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 Takarazuka aspirations

She learned of the existence of the all-girl Takarazuka Revue through girl's magazines, and by the time she graduated (upper) elementary school, she wished to join this musical revue theatrical company, but this was foiled when her mother opposed the decision.During the time she attended the Otaru high school, she had opportunity to see a  for the first time in her life. Her determination to join Takarazuka remained steadfast, and after dropping out of high school, she entered the  (Takarazuka Ongaku Kageki Gakkō) in March 1929. A rather different perspective is taken by other sources, according to which Sonoi as a high schooler went to see a proletarian shingeki play put on by the  (Tsukiji Little Theater) performing on road in Otaru, and thenceforth, her true aspiration was to perform as shingeki actor. However, that would be a road to economic hardship, and instead she entered the Takarazuka School, which paid even first-year students (yoka-sei) a 10 yen (or 15 yen) monthly salary, most of which she would send to her family. One of the principal actors at the Tsukiji Little Theater was , and <mask> <mask> later did indeed retire from Takarazuka to become a shingeki actor under Maruyama's direction. As a student she earned the nickname Hakama from her real name Hakamada,  and was particularly close to her roommate . Takarazuka Revue

In 1930, she became second-year student (yoka-sei) and was now a performing member of the .She was assigned to the  group, and initially performed under the stage name of Kiyono Kasanui making the stage debut in Haru no odori in April. She changed her stage name later that year to <mask> Sonoko. After graduating in 1931, she was assigned to the Tsuki-gumi (Moon) then moved to other troops. In October, she

masks: Keiko Sonoi Keiko


type: original

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 was cast as the old gate-keeper lady in 's Lilac Time, and was praised as "the greatest (fruit of my endeavor) this year" by Ichizō Kobayashi, the head of the Hankyu-Toho conglomerate. Typecasting

She became recognized as a skilled and versatile supporting actress, especially in comedic roles. Her close colleagues Hisako Sakura and  recalled that she excelled in her role as Frédéri's mother in , which was the Takarazuka adaptation of L'Arlésienne. Other comments include: "Not flashy but giving a 'flavorful' performance"(Yoshio Sakurauchi, politician well known as zuka-fans), "Skillfully executes cheery, witty roles" (Ken Harada, another politician), "Skillfully executes cheery, witty roles" (Issei Hisamatsu, Takarazuka stage director and writer).Because she was considered too small of stature for male roles, but largish for female roles, she became type-cast for the sanmaime (a short-of- handsome, comic male) or elderly role. Even though one Takarazuka director,  asserted that the Revue had precious few sanmaime talents, and  "only the truly skilled can execute sanmaime parts", Sonoi herself despised being called sanmaime. Takarazuka Films
In 1938, Takarazuka Films was established, and she was cast in several of its movies, until the production company was forced to shut down in 1941 as the war-times situation turned more serious. She appeared in  ("Female Students of a Military Nation", 1938), Yama to shōjo ("A Mountain and a Girl", 1939),  ("Primrose" 1939), Minami jūjisei ("Southern Cross", 1941). Playing outside repertoires

In January 1941, Sonoi and Toho Studio movie star Hideko Takamine made guest appearances in theatrical productions by comedian Roppa Furukawa's company in Tokyo. This received notice as the first time a current Takarazuka member was


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 seconded to appear on stage elsewhere. According to some sources, Sonoi was specially picked out by playwright  who wrote for Roppa's troupe; Kikuta had already regarded Sonoi as a promising talent and insisted she be cast in his Sekijūji-ki wa sususmu at Takarazuka in 1940.Leaving Takarazuka
Around this time, <mask> had already indicated her inclination to convert to Shingeki acting. Correspondence from Jūzaburō Yoshioka at the Tokyo Takarazuka office shows that management was aware she "wanted to do plays like the Tsukiji" (Tsukiji Little Theater, i.e., shingeki plays), but Yoshioka suggested she settle for performing with Roppa for the time being. In the end, she would not be persuaded to remain, and after starring as the original cast lead in , <mask> resigned from Takarazuka Revue. who wrote the script later recalled being stunned by this choice of casting, but , long-lived doyenne of Takarazuka, revealed that she had been tapped for the part, but lobbied to cede the role to <mask> after learning of her imminent departure. The Takarazuka Revue tried to retain her by offering her terms that would allow her some leeway to perform in film or shingeki theater, but the compensation and performing restrictions they offered were unsatisfactory, according to her correspondence to Shizu Nakai. Film role in Matsu

In 1943, Sonoi was cast opposite top leading actor Tsumasaburō Bandō in , where she played Mrs. Yoshioka, whom Muhōmatsu (or Matsu the Untamed, played by Bandō) becomes romantically but unrequitedly attached to. The film became a box office hit.The child actor billed as Akio Sawamura (actor Hiroyuki Nagato of later years) said he earnestly wished he could marry a woman like Sonoi. The director, Hiroshi Inagaki recalled that Takako Irie and  had been the

masks: Sonoi Sonoi Sonoi


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 first choices for the role but were not available, and the offer was made to Sonoi on Sayo's recommendation. Due to success of this film, Daiei offered Sonoi a studio contract, but she declined saying she preferred to continue studying with her theatrical company, Kuraku-za (cf. below). The director, Hiroshi Inagaki was eager to sign <mask> onto his new projects at the time; in later years, the director reflected that <mask> was "not so much a skilled performer as someone with a passion for performing. She had the basics of inhabiting the persona of her role, down pat". Non-musical theater

The theatrical troupe  was formed afterwards, on July 8, 1942 (2 months prior to Sonoi leaving Takarazuka) by  and others, namely Tokuemon Takayama (), Keita Fujiwara (Kamatari Fujiwara), and Musei Tokugawa.Of the initial run of three plays, <mask> was cast in Genkanburo ("entryway bath"). She continued performing for the troupe, appearing in Yume no su ("Dream's nest", 2nd run, June 1943 at the ), Eien no otto ("Eternal husband". 3rd run, January 1944 at the Kokumin Shingekijo). <mask> played the widow's role as in the movie when the troupe produced the theater adaptation of Muhōmatsu no isshō, first in Kuraku-za's 4th run at Hōgakuza in October 1944, after which the troupe took this play on the road, traveling through a large part of Western Japan. After the regional tour finished in December, the bombing raids intensified in Tokyo and food procurement became difficult. The Kuraku-za decided to disband, but Maruyama suggested the members regroup as a traveling troupe with the objective of  the populace beleaguered by war, and twelve other actors joined. They came up with the name "" for the new troupe while they were at the  in <mask>'s hometown of Morioka, Iwate, rehearsing

masks: Sonoi Sonoi Sonoi Sonoi Sonoi


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 for Shishi ("Lion", written by ).But this name was not made official until June 1945 after they became stationed at Hiroshima. The mobile troupe was only able to do a grand tour briefly, from January to March 1946, travelling to parts of the Kanto area and then Hiroshima. In Kanto they mainly visited manufacturing plant workers, but in Hiroshima they "comfort-visited" wounded soldiers as well. The Nihon Ido Engeki Renmei (Japan Touring Theatre League) then instructed all troupes to cease touring city by city, and perform in the confines of an evacuation (sokai) area. It was decided Kuraku-za would be assigned to stay in Hiroshima or its vicinity. Hiroshima

The choice of Hiroshima as their evacuation zone was a source of consternation for members, because the city remained relatively unscathed despite its military strategic importance, and a major strike was thought imminent. <mask> wrote in April stating that she tried to refuse going to Hiroshima and remain in Tokyo (which had been incinerated in the March bombing), but was pressured to change her mind.Also while she was still at Tokyo, she went to the Toho Studio office asking if there were any film roles for her, which she wanted to take to extricate herself from touring under heavy bombardment. In fact director Kajirō Yamamoto was hoping to cast her in his new film (Kaidanji) but the office replied no, and she had left. The Kuraku-za's mobile unit, now officially renamed  reached Hiroshima on June 22. From July 5, they toured the San'in region. Due to illness, the troupe returned to Hiroshima prematurely ahead of schedule. This marked the end of performance by the Sakura-tai. Members either dropped out of Sakura-tai or left Hiroshima, so that in August only 9 members remained at their office in


texts:
 Hiroshima.Sonoi spent time recuperating in Kobe (at the home of Shizu Nakai and husband Yoshio) August 2 to August 5, returning to Hiroshima on the fateful day. Thus <mask>, Maruyama and others were in Hiroshima when the Atomic Bomb was dropped on August 6, 1945. They both succumbed to the aftereffects shortly thereafter. Hiroshima A-bomb
When the Atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Sonoi was thrown from the hallway to the yard by the blast, and momentarily lost consciousness, but otherwise had no visible wounds. She found actor  (son of Kuraku-za co-founder Tokuemon Takayama aka ) lightly injured, and the two of them fled to  approximately  away. Sadao Maruyama and Midori Naka also left the scene, each separately, but were in poor condition were taken into custody at different locations. The remains of the five others members were found skeletonized at the burning wreck of the office.<mask> and Takayama subsequently took the train and reached the Nakai residence in Kobe. Sonoi's face and clothing were soiled, and she wore a jika-tabi on one foot and a man's shoe on the other, so that she looked "like a beggar" and was nearly beyond recognition. On August 15, when informed the war had ended, Sonoi expressed her gladness at being able to act to her hearts content to Akiko Utsumi who was visiting, and also wrote a letter dated August 17 to her mother Kame in Morioka expressing this sentiment. However, Sonoi's condition deteriorated. Her hair started to fall off at night, before suffering high fever around August 19, according to Mrs. Nakai; Other symptoms such as hematochezia, internal bleeding and delusions also presented. By August 19,  who was a stage director for Sakura-tai tracked Sonoi down, and came to see her at the Nakai residence. Sonoi asked of news

masks: Sonoi Sonoi


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 about Maruyama, and sensed he must have passed away.On August 21, Sonoi's fever reached 40 degrees C, and Mrs. Utsumi rushed out to procure ice. Sonoi felt the coolness of the chilled gauze, and said "Oh, how good it feels". Those were the last words she uttered before she died. Sonoi's remains were cremated the following day, and her bones and ashes buried in Onryū-ji in Morioka. The story of the Sakura-tai's demise was written up in a book by author  in 1980, which was adapted into the film Sakura-tai chiru (1988) directed by Kaneto Shindō. Legacy

Influence on Tezuka's art
The childhood home of manga artist Osamu Tezuka in Takarazuka, Hyogo belonged to a row of houses dubbed "Musical Theater Tenements" (Kageki nagaya), and Tezuka recalls that <mask> <mask> lived at the end of this block. The manga Ribbon no kishi (Princess Knight) was "totally nostalgia of the Takarazuka Revue", in the comic book artist's own words.He was also a devoted fan of the Takarazuka  production of , and his Astro Boy may have been influenced by it. Matsuo village
In 1989 her birthplace Matsuo, Iwate commemorated the centennial of the founding of the village by holding an exhibit of Sonoi's belongings and related printed paraphernalia, publishing a scrapbook compilation entitled Shiryōshū. Related works
  Sakura-tai zemetsu (1980), a non-fiction account of the demise of the troupe. Kaneto Shindo dir.,  (1988 film), based on Ezu's non-fiction. <mask> was portrayed by . Hisashi Inoue's play  (first run in 1997). <mask> played by  in the original cast.See also
 Midori Naka

Explanatory notes

References
Citations

Bibliography

External links

1913 births
1945 deaths
Hibakusha
Victims of radiological poisoning
Actors from Iwate Prefecture
20th-century Japanese actresses
Japanese

masks: Keiko Sonoi Sonoi Sonoi


texts:
, better known to his contemporaries as , was a prolific woodblock artist of Japan's Meiji (era). Names
Chikanobu signed his artwork . This was his . The artist's  was ; and it was published in his obituary. Many of his earliest works were signed ; a small number of his early creations were simply signed . At least one triptych from 12 Meiji (1879) exists signed . The portrait of the Emperor Meiji held by the British Museum is inscribed .No works have surfaced that are signed either "Toyohara Chikanobu" or "Hashimoto Chikanobu". Military career
Chikanobu was a retainer of the Sakakibara clan of Takada Domain in Echigo Province. After the collapse of the Tokugawa Shogunate, he joined the Shōgitai and fought in the Battle of Ueno. He joined Tokugawa loyalists in Hakodate, Hokkaidō, where he fought in the Battle of Hakodate at the Goryōkaku star fort. He served under the leadership of Enomoto Takeaki and Ōtori Keisuke; and he achieved fame for his bravery. Following the Shōgitai's surrender, he was remanded along with others to the authorities in the Takada domain. Artistic career
In 1875 (Meiji 8), he decided to try to make a living as an artist.He travelled to Tokyo. He found work as an artist for the Kaishin Shimbun. In addition, he produced nishiki-e artworks. In his younger days, he had studied the Kanō school of painting; but his interest was drawn to ukiyo-e. He studied with a disciple of Keisai Eisen and then he joined the school of Ichiyūsai Kuniyoshi; during this period, he called himself Yoshitsuru. After Kuniyoshi’s death, he studied with Kunisada. He also referred to himself as Yōshū.Like many ukiyo-e artists, Chikanobu


texts: turned his attention towards a great variety of subjects. His work ranged  from Japanese mythology to depictions of the battlefields of his lifetime to women's fashions. As well as a number of the other artists of this period, he too portrayed kabuki actors in character, and is well known for his impressions of the mie (mise en scène) of kabuki productions. Chikanobu was known as a master of bijinga. images of beautiful women, and for illustrating changes in women's fashion, including both traditional and Western clothing. His work illustrated the changes in coiffures and make-up across time. For example, in Chikanobu's images in Mirror of Ages (1897), the hair styles of the Tenmei era, 1781-1789 are distinguished from those of the Keiō era, 1865-1867.His works capture the transition from the age of the samurai to Meiji modernity, the artistic chaos of the Meiji period exemplifying the concept of "furumekashii/imamekashii". Chikanobu is a recognizable Meiji period artist, but his subjects were sometimes drawn from earlier historical eras. For example, one print illustrates an incident during the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake. The early Meiji period was marked by clashes between disputing samurai forces with differing views about ending Japan's self-imposed isolation and about the changing relationship between the Imperial court and the Tokugawa shogunate. He created a range of impressions and scenes of the Satsuma Rebellion and  Saigō Takamori. Some of these prints illustrated the period of domestic unrest and other subjects of topical interest, including prints like the 1882 image of the Imo Incident, also known as the   at right.


texts:
 The greatest number of Chikanobu's  appeared in triptych format.These works documented the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. For example, the "Victory at Asan" was published with a contemporaneous account of the July 29, 1894 battle. Among those influenced by Chikanobu were  and . Genres

Battle scenes
Examples of  include:

Examples of scenes from this war include:

Examples of scenes from this war include:

Examples of scenes from this war include:

Examples of scenes from this war include:

Warrior prints
Examples of  include:

Beauty pictures
Examples of  include:

Historical pictures
Examples of  include:
Recent (Meiji era) history

Ancient history

Famous places
Examples of  include:

Portraits
Examples of  include:

Enlightenment pictures
Examples of  include:

Theatre scenes
Examples of  include:

Memorial prints
Examples of  include:

Women's pastimes
Examples of  include:

Emperor Meiji pictures
Examples of Emperor Meiji relaxing include:

Contrast pictures
Examples of  include:

Glorification of the Geisha
Examples of this genre include:

Formats

Like the majority of his contemporaries, he worked mostly in the ōban tate-e format. There are quite a number of single panel series, as well as many other prints in this format which are not a part of any series. He produced several series in the ōban yoko-e format, which were usually then folded cross-wise to produce an album. Although he is, perhaps, best known for his triptychs, single topics and series, two diptych series are known as well.There are, at least, two polyptych prints known. His signature may also be found in the line drawings and


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 illustrations in a number of ehon (絵本), which were mostly of a historical nature. In addition, there are fan prints uchiwa-e (団扇絵), as well as number of sheets of  sugoroku (すごろく) with his signature that still exist and at least three prints in the kakemono-e format were produced in his latter years. Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Hashimoto Toyohara, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 300+ works in 300+ publications in 2 languages and 700+ library holdings

  (1878)
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  (1879)
  (1880)
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  (1888)
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  by  (1895)

See also
 List of works by Toyohara Chikanobu
 List of ukiyo-e terms
 War artist

Notes

Further reading
 Cavaye, Ronald; Paul Griffith; Akihiko Senda and Mansai Nomura. (2004). A Guide to the Japanese Stage: from Traditional to Cutting Edge. Tokyo: Kōdansha.;
 Coats, Bruce; Kyoko Kurita; Joshua S. Mostow and Allen Hockley. (2006). Chikanobu: Modernity And Nostalgia in Japanese Prints. Leiden: Hotei. ; ;
 Till, Barry. (2010). "Woodblock Prints of Meiji Japan (1868-1912): A View of History Though Art".Hong Kong: Arts of Asia. Vol. XL, no.4, pp. 76–98. ;

External links

Chikanobu and Yoshitoshi Woodblock Prints in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library
Chikanobu: The Artist's Eye
Ukiyo-e Prints by Toyohara Chikanobu
Biography of <mask> Chikanobu, Artelino
Biography of <mask> Chikanobu, Robyn Butin of Honolulu
Biography of <mask> Chikanobu, Ukiyo-e.com

1838 births
1912 deaths
19th-century Japanese painters
20th-century Japanese painters
20th-century

masks: Toyohara Toyohara Toyohara


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Pierre-<mask> (;  ; March 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French psychoanalyst, political philosopher, semiotician, social activist, and screenwriter. He co-founded schizoanalysis with Gilles Deleuze, and ecosophy with Arne Næss, and is best known for his literary and philosophical collaborations with Deleuze, most notably Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980), the two volumes of their theoretical work Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Biography

Clinic of La Borde
<mask> was born in Villeneuve-les-Sablons, a working-class suburb of northwest Paris, France. His father was a factory manager and he was engaged in Trotskyist political activism as a teenager, before studying for a pharmacology degree. He trained under (and was analyzed by) the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan in the early 1950s. Subsequently, he worked all his life at the experimental psychiatric clinic of La Borde under the direction of Lacan's pupil, the psychiatrist Jean Oury. He first met Oury at a private psychiatric clinic in Saumery in the Loire region at the suggestion of Oury's brother Fernand, who had been Guattari's high school teacher.Guattari followed Oury to La Borde in 1955, two years after it had been established. La Borde was a venue for conversation among many students of philosophy, psychology, ethnology, and social work. One particularly novel orientation developed at La Borde consisted of the suspension of the classical analyst/analysand pair in favour of an open confrontation in group therapy. In contrast to the Freudian school's individualistic style of analysis, this practice studied the dynamics of several subjects in

masks:
Félix Guattari
Guattari


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 complex interaction. It led Guattari into a broader philosophical exploration of, and political engagement with, a vast array of intellectual and cultural domains (philosophy, ethnology, linguistics, architecture, etc.). 1960s to 1970s
From 1955 to 1965, Guattari edited and contributed to La Voie Communiste (Communist Way), a Trotskyist newspaper. He supported anti-colonialist struggles as well as the Italian Autonomists.Guattari also took part in the G.T.P.S.I., which gathered many psychiatrists at the beginning of the 1960s and created the Association of Institutional Psychotherapy in November 1965. It was at the same time that he founded, along with other militants, the F.G.E.R.I. (Federation of Groups for Institutional Study & Research) and its review Recherche (Research), working on philosophy, psychoanalysis, ethnology, education, mathematics, architecture, etc. The F.G.E.R.I. came to represent aspects of the multiple political and cultural engagements of Guattari: the Group for Young Hispanics, the Franco-Chinese Friendships (in the times of the people's communes), the opposition activities with the wars in Algeria and Vietnam, the participation in the M.N.E.F., with the U.N.E.F., the policy of the offices of psychological academic aid (B.A.P.U. ), the organization of the University Working Groups (G.T.U. ), but also the reorganizations of the training courses with the Centers of Training to the Methods of Education Activities (C.E.M.E.A.)for psychiatric male nurses, as well as the formation of a Fellowship of Nurses (Amicales d'infirmiers) (in 1958), the studies on architecture and the projects of construction of


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 a day hospital for "students and young workers". In 1967, he appeared as one of the founders of OSARLA (Organization of solidarity and Aid to the Latin-American Revolution). In 1968, Guattari met Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Jean-Jacques Lebel, and Julian Beck. He was involved in the large-scale French protests of May 1968, starting from the Movement of March 22. It was in the aftermath of 1968 that Guattari met Gilles Deleuze at the University of Vincennes. Then he began to lay the groundwork for Anti-Oedipus (1972), which Michel Foucault described as "an introduction to the non-fascist life" in his preface to the book. In 1970, he created ), which developed the approach explored in the Recherches journal.In 1973, Guattari was tried and fined for committing an "outrage to public decency" for publishing an issue of Recherches on homosexuality. In 1977, he created the CINEL for "new spaces of freedom" before joining the environmental movement with his "ecosophy" in the 1980s. 1980s to 1990s

In his last book, Chaosmosis (1992), Guattari returned to the question of subjectivity: "How to produce it, collect it, enrich it, reinvent it permanently in order to make it compatible with mutant Universes of value?" This concern runs through all of his works, from Psychoanalysis and Transversality (a collection of articles from 1957 to 1972), through Years of Winter (1980–1986) and Schizoanalytic Cartographies (1989), to his collaboration with Deleuze, What is Philosophy? (1991). In Chaosmosis, Guattari proposes an analysis of subjectivity in terms of four functors: (1) material, energetic, and semiotic fluxes; (2) concrete and abstract


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 machinic phyla; (3) virtual universes of value; and (4) finite existential territories. This scheme attempts to grasp the heterogeneity of components involved in the production of subjectivity, as Guattari understands it, which include both signifying semiotic components as well as "a-signifying semiological dimensions" (which work "in parallel or independently of" any signifying function that they may have).Later years
On 29 August 1992, two weeks after an interview for the Greek television curated by Yiorgos Veltsos, Guattari died in La Borde from a heart attack. In 1995, the posthumous release of Guattari's Chaosophy published essays and interviews concerning Guattari's work as director of the experimental La Borde clinic and his collaborations with Deleuze. The collection includes essays such as "Balance-Sheet Program for Desiring Machines," cosigned by Deleuze (with whom he coauthored Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus), and "Everybody Wants To Be a Fascist." It provides an introduction to Guattari's theories on "schizoanalysis", a process that develops Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis but which pursues a more experimental and collective approach towards analysis. In 1996, another collection of Guattari's essays, lectures, and interviews, Soft Subversions, was published, which traces the development of his thought and activity throughout the 1980s ("the winter years"). His analyses of art, cinema, youth culture, economics, and power formations, develop concepts such as "micropolitics," "schizoanalysis," and "becoming-woman," which aim to liberate subjectivity and open up new horizons for political and creative


texts:
 resistance to the standardizing and homogenizing processes of global capitalism (which he calls "Integrated World Capitalism") in the "post-media era." For example, he used the term "micropolitics" to delimit a certain level of observation of social practices (the unconscious economy, where there is a certain flexibility in the expression of desire and institution) and, practically, to define, in a segregated world, the field of intervention of "people who work to interest themselves in the discourse of the other."Works

Works translated into English
 Deleuze, Gilles and <mask>ri. 1972. Anti-Oedipus. Trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem and Helen R. Lane. London and New York: Continuum, 2004. Vol.1 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. 2 vols. 1972–1980. Trans. of L'Anti-Oedipe. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. .
 1975. Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.Trans. Dana Polan. Theory and History of Literature 30. Minneapolis and London: U of Minnesota P, 1986. Trans. of Kafka: pour une littérature mineure. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. .
 1980.A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. London and New York: Continuum, 2004. Vol. 2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. 2 vols.1972–1980. Trans. of Mille plateaux. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. .
 1991. What Is Philosophy?. Trans. Graham Burchell and Hugh Tomlinson.London and New York: Verso, 1994. Trans. of Qu'est-ce que la philosophie?. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. .
 1979. The Machinic Unconscious: essays in schizoanalysis. Trans. Taylor Adkins.Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e), 2011. Trans. of L'inconscient machinique: Essais de schizo-analyse. Paris: Recherches. 1977. Molecular Revolution:


texts:
 Psychiatry and Politics. Trans.Rosemary Sheed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984. .
 1989a. Schizoanalytic Cartographies. Trans Andrew Goffey. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2013. Trans. of Cartographies schizoanalytiques.Paris: Editions Galilée . 1989b. The Three Ecologies. Trans. Ian Pindar and Paul Sutton. London and New York: Continuum, 2000. Trans.of Les trois écologies. Paris: Editions Galilée. .
 1992. Chaosmosis: An Ethico-Aesthetic Paradigm. Trans. Paul Bains and Julian Pefanis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1995. Trans.of Chaosmose. Paris: Editions Galilee. .
 1995. Chaosophy (Texts and Interviews 1972 to 1977 ). Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e). .
 1996.Soft Subversions (Texts and Interviews 1977 to 1985). Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Trans. David L. Sweet and Chet Wiener. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e). .
 1996.The Guattari Reader. Ed. Gary Genosko. Blackwell Readers ser. Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. .
 2006. The Anti-Oedipus Papers. Ed.Stéphane Nadaud. Trans. Kélina Gotman. New York: Semiotext(e). .
 2015. Lines of Flight: For Another World of Possibilities. Bloomsbury Academic. .
 2015. Machinic Eros: Writings on Japan.Eds. Gary Genosko and Jay Hetrick. Univocal Publishing. .
 2015. Psychoanalysis and Transversality: Texts and Interviews 1955–1971. MIT Press. <mask>, <mask>, and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. 2003.The Party Without Bosses: Lessons on Anti-Capitalism From Guattari and Lula. Ed. Gary Genosko. Arbeiter Ring Publishing. .
 <mask>, <mask> and Toni Negri. 1985. Communists Like Us: New Spaces of Liberty, New Lines of

masks: Guattari Félix Guattari Félix


texts:
 Alliance. Trans.Michael Ryan. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e), 1990. Trans. of Nouvelles espaces de liberté. Paris: Bedon. .
 <mask>, <mask>, and Suely Rolnik. 1986.Molecular Revolution in Brazil. New York: Semiotext(e), 2008. Trans. of Micropolitica: Cartografias do Desejo. .

Untranslated works
Note: Many of the essays found in these works have been individually translated and can be found in the English collections. La révolution moléculaire (1977, 1980). The 1980 version (éditions 10/18) contains substantially different essays from the 1977 version. Les années d'hiver, 1980-1985 (1986).Un Amour d'UIQ. Scénario pour un film qui manque, edited and with a visual essay by Graeme Thomson & Silvia Maglioni (Paris, Editions Amsterdam, 2012. The edition contains various screenplays and a selection of unpublished archives)

Other collaborations:
 L’intervention institutionnelle (Paris: Petite Bibliothèque Payot, n. 382 - 1980). On institutional pedagogy. With Jacques Ardoino, G. Lapassade, Gerard Mendel, Rene Lourau. Pratique de l'institutionnel et politique (1985). With Jean Oury and Francois Tosquelles.Desiderio e rivoluzione. Intervista a cura di Paolo Bertetto (Milan: Squilibri, 1977). Conversation with Franco Berardi (Bifo) and Paolo Bertetto. See also
Anti-psychiatry
Critical perspectives on psychoanalysis
Criticism of capitalism
Deinstitutionalisation
Deleuze and Guattari
History of capitalism

References

External links

Fractal Ontology (with unpublished, English translations of Guattari and others)
Chimeres site on Guattari (in French)
"Desire Was Everywhere" by Adam Shatz, London Review of

masks: Guattari Félix


texts:
<mask> (April 14, 1973 – May 11, 2007), the "Lion of Fallujah" and also referred to as the "Unapologetic Warrior", was an officer in the United States Marine Corps and member of the CIA's Special Activities Division's Ground Branch who was killed in action while serving in Operation Iraqi Freedom. He is best known for his actions during Operation Vigilant Resolve, which were detailed in the book No True Glory by Bing West and for an article that ran in The Wall Street Journal following his death. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on April 14, 1973, in Kealakekua, Hawaii. He attended La Cueva High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where he was a New Mexico state high school wrestling champion in 1990 and 1991. As a wrestler, Zembiec was the first New Mexico State Champion in any sport and the first repeat winner from La Cueva High School. He was undefeated in competition his senior year. He attended the United States Naval Academy where he was a member of 23rd Company, and a collegiate wrestler compiling a 95–21–1 record and finishing as a two-time NCAA All-American.His fellow wrestlers sometimes referred to him as "The Snake" for his anaconda-like grip. Zembiec was well-known amongst his contemporaries throughout his athletic and professional life for his exceptional physical fitness. His coach, Reginald Wicks, referred to him as "the best-conditioned athlete I've ever been around." Zembiec graduated on May 31, 1995. Military career
Upon graduation from the Naval Academy, Zembiec was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps. After finishing The Basic School, and the Infantry Officer's Course, he was assigned to 1st Battalion, 6th Marines as a rifle platoon commander in Bravo Company, starting April 1996. After successfully passing the Force Reconnaissance Selection and Indoctrination in June 1997, Zembiec transferred to 2nd Force

masks:
Douglas Alexander Zembiec
Doug Zembiec


texts: Reconnaissance Company.As part of his training for Force Reconnaissance, Zembiec completed Jump School as well as the Marine Combatant Diver Course. He served for two and a half years as a platoon commander, eight months as an interim company commander, and one month as an operations officer. Zembiec's Force Reconnaissance platoon was among the first special operations forces to enter Kosovo during Operation Joint Guardian in June 1999. In September 2000, he was transferred to the Amphibious Reconnaissance School (ARS) located in Fort Story, Virginia, and served as the Assistant Officer-In-Charge (AOIC) for two years. In 2001, Zembiec competed in the Armed Forces Eco-Challenge as team captain of Team Force Recon Rolls Royce. From ARS, Zembiec was selected to attend the Marine Corps' Expeditionary Warfare School in Quantico, Virginia, graduating in May 2003. Following the Expeditionary Warfare School he took command of Echo Company, 2nd Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division in July 2003.He was nicknamed the "Lion of Fallujah" as a result of his heroic actions commanding Echo Company during Operation Vigilant Resolve in 2004. As a rifle company commander, he led 168 Marines and Navy Corpsmen in the first conventional ground assault into Fallujah. He earned the Silver Star and the Bronze Star with Combat Distinguishing Device. He also received two Purple Hearts due to wounds incurred in action. He turned over command of Echo Company in November 2004 and served as an assistant operations officer at the Marine Corps' First Special Operations Training Group (1st SOTG) where he ran the urban patrolling / Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) and tank-infantry training packages for the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit in preparation for an upcoming deployment to Iraq. Zembiec transferred from 1st SOTG to the Regional Support Element, Headquarters, Marine


texts:
 Corps on June 10, 2005. His promotion to Major was effective on July 1, 2005.Death

<mask> was serving in the Ground Branch of the CIA's Special Activities Division in Iraq when he was killed by small arms fire while leading a raid in Baghdad on May 11, 2007. Zembiec was leading a unit of Iraqi forces he had helped train. Reports from fellow servicemen that were present when he was killed indicate that he had warned his troops to get down before doing so himself and was hit by enemy fire. The initial radio report indicated "five wounded and one martyred" with Zembiec having been killed and his men saved by his warning. On May 16, 2007, a funeral mass was held at the Naval Academy Chapel and later that day he was interred at Arlington National Cemetery, Grave Number 8621, Section Number 60. Zembiec is buried only a few yards away from his Naval Academy classmate, Major Megan McClung. McClung was the first female Marine Corps officer killed in combat during the Iraq War, and first female graduate in the history of the Naval Academy to be killed in action.Shortly after his death, he was honored with a star on the CIA Memorial Wall, which remembers CIA employees who died while in service. Although <mask>'s star officially remains anonymous as of July 2014, his CIA employment was confirmed in interviews with his widow and former U.S. intelligence officials. In July 2007, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates publicly lost his composure while discussing Zembiec during a speech. Zembiec was also prominently featured in a high-profile column in The Wall Street Journal in September 2007. In November 2007, Zembiec's high school alma mater, La Cueva High School, inducted him as the charter member of their hall of fame and named the wrestling room in his honor. The NCAA announced that Zembiec would be awarded the 2008 NCAA Award of Valor. In January 2008 General David Petraeus,

masks: Zembiec Zembiec


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 Commander of Multi-National Force – Iraq, dedicated the helipad at Camp Victory located at Baghdad International Airport in Zembiec's name.He referred to Zembiec as "a true charter member of the brotherhood of the close fight." Zembiec is survived by his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Don Zembiec, brother, and his wife and daughter, Pamela and Fallyn. On May 11, 2009, a petition was presented to the Secretary of the Navy to have the next Arleigh Burke class destroyer to be commissioned named after Zembiec. The swimming pool located at the Marine Corps' Henderson Hall is named in honor of Zembiec. By order of the Commandant of the Marine Corps, the <mask> A. Zembiec Award for Outstanding Leadership in Special Operations was created on April 11, 2011, to annually recognize the Marine officer who "best exemplifies outstanding leadership as a Team Leader in the Marine Corps Special Operations Community." Quotes

Zembiec left many volumes of personal writings behind, some of which were shared at his funeral. The final words of the eulogy, delivered by his friend Eric L. Kapitulik, have evolved into a new credo for many members of the USMC and USMIL communities at large, amounting to what Kapitulik said was a summary of Zembiec himself.Kapitulik said the creed came from the man who knew Zembiec the longest, as indicated by his written description: "Principles my father taught me." Other quotes: "Killing is not wrong if it's for a purpose, if it's to keep your nation free or protect your buddy. One of the most noble things you can do is kill the enemy." Awards

Silver Star Citation

Citation:
The President of the United States of America takes pride in presenting the Silver Star (Posthumously) to Major <mask> <mask>, United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against the enemy while serving as a Marine Advisor, Iraq Assistance Group,

masks:
Douglas
Douglas Alexander
Zembiec


texts:
 Multi-National Corps, Iraq, in support of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM on 11 May 2007. Attacking from concealed and fortified positions, an enemy force engaged Major Zembiec's assault team, firing crew-served automatic weapons and various small arms. He boldly moved forward and immediately directed the bulk of his assault team to take cover. Under withering enemy fire, Major Zembiec remained in an exposed, but tactically critical, position in order to provide leadership and direct effective suppressive fire on the enemy combatant positions with his assault team's machine gun.In doing so, he received the brunt of the enemy's fire, was struck and succumbed to his wounds. Emboldened by his actions his team and supporting assault force aggressively engaged the enemy combatants. Major Zembiec's quick thinking and timely action to re-orient his team's machine gun enabled the remaining members of his unit to rapidly and accurately engage the primary source of the enemy's fire saving the lives of his comrades. By his bold initiative, undaunted courage, and complete dedication to duty, Major Zembiec reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service. Zembiec, and an interview with Mrs. Pamela Zembiec
 Marine Corps Association's transcript of Secretary Gate's comments
 Legacy.com "Guestbook for Majr. <mask>. <mask>"
 Arlington National Cemetery

1973 births
2007 deaths
American male sport wrestlers
American military personnel killed in the Iraq War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
La Cueva High School alumni
Navy Midshipmen wrestlers
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Kosovo War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the War in

masks:
Douglas A
Zembiec


texts: <mask> (born Johan Cristian Tanck; 9 April 186718 November 1941) was an Australian politician who served as the third prime minister of Australia, in office from 27 April to 18 August 1904. He served as the inaugural federal leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) from 1901 to 1907 and was the first member of the party to serve as prime minister. <mask> was born in Valparaíso, the son of a German Chilean seaman. He grew up on the South Island of New Zealand, taking the surname of his step-father when his Irish-born mother remarried. He left school at a young age, working in the printing industry as a compositor. <mask> moved to Sydney in 1886 and became prominent in the local labour movement. He helped establish the Labor Electoral League of New South Wales and directed the party's campaign at the 1891 general election.<mask> was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly at the 1894 election, aged 27, and quickly became a leading figure in the ALP. He and most party members opposed Federation on the grounds that the proposed constitution was undemocratic. In 1901, <mask> was elected to the House of Representatives at the inaugural federal election. He became a founding member of the ALP caucus in federal parliament and was elected as the party's inaugural leader. During the first term of parliament he supported the Liberal Protectionist governments of Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, and was a strong supporter of the White Australia policy. At the 1903 election, the ALP secured the balance of power in the House and a strong position in the Senate. <mask> formed a minority government in April 1904, aged 37, after the ALP withdrew its support from Deakin.He was one of the first socialists to head a government in a parliamentary system, attracting international attention, and remains

masks:
John Christian Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson


texts:
 Australia's youngest prime minister. After less than four months in office, the Watson Government lost a confidence motion and <mask> was succeeded as prime minister by anti-socialist George Reid. He served as leader of the opposition until 1905, when he helped reinstall Deakin as prime minister. The ALP continued to offer its support to Deakin after the 1906 election, despite the opposition of some in the party. <mask> resigned the party's leadership in 1907, citing family concerns, and left parliament at the 1910 election. He was expelled from the ALP during the 1916 split over conscription and became a Nationalist, although he never again stood for public office. He subsequently had a successful business career, including as president of the NRMA and chairman of Ampol.While <mask> did not succeed in passing legislation while in office, his term as prime minister is seen as significant as a demonstration that the ALP could form a competent government. His successor as party leader Andrew Fisher would lead the ALP to a majority government at the 1910 election, in which many of <mask>'s ministers played a key role. Early life

Birth and family background
<mask> was born Johan Cristian Tanck on 9 April 1867 in Valparaíso, Chile. He was the only child of Martha (née Minchin) and Johan Cristian Tanck senior. His father was also born in Valparaíso, a German Chilean who ancestors had immigrated from the Kingdom of Hanover and established an import–export firm. He worked as a merchant seaman, possibly a ship's carpenter, on trade routes across the Pacific. He arrived in New Zealand aboard La Joven Julia on 24 December 1865 and married Martha Minchin in Port Chalmers less than a month later, on 19 January 1866.Their marriage was later registered at Valparaíso's Iglesia de la Matriz. <mask>'s mother was

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson


texts: born in County Tipperary, Ireland, and was 16 years old at the time of her first marriage. She joined Tanck on board the Julia, which eventually returned to Chile and docked in Valparaíso a few days before <mask>'s birth. In the months after his birth the ship worked a regular route carrying timber between Valparaíso and Chiloé Island. In 1868, <mask> moved to New Zealand with his mother, returning to her family on the South Island. The fate of his father is uncertain, as no records of his death have been found. On 15 February 1869, his mother married George Thomas <mask> at the registry office in Waipori, describing herself as a widow.Her second husband was a 30-year-old miner born in Ballymoney, Ireland, who had come to New Zealand after several years working in Scotland. <mask> came to have nine half-siblings from his mother's second marriage, born between 1869 and 1887. He was treated as the biological child of <mask>, adopting his step-father's surname; his given names were also anglicised. As an adult, <mask> gave incorrect and contradictory information about the circumstances of his birth and the identity of his parents. He allowed some biographical profiles to list him as born in New Zealand, while his second wife and daughter understood that he had been born to British parents in international waters outside Valparaíso. On legal documents he listed <mask> as his biological father and provided an incorrect maiden name for his mother. <mask>'s biographers have suggested he may have originally concealed his background for convenience, but later deliberately did so for political reasons, including concerns over parliamentary eligibility and possible xenophobia.Birth overseas to a non-British father would make him an alien ineligible for election to federal parliament under section 44(i) of the

masks:
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
George Watson
Watson
George Watson
Watson


texts:
 constitution. Childhood and move to Australia
<mask> attended the state school in Oamaru, North Otago, New Zealand until ten years of age when he left to become a rail nipper. Then after a period of helping on the family farm, at thirteen years of age he was apprenticed as a compositor at The North Otago Times, a newspaper run by prominent reformist politician William Steward, with the public affairs exposure augmenting his minor formal schooling. Following the death of his mother and the loss of his job, he migrated to Sydney in 1886 at nineteen years of age. He worked for a month as a stablehand at Government House, then found employment as a compositor for a number of newspapers including The Daily Telegraph, The Sydney Morning Herald and The Australian Star. Through this proximity to newspapers, books and writers he furthered his education and developed an interest in politics and became active in the printing union. He married Ada Jane Low, a British-born Sydney seamstress, at the Unitarian Church on Liverpool Street in Sydney on 27 November 1889.Colonial parliament
In the months prior to the 1891 New South Wales colonial election, <mask> was a founding member of the Labour Electoral League of New South Wales which stemmed from the nascent Australian labour movement and would later develop into the Australian Labour (later Labor) Party. In the election, Labour won the balance of power and provided confidence and supply to the Protectionist Party minority government led by Premier George Dibbs which brought down the incumbent majority government of the Free Trade Party led by Premier Henry Parkes. <mask> was an active trade unionist, and became Vice-President of the Sydney Trades and Labour Council in January 1892. In June 1892, he settled a dispute between the Trades and Labour Council and the

masks: Watson Watson Watson


texts:
 Labour Party and as a result became the president of the council and chairman of the party. In 1893 and 1894, he worked hard to resolve the debate over the solidarity pledge and established the Labour Party's basic practices, including the sovereignty of the party conference, caucus solidarity, the pledge required of parliamentarians and the powerful role of the extra-parliamentary executive. At the 1894 colonial election which saw the defeat of the Protectionist Party government, <mask> was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for the country seat of Young. At the 1895 colonial election the incumbent Free Trade Party minority government led by Premier George Reid increased their support  but remained several seats short of a majority.Labour at this time had a policy of "support in return for concessions", and <mask> voted with his colleagues to strategically provide such legislative support to the incumbent government. Following the 1898 colonial election, despite a significant swing against the incumbent government, <mask> and Labour leader James McGowen decided to allow the incumbent government to remain so that it could complete the work of establishing the Federation of Australia. Federation

<mask> was involved in shaping party policy regarding the movement for Federation from 1895, and was one of ten Labour candidates nominated for the Australasian Federal Convention on 4 March 1897, but none of these candidates managed to be elected. The party endorsed Federation, but nevertheless most leading party figures viewed the draft Commonwealth Constitution as undemocratic, and believed that the Senate as proposed was much too powerful, similar to the anti-reformist Colonial state upper houses and the UK House of Lords. When the draft was submitted to a referendum on 3 June 1898,

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson


texts:
 Labour opposed it, with <mask> prominent in the campaign, and saw the referendum rejected. <mask> was devoted to the idea of the referendum as an ideal feature of democracy. To ensure that Reid might finally bring New South Wales into national union on an amended draft constitution, <mask> helped to negotiate a deal, involving the party executive, that included the nomination of four Labour members to the New South Wales Legislative Council.At the March 1899 annual party conference, Billy Hughes and Holman moved to have those arrangements nullified and party policy on Federation changed, thus thwarting Reid's plans. Although rarely known to resort to anger, on this occasion <mask> 'jumped to his feet in a most excited manner and in heated tones ... contended ... that they should not interfere with the referendum'. The motion was lost and the four party men were nominated to the council on 4 April. The bill approving the second referendum, to be held on 20 June 1899, was passed on 20 April. Labour leaders, including <mask> opposed the final terms of the Commonwealth Constitution. Nonetheless, they could not stop it from going ahead, and <mask>, unlike Holman and Hughes, believed that it should be submitted to the people. Nevertheless, <mask> joined all but two of the Labour parliamentarians in campaigning against the 'Yes' vote at the referendum.When the Constitution was accepted, he agreed that 'the mandate of the majority will have to be obeyed'. Federal parliament

<mask> was elected to the new federal Parliament of Australia at the inaugural 1901 federal election, representing the rural House of Representatives rural seat of Bland. <mask> arrived in Melbourne, which at the time served as the temporary seat of government, in May 1901. <mask> was elected the first leader of the Federal

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson


texts:
 Parliamentary Labor Party (usually known as the Caucus) on 8 May 1901, the day before the opening of the parliament. <mask> pursued the same policy as Labor had done in New South Wales, where Labor was the smallest of the three parties but held the balance of power. Under <mask>, Labor provided confidence and supply to the Protectionist Party minority governments of Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin in exchange for legislation enacting the Labour platform, such as the immensely popular White Australia policy which left the free Trade Party led by George Reid to form the opposition. <mask>, as a Labor moderate, genuinely admired Deakin and shared his liberal views on many subjects.Deakin reciprocated this sentiment. Deakin wrote in one of his anonymous articles in a London newspaper that "The Labour section has much cause for gratitude to Mr <mask>, the leader whose tact and judgement have enabled it to achieve many of its Parliamentary successes." White Australia
<mask> was a white nationalist and white supremacist who played a key role in the creation of the White Australia policy. According to , the "ideal of a white Australia stood at the centre of <mask>'s political ideology, a touchstone of Australian identity that <mask> repeatedly stressed in interviews, speeches and articles". However, some of his biographers have noted that his racial views were widespread among Australians at the time and that all three major parties supported White Australia. During the debate over what became the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, <mask> stated that the issue of racial purity was "the larger and more important one" for the passage of the bill, where some speakers had emphasised concerns over the economic impact of cheap foreign labour. He opposed the government's dictation test provision on the grounds that

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson


texts:
 it could be easily circumvented, and that "education does not eliminate the objectionable qualities of the Baboo Hindoo".He instead sought to explicitly ban any Asian or African from entering Australia. During the same debate he spoke of "racial contamination" and referred to Chinese people using a racial slur, rhetorically asking "whether we would desire that our sisters or our brothers should be married into any of these races to which we object". In 1905, <mask> drafted a new plank for the ALP platform calling for "an Australian sentiment based upon the maintenance of racial purity". He successfully moved for its adoption at both state and federal conferences, stating that the party should "cleanse their own doorstep with the hope that thus the street would be cleansed". Prime Minister in 1904

Labour under <mask> doubled their vote at the 1903 federal election and continued to hold the balance of power despite all three parties holding about the same number of seats. In April 1904, however, <mask> and Deakin fell out over the issue of extending the scope of industrial relations laws concerning the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill to cover state public servants, the fallout causing Deakin to resign. Reid declined to take office, which saw <mask> become the first Labour Prime Minister of Australia, the world's first Labour head of government at a national level (Anderson Dawson had led a short-lived Labour government in Queensland in December 1899), indeed the world's first socialist or social democratic government at a national level.He was aged only 37, and remains the youngest Prime Minister in Australia's history. Billy Hughes later recalled the first meeting of the Labour Cabinet with characteristic sharp wit:

Despite the apparent fitness of the new Prime Minister for his role, the


texts:
 government hung on the fine thread of Deakin's promise of 'fair play'. The triumph of the historic first Australian Labour government was a qualified one – Labour did not have the numbers to implement key policies. The 'three elevens' – the lack of a definite majority in the parliament after the second federal election – dogged <mask> just as it had Deakin. Six bills were enacted during <mask>'s brief government. All but one – an amended Acts Interpretation Act 1904 – were supply bills. The most significant legislative achievement of the <mask> government was the advancement of the troublesome Conciliation and Arbitration Bill.Another accomplishment was the appointing of a Royal Commission on a Bill related to Navigation and Shipping, whose report (presented a couple of years later) led to "major redrafting of the Navigation Act" and improvements in conditions for Australian seamen. Once he became the Prime Minister <mask> recognized the limitations of his position in the Labour caucus and endorsed the concept of a deputy leader. Andrew Fisher won the position by one vote over the more dynamic Billy Hughes. Defeat and final years as leader

Although <mask> sought a dissolution of parliament so that an election could be held, the Governor-General Lord Northcote refused. Unable to command a majority in the House of Representatives, <mask> resigned the premiership less than four months after taking office, his term ending on 18 August 1904 (Deakin was later defeated on a similar bill). Reid became Prime Minister and four months later his government managed to pass the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill after compromising to extend the scope to state public servants as <mask> had proposed. Deakin again became Prime Minister after Reid lost confidence of the parliament in July 1905.<mask> led Labour to


texts:
 the 1906 federal election and improved their position again. At this election the seat of Bland was abolished, so he shifted to the seat of South Sydney. But in October 1907, recognising his work for the foundation of the parliamentary party was complete and also due to fatigue and concern over the health of his wife Ada, he resigned the Labour leadership in favour of Andrew Fisher. From August 1906, <mask> was an early influential supporter of Canberra, as the site of the national capital. <mask> retired from politics, aged only 42, prior to the 1910 federal election, at which Labour won with 50 percent of the primary vote. It was the first time a party had been elected to majority government in the House of Representatives, it was also the first time a party won a Senate majority, and it was the world's first Labour Party majority government at a national level. The ALP vote had risen rapidly, going from 15 percent against two larger and more established parties in 1901, to 50 percent in 1910, after a majority of the Protectionist Party merged with the Anti-Socialist Party, creating the Commonwealth Liberal Party which received 45 percent.Later life

Political activities
In the Australian Labor Party split of 1916, numerous Labor MPs were expelled from the party for supporting World War I conscription in Australia. <mask> sided with ex-Labor Prime Minister Billy Hughes and the conscriptionists and had his party membership terminated as a result. <mask> remained active in the affairs of Hughes' Nationalist Party until 1922, but after that he drifted out of politics altogether. In 1931 he was state president of the Australian Industries Protection League and supported the Scullin Government's high-tariff policies. Business activities

In December 1910, <mask> was recruited by a syndicate of Sydney

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson


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 businessmen to lead a gold-seeking expedition in South Africa. He also engaged in land speculation in Sutherland, but development did not occur rapidly enough. He was appointed as a director of Labor Papers Limited, the publisher of the AWU's official newspaper The Australian Worker.<mask> joined the council of the newly established National Roads Association (NRA) in March 1920, and in August was elected as the association's inaugural president. The NRA was intended as a peak body for New South Wales motorists, lobbying the state government to create a Main Roads Board and borrow money to improve local highways. It was initially hampered by its small membership and lack of financial resources, with a budget of only £15 per week. <mask> was able to attract publicity through the launch of a magazine and a successful campaign to raise speed limits. He was again chosen as president in 1923 when the NRA was reorganised into the National Roads and Motorists' Association (NRMA), and would retain the position for the rest of his life. By the end of the following year the organisation had grown from 550 to 5,000 members. It subsequently expanded into vehicle insurance and motor touring, acquiring a series of properties for camping.As well as his involvement with the NRMA, <mask> also served as a director of a taxi company, Yellow Cabs of Australia Ltd., and as chairman of the state government's Traffic Advisory Committee. In 1936 he became the inaugural chairman of petrol retailer Ampol. Personal life
<mask>'s first wife Ada died in 1921. On 30 October 1925 he married Antonia Mary Gladys Dowlan in the same church as his first wedding. She was a 23-year-old waitress from Western Australia whom he had met when she served his table at a Sydney club. In 1927, they had one daughter, Jacqueline Dunn née <mask>.


texts:
 <mask> and his second wife moved to a villa in Double Bay in 1934.In retirement he became a keen bridge player and was also a regular attendee at Randwick Racecourse and the Sydney Cricket Ground, serving on the SCG Trust. He visited the United States for business reasons and also returned to New Zealand on a number of occasions in a private capacity. After several weeks of ill health, <mask> died at his home in Double Bay on 18 November 1941, aged 74. He was granted a state funeral at St Andrew's Cathedral, with Joseph Cook, Albert Gardiner, John Curtin and William McKell serving as pallbearers. His ashes were interred at the Northern Suburbs Crematorium. Evaluation and honours

According to Percival Serle, <mask> "left a much greater impression on his time than this would suggest. He came at the right moment for his party, and nothing could have done it more good than the sincerity, courtesy and moderation which he always showed as a leader".Alfred Deakin wrote of <mask>: "The Labour section has much cause for gratitude to Mr <mask>, the leader whose tact and judgement have enabled it to achieve many of its Parliamentary successes". In April 2004 the Labor Party marked the centenary of the <mask> Government with a series of public events in Canberra and Melbourne, attended by then party leader Mark Latham and former ALP Prime Ministers Gough Whitlam, Bob Hawke and Paul Keating. <mask>'s daughter, Jacqueline Dunn, 77, was guest of honour at these functions. The Canberra suburb <mask> and the federal electorate of <mask> are named after him. In 1969 he was honoured on a postage stamp bearing his portrait issued by Australia Post. See also
Watson Government
Watson Ministry

References

Further reading

External links

The last page of a secret despatch from Australia's Governor-General to Britain's

masks: Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson Watson


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 Colonial Secretary 23 April 1904, detailing circumstances that created the first Labor Prime Minister in the British Empire (and the world). 1867 births
1941 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Australian Leaders of the Opposition
Australian people of Chilean descent
Australian people of German descent
Australian people of New Zealand descent
Australian people of Irish descent
Chilean emigrants to Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Bland
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for South Sydney
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
People from Valparaíso
Chilean expatriates in Australia
Chilean politicians
Prime Ministers of Australia
Treasurers of Australia
Australian printers
Leaders of the Australian Labor Party
20th-century Australian politicians
People from


texts:
<mask> (19 January 1780 – 27 April 1858) was an English judge, aka Dean of Arches, and member of parliament. <mask> was born at Hurstpierpoint on 19 January 1780. He was the eldest son of the Rev. Dr. <mask> (1734–1807), rector of Yoxall, Staffordshire, and then rector of Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex, who died in July 1807. He entered Merchant Taylors' School in 1790, and proceeded to Oriel College, Oxford, in 1797, where he graduated B.A. 1801, M.A. 1804, Middle Temple 1807 (called to the bar 1834), and D.C.L.1808. He was admitted an advocate of the College of Doctors of Laws (Doctors' Commons) 3 November 1808, and acted as commissary to the dean and chapter of Westminster from 1808. A civil lawyer and editor of the Admiralty Reports 1811–22. <mask> died at 6 Seamore Place, Mayfair, London, 27 April 1858. For many years before that he had lived at 12 Hertford street, Mayfair. Career
From July 1819 to March 1823 he sat for Rye in parliament as, essentially, a Tory member, on death of its patron Thomas Phillipps Lamb, (?1752–1819), of Mountsfield Lodge, Rye, of the family of Rye's Lamb House. On 11 March 1829 he was appointed by the Duke of Wellington to the office of advocate to the Admiralty Court, and on being named advocate-general, 15 October 1834, was knighted at St. James's Palace on the 29th of the same month.As J. M. Collinge puts it: 'He voted in the (Tory) government majority on the blasphemous libels bill, 23 December 1819, and later received all his major legal appointments from Tory ministries. He is not known to have spoken in the House before 1820.' He was called to

masks:
Sir John Dodson
Life Dodson
John Dodson
Dodson


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 the bar at the Middle Temple 8 November 1834, Admiralty Advocate 1829–34, and King's Advocate 1834–52, 1835 he was elected a bencher of his inn, Middle Temple, and reader in 1838, treasurer 1841. He became master of the faculties in November 1841, and vicar-general to the lord primate (archbishop of Canterbury) in 1849–52. From February 1852 he was judge of the prerogative court of Canterbury (PCC) until the abolition of this jurisdiction on 9 December 1857. He was dean of the Arches Court till his death. Herbert Jenner-Fust preceded him as Dean, and both were painted by F. Y. Frederick Yeates Hurlstone.He was sworn a privy councillor 5 April 1852. Knighted 29 October 1834. Family

His father the Rev. <mask> (1734–1807), BD (1768), DD (1772), matriculated Trinity College (1749), Oxford, MA Oriel College (1756) & fellow; vicar of Cubbington, Warwickshire; (his brother Charles was also vicar of Cubbington and when curate of Leek Wootton where he lived he helped James Wilmot of Kenilworth); rector of Yoxall (1768–84), Staffordshire, and then rector (1785/88-1805) of Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex, and died in July 1807, having married in 1776 Frances (1750–1832), (buried Church of St Chad, Lichfield, Staffordshire), daughter of the Rev. Mr. <mask> (c.1704–1767, matric. University college, Oxford; Ordained 1729; of Stapenhill, Burton-upon-Trent, Stanton Drew, and Broughton Sulney, Nottinghamshire), by his wife Susannah. <mask> married Frances-Priscilla Pearson (1788–1869), eldest daughter and co-heir of George Pearson, MD, of London and Tyers Hill, Darfield, (then) in the West Riding

masks:
John Dodson
John Dawson
Dodson


texts:
 of Yorkshire, on 24 December 1822.His only son, <mask> <mask>, barrister, of Lincoln's Inn, was elected M.P. for East Sussex in April 1857 and was created Lord Monk Bretton in 1884. <mask>'s grandfather, the venerable and pious Rev. <mask> (1705–1784, aged 78), an Eton scholar (1719–23), admitted pensioner Clare College, Cambridge 28 May 1724, and rector of Hurstpierpoint for 51 years, married on 24 August 1731 at Wivelsfield to Mary (1713-1747/8, aged 35), the daughter of Thomas Marchant, gent, of Little Park, Ninfield. His great-grandfather was the Rev <mask> II (1673–1744), rector of Broadwater, Sussex before he became rector of Hurstpierpoint in 1701. Jeremiah married Anne (d.1745), daughter of Christopher Todd, apothecary of the Market, of St. Faith, London, in St Ann Blackfriars, St. Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe, April 1701.Both are buried in Broadwater, where there is (or was in 1883) a slab monumental inscription. His great-great-grandfather
His great-great-grandfather was Rev. Jeremiah (Jeremy) He was Master Merchant Taylor in 1686 and in November 1667, at St. Mary-le-Strand, Westminster, he had married Elizabeth Brewer (1633–1696), widow of fishmonger <mask> (d.1665), but they had no children and he left his estate to his brother <mask>. He was buried in the south aisle of the nave of Westminster Abbey on 16 October 1695, his gravestone was removed when the nave was re-paved in 1834 but the inscription read: "Here lyeth interred the body of Sir <mask>, Knight. Obiit 9 Oct. A.D. 1695". Three brothers and sister
Rev. William (St. John's, Oxford), BA (1804), MA (1808), BD

masks:
John George
Dodson
Dodson
Christopher Dodson
Jeremiah Dodson
John Briscoe
John
William Dodson


texts:
 (1817),  was vicar of Edlington, Lincolnshire, and rector of Dexthorpe and Claxby (Claseby) from 1817, and died in 1852.Reverend William <mask>, who had married Thomas Phillips Lamb's eldest daughter Elizabeth, was thus a freeman and jurat of Rye (see Lamb House). His second son <mask> <mask> matriculated at Oriel College, Oxford in June 1837, aged 19. His third son Rev. Paul Augustus <mask> (c.1819–) matriculated at Worcester College, Oxford in 1838. His daughter Elizabeth Dorothy <mask> (c1814-1874) married (1842) Rev. Baron Francis de Paravicini (1816–1897), rector of Avening (1857–97), and uncle of Percy de Paravicini. <mask> (c1787-1867), matriculated St. John's College, Oxford, 14 December 1805 aged 18; BA 1809, MA 1812, proctor 1819; Rector of Buttermere, Wiltshire, 1818 and Vicar St Helens, Abingdon, 1824–67, prebend of Lincoln.Appointed by the Archdeacon of Oxford in August 1831, 'a Surrogate for granting marriage licenses, probates of wills, &c., within the diocese of Oxford'. <mask> (c1793-1876), matriculated University College, Oxford, 3 April 1810, aged 17; BA 1813, MA 1817, Rector of Grateley 1819, and of Penton Mewsey, Hants (1832 to death 24 April 1876). Sometime domestic Chaplain: Maria, Countess of Guildford, and Louisa, Countess of Craven. Chairman of the Andover Union Board of (Poor Law) Guardians at the time of the Andover workhouse scandal

His sister <mask> married Rev. <mask> (1779–1863) of Middleham House, vicar of Ringmer (1812–), (son of Rev Richard Constable of Cowfold (1756–1839): Vicar of Selmeston 1785–1801, Vicar of Heathfield 1785–1801, Prebend

masks:
Dodson
John George
Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
Nathaniel Dodson
Christopher Dodson
Frances Dodson
John Constable


texts:
 of Chichester 1796–1839, Vicar of Cowfold 1801–39, and Vicar of Hailsham 1805–39, and prebend of Wisborough). <mask> was concerned in the following works:
 A Report of the Case of Dalrymple the Wife against Dalrymple the Husband, 1811. Reports of Cases argued and determined in the High Court of Admiralty, 1811–22, London, 1815–1828, another ed.1853. A Report of the Case of the Louis appealed from the Admiralty Court at Sierra Leone, and determined in the High Court of Admiralty, 1817. A Digested Index of the Cases determined in the High Court of Admiralty, contained in the Reports of Robinson, Edwards, and <mask>, by Joshua Greene, 1818. A Report of the Judgment in the Case of Sullivan against Sullivan, falsely called Oldacre, 1818. Lawful Church Ornaments, by J. W. Perry. With an Appendix on the Judgment of the Right Hon. Sir J. <mask> in the appeal Liddell v. Westerton, 1857.A Review of the Judgment of Sir <mask> in the case of Liddell v. Westerton, by C. F. Trower, 1857. The Judgment of the Right Hon. Sir J<mask>, also the Judgment of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the case of Liddell and Horne against Westerton, by A. F. Bayford, 1857. References
 The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790–1820, ed. R. Thorne, 1986. Attribution

1780 births
1858 deaths
People from Hurstpierpoint
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Members of the Middle Temple
English judges
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
19th-century

masks:
Works Dodson
Dodson
Dodson
John Dodson
. Dodson


texts:
<mask> (27 February 1799 – 27 September 1854) was an English artist, architect and explorer, best remembered for his meticulously detailed drawings of the ruins of the Maya civilization. He explored Mesoamerica in the mid 19th century with writer John Lloyd Stephens. Their books, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán and Incidents of Travel in Yucatán, were best sellers and introduced to the Western world the civilization of the ancient Maya. In 1837, <mask> was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary member. Mediterranean travels
<mask>, having made many trips to the Mediterranean between 1824 and 1832 to draw the monuments made by the Egyptians, Carthaginians, and Phoenicians, stated that the monuments in the Americas bear no architectural similarity to those in the Old World. Thus, they must have been made by the native people of the area. <mask> made visits to Greece, Turkey, Egypt, and Palestine and with Joseph Bonomi the Younger made drawings and watercolors of the ancient remains there.During a six-week period in 1833, <mask> was probably the first Westerner to make a detailed survey of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. <mask> developed a sizeable reputation as a topographical artist. He perfected a drawing technique which used the camera lucida and supplied the drawings for the panoramas of Jerusalem and Thebes shown by Robert Burford in Leicester Square. Central America

In 1836 he met travel writer John Lloyd Stephens in London. They read the account of the ruins of Copán published by Juan Galindo, and decided to try to visit Central America for themselves and produce a more detailed and better illustrated account. The expedition came together in 1839 and continued through the following year, visiting dozens of ruins and resulting in the detailed description of 44 sites, many for the first time. Stephens and <mask> are credited for the rediscovery of the Maya civilization, and through their publications brought the Maya back into the minds of the Western

masks:
Frederick Catherwood
Catherwood
Catherwood
Catherwood
Catherwood
Catherwood
Catherwood


texts:
 World.The expedition resulted in the book Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan, published in 1841, with text by Stephens and engravings based on the drawings of <mask>. Stephens and <mask> returned to Yucatan to make further explorations, resulting in Incidents of Travel in Yucatan in 1843. The following year <mask> published Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan, with 25 colour lithographs from watercolours he made at various ruins. This folio was published in May 1844 simultaneously in London and New York in an edition of 300. Some 282 copies are known to survive, mostly held in private collections or libraries. A large number of his original drawings and paintings were destroyed when the building where he was exhibiting them in New York City caught fire, but a number survive in museums and private collections, often showing more detail than the published engravings. Last years

With the California Gold Rush <mask> moved to San Francisco, California to open up a store to supply miners and prospectors, which he considered a more likely way to make money than chasing after the gold himself.In 1854, <mask> was a passenger aboard the steamship Arctic, making a crossing of the Atlantic Ocean from Liverpool to New York. On 27 September in conditions of poor visibility, the Arctic collided with the French steamer Vesta, and sank with much loss of life, including <mask>. Mysteriously <mask>'s name was left off the official casualty lists for weeks until a concerted effort by his friends and colleagues resulted in a belated inclusion of a single line in the New York Herald Tribune, under the listing of "The Saved and the Lost: Mr <mask> Also is Missing". He was 55 years old. The question of his portrait

Traditionally, it is thought that the only portrait of <mask> is in the famous Table XXIV of Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan, with a view of the temple of Tulum. The scholar Fabio Bourbon, after studies and a long reflection, has

masks:
Catherwood
Catherwood
Catherwood
Catherwood
Frederick Catherwood
Catherwood
Catherwood
Catherwood
Catherwood


texts:
 formulated a different hypothesis. It is well known that during the second expedition in Central America, Stephens and <mask> were accompanied by a young surgeon (and ornithologist) from Boston, Samuel Cabot III, born in Boston on 20 September 1815.The Cabot family was part of the upper class in Boston. At the time of the trip, he was almost 27 years old. Years later he would become an eminent surgeon and a well known personality in Boston. Samuel III was described as a person rather slender, tall, with light hair and light eyes. There is an image taken by Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894) with members of the Boston Society for Medical Improvement, around 1853. Samuel is seated, third from left. Eleven years had passed since the adventure in Yucatan, but he could very well be the person depicted by <mask> in the table, holding a measuring tape.<mask>, in fact, was a pragmatic man, used to documenting the reality with his pencil. <mask> presumably had no interest in representing himself, indeed he never painted his self-portrait. Notes

References

External links

 "Drawing From the Past: Maya Antiquity Through the Eyes of <mask>", online exhibition by Smith College Libraries of <mask>'s Views of Ancient Monuments lithographs
 "<mask>'s Lithographs", online reproductions of a permanent exhibition of his work at the Casa Frederick Catherwood, Mérida, Yucatán
 Reed College website including all the illustrations of Uxmal, Kabah, Sayil, and Labná in Stephens and Catherwood's 1843 Incidents of Travel in Yucatan and in Catherwood's 1844 Views of Ancient Monuments. <mask>herwood Archival card catalog. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. 1799 births
1854 deaths
Mayanists
19th-century Mesoamericanists
English Mesoamericanists
Mesoamerican artists
19th-century explorers
Explorers of Central America
People of the California Gold Rush
Deaths due to shipwreck at sea
Cartographers of the Middle East
19th-century cartographers
English explorers of North

masks:
Catherwood
Catherwood
Catherwood
Frederick
Frederick Catherwood
Catherwood
Frederick Catherwood
Frederick Cat


texts:
<mask>ers (died c. 1174), also known as <mask> of Cluny, was a monk of the Benedictine abbey of Cluny, and author of a small number of historical works (including a universal chronicle), treatises and poems. Life

Little is known about the life of <mask>ers beyond the barest biographical details suggested in the title and dedication prefacing his . His name, , indicates that he was a native of the region of Poitou, France. He calls himself a , an ambiguous term suggesting either that he was a monk of the Abbey of Cluny or that he was a member of the Europe-wide network of Cluniac monasteries (the ). Scholars have identified no further conclusive evidence for his life or background. On the basis of unique local material in a single manuscript of <mask>'s , Élie Berger concluded that he resided in a Cluniac priory on the island of Aix in Poitou. The subsequent work of I. Schnack suggested, in contrast, that <mask> wrote in the scriptorium of the Abbey of Cluny.The lack of any conclusive evidence makes it difficult to resolve this disagreement. From <mask>'s dedication of his chronicle to Peter the Venerable, it is evident that <mask> was at work by 1156, the year of Peter's death. The poems attributed to <mask>'s authorship include an ode to London and a condemnation of sea sickness, both of which suggest that <mask> travelled beyond the confines of medieval France. <mask>ers should not be confused with <mask> of

masks: Richarditi Richard Richarditi Richard Richard Richard Richard Richard Richard Richarditi Richard


texts:
 Ilchester, an English contemporary who was also known as <mask> of Poitiers while Archdeacon of the Cathedral of Poitiers. He should also be distinguished from King <mask> of England, whom some chroniclers of the Crusades refer to as <mask> of Poitiers. Writings

Chronicle
<mask>'s major work bears the title  (The Chronicle of Richard of Poitiers, monk of Cluny, compiled from numerous sources), which draws attention to the work's nature as largely compilation. In his dedication, <mask> offers a list of sources consulted in writing his chronicle:

In this work, I excerpt from the books of Augustine, Jerome, Isidore, Theodolfus, Josephus, Hegesippus, Eutropius, Titus Livy, Suetonius, Aimoinus, Justinus  (the abridger or excerptor of Pompeius Trogus), Freculphus, Orosius, Anastasius  (the librarian of the Roman see), Anneus Florus, Gregory, Bede, Ado, Gildas  (the historian of Britain), the monk Paul  (historian of the Lombards), and of a few others.Despite this apparent openness, <mask> cites historians, such as Suetonius and Aimonius, whom he likely only knew second hand. He also does not fully reference all his sources. In addition to the sources cited explicitly, <mask>'s chronicle  tacitly includes material from contemporary historians, such as Fulcher of Chartres' crusading history as well as fantastical literature, such as the Pseudo-Alexander's Letter from Alexander to Aristotle and <mask> of Monmouth's

masks:
Richard
Richard I
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Geoffrey


texts: History of the Kings of England. The diversity of material in <mask>'s Chronicle gives it an exotic feel for the modern reader, and the resulting work is quite unlike what a modern historian seeks to do. <mask>, for example, does not attempt to come to a coherent portrait of history or distinguish true from false accounts. Instead, he juxtaposes multiple accounts in order to provide the most complete picture, even if his sources are contradictory. The reigns of kings or emperors, for example, might be recorded as having three or four different spans, depending on whether the reader wishes to follow Jerome, Josephus, Justinus or Orosius.The chronicle also contains significant prophetic material (from Biblical sources, or from <mask> of Monmouth's Prophecies of Merlin) and <mask> repeatedly seeks to identify for the reader when these prophecies are shown to be fulfilled. This concern with prophecy is an important undertone of <mask>'s work and relates to a traditional Cluniac interest with deciphering the divine plan identifiable from the course of human history (see Rodulfus Glaber). As <mask> himself states (see sidebar), the Chronicle sought to describe all of human history (as then understood) from Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden until his own time (in the 1160s and 1170s). In doing so, <mask> compiled what modern historians have called a "universal history". Universal chronicles are similar to modern-day

masks: Richard Richard Geoffrey Richard Richard Richard Richard


texts:
 textbooks of Western Civilization in the breadth of material covered. <mask>'s text strongly focuses on Christian and French subjects, but it also provides a wide range of material on Classical and Ancient Middle Eastern history. Such information was necessary for a Christian reader to understand Biblical history or the Classical texts still circulating during the Middle Ages.Other historical works

<mask> compiled a Catalogue of Popes whose brief entries provided basic information about the time and duration of their papacy, their nation of origin, and distinguishing events (such as miracles performed, synods held). Subsequent writers extended this text into the thirteenth century and their extensions were incorporated into later chronicles. I. Schnack has argued that this text, when taken together with <mask>'s treatises on the diocesan and cardinal clergy of the city of Rome, is an important source for understanding attitudes towards the developing college of cardinals. E. Berger assigns an additional work, A Lament upon the Destruction of Castle Julius, to <mask>'s authorship. It is a brief description of the siege and capture of a French castle, which Berger identifies as Châtel-Aillon, and other local history relating to the region around Aunis, France. Treatises

<mask>'s two brief descriptions of the Roman clergy are entitled, "On the seven bishops who are the vicars of the pope" and "On the seven

masks: Richard Richard Richard Richard Richard


texts:
 bishop, deacons ... who assist the pope celebrate mass". These two works briefly describe those holding religious office who are fit in dignity to serve alongside the pope in power, and in sanctity.Poems
Although the sixteenth-century bibliophile John Bale attributes seven poems in total to <mask>, the most recent editor of his poems (or ) is unsure which can conclusively be assigned to his authorship. Historiographical contribution

Relation to contemporaries

<mask> of Poitiers was among the first of a new crop of twelfth-century French chroniclers to compose a universal history. Within French-speaking regions, the genre of the universal chronicle had languished after the Carolingian works of Frechulfus of Liseaux and Ado of Vienne. Interest in composing this kind of work was rejuvenated by Hugh of St. Victor's historiographical treatise, , a text <mask> which alludes to in his prologue. <mask> also seems to take inspiration from Hugh's idea of history as a tool useful for the spiritual training of the mind and as preliminary for other study (see Hugh of Saint Victor's ). <mask>, like Hugh, calls history childish (puerile) since it is first studied by school-age children. Influence on later history writing

The writings of <mask> of Poitiers received a relatively wide circulation.In the number of extant manuscripts, his chronicle ranks alongside Otto of Freising's Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, and Robert of

masks: Richard Richard Richard Richard Richard Richard


texts:
 Gloucester's Metrical Chronicle. The distribution of manuscripts in France, Spain, England, Italy and Germany, and its inclusion in monastic, episcopal and aristocratic libraries  suggest a broad audience. Subsequent chroniclers, such as Amaury Augier, Martin of Troppau and William Rede, continued <mask>'s text into their own times, and <mask> is noted as an accomplished historian by such humanists as Johann von Heidenberg, Conrad Gesner and Gerard Vossius. In the seventeenth century, his chronicle was conflated with the  written by <mask> of Saint Victor, a misunderstanding that was often repeated until the eighteenth century, when the publication of extracts of <mask>'s chronicle, first by Edmond Martène and later by Luigi Muratori, made this error evident. These early editors judged <mask>'s Chronicle to be overly derivative and edited only the concluding portions of his chronicle. A complete edition of the work has never been finished, but is currently under development by Marc Saurette (Carleton University) and Matthew Ponesse (Ohio Dominican University). See also
Peter the Venerable
Hugh Primas

Notes

Bibliography

Editions and translations

BERGER, Élie, ed.Appendix to « <mask> Poitevin, moine de Cluny, historien et poète ». In, Notice sur Divers Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Vaticane. Bibl. des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome. Fasc. 6. Toulouse : A. Chauvin & Fils, 1879, pp.45–140. BOUQUET,

masks:
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard le


texts:
 Martin, ed. "Ex Chronico Richardi Pictaviensis, monachi Cluniacensis." In Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France. Paris, 1781; rpt. 1869, VII, 258; IX, 21; X, 263; XI, 285; XII, 411-421. MARTÈNE, Edmond, and André DURAND, eds.Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum ecclesiasticorum et dogmaticorum amplissima collectio. 9 vols. Paris, Montalant, 1724–1738, V, col. 1160-1174. MURATORI, Ludovicus, ed. Antiquitates Italicae medii aevi. 4 vols. Milan, 1738–1743, IV, col. 1075-1104.WAITZ,Georg, ed. "Ex Richardi Pictaviensis Chronica." In [http://www.dmgh.de Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores (SS in folio)']', Hanover, 1882 (reprint 1925), vol. XXVI, (Ex rerum Francogallicarum scriptoribus), p. 74. Secondary sources

É. BERGER, '<mask> Poitevin, moine de Cluny, historien et poète', in Notice sur Divers Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Vaticane. Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, fasc. 6, Toulouse : A. Chauvin & Fils, 1879, pp.45–140. F. CAIRNS, "The addition to the Chronica of <mask> of Poitiers," Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 19 (1984), pp. 159–161. H. KÜHL, "Zur Überlieferung und Rezeption der Weltchronik Richards von Cluny," in Aus Überrest und Tradition. Festschrift für Anna-Dorothee von den Brincken, (ed. P. Engels) Lauf : Pegnitz, 1999, pp. 73–92.M. SAURETTE, "Tracing the Twelfth-Century Chronica of <mask>ers, Monk of Cluny," Memini. Travaux et documents, Bulletin de la Socitété

masks:
Richard le
Richard
Richarditi


texts:
 d'Études médiévales du Québec 9-10, (2005/2006), pp. 303–350. I. SCHNACK, <mask> Cluny, seine Chronik und sein Kloster in den Anfängen der Kirchenspaltung von 1159. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Anschauungen von Kardinalskolleg und Papsttum im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert (Historische Studien, 146), Berlin : Ebering, 1921. B. SCOTT, "Some Poems Attributed to <mask> of Cluny," in Medieval Learning and Literature.Essays presented to <mask> Hunt'' (ed. J. J. G. Alexander), Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1976, pp. 181–199. External links

 A manuscript copy of the Catalogus and Treatises

French Benedictines
12th-century French people
Cluniacs
12th-century historians
French chroniclers
Benedictine scholars
Benedictine

masks:
Richard von
Richard
Richard William


texts:
<mask> (born 17 March 1975) is an English musician, singer, songwriter and YouTube personality best known for being the lead singer and lead guitarist of the Darkness. Heavily influenced by rock bands of the 1970s and 1980s (particularly Queen, Aerosmith, Def Leppard and AC/DC), <mask> is noted for his falsetto singing voice and flamboyant on-stage persona. He was also the lead singer and guitarist for the band Hot Leg, formed in 2008 and now on hiatus. His falsetto voice has been described as operatic and very similar to that of Queen's Roger Taylor. Music career

The Darkness

Hawkins began playing clubs and pubs with the Darkness before they were signed by record label Atlantic Records. Their debut album, Permission to Land, went straight to number two in the UK charts upon its release on 7 July 2003, before going to number one and staying there for four weeks, eventually going on to sell 1.5 million copies in the UK. 3.5m copies over all.The Darkness took inspiration for some of their work from the local north Suffolk area, including Black Shuck, which mentions the nearby village  Blythburgh. The success of this album led to heavy touring for the band, including European portions of Metallica's Summer Sanitarium Tour 2003. They went on to headline the Carling Festival in 2004. The band won three BRIT Awards in 2004 in response to the album, Best Group, Best Rock Group and Best Album. They also won two Kerrang! awards in 2004 for Best Live Act and Best British Band. The third single from the album, "I Believe in a Thing Called Love", was a substantial hit in the UK, as was their tilt at the Christmas 2003 number

masks:
Justin David Hawkins
Hawkins


texts: 1, "Christmas Time (Don't Let the Bells End)", which only just fell short, both singles reaching No.2 in 2003.The band also appeared in the video for Band Aid 20, with <mask> singing a number of lines. By late 2004 the band's constant media coverage had started to lead to a general public backlash, and <mask> and the band themselves seemed to show signs that they were disillusioned with their constant media appearances, infamously walking off of an episode of the U.S.-nationally syndicated radio talk show Loveline on 19 April 2004. In October 2005, a month before the album One Way Ticket to Hell... And Back was to be officially released, <mask> won an eBay auction for a copy of One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back for £350 under the username 'turbogunhawk'. He claimed he did this so that he could track down whoever sold the digitally-marked advance copy of the album and try to prevent it from happening again. "One Way Ticket", the first single from their second album, was released on 14 November 2005, debuting and peaking at number 8 on the UK Singles chart. The album itself was released on 28 November 2005, to somewhat mixed reviews. The album was produced by rock producer Roy Thomas Baker, best known for his work with Queen.Early sales figures in the UK showed the album had not sold as well its predecessor, Permission to Land. The album debuted at no. 11, and fell to number 34 in the second week of its release. Although it went on to achieve platinum status, this was in stark contrast with their debut's five times platinum status. The second single taken from their second album was "Is It Just Me? ", released on 20

masks: Justin Hawkins Hawkins


texts: February 2006. The single gained a preliminary position of No.6 all that week, but finally charted at number 8. <mask> announced when on stage that their third single to be released from the album was "Girlfriend". Released 22 May, "Girlfriend" charted at number 39. The band followed up their second album with a tour of the UK and Ireland, consisting of 12 dates in the major cities. The tour opened in Dublin's Point Depot on 4 February and closed in the Nottingham Arena on 20 February. Few of the venues sold out, their appeal seemingly having become more selective. Their world tour, which followed, arrived in Australia and Japan after touring Scandinavia and Continental Europe in March.In October 2006, <mask> left the Darkness. Although drug and alcohol problems were initially cited as the main reason, later on national television, <mask> would claim that he had grown tired of the constant routine of the band, recording and promoting an album, going on tours for months, back in the studio, etc. which he considered "monotonous and boring" and "could not understand how bands like the Rolling Stones could sustain it". For his time with the Darkness, <mask> placed at number 35 on Spin list of the greatest frontmen of all time. In 2011 the band reunited and toured Europe, Asia and North America throughout 2011 and 2012 in support of their new album Hot Cakes. They then released Last Of Our Kind in 2015. The band returned in 2017 with Pinewood Smile, their first album to come through Cooking Vinyl.Ahead of the album's announcement, The Darkness toured Europe in support of Guns N' Roses and played a number of festivals in

masks: Hawkins Hawkins Hawkins Hawkins


texts:
 the UK and Europe during the summer. In 2018, they released their Live At Hammersmith album. 2019 saw The Darkness release the album Easter Is Cancelled on 4 October; the album charted in the top 10 in the UK. In January 2020, The Darkness released a new video for "In Another Life", which featured model Abbey Clancy. The track then made the BBC Radio 2 B-List. Other projects
In 2005, <mask> set up a solo project, called British Whale. His debut single, "This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us", a cover of the 1974 hit by Sparks, was released on 15 August, reached No.6 on the UK Singles Chart and featured multiple World Darts Champion Phil Taylor in the video. In 2006 <mask> released a second single, available only to download, an unofficial World Cup anthem called "England". <mask> sang backing vocals on Sweet's song "Hell Raiser" for Def Leppard's 2006 covers album Yeah! In early 2007, he became half of one of six acts competing to represent the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest competition in Helsinki in a duet with singer Beverlei Brown. He entered Making Your Mind Up with Beverlei Brown singing a song entitled "They Don’t Make 'Em Like They Used To" but did not win the competition. On 16 March 2007, he appeared on the Comic Relief evening during the half-hour Top Gear of the Pops programme. This saw him performing Billy Ocean's "Red Light Spells Danger" with the three Top Gear presenters.Later that month, on 29 March, <mask> created a new Myspace profile featuring songs that were planned to be included on his upcoming solo album entitled Panther. The songs are titled "You Can't Hurt Me Anymore", "I've Met


texts: Jesus" and "Whichever". On 12 May, <mask> added a further song to his profile, "Gay in the 80's", to appear on the same album. Later, on 13 July, he removed all the songs, and mentioned "You'll just have to wait". He later announced a new band line-up and name: Hot Leg. The aforementioned songs featured on the Hot Leg album Red Light Fever. <mask> also announced that he had been participating in the recording of two Magnet Watch albums entitled Nude Horizon and Party Party Time Time.On 8 November 2007, at 3:00 am, <mask> posted a MySpace blog containing directions to Do the Green Thing, an organisation for which he has composed a new song, "Do It in the Dark", to accompany a short film that encourages people to switch off and save energy. The song has not been released as a single but is available as a free download. There is a wax model of <mask> at Madame Tussaud's in London. <mask> supplied the singing and guitar playing for Kurtz, the lead singer of the "bad guy band" Mantyz in the BBC's animated series Freefonix, which debuted on 4 January 2008. In the film Telstar, a film about Joe Meek's life and career that was released on 19 June 2009, he played the role of Screaming Lord Sutch. With Hot Leg in November 2008, he toured the UK supporting Alter Bridge ( 4–13 November) and Extreme ( 14–24 November). <mask> has also worked with British pop-rock band Saving Aimee, having recently completed producing their debut album.He also lent his "truth larynx" to the track "Party All Day (Fuck All Night)" guesting on the 2009 Steel Panther release, Feel the Steel. <mask> recently worked with Adam Lambert on the track "Music

masks: Hawkins Hawkins Hawkins Hawkins Hawkins Hawkins Hawkins