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 (loan)
He was loaned out to League Two club Bury on a three-month loan in September 2009. He scored his first professional goal on 29 September, in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road.After the match manager Alan Knill tipped him for a big future at Gigg Lane, however this would be his only goal for the "Shakers" in 17 appearances. Rotherham United (loan)
He joined League Two club Rotherham United on a six-month loan deal in July 2010 as manager Ronnie Moore needed replacements for injured strikers <mask> and Ryan Taylor. He featured seven times for the "Millers" without scoring a goal. He struggled with hamstring problems and came in for some harsh criticism from Moore, who nicknamed him 'sicknote' and said he "is always injured and he will not play with any bit of pain so he has to grow up". Hamilton Academical
Elliott signed a short-term deal with Scottish Premier League side Hamilton Academical in January 2011. Manager Billy Reid hoped <mask> would provide the goals to keep the "Accies" in the SPL, however he failed to hit the net and made only one start and six substitute appearances during his time at New Douglas Park. He was released in May 2011 following the club's relegation into the First Division.Stockport County

<mask> went on trial with Bradford City, who offered him a contract in June 2011. However he did not sign the contract, and instead joined Dietmar Hamann's Stockport County, along with Hamilton teammate Jon Routledge, in August 2011. He had a poor start to his time at Edgeley Park but began to settle in at the club after manager Jim Gannon changed formation to improve service to him. <mask> was joint-leading goalscorer for County for the 2011–12 season, with eight goals in all

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 competitions, and chose to leave the club in the summer after rejecting the offer of a new contract. Cambridge United
Elliot was signed in May 2012 by then United manager, Jez George, on a two-year contract. On 4 December, he scored a hat-trick in a 4–2 win over Ebbsfleet United at Stonebridge Road. He ended the 2012–13 campaign with 16 goals in 33 games.He struggled with injury and featured in only 14 Conference Premier games in the 2013–14 season. He did though play the first 77 minutes of the play-off Final victory over Gateshead at Wembley Stadium, before being taken off for Adam Cunnington. On 3 February 2015, he hit the post against Manchester United in a 3–0 FA Cup defeat at Old Trafford. He finished the 2014–15 season with eight goals in 34 appearances but was one of 12 players not offered a new deal when his contract expired. AFC Wimbledon
<mask> joined AFC Wimbledon on 2 July following his release from Cambridge; the length of this deal was not announced. He got his first league goal for Wimbledon against his former club Cambridge, despite them going on to lose 2–1. He played a part in getting Wimbledon promoted to League 1 on Monday 30 May 2016, where he started in Wimbledon's 2–0 win over Plymouth in the Play-Off Final.In the 2016–17 season, Elliot was named AFC Wimbledon player of the season, scoring 10 goals in all competitions. He was the club's joint top scorer, along with other striker Lyle Taylor. When his contract ran out, recently promoted Millwall of the  Championship agreed terms with <mask> on a free transfer. Millwall
<mask> agreed a deal with Millwall on 30 May following his contract expiry from AFC Wimbledon; the length of this deal was 2 years. He scored his first goals for Millwall when

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 he scored twice in a 2-0 EFL Cup win against Stevenage on 8 August 2017. Salford City
After his Millwall contract expired, <mask> signed a -year deal with Salford City on 9 January 2020. On his debut for Salford he scored the winning goal in an EFL Trophy tie against Accrington Stanley on 21 January.His first league goal came on 1 February against Port Vale, scoring a header to equalise for Salford in a 1–1 draw. Bradford City (loan)
On 27 January 2022, <mask> joined League Two rivals Bradford City on loan until the end of the 2021–22 season. He had trialled with the club, unsuccessfully, in 2011.

International career
<mask> made his debut for the England under-16 team against Tunisia on 15 April 2006. He made his debut for the England under-18 team against Austria on 16 April 2008. Style of play
Using his height and athleticism Elliot is extremely strong aerially and has a good work rate. Career statistics

Honours

Club
Cambridge United
Conference Premier play-offs: 2014

AFC Wimbledon
Football League Two play-offs: 2016

Individual
AFC Wimbledon Player of the Year: 2016–17

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
English footballers
Footballers from Leeds
Association football forwards
England youth international footballers
Leeds United F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C.players
Bury F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
AFC Wimbledon players
Millwall F.C. players
Salford City F.C.players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
National League (English football) players
Black British sportspeople
People educated at Mount St Mary's Catholic High


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<mask> (; 2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. His best-known works include Demian, Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, and The Glass Bead Game, each of which explores an individual's search for authenticity, self-knowledge and spirituality. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Life and work

Family background
<mask> was born on 2 July 1877 in the Black Forest town of Calw in Württemberg, German Empire. His grandparents served in India at a mission under the auspices of the Basel Mission, a Protestant Christian missionary society. His grandfather <mask> compiled a Malayalam grammar and a Malayalam-English dictionary, and also contributed to a translation of the Bible into Malayalam in South India. <mask>'s mother, Marie Gundert, was born at such a mission in South India in 1842.In describing her own childhood, she said, "A happy child I was not..." As was usual among missionaries at the time, she was left behind in Europe at the age of four when her parents returned to India. <mask>'s father, <mask>, the son of a doctor, was born in 1847 in Weissenstein, Governorate of Estonia in the Russian Empire (now Paide, Järva County, Estonia). <mask> belonged to the Baltic German minority in the Russian-ruled Baltic region: thus his son <mask> was at birth a citizen of both the German Empire and the Russian Empire. <mask> had five siblings, but two of them died in infancy. In 1873, the <mask> family moved to Calw, where Johannes worked for the Calwer Verlagsverein, a publishing house specializing in theological texts and schoolbooks. Marie's father, <mask> (also the namesake of his grandson),

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 managed the publishing house at the time, and <mask> succeeded him in 1893. <mask> grew up in a Swabian Pietist household, with the Pietist tendency to insulate believers into small, deeply thoughtful groups.Furthermore, <mask> described his father's Baltic German heritage as "an important and potent fact" of his developing identity. His father, <mask> stated, "always seemed like a very polite, very foreign, lonely, little-understood guest". His father's tales from Estonia instilled a contrasting sense of religion in young <mask>. "[It was] an exceedingly cheerful, and, for all its Christianity, a merry world... We wished for nothing so longingly as to be allowed to see this Estonia... where life was so paradisiacal, so colourful and happy." <mask>'s sense of estrangement from the Swabian petite bourgeoisie grew further through his relationship with his maternal grandmother Julie Gundert, née Dubois, whose French-Swiss heritage kept her from ever quite fitting in among that milieu. Childhood
From childhood, <mask> was headstrong and hard for his family to handle. In a letter to her husband, <mask>'s mother Marie wrote: "The little fellow has a life in him, an unbelievable strength, a powerful will, and, for his four years of age, a truly astonishing mind.How can he express all that? It truly gnaws at my life, this internal fighting against his tyrannical temperament, his passionate turbulence [...] God must shape this proud spirit, then it will become something noble and magnificent – but I shudder to think what this young and passionate person might become should his upbringing be false or weak." <mask> showed signs of

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texts: serious depression as early as his first year at school. In his juvenilia collection Gerbersau, <mask> vividly describes experiences and anecdotes from his childhood and youth in Calw: the atmosphere and adventures by the river, the bridge, the chapel, the houses leaning closely together, hidden nooks and crannies, as well as the inhabitants with their admirable qualities, their oddities, and their idiosyncrasies. The fictional town of Gerbersau is pseudonymous for Calw, imitating the real name of the nearby town of Hirsau. It is derived from the German words gerber, meaning "tanner", and aue, meaning "meadow". Calw had a centuries-old leather-working industry, and during <mask>'s childhood the tanneries' influence on the town was still very much in evidence.Hesse's favourite place in Calw was the St. Nicholas Bridge (Nikolausbrücke), which is why a Hesse monument was built there in 2002. <mask>'s grandfather <mask>, a doctor of philosophy and fluent in multiple languages, encouraged the boy to read widely, giving him access to his library, which was filled with the works of world literature. All this instilled a sense in <mask> that he was a citizen of the world. His family background became, he noted, "the basis of an isolation and a resistance to any sort of nationalism that so defined my life". Young <mask> shared a love of music with his mother. Both music and poetry were important in his family. His mother wrote poetry, and his father was known for his use of language in both his sermons and the writing of religious tracts.His first role model for becoming an artist was his half-brother, Theo, who rebelled against the

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 family by entering a music conservatory in 1885. <mask> showed a precocious ability to rhyme, and by 1889–90 had decided that he wanted to be a writer. Education

In 1881, when <mask> was four, the family moved to Basel, Switzerland, staying for six years and then returning to Calw. After successful attendance at the Latin School in Göppingen, <mask> entered the Evangelical Theological Seminary of Maulbronn Abbey in 1891. The pupils lived and studied at the abbey, one of Germany's most beautiful and well-preserved, attending 41 hours of classes a week. Although <mask> did well during the first months, writing in a letter that he particularly enjoyed writing essays and translating classic Greek poetry into German, his time in Maulbronn was the beginning of a serious personal crisis. In March 1892, <mask> showed his rebellious character, and, in one instance, he fled from the Seminary and was found in a field a day later.<mask> began a journey through various institutions and schools and experienced intense conflicts with his parents. In May, after an attempt at suicide, he spent time at an institution in Bad Boll under the care of theologian and minister Christoph Friedrich Blumhardt. Later, he was placed in a mental institution in Stetten im Remstal, and then a boys' institution in Basel. At the end of 1892, he attended the Gymnasium in Cannstatt, now part of Stuttgart. In 1893, he passed the One Year Examination, which concluded his schooling. The same year, he began spending time with older companions and took up drinking and smoking. After this, <mask> began a bookshop apprenticeship in Esslingen am Neckar, but quit after

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 three days.Then, in the early summer of 1894, he began a 14-month mechanic apprenticeship at a clock tower factory in Calw. The monotony of soldering and filing work made him turn himself toward more spiritual activities. In October 1895, he was ready to begin wholeheartedly a new apprenticeship with a bookseller in Tübingen. This experience from his youth, especially his time spent at the Seminary in Maulbronn, he returns to later in his novel Beneath the Wheel. Becoming a writer

On 17 October 1895, <mask> began working in the bookshop in Tübingen, which had a specialized collection in theology, philology, and law. <mask>'s tasks consisted of organizing, packing, and archiving the books. After the end of each twelve-hour workday, <mask> pursued his own work, and he spent his long, idle Sundays with books rather than friends.<mask> studied theological writings and later Goethe, Lessing, Schiller, and Greek mythology. He also began reading Nietzsche in 1895, and that philosopher's ideas of "dual…impulses of passion and order" in humankind was a heavy influence on most of his novels. By 1898, <mask> had a respectable income that enabled financial independence from his parents. During this time, he concentrated on the works of the German Romantics, including much of the work of Clemens Brentano, Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, Friedrich Hölderlin, and Novalis. In letters to his parents, he expressed a belief that "the morality of artists is replaced by aesthetics". During this time, he was introduced to the home of Fräulein von Reutern, a friend of his family's. There he met with people his own age.His relationships with his

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texts: contemporaries were "problematic", in that most of them were now at university. This usually left him feeling awkward in social situations. In 1896, his poem "Madonna" appeared in a Viennese periodical and <mask> released his first small volume of poetry, Romantic Songs. In 1897, a published poem of his, "Grand Valse", drew him a fan letter. It was from Helene Voigt, who the next year married Eugen Diederichs, a young publisher. To please his wife, Diederichs agreed to publish <mask>'s collection of prose entitled One Hour After Midnight in 1898 (although it is dated 1899). Both works were a business failure.In two years, only 54 of the 600 printed copies of Romantic Songs were sold, and One Hour After Midnight received only one printing and sold sluggishly. Furthermore, <mask> "suffered a great shock" when his mother disapproved of "Romantic Songs" on the grounds that they were too secular and even "vaguely sinful". From late 1899, <mask> worked in a distinguished antique book shop in Basel. Through family contacts, he stayed with the intellectual families of Basel. In this environment with rich stimuli for his pursuits, he further developed spiritually and artistically. At the same time, Basel offered the solitary <mask> many opportunities for withdrawal into a private life of artistic self-exploration, journeys and wanderings. In 1900, <mask> was exempted from compulsory military service due to an eye condition.This, along with nerve disorders and persistent headaches, affected him his entire life. In 1901, <mask> undertook to fulfill a long-held dream and travelled for the first time to Italy. In the same year, <mask>

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 changed jobs and began working at the antiquarium Wattenwyl in Basel. <mask> had more opportunities to release poems and small literary texts to journals. These publications now provided honorariums. His new bookstore agreed to publish his next work, Posthumous Writings and Poems of <mask>. In 1902, his mother died after a long and painful illness.He could not bring himself to attend her funeral, stating in a letter to his father: "I think it would be better for us both that I do not come, in spite of my love for my mother." Due to the good notices that <mask> received for Lauscher, the publisher Samuel Fischer became interested in <mask> and, with the novel Peter Camenzind, which appeared first as a pre-publication in 1903 and then as a regular printing by Fischer in 1904, came a breakthrough: from now on, <mask> could make a living as a writer. The novel became popular throughout Germany. Sigmund Freud "praised Peter Camenzind as one of his favourite readings". Between Lake Constance and India

Having realised he could make a living as a writer, <mask> finally married Maria Bernoulli (of the famous family of mathematicians) in 1904, while her father, who disapproved of their relationship, was away for the weekend. The couple settled down in Gaienhofen on Lake Constance, and began a family, eventually having three sons. In Gaienhofen, he wrote his second novel, Beneath the Wheel, which was published in 1906.In the following time, he composed primarily short stories and poems. His story "The Wolf", written in 1906–07, was "quite possibly" a foreshadowing of Steppenwolf. His next novel, Gertrude, published in 1910, revealed a

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 production crisis. He had to struggle through writing it, and he later would describe it as "a miscarriage". Gaienhofen was the place where Hesse's interest in Buddhism was re-sparked. Following a letter to Kapff in 1895 entitled Nirvana, <mask> had ceased alluding to Buddhist references in his work. In 1904, however, Arthur Schopenhauer and his philosophical ideas started receiving attention again, and <mask> discovered theosophy.Schopenhauer and theosophy renewed <mask>'s interest in India. Although it was many years before the publication of <mask>'s Siddhartha (1922), this masterpiece was to be derived from these new influences. During this time, there also was increased dissonance between him and Maria, and in 1911 <mask> left for a long trip to Sri Lanka and Indonesia. He also visited Sumatra, Borneo, and Burma, but "the physical experience... was to depress him." Any spiritual or religious inspiration that he was looking for eluded him, but the journey made a strong impression on his literary work. Following <mask>'s return, the family moved to Bern (1912), but the change of environment could not solve the marriage problems, as he himself confessed in his novel Rosshalde from 1914. During the First World War
At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, <mask> registered himself as a volunteer with the Imperial army, saying that he could not sit inactively by a warm fireplace while other young authors were dying on the front.He was found unfit for combat duty, but was assigned to service involving the care of prisoners of war. While most poets and authors of the warring countries quickly became embroiled in a tirade


texts: of mutual hate, <mask>, seemingly immune to the general war enthusiasm of the time, wrote an essay titled "O Friends, Not These Tones" ("O Freunde, nicht diese Töne"), which was published in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, on 3 November. In this essay he appealed to his fellow intellectuals not to fall for nationalistic madness and hatred. Calling for subdued voices and a recognition of Europe's common heritage, <mask> wrote: "That love is greater than hate, understanding greater than ire, peace nobler than war, this exactly is what this unholy World War should burn into our memories, more so than ever felt before." What followed from this, <mask> later indicated, was a great turning point in his life. For the first time, he found himself in the middle of a serious political conflict, attacked by the German press, the recipient of hate mail, and distanced from old friends. However, he did receive support from his friend Theodor Heuss, and the French writer Romain Rolland, who visited Hesse in August 1915.In 1917, <mask> wrote to Rolland, "The attempt...to apply love to matters political has failed." This public controversy was not yet resolved when a deeper life crisis befell <mask> with the death of his father on 8 March 1916, the serious illness of his son Martin, and his wife's schizophrenia. He was forced to leave his military service and begin receiving psychotherapy. This began for <mask> a long preoccupation with psychoanalysis, through which he came to know Carl Jung personally, and was challenged to new creative heights. <mask> and Jung both later maintained a correspondence with Chilean author, diplomat and Nazi sympathizer


texts:
 Miguel Serrano, who detailed his relationship with both figures in the book C.G. Jung & Hermann Hesse: A Record of Two Friendships. During a three-week period in September and October 1917, <mask> penned his novel Demian, which would be published following the armistice in 1919 under the pseudonym Emil Sinclair.Casa Camuzzi
By the time <mask> returned to civilian life in 1919, his marriage had fallen apart. His wife had a severe episode of psychosis, but, even after her recovery, <mask> saw no possible future with her. Their home in Bern was divided, their children were accommodated in boarding houses and by relatives, and <mask> resettled alone in the middle of April in Ticino. He occupied a small farm house near Minusio (close to Locarno), living from 25 April to 11 May in Sorengo. On 11 May, he moved to the town Montagnola and rented four small rooms in a castle-like building, the Casa Camuzzi. Here, he explored his writing projects further; he began to paint, an activity reflected in his next major story, "Klingsor's Last Summer", published in 1920. This new beginning in different surroundings brought him happiness, and <mask> later called his first year in Ticino "the fullest, most prolific, most industrious and most passionate time of my life".In 1922, <mask>'s novella Siddhartha appeared, which showed the love for Indian culture and Buddhist philosophy that had already developed earlier in his life. In 1924, <mask> married the singer Ruth Wenger, the daughter of the Swiss writer Lisa Wenger and aunt of Méret Oppenheim. This marriage never attained any stability, however. In 1923, <mask> was granted Swiss citizenship.


texts:
 His next major works, Kurgast (1925) and The Nuremberg Trip (1927), were autobiographical narratives with ironic undertones and foreshadowed <mask>'s following novel, Steppenwolf, which was published in 1927. In the year of his 50th birthday, the first biography of <mask> appeared, written by his friend Hugo Ball. Shortly after his new successful novel, he turned away from the solitude of Steppenwolf and started a cohabitation with art historian Ninon Dolbin, née Ausländer.This change to companionship was reflected in the novel Narcissus and Goldmund, appearing in 1930. Later life and death

In 1931, <mask> left the Casa Camuzzi and moved with Ninon to a larger house – also near Montagnola – which was built for him to use for the rest of his life, by his friend and patron Hans C. Bodmer. In the same year, <mask> formally married Ninon, and began planning what would become his last major work, The Glass Bead Game (a.k.a. Magister Ludi). In 1932, as a preliminary study, he released the novella Journey to the East. <mask> observed the rise to power of Nazism in Germany with concern. In 1933, Bertolt Brecht and Thomas Mann made their travels into exile, each aided by <mask>.In this way, <mask> attempted to work against Hitler's suppression of art and literature that protested Nazi ideology. <mask>'s third wife was Jewish, and he had publicly expressed his opposition to anti-Semitism long before then. <mask> was criticized for not condemning the Nazi Party, but his failure to criticize or support any political idea stemmed from his "politics of detachment [...] At no time did he openly condemn (the Nazis), although his detestation

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texts: of their politics is beyond question." Nazism, with its blood sacrifice of the individual to the state and the race, represented the opposite of everything he believed in. In March 1933, seven weeks after Hitler took power, <mask> wrote to a correspondent in Germany, "It is the duty of spiritual types to stand alongside the spirit and not to sing along when the people start belting out the patriotic songs their leaders have ordered them to sing." In the nineteen-thirties, <mask> made a quiet statement of resistance by reviewing and publicizing the work of banned Jewish authors, including Franz Kafka. In the late 1930s, German journals stopped publishing <mask>'s work, and the Nazis eventually banned it.According to <mask>, he "survived the years of the Hitler regime and the Second World War through the eleven years of work that [he] spent on [The Glass Bead Game]". Printed in 1943 in Switzerland, this was to be his last novel. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1946. During the last twenty years of his life, <mask> wrote many short stories (chiefly recollections of his childhood) and poems (frequently with nature as their theme). <mask> also wrote ironic essays about his alienation from writing (for instance, the mock autobiographies: Life Story Briefly Told and Aus den Briefwechseln eines Dichters) and spent much time pursuing his interest in watercolours. <mask> also occupied himself with the steady stream of letters he received as a result of the Nobel Prize and as a new generation of German readers explored his work. In one essay, <mask> reflected wryly on his lifelong failure to acquire a talent for idleness


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 and speculated that his average daily correspondence exceeded 150 pages.He died on 9 August 1962, aged 85, and was buried in the cemetery of Sant’Abbondio in Gentilino, where his friend and biographer Hugo Ball and another German personality, the conductor Bruno Walter, are also buried. Religious views

As reflected in Demian, and other works, he believed that "for different people, there are different ways to God"; but despite the influence he drew from Indian and Buddhist philosophies, he stated about his parents: “their Christianity, one not preached but lived, was the strongest of the powers that shaped and moulded me". Influence

In his time, <mask> was a popular and influential author in the German-speaking world; worldwide fame only came later. <mask>'s first great novel, Peter Camenzind, was received enthusiastically by young Germans desiring a different and more "natural" way of life in this time of great economic and technological progress in the country (see also Wandervogel movement). Demian had a strong and enduring influence on the generation returning home from the First World War. Similarly, The Glass Bead Game, with its disciplined intellectual world of Castalia and the powers of meditation and humanity, captivated Germans' longing for a new order amid the chaos of a broken nation following the loss in the Second World War. Towards the end of his life, German (born Bavarian) composer Richard Strauss (1864–1949) set three of <mask>'s poems to music in his song cycle Four Last Songs for soprano and orchestra (composed 1948, first performed posthumously in 1950): "Frühling" ("Spring"), "September", and "Beim

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texts: Schlafengehen" ("On Going to Sleep").In the 1950s, <mask>'s popularity began to wane, while literature critics and intellectuals turned their attention to other subjects. In 1955, the sales of <mask>'s books by his publisher Suhrkamp reached an all-time low. However, after <mask>'s death in 1962, posthumously published writings, including letters and previously unknown pieces of prose, contributed to a new level of understanding and appreciation of his works. By the time of <mask>'s death in 1962, his works were still relatively little read in the United States, despite his status as a Nobel laureate. A memorial published in The New York Times went so far as to claim that <mask>'s works were largely "inaccessible" to American readers. The situation changed in the mid-1960s, when <mask>'s works suddenly became bestsellers in the United States. The revival in popularity of <mask>'s works has been credited to their association with some of the popular themes of the 1960s counterculture (or hippie) movement.In particular, the quest-for-enlightenment theme of Siddhartha, Journey to the East, and Narcissus and Goldmund resonated with those espousing counter-cultural ideals. The "magic theatre" sequences in Steppenwolf were interpreted by some as drug-induced psychedelia although there is no evidence that <mask> ever took psychedelic drugs or recommended their use. In large part, the Hesse boom in the United States can be traced back to enthusiastic writings by two influential counter-culture figures: Colin Wilson and Timothy Leary. From the United States, the Hesse renaissance spread to other parts of the world and even back to


texts:
 Germany: more than 800,000 copies were sold in the German-speaking world from 1972 to 1973. In a space of just a few years, <mask> became the most widely read and translated European author of the 20th century. <mask> was especially popular among young readers, a tendency which continues today. There is a quote from Demian on the cover of Santana's 1970 album Abraxas, revealing the source of the album's title.<mask>'s Siddhartha is one of the most popular Western novels set in India. An authorised translation of Siddhartha was published in the Malayalam language in 1990, the language that surrounded <mask>'s grandfather, <mask>, for most of his life. A Hermann Hesse Society of India has also been formed. It aims to bring out authentic translations of Siddhartha in all Indian languages and has already prepared the Sanskrit,
Malayalam and Hindi translations of Siddhartha. One enduring monument to <mask>'s lasting popularity in the United States is the Magic Theatre in San Francisco. Referring to "The Magic Theatre for Madmen Only" in Steppenwolf (a kind of spiritual and somewhat nightmarish cabaret attended by some of the characters, including Harry Haller), the Magic Theatre was founded in 1967 to perform works by new playwrights. Founded by John Lion, the Magic Theatre has fulfilled that mission for many years, including the world premieres of many plays by Sam Shepard.There is also a theater in Chicago named after the novel, Steppenwolf Theater. Throughout Germany, many schools are named after him. The Hermann-Hesse-Literaturpreis is a literary prize associated with the city of Karlsruhe that has been awarded since 1957. Since

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 1990, the Calw Hermann Hesse Prize has been awarded every two years alternately to a German-language literary journal and a translator of <mask>'s work. The Internationale Hermann-Hesse-Gesellschaft (unofficial English name: International Hermann Hesse Society) was founded in 2002 on Hesse's 125th birthday and began awarding its Hermann Hesse prize in 2017. Musician Steve Adey adapted the poem "How Heavy the Days" on his 2017 LP Do Me a Kindness. The band Steppenwolf took its name from <mask>'s novel.Montalbán, Manuel Vázquez, Scenes from World Literature and Portraits of Greatest Authors, illustrated by Willi Glasauer, Círculo de Lectores, Barcelona, Spain, 1988. Zeller, Bernhard, <mask>, Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 2005. .
 Prinz, Alois, Und jedem Anfang wohnt ein Zauber inne: Die Lebensgeschichte des <mask>, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2006. . External links

 List of Works

 <mask> Page – in German and English, maintained by Professor Gunther Gottschalk
 <mask> Portal
 <mask>-Film.de, German Documentary about his life – in German
 Community of the Journeyer to the East – in German and English
 The painter <mask> Galerie Ludorff, Düsseldorf, Germany

1877 births
1962 deaths
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German painters
19th-century German writers
19th-century male artists
19th-century Swiss novelists
19th-century Swiss poets
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German painters
20th-century German poets
20th-century male artists
20th-century Swiss novelists
Exilliteratur writers
German emigrants to Switzerland
German male novelists
German male

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 painters
German male poets
German Nobel laureates
German people of Estonian descent
German-language poets
Modernist writers
Mystics
Nobel laureates in Literature
People from Calw
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
Protestants in the German Resistance
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Swiss male novelists
Swiss male poets
Swiss Nobel laureates
Swiss painters
Swiss people of Baltic German descent
Swiss-German people
Writers from


texts: <mask> (born 1959 in Stroud, Gloucestershire) is a British PR agent and author with an interest in the history of public relations and the art of the publicity stunt. He attended King's Stanley Junior School and St Peters High School in Gloucester and began working in public relations at nineteen years old. As founder and head of Borkowski PR, he is a well-known tv pundit,  lecturer and speaker on the art of publicity. <mask> has a column in The Guardian and has written two books on publicity stunts as related to public relations and has won several awards for his work. <mask>'s first job was as the in-house publicist at the Wyvern Theatre, Swindon promoting touring productions and producing poetry and rock events. He moved on to the Theatre Royal, Stratford East, in 1981. The first production he promoted was Nell Dunn's Steaming, starring Brenda Blethyn.One of his early publicity stunts there was to "kill off" a tap-dancing dog that he had invented to promote an amateur variety night. He also produced more music and performance poetry events. He founded Borkowski PR in 1987. The company works on consumer brands, celebrity and arts and entertainment. They have worked with Michael Jackson (briefly), Noel Edmonds, Graham Norton, Van Morrison, Carlos Acosta, Joan Rivers, Macaulay Culkin, Sir Cliff Richard, Bolshoi Ballet, Cirque du Soleil, The Three Tenors, Eddie Izzard, Led Zeppelin, Stomp, Michael Flatley, Virgin Megastore, Horlicks, American Express, Oxfam, Amnesty, Selfridges, Vodafone, Harrods, Cadbury, Mamma Mia! and Sony UK Ltd amongst others. <mask> has had a long association with the Edinburgh Festival; to publicise Archaos, the grunge

masks:
Mark Borkowski
Borkowski
Career Borkowski
Borkowski


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 circus, he organised a series of jumps on motorbikes over traffic queues in the centre of Edinburgh in 1988 and staged the first UK Cowpat flinging competition to launch Hank Wangford at the Festival in 1989.In the 1990s, <mask> worked for television shows such as The Word, Never Mind the Buzzcocks, Our Friends in the North and Cracker. <mask> is now a regular TV and radio pundit on PR, the media and celebrity, often attacking the celebrity industry whilst still working within it. He lectures to the industry, to corporate trade associations and at academic institutions. His column, Stuntwatch, appears on The Guardian Online. His views about the future for the public relations industry centre around poorly trained staff, low quality awards ceremonies and a desire to keep PR "potent and relevant" and to continue to take risks for his clients. Controversy
In 1994 <mask> created a cause celebre and front page outrage when he publicised the London production of the controversial religious rock musical Bad Boy Johnny and the Prophets of Doom. In 1996 <mask> ran a "wild, rock'n’roll campaign" for Carlsberg-Tetley's Thickhead brand of alcopops that resulted in a huge media backlash against alcopops, which were already controversial, and the withdrawal of the product within hours of its launch.The press attention he and his company generated for Archaos in 1990, following tabloid coverage of "nude trapeze artists and men dancing together", stirred Bristol Council into banning the circus from appearing on the downs. Celebrity
<mask> is responsible for helping to revive Noel Edmonds' career and helped deal with the press at Edmonds' recent wedding, which

masks: Borkowski Borkowski Borkowski Borkowski Borkowski


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 was notable in that the photo rights were deliberately not sold to a celebrity magazines such as Hello! and OK!. <mask> has also acted for celebrities in court, coaching them before they appear – notably in divorce cases for Slavica Ecclestone and Karen Parlour in her divorce from Ray Parlour. Cliff Richard brought in <mask> to work on the musical Heathcliff and <mask> also ran the campaign to get the singer's "The Millennium Prayer"  to number one on the UK singles chart, despite minimal radio airplay. Publicity stunts
<mask>i Breezer) <mask> was allegedly once expelled from the BBC for letting scorpions loose in a Green Room to promote the Jim Rose Sideshow tour in the UK; he also arranged for the question writer to walk an elephant into a betting shop to promote Trivial Pursuit. In 1988, he helped Ian Botham recreate Hannibal's walk across the Alps, again with elephants. In 2000, he held a World Record Custard Pie Fight, involving 1,000 people, at the Millennium Dome. Awards
<mask> received an Outstanding Achievement award from Fringe Report in 2006, citing him for creating "a new branch of theatre – theatre of publicity" and from World's Fair, the circus industry's trade paper, for services to the circus in 2001. His company won the Gold Award from PR Week for Campaign of the Year in 2008 for their Wispa social networking campaign to relaunch the chocolate bar. Books
<mask> has written two histories of public relations, focusing in particular on the art of the publicity stunt. Improperganda was published in 2001.The Fame Formula started life as Sons of Barnum (a show by <mask> at the Edinburgh Festival in 2004) and was subtitled: How

masks: Borkowski Borkowski Borkowski Borkowskicard Borkowski Borkowski Borkowski Borkowski


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 Hollywood's fixers, fakers and star makers shaped the publicity industry. It sparked controversy when The Times suggested that one of the fakers and star makers in question, Maynard Nottage, was himself a fake, i.e. that he never existed. Borkowksi, according to the paper, may himself have been the victim of an elaborate hoax. <mask> confirmed his belief in Nottage's existence and wrote that "Nottage's rough collection of papers, the majority of which were written in hindsight in the 1940s and 50s, were handed to me after lengthy negotiation with his cautious family, just prior to writing The Fame Formula, at the beginning of 2007." The Fame Formula received mixed reviews; the Guardian said that the Fame Formula "is a terrific, witty romp through the – often dirty – undies of the Hollywood fame factory and draws some interesting conclusions about modern-day celebrity culture," but a harsh critique from The Scotsman's book club led Borkowski to respond with a gift-wrapped pig's anus for each of the reviewers, a stunt borrowed from one of the publicists in the book, Jim Moran. References

External links
<mask> Words <mask> blogs
A Life in the Day of <mask>owski The Times

Living people
British public relations people
1959 births
People from

masks:
Borkowski
Mark My
Mark Borkowski
Mark Bork


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<mask> (30 June 1951 - 23 September 2004) was a Dutch singer and actor. As an accomplished levenslied singer, <mask> recorded 36 studio and live albums, and 55 singles prior to his death in 2004. His music is still well-known in the Netherlands and Flanders, known for sentimental and simple lyrics. His biggest hits include Eenzame kerst (1976), Een beetje verliefd (1981), Ik meen 't (1985), Wij houden van Oranje (1988), Bloed, zweet en tranen (2002), Zij gelooft in mij (Originally from 1981, re-recorded and released in 1999, re-released after his death in 2004) and Blijf bij mij (a virtual duet with Gerard Joling, 2007). Biography

Early years

<mask> was born in 1951 in Amsterdam's De Pijp area. At the age of eight, he was discovered at the Albert Cuyp Market by comedian Johnny Kraaykamp and made his television debut on Weekendshow in 1966, where he sang a song in fake Italian, "Piove". Two singles, "Droomschip" and "Juanita", were released but did not lead to a career in music.1970s
Hazes pursued several odd jobs (ordinary seaman, flower delivery boy, chimney sweep, butcher's apprentice, bicycle repairman, trench digger, construction worker, demolition man, market salesman, and disc jockey) before building up a reputation as a singing barman in his hometown, in café De Krommert on the Witte de Withstraat. In 1976 he wrote and demoed "Eenzame Kerst", a song about a prisoner's lonely Christmas, for singer Willy Alberti hoping that he would record it; Alberti suggested that Hazes record it himself. The single sold 70,000 copies in three weeks and made him an instant star. An album, Zo is het leven ("Such is life") was released in 1977 and reached the Dutch top 20; extracted singles "Mama" and "De Vlieger" didn't chart although the latter became a Dutch standard (and a top 40 hit second time round) in years

masks:
André Gerardus Hazes
Hazes
Hazes


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 to come. Still, he returned to bartending. 1980s
In 1980 he signed a contract with EMI, and soon after that his career started to take off. "Een Vriend" ("A Friend") and "Een Beetje Verliefd" ("A Little in Love)" were both top ten hits in 1981, produced by his best friend Tim Griek.In 1981 <mask>oon André (Just André) which sold 500,000 copies and was certified five times platinum in its first year of release and two more times two years later. Three of the album's songs, including "Een Beetje Verliefd", were written for Hazes by Aart Mol and his colleagues from the 1970s band Catapult, who had formed the production company Cat Music, which would write a total of 39 songs for Hazes. 1982 was the year of his great concert in the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam. During his heyday Hazes also had a sideline as an actor; in 1982 he played a restaurant owner in the Inspector General-inspired movie De Boezemvriend (starring his comedian namesake Andre van Duin), in 1983 he appeared in the comedy series Zoals U Wenst Mevrouw (As you wish Madam) as a down-and-out taking a gardening job under false pretenses and singing new lyrics to recent hits. He also appeared in commercials for toasts (as an Italian singer) and custard (as a football-playing son of singer/actress Joke Bruijs). Meanwhile Hazes' backing musicians at the time recorded a parody medley for their notorious comedy music  project Rubberen Robbie. In 1986 Hazes released two albums; the first featured Italian covers (including "Volare", "Bueno Sera" and a new version of "Piove" which he first sang in his childhood days) and was dedicated to the memory of Willy Alberti.The second featured translated versions of Peter Maffay's "Du" and Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive". In February 1988 record producer and best friend, Tim Griek, died in a car accident. <mask>

masks: Hazesew Hazes


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 dedicated the album Liefde, leven, geven to Griek's memory. In 1988 he sang the song "Wij houden van Oranje" ("We love Orange"—Orange being the national colour of the Netherlands and also a nickname for the Dutch national football team and in general all sports teams) for the football championships. The song became very popular as the Netherlands won the European Championships in the same year. In 1989 his career was stalled after several years without record releases and to revive it record company EMI approached <mask> for a new album, asking him what he wanted to do next. EMI offered him a free hand and full control if he decided to revitalize his career.He responded by recording the bilingual album Dit is wat ik wil ("This is what I want"), a blues and rock 'n roll album featuring many contemporary rock artists like Herman Brood and Jan Akkerman. Extracted singles are "De Gokker" ("The Gambler") and "Jammer" ("Crying Time", converted into an earth pollution-song); the latter was backed by "Working in a Coal Mine". Joe Bourne, an American singer living in the Netherlands at the time, released an English-language version of "Een Beetje Verliefd" for his tribute album Bourne in Holland. 1990s
1999 saw the release of a hit documentary on Hazes, named Zij Gelooft in Mij ("She Believes in Me") after his translation of the Kenny Rogers song "She Believes in Me". The film portrayed the singer as a tragic man of simple ways, a well-meaning but clueless father and lousy husband tormented by stage fright and a propensity towards drinking. Hazes had mixed feelings about the film, but most viewers saw a man who had remained true to his humble background and whose raw emotional songs were genuinely felt. It earned him something of a cult status outside of his loyal fan base, with the cultural establishment taking


texts:
 him in a somewhat uncomfortable embrace.<mask> was known to live unhealthily, beer being his main vice. He himself once said: "If it wasn't for the fame, I'd be a full-blown alcoholic." In fact, he already was; he just managed to integrate this well into his life. 2000s
In May 2002 <mask> briefly entered local politics by getting elected to the municipal council of De Ronde Venen for the local political party Ronde Venen Belang. He quickly became the focus of criticism because after a month he hadn't shown up yet for any meetings. After being criticized and ridiculed in national newspapers, <mask> did show for a council meeting in June 2002, but shortly before it started <mask> suffered a mental breakdown and was unable to attend. Four days later he announced his resignation and offered his seat to the party.On 23 September 2004 <mask> died of cardiac arrest. In an interview with de Volkskrant, he made the remark that he knew as a child that when he died, he would make the television news. Not only did that happen, four days after he died, a startling crowd of about 48,000 attended a memorial ceremony in his honour at the Amsterdam Arena stadium. Over 8 million viewers followed the event which was broadcast live on Dutch and Belgian television. <mask> was cremated the day after. On 29 September 2004 the single "Zij Gelooft in Mij" was re-released and was his first No. 1 hit in the Dutch Top 40.In 2007, one of his songs, the hit "Blijf Bij Mij" ("Stay With Me"), reached the number one position in the Dutch Top 40 again. This song was sung with Gerard Joling. "Blijf Bij Mij" is a cover from the song "Forse" by the Italian singer Pupo. Exactly one year after his death, in accordance with his wishes, <mask>' remaining ashes were distributed over a couple of skyrockets, which were then launched into the sky by

masks: Hazes Hazes Hazes Hazes Hazes Hazes Hazes


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 his surviving relatives. On the same day, his statue was unveiled in De Pijp, Amsterdam, near the singer's birthplace. Personal life
<mask> married Annie Dijkstra in 1974. She had given birth to a daughter, Nathalie, in 1973.The couple divorced in 1979. After their divorce, Dijkstra and <mask> had a legal battle involving the rights to sell a biography of <mask>; Dijkstra lost the case. In 1981, <mask> married Ellen Wolf. She gave birth to a son, Melvin, in 1982. The couple divorced in 1990; Wolf later died of breast cancer in 2005, at age 47. In 1991, <mask> married his third wife, longtime girlfriend Rachel van Galen. <mask> was Van Galen's senior by nineteen years; she gave birth to his third and fourth child, daughter Roxeanne (1993) and son <mask> "Dré" Jr. (1994).<mask> remained married to his third wife until his death in 2004. After his death, a conflict arose between <mask>' first two children. They accused his third wife Rachel of commercially exploiting <mask>' death for her personal gain. <mask>' youngest two children, Roxeanne and <mask>., released a cover album ("Voor Jou, Van Jou" [For You, From You]) in 2010, containing the most famous of <mask>' songs. They went on to become successful artists in their own right. In 2016, <mask>' first grandson <mask> was born. Movie
Lemming Film released the movie Bloed, zweet & tranen, named after a song of Hazes, in 2015.The film describes the life of <mask> in his childhood, in his heyday and during the last weeks of his life. References

External links
 Official website
 <mask> on Europopmusic.eu
 Cultural gems or sentimental crap?, Article in  Leiden University Weekly Newspaper

20th-century Dutch male singers
Dutch male singer-songwriters

1951 births
2004 deaths
Dutch levenslied singers
Musicians from Amsterdam
Municipal councillors in Utrecht

masks:
Hazes
Hazes
Hazes
Hazes
Hazes
Hazes
André
Hazes
Hazes
Hazes
Hazes
André Jr
Hazes
Hazes
André III
Hazes
Andre Hazes


texts:
<mask> (born 1948 in Hartford, Connecticut) is a journalist and activist, and the current co-host of TV news program Gay USA. Early life
Born in Hartford, Connecticut, <mask> is a native of her mother's hometown, Windsor. <mask>'s father was a pilot for United Airlines, and the family moved frequently, thus she spent most of her youth in the areas surrounding Hartford, Washington, D.C., Boston, Denver and Chicago. <mask> describes her childhood home as being "very Republican." When <mask> left home to attend college in 1966, she considered herself indoctrinated into a conservative viewpoint. College proved transformative for <mask> who said "I’m one of those very dangerous converts – someone who discovered a radical, leftist point of view, in my late teens and sort of traveled that road, ideologically, since." <mask> graduated from Vassar College in 1970.Career
After college, <mask> worked for the National Journal in Washington, D.C. She reported on all branches of the federal government which included The White House, Congress and the Supreme Court. After a year and a half, <mask> moved to New York City where she worked for WCBS-TV on a program called Woman. After Woman ended, <mask> worked in WCBS-TV operations, was a freelance production assistant for ABC Sports, wrote for a nationally syndicated newspaper column as well as Ms. and other publications such as Ladies' Home Journal. <mask> acted as the New York officer for a study of thousands of straight and gay couples by Drs. Pepper Schwartz and Philip Blumstein titled "American Couples: Money-Work-Sex". <mask> returned to regular television production in 1981 as a writer-producer for ABC's Good Morning America. She was then recruited by George Merlis to CBS News in 1982.For five years, <mask> was a producer for the CBS Morning News, planning, coordinating and executing the program on a daily basis. <mask> worked with the show's hosts including Diane Sawyer, Bill Kurtis, Forrest Sawyer, Maria

masks:
Ann Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop


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 Shriver, Phyllis George, Charlie Rose and Meredith Vieira. In 1987, <mask> resigned her position at CBS, seeking a change. She chose to become an AIDS and homosexuality educator for New York City's Hetrick-Martin Institute for Lesbian and Gay Youth. After four years as an educator teaching and answering questions by youths and adults alike, she left Hetrick-Martin to pursue other interests. In 1992, <mask> was the only openly lesbian or gay individual in the New York delegation to the Democratic National Convention. She served for four years as a board member of the Gay Games which were held in New York City in 1994.<mask> helped create the Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies, a gay think tank, for which she also served on the board of advisors. She wrote a weekly column for QW, a short-lived New York City gay magazine, and then wrote a regular column for LGNY, a NYC gay newspaper. <mask> was also regularly featured on Dyke TV, a nationally broadcast television program devoted to news, arts and culture from a lesbian perspective, in a political commentary section called <mask> Mouths Off, first appearing on the show in June, 1993. <mask> has also provided training for activists on how to deal effectively with the news media. She also helped found the Lesbian and Gay Alumnae Association of Vassar College. <mask> has been a speaker at many events, including the 25th anniversary celebration of the Stonewall riots. She is featured in several books including Making History by Eric Marcus, Wolf Girls at Vassar by <mask>, and Queer in America by Michelangelo Signorile.In 1996, <mask> became a co-host of the television news program Gay USA. She and fellow anchor Andy Humm present news "...devoted to in-depth coverage of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender issues" on a local, national and international level. Activism
<mask> became an active demonstrator against the Vietnam War and involved with the developing feminist movement during the

masks:
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Ann Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Anne MacKay
Northrop
Northrop


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 late 1960s and early 1970s. When <mask> became an AIDS and homosexuality educator, she "...realized the issues were the same that had engaged her as an activist against the Vietnam War and for the feminist movement." Thus, in 1988, <mask> joined the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power in New York City, known as ACT UP/New York. She became involved in "direct action" demonstrations and was arrested approximately two dozen times for civil disobedience. In December 1989, <mask> participated in ACT UP's "Stop the Church" protest at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City by lying in the center aisle.During the action, over 4,500 activists interrupted Sunday Mass to protest the Catholic Church's opposition to AIDS prevention such as condom distribution and sex education. The documentary film How to Survive a Plague shows part of this action. She, along with 110 other protestors, was arrested. <mask> was later convicted on four misdemeanor charges. She described being in the cathedral on the LGBTQ&A podcast and said, "I happened to be the last person carried out, and by that time, everything had calmed down and was silent. So I started saying — and it was ringing through the cathedral — 'We're fighting for your lives, too. We're fighting for your lives, too,' which I hoped would be effective.Maybe, maybe not...I like to say I got home to watch the second half of the Giants/Broncos game." Personal life
<mask> came out when she was about 28, working for Ms. magazine, and met a woman she fell in love with, Lynda. <mask> and Lynda were together for 17 years, and raised Lynda's two children from a previous marriage. References

External links
Meet <mask> at Gay USA
Queer Justice League BlogSpot to which <mask> contributes
<mask> Interview for the ACT UP Oral History Project. HIV/AIDS activists
American women journalists
LGBT rights activists from the United States
1948 births
Vassar College alumni
Living people
People from Hartford, Connecticut
21st-century

masks:
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Northrop
Ann Northrop
Northrop
Ann Northrop


texts:
<mask> (29 November 1895 – 23 July 1971) was a Liberian politician. He was the 19th President of Liberia and the longest-serving president in the country's history, serving from his election in 1944 until his death in 1971. Tubman is regarded as the "father of modern Liberia"; his presidency was marked by attracting sufficient foreign investment to modernize the economy and infrastructure. During his tenure, Liberia experienced a period of prosperity. He also led a policy of national unification in order to reduce the social and political differences between his fellow Americo-Liberians and the indigenous Liberians. Early life and family background

<mask> was born on 29 November 1895, in Harper. Tubman's father, Alexander Tubman, was a stonemason, general in the Liberian army, and a former Speaker of the Liberian House of Representatives, as well as a Methodist preacher.A strict disciplinarian, he required his five children to attend daily family prayer services, and to sleep on the floor because he thought beds were too soft and "degrading to character development". Tubman's mother, Elizabeth Rebecca (née Barnes) Tubman, was from Atlanta, Georgia. Alexander's parents, Sylvia and <mask> Tubman, were freedmen, part of a group of 69 freed slaves whose transportation to Liberia in 1844 was paid by their former mistress Emily Harvie Thomas Tubman, a widow and philanthropist in Augusta, Georgia. <mask> was instrumental in the manumission of enslaved African Americans and paying for their transportation to Liberia for "repatriation". Initially, she had great difficulty freeing her slaves in ante-bellum Georgia. Despite appeals to the Georgia State Legislature and financial donations to the University of Georgia, her efforts to manumit numerous slaves were disapproved. Since the Nat Turner Slave Rebellion in 1831, the state legislature had

masks:
William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman
William Tubman
William Shadrach
Emily Tubman


texts:
 greatly restricted manumissions, requiring a legislative act for each, and posting of expensive bonds by the owner to guarantee the free black would leave the state within a short period of time.Tubman sought the help of her friend and mentor, Henry Clay of Kentucky, president of the American Colonization Society. This organization, made up of both abolitionists and slaveholders, had proposed colonization in Africa as a solution for freedmen, rather than allowing them to remain in the United States. Their presence was considered to unsettle slaves in the South, and in both the North and South, lower-class whites resented competing with them for jobs. Clay assured her that sending her former slaves to Liberia would be a safe and suitable option. After arriving in Liberia, this group of freedmen took "Tubman" as their surname and settled together. They named their community Tubman Hill after their benefactress. Education
<mask>, the second son, went to primary school in Harper, followed by the Methodist Cape Palmas Seminary, and Harper County High School.Beginning in 1910, when he was 15, he participated in several military operations within the country through 1917, being promoted from private to officer. Planning to become a preacher, at age 19 <mask> was named as a Methodist lay preacher. After studying law under various private tutors, he passed the bar examination and became a lawyer in 1917. Career
Tubman was soon appointed as a recorder in the Maryland County Monthly and Probate Court a tax collector, teacher, and as colonel in a militia. He was a Freemason and belonged to lodges of Prince Hall Freemasonry. Elective office
Having joined the True Whig Party (TWP), the dominant party of Liberia since 1878, Tubman began his career in politics. In 1923, aged 28, he was elected to the Senate of Liberia from Maryland County, holding

masks:
William Tuman
Tubman


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 the record as the youngest senator in the history of Liberia.Identifying as the "Convivial Cannibal from the Downcoast Hinterlands," he fought for constitutional rights for the members of indigenous tribal groups, who comprised the overwhelming number of Liberians. Re-elected as senator in 1929, Tubman became the legal adviser to vice president Allen Yancy. He resigned from the Senate in 1931 to defend Liberia before the League of Nations amid allegations that his country was using slave labor. Tubman was reelected to the national legislature in 1934; he resigned in 1937 after being appointed by President Edwin Barclay as associate justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia, where he served until 1943. An official biography speculates that Barclay appointed Tubman to the Liberian Supreme Court to remove him as a competitor for the presidency. President of Liberia
In December 1942, Liberia had to elect a successor to President Edwin Barclay. Six candidates ran for office; the two favorites were Tubman and Foreign Minister Clarence L. Simpson.<mask> was elected president on 4 May 1943, at the age of 48, and was inaugurated 3 January 1944. While the United States, its ally, began to base military operations in the country after it entered World War II, Liberia did not declare war on Germany and Japan until 27 January 1944. In April 1944, Liberia signed the Declaration by United Nations. Choosing to sever diplomatic relations with Germany and expel German citizens from Liberia was a difficult decision for Tubman for economic and social reasons: (1) German merchants were integral to the Liberian economy; (2) Germany was Liberia's major trading partner; and (3), most of the doctors in Liberia were Germans. Under the above declaration, Tubman agreed to expel all German residents and oppose the Axis powers. Foreign relations

In foreign policy,


texts:
 Tubman aligned his country with the US, which he hailed as "Our strongest, closest, and most reliable friend." In June 1944, he and former president, Edwin Barclay, traveled to the White House as guests of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and became the first African heads of state to be received there.Following the war, which resulted in an anti-colonial movement on the African continent, Tubman strengthened ties among fellow Africans by participating in the Asian-African Conference of 1955, and the First Conference of Independent African States in Accra, organized in 1958 by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. In 1959, Tubman organized the Second Conference of African States. In 1961, following a Pan-African conference held in Monrovia, Tubman helped to found the African Union. This association of "moderate" African leaders worked for gradual unification of Africa, unlike the "revolutionary" group based at Casablanca. Tubman's government was critical of communism, and avoided establishing diplomatic relations with most of the communist countries (Yugoslavia, which was regarded highly by the Liberian government, was the lone exception); however, Liberia did exchange trade and goodwill missions with the Soviet Union and other Eastern European states. Economic development

When Tubman was appointed to the Supreme Court in the 1930s, Liberia was seriously underdeveloped, lacking basic infrastructure of roads, railways, and sanitation systems. Tubman said that Liberia had never received the "benefits of colonization", by which he meant the investment by a wealthy major power to develop the infrastructure of the country.He established an economic policy, known as the "porte ouverte" ("open door"), to attract foreign investment. Working to facilitate and encourage foreign businesses to locate in Liberia, he encouraged development. Between 1944 and


texts: 1970, the value of foreign investments, mainly from the United States, increased by 200%. From 1950 to 1960, Liberia experienced an average annual growth of 11.5%. With the expansion of the economy, Tubman gained revenues for the government to construct and modernize infrastructure: the streets of Monrovia were paved, a public sanitation system was installed, hospitals were built, and a literacy program was launched in 1948. During <mask>'s administration, several thousand kilometers of roads were built, as was a railway line to connect the iron mines to the coast for transport of this commodity for export. During this period, he transformed the Port of Monrovia into a free port to encourage trade.By early 1960, Liberia began to enjoy its first era of prosperity, thanks in part to Tubman's policies and implementation of development. It was during this time that Tubman became regarded as a pro-Western, stabilizing influence in West Africa, at a period when other countries were achieving independence—often amid violence. During the 1960s, <mask> was courted by many Western politicians, notably U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. In the past, the bulk of Liberia's production depended on rubber. But with the modernization of the state's infrastructure at the hands of Tubman, Liberia started to use its other national resources. Several Americo-Liberian nationalities, German, and Swedish companies became involved in the exploitation of iron mines—making Liberia the first source of iron in Africa, and the fourth worldwide. Tubman wanted to diversify the economy, rather than basing it on rubber and iron resources, which made up 90% of the country's exports.He encouraged the development of coffee plantations, palm oil, sugar cane, and especially rice cultivation in 1966 (with the help of Taiwan). In his personal life, Tubman courted Amy Ashwood

masks: Tubman Tubman


texts:
 Garvey, and had a long-term relationship with her. Legacy
Tubman is best known for his policies of National Unification and the economic Open Door. He tried to reconcile the interests of the native tribes with those of the Americo-Liberian elite, and increased foreign investment in Liberia to stimulate economic growth. During the 1950s, Liberia had the second-highest rate of economic growth in the world. By the time of his death in 1971, Liberia had the largest mercantile fleet in the world, the world's largest rubber industry, was the third-largest exporter of iron ore in the world, and had attracted more than US$1 billion in foreign investment. Tubman died at a clinic in London, following post-operative complications from prostate gland surgery at the age of 75.He was succeeded by his long-time vice president, <mask>. Political dissent increased following Tubman's autocratic rule, and new groups wanted a share of the nation's success. The dominance of the True Whig Party was overthrown in 1980 by the People's Redemption Council, a group of soldiers led by Samuel Doe. The ensuing civil wars and violence destroyed the economic prosperity of Liberia's golden age. See also

 History of Liberia
 Americo-Liberians
 President of Liberia
 <mask>
 Tubmanburg

References

External links
 William V.S. Tubman University
 William V.S. Tubman Photograph Collection, Indiana University Libraries

1895 births
1971 deaths
Presidents of Liberia
World War II political leaders
Americo-Liberian people
William
Supreme Court of Liberia justices
Members of the Senate of Liberia
Presidents pro tempore of the Senate of Liberia
True Whig Party politicians
Liberian Methodists
Liberian Freemasons
People from Maryland County
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century Liberian politicians
20th-century Liberian

masks:
William Tolbert
William Tolbert


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<mask> (born ) is an American former basketball player and coach who played four years at the University of Mississippi, before being drafted by the Houston Rockets in the second round of 1980 NBA Draft as their first pick. Following his playing career Stroud coached for 32 years at various levels. Biography

College career
Stroud signed with the University of Mississippi out of West Union High School in Union County, Mississippi where he had received both all state and All America honors. He played for the Rebels from 1976 until 1980. In 1978-79 he led the SEC in scoring with 26.3 points per game and was named as an All-America honorable mention. He again led the SEC in scoring in 1979-80 with 25.2 points per game. During his time at Ole miss he led the Rebels to their first postseason tournament victory over Grambling 76-74 at Tad Smith Coliseum in the National Invitational Tournament.During his career in Oxford Stroud recorded the highest career point total in Ole Miss history and is still the third-most in league history with 2,328 points and sixth in field goals made in the SEC with 894. He is fifth in free throws made in a season at 233. Only Pete Maravich and Bailey Howell made more free throws in a season. Only five players have attempted more free throws in a single season in the SEC than Stroud. His 39 points in the first round of the 1979 SEC tournament ranks as the second most points ever scored in an SEC tournament game. Likewise, his 15 field goals in that game are the second most in a tournament game. Following his senior season in '79-80 Stroud was selected to All-America honors for the second straight season and named SEC Athlete of the year.College statistics
 Cited from Basketball Reference. Professional career
Following his senior year at Ole Miss, Stroud was the top choice of the Houston Rockets in the 1980 NBA draft. He played with the Rockets from 1980-1981 and was a member of the 1981 team that lost to the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals. Stroud


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 played the 1982-83 season in Europe with Caja de Ronda, located in Malaga, Spain. Coaching career

University of Alabama (Mens)
After a three-year professional career, Stroud entered the coaching profession in 1984 as a graduate assistant at the University of Alabama. New Albany High School
In 1985, he became the head basketball coach at W.P. Daniel High School in New Albany, Mississippi, where helmed the boy's program to back-to-back state championships in 1986 and 87.He compiled a 71-24 record in three years. East Mississippi Community College
In 1988, Stroud accepted the head coaching position at East Mississippi Community College in Scooba, Mississippi. Making an immediate impact in Scooba, Stroud led EMCC to its first-ever state tournament appearance and its first regional tournament appearance in 25 years. In his two seasons at EMCC, Stroud compiled a 30-30 record and was named the Mississippi Junior College Coach of the Year following the 1989-90 season before assuming the reins of the Millsaps' basketball program the following year. Millsaps College
Stroud began an illustrious career at Millsaps in 1990. During his thirteen-year tenure, Stroud guided his teams to three Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference championships and led the Majors to three NCAA tournament appearances. The two-time SCAC Coach of the Year and the all-time wins leader at Millsaps, Stroud compiled a record of 204-131, reaching the 200-victory plateau this season in a 71-48 triumph over Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology on January 31, 2003.Suffering only two losing seasons while at Millsaps, Stroud posted seven seasons of at least sixteen wins, including three campaigns of twenty wins or more. Stroud's best year came in 1994-1995 as he led the Majors to a 25-3 mark, an SCAC title, and a trip to the NCAA Division III Sweet 16. Upon his retirement from Millsaps then President Frances Lucas-Tauchar commented, "<mask> has given Millsaps College thirteen years of superior leadership and coaching. He


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 is also a personal role model, which is the ultimate form of teaching, and he will be greatly missed." Business Career
Stroud returned to New Albany in 2003 and went into private business. He first purchased an insurance agency and later opened a Dry Cleaners. He has subsequently been inducted into the SEC Business Hall of Fame.Return to Coaching

New Albany High School (Girls)
In 2004 he became coach of the girls team at New Albany High School where he compiled a 248-131 record over 13 years and won the Class 4A state title in 2011. New Albany also made appearances in the MHSAA's state tournament in 2009 as a semifinalist, 2010 where the team finished as the Class 4A runner-up, and 2015 when the Lady Bulldogs lost in triple overtime to Bay High School in the quarterfinal round. He retired yet again from coaching in 2017. In High School

 Back-to-back boys state championships in 1986 and 1987. Girls state championship in 2011

As Business Executive
 Regions SEC Business Hall of Fame

Hall of Fame Memberships
 Ole Miss Student Hall of Fame, Colonel Rebel & Student Senate (1980)
 Outstanding Young Men of America (1987)
 Runner-up Clarion Ledger's Most Popular Athlete MS sports history (1989)
 West Union HS Alumni Hall of Fame (1991)
 Ole Miss Athletic Hall of Fame (1995)
 SEC Living Legends Team, Atlanta, GA (1999)
 Millsaps Athletic Hall of Fame (2005)
 SEC Business Hall of Fame (2007)
 Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame (2009)

Personal life

References

1957 births
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Mississippi
Basketball players from Mississippi
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Houston Rockets draft picks
Houston Rockets players
Junior college men's basketball coaches in the United States
Millsaps Majors men's basketball coaches
Ole Miss Rebels men's basketball players
People from New Albany, Mississippi
Small


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Captain <mask> (c. 1695 – 1736), was a Scottish soldier and Captain of the Edinburgh City or Town Guard. Early life
<mask> was born at The Glen, Quair Water, near Traquair, in the Borders, the son of <mask>, a tailor of the Canongate, Edinburgh. Little is known of his early life, except that he soon found he was not suited to his father's calling. Having served in the Scots Brigade in the United Netherlands, in 1716 he became drill master to the Edinburgh force in anticipation of a Jacobite rising, and two years later was appointed as ensign to the City Guard, and was promoted in 1726 to the rank of captain. <mask> seems to have been an overbearing official, despised by the mob and the underclasses of Edinburgh society. In 1724 he lost a wager of 20 guineas in playing a game of golf on Leith Links against Alexander Elphinstone, brother of Lord Balmerino. The wager attracted a small crowd including James the Duke of Hamilton and George the Earl of Morton.Riot

On 14 April 1736, three convicted smugglers, Andrew Wilson, William Hall and George Robertson, were arrested, tried and condemned to death. Hall's sentence was commuted to transportation for life, while Wilson and Robertson awaited their fate. A few days before the execution George Robertson was enabled by Wilson to escape from his guards while attending a service in St Giles', shouting "Run Geordie, run" as he held two officers and clamped his teeth onto the collar of a third. With the help of sympathetic supporters George Robertson eventually made his way to the Dutch Republic. The remaining convict, Andrew Wilson, was taken to be publicly hanged in the Grassmarket, Edinburgh, on 14 April 1736. His body was cut down against the wishes of the mob, and the ensuing riot was such that the hangman had to be placed in protective custody. As the situation worsened, for fear of an attempt to rescue the victims, the Lord Provost of Edinburgh instructed Captain <mask> to call out the entire guard and to furnish them with powder and shot.After

masks:
John Porteous
John Porteous
Stephen Porteous
Porteous
Porteous


texts:
 the execution, the mob became violent and began to stone the City Guard. Accounts of events are confused, but what is certain is that <mask> instructed his men to fire above the heads of the crowd, but in so doing, they wounded people in the windows of the high tenement buildings opposite. The crowd became increasingly violent and, as panic set in, Captain <mask> ordered the guard to shoot into the mob, which led to the deaths of six people in all. Trial and appeal
<mask> was arrested the same afternoon and charged with murder. He was tried at the High Court of Justiciary on 5 July 1736, where a majority of witnesses testified that <mask> had personally fired into the crowd on 14 April, although sixteen others said they had not seen him do so. Feelings were running high in Edinburgh and the jury unanimously found <mask> guilty of murder. He was sentenced to death, the execution was set to take place in the Grassmarket on 8 September 1736.<mask> was imprisoned in the Tolbooth prison, near St Giles church. Events in Scotland alarmed the government in London, and Sir Robert Walpole attempted to influence events by asking his representative in Edinburgh to become involved. But he had miscalculated, underestimating the depth of feeling in Scotland. A formal appeal was petitioned and the execution was deferred. Death

However, public resentment at a possible reprieve was such that a plot to murder Captain <mask> was hatched, and when the authorities heard of this, it was decided to increase the guard at the Tolbooth prison. However, on the evening before this was due to happen, a large crowd of over four thousand gathered at Portsburgh, west of the city. Making their way across the Grassmarket to the Cowgate and up the High Street, the mob converged on the Tolbooth, where they were eventually able to overpower the guards.<mask> was dragged from his cell and up the Lawnmarket towards the West Bow and the Grassmarket, where he was lynched from a dyer's pole, using a rope taken from a local draper's

masks: Porteous Porteous Porteous Porteous Porteous Porteous Porteous Porteous


texts:
 shop. After a short while, he was dragged down and stripped of his nightgown and shirt, which was then wrapped around his head before he was hauled up again. However, the mob had not tied his hands and, as he struggled free, they broke his arm and shoulder, while another attempted to set light to his naked foot. He was taken down a further time and cruelly beaten before being hung up again. He died a short while later, just before midnight on 7 September 1736. The spot where <mask> died is today marked by a memorial plate in the Grassmarket. The site of the Tolbooth is marked by paving stones arranged in the form of a heart, "The Heart of Midlothian".Tour guides will say that, even today, passers-by will spit on the spot, a tradition originally intended to demonstrate their contempt for the hated Tolbooth. <mask> was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh, on 9 September, near the westmost wall of the original graveyard. For more than two hundred years, the grave was marked by a small square stone with the single letter P and the date 1736. In 1973, this was replaced with a headstone of Craigleith stone, bearing the inscription "<mask>, a captain of the City Guard of Edinburgh, murdered September 7, 1736. All Passion Spent, 1973". Aftermath
The events in Edinburgh heightened the sense of alarm in London, where the government was concerned about the threat to its management of Scotland. It was thought by Walpole, Queen Caroline and the Duke of Newcastle that <mask> had been unnecessarily sacrificed and there were even rumours that the conspiracy had involved the local city magistrates.Various Opposition proposals to disband the city guard and debar the Lord Provost were put forward, and these were the subject of much debate – the Scottish MPs and the government strongly opposed these proposals for constitutional reasons, and nothing was ever done. It was variously thought that <mask>' murder was carried out by friends of those who had been shot and killed, revenge by the smugglers, a

masks:
Porteous
Porteous
John Porteous
Porteous
Porteous


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 Jacobite plot, or even a conspiracy by Presbyterian extremists. However, the organisation of events seems to imply a degree of planning, thought to be the work of James Maxwell, an Edinburgh journeyman carpenter, together with a small group of city tradesmen and journeymen. Despite a reward of £200 offered by the government for information, those responsible for the murder of <mask> were never brought to justice. The events surrounding the Porteous Riots form part of the early chapters of the novel The Heart of Mid-Lothian by Sir Walter Scott (1818), where they are recorded in graphic detail. Porteous and golf
<mask> had been an early exponent of the game of golf. It is recorded that in 1724, "A solemn match of golf: between the Hon.Alexander Elphinstone and <mask> became the first match to be reported in a newspaper. Both players were said to have exhibited great skill, and such was the interest in the match that it was attended by James, Duke of Hamilton and George, Earl of Morton, as well as a large crowd of spectators. The wager was twenty guineas, with Elphinstone winning the match. See also
 Porteous Riots
 Porteous family
 Timeline of golf history 1353–1850

Notes

References
 Scott, Sir Walter.The Heart of Mid-Lothian, (1818)
 The Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)
 Lever, Sir Tresham. Sir Walter Scott and the Murder of Porteous (1971)
 <mask>, Barry. The Porteous Story, (Porteous Associates, 1975)
 K.J. Logue.<mask> in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: University Press, 2005)

1695 births
1736 deaths
People from the Scottish Borders
Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard
Scottish soldiers
Lynching deaths
Scottish people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Scotland
Prisoners sentenced to death by Scotland
Scottish murder victims
People murdered in Scotland
Prisoners who died in Scottish detention
Scottish prisoners sentenced to death
18th-century Scottish people
18th-century soldiers
Scottish male golfers
People associated with Edinburgh
18th-century Dutch military

masks:
Porteous
John Porteous
John Porteous
Porteous
John Porteous


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<mask> (December 15, 1778 – March 6, 1861) was a prominent cabinet-maker and pencil manufacturer of Concord, Massachusetts. Early life
Munroe was born on the Seaver Farm in Roxbury in Suffolk County, Massachusetts. His father was a merchant during the time he was growing up. He received little formal schooling prior to being a teenager. When he was thirteen Munroe worked as a farmhand for a while at his grandparents' farm in Roxbury. Though he liked farming, he figured that there had to be a better way to make a living and desired to learn a skilled trade. At fourteen he became a wheelwright’s assistant.After working at this for a while he quit  and briefly became a cabinet-maker’s assistant. He then worked at various day labor jobs through the age of sixteen. When he was seventeen he became employed with his second cousin deacon Nehemiah <mask>, a cabinet-maker in downtown Roxbury. He was exceptionally sharp at this trade, able to follow the written diagrams of the various pieces of furniture to make them precisely. He had his own innovative ideas and even devised a new method of hanging table leaves from their hinges, drawing a new concept that was followed thereafter. Munroe became a journeyman in the shop for about six months after becoming twenty one years old, completing his apprenticeship. In 1800 he left and went to Concord, Massachusetts.There he worked for his older brothers, Daniel and Nathaniel, who were clockmakers. He passed his time by making clock cases. The brothers wrote in Munroe on a contract as a full partner in their business from 1801 though 1804. Mid life
In 1805 Munroe married Patty, daughter of Captain John Stone. Patty's family was wealthy and her father had died before they were married. They immediately took up residence in a part of the brick house that was Patty's mother's.

masks:
William Munroe
Munroe


texts: In 1806 their first child was born, <mask>. Two years later they moved to a part of the building where the shop was where he was working as a clockcase-maker.Munroe also made some furniture, besides clockcases, which he took to Boston to sell. In 1810 he traded some clocks in Norfolk for some corn and flour. He traded the flour to a Mr. Prescott, a baker in Concord, in a round about way for a shop at the Concord Mill-Dam Company that Mr. Prescott owned. There was a credit crunch in the economy at this time and Mr. Prescott didn't have cash to pay for the flour. In 1811 Munroe moved his family to a small house closer to his shop. The War of 1812 with England began about this time. There were many embargo laws then enforced and basically little trading with Europe in general.His cabinet-making business was all but rubbed out as the New England economy was in a recession at the time. It turned out little importation of European products came to America because of the war. There was a sharp incentive to make items in New England that were normally made in Europe. Many products were scarce and much rewarded for those that could produce them in America. Munroe figured there had to be a way to exploit this concept so thought of some ideas of things he could make. Being practical he first produced cabinetmaker's squares since he already had skills in this area and it would be easy for him to make these. He did his level best selling them at a fair price, however competition eventually made his business decline.He then noticed the scarcity of imported pencils and the high price that people paid for them. Munroe figured that making these for people was a financial opportunity. He learned of earlier users that were successful in selling them, like Benjamin Franklin who promoted pencils in the Pennsylvania Gazette


texts:
 in 1729. It is not known for sure if Munroe was inspired by Franklin's expression Either write something worth reading or do something worth writing, however he did point out,

Straight away Munroe obtained a few lumps of black graphite which he beat to a pulp with a hammer. He separated the fine particles that floated to the top of the water with a spoon and mixed them with a clay solution. His first experiments with this lead solution was not very successful. He continued making cabinet maker's squares and sold the few of these which he could.In this time he continued experimenting with graphite lead for pencils with little accomplishment. He had no knowledge of the subject and feared consulting others as they might take the idea and produce pencils themselves. Munroe continued experimenting in secret with graphite powder formulas on his own. Eventually he figured a way to come up with a suitable graphite paste formula of various ingredients that could be poured into a slotted line made in some cedar wood blanks. The pencil centers would be his secret formula of a mixture of dried graphite paste of clay and other unknown ingredients. They were air dried and not hardened by firing in a furnace as Europeans did, so the quality was not as good as theirs—but it was fine enough to write with. On July 2, 1812, he had produced about thirty pencils and sold them to a Benjamin Andrews, a hardware dealer on Union Street in downtown Boston.These were the first wooden-cased graphite lead pencils manufactured in the United States. Andrews was a previous customer of Munroe's, to whom he had sold cabinetmaker's squares. He ordered more immediately, which Munroe proceeded to grind out. Munroe showed up at Andrew's hardware store with over four hundred pencils less than two weeks later. Andrews then wrote up a contract


texts: with Munroe to take for a price all the pencils that he could make in a certain time frame. Munroe had then made a business out of making lead pencils. He made the graphite formula for his pencils in secret, with only the help of his wife.The business was quite successful. By 1814 he had made nearly 175,000 pencils, which sold for about six thousand dollars, a very large amount of money at the time. When the war with England ended there were better pencils available from Europe and his profits were erased by these better imports. Munroe figured it was pointless to try to compete against these superior products so took up his normal trade of cabinet-making. He also made tooth brushes and watchmaker's brushes, also the first made in the United States. During this interim time he went back to the drawing board to do further experimenting with his secret lead pencil paste. One thing led to another until he came up with a powdered graphite paste product that would make its mark.Munroe decided in 1819 he would go into pencil manufacturing full-time. He no longer desired to be number two. He made a square deal with his employees then to sell them his furniture business. He contracted with them to make his cabinet maker's squares and pencil blanks for payment of the shop business. Munroe in turn then produced the unique graphite paste for his pencils, of which only he and his wife knew the secret formula. He rented an old textile factory building and there fabricated pencils on a large scale. In 1835 alone he made over 5 million pencils.He took the lead out to become the best manufacturer of American pencils. Munroe figured that the best way to make pencils was by starting with a quarter inch slab of cedar wood. He then would cut the slots for his special formula graphite paste and fill them. He would let the


texts: paste air dry. The next step was to glue an eighth inch veneer of wood over the slots. The final step was to saw the slab into pencils. This resulted in a wooden lead graphite pencil that was just under a half inch thick.The business was a struggle at first, however in ten years' time he had sharpened his skills to perfection. He figured out how to make his machinery fabricate the wooden pencils efficiently in the old textile factory, creating the first and the most successful pencil company in the United States. Munroe took the lead in manufacturing pencils in the United States from that time forward as long as he was in the pencil business. He also make ever-pointed-pencil leads that were very popular. There were others in Massachusetts that would follow his lead, including one of his former employees, Ebenezer Wood, who would invent the first pencil-making machinery. Some of his competitors that contemplated competing against him were Henry David Thoreau and the Thoreau family. Another competitor to be pointed out that made pens was Benjamin Ball while Joseph Dixon also made pencils and pens.Munroe led the pencil industry in the United States into the 1840s. It should be pointed out that some were not on the level and illegally copied Munroe's techniques of pencil making. They counterfeited his stamps and labels. At least two were found guilty in Massachusetts. Another merchant in New York imported German-made pencils with "W. Munroe" printed on them to be sold as an illegal knock-off product. Those pencils were confiscated and destroyed with a fine of five hundred dollars. <mask>'s son Francis apprenticed as a pencil manufacturer and maker under the training of his father.In 1848 the entire "William Munroe Pencil Company" was given to him. By 1854 the business no longer penciled out for Francis so he


texts:
 wrote it off. He contracted with others for his stock in the company and moved to Manchester, Vermont. Later life
In 1844 Munroe moved closer into the center of Concord, near the railroad that had recently come into town. This residence became his retirement home where he lived the rest of his life. He died March 6, 1861. Munroe was little known beyond the circle of his personal friends.He called himself a Federalist of the old school and a Whig, admiring the views of Daniel Webster. He liked music and was an excellent singer. See also
Clan Munro

Notes

Primary sources
 Hudson Charles, Massachusetts Historical Society,  History of the Town of Lexington, Middlesex County, Massachusetts: From Its First Settlement to 1868,  Boston(1868): Wiggin and Lunt. <mask>, Richard S., History and genealogy of the Lexington, Massachusetts, Munroes, Holyoke, Massachusetts, 1966; OCLC: 2150699
 Monroe, <mask>, written October 12, 1869, Memoirs of Members of the Social Circle in Concord ("Memoir of <mask>e"), Riverside Press, 1888

Secondary sources
Brondfield, Jerome, "Everything begins with a pencil." Reader’s Digest, March 1979, pp 25–26, 31–33
 McGuire, Joan S Guilford, The Monroe book : being the history of the Munro clan from its origins in Scotland to settlement in New England and migration to the West, 1652–1850 and beyond, J.S. Guilford, 1993,
 Petroski, Henry et al., The Pencil:  A History of Design and Circumstance, Knopf, 1990,

Other reading
 J.S. Keyes, Houses in Concord in 1885
 Shattuck, Lemuel, A History of the Town of Concord; Middlesex County, Massachusetts, from Its Earliest Settlement to 1832, The Printery, 1971
Jarvis, Edward, Houses and People in Concord 1882, Concord Free Public Library, 251–54

External links
Clan Munro Association

19th-century American inventors
1778 births
1861

masks:
Munroe
William Jr
William Munro


texts:
<mask> (born November 29, 1969) is an American writer known for the series of novels starring his character Atticus Kodiak, the creator-owned comic book series Whiteout, Queen & Country, Stumptown and Lazarus, as well as lengthy runs on such titles as Detective Comics, Wonder Woman and Gotham Central for DC Comics, and Elektra, Wolverine and The Punisher for Marvel. He has written a substantial amount of supplemental material for a number of DC Comics' line-wide and inter-title crossovers, including "No Man's Land", "Infinite Crisis" and "New Krypton". <mask> made his debut as a screenwriter with the screenplay for the 2020 film The Old Guard, based on his comic book series of the same name. Early life
<mask> was born in San Francisco and raised on the Monterey Peninsula of California, in an area known to the locals as "Steinbeck Country". Rucka is Jewish. He first discovered comics at the Nob Hill Market in Salinas, California, where at age five, he first saw digest-sized black and white reprints of Stan Lee and Jack Kirby's work on The Incredible Hulk, which he convinced his mother to buy. He began writing at a young age, and at age 10, he won a county-wide short story contest.He graduated from Vassar College with a BA in English. He then enrolled in the University of Southern California's Master of Professional Writing program, graduating with a Master of Fine Arts. He names Douglas Adams as his biggest influence. Before becoming a professional fiction writer he worked in a number of other occupations, including house painting, restaurant work, emergency medical technician, security guard, technical writer, and fight choreographer.

masks:
Gregory Rucka
Rucka
Greg Rucka


texts:
 Career
<mask>'s writing career began with the Atticus Kodiak series. Kodiak is a bodyguard whose jobs are rarely as uncomplicated as they at first appear. The series to date consists of Keeper, Finder, Smoker, Shooting at Midnight, Critical Space, Patriot Acts, and Walking Dead.These works garnered Rucka much critical acclaim and comparisons to the elite writers of crime/suspense fiction. The "Atticus" novels are notable for their realism and attention to detail, which is partly a product of <mask>'s fight training and experience as an EMT. He has written  six non-Atticus books: Fistful of Rain, Alpha, Bravo, A Gentleman's Game, Private Wars, and The Last Run; the latter three are tie-ins to his comic book series Queen & Country. In 1998, <mask> entered the comics industry with Whiteout, published through Oni Press. Whiteout focuses on a murder in an Antarctic base. It was followed by a sequel, Whiteout: Melt. The majority of Rucka's work throughout the 2000s was for DC Comics, where he was involved with their main trinity of characters: Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman.<mask> wrote Batman on a regular basis in the Detective Comics series following the events of "No Man's Land'". He wrote the novelization of the year-long arc. While writing Detective Comics, he created a number of background characters that led to the co-creation of Gotham Central with co-writer Ed Brubaker. His Batman work includes such story arcs as "Bruce Wayne: Murderer?" and "Bruce Wayne: Fugitive". as well as the Batman: Death and the Maidens limited series. From October 2003 to April 2006 he wrote Wonder Woman after having previously written the character in

masks: Rucka Rucka Rucka Rucka


texts: the Wonder Woman: The Hiketeia original graphic novel.From 2002 to 2004, he did some work for Marvel, including the start of the third volume of Wolverine, Elektra and the mini-series Ultimate Daredevil and Elektra. He has worked for Image Comics. The first volume of his series Queen & Country concluded in July 2007 with issue #32. He co-wrote Countdown to Infinite Crisis, a one-shot and the official start of the Infinite Crisis storyline, with Geoff Johns and Judd Winick. <mask>'s work on both Wonder Woman and Gotham Central ended in 2006. Although he was not involved in the main storyline of Infinite Crisis, he did write The OMAC Project which built towards the event, focusing on Batman's distrust of other superheroes. This led to the revival of Checkmate, a UN authority that oversaw superheroes including Sasha Bordeaux, an integral character of The OMAC Project.He was a co-writer on the weekly series 52, which he co-wrote with Geoff Johns, Grant Morrison, and Mark Waid. This series chronicled in real-time the year following Infinite Crisis, and saw Rucka focus on Renee Montoya of Gotham Central and the creation of the new Batwoman, Kate Kane. Rucka returned to the Batwoman character frequently over the years in a 52 sequel The Crime Bible and Final Crisis: Revelations before returning to the character in Detective Comics with artist J. H. Williams III, as well as reviving Renee Montoya in the book's second feature with artist Cully Hamner. Rucka wrote the screenplay for the "Crossfire" segment in the direct-to-DVD anime Batman: Gotham Knight, in which Crispus Allen, a character he created, appears. In 2009, <mask> and artist Eddy

masks: Rucka Rucka


texts: Barrows took over Action Comics as the title moved its focus from Superman to Kryptonian heroes Nightwing and Flamebird in the aftermath of the "New Krypton" story arc. As well as writing Action Comics, Rucka co-wrote the main New Krypton 12 part series with Superman writer James Robinson. At Wondercon 2010 Rucka announced he would part ways with DC Comics to focus on his own projects, in part because of DC's failure to keep him on as writer of Wonder Woman: Earth One as promised.<mask> then wrote The Punisher for Marvel Comics. On July 11, 2011, Rucka launched the webcomic Lady Sabre and the Pirates of the Ineffable Aether, a steampunk adventure series illustrated by Rick Burchett. New installments appear every Monday and Thursday. In May 2013, Rucka launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund the publication of a print edition of Lady Sabre, and achieved their initial funding goal of $27,500 within eight hours. He wrote the creator-owned series, Black Magick, which was drawn by Nicola Scott and published by Image Comics. The Rucka/Scott creative team produced a new Wonder Woman series for DC Comics in June 2016 as part of the DC Rebirth relaunch. Rucka concluded his run on Wonder Woman as of issue #25.In 2017, <mask> wrote the creator-owned series The Old Guard, which was drawn by Leandro Fernandez, colored by Daniela Miwa and published by Image Comics. In March 2017, Skydance Media picked up the rights to adapt the comic into a film with the same name. Rucka wrote the film's script. The film was released on Netflix in July 2020. In July 2019, Rucka began writing the Lois Lane 12-issue limited series with artist Mike Perkins. In December