texts: land, which brought sales of land, and hence establishment of the colony, to a standstill. Angas formed a joint-stock company to buy the remaining land, which was transferred in January 1836 to the newly formed South Australian Company. In February 1836, the first of three ships set sail for South Australia with emigrants, livestock and provisions on board.The company supervisors were provided with minutely detailed instructions covering almost any problem which might have arisen. All three ships arrived by the middle of August. The colonial office, the Colonization Commissioners, and the South Australian Company would determine the success or failure of the colony, and it was still unclear which was the controlling body. There was initial friction between the company and the commissioners. The establishment of a banking business in 1837, and its separation as the South Australian Banking Company in 1840, at the behest of <mask>, played an important part in the early growth of the colony. <mask> worked on behalf of the bank in England, giving lectures, writing pamphlets and supplying information to newspapers. He also helped to establish the South Australian School Society, and sent out missionaries and German colonists.He set up the Union Bank of Australia in England and also found the time to be active in the colonisation of New Zealand. In recognition of his efforts in making New Zealand an English colony rather than a French colony, <mask> was offered a knighthood and a then baronetcy, but he declined both. <mask> was also a leading figure in attempting to establish and secure proper treatment of the Aboriginal people of South Australia. "Mr <mask> set before himself the model of William Penn and his treaty with the North American Indians for establishing friendly and equitable relations with the Europeans." (Hodder) Using his position as Commissioner, he attempted to secure Aboriginal rights in both legislature and


type: original

texts: through financing missionary actions. In 1836, <mask> met with Pastor August Kavel, who was Pastor in Klępsk (Klemzig) in Prussia. Kavel and his Lutheran congregation at Klemzig faced oppression due to decrees made by King Frederick William III.They sought to regain their religious freedom by emigrating to another country. <mask> sent his chief clerk, Charles Flaxman to Prussia to meet with Kavel's group. Flaxman on returning, gave a favorable report to <mask>, who then sought to have the South Australian Company meet the cost of the transport for the whole congregation from Hamburg to South Australia. This request was declined, and so Angas made a loan to this group of emigrants, by meeting the cost of securing vessels himself. In 1838 Angas chartered four ships on their behalf; Prince George, Bengalee, Zebra, and Catharina. This loan, along with another Angas had made to his chief clerk Charles Flaxman, (who invested in land in South Australia), put Angas in a difficult financial situation the next year. <mask> had borrowed heavily and was forced to sell his interests in the Union Bank and other companies.News came that the British government had dishonoured drafts drawn by the Governor, <mask> and that the colony was in danger of ruin. <mask> appealed to the government, his efforts resulting in a loan to the colony and payment of the dishonoured drafts. In 1842 <mask> lectured extensively on South Australia and wrote a pamphlet, "Facts Illustrative of South Australia", which was widely distributed. Gawler, who had been recalled to England, suggested that <mask> should settle in South Australia. In early 1843, his finances still troubled, he sent out his 19-year-old son John Howard <mask> to supervise his land and recover the family fortunes. <mask> was unable to sell his northern England properties until 1850 but some repayments had come in from the German settlers. The stress had affected his health and he decided to

masks:
Angas
Angas
Angas
Angas
George Gawler
Angas
Angas
Angas
Angas
Angas


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 migrate to Australia, arriving in Adelaide with his wife and youngest son in January 1851.Slavery
According to Humphrey McQueen and Catherine Hall, the <mask> family business supply chain used slaves. <mask> is not recorded by the Legacies of British Slave-ownership database as having held slaves himself, nor of having obtained any meaningful benefit from them. As was typical for the period, his business associates in British Honduras included people who owned slaves. He collected compensatory claims on behalf of four former slave owners, totalling £6,942 after abolition, with a total of 121 slaves. The claims he collected were:
5 October 1835, Honduras 231, 40 enslaved, £2176 17/3d. 26 October 1835, Honduras 51, 12 enslaved, £685 15/1d. 26 October 1835, Honduras 199, 35 enslaved, £1642 17/2d
9 November 1835, Honduras 244, 34 enslaved, £2439 17/3d.On 12 June 1840, he was delegate number 196, one of eight representing Newcastle upon Tyne, at the World Anti-Slavery Convention. A commemorative newspaper article in The Advertiser (an Adelaide daily) in 1909 described how <mask> sought to protect the poorer classes from oppression and endeavoured to help slaves who, he argued, were held in illegal bondage. In 1824, over 200 Indians were set free as a result of his efforts. Later life, death and legacy

<mask>, by then almost 62, was met by his two sons and eldest daughter. His work on behalf of the colony was widely known and a few days later a public dinner was held in his honour. He found work, becoming elected as a member of the Legislative Council for the Barossa district and turned his attention towards education and other public interests. Being kept busy improved his health, and he was able to pay off his debts in short order.Angas bought Merino sheep and cattle, employing out-of work migrants on his property. He returned to England from 1857 to September 1859 to settle matters in his father's estate. He continued

masks: Angas Angas Angas Angas


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 parliamentary work and lobbied against South Australia being given responsibility for the administration of the Northern Territory. He resigned in 1866, feeling that he could not fully fulfil his role, and continued to contribute to schools, churches and charities. His wife of 55 years died in 1867. In 1869 he published The History of the Newcastle-on-Tyne Sunday School Union, which was compiled by secretary William Ramage Lawson. Although retired from parliamentary duties, managing his property at Angaston gave him plenty to do.He recovered from a serious illness at 87 and died on 15 May 1879 at 90 years of age. He was survived by three sons, notably John Howard <mask> and <mask> <mask>, and three daughters. <mask>' financial contribution of some £40,000 was instrumental to the creation of South Australia. See also
British colonisation of South Australia
History of Adelaide

References

'<mask>, <mask> (1789–1879)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, Melbourne University Press, 1966, pp 15–18. accessed 2008-01-15
"The Confessional Lutheran Emigrations From Prussia And Saxony Around 1839", Westerhaus, Martin O.
<mask> <mask>, Father and Founder of South Australia, Edwin Hodder, Hodder and Stoughton, London MDCCCXCI

Further reading

 The State Library of South Australia holds  "31 volumes, approximately 5,000 sheets, 2 plans, 1 photograph, 3 artworks, 5 electronic files (digital copies of letters), 2 wooden trunks ; 4.4 metres." relating to Angas. See description.People from Adelaide
Settlers of South Australia
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
1789 births
1879 deaths
Directors of the South Australian Company
19th-century Australian businesspeople
Australian company founders
Burials in South Australia
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
English Baptists
Coachbuilders of Australia
Adelaide Club
Australian pastoralists
English emigrants to colonial Australia
19th-century Baptists
19th-century

masks:
Angas
George French
Angas
Angas
Angas
George Fife
George Fife
Angas


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<mask> (born 2 August 1995) is an Indonesian badminton player currently ranked world number 1 in the men's doubles by the Badminton World Federation. He plays for PB Djarum, and has been a member of the club since 2007. He won the men's doubles titles at the All England Open in 2017 and 2018; World Superseries Finals in 2017; and at the Asian Games in 2018. He also featured in the Indonesia winning team at the Southeast Asian Games in 2015, and at the Asia Team Championships in 2018 and 2020. Together with his current partner, Marcus Fernaldi Gideon, they were awarded the BWF Best Male Players of the Year for two years in a row after collecting seven Superseries titles in 2017 and eight World Tour titles in 2018. <mask> and Gideon are often referred to as "the Minions" because of their below average height and for their fast and agile playing style, jumping and bouncing just like the Minions in the film Despicable Me. BWF commentator, Gillian Clark stated that the fast play shown by <mask> and Gideon have taken the men's doubles game to a new level and makes the matches  exciting to watch.Early and personal life
<mask> <mask> was born on 2 August 1995 in Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia, to parents Sugiarto <mask> and Winartin Niawati of Chinese Indonesians ethnicity. He is the nephew of former world number 1 men's doubles player, Alvent Yulianto. <mask> started to learn about badminton at two and a half years, by seeing his father play on the court behind their house. Noticing young <mask>'s interest in badminton, his father then found a coach in Jember at the Putra 46 club to foster his child's talent for a year. <mask> later

masks:
Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo
Sukamuljo
Sukamuljo
Kevin Sanjaya
Sukamuljo
Sukamuljo
Sukamuljo
Sukamuljo
Sukamuljo


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 entered the Sari Agung club in Banyuwangi and in 2006, at the age of eleven, he won a Graha Bhakti Cup tournament. Recognizing his talent, <mask>'s parents encouraged him to join a bigger club. He then took part at the general auditions scholarship held by PB Djarum, but failed due to his small physique.However, he refused to give up, and began training everyday, instead of his usual 4 days a week routine. With these additional hours, he finally managed to pass the audition at PB Djarum in 2007. After joining PB Djarum, <mask> went through defeat after defeat. At first, <mask> played in the men's singles discipline. However, he was then turned toward the doubles disciplines, experimenting with both the men's and mixed doubles. Initially, he and his parents resisted this turn toward specialization in doubles, but men's doubles coach Ade Lukas believed that this was where <mask>'s skills and abilities would be best utilized. After a year of training in doubles, he showed progress and had great expectations going forward.Career

2010–2013: Junior and early senior career
In the PB Djarum club, <mask> was trained by Sigit Budiarto. He won some National Circuit tournaments in his age group with different partners. In 2010, he won the Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, Pekanbaru, and Jakarta circuits, and also the Candra Wijaya men's doubles championships. In 2011, he won the Jakarta circuit and Pertamina Open. He represented Indonesia at the 2011 ASEAN School Games held at the Yio Chu Kang Sports Hall, Singapore, and won a gold in the mixed doubles with Aris Budiharti, and a silver in the boys' doubles with Felix Kinalsal. In July 2011, just

masks: Sukamuljo Sukamuljo Sukamuljo Sukamuljo Sukamuljo


texts: before turning 16, <mask> qualified to compete in the international senior age group, by reaching the finals of the Singapore International Series tournament partnered with Lukhi Apri Nugroho. He also played at the World Junior Championships held in Taoyuan City, but was eliminated in the quarter-finals in the boys' doubles event with his partner Nugroho.In 2012, <mask> won the U-19 National tournament the Jakarta Open and West Java circuits, also the Candra Wijaya men's doubles championships. In July, he won a bronze medal at the Asian Junior Championships in the boys' doubles event with Alfian Eko Prasetya. He was named as the "future athlete" at the Tangkas Specs Junior Challenge after showing a good performance and finished as runner-up in that tournament. In August, he was ranked as number 1 in the BWF World Junior Ranking. In October–November, he competed at the World Junior Championships held in Chiba, Japan, but lost in the early stages of both the boys' and mixed doubles events. In December, he clinched the boys' doubles title at the Junior National Championships with Rafiddias Akhdan Nugroho. In 2013, <mask> was selected to join the national men's doubles team squad.He started the season by competing in Vietnam International Challenge partnered with Rafiddias Akhdan Nugroho, but lost in the quarter-finals to the Hong Kong pair Chan Yun Lung and Wong Wai Hong in a close rubber game. In May, he won the West Java circuit tournament teamed with Hafiz Faizal. In July, he competed at the Asian Junior Championships held in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, and captured bronze medals in the mixed team and boys' doubles events partnered with

masks: Sukamuljo Sukamuljo Sukamuljo


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 Arya Maulana Aldiartama. Turning eighteen in August, he won the mixed doubles title at the Tangkas Specs Junior International Challenge with Masita Mahmudin. In October-November, he participated at the World Junior Championships in Bangkok, Thailand where he helped Indonesia to win the silver medal in the mixed team event. In the individual tournament he earned mixed doubles silver with Mahmudin, losing the final match to the Chinese pair Huang Kaixiang and Chen Qingchen, whom they had beaten the previous week in the semifinals of team play. 2014–2016: From International Challenge to Superseries titles
<mask> began the 2014 season playing with a new partner, Selvanus Geh, and won his very first tournament with Geh, the Vietnam International Challenge by beating Australians Robin Middleton and Ross Smith in the finals.In his second month playing with Geh, he captured his first Grand Prix doubles title at the New Zealand Open, when he and Geh upset the second seeds from Chinese Taipei Chen Hung-ling and Lu Chia-pin in the finals. In June, he competed against the world's best players at the Indonesia Open paired with Geh and with Greysia Polii in mixed doubles . Starting from the qualification round in both events, he was stopped in the second round of the main draw in both, but in the first round of mixed doubles, he and Polii put out the defending champions and world number ones Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei, 15–21, 21–18, 23–21. In July, <mask> and Geh reached the quarterfinals of the Chinese Taipei Open. In September, they reached their first Grand Prix Gold final as a team at the Indonesia Masters where they were beaten in three games

masks: Sukamuljo Sukamuljo


texts: by Marcus Fernaldi Gideon and doubles great Markis Kido the top seeds. <mask> then won his third title with Geh at the Bulgarian International defeating compatriots Ronald Alexander and Edi Subaktiar in the final. <mask>'s mixed doubles partnerships with Della Destiara Haris and Maretha Dea Giovani were less successful reaching no farther than the quarterfinals of any 2014 tournament.In December <mask> joined Indonesia's team for the Axiata Cup in Kuala Lumpur, but the squad was narrowly edged by Thailand. In 2015, men's doubles national coach Herry Iman Pierngadi paired <mask> with Marcus Fernaldi Gideon, because Selvanus Geh had to resign from the national team due to illness. The new partnership opened the season in Europe playing at the All England and Swiss Open. In England they reached the quarterfinals before falling to the Danish pair Mads Conrad-Petersen and Mads Pieler Kolding, Partnered with Greysia Polii, <mask> lost in the second round of mixed double to fifth seeds Chris and Gabby Adcock. In Switzerland, he and Gideon were stopped in the semi-finals by the Malaysian pair Goh V Shem and Tan Wee Kiong. <mask> then took part in the Sudirman Cup held in Dongguan, China, where Indonesia settled for a bronze medal. At the June Southeast Asian Games in Singapore, he helped his team win the gold medal, and in the individual men's doubles event, he and Gideon captured the silver medal.In July, <mask> and Gideon competing as an unseeded pair in the Chinese Taipei Open, and the duo reached the final by defeating then World Champions Mohammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan, but they failed to take the title, losing the final tamely to

masks: Sukamuljo Sukamuljo Sukamuljo Sukamuljo Sukamuljo Sukamuljo Sukamuljo


texts: Fu Haifeng and Zhang Nan. After this tournament, Indonesian badminton fans dub them as "the Minions" because of their below average height and for their fast and agile playing style, jumping and bouncing just like the Minions in the film Despicable Me. The former badminton player who is currently a BWF commentator, Gillian Clark, also highlighted that the fast play shown by <mask> and Gideon have taken the men's doubles game to a new level and makes the matches exciting to watch. In the next tournament, the duo then reached the semifinals of the Vietnam and Thailand Opens before capturing their first title together at the Chinese Taipei Masters in October where they beat Malaysia' Hoon Thien How and Lim Khim Wah in the finals. In the Hong Kong Open, <mask> and Gideon beat the World Championship silver medalists Liu Xiaolong and Qiu Zihan before losing to top seededed South Koreans Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong in the quarterfinals. In December, they were stopped in the quarter-finals of the Indonesia Masters by second seeds Chai Biao and Hong Wei in three games. They ended the 2015 season ranked 16th in the world.<mask> and Gideon kicked off the 2016 season by winning the Malaysia Masters in January. They then suffered a slump with early exits from several tournaments, including a first round exit from the All England Open. After this All England low their form, though inconsistent, improved significantly. They reached the semifinals of the New Zealand Open in late March and  in April clinched their first Superseries title as a team at the India Open, beating their senior compatriot Angga Pratama and Ricky Karanda Suwardi in the


texts:
 final. In the following weeks they were defeated in the second round of Malaysia Open, then in the quarter-finals of Singapore Open and Asian Championships. In May, <mask> participated in the Thomas Cup held in Kunshan, China, but he failed to contribute points to the Indonesian team during the Thomas Cup Group B tie against Thailand. and was not selected to play in the knockout stage of the tournament between qualifying teams.Here Indonesia won the silver medal, losing the final 2 matches to 3 against Denmark. In June, <mask> and Gideon were eliminated in the second round of Indonesia Open by world number 1 Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong. A week later, however, the duo won their second Superseries title at the Australian Open, in the quarterfinals defeating Zhang Nan and Fu Haifeng for the first time, to whom they had lost three previous matches. Due to an injury suffered by Gideon, <mask> was paired with Wahyu Nayaka at the home soil Indonesian Masters tournament, but the scratch partnership still managed to win the title. After Gideon's recovery the reunited duo won the Superseries Premier tournament at the China Open. The team was ranked as number 4 in Destination Dubai rankings, and qualified to compete for the year-end Superseries Finals, but they failed to advance from the group phase. Nevertheless, at year's end <mask> and Gideon occupied the number 2 position in the world rankings.2017: World number 1

Now competing only in the world's biggest events, <mask> and Gideon started 2017 by making up for their 2016 first round defeat with a tournament victory at the coveted All England Open in March, thus earning a number one


texts: men's doubles world ranking. They then secured their second consecutive India Open title, and after that won the Malaysia Open. Their remarkable winning run was then stopped by Danish veterans Mathias Boe and Carsten Mogensen in the semifinals of the Singapore Open. In May, they played for Indonesia at the Sudirman Cup held in Australia. In group round robin play they won their country's only point in its surprising loss to India but in group play against Denmark they again lost to Boe and Mogensen, as Indonesia, for the first time in the Cup's 28 year history, was eliminated in the group stage of the competition. In June the duo was upset by another Danish pair, Kim Astrup and Anders Skaarup Rasmussen, in the first round of Indonesia Open. In August, <mask> and Gideon went to the World Championships held in Glasgow, Scotland, as third seeds, but lost in the quarter-finals to China's Chai Biao and Hong Wei in three close games.In September they reached the final of the Korea Open but were again beaten by Boe and Morgensen, however, one week later they exacted a measure of revenge against the Danes in the semi-finals of Japan Open, then went on to win the tournament by defeating the host pair of Takuto Inoue and Yuki Kaneko. In October, <mask> and Gideon lost the final of the Denmark Open in a tight match to reigning World Champion Liu Cheng and Zhang Nan. Citing an arm injury suffered during their semifinal match in Denmark, Gideon withdrew from the next Superseries tournament in France. Back together in November, <mask> and Gideon improved their head-to-head record against Boe and Mogensen to 3–4, after defeating them in the finals


texts:
 and securing their second China Open title. They won the Hong Kong Open a week later, their sixth Superseries victory of the season, thus equaling the previous men's doubles record of six set by South Koreans Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong in 2015. For their achievements <mask> and Gideon were named Best Male Players of the Year by the Badminton World Federation. The duo then closed out the year by capturing the Dubai World Superseries Finals, making them the first men's doubles pair to win seven Superseries titles in a year.2018: Asian Games gold medalists
Under the new BWF player commitment regulations, <mask> and Gideon who ranked as world number 1, are obligated to play in 12 BWF World Tour. They were unbeaten in the first 3 tournaments that they participated in, capturing his second Indonesia Masters and All England Open, and also his third India Open titles. He and Gideon then defeated at the quarterfinals of Malaysia Open by Chinese pair He Jiting and Tan Qiang. In July, he and Gideon won the Indonesia Open, however, in the quarterfinals <mask> felt the umpire was not fair during a match and he continued to protest, and earned him a yellow card from the umpire. At the 2018 World Championships, <mask> and Gideon lost in the quarterfinals to Takeshi Kamura and Keigo Sonoda in straight games. <mask> competed at the 2018 Asian Games, won a silver in the team events, and then captured the men's doubles gold medal, after he and Gideon beat their compatriots Fajar Alfian and Muhammad Rian Ardianto in a close rubber games in the final. In September, he and Gideon retained their Japan Open title, defeating the reigning World


texts:
 Champions Li Junhui and Liu Yuchen.A week later, they finished as semifinalists in China Open, lost to Han Chengkai and Zhou Haodong of China. On the Europe tour in October, <mask> and Gideon clinched the Denmark Open title. But in France, they again defeated by Han and Zhou in the final, made their head-to-head record deficit to 1–2. In November, he and Gideon won the Fuzhou China Open and Hong Kong Open. After the victory they achieved in Hong Kong, <mask> and Gideon managed to set a record as the first ever men's doubles pair to win eight world tour titles in a season. At the 2018 BWF World Tour Finals gala dinner, the duo then awarded as the BWF Best Male Players of the Year for two consecutive year. As the defending champions of the World Tour Finals, <mask> and Gideon had to withdraw from the competition before their last group match, due to the neck injury suffered by Gideon.2019: Eight World Tour titles
<mask> opened the season in January by winning his second Malaysia Masters and third Indonesia Masters titles. He and Gideon reached his record 20th titles at the Superseries/Super 500 above tournaments. They later had to defeat in the early round of 2019 All England Open to Liu Cheng and Zhang Nan. In April, they lost in the quarter finals at the Malaysia Open, and in the semifinals of Singapore Open. He then played at the Asian Championships held in Wuhan, China as first seed. He and Gideon proceeded to the final, but inflicted a crushing defeat by number 5 seed Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe. He then played with Indonesia mixed team at the Sudirman Cup held in Nanning, China.Teamed up with Gideon, they have never lost in

masks: Sukamuljo Sukamuljo Sukamuljo Sukamuljo


texts: their three matches against England, Chinese Taipei and Japan, but the team lost 1–3 in the semifinals tie against Japan. In July, <mask> successfully defended his title at the Indonesia Open, later won the Japan Open for three consecutive times alongside Gideon. They beat Mohammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan in straight games in the final in both events. In August, the duo managed to reaching the quarter finals of Thailand Open, but stopped by the Japanese pair Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe. They then suffered first match loss, in the second round of Basel World Championships to Choi Sol-gyu and Seo Seung-jae of South Korea after they succumbed 21–23 in the deciding game. In September, <mask> and Gideon won their third China Open title, beating Ahsan and Setiawan in the final. They next went to Korea Open, but lost in the quarter finals to Fajar Alfian and Muhammad Rian Ardianto.In October, he won his second Denmark Open and first French Open titles with Gideon. At the East Asia tour in November, he won the Fuzhou China Open, and the following week he lost in the quarter finals at the Hong Kong Open against Endo and Watanabe. He and Gideon were nominated again as the BWF Best Male Player of the Year, but this time they lost to Kento Momota of Japan. They entered the World Tour Finals as the first seed. In the group stage, they beat Li Junhui and Liu Yuchen, lost to Endo and Watanabe, and then in the last match, they won against Takeshi Kamura and Keigo Sonoda, progressed to the next round as group runners-up. In the semifinal, they again defeated by the Japanese pair Endo and Watanabe, made their head-to-head record deficit to 2–5.


texts:
 <mask> ended the 2019 season by winning eight World Tour titles, including three in a row at Denmark, France and China.2020–2021
<mask> began his 2020 season by playing in the Malaysia Masters, pairing up with Marcus Fernaldi Gideon again. However, they finished in the quarter finals after losing to Fajar Alfian and Muhammad Rian Ardianto in a close rubber game. <mask> later won his fourth consecutive Indonesia Masters title (third with Gideon) defeating Mohammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan in straight games. In February, he alongside Indonesia men's team won the Asia Team Championships held in Manila. In March, he played at the All England Open with Gideon. The duo failed to win the title after lost to Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe in the final. This was their sixth loss in a row over Endo and Watanabe.Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous tournaments on the 2020 BWF World Tour were either cancelled or rescheduled for later in the year. In June, he then took part at the PBSI home tournament partnered with Muhammad Reza Pahlevi Isfahani. The duo won four matches, but unable to accomplish their victory after lost their last match against Fajar Alfian and Yeremia Rambitan, and finished as runner-up at that tournament. <mask> planned to return in the international competitions at the 2020 Asian Leg tournament in January 2021, but then he had to withdrawn from the competition after tested positive for COVID-19 in December 2020. <mask> made his comeback at the All England Open in March 2021. He and Gideon had played in the first round by beating the host pair Matthew Clare and Ethan van Leeuwen in a rubber game, but later Indonesia team


texts:
 were forced to withdraw from the competition by BWF after the team members will self-isolate for 10 days from the date of their inbound flight after an anonym person traveling onboard tested positive for COVID-19. In July 2021, <mask> competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics partnering Gideon as first seed.The duo led the group standings after won two matches and lost a match. Gideon and <mask> were eliminated from the competition by Malaysian pair Aaron Chia and Soh Wooi Yik in the quarter-finals. In September–October, <mask> alongside Indonesia team competed at the 2021 Sudirman Cup in Vantaa, Finland. The team advanced to the knocked-out stage, but stopped in the quarter-finals to Malaysia. In the next tournament in Aarhus, Denmark, he helped Indonesia team reached the final of the World Men's Team Championships, and the team won the 2020 Thomas Cup. In the next tournament, <mask> and Gideon played at the BWF World Tour in Denmark, French, and Hylo Opens. The duo ended the tour by winning the Hylo Open.At the Indonesia badminton festival, they finished as runner-up in the Indonesia Masters and triumph in the Indonesia Open. This was their three successive victory at the Indonesia Open following on from success in 2018 and 2019. Their achievements in 2021, lead them as the first seed in the BWF World Tour Finals. Awards and nominations

Achievements

Asian Games
Men's doubles

Asian Championships
Men's doubles

Southeast Asian Games
Men's doubles

ASEAN University Games
Men's doubles

BWF World Junior Championships
Mixed doubles

Asian Junior Championships
Boys' doubles

BWF World Tour (19 titles, 5 runners-up)
The BWF World


texts:
 Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tours are divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100. Men's doubles

BWF Superseries (10 titles, 2 runners-up)
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier.A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011. Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year. Men's doubles

 BWF Superseries Finals tournament
 BWF Superseries Premier tournament
 BWF Superseries tournament

BWF Grand Prix (4 titles, 2 runners-up)
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017. Men's doubles

 BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
 BWF Grand Prix tournament

BWF International Challenge/Series (2 titles, 1 runner-up)
Men's doubles

 BWF International Challenge tournament
 BWF International Series tournament

BWF Junior International (1 title, 1 runner-up)

Boys' doubles

Mixed doubles

  BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
  BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
  BWF Junior International Series tournament
  BWF Junior


texts:
 Future Series tournament

Performance timeline

National team
 Junior level

 Senior level

Individual competitions

Junior level

Boy's doubles

Mixed doubles

Senior level
In the senior level tournament, Sukamuljo won gold medal in the 2018 Asian Games, and also won 33 individual titles in the BWF tour equivalent events. Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

Record against selected opponents
Record against year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists. Marcus Fernaldi Gideon
<mask> <mask> and Marcus Fernaldi Gideon lead the meeting record with a wide margin against Takuro Hoki and Yugo Kobayashi of Japan, Li Junhui and Liu Yuchen of China and their senior compatriots Mohammad Ahsan and Hendra Setiawan.Meanwhile, <mask> and Gideon have a poor head-to-head record against Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe (2–6), Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong (0–3), and also Fu Haifeng and Zhang Nan (1–3). References

Bibliography

External links

1995 births
Living people
People from Banyuwangi Regency
Sportspeople from East Java
Indonesian people of Chinese descent
Indonesian male badminton players
Badminton players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic badminton players of Indonesia
Badminton players at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for Indonesia
Asian Games silver medalists for Indonesia
Asian Games medalists in badminton
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games
Competitors at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games
Southeast Asian Games gold medalists for Indonesia
Southeast Asian Games silver medalists for Indonesia
Southeast Asian Games medalists in badminton
World No. 1 badminton players
BWF Best

masks:
Kevin Sanjaya
Sukamuljo
Sukamuljo


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<mask> (224–253), courtesy name Zixiao, was an imperial prince of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the third son of <mask>, the founding emperor of Wu. In 242, he became the crown prince after the death of his brother <mask>, the eldest son and first heir apparent of <mask>. In the 240s, a power struggle broke out between <mask> and his fourth brother, <mask>, over the succession to their father's throne. The conflict ended in 250 when <mask> forced <mask> to commit suicide, deposed <mask> and replaced him with <mask>. In 253, during <mask>'s reign, the regent <mask> reduced <mask> to commoner status and forced him to commit suicide. In 264, one of <mask>'s sons, <mask>, became the fourth emperor of Eastern Wu.After his coronation, <mask> honoured his father with the posthumous title Emperor Wen. Early life
<mask> was born as the third son of <mask>, a warlord of the late Eastern Han dynasty who became the founding emperor of the Eastern Wu state in the Three Kingdoms period. His mother was Lady Wang (), one of <mask>'s concubines; she was posthumously honoured as "Empress Dayi" () in 264. As Lady Wang was <mask>'s favourite consort at the time, <mask> also became his father's favourite son. In 237, when <mask> was only 13 years old, <mask> appointed some officials to serve as <mask>'s personal staff and ordered Kan Ze, the Prefect of the Palace Writers, to be <mask>'s personal tutor. <mask>, then a young teenager, was known for being studious and respectful. The officials who met him all praised

masks:
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Sun Quan
Sun Deng
Sun Quan
Sun He
Sun Ba
Sun Quan
Sun Ba
Sun He
Sun Liang
Sun Liang
Sun Jun
Sun He
Sun He
Sun Hao
Sun Hao
Sun He
Sun Quan
Sun Quan
Sun Quan
Sun He
Sun He
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Sun He
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 him.In 241, <mask>'s eldest son and heir apparent <mask>, died of illness. One year later, in February or March 242, <mask> designated an 18-year-old <mask>, his eldest surviving son, as the new Crown Prince to replace <mask>. At the same time, <mask> also promoted Kan Ze to Crown Prince's Grand Tutor (), appointed Xue Zong as the Crown Prince's Junior Tutor (), and ordered Cai Ying (), Zhang Chun (), Feng Fu (), Yan Wei () and others to serve as the Crown Prince's attendants and personal staff. As crown prince
As <mask> was intelligent, <mask> favoured him and often kept him by his side. <mask> also treated <mask> exceptionally well; he gave <mask> new clothes, ornaments, toys and other gifts, but did not do the same for his other sons. <mask>'s subjects also highly regarded <mask> because he was not only bright, perceptive and well-versed in literary arts, horse-riding and archery, but also respectful and courteous towards his tutors and elders. He was genuinely interested in getting to know people.In 247, <mask> ordered Zhuge Yi () to pretend to defect to Wu's rival state, Wei, and lure the Wei general Zhuge Dan into a trap. When <mask> personally led the Wu forces to attack Zhuge Dan, <mask> showed grave concern about his father: he could not rest and have his meals in peace, repeatedly reminded his father to be careful, and hoped that his father would win the battle. He only put aside his worries upon seeing his father return safely to Wu. During <mask>'s reign, some Wu officials abused the system of bureaucracy and exploited loopholes

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Sun Deng
Sun Quan
Sun He
Sun Deng
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Sun He
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Sun He
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 to find fault with other. <mask> saw that this could potentially become a serious problem if officials continued to abuse the system for personal gain (e.g. taking petty revenge against colleagues), so he wrote a memorial to the imperial court urging them to take actions to discourage and eliminate such harmful practices. On one occasion, two officials, Liu Bao () and Ding Yan (), made accusations against each other.<mask> told Ding Yan, "It's hard to find competent employees in both the civil and military sectors. If everyone starts attacking each other over trivial and petty disputes, then how can we expect to have prosperity?" He then stepped in to mediate the conflict and succeeded in helping them resolve their dispute. <mask> heard that Cai Ying (), a member of his personal staff, enjoyed playing weiqi and that many of Cai Ying's subordinates also picked up the game and spent a lot of time playing. As he saw that weiqi was an unproductive activity meant to be a hobby or pastime, he became worried that Cai Ying and the others would become complacent and neglect their duties from playing too much weiqi. He thus came up with an idea to subtly remind and motivate his subordinates. He called for a meeting and asked them to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of playing weiqi.One of them, Wei Yao (), went home, wrote an essay on this topic and presented it to <mask>, who had copies of it distributed among his personal staff. Succession struggle against <mask> and deposal
<mask>'s mother, Lady Wang, was not on good terms with <mask>'s

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texts: eldest daughter, <mask>. As a result, <mask> disliked her half-brother, <mask>. On one occasion, <mask> could not attend a ceremony at the imperial ancestral temple because he was sick, so he ordered <mask> to take his place. Zhang Xiu, an uncle of <mask>'s wife Crown Princess Zhang (), lived near the imperial ancestral temple so he invited <mask> to stay at his residence during that period. <mask> sent her servants to spy on <mask> and reported to her father that <mask> was not in the imperial ancestral temple and was instead staying with his in-laws and plotting something. She also used the opportunity to slander <mask>'s mother, Lady Wang, whom she had a feud with, by telling <mask> that Lady Wang expressed glee when she heard that <mask> was sick.<mask> believed his daughter and became furious with Lady Wang. Lady Wang later died in distress. <mask> also fell out of his father's favour as a result and he became worried that his father would remove him from his position as Crown Prince. Sometime in the 240s, <mask> became embroiled in a power struggle against his fourth brother, <mask>, the Prince of Lu, who wanted to seize the position of Crown Prince from him. In fact, it was <mask> himself who sowed the seeds of the conflict between his third and fourth sons. Although <mask> had already made <mask> the Crown Prince in 242, he also treated <mask> exceptionally well. After discussing among themselves, some officials strongly urged <mask> to ensure that Confucian rules of propriety were followed and upheld.For example, <mask> should be

masks:
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Sun Luban
Sun He
Sun Quan
Sun He
Sun He
Sun He
Sun Luban
Sun He
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texts: accorded greater honours and privileges as compared to <mask> because he, as the Crown Prince, was in a higher position compared to the other princes. However, <mask> failed to make a clear distinction between his sons, so the power struggle intensified over time as <mask> and <mask> started vying for their father's favour and attention. Two opposing factions also emerged from among <mask>'s subjects: On one side, Lu Xun, Zhuge Ke, Gu Tan, Zhu Ju, Teng Yin, Shi Ji, Ding Mi () and Wu Can believed that <mask> was the rightful heir apparent so they supported him. On the other side, Bu Zhi, Lü Dai, Quan Cong, Lü Ju, <mask> (), Quan Ji (), Yang Zhu (), Wu An () and <mask> () supported <mask>. Quan Ji and Yang Zhu, in particular, frequently spoke ill of <mask> in front of <mask>. As the power struggle intensified, <mask> grew tired of it and told <mask> that he was worried that the power struggle would end up in a civil war like the one between Yuan Shao's sons. He wanted to end the power struggle and designate a new heir apparent, so he started taking action against some of the officials involved: Wu Can was imprisoned and executed later; Gu Tan was exiled to Jiao Province; Yang Zhu was executed and his body dumped into the river; Quan Ji, Wu An and <mask> were executed.The historian Pei Songzhi, who annotated <mask>'s biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, drew comparisons between the <mask>–<mask> succession struggle and other similar conflicts such as the one between Yuan Shao's sons and Liu Biao's sons. He commented that <mask> was

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texts: worse than Yuan Shao and Liu Biao because, unlike Yuan Shao and Liu Biao who defied traditional norms of succession and made it clear that they wanted a younger son to succeed them, <mask> created ambiguity and uncertainty when he favoured <mask> despite having already designated <mask> as his heir apparent. Pei Songzhi criticised Bu Zhi, Lü Dai and Quan Cong for supporting <mask> because he deemed <mask>'s claim to the succession as illegitimate. He also remarked that this incident had a huge negative impact on Bu Zhi in particular, because Bu Zhi had a reputation for being virtuous and generous. After carefully considering some time, <mask> ordered <mask> to be put under house arrest. When Zhu Ju, Qu Huang () and some other officials heard about it, they covered their heads in mud, tied themselves up, and came to plead with <mask> to release <mask>. When <mask> saw them, he felt angry and scolded them for creating a disturbance.Later, he had the intention of deposing <mask> and replacing him with <mask>, his youngest son. Two officials, Chen Zheng () and Chen Xiang (), wrote a memorial to <mask>, citing the historical example of Shensheng and Xiqi to warn <mask> that changing the Crown Prince could lead to a civil war in the future. Zhu Ju and Qu Huang also repeatedly pressured <mask> to pardon <mask>. <mask> got fed up with them, so he executed Chen Zheng and Chen Xiang and had Zhu Ju and Qu Huang flogged 100 times. Qu Huang was later removed from office and sent back to his home town, while Zhu Ju was demoted and later tricked by <mask>

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 (), a supporter of <mask>, into committing suicide. Zhang Chun (), one of <mask>'s subordinates who also repeatedly begged <mask> to spare <mask>, was imprisoned and later executed. Sometime between September and November 250, <mask> deposed <mask> from his position as Crown Prince and relocated him to Guzhang County (故鄣縣; northwest of present-day Anji County, Zhejiang).He also forced <mask> to commit suicide. <mask>'s personal staff, numbering dozens, met different fates as some were executed while others were exiled or dismissed. Many people thought that it was a grave injustice to <mask> and his personal staff. In December 250, <mask> designated his youngest son, <mask>, as the new Crown Prince to replace <mask>. Life after being deposed
When <mask> became critically ill between 250 and 252, he regretted his decision to depose <mask> and thought of restoring <mask> as Crown Prince. However, <mask>, <mask>, <mask> () and others strongly objected to it, so he dismissed the idea. In late January or February 252, <mask> made <mask> the Prince of Nanyang (), with Changsha Commandery (長沙郡; around present-day Changsha, Hunan) as his princedom.During his journey from Guzhang County to Changsha, <mask> saw a magpie's nest on a wall. Some people interpreted this as a sign that disaster would befall <mask>, while others thought that it was an auspicious sign since <mask> had now been restored to noble status after being deposed. After <mask>'s death in May 252, his youngest son <mask> succeeded him as the new emperor, with Zhuge Ke serving as the

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Sun He
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 regent because the emperor was still too young at the time. Zhuge Ke was a maternal uncle of <mask>'s wife, the former Crown Princess Zhang. The former crown princess sent a messenger, Chen Qian (), to the imperial capital Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) to meet Zhuge Ke. Before Chen Qian left, Zhuge Ke told him, "Please tell her that in a matter of time, I'll make her greater than others." There were rumours that Zhuge Ke wanted to depose <mask> and put <mask> on the throne.His behaviour became even more suspicious when he floated the idea of moving the imperial capital from Jianye to Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei). In 253, after Zhuge Ke was overthrown and assassinated in a coup d'état, <mask> became the new regent for <mask>. <mask> demoted <mask> back to commoner status, had him relocated to Xindu Commandery (新都郡; around present-day Yi County, Anhui), and then sent an emissary to force <mask> to commit suicide. As <mask> bid farewell to his wife, the former Crown Princess Zhang, before taking his own life, she told him, "I'll accompany you through thick and thin; I won't continue living on my own." She followed suit after he committed suicide. <mask>'s concubine, <mask>, asked, "If we all die, who is going to raise the children?" She did not take her own life and lived on to raise <mask> (her son with <mask>) and his three younger brothers.Posthumous honours
In 264, after <mask>'s son, <mask>, became the fourth emperor of Eastern Wu, he honoured his father with the posthumous title "Emperor Wen" () and had him reburied at

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texts: the Ming Mausoleum (), with officials and 200 households to watch over and maintain the tomb. In February or March 266, he separated nine counties from Wu Commandery and Danyang Commandery () to form a new commandery, Wuxing Commandery (), with its capital at Wucheng County (烏程縣; south of present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang). He appointed an Administrator () to govern Wuxing Commandery and put him in charge of the organising the ceremonies to honour his father every season. In August 267, <mask> heeded a suggestion from one of his officials to build a temple in the imperial capital, Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), to honour his father. He then put Xue Xu in charge of overseeing the construction of the temple, which was named "Qing Temple" (). In January 268, he ordered Imperial Counsellor Meng Ren () and Minister of Ceremonies Yao Xin () to lead 2,000 troops to the Ming Mausoleum as part of an entourage to "escort" <mask>'s spirit from the mausoleum to the temple. When the entourage reached Jianye, <mask> kept asking the priest conducting the ceremony about the condition of his father's spirit.After the priest told him that his father looked just the same as when he was still alive, <mask> shed tears of both sadness and joy and later rewarded his subjects. <mask> also ordered the Imperial Chancellor Lu Kai to oversee the sacrificing of animals in the neighbouring villages as offerings to his father's spirit. That night, <mask>o slept outside Jianye. The following day, <mask> appeared very sad when his father's spirit was being enshrined in

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 the temple. Over the subsequent days, he kept visiting the temple – three times within seven days – to pay respects to his father's spirit, and even ordered singers and dancers to entertain his father's spirit day and night. He only stopped doing so when an official told him that the entire ceremony would lose its sacredness if he performed it excessively. Family
<mask> had at least four sons – <mask> (), <mask>, <mask> () and <mask> ().<mask> was born to <mask>'s wife Crown Princess Zhang (a daughter of Zhang Cheng), while <mask> was born to <mask>'s concubine <mask>. It is not known who the mothers of <mask> and <mask> were, except that they were probably <mask>'s concubines. In 258, after <mask>'s sixth son, <mask>, replaced <mask> as the new Wu emperor, he enfeoffed <mask>'s eldest son, <mask>, as the Marquis of Wucheng () with his marquisate in Xindu Commandery (新都郡; around present-day Yi County, Anhui). <mask> also enfeoffed <mask> and <mask> as the Marquis of Qiantang () and Marquis of Yong'an () respectively, and appointed <mask> as a Cavalry Commandant (). In 264, following <mask>'s death, <mask> succeeded him as the fourth emperor of Eastern Wu. <mask>
<mask> had a reputation for being intelligent and bright, <mask> feared that he would pose a threat to him, so he found an excuse to have <mask> executed. <mask>
<mask>'s eventual fate remains unknown.He probably died early, or else <mask> might have purged him too. <mask>
In late September or October 265, <mask> moved the imperial capital from Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu)

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Sun Jun
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Sun De
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Sun De
Sun Qian
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Sun Xiu
Sun Liang
Sun He
Sun Hao
Sun Xiu
Sun De
Sun Qian
Sun Jun
Sun Xiu
Sun Hao
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Sun Jun
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 to Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei) and left Imperial Counsellor Ding Gu () and General of the Right Zhuge Jing in charge of Jianye. During this time, due to <mask>'s tyrannical and oppressive rule, one Shi Dan () from Wuxing Commandery (吳興郡; around present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang) rallied about 10,000 men and started a rebellion. The rebels took <mask> hostage and headed towards Jianye, where they intended to make <mask> the new emperor. When they were some 30 li away from Jianye, <mask> issued a decree to Ding Gu and Zhuge Jing, ordering them to submit to him. Zhuge Jing executed <mask>'s messenger. When the rebels were about nine li away from Jianye, Ding Gu and Zhuge Jing led government forces from Jianye to attack them.As the rebels did not have body armour to protect themselves, they abandoned <mask>, who was sitting in a carriage, and fled at the sight of armoured soldiers marching towards them. Ding Gu and Zhuge Jing took <mask> captive but did not dare to execute him, so they sent a messenger to Wuchang to ask <mask> what to do with him. <mask>o ordered <mask> and <mask>'s mother to be poisoned to death. <mask>'s daughter
<mask> also had a daughter who was born to Crown Princess Zhang (Zhang Cheng's daughter). She married Lu Jing, who was born to Lu Kang and another daughter of Zhang Cheng; both <mask>'s daughter and Lu Jing therefore were Zhang Cheng's maternal grandchildren. See also
 Eastern Wu family trees#<mask> (Zixiao)
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the

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 Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Eastern Wu imperial princes
224 births
253 deaths
People from Ezhou
Suicides in China
Forced suicides of Chinese people
Executed Eastern Wu people
People executed by Eastern Wu
3rd-century executions
Family of <mask>
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Ancient people who committed


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<mask> (born 21 June 1993) is a Dutch professional road racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam . He has won four individual Tour de France stages and one team time trial stage. He has also won the Dutch National Road Race Championships, five stages of the Tour of Norway, five stages of the Tour of Britain and three stages of Paris-Nice. In 2020, Groenewegen received considerable attention for causing a serious crash at the Tour de Pologne, which put Fabio Jakobsen in hospital, for which he received a nine-month ban from racing. Early life
Groenewegen was born to a working-class family in Amsterdam. His grandfather, Ko Zieleman (1933–2021), assembled custom bike frames of which Groenewegen received his first bike at the age of seven. Zieleman owned a shop selling bike frames, a trade that his father had started in 1928, which Groenewegen's father, Gerrie, has continued.At the age of 17, Groenewegen went to a trade school in order to follow his previous three generations as a frame-builder. Career

Pre-World Tour
Groenewegen said in an interview that he had to choose between  or  to join in 2014. He chose the former as they gave him "a lot of confidence". LottoNL–Jumbo (2016–2021)
In October 2015, Groenewegen announced that he had signed with , on an initial three-year deal from 2016. 2016
In June, Groenewegen won the Dutch National Road Race Championships after outsprinting Wouter Wippert. During a review of Groenewegen's Bianchi Oltre XR4 bicycle, Simon Richardson of Global Cycling Network said he is "a very easy rider to work with" in respect to the mechanics. Groenewegen won


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 stage 4 of the Tour of Britain.2017
In the Dubai Tour, which ran from late January into early February, Groenewegen came second in the general classification, having finished second in stages 1 and 2. Despite narrowly missing out on victory in these areas, he did win the overall youth classification. On 28 April, Groenewegen won the first stage of the Tour de Yorkshire. The stage, which was  long from Bridlington to Scarbrough, came down to a photo finish where he held off Australian sprinter Caleb Ewan. He came fourth on the second stage which finished in Harrogate. He continued this success when in May, he won two stages at the Tour of Norway. The Tour de France started well for Groenewegen when he came fifth on stage 2, the first flat stage.He produced two more top-10 results in the first week, with sixth in stages 6 and 7. After two mountain stages and a rest day in Dordogne, he returned to finish third on stage 10 – a  route from Périgueux to Bergerac. Groenewegen won the final stage of the race on the last stage on the Champs-Élysées in Paris. 2018
In February, Groenewegen competed in the Dubai Tour and won stage 1. Groenewegen held the general classification lead until the third stage when he was penalised 20 seconds after illegally drafting behind his team's car after suffering a mechanical fault. The blue jersey, given to the race leader, was lost to Elia Viviani who started the day two seconds behind Groenewegen, who dropped out of the top 10. He expressed his anger, saying "I had problems with my bike, the mechanicals fucked it up for me.I actually think it was a good decision by


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 the judges but it fucked it up for me" before placing the blame on his mechanics, saying that "it's the fault of my mechanics". In the Tour de France, Groenewegen won stage 7 after beating Fernando Gaviria and Peter Sagan, both of whom had won two stages to that point in the tour. The stage was the longest in the tour at  which started in Fougères and finished in Chartres, Northern France. Groenewegen also won stage 8, beating Sagan and John Degenkolb in Amiens. In an interview, Groenewegen said that the sprint was "a bit messy" but he said that he "surged ahead" and took advantage of the "good opportunity". 2019
In March, Groenewegen won the first two stages of Paris-Nice. On the second stage, he found himself at the head of the race in a group of 23 riders about  from the finish line, and ended up winning the stage after another split left just 7 riders contesting for the win.Later in March, he won the Three Days of Bruges–De Panne, out sprinting Gaviria and Viviani after squeezing through a gap between Gaviria and the barrier in order to open up his sprint. Team Jumbo-Visma won the team time trial on stage 2 of the Tour de France, thus increasing the lead of Groenewegen's teammate, Mike Teunissen in the general classification. Groenwegen went on to win stage 7 of the Tour de France, the longest stage in the tour at  finishing in Chalon-sur-Saône. He beat Caleb Ewan and Sagan, giving him his fourth Tour de France stage win. Groenewegen won stages 1, 3 and 5 of the Tour of Britain, beating Davide Cimolai, Mathieu van der Poel, and Matthew Walls on the respective stages. 2020
Groenewegen's


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 2020 season started well, with victories on stages 1 and 3 as well as the points classification of the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana. Groenewegen had further success in the UAE Tour, winning stage 4 on 26 February.He beat Fernando Gaviria and Pascal Ackermann to the finish in Dubai after 173km. During stage 1 of the Tour de Pologne in Katowice, Poland on 5 August, Groenewegen pushed Fabio Jakobsen into the barriers surrounding the finish line causing a very serious crash that put his rival in hospital and eventually in a medically induced coma. Groenewegen crashed as well and suffered a broken collarbone. More riders were involved in the crash; French sprinter Marc Sarreau had to abandon the race due to his injuries resulting from the crash. Groenewegen was disqualified from the race and fined CHF 500. Jakobsen's directeur sportif Patrick Lefevere said his team are considering bringing criminal charges against Groenewegen. In November 2020, Groenewegen was handed a nine-month ban for causing the crash, backdated to the day of the incident, meaning the ban ended on 7 May 2021.The previous month, Jakobsen had to undergo facial surgery where his jaw was reconstructed and bone was transplanted. Both Groenewegen and his team Jumbo-Visma apologized and took responsibility, with Groenewegen saying he "deviated from [his] line" and also that he wanted to be a "fair sprinter". Team BikeExchange–Jayco (2022–present)
In December 2021, Groenewegen signed a three-year contract with Australian UCI WorldTeam  from 2022 season. Personal life
As of 2017, Groenewegen lives in Rivierenbuurt, a district in


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<mask> (born July 26, 1971) is an American writer, editor, and academic of Sri Lankan birth. Background
<mask> was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka but moved to the United States at the age of two and grew up in New Britain, Connecticut. Her parents, who had originally intended to return to Sri Lanka after a few years and were still considering the possibility for the future, planned in 1983 to send 12-year-old <mask> to live with her grandparents for a summer "to reconnect" with her homeland. Just before she was to go, her father received a telegram. "Don't send her. There's trouble coming." He cancelled the trip.As she later wrote,It's called Black July in Sri Lanka. Riots erupted in Colombo, the capital city, killing thousands of Tamils, the ethnic minority group, the group to which I belong. Brutal chaos ensued – friends of mine who were there tell horrifying stories. They saw tires put around men's necks, saw them lit on fire. They saw women and children dragged from their homes, pulled from cars to be raped and killed in the street. I saw none of this, but the stories haunt my fiction. Whether I'm writing mainstream lit or fantasy or science fiction, I keep coming back to the war in Sri Lanka.I keep thinking about the life I would have had, if my parents had made different choices. If we had stayed there, and been killed in the riots. If I had gotten on that plane. If we had fled, as so many of my aunts and uncles did, and ended up as refugees in Canada or elsewhere. Instead, <mask> attended Miss Porter's School and the

masks:
Mary Anne Amirthi Mohanraj
Mohanraj
Mary Anne
Mohanraj


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 University of Chicago and graduated with a degree in English Literature in 1993. She holds an MFA from Mills College (1998) and a PhD in English Literature from the University of Utah (2005). She also attended the Clarion West Writing Workshop in 1997.Academic career
<mask> has taught at Salt Lake Community College, the University of Utah, and Vermont College. From September 2005 to June 2007, she was a Visiting Professor in the MFA Program at Roosevelt University. From 2007 to 2008, she was a Visiting Professor at Northwestern University, in the Center for the Writing Arts. She taught at the Clarion Workshop in July 2008. Since 2008, she has worked as in the English Department at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), first as Clinical Assistant Professor, and currently as Clinical Associate Professor. She was Associate Coordinator of Asian and Asian American Studies at UIC from 2009 to 2014. Writing
Her novel-in-stories, Bodies in Motion, received an honorable mention from the 2007 Asian American Literary Awards and was named a USA Today notable book.In 2006, <mask> received an Illinois Arts Council Fellowship in Prose. She was the co-founder and editor-in-chief for Clean Sheets, an online magazine of erotica, from 1998 to 2000. In 2000 she helped found Strange Horizons, where she was the editor-in-chief through 2003. In 2004 she founded the Speculative Literature Foundation, which she still directs, and is a founding member and Executive Director of Desilit, an organization designed to support South Asian and

masks: Mohanraj Mohanraj


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 diaspora writers. <mask> founded and is Executive Director of the biennial Kriti Festival, a celebration of South Asian and diaspora literature and arts, founded in 2005. As of 2013, she is Editor-in-Chief of Jaggery, "A DesiLit Arts and Literature Journal". <mask> was a host for season 12 of the Writing Excuses podcast.<mask>'s writing frequently explores issues of cultural identity. She has noted in interviews that she feels the complexity of such issues in her own life: "When people ask me what my identity is, I could say I'm Sri Lankan-American ... I could say I was raised Catholic but now I'm agnostic. I could say I've been called a queer, because although I've been with a man the past 17 years, I'm bisexual." She is also something of a sexuality activist; she founded and moderates the Internet Erotica Writers' Workshop, and was a former moderator for soc.sexuality.general. <mask> has had stories published in the Wild Cards science fiction shared universe edited by George R. R. Martin., and has announced that she will have further stories in forthcoming Wild Cards anthologies Fort Freak, Lowball, Low Chicago, Joker Moon, and Three Kings.Personal life
<mask> lives in Oak Park, Illinois, a Chicago suburb, with her husband, Kevin Whyte (a mathematician), and their children, daughter Kaviarasi Whyte (born May 18, 2007), and son Anandan Whyte (born September 24, 2009). She is self-proclaimed as polyamorous ("we have an open relationship, and I feel very lucky that I’m able to have other loves in my life"), and has a

masks: Mohanraj Mohanraj Mohanraj Mohanraj Mohanraj


texts:
 relationship of over 20 years with writer-editor Jed Hartman, which Hartman acknowledges on his own website. On February 12, 2015, she announced in her blog that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer. She has been documenting the treatment (including chemotherapy and a lumpectomy) in a "Cancer Log" on her website. On February 24, 2015, she married Whyte, with whom she had had a domestic partnership for 23 years. In 2017, <mask> ran for the Oak Park library board. Democracy for America endorsed her candidacy.She was successfully elected on April 4, 2017. In April 2021, she was elected to the D200 school board, which governs Oak Park and River Forest High School. Bibliography
Fiction
 Kathryn in the City: A Choose-Your-Own-Erotic-Adventure (Melcher Media, 2003) ()
 The Classics Professor: A Choose-Your-Own-Erotic-Adventure (Melcher Media, 2003) ()
 Bodies in Motion: Stories (HarperCollins, 2005) ()
 The Stars Change (Circlet Press, 2013) ()
 Perennial: A Garden Romance (Lethe Press, 2018) ()

Mixed-genre collections
 Torn Shapes of Desire (IAM [Intangible Assets Manufacturing], 1997) ()
 Silence and the Word (Lethe Press, 2004) ()
 Without a Map [with Nnedi Okorafor] (Aqueduct Press, 2010) ()

Nonfiction
 A Taste of Serendib: A Sri Lankan Cookbook (Lethe Press, 2003) ()
 A Feast of Serendib: Recipes from Sri Lanka (2020) ()

Children's
 The Poet's Journey (Serendib Press, 2008) () [as "Amirthi Mohanraj"]

Edited books
 Aqua Erotica (Three Rivers Press, 2000) ()
 Wet: More Aqua Erotica (Three Rivers Press, 2002) ()
 The Best


texts:
 of Strange Horizons: Year One (Lethe Press, 2003) ()
 The WisCon Chronicles, Vol. 9: Intersections and Alliances (Aqueduct Press, 2015) ()
 Invisible 3: Essays and Poems on Representation in SF/F [with Jim C. Hines] (2017) ()
 Survivor [with JJ Pionke] (Lethe Press, 2018) ()

Edited online magazines/journals
 Clean Sheets (founder and editor-in-chief, 1998–2000)
 Strange Horizons (founder and editor-in-chief, 2000–2003)
 Jaggery (founder; editor-in-chief, 2013–17)

References

External links
  Contains links to her biography, bibliography, journal, and other areas of interest. Uniting Desi Writers and Readers Interview in India Currents Magazine by Ranjit Souri

1971 births
20th-century American writers
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American bloggers
American erotica writers
Sri Lankan emigrants to the United States
American people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
American science fiction writers
Bisexual writers
Bisexual women
LGBT people from Sri Lanka
Living people
Science fiction editors
Science fiction fans
University of Chicago alumni
University of Utah alumni
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
American novelists of Asian descent
American writers of Sri Lankan descent
American women novelists
Writers from Chicago
American LGBT novelists
Miss Porter's School alumni
American women bloggers
Women erotica writers
Novelists from Illinois
Bisexual academics
LGBT people from Connecticut
LGBT American people of Asian descent
School board members in


texts:
<mask> is an American trombone player, composer, arranger, and educator. Described by The New York Times as a "trombonist of vision and composure", he leads Ryan Keberle & Catharsis, his All Ears Orchestra, the Big Band Living Legacy Project and co-leads the international chamber jazz ensemble, Reverso. Keberle has performed with David Bowie, Maria Schneider, Wynton Marsalis, Darcy James Argue, Alicia Keys, and Sufjan Stevens, among others, and has appeared on seven Grammy Award-winning records. Keberle currently directs the jazz program at Hunter College. A "relentlessly prolific sideman", Keberle has appeared on movie soundtracks for filmmakers including Woody Allen and in the pit for Broadway musicals such as In the Heights. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Bloomington, Indiana, to Ann Winterer and <mask>. He grew up in Spokane, Washington, where his father, a trumpeter, teaches jazz studies at Whitworth University, and directs the Whitworth Jazz Ensemble.At four, Keberle was taught to play the piano by his mother, a piano teacher and church choir director, and through the Suzuki Method he learned to play the violin. In fifth grade, at the encouragement of his father, he began to play the trombone. He was inspired by the tradition of the instrument in jazz history, as well as by the horn bands Chicago, Blood, Sweat & Tears, Tower of Power, and Earth, Wind & Fire. In high school, he discovered jazz artists including John Coltrane and Dexter Gordon, and would play along with their records. Keberle continued to play the piano while focused on the trombone. He studied with David Matterne, the principal trombonist for the Spokane Symphony, and as a teenager he

masks:
Ryan Keberle
Keberle
Dan Keberle


texts:
 performed with the Spokane Youth Symphony and sat in with the Spokane Jazz Orchestra and the Whitworth Jazz Ensemble. The valedictorian of his class, Keberle graduated from Mead High School in 1998.Following his high school graduation, Keberle enrolled at Whitworth with a double major in physics and music. He transferred to the Manhattan School of Music in 1999, where he studied trombone with Steve Turre and composition with Michael Abene and Manny Albam. As a student at the Manhattan School, Keberle first encountered several musicians he would continue to collaborate with, including the Argentinian bassist and composer Pedro Giraudo. In 2001 — the year he graduated — Keberle was selected as the artistic director for New York City's first youth jazz orchestra, Jazz Band Classic, a program of the New York Symphony, and won the William H. Borden Award for Musical Excellence in Jazz from Manhattan School of Music. After he earned his undergraduate degree, Keberle was selected to attend Juilliard as a student in their inaugural Jazz Performance program. Studying trombone with Wycliffe Gordon and composition with David Berger, he was one of the first musicians to earn an artist diploma in Jazz Performance from Juilliard. Career
Keberle played professionally while a student; he supported himself mainly as a pianist during his first four years in New York.Following his graduation, he performed with the David Berger Jazz Orchestra, the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra, the Maria Schneider Jazz Orchestra and Wynton Marsalis, among others. His compositions "Cylindrically" and "Something Speaking" were performed by the Juilliard Jazz Orchestra, and "Slants", a commissioned piece, was


texts: performed by the Spokane Jazz Orchestra. Based in Brooklyn, he freelanced as a recording and performing musician in multiple genres — in addition to traditional and avant-garde jazz, Keberle played with Latin, R&B, and rock artists. He was an orchestra member for several Broadway productions, performed in ensembles for television shows, and served as the music director at St. James Catholic Church. In 2003, he formed the Ryan Keberle Double Quartet. Composed of  piano, bass, drums, two trombones, trumpet, French horn, and tuba, the Ryan Keberle Double Quartet's self-titled debut was released on Alternate Side in 2007. It was followed by Heavy Dreaming in 2010.Both albums were critically well-received; Wondering Sound wrote that the records displayed the "wonderful emotional transparency of Keberle's striking compositions and arrangements," and Heavy Dreaming was selected as one of the best records of the year by publications including JazzTimes and Stereophile. In 2012, after touring internationally with Sufjan Stevens, Keberle formed Catharsis, a pianoless acoustic quartet, with Mike Rodriguez on trumpet, Jorge Roeder on bass and Eric Doob on drums. They released their first album, Music Is Emotion, on Alternate Side in 2013. The album was described by the Los Angeles Times as "a potent blend of cinematic sweep and lush, ear-grabbing melodies." All About Jazz wrote: "In just over a decade, Keberle has become one of the most in-demand trombonists on the scene, and he's done so by using his considerable technique to communicate with, rather than play at, the people who encounter his horn. Keberle keeps wide-ranging company, working with everybody from Latin luminary Ivan Lins


texts: to compositional queen Maria Schneider to pop/R&B superstar Alicia Keys, but his raison d'être isn't diversification; he's all about touching the soul through sound means." In 2014, Catharsis signed to Dave Douglas' Greenleaf Music.They released their second album, Into the Zone, in September, adding vocalist Camila Meza. Azul Infinito, an album inspired by Keberle's experience working with South American composers, was released in March 2016. "Keberle might seem like an unlikely candidate for jazz stardom—he is primarily a brilliant trombonist, after all — but his band is propulsive and infectious, grooving and gorgeous," PopMatters wrote in a May 2016 review. Keberle has directed the jazz program at Hunter College since 2004. In addition to other colleges and universities, Keberle has conducted trombone improvisation clinics at Berklee College of Music, the Brubeck Institute, Cornish College of the Arts, Dartmouth College, New York University, the Royal Academy of Music in London, Cork College of Music in Ireland, and the Conservatory del Liceu in Barcelona. He has led clinics throughout the New York City public school system as part of the American Composer Orchestra's educational outreach program, and has guest-conducted local and all-region jazz bands. Keberle has taught privately since 1999.In 2016, Keberle helped form Reverso, a trans-oceanic chamber jazz ensemble featuring French pianist and composer, Frank Woeste, and French improvising cellist and ECM recording artist, Vincent Courtois, and, at times, Jeff Ballard or Greg Hutchinson on drums. Since the ensemble's inception in 2016, Reverso has released two albums on the Belgian OutNote record label and performed for


texts:
 audiences throughout the United States and Europe. In 2017 Catharsis turned its attention to political turmoil in the U.S. with the protest album Find the Common, Shine a Light, praised by The Nation as “unpretentiously intelligent and profoundly moving.” Find the Common also saw Keberle emerging as a solid performing keyboardist (his first instrument) and as a vocalist. In 2019 Keberle and Catharsis released their latest album, The Hope I Hold, with lyrics and inspiration drawn from the Langston Hughes’ poem, “Let America be America Again”. The album received critical praise from the NY Times saying “all those tones give the lovely, splayed-out energy, turning his sighing compositions, into big, open canvases” and The Wall Street Journal said the “wordless vocals, lyrics and solos emerge from gorgeous weaves of musical textures.”

Keberle was featured in Downbeat Magazine's Blindfold Test in January 2020. Personal life
Keberle and his wife Erica live in the Sullivan County Catskills, NY

Awards and recognition
 Yamaha Young Performing Artist (1998)
 William H. Borden Award for Musical Excellence in Jazz, Manhattan School of Music (2001)
 Finalist, Thelonious Monk International Jazz Trombone Competition (Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz) (2003)
 Latin Jazz Corner, Trombonist of the Year (2009)
 Latin Jazz Corner, Trombonist of the Year (2010)
 PSC-CUNY Research Grant, Leaving the Blues Behind (2012)
 PSC-CUNY Research Grant, Leaving the Blues Behind (2013)
 Hunter College Presidential Award in Excellence for Scholarship/Creative Work (2013)
 AEC Grant for partial funding of Big Band Living Legacy Project (2014)
 AEC Grant for partial funding of Big Band Living Legacy Project


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<mask> (January 6, 1914 – July 31, 2006) was an American librarian and educator known as the founding director of OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), an international computer library network and database. He was its president and executive director from 1967 to 1980. Biography
Born in Springfield, Massachusetts to Edward Francis and <mask>, <mask> earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Harvard College in 1935 and afterward held the position as assistant to the director of Harvard University Library. In 1940, he married Eleanor Margaret Beach, who had graduated from Mount Holyoke College and taken a job at the Harvard College Library, where they met. In 1942 to 1945, Kilgour served during World War II as a lieutenant in the U.S. Naval Reserve and was Executive Secretary and Acting Chairman of the U.S. government's Interdepartmental Committee for the Acquisition of Foreign Publications (IDC), which developed a system for obtaining publications from enemy and enemy-occupied areas. This organization of 150 persons in outposts around the world microfilmed newspapers and other printed information items and sent them back to Washington, DC.An example of the kind of intelligence gathered was the Japanese "News for Sailors" reports that listed new minefields. These reports were sent from Washington, D.C. directly to Pearl Harbor and U.S. submarines in the Western Pacific. <mask> received the Legion of Merit for his intelligence work in 1945. He worked at the United States Department of State as deputy director of the Office of Intelligence Collection and Dissemination from 1946 to 1948. In 1948, he was named Librarian of the Yale Medical Library. At Yale he was also a lecturer in the history of science and technology and published many scholarly articles on those topics. While running the Yale University Medical Library, Kilgour began publishing studies and articles on library use and effectiveness.He asked his staff to collect empirical data, such as use of books and journals by categories of borrowers to guide selection and retention of titles. He viewed the library "not merely as a depository of knowledge," but as "an

masks:
Frederick Gridley Kilgour
Lillian Piper Kilgour
Kilgour
Kilgour


texts:
 instrument of education." At the dawn of library automation in the early 1970s, he was a member of the Library and Information Technology Association (LITA), an organization within the American Library Association, where he was president from 1973 to 1975. He joined the Ohio College Association in 1967 to develop OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) and led the creation of a library network that today links 72,000 institutions in 170 countries. It first amassed the catalogs of 54 academic libraries in Ohio, launching in 1971 and expanding to non-Ohio libraries in 1977. <mask> was president of OCLC from 1967 to 1980, presiding over its rapid growth from an intrastate network to an international network. In addition to creating the WorldCat database, he developed an online interlibrary loan system that libraries used to arrange nearly 10 million loans annually in 2005.Today, OCLC has a staff of 1,200 and offices in seven countries. Its mission remains the same: to further access to the world's information and reduce library costs. In 1981 <mask> stepped down from management but continued to serve on the OCLC Board of Trustees until 1995. He was a distinguished research professor emeritus at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's School of Information and Library Science. He taught there from 1990, retiring in 2004. He died in 2006 was 92 years old and had lived since 1990 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. He was survived by his wife and their daughters, <mask> and <mask> of New York City, and <mask> Perdiew of North Edison, New Jersey; and two grandchildren and five great grandchildren.OCLC
Based in Dublin, Ohio, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest OPAC in the world. Under <mask>'s leadership, the nonprofit corporation introduced a shared cataloging system in 1971 for 54 Ohio academic libraries. WorldCat contains holding records from most public and private libraries worldwide. WorldCat is available through many libraries and university computer networks. In 1971, after four years of development, OCLC introduced its online shared

masks:
Kilgour
Kilgour
Martha Kilgour
Alison Kilgour
Meredith Kilgour
Kilgour


texts: cataloging system, which would achieve dramatic cost savings for libraries. For example, in the first year of system use, the Alden Library at Ohio University was able to increase the number of books it cataloged by a third, while reducing its staff by 17 positions. Word of this new idea spread on campuses across the country, starting an online revolution in libraries that continues to this day.The shared cataloging system and database that <mask> devised made it unnecessary for more than one library to originally catalog an item. Libraries would either use the cataloging information that already existed in the database, or they would put it in for other libraries to use. The shared catalog also provided information about materials in libraries in the rest of the network. For the first time, a user in one library could easily find out what was held in another library. The network quickly grew outside Ohio to all 50 states and then internationally. Because of his contributions to librarianship, OCLC and LITA, jointly sponsors an award named after <mask>. Inaugurated in 1998 and awarded annually, it highlights research on information technology with a focus on "work that "shows the promise of having a positive and substantive impact on any aspect of the publication, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information, or the processes by which information and data are manipulated and managed."<mask> is widely recognized as one of the leading figures in 20th century librarianship for his work in using computer networks to increase access to information in libraries around the world. He was among the earliest proponents of adapting computer technology to library processes. The database that Kilgour created, now called WorldCat, is regarded as the world's largest computerized library catalog, including not only entries from large institutions such as the Library of Congress, the British Library, the Russian State Library and Singapore, but also from small public libraries, art museums and historical societies. It contains descriptions of library materials and their locations. More recently, the database provides access to the

masks:
Kilgour
Kilgour
Legacy Kilgour


texts: electronic full text of articles, books as well as images and sound recordings. It spans 4,000 years of recorded knowledge. It contains more than 70 million records and one billion location listings.Every 10 seconds a library adds a new record. It is available on the World Wide Web. Inspired by Ralph H. Parker's 1936 work using punched cards for library automation, <mask> soon began experimenting in automating library procedures at the Harvard University Library, primarily with the use of punched cards for a circulation system. He also studied under George Sarton, a pioneer in the new discipline of the history of science, and began publishing scholarly papers. He also launched a project to build a collection of microfilmed foreign newspapers to help scholars have access to newspapers from abroad. This activity quickly came to the attention of government officials in Washington, D.C. In 1961, he was one of the leaders in the development of a prototype computerized library catalog system for the medical libraries at Columbia, Harvard and Yale Universities that was funded by the National Science Foundation.In 1965, <mask> was named associate librarian for research and development at Yale University. He continued to conduct experiments in library automation and to promote their potential benefits in the professional literature. In his professional writings, <mask> was one of the earliest proponents of applying computerization to librarianship. He pointed out that the explosion of research information was placing new demands on libraries to furnish information completely and rapidly. He advocated the use of the computer to eliminate human repetitive tasks from library procedures, such as catalog card production. He recognized nearly 40 years ago the potential of linking libraries in computer networks to create economies of scale and generate "network effects" that would increase the value of the network as more participants were added. OCLC has proved the feasibility of nationwide sharing of catalog-record creation and has helped libraries to maintain and to enhance the quality and speed of service while achieving cost control—and

masks: Kilgour Kilgour Kilgour


texts:
 even cost reduction—in the face of severely reduced funding.This achievement may be the single greatest contribution to national networking in the United States. His work will have a lasting impact on the field of information science. The main office building on the OCLC campus is named after <mask>. The main entrance road to the OCLC campus is named Kilgour Place. OCLC created an annual award in <mask>ur Award, which is given to a researcher who has contributed to advances information science. Awards
In 1990, he was named Distinguished Research Professor of the School of Information and Library Science, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and served on the faculty until his retirement in 2004. Kilgour was the author of 205 scholarly papers.He was the founder and first editor of the journal, Information Technology and Libraries. In 1999, Oxford University Press published his book The Evolution of the Book. His other books include The Library of the Medical Institution of Yale College and its Catalogue of 1865 and The Library and Information Science CumIndex. He received numerous awards from library associations and five honorary doctorates. In 1982, the American Library Association presented him with Honorary Life Membership. The citation read:

In 1979, the American Society for Information Science and Technology gave him the Award of Merit. The citation read:

Works
 <mask><mask>: The Evolution of the Book, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)

References

External links

 Collected Papers of <mask>. Kilgour
 Interlibrary Lending Online, article by Kilgour on work at OCLC and OCLC's contribution to automating the interlibrary loan process
 Frederick G. Kilgour Award
Tributes

 Tribute page on <mask><mask> at OCLC
 <mask>. Kilgour 1914-2006 at Scanblog

1914 births
2006 deaths
American librarians
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Harvard University librarians
Harvard College alumni
OCLC people
People from Springfield, Massachusetts
People from Chapel Hill, North Carolina
People from Columbus, Ohio
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Navy officers
Yale University staff
Military

masks:
Kilgour
Kilgourgo
Frederick G
. Kilgour
Frederick G
Frederick G
. Kilgour
Frederick G


texts:
<mask> (7 August 1839 – 7 December 1924) was a Belgian painter of genre scenes, portraits, landscapes and some still lifes. Through a number of his monumental genre paintings he played an important role in the recognition of Realism in Belgian art. Life
<mask> was born in Brussels in a well-off bourgeois family. He showed an interest in art from an early age. In his native city Hermans received some artistic guidance from the painter Louis Gallait. He then studied at the Saint Luc workshop in Brussels, a liberal workshop which offered an alternative to traditional academic education. Between 1858 and 1861 he stayed in Paris where he studied at the workshop of the Swiss painter <mask> at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts.Gleyre was a prominent painter who had taken over the studio of Paul Delaroche in 1843 and taught a number of younger artists who became prominent, including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and James Abbott McNeill Whistler. From 1862 to 1867, Hermans stayed in Italy. In Rome he became fascinated with the life of the monks, which became a favorite subject of many paintings between 1866 and 1869. The theme of Catholic clergy was popular at the time as evidenced by the vogue of cardinal paintings made by artists such as the Belgian Georges Croegaert. He had an early success with his paintings of clerics. He later made several trips especially in the Mediterranean region and, in particular, Spain. Hermans joined the Société Libre des Beaux-Arts, founded in Brussels on 1 March 1868, which brought together several famous Belgian naturalist artists such as <mask> Groux, Alfred Verwee, Constantin Meunier, Louis Dubois, Félicien Rops, Constantin Meunier, Louis Artan de Saint-Martin and Théodore Baron.The members admired the work of the French Realist painter Gustave Courbet and wished to confront the prevailing Academism in contemporary Belgian art. The Realist movement in Belgium gradually gained ground as evidenced by the fact that the Realist artists Constantin Meunier and Louis Artan de Saint-Martin received prizes at the Brussels salon of 1869. The battle

masks:
Charles Hermans
Hermans
Charles Gleyre
Charles de


texts:
 with the Belgian art establishment appeared to have been won when in 1875 Hermans' At dawn was accepted at the Brussels salon without opposition. <mask> participated in major international exhibitions such as the art section of the World Fair held in Paris in 1878 where he showed At dawn to general acclaim. He earned an international reputation thanks to this success. His paintings were acquired by museums, both in Belgium and abroad. Despite this early success <mask> was not able to realise the expectations.He had hoped to reiterate the reception of At dawn by creating the large, ambitious work The masked ball, which was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1880. The impact of the work was less than that of his earlier work. Still many reproductions of it were made and the original was acquired by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1882. Hermans died in Menton on 7 December 1924. Work
Hermans was a prolific artist who practised many genres throughout his career: history painting, genre art, portraits and landscape painting. He initially painted genre scenes of monks. He subsequently tried to elevate genre painting by treating biblical subjects as genre art.He painted a Job visited by his friends in which he depicted Job as an ordinary poor man in a Realist style. He then turned to genre scenes such as the Honeymoon showing a fashionable young couple clearly in love. He later turned to subjects with a social connotation such as the Sunday visit to the children's clinic at St. Peter's Hospital. In this composition he addressed human tragedy and suffering humanity in a moving and honest manner. The sentimentality of the subject assured the success of this composition. The crowning achievement of his genre art was the work of 1875 At dawn. It is a realistic and moralizing painting representing an encounter of an group of inebriated revellers leaving a restaurant with prostitutes on their arms in the early hours and a group of poor labourers on their way to work.The work was interpreted as a work of social criticism by contrasting the honest, simple workers with the depraved bourgeoisie. <mask>

masks: Hermans Hermans Hermans


texts:
 himself denied that his intention was to engage in social criticism and argued that he chose the subject because of its artistic possibilities. Hermans followed up this masterwork with other smaller genre pieces until he attempted another genre scene on a large scale, The masked ball. This work depicts one of the all-night society masked balls of the late 19th century, which were also attended by young women of the demi-monde. The composition shows a large room filled with groups of partygoers some of whom are in the shadows looking from a balcony in the background while others are active on the crowded dance floor in the front. Elegantly dressed men are joined by many women on the dance floor some in close embrace or animated conversation. Many of the men depicted were prominent personalities of the time.Hermans was able to convey with a remarkable skill the jostling and carnival madness of a night at the theater. Not achieving the expected success with this work, Hermans turned to smaller scale works often depicting charming women, which were based on the studies he had made for the Masked ball. These works are in the same vein as the society portraits of Alfred Stevens. He also painted at the sea from which he returned with fantasies of nude women bathing and Bacchantes. A new high point of this period is the composition Circe as temptress, which shows a seductive woman in a modern interior with a man passed out at a table with an overturned wine glass. This was a return to the veiled social criticism of his earlier work. In his later years he painted large decorative works and landscapes with many figures.During World War I he treated some wartime subjects such as The martyrs and the Execution of Edith Cavell by the Germans. <mask>' large-format Realist works were influential on the next generation of Belgian artists such as Eugène Laermans and Léon Frédéric. Gallery

Notes

External links

1839 births
1924 deaths
Artists from Brussels
Belgian portrait painters
Belgian genre painters
Belgian landscape painters
19th-century Belgian painters
20th-century Belgian painters
Alumni of the École des


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<mask> (born 2 July 1983) is an English former footballer who played as a defender and is employed as Assistant Manager at Chesterfield, having initially been appointed as First Team Coach. He previously served as Leyton Orient first-team manager in 2017. Playing career

Southend United
<mask> started his career as a trainee at Southampton but failed to break into the Saints' first team squad. In December 2000, <mask> was brought to Southend United for a fee of £10,000 by his father David, who had recently taken over as manager of Southend in September. <mask> went on to make 39 appearances for the Shrimpers between 2000 and 2002, scoring four goals, but found his first team opportunities limited after his father's resignation in October 2001, following which <mask> had two loan spells at Brighton & Hove Albion in 2001–02 and 2002–03, where he made a total 16 appearances and scored one goal against Notts County, however a permanent move failed to materialise. Hull City
In 2002 <mask> left Southend, moving to Hull City on a free transfer, where he went on to make a total of 18 appearances, scoring one goal, between 2002 and 2004. However, <mask> always had a bit-part role at Hull and was loaned out to Lincoln City in his first season at the club, where he scored once against Bristol Rovers.<mask> returned to Hull making a handful of first team starts at the beginning of the 2003–04 season, which earned him a Division Three runners-up medal. He scored his only goal for the club in a Football League Trophy tie against Scunthorpe United in November 2003. His first team opportunities became limited in the second half of the season and he was sent out to Cambridge United on an initial one-month loan. Cambridge United
<mask> impressed while on loan at

masks:
Daniel John Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
Daniel
Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb


texts:
 Cambridge, securing another month's extension to his loan. In total he made 10 starts and scored one goal while on loan at the U's. In February 2004, Cambridge made the move permanent, and <mask> went on to make a further 35 appearances and scored three goals for the club. The player's time at the club was not without controversy and in August 2004, <mask> was fined by United's manager Hervé Renard for an on-the-field punch-up with teammate Luke Guttridge during a match against Shrewsbury Town.<mask> was released by Cambridge at the end of the 2004–05 season after the club's relegation from the Football League and severe financial difficulties. Yeovil Town
<mask> started the 2005–06 season with Weymouth; however, in January 2006, he moved to Yeovil Town, teaming up once again with his father who had bought into the club in December 2005. <mask>'s executive role however was brief, ending in February 2006, and his son never really subsequently broke into the first team, making only 10 appearances in 18 months at the club. In 2007, <mask> was again loaned out repeatedly with brief spells at Rushden & Diamonds and with Woking, where a strong performance in his debut against Aldershot Town, in which he scored with his first touch, brought him to the attention of Terry Brown, the then Aldershot manager, who was later to sign him for Wimbledon. Marsaxlokk
Having been released by Yeovil at the end of the 2006–07 season, <mask> moved to Malta to sign for champions Marsaxlokk under the guidance of English manager Brian Talbot. <mask> only played once for Marsaxlokk in an appearance in a Champions League qualifier against FK Sarajevo. AFC Wimbledon
Following his stint with Marsaxlokk, <mask> returned to England to sign for AFC Wimbledon on 23 July 2007, ending

masks:
Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
David Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb


texts:
 the club's long search for a "target man".However, <mask> failed to score regularly for the Dons and after losing his place in the starting team played only a bit-part role for much of the second half of the 2007–08 season. He was one of eight players released at the end of the campaign after being deemed surplus to requirements by Dons boss Terry Brown. Chelmsford City
On 1 July 2008, he signed a contract with Chelmsford City becoming the Claret's second pre-season signing. However was later released by Chelmsford City for not being in Jeff King's plans. Havant & Waterlooville
After being released by Chelmsford City, he signed a contract with Havant & Waterlooville in October 2008. He made three league appearances for Havant before going on trial at Salisbury City. Salisbury City
Whilst on trial, <mask> played one game and impressed manager Nick Holmes which resulted in him being signed by the club after they lost some of their first choice strikers due to financial problems.In 2009–10, <mask> was a utility player for Salisbury, playing in defence, and once filling in for James Bittner in goal, against former club AFC Wimbledon, after Bittner saw red early in the second half. For a period of time, he also partnered Tubbs up front when other forwards in the squad were sidelined by injury. Bath City
<mask> left Salisbury City for Bath City during the summer of 2010. This was as a result of the club's two league demotion. He scored his first goal for Bath in their 2–1 defeat of Crawley Town and was soon a regular in the Bath side. However, after the summer break, <mask> had trouble in breaking back into the side for the 2011–12 season and so joined his former club Salisbury City on loan on 2 November 2011. The loan move was later made

masks: Webb Webb Webb Webb Webb