texts: <mask> (1761 – 25 July 1797) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars. <mask> saw service with Horatio Nelson, and was killed fighting alongside him at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. <mask> was born into a naval family, and first saw service alongside several distinguished naval figures, including John Jervis, who would become a long-standing friend and patron to <mask>. <mask> rose to prominence after distinguishing himself in several actions, but was unable to gain a commission by the end of the war with America, and spent several years in the Caribbean, hoping to receive promotion. He took the opportunity to carry out a resupply mission to the colonies in Australia during the interwar years, a task he completed successfully, even though it involved a circumnavigation of the globe. Away from Britain for a considerable length of time while carrying this out, he found on his return that war had broken out with France. Reuniting with his old patron Jervis, <mask> returned to the Caribbean and after distinguishing himself in actions against the French colonies there, finally received his own commands.He followed Jervis to the Mediterranean and took part in several hard-fought frigate actions, and even went so far as to attack the Santísima Trinidad, the largest warship in the world at the time, in his 32-gun frigate, . He was operating off Tenerife in 1797 when he came under the command of Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson, who was quickly impressed by <mask>'s zeal and ability. <mask> was given the task of leading

masks:
Richard Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen


type: original

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 the first wave of the assault on the town of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, but the attack went badly. The defenders poured grapeshot onto the attacking British, killing and wounding many, <mask> was killed while Nelson was badly wounded. <mask>'s body was recovered and buried at sea. His friends and relations pressured the authorities for the erection of a memorial in one of the main London churches, but their requests were turned down. Family and early life
<mask> was born in Ilfracombe, Devon in 1761.The <mask>s were a seafaring family, with <mask>'s older brother James and two other siblings, George and Thomas, all serving in the navy. <mask> went to sea at the age of thirteen, joining his father, who was captain of merchant ship. After two years with his father <mask> joined his elder brother James' merchant ship and made trading voyages between England and Jamaica. He was at Jamaica in 1778 when news reached him of the outbreak of war with the American colonies. He applied to join the navy as a volunteer and a position was found for him by his friend, Captain Benjamin Caldwell, then the commander of the frigate . Caldwell and <mask> sailed to England in 1779, whereupon Caldwell was appointed to command the 50-gun . Finding her to be unready for sea, <mask> and a number of the officers from Emerald joined the guardship at the Nore, .Caldwell went on to equip the 14-gun ship-sloop HMS Lightning for service while awaiting the launch of Hannibal, and <mask> received an appointment to her and the position of midshipman on 12 August 1779. Despite this he does not seem to have served aboard her,

masks: Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen Richard Richard Richard Bowen Bowen Bowen


texts: instead joining  under Captain John Jervis. <mask> served with Jervis aboard Foudroyant for several years. On 29 July 1781 Foudroyant was part of Vice-Admiral Sir George Darby's fleet when two French warships were sighted. The wind made prevented the British from approaching, causing Darby to order boats to tow  into range. <mask> commanded one of the boats, and his actions and exertions caused favourable comments from his superiors. Perseverance was able to capture one of the French ships, which proved to be the former British , while the second French ship, the corvette Hirondelle, escaped by using her sweeps.<mask>'s second chance to prove his qualities came in 1782, after Darby had been succeeded by Samuel Barrington as commander of the Channel Fleet. On 20 April an enemy French fleet was sighted by lookouts aboard Captain John MacBride's . A general chase ensued, forcing the French fleet to disperse. Foudroyant led the chase and eventually became separated from the rest of the fleet. Jervis pressed on, bringing the sternmost French ship, the 74-gun Pégase to action early in the morning of 21 April and forcing her to surrender. <mask> acted as aide-de-camp to Jervis during the battle, and acquitted himself so well that Jervis advanced him to acting-lieutenant. <mask> also received a sword from his friend Robert Calder.The damaged Foudroyant underwent a repair and refit, during which time Jervis arranged for the transfer of some his crew including <mask> to MacBride's Artois. <mask>, serving as third-lieutenant, and MacBride cruised in the Bay of Biscay, with <mask> coincidentally

masks: Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen Richard


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 serving under his brother James, the elder <mask> being the master of Artois. <mask>'s service aboard Artois came to an end when Jervis, by now appointed commodore and commander-in-chief of a secret expedition, sent for his men to rejoin Foudroyant. The war came to an end before the expedition could be carried out and Foudroyant was paid off. Jervis found a place for <mask> as master's mate aboard HMS Pegase, the ship he had helped to capture in 1782. From there he was moved to the 98-gun  and in late 1783 to the 50-gun . He went out in the later ship to the West Indies with Rear-Admiral Sir <mask>.He spent three years on the station, several times being appointed temporary lieutenant but being unable to have the commission confirmed. Years of frustration
<mask> returned home in 1786, and passed his examination on 7 November 1787. With the prospect of war with the Dutch looming in 1787 he received an appointment to , which was being prepared as the flagship of Admiral Hugh Pigot. <mask> hoped for a lieutenant's commission, but was to be disappointed, the war did not materialise and he found himself unemployed again. He went out to the West Indies on the advice of his brother James, and his patron Jervis, and with their recommendations he was able to secure the attention of the commander of the station Commodore Sir Peter Parker. Parker made him acting-lieutenant of the 50-gun  on his arrival in January 1788, but he was superseded shortly afterwards by the arrival of Lord William Beauclerk. Temporarily shelving hopes for promotion, he took command of the government brig Lord Howe at the

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Bowen
Richard
Bowen
Richard Hughes
Bowen
Bowen


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 request of Sir John Orde, the Governor of Dominica.As captain of the Lord Howe he carried out anti-smuggling operations until July 1789. Promotion
During this time <mask> made studies of mathematics, astronomy and surveying, before returning to serve under his old patron, now Rear-Admiral Sir John Jervis, in 1790 during the Spanish Armament. He finally received his long-awaited commission as lieutenant on 21 September 1790, and an appointment to Jervis's flagship . <mask>'s friend Robert Calder then requested his services aboard the 64-gun . Stately was paid off after the easing of tensions and <mask> applied to the Navy Board for a posting. The Board gave him command of three transports in the Third Fleet to resupply the colony at Port Jackson, New South Wales. He departed England in March 1791 and reached Port Jackson in July that year.There the Lieutenant-Governor, Philip Gidley King, decided that the rice supply was insufficient for the needs of the colony and despatched <mask> to Bengal to acquire more. <mask> set off on the voyage, dropping King and his family at Norfolk Island on the way, and sailed east past New Caledonia, the Isle of Pines and Terra Arsacides, a route never before sailed. He also sailed a never-before navigated passage, between Borneo and Paragua into the South China Sea. From there he passed through the Straits of Malacca, reaching Bengal in January 1792. After acquiring provisions he made his way back to Port Jackson. He picked up Governor Arthur Phillip in December and returned him to Britain, arriving at Spithead in May 1793. By then he had completed two long

masks: Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen


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 voyages, one of them around the world, in a transport vessel.French Revolutionary Wars

Caribbean
By the time of <mask>'s arrival war had broken out between France and Britain. He was offered a chance to perform a similar to mission to his earlier voyages to the colonies in Australia, but turned in down in order to serve under Jervis, now commander-in-chief of an expedition to attack the French colonies in the Caribbean. <mask> joined the fleet as fourth-lieutenant and signal-officer aboard the 98-gun , and after the fleet had rendezvoused at Barbadoes, sailed for Martinique on 3 February 1794. Jervis placed <mask> in command of the guard and gunboats after the fleet's arrival at Fort de France Bay, and instructed him to prepare an assault on a large French frigate, the Bien Venu, chained to the walls of the fort protecting the city. The frigate was rumoured to hold a number of captured English prisoners, whom the French were threatening to kill by blowing up the frigate, should the British attempt to storm the fort. <mask> developed a plan of attack and on 17 February led an assault force consisting of Boynes barge and a number of small boats. The boats rushed the frigate and the boarding party stormed her successfully.The boarding party killed or drove off all of her crew, with the exception of twenty whom <mask> took prisoner, among them the captain and lieutenant. Finding that there were no British prisoners aboard, <mask> manned the cannon and fired a broadside into the fort. He then took his prisoners off and returned to the British ships. Only the contrary wind prevented <mask>

masks: Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen


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 from sailing the frigate out as well. Promotion
<mask> received a mention in Jervis's despatches, where he was credited for convincing the commanders to carry out their assault on the fortified French positions. <mask> and the gunboats supported the landings, which resulted in a British victory. <mask>'s former quarry, the Bien Venu, was captured and commissioned as  under the command of Captain Robert Faulknor, who had distinguished himself in the battle while commanding .Faulknor was given command of Undaunted on 20 March 1794, the same day the <mask> was promoted to master and commander, and succeeded Faulknor in command of Zebra. <mask> was promoted to post-captain in April, and briefly took command of the 64-gun , before moving to the 32-gun . He was sent out in the Terpsichore to North America, where he learnt that , under Captain Sir Charles Knowles, was being blockaded in the Chesapeake by two French frigates. <mask> set out to relieve him, an act he accomplished on 17 May, when the two British ships escaped to sea. The French attempted to pursue, but broke off when the British offered battle. Terpsichore and Daedalus sailed in company to Halifax, after which <mask> returned to the Caribbean. There he found the British positions on Guadeloupe under pressure from French forces, and helped to resupply them until it was deemed necessary to evacuate them.He ably oversaw the withdrawal, but received a wound to the face from French shot while assisting in the evacuation of the last of the troops. He received notes of praise from Rear-Admiral Charles Thompson and Vice-Admiral Benjamin


texts:
 Caldwell of the navy, and General Sir John Vaughan and Lieutenant-General Robert Prescott from the army. The wound however became dangerous in the Caribbean climate, and he was sent home with the despatches. North Sea and Mediterranean

Gibraltar and Mahonesa
<mask> soon recovered, and spent some time in the North Sea, until December 1795, when his old patron, Jervis, replaced Admiral William Hotham as commander of the Mediterranean Fleet. Jervis requested <mask> to come out and take command of a squadron of small vessels operating around Gibraltar in defence of British trade and the garrison there. He soon made himself popular, and contemporaries remarked on his zeal and dedication. In early October 1796 the British squadron under Sir John Man was chased into Gibraltar by a Spanish fleet.<mask> set out in Terpsichore to report this to Jervis, and having rendezvoused with  of Jervis's fleet on 10 October, began the return voyage to Gibraltar. While off Cartagena on 13 October, a frigate was spotted under full sail. <mask>'s crew had been reduced by sickness, but he decided to chase down the mysterious sail. After closing on her, and determining that she was attempting to manoeuvre into a position to better fight the Terpsichore, <mask> ordered a gun be fired to test her intent. This was instantly met with a broadside, and a general action began. After an hour and forty minutes the frigate surrendered, and was discovered to be the Spanish Mahonesa. She was taken into service with the British as .<mask> received a piece of plate valued at 100 guineas. Spanish ship and Vestale
<mask>


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 refitted Terpsichore and departed on another cruise, capturing several small vessels on 12 and 13 November, sending them to Gibraltar, and on 22 November he learned from an American brig that he had encountered off Cape St. Mary's, that a Spanish ship bound for Cadiz from Montevideo was in the area. Bad weather prevented <mask> from locating the Spanish vessel at first, and he also had to escape from a Spanish ship of the line that appeared and chased the Terpsichore for a while. The Spanish ship was found to be anchored in Cadiz, and at 10 am the next day <mask> entered the harbour, captured the ship and brought her out. <mask> continued to cruise off Cadiz, and while sailing through a gale on the morning of 12 December, the lookouts spotted a frigate. <mask> gave chase, with both ships hampered by the rough weather, so that it was only after 40 hours that <mask> was able to bring Terpsichore alongside and at 10 o'clock on the night of 13 December the two ships engaged each other. After two hours the frigate surrendered, and was discovered to be the 36-gun French Vestale, with 270 men aboard.She had lost her captain and 40 men killed, while her second captain and another 50 men were wounded. The Terpsichore had casualties of a quartermaster and three seamen killed, and nineteen wounded. Among the wounded was Lieutenant <mask>, <mask>'s brother. <mask> had distinguished himself during the capture of the Mahonesa, as well as being particularly active now in the capture of Vestale. <mask> reported that

Shortly after the French surrender all of Vestales masts and her bowsprit went by the

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Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
George Bowen
Richard Bowen
George Bowen
Richard


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 board. She began to drift towards the breakers off Cadiz, while her crew were drunk. The British prize-crew managed to regain control, and both ships managed to ride out the storm that night.It was not until the following evening that the wind changed sufficiently for <mask> to attempt to tow his prize away. The line became snagged on a rock, and had to be cut for the safety of both vessels. When dawn broke the next day <mask> discovered that the French had risen up against the prize crew and retaken the ship, sailing her into Cadiz. Now bereft of his prize, <mask> returned to port empty handed, writing to Jervis that 'As we feel conscious of having done out duty, to the utmost of our power, we endeavour to console ourselves with the expectation of our conduct being approved.' Jervis confirmed this, writing

Cape St Vincent and Santísima Trinidad
Bowen was at Gibraltar when news of Jervis's victory at the Battle of Cape St Vincent arrived. He immediately set out to join the fleet, and having fallen in with several other British frigates, including , came across the Spanish first rate Santísima Trinidad. The Spanish ship was flying the Union Jack above her own colours, indicating that she was in the hands of a British prize-crew, but the bad weather meant no meaningful exchange could take place between the frigates and the Spanish vessel, and it was suspected that the British colours were being used as a ruse de guerre.After the frigates lost sight of the ship in bad weather, <mask> hurried to report the sighting to Jervis. While returning to his station he again fell in with the Santísima

masks: Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowen


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 Trinidad, and determined to see if she would surrender to him. He opened fire on the massive Spanish vessel, at the time the world's largest warship, carrying 136-guns on four decks, over a hundred more guns than the Terpsichore. The Spanish ship resisted <mask>'s fire, and he broke off the attack. It was later discovered that <mask>'s attack had killed nine men, and left a number of others badly wounded. The Spanish retreat
Terpsichore was in harbour, tied alongside the Mole in late May, and taking advantage of her apparent unreadiness to put to sea, two Spanish frigates carrying troops and money, attempted to leave Algeciras on 29 May. This was reported to <mask>, who quickly got Terpsichore to sea, and joining , gave chase.Rather than risk an engagement the two Spanish ships rushed back to port. Terpsichore had by now gained the nickname 'Little Devil' amongst the Spanish. Pallas returned to port, but Terpsichore lingered, and that night captured a small prize from under the guns of the Spanish shore batteries. Cutting Out of the Principe Fernando
In April Jervis sent <mask> in the Terpsichore accompanied by the Dido to reconnoitre off Tenerife, where they found the Cadiz-bound Philippine frigates Principe Fernando and El Principe d'Asturia in the Bay of Santa Cruz. On the night of 17/18 April a joint cutting out expedition was mounted by the two British frigates, each sending three boats of which those from the Terpsichore under the command of its First Lieutenant (Lieutenant George Thorp) successfully captured the nearer of the Indiamen to the shore, Principe Fernando, sailing and


texts:
 towing her to sea while under fire from shore batteries for two hours. Santa Cruz and death
<mask> took part in the first bombardment of Santa Cruz de Tenerife on 5 July, and worked with Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson to prepare plans for an assault on the town. In the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife on 24 July <mask> was assigned to lead the landing parties onto the mole.At the head of forty or fifty of his men he gained the mole, took the battery covering the harbour by storm and spiked its guns, and was advancing into the town in pursuit of the fleeing Spanish. As he did so the Spanish fired a large round of grapeshot onto his party, causing heavy casualties. <mask> and his first lieutenant (George Thorp) were among those killed, while Nelson and his men, who were just landing, were caught in the fire, Nelson being hit in his right arm. <mask>'s body was recovered the next morning and returned to the British ships after the withdrawal. Nelson said of <mask> that '...a more enterprising, able, and gallant officer, does not grace His Majesty's naval service!' <mask> was buried at sea on 27 July. Legacy
There were applications after <mask>'s death for a memorial to be erected to him in Westminster Abbey.Both his brother, Rear-Admiral <mask>, and Sir John Jervis pressured the First Lord of the Admiralty Lord Spencer, while Nelson wrote to Jervis;
Spencer demurred however, on the grounds that there was no precedent for such a memorial, when the action in which he was killed was not successful. His father instead had a memorial to him erected in Ilfracombe parish church. The Naval Chronicle

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Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
Bowen
James Bowen


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 summarised his life and achievements;

Jervis Bay in New South Wales, Australia was entered and named by <mask> in 1791 in the convict transport ship Atlantic of the Third Fleet, in honour of Admiral John Jervis. When explorer George Bass entered the same bay on 10 December 1797 he named Bowen Island in honour of <mask>, who had been killed in July of that year. Notes

a.  <mask> recovered from his wound, and was promoted to commander for his service during the action. Jervis wrote in his congratulatory letter to <mask>

B. The Vestale was captured in 1799 by Captain Charles Cunningham's .Citations

References

1761 births
1797 deaths
Royal Navy officers
British military personnel killed in the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
People from Ilfracombe
Burials at

masks:
Bowen
Richard Bowen
George Bowen
Richard Bowen


texts:
<mask> (born June 25, 1992) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado, or masked professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) portraying a tecnico ("Good guy") wrestling character. <mask>'s real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Professional wrestling career
The wrestler known under the ring name <mask> made his debut in 2007, starting his career at the age of 15 working as a masked wrestler, which also meant he only revealed a limited amount of personal information. At one point he trained in Guadalajara, Jalisco in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre's (CMLL) wrestling school under Arkangel de la Muerte and El Hijo del Gladiador, but never officially worked for CMLL. He would later receive additional training from <mask> and Bombero Infernal in the International Wrestling Revolution Group's training school known as Futuro Idolos de Lucha Libre (FILL; "Future Idols of Wrestling"). <mask> began working on IWRG shows regularly in late 2009, including wrestling in a Torneo Novatos ("Rookie tournament"), a torneo cibernetico, multi-man elimination match that also include such wrestlers as El Hijo del Signo, Alan Extreme and Fénix and was won by Gringo Loco. In early 2010 the rookie <mask> was teamed up with veteran wrestler Chico Che for the 2010 Torneo Relampago de Proyeccion a Nuevas Promesas de la Lucha Libre (Spanish for "Projecting a new promise lightning tournament"), the first tournament of its kind held by IWRG.The duo defeated Alan Extreme and

masks:
Dinamic Black
Dinamic Black
Dinamic Black
Black Terry
Dinamic Black
Dinamic Black


texts: <mask> in the first round, but were defeated by eventual tournament winners Comando Negro and Oficial 911 in the semi-finals. On February 4, 2010 <mask> <mask> was on the losing side of an FILL Copa Higher Power match that was won by Dr. Cerebro, El Hijo del Pantera and Trauma I. In late 2010 <mask> <mask> competed in his first ever Luchas de Apuestas, or bet match where each competitor "bets" their mask or hair on the outcome of the match. The match was an International Wrestling League (IWL) promoted 11 man Steel Cage match where the last man in the cage would either be forced to unmask or have his hair shaved off. <mask> <mask> escaped about half way through to keep his mask safe; Cerebro Negro lost the match and was shaved bald afterwards. On December 21, 2010 <mask> <mask> won a Copa Higher Power tournament, outlasting other young wrestlers to win the trophy. <mask> <mask> participated in the second annual Torneo Relampago de Proyeccion a Nuevas Promesas de la Lucha Libre tournament, teaming up with veteran Negro Navarro for the occasion.The team defeated Hammer and El Hijo de Pirata Morgan in the first round, but lost to eventual tournament winners Comando Negro and Scorpio, Jr. in the next round. Somewhere around 2010/2011 <mask> <mask> became a regular competitor for IWRG, not just a "student", which meant participating in several of the major IWRG events of the year, such as the IWRG Rey del Ring tournament on June 16, 2011, a tournament won by Pantera and where <mask> <mask> was the 12th person eliminated. A few months later he participated in a tournament to find a new IWRG Intercontinental Welterweight Champion, but was eliminated before

masks:
Black Terry
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black


texts: the finals, the tournament was eventually won by Carta Brava, Jr. He later earned a match for the IWL International Junior Heavyweight Championship when he defeated <mask>, Daga, Eterno, Fantasma de la Opera, Flamita, Konami, Low Rider and Peligro on an IWL show in Huamantla, Tlaxcala, Mexiko. On November 3, 2011 <mask> <mask> won his first ever wrestling championship as he defeated Comando Negro to win the IWRG Intercontinental Lightweight Championship. The match was one of the feature match ups on the undercard of the 2011 El Castillo del Terror show. He held the championship for a total of 49 days, until December 22, 2011 where he lost the championship to Carta Brava, Jr. as part of IWRG's Arena Naucalpan 34th Anniversary Show.In 2012 IWRG decided to rename the Proyeccion a Nuevas Promesas to El Protector, but kept the concept the same. <mask> <mask> teamed up with Angelico, but lost to Centvrión and Negro Navarro in the first round. On May 31, 2012 he was one of 30 competitors in the 2012 Rey del Ring tournament. He was one of the first wrestlers in the ring and was eliminated early on in the tournament, Oficial Factor would go on to win the Rey del Ring tournament. In November 2012 <mask> <mask> participated in a tournament for the World Wrestling Stars (WWS) Welterweight Championship, a championship promoted by IWRG that had been vacated when the previous champion left the promotion. <mask> <mask> was defeated by eventual tournament winner Cerebro Negro in the first round. He would later unsuccessfully challenge Cerebro Negro for the WWS Welterweight Championship.On March 24, 2013 <mask> <mask> defeated Rayan to win the IWRG Intercontinental

masks:
Black Fire
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black
Dinamic
Black


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 Welterweight Championship in a best two-out-of-three falls match. Less than a month later he successfully defended the championship against official challenger, and frequent rival, Carta Brava, Jr. in the semi-main event of the 2013 Prison Fatal show. The match between the two was so well received by the audience that they threw money into the ring, which is a tradition in Mexico to show their appreciation for a good match. On March 21, 2013 <mask> <mask> successfully defended the Welterweight championship against the AAA Fusión Champion Fénix, making it the second title defense in less than one week. On May 5, 2013 <mask> <mask> defeated Carta Brava, Jr. to win the WWS World Welterweight Championship, making him a double champion. Championships and accomplishments
International Wrestling League
IWL International Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) - with Fresero, Jr.

International Wrestling Revolution Group
IWRG Intercontinental Welterweight Championship (1 time)
IWRG Intercontinental Lightweight Championship (1 time)
IWRG Rey del Ring Championship (1 time)
WWS World Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Copa Higher Power

Lucha de Apuestas record

References

1992 births
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Living people
Masked

masks: Dinamic Black Dinamic Black


texts:
Rev. <mask> (December 25, 1810 – October 6, 1895) was an American apiarist, clergyman, and teacher, and considered to be the father of American beekeeping. He created the modern day Langstroth hive. Early life and family
<mask>th was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 25, 1810. He graduated from Yale University in 1831, and subsequently held a tutorship there from 1834–1835. After this, he was pastor of various Congregational churches in Massachusetts, including the South Church in Andover, Massachusetts in May 1836. From 1843–48, he served as pastor of the Second Congregational Church in Greenfield, Massachusetts.A large granite marker was placed on the church's front lawn by national beekeeper E.F. Phillips and others in 1948. In 1848, <mask>th became the principal of a young ladies' school in Greenfield, Massachusetts. Contributions to beekeeping
The Leaf Hive, invented in Switzerland in 1789 by François Huber, was a fully movable frame hive, but had solid frames that were touching and made up the "box." The combs in this hive were examined like pages in a book. <mask>th acknowledged Huber's contribution and noted: “The use of the Huber hive had satisfied me that, with proper precautions, the combs might be removed without enraging the bees, and that these insects were capable of being tamed to a surprising degree. Without knowledge of these facts, I should have regarded a hive permitting the removal of the combs as quite too dangerous for practical use.” (<mask>stroth on the Honey-Bee, 1860)

Development of the bee space
Langstroth was popularly credited with discovering the "bee space," though this discovery had already been implemented in European hives. In Europe, both Jan Dzierżon and August von Berlepsch had been focused on side-opened hives.Land resources in Europe had been limited, and bees were traditionally kept in beehouses. The presently so-called “bee space” had

masks:
Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth
Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
Lang


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 been incorporated by Berlepsch following Dzierzon’s discoveries, from the years 1835–1848, into his frame arrangement (Bienen-Zeitung, May 1852). <mask>th made many other discoveries in beekeeping, and contributed greatly to the industrialization of modern beekeeping. <mask>th revolutionized the beekeeping industry by using bee space in his top-opening hive. In the summer of 1851, he found that by leaving an even, approximately bee-sized space between the top of the frames holding the honeycomb and the flat coverboard above, he was able to remove the coverboard quite easily, which was normally well-cemented to the frames with propolis, and made separation difficult. <mask>th later used this discovery to make the frames themselves easily removable. If a small space was left (less than 1/4 inch or 6.4 mm), the bees filled it with propolis; conversely, when a larger space was left (more than 3/8 inch or 9.5 mm), the bees filled it with comb.Innovations to beehive design
On 5 October 1852, <mask>th received a patent on the first movable frame beehive in America. A Philadelphia cabinetmaker and fellow bee enthusiast, Henry Bourquin, made <mask>stroth's first hives for him. By 1852, <mask>th had more than a hundred of these hives, and began selling them where he could. <mask>th spent many years attempting to defend his patent without success. He never earned any royalties, because the patent was easily and widely infringed. <mask>stroth hives are still in common use today. He wrote that “... the chief peculiarity in my hive was the facility with which they could be removed without enraging the bees ....I could dispense with natural swarming, and yet multiply colonies with greater rapidity and certainty than by the common methods .... feeble colonies could be strengthened, and those which had lost their queen furnished with the means of obtaining another. .... If I suspected that anything was

masks: Langstro Langstro Langstro Langstro Lang Langstro Langstro Lang


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 wrong with a hive, I could quickly ascertain its true condition and apply the proper remedies.”

<mask>th also found that several communicating hive boxes can be stacked one above another, and that the queen can be confined to the lowest (or brood) chamber, by means of a queen excluder. In this way, the upper chambers can be reached only by the workers, and therefore contain only honey-comb. This made hive inspection and many other management practices possible, and turned the art of beekeeping into a full-scale industry. At the time of <mask>th's contributions, honey was the chief sweetener in American diets, so <mask>th's new beekeeping techniques were of great importance. His discoveries and inventions allowed beekeeping to be done more cost-effectively on a large scale.Since four to twelve pounds of honey—in addition to many hours of bee time—are consumed by bees in the production of one pound of beeswax, honey production was increased from reuse of the comb. The Hive and the Honey-Bee
In 1853, <mask>th had moved back to Greenfield, Massachusetts from Philadelphia, and published The Hive and the Honey-Bee (Northampton  (Massachusetts): Hopkins, Bridgman, 1853), which provided practical advice on bee management and, after more than 40 editions, is still in print today. <mask>th on the Honey Bee was published in 1860. Move to Oxford, Ohio

After 1858 <mask>th made Oxford, Ohio, his residence, and devoted his time to beekeeping. The site was , and was an ideal place to keep bees. <mask>th planted a row of linden trees along the street, and apple trees throughout his property. He sowed buckwheat and clover seed, using  of ground for a formal garden, filled with the flowers that bees like best, and called it his honey garden.The home where he lived from 1858 to 1887 was built in 1856, and is now called <mask>th Cottage; it is designated a National Historic Landmark. It was donated to the

masks: Langstro Langstro Langstro Langstro Langstro Langstro Langstro Langstro


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 Western College for Women, and is today home to the Miami University Center for the Enhancement of Learning and Teaching. <mask>th received his first Italian bees at his home in 1863; Italian bees were more productive than the European bees that were most common in America at the time. He and his son sold the Italian queens at $20USD each, and in one year, sold 100 of them, with many being sent by post all over the United States. Later life
In 1887, he moved with his daughter, Mrs. H. C. Cowan, and her family to Dayton, Ohio. <mask>th died at the pulpit of the Wayne Avenue Presbyterian Church in Dayton on October 6, 1895, just as he was beginning a sermon on the love of God. He is buried at Woodland Cemetery and Arboretum in Dayton.His epitaph reads as follows:

<mask>th's papers are located at the American Philosophical Society Library in Philadelphia. Patents
 USPatent|9300 — L.L<mask>'s patent for a Bee hive from October 5, 1852. USPatent|RE1484 — L.L<mask>'s patent for a Bee hive Reissued from May 26, 1863. USPatent|61216 — <mask><mask>th's joint patent (with S. Wagner) for an Improved Apparatus for Extracting Honey from the Comb from January 15, 1867.See also
Clyde Cowan — his great-grandson, astrophysicist, and co-discoverer of the neutrino. Langstroth's Hive and the Honey-Bee, Dover Publications  (original version, still in print)
Ron Brown's Great Masters of Beekeeping, Bee Books New and Old
Apiology

References

External links

 Scan of "Langstroth on the hive and the honey-bee" 1853 edition
L. L. (<mask>) Langstroth papers at the American Philosophical Society

Beekeeping pioneers
1810 births
1895 deaths
American beekeepers
Yale University alumni
People from Oxford, Ohio
Clergy from Philadelphia
Burials at Woodland Cemetery and Arboretum
American Congregationalist ministers
Educators from Philadelphia
Educators from Ohio
19th-century American educators
19th-century

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Langstro
Langstro
Langstro
. Langstroth
. Langstroth
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. Langstro
Lorenzo Lorraine


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<mask> (born Cleeves; November 11, 1926 – July 25, 2017) was a pioneering scientist and educator who is considered one of the founders of modern neuroscience. She and her team were the first to publish evidence that the brain can change with experience and improve with enrichment, what is now called neuroplasticity. Her research on the brain of Albert Einstein helped fuel the ongoing scientific revolution in understanding the roles of glial cells in the brain. Her YouTube Integrative Biology lectures were the second most popular college course in the world in 2010. She was a professor of anatomy at the University of California, Berkeley. Other published research explored differences between the cerebral cortex of male and female rats, the link between positive thinking and immune health, and the role of women in science. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Glendale, California to Dr. Montague Cleeves and <mask> as the sixth and last child in the family.Her father was an English physician and her mother a Latin teacher at Berkeley High School. <mask> grew up in La Crescenta. She was educated with her siblings near home at La Crescenta grammar school, Clark Junior High, Glendale High School and finally Glendale Community College, before going to University of California, Berkeley. She played tennis at Berkeley, earning a letter. Career
After graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1948, <mask> spent a summer at the University of Oslo, Norway before

masks:
Marian Diamond
Marian Cleeves
Rosa Marian Wamphler Cleeves
Diamond
Diamond


texts: returning to Berkeley for her graduate studies, the first female graduate student in the department of anatomy. Her doctoral dissertation thesis "Functional Interrelationships of the Hypothalamus and the Neurohypophysis" was published in 1953. While studying for her PhD degree, <mask> also began to teach, a passion that continued well into her eighties.<mask> received her PhD degree in human anatomy. After working as a research assistant at Harvard University between 1952–53, <mask> became the first woman science instructor at Cornell University from 1955–58 where she taught human biology and comparative anatomy. <mask> returned to the University of California, Berkeley in 1960 in the role of lecturer. In the role as neuroanatomist, <mask> joined an ongoing research project with psychologists David Krech, Mark Rosenzweig, and chemist Edward Bennett, as a . By 1964, <mask> had the first evidence, from anatomical measurements, of plasticity in the mammalian cerebral cortex. These results "opened the doors for our experiments to follow for the next 37 years." UC Berkeley invited <mask> to be an Assistant Professor in 1965, progressing later to be a full professor, and finally, Professor Emeritus until her death in 2017.In 1984, <mask> and her associates had access to sufficient tissue from Einstein's brain to make the first ever analysis of it, followed by publication of their research. The 1985 paper "On the Brain of a Scientist: Albert Einstein"

masks:
Diamond
Marian Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond


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 created some controversy in academia over the role of glial cells. However, it also ushered in new interest in neuroglia. Personal life
<mask> married Richard Martin <mask> in 1950 and they had four children: Catherine Theresa (1953), Richard Cleeves (1955), Jeff Barja (1958), and Ann (1962). They divorced in 1979 after which <mask> married Professor Arnold Bernard Scheibel in 1982. Documentary film
My Love Affair with the Brain: The Life and Science of Dr. <mask> is a 2017 documentary about <mask>'s life as a pioneering woman of science, her curiosity and passion for the human brain, as well as her research and love of teaching. Produced and directed by Catherine Ryan and Gary Weimberg of Luna Productions, it was broadcast on PBS, was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Science and Technology Documentary (2018, National News and Documentary Emmy Awards), won the PRIX ADAV for Best Educational film of the year at the Pariscience Festival International du Film Scientifque, won the Kavli-AAAS Science Journalism Gold Award for best in-depth science documentary of 2017, was included among Science Books & Film year-end list of Best Science Films OF 2017, and won numerous awards at various festivals, including the Audience Award Best in Fest-RiverRun International Film Festival 2016, the Best Feature Film-American Psychological Association Film Festival 2016, the Best Documentary – Indigo Moon film festival, the Best Documentary – High Falls Film

masks:
Diamond
Diamond
Diamond
Marian Diamond
Diamond


texts:
 Festival, NY, the Best Documentary, Audience Award, Durango Film Festival, and the Audience Favorite Award – Mill Valley Film Festival, CA.Contributions to neuroscience, neuroanatomy, neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity: <mask> was a pioneer in anatomical neuroscience whose major scientific contributions have changed forever how we view the human brain. <mask> produced the first scientific evidence of anatomical neuroplasticity in the early 1960s. At that time, the scientific consensus was that the nature of your brain was due to genetics and was unchangeable and fixed. <mask> showed that the structural components of the cerebral cortex can be altered by either enriched or impoverished environments at any age, from prenatal to extremely old age. Her initial anatomical experiment, and replication experiments, with young rats showed that the cerebral cortex of the enriched rats was 6% thicker than the cortex of the impoverished rats based on different kinds of early life experiences. An enriched cortex shows greater learning capacity while an impoverished one shows lesser learning capacity. These paradigm-changing results, published in 1964, helped to launch modern neuroscience.Einstein's Brain:
In early 1984, <mask> received four blocks of the preserved brain of Albert Einstein from Thomas Stoltz Harvey. Harvey, pathologist of Princeton Hospital at the time of Einstein's death, had removed Einstein's brain during autopsy in 1955 and maintained personal

masks: Diamond Diamond Diamond Diamond


texts: possession of the brain. The fact that the Einstein brain tissue was already embedded in celloidin when the Diamond lab received it meant that their choice of methods of examination would be somewhat limited. However, they were able to successfully analyze both the superior prefrontal (area 9) and inferior parietal (area 39) association cortices of the left and right hemispheres of Einstein's brain and compare results with the identical regions in the control base of 11 human, male, preserved brains. From previous analysis of the eleven control brains, the Diamond lab "learned the frontal cortex did have more glial cells/neuron than the parietal cortex." After many years of research, <mask> and her team had data proving that, in the rat brain, glial cells increased with enriched conditions, but did not increase with age. <mask> and her associates discovered that the big difference in all four areas was in nonneuronal cells.Einstein had more glial cells per neuron than the average male brains of the control group. Importantly, the biggest difference was found in area 39 of the left hemisphere of Einstein's brain where the increase in the number of glial cells per neuron was statistically significantly greater than in the control brains. Astrocyte and oligodendrocyte glial cells were pooled for these results. <mask> demonstrated that the structural arrangement of the male and female cortices is significantly different and can be altered in the absence

masks: Diamond Diamond Diamond


texts:
 of sex steroid hormones. <mask> also showed that the dorsal lateral frontal cerebral cortex is bilaterally deficient in the immune deficient mouse and can be reversed with thymic transplants. In humans, cognitive stimulation increases circulating CD4-positive T lymphocytes, supporting the idea that immunity can be voluntarily modulated, in other words, that positive thinking can impact the immune system. Selected publications
Mohammed, A. H., Zhu, S. W., Darmopil, S., Hjerling-Leffler, J., Ernfors, P., Winblad, B., ... & Bogdanovic, N. (2002).Environmental enrichment and the brain. In Progress in brain research (Vol. 138, pp. 109–133). Elsevier. <mask>, M. C. (2001). Response of the brain to enrichment.Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 73(2), 211–220. <mask>, M. C. (1994). Hearts, Brains, and Education: A New Alliance for Science Curriculum. Higher Learning in America, 1980-2000, 273. <mask>, M. C. (1990). An optimistic view of the aging brain. In Biomedical advances in aging (pp.441–449). Springer, Boston, MA. <mask>, M. C. (1988). Enriching heredity: The impact of the environment on the anatomy of the brain. Free Press. <mask>, M. C., Scheibel, A. B., Murphy Jr, G. M., & Harvey, T. (1985).On the brain of a scientist: Albert Einstein. Experimental neurology, 88(1), 198–204. Globus, A., Rosenzweig, M. R., Bennett, E. L., & <mask>, M. C. (1973). Effects of differential experience on dendritic spine counts in rat cerebral cortex. Journal of

masks: Diamond Diamond Diamond Diamond Diamond Diamond Diamond


texts:
 comparative and physiological psychology, 82(2), 175. <mask>, M. C., Law, F., Rhodes, H., Lindner, B., Rosenzweig, M. R., Krech, D., & Bennett, E. L. (1966). Increases in cortical depth and glia numbers in rats subjected to enriched environment.Journal of Comparative Neurology, 128(1), 117–125. <mask>, M. C., Krech, D., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1964). The effects of an enriched environment on the histology of the rat cerebral cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 123(1), 111–119. Bennett, E. L., <mask>, M. C., Krech, D., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1964). Chemical and anatomical plasticity of brain. Science, 146(3644), 610–619.<mask>, M. C. (1963). Women in modern science. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 18, 891–896. Rosenzweig, M. R., Krech, D., Bennett, E. L., & <mask>, M. C. (1962). Effects of environmental complexity and training on brain chemistry and anatomy: a replication and extension. Journal of comparative and physiological psychology, 55(4), 429. Awards
Council for Advancement & Support of Education.Wash. D.C. award for California Professor of the Year and National Gold Medalist
California Biomedical Research Association Distinguished Service Award
Alumna of the Year—California Alumni Association
San Francisco Chronicle Hall of Fame
University Medal, La Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
Brazilian Gold Medal of Honor
Benjamin Ide Wheeler Service Award
The Distinguished Senior Woman Scholar in America awarded by the

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 American Association of University Women, 1997. Clark Kerr Award for Distinguished Leadership in Higher Education 2012
International House Alumni Faculty Award, 2016
Paola S. Timiras Memorial Award for Aging Research from the Center for Research and Education in Aging (CREA)2016
Distinguished Teaching Award 1975 awarded by the University of California Berkeley

References

1926 births
American women neuroscientists
Women anatomists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Oslo alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
2017 deaths
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California
American neuroscientists
California Golden Bears women's tennis players
People from Glendale, California
People from La Crescenta-Montrose,


texts:
<mask> (born July 9, 1973) is a former American football quarterback. He is the director of community relations and fundraising for the University of Washington football program, his alma mater. <mask> was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 1996, and played twelve seasons in the NFL with the Miami Dolphins, New England Patriots, and Kansas City Chiefs. While with the Patriots, he won two Super Bowl rings. Early years
Born in Yakima, Washington, <mask> was raised southeast of Tacoma in Puyallup, where his father Mike was a high school teacher and head football  He was the first to hold a snap for kicker Ryan Longwell when they played for Aylen Junior High. <mask> attended Puyallup High School, where he was a letterman for the Vikings in football and basketball. He played tight end as a sophomore, as the quarterback was senior Billy Joe Hobert.As a senior in 1990, <mask> was named the Powerade State Player of the Year and won All-America honors. College career
After graduation from high school, <mask> attended the University of Washington in Seattle, where he redshirted in 1991, the Huskies' national championship season. Wearing jersey number 7, he started for the first time in 1993 under first-year head coach Jim Lambright, and continued as a starter through 1995. That season, he passed for 2,415 yards and 11 touchdowns; he finished his career as the Huskies' all-time passing leader with 5,692 yards. As a junior in 1994, <mask> led the Dawgs to an 18-point victory over the Miami Hurricanes at the Orange Bowl, halting their nine-year home winning streak at 58 games. Professional career

Cincinnati Bengals
After going undrafted in the 1996 NFL Draft, <mask> was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent, but

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Damon Paul Huard
Huard
Huard
Huard
Huard
Huard
Huard
Huard


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 was waived on August 19. Miami Dolphins
After spending the 1996 season out of football, <mask> signed with the Miami Dolphins on April 24, 1997.He was released during final cuts on August 24, but was re-signed to the team's practice squad two days later. He was promoted to the active roster on September 6 and spent the remainder of the season as the Dolphins' third quarterback. Following the season, <mask> played in NFL Europe for the Frankfurt Galaxy. In 1998, <mask> saw action in two games for the Dolphins as a reserve, while acting as the team's third quarterback in eight games. He finished the season six-of-nine for 85 yards and an interception. <mask> began the 1999 season as the Dolphins' holder on the field goal unit, but following an injury to starter Dan Marino, in the future Hall of Famer's final season, <mask> started his first NFL game on October 24 after replacing Marino on October 17. He won his first three games that he started, tying a Dolphins record set by Earl Morrall in 1972.<mask> posted a  record before Marino returned in November, finishing the regular season with eight touchdowns, four interceptions, and 1,288 passing yards. <mask> also saw time in the playoffs, replacing Marino for the second half of a  loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars. Several weeks earlier on December 3, he signed a two-year contract extension with the Dolphins. Despite <mask>'s performance in 1999, Jay Fiedler was signed to be the Dolphins' starter in 2000. <mask> started one game in Fiedler's place, a  win over the Colts on November 26. On that day, <mask> and his brother Brock became the NFL's first set of brothers to start at QB on the same weekend in league history. <mask> made his only start that year against the Colts, while Brock started against the

masks: Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Damon Damon


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 Denver Broncos for the Seahawks.New England Patriots
A free agent after the 2000 season, <mask> signed with the New England Patriots. At training camp, he competed with second-year Tom Brady and third-year Michael Bishop for the backup job behind long-time starter Drew Bledsoe; In 2001 Brady became the team's second quarterback and <mask> the third for the start of the season. When Bledsoe was injured in Week 2, Brady became the Patriots' starter for the remainder of the season, while <mask> was the backup until Bledsoe returned in Week 10. As the third quarterback, <mask> won his first Super Bowl ring in February 2002 when the Patriots beat the St. Louis Rams. <mask> appeared in his first game as a Patriot in 2002, leading a touchdown drive in a blowout win over the New York Jets on September 15. Later in the season, he entered a game in a punt formation and ran a successful quarterback sneak for a first down. While a backup for the Patriots in 2003, <mask> saw time in two more games while also seeing time on the team's scout team during practice.Before the AFC Championship game against the Indianapolis Colts, he mimicked the line calls and audibles of Colts quarterback Peyton Manning for the Patriots' defense during practice. Kansas City Chiefs

After 2003, <mask> signed with the Kansas City Chiefs as a free agent. As the team's third quarterback, he did not see any action for his first two seasons (2004 and 2005). In the 2006 opener, starter Trent Green suffered a concussion and was replaced by <mask>. He started the next seven games, posting a  record until suffering a groin injury. Green returned and started the remainder of the season and the team's playoff game against the Indianapolis Colts. After the season, the Chiefs signed <mask> to a

masks: Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard


texts: three-year contract extension, and Green was traded to the Miami Dolphins.During the 2006 season, <mask> set the NFL record for lowest percentage passes intercepted in a season among qualified players, with only one of his 244 attempts being intercepted. In the Chiefs' 2007 training camp, <mask> competed with second-year Brodie Croyle, the team's third-round  draft choice in 2006. <mask> was named the starter on August 25, and started the first nine games of the season, going  In his final start, <mask> suffered a back injury and was replaced by Croyle, but Croyle himself was injured after his second start, both losses, and <mask> returned as the starter in Week 13. He suffered a hand injury in the game and Croyle started the Chiefs' next two games. In Week 16, Croyle was injured again and <mask> saw time in a reserve before Croyle returned to start the last game of the season. The Chiefs ended the season on a nine-game losing streak. Croyle started the opener in 2008, but again suffered an injury and was replaced by <mask>.In Week 2, <mask> started but suffered a concussion and was replaced by Tyler Thigpen, a seventh-round draft pick in 2007. Thigpen started the Chiefs' Week 3 game before <mask> returned for Weeks 4 and 5. Croyle returned after the bye week in Week 7 to start, was injured again, and replaced by <mask>, who suffered a thumb injury. He was placed on injured reserve the next week, ending his season. The same week, Croyle was also placed on injured reserve, leaving Thigpen as the Chiefs' starter for the remainder of the season. Following the season, Scott Pioli, the Patriots' director of player personnel during <mask>'s tenure in New England, was hired to be the Chiefs' general manager. <mask> was released by the Chiefs on February 24,

masks: Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard Huard


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 roughly a week before Pioli traded for Matt Cassel, a Patriots backup who replaced an injured Brady in 2008, to be the Chiefs' starter in 2009.San Francisco 49ers
Huard signed with the San Francisco 49ers on March 4, 2009, and competed for a job behind Alex Smith with Shaun Hill and 2009 fifth-round pick Nate Davis, he was released on September 1, and retired. After football
The University of Washington announced in June 2013 that former Husky quarterback <mask> had taken a new role as Chief Administrative Officer of the football program. Huard had been a fundraiser for the previous three seasons in the athletic department. Under new head coach Chris Petersen, <mask> became director of external relations. Since 2010, he has been the analyst on Husky radio broadcasts, alongside Bob Rondeau. <mask> and former teammate Dan Marino have a winemaking venture in Woodinville called

Personal life
Huard and his wife Julie Ann have three children. His younger brothers were also quarterbacks at Puyallup: Brock also started at Washington and in the NFL, and Luke played at

His son, <mask>, is a left handed quarterback in the class of 2021 who attends the University of Washington.Sam started his first game in the 2021 Apple Cup. See also

 Washington Huskies football statistical leaders

References

External links

University of Washington Athletics – <mask>

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Yakima, Washington
Players of American football from Washington (state)
American football quarterbacks
Washington Huskies football players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Frankfurt Galaxy players
Miami Dolphins players
New England Patriots players
Kansas City Chiefs players
San Francisco 49ers players
Washington Huskies football announcers
Sportspeople from Puyallup,

masks:
Damon Huard
Huard
Huard
Sam Huard
Damon Huard


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<mask> OIH (; born 4 November 1972) is a Portuguese retired professional footballer who played as a winger for Sporting CP, Barcelona, Real Madrid and Inter Milan. He won 127 caps for the Portugal national team, a one-time record that has since been bettered by Cristiano Ronaldo and João Moutinho. He is considered one of the best Portuguese football players of all time. Renowned for his creativity and ability to get past defenders as a winger, <mask> is regarded as one of the greatest players of his generation. His 106 assists are the second-most in La Liga history, behind Lionel Messi. He won the 2000 Ballon d'Or, 2001 FIFA World Player of the Year, and in 2004 Pelé named him in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. <mask> is one of the few football players to have played for both Spanish rival clubs Barcelona and Real Madrid.His controversial transfer in 2000 from Barcelona to bitter rivals Real Madrid set a world record fee of €62 million. <mask> had a successful career highlighted by several trophy wins, including the Portuguese Cup, four La Liga titles, two Spanish Cups, three Spanish Super Cups, one UEFA Champions League title, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, two UEFA Super Cups, one Intercontinental Cup, four Serie A titles, one Italian Cup and three Italian Super Cups. At international level, he scored 32 goals for Portugal, representing the nation at three European Championships and two World Cups, helping them reach the final but finish as runners-up at Euro 2004. Early years
The only child of António Caeiro <mask> and Maria Joana Pestana Madeira who moved from Alentejo to Lisbon in the early 1970s, <mask> grew up in the working-class district of Cova da Piedade, Almada. He began his career as a street footballer at U.F.C. Os Pastilhas, before joining the academy of Sporting Clube de Portugal at the age of 12. In his youth, <mask> played futsal from which he learned a lot of skills that helped him later in his career.Club career

Sporting

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Luís Filipe Madeira Caeiro Figo
Figo
Figo
Figo
Figo
Figo
Figo


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 CP
Figo started his career at Sporting CP, making his league debut on 1 April 1990 during the 1989–90 season as a substitute for Marlon Brandão in a 1–0 home win against Marítimo. On 7 December 1991, <mask> scored his first goal against Torreense in the 1991–92 season, equalising as Sporting won 2–1. He won his first senior international cap in 1991. Prior to that, he won the 1991 FIFA Under-20 World Championships and Under-16 European Championships with Portugal junior sides alongside Rui Costa and João Pinto. He was also a significant part of Portugal's "Golden Generation". In his final season at Sporting he won the 1994–95 Portuguese Cup. Barcelona
In 1995, <mask> looked poised to join one of the big clubs of Europe, but a dispute between Italian clubs Juventus and Parma, with <mask> having signed contracts with both clubs, resulted in an Italian two-year transfer ban on him.Eventually, <mask> made a move to Spanish giants Barcelona for a £2.25 million fee, being loaned back for the remainder of the season due to a rule prohibiting Portuguese players from signing for foreign clubs outside a fixed period. This rule had prevented <mask> from joining English club Manchester City, where he had been recommended by his former Sporting manager Malcolm Allison for a fee of around £1.2 million. It was with Barcelona that <mask>'s career really took off, winning the 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, starring alongside Ronaldo, followed by successive Primera División titles where he was part of a formidable attack which included Rivaldo and Patrick Kluivert. In total, <mask> appeared 172 times in the league for Barcelona, scoring 30 goals. He was revered in Barcelona because his presence in a Barcelona shirt had given to Catalonia a sense of external approval. Real Madrid

In July 2000, <mask> made a surprising and controversial €62 million move to Barcelona's bitter rivals Real Madrid. Real Madrid met the buy out clause in <mask>'s contract at Barcelona, a new world record fee,

masks: Figo Figo Figo Figo Figo Figo Figo Figo Figo


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 and his arrival at Madrid signalled the beginning of Florentino Pérez's Galáctico era of global stars signed by the club every year.<mask> became the new focus of the Barcelona–Real Madrid rivalry, with Barcelona fans feeling betrayed by his transfer and turned against him. His move to Madrid was significant due to his status as a star player at Barcelona, reliable and always committed to the cause as a team leader. One of his Barcelona teammates stated, "Our plan was simple: give the ball to <mask>. He never, ever hid". Although now wearing the white shirt of Real Madrid, he won the Ballon d'Or award in November 2000, largely for what he did for Barcelona where he became the best in the world. When <mask> returned to Barcelona for the first time in a Real Madrid shirt on 21 October 2000, the noise at Camp Nou was deafening. There were banners hung around the stadium with words like "Traitor", "Judas", "Scum", and "Mercenary".<mask> was mercilessly taunted throughout, and when he came out of the tunnel and ran onto the field the jeers of almost 98,000 Barcelona fans escalated, with a visibly shocked <mask> putting his fingers to his ears. When El Clásico started, each time <mask> got the ball the noise rose with insults and missiles flying such as oranges, bottles, cigarette lighters and mobile phones. The regular corner taker for Madrid, <mask> did not take any corners at the Camp Nou to avoid being in close proximity to the fans. Barcelona were victorious, winning 2–0, and Real Madrid President Florentino Pérez stated after the match, "The atmosphere got to us all." Madrid defender Iván Campo commented,

In his first season with Madrid, <mask> won the 2001 La Liga title, scoring 14 goals in all competitions. For his performances at Real, he received the 2001 FIFA World Player of the Year. He would be joined at the club by Zinedine Zidane in the middle of 2001, and in the following season Madrid won the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League.He missed two fixtures against

masks: Figo Luís Figo Figo Figo Figo Figo Figo


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 Barcelona through injury and suspension. <mask>'s second game back at the Camp Nou, on 23 November 2002, produced one of the defining images of the Barcelona–Real Madrid rivalry. There was no sign of the hatred or the hurt subsiding, and every time he came within range of the Barcelona fans, beer cans, lighters, bottles and golf balls flew. <mask> commented, "I was worried that some madman might lose his head." This time, <mask> had decided that he would take corners, as well as throw-ins, and midway through the second half Madrid won a corner. Amid a shower of flying objects, it took Figo two minutes to take it. Another corner followed on the other side, and as <mask> walked across, he slowed to pick up the missiles and as he prepared to take the corner he moved away some of the debris while giving an ironic thumbs-up and smiling.Every time he began his run-up to take the corner, another missile would land which was repeated over and over, until the referee Luis Medina Cantalejo suspended the game for almost 20 minutes. During the break in play, the defining image of the rivalry, a pig's head, was picked up on camera, which was in among the debris near the corner flag. <mask> would spend five seasons at Madrid, with his final success being the 2003 La Liga title. In April 2013, <mask> was named by the sports newspaper Marca as a member of the "Best foreign eleven in Real Madrid's history". Inter Milan

<mask> left Real Madrid to join the Italian club Inter Milan in the middle of 2005 on a free transfer after his contract with Madrid had expired. This meant that <mask> would finally be able to play for a club in Italy, something he had the chance to do before his move to Barcelona, but was scuppered due to a dispute between the two clubs interested, Juventus and Parma. During the middle of 2008, <mask>'s compatriot José Mourinho joined Inter as manager.This has been said to please <mask>, as he would have several Portuguese teammates during the remainder of his stay at

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texts:
 Inter. On 16 May 2009, <mask> announced his retirement from football, the same day Inter won the 2008–09 title, and re-confirmed this on 30 May; his final game was on 31 May against Atalanta at the San Siro. At Javier Zanetti's insistence, <mask> captained the side for his last match. He received a standing ovation from the crowd as he was substituted by Davide Santon. The free-kick he scored in extra time against Roma during the Supercoppa Italiana was his most memorable moment in Italy. <mask> said, "I am leaving football, not Inter." He was interviewed by Inter Channel after his last game against Atalanta and also said, "I hope to be able to help this club to become even greater also after my retirement.I will certainly work for Inter in the future on the club board. I never imagined that I was going to remain here for such a long time. What I will never forget is the love that I have received since my first day here from my teammates and president Massimo Moratti. I will never forget it; Inter has given me the chance to start a winning cycle with some extraordinary people." <mask> was on the sidelines when Inter won the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League on 22 May 2010.

International career

Early international career

The leader of Portugal's "Golden Generation", <mask> won a FIFA World Youth Championship in 1991, the same year he made his senior debut against Luxembourg on 16 October 1991, in a friendly match that ended 1–1 when he was only 18 years old. His first goal equalised in a 2–1 friendly victory over Bulgaria in Paris on 11 November 1992. Figo scored three goals in eight qualifying games for UEFA Euro 1996, as his country reached the continental tournament for the first time in 12 years.In the final group game at the tournament, against Croatia at the City Ground in Nottingham, <mask> opened a 3–0 victory with a fourth-minute strike; the result sent Portugal into the quarter-finals as group winners ahead of their opponents. Euro 2000 and 2002 World

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 Cup
<mask> featured in all ten of Portugal's qualifiers for the next European Championship, scoring three times in the process. On 12 June 2000, in their opening game of the tournament in Eindhoven, he scored Portugal's first goal as they came from behind to beat England 3–2, again advancing as group winners to be eliminated in the semi-finals. He was rested by Humberto Coelho for the final group match against Germany in Rotterdam, breaking a chain of 32 consecutive international appearances. His only hat-trick for the national team came on 15 August 2001, when he netted all of the goals in a 3–0 friendly victory over Moldova at the Estádio de São Luís in Faro. With six goals in nine matches, <mask> helped Portugal qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup; on 2 June 2001, in the qualifier against the Republic of Ireland at Lansdowne Road, he served as captain for the first time on his 74th cap and scored the equaliser for a 1–1 draw. In their first World Cup since 1986, Portugal suffered group stage elimination while <mask> failed to score a goal.Euro 2004 and 2006 World Cup
On 18 February 2004, <mask> earned his 100th cap in a 1–1 friendly draw with England at the Estádio Algarve, playing as captain despite regular skipper Fernando Couto being in the starting line-up. Later that year at the European Championship on home soil, he captained the side after Couto was dropped. He announced his retirement from international football following the Euro 2004 final upset-defeat by Greece due to an alleged rift between him and national coach Luiz Felipe Scolari, although this was denied. In June 2005, he reversed his decision and returned for the 2006 World Cup qualifying wins against Slovakia and Estonia under Scolari. <mask> captained the squad during the 2006 World Cup, leading the team to the semi-finals. With three wins, Portugal finished top of their group and qualified for the knock-out rounds with Mexico. They advanced past the Netherlands in the last 16, and defeated

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 England on penalties in the quarter-final.<mask> did not take part in the shootout, having been substituted for Hélder Postiga. In the semi-final, Portugal was beaten by France courtesy of a penalty from his former club-mate and French captain Zinedine Zidane. This was Portugal's best finish in 40 years. The third-place playoff caused some controversy as <mask> did not start; Pauleta captained the team in his place. However, Portugal fell behind 2–0 to hosts Germany and <mask> replaced Pauleta in the 77th minute, who handed him back the captain's armband to cheers from both Portuguese and German fans. Although Germany scored another goal shortly after <mask>'s entrance, he ended his final cap for his country on a high note by setting up Nuno Gomes to head in an 88th-minute consolation goal, thus passing his number 7 jersey down to his successor, Cristiano Ronaldo. Despite having no trophies to show for the "Golden Generation", <mask> managed to captain the team to their best World Cup performance since the Eusébio era in 1966, as well as helping Portugal to their best-ever result in the UEFA European Championship until they won it in 2016.He finished his international career with 127 caps and scoring 32 goals, and held the record until June 2016 for most appearances with the Portugal national team; he is also Portugal's fourth-highest all-time goalscorer. Style of play
<mask> is regarded as one of the greatest players of his generation, and one of the greatest Portuguese players of all time. At his physical peak, <mask> was a quick, elegant, highly skillful player with close control, acceleration, and a dribbling ability that allowed him to frequently take on and beat defenders in one on one situations. He would often employ feints to beat opponents, such as stepovers. Although naturally right-footed, he was capable of using either foot. <mask> was usually deployed as a winger in his early career, where he was capable of providing several assists, due to his ability to

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 provide curling crosses to teammates from the right flank, or cut inside, drift onto the left, or link-up with midfielders, and create goalscoring opportunities. He has made the second-most assists in La Liga history behind Lionel Messi.As he lost pace and mobility with age as his career advanced, he was deployed in a playmaking role as an attacking midfielder, in particular during his time with Inter, where he excelled with his vision, intelligence and varied passing ability. Although he primarily served as a creative player, he was also capable of contributing offensively with goals due to his powerful striking ability from distance, as well as his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties. In addition to his football ability, <mask> was also highly regarded for his leadership throughout his career. Media

<mask> has appeared in commercials for the sportswear company Nike. In 1996, he starred in a Nike commercial titled "Good vs Evil" in a gladiatorial game set in a Roman amphitheatre. Appearing alongside football players from around the world, including Ronaldo, Paolo Maldini, Ian Wright, Eric Cantona, Patrick Kluivert and Jorge Campos, they defend "the beautiful game" against a team of demonic warriors, before it culminates with Cantona striking the ball and destroying evil. In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, <mask> starred in a "Secret Tournament" commercial (branded by Nike as "Scorpion KO") directed by Terry Gilliam, appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry, Ronaldinho, Francesco Totti, Roberto Carlos and Japanese star Hidetoshi Nakata, with former player Eric Cantona the tournament "referee".<mask> features in EA Sports' FIFA video game series; he was named in the Ultimate Team Legends in FIFA 14. In 2015, the arcade game company Konami announced that <mask> would feature in their football video game Pro Evolution Soccer 2016 as one of the new myClub Legends. In 2018, <mask> was added as


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 an icon to the Ultimate Team in FIFA 19. He has also taken part in several Iranian television shows such as Navad TV during the 2018 World Cup draw, together with Hamid Estili and former Hamburg player Mehdi Mahdavikia. FIFA presidency campaign
On 28 January 2015, <mask> announced his intention to run against incumbent Sepp Blatter for the position of FIFA president. His endorsers included José Mourinho and David Beckham. In his manifesto, <mask> mentioned his support for expanding the World Cup to 48-team finals tournaments, and promised greater investment in grassroots football and national federations.Considered an outsider compared to Blatter and the other two candidates – Michael van Praag and Prince Ali of Jordan – <mask> withdrew from the election campaign on 21 May, stating that he did not want to be given "absolute power". Personal life

<mask> is married to Swedish model Helen Svedin. They have three daughters – Daniela (born in 1999), Martina (born in 2002), and Stella (born in 2004). Along with his countryman, former Portugal national team manager and former youth team coach Carlos Queiroz, <mask> was briefly joint seat holder for A1 Team Portugal, in A1 Grand Prix, during the 2005–06 season. He owns an upscale bar in the Algarve region of Portugal. <mask> is an ambassador for the Stop TB Partnership in the fight against tuberculosis. He works closely with Inter Milan, serving as an ambassador for the club at functions across Europe.He is also a board member of the Inter Campus charity project run by Inter Milan. <mask> is the founder of Network90, a private members' networking site for the Professional Football Industry. <mask> is fluent in five languages: Portuguese, Spanish, English, Italian and French. He has also congratulated his wife on her birthday on Instagram in Swedish, although he has never spoken the language in media appearances. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first, score column indicates


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<mask> "Jake" <mask> (25 September 1980 – 21 April 2006) was a private in the Australian Army who was killed while deployed to Iraq, fatally wounded by a single shot to the head from his own Browning 9mm sidearm. He was the first Australian soldier to die while deployed to the Middle East Area of Operations. A military inquiry found Private <mask> accidentally shot himself while mishandling his pistol. This conclusion was disputed by his family and on 2 April 2008, a second inquest returned a similar verdict, finding that his death was "irresponsibly self-inflicted", and that when he pulled his gun's trigger he "disregarded the possible consequences of danger". Early life
<mask> grew up in Briagolong in Victoria's Gippsland region, east of Melbourne, and completed the Victorian Certificate of Education at Maffra Secondary College in 1998. Before enlisting in the army, he worked in a knackery processing dead livestock. He was a keen mountain bike rider and also raced motorcycles.He was married to Shelley and they had two children, Tyrie and Alana. Military career
<mask> enlisted in the Australian Army in March 2002 and was posted to the School of Infantry, Singleton, in May 2002. After completing his Initial Employment Training as a rifleman, he served in the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, Australia's airborne battalion. After being posted to the 3rd Battalion, he was trained as a heavy weapons operator before training to become a sniper. <mask> was deployed to Iraq as part of an ongoing 110-person Security Detachment Iraq protecting Australian officials at the embassy in Baghdad. Death
Private <mask> died from a single bullet wound to the head while he was in the accommodation barracks shared with two other soldiers soon after he returned from an observation/ guard duty. <mask> was immediately taken to a nearby US military hospital, but was pronounced dead shortly after arrival.It was initially reported by Australian Defence Minister, Brendan Nelson, that <mask> had

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Kovco
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 shot himself accidentally while cleaning his weapon, a Browning Hi-Power Mk. III pistol. This story was later changed to suggest the pistol discharged spontaneously. Standard weapons handling procedures for ADF personnel on deployment, require all weapons to be unloaded on entering the perimeter of a fortified barracks such as Kovco's. The possibility of the pistol discharging by itself was discredited by the former head of Australia's military, General Peter Cosgrove. When asked on radio whether he had seen a pistol such as Private <mask>'s self-discharge during his 40 years of military service, he replied, "Weapons tend not to self-detonate." In the days after <mask>'s death Nelson spoke widely to the media, making a variety of claims, including:

"[H]e might not have been actually handling the weapon but it was very close to him," "There was obviously a live round in it, which there should not have been," "He was doing something other than handling his firearm and in the process of fiddling about with the other equipment he had, it would appear that in some way he knocked the gun and it discharged," and, "There is no suggestion it was anything other than an accident."In a media release of 29 April, Nelson asked for speculation on the death to cease, stating "I think what's most important now is that Australians appreciate that speculation, much of which is wild and ill-informed, is as unhelpful to getting to the bottom of the death of PTE Kovco as it is hurtful to the family." Chief of the Defence Force, Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston, made a statement that two other soldiers (<mask>'s roommates) were in the room with <mask> but "it appeared that neither of them was looking at PTE Kovco when the weapon discharged. Essentially when they looked up he had clearly been shot," he said. Suggestions of suicide were vehemently rejected by <mask>'s mother, who suggested that senior military officials knew what happened to her son but refused to tell the truth. Although the ADF refused

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 to respond officially pending inquiries, a "senior military source" said <mask> was "emailing when the gun fired", and that it appeared the computer had slipped off his lap and landed on the pistol, causing it to discharge. Repatriation
Private <mask>'s body was originally scheduled to be returned to Australia on 26 April 2006. It was apparently misplaced during its return to Melbourne, and the body of 47-year-old Bosnian civilian contractor Juso Sinanovic was sent to Australia in its place – a mistake Brendan Nelson blamed on a mortuary attached to the Al-Sabah General Hospital in Kuwait and the private contractor Kenyon International.Kenyon International, a privately owned company, was exonerated of any wrongdoing. According to Military Board of Inquiry's final report, Kenyon was contracted to return Private Kovko's remains, but at no stage was Kenyon International required to identify Kovko. His company sergeant major in Iraq, Warrant Officer Tim Cuming, accompanied Kovco's body back to Australia. Cuming claimed privilege against self-incrimination during the coronial inquest into Kovco's fatal shooting, against allegations that he intimidated military witnesses before the military inquiry. Sinanovic's death was investigated by Victorian coroner Graeme Johnstone, and his body was returned to Kuwait and the care of his former employers Kellogg, Brown and Root on 11 May. During this time his family were not contacted by Australian authorities. Continued delays in repatriating Sinanovic's body to his home village outside Tuzla led to the involvement on 17 May of Australian Prime Minister John Howard, who undertook to "see if there is anything we can do".Shadow Defence spokesman Robert McClelland said it seemed American personnel had transported <mask>'s body via a US military mortuary and then to the private mortuary, after it arrived in Kuwait on an Australian C130 Hercules transport aircraft. "There was some identification before the body was treated in the morgue but none when

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 it came out, certainly contrary to what would be standard coronial procedures," he said. Military Board of Inquiry
Because <mask>'s battalion was based at Holsworthy, New South Wales, his widow asked that his body be returned to Australia from Kuwait via Sydney Airport, where it arrived around 7a.m. on 29 April 2006. The coffin was met by <mask>'s widow, Shelley, his children, parents Judy and Martin, other family members, and an honour guard of 300 3rd Battalion personnel wearing black armbands and dress uniform. Chief of the Defence Force Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston, Chief of Army Lieutenant-General Peter Leahy, Defence Minister Brendan Nelson and Australian Attorney-General Philip Ruddock. <mask>'s family later formally identified his body at the mortuary in Glebe.New South Wales coroner John Abernethy, assumed "jurisdiction in relation to any inquiry into his identity, the date and place of his death and the manner and cause of his death", and organised for homicide investigators at the State Crime Command to coordinate the investigation with the army's special investigations branch. An autopsy conducted on 1 May 2006 determined the cause of death to have been a single bullet wound to the head. The shot left no powder burn, and passed straight through the soldier's body, close to his temple. The bullet itself was not passed to the coroner, and is apparently missing. A military board of inquiry, headed by former NSW coroner, Group Captain Warren Cook, and including former Queensland police commissioner Jim O'Sullivan and Colonel Michael Charles, was established to be conducted out of Sydney's Victoria Barracks, and Brigadier Elizabeth Cosson was appointed to investigate the repatriation. Cosson's team travelled to Kuwait on 30 April to investigate the circumstances which led to the "casket bungle". Coroner Abernethy was reported to have questioned Defence Minister Nelson on his three conflicting public statements about <mask>'s death.Military board of inquiry
The military

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 board of inquiry led by Warren Cook convened to investigate issues surrounding the death and the repatriation to Sydney. The opening statement of council assisting Colonel Michael Griffin – via video link from Baghdad – included the revelation that on 21 March, just 14 days into his tour of duty, Private Kovko had dreamt of and written in his journal about his death by a shot to the head from his own pistol:

"I dreamt I was sitting in our room (here) by myself and for some unknown reason I pulled out my 9 mm pistol and shot myself in the head!? I have no idea why but it seemed I wanted to see what it felt like." <mask> described hearing "the click of the hammer" as he shot himself, but he wrote, instead of a loud crack, "the sound went dull as the bullet entered my skull. It was like I could feel the bullet inside…a few seconds later I went limp and started gushing blood from the wounds, nose, ears and mouth. I then seemed to die and woke up and said, fuck, that hurts." <mask> went on to write that night that he was not suicidal, but believed the dream was a premonition."I have no intention of shooting myself," he wrote. "I know it wasn't about killing myself so I'm a bit worried that it might be a premonition about a bullet hitting me in the head but not killing me." According to Private Ray Johnson, one of the two soldiers with <mask> at the time of the shooting, "Dreams" by The Cranberries was playing on an mp3 player and <mask> stood at his bunk bed typing on his laptop while the men laughed and mimicked the lead singer Dolores O'Riordan. But the 23-year-old private did not see <mask> place his gun, which had been hanging holstered from the bed, to his head. In a written statement, Johnson said:

On 1 December 2006, Defence Chief Angus Houston announced that the board of inquiry had determined that <mask> died as a result of the inappropriate handling of his personal weapon while engaging in skylarking behaviour. <mask>'s mother, Judy, was dissatisfied with the findings and

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 sought an independent coronial inquiry. Funeral
A funeral service was held on 2 May 2006 in the town hall of his home town of Briagolong.It was attended by several hundred mourners including the Prime Minister and Defence Minister, a large 3rd Battalion presence led by its commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Mick Mumford, and a significant media contingent. Australian soldiers in Baghdad held a pre-dawn ceremony, led by Brigadier Paul Symon, to coincide with the funeral. <mask> was buried with full military honours, including a three-volley gun salute and flypast, at the cemetery at nearby Sale later that day. There was some criticism of the addition of <mask>'s name to the Roll of Honour at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra on 11 November 2006. The former president of the New South Wales Vietnam Veterans Association, Barry Billing, criticised the inclusion on the grounds that <mask> did not die as a result of hostile action. The inclusion was consistent with standard practice, however, as the names of all members of the Australian military who have died as the result of service in a war zone are included on the Roll of Honor without regard to their cause of death. Draft report misplaced
On 15 May 2006, a CD-ROM containing a confidential draft copy of the Defence Department's report detailing the body repatriation "bungle" was accidentally left in the drive of an airline lounge computer at Melbourne Airport by the investigating officer, Brigadier Elizabeth Cosson.Subsequently, Melbourne radio journalist Derryn Hinch, who claims to have received the CD from the person who found it, broadcast some of the details of the report:

"I'm deeply embarrassed about it and I deeply regret the circumstances," Air Chief Marshal Houston told a conference on 17 May, and appealed to the media to treat the material sensitively. The draft report appears to stop short of finding anyone at fault for the problems with <mask>'s repatriation. Coronial inquiry
After lobbying by Jake Kovko's


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 mother, <mask>, a Coronial inquest opened 11 February 2008 at the Glebe Coroner's Court. After eight weeks of evidence, including controversial elements of <mask>'s personal history that it was thought may have contributed to his death, the Coronial Jury found it could not determine <mask>'s state of mind or whether he knew the weapon was loaded. It did find that "on the balance of probabilities" it was likely that he had not intended to take his own life. Before the verdict was handed down, counsel assisting the coroner, John Agius, told the jury the theory that <mask> had been shot by another soldier was "no more than the last grasp of a loving mother who cannot bring herself to accept that her son was less than perfect". Although numerous witnesses were excused from those originally summoned, the inquest ran longer than expected due to the re-ordering of witnesses and the possibility of recalling several witnesses late in the inquiry.A request was made by counsel representing Kovco's parents to recall several witnesses after Private Kovco's company sergeant-major in Iraq, Warrant Officer Tim Cuming, was questioned. A report submitted as evidence by Major Kyle Tyrell stated that several soldiers had made allegations that Cuming had intimidated them and attempted to influence their evidence before the military board of inquiry was convened. Asked about these allegations, Warrant Officer Cuming said " I claim privilege against self-incrimination". Requests by legal counsel to recall witnesses who were potentially affected by Warrant Officer Cuming's actions were denied. The coronial inquiry concluded on 2 April 2008. References

External links
 Board of Inquiry Report into the death of Private Jake Kovco
 Defence Response to the Board of Inquiry Report
 Cosson Report Executive Summary

1980 births
2006 deaths
Australian military personnel of the Iraq War
Australian Army soldiers
Australian military personnel killed in the Iraq War
Deaths by firearm in Iraq
Military personnel from

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<mask> (1887–1981) was a socialist, trade unionist, educator, peace campaigner and politician from the English town of Reading. She was continuously active between the 1910s and the 1970s, and was a leading citizen of Reading over the middle part of the twentieth century. Particularly notable was that her local campaigning developed into an effort to broaden her own and her fellow citizens' awareness of issues of international peace and progress. She was a pioneer of local authority nursery education, and a founder of the post-war twin towns movement. Most significantly she developed a twin-town link enabling aid and practical assistance to the German city of Düsseldorf while it was still recovering from the devastation of World War II bombing. The link survives to this day. Early career and activity

<mask> was born in Reading in 1887, the daughter of a farrier and publican and his devout Anglican wife.Originally an Anglican herself, <mask> in later life became a Quaker. Beginning work in the Reading Post Office in about 1901, she was an active trade unionist, and became a leading member of the Postal and Telegraph Clerks' Association. Early influences on <mask> were John Rabson, a socialist councillor and fellow trade unionist, and Edith Morley of Reading University, the first female professor in the country. The Reading branch was a pioneer of the Workers' Educational Association, and <mask> enrolled on Morley's WEA classes in English Literature. "Morley was a socialist, a suffragette, and a member of the Fabian Women's Group. Her ideas had a great influence on <mask>, and the two became life-long friends" (quoted in Stout 1997 p 12). During the First World War, <mask> was a pacifist, and left the Anglican Church over the issue.Her pacifism made her unenthusiastic about the idea of a Bolshevik-style revolution in Britain. During the war she began her freelance journalism career, and was a writer all her life (Stout 1997, Chapter 1). Her first public role was on the local Profiteering Committee in 1919. She had

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Phoebe Cusden
Annie Phoebe Ellen Blackall
Phoebe
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 already led a protest march the previous Christmas, with women at the head, against profiteering by food suppliers. The "Reading Worker" describes <mask> addressing the crowd: "Miss Blackall tells of the women of her class who have to leave their household duties to stand in queues for hours, only to be turned away unable to buy the necessary food for their families. She protests against such indignities being inflicted on her sex and class". Also in 1919 she was elected to the Reading Board of Guardians together with <mask>, whom she married in 1922.Albert had been a teacher of English in Germany, and had been interned there during the First World War. He remained a remarkably supportive and selfless partner until his death in 1953. They had one daughter. As a Poor Law Guardian, <mask> gained first-hand experience of poverty and the administration of the rudimentary welfare system in the town, including the workhouse provision. Political career

In 1923 <mask> was an unsuccessful Labour parliamentary candidate in South Berks, and was also active in the General Strike of 1926. The Cusdens and others took in 70 striking miners' children from South Wales. She established the Reading Women's branch of the Labour Party, and in 1931, after three failed attempts was elected to Reading Council, as only the second female councillor in its history.Her principal interest on the Council was education, particularly nursery schools, but she was also involved in housing, town planning, health and related issues. She had begun editing the "Reading Citizen", a Labour Party newspaper, in 1924, and continued for nearly 30 years. <mask> was the printer. Her journalism was also significant and long-lasting after World War II in the international peace movement. Cusden was communicating with Daisy Solomon, secretary of the Commonwealth League about participation in the League of Nations in Geneva in 1932. Cusden also became organising secretary of the Nursery Schools Association in 1933, and turned it into a high-profile campaigning

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Phoebe
Albert Cusden
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 body. She wrote "The English Nursery School" (1938), for many years the standard work on the subject.She also became a magistrate, and remained a strong pacifist. During the Second World War, <mask> organised youth camps, served on the Reading Famine Committee, and was involved with evacuees from London. <mask> was chosen as Mayor of Reading in November 1946, when Labour took control of the council for the first time. As mayor she had a secretary for the first and last time in her life. During her year she organised relief when the Thames flooded in Reading following the severe winter of 1947, and was involved with her husband in the foundation of the Progress Theatre, which is still active and successful in Reading. After her period as mayor she was an alderman on the council for several years until displaced by the Conservatives. From 1949 on she concentrated on international work.The Reading-Düsseldorf initiative
In 1946, with information, support and assistance from people such as the publisher Victor Gollancz, General Robert Collins of the Royal Berkshire Regiment and the junior government minister Frank Pakenham (later Lord Longford), <mask> led a local appeal for help for people in Düsseldorf and visited the city to find out the conditions under British occupation. The city was suffering extreme privation. By concentrating on the plight of its children, <mask> was able to overcome potential prejudice against helping the recent foe. She wrote to the Berkshire Chronicle in November 1946: "It might be difficult for any one family to send an entire parcel, whereas they would be willing to contribute one or two articles. Therefore, a collection of foodstuffs is being organised under the title 'The Mayor's Winter Collection for German children.' I appeal most earnestly for the utmost generosity, which will create a feeling of goodwill between ourselves and the recipients, so necessary to future peace." Victor Gollancz had in November written to the national press saying that people in Düsseldorf were living on

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 between 400 and 1000 calories per day, and that 400 was "half the Belsen rate".By 17 January 1947, the collection had raised £79 12s 2d, 1000 pounds (about half a ton) of food, 150 parcels and 12 sacks of clothing and shoes. The final total in March was over £93. She wrote "The condition of the poorest family in Reading is many times better than the average family in Germany...it would surely be disastrous to any hope of rebuilding Europe... if we allowed the German people to believe (as they are already beginning to believe) that we are deliberately starving them". 56,000 people in Düsseldorf were living in bunkers, cellars and ruins. In the year after her mayoralty she invited six Düsseldorf children to stay in Reading for three months, and set up the Reading-Düsseldorf Association to continue the connection. Many children and groups paid exchange visits over subsequent decades. A nursery school was set up in Aachen, and in July 1949 the entire Reading Youth Orchestra received a rapturous welcome in a concert in Düsseldorf.Reading was the first British town to form a link with the "enemy". <mask> was the Chair of the Association from 1949 to 1970, and visited Düsseldorf many times, receiving various honours from the city. Later life

In 1948 <mask> founded the Women's Peace Movement, but this was short-lived and she continued to work through the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, of which she was an International Vice-President and for many years editor of its British magazine. She helped to set up a home for international students in Reading at Foley Hall. In 1951, George VI awarded <mask> the MBE. By 1958 she was helping to organise support in Reading for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the second Aldermaston March (ill-health had prevented her from joining the first). The University of Reading gave <mask> an honorary doctorate in 1976, and in 1977 she made her last visit to Germany, when Düsseldorf awarded her its Verdienstplakette, the city's highest honour.She was active in the

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Phoebe Cusden
Phoebe
Phoebe Cusden
Phoebe


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 Reading Civic Society and, in 1977, she published Coley: Portrait of an Urban Village, a history of the Reading suburb of Coley in which she lived all her life. A short pedestrian route in Reading is named Cusden Way, and the Reading-Düsseldorf link is commemorated by a brick and aluminium sculpture. In November 2017 a blue plaque honouring <mask> was unveiled at her former home, 55 Castle Street Reading, a listed building. The ceremony was performed by the Mayor, Councillor Rose Williams, in the presence of <mask>'s grandchildren and some sixty-five supporters. The plaque was paid for jointly by the Reading-Dusseldorf Association, the Reading Civic Society, and <mask>'s grandchildren. Work on the Phoebe Cusden Supported Living Scheme was completed in 2017. Phoebe Cusden House provides 11 much-needed supported living flats for residents with disabilities and is owned and managed by Reading Borough Council.<mask> died a few weeks short of her 94th birthday in January 1981. Burgermeister Bruno Recht of Düsseldorf attended her funeral service. The Reading-Düsseldorf Association, as of 2016, is still active, and is <mask> Cusden's chief memorial. <mask>'s significance

"a life-long local, national and international campaigner....<mask> holds an important place in the history of "bottom-up" labour activism, and is a symbol of female emancipation during a century of women's struggle.... <mask> demonstrated that it was possible for a committed individual of humble origins to make a significant impact in diverse areas of politics. The fact that she achieved this as a woman, and on occasions as the first female activist, makes her achievements all the more remarkable". References

Bibliography

External links
 Reading-Dusseldorf Association

Labour Party (UK) politicians
English socialists
People from Reading, Berkshire
English Quakers
English socialist feminists
Converts to Quakerism
1887 births
1981 deaths
Mayors of Reading, Berkshire
Women mayors of places in England
Quaker feminists
Councillors in Berkshire
Women

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Phoebe Cusden
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Phoebe
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Phoebe Cusden
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