negro Citizenship Association (NCA) in response to the Government of Canada's increasingly strict immigration measures against Black people. <mask> became the association's first director, with his dry-cleaning and tailoring business becoming the NCA's first headquarters .The NCA challenged exclusionary immigration laws that denied the legal entry of Black West Indians into Canada. Ottawa delegation
On April 27, 1954, <mask> led a delegation to Ottawa, consisting of representatives from the NCA, unions, labor councils, and community organizations to protest these exclusionary and discriminatory immigration policies. Specifically, the delegation was concerned with how the Canadian Immigration Act maintained a race-based hierarchy of "British subjects" within the commonwealth who wished to immigrate to Canada. White immigrants within the commonwealth were favored while Black immigrants would be denied because, according to the act, they “could not adjust to Canada’s rigid climate or assimilate well into the society". The delegation also presented a brief outlining their concerns with immigration policy to Minister of Immigration and Citizenship, Walter Edward Harris. The brief gained widespread attention by drawing the public eye to Canada's discriminatory immigration laws,

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 describing the harmful impact of these laws on non-white immigrants, while also recommending changes. One excerpt from the brief reads:"The Immigration Act since 1923 seems to have been purposely written and revised to deny equal immigration status to those areas of the Commonwealth where coloured peoples constitute a large part of the population.This is done by creating a rigid definition of British Subject: ‘British subjects by birth or by naturalization in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand or the Union of South Africa and citizens of Ireland.’ This definition excludes from the category of ‘British subject’ those who are in all other senses British subjects, but who come from such areas as the British West Indies, Bermuda, British Guiana, Ceylon, India, Pakistan, Africa, etc…Our delegation claims this definition of British subject is discriminatory and dangerous. "During the meeting with Harris, <mask> was asked "Are you including the Chinese, the East Indians, and people from other parts of the world in your demand?" to which <mask> replied "Yes". The next eight years did not bring much change, however the NCA continued its grassroots campaign by rallying support in parliament. Immigration policies were finally relaxed in 1962 by the federal government of John Diefenbaker. Afterwards, <mask> assisted in arranging partnerships with the governments of Barbados and Jamaica to employ young women from those countries as nurses and domestic workers in Canada. These women would work for a year in Canada before being granted permanent residency.Later activism
In 1956, <mask> established a community center for local West Indians called Donavalon Centre. In addition to hosting a range of activities, the center was also home to he the Negro Citizenship Association and the United Negro Improvement Association. The Donavalon center served as a meeting place for members of the community and hosted activities such as dances and tea. <mask> was later known for negotiating with Ontario Premiers George A. Drew and Leslie Frost, and federal cabinet minister Jack Pickersgill to improve the rights and access of Black Canadians to housing and employment. Later

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 life and Death
<mask> was married to <mask> for nearly 30 years. After his retirement in 1975, <mask> became involved in gardening and photography.He was a member of the North York Horticultural Society and received an award for his service in 1984. Though <mask> retired in 1975, he remained involved in Black-Canadian causes such as through the <mask> Willard <mask> scholarship, which was established for students at George Brown College. <mask>'s dry-cleaning business continued to support fundraising efforts as well. <mask> died in his sleep on August 22, 1994 at the age of 102. He is buried at Sanctuary Park Cemetery in Etobicoke. Awards and legacy
<mask> received many awards for his activism and involvement in the Black Canadian community, including the City of Toronto Award of Merit (1982), the Ontario Bicentennial Medal (1984), the Harry Jerome Award of Merit (1984), the Barbados Service Medal (1986), the Ontario Medal for Good Citizenship (1987) and the Order of Ontario(1988). Most notably, <mask> was awarded the Order of Canada on October 23, 1989 and invested on April 19, 1990.In 2000, <mask> was honored by city of Toronto with a commemorative plague in front of 20 Cecil Street, the former gathering location for the Negro Citizenship Association. Donald Moore Community Services Inc., a Barbadian-Canadian organization that helps immigrants adapt to Canadian life was re-named from Barbados House Canada Inc. in honor of <mask>'s activism and work in the Canadian Caribbean community. <mask> had been a supporter of Barbados House since its inception. Starting in 2013, Donald Moore Community Services Inc. started a new initiative called the "annual Donald Moore Appreciation Brunch" in which members would select to honor a person of Caribbean heritage who was deemed as upholding the principles of <mask> <mask>. <mask>'s friend and fellow civil rights leader Bromley Armstrong described <mask> as “the leader, the gentle giant, the man with the iron fist in a velvet glove”. References

1891 births
1994 deaths
People from Saint Michael, Barbados
Canadian civil rights activists
Black Canadian activists
Barbadian emigrants to Canada
Canadian

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<mask> (born May 11, 1964) is an American actor, filmmaker and playwright. Described as a "modern character actor", his noted roles include Delmar O'Donnell in O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), Gideon in Minority Report (2002), Dr. Pendanski in Holes (2003), Danny Dalton Jr. in Syriana (2005), Samuel Sterns in The Incredible Hulk (2008), Richard Schell in Lincoln (2012) and the title characters in The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018) and Old Henry (2021). He portrayed Wade Tillman / Looking Glass in the HBO limited series Watchmen (2019), for which he received a Primetime Emmy nomination. <mask>'s directorial credits include Eye of God (1997) - which was nominated for the Sundance Grand Jury Prize and an Independent Spirit Award - O (2001), a modern-day adaptation of Othello, and the Holocaust drama The Grey Zone (2001). Eye of God and The Grey Zone were both adapted from <mask>'s own plays. Early life
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the son of <mask> (née Kaiser), a noted social activist and philanthropist in Tulsa, and <mask>, a geologist and wildcatter.His maternal uncle is businessman George Kaiser. His maternal grandparents Herman Geo. Kaiser and Kate Kaiser, daughter of businessman Max Samuel, were from Germany, and escaped the Nazis shortly before World War II. They moved to Britain in 1938, where <mask>'s mother was born, and immigrated to the United States in 1941. His father's family were Russian-Jewish emigrants. <mask> attended the Oklahoma Summer Arts Institute at Quartz Mountain Resort Arts and Conference Center in Lone Wolf, Oklahoma. <mask> is a 1982 graduate of Holland Hall School in Tulsa, and a graduate of Brown University, where he

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 was a Classics major as well as Senior Orator for his class of 1986.At Brown, he studied under the philosopher Martha Nussbaum. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. <mask> won the Workman/Driskoll award for excellence in Classical Studies. He graduated from Juilliard in 1990, a member of Group 19. Career

<mask>'s debut play, Eye of God, was produced at Seattle Repertory Theatre in 1992. The Grey Zone premiered at MCC Theater in New York in 1996, where his 1998 work Anadarko was produced. He was a co-star of the sketch comedy show The Unnaturals, which ran on HA!(later CTV, and would turn into Comedy Central) between 1989 and 1991, alongside Paul Zaloom, John Mariano and Siobhan Fallon Hogan. <mask> has appeared as an actor in film, TV and theatre. He had a featured role as Delmar in the film O Brother, Where Art Thou? According to directors Joel and Ethan Coen, he was the only one in the cast or crew who had read Homer's Odyssey, a story upon which the film is loosely based. He sang "In the Jailhouse Now" on the film's soundtrack (which received a Grammy for Album of the Year in 2001). <mask> has gone on to act in a number of supporting performances in films such as Minority Report, Syriana and Lincoln. He also appeared in Marvel Comics adaptations The Incredible Hulk and Fantastic Four.<mask> portrayed Ralph Myers in the 2019 drama/legal drama "Just Mercy". <mask> narrated the 2001 audiobook At the Altar of Speed: The Fast Life and Tragic Death of Dale Earnhardt, Sr. He appeared on stage extensively off-Broadway in New York at theatres including Manhattan Theater Club, Playwrights Horizons, Manhattan Class Company, Soho Repertory Theater, New York Theater Workshop,

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 and Central Park's Open Air Theater in the Shakespeare plays Richard III, Troilus and Cressida, and A Midsummer Night's Dream. He has directed film versions of his plays The Grey Zone and Eye of God (for which he received an Independent Spirit Awards nomination for the Someone to Watch Award), as well as writing and directing two original screenplays: 1998's Kansas and Leaves of Grass, which was released in 2009. He directed the film O, based on Othello and set in a modern-day high school. For Eye of God, he received the Tokyo Bronze Prize at the Tokyo International Film Festival (1997) and the American Independent Award at the Seattle International Film Festival (1997); for O, the Best Director Award at the Seattle International Film Festival (2001); and for The Grey Zone, the National Board of Review's Freedom of Expression Award (2002). He is on the Board of Directors for The Actors Center in New York City, as well as Soho Rep Theatre.<mask> guest-starred on the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation season 10 episode "Working Stiffs". In the episode "My Brother's Bomber" (aired September 29, 2015) of the PBS investigative series Frontline, he talked about the loss of his friend David Dornstein in the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. In 2018, <mask> played Buster Scruggs in The Ballad of Buster Scruggs, a western anthology film by Joel and Ethan Coen. <mask> had received the original script sixteen years prior in 2002. The film was released on Netflix on November 16, after a limited theatrical run, and received positive reviews from critics, with many highlighting <mask>'s performance and his overall segment. Playwright
<mask> opened at The Public

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 Theater in 2019, starring Michael Stuhlbarg. It was favorably received by numerous publications, including the New York Times.Personal life
<mask> resides in New York City with his wife, Lisa Benavides, and their three sons. On May 8, 2009, he was inducted as an honorary member of the University of Tulsa's Beta of Oklahoma chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa national collegiate honor society. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male writers
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male Shakespearean actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of German-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Brown University alumni
Film directors from New York City
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
Jewish American male actors
Juilliard School alumni
Male actors from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Writers from Tulsa,


texts:
Rear Admiral Hon. <mask> CB (8 September 1778 – 7 October 1834) was a senior officer in the Royal Navy. As a junior officer he came to prominence due to his brave conduct during a fire on the first-rate HMS Queen Charlotte. As a result of this he was appointed to the command of the sixth-rate HMS Calpe in which he took part in the Battle of Algeciras Bay in July 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars. After serving for four years as Whig Member of Parliament for Richmond, he was given command of the fifth-rate HMS Euryalus and took part in the unsuccessful Walcheren Campaign in July 1809 during the Napoleonic Wars. He transferred to the third-rate HMS Edinburgh and landed troops at Viareggio in Italy in November 1812 later in that War. He went on to be Member of Parliament for Orkney and Shetland and became First Naval Lord in the First Melbourne ministry in August 1834 but died in office just two months later in October 1834.Naval career

Early career
Born the fifth son of <mask> (created Baron <mask> in 1794) by his wife <mask> (daughter of William Fitzwilliam, 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam), Dundas became a lieutenant in the Royal Navy in 1797 and served for several years with the Mediterranean Fleet. HMS Queen Charlotte

In February 1800 Dundas was aboard Lord Keith's flagship, the first-rate HMS Queen Charlotte. Dundas was junior to Lieutenant Lord Cochrane but Cochrane had taken command of Nelson's prize, the Genereaux, in late 1799 to take her into port; Dundas therefore became 5th Lieutenant of the Queen Charlotte. One month later, early in the morning of 17 March 1800, cries of "Fire" rang out throughout the vessel. Some hay lying under the half-deck had been set on fire by a match kept there for the signal guns. <mask> was in the forecastle where he organized fire-fighting

masks:
George Heneage Lawrence Dundas
Thomas Dundas
Dundas
Charlotte Dundas
Dundas


texts:
 efforts. Dundas led a party below decks where they secured the main and fore hatches and then opened the lower-deck ports and the sea cocks to flood the lower decks to prevent the fire spreading down.These efforts delayed the fire from reaching the two magazines. Dundas continued working below decks until some middle-deck guns fell through the deck. At about 9am Dundas climbed out the foremost lower-deck port and climbed up to the forecastle, joining the about 150 men there who were throwing water on the fire. Despite the crew's exertions, the Queen Charlotte eventually blew up with the loss of 673 people out of its complement of 840 officers, men and boys, including the Captain and her first Lieutenant. Dundas however survived. HMS Cameleon
By 14 June 1800 <mask> was captain of the sloop Cameleon. She and Salamine shared in the capture on that day of the Genoese brig Anima Purgatoria, which was sailing from Bastia to Salcolight.HMS Calpe
Next, <mask> was appointed to the command of the sixth-rate HMS Calpe. On the night of 27 October 1800, Francis Beaufort, inventor of the Beaufort Wind-Scale, had led Phaeton's boats on a cutting out expedition. They captured the San José, alias Aglies, of 14 guns, which they immediately re-commissioned under the name of HMS Calpe, the ancient name of Gibraltar. Although it would have been usual to promote Beaufort, the successful and heroic leader of the expedition, to command Calpe, Lord Keith chose instead to promote <mask> who not only was not present at the battle, but was junior to Beaufort. <mask> was promoted to commander in December 1800. In July 1801 <mask> was in command of Calpe at the Battle of Algeciras Bay. After the third-rate HMS Hannibal grounded, <mask>, deceived by a signal from her, sent his boats to save Hannibals

masks: Dundas Dundas Dundas Dundas Dundas Dundas


texts:
 crew.The French detained the boats and their crews, including Calpes lieutenant, Thomas Sykes; after firing several broadsides at the enemy's shipping and batteries, <mask> and Calpe returned to Gibraltar. In the subsequent second phase of the Battle of Algeciras Bay, the two Spanish first-rates Real Carlos and Hermenegildo fired upon each other during the night, caught fire and exploded, with tremendous loss of life. The British captured the third-rate St Antoine, with Superb and Calpe then assisting in securing the prize and removing the prisoners. Rear Admiral James Saumarez promoted <mask> to post-captain on 9 August 1801 and <mask> took command of St Antoine, which he sailed back to England. Politics

After the peace of 1802, <mask> entered politics becoming Whig Member of Parliament for Richmond in the 1802 general election but resigned in February 1806, using the device of applying to be Steward of the Manor of East Hendred, to take up an offer of a naval command again and to allow his brother Charles to re-enter Parliament. In February 1805, he was given command of the fifth-rate HMS Quebec. HMS Euryalus

In January 1806 <mask> took command of fifth-rate Apollo class frigate HMS Euryalus.Euryalus was asked, along with HMS Ocean and several other warships to act as escorts to a large convoy bound for Oporto, Lisbon and the Mediterranean. Towards the end of 1807 Euryalus returned to England with Niger as escort to a convoy of several thousand troops under Sir John Moore from Gibraltar. She went into dock at Plymouth for a refit and was then stationed in the North Sea. She carried the Duke d'Angoulême from Yarmouth to Gottenburg and escorted the Baltic convoys through the Great Belt. In June 1808 <mask> discovered several vessels at anchor at the entrance of Nakskov close


texts: into the shore. He anchored and sent four boats to destroy them. They burnt two large troop transports and captured a gun-vessel armed with two 18-pounders and carrying 64 men.The enemy lost seven men killed and twelve wounded, as well as many drowned; the British had one man slightly wounded. During the same year <mask> went to Elbing, a small port in West Prussia about 60 kilometers east of Dantzig (now in Poland) to embark Princess Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy (the consort of Louis XVIII), the Duc du Berry and other members of the French royal family. He took them to Carlscrona in southern Sweden and, after re-embarking them at Gottenburg, finally to Harwich. <mask> was also involved in the Walcheren Campaign in July 1809 when a British armed force of 39,000 men landed on Walcheren. Euryalus joined the squadron which forced the passage of the Scheldt between the batteries at Flushing and Cadsand on 11 August 1809. Euryalus had no casualties although two men were killed and nine wounded in the other ships. Later she was stationed off Cherbourg under the orders of Captain Sir Richard King, and in November 1809 she captured the French privateer lugger Etoile of 14 guns and 48 men.In the spring of 1810 Euryalus escorted a large convoy from Spithead to Portugal and the Mediterranean and was then attached to Captain Blackwood's inshore squadron off Toulon. Early in 1811 <mask> temporarily took command of the 74-gun Third Rate Achille until relieved by Captain Aiskew Paffard Hollis, who had transferred from Standard. <mask> then returned to Euryalus. On 7 June 1811 the boats of Euryalus and Swallow captured the French privateer Intrepide off Corsica after a long chase. She had a crew of 58 and was armed with two 8-pounders. <mask> became Member of Parliament for Richmond again

masks: Dundas Dundas Dundas Dundas Dundas


texts:
 at a by-election in 1812 but was defeated at the 1812 general election. HMS Edinburgh

In October 1812 <mask> transferred to the 74-gun Third Rate Edinburgh.In 1813 Dundas and Edinburgh were in the Mediterranean. On the morning of 5 October, Edinburgh joined Capt. Duncan of Imperieuse off Porto D'Anzo where he and Resistance, Swallow, Eclair and Pylades had been watching a convoy for some days with the intention of attacking it. The place was defended by two batteries mounting three heavy guns each on the mole, a tower with one gun and a battery with two guns. During the attack in the afternoon, Edinburgh supported Eclair and Pylades as they bore up against the battery to the south. After the ships opened fire, landing parties brought out the 29 vessels of the convoy, 20 of which were laden with wood for the arsenal at Toulon. All the works were blown up.On 30 November 1812 <mask> was placed in command of a small squadron consisting of Edinburgh, Furieuse and Termagant which landed troops at Viareggio in Italy. Some 600 cavalry and infantry from the Livorno garrison attacked the British troops, who routed them, capturing two field pieces and a howitzer. From the prisoners they learned of the weak state of the garrison and asked to be re-embarked to be taken to Livorno. The British troops and Marines landed on the evening of 13 December and they occupied the suburbs of the town. Some 700 cavalry and infantry attacked the marines, who opened to let the cavalry pass through them. The marines charged, killing, wounding or taking prisoner between 250 and 300 men. Edinburgh had just three marines wounded.Post-war

At the end of the war, <mask> left the Edinburgh at Genoa and traveled overland back to Britain. After retiring from the Navy in 1815, he became a Companion of the Bath

masks: Dundas Dundas Dundas


texts:
 that year. <mask> won a seat as Member of Parliament for Orkney and Shetland at the 1818 general election but was defeated at the 1820 general election. He again became Member of Parliament for Orkney and Shetland at the 1826 general election but was defeated again at the 1830 general election. He was also promoted to rear-admiral in 1830. <mask> became Second Naval Lord in the Grey ministry in November 1830; having been appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of York in 1831. On 2 November 1831 he was appointed as Comptroller of the Navy and member of the Navy Board until June 1832 when it was abolished and its functions were merged with the Board of Admiralty.He was elevated to First Naval Lord in the First Melbourne ministry in August 1834 but died in office, unmarried, of apoplexy at Upleatham in North Yorkshire just two months later on 7 October 1834. He is buried at Marske in North Yorkshire. Fictional references
A heavily fictionalized <mask> appears in several of Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin novels, as a close and the oldest friend of Captain Jack Aubrey, and as (fictionally) the younger brother of First Lord of the Admiralty Viscount Melville. <mask> is a peripheral character in C. Northcote Parkinson's 1976 novel Touch and Go who, like O'Brian's places his hero at the Battle of Algericas, where he interacts with Dundas. References

Sources

External links

|-

First Sea Lords and Chiefs of the Naval Staff
Lords of the Admiralty
Younger sons of barons
1778 births
1834 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Orkney and Shetland
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1826–1830
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Royal Navy admirals
19th-century Royal Navy

masks: Dundas Dundas Dundas Dundas


texts:
<mask> ( ; born June 6, 1954) is an American actor, playwright and screenwriter. He is best known for his theater work in Torch Song Trilogy and Hairspray and movie roles in Mrs. Doubtfire, Independence Day, and as the voice of Yao in Mulan and Mulan II. <mask> won two Tony Awards, Best Actor in a Play and Best Play, for Torch Song Trilogy. He received his third Tony Award, Best Book of a Musical, for the musical La Cage aux Folles and his fourth, the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical, for playing Edna Turnblad in Hairspray. <mask> also wrote the book for the Tony Award-winning musicals Kinky Boots, Newsies, and A Catered Affair. He was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 2007. For his role on the television show Cheers, he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Jacqueline Harriet ( Gilbert), a school librarian, and <mask>, a handkerchief manufacturer. He was raised Jewish, but later rejected the faith and became an atheist. <mask> attended High School of Art and Design and received a BFA from the Pratt Institute in 1973. He began working in the theater as a founding member of The Gallery Players of Park Slope before being cast in Andy Warhol's only play, Pork. <mask>'s signature gravelly voice is a result of an overdeveloped vestibular fold in his vocal cords, essentially giving him a "double voice" when he speaks. Prior to puberty, <mask> was a soprano in a professional boys' choir. Career

<mask> is best known for the play and film Torch

masks:
Harvey Forbes Fierstein
Fierstein
Fierstein
Fierstein
Irving Fierstein
Fierstein
Fierstein
Fierstein
Fierstein


texts: Song Trilogy, which he wrote and starred in both off-Broadway (with a young Matthew Broderick) and on Broadway (with Estelle Getty and Fisher Stevens).The 1982 Broadway production won him two Tony Awards, for Best Play and Best Actor in a Play; two Drama Desk Awards, for Outstanding New Play and Outstanding Actor in a Play; and the Theatre World Award. The film adaptation earned him an Independent Spirit Award nomination as Best Male Lead. <mask> also wrote the book for La Cage aux Folles (1983), winning another Tony Award, this time for Best Book of a Musical, and a Drama Desk nomination for Outstanding Book. Legs Diamond, his 1988 collaboration with Peter Allen, was a critical and commercial failure, closing after 72 previews and 64 performances, but the songs live on in Peter Allen's biographical musical, The Boy from Oz. In 2007, <mask> wrote the book to the musical A Catered Affair in which he also starred. After tryouts at San Diego's Old Globe Theatre in September 2007, the show opened on Broadway April 17, 2008. It received 12 Drama Desk Award nominations and won the Drama League Award for Distinguished Production of a Musical.<mask> wrote the book for the stage musical Newsies, along with Alan Menken (music) and Jack Feldman (lyrics). The musical opened on Broadway in March 2012. <mask> was nominated for the Tony Award for Book of a Musical. <mask> wrote the book for a stage musical version of the film Kinky Boots with music and lyrics by Cyndi Lauper. After a fall 2012 run at the Bank of America Theatre in Chicago, it opened at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre on Broadway in April 2013. The musical was

masks: Fierstein Fierstein Fierstein Fierstein Fierstein


texts:
 nominated for thirteen 2013 Tony Awards and won six, including best musical. <mask>'s play Casa Valentina was produced on Broadway by the Manhattan Theatre Club at the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre.The play opened in April 2014. It was directed by Joe Mantello, with a cast that featured Patrick Page, John Cullum, and Mare Winningham. In April 2016, <mask>, along with his Kinky Boots collaborator Cyndi Lauper, was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2019 <mask> wrote and starred in Bella Bella, a one-person play about New York Congresswoman Bella Abzug. It premiered at Manhattan Theatre Club's Stage One at City Center. His other playwriting credits include Safe Sex, Spookhouse, and Forget Him. <mask> wrote the teleplay for the December 3, 2015 NBC TV broadcast of The Wiz Live!, featuring Stephanie Mills as Aunt Em, Queen Latifah as The Wiz, and David Alan Grier as the Lion.The teleplay is an adaptation of The Wiz Broadway production which ran from October 1974 until January 1979. <mask> then wrote the teleplay for, and starred in, the 2016 NBC TV broadcast of Hairspray Live! with Ariana Grande, Jennifer Hudson, Kristin Chenoweth, and Martin Short. As one of the first openly gay celebrities in the United States, <mask> helped make gay and lesbian life into viable subjects for contemporary drama "with no apologies and no climactic suicides". In addition to his theatrical work, <mask> has authored op-eds for The New York Times, HuffPost, and PBS. Acting
<mask> made his acting debut at La MaMa, E.T.C. in Andy Warhol's only play, Pork.<mask> continued to appear at La MaMa and other venues but, also

masks: Fierstein Fierstein Fierstein Fierstein Fierstein Fierstein Fierstein Fierstein Fierstein


texts: having some aspirations to become a painter, enrolled at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. He received a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) from Pratt in 1973. <mask> appeared three times in The Haunted Host by Robert Patrick: in Boston in 1975, at La MaMa, and then off-Broadway in 1991. In addition to Torch Song Trilogy, La Cage aux Folles, and A Catered Affair, Fierstein's Broadway acting credits include playing the mother, Edna Turnblad, in Hairspray (2002), for which he won a Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical. He later replaced Alfred Molina as Tevye in the 2004 revival of Fiddler on the Roof. Besides his leading role in the film version of Torch Song Trilogy co-starring Matthew Broderick and Anne Bancroft, Fierstein's film roles include Woody Allen's Bullets over Broadway and Merv Green in Death to Smoochy, in addition to parts in Garbo Talks, Duplex, Kull the Conqueror, and Independence Day. He narrated the documentary The Times of Harvey Milk, for which he won a News & Documentary Emmy Award.He also voiced the role of Yao in Disney's animated feature Mulan, a role he later reprised for the video game Kingdom Hearts II and the direct-to-DVD sequel Mulan II. In 1993 <mask> co-starred with Mara Wilson, Lisa Jakub, Matthew Lawrence, Sally Field, and Robin Williams in Mrs. Doubtfire. On television, <mask> was featured as the voice of Karl, Homer Simpson's assistant, in the "Simpson and Delilah" episode of "The Simpsons" and the voice of Elmer in the 1999 HBO special based on his children's book The Sissy Duckling, which won the Humanitas Prize for Children's Animation. In 1994, <mask> became the

masks:
Fierstein
Harvey Fierstein
Fierstein
Fierstein


texts: first openly gay actor to play a principal gay character in a television series when he appeared as fashion designer Dennis Sinclair in the short-lived CBS series Daddy's Girls. Additional credits include Miami Vice; Murder, She Wrote; the Showtime television movie Common Ground (which he also wrote); and Cheers, which earned him an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. He sang a tribute to Katie Couric on "Today" on May 31, 2006, her last day as anchor. He appeared as Heat Miser in the live-action remake of The Year Without a Santa Claus in December 2006.More recent television performances include an episode of Family Guy and a second-season episode of the series Nurse Jackie. He also provided the voice-over for Lily in the episode "Last Cigarette Ever" of How I Met Your Mother, when she gets a sore throat due to smoking. <mask> returned to the theatre when he reprised the role of Tevye, replacing an injured Chaim Topol, in the national tour of Fiddler on the Roof starting in December 2009. On February 15, 2011, he replaced Douglas Hodge as Albin/Zaza in the Broadway revival of La Cage aux Folles playing opposite Jeffrey Tambor as Georges, although days later Tambor pulled out, which the producers have stated was due to "complications from a recent hip surgery"; Christopher Sieber quickly replaced Tambor. The show closed on May 1, 2011, after playing 433 performances and 15 previews. <mask> wrote and starred in the solo monologue play Bella Bella, about Bella Abzug. The play opened off-Broadway at the Manhattan Theatre Club's City Center Stage 1 on October 1, 2019,

masks: Fierstein Fierstein


texts:
 directed by Kimberly Senior.Personal life

Gender identity
Speaking with People magazine in 2022 to promote his memoir I Was Better Last Night, <mask> stated "I'm still confused as to whether I'm a man or a woman" and that as a child he often wondered if he'd been born in the wrong body: "When I was a kid, I was attracted to men. I didn't feel like a boy was supposed to feel. Then I found out about gay. So that was enough for me for then." The interview also noted his ease at playing both Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof and Edna Turnblad in Hairspray. He avoided identifying as non-binary in the interview, saying he had thought about it a lot and "it's the term that bothers me", but concluded that "I don't think I've missed anything by not making up my mind". Theater credits

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Review of Torch Song Trilogy, with information about Fierstein
TonyAwards.com Interview with <mask>
 Donald L. Brooks' memoir of early casting of <mask> and commissioning and directing <mask>'s first play.<mask> papers (MS 1864). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 1954 births
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male film actors
Jewish American atheists
American male musical theatre actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male video game actors
American drag queens
Drama Desk Award winners
American gay actors
Jewish American male actors
Male actors from New York City
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
LGBT Jews
LGBT people from New York

masks:
Fierstein
Harvey Fierstein
Fierstein
Fierstein
Harvey Fierstein


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 (state)
Musicians from Brooklyn
People from Ridgefield, Connecticut
Pratt Institute alumni
Tony Award winners
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male dramatists and playwrights
High School of Art and Design alumni
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male


texts:
<mask> (4 June 1913 – 8 November 2004) was an Italian composer and teacher. Biography
<mask> was born in  Milan where he later completed his studies at the Conservatorio "G. Verdi" in Milan, under the tutelage of Giulio Cesare Paribeni and Renzo Bossi. He held the title of professor of composition at that same institute, and he trained many notable contemporary Italian musicians, including Claudio Abbado, Emiliano Bucci, Elisabetta Brusa, Gilberto Serembe, Danilo Lorenzini, Roberto Cacciapaglia, <mask>, Aldo Ceccato, Riccardo Chailly, Azio Corghi, Armando Gentilucci, Riccardo Muti, Angelo Paccagnini,  <mask>, Silvia Bianchera, Umberto Benedetti Michelangeli, Caterina Calderoni, Barbara Rettagliati, Massimo Berzolla, Maurizio Pollini, Uto Ughi and many others. He also taught the Italian singer-songwriter Gianna Nannini. He received many international awards for composition, including a prize from Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome in the 1940s. He has also worked in musicology and music criticism. His compositions are currently performed all over the world.<mask>'s music is published primarily by Ricordi, Suvini Zerboni, and Sonzogno. <mask> died in Milan in 2004 at the age of 91. As a memoriam to <mask>, Milan's Edizioni Musicali European (EME), in collaborations with the magazines "Cartellina" and "Chorus," established a national competition for choral composition in his name. Music
One of the greatest italian composers of all time, <mask> is an author of symphonic, choral, opera, and chamber music. His younger works incorporated a contrapuntal neoclassicism, influenced by Igor Stravinsky, Paul Hindemith, and Béla Bartók, not to mention the Italian

masks:
Bruno Bettinelli
Bruno Bettinelli
Bruno Canino
Bruno Zanolini
Bettinelli
Bruno Bettinelli
Bruno Bettinelli
Bettinelli


texts:
 composers Alfredo Casella, Goffredo Petrassi and Gian Francesco Malipiero. His later music evolved constantly, incorporating new elements, such as atonality and 12-tone music, to blend it into a free chromatic language, always expressing formal structures and becoming one of the most personal achievements in Twentieth century italian music along with Casella, Malipiero, Ghedini, Dallapiccola and Petrassi. Of particular note are his orchestral output which makes him the most important italian composers of symphonies of the second half of Twentieth century and his choral works, as he collected and set many traditional Italian folk songs that had heretofore only survived through oral tradition.Symphony No. 1)
Due invenzioni for string orchestra (1939)
Concerto per orchestra in tre tempi (1940)
Introduzione for string orchestra (1941)
Fantasia e fuga su temi gregoriani (Fantasy and Fugue on Gregorian themes) for string orchestra (1944)
Divertimento for small orchestra (1944)
Concerto da camera for small orchestra (1952)
Concerto for piano and orchestra (1952–1953)
Sinfonia breve for orchestra (1954) (a.k.a. Symphony No. <mask>, La composizione musicale, Rugginenti Editore, Milano (1996). Giulio Mercati, <mask>. Il cammino di un musicista, Rugginenti Editore, Milano (1998). Pier Damiano Peretti, Frammenti d'infinito.La musica per organo di <mask>. Arte Organaria e Organistica 13, 2006, Nr. 61, 42-47. External links
. 1913 births
2004 deaths
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Milan
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male

masks:
Bruno Bettinelli
Bruno Bettinelli
Bruno Bettinelli


texts:
<mask> (born 16 September 1943, Bristol) is a British former politician. A member of the Conservative Party, he was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Spelthorne in Surrey from 1987 to 2010 and was considered to be to the right of his party. Wilshire introduced Section 28 legislation in 1988 and in 2009 was implicated in the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal. On 14 October 2009 <mask> admitted using parliamentary expenses to pay £105,000 over three years to Moorlands Research Services, a company he set up and owned with his partner Ann Palmer to run his office. While the relevant authorities had approved this, the following day, after a meeting with the Conservative Chief Whip, he announced that he would not be standing as a candidate at the next general election. Outside of Parliament
He was educated at Kingswood School, Bath and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge where he received an MA in Geography in 1965. He was a councillor on Wansdyke District Council from 1976 to 1987 and served as leader from 1981 to 1987.He was elected as councillor on Avon County Council from 1977 to 1981. He also worked for Conservative MEPs from 1979 to 1985. As well as building up his own group of small businesses and working as a personnel officer and a schoolteacher, he was a partner with Western Political Research Services (1979–2000); the co-director of Political Management Programme, Brunel University (1985–90) and became a partner of Moorlands Research Service in 2000. <mask> is separated with one son. In 1982 his daughter died, aged 12, after choking at school. His main home is in Somerset, where he lives with his partner Ann Palmer. Parliamentary career

Section 28 and sexual orientation issues
Shortly after being elected as an MP in 1987, Wilshire saw a copy of the book Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin, about two gay men and their daughter, a copy of which was stocked in an Inner London Education Authority

masks:
David Wilshire
Wilshire
David Wilshire


texts: (ILEA) teachers' resource centre.Wilshire said of it: "the book portrays a child living with two men ... [and] clearly shows that as an acceptable family relationship". As a result, with the support of Dame Jill Knight, Wilshire introduced Section 28 as an amendment to the Local Government Bill at the committee stage. The amendment made it illegal for local authorities to "promote homosexuality or ... promote the teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality". Section 28 became a major political issue. In April 1988, a national demonstration of more than 30,000 was held in London. 'Stop the Clause' groups sprang up in most cities, which organised local protests to complement national action. One evening, the BBC's Six O'Clock News headlines were disrupted by shouts of "Stop Clause 28!"and when the clause was debated in the Lords, protesting lesbians abseiled from the public gallery down to the floor of the House. The actor Ian McKellen described <mask> and Knight as the "ugly sisters" of a political pantomime. In 2003, in a rare public speech about his role on Section 28, Mr <mask> stated: "Little did I realise what I was unleashing ... I got a fair amount of hate mail and a fair amount of publicity, most of it unflattering." He added that the bill had always been about misuse of taxpayers' money, and not bigotry. The ban was eventually reversed by Parliament in 2003. <mask> was one of 76 MPs to vote against the repeal.In 2000 Wilshire voted to prohibit teachers from introducing steps to prevent bullying on the grounds of homosexuality in a later Local Government Bill. Wilshire voted against homosexual couples being allowed to adopt children in 2002, against the Civil Partnership Bill of 2004, which granted a legal relationship for same-sex couples and against Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) in 2007, which outlawed discrimination in the provision of goods, facilities, services,

masks: Wilshire Wilshire Wilshire


texts:
 education and public functions on the grounds of sexual orientation. In each case Wilshire's vote was in the minority. Political views
Wilshire voted against bans on hunting and smoking, and voted both for and against the Iraq War. He opposed the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland and was one of the first Conservative MPs to declare that he would never support UK entry into a single European currency. In 1995 <mask> protested to the then prime minister, John Major, about the government's proposals to allow people from Hong Kong to live in the UK. He received criticism by stating: "It's not acceptable to the British people to let in one more … this country is full up."<mask> voted against the introduction of the National Minimum Wage in 1999 by opposing the National Minimum Wage Act 1998. In 2009 he became one of 11 MPs
to back the Employment Opportunities Bill, which aimed to abolish the minimum wage, but was defeated in Parliament. He opposed the idea that MPs should not have second jobs and stated that "state employed parliamentarians" would be something that "Stalin would applaud". He combined being an MP with being the partner of Moorlands Research Service for eight years and from 1987 to 1990 combined being an MP with two other jobs. He was one of 21 Conservative MPs to vote in favour of keeping the additional costs allowance for MPs' second homes, despite <mask>'s calls for it to be reformed. He went against the official Conservative Party line and supported the construction of a third runway at Heathrow Airport, which, although it lies just outside the Spelthorne constituency, nevertheless provides employment for a considerable number of people locally. Wilshire described those that opposed the expansion as the "anti-brigade", which included the Conservative Party leader <mask>, whom he accused of peddling a "lie" that transit passengers at Heathrow spent almost nothing.It later emerged that

masks:
David Wilshire
David Wilshire
David Cameron
David Cameron


texts: <mask> had spent over £1,000 of taxpayers' money on furniture in 2004, which contradicted his previous claims. When challenged on this, he refused to give an interview but sent an email to the local press in which he stated that: "I obtained the cheapest self-assembly replacement available from MFI". However, even this email caused him more problems, as in it he stated that he had bought the flat in 1983 — four years before he had become an MP and four years before when he previously revealed he had bought it. He later wrote a letter to the paper stating that he did buy the flat in 1987 and that the paper's journalists had been forgetful about facts he had told them, and had confused "furnishing a property with repairing it". The newspaper replied that it stood by what it had reported. When local demands grew for Wilshire to meet his constituents over the claims, Mr <mask> expressed that he would only meet them one-to-one, and would not hold a public meeting. As a result, the 'Conservative Anti-Corruption Group' was formed, which aimed to oust <mask> at the 2010 General Election.One of its members included a former Conservative councillor and canvassing partner of Mr <mask>. Shortly afterwards, at a Spelthorne Conservative Association Meeting, six members of the Conservative Party announced they were prepared to stand against him at the 2010 General Election. Following further investigation by The Daily Telegraph, on 14 October 2009, Wilshire asked the Parliamentary Standards Commissioner to investigate his office expenses. <mask> admitted using parliamentary expenses to pay £105,000 over three years to Moorlands Research Services, a company he set up and owned with his partner Ann Palmer to run his office, but insisted it was approved by the authorities. Parliamentary expenses rules forbid MPs from entering into arrangements which "may give rise to an accusation" of profiting from public funds. <mask>

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 told the BBC that he had referred himself to the Parliamentary Standards Commissioner as the only way to answer the questions about his expenses, and that the company had never made a profit and had been wound up. Moorlands Research Services was never registered with Companies House, and never filed public accounts.The following day, <mask> announced that he would stand down as an MP, saying that he was reluctant to do this, but accepted it was the 'sensible' thing to do. On 2 November 2009, when the Parliamentary Standards Commission ended its probe into him without producing any results, <mask> apologised for equating his treatment over expenses to the Holocaust. First Council of Europe Official Visit to Separatist Georgian State's Moscow Outpost
On 20 April 2010, as Co-rapporteur of the Monitoring Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) he held a meeting with member of the government of separatist South Ossetia (Georgia) in the self-proclaimed Embassy of the Republic of South Ossetia in Moscow. The Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that:

Other information
In 2000 Wilshire threatened to sue a Labour Party member for defamation who had written in the Heathrow Villager that the MP was scaremongering and misleading the public about the only hospital remaining in his seat. Wilshire received criticism as the author of the piece was a cancer-suffering pensioner who was being treated at the hospital. The Guardian, which had previously been compared to the Third Reich by Wilshire, described him as "Britain's stupidest MP" as a result. <mask> was among opponents to the proposal that Princess Diana speak to UK parliamentarians about landmines in 1997, following an invitation from the newly elected Labour government.She ultimately decided not to speak, following the opposition. In 2008 he was the subject of a parliamentary enquiry after it was claimed that he raised


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 thousands of pounds for his local party by hosting constituents on visits to the House of Commons. The enquiry cleared him of any wrongdoing. He joined Margaret Thatcher in calling for the former Chilean dictator, General Pinochet, to be released, when he was under house arrest in London in 1998. In 2003 he pushed successfully to have Council of Europe officials look into the UK to assess whether it is necessary to officially monitor the UK's voting procedures. He said the then government had failed to put its "house in order" to prevent fraudulent voting and accused the government of "systematically ignoring" pleas from the Electoral Commission. "If the British government won't put its own house in order, you mustn't be surprised if there are some of us who will try to find someone else who will make them put their house in order," he told BBC Radio 4's World at One programme.He also opposed the introduction of identity cards and called for the removal of innocent children from the United Kingdom National DNA Database. He was parliamentary private secretary to Alan Clark in 1991, the PPS to Peter Lloyd from 1992 to 1994, and was a Conservative whip in the House of Commons from 2001 to 2005. He was a member of the Northern Ireland Select Committee (1994–97), a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee (1997–2000) and became a member of the Transport Select Committee and of the chairman's Panel in 2005. He was also elected on to the executive of the Conservatives' 1922 Committee in 2005. References

External links
 Guardian Unlimited Politics — Ask Aristotle: <mask> MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com — <mask> MP
 BBC Politics page

1943 births
Living people
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People educated at Kingswood School, Bath
Borough of Spelthorne
Councillors in South West England
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs

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<mask>  (20 August 188811 April 1959) was a Swiss-born British-naturalised music lexicographer, music critic and writer. He is best known as the editor of the 5th edition of Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1954). Biography
Blom was born in Bern, Switzerland. His father was of Danish and British descent, and his mother was Swiss. He was educated in German-speaking Switzerland, and later in England. He was largely self-taught in music. He started in music journalism by assisting Rosa Newmarch in writing program notes for Sir Henry J.Wood's Prom Concerts, which were notable for their abundance of accurate information. From 1923 to 1931 he was the London music correspondent for the Manchester Guardian. He then went to the Birmingham Post (1931–46, succeeding A J Sheldon), and returned to London in 1949, as music critic for The Observer. He retired as chief music critic for The Observer in 1953, but still wrote weekly contributions right up till his death. He was the editor of Music & Letters from 1937 to 1950, and again from 1954 until his death. He withdrew in 1950 because of his preoccupation with the preparation of Grove's Dictionary. He returned in 1954 only because the proprietor and then-editor, Richard Capell, died.In his capacity as musical adviser to the Dent publishing firm, he also edited the Master Musicians series, of which he wrote "Mozart". He discovered a number of young authors and gave them their first opportunities to write music biography. <mask>'s first lexicographical work was Everyman's Dictionary of Music (first published by J. M. Dent in 1946), which went through several editions (it was revised in 1988 by D. Cummings as The New Everyman Dictionary of Music). He succeeded H. C. Colles as editor of Grove's Dictionary for the 5th edition (usually

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texts: referred to as "Grove V"). Colles had confined the dictionary to five and six volumes for Grove III and IV respectively (1927, 1940). Blom expanded it to nine volumes for Grove V (1954). As well his overall editing responsibilities, Blom personally wrote hundreds of entries, including Arthur Sullivan.He also translated many entries by foreign contributors (he was fluent in German, Danish, Italian and French as well as English). A Supplementary Volume was published in 1961, after Blom's death, but he had done most of the work on it. His introduction and acknowledgments were included, and he is credited as Editor, with Denis Stevens as Associate Editor. His own biography, written by Frank Howes (the chief music critic of The Times), appeared in the Supplementary Volume. Grove V was reprinted in 1966, 1968, 1970, 1973 and 1975, and remained the standard edition of Grove until the New Grove was released in 1980. Blom was forthright in his opinions. He could be almost gushing about his favourites, particularly Mozart, and most especially his operas.He wrote that Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes was "so impressive and original that only the most absurd prejudice will keep it out of the great foreign opera houses". Equally, he did not shrink from criticising composers he thought less of, and introduced some of his own prejudices. He was capable of uniquely insightful comments on well-known works in which he held a minority opinion; e.g., that the solo part of the Sibelius Violin Concerto "is closely interwoven with the symphonic tissue, and is therefore neglected by the average virtuoso" (even though it is in fact one of the most popular and frequently played and recorded of all violin concertos). Even more notoriously, he wrote that Rachmaninoff "did not have the individuality of


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 Taneyev or Medtner. Technically he was highly gifted, but also severely limited. His music is ... monotonous in texture ... The enormous popular success some few of Rakhmaninov's works had in his lifetime is not likely to last, and musicians never regarded it with much favour".To this, Harold C. Schonberg, New York critic not immune to snobbery of his own, in his Lives of the Great Composers, responded with equally outspoken unfairness, "It is one of the most outrageously snobbish and even stupid statements ever to be found in a work that is supposed to be an objective reference". <mask> translated many documents for <mask> Deutsch's Mozart: A Documentary Biography (published 1965). He assisted Gervase Hughes in the writing of his book The Music of Arthur Sullivan. In 1956, for the Mozart bicentenary, he published some of Mozart's letters translated by Emily Anderson. Once back in London at the end of the 1940s, <mask>'s address was 10 Alma Terrace, Allen Street in Kensington. He died on 11 April 1959, and is interred at Golders Green Crematorium. He had requested that at his funeral, the organist play J.S.Bach's final chorale prelude Vor Deinen Thron tret' ich zu Dir (I step before Thy throne, O Lord). Unfortunately, 'Bach chorale' was misunderstood, and the laughably incongruous "Barcarolle" from Offenbach's The Tales of Hoffmann was played instead. Other writings
His other books include:
 Stepchildren of Music (1923)
 The Romance of the Piano (1927)
 A General Index to Modern Musical Literature in the English Language (1927; this indexes periodicals for the years 1915–26)
 The Limitations of Music (1928)
 Mozart (1935; part of the Master Musicians series)
 Beethoven's Pianoforte Sonatas Discussed (1938)
 A Musical Postbag (1941; collected essays)
 Music in England (1942;

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Sir <mask>  (; 15 November 1927 – 31 October 1995), commonly known as <mask>, was a New Zealand politician who was the 30th prime minister of New Zealand from 1974 to 1975. He held office as the parliamentary leader of the Labour Party. <mask> was a lecturer in economics when he entered politics; he became a Member of Parliament in the 1962 Buller by-election. Not long after entering parliament <mask> began to rise through Labour's internal hierarchy, and he was Party President from 1970 to 1973. He was serving as Minister of Finance (1972–1974) when he was appointed Prime Minister following the death of the highly popular Norman Kirk. His Labour Government's effort to retrieve the economy ended with an upset victory by the National Party in November 1975. <mask> continued to lead the Labour Party but lost two more general elections.Upon retiring from the party's leadership in 1983, he was knighted. He served as Ambassador to the United States from 1985 to 1988. Early life
<mask> was born in a country suburb of Mariri neighbouring the town of Motueka, near Nelson. He was a member of a long-established farming family. He was educated at Nelson College and the University of Canterbury, gaining a degree in economics. He also attended the Christchurch College of Education (currently, University of Canterbury), qualifying as a teacher. After completing his education, <mask> taught at several schools around the country, including at Motueka, Christchurch, Waverley and in Northland.In 1958, <mask> left teaching and joined the New Zealand Army, becoming Assistant Director of Army Education. He spent a short amount of time serving abroad in Malaysia and Singapore, a deployment connected with the Malayan Emergency. Member of Parliament

In the 1960 election, <mask> was selected as the Labour Party's candidate for the Fendalton electorate in Christchurch. Fendalton was regarded as a safe National seat, and <mask> was defeated by the National Party's Harry Lake

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 (who was appointed Minister of Finance in the new National government). Two years later, however, <mask> successfully contested the by-election for Buller, which had been caused by the death of prominent Labour MP Jerry Skinner. <mask>, with a farming background, became Labour's spokesperson on Agriculture and Lands, portfolios previously held by Skinner. <mask> was to hold the Buller seat until the election of 1972, when the seat was dissolved – <mask> then contested successfully the new seat of Tasman, which he did travelling up and down the electorate by Commer campervan, which he lived in for the time.Not long after entering parliament <mask> began to rise through Labour's internal hierarchy. At the 1966, 1967 and 1968 party conferences <mask> stood for the vice-presidency of the Labour Party, but was narrowly defeated by Henry May on each occasion, however he managed to defeat May in 1969. The following year he was elevated to party presidency. He was the first person to be elected to their first term as president unopposed in Labour history. While Labour was in opposition under Labour leader Norman Kirk <mask> was spokesperson for several portfolios including Overseas Trade, Marketing, Broadcasting, Mines, Planning Development and natural resources. In the lead up to the 1972 election Kirk tried to persuade <mask> to transfer from the more marginal Tasman seat to the safe Christchurch seat of Avon. Kirk feared <mask> (by then party president) might lose his seat and did not want to lose his economics expertise.<mask> refused on the grounds that such a self interested move would not be befitting of a party president. Minister of Finance
When the Labour Party won power under Norman Kirk in the 1972 election, <mask> was appointed Minister of Finance. This could be seen as a considerable promotion for someone without prior ministerial experience, though the government was inexperienced as a whole with Labour's deputy leader Hugh Watt the only

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 minister with prior cabinet experience. His allocation of the finance portfolio was contrary to expectation, given Bob Tizard had been the spokesperson when in opposition. Both Warren Freer and Hugh Watt had favoured Tizard for Finance, but Kirk thought he was not steady enough for the role and was suspicious of him as an "intellectual". As finance minister <mask> imbued nationalistic sentiments, declaring his goal to make sure the country was developed by New Zealanders for New Zealanders and warned that New Zealanders were in danger of losing control of their own country and its industries. The Labour government enjoyed a record budget surplus in its first year and revalued the currency accordingly.However, the slowing global economy, an unprecedented rise in oil prices and a rapid rise in government expenditure led to soaring inflation by 1974. The remainder of <mask>'s term as Minister of Finance was somewhat turbulent; from late in 1973, a series of externally generated crises, of which the 'oil shocks' were the most serious, destabilised the New Zealand economy. These added to other problems, such as growing overseas debt and falling export prices. A major financial policy during <mask>'s tenure was a comprehensive superannuation scheme. Prime Minister

When Norman Kirk died unexpectedly in 1974, Hugh Watt, his deputy, served as acting prime minister for several days while the Labour Party caucus chose a new leader. <mask> was one of several ministers speculated as potentially succeeding Kirk, though Watt was initially seen as the frontrunner. After several other possible candidates ruled themselves out, the field was narrowed to a two-way race between <mask> and Watt, with <mask> now being seen as the front-runner to win.However, the party's National Executive and the Federation of Labour still preferred Watt. A caucus vote was held on 6 September 1974 where <mask> received a surprisingly large majority, beating Watt 44 votes to 9. At age 46,

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texts: he became the youngest New Zealand Prime Minister since 1887. <mask> was officially confirmed as party leader and 30th Prime Minister on 6 September 1974. In the cabinet reshuffle following Kirk's death, <mask> took the foreign affairs portfolio. He was appointed to the Privy Council. <mask> had the option of replacing Kirk in the safe Labour seat of Sydenham but chose to remain in his (more marginal) home electorate of Tasman.<mask> considered the idea of holding a snap election under the guise of seeking a personal mandate for himself as Prime Minister. However he was dissuaded from doing so to avoid looking opportunistic and due to Labour having trouble fundraising. Close colleagues in the cabinet were more keen on the idea, but the wider caucus (many of whom held marginal seats) were more reluctant. Agriculture minister Colin Moyle attampted, but failed, to convince <mask> to hold a snap election in October 1974 which he was convinced Labour would have won with the loss of only one or two seats. Unlike the pro-life Kirk, <mask> was pro-choice. In 1974, he set up a commission to inquire into contraception, sterilisation and abortion. It issued a report in 1977, with recommendations that were incorporated into the Contraception, Sterilisation, and Abortion Act 1977.Although <mask> also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Labour Government concentrated primarily on domestic affairs. While <mask>'s deputy Bob Tizard had replaced him as Minister of Finance, the seriousness of the economic downturn required the Prime Minister's attention. The Government defended heavy overseas borrowing as necessary to protect jobs. In August 1975, the New Zealand dollar was devalued by 15% to assist local manufacturers and exporters. Overall the fiscal outlook during his premiership was overshadowed by the ongoing impacts of the 1973 oil crisis which constrained what could be done. Nevertheless, his government introduced a number of progressive measures, such as

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 an expansion of spending on education by providing a standard bursary for all students in tertiary studies from 1975. 1975 general election

During the 1975 election campaign, <mask> was attacked by the Opposition led by Robert Muldoon, and was generally characterised as being weak and ineffective.Rowling supporters responded with a "Citizens for Rowling" campaign which enlisted high-profile New Zealanders such as Sir Edmund Hillary to praise <mask>'s low-key consultative approach. The campaign was labelled as being elitist, and was generally regarded as having backfired on <mask>. The November election resulted in a surprise defeat for the Labour Party, and <mask> was unable to retain the premiership. Leader of the Opposition

<mask>, however, managed to retain the party leadership though murmurs about the effectiveness of his leadership abounded. His first test as Leader of the Opposition came soon when Labour had to defend one of its seats in early 1976 at a by-election in Nelson. The by-election was seen as crucial to <mask>'s future as commentators were suggesting he could not withstand two losses in a row. Labour fought a strong campaign and not only retained the seat but increased their majority as well.The success in Nelson periodically quietened the speculation about <mask>'s leadership. <mask> then had to deal with two scandals involving two of his MPs, his approach to which, were regarded as heavy-handed and unnecessary in many circles. In 1976 Island Bay MP and party vice-president Gerald O'Brien was charged by police for allegedly indecently inviting two boys back to his motel room for a drink. Despite the charges being thrown out, O'Brien was subsequently deselected by Labour as its Island Bay candidate. O'Brien maintained that it was nothing but an attempt by political enemies to "get rid of me". He also stated that he got more sympathy from members of the National Party than from his own party. This was followed by the 'Moyle Affair',


texts: in which Labour MP Colin Moyle was accused by Muldoon of having been 'picked up' by the police the previous year on suspicion of homosexual activities.A Commission of Inquiry ensued and Moyle eventually resigned from Parliament intending to vindicate himself by winning a by-election for his seat of Mangere. <mask> met with him and persuaded his close friend Moyle not to seek the nomination for the . Large numbers protested at the 1977 Labour Party Conference; many in the LGBT community never forgave him. <mask> gradually managed to improve public perceptions of him which were ironically assisted by the Moyle and O'Brien 'affairs' where his public reputation for timidity turned around. The Evening Post reporter Mike Nicolaidi stated "He [<mask>] is considered by some to be 'a mouse' in public, but his roar is being increasingly heard within the party machine." At the 1978 election <mask> led a strong campaign which saw a huge turnaround in Labour's fortunes, actually winning more votes than National. The election night result had National with more seats, but many seats had small majorities and it was conceivable that if special votes overturned enough electorates Labour could form a government.Ultimately this did not eventuate and Labour remained in opposition. <mask>'s leadership was credited with the turnaround in public opinion. Following the 1978 election <mask> alienated some Māori after removing Matiu Rata, the party's experienced and well-regarded Māori Affairs spokesman, from the Opposition front bench. Earlier, <mask> had replaced Rata with himself as convenor of Labour's Māori Affairs Committee. Rata complained about the insensitivity of Labour's Māori policy and went on to form his own Māori rights party, Mana Motuhake. Rata resigned his seat in fought a by-election for his constituency but Labour's candidate Bruce Gregory retained the electorate for Labour. Labour suffered a setback after Shadow Minister of Transport and Communications


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 Roger Douglas released an "Alternative Budget" against <mask>'s wishes.The proposals were not official Labour policy and their publication was seen by <mask> as a challenge to his authority and Douglas was sacked from the shadow cabinet on 30 June 1980. Douglas then became an agitator against <mask>. Throughout 1980, Labour's poll rating steadily declined eventually reaching the point where they were barely ahead of the Social Credit Party (a minor party). In response to this he was subjected to a leadership challenge at the end of the year. <mask> narrowly survived by one vote (his own). He was visibly angered by the challenge, calling his challengers (known as the Fish and Chip Brigade) 'nakedly ambitious rats' to the press, a comment which he refused to retract. At the 1981 election Labour once again secured more votes than the National Party but still failed to gain a majority of seats.<mask> (as in 1978) claimed a moral victory. While <mask> had largely managed to undo his negative image, many people in the Labour Party nevertheless believed that it was time for a change and he announced his retirement from the leadership to the Labour caucus in late 1982. In February 1983 <mask> was succeeded as leader by the charismatic David Lange, who went on to defeat Muldoon in the 1984 election. After relinquishing the leadership he remained on the front bench as Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs. <mask> retired from parliament at the 1984 election. Later life and death

After leaving politics, <mask> was appointed by Lange as Ambassador to the United States, serving from 1985 to 1988. He held that position when the issue of nuclear weapons and ANZUS flared up between the United States and New Zealand, and he travelled extensively across the country explaining the policy.Exasperated at Labour's Rogernomics economic platform initiated by his successor, David Lange, <mask> eventually let his party membership lapse, expressing dismay at policies undertaken

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 by both the Fourth Labour and Fourth National governments. <mask> later became highly involved in a number of community organisations and trusts. He also played a prominent role at the Museum of New Zealand, and is considered to have been the "driving force" behind the eventual establishment of Te Papa despite drastic public spending cutbacks. <mask> died of cancer in Nelson on 31 October 1995. Personal life
<mask> married Glen Reeves in 1951. The couple’s second child died when she was five months old in 1957; another daughter, Kim, committed suicide at the age of 18. <mask> was a practising Anglican.Honours and awards
In the 1983 Queen's Birthday Honours, <mask> was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George. He was conferred an honorary law doctorate by the University of Canterbury in 1987, and he was honoured by the Netherlands as a Commander in the Orde van Oranje-Nassau. In the 1988 Queen's Birthday Honours, Glen, Lady <mask>, was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service. Notes

References

Further reading

1927 births
1995 deaths
Ambassadors of New Zealand to the United States
New Zealand finance ministers
New Zealand foreign ministers
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
New Zealand Labour Party leaders
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau
University of Canterbury alumni
People educated at Nelson College
People from Motueka
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
People associated with the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Deaths from cancer in New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1960 New Zealand general election
New Zealand members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
New Zealand military personnel of the Malayan Emergency
New Zealand politicians awarded knighthoods
New

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<mask> (July 4, 1900 – October 18, 1982) was an African-American artist from Fayette County, Georgia. Although she is best known today for her colorful works on paper, <mask> worked across mediums, creating drawings, collages, altered photographs, hand-sewn dolls, home installations and sculptural environments. She was said to have an "instinctive understanding of the relation between color and form." Her work focuses on race, gender, domesticity, African-American folklore, and spiritual traditions. <mask> is now recognized as one of the most important American folk artists. Her work is held in numerous collections, including The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Morgan Library and Museum, the American Folk Art Museum in New York City, the Baltimore Museum of Art, the Dallas Museum of Art, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia, the Milwaukee Art Museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, the Museum of International Folk Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C., the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York City, and the Studio Museum in Harlem. Life
Born on July 4, 1900, <mask> grew up in the farming community of Fayetteville, Georgia.She was one of ten children. It was noted that she began drawing at an early age. Her family was burdened by financial pressures and she left school after the fourth grade to work in the fields with her father, a former slave, Sam Williams. In addition to managing the rented family farm, her father worked as a blacksmith and basket weaver. Her mother, Luelle Swanson, was an expert seamstress and a quilter. <mask>'s mother taught her to create dolls, quilts and small wooden sculptures. When <mask> was 16, she ran away from the farm because she found the work to be "painful, poorly compensated and undignified."<mask> married Ben

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 Wheat right after leaving the family farm. The couple remained in Fayetteville until 1930, when they moved in Vinings, a small rural community northwest of Atlanta. In Vinings, <mask> began to work as a domestic. In 1936 her husband died from cardiovascular renal disease. <mask> met her second husband, Henry 'Buddy' <mask>, an older widower and fellow Vinings resident in 1937. In 1939, the couple built a home together that <mask> called her "playhouse." It was located at 2041 Paces Ferry Road.When Henry died nine years later, <mask>, now at the age of forty-eight devoted her full attention to her art making. Over the span of the next three decades, <mask> developed a large body of multifaceted work. In the final decade of her life, her art was shown at local and national galleries and museum. In November 1981, she was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. On October 18, 1982, after spending her final weeks in the hospital, <mask> died. She is buried in the Flat Rock A.M.E. Cemetery in Fayetteville, Georgia.Work

The Playhouse
<mask>'s living space – her home and yard – served as her first canvas and installation project. Adorned with dozens of objects from dolls and stuffed animals to household bric-a-brac, her home emerged as a site of transformation. There, recycled and discarded materials became works of art. Scraps of wood and chewing gum became dolls and sculptures. Her adornment of her home brought her into conflict with members of her community over the years. Some members of the community would deface or cause damage to her house and work. Years later, while describing her artistic process, <mask> stated, "I started doing it way ago, right after my husband died.He died in '48 and then people just started to bring in this, bring in the dolls, and bringing me things. I take nothing, you know, take nothing and make something out of it." Notably, <mask> described her elaborately

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