texts:
Admiral <mask>, 1st Viscount <mask>, KB (1 July 17314 August 1804) was a British admiral who defeated the Dutch fleet off Camperdown on 11 October 1797. This victory is considered one of the most significant actions in naval history. Life
<mask> was the second son of <mask>, Baron of Lundie, Angus, (d. May 1777) Provost of Dundee, and his wife (and first cousin once removed) Helen, daughter of John Haldane of Gleneagles. He was born at Dundee. In 1746, after receiving his education in Dundee, he entered the Royal Navy on board the sloop Trial, under Captain Robert Haldane, with whom, in  and afterwards in , he continued till the peace in 1748. In 1749 he was appointed to , then commissioned for service in the Mediterranean, by the Hon. Augustus Keppel (afterwards Viscount Keppel), with whom he was afterwards in  on the coast of North America, and was confirmed in the rank of lieutenant on 10 January 1755.Seven Years War

In August 1755 he followed Keppel to , and in January 1756 to Torbay, in which he continued till his promotion to commander's rank on 21 September 1759, and during this time was present in the expedition to Basque Roads in 1757, at the reduction of Gorée in 1758, and in the blockade of Brest in 1759, up to within two months of the Battle of Quiberon Bay, from which his promotion just excluded him. From October 1759 to April 1760 he had command of Royal Exchange, a hired vessel employed in petty convoy service with a miscellaneous ship's company, consisting to a large extent of boys and foreigners, many of whom (he reported) could not speak English, and all impressed with the

masks:
Adam Duncan
Duncan
Adam
Alexander Duncan


type: original

texts:
 idea that as they had been engaged by the merchants from whom the ship was hired they were not subject to naval discipline. It would seem that a misunderstanding with the merchants on this point was the cause of the ship's being put out of commission after a few months. As a commander <mask> had no further service, but on 25 February 1761 he was posted and appointed to , fitting for Keppel's broad pennant. In her he had an important share in the reduction of Belle Île in June 1761, and of Havana in August 1762. He returned to Britain in 1763, and, notwithstanding his repeated request, had no further employment for many years. Peacetime
During this time he lived principally at Dundee, and married on 6 June 1777 Henrietta, daughter of Robert Dundas of Arniston, Lord President of the Court of Session.It would seem that his alliance with this influential family obtained him the employment which he had been vainly seeking during fifteen years. Towards the end of 1778 he was appointed to , from which he was almost immediately moved into . In January 1779 he sat as a member of the court-martial of Admiral Keppel for the poor performance of the Channel Fleet during the First Battle of Ushant. During the course of the trial <mask> objected several times to stop the prosecutor in irrelevant and in leading questions, or in perversions of answers. The Admiralty was therefore desirous that he should not sit on the court-martial of Sir Hugh Palliser for failure to obey orders during the same battle. The court-martial was set for April. The day before the assembling of the court the admiralty sent down

masks: Duncan Duncan


texts:
 orders for Monarch to go to St. Helens.Her crew, however, refused to weigh the anchor until they were paid their advance; and as this could not be done in time, Monarch was still in Portsmouth harbour when the signal for the court-martial was made; so that, sorely against the wishes of the admiralty, <mask> sat on this court-martial also. During the summer of 1779 Monarch was attached to the Channel fleet under Sir Charles Hardy; in December was one of the squadron with which Rodney sailed for the relief of Gibraltar, and had a prominent share in the action off St. Vincent on 16 January 1780. On returning to Britain <mask> quit Monarch, and had no further command till after the change of Ministry in March 1782, when Keppel became first lord of the admiralty. He was then appointed to  of 90 guns, and commanded her during the year in the Grand Fleet under Howe, at the relief of Gibraltar in October, and the encounter with the allied fleet off Cape Spartel. He afterwards succeeded Sir John Jervis in command of , and after the peace commanded  as guardship at Portsmouth for three years. He attained flag rank on 24 September 1787, became vice admiral 1 February 1793, and was promoted to admiral 1 June 1795. In February 1795 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, North Sea, and hoisted his flag on board .In action with the Dutch

During the first two years of <mask>'s command the work was limited to enforcing a rigid blockade of the enemy's coast, but in the spring of 1797 it became more important from the knowledge that the Dutch fleet in the Texel was getting ready for sea. The situation was one of

masks: Duncan Duncan Duncan


texts: extreme difficulty, for the mutiny which had paralysed the fleet at the Nore broke out also amongst the crews under <mask>, and kept him for some weeks in enforced inactivity. <mask>'s personal influence and some happy displays of his vast personal strength held the crew of Venerable to their duty; but with one other exception, that of , the ships refused to quit their anchorage at Yarmouth, leaving Venerable and <mask>ant alone to keep up the pretence of the blockade. Fortunately the Dutch were not at the time ready for sea; and when they were ready and anxious to sail, with thirty thousand troops, for the invasion of Ireland, a persistent westerly wind detained them in harbour till they judged that the season was too far advanced. For political purposes, however, the French Revolutionaries who controlled the government in Holland (despite the contrary opinion of their admiral, De Winter), ordered him to put to sea in the early days of October. <mask>, with the main body of the fleet, was at the time lying at Great Yarmouth revictualling, the Texel being watched by a small squadron under Captain Henry Trollope in , from whom he received early information of the Dutch being at sea. He at once weighed anchor, and with a fair wind approached the Dutch coast, saw that the fleet was not returned to the Texel, and steering towards the south sighted it on the morning of 11 October about seven miles from the shore and nearly halfway between the villages of Egmont and Camperdown.The wind was blowing straight on shore, and though the Dutch forming their line to the north preserved a bold front, it was

masks: Duncan Duncan Adam Duncan


texts: clear that if the attack was not made promptly they would speedily get into shoal water, where no attack would be possible. <mask> at once realised the necessity of cutting off their retreat by getting between them and the land. At first he was anxious to bring up his fleet in a compact body, for his numbers were at best equal to those of the Dutch; but seeing the absolute necessity of immediate action, without waiting for the ships astern to come up, without waiting to form line of battle, and with the fleet in very irregular order of sailing, in two groups, led respectively by himself in Venerable and Vice-admiral Richard Onslow in Monarch, he made the signal to pass through the enemy's line and engage to leeward. It was a bold departure from the absolute rule laid down in the Fighting Instructions, still new, though warranted by the more formal example of Howe on 1 June 1794; and on this occasion, as on the former, was crowned with complete success. The engagement was long and bloody; for though <mask>, by passing through the enemy's line, had prevented their untimely retreat, he had not advanced further in tactical science, and the battle was fought out on the primitive principles of ship against ship, the advantage remaining with those who were the better trained to the great gun exercise, though the Dutch inflicted great loss on the Royal navy. It had been proposed to De Winter to make up for the want of skill by firing shell from the lower deck guns, and some experiments had been made during the summer which showed that the idea was feasible. However, want of familiarity with an arm so


texts:
 new and so dangerous presumably prevented its being acted on in the battle.Rewards

The news of the victory was received in Britain with the warmest enthusiasm. It was the first certain sign that the mutinies of the summer had not destroyed the power and the prestige of the Royal Navy. <mask> was at once (21 October) raised to the peerage as <mask>, of Camperdown, and Baron <mask>, of Lundie in the Shire of Perth (with which came the lands now known as Camperdown Park in Dundee), and there was a strong feeling that the reward was inadequate. Even as early as 18 October his aunt, Lady <mask>, wrote to Henry Dundas, at that time secretary of state for war: Report says my nephew is only made a Viscount. Myself it is nothing, but the whole nation thinks the least you can do is to give him an English earldom. … Am sure were this properly represented to our good king, who esteems a brave, religious man like himself, would be of my opinion. ….It was not, however, till 1831, many years after <mask>'s death, that his son, then bearing his title, was raised to the dignity of an earl, and his other children to the rank and precedence of the children of an earl. <mask> was awarded the Large Naval Gold Medal and an annual pension of £3,000, to himself and the next two heirs to his title – this was the biggest pension ever awarded by the British government. Additionally, he was given the freedom of several cities, including Dundee and London. Death

<mask> continued in command of the North Sea fleet until 1801, but without any further opportunity of distinction. Three years later, 4 August 1804, he died

masks:
Duncan
Viscount Duncan
Duncan
Mary Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan


texts:
 quite suddenly, aged seventy-three, at the inn at Cornhill, a village on the border, where he had stopped for the night on his journey to Edinburgh (ib. 252) and was buried in Lundie west of Dundee. Memorial

There is a memorial to him within St Paul's Cathedral.Character
<mask> was of size and strength almost gigantic. He is described as  in height, and of corresponding breadth. When a young lieutenant walking through the streets of Chatham, his grand figure and handsome face attracted crowds of admirers, and to the last he is spoken of as singularly handsome. Nelson wrote to <mask>'s son, Henry, a fellow Royal Navy officer, on 4 October 1804, including a newspaper with the account of <mask>'s death, "There is no man who more sincerely laments the heavy loss you have sustained than myself; but the name of <mask> will never be forgot by Britain, and in particular by its navy, in which service the remembrance of your worthy father will, I am sure, grow up in you. I am sorry not to have a good sloop to give you, but still an opening offers which I think will insure your confirmation as a commander". Family

<mask>'s uncle was Sir <mask>, physician-extraordinary to King George III and first of the <mask> baronets. On 6 June 1777 <mask> married Henrietta (1749–1832), daughter of Robert Dundas of Arniston, Lord President of the Court of Session.On his death <mask> left a family of four daughters and two sons. His eldest son succeeded to the peerage and later became Earl of Camperdown; the second son, Henry, died a captain in the navy and K.C.H. in 1835. His sister Margaret was mother to James

masks:
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
William Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan


texts:
 Haldane Tait who served under him several times and rose to the rank of Rear Admiral. Henrietta and her children are buried in Canongate Kirkyard in Edinburgh east of the church. Heraldry

The paternal arms of the 1st Viscount were: Gules, two cinquefoils in chief and a bugle horn in base argent stringed azure (Clan <mask>). In the centre of his paternal coat the 1st Viscount was granted an augmentation of honour: Pendant by a ribbon argent and azure from a naval crown or a gold medal thereon two figures the emblems of Victory and Britannia; Victory alighting on the prow of an antique vessel, crowning Britannia with a wreath of laurel; and below the word "Camperdown"

Crest: A first rate ship of war, with masts broken, rigging torn and in disorder, floating on the sea, all proper and over, the motto "Disce Pati" ("learn to suffer").Supporters: On the dexter side an Angel, mantle purpure; on the head a celestial crown; the right hand supporting an anchor proper; in the left a palm branch Or. On the sinister a sailor, habited and armed proper; his left hand supporting a staff, thereon hoisted a flag azure; the Dutch colours, wreathed about the middle of the staff. Motto: "Secundis Dubiisque Rectus"

Recognition

Several ships have been named <mask> after him. The Dundee Unit of the Sea Cadets is named TS <mask> after him. A statue by Westmacott, erected at the public expense, is in St. Paul's. <mask> Terrace in Islington, London N1 was named after him. <mask> Street in Leeds town centre is named after him.The pub on this street honours him with its name and many pictures and paintings. The

masks:
Duncan
HMS Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan


texts:
 Galapagos island, now known as Pinzón Island, was named <mask> Island. A statue of <mask> was erected in 1997 in his birthplace, Dundee, on the corner of High Street and Commercial Street. Several public houses are named after him, including the <mask> pub in Soho, London, a gay pub that was the scene of a terrorist bombing in 1999.
 namesake of <mask>'s Cove, Nova Scotia

Notes

References
Attribution
 Endnotes:
Ralfe's Naval Biography, i. 319;
Naval Chronicle, iv. 81;
Charnock's Biographia Navalis, vi. 422;
James's Naval History of Great Britain (edit.1860), ii. 74;
Keppel's Life of Viscount Keppel. Further reading

Rampant Scotland - Famous Scots - <mask>, 1st Viscount Camperdown (1731–1804)
Taynet - Admiral <mask>, Hero of Camperdown
Gazetteer for Scotland - Admiral <mask>
 The Naval Chronicle, Volume 4 1800, J. Gold, London. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ) |-

1731 births
1804 deaths
People educated at the High School of Dundee
Military personnel from Dundee
D
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War
Viscounts in the Peerage of Great Britain
Peers of Great Britain created by George

masks:
Duncan
Duncan
Admiral Duncan
Duncan
Adam Duncan
Lord Duncan
Adam Duncan


texts:
<mask> (; born October 26, 1984) is a Brazilian professional mixed martial artist. He currently fights in the Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he is a former UFC Lightweight Champion. He has also competed at Welterweight. As of November 2, 2021, he is #6 in the UFC lightweight rankings. Early life
In a 2014 interview, <mask> stated that he was a troubled child, getting into fights in his hometown Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. He originally started training Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Daniel Matheus at the age of nine. According to <mask>, he stopped fighting on the streets when he began training jiu jitsu.Mixed martial arts career
The majority of <mask>' early career took place in his native country of Brazil. He would start off his career with a record of 2-2, with both losses coming by way of split decision. <mask> would then rack up 9 straight victories, which included 6 submissions. His 11–2 record in regional circuits would be enough to get a call from the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his UFC debut at UFC 91, losing to Jeremy Stephens. The fight was stopped in the third round after an uppercut knocked out <mask>. For his second UFC fight, <mask> was next given Tyson Griffin at UFC Fight Night 18.The fight was a back-and-forth battle that showcased heart, skill, and technique from both fighters but ended in a unanimous decision loss for <mask>. The bout was awarded Fight of the Night honors. <mask> was scheduled to fight Matt Wiman on September 19, 2009, at UFC 103, but due to a knee injury suffered by Wiman, he instead faced Rob Emerson. <mask> got a much-needed

masks:
Rafael Souza dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos


texts: win by unanimous decision. <mask> then defeated Kyle Bradley via unanimous decision at UFC Fight Night 20. At UFC 112, <mask> defeated Terry Etim via second round armbar submission, earning him Submission of the Night honors. <mask> faced Clay Guida on August 7, 2010, at UFC 117.Guida appeared to injure the jaw of <mask> in the first round with a hook and would go on to defeat <mask> by submission (jaw injury) after <mask> tapped from the pressure being applied to his jaw while Guida had arm-and-head control. <mask> next faced George Sotiropoulos on July 2, 2011, at UFC 132 after replacing an injured Evan Dunham. Dos <mask> showcased his vastly improved striking skills, knocking out Sotiropoulos cold in the first round with a right hand. <mask> faced Gleison Tibau on November 19, 2011, at UFC 139. He was defeated by split decision. <mask> faced Kamal Shalorus on May 15, 2012, at UFC on Fuel TV: Korean Zombie vs. Poirier. After dropping Shalorus with a head kick, <mask> submitted him via rear-naked choke in the first round.After taking virtually no damage in the fight against Shalorus, <mask> quickly returned to face Anthony Njokuani on July 11, 2012, at UFC on Fuel TV: Munoz vs. Weidman, replacing an injured Paul Taylor. He won the fight via unanimous decision (30–27, 30–27, and 29–28), dominating Njokuani both in striking and grappling. <mask> faced Mark Bocek on November 17, 2012, at UFC 154. He won the fight via unanimous decision, once again having the edge in both standup and ground fighting. <mask> next faced Evan Dunham on May 18, 2013, at UFC on FX 8. He won the fight via unanimous decision. However, there

masks:
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos


texts:
 was some controversy, as 10 out of 10 media outlets scored the bout in favor of Dunham.<mask> faced Donald Cerrone on August 28, 2013, at UFC Fight Night 27. <mask> won via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Rustam Khabilov on February 22, 2014, at UFC 170. However, the bout was scrapped in the weeks leading up to the event. <mask> instead faced Khabib Nurmagomedov on April 19, 2014, at UFC on Fox 11. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Jason High on June 7, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 42. He won the fight via TKO due to punches in the second round.<mask> headlined UFC Fight Night 49 against Benson Henderson on August 23, 2014. He won the fight via knockout in the first round after dropping Henderson with a flying knee and rendering him unconscious with a follow-up left hook. The win also earned him his first Performance of the Night bonus award and made him the only man to stop Henderson by strikes. <mask> faced Nate Diaz on December 13, 2014, at UFC on Fox 13. He won the fight by unanimous decision (30–26, 30–26, and 30–27). He dominated the first two rounds with superior striking and vicious leg kicks with the third round being controlled by <mask> on the mat. UFC Lightweight Championship
<mask> faced Anthony Pettis for the UFC Lightweight Championship on March 14, 2015, at UFC 185. <mask> won the bout via unanimous decision in a dominant fashion, earning him the UFC Lightweight Championship.After the fight, <mask> revealed that he had torn his MCL only a few weeks before the bout. The win once again earned him a Performance of the Night bonus award. For his first title defense,

masks:
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos


texts:
 <mask> faced Donald Cerrone in the main event at UFC on Fox 17 on December 19, 2015. He won the fight via TKO at just 66 seconds into the first round, resulting in the fastest finish in UFC Lightweight title history. The win also earned <mask> his third Performance of the Night bonus award. <mask> was expected to face Conor McGregor on March 5, 2016, at UFC 196 for his second title defense of the lightweight belt. However, it was announced on February 23 that <mask> had been forced out of the fight after breaking his foot during training.In his second title defense, <mask> faced Eddie Alvarez on July 7, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 90. Despite closing as a three-to-one favorite to win the fight, he lost the bout via TKO in the first round. Reports arose after the Alvarez fight that <mask> had passed out for three minutes moments before going out to fight, and that this was due to the effects of the gruelling weight cut. Post championship
<mask> next faced Tony Ferguson on November 5, 2016, at The Ultimate Fighter Latin America 3 Finale. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Both participants were awarded Fight of the Night for their performance. Move to Welterweight
<mask> faced Tarec Saffiedine, former Strikeforce title holder, in a welterweight bout on June 17, 2017, at UFC Fight Night: Holm vs. Correia.He won the fight via unanimous decision (30–27, 30–27, and 29–28). <mask> faced Neil Magny on September 9, 2017, at UFC 215. He won the fight via arm-triangle choke submission in the first round. This win also earned <mask> his fourth Performance of the Night bonus award. In a title eliminator, <mask> faced Robbie


texts:
 Lawler on December 16, 2017, in the main event at UFC on Fox: Lawler vs. <mask>. <mask>' fight plan relied heavily on low leg kicks and constant combos consisting of body shots and leg kicks. He won the fight by unanimous decision.<mask> fought Colby Covington on June 9, 2018, at UFC 225 for the Interim UFC Welterweight Championship. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> faced Kamaru Usman on November 30, 2018, at The Ultimate Fighter 28 Finale. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Kevin Lee in Lee's welterweight debut at UFC Fight Night 152 on May 18, 2019. He won the fight via an arm triangle submission in the fourth round. <mask> faced Leon Edwards on July 20, 2019, at UFC on ESPN 4.He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Michael Chiesa on January 25, 2020, at UFC Fight Night 166. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Return to Lightweight
<mask> was expected to face Islam Makhachev on October 24, 2020 in <mask>' return to the lightweight division at UFC 254. However, on October 8, 2020, it was reported that <mask> tested positive for COVID-19 and he was removed from the bout. The pairing was left intact and rescheduled for November 14, 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Felder vs. <mask>. However, on November 8, it was reported that Makhachev was forced to pull from the event due to injuries.On a quick turnaround, it was announced Paul Felder stepped up to replace Makhachev on five days notice. Simultaneously, <mask> signed a new six-fight contract with the UFC and committed to compete in the lightweight division. <mask> went on to defeat Felder via split decision. This fight

masks:
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos


texts:
 earned him the Fight of the Night awards. The bout with Makhachev was rescheduled and was expected to take place on October 30, 2021, at UFC 267. However, yet again, <mask> was forced to pulled from the event, citing injury, and was replaced by Dan Hooker. <mask> was scheduled to face <mask> on February 19, 2022, at UFC Fight Night 201.However, the bout was postponed to UFC 272 due to visa issues with Fiziev. One week before the event, Fiziev was forced to withdraw due to testing positive for COVID-19. It is currently unknown if a replacement will be sought. Fighting style
Dos <mask> is known for his aggressive, high-volume striking, physical strength, and strong takedown capabilities. He will often come out aggressively in a Muay Thai stance, then use feints and kicks to back his opponent against the cage while swarming them with flurries of punches as well as takedowns. He is particularly noted for his left kick to the body and right hook to the head; he uses these strikes to limit his opponent's lateral movement as they attempt to get their backs away from the fence. Under trainer Jason Parillo, <mask> developed a refined boxing game in 2017.On the ground, he is noted for his powerful ground-and-pound, which includes punches and sharp elbow strikes. In addition to his striking, <mask> is a high-level black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Dos <mask> trains out of Evolve MMA in Singapore and at Team RDA in California; he formerly trained at Kings MMA but left after losing to Eddie Alvarez. He is a Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt under Aldo "Caveirinha" Januário. Personal life
After receiving a broken jaw in the Guida

masks:
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
Rafael Fiziev
Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
Anjos


texts: fight, <mask> now has a titanium-fused jaw that he claims has broken some hands of later opponents. Dr. Johnny Benjamin has disagreed with <mask>, pointing out that the titanium plate in his jaw is measured in millimeters. Dos <mask> is a Christian.<mask> has three children with his wife, Cris. On December 20, 2019, <mask> revealed on social media that he and his family have become naturalized U.S.

masks:
dos Anjos
dos Anjos
Anjos
dos Anjos
dos Anjos


texts:
<mask> (September 12, 1953 – March 4, 2004) was an American fashion designer and artist credited with pioneering the 1980s mix of "uptown sophistication in clothing with a downtown punk and pop sensibility". Career
<mask>'s initial Day-Glo bright, sixties-inspired, graffiti-printed fashion collections for men and women caught the attention of fashion editors, store buyers, and fashionistas, garnering much media coverage. His initial collections (1983–1985) were huge critical hits, sold at only the "best" stores (his 1983 collections were sold exclusively at Bergdorf Goodman and Henri Bendel in New York City on a small scale). To much surprise in the fashion and retail communities, <mask> declared bankruptcy in June 1985 (even though his base of influential fashion editors and high-end stores were firmly in place). <mask> cited production, late deliveries, and financial problems in an interview with Women's Wear Daily shortly after he closed his initial business. <mask> informally showed a Fall 1985 collection to buyers and the press at his new showroom in Union Square on Broadway - the last location of Andy Warhol's infamous "Factory" lofts. A runway presentation at Club USA in NYC was initially planned (and largely promoted) for its grand opening.Subsequently, the show was cancelled; a Stephen Sprouse Incorporated representative stated at the time that the show was cancelled due to the company relocating to their new Union Square location. The apparel shown were "finished samples." <mask> referred to his Fall 1985 collection as being "more hippie weird" and early seventies-inspired, with bell-bottom trousers, psychedelic prints, and maxi skirts, but the company lacked the funds and staff to produce the apparel. <mask> was initially noted

masks:
Stephen Sprouse
Stephen Sprouse
Sprouse
Sprouse
Sprouse
Sprouse
Sprouse


texts: by fashion magazines and retailers for using high-quality, expensive, custom-dyed fabrics (his woolens were largely sourced by the high-end Italian textile house Agnona). <mask> personally did the graffiti that adorned many of his very early, expensive garments (1983, early 1984), which added to their desirability. In September 1987, with financial backing from high-end furniture manufacturer Knoll International (then known as GFI/General Felt Industries), <mask> opened a three-level store on Wooster Street in New York City; a second (smaller) store was opened in Los Angeles in the spring of 1988 at the Beverly Center shopping complex. He partly abandoned his signature sixties silhouettes, instead drawing inspiration from the mid-seventies London-based punk rock scene.For his Fall 1987 and Spring 1988 collections, he was given permission to use one of Andy Warhol's "Camouflage" screen-prints to utilize as textile designs (<mask> created a secondary print, based on Warhol's original). For his Fall 1988 "Signature" collection, he collaborated with artist Keith Haring to create several abstract prints of Jesus with graffiti, and Haring's "squibbles." His company, CSI ({Andrew} Cogan Sprouse Incorporated) also wholesaled the various collections ("<mask> Sprouse," "Sprouse," and "S") to retailers (commencing with his Spring 1988 collection), but he lost his financial backing due to poor sales and production/quality issues, closing again in December 1988, shortly after the company shipped their "Holiday" line. In 1992, Sprouse designed an exclusive men's and women's "capsule collection" (i.e. : 32 pieces in whole) for Bergdorf Goodman, dubbed "CyberPunk," which featured Velcro in lieu of traditional buttons. <mask> (again) largely sourced

masks: Sprouse Sprouse Sprouse Stephen Sprouse


texts: custom made textiles from Agnona for his fall 1992 collection. The production of the collection was done entirely on a couture level, leading to extremely high-priced garments (e.g.: $500 for a pair of men's nylon underwear - that being one of the lowest priced items available). Bergdorf Goodman sold the line for two seasons (Fall 1992 & Spring 1993), with very limited success, despite wide media coverage, and featuring <mask>'s garments in their window displays. <mask> showed a collection ("CyberGlitter") at Club USA in NYC for Fall 1993, but it never went into full production, despite orders being placed from retail buyers. In 1995, Barneys New York handled the production of an exclusive women's spring/summer line. Vogue magazine featured the moderately priced garments in its pages, but it sold poorly. That same year, <mask> also served as the costume curator for the new Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, and designed the staff's uniforms. In 1996, <mask> designed the logo and cover for New York Glam outfit Psychotica's self-titled album, released under American records.In 1998, with full production and backing from Italian manufacturer Staff International, he was briefly back in business, but the clothes sold poorly and were largely ignored by the fashion press and retailers that adored him in the 1980s. Despite such ups and downs, <mask>'s apparel is still coveted - his clothing continues to fetch high prices in vintage stores and online (e.g. : eBay) for his most iconic pieces. The graffiti logo bags he designed in collaboration with Marc Jacobs for Louis Vuitton in 2001 made the fashion world take notice once again. In 2002, he created a vast collection of men's and women's apparel, home accessories, sports gear, etc. for the

masks: Sprouse Sprouse Sprouse Sprouse Sprouse


texts: Target discount chain (dubbed "AmericaLand") - mostly rendered in a graffiti patriotic motif. In 2003, <mask> collaborated with fashion brand Diesel on a take over of its Union Square Store for September's New York Fashion Week.As part of the collaboration, <mask> designed a series of limited edition jeans, T-shirts and hats, and made a complete makeover of the Diesel store, which meant adding his renowned Day-Glo design to windows, interiors, and outer building exteriors. At the launch of the event Diesel’s founder and President, Renzo Rosso, explained the project as "first and foremost a tribute that we wish to pay to one of the most groundbreaking and far-reaching artists of our time, someone who went beyond categorizations, means of expressions, and gender- a common approach at Diesel." For both Fall 2006 and 2008, Marc Jacobs utilized <mask>'s 1987 graffiti leopard images for handbags, shoes, and scarves for Louis Vuitton, which sold-out instantly. <mask> designed clothes for Blondie's Debbie Harry (his one-time downstairs neighbor in the Bowery section of NYC) in the late 70s/early 80s, prior to becoming a commercial designer. <mask> worked extensively with the band Duran Duran in the late 1980s, designing the clothes for their 1989 tour for the album Big Thing, as well as the cover for their greatest hits album Decade of the same year. Additionally, he styled and dressed Billy Idol in the early 1990s for Idol's "comeback" (which garnered little interest). <mask> launched himself as a commercial fashion designer when he competed in a fashion show contest of young designers in the spring of 1983 (at the suggestion of photographer and friend Steven Meisel), sponsored by the Polaroid Corporation (he previously worked as a design

masks: Sprouse Sprouse Sprouse Sprouse Sprouse Sprouse


texts:
 assistant to Halston in the 1970s for three years).Based upon the favorable editorial reaction he received, he soon after formed his first company, Stephen Sprouse, Inc., and set up a showroom and production space at 57th Street and Fifth Avenue, launching his initial commercial collections for retail (prior to this, production of his early 1983 apparel, done on a small scale, was produced by Dianne Phelp's company "Triad"). <mask> soon formed an in-house production staff for the small runway collection he showed in his silver-painted showroom (in homage to the Andy Warhol Factory loft of the sixties) in December 1983. The show garnered much attention and favorable reviews (notably from The New York Times Fashion Editor, John Duka). <mask>'s subsequent runway show, held at the NYC club The Ritz in May 2004 was the "must see" show of the season. Financial backing was provided by his parents, Norbert and <mask>, for <mask>'s initial business. <mask> died at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center in New York City of heart failure, after a closely guarded diagnosis of lung cancer a year before. He was 50.A book on the career of <mask>, The Stephen Sprouse Book, by Roger Padilha and Mauricio Padilha (with a foreword by Tama Janowitz), was released by Rizzoli on January 13, 2009. See also

 Andy Warhol
 Keith Haring
 Duran Duran

References

External links
The Stephen Sprouse Book
Marc Jacobs tribute to <mask>
New York Times, March 5, 2004 "<mask>, Design Pioneer, Dies at 50", by William Norwich
Obituary in Traverse City Record Eagle, his Michigan home town newspaper
Deborah Harry of Blondie wearing a <mask> creation

1953 births
2004 deaths
American fashion designers
LGBT artists from the United States
Artists from Dayton, Ohio
20th-century

masks:
Sprouse
Sprouse
Joanne Sprouse
Sprouse
Sprouse
Sprouse
Stephen Sprouse
Stephen Sprouse
Stephen Sprouse


texts:
<mask>  <mask> (born 1955 in Somerville, New Jersey) is a contemporary American sculptor, printer, and conceptual and visual artist. His work uses contexts of postmodern eclecticism, and combines references and appropriation from African and African-American imagery. He also has used Dada’s readymades and Surrealism’s transformed objects, as well as icons of American pop culture or African and Asian masks. Works
<mask> is best known for assembling and transforming ordinary domestic and used objects such as irons, ironing boards, high-heeled shoes, hair dryers, bicycle parts, wooden matches, lawn jockeys, and other discarded appliances and hardware, into imaginative and powerful works of art and installations. In 1989, <mask> garnered attention in the art world with works using the steam iron as a motif. <mask> imprinted iron scorch marks on a variety of media, showing not only their wide-ranging decorative potential but also to reference his <mask>’s African-American heritage. He used the marks to suggest the transport and branding of slaves, the domestic role of black women, and ties to Ghanaian cloth design and Yoruba gods.Through the repetitive use of single objects in multiples, <mask>’s assembled sculptures acquire a transcending and renewed metaphorical meaning, or become a critique of our consumer culture. <mask>’s work is generally discussed in the context of postmodern eclecticism, combining references and appropriation ranging from African and African-American imagery, to Dada’s readymades and Surrealism’s transformed objects, and icons of American pop culture or African and Asian

masks: Willie Cole Cole Cole Cole Cole Cole Cole


texts:
 masks, into highly original and witty assemblages. Some of <mask>’s interactive installations also draw on simple game board structures that include the element of chance while physically engaging the viewer. His "Anne Klein With a Baby in Transit," from 2009, uses discarded high-heeled shoes to depict a mother and child. The well-worn black shoes combine to recall traditional African sculptures. It was a gift from the Brenden Mann Foundation to the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Shows

Solo Shows

 2012, Highpoint Editions, Minneapolis, Five Beauties Rising: New Prints by <mask>

Group Shows
 2017, Highpoint Editions, Minneapolis, Operation Chromebody
 2017, Alexander and Bonin, New York, Walker Street Summer
 2015, MCA Chicago, Chicago, Surrealism: The Conjured Life
 2012, Tamarind Institute, Albuquerque, Afro: Black Identity in America and Brazil

Life
<mask> grew up in Newark, New Jersey.He attended the Boston University School of Fine Arts, received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the School of Visual Arts in New York in 1976, and continued his studies at the Art Students League of New York from 1976 to 1979. In 1978, he found work as a graphic designer for the Queens County Borough Hall as part of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act’s employment of artists. <mask> is the recipient of many awards, including the 2006 David C. Driskell Prize, the first national award to honor and celebrate contributions to the field of African-American art and art history, established by the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia. <mask> is represented by Alexander and Bonin Gallery in

masks:
Cole
Willie Cole
Willie Cole
Willie Cole
Cole


texts:
 New York; and by Guido Maus, beta pictoris gallery / Maus Contemporary in Birmingham, AL. Museum collections
<mask>’s work is found in numerous private and public collections and museums around the world, including:
Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, N.Y.
Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio
American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York City
Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada
Asheville Art Museum, Asheville, North Carolina
Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, Md. Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, Ala.
Bronx Museum of the Arts, New York City
Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio
The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, N.J.
Columbia Museum of Art, Columbia, S.C.
Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, Ohio
Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas
 Davis Museum and Cultural Center, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Mich.
 FRAC-Lorraine, Metz, France
Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Ithaca, N.Y.
High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Ga.
Hunter Museum of American Art, Chattanooga, TN
Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, New York
Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis, Minn.
Montclair Art Museum, Montclair, N.J.
Muscarelle Museum of Art, Williamsburg, VA
Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago
Museum of Modern Art, New York City
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
New Britain Museum of American Art, New Britain, Conn.
New Jersey State Museum, Trenton
New York Public Library, New York City
Newark Museum,


texts:
 Newark, N.J.
Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, Fla.
Orlando Museum of Art, Orlando, Fla.
  Palmer Museum of Art, Penn State University, University Park, PA
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia
Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia
Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, Mo.San Antonio Museum of Art, San Antonio, Tx
Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art, Winston-Salem, N.C. Speed Art Museum, Louisville, Ky.
Spencer Museum of Art, Lawrence, KS. The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY. Tamarind Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa, Fla.
Tweed Museum of Art, University of Minnesota, Duluth
University Art Museum, University of California, Santa Barbara
Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minn.
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City
Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Mass. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Conn.

References

External links
<mask>’s website
<mask>’s art in Artcyclopedia
<mask>'s Art Gallery
TV Interview with <mask>, and other video clips
<mask> at MoMA
Willie Cole at Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis, MN

1955 births
Living people
African-American contemporary artists
20th-century American sculptors
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century male artists
American male sculptors
American conceptual artists
Postmodern artists
Artists from Newark, New Jersey
Franklin Furnace artists
Sculptors from New Jersey
African-American sculptors
20th-century African-American artists
21st-century African-American

masks:
Willie Cole
Willie Cole
Willie Cole
Willie Cole
Willie Cole


texts:
<mask> (25 April 1946 – 7 January 2018) was an Irish businessman, barrister and Fine Gael politician who served as UN Special Representative for International Migration from 2006 to 2017. He was known for serving in a variety of international organisations, political and business roles. <mask> was the UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for International Migration until March 2017. Appointed in January 2006, he was responsible for the creation of the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD). He also served as President of the International Catholic Migration Commission, as well as a member of the Migration Advisory Board of the International Organization for Migration. He was a board member of Wallenberg-owned ABB and the Wallenbergs' conglomerate holding company, Investor AB. A barrister by profession, <mask> was a Senior Counsel of the Bar Council of Ireland.He previously served as Attorney General of Ireland (1981–1982, 1982–1984); European Commissioner for Competition (1985–1989); founding Director-General of the World Trade Organization, formerly GATT (1993–1995); and chairman of Goldman Sachs International (1995–2015). He received numerous awards including the European Person of the Year Award (1988). Early and personal life

Of Irish nationality, <mask> was born in Dublin in 1946 and was educated at Gonzaga College in Ranelagh, Dublin. He graduated in Civil Law at University College Dublin and practised at the Irish Bar between 1969 and 1980. He married Maruja, a Spaniard, in 1974. Political career

Attorney General of Ireland

<mask> was appointed Attorney General of Ireland in June 1981, serving until March 1982. He took the post again from December 1982 to December 1984.European Commissioner
<mask> was appointed to the European Commission (EC) in 1985 and had responsibility for competition policy and, initially for 1985 only, also for education. He said that he was especially pleased to have proposed the establishment of the Erasmus Programme that allows European

masks:
Peter Denis Sutherland
Sutherland
Sutherland
Sutherland
Sutherland
Sutherland


texts:
 university students to study in other member states. He was chairman of the Committee that produced the Sutherland Report on the completion of the Internal Market of the European Economic Community (EEC), commissioned by the EC and presented to the European Council at its Edinburgh meeting in 1992. He was the youngest ever European Commissioner and served in the first Delors Commission, where he played a crucial role in opening up competition across Europe, particularly the airline, telecoms, and energy sectors. He also played a major role in the reinforcement of state aid control, notably through the high-profile Boussac case. GATT/WTO
In 1993, he became Director-General of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (now the World Trade Organization). Later Mickey Kantor, the United States Trade Representative, credited him with being the father of globalisation and said that without him there would have been no WTO.The Uruguay round of global trade talks, concluded in December 1993 with <mask> as chair of GATT, produced a "comprehensive, rules-based and global trade regime" which was the biggest trade agreement in history and established the WTO. His integral role in the successful conclusion of these negotiations has been cited as "indispensable". Chairing the Uruguay Round, <mask> "employed tactics the likes of which had never been seen before in GATT…he worked to create the sense of unstoppable momentum" by mobilising the press and media and instigating "a more aggressive public relations than the staid GATT had ever before seen". A 2013 book by Craig VanGrasstek of the Harvard Kennedy School, published by the WTO, The History and Future of the World Trade Organization, details <mask>'s role in the formation and establishment of the body. On the elevation of the role of director-general, VanGrasstek writes "The office is shaped to a great degree by the person who occupies it, and Director-General <mask> – who served both as the last GATT director-general and the first WTO director-general – redefined

masks:
Sutherland
Sutherland
Sutherland
Peter Sutherland


texts:
 the role and the links between that office and the leadership in the members in a way that gave him and his successors additional options for the conduct of negotiations". <mask> was instrumental in elevating the office of director-general to one that dealt directly with presidents and prime ministers, not just ministers, a key factor in the success of negotiations and the political esteem of the body going forward. He served as Chairman of the Advisory Council to the Director-General that produced the report on the future of the WTO, published in 2005.

Business career

<mask> was the chairman of Allied Irish Banks (AIB) from 1989 until 1993.He was non-executive chairman of Goldman Sachs International (a registered UK broker-dealer, a subsidiary of Goldman Sachs) until June 2015. Until June 2009 he was non-executive chairman of BP, being replaced by Carl-Henric Svanberg, formerly chief executive officer of Ericsson. <mask> was a director of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group until it was taken over by the UK government to avoid bankruptcy. He also formerly served on the board of ABB. He was also a non-executive director of construction materials giant CRH plc from 1989 to July 1993. CRH plc was fined in 1994 by the European Competition Directorate General for its role in the pan-European cement cartel

He served on the steering committee of the Bilderberg Group until May 2014, and was Honorary Chairman of the Trilateral Commission (from 2010), formerly Chairman of the Trilateral Commission (Europe) (2001–2010); and vice chairman of the European Round Table of Industrialists (2006–2009). He was chairman of the Board of Governors of the European Institute of Public Administration (Maastricht) from 1991 to 1996.He was also Honorary President of the European Movement Ireland. He was a member of the Hong Kong Chief Executive's Council of International Advisers between 1998 and 2005. He produced the Sutherland Report for the Portuguese government on the handover of Macao to China in January 2000. He was

masks: Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland


texts:
 President of the Federal Trust for Education and Research, a British think tank; chairman of The Ireland Fund of Great Britain from 2001 to 2009, part of The Ireland Funds; and a member of the advisory council of Business for New Europe, a British pro-European think-tank. He was a member of the Commission on Human Security set up by the Japanese government that reported to the United Nations in 2003. In 2005, he was appointed as Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. In Spring 2006 he was appointed Chair of the London School of Economics (LSE) Council commencing in 2008, a position he held until February 2015.<mask> also served on the International Advisory Board of IESE Business School, the graduate business school of Spain's University of Navarra. In January 2006, he was appointed by UN secretary-general Kofi Annan as his Special Representative for Migration. In this position, he was responsible for promoting the establishment of a Global Forum on Migration and Development, a state-led effort open to all UN members that is meant to help governments better understand how migration can benefit their development goals. The Global Forum was acclaimed by UN member states at the UN High-Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development, in September 2006,

On 5 December 2006, he was appointed as Consultor of the Extraordinary Section of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See (a financial adviser to the Vatican). <mask> was also co-chairman of the High Level Group appointed by the governments of Germany, the United Kingdom, Indonesia and Turkey to report on the conclusion of the Doha Round and the future of multilateral trade negotiations. Its report was issued in May 2011. In May 2012, <mask> was named Honorary President of the European Policy Centre, a Brussels-based independent think tank.Later years

In an interview with The Irish Times in early 2010, <mask> revealed that in summer 2009, during a holiday, one of his children noticed a

masks: Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland


texts:
 swelling on his throat while they sat on a beach. Within a week he was back home in London undergoing a major operation. <mask> had an operation for throat cancer in August 2009 and following the operation he underwent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For <mask>, a Europhile, the worst part about his illness was missing the "mortal combat" of fighting for the Yes vote in the second Lisbon referendum. <mask> visited Fianna Fáil politician Brian Lenihan to tell him what a great job he thought he was doing and to say that Lenihan had the potential to be one of the great taoisigh of the 21st century. Lenihan was taken aback, he said. <mask> believed Ireland failed in economic terms over most of the past four decades with the exception of a "sparkling period" from 1994 to 2002 when the state took advantage of European Union (EU) changes freeing up the movement of goods, capital and services across Europe.In November 2010, he renewed his involvement in trade issues when he was appointed co-chair of an Experts Group, created by the heads of government of Germany, Great Britain, Indonesia and Turkey, to report on the priority actions to be taken to combat protectionism and to boost global trade. The Trade Experts Group's interim report was launched at Davos on 28 January 2011. He was twice offered the job of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees by Kofi Annan, a fact, he said, that he had never disclosed publicly before, but he declined both times due to other commitments. He cited his work at GATT and the introduction of the Erasmus student exchange programme when he briefly held the education portfolio at the Commission in 1986 as his two most rewarding achievements. Death
In September 2016, <mask> suffered a heart attack while on his way to mass at a Catholic church in London. Six months later, he resigned from his post as UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for International Migration because of poor health. After a long illness, <mask> died in Dublin on 7 January 2018, of complications

masks: Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland


texts:
 from an infection, aged 71.Immigration policy
<mask> strongly advocated unrestricted immigration into the EU. <mask> gave his opinion to the UK's House of Lords Home Affairs Committee on 21 June 2012 as being (a) that "at the most basic level individuals should have freedom of choice" about working and studying in other countries and that EU states should stop targeting "highly skilled" migrants (and, conversely, placing restrictions on low-skilled migrants). <mask> also argued (b) that migration is a "crucial dynamic for economic growth" and that this is the case "however difficult it may be to explain this to the citizens of those states". <mask>'s stated opinions on policy were (a) that "it was fundamentally important for states to cooperate on migration policy rather than developing their own policies in isolation as 'no state is or can be an island (b) that multiculturalism is both inevitable and desirable: "It's impossible to consider that the degree of homogeneity which is implied by the other argument can survive because states have to become more open states, in terms of the people who inhabit them" and also (c) that "the European Union, in my view, should be doing its best to undermine" any "sense of our homogeneity and difference from others". An ageing or declining native population in countries like Germany or southern EU states was the "key argument and, I hesitate to the use word because people have attacked it, for the development of multicultural states", he added. <mask> restated his view in the syndicated article co-authored with Cecilia Malmström titled "Europe's Immigration Challenge", the opening paragraph of which declares:

In June 2014, <mask> was appointed President of the International Catholic Migration Commission (ICMC). Honours, awards and honorary doctorates
<mask> received a total of fifteen honorary doctorates from universities in Europe and America.players
Directors-General of the World Trade Organization
Irish chairpersons of corporations
European Commissioners

masks: Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland Sutherland


texts:
<mask> or <mask> is a filmmaker of Indian origin. <mask> is best known for directing award-winning movies like Samsara, Valley of Flowers, and Angry Indian Goddesses. His debut feature SAMSARA (Miramax) was worldwide critical and commercial triumph and went on to win awards like Best First Feature Film at Durban International Film Festival, "Grand Jury Prize – Special Mention" at AFI Fest, Special Jury Award at Santa Barbara International Film Festival and "Most Popular Feature Film" at Melbourne International Film Festival in 2002. Since then <mask> has been actively making fiction and non-fiction movies which have been coproduced with countries like India, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the USA. Nalin’s movies have been distributed worldwide. Early life
<mask>, a self-taught filmmaker, was born in a remote village of Adtala in Amreli district, Gujarat, India. Nalin, until the age of 12, helped his father sell tea on a railway platform Khijadiya Junction Railway Station.His parents gave him spiritual upbringing. As a child, Nalin disliked schools; instead he used to paint and draw. He also actively staged mythological dramas and folk plays. <mask> left his family in young age in pursuit of cinema. He studied Fine Arts at the M.S. University, Baroda for one year. It is also in Vadodara that Nalin discovered Hollywood movies and World Cinema.A year later <mask> went to study Design at the NID (National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad). While at NID, he wrote about movies and managed the Film Club by programming films from around the world. Nalin made some fifty wedding videos to finance his education and filmmaking. From Ahmedabad’s famous Sunday Flea Market Nalin found the old film cameras. He made four animations and twenty short silent films using these cameras. However having no means to finance the editing, sound and lab work, those films remained incomplete, some disappeared all together. After graduating from NID, <mask> traveled widely all over India for the next two years.Career

1990 to 2000

<mask> finally moved to Mumbai, and got a break as a production runner at Durga Khote Productions. In no time the producers

masks:
Nalin Kumar Pandya
Pan Nalin
Nalin
Nalin
Nalin
Nalin
Nalin
Nalin
Nalin


texts:
 recognized Nalin's talent and offered him a chance to direct commercials and corporate films. In 1988, <mask> conceived a unique comedy TV series of Doordarshan in collaboration with famous cartoonist R. K. Laxman; the series was later sold and became a major hit under the title of Wagle Ki Duniya. Nalin traveled and lived in USA and UK for about a year and then six months in Europe. Soon he returned to the India started writing screenplays and making documentaries. Nalin made several of them with Discovery, Canal Plus, BBC and other leading international TV networks. Nalin also made short documentaries for Canal Plus on Indian superstars Shah Rukh Khan and Sridevi.The subjects of his documentaries ranged from modern India to deep interiors of Nagaland to High Tibetan plateau of the Himalayas. <mask>’s independent moviemaking spirit attracted French documentary filmmaker Yolande Zauberman’s attention; so while she was making her feature documentary Born Criminal in India, <mask> shifted his career gears by becoming co-producer on the movie because he was highly impressed by Zauberman’s style of moviemaking. "Born Criminal" became Official Selection of Cannes Film Festival where Nalin got invited. <mask> started 'Monsoon Films', his own production company in Delhi, which was later, moved to Mumbai. 2000s: Breakthrough

Nalin got a breakthrough with Cinematheque in Paris, where his documentary "Sacred Courtesan Devadasi" and his short fiction "Khajuraho" was being showcased, in the audience was Europe’s prolific producer Karl Baumgartner. After 170 rejection letters and emails for Samsara, Nalin met Baumgartner who came on board as main producer and mounted Samsara in co-production with Germany, France, Italy and India. In the year 2000, Samsara was done in 4 months long pre-production, followed by three months long filming.There were 14 nationalities in Samsara’s cast and crew. Samsara got invited to Toronto International Film Festival to make the world premiere, Miramax and fifty other distributors acquired the movie for the distribution. The film won Jury and audience award at Santa Barbara International Film Festival. <mask>

masks:
Nalin
Nalin
Nalin
Nalin
Pan Nalin


texts:
 came into global limelight; SAMSARA became a massive commercial and critical success worldwide and won him many international awards. 2001-2020: Established Auteur

Following theatrical success of "Samsara", Nalin traveled 15000 km by road to meet with traditional masters of Indian medicine. The result was a documentary "AYURVEDA: ART OF BEING". It was theatrically released worldwide with major success."AYURVEDA: ART OF BEING" celebrated a yearlong theatrical run in Spain and record-breaking two-year long run in France. The film met with similar success in USA, Canada, Germany and Holland. In 2006, <mask>’s Hindi and Japanese language second feature, Valley of Flowers was pre-sold to nearly 35 countries and considered a major underground hit. The Valley of Flowers was filmed in remote, high altitude Himalayas and in Japan. The film won the best picture at Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles, and four nominations at IAAC New York, including The Best Picture and The Best Director. For his next documentary <mask> traveled to Kumbh Mela in 2013, one of the world's most extraordinary religious events. There, he directed Faith Connections.This film was an official selection at Toronto (2013), won the Audience Choice Award at Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles (2014) and it has been theatrically released worldwide. In 2014, <mask> made India’s first female buddy Film, Angry Indian Goddesses. The film became a hit. The film won Audience Choice Award First-Runner-up at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. The film also won Audience Award at the Rome Film Festival and nominated for All Lights India International Film Festival in 2016. It was followed up by another  In 2017 it launched on streaming platform Netflix. 2021-

In 2021, Nalin wrote, directed, and produced Chhello Show (Last Film Show), a Gujarati film.The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in June 2021. Where it went on to win Audience Award First Runner-Up. The film also won the Best Picture, Golden Spike Award, at the Seminci 66th Valladolid International Film Festival 2021 in Spain, won Audience Favorite Award at the Mill Valley Film Festival 2021, and was

masks:
Nalin
Nalin
Pan Nalin


texts:
 nominated for Best Picture at Tiantan Award 2021 in China. The last Film Show will be released worldwide in theaters in 2022. Artistic style and themes
The spiritual longing of Tarkovsky movies, high voltage actions of Kurosawa, and versatile styling of Kubrick and Sergio Leone were some of the early influences on <mask>’s work. He believed that each story or screenplay is born with its own natural cinematic style, and Stanley Kubrick and Sergio Leone proved it with each and every movie they made. Nalin finds the story, looks for its natural and organic cinematic style.For example, Samsara and Angry Indian Goddesses are totally opposite in cinematic styling. Samsara was conceived with almost every frame storyboarded and composed by <mask>, actors were restricted to respect that and were not allowed even the slightest of improvisation. <mask> made a small book for the cast and crew, “Notes on Zenematography.” Angry Indian Goddesses is the opposite with its handheld cinematography actors were given the freedom to improve and go in and out of frame as they please. Not only that, Angry Indian Goddesses was a scriptless production. Visual and sound design play a big role in <mask>’s movies, and he often spends months doing sound ‘recce.’ <mask> created a distinct style in Samsara with the use of specially designed color palettes and camera moves. In the film Samsara, There are no greens or chirping birds. Mainly barren landscapes with cold wind and fluttering prayer flags.Tashi only sees one single green leaf when he steps out of the cave after three years of meditation. With Valley of Flowers <mask> made an attempt to create an authentic Asian love story, free of western influences. A timeless and spiritual love epic inspired by Buddhist mythology and Tantric traditions. Valley of Flowers story commences in the early 19th century in high-altitude Himalayas and ends in modern-day Tokyo. A kind of Western but for Nalin, it would be an ‘Eastern.’ Once again, Nalin created a unique visual and sound design for this romantic epic, and it has a different perspective on the topic of “true love conquers all” from the rationale of a different

masks:
Pan Nalin
Nalin
Nalin
Nalin
Nalin
Nalin


texts:
<mask> (October 25, 1918 – July 9, 2008) was an American psychologist. His most significant contribution to the fields of educational psychology, cognitive science, and science education learning was on the development and research on "advance organizers" (see below) since 1960. Biography

Family
He was born on October 25, 1918 and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. He was nephew of the Jewish historian <mask>. Ausubel and his wife Pearl had two children. Education
He studied at the University of Pennsylvania where he graduated with honors in 1939, receiving a bachelor's degree majoring in psychology. <mask> later graduated from medical school in 1943 at Middlesex University where he went on to complete a rotating internship at Gouverneur Hospital, located in the lower east side of Manhattan, New York.Following his military service with the US Public Health Service, Ausubel earned his M.A. and Ph.D. in developmental psychology from Columbia University in 1950. He continued to hold a series of professorships at several schools of education. Psychiatrist
In 1973, Ausubel retired from academic life and devoted himself to his psychiatric practice. During his psychiatric practice, Ausubel published many books as well as articles in psychiatric and psychological journals. In 1976, he received the Thorndike Award from the American Psychological Association for "Distinguished Psychological Contributions to Education". Author
In 1994, at the age of 75, Ausubel retired from professional life to devote himself full-time to writing.He then published four books:
 Ego development and Psychopathology (1996),
  The Acquisition and Retention of Knowledge (2000),
 Theory and Problems of Adolescent Development (2002), and
 Death and the Human Condition (2002),
 In Death and the Human Condition he wrote about the psychology of death and impressed his own personal psychological, theological and

masks:
David Paul Ausubel
Nathan Ausubel
Ausubel


texts:
 philosophical thoughts on the nature and implications of the afterlife, conceptualizing death from the perspective of both Christian believers and non-believers, expressing his view that "the relevance and value of faith should certainly not be derogated or treated pejoratively, as atheists, agnostics, and rationalists tend to do." Death
He died on July 9, 2008. Influences
Ausubel was influenced by the teachings of Jean Piaget. Similar to Piaget’s ideas of conceptual schemes, Ausubel related this to his explanation of how people acquire knowledge. "<mask> theorized that people acquire knowledge primarily by being exposed directly to it rather than through discovery" (Woolfolk et al., 2010, p. 288) In other words, Ausubel believed that an understanding of concepts, principles, and ideas is achieved through deductive reasoning. Similarly, he believed in the idea of meaningful learning as opposed to rote memorization. In the preface to his book Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View, he says that "If [he] had to reduce all of educational psychology to just one principle, [he] would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows.Ascertain this and teach him accordingly" (<mask>, 1968, p. vi) Through his belief of meaningful learning, Ausubel developed his theory of advance organizers. However, <mask> was a critic of discovery-based teaching techniques, stating:

Actual examination of the research literature allegedly supportive of learning by discovery reveals that valid evidence of this nature is virtually nonexistent. It appears that the various enthusiasts of the discovery method have been supporting each other research-wise by taking in each other's laundry, so to speak, that is, by citing each other's opinions and assertions as evidence and by generalizing wildly from equivocal and even negative findings. Advance organizers
An

masks:
David Ausubel
Ausubel
Ausubel


texts:
 advance organizer is information presented by an instructor that helps the student organize new incoming information. This is achieved by directing attention to what is important in the coming material, highlighting relationships, and providing a reminder about relevant prior knowledge. Advance organizers make it easier to learn new material of a complex or otherwise difficult nature, provided the following two conditions are met:
1. The student must process and understand the information presented in the organizer—this increases the effectiveness of the organizer itself.2. The organizer must indicate the relations among the basic concepts and terms that will be used. Types
Ausubel distinguishes between two kinds of advance organizer: comparative and expository. 1. Comparative Organizers
The main goal of comparative organizers is to activate existing schemas. Similarly, they act as reminders to bring into the working memory of what one may not realize is relevant. By acting as reminders, the organizer points out explicitly "whether already established anchoring ideas are nonspecifically or specifically relevant to the learning material" (Ausubel & Robinson, 1969, p. 146).Similarly, a comparative organizer is used both to integrate as well as discriminate. It "integrate[s] new ideas with basically similar concepts in cognitive structure, as well as increase[s] discriminability between new and existing ideas which are essentially different but confusably similar" (Ausubel, 1968, p. 149). An example of a comparative organizer would be one used for a history lesson on revolutions. This organizer "might be a statement that contrasts military uprisings with the physical and social changes involved in the Industrial Revolution" (Woolfolk et al., 2010, p. 289). Furthermore, one could also compare common aspects of other revolutions from different nations. 2. Expository Organizers
"In


texts:
 contrast, expository organizers provide new knowledge that students will need to understand the upcoming information" (Woolfolk et al., 2010, p. 289).Expository organizers are often used when the new learning material is unfamiliar to the learner. They often relate what the learner already knows with the new and unfamiliar material—this in turn is aimed to make the unfamiliar material more plausible to the learner. An example which <mask> and Floyd G. Robinson provide in their book School Learning: An Introduction To Educational Psychology is the concept of the Darwinian theory of evolution. To make the Darwinian theory of evolution more plausible, an expository organizer would have a combination of relatedness to general relevant knowledge that is already present, as well as relevance for the more detailed Darwinian theory. Essentially, expository organizers furnish an anchor in terms that are already familiar to the learner. Another example would be the concept of a right angle in a mathematics class. A teacher could ask students to point out examples of right angles that they can find in the classroom.By asking students to do this, it helps relates the students present knowledge of familiar classroom objects with the unfamiliar concept of a 90 degree right angle. Criticism
"The most persuasively voiced criticism of advance organizers is that their definition and construction are vague and, therefore, that different researchers have varying concepts of what an organizer is and can only rely on intuition in constructing one-- since nowhere, claim the critics, is it specified what their criteria are and how they can be constructed" (Ausubel, 1978, p. 251). In a response to critics, Ausubel defends advance organizers by stating that there is no one specific example in constructing advance organizers as they "always depends on the nature of the learning material, the age of the


texts:
 learner, and his degree of prior familiarity with the learning passage" (Ausubel, 1978, p. 251). Another criticism of Ausubel’s advance organizers is that the critics often compare the idea of advance organizers with overviews. However, Ausubel has addressed that issue in saying that advance organizers differ from overviews "in being relatable to presumed ideational content in the learner’s current cognitive structure" (Ausubel, 1978, p. 252). Thirdly, critics also address the notion of advance organizers on whether they are intended to favour high ability or low ability students. However, Ausubel notes that "advance organizers are designed to favour meaningful learning.." (Ausubel, 1978, p. 255).Therefore, to question whether advance organizers are better suited for high or low ability students is unrelated as <mask> argues that advance organizers can be catered to any student to aid them in bridging a gap between what they already know and what they are about to learn. Notes

Footnotes

References
<mask>, D.P. (1960). The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material. Journal of Educational Psychology, 51, 267-272. <mask>, D. (1963). The Psychology of Meaningful Verbal Learning.New York: Grune & Stratton. <mask>, D. (1978). In defense of advance organizers: A reply to the critics. Review of Educational Research, 48, 251-257. <mask>, D., Novak, J., & Hanesian, H. (1978). Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View (2nd Ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.External links
Subsumption Theory (D. Ausubel)
Advance Organizers
 Ausubel Homepage
Ausubel obituary information

1918 births
2008 deaths
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American psychologists
Educational psychologists
Jewish American social scientists
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
20th-century psychologists
20th-century American

masks: Ausubel Ausubel Ausubel Ausubel Ausubel


texts:
<mask> (born 1 February 1976) is an Australian mining industry executive and was previously the principal shareholder of Aston Resources and Whitehaven Coal. He started out as a mining apprentice in the Hunter Valley, in New South Wales and set up his own business at age 26. Much of his wealth was acquired from investments in the mining industry. Biography
Tinkler qualified as an electrician at the Muswellbrook TAFE and commenced his involvement in the coal industry as an apprentice electrical fitter for Bayswater Coal. At aged 26, he started his own mine machinery maintenance business called Custom Mining. In 2006, Tinkler paid a $1 million deposit to buy the Middlemount coal mine in Central Queensland. A year later, he sold his Middlemount stake to Macarthur Coal for $275 million with the payment largely in shares.In May 2008 Tinkler sold his Macarthur shares for A$422 million in cash. Tinkler was named by BRW magazine in September 2008 as Australia’s richest person aged 40 or less with a stated net worth of $441 million at age 32. In 2008, Tinkler purchased the Maules Creek Mine coal deposit in New South Wales for $480 million from Rio Tinto and floated the vehicle for the deposit, Aston Resources Limited, in 2010 with a valuation of $1.2 billion. In early 2012, Tinkler was named by BRW magazine as Australia’s youngest billionaire with a
stated net worth of more than $1.18 billion. In May 2012, Tinkler merged Aston Resources Limited and another coal mining company controlled by him, Boardwalk Resources, with Whitehaven Coal creating a leading independent coal mining company with market capitalisation in excess of $5 billion. In June 2013, Tinkler’s shareholding in Whitehaven Coal was sold to his main financial backers. In 2014, Tinkler was called to give evidence before the Independent Commission Against Corruption


texts:
 over allegations of illegal donations to New South Wales politicians.He denied any wrongdoing and no corruption finding was made against him. Tinker was appointed Managing Director of Australian Pacific Coal Limited in 2015. In February 2016, Tinkler was declared bankrupt by the Federal Court with his bankruptcy subsequently annulled in August 2018. In December 2018, entities associated with Tinkler commenced proceedings in the New South Wales Supreme Court against Whitehaven Coal seeking compensation in relation to the 2012 acquisition of Boardwalk Resources Limited. Other business interests

In 2008, Tinkler established a racehorse enterprise, Patinack Farm, which became one of Australia’s largest locally owned racing organisations, experiencing tremendous success in a short period of time. This success is highlighted by eight individual Group1 winners, more than 40 stake winners and over 200 metropolitan victories. Patinack Farm consisted of three major properties including Sandy Hollow a 3,300 acre breeding facility, a 1,000 acre training facility and stud at Canungra on the Gold Coast and 950 acres of undeveloped horse country at Monegeeta, Victoria.Patinack Farm owned as many as 600 broodmares, along with some of the highest potential stallions in Australia. Tinkler sold Patinack Farm in 2014. Sporting interests

The Newcastle Jets hosted a community day at which 10,000 fans were admitted free for the clash against Melbourne Heart on 31 October 2010. Membership of the club increased to over 10,000 and the club obtained the Hunter Medical Research Institute as a new sponsor. On 31 March 2011 Tinkler assumed ownership of the Newcastle Knights rugby league club by a landslide vote of the eligible club members. The Knights signed Wayne Bennett to a four-year coaching contract with the club, starting in 2012. In


texts:
 April 2012 Tinkler handed back the Newcastle Jets A-league licence to the FFA.The Federation said that Tinkler's Hunter Sports Group could not just hand back its licence, and was breaching a binding contract by walking away from the Jets. Federation chief executive Ben Buckley refused to rule out the possibility of launching a damages claim against Tinkler that could go as high as $80 million. In May 2015, after Newcastle Jets players and staff had not been paid for a month, Tinkler placed the Newcastle Jets into voluntary administration, listing debts of $2.7 million. That resulted in the Football Federation of Australia terminating Tinkler's A-League licence, held by Hunter Sports Group. It was the culmination of a soccer season in which the Jets recorded their worst-ever results on the way to collecting the competition's wooden spoon. Corruption Allegations
At a hearing of the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) on 28 April 2014, it was revealed that Tinkler's Patinack Farm horse stud paid $66,000 to "Eightbyfive", a slush fund set up by an advisor to the allegedly corrupt NSW politician Chris Hartcher. A few days later, text messages presented at the commission revealed that Tinkler's property development company, Buildev, had secretly paid $50,000 to produce anonymous flyers attacking Jodi McKay, the local state parliamentarian, in the lead-up to the 2011 state election, because she opposed the billion-dollar plan by Buildev to establish a coal export terminal in Newcastle.Financial difficulties
On Melbourne Cup day 2012, Tinkler's private horse racing trainer, John Thompson, revealed that Tinkler's stable of horses had been forced to go without feed because the group was unable to pay suppliers. Thompson also said that Tinkler's racing and breeding company, Patinack Farm, had been


texts: asked to leave its Hawkesbury private training facility because "the owner of the property just got sick of us being late with our rent". However a spokesman for Tinkler said Patinack Farm had never run out of feed. In December 2012, the Australian Taxation Office filed court documents to wind up Tinkler's Hunter Sports Group. The action came two weeks after two of Tinkler's companies were placed into liquidation. Hunter Sports Group owed around A$2.7 million in unpaid taxes and was notified of this debt in September 2012. On 18 February 2013, it was reported that the liquidator of <mask>r's private company, Patinack Farm Administration, was considering an insolvent trading claim against Tinkler and his fellow director Troy Palmer.On 2 April 2013 it was revealed that Tinkler had put his entire racing and breeding business up for sale, including stock and properties. In May 2013, it was reported that Tinkler and his wife could be made bankrupt over A$440,000 in allegedly unpaid bills to a corporate adviser. The same month, the BRW Rich 200 estimated that Tinkler was beset by a series of debt problems and falling asset values that devalued his 2012 net wealth of A$915 million to A$235 million. On 19 June 2013 it was announced that Tinkler's biggest remaining asset, a 19 per cent share in coal miner Whitehaven, had been bought by his main financial backers including Farallon Management. It was estimated that the sale price of $2.96 per share represented a substantial loss by Tinkler's backers on their loans to him. Nevertheless, the sale of Tinkler's share in Whitehaven was seen as part of his struggle to repay debts accumulated by other parts of his crumbling empire. The funds raised by the sale of his Whitehaven shares enabled Tinkler to repay a $12 million debt to coal exploration company Blackwood Resources on 27


texts:
 June, a day ahead of schedule.On 3 September 2013, Tinkler's Aston Metals, a base metals explorer then owning five projects around Mt Isa, was placed in the hands of receivers. On 21 May 2014 it was reported that contracts had been exchanged to sell Patinack Farm, for an undisclosed sum, to a consortium consisting of "local and overseas parties from the Middle East". On 20 July 2015, an arrest warrant was ordered for Tinkler after he failed to appear in the Supreme Court in Adelaide to answer questions about the liquidation of his Patinack horse farm. The liquidator had taken action in the South Australian Supreme Court over unpaid debts, and asked the court to issue a warrant for Tinkler's arrest, saying he had shown a "flagrant disregard" for the court. On 19 and 20 November Tinkler was served with two statutory demands by the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation, alleging that his company Aston Resources Investments owed $6.4 million in tax, and that Tinkler Group Holdings Administration owed $3.5 million. On 9 February 2016, he was the subject of a bankruptcy hearing over a $2.8 million debt to GE Commercial Finance relating to the sale of his private jet aeroplane. Federal Court judge Jacqueline Gleeson ruled GE was entitled to make Tinkler, now resident in Singapore, bankrupt, but stayed the order pending an urgent appeal.On 2 March 2016, Tinkler failed to lodge an appeal in the required time and so was officially declared bankrupt. He told his bankruptcy trustee that he only had one asset, a farm near the NSW north coast town of Port Macquarie, which has caveats held on it by retailer Gerry Harvey and the local council. References

External links
Driver Database stats

Living people
Australian businesspeople
Australian soccer chairmen and investors
1976 births
Rugby league chairmen and investors
People from the


texts:
<mask> (, fl. 9th century) is a figure associated with a collection of poems from the Chinese Tang Dynasty in the Taoist and Chan tradition. No one knows who he was, when he lived and died, or whether he actually existed. In the  Chinese Buddhist tradition, <mask> and his sidekick Shide are honored as emanations of the bodhisattvas Mañjuśrī and Samantabhadra, respectively. In Japanese and Chinese paintings, <mask> is often depicted together with Shide or with Fenggan, another monk with legendary attributes. Little is known of his work, since he was a recluse living in a remote region and his poems were written on rocks in the mountains he called home. Of the 600 poems he is thought to have written at some point before his death, 313 were collected and have survived.Among the 57 poems attributed to <mask>'s friend, Shide, seven appear to be authored by <mask>, for a total of 320. Date
In Lüqiu Yin's () preface to <mask>'s poems, he claims to have personally met both <mask> and Shide at the kitchen of Guoqing Temple, but they responded to his salutations with laughter then fled. Afterwards, he attempted to give them clothing and provide them housing, but Lüqiu Yin writes that the pair fled into a cave which closed itself and Shide's tracks disappeared. This led Lüqiu Yin, governor of Tai Prefecture, to collect Hanshan's writings, "the poems written on bamboo, wood, stones, and cliffs  and also to collect those

masks: Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan


texts:
 written on the walls of peoples' houses." However, Burton Watson is of the opinion that Lüqiu Yin did not exist in reality and that his preface to Hanshan's poems is nothing more than myth. In the introduction to his book, he says of Lüqiu Yin's preface to the poems:

If we follow Watson and discount the preface of Lüqiu Yin, accepting only the words of the poet himself, we see that <mask> says only that he wrote his poems on the rocks. Nowhere in the poetry does he say that he wrote them on trees or bamboo or wood or the walls of people’s houses.The collection of poems attributed to Hanshan may span the entire Tang Dynasty as Edwin G. Pulleyblank asserts in his study Linguistic Evidence for the Date of Hanshan. Wu Chi-yu in A study of Han-shan identifies him as the monk Zhiyan (智岩, 577–654), but that has been disputed by Paul Demiéville among others. The Encyclopedia of China gives his date as around 712 and after 793. Jia Jinhua came to the conclusion, after a study of Chan phrases in some 50 of the poems, that this particular group of poems may be attributable to the Chan monk Caoshan Benji (840–901). However, the dates for both Zhiyan and Caoshan Benji contradict <mask>, who says that he was much older than either. Translations
Early translations include those by Arthur Waley 27 poems by Han-shan, Gary Snyder Cold Mountain Poems, and Burton Watson Cold Mountain: 100 Poems. The first complete translation to

masks: Hanshan Hanshan


texts:
 a western language was into French by  (Le Mangeur de brumes : l'œuvre de Han-shan poète et vagabond).Stephan Schumacher translated 150 poems into German in 1980. There are four full English translations, by Robert G. Henricks, Red Pine, Paul Rouzer and Peter Levitt

Other translations: Encounters With Cold Mountain, by Peter Stambler (130 poems). Cold Mountain Transcendental Poetry (96 poems) by Wandering Poet (2005, 2012). Biography

In the introduction to his translation of Han-shan's poems, Burton Watson writes, “If the reader wishes to know the biography of Han-shan, he must deduce it from the poems themselves.” Watson goes further to describe Han-shan as "a gentleman farmer, troubled by poverty and family discord, who after extensive wandering and perhaps a career as a minor official" became a hermit. In Paul Rouzer's translation of poem 302, Han-shan appears to say that after leaving home and traveling he arrived at Tiantai Mountain at age 30, and that he was trained in the Confucian classics:

A fanciful description of Han-shan is given by Lüqiu Yin in the introduction that is included in most editions of Han-shan's poems. During his journey to his prefect appointment, Lüqiu Yin writes, he was visited by Fenggan, who said that he came from the Guoqing monastery. When Lüqiu Yin, who suffered from a headache, asked Fenggan to cure him, Fenggan laughed and said, "The human body consists of but four great


texts: elements, and illness is only illusion," then sprinkled water onto Lüqiu Yin, curing him instantly.Lüqiu Yin then asked if there were any sages worthy of becoming of his tutor and Fenggan revealed that at Guoqing monastery were two Bodhisattva incarnations. The first, Han-shan, a man retired to the monastery, was, Fenggan said, an incarnation of Manjushri; the second, Shide, a man who "looked like a demented beggar coming and going, worked as an errand-boy at the stoves in the kitchen", was an incarnation of Samantabhadra. Three days after arriving at his government appointment, Lüqiu Yin asked his chief administrator if there were any information about Han-shan and Shide. The administrator reported that "seventy li (approximately 35 km) to the west of the town of T'ang-hsing, there was a cliff where a poor scholar lived. This scholar was said to be seen going to the Kuo-ch'ing Monastery." Lüqiu Yin went to the monastery and asked where Fenggan, Han-shan, and Shide were living. The monks there told him that Fenggan lived behind the library, but now it was haunted by a tiger who often accompanied him.Lüqiu Yin visited Fenggan's room but all he found was a "house full of the tiger's footprints." When he asked what Fenggan was hired to do, the monks said that Fenggan was assigned to hull rice for the monks and would spend his nights singing to amuse himself. Lüqiu Yin writes that no one knows where Han-shan came


texts: from. He relays descriptions of the poet given by elders from Guoqing Temple who said that Hanshan was "a poor and eccentric hermit" who "often went to the Kuo-ch'ing Monastery in order to take home the left-overs of the meal, which he carried in a bamboo tube given to him by Shih-te, a monk working in the dining-hall." "Sometimes Han-shan would stroll for hours in a long corridor of the monastery, cry cheerfully, laugh or speak to himself. When he was taken to task or driven away by some of the monks armed with sticks, he would afterwards stand still and laugh, clapping his hands, and then disappear." Lüqiu Yin says that his appearance was that of "an emaciated beggar, but every word he uttered was pithy, meaningful and inspiring.He wore a cap make of birch bark, a simple fur garment, torn and threadbare, and wooden sandals for shoes." Lüqiu Yin found Han-shan and Shide in the monastery kitchen, where he respectfully made obeisance to them. At sight of this, the two laughed and said, "Feng-kan has a long tongue. You did not recognize Maitreya at sight, why are you making obeisance to us now?" As Han-shan and Shide left hand in hand, the monks were stunned to see such a high official make obeisance to two poor scholars. Lüqiu Yin had two sets of clean clothing prepared and asked the monks to give them to Han-shan and Shide should they ever return. Lüqiu Yin later learned that the two hadn't reappeared at the


texts:
 monastery and had the presents delivered to their dwellings on Tiantai Mountain.When Hanshan saw these delivery men, it is said, he cried "Thieves! Thieves!" and retreated to a cave entrance, exclaiming, "Each of you should exert himself to the utmost," and withdrew into the cave, which closed itself behind him. Han-shan and Shide were never seen again at Guoqing temple. Lüqiu Yin had all the writings left behind by Han-shan and Shide collected. Han-shan had written on rocks, bamboo bark, trees, and the walls of houses in neighboring villages, and Shide had written a 49-line poem on the wall of an Earth God temple. Poetry
Hanshan's poetry consists of Chinese verse, in 3, 5, or 7 character lines; never shorter than 4 lines, and never longer than 34 lines.The language is marked by the use of more colloquial Medieval Vernacular Sinitic than almost any other Tang poet. The poems can be seen to fall into three categories: the biographical poems about his life before he arrived at Cold Mountain; the religious and political poems, generally critical of conventional wisdom and those who embrace it; and the transcendental poems, about his sojourn at Cold Mountain. They are notable for their straightforwardness, which contrasts sharply with the cleverness and intricateness that marked typical Tang Dynasty poetry. Red Pine poem 283:
Mister Wang the Graduate
laughs at my poor prosody. I don't know a wasp's waist
much less


texts:
 a crane's knee. I can't keep my flat tones straight,
all my words come helter-skelter. I laugh at the poems he writes-
a blind man's songs about the sun!(All these terms refer to ways a poem could be defective according to the rigid poetic structures then prevalent.) Thematically, <mask> draws heavily on Buddhist and Taoist themes, often remarking on life's short and transient nature, and the necessity of escape through some sort of transcendence. He varies and expands on this theme, sometimes speaking of Mahayana Buddhism's 'Great Vehicle', and other times of Taoist ways and symbols like cranes. The following poem begins with the imagery of the burning house and the three carts from the Parable of the Burning House found in The Lotus Sutra, then ends with typical Zen and Taoist imagery of freedom from conceptualizations. Red Pine poem 253:
Children, I implore you
get out of the burning house now. Three carts await outside
to save you from a homeless life. Relax in the village square
before the sky, everything's empty.No direction is better or worse,
East just as good as West. Those who know the meaning of this
are free to go where they want. This mixed influence is probably due to the high preponderance of Taoists and Buddhists in the same area. The eminent Taoist Ge Hong acclaimed Mount Tiantai as 'the perfect place for practicing the arts of immortality,' which is probably also why so many Buddhist temples


texts:
 were established in the vicinity as well. Red Pine poem 13:

"Brothers share five districts;
father and sons three states." To learn where the wild ducks fly
follow the white-hare banner! Find a magic melon in your dream!Steal a sacred orange from the palace! Far away from your native land
swim with fish in a stream! Many poems display a deep concern for humanity, which in his view stubbornly refuses to look ahead, and short-sightedly indulges in all manner of vice, like eating animal flesh, piling up sins 'high as Mount Sumeru'. But he holds out hope that people may yet be saved; 'Just the other day/ a demon became a Bodhisattva.' Red Pine poem 18:
I spur my horse past ruins;
ruins move a traveler's heart. The old parapets high and low
the ancient graves great and small,
the shuddering shadow of a tumbleweed,
the steady sound of giant trees. But what I lament are the common bones
unnamed in the records of immortals.While Hanshan eschewed fancy techniques and obscure erudition, his poems are still highly evocative at times:
Red Pine poem 106:
The layered bloom of hills and streams
Kingfisher shades beneath rose-colored clouds
mountain mists soak my cotton bandana,
dew penetrates my palm-bark coat. On my feet are traveling shoes,
my hand holds an old vine staff. Again I gaze beyond the dusty world-
what more could I want in that land of dreams? He is hard to pin down religiously. Chan concepts and terminology


texts:
 sometimes appear in his work. But he criticized the Buddhists at Tiantai, and he directed criticism at Taoists as well, having had no problem bringing Taoist scriptural quotations, and Taoist language when describing his mountains, into his poems. Yet, he does not mince words, but tells us precisely where to find the path to Heaven.Red Pine poem 117:
I deplore this vulgar place
where demons dwell with worthies. They say they're the same,
but is the Tao impartial? A fox might ape a lion's mien
and claim the disguise is real,
but once ore enters the furnace,
we soon see if it's gold or base. Red Pine poem 246:
I recently hiked to a temple in the clouds
and met some Taoist priests. Their star caps and moon caps askew
they explained they lived in the wild. I asked them the art of transcendence;
they said it was beyond compare,
and called it the peerless power. The elixir meanwhile was the secret of the gods
and that they were waiting for a crane at death,
or some said they'd ride off on a fish.Afterwards I thought this through
and concluded they were all fools. Look at an arrow shot into the sky-
how quickly it falls back to earth. Even if they could become immortals,
they would be like cemetery ghosts. Meanwhile the moon of our mind shines bright. How can phenomena compare? As for the key to immortality,
within ourselves is the chief of spirits. Don't follow Lords of the Yellow Turban
persisting in idiocy,


texts:
 holding onto doubts.The following poem is attributed to <mask>'s friend, Shide. The higher the trail the steeper it grows
Ten thousand tiers of dangerous cliffs
The stone bridge is slippery with green moss
Cloud after cloud keeps flying by
Waterfalls hang like ribbons of silk
The moon shines down on a bright pool
I climb the highest peak once more
To wait where the lone crane flies

Red Pine's poem 307:

Whoever has Cold Mountain's poems
is better off than those with sutras. Write them up on your screen
and read them from time to time. Legacy

The poetry from Cold Mountain has influenced the poets of many generations and cultures. He is especially loved by the Japanese, who know him as Kanzan. <mask> was a sympathetic and important figure for Beat Generation writers Gary Snyder and Jack Kerouac. In the introduction to his translation which appeared in the Evergreen Review, Snyder wrote of <mask>, "He and his sidekick Shih-te (Jittoku in Japanese) became great favorites with Zen painters of later days — the scroll, the broom, the wild hair and laughter.They became Immortals and you sometimes run into them today in the skidrows, orchards, hobo jungles, and logging camps of America." Kerouac's The Dharma Bums closes with a vision of Hanshan and, at Snyder's suggestion, Kerouac dedicated the book to the fabled poet. Paul Rouzer reads the poems as Buddhist teaching poems, referring to Hakuin Ekaku Kanzan shi sendai

masks: Hanshan Hanshan Hanshan


texts:
 kimon 寒山詩闡提記聞 (1746) ("Notes on the Lectures on Cold Mountain's Poems at Icchantika Cave") that largely ignores the biographical reading most commonly found in other sources. Translations by Snyder and by Red Pine were influential in the work of the artist Brice Marden, who executed a large series of paintings, drawings, and prints themed around the poems. See also

Chinese poetry
Classical Chinese poetry
Fenggan
Shide (monk)
Shiwu

Notes

References
 The Collected Songs of Cold Mountain, Red Pine, Copper Canyon Press 2000, . Mair, Victor H. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 112, No.2 (Apr., 1992). Script and Word in Medieval Vernacular Sinitic. Pulleyblank, Edwin G., Linguistic Evidence for the Date of Hanshan. In Miao, Ronald C., ed. Studies in Chinese poetry and poetics, Vol I. (1978) San San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center. Suiter, John.Poets on the Peaks (2002) Counterpoint. ;  (pbk)
 Kagel, Martin and Wallis, Glenn, "Wer war Han Shan? Buddhistische Denkfiguren bei Rolf Dieter Brinkmann." In: Karl-Eckhard Carius (ed. ), Rolf Dieter Brinkmann Schnitte im Atemschutz (Rowohlt: München: text + Kritik, 2008):  132-141. 寒山诗注 ("Cold Mountain Poems & Notes (With Lost Poetry Notes)") by Xiang Chu (1997, 2000, 2010)
Rouzer, Paul. On Cold Mountain : A Buddhist Reading of the Hanshan Poems (2015),

Further reading

 Rouzer, Paul [translator], Nugent, Christopher M. B.[editor] (2017). The Poetry of


texts:
 Hanshan (Cold Mountain), Shide, and Fenggan . De Gruyter Mouton. External links

Twenty-seven poems in English translation
A film portrait of the poet

Tang dynasty poets
Chan Buddhist monks
Zen Buddhism writers
Chinese Zen Buddhists
Writers from Xi'an
Chinese spiritual writers
Tang dynasty Buddhist monks
9th-century Chinese poets
Poets from Shaanxi
Zenga
Buddhist