texts: when these works were finally dropped from the Index. Interest in the <mask> affair was revived in the early 19th century, when Protestant polemicists used it (and other events such as the Spanish Inquisition and the myth of the flat Earth) to attack Roman Catholicism.Interest in it has waxed and waned ever since. In 1939, Pope Pius XII, in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described <mask> as being among the "most audacious heroes of research... not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments". His close advisor of 40 years, Professor Robert Leiber, wrote: "Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors (to science) prematurely. He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of <mask>." On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome, Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the <mask> affair as forming what he called "a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today". Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher Paul Feyerabend, whom he quoted as saying: "The Church at the time of <mask> kept much more closely to reason than did <mask> himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of <mask>'s teaching too. Her verdict against <mask> was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune."The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend's assertions.


type: original

texts:
 He did, however, say: "It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views." On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II acknowledged that the Church had erred in condemning <mask> for asserting that the Earth revolves around the Sun. "John Paul said the theologians who condemned <mask> did not recognize the formal distinction between the Bible and its interpretation." In March 2008, the head of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Nicola Cabibbo, announced a plan to honour <mask> by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls. In December of the same year, during events to mark the 400th anniversary of <mask>'s earliest telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy. A month later, however, the head of the Pontifical Council for Culture, Gianfranco Ravasi, revealed that the plan to erect a statue of <mask> on the grounds of the Vatican had been suspended.Impact on modern science

According to Stephen Hawking, <mask> probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else, and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science. <mask>'s astronomical discoveries and investigations into the Copernican theory have led to a lasting legacy which includes the categorisation of the four large moons of Jupiter discovered by <mask> (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) as the Galilean moons. Other scientific endeavours and principles are named after <mask> including the <mask> spacecraft, the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system, the transformation between inertial systems in classical mechanics denoted

masks: Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo


texts:
 Galilean transformation and the Gal (unit), sometimes known as the Galileo, which is a non-SI unit of acceleration. Partly because the year 2009 was the fourth centenary of <mask>'s first recorded astronomical observations with the telescope, the United Nations scheduled it to be the International Year of Astronomy. A global scheme was laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), also endorsed by UNESCO—the UN body responsible for educational, scientific and cultural matters. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 was intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy but science in general, with a particular slant towards young people. Planet Galileo and asteroid 697 Galilea are named in his honour.In artistic and popular media
<mask> is mentioned several times in the "opera" section of the Queen song, "Bohemian Rhapsody". He features prominently in the song "<mask>" performed by the Indigo Girls and Amy Grant's "Galileo" on her Heart in Motion album. Twentieth-century plays have been written on <mask>'s life, including Life of Galileo (1943) by the German playwright Bertolt Brecht, with a film adaptation (1975) of it, and Lamp at Midnight (1947) by Barrie Stavis, as well as the 2008 play "Galileo Galilei". Kim Stanley Robinson wrote a science fiction novel entitled <mask>'s Dream (2009), in which <mask> is brought into the future to help resolve a crisis of scientific philosophy; the story moves back and forth between <mask>'s own time and a hypothetical distant future and contains a great deal of biographical information. <mask>i was recently selected as a

masks:
Galileo
Galileo
Galileo
Galileo
Galileo
Galileo
Galileo
Galileo Galile


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 main motif for a high-value collectors' coin: the €25 International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin, minted in 2009. This coin also commemorates the 400th anniversary of the invention of <mask>'s telescope. The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope.The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon. In the silver ring, other telescopes are depicted: the Isaac Newton Telescope, the observatory in Kremsmünster Abbey, a modern telescope, a radio telescope and a space telescope. In 2009, the Galileoscope was also released. This is a mass-produced, low-cost educational  telescope with relatively high quality. Writings

<mask>'s early works describing scientific instruments include the 1586 tract entitled The Little Balance (La Billancetta) describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water and the 1606 printed manual Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare on the operation of a geometrical and military compass. His early works on dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his circa 1590 Pisan De Motu (On Motion) and his circa 1600 Paduan Le Meccaniche (Mechanics). The former was based on Aristotelian–Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum, bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights.It also subscribed to the Philoponan impetus dynamics in which impetus is self-dissipating and free-fall in a vacuum would have an essential terminal speed according to specific weight after an initial period of acceleration. <mask>'s 1610

masks: Galileo Galileo Galileo


texts:
 The Starry Messenger (Sidereus Nuncius) was the first scientific treatise to be published based on observations made through a telescope. It reported his discoveries of:
 the Galilean moons
 the roughness of the Moon's surface
 the existence of a large number of stars invisible to the naked eye, particularly those responsible for the appearance of the Milky Way
 differences between the appearances of the planets and those of the fixed stars—the former appearing as small discs, while the latter appeared as unmagnified points of light

<mask> published a description of sunspots in 1613 entitled Letters on Sunspots suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible. The Letters on Sunspots also reported his 1610 telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus, and his discovery of the puzzling "appendages" of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance. In 1615, <mask> prepared a manuscript known as the "Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina" which was not published in printed form until 1636. This letter was a revised version of the Letter to Castelli, which was denounced by the Inquisition as an incursion upon theology by advocating Copernicanism both as physically true and as consistent with Scripture. In 1616, after the order by the Inquisition for <mask> not to hold or defend the Copernican position, <mask> wrote the "Discourse on the Tides" (Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare) based on the Copernican earth, in the form of a private letter to Cardinal Orsini.In 1619, Mario Guiducci, a pupil of <mask>'s, published a lecture written largely by <mask> under the title Discourse on the Comets (Discorso Delle Comete), arguing against the

masks: Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo Galileo


texts: Jesuit interpretation of comets. In 1623, <mask> published The Assayer—Il Saggiatore, which attacked theories based on Aristotle's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas. The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church. Following the success of The Assayer, <mask> published the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) in 1632. Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's 1616 instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non-geocentric model of the solar system led to <mask> being tried and banned on publication. Despite the publication ban, <mask> published his Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences (Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition. Under the restrictions of house arrest, he was forbidden to write or publish his ideas.However, he continued to received visitors right up to his death and it was through them that he remained supplied with the latest scientific texts from Northern Europe. With his past experience, <mask> may have feared that his collection of books and manuscripts would be seized by the authorities and burned, as no reference to such items was made in his last will and testament. An itemized inventory was only later produced after <mask>'s death, when the majority of his possessions including his library passed to his son, <mask>, Jr. On his death in 1649, the collection was inherited by his wife Sestilia Bocchineri. <mask>'s books,

masks:
Galileo
Galileo
Galileo
Galileo
Galileo
Galileo
Vincenzo Galilei
Galileo


texts: personal papers and unedited manuscripts were then collected by Vincenzo Viviani, his former assistant and student, with the intent of preserving his old teacher's works in published form. Unfortunately, it was a project that never materialised and in his final will, Viviani bequeathed a significant portion of the collection to the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence, where there already existed an extensive library. The value of <mask>'s possessions were not realised, and duplicate copies were dispersed to other libraries, such as the Biblioteca Comunale degli Intronati, the public library in Sienna. In a later attempt to specialise the library's holdings, volumes unrelated to medicine were transferred to the Biblioteca Magliabechiana, an early foundation for what was to become the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, the National Central Library in Florence.A small portion of Viviani's collection, including the manuscripts of <mask> and those of his peers Evangelista Torricelli and Benedetto Castelli, were left to his nephew, Abbot Jacopo Panzanini. This minor collection was preserved until Panzanini's death when it passed to his great-nephews, Carlo and Angelo Panzanini. The books from both <mask> and Viviani's collection began to disperse as the heirs failed to protect their inheritance. Their servants sold several of the volumes for waste paper. Around 1750 the Florentine senator Giovanni Battista Clemente de'Nelli heard of this and purchased the books and manuscripts from the shopkeepers, and the remainder of Viviani's collection from the Panzanini brothers. As recounted in Nelli's memoirs: "My great fortune in obtaining such a wonderful treasure so


texts:
 cheaply came about through the ignorance of the people selling it, who were not aware of the value of those manuscripts..."

The library remained in Nelli's care until his death in 1793. Knowing the value of their father's collected manuscripts, Nelli's sons attempted to sell what was left to them to the French government.Grand Duke Ferdinand III of Tuscany intervened in the sale and purchased the entire collection. The archive of manuscripts, printed books and personal papers were deposited with the Biblioteca Palatina in Florence, merging the collection with the Biblioteca Magliabechiana in 1861. See also
 Catholic Church and science
 Seconds pendulum
 Tribune of Galileo
 Villa Il Gioiello

Notes

References

Citations

General sources

  Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London). Further reading

 Drake, Stillman. Galileo (University of Toronto Press, 2017). Drake, Stillman. Essays on <mask> and the History and Philosophy of Science (U of Toronto Press, 2019).Drake, Stillman. Galileo and the First Mechanical Computing Device (U of Toronto Press, 2019). Gilbert, Neal Ward. "Galileo and the School of Padua." Journal of the History of Philosophy  1.2 (1963): 223–231. online

 Koyré, Alexandre. "<mask> and Plato."Journal of the History of Ideas 4.4 (1943): 400–428. online
 Koyré, Alexandre. "<mask> and the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century." Philosophical Review 52.4 (1943): 333–348. online

External links

 Works in <mask>'s Personal Library at LibraryThing

16th-century Italian mathematicians
16th-century Italian

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 writers
16th-century male writers
16th-century Italian astronomers
17th-century Italian astronomers
17th-century Italian mathematicians
17th-century Italian writers
17th-century Latin-language writers
17th-century male writers
1564 births
1642 deaths
Articles containing video clips
Ballistics experts
Blind people from Italy
Burials at Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
Catholicism-related controversies
Christian astrologers
Copernican Revolution
Discoverers of moons
Experimental physicists
<mask> affair
Italian astrologers
16th-century Italian inventors
17th-century Italian physicists
Italian Roman Catholics
Members of the Lincean Academy
Natural philosophers
University of Padua faculty
Philosophers of science
Italian scientific instrument makers
Theoretical physicists
University of Pisa alumni
University of Pisa faculty
Writers about religion and science
17th-century Italian inventors
17th-century Italian


texts: <mask> (née Hall; born December 7, 1936) is an American former businesswoman and politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky; she was elected as the state's 56th governor from 1983 to 1987, the first woman to hold the office and the only one to date. Prior to that, she served as the 48th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky, under John Y. Brown, Jr. Her election made her the highest-ranking Democratic woman in the U.S. She was considered as a possible running mate for Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale in the 1984 presidential election, but Mondale chose Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro instead. After graduating from the University of Kentucky, <mask> worked as a school teacher while her husband finished a degree in dentistry. She became interested in politics, and worked on both Wendell Ford's gubernatorial campaign in 1971 and Walter "Dee" Huddleston's U.S. Senate campaign in 1972. In 1975, she was chosen secretary of the state's Democratic Party and was elected clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals.During her tenure as clerk, a constitutional amendment restructured the state's judicial system, and the Court of Appeals became the Kentucky Supreme Court. <mask> continued as clerk of the renamed court and worked to educate citizens about the court's new role. <mask> was elected lieutenant governor in 1979, under Governor John Y. Brown, Jr. Brown was frequently out of the state, leaving <mask> as acting governor for more than 500 days of her four-year term. In 1983, she defeated Republican Jim Bunning to become Kentucky's first woman governor. Her administration had two primary focuses: education and economic development. After failing to secure increased funding for education in the 1984 legislative session, she conducted a statewide public awareness campaign in advance of a special legislative session the following year; the

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Martha Layne Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins


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 modified program was passed in that session.She successfully used economic incentives to bring a Toyota manufacturing plant to Georgetown, Kentucky in 1986. Legal challenges to the incentives – which would have cost the state the plant and its related economic benefits – were eventually dismissed by the Kentucky Supreme Court. The state experienced record economic growth under <mask>'s leadership. At the time, Kentucky governors were not eligible for reelection. <mask> taught at several universities after her four-year term as governor. From 1990 to 1996, she was the president of Saint Catharine College near Springfield, Kentucky. The 1993 conviction of <mask>'s husband, Dr. <mask>, in an influence-peddling scandal, damaged her hopes for a return to political life.Prior to her husband's conviction it had been rumored that she would be a candidate for the U.S. Senate, or would take a position in the administration of President Bill Clinton. From 1998 to 2012, <mask> served as an executive scholar-in-residence at Georgetown College. Early life
<mask> Hall was born December 7, 1936, in Bagdad, Kentucky, the only child of Everett and Mary (Taylor) Hall. When <mask> was in the sixth grade, her family moved to Shelbyville, Kentucky, and opened the Hall-Taylor Funeral Home. <mask> was involved in numerous extracurricular activities both in school and at the local Baptist church. Her parents were active in local politics, working for the campaigns of several Democratic candidates, and Hall frequently joined them, stuffing envelopes and delivering pamphlets door-to-door. <mask> attended Shelbyville High School where she was a good student and a cheerleader.She frequently competed in beauty pageants and won the title of Shelby County Tobacco Festival Queen in 1954. After high school, Hall enrolled at Lindenwood College, then an all-woman college

masks:
Collins
Collins
Collins
Bill Collins
Collins
Martha Layne
Martha Layne
Martha Layne
Martha Layne


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 in Saint Charles, Missouri (It is now a co-ed university). After one year at Lindenwood, she transferred to the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky. She was active in many clubs, including the Chi Omega social sorority, the Baptist Student Union, and the home economics club, and was also the president of her dormitory and vice president of the house presidents council. In 1957, Hall met Billy Louis <mask> while attending a Baptist camp in Shelby County. He was a student at Georgetown College in Georgetown, Kentucky, about 13 miles from Lexington; he and Hall dated while finishing their degrees. Hall earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Home Economics in 1959.Having won the title of Kentucky Derby Festival Queen earlier that year, she briefly considered a career in modeling. Instead, she and <mask> married shortly after her graduation. While <mask> pursued a degree in dentistry at the University of Louisville, <mask> taught at Seneca and Fairdale high schools, both located in Louisville. While living in Louisville, the couple had two children, Steve and Marla. In 1966, the <mask>es moved to Versailles, Kentucky, where <mask> taught at Woodford County Junior High School. The couple became active in several civic organizations, including the Jaycees and Jayceettes and the Young Democratic Couples Club. Through the club, they worked on behalf of Henry Ward's unsuccessful gubernatorial campaign in 1967.Early political career

By 1971, <mask> was the president of the Jayceettes; through her work there, she came to the attention of Democratic state senator Walter "Dee" Huddleston. Huddleston asked <mask> to co-chair Wendell Ford's gubernatorial campaign in the 6th District. J.R. Miller, then-chairman of the state Democratic Party, commented that "She organized that district like you wouldn't believe." After Ford's victory, he named

masks:
Collins
Collins
Billy Collins
Martha
Collins
Martha
Collins
Collins


texts: <mask> as a Democratic National Committeewoman from Kentucky. She quit her teaching job and went to work full-time at the state Democratic Party headquarters, as secretary of the state Democratic party and as a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention. The following year, she worked for Huddleston's campaign for the U.S. Senate. In 1975, <mask> won the Democratic nomination for Clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals in a five-way primary.In the general election, she defeated Republican Joseph E. Lambert by a vote of 382,528 to 233,442. During her term, an amendment to the state constitution changed the name of the Court of Appeals to the Kentucky Supreme Court; <mask> was the last person to hold the office of Clerk of the Court of Appeals and the first to hold the office of Clerk of the Supreme Court. As clerk, she compiled and distributed a brochure about the new role of the Supreme Court, and worked with the state department of education to create a teacher's manual for use in the public schools, detailing the changes effected in the court system as a result of the constitutional amendment. The Woodford County chapter of Business and Professional Women chose <mask> as its 1976 Woman of Achievement, and in 1977, Governor Julian Carroll named her Kentucky Executive Director of the Friendship Force. In a field that included six major candidates, <mask> secured the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor in the 1979 primary, garnering 23 percent of the vote. She handily defeated Republican Hal Rogers in the general election 543,176 to 316,798. As lieutenant governor, she traveled the state, attending ceremonies in place of Democratic Governor John Y.Brown, Jr., who disliked such formal events and often chose not to attend. By the end of her term, she declared that she had visited all 120 counties in Kentucky. Governor

masks: Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins


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 Brown was frequently out of the state, leaving <mask> as acting governor for more than 500 days of her four-year term. As lieutenant governor, <mask> presided over the state Senate. Members of both major parties praised <mask> for her impartiality and knowledge of parliamentary procedure in this role. She was twice called upon to break tie votes in the Senate, once on a bill allowing the state's teachers to engage in collective bargaining and another on a bill to allow branch banking across county lines within the state; in both instances she voted in the negative, killing the bill. During her tenure, she also chaired the National Conference of Lieutenant Governors, becoming the first woman to hold that position.In 1982, she was named to the board of regents of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville. Gubernatorial election of 1983

Nearing the end of her term as lieutenant governor, <mask> announced her intent to run for governor in 1983. Her opponents for the Democratic nomination included Louisville mayor Harvey Sloane and Grady Stumbo, the former secretary of the state's Department of Human Resources. <mask> had the support of many leaders in the Democratic Party, but just before the primary, Governor Brown endorsed Stumbo, charging that both Sloane and <mask> would use their gubernatorial appointment power to dispense party patronage. Although this was a common practice at the time, Brown notably shunned it during his term. With 223,692 votes, <mask> edged out Sloane (219,160 votes) and Stumbo (199,795 votes) to secure the nomination. Sloane asked for a recanvass of the ballots, but ultimately decided it would not change the outcome and conceded defeat.In the general election, <mask> faced Republican state senator Jim Bunning, who was later elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame for his achievements as a professional

masks: Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins


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 pitcher . The National Organization for Women, the National Women's Campaign Fund, and the Women's Political Caucus all refused to endorse <mask>, citing her lukewarm support for the Equal Rights Amendment and her opposition to abortion except in cases of rape, incest, or when the mother's life was in danger. But, Bunning was not personable on the campaign trail and had difficulty finding issues that would draw traditionally Democratic voters to him. His Catholicism was a political liability among the majority-Protestant voters. <mask> won the election by a vote of 561,674 to 454,650, becoming the first, and to date only, woman to be elected governor of Kentucky. Following her election, <mask> donated the surplus $242,000 from her campaign coffers to the state Democratic Party. When <mask>'s husband was named state treasurer for the party – at an annual salary of $59,900 – the state press charged that the move was a plot to funnel <mask>'s campaign funds into her personal account.(The previous Democratic state treasurer had received no salary during his tenure.) Following the media criticism, Dr. <mask> resigned his post as treasurer. All of the involved individuals insisted that Governor <mask> had not been briefed on the details of her husband's appointment. The media's criticism of <mask> continued as many of the appointments to her executive cabinet went to what they characterized as inexperienced personnel who had held key positions in her past campaigns. When newly appointed Insurance Commissioner Gilbert McCarty approved a 17% rate increase requested by Blue Cross Blue Shield – a request that his predecessor had denied a few days earlier – <mask> quickly countermanded the approval pending a public hearing on the matter. Governor
In her first address to the legislature, <mask> asked for an additional $324 million from the Kentucky

masks: Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins


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 General Assembly, most of it allocated for education. The additional revenue was to be derived from <mask>'s proposed tax package, which included increasing the income tax on individuals making more than $15,000 annually, extending the sales tax to cover services such as auto repair and dry cleaning, and increasing the corporate licensing tax.After opposition to her proposal developed among legislators during the 1984 biennial legislative session, <mask> revised the tax package. She retained the corporate licensing tax increase, but replaced the sales tax and income tax modifications with a flat five percent personal income tax and phasing out the deductions for depreciation which corporations could claim on their state taxes. With the state still recovering from an economic recession and an election year upcoming, legislators refused to raise taxes. <mask> eventually withdrew her request and submitted a continuation budget instead. Some education proposals advocated by <mask> were passed, including mandatory kindergarten, remedial programs for elementary school children, mandatory testing and internship for teachers, and the implementation of academic receivership for underperforming schools. Among the other accomplishments of the 1984 legislative session were passage of a tougher drunk driving law, and a measure allowing state banking companies to purchase other banks within the state. Consideration for vice-president

By virtue of her election as Kentucky's governor, <mask> became the highest-ranking Democratic woman in the nation.The only two women in the U.S. Senate at the time were Republicans, and <mask> was the only woman governor of any state. Shortly after her election, she appeared on Good Morning America, where she was asked about her interest in the vice-presidency and gave a non-committal answer. Four days after her

masks: Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins


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 inauguration as governor, she was chosen to deliver the Democratic response to President Ronald Reagan's weekly radio address. At a news conference following her speech, <mask> was asked again if she would be willing to be considered as the Democrats' vice-presidential candidate in the upcoming election; she replied "No, not at this time." In mid-1984, the Democratic National Committee chose <mask> to preside over the 1984 Democratic National Convention in San Francisco. This engagement prevented <mask> from chairing the state delegation to the convention, as was typical of governors. The party appointed <mask>'s son, Steve as state chair.Prior to the convention, Walter Mondale, the presumptive presidential nominee, interviewed <mask> as a possible vice-presidential candidate before choosing Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate. A writer for The Miami Herald later opined, based on interviews with Mondale advisers, that <mask> was never given serious consideration by Mondale. He reported that she was included in his list of potential running mates primarily to blunt potential charges of "tokenism" in considering other women and minorities. Education proposals
In January 1985, <mask> renewed her push for additional education funding and changes by appointing herself secretary of the state Education and Humanities Cabinet. Following the announcement, <mask> and several key legislators held a series of meetings in every county, advocating for her proposed changes and seeking information about what types of changes the state's citizens desired. At the meetings, <mask> was careful to separate the issues of her proposed education plan and potential tax increases. She believed that opposition to increased taxes had prevented her previous package from being enacted.<mask> announced a new education package in June 1985 that included a five


texts:
 percent across-the-board pay raise for teachers, a reduction in class sizes, funding for construction projects, aides for every kindergarten teacher in the state, and a "power equalization" program to make funding for poorer school districts more equal to that of their more affluent counterparts. After favorable reaction to the plan from legislators, she called a special legislative session to convene July 8 to consider the plan. After two weeks of deliberation, the General Assembly approved <mask>'s education plan, tripling the corporate licensing tax to $2.10 per $1,000 in order to pay for the package. The Assembly rejected a proposed five-cents-per-gallon increase in the state gasoline tax to finance other spending. <mask> followed up her success in the 1985 special session with a push for more higher education funding in the 1986 legislative session. Lawmakers obliged by approving an additional $100 million for higher education in the biennial budget. They also approved implementation of a pilot preschool program and the purchase of new reading textbooks, but failed to act on <mask>'s request for an additional $3.9 million to improve the state's vocational education system.Legislators approved calling a referendum on a constitutional amendment – supported by <mask> – to make the state superintendent of education an appointive, rather than elective, office. The amendment was defeated by the state's voters in November 1986, despite a Collins-led campaign in favor of it. The increased corporate tax intended to cover the cost of the increased education budget was, however, inadequate. In 1987, a plan to increase revenue through changes in the state income tax was abandoned when Wallace Wilkinson, the Democratic gubernatorial nominee who would go on to succeed <mask>, announced his opposition to it. Toyota Assembly Plant
In March 1985,


texts: <mask> embarked on the first of several trade missions to Japan. She returned there in October 1985, and also visited China – a first for any Kentucky governor – to encourage opening Chinese markets for Kentucky goods and to establish a "sister state" relationship with China's Jiangxi province. <mask>'s efforts in Japan yielded her most significant accomplishment as governor – convincing Toyota to locate an $800 million manufacturing plant in Georgetown.According to published reports, the Kentucky location was chosen over proposed sites in Indiana, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kansas. The agreement with Toyota was contingent upon legislative approval of $125 million in incentives promised to Toyota by <mask> and state Commerce Secretary Carroll Knicely. They included $35 million to buy and improve a  tract to be given to Toyota for the plant, $33 million for initial training of employees, $10 million for a skills development center for employees, and $47 million in highway improvements near the site. The incentive package was approved in the 1986 legislative session. State Attorney General David L. Armstrong expressed concerns that the incentives might conflict with the state constitution by giving gifts from the state treasury to a private business, but concluded that the General Assembly had made "a good-faith effort to be in compliance with the constitution". Given Armstrong's concerns, the administration employed general counsel J. Patrick Abell to file a friendly test case to determine the constitutionality of the incentive package. While the suit was pending, the Lexington Herald-Leader reported that the administration had failed to include the interest on the bonds used to finance the expenditures in its estimation of the cost; this, plus the cost overruns reported by the Herald-Leader, had already pushed the total cost of the

masks: Collins Collins Collins


texts: package to about $354 million by late September 1986.In October, Toyota agreed to cover the cost overruns associated with preparing the site for construction. Opponents of the economic enticements for Toyota joined the state's test suit. In October 1986, Franklin County Circuit Court Judge Ray Corns issued an initial ruling that the package did not violate the state constitution, but both sides asked the Kentucky Supreme Court to make a final decision. On June 11, 1987, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled 4–3 that the package served a public purpose and were therefore constitutional. Shortly after the announcement that Toyota was moving to Georgetown Collins, in her capacity as governor, condemned a portion of land belonging to real estate developer Gordon Taub. Taub owned  within the Toyota plant site and  were condemned to build a four-lane highway to the Toyota plant entrance. Taub challenged the condemnation, stating that the Commonwealth did not have the right to condemn private property for the use of a for profit, public corporation.At trial, <mask> became the first sitting governor of Kentucky to testify in court. She was represented by former governor Bert T. Combs; Taub was represented by former governor Louie B. Nunn. This was also the first time in the history of Kentucky that two former governors represented opposing parties in a legal action. Later, Toyota set up several assembly plants across the state; near the end of <mask>'s term, the state Commerce Cabinet reported that 25 automotive-related manufacturing plants had been constructed in 17 counties since the Toyota announcement. In 1987, <mask> promised $10 million in state aid to Ford to incentivize the company to expand its truck assembly plant in Louisville. The state experienced record job growth under <mask>'s economic development plan, which included attempts to

masks: Collins Collins Collins Collins


texts:
 attract both domestic and international companies. The state's unemployment rate fell from 9.7 percent in October 1983 to 7.2 percent in October 1987;  according to the administration's own figures, they created a net increase of 73,000 jobs in the state during <mask>'s tenure.Other matters during <mask>'s term
On October 7, 1987, <mask> called a special legislative session to close a deficit between state contributions to the worker's compensation Special Fund and disbursements. The Special Fund was designated for payments to workers with occupational diseases and workers whose work-related injuries could not be traced to any single employer. A plan proposed by Democratic state senator Ed O'Daniel was expected to provide the framework for legislation considered in the session. Under O'Daniel's plan, additional revenue for the Special Fund would be raised by increasing assessments on worker's compensation premiums for 30 years. Assessments for coal companies were increased more than those on other businesses because the majority of the claims paid from the Special Fund were for black lung, a breathing disease common among coal miners; consequently, it was opposed by legislators from heavily coal-dependent counties. Nevertheless, after nine days of negotiations, a bill substantially similar to O'Daniel's original plan was approved by the legislature and signed by <mask>. <mask> chaired the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway Authority and held that position when the waterway opened to the public in 1985.On May 10, 1985, she was named to the University of Kentucky Alumni Association's Hall of Distinguished Alumni. She also chaired the Southern Growth Policies Board, Southern States Energy Board, and was co-chair of the Appalachian Regional Commission. Activities after leaving office
<mask>'s term expired on December 8, 1987, and under the


texts: restrictions then present in the Kentucky Constitution, she was ineligible for consecutive terms. In 1988, she accepted a position as "executive in residence" at the University of Louisville, giving guest lectures to students in the university's business classes. She also started an international trade consulting firm in Lexington. When Western Kentucky University president Kern Alexander resigned to accept a position at Virginia Tech in 1988, <mask> was among four finalists to succeed him. Some faculty members publicly expressed concerns about <mask>'s lack of experience in academia, and she withdrew her name from consideration shortly before the new president was announced.After fulfilling her one-year commitment to the University of Louisville, <mask> was named a fellow of the Harvard Institute of Politics' John F. Kennedy School of Government, teaching non-credit classes on leadership styles once a week. Concurrent with her position at Harvard, <mask> was named to the board of regents for Midway College in 1989; the following year, she was removed from the board of regents of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Her removal was automatically triggered after she missed three consecutive board meetings between 1986 and 1989. In 1990, <mask> accepted the presidency of Saint Catharine College in Springfield, Kentucky, becoming the first president of the small, Catholic college who was not a Dominican nun. College officials stated that <mask> was recruited for the presidency to raise the college's profile. In 1993, <mask>'s husband, Bill, was charged in an influence-peddling scandal. The prosecution claimed that while <mask> was governor, Dr. <mask> exploited a perception that he could influence the awarding of state contracts through his wife.It was alleged that he exploited this perception to pressure people who did business with the

masks: Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins Collins


texts: state to invest nearly $2 million with him. He was convicted on October 14, 1993, after a seven-week trial; he was given a sentence of five years and three months in federal prison, which was at the low end of the range prescribed by the federal sentencing guidelines. He was also fined $20,000 for a conspiracy charge that involved kickbacks disguised as political contributions. Governor <mask> was called to testify in the trial, but was not charged. The scandal tarnished her image, however, and may have cost her an appointment in the administration of President Bill Clinton. <mask> was also rumored to be considering running for the U.S. Senate, a bid which never materialized following her husband's conviction. The <mask>es reunited following Dr. <mask>'s release from prison on October 10, 1997.In 1996, <mask> resigned as president of Saint Catharine College to direct the International Business and Management Center at the University of Kentucky. Later that year, she was a co-chair of the Credentials Committee at the Democratic National Convention. When her contract with the University of Kentucky expired in 1998, <mask> took a part-time position as "executive scholar in residence" at Georgetown College, which allowed her more time to pursue other interests. In 1999, she was named Honorary Consul General of Japan in Kentucky, a position which involved promoting Japanese interests in Kentucky, encouraging Japanese investment in the state, and encouraging cultural understanding between Kentucky and Japan. In 2001, Governor Paul E. Patton named her co-chair of the Kentucky Task Force on the Economic Status of Women. In January 2005, she became the chairwoman and chief executive officer of the Kentucky World Trade Center. She has held positions on the boards of directors for several corporations, including Eastman Kodak.Awards and


texts:
 honors
Women Leading Kentucky, a non-profit group designed to promote education, mentorship, and networking among Kentucky professional women, created the Martha <mask> Leadership Award in 1999 to recognize "a Kentucky woman of achievement who inspires and motivates other women through her personal, community and professional lives"; <mask> was the first recipient of the award. In 2003, Kentucky's Bluegrass Parkway was renamed the <mask> Layne <mask> Bluegrass Parkway in her honor; <mask> also received the World Trade Day Book of Honor Award for the state of Kentucky from the World Trade Centers Association that year. In 2009, she was inducted into the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs for her contributions "to strengthening economic and cultural exchanges between Japan and the United States of America". <mask> <mask> High School in Shelby County was named in her honor and opened in 2010. See also
List of female governors in the United States
List of female lieutenant governors in the United States

References

Bibliography

Further reading

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1936 births
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Baptists from Kentucky
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Governors of Kentucky
Georgetown College (Kentucky) faculty
Kentucky Democrats
Lieutenant Governors of Kentucky
Living people
People from Shelbyville, Kentucky
People from Versailles, Kentucky
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment alumni
Women in Kentucky politics
Women state governors of the United States
Kentucky women entrepreneurs
Women heads of universities and colleges
Schoolteachers from Kentucky
Kentucky women in education
American women academics
20th-century American politicians
20th-century

masks:
Layne Collins
Collins
Martha
Collins
Collins
Martha Layne
Collins


texts:
<mask> was one of the delegates from Bangladesh) in the Sixth Buddhist council held in Yangon, Burma in 1956. Boyhood

Most venerable Ashin Aggavamsa Sayadaw, Sanghãraja, Aggamahãsaddhammajotikãdhaja, President, and founder of Parbatya Bhikkhu was, was born at Kutubadia village in CHT on 23 November 1913. father's lay father's name was Rudrasingh Mahajan and mother Mrs. Icchavati Tanchangya. His given name of a lay boy was Fulanath Tanchangya, and he went to school as a boy when he was young at Rainkhong Kutubdia Christian School, Rangunia High School, and Koya Para High School. Ordination and studying Tipitaka literature

He renounced his home, wife, son and daughter and took ordination at the Lord Abbot of Bawgaltali Buddhist temple, Venerable Tissa Mahathera during the full moon day of Vesakha in 1939. And he received his higher ordination under the preceptor Lord abbot of Bawgaltali Buddhist temple the same of his novice preceptor in 1942 in the full moon day of Vesakha. Then his preceptor given the name of Venerable Agga Vaṃsa Bhikkhu. Then after a few months of his receiving of his higher ordination, he left Bawgaltali Buddhist temple and received as a preceptor of the staying monk at Chittagong eminent in Tipitaka and the teacher of Vipassanā, Venerable Ananda Mitra and started to learn Tipitaka Doctrine and Vipassana meditation.Under the Lord Abbot of Ranguniya Icchamati Dathu Ceti Complex, Late Venerable Dharma Nanda Mahathera, he received education and training from beginner level to higher level. He followed his preceptor and meditated in the depth of the jungle by solidarity in each mountain at Kutubdiya Village. Studies in Myanmar

In the year 1947 on 15


texts:
 June he came to Rangoon (Yangon), Myanmar for higher education of Buddhist Literature and to learn meditation. He obtained M.A. degree in Buddhist philosophy. He has been honoured as “Vinaya Visaradha” by the Let Perhang University and Kamaihada University in Burma. He took training on Vipassana meditation in internationally famous Vipassana Bhavana centre at Mahasi Vipassana centre for 5 month and honoured as Vipassana Acharya.He spent 10 years in Rangoon and became a scholar of Theravada Buddhism. He worked in the protocol section of Sixth Buddhist Council from 1954 to 1956. He studied Tipitaka literature for 12 years. Return from Myanmar

After attending in the Sixth Buddhist Council went back to Bangladesh in 1958. And the king later by holding grand ceremony received as the Chakma Patriarch in Raj vihar in Rangamati. On 26 December 1957 he returned to his motherland. In the year 1958 on the request of the Chakma Raja Tridev Roy, he became the Lord Abbot of Raj Vihara and honoured as CHAKMA RAJGURU, unprecedented in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.Disciples

He had good number of disciples, among them Jyotipal <mask> (Arunachal Pradesh), Tilaka Nanda Mahathera now president of Parbatya Bhikku Sangha, Prabarananda <mask> (Subalong), Sumana Nanda <mask> (Chengi), Subhachar Thera and many others. He had given the name Sadhana Nanda at the time of Upasampada to most renowned Buddhist Monk Sadhanananda Mahathera popularly known as VANA BHANTE. Works

At that time situation was different. The people were confused on Buddhism represented by the illiterate Rauli Monk influenced by Tantricism. He began to work for the revival of Theravada Buddhism, Buddhist culture and education.

masks: Mahathera Mahathera Mahathera


texts:
 Rajguru Aggavamsa Mahathera moved from village to village, preaching Theravada Buddhism. He brought waves on Buddhist culture amongst the people.He re-established Kathina Civara Dana Ceremony, Buddha Puja, in a manner followed by the ancient Buddhist and continued efforts a great social and religious revival took place in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Books

He wrote some dozen books on Buddhism, namely:

 Manab Dharma Pancasil
 Stop Genocide in Chittagong Hill Tract. 1981. Calcutta. Sramanera Kartabya,  published on 1977. Buddha Pasana (Lokuttara), published on 1982
 Buddha Pasana ( Lokiya), published on 1984. Samavaya Buddha Passana, published on 1858.Buddha Ponjika, published on 1961. Parinam(drama), published on 1972. Mangla Sutra in Chakma lyric, published on 1972. Buddha Samantika, published on  2008. Abhidhammattha Sanghaha unpublished
 Buddha O Rabindranath unpublished
 Dharma O Sawmaj unpublished
 Dharshan O Vidharshan unpublished
 Maha Manab Gautama Buddha unpublished
 Buddhawr  Awbawdan(3 Volumes) unpublished

Honours

He has been honoured as “Tipitaka Visaradha” by the Sangha Raja Bhikkhu Mahasabha of Chittagong. He has represented in the 3rd world Buddhist conference from Chittagong Hill Tracts. He became Mahathera on 9 April 1965.He founded Boudha Juba Sangha, Arjyapur M.E School, now Kangra Churi High School, Bagal Toli Boudha Vihar, Rainkhong Kutubdia Boudha Vihar, “The Buddhist Mission” “The Parvattya Chattagram Buddha Samity”. He was founder president of Parbatya Bhikkhu Sangha in Chittagong Hill Tracts in 1958. He came to India in the year 1979 and visited religious Buddhist Centre in India. Ven. Dharama Pala Mahathera Lord Abbot of Dharamankur Boudha


texts:
 Vihara has extended hearty welcome. He founded The Buddhist Mission at Kolkata with the help of Sri Gopal Bhusan Chakma, eminent social worker at Bagoihati, Kolkata. He was honoured as a PANDIT by the Calcutta University.He was appointed as a visiting professor of Pali literature, and also as an external examiner of PhD thesis of the Calcutta University. In the year 1986, Ven. Vimal Tissa <mask> came to India and met with Ven <mask> at Kolkata. Ven. <mask> shared his experience, guidance, and gave moral support to Ven. Vimal Tissa Mahathera. Both together with the association of eminent Chakma living in Kolkata founded the great institution “Shishu Koruna Sangha” in the year 1986.He also the founder of Shisu Karuna Sangha(Bodhicariya) with his disciple Venerable Vimal Tissa in Kolkata, India. Because of his contribution for his reformation in the society' He was honoured with the honourable title of Aggamahasadhammajatikadajja in 2004 at the Maha pasana cave, Yangon, Myanmar by the Myanmar Government. Return from India

He always has a strong feeling for his motherland in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. Due to old age, he was suffering from diseases. Due to the political turmoil of Bangladesh, he had left for India in 1979. After staying in India for many year, he started his journey on 19 January 2001  to travel from India to Bangladesh. Venerable Vimal Tissa Mahathera had made all necessary arrangement.Prajananda <mask>, the Lord Abbot of Shakkya Muni Buddha Vihar, Dhaka extended all necessary assistance. He later went to Rangamati at the request of Chakma Raja Devasish Roy. Buddhist activities

He had participated in the All India Bhikkhu conference held at Bodh

masks: Mahathera Rajguru Rajguru Mahathera


texts:
 Gaya in the year 1973 where he had presided one day in the conference. He had also participated in a 3 days conference at Mahabodhi Society Hall, Kolkata in the same year. He attended in the International Buddhist Conference held in Nepal in the year 1977. In the year 1982 he had attended human Rights Conference in the Netherlands and presented his speech on the inhuman torture by the military to the mass tribal people of Chittagong Hill Tracts. He was invited by the United Nations Economic and Social Council, Geneva on 29 July- 2 August 1985, Commission on Human Rights on Minorities Working Group on Indigenous people.He utilized the opportunity to focus the plight and sufferings of the people of Chittagong Hill Tracts. He visited United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, France, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Nepal and many other countries, and preached humanity, international brotherhood and world peace. He established relationship with a number of Internationals Organization such as World Fellowship of Buddhists in Thailand, Mahabodhi Society of India, Kalinga Nippon Buddhist Sangha in Japan, Union Buddha Sasana Council in Burma, The Young Men's Buddhist Association in Sri Lanka, The Burma Buddhist World Mission Myanmar, Buddhist Society in United Kingdom and All India Bengal Buddhist Association in India. Death
`
At the age of 94 years old, he died on Saturday at 9 PM (BST) 5 January 2008 at Raj Vihar, Rangamati,  Bangladesh. References

External links
 Chakma Org. Buddhism in Bangladesh
 Jumma CHT
 United Tanchangya Academic & Cultural Forum

People from Chittagong Division
Bangladeshi Buddhist monks
Theravada Buddhist monks
1921 births
2008 deaths
20th-century


texts:
<mask> the Horned (), known also as <mask> the Bald () (c. 1220/5 – 26/31 December 1278), a member of the Silesian Piasts, was High Duke of Poland briefly in 1241 and Duke of Silesia at Wrocław from 1241 until 1248, when the duchy was divided between him and his brothers. After the partition, he ruled the Silesian Duchy of Legnica until his death. The second Mongol raid against Poland, led by Nogai Khan, occurred during his reign. Family history
Bolesław was the eldest son of the Polish high duke <mask> the Pious by his wife Anna, a daughter of the Přemyslid king Ottokar I of Bohemia. His paternal grandparents were Henry the Bearded and Hedwig of Silesia. Among his younger siblings were Mieszko (died 1242), <mask> the White (d. 1266), <mask> (d. 1274), Władysław, and Elisabeth, who married her Piast cousin Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland. Accession

Bolesław succeeded as Duke of Silesia after his father, <mask> the Pious, was killed in the Battle of Legnica on 9 April 1241, fighting against the Mongol invaders led by Batu Khan.At the time, he and his immediate younger brother Mieszko were the only heirs who had reached majority. Their mother Anna helped them during the transition; some sources even call this period a regency. The Mongol forces conquered most of Silesia, but then withdrew to Hungary. After Henry's death, the Silesian Piasts were not able to maintain their supremacy in the Polish lands. <mask>'s inheritance,

masks:
Bolesław II
Bolesław II
Henry II
Henry III
Konrad II
Henry II
Bolesław


texts:
 including the Southern Greater Polish estates and the Lesser Polish Seniorate Province was threatened by neighboring Piast dukes. By July 1241, his cousin Konrad I of Masovia tried to take over the Polish throne at Kraków. The local nobles, led by the Kraków governor Clement of Ruszczy, strongly resisted but eventually had to yield to Konrad's superior forces.Disappointed by <mask>'s lack of action, they turned their support to <mask> V the Chaste, who ascended the Kraków throne in 1243. There was a similar situation in Greater Poland: after hearing the news of the defeat of <mask> in Legnica, Duke Przemysł I and his brother <mask> <mask>ous retook the estates of Kalisz which once had been ruled by their father, the late Duke Władysław Odonic. The local nobility supported them as the true heirs to those lands. Bolesław decided to avoid a fight and renounced all his Greater Poland lands. He tried to retain some districts, such as Santok and Międzyrzecz, but in 1247 the Dukes of Greater Poland ultimately forced Bolesław to resign all his rights to lands in Greater Poland. First division of Lower Silesia
When in 1242, Bolesław next oldest brother Mieszko died suddenly without leaving an heir, his Lubusz estates reverted to Bolesław and his younger brothers became co-rulers of the Lower Silesian lands. When his brother <mask> the White came of age in 1247, however, he and his younger brothers revolted against Bolesław and even

masks:
Bolesław
Bolesław
Henry II
Bolesław
the Pi
Henry III


texts:
 were able to imprison him shortly thereafter.To regain freedom, Bolesław signed an agreement with Henry III, dividing the Lower Silesian lands of Legnica and Wrocław. To avoid further fragmentation, the two pledged to offer hospitality to their minor brothers, Bolesław to Konrad I, and Henry to Władysław. Bolesław, as the eldest, got first choice of the districts, and he chose the Legnica estates, possibly because of the gold discovery in the Kaczawa and Wierzbiak Rivers. Duke of Legnica

Bolesław soon regretted his choice and tried to recover Wrocław. <mask> refused to surrender his new duchy, and war was inevitable. Both began preparing for battle, but didn't have adequate funds. Bolesław sought allies among the Ascanian relatives of his wife Hedwig, daughter of Count Henry I of Anhalt.Archbishop Wilbrand of Magdeburg contributed funds after <mask> sold half of Lubusz Land to him. The German aid only gave <mask> a temporary advantage in the war against his brother. In 1249 his younger brother and co-ruler Konrad I unexpectedly returned to the country (after concluding his studies in Paris). Bolesław proposed him as Bishop of Passau, however, Konrad refused and began to press his own claims in Silesia. Bolesław opposed him, and the young prince took refuge at the court of the Dukes of Greater Poland, Bolesław's long-time enemy. Shortly after, Konrad reinforced his bonds with Duke Przemysł I after a double marriage: the Duke

masks:
Henry III
Bolesław
Bolesław


texts:
 of Greater Poland married Konrad's sister Elizabeth, and Konrad married Duke Przemysł's sister, Salome. The final clash occurred two years later, when the Bolesław was defeated by the combined forces of Przemysł I and <mask> the White, who supported Konrad.In 1251 Bolesław finally agreed to the divide his own lands and ceded the Duchy of Głogów to Konrad. Bolesław only retained the small district of Legnica proper. Conflict with the bishop of Wrocław
It took Bolesław another two years and the help of his brother <mask> to recover full authority over his principality. Bolesław made some agreements with the other Piast dukes, especially with the princes of Greater Poland and with Bishop Thomas I of Wrocław. However, Bolesław never forgave the bishop for his tendency to support the younger princes. Bolesław's conflict with the bishop of Wrocław reached a more critical point in 1257, when the Bolesław incarcerated the bishop at Wleń Castle. Bolesław was immediately excommunicated.His brothers quickly intervened and negotiated a settlement. In 1261, <mask>'s paid a large tribute and paid public penance at the gates of in Wrocław Cathedral. He had been excommunicated twice before, in 1248 and 1249, and a call had been issued to the neighboring nobility to a crusade against him. He was later forgiven by the Bishop, and both of the previous excommunications were rescinded. Bolesław also remained in hostile relations with his brother

masks:
Henry III
Henry III
Bolesław


texts:
 Duke Konrad of Głogów. In 1257 Konrad kidnapped Bolesław from his castle in Legnica. The duke regained his freedom a few months later.In 1271 Bolesław took the town of Bolesławiec, near Bóbr. Final years
In the 1270s, Bolesław gave more and more power to his adolescent sons. In 1273 he granted the Duchy of Jawor to his oldest son Henry V and it seemed that Bolesław had resigned from adventurous politics. Nevertheless, in 1277, he signed an alliance with King Rudolph I of Germany, straining the alliance of the other Piast dukes with rivalling King Ottokar II of Bohemia. At Rudolph's insistence, Bolesław kidnapped Ottokar's ally, Duke Henry IV of Wrocław, Bolesław's nephew, and demanded one-third of Wrocław after the death of his uncle Władysław, Bolesław's youngest brother, in 1270. Henry IV was imprisoned in Legnica Castle. A coalition was formed between Ottokar II, Duke <mask> of Głogów, and Duke Przemysł II of Greater Poland, but it soon failed: while <mask>'s forces were greatly outnumbered at the bloody battle of Stolec, his son Henry V turned the tide and the allied dukes were defeated.A settlement was reached; Henry IV was freed and <mask> was given one-third of the Duchy of Środa Śląska. <mask> <mask> died between 26 and 31 December 1278 and was buried at the Dominican monastery of his Legnica residence. His three sons, Henry V the Fat, Bolko I and Bernhard, inherited his lands. Marriages and children
In 1242, <mask>

masks:
Henry III
Bolesław
Bolesław
Bolesław
II
Bolesław


texts:
 married firstly Hedwig (d. 21 December 1259), daughter of Henry I, Count of Anhalt. They had seven children:
Agnes (born c. 1243/50 – died 13 March 1265, buried Stuttgart Stiftskirche), married c. 1260/64 to Count Ulrich I of Württemberg. Henry V the Fat (born c. 1248 – died 22 February 1296). Hedwig (Jadwiga) (born c. 1250/55 – died aft.1280), married c. 1265/70 to Duke <mask> of Masovia. Bolko I the Strict (born c. 1252/56 – died Krzeszów, 9 November 1301, buried Krzeszów Abbey). Bernhard (born c. 1253/57 – died 25 April 1286, buried Dominican Monastery, Legnica). Konrad (d. young). Katharina (d. 25 April 1286, buried Dominican Monastery, Legnica). In 1261, <mask> married secondly Euphemia (also called Alenta or Iolanta or Adelheid)  (born c. 1245 - died c. 15 February 1309), daughter of Sambor II, Duke of Pomerania. Around 1270, he began living with his mistress Sophia of Dyhrn.She bore him a son, Jarosław, who died in infancy. Gravely ill and deeply offended by her husband's affair,  Euphemia fled to her homeland in Pomerania in 1275. Their marriage was considered annulled. In 1277 Bolesław finally married his mistress, but the union lasted only a few months until the Duke's death in 1278. Euphemia returned to Silesia after <mask>'s death. References

Bibliography
Cawley, Charles; Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, Medieval Lands Project; Silesia v3.0; Dukes of Breslau (Wrocław) and Lower Silesia 1163-1278 (Piast) (Chap

masks:
Konrad II
Bolesław
Bolesław


texts:
 4); Boleslaw of Lower Silesia; retrieved August 2012. <mask> II Rogatka (Łysy, Okrutny, Srogi, Cudaczny)

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1220s births
1278 deaths
13th-century Polish monarchs
Medieval nobility of the Holy Roman Empire
13th-century Polish people
Dukes of Silesia
Dukes of Greater Poland
People temporarily excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People of Byzantine


texts:
<mask> (March 30, 1825August 16, 1895) was an American soldier, lawyer, and politician from Paris, Texas. He was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and later represented Texas in the U.S. Senate. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Tompkinsville, Kentucky on March 30, 1825. His parents were Rice and Lucy (<mask><mask>. His father was a lawyer, and in 1834 he moved the family to Albany, Kentucky to take a position as the County Clerk for Clinton County, Kentucky. In 1842 young <mask> got an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Although he consistently ranked near the bottom of his class, <mask> did graduate in 1846 and was commissioned a Brevet second lieutenant.Career
<mask> was assigned to the 7th Infantry Regiment, which was engaged in the Mexican–American War. <mask> joined the regiment in Monterrey, Mexico. <mask> was cited for gallantry and brevetted first lieutenant for his actions in the battles of Cerro Gordo and Contreras in the summer of 1847. He also participated in the battles of Churubusco and Molino del Rey. He received a brevet promotion and was placed in command of a police company in Mexico City. In June 1848 <mask> was transferred to Jefferson Barracks in Missouri, and the following year he resigned from the army. He returned to Albany, read law with his father <mask> and they began a joint practice when <mask> was admitted to the Bar in 1851.He married Marilda Cass Denton on June 19, 1853. In October 1857, father and son moved their families to a small farm they purchased just south of Paris, Texas. They resumed a joint law practice here as well. American Civil War

masks:
Samuel Bell Maxey
Samuel
Bell
) Maxey
Maxey
Maxey
Maxey
Maxey
Maxey
Maxey
Rice Maxey
Samuel


texts: <mask> was elected the district attorney for Lamar County, Texas in 1858 and was a delegate to the state's Secession Convention in 1861. That same year he was elected to the state Senate, but never served, preferring military duty. His father, <mask>, was elected to replace him. <mask> had been given authority by the Confederate government in September to raise a regiment as its colonel.In December, Colonel <mask> led his 1,120-man Ninth Texas Regiment from Bonham, Texas to join General Johnston at Memphis, Tennessee. However he was soon separated from his regiment and set to building bridges near Chattanooga, Tennessee. On March 7, 1862 <mask> was promoted to brigadier general to rank from May 4. The regiment was badly mauled at the Battle of Shiloh, but he was not present. In fact he saw very little action during this period. He did see action at the Siege of Port Hudson in 1863. In December 1863, General <mask> was assigned as commander of the Indian Territory.His early success in conducting raids and capturing supplies prevented a Union Army invasion of Texas. He was assigned to duty as a major general by General Edmund Kirby Smith, but this appointment was never approved for this rank by Confederate President Jefferson Davis nor confirmed by the Confederate Senate. In 1865 he was ordered to Houston, Texas, to take command of a Division. He turned over command of the Indian Territory to Brigadier General Stand Watie, a Cherokee, on February 21, 1865, and proceeded to Houston, Texas. <mask>'s new command was plagued by desertions and his inability to get supplies and equipment. Frustrated and discouraged, he was allowed to resign on May 22, 1865. He returned home to

masks:
Samuel
Rice Maxey
Samuel
Maxey
Maxey
Maxey
Maxey


texts:
 Paris, and formally surrendered in July to Union Major General Edward Canby (E.R.S.Canby). Although nominally a prisoner of war, he remained at home on parole. Later political career

As a senior officer of the Confederacy, <mask> was not eligible to hold political office or even practice law. In October 1865 he began his appeal for a presidential pardon. He was finally successful when President Andrew Johnson pardoned him on July 20, 1867, after a personal appeal from <mask>'s former West Point classmate Ulysses S. Grant. He resumed the practice of law in Paris. In 1872 he ran for the U.S. Congress, but lost in the Democratic Party Primary to William P. McLean.In 1873, Governor Edmund J. Davis offered <mask> an appointment to the Texas District Court, but he declined due to prior involvement as a lawyer with cases before the court. In January 1875, the Texas Legislature elected him to the United States Senate where he served two terms, from March 4, 1875 until March 3, 1887. He improved postal and rail service in Texas and argued against increased tariffs. He took little interest in larger national or party affairs. The legislature named the more dynamic John H. Reagan to replace him. <mask> returned to the practice of law in Paris, this time with his wife's nephew <mask> and Henry William Lightfoot. The latter of the two later married <mask>'s adopted daughter <mask>.When his nephew, <mask> <mask> Long, joined the firm in 1892 he finally retired. He died on August 16, 1895 at Eureka Springs, Arkansas, where he had gone for treatment of an intestinal problem. <mask> and Marilda are buried in the Evergreen Cemetery in Paris. The townhouse that he built there in 1867 is now

masks:
Maxey
Maxey
Maxey
Maxey
Benjamin Denton
Maxey
Dora Maxey
Sam Bell
Maxey
Samuel


texts:
 a state historical site on South Church Street and is open to visitors. Legacy
Camp Maxey was a World War II infantry-training camp and associated facilities. It was occupied from July 1942 to early 1946 in Lamar County, Texas. The facility near Paris, Texas was named Camp Maxey in honor of Confederate Brigadier General <mask> <mask>.See also

List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .

Further reading
 Louise Horton: <mask> <mask>: A biography; 1974, University of Texas Press, . John Waugh: <mask> <mask> and the Confederate Indians; 1995 paperback, McWhiney Press, .External links
  Retrieved on 2008-02-13

 Entry for <mask> <mask> from the Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas published 1880, hosted by the Portal to Texas History. Maxey House overview from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department

1825 births
1895 deaths
Confederate States Army generals
United States senators from Texas
United States Military Academy alumni
Texas state senators
Texas Democrats
People of Texas in the American Civil War
People from Paris, Texas
Democratic Party United States senators
People from Tompkinsville, Kentucky
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
County district attorneys in Texas
People from Albany, Kentucky
19th-century American politicians
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Military personnel from

masks:
Samuel Bell
Maxey
Samuel Bell
Maxey
Sam Bell
Maxey
Samuel Bell
Maxey


texts:
<mask> (May 5, 1865 – June 12, 1953) was an African American pastor who developed the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, New York as the largest Protestant congregation in the country, with 10,000 members. He was a community activist, author, and the father of Congressman <mask>. Born into poverty in southwestern Virginia, <mask> worked to put himself through school and Wayland Seminary, where he was ordained in 1892. After serving in churches in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New Haven, Connecticut, <mask> was called as pastor to Abyssinian Baptist, where he served from 1908 to 1936. During the Great Migration of blacks out of the rural South, thousands of blacks moved to New York and Harlem became the center of African-American life in the city. During his tenure, <mask> supervised the purchase of land, fundraising, and the construction of a much larger church and facilities. He was a founder of the National Urban League, active in the NAACP and several fraternal organizations, and served as trustee of several historically black colleges and schools. Background
<mask> was born near Martin's Mill on Maggodee Creek, in Franklin County, Virginia.This was in the Piedmont, above the Fall Line of the Roanoke River. His mother Sally Dunning (b. 1842-1848-d. ? ), a free woman of color, named her first son after her older brother <mask>. He headed the family as a farmer. In 1860 Sallie was living with her mother Maildred, aunt Mary, and large family, including her grandmother Hannah; all the family were free mulattoes. <mask> wrote in his autobiography that his mother never told him who his father was.He described her mother, Mildred Dunning (later listed as Malinda Dunnon, in the 1880 census), as "mostly Indian." Mildred was still living with her daughter and family past

masks:
Adam Clayton Powell
Adam Clayton Powell Jr
Powell
Powell
Powell
Adam Clayton Powell
Adam Dunning
Powell


texts: 1880, so he knew her well. <mask> had visible European-American ancestry, in features, light skin, and blue eyes. Two years after <mask>'s birth, in 1867 his mother Sally married Anthony Bush (b. abt. 1845-d. 1937), a mulatto freedman (former slave). In the 1870 census, he used the surname Dunning, as did his and Sally's children. J. Daniel Pezzoni, a preservation consultant, noted in 1995 there was a local tradition linking <mask>'s family to Llewellyn <mask>, a white planter, who had property 10 miles away at Hale's Ford, but there was no documentary evidence for this.Wil Haygood, a 1993 biographer of <mask> <mask>., mistakenly wrote that Sally Dunning was held as a slave by white farmer Llewellyn <mask> at the time of her son <mask>'s birth. He asserted <mask> was the father of <mask>. Pezzoni noted Sally was a free woman of color, as were her mother and grandmother, proved by the 1860 census, which documented the three generations of the Dunning family. Both Sally's mother and grandmother were free; by Virginia's principle of partus sequitur ventrem in slave law, all of their children were also born free. The Encyclopaedia of African American History (2006) claims that <mask>'s father was Llewellyn <mask>, and that he was of German descent. (Note: Both Llewellyn and <mask> are names associated primarily with Wales and England rather than Germany.) By 1880 the Dunning family had moved to Cabin Creek, Kanawha County, West Virginia, and taken new names.Anthony, his wife and children took the surname <mask>. According to biographer Charles V. Hamilton, Anthony Bush "decided to take the name <mask> as a new identity." Sally's mother Mildred Dunning was listed as Malinda Dunnon in 1880, apparently changing her name, too, for their new lives in West Virginia. There was a

masks:
Powell
Adam
Powell
Powell
Adam Clayton
Powell Jr
Powell
Adam
Powell
Adam
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell


texts:
 growing African-American community in the Kanawha Valley, attracted to jobs in mills and in coal production. In 1880 <mask> worked at the dam; <mask> at age 15 worked hauling water at the mines, and Malinda Dunnon worked as a weaver. Anthony reared <mask> as his son, and he and Sally had several children together. <mask> <mask>. identified as black in the South and in his life.Later in life he easily passed as white for convenience when traveling by train in the South; he used it to gain better accommodations in the segregated railroad cars. Education
<mask> worked through college and graduated in 1892 from Wayland Seminary, a historically black college located in Washington, DC. (It was the predecessor school of Virginia Union University). He attended Yale Divinity School (1895–1896) and earned a D.D. at Virginia Union University (1904). He was later made an honorary member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Marriage and family
On 30 June 1889, <mask> married Mattie Shaffer (née Mattie Buster) of Pratt, West Virginia.She was the daughter of Samuel Buster and his wife Eliza (née Wilson), both  mixed race farm laborers. (Eliza changed her and her daughter's surname to Shaffer after divorcing Buster.) The <mask>s had two children: Blanche F<mask> (b. 1898; d. 1926) and <mask> <mask>. (b. 1908; d. 1972). Before 1920, Blanche married Clarence D. King, who had migrated to New York from Virginia, and the young couple lived with her parents for a time in the city. <mask> was ordained a Baptist minister in 1892; he served at churches in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New Haven, Connecticut between 1892 and 1908.From 1908 until 1936, <mask> served as pastor of the century-old Abyssinian Baptist Church, whose congregation had moved north and was located in Harlem, New York. Under

masks:
Anthony Powell
Adam Powell
Adam
Adam Clayton
Powell Sr
Powell
Powell
Powell
. Powell
Adam Clayton
Powell Jr
Career Powell
Powell


texts:
 his leadership, in 1920 the congregation acquired a large lot and built a substantial church and community center at a cost of $334,000. With the increase in the black population to New York during the twentieth century's Great Migration, <mask> ultimately attracted a membership of 10,000 at Abyssinian, the largest Protestant membership in the country. <mask> had widespread influence in the community. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the German theologian and pastor, attended Abyssinian Baptist for six months while studying in New York at Union Theological Seminary before World War II. He was greatly influenced by the preaching, social work and the Black spiritual music of the congregation. <mask> <mask>. has been credited with teaching Bonhoeffer about love of enemies, resisting systems of injustice, Christ's presence with the poor, and the doctrine of "cheap grace".<mask> was active in a variety of educational institutions and community organizations; he was among the founders of the National Urban League; a trustee of Virginia Union University, Downington Industrial and Agricultural School in Pennsylvania, which operated until 1993; the National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington, DC; and the White Rose Industrial Home in New York, all historically black colleges and schools. He was a member of the YMCA, Republican Party, and fraternal organizations, including the Masons, Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias. <mask>'s son, <mask> <mask>., succeeded his father as pastor at the church in 1937 after working with him for several years as an assistant. Burial
<mask> is buried at Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, Queens, New York City, New York. See also

 Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Works
 <mask>, A<mask> Sr., Against the Tide: An Autobiography, (New York: Richard B. Smith,

masks:
Powell
Powell
Adam Clayton
Powell Sr
Powell
Powell
Adam Clayton
Powell Jr
Powell
Powell
. Clayton


texts:
 1938)

Pamphlets
"Some Rights Not Denied the Negro"
"The Significance of the Hour"
"A Plea for Strong Manhood"
"A Three-Fold Cord"

References

Sources

 <mask>, A. <mask>., Against the Tide: An Autobiography, (New York: Richard B. Smith, 1938)
 Rushing, Lawrence, "The Racial Identity of <mask> <mask>.: A Case Study in Racial Ambivalence and Redefinition", Afro-Americans in New York Life and History, 1 January 2010
 Finkelman, Paul (editor). Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century. Hamilton, Charles V. <mask> <mask>.King of the Cats: The Life and Times of <mask> <mask>., 1993; reprint, HarperCollins, 2006

 Mather, Frank Lincoln. Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent, Vol. 1, Chicago: Memento Edition, 1915, p. 222
 Pezzoni, J. Daniel. "Hook-Powell-Moorman Farm": Historic Nomination Form, US Department of the Interior, 1995
 <mask>, A<mask> Sr., Against the Tide: An Autobiography, (New York: Richard B. Smith, 1938)
 Yenser, Thomas (editor), Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of African Descent in America, Who's Who in Colored America, Brooklyn, New York, 1930-1931-1932 (Third Edition)

1865 births
1953 deaths
African-American Baptist ministers
Baptist ministers from the United States
African-American writers
American writers
Burials at Flushing Cemetery
People from Franklin County, Virginia
Powell family of New York
Yale Divinity School alumni
People from Harlem
Pennsylvania Republicans
Connecticut Republicans
New York (state) Republicans
Baptists from Virginia
Baptists from New York (state)
People from Cabin Creek, West Virginia
Baptists from West Virginia
Religious leaders from

masks:
Powell
Clayton Sr
Adam Clayton
Powell Jr
Adam Clayton
Powell Jril
Adam Clayton
Powell Jr
Powell
. Clayton


texts:
<mask> (born 20 December 1987) is a British musician and podcaster best known as the former banjoist and lead guitarist of the British folk rock band Mumford & Sons. Prior to this he was in the bluegrass sleaze rap group Captain Kick and the Cowboy Ramblers. With Mumford & Sons, <mask> has won multiple awards, including a Grammy and two BRITs. He has performed music with different supergroups and collaborated with Baaba Maal and HVOB. After leaving Mumford & Sons, <mask> started an interview podcast. Early life and family
<mask> was born in Wandsworth, London, on 20 December 1987, to Sir <mask>, a British tycoon and co-founder of the Marshall Wace hedge fund, and Sabina de Balkany. He has a sister, singer/songwriter Giovanna.His mother is of French origin, and his maternal grandmother was property tycoon Molly de Balkany, one of the first female property developers in France; <mask>'s maternal great-uncle was the developer – and once-husband of Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy – . Their family originated in Hungary and added "de Balkany" to the name upon arrival in France. <mask> has said that thirteen members of his family "were murdered in [...] the Holocaust", and that one of his grandmothers was a survivor. <mask> was educated at St Paul's School, an independent school in London. In 2010, The Guardian wrote that "there's [nothing] inherently wrong with musicians being privately educated. It's just a bit grating when one of them insists on going by the name "Country" <mask>". <mask> began playing guitar aged thirteen and started a ZZ Top cover group called Gobbler's Knob.While the other members of Mumford & Sons were influenced by jazz, <mask> described the genre in 2013 as "the lowest form of art". He was inspired to play banjo after seeing O Brother, Where Art Thou?, switching to folk music and wearing his hair in dreadlocks. Referring to his youth exploits, he saw

masks:
Winston Aubrey Aladar deBalkan Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Winston Aubrey Aladar deBalkan Marshall
Paul Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Winston Marshall
Marshall
Marshall


texts:
 himself as a trustafarian, and chose not to attend university in order to play music. <mask> and future bandmate Marcus Mumford met as teenagers at Church, playing worship music at a Church group together and in a worship band, with Mumford saying <mask> is "magnetic to be around". <mask>, a multi-instrumentalist, has said that he chose to focus on banjo over guitar because there were fewer banjoists and so it was easier for him to get session jobs. Career

Early music
In the early 2000s, <mask> was in a bluegrass sleaze rap band called Captain Kick and the Cowboy Ramblers, who had songs such as "Jesse the Gay" and "Country London". <mask> was credited as "Country Winston Driftwood" and played the banjo, guitar, dobro, mandolin, and harmonica.With Captain Kick and the Cowboy Ramblers, <mask> ran a jam night "for teenagers who wanted to drink and play music" at Bosun's Locker, a tiny music club beneath a pasty shop on the King's Road in Fulham. The jam nights attracted a number of musicians who had an affinity for earthy acoustic music, including Noah and the Whale and Laura Marling. Mumford & Sons

The group Mumford & Sons came together in December 2007 after its four members had already been performing together in various configurations. Co-founder Mumford started songwriting after seeing <mask>'s band Captain Kick, and other similar artists, perform while Mumford was at university in Edinburgh; Mumford was struggling at the time and found <mask>'s music "a glimpse of salvation", especially as <mask> encouraged him to join them on-stage. The first Mumford & Sons performances took place in 2005 at Marshall's Bosun's Locker jam nights as informal performances of the musicians "like a hoedown". Mumford began performing here, and was joined by <mask> as well as other musician friends with whom he had previously performed, including Ben Lovett and Ted Dwane. As well as

masks: Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall


texts: together, Dwane, <mask>, and Mumford all performed with Marling's band during the jam sessions.Mumford said that "eventually, Ted [Dwane], Ben [Lovett], and <mask> [<mask>] stuck. It wasn't until [they] started writing songs together that [they] realized this was an actual band and not just a singer/songwriter with a couple of mates." <mask> played the banjo, guitars, dobro, and provided backing vocals, for the group, and was often identified as the comic relief of the line-up. The band performed at Glastonbury Festival in 2008 and released their debut EP later the same year. <mask> and Mumford took jobs in the antique shop run by <mask>'s mother in order to save money to produce and record music with Mumford & Sons. They toured with Marling and Johnny Flynn from 2008 to 2009; <mask> was nervous to perform in the United States, knowing that banjo is more common there than in the United Kingdom and their audience would know if he was good or not. In 2009, they cut their tour songs as their first album.The album, Sigh No More, on which <mask> is credited as "Country Winston", was released that year along with the single "Little Lion Man"; written by Mumford, the song was nominated at the 2011 Grammy Awards as Best Rock Song. The band was nominated for the Grammy for Best New Artist, and performed at the ceremony with Bob Dylan and the Avett Brothers. Sigh No More won the Brit Award for British Album of the Year in 2011. The album was influenced by the music of Fleet Foxes, the Avett Brothers, Kings of Leon and Gomez; for Pitchfork, Stephen Deusner wrote that the band made this clear by pushing their musical references "with a salesman's insistence." It was released to minimal attention but steadily garnered more positive reviews, and while Deusner criticized the album as derivative, he was impressed that "there are some unexpected textures, mostly courtesy of some guy calling

masks: Marshall Winston Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall


texts: himself <mask> playing banjo and dobro." The success of the bluegrass banjo-led album placed Mumford & Sons as the breakout of nu-folk music. They followed the album with near-constant touring, cementing their presence, though concert reviews were also mixed, criticizing the repetitiveness of the samey setlist while acknowledging the crowd's enjoyment.Chris Richards of The Washington Post added that the musicians' stage presence, particularly <mask> "thrusting his pelvis like a bluegrass Rick James", was irritating. In 2010, Mumford & Sons were the band and back-up for Marling's album I Speak Because I Can and released a joint EP with Marling and Indian group Dharohar Project. Self-titled with all three acts' names, it saw generally warm reviews that praised <mask>'s dueling-banjo additions to songs. The group continued to tour extensively, and released their second album, Babel, which had a more rock sound, in 2012 to mixed reviews. <mask> provided lead vocals for the song "For Those Below". In the same year, Mumford & Sons contributed songs to two films: "The Enemy" for Wuthering Heights and "Learn Me Right" with Birdy for the soundtrack of the Pixar film Brave. Babel became the quickest-selling album of the year, and the growing success of Mumford & Sons led to more detraction, with the band, and its banjo specifically, often criticized as inauthentic; <mask> told The Guardian that he disagreed, saying they are authentic because they play music that they enjoy and at which they are good.The band embraced other criticisms, creating a tongue-in-cheek music video for single "Hopeless Wanderer", parodying their own image. In it, <mask> was portrayed by Jason Bateman. With Babel, <mask> shed his "Country Winston" name, saying he had outgrown it (as a holdover from Captain Kick) and had become disillusioned towards country music; when he began playing the genre he associated

masks:
Country Winston
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall


texts: it with bluegrass music, and then found that he did not like the country music he heard in the United States. At the same time, he expressed distaste towards the banjo and said that he does not really know how to play it and had been told by his hero Jerry Douglas to not learn, quoting Douglas saying: "The reason that it's interesting what you do is that you have no f***ing idea what you're doing!" Babel won the Grammy for Album of the Year in 2013, with the band being awarded the Brit Award for British Group the same year. They were also honored with the Ivor Novello Award for International Achievement in 2014. The band went on hiatus in 2013, but contributed to a compilation album by Idris Elba released in 2014, re-recording their song "Home" with Thandiswa Mazwai.They returned in 2015 with the album Wilder Mind, on  which <mask> was credited as "WN5TN". There is no banjo on Wilder Mind, an electronic rock album that was influenced by the National; Aaron Dessner was a producer. Though his bandmates disagreed, <mask> said that they changed the sound because they did not enjoy touring so much with a limited repertoire. However, he also said that he had warmed to the banjo again after time away from having to play it, and used it on the band's 2015 tour. The album received mediocre reviews, with critics in disagreement on whether losing the banjos improved the band or not; The Guardian wrote that it "was far less polarising" than their first two albums, due to being "numbingly boring" and lacking the band's USP. The next year they released an EP, Johannesburg, with African artists Baaba Maal, Beatenberg and the Very Best; they had been approached to do the project after <mask> worked with Maal on other music. The EP does not use the banjo.<mask> sang lead vocals on the song "Fool You've Landed", which he co-wrote with then-girlfriend Dianna Agron and Beatenberg's Matthew

masks: Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall


texts: Field. Mumford & Sons then worked on their fourth album, Delta, which was released in 2018. The album uses banjo again, but in non-folk ways. <mask> said that Delta: "does sound to me like the culmination of 10 years' work. I'm proud of it for that". The music draws more on their adult life experiences than their previous work, with the Evening Standard noting that during its creation <mask> got married but also experienced depression. <mask> said that since the album was not their first and wouldn't be their last, they felt freedom to branch out in sound.He started writing some of the songs on Delta in Nashville, where Agron was filming a movie and they became engaged. Lovett said <mask> "was throwing these pretty left-field sounds out of these writing sessions in Nashville"; <mask> was encouraged by sound engineer Garrett Miller to try more synthesized music, resulting in "Picture You", and composed the first verse and the falsetto hook of "Woman" there. He also wrote "Wild Heart", which was recorded so quickly he didn't actually perform on the track on the album. Spin noted the three songs were the more powerful of the album's stripped-back songs. <mask> took the early components of "Woman" to his bandmates in Brooklyn, and Lovett said of the moment: "[it] just felt like something that was very, very different, but also felt really good. Maybe that was a moment that we felt unshackled by anything that we had done previously." <mask> said that despite the song title, "Woman" is about the love shared by the couple.It is an R&B indie song, with Mumford saying they were influenced by Jai Paul; <mask> used a five-string cello banjo on it, disguising the banjo sound, with three banjo tracks layered. Rolling Stone felt that "Picture You" and "Woman" sounded like Khalid songs; The Observer compared them to Coldplay songs. The album received sub-par reviews. In March 2021, <mask>

masks: Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall


texts:
 faced criticism for lauding Unmasked: Inside Antifa's Radical Plan to Destroy Democracy, a book written by conservative American journalist and social media personality Andy Ngo. Later that month, <mask> apologised for praising the book and stated that he would be taking a break from the band "to examine [his] blindspots"; in June 2021, he wrote an essay defending his support for Ngo, discussing the reaction to his apology for the tweet, and announcing that he would be permanently leaving Mumford & Sons so that he could exercise free speech about politics without involving his former bandmates. Individual music and other ventures

In 2010, <mask> was involved with a supergroup called Mt. Desolation, recording music and performing shows with Ronnie Vannucci Jr. of The Killers; Tom Hobden of Noah and the Whale; and Jesse Quin and Tim Rice-Oxley of Keane.They released a free download single, "State of Affairs", as well as the self-titled album Mt. Desolation. In 2012, <mask> played the banjo for the Dropkick Murphys song "Rose Tattoo"; the band joked that they "kidnapped" him after playing the same festival, adding that his banjo part is "subtle, but with that rolling finger-picking style, you know it's him when you hear it". <mask> then joined a different, temporary, supergroup called Salvador Dalí Parton in October 2013, with fellow musicians Gill Landry of Old Crow Medicine Show; Mike Harris of Apache Relay; Jake Orrall of JEFF the Brotherhood; and Justin Hayward-Young of the Vaccines. The band, intended as a joke from the start, wrote six songs in 20 minutes on their first day together, held a rehearsal the next day, and performed six shows around Nashville, Tennessee, that night before breaking up. He has also pursued stand-up comedy, taking improv classes at the Upright Citizens Brigade (UCB) prior to 2013, and planning a comedy web series in 2015. He said that he wanted


texts: to take the concept of UCB to England, because they "don't have anything like it", and was invited to perform a monologue there; Vulture wrote that the monologue, about "condoms and being Jewish", "didn't go well."When asked if he is Jewish, <mask> laughingly replied "ish". In 2015, <mask> became interested in techno music and electronic dance music after he attended every night of a James Ford residency at London club XOYO. Ford had been working with Mumford & Sons on their album Wilder Mind through his group, Simian Mobile Disco, and, inspired, <mask> began working on an individual electronic side-project that went nowhere. In 2017, he collaborated with electronic duo HVOB. <mask> approached HVOB by sending an email that they initially thought was fake. When they began working together, <mask> sent samples to HVOB, who are based in Vienna. Together they released the single "The Blame Game", on which <mask> contributes vocals, and the album Silk.They had only planned to release an EP, but quickly chose to extend this to a full album despite needing to meet the same deadline. The album is darker than HVOB's other music, with the duo saying that <mask> took their sound and styled it for a concert rather than club. <mask> and HVOB toured Europe in April 2017 on the fifteen-city Silk Tour. The single and album were positively reviewed. <mask> collaborated individually with Baaba Maal between 2013 and 2015, at the 2013 and 2014 editions of the Blues du Fleuve festival and playing banjo on Maal's 2015 album The Traveller. He experimented with more music in 2019 when he remixed the Maggie Rogers song "Light On" and Kevin Garrett song "Don't Rush". In January 2021, <mask> created a group that aims to connect Hong Kongers encouraged to immigrate to the UK with British residents, following the implementation of the Hong Kong national security law, and in January 2022 launched his


texts:
 podcast "Marshall Matters".It is hosted by British magazine The Spectator, which <mask> became a contributor to in 2021, and will see him interview people working in creative industries "to find out what indeed is the state of the arts". Influence

The existence of the British nu-folk scene has been credited to <mask>, as its most successful acts – Marling, Flynn, Hayward-Young, Noah and the Whale, Alan Pownall, King Charles, Alessi's Ark, Peggy Sue – all "graduated" from performing at Bosun's Locker on the folk jam nights that he ran, reportedly starting them as a way to play banjo. One musician who played there said: "I don't think you could pin the craze on anyone else." <mask>'s banjo playing in Mumford & Sons has also impacted the popularity and credibility of the instrument. Emmylou Harris said that the band made banjo respectable, and their music is deemed responsible for a banjo revival both in Europe and the United States. The band's identity is said to be synonymous with the banjo, and <mask> has a Deering banjo named after him, the <mask> Signature Model. Personal life
<mask> dated Irish stylist Susan Cooney, who dressed Mumford & Sons and Haim, and in March 2012 attended the White House British State dinner with her.In 2015 he was linked with American singer Katy Perry, and reportedly "hooked up" with her while she was dating John Mayer. It was first reported that <mask> was dating American actress Dianna Agron in July 2015, and the couple got engaged in late 2015. They were married on 15 October 2016, in Morocco, and kept their relationship private, including not posting about each other on social media. They began living apart in 2019 and officially separated in August 2020. <mask> is an avid supporter of Manchester United. He was described as enthusiastic about fashion in 2010, comparing his style to that of the Brideshead Revisited character Sebastian Flyte,

masks:
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Winston Marshall
Marshall
Marshall
Marshall


texts:
 though has since expressed regret for choosing to wear this fashion for photoshoots rather than clothes he would personally wear. In 2011, he was said to look like "the Appalachian hillbilly version of an Appalachian hillbilly, in shitkicker boots and a ratty semi-mohawk that he appears to have given himself with a whittling knife"; he became more interested in style and grooming in 2012 after GQ named him the sixth-worst-dressed man in the world.In 2018 he was introduced to dance by Agron, and has taken several classes at Kristen Sudeikis' Forward Space dance studio. Other Forward Space dancers are featured in the music video for "Woman". <mask> is interested in the books of the Canadian professor of psychology Jordan Peterson, and invited Peterson to Mumford & Sons' studio in 2018, with Peterson sharing a photograph of them together on social media. When asked about his involvement with Peterson, who has been a controversial figure, <mask> told CBC Radio: "I don't think [Peterson's] psychology is controversial, but the quasi-political stuff... I think it's a conversation we're having a little bit as a band and, do we want to get into the political stuff?" Later in 2018, <mask> told  NME that he "[thinks] everyone should read widely. If you read something, work out who's got the opposite opinion and read that guy so you can form your own ideas."In the same interview, both <mask> and Mumford opined that musicians should not talk about politics, and said that they did not like being asked about politics, with <mask> telling the magazine:

Selected discography

With Mumford & Sons

Individual

Notes

References

External links

1987 births
British folk singers
British rock bass guitarists
British people of French descent
British folk guitarists
British folk rock musicians
British banjoists
Grammy Award winners
Living people
21st-century British singers
21st-century English

masks: Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall Marshall