texts: chance at becoming the mayor of Caracas, one of the most important posts in the country". BBC News called the list of individuals barred from office a "blacklist," noting that there was "little that Mr <mask> and others" could do to participate in the November 2008 elections. The Economist stated that <mask> was the "main apparent target" of the "decision by the auditor-general to ban hundreds of candidates from standing in the state and municipal elections for alleged corruption, even though none has been convicted by the courts". The Carter Center expressed regret that the Venezuelan Supreme Court did not find it feasible to comply with the IACHR's decision. The Human Rights Watch "described political discrimination as a defining feature of Mr. Chávez's presidency," singling out <mask> and the "measure that disqualifies candidates from running for public office because of legal claims against them". The Organization of American States cited the case against <mask> as one of the "factors that contribute to the weakening of the rule of law and democracy in Venezuela." The Associated Press reported that the use of the charges to disqualify <mask> "is a tactic critics say Chavez uses to put his opponents' political ambitions on indefinite hold".The next day, <mask> and others protested the ruling in a demonstration, until they were blocked in front of a government building. <mask> again filed a complaint, this time with the Human Rights Commission of the international Mercosur Parliament, on which Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay are represented, and on which Venezuela has observer status. Two members of the commission traveled to Caracas to investigate, but were unable to come to any conclusion because Venezuelan

masks: López López López López López López López


type: original

texts:
 officials refused to meet with them. Three years after the controversy began, <mask> was cleared of all of the charges of corruption. Voluntad Popular

On 5 December 2009, <mask> launched the political party Voluntad Popular, saying "What we want is to build a new majority from the bottom up - not just through negotiations and agreements between elites. It's a longer road, but for us, it's the only road that gives us possibilities of winning." <mask> described Voluntad Popular as "a social and political, pluralistic and democratic movement" that stood for "the rights of all Venezuelans."According to WikiLeaks, US diplomatic cables (one titled "The <mask> Problem") revealed criticism of <mask> by members of the opposition. 2014 protests in Venezuela

The Economist reported in February 2014 that while Henrique Capriles headed the moderate wing of Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD) – the alliance of Venezuelan opposition parties – <mask> headed "the more confrontational wing". Both advocated nonviolence, while <mask>, unlike Capriles, "believe[d] that demonstrations can prompt a change of government". On 12 February 2014, <mask> called on Venezuelans to peacefully protest against the Venezuelan government. The same day, Venezuelan prosecutors, after likening <mask> and protesters to "Nazis", issued an arrest warrant for <mask> on charges including instigation of delinquency, public intimidation, arson of a public building, damage to public property, severe injury, "incitement to riot", homicide, and terrorism. The day after the warrant was issued, <mask> used Twitter to address Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro: "Don't you have the guts to arrest me? Or are you waiting for orders from Havana?I tell you, the truth is on our side."

masks: López López López López López López López López López López López


texts: In a late-night nationally televised broadcast on 16 February, according to Reuters, "Maduro told <mask> to hand himself in 'without a show,' and said he had rejected pressure from Washington to drop the case against him." Maduro "said he had ordered three U.S. consular officials to leave the country for conspiring against his government", and declared: "Venezuela doesn't take orders from anyone!" On 18 February, <mask> turned himself in to the Guardia Nacional (National Guard) in the presence of thousands of cheering supporters, who, like him, wore white as a symbol of nonviolence. He gave a short speech in which he said that he hoped his arrest would awaken Venezuela to the corruption and economic disaster caused by socialist rule. The only alternative to accepting arrest, he said, standing on a statue of Jose Marti, was to "leave the country, and I will never leave Venezuela!" Hours after the arrest, Maduro addressed a cheering crowd of supporters in red, saying that he would not tolerate "psychological warfare" by his opponents and that <mask> must be held responsible for his "treasonous acts".<mask>'s wife told CNN that night "that <mask> was in good spirits behind bars" and added: "The last thing he told me was don't forget why this is happening, don't forget why he's going to jail. He's asking for the liberation of political prisoners and students and an end to repression and violence." On 20 February, Supervisory Judge Ralenis Tovar Guillén issued a pre-trial detention order against <mask> in response to formal charges of conspiracy, incitement to commit crimes, arson, and damage to public property with the charges ordered by public prosecutor Franklin Nieves. <mask> was formally charged at an arraignment that took


texts:
 place inside a military bus parked outside the prison, a process described by Gutierrez as "very unorthodox". Imprisonment
<mask> was serving a 13-year sentence for crimes including instigation of delinquency, arson, damage to public property, "incitement to riot", and terrorism. The charges have been labeled by organizations or legislative bodies outside of Venezuela as politically motivated. Human rights groups around the globe have called for <mask>' release due to the government's negligent handling of the trial.Since out of nearly 700 total hours of court testimonies the defense spoke for less than three, the trial has been called a farce. Initial detention

<mask> was denied bail and imprisoned at the Ramo Verde military prison outside of Caracas. While in prison, his family visited him every week, only being allowed to stay for a few hours and deliver lunch. They had to undergo strict searches by guards. <mask> grew a beard and began learning how to play the cuatro. <mask>, a devout Catholic, was not allowed to attend mass or have a priest visit but has been allowed to have an hour of exercise outside each day. In July 2014, his wife stated that his visitation rights had been revoked and that he was subjected to psychological torture including isolation.It was also reported that prison guards would throw feces against <mask>'s jail cell. Chilean lawyer and secretary of a mission of Socialist International, José Antonio Viera-Gallo, stated that in the case of <mask>, Socialist International "confirmed human rights violations against a political leader" giving examples of when <mask> and others trying to communicate with their families, authorities sound loud sirens preventing communication. On 13 February 2015, armed

masks: López López López López López López López López


texts:
 masked men believed to be military used blowtorches to cut through the bars of Lopez and former mayor Daniel Ceballos' prison cells. In May 2015 <mask> announced he was beginning a hunger strike to protest his detention and the mismanagement of the Maduro government. He has urged other jailed opposition to join, with Daniel Ceballos also participating in the hunger strike. Both <mask> and Ceballos ceased the hunger strike after one of their demands, a date set for the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary elections, were set to take place on 6 December 2015. Trial

<mask> was set to be tried alongside four students, Marco Coello, Christian Holdack, Ángel González, and Demian Martin.He petitioned the court to release these students, who had been arrested in February. Judge Susana Barreiros ordered the release of all but Christian Holdack. At the beginning of his trial, Lopez's defence was barred from entering the court to present evidence and witnesses. For <mask>'s defense, only 1 of 63 witnesses were allowed to be presented in court while over 100 witnesses were allowed to presented for the prosecution. Since <mask> was detained on 18 February 2014, he was held in Ramo Verde Prison while he was tried. <mask>'s court dates were on 23 July, 6 August, 13 August and 28 August. At each of those trials, the prosecution presented evidence against <mask>, yet his defense was allegedly not able to present any information or evidence supporting him.After the court session of 28 August, the case was deferred for a third time to 10 September. The 28 August court session was also under the presence of a delegate of the European Union, allegedly due to concerns about the trial's process. In November 2014, the Venezuelan court rejected the United


texts:
 Nations' request to release <mask> from prison. The United Nations, along with several other organizations and institutions, have criticized the trial due to a lack of due process in the court's handling of the case, as well as a lack of fair hearing for the defense, who had under three hours to defend themselves to the government's 600 hours. The government's use of delays to silence witnesses for the defense, as well as their direct barring of 58 of 60 witnesses, was also condemned. On 4 January 2015, in response to US requests to free <mask>, Maduro offered to exchange <mask> "man to man" for <mask> Rivera, the Puerto Rican independence activist imprisoned in the U.S. The Obama administration commuted <mask>'s sentence, with his release in May 2017.In March 2015, former socialist Prime Minister of Spain Felipe González agreed to take over the defense of <mask> in his trial after his family requested his assistance. In the roughly 700 hours of court testimonies, <mask>'s defense was given less than three hours and was not allotted many resources or due process. Sentence

On 10 September 2015, after spending over a year and a half imprisoned in Ramo Verde, <mask>'s trial was set to conclude. According to <mask>'s lawyers, Judge Susana Barreiros suddenly finished proceedings the preceding week, with <mask> only permitted to use a few witnesses while the prosecution was granted the use of hundreds of witnesses. At the courthouse, about 200 supporters of <mask> gathered while government supporters grouped together with a band singing folk songs supporting a guilty verdict against <mask>. The gatherings grew violent after government supporters attacked <mask> supporters and left them with multiple injuries and one death. Before

masks:
López
López
López
Oscar López
López Rivera
López
López
López
López
López
López
López
López


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 the conclusion of the trial, <mask> addressed the courtroom with a three-hour speech.Judge Susana Barreiros found <mask> guilty and gave him the maximum sentence of 13 years, 9 months, 7 days, and 12 hours in Ramo Verde military prison for public incitement of violence; student movement co-defendants received sentences ranging from 4 and 10 years. <mask> was then allowed to spend moments with his family before he was sent back to his isolation cell in Ramo Verde. <mask>'s supporters then moved to another part of the city to demonstrate while the banging of pots by other Venezuelans could be heard from their homes. Controversy and international reaction

The European Union, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and several human rights organizations have condemned the arrest and defined it as politically motivated. Several figures involved with his trial later declared that they were pressured by the Venezuelan government to detain <mask>..

On 23 October 2015, Franklin Nieves, a prosecutor in <mask>'s trial who fled to the United States, stated that the trial was a "farce" and that he was pressured by high officials in the Venezuelan government. Nieves said that Brigadier General Manuel Gregorio Bernal Martinez, then head of SEBIN, was directly ordered by President Maduro to arrest <mask> and others. When Nieves asked for documentation of any crimes, Bernal did not have any but a SEBIN officer created the documents needed to persecute <mask>, with Nieves stating, "They made up those facts in the moment."Nieves also accused Diosdado Cabello, leader of the National Assembly, of directing the <mask> trial as well. Luisa Ortega Díaz, the Chief Prosecutor of Venezuela who reportedly asked prosecutors to build evidence against

masks: López López López López López López López López López


texts: <mask>, denied Nieves' allegations, saying that "If he was pressured, it was undoubtedly by foreign elements." Luisa Ortega would later say that she was pressured by Diosdado Cabello to accuse <mask> of the deaths of Bassil Da Costa and Juan Montoya. Ralenis Tovar, the judge that signed the arrest warrant against <mask>, declared that she signed the warrant because she felt scared after being threatened with becoming a "second Lourdes Afiuni judge". Human rights groups consider <mask> as "Latin America's most prominent political prisoner". Multiple organizations denounced <mask>'s detention and published discussions about it in order to bring attention to his arrest. Human Rights Watch said: "The Venezuelan government has openly embraced the classic tactics of an authoritarian regime, jailing its opponents, muzzling the media, and intimidating civil society."HRW further accused the Maduro government of blaming opposition leaders, including <mask>, for violence. The Human Rights Foundation, founded and run by <mask>'s first cousin, Thor Halvorssen Mendoza, declared <mask> a prisoner of conscience and joined other international organizations in calling for his immediate release. "With <mask>’s imprisonment and the brutally repressive tactics that police, armed forces, and paramilitary groups are using against his supporters, the Venezuelan state has lost any democratic façade it may have had", said HRF chairman Garry Kasparov. Former students from Kenyon College put forth an effort to support <mask> since he was detained and helped create freeleopoldo.com. Editorial columns from The New York Times and The Washington Post have also called for his release. At the 2014 Clinton Global Initiative meeting, U.S. President Barack Obama

masks: López López Leopoldo López López López López López López López


texts: called for the release of <mask> saying, "We stand in solidarity with those who are detained at this very moment." The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention ruled in 2014 that <mask> was detained arbitrarily and that the Venezuelan government "violated several of their civil, political and constitutional rights" while demanding his immediate release.The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, called for the immediate release of <mask> and all Venezuelans arrested during the 2014 protests. In November 2014, Socialist International agreed with the UN's ruling, calling <mask>'s arrest arbitrary. On 19 December 2014, the chief diplomat of the European Union, Federica Mogherini, said that she was "seriously concerned" about "continuous arbitrary arrests" in Venezuela, with the EU resolution noting that <mask> Lopez "suffered physical and psychological torture" and also denounced the situations of opposition mayors Daniel Ceballos and Vicencio Scarano. The Venezuelan government condemned the statements by the United States and the United Nations demanding them to not interfere in Venezuelan affairs. The Venezuelan government replied to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights with a letter directed to him stating that it was "senseless" to release <mask> and claimed that Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad's statements were "undoubtedly part of the international media manipulation that has been denounced by the top leadership of the Bolivarian Government". In 2016, the Dalai Lama supported <mask>, with human rights attorney Tamara Sujú sharing a picture on Twitter of the Dalai Lama stating that he continued to pray for <mask>. Amnesty International said, "The charges brought against Venezuelan opposition leader

masks: López López López López Leopoldo López López López


texts:
 <mask> <mask> smack of a politically motivated attempt to silence dissent in the country."Guadalupe Marengo, Amnesty International Americas Programme Deputy Director, called on Venezuelan authorities to "either present solid evidence to substantiate the charges against <mask> or release him immediately and unconditionally ...  Amnesty International has not seen evidence to substantiate these charges. This is an affront to justice and free assembly". After <mask> was sentenced to 13 years in prison, Amnesty International declared that, "<mask> <mask> is a prisoner of conscience and should be immediately released without conditions". Post-trial activity

Days after <mask> was formally sentenced and imprisoned, he wrote an op-ed for The New York Times titled Even in Jail, I Will Fight for a Free Venezuela in which he describes how he was twice visited by then President of the National Assembly and PSUV official, Diosdado Cabello, shortly after the Venezuelan government called for his arrest with Cabello telling <mask> that he should seek refuge at a foreign embassy; with <mask> saying that he later decided to turn himself in on 18 February 2014. He also called for international attention on the state of Venezuela's economy, corruption and crime, sharing his beliefs on how to help improve Venezuela. <mask> described his jail cell in Ramo Verde, saying:
I am now in solitary confinement in a 7-by-10-foot cell that has nothing more than a single bed, a toilet and a small shelf for my few changes of clothes. I am not allowed writing materials, and the only book permitted is the Bible.I don’t even have a light or candle for when it gets dark outside. While this has all been hard for my family, they understand that great causes require

masks: Leopoldo López López López Leopoldo López López López López López


texts: great sacrifices. On 26 March 2014, The New York Times published an op-ed by <mask> under the headline "Venezuela's Failing State". Writing from prison, <mask> lamented that for the past fifteen years, "the definition of 'intolerable' in this country has declined by degrees until, to our dismay, we found ourselves with one of the highest murder rates in the Western Hemisphere, a 57 percent inflation rate and a scarcity of basic goods unprecedented outside of wartime." This "is matched by an equally oppressive political climate. Since student protests began on Feb. 4, more than 1,500 protesters have been detained, more than 30 have been killed, and more than 50 people have reported that they were tortured while in police custody," thus exposing "the depth of this government's criminalization of dissent". Addressing his incarceration, <mask> recounted that on 12 February, he had 'urged Venezuelans to exercise their legal rights to protest and free speech – but to do so peacefully and without violence.Three people were shot and killed that day. An analysis of video by the news organization Últimas Noticias determined that shots were fired from the direction of plainclothes military troops.' Yet after the protest, 'President Nicolás Maduro personally ordered my arrest on charges of murder, arson and terrorism ... To this day, no evidence of any kind has been presented." <mask> called for justice for Maduro’s victims, for the disarming of paramilitary groups, for "an investigation into fraud committed through our commission for currency exchange," and for "real engagement from the international community, particularly in Latin America". He charged that while international human- rights organizations had been outspoken in condemning

masks: López López López López


texts:
 Maduro, many of Venezuela's neighbors had responded to his actions with "shameful silence", as had the Organization of American States, which represents nations in the Western Hemisphere. House arrest

According to <mask>'s wife, Lilian Tintori, in early June 2017 he rejected an offer from officials of the Venezuelan government, made during the 2017 Venezuelan protests, which would allow him to serve the remainder of his prison term under house arrest. Tintori reported that he said other political prisoners should be released before him and that he "had to be last to leave ... [that it was about] liberty for all of Venezuela".A month later, on 8 July 2017, <mask> left Ramo Verde and was taken home in the company of two Bolivarian officials, Delcy Rodriguez and her brother Jorge Rodriguez, at 3:00am VST. He was placed under house arrest by Venezuela's Supreme Tribunal of Justice, which cited case "irregularities" and health reasons for <mask>'s release; Reuters reports that the Bolivarian government "seems to be calculating that his return home may ease domestic protests". Following the 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election which granted the Bolivarian government much more authority over Venezuela, SEBIN agents arrived at <mask>'s home in the early hours of 1 August 2017, and took him back to prison. But on 5 August 2017, Venezuelan authorities again released <mask> to house arrest. Since then, <mask> has remained under house arrest. According to <mask>, SEBIN agents have been taking a picture of him with a copy of the day's newspaper every day since his return to house arrest. In October 2017, the head of a private security team guarding <mask> and his home was arrested; he has not been seen since.On 17 November 2017,


texts:
 SEBIN officials reinforced the surveillance of <mask>'s house, after the former mayor of Caracas, who was in the same situation, fled on the same day to Colombia. Release

<mask> was released from house arrest on the morning of 30 April during the 2019 Venezuela uprising, with the assistance of defecting armed forces supportive of Juan Guaidó. Later in the day, <mask> and his immediate family entered the Chilean Embassy in Caracas, but moved to the Spanish Embassy in the early hours of 1 May 2019. According to Roberto Ampuero of the Chilean Foreign Ministry, <mask> and his family moved to the Spanish Embassy after a "personal decision", noting that <mask> and his wife both have Spanish ancestry. On 2 May 2019, the Supreme Tribunal issued an arrest warrant for <mask>, who exited the gates of the Spanish Embassy, with his wife Lilian Tintori, to speak with reporters, saying that Maduro's days were numbered. The Spanish government announced that Lopez would not be handed over to Venezuelan authorities. Escape from Spanish Embassy

On 24 October 2020, top Venezuelan opposition officials said <mask> had fled Venezuela.<mask>, who is a political mentor to opposition leader Juan Guaidó, had taken refuge in the Spanish ambassador's residence in Caracas since fleeing house arrest after the failure of a military uprising to overthrow Maduro in April 2019. His political allies and his father said <mask> made his way across the border into Colombia, after spending more than a year inside the Spanish Embassy. <mask>’s escape was first reported by the Spanish newspaper El Mundo. A Spanish government source said his arrival in Spain, where his wife now lives, was "imminent." The Spanish foreign ministry said on Twitter that Lopez's decision

masks: López López López López López López López López López López


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 to leave was "voluntary and personal." <mask> arrived in Madrid on 25 October, and had a meeting with the Secretary–General of the PSOE, Pedro Sánchez, on 27 October. Exile
While living in exile, during a press conference in the Círculo de Bellas Artes, in Madrid, in October 2020 <mask> expressed that his goal now was to have "free and transparent" elections in Venezuela, saying that "we want for Venezuela the same as in Bolivia", referring to the 2020 Bolivian elections, where the Movement for Socialism (MAS) candidate Luis Arce was elected president.In exile, <mask> has also declared that "for a transition to be viable" support from the "Maduro regime" was needed, citing as examples South Africa, Eastern Europe and Spain, but saying that those who have committed human right abuses or crimes against humanity should not be included. On 9 December, <mask> <mask> started a tour in Latin America, travelling to Colombia and seeking to "strengthen" an "international front" against Nicolás Maduro, after the Venezuelan parliamentary election that year, which he considered fradulent. The following day <mask> met with Colombian President Iván Duque, and on 11 December he travelled to Cúcuta to meet Venezuelan migrants living in the border and learn about their problems. On 22 May 2021, having travelled to Ecuador, <mask> met with the mayor of Guayaquil, Cynthia Viteri, to discuss about the regularization of the Venezuelan diaspora and to recognize both expired Venezuelan passports and other documents. The following day <mask> met with the president of the National Assembly of Ecuador, Guadalupe Llori, who on 24 May would be in charge of inaugurating president elect Guillermo Lasso. He travelled later to Peru, during the Peruvian

masks: López López López Leopoldo López López López López


texts:
 general election, and on 29 May participated in a political panel with politicians and businesspeople related to right-wing presidential candidate Keiko Fujimori, daughter of the imprisoned former president of Peru Alberto Fujimori, saying that Fujimori represented "freedom" and "democracy" while he characterized her opponent Pedro Castillo as supporting "dictatorship" and "communism". <mask> criticized Castillo for openly declaring that Venezuela was a full democracy and said that he opined about the Peruvian elections because there were a million Venezuelans living in the country, and that their results would affect the region, including Venezuela.On 23 June, after travelling to the United States and meeting with Republican congressman Rick Scott, <mask> declared that the United States would not lift sanctions "without significant advances". Awards and honors
 2007 – Kenyon College Honoris Causa Doctorate Law. 2007, 2008 – Premio Transparencia Award, to the most transparent city mayor of Venezuela, granted by the Venezuela branch of Transparency International. 2008 – Third place, World Mayor Project, for being a "hands-on mayor as well as a national politician fighting for democratic openness and fairness in Venezuela". 2009 – The Most Innovative People Award for Resiliency from the Future Capitals World Summit. 2014 – Harvard University Alumni Achievement Award for the support of democracy and transparency in Venezuela. 2014 – Foreign Policy listed <mask> in its Leading Global Thinkers of 2014 publication.2015 – National Endowment for Democracy awarded <mask> its Democracy Award in May 2015. 2015 – Cádiz Cortes Ibero-American Freedom Prize was awarded "given the unblemished defense of freedom in your community and minimum


texts:
 requirements of the realization of human rights in the same, which has led them to be subject to public rebuke of their government, including the flagrant situation of imprisonment or the cutting of your minimal civil rights". 2015 – One of Spain ABC's Ten Faces in the World in 2015. 2016 – Courage Award, Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy, shared with Antonio Ledezma, "for inspiring the world with their extraordinary courage in the defense of liberty and universal human rights". 2017 – Florida Medal of Freedom awarded by Governor of Florida, Rick Scott. 2017 - Sakharov Prize, along with the Venezuelan opposition. 2018 – Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize

Publications

Notes

External links

 New York Times: <mask> Lopez interview (February 2018)

1971 births
Living people
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Venezuela
People from Caracas
Kenyon College alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Venezuelan people of Spanish descent
Venezuelan people of Basque descent
Justice First politicians
Mayors of places in Venezuela
A New Era politicians
Popular Will politicians
Venezuelan democracy activists
Venezuelan escapees
Venezuelan politicians convicted of crimes
Venezuelan dissidents
People of the Crisis in Venezuela
Venezuelan Roman Catholics
Venezuelan torture victims
Exiled politicians
Escapees from Venezuelan


texts:
<mask> (born February 17, 1999) is a Cypriot Muay Thai fighter. He is the current WBC Muaythai World Lightweight champion. Muay thai career
<mask> made his professional debut against Abed Halaby in November 2013. He won the fight by a third-round knockout. He won his next four fights, before challenging Panagiotis Zissimopoulos for the WKU European title. <mask> won the title by knockout. <mask> would go on to win 20 of his next 21 fights, during which he won the IKSA European Lightweight Muay thai and WMC World Lightweight titles.While his previous fights were mostly in the Greek muay thai circuit, after winning the WMC title, <mask> began fighting almost exclusively in Thailand. He scored decision wins against Phetsongkom Sitjaroensub and Kaensuan Sasiprapa, as well as a KO win against Jomrachan Kiatworatha in the Rangsit Stadium. <mask> participated in the 2018 Toyota Revo Marathon 135 lbs Tournament. He defeated Kongsuiya Sitnatee by decision in the quarterfinals, and Vladimir Lytkin by head kick in the finals, before facing Felipe Lobo in the finals. He beat Lobo by decision. <mask> entered the 2018 Toyota

masks:
Savvas Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael
Michael


texts:
 Revo Marathon 140 lbs Tournament as well. He beat Antonio Faria by decision in the semifinals, and Julio Lobo by decision in the finals.He made his ONE Championship debut against Singtongnoi Por.Telakun at ONE Championship: Warriors Of Light, winning the fight by unanimous decision. He next knocked out Petngam Kiatkampon at the Rajadamnern Stadium, before returning to ONE to face Lerdsila Chumpairtour at ONE Championship: Dreams of Gold. Lerdsila won the fight by a second-round TKO. In December 2019, <mask> fought Dennanpho Sor Thanyaluk for the WBC Muaythai World Lightweight title. <mask> won the fight by a fourth-round TKO. After his title win, <mask> returned to ONE at ONE Championship: Warrior’s Code against Taiki Naito. Naito won the fight by unanimous decision.style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-12-21|| Win ||align=left| Antonio Faria || Toyota Marathon Tournament, Semi Final || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-10-18|| Win ||align=left| Raksommai Sor.Sommai || Rajadamnern Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || KO (Straight to the

masks: Michael Savvas Michael


texts:
 body)|| 3 ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-09-28|| Win ||align=left| Sornphet SamartPayakaroonGym || Petchyindee + True4u, Rangsit Stadium || Rangsit, Thailand || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-05-18|| Win ||align=left| Felipe Lobo || Toyota Revo Marathon Tournament, Final || Thailand || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-08|| Win||align=left|  || True4u Channel 11 Stadium || Bangkok, Thailand || ||  ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-08-14|| Win||align=left| Numchai Huaiyaikombat || Max Muay Thai|| Pattaya, Thailand || KO || 2 ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-07-02|| Win||align=left| Alexandros Maragkakis || The Castle Gladiators 2 || Cyprus ||  ||  ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-04-23|| Win||align=left| Tagir Khalilov || Prestige Fights || Cyprus ||  ||  ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-08-02|| Win||align=left|  ||  || Cyprus || ||  ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-07-26|| Win||align=left|  ||  || Cyprus || ||  ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
|


texts:
 2014-04-13|| Win||align=left| Petros Papoutsakis || Young Emperors || Cyprus || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-02-02|| Win||align=left| Petros Papoutsakis || Clash of Titans || Cyprus || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2013-11-10|| Win||align=left| Abed Halaby || Cyprus International Martial Arts Show || Cyprus || KO (elbow) ||  ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-03|| Win||align=left| Sherov Kholmirzaev || WMF World Championship 2016, Final || Bangkok, Thailand ||  ||  ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-03|| Win||align=left| Victor Decarvalo || WMF World Championship 2016, Semi Final || Bangkok, Thailand ||  ||  ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-03|| Win||align=left| Albert Arutiunian || WMF World Championship 2016, Quarter Final || Bangkok, Thailand ||  ||  ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-09|| Win||align=left| Andreas Koualis || WMF European Championship 2014, Final || Bucharest, Romania ||  ||  ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9


texts:
 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-09|| Win||align=left| Adam Brahim || WMF World European 2014, Semi Final || Bucharest, Romania || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-09|| Win||align=left|  || WMF European Championship 2014, Quarter Final || Bucharest, Romania || KO (Elbow) || 2 ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-03|| Win||align=left| Serdal Arpaci || WMF World Championship 2014, Final || Pattaya, Thailand || TKO (Doctor Stoppage/Elbow) ||  ||
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-03|| Win||align=left|  || WMF World Championship 2014, Semi Final || Pattaya, Thailand ||  ||  ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2014-03|| Win||align=left|  || WMF World Championship 2014, Quarter Final || Pattaya, Thailand ||  ||  ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2013-|| Win||align=left| Giorgos Marousides || Mortal Combat 2 || Cyprus || Decision || 3 || 3:00
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

See also
List of male kickboxers
List of WBC Muaythai world champions

References

1999 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Limassol
Cypriot Muay Thai practitioners
ONE Championship


texts: <mask> (born 25 October 1943) is a retired Australian politician, and convicted criminal, who served as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council between 1991 and 2011, representing the Labor Party. He was the Minister for Fisheries and the Minister for Mineral Resources from 1999–2003. Prior to the March 2015 expiry of his term in the Legislative Council, Obeid announced his decision to retire early on 10 May 2011, citing family reasons. During his parliamentary career, Obeid was considered by many to be a "power broker" in the New South Wales Labor Party, belonging to the dominant right-wing sub-faction, often referred to as The Terrigals, so named as its inaugural meeting was held at Obeid's beach house in Terrigal. It was reported that Obeid might retire at the 2011 state election, prior to the expiry of his term; however, he waited until the election was concluded. Obeid, who joined the Labor Party in 1972, was expelled from the party in May 2013 for bringing the party into disrepute. A series of three investigative hearings by the Independent Commission Against Corruption between 2012 and 2014 into the conduct of Obeid and others found that Obeid acted in a corrupt manner in relation to cafe leases at Circular Quay and that he misused his position as a Member of Parliament to benefit his family's financial interests in both Direct Health Solutions and in water licences over the family's Bylong Valley farm.In June 2014, the Commission recommended the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) consider prosecuting Obeid for the offence of misconduct in public office over his attempts to influence bureaucrats and Labor colleagues to benefit his family. In 2013, the DPP announced that it would be prosecuting Obeid for misconduct in


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 public office, and a criminal trial in the Supreme Court of New South Wales began in February 2016. Obeid pleaded not guilty; however, a jury found Obeid guilty of misconduct in public office. He was sentenced to five years in jail with a non-parole period of three years. In separate proceedings, Obeid, together with one of his sons, Moses, and former Labor minister, Ian Macdonald, were charged with conspiracy for Macdonald to conduct misconduct in public office and grant a mining lease over the Obeid’s family farm at Bylong. In July 2021, all three were found guilty; and on 21 October Obeid was sentenced to seven years in gaol, with a non-parole period of five years and three months. Obeid, Moses Obeid, and Macdonald, lodged an appeal against their conviction, expected to be heard in September 2022.Early years and background

Obeid was born in the village of Matrite (sometimes called Metrit or Mitrit), a village in Northern Lebanon with a Maronite Catholic majority, in Lebanon. At age 6, he migrated to Australia with his family and they settled in Redfern, growing up in a terrace house. A dual LebaneseAustralian citizen, of Lebanese Maronite Catholic faith, Obeid was an altar boy, sold newspapers from a street corner, and collected deposits on soft drink bottles. Obeid married Judith in 1965, is now father of nine children and a grandfather of 31 grandchildren. At age 29 in 1972, Obeid joined the Labor Party. Prior to entering parliament, Obeid held a range of voluntary roles that included a Trustee of the Art Gallery of New South Wales (1980–1982), a part-time Commissioner of the Ethnic Affairs Commission (1981–1985), a vice-president of the Ethnic Press Association of Australia (1981–1986), a director of the Western Suburbs Hospital


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 Board (sic) (1983–1986), on the Board of Governors of the Law Foundation of New South Wales (1985–1988), the lead of the Australian-Lebanese hostage negotiation mission to Iraq (December 1990), and was the patron of the Australian Lebanese Christian Federation. Political career
Elected to the Legislative Council in 1991 to replace Jack Hallam, despite a brief carriage of junior ministerial responsibilities in the second Carr ministry, Obeid's main contribution to parliament has been through Committee representation and his ability to manipulate factional numbers and votes.At the time of his resignation from the Council, Obeid claimed that his most satisfying moment in politics was to assist in the passage of legislation to help building sub-contractors. His term in parliament, though, was dogged by controversy, including:
2002 Oasis redevelopment (see below) and subsequent investigation that cleared him of allegations of corrupt behaviour
2002 revelations that Obeid had failed to disclose all his business interests on Parliament's pecuniary interests register (see below)
2003 allegations that Obeid promised to secure the seat of Parramatta, and an early ministry for David Borger if he dumped the Left faction and joined the dominant Right
Providing Dr Arthur Chesterfield-Evans, a member of the Australian Democrats, with a lift to Parliament House and using the opportunity to lobby Chesterfield-Evans in order to achieve favourable political outcomes, as revealed by Chesterfield-Evans in Hansard:

2004 censure motion due to Obeid's undue influence in the elections of Matrite Council
2004 claims that Obeid had exerted undue influence on family members
2006 attempts to dump Obeid from the 2007 state election in favour of a Muslim candidate
2007


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 influence in the composition of the Iemma ministry and Iemma's demise
2009 influence in the composition of the Rees ministry
2009 representations to NSW Minister for Roads, Michael Daley, on behalf of Mid-Western Regional Council for funding to seal a 1.5 km stretch of roadway near Obeid's family property near Mudgee. Obeid failed to disclose his business interest
2009 allegations of linkages between Obeid, his son, Moses, former Labor powerbroker and current lobbyist, Graham Richardson, businessman, Ron Medich and the murder of Michael McGurk
2009–2010 allegations that Obeid, together with right-wing Terrigals sub-factional colleague Tripodi, influenced the election and make-up of the Kristina Keneally ministry

A large number of the allegations against Obeid have been generated by Fairfax Media's, Sydney Morning Herald. In 2003, following Obeid's decision to not seek re-election to the fourth Carr ministry, he was quoted as saying:

Announcing his decision to retire from the Legislative Council on 10 May 2011, Obeid issued a statement that his granddaughter, Gisele, was diagnosed with cancer tumours in her kidneys in November 2010 and that, despite an operation and extensive chemotherapy, recent scans suggest some of the tumours remain. He said: "My wife and I need to spend all our time supporting our son Moses and his wife Nikki through this difficult time." Following his announcement to retire, John Hatzistergos MLC also announced his intention to retire from the Legislative Council. Walt Secord, the former chief of staff to the former Premier, Kristina Keneally, and Adam Searle were nominated by Labor to fill the casual vacancies.Business interests and corruption findings
Initially working as a taxi driver and then property developer,


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 the source of Obeid's initial wealth and business is not clear. However, it is known that Obeid, together with his two brothers, inherited their father's estate that comprised land and houses in Lebanon. In 1973, Obeid together with business partners, purchased an interest in the recently established Arabic press, El-Telegraph Newspaper, with Obeid later buying out his business partners. Obeid has since sold his stake and is, "no longer the publisher of that paper". In September 2002, The Sydney Morning Herald alleged that Obeid was one of NSW's richest members of parliament. Media reports claimed that Obeid had purchased a property in Clovelly for 875,000 in 1991 and the following day sold the property to the New South Wales Department of Housing for A$1.1 million. The Herald also claimed that two companies associated with Obeid have had debts of $AUD5 million written off by various banks.It was also alleged that the Obeid family trust secured a loan from the Colonial State Bank for A$18 million. The Herald also sourced an internal document from Macquarie Bank, claiming:

These allegations arose at the same time as The Herald alleged that Obeid had attempted to solicit a A$1 million payment in return for promising NSW Government support for the Canterbury Bulldogs League Club's A$800 million Oasis housing development in south-western Sydney. As a result of these allegations, the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) conducted an inquiry and found that there was no evidence that any donation was made to the Labor Party in relation to the project. The Commission made a finding that Obeid had never solicited a donation and cleared him of any wrongdoing. In the meantime, The Herald reports for a series of articles concerning


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 Canterbury Bulldogs salary cap breaches and the above (false) allegations had won a Gold Walkley. Obeid commenced defamation action against Fairfax Media and in 2006 the Supreme Court found that Obeid had been defamed and that the media article had contributed to Obeid losing his job as a NSW minister. Obeid was awarded A$162,173 in damages, plus costs believed to have been more than A$1 million.Walkley Awards organisers later said the judging panel, "would not have awarded the prize if it had known the allegations against Mr Obeid would be found to be unsubstantiated". Obeid's family have property interests in Lebanon, Port Macquarie, Terrigal, Bylong Valley, Woolwich and Hunters Hill, and Concord (since sold); and business interests in live sheep exporting to Syria and Iraq, leases on cafes at Circular Quay, and the marina at . ICAC investigations

Operations Jasper and Acacia

In November 2012, the New South Wales ICAC began a series of investigative hearings relating to Obeid's alleged property and mining interests. This inquiry concerned, among other issues, the circumstances surrounding a decision made in 2008 by the then Minister for Primary Industries and Minister for Mineral Resources, Ian Macdonald, to open a mining area in the Bylong Valley for coal exploration. These circumstances include whether Macdonald's decision was influenced by Obeid. After the presentation of the ICAC's opening statements in 2012, NSW Opposition Leader, John Robertson asked the NSW Labor Party to suspend Obeid's party membership; which was subsequently terminated in mid-2013. The witnesses list for the inquiry included former NSW Premiers Morris Iemma and Nathan Rees.On 31 July 2013 the Commission found that Obeid, Macdonald, and others engaged in


texts: corrupt conduct in relation to their actions involving the Mount Penny mining tenement in the Bylong Valley. The ICAC found that Obeid engaged in corrupt conduct by entering into agreements with Macdonald, whereby Macdonald acted contrary to his public duty as a minister of the Crown. The Commission recommended that the matter be referred to the Director of Public Prosecutions with respect to prosecuting Obeid and others. On reviewing the evidence before the Commission of the financial benefits accrued to the Obeid family, the ICAC provided relevant information to the NSW Crime Commission for such action as it deems appropriate, and the ICAC also disseminated relevant information to the Australian Taxation Office for appropriate action. Further matters were also referred to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, the Australian Stock Exchange, and the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions. In 2014 the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission commenced investigations of allegations of cartel conduct in relation to the 2009 tender process for the coal exploration licence. In 2013 the Australian Tax Office sent a bill totalling almost A$9 million in tax and penalties to more than thirty members of the Obeid family, including family matriarch Judith and most of the couple's children, sons and daughters-in-law and grandchildren.In January 2014, the then Premier, Barry O'Farrell, announced that the Liberal/National government would introduce legislation into Parliament to cancel the exploration licences for Doyles Creek, Mount Penny and Glendon Brook. In late May 2017, Obeid was committed to stand trial on conspiracy charges with Macdonald, relating to McDonald's granting of a coal exploration licence involving the


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 Mount Penny tenement; due to commence in March 2019. Operations Cyrus, Meeka and Cabot

In October 2013, the Commission commenced further investigative hearings surrounding allegations that, between 2000 and 2011, Obeid misused his position as a Member of Parliament to attempt to influence public officials to exercise their official functions with respect to retail leases at Circular Quay, without disclosing that Obeid, his family or a related entity had an interest in some of those leases. It was also alleged that during the same period, certain public officials improperly exercised their official functions, with respect to retail leases at Circular Quay, to benefit Obeid or his family (Operation Cyrus). The Commission also investigated allegations that, between 2005 and 2008, Obeid misused his position to attempt to influence other public officials to make decisions favouring Direct Health Solutions Pty Ltd., without disclosing that he, his family or a related entity had an interest in that company (Operation Meeka). Further, the Commission also commenced investigations into allegations that, between 2007 and 2008, Obeid misused his position as a Member of Parliament to influence public officials to exercise their official functions with respect to the review and grant of water licences at a farm at Bylong in the Upper Hunter, without disclosing that he, his family or a related entity had an interest in the licences. It is also alleged that during the same period, certain public officials improperly exercised their official functions with respect to the review and grant of the water licences (Operation Cabot).Former ministers, Carl Scully and Joe Tripodi were called before the Commission; which handed down its findings in June 2014,


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 recommending that the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) consider charging Obeid with misconduct in public office. Criminal charges and findings

Misconduct in public office
In November 2014 the ICAC announced that following advice from the DPP, Obeid would be prosecuted for the offence of misconduct in public office for corruptly lobbying his former colleagues to gain lucrative concessions over cafe leases at Circular Quay that were secretly owned by his family. After a December hearing that refused to place Obeid under strict bail conditions, in February 2015 a Supreme Court judge ordered Obeid to surrender both his Australian and Lebanese passports, in the absence of an extradition treaty between Australian and Lebanon, as Obeid was considered a potential flight risk. In February 2016 a criminal trial against Obeid commenced in the NSW Supreme Court; however, as new evidence came to light, ten days into the trial the jury was discharged. In a subsequent criminal trial lasting just over three weeks, a jury found Obeid guilty of misconduct in public office. He was sentenced in December 2016 to five years in jail with a non-parole period of three years, and granted parole in 2019. Appeal

In June 2017 before the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal, Obeid lodged an appeal against both his conviction and his sentence on the basis that he should not have stood trial in any court because breaches of the code of conduct governing NSW Members Parliament are within the exclusive cognisance or jurisdiction of Parliament, rather than the courts.On 13 September 2017 the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal, Bathurst CJ, Leeming JA, Hulme, Hamill and Adams JJ, dismissed the appeal against both his conviction and his sentence. The Court held that it would be an


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 affront to the administration of justice for the Court to decline to exercise its jurisdiction and that it was inconceivable that a politician of sixteen years standing who had been a Minister for four years did not know that his duty was to serve the public interest and that he was not elected to use his position to advance his own or his family’s pecuniary interests. Obeid's legal team subsequently sought leave to lodge an appeal against his conviction with the High Court of Australia; claiming that the courts had no jurisdiction to hear a case about misconduct in public office and that jurisdiction rested with the NSW Parliament. Handing down its ruling on 22 March 2018, the High Court, before Bell, Keane and Edelman JJ, ruled there was insufficient possibility the appeal would succeed and leave was refused. Criminal conspiracy
Further to Operations Cyrus, Meeka and Cabot, the DPP charged Obeid and his son, Moses, of conspiring over a coal exploration licence granted over the Obeid family farm in the Bylong Valley, when Ian Macdonald was Resources Minister from 2007 to 2009. Macdonald was separately charged with misconduct in public office. All three were tried before Justice Elizabeth Fullerton, and the trial commenced in early 2020 and concluded in February 2021.None of the accused gave evidence at their trial. Justice Fullerton handed down her verdict on 19 July, finding all three guilty. On 21 October 2021, Obeid was sentenced to seven years' gaol, however was immediately released on bail due to concerns about the risk of Obeid contracting COVID. Macdonald and Moses Obeid were also given custodial sentences and did not apply for bail. Obeid, together with his son and Macdonald, lodged an appeal against their conviction, claiming


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 that Justice Fullerton made a number of errors of fact and reasoning when she found them guilty. Despite applying for bail, Obeid is in custody with the appeal expected to be heard in September 2022. Post-political career

In late 2013, it was reported that Obeid and family were building a sandstone mansion in his ancestral home town of Matrit, Lebanon, due for completion in late 2014.In 2013, Obeid and his wife listed for sale their family home, Passy, in Hunters Hill, with an initial asking price of 10 million. In 2020, it was reported that Passy sold for approximately 11 million. In 2013, Obeid also made application for fee assistance from the New South Wales government to assist with legal costs. In May 2017, the NSW Parliament passed legislation to remove parliamentary pensions from former politicians convicted of serious criminal offences. , the NSW Government was trying to recover approximately 7.9 million from Obeid and three of his sons for their failed lawsuits against the ICAC and its officers. Awards and honours

In 1984 Obeid was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia for his services to ethnic welfare; which was cancelled by the Governor-General in 2014. As a state minister and Member of the Legislative Council, Obeid was entitled to use the honorific "The Honourable" for life.Following findings of corrupt conduct against Obeid and the announcement of the decision to commence criminal proceedings, at the request of Mike Baird, the Premier of New South Wales, the Department of Premier and Cabinet asked Obeid to show cause why he should not lose the honorific. Although Obeid argued for its retention, Baird recommended to Governor David Hurley that the honorific be removed; which was authorised with effect from December 2014.


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 References

Further reading

External links

1943 births
Living people
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Lebanese emigrants to Australia
Medal of the Order of Australia forfeitures
Lebanese Maronites
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Labor Right politicians
Political scandals in Australia
Australian politicians convicted of crimes
Australian white-collar criminals
21st-century Australian


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<mask> (1901–1990) was an American artist, book illustrator, and author. Best known for her skill in woodblock printing, she also painted in oils and casein and made graphite drawings. She remained firmly committed to representational art throughout her life, choosing human figures for her main subjects during most of career and turning toward still lifes toward the end. She illustrated many books, including two of which she was author. Family wealth allowed her to pursue the multiple facets of her career free of worries about critical reception or the income that her work would bring her. She nonetheless welcomed both the praise that was given to her art and writings and the tangible rewards they earned her. She received art training in New York City and Munich, traveled extensively in Europe for most of her life, and maintained studios at her homes in New York and Vermont.At the beginning of her career she won the top prize in the first annual exhibition of American block prints held by the Philadelphia Print Club, a book she wrote mid-career won a reviewer's unqualified praise, and, late in her career, the director of an art center praised her "forthright choice of natural subjects" and said her work conveyed "the beauty, wit and charm of factual reality". Early life and education

<mask> was born on November 21, 1901, in New York City. As a child she loved to draw and, as she grew older, her mother encouraged this interest. From kindergarten through twelfth grade she attended the Horace Mann School, a liberal co-educational component of Columbia Teachers College located on the campus of the

masks:
Ilse Bischoff
Bischoff


texts: university. The art director at Horace Mann, Belle Boas, helped Bischoff develop her interest in art into a creative skill. Boas and fellow teacher, Lucia Williams Dement, taught using an innovative method that aimed, as they wrote, "toward individuality of expression". They had pupils work from nature rather than copying famous artists and, when viewing famous works of art, saw the development of their pupils' "critical judgment" as a main goal.They summarized their approach in a 1917 publication describing Horace Mann's curriculum, writing, "The work must grow upward from the child's point of view rather than downward from the adult's, thereby keeping the fearless, naïve, childlike interest and expression toward which the conventional adult mind usually looks back as upon a lost Eden". Although the family's wealth ensured that Bischoff would not need to earn a living, her mother encouraged her to attend a school where she could learn a useful trade. After graduating from Horace Mann in 1919, she consequently enrolled in the New York School of Applied Design for Women where she received good applied-arts training in how to make meticulously accurate drawings of flowers. In 1920, she enrolled in the Parsons School of Design (then known as the New York School of Fine and Applied Art) where she primarily studied costume design. Then, having realized that she would prefer to work in the fine arts, she enrolled in the Art Students League where she learned illustration and painting from Frank DuMond and etching and lithography from Joseph Pennell. <mask>'s parents were both German-American and the


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 family spoke German in their home when she was young. She later said English was effectively her second language as a child.Her fluency in German gave her an advantage when, beginning in 1922, she began to make regular trips to Germany and other European countries to study art. Apart from the years of World War II, she visited Europe almost every year. Her longest period of foreign travel came in about 1927-1928 when she interrupted her training at the Art Students League to study privately in Munich under the German portraitist and printmaker, Georg Buchner (1858–1914). After returning from Munich, Bischoff completed her education at the Art Students League. Career in art

While studying in Munich, <mask> had learned now to make woodblock prints and in 1927 won top prize in the first annual exhibition of American block prints held by the Philadelphia Print Club. Her prize-winning print, "Homeward Bound", can be seen at left. Describing its subject as "two peasant women, bowed beneath the weight of heavily laden baskets on their backs, who are proceeding wearily along a road", a critic for the Philadelphia Inquirer praised its "fascinating conception".A year later, Bischoff showed block prints and drawings with watercolor washes in a solo exhibition at the Ferargil Galleries in New York. She had made her first book illustrations the previous year and included some of the woodcuts from that work in the exhibition. A critic for the New York Times called the prints "effective" and the drawings "amusing". In 1929, the Philadelphia Print Club gave her a solo exhibition that contained some of what a


texts: critic called her "celebrated block prints" displaying "modern in feeling and execution and in mood embody both sombreness and humor". The following year, John Sloan selected a piece by Bischoff for the "Fifty Prints of the Year" touring exhibition sponsored by the American Institute of Graphic Arts. Writing in Parnassus, Gertrude A. Rothschild said Bischoff's block print showed "fine restraint" in portraying "the sensation-hungry faces at a bullfight". In that year she also showed at the Philadelphia Print Club's fourth annual Block Print Exhibition including pictures of Spanish subjects that a critic praised as especially brilliant.In 1930, Bischoff rented a spacious artist's studio and apartment in the Sherwood Studio Building on West 57th Street in Manhattan. That year, she showed prints in the Philadelphia Print Club's second annual exhibition. Reviewing the show, C.H. Bonte said two of them, "At the Fair-Sevilla" and "Gypsy Dancers". were "Spanish transcriptions of effulgence, the disposition of the dancers being especially notable". Throughout the 1930s, Bischoff continued to show in exhibitions of block prints assembled by the Philadelphia Print Club for the Brooklyn Museum. Reviewing the 1931 show, a critic said <mask>'s "Funeral in Soviet Russia 1930" from this show "might well be timeless in its representing of Slavic peasant grief".This print is shown at right. During these years, she also participated in group shows at the Salons of America (1934), the National Academy (1945), the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (1937), and the Whitney Museum of American Art (1937). In 1942, when


texts: the war prevented her from spending summers in Europe, she  bought a house in Hartland, Vermont, and began spending May to October in it. She did not immerse herself in country life, however, but continued to see herself as a visitor from Manhattan. At the second annual Portrait of America exhibition in New York, held in 1945, Bischoff's painting, "Harlem Loge", won a $500 award  Made about 1934, the painting depicts African-American patrons in box seats at the Alhambra Theater in Harlem. It toured the country during the late 1930s in an exhibition of 32 paintings assembled by the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and sponsored by the American Federation of Arts. This painting is shown at left.Although the figures it shows seem to be caricatures, it received positive critical attention as well as the prize. Critics saw it as humorous, dramatic, or powerful. Calling it one of the most striking works in the show, a critic said it was "subtle and rich" and praised the composition as "exceptionally well handled". <mask> retained the painting and, in 1948, gave it to the gallery of Dartmouth College, located a few miles from her summer home in Hartland. Dartmouth exhibited her works from 1947 until the end of her career, including 1947 (solo), 1949 (solo), 1954 (group of three), 1955 (solo), 1961 (group), 1966 (retrospective), and 1986 (solo). A solo exhibition of her work at the Southern Vermont Arts Center in 1968 provoked a disagreement among local critics. Writing in the Rutland Daily Herald on July 10, Tom Slayton said the paintings she showed were "technically superb" but conveyed "synthetic


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 emotion".He complained that a portrait called "Mary" was a patronizing depiction of a "good Negro" that lacked "real life". A week later, James L. Montague, head of the Southern Vermont Arts Center, wrote a letter to the editor of the Daily Herald in which he quoted the head of the Dartmouth art department in rebuttal to Slayton. The quote praised <mask>'s "skillful, precise drawing, her delicate, sure coloring, and her forthright choice of natural subjects" and said her work conveyed "the beauty, wit and charm of factual reality". On July 19, writing in the Bennington Banner, Jerome Wichelns called her paintings "stereotyped and imitative and very much wanting in originality". He complained that Bischoff seemed to him to shy away from abstraction "into some kind of confused representative realism". Throughout her career, Bischoff was ruthless in destroying work that she thought to be inferior. In an oral history interview, held late in her life, she said, "I've had wonderful cleanings out of my studios when I've gone like a whirlwind through things and torn them up, put them in the fire.I always feel cleansed afterward". She did not actively court critics and collectors. In the same interview, she said, "I like people to like my paintings if I think they know something or just have simply good taste, but I never craved publicity. I liked it when I got it, but I didn't go out for it". Bischoff died at her summer home in Vermont on December 5, 1990. Artistic style

Throughout most of her career, Bischoff chose mainly human figures as subjects. Her 1950 drawing of a standing female nude is shown at


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 right.She had high regard for great portraitists like Albrecht Dürer and John Singer Sargent as guides but did not place great value on her skill at capturing a human likeness. As she began to spend more time working at her summer place in Vermont, she turned more to still lifes, there not being human models available to her there. Committed to her own version of realism from an early date, she did not become aware of pure abstraction until well into her career and once she had encountered it, she rejected it as a style. She said she "liked the little niche" she had created for herself and "went right on working in it". She worked in oils until about 1955 when, at the suggestion of her friend, Paul Cadmus, she began to work in casein. Late in life, she said that, unlike most artists, she adopted an increasingly controlled, meticulous style during the course of her career, whereas they, as she saw it, became freer as they aged. The still life of a fungus, shown at left, is an example of her work in this style.Career as illustrator

Although <mask> was primarily known as a book illustrator throughout virtually all of her career, contemporary sources give only indirect information on the origins and progress of her work in that field. In 1927, the year she began exhibiting her art, her first book illustrations appeared in a children's book called Marty Lou's Treasure by Mary Dickerson Donahey (Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Co.). The following year, woodcuts she had made appeared in a book of Albanian folk tales: Tricks of Women, & Other Albanian tales translated by Paul Fenimore Cooper (New


texts: York, W. Morrow & Company). Five books appeared in 1930 with her woodcuts or drawings: Temptation of St. Antony translated by Cyrus Brooks (New York, I. Washburn), Hansel the Gander by Katharine Kuebler (New York, W. Morrow & Co.), Street of the Islands by Stark Young (New York, C. Scribner's Sons), Carl and Anna by Leonhard Frank (New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons), The Night Before Christmas by Clement C. Moore (New York, Holiday House). She continued to contribute illustrations for books during the 1930s, including Gay Madelon by Ethel Calvert Phillips (New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1931), Katrina Grows Up by Helen Eggleston Haskell (New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1932), Bird Began to Sing by Rachel Field (New York, W. Morrow & Co., 1932), Old Man Daantje's Beard by Leonard Roggeveen, translated by David C. De Jong (New York, Appleton-Century Co., 1933), and In Calico and Crinoline by Eleanor Maria Sickels (New York, Viking Press, 1935).Two books, Nursery rhymes of New York City by Louis How (New York, The Harbor Press, 1931) and Regional Rhymes of New York City by Louis How (New York, Harbor Press, 1937), won awards from the American Institute of Graphic Arts. In printing them, the publisher printed <mask>'s engravings directly from her woodblocks using four colors. A reviewer said that in the second of them she had "expressed perfectly the gayety of spirit that animated the author in immortalizing some seventy-eight places surrounding the village of Manhattan." A reviewer gave a qualified appreciation <mask>'s illustrations in a book published in 1934—You Can't Pet a Possum by Arna Bontemps (New

masks: Bischoff Bischoff


texts: York, William Morrow & Co.)—saying "Although the faces in <mask> <mask>'s illustrations are unnecessarily caricatured, the drawings on the whole have an undeniable charm and humor" and a reviewer of a 1939 book—Peter Peppercorn by Ethel Calvert Phillips (Boston, Houghton Mifflin)—was forthrightly critical, writing, "<mask> <mask>'s drawings, which are inclined to burlesque the scenes and characters they portray, seem out of key". In contrast, Little Grey Gown by Mabel Leigh Hunt (New York, Frederick A. Stokes Co.. 1939) was given a positive reception. A reviewer wrote, "This is a lovely little book to read and to handle, of a distinguished size and shape, and decorated with <mask> <mask>'s sensitive drawings". <mask>, herself, said she did not regard these efforts very highly.She made an exception to this tepid point of view in discussing one of the last books for which she supplied illustrations. In 1982 she said her favorite illustrated book was Gigi; the Story of a Merry-go-round Horse, by Elizabeth Foster (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1943). Books containing <mask>'s illustrations in the immediate postwar years include Super-market secret by Emilie Vinall (New York, T. Y. Crowell Co., 1945) and Reuben and His Red Wheelbarrow by Alice Dalgliesh (New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1946). A newspaper reproduced one of her illustrations in its review of the 1949 edition of a fourteen-volume encyclopedia, Childcraft (Chicago, Field Enterprises) saying, "The spirit of heraldry and chivalry characteristic of the Middle Ages is vividly expressed in this drawing by <mask> <mask>". This illustration is shown at

masks: Ilse Bischoff Ilse Bischoff Ilse Bischoff Bischoff Bischoff Ilse Bischoff


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 right. Career as author

In the late 1940s, <mask> took a course in creative writing taught by Mabel Robinson at Columbia University. She said writing came easily to her but felt she did not have it in her to write literary fiction.She recalled thinking that, as she later said, she "didn't have anything to say in a novel". Her one effort at fictionalized biography, Proud heritage (New York, Coward-McCann, 1949), did not please her and received mixed reviews. She herself said the book was "awful". However, both the reviewers and she personally liked two other books she wrote, one a children's story and the other a memoir. The Wonderful poodle (New York, T. Y. Crowell Co., 1949) received a lengthy review in the New York Times that concluded, "It all adds up to a story full of tenderness and humor. Miss <mask>'s illustrations present the staid splendor of the castle and the robustiousness of peasant life with equal grace". A reviewer for the Chicago Tribune summarized the plot and wrote, "The story, although not especially original, will appeal to youngsters for its loving boy-dog relationship.And the author's illustrations, highly stylized, are truly distinguished'. A reviewer for the Louisville Courier-Journal said, "the illustrations give color, intensity and more meaning to the tale of one little Hungarian Prince Rudolf and his remarkable poodle. Almost any question brought up by the locale of the story is answered so clearly for the child in pictures and the tale is told with such a quality of warmth and feeling that any child will get a rich experience in human emotions from it". An


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 illustration from page 20 of the book is shown at left. <mask>'s best-known book is Drive Slowly—Six Dogs (New York, Viking Press, 1953) which was given a glowing review in the New York Times by the author, Charles Jackson, who wrote, "This is a splendid book, gay, moving, ribald, sad, gallant, tender and wonderfully well written". He said the book unconsciously portrayed Bischoff "as a woman of uncommon good sense, an excellent sense of humor and a rare appreciation of the joy of living". He added a belief that the book was a better-written dog story than the one he had previously considered to be the best: Thomas Mann's A Man and His Dog (New York, Knopf, 1930), originally published as Herr und Hund (Berlin, S. Fischer, 1919) and also appearing as Bashan and I (London, W. Collins & Co, 1923).In 1965, Bischoff published two articles in the Russian Review. The first on Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun and the second on Étienne Maurice Falconet, both 18th-century French artists who worked in Imperial Russia. She said she had wanted to publish a full biography of Vigée Le Brun but could not find enough information about her life and wrote the article instead. Personal life and family

<mask> was born on November 21, 1901, in New York City. Her birth name was <mask> <mask>. Her father, <mask> (1864–1935), was a German-born chemist who founded and directed a pharmaceutical business called the Ernst Bischoff Company, Inc. Her mother was Adele Timme <mask> (1872–1931), daughter of a German-American textile manufacturer in New York.Having grown up speaking German with her parents and siblings and having traveled

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Bischoff
Ilse
Martha Bischoff
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texts: extensively in Europe throughout her life, Bischoff later came to believe that she missed out on the immersion in American culture that was common among the artists with whom she associated. Still, for all the affection she felt for Munich and Paris, she said she loved New York City best. Responding to an oral history question in 1982, she said, "Oh, I loved New York. I loved New York till the day I left. I adored it. Absolute New Yorker". Bishoff had a younger brother, Edward Timme <mask> (1909-1940).He was president of the Ernst Bischoff Company as well as a yachtsman and owner of a boatyard in Essex, Connecticut. <mask> had an older sister, Carola <mask> (1899–1984). Carola <mask> married Ernst Carl Otto Friedrich von Duisburg (1884–about 1945) in 1929 and divorced him in 1932. In 1934 she married Harold Graves Terwilliger (1888–1976) and remained married to him until his death. Von Duisburg was owner of large agricultural estates in what was then Vilgelow, Germany, and is now Wielogłowy, Poland. Terwilliger, who was a business executive at the time of their marriage, who became president of the Ernst Bischoff Company after the death of <mask>'s brother, Edward. In addition of making his son the Bischoff company's president, <mask> had put his children, once grown to adulthood, on the firm's board of directors.Bischoff never married. Late in life, she said she felt very much alone in the early 1930s after her parents had died. Nonetheless, she led an active social life. She enjoyed her membership in a private club for professional women (the Cosmopolitan Club) but disliked committee work and,

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 partly for that reason, did not participate in artists' organizations. In the 1940s, Bischoff and her sister began buying fine porcelain pieces by Meissen and Nymphenburg mainly from German refugees in America. Eventually each of them amassed substantial collections. For many years, Bischoff divided her time between an apartment overlooking the East River on the 16th and 17th floors of a building in the Upper East Side of Manhattan and a brick house in Hartland, Vermont.She died on December 6, 1990, at her home in Hartland, Vermont. Notes

References

1901 births
1990 deaths
20th-century American painters
20th-century American women artists
American illustrators
Women illustrators
Children's book illustrators
Modern artists
Artists from New York City
American women painters
Art Students League of New York alumni
Horace Mann School


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<mask> (May 18, 1949 – October 16, 2018) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the sixth Bishop of Saginaw, Michigan from 2009 - 2018. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Daniel A. and <mask>. (née Altomare) <mask>, Sr. One of three children, he has two brothers, Daniel and Anthony. He attended Our Lady of Consolation School and graduated from Father Judge High School in 1967. He then studied at St. Charles Borromeo Seminary, from where he obtained a Bachelor's degree in Philosophy (1971) and Master's in Divinity (1975). Priesthood
<mask> was ordained to the priesthood by John Cardinal Krol on May 17, 1975. He then served as parochial vicar at Epiphany of Our Lord Parish (1975–1979) and chaplain at St. Maria Goretti High School (1977–1979) in Philadelphia. He became parochial vicar at St. Jerome Parish in 1979, and advocate on the metropolitan tribunal in 1980.From 1982 to 1987, <mask> served as parochial vicar at St. Jude Parish in Chalfont, member of the admissions board for the Archdiocesan Permanent Diaconate Program, and Newman Chaplain at Delaware Valley College of Science. He was also Defender of the Bond on the metropolitan tribunal (1983–1989), and parochial vicar at St. Francis of Assisi Parish in Norristown (1987–1989) and St. Bernard Parish in Philadelphia (1989–1991). In 1991, he became Dean of Formation for the Theology Division of St. Charles Seminary. <mask> was named associate to Msgr. Edward Cullen, vicar for administration of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, in 1993. He later served as assistant vicar for administration from 1994 to 1998, and vicar general and vicar for administration from 1998 to 2009. He was raised to the rank of Honorary Prelate of His Holiness in April 1998.Episcopal career

Auxiliary Bishop of Philadelphia
On June 28, 2004, <mask> was appointed an Auxiliary Bishop of Philadelphia and Titular Bishop of Casae Medianae by Pope John Paul II. <mask> received his episcopal

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Joseph Robert Cistone
Joseph Cistone
Josephine R
Cistone
Cistone
Cistone
Cistone
Cistone
Cistone


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 consecration on the following July 28 from Justin Cardinal <mask>, with Bishops <mask> and Michael Burbidge serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral-Basilica of Sts. Peter and Paul. He selected as his episcopal motto: "Father of Mercy and Love". In addition to his duties as vicar general and vicar for administration, <mask> served as head of the Secretariat for Catholic Human Services and the Secretariat for Temporal Services. He also had pastoral oversight for parishes in South Philadelphia and a portion of Delaware County. Bishop of Saginaw
<mask> was later named the sixth Bishop of Saginaw, Michigan, by Pope Benedict XVI on May 20, 2009.He succeeded <mask>. Carlson (who was appointed Archbishop of St. Louis the previous April), and was installed on July 28, 2009. As Bishop, he serves as the spiritual leader for 120,000 Catholics in Central Michigan. Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, <mask> was a member of the Committee for Protection of Children and Young People, Committee for Cultural Diversity in the Church, Subcommittee for African-American Affairs, and Committee on Budget and Finance. In 2011, Bishop <mask> appointed a 19-member commission to make recommendations about parish closings. In January 2013, <mask> announced that many of the diocese's 105 parishes would be closed, reducing the number of parishes to 56. "I saw a need to position ourselves in a way by which parish communities are re-invigorated, liturgically alive and actively engaged in outreach to those in need." However, many Catholics were angered by <mask>'s announcement, holding protests against the parish closings.Retired priests spoke out against the parish closures, calling the recommendations a "complete injustice" and stating that nobody "on the planning commission or the Bishop understand." Reportedly, 5,000 people in the Saginaw Diocese left the Catholic Church between 2013 and 2015. Death
<mask> died suddenly at his home in Saginaw, Michigan, on October 16, 2018, aged 69

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Robert Maginnis
Cistone
Cistone
Robert J
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 from lung cancer. Sexual abuse scandal

According to a 2005 grand jury investigation into clergy sexual abuse, while serving as assistant vicar for administration in 1996, <mask> was involved with silencing a nun who tried to alert parishioners at St. Gabriel parish about abuse by a priest. A week after being named to lead the Diocese of Saginaw, <mask> was asked by a mid-Michigan newspaper reporter about the grand jury investigation and his reported role in covering up instances of sexual abuse. Cistone expressed unhappiness with how little opportunity he had been given to respond to the report, saying, "Unfortunately, the grand jury procedure, as followed in Philadelphia, did not allow for any opportunity to address such questions to offer explanation or clarification." <mask> also expressed surprise that he had not been questioned about the grand jury report during his introductory press conference and told the reporter, "Had it come up, I certainly would have addressed it."However, when given the opportunity to answer questions about his actions by the newspaper reporter, <mask> refused to answer specific questions on the matter. On June 9, 2009, a group of survivors of clergy abuse protested <mask>'s appointment outside the Saginaw Diocese office. Members of the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests (SNAP) demanded that <mask> hold a public forum to explain his actions as described in the 2005 grand jury report. SNAP President Barbara Blaine said the actions had to be taken because, "the innocence of children was shattered needlessly because of the action and inaction of this bishop." In response to the group's calls for transparency, <mask> said, "If someone wants to go back and rehash what the church may have done based on knowledge and experience or lack of experience the church had, well, that's OK, but that's not productive. What's productive is what we can do to move forward." On August 31, 2009, representatives of SNAP invited Bishop <mask> to attend a town

masks: Cistone Cistone Cistone Cistone Cistone Cistone Cistone Cistone


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 hall meeting and participate in a discussion on the topic of clergy abuse.The town hall meeting was scheduled to be held on October 25, 2009. The group asked Bishop <mask> to disclose the whereabouts of two priests accused of sexual abuse. A maintenance worker alleged that in July 2009, he was groped, kissed and sat on by a deacon in the rectory of the Cathedral of St. Mary in Saginaw. The Cathedral is the home parish of Bishop <mask>. The maintenance worker reported that after he went to the rector of the parish with his allegations, he was fired from his position in retaliation. The rector of the Cathedral later resigned from his post in November 2009, taking a leave of absence from active ministry. Bishop <mask> explained that the rector's resignation was due to "personal health" issues.<mask> made no further comment on the allegations made by the Cathedral maintenance worker. In August 2012, <mask> was named in a lawsuit surrounding clergy sex abuse allegations at his former assignment in Philadelphia. <mask> was described by Philadelphia attorney Slade McLaughlin as a "kingpin" of the Catholic sex abuse cases. Press reports indicate that he admitted that in 1994 he watched as Church records with the names of abusers were shredded. In March 2018, the Bishop's home was searched by police who cited his lack of cooperation in their investigation of sexual abuse in the Church. See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

References

External links
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Saginaw Official Site
Office of Bishop Cistone
Cardinal <mask>li's Homily at Cistone's Episcopal Ordination

1949 births
2018 deaths
Clergy from Philadelphia
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
St. Charles Borromeo Seminary alumni
Roman Catholic bishops of Saginaw
Deaths from cancer in Michigan
Deaths

masks: Cistone Cistone Cistone Cistone Cistone Cistone Riga


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<mask> (née Pattle; 11 June 1815 – 26 January 1879) was a British photographer who is considered one of the most important portraitists of the 19th century. She is known for her soft-focus close-ups of famous Victorian men and for illustrative images depicting characters from mythology, Christianity, and literature. She also produced sensitive portraits of women and children. After establishing herself first among Calcutta's Anglo-Indian upper-class and then  among London's cultural elite, <mask> formed her own salon frequented by distinguished Victorians at the seaside village of Freshwater, Isle of Wight. After showing a keen interest in photography for many years, <mask> took up the practice at the relatively late age of 48, after her daughter gave her a camera as a present. She quickly produced a large body of work capturing the genius, beauty, and innocence of the men, women, and children who visited her studio at Freshwater, and created unique allegorical images inspired by tableaux vivants, theatre, 15th-century Italian painters, and the work of her creative contemporaries. Her photography career was short but productive; she made around 900 photographs over a 12-year period.<mask>'s work was contentious in her own time. Critics derided her softly focused and unrefined images, and considered her illustrative photographs amateurish and hammy. However, her portraits of respected men (such as Henry Taylor, Charles Darwin, and Sir John Herschel) have been consistently praised, both in her own life and in reviews of her work since. Her images have been described as "extraordinarily powerful" and "wholly original", and she has been credited with producing the first close-ups in the history of the medium. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born <mask> Pattle on 11 June 1815, at Garden Reach, Calcutta, India to Adeline Marie (née de l'Etang, 1793–1845) and James Peter Pattle (1775-1845). James Pattle was a successful official from England who worked in India for the East India Company. His family had

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Julia Margaret Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
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Julia Margaret
Cameron
Julia Margaret


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 been involved with the East India Company for many years, though he traced his line to a 17th-century ancestor living in Chancery Lane, London.Her mother was a French aristocrat and the daughter of Chevalier Ambrose Pierre Antoine de l'Etang, who had been a page to Marie Antoinette and an officer in the Garde du Corps of King Louis XVI. When he died was shipped back to London in a barrel of rum for burial in Camberwell. <mask> was the fourth of her parents' children. Three of her parents' children died in infancy. <mask> and the six of her six sisters who survived into adulthood had inherited some Bengali blood through their maternal grandmother, Thérèse Josephe Blin de Grincourt. The seven sisters were known for their "charm, wit and beauty" and for being close, outspoken, and unconventional in behaviour and dress. They favoured Indian silks and shawls rather than the demure Victorian attire of other colonial woman.All of the sisters were sent to France as children to be educated, <mask> living there with her maternal grandmother in  Versaille  from 1818 to 1834, after which she returned to India. <mask>'s sisters all made advantageous matches, Adeline marrying a military man who became a General, Sophia marrying a baronet, Louisa, a High Court Judge while Maria married the distinguished Dr John Jackson, with among their descendants being Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf. Sara married Henry Prinsep an administrator with the East India Company, and made their home at Little Holland House in Kensington, England an important intellectual centre. Among their children was <mask>'s godchild <mask>. Virginia Pattle  married Lord Charles Eastnor, later the third Earl Somers. Their eldest daughter was Lady Isabella Caroline Somers-Cocks, the temperance leader, while the younger,  Lady Adeline Marie became the Duchess of Bedford. Marriage and social life

South Africa and Calcutta
In 1835, after suffering several illnesses, <mask> visited the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa with her parents to recover.It was common for

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Julia
Julia
Julia
Julia
Julia
Julia Stephen
Julia


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 Europeans living in India to visit South Africa to convalesce after an illness. While there, she met the British astronomer and photochemist Sir John Herschel, who was observing the southern celestial hemisphere. She also met Charles Hay <mask>, twenty years her senior and a reformer of Indian law and education who later invested in coffee plantations in what is now Sri Lanka. Charles Hay was also there to convalesce, likely from a virulent malarial fever which often spread during the Indian monsoon season. The illness he suffered caused recurring kidney trouble and diarrhœa for the rest of his life. They were married in Calcutta on 1 February 1838, two years after meeting. In December of that same year, <mask> gave birth to their first child; Sir John Herschel was the godfather.Between 1839 and 1852, they had six children, one of whom was adopted. In all, the <mask>s raised 11 children, five of her own, five orphaned children of relatives, and an Irish girl named Mary Ryan whom they found begging on Putney Heath and whom <mask> used as a model in her photographs. Their son, Henry Herschel <mask>, would also become a photographer. Through the early 1840s—as the organiser of social engagements for the Governor-General, Lord Hardinge—<mask> became a prominent hostess in Anglo-Indian society. During this time she also corresponded with Herschel about the latest developments in photographic technology. In 1839, Herschel informed <mask> about the invention of photography. In 1842, he sent her two dozen calotypes and daguerreotypes, the first photographs she ever saw.England
Perhaps to be closer to their two children, the <mask>s retired to England in 1845, where they took part in London's artistic and cultural scene. <mask> often visited Little Holland House in Kensington, London, where her sister, Sara Prinsep, oversaw a literary and artistic salon "of Pre-Raphaelite painters, poets, and aristocrats with artistic pretensions". Here, she met many of the well-known subjects of her later portraits, including Henry Taylor and

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Cameron
Julia
Cameron
Cameron
Hay Cameron
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Cameron
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 Alfred Tennyson. Daphne du Maurier describes the scene:The nobilitee, the gentree, the litherathure, polithics and art of the counthree, by jasus! It's a nest of proraphaelites, where Hunt, Millais, Rossetti, Watts, Leighton etc, Tennyson, the Brownings and Thackeray etc and tutti quanti receive dinners and incense, and cups of tea handed to them by these women almost kneeling.Benjamin Jowett echoed this when describing <mask>'s reverence to these creative personalities after a later visit to the same salon-like atmosphere at Freshwater, "She is a sort of hero-worshipper, and the hero is not Mr Tennyson — he only occupies second place — but Henry Taylor." In 1847, she was writing poetry, had started a novel, and published a translation of Gottfried August Bürger's Leonora. In 1848, <mask> retired fully and invested in coffee and rubber plantations in Ceylon, becoming one of the island's largest landowners.The <mask>s settled down in England, first in Tunbridge Wells in Kent, where they were neighbours of Taylor, then to East Sheen in 1850. During this time, <mask> became a member of a society for art education and appreciation and George Frederic Watts started working on a painting of <mask> (which is now in the National Portrait Gallery). In 1860, after an extended visit to Alfred Tennyson at the seaside village of Freshwater, on the Isle of Wight, <mask> hastily purchased a property next door to Tennyson. The family moved there, naming the property "Dimbola" after one of the coffee plantations in Ceylon. A private gate connected the residences and the two families soon started entertaining well-known personalities with music, poetry readings, and amateur plays, creating an artistic scene much as what was previously found at Little Holland House. She lived there until 1875. Photography career

Early career
<mask> showed an interest in photography in the late 1850s and there are indications that she experimented with making photographs in the early 1860s.Around 1863, her daughter and her son-in-law gave her her first

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Cameron
Charles Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
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Cameron


texts: camera (a sliding-box camera) as a Christmas present. The gift was meant to provide a diversion while her husband was in Ceylon tending to his coffee plantations. Of the gift, her daughter stated "It may amuse you, Mother, to try to photograph during your solitude at Freshwater." After receiving the camera, she cleared out a chicken coop and converted it into studio space. Later, in an unfinished autobiographical manuscript titled Annals of my Glasshouse, <mask> wrote:I turned my coal-house into my dark room, and a glazed fowl house I had given my children became my glass house. The hens were liberated, I hope and believe not eaten. The profit of my boys upon new laid eggs was stopped, and all hands and hearts sympathised in my new labour, since the society of hens and chickens was soon changed for that of poets, prophets, painters and lovely maidens, who all in turn have immortalized the humble little farm erection.[...] I began with no knowledge of the art... I did not know where to place my dark box, how to focus my sitter, and my first picture I effaced to my consternation by rubbing my hand over the filmy side of the glass.On 29 January 1864 she photographed nine‐year‐old Annie Philpot, an image she described as her "first success". She sent the photograph to the subject's father with the note:My first perfect success in the complete Photograph owing greatly to the docility & sweetness of my best & fairest sitter. This Photograph was taken by me at 1 p.m. Friday Jan. 29th. Printed—Toned—fixed and framed all by me & given as it is now by 8 p.m. this same day.That same year, she compiled albums of her images for Watts and Herschel, registered her work and prepared it for exhibition and sale, and was elected to the Photographic Society of London, of which she remained a member until her death and where she displayed work at yearly exhibitions. Though <mask> took up photography as an amateur and considered herself an artist, and despite never making commissioned portraits nor establishing a commercial studio, she

masks: Cameron Cameron


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 thought of her photographic activity as a professional endeavour, actively copyrighting, publishing, and marketing her work. Her family did not see substantial profits from their coffee plantations in Ceylon and <mask> may have been looking to bring in some money with her photography.The portraits of celebrities and the high volume of her photographic output also suggest commercial aspirations. Mid-career
In 1865, she became a member of the Photographic Society of Scotland and arranged to have her prints sold through the London dealers P. & D. Colnaghi. She presented a series of photographs, The Fruits of the Spirit, to the British Museum, and held her first solo exhibition in November 1865. Her prints generated robust demand and she showed her work throughout Europe, securing awards in Berlin in 1865 and 1866, and an honourable mention in Dublin. Her photographic activity was supported by her husband. <mask> wrote: "My husband from first to last has watched every picture with delight, and it is my daily habit to run to him with every glass upon which a fresh glory is newly stamped, and to listen to his enthusiastic applause." In August 1865, the South Kensington Museum, now the Victoria and Albert Museum, purchased 80 of her photographs.Three years later, the museum offered her two rooms to use as a portrait studio, essentially making her the museum's first artist-in-residence. She produced images of Thomas Carlyle and John Herschel in 1867. By 1868, she was generating sales through P. & D. Colnaghi and a second London agent, William Spooner. In 1869, she created The Kiss of Peace, which she considered her finest work.In the early 1870s, <mask>'s work matured. Her elaborate illustrative tableauxs involving religious, literary, and classical figures peaked in a series of images for Tennyson's Idylls of the King, published in 1874 and 1875, evidently at her expense. During this time, she also wrote Annals of my Glass House, an unfinished memoir recounting her photographic career. Later life
In October 1873, her

masks: Cameron Cameron Cameron


texts: daughter died in childbirth.Two years later, because of her husband's ill health, because of the lower cost of living, and to be nearer to their sons who were managing the family coffee plantations (which had been badly harmed by a fungus), <mask> and her husband left Freshwater for Ceylon with "a cow, <mask>'s photographic equipment, and two coffins, in case such items should not be available in the East". Henry Taylor recounts the departure:Mr. and Mrs. <mask> have taken their departure for Ceylon, there to live and die. He had bought an estate there some thirty years ago when he was serving the Crown there and elsewhere in the East, and he had a passionate love for the island, to which he had rendered an important service in providing it with a code of procedure . . . he never ceased to yearn after the island as his place of abode, and thither in his eighty-first year he has betaken himself, with a strange joy. The design was kept secret, — I believe even from their dearest relatives.V.C. Scott O'Connor later wrote about the absence at their vacated home in Freshwater:The house is silent now and tenantless. All its old feverish life and bustle are stilled as is the heart which beat here in true sympathy with every living creature that came within its reach needing such succor.Her pretty maids, her scholars, her poets, her philosophers, astronomers, and divines, all those men of genius who came and sat willingly to her while in a fever of artistic emotion she plied the instruments of her art, — they have all gone, and silence is the only tenant left at Dimbola.The move effectively marked the end of <mask>'s photography career; she took few photographs afterwards, mostly of Tamil servants and workers. Fewer than 30 images survive from this period. <mask>'s output may have dropped in part because of the difficulty working with collodion in the insect-friendly heat where fresh water was less available for washing prints. The botanical painter and biologist Marianne North recounted her time visiting <mask> In Ceylon:The

masks: Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron Cameron