texts:
 Central Synagogue in Manhattan.<mask> married his wartime London OSS partner Silvia Tim, and converted to Protestantism. <mask> spent the summers of 1951 and 1952 at Interlochen's Music camp. <mask> graduated second in his class among male students with a physics prize from New York's High School of Music and Art, where he had studied painting. He was accepted at Cornell University as a physics major but soon switched majors, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in psychology in 1959. Among his Cornell classmates were Thomas Pynchon, Richard Fariña and David Shetzline. Music career

<mask> began singing in public during his last year at Cornell while participating in Harold Thompson's popular American Folk Literature course, colloquially known on campus as "Romp-n-Stomp". The course was "a highlight of late-1950s student life at Cornell", Yarrow reminisced, and the ability to sing and play guitar was a prerequisite for enrollment.Thompson would lecture on a topic for 20 or 30 minutes and afterwards a student would sing songs related to his theme. The experience of performing in front of a large audience was a thrilling one for <mask>, who discovered he loved it. He branched out to lead community sings on weekends. Upon graduation, <mask> played in folk clubs in New York City, appeared on the CBS television show Folk Sound USA, and performed at the Newport Folk Festival, where he met manager and musical impresario Albert Grossman. One day, the two were at Israel Young's Folklore Center in Greenwich Village discussing Grossman's idea for a new group that would be "an updated version of the Weavers for the baby-boom generation ... with the crossover appeal of the Kingston Trio". <mask> noticed a picture of Mary Travers on the wall and asked Grossman who she was. "That's Mary Travers," Grossman said."She'd be good if you could get her to work." The

masks:
Bernard Yarrow
Peter Yarrow
Peter
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow


type: original

texts: lanky, blonde Kentucky-born Travers was well connected in Greenwich Village folk song circles. While still a high-school student at the progressive Elizabeth Irwin High School she had been picked out by Elizabeth Irwin's chorus leader Robert De Cormier to sing in a trio called The Song Swappers, backing up Pete Seeger in the 1955 Folkways LP reissue of the Almanac Singers' The Talking Union and two other albums. As well as performing twice with Seeger at Carnegie Hall, Travers had also played a folksinger in a short-lived Broadway play called The Next President, starring satirist Mort Sahl, but she was known to be painfully introverted and loath to sing professionally. To draw Travers out, "Mr. Yarrow went to Ms. Travers's apartment on MacDougal Street, across from the Gaslight, one of the principal folk clubs. They harmonized on 'Miner's Lifeguard', a union song, and decided that their voices blended. To fill out the trio, Ms. Travers suggested Noel Stookey, a friend doing folk music and stand-up comedy at the Gaslight."They chose the catchy "Peter, Paul and Mary" as the name for their group, since Noel Stookey's middle name was Paul, and rehearsed intensively for six months, touring outside New York before debuting in 1961 as a polished act at The Bitter End nightclub in Greenwich Village. There, the singers quickly developed a following and signed a contract with Warner Brothers. Warner released <mask>, Paul and Mary's "Lemon Tree" as a single in early 1962. The trio then released "If I Had a Hammer", a song written in 1949 by Pete Seeger and Lee Hays to protest the imprisonment of Harlem City Councilman Benjamin J. Davis, Jr. under the Smith Act. "If I had a Hammer" garnered two Grammy Awards in 1962. The trio's first album, the eponymous Peter, Paul & Mary, remained in the Top 10 for ten months and in the Top 20 for two years; it sold more


texts: than two million copies. The group toured extensively and recorded numerous albums, both live and in the studio.In June 1963, <mask>, Paul and Mary released a 7" single of "Blowin' in the Wind" by the then-relatively unknown Bob Dylan, who was also managed by Grossman. "Blowin' in the Wind" sold 300,000 copies in the first week of release; by August 17, it was number two on the Billboard pop chart, with sales exceeding one million copies. <mask> recalled that when he told Dylan he would make more than $5,000 () from the publishing rights, Dylan was speechless. On August 28, 1963, <mask>, Paul and Mary  appeared on stage with the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. at his historic March on Washington where their performance of "Blowin' in the Wind" established it as a civil rights anthem. Their version also spent weeks on Billboards easy listening chart. By 1964 the 26-year-old <mask> had joined the Board of the Newport Folk Festival, where he had performed as an unknown just four years earlier. <mask>'s songwriting helped to create some of <mask>, Paul and Mary's best-known songs, including "Puff, the Magic Dragon", "Day Is Done", "Light One Candle", and "The Great Mandala".As a member of the trio, he earned a 1996 Emmy nomination for the Great Performances special LifeLines Live, a highly acclaimed celebration of folk music, with their musical mentors, contemporaries, and a new generation of singer-songwriters. <mask> was instrumental in founding the New Folks Concert series at both the Newport Folk Festival and the Kerrville Folk Festival. His work at Kerrville has been called his "most important achievement in this arena". <mask> co-wrote and produced "Torn Between Two Lovers", a number one hit for Mary McGregor. He also produced three CBS TV specials based on "Puff, the Magic Dragon", which earned an Emmy nomination for him. In 1978 <mask>

masks: Peter Yarrow Peter Yarrow Yarrow Peter Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow


texts:
 organized Survival Sunday, an antinuclear benefit, and after a period of separation, he was once again joined by Stookey and Travers. <mask> and his daughter, <mask>, often perform together.Together with cellist Rufus Cappadocia, they form the trio <mask>, Bethany, and Rufus. They released the CD Puff & Other Family Classics. In 2008, the musical special Peter, Bethany & Rufus: Spirit of Woodstock, featuring a live performance of the band, aired on public television. <mask> portrayed leftist intellectual Ira Mandelstam in the 2015 film While We're Young. Social activism
<mask> has long been an activist for social and political causes. What he did was not always popular. According to The New York Times:

Operation Respect
In 2000, in an effort to combat school bullying, <mask> helped start Operation Respect, a nonprofit organization that brings to children, in schools and camps, a curriculum of tolerance and respect for each other's differences.The project began as a result of <mask> and his daughter Bethany and his son Christopher having heard the song Don't Laugh at Me (written by Steve Seskin and Allen Shamblin) at the Kerrville Folk Festival. In March 2008, <mask> told Reuters:

Other activism
<mask>'s leadership in the campaign to free Soviet Jewry inspired another generation. Of the song "Light One Candle", Rabbi Allison Bergman Vann wrote:

In 2005, <mask> performed in Ho Chi Minh City at a concert to benefit the Vietnam Association of Victims of Agent Orange; Yarrow pleaded with the Vietnamese for forgiveness of the United States. <mask> serves on the board of directors of the Connecticut Hospice. On November 1, 2008, <mask> performed across New York City for volunteers who worked for the presidential campaign of Senator Barack Obama. On October 3, 2011, <mask>, his son, and his daughter made an appearance at Zuccotti Park during the

masks:
Yarrow
Bethany Yarrow
Peter
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow


texts:
 Occupy Wall Street protests, playing songs such as "We Shall Not Be Moved" and a variation of "Puff the Magic Dragon". <mask> is a member of Braver Angels.On April 3, 2021, he participated in an online interfaith Passover Seder hosted by the organization. Personal life
<mask> has cited Judaism as one of the roots of his liberal views. While campaigning for 1968 presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy, <mask> met McCarthy's niece, Mary Beth McCarthy, in Wisconsin. They were married in October 1969 in Willmar, Minnesota. Paul Stookey wrote "Wedding Song (There Is Love)" as his gift for their wedding and first performed it at St. Mary's Church in Willmar. They had two children, but later divorced. In December 2000, <mask>'s Larrivee acoustic guitar was stolen on an airplane flight.In early 2005, fans spotted the guitar on eBay. The Federal Bureau of Investigation recovered it in Sunny Isles Beach, Florida, and returned it to <mask>. He did not press charges, as the person it was recovered from had not stolen it. <mask> performed the world premiere of "The Colonoscopy Song" on the CBS early morning program The Early Show on March 9, 2010. <mask> has also acknowledged being an alcoholic, and sought treatment for the disease. He considers himself in recovery. A longtime resident of New York City, <mask> has also had a vacation home in Telluride, Colorado.<mask>'s son, Christopher, is a visual artist who in the late 2000s owned an emporium in Portland, Oregon, named The Monkey & The Rat. Criminal conviction and pardon
In 1970, <mask> was convicted, and served three months in prison, for taking "improper liberties" with a 14-year-old girl who went with her 17-year-old sister to Yarrow's hotel room seeking an autograph. "Yarrow answered the door naked and made sexual advances that stopped short of intercourse." <mask> served three months of a

masks: Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow


texts:
 one-to-three-year prison sentence. He apologized for the incident, saying that "It was an era of real indiscretion and mistakes by categorically male performers. I was one of them. I got nailed.I was wrong. I'm sorry for it." In 1981, Jimmy Carter granted <mask> a presidential pardon for the crime. For decades, <mask> avoided mention of this sexual assault, but by the early 2000s, it became a campaign issue for politicians he supports. In 2004, Representative Martin Frost of Texas, a Democrat, canceled a fundraising appearance with <mask> after his opponent ran a radio advertisement about <mask>'s offense; in 2013, Republican politicians in New York State called on Democratic congressional candidate Martha Robertson to cancel a scheduled fundraiser with <mask>. In 2019, he was disinvited from a folk music festival when the organizers were informed of his conviction. In May 2021, the Washington Post wrote of <mask>'s pardon "...this pardon by Carter — perhaps the only one in U.S. history wiping away a conviction for a sexual offense against a child — escaped scrutiny when it happened.It was granted just hours before the American hostages in Iran were freed, which captured headlines for weeks." The same article details other allegations of sexual assault of minors made against <mask>. Awards and honors
<mask> received the Allard K. Lowenstein Award in 1982 for his "remarkable efforts in advancing the causes of human rights, peace, and freedom". In 1995 the Miami Jewish Federation recognized <mask>'s continual efforts by awarding its Tikkun Olam Award for his part in helping to "repair the world". <mask> was awarded the Kate Wolf Memorial Award by the World Folk Music Association in 1993. In 2003 a congressional resolution recognized <mask>'s achievements and those of Operation Respect. Discography

<mask>, Paul and Mary

Solo
1972 Peter US

masks: Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Peter


texts:
<mask> (, ; born August 17, 1969) is an American former professional basketball player. His college career for the Duke Blue Devils is widely regarded as one of the best in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) history. He was the star player on the back-to-back Duke National Championship teams of 1991 and 1992, and the NCAA player of the year in his senior year. He is particularly famous for his game-winning shot against Kentucky in the 1992 tournament and for the hatred he received from opposing fans. Laettner was the only collegian selected for the 1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team, dubbed the "Dream Team", that won the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics. As a member of the "Dream Team", Laettner is enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame, and FIBA Hall of Fame, while he is enshrined for his individual career in the College Basketball Hall of Fame. He was drafted third overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves, then played 13 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for six teams, being named as an All-Star in 1997.Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Angola, New York (near Buffalo and Niagara Falls) to a blue-collar Roman Catholic family. His father George, a newspaper press plant printer, was of Polish descent and his grandparents spoke Polish as their first language; his mother Bonnie was a teacher. <mask>'s older brother Christopher was a strong influence, often bullying young <mask>, which helped instill a stern competitive drive. Both boys also frequently worked as farm laborers to supplement their allowance. Laettner attended the private Nichols School; although he received a financial aid package that paid a substantial part of his tuition, his family had to sacrifice to send him there, and he also did janitorial work at the school to defray some of the cost. During his career he scored over 2,000 points,

masks:
Christian Donald Laettner
Christian Laettner
Christian
Christian


texts:
 breaking the school record set by teammate Ron Torgalski, and the team won two state titles and reached another semifinal. He was a much sought-after college recruit.College
<mask> attended Duke University and played for the basketball team from 1988 to 1992 under coach Mike Krzyzewski. As the team's star player his final two seasons, he led the Blue Devils to the first two national titles in school history. A four-year starter, he also contributed to their runner-up finish his sophomore year and Final Four appearance in his freshman year. Thus, in total, he played 23 out of a maximum possible 24 NCAA tournament games, winning 21; both are records. For his career, Laettner averaged 16.6 points and 7.8 rebounds per game while making almost half of his three-pointers. He scored 21.5 points per game his senior season, garnering every major national player of the year award; Duke retired his No. 32 jersey later that year.His career is widely regarded among the best in college history, and he is enshrined in the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame. NCAA tournament records
Most points scored: 407
Most free throws made: 142
Most free throw attempts: 167
Most games won: 21
Most games played: 23

Clutch performances
Laettner had several clutch performances in the NCAA tournament. His most famous was the 1992 regional final against Kentucky, which was foreshadowed by the 1990 regional final against UConn; in both games Duke trailed by one point with two seconds remaining in overtime before Laettner made a jumper as time expired. He also swished the game-winning free throws against undefeated and heavily favored UNLV in the 1991 semifinal, which avenged UNLV's 30-point victory in the 1990 final. He then led Duke to its first championship, defeating Kansas in the final, and was selected as the tournament's most outstanding player. In the 1992 East Regional Final, a game many critics rate among the greatest


texts:
 in college basketball history, Laettner hit a game-winning, buzzer-beating turn-around jumper that has since become known as simply The Shot. Over the course of the game, he shot a perfect ten of ten field goals and ten of ten free throws for 31 points.He then finished his college career by leading Duke to its second consecutive national title. The following year ESPN awarded him both "Outstanding Performance Under Pressure" and "College Basketball Play of the Year" for the Kentucky game, also awarding him "Outstanding College Basketball Performer of the Year". The game-winning shot against Kentucky became a cultural icon, having been frequently televised in college basketball montages. Several companies have also featured it in their commercials. In 2006 The Best Damn Sports Show Period ranked it the fifth most memorable moment in sports history. Widely reviled
Laettner was widely reviled by opposing fans throughout his career, to the extent that more than 20 years after graduating from Duke, he was voted the most hated college basketball player in history in an ESPN online poll. This led to ESPN's creation of the 30 for 30 documentary I Hate Christian Laettner that explored five factors which the filmmakers believe explain this widespread and persistent hatred: race, privilege, bullying, greatness, and physical appearance.He was particularly resented for stepping on the chest of Kentucky player Aminu Timberlake during the 1992 regional final, which the referees deemed a technical foul; Laettner expressed regret for his misconduct but believed that ejection would have been too harsh a consequence. The opening lyric to the folksong "1992" by Doug Boyd references Laettner's shot and the subsequent impact on University of Kentucky basketball fans. Professional career
Drafted third overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves, Laettner played 13 years in the NBA, from 1992 to 2005, scoring 11,121 points and


texts:
 grabbing 5,806 rebounds. His first six seasons were his best, averaging 16.6 points and 7.9 rebounds per game while starting almost all of them. He also was selected to the All-Rookie First Team in 1993 and the All-Star Game in 1997 while with the Atlanta Hawks. His time on the Hawks was his most successful NBA team experience, twice reaching the second round of the playoffs. Despite his achievements, <mask>'s NBA career was characterized by relative transience.He played for six different teams, was traded six times, and never spent more than three full seasons anywhere. In 2004, he was suspended for several games for using marijuana. National team career
As the national player of the year, <mask> was the only collegian selected for the prestigious "Dream Team" that won the 1992 Olympic gold medal in a dominant fashion. He averaged 4.8 points per game. The team is considered one of the greatest in sports history and was inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame, FIBA Hall of Fame, and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Post-NBA basketball
<mask> maintains a close friendship with Duke teammate Brian Davis. They have pursued several business ventures together, including real-estate development in Durham, a Major League Soccer team, and an unsuccessful attempt to purchase the Memphis Grizzlies.Some legal problems, primarily regarding unpaid debts, have also occurred. Since 2011 he has operated numerous youth basketball training camps. He also played one season in a semi-pro league and briefly served as an assistant coach in the NBA Development League. For The Z Team, an Olympic Channel reality show that has former Olympic athletes help struggling sports teams, he worked with the Garinger High School boys basketball team for a week. Personal life
Laettner lives in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, and is an avid musky fisherman. He is divorced with three children. He has donated large sums to his

masks: Laettner Laettner Laettner


texts:
<mask> (born 12 August 1950 in Sydney) is an Australian Honorary Professorial Fellow at the University of Wollongong, Australia. Past appointments included Professorial Research Fellow with the Faculty of Education and Social Work and a core member of the CoCo Research Centre at the University of Sydney in Sydney, Australia. His research and teaching interests include literacy education, classroom interaction and quantitative and qualitative research methods. He has served on numerous Australian State and Commonwealth literacy education and assessment advisory groups. <mask>, with Allan Luke, originated the Four Resources Model of literacy education. Personal history and career
<mask> was born on 12 August 1950 in Sydney, Australia. He received his Bachelor of Arts (Honours 1st Class) in Education from the University of Sydney in Sydney, Australia in 1973.He received his Diploma in Education from the Sydney Teacher's College in 1973 and his Teaching Certificate from the New South Wales Department of Education in 1974. In 1980 <mask> received his PhD from the School of Education, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. After receiving his Diploma in Education in 1973, he taught for a year at Normanhurst Boys High School in New South Wales, Australia before taking a position as lecturer at the Center for Behavioral Studies in Education, University of New England, New South Wales from 1975–1977. He served as a research assistant at the Center

masks:
Peter Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody


texts:
 for the Study of Reading at the University of Illinois from 1977–1979 and as a Visiting Research Associate at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Stanford, California from 1979–1980. Returning to Australia in 1981, <mask> took a position as Lecturer, and in 1985 he became a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Behavioral Studies in Education, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales. From 1992 to 2002 he was a professor with the Faculty of Education at Griffith University in Brisbane, Queensland. In 2003 he moved to Singapore as Professor and Deputy Dean (Research) at the Centre for Research in Pedagogy and Practice, National Institute of Education (part of Nanyang Technological University). Returning to Australia in 2005, <mask> took a position as Professor in the School of Education at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia.In 2007 he accepted a Professorial Research Fellowship at the University of Sydney. Journals and other bodies
His work has appeared in journals such as Reading Research Quarterly, Harvard Educational Review, and the American Educational Research Journal. He has also contributed numerous invited entries in international handbooks and encyclopedias on literacy, critical literacy, and research methodology. He has served on numerous Australian state and national advisory groups in the area of literacy education, and was senior consultant on the national on-line curriculum initiative conducted by the

masks: Freebody Freebody


texts:
 Curriculum Corporation. He was 2015-2016 Chair of the International Literacy Association's Research Panel, and 2014 recipient of that Association's WS Gray award for contributions to literacy education internationally. Four Resources Model
In the early 1990s, Allan Luke and <mask> of Griffith University introduced the Four Resources Model in literacy education. This model seeks to reconcile the debates among Whole Language, Phonics, critical literacy and others.This model postulates that in order to be a fully literate citizen, a person needs:
 coding competence (the ability to decode text, i.e. phonics)
 semantic competence (the ability to make meaning, i.e. comprehension)
 pragmatic competence (every day, functional literacy, i.e. writing a check, reading the newspaper, filling out a job application, etc.) critical competence (the ability to critically select and analyze texts, i.e. avoiding scams, determining reliable sources of information, etc.) Luke and Freebody assert that no one of these resources is sufficient by itself but that each is essential.Further, the resources are not meant to indicate a sequence of instruction. Different resources should be present in instruction in varying amounts, depending upon the needs of the students. Luke has also stated that critical competence, far from being an upper level topic, can begin to be developed in year one of education and before. References

Suggested further reading

Austin, H., Dwyer, B. & <mask>, P.

masks:
Peter Freebody
Freebody


texts: (2001). Schooling the child: the making of students in classrooms. London: Routledge-Falmer.(pp. viii+209). <mask>, P. (1992). A socio-cultural approach: Resourcing four roles as a literacy learner. In A. Watson & A. Badenhop (Eds. ), Prevention of reading failure (pp. 48–60).Sydney: Ashton-Scholastic. <mask>, P. (2003). Qualitative Research in Education: Interaction and Practice. London: Sage Press. (pp. xiv + 234). <mask>, P. Forrest, T. & Gunn, S. (2001) Accounting and silencing in interviews: Smooth running through the 'problem of schooling the disadvantaged'.In P<mask>, S. Muspratt & B. Dwyer (eds.) Difference, silence, and textual practice: Studies in critical literacy. New Jersey: Hampton Press (pp. 119–151). <mask>, P., Martin, J.R. & Maton, K. (2008).Talk, text, and knowledge in cumulative, integrated learning. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 31, 188–201. <mask>, P. & Freiberg, J.(2011). Teaching and learning critical literacy: Beyond the 'show of wisdom'. In M. Kamil, P.D. Pearson, E.B. Moje, & P. Afflerbach (Eds.) International Handbook of Reading Research, International Reading Association, Mahwah, New York: Routledge. (pp.432–453). <mask>, P. (2013). School knowledge in talk and writing: Taking 'when learners know' seriously. Linguistics and Education, 24, 64–74. <mask>, P. (2016). Critical literacy education: 'the supremely educational event.' In B.V. Street & S, May (Eds.)Encyclopedia of Language and Education: Literacies and Language

masks:
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
. Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody


texts:
 Education, 3rd Edition, (pp. 1–13). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Scientific. <mask>, P. (2017). Evidence and culture in the global literacy education competition - and other possibilities. In A. Lian, P. Kell, P. Black, & Lie, K-Y. (Eds.)Challenges in global learning: Dealing with education issues from an international perspective, (pp. 70–94). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <mask>, P. (2019). What kind of knowledge can we use? Scoping an adequate program for literacy education. In R. Cox, S. Feez, & L. Beveridge (Eds.)The alphabetic principle and beyond: Surveying the landscape, (pp. 32–47). Newtown, NSW: Primary English Teaching Association of Australia. <mask>, P. (2019). Being literate in 'Australian': The future can. In J. Rennie & H. Harper (Eds.) Literacy education and Indigenous Australians, (pp.313–332). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Nature. <mask>, P. & Kindenberg, B. (2019). Critical literacy: Pedagogy, diversity, and the digital environment. In K. Alden (Ed.) Literacies and multilingualism (pp.276–290). Stockholm, Sweden: National Centre for Swedish as an Additional Language. External links
GoogleScholar
University of Sydney website
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Education
CoCo Research Centre at The University of Sydney
Centre for Research in Pedagogy and Practice National Institute of Education
Center for the Study of Reading

Australian educational theorists
University of Sydney faculty
1950 births
Living

masks: Freebody Freebody Freebody Freebody


texts:
<mask> (also <mask>, <mask>; 1535 – 6 May 1596) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance, active in Italy. Intimately connected with the progressive musical center of Ferrara, he was one of the leaders in developing the style of the late Renaissance madrigal. He was one of the most influential of late sixteenth-century madrigal composers, particularly on Claudio Monteverdi, and his later music was formative on the development of music of the early Baroque era. Life

Little is known about his early life, except that he was from Flanders, from either the vicinity of Ghent or Weert, near Antwerp. As a boy he went to Avellino in southern Italy, near Naples, where he became a choir boy in the chapel of Maria di Cardona, Marchesa of Padulla. Maria was the wife of Francesco d'Este, Marchese di Massalombarda, a captain under Charles V; Francesco was a son of the notorious Lucrezia Borgia, and her husband Alfonso I d'Este. Francesco was often in France and adjacent areas on military campaigns, and as an adjunct to these adventures he brought musically talented youths back to Italy with him.<mask>'s association with the Este family was to endure through most of his life. Sometime before 1550 he began his association with the Gonzaga family. Most likely around 1550 he moved to Novellara, a town in what is now the Province of Reggio Emilia, as a musician in the service of a branch of the Gonzagas; a previous suggestion that he may have been in Rome has not been securely established. Novellara in the mid-sixteenth century was a significant musical center under its local

masks:
Giaches de Wert
Jacques Jaches de Wert
Giaches de Vuert
Wert


texts: branch of the Gonzaga family. Alfonso I built a theatre and staged dramatic performances at his castle, with his young Flemish choirmaster in charge. Relations between the Gonzaga and Este families were close, and in the early 1550s Wert traveled at least once to Mantua and Ferrara, centers of musical activity in the late sixteenth century, where he met the renowned madrigalist Cipriano <mask>, who was the most influential figure on his early musical style. While in Novellara, <mask> married Lucrezia Gonzaga and raised a family, having at least six children.<mask> stayed in Novellara until the early 1560s, at which time he accepted the position of maestro di cappella for the main Gonzaga chapel in Milan; however, he did not stay long there, moving in 1565 to Mantua where he became maestro di cappella at the chapel of Santa Barbara. It was in Mantua that Lucrezia, <mask>'s wife, began an affair with Agostino Bonvicino, a Mantuan composer who was <mask>'s competitor at Santa Barbara. When this affair was discovered in 1570, she was forced to leave Mantua, with <mask> remaining behind. <mask> persisted in his job, despite the censure of the choir for being a cuckold. However, Lucrezia's subsequent misfortunes exceeded those of Wert. On returning to Novellara, she became sexually involved with Claudio, an illegitimate son of Count Francesco of Novellara, and took part in a plot to murder his uncle on the death of his father as an attempt to gain his inheritance and title; while Claudio escaped justice, Lucrezia was caught with some of the other conspirators, and she died in

masks:
de Rore
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert


texts: prison in 1584. While <mask> endured the humiliating situation in Mantua through the late 1560s, he kept his job: he was to remain at least nominally maestro di cappella in Mantua until 1592.The 1560s were productive years for <mask> musically, as he produced his first four books of five-voice madrigals during this time, and his first book for four voices. The dedications are significant: one is to Gonzalo <mask> Córdoba, Duke of Sessa, and in the dedicatory preface <mask> thanks him for the opportunity to lead his choir. (<mask> Córdoba was Governor of Milan from 1558 to 1560.) During the late 1560s <mask> had several offers of employment elsewhere, but turned them down. The most significant came in Augsburg in 1566, where <mask>'s spectacular ability to improvise counterpoint engendered an offer to join the imperial court in Prague, serving Maximilian II, the Holy Roman Emperor. The next job offer he refused came from Parma the next year, the home of the Farnese family. However he became increasingly close to the Este court in Ferrara during the 1570s and 1580s, without actually becoming employed there.While the two courts were closely connected by marriage and mutual interchange of musicians, Ferrara was a place with a profoundly different outlook from Mantua: Ferrara was progressive, while Mantua was supportive of the Counter-Reformation; the progressive tendencies of Ferrara better fitted <mask>'s musical inclinations. <mask> had a good time there; so much so that his employer in Mantua sent a strongly worded letter on 22 December 1584 demanding his immediate return

masks:
Wert
Wert
Fernández de
Wert
Fernández de
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert


texts:
 to his post. <mask>, however, had fallen in love with the widowed Tarquinia Molza, the most famous female singer and poet in Italy, who was a lady-in-waiting at the Este court, so he endeavored to spend as much time as possible in Ferrara. This was the same year that Lucrezia, <mask>'s wife, died in prison in Novellara. Tarquinia, unlike <mask>, but like Lucrezia, was a member of the nobility, and when her affair with <mask> was found out in 1589 – their affair was plagued with spies, and their love-letters opened – she was banished to Modena. <mask> may have been previously married to nobility, but in Ferrara he was still a servant, and his affair was considered as scandalous there as was Lucrezia's in Mantua. <mask> first became ill with malaria in 1582, and ill-health was to bedevil him for the rest of his life.Even so, he remained musically productive, writing a coronation mass for Duke Vincenzo Gonzaga in 1587, and numerous madrigals for the concerto delle donne, the renowned group of musical ladies of Ferrara, who were virtuoso singers. In 1592, Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi took over his post as maestro di cappella in Mantua, and in August 1595 he dedicated his last book of madrigals. <mask> died in 1596 in Mantua, in his house near the ducal palace; his tomb is near to that of his contemporary Francesco Rovigo, in the crypt of Santa Barbara, beneath the church where he worked for many years. Music and influence

Secular music
While Wert wrote both sacred and secular music, as well as a handful of instrumental fantasias, his madrigals were by far the most famous portion

masks: Wert Wert Wert Wert Wert Wert Wert


texts: of his output during his lifetime. He wrote approximately 230, which he published in sixteen separate books spread across a half-century, from 1558 to the final posthumous collection in 1608. His madrigal books are almost all for five voices, although he published one book in 1561 for four, and the posthumous collection of 1608 includes pieces ranging from four to seven voices. <mask>'s early style was heavily influenced by Cipriano <mask>, the renowned mid-century madrigalist active at Ferrara.<mask>'s first three books show some features typical of Rore's writing, such as chromaticism, word-painting, and, according to Alfred Einstein, an "indifference to everything merely formal and ... [a] striving for the most intense expression." In the manner of Adrian Willaert's madrigals, he also explored distant tonal regions, while avoiding jarring harmonic progressions. In addition, he showed a preference for a declamatory, homophonic style, which he refined later in his career into a seconda prattica manner influential on Monteverdi, and he also showed a liking for high voices – something which turned out to be a defining characteristic of the music-making at the Este court in Ferrara. The poems he chose to set for his early books include examples by Pietro Bembo, Petrarch and Ariosto. <mask>'s style at mid-career began to change away from the Rore manner towards one more closely aligned with the Venetians, such as Andrea Gabrieli. Pure homophony became more common in his works, and he began to exploit registral and textural contrasts rather than switch from polyphony to

masks:
Wert
de Rore
Wert
Wert


texts: homophony; in addition, his lines became more lyrical. His preferred poets changed as well: while early in his career he had used Bembo and Petrarch, and later Ariosto, he shifted to Guarini and Torquato Tasso.In his sixth book of madrigals for five voices (1577), he included three madrigal cycles, an innovation which was to become a prominent musical subgenre near the end of the century. The cycles include two canzoni by Petrarch and a capitolo by Ariosto; they are set in a declamatory manner, thereby including a treatment of vocal lines which foreshadowed monody, and <mask>'s own later works. Once <mask> made the acquaintance of the virtuoso singing ladies of Ferrara, the concerto delle dame, he began to write madrigals for them in an appropriate style – with elaborate parts for three high voices, often containing separate blocks for high and low voices, and the most virtuosic singing required in the topmost part. His music during this period was influenced by the other composers working in Ferrara, including Luzzasco Luzzaschi, and his favorite poets of the time were those most closely associated with Ferrara – Tasso and Guarini. In his tenth book of madrigals (1591), six of the compositions may have been intended for a solo singer with instrumental accompaniment, in the manner of the monodies which were one of the forerunners of opera. The late music is tonal, anticipating the changes in musical language of the early Baroque, during which functional tonality crystallized out of the pre-tonal universe of the late Renaissance; in addition these late compositions are

masks: Wert Wert


texts:
 mainly homophonic, with only occasional polyphonic passages appearing as an animating contrast. An influence from the Venetians is his occasional use of the concertato style, with groups of voices in dialogue.For his final madrigal book published in his lifetime, the eleventh, he set passages from Guarini's Il pastor fido, one of the most popular texts for musical setting of the era. The final collection published under <mask>'s name came out posthumously in 1608, and contained pieces for four to seven voices. One of its madrigals was a setting of Guarini's notorious Tirsi morir volea, an obscene poem that Einstein called "worthless, indeed contemptible", and "...more obscene than the coarsest mascherata, the most suggestive canto carnascialesco, or the most impertinent chanson ... could not be more removed from true poetry" but yet which was the most-often set individual poem of the late sixteenth century. It portrayed a nymph and a shepherd attempting, by speeding up and slowing down, to achieve simultaneous orgasm, with multiple double entendres on "death" and "dying"; the popularity of this poem was enormous. <mask> wrote his setting in 1581. Sacred music
<mask> wrote a considerable amount of sacred music, but little of it was published during his lifetime. He published only three books of motets, one in 1566 and the other two in 1581; a few of his works, such as the Missa Dominicalis appeared in anthologies with the music of other composers.His other six masses remained in manuscript, as did the majority of the music he wrote for Santa Barbara in Mantua. Most likely

masks: Wert Wert Wert


texts:
 this was because he was commissioned to write that music, such as his cycle of 127 hymns, specifically for that institution, and his publisher was in Venice. The style of his sacred music varies from simple homophony, designed for absolute clarity of textual expression in conformance with the dictates of the Council of Trent (as Mantua was a center of the Counter-Reformation, this was to be expected), to motet settings similar in expressive intensity to his madrigals including passages of surprising chromaticism not unlike that of Gesualdo. This is particularly true in the 1581 collections: Ascendente Jesu, for example, contains colorful examples of text-painting such as he used in the works he was composing for the Ferrarese court at the time. All of Wert's works, both sacred and secular, have been compiled and edited by Carol MacClintock and M. Bernstein in CMM series xxiv. Sacred music
Most remained in manuscript. However, the following were published:
 Motectorum liber primus (Venice 1566; five voices)
 Il secondo libro de motetti (Venice 1581; five voices)
 Modulationum liber primus (Venice 1581; six voices)
 Numerous other works published separately or in anthologies, between 1563 and 1609.Recordings
 Heavenly Spheres, CBC Records, MVCD 1121, sung by Studio de musique ancienne de Montréal. Contains two six-voice motets by Wert, Ascendente Jesu in naviculam and Peccavi super numerum. "Vox in Rama", Signum, sung by Collegium Regale, the choral scholars of King's College, Cambridge, under Stephen Cleobury. Contains the entire second book of motets. O mors, quam amara


texts:
 est – Brilliant Classics 94684 (2014). First book of motets, sung by Collegium Musicum Amsterdam, under Anthony Zielhorst. Madrigali a cinque voci – Harmonia Mundi HMC901621 (1997).Selection from various books of madrigals, sung by Cantus Cölln, under Konrad Junghänel (lute). Notes

References
 Allan W. Atlas, Renaissance Music:  Music in Western Europe, 1400–1600. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998. "Giaches de Wert", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.Alfred Einstein, The Italian Madrigal. Three volumes. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1949. Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. Wistreich, Richard. Warrior, Courtier, Singer: Giulio Cesare Brancaccio and the Performance of Identity in the Late Renaissance.Ashgate Publishing, 2007. External links

The Italian Madrigal Resource Center Master List of Composers, "Wert, Giaches de"

1535 births
1596 deaths
Belgian classical composers
Belgian male classical composers
Flemish expatriates in Italy
Flemish composers
16th-century Franco-Flemish composers
Madrigal composers
People from East Flanders
Renaissance


texts:
<mask> (14 January 1830 – 10 January 1912) was a winemaker in the McLaren Vale, South Australia. He has been called the "Father of the South Australian Wine Industry". History
<mask> was born in Gittisham in Devon. He and Joanna Holbrook, whom he later married, arrived in South Australia on the British Empire on 14 August 1850. While on the voyage he acted as schoolmaster to the boys on board, while one Mrs. J. Gillard is reported as having taught the girls, however that name does not appear on passenger lists. He soon found work with John Reynell at Reynella Farm, and learned much of winemaking from the German fellow-workers. After two years he left for the goldfields of Victoria, where he was quite successful working with a butcher and droving cattle to the diggings from Yankalilla.He then started work on a station near Normanville. In 1853 he purchased a property of  on the River Torrens which he called "Bankside", now Underdale, near the present Hardys Road. In 1854 he planted  of fruit trees, mainly oranges, and  of Shiraz vines which he enlarged in 1856, then added an acre of Muscatel table grapes in 1861. He made his first wine in 1857 and exported two hogsheads to England in 1859, one of the first exports of wine from South Australia. By 1863 his vineyards covered  of Grenache, Mataro, Muscat, Roussillon, Shiraz and Zante grapes. He also purchased grapes from other vignerons in the Adelaide area. By 1879 his vintage had reached 27,000 gallons (100,000 litres).He purchased "Brookside" of  at Marion, South Australia in April 1862, planted it with grapes and put

masks:
Thomas Hardy
Thomas Hardy


texts: John Western in charge. Western was followed in 1884 by son-in-law Arthur Quick, who took it over in 1910. In 1874 <mask>, with A. M. Bickford and Sons, W. N. Crowder and others founded a bottle works in Chief Street, Brompton which began production in 1875, and eventually became the South Australian Glass Works Co. Ltd. The Tintara winery at McLaren Vale was built by Dr. Alexander Charles Kelly and purchased by <mask> in 1877 and was used for wine production until 1927. In 1878 or 1879 he expanded his McLaren Vale holding by purchasing a disused flour mill and the Bellevue Hotel (both of which still stand). He started Adelaide's first wine bar. In 1881 he built a four-storey warehouse, head office and bottling cellars "Tintara House" (demolished 1961) at 87–89 Currie Street.In 1887 he founded Thomas Hardy and Sons Ltd. with his three sons James J<mask>, <mask>. <mask> and Robert B<mask>, and Joseph Rowe Osborn. <mask> planted specimens of various grape varieties at Adelaide Botanic Gardens, but these were subsequently removed to provide more open space for recreation purposes. He founded a jam manufacturing company with premises at Dequetteville Terrace later occupied by Adelaide Malting and Brewing Company and now a block of luxury apartments. The Mile End cellars were built in 1893. Around this time Thomas Hardy and Sons were South Australia's largest wine producers. The Bankside winery was destroyed by fire in 1904. It was not rebuilt.He oversaw the destruction of a Geelong, Victorian vineyard infected with Phylloxera and was a prime mover in writing the Phylloxera

masks:
Hardy
Hardy
. Hardy
Thomas N
Hardy
. Hardy
Hardy


texts:
 Act of 1879. Later developments
Around 1910 management of the company passed to his son Robert, followed in 1928 by Robert's nephew (<mask>' grandson) <mask> <mask>. Bankside was sold to F. G. Gill. The homestead was demolished in 1962. In 1976 the company acquired Emu Wines with a high export profile and vineyards in Western Australia. Hardy's had  at McLaren Vale and other vineyards at Dorrien, Keppoch and Waikerie. Personal
Member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society for many years, and in 1904 was elected president.Member of the Chamber of Manufactures
Member of the Agricultural Bureau
Member of the West Torrens School Board of Advice
Member of the Winegrowers Association
Member of the West Torrens Council

Family
His sister Martha (ca. 1830 – 25 May 1909) married Frederick Stoward. In 1854 he married Joanna or Johanna Holbrook (ca. 1827 – 24 January 1868). He married a second time, to his cousin <mask> (ca. 1834 – 27 November 1886) of Colyton, Devon on 29 September 1869. His children included:

Anna Elizabeth (3 January 1854 – 15 May 1931), a nurse, was her father's aide and companion.James Joseph "Jim" (30 October 1855 – 14 June 1904)
Caroline Adelaide (1857 – 5 June 1885) married Arthur Quick of "Brookside", <mask> Nathaniel "Tom" (ca. 1862 – 15 June 1911) married J. L. "Louie" Mayfield ( – 12 October 1910) of "Ivanhoe", Kensington on 12 November 1889
<mask> ( – )
Tom Mayfield <mask> (ca. 1892 – 25 October 1938) Chairman and managing director 1924–1938. Killed near Mount Dandenong in crash of plane "Kyeema" with Hugo Gramp of Orlando and Sydney

masks:
Thomas
Thomas Mayfield
Hardy
Eliza Hardy
Marion Thomas
Dorothy Hardy
Hardy


texts:
 Hill Smith of Yalumba wineries
<mask> (29 November 1932 – )
Robert Burrough "Bob" ( – 16 August 1927) married Esther Lavinia Simpson of Gilberton on 5 January 1893. Managing director 1912–1924. Robert Cyril (26 June 1894 – 7 May 1917 died in action, France)
<mask> <mask> (23 May 1900 – 13 November 1970) managing director 1938 to 1965; succeeded by <mask> <mask> Mary (ca. October 1877 – 30 July 1878)
youngest daughter Eliza J<mask> ( – 3 March 1911) married William V. Anstis of Ballarat, Victoria

Recognition
At the Adelaide Exhibition of 1881 he was awarded a trophy valued at 100 guineas awarded by Sir Edwin Smith for the "exhibit of greatest national importance to the State".Sources
Bishop, Geoffrey C. The Vineyards of Adelaide Lynton publications, Blackwood, South Australia
O'Neill, Sally, '<mask>, <mask> (1830–1912)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hardy-thomas-3716/text5767, accessed 7 September 2012. References

External links
 http://www.hardys.com.au/pages/hardys/hardys.jsp

Australian winemakers
1830 births
1912 deaths
People from East Devon District
English emigrants to

masks:
James Hardy
Kenneth Thomas
Hardy
Thomas Walter
Hardy Gertrude
. Hardy
Hardy
Thomas


texts:
<mask> (; 17 January 1501 – 10 May 1566), sometimes spelled <mask>, was a German physician and botanist. His chief notability is as the author of a large book about plants and their uses as medicines, a herbal, which was first published in 1542 in Latin. It has about 500 accurate and detailed drawings of plants, which were printed from woodcuts. The drawings are the book's most notable advance on its predecessors. Although drawings had been used in other herbal books, <mask>'s herbal book proved and emphasized high-quality drawings as the most telling way to specify what a plant name stands for. The botanical genus Fuchsia is named in his honour and consequently the colour fuchsia. Biography
<mask> was born in 1501 in Wemding in the Duchy of Bavaria.After attending a school in Heilbronn, <mask> enrolled at the University of Erfurt. In 1521 he became Magister Artium at the University of Ingolstadt, and received his medical doctorate there in 1524. From 1524 to 1526, he practised as a doctor in Munich, until he received a chair of medicine at the University of Ingolstadt in 1526. From 1528 to 1531, he was the personal physician of Georg, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach in Ansbach. <mask> was called to Tübingen by Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg in 1533 to help in reforming the University of Tübingen in the spirit of humanism. He created its first medicinal garden in 1535 and served as chancellor seven times, spending the last thirty-one years of his life as professor of medicine. <mask> died in Tübingen in 1566.For the 500th anniversary of his birth, a glass and steel pavilion was opened in 2001 in the Botanischer Garten der Universität Tübingen. Scientific views
Like

masks:
Leonhart Fuchs
Leonhard Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs
Fuchs


texts:
 his medieval predecessors and his contemporaries, <mask> was heavily influenced by the three Greek and Roman writers on medicine and materia medica, Dioscorides, Hippocrates, and Galen. He wanted to fight the Arab hegemony in medicine, as it had been transmitted by the Medical School of Salerno, and to "return" to the Greek authors. But he saw the importance of practical experience as well and offered botanical field days for the students, where he demonstrated the medicinal plants in situ. He founded one of the first German botanical gardens. Eponymy (proper name)
Fuchs' name is preserved by the plant Fuchsia, discovered in the Dominican Republic in the Caribbean in 1696/97 by the French scientist and Minim monk Charles Plumier. He published the first description of " Fuchsia triphylla, flore coccineo" in 1703.It is sometimes thought that the color fuchsia is also named for Fuchs, but that derives from fuchsine, an early trade name for the dye rosaniline hydrochloride, which produces a brilliant pink-purple color. Magenta is another competing trade name for the same dye in England. The dye was given the name of fuchsine in France by its original manufacturer Renard frères et Franc to capitalize both on the increasing popularity of the genus Fuchsia in fashionable gardens and the fact that Renard in French and Fuchs in German both mean fox. An 1861 article in Répertoire de Pharmacie in fact confirms that the name was simply chosen for these two reasons and irrelevant of the actual colors of any flowers in the genus Fuchsia. Publications

 Errata recentiorum medicorum ("Errors of recent doctors") (Hagenau, 1530), his first publication, in which he argued for the


texts:
 use of "simples" (herbs) rather than the noxious "compounds" of arcane ingredients concocted in medieval medicine. De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes ("Notable commentaries on the history of plants", Basel, 1542), his great herbal, which was offered, with varying degrees of fidelity to his text, as "New Kreüterbuch" in a German translation (1543), "New Herbal" in English, "Den nieuwen Herbarius, dat is dat boeck van den cruyden" (1543) in Dutch. <mask> tried to identify the plants described by the classical authors.Over a decade, <mask> began to prepare for the publication of his herbal. He stocked the garden attached to his house with rare specimens
solicited from friends around Europe, and he assembled a large botanical library. The book contains the description of about 400 wild and more than 100 domesticated plant species and their medical uses ("Krafft und Würckung") in alphabetical order: <mask> made no attempt at presenting them in a natural system of classification. The first reports of Zea mays and of chili peppers were among the exotic new species. The text is mainly based on Dioscorides. The book contains 512 pictures of plants, largely growing locally, in woodcuts. The illustrators were  and Albrecht Meyer, the woodcutter Veit Rudolph Speckle, portraits of whom are contained in the volume.It was printed at the famous shop of Michael Isengrin in Basel. Its appeal to gardeners, botanists, bibliophiles, and the casual
viewer was immediate, while the clarity of its plant pictures continues to define a standard for botanical illustrators. Eyn Newes hochnutzlichs Büchlin/und Anothomi eynes auffgethonen augs/auch seiner erklärung bewerten

masks: Fuchs Fuchs Fuchs


texts:
 purgation/Pflaster/Tollirien/Sälblin pulvern unnd wassern/wie mans machen und brauchen sol (A new, very useful book and anatomy of the open eye/also an explanation of useful purgatives/plasters/poultices/salves, powders and waters/how one should make and use them), 1539. Alle Kranckheyt der Augen (All diseases of the eye), 1539. <mask>'s books on the anatomy of the eye and its diseases were among the standard references on this subject during this period. All in all, <mask> <mask> wrote more than 50 books and polemics. See also
Learned medicine
Medical Renaissance
History of herbalism
Lactofuchsin mount

References

External links

Historical editions
 New Herbal (English title)
 De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes (German edition, 1542).From Rare Book Room. De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes hand-coloured first edition (1542) in Cambridge Digital Library
 Den nieuwen Herbarius, dat is dat boeck van den cruyden (Dutch edition, 1543). "New Herbal", extracts, English, Glasgow Library Archive/
 Plate from Eyn Newes hochnutzlichs Büchlin (PDF)
Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by <mask> <mask> in .jpg and .tiff format. Modern editions
Klaus Dobat/Werner Dressendorfer (eds.) Leonhart Fuchs: The New Herbal of 1543 (Taschen 2001). Frederick Meyer/Emily Trueblood/John Heller (eds.) The Great Herbal of <mask> Fuchs: De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes, 1542: Vol 1 & 2.(Stanford University Press 1999). Botanists with author abbreviations
1501 births
1566 deaths
German Renaissance humanists
16th-century German physicians
16th-century German botanists
Pteridologists
People

masks: Fuchs Leonhart Fuchs Leonhart Fuchs Leonhart


texts:
<mask> (March 30, 1889 – January 9, 1947) was a German-American character actor. He acted in more than 120 films and many of his parts were uncredited. Biography

<mask> was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was son of the opera singer <mask> (1865-1919) and Frieda Seckback (1869-1939), and brother of actor <mask> (1893-1967), <mask> (1895-1976), and <mask>. He was married to Carla Lichtenstein and had one daughter. <mask> began his career at the circus, at age 16, and vaudeville showing comedic talent. In 1921 he made his film debut in "Ciska Barna, die Zigeunerin".He was production chief of several films in Germany before he went to America, in 1923, with director Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau as Murnau's interpreter and assistant director. He also worked under John Ford and Frank Borzage, before establishing himself as a successful character actor well known for his wild-eyed facial expressions and thick German accent. He provided the voice for the Ringmaster in Walt Disney's Dumbo (1941). The start of World War II in Europe caused all things German to be unpopular with audiences. His German accent was no longer in demand in the years following World War II. He became increasingly depressed in the mid-1940s, as he was unable to secure work in Hollywood, and committed suicide by gunshot in 1947. Filmography

 Ciska Barna, Die Zigeunerin (1921)
 Sunrise (1927) as Streetcar Conductor (uncredited)
 4 Devils (1928)
 Married in Hollywood (1929) as German Director
 A Song of Kentucky (1929) as Jake Kleinschmidt
 The Three Sisters (1930) as Von kosch
 Show Girl in Hollywood (1930) as Mr. <mask> – Otis' Assistant
 Anna Christie (1930) as Larry – the Bartender (uncredited)
 Men Behind

masks:
Herman Bing
Bing
Max Bing
Gustav Bing
Clara Bing
Erna Bing Swarzchild
Bing
Bing


texts:
 Bars (1931) as Lawyer
 Women Love Once (1931)
 The Great Lover (1931) as Losseck
 The Guardsman (1931) as A Creditor
 Private Lives (1931) as Train Conductor (uncredited)
 Men of Chance (1931) as Fritz Tannenbaum (uncredited)
 Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932) as Franz Odenheimer (uncredited)
 Are You Listening?(1937, Short)
 Beg, Borrow or Steal (1937) as Von Giersdorff – aka <mask>
 Every Day's a Holiday (1937) as Fritz Krausmeyer
 Paradise for Three (1938) as Mr. Polter
 Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) as Monsieur Pepinard
 Four's a Crowd (1938) as Barber
 Vacation from Love (1938) as Oscar Wittlesbach
 The Great Waltz (1938) as Dommayer
 Sweethearts (1938) as Oscar Engel
 Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940) as Silhouettist (uncredited)
 Public Deb No. 1 (1940) as Dutchman (uncredited)
 Bitter Sweet (1940) as Market Keeper
 Dumbo (1941) as The Ringmaster (voice, uncredited)
 The Devil with Hitler (1942, Short) as Louis
 The Captain from Köpenick (completed in 1941, released in 1945) as City Hall guardian Kilian
 Where Do We Go from Here? (1945) as Hessian Col. / Von Heisel
 Breakfast in Hollywood (1946) as <mask> (uncredited)
 Rendezvous 24 (1946) as Herr Schmidt
 Night and Day (1946) as Ladisaus Smedick – 2nd 'Peaches' (uncredited) (final film role)

References

External links

 Portrait of the Actor <mask> by Thomas Staedeli
 Behind the Voice Actors- <mask>
 Columbia Shorts Dept- <mask>
 Genealogy -<mask>

1889 births
1947 deaths
German emigrants to the United States
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
German male film actors
German male voice actors
Actors from Frankfurt
People from Hesse-Nassau
Suicides by firearm in California
20th-century German male actors
1947

masks:
Count Herman
Herman
Herman Bing
Herman Bing
Herman Bing
Herman Bing


texts:
<mask> (,  Ivanova, Иванова; 25 October 192611 December 2012) was a Russian soprano opera singer and recitalist who was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1966. She was the wife of cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, and mother to their two daughters, Olga and Elena Rostropovich. Biography
<mask> was born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg). She made her professional stage debut in 1944 singing operetta. After a year studying with Vera Nikolayevna Garina, she won a competition held by the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow (with Rachmaninoff's song "O, Do Not Grieve" and Verdi's aria "O patria mia" from Aida) in 1952. The next year, she became a member of the Bolshoi Theatre. On 24 March 1957, she made her debut in Finnish National Opera as Tatyana in Eugene Onegin.On 9 May 1960, she made her first appearance in Sarajevo at the National Theatre, as Aida. In 1961, she made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Aida; the following year she made her debut at the Royal Opera House with the same role. For her La Scala debut in 1964, she sang Liù in Turandot, opposite Birgit Nilsson and Franco Corelli. In addition to the roles in the Russian operatic repertoire, Vishnevskaya also sang roles such as Violetta, Tosca, Cio-cio-san, Leonore, and Cherubino. Benjamin Britten wrote the soprano role in his War Requiem (completed 1962) specially for her, though the USSR

masks:
Galina Pavlovna Vishneskaya
Vishnevskaya


texts: prevented her from traveling to Coventry Cathedral for the premiere performance. The USSR eventually allowed her to leave in order to make the first recording of the Requiem. <mask> was married to the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich from 1955 until his death in 2007; they performed together regularly (he on piano or on the podium).Both she and Rostropovich were friends of Dmitri Shostakovich, and they made an electrifying recording of his opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk for EMI. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, a friend and an ally in various causes, lived at their dacha for about three years from 1968, at a time when he was closely watched by the KGB and had become an official non-person; the home of the two acclaimed musicians offered safety and freedom from the risk of being spied on at home. In 1974, the couple asked the Soviet government for an extended leave and left the Soviet Union. Eventually they settled in the United States and Paris. In 1982, the soprano bade farewell to the opera stage, in Paris, as Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin. In 1987, she stage directed Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tsar's Bride in Washington, D.C. In 1984, Vishnevskaya published a memoir, Galina: A Russian Story (), and in 2002, she opened her own opera theatre in Moscow, the "Galina Vishnevskaya Opera Centre".In 2006, she was featured in Alexander Sokurov's


texts:
 documentary Elegy of a life: Rostropovich, Vishnevskaya. In 2007, she starred in his film Alexandra, playing the role of a grandmother coming to see her grandson in the Second Chechen War. The film premiered at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. In the last week of her life, Russian President Vladimir Putin honoured her with the First Class Order of Merit for the Fatherland. On 11 December 2012, Vishnevskaya died at the age of 86 in Moscow. She was married three times. Her first marriage was to Georgy Vishnevsky, a sailor.She retained his family name after their divorce. Her second marriage was to the violinist and director of the Leningrad Light Opera company, Mark Rubin, who also served as her manager. This second marriage produced a son, who died at age 2 months, and lasted 10 years before ending in divorce. Her daughters survive her. Recordings
Vishnevskaya made many recordings, including Eugene Onegin (1956 and 1970), Mussorgsky's Songs and Dances of Death (1961 and 1976), Britten's War Requiem (with Sir Peter Pears and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, conducted by the composer; 1963), The Poet's Echo (1968), Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov (1970 and 1987), Puccini's Tosca (1976), Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades (with Regina Resnik, 1976), Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (1978), Tchaikovsky's Iolanta (with Nicolai Gedda, 1984), and Prokofiev's War and


texts: <mask><mask> (5 July 1895 – 15 February 1981) was a Dutch politician of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) and later the Labour Party (PvdA) and jurist. In 't Veld worked as civil servant for municipality of Dordrecht from August 1910 until October 1914 and for the municipality of Rotterdam from October 1914 until December 1936 as Municipal clerk from January 1936 until December 1936. In 't Veld applied at the Leiden University in June 1921 majoring in Law and obtaining an Bachelor of Laws degree in July 1923 and worked as a student researcher before graduating with an Master of Laws degree in July 1926 and later got a doctorate as an Doctor of Law on 1 July 1929. In 't Veld served on the Provincial-Council of South Holland from June 1931 until January 1937. In December 1936 In '<mask> was nominated as Mayor of Zaandam, taking office on 1 January 1937. In '<mask> was elected as a Member of the Senate after the Senate election of 1937, taking office on 8 June 1937. On 10 May 1940 Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands and the government fled to London to escape the German occupation.During World War II In '<mask> continued to serve as a Member of the Senate but in reality the de facto political influence of the Senate was marginalized. On 4 March 1941 In '<mask> was removed from office as Mayor by the German occupation authority. Following the end of World War II In '<mask> was reinstated as Mayor of Zaandam, taking office on 7 May 1945. Following the return of the government-in-exile Queen <mask> ordered a Recall of Parliament and In '<mask> remained a Member of the Senate, taking office on 20 November 1945. In '<mask> was appointed as Minister of Reconstruction and Housing in the Cabinet Beel I following the appointment of Lambertus Neher as Special Representative to the Dutch East Indies, taking office on 1 March 1948. After the Senate election of 1948 In '<mask> returned briefly as a Member of the Senate, serving from 28 July 1948 until 8 August 1948. After the election of 1948 In '<mask> continued as Minister of Reconstruction and Housing

masks:
Joris in '
t Veld
t Veld
t Veld
t Veld
t Veld
t Veld
Wilhelmina
t Veld
t Veld
t Veld
t Veld


texts:
 in the Cabinet Drees–Van Schaik, taking office on 7 August 1948.The Drees–Van Schaik cabinet fell on 24 January 1951 and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until the cabinet formation of 1951 when it was replaced by Cabinet Drees I with In '<mask> remaining as Minister of Reconstruction and Housing, taking office on 15 March 1951. In April 1952 In '<mask> announced that he wouldn't stand for the election of 1952 but wanted tot return to the Senate. After the Senate election of 1952 In '<mask> returned as a Member of the Senate, taking office on 15 July 1952. After the election of 1952 In '<mask> was not giving a cabinet post in the new cabinet, the Cabinet Drees I was replaced by the Cabinet Drees II on 2 September 1952 and he subsequently was selected as Parliamentary leader of the Labour Party in the Senate the same day. he also served as a Professor at Leiden University, Member of the Council of State, administer at Humanitas and the Humanistisch Verbond, and one of the founders of the public administration in the Netherlands. As Minister of Reconstruction and Public Housing in the first Beel cabinet and first Drees cabinet he established the Reconstruction Bill. Biography
In 't <mask> was born in Dubbeldam (now part of Dordrecht), in the same village where his father Cornelis in 't Veld was born and had worked as labourer and later greengrocer.After attending the mulo (junior high school) he started working as civil servant in the town hall of Dordrecht. He continued his studies in his spare time completing the training for municipal candidate in 1916, and in 1921 passing the state examination. Beside his work he continued to study law at Leiden University from 1921 until 1926. On 11 July 1929 he obtained his doctorate in law at the Leiden University with a thesis entitled "Nieuwe vormen van decentralisatie." (New forms of decentralization). After his first job at the municipality of Dordrecht from 1910 to 1914, he moved to Municipality of Rotterdam, where he initially start as clerk at Public Works. He gradually got promoted in the

masks:
t Veld
t Veld
t Veld
t Veld
Veld


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 civil service until he became acting municipal secretary and head of the Housing Department from 1936 to 1937.A year later in 1937 he succeeded Kornelis ter Laan as mayor of Zaandam. In addition to his personal career In 't Velds had gained interest in politics. As a young man he had certain sympathy for anarchism and communism, but he switched after Troelstra's failed revolution attempt in November 1918 and joined the Social Democratic Workers Party (SDAP). He was active in the local branch of the party and in the Institute for Development Workers, where late 1920s he chaired the Rotterdam Chapter. Late-1920s he became more active in the SDAP, and was elected Member of the Senate in 1931 and served until 1937. Besides Mayor of Zaandam, In 't Veld was Member of the Senate just before and World War II, and from 1952 to 1964. In 1948 he became Minister of Reconstruction and Housing.After 1952, In '<mask> started his academic career. After holding a series of lectures on housing at the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague, he was included in the staff of this institution in 1954. In 1955 directed the faculty administration. From 1957 to 1965 he was Professor at the Leiden University. Personal
In 1922 <mask> married Antje Peeters, and they had a son and two daughters. His son was the Delft Professor Jan in 't Veld (1925–2005). A daughter Cornélie "Corrie" in 't Veld married Roel de Wit, Mayor of Alkmaar from 1970 until 1976 and the Queen's Commissioner of North Holland from 1976 until 1992.After the death of Antje Peeters in 1966, <mask> <mask> 't Veld remarried the same year with Ellen Elisabeth ten Brink. He was made a Knight in the Order of the Dutch Lion in 1946, Commander of the Order of Orange Nassau in 1952, and Commander of the Order of the Dutch Lion in 1963. Work

Political career
In 't Veld was from 1931 to 1937 member of the Provincial Council of South Holland. In 1937 he became a member of the Senate for the SDAP. He was Minister of Reconstruction and Housing for the Labour Party in the first Beel cabinet and first Drees cabinet he

masks:
t Veld
Joris
Joris
in


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 established the Reconstruction Bill. He interpellated in 1953 as Minister Senator dark about the escape of seven war criminals. He was a moderate Orangist.Mayor of Zaandam
In 't Veld mayor of Zaandam was from 1937 to 1941, and later from 1945 to 1948. After his first appearance in a relatively short time he acquired great popularity, particularly by his attitude during World War II. Conflicts with the Germans and especially the NSB were bound and on 4 March 1941, shortly after the February strike, followed his dismissal, he was succeeded by NSB mayor Cornelis van Ravenswaay. After the capitulation on 5 May 1945, he was immediately reinstalled as mayor. This continued until his appointment as Minister of Reconstruction and Housing. On his retirement in 1948, In 't Veld an honorary citizen of Zaandam, there was also a park named after him. Minister of Reconstruction and Housing
As Minister of Reconstruction and Housing was in 't Veld the first postwar minister seriously interested in planning.The construction of new houses only slowly rose after World War II, partly due to the lack of good and affordable building material. In the 1930s In '<mask> as Minister of Housing had been spectre of mass unemployment and again feared for further unemployment in the construction industry. For this reason In 't Veld pleaded for a gradual approach to tackling the housing shortage. The policy of the government prioritised the construction of utilities for business. Under his rule the houses production increased significantly but the housing shortage experience defy him and his successors. The homebuilding got under In 't Veld the highest priority and surpassed the 90,000 homes per year. However, the growth in demand exceeded supply, as the number of persons per household decreased.Many of the houses were built with a solid state. Humanitas
Just after the war, the foundation Humanitas founded on 31 May 1945 and In 't Veld became its first president. He expressed the mission of Humanitas as "No help offered from above, but help born from a sense of solidarity, and


texts:
 responsibility for the needs of neighbours in distress." In 't Veld was himself a convinced modern humanist and from its founding until 1954 a member of the Executive Board of the Humanistisch Verbond (HV). Under his chairmanship of Humanitas from 1945 to 1963 he has worked sought merger between the two organisations. In '<mask> was personally convinced that social work could only be fruitful when thrives are based on a philosophy of life. His plans for cooperation are torpedoed by the members and delegates at Humanitas conferences.Together with the politician and first president of the Humanistisch Verbond Jaap van Praag he kept promoting the idea of the Humanist Movement. Public Administration
At older age In 't Veld regularly published articles on administrative law and administrative and political issues. He was an expert of constitutional and administrative law, and authored with H.A. Brasz and A. Kleijn the Inleiding tot de bestuurswetenschap (Introduction to Public Administration) and as sole author the 1979 Beginselen van behoorlijk bestuur (Principles of good governance). This book covered topics such as service quality, capacity, equality, trust, interests and motivation. In 't Veld proposed a classification, similar to the one by <mask>e in 1968, who defined :
 The principle that prohibits (apparent) partiality
 The obligation of hearing
 The obligation to state reasons
 The prohibition of arbitrary
 The prohibition of "détournement de pouvoir" (misuse of powers)
 The principle of legal certainty
 The principle of care
 And equality
The 1968 subdivision of In ' t Veld was similar, only he conceived the principle of impartiality and the right to be heard together principle into the principle of "fair play." Publications
In 't Veld authored dozens of articles and books.A selection:
 1929, Nieuwe vormen van decentralisatie
 1932–34, De inrichting van onzen staat gezien van sociaaldemocratisch standpunt. Amsterdam. 1936, Nog steeds: naast de rode de blauwe vaan. Utrecht
 1938, Bestuursinrichting van de Wieringermeer Alphen aan den Rijn

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t Veld
Belinfant


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 1945, Economische en sociale ordening. Amsterdam
 1950, De betekenis der gemeente voor de toekomst van West-Europa. Heemstede
 1953, Krotopruiming en vernieuwing van bebouwde kernen. 's-Gravenhage
 1962, Inleiding tot de bestuurswetenschap with H.A.Brasz en A. Kleijn. 1968, Essays in administration. 's-Gravenhage
 1970, Vooruitziende bestuurswetenschap. Een futurologische verkenning. 's-Gravenhage
 1972, Ons staatsbestuur in een stroomversnelling, 's-Gravenhage. 1979, Beginselen van behoorlijk bestuur, Zwolle. 1980, Planning als maatschappelijke vormgeving, J. in 't Veld (red.).Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus. Decorations

References

External links

Official
  Dr. J. (Joris) in 't Veld Parlement & Politiek
  Dr. J. in 't Veld (PvdA) Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal

1885 births
1981 deaths
Anti-poverty advocates
Commanders of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
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Dutch corporate directors
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Mayors in North Holland
Members of the Provincial Council of South Holland
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Senate (Netherlands)
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People from Dordrecht
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Scholars of administrative law
Social Democratic Workers' Party (Netherlands) politicians
Writers about activism and social change
Writers about communism
Writers from Rotterdam
Writers from The Hague
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
20th-century Dutch civil servants
20th-century Dutch jurists
20th-century Dutch male writers
20th-century Dutch


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<mask> (born September 28, 1975, as <mask>; , ) is an American former backstroke swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and former world record holder. He swam in the 2000 and 2004 Olympics, winning a total of four Olympic gold medals. Early years
<mask> is Jewish, and was born to Jewish parents in Odessa (then Soviet Union, now Ukraine). <mask> and his family left the Soviet Union in 1989 for the United States. They settled in Los Angeles. After their immigration, <mask>'s family suffered from financial difficulties. He had to commute by bus and on foot 45 minutes each way to swimming practice, and did not get home before 9:30 in the evening.In addition, <mask> had to cope with language problems, and to study English rapidly in order to understand his coaches' instructions. Thankfully he was aided by the extensive Russian community in Los Angeles, and managed to adapt quickly. College
<mask> first attended Fairfax High School, and then attended Santa Monica College where he won both the 100 and  backstroke junior college titles. His coach at Santa Monica recognized his talent and recommended him to Mark Schubert at the University of Southern California. <mask> transferred to USC. In 1995, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Three years later, he became the first swimmer since 1986 to sweep the backstroke events, 100 m & 200 m, in the World Championships.In 1999, <mask> broke the 50, 100 and the 200 m world records respectively, setting the clock on 24.99, 53.60 and 1:55.87. He was then recognized as the top backstroke swimmer in the world and one of the best in the history of this swimming style. He continued to dominate at the 2000 Summer Olympics

masks:
Lenny Krayzelburg
Leonid Krayzelburg
Krayzelburg
Krayzelburg
Krayzelburg
Lenny
Lenny
Lenny
Krayzelburg


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 backstroke, shattering the Olympic record and nearing his own 1999 world record with 53.72 in the 100, while making another Olympic record in the 200 with a 1:56.76. He also played an important role in helping the American team win a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay with a new world record of 3:33.73. Maccabiah Games
After the Olympics <mask> decided to skip the 2001 World Championships that took place in Fukuoka, Japan, in order to focus on the 2001 Maccabiah Games in Israel. Being Jewish, <mask> wanted to take this once-in-a-lifetime chance to compete with other top Jewish athletes. In addition, he wanted to fulfill a childhood dream by visiting the holy land, and lifting the American delegate flag during the games' opening ceremony.He was selected to carry in the flag for the United States at the opening ceremonies. He then earned gold and set a new Maccabiah record in the 100-meter backstroke. He also won a gold medal in the 4×100-meter medley relay. At the 2017 Maccabiah Games, in the special 4x50m relay race between Israeli and American all-star teams, American Olympic champions <mask>, Jason Lezak (four Olympic golds), and Anthony Ervin (three Olympic golds), with masters swimmer Alex Blavatnik, swam a time of 1:48.23 and defeated Israeli Olympians Guy Barnea, Yoav Bruck, Eran Groumi, and Tal Stricker, who had a time of 1:51.25. Difficulties, perseverance
A couple of months later he had to undergo surgery on his left shoulder, following a fall while running on a treadmill, after which he had to take a year off swimming. In September 2003, Krazelburg split from his coach Mark Schubert, to start training under Dave Salo, who also coached Aaron Peirsol.

masks: Krayzelburg Krayzelburg Krayzelburg


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 Peirsol was considered by many to be <mask>'s successor.Working with Salo, <mask> changed the style of his stroke, particularly due to his shoulder injuries. Success
This turn in <mask>'s career proved to be successful. He finished second in the American trials for the 100 meters event to secure a place in the 2004 Athens Olympics, alongside training partner, Aaron Peirsol. His good shape enabled him to reach the finals. He came into this final knowing this might be his career's last, but missed out on a medal by just 2/100 of a second, with a qualitative result of 54.38, whereas Peirsol won gold with 54.06. <mask> made up for the upset by helping the American team to win yet another Olympic gold in the 4 x 100 m relay, despite not swimming in the final of this event (he swam in the preliminary round, while Peirsol took his spot in the final). <mask> is known as one of the physically strongest swimmers around, and for his powerful arm strokes, a product of his training regimen and bodybuilder-esque physique.He is  tall and weighs just above . <mask> owes many of his career achievements to his father Oleg, who has often encouraged him, even when <mask> wanted to quit at the age of 14. He enjoys reading as well as working with computers. <mask> was named Sportsman of the Year by the United States Olympic Committee in 1998, and was chosen USA Swimmer of the Year each of the following two years. In 2001, he was inducted into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame and USC Hall of Fame. See also

 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
 List of select

masks: Krayzelburg Krayzelburg Krayzelburg Krayzelburg Krayzelburg Lenny Lenny Krayzelburg


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 Jewish swimmers
 List of University of Southern California people
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men)
 World record progression 50 metres backstroke
 World record progression 100 metres backstroke
 World record progression 200 metres backstroke
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
American male backstroke swimmers
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
World record setters in swimming
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish swimmers
Maccabiah Games gold medalists for the United States
Maccabiah Games medalists in swimming
Competitors at the 2001 Maccabiah Games
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Sportspeople from Odessa
Odessa Jews
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Swimmers from Los Angeles
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Ukrainian emigrants to the United States
USC Trojans men's swimmers
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Goodwill Games medalists in swimming
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
21st-century American


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<mask> (2 April 1819 – 8 November 1897), also known as <mask>, was the first Mayor of Christchurch in New Zealand in 1868. A nurseryman by profession, he had large landholdings in Christchurch. His reputation was dented by a fraud conviction, and when he was subsequently elected onto the city council once more, five councillors resigned in protest. Early life
<mask> was born in Castle Douglas in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. He was the eldest child of Jane Thomson and her husband, <mask>. He arrived in New Zealand in August 1850 at Port Chalmers on the ship Mariner, and travelled to Nelson, Wellington and Auckland before arriving in Lyttelton in late July 1851. The Mariner left London on 7 April 1850 and arrived at Port Chalmers on 6 August 1850.He married <mask> on 19 November 1856; she was 20 at the time of their wedding, 17 years his junior. His wife was the daughter of John and <mask>, who arrived in Lyttelton with their seven children in December 1850 on one of the First Four Ships, the Randolph. <mask> was found dead four days after arrival, having possibly died from heat exhaustion. Her mother Isabella worked as a draper and had a shop on Colombo Street, Christchurch. The <mask>s had 13 or 14 children, and <mask> would later testify that he began beating her by the time she was pregnant the second time: "He beat me black and blue." Their oldest son was <mask> (born ca. 1856), and their second son was Charles James.Professional life
In Scotland, <mask> was an apprentice as a nurseryman and worked as an overseer on estates. His first nursery in New Zealand, Bricks

masks:
William Barbour Wilson
Cabbage Wilson
Wilson
William Wilson
Elizabeth Williams
Isabella Williams
John Williams
Wilson
Isabella Williams
William John
Wilson


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 Farm, was next to The Bricks , a locality on the Avon River in central Christchurch. <mask> lived at The Bricks for his first five years in Christchurch. Next, he owned the block of land bounded by Cashel, Madras, Lichfield and Manchester streets; this was later known as Bedford Row and is its name to the present day. He bought up land in sought after areas for his nurseries and then operated them until the land became too valuable, and he subdivided it for development. At its maximum, he held 18 acres in the central city. He specialised in shelter plants and hedges and became the dominant nurseryman in Christchurch.He was one of the first in New Zealand to publish product catalogues. He later held land in the suburb of Waltham. Apart from his extensive landholdings, he had a general trading company, a real estate and auctioneering business, a controlling stake in the Halswell quarries (purchased in 1876), and a half partnership in the trading vessel Rifleman. In 1876 <mask> was accused of fraud and as it was usual in those days, the court proceedings of well-known people were reported in fine detail in the newspapers. He lost the case on all counts and this brought to an end <mask>'s public life, with him resigning from his various roles. Political career
<mask> had an active political life. He was a member of the Canterbury Provincial Council on the 4th Council from June 1864 to May 1866, representing the Kaiapoi electorate despite being a Christchurch resident.He then represented the City of Christchurch electorate on the 5th Council from June 1866 to March 1870.

masks: Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson


texts: Before 1916, elections for Christchurch City Council were held annually. He was elected onto the town and later city council four times: in 1862, 1867, 1868 and 1878. In 1867, he was nominated for a position on the city council by a current city councillor, the publican George Ruddenklau. In the subsequent council meeting, it was again Ruddenklau who nominated (or seconded; sources differ) <mask> as chairman of the town council, and he was declared elected without other nominations being put forward. The town council held a meeting on 10 June 1868 to elect its first mayor. In those days, the councillors elected one of their group as mayor, i.e.the position was not elected at large (by the voting public) as is the case today. The following councillors attended the meeting: <mask>, James Purvis Jameson, T. Tombs, George Ruddenklau, Henry Thomson, W. A. Sheppard, W. Calvert and John Anderson, who chaired the meeting. Thomson moved that <mask> be elected as the first mayor of Christchurch, and Tombs seconded the motion. The chairman put the motion to the meeting and it was carried unanimously. With the meeting, the council had brought itself under the Municipal Corporations Act 1867. On 16 December 1868, the town council held its annual general meeting. Councillor Anderson was elected unanimously as the second mayor of Christchurch.Although Canterbury was an Anglican settlement, the first three mayors were all Presbyterian Scotsmen; <mask> in 1868, followed by John Anderson in 1869 and Andrew Duncan in 1870. <mask> stood for election to the city council once more in 1878,

masks:
Wilson
William Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson


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 i.e. after his fraud conviction. At the candidates' meeting, <mask> argued with the current mayor, Henry Thomson, who acted as chairperson at the meeting, about the order of proceedings. Three positions were available contested by eight candidates, and James Gapes, <mask>, and Aaron Ayers were returned. Over the next day, five of the existing councillors handed in their resignation in protest over <mask>'s election: <mask>, <mask>, George Ruddenklau, James Jameson, and <mask> Bickerton. Radcliffe tried to withdraw his resignation, but this was not accepted by the mayor.Five new councillors were elected in a by-election the next month. Councillors were elected for one year at the time, and <mask> retired at the September 1879 election, when he did not stand again. Private life and death
<mask> was involved with several clubs and societies. For many years, he chaired the Christchurch Horticultural Society. He was the first president of the Christchurch Poultry, Bantam & Pigeon Club. He was responsible for the construction of the first Town Hall in Christchurch's High Street. After he split from his wife, he tried to break into her house, but was stopped by Dr John Frankish, his brother-in-law.<mask> was arrested soon afterwards. <mask> died in 1882. <mask> died on 8 November 1897. He was buried at Linwood Cemetery. Notes

References

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1819 births
1897 deaths
Mayors of Christchurch
Burials at Linwood Cemetery, Christchurch
New Zealand horticulturists
Christchurch City Councillors
19th-century New Zealand politicians
People from Castle Douglas
Scottish emigrants to

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Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
William Pratt
William Radcliffe
Alexander William
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Isabella Williams
Wilson


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I<mask>  (born May 23, 1950) is an internationally known author and public speaker, and is recognized as one of the world's leading experts on gambling and gaming law. He is currently a Professor Emeritus at Whittier College and a Visiting Professor at the University of Macau. <mask> is best known for his internationally syndicated column and 1986 book, Gambling and the Law. Impact on legal gambling
In 1979, while still a student at Harvard Law School, <mask> developed the theory of the Third Wave of Legal Gambling. Examining the dates when laws had been enacted in the past, he concluded that legal gambling had twice before swept the nation. He correctly predicted that state lotteries, casinos and other forms of gambling would once again be made legal in the United States. According to the theory, legal gambling will continue to spread, until it is once again outlawed. .The Third Wave of Legal Gambling theory inspired both entrepreneurs and governments to expand legal gaming, in part because it showed how much money could be made by the initial operators. "Suppose Prohibition of alcohol had just been repealed. The hypothetical owner of the first and only liquor store in a state would make a fantastic return on investment." The Third Wave of Legal Gambling theory explains why the states differ so much in their approaches to gaming. <mask> showed the legal problems created by prohibitions in state constitutions dating from the 19th century on lotteries. For example, in 1990, the Mississippi Supreme Court discussed <mask>'s Third Wave of Legal Gambling theory in oral argument, concluding that that state's ancient constitutional ban on "lotteries" did not prevent the Mississippi Legislature from legalizing charity bingo. The next year the Legislature authorized casinos, making Mississippi the third leading casino state, after Nevada and New Jersey.<mask> has also been involved in other major developments involving legal gambling in the U.S. and abroad. He has worked with governments and

masks:
. Nelson Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose


texts: industry in legalizing and regulating casinos, poker, bingo and lotteries. . He also was instrumental in the introduction of contests of skill and subscription and other games with free alternative means of entry. He wrote the legal opinion for PurePlay.com, the world's largest no-purchase-necessary poker site. <mask>'s testimony led to the introduction of Texas hold 'em and Pai Gow Poker into California cardrooms in the 1980s;  His work with tribes and suppliers on the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act and in testifying on what is legal on Indian land helped lead to the creation of the modern tribal bingo hall and casino. In 1999, the California Supreme Court cited Gambling and the Law in striking down Proposition 5, which had won the most expensive initiative campaign battle in the nation's history, and which would have legalized tribal casinos as "lotteries." In 2006, the first NAFTA tribunal involving gaming adopted <mask>'s testimony, on behalf of the federal government of Mexico, on what constituted a slot machine as opposed to a game of skill.The North Dakota Supreme Court also adopted his position on what is a slot machine. The California Supreme Court adopted his testimony on what constituted a banking game, closing down the State lottery's Keno. In "Compulsive Gambling and the Law",  <mask> described how the views of society, and thus of the law, toward problem gambling are changing. In his writings and public presentations, he explained how courts and lawmakers were struggling with the concept that a person might bet too much because they were ill, rather than because they were morally weak. He incorporated the California Counsel on Problem Gambling, wrote the bill providing funding for the Texas Counsel on Problem Gambling. In 1990, he argued the case of Erickson v. Desert Palace, Inc., before the Ninth Circuit, on behalf of a 19-year-old boy who was denied a million-dollar slot machine jackpot by Caesars Palace, and asked the U.S. Supreme Court to hear the appeal. <mask> was

masks: Rose Rose Rose Rose


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 instrumental in getting governments and operators to put in place protections for compulsive and underage gamblers.<mask> is the co-author of "Internet Gaming Law" (1st  and 2nd  editions), Blackjack and the Law, and the first casebook on the subject, "Gaming Law: Cases and Materials". He was instrumental in having gaming law recognized as a legitimate field of study, and co-authored Gaming Law in a Nutshell in 2012, and the second edition in 2017. <mask> was co-editor-in-chief of the Gaming Law Review & Economics for more than 12 years and is now editor emeritus. He is a consultant to governments and industry and has testified as an expert witness on gaming in administrative, civil and criminal cases, and international arbitrations. Education and legal practice
<mask> graduated from UCLA with a B.A. in 1973 and with a J.D. in 1979 from Harvard Law School.Immediately following graduation from Harvard, <mask> moved to Hawaii to practice law. He passed the Hawaii and California bars and has also been admitted to practice in federal courts, including Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and the United States Supreme Court. While in Hawaii, <mask> established the state's first eye bank, the Hawai'i Lions Eye Bank & Makana Foundation, in 1981. He helped get state law changed to allow donor stickers on drivers' licenses and permit trained nurses to harvest tissue. <mask> served as legal counsel to the eye bank from 1981-1983. . Teaching
<mask> joined what was then named Whittier College School of Law in 1973 as a Visiting Assistant Professor. Over the years, he was promoted to Full Professor with tenure.In Fall 1983, <mask> developed and taught the first law school class on Gaming Law. Today there are at least 31 law schools with courses in Gaming Law, as well as graduate business schools and undergraduate colleges, many using the casebook <mask> co-authored. In 1993-1994, <mask> became the first Visiting Scholar for the University of Nevada-Reno's Institute for the Study of Gambling and

masks: Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose


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 Commercial Gaming. His Gaming Law classes were open to undergraduates, graduate students, and practicing lawyers and regulators. At that time, Nevada had no law school, so <mask> was the only person teaching Gaming Law in the nation's leading state for legal gaming. In 2004, <mask> taught a seminar on International Gaming Law for Whittier Law School's Summer Abroad program in China. He taught the same class the following years in Spain and France.He also taught classes on gaming law to the FBI; at colleges in Slovenia; and, at UNR's professional training courses in Reno, Tahoe and Macau. <mask> began co-teaching, with Professor Jorge Godinho, a graduate level class in Gaming Law at the Masters and Postgraduate Programs in International Business Law at the University of Macau in 2007. Most of the students have law degrees from China, Macau or countries in the Portuguese-speaking world, such as Angola and East Timor. <mask> has taught the course every summer, in May or June, since 2007. He has also participated as the lead judge for students defending their Masters' theses on issues related to legal gambling. Consultant and expert witness
<mask> has testified as an expert witness in administrative, civil and criminal cases, and international arbitrations throughout the United States, in Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, including the first NAFTA tribunal on gaming issues. He has acted as a consultant to major law firms, international corporations, licensed casinos, Indian tribes, and local, state and national governments, including the states of Arizona, California, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, New Mexico, Texas; the District of Columbia; the provinces of Ontario and Québec; the Lao People's Democratic Republic; and the federal governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States.<mask>'s clients include regulators, such as the Arizona Department of Gaming, the Delaware State Lottery (regulates sports books and racinos), the Illinois

masks: Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose Rose


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 Gaming Board, the Texas Comptroller (regulated bingo) and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement. He has also worked with the largest operators, including Nevada and Atlantic City casinos, California cardrooms, state and national lotteries, race tracks, Indian tribes and online gambling operators. <mask> has testified as an expert on legal gambling before the California Legislature, Hawaii House of Representative's Finance Committee, New Mexico Legislature and Oregon Governor's Task Force on Gaming. He has worked with the Florida State Senate on Indian gaming, the Florida Department of Business & Professional Regulation's Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering on poker rooms, and the Washington State Gambling Commission on casinos. <mask> has testified as an expert in cases involving casino gaming; lotteries, including keno and the New York and California State Lotteries; bingo, including mechanical devices in Texas and California; Indian gaming; skill versus chance; the meaning of gambling terms and the legality of proposed games. He has been cited in numerous published court decisions, including quoted by the Supreme Courts of North Dakota and California. Public speaking
With the rising interest in gambling throughout the world, <mask> has addressed such diverse groups as the National Conference of State Legislatures, Congress of State Lotteries of Europe and the National Academy of Sciences.He has presented scholarly papers on gambling in Nevada, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, Canada, England, Australia, Antigua, Portugal, Italy, Argentina, Norway, and the Czech Republic. Publications
<mask> began writing his internationally syndicated column, "Gambling and the Law", in 1983 for Gambling Times magazine. He later self-syndicated the column to other publications, both on and off the Internet, directed at laymen and professionals interested in the legal gambling industries. In 1991, he was granted the federal trademark on "Gambling and the Law"  "For: syndicated and featured articles