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<mask> (8 March 1882 – 8 August 1962) was an English actor who had a 60-year career, and is best remembered for playing comedy parts in the Aldwych farces first on stage and then in film. <mask> became an actor at the age of 18 and very soon began to be cast in knut or "silly ass" roles. He played such parts as a supporting actor for more than two decades until 1922, when he was cast in the lead of a new West End farce, Tons of Money, in which he achieved immediate stardom. After the success of this play, its co-producer, the actor-manager Tom Walls, leased the Aldwych Theatre in London, where for the next ten years he and <mask> co-starred in a series of successful farces, most of which were written for them by Ben Travers. Many of the Aldwych farces were made into films starring <mask> and Walls, and the two were ranked among the most popular British film actors of the 1930s. He continued his stage career during and after the Second World War, scoring another hit in London and on tour with Is your Honeymoon Really Necessary? (1944).He continued to play in both new works by Travers and others, and in revivals of his earlier successes, and made his last London appearance in 1958. Life and career
<mask> was born in Salford, Lancashire, the son of Gordon James <mask>, an insurance manager, and his wife, Janet née Thomas. In 1900 <mask> made his stage debut at Wigan in The King of Terrors. He spent his first 14 years as an actor performing in the British provinces and in the United States; he appeared at the Colonial Theatre, New York, in May 1913, as Algy Slowman in a revival of The Purple Lady. He made his first appearance on the London stage at the Empire Theatre in October 1914, as

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Ralph Clifford Lynn
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type: original

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 Montague Mayfair in By Jingo, If We Do—!, a revue by Arthur Wimperis and Hartley Carrick with music by Herman Finck. The Observer said of him, "We have not, to our knowledge, seen Mr. <mask> before; but Mr. <mask> is a deceptive player. To begin with, you think he is going to be merely the usual '[k]nut'.As the piece goes on he proves himself a true comedian." In 1920 <mask> married the actress Gladys Miles; they had a son and a daughter. He continued his theatre career in mostly "silly ass" supporting roles, in London and in the provinces, until he achieved stardom in 1922, when Leslie Henson and Tom Walls cast him in Tons of Money, a farce by Will Evans and Arthur Valentine, which ran for two years at the Shaftesbury Theatre. <mask>'s character adopted three different personas during the play, all conniving to acquire and keep a large financial legacy. The Times commented:

Walls played a small role in the production, as did the young Robertson Hare. The critic Sheridan Morley wrote, "the team of Walls, Hare, and <mask> was thus created, one which was to stay together for the next eleven years." Aldwych farces

For their next production, It Pays to Advertise (1924) by Roi Cooper Megrue and Walter Hackett, the team of Walls, Hare and <mask> moved to the Aldwych Theatre.Most of their plays, which quickly came to be known as the Aldwych farces, were written by Ben Travers. At first he was wary about <mask>, thinking his "silly ass" persona unsuited to the conscientious and on the whole sensible character he was to play in the first of Travers's Aldwych farces. He was also concerned that in rehearsal <mask> ad-libbed too much. But Travers quickly changed his mind and concluded that

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Ralph Lynn
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 <mask> was "the greatest farce actor of our time"; the ad-libbing diminished as Travers came to anticipate and include in his scripts "the sort of thing <mask> himself would have said in the circumstances". Over the next ten years there were twelve Aldwych farces, occupying the theatre continuously, in all of which <mask> starred. Travers, who wrote all but three of them, had occasional difficulties with Walls, whose professional discipline left something to be desired, but he found <mask> to be the ultimate professional:

<mask> first appeared in films in 1929 in Peace and Quiet, a short filmed excerpt of a Ronald Jeans revue. In 1930 he made his first full-length film, Rookery Nook, an adaptation of the Aldwych farce of the same name, directed by Walls, with the same cast as the stage production.Further filmed versions of the farces followed:  Plunder (1931), Thark (1932), A Cuckoo in the Nest (1933) Turkey Time (1933), A Cup of Kindness (1934)  and Dirty Work (1934). Travers also wrote some original screen plays for the team, such as  Foreign Affaires (1935) and Pot Luck (1936 – loosely based on On Such a Night); he also adapted the works of others: Just My Luck (1933, from a play by H. F. Maltby) and Summer Lightning (1933, from P. G. Wodehouse's novel of the same name). Other films starring <mask> included In the Soup (1936) and All In (1936). In the first half of the 1930s, <mask> and Walls regularly appeared in the lists of the top ten British film stars. Walls usually outranked <mask> in the top ratings, because, in the words of the critic Jeffrey Richards, "everyone warmed to the old reprobate [Walls] whereas the 'silly ass' was not to everyone's taste." Later years
He

masks: Lynn Ralph Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn Lynn


texts:
 appeared at Aldwych in Vernon Sylvaine's 1940 farce Nap Hand. <mask>'s last big hit play was Is your Honeymoon Really Necessary?by E. Vivian Tidmarsh (1944), of which he was producer as well as star. It ran in London for more than two years and for two more years on tour. After the Second World War, by which time Walls was dead, <mask> teamed up again with Robertson Hare for two more Travers farces, Outrageous Fortune (1947) and Wild Horses (1952), which were successful without being smash hits. In 1954 he starred with Hare in The Party Spirit, at the Piccadilly Theatre. <mask> successfully toured the provinces in revivals of his earlier London farces until the last few years of his life. His last London performance was in 1958. <mask> died in Surrey in 1962 at the age of 80.<mask>'s elder brother, Sydney, professionally known as Gordon James, was also an actor; the brothers frequently appeared together on stage and on screen. Their younger brother <mask> became known for playing <mask>'s original roles in Australia and New Zealand. His grand niece was the actress <mask>. Filmography
 Rookery Nook (1930)
 Tons of Money (1930)
 Plunder (1931)
 Mischief (1931)
 The Chance of a Night Time (1931)
 A Night Like This (1932)
 Thark (1932)
 A Cuckoo in the Nest (1933)
 Summer Lightning (1933)
 Turkey Time (1933)
 Up to the Neck (1933)
 Just My Luck (1933)
 Dirty Work (1934)
 A Cup of Kindness (1934)
 Fighting Stock (1935)
 Stormy Weather (1935)
 Foreign Affaires (1935)
 All In (1936)
 Pot Luck (1936)
 In the Soup (1936)
 For Valour (1937)

Notes

References

External links

Male actors from Manchester
1882 births
1962 deaths
English male film actors
English male stage actors
20th-century

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<mask>, Baroness <mask> of Collingtree, DBE (née Christie; born 9 July 1923) is a former British Conservative Member of Parliament. She was created a life peer as "Baroness <mask> of Collingtree, of Collingtree in the County of Northamptonshire" in 1997 after she had stood down at that year's general election, and retired from the House of Lords on 24 March 2016. She was appointed an MBE in 1964, and elevated to a DBE in 1985. <mask> represented the Birmingham Edgbaston constituency in the House of Commons from 1966 to 1997. Early life
Christie was born in Bristol in 1923, although she later shaved several years off her age: when seeking election, she put her year of birth as 1930. Her parents divorced when she was a child. Her mother was a teacher and a graduate of Bristol University.Christie attended Fairfield Secondary and Higher Grade School in Bristol and the King Edward Grammar School for Girls, Birmingham. In 1941, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF). Her unit served in Amiens, moving later to Hamburg, following the British advance, performing ground control of aircraft. She also appeared on British Forces Network radio. Upon her return to the UK, she joined the Young Conservatives in London. On 14 June 1947, she married James Montague "Monty" <mask> (an optician, who had served in the war as a lieutenant in the Royal Navy), and moved to Northampton. Political career

She was elected as a councillor on Northampton Borough Council, serving from 1956 to 1966, and became a whip.She unsuccessfully contested the parliamentary seat of Northampton at the 1959 and 1964 general elections for the Conservative Party. She was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Edgbaston in the 1966 general election, and held that seat in successive elections until she stood down at the 1997 election. The Conservative MP for Edgbaston, Dame Edith

masks:
Joan Christabel Jill Knight
Knight
Knight
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texts: Pitt, had died on 27 January 1966 and it was the first time that a female Member of Parliament had been succeeded by another woman. <mask> was a member of the Parliamentary Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration, 1969–72. For more than two decades she was an active member of the Conservative Monday Club and was an outspoken opponent of the Irish Republican Army. Following the February 1972 Aldershot bombing by the IRA she called for legislation to outlaw the IRA, and attacked supporters and sympathisers on the mainland. She was on the Select Committee for the Council of Europe from 1977, the Select Committee for Home Affairs from 1980 to 1983, Lady Chairman of the Lords and Commons All-Party Child and Family Protection Group from 1978, on the Conservative Back-bench Health and Social Services Committee from 1982 and Secretary to the 1922 Committee from 1983 to 1987.<mask> was President of the West Midlands Conservative Political Centre from 1980 to 1983, and Lady Chairman of the Western European Union Relations with Parliaments Committee from 1984 to 1988. She also served on the Council of Europe (1977–88), and as Chairman of the British Inter-Parliamentary Union (1994–97). One slogan in the aftermath of the New Cross house fire, which left 13 young Black Britons dead, read: "Dame <mask> Set The Fire Alight! "; this was an apparent reference to a controversial speech by <mask> which was widely interpreted as condoning or even encouraging direct action against noisy parties. <mask> was created a Life peer as Baroness <mask> of Collingtree, of Collingtree in the County of Northamptonshire in 1997 after standing down at that year's general election, and retired from the House of Lords on 24 March 2016. She was Vice-Chairman of the Association of Conservative Peers from 2002 to 2005. Her memoirs, About the House, were published in 1995.She was

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Knight
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Jill Knight
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texts:
 interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliament's oral history project. Section 28
<mask>, along with David Wilshire, introduced the Section 28 amendment to the Local Government Act 1988, which barred local authorities, including schools, from 'promoting' homosexuality. While promoting the new clause, <mask> claimed that children under two had access to gay and lesbian books in Lambeth, a claim which has never been substantiated. She linked discussion of homosexuality in schools to the spread of AIDS, also describing homosexuality as "perverted" and "desperately dangerous". She has been described as a key force behind the legislation and a "dedicated – not to say fanatical – anti-gay MP". In June 2013, she opposed same-sex marriage legislation, arguing that Parliament cannot change the fact that "marriage is not about just love. It is about a man and a woman, themselves created to produce children, producing children.A man can no more bear a child, than a woman can produce sperm, and no law on earth can change that. This is not a homophobic view. It may be sad, it may be unequal, but it's true." In the same year, she claimed it was wrong for the Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron to apologise for the legacy of Section 28, while appearing to defend herself from accusations of homophobia by claiming that gay people are "very good at antiques". In 2018, when she was interviewed by former attitude magazine editor Matthew Todd, who confronted <mask> about her role as an architect of and a main driving force behind Section 28, she said "I'm sorry if anything I did upset you. All I was trying to do was acting on what people wrote to me, said to me, what the papers said." <mask> stated that her motivation had only been to maintain the welfare of children.Outside Parliament
From 1986 to 1995, <mask> was Vice-President of Townswomen's Guilds.

masks: Knight Knight Knight Knight Knight


texts:
 She was director of Computeach International plc from 1991 to 2006 and Heckett Multiserv from 1999 to 2006. <mask> has been President of Sulgrave Manor Trust since 2012; she was its Chairman from 2007 to 2012. Honours
<mask> was appointed an MBE in 1964, and elevated to a DBE in 1985. She was awarded an honorary DSc by Aston University in 1999. <mask> was made a Kentucky Colonel in 1973; a Nebraska Admiral in 1980; and has been an honorary Texas Ranger since 2014. Personal life

<mask>'s husband, James Montague <mask>, died in 1986.The couple had two children. Her recreations are music, reading, tapestry work, theatre-going and antique-hunting. Arms

References

Sources

 Copping, Robert. The Monday Club - Crisis and After, Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, May 1976, pp. 5, 9, 16–18, 21-22
 Dod's Parliamentary Companion 1973, 160th edition, Epsom: Sell's Publications Ltd
 Dod's Parliamentary Companion 1990, 171st edition, London
 <mask>, <mask>. About the House. Churchill Press, 1995;
Who's Who, London: A.& C. Black (various editions)

External links

Interview with <mask> for the History of Parliament oral history project

1923 births
Living people
Anti-same-sex-marriage activists
People educated at Fairfield Grammar School
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Knight of Collingtree
Knight of Collingtree
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Women's Auxiliary Air Force airwomen
Councillors in Northamptonshire
Politicians from London
20th-century British women politicians
People from West Northamptonshire District
Politicians from Bristol
Women councillors in

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<mask>. "Bill<mask> (1894–1979) was an important head of the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL) in the 1910s. He was a member of the Socialist Party of America until 1921, acting as a leader of the party's Left Wing faction, loyal to the Third International (Comintern). Thereafter he joined the Workers Party of America, serving as assistant executive secretary of the WPA from the time of its foundation in December 1921. Biography

Early years

<mask>. "Bill<mask> was born in Hoboken, New Jersey to German and Danish immigrant parents in 1894. Kruse worked briefly as a sheet metal worker in his youth. He later studied at the Socialist Party of America's Rand School of Social Science under Algernon Lee. Political career

In July 1915, the governing National Executive Committee of the SPA appointed the 21-year-old as director of the party's youth section, the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL).Kruse served two terms in this position, finishing in June 1918. He also served as editor of the YPSL's national publication, Young Socialists' Magazine, from 1918 to 1919 and as the Provisional Secretary of the SPA's national Socialist Sunday School movement. Kruse was the fraternal delegate of the YPSL to the party's seminal 1917 Emergency National Convention in St. Louis. Militantly opposed to the war in Europe, <mask>, a law school graduate, worked to defend the civil rights of war opponents as a leader of the American Liberty Defense League. As head of the Socialist Party's youth organization and a vociferous critic of American participation in the war, Kruse was targeted by the US Department of Justice headed by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer under the Espionage Act. Kruse was indicted in Chicago by a grand jury on Feb. 2, 1918, and the secret indictment was made public on March 9. The sensational and widely publicized trial of Kruse and 4 other top

masks:
William F
" Kruse
William F
" Kruse
Kruse


texts: members of the Socialist Party began before Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis on Dec. 6, 1918.This trial ended Jan. 4, 1919, with the jury finding <mask> and his associates (Victor L. Berger, Adolph Germer, J. Louis Engdahl, Irwin St. John Tucker) guilty. Landis sentenced each to 20 years in the Federal penitentiary, a sentence which was appealed and later overturned on the basis of judicial bias. Released on bond, Kruse continued as a contributing editor of Young Socialists' Magazine from March 1919. He was a delegate to the 1919 Emergency National Convention of the SPA in August 1919, representing a Left Wing voice on the floor, but refusing to bolt the convention to join the Communist Labor Party of America gathering downstairs. Kruse was elected to serve on a new party institution to oversee controversial personnel decisions of the NEC, the Board of Appeals, and he continued in this role on this largely unused body until 1920. In September 1919, with the YPSL moving to organizational independence under its secretary, Oliver Carlson, Kruse was named head of the SPA's new "Young People's Department." He also resumed editorship of Young Socialists' Magazine, now back under party control.Kruse also worked as a National Organizer for the SPA, rebuilding the Rhode Island state organization, among other tasks. <mask> was a Socialist candidate for the US House of Representatives from the Illinois 6th C.D. in 1918 and again 1920, and for Illinois Secretary of State in 1921. <mask> remained active in the Left Wing movement inside the SPA until the fall of 1921, organizing the Committee for the Third International with his associates Louis Engdahl and Alexander Trachtenberg. After the triumph of the party's Regulars at the 1921 Convention, <mask>, Engdahl, and their associates left the party, advocating for an "open" Communist Party in the United States. This desire

masks: Kruse Kruse Kruse Kruse


texts:
 came to fruition in December 1921 with the establishment of the Workers Party of America, in which Kruse served as the assistant executive secretary from the time of its foundation. He was also elected by the founding convention of the WPA as an Alternate to the WPA's governing Central Executive Committee.On June 29, 1929, <mask> was promoted to full member of the CEC of the WPA when Marguerite Prevey resigned. Kruse was an adherent of the Pepper-Ruthenberg-Lovestone faction throughout the Communist Party's factional struggles of the 1920s. From 1926 to 1927, <mask> was among the first Americans to study at the Comintern's Lenin School in Moscow, where he also served in an informal capacity as a lieutenant of the Lovestone faction in the USSR. Upon his return in 1927, Kruse was appointed by the CEC as District Organizer of the Communist Party's important Chicago district. In 1928 <mask> stood as the candidate for Governor of Illinois of the Workers (Communist) Party. <mask> was expelled from the Communist (Workers) Party in 1929 for refusing to denounce party leader Jay Lovestone. He left radical politics and became Educational Director for Bell and Howell Films, later opening his own public relations firm in Chicago, William F. Kruse & Associates.Kruse and Instructional Technology

Kruse worked for Bell and Howell for 17 years heading up several departments. He was an advertising representative for Educational Screen and Audiovisual Guide for a number of years and was appointed archivist of the DAVI in 1955  where he ended up holding many roles in the Department of Audio Visual Instruction. Kruse went to great lengths to ensure the field of Instructional Design and Technology (IDT) had an archive for future research and much of the Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT) archive in Hornbake Library at the University of Maryland is


texts:
 the result of his efforts. For example, the first three boxes in the archive contain correspondence by Kruse in his attempt to find materials for the archive, Kruse's sources for his unpublished manuscript on the history of the field and numerous photographic collections by Kruse related to the history of IDT. The AECT archive at the University of Maryland contains a copy of  Kruse's unpublished book, The Projected Image. A portion of this book was published in The Journal of Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers under the title Willard Beach Cook-Pioneer Distributor of Narrow-Gage Safety Films and Equipment. The unpublished book is 430 pages long, is heavily marked with notes and editing lines, and contains a mix of educational and industry observations.The preface states:
The Story of the development of the projected image as a means of communication involves such a close and constant interrelationship of education and of industry that its telling is materially enriched by the authoritative dual viewpoint that Mr. Kruse is uniquely qualified to give. Kruse  was outspoken and a strong proponent for the use of audio-visual communication. In his introduction he stated:
It is high time, too, that the audio-visual specialist refuses to be looked down on as a Johnny-come-lately upstart. The roots of his professional family tree run deeper than those of the verbalist critic. That audio-visual education is at once the newest and the oldest form of learning known to the human race is the point of our first chapter. Though Kruse did not directly write about the goals of his study, the first two chapters of his book were written to show that it was the audio-visual specialist who, "raised teaching to the level of learned profession, who gave new vistas to the science of psychology and who supplied the basis for new humane philosophical trends" .


texts:
 Kruse wrote that his manuscript was for the, "audio-visual specialist, the teacher, the audio-visual industry worker, the person with a story to tell and lastly, all of us, citizens, as fellow-men" .He was clear that he wanted to show in his history that, "The audio-visual process- which integrates a learner's sensory experience with his apperceptional reservoir and thus fits him for better living in his society- is education". Death and legacy

<mask> died in 1979. The <mask><mask> papers are housed at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, as well as the Chicago Historical Society. Footnotes

Works

 In the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. October term, A.D. 1918. Victor L. Berger, Adolph Germer, <mask><mask>, Irwin St. John Tucker and J. Louis Engdahl, plaintiffs in error, vs. United States of America, defendant in error. Error to the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, K.M.Landis, Judge ... Brief for the plaintiffs in error. With Messrs. Berger, Germer, Tucker, and Engdahl. Chicago: The Court, 1919. 100 years — For What? Being the Addresses of Victor L. Berger, Adolph Germer, J. Louis Engdahl, <mask>. Kruse and Irwin St. John Tucker to the Court that Sentenced Them to Serve 100 years in Prison. With Messrs. Berger, Germer, Tucker, and Engdahl. Chicago: National Office, Socialist Party, n.d. [1919]."Socialists, Prepare!" The Socialist World (Chicago), vol. 1, no. 5 (November 15, 1920), pp. 4–5. 1894 births
1952 deaths
People from Hoboken, New Jersey
American people of German descent
American people of Danish descent
American socialists
Members of the Socialist Party of America
Members of the Communist Party USA
American Marxists
People acquitted under the Espionage Act of 1917
New Jersey

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William F
. Kruse
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. Kruse
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Brigadier-General <mask> (November 11, 1811 – March 7, 1862) was a soldier in the Texas Revolution, a Texas Ranger, a major-general in the Texas militia and thereafter a major in the United States Army (United States Volunteers) during the Mexican–American War, sheriff of Sacramento County, a U.S. marshal, and a brigadier-general in the army of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. Early life
He was born November 11, 1811 in Rutherford County, Tennessee, one of twelve children and the fourth son of <mask> and Frances Fisher LeNoir. <mask>'s father Alexander, a Yale University graduate, was a descendant of Captain Nicolas Martiau, the French Huguenot settler of Jamestown, Virginia and ancestor of President George Washington. Alexander was also an officer on Brig. Gen. John Coffee's staff during the Creek War of 1813 and 1814 in Alabama (and apparently at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815). His mother was a daughter of a prominent Virginian planter. The <mask> family had been wealthy, politically influential, and socially prominent in North Carolina before the American Revolution, but Alexander had wasted much of his inheritance and was unable even to educate his sons.(Two of Ben's older brothers had briefly attended a school in Tennessee taught by their neighbor, Sam Houston.) One of Ben's younger brothers was Henry Eustace <mask>, also a Confederate general officer. Another brother, Alexander, served in the Texas Revolution and as a captain in Mexico. The <mask> family, like many on the frontier, moved often by choice or necessity. In the twenty years following their move from North Carolina and Ben's birth, they lived in eastern Tennessee, Alabama, and then western Tennessee. They finally settled at Dyersburg, where one of their closest neighbors was David Crockett, a great influence on young Ben. In 1834, <mask> headed west.He reached St. Louis

masks:
Benjamin McCulloch
Alexander McCulloch
Benjamin
McCulloch
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 just too late to join the fur trappers headed for the mountains for the season. He then tried to join a freight company heading for Santa Fe as a muleskinner, but was told they had a full complement. He moved on to Wisconsin to investigate lead-mining, but found all the best claims already staked by the large mining companies. In the fall of 1835, he returned to Tennessee to take up farming. Texas career
When Crockett went to Texas in 1835 (following his defeat in his third congressional campaign), <mask>—tired of farming but seeking adventure—decided to accompany him, as did his brother <mask>. They planned to meet Crockett's Tennessee Boys at Nacogdoches on Christmas Day. Crockett's arrival in Nacogdoches was delayed due to hunting between the Bois d'Arc Creek and Choctaw Bayou.By January 5, 1836, Crockett found his way to Nacogdoches. There, <mask> greeted him after having convinced his brother, <mask> to return to Tennessee. Ben subsequently contracted measles and was bedridden for several weeks. Crockett pressed on toward San Antonio. <mask>'s illness prevented him from arriving in San Antonio until after the Alamo had already fallen. <mask> joined the Texas army under Sam Houston in its retreat to east Texas. Assigned to Captain Isaac N. Moreland's artillery company at the Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836), he commanded one of the "Twin Sisters"—two six-pounder cannon sent to aid the Texans by the citizens of Cincinnati.One of the twin sisters was named Eleanor, the other Elizabeth. It is believed he chose to command Elizabeth to honor his dear friend and mentor, David Crockett, whose widow was Elizabeth Crockett. He made deadly use of his cannon against the Mexican positions and received a battlefield commission as first lieutenant. For his service (dating before April 18, 1836), <mask> was issued Texas Bounty Certificate No. 2473 for 320 acres

masks:
Ben McCulloch
Henry McCulloch
Ben McCulloch
Henry McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch


texts: (1.3 km²). In 1839, he also received Donation Certificate No. 776 for 640 acres (2.6 km²), for his service at San Jacinto.<mask> was then attached to Captain William H. Smith's cavalry company, but returned to Tennessee to recruit a company of volunteers to return to Texas. He returned a few months later with a company of thirty volunteers which he had placed under the command of his friend, Robert Crockett, David Crockett's son. By 1838, he had taken up the profession of surveying land for the Republic of Texas in and around the community of Seguin, later joining the Texas Rangers as lieutenant to Captain John Coffee "Jack" Hays. He acquired a reputation as an Indian fighter, favoring shotguns, pistols, and Bowie knives to the regulation saber and carbine. On the strength of his new fame, he was elected to the Republic of Texas House of Representatives in 1839. The campaign was contentious, and <mask> fought a rifle duel the next year against Colonel Reuben Ross, resulting in a wound that left his right arm crippled for life. Ben considered the matter closed, but it flared up again the following year, this time involving <mask>, who killed Ross with a pistol.In 1842, <mask> went back to surveying and intermittent military service. At the Battle of Plum Creek, August 12, 1840, he served as a scout against the Comanches, and then commanded the right wing of the Texas army. When a Mexican raiding party under General Ráfael Vásquez invaded San Antonio in February 1842, <mask> was prominent in the fighting that pushed the Mexicans back beyond the Rio Grande. A second Mexican raid led by General Adrian Woll in September of that year again captured San Antonio. <mask> then served as a scout for Captain Hays' Rangers. He and his brother, Henry, subsequently took part in the failed Somervell expedition and both escaped very shortly before most of the Texans were

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 captured at Ciudad Mier, Mexico in Tamaulipas, December 25, 1842. Samuel Reid, a volunteer from Louisiana, described <mask> and his ranger company as "men in groups with long beards and mustaches, dressed in every variety of garment, with one exception, the slouched hat, the unmistakable uniform of a Texas ranger, and a brace of pistols around their waists, [who] were occupied drying their blankets, cleaning and fixing their guns, and some employed cooking at different fires, while others were grooming their horses.A rougher-looking set we never saw. They were without tents, and a miserable shed afforded them the only shelter. Captain <mask> introduced us to his officers and many of his men, who appeared orderly and well-mannered people. But from their rough exterior, it was hard to tell who or what they were. Notwithstanding their ferocious and outlaw look, there were among them doctors and lawyers and many a college graduate." War with Mexico
In 1845, <mask> was elected from Gonzales County to the first Texas state legislature following its entry into the union. In the spring of 1846, a law was passed appointing him Major-General in command of all Texas militia west of the Colorado River.That same year, with the outbreak of the war with Mexico, he raised a company of Rangers that became Company A of Col. Hays's 1st Regiment of Texas Mounted Volunteers, who were known for their ability to regularly travel 250 miles in ten days or less. He subsequently was named chief of scouts under Gen. Zachary Taylor, with the rank of major, and became known nationwide for his daring exploits in northern Mexico. (His company of scouts included George Wilkins Kendall, editor of the New Orleans Picayune.) By this time, <mask> was fluent in Spanish and his woodsman's skills enabled him to slip back and forth across the lines undetected—more than once penetrating to within a mile

masks: McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch


texts: of Santa Anna's own tent. <mask> led his scouting company as mounted infantry at the Battle of Monterrey and his expert reconnaissance work preceding the Battle of Buena Vista probably saved Taylor's army from disaster.(how?) After Buena Vista he was promoted to the rank of major of U.S. Volunteers.At the war's end, <mask> scouted for Maj. Gen. David E. Twiggs, but joined the rush to the California gold fields in 1849. While he never struck gold, he was elected sheriff of Sacramento. (His old commander, Col. Hays, had been elected sheriff of San Francisco on the same day.) His old friends Sam Houston and Thomas J. Rusk, both now in the U.S. Senate, tried to arrange for his appointment to command a frontier army regiment, but his lack of formal education was against him and the appointment never went through. In 1852, President Franklin Pierce promised him command of the U.S. Second Cavalry, but Secretary of War Jefferson Davis gave it instead to Albert Sidney Johnston. <mask> was appointed U.S. marshal for the Eastern District of Texas in 1852, serving throughout the Pierce and Buchanan administrations. However, conscious of his lack of formal military education, he actually spent much of his term studying military science in libraries in Washington, D.C.In the aftermath of the Utah War, in 1858 he was one of two Peace Commissioners sent to deliver President Buchanan's pardon to Brigham Young in Utah (the other being former Gov. Lazarus W. Powell of Kentucky). As the Commissioners stated during meetings with Brigham and Church leadership, they had no power to negotiate. The Buchanan pardon was non-negotiable: 1) submit to Federal authority, and 2) allow the army to pass through Salt Lake City and establish a post somewhere in Utah. Brigham accepted the pardon under protest that the members of the Church had committed no crimes other than burning the US Army

masks: McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch


texts:
 supply train contracted with Majors & Waddell, on the high plains of Wyoming. <mask> in effect ended the Utah War when he changed the tone of the 2-day meeting on the 2nd morning, June 12, 1858, as reported by the New York Herald, 9 August 1858, 8/2-3: "But while a torrent of beastly and disgusting words were issuing from the throat of [Apostle Erastus] Snow, Commissioner <mask> interrupted him with this remark: "....but I tell you sir, the army shall come in, and no power here can prevent it."" Civil War service
Texas seceded from the union on February 1, 1861, and on February 14, <mask> received a colonel's commission from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, with the comment that "to Texans, a moment's notice is sufficient when their State demands their service."He was authorized to demand the surrender of all federal military posts in the state. Subsequently, on the morning of February 16, U.S. Army General Twiggs, finding that more than 1,000 Texas troops had surrounded his installations in an orderly manner during the night, turned over to <mask> all federal property in San Antonio. In return Twigg's troops were to be allowed to leave the state unharmed. On May 11, President Davis appointed <mask> a brigadier-general. <mask> was placed in command of the Indian Territory. He set up his headquarters at Little Rock, and began piecing together an Army of the West, with regiments from Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. He disagreed strongly with General Sterling Price of Missouri, but with the assistance of Brigadier-General Albert Pike, he was able to build alliances for the Confederacy with the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek nations.On August 10, 1861, <mask>'s troops, though relatively poorly armed, handily defeated the army of Brigadier-General Nathaniel Lyon at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri. "We have an average of only twenty-five rounds of

masks: McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch


texts: ammunition to the man," <mask> reported, "and no more to be had short of Fort Smith and Baton Rouge." He did not have a high opinion of Price's Missourians, noting that they were undisciplined, commanded mostly by incompetent and inexperienced politicians, and possessed only a poor mix of weapons and equipment. For some 5,000 of them, their enlistment time was up and they were anxious to go home. Cooperation between the Arkansas and Missouri contingents was feeble, with "little cordiality of feeling between the two armies." His lack of confidence in the Missourians led <mask> to hesitate when a bold attack might well have destroyed Lyon's smaller force and given Missouri to the Confederacy. The continuing feud between <mask> and Price led to the appointment of Major-General Earl Van Dorn to overall command, Henry Heth and Braxton Bragg having declined the appointment.When Van Dorn launched an expedition against St. Louis, a strategy <mask> strongly opposed, it was again <mask>'s reconnaissance that contributed most to what little success Van Dorn's plan was able to achieve. <mask> commanded the Confederate right wing at the Battle of Pea Ridge (or Elkhorn Tavern), Arkansas, and on March 7, 1862, after much maneuvering his troops overran a key Union artillery battery. Union resistance stiffened late in the morning, however, and as <mask> rode forward to scout out enemy positions, he was shot out of the saddle and died instantly. <mask> always disliked army uniforms and was wearing a black velvet civilian suit and Wellington boots at the time of his death. Credit for the fatal shot was claimed by sharpshooter Peter Pelican of the 36th Illinois Infantry. <mask>'s next in command, Brig. Gen. James M. McIntosh, head of the cavalry, was killed a few minutes later in a charge to recover <mask>'s body.Confederate Col. Louis Hébert was captured in the same charge, and

masks: McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch


texts: the Confederate forces, with no remaining leadership, slowly fell apart and withdrew. Historians generally blame the Confederate disaster at Pea Ridge and the subsequent loss of undefended Arkansas on the death of <mask>. <mask>'s body was buried on the field at Pea Ridge, but was subsequently removed with other victims of the battle to a cemetery in Little Rock. He was later reinterred in the Texas State Cemetery in Austin; the gravesite is in the cemetery's Republic Hill section, Row N, No. 4. His papers are housed at the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History (previously the Barker Texas History Center) at the University of Texas at Austin. McCulloch County, Texas, formed in 1856 and located in the present geographical center of the state, was named for him.He is also one of thirty men inducted into the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame at Fort Fisher, Waco. Shortly after Pea Ridge, Albert Pike, now a brigadier-general, constructed Fort McCulloch as the principal Confederate fortification in the southern section of the Indian Territory, naming it after his late commander. It was built on a bluff on the south bank of the Blue River and is now located in Bryan County, Oklahoma. It was placed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Camp Ben McCulloch (see External Links below) was established near Austin in 1896 as a reunion site for the United Confederate Veterans and is the last such site still owned by the UCV's descendant group, the Sons and Daughters of the Confederacy. It is now a public recreation facility of some 200 acres (0.8 km²), operated by the County of Hays, and is a popular location for Central Texas family reunions, picnics, and musical festivals. Several other members of McCulloch's family followed him to Texas, including his mother.She died in Ellis County in 1866 at the home of another of her sons, John C<mask>, who had been a

masks:
McCulloch
McCulloch
. McCulloch


texts:
 captain in the Confederate army. Her remains were exhumed in 1938 by the State of Texas and reinterred beside those of Gen. <mask>, and a joint monument was erected. Other siblings lived in Gonzales and in Walker County. In popular culture
Steve Earle wrote a song about <mask> on his album Train a Comin'. "Ben McCulloch" is sung from the perspective of a foot soldier in <mask>'s infantry, marched from Texas to fight in Missouri and growing to hate both <mask> and the Civil War. Its chorus and refrain is "Goddamn you, <mask> / I hate you more than any other man alive // And when you die, you'll be a foot soldier just like me / in the Devil's infantry." He is the main antagonist in Harry Turtledove's short story "Lee at the Alamo" (2011).He is also a character in Janice Woods Windle's True Women which was later made into a TV movie. There is a mention of <mask>'s Rangers in Cormac McCarthy's Blood Meridian on page 95, where the men from the Glanton gang are said to be from <mask>'s Rangers: "(...) Tate from Kentucky who had fought with <mask>'s Rangers as had Tobin and others among them (...)". See also

 List of American Civil War Generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
 Wright, Marcus J., General officers of the Confederate Army: officers of the executive departments of the Confederate States, members of the Confederate Congress by states. New York: The Neale Publishing Company 1911. . Reprinted Mattituck, NY: J.M.Carroll, 1983. . . Reprinted Conway, AR: Oldbuck Press, 1993. .

Further reading
 Cutrer, Thomas W. <mask> and the Frontier Military Tradition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. Gunn, Jack W.

masks:
Ben McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
Ben McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
Ben McCulloch


texts:
 "<mask>: A Big Captain." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 58 (July 1954). <mask>, <mask>, "Memoirs", Missouri Historical Review (1932): 354ff. Reid, Samuel C. The Scouting Expeditions of <mask>'s Texas Rangers. Philadelphia, 1847; Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1970 (reprint).Rose, Victor Marion. The Life and Services of Gen. <mask>. Philadelphia, 1888; Austin: Steck, 1958 (reprint). Undated clipping, probably from Dallas Herald, provided by Thomas R. Lindley; <mask> to Henry McArdle, January 14, 1891, Henry McArdle San Jacinto Notebook, TXSL. Earle, Steve. "Ben McCulloch". A song written from the perspective of a foot soldier in the Texas Infantry.External links
 McCulloch Family Tree - <mask>
  Account of <mask>'s Peach Creek fight in 1839 from Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas by John Henry Brown, published 1880, hosted by The Portal to Texas History

 A Guide to the Ben and Henry Eustace McCulloch Family Papers, 1798-1961, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin. murfreesboropost.com Murfreesboro Post site biography of <mask>. nps.gov National Park Service site biography of <mask>. Camp Ben McCulloch, Hays County, Driftwood TX
  Camp Ben <mask> (map), Hays County TX, Google Maps

1811 births
1862 deaths
People from Rutherford County, Tennessee
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
American militia generals
People of the Texas Revolution
Army of the Republic of Texas officers
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Members of the Texas Ranger Division
United States Marshals
People of Texas in the American Civil War
Confederate States military personnel killed in the American Civil War
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
People from Seguin, Texas
19th-century American politicians
United States politicians killed during the Civil War
People from Dyersburg,

masks:
Ben McCulloch
McCulloch
Benjamin
McCulloch
Ben McCulloch
Henry McCulloch
Ben McCulloch
Ben McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch


texts:
<mask> (15 January 1946, Glasgow – 12 June 2009) was a Professor of International Relations at London Metropolitan University, activist, published author and public speaker. He was a member of the editorial committee of New Left Review and was one of the founders of Labour Focus on Eastern Europe. With his older sister and his mother he moved to Belfast in April 1946 and lived there until he was nine. He never knew his father. He went to school at Princess Gardens in Belfast until he was seven and then to Brackenburgh House. When he was nine his mother moved to London to work and he went to prep school in Suffolk, Orwell Park, ultimately becoming head boy. He left there to go to Haileybury and Imperial Service College, in Hertfordshire when he was 13, in 1959 and from there went on to read politics and history at Southampton University.<mask> was diagnosed with his fatal illness only a couple of weeks after the onset of the world financial crisis  Despite knowing that his condition was terminal and his health fast-deteriorating, he not only bore it with good humour, but bravely continued to work to the limits of his capacity over the following months: his article "Crisis in the Heartland" for the January–February 2009 issue of New Left Review provides a succinct account of how he interpreted the origins of the financial crisis. <mask> died at age 63 from the asbestos related disease, peritoneal mesothelioma on 12 June 2009. Books
A Calculus of Power: Grand Strategy in the

masks:
Peter Gowan
Gowan
Peter Gowan


texts:
 Twenty-First Century (Verso 2010)
The Search for Order: Historical Reflections on the Crisis of Grand Strategies (Verso 2008)
The Twisted Road to Kosovo; Introduction (Manifest, Stockholm, 2000)
The Global Gamble: Washington's Faustian Bid for World Dominance (Verso, 1999)
Crisis East and West: Must it be Global Barbarism? Tauris, 1997)
'Poland's Transition from State Socialism to Capitalism' in Gerd Nonneman (ed) Political and Economic Liberalization: Dynamics and Linkages in Comparative Perspective (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1996)

References

External links
<mask>wan Obituary, The Guardian
London Metropolitan University Obituary
Transnational Institute - <mask>wan: In Memoriam
<mask>wan Obituary Debatte Journal
Death of a comrade – <mask>wan: 1946–2009
Marx Site - An Appreciation
Obituary - <mask> (1946-2009)
<mask>, author of The Global Gamble Obituary
Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies Editorial on <mask>wan
<mask>wan, Marxism and Geopolitics by Stathis Kouvelakis
<mask> Gowan’s Theorization of the Forms and Contradictions of US Supremacy: A Critical Assessment
An appreciation of <mask> Gowan's contribution to the field of International Political Economy
Crisis in the Heartland - Homage to <mask> Gowan by Adam Tooze
The Peter Gowan Prize

British Marxists
International Marxist Group members
International relations scholars
British Trotskyists
1946 births
2009 deaths
Academics of London Metropolitan University
Alumni of the University of Southampton
Writers about

masks:
Peter Go
Peter Go
Peter Go
Peter Go
Peter Gowan
Peter Gowan
Peter Go
Peter Go
Peter
Peter
Peter


texts:
<mask>  (July 30, 1924 – May 31, 2018) was a political activist and lawyer who became a cabinet minister in the Manitoba provincial government and dean of law at the University of Manitoba. Education and early career
<mask> was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the son of Winnipeg alderman <mask> (d. 1965) and Rose Shapack (d. 1970). His father was from a Mennonite background, and his mother was Jewish. He served in Europe during World War II in the Canadian artillery. At the end of the war, he earned credits at the Khaki University of Canada. He continued his education at the University of Manitoba, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1949 and an LL.B. in 1961.He began working at the University of Manitoba in 1967, and became a professor in 1972. From 1972 to 1978, he was the president of Legal Aid Manitoba, and from 1979 to 1980, he was president of the Canadian Association of University Teachers. In 1949, he married Adeline ("Addie") Wdoviak, and in 1982, he married Janet Kay Baldwin. Political career
Penner's parents and his older brother Norman were active in the communist Labor-Progressive Party. In the federal election of 1953, he ran as a candidate of the party in the predominantly middle-class riding of Winnipeg South Centre. He finished a poor fourth with only 504 votes. He also ran as an LPP candidate for school trustee in the Winnipeg municipal election of 1953.<mask> left the Labour-Progressive Party in 1961, part of a mass exodus in the years following the Soviet invasion of Hungary and Nikita Khrushchev's secret speech on Joseph Stalin's crimes. His brother Norman had left in 1957, while his father Jacob remained a party member. Penner completed law school and practised criminal law for several years before becoming a law professor. In 1980, he announced that he would seek the  nomination of the New Democratic Party in the riding of St. Johns in the 1981 election. There was some speculation that <mask>'s communist past would damage his political ambitions, especially as Winnipeg alderman Joe Zuken had lost a mayoral election the previous year when his communist politics

masks:
Roland Penner
Penner
Jacob Penner
Penner
Penner


texts: became an issue. Penner rejected this suggestion, however, saying, "There's a fundamental difference between Joe and myself in that I'm not a member of the Communist Party. I'm a member of the NDP.[...] I was a member of the Communist Party at one time, but that's ancient history. That was twenty years ago. It may be raised but it's not relevant. It would ignore what I've been doing the last two decades." He later chose not to run in St. Johns, and sought another riding. The party wanted him to run against Progressive Party leader Sid Green in the riding of Inkster. He declined and ran instead in Fort Rouge, where he defeated incumbent Liberal June Westbury.On November 30, 1981, Premier Howard Pawley appointed <mask> to be Government House Leader, chair of the Treasury Board, and attorney general. He was also given ministerial responsibility for the Liquor Control Act on March 4, 1982, and stood down as Treasury Board Chair on July 28 of the same year. On November 4, 1983, he stood down as house leader and received the additional portfolio of Consumer and Corporate Affairs. <mask> was easily re-elected in the 1986 election. He was retained as attorney general and given responsibility for Constitutional Affairs and the Liquor Control Act. Following a cabinet shuffle on September 21, 1987, <mask> was named Minister of Education, while retaining responsibility for constitutional matters. The New Democratic Party experienced a significant decline in its popularity between 1986 and 1988, and <mask> lost his seat to Liberal challenger Jim Carr in the 1988 provincial election.As attorney-general, <mask> introduced Manitoba's first human rights legislation. He also introduced freedom of information legislation and was responsible for implementing legislation requiring French language services after the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the province was violating its constitutional obligations. (The latter action resulted in a backlash in some parts of the province, leading to the rise of anti-bilingualism groups such as the Confederation of Regions Party.) As minister responsible for constitutional

masks: Penner Penner Penner Penner Penner


texts:
 affairs, Penner also participated in negotiations for what became the Meech Lake Accord. Although he supported abortion rights, Penner was required to uphold a decision by the Manitoba courts which prevented Henry Morgentaler from opening a private clinic in the province. Penner was also an early champion of including sexual orientation in Canada's human rights code. Because of his background in communist politics, Penner was for many years forbidden from entering the United States of America under the McCarran-Walter Act.Special provisions had to be made allowing him to enter America as a cabinet minister. After politics
Following his loss, Penner returned to teaching at the University of Manitoba. He taught courses in constitutional law, criminal law, labour law, evidence, and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. He served as a University Dean between 1989 and 1994. He wrote several works, including a number on the privacy rights of Canadians. In 1993, he openly questioned the attempts of Bob Rae's New Democratic Party government in Ontario to restrict tenure to professors deemed to hold socially unacceptable views. He retired from teaching in 2009.In 2010, it was revealed that <mask>'s name was on a secret list of Communist sympathizers kept during the Cold War; these persons were to be watched by the RCMP and could have been detained at internment camps in the event of a national security crisis. In 2007, <mask> published A Glowing Dream: A Memoir (Winnipeg: J. Gordon Shillingford Publishing, 2007). In 2011, he co-wrote They Shoot Doctors Don't They: A Memoir with Jack Fainman. Honours

In 2000, he was named to the Order of Canada. In 2014, he was made a member of the Order of Manitoba. Footnotes

1924 births
2018 deaths
Canadian people of German descent
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Canadian socialists
Labor-Progressive Party candidates in the 1953 Canadian federal election
Members of the Executive Council of Manitoba
Members of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of Manitoba
New Democratic Party of Manitoba MLAs
Politicians from Winnipeg
Canadian

masks: Penner Penner


texts:
<mask> (born November 20, 1985) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals, Colorado Rockies, St. Louis Cardinals, Washington Nationals and Arizona Diamondbacks. <mask> is a three-time All-Star. After pitching for Western Carolina University, <mask> made his MLB debut with the Royals in 2010. He became their closer and made the All-Star Game in 2013 and 2014, and also won the Mariano Rivera Award in 2014. <mask> was a member of the 2015 Kansas City Royals team that won the World Series. He missed the 2016 season while recovering from Tommy John surgery, and signed with the Colorado Rockies for the 2017 season.He led the National League in saves with the Rockies, and signed with the Cardinals for the 2018 season. Early career
<mask> attended McDowell High School in Marion, North Carolina, and he played for the school's baseball team as a third baseman. He suffered a broken jaw when he was hit in the face by a ball, requiring his jaw to be wired shut. He lost weight, dropping to about , and drew little interest from college baseball programs. He enrolled at Western Carolina University, and walked on to the Catamounts' baseball team as a pitcher. While at Western Carolina, he had a 10–12 win–loss record with a 4.34 earned run average (ERA) from 2005 to 2007. Professional career

Kansas City Royals
The Kansas City Royals selected <mask> in the 10th round of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft.<mask> began his professional career in 2007, making 22 relief appearances for the Idaho Falls Chukars of the Rookie-level Pioneer League, and going

masks:
Gregory Scott Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland


texts:
 6–1 with a 3.48 ERA, striking out 37 batters in 33 innings. In 2008, he pitched for the Wilmington Blue Rocks of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League, going 4–5 with a 3.42 ERA in 32 games (seven starts), fanning 96 batters in 84 innings. He split 2009 between the Northwest Arkansas Naturals of the Class AA Texas League and the Omaha Royals of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League, going a combined 4–3 with a 3.81 ERA in 35 relief appearances. 2010–2013
<mask> began the 2010 season with the Omaha Royals, going 3–3 with a 3.81 ERA in 36 relief appearances for them overall. He was promoted to the majors on July 29, 2010 and made 15 relief appearances for the Kansas City Royals, going 0–1 with 23 strikeouts and a 6.75 ERA in 18 innings. <mask> started the 2011 season in Omaha, but was called up again in May, earning his first major league win in a May 19 game against the Texas Rangers. He pitched in 46 games for the big league club that season, going 5–1 with a 1.80 ERA.He allowed only 37 hits and struck out 74 batters in 60 innings. At the minor league level, he was 2–0 with a 2.08 ERA in 13 relief appearances that season. In 2012, <mask> went 7–4 with 16 saves, 91 strikeouts and a 2.96 ERA in 67 relief appearances. He assumed closing duties when Jonathan Broxton, who began the season as the team's closer, was traded to the Cincinnati Reds on July 31. He also pitched in two games at the minor league level that year. In 2013, <mask> became the Royals full-time closer and converted 47 of 50 save opportunities. On September 26, 2013, <mask> set the Royals single season saves record with his 46th save in a 3–2 win over the Chicago White

masks: Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland


texts:
 Sox.He surpassed Dan Quisenberry and Jeff Montgomery who both had 45 save seasons. 2014–2016
<mask> had his second straight All-Star year in 2014, converting 46 of 48 save opportunities while compiling a 1.44 ERA. He appeared in eight games in the postseason leading up to the Royals World Series appearance, posting a 1.13 ERA over 8 innings and earning 6 saves. He tied a playoff series record by saving 4 games in the ALCS (matching Dennis Eckersley's record in the 1988 ALCS), the first since John Wetteland in the 1996 World Series. On October 22, <mask> won the inaugural Mariano Rivera Award for his outstanding performance as a closer. Two days later in Game 3 of the World Series he saved his record-tying seventh game of the postseason, sharing the record with Wetteland, Robb Nen, Troy Percival, Brad Lidge and Koji Uehara. After serving the bulk of the 2015 season as the Royals' closer, compiling 32 saves with a 3.83 ERA, doctors discovered in late September that <mask> had a "significant tear" in his right ulnar collateral ligament.On September 22, the Royals announced that <mask>'s season was over, and that he would likely require Tommy John surgery. On September 29, the team confirmed that <mask> was scheduled to undergo the surgery on October 2, and that he would likely miss most, if not all, of the 2016 season. With the Royals finishing the season 95–67, the team won the 2015 World Series against the New York Mets, their first title in 30 years. After the 2015 season, <mask> was granted free agency. <mask> missed the entire 2016 season as he continued to recover from Tommy John surgery. Colorado Rockies

On January 26, 2017,

masks: Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland


texts:
 <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Colorado Rockies. On April 3, he earned his first save since September 17, 2015, defeating the Milwaukee Brewers on his Rockies debut and Opening Day.<mask> won the National League Reliever of the Month Award for April. On Mother's Day, <mask> broke the Rockies franchise record of converting 16 consecutive saves to start a season, formerly held by José Jiménez, which he had set in 2002. <mask> won his second consecutive NL Reliever of the Month Award for the month of May, going for 20-for-20 in save opportunities, a 1.31 ERA and 0.82 WHIP through May. He was selected to his third All-Star Game, played at Marlins Park in Miami. At that point, he saved an MLB-best 28 of 29 chances with a 1.62 ERA and opponents batted .162/.264/.259. He slumped in August, allowing 14 earned runs in  innings. At the season's end, <mask> had tied the Rockies franchise record for saves in one season while tying for the National League lead with Los Angeles Dodgers' Kenley Jansen.<mask>'s ERA was 3.61, and he qualified for enough incentives to increase his salary from the base $9 million to $15 million. Having a player option for 2018, he chose not to exercise it, making him a free agent. He won the NL Comeback Player of the Year Award. St. Louis Cardinals
Holland signed a one-year, $14 million, contract with the St. Louis Cardinals on March 31, 2018. The Cardinals assigned him to the Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League to ensure his conditioning before promoting him to the major leagues. In his major league debut with the club versus the Milwaukee Brewers on April 10, he appeared

masks: Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland


texts:
 in the tenth inning and walked four batters, including walking a run to Orlando Arcia, which led to a 5−4 loss. On May 26, 2018, after putting up a 9.45 ERA for the 2018 season, the Cardinals put <mask> on the 10-day disabled list with a hip impingement.After compiling a 7.92 ERA and a 2.24 WHIP in 25 relief innings pitched, <mask> was designated for assignment on July 27. He was released on August 1, 2018. Washington Nationals
On August 7, 2018, he signed a contract with the Washington Nationals. He greatly improved from his time in St. Louis, pitching 21 innings with 25 strikeouts, 10 walks, and a 0.84 ERA. Arizona Diamondbacks
On January 31, 2019, <mask> signed a one-year, $3.5 million deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks. The deal also includes an additional $3.5 million in incentive bonuses. Initially, <mask> performed well for the Diamondbacks as their closer, posting a 1.37 ERA in his first 20 games.His season soon unraveled; in his next 20 games, he posted an 8.44 ERA, and blew several save opportunities. Memorably, on July 2, <mask> entered in the bottom of the ninth at Dodger Stadium with the Diamondbacks holding a 4–3 lead. He successfully recorded two outs, but then proceeded to walk four Dodgers in a row, tying the game. With the bases still loaded, <mask> was replaced on the mound by T. J. McFarland, who promptly walked Cody Bellinger he faced to lose the game. On July 26, <mask> entered to pitch the bottom of the ninth at Marlins Park with a 2–1 Diamondbacks lead. He allowed a leadoff double to Garrett Cooper, walked Neil Walker, and gave up a single to Starlin Castro which loaded the bases with nobody out. Jorge


texts:
 Alfaro hit a sacrifice fly to tie the game for the Marlins, and <mask> was replaced with Yoshihisa Hirano, who allowed a walk-off sacrifice fly to Harold Ramírez.Following the blown save, manager Torey Lovullo announced <mask> would no longer serve as the Diamondbacks' closer. The Diamondbacks eventually designated <mask> for assignment on August 7, 2019. He was released on August 10. Washington Nationals (second stint)
On August 13, 2019, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals and was assigned to the Double-A Harrisburg Senators. Kansas City Royals (second stint)
<mask> signed a minor league deal with the Royals on January 29, 2020. He made the Opening Day roster, and had his contract selected on July 23, 2020. With the 2020 Kansas City Royals, <mask> appeared in 28 games, compiling a 3–0 record with 1.91 ERA and 31 strikeouts in 28.1 innings pitched.On December 14, 2020, <mask> re-signed with the Royals on a one-year $2.75MM deal. Pitching report
With an overhand delivery, <mask> throws a four-seam fastball that is regularly clocked at 95-96 mph, topping out at 100 mph. He pairs his fastball with a slider around 86 mph, and a rare splitter around 85-89 mph. Personal life
He is the son of Scott and <mask>. He has a brother, <mask>, and a sister, <mask> Berryhill. He is married to Lacey. Their first child was born on October 1, 2014.Their second child was born on July 27, 2017. References

External links

Living people
1985 births
Baseball players from North Carolina
Major League Baseball pitchers
American League All-Stars
National League All-Stars
National League saves champions
Kansas City Royals

masks:
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Kim Holland
Chase Holland
Ashley Holland


texts:
 players
Colorado Rockies players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Washington Nationals players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Western Carolina Catamounts baseball players
Idaho Falls Chukars players
Wilmington Blue Rocks players
Northwest Arkansas Naturals players
Omaha Royals players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Palm Beach Cardinals players
People from Marion, North


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<mask> (born September 24, 1969), more commonly known by his stage persona "Clown", is an American musician who is one of the two percussionists/background vocalists and co-founder of heavy metal band Slipknot. When performing with Slipknot, he is also known as #6. As of 2022, Crahan is the last remaining original member of the first Slipknot lineup before their big break in 1999. Crahan is the oldest member of Slipknot, with extensive involvement in Slipknot's media production, directing Slipknot's music videos. Outside Slipknot, Crahan had two side project bands called To My Surprise and Dirty Little Rabbits. Aside from his musical activity, he also directed the 2016 film Officer Downe. Personal life
<mask> was born in Des Moines, Iowa in 1969.In college, he majored in Creative Writing. He performed in bands such as Heads on the Wall and One Cup of Fat before forming The Pale Ones, which would later become known as Slipknot. Crahan married his wife Chantel in June 1992, in Des Moines, Iowa. They had four children together: Alexandria, Gage, Gabrielle, and Simon. Crahan is also a filmographer and photographer, having published a Slipknot photo album "The Apocalyptic Nightmare" in 2012. In 2012, he also made his debut acting appearance in the film The Devil's Carnival. He is also a collector of baseball cards.He is a smoker and has been willing to break the law to smoke inside venues along with other members of Slipknot, even when subject to a significant fine. On May 18, 2019, Crahan announced on multiple social media networks, that his youngest daughter, Gabrielle, had died at the age of 22. Allegedly, her cause of death was a drug

masks:
Michael Shawn Crahan
Crahan


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 overdose and her death came only days after she celebrated five months of sobriety. Career

Film career
In June 2016, Crahan made his directing debut with the film Officer Downe based on the graphic novel Officer Downe written by Joe Casey and Chris Burnham. Crahan also directed the music video for the song "A-M-E-R-I-C-A" by Motionless in White and "We Are" by Hollywood Undead. With Slipknot
In 1995, Crahan formed a metal band known as the Pale Ones with fellow musician Paul Gray, which featured himself as the band's drummer. Wanting to expand the band's percussion section, Crahan brought in Joey Jordison to fill in as drummer while Crahan's efforts were focused on percussion.The lead vocalist, Anders Colsefni, played a second percussion kit, which gave the band a layered, distinctive drum sound. In 1996, they released a song known as "Slipknot", and through Joey's suggestion, the band changed their name to Slipknot and released their first official album. This album would later become known to the band as their demo. Crahan felt that the original vocalist for Slipknot was too guttural, and was the primary reason for Slipknot's inability to get a record deal. He brought in Corey Taylor from another local band called Stone Sour, whose vocals were more melodic. Slipknot got a record deal a couple years later and released their first official album in 1999. Slipknot gained major notability the same year by touring with Ozzfest.In Slipknot's early years, Crahan brought several dead cow heads on stage. As well as lending his percussion talents to the band, Crahan has also sung backing vocals on a number of songs Slipknot has both recorded


texts: and performed live. He also wrote the original draft of "Tattered & Torn", which originally appeared on the band's first album, Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat. which featured the original singer of Slipknot before Corey Taylor was brought in as a replacement.A second version of "Tattered & Torn" was released on their self-titled album, and is the version that most people know. Outside Slipknot, Crahan has founded Big Orange Clown Records, a vanity label within Sanctuary Records, which has so far signed the metalcore band Gizmachi. He also acted as director for, and assembled Slipknot's 2005 DVD, Voliminal: Inside the Nine, while the band was on hiatus. He also performed with To My Surprise, recording guitar and vocals for the band's self-titled debut album. The band received little interest due to their album being released amidst the success of Slipknot members Corey Taylor, Jim Root and Joey Jordison's side projects, Stone Sour and the Murderdolls, respectively. To My Surprise was later dropped by Roadrunner Records. In 2007, Crahan began performing as drummer for Dirty Little Rabbits.The band was a supporting act for Stone Sour during their North American tour in Summer 2007, and have released one EP, titled Breeding. They have since signed a deal with The End Records as of November 2008. In 2009, he contributed to Bring Me the Horizon's remix album, Suicide Season: Cut Up!, by remixing the track "Sleep With One Eye Open". Also in 2009, <mask> remixed Coheed and Cambria's "Welcome Home" and a Suicide Silence track on their Wake Up EP entitled "Wake Up (Clown of Slipknot Remix)". In 2010, he contributed to Escape the Fate's This War Is Ours


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 deluxe edition, by remixing the track "This War Is Ours (The Guillotine Part II)," and in 2011, he remixed "Angels of Clarity" for Dead by April on their compilation album "Stronger." Crahan has confirmed the formation of a brand-new side project called The Black Dots of Death who released their debut studio album Ever Since We Were Children on March 28, 2011. He is the director of many of Slipknot's music videos, DVDs and other artistic projects.He also directed the "We Are" videoclip from the band Hollywood Undead

Crahan generally wears clown-style masks while performing with Slipknot; however, on occasion, when performing the band's song "Vermilion", all band members will wear their own death masks instead. He also featured as the carny "Tamer" in The Devil's Carnival, a short film directed by Darren Lynn Bousman which was screened on their tour beginning in April 2012. Influence on Slipknot
Crahan has been credited with several things that Slipknot is known for, such as their large percussion section and their masks. Crahan began wearing a clown mask to rehearsals when the band was still fairly unknown, spawning the mask theme that the band is known for today. Crahan has had several masks throughout his career with Slipknot, all of which are clown themed except for his "death mask", which was used in the video for the song "Vermilion". Crahan's earliest known mask and perhaps his most referenced one is one that he used during Slipknot's earliest self-titled album which is a happy looking clown mask, balding with long orange hair. Discography

With Slipknot
 1996: Mate.Feed. Kill. Repeat. 1999: Slipknot
 2001: Iowa
 2004: Vol. 3:


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 (The Subliminal Verses)
 2008: All Hope Is Gone
 2014: .5: The Gray Chapter
 2019: We Are Not Your Kind

With To My Surprise
 2003: To My Surprise

With Dirty Little Rabbits
 2007: Breeding
 2009: Simon
 2010: Dirty Little Rabbits

With The Black Dots of Death
 2011: Ever Since We Were Children

Guest appearances and remixes
 American Head Charge – "Just So You Know" (Clown #6 from Slipknot Remix) (2002)
 Mindless Self Indulgence – "Pay for It" (The Son of a Clown Remix) (2008)
 Darren Smith & Terrance Zdunich – "Repo! 50 – Mudvayne
 2001: Invitation to the Dance – 40 Below Summer
 2002: Downthesun – Downthesun
 2003: To My Surprise – To My Surprise
 2005: The Imbuing – Gizmachi

Filmography
 1999: Welcome to Our Neighborhood
 2002: Disasterpieces
 2002: Rollerball
 2006: Voliminal: Inside the Nine
 2008: Repo: The Genetic Opera – percussion
 2008: Nine: The Making of "All Hope Is Gone"
 2010: (sic)nesses
 2011: Goat
 2012: The Devil's Carnival – The Tamer
 2012: A Beary Scary Movie
 2012: We Are (Hollywood Undead music video)
 2013: A M E R I C A (Motionless in White music video)
 2016: Officer Downe – director
 2017: Day of the Gusano – director
 2020: Pollution – director (short film)
 2015: “The Vatican Tapes” - cameo

References

External links

Official website (archived)

1969 births
American heavy metal drummers
American heavy metal singers
American male singers
Dirty Little Rabbits members
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Nu metal drummers
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Roadrunner Records artists
Slipknot (band) members
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
American film directors
American music


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<mask> (1848 – 20 September 1913), of Montreal, was a Scottish-born Canadian civil engineer, businessman and philanthropist. He established his fortune predominantly through railway construction, notably for the Canadian Pacific Railway, of which he was the major shareholder, and advising Lord Strathcona on railway projects in Argentina and Chile. He oversaw the electrification of street railways in Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, Saint John, Birmingham (England), Mexico City and São Paulo. He was president of the Dominion Bridge Company, the Mexican Power Company etc. He was Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel of the 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars and Governor of McGill University and the Royal Victoria Hospital. He was an avid collector of the Old Masters and president of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. He owned several yachts including two named Glencairn and became the first Canadian to be made a member of the Royal Yacht Squadron.He funded the construction of the Ross Memorial Wing at the Royal Vic; the Ross Memorial Hospital and Nurse's Home at Lindsay, Ontario; and the Protestant Hospital for the Insane at Verdun, Quebec. He lived in the Golden Square Mile. Early life
<mask> was born in 1848 at Cromarty, Scotland. He was the eldest son of Captain John R<mask> (d. 1889), a merchant and shipowner, and his wife Mary B. McKeddie (1826–1896), daughter of Captain McKeddie of Newcastle-on-Tyne. <mask> was educated at Inverness Royal Academy and afterwards trained as a civil engineer in England. He worked for a while in a railway, harbour and water works before coming to the United States in 1868 to apply his talents to the rapidly expanding North American railway industry. In

masks:
James Leveson Ross
Ross
. Ross
Ross


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 1870, he was appointed engineer, then chief engineer, of the Ulster and Delaware Railroad.Career

Railway engineer
he made railways. After marrying in 1872 (see notes below on his family), <mask> became chief engineer of the Wisconsin Central Railway and then the Lake Ontario Shore Railroad. On Lake Ontario, <mask> came into contact with George Laidlaw and several other well-connected railway promoters, who persuaded him to come to Canada. He was appointed chief engineer of Laidlaw's Victoria Railway, and in 1879, he built the Credit Valley Railway. <mask> was then appointed as acting consulting engineer for the Ontario and Quebec Railway, during which time he came into contact with three ambitious young men, namely William Mackenzie, Donald Mann and Herbert S. Holt. After slow progress was being made in connecting the Canadian Pacific Railway west of Winnipeg, in 1883 under new CEO William Cornelius Van Horne, the company formed the wholly owned North American Railway Contracting Company (NARCC). With the brief to meet up with the team driving east from the Pacific Ocean under Andrew Onderdonk, <mask> was appointed general manager and chief engineer of the NARCC, and he immediately employed the services of Mackenzie, Mann and Holt.Starting at Swift Current, they built  of railway to Craigellachie, British Columbia, by 7 November 1885, over the Rocky Mountains, the Selkirks and the Gold Range. Completing the project a year ahead of time, Van Horne commented at the opening of the line that <mask>'s record meant millions to the Canadian Pacific Railway. In achieving this, <mask> stuck up a lifelong friendship with Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, who drove "The Last

masks: Ross Ross Ross Ross Ross Ross


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 Spike". In 1886, <mask> was appointed manager of construction for the Ontario and Quebec Railway, filling in gaps to allow full access into the CPR's Montreal to Windsor line, and onwards to the Michigan Central Railroad. <mask> then negotiated the entry of the CPR into the American state of Maine, building the International Railway of Maine east from Montreal into an Atlantic Ocean terminal in Bangor, with an extension to Saint John. <mask> then completed extensions of the CPR west of the Rockies to enable full access to the Pacific. At the time of his death, he was still a director of the CPR and was said to have been the company's largest shareholder.Railway investor
Having completed his work at the CPR, he advised both Lord Strathcona and William Mackenzie on railway contracts in South America, netting US$20 million alone for consulting work in Argentina and Chile. He also formed a railway consulting and contracting company with Mackenzie, Mann and Holt, with:
<mask> as general manager,
Mann preparing and grading roadbeds,
Mackenzie cutting the ties and organising timber work for trestles and bridges, and
Holt laying track, general finishing, and clean-up work. Advising on and constructing feeder lines north from the CPR mainline, the company completed early work on the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Railway, and constructed both the Regina and Long Lake Railway and the Calgary and Edmonton Railway. The partners also negotiated the incorporation of several land development companies, including the Calgary and Edmonton Land Company and the Canada Land and Investment Company. In a later 1887 partnership with George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen and Van Horne, they established the Lake

masks: Ross Ross Ross Ross


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 of the Woods Milling Company, which bought and processed grain. In 1889, <mask> became first president of the Columbia River Lumber Company, which provided timber for railways and housing projects. Street cars and electricity
After moving to Montreal in 1888, in partnership with William Mackenzie, he oversaw the electrification of street railways in Montreal, Saint John, the Toronto Street Railway and Winnipeg Transit.They later took over the City of Birmingham Tramways Company Ltd in England, reorganising and electrifying that. Mackenzie then looked for other opportunities in South America, resulting in similar projects in Mexico City and the highly profitable São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company, whose holding company later acted as a holding company for all of the team's Canadian and global street car investments. As the partners recognised the need for clean electricity, they each became involved in local hydro electric projects. <mask> through investment became first president of the Mexican Power Company, which developed a hydro electric dam at Necaxa to provide electricity for Mexico City. Dominion Bridge, Coal and Steel
In 1890, <mask> replaced Job Abbott as president of Dominion Bridge Company, a major contractor to the CPR for replacing wooden bridges with stronger and lower-maintenance steel replacements. Although credited to the drive of <mask>, vice-president <mask> Dawes lead the developed via joint-venture the St Lawrence Bridge Company to construct the Quebec Bridge. <mask> saw the great need for steel, and formed a syndicate to buy the Dominion Coal Company.Investing in further shares independently, <mask> built up such a huge stake in Dominion Coal that he

masks:
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
James Pawley
Ross
Ross


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 was invited to join the board of the Dominion Iron and Steel Company. However, his influence could not resolve a long contract dispute between the two for the supply of high-grade coal at a disadvantageous price, which resulted in a case review at the High Court of Justice in London, England. Although fault was found on both sides, the contract was found to be legal. <mask> resigned from both boards, thus allowing a later merger between the two companies. Private life

In 1892, architect Bruce Price completed a French château-style mansion for <mask> at 3644 Peel Street in Montreal's Golden Square Mile. Between 1897 and 1912, the Maxwell brothers (Edward and William Maxwell) expanded the house, adding an art gallery among other rooms. <mask>' only child, <mask>, had a house built for himself across the road at 3647 Peel Street, which was designed by the Maxwell brothers and completed in 1910.However, after the death of his parents, he moved back to his childhood home. He hired the firm of Trowbridge & Livingston, again expanding and remodeling the family mansion. After <mask> was declared bankrupt in 1928, the mansion was purchased in 1948 by businessman J.W. McConnell. He then donated it to McGill University, and the building was renamed Chancellor Day Hall (now called Old Chancellor Day Hall). It has been used since that time by the McGill University Faculty of Law. In December 2017, representatives of the Clan Ross Association of Canada and members of the McGill Faculty of Law unveiled a plaque commemorating <mask>.The plaque is located near the main entrance of Old Chancellor Day Hall. <mask> had a passion for art and became a significant collector. At the time of his death, he

masks:
Ross
Ross
Ross
Jack Ross
Jack Ross
Ross
Ross


texts: had amassed one of the largest and finest collections of Old Masters on the North American continent. Through this passion, <mask> became president of the Montreal Art Association, leaving much of his collection to the museum on his death. <mask>' father had been a shipowner, and <mask> too had become a keen sailor after settling in Montreal in 1888. He was made honorary Commodore of the Royal St. Lawrence Yacht Club. He was a member of the New York Yacht Club and the first Canadian member of the Royal Yacht Squadron and the Royal Thames Yacht Club, both in England.He owned several yachts during his lifetime, including the Glencairn, which won the coveted and prestigious Seawanhaka Corinthian Cup for half-raters in American waters, 1896. However, his most famous yacht was the Liberty, purchased in 1912 from the deceased newspaper magnate Joseph Pulitzer. The yacht (which he renamed Glencairn after his previous vessel) required a staff of sixty-five and had a full auditorium, numerous state rooms, and first-class dining rooms. He undertook a cruise around the world in the hope that it would restore his health, but he died soon after returning to Montreal. After retiring from engineering and active investment, <mask> sat on the boards of numerous companies, including the Bank of Montreal and the Royal Trust Company. He was a member of both the American and the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, and he was appointed honorary Lieutenant-Colonel of the 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars. He was a Trustee of Bishop's College School, Governor of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, and of McGill University, donating generously to all institutions.<mask> was a member of several

masks: Ross Ross Ross Ross Ross


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 clubs not already mentioned, including the Constitutional Club in London, the Manhattan Club in New York City, and the Montreal Hunt, Jockey, Royal Golf and Racquet Clubs. Philanthropy

Throughout his lifetime, and in his will, <mask> made numerous donations to various charitable and cultural institutions. In memory of his parents, at Lindsay, Ontario, he built the Ross Memorial Hospital and a Nurse's Home. During his lifetime he had donated generously to the Alexandra Hospital and the Royal Victoria Hospital, both in Montreal. In his will, he directed his son, J.K.L<mask>, to continue his support of the Royal Vic, by way of which his son gave $1 million to construct the Ross Memorial Pavilion in 1915. He also built the Protestant Hospital for the Insane at Verdun, Quebec, of which he became a Governor.<mask> was a generous donor to McGill University, and he made several donations of $25,000 during his lifetime to the Montreal Art Association and towards the building of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in 1912. In his will, he left the Art Association a further $100,000 and much of his collection of Old Masters. Family

In 1872, <mask> had married Annie Kerr (1847–1915), the eldest daughter of John W. Kerr (1824–1904), of Kingston, New York, and his wife Annie Jane Love. His father-in-law was a prominent politician with the Democratic Party and formerly the Sheriff of Ulster County, New York. The <mask>es were the parents of one son, John Kenneth Leveson <mask>. In 1902, he married Ethel Matthews, daughter of Wilmot Deloui Matthews (1850–1919) of Toronto. They were the parents of a son and a daughter.They divorced in 1930 and the following year, in Jamaica, he married Iris de

masks:
Ross
. Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross


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 Lisser, sister of H. G. de Lisser. Towards the end of his life, <mask> devoted most of his time to sailing in European and Canadian waters. Following his around the world trip aboard his yacht Glencairn, <mask> died of existing heart complications at his home in the Golden Square Mile on 20 September 1913. See also
List of Bishop's College School alumni

References

External links
<mask> at Quebec History
Biography of <mask>
Obituary of <mask> in the Ottawa Citizen

People from the Black Isle
Scottish civil engineers
Scottish expatriates in the United States
Scottish emigrants to Canada
Canadian civil engineers
Canadian railway pioneers
Canadian Pacific Railway executives
Businesspeople from Montreal
Canadian philanthropists
Canadian socialites
1848 births
1913 deaths
McGill University people
Bishop's College School alumni
19th-century

masks:
Ross
Ross
James Ross
James Ross
James Ross


texts: <mask> (born 20 July 1938) is a Turkish politician at the Republican People's Party ( Turkish: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, abbreviated CHP) who served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1995 to 1996. Having served in numerous government positions, <mask> led the CHP from 1992 to February 1995, from September 1995 to 1999 and again from 2000 to 2010. Between 2002 and 2010, he also served as the Leader of the Opposition by virtue of leading the second largest party in Parliament. First elected to Parliament in 1973, <mask> went on to serve as Minister of Finance in the CHP-MSP coalition of 1974 and as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources in the third government of Bülent Ecevit from 1978 to 1979. With the CHP shut down during the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, <mask> was briefly imprisoned before being elected to Parliament once again in 1987 from the new Social Democratic People's Party (SHP). <mask> was one of the leading members of the re-established CHP, which was founded again in 1992. He served as the party's leader until 1995, when the CHP and SHP merged during a convention.He was re-elected leader in September 1995, after which <mask> contested the 1995 general election and formed a coalition government with Tansu Çiller's True Path Party. He served concurrently as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1995 and 1996. Leading the CHP into a landslide defeat in the 1999 general election, <mask> resigned after the party was entirely ejected from Parliament for failing to surpass the 10% election threshold. Regardless, he was re-elected as leader in 2000 and led the party to a moderate success in the 2002 general election, becoming the Leader of the Opposition. He resigned as leader in 2010 after the release of a video of <mask>'s private relationship with another CHP MP. As the oldest MP in Parliament following the June 2015 general election, <mask> briefly served as the interim Speaker of the Grand National Assembly. He was the CHP's candidate to become the permanent Parliamentary Speaker for the 25th Parliament of Turkey in the June–July

masks:
Deniz Baykal
Baykal
Baykal
Baykal
Baykal
Baykal
Baykal
Baykal
Baykal


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 2015 speaker elections, but lost to Justice and Development Party candidate İsmet Yılmaz.Following a breakdown of coalition talks after the election, <mask> was offered a ministerial position in the subsequent interim election government formed by AKP leader Ahmet Davutoğlu, which he turned down in line with the party executive's decision. He became interim parliamentary Speaker for a second time on 17 November 2015 by virtue of being the oldest MP after the November 2015 general election. He was succeeded by the AKP MP İsmail Kahraman, who was elected Speaker on 22 November 2015. Early years
<mask> was born to Hüseyin Hilmi and Feride in Antalya. He was educated at the University of Ankara Faculty of Law. He later studied at the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University as a Rockefeller scholar. Following this, he has completed his Ph.D. by 1963 at the University of Ankara Faculty of Political Science.He became an Associate Professor at the same faculty, where he lectured until 1973. Political career before 1980

Early career
<mask> first become involved in politics during the 1950s, having taken part in student movements opposing the Democratic Party (Turkish: Demokrat Parti) government of Adnan Menderes. He was noticed by senior officials of the CHP after writing a detailed analysis of the party's defeat in the 1965 general election, which would form the basis of his academic thesis that he submitted to become a docent. In the 1973 general election, he was elected as a CHP Member of Parliament for Antalya. At the time of his election, he was the youngest MP in Parliament. Minister of Finance, 1974
In the short-lived coalition government of Bülent Ecevit that had been formed with the Islamist National Salvation Party led by Necmettin Erbakan, <mask> become the Minister of Finance. His tenure would last under a year, with the unlikely partnership between the secular-orientated CHP and the Islamist-orientated MSP collapsing in November 1974.Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, 1978-79
<mask> became the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources in the third cabinet of

masks: Baykal Baykal Baykal Baykal Baykal


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 Bülent Ecevit, which lasted from January 1978 to November 1979. The government had a narrow vote of confidence in Parliament due to a loose coalition with independent MPs, the Democratic Party and the Republican Reliance Party. Despite the government maintaining a small majority, the CHP lost ground in the Senate and by-elections held in October 1979, causing Ecevit to resign. At the same time as serving as Energy and Natural Resources Minister, <mask> was also elected to the CHP Party Council and served as both a Central Executive Committee member and a deputy Secretary General of the party. In the party convention held after the disappointing 1979 senate and by-elections, he was heavily critical of the party's established executive. 1980 coup d'état

Like many politicians of the 1970s, <mask> was arrested and detained in Ankara, receiving a ban of five years from the military on grounds of political activities. <mask> joined the Social Democracy Party SODEP in 1984.In a constitutional referendum held in 1987, the electorate voted to lift all political bans from the coup-era. As a result, Ecevit, Süleyman Demirel and other key politicians of the pre-1980 era returned to politics alongside <mask>. Political career after 1980

SHP era, 1987
SODEP merged with the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP) in 1987 and <mask> was elected again as an MP from Antalya in 1987 general elections. He was elected to the second chair of the Social Democratic People's Party as the General Secretary in 1988 and served as the party's parliamentary group leader. He stood as General secretary on 10 September 1990, after which he stood against the party's leader Erdal İnönü three times but failed to win on all occasions. He became the leader of the inner-party opposition to the leadership. During this period, he served as the co-president of the Turkey-European Union inter-parliamentary committee and was a member of the parliamentary foreign policy committee.Re-establishment of the CHP, 1992
In 1992, with the abandonment of laws prohibiting the re-foundation of former political parties, he led a significant


texts:
 movement and re-established the historical Republican People's Party (CHP), which had been closed down by 1980 military regime. He was elected as the leader of the party. The CHP had entered the 1994 local elections with the political left split between the CHP, SHP and the Democratic Left Party (DSP) of Bülent Ecevit. In a party convention held in February 1995, the CHP formally merged with the SHP, while the DSP refused to consider a merger. <mask> did not stand for the leadership in this convention, with Hikmet Çetin being elected leader of the newly enlarged CHP instead. Coalition government era
<mask> was re-elected as leader of the CHP during a convention in September 1995. He formed a coalition with the True Path Party (DYP), with DYP leader Tansu Çiller as Prime Minister.<mask> subsequently became Deputy Prime Minister and the minister of Foreign Affairs. His one condition for going into coalition was holding an early election, which happened in December 1995. The CHP came fifth with just 10.71% of the vote, and the DYP-CHP coalition lost their majority in Parliament. Despite their poor election performance, <mask> was reelected as leader during the CHP convention of 27 February 1998. In the 1999 general election, the CHP scored below the 10% election threshold needed to win seats in Parliaments, resulting in all CHP MPs being ejected from the chamber. <mask> subsequently resigned as leader and Altan Öymen was elected in his place. However, he stood again for the leadership against Öymen in the 2000 extraordinary convention, being elected for a third time as CHP leader.Leader of the Opposition, 2002-10

<mask> led the CHP through the 2002 general election, where the party won 19.38% of the vote and came second. The newly formed Justice and Development Party (AKP), meanwhile, won a landslide majority in Parliament and put an end to years of unstable coalition governments. <mask> subsequently became the leader of the opposition, leading the only opposition party in Parliament. All other parties had fallen short of the 10% boundary, leaving the AKP with 363 and the CHP with 178

masks: Baykal Baykal Baykal Baykal Baykal Baykal Baykal


texts: seats in the 550-seat Grand National Assembly. <mask> was instrumental in assisting the AKP change the law in order to allow the party's banned leader, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, to enter Parliament. Erdoğan had been banned from public office due to religious intolerance, with the AKP needing 367 votes in Parliament to change the law in Erdoğan's favour. The CHP supported the change and Erdoğan was elected to Parliament in a by-election in 2003, subsequently taking over from Abdullah Gül as Prime Minister.<mask> has always held his ground as a staunch supporter of a strong response to terrorism. Leading his party through the 2004 local elections, the CHP managed to increase their vote share but lost further ground, losing control of Antalya, Baykal's hometown, to the AKP. As a result, the Mayor of İstanbul's Şişli district, Mustafa Sarıgül, challenged <mask> for the leadership in an extraordinary convention in January 2005. Although <mask> won the election, the convention was marred by violence between supporters of the two opposing candidates, with Sarıgül being expelled from the party afterwards. He first joined the DSP, but later formed the Turkish Change Movement in 2009. <mask> strongly protested the AKP's nomination of Abdullah Gül as their presidential candidate for the 2007 presidential election, owing to Gül's history in political Islam. The CHP held several Republic protests to rally against the parliamentary process, with CHP MPs boycotting the election process.Due to the 67% quorum needed to elect a President, the AKP was unable to elect Gül without the CHP being in attendance. As a result, an early general election was scheduled for July 2007. <mask> joined forces in an electoral alliance with the DSP in time for the 2007 general election, though the two parties combined only marginally improving on their 2002 result, winning 20.88% of the vote. Due to the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) surpassing the 10% threshold, the CHP's seats dropped considerably from 178 to 112. 13 of the 112 MPs were from the DSP, meaning the CHP on its own held 99 MPs in Parliament. However, many DSP

masks: Baykal Baykal Baykal Baykal Baykal Baykal


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 MPs joined the CHP after being elected. With the help of the MHP and DSP, Gül was elected President despite also suffering a loss in their share of the seats (down from 363 to 341), as there was a quorum of 67% this time.The CHP's moderate vote share increase continued through the 2009 local elections, in which the party won 23.08% of the vote and won back control of Antalya. The AKP lost further ground, most likely due to the 2008 global financial crash occurring a year before the election. Despite presiding over an increase of the CHP's vote share in all elections he contested since 2002, he failed to win any of them. He resigned from the leadership of CHP on May 10, 2010. This was due to criticism of his private life after an alleged video-tape showing him in the same bedroom with his former secretary, and a member of parliament Nesrin Baytok, was leaked to the media. He originally planned to run for the leadership again in the Ordinary Convention of 2010, since many members of the Central Executive Committee insisted that he retake his position as leader. However, with many provincial branch leaders of the CHP endorsing Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu instead, <mask> refused to run for re-election and Kılıçdaroğlu was elected unopposed.Political activities since 2010
<mask> was re-elected as an MP in the 2011 and the June 2015 general election. Since he was the oldest member of the newly elected Parliament after the 2015 election, he became the temporary parliament speaker on 23 June 2015. He was the CHP's candidate to become the permanent Parliamentary Speaker for the 25th Parliament of Turkey. He contested the June–July 2015 speaker elections, but lost to Justice and Development Party candidate İsmet Yılmaz in the final round with 182 votes to Yılmaz's 258 on 1 July 2015. <mask> was one of the five CHP politicians who were offered ministerial positions by Justice and Development Party leader Ahmet Davutoğlu in August 2015. Davutoğlu had been tasked by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to form an interim election government after coalition negotiations proved unsuccessful and resulted in Erdoğan

masks: Baykal Baykal Baykal