texts:
<mask> (July 7, 1931 – June 2, 2009) was an American fantasy writer. With his wife Leigh, he authored several best-selling  epic fantasy novel series, including The Belgariad (1982–84), The Malloreon (1987–91), The Elenium (1989–91), The Tamuli (1992–94), and The Dreamers (2003–06). Biography
Eddings was born in Spokane, Washington, to <mask> and Theone (Berge<mask>, in 1931. Eddings has stated that he is part Cherokee. Eddings grew up near Puget Sound in the City of Snohomish. After graduating from Snohomish High School in 1949, he worked for a year before majoring in speech, drama and English at junior college. Eddings displayed an early talent for drama and literature, winning a national oratorical contest, and performing the male lead in most of his drama productions.He graduated with a BA from Reed College in 1954, writing his first novel, How Lonely Are The Dead, as his senior thesis. After graduating Reed College, Eddings was drafted into the U.S. Army, having also previously served in the National Guard. After being discharged in 1956, Eddings attended the graduate school of the University of Washington in Seattle for four years, graduating with an MA in 1961 after submitting a novel in progress, Man Running, for his thesis. Eddings then worked as a purchaser for Boeing, where he met his future wife, then known as Judith Leigh Schall. They married in 1962, and through most of the 1960s, Eddings worked as an Assistant Professor at Black Hills State College in South Dakota. The couple adopted one boy in 1966, <mask>, then two months old. They adopted a younger girl between 1966 and 1969.In 1970 they lost custody of both children and each were sentenced to a year in jail in separate trials after pleading guilty to physical child abuse. Though the abuse, the trial, and the sentencing were all extensively reported in South Dakota newspapers at the time, these details did not resurface in media coverage of the couple

masks:
David Carroll Eddings
George Wayne Eddings
) Eddings
Scott David


type: original

texts: during their successful joint career as authors, only returning to public attention several years after both had died. After both served their sentences, <mask> and <mask> moved to Denver in 1971, where <mask> found work in a grocery store. Eddings had completed the first draft of his first published novel, High Hunt, in March 1971 while serving his jail term. High Hunt was a contemporary story of four young men hunting deer, and like many of his later novels, it explores themes of manhood and coming of age. Convinced that being an author was his future career, after a short period in Denver, <mask> and <mask> moved to Spokane where he once again relied on a job at a grocery shop for his funds. High Hunt was published in early 1972 by G.P.Putnam's Sons to modestly positive reviews. <mask> continued to work on several unpublished novels, including Hunseeker's Ascent, a story about mountain climbing, which was later burned as Eddings claimed it was "a piece of tripe so bad it even bored me." Most of his attempts followed the same vein as High Hunt: adventure stories and contemporary tragedies. None were sold or published, with the eventual exception of The Losers which tells the story of God and the Devil, cast in the roles of a one-eyed Indian and Jake Flood. Though written in the 1970s, The Losers was not published until June 1992, well after Eddings' success as an author was established. Eddings doodled a fantasy map one morning before work. According to Eddings, several years later, upon seeing a copy of Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, in a bookshop, he muttered, "Is this old turkey still floating around?", and was shocked to learn that it was in its 78th printing. However, he had already included Tolkien's work in the syllabuses for at least three sections of his English Literature survey courses in the summer of 1967 and the springs of 1968 and 1969. <mask> subsequently began to annotate his previous doodle, which

masks:
David
Leigh Eddings
David
David
Leigh Eddings
Eddings
Eddings


texts: became the geographical basis for the country of Aloria. Over the course of a year he added names to various kingdoms, races, and characters, and invented various theologies and a mythology, all of which counted about 230 pages. Because the Lord of the Rings had been published as three books, <mask> believed fantasy in general was supposed to be trilogies. He initially laid out The Belgariad as a trilogy as well, until his editor Lester del Rey told him the booksellers would refuse to accept 600-page books. Instead del Rey suggested the series should be published as five books.Eddings at first refused, but having already signed the contract, and with Del Rey's promise that he would receive advances for five books instead of three, eventually agreed. Pawn of Prophecy, the first volume in the series, was issued in April 1982. The Belgariad series of books (published in five volumes between 1982 and 1984) were popular, and Eddings would continue to produce fantasy material for the rest of his life, usually producing a book every year or two. By 1995, new books were credited jointly to <mask> and Leigh Eddings; Eddings explained in a brief foreword that their working together as authors "had been the case from the beginning." This is generally accepted to be broadly accurate, although Eddings scholar James Gifford notes that collaboration would have been "impossible" with Eddings' first published novel High Hunt, as <mask>s' own notes show that the first draft was completed while he and Leigh were both in different jails, about half-way through their terms. The Eddings' final work, the novel series The Dreamers, was published in four volumes between 2003 and 2006. On January 26, 2007 Eddings accidentally burned about a quarter of his office, next door to his house, along with his Excalibur sports car.He was flushing the fuel tank of the car with water when he lit a piece of paper and threw it into the puddle to test if it

masks:
Eddings
David
David Edding


texts:
 was still flammable. When asked to explain it to the firefighter he said "One word comes to mind. Dumb." On February 28, 2007, <mask>' wife, <mask>, who he married in 1962, died following a series of strokes that left her unable to communicate. She was 69. Eddings cared for her at home with her mother after her first stroke, which occurred three years before he finished writing The Dreamers. Eddings resided in Carson City, Nevada, where he died of natural causes on June 2, 2009.Dennis, Eddings' brother, said that he had been ill with dementia for a long time, but his health had been on a very fast downhill slide since September, and he required 24-hour care. He also confirmed that in his last months, his brother had been working on a manuscript that was unlike any of his other works, stating "It was very, very different. I wouldn't call it exactly a satire of fantasy but it sure plays with the genre". The unfinished work, along with his other manuscripts, went to his alma mater, Reed College, along with a bequest of $18 million to fund "students and faculty studying languages and literature." Eddings also bequeathed $10 million to the National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver for pediatric asthma treatment and research; Eddings' wife Leigh had asthma throughout her life. Bibliography

References

External links
 Interview with <mask> at sffworld.com

 Novel synopses, cover art, and reviews at FantasyLiterature.net
 Descendants of <mask> and Elizabeth Weaver (Cherokee)

1931 births
2009 deaths
American fantasy writers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
People from Carson City, Nevada
Writers from Spokane, Washington
Reed College alumni
University of Washington alumni
Writers from Nevada
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Washington (state)
American people who self-identify as being of Native American

masks:
David Eddings
Leigh Eddings
David Eddings
John Eddings


texts:
<mask> (born 1967) is an American computer programmer and software entrepreneur based in Northern California. <mask> co-founded FutureWave Software in 1993. For a decade, he was the main programmer and visionary of Flash, an animation editor for web pages. He founded Software as Art, which was later renamed Greenbox, which made energy management solutions for the home. Early days

While in high school, <mask> won a science fair award for programming on an Apple II computer and came to the attention of Silicon Beach Software founder Charlie Jackson. <mask> began programming for Silicon Beach in his senior year. His first published product, released in 1985, was Airborne!, a black-and-white game for the Macintosh computer.While in college, he collaborated with game designer Mark Pierce and programmed Dark Castle and Beyond Dark Castle. All three were award-winning programs that included digital sounds, an unusual innovation for that era. After graduating from Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California, <mask> worked full-time for Silicon Beach Software. During this time he added some significant features to Superpaint 2, including Bézier curves, and began work on IntelliDraw, which was published by Aldus Corporation after the acquisition of Silicon Beach Software in 1990. FutureWave Software

In 1993, <mask> and Jackson founded FutureWave Software with the intention of creating graphics software for pen computing, in particular the Penpoint operating system that ran on the EO Personal Communicator. <mask> and programmer Robert Tatsumi finished the company's first product in 1994, SmartSketch, a vector-drawing program for the PenPoint operating system. Shortly thereafter, PenPoint was discontinued, ending that market for SmartSketch.SmartSketch was ported to the Windows and Macintosh operating systems, but with the advent in 1995 of the World Wide Web, <mask> saw an opportunity to create an editor that could produce animations for web pages. The core technology of SmartSketch was repurposed to create a new product, FutureSplash Animator, adding support for timeline

masks:
Jonathan Gay
Gay
Gay
Gay
Gay
Gay
Gay
Gay


texts:
 animation and a Netscape browser plug-in for playing back content. FutureSplash Animator was released in May, 1996. Macromedia

When MSN and Disney decided to use FutureSplash Animator for their websites, Macromedia made an offer to buy FutureWave Software and the acquisition was completed in December, 1996. FutureSplash Animator was renamed Flash 1.0. Flash and Director

The acquisition of FutureWave by Macromedia was unusual in that Macromedia's flagship product, Macromedia Director, overlapped with FutureSplash's functionality in many ways. Both were essentially animation/multimedia solutions consisting of an authoring tool and a browser plug-in runtime.As a Web technology, Flash had the advantage of a smaller runtime (on the order of 100 kilobytes, whereas Director's Shockwave runtime weighed over a megabyte), as well as a learning curve that was significantly less steep owing to the lower complexity of the product. Director was weighed down by six releases of accumulated legacy, and in particular because its original target was the CD-ROM market, not the Web. Initially, the nascent Flash team within Macromedia was quite small, with few engineers beyond <mask> and Tatsumi, and corporate R&D investment in Director remained high. Over the years that followed, the Director team would shrink to a handful of people and the Flash team would grow rapidly as Flash came to dominate the market for Web-based interactive media. Macromedia wrestled with the cross-product positioning of Flash and Director for several years, trying repeatedly and with limited success to position Director as the "big brother" to Flash, to be used for situations where Flash hit its limitations. Director continues to be one of the most popular tools for authoring multimedia CD-ROM's, although Flash is also used for this purpose. Flash 1–4

<mask> took on the role of Vice President of Engineering at Macromedia and led the newly minted Flash engineering team at Macromedia's headquarters in San Francisco, beginning a decade of leading the Flash agenda at Macromedia.In an unusual move for a Vice

masks: Gay Gay


texts:
 President, <mask> continued to be responsible for a great deal of the actual coding on the product. He was responsible for the low-level vector graphics rasterization, pen-computing inspired drawing tools, and the Flash Player Netscape browser plug-in. Tatsumi wrote the bulk of the user interface code for the Flash authoring tool. During these early releases, only a handful of other engineers joined the Flash team. An important addition to the team was programmer Gary Grossman, who implemented a subset of JavaScript (called ActionScript) into Flash 4. This expanded programming capability allowed Flash to be used for many different purposes. Flash video: Tin Can

As the engineering team grew in size, other engineers began to step in and take over pieces of the Flash codebase, freeing <mask> up to focus on higher-level product strategy.After Flash 4, he took on more of a pure leadership role, continuing to guide the evolution of Flash from an animation engine to a full-featured multimedia runtime and application platform. During the development of Flash 5, <mask> took a several month hiatus from day-to-day operations of the Flash team to think about new projects of strategic importance to the company. At that time, engineering VP Peter Santangeli took over leadership of the Flash team and would lead the team for Flash 5 and Flash MX. When Jon returned, he was armed with a vision for a new class of Web applications that enabled communication, collaboration and what he called "online storytelling." He saw the Flash Player's success and ubiquity as an opportunity for bringing the real-time communication technology that these applications would require to every computer running the Flash Player. He founded a new team alongside the Flash team to fulfill this vision, building a product which he code named "Tin Can," a reference to the tin can telephone made by children using two tin cans and a string. This new team and the Flash team worked together to incorporate two-way, real-time video and audio technology into the Flash Player, the first incarnation of which was

masks: Gay Gay Gay


texts:
 released in March 2002 as part of Macromedia Flash Player 6.At the same time, the Tin Can team built a new server product, Flash Communication Server (now Flash Media Server), which communicated with the Flash Player over a new real-time protocol called RTMP. Tin Can could be used for use cases as simple as streaming a video over the Web, or as sophisticated as a videoconferencing system. The new video-enabled Flash Player quickly became one of the most popular means of deploying video on the World Wide Web. The Flash Player's ubiquity enabled Flash video to bypass a principal drawback of competing video technologies, which was the requirement for the end-user to download and install an additional browser plug-in or helper application. Other advantages of Flash video were the lack of "chrome" around the video player window which competing players typically displayed, and the customizability of the interface which enabled Web developers to create their own stylized video-playing widgets in Flash. Flash video is now an essential technology used by prominent Web sites such as YouTube, NBC.com, DailyMotion, MetaCafe and JumpCut. Breeze

Ben Dillon and Peter Santangeli  went on to found the Breeze team at Macromedia, building an enterprise-class Web conferencing, E-Learning and collaboration system on top of the Flash Media Server.<mask> served as the engineering lead and product visionary for the "Breeze Live" web conferencing elements of the product. Despite the possibly revolutionary nature of the communication capabilities of the Flash Media Server, it did not meet initially with great business success. Macromedia saw Breeze as a means of getting Flash Media Server "over the hump." By building a solution on top of Breeze, the Breeze team had many goals: it sought to demonstrate what kind of applications could be built on the Flash Media Server platform, explore a new business model for a company traditionally focused on shrink-wrap tools software, and understand the attendant difficulties in building applications on the Flash Media Server platform. Incorporating


texts:
 technology acquired from Presedia, Breeze translated Microsoft PowerPoint presentations into Flash SWF files which could be viewed on the Web, with an accompanying audio track recorded by the presenter. Breeze could be used for a variety of uses, including corporate presentations, quarterly earnings calls, and distance learning. Breeze also featured "Breeze Live," a conferencing system built as a Flash application which utilized the Flash Media Server to enable two-way video/audio chat, shared whiteboarding, screen sharing and shared presentation viewing.Following the Adobe Systems acquisition of Macromedia, Breeze became Adobe Connect. Success of Flash

By 2001, there were 50 people working on Flash, 500,000 developers were using it and over 325 million people had the Flash Player that worked with their web browsers. In 2007, a survey found that the Flash Player was installed on 96% of Internet-enabled desktops worldwide and was used by over 2 million professionals. Work after Macromedia

On April 18, 2005, Adobe Systems, Inc. announced the acquisition of Macromedia. <mask> ultimately decided to pursue other opportunities in lieu of joining the combined company. When <mask> left Macromedia in December 2005, he held the title of Chief Technology Officer. Software as Art

In August 2006, <mask> founded a new software venture, Software as Art, in partnership with three other former veterans of the Flash and Breeze teams, Tatsumi, Grossman, and Santangeli.The company developed energy management solutions for the home. Silver Spring Networks

In October 2009, Software as Art (by then renamed Greenbox) was acquired by Silver Spring Networks. Leaving IT

In May 2010, he was running a small business selling grass-fed beef direct to consumers. Explory
In May 2013, he tried to return into software business, launching successful Kickstarter campaign for Explory, mobile video app. References

External links

 The Flash History by Rick Waldron
 The History of Flash by <mask>

Computer programmers
American computer businesspeople
Harvey Mudd College alumni
Living people
1967

masks:
Gay
Gay
Gay
Jonathan Gay


texts:
(born March 26, 1968) is an American rock musician. He is best known as a guitarist and co-founder of the alternative rock band the Smashing Pumpkins. He was a member until the initial breakup in 2000. Among his musical projects of recent years, <mask> has been a permanent fixture of A Perfect Circle. He was most recently a member of Tinted Windows, a 1960s/1970s inspired group with members of Cheap Trick, Fountains of Wayne, and Hanson. He rejoined the Smashing Pumpkins in 2018. <mask> has produced songs, contributed guitar and vocals, and produced remixes for a number of artists, including Midnight Movies, Isobel Campbell, Marilyn Manson, Whiskeytown, and Michael Stipe.He co-owned Scratchie Records, an independent record label, with Adam Schlesinger, and from 1999-2012 owned a recording studio with Schlesinger and Andy Chase of Ivy called Stratosphere Sound. Early life and background
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois. He attended Elk Grove High School in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, which he described as "a boring, middle-class suburb of Chicago." <mask> received average grades in high school, and, after a successful two-year stint at a local junior college, he majored in graphic design at Loyola University Chicago before dropping out to dedicate himself to the Smashing Pumpkins. He is a second-generation Japanese-American and is able to speak only a little Japanese. Like his bandmate Billy Corgan, <mask> has a brother with a disability. In the early 2000s, <mask> had an impostor

masks: Iha Iha Iha Iha Iha Iha


texts:
 in the Chicago area, who was arrested.<mask> designs and consults for his men's clothing brand Vaporize, a collaboration with the Japanese label Beams since 2001. The Smashing Pumpkins
In 1987 <mask>, then playing guitar in the Chicago band Snake Train, met Billy Corgan via a friend. Corgan had already been telling people he was in a band called "Smashing Pumpkins", and decided to make it a real band with <mask>. <mask> later became romantically involved with the band's bassist D'arcy Wretzky, but the couple broke up just prior to the band's performance at the Reading Festival in 1992. After a brief feud between the two, <mask> sustained a friendly and close relationship with Wretzky, citing her as a best friend. <mask> wrote and sang a number of Smashing Pumpkins' songs, such as: "Blew Away" on Pisces Iscariot, "Bugg Superstar" on Vieuphoria, "Take Me Down" on Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness, "...Said Sadly", "Believe", "The Boy", and "The Bells" on The Aeroplane Flies High, "Summer" on the "Perfect" single and "Go" on Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music. He co-wrote with Billy Corgan "I Am One" on Gish, "Soma" and "Mayonaise" on Siamese Dream, "Plume" on Pisces Iscariot and "Farewell and Goodnight" on Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness.He sang the band's covers of the Cure's "A Night Like This" and Syd Barrett's "Terrapin". During his time with the Pumpkins, Iha recorded with other bands, including Ivy, to which Adam Schlesinger contributed, and Swedish New


texts: Wave band the Sounds. Billy Corgan has claimed that Iha played very little guitar on the first two Smashing Pumpkins albums, with Corgan himself playing most of the parts in the studio that Iha played live. <mask> was often considered the "quiet one" in Smashing Pumpkins, but he was known to engage in ad-libbed jokes and rap sessions at live performances. His humor was encapsulated in his use of the catchphrase, "I've seen a million faces, and I've rocked them all," originally from the Bon Jovi song "Wanted Dead or Alive". In 1998, <mask> released a moderately successful solo album, Let It Come Down. One music video was produced from this album, for the song "Be Strong Now", which was released as a four-track single.When his former bandmates Billy Corgan and Jimmy Chamberlin revived the "Smashing Pumpkins" name, <mask> did not participate, and in fact had not spoken to Corgan in years. Corgan stated in a 2008 blog entry that when he and Chamberlin reunited, the "door was open" for <mask> to rejoin, but he declined, and Corgan said that he "can now say definitively that <mask> isn't ever coming back." However, in a 2012 interview about the band reformation, <mask> stated that he was never even asked back into the band in the first place. <mask> also admitted within the interview that he has not heard any of the band's new music since the reformation. In a March 2013 interview, he was asked about looking back at the band's history and explained that he never really thought about his

masks: Iha Iha Iha Iha Iha Iha Iha


texts:
 former success with the band, but did look back with fondness when asked about the 6 studio albums he made with them. He revealed that he and Corgan had not spoken in around ten years, but that he did speak to Wretzky "once in a while". On March 26, 2016 and March 27, 2016, <mask> joined Corgan and Chamberlin on stage unannounced at back to back Smashing Pumpkins shows at the Ace Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.<mask> played a third show with the band in their hometown of Chicago at the Civic Opera house on April 14, 2016. In 2017, reunion rumors were leaked through various sources, and in 2018, <mask> was spotted with Corgan, Chamberlin, and current Smashing Pumpkins guitarist Jeff Schroeder in the studio and at a photo shoot, confirming his return to the band. In summer 2018, the reunited band embarked on the Shiny And Oh So Bright Tour, which was followed at the end of the year by the release of their album Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future. No Sun. <mask> would go on to also record Cyr with the reunited lineup, which was released in November 2020.Post-Pumpkins work

2001–2004: A Perfect Circle, producing, Japan
After the Smashing Pumpkins' breakup in 2000, Iha pursued many projects. He continues to contribute to other artists' recordings, such as "Don't Be Sad" on Whiskeytown's Pneumonia released in 2001 and further guest appearances for bands Ivy and Fountains of Wayne, both of which he remained close to, appearing on virtually every release by both bands since

masks: Iha Iha Iha Iha


texts: 1997. Andy Chase of Ivy, and Adam Schlesinger of both Ivy and Fountains, recorded on most songs <mask> produced or wrote for other artists. Schlesinger first recorded on <mask>'s song on "The Bells" by the Smashing Pumpkins. <mask> made bigger news when he joined the alternative rock supergroup A Perfect Circle in July 2003 in time for their Thirteenth Step club tour. He has since recorded on their 2004 album eMOTIVe as well as contributed remixes of Blue and Outsider, and is back with the band following its near 6-year long hiatus. In 2003, he joined Vanessa and the O's.The group released an EP Plus Rien in Sweden the same year and followed up with the album La Ballade d'O in 2005–06 on the band's independent record company Rushmore Recordings playing live shows in Sweden during the summer of 2005. <mask> has collaborated on musical and fashion design projects in Japan. He collaborated on and produced two tracks with Japanese musician Chara for her 2001 album Madrigal called "Boku ni Utsushite" and "Skirt". The latter was accompanied by a music video featuring <mask> as a hunter in a forest. With the help of longtime friend and manager Isao Izutsu, <mask> started the clothing label Vaporize (f.k.a. 'Vapor') in 2001, and recorded "Never Ever", his first solo song since the Smashing Pumpkins demise, for Vaporize's first runway show. In 2001, <mask> played live with the Blank Theory and recorded on their album Beyond the Calm of the Corridor producing the song "Addicted" together with

masks: James Iha Iha Iha Iha Iha Iha


texts:
 Schlesinger and contributing guitar playing.2005–2007: Soundtracks, collaborations, remixes
Iha scored the Japanese film Linda, Linda, Linda, released in late summer of 2005. The same year he teamed with Schlesinger again to produce a duet cover of Bobby Darin's "Splish Splash" for the soundtrack to the Wayne Wang film Because of Winn-Dixie. The same year Iha contributed guitar to some tracks of Chino Moreno's band Team Sleep second album, which has yet to be released. Iha produced two tracks on the 2006 tribute album to Serge Gainsbourg, Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited, "I love you (me either)", that featured Cat Power and model Karen Elson singing and "L'Hotel" with Michael Stipe on vocals. Iha recorded on the track "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde" in a duet with singer Kazu Makino (of Blonde Redhead) on the US edition of the album. In February 2006, a digital EP "In the Sun" produced by Iha featuring Michael Stipe and Chris Martin was released. The EP was for the benefit of Gulf Coast victims of Hurricane Katrina.The song was featured on an episode of Grey's Anatomy. In collaboration with Stipe, Iha played guitar at the "Bring 'Em Back Home Now" concert in March 2006 in New York City to benefit Iraq War veterans peace groups such as Veterans for Peace. Iha remixed "Me Plus One", a track from Norwegian pop singer Annie's debut album Anniemal. Released in October 2006, Florida pop group the Postmarks's "Goodbye" EP features a remix by Iha. That same year, Iha teamed up with Schlesinger


texts:
 to co-produce folk band America's comeback album, Here & Now, and recorded on Scottish singer Isobel Campbell's album, collaborating on her renditions of traditional Irish and Scottish folk songs. In 2006 Iha recorded a cover of "Judy Is a Punk" by the Ramones for 30th anniversary of a Japanese clothing label Beams. In February 2007, Side-Line announced that Iha delivered a remix for the Ladytron single "Weekend Mixes" out on March 9 via Smoke & Mirrors.In April 2007, he recorded a remix for the Midnight Movies track "Patient Eye". <mask> appeared on stage with Swedish band the Sounds, on the season finale of MTV's Bam's Unholy Union in April 2007 and contributed guitar to the song "Seatbacks and Traytables", on Fountains of Wayne's 2007 album Traffic and Weather. His former bandmate Melissa Auf der Maur contributed to that album. 2007–present: Second solo album
In the spring of 2007, <mask> told Rolling Stone magazine that he was writing and recording songs for a second solo album. In the spring of 2007, <mask> remixed Midnight Movies and the Postmarks as freebies on the Internet. A Chicago weekly reported in June 2007 that <mask> had been living in New York City for some time, running a recording studio and independent label. <mask> had lived in Manhattan since 2000 and has since moved to Brooklyn.In May 2008, Marilyn Manson said that <mask> would be making a guest appearance on his new record; however, <mask> was not credited as a guitarist on the album. On December 22, 2008, the


texts: Swedish band A Camp (the solo project of the Cardigans vocalist Nina Persson) put out a press release announcing that their new album would come out on April 28, 2009, featuring guest appearances by <mask> and other musicians. On February 17, 2009, it was announced that <mask> had, together with Taylor Hanson, Fountains of Wayne bassist Adam Schlesinger, and Cheap Trick drummer Bun E. Carlos formed a new band called Tinted Windows. The band played their first publicized gig at SXSW in Austin, Texas on March 20. Their first album was released on April 21, 2009 to generally positive reviews. In April 2010, Iha' website reopened. According to the site, Iha considered his next solo album "halfway done (in his mind)".Shortly thereafter, a picture of Iha with Kelly Pratt and Jon Natchez from the band Beirut was posted on the Web site saying they would be playing horns on the album. In August 2010, members of A Perfect Circle posted messages to their Twitter accounts telling fans of their return after a 6-year long hiatus. The band later announced tour dates in which they would be playing the entirety of each of their three albums at each concert, with one album being played per night. It was announced that the line-up would consist of <mask> Keenan, Billy Howerdel, Josh Freese, Matt McJunkins, and Iha. <mask>'s second solo album titled Look to the Sky was released in March 2012. To begin its promotion, Iha performed at the 2nd EMI ROCKS festival in Saitama, Japan in February 2012, and later

masks:
Iha
Iha
Maynard James
Iha


texts:
 in December that year performing a small European tour in London, Paris, Amsterdam and Lisbon. In 2013, under management of David Bason, Iha collaborated with Japanese musician Yukihiro Takahashi, writing songs for and performing on Takahashi's album Life Anew, and performing as part of Takahashi's band "In Phase" on tours in Japan.In 2014 Iha scored the soundtrack to Lionsgate/Hulu series Deadbeat. On March 26, 2016 Iha rejoined Smashing Pumpkins onstage for several numbers. In 2016 Iha composed the score for <mask>'s film Mother, May I Sleep with Danger? In 2017 <mask> composed the score for the drama series The Arrangement. Discography
Solo albums
 1998 – Let it Come Down
 2012 – Look to the Sky

With Smashing Pumpkins
 1991 – Gish
 1991 – Lull
 1993 – Siamese Dream
 1994 – Pisces Iscariot
 1994 – Earphoria
 1995 – Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness
 1996 – The Aeroplane Flies High
 1998 – Adore
 2000 – Machina/The Machines of God
 2000 – Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music
 2001 – Rotten Apples
 2005 – Rarities and B-Sides
 2018 – Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future.No

masks:
James Franco
Iha


texts:
<mask><mask> (1 September 1841 – 30 November 1919) was an English entrepreneur who was instrumental in the development of the mining of phosphate rock on the Pacific islands of Nauru and Banaba (Ocean Island). Williams & Macdonald (1985) described J.T<mask> as "a remarkable example of that mid-Victorian phenomenon, the upright, pious and adventurous Christian English businessman." Early life
His father owned a gentleman's outfitter in the City of London and a warehouse business on the Thames estuary, with the family living at Gravesend. The family were active in the Congregational Church, and through a church connection he joined Houlder Brothers & Co., a firm that provided ships for migration to New Zealand and Australia. Early career
In 1860, J.T<mask> travelled on a Houlder Brothers & Co ship into the Pacific, calling at the Chincha Islands, on which guano was mined for refining into superphosphate.J.T<mask> took an interest in the potential of the fertiliser business and in 1868 the company sent him on a second voyage into the Pacific to pursue opportunities. When J.T<mask> set off in 1871 to develop a business in the Pacific he left his fiancée Eliza Eleanor (Lillie) Whibley in England, as he wanted to secure their financial security by achieving success with his business ventures. J .T<mask> and Lillie Whibley were not to marry until 1881. Following their marriage Lillie <mask> would travel into the central Pacific with J.T.Arundel when he would visit the various islands on which his company had operations. Lillie Arundel gave birth in 1884 to their second daughter while on Manra, then known as Sydney Island, giving her the name of that island. In 1898 Fred Whibley, Lillie's younger brother, arrived in Sydney, after 10 years in the United States and Canada. J .T. Arundel offered Fred Whibley a position with John T. Arundel & Co. Fred Whibley declined and chose to become an island trader on Niutao in what is now Tuvalu. A harmonious working relationship would have

masks:
John T
. Arundel
. Arundel
. Arundel
. Arundel
. Arundel
. Arundel
Arundel


texts:
 been unlikely given the pious Christian attitudes of J.T. <mask> and Fred Whibley's reputation as the 'black sheep' of the family.John T. Arundel & Co. In 1871 with financial support from Houlder Brothers and Co., he established John T. Arundel & Co. The initial activities were carried out by the two companies. Houlder Brothers and Co leased Flint Island from the British government and Arundel managed the guano digging in the central part of the island from 1875 to 1880. In 1872, Caroline Island was leased by the Houlder Brothers. In 1881, the lease was later taken over by Arundel (for whom one of the islets is named). John T. Arundel & Co went on to engage in mining guano on other Pacific islands and also established coconut plantations and traded in copra and other commodities.The company operated from Sydney, Australia with business interests in the Pacific that included:
 Mining guano on:
 Caroline Island from 1872 (with the support of Houlder Brothers and Co) then under John T. Arundel & Co from 1881. The guano mining, which began in 1874, supplied a total of about 10,000 tons of phosphate until supplies were exhausted around 1895. Baker Island from 1886 to 1899, which is now claimed as an unincorporated territory of the United States. Howland Island from 1886 to 1899, which is geographically part of the Phoenix Islands and now claimed as an unincorporated territory of the United States. Jarvis Island from 1886 to 1899, which is geographically part of the Line Islands and now claimed as an unincorporated territory of the United States. Manra or Sydney Island in 1884, which is geographically part of the Phoenix Islands and is part of Kiribati. Raine Island in the Torres Strait, Rocky Island, in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Lady Elliot Island off Bundaberg, Queensland and several islands in the Capricorn and Bunker Group in the waters off Northern Australia.Establishing coconut plantations on:
 Flint Island in 1881 in what is now Kiribati, with the plantation operated


texts:
 by the firm until 1891. Caroline Island in 1885, however the coconut palms suffered from disease and the plantation failed. Nikumaroro, or Gardner Island, which is geographically part of the Phoenix Islands and is part of Kiribati. The plantation was started in 1892 but as a consequence of severe drought the plantation was abandoned within 12 months. Albert Ellis who worked for John T. Arundel & Co., later acknowledged that the company was not making money although the company was gaining experience in the mining and shipping of guano and phosphate rock in what were sometimes difficult conditions, with many of these islands having no safe anchorage for shipping. Pacific Islands Company Ltd
In 1897 John T. Arundel & Co., merged its business with that of the trading and plantation firm of Henderson and Macfarlane to form the Pacific Islands Company Ltd ('PIC'). The company was based in London with its trading activities in the Pacific.The Chairman of the PIC was Lord Stanmore, formerly Sir Arthur Gordon, Governor of Fiji and first High Commissioner for the Western Pacific. <mask><mask> was the vice-chairman. The PIC continued to expand its plantation interests and in 1899, acquired a license to develop coconut plantations on Birnie Island, which is geographically part of the Phoenix Islands and is part of Kiribati, with the PIC attempting ti acquiring licenses to develop coconut plantations in the British Solomon Islands in 1900 and 1901. Despite this attempt to broaden the operations of the company the company remained chronically short of capital throughout its existence and was lent money from time to time by its directors. The PIC abandoned the plans to develop coconut plantations in 1902. Pacific Phosphate Company Ltd

In 1899 Albert Ellis made what he later described as "a good 'find'''", when he had laboratory analysis carried out on a rock that was used to prop open the Sydney office door, as it appeared similar to the hard phosphate rock that he had seen on

masks:
John T
. Arundel


texts: Baker Island The laboratory analysis confirmed that the rock was high grade phosphate. Albert Ellis and other company employees travelled to Banaba to confirm that the soil of that island was largely phosphate rock.A. F. Ellis went on to Nauru, at that time a German territory, and confirmed it also consisted of large deposits of phosphate rock. J. T<mask> and Lord Stanmore were responsible for financing the new opportunities and negotiating with the German company that controlled the licences to mine in Nauru. In 1902 the interests of PIC were merged with Jaluit Gesellschaft of Hamburg, to form the Pacific Phosphate Company, ('PPC') to engage in phosphate mining in Nauru and Banaba, then known as Ocean Island. The company's engineers had to find solutions for transferring the phosphate rock from the island to ships that had to anchor off the island. As high islands both Nauru and Banaba did not have lagoons or anchorages that protected ships from the Pacific storms. Solutions were found and despite losing some 5 ships on the reef at Ocean Island, the PPC became a very profitable company. The profitability of the company directed attention to the original agreements made with the land owners of Nauru and Banaba.The agreement with the Banabans was for the exclusive right to mine for 999 years for £50 a year. The terms of the licenses were changed to provide for the payment of royalties and compensation for mining damage. In 1913 an anonymous correspondent to the New Age journal criticised the operation of the PPC under the title "Modern buccaneers in the West Pacific". The PPC investigated phosphate deposits on Makatea in the Tuamotus in French Polynesia and formed a company, the Compagnie des Phosphates de l'Océanie, with a Tahitian syndicate that was also investigating the potential of Makatea. This gave the PPC a virtual monopoly on the sources of high grade phosphate in the Pacific. In 1919 the business of the PPC in Nauru and Banaba was acquired by Board of the


texts:
 British Phosphate Commission. From 1919 the responsibility for the welfare of the people of Nauru and Banaba, the restoring of land and water resources lost by mining operations and compensation for environmental damage to the islands was under the control of the governments of United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia.Chronology
 1841 Born in England. His paternal grandfather, <mask>, was Home Secretary of the London Missionary Society. 1872 Started John T. Arundel & Co., Sydney. 1881 Started coconut plantation on Flint Island. 1884 His second daughter was born on Sydney Island, and was named Sydney. 1885, 3 March. Lectured at the Geographical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, California.1886 Resumed guano mining on Baker Island, Howland Island and Jarvis Island. 1897 J. T. Arundel & Co., Ltd., headquartered in Sydney merged with Henderson and Macfarlane to form the Pacific Islands Company, headquartered in London, England. 1897 Visited Clipperton. 1902 The Pacific Islands Company became the Pacific Phosphate Company, and began phosphate mining on Banaba in 1901 and phosphate mining in Nauru in 1906. 1909 He travelled on maiden voyage of the S.S. Ocean Queen, to Nauru and Ocean Island. On this voyage he visited Jarvis Island, where his daughter Sydney photographed the construction of a day beacon.1909 (September) The S.S. Ocean Queen'' was wrecked on the reef at Makatea; a bent connecting rod caused the engines to stop and the current carried the ship onto the reef. 1909 (October) In San Francisco J. T<mask>del and business papers and records of John T. Arundel & Co., the Pacific Islands Company Ltd and the Pacific Phosphate Company Ltd are held by the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau (PAMBU), Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS), Australian National University (ANU), Canberra—23 reels of microfilm.1841 births
1919 deaths
Guano trade
History of Kiribati
People of the Victorian era
Phosphate mining in Nauru
Victorian era
19th-century English

masks:
John Arundel
. Arundelrun


texts: <mask> (born 23 August 1967) is a Scottish former politician who served as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party from 2014 to 2015 and Secretary of State for Scotland from 2008 to 2010. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for East Renfrewshire, formerly Eastwood, from 1997 to 2015. He identifies as a social democrat and has expressed support for a foreign policy of Western interventionism. He has been described as being on the political right of the Labour Party. Born in Glasgow, <mask>'s family moved to South Africa in 1980. After returning to Scotland, he became involved in student politics and became Scotland's youngest MP at the age of 29. <mask> served in the New Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown as Parliamentary Secretary at the Cabinet Office from 2005 to 2006, Minister of State for Employment and Welfare Reform from 2006 to 2007 and Minister of State for Europe from 2007 to 2008.From 2008 to 2010, <mask> served in the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Scotland. After Labour lost the 2010 general election, <mask> served in Ed Miliband's Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Defence and Shadow Secretary of State for International Development. Following Johann Lamont's resignation, <mask> was elected Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in the 2014 leadership election. He led Scottish Labour into the 2015 general election, in which the party lost 40 of its 41 seats during a landslide victory for the Scottish National Party (SNP), who won 56 of the 59 seats in Scotland. After surviving a vote of no confidence, <mask> announced in May 2015 he would step down as leader in the June. The subsequent leadership contest was won by his

masks:
James Francis Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


texts:
 deputy leader Kezia Dugdale. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Glasgow and raised in a flat in Arden.He was educated at St Louise's Primary School, followed by Bellarmine Secondary School in Glasgow until 1980, when, after his father became unemployed, he and his family emigrated to Cape Town, South Africa. This was during the apartheid era, where institutionalised racist segregation and discrimination was the norm in the country. In Cape Town, he attended Milnerton High School. In 1985, <mask> returned to Scotland aged 17 to avoid service in the South African Defence Force. He studied Politics and European Law at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow but failed to graduate. During sabbaticals from his studies, he held the posts of President of both NUS Scotland and NUS. He dropped out of university to become the youngest Scottish MP at the age of 29.During his time at university, <mask> was elected President of the Scottish National Union of Students, one of the "special region" organisations within the NUS, serving from 1992 until 1994. <mask> then took a further sabbatical from university in 1994 to serve as the President of the National Union of Students, an office which he held from 1994 to 1996, during which time he was a member of Labour Students. As NUS President, he also served, ex officio, as a Director of Endsleigh Insurance from 1994 to 1996. In 1995, the NUS dropped its opposition to the abolition of the student grant. <mask> was condemned by a House of Commons early day motion, introduced by Ken Livingstone and signed by 13 other Labour MPs, for "intolerant and dictatorial behaviour" regarding Clive Lewis' suspension. He was

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts:
 elected for a second term as NUS President, serving until 1996. He then became special projects manager of the Scottish Labour Party.Early parliamentary career
<mask> was selected to stand as the Labour Party candidate in the seat of Eastwood at the 1997 general election. He was elected as MP for Eastwood on 1 May 1997, winning the formerly safe Conservative seat with a majority of 3,236 as Scotland's youngest MP. From 1999 to 2001, <mask> was a member of the Public Accounts Select Committee, which oversees public expenditure. In February 2001, he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Helen Liddell, the Secretary of State for Scotland, after the resignation of Frank Roy over the Carfin Grotto fiasco. Upon becoming a PPS, he stood down from his previous other roles as the Vice Chair of the Labour Party's Treasury, Northern Ireland and Culture, Media and Sport Committees. At the 2001 general election he was re-elected as MP for Eastwood, with an increased majority of 9,141. In late 2001 he suggested bombing the poppy fields of Afghanistan to try to destroy the opium crop.In June 2002, he was appointed as a government whip, with responsibility for the Scotland Office and the Northern Ireland Office. His responsibilities were expanded in November 2002 to include the Department of Trade and Industry, and again in June 2003 to cover the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Department for International Development. He was the Chair of the Labour Friends of Israel from 2001 to 2002. In government

Junior government minister
For the 2005 general election, the Eastwood constituency was renamed East Renfrewshire, although the

masks: Murphy Murphy


texts: boundaries were unchanged. <mask> was re-elected with a majority of 6,657 and subsequently promoted to ministerial rank as the Parliamentary Secretary at the Cabinet Office. His responsibilities in that role included the promotion of e-government, better regulation and modernising public services. In January 2006, he was the government minister responsible for introducing the Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 in the House of Commons.The act was controversial because of a perception it was an enabling act substantially removing the ancient British constitutional restriction on the executive introducing and altering laws without assent or scrutiny by Parliament. The bill proved unpopular with MPs and the Green Party but received royal assent on 8 November 2006. <mask> was promoted in May 2006 to become Minister of State for Employment and Welfare Reform. He oversaw the Welfare Reform Act 2007 and told a conference in Edinburgh the housing benefit changes and employment and support allowance would help single parents and older citizens back into work. The act was criticised over the involvement of private insurers in its drafting and as being part of a wider move towards workfare and a disability policy based around Work Capability Assessment. His reforms helped lay the foundations for the policies of subsequent Conservative governments, which saw thousands of people with health conditions and disabilities dying within six weeks of being declared fit for work. <mask> was promoted to Minister of State for Europe in June 2007.He helped to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon, which was confirmed on 16 July 2007. The stated aim of the treaty was to

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts:
 "complete the process started by the Treaty of Amsterdam [1997] and by the Treaty of Nice [2001] with a view to enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the Union and to improving the coherence of its action." He was commended for his commission of the "Engagement: Public Diplomacy in a Globalised World" collection of essays, organised with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Secretary of State for Scotland
In October 2008, Prime Minister Gordon Brown appointed <mask> to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Scotland, with additional responsibility for retaining Scottish seats at the next general election. He was also appointed to the Privy Council. In 2009, he apologised "on behalf of all politicians" for the expenses scandal. He was also the cabinet minister responsible for co-ordinating Pope Benedict's visit to the UK in 2010 - which was the first ever state visit by a Pope to the UK.Shadow Cabinet

Shadow Secretary of State for Defence
At the 2010 general election, the Labour Party held every seat they had won in Scotland in 2005, although they lost the election overall. <mask> was subsequently one of the two campaign managers for David Miliband's failed bid for the leadership of the Labour Party, along with Douglas Alexander. Following the election of Ed Miliband, <mask> was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Defence on 8 October 2010. Also in 2010, The Herald awarded him with the title of "Best Scot at Westminster" for a second year in a row, having given him the title for the first time in 2009. In 2011, The Daily Telegraph published documents, compiled by a senior US official at the US Embassy in London and published by


texts: WikiLeaks, stating that throughout 2009, <mask> had a leading role in organising the support of opposition parties in promoting the implementation of the Commission on Scottish Devolution's recommendations. The aim was to "block an independence referendum" in Scotland. As Shadow Defence Secretary, <mask> criticised moves to boycott Israel, stating that the Labour Party's policy was to avoid participation in boycotts.He praised the "vital" role of NATO during the military intervention in the 2011 Libyan crisis resolution, stating that Libya had been set "on a path to censure, democratic and peaceful future". He also criticised the scrapping of the Rolls Royce Nimrod, stating it was "probably the most expensive technically capable aircraft in our history" and it had been treated "like second hand car sent to scrap" despite its usefulness in defence. <mask> co-chaired the review of the Labour Party in Scotland with Sarah Boyack, commissioned by Ed Miliband in May 2011 in response to the landslide victory by the Scottish National Party in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, which reported in August of that year. On 3 July 2013, <mask> criticised the Unite trade union for "bullying" and "overstepping the mark" for allegedly interfering with the selection of a candidate in Falkirk. A Labour Party investigation later cleared Unite of any wrongdoing. <mask> voted against the restriction of housing benefit for those in social housing deemed to have excess bedrooms, otherwise known as the "Bedroom Tax", in favour of allowing same sex marriage and against capping discretionary working age benefits, allowing them to rise in line with prices. Shadow Secretary


texts:
 of State for International Development
In 2013, <mask> was moved to the post of Shadow Secretary of State for International Development in a "purge of Blairites" by Ed Miliband.His unease with the Labour leader's decision to oppose military action in Syria may have contributed to the move. He stated he had agreed to take a more prominent role in the Better Together campaign to keep Scotland in the UK. <mask> told a radio show in October 2013 that female soldiers should be able to serve in combat roles. In March 2014, <mask> criticised FIFA for the management of the 2022 World Cup in Qatar, citing the "sub-human working conditions" he saw when visiting the worker camps for the Qatar stadiums. Expenses
A 2010 commission chaired by Thomas Legg demanded <mask> repay £577.46 in expenses which he had overclaimed. He did not appeal, and repaid the money in full. Expenses documents made available showed he also claimed over £1 million between 2001 and 2012.In 2007/8 he claimed £3,900 for food, £2,284 for petty cash and £4,884 for a new bathroom. He claimed £249 for a TV set and a further £99 for a TV stand; £1762.50 of taxpayers money paid for <mask>'s website whilst further claims included Labour party adverts in the local press. He claimed almost £2000 of public cash to pay private accountants to handle his tax returns. In 2012, <mask> was among a group of 27 MPs named as benefiting from up to £20,000 per year expenses to rent accommodation in London, at the same time as letting out property they owned in the city. Although the practice did not break rules, it has been characterised as a "loophole" that allows politicians to profit from Commons

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts:
 allowances. He also designated his constituency home in Glasgow as his second home for which he claimed £780 a month in mortgage interest payments in 2007/2008. Scottish independence referendum campaign
During the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, <mask> gained prominence in the media for his role in the "No" campaign, due to his "100 Streets in 100 Days" tour.He briefly suspended the tour on 28 August 2014, after an egg was thrown at him by a member of the public in Kirkcaldy. Video evidence showed members of the public wearing 'Yes' campaign insignias berating him as he spoke. He claimed this was the result of an orchestrated attack by mobs of protesters organised by the Yes Scotland campaign in a deliberate attempt to intimidate him. The man responsible was a local resident who was a supporter of Scottish independence, who alleged that <mask> had not answered a question asked of him. Pleading guilty to assault, he apologised for 'bringing the Yes campaign into disrepute unintentionally'. <mask> was awarded The Spectator's Campaigner of the Year prize for his role in the 'No' campaign during the independence debate. Leader of the Scottish Labour Party

Election to leadership and early activities
Following Johann Lamont's resignation as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party, <mask> announced that he would be a candidate in the election to replace her, alongside Neil Findlay MSP and Sarah Boyack MSP.He resigned from the Labour Party Shadow Cabinet in November 2014 to focus on his campaign. The Guardian's Kevin McKenna argued <mask>'s tour during the 2014 referendum campaign "wasn't really about his new-found enthusiasm for the union... [but] was,

masks:
Murphy
Jim Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


texts:
 instead, a three-month job interview for the post of leader of the Labour party in Scotland". In announcing his candidacy, <mask> stated he would end the electoral losing streak of Labour in Scotland, creating a revival similar to Tony Blair's return to power in 1997 in the UK. On 13 December 2014, <mask> was elected as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party, having secured 56% of the vote under the party's electoral college system. In December 2014, <mask> stated he was in favour for alcohol ban at Scottish football matches to be overturned on a trial basis. Mhari McGowan, representing Assist, a domestic violence support organisation, called the proposal "absolutely crazy". Ruth Davidson of the Conservative Party had previously called for a review of the policy in 2013.In February 2015, <mask> claimed that four times as many NHS operations were being cancelled in Scotland as in England. When it emerged that the claim was based on a misreading of the statistics, <mask> had to delete a YouTube video and a message on social media he had made capitalising on the false claim. In March 2015, citing figures from The Guardian on the low rate of Scotland's poorest pupils going to university, <mask> confirmed that higher education tuition would remain free for Scottish students. 2015 general election

On his election as party leader <mask> said he was determined under his leadership Labour would not lose any MPs to the SNP in the British general election of May 2015. On 27 February 2015, <mask> announced that he would again stand for the Westminster parliamentary seat of East Renfrewshire in the election. In the run-up to the 2015 United Kingdom general election,

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


texts: <mask> predicted that a late swing would save Labour in spite of unfavourable polls. During his campaign, the SNP suspended two members of their party after it emerged that they had disrupted <mask>'s speeches with fellow campaigner Eddie Izzard.During <mask>'s time as leader he took part in a debate at Glasgow University with Nicola Sturgeon, Ruth Davidson and Willie Rennie. During the debate the panel were asked about their stance on drugs, mainly if drug laws should be devolved to the Scottish Parliament and what their individual experiences with drugs were. When the panel were questioned if they had ever tried cannabis, <mask> stated that "in the housing scheme where I grew up, glue sniffing was the thing". On 7 May 2015, the Scottish National Party won 56 of the 59 Scottish seats at Westminster and Scottish Labour lost 40 of the 41 seats it was defending. <mask> lost his own East Renfrewshire seat to the SNP's Kirsten Oswald, leading to calls for his resignation. <mask>, his chief of staff John McTernan and strategy head Blair McDougall were criticised for their role in Labour's defeat. Criticism was made of Labour party resources in Scotland being assigned to favoured candidates such as Alexander and Curran.<mask> stated that the loss was due to "an absence of ideas" rather than a "lack of passion", and referenced Labour's additional defeats in England as another factor affecting the party's success. Following his defeat, he said he would remain Leader of Scottish Labour, despite calls for his resignation. In spite of surviving a vote of no confidence by 17 votes to 14 at a party meeting in Glasgow, <mask> announced on 16 May 2015 that he

masks:
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Jim Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


texts:
 intended to step down as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in June. At the same press conference <mask> also stated that he wanted to have a successor as leader in place by the summer, and confirmed he would not be standing for a seat at the Scottish Parliament in the 2016 general election. He added that Scottish Labour was the "least modernised part of the Labour movement", and commented that problem with the Labour party lay not with the trade unionists, but with Len McCluskey, leader of Unite, whose behaviour he described as "destructive". <mask>'s resignation took effect on 1 June 2015. While Kezia Dugdale, as Deputy Leader of Scottish Labour, would normally have acted as leader until a permanent leader was elected, former Scottish Labour Leader Iain Gray became acting leader as Dugdale resigned the Deputy Leadership in order to run for the Leadership vacated by <mask>.Political positions and views

<mask> identifies as a social democrat and has expressed sympathy for democratic socialism but has been described as being on the political right of the Labour Party. He has frequently been referred to as a Blairite but has claimed the term is outdated. <mask> is on the Political Council of the Henry Jackson Society, a neo-conservative transatlantic think tank named in honour of Cold War anti-communist US Senator Henry M. Jackson. The society advocates an interventionist foreign policy by both non-military and military methods. As Shadow Secretary of State for Defence, he gave a speech at an HJS event entitled 'A New Model for Intervention: How the UK Responds to Extremism in North and West Africa and Beyond’, arguing for the UK to remain engaged in


texts:
 defence policy beyond its borders, while learning lessons from past experiences. In January 2015, the Scottish National Party (SNP) and Scottish Greens called on <mask> to resign from the Henry Jackson Society. In response the Henry Jackson Society reaffirmed its cross-partisan nature, saying "we believe ... the broadest possible coalition of politicians – of which <mask> is just one of 15 Labour parliamentarians to do so through our political advisory council – should engage with such ideas [of foreign policy]."Post-parliament career
After the disastrous results for Scottish Labour at the 2015 general election, <mask> set up a consultancy and became an advisor to the Finnish non-profit Crisis Management Initiative (CMI), advising on "conflict resolution in central Asia". In November 2016, <mask> took up an employed position as an adviser to former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair. In August 2018, <mask> paid for a full-page advert in the Jewish Telegraph in which he criticised Jeremy Corbyn for what he claimed was the party's failure to root out anti-semitism. The article, which appeared on page three of the paper under the headline "In sorrow and anger - an apology", accused Corbyn and his top team of being "intellectually arrogant, emotionally inept and politically maladroit". Personal life
<mask> is married with three children – Cara, Matthew and Daniel. He captained the Parliamentary Football Team. He is a practising Roman Catholic.He is also a vegetarian and a teetotaller. He is the author of "The Ten Football Matches That Changed The World...And The One That Didn't." <mask> was passing near to the Clutha Pub in Stockwell Street in Glasgow on the

masks:
Murphy
Jim Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


texts:
 night of 29 November 2013, shortly after a Police Scotland helicopter crashed onto the roof of the pub, killing 10 people and injuring 31 others. He was later interviewed about the aftermath of the accident. See also
 New Puritans (social movement)

References

Sources

External links

Profile: <mask> BBC News Online, 17 October 2002

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1967 births
Scottish people of Irish descent
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Living people
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Politicians from Cape Town
Politicians from Glasgow
Politics of East Renfrewshire
Presidents of the National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
Scottish Labour MPs
Labour Friends of Israel
Scottish Roman Catholics
Secretaries of State for Scotland
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Leaders of Scottish


texts:
<mask>, O.S.B., (26 December 1864 – 8 September 1942) was an English Benedictine monk and martyrologist. He is best known for his many works on the English Catholic martyrs, which helped to keep their memories alive in the newly reemerging Catholic Church of Victorian England. Life

He was born <mask> on 26 December 1864 in Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey (then Middlesex), England, the son of <mask>, a retired cavalryman of the 12th Royal Lancers and his wife, Caroline Arden. As a youth he was educated first at Westminster School and then at Keble College, Oxford, from which he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Theology in 1884. <mask> was ordained a minister in the Church of England in 1888, and passed a short period as a curate at St Agnes, Kennington Park. He was drawn to the Catholic Church, however, and he became a convert to Catholicism in 1890, received at Maredsous Abbey in Belgium. He was accepted into the novitiate of the abbey on 8 September of that same year and made his first profession as a monk on 8 December 1891.He was then sent to the Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm in Rome for further studies, where he was solemnly professed on Christmas Day 1894 and ordained as a Catholic priest on 9 March 1895 at the Basilica of St. John Lateran, by Cardinal Parocchi. Camm was then sent to live at Erdington Abbey, one of the first English members in a community of refugee monks from Germany. Camm developed a strong devotion to the English Martyrs who were being beatified by Pope Leo XIII during that period, seeing them as heroic witnesses to his new faith, who were also natives of England. Out of this, he was to publish his two-volume work Lives of the English Martyrs in 1904. While he was working on his book, he came to know Mother Mary of

masks:
Dom Bede Camm
Reginald Percy John Camm
John Brooke Maher Camm
Camm


texts: St. Peter, foundress of the Benedictine Adorers of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre. She had just led her new monastic community from Paris, due to the anti-clerical laws enacted in France at the time. The nuns built a new monastery located in Tyburn, the place of execution of many of the Catholic martyrs of the Tudor period.They opened a small shrine to the martyrs in the crypt of the monastery chapel and became the caretakers of the site. Camm developed a deep respect for the foundress. In 1909 <mask> came to the rescue of the Tyburn nuns. The financial situation of the nuns' monastery had become so severe that they were in process of selling the property, and had already packed. He approached Mother St. Peter and offered to help them with a legacy he had received from his father, clearing their debts and funding the construction of a novitiate for their priory. This donation saved the community in its early days, and the site of devotion to England's martyrs. He went on to help develop the site, obtaining more relics and stained glass windows in erecting a larger shrine.It was he who designed a recreation of the Tyburn Tree for the sanctuary of the shrine, as a baldachin over the altar. From 1912 to 1913 he was at Maredsous Abbey in Belgium. After the corporate conversion of Caldey Abbey to the Catholic Church—among the first of its kind accepted by Rome, at the invitation of the abbot of that monastery, in June 1913 <mask> went to serve as their Master of novices. In addition to this work, he spent the next year touring England, lecturing and preaching to raise funds for the support of Caldey and of the nuns at Tyburn. Camm contributed a number of articles on English martyrs to the Catholic Encyclopedia. Camm's own abbey started to experience

masks: Camm Camm


texts:
 problems during the years leading up to World War I, as its situation became precarious due to the overwhelming preponderance of German monks in the community. Thus Camm transferred to Downside Abbey, where he renewed his vows on 21 November 1913 to Abbot Cuthbert Butler.He spent the years of World War I as a military chaplain, posted first at Stobhill Hospital in Glasgow, Scotland, then, in December 1915, in Port Said, Egypt. He served with the military until the spring of 1919. From 1919 to 1931 <mask> served as Master of St Benet's Hall, Cambridge. During that period, he produced further works on the English martyrs and some guides to the surviving locales connected to them. He retired to Downside Abbey in June 1931 due to ill health. <mask> was later transferred to a Catholic nursing home in Clifton, Bristol,
where he died on 8 September 1942. He was buried in the monastic cemetery of the abbey.Works
A Benedictine Martyr in England: being the life and times of the venerable servant of God, Dom John Roberts (1897)
In the Brave Days of Old: historical sketches of the Elizabethan persecution (1899)
Courtier, Monk and Martyr: a sketch of the life and sufferings of Blessed Sebastian Newdigate of the London Charterhouse (1901)
Lives of the English Martyrs: declared blessed by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 and 1895 (1904)
Some Devonshire screens and the saints represented on their panels (1906)
Tyburn Conferences: Oxford, Douay, Tyburn (1906)
The Voyage of the "Pax"; an allegory (1906)
A Birthday Book of the English Martyrs (1908)
William Cardinal Allen (1908)
Roodscreens and Roodlofts (1909), with Frederick Bligh Bond
The Martyr-Monk of Manchester, Blessed Ambrose Barlow (1910)
Forgotten Shrines (1910)
Heroes of the Faith (1910)
Sister Mary of St.


texts:
 Francis, S.N.D., the Hon. Laura Petre (Stafford-Jernigham) (1913)
A North-Country Martyr (Venerable John Ducket) (1914)
At the Feet of the King of Martyrs (1916)
Ven. Dominic Barberi and the conversion of England (1922)
Pilgrim Paths in Latin Lands (1923)
The Story of Blessed Thomas More (1926)
The English Martyrs and Anglican Orders (1929)
The Good Fruit of Tyburn Tree (1929)
The English Martyrs; papers from the Summer school of Catholic studies held at Cambridge, 28 July – 6 Aug. 1928 (1929)
Nine Martyr Monks:  the lives of the English Benedictine martyrs beatified in 1929 (1931)
The Life of Blessed John Wall, O.F.M. : the martyr of Harvington (1932)
The Foundress of Tyburn Convent (1935)
Anglican Memories (1935)
Witnesses to the Holy Mass and Other Sermons (2004)
The English Martyrs under Henry VIII: I. Fisher and More with Leonard William Longstaff

Notes

Further reading
Aidan Bellenger, Two Antiquarian Monks: the Papers of Dom Bede Camm and Dom Ethelbert Horn at Downside Catholic Archives 6 (1986) 11
Aidan Bellenger, Dom Bede Camm (1864–1942), Monastic Martyrologist, in Diana Wood (editor), Martyrs and martyrologies: papers read at the 1992 Summer Meeting and the 1993 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society (1993)

1864 births
1942 deaths
Christian hagiographers
Anglican priest converts to Roman Catholicism
19th-century English Anglican priests
English Benedictines
Benedictine scholars
Benedictine writers
English religious writers
19th-century English Roman Catholic priests
20th-century English Roman Catholic priests
People from Sunbury-on-Thames
English military chaplains
World War I chaplains
Burials at Downside Abbey
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Keble College, Oxford
Contributors to the Catholic


texts:
<mask> (15 June 1923 – 18 March 1975) led the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) until he was assassinated on March 1975. Although his murderer remains unidentified, the Rhodesian author Peter Stiff says that a former soldier of the British Special Air Service (SAS), Hugh Hind, was responsible. Chitepo became the first black citizen of Rhodesia to become a barrister. Early years
<mask> was born in Watsomba village in the Mutasa District of Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe on 15 June 1923. His family came from the Manyika clan (Samanyika) of the Shona people. He was educated at St David's Mission School, Bonda, St Augustine's School, Penhalonga and then at Adams College, Natal, South Africa, where he qualified as a teacher in 1945. This was where he met Victoria Mahamba-Sithole, a South African whom he married in 1955.Early career
After teaching for a year, he resumed his studies to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts from Fort Hare University College in 1949. He qualified as a Barrister-at-Law, and was called to the bar by Gray's Inn, whose alumni included Winston Churchill. He was a research assistant at the School of Oriental and African Studies. He was the first African in Southern Rhodesia to qualify as a Barrister. In 1954, <mask> became Rhodesia's second black lawyer after Prince Nguboyenja Khumalo son of King Lobengula (a special law was required to allow him to occupy chambers with white colleagues). On returning to Rhodesia in 1954, he practised as a lawyer and defended African nationalists such as Ndabaningi Sithole in court. In February 1960, he traveled to the US with support from the African-American

masks:
Herbert Wiltshire Pfumaindini Chitepo
Chitepo
Chitepo


texts:
 Institute.[Ilanga Lasa Natal Ngomgqibelo (Saturday), February 27, 1960.] In 1961, he served as legal adviser to Joshua Nkomo, founder of the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU), at the Southern Rhodesia Constitutional Conference in London. In the same year, he was also appointed to the Board of Governors of Bernard Mizeki College along with Sir. W. C .R. Honey and Sir Robert Tredgold. The Southern Rhodesian government did not detain him, as he did not come out in the open as an official of the nationalist movement, and the regime also feared that he was too internationally well known to be locked up. ZANU
In May 1962 ZAPU was banned because of militarism and <mask> was persuaded to go into voluntary exile to escape possible detention.He became Tanganyika's first African Director of Public Prosecutions. The Ndabaningi Sithole and Joshua Nkomo factions of ZAPU split apart in July 1963. Nkomo's supporters founded the PCC-ZAPU (later just called ZAPU again) and favoured a more militaristic approach. As the more moderate faction, <mask> sided with Sithole and was elected Chairman of ZANU (having defeated Nathan Shamuyarira) from its foundation. He held this post until 7 December 1974, when the Lusaka Accord was signed. Both parties vied for domination but in 1964 both were banned and the leaders were all arrested. Both parties chose to leave the country and reorganise and form armies from outside Rhodesian borders, although they chose different countries to make their base.ZAPU based itself in the West and Zambia where it organised ZIPRA (the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army.) They allied with the Soviet Union and

masks: Chitepo Chitepo


texts:
 organised a vanguard of highly trained soldiers. ZANU, however, moved into Tanzania and then to Mozambique and set up ZANLA (Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army) which concentrated more on mobilising the masses in the countryside in a method pioneered by the Chinese. In January 1966 <mask> resigned as Director of Public Prosecutions and moved to Zambia to concentrate on the armed struggle. He toured world capitals canvassing support for ZANU and for the enforcement of total economic sanctions against Rhodesia. With his friendly disposition, he was very effective and earned for ZANU international recognition and respect. Sithole and others prepared a comprehensive document giving powers to Chitepo to lead ZANU while Rev.Sithole was in detention and specifically authorising him to carry out the armed struggle. Accordingly, <mask> with the military supremo Josiah Tongogara from the Karanga ethnic community, organised and planned successful military guerilla attacks and underground activities in Rhodesia from 1966 onwards. In 1972, he co-ordinated war operations with FRELIMO and opened up the north eastern region of Zimbabwe as a new and effective war front. Assassination
<mask> died on 18 March 1975 in Lusaka, Zambia when a car bomb, placed in his Volkswagen Beetle the night before, exploded. He and Silas Shamiso, one of his bodyguards, were killed instantly. Sadat Kufamadzuba, his other bodyguard, was injured. The explosion sent part of the car onto the roof of his house and uprooted a tree next door.Hours later one of his neighbours died of injuries he sustained in the explosion. ZANU at the time blamed the

masks:
Chitepo
Herbert Chitepo
Chitepo


texts:
 Rhodesian Security Forces. Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda commissioned an inquiry into Chitepo's death. Documents released in October 2001, placed the blame on ZANU infighting. However, in his biographical account, The Legend of The Selous Scouts, Lt Col Ronald Reid-Daly, Officer Commanding, Selous Scouts Regiment, Rhodesian Security Forces, clearly states that the Rhodesian Central Intelligence Organization (CIO) under the leadership of Director General Ken Flower, masterminded the assassination of <mask>, subsequently planting documentary evidence blaming ZANU members. "The decision by Ken Flower...to assassinate <mask>, head of the ZANU War Council, now showed how badly Flower has misread the ZANU/ZANLA situation. The death of Chitepo purged ZANU of its many dissenting factions and a new and highly successful leader emerged.Robert Mugabe gave ZANLA the means to consolidate its efforts by providing ZANLA with an indispensable factor – unity." [pg. 173 The Legend of The Selous Scouts]

See also
List of unsolved murders

References

External links
Zimbabwesituation.com
Zimbabwe seminar
The Assassination of <mask>o

1923 births
1975 deaths
20th-century Rhodesian lawyers
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Assassinated Rhodesian politicians
Deaths by car bomb
Male murder victims
Murder in 1975
People from Manicaland Province
People murdered in Zambia
Rhodesian lawyers
Rhodesian people murdered abroad
Southern Rhodesian expatriates in the United Kingdom
University of Fort Hare alumni
Unsolved murders
Zambian lawyers
Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army personnel
Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga

masks:
Herbert Chitepo
Herbert Chitepo
Herbert Chitep


texts:
<mask> (February 8, 1928 – April 22, 2010) was a Canadian music critic, biographer, lyricist, and journalist. Lees worked as a newspaper journalist in his native Canada before moving to the United States, where he was a music critic and lyricist. His lyrics for Antonio Carlos Jobim's "Corcovado" (released as "Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars"), have been recorded by such singers as Frank Sinatra, Peggy Lee, Queen Latifah, and Diana Krall. Biography
Born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Lees was the eldest of four children born to <mask>, a violinist, and Dorothy Flatman. His sister, <mask>, is the former Secretary General of Montreal's McGill University, and his brother, <mask>, is an investigative journalist and science writer. Beginning his writing career as a newspaper reporter in his native Canada, between 1948 and 1955 Lees contributed to The Hamilton Spectator, the Toronto Telegram, and the Montreal Star, and first worked as a music critic in the United States for the Louisville (Kentucky) Times between 1955 and 1959 and was editor of the jazz magazine Down Beat between 1959 and 1962. As a freelance writer, Lees wrote for the American high fidelity magazines Stereo Review and High Fidelity (often using his column to defend jazz and older popular music while blasting "that rock junk"), the Canadian magazine Maclean's, the Toronto Star, the Toronto Globe and Mail, and The New York Times.Lees wrote nearly one hundred liner notes for artists as diverse as Stan Getz, John Coltrane, George Barnes (musician), and Quincy Jones. His first novel And Sleep Until Noon was published in 1967. The second, Song Lake Summer, was published in 2008. Lees won the first of five ASCAP-Deems Taylor Awards in 1978 for a series of

masks:
Frederick Eugene John Lees
Harold Lees
Victoria Lees
David Lees


texts:
 articles published in High Fidelity about US music. Lees' famous monthly Jazzletter was established in 1981, and contains musical criticism by Lees and others. Author
<mask> wrote a rhyming dictionary in the 1980s, and published three compilations of pieces from his Jazzletter: Singers and the Song (1987), Meet Me at Jim & Andy's (1988), and Waiting for Dizzy (1991). As a biographer, Lees has written about Oscar Peterson, the partnership of Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe, Woody Herman, and has collaborated with Henry Mancini on Mancini's autobiography Did They Mention the Music?(1989). Lees wrote about racism in jazz music in Cats of Any Color: Jazz Black and White (1994) and on the effect of racism on the careers of Dizzy Gillespie, Clark Terry, Milt Jackson and Nat King Cole in You Can't Steal a Gift: Dizzy, Clark, Milt and Nat (2001). A memoir entitled Friends Along the Way: A Journey Through Jazz was published in 2003. Songwriting
Lees studied composition by correspondence with the Berklee College of Music, in the early 1960s and piano with Tony Aless and guitar with Oscar Castro-Neves in New York City. Lees became a lyricist in the 1960s, writing many of the English language lyrics for Bossa Nova songs, translating them from their original Portuguese. Lees wrote the lyrics for the Antonio Carlos Jobim songs; "Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars", "Someone to Light Up My Life", "Song of the Jet", "This Happy Madness" and "Dreamer". "Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars" (originally "Corcovado") has been recorded by many artists, artists as diverse as Frank Sinatra and Queen Latifah."Quiet Nights" was <mask>' first professional lyric, written on a bus going to Belo Horizonte, while Lees was on a United States

masks: Lees Lees


texts:
 State Department tour of South America with the Paul Winter Sextet, in 1961. Sinatra recorded four songs by Jobim with lyrics by <mask>, Sinatra's recording of "Quiet Nights" (from Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim, 1967), is considered by Lees to be definitive. <mask> also wrote the lyrics for Charles Aznavour's, "Paris Is at Her Best in May" and "Venice Blue", and Aznavour's 1965 Broadway concert, The World of Charles Aznavour. <mask> contributed lyrics to "Bridges" by Milton Nascimento; "Yesterday I Heard the Rain" by Armando Manzanero; and Bill Evans' "Waltz for Debby". Poems by Pope John Paul II were translated by Lees and recorded by Sarah Vaughan as part of a song cycle on her album The Planet Is Alive...Let it Live! (1984). Recording/broadcasting
<mask> briefly returned to Canada in the early 1970s and recorded the LP Bridges: <mask> Sings the <mask> Songbook on Kanata Records, a Toronto company of which he became president from 1971 to 1974.<mask> briefly had his own late-night CBC TV show in 1971, appeared as a commentator or singer on other CBC Toronto and Ottawa TV and radio series, and was host 1973–4 for Toronto radio station CKFM-FM's <mask> and Friends. Lees released a second album in 1998, <mask>s Sings <mask>s and recorded Leaves on the Water with pianist Roger Kellaway, and a third, "Yesterday I Heard The Rain", with a group of jazz all-stars led by Don Thompson. <mask> died of a stroke on April 22, 2010, at his home in Ojai, California. His wife, Janet, planned to continue the Jazzletter after his death, but this did not materialize. She died in 2013. Bibliography
 The Modern Rhyming Dictionary: How to Write Lyrics A Practical Guide to Lyric Writing for Songwriters and

masks:
Lees
Lees
Lees
Lees
Gene Lees
Gene Lees
Lees
Gene Lees
Gene Lee
Gene Lee
Death Lees


texts:
 Poets (1987),
Meet Me at Jim & Andy's: Jazz Musicians and Their World (1988),
Waiting for Dizzy (1991),
 Cats of Any Color: Jazz Black and White (1994),
 You Can't Steal a Gift: Dizzy, Clark, Milt and Nat (2001),
 Friends Along the Way: A Journey Through Jazz (2003),
 Arranging the Score: Portraits of the Great Arrangers (2000) ISBN 0304704881
Singers & The Song (1987),

Biographies
 Johnny Mercer – Portrait of Johnny: The Life of John Herndon Mercer (2004),
 Oscar Peterson – Oscar Peterson: The Will to Swing (1988, revised 2000),
 Alan Jay Lerner, Frederick Loewe – Inventing Champagne: The Worlds of Lerner and Loewe (1990),
 Woody Herman – Leader of the Band: The Life of Woody Herman (1995),

Biographies as co–author
 Henry Mancini – Did They Mention the Music? : The Autobiography of Henry Mancini (1989),

Novel
 And Sleep Till Noon (1967)
 Song Lake Summer (2008)

Discography as a singer
 1970s: <mask> Lees Sings the <mask> Lees Songbook
 1998: <mask> Lees Sings <mask> Lees
 1999: Leaves on the Water (with Roger Kellaway)
 2000: Yesterday I Heard the Rain (with Don Thompson)

References

External links

<mask> Lees' Jazzletter online

1928 births
2010 deaths
Berklee College of Music alumni
Canadian biographers
Male biographers
Canadian expatriates in the United States
Canadian journalists
Canadian male novelists
Canadian memoirists
Canadian music critics
Canadian music journalists
Canadian radio personalities
Canadian singer-songwriters
Jazz writers
Musicians from Hamilton, Ontario
Canadian lyricists
Writers from Hamilton, Ontario
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian male singers
20th-century Canadian translators
20th-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male non-fiction

masks: Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene


texts:
<mask> (22 May 1733 – 15 April 1808) was a French painter in the school of Romanticism, noted especially for his landscape paintings and capricci, or semi-fictitious picturesque depictions of ruins in Italy and of France. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Paris in 1733. His father, <mask>, was in the service of François-Joseph de Choiseul, marquis de Stainville a leading diplomat from Lorraine. Young <mask> finished his studies with the Jesuits at the Collège de Navarre in 1751 and entered the atelier of the sculptor Michel-Ange Slodtz who taught him design and perspective but encouraged him to turn to painting. In 1754 he left for Rome in the train of Étienne-François de Choiseul, son of his father's employer, who had been named French ambassador and would become a Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to Louis XV in 1758. In Rome

He spent fully eleven years in Rome, a remarkable length of time; after the young artist's official residence at the French Academy in Rome ran out, he supported himself by works he produced for visiting connoisseurs like the abbé de Saint-Non, who took <mask> to Naples in April 1760 to visit the ruins of Pompeii. The marquis de Marigny, director of the Bâtiments du Roi kept abreast of his development in correspondence with Natoire, director of the French Academy, who urged the pensionnaires to sketch out-of-doors, from nature: <mask> needed no urging; drawings from his sketchbooks document his travels: Villa d'Este, Caprarola.The contrast between the ruins of ancient Rome and the life of his time excited his keenest interest. He worked for a time in the studio of Pannini, whose

masks:
Hubert Robert
Hubert Robert
Nicolas Robert
Robert
Robert
Robert


texts:
 influence can be seen in the Vue imaginaire de la galerie du Louvre en ruine (illustration). <mask> spent his time in the company of young artists in the circle of Piranesi, whose capricci of romantically overgrown ruins influenced him so greatly that he gained the nickname <mask> des ruines. The albums of sketches and drawings he assembled in Rome supplied him with motifs that he worked into paintings throughout his career. In Paris

His success on his return to Paris in 1765 was rapid: the following year he was received by the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, with a Roman capriccio, The Port of Rome, ornamented with different Monuments of Architecture, Ancient and Modern. <mask>'s first exhibition at the Salon of 1767, consisting of thirteen paintings and a number of drawings, prompted Denis Diderot to write: "The ideas which the ruins awake in me are grand." <mask> subsequently showed work at every Salon until 1802.He was successively appointed "Designer of the King's Gardens", "Keeper of the King's Pictures" and "Keeper of the Museum and Councilor to the Academy". <mask> was arrested in October 1793, during the French Revolution. During the ten months of his detention at Sainte-Pélagie and Saint-Lazare he made many drawings, painted at least 53 canvases, and painted numerous vignettes of prison life on plates. He was freed one week after the fall of Robespierre. <mask> narrowly escaped the guillotine when through error another prisoner with a similar name was guillotined in his place. Subsequently, he was placed on the committee of five in charge of the new national museum at the Palais du Louvre. The

masks: Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert


texts:
 Revolution also resulted in the destruction of some of <mask>'s work; his painting Péché Cardinal (ca.1799) is one that is thought to be lost or destroyed in a fire.<mask> had designed the decorations for a little theatre in the new wing at the location of the current staircase Gabriel in the Palace of Versailles. Designed to seat about 500, this theatre was built from the summer of 1785 and opened in early 1786. It was intended to serve as an ordinary court theatre, replacing the Theatre of the Princes Court which was too old and too small, but was destroyed during the time of Louis Philippe. A watercolour of <mask>'s design is in the National Archives in Paris. <mask> died of a stroke on 15 April 1808. Style and legacy

The quantity of his work is immense, comprising perhaps one thousand paintings and ten thousand drawings. The Louvre alone contains nine paintings by his hand and specimens are frequently to be met with in provincial museums and private collections.<mask>'s work has more or less of that scenic character which justified his selection by Voltaire to paint the decorations of his theatre at Ferney. His work was much engraved by the abbé de Saint-Non, with whom he had visited Naples in the company of Fragonard during his early days; in Italy his work has also been frequently reproduced by Chatelain, Linard, Le Veau, and others. He is noted for the liveliness and point with which he treated the subjects he painted. Equally at ease painting small easel pictures or huge decorations, he worked quickly using an alla prima technique. Along with this incessant activity as an artist, his daring character and many

masks: Robert Robert Robert Robert Robert


texts:
 adventures attracted general admiration and sympathy. In the fourth canto of his L'Imagination Jacques Delille celebrated <mask>'s miraculous escape when lost in the catacombs. <mask> and picturesque gardens

Enterprising and prolific, <mask> also acted in a role similar to that of a modern-day art director, conceptualizing fashionably dilapidated gardens for several aristocratic clients, summarized by his possible intervention at Ermenonville; there he would have been working with the architect Morel for the marquis de Girardin, who was the author of Compositions des paysages (1777) and had distinct views of his own.In 1786 he began his better documented collaboration at Méréville, with his most significant patron, the financier Jean-Joseph de Laborde, who found François-Joseph Bélanger's plans too expensive and perhaps too formal. Though documents are again lacking, <mask>'s name is invariably invoked in connection with Marie Antoinette's 'premier architecte' Richard Mique through several phases of the creation of an informal landscape garden at the Petit Trianon, and the setting of the petit hameau. <mask>'s contribution to garden design was not in making practical ground plans for improvements but in providing atmospheric inspiration for the proposed effect. At Ermenonville and at Méréville "<mask>'s paintings both recorded and inspired", according to W.H. Adams: <mask>'s four large ruin fantasies, painted in 1787 for Méréville may be searched in vain for direct connections with the garden. <mask>'s paintings of the Moulin Joly of his friend Claude-Henri Watelet render the fully-grown atmosphere of a garden that had

masks:
Robert
Robert
Robert
Hubert Robert
Robert
Hubert Robert
Robert
Hubert


texts:
 been under way since 1754. His set of six Italianate landscape panels painted for Bagatelle were not the inspiration for the formal turfed parterre set in the thinned woodlands, designed by Bélanger; the later picturesque extensions of Bagatelle were carried out by its Scottish gardener, William Blaikie.<mask>'s commissioned painting of the long-delayed rejuvenation of the park at Versailles, begun in 1774 with the cutting down of the trees for sale as firewood, is a record of the event, resonant with allegorical meaning. <mask> was more certainly responsible for the conception of the grotto and cascades of the 'Baths of Apollo,' tucked within a grove of the chateau's park and built to house François Girardon's celebrated sculpture group Apollo Attended by Nymphs. Gallery
Works on paper

Oil paintings

References, notes and sources
References and notes

Sources

 Adams, William Howard, The French Garden 1500–1800 (New York: Braziller) 1979. Huisman, Philippe, French Watercolours of the 18th Century (1969) London, Thames and Hudson
 Wiebenson, Dora, The Picturesque Garden in France (Princeton University Press) 1978. Sarah Catala. Les Hubert Robert de Besançon. Milan: Silvana Editoriale, 2013 [catalogue raisonné of drawings from public library and fine art museum of Besançon].External links

Joconde - Catalogue des Collections des Musées de France www.culture.gouv.fr (Ministère de la culture et de la communication) — List of the work of <mask> (315 entries), French. 1733 births
1808 deaths
University of Paris alumni
18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French painters
Painters of ruins
Romantic

masks: Robert Robert Robert


texts:
<mask> is a businessman and the former mayor of the city of Dayton, Ohio. He is notable for having won as an independent on a highly limited budget, as well as bringing business ideas to politics and advocating limited campaign spending. Biography
<mask> was born in McKeesport, Pennsylvania in 1961. His father was a former member of the U.S. Air Force who worked in a steel mill; his mother was a British overseas bride. Leitzell moved as a child to Chippenham, England in 1970, where he attended a public grammar school. <mask> graduated from the University of London with a bachelor's degree in geology in 1982 and returned to the United States to reacquaint himself with a father whom he had not seen in twelve years. <mask> then worked in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in several sales and sales management positions until 1994.After two layoffs and one merger within the first ten years of his entering the corporate workforce, he made the decision to pursue a hobby-related business (miniature painting) in 1994, a decision that allowed him the opportunity to travel throughout the United States. In late 1994, he moved to Dayton, Ohio. Political career
In Dayton <mask> became involved with the Southeast Priority board in 1999. He was elected to chair the board in 2008 and 2009 and was the president of his neighborhood association for six terms. <mask> ran for mayor of Dayton, Ohio as an independent candidate in 2009 and upset Rhine McLin, the incumbent Democrat. He won on a $17,600 budget and was outspent by the incumbent (approx. $160,000).His term as mayor began on January 4, 2010. On September 28, 2012, <mask> announced his intention to seek re-election for a second term as Dayton mayor in 2013. He encouraged potential opposing candidates to limit spending and welcomed the introduction of newcomers, stating that he would not spend more than $10,000 and $10,000 "in kind" to get re-elected. He challenged opposing candidates to meet that figure, but upped the cap to $20,000 and $10,000

masks:
Gary Leitzell
Leitzell
Leitzell
Leitzell
Leitzell
Leitzell
Leitzell


texts:
 "in kind" for any unknown candidate that did not already have established name recognition. He also declared that he would not seek any political endorsements, feeling that if he could not win on his own merit, then the job was not suited for him. In January 2013, Nan Whaley, a member of the Dayton City Commission, Democrat, announced her intention to run against <mask> in the 2013 election. She stated she planned on "...using clear communication and teamwork in order get things done," should she be elected.In her announcement, she did not comment on <mask>'s proposal regarding campaign spending. A.J. Wagner, a local judge, has also announced his intention to run. On January 17, 2013, <mask> was interviewed at the U.S. Conference of Mayors in Washington D.C. where he was asked about how he felt about the proposal on gun control measures by U.S. president Barack Obama. Leitzell owns a gun himself, but stated "I think it should have been done awhile ago. I believe people should have guns but I also think there are certain guns that certain people don’t need to have.”

In February 2013, it was reported that neither Whaley nor Wagner had chosen to follow Leitzell's suggestion regarding campaign spending. Leitzell stated "Dayton would have been on the national map, media-wise, for doing something so innovative, so creative and so necessary at this moment in time with regard to campaign spending.From my perspective, it was more to do with marketing. It wasn’t to do with winning or losing." On February 27, 2013, <mask> participated in a candidates night presentation with five other candidates for mayor, including Whaley and Wagner, as well as three other new names: Derek Foley, Eric Lamont Gregory and Darshawn Romine. His response to the issue of how gun violence could be limited was that he supports the right to bear arms, but suggested that people be required to pay more for access to assault rifles or high-capacity magazines. During the panel, Leitzell pointed out Dayton successes,

masks: Leitzell Leitzell Leitzell Leitzell


texts: referring to recent reports of Dayton being "the most affordable city, the happiest city and the third-best city for employment opportunities." In the week leading up to the panel, Nan Waley had conducted a telephone push poll that had angered <mask> and Wagner regarding "questions they felt misrepresented facts about their past." The poll implied that <mask> was a racist and that Wagner was corrupt.On March 13, 2013, it was announced that <mask>, Whaley and Wagner were the only candidates who had secured the required signatures to earn a spot on the ballot. As the final election for mayor is between two candidates, a runoff was held on May 7, 2013, with the top-two vote getters advancing to the final election in November. <mask> was interviewed by Dayton, Ohio radio station WYSO as part of a series of interviews with the candidates in the 2013 primary. <mask> reiterated his promise regarding campaign spending, discussed those issues which are important to him, and challenges faced by the city. He also fielded a question regarding those who have criticized him for his "part-time" approach to the job of mayor, noting that the role is defined in the city charter as part-time and that he uses social media to respond to questions, but does not carry a cell phone. <mask> lost the runoff election, with Whaley securing over 50% of the votes (4,965) and Wagner coming in second with 2,566 votes to <mask>'s 2,338. As such, <mask> did not appear on the ballot in the November 2013 election and left office at the end of 2013.<mask> blamed his loss on a lack of understanding by the voters regarding the primary process, but expressed no regrets and pleasure at receiving 23% of the vote, despite spending only $2,000 on campaigning, as opposed to his opponents' respective totals of $264,000 and $100,000. On January 14, 2014, he announced on his blog "This Old Crack House" that he would return to his pastime of renovating his house, a formerly derelict building he had bought in a troubled

masks: Leitzell Leitzell Leitzell Leitzell Leitzell Leitzell Leitzell Leitzell Leitzell