texts: rebel leadership for weeks that General Gage in Boston had plans to destroy munitions stored in Concord by the colonials, and it was also known that they would be taking a route through Lexington. Some unsupported stories argue that <mask> received additional information from a highly placed informant (usually claiming it was from Margaret Kemble Gage, the wife of General Thomas Gage) that the troops had orders to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. However, there is little evidence of this as the troops apparently had no such orders.Regardless, <mask> learned there was some British expedition likely to begin that night, and so sent William Dawes and Paul Revere on their famous "midnight rides" to warn Hancock and Adams in Lexington. (There is growing consensus in new scholarship that Mrs. Gage never did conspire against the British and that <mask> needed no informant to deduce that the British were mobilizing.) <mask> slipped out of Boston early on April 19, and during that day's Battle of Lexington and Concord, he coordinated and led militia into the fight alongside William Heath as the British Army returned to Boston. When the enemy were returning from Concord, he was among the foremost in hanging upon their rear and assailing their flanks. During this fighting <mask> was nearly killed, a musket ball striking part of his wig. When his mother saw him after the battle and heard of his escape, she entreated him with tears again not to risk life so precious. "Wherever danger is, dear mother," he answered, "there will your son be.Now is no time for one of America's children to shrink from the most hazardous duty; I will either set my country free, or shed my last drop of blood to make her so." He then turned to recruiting and organizing soldiers for the Siege of Boston, promulgating the Patriots' version of events, and negotiating with Gen. Gage in his role as head of

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 the Provincial Congress. Death

<mask> was commissioned as a major general by the Provincial Congress on June 14, 1775. Several days later, in the moments before the Battle of Bunker Hill, <mask> arrived where the militia was forming and asked where the heaviest fighting would be; General Israel Putnam pointed to Breed's Hill. <mask> volunteered to join the fighting as a private against the wishes of General Putnam and Colonel William Prescott, both of whom requested that he serve as their commander. <mask> declined the command in the belief that Putnam and Prescott were more experienced with war. He was among those inspiring the men to hold rank against superior numbers.<mask> was known to have repeatedly declared of the British: "These fellows say we won't fight! By Heaven, I hope I shall die up to my knees in blood!" He fought in the redoubt until out of ammunition and remained until the British made their third and final assault on the hill to give time for the militia to escape. He was killed instantly by a musket or pistol ball in the head by a British officer (possibly Lieutenant Lord Rawdon) who recognized him, or by an officer's servant. This account is supported by a 2011 forensic analysis. His body was stripped of clothing and he was bayoneted until unrecognizable, and then shoved into a shallow ditch. British Captain Walter Laurie, who had been defeated at Old North Bridge, later said he "stuffed the scoundrel with another rebel into one hole, and there he and his seditious principles may remain."In a letter to John Adams, Benjamin Hichborn describes the damage that British Lieutenant James Drew, of the sloop Scorpion, inflicted on <mask>'s body two days after the Battle of Bunker Hill: "In a day or two after, Drew went upon the Hill again opened the dirt that was thrown over Doctor: <mask>, spit in his face jumped on his stomach and at last cut off his head

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 and committed every act of violence upon his body." His body was exhumed ten months after his death by his brothers and Paul Revere, who identified the remains by the artificial tooth he had placed in the jaw. His body was placed in the Granary Burying Ground and later (in 1825) in St. Paul's Church before finally being moved in 1855 to his family's vault in Forest Hills Cemetery. Legacy

General Gage reportedly said <mask>'s death was equal to the death of 500 men. It encouraged the revolutionary cause because it was viewed by many Americans as an act of martyrdom. At the time of <mask>'s death, his children were staying with his fiancée, Mercy Scollay, in Worcester as refugees from the Siege of Boston. She continued to look after them, gathering support for their education from John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Mercy Otis <mask>, Benedict Arnold, and even the Continental Congress.<mask>'s youngest brother and apprentice in medicine, <mask>, served as a surgeon during the Battle of Bunker Hill and the rest of the war, and afterwards founded Harvard Medical School and co-founded the Massachusetts Medical Society. There are at least four statues of <mask> on public display. Three are in Boston: one in the exhibit lodge adjacent to the Bunker Hill Monument, another on the grounds of the Roxbury Latin School, and the third atop the puddingstone at his grave site at the Forest Hills Cemetery (this statue was commissioned by the 6th Masonic District, and dedicated in a ceremony by the Grand Master of Masons in Massachusetts on October 22, 2016). The fourth is in a small park on the corner of Third and Pennsylvania avenues in Warren, Pennsylvania, a city, borough, and county all named after the general. Fort Warren on George's Island in Boston harbor, started in 1833, was named in his honor. In 1840, the first Warren School was built on Salem Street in Charlestown, Massachusetts

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 near Bunker Hill. It relocated to School and Summer Streets in 1868, and later merged with the Prescott School to form the Warren-Prescott School.Fourteen states have a Warren County named after him. Additionally, Warren, Pennsylvania; Warren, Michigan; Warren, New Jersey; Warrenton, Missouri; Warrenton, Virginia; Warren, Maine; Warren, Massachusetts; Warrenton, North Carolina; Warren, Connecticut and 30 Warren Townships are also named in his honor. The New York county of Warren is named after him, but the town of Warrensburg within that county is not; the town is in fact named after <mask>, a prominent early settler. The streets of Detroit, Michigan, were redesigned after the 1806 fire, based on the Pierre L'Enfant Plan for Washington, D.C.; Warren Avenue in Detroit is named after <mask>. Five ships in the Continental Navy and United States Navy were named <mask> in his honor. Warren Square in Savannah, Georgia, is also named for him. Freemasonry
<mask> was a Scottish Freemason.He was a member of Lodge St Andrews, No.81, (Boston, Massachusetts) which held a Charter from the Grand Lodge of Scotland. The Lodge continues to meet in Boston under the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The date he joined the Lodge is not known but was during the period after the inauguration of the Lodge on St Andrew's Day, 30 November 1756 and 15 May 1769 when he is recorded in the Grand Lodge of Scotland's membership register as being the Master of the Lodge. Paul Revere and William Palfrey are also recorded, in the same entry, with Revere being named as Secretary of the Lodge. <mask> was appointed Grand Master of all Scottish Freemasonry in the 13 colonies by the Grand Lodge of Scotland.</ref>

He was appointed Grand Master of the newly established Provincial Grand Lodge of Massachusetts in that same year. (Upon his death, <mask> became Acting Grand Master.) The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts has

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 an award in his name for Masons who have served the fraternity, the country, or humanity with distinction.It is the second-highest honor conferred by the Grand Lodge, only surpassed by the Henry Price medal. The Henry Price medal is usually awarded to those who served with distinction in the Grand Lodge, while the <mask> medal may be conferred upon any Mason within the Grand jurisdiction. In popular culture
Walter Coy portrayed Dr<mask> in the 1957 film Johnny Tremain. <mask> also appeared in episodes 5 and 9 of the 2002 animated television show Liberty's Kids. Ryan Eggold was cast as <mask> in the 2015 miniseries Sons of Liberty. Dr. <mask> is featured in the song "Wildfire" by the band Mandolin Orange on their 2016 album Blindfaller. <mask> is referenced in the A. W. Burns/George W. Hewitt song "America Shall Aye Be Free".See also

 Patriot (American Revolution)
 List of Freemasons

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

 Dr. <mask> on the Web Comprehensive compendium of searchable full texts of <mask>'s writings and speeches, with weekly updates. THE BROKERAGE ROLE IN THE MAKING OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Social Network Analysis using only organizational affiliations identifying <mask> and Paul Revere as central to the events leading up to the American Revolution. The Warren Tavern: History

1741 births
1775 deaths
People from colonial Boston
People of colonial Massachusetts
18th-century American physicians
American Freemasons
United States military personnel killed in the American Revolutionary War
Political leaders of the American Revolution
Harvard College alumni
Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution
Militia generals in the American Revolution
Continental Army officers from Massachusetts
Physicians in the American Revolution
Physicians from Massachusetts
Burials in Boston
Deaths by firearm in Massachusetts
Roxbury Latin School alumni
People from

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<mask> OBE (born   1957) is a leading British milliner based in London, who is considered one of the world's most radical and important milliners of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. He is also one of the most prolific, having created hats for the catwalk shows of many leading couturiers and fashion designers, such as John Galliano at Dior and Vivienne Westwood. His work is known for its inventiveness and high level of technical expertise. <mask> co-curated the 2009 exhibition Hats: An Anthology for the Victoria and Albert Museum. Early life
<mask> was born on the Wirral Peninsula in Cheshire  and educated at Liverpool College. From an early age, his mother instilled in him an appreciation of art by taking him around the Walker Art Gallery, Speke Hall, and to National Trust properties around the North West. He studied art at foundation level at the High Wycombe College of Art.In 1975 he travelled to London to see the exhibition Fashion from 1900-1939 at the V&A, which inspired him to pursue a career in the fashion industry. This led him to apply to study fashion design under Bobby Hillson, at the Saint Martin's School of Art, London, where he was the sole male student in his year. Although he enjoyed being taught by Peter Lewis Crown, the designer-owner of the London couture house Lachasse, he had little prior sewing experience, and so in order to develop his skills Crown secured <mask> a summer placement in Lachasse's tailoring workroom. <mask> soon requested a transfer to the next-door millinery department presided over by Shirley Hex, but was told he had to make a hat from scratch first. The hat he eventually submitted, his first original millinery creation, was a cardboard pillbox covered in blue crêpe de Chine and trimmed with a plastic iris, sprayed silver that his mother had received as a free gift from a petrol station in the 1960s. In his

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 innocence, <mask> had not realised that millinery flowers were traditionally made of silk, but Hex approved the hat, commenting on the flower's modernity. Between 1976 and 1979 <mask> spent his summer breaks working for Hex and learning about millinery methods and techniques.Through hats he developed a keen interest in fashion history, particularly the drama and exaggerated glamour of the 1950s. <mask> left Saint Martin's in 1979, the same year that he became a regular attendee of London's Blitz nightclub in Covent Garden for New Romantics and fans of new wave music. <mask> had been a Punk while at St Martins, but keenly embraced the New Romantic movement as its drawing of inspiration from historical dress resonated with his thinking. As one of the "Blitz Kids", he hung out with the likes of Spandau Ballet, Duran Duran, Isabella Blow, and Jean Paul Gaultier; and shared a house with Boy George and Grayson Perry, competing with them to wear the most outrageous outfits to Blitz, including a pinstripe suit with stiletto heels. Many of the Blitz Kids became his first clients, with <mask> creating outlandish hats for them to wear to the club. Millinery career
<mask>ucci in 1979. In 1980, Blitz's owner Steve Strange provided financial backing for <mask>' first millinery salon, which opened nearby in the basement of the trendy store PX, Endell Street, Covent Garden on 1 October.It was an instant success, with <mask> commenting in 2008: "Overnight, I had a business". On New Year's Eve 1980, <mask> had his head shaved by drunk friends, leading him to discover that without hair, his head was a perfect woman's stock size, and that he could become his own fit model, developing all his ideas and designs upon himself. 1982 saw <mask>' first Paris fashion show and his first televised show (for the BBC's Riverside) By this point, he was able to count Diana, Princess of Wales as

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 a regular customer, in addition to his clients from Blitz, and had a hat commissioned by the Victoria & Albert Museum for their newly refurbished Costume Court. This was the beginning of <mask>' long and fruitful relationship with the V&A, culminating in the Hats: An Anthology exhibition of 2009 that he co-curated with Oriole Cullen. One of his hats appeared on the December 1982 cover of Tatler, the first time his work had featured on a magazine cover; the hat is now in the V&A. <mask> relocated his studio to Lexington Street in 1984. That year, Jean Paul Gaultier invited him to Paris to make hats for his show, his first designs for a Paris couturier, and he also made hats for Thierry Mugler.After their second show together, Gaultier ensured that <mask> received full credit for his hats, therefore ensuring that the Paris fashion world was made aware of his work. In 1984 he also sold his first designs to a department store, Bloomingdale's in New York. <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours. Collections
This is a list of <mask>' bi-annual hat collections since 1980. The collections from Fall 1981 to Fall 1984 were unnamed. His salon and workshop are based on Great Queen Street, Covent Garden, London as of 2013. Diffusion lines and non-millinery designs
In 1990, <mask> launched a Miss Jones diffusion line for hats, and in 1993, this was followed by Jonesgirl which is exclusive to Japan.The <mask> brand has had a strong presence in Japan since 1990, when <mask> struck a licensing deal for T-shirts, cosmetic bags, and handkerchiefs to be manufactured there under his name; this was followed by <mask> Kimonos in 1991, gloves in 1993, sunglasses in 1992, and handbags in 2002. <mask> has occasionally designed garments and accessories other than hats. In 1983 he designed dresses for Susanne Bartsch's shop in

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 SoHo, New York and furs for Sol Feldman Furs, New York, and created his first shoe line for Sergio Rossi in 1987. He has had a lasting success with his scarf range, which was launched in 1988, and continues being sold through his millinery salon as of 2009. He has also experimented with non-fashion mediums, including ceramics in 1985 and interior design in 1991. <mask> designed two mannequins for display at the Simone Handbag Museum in Seoul, South Korea. Design partnerships

In November 1996, <mask> was the only British milliner to have control of a Paris haute couture millinery studio, or atelier de la modiste, making hats for Galliano's high-profile couture shows at Dior.He has worked with Galliano since 1993. <mask> also created Vivienne Westwood's iconic Harris Tweed Crown of 1987. Since the 1980s his hats have been in great demand for multiple shows per season. For the Paris collections in early 1995 alone, he was creating human-hair hats for Nicolas Ghesquière's first collection at Balenciaga and designs for Peter O'Brien at Marcel Rochas and Claude Montana as well as Galliano. In 2008, he made hats for Marc Jacobs, L'Wren Scott, Basso & Brooke, Comme des Garçons, Giles Deacon, Loewe, Pollini and Walter van Beirendonck, in addition to multiple Galliano collections, four per season for Dior and two under Galliano's own label. Throughout his career he has designed hats for the shows of many other designers and couturiers. <mask> and popular culture
In addition to his hat collections for designers, <mask> has undertaken numerous individual high-profile commissions for pop groups, musicians, actors, and other celebrities.He has also been commissioned by a number of companies to create designs for advertisements and promotions. Music
Grace <mask>, Diana Ross, George Michael, Spandau Ballet and Culture Club were among <mask>'s first high-profile celebrity

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 clients in the 1980s. <mask> made a personal appearance in the Culture Club video Do You Really Want to Hurt Me? and went on to create headgear for Wham!, Wet Wet Wet, Madonna, Erasure, Bryan Ferry and Barbra Streisand. In the 1990s, his client list expanded to include Monie Love, Paula Abdul, U2, the Rolling Stones, Cappella, New Order, Marc Almond, Billy Ray Martin, Take That, Belinda Carlisle, Mike + The Mechanics, Skunk Anansie, Eternal, B*Witched, All Saints, Celine Dion, and Kylie Minogue. <mask>'s client list expanded through the first decade of the 21st century to include the Spice Girls, Robbie Williams, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Hear'Say, Macy Gray, Björk, Steve Strange, Paul Simonon, Will Young, Pink, Tori Amos, Alison Goldfrapp, Christina Aguilera, Rihanna and Usher. He created the hats for three major tours starting in 2005: Kylie Minogue's Showgirl, Mick Jagger's A Bigger Bang and Marilyn Manson's Against All Gods.Films
<mask> made the hats for Faye Dunaway in Supergirl, and also provided hats to Beverly Hills Cop II and Entrapment. From the 1990s onwards his film commissions became more frequent, including designs for Glenn Close as Cruella de Vil in 101 Dalmatians, the Spice World film, Jurassic Park, Lost In Space, and the hats for Lady Penelope (Sophia Myles) and Parker in Thunderbirds. He created the hats for leading ladies such as Cate Blanchett in Elizabeth: The Golden Age, Keira Knightley in Atonement, Dita Von Teese in The Death of Salvador Dali, and Audrey Tautou in Coco avant Chanel. Tautou reportedly commented during her fitting that <mask> Chanel, the character she was playing. Promotions
<mask>' first commercial commission was for Liquifruita cough mixture in 1982, followed by the Brazilian Fruit Board in 1983. In 1985, his hats were commissioned for use in campaigns for Batiste and Schwarzkopf hair products, and <mask> has since then

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 provided hats for many leading brands in the beauty industry, such as Revlon Boots, Garnier (for Ambre Solaire sun lotion), Yardley of London, Lancôme, MAC Cosmetics, and the 2004 L'Oréal campaign featuring Beyoncé. His work also features in perfume advertisements such as those for Nina Ricci's L'Air Du Temps and Parfums Christian Dior.<mask> hats have been used to promote food and soft drinks, including Chiquita, Twix, St Ivel, Quaker Oats, Ryvita, Golden Wonder, Walker's Sensations, Tango, and Robinson's orange squash. Alcoholic beverages have also been advertised using his hats, beginning with Tennents lager in 1987 and including Tia Maria, Cinzano, Perrier, Boddingtons, and Martini & Rossi. A number of car companies, such as Peugeot, Ford Motor Company, Nissan Motors, Fiat, and Renault have used his hats in their ad campaigns, as have the Esso fuel company and the Pirelli tires company. <mask> has also provided hats for use in financial sector promotional material, including MasterCard, Barclays, and Legal & General; and for miscellaneous other companies including Cellnet, National Panasonic, and Ariston. Hats: An Anthology
The 2009 exhibition, Hats: An Anthology, held at the V&A from 24 February 2009, was inspired by Cecil Beaton's landmark exhibition, Fashion: An Anthology, held at the V&A in 1971. Beaton's exhibition showcased 1900-1971 garments donated by leading fashion designers of the 20th century and their clients, many of which entered the Museum collection afterwards, and firmly placed fashion within the Museum's remit. Along with Oriole Cullen, V&A Curator of Modern Fashion and Textiles, <mask> explored the collections of the V&A and other international collections such as those at the Fashion Museum, Bath and the Hollywood archives of Warner Bros.The exhibition was based predominantly upon hats from the V&A's collections and <mask>'s own archive,

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 but also included loans from museums and collections around the world. The work of up-and-coming milliners such as Noel Stewart and Nasir Mazhar was featured alongside hats by Philip Treacy, Mitza Bricard for Dior, Claude Saint-Cyr for Norman Hartnell and Vladzio d'Attainville for Cristóbal Balenciaga. The exhibition also included hats worn by famous hat-wearers such as Gloria Guinness, Isabella Blow, Anna Piaggi, and Gertrude Shilling, as well as the hats of celebrities including Dita Von Teese, Madonna, and Boy George. Film millinery was also featured, such as Beaton's own designs for the stage and screen versions of My Fair Lady and hats worn by Ava Gardner and Marlene Dietrich. The exhibition launched during London Fashion Week with a lavish party attended by famous clients and admirers of <mask>, including Piaggi, Daphne Guinness, Peter Blake, Erin O'Connor and Daisy Lowe. The exhibition and its accompanying book (also called Hats: An Anthology) were generally well received. A month after opening, record-breaking visitor attendance figures were reported.The Evening Standard gave the exhibition four stars out of five. In the Toronto Star, the exhibition and book were described as a celebration and a delight. The exhibition subsequently moved to New York City to be shown at the Bard Graduate Center of Decorative Arts, Design History and Material Culture, Bard College, until Spring 2012. For this exhibition, work by New York-based milliners such as Rod Keenan, Jennifer Ouellette, and Eugenia Kim, was incorporated into the show. See also
 Philip Treacy, Irish milliner based in London

External links

Me and Mr <mask> - <mask>cineshion

References

English fashion designers
People from the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Milliners
People educated at Liverpool College
1957 births
Living people
Alumni of Saint Martin's School of Art
Officers of the Order of the

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<mask> AM (born 1 December 1959) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, and coached in the 1980s and 1990s. He became a commentator for television coverage of the sport. A highly decorated Australian national captain, <mask> is widely regarded as one of the greatest ever players of rugby league. His time as a player and coach was followed by a career as a sports presenter for the Nine Network. Nicknamed The King and also The Emperor of Lang Park, <mask> represented Queensland in thirty-one State of Origin games from 1980 to 1991, and was captain for thirty of them. He also represented Australia in thirty-three international matches from 1981 to 1991 and was national team captain from 1984 to 1989. <mask> is perhaps best known for his State of Origin performances, spearheading Queensland's dominance in that competition throughout the 1980s and winning a record 8 man of the match awards.<mask> has since been inducted into the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame and in 1999 he became the sixth member of 'The Immortals'. In 2000, he was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for his contribution to Australia's international standing in the sport of rugby league. In February 2008, <mask> was named in the list of Australia's 100 Greatest
Players (1908–2007) which was commissioned by the NRL and ARL to celebrate the code's centenary year in Australia. <mask> went on to be named in the halves in the Kangaroos' Team of the Century. Announced on 17 April 2008, the team is the panel's majority choice for each of the thirteen starting positions and four interchange players. In June 2008, he was also chosen in the Queensland Rugby League's Team of the Century at five-eighth and captain. In October 2016, he became the 38th Legend of Australian Sport at the Sport Australia Hall of Fame awards.In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, <mask> was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as a "sports legend". In 2011, <mask> was a recipient of the Queensland Greats Awards. Early

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 life
<mask> was born in Hawthorne, Queensland on 1 December 1959. His father, Jimmy, played first grade rugby league at  or  for Brisbane clubs Wests and Souths, later becoming coach of the Wynnum-Manly club. His mother, June, was a Queensland representative netball player. When he was six years old, <mask> was playing rugby league with Cannon Hill Stars, usually at lock forward. He played in junior Queensland school teams, at times representing his state against New South Wales before a State or Test match at the Sydney Cricket Ground.<mask> attended Brisbane State High School during the 1970s. In 1977 while still in high school, <mask> also played representative rugby union as a Centre, touring Europe and Japan with the Australian schoolboys team alongside the likes of Tony Melrose, Michael O'Connor, and all three Ella brothers Mark, Glen and Gary, all of whom went on to represent The Wallabies, while O'Connor would become a dual international when he played alongside <mask> for the Kangaroos. The 1977 Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union tour of Great Britain would see the first of three times <mask> would make undefeated tours of Britain with Australian national teams. According to <mask>, <mask> and his brother are butchers by trade. Rugby League career

Fortitude Valley
Following his return to Australia from the 1977 Schoolboys tour, <mask> faced discrimination in the Queensland Rugby Union fraternity due to his rugby league background. After being told he would no longer be selected for any representative teams if he continues to play league, he immediately decided his future lay with rugby league, playing in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership with Valley's Diehards from 1978. His father <mask> was the coach of Valley's in 1978.Also in 1978, <mask> (and another young Brisbane based lock from Wests named Paul Vautin) turned down an offer to play in the famed Sydney premiership with the North Sydney Bears. While <mask> would remain in Brisbane in 1979, Vautin would go on to sign with 1978 Sydney premiers the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles. In 1979

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texts: <mask> made his senior début for Queensland from the bench in games played under the old State of Residence rules, and also played for a Brisbane representative side against the touring Great Britain Lions. With former Australian halfback Ross Strudwick now captain-coach of the Diehards, <mask> helped Valleys to premiership victory over the Wayne Bennett-coached Souths Magpies side in the BRL Grand Final at Lang Park. Playing in the centres for the Magpies that day was a 19-year-old cadet Policeman who would become a long serving Queensland and Australian teammate of <mask> in the coming decade, Mal Meninga. <mask> made the run-on side for Queensland in the inaugural State of Origin match in 1980 at lock forward alongside his hero Arthur Beetson who at the age of 35 was playing in his first ever game for his home state. There were some in the press who questioned his selection, claiming he should have started from the bench with well performed Brisbane Wests lock Norm Carr in the starting side.<mask> however had a hand in Queensland's first ever State of Origin try scored by Kerry Boustead. The following year a second State of Origin match was played, and captain-coach Arthur Beetson was a late withdrawal due to injury. In what proved to be a master stroke, Beetson coached the team from the sidelines and handed the captaincy over to 21-year-old <mask> who had moved from lock to play . His form for Queensland in both the two games played under the old residence system, and the one Origin game in which he scored one of four Qld tries, saw him selected to make his Test début for Australia in 1981, playing five-eighth in a 43–3 win over France at the SCG. At the Australian team's first training session (at Lang Park), coach Frank Stanton wasn't impressed with <mask>' fitness after he lagged behind in a set of 400 metre runs, though it was reported that <mask> wasn't alone and only lock forward Ray Price had completed the runs without too much trouble. During the game <mask> had a chance to score his first test try. Backing up a line break, <mask> received

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texts: the ball only 15 metres out with a clear path to the line.Hearing someone closing in from behind he passed the ball to his  partner Steve Mortimer to score before he could be tackled. After scoring Mortimer questioned <mask> as to why he passed as there was no French player near him. <mask> later saw a television replay which showed it was in fact the match referee who he could hear behind him. Ironically, the try was Mortimer's first test try in what was also his début test for Australia. In the 1982 State of Origin series <mask> got his second Origin try and his first man-of-the-match award in Origin and later that year was a member of the 1982 Kangaroo tour as tour vice-captain. The 1982 Kangaroos became the first side to go through Great Britain and France undefeated, earning themselves the nickname The Invincibles. The tour raged with selection controversy as for the opening game of the tour against Hull Kingston Rovers, Stanton chose Parramatta's Winfield Cup Grand Final winning halves Brett Kenny and Peter Sterling (though <mask> actually played from the bench), who went about cementing their selection for the first test.<mask> was left out of the first Ashes test against Great Britain at Boothferry Park in Hull and coach Frank Stanton had been less than impressed with his attitude to training and his off-field habits which had seen him actually gain weight. Stanton then challenged him to get back into shape and force his way back into the test team and <mask> did just that. He began training harder to lose the weight, including jogging back from training to the team base, the Dragonara Hotel in Leeds. His form also improved and he became a vital player from the bench in the final two tests at Central Park and Headingley. <mask>' finest moment on the tour came in the second half of the second test in Wigan. After coming on as a replacement for injured winger Eric Grothe (he come on to play 5/8 with Brett Kenny moving to the centres and Mal Meninga to the wing), <mask> fired a bullet-like 20 metre cut-out pass to Meninga who then scored in the

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texts: corner. Although the Kangaroos had soundly beaten Great Britain until that point of the series, <mask>' pass had a psychological effect on the Lions who were left wondering just how good the Australian's really were if they could afford to leave someone on the bench who could pass like that.Those long cut-out passes (something he learned playing junior rugby union and playing backyard football with his brothers) would become a feature of <mask>' game over the next 10 years. During the tour, <mask> captained his first game for Australia in an international when the Kangaroos defeated Wales in a "non-test" at Ninian Park in Cardiff. Playing in the s, <mask> was one of four try scorers in a 37–7 win for the Kangaroos, with fullback Steve Ella leading the way with four. <mask> also kicked four goals with the game played in driving rain. <mask> was selected at five-eighth for the first test against France on the French leg of the tour, but missed the second test after again dislocating his shoulder in a minor game between the tests which ended his tour as a player. In the first and third games of the 1983 State of Origin series, <mask> was named man-of-the-match. In 1983, <mask> also regained his test five-eighth spot from Brett Kenny for the two tests against New Zealand at Carlaw Park in Auckland, and at Lang Park.<mask> captained Queensland  as they toured Papua New Guinea and England part of the 1983–84 Rugby Football League season. He played in their 8-6 defeat against Hull Kingston Rovers followed up by a 40-2 victory over Wigan RLFC and a 2-58 win over Leeds Rhinos. <mask> played for English First Division side Wakefield Trinity (Heritage No. 928) for a short spell during the 1983–84 Rugby Football League season and he remains a favourite of Trinity fans, who named their fanzine <mask> is Coming. Trinity won 5 of 10 games during <mask>'s stay, including a win over St. Helens in which <mask> scored a hat-trick. After his last match on 12 February, Trinity did not win another game and were relegated to the second division. Initially, <mask> had been

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 reluctant to sign with Wakefield after having played both club and representative football almost non-stop since the start of 1982, including the Kangaroo Tour and Queensland's three game tour of England at the end of 1983, when he came to the attention of Wakefield.The club asked him to name his price and, not believing that they could afford it, <mask> told them it would cost £30,000 for him to play in England (based on increases in average earnings, this would be approximately £140,100 in 2016). What he did not know was that a wealthy Wakefield businessman financially supported the club and was bankrolling their attempt to sign <mask> (who by the end of 1983 had been rated the best player in rugby league). Good to his word and despite being jaded and in need of a break, <mask> signed to play his only season of English club football and became the highest paid player in England at the time. Wynnum-Manly
Back in Australia, <mask> left Valleys and moved to the Wynnum-Manly Seagulls. In 1984 <mask> captained an Oceania team's 54–4 victory over an Anglo-French selection in an exhibition match Paris, returning to Brisbane after the match to continue playing for Wynnum-Manly. He gained the national captaincy for the first time in the 1984 Ashes series against Great Britain, winning a well publicised battle with Parramatta and NSW captain Ray Price. <mask> was also named player of the series for his performance as captain of the Brisbane Rugby League team that won the 1984 National Panasonic Cup Final against Sydney's Eastern Suburbs Roosters club.<mask> was named man-of-the match in the first two games of the 1984 State of Origin series, making it three consecutive Origin man-of-the-match awards. That year, he also won the Brisbane Rugby League premiership's grand final against Souths. The following year, <mask> was awarded the inaugural Golden Boot Award as the world's best international player in 1984. <mask> was man-of-the-match for Game II of the 1985 State of Origin series, becoming the second player, after Mal Meninga in Game 1 1982, from the losing

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texts: team to win the award. He then played in Wynnum-Manly's 1985 BRL grand final loss to a Souths Magpies team which included Gary Belcher, Mal Meninga and Peter Jackson. The Australian side toured New Zealand that year, winning the test series 2–1. The New Zealand tour was an unhappy one though, with coach Terry Fearnley, who had just led New South Wales to their first ever State of Origin series win, not getting along with captain <mask> or the other Queensland players and seemingly favoring NSW players, especially tour vice-captain Wayne Pearce.After winning the first two tests, Fearnley dropped four players from the team, all Queenslanders, in what Queensland Rugby League boss Senator Ron McAuliffe called a "Football Assassination". The changes to the team proved to be a disaster as the Kiwis defeated a disjointed Australia 18–0. The following year, internal problems between the Seagulls club board and its head coach Des Morris saw <mask> installed as Captain-coach of Wynnum-Manly. <mask> would lead the team, which included rep players Colin Scott, Gene Miles and Bob Lindner, to a 14–6 win over Brothers in the 1986 BRL Grand Final at Lang Park. He then became the first Queenslander since Tom Gorman in 1929–30 to be named as captain for a Kangaroo tour. Following the successful 1986 Kangaroo tour which the Australians went through undefeated to earn themselves the nickname The Unbeatables, 1985 Australian coach Terry Fearnley wrote an article for Rugby League Week that was highly critical of <mask>' captaincy based on his experiences during the 1985 New Zealand tour. Don Furner, who took over as Australian coach in 1986 before the mid-season test series against New Zealand, later told that while initially weary of working with <mask> based on Fearnley's public comments and <mask>' battles with Frank Stanton on the 1982 Kangaroo Tour, he encountered no problems with the Australian captain and the two formed a good personal and working relationship.Although Queensland lost the 1986 State of Origin series 3-0 to NSW, the first clean sweep in Origin

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 history, <mask> led the Australian's to a clean sweep of New Zealand in the mid-season test series, scoring a try in the 29-12 second test win at the SCG and the 32–12 win in the final game at Lang Park. Australia also won the opening test of the series 22–8 at Carlaw Park in Auckland. In 1987 <mask> was honoured as a Member of the Order of Australia "for service to rugby league football". Also that year King <mask>, a biography of <mask> written by Adrian McGregor was published. <mask> was also inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1987. 1987 saw <mask> lead Queensland to a 2-1 Origin series win over NSW, though NSW won a fourth exhibition game played at the Veterans Memorial Stadium in Los Angeles. The Australians only played one test in 1987, suffering a shock 13–6 loss to New Zealand at Lang Park in July.It was the second time in succession that the Kangaroos, fresh from an unbeaten Kangaroo Tour, had lost a test to the Kiwis in Brisbane. Brisbane Broncos
Several New South Wales Rugby League premiership clubs had attempted to lure <mask> south during the 1980s, including the Bob Fulton coached Manly-Warringah which came closest to contracting him in 1986. However, the QRL, fearing they were going to lose <mask> (easily their biggest star) and possibly his Wynnum-Manly, Qld and Australian teammate Gene Miles to Manly soon after losing Souths players Gary Belcher and Mal Meninga to the Canberra Raiders, blocked the move to Sydney and <mask> stayed with the Seagulls. In 1988, <mask> finally got to play in the Sydney premiership when he was signed by the Brisbane Broncos as inaugural captain of the side upon their inception in 1988, leading the new club to a 44–10 win over defending NSWRL premiers Manly at Lang Park in their first ever game. <mask> was the Broncos' top try-scorer in their first season and also later had the honor of scoring the club's first hat-trick. During the season <mask> was awarded the Harry Sunderland Medal as Australia's player of the 1988 Ashes series against Great Britain, whose 26–12 win in the dead rubber third

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 test at the Sydney Football Stadium (SFS) was their first test victory over Australia since 1978. <mask> and teammate Sam Backo also joined Ken Irvine as the only Australian players to score a try in each test of an Ashes series.On 20 July 1988 <mask> played for Australia in their record 62-point win over Papua New Guinea, scoring a try. At the end of the season he captained Australia to victory over New Zealand in the final of the 1985 - 1988 Rugby League World Cup. Australia won the game 25–12 in front of 47,363 fans at Auckland's home of rugby union Eden Park, though <mask> broke his right forearm in the 15th minute of the game while tackling Kiwi winger Tony Iro. After receiving treatment, he bravely played on for a further 20 minutes, making a number of one armed tackles despite being an obvious target in defense. Late in the first half when it became clear that with a 21–0 lead Australia would win the game, coach Don Furner replaced <mask> with Terry Lamb. <mask> won another man-of-the-match award in the second game of the 1989 State of Origin series. <mask> scored a famous try in the second half of the game played at the SFS, when he went on a 40-metre cross field run to the line where he outpaced a much younger Laurie Daley, and held off NSW fullback Garry Jack's tackle over the last 10 metres to score in the corner.From there <mask> was captain of the Australian team for their mid-season tour of New Zealand. At the end of the 1990 season, due to salary cap restrictions, <mask> was not made a large enough offer to keep him at the Broncos, with Bennett citing the need to retain younger talent. Gold Coast Seagulls and coaching
Following the souring of his relationship with the Broncos, <mask> was unwilling to move to Sydney for family reasons and in 1991, he joined the Gold Coast Seagulls and was appointed as captain by coach Malcolm Clift. He won his eighth and last man-of-the-match award in the first game of the State of Origin series that year, before playing both his last match for Queensland and Australia by the end of the season. He

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 captained and coached Gold Coast during the 1992 NSWRL season but again finished the season in last place. In their last match under <mask> as captain-coach, the Gold Coast defeated Penrith, thus denying the Panthers a place in the finals play-offs. The following year he stopped playing but continued coaching the Seagulls, but departed after a third consecutive wooden spoon.In his time coaching Seagulls, the club had won just 7 games out of 44 played, losing the last 16 in a row. <mask> played his last game for the Seagulls in a match against a South Australian 'Select' team (which included his longtime friend Paul Vautin, as well as St George Dragons players Ricky Walford and Jeff Hardy) at the Thebarton Oval in Adelaide on 7 November 1992, the night before the Australian Formula One Grand Prix. <mask> also coached the Queensland State of Origin side in 1993 and 1994 but never won a series. Legacy

<mask> is remembered for his creative, playmaking football and great on-field confrontations, most notably one in the 1991 State of Origin series with Mark Geyer. Years before that his and Brett Kenny's likenesses were put onto the State of Origin winner's shield. The <mask> Medal has been awarded to the Queensland player of the series in State of Origin from 1992 to 2003. Since 2004, it has been awarded to the player of the series from either side.A bronze statue of <mask> was raised at the entrance to Lang Park. The statue text reads:

<blockquote>
WALLY LEWIS
The Emperor of Lang Park

This honour was bestowed upon <mask> by the former Chairman of the Queensland Rugby League, Senator and acclaimed father of State of Origin, the late Ron McAullife, in recognition of the impact <mask> had on matches played at this ground across three decades.<mask> is arguably the greatest rugby league footballer of all time. He is one of only a handful of players to be named a Rugby League Immortal and was one of the six inaugural members of the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame. He achieved the greatest honour in Rugby League: the captaincy of his country, but it was

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 his feats as Queensland skipper and playmaker in State of Origin that he achieved legendary status. He played 31 Origin games (30 as captain) and a record 8 Man of the Match awards over a 12-year period.The name <mask> is synonymous with State of Origin and Queensland Rugby League and continues to be an inspiration to future generations of footballers. </blockquote>

<mask> has also appeared in numerous advertisements during and after his football playing career. Examples include promotions for XXXX beer and Burger King.During the 2007 season at the Broncos' 20-year anniversary celebration, the club announced a list of the 20 best players to play for them to date which included <mask>. In December 2009 <mask> was inducted into the Queensland Sports Hall of Fame. Quotes
"<mask> has to be number one because he’s the only bloke who dominated the game at the highest level, in State of Origin, over a long period." Ray Warren, Australian sports commentator
"Certainly he's the best I've ever seen in the rugby codes, and my memory goes back to Raper and Gasnier, Catchpole and Hawthorne." Peter Meares, Australian sports commentator and writer. "<mask> is the greatest player at representative level I've seen – and I've seen some great players, I was there when Gas and Chook were at the end of their careers." Arthur Beetson, Australian former national team coach
"...all great players, but I haven't seen anyone step past or ahead of <mask>.You've got the right bloke in at No. 1." Steve Mortimer, former New South Wales captain. "For what it is worth, I rate him as the best footballer I ever laid eyes on." Bill Harrigan, leading referee
"I've got to say here and now <mask> is the greatest footballer I've seen, and all those great players knew that <mask> was the greatest." George Lovejoy, Queensland rugby league commentator

Personal life

<mask> was married to Jacqueline for 36 years, and together they have three children - two sons - Mitchell, Lincoln and a daughter, Jamie-Lee. Jackie began watching rugby league at the age of 5 when her grandparents would take her

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 to see her uncle play for the Cannon Hill Stars, which was the first club the young <mask> played for, though the couple didn't meet until years later when both were adults.<mask>'s son, Lincoln, was a full-time actor on the Seven Network television drama, Home and Away, winning a TV Week Logie Award for best male new talent. His other son, Mitchell is a presenter on the Nova FM radio station, Nova 106.9 in Brisbane as the station's sports reporter and assistant producer on the Ash, Kip, Luttsy & Susie breakfast show. His daughter Jamie-Lee was born profoundly deaf. The family got confirmation of this on the day of the final State of Origin game of the 1991 series, prompting <mask>'s decision to retire from Origin football following the game. Jamie-Lee is a water polo player who is currently on a scholarship to the Queensland Academy of Sport who has represented Australia, and is the first deaf person in the world to ever represent her country's national hearing team. In May 2010, <mask> was rushed to hospital and had his gallbladder removed. <mask> completed his autobiography, Out of the Shadows: A Champion's Return to the Spotlight, in 2009.<mask> is well known as a big fan of The Phantom comic series. Following his retirement from the sport, <mask> became a television sports presenter, first on Seven Nightly News Brisbane, before moving to the higher-rating Nine News Queensland'' where he remains today. Epilepsy
During the nightly news broadcast of 16 November 2006, <mask> previewed the sports segment but was not onscreen when the program returned from the commercial break, with newsreader Bruce Paige instead presenting the sports segment. A similar event occurred two weeks later, on 30 November, when <mask> appeared onscreen and began to read the autocue, saying "Good evening" before seeming distressed. A scheduled report was then played, with Paige delivering the rest of the bulletin. Following these events, <mask> was given medical leave for the rest of the year. The following night, <mask> revealed that he suffered from epilepsy.<mask> has

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 revealed in his book that his on-air disorientation was caused by the condition. On 21 February 2007, <mask> underwent brain surgery to help his epilepsy at Austin Hospital in Melbourne. The surgery was reported as a success by Gavin Fabinyi, Director of Neurosurgery. He has since made a full recovery. <mask> was not expected to make a return as a TV reporter until 29 January but delivered a flawless report alongside new sports presenter Steve Haddan. In September 2007, <mask> appeared on-air for the first time since the surgery, and by 2009 had returned to presenting on weeknights. <mask> is quoted as saying that "People come and ask me now about things (from his rugby league career) and I just don't remember them at all – that's absolutely frightening."<mask> said he wanted to work with epilepsy organisations and raise awareness about the condition. He is also the vice patron of the Hear and Say Centre, becoming involved with the charity organization after his daughter, Jamie-Lee, was born profoundly deaf. References

Further reading

External links

 <mask> profile at National Nine News
 <mask> at eraofthebiff.com
 <mask> at rl1908.com
<mask> interview at abc.net.au
Queensland Team of the Century named – article at nz.leagueunlimited.com

1959 births
Living people
Australia national rugby league team captains
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league commentators
Brisbane Broncos captains
Brisbane Broncos players
Brisbane rugby league team players
Fortitude Valley Diehards players
Gold Coast Chargers coaches
Gold Coast Chargers players
Members of the Order of Australia
Nine News presenters
People from Redland City
People educated at Brisbane State High School
People with epilepsy
Queensland Greats
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin captains
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin coaches
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin players
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league players from Brisbane
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Wakefield

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<mask> (April 5, 1885 – December 24, 1962) was a leading figure in the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) during the first half of the 20th century. She is remembered as one of the pioneers of the workers' education movement in the United States and as a prolific author on the theme of trade union education. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born on April 5, 1885 to an ethnic Jewish family in Kletsk, Belarus, then part of the Russian empire. She was the fourth of five children of a successful owner of a flour mill and his wife. Fannia received an education in private schools, with her parents encouraging their daughter to read extensively. <mask> was radicalized during her teenaged years in the Tsarist empire. At the age of 16 she joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR), the intellectual successor of the Narodnik movement of the 1870s.She was active in the Minsk section of the PSR, a secret revolutionary political party, for the next three years. Emigration to America

In 1904 her brother was nearly killed in an anti-Jewish pogrom, spurring <mask> to emigrate to the United States. Arriving in New York City, <mask> soon joined the Socialist Party of America. <mask> decided against further formal education in 1905, instead taking a job as a garment worker in order to participate directly in the Yiddish-language labor movement of New York City. In 1906 <mask> began her efforts to organize workers in the white goods trade. Organizing this particular trade was difficult because workers within it were of various nationalities and spoke different languages. During a 1908 strike of household linen makers, <mask> met Rose Schneiderman, with whom she became closely associated.Both <mask> and Schneiderman believed in the efficacy of recruiting female strike leaders from the union rank-and-file rather than relying upon a

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 male-dominated centralized union bureaucracy for the settlement of labor disputes. They employed this outlook to bridge the ethnic gaps amongst worker in the white goods trade, finding a leader amongst the women of different ethnicities who could speak to the workers in their own language and cultivating her organizing talents. This strategy was successful and by 1909 the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) recognized the white goods' worker's union. <mask> helped to organize Local 24 of the ILGWU in Brooklyn and was elected to the Executive Board of the local in 1909 at the young age of 46. She was elected Chair of the Executive Board in 1913 and remained in that position until 1914. During the years 1912 and 1913 <mask> played a prominent role as a leader of the strike movement of New York City's organized garment workers. In 1914 the National Women's Trade Union League (NWTUL), an organization established in 1903, launched a training school for women organizers, a year-long program combining academics and field work.New York ILGWU leader <mask> was one of the first three chosen to attend the program in Chicago. In 1915, she was asked by the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union to organize Chicago dressmakers and in doing so founded ILGWU Local No. 59. In connection with this activity, <mask> was a key leader of a major strike of Chicago garment workers which began late in 1915 and continued into the following year, serving as a general organizer for the ILGWU. In 1916 <mask> was elected as the first female vice president of the ILGWU. She would serve in this capacity until 1925. Workers' education

In 1918 <mask> took the leadership of the ILGWU's Education Committee, and eventually rose to become Vice President of the union.After being elected as the first female vice president of ILGWU, <mask> <mask> continued to

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 pioneer and promote an image of the labor movement that integrated education as well as personal growth. <mask>, soon after her promotion, lobbied for the establishment of an Education Department within the union and subsequently, served as secretary upon its launch. In the wake of this new educational reform, women within the union began to militantly mobilize due to their growing discontent with the ILGWU leadership and in turn, jumpstarted a rebellion that consequently crippled the union’s infrastructure. As a result, <mask> <mask> would be blamed for this rebellion as well as her failure to condemn it and would thus be castigated and ostracized from all fronts – including the militants she inspired. Cut off by union leaders, <mask> later channelled her activism into education, as she fostered some of the country's prominent scholars as allies and even teachers in her workers education courses. <mask> was instrumental in the formation of the Workers' Education Bureau of America in 1921. <mask> was a co-founder of  Brookwood Labor College in 1924, an initiative associated with labor educator A. J. Muste.She would serve as a director of Brookwood until 1933, also sitting on the board of Brookwood's Labor Publication Society, publisher of the magazine Labor Age. In 1932 <mask> was named a vice president of Brookwood Labor College, a position in which she remained until 1937. During her time at Brookwood, <mask> served as a mentor to Floria Pinkney, the first African-American labor organizer in the ILGWU. Conferences and political activity

<mask> <mask> was selected as an American delegate to the International Women's Conference held in Washington, DC in 1919. She was also a delegate to the 1st International Conference on Workers' Education, held in Brussels, Belgium in 1922. She served in a similar capacity at the 2nd International Conference

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 on Workers' Education, held in Oxford, England in 1924. In 1924 <mask> became active in the Conference for Progressive Political Action (CPPA), a group envisioned as an umbrella organization of progressive political and trade union activists leading towards the establishment of a labor party in the United States.<mask> was elected a member of the National Committee of the CPPA. Despite the failure of that organization to survive beyond 1925, <mask> remained active in left wing politics at least through the 1940s as a member of the League for Industrial Democracy. Death and legacy

<mask> <mask> retired from trade union affairs in 1961. She died in New York City on December 24, 1962. She was 77 years old at the time of her death. Footnotes

Works

 The Educational Work of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union: Report Submitted to the Conference of the Worker's Education Bureau of America, April 2, 1921. New York : Educational Dept., International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, [1921].Report of First International Conference on Workers' Education held in Brussels, Belgium, August 16th and 17th, 1922. With Spencer Miller. New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, n.d. [c. 1922]. Winning Workingmen to Unionism. New York: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. [1920s]. Woman's Eternal Struggle: What Workers Education Will Do for Woman. New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. [c. 1932].The Uprising of the Sixty Thousand: The General Strike of the Dressmakers' Union, August 16, 1933. New York: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. [1933]. A New Era Opens for Labor Education: Discussion at the Workers' Education Bureau Conference, October 2, 1933, Washington, DC. New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, n.d. [1933]. Social Responsibility. New York: Educational

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texts: Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. [c 1933]. Workers' Education and Labor Leadership.New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, 1935. Can Women Lead? New York: n.p., 1936. Working Women in Action. New York: n.p., 1936. We Kept Our Faith: A Memorial to Our Triangle Victims. New York: n.p., 1936.Action Based on Knowledge is Power. New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. [c. 1936]. The Workers Education Bureau — An Arm of the Labor Movement. New York: Workers Education Bureau, n.d. [c. 1936]. Method and Approach in a Discussion of the Economics of the Garment Industry for Young Workers. New York: n.p., 1937. History: Fiction or Fact: What is Workers' Education, Including Suggestions for Teachers in Workers' Classes.New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1938. Progressives Must Choose. New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, n.d. [c. 1938]. Why is Our Union Different? New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1939. Workers' Education in the World Crisis: A Discussion at the Annual Conference of the American Association for Adult Education on May 21, 1940, at the Hotel Astor, New York. New York: American Association for Adult Education, 1940.Workers' Education in War and Peace. New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, 1943. Facing the Future: Where Do We Go from Here? ... New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1945. Labor Unions and the Community. New York: Workers Education Bureau of America, 1946. Organized Labor's Contribution to the Nation.New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1946. UNESCO: Its Objectives and How to Implement Them. New York: Educational Department,


texts:
 International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1947. Learn - Play - Act: A Program of Progressive Workers' Education. New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1947. Philosophy of Workers' Education. n.c.: n.p., n.d. [c. 1948].Workers' Education: The Dream and the Reality. New York: Educational Department, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1948. Adult Labor Education in a Troubled World: A Guide for Teachers. New York: International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 1958. Why Workers' Education? Los Angeles: n.p., n.d.

Further reading

 Ricki Carole Myers Cohen, <mask> <mask> and the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. PhD dissertation.University of Southern California, 1976. Brian Dolber, "Sweating for Democracy: Working Class Media and the Struggle for 'Hegemonic Jewishness,' 1919-1941." PhD dissertation. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2011. Louis Levine, The Women's Garment Workers: A History of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1924.Benjamin Stolberg, Tailor's Progress: The Story of a Famous Union and the Men Who Made It. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., 1944. External links
 New York Public Library Archives and Manuscripts – <mask> M<mask> Papers
Three groups of documents, including correspondence, writings (articles, speeches, plays, etc.) and ILGWU-related documents. ILGWU Education Department – <mask> <mask> Papers
Documentation of her work at the ILGWU from 1918 to 1961. 1885 births
1962 deaths
Jews of the Russian Empire
Belarusian Jews
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Jewish socialists
Activists from New York City
Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
Members of the Socialist Party of America
Leaders of American trade unions
International Ladies Garment

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<mask> (January 11, 1934 – September 24, 1999) was an American woman who claimed to be the mistress of U.S. president John F. Kennedy and Mafia leaders Sam Giancana and John Roselli. She was also known as <mask>, and <mask>. Early life
She was born <mask> in Fort Lee, New Jersey; Her parents were Frederick Immoor, an architect of German descent, and Katherine (née Shea), who was of Irish descent. When she was a child, her family moved to the Los Angeles area, where she grew up in Pacific Palisades. After her mother nearly died in an auto accident, <mask> withdrew from school at the age of 14 and was tutored at home. Her older sister Jacqueline later became an actress and took the professional name Susan Morrow. Marriage and family
In 1952, at the age of 18, <mask> married actor William Campbell; they divorced in 1958.Described as "stunningly beautiful," she claimed to have had an 18-month relationship with then-Senator John F. Kennedy, beginning in 1960, which continued after he was elected President of the United States. She had a son, David Bohrer, from a later relationship. In 1975, Campbell married again, to <mask>, a golfer. They separated in 1988. John F. Kennedy
According to Michael O'Brien of the Washington Monthly, on February 7, 1960, Frank Sinatra and Campbell were in Las Vegas, where Sinatra introduced her to John F. Kennedy, then a senator from Massachusetts and presidential candidate. In her 1977 memoir, she said that she became one of JFK's mistresses for a period of about two years, frequently visiting him in the White House after he was elected president. Her account was supported by phone records and other documentation, although Kennedy staff and supporters attacked her veracity when she published her memoir.A few months later in 1960,

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 Sinatra introduced Campbell to "Sam Flood," who was actually Sam Giancana, the leading figure in the Chicago Mafia. She also became involved with him and knew his associate John Roselli. Church Committee
Exner received national media attention when she testified in 1975 before the Church Committee investigating CIA assassination attempts on Fidel Castro. Roselli testified to the committee about Mafia involvement in the CIA attempt on Castro's life. When the Church Committee report was released in December 1975, it said that a "close friend" of President Kennedy had also been a close friend of mobsters John Roselli and Sam Giancana." Campbell's identity as the close friend was leaked to the Washington Post, which publicized it. William Safire in The New York Times also published it.The Committee had sent <mask> a subpoena to make her testify. By then, married to <mask>, <mask> called a press conference that month and denied any knowledge of Mafia involvement with Kennedy. Memoir
In 1977, <mask> published <mask>: My Story. In her memoir, she said that her relationship with Kennedy was entirely personal. She also said that Frank Sinatra later introduced her to Sam Giancana, with whom she also became intimate. She said that Giancana never asked her for any information related to Kennedy. She also said that John Roselli was her friend.Aside from her own alleged affair with JFK, <mask> claimed to have knowledge of other women who had affairs with Kennedy. These affairs included one with Danish journalist Inga Arvad between late 1941 and early 1942. <mask> also said that Kennedy brought prostitutes to the White House swimming pool. Journalists and some historians have also alleged that Kennedy had a number of affairs, citing a memo by FBI Director J. Edgar

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 Hoover as part of the evidence. <mask> said that President Kennedy's Special Assistant David Powers helped set up encounters with President Kennedy. Powers later stated that Kennedy never had an affair with <mask>. Later accounts
In a 1988 interview with Kitty Kelley of People magazine, <mask> told a very different story about Giancana and Kennedy.She said that she had lied to the Church Committee and in her memoir out of fear of Mafia retaliation. She said Kennedy had asked her to contact Giancana, and she helped set up a meeting between them during the 1960 presidential election. For about 18 months in 1960–61, "<mask> claimed she served as the president's link with the Mob. She crisscrossed the nation carrying envelopes between the president and Giancana, and arranged about 10 meetings between the two." She later claimed these messages concerned plans to assassinate the Cuban president Fidel Castro. In 1997, <mask> alleged more details and changed her story, in separate interviews with Liz Smith of Vanity Fair and Seymour Hersh. She said Kennedy told her of his plans related to Cuba, and used her to carry money to Giancana, as well as to arrange numerous meetings between him, Giancana and Roselli.She claimed to Smith to have terminated a pregnancy resulting from a last encounter in 1962 with Kennedy. She said that she had carried payoffs from California defense contractors to the Kennedys, including Robert F. Kennedy. A witness of Hersh's who appeared to support <mask>'s story of carrying money to Giancana later dropped his story. Both liberal and conservative critics have attacked these later accounts. They depend mostly on <mask> and are not supported by what is known of Kennedy and his staff. Her earlier accounts of her affair with Kennedy were

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 supported by FBI reports, Secret Service and White House phone logs and staff documentation. She has been described as an "unreliable witness," with a history of instability, depression and paranoia and, by then, she was suffering from cancer.Later years and death
<mask> <mask> lived in Newport Beach and was a painter. She died on September 24, 1999 in Duarte, California from breast cancer. In popular culture
<mask>'s memoir was adapted as a made-for-TV movie, Power and Beauty (2002), directed by Susan Seidelman, in which she was played by Natasha Henstridge. Material was added from accounts published after her 1977 memoir. Judy Campbell was portrayed in the 1998 HBO movie The Rat Pack by Michelle Grace. In the  2004 episode "In Camelot" of the TV series The Sopranos, the character of Fran Felstein is based on <mask>. Campbell was portrayed by Megan Vincent in the 2011 TV series The Kennedys.In 2016, she appeared as a character in the third episode of the first season of the television series Timeless, played by Elena Satine. References

Further reading

External links

1934 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Writers from New York City
Writers from Los Angeles
Deaths from cancer in California
American women memoirists
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century American women writers
Mistresses of John F.

masks:
Judith Campbell
Exner
Exner
Judith Exner


texts:
<mask>, KCB, DSO (5 November 1863 – 24 August 1946) was a British Army officer, who commanded the 48th (South Midland) Division from 1915 to 1918 during the First World War. He was the youngest of three brothers (Edward, Hew, and <mask>) who all rose to command divisions or corps during the war. Fanshawe joined the Oxfordshire Light Infantry in 1883, and served with his regiment in India until the Second Boer War, where he commanded a mobile column and was mentioned in despatches. At the outbreak of the First World War he was on the staff of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), and later commanded a regular brigade on the Western Front, before being promoted to divisional command in 1915. He commanded the 48th (South Midland) Division for three years, including service at the Somme, Ancre, Passchendale, and on the Italian Front, before being removed from command after his corps commander objected to his defensive strategy. He was relegated to commanding a second-line home service division, and retired from the army in 1918. Early military career
Fanshawe was born in 1863, the youngest son of the <mask>, of Chilworth, Oxfordshire.After attending Marlborough College, Fanshawe joined the 2nd Battalion of the newly formed Oxfordshire Light Infantry, the former 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot, in 1883. He spent the next sixteen years with the regiment, primarily on service in India, during which he was promoted to captain on 15 April 1892, and served in the Tirah Campaign of 1897–1898. He was the younger son of three brothers with significant military careers; Edward (b. 1859) joined the artillery and Hew (b. 1860) joined the cavalry, all three rising to command corps or divisions during the First World War. He entered the Staff College, Camberley at the beginning of 1899, but following the outbreak of the Second Boer War, he was sent to South Africa that November, to serve on the Inspector-General's staff. He saw service at the Relief of Kimberley and the

masks:
Sir Robert Fanshawe
Robert
Reverend Henry Leighton Fanshawe


texts:
 Battle of Paardeberg (February 1900), where he was wounded; later, in April 1900, he was made adjutant of the 6th Battalion Mounted Infantry, and on 2 September 1900 promoted to major.In 1901, he took command of a mobile column, which he commanded to the end of the war. He received the local rank of lieutenant colonel whilst holding this command, on 27 January 1902. For his service in South Africa, he was mentioned in despatches twice and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). Following the end of the war in June 1902, Fanshawe returned to the United Kingdom in the SS Dunottar Castle, which arrived at Southampton the following month. In September 1902 he was posted to the staff of the 4th Division on Salisbury Plain as deputy assistant adjutant-general, after he received the brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel on 22 August 1902. He returned to his regiment in 1903. He commanded the 2nd Battalion from 1907 to 1911, when he was promoted colonel and posted as chief of staff (GSO.1) to the 1st Division.First World War
At the outbreak of the First World War, <mask>'s division was mobilised as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) for service in France. On 20 September 1914, he was appointed an acting Brigadier-General to command the 6th Brigade, part of the 2nd Division. He led the brigade through the First Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Festubert in early 1915, where it played a key part in the initial successful night attack. In mid-June, he was promoted to take over the 48th (South Midland) Division, a Territorial Force (TF) unit, after its previous General Officer Commanding (GOC), Major-General Henry Heath, fell ill. He commanded the division at the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of the Ancre, and the Battle of Passchendaele, then on the Italian Front from late 1917 onwards, including the Austrian offensives of June 1918. Fanshawe spent a good deal of time visiting front-line units, where he "liked to drift into the trench in an old


texts: raincoat so that men were not intimidated" and would sometimes venture out with a single escort to patrol no-man's land. More unusually, he had a habit of giving his soldiers chocolates when he met them returning from the lines or on inspections.Such behaviour scandalised his staff officers, who were privately disapproving of Fanshawe's informality with his troops but it did not lead to the disapproval of his superiors; in September 1917, a confidential report by Ivor Maxse, his corps commander, had judged him to be "a good average divisional commander and trainer". Fanshawe was strongly in favour of elastic defence, where a lightly garrisoned front line would delay an enemy attack, and then a strong counter-attack would recapture lost ground, and had been training 48th Division in this mould since he took command in 1915; the Italian theatre was the first opportunity to put this approach fully into practice. The 48th Division was attacked on 15 June 1918 by the Austrians at the Battle of the Piave River; in keeping with the plan, leading elements fell back and a counter-attack was organised, recapturing the lost ground and stalling the offensive entirely. Whilst a success, this result was greeted with dismay by the corps commander, the Earl of Cavan; he was a believer in a more traditional strongly held static line of defence and felt that Fanshawe did not need to have given up any ground at all. Fanshawe was quickly relieved of his command and ordered home, leaving Italy four days after the end of the battle, on 20 June. Francis Mackay wrote that it was the dismissal of a general who had a sound defensive plan applied by officers and men of high morale and confidence. The Italians, senior partners at Asiago, frequently sacked senior officers who had suffered setbacks in battle.Lord Cavan, who succeeded Herbert Plumer as GOC of the British Forces in Italy, may have played a political and unpleasant hand in dismissing Fanshawe. Cavan thought that after his


texts:
 briefing of 14 June, Fanshawe should have reinforced the front line in the face of an expected Austrian attack. Cavan had also failed to spot the weaknesses and did not change the battle disposition when he visited Fanshawe at his battle headquarters. As a commander, Fanshawe allowed his troops to suffer unnecessary casualties, which, in 1918, was a cause for dismissal. Despite preparations for a British attack, there was no British artillery support to stem the Austrian advance. MacKay also reports that the Official History records that Fanshawe may have lost his grip on the battle on the morning of 15 June 1918. Fanshawe was respected throughout the 48th Division.He trained his commanders to use their initiative in the Battle of the Woods and Clouds, where lines of sight and communications were very limited. Yet his Battle Narrative is inadequate, inaccurate and trite, but it sheds no light on his sacking. He left, uncomplainingly, gentlemanly to the end and did not see further active service. Many officers in the 48th Division complained for years about his dishonourable treatment. He was appointed to command the 69th (2nd East Anglian) Division on home service in November 1918. Through the war, he was mentioned in despatches eight times, as well as knighted. After the war
He retired from the army in August 1919; he later served as the honorary colonel of the 1st/7th Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment, a TF unit that formed part of the 48th Division.He died in 1946, aged eighty-three, after falling from his horse, and is buried near Oxford. References

References
 "FANSHAWE, Maj.-Gen. <mask>", in
 Obituary notice in The Times, 26 August 1946, p. 7

|-

1863 births
1946 deaths
British Army generals of World War I
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
British military personnel of the Tirah campaign
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers
British Army personnel of the Second


texts:
<mask> (born April 22, 1951 in Newark, New Jersey) is a journalist, music historian, radio personality, record producer, and self-described "landmark preservationist". His stated mission has been to "find things on the scrapheap of history that I know don't belong there and salvage them." Those "things" have included such previously overlooked but now-celebrated icons as composer/bandleader/electronic music pioneer Raymond Scott, Space Age Pop avatar Esquivel, illustrator/fine artist Jim Flora, various outsider musicians (including William "Shooby" Taylor, a.k.a. "The Human Horn"), and The Langley Schools Music Project. Chusid calls himself "a connoisseur of marginalia," while admitting he's "a terrible barometer of popular taste." He oversees the catalog of the late Afrofuturist artist/composer/bandleader Sun Ra and administers Ra's music rights on behalf of the artist's heirs. His journalism has appeared in Mojo, The New York Times, Film Comment, Mix magazine, New York Press, Pulse!and other publications. In 2021 he authored a biography of 19th century baseball legend Joe Start for the Society for American Baseball Research's BioProject. Chusid has lived in Hoboken, New Jersey, since 1992. He describes his political views as "leaning libertarian". Radio
Since 1975 Chusid has been a DJ on free-form radio station WFMU, where he hosted an unpredictable and idiosyncratic weekly program whose content he calls "genre-surfing tokenism". In June 2020, he left the weekly schedule, but remains on the air staff. Prior to his involvement at WFMU, he worked briefly at WPKN radio from 1969-1971 while an undergrad at the University of Bridgeport (which he left after two years); in 1977, while living in New Orleans, he hosted a weekly program on WTUL.In 1988, he served as a comedy writer for author/humorist Tom Bodett's syndicated radio series, The End of the Road. In the late 1970s, Chusid was one of the


texts:
 first DJs to regularly air recordings of Jandek, The Shaggs, Lucia Pamela, and R. Stevie Moore on the radio. In the early 1980s he programmed a weekly segment entitled The Atrocious Music Hour, which featured recordings from such non-musical celebrities as William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy. This subgenre was eventually chronicled by Rhino Records on their  Golden Throats series of albums, for which Chusid authored liner notes. These compilations contributed to Shatner's revived celebrity, albeit with overtones of self-parody. Between 1997 and 2002 Chusid was the co-host (with Michelle Boulé) of the Incorrect Music Hour on WFMU. From 2005 to 2007 he programmed vintage Calypso, Soca, Goombay, and Mento on a one-hour weekly program entitled Muriel's Treasure.Music projects
Chusid is credited with the rediscovery and popularization of the "Space Age Bachelor Pad" music of Juan García Esquivel, which helped spark the 1990s resurgence of vintage exotica and lounge music. He compiled the first CD reissues of Esquivel and Raymond Scott, and manages the musical estates of both deceased composers/bandleaders. He has produced landmark reissues by The Shaggs, Sun Ra, Wendy and Bonnie, Judson Fountain, Lucia Pamela, and Alabama folk-art ensemble The Clouds, while penning liner notes for dozens of CD and LP releases on a multitude of labels. He produced Raymond Scott Rewired, an album of Scott remixes by The Bran Flakes, The Evolution Control Committee, and Go Home Productions, which was released in February 2014 on the Basta label. In 2000, Chusid discovered two LPs of privately pressed western Canadian schoolchildren recordings made in 1976–77 by music teacher Hans Fenger. After much legwork and ten label rejections, Chusid licensed the project to Netherlands-based Basta Audio-Visuals and (for North America) Hoboken-based Bar/None Records, who in October 2001 released the recordings on a CD entitled The


texts: Langley Schools Music Project. Within one week of its release, the album went to #1 on Amazon.com.The popularity of that CD led to a VH1 documentary in 2002, which sent the CD back to #2 on Amazon.com. Jack Black's 2003 hit film School of Rock was admittedly inspired by the Langley CD. In 2005, the story rights to the project were acquired by an undisclosed Hollywood film writer/director, who hopes to bring the story to the big screen. In a dismissive review of the album, former Village Voice music critic Robert Christgau referred to Chusid as "a tedious ideologue with a hustle." In 2002, Chusid produced the sole album by the New York-based septet The Raymond Scott Orchestrette (a band he formed in 1999). That same year he produced the first solo sessions of former Suddenly, Tammy! singer/songwriter Beth Sorrentino, released in 2006 as Nine Songs, One Story.In 2011, he co-conceived and coordinated Sorrentino's album Would You Like To Go: A Curt Boettcher Songbook, a collection of reinterpretations of songs written by and/or associated with sunshine pop progenitor Curt Boettcher. (The album, produced by Sean Slade, was released in April 2013 on the Basta label. Chusid was credited as "Solicitor and Overseer.") In 2013, he undertook administration of Boettcher's publishing on behalf of the late songwriter's son, Varek Boettcher. In 1997 Chusid co-produced (with Edie Adams and Josh Mills) the Ernie Kovacs Record Collection (Varese-Sarabande), a compilation of songs and themes used by the legendary TV comedian in his programs during the 1950s and early 1960s. The package was designed by noted illustrator Chris Ware. In 2004 he curated Interesting Results: Music by a Committee of One for UK's Sonic Arts Network, a CD-publication of DIY music with cut-out figures of the featured artists.In 2010 Chusid compiled for WFMU Don't Mess With the Power Child, the first collection of late 1980s recordings


texts: by an uninhibited, hyperactive 10-year-old Alabama girl named Amanda (Whitt). These recordings aired frequently on WFMU and subsequently achieved widespread notoriety via the web. A follow-up, Let's Get Plastered and Raid Circus World, was compiled for WFMU in 2011. Besides administering the Raymond Scott, Esquivel, Bob Thompson, Sun Ra, Curt Boettcher, and Shooby Taylor musical estates, he oversees the business affairs and publishing of R. Stevie Moore, Beth Sorrentino, the Mighty Sparrow, and Wendy & Bonnie. In 2019, under his BMI imprint Railroad Town Music, he became the U.S. publisher for the works of the late jazz saxophonist Albert Ayler. In 2014 Chusid became administrator of Sun Ra LLC, the heirs who control the catalog of the late, eccentric Afrofuturist bandleader/composer. That year, he and Michael D. Anderson of the Sun Ra Music Archive co-produced a digital-only series of classic Sun Ra albums remastered for iTunes from original Sun Ra session tapes.Since then Chusid has produced, co-produced, or consulted on a series of remastered Sun Ra recordings, including previously unissued material, released on the Cosmic Myth, Modern Harmonic, Strut, and Corbett vs. Dempsey record labels. As of late 2020, there have been over 100 Sun Ra titles digitally reissued on the catalog's Bandcamp site. Chusid has provided historical annotation for many of these releases. In 2019 he co-produced (with Brother Cleve) The Barrence Whitfield Soul Savage Arkestra: Songs from the Sun Ra Cosmos (Modern Harmonic), a collection of Sun Ra covers by rock vocalist Barrence Whitfield; Chusid played drums on several tracks. Also in 2019 Chusid produced June Tyson: Saturnian Queen of the Sun Ra Arkestra (Modern Harmonic), the first compilation of recordings spotlighting singer-dancer-costume designer Tyson, the only female member of Sun Ra's Arkestra. In 2013, Chusid created the first website devoted to the late


texts:
 record producer Tom Wilson, including a comprehensive discography of Wilson productions. Outsider music
In a July 1996 Pulse magazine article entitled "You Want Alternative?", Chusid coined the term "outsider music", which he defines as "crackpot and visionary music, where all trails lead essentially one place: over the edge". Chusid has drawn a distinction between the terms "incorrect music" (as used on his WFMU radio program) and "outsider music", which he insists are not synonymous and overlap only slightly. Chusid has explained that Incorrect Music was a radio concept, which included all manner of musical "wrongness", often by people who should have known better, or whose sincerity was questionable. Outsider musicians, on the other hand, he defines as "artists who are often termed 'bad' or 'inept' by listeners who judge them by the standards of mainstream popular music. Yet despite dodgy rhythms and a lack of conventional tunefulness, these often self-taught artists radiate an abundance of earnestness and passion. Most importantly, they betray an absence of pretense. And they're worth listening to, often outmatching all contenders for inventiveness and originality."His book Songs in the Key of Z: The Curious Universe of Outsider Music (2000), published by A Cappella Books, covered musical oddballs and obscure visionaries. Reviewing this testament to twisted tunesmiths, Publishers Weekly commented:
He profiles 20 darlings of dissonance. Several of them -- including Tiny Tim, Captain Beefheart and Pink Floyd's former acid troubadour Syd Barrett -- have made a few compilation bangs, but the great majority have enjoyed mere dog-like whimpers of success. Take Eilert Pilarm, the Swedish Elvis; Joe Meek, who produced the 1962 instrumental hit 'Telstar' before committing suicide; and The Shaggs, three sheltered sisters from Fremont, N.H., who recorded the 'aboriginal rock' masterpiece 'Philosophy


texts:
 of the World'. Careful not to ridicule his more eccentrically volatile subjects (e.g., Wesley Willis and Daniel Johnston), Chusid narrates each musician's vital statistics and career with rhythm and respectful compilation wit. The book also includes brief profiles of numerous lesser-known outsider musicians, including Arcesia, Bingo Gazingo, and Y. Bhekhirst. BJ Snowden, Shooby Taylor ("The Human Horn"), Wesley Willis, and other musicians profiled in the book can be heard on two CDs produced and annotated by Chusid.Bill Meyer reviewed the first CD:
This collection is a compilation companion to <mask>'s book of the same name. It celebrates outsider music, music "so wrong it's right", and if you're drawn to sounds that make you wonder just what the musician was thinking, this collection is for you. The compilation is enthusiastically, if not always respectfully, annotated by Chusid. His selections range from the output of blissfully un-self-aware but basically functional individuals to the certifiably insane. Among the former are Lucia Pamela, an Ethel Merman sound-alike who contributes an infectiously enthusiastic celebration of "Walking on the Moon", and Congress-Woman Malinda Jackson Parker, a late Liberian lawmaker whose "Cousin Mosquito #1" cautioned against contracting insect-borne disease. The latter includes Daniel Johnston, whose "Walking the Cow" weds a sublime melody to puzzling lyrics and a toy keyboard arrangement, and Wesley Willis, who pays tribute to Chicago's "Rock 'n' Roll McDonald's". Some of the artists are quite famous (Tiny Tim), some anonymous (the unknown writer and performers of song-poem "Virgin Child of the Universe")—they're united by their blithe certitude that the world needed to hear their unlikely but singular creations.Volumes one and two of the digital audio releases of Songs in the Key of Z were reissued in expanded (25 tracks each) and remastered format in


texts:
 September 2013, along with all-new volumes three and four. Visual arts projects
Chusid chronicled the overlooked work of innovative record cover artist/commercial illustrator Jim Flora (1914–1998) in his colorful 180-page trade paperback, The Mischievous Art of Jim Flora (Fantagraphics, 2004). A follow-up, The Curiously Sinister Art of Jim Flora, co-authored with (former KFAI radio host) Barbara Economon, was published by Fantagraphics in February 2007. The latter book unveiled Flora's bizarre and rarely seen paintings, woodcuts, sketches, and early works. A third anthology, The Sweetly Diabolic Art of Jim Flora, was published in July 2009. A fourth book, The High Fidelity Art of Jim Flora, focusing on Flora's illustrated album covers and music ephemera for Columbia and RCA Victor Records, was published in September 2013. Chusid and Economon serve as co-archivists for the Flora collection, and produce a line of fine art prints of the artist's work.In May 2009, Chusid and Economon teamed up with artist Drew Friedman to produce an exclusive line of limited edition fine art prints of the noted illustrator's works. In 2020 Chusid curated the first website devoted to the artistic legacy of musician/painter Ayé Aton, who had played with Sun Ra for a number of years. References

External links
 <mask>d's WFMU Radio Archives
 WFMU: <mask>sid homepage
 RaymondScott.net
 Jim Flora Gallery
 Songs in the Key of Z - outsider music project
 Interview with <mask>, "Psalms in the Key of Z," MungBeing.com
 Interview with <mask>sid by Coury Turczyn, PopCult Magazine, 2005
  on WFMU, Spring 1999

1951 births
Living people
American radio DJs
American music journalists
Writers from Hoboken, New Jersey
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
University of Bridgeport alumni
Outsider music
American male non-fiction writers
Jewish American journalists
American libertarians
Record producers from New Jersey
21st-century

masks:
Irwin Chusi
Irwin Chu
Irwin Chusid
Irwin Chu


texts:
<mask> (; born December 1925) is a Chinese conductor. Background and early career

<mask> was born into one of the most influential families in the once thriving trading centre of Jiangyin, related both to <mask>, the famous court censor of the late Qing, and more distantly to the great <mask> family (of which the most famous scion was <mask>n) that had risen in the world from the 18th century. Though the Chinese economy flirted with depression in his early years, and no region remain unaffected by the Guomindang-CCP conflicts, and later the war against Japan, <mask> was able to enjoy a happy upbringing and a solid education in his hometown. <mask> showed early promise as a musician, winning first place at his local high school. He is an alumnus of the Nanjing () Middle School in Jiangyin, set up by the reformer Huang Tifang in the 1880s. <mask> stayed in the institution until 1945, working for the final three years as an underground member of the Chinese Communist Party, into which role he was first employed by a violinist friend. It was not until June, 1945 that <mask> went open about his involvement with the party, enrolling in the Cultural Work Division of the New Fourth Army.Following the Communist victory of 1949, he was enrolled at the Huazhong Construction University, before later moving to the arts faculty of Shandong University to study conducting. Upon graduation, <mask> conducted the music for over ten early Communist films, including an adaptation into film of Lao She's Longxu Gulley. It was not until 1955, however, that what he would later describe as a turning point in his career would occur, when <mask> won a scholarship to study at the Gnessin State Musical College. He would study here for five and a half eventful years. Moscow and the Mao

masks:
Cao Peng
Cao Peng
Cao Yuyuan
Cao
Cao Xueqi
Cao
Cao Peng
Cao Peng
Cao
Cao
Cao Peng


texts:
 years
During his stay in Moscow, <mask> attended conducting masterclasses given by Leo Ginzburg, and began conducting the resident orchestra on regular occasions. In 1960, he gave the maiden overseas performance of the Butterfly Lovers' Violin Concerto, as part of the celebrations for the 10th anniversary of the establishment of government by the Communist party. In August, 1961, <mask> returned to China, where he was appointed permanent conductor in residence for the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra.He has remained based in Shanghai for the past fifty years, taking on a number of new positions and professorships as the city continued to open up beyond the Mao years. The years before 1976 were not entirely inactive for <mask>, however. In many respects, the classical music scene in Shanghai should remembered for its liveliness in the late Mao years, with pioneer conductors including Huang Yijun, Chen Chuanxi and Wang Yongji coming to the peaks of their respective careers. In 1962, <mask> collaborated with the Shanghai Opera House to give a performance of Puccini's Madama Butterfly, followed by later collaborations for performances of Manuel Da Falla's The Three-Cornered Hat and Delibes' Coppélia. In the shifting Shanghai of 1975, <mask> was able to take his orchestra on an international tour, visiting and performing in Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong. Professorships and charitable work, 1980s to present

A number of professorships were made available to <mask> during the 1980s, including an appointment as professor in residence at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music and Shanghai Jiao Tong University. At the same time as he was beginning the turn to teaching, and passing along the invaluable experiences of Moscow and beyond to the younger generation, so was he

masks:
Cao Peng
Cao
Cao
Cao Peng
Cao
Cao


texts: increasingly involved in a classical music scene in transition.<mask> gave a countless number of performances in the 1980s, which took him not only further abroad, but to places unvisited within China, where he was able to cultivate and promote people's awareness of classical music. In 1986, a year when he was recognised by his adopted city Shanghai for his achievements with the city award for "Achievements in the Culture and Arts", <mask> also accepted an invitation to conduct over 30 performances of classical music in southern China's Fujian province. Similar success followed in the 1990s, when <mask>, now in his sixties, took on responsibilities for the burgeoning orchestral music scene in Shanghai, conducting the Shanghai People's Orchestra () from 1992, later also the orchestra of the Nanyang Middle School. In 1993, at the age of 68, <mask> was employed by the Hong Kong record label HNH to record a 50-CD anthology of modern Chinese classical music. <mask> was also an early pioneer in the relaxing of tensions and building of cross-straits ties in the 1990s, heading the first classical music delegation to perform in Kaohsiung and other places throughout Taiwan in 1995, where he, incidentally, conducted publicly for the first time his daughter, the violinist Xia Xiaocao (). Though he no longer keeps a schedule as demanding as that he kept in the 1990s, <mask> has remained involved in a number of orchestras into the new millennium. He still regularly takes delegations abroad to perform, notably in France and Japan, and has set up two other, pathbreaking orchestras under the Cao Peng Music Center, established in 2005 - the Shanghai Student Orchestra and the Sound of Angel Salon, the latter of which trains autistic children to engage with their surroundings through

masks: Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao


texts:
 music.He has also continued to conduct film scores, totalling over 100 over the course of his career. Awards

<mask> has received many awards for his services to classical music and education inside China, including:

“Prize for Outstanding Contribution to Musical Performance”, awarded by the State Council. “Prize for Pioneer Work Done in the Service of Chinese Culture”, awarded by the Central Affairs Committee. The inaugural prize for “Arts and Literature” awarded by the Shanghai city Cultural Union. “Prize for Outstanding Work in the Service of Education in Shanghai”, awarded by the Shanghai Educational Bureau. An honorary prize awarded by Baogang steel. Honorary prize on various occasions for services to the high arts.Shanghai City Model Elderly Citizen Top Ten Award. Double Personal Award for Contribution after Retirement to the Service of Society (Shanghai and National award). In addition, concerts were held in his honour marking 40, 50, and most recently 60 years of conducting. See also
Shanghai City Symphonic Orchestra

References

External links
Brief Biop, with more on <mask>'s training in Moscow, 1955 - 1961 (Chinese)
Biography of conductor <mask>, and much more available on the website

1925 births
Living people
Chinese conductors (music)
People's Republic of China musicians
Musicians from Wuxi
21st-century conductors

masks:
Cao
Cao Peng
Cao Peng