texts:
<mask> (; 29 May 1849 – 7 April 1921) was a German caterer, gastronomer and hotelier. Early life
<mask> (baptized Laurenz) was born in Mainz as Laurenz, the sixth out of nine children of a Catholic shoemaker, <mask>, and his wife Anna Maria Elisabeth (Schallot), an accoucheuse (midwife). His grandfather, <mask>, was a groom from the Spessart region. He was trained as a cabinet maker, finishing an apprenticeship in 1872 at the nationally leading Bembé cabinet-making workshop of Mainz. Indeed, Adlon would eventually request its services, for furnishing the future Hotel Adlon of Berlin. Private life
<mask> was married twice. His first wife was Susanne Wannsiedel (died 1878), the daughter of a hotel manager in Mainz, they had three boys and two girls from 1872 to 1877, including a daughter Anna Katharina and a son Ludwig Anton, who together, inherited the hotel after the death of Lorenz (two others died in childhood).<mask> married again, to Fanny Claus, a widow from a prosperous Stuttgart family, who died just short time after in 1893, in Berlin. Mainz
<mask> <mask> joined a fellow student, opening a wine store together, for selling what was produced by the many regional vineyards. During those years, <mask> couldn't resist the appeal, often visiting the Holländische Hof hotel near the bank of the Rhine, there taking note of the German aristocracy and its culinary customs. <mask> also was an athletic person, andreportedlyhe once catered his whole team, in a profitable experience which particularly fueled <mask>'s dream for a gastronomic career. <mask> <mask> got earnestly interested for gastronomy after a trip to France; after returning from the Franco-Prussian War, <mask> so started working as an innkeeper, in 1872. In 1876, <mask> accomplished his first big job in Mainz, catering the crowds during a regional shooting contest. In 1878, <mask> <mask> opened the Raimundigarten restaurant, a wooden building, built over

masks:
Lorenz Adlon
Lorenz Adlon
Jacob Adlon
Andreas Adlon
Lorenz Adlon
Adlon
Lorenz
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Lorenz
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Lorenz
Adlon


type: original

texts:
 an abandoned fortification of Mainz, at its northwest, over the bank of the Rhine.Basically oriented for the tourism, it soon became a successful endeavor. Adlon then started exporting Bohemian Pilsener beer abroad, to both The Netherlands and Belgium. Berlin
Late in the 1870s, Lorenz <mask> enthusiastically moved to Berlin, which was so attractive as the magnificent new capital of the German Empire. Once there, Adlon began in the business of selling wines. It became so successful, that Adlon's shop of the Wilhelmstrasse would store three million bottles at some point; the value of the investment skyrocketed after a vine pest of the late 1910s, andin generalalso overmastering the German inflation. Meanwhile, Lorenz <mask> kept managing the catering for international events, in 1881 for the festival of gymnastics of Frankfurt (Deutsches Turnfest), in 1882 for the Bavarian Trade exhibition, in 1883 for Amsterdam World's Fair. By then, Lorenz Adlon was enjoying a prosperous financial period.Subsequently, <mask> started acquiring several restaurants, one after the other. He acquired the Mille Colonnes hotel, at the Rembrandtplein in Amsterdam. By 1887, <mask> had already acquired a café at the 62/63 on the patrician Unter den Linden boulevard of midtown Berlin, to Carl Hiller. In 1896, <mask> <mask> together with two other businessmen, Hiller and Rudolf Dressel, managed the main restaurant facilities at the Neuer See, during the Universal Exposition of Berlin (Gewerbe-Ausstellung). During the event, <mask> got acquainted with the famous director of orchestra Benjamin Bilse, by whom <mask> got properly introduced to the high society of Berlin. <mask> <mask> then took over Hiller's restaurant at 55 Unter den Linden boulevard. The place already was leading because of its French dishes, and during Adler's management, it became the most exclusive restaurant in Berlin; <mask> then was a recognized socialite.In 1898, Adlon

masks: Adlon Adlon Adlon Adlon Lorenz Adlon Adlon Adlon Lorenz Adlon Adlon


texts:
 entered into partnership with Teilhaber Klicks, acquiring the 195-room Hotel Continental on the Georgenstraße, and so <mask> perfected his skills of hotel management. In 1889 <mask> <mask> acquired his first hotel, the Mille Colonnes, on the Rembrandtplein in Amsterdam. In 1899, Lorenz <mask> leased the until then decadent two terraces of the zoo of Mainz. Revamped by <mask>, the place started serving famous international treats, highlighting the Bouillabaisse specialty; daily yielding 6,000 Goldmarks, it once hosted William II, whose ensuing friendship meant Adlon's definitive belonging into the German high society. Hotel Adlon

See main article: Hotel Adlon
Shortly after the turn of the century, <mask> <mask> agreed with the young emperor William II, who disliked his own very traditional town palace, to establish a noble hotel in the town. By 1905, <mask> had invested all what he owned, 2 million Goldmark, for the ambitious 17-million-Goldmark project. <mask> managed the process, acquiring several available properties round the 1 Unter den Linden just besides the Brandenburg Gate, despite the protests of many Berliners.The luxurious Hotel Adlon opened on October 23, 1907. Emperor William inaugurated it, praising on that occasion the hotel's beauty being even superior to his own Royal Palace, he patronized it regularly for his unofficial residence. At the heart of Berlin, the Adlon Hotel became the center of the social life in the city, and it also hosted all its notable visitors. Before 1914, the aristocracy of all Europe was fond for gathering in it; thensharing the same area with the most important embassiesthe hotel hosted a series of international meetings, relevant to the historical development of the First World War. However, after the war the so supportive German monarchy was deposed, and so the magnificence of the Adlon Hotel started to dim. Death

After the war, <mask> <mask> remained reluctant about

masks: Adlon Lorenz Adlon Adlon Adlon Lorenz Adlon Adlon Adlon Lorenz Adlon


texts:
 acknowledging the dethronement of the monarch. He refused to remove the monarch's bronze bust from the fireplace room when the emperor had already left for Holland and Philipp Scheidemann had proclaimed the republic.He refused driving through the Brandenburg Gate by the central line, which had once been reserved for the German nobility. In 1918 and 1921, he approached the middle vehicle lane in the attempt to cross the Pariser Platz. The central passage of the Brandenburg Gate was originally reserved for the emperor and therefore rarely frequented. In <mask>'s mind, it had remained a safe traffic island. <mask> had suffered a severe street accident in 1918 and in 1921, at the same place, <mask> suffered a second, fatal accident, being hit by a car. Ludwig Anton "<mask>, Sr."
His son Ludwig Anton, born on 3 October 1874 (he called himself "Louis"), had five children with his first wife Tilly. After almost 15 years of marriage, he met a hotel guest, a dancer, the German-American Hedwig Leythen (1889-1967), called Hedda, at a New Year's Eve party in the Hotel Adlon, left his wife and children, and in 1922 he married her.It was one of the biggest scandals of Berlin in the 1920s. Tilly moved with her daughter Elisabeth, then two, to the south of Germany, while the other children Susanne (mother of <mask>), Lorenz and the twins Carl and Louis (junior) were sent to boarding school and later all four emigrated to America. His son Louis continued managing the hotel until it was burned down by Soviet troops in 1945. Solveig Grothe on 2007-10-21 in Spiegel Online writes that on April 21, 1945 the first explosions hit the Unter den Linden and the hotel stopped and the Adlon became a hospital for a short time. Grothe quotes Hedda : "On the night of May 2, Russian tanks rattled through the Brandenburg Gate, and at eight o'clock in the morning the first Russian soldiers appeared in the Adlon. (...) The disaster began, however,

masks:
Adlon
Adlon
Adlon
Louis Adlon
Percy Adlon


texts:
 when a troop of Red Army soldiers in search of valuables discovered the wine cellar,..."

Solveig Grothe on 2007-10-21 in Spiegel Online writes that one of the Russians threw his burning cigarette into the wood wool, which was stored in the wine cellar for packaging, flames spread from the cellar, but slow enough to be able to bring the wounded to safety. His wife Hedda <mask> relates in her autobiography that Louis himself was taken by the Soviets and shot, after they mistook him for a General, because a servant had called him by his title of "Generaldirektor".Solveig Grothe on 2007-10-21 in Spiegel Online writes that Louis survived the end of the war for only a few days. He was picked up by the Russians for interrogation, and he collapsed on his way home and died. <mask> died in May 1945 in a ditch near Velten. Hedda <mask> lived with her sister in Halensee, died on January 6, 1967. Berlin newspapers never published their deaths. Great-grandson <mask>, a German film and television director, created the film In der glanzvollen Welt des Hotel Adlon in 1996 about the history of the hotel. See also
 Hotel Adlon, Berlin, Germanybuilt by Lorenz <mask>
 <mask> (1908–1947), German-American film actor in Hollywood, grandson of Lorenz
 <mask> (born 1935, Munich), German film producer, cousin of Louis
 <mask> (born 1966), American actress, daughter-in-law of Percy
 <mask>, German film, from book by Louis's father's second wife

References

External links
 biography of Lorenz <mask> (German language translated)
 Berlin Hotel: The true story of the Adlon (German language translated)
 Hotel Adlon Germany's first address (German language translated)
 Lorenz <mask> (65th) - 100 greatest from rhineland-palatinate (German language translated) Südwestrundfunk
 http://adloninteraktiv.zdf.de/

1849 births
1921 deaths
Lorenz
Businesspeople from Berlin
German hoteliers
German restaurateurs
Businesspeople from Mainz
People from Rhenish

masks:
Adlon
Louis Adlon
Adlon
Percy Adlon
Adlon
Louis Adlon
Percy Adlon
Pamela Adlon
Hotel Adlon
Adlon
Adlon


texts:
<mask> (2 August 1912 – 5 September 2001) was a Croatian economist and demographer who published a series of historical articles and books during the 1980s and 1990s on demographic losses in Yugoslavia during World War II and of Axis forces and civilians in the Yugoslav Partisan pursuit of Nazi collaborators shortly after the capitulation of Germany. From 1964 to 1982, he worked as an adviser for industrial development in the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Early life
<mask> was born in Križ, Zagreb County and graduated at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Zagreb. He was one of four siblings, having two sisters, Viktorija (1908–1993) and Darinka (1921–2009) and a brother, Slavko. After 1934 he worked in the private sector, and after 1945 in various institutions of SFR Yugoslavia. Between 1958 and 1982 he worked abroad as an industrial consultant. In 1964 he joined the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and later consulted the governments of various nations.Žerjavić's calculations regarding World War II in Yugoslavia
In the 1980s Žerjavić conducted a research on demographic losses in Yugoslavia during World War II, at about the same time as Bogoljub Kočović, a Serb statistician. Žerjavić's calculations of total victims in Yugoslavia are based on looking at pre- and post-war censuses. Zerjavić asserted that Yugoslavia lost a total 1,027,000 people in World War II. Of those, the vast majority, 623,000 people, died in the Independent State of Croatia - 295,000 in Croatia itself, and 328,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina (both part of the Independent State of Croatia and under the Ustaše regime at the time), and another 36,000 from those countries died

masks:
Vladimir Žerjavić
Žerjavić


texts:
 abroad. According to ethnicity and/or religion as needed, Žerjavić provided the following estimates of victims in the Independent State of Croatia, for both the war and immediate post-war period:

322,000 Serbs
192,000 Croats
77,000 Muslims
26,000 Jews
16,000 Roma

His claims include 153,000 civilian victims in Croatia and 174,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and of that, 85,000 people from Bosnia and Herzegovina and 48,000 from Croatia died in concentration camps. As for the total casualties in Jasenovac concentration camp, he estimated that 85,000 were killed, of which 45–52,000 were Serbs, 13,000 were Jews, 10,000 were Roma, 10,000 were Croats and 2,000 were Muslims. With regard to Serbs, Žerjavić's calculation ended with a total of 197,000 Serbian civilian victims within the borders of the Independent State of Croatia: 50,000 at Jasenovac concentration camp, 25,000 of typhoid, 45,000 killed by the Germans, 15,000 killed by Italians, 34,000 civilians killed in battles between Ustaše, Chetniks and Partisans, 28,000 killed in prisons, pits and other camps, etc.Another 125,000 Serbs inside the Independent State of Croatia were killed as combatants, raising the total to 322,000. Regarding the Yugoslav Partisan pursuit of Nazi collaborators, when soldiers and civilians associated with the NDH and other Axis forces were killed by the Yugoslav Partisans, Žerjavić estimated that around 45–55,000 Croats and Bosniaks, 8-10,000 Slovenes, and around 2,000 Serbs and Montenegrins were killed. Žerjavić's opinions and statements

Žerjavić's investigations and statistical analyses, like others such as Kočović's examinations, aim to show that the original number of lives lost on all sides during


texts:
 World War II in Yugoslavia was considerably exaggerated, partly due to the war reparations claims by the Yugoslav government shortly after the war. An excerpt from Žerjavić's book Manipulations with WW2 victims in Yugoslavia reads:

Independent verification

Positive
Some international agencies and experts have accepted Žerjavić's (and almost equal data achieved by Serbian statistician Bogoljub Kočović) calculations as the most reliable data on war losses in Yugoslavia during World War II. A U.S. Census report from 1954 states: "Details of the (Yugoslav) 1948 census were kept secret but, in negotiations with Germany, it became apparent that the real figure of the dead was about one million. An American study in 1954 calculated 1,067,000." Following Tito's death in 1980, the 1948 census results became available for comparison with those of 1931.Allowances had to be made for the birth rates of the different communities and for emigration. Research was pioneered by Professor Kočović, a Serb living in the West, whose findings were published in January 1985. He assessed the number of dead as 1,014,000. Later that year a Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Conference heard that the figure was 1,100,000. <mask>'s and Kočović's calculations of war losses in Yugoslavia during World War II were accepted by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, together with other typically higher estimates:

Due to differing views and lack of documentation, estimates for the number of Serbian victims in Croatia range widely, from 25,000 to more than one million. The estimated number of Serbs killed in Jasenovac ranges from 25,000 to 700,000. The most reliable figures place the number of Serbs killed


texts:
 by the Ustaša between 330,000 and 390,000, with 45,000 to 52,000 Serbs murdered in Jasenovac.Concerning Žerjavić's calculations on the number of casualties linked to the Bleiburg repatriations, historian Ivo Goldstein writes that it is "difficult to speak of the overall number" and that "the only option is to rely on the research by <mask>, which has up to now shown itself to be the most reliable in overall estimates". Negative
Some Serb critics of Žerjavić consider his work to have been politically motivated, with the aim of downplaying Croatian nationalist atrocities during the war, such as at Jasenovac. Critics point out that Serbs in Bosnia and Croatia lived in rural areas and therefore had a much higher growth rate than others. Žerjavić used growth rates for Serbs in Bosnia as 1.1% (as for all nations together), while actual growth rate was 2.4% (1921–31) and 3.5% (1949–53). They posit he intentionally underestimated growth rate of Serbs to decrease the Serb death count, according to critics. Some, like Đorđević, claimed that Serbian losses were in fact 1.6 million, a number which goes in other direction compared to the official estimates that Žerjavić denied. The higher numbers was opposed by Bogoljub Kočović's book, published in 1997, which tries to refute Đorđević's efforts to "reinstate" the "great numbers" victims figures dominant in Communist Yugoslavia.The Simon Wiesenthal Center and Yad Vashem still use the old estimates given by the Yugoslav authorities. The Simon Wiesenthal Center cites the Yad Vashem document, the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. In a separate entry on the Ustasha movement in general, however, Yad Vashem cites the extermination of "over 500,000" Serbs


texts:
 in the entire NDH. Regarding Žerjavić's research on World War Two casualties, Croatian historian <mask> notes that individual researchers who assert the inevitability of using identification of casualties and fatalities by individual names have raised serious objections to <mask>'s calculations/estimates of human losses by using standard statistical methods and consolidation of data from various sources, pointing out that such an approach is insufficient and unreliable in determining the number and character of casualties and fatalities, as well as the affiliation of the perpetrators of the crimes. Žerjavić's calculations regarding the Bosnian war
According to Žerjavić's calculations, there were 215,000 victims in Bosnia-Herzegovina  in the Bosnian war of 1992–95, of which 160,000 were Bosniaks, 30,000 Croats and 25,000 Serbs. However, according to newer research done by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the number of people killed in the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina was around 102,000:  69.24% (70,625) Bosniaks, 25.35% (25,857) Serbs, and 5.33% (5,437) Croats. References

Sources

External links
Dinko Sakic trial, srce.hr; accessed 10 November 2015."Žrtve licitiranja "Sahrana jednog mita, Bogoljub Kočović", knjizara.com; accessed 10 November 2015. Human Rights Watch: "Šansa za pravdu? Procesuiranje ratnih zločina u bosanskoj Republici Srpskoj: Kontekst" (March 2006); accessed 10 November 2015. 1912 births
2001 deaths
People from Križ
People from the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Croatian economists
Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb alumni
United Nations experts
Place of death missing
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Yugoslav

masks:
Vladimir Geiger
Žerjavić


texts:
Federico "<mask><mask> (December 12, 1907 – January 16, 1979) was a Spanish Filipino classical and jazz pianist, composer, conductor, and bandleader, influential in the British dance band era. Biography
<mask> was born in Manila, Philippines, to <mask> and Carmen Díaz Moreau. He was a brother of diplomat Joaquín ("Mike"), Manuel ("Manolo"), Juan Miguel, Ángel and <mask>. At age seven  he entered the Madrid Royal Conservatory, winning the first prize in piano at age 14. He then studied at St. Joseph's College, London and went to study law at Stanford University in the 1920s. His musical interests prevailed and he left the university. He took composition lessons under Ernst Bloch at Stanford, and gave up law temporarily for music, leaving the school in 1926.He then embarked on a career as a jazz bandleader, leading the Stanford University Band at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, while he studied composition. He recorded with the Cinderella Roof Orchestra in 1926, then returned to England, where he entered Cambridge University in the autumn as a law student. This lasted only a year; soon after reaching England, <mask> formed a new band, the Quinquaginta Band, which became successful and influential on the development of British jazz music in the late 1920s. <mask> criticized British dance music for its Viennese qualities, and sought to bring more American principles of rhythm to the British scene. He recorded with his band in 1927 under several ensemble names for Brunswick and Decca, including the Cambridge Undergraduates. In his run at the Savoy Hotel in London, his band featured many of the best players in early British jazz, including Norman Payne, Jack Jackson, and Harry Hayes, as well as Americans such

masks:
Fred
" Díaz Elizalde
Elizalde
José Joaquín Elizalde
Carmenchu Elizalde
Elizalde
Elizalde


texts: as Chelsea Quealey, Bobby Davis, Fud Livingston, Adrian Rollini, and Arthur Rollini. In December 1928, he released a short film Christmas Party, filmed in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process.The band was voted best popular dance orchestra in Melody Maker in 1928, but older guests at the Savoy were offended by his music, and controversial broadcasts over the BBC did not help his case. In July 1929, his contract expired and was not renewed." In the same period, <mask> composed works which melded jazz and European concert music elements, including "The Heart of a Nigger" (1927; produced in 1928 by Sergei Diaghilev) and "Bataclan" (1929). In 1928, he visited Germany and became closely associated with Siegfried Wagner. He also conducted orchestras in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. In 1928, he wrote the music for Pola Negri's final silent film, The Way of Lost Souls (1929; aka The Woman He Scorned). <mask> broke up his band in 1929, after a poorly received tour in Scotland and the onset of the Great Depression, which necessitated the return home of many of his American sidemen.He led a new group at the Duchess Theater in London in 1930, but later that year returned to Manila to accept a position as conductor of the Manila Symphony Orchestra. By now he had received his parents' permission to devote himself entirely to music (he was still only 23). He conducted in the 1930s in Biarritz, Paris, and Madrid, and recorded for the last time in 1933 on a brief return trip to Britain. His symphonic poems Jota, Spiritual and Moods were written in these years. In 1931-33 he was in Paris, where he was closely associated with Maurice Ravel and Darius Milhaud, and conducted the first performances of some of

masks: Elizalde Elizalde


texts:
 Milhaud's works. In 1932 he composed some songs for Conchita Supervía and incidental music for La pajara pinta by Rafael Alberti. While in Spain, <mask> studied under and spent much time with Manuel de Falla, who always regarded him as one of his best interpreters.On one occasion he conducted Falla's Harpsichord Concerto with the composer at the keyboard. He also set to music Titeres de Cachiporra and Don Perlimplin by Federico García Lorca, with whom he was also closely associated. In 1935 he was named as Spanish delegate to the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino. In 1936 he conducted his Sinfonia Concertante for piano and orchestra, with Leopoldo Querol as soloist. In 1936, he returned from France to enroll in the Requeti troops of Navarre, a Basque regiment, and fought under Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War until 1939. He was wounded and decorated during the war. He first emigrated to Manila then moved to France, where he lived under confinement in a house near Bayonne under the German occupation.During this time he composed extensively, his works including:
 an opera on the life of Paul Gauguin, to a libretto by Théophile Briant; it was broadcast in 1948 by Radiodiffusion Française to celebrate the centenary of Gauguin's birth
 a violin concerto; Ginette Neveu gave its premiere in Paris in 1944, and Christian Ferras gave its London premiere under the direction of Gaston Poulet, in the presence of the composer, and made the world premiere recording on November 7, 1947, when he was aged only 14
 a string quartet, and
 a piano concerto, premiered by Leopoldo Querol in 1947 in Paris; <mask> himself played the piano concerto at Besançon with the Colonne Orchestra under Gaston Poulet, and again with


texts:
 the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) in the Albert Hall. In 1948, he returned once more to Manila, where he again conducted the Manila Symphony Orchestra, founded the Manila Little Symphony Orchestra, and became president of the Manila Broadcasting Company. He did some conducting in Japan, and led the London Symphony Orchestra at the Royal Festival Hall during the Festival of Britain in 1951, but otherwise did little work outside the Philippines through until his 1974 retirement. He and Bob Stewart had a music show on television, The Maestro and Uncle Bob (GMA, 1978–1979). Outside of music, he was an excellent sharpshooter, and won gold medals as captain of the Philippines shooting team in the 1954 Asiad. References

External links

1907 births
1979 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Filipino classical composers
Filipino film score composers
Filipino jazz composers
Filipino conductors (music)
Filipino people of Spanish descent
Filipino people of Basque descent
Jazz bandleaders
Dance band bandleaders
Madrid Royal Conservatory alumni
Spanish composers
Spanish male composers
Spanish film score composers
Male film score composers
Musicians from Manila
20th-century Spanish musicians
20th-century Spanish male musicians
Male jazz musicians
Filipino pianists
20th-century jazz


texts:
<mask> (sometimes called Amenophis II and meaning Amun is Satisfied) was the seventh pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. <mask> inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III, and held it by means of a few military campaigns in Syria; however, he fought much less than his father, and his reign saw the effective cessation of hostilities between Egypt and Mitanni, the major kingdoms vying for power in Syria. His reign is usually dated from 1427 to 1401 BC. His consort was Tiaa, who was barred from any prestige until <mask>'s son, Thutmose IV, came into power. Family and early life

<mask> II was born to Thutmose III and a minor wife of the king: Merytre-Hatshepsut. He was not, however, the firstborn son of this pharaoh; his elder brother Amenemhat, the son of the great king's chief wife Satiah, was originally the intended heir to the throne since Amenemhat was designated the 'king's eldest son" and overseer of the cattle of Amun in Year 24 of Thutmose's reign. However, between Years 24 and 35 of Thutmose III, both queen Satiah and prince Amenemhat died, which prompted the pharaoh to marry the non-royal Merytre-Hatshepsut.She would bear Thutmose III a number of children including the future <mask> II. <mask> II was born and raised in Memphis in the north, instead of in Thebes, the traditional capital. While a prince, he oversaw deliveries of wood sent to the dockyard of Peru-nūfe in Memphis, and was made the Setem, the high priest over Lower Egypt. <mask> has left several inscriptions touting his athletic skills while he was a leader of the army before his crowning. <mask> was no less athletic than his powerful father. He claims to have been able to shoot an arrow through a copper target one palm thick, and that he was able to row his ship faster and

masks:
Amenhotep II
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
Amenhotep
Amenhotep


texts:
 farther than two hundred members of the navy could row theirs. Some scepticism concerning the truth of these claims has been expressed among Egyptologists.<mask> acceded to the throne on the first day of the fourth month of Akhet, but his father died on the thirtieth day of the third month of Peret. If an Egyptian crown prince was proclaimed king but did not take the throne on the day after his father's death, it meant that he served as the junior coregent during his father's reign. A coregency with Thutmose <mask> and <mask> II is believed to have lasted for two years and four months. When he assumed power, <mask> II was 18 years old according to an inscription from his great Sphinx stela:
 "Now his Majesty appeared as king as a fine youth after he had become 'well developed', and had completed eighteen years in his strength and bravery." After becoming pharaoh, <mask> married a woman of uncertain parentage named Tiaa. As many as ten sons and one daughter have been attributed to him. <mask>'s most important son was Thutmose IV, who succeeded him; however, there is significant evidence for him having many more children.Princes <mask>, Webensenu, Amenemopet, and Nedjem are all clearly attested, and Amenemhat, Khaemwaset, and Aakheperure as well as a daughter, Iaret, are also possible children. Papyrus B.M. 10056, which dates to sometime after <mask> II's tenth year, refers to a king's son and setem-priest Amenhotep. This Amenhotep might also be attested in a stele from <mask> II's temple at Giza, however the stele's name has been defaced so that positive identification is impossible. Stele B may belong to another son, Webensenu. Webensenu's name is otherwise attested on a statue of Amenhotep's chief architect, Minmose, and his canopic jars and a funerary statue have

masks: Amenhotep III Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep


texts:
 been found in <mask> <mask>'s tomb. Another Giza stele, stele C, records the name of a Prince Amenemopet, whose name is otherwise unattested.The same statue with the name Webensenu on it is also inscribed with the name of prince Nedjem, who is otherwise unattested. There are other references to king's sons from this period who may or may not be sons of <mask> II. Two graffiti from Sahel mention a king's son and stable master named Khaemwaset, but specifically which king is his father is unknown. A figure with the name Amenemhet is recorded behind a prince <mask> in Theban tomb 64, and assuming this <mask> is indeed the king's son from B.M. 10056, Amenemhat would also be <mask> II's son. Additionally, a prince Aakheperure is mentioned in a Konosso graffito alongside a prince Amenhotep, and if one again assumes that this Amenhotep was the same person as the one in B.M. 10056, Aakheperure would also have been <mask> II's son.However, in both these cases the figure identified as <mask> has been identified by some as possible references to the later King <mask> III, which would make these two princes sons of Thutmose IV. In addition to sons, <mask> II may have had a daughter named Iaret, but she could have also been the daughter of Thutmose IV. Two more sons had been attributed to <mask> II in the past; however, they have since been proven to be of other parentage. Gauthier catalogued one Usersatet, the "King's son of Kush,"  (i.e. Viceroy of Nubia) as a son of <mask> II, as well as one Re; however, both are now known to be unrelated to the royal family. Usersatet merely served as Amenhotep's chief official in Nubia and was not a blood relative of the king. Dates and length of reign

Amenhotep's coronation can be dated without much difficulty because of a number of lunar

masks: Amenhotep II Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep


texts:
 dates in the reign of his father, Thutmose III.These sightings limit the date of Thutmose's accession to either 1504 or 1479 BC. Thutmose died after 54 years of reign, at which time <mask> would have acceded to the throne. <mask>'s short coregency with his father would then move his accession two years and four months earlier, dating his accession to either 1427 BC in the low chronology, or in 1454 BC in the high chronology. The length of his reign is indicated by a wine jar inscribed with the king's prenomen found in <mask> II's funerary temple at Thebes; it is dated to this king's highest known date—his Year 26—and lists the name of the pharaoh's vintner, Panehsy. Mortuary temples were generally not stocked until the king died or was near death; therefore, <mask> could not have lived much later beyond his 26th year. There are alternate theories which attempt to assign him a reign of up to 35 years, which is the absolute maximum length he could have reigned. In this chronology, he reigned from 1454 to 1419.However, there are problems facing these theories which cannot be resolved. In particular, this would mean <mask> died when he was 52, but an X-ray analysis of his mummy has shown him to have been about 40 when he died. Accordingly, <mask> II is usually given a reign of 26 years and said to have reigned from 1427 to 1401 BC. Foreign affairs

<mask>'s first campaign took place in his third regnal year. It is known that the pharaoh was attacked by the host of Qatna while crossing the Orontes river, but he emerged victorious and acquired rich booty, among which even the equipment of a Mitanni charioteer is mentioned. The king was well known for his physical prowess and is said to have singlehandedly killed 7 rebel Princes at Kadesh, which successfully terminated his

masks: Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep


texts: first Syrian campaign on a victorious note. After the campaign, the king ordered the bodies of the seven princes to be hung upside down on the prow of his ship.Upon reaching Thebes all but one of the princes were mounted on the city walls. The other was taken to the often rebellious territory of Nubia and hung on the city wall of Napata, as an example of the consequence of rising against Pharaoh and to demoralise any Nubian opponents of Egyptian authority there. <mask> called this campaign his first in a Stele from Amada, however he also called his second campaign his first, causing some confusion. The most common solution for this, although not universally accepted, is that this was the first campaign he fought alone before the death of his father and thus before he was the sole king of Egypt, and he counted his second campaign as his first because it was the first that was his and his alone. In April of his seventh year, <mask> was faced with a major rebellion in Syria by the vassal states of Naharin and dispatched his army to the Levant to suppress it. This rebellion was likely instigated by Egypt's chief Near Eastern rival, Mitanni. His stele of victory carved after this campaign records no major battles, which has been read a number of ways.It may be that this campaign was more similar to one of the tours of Syria which his father had fought, and he only engaged minor garrisons in battle and forced cities to swear allegiance to him–oaths immediately broken after his departure. Alternatively, it appears that the two weeks when Amenhotep would have been closest to Mitanni are omitted from the stele, thus it is possible that his army was defeated on this campaign. <mask>'s last campaign took place in his ninth year, however it apparently did not proceed farther

masks: Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep


texts: north than the Sea of Galilee. According to the list of plunder from this campaign, Amenhotep claims to have taken 101,128 slaves. These numbers however are difficult to substantiate, leading some to question the accuracy of Amenhotep's court scribes. Others have suggested that such exaggerated figures may instead be simply due to compounded accounting mistakes. Examples include a possible recount of the 15,070 prisoners taken in his year 7 campaign in Nukhash being combined with the figures from his year 9 campaign.After the campaign in <mask>'s ninth year, Mitanni sought to make peace with Egypt, and from then on, their armies never fought again. <mask> records that the kings of Babylon, the Hittites, and Mitanni came to make peace and pay tribute to him after his ninth year, although this may be outlandish boasting. However, a second passage appears on the walls of Karnak, saying that the princes of Mitanni came to seek peace with Amenhotep, and this cannot be so easily explained away. The rising power of the Hittites eventually persuaded Mitanni to seek an ally, and there was definitely a treaty of some sort between Egypt and Mitanni by the time of <mask>'s successor, but it may be that it was enacted after Amenhotep's campaigns, to try to prevent any more campaigns of mass deportations. Whenever formal peace was enacted, an informal peace was maintained between Amenhotep and the king of Mitanni. The new peace ties between the two benefitted both nations. For Mitanni, relaxing military conflict with Egypt to its south allowed it to focus more on the rising powers of the Hittites and the Assyrians to its north.For Egypt, it was able to begin extracting significant amounts of resources from Syria and Palestine and it was also now able to access Mediterranean trade


texts:
 routes with the Aegean. Thereafter, Amenhotep concentrated on domestic matters, with one possible exception. A shrine of Amenhotep's Nubian viceroy shows Amenhotep receiving tribute after a Nubian campaign, but it is not possible to date when this happened. Construction projects

Since Thutmose III had devoted so much energy to expanding Karnak, <mask>'s building projects were largely focused on enlarging smaller temples all over Egypt. In the Delta, his father's Overseer of Works, Minmose, is attested from an inscription at Tura as overseeing construction of more temples. In upper Egypt, small shrines are attested at Medamud, el-Tod, and Armant. Karnak, despite not receiving the attention given it by his father, also was not totally neglected.He commissioned a column to stand in the courtyard between the fourth and fifth pylons commemorating the reception of tribute from Mitanni. In Nubia, <mask> built at Qasr Ibrim and Semna, and ordered the decoration of the Temple at Kalabsha. However, his most famous Nubian temple was at Amada. Thutmose <mask> had begun constructing a temple which, technically, was dedicated to Horus there, although the presence of Re-Harakhti and Amun-Re is easily observed. <mask> completed it and put in it the record of his year 3 campaign on a stele, which was until 1942 the source of most information about <mask>'s wars. He had a mortuary temple constructed at the edge of the cultivation in the Theban Necropolis, close to where the Ramesseum was later built, but it was destroyed in ancient times. Personality and later life

A stela from this pharaoh's final years highlights his openly contemptuous attitude towards non-Egyptians.The document, which dates to "Year 23 IV Akhet [day] 1, the day of the festival" of <mask> II's accession to power,

masks: Amenhotep Amenhotep III Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep


texts:
 is a copy of a personal letter which the king composed himself to Usersatet, his viceroy of Kush (Nubia). In it, <mask> <mask> reminded Usersatet of their military exploits together in Syria and proceeds to criticise the way this official conducted his office as Viceroy. <mask> writes:

Usersatet was so impressed (or fearful) of <mask>'s message that he ordered a copy of it to be engraved on a stela "that was once [located] at the Second Cataract [in Nubia] and is now in Boston." <mask> II did not openly record the names of his queens; some Egyptologists theorise that he felt that women had become too powerful under titles such as God's Wife of Amun. They point to the fact that he participated in his father's removal of Hatshepsut's name from her monuments and the destruction of her image. The destruction of Hatshepsut's images began during the co-regency of Amenhotep when his father was very old, but stopped during his reign. However, the king may have harboured his father's concern that another woman would sit on the throne.Despite his efforts however it is possible that a female co-regent of Akhenaten ruled as pharaoh before the end of his own 18th dynasty. <mask> II adopted a large number of Canaanite gods into the Egyptian pantheon, including Resheph, Hauron, Baal, Astarte, Qetesh, and a few others. Death and burial

<mask> II was interred in his KV35 tomb in the Valley of the Kings; his mummy was found there within his original sarcophagus when the tomb was discovered in March 1898 by Victor Loret. The tomb also housed a mummy cache containing several New Kingdom pharaohs including Thutmose IV, Seti II, Ramesses III, Ramesses IV, and Ramesses VI. They had been re-buried in Amenhotep II's tomb by the 21st Dynasty High Priest of Amun, Pinedjem II, during Siamun's

masks: Amenhotep II Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep Amenhotep


texts:
 reign, to protect them from tomb robbers. Mummy
The mummy of the king was first examined, described, and photographed in January 1902 by Gaston Maspero in the company of Howard Carter, Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing, and Pierre Lacau. The Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith examined <mask>'s mummy in 1907.During this examination the linen still adhering to the face was removed for an unobstructed view. He found the body to be  tall and noted a strong facial resemblance to his son, Thutmose IV. The wavy brown hair present on his head is "abundantly interspersed with white." The arms are crossed low over the chest, with the right hand tightly clenched and the left less so. Unusually, the skin all over the body is covered with small tubercles though Smith could not say if they were the result of the embalming process or disease. Resin on the body preserved the impressions of jewellery; several rows of a beaded collar were present on the upper back, and a diamond-shaped geometric pattern seen on the back of the hips. Smith estimated he was forty to fifty at death based on his worn teeth and greying hair.His cause of death is unknown. His mummy has the inventory number CG 61069. In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade. See also
Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt Family Tree
List of pharaohs
History of ancient Egypt

References

Sources

External links

Amenhotep II - Archaeowiki.org (Dead Link)
Panorama view of the tomb of <mask> II

15th-century BC births
15th-century BC deaths
15th-century BC Pharaohs
14th-century BC Pharaohs
Ancient Egyptian mummies
Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of

masks: Amenhotep Amenhotep


texts:
<mask> (8 February 1794 – 20 October 1852) was a German Roman Catholic orientalist, biblical scholar and academic theologian. He was a professor at the University of Bonn and travelled extensively throughout Europe and the Near East in order to locate manuscripts of the New Testament. Life
Scholz attended secondary school at the Catholic gymnasium in Breslau and then studied at the University of Breslau. In 1817 he was granted the degree of Doctor of Theology by the University of Freiburg, where he had studied under <mask> (1765-1846). Scholz then went to Paris, where he studied Persian and Arabic under Silvestre de Sacy, and collated numerous codices (Greek, Latin, Arabic and Syriac) of the New Testament. From Paris he went to London, then travelled through France and Switzerland en route to Italy, the principal libraries of which he visited in order to conduct biblical research. In the autumn of 1821, upon his return from a journey through Egypt, Palestine and Syria, and having been ordained at Breslau (in October 1821), Scholz became professor of exegesis at the University of Bonn, a chair to which he had been called in 1820, and which he filled until his death, despite the fact that he was not an interesting lecturer.In 1837, <mask> was appointed canon of the Cologne Cathedral. Work
In addition to his major work, his Novum Testamentum Graece (a text edition of the Greek New Testament), <mask> was also known for his efforts in Bible translation, in which he continued the work begun by Dominikus von Brentano and

masks:
Johann Martin Augustin Scholz
Johann Leonhard Hug
Scholz
Scholz


texts: Anton Dereser. <mask>'s work in textual criticism was particularly appreciated by the British. He was able to add to the list of Greek manuscripts of the New Testament 616 new minuscule manuscripts. His additions to the list of uncials comprise only Codex Sangallensis (Δ) and three fragments of the Gospels 0115 (formerly Wa), 054 (his Y), and the Vatican portion of N022 (his Γ). These manuscripts were partially examined and collated by him. Results of his work were published between 1830 and 1836.Scholz's accession of new witnesses to the lists of New Testament manuscripts was extensive. He was responsible for adding codices 260-469 of the Gospels, 110-192 of the Acts, 125-246 of the Pauline epistles, 51-89 of the Apocalypse, 51-181 of the Evangelistaria, and 21-48 of the Apostoloi. Scholz collated the entire text of five manuscripts: 262, 299, 300, 301 and 346. Other manuscripts he collated in large part: (260, 270, 271, 277, 284, 285, 298, 324, 353, 382 and 428). Scholz divided all New Testament manuscripts into five families: two African (Alexandrian and Western), one Asiatic, one Byzantine and one Cyprian. He was the first to emphasize the importance of ascertaining the geographical provenance of a witness. That point was elaborated by B. H. Streeter in 1924 ("theory of local texts").Scholz, after some tentative attempts at classifying manuscripts, rejected this theory and adopted <mask> Bengel's division into two families, which he called the Alexandrian and the Constantinopolitan. He initially favoured the

masks:
Scholz
Johann Albrecht


texts:
 Constantinopolitan (Byzantine) family of manuscripts, but in 1845 he retracted this preference for the Constantinopolitan . Select publications
 Curae criticae in historiam textus Evangeliorum: commentationibus duabus, Heidelberg 1820
 Reise in die Gegend zwischen Alexandrien und Parätonium, die libysche Wüste, Siqa, Egypten, Palästina und Syrien, Leipzig, 1822 (Reprint: Georg Olms Verlag, 2005)
 Biblisch-kritische Reise in Frankreich, der Schweiz, Italien, Palästine und im Archipel in den Jahren 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821: Nebst einer Geschichte des Textes des Neuen Testaments, Leipzig, 1823
 Die heilige Schrift des neuen Testaments übersetzt, erklärt und in historisch-kritischen Einleitungen zu den einzelnen Büchern erläutert, Barrentrapp, Frankfurt a. M., 1829. vol. I: Die vier Evangelien, Franz Barrentrapp, Frankfurt am Main 1829; vol. II: Die Apostelgeschichte und die katholischen Briefe, ebenda 1830; vol. III: Die vierzehn Briefe des heiligen Apostels Paulus, ebenda 1830; Bd. IV: Die Apokalypse des heiligen Johannes des Apostels und Evangelisten, ebenda 1828)
 Die heilige Schrift des alten Testaments., Frankfurt, 1830-1837
 Novum Testamentum Graece.Textum ad fidem Testium Criticorum recensuit, Lectionum Familias subjecit, Leipzig, 1830-1836 (2 volumes), a critical edition of the original text, full of erudition but marred by a defective classification of authorities and by numerous critical inaccuracies. De virtutibus et vitiis utriusque Codd. N. T. familiae (Leipzig, 1845), a sort of supplement to the


texts:
 preceding work. Handbuch der biblischen Archäologie, Bonn, 1834
 Einleitung in die heiligen Schriften des alten und neuen Testaments, Köln, 1845
Biblisch-kritische Reise in Frankreich, der Schweiz, Italien, Palästine und im Archipel in den Jahren 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821: Nebst einer Geschichte des Textes des N[euen] T[estaments]. Friedrich Fleischer, Leipzig und Sorau 1823 (Digitalisat bei Google Books)
Handbuch der biblischen Archäologie. Adolph Mareus, Bonn 1834 (Digitalisat bei Google Books)
Einleitung in die Schriften des A. u. N. T. (Cologne and Leipzig, 1845–1848, 3 vols, treating only of the Old Testament). To these works may be added <mask>'s own account of his travels: Reise in die Gegend; etc.(Leipzig, 1822); Biblisch-kritische Reise, etc. (Leipzig, 1823); his essays on the Holy Sepulchre (Bonn, 1825); on Jerusalem (Bonn, 1835); Curae criticae, containing a valuable description of Cod. K. Cyprius (Heidelberg, 1820); De fontibus historiae V. Test. (Bonn, 1830); and his discourse on the harmony of Divine revelation with science (Bonn 1845). References

External links
 Meyers Konversationslexikon, 4. Auflage, Leipzig und Wien, 1885-1892
 Bible Researcher

1794 births
1852 deaths
People from the Province of Silesia
German scholars
German orientalists
19th-century German Catholic theologians
German biblical scholars
Roman Catholic biblical scholars
New Testament scholars
University of Breslau alumni
University of Freiburg alumni
University of Bonn faculty
19th-century German male writers
German male


texts:
<mask> (born 13 November 1969) is a Scottish actor and film producer. After studying law, <mask> turned to acting in the mid-1990s with small roles in productions such as Mrs Brown (1997), the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies (1997), and Tale of the Mummy (1998). In 2000, he starred as Count Dracula in the gothic horror film Dracula 2000 with Christopher Plummer and Jonny Lee Miller. He subsequently played Attila the Hun in the miniseries Attila (2001) and then appeared in the films Reign of Fire with Christian Bale (2002) and Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life with Angelina Jolie (2003), before playing André Marek in the adaptation of Michael Crichton's science fiction adventure Timeline (2003). He then was cast as the role of Erik, The Phantom in Joel Schumacher's 2004 film adaptation of the musical The Phantom of the Opera alongside Emmy Rossum. That role earned him a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actor. <mask> gained worldwide recognition for his portrayal of King Leonidas in Zack Snyder's fantasy war film 300.That role earned him nominations for an Empire Award for Best Actor and a Saturn Award for Best Actor and a win for MTV Movie Award for Best Fight. He voiced the role of Stoick the Vast in the critically and commercially successful How to Train Your Dragon franchise (2010–2019). Also in the 2010s, he portrayed Secret Service agent Mike Banning in the action thriller series Olympus Has Fallen, London Has Fallen, Angel Has Fallen and the upcoming Night Has Fallen. He played military leader Tullus Aufidius in the 2011 film Coriolanus, a modern adaptation of Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name, and Sam Childers in the 2011 action biopic Machine Gun Preacher. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 13 November 1969 in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, the youngest of three children of Margaret and <mask>, a bookmaker. He is from a Catholic family of Irish

masks:
Gerard James Butler
Butler
Butler
Gerard James
Butler
Edward Butler


texts:
 descent. <mask>'s family moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, when he was six months old.A year later, when his parents' marriage broke down, his mother left Quebec and returned to Scotland with <mask> aged 18 months. <mask> was head boy at St Mirin's & St Margaret's High School in Paisley and won a place at University of Glasgow School of Law. He also attended Scottish Youth Theatre while a teenager. <mask> did not see his father again until he was 16 years old, when <mask> called to meet him at a Glasgow restaurant. After this meeting, <mask> cried for hours, and recalled later: "That emotion showed me how much pain can sit in this body of yours; pain and sorrow that you don't know you have until it is unleashed." During his time as a student, he was the President of the university law society, a position <mask> later said he "kind of blagged my way into". When <mask> was 22, his father was diagnosed with cancer and died.He said of this period in his life: "I had gone from a 16-year-old who couldn't wait to grasp life to a 22-year-old who didn't care if he died in his sleep." Before his final year of law school, <mask> took a year off to live in California. He mostly lived in Venice Beach, working at different jobs, travelling often, and, according to him, drinking heavily, at one point being arrested for alcohol-related disorderly conduct. Describing his behaviour during this year, he recalled that "I was out of control, and justifying it with this idea that 'I'm young, this is life. This is me just being boisterous.' " After his time off in America, he returned to Scotland to finish his final year at law school. <mask> had ear surgery when he was a child that left him with a mangled ear.He still suffers from tinnitus and has hearing loss in his right ear. Career

Legal career and early acting career
Upon graduation, he took a position as a trainee lawyer at an Edinburgh law

masks:
Butler
Gerard
Butler
Butler
Edward Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler


texts:
 firm. However, he continued to stay out late drinking and he frequently missed work because of this. One week before he qualified as a lawyer, he was fired. At the age of 25, and an unqualified lawyer, <mask> moved to London to pursue his dream of becoming famous. He admitted, "When I started out, I'm not sure I was actually in it for the right reasons. I wanted very much to be famous."Unable to win any acting roles initially, he worked in a variety of jobs including as a waiter, a telemarketer and a demonstrator of how toys work at fairs. Whilst in London, he met an old friend from his teenage days in the Scottish Youth Theatre, who was now a London casting director. At that time, he was her boyfriend and her assistant. She took him to an audition for Steven Berkoff's play of Coriolanus. The director said of <mask>'s audition, "When he read, he had such vigour and enthusiasm—so much that it made the other actors seem limp—that I decided to cast him in the ensemble." Then aged 27, <mask> had his first professional acting job. Less than a year later, he won a part in a theatre adaptation of Trainspotting, which he performed at the Edinburgh Festival.At age 30, <mask> decided to move to Los Angeles; there he won parts in Dracula 2000, Tomb Raider 2, Dear Frankie, and Phantom of the Opera. Acting career

In London, <mask> had various odd jobs until being cast by actor and director Steven Berkoff (who later appeared alongside him in Attila (2001)) in a stage production of Coriolanus. He was cast as Ewan McGregor's character Renton in the stage adaptation of Trainspotting, the same play that had inspired him to become an actor. His film debut was as Billy Connolly's character's younger brother in Mrs Brown (1997). His film career continued with small roles, first in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) and then Russell Mulcahy's Tale of the Mummy (1998). In 2000, <mask>

masks: Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler


texts: was cast in two breakthrough roles, the first being Attila the Hun in the American TV miniseries Attila (2001). The film's producers wanted a known actor to play the part but eventually chose <mask>.He was cast as Dracula in Dracula 2000 (2000). He then appeared in Reign of Fire (2002) as Creedy and Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life (2003) as Terry Sheridan, alongside Angelina Jolie. In the role of Andre Marek in the big-screen adaptation of Michael Crichton's novel Timeline (2003), <mask> played an archaeologist who was sent back in time with a team of students to rescue a colleague. In 2003, director Joel Schumacher was deciding on the principal casting for the film The Phantom of the Opera, a film adaptation of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical of the same name, and thought of <mask>, whom he had seen earlier in the film Dracula 2000, to play the title character. <mask>, who had had no musical experience other than singing in a rock band while he was studying to be a lawyer, was surprised at the interest, but immediately began taking singing lessons with a vocal coach. He then did an acting audition with Schumacher, and a singing audition with Lloyd Webber, both of whom were impressed by his performance. The film, and <mask>'s performance, received mixed reviews, though <mask> was nominated for a Satellite Award for Best Actor.Other projects that followed include Dear Frankie (2005), The Game of Their Lives (2005) and Beowulf & Grendel (2005). In 2006, he starred as Spartan King Leonidas in the Warner Bros. production 300, which is often described as his breakthrough role. <mask>, who said he "wanted to look really strong" in the film, trained with a high-intensity workout for four months prior to the film's shooting. In 2007, he appeared in Butterfly on a Wheel co-starring Pierce Brosnan and Maria Bello, which aired on network TV under the title Shattered, and in

masks: Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler


texts: the romantic comedy P.S. I Love You with Hilary Swank. In 2008, he appeared in Nim's Island and RocknRolla. In 2009, he starred in the Neveldine/Taylor film Gamer, The Ugly Truth and Law Abiding Citizen, which he also co-produced.In 2010 he starred in the action/comedy The Bounty Hunter with Jennifer Aniston, and did voice acting for the 2010 animated film How to Train Your Dragon as Stoick the Vast. On 15 and 16 October 2010, thanks to the popularity of his role as Spartan King Leonidas and the use of his lines during athletic events at Michigan State University, he was a guest at their Midnight Madness and homecoming American football game. , <mask>, while filming Playing for Keeps, was writing songs and in the process of recording an album. He disavowed gossip reports that Marilyn Manson and Johnny Depp had advised him on the project. On 18 December that year, while filming Chasing Mavericks, <mask> was hospitalized after he was pulled under big waves. Subsequently, he was taken to Stanford University Medical Center and later released. <mask> starred as Secret Service agent Mike Banning in the action thriller Olympus Has Fallen (2013), opposite co-stars Aaron Eckhart and Morgan Freeman.He said he broke two bones in his neck while shooting the film, but did not realise this until he had an MRI scan. <mask> reprised his voice role as Stoick in How to Train Your Dragon 2 in 2014. Two years later, he reprised his role as Mike Banning in the Olympus Has Fallen sequel London Has Fallen and also portrayed Set in Gods of Egypt. Late in 2018 <mask> starred as submarine captain Commander Joe Glass of the USS Arkansas, a Virginia class nuclear submarine, in the film Hunter Killer. He starred as Mike Banning again in the 2019 film Angel Has Fallen. After release delays due to COVID-19, <mask> starred in Greenland in Fall 2020. He has been a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts


texts:
 and Sciences in the Actor's Branch since 2011.Personal life

Since October 2011, <mask> has divided his time between Los Angeles and Glasgow. In 2011 he was rushed to the Stanford University Medical Center after suffering a surfing incident in Mavericks, California during the filming of the film Of Men and Mavericks. He was stable and released from the hospital later that week. <mask> has stated in interviews that he no longer drinks alcohol. In February 2012, it was announced that he had completed a course of treatment for substance abuse of painkillers at a rehabilitation facility. This was after he was concerned he had become too reliant on prescribed pain medication, which escalated after his surfing accident. In 2011 <mask> played in a charity match for Celtic F.C., a football club he has supported since childhood.A year later he represented Celtic in a Hollywood film, starring as a "has-been" player in Playing for Keeps. In August 2013, he bought an equity stake in the Jamaica Tallawahs cricket team, which forms part of the Limacol Caribbean Premier League (CPL). <mask> has been a supporter of the charity Mary's Meals since 2010. He visited the international development charity's programme in Liberia in 2014. In 2018 he attended a fundraiser gala organised by Friends of the Israel Defense Forces (FIDF), which raised $60 million. In November 2018, <mask>'s home was destroyed in the Woolsey Fire in California. Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
20th-century Scottish male actors
21st-century Scottish male actors
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Male actors from Glasgow
Male actors from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Scottish expatriates in the United States
Scottish film producers
Scottish male film actors
Scottish male stage actors
Scottish male television actors
Scottish people of Irish descent
Scottish Roman

masks: Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler


texts:
<mask> (born March 29, 1984) is a Filipino chess grandmaster. He won the Philippine Chess Championship in 2012. He was the youngest Filipino master ever, at nine years of age. He also became the youngest Filipino GM ever at 20 (until Wesley So surpassed it), beating Eugenio Torre's record by about two years. Chess career
At the 1998 Disney World Rapid Chess Championship for Kids, <mask> tied for finished first with 7½ points in the boys' 14-and-under section, and took the gold medal on tiebreak points. <mask> also played in the 3rd Asian Indoor Games held in 2009 where he finished with 5 wins, 1 draw, and 2 losses with a Tournament Performance Rating (TPR) of 2522 (ELO 2501) leading the team to a 7th-place finish but missed out on a playoff berth. World Youth Chess Championship

<mask> took part in two World Youth Chess Championships:
 15th World Youth Chess Championship (2001) where he tied for 17th-26th places in the tournament that attracted 83 players in the premier Boys U-18.He eventually placed 17th after tie-breaks scoring 6.5 points. 16th World Youth Chess Championship (2002) where he tied for 3rd-5th places, ultimately ending up in 5th place in the Boys U-18 category. World Junior Chess Championship

<mask> participated in two World Junior Chess Championships scoring 12 wins, 7 draws, and 7 losses for a winning percentage of 59.6%:

At the 41st World Junior Chess Championship held in December 2002, <mask> tied for 11th16th places with a score of 6 wins, 4 draws, and 3 losses ending up in 16th place after tiebreaks. He had a TPR of

masks:
Mark Callano Paragua
Paragua
Paragua
Paragua
Paragua
Paragua


texts:
 2432 as compared to his then ELO of 2476. At the 43rd World Junior Chess Championship held in 2004, <mask> (6th seed with 2534 ELO) tied for 15th21st places eventually ending up in 18th place after tie-breaks. He scored 6 wins, 3 draws, and 4 losses with a TPR of 2450. FIDE World Chess Championship
<mask> qualified for the 2004 World Championship that took place in 2004 where he was eliminated by Viktor Bologan of Moldova in the first round.<mask> won the first game against Bologan but then lost three straight games, eliminating him from the tournament. FIDE World Cup
<mask> was a 3-time participant in the Chess World Cup:

At the 2005 Chess World Cup (qualifying tournament for world championship), he upset Sergei Movsesian in the first round, 1.5-0.5 winning the second game with the white pieces, before losing in the tie breaker against Alexey Dreev in the second round, 2.5-3.5 (<mask> drew both his games against Dreev in the regulation)
 He also qualified in the 2011 Chess World Cup, a 126-player field knockout tournament where he was seeded 108th (2545 ELO). <mask> earned the berth after finishing second (after tie-breaks) in the 2011 Asian Zone 3.3 chess championship. He faced the 21st-seeded Michael Adams who beat him, 1.5–0.5 in the first round. At the 2013 Chess World Cup, a 7-round knockout chess meant to determine the qualifiers for the 2014 Candidates. <mask> was seeded 101 with an ELO of 2569 and was eliminated in the first round by Dmitry Jakovenko 2–0. <mask> breaks 2600 ELO
<mask> became the first Filipino to reach 2600 FIDE

masks: Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua


texts:
 after he finished co-champion in the Asian Zonal 3.3 Chess Championships in September 2005.<mask> finished the nine-round Swiss system event with 7 points. In January 2006, FIDE listed <mask> with a rating of 2618 enough to get him in the top 100. Overall, <mask> compiled 36 points in 68 games (52.9% winning percentage) with 23 wins, 26 draws, and 19 losses for 1 bronze medal. Chess Olympiad
He played for the Philippines in the Chess Olympiads of 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2012, and the 2020 Online Chess Olympiad. At the 35th Chess Olympiad, <mask> scored 5 wins, 5 draws, and 2 losses with a Tournament Performance Rating (TPR) of 2503 in Board 4 to place 19th, second-best in the team. At the 36th Chess Olympiad, <mask> scored 6 wins, 3 draws, and 4 losses with a TPR of 2556 as compared to his ELO rating then of 2534 playing Board 3. <mask> played the top Board for Team Philippines for the first time in his career in the 37th Chess Olympiad.He scored 2 wins, 5 draws, and 4 losses. At the 40th Chess Olympiad, <mask> played Board 4 scoring 6 points on the strength of 3 wins, 6 draws, and 2 losses with a TPR of 2561 as compared to his 2508 ELO rating where he finished at 18th place. In total, <mask> has already scored 25.5 points in 47 games recording 16 wins, 19 draws, and 12 losses for a 54.3% winning rate with his best performance coming at the 2012 Olympiad held at Istanbul, Turkey where he placed 18th. In 2020, <mask> headed Team Philippines at the 2020 Online Chess Olympiad. He scored 5 wins, 1 draw, and 2 losses as he led the team to a


texts:
 5th-place finish in Pool A of Division II with 10 match points. Asian Cities Chess Championship
<mask> participated in three editions of the Asian Cities Chess Championship:
14th edition held in Manila, Philippines (2004) where he served as the captain of the Mandaluyong Team playing Board 1 and finishing with 4 wins, 3 draws, and 2 losses with a TPR of 2477 as compared to his then ELO of 2529. He led the team to a bronze medal finish in Team Competition;
15th edition played in Tehran, Iran (2007) where he again played Board 1 this time representing Team Tagaytay where he scored 3 wins, 3 draws, and 3 losses with a TPR of 2377 as against his 2573 ELO at that time leading the team to a silver medal in the Team Competition; and
18th edition held in Tagaytay City, Cavite, Philippines where he played Board 2 and finished with 4 wins, 3 draws, and 2 losses with a TPR of 2445 compared to his ELO of 2571 during that time leading Team Tagaytay to a gold medal finish in the Team Competition.He finished his stint in the tournament with 15.5 points in 27 games posting 11 wins with 9 draws and 7 losses for a winning percentage of 57.4% ending up with 1 gold, 1 silver, and 1 bronze in Team Competition. Philippine National Chess Championship
<mask> won the 2012 Philippine Chess Championship. He scored 11.5/15 with 10 wins, 3 draws, and 2 losses. He had a TPR of 2627 as against his 2508 ELO. World Open
<mask> finished the 38th Annual World Open in a tie for 9th-18th places. He posted 5 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss. <mask> tied for 7th-13th places in the 42nd

masks: Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua


texts:
 Annual World Open.He scored 6 points on 5 wins, 2 draws, and 2 losses after tiebreaks. US tournaments
At the 2008 Foxwoods Open, <mask> tied for 9th-17th places scoring 5 wins, 2 draws, and 2 losses to place 13th overall after tiebreaks. In 2016, <mask> took part in the 3rd Millionaire Chess Open. <mask> ended up in a tie for 17th-28th place where he eventually ended up in 21st place with 4 wins, 1 draw, and 2 losses which did not qualify him for the next round. In 2017, he tied for first at the 9th annual Chesapeake Open with 5 wins, 2 draws, and no losses. The tournament employed no tie-break and <mask> won $1,100 (USD). On July 10, 2019, <mask> topped the 12th New York Int 2019 that featured 24 players in 9 rounds with an average ELO Rating of 2309.He finished undefeated with 4 wins and 5 draws. <mask> was seeded third in this tournament with an ELO of 2503. On July 27, 2019, <mask> won the 8th Washington Int 2019, a 9-round 35-player tournament with an average ELO Rating of 2309. He finished with 6 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss. Also in 2019, <mask> placed second in the 141st New York State Championship. He scored 3 wins and 3 draws ending up tied for 2nd-4th places, but ended up with the runner-up honors after tie-breaks; all the three players won $600.00 each. On November 14, 2019, <mask> finished in joint 1st place at the 103rd ch-Marshall CC 2019.The tournament featured 10 players with an average of 2482 ELO Rating. <mask> went undefeated with 3 wins and 6 draws. On November 27, 2019, <mask> finished in joint third place at the CCCSA Fall

masks: Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua Paragua


texts:
 GM 2019 Tournament, a 10-player tournament with an average ELO Rating of 2441, finishing with 3 wins, 3 draws, and 3 losses. On January 16, 2020, he won the Winter CCCSA GM Norm Invitational going undefeated with 3 wins and 6 draws. The tournament featured ten players with an average ELO Rating of 2433. On February 27, 2020, <mask> won the Marshall GM Norm 2020, another 10-player tournament with an average ELO Rating of 2444, with a score of 6 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss. Other notable tournaments

In 2004, <mask> won the 4th Alushta Autumn as he scored a total of 11.0 points in 13 rounds on the strength of 10 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss.<mask> finished second in the Asian Zone 3.3 (2011) Chess Championships and clinched the last berth in the year's World Cup. <mask> actually finished tied for second but took last World Cup berth with a superior tiebreak score. <mask> won the 2012 Mayor Allen Singson Cup (Candon City Chess Championships) in March 2012. He finished undefeated with 5 wins and 2 draws. On May 18, 2020, <mask> topped the Curly King Shark online chess tournament. <mask> finished with 70 points in 30 games for a winning percentage of 73 percent and performance rating of 2774, coming in first place. <mask> won 12 games, drew 11, and lost 7 games.Personal life
<mask> was born to Flordeliza Callano and <mask>, the latter of whom is also his coach. The son and father went around the world to participate in international tournaments. <mask> resided both in the city of Meycauayan and the adjacent town of Marilao in the province of Bulacan.

masks:
Paragua
Paragua
Paragua
Paragua
Paragua
Paragua
Paragua
Paragua
Paragua
Ricardo Paragua
Paragua


texts:
 He became a resident of New York and coaches at the New York Chess Academy. References

External links

  (archive)

1984 births
Living people
Filipino chess players
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
People from Meycauayan
Sportspeople from Bulacan
Southeast Asian Games medalists in chess
Southeast Asian Games bronze medalists for the Philippines
Competitors at the 2011 Southeast Asian


texts:
<mask>, 1st Baron <mask> ( 1504 – 1564) was an English peer and politician. He was the Clerk of the Parliaments 1531–1540 and Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire 1557–1564. A successful lawyer, he was created the first Baron <mask>, giving him a seat in the House of Lords. Family
Born about 1504, <mask> was the only son of <mask> of Nottinghamshire, a merchant and haberdasher, and Christiana, the daughter of Richard Warcup of Sinnington, Yorkshire. After the death of <mask> in 1509, Christiana married, as her second husband, Sir Ralph Warren, Lord Mayor of London. <mask> had a sister, Joan, who married William Wilkinson (d. 1543), a mercer in the city of London, and sheriff in 1538–9, by whom she had three daughters. After her husband's death she was silkwoman to Anne Boleyn.She died as a Marian exile in 1556 at Frankfurt. Career
<mask> studied at St Paul's School under William Lyly, and later entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, but seems never to have proceeded to a degree. He then entered one of the Inns of Court, was called to the bar, and became counsel for the City of London, probably through the influence of Alderman Wilkinson, who had married his sister Joan. In 1531 <mask> was appointed clerk of the parliament and was associated in that office with Sir Brian Tuke. In 1536 he appears as one of the king's serjeants. In 1541 he resigned his office as clerk of the parliament, on being appointed treasurer of the court of augmentations, a court created by the king for dealing with the estates which had been confiscated by the dissolution of the monasteries. In 1541 he was knighted,

masks:
Edward North
North
North
North
Roger North
Roger North
Edward North
Edward North
North


texts: and he served as High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire for 1543.He was one of the knights of the shire for Cambridgeshire in the English parliaments of 1542, 1547, and 1553. On the resignation of the chancellorship by Sir Thomas Audley in 1544, <mask> was deputed, together with Sir Thomas Pope, to receive the great seal and to deliver it into the hands of the king. In 1545 he was one of a commission of inquiry as to the distribution of the revenues of certain cathedrals and collegiate churches, and about the same time he was promoted, with Sir Richard Rich, chancellor of the court of augmentations. On the resignation of his colleague he became sole chancellor of the court. In 1546 he was made a member of the Privy Council of England, received some extensive grants of former abbey lands, and managed by prudence to retain the favour of his sovereign, although on one occasion towards the end of his reign Henry VIII was induced to distrust him, and even to accuse him of peculation, a charge of which he cleared himself. <mask> was named as one of the executors of King Henry's will, and a legacy of £300 was bequeathed to him. On the accession of King <mask>, <mask> was induced, under pressure, to resign his office as chancellor of augmentations.He continued as a Privy Councillor during the young king's reign, and was one of those who attested his will, but his name does not appear among the signatories of the deed of settlement disinheriting the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth. <mask> was among the supporters of Lady Jane Gray. <mask> was not only pardoned by Mary, but was again sworn of the

masks:
North
North
Edward VI
North
North
North


texts:
 privy council, and on 5 April 1554 he was summoned to parliament as a baron of the realm by the title of Lord <mask> of Kirtling. He was chosen among other lords to receive Philip II of Spain at Southampton on 19 July 1554 and was present at the marriage of Queen Mary. In the following November he attended at the reception of Cardinal Pole at St. James's, and he was in the commission for the suppression of heresy in 1557. On the accession of Elizabeth she kept her court for six days (23 to 29 November 1558) at <mask>'s mansion in the London Charterhouse, and some time afterwards he was appointed lord-lieutenant of the county of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely. He was not, however, admitted as a privy councillor, though his name appears as still taking part in public affairs.In the summer of 1560 he lost his first wife, who died at the Charterhouse, but was carried with great pomp to Kirtling to be buried. Lord <mask> entertained the queen a second time at the Charterhouse for four days, from 10 to 13 July 1561. Soon after this he retired from court, and spent most of his time at Kirtling in retirement. He died at the Charterhouse on 31 December 1564, and was buried at Kirtling, beside his first wife, in the family vault. His monumental inscription may still be seen in the chancel of Kirtling Church. Marriages and issue

Lord <mask> was twice married. In around 1528 (his thirty-third year) he married Alice (d. 1560), the daughter of Oliver Squier of Southby, Hampshire.Alice was the widow of <mask>, a wealthy London merchant, the son of Thomas Murfyn (d. 1523), a former Lord Mayor

masks:
North
Lord North
North
North
Edward Murfyn


texts:
 of London and of John Brigandine of Southampton, Hampshire. By this marriage he acquired a fortune large enough to enable him to purchase the estate of Kirtling, near Newmarket, which remained in the possession of his descendants until 1941. By Alice he had two sons:
 <mask>, 2nd Baron <mask>, and
 Sir <mask>, translator of Plutarch's 'Lives,'
and two daughters:
 Christiana, wife of William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester, and
 Mary, wife of Henry Scrope, 9th Baron Scrope of Bolton. In 1534 he became a kinsman of Thomas Cromwell's nephew, Richard, who married Frances, daughter of Thomas Murfyn by his second wife, Elizabeth Donne, and stepdaughter of Sir Thomas Denys. His second wife was Margaret (d. 1575), daughter of Richard Butler of London, and widow of, first, Andrew Francis; secondly, of Robert Chartsey, alderman of London. ; and, thirdly, of Sir David Brooke, chief baron of the exchequer. She survived till 2 June 1575.This lady, like his first wife, brought her husband a large fortune, which he left to her absolutely by his will. Attribution

Notes

References

1504 births
1564 deaths
16th-century English lawyers
16th-century English nobility
Politicians from London
English barristers
People associated with the Dissolution of the Monasteries
High Sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Cambridgeshire
Members of the Privy Council of England
Serjeants-at-law (England)
Edward
English MPs 1542–1544
English MPs 1547–1552
English MPs 1553 (<mask> VI)
Peers of England created by Mary I
Barons North
Clerks of the Parliaments
Court of Mary I of

masks:
Roger North
North
Thomas North
Edward


texts:
<mask> (or <mask>) ( – 23 July 1584) was an English Protestant printer. He specialised in printing and distributing Protestant literature and pamphlets, and produced many small-format religious books, such as ABCs, sermons, and translations of psalms. He found fame, however, as the publisher of <mask>'s Actes and Monuments, also known as the Book of Martyrs, the largest and most technologically accomplished book printed in sixteenth-century England. <mask> rose to the top of his profession during the reign of Edward VI (1547–1553). At this time, restrictions on publishers were relaxed, and a wave of propaganda on behalf of the English Reformation was encouraged by the government of the Lord Protector, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset. During the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I, many Protestant printers fled to the continent, but <mask> stayed in England and continued to print Protestant literature. In 1554, he was arrested and imprisoned, presumably for these illicit printing activities.Under Queen Elizabeth I, <mask> returned to his premises at Aldersgate in London, where he enjoyed the patronage of high-ranking officials and nobles, including William Cecil, Robert Dudley, and Matthew Parker. With their support, he published the Book of Martyrs and was awarded monopolies for some of the most popular English books, such as The ABC with Little Catechism and The Whole Booke of Psalmes. <mask>, whose technical skill matched his business acumen, has been called "the master printer of the English Reformation". Early career
<mask>'s origins and the events of his early life remain obscure. Scholars have assumed that <mask> was born and raised in Dunwich, but there is no direct evidence that proves this claim. He may have been in London by 1540, as his name is mentioned in a city deposition as being a former servant of the printer and physician Thomas Raynalde. In

masks:
John Day
Daye
John Foxe
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day


texts: 1546, he was probably one of twenty men who were granted the freedom of the city by redemption to work for the Stringers' Company of London.The next year, he began printing with a partner, William Seres; the two based their operations at the parish of St Sepulchre in London. <mask> and Seres specialised in religious works, such as those by Robert Crowley, which were largely related to theological controversies of the time. The Protestant Reformation was advancing rapidly, and the laws against the publication of heretical works were being relaxed. In 1548, ten of the twenty works that the two men published were devoted to criticizing the Catholic belief of transubstantiation. One of those publications, a satirical poem by Luke Shepherd titled Iohn Bon and Mast Person, almost landed <mask> in jail. <mask> and Seres also translated important works of Continental Protestantism for the English market, notably Herman von Wied's A Simple and Religious Consultation in 1547. In 1549, <mask> opened a new shop in Cheapside, and the next year, he and Seres were successful enough to amicably separate their businesses.<mask> set up his new home and printing establishment at Aldersgate in the parish of St Anne and St Agnes and transferred from the Stringers' to the Stationers' Company. <mask> found Aldersgate's foreigner-friendly attributes helpful in attracting skilled Dutch workers, whom he relied on throughout his career. He soon established himself as a quality printer, and in 1551, he reprinted an elaborate edition of the Bible that he had previously produced with Seres. The next year, he secured a valuable patent to print the works of <mask> and Thomas Beccon. This enraged one of his competitors, Reginald Wolfe, who already held a patent to print Ponet's Catechism in Latin. Eventually, a compromise patent was issued which allowed Wolfe to continue printing the Catechism in

masks:
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
John Ponet


texts:
 Latin and <mask> to print the work in English. <mask> reaped more benefits from the deal than Wolfe: the English printings were used far more extensively than the Latin ones, and the ABC was eventually appended with Ponet's Catechism.With a reputation for Protestant godliness and connections to people like <mask>, William Cecil, and Catherine Willoughby, a successful career seemed assured for <mask>. Unfortunately for <mask>, Queen Mary ascended the throne in 1553 and the entire religious climate of the country changed. For years, it was thought that at the accession of Mary, <mask> fled to the Continent to avoid persecution. However, typographical and other evidence has convinced scholars that <mask> set up a clandestine press in premises connected to William Cecil in Lincolnshire,  and that he continued to print Protestant polemical works under the pseudonym Michael Wood. The "Michael Wood" pamphlets included Protestant writings by Lady Jane Grey, <mask>, and Stephen Gardiner, and attacks on Mary and her advisors. On 16 October 1554, according to the diary of Henry Machyn, <mask> was caught and sent to the Tower of London for printing "naughty books". In the Book of Martyrs, Foxe records statements made in prison to <mask> by the future martyr <mask>, "spake being then in prison, to the Printer of this present booke, who then also was layd up for lyke cause of religion".Perhaps because the flight of foreign Protestant workers under Mary was causing a shortage of printers, <mask> was released the next year and allowed to work again, but only as a jobbing printer. He reunited with Seres (also recently released from prison) to produce works of Catholicism for Catholic printer <mask>, a far cry from the Protestant polemics he printed prior to imprisonment. He also served as the official printer of the City of London for two years. Elizabethan period

With the death

masks:
Day
Day
John Dudley
Day
Day
Day
Day
John Hooper
Day
Day
John Rogers
Day
John Wayland


texts: of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, <mask>'s business blossomed once more. <mask> was already close to Cecil, who had now become one of the new Queen's top advisors. Through Cecil, <mask> was awarded the valuable monopoly on printing ABCs. He also befriended Robert Dudley (son of <mask>), another of Elizabeth's favorites.With the help of his connections, <mask> was able to obtain a lucrative patent to print William Cuningham's Cosmographical Glasse. He produced the first edition in 1559 using a new italic font of the highest quality (probably cut by François Guyot) and a large number of impressive woodcuts. <mask> absorbed the high production costs himself, since he knew the work would solidify his reputation as a master printer. <mask>'s patent to print Cuningham—his first under Elizabeth—gave him exclusive rights to the work for life; it also allowed him to retain a monopoly for seven years on any other original works that were not covered by other patents, were "compiled at <mask>'s expense", and were "not repugnant to Holy Scripture or the law". This stipulation would be an important source of income for the rest of his life. <mask> took advantage of the monopoly clause, reestablishing his Edwardian patent for The ABC with Little Catechism. In 1559, he obtained a patent for The Whole Booke of Psalmes, Collected into English Meter, a metrical psalter, compiled mostly by Thomas Sternhold and <mask>, that <mask> first published in 1562.The Stationers' Company guaranteed <mask> the right to print all "psalmes in metre with note", in other words, psalms with music. Despite the fact that psalmes had usually been learned by rote, the business proved lucrative, reflecting a rise in musical literacy during the period. The Whole Booke of Psalmes became the period's best-selling book and the standard English psalter of its time. <mask>'s monopolies on these

masks:
Day
Day
Day
John Dudley
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
John Hopkins
Day
Day
Day


texts:
 perennially popular works would be the basis of great wealth over the years and a good deal of conflict between him and his fellow stationers. In legal proceedings towards the end of <mask>'s life, it was estimated that these particular patents were worth between £200 and £500 per year. Actes and Monuments

In 1563, <mask> undertook the work for which he is best known, <mask>'s Actes and Monuments (also called The Book of Martyrs). <mask> and Foxe probably met through Cecil, and the two became close collaborators.Foxe was among those who seized on the advances in the printing trade as a tool for the spread of the Protestant Reformation. There is a tradition that Foxe, who revised and added material while the book was being set in type, actually lived at <mask>'s shop at Aldersgate during the production of the book; he certainly received correspondence there and visited regularly. <mask> heavily invested time and money in the production of Foxe's book, the largest publishing project undertaken in England to that time, and he took an active part in the compilation of the material. <mask> used changes in type sizes or fonts to distinguish Foxe's editorial insertions from texts of his sources. The resulting lavish folio filled with woodcuts was an expensive luxury item, but it sold well and <mask> profited from his investment. <mask> continued to take on challenging and difficult projects. He had already printed the first English book of church music in 1560.In 1567, Matthew Parker, the Archbishop of Canterbury, commissioned <mask> to print a collection of writings attributed to the tenth-century Aelfric of Eynsham. For this work, <mask>, known for his fine and varied fonts, had the first-ever font of Anglo-Saxon type cut. The cost was borne by Parker, perhaps <mask>'s most important patron. The font may have been designed by François Guyot, a French type-founder known

masks:
Day
Day
John Foxe
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day


texts:
 to have worked for <mask> and lived in his household. <mask> used the same font to print Lambarde's Archaionomia (a collection of Anglo-Saxon laws) in 1568. In 1570, he printed Billingsley and Dee's English Euclid, which included folding and movable diagrams—one of the first printed books ever to do so. In the same year, he printed Ascham's Scholemaster.<mask> and Foxe completed a second edition of the Book of Martyrs in 1570. It was even larger than the first—a total of 2,300 pages in two enormous folio volumes—and at one point, <mask> ran out of paper (which he imported) and had to paste smaller sheets together to make do. This edition received official recognition: William Cecil and the Privy Council directed the church to ensure that copies were available to parishioners, and in 1571, the Convocation ordered that every cathedral church and the household of every senior member of the clergy should own a copy. The edition has been recorded as costing sixteen shillings, roughly equivalent to two months' wages for a skilled London clothworker at the time. Final years

By the late 1570s, there was open discontent among the less wealthy members of the Stationers' Company about <mask>'s extensive patents. He was compelled to go to court against printers who pirated works to which he owned the rights. Among those brought to trial was Roger Ward, who admitted to pirating 10,000 copies of ABC with Catechisms in a font which imitated <mask>'s.<mask>'s former apprentice and sub-contractor <mask> admitted in court that he had pirated The Whole Booke of Psalmes but justified his actions on the grounds that <mask>'s monopolies were a restraint of trade. It was Wolfe who led a group of "poor printers", as they called themselves, in a campaign against the patents in the late 1570s. As a result of an official investigation, <mask> was eventually obliged to concede certain titles

masks:
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
John Wolfe
Day
Day


texts:
 to the Company for the benefit of the poorer printers, but he kept the titles he printed most. In 1580, <mask> became Master of the Stationers' Company, and focused vigorously on defending the industry against piracy. His official powers  included the right of "search and seizure", which he did not hesitate to exercise on behalf of the trade or to further his own interests. In 1584, he sent men to break into Wolfe's premises and destroy any materials relating to suspected piracy. Four years before, he had even destroyed his son Richard's printing equipment after Richard had printed the ABC and the Psalmes without his permission.Though Richard was technically co-patentee of these titles, <mask> pursued him into the courts and all but destroyed his printing career. In 1582, <mask>'s health began to deteriorate quickly. Though weakening, he raced to complete another edition of Actes and Monuments in 1583, printing it on at least four presses. It was unusual for books of this size and ambition to go beyond one or two printings. Holinshed's Chronicles, the only book of the time to rival the Book of Martyrs in scope and reputation, never went into a third edition. <mask> died on 23 July 1584 at Walden in Essex. He married twice and fathered thirteen children in each marriage.<mask>'s printer's device showed a sleeper awakening, with the motto "Arise for it is <mask>," both a play on his name and an allusion to the new era of religious reform, in which he was a significant figure. Notes

References
 Alford, Stephen (2002). Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Evenden, Elizabeth (2004). "A Biography of <mask>" in <mask>, Acts and Monuments, The Variorum Edition (hriOnline, Sheffield 2004). Retrieved on 2 January 2008. Evenden, Elizabeth; and Julian Roberts (2004)."Bibliographical Aspects of the Acts and Monuments" in

masks:
Day
John Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
John Day
John Foxe


texts:
 <mask>, Acts and Monuments, The Variorum Edition  (hriOnline, Sheffield 2004). Retrieved on 2 January 2008. Fairfield, Leslie P (1972). "The Mysterious Press of 'Michael Wood' (1553–1554)". The Library, 5th series: 27 (3). pp. 220–232.Retrieved on 2 January 2008. Hattaway, Michael (2005). Renaissance and Reformations: An Introduction to Early Modern Literature. Oxford: Blackwell. .
 King, <mask> (1999). "The book trade under Edward VI and Mary I". In The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Volume 3: 1400–1557.Lotte Hellinga and J. B. Trapp (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 King, <mask> (2006). Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs' and Early Modern Print Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 King, <mask> (2002). "<mask>: master printer of the English Reformation". In The Beginnings of English Protestantism.Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Machyn, Henry. "Diary: 1554 (July – Dec)" in Nichols, <mask>: The Diary of Henry Machyn: Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London (1550–1563), from A.D. 1550 to A.D. 1563 (1848). Retrieved on 3 January 2008. Miller, Miriam. "<mask>, <mask>". Grove Music Online (subscription required).ed. L. Macy. Retrieved on 4 January 2008. Pettegree, Andrew (September 2004; online edition: October 2006). "<mask>, <mask> (1521/2–1584)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved on 2 January 2008.Smith, Jeremy L (2003). Thomas East and Music Publishing in Renaissance England. New York: Oxford University Press. .

Further reading

 Evenden, Elizabeth (2008). Patents, Pictures and Patronage: <mask> and the Tudor Book Trade. Ashgate. .
 Oastler, Christopher Lewis (1975). <mask>, the Elizabethan Printer. Oxford Bibliographical Society: Oxford. .

English printers
16th-century English businesspeople
16th-century Protestants
English Protestants
1520s births
1584 deaths
People from

masks:
John Foxe
John N
John N
John N
John Day
John Gough
Day
John
Day
John
John Day
John Day


texts:
<mask> (January 1, 1912 – June 3, 2004) was a prominent international labor organizer. He was one of three Reuther brothers (Walter and Roy) who were lifelong members of the U.S. labor movement. His older brother Walter became the president of the United Auto Workers union (UAW) and <mask> became the head of that union's Education Dept. and an organizer on the international level. He was a proponent of social democracy. Early years
He was born in Wheeling, West Virginia, the son of Anna (Stocker) and <mask>, a socialist brewery worker who had immigrated from Germany. His father was a union activist and supporter of Eugene Debs, a socialist candidate for the presidency.He attended college as a freshman at West Virginia University in Morgantown. Later, at the urging of his brother Walter, he attended what is now Wayne State University. Subsequently, he then joined Walter on an extended trip to Europe and Asia, when the brothers worked in the Gorky Automotive Plant. The Reuthers were eventually blacklisted and expelled from the Soviet Union after leading a strike, demanding safer working conditions. Returning to the United States in 1936, <mask> took a job at the Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Company, in Flint, Michigan. It was there that he started to organize the workers into a union that would eventually become the UAW. Reuther lent his support and leadership to the 1936 General Motors Strike where he faced down the billy clubs and tear gas of the violent pro-company police.He was famous for driving around Flint in a car with a loudspeaker mounted on the roof, encouraging the striking workers who were occupying the factories. Reuther was then 24. General Motors (GM) workers in Flint took action, and the strike eventually spread to over 100 other production facilities. During the strike, 90% of GM production was stopped for lack of parts and labor.

masks:
Victor George Reuther
Victor
Valentine Reuther
Victor


texts:
 The strike was eventually settled in February 1937, with many gains for the workers, but <mask> had to leave town with his wife, Sophie (the union's first female organizer), to evade a warrant that had been issued for his arrest by a GM-owned judge. He and Sophie ended up in Anderson, Indiana, to support another strike taking place there and another battle against thugs, corrupt police, and public officials "in the pocket" of the corporations that were determined to wipe the union out. World War II
The United States entered World War II on December 7, 1941, and for millions of American workers, industrial production was converted to supplying war material.Reuther was among the first to sense the waste and extravagant spending that the large corporations were engaging in now that they were getting lucrative military contracts. Reuther went to Washington, D.C., and informed the Roosevelt (New Deal) Democrats of the idle machinery and infrastructure that could be turned over to military production, and subsequently there were much stricter controls on how, when, and where government allocations to private corporations could be spent. Postwar
After the war, Reuther traveled to Germany and was instrumental in the reorganization of its labor unions. Through the remainder of his life he continued to be a strong supporter of the union movement in Germany and the rest of Europe. In 1947, his brother Walter was elected as the president of the UAW. Shortly after that <mask> became the head of the union's Education Department. He was a vocal advocate of the recruitment of women, minorities, and young people into leadership positions for the union.Reuther saw the positive results that offering further education to the rank-and-file workers would bring to the workplace and to future generations of workers. Assassination Attempt
In 1949, <mask>

masks: Victor Victor Victor


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 began receiving calls from the Detroit Police Department claiming that neighbors were complaining about his dogs barking. When he went outside to check on the dog, a parked car drove away from the front of his house. After the police issued a "final warning" he gave the dog to some friends. The next evening, while he was reading a newspaper, a shotgun-wielding assassin fired at him through a closed window, hitting Reuther in the face and upper body. Waking in the hospital Reuther told his surgeon, "Take my eye, or my arm or leg, but spare my tongue. I've got a living to make."Reuther lost an eye and the partial use of one arm but survived. The gunman was never caught. Even though the Detroit police had some very good eyewitness accounts and descriptions, they never followed up successfully on any of the leads. One neighbor offered descriptions of the shooter to police, but he was rejected and began receiving anonymous phone calls telling him to shut up. His brother Walter had earlier survived an April 1948 incident in which he was hit by a shotgun blast through his kitchen window. Reuther happened to turn towards his wife, and was hit in the arm instead of the chest and heart. That crime also was never solved.Later life
Reuther recovered from the assassination attempt and continued to lead the union's Education Department for several more years. He was eventually named the UAW's International Director. He was active in the labor movement of many European countries, and became very well known in the Canadian union scene. His brother, Walter, was killed in a plane crash in 1970, and in 1973, <mask> decided to retire and write his memoir "The Brothers Reuther and the Story of the UAW," which was published in 1976. He continued to speak at union conventions and rallies and earned much respect for his unyielding view that working people