texts:
 Guinness, Aimee <mask>, Audrey Hepburn, Jane Holzer, Grace Kelly, Princess Salimah Aga Khan, Rachel Lambert Mellon, Sophia Loren, Jeanne Moreau, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Empress Farah Pahlavi, Babe Paley, Lee Radziwill, Comtesse <mask> Ribes, Nona Hendryx, Baroness <mask> Rothschild, <mask> <mask>, Baroness Gaby Van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Diana Vreeland, Betsey Cushing Roosevelt Whitney, Baroness <mask> Waldner, the Duchess of Windsor, Haitian first lady Michèle Duvalier and Jayne Wrightsman.In 1954, Givenchy's prêt-à-porter collection debuted. Givenchy created the iconic 'Balloon coat' and the 'Baby Doll' dress in 1958. In 1969, a men's line was also created. From 1976 through 1987, the Ford Motor Company offered a Givenchy Edition of its Continental Mark series (1981 to 1983) and Lincoln Continental (1982 to 1987) automobiles beginning with the 1976 Continental Mark IV coupe and ending with 1983 Lincoln Mark VI and the 1987 Lincoln Continental sedan. In 1988, he organized a retrospective of his work at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California. The House of Givenchy was split in 1981, with the perfume line going to Veuve Clicquot, and the fashion branch was acquired by LVMH in 1989. As of today, LVMH owns Parfums Givenchy as well.Later life
Givenchy retired from fashion design in 1995. His successor to head the Givenchy label was John Galliano. After a brief stint by Galliano, a five-year stay from <mask> and a term from 2001 to 2004 by Julien Macdonald, Givenchy women's ready-to-wear and haute couture was headed by Riccardo Tisci from 2005 until 2017. Clare Waight Keller held the post from 2017 until April 2020. Matthew M. Williams became Givenchy's creative director in June

masks:
de Heeren
Jacqueline de
Pauline de
Frederica
von Stade
Sylvia de
Alexander McQueen


type: original

texts:
 2020. <mask> resided at the Château du Jonchet, a listed historic castle in Romilly-sur-Aigre, Eure-et-Loir, near Paris. In his retirement, he focused on collecting 17th and 18th-century bronze and marble sculptures.In July 2010, he spoke at the Oxford Union. From 8 to 14 September 2014, during the Biennale des Antiquaires, he organized a private sale exhibition at Christie's in Paris featuring, artwork by Jean-Baptiste-<mask>, the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres, Jacques-Louis David, and Anne-Louis <mask> <mask>-Trioson, etc. In January 2007, the French Post Office issued postage stamps for Valentine's Day designed by <mask>. In October 2014, a retrospective exhibition featuring ninety-five of his designed pieces took place at the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid, Spain. His longtime partner was fashion designer Philippe Venet. <mask> <mask> died in his sleep at the Renaissance chateau near Paris on Saturday 10 March 2018. He was 91 and was buried in Passy Cemetery in Paris.Bibliography
Françoise Mohrt, The Givenchy Style (1998), Assouline. Pamela Clarke Keogh, <mask> <mask> (introduction): Audrey style (1999), Aurum Press. Jean-Noël Liaut: <mask> <mask> : Entre vies et légendes (2000), Editions Grasset & Fasquelle. References

External links

 <mask> <mask>: 18 facts about the iconic designer

1927 births
2018 deaths
Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Counts of France
French art collectors
French fashion designers
French Protestants
French stamp designers
Gay artists
Italian nobility
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
LGBT businesspeople from France
LGBT fashion designers
Order of Arts and Letters of Spain recipients
People from

masks:
Givenchy
Claude Odiot
Girodet
de Roussy
Givenchy
Hubert de
Givenchy
Hubert de
Givenchy
Hubert de
Givenchy
Hubert de
Givenchy


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<mask> (17 June 1811 – 15 December 1877), also spelled Pinckney, born in the Hammond-Harwood House in Annapolis, Maryland. He graduated from St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland, in 1829, and from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1833. He spent his entire naval career helping to develop the field of surgery and medicine. He was especially prominent—and praised—during the American Civil War. Military service
Appointed an assistant surgeon in the United States Navy on 26 March 1834, <mask> received orders to the sloop of war Erie on 5 May. Ordered to report by 20 June, he joined the ship at Boston, Massachusetts, on 24 June, shortly before she sailed for the Brazil Station. Detached from Erie on 18 September 1837, he began two months of leave on 20 September, later changed to "waiting orders."Ordered to duty at the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 9 April 1838, he was detached from that duty on 2 April 1839, receiving one month of leave. He then joined the frigate Brandywine, assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron, on 17 August, shortly after she was recommissioned. On 12 February 1840, Commodore Isaac Hull, commanding the squadron, ordered <mask> to return to the United States, and the assistant surgeon reported his arrival on 24 April. Ordered thence, on 12 October 1840, to the storeship Relief, on the Pacific Squadron, <mask> later served again on board Erie. He was promoted to surgeon on 27 October 1841. Commodore Alexander J. Dallas, commanding the Pacific Squadron, granted Surgeon <mask> permission to return to the United States in February 1844, and he arrived there in April of the same year. Ordered to the Receiving Ship and Naval Station, Baltimore, Maryland, on 24 June

masks:
Ninian Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney
Pinkney


texts: 1844, he received orders to "discharge duties" at the Naval Rendezvous (recruiting station) as well, on 21 April 1845.Detached from the Baltimore Station on 19 September 1846 and placed in the status of "waiting orders," <mask> was ordered to Albany on 14 October; he reported to that new sloop of war, assigned to the Home Squadron, a little less than a fortnight later, on 27 October. Transferred to sloop of war Germantown, also in the Home Squadron, three days after Christmas the following year 28 December 1847, he was detached from that ship on 23 February 1848. Carried on the status of "waiting orders" on 1 January of the following year [1849], <mask> was ordered to the new sidewheel sloop of war Saranac on 4 February 1850, to report for duty on the 24th of that month. Detached from that ship on 22 July 1851, the surgeon was then ordered [10 September] to review candidates for admission to the U.S. Naval Academy. Following another period of "waiting orders," he was ordered to the Naval Academy on 3 April 1852. Detached from the Academy on 5 July 1855, <mask> subsequently received orders to the sidewheel frigate Susquehanna on 31 March 1856, and served in that ship as she cruised in the Mediterranean and off the coast of Central America, and later operated in assistance of the steam frigate Niagara  in her unsuccessful attempt to lay the Atlantic Cable in August 1857.Detached from Susquehanna on 19 April 1858, he was ordered to the U.S. Naval Hospital at Norfolk, Virginia, on 21 October, his actual time of reporting delayed from 1 November to 1 December 1858. Detached from that medical facility ashore on 9 June 1859, <mask> received orders to join the screw frigate San Jacinto as she prepared for a cruise to the coast

masks: Pinkney Pinkney Pinkney Pinkney


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 of Africa. Illness, however, shortened <mask>'s tour of duty in San Jacinto, as he was detached from the ship at Cadiz, Spain, and ordered home "because of ill health" on 28 March 1860. Arriving back in the United States on 23 April, he went to Easton, Maryland, where he apparently remained until he was ordered to special duty in Washington, D.C., on 8 June 1861. Detached from duty in the capitol on 12 December 1861, he received orders to report as the Fleet Surgeon, Mississippi Squadron, on the last day 1861. Civil War service
<mask> served in the Mississippi Squadron for the duration of the American Civil War, performing "the most arduous duty in caring for the sick and wounded."He succeeded in getting possession of the Commercial Hotel, in Memphis, Tennessee, a building "admirably located and well adapted for hospital purposes" in March 1863. The shortage of assistant surgeons compelled <mask> to serve on board the U.S. Navy Hospital Ship Red Rover, "where he has been of great service fitting out his department." Acting Rear-Admiral David Dixon Porter, Commanding the Mississippi Squadron, called Pinkney's presence

Porter used the occasion to dispel any misgivings about the fleet surgeon's "little peculiarities" (Pinkney was known to be of "a 'peppery' nature and stood firmly on his dignity and rights"), writing to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles on 30 March 1863 of Pinkney that "...a more zealous, devoted officer to the profession, and to the country, does not exist anywhere..."

Soon thereafter, the fleet surgeon directed the provision of new ships fitting out at St. Louis, Missouri, and Cincinnati, Ohio, with medical stores during June, 1863, and later that summer supervised the conversion of a seized Rebel

masks: Pinkney Pinkney Pinkney


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 building at Memphis, Tennessee, into a hospital. Pinkney received the wounded from the fall of Fort Pillow in April 1864, on board the Hospital Ship Red Rover, and treated them. Subsequently, one of the nursing Sisters, employed on board Red Rover, wrote to express her appreciation for the kindness Pinkney had extended to them. "Through them," Sister Angela, of the Order of the Holy Cross, wrote on 11 August 1864,

Post-Civil War service
Commodore <mask> retired from active duty on 15 June 1865. Over the next four years (until 8 November 1869), performed a succession of duties, serving as a member of the Board of Visitors of the U.S.Naval Academy, presided over the board that examined candidates for admission to the Academy, and served as a delegate to represent the Medical Department of the Navy to the Medical Department in England. Ordered to duty at Washington, D.C., on 1 October 1870, he was promoted to the rank of Medical Director on 3 March 1871. Final years
Detached from the Washington Navy Yard and retired with that rank on 7 June 1873, <mask>, who received a doctor of laws degree from his alma mater, St. John's College, Annapolis, in 1873. He died after a brief illness at his residence, "Londonderry," near Easton, Maryland, on 15 December 1877. Honored in ship naming
The United States Navy ship [[<mask> (APH-2)|<mask> (APH-2)]] which saw action in the Pacific Ocean during World War II was named in his honor. References

1811 births
1877 deaths
United States Navy Medical Corps officers
United States Naval Academy
Union Navy surgeons
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) alumni
Thomas Jefferson University alumni
People from Annapolis, Maryland
People of Maryland in the American Civil War
Physicians from

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Pinkney
Pinkney
USS Pinkney
USS Pinkney


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Admiral Sir <mask>,  (11 April 1874 – 30 October 1936) was a British naval officer and governor. <mask> served in the Royal Navy from the age of 13 and served in many colonial wars and was given various Empire postings, rising to the rank of admiral in 1931. He retired a year later and took up the posting as Governor of Newfoundland, where he also took up the role of Chairman of the Government following the suspension of self-government in the Dominion of Newfoundland. Leaving Newfoundland in 1935, he was appointed as Governor of New South Wales but served only briefly due to his ill health. He died while in office aged 62. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 11 April 1874, the second son of General <mask>, Colonel of the Cheshire Regiment, and his wife Charlotte Christina, née <mask> in Newton-by-Chester in Cheshire, England. His elder brother was Lieutenant General Sir <mask>.In 1887, as a 13-year-old, he became a naval cadet in the training ship Britannia at Dartmouth. Seeing action against King Koko slave traders on the Niger River, he became a lieutenant on 23 February 1895 at age 20. <mask> saw further action against West-African rebels and in the Ashanti Campaign. In May 1902, he was posted as First and gunnery lieutenant to the cruiser  on the Channel Squadron. In 1905 he was promoted to commander and was posted to the Royal Yacht HMY Victoria and Albert in 1908. That year, he married a New Zealander, Edith Teschemaker. On 29 July 1910 <mask> was appointed a Member of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order.On 11 August 1911, he was promoted to captain and posted as Flag Captain on  from 1913 to 1917. When the First World War broke out he took part in the operations that resulted in the destruction of the  in German East Africa, and was Mentioned

masks:
David Murray Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
David Anderson
Anderson
Warren Hastings Anderson
Anderson
Anderson


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 in Despatches in 1915. For his actions leading to the capture of Dar es Salaam he was appointed a Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George on 1 January 1918. He was also invested by the Sultan of Zanzibar with the Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar, Second Class. From 1918 to 1919 <mask> was posted to command the battleship  in the Grand Fleet. In May 1921 he was appointed as an aide-de-camp (ADC) to King George V, which he held until April 1922. After a posting in England, he was promoted to rear admiral in 1922.On 2 June 1923 he was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He was later posted from August 1923 to October 1925 as the Senior Naval Officer, Yangtze and briefly served as temporary Commander-in-Chief China Station in 1925. While in China, he was called upon on three separate occasions to command a multi-national force of Japanese, British, American, Portuguese and Italian sailors to help protect the Shanghai International Settlement. For his efforts in China, he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Third Class, by the Emperor Hirohito of Japan. Further promoted to vice admiral in 1927, he was appointed to command the Africa Station. From June to September 1928 he served as High Commissioner to the Union of South Africa. Being fluent in French, he was further appointed to Geneva as the Admiralty representative to the League of Nations permanent advisory commission from 1929 to 1931.On 3 June 1930 he was appointed as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and was promoted to admiral in 1931. He retired at his own request on 5 July 1932. Governor of Newfoundland

<mask> was then appointed on 20 October 1932 as the Governor of Newfoundland. He became His Majesty's Representative at a time of great instability in the

masks: Anderson Anderson


texts: Dominion of Newfoundland. Newfoundland had been hit badly by the Great Depression, leaving most of the banks on the verge of insolvency, saved only by emergency loans from Britain, the state Treasury was empty and the political process was discredited by corruption and incompetence. The Government, led by Prime Minister Frederick C. Alderdice, called upon the British government to take direct control until Newfoundland could become self-sustaining. The United Kingdom, concerned over Newfoundland's likelihood of defaulting on its loans, asked the government to establish the Newfoundland Royal Commission, headed by a Scottish peer, Lord Amulree.Its report, released in 1933, assessed Newfoundland's political system as institutionally corrupt and its economic future as bleak, recommending the abolition of responsible government, and its replacement by a Commission of the British Government. Acting on the report's recommendations, Alderdice's government voted itself out of existence in December 1933. Appointed as Chair of the Commission of Government in 1934, <mask> found his role as Governor with significantly expanded powers and proved himself up to the job, constantly sending reports back to the Dominions Office and giving advice to the Dominions Secretary on how to deal with the Commission members. Despite his new-found powers, <mask> took the position as the neutral mediator, intervening only when there was a dispute in the commission. He was nevertheless involved with restructuring the administration of the state, including government departments, social services, the health system and the postal system. His approach proved to be not enough to bring the Commission out of petty arguments and disputes and in October 1935 it was announced that he would be replaced


texts:
 by another Naval Officer, Sir Humphrey Walwyn. <mask> and his wife departed from Newfoundland the following January.Governor of New South Wales

In November 1935 it was announced that he was to become the Governor of New South Wales, a relatively quieter post. He was invested by King Edward VIII as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George on 5 May 1936, and as a Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem on 23 June 1936. En route to Australia he was taken ill, and had to spend six weeks in hospital in Perth, Western Australia. He was sworn in at Sydney on 6 August 1936. Because of his recurring illness, Lady <mask> undertook many official duties on his behalf, while the Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, Sir Philip Street, carried out his legislative and ceremonial duties. On 29 October he collapsed and died of a cerebral haemorrhage early in the morning the next day at Government House. His body was laid in state in St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney and was shipped back to England for burial.Lady Edith Muriel <mask> was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) on 11 May 1937 for public service in New South Wales. Honours

References

Further reading

|-

|-

1874 births
1936 deaths
People from Malpas, Cheshire
Royal Navy admirals
Members of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna
Governors of the Dominion of Newfoundland
Governors of New South Wales
Ambassadors and High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to South Africa
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Military personnel from Cheshire
Members of the Newfoundland Commission of

masks: Anderson Anderson Anderson


texts:
<mask><mask> (April 4, 1929 – November 1, 2017) was a former mayor of Vernon, California, and the grandson of the city's co-founder John B. (J.B.<mask>, a nephew of <mask>. In 2009 he and his wife <mask> were convicted of conspiracy, perjury, and voter fraud. <mask>'s son, <mask>, was sent to prison for child molestation of boys in 2009. The offenses were discovered during the same family voter fraud investigation. <mask> was appointed to the Vernon City Council in 1956, and served until 2009. He was elected mayor in 1974, and served until his convictions forced him to resign in 2009.Early life and education
<mask> <mask> <mask> was born in 1929 to Raymond S<mask> and Adelina <mask>, Jr. at the French Hospital of Los Angeles, in Chinatown, Los Angeles. <mask>'s father was a mortuary director from San Francisco who played a prominent role in forensic examinations in the Los Angeles Coroner's Office. <mask>'s grandfather, John B<mask> (J. B.) was a Basque immigrant who with ranchers Thomas and James Furlong founded Vernon, the first exclusively industrial city in the California, in September 1905. His great uncle was <mask>, a 19th-century Alta California pioneer based at the Leonis Adobe in present-day Calabasas, who owned Rancho El Escorpión and other ranch properties in the western San Fernando Valley and Simi Hills. <mask> received both public and private education.His early school years were spent at Third Street Elementary and John Burrows Junior High, both in Los Angeles. While living at his parents house, he also spent time with his grandfather, J. B<mask>, who had residences in Hancock Park, Los Angeles, and on a working ranch in the Angeles National Forest. J. B. was one of the founders of the City of Vernon. In its early days, Vernon was noted for its sporting events, including professional boxing and baseball and the 'world's longest bar' at Jack Doyle's Saloon located on land leased

masks:
Leonis C
. Malburg
) Leonis
Miguel Leonis
Dominica Malburg
Leonis
John Malburg
Malburg
Leonis
Clos
Malburg
. Malburg
Leonis
Malburg
Malburg
. Leonis
Miguel Leonis
Malburg
. Leonis


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 from J. B. <mask>.J. B. served for 45 years as a Vernon city councilmember. He was also the founder and president of the First Citizens Bank of Vernon. <mask>'s relationship with his grandfather influenced him to pursue a banking career and Vernon city politics. In 1943, <mask> was accepted to and attended the Harvard Military Academy in Los Angeles. He was regarded for his shooting skills and graduated a two-time champion in rifle marksmanship. After returning from his service in the U.S. Air Force, <mask> attended Woodbury University in Los Angeles and majored in Business Administration.He was later on Woodbury's Board of Trustees. He and his wife made a donation for the naming of the Malburg Atrium in the business school building. Career

Banking
Malburg began his banking career as a messenger for First National Bank of Vernon, which was chartered in 1919. He rose within the bank to oversee loans for construction projects and eventually became the bank's vice president. In 1956, he became the President of First National Bank. When, through a merger, First National became Citizens National Bank, and <mask> stayed on as vice president and chairman of the advisory board. Eventually, Citizens National merged with Crocker National Bank and later with Wells Fargo.<mask> retired from banking to manage his family interests and investments. He was chairman of the Sanitation District of Los Angeles County., a partnership of 24 independent districts, encompassing 78 cities, which serves nearly 5½ million people in Los Angeles County. The Sanitation Districts build and maintain facilities to manage solid, industrial, and water waste in Los Angeles County. <mask> was also chairman of the Barlow Group, which oversees the operations of the Barlow Respiratory Hospital in Los Angeles. He was president and lifelong member of the Societe Francaise De Bienfaisance Mutuelle De Los Angeles. He formerly served as

masks: Leonis Malburg Malburg Malburg Malburg Malburg Malburg


texts:
 director of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD), a consortium of 26 cities and water districts that provide drinking water to six counties in Southern California. Politics
<mask>'s career in politics began when he accepted an appointment to the Vernon city council following the death of a sitting councilman.After eighteen years on the council, Malburg was elected mayor by the council and served in that capacity until 2009. Under Malburg's leadership, the city had multiplied its surplus while providing businesses within its borders with natural gas service, fiber optic systems, and its own light and power company, with rates up to 40% lower than those outside the city. As mayor, he also oversaw ongoing land development and the city's expanding infrastructure, including a power generation station which bears his name. In 1978, the Mayor and city council made the controversial decision during a labor dispute to dismiss striking firefighters who refused to report for duty or take acting positions on fire calls. It was the opinion of city leaders that the firefighter's illegal actions, which came after their union rescinded its agreement to a solution brokered by a state mediator, left the city with a dangerously thin line of fire defense. Superior Court Judge Harry L. Hupp upheld the city's decision in October, 1978, ruling that the firefighter's strike was indeed illegal. However, after four days of negotiations with the union, the city reinstated the dismissed firefighters.Still, the L.A. County Board of Supervisors, responding to political pressure from labor unions seeking retaliation for the initial firings, cancelled its mutual aid agreement with the City of Vernon (a move that was criticized by the president of the 40-member Independent Cities of Los Angeles County Association). The county district attorney's office also charged Malburg and other administrators with


texts:
 crimes unrelated to the strike. In Malburg's case, the district attorney office accused the mayor of falsely declaring his domicile to be the family residence he built in Vernon, charging that his true domicile was the Los Angeles home he inherited from his grandfather. In 1979, Judge William Keene dismissed the charges when it was revealed that the district attorney's office had withheld evidence from the grand jury which directly contradicted the prosecution's claims. Similar charges were filed again, twenty-seven years later, after the city attempted to suppress a report by a city attorney that the city administrator was stealing from the city. In the course of that investigation the District Attorney's new Public Integrity Division learned that Malburg and his wife and son all claimed to live in apartments within an office building in Vernon. The city's attempt to suppress the report was unsuccessful and the city administrator, Bruce Malkenhorst, Sr., was charged with misappropriating public funds.The mayor and his family were charged with voter fraud. <mask>'s son, <mask>, was sent to prison for child molestation discovered during the same investigation. After being sued by the City of Vernon over nearly $1.5 million in attorney fees, <mask> resigned the office of mayor on July 1, 2009. In December 2009, <mask> <mask> and his wife were convicted of conspiracy, perjury, and voter fraud. (see editorial, Los Angeles Times, December 9, 2009, "Justice Comes to Vernon") In January 2010, they were ordered to pay over $600,000 in restitution and fines. References

Further reading
Los Angeles Times: Articles about <mask> <mask> archive
City of Vernon: Mayor
Chinadaily.com.cn: Vernon
Google images: EPGnews.com

American perjurers
American politicians convicted of fraud
Vernon, California
1929 births
2017 deaths
California politicians convicted of crimes
Mayors of places in California
Woodbury

masks:
Leonis
John Malburg
Malburg
Leonis
Malburg
Leonis
Malburg


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<mask> (born October 25, 1969) is an American bass player, who is best known as a member of the death metal band Cannibal Corpse. He is one of two remaining members of the original lineup of the band, along with drummer Paul Mazurkiewicz. He is also the bassist for the band Blotted Science and the supergroup Conquering Dystopia. Before Cannibal Corpse was formed, he was part of Beyond Death. Musical biography
<mask> was born in Akron, New York. He has stated "I just always liked music since I was a little kid. Music was always a soundtrack in my head to things going on in my life.I always wanted to play. I wanted to play drums when I was about three. I made a drum out of an old butter container and hit it with tinker toys. I was going to make music. Most people who are musicians didn't have to have anyone tell them to do it. I would never push music on someone, because it is something that doesn't need to be pushed. If you're going to make music, you're going to make it."<mask> was originally of the band Beyond Death, with ex-Cannibal Corpse guitarist Jack Owen, back in 1987. Both met up with Chris Barnes, Bob Rusay and Paul Mazurkiewicz, all of whom were in the band Tirant Sin. He was the one to come up with the band's name, Cannibal Corpse. In an interview he said that he thought it was a very catchy name for a band. He has a reputation for being friendly to his fans, often asking questions, and genuinely caring what his fans think, regularly answering questions on the band's forum. <mask> also recorded bass for Hate Eternal, Erik Rutan's death metal band. Erik is the producer for Cannibal Corpse's albums that were released between 2006 and 2012, Kill, Evisceration Plague, and Torture.In 2005, <mask> was contacted by guitarist Ron

masks:
Alex Webster
Webster
Webster
Alex
Alex


texts:
 Jarzombek about a possible collaboration which became Blotted Science, an all-instrumental extreme metal project. They released their debut album, The Machinations of Dementia, in the fall of 2007. When asked about his favorite Cannibal Corpse song, <mask> answered: "I don't know, it would be hard to choose one that's the "best", but one of my favorites is "From Skin to Liquid", mainly because it was so different for us. It showed we didn't necessarily have to be playing at warp drive and have gory lyrics to be heavy." Bass playing

<mask> is recognized as an extremely experienced and talented metal bass player. He can play at exceptionally fast speeds, and does a signature 3-finger walk (a "galloping" finger motion). He revealed in a making-of DVD for Cannibal Corpse's album The Wretched Spawn that he initially started playing guitar but changed to bass because he felt he could master the instrument more quickly.Unlike usual heavy metal bassists that play at high speeds, <mask> is able to play his instrument without the use of a pick, while still retaining a clean clear tone, which helps maintain clarity in the complex and very fast lines he plays in conjunction with the heavily distorted guitars of Cannibal Corpse. "When I was six years old I took some acoustic guitar lessons. It didn't really work out because I was six and didn't really want to learn "Mary Had a Little Lamb," and those were the kind of songs I was being taught. I wanted to play Elvis. I liked all the old 50s music. My dad had a bunch of old 50s records because that's when he was a teenager. Those were what I listened to, because when you're six you don't have the money to go buy stuff, so I just listened to his records.Nobody was going to teach me how to play the

masks: Webster Webster Webster


texts: guitar like that, out in the country where I lived. I just gave it up until I was 13 or 14. I met a kid in school who played bass in the high school jazz band. He wanted to make some extra money and it was five bucks a lesson. He did a good job too. His name was Mike Hudson. I don't know if he plays anymore.I lost touch with him. He's the one that got me started. I always wanted to play in a band, and to learn how to play lead guitar was going to take like five years. But I really liked the sound of the bass. I liked AC/DC and figured I could do that. I thought I could learn Cliff Williams' bass parts faster than I could learn to play Angus Young's guitar parts. It was motivation, because I wanted to be in a band.I never wanted to sit around and play music by myself. I wanted to play with other people, and the fastest route to that was playing an instrument that wasn't a lead instrument, and bass was that. Now I've learned to make it a lot more difficult. I've made my job a lot harder than it probably needs to be. But it's just fun. In the beginning my concern was playing in a band." "I took some lessons from a friend of mine when I first started.He was in the school jazz band and he taught me the basics. I didn't take lessons for about a year, but I started again when I was a senior in high school. I've had about four different teachers throughout the years, but I never took lessons for more than a few months. I did, however, gain a lot from them and I've tried to learn as much on my own as I can. Anything I can learn about music or bass playing, I'll try to learn. I mean, the more you learn and the more you apply to your playing, it just makes you a better musician." "I liked the bass player from AC/DC.I really loved the stuff he


texts: did. Peter Baltes from Accept was another. I liked the really good guys too, but that seemed out of reach at the beginning. Geddy Lee from Rush and Steve Harris were like gods to me. Billy Sheehan was from Buffalo, and we all knew about Billy before the rest of the country did. Billy has been a legend in Buffalo for a long, long time. He's still one of my favorites.By the time I was listening to Cliff Burton I was getting a little better. I had been playing a year or so before I started listening to Metallica. I thought he was great. I always thought he could have been a little louder on those albums though. That's the thing. In thrash metal or any other kind of metal where the bass is playing exactly what the guitar is playing, automatically the bass went down in the mix. If you notice those older bands like Accept, the bass is doing something that's a little bit different from the guitar.It's more with the kick drum instead of playing the riff the guitar is doing. In thrash metal and then death metal, the bass player always wound up playing what the guitar player was doing most of the time. It's been a decade long fight for us to be heard in the mix." "I'd like to do some instructional material, but I'm still not sure if I'll try and do a DVD or book though. It will probably be easier to do a DVD, actually. Hopefully I'll be able to come up with some stuff that's worth releasing. I definitely won't put anything out until I'm sure it's of really high quality, and full of lots of good information.Also, you might have heard about the possibility of us doing a tab book. Well, we still haven't found a publisher for that." "I practice the most when I have something I'm working on that's difficult, like one of Pat's songs for example. I


texts:
 usually won't practice for more than 3 or 4 hours a day unless I'm really inspired, or I have some kind of deadline." Besides playing bass, <mask> has also contributed to lyric and music writing on many occasions for the band, some examples being "Fucked with a Knife," "Puncture Wound Massacre," "I Will Kill You," "Devoured by Vermin," "Unleashing the Bloodthirsty," "Scavenger consuming death," "Scourge of iron" and "Murder Worship". <mask> is also known for his bass guitar solos/fills in such songs as "Addicted to Vaginal Skin", "Mangled", "The Undead Will Feast", "Crushing the Despised", "Fucked with a Knife", "Hammer Smashed Face", "The Discipline of Revenge", "Put Them To Death", "She Was Asking For It", "Staring Through The Eyes of the Dead", "Bloodlands", "They Deserve to Die", "Rabid", and "The Strangulation Chair". From 2013 to 2015 <mask> wrote a monthly tuition column for the UK's Bass Guitar Magazine.Equipment
<mask> currently uses Spector '<mask> Webster Signature Edition' (based on Euro 5lx basses), DR Strings, and His signature Hammer Smashed Bass pickups by Seymour Duncan paired with a Darkglass Electronics tone capsule preamp wired for 18 volt operation. All of his signature basses have been set up by scooter at granville guitars and are wired using 4 single stack knobs for reliability on a heavy tour rotation (1 volume with both pick ups hardwired and 3 tone controls) Before his signature model, he used Modulus Quantum 5 and Spector Euro 5lx basses. He also used a white 1987 Fender Precision bass on the albums Eaten Back to Life and Butchered at Birth, an Ibanez Sabre SB900 on the album Tomb of the Mutilated, an Ibanez Soundgear SR1500 on The Bleeding and both a 1971 Precision Bass as well as a Spector NS Series

masks: Alex Webster Webster Webster Alex


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 5-string bass on Vile. In the past, he used an Ampeg SVT200T with an Ampeg 8x10 cabinet, then switched to the SVT-4PRO head. Later, he signed an endorsement deal with SWR and used 2 SWR SM-1500 and 2 SWR Megoliath 8x10 cabinets. Currently he is using Aguilar DB 751 and DB810 cabinets. Not much of an effects user, however on the album Torture he stated that he began using a Darkglass Microtubes B3K switched to a B7kU (2016) overdrive pedal and commented that it's the heaviest tone he has achieved yet.He also uses a Radial Bassbone and a Boss TU-2 Chromatic Tuner, and a Seymour Duncan Bass Studio Compressor. Personal life

Personality
<mask> is prominently featured in the heavy metal documentary Metal: A Headbanger's Journey where he comes off as musically knowledgeable and well-spoken. "Cannibal Corpse's bassist <mask> exudes a quiet, intellectual and particularly amiable persona which seems so at odds with the music that he is a driving force behind that one is immediately reminded of the old adage about not judging books by their covers. "- Sinister Online

When asked about what he likes to do in his spare time outside of Cannibal Corpse, <mask> commented: "working out, I’ve been doing some martial arts stuff for a while  now, so I just like to run, I like to go mountain biking"

"I'm not very proud of myself if I lose my temper. That's something I would love to be able to change. I've worked on it throughout my life and hope to eventually have it conquered and react as peacefully as Gandhi in the worst situation." "Forrest Gump, that was OK actually, but I prefer...I'll tell you what one of my favourite all-time movies was, as far as horror. I like The Shining and I like Jacob's Ladder. I don't know if you'd call Jacob's Ladder

masks:
Webster
Alex Webster
Webster


texts:
 horror anyway, but I really liked that movie. I like, Jesus there's a lot of them... I like the Evil Dead stuff, just total splatter action and Nekromantik from Germany. I have a very bad copy of Necromantik 2 and it's all in German and you can barely watch it. You can't even see the picture, really, but I saw Necromantik 1 and it's classic.I was just in a bar in Paris where they were playing Necromantik while you were just hanging about in the bar – yes!" "I just like the really low budget splatter. It's fun. And I like high budget psychological horror like Jacob's Ladder and The Shining. Everything's entertaining for different reasons. Here's kinda the way I see it: you can appreciate a lot of different things for what they are. Like, we're obviously a much different type of death metal band from, say, My Dying Bride or something like that, but there's no reason you can't appreciate both of them for what they are.I like Anathema and My Dying Bride. I also like Morbid Angel and Vader, and I also like us and Autopsy – of course I like us! I'm in the band! You know what I mean. It's good for what it is. When I see a movie like Evil Dead I don't expect it to be like The Shining, just like a person who likes Cannibal Corpse. They shouldn't expect us to be like Anathema.You know what I'm saying? But they can like us for being... the Evil Dead of death metal! [laughs] And they can like those other bands for being more psychological or whatnot." <mask> is agnostic. Honors
The fossil marine worm species <mask>oprion armstrongi is named for <mask>; the researchers who named it — both heavy-metal fans — stated that "<mask> Stomper, The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Freddy Got Fingered, The Road Warrior, and tons more..."

Television: "Most of

masks:
Alex
Webster
Webster
Alex Websteromper


texts:
 the original programming on HBO; I also watch the news a lot." Books: 1984 by George Orwell, Murder Machine by Gene Mustain and Jerry Capeci, The Westies by T.J. English, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion by Tolkien, Gulag by Anne Applebaum, etc..."

When asked about his favorite song on the Morbid Angel album Altars of Madness, <mask> answered: "that whole album is so amazing, it's hard to choose.Maybe "Chapel of Ghouls", "Immortal Rites", or "Visions from the Darkside"." In a 2006 interview, he commented that his favorite albums of the previous five years are Spawn of Possession's Cabinet, Necrophagist's Epitaph, Aeon's Bleeding the False, Hate Eternal's I, Monarch, and Spastic Ink's Ink Compatible. His five all-time favorite albums are (in descending order) Accept's Restless and Wild, Morbid Angel's Altars of Madness, Metallica's Master of Puppets, Iron Maiden's Powerslave and Slayer's Reign in Blood. Musical tastes
<mask> is a big Slayer fan. "I got into them back in the mid 80's. I learned about them through word of mouth from some other metal heads at my school. They were the best of the evil thrash bands at the time.I can't really stress how much I and the other Cannibal guys listened to Slayer. They were a massive influence on us." He said that his favorite song lyric would be "anything by Slayer.." He also said if any band could cover a Cannibal Corpse song, it would be Slayer. References

1969 births
Living people
American rock bass guitarists
American agnostics
American heavy metal bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
People from Akron, New York
Death metal musicians
Cannibal Corpse members
American male guitarists
Guitarists from New York (state)
20th-century American guitarists
Blotted Science

masks:
Webster
Alex Webster


texts:
<mask> (2 March 1851 in Vienna, Austria – 21 June 1919 in Seeheim, Germany) was a German jurist, criminologist and international law reformer. As a legal scholar, he was a proponent of the modern sociological and historical school of law. From 1898 until 1917, he was Professor of Criminal Law and International Law at the University of Berlin and was also a member of the Progressive People's Party in the Prussian Chamber of Deputies and the Reichstag. Early life
<mask>'s father was <mask> (1817–1879), a lawyer who had completed a brilliant civil service career as the head of the newly created Austrian General Prosecutor's Office. <mask>'s mother was Karolina Pickhart (aka Caroline Pickhardt) (1827–1854). Karolina, who was <mask>'s first wife, was born in Çilli, Turkey, and died of cholera in Vienna in 1854. <mask>'s second wife was Henriette Wolf (1825–1920), whom he married on 24 January 1859 in Vienna.The composer and virtuoso pianist <mask> was <mask> <mask>'s cousin and also acted as his godfather. The Austrian title of nobility Ritter was awarded the composer <mask>t in 1859 by the Emperor Francis Joseph I. The composer needed the title to marry the Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein without her losing her privileges, so he solicited the nobilitation which was conceded by the emperor in recognition of his services to Austria. After the marriage fell through, the composer transferred the title to his uncle Eduard, the father of the subject of this article, in 1867 when he received the Minor Orders of the Catholic Church. The composer actually never used the title in public. Career
Liszt studied law in 1869 in Vienna, having among his teachers <mask> Ihering, who influenced him fundamentally in his views of the law and whose views he later transferred into criminal law. In 1874, Liszt, having earned a law degree and a Ph.D., quickly sought a university teaching career, which took him in 1876 to Graz, Marburg (from 1882), Halle (from 1889) and finally in 1898, at the peak of his career, to the largest law faculty of the Empire

masks:
Franz Eduard Ritter von Liszt
Franz von Liszt
Eduard Ritter von Liszt
Franz von Liszt
Eduard von Liszt
Eduard von Liszt
Franz Liszt
Franz von
Liszt
Franz Lisz
Rudolf von


texts:
 in Berlin, where he taught criminal law, international law and jurisprudence.In his 20 years there, he devoted himself almost exclusively to criminal law. In 1882, while in Marburg, he held his first seminar on criminology and continued to work on building the scientific journal covering the entire field of criminal justice. He also founded the so-called "Marburg School" of criminal law, asserting that crime must be essentially looked upon as a social phenomenon. In addition to the scientific aspect of the law, practical public policy also appealed to him. He was active in Berlin beginning in about 1900 in the Progressive People's Party and was a member of the City Council of Charlottenburg until 1908, when he was elected to the Prussian House of Representatives. In 1912, he was elected to the German Reichstag. However, he remained politically rather a backbencher, and always remained a thorn in the side of the governmental bureaucracy.As a liberal outsider with courage, he was sitting on the cross benches, so that in neither the established society of Prussia nor in the empire was there much support for his positions. Liszt died on 21 June 1919, after a long illness, and was survived by his wife, Rudolfine, and two daughters, both of whom remained unmarried. This branch of the <mask> family has since become extinct. Parts of <mask>'s extensive library are housed in the Liszt Institute Library of Humboldt University of Berlin. Criminal Law Work
His criminal law textbook, which was first published in 1881 with the title Das deutsche Reichsstrafrecht (German Imperial Criminal Law), renamed Lehrbuch des deutschen Strafrechts (Textbook of German Criminal Law)  from the second edition,  finally reached 26 editions by 1932. It presented a systematic approach to legal doctrine based on liberal ideas and the Rechtsstaat. A study of his influence and impact on criminal law should start with the "Marburg Programme", named after his inaugural speech in 1882, his theory of criminal law which was not based on retribution but opened the

masks: Liszt Liszt


texts:
 way for new objectives of criminal law, in particular preventive goals, as described in Der Zweckgedanke im Strafrecht (The Idea of Purpose in Criminal Law), 1882.The concept of punishment and criminal law based on the methods and ideas of positivism was directed against metaphysical justifications of retribution. Liszt wanted to overcome the prevailing theories of punishment by  Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. He tried to explain the crime by investigating the causes of the offender's behaviour. His theory of punishment was governed by the idea of purpose, in other words punishment was not for retribution (Karl Binding), but served the purpose of goal-oriented special prevention; for this reason Liszt is said to be the father of special preventive punishment theory, where punishment serves the purpose of deterrence, rehabilitation, and societal protection ("the Marburg Programme"). So his demands were: improvement of existing societal conditions and penal measures specifically aimed at the rehabilitation of the offender. With this in mind, he advocated differentiation of special prevention based on types of offender:
 "occasional offenders" should receive a suspended sentence as a lesson;
 "reformable offenders" should receive longish custodial sentences, to be accompanied by rehabilitation measures; and
 "non-reformable offenders" should be given very long custodial sentences to protect society. In 1889, he co-founded the International Criminal Law Association (German: Internationale Kriminalistische Vereinigung).His ideas were reflected in the penal reforms of the 20th century: abolition of short custodial sentences; suspended sentences on probation; measures for rehabilitation and societal protection, rehabilitation of offenders, and special measures for juvenile offenders. As part of his lectures on criminal law and evidence, Liszt staged an experiment at the University of Berlin in 1902. In a classroom, two students began to have an angry argument, until one pulled out a gun. As the panicked students


texts:
 around them drew back, a professor tried to intervene – and a shot was fired. The professor collapsed to the ground. The witnesses, unaware that all three were actors following a script, were then taken outside and quizzed about what they had seen and heard. They were encouraged to give as much detail as possible.Everyone got it wrong. They put long monologues into the mouths of spectators who had said nothing; they "heard" the row as being about a dozen different imagined subjects, from girlfriends to debts to exams; they saw blood everywhere, when there was none. Most people got a majority of their "facts" wrong, and even the very best witness offered a picture that was 25 per cent fiction. The more certain the witness, the more wrong they were. Dispute of schools of thought on punishment
Liszt early and often advocated criminology as a supplement to criminal law in a system of a comprehensive "criminal legal science." German criminal law witnessed intense battles pitting consequentialists against deontologists, those who proposed punishment ne peccetur against those who preferred punishing quia peccatum est. The fiercest, and most prolonged, period of this dispute even had its own name, the "Clash of the Schools" (Schulenstreit), whose main protagonists were Liszt for the "progressive school," and Karl Binding, the originator of “norm theory” in German criminal law, for the "classical school."Binding was Liszt's great adversary, and many of Liszt's central views were formed in response, or at least in contradistinction, to Binding's. To characterize the dispute between Liszt and Binding (and their associates and successors) as one between consequentialism and retributivismis misleading. It is important to keep in mind that both Liszt and Binding were thoroughgoing legal positivists. Binding argued that punishment was justified, and only justified, as the state’s response to a violation of a state norm. The essence of crime thus was the violation of a norm of positive law, rather than the commission of a wrongful act. The


texts: criminal law was not so much a demand of justice, or as Kant would have it, a "categorical imperative," as a state tool for the enforcement of state authority that the state may or may not choose to employ. Liszt accused Binding and his fellow classicists of advocating pointless punishment.(That’s not quite fair, as we just saw, since Binding thought punishment served the purpose of maintaining state authority.) Liszt insisted that punishment, to be legitimate in a modern enlightened state, had to serve some purpose. Punishment could never be an end in itself. More specifically, Liszt argued that punishment must (and does) seek to protect legal goods. These legal goods, in Liszt's view, included, broadly speaking, "the life conditions" of a given community so that crimes were all "those acts that this people at this time perceives as disturbances of its life conditions." Punishment served its purpose through rehabilitation (education), deterrence, or incapacitation, depending on the type of offender. The recidivist, for instance, would upon his third conviction of an offense motivated by "the strongest and most basic human drives" (including theft, robbery, arson, and rape, but also damaging property) be sentenced to an indeterminate prison term, to be served in a state of "penal servitude," with the use of corporal punishment to enforce prison discipline.Truly incorrigible offenders were to be imprisoned for life, because "we do not wish to behead or hang and cannot deport" them. In keeping with their broadly treatmentist approach, <mask> and his fellow progressives called for more or less radical legislative reforms. The cumbersome, and legalistic, construct of criminal law doctrine was to be replaced by a more flexible, modern, scientific ("progressive") system for the proper diagnosis, and classification, of offenders, which was crucial for the prescription of the correction quality and quantity of peno-correctional treatment. Ironically these reform proposals did not come to fruition until after the Nazis took power in


texts:
 1933. One of the Nazis’ first criminal law reforms was the Law Against Dangerous Recidivists and Measures Regarding Protection and Rehabilitation of November 1933, which established the "two-track" sanctioning system that remains in place today. Since then, two general types of sanction have been available: punishments and measures. Only punishments "properly speaking" are subject to constraints of proportionality between culpability and sanction."Measures" instead are unrelated to culpability and are determined exclusively by the offender's peno-correctional diagnosis. So if he requires rehabilitative treatment, he might be sent to a drug rehabilitation clinic; if he requires incapacitative treatment, he might be incarcerated indefinitely. Freed of the constraints of proportionality between offense and sanction, "measures" are served independently—and where appropriate consecutively—to whatever "punishments" are imposed. International law influence
Largely forgotten because of <mask>'s work in the criminal law area is the fact that between 1898 and 1919, eleven editions of his textbook on international law were published. He contributed more to the dissemination of knowledge in this area of law than any previously published international law textbook author. He undertook an extensive effort to understand all existing international law and to make suggestions for the international community, on such subjects as naval warfare, the right citizens to fundamental human rights and on international extradition law. Liszt argued that: From this basic idea (international legal intercourse] directly follows a whole series of legal norms, by which are defined the mutual rights and obligations of states and do not require any special treaty recognition in order to have obligatory force.They comprise a firm basis for all the unwritten legal rules of international law, and are its oldest, most important and holiest content." Liszt advocated the creation of a mandatory arbitration court, as he saw it as the first step towards effective


texts:
 integration of countries into a grand organized international federation. To ensure sustainable peace, Liszt called for a deeper integration of the bloc. Based on economic, cultural and geographical close cooperation, Liszt stated that he saw a "law of the groups of states" being created. After 1914, he reacted to questions about the design of a future League of Nations (Liszt: "Völkerareopag"). He advocated for a League of Nations with a coercive judicial power over its members. Liszt's work in this area documented the tension between classical and modern international law like no other.Works
 The German Reich Criminal Law, Berlin, 1881
 The Purpose of Thought in Criminal Law, Berlin 1882/83
 Criminal Law in the States of Europe, Berlin 1884
 International law. Systematically Presented (Das Völkerrecht systematisch dargestellt), 1st ed. Berlin, 1888; 11th ed. Berlin, 1918
 The Essence of the International Association of States and the International Prize Court, in: Festschrift for law faculty of Berlin, <mask> Gierke doctorate 21st Anniversary August 1910, Vol. 3, Wroclaw 1910 (ND Frankfurt 1969), p. 21 ff
 An Association of Central European States as the Next Target of German Foreign Policy, Leipzig, 1914
 "Nibelungen", in: Österreichische Rundschau 42 (1915), p. 87 ff
 "The Reconstruction of International Law", Pennsylvania Law Review 64 (1916), p. 765 ff
 Association of States for the International Community. A contribution to the reorientation of the States policy and International Law, Munich and Berlin, 1917
 "Violence or Peace League. An Exhortation in the Last Hour", in: NZZ No.1428 v. 27 October 1918, p. 1
 Textbook of German Criminal Law, 22nd edition, Berlin, 1919

References

External links

1851 births
1919 deaths
Politicians from Vienna
Austrian knights
Austrian Roman Catholics
Progressive People's Party (Germany) politicians
Members of the 13th Reichstag of the German Empire
German people of Austrian descent
German people of Hungarian descent
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
Humboldt University of


texts:
<mask> (born 28 May 1939) is a Mosotho politician who was the fifth prime minister of Lesotho from 2012 to 2015 and from 2017 to 2020. He is leader of the All Basotho Convention (ABC) political party. <mask> served in the government of Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili from 1998 to 2006 as a member of the ruling Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD), but in 2006 he split from the LCD and launched the All Basotho Convention (ABC). After more than five years in opposition, he built a coalition of 12 parties in the wake of the 2012 Lesotho parliamentary election and was appointed Prime Minister. In the 2015 Lesotho parliamentary election, the ABC was democratically removed from power by a seven-party coalition led by Mosisili, though the ABC did win the most constituencies. Two months later, <mask> fled to South Africa with two other opposition leaders, claiming that their lives were in danger. They returned to Lesotho on 12 February 2017 to participate in a parliamentary vote of no confidence that unseated Mosisili.<mask> went on to win a plurality of seats in the subsequent parliamentary election and returned as prime minister. In 2020, <mask> faced pressure to resign as prime minister due to his alleged involvement in his ex-spouse's murder. He announced on 18 May that he would resign the following day. Political career

<mask> served as Principal Secretary for Health under Leabua Jonathan, the second Prime Minister of Lesotho, until the military overthrew Jonathan in 1986. <mask> then served with the military regime under General Justin Lekhanya until 1991. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1990 to 1991. <mask> became an advisor to Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle in early 1995.He subsequently served again as Foreign Minister in Mosisili's LCD government from June 1998 to June 2002, when he was appointed as Minister of Home Affairs and Public

masks:
Thomas Motsoahae Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane


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 Safety. In November 2004 he was appointed Minister of Communications, Science and Technology. In opposition

<mask> resigned from the government on 9 October 2006, and formed a new party, the All Basotho Convention (ABC). He claimed that his goal was to unite all Basotho, not only those from the Congress party or National Party. Some believed the ABC could lead Lesotho to economic development. 18 MPs crossed the floor to join the ABC in opposition on 13 October 2006; 17 of these (including Thabane) had been LCD members, and one had been an independent. <mask>'s party thus became the third-largest party in Parliament.The ruling party was left with 61 of the 120 parliamentary seats; with such a precarious majority, Mosisili requested the dissolution of Parliament, and an early election was called for February 2007. In the election, the ABC took 17 out of 80 constituency seats, while the LCD took 61. <mask> said that the vote was free but not fair. An extended dispute followed the 2007 election regarding the allocation of the seats based on proportional representation. Five opposition parties called for the Speaker of Parliament to designate <mask> as Leader of the Opposition in March 2007, but the Speaker rejected this on the grounds that the agreement made by the opposition parties was not legitimate. National Independent Party leader Dominic Motikoe was instead designated the Leader of the Opposition, despite leading a party that was allied with the LCD. On 14 June 2007, an assassination attempt on <mask> allegedly occurred, with gunmen firing outside his home.Several other incidents of political violence occurred around the same time, and an indefinite curfew was imposed; it was lifted later in the month. Thabane was critical of the curfew and accused the police of excessively harsh enforcement of it. The LCD's reluctance to engage in talks

masks: Thabane Thabane Thabane Thabane Thabane


texts:
 regarding the political situation prompted Thabane on 18 October 2007 to threaten street protests to pressure the government into holding a new election "if they continue to fail to cooperate". After an 22 April 2009 assault on Mosisili's residence, which was believed to have been a failed attempt to kill him, police said that retired officer Makotoko Lerotholi, a bodyguard of Thabane, was suspected of involvement in the attack. <mask> condemned the government for placing blame on the opposition, describing it as "treachery". Prime Minister

After more than five years in opposition, <mask> formed a coalition with other parties in the wake of the 2012 Lesotho parliamentary election and was appointed Prime Minister. <mask> fled to South Africa on 30 August 2014, alleging that the military was attempting to take power and wanted to kill him.He said that he would go back to Lesotho only if he felt his life was not in danger. The military denied the allegations. He returned to Lesotho on 3 September 2014 under the protection of South African police. Post-premiership

<mask>'s party failed to attain a majority in the 2015 snap election and was unsuccessful in forming a coalition government. In an interview on the South African Broadcasting Corporation, <mask> said this would be his last term in parliament. He cited Nelson Mandela as an example of a leader who voluntarily left office. Following the opposition's June 2015 boycott of parliament to protest the government's alleged disinterest in investigating circumstances surrounding Brigadier-General Maaparankoe Mahao's death, <mask> and two other opposition party leaders left for South Africa and did not attend any parliamentary sittings, citing security issues and instability in the country.On 12 February 2017 they returned to Lesotho, declaring that Mosisili no longer commanded a parliamentary majority

masks: Thabane Thabane Thabane Thabane Thabane Thabane


texts:
 and vowing to oust him in a vote of no confidence. <mask> claimed that he was risking his life by returning. Prime Minister (2017–2020)

Mosisili was defeated in the vote of no confidence, leading to a new election in June 2017. The ABC won the most seats, and with its allies was able to command a majority. <mask> was sworn in as Prime Minister on 16 June 2017. In October 2017 rumours that <mask> had been hospitalised in South Africa were dismissed by a spokesperson as propaganda intended to destabilise Lesotho. In 2020, <mask> faced pressure to resign due to allegations of murdering his ex-wife.On 11 May 2020, his coalition government collapsed after his coalition partners withdrew their support. National Assembly Speaker Sephiri Motanyane said that <mask> would have to step down by 22 May as he was now leading a caretaker government. <mask> announced on 18 May that he would effectively resign the following day. Finance minister Moeketsi Majoro was designated as his successor. Personal life

<mask>'s first wife was Matoka <mask> (maiden name Mamotapanyane Yayi Fobo), with whom he had four children. She retained her married name after they divorced and died of natural causes on 26 August 2017 at the age of 79. <mask> was next married to Lipolelo <mask>, who filed for divorce from him in 2012.On 14 June 2017, Lipolelo <mask> was shot dead in Ha-'Masana, outside Maseru. On 27 August 2017, <mask> married Maesiah <mask> at a Catholic ceremony in Setsoto Stadium in Maseru. In the first week of January 2020, the ruling All Basotho Convention (ABC) party asked him to resign over his suspension of the police commissioner Holomo Molibeli, who had linked him to Lipolelo's murder. Murder allegations

On 10 January 2020, an arrest warrant was issued for Maesiah <mask>, who is wanted in connection with the 2017 murder of Lipolelo Thabane. Maesaih <mask> went

masks:
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Judith Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane
Thabane


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 into hiding and Prime Minister <mask> announced his intent to resign from office shortly after her arrest warrant was issued. On 20 February 2020, police announced that <mask> would also be charged with murder in the case. On 21 February 2020, <mask> failed to appear in court for the case, with his son saying he had traveled to South Africa to see a doctor.Police warned that if he does not return to the country, an arrest warrant will be issued. Both his son and press secretary said that he had "not fled the country" and that he would return to the country as soon as his doctor in Johannesburg releases him. They also said that "he is willing to appear before the court of a law and hear the charges against him." The murder charges levied against him made him to be the first prime minister of Lesotho to announce his resignation. On 22 February 2020, Thabane was granted a sick leave until 27 February when he is due to appear in court to hear the charges, the country's deputy police commissioner said. Members of his party, also, have urged him to step down sooner than the end of July as he has planned. On 24 February 2020, while on sick leave, Thabane appeared in a Maseru court for a pre-trial hearing.The charges against him were not read as his lawyers requested the case be referred to the high court to answer for a possible immunity. On 30 November 2021, he was charged with the murder of his wife. Honours

Foreign honours

  Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I

References

External links

 Profile at ABC website

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1939 births
All Basotho Convention politicians
Communication ministers of Lesotho
Foreign Ministers of Lesotho
Defense ministers of Lesotho
Science ministers of Lesotho
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Lesotho)
People from Maseru
Prime Ministers of Lesotho
University of

masks: Thabane Thabane Thabane


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Henry-<mask> (26 May 1924 – 27 January 2017) was a French musicologist and biographer of Gustav Mahler. Life and career
<mask> was born in Paris, of an American mother (Emily Sloane, daughter of Henry T. Sloane) and a French father, , who was a senator, one-time government minister, and Vice-President of the International Aviation Federation. Henry-Louis studied the humanities in Paris and New York and literature at Aix-en-Provence University and at the Sorbonne. From 1946 to 1947 he studied at the Yale University School of Music and subsequently, from 1948 until 1953, privately in Paris – piano under Yvonne Lefébure and harmony, counterpoint, and analysis under Nadia Boulanger. <mask> began working as a music critic in 1952, writing articles for the New York Herald Tribune and The New York Times, and the magazines Opera News, Saturday Review, Musical America, and Opus in the United States, and Arts, Disques, La Revue Musicale, and Harmonie in France. He first heard the music of Gustav Mahler, the Ninth Symphony, on 20 December 1945 at a concert in which Mahler's disciple, Bruno Walter, conducted the New York Philharmonic in its first performance of the work. <mask> had attended the concert because he had become a great admirer of the conductor, but knew very little about Mahler, who at the time was not nearly as well known as he is now.He was surprised at the length of the symphony and its unusual style, and his interest was piqued. Gradually becoming more and more interested, from the early 1950s on he began to seriously investigate Mahler's works and his life. He met Mahler's widow Alma Mahler in 1952, became a close friend of her daughter Anna, and interviewed other

masks:
Louis de La Grange
La Grange
La Grange
La Grange


texts: contemporaries of the composer. He carried out research in Europe and North America and over time accumulated a collection of materials which became one of the richest existing archives concerning Mahler and his epoch. These documents are now part of a multimedia library, the Médiathèque Musicale Mahler, founded in 1986 with Maurice Fleuret as the Bibliothèque Gustav Mahler. The first volume of his definitive Mahler biography was published by Doubleday (New York) in 1973, and Gollancz (London) in 1974 and received the Deems Taylor Award (U.S. 1974). A revised edition in French was published by Fayard in 1979, followed by two more volumes in 1983 and 1984, the entire series reaching a final length of about 3600 pages.This work was recognized by the Prize for the Best Book on Music awarded by the Syndicat de la critique dramatique et musicale (France 1983), and the Grand Prix de Littérature musicale of the Académie Charles Cros (France 1984). Subsequently, Oxford University Press started to publish a revised and expanded English 4-volume version of the French 3-volume set, starting with Volume II in 1995 (awarded the Prize of the Royal Philharmonic Society in London), Volume III in 2000, and Volume IV in 2008. The revision of the English Volume I was incomplete at the time of <mask>'s death; the work was completed by his associate, Sybille Werner. The first volume was released in April 2020. Lecturing on Mahler for many years, Henry-Louis <mask> <mask> toured the United States, Canada, England, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Spain, Italy, Morocco and, in the Far East, Japan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, the Philippines, Australia, and New

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texts: Zealand. He spoke at Stanford University, Columbia University, and Indiana University (1974–81), the University of Geneva (1982), the University of Leipzig, the Juilliard School, the University of California at Los Angeles (1985), Budapest University (1987), the University of Hamburg (1988), the University of Oslo (1993), the Paris Conservatory, as well as the universities in Kyoto, Hong Kong, Wellington, Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne, Boulder, and San Francisco (1998), and taught a DEA seminar at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris (1986). He directed the Festival "Les Nuits d'Alziprato" in Corsica for five years (1974–1979), and in the Summer of 1986 the Mahler Festival in Toblach (Dobbiaco, Italy), produced or took part in many broadcasts on radio and television, including 34 two-hour programs on France Musique (Radio) on the life and work of Mahler, six one-hour programs for WGUC (Public Radio) in Cincinnati, U.S.A, and a series of six on Mahler's last years for Radio Suisse Romande.He also collaborated in the conception and production of the first large-scale exhibition on Mahler: "Une Oeuvre, une Vie, une Epoque" at the Musée d'Art moderne, Paris, in 1985, which attracted over 27,000 visitors, thus breaking all previous records for a musical exhibition. In the same context, he organized two international Mahler symposiums, in Paris and Montpellier. On the occasion of the complete Mahler cycle performed at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris from February to May 1989, he mounted two exhibitions, one at the Châtelet and the other at the Bibliothèque Gustav Mahler, gave 5 lectures, and organized a symposium at the Sorbonne. <mask> acted as advisor for the Mahler cycle given by the


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 Orchestre National de Lyon from 1991 to 1994 and, in 1999, organized an International Symposium about "Irony in Mahler's Music" at the University of Montpellier. In 1998, he spent three weeks in San Francisco as guest lecturer for the San Francisco Symphony's "Mahler Celebration", and he was one of the first European musicologists to lecture about Mahler in Beijing. He toured the United States and Mexico as a lecturer in 2000, and in 2002 he gave four pre-concert talks in Philadelphia and New York for the Philadelphia Orchestra. <mask> died on 27 January 2017 in Lonay, Morges District, Switzerland.Honors and awards
 Title of Professor, Austrian government, 1988
 A collection of Mahler essays by distinguished scholars was published in 1997 as a Festschrift in honor of Henry-<mask> <mask>'s seventieth birthday. Charles Flint Kellogg Award in Arts and Letters from Bard College, 2002
 Medal of Officer of the Order of the Légion d'honneur (2006)
 Österreichisches Ehrenkreuz für Wissenschaft und Kunst 1. Klasse (2010)
 IGMG Vienna, Gold Medal of the Internationale Gustav Mahler Gesellschaft (2010)
 Honorary Doctor of Music, The Juilliard School, 2010

Selected publications

Books
 Mahler, vol. I (1860–1901). Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co, 1973, 982 pages, . Mahler, vol. I (1860–1901).London: Gollancz, 1974, 987 pages, . Gustav Mahler (in French, three volumes):
vol. 1: Les chemins de la gloire (1860–1899). Paris: Fayard, 1979, 1149 pages, . vol. 2: L'âge d'or de Vienne (1900–1907). Paris: Fayard, 1983, 1278 pages, .vol. 3: Le génie foudroyé (1907–1911). Paris: Fayard, 1984, 1361 pages, . Gustav Mahler (in English, revised and expanded from the French, three volumes of a four

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 volume edition):
vol. 1: The Arduous Road to Vienna (1860–1897). Turnhout: Brepols, 2020, 809 pages,
vol. 2: Vienna: The Years of Challenge (1897–1904).Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, 892 pages, . vol. 3: Vienna: Triumph and Disillusion (1904–1907). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, 1000 pages, . vol. 4: A New Life Cut Short (1907–1911). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 1758 pages, .Vienne, une histoire musicale (in French, two volumes):
vol. 1: 1100–1848. Arles: Bernard Coutaz, 1990, 261 pages, . vol. 2: 1848 à nos jours. Arles: Bernard Coutaz, 1991, 261 pages, . Vienne, une histoire musicale (in French, combined edition).Paris: Fayard, 1995, 417 pages,  (also translated into German and Spanish). Mahler: A la recherche de l'infini perdu, translated into Japanese by Takashi Funayama. Tokyo: Soshiba, 1993, 277 pages, . Ein Glück ohne Ruh' – Die Briefe Gustav Mahlers an Alma (in German, first complete edition), edited with Günther Weiß and Knud Martner, Berlin: Siedler Verlag, 1995, 575 pages, . Op zoek naar Gustav Mahler [Researching Gustav Mahler], translated into Dutch by Ernst van Altena. Amsterdam: Landsmeer, Meulenhoff, 1995, 127 pages, . Gustav Mahler: Letters to his Wife, ed.Henry-<mask> <mask>, Güther Weiß, and Knud Martner, translated into English by Antony Beaumont. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004, 431 pages, . Other publications
A collection of his articles and lectures was published in Japanese in 1992 by ARC (Tokyo), Japan. For ten years (1986–1995) he reviewed new Mahler recordings for the French magazine Diapason and also wrote occasionally for Le Monde, L’Événement du Jeudi, Le Monde de la musique, Opus (Chatsworth, California: ABC Consumer

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Louis de
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 Magazines), Scherzo (Madrid), Amadeus (Milano) and Le Nouvel Observateur. Program notes for the Orchestre de Paris about all of Mahler's orchestral works (1971–88). Liner notes of LPs and CDs for numerous recordings of Mahler (in particular the Deutsche Grammophon symphony cycle by Pierre Boulez), as well as other composers ranging from Brahms to Tchaikovsky. Numerous contributions to scholarly publications.References

External links
 Mediathèque Musicale Mahler website
 "Downloadable Interview with Henry-Louis <mask> <mask> – Mahler Revealed" (8 May 2008) at ClassicalSource.com. The Lebrecht Report: A new view of Mahler (5 March 2008), a review of Gustav Mahler, vol. 4, by Norman Lebrecht at La Scena Musicale website. Pictures of Henry-Louis <mask> <mask> receiving his honorary degree at the Juilliard School at zimbio.com
  "Prof. Henry-Louis <mask> <mask>, Mahler 's greatest biographer", posted 25 May 2009 by "Doundou Tchil" on the anonymous weblog "Classical Iconoclast" at blogspot.com. http://www.whoswho.fr/en/biographie-henry-louis-de-la-grange_433895.html
 https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article619294/Wie_ein_Genie_funktioniert.html
 https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/22/arts/critic-s-notebook-mahler-goes-on-trial-genius-or-fraud-or-both.html

Writers from Paris
1924 births
2017 deaths
20th-century French musicologists
21st-century French musicologists
French biographers
French music critics
French magazine editors
Yale School of Music alumni
University of Provence alumni
Gustav Mahler
French male writers
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Commanders of the National Order of Merit (France)
French expatriates in the United

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<mask> (18 January 1902 – 15 March 1984) was an admiral of the United States Coast Guard who served as the 11th Commandant of the United States Coast Guard from 1954 to 1962, the second longest tenure of any U.S. Coast Guard Commandant following Russell R. Waesche who served from 1936 to 1946. Early life
<mask> was born 18 January 1902 in Waterloo, Iowa, and moved to Cherrydale neighborhood of Arlington, Virginia, with his family at the age of ten. After receiving a high school certificate from Massanutten Military Academy in Woodstock, Virginia, he entered the College of Engineering at George Washington University at the age of 16. While a student at George Washington University, he was employed at the United States Naval Observatory. He graduated from GWU in 1922, the same year he was appointed as a cadet at the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut. Early career
Upon graduating from the Academy in 1924, with senior man honors, he was commissioned as an ensign on 1 October 1924  and assigned as an aide to Commandant Frederick C. Billard until September 1926 when he was appointed to the Coast Guard Academy staff. On 1 October 1926 he was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade).While at the Academy he participated in cadet summer practice cruises in 1927 aboard  and in 1928 aboard . On 1 October 1928 <mask> was promoted to lieutenant and assigned as a student at Sperry Gyro Compass School at Brooklyn, New York. Upon graduation he was assigned a navigator aboard USCGC Pontchartrain, a newly delivered Lake-class cutter built at the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation yards at Quincy, Massachusetts. In July 1930 he was transferred to USCGC Wainwright as the executive officer but was assigned in November to be the Coast Guard Representative at the Philadelphia Navy Yard while the USCGC Herndon was being readied for Rum Patrol duty. In May 1932, <mask> was reassigned to Coast Guard Headquarters with the assignment of assembling a Coast Guard

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Alfred Carroll Richmond
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texts:
 marksmanship team at Camp Curtis Guild, Massachusetts that would compete at National Rifle Association matches held at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. After returning to Headquarters in August he was assigned as executive officer of  patrolling the waters of the Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean. The newly reporting executive officer was promoted to lieutenant commander on 16 October 1932 and he continued to serve in that billet until being reassigned once again to Coast Guard Headquarters in September 1935.While working at headquarters, he enrolled at his alma mater, George Washington University as a law student. He graduated "with distinction" on 8 June 1938 with a Juris Doctor degree. The Coast Guard put <mask>'s law degree to immediate use by assigning him duties in preparing law enforcement educational materials and assisting the Coast Guard Engineer-in-Chief with land records for property used by the Coast Guard. As the Coast Guard's first legal specialist he assisted in writing regulations for the recently formed Coast Guard Auxiliary, which at the time was known as the Coast Guard Reserve. During July 1939 he served as a representative of the Department of the Treasury and a delegate of the United States at the International Whaling Conference held at London, England. World War II service
In May 1941, <mask> was transferred to the Bethlehem Shipbuilding yard at Baltimore, Maryland, to supervise the outfitting of the new Coast Guard training vessel American Sailor, which was to be used for the training of U.S. Maritime Service personnel. He became the commanding officer when American Sailor was commissioned on 22 July 1941 and sailed her to the Maritime Service Training Station at Port Hueneme, California, where he also assumed command of the school in February 1942.<mask> was promoted to commander on 17 July 1942 while stationed at Port Hueneme. With the termination of Coast Guard control of Maritime Service ships on 1 September 1942, he received orders to

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 report aboard the Haida once again as the commanding officer where he was responsible for convoy escort duty for ships taking troops and cargo to Alaska. In February 1943 he was directed to report to the Merchant Marine Inspection Office in New York where his duties included those of examining officer and hearing officer. <mask> was promoted to captain 1 June 1943 and in July was transferred to London, England. He was the Senior Coast Guard Officer in charge of the Merchant Marine Hearing Unit where he was responsible for administering and enforcing laws relating to the functions of Coast Guard vessels and personnel. He was also the hearing officer for accidents and casualties involving U.S. naval forces vessels and personnel in Europe. As the senior Coast Guard officer on the staff of the Commander, U.S.Naval Forces in Europe he assisted in the organizing of Coast Guard assets used during Operation Overlord. For his part in planning the invasion, he received the Bronze Star Medal for meritorious service. The French government awarded him the Croix de Guerre "for exceptional services rendered in the liberation of France". Post-World War II assignments
In May 1945, <mask> was assigned to Coast Guard Headquarters serving as Supply Division Chief, Program Planning Division Chief, Planning and Budgets Division Chief, and Assistant Chief of the Planning and Control Division. During 1948 he undertook the additional assignment of chairing a committee that was charged with considering the recommendations of a study ordered by Congress on how the improve the operation of the Coast Guard and eliminate waste and extravagance. As Chief of the Planning and Control Division in 1949, <mask> was responsible for the response to the recommendations of the Hoover Commission to transfer control of the Coast Guard from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of Commerce. He successfully demonstrated to the commission that there were no gains in economy or efficiency by


texts:
 such an action.On 9 March 1950, President Harry S. Truman appointed <mask> as Assistant Commandant of the Coast Guard with rank of rear admiral. The following year, he was given addition duties as Coast Guard Chief of Staff. Commandant
<mask> was appointed as Commandant of the Coast Guard by President Dwight D. Eisenhower 13 May 1954 as a vice admiral and took office 1 June, succeeding Vice Admiral Merlin O'Neill. One of his first concerns upon taking office was a proposal by Eisenhower to merge the Coast Guard Academy with the Department of Commerce Merchant Marine Academy. Again, <mask> was able to convince proponents of the move that there were no gains in economy and several impractical features to proposal by citing the differences in the military and commercial aspects of the academies. In 1956 <mask>'s staff helped in the formation of the National Search and Rescue Plan which defined the Coast Guard's role and justified further developments in search and rescue (SAR) techniques by used by cutters and aircraft. Other developments during his first term as Commandant included the coordinated use of non Coast Guard resources in oceanic SAR cases and the adoption of Loran-C used for navigation.Because of <mask>'s rapport with members of Congress and a desire of the Eisenhower administration to continue improving SAR programs, he was appointed to a second term as Commandant and took office 1 June 1958. <mask> was particularly active with international maritime conferences, representing the United States at the first assembly of the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) in January 1959 and four other occasions as head of the Maritime Safety Committee of IMCO. In 1960 he was head of the delegation to the Safety of Life at Sea Convention in London, for which services he was awarded the newly inaugurated Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal. On 1 June 1960, he was promoted to admiral under the authority of Public Law 86-474, which

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 required the Commandant to hold the rank of admiral. In 1960 he was chosen to preside at the sixth International Lighthouse Conference and as president of the executive committee of the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities. In 1961, <mask> was again a delegate to the second assembly of IMCO as well as chairman of the National Committee for Prevention of Pollution of Seas by Oil. Retirement and personal life
Admiral <mask> <mask> was relieved by Admiral Edwin J. Roland in formal change-of-command ceremonies held aboard the  on the Potomac River at Washington, DC, 31 May 1962 and officially retired from the Coast Guard on 1 June receiving a gold star in lieu of a second award of the Distinguished Service Medal for his "exceptionally meritorious service" as Commandant from 1 June 1954 to 31 May 1962.He moved with his wife, <mask> <mask>, to Claremont, California, where he served as a civil defense official for many years. He died of cancer 15 March 1984 at the age of 82 in Claremont and is buried alongside her at Arlington National Cemetery. <mask> was installed in the George Washington University Letterman Hall of Fame in November 1959 honoring his college letter in football. <mask> and his wife Gretchen were parents of two sons, John Mason <mask> and <mask> <mask>. Dates of rank

See also

 Rum Patrol

Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References cited

External links

 <mask>. <mask> at ArlingtonCemetery•net, an unofficial website

1902 births
1984 deaths
Commandants of the United States Coast Guard
People from Waterloo, Iowa
People from Arlington County, Virginia
People from Claremont, California
United States Coast Guard personnel of World War II
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
United States Coast Guard admirals
Deaths from cancer in California
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Vice Commandants of the United States Coast Guard
Recipients of the Coast Guard

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Alfred Carroll
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Gretchen Campbell
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<mask> (November 13, 1885 – December 13, 1959) was a member of the California State Assembly for two years and of the Los Angeles City Council for 16 years. He was indicted on charges of accepting bribes to influence his actions as a city official but was cleared on one count and never tried on the others, which were dismissed. Biography

<mask>, the son of John C<mask>, was born in 1885 in Pennsylvania and moved to Los Angeles in 1906. He had a brother, George E. His wife was <mask>, and they lived at 314 West Santa Barbara Avenue. Their son was <mask>. Jr., and their daughter was Mary Jo, who married Charles L. Harris in 1938. A real estate man, <mask>. was a charter member and past president of the Southside Chamber of Commerce and a member of Al Malaikah Shrine Temple. In 1924 he was a member of the board of governors of the Los Angeles Realty Board

He died December 13, 1959, in Coronado, California, at the age of 76.Political career

See also List of Los Angeles municipal election returns, 1925–47

1923–26
<mask>'s first bid for public office was in August 1923, when he cross-filed for the State Assembly in the 73rd District primary election. On the Republican ballot he received 2,554 votes to 1,188 for Eugene C. Jennings, 690 for George L. Hager, 401 for M.H. Broyles, and 226 for James G. Edmonds. On the Democratic ballot he received 111 votes against 46 for Hager. In the November final election, running as both a Democrat and a Republican, he defeated Sidney P. Dones, an independent, and Leo J<mask>, a Socialist. <mask> began his campaign for City Council in Los Angeles City Council District 7 in March 1925. In the May

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Howard Woster Davis
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Marion Davis
Howard W
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 primary he came in second with 2,216  votes to 3,502 for Ralph Luther Criswell, followed by George F. Ryan, 927; S.B.W.May, 651; Edward J. Nagle, 479; and Eldon C. Rookledge, 236. The municipal general election campaign in 1925 was highlighted by an attack upon Criswell for having registered in the Socialist Party in January 1918 but afterwards changing his registration to Republican and notifying the Socialist Party "that he was still in sympathy with the principles of Socialism and felt that he could do more outside of the party to forward them than as a member." Nevertheless, Criswell was elected in the November balloting, 3,477 votes to <mask>'s 2,482. Retaining his seat in the Assembly, <mask> in 1926 became chairman of a group of California Real Estate Association members in the chamber, working to amend a Real Estate Act that had been adopted in 1919. In 1926 he was unopposed for re-election. 1927–37

In May 1927, <mask> was again a candidate for the 7th District City Council seat, winning outright in the primary, with 3,325 votes to Criswell's 2,467 and 422 for George W. Grimmer and 130 for A. Kreling."Election Returns," Los Angeles Times, May 12, 1927, page A-13 He was reelected also in 1927, with E.J. Nagle as the runner-up. In January 1930, <mask> and seven other council members who had voted in favor of granting a rock-crushing permit in the Santa Monica Mountains were unsuccessfully targeted for recall on the grounds that the eight

have conspired with ... Alphonzo Bell, Samuel Traylor and Chapin A. Day, all multi-millionaires, to grant this group a special spot zoning permit to crush and ship ... from the high-class

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 residential section of Santa Monica, limestone and rock for cement. <mask> was among six council members who in May 1930 unsuccessfully opposed allocating funds to make a study of leveling Bunker Hill, "which stands as a hindrance to traffic and a bar to development in the northwestern downtown territory." In 1931 <mask>  won re-election in the May primary with 4,466 votes against three other candidates — Criswell, 2,995; Nagle, 908; and George Grant, 462. In April 1933, <mask> wrote a lengthy article in the Los Angeles Times ("as told to Mary June Burton") detailing the joys and sorrows of being a City Council member.He said:

... I enjoy it. I think politics is the most intriguing game in the world. I enjoy the maneuvering necessary to put through an ordinance I believe will help my district and the city, and sometimes the difficulties and red tape only increase the zest. ... Today it seems to be the custom for public officeholders to deny they're politicians. I'm a politician. <mask> was reelected to a two-year term in May 1933 by a vote of 9,361 to 3,386 for Bert L. Farmer, a former Assembly member and a former Council member (1917–21); 1,417 for Alex Salot, a real estate dealer;  and 1,061 for C.C.Terzo, a haberdasher. "Election Results," Los Angeles Times, May 4, 1933, page 2 In July 1933 <mask>, who by then was the "senior member" of the council, was elected its president over George W.C. Baker by a vote of 8 to 7. <mask> took what was called a "voluntary retirement" in 1935 and did not run for reelection that year. Instead, <mask>. Kindig won the election over Dwight Baker, 8,077 to 7,957. Two years later, however, <mask>

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 was back, winning in the May 1937 primary election against Kindig, 8,010 to 6,705. Kindig had been elected in 1935 with support from the "radical element" in the  End Poverty in California movement, but lost it during the course of his term. Even before <mask> was seated, he was named by the council as what some called a "lobbyist" for the city in Sacramento, seeking action on legislation that would benefit Los Angeles, particularly the distribution of gasoline-tax revenues.1938–39

On December 15, 1938, <mask> and <mask>, a former business associate, were indicted on two counts of bribery conspiracy in connection with the obtaining of spot zoning permits for operating in the rich oil fields of the Wilmington district near Long Beach. He was arrested and booked into the county jail but was later released on bond. In February 1939, a grand jury, at the instigation of District Attorney Buron Fitts, also voted 38 charges of misconduct, in a rare move designed to force <mask> from office. Checks in payment, one of them made out to <mask>'s wife, were displayed in evidence at a non-jury trial before  Superior Court Judge Raymond McIntosh. Prosecutors claimed that <mask> received "nearly $20,000 in special fees for his efforts." <mask> replied that the fees were for his "special knowledge" and that, in any event, he received them during the two years he was not on the council. McIntosh, a visiting jurist from Sierra County, ruled in favor of <mask> and exonerated him, and the prosecution thereupon dropped the other charges against <mask> and Baker as well.When <mask>, who had been on leave, returned to his flower-bedecked council desk

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 the next day, he was cheered and named to lead the council as president pro tem for the session. In the primary election the Tuesday after the court decision, <mask> was eliminated from the field, placing third after Negro newspaper publisher Leon H<mask> Jr. and Carl C. Rasmussen. The votes were Washington, 5,011; Rasmussen, 3,402; <mask>, 3,049; M.T. Faulkes, 1,756; <mask>, 1,242; Edward J. Nagle, 974; <mask>, 604; John R. Edwards, 507; Everett K. Miller, 291; and Jay W. Swander, 161. Rasmussen won the seat in the November final election. 1941–59

<mask> again challenged Rasmussen in 1941 and came in second, by a vote of 1,865 for the incumbent councilman, 1,330 for <mask>, 240 for John Ferry and 215 for Harold D. Motter."City Primary Returns," Los Angeles Times, April 2, 1941, page 1 Rasmussen won the final vote in May, 11,726 to 8,340 for <mask>. He tried one more time to unseat Rasmussen, in April 1947, this time coming in fourth. The votes were 7,097 for Rasmussen, 5,528 for Don A. Allen, 5,211 for Jonathan Lyle Caston, 2,536 for <mask>, 1,074 for James F. Collins, 863 for Vince Monroe Townsend Jr., 261 for Harold Draper and 200 for Richard H. Alvord. "Election Returns," Los Angeles Times, April 3, 1947, page 5

<mask>'s final public notice was a letter in the Times on June 8, 1954, when he urged a pay raise for City Council members. When he died in 1959, the council adjourned "out of respect" to him. ReferencesAccess to the Los Angeles Times links requires the use of a library card.''1885 births
1959 deaths
Members of the California State Assembly
Los Angeles City Council members
20th-century American politicians
California

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<mask> (born 5 June 1968) is an English singer, best known as a former member of grindcore band Napalm Death and later frontman of doom metal band Cathedral. Career
During his early teenage years, Dorrian was the editor of a local punk fanzine called Committed Suicide. This led to him becoming a local punk promoter during the mid-late 80's, bringing bands such as B.G.K., Amebix, Antisect, Negazione, AntiCimex, Disorder, Bannlyst, Heresy, Icons of Filth, Anti System, Conflict, Concrete Sox, The Varukers  and many others to various Coventry venues, such as the back room of The Hand & Heart public house on Far Gosford Street. During this time he was a passionate animal rights activist and involved in various anarchist groups and demonstrations. In 1987 he became vocalist and lyricist with Napalm Death, recording one and a half albums with them, namely the second side of Scum and the whole From Enslavement to Obliteration album. During his time in the band, they were majorly championed by John Peel and recorded two sessions for his Radio One show. The band also made several significant TV appearances on BBC shows such as Snub TV, Arena and children's music show What's That Noise?They also appeared on the front cover of NME, which was the inspiration to the lyrics of a song "No Mental Effort". This track appeared on <mask>'s final recording with Napalm Death, on the Mentally Murdered EP. To coincide with its release in 1989, friend Peel had helped to arrange a slot for them at Reading Festival. Unfortunately, the appearance had to be cancelled as <mask> left the

masks:
Lee Dorrian
Dorrian
Dorrian


texts: band due to disillusionment following their tour of Japan in July of that year. Whilst still a member of Napalm Death, Dorrian founded his own record label, Rise Above Records in 1988. Initially intended as a means to get him off the dole, Rise Above was kick-started as part of the Enterprise Allowance Scheme. His main aim was to release a few hardcore punk 7" singles in extremely limited runs, just for fun.However, the label went from strength to strength and is today one of the most revered underground independent record labels in existence. Some of the artists that Dorrian has introduced to the world via Rise Above Records include Ghost, Electric Wizard, Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats, Circulus, Blood Ceremony and many more. Later in 1989, Dorrian formed doom metal band Cathedral, releasing their debut album Forest of Equilibrium in 1991. The album is considered a genuine cult classic and a cornerstone in the evolution of the genre. Cathedral existed as a band for over 23 years before deciding to call it a day in 2012, ahead of releasing their final album The Last Spire in 2013. During their lengthy career, they played as main support to Black Sabbath on their Cross Purposes tour in 1994. As a result, the band became friendly with Tony Iommi, which led to him making a very rare guest appearance on Cathedral's 1995 album The Carnival Bizarre.In 1995, Dorrian collaborated with Italian musician Paul Chain, with whom he co-wrote four songs which appeared on the Alkahest album. He appeared as vocalist/lyricist in extreme doom project Teeth of Lions Rule the Divine,


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 featuring members of Sunn O))) and Iron Monkey, releasing the one-off album 'Rampton' in 2002. In 2003, he appeared on the Probot album, which was curated by his old friend and former Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl. Dorrian is currently a member of With the Dead, in which he is joined by former Electric Wizard bassist Tim Bagshaw, along with former Cathedral bassist Leo Smee and former Bolt Thrower drummer Alex Thomas. Their self-titled debut album was released on Rise Above Records in October 2015. Dorrian first used an extreme and ferocious death grunt style of vocal mixed with hardcore screaming in Napalm Death, but later adopted a cleaner and more varied style with Cathedral. He presented an award to Napalm Death at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards 2007.<mask> has appeared on the British television show Never Mind the Buzzcocks as a guest in the line-up round. The round followed a short video segment of Dorrian performing with Napalm Death. Influences
Dorrian cited among others Cal from Discharge and Sakevi Yokoyama from GISM as influences. Personal life

Dorrian has a long history as an anti-fascist activist. He was an anti-racist skinhead in his teens and received death threats from neo-Nazi skinheads and white supremacists. Dorrian also became a vegetarian at the age of 13. In a 2017, interview he stated that he has not eaten meat in 36 years.He has since experimented with a vegan diet. Discography

Napalm Death
1987 – Scum (track 12–28)
1988 – From Enslavement to Obliteration
1988 – The Curse
1989 – Live
1989 – Mentally Murdered
1989 – Napalm