texts:
 Bloomer costume to English women. Upon her return to the United States, <mask> paused in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, so she could attend the Free Soil Convention; there she was urged to take the platform and speak about human rights.At the convention in Massillon, Ohio, held in 1852, <mask> was chosen president of the Ohio Woman's Rights Association. Later that year, <mask> married Colonel <mask>, a widower who had children of his own. The two bought farm land in Dwight, Illinois, near a proposed rail line, and together assumed farm duties. The new Mrs. <mask> <mask> carried out much of the work herself, including "spinning, weaving, knitting, tailoring, baking, dairying, basket-weaving, shoe-making, and hat-braiding," according to a later account by her daughter Mary. Cutler home-schooled all the children of the family. Cutler wrote an article for The Una defending the essential difference between men and women:

National stature

Although <mask> did not attend the first three National Women's Rights Conventions, held in the East, she did attend the 1853 convention, held in Cleveland, as well as the 1854 convention, in Philadelphia, where she spoke alongside Ernestine Rose, Frances Gage, Lucy Stone, Lucretia Mott, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and William Lloyd Garrison. Cutler expressed to the convention her belief that the spirit of the Bible was more important than the letter.Rather than focusing on isolated passages that had no modern-day application, <mask> recommended her audience "proclaim the beautiful spirit breathed through all its commands and precepts." After the 1855 convention that met in Cincinnati

masks:
Tracy
Tracy
Tracy
Samuel Cutler
Hannah Tracy
Cutler
Tracy
Cutler


type: original

texts: adopted a plan of circulating woman suffrage petitions in as many states as possible, <mask> agreed to take up the work in Illinois. In late May 1856, <mask> was on her way to preside over a Woman's Temperance Convention in Chicago when she heard about arson and crimes committed in Lawrence, Kansas against abolitionists. During the successful temperance convention, <mask> conceived and planned for a Woman's Kansas Aid Convention to follow two weeks afterward, for the purpose of helping displaced citizens and preventing Kansas from becoming a slave state. Frances Dana Barker Gage and Josephine Griffing assisted in the work of gathering supplies and forwarding them to those in need in Kansas. Spurred by the women's effort, Gerrit Smith, Thurlow Weed and other politically active men organized a National Kansas Aid Convention in Buffalo, New York, beginning July 10. <mask> and Gage attended; soon, the Woman's Society was consolidated into the national group.In October 1859, <mask> joined with Susan B. Anthony on a lecture tour of New York state, resulting in legislation for expanded property rights for New York women passed the next year. In late 1860, <mask> toured the interior and western parts of Illinois with Gage to influence legislation under consideration in that state. Cutler consulted repeatedly with Abraham Lincoln before he left for Washington, D.C., and she drafted a law affecting married women's property which saw passage in February, 1861. In the spring of 1861, <mask> returned to Ohio to join a group of women arguing before a joint House–Senate committee regarding a woman's right to keep her own earnings,

masks: Tracy Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler Cutler


texts:
 and for a woman's right to joint guardianship of her children. A year or two later, <mask> presented to the Illinois Assembly petitions for a law which proposed to give a woman guardianship of her children, and to allow a woman to easily assume the estate of her deceased husband if the estate were not more valuable than $5,000, in a manner similar to a state law applying to male widowers. Cutler described the scene in the Assembly:

During the Civil War, <mask> served as president of the Western Union Aid Commission in Chicago. From 1862 to 1864, the Commission worked to provide for war refugees of all colors streaming into Chicago.Her son John Martin <mask> and the sons of Colonel <mask> served in the Union Army. A conversation with Reverend Doctor Thomas M. Eddy about Lincoln's stated wish to be pressured strongly by abolitionists to free the slaves as an emergency war measure caused <mask> to begin gathering such signatures in the West. Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony were alerted by Cutler, and began gathering petitions in the East. Charles Sumner presented the combined petitions to the Senate, and told Cutler that four men were required to carry the massed documents. While in Washington, <mask> was invited by former governor William Bebb to address the Union League; she gave a speech entitled "The Union as it was, the Constitution as it is," an argument that slavery had been, despite states' rights, a violation of the national constitution from the very first. Bebb agreed with Joseph Holt, Preston King and other jurists that <mask>'s speech was "the most able and conclusive argument

masks:
Cutler
Cutler
Tracy
Samuel Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler


texts: that they had ever listened to upon that subject." Cutler joined with Dorothea Dix to appeal to the surgeon general to empower his examining surgeons the ability to extend sick furloughs and grant discharges to severely wounded soldiers.The women were successful in their mission. Colonel <mask> learned of the death of one of his sons in the Second Battle of Fort Wagner. John Martin <mask> survived the war, and was commended for his stealthy reconnaissance work. <mask> <mask>'s final service in the war was to help the Union Aid Society gather and send six thousand bushels of seed corn to farmers in the war-torn southwest. <mask> was unnerved and weakened from age and from the loss of a son, and the couple could no longer work the farm in Dwight. They moved to Cobden, Illinois, where his health improved from her ministrations. In the autumn of 1868, <mask> moved with her husband to Ohio so that she could attend the Women's Homeopathic College of Medicine and Surgery in Cleveland.She received her medical degree in February, 1869. Cutler was offered a professorship at the college, and went into medical practice in Cleveland. Cutler never stopped writing articles for journals and newspapers. She contributed to the Farmer's Advocate after it was bought by Jeriah Bonham in 1860, and she submitted articles to the Rural Messenger from its inception in 1868. From 1866 to 1869, <mask> served as president of the Ohio delegation to the American Equal Rights Association (AERA). In 1869, <mask> was approached by Anthony and Stanton to join their splinter group of more radical feminists. Cutler kept notes of the meetings, and

masks:
Samuel Cutler
Tracy
Hannah Tracy
Cutler
Samuel Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler


texts: provided Lucy Stone with a typewritten account of the events which led to the formation, behind Stone's back, of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA).The machinations of Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were described in detail by Cutler. The Ohio Equal Rights Society held a convention in Cincinnati in mid-September, and Stone and her husband Henry Browne Blackwell gave speeches. A proposal was made to form an Ohio Equal Rights Society, and <mask> was made president. Stone responded to Anthony and Stanton by forming the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) in November, in Cleveland, November 24–25, 1869 in front of a "vast hall being well filled." <mask> chaired the afternoon session on the second day; then served as president of AWSA in 1870–1871. <mask> spoke in Battle Creek, Michigan for the Michigan State Suffrage Society in January 1870, then at a mass meeting for Ohioans in Dayton in late April. At their home in Cleveland, <mask> "could not endure the spring winds on the Lakes," so the two moved back to Illinois in 1870.The AWSA held a mass convention at Steinway Hall in New York City in May, 1870. Three sessions per day were held for two days, and <mask> was the first speaker for the first evening session. She compared slave's rights to women's rights, and quoted the Declaration of Independence which states "Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed." She continued, "The women of America pay taxes for the support of the Government, and their consent should be had in matters affecting their welfare and their lives. ...the only way to remedy the evil is to

masks:
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Samuel Cutler
Cutler


texts:
 get the ballot." In June 1870, <mask> and Amelia Bloomer held two meetings in Des Moines, Iowa, one on the subject of temperance, held in the open air on land planned for a new capitol building, and a second held in a Baptist church, on the subject of women's voting rights. A woman suffrage convention was held in Mt.Pleasant in mid-June; <mask> was the leading speaker, and helped the Iowans form the Iowa Woman Suffrage Society. Later that summer, Bloomer and <mask> lectured in Oskaloosa, Iowa and sparked the formation of a woman suffrage society there, building on a much earlier visit by Frances Dana Barker Gage in 1854. In December 1870, <mask> spoke several times in Lincoln, Nebraska while on her way to California. "Her womanliness and logic won and convinced her hearers", but didn't result in the formation of a local woman suffrage organization until Susan B. Anthony came through later that winter. In 1871, <mask> made the opening and closing addresses at the annual AWSA convention in Philadelphia. After speeches by Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, Lucretia Mott and others, <mask> spoke about the right to vote:

<mask> died in 1873. <mask> <mask> returned to Ohio to join in a strenuous effort to put woman suffrage into the state constitution.Throughout the late summer and fall, Cutler canvassed Ohio county by county, lecturing and gathering signatures for the petition. <mask>'s personal style was folksy and feminine, and her manner of lecturing put her listeners at ease. Cutler introduced woman suffrage concepts within a more traditional religious framework, and folded suffrage into speeches about temperance which

masks:
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Samuel Cutler
Hannah Tracy
Cutler
Cutler


texts: were likely to have greater appeal with conservative audiences. During the Ohio push, she was described by a fellow suffragist as "Strong in body as well as mind, she endures with comparative ease the fatigues and discomforts of the lecture field, and sends the truth to the hearts of her hearers with a force and directness that is seldom surpassed." At the close of the unsuccessful campaign, "completely exhausted," <mask> went to France with her son, John Martin <mask>, a landscape artist. Worn out, <mask> became seriously ill, and remained in France until 1875. <mask> returned to the United States to practice medicine in Cobden, Illinois, and later in Brentwood, California, where her daughter <mask> Mott lived and wrote.<mask> attended the Ninth Annual Meeting of the AWSA, held at the Masonic Hall in Indianapolis in 1878. Regarding the battle for woman suffrage, she stood up to say "Many of us have grown old in this work, and yet some people say, "Why do you work in a hopeless cause?" The cause is not hopeless. Great reforms develop slowly, but truth will prevail, and the work that we have been doing for thirty years has paid as well as any work that has ever been done for humanity." From December 1881 through April 1882, <mask> lived in Hollister, California. She gave a well-received speech from a Congregational pulpit one Sunday in Hollister in early April, and was reported as being "en route for the East". In 1882, under consideration in Nebraska was an amendment which would remove the word 'male' from the constitution and thus allow women to vote.Both AWSA and NWSA held their annual conventions in Omaha,

masks:
Cutler
Tracy
Cutler
Cutler
Mary Tracy
Cutler
Cutler


texts:
 Nebraska in September for the purpose of influencing votes. Lucy Stone, Henry Browne Blackwell and <mask> were among the featured speakers at the AWSA convention in mid-September, and all three remained afterward to canvass the state. From October 2 to November 4, <mask> gave 24 speeches while touring by rail. The effort failed, but one of the 11 counties that passed the measure was where Cutler spent the days immediately preceding the vote. <mask> finished writing a biographical essay about her first husband and about her own life's work. The essay was published in a collection of biographies about "Eminent Citizens" of Illinois. In 1883, <mask> gave a series of lectures throughout backwoods Vermont; her influence led to the founding of the Vermont Woman Suffrage Association.On December 13, 1884 <mask> published in the Woman's Journal a eulogy for her longtime friend, Frances Dana Barker Gage. On December 21, 1887, <mask> was appointed by Anthony and Stone to a committee tasked with joining the AWSA with the NWSA to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). For the next two years, <mask> worked with Alice Stone Blackwell and Rachel Foster Avery to help establish a common structure and mission for the combined organization. Death and legacy
<mask>'s daughter <mask> Earle followed in her mother's footsteps to become a journalist. She died in Ocean Springs, Mississippi in 1889. Melanie left behind her husband Parker Earle, a horticulturist, who died in 1917. <mask> Earle, their daughter born in 1864, published seven fiction works in Harper's Magazine.In 1892 at the Ocean Springs home of her

masks:
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Cutler
Melanie Tracy
Mary Tracy


texts:
 daughter, writer and journalist <mask> Mott, <mask> <mask> suffered a paralytic attack on top of an advancing case of glaucoma. <mask>'s son John Martin <mask> became a landscape painter featuring hunting dogs in his work, and came to Ocean Springs from Greenwich, Connecticut with his wife Melvina Guillemin <mask> after the death of his sister Melanie. He died four years later in March 1893. <mask> died February 11, 1896 at the age of 80, and was buried in Ocean Springs at Evergreen Cemetery on Fort Bayou. An Episcopal service was given at her funeral. <mask> Mott finished then submitted her mother's autobiography to Alice Stone Blackwell to be published in a series of Woman's Journal issues from September through October 1896. Speeches and writings
Woman as She Was, Is, and Should Be (New York, 1846)
One of Sixty Thousand
Phillipia, or a Woman's Question (Dwight, Illinois, 1886)
The Fortunes of Michael Doyle, or Home Rule for Ireland (Chicago, 1886)

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Bonham, Jeriah.Fifty Years' Recollections: with Observations and Reflections on Historical Events giving sketches of Eminent Citizens – Their Lives and Public Service. Peoria, Illinois, J.W. Franks & Sons, 1883. "Mrs. Dr. <mask>. C<mask> <mask>, Teacher, Lecturer and Physician." Pages 222–247. Carr, Anne; Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen, editors. Religion, feminism, and the family, Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.Garrison, William Lloyd. Walter McIntosh Merrill and Louis Ruchames, editors. The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison: I will be heard, 1822–1835, Harvard University Press, 1976. Harper, Ida Husted. The Life and Work of Susan B.

masks:
Mary Tracy
Hannah Tracy
Cutler
Cutler
Tracy
Tracy
Cutler
Mary Tracy
Hannah M
. Tracy
Cutler


texts:
 Anthony, Volume I, Indianapolis and Kansas City, Bowen-Merrill, 1899. James, Edward T., editor. James, Janet Wilson, associate editor.Boyer, Paul S., assistant editor. Notable American Women, Radcliffe College, 1971, pp. 426–427. Kerr, Andrea Moore. Lucy Stone: Speaking Out for Equality. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992. Million, Joelle.Woman’s Voice, Woman’s Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Woman’s Rights Movement, Praeger, 2003. Scott, Andrew MacKay; Scott, Anne Firor. One Half the People: The Fight for Woman Suffrage, Illini Books, 1982. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; with Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage. History of Woman Suffrage, Volume II (1861–1876), second publishing, 1887 by Susan B. Anthony
 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; with Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage. History of Woman Suffrage, Volume III (1876–1885), published 1886 by Susan B. Anthony

External links

1815 births
1896 deaths
19th-century American journalists
American abolitionists
American feminists
American homeopaths
American suffragists
American temperance activists
Ohio Free Soilers
People from Becket, Massachusetts
People from Dwight, Illinois
People from Union County, Illinois
American hospital administrators
People from Lorain County, Ohio
Women civil rights


texts:
<mask> (November 10, 1910 – August 30, 2002) was an American conservative author, journalist, and farmer. He was the American Independent Party vice presidential nominee under <mask>. Schmitz in 1972 and the American Party presidential nominee in 1976. Early life
<mask> was born in Nashville, Tennessee; the second of five children of <mask> and <mask>. After graduating from Baylor School in Chattanooga, Tennessee, <mask> attended Vanderbilt University in Nashville, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in economics in 1934. At Vanderbilt he excelled in athletics, earning varsity letters as a member of both the varsity tennis and track teams. He was business editor of the school's yearbook, The Commodore, and served on the student newspaper staff. <mask> was elected president of his fraternity, Phi Delta Theta.In 1936, he married the former Carolyn Montague <mask> of Franklin, Tennessee. Miss <mask>, also a graduate of Vanderbilt University, was elected "Miss Vanderbilt" during her senior year. They had one daughter, Carol, who now resides in Raleigh, North Carolina. After graduation, he sold securities for several Nashville-based brokerage firms, including J. C. Bradford & Company, and also worked as an ad-salesman for the Southern Agriculturist. He was a veteran of World War II, having served as a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy. Publishing
In 1947, <mask> purchased The Arkansas Farmer, the first of sixteen regional farm magazines he acquired and operated as part of Nashville-based Southern Unit Publications, Inc.  Additionally, he became publisher and editor of The Farm and Ranch Magazine, a nationally circulated monthly publication based in Dallas, Texas. <mask> was the supervising editor and author of the column Straight Talk which appeared in

masks:
Thomas Jefferson Anderson
John G
Thomas Jefferson Anderson
William Joseph
Nancy Lou Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Jennings
Jennings
Anderson
Anderson


texts:
 the magazines and was reprinted in more than 375 newspapers.In 1957, a series of the columns was reprinted in a book, also titled Straight Talk. He later produced a weekly radio program of the same name. He spent much of his life as a speaker, publisher and writer, crusading for conservative causes. He won numerous patriotic awards including the Liberty Award of the Congress of Freedom  and the Freedom Award of Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.. Political involvement
In 1972, he was the American Independent Party vice presidential nominee, appearing on the ticket with U.S. Representative <mask>. Schmitz, a former Republican from California. The duo finished third in the popular vote with 1,100,868 votes. In 1976, he was the American Party's presidential nominee on a ticket with Rufus Shackelford.They finished sixth in the general election with 158,271 votes. The campaign received its best results in Virginia, where <mask> received 16,686 votes. The ticket also finished third in three states: Kentucky, North Dakota and Indiana. In 1978, <mask> ran as the American Party-endorsed candidate for the U.S. Senate seat in Tennessee, but victory went to Republican Howard Baker<mask>. who won his third and final term in the chamber. He appeared on the ballot as an independent due to state law which requires a minimal number of signatures to appear as an independent but requires a full party petition consisting of tens of thousands of signatures to appear on ballot with party label. <mask> received 45,908 votes. Later life
<mask> remained active in conservative politics and was widely popular as a speaker, appearing on various TV and radio programs and delivering more than 1,500 speeches between 1947 and 1994.He lived his later years in

masks:
John G
Anderson Shackford
Anderson
, Jr
Anderson
Anderson


texts: Gatlinburg, Tennessee and Blowing Rock, North Carolina. He was known for a great sense of humor: in some circles he was called "a modern-day Will Rogers,"  in others "the barefoot wit of the John Birch Society." One of his most famous aphorisms was "Politicians are like cockroaches: It's not what they steal and carry away; it's what they fall into and mess up." A colleague of <mask>'s wrote:  "<mask> is not a common man. He is of the uncommon stock that conceived and created this republic. He is deeply devoted to the principles proclaimed in the U.S. Constitution. <mask> is unaffected, practical and poetic.If you want style and daring with the kick of a Tennessee mule, then <mask> <mask> is your man. A smile. A grin. An earnest patriot. A shot of adrenalin in sluggish patriot veins. By example of his life as well as by his word, <mask> has made a permanent contribution to the literature and liberty under law." <mask> liked to tell the following story "A farmer was being plagued by a group of wild hogs.He decided to capture them one by one. He built a corral in the woods leaving an opening for an enclousure. Next he put corn in front of the corral. At first none of the hogs showed any interest. Finally some of the young ones begin to go up and smell it and then run back to the herd. Finally one on them took an ear of corn and ran back and ate it. Slowly the other hogs did the same.Each day the farmer put the corn a little closer to the corral with the same results by the hogs. At last he placed the corn inside the corral. As they were inside eating he gradually completed the enclousure, board by board, and the hogs didn't even notice because they were inside eating the free corn. Finally he finished the gate and locked it. The hogs tried to get

masks:
Anderson
Tom Anderson
Tom Anderson
Thomas Jefferson
Anderson
Tom Anderson
Anderson


texts:
 out, but he had 'em. FELLOW HOGS, WE'VE BEEN FENCED." . <mask> was a past president of the American Agricultural Editors Association.He and his wife were two of thirteen charter members of St. Paul's Southern Methodist Church in Nashville. <mask> died on August 30, 2002 in Raleigh, North Carolina. He is interred at the Mount Hope Cemetery in Franklin, in Williamson County, Tennessee. Bibliography
 Straight Talk: the Wit and Wisdom of <mask> (1957)
 Silence Is Not Golden — It's Yellow (1973)
 Drink deeply from the fountain of knowledge. Don't just stand there and gargle. (1970)

References

External links
 <mask> Papers at the University of Wyoming - American Heritage Center
 The University of Tennessee
Inventory of the <mask> Papers at Cushing Memorial Library, Texas A & M University. Photo of <mask><mask> our campaigns.com

|-

1910 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American politicians
20th-century publishers (people)
American columnists
American Independent Party vice presidential nominees
American magazine editors
American magazine publishers (people)
American male non-fiction writers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American Party (1969) politicians
American political writers
American United Methodists
Burials in Tennessee
Businesspeople from Raleigh, North Carolina
Businesspeople from Tennessee
Farmers from Tennessee
Military personnel from Tennessee
John Birch Society members
Writers from Dallas
Politicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina
People from Sevier County, Tennessee
Tennessee Independents
Tennessee politicians
United States Navy officers
Candidates in the 1976 United States presidential election
1972 United States vice-presidential candidates
Vanderbilt University alumni
Writers from

masks:
Anderson
Anderson
Tom Anderson
Tom Anderson
Tom Anderson
Thomas J
. Anderson


texts:
<mask><mask><mask> (2 January 1795 – 12 December 1860) was a Dutch landscape painter and art teacher. He was a prominent contributor to the Romantic period in Dutch art and his students and children founded the art movement known as the Hague School. Like his contemporaries Edward Williams, Jacob Maris, and Jozef Israëls, he was part of a family of prominent painters, including son <mask>, daughter Gerardina <mask>, and nephew <mask>. Personal life
He was born under the name <mask> in the Hague in 1795, the son of prominent publisher Gerrit Bakhuysen (1758–1843) and <mask> (1757–1815). In 1819 he obtained a Royal Decree granting legal permission to add his late mother's surname to his own and became known as <mask>. His wife was Sophia Wilhelmine Kiehl (1804–1881). He lived principally in The Hague in the Netherlands.He died on 12 December 1860. His son, <mask> <mask> <mask> (1835–1925), became a well-known landscape painter as well. His daughter, Gerardine Jacoba <mask> <mask> Bakhuyzen (1826–1895), was a painter of still life, flowers, and fruit. His son Henricus Gerardus <mask> <mask> <mask> (1838–1923) became a prominent astronomer, member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences,  and director of the Leiden Observatory. His son <mask> <mask> <mask> <mask> was also an astronomer at the Leiden Observatory. Career

<mask> v.d.S. Bakhuyzen learned drawing and painting first from Jan Willem Pieneman and his pupil J. Heymans and then later from Simon Andreas Krausz at the Hague Academy, recently endowed by Willem I.His fellow students included Andreas Schelfhout and  <mask> Hove, each of them significant for the development of the Hague School. He was successful while still quite young, with his painting Gelders landschap acquired by the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam in 1818. In

masks:
Hendrik (
Hendrikus
) van de Sande Bakhuyzen
Julius van de Sande Bakhuyzen
Jacoba van de Sande Bakhuyzen
Alexander Hieronymus Bakhuyzen
Hendrikus Bakhuyzen
Jacoba van de Sande
Hendrikus van de Sande Bakhuyzen
Julius van
de Sande
Bakhuyzen
van de
Sande
van de
Sande
Bakhuyzen
Ernest Frederich
van de
Sande
Bakhuyzen
Hendrik
Bart van


texts:
 1821 he received a medal of honor from the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts at an exhibit in Brussels, followed in 1822 by a medal and 300 guilder prize from the Society of Encouragement of Fine Arts in Antwerp. In the same year he became a member of the Royal Academy of Arts in Amsterdam and a board member of the Art Academy in The Hague. He was later elected Director of the Hague Academy. He traveled to paint in Belgium in 1824 and in Germany in 1834. In 1840 he became one of the early members of the Arti et Amicitiae artists society in Amsterdam.In 1841 he traveled along the Rhine river in Germany with his pupil Willem Roelofs. He also painted landscape scenes from Noorden and the area around Oosterbeek, an artists' colony that later became known as the Dutch Barbizon. He was an active teacher and continued to take in pupils until shortly before he died. Some of these pupils, notably Ter Meulen became pupils of <mask>' son Julius upon his death. Even after his death, <mask>'s work continued to be displayed prominently in the family studio  where his artist son and daughter painted. Art

He is known for his Romantic pastoral scenes (especially paintings of livestock) with detailed landscapes, notably inspired by Golden Age artist Paulus Potter and continuing the Realist tradition of that era. He emphasized drawing as essential to truthful painting, quoting the motto le dessin est the probite de l'art (drawing is the integrity of art) after French painter Ingres.He required his students to learn to sketch natural scenes in great detail before permitting them to hold a brush. This emphasis on work en plein air presaged the landscape work of Hague School artists. He has been described as "an honest landscape painter" whose scenes are "entirely free from mannerism and

masks: Hendrikus Hendrik


texts:
 artificiality". His works often emphasized animals on the landscape, driven in part by their commercial success. His son Julius later relayed the story of one of <mask>'s paintings of a landscape near Oosterbeek that featured what was to his father an ordinary brown horse but which so caught the fancy of his customer's neighbors in Philadelphia that <mask> received at least ten orders for similar pictures with that particular horse, as if the horse itself were somehow special. Most of <mask> <mask> <mask>'s work was summer landscapes, but he also painted a small number of winter scenes, often of quintessentially Dutch scenes including windmills, ice skaters, and cottages built in traditional Dutch architectural style. In this vein his work closely resembled that of Andreas Schelfhout (1787–1870), a close friend who was famous for his winter landscapes and with whom v.d.S.<mask> collaborated, including at least one joint canvas that bears both artists' signatures. His work is displayed in the Rijksmuseum, the British National Trust, Teylers Museum in Haarlem, Museum Fodor, Museum of Fine Arts Bern, and the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, among others. Influence
<mask> v.d.S. <mask> was profoundly influential in 19th Century Dutch art, both through his own landscapes and through his students. His students helped to establish the Dutch art movement the Hague School. Influence on The Hague School

The Hague School of artists sought to transition from the romantic realism of the preceding generation to a new style that emphasized mood and movement. For instance, <mask> wrote to Johannes Kneppelhout that "It is not my aim and object to paint a cow for the cow's sake or a tree for the tree's, but by means of the whole to reproduce an impression which nature sometimes gives."The

masks:
Hendrik
Hendrik
van de
Sande
Bakhuyzen
Bakhuyzen
Hendrik
Bakhuyzen
Gerard Bilders


texts:
 painters of the Hague School used muted tones and more diffuse brushstrokes to add a sense of weather and often somber moods to their landscapes and genre scenes. Interactions with the Van Gogh family
The <mask> Sande Bakhuyzens were related to the famed Van Gogh family through <mask>'s grandfather <mask> <mask>, who married Jannetje <mask> (1731–1796). <mask> taught  <mask> Gogh's mother Anna Carbentus <mask> to paint, and <mask> Gogh felt that there was clear thematic convergence among his work and that of the <mask> <mask> <mask>'s. In his 23 December 1889 letter to his mother from the San Remy-de-Provence asylum he wrote:

In his letters, <mask> Gogh notes that the sketches he observed by Pieter ter Meulen in 1881 were much better than when he had observed Ter Meulen "struggling and swotting" in <mask>'s studio. Family recognition
In 1996 the <mask> family was entered in the Nederland's Patriciaat or Blue Book, recognizing families who have been leading members of society for 150 years and six generations. Prominent students
 Willem Roelofs, a founder of the Hague School, studied with v.d.S. <mask> starting 1839.<mask> <mask> <mask>, a founder of the Hague School
 Gerardina Jacoba <mask> <mask> Bakhuyzen

 Hubertus <mask>ve
 Jacob <mask> <mask>aten
 Jan Willem <mask>len
 Anna Corbentus <mask> Weissenbruch

 Marie Bilders-<mask> Bosse
 Alexander Hieronymus Bakhuyzen

References

Sources
 Leeuw, <mask>; Sillervis, John and Dumas, Charles (1983): The Hague School: Dutch Masters of the Nineteenth Century, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, . External links
Hendrikus <mask> <mask> Bakhuyzen oil paintings at 1st-art-gallery.com
<mask> <mask>, <mask> <mask> at the Netherlands Institute for Art History

1795 births
1860 deaths
Artists from The Hague
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch

masks:
van de
Hendrik
Hendrik
Bakhuyzen
van Gogh
Hendrik
Vincent van
van Gogh
Vincent van
van de
Sande
Bakhuyzen
Vincent van
Bakhuyzen
Bakhuyzen
Bakhuyzen
Julius van
de Sande
Bakhuyzen
van de
Sande
van Ho
Jan van
der Ma
van Borse
vanndrik
van
Ronald de
van den
Sande
Sande
Bakhuyzen
Hendrikus
van de


texts:
<mask> (25 June 1765 – 12 May 1838) was an English-born priest of the Church of England in Australia and a prominent member of the Church Missionary Society, believed to have introduced Christianity to New Zealand. Marsden was a prominent figure in early New South Wales and Australian history, partly through his ecclesiastical offices as the colony's senior Church of England cleric and as a pioneer of the Australian wool industry, but also for his employment of convicts for farming and his actions as a magistrate at Parramatta, both of which attracted contemporary criticism. Early life
Born in Farsley, near Pudsey, Yorkshire in England as the son of a Wesleyan blacksmith turned farmer, Marsden attended the village school and spent some years assisting his father on the farm. In his early twenties his reputation as a lay preacher drew the attention of the evangelical Elland Society, which sought to train poor men for the ministry of the Church of England. With a scholarship from the Elland Society Marsden attended Hull Grammar School, where he became associated with Joseph Milner and the reformist William Wilberforce, and after two years, he matriculated, at the age of 25, at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He abandoned his degree studies to respond to the call of the evangelical leader Charles Simeon for service in overseas missions. Marsden was offered the position of second chaplain to the Reverend Richard Johnson's ministry to the Colony of New South Wales on 1 January 1793.Marsden married Elizabeth Fristan at Holy Trinity, Hull on 21 April 1793. The following month William Buller, the Bishop of Exeter, ordained him as a priest. In Australia

Marsden travelled by convict ship, William to Australia, his first child Anne being born en route. He arrived in the colony on 2 March 1794, and set up house in Parramatta,  outside the main Port Jackson settlement. In 1800 <mask> succeeded Johnson and became the senior Church of England chaplain in New

masks:
Samuel Marsden
Marsden


texts: South Wales; he would keep this post until his death. Marsden was given grants of land by the colonial government and bought more of his own, which were worked with convict labour, a common practice in Australia at the time. By 1807 he owned  of land.Successful farming ventures provided him with a secure financial base, although they also formed a plank of contemporary criticism of Marsden for alleged over-involvement in non-church affairs. In 1807 he returned to England to report on the state of the colony to the government, and to solicit further assistance of clergy and schoolmasters. He concentrated on the development of strong heavy-framed sheep such as the Suffolk sheep breed, which had a more immediate value in the colony than the fine-fleeced Spanish merinos imported by John Macarthur. In 1809, Marsden was the first to ship wool to England from Australia for commercial use; this was made into cloth by Messrs W. & J. Thompson, at Rawdon, West Yorkshire, and so impressed George III that he was given a present of Merino sheep from the Windsor stud. Four years later more than 4000 lbs (1814 kg) of his wool was sold in England. Marsden was an important promoter of the wool staple, even though his contribution to technology, breeding and marketing was far eclipsed by that of Macarthur. He is believed to have later introduced sheep to New Zealand, where he would develop a somewhat gentler reputation than in Australia.In 1795, Governor John Hunter made the chaplains magistrates. Marsden's role as magistrate at Parramatta, attracted criticism in his lifetime. History has remembered Marsden as the "Flogging Parson", with contemporaries claiming that he inflicted severe punishments (notably extended floggings), even by the standards of his day. This view of Marsden is disputed in some circles as part of an anti-clerical writing of history, in turn attributed to a dislike of Roman Catholics and the Irish. Joseph Holt, who was transported to Sydney


texts: following his negotiated surrender after the Irish Rebellion of 1798, gave vivid account in his memoirs of the search for Irish plotters in which he was arrested. Marsden was held to be involved in this secret action by the authorities. Holt himself was released but witnessed the fate of others.He related: "I have witnessed many horrible scenes; but this was the most appalling sight I had ever seen. The day was windy and I protest, that although I was at least fifteen yards to the leeward, from the sufferers, the blood, skin, and flesh blew in my face", as floggers "shook it off from their cats" (referring to the cat-of-nine-tails scourging lash). He continued "The next prisoner who was tied up was Paddy Galvin, a young lad about twenty years of age; he was also sentenced to receive three hundred lashes. The first hundred were given on his shoulders, and he was cut to the bone between the shoulder-blades, which were both bare. The doctor then directed the next hundred to be inflicted lower down, which reduced his flesh to such a jelly that the doctor ordered him to have the remaining hundred on the calves of his legs .... 'you shall have no music out of my mouth to make others dance upon nothing'. Some have written that Marsden ordered such treatment but Holt's memoirs do not explicitly link Marsden to the floggings at Toongabbie on that day. Holt's memoirs express his impression of Marsden, as "a busy meddling man, of shallow understanding" who thought himself "a great lawyer".Holt believed that Marsden tried to intimate to Holt that his wife and children were free, but he was not. Holt considered that he had surrendered back in Ireland under terms of free exile. But when the Holt family arrived in Parramatta, Marsden, Aitkins and Dr Thomson called on them and asked Holt to accompany them to Toongabbie, where Captain Johnstone tried to assign him to the overseer Michael Fitzgerald. The next day the Governor was to come to Parramatta and Holt


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 determined to ask the Governor, determined to "have the highest authority, even the Governor himself, and not submit to the whims of understrappers, who always assume tenfold the airs that their superiors might be supposed to have" (his opinion of Marsden). The Governor confirmed he was free. Marsden's attitudes to Irish Roman Catholic convicts were illustrated in a memorandum which he sent to his church superiors during his time at Parramatta:

Despite Marsden's opposition to Catholicism being practised in Australia, Governor Philip Gidley King permitted monthly Catholic Masses in Sydney from May 1803, although these were to take place under police surveillance. In 1806, Marsden was the originator of the New South Wales "Female Register" which classed all women in the colony (excepting some widows) as either "married" or "concubine".Only marriages within the Church of England were recognised as legitimate on this list; women who married in Roman Catholic or Jewish ceremonies were automatically classed as concubines. The document eventually circulated within influential circles in London, and is believed to have influenced contemporary views of the Australian colony as a land of sexual immorality, some of which survived into 20th century historiography. In 1809, Marsden was in England. There he befriended the Maori chief Ruatara who had gone to Britain in the whaling ship Santa Anna and been stranded there. <mask> and Ruatara returned together on the convict transport Ann (or Anne), which was under the command of Captain Charles Clarke and which carried some 198 male convicts. They arrived in Sydney on 17 or 27 February 1810. Ruatara stayed with Marsden at Parramatta for some time, and again in 1811 after a failed attempt to reach New Zealand.Ruatara eventually reached New Zealand where he did more to facilitate Marsden's mission to the Maori than any other native. In 1822, Marsden was dismissed from his civil post as a Parramatta magistrate


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 (along with several other officials) on charges of exceeding his jurisdiction. During his time at Parramatta, Marsden befriended many Māori visitors and sailors from New Zealand. He cared for them on his farm, providing accommodation, food, drink, work and an education for up to three years. He gave one Māori chief some land on which he could grow his own crops and taught other Māori to read and write English. He learnt Māori, beginning an English-Māori translation sheet of common words and expressions. Marsden described himself as first and foremost a preacher.His sermons therefore are important primary documentation in Marsden studies. There are approximately 135 sermons written by Marsden in various collections around the world. The largest collection is in the Moore Theological College Library in Sydney, Australia. These sermons reveal Marsden's attitudes to some of the controversial issues he faced, including magistrates, the aboriginal people and wealth. A transcription of the Moore College collection can be found online. Of Aboriginal People he declared that "The Aborigines (sic) are the most degraded of the human race … The time has not yet arrived for them to receive the blessings of civilisation and the knowledge of Christianity". Cited in Harris, J.1990. 'One Blood: 200 years of Aboriginal encounter with Christianity: A story of Hope.' Albatross Books. p. 22

Mission to New Zealand

Background
Marsden was a member of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) (founded in 1799) and remained formally based in New South Wales, but developed an interest in evangelising New Zealand from the early 1800s onwards. Europeans had known of New Zealand since the 1640s and by the early 19th century there had been increasing contact between Māori and Europeans, mainly by the many whalers and sealers around the coast of New Zealand and especially in the Bay of Islands. A small community of Europeans had formed in the Bay of Islands, made up of explorers,


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 flax traders, timber merchants, seamen, and ex-convicts who had served their sentences in Australia (as well as some who had escaped the Australian penal system). Marsden was concerned that they were corrupting the Māori way of life, and lobbied the Church Missionary Society to send a mission to New Zealand.In June 1813, Marsden wrote to the Secretary of the CMS seeking £500 per annum to form an Auxiliary CMS Society in New South Wales, with a view of assisting engaging in missionary work among the Māori people in New Zealand. At a meeting in the Colony of New South Wales, held at Sydney, on 20 December 1813, Marsden formed the New South Wales Society for affording Protection to the Natives of the South Sea Islands, and promoting their Civilization, for the protection of South Sea Islanders who may be brought to Port Jackson, and to defend their claims on the masters and owners of the vessels who mistreat those islanders. First trip to New Zealand

Thomas Kendall and William Hall sailed on the Earl Spencer, departing on 31 May 1813 to the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, on a voyage of investigation, and returned to Sydney on 10 October. In 1814, at his own risk, he purchased a brig, the Active, for £1,400, after the Church Missionary Society refused to provide funds for a ship. Lay missionaries Thomas Kendall, John King and William Hall were chosen for the New Zealand mission and departed on the Active from Sydney on 14 November 1814. The missionaries, Kendall, King and Hall, together with free settler Thomas Hansen, arrived in Rangihoua Bay on 22 December 1814. With them were the first horses in New Zealand, a stallion and two mares, brought from Australia by Marsden.Marsden met Māori rangatira (chiefs) from the Ngāpuhi iwi (tribe), who controlled the region around the Bay of Islands, including the chief Ruatara who had lived with him in Australia, and a junior war leader, Hongi Hika, who had helped pioneer the introduction of the musket to Māori


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 warfare in the previous decade. Hongi Hika returned with them to Australia on 22 August. The first known Christian sermon on land in New Zealand was preached by Marsden at Oihi Bay (a small cove in the north-east of Rangihoua Bay) on Christmas Day, 1814. The service from the Church of England Book of Common Prayer was read in English but it is likely that, having learnt the language from Ruatara, Marsden preached his sermon in the Māori language. Ruatara was prevailed upon to explain those parts of the sermon the 400-strong Māori congregation did not understand. On 24 February 1815 Marsden purchased land at Rangihoua for the first Christian mission in New Zealand. The death of Ruatara on 15 March 1815 and the loss of his protection for the mission may have contributed to a lack of growth of European settlement in the area and its displacement, in the 1820s, by the Kerikeri as the senior mission in New Zealand.By the 1830s the houses of the mission at Oihi had deteriorated and the mission moved to Te Puna, further to the west in Rangihoua Bay. The mission finally closed in the 1850s. Establishment of the mission

At the end of the year Kendall, Hall and King returned to start a mission to the Ngāpuhi under Ruatara's (and, later, Hongi Hika's) protection in the Bay of Islands. Hongi Hika returned with them, bringing a large number of firearms from Australia for his warriors. A mission station was founded with a base at Rangihoua Bay, later moved to Kerikeri, (where the mission house and stone store can still be seen), and ultimately a model farming village at Te Waimate. The mission would struggle on for a decade before attracting converts, in competition with Wesleyan and Catholic missions. Thomas Kendall abandoned his wife for the daughter of a Māori tohunga (priest), and also flirted with Maori traditional religion.In 1815 the Ngāpuhi chief Tītore went to Sydney and spent two years with Marsden. In 1817 Tītore and Tui (also known as Tuhi or


texts:
 Tupaea (1797?-1824)) sailed to England in the brig, Kangaroo. They visited Professor <mask> at Cambridge University and assisted him in the preparation of a grammar and vocabulary of Māori which, following a visit to Lee by the Ngāpuhi chiefs Hongi Hika and Waikato, was published in 1820 as First Grammar and Vocabulary of the New Zealand Language. Marsden was in the Bay of Islands in May 1820 when HMS Coromandel, under the command of Captain James Downie, arrived at the Bay of Islands from England for the purpose of procuring a cargo of timber in the Firth of Thames. When Coromandel sailed for the Thames a few days later, Marsden accompanied them on their voyage. Downie reported that while at the Bay of Islands whalers were in the practice of trading muskets and ammunition for pork and potatoes. In 1820 Hongi Hika and Thomas Kendall travelled to England on the whaling ship .Hongi Hika met George IV, who gifted him a suit of armour; he also obtained further muskets when passing through Sydney on his return to New Zealand. On his return to the Bay of Islands, Ngāpuhi demanded the Church Missionary Society missionaries trade muskets for food, which under Kendall became an important means of support for the Kerikeri mission station. The trade was opposed by Marsden, largely because of its impact on the wide-ranging intertribal warfare occurring among Māori at the time. For refusing to stop trading arms, Kendall was dismissed by the Church Missionary Society in 1822. <mask>, who also knew of Kendall's romantic affair, returned to New Zealand in August 1823 to sack him in person. When <mask> and Kendall sailed from the Bay of Islands, their ship the Brampton was wrecked. Marsden later went to some trouble talking to all Australian printers to prevent Kendall from publishing a Māori grammar book, apparently largely out of spite.Legacy
Marsden is generally remembered favourably in New Zealand, which he visited seven times (the longest trip lasting

masks:
Samuel Lee
Marsden
Marsden


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 seven months). The Anglican school, <mask>den Collegiate School in Karori, Wellington was named after Marsden. Houses at King's College, Auckland, King's School, Auckland and at Corran School for Girls are also named after him. In 1819, Marsden introduced winegrowing to New Zealand with the planting of over 100 different varieties of vine in Kerikeri, Northland. He wrote:

Later life

Marsden was on a visit to the Reverend Henry Stiles at St Matthew's Church at Windsor, New South Wales when he succumbed to an incipient chill and died at the rectory on 12 May 1838. Marsden is buried in the cemetery near his old church at Parramatta, St John's. In fiction and popular culture

The Australian poet Kenneth Slessor wrote a satirical poem criticising the parson, Vesper-Song of the Reverend <mask>.A portrait of Marsden based on Robert Hughes' The Fatal Shore appears in Patrick O'Brian's book The Nutmeg of Consolation. In the 1978 Australian television series Against the Wind, Marsden was portrayed by David Ravenswood. Reggae band 1814 took their name from the year that Marsden held the first sermon in the Bay of Islands. See also
 Thomas Hassall (clergyman)

References

Sources

 Hughes, Robert . The Fatal Shore: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787–1868, Collins Harvill, Great Britain, 1987. Ryder, M. L. (1973) "<mask>: Australian Pioneer, 1764-1838" History Today (Dec 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 12, pp 864–870 online.External links

 Marsden Online Archive, University of Otago

 A Short Account of the Character and Labours of The Rev <mask> – National Museum of Australia
 <mask>'s Preaching Bands – National Museum of Australia

1764 births
1838 deaths
19th-century English Anglican priests
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Australian Anglican priests
Evangelical Anglican clergy
Evangelical Anglican theologians
People from Pudsey
Musket Wars
People from Parramatta
English emigrants to colonial Australia
English

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Samuel Mars
Samuel Marsden
Samuel Marsden
Samuel Marsden
Samuel Marsden


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<mask><mask> (1807–1887) was a pioneer carpenter and builder in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, listed among the city's first settlers of 1835. He helped to construct one of the city's first two big hotels and built a Greek Revival temple-style house for his family that today is a public museum in Estabrook Park, Shorewood, Wisconsin. He also held varied public offices and volunteer roles in the young city. Early life and education
<mask> was born in New Paltz, Ulster County, New York, on July 23, 1807. He was the fifth of ten children of <mask> and <mask>. Caleb (1772–1856) was a farmer and cooper. Hannah (1775–1843) was a Quaker preacher who advocated for construction of a Quaker meeting house for Clintondale, New York, located in Plattekill Township, Ulster County.<mask> was educated in carpentry and construction skills. His older brother, Samuel, received similar training in New York City. In 1834, <mask> headed west to seek opportunities in the new states and territories of the upper Midwest. He went first to Chicago, Illinois, and then ,in fall 1835, went north to the new settlements that became Milwaukee. He took a drove of hogs with him on the journey as a stake in his new location. The region of what is now Wisconsin was then still part of the Michigan Territory; the Territory of Wisconsin was established in 1836. <mask> settled in Kilbourntown, the village on the west side of the Milwaukee River, named for its founder Byron Kilbourn.East of the river was Juneautown, named for its founder Solomon Juneau. To the south

masks:
Benjamin F
. Church
Church
Caleb Church
Hannah Baker Church
Church
Church
Church


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 was Walker's Point, named for its founder George H. Walker. The three villages merged in 1846 as the City of Milwaukee. Career
In 1836, <mask> was either contractor or "boss carpenter" for the construction of Washington House, one of the first two big hotels in Milwaukee. It was located on Third Street in Juneautown. The hotel was renamed the Republican House soon after the founding of the Republican Party in 1854, and was a Milwaukee meeting place for many decades. Also in 1836, he purchased land on Fourth Street between Cherry and Galena, at the intersection with Court Street.In 1844, he built his family home there using the Greek Revival architecture style he brought from the East Coast. The home was in Kilbourntown, the area west of the Milwaukee River. On May 29, 1839, <mask> purchased  in Section 31 of what is today Germantown. This was some of the first land to be purchased there. He and his wife sold the land the following year. Carpentry and construction remained his career until he retired, except for a brief foray into pump manufacturing. Many pumps in those days were made of wood.Public service
<mask> was elected to a series of public service posts in Milwaukee. On January 1, 1844, he was elected one of five trustees of the West Ward and was re-elected in 1845. He, Kilbourn, and three others were the West Ward trustees at the historic first meeting on May 7, 1845, of representatives of all three wards of what became Milwaukee officially on January 31, 1846. The meeting occurred during the infamous "Milwaukee

masks: Church Church Church


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 Bridge War". During the 1850s, <mask> was elected to represent his ward on the Board of School Commissioners and to be an assessor for his ward. Delegate, founder or member
On February 16, 1844, <mask> was one of the five founders of Royal Arch Masons Chapter No. 1 in Milwaukee.In 1862, it was renamed the Kilbourn Chapter. On July 5–7, 1847, he was among a large contingent of delegates from Milwaukee County to the River and Harbor Convention in Chicago. The convention drew 2,315 delegates from 19 states to advocate for federal support of improvements to inland rivers and harbors. In 1854-1855, he was one of the seven founders and one of three original trustees of the Second Ward Cemetery Association, incorporated under Wisconsin state law. <mask> was a member of Milwaukee's Old Settlers Club, founded in 1869. His entry in the membership rolls shows he was born on July 23, 1807, in Ulster County, New York, arrived in Milwaukee on November 15, 1835, and still lived in Milwaukee when the club was founded and its members signed the constitution. <mask> and his wife Pamelia Hall Clement, who was born in 1815 in Pembroke, Merrimack County, New Hampshire, had six children.They were Hannah Maria, who married Sherman A. Bradley, a native of Connecticut; Ann Augusta or Anna, who married Henry C. Moore, a native of New Hampshire; Charles Benj. <mask>; <mask> Jr.; <mask> <mask> who married Margaret Legard Gunyon, a native of England; and Susan. Benjamin Church House

In 1938, as a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project, the

masks:
Church
Church
Church
Family Church
Church
Benjamin Church
John Benjamin
Church


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 Benjamin Church House was rescued from its location in Milwaukee and moved to Estabrook Park just north of East Capitol Drive to serve as a public museum. Its Greek Revival architectural style, Doric columns, hand-hewn timbers, local bricks dated 1844 and other features gave it historic significance. Other partners in the rescue and restoration were the Milwaukee County Historical Society, the Milwaukee County Park Commission and The National Society of Colonial Dames in Wisconsin. In 1972, the house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also known as Kilbourntown House, recognizing the part of Milwaukee where it was originally located.Today, the Milwaukee County Historical Society maintains the house and opens it to the public during the summer. <mask> died November 29, 1887, in Milwaukee. His funeral was held on December 1, 1887, according to the Milwaukee historian James S. Buck's Pioneer History of Milwaukee. Buck officiated as marshal at this and many other Old Settlers Club members' funerals. <mask> is buried in Forest Home Cemetery along with many members of his family. References

External links
 Kilbourntown House built in 1844 by <mask>, Milwaukee County Historical Society
 Benjamin Church House, Estabrook Park, in The WPA Guide to Wisconsin
 Photograph of the Benjamin Church House on Flickr

1807 births
1887 deaths
People from New Paltz, New York
Politicians from Milwaukee
Milwaukee City Council members
School board members in Wisconsin
American carpenters
19th-century American

masks:
Death Church
Church
Benjamin Church


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<mask> (February 20, 1891 – April 14, 1970) was an American baseball pitcher in Pre-Negro league and Negro league baseball. In a career that spanned over 30 years, he played for many different Negro league and semi-professional teams, including the All Nations team and the Kansas City Monarchs. Researchers so far have discovered 667 games in which <mask> is known to have pitched. Out of those games, <mask> had over 400 wins and 5,081 strikeouts as a baseball pitcher. According to some sources, he was the greatest pitcher of his era. Statistics
Researchers have documented most of his career, which stretched from 1908 to 1940. Published totals from local newspaper accounts covering his 30-plus year career provide a glimpse at his prowess on the diamond.Despite what has been found regarding <mask>'s career, over 150 games that <mask> pitched in state no strikeout game totals, consequently his overall totals are under-reported. Newspaper coverage of <mask> games reveal 413 wins and 161 losses and a winning percentage of .737. He also notched 5,081 strikeouts, an ERA of 1.37, and 86 shutouts against all levels of competition. He completed 296 of 322 starts (92%). <mask> can be credited with 14 no-hitters, a perfect game, and dozens of one-hitters. He also has two 30 strikeout games, 11 games with more than 25 strikeouts (including two back-to-back 25 strikeout games), 30 games with more than 20 strikeouts, 109 games with more than 15 strikeouts, and a total of 203 double digit strikeout games. <mask> could also hit well, batting .334 in over 1,800 at bats.Early years
<mask>'s early career was spent in and around his hometown of Glasgow, Missouri. He played for the Missouri Black Tigers of nearby Higbee, in 1908, and subsequently for the Hannaca Blues, an all-black contingent from Glasgow during the 1909–1910 seasons. Tennessee Rats
He pitched for Brown's Tennessee Rats, which were managed by W.A. Brown of Holden, Missouri. The team traveled with a complement called "Brown's

masks:
John Wesley Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson


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 Tennessee Minstrels". Together, the group of about 20 players crisscrossed the upper Midwest, playing ball during the day and providing an evening minstrel program for their mostly white ticket buyers. <mask> established himself as a stellar pitcher, posting a reported record of 44–3.Known highlights of that season include an 18-inning 31 strikeout game, a 27 strikeout performance and on at least four separate occasions, he whiffed 19. All Nations

He contracted to pitch for the World's All Nations team based in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1912, for a reported sum of $150 per month. <mask> went on to star for the team, which included a female player named Carrie Nation, as well as players of several different races. The experiment of an interracial ball club was successful as the All Nations thrived traveling throughout the Midwest and Upper Midwest from 1912 to 1917. During <mask>'s 1915 season, he struck out an average of 18 batters a game and fanned 30 in a marathon 18-inning contest. <mask> not only struck out more than 500 batters that season, but did it three years straight. Most of his accomplishments were against semi-professional competition, but <mask> also did very well in his relatively few contests against highest level professional baseball teams, and there were a number of first-person reports of his talent from such opposing managers and players.<mask> and his ball-clubs prior to the organization of the Negro National League in 1920 played ball all year round, both in the Midwest and venues as far west as Los Angeles as far east as Palm Beach, Florida. In an interview in the Kansas City Call in 1948, J. L. Wilkinson said <mask> was "one of the greatest pitchers that ever lived, white or black." He also said <mask> suggested the name "Monarchs" when Wilkinson was preparing a team for the Negro National League in 1920. Tumultuous times, 1918–1920
In 1917, 26-year-old <mask> registered for the WWI Draft. He lists his current occupation as a baseball player for the

masks: Donaldson Donaldson Donaldson Donaldson Donaldson Donaldson Donaldson Donaldson Donaldson


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 Schmelzer's Arms Company of Kansas City, Missouri. He is listed as single, with his mother listed as a dependent. During the time of World War I, the 1918 flu pandemic and many of the nation's racial unrest such as the Red Summer of 1919, <mask> was present in many of these same cities during those dates, playing and pitching in some of the United States' most populous cities like Indianapolis, Brooklyn, Detroit, and Chicago.After being in the middle of all that turbulence, <mask> made his way back to Kansas City, Missouri to play again for J. L. Wilkinson. Kansas City Monarchs
After World War I, J. L. Wilkinson formed the Kansas City Monarchs in 1920, where the 29-year-old <mask> worked as a pitcher and center fielder. In fact, it has been reported that <mask> came up with the name "Monarchs." A Kansas City newspaper even reported that <mask> would manage the Monarchs, but it appears there was a change in the 11th hour, and José Méndez was chosen as the Monarchs manager. <mask> played with the Monarchs at different times through much of the 1920s. He also played in at least one pre-season game with the All Nations in 1920, and in 1921. <mask> also played part-time with various semi-pro barnstorming teams during this era.However, for at least two years, <mask> managed and played on the revamped All Nations baseball team, which now served as a way to train, recruit and make money for Wilkinson's "parent club", the Kansas City Monarchs. Players for the All Nations would show up on the roster one week, then appear on the Kansas City Monarchs roster in the next week. Crowds of over 5,000 people sometimes watched these exhibition games, well into the mid-1920s. Post-Negro league playing career
Perhaps most impressive, <mask> played in towns in Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Canada, sometimes as the only black player on a small-town semipro team. This was at a time when the Ku Klux Klan was active in the state, and three years after the notorious lynchings of three black circus


texts: workers in 1920 in Duluth, Minnesota, <mask> led a barnstorming troupe into Duluth. Here, he pitched and beat a team of white all-stars from the Iron Range, 6-3. <mask> made a comfortable living traveling through rural America, even during the Depression.Like many black barnstormers of the time, <mask> faced white Major Leaguers and fared well enough to prompt New York Giants manager <mask> to say, "I think he is the greatest I have ever seen." McGraw is also alleged to have said about <mask>: "If I could dunk him in calamine lotion, I'd sign him." Baseball historian Pete Gorton has said that <mask>'s charisma, composure and stellar character were a countermeasure to the deep-seated prejudices of the time, "But I don't want anyone to look at the career of <mask> and think 'Oh, here's another poor black ball player exploited by the "Man" or by the times he lived,'" the writer noted. "This is a story of a man who was covered by the media and adored by the fans and had an outstanding career on the baseball diamond." A May 17, 1928, Letter to the Editor in Melrose, Minnesota tells of one fan's appreciation of watching <mask>:  "Two-thirds of the attendance at Melrose wanted to see <mask>, the great. They did not come because they wanted to see the Melrose or Scobey ball teams, but they wanted to see <mask>, the master of base ball." <mask> was playing mostly semi-pro ball in the mid- to late-1930s, and by the end of 1939 was asked by Satchel Paige to play again in the Upper Midwest as the star pitcher on the days when Paige wasn't pitching.Local papers reported the 39-year-old <mask> lacked speed, but that he still had enough experience to "fool the batters." Newspapers and ball players often lied about their age throughout their career, for birth, marriage, and other government records show <mask> was about 48 years old at the time. Currently, the last known game <mask> pitched in professionally, was in a 1940 game against the House of David baseball team. After more than 30

masks:
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
John McGraw
Donaldson
Donaldson
John Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson


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 years as a player, <mask> retired in 1941. Settling in Chicago, some historians believe he worked for the U.S. Postal Service. He made appearances on the mound in far less serious games, as late as 1949.However, by then <mask> was in his late 50s. Major League scout
Although <mask> never gained the full recognition for his pitching skills during his lifetime and was never admitted into Major League Baseball during his career, he made history by becoming the first full-time black talent scout in the big leagues, for the Chicago White Sox of the American League, in 1949, working into the 1950s. He pursued Willie Mays and Ernie Banks for the team and is credited with the signing of several prominent Negro leaguers of the time, including Bob Boyd and Sam Hairston. Anecdotes
Research also suggests that Satchel Paige owes much of his style and acumen to <mask>, whose barnstorming efforts pre-dated Paige's by two decades. Elden Auker, a former major league pitcher, who had played against <mask>, related this anecdote when he (Auker) was 95 years old, in 2006: "I played against <mask> in 1929. I was in college and we played at an Arapaho Indian reservation in Kansas. I pitched against Paige and I won, 2–1.<mask> played center field. <mask> got out in center field and squatted like a catcher", Auker related. "The Monarchs had a catcher named Young, and he squatted behind home plate and they played catch from 300 feet. They threw the ball on a line. If I hadn't seen it, I wouldn't have believed it." Legacy
At age 60, <mask> was voted a first-team member of the 1952 Pittsburgh Courier player-voted poll of the Negro leagues best players ever. <mask> died of bronchial pneumonia at age 79, in Chicago, and is buried in Burr Oak Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois.in an unmarked grave at the cemetery. In 2004, Jeremy Krock, of Peoria, Illinois, raised enough money for a proper headstone via the Negro Leagues Baseball Grave Marker Project. He started the project with Jimmie Crutchfield and lead

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 to <mask>, and has continued to more than 20 other unmarked graves. <mask> was nominated for a special ballot of pre-Negro leagues candidates for inclusion in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2005. However in February 2006, <mask> failed to garner the necessary 75% to earn election from a 12-member voting committee, appointed by the Board of Directors and chaired by former Major League Baseball Commissioner Fay Vincent. Amateur film footage made on August 16, 1925, of <mask> at a game in Fergus Falls, Minnesota, was uncovered in 2010. Thirty-nine seconds exist.<mask> faced off that day against Joe Jaeger, who made two relief appearances for the Chicago Cubs in 1920, and advertisements for the game called <mask> "the colored wonder pitcher." , researchers working as a networking team calling themselves "The Donaldson Network", living and working in several states around the United States, have located <mask>'s 5,081 career strikeouts and 413 career wins as a pitcher. On November 5, 2021, he was selected to the final ballot for the Baseball Hall of Fame's Early Days Committee for consideration in the Class of 2022. He received eight of the necessary twelve votes. References

External links
 and Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats and Seamheads
 Negro League Baseball Players Association
 <mask> Ongoing Research Site
 "This guy wants turn-of-the-last-century Minnesota black pitcher in Hall of Fame," by Rubén Rosario, March 18, 2018, St. Paul Pioneer Press
 "This Great Black Baseball Player Still Isn't In the Hall of Fame" New York Times, July 29, 2020
 "Restoring the lost legacy of a baseball giant" Le Mars Daily Sentinel, February 15, 2006

1891 births
1970 deaths
People from Glasgow, Missouri
All Nations players
Kansas City Monarchs players
Detroit Stars players
Brooklyn Royal Giants players
Lincoln Giants players
Baseball players from Missouri
Deaths from pneumonia in Illinois
Burials at Burr Oak Cemetery
Baseball pitchers
20th-century African-American

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Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
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John Donaldson


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<mask> (; born 19 November 1991) is a Chinese professional footballer who plays as a forward for La Liga club Espanyol and the China national team. <mask> is the all-time top goalscorer for Shanghai SIPG with 169 goals. He is the second all-time top goalscorer in Chinese Super League history with 102 goals. <mask> also holds the record for being the youngest player to have appeared in a Chinese professional league match aged 14 years and 287 days. Early life
<mask> was born in Nanjing and developed a passion for football at an early age. Turned down by Jiangsu Sainty's youth academy for being too small, <mask> took a recommendation letter from former Chinese footballer Li Hongbing and went to Shanghai to apply for the Genbao Football Base in 2003. After watching a single training session of <mask>, Xu Genbao, the founder and owner of Genbao Football Base, decided to recruit <mask>.Later in 2005, <mask> and his teammates joined Shanghai East Asia, which was jointly founded by Xu Genbao. Club career

Shanghai SIPG
<mask> started his football career playing for third-tier side Shanghai SIPG, making his debut for the club on 2 September 2006 in a 5–3 loss against Yunnan Lijiang Dongba, making him the youngest ever player to play professional Chinese football aged 14 years and 287 days. He helped the club win the third tier title and promotion to the second tier at the end of the 2007 league season. He scored his first goal for the club on 30 August 2008 in a 2–0 win against Qingdao Hailifeng. This made him the second youngest goalscorer in Chinese football aged 16 years and 289 days, just 47 days behind Cao Yunding's record. <mask> scored a hat-trick on 2 June 2013 in a 6–1 win against Shanghai Shenxin, becoming the second youngest player to score a hat-trick in the top tier. He scored his second hat-trick of the season on 18 August 2013 in a 3–2 win against Tianjin Teda.He scored his third hat-trick of the season on 27 September 2013 in a 6–1 win against Qingdao Jonoon. On 31 July 2016, <mask> became the first Chinese

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Wu Lei
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 footballer in over two years to score a hat-trick in the Chinese Super League in a 3–3 draw against Guangzhou R&F. On 18 March 2018, he scored four goals in a 5–2 win against Guangzhou R&F, becoming the second Chinese footballer to score four goals in a league match after Li Jinyu. In the 2018 season, <mask> became the top goalscorer in Chinese Super League history with 102 goals. He also won the Golden Boot award with 27 goals, becoming the first Chinese footballer to win the award since Li Jinyu. <mask> was also named as the Chinese Football Association Footballer of the Year at the end of the season, becoming the Chinese footballer to win the award since 2007. RCD Espanyol
On 28 January 2019, <mask> transferred to La Liga side RCD Espanyol for a reported fee of €2 million, signing a three-year contract with an option for an additional year.He made his debut for the club on 3 February 2019 in a 2–2 draw against Villarreal, coming on as a substitute for Dídac Vilà in the 77th minute. It was watched by more than 40 million people in China. He became the second Chinese footballer to play in La Liga after Zhang Chengdong. On 9 February 2019, he came on as a substitute and earned a penalty which produced the equalizer in a 2–1 win against Rayo Vallecano. On 17 February 2019, <mask> became the first Chinese footballer to start a La Liga match in a 0–0 draw against Valencia CF. <mask> scored his first goal for the club on 2 March 2019 in a 3–1 win against Real Valladolid, becoming the first Chinese footballer to score in La Liga. On 24 April 2019, <mask> scored his second goal for the club in a  1–1 draw against Celta.On 18 May 2019, <mask> scored his third goal for the club in a 2–0 win against Real Sociedad, securing Espanyol's spot in the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League qualifying stages. On 25 July 2019, <mask> made his UEFA Europa League debut in the qualifying rounds in a 4–0 win against Stjarnan, coming on as a substitute for Esteban Granero. A month later, he scored his first goal in the same competition in a 3–0 win

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 against Luzern. His goal, a header in the third minute, was the fastest in the club's European history and was also the first goal scored by a Chinese footballer in any European continental competition since 2013. On 3 October 2019, <mask> became the first Chinese footballer ever to score in European competition, excluding qualifying stages, scoring in a 2–0 win against CSKA Moscow. On 4 January 2020, <mask> became the first Chinese player to score against Barcelona, scoring a 88th-minute equaliser for Espanyol after coming on as a substitute in a 2–2 draw. International career
<mask> was called up to the Chinese under-20 national team in 2009 and scored nine goals in five matches during the 2010 AFC U-19 Championship qualification matches.His impressive goalscoring performances saw him called up to the Chinese national team for the 2010 East Asian Football Championship, making his debut on 14 February 2010 in a 2–0 win against Hong Kong. Several months later, <mask> returned to the under-20 national team for the 2010 AFC U-19 Championship and he played in four games and score two goals while he aided China to the quarterfinals by the end of the tournament. He scored his first goal for China on 28 July 2013 in a 4–3 win against Australia at the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup. Player profile

Style of play
<mask> has been praised for his goalscoring exploits and off-the-ball movements. He is known for his explosive speed, especially on counterattacks. A versatile forward, <mask> is capable of playing anywhere across the frontline. Although he has played as a striker and second striker, he often plays as a winger and can operate on either flank.Reception
<mask>'s goalscoring prowess drew praise from former manager Gao Hongbo, who stated, "<mask>'s scoring ability is innate, making him a gifted player." In 2013, former mentor Xu Genbao, who has been attributed to helping develop <mask>, described him as "China's Maradona". <mask>'s performances during the 2013 Copa del Sol caught the eye of Molde FK's manager Ole Gunnar

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 Solskjær. Solskjær commented on <mask>'s footballing prowess, stating, "He is a good striker; if he moves to Molde, I think he can improve well enough to play for an English Premiership side in a year." <mask>'s transfer from Shanghai SIPG to La Liga side Espanyol on 28 January 2019 drew widespread attention amongst Chinese media outlets. According to PPTV, the official broadcaster of La Liga in China, more than 25 million fans in China watched Espanyol win 3–1 against Real Valladolid, in which <mask> scored his first goal for the club. Personal life
<mask> is of Hui ethnicity.He married his girlfriend Zhong Jiabei () in 2014 and has two children, a daughter and a son. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list China's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. Honours
Shanghai SIPG
Chinese Super League: 2018
China League One: 2012
China League Two: 2007

Espanyol
Segunda División: 2020–21

China PR
East Asian Football Championship: 2010

Individual
Chinese Football Association Footballer of the Year: 2018
Chinese Super League Golden Boot winner: 2018
Chinese Super League Domestic Golden Boot winner: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
Chinese Super League Team of the Year: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
Chinese Footballer of the Year: 2018, 2019
AFC Asian Cup Team of the Tournament: 2019
IFFHS AFC Man Team of the Year: 2020
IFFHS AFC Men's Team of the Decade 2011–2020
IFFHS Asian Men's Team of All Time: 2021

References

External links
 Player profile at sports.online.sh.cn

1991 births
Living people
Hui sportspeople
Footballers from Jiangsu
Sportspeople from Nanjing
Chinese footballers
Association football midfielders
Shanghai Port F.C. players
RCD Espanyol footballers
China League One players
Chinese Super League players
La Liga players
Segunda División players
China youth international footballers
China international footballers
2015 AFC Asian Cup players
2019 AFC Asian Cup players
Chinese expatriate footballers
Chinese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate

masks: Wu Wu Wu Wu Wu


texts: <mask>. (; born July 24, 1956) is an American lawyer and politician who has served as the U.S. representative from  since 2017. The district is based in St. Petersburg. He served as the 44th governor of Florida from 2007 to 2011. <mask> began his political career as a Republican, serving in the Florida Senate from 1993 to 1999, running unsuccessfully against incumbent Bob Graham for the U.S. Senate in 1998 and then serving as Florida Education Commissioner from 2001 to 2003 and Florida Attorney General from 2003 to 2007, before being elected governor in 2006. While still governor, <mask> ran for a U.S. Senate seat. After initially leading in the 2010 race for the Republican nomination, <mask> was overtaken in the polls by Marco Rubio when the state GOP committee decided not to fund his reelection bid, and in April 2010 <mask> left the Republican Party to run as an independent. In the general election, he lost to Rubio in a three-way race, taking 30% of the vote to Rubio's 49% and Democratic nominee Kendrick Meek's 20%.<mask>'s term as governor ended in January 2011. On December 7, 2012, <mask> joined the Democratic Party, having endorsed President Barack Obama for reelection in 2012. On November 1, 2013, he announced that he was running for governor in the 2014 election. He was defeated by Governor Rick Scott, <mask>'s successor, by a 1% margin. In 2016, <mask> was elected to Congress from his home district, the 13th, defeating incumbent Republican David Jolly, 52%–48% and became the first Democrat to represent this district since 1955. As of the 117th Congress, <mask> is the only former governor serving in the House. <mask> is a candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination in the 2022 Florida gubernatorial election.Early life

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Charles Joseph Crist Jr
Crist
Crist
Crist
Crist
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Crist
Crist
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 and education
<mask> was born in Altoona, Pennsylvania, on July 24, 1956, to Charles Joseph <mask>, an American physician of Greek Cypriot and Lebanese descent, and Nancy (née Lee), of Scots-Irish, Swiss, and Welsh descent. His family name is adapted from the original Greek name "Christodoulos". As a child, <mask> moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, where he attended Riviera Middle School and St. Petersburg High School, from which he graduated in 1974. He is the second of four children and has three sisters: <mask> Wood, <mask> Hyden, and <mask> Kennedy. He attended Wake Forest University for two years. While at Wake Forest, <mask> was a walk-on quarterback for the Demon Deacons during his freshman and sophomore years, before transferring to Florida State University in Tallahassee. <mask> earned his undergraduate degree from Florida State, where he was elected vice president of the student body and became a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity.He received his J.D. from Samford University Cumberland School of Law. Early career
After graduating from Cumberland School of Law in 1981, and passing the bar on his third attempt, <mask> was hired as general counsel to Minor League Baseball, which was headquartered in St. Petersburg. Drawn to politics, <mask> was a candidate for public office for the first time in 1986, in the Republican primary for a state Senate seat in Pinellas County. After losing in a runoff, <mask> joined his brother-in-law in private practice in St. Petersburg, but soon returned to politics as an aide on the successful 1988 United States Senate campaign of Connie Mack III, whom he has since described as his political mentor. Florida Senate

In 1992, <mask> was elected to a two-year term to the Florida Senate from

masks:
Crist
Crist
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Margaret Crist
Elizabeth Crist
Catherine Crist
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Crist
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 the 20th district, which encompassed parts of St. Petersburg and South Tampa. He defeated longtime incumbent Democratic State Senator Helen Gordon Davis of Tampa, 58.3 to 41.7%.<mask> was able to unseat Gordon Davis following the 1992 decennial redistricting process, which significantly reconfigured the districts in the Tampa Bay area. His victory was credited with helping to end the Democratic Party's 128-year control of the Florida Senate, as the Republicans netted three seats in 1992, resulting in a 20–20 tie between the parties. <mask> was known as a law-and-order senator, sponsoring legislation requiring inmates to serve at least 85% of their sentences before becoming eligible for parole. He supported teacher salary increases, charter schools, and a specialty license plate for Everglades conservation. With <mask> as chairman, the Senate Ethics and Elections Committee investigated actions of then-governor Lawton Chiles amid allegations that Chiles's campaign had made "scare calls" to senior citizens days before the 1994 gubernatorial election. Chiles testified before the committee and admitted that his campaign had made the calls. In 1994, <mask> was reelected to a four-year term in the Senate, defeating Democrat Dana Lynn Maley with 63.3% of the vote.Florida Education Commissioner
<mask> gained recognition in 1998 as the Republican challenger to incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Bob Graham. He lost to Graham by 26 percentage points. In 2000, he was elected Education Commissioner of Florida, a position he held until it became an appointive office in 2003, as the result of a 1998 constitutional amendment. <mask> left his position after he was elected attorney general. Florida Attorney General
In 2002, <mask> was elected

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 Florida Attorney General. His candidacy was supported by the host of America's Most Wanted, John Walsh.Walsh and other supporters cited his work with the Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Civil rights and consumer groups praised <mask> for expanding the attorney general's powers during his time in office. These powers enabled him and future attorneys general to have greater power to prosecute civil rights and fraud cases. <mask> also worked to combat email spam, freeze utility rates, end telecom deception, and protect the environment. Governor of Florida

Having won the 2006 election, <mask> was inaugurated as governor of Florida on January 2, 2007. Fiscal policies
<mask> supported President Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a stimulus package in response to the Great Recession. Fellow Republicans were angered by <mask>'s support for the stimulus.<mask> called the act a "godsend", maintaining that it had saved the jobs of nearly 20,000 Florida schoolteachers and other school workers in 2009–2010. Gun policy
In 2008, <mask> signed a provision preventing employers from prohibiting employees from bringing firearms to the workplace, as long as the weapons are secure and the employees have a concealed carry license. Abortion
<mask>'s stance on abortion has been unclear at times. In 1995, while in the Florida Senate, <mask> joined with two Democrats in the Senate Health Care Committee in voting against a proposal for a mandatory 24-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion, resulting in a 3–3 tie vote and the bill's defeat. In 1998, while running for the U.S. Senate, <mask> wrote in a Tampa Bay Times questionnaire that "I believe that a woman has the right to choose, but would prefer only

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texts: after careful consideration and consultation with her family, her physician and her clergy; not her government." In a debate that year, he said he did not support a constitutional amendment banning abortion. In 2006, while running for governor, <mask> said he did not support overturning Roe v. Wade and opposed a mandatory 24-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion.In 2010, while running for the U.S. Senate again, <mask> said he would "fight for pro-life legislative efforts" and described himself as "pro-life". By March 2010, however, as rumors swirled that he would leave the Republican Party and become an independent, <mask> reiterated that he did not support overturning Roe v. Wade and told a Christian Family Coalition group, "We ought to, instead of change laws, change hearts." In June 2010, after leaving the Republican Party and becoming an independent, <mask> removed anti-abortion language from his website. Shortly thereafter, he vetoed a bill to require women seeking abortions to pay for and receive an ultrasound, calling the measure "punitive" and "almost mean-spirited". The bill also included language barring abortion coverage "under a contract toward which any tax credit or cost-sharing credit is applied." Legislative Republicans and anti-abortion groups said his language was aimed at preventing "what they considered the possibility of federal funding being used for abortion in Florida", while abortion rights groups said the broadly written provision would have resulted "in hundreds of thousands of women losing health care coverage that they currently have." The bill <mask> vetoed also included some provisions "intended to thwart" the Affordable Care Act, the federal health care reform legislation

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 championed by President Obama.LGBT rights
In 2006, as a proposed state constitutional amendment banning same-sex unions was headed to the ballot in Florida, <mask> said that such an amendment was unnecessary because state law already barred same-sex marriages. But in September 2005, <mask> had signed a petition for the amendment during the Republican primary at the Christian Coalition's request. <mask> said in campaign materials at the time that he supported "traditional marriage". In 2008, <mask> said he voted for the amendment, which passed. In a debate and a radio talk show appearance in 2006, <mask> indicated support for civil unions. In 2010, after becoming an independent during the U.S. Senate race, he declared his support for civil unions encompassing "the full range of legal protections" including "access to a loved one in the hospital, inheritance rights, the fundamental things people need to take care of their families." It is unclear whether the 2008 state constitutional amendment <mask> supported would have prohibited such civil unions.As governor <mask> deemphasized the marriage issue, saying in a late 2007 CNN appearance, "It's not an issue that moves me. I'm just a live and let live kind of guy", and telling the Orlando Sentinel in 2008 that the issue was not "top-tier" for him. <mask> initially supported Florida's ban on same-sex adoption, which had been in place since 1977. He publicly expressed support for the ban from the time he was attorney general in 2006 to his campaign for the U.S. Senate in 2010, even after some state legislators proposed dropping the ban in 2007. In 2008, in the case of In re Gill, a Miami-Dade judge struck down the ban as unconstitutional. As the case proceeded through appeals, <mask>

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 expressed support for the ban as late as February 2010, but by June 2010, expressed openness to changing Florida law to allow same-sex adoption, saying a better approach "would be to let judges make that decision on a case-by-case basis." In September 2010, <mask> said that he had had an "appropriate evolution" on gay rights and was considering dropping the state's appeal of the court ruling striking down Florida's ban on gay adoption.Days later, after an appeals court struck down the ban, <mask> hailed the ruling "a very good day for Florida" and "a great day for children" and announced that the state would no longer seek to enforce the ban. In a Senate candidates' debate the next month, he attributed his shift in positions to "the convergence of life experience and wisdom", saying that he had become more tolerant and become less judgmental with age. In January 2014, <mask> apologized for his support for the 2008 same-sex marriage ban and for the same-sex adoption ban, telling an Orlando LGBT publication, "I'm sorry I did that. It was a mistake. I was wrong. Please forgive me." Environmental policy
In June 2008 <mask> proposed that Florida buy  from the United States Sugar Corporation for $1.2 billion.The purchase would remove about 187,000 acres of sugar farming for restoration efforts. In front of supporters in Palm Beach County, <mask> called the deal "as monumental as our nation's first national park." Economic changes forced the purchase to be reduced to  of sugar and citrus plantations for Everglades restoration projects. <mask> announced plans to sign executive orders to impose strict air pollution standards in Florida, with an aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% of 1990 levels by 2050. In his gubernatorial

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 campaign <mask> opposed offshore oil drilling. He altered that position in June 2008, when oil reached peak prices, saying, "I mean, let's face it, the price of gas has gone through the roof, and Florida families are suffering, and my heart bleeds for them." Other issues
As governor, <mask> supported capital punishment.After claims that computerized voting machines undercounted votes in black communities, <mask> endorsed legislation requiring paper records of all ballots cast in elections. In April 2010, <mask> vetoed an education bill that would have linked teacher pay to test scores, a piece of legislation conservatives strongly supported. <mask> supported increased regulation of the insurance industry, including property insurance rates (in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina) and health insurance. The Citizen's Property Insurance Corp and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund had been described as risky and underfunded. Standing next to former football star Dan Marino (whose son, Michael, is autistic and inspired the Dan Marino Foundation), <mask> signed a law expanding health coverage statewide for autism disorders and legislation expanding low-income coverage and creating public and private insurance options in Florida. Fundraising controversies

In February 2006, <mask> attended a fundraiser at Mar-A-Lago, hosted by Donald Trump, with guests paying $500 to attend. Two of the guests became subjects of controversy.One, Volodymyr Shcherban, was a Ukrainian government official who had recently fled his country after being charged with corruption. The other, Russell Whitney, was a businessman from Cape Coral, Florida, who at the time was under investigation by <mask>'s office (and two of whose businesses had previously made the

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 maximum allowable $500 contribution to <mask>'s campaign). <mask> subsequently returned $1,000 to Whitney's businesses, and determined that Shcherban's entry fee had been paid by another guest. In 2009, <mask> saw the man he had chosen as Florida GOP finance chairman, his former fraternity brother, oil magnate Harry Sargeant III, forced to step down. One of Sargeant's employees, Ala'a al-Ali of the Dominican Republic, was indicted in Los Angeles for organizing $5,000 in illegal campaign contributions to <mask>, as well as $50,000 to presidential candidates Hillary Clinton, John McCain and Rudy Giuliani. Role in the 2008 presidential election

Senator John McCain endorsed <mask>'s 2006 campaign for governor, traveling the state to campaign with him. The day before the general election, <mask> held a campaign event with McCain in Jacksonville.Later, when the Republican presidential primary debates were held in St. Petersburg, <mask> embraced McCain. Former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani, who had also campaigned for <mask> during the gubernatorial election, had sought his endorsement. In May 2007, <mask> signed a bill moving the date of Florida's presidential primary to January 29, 2008, contrary to national political party rules. <mask> joined Michigan governor Jennifer Granholm in asking that their states' delegates be seated. Both national conventions ended up seating all delegates, but with only a half vote each for the sanctioned states. On January 26, 2008, <mask> endorsed McCain in the Republican primary. McCain won the Florida primary by five percentage points.On October 28, 2008, <mask> extended early voting hours of operation and declared that a "state of emergency exists", due to record voter turnout and resultant

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 hours-long waits at locations throughout the state. On November 12–14, 2008, <mask> hosted the Republican Governors Association (RGA) annual meeting in Miami. Held the week after the Democratic Party victories in the 2008 election, there was speculation about the meeting's tone. Then Alaska Governor Sarah Palin, the defeated 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee, was a featured participant and speaker. <mask>'s speech at the RGA conference, "Listen to the Voters and Serve", included his sentiments on how the GOP should evolve:

<mask> held a joint interview with Governor Mark Sanford of South Carolina in which they discussed the split in the Republican Party over where to direct the party's efforts to gain more voters. 2010 U.S. Senate campaign

On May 12, 2009, <mask> announced that he would not run for reelection as governor in 2010, making him the first Florida governor not to run for reelection since 1964. Instead he ran for the US Senate.His two main opponents were former Florida House Speaker Marco Rubio, and Democratic nominee Kendrick Meek. <mask> was initially the front-runner in the Republican primary, but later trailed Rubio in polls. <mask> announced his intent to run as an unaffiliated candidate in the election, while at the same time, according to a press release from his campaign, he remained a registered Republican. <mask> officially changed his registration status to "non party affiliated" on May 13, 2010. He did not return campaign contributions made while he was a Republican. <mask> lost the general election, receiving 29.7% of the vote to Rubio's 48.9% and Meek's 20.2%. In April 2011, as part of a settlement of a copyright lawsuit brought by musician David Byrne, <mask> apologized for his Senate campaign's


texts:
 use of Byrne's song "Road to Nowhere" without permission.By the spring of 2015, there was speculation that <mask> would seek the Democratic nomination for the 2016 United States Senate election in Florida. This would have been his third run for the seat (he lost in 1998 and 2010). In March 2015, <mask> said he would not seek the nomination. That same month, he endorsed U.S. Congressman Patrick Murphy's Senate candidacy. Break from politics (2011–2014)
In January 2011, <mask> joined the Tampa office of national personal injury law firm Morgan & Morgan after expressing an interest in returning to the legal field during his final week in office as governor of Florida. <mask> worked primarily in the firm's class-action sector as a complex-litigation attorney, serving as a "rainmaker" for the firm.In November 2016, after almost six years with the firm, he was elected to represent Florida's 13th congressional district. In February 2018, Brad Slager of Sunshine State News, cited evidence that Morgan & Morgan was "attempting to purge all evidence" of its relationship with <mask> now that he was a "rookie congressman" with "little-to-no power". In 2013, <mask> performed paid consulting work for Coastal Construction, a Miami-based construction firm owned by <mask>'s longtime friend Tom Murphy, the father of former U.S. Representative Patrick Murphy. <mask> has been a part-time guest lecturer at Stetson University College of Law, with the title of Distinguished Professorial Lecturer. In August 2012, <mask> endorsed President Obama in his campaign for reelection over Republican nominee Mitt Romney, saying that the Republican Party "pitched so far to the extreme right on issues important to women, immigrants, seniors and students that they've


texts:
 proven incapable of governing for the people." <mask> was a speaker at the 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, saying, "I didn't leave the Republican Party; it left me." Party switch and The Party's Over
On December 7, 2012, <mask> announced that he had joined the Democratic Party.In July 2013, it was announced that <mask> was writing a new book. The book, The Party's Over: How the Extreme Right Hijacked the GOP and I Became a Democrat, was released in February 2014. In the book, <mask> details why he left the Republican Party and became a Democrat. He claimed that his career in the Republican Party was destroyed by a hug between him and Obama at a Fort Myers town hall on February 10, 2009. "It was the kind of hug I'd exchanged with thousands and thousands of Floridians over the years", <mask> wrote. "I didn't think a thing about it as it was happening." But it "ended my viable life as a Republican politician.I would never have a future in my old party again. My bipartisan hopes and dreams, I would discover soon enough to my shock and disappointment, were vastly overstated and hopelessly out of date." In May 2014, <mask> told Fusion's Jorge Ramos that he had left the Republican Party because of its racial attitudes. "I couldn't be consistent with myself and my core beliefs, and stay with a party that was so unfriendly toward the African-American president—I'll just go there", <mask> said. "I was a Republican and I saw the activists and what they were doing. It was intolerable to me." The Washington Post Chris Cillizza rejected this claim, citing Tampa Bay Times political editor Adam Smith as saying that <mask> "was happy as a Republican when the polls showed him leading Marco Rubio by 20