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<mask>, was a Florida community leader, politician, and state official, often referred to as the "Father of the Florida's Turnpike" for his efforts to bring about the first major highway in Florida, and for his contributions generally to economic development in the state. Early life
He was born November 3, 1898, near Freetown, Jackson County, Indiana, the second child of Sarah Jane and <mask>. His paternal grandfather, Dr. <mask>, was the attending physician at his birth. <mask> had two sisters Estella (1893–94) and Mary Catherine (1903-1935) as well as four brothers Virgil (1886-1957), Herschel (1887-1957), William (1891-1970) and Paul (1895-1925). Seeking adventure and angered by Pancho Villa's raid on a New Mexico town, at 17, he enlisted in the army, and saw action in the Mexican Expedition of 1916, remaining in the army afterward, he eventually saw action in France during World War I. Following his discharge from the army, <mask> attended the University of Illinois, earning a degree in animal husbandry, and setting out start a farm in Palm Beach County, Florida, near modern-day Delray Beach. He would ultimately settle further south, in Fort Lauderdale, where he and his wife Margaret would start a family.Daughter Ann was born in 1926. A second child died as an infant. Son and namesake <mask> <mask>, Junior, was born in 1928. Civic leadership
To house their growing family, the <mask>s bought a house at 543 Victoria Park Road from William Reed, a prominent South Florida pioneer and politician. Reed and <mask> became close friends, with Reed serving as mentor to <mask>. Reed encouraged <mask>'s increasing involvement in the civic affairs of Fort Lauderdale. <mask> served a two-years term as mayor beginning in 1937.After serving as a mayor, he re-entered the military and obtained a commission in 1940. He

masks:
Thomas Brown Manuel
Asbury Hill Manuel
Grafton Manuel
Thomas
Manuel
Thomas Brown
Manuel
Manuel
Manuel
Manuel
Manuel
Manuel


type: original

texts:
 served with the 77th Infantry Division in the Pacific, seeing combat at Guam, Leyte Gulf, and Iwo Jima. In 1945, <mask>, who had been promoted to full colonel and would lead troops as they spent 45 consecutive days aboard ship under kamikaze attacks before participating in an amphibious landing on Okinawa. Finally retiring from the army in 1946, <mask> returned to Fort Lauderdale, and resumed his involvement in public affairs, joining and serving as an officer in local Rotary and Kiwanis organizations, as well as supporting various political causes. He began a "second career" as a banking executive, eventually helping found and serving as a director at five separate banks, including Barnett Bank of Port Everglades, later Barnett Bank of Broward County. Barnett would, in time, become part of NationsBank, which ultimately became Bank of America, the largest bank in the world. Statewide politics and the turnpike

In 1952, seeking to end rural northern Florida's long dominance of state political affairs, <mask> and other like-minded leaders from the southern part of the state backed Dan McCarty, a young grovesman, fellow World War II veteran, and former speaker of the state house of representatives for governor.McCarty, ran on a platform of reform and economic progress, and was elected easily, but was felled by a massive heart attack only a few months into his term. Dismayed by McCarty's successor, Acting Governor Charley Johns, in the 1954 special election, <mask> supported LeRoy Collins. In the early 1950s <mask> had met another south Florida businessman, Charles "Charlie" Costar, who had convinced him of the need for a new road from the state line to south Florida, one that by-passed many of the sleepy beach towns that dot Florida's east coast. Largely due to Costar's lobbying efforts, the state

masks: Manuel Manuel Manuel Manuel Manuel


texts:
 legislature had passed the Florida Turnpike Act in 1953, and then-Governor McCarty signed it into law. During the interregnum of Charley John's acting governorship, the project largely languished. During the 1955 legislative session (the first during newly elected Governor LeRoy Collins' administration) there was a concerted effort to repeal the Turnpike Act and abolish the entire project, led by North Florida legislators known as the Pork Chop Gang. Having been appointed chairman of the Florida Turnpike Authority (the program's governing agency) in January 1955 by Governor Collins in one of his first official acts, <mask> almost single-handedly turned the situation around.By the end of the 1955 legislative session the bill to kill the Turnpike had been defeated
36–4, the original law had actually been amended to extend the planned route of the new road by another 110 miles from Fort Pierce to Miami, and a $70 million bond issue had been authorized to finance the first stage of construction. Father of the turnpike
Colonel <mask> served as chairman of the Turnpike Authority from 1955 to 1961. During his tenure, the first phase of construction began on July 4, 1955. By late 1956, owing to the Federal government's announced plans for a comprehensive interstate network of highways which would become the Interstate Highway System, and which was to include a route down Florida's east coast, designated I-95, which largely duplicated the Turnpike's originally-contemplated "Coastal Route" from Jacksonville to Fort Pierce, all work on the Turnpike stopped, and plans for further construction were shelved. Construction had begun at what was expected to be the southern terminus of what was officially known as the Sunshine State Parkway, rather than near the (northern) state line, meaning the only portion to be

masks: Manuel Manuel


texts: completed before the hiatus was the 110 mile stretch between Fort Pierce and Miami - the extension <mask> had proposed and won approval for during the 1955 legislative session. The ribbon-cutting ceremony was held January 25, 1957. Throughout the greater part of his service on the Turnpike Authority, Chairman <mask> was forced to contend with opposition from diverse segments of the political world, including those who felt it was a waste of tax dollars, rural interests unenthusiastic about devoting resources to a project seen as largely benefiting urban areas, tourism-based interests in the coastal towns of the counties between St. Augustine and Fort Lauderdale, railroad lines, and others.Nonetheless, he managed to gather sufficient support to keep the Turnpike alive. Despite his initial disinclination to go forward with additional construction on the Turnpike, Governor Collins acknowledged the need for an extension of the Sunshine State Parkway that would connect Fort Pierce (and the under-construction I-95) with Orlando (and the proposed I-4 and I-75). The extension was approved in May, 1959. In 1960, he would receive a letter from Governor Collins praising Colonel <mask> for his leadership of the highway project. Later, near the end of his service on the Authority, another extension, adding 156 miles and connecting Orlando and Wildwood, would be approved. Days before both he and <mask> would leave office, Governor Collins authorized the sale of an additional $80 million in bonds to finance construction to Wildwood. That section would be dedicated July 24, 1964, and would mark the completion of the "Main Line" portion of the Parkway running from Miami to Wildwood.During his time as chairman, Colonel <mask> deliberately took an active role in the management of the Turnpike, frequently driving to


texts:
 various destinations, visiting construction sites, and inspecting land parcels under consideration for acquisition, talking to road construction workers and managers and motorists. On one notable occasion, witnessing an accident, he quickly pulled to the side of the road and dove into a canal, dragging the wrecked cars occupants from the murky water in what, sadly, turned out to be futile efforts to save their lives. Later life and continued service
Leaving the chairmanship and the Turnpike Authority in 1961, <mask> resumed his banking interests, relocating to Plantation, Florida, a Fort Lauderdale suburb. A plaque memorializing <mask>'s service to the State of Florida, and his successes as chairman of the Turnpike Authority marks the approach to the Thomas B. Manuel Bridge, which carries the Turnpike over the St. Lucie Canal, near Port Salerno, in east central Martin County. The plaque, near Mile Marker 130, officially recognizes Colonel <mask> as the "Father of the Turnpike". He retired following his wife's death in 1981, but continued to maintain an active interest in the affairs of the Turnpike, following developments affecting the system closely, often attending hearings and meetings, and frequently speaking publicly on issues pertaining to the Turnpike. Death
At age 88, while attending a public hearing in Coconut Creek, and speaking against proposed toll increases, <mask> suffered a heart attack, collapsed, and was rushed to a hospital.He died soon thereafter, on August 13, 1987. He is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Fort Lauderdale with his wife. References

1898 births
1987 deaths
People from Jackson County, Indiana
United States Army soldiers
University of Illinois alumni
Mayors of Fort Lauderdale, Florida
United States Army personnel of World War I
20th-century American politicians
People from

masks: Manuel Manuel Manuel Manuel


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<mask> (died 223), courtesy name Zifang, was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He was also the younger brother of <mask>, who also served Liu Bei. In 219, <mask> surrendered to Liu Bei's ally-turned rival Sun Quan, directly resulting in the loss of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) and the death of Guan Yu. The Australian Sinologist Rafe de Crespigny notes that <mask> had the remarkable record of serving each of the leaders of the Three Kingdoms during his lifetime. Early life
<mask> was from Qu County (), Donghai Commandery (), which is present-day Lianyungang, Jiangsu. He was born in an extremely rich merchant family, which had over 10,000 slaves and guests. <mask> and his elder brother <mask> were said to be proficient in horsemanship and archery.Along with the Chen clan (led by Chen Gui and Chen Deng), the Mi family served under Tao Qian, the Governor of Xu Province (徐州; present-day northern Jiangsu). Service under Liu Bei
Upon Tao Qian's death, the influential Mi clan strongly advocated the governorship be passed on to Liu Bei, to whom <mask> had his sister married. Thereafter, the <mask> brothers joined Liu Bei's army to Xuyi and Huaiyin (淮陰; in Guangling, south of Xu Province) to counter-attack the warlord Yuan Shu in 196. Zhang Fei, who was left behind by Liu Bei to guard Xiapi (capital of Xu Province at the time), killed Cao Bao, the chancellor of Xiapi when Tao Qian was still in charge of Xu Province, after an intense quarrel over some trivial things. Cao Bao's death caused unrest in the city, and the locals opened the city gate for Lü Bu, who then seized control of the city, capturing the families of Liu Bei

masks:
Mi Fang
Mi Zhu
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Zhu
Mi Fang
Mi


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 and <mask> during the process. Upon hearing the news, Liu Bei's soldiers started to desert, and those that remained were defeated by the enemy commander Ji Ling. Liu Bei then retreated to Haixi (), Donghai Commandery ().Faced with enemies on both sides and a lack of supplies, the Mi brothers encouraged Liu Bei and used their personal wealth to support the army. Seeing no other viable option, Liu Bei sought a truce with Lü Bu, who accepted the proposal and returned Liu Bei's family as an act of good faith. In fear of being isolated by Yuan Shu, Lü Bu obstructed further attempts by Yuan Shu to eliminate Liu Bei. Liu Bei moved his camp to Xiaopei where he was financially supported by the Mi brothers to rebuild his army, gathering over 10,000 men. Lü Bu became concerned and attacked Xiaopei. Liu Bei then fled to Xuchang, where warlord Cao Cao had set his base. While Liu Bei served under Cao, Cao Cao enticed <mask> and <mask> by offering them governorships of Ying Commandery (嬴郡; northwest of present-day Laiwu, Shandong) and Pengcheng Commandery respectively, but both chose to follow Liu Bei when their brother-in-law left Cao Cao, giving up the high positions for an unknown future.Later, Liu Bei betrayed Cao Cao, and fled to the south after being defeated several times by Cao Cao. After the battle of Jiangling, Liu Bei successfully negotiated with the southern warlord Sun Quan to lend him the Nan Commandery (南郡; present-day Jiangling, Hubei) of Jing Province, and <mask> was assigned the post of the Administrator of the commandery. When Liu Bei embarked for Yi Province, <mask> was ordered to stay behind with Guan Yu in Jing Province. Service under Sun Quan
In 219, Guan Yu launched an invasion against Cao Cao, leaving

masks:
Mi Fang
Mi Zhu
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang


texts:
 <mask> with the defence of the base city in Jiangling, and Shi Ren in Gong'an County. Earlier, <mask> had accidentally set some military equipment ablaze, and Guan threatened to dish out harsh punishment should he triumph over Cao Cao. As a result, <mask> was afraid of Guan Yu. <mask> received letters from Sun Quan, who was also a brother-in-law to Liu Bei, who was also angered by Guan Yu's insolence.Thus, when Sun Quan launched a surprise attack on Jiangling, <mask> listened to Shi Ren's suggestion and surrendered to Sun Quan. Sandwiched on both sides by enemies, Guan Yu was captured by Lü Meng and executed. <mask> was deeply ashamed of his brother's betrayal, and soon died of sickness. <mask> was not only blackened by Yang Xi () of Shu Han for his betrayal, but had also been derided by Yu Fan of Eastern Wu for the very same reason. In June 223, an Eastern Wu commander named Jin Zong, who was in charge of Qichun (), defected to Wei by launching a rebellion. So Sun Quan ordered He Qi to put down the rebellion. <mask> then served under He Qi as a commander, along with another two generals named Liu Shao (劉邵, not to be confused with 劉劭) and Xianyu Dan ().They succeeded in their mission, capturing Jin Zong alive and retaking Qichun. That was the last historical record of <mask>, after which he was not mentioned again. Anecdotes
Once, <mask>'s boat met with that of Yu Fan in a narrow waterway, the servants on <mask>'s boat demanded Yu Fan to move out of the way by shouting: "Get out of the way for our general's boat." Yu Fan shouted back angrily in response: "How can one serve the lord when he had lost his loyalty? And how can one be called a general when he caused his [former] master to lose two cities?" <mask> was

masks:
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Zhu
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang


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 very ashamed and let Yu Fan's boat to pass instead. Another incident also involved Yu Fan when he had to pass through Mi <mask>'s camp.The officers at <mask>'s camp did not open the gates, and Yu Fan angrily shouted: "How can one do this when what is supposed to be open is closed, but what is supposed to be closed is open instead?" <mask> was even more ashamed than he was in the waterway. Despite the ridicule, Sun Quan still treated <mask> with trust and dignity. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, both <mask> and Shi Ren (erroneously referred to as "Fu Shiren" in the novel) served in the Eastern Wu military after they surrendered to Sun Quan. In chapter 83, Liu Bei personally led a force against Eastern Wu to avenge Guan Yu. When they discovered that their men were plotting to kill them and surrender to Liu Bei, <mask> and Fu assassinated their superior Ma Zhong () and surrendered to Liu Bei. However, the unimpressed Liu ordered Guan Xing, son of Guan Yu, to execute the traitors as a sacrifice to Guan Yu.See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

  麋芳 is often (mis)printed as 糜芳 in copies of the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms in circulation. References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi). Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Eastern Wu generals
Generals under Sun Quan
Han dynasty generals from Jiangsu
Han dynasty politicians from Jiangsu
Officials under Liu Bei
Political office-holders in Hubei
Politicians from

masks:
Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi Fang
Mi


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<mask> (born May 1, 1987) is a Romanian kickboxer competing in the Light Heavyweight division of the ONE Championship where he is a former ONE Light Heavyweight Championship title challenger. He was the first to hold the SUPERKOMBAT Super Cruiserweight Championship and held the SUPERKOMBAT record for most consecutive title defenses. <mask> was the No. 5 ranked light-heavyweight in the world during his reign as the SUPERKOMBAT Super Cruiserweight Champion. He is also a three-time wushu national champion and European wushu champion. As of 7 November 2018, <mask> is ranked the #7 light-heavyweight in the world by Enfusion Live. While perhaps best known for competing in the Superkombat Fighting Championship (SUPERKOMBAT), he has also competed for K-1, Glory, LEGEND, Dynamite Fighting Show and ONE Championship.Background
The son of a former boxer, <mask> started training judo at age 11 before switching to wushu and kickboxing at age 17 (he trained under Cătălin Zmărăndescu at CSA Steaua București). He has been training in Bucharest, Romania for his entire career. <mask> first went to Respect Gym, which was run by Alin

masks:
Andrei Cătălin Stoica
Stoica
Stoica
Stoica
Stoica


texts:
 Panaite, where he trained with fellow kickboxers Bogdan <mask>, Benjamin Adegbuyi, Claudiu Bădoi, Ciprian Șchiopu and Florin Lupu. In 2018, he opened his own gym (Stoica Brothers Fight Academy), and since then he has been training there also under the guidance of the boxing coach <mask>. Kickboxing career

SUPERKOMBAT Fighting Championship
In November 2010, the SUPERKOMBAT announced that they had signed <mask> and his younger brother Bogdan to compete in the promotion. Its chairman, Eduard Irimia, felt that the Respect Gym brothers have the potential to become top-class fighters. On February 25, <mask> faced Redouan Cairo in a rematch at the SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix I 2012 in Podgorica, Montenegro.Originally, it was announced that <mask> defeated Cairo via decision after three rounds. However, SK officials overturned the decision to a no contest as the judges actually scored the bout a majority draw. <mask> had also caused controversy by inadvertently referring to Cairo as "the nigger" in his post-fight interview. <mask> himself apologized for the mistake, blaming his poor command of English (<mask> said he

masks:
Stoica
Andrei Mircea
Andrei Stoica
Stoica
Stoica
Stoica
Stoica
Stoica


texts:
 meant to use the term "negro" instead, which caused further controversy). He next faced Toni Milanović at the SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix IV 2012 on October 20 in Arad, Romania and defeated the Croatian via split decision. <mask> was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov for the inaugural SUPERKOMBAT Super Cruiserweight Championship at the SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2012 Final in Bucharest, Romania on December 22. However, Samedov took ill in the build-up to the fight and replaced by the lower-ranked Arnold Oborotov and so the bout was changed to a title eliminator with the winner facing Samedov.<mask> produced another emotionally-charged performance and knocked Oborotov out in the first round. K-1
He lost to Agron Preteni via unanimous decision in a non-tournament bout at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final in Zagreb, Croatia on March 15, 2013. The fight was all <mask>, until Preteni dropped him with a left hook early in the second round which earned an eight count and really turned the tide of the fight. Mladen Krajnčec, one of the judges said that this was hardest fight to judge and that K-1 rules clearly state

masks: Stoica Stoica Stoica


texts:
 that the one who is in a knockdown loses the fight. He scored a second-round knockout of Zinedine Hameur-Lain at SUPERKOMBAT New Heroes 5 in Târgoviște, Romania on August 30, 2013. He KOed Dženan Poturak in round two at SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix III 2013 in Botoșani, Romania on September 28. LEGEND
He rematched Agron Preteni at Legend 2: Invasion in Moscow, Russia on November 9, 2013, in a reserve bout of Legend Fighting Show -95 kg tournament.Preteni took majority judges decision in a close fight with many strong kicks and punches which effected little damage. SUPERKOMBAT Super Cruiserweight Champion (2015-Present)
He defeated Ondřej Hutník by unanimous decision to win the vacant SUPERKOMBAT Super Cruiserweight Championship at the SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2013 Final in Galați, Romania on December 21. GLORY
<mask> was knocked out by Danyo Ilunga in the tournament reserve bout at GLORY 15 - Light Heavyweight World Championship Tournament in Istanbul, Turkey on April 12, 2014. The two had spirited exchanges in the first round. Ilunga was consistent with his piercing knees to <mask>, who countered them well

masks: Stoica Stoica


texts: with his right hand. Both men were successful and landed hard shots before Stoica thought that he had an advantage on a particular combination but just grazed Ilunga with a hook instead of landing clean. This allowed Ilunga to get underneath it and come back with a huge counter right hand that floored and took <mask> out, who didn't have his feet beneath him to answer the ten count.Prior to the fight, he and Benjamin Adegbuyi spent time as sparring partners of Alexander Gustafsson at the Allstars Training Center in Stockholm, Sweden. He was expected to make the first defence of his SUPERKOMBAT Super Cruiserweight Championship against Boy Boy Martin at SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix III 2014 in Constanța, Romania on June 21, 2014. Martin withdrew for undisclosed reasons, however, and was replaced by Ali Cenik. <mask> defeated Cenik via unanimous decision to retain the title. He was scheduled to face Artem Vakhitov in a superfight at the Glory 20: Dubai on 3 April 2015 but pulled out for unknown reasons. <mask> had his second title defense against Moises Baute on October 25, 2014, at SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix


texts: 2014 Final Elimination, where he won via KO in the third round. The win also earned him 2014 Fight of the Year and 2014 Knockout of The Year awards.<mask> next faced Emilio Vallecillo on November 22, 2014, at SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2014 Final, <mask> won via TKO in the first round. <mask> faced Marcello Adriaansz on March 7, 2015, at SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix I 2015 and won via unanimous decision. <mask> fought Thomas Alizier on May 23, 2015, in his hometown, at SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix II 2015, winning the bout by knockout the second round. <mask> faced Abdarhmane Coulibaly on July 19, 2015, at SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix III 2015 in another non-title bout. <mask> won via unanimous decision. On August 1, 2015, at SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix IV 2015 <mask> defended his title by defeating Fred Sikking by first-round KO. He scored with a left that ended the bout in one minute and fifteen seconds.After the win <mask> stated "I told you before. This belt it's mine. Sikking came out aggressive, he threw some shots, but he had no chance." A superfight against Pavel Voronin took place for October 2,

masks: Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica


texts:
 2015, at SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2015 Final Elimination. In the first round <mask> looked to work the head and body with punches while mixing in the occasional kick, Voronin looked to attack <mask>'s lead leg with kicks. <mask> took over in the second round as his boxing was too fast and accurate for Voronin. In the third round <mask> connected with a knee to the body that forced Voronin to take a knee.He recovered to make it to the end of the bout, but <mask> took home a clear unanimous decision winning his eight consecutive fight. <mask> is expected to defend his title against Jorge Loren at SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2015 Final. Loren won the fight by TKO, after knocking <mask> down three times during the course of the first round. Post SUPERKOMBAT
<mask> was scheduled to fight Mladen Kujundžić at Respect World Series 1, his first fight outside of SUPERKOMBAT in nearly two years. Kujundžić won the fight by a first-round TKO. <mask> managed to halt the two fight losing skid with a first round low kick knockout of Antonio Souza. Following these two fights, <mask> was scheduled to fight Tomáš Hron at W5

masks: Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica Stoica


texts:
 Grand Prix “Legends in Prague” for the vacant W5 Intercontinental Super Heavyweight Championship.Hron won the fight by unanimous decision. After losing to Hron, <mask> went on a four fight winning streak, defeating Pavel Voronin, George Davis, Ivan Bartek and Sahak Parparyan, before losing a decision to Donegi Abena. He rebounded with a unanimous decision victory against Tomas Steponkevicius. In September 2018, <mask> took part in the WFL Heavyweight tournament. <mask> won a decision against Levi Kuyken in the quarterfinals, but lost a decision in turn to Nordine Mahieddine in the semifinals. Going back to his native Romania, <mask> fought twice under the banner of Dynamite Fighting Show, defeating Sazan Memedi by decision and Luis Morais by a first-round knockout. ONE Championship
On March 9, 2019, <mask> made his ONE debut against former SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix Champion Tarik Khbabez at ONE Championship: Reign of Valor.However, he was overpowered by the Dutch-Moroccan during the fight. <mask> went on to lose by unanimous decision. <mask> made his return on April 12, 2019, at ONE Championship: Roots of

masks:
Stoica
Stoica
Stoica
Stoica
Andrei Stoica
Stoica
Stoica


texts:
 Honor, facing Ibrahim El Bouni. He went on to win by unanimous decision. On December 6, 2019, <mask> next faced Anderson Silva at ONE Championship: Mark Of Greatness in a match that had world title implications. <mask> quickly finished Silva, knocking the Brazilian out at 1:58 of the first round. After the fight, <mask> expressed interest in challenging Roman Kryklia for the ONE Kickboxing Light Heavyweight World Championship.The two have been scheduled to fight for the title at ONE Infinity 1. The event was later postponed, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. <mask> was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Pavel Voronin during DFS 9. He won the fight by split decision. The fans' opinions were divided resulting in a controversy. Dynamite Fighting Show booked an immediate rematch in 2021. Title shot
<mask> was scheduled to fight the reigning ONE Kickboxing Light Heavyweight champion Roman Kryklia at ONE Championship: Collision Course.This bout was previously postponed three times in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Kryklia and the designated mandatory challenger <mask> were supposed to meet in 2021, but in

masks:
Andrei Stoica
Stoica
Stoica
Stoica
Stoica
Stoica


texts:
 December 2020 the Ukrainian did not face Murat Aygün. <mask> was already on holiday and agreed to take a title match on short notice in just 2 weeks since he was announced. At the official weigh in, Kryklia weighed more. Eventually, the fight was won by Kryklia by unanimous decision, who was in control during the match. The general opinion was that <mask> was not prepared and fresh for this fight. style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2016-07-02 || Win ||align=left| Antonio Souza || Respect World Series 2 || London, England || KO (Low Kick) || 1 || 2:20
|-
|-  bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2016-03-19 || Loss ||align=left| Mladen Kujundžić || Respect World Series 1 || Madrid, Spain || TKO (Corner Stoppage) || 1 || 1:23
|-
|-  bgcolor= "FFBBBB"
| 2015-11-07 || Loss ||align=left| Jorge Loren || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2015 Final || Bucharest, Romania || TKO (Referee Stoppage) || 1 || 2:21
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="CCFFCC"
| 2015-10-02 || Win ||align=left| Pavel Voronin || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2015 Final Elimination || Milan, Italy || Decision


texts:
 (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="CCFFCC"
| 2015-08-01 || Win ||align=left| Fred Sikking || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix IV 2015 || Mamaia, Romania || KO (Left Hook) || 1 || 1:35
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="CCFFCC"
| 2014-06-21 || Win ||align=left| Ali Cenik || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix III 2014 || Constanța, Romania || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2014-04-12 || Loss ||align=left| Danyo Ilunga || Glory 15: Istanbul || Istanbul, Turkey || KO (Right Overhand) || 1 || 2:33
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="CCFFCC"
| 2013-12-21 || Win ||align=left| Ondřej Hutník || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2013 Final || Galați, Romania || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="CCFFCC"
| 2012-10-20 || Win ||align=left| Toni Milanović || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix IV 2012 || Arad, Romania|| Decision (Split) || 3 ||3:00
|-  bgcolor="CCFFCC"
| 2012-07-07 || Win ||align=left| Hakan Aksoy || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix III 2012 || Varna, Bulgaria


texts:
 || TKO (Three Knockdowns) || 1 || 1:20
|-  bgcolor="CCFFCC"
| 2012-05-12 || Win ||align=left| Rodney Glunder || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix II 2012 || Cluj Napoca, Romania || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
| 2012-02-25 || NC ||align=left| Redouan Cairo || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix I 2012 || Podgorica, Montenegro || No Contest || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="CCFFCC"
| 2011-11-19 || Win ||align=left| James Phillips || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2011 Final || Darmstadt, Germany || KO (Right High Kick)|| 1 || 2:19
|-  bgcolor="FFBBBB"
| 2011-09-16 || Loss ||align=left| Jovan Kaluđerovic || Wako-Pro World Grand Prix 2011: Romania vs Serbia || Bucharest, Romania || KO (Left Hook) || 1 || 2:59
|-  bgcolor="CCFFCC"
| 2011-07-16 || Win ||align=left| Henriques Zowa || SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix II 2011 || Constanța, Romania || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2011-04-30 || Loss ||align=left| Redouan Cairo || K-1 Rules Kickboxing in Monaco || Monte Carlo, Monaco || Decision (Split) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! 2013, Alexandru Constantin


texts:
 b.2015 and Eva b. 2019). <mask> is an Orthodox Christian, often wearing a cross around his neck. See also
List of male mixed martial artists
List of male kickboxers

External links
Profile at ONE

References

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bucharest
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania
Romanian male kickboxers
Cruiserweight kickboxers
Heavyweight kickboxers
Romanian male mixed martial artists
Light heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing sanshou
Romanian sanshou practitioners
Glory kickboxers
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<mask>s (; 11 February 179118 August 1865) was a Greek statesman, diplomat, politician and member of the Mavrocordatos family of Phanariotes. Biography
In 1812, Mavrokordatos went to the court of his uncle John George Caradja, Hospodar of Wallachia, with whom he passed into exile in the Austrian Empire (1818), where he studied at the University of Padua. He was a member of the Filiki Eteria and was among the Phanariot Greeks who hastened to Morea on the outbreak of the War of Independence in 1821. At the time of the beginning of the revolution, Mavrokordatos was living in Pisa with the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley, and upon hearing of the revolution, Mavrokordatos headed to Marseilles to buy arms and a ship to take him back to Greece. Mavrokordatos was a very wealthy, well educated man, fluent in seven languages, whose experience in ruling Wallachia led many to look towards him as a future leader of Greece. Unlike many of the Greek leaders, Mavrokordatos, who had lived in the West, preferred to wear Western clothing, and looked towards the West as a political model for Greece. The American philhellene Samuel Gridley Howe described Mavrokordatos:"His manners are perfectly easy and gentlemanlike and though the first impression would be from his extreme politeness and continual smiles that he was a good-natured silly fop, yet one soon sees from the keen inquisitive glances which involuntarily escape from him, that he is concelaling, under an almost childish lightness of manner, a close and accurate study of his visitor...His friends ascribe every action to the most disinterested patriotism; but his enemies hesitate not to pronounce them all to have for their end his


texts: party or private interest...Here, as is often the case, truth lies between the two extremes".Mavokordhatos, a crafty, intelligent man was the best politician thrown up by the Greek struggle and he dominated directly or indirectly the various assemblies that endeavoured to establish a government for Greece. He was active in endeavouring to establish a regular government, and in January 1822 he was elected by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus as the "President of the Executive", making him in effect Greece's leader. The Epidaurus assembly was largely Mavrokordatos's triumph as he wrote the first Greek constitution and become the new national leader. Reflecting the fact that the Greek government had little power, Mavrokordatos was more interested in defending his power base in West Rumeli (Continental Greece)), going first to the island of Hydra to secure the support of the Hydriots' warships and then to Missolonghi, where he supervised the building of the defensive works while using his wealth to create a network of patronage designed to secure him support from the western Rumeliot clans. Mavrokordatos did not play the part of a national leader, and had created a deliberately complicated constitution largely to ensure that no one else could become a successful leader while he was off securing his power base in West Rumeli. One observer commented about Mavrokordatos's tactics: "He imitates the cunning of the hedgehog who, they say, flattens his needles and makes himself thin to enter his burrow, and once inside fluffs them out again and becomes a ball of prickles to stop anyone else getting in". He commanded the advance of the Greeks into western Central Greece the same year, and


texts: suffered a serious defeat at Peta on 16 July, but retrieved this disaster somewhat by his successful resistance to the First Siege of Missolonghi (Nov. 1822 to Jan. 1823).At Peta, Mavokordatos wanted a victory by his philhellene units and his Greek soldiers trained by the German philhellene Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels to show the advantages of professional military training to the Greeks. Mavorkordatos appointed Normann-Ehrenfels, formerly a captain in the Württemberg army his chief of staff. At the Argos assembly in 1823, Mavrokordhatos did not seek office again, but had himself appointed as general secretary of the Executive, which made him responsible for the flow of paperwork both to and from the Executive. In 1823, Mavokordatos supported the Senate in its dispute with the Executive dominated by supporters of his rival Theodoros Kolokotronis. In 1824, Mavrokordatos welcomed Lord Byron to Greece and tried to persuade him to lead an attack on Navpaktos. In 1824, Mavorokordhatos backed a plot by the American philhellene George Jarvis and the Scottish philhellene Thomas Fenton to murder his rival Odysseas Androutsos and Androutsos's brother-in-law Edward John Trelawny. Mavorokordhatos's English sympathies brought him, in the subsequent strife of factions, into opposition to the "Russian" party headed by Demetrius Ypsilanti and Kolokotronis; and though he held the portfolio of foreign affairs for a short while under the presidency of Petrobey (Petros Mavromichalis), he was compelled to withdraw from affairs until February 1825, when he again became a Secretary of State.The landing of Ibrahim Pasha followed, and Mavrocordatos again joined the army, barely escaping capture in the disaster


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 at Sphacteria, on 9 May 1825, on board the ship Ares. After the fall of Missolonghi (22 April 1826) he went into retirement, until President John Capodistria made him a member of the committee for the administration of war material, a position he resigned in 1828. After Kapodistria's murder (9 October 1831) and the resignation of his brother and successor, Augustinos Kapodistrias (13 April 1832), Mavrocordatos became Minister of Finance. He was Vice-President of the National Assembly at Argos (July 1832), and was appointed by King Otto as his Minister of Finance, and in 1833 Premier. From 1834 onwards, he was Greek envoy at Munich, Berlin, London and, after a short interlude again as Premier of Greece in 1841, he was appointed envoy to Constantinople. In 1843, after the 3 September uprising, he returned to Athens as Minister with no portfolio in the Metaxas cabinet, and from April to August 1844 was head of the government formed after the fall of the Russian party. Going into opposition, he distinguished himself by his violent attacks on the Kolettis government.In 1854-1855 he was again head of the government for a few months. He died in Aegina on 18 August 1865. See also

References

Works cited
 E. Legrand, Généalogie des Mavrocordato (Paris, 1886). 1791 births
1865 deaths
19th-century heads of state of Greece
19th-century prime ministers of Greece
Alexandros
Members of the Filiki Eteria
Greek people of the Greek War of Independence
Foreign ministers of Greece
Prime Ministers of Greece
People from Istanbul
History of Greece (1832–1862)
Speakers of the Hellenic Parliament
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens
Constantinopolitan Greeks
English Party politicians
Finance ministers of


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<mask> (born July 25, 1989) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball at the University of Pittsburgh. Wanamaker earned an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2017. High school career
Born in Philadelphia, Wanamaker went to Roman Catholic High School in his hometown, where he played high school basketball. In 2007, he was named the Philadelphia Daily News' Player of the Year as a high school senior. College career
Wanamaker then went on to play college basketball at the University of Pittsburgh, where he played with the Pittsburgh Panthers, under head coach Jamie Dixon. In his four years at Pitt, Wanamaker scored 1,090 points.As a senior, he was named an honorable mention NCAA Men's Basketball All-American, by the Associated Press. Professional career

Teramo (2011)
After going undrafted in the 2011 NBA draft, Wanamaker split time in the 2011–12 season between two Italian clubs, the first of which was Banca Teramo Basket

Forli (2012)
Wanamaker played for Fulgor Libertas Forli in 2012. Austin Toros (2012)
Wanamaker returned to the United States to join the Austin Toros. He joined the Toros just in time to help the team to an NBA Development League title in 2012. Wanamaker had workouts with many NBA teams but was never offered a contract. He also competed in the NBA Summer League several times. Limoges (2012–2013)
For the 2012–13 season, Wanamaker moved to Limoges of France's top league, the LNB Pro A, where he averaged 9.0 points and 3.4 rebounds per game.Pistoia (2013–2014)
The following season, Wanamaker returned to Italy and signed with Giorgio Tesi Pistoia of Lega Basket Serie A.

Brose (2014–2016)
On July 2, 2014, Wanamaker signed with Brose Baskets of Germany's Basketball Bundesliga. With Bamberg, he won the 2014–15 Bundesliga and was also named Finals MVP. On June 23, 2015, <mask> re-signed with Bamberg for one more season. In the 2015–16 season, Brose played in the

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Bradley Daniel Wanamaker
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 EuroLeague, and had a solid season, in which the team reached the Top 16. In the German BBL, Wanamaker was named the Most Valuable Player, after leading the Bamberg team to a second straight national domestic league championship. Darüşşafaka (2016–2017)
On June 23, 2016, Wanamaker signed a two-year contract with Turkish club Darüşşafaka Doğuş. Fenerbahçe (2017–2018)
On September 7, 2017, Wanamaker signed a one-year contract with the 2017 EuroLeague champions, Fenerbahçe Doğus.In the 2017–18 EuroLeague season, Fenerbahçe made it to the 2018 EuroLeague Final Four, its fourth consecutive Final Four appearance. Eventually, they lost 85–80 to Real Madrid in the final game. In 36 EuroLeague games, he averaged 11.3 points, 2.7 rebounds and 3.8 assists per game, while shooting 41% on his field goal attempts. Boston Celtics (2018–2020)
On July 2, 2018, Wanamaker signed a one-year contract with the Boston Celtics. Wanamaker made his NBA debut on October 16, recording 2 points and 1 rebound in a blowout 105–87 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. On July 17, 2019, the Boston Celtics announced that they had re-signed Wanamaker. Over the course of two seasons with Boston, he played in 107 games, averaging 16 minutes, 5.9 points, 2.2 assists, and 1.7 rebounds per game.Golden State Warriors (2020–2021)
On November 24, 2020, Wanamaker signed with the Golden State Warriors as a free agent to play backup point guard behind Stephen Curry. In 39 games, Wanamaker averaged 16 minutes and 4.7 points a game. Charlotte Hornets (2021)
On March 25, 2021, Wanamaker was traded to the Charlotte Hornets after being out of the Warriors rotation since the All Star break. Indiana Pacers (2021)
On October 6, 2021, Wanamaker signed with the Indiana Pacers. On December 27, he was waived. Washington Wizards (2021–2022)
On December 29, 2021, Wanamaker signed a 10-day contract with the Washington Wizards via the hardship exemption. Personal life

Wanamaker is the twin brother of Lithuanian National Basketball League basketball player


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General Sir <mask>,  (24 January 1862 – 9 June 1945), was a British general who commanded XI Corps in the First World War. Arguments over the late release of <mask>'s Corps on the first day of the Battle of Loos were instrumental in forcing the resignation of Sir John French as Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). <mask> is remembered chiefly for the high casualties suffered by his forces (including many Australian troops) at the second Battle of Fromelles, launched while the Battle of the Somme was underway 80 km to the south, although at least one British historian has sought to defend his reputation, regarding him as an "intelligent and capable man" unfairly maligned in the popular mythology of the war. Although blocked from further promotion, he continued to command XI Corps – including in Italy in the winter of 1917–1918 and in Flanders in April 1918 – until the end of the war. He was the League of Nations High Commissioner for the Free City of Danzig in the early 1920s. Early career
<mask> was probably born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, the son of a clergyman, Reverend <mask>. He attended Sandhurst, then was commissioned into the 67th (South Hampshire) Regiment of Foot (which that year became part of the Hampshire Regiment) on 22 January 1881.<mask> saw active service in Burma 1885–1887, and was promoted captain in 1889. He married Rachel Buford Hancock, daughter of Sir Henry James Burford-Hancock, on 28 September 1891; they had no children. <mask> studied at Staff College 1896–1897. He was Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General for Cork District 1898–1899. He was promoted major in 1899. He served on the staff in the Boer War, then returned to Staff College, first as a lecturer 1901–1904, then as Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General (DAAG) 1904–1906. Whilst on the faculty at Camberley he was promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1903 and colonel in 1905.<mask> was GSO1 (chief of staff) to 3rd Division 1906–1908, then Brigadier-General General Staff (BGGS)

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Richard Cyril Byrne Haking
Haking
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Haking
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 Southern Command in 1908. He was honoured with the Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1910. According to Andy Simpson, in the Edwardian period "he established a reputation as a sound tactical thinker". His book Company Training (1913) was partly inspired by Haig's 1909 Field Service Regulations. The book espoused the pre-war belief that morale and leadership were the most important factor in winning a battle. He also argued that the attacker would have the advantage over the defender, even if numerically inferior, and deprecated the idea that modern weapons had made defence superior to attack. The book was reprinted during the first part of the war, at least.The book was considered "first class" and in Gordon Corrigan's view "even today ... has a freshness about it and an insight into human characteristics that would not be out of place in a modern military work". Western Front: brigade and division commander
<mask> was given command of the 5th Infantry Brigade in September 1911, and took it to the Western Front on the outbreak of war in August 1914, as part of Douglas Haig's I Corps. On 23 August 1914—the day of the Battle of Mons—in accordance with a request by Smith-Dorrien, GOC II Corps, Haig sent <mask> with three battalions to make contact with II Corps on Haig's left, but <mask> reported back that he had made no contact with the enemy. He helped force the Petit Morin during the Battle of the Marne. During the advance after the Marne, <mask>'s brigade was at the forefront at the Battle of the Aisne, and on 14 September his was one of the few units to fight its way onto the Chemin des Dames after the crossing of the River Aisne. Haig recorded that <mask>'s 5th Brigade made good progress on the eastern slopes of the Beaulne ridges, reaching the ridge of Tilleul de Courtacon, before having to pull back on meeting opposition. However, on that day he received a head wound that required three months' recuperation.He returned to the front in November. On 21

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 December 1914 he was promoted to command the 1st Division from 21 December 1914, with the rank of major-general. His division took part in the Battle of Aubers Ridge (also known as the first Battle of Fromelles) in May 1915, where the three attacking divisions suffered a total of 11,600 casualties and where he argued for further attacks despite the clear failure of the first assault. His attacking brigades lost over 50% of their fighting strength in little over an hour. He was not blamed for what Simpson describes as the "flawed artillery plan and lack of artillery support" at Aubers Ridge. With the BEF expanding massively in size, <mask> was one of the divisional commanders (he was fourth in order of seniority after Thomas Morland, Henry Horne and Hubert Gough) whom Haig recommended to the Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, on 8 July 1915 as suitable for command of corps and armies in due course, although only Horne and Gough attained the latter level of command. Western Front: Loos
On 1 September Haig recommended <mask>, as a known "thruster", for command of XI Corps, part of First Army.The promotion was not confirmed until 4 September as Sir John French, Commander-in-Chief BEF, was ill. <mask> would hold this command until the end of the war. Preparations and First Day
<mask>'s corps took part as a reserve in the Battle of Loos in September 1915. He later told the Official Historian, James Edward Edmonds, that he had thought Haig wanted XI Corps to fill the gap between Hubert Gough's I Corps and Henry Rawlinson's IV Corps in the offensive, not act as a reserve at all. Before the battle <mask> spoke to the men of 2nd Guards Brigade. One observer recorded that he "spoke very confidently, comparing the German line to the crust of a pie, behind which, once broken, he said, there is not much resistance to be expected. He ended up by saying "I don’t tell you this to cheer you up. I tell it you because I really believe it".He assured his commanders that there would be no German


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 resistance once their line had been broken (letter of Lt-Col Rowland Feilding to his wife, 16 September 1915). Although "everyone was too optimistic", <mask>'s promises to Regimental officers that there would be "very little opposition" were "altogether misleading" and a "most regrettable travesty of the real facts" (testimony of various colonels to the Official Historian in the mid-1920s). XI Corps were committed to battle (21st and 24th Division, both New Army formations, but not the Guards Division which was to be held back at first), tired and hungry after an overnight march to conceal their presence from the enemy, at 2.30pm on 25 September, the first day of the battle. Second Day
GHQ released the Guards Division to First Army control at 1.45pm on 26 September, and it spent the day marching up to the front. <mask> was ordered (at 11.30pm) to submit plans for it to attack the next day. The next day Haig wanted to call off the attack, but <mask> felt it would not be possible to do so in time. <mask> also lifted the artillery barrage off the German front positions to bombard more distant targets at 3pm, an hour before the attack was due to begin – Rawlinson, who visited him at 10am, thought this a bad idea, but kept his doubts to himself.Under pressure from Haig, XI Corps issued orders to 3 Guards Brigade that they were not to attack unless 2 Guards Brigade had already been successful, but these orders were not issued until the former had already left their trenches. XI Corps suffered another 8,000 casualties on the second day. Lloyd agrees with Prior & Wilson that the blame for the decision to continue the attack on the second day lies with Haig, although he points out that <mask> took his men forward without any doubts. Lloyd argues that Haking "proved unequal to the task" of welding XI Corps into a fighting formation. Poor relations between staff "do not reflect well on his managerial skills". Although <mask> was not personally responsible for the attacks on 25 and

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 26 September, he offered no dissent to Haig's plans and his subsequent plans shared Haig's underestimation of the enemy and "traditional" view of artillery (i.e. that it was an adjunct to the infantry attack, rather than grasping the importance of concentrated artillery fire in making such an attack possible).Ousting of Sir John French
The late release of <mask>'s XI Corps on the first day was thought – supposedly – to have thrown away a chance of breakthrough and decisive victory. French blamed poor First Army staffwork and traffic control, whilst Haig alleged that French had released the reserve too late. On the day itself Rawlinson had telephoned <mask> at 12.20pm urging him to get the reserves forward, and wrote on the telephone log that <mask> reported "traffic" difficulties. In a letter of 10 October <mask> blamed difficulties as his divisions moved through the administration areas of I Corps and IV Corps. However, <mask> later – after a meeting with Haig – claimed that this had been based on "memory of verbal statements made to (him)" by the commanders of 21st and 24th Divisions on the night of 25 September. He now wrote that "the most careful arrangements were made by First Army to ensure that the roads were kept clear". He then blamed "indifferent march discipline" (Haig was blaming the delay on "bad march discipline" – almost exactly the same phrase).In the final paragraph of his report he wrote that "there is none to blame except GHQ and they know it". Lloyd writes "it is hard to avoid the conclusion that Haking was deliberately falsifying or "cooking" his evidence to make it more palatable to (Haig)". Haig’s and <mask>’s slur was bitterly resented by a number of officers who later testified to the Official Historian in the 1920s about traffic congestion and poor direction by the Military Police. <mask> was also one of those who criticised French's deployment of the reserve to King George V when the King visited the front in October, as part of the moves which

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 led to French's enforced resignation. In Simpson’s view Loos was a "disaster" but "<mask> escaped censure on this occasion … he was … quick to back Haig in the subsequent intrigues against French, and after Haig became commander-in-chief the security of <mask>’s position was not in doubt". Subsequent attacks
A subsequent attack ensued on 13 October. In some respects, writes Lloyd, this was better-planned than what had gone before.<mask> insisted that the attacking brigades be given precise orders as to their objectives, and the direction and timing of their advance. Care was taken to see that troops were supplied with grenades, that they took machine guns forward with them, and that they kept communications trenches clear. 18-pounder guns were to be kept in the front line to give covering fire as the men went over the top, a tactic used at the Battle of Festubert earlier in the year, whilst at a First Army conference on 6 October it was agreed that XI Corps would be supported by "every available gun" and by smoke over a wide front (i.e. forcing the Germans to disperse their own fire). Attempts were also made to assimilate tactical lessons from recent assaults and in some divisions to train on scale models. On 10 and 12 October, divisional artillery concentrated on wire cutting whilst heavier guns concentrated on destroying enemy strongpoints. <mask> persuaded himself that the enemy were "shaken and disorganised" ("little more than wishful thinking" in Lloyd's view) and that enough artillery and gas was now available to win a decisive victory (in the event the bombardment did little damage to the German positions).Once again <mask> gave a series of highly optimistic speeches to the attacking brigades. However, on the day of the attack, and apparently at <mask>'s insistence, the heavy guns were again "lifted" from the German front line an hour before the 2pm attack, leaving them to be bombarded only by shrapnel – a tactic used by the Guards Brigade earlier in the battle.


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 <mask> ignored advice from Haig (on the telephone on 28 September) to suggest that this had been a bad idea, although in accordance with Army doctrine at the time Haig once again delegated the decision to <mask> as the "man on the spot". <mask> appears to have thought that High Explosive fire might disperse British gas (although gas was, this time, being used as an adjunct to the attack rather than a decisive weapon in itself), but he also wanted to give the Germans "a chance to run away". Stuart-Wortley, GOC 46th Division, was under <mask>'s command for the attack. He later complained that he and his troops had been "hurried into the trenches" with barely enough time "to become acquainted with the actual position". <mask> overruled his wish to launch a careful step-by-step attack, telling him that he would "reach Fosse 8 without firing a shot".In Lloyd's description <mask> was "seriously misleading the troops under his command" or else "simply ignorant". The attack went so badly that Lt-Col J. C. Wedgwood MP sent a report to the Prime Minister. After Loos
The future Air Vice Marshal Philip Game, then serving as GSO1 to 46th Division, wrote frequently in letters to his wife (10, 11, 24 November, 8, 10, 20 December 1915) of how Haking interfered frequently with his planning. Game described Haking as "a vindictive bully" and "really impossible, untruthful, a bully and not to be trusted" (letters of December 1915 and April 1916). In May 1916 <mask> complained that a unit had "dirt on their clothes" – they had in fact just come out of the trenches. <mask> claimed in May 1916 that no division could be considered a fighting unit until they had carried out a successful trench raid. In John Bourne's view "Haking had already begun to achieve a reputation as something of a loose cannon … he did more than anyone in the BEF to encourage trench raids and "the spirit of the bayonet"".<mask> launched what John Bourne describes as "an unnecessary and unsuccessful attack" against a German

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 position called the Boar's Head (19–30 June 1916). Western Front: Fromelles

Planning
Haking suggested a First Army attack towards Fromelles, not towards Lille as originally planned. Bourne writes: "that (Fromelles) took place at all owed most to the ambition and willingness of <mask> to carry it out, and his unshakeable confidence that it would work. Fromelles is difficult to justify as the point for an attack, even a feint attack" as it was flat ground, broken up by water obstacles, and overlooked by Aubers Ridge. Fromelles lay near the boundary of Second and First Armies, opening the possibility of participation by Second Army, whose GOC Plumer was reluctant to mount a diversionary attack at Ypres or Messines. <mask>'s plan did not take into account the earlier failure on the same ground in May 1915. Haking "was most optimistic" about the upcoming Somme offensive (Millward War Diary, 22 June 1916).At a conference of his corps commanders (8 July) Monro (GOC First Army) said that the Battle of the Somme was progressing "favourably", but ordered <mask> to prepare a plan on the assumption that he was to be assisted by a division of Second Army and some extra artillery (on the same day 4th Australian Division was ordered south to the Somme but instructed to leave behind its artillery). <mask> presented a scheme to Monro (9 July) for a two-division attack over a front of 4,200 yards, aiming to capture part of Aubers-Fromelles Ridge, which lay a mile or so behind the German line. Monro initially rejected this plan in favour of a Canadian attack at Vimy Ridge, but after pressure from GHQ – caused by the movement of German reserves from Lille to the Somme sector – informed <mask> (13 July) that it was to go ahead. That day <mask>'s plan was approved at a conference at Choques, attended by Maj-Gen Butler (Deputy Chief of Staff, BEF) with Major Howard in attendance, Maj-Gen Barrow (Chief of Staff First Army) and Maj-Gen Harington (Chief of Staff Second Army). Plumer (GOC Second


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 Army) also approved the plan at another meeting that day, and at another subsequent meeting, and it was agreed that the bombardment – by the equivalent of five or six division's worth of artillery – should start on 14 July, with a view to an attack on 17 July to capture and hold the German first line. <mask> now learned that Second Army were only allocating him the equivalent of two divisions' worth of artillery (that of 4th and 5th Australian Divisions), not three as promised. <mask> was also concerned at the shortage of ammunition and the inexperience of the Australian gunners.He therefore reduced the planned width of the attack to around 3,500 yards, apparently in the belief that he had sufficient artillery to cover this effectively. General Walker refused to let 1st Australian Division take part in Fromelles, for which insubordination he would most likely have been relieved had he been commanding British troops. Instead the 5th Australian Division under J. W. McCay took part – the division was inexperienced and had only been in France a short time. The attack was overlooked by a German fortification called the Sugar Loaf. Butler reiterated Haig's conditions that sufficient guns and ammunition for counter-battery work be available at a meeting with <mask>, Monro, Plumer, Barrow and Harington on 16 July, and at the meeting pointed out that intelligence reports of the movement of German reserves meant that the attack was no longer so urgently required. <mask> was, however, "most emphatic" that the troops were "worked up … ready and anxious" to attack and that a delay would be poor for morale. Butler again reiterated Haig's concerns in a memo (17 July).Preparation
<mask> told his divisional commanders (at a conference on the afternoon of 16 July) that he wanted to avoid a repetition of what had happened on the Somme on 1 July, when the Germans had had time to man their parapets before the British crossed No Man's Land. The artillery was to stay "on, not over" the German


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 positions until the infantry attacked (although he thought that the bombardment over a relatively narrow frontage would "reduce the defenders to a state of collapse before the assault"), and that the infantry were to be deployed in No Man's Land ready to "rush forward together" when the signal was given. <mask> issued a letter "to be read to all troops", although he "trust(ed) them not to disclose it to anyone". The letter gave details of the artillery bombardment, including plans for a feint – deepening of the range of the bombardment and "show(ing of) bayonets over the parapet" – to tempt the Germans from their front-line dugouts so that they could then be shelled again – and also disclosed that the objective was to be limited to the German first line. The plan was thus well known, even to "the Mademoiselles" behind the British lines, although in practice the Germans, holding the high ground, could see enough of the British lines to guess that an attack was coming. In the event the attack was postponed because of rain (which made it hard for artillery to register targets). <mask> opened his advanced corps HQ at Sailly at 6am on 17 July – a sign that he did not expect the attack to be postponed for long, let alone cancelled.At 8.30am he sent a despatch in which, contradicting the assurances he had given, he admitted that many of the Australian gunners had never fired on the Western Front before, and that many of the infantry were "not fully trained" and "do not appear to be very anxious for the attack to be delivered". Eventually the start times (11am for artillery, 6pm for the infantry attack) were fixed for 19 July. Although only the German front line was the target, plans were being discussed for further advances, possibly by night, in the event of complete success being achieved. Initial attack
A "surprise" attack was launched after an 11-hour bombardment, at 6pm on 19 July. He launched an attack by two divisions (61st British Division – consisted of 182nd, 183rd and

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 184th Brigades under the command of Major-General Colin Mackenzie – and 5th Australian Division) which cost 7,000 casualties. 18th and 14th Australian brigades managed to cross No Mans Land, but then suffered greater casualties in the retreat than in the original attack. 15th and 184th Australian brigades suffered severe casualties crossing No Mans Land for no result.Controversy over plans to renew the attack
A further attack at 9pm was cancelled by 61st Division, but one Australian battalion attacked alone and suffered severe casualties. This earned the undying disgust of the commander of the Australian 15th Brigade, Brigadier-General Harold 'Pompey' Elliott, who had seen 80% of his two assaulting battalions killed, wounded or captured by night-fall. The truth appears to be slightly more complicated. <mask>, in possession of incomplete information, initially ordered a renewal of the attack the next day. Having received fresh information about the three brigades of 61st Div. at 8.20pm he ordered the 9pm attack to be abandoned and that 183 and 184 brigades return to or remain in their own front line. The 5th Australian Division was ordered to consolidate its gains, ready to assist another attack by 61st Division the following morning, whilst McCay was ordered not to reinforce Elliott's 15th Brigade but rather to withdraw any survivors of the initial assault.These orders were then confirmed again by XI Corps HQ just after 9pm. Pompey Elliott received orders, time stamped 9.25pm, telling him that he might withdraw 59th Battalion if he thought its attack unlikely to succeed. Elliott later claimed in his notes on the battle that McCay had only learned at 8.35pm, from 61st Division, that the latter's attack had been cancelled, too late to stop 58th Battalion going forward, and that the blame therefore lay with Haking. Paul Cobb puts the blame with McCay and his staff for not processing Haking's orders quickly enough. Whilst 58th Australian Battalion were attacking, <mask>


texts: changed his mind again on the basis of fresh information: McCay informed him that 8th and 14th Brigades were holding their positions in the German lines, whilst an RFC plane had misinterpreted flares, probably let off by Germans, as indicating the presence of BEF troops. At 10pm Haking's chief of staff, Brigadier-General W.H. Anderson, met with McCay and his chief of staff Lt-Col Wagstaff.<mask> now ordered British 184th Brigade to attack the Sugar Loaf at 3am to assist the Australians, whilst McCay was authorised to reinforce his forward positions. McCay had information about 8th and 14th Brigades, but sent a message (10.30pm) to Elliott's brigade asking for an update. Elliott was himself none the wiser – he knew that 60th Battalion were trying to hold their position in the German lines, but as yet had no information about 58th Battalion attack, and replied (at 11.30pm) that although he was concerned about German machine gun fire he was willing to make another attempt on the Sugar Loaf provided he was reinforced by 57th Battalion. An hour later Elliott learned of the failure of 58th Battalion attack, and notified McCay at once. Haking then cancelled the night attack at 12.10am after learning that 61st Division had suffered too many casualties already and that trenches were blocked with wounded men. A 5am conference was held at Sailly, with Monro, Mackenzie, McCay and Barrow. During the meeting an up-to-date report was received from 5th Australian Division HQ, and Monro and <mask> ordered that 14th Brigade was to be withdrawn from the German front line rather than reinforced.<mask> regarded the battle as over on 2pm on 20 July, when 5th Australian Division returned to the command of II ANZAC Corps. His advance Corps HQ at Sailly closed down an hour later. Monro and <mask> concurred with McCay's veto of a proposal (21 July) that an informal local truce be negotiated in the Australian sector to allow the wounded to be collected, although this was in accordance with official

masks: Haking Haking Haking Haking


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 GHQ policy at the time. Reports and recriminations
Four days after the battle, <mask>'s four-page report accompanied Mackenzie's paper to First Army Headquarters. He wrote that 61st Division was "not sufficiently imbued with the offensive spirit to go in like one man at the appointed time". He conceded that the Australian Division had "attacked in the most gallant manner and gained the enemy’s position" but added that they "were not sufficiently trained to consolidate the ground gained", a phrase which caused angst in the Australian press and was quoted by C. E. W. Bean in the Australian Official History. He claimed that "The artillery preparation was adequate.There were sufficient guns and sufficient ammunition" and that "the wire was properly cut and the assaulting Battalions had a clear run into the enemy’s trenches", omitting to mention that on 17 July he had mentioned that some gunners had never before fired on the Western Front, and that many of the casualties resulted from machine guns fired from positions that the bombardment had failed to suppress. He claimed that "the lessons to be learnt from the attack apply more to the Divisions which took part than to ordinary trained Divisions" ... "the attack, though it failed, ha(d) done both divisions a great deal of good" ... and that "with two trained Divisions the position would have been a gift after the artillery bombardment; with these two new Divisions there was a good chance of success but they did not quite attain it", omitting to mention that he had had a good Division (the 1st) in May 1915. He also wrote that "the attack … has done both Divisions a great deal of good" and also listed the chronology of dates and postponements, claiming that he had been "directed to attack". An intelligence report of 14 August wrote that no withdrawals of German troops had taken place from the Fromelles sector. Corrigan stresses that the battle "did prevent the Germans from shifting reserves south to the Somme battlefield, and


texts: cannot be said to have been without point". By 26 July <mask> had received McCay's report and was more generous in his praise of the Australians, although he blamed 61st Division for failing to take the Sugar Loaf. Wilson (diary 30 July 1916) described Fromelles at the time as "a botch job".Captain Philip Landon testified to Edmonds in 1938 that it had been "as good an illustration as there was of the reckless extravagance in expenditure of life (italics in original) which ruled the minds of some of the subordinate commanders, like <mask>, at this stage of the war" ... "the weakness of GHQ lay in not seeing that a Corps Commander, left to himself, would also be tempted to win glory for his Corps by spectacular success, and would be prodigal in using the Divisions which passed through his hands for this purpose". Colonel E. R. Clayton later testified to Edmonds that Haking's "undue optimism was one of the direct causes of failure" of the attack at Fromelles. In the Official History Wilfrid Miles later wrote scathingly of the lack of preparation and the pointlessness of an attack by inexperienced troops, to seize a position which they could not possibly have held against counterattacks, and blames First Army for not cancelling the operation. Harold Elliott later (in 1930) criticised Haking for exaggerating the amount of artillery that would be available, and for attacking without surprise. He exonerated McCay and argued that <mask>, after Major Howard's report (which Haig had annotated to permit the attack only on condition that sufficient guns and ammunition were available) had persuaded Monro, who in turn persuaded Butler, and that Haking had been keen to win glory for himself. He also stressed how Haking had ignored suggestions from Monro that the attack be postponed because of the rain, and was scornful of <mask>'s after-battle report. Andy Simpson writes that Fromelles was "a costly failure" but "although the Australian Official Historian blamed Haking for the affair,

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 fault also lay with the First Army and the 5th Australian Division itself".Passed over for army command

Sheffield describes <mask> as acquiring a reputation as a "butcher" and an organiser of pointless "stunts". <mask> was one of the few First World War generals to have gained this label while the fighting was still taking place rather than after the war ended. However, it has also been claimed that he acquired the nickname amongst Australian troops from his propensity for ordering trench raids, and that "it is not even known how pejorative the appellation really was" given that amongst Australians " "bastard" is almost a term of affection"

His promotions may have resulted from Haig's patronage, but later attempts by Haig to obtain an Army command for him were unsuccessful. Monro (3 August 1916) recommended <mask> as his successor as GOC First Army. When it became known that <mask> was the front-runner, Wilson – who had been acting Army Commander earlier in the year and who was also considered for the promotion this time – wrote (5 August) "it only shows how hopelessly out of touch GHQ is with what we all think of Haking". Haig placed <mask> Robertson (10 August) said that the War Committee vetoed <mask>'s promotion.The command went instead to Horne. The affair may have caused a curtailing of Haig's powers to make senior appointments. <mask> believed that the Germans on the Somme were "very tired, confused & rather demoralised" and "in a bad way" (Wilson diary 29 August 1916). <mask> and his XI Corps took no part in the Somme, which Simpson argues "does not argue for much faith in <mask>’s competence … at general headquarters". <mask> was honoured with the Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1916. Later war
Liddell Hart later claimed that <mask> had reported Broadwood (57th Division) in early 1917 for "lack of fighting spirit". <mask> protested to Horne (GOC First Army) on 18 March 1917 about how he was expected to hold a four-division stretch of front

masks: Haking Haking Haking Haking HakingS Haking Haking Haking Haking Haking Haking Haking


texts: with two divisions, putting too much strain on the units involved.Horne met with him personally to discuss his concerns. After being sent to reinforce the Italian Front following the disastrous Battle of Caporetto from November 1917 to March 1918, XI Corps was returned to the Western Front and was stationed at Béthune. It was almost immediately engaged by the assault in the German spring offensive of that year. Overall, the Corps protected the Channel ports, although some sections of the Corps were all but destroyed by the German "Georgette" Offensive. In particular the 2nd Portuguese Division suffered 7,000 casualties and 300 officers (out of a divisional strength of 20,000) in the Battle of Estaires. <mask> and his Corps "did well" in the halting of this offensive. <mask> was not a believer in "defence in depth", but Andy Simpson argues that this was not necessarily a bad thing, as 55th (West Lancashire) Division under his command – fresh troops holding old fortifications – were able to hold their positions and even establish a defensive flank despite the rout of the Portuguese division to their south.Lloyd George told the War Cabinet (11 April) that the Liberal War Committee (a committee of backbench MPs) had made "very serious protests" to him that afternoon against the retention of "incompetent" officers like Gough (who had just been sacked after his Fifth Army had borne the brunt of the German March Offensive) and Haking. Unlike Gough, <mask> retained his command. General Gomes da Costa later wrote (in O corpo de exercito portugues na Grande Guerra: A batalha do Lys) of "the esteem in which I held General <mask> … who always showed himself through his knowledge of the Portuguese language, extremely intelligent and clever, a fine soldier and a loyal friend". <mask> conducted a successful attack at La Bassee in June 1918. Simpson writes that his "performance continued to be far more convincing than earlier in the war". On 17 October 1918 his corps entered the line as


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 part of Birdwood's Fifth Army. Corrigan writes that that autumn <mask> "earned a high reputation in the British Offensive which ended the war" whilst Simpson writes that "(h)is promise before the First World War was never realised during it, but he undoubtedly showed far more skill with the soldiers of 1918 than with those under his command in 1915–16".<mask> was honoured with the Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1918. Post-war

After the war, in Corrigan's view, "his ... career was distinguished": he became chief of the British section of the Armistice Commission in 1918–1919, commander of the British military mission to Russia and the Baltic Provinces in 1919 and commander of Allied troops in the plebiscite area of East Prussia and Danzig in 1920, before becoming High Commissioner to the League of Nations in Danzig in 1921–1923. <mask> was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the 1921 New Year Honours. He became General Officer Commanding the British Troops in Egypt 1923–1927 and was promoted to full general in 1925. He retired in 1927. <mask> died of secondary colon cancer at Old Mill Cottage, Bulford, Wilts, on 9 June 1945. The funeral took place at Bulford on 12 June 1945, with military honours.His wealth at death was £5,579 12s 1d (around £200,000 at 2016 prices) as of 26 November 1945. Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Biography

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1862 births
1945 deaths
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
Royal Hampshire Regiment officers
British Army generals of World War I
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Burmese War
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
British Army generals
Academics of the Staff College, Camberley
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Military


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<mask><mask> (born 1953) is an American-born Canadian linguist. Her research explores areas of Modern English grammar, historical change in English discourse markers, grammaticalization and lexification in English, corpus linguistics, and the pragmatics of English. Her body of linguistic research spans several decades, with a focus on English linguistics. Her premier work is Lexicalization and Language Change, which focuses on understanding the relationship between lexicalization and grammaticalization in language change. The book was the first to attempt a unified report of all existing approaches to lexicalization. She has made significant contributions in the areas of historical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, especially with respect to historical corpora. She has completed a number of diachronic studies of the English language, including examinations of comment clauses and pragmatic markers, the latter of which has been taught as a university course with much discussion on her theories of pragmatics and discourse markers.She was part of the team who set up the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, 1st edition, in an online form. She is the daughter of Robert K<mask>. Her sisters are epidemiologist Louise A<mask> and author and educator Donna M<mask>. Academic credentials
Dr. Brinton received her B.A. in English Literature from

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 the University of California, Davis in 1975. Six years later, she received her Ph.D. in English with a linguistics emphasis from the University of California, Berkeley (1981) under the supervision of <mask>. Boyd. Her dissertation was entitled "The Historical Development of Aspectual Periphrases in English."She joined the faculty members at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, after completing her doctorate degree. In 1995, she obtained the rank of Professor. She formerly served as Associate Head of the English Department for Graduate Studies at the university from 1997-1999. She served as a co-editor of the Journal of Historical Pragmatics alongside Dawn Archer from April 2013 to December 2014. She is a current member of several journal editorial boards and has reviewed for widely-known journals such as Journal of English Linguistics, Language, Journal of Pragmatics, and English Language and Linguistics, the last of which she has been a co-editor of since 2015 alongside Bernd Kortman and Patrick Honeybone. She is currently a Professor and chair of the English Language Program in the Department of English at the University of British Columbia. Awards and distinctions
Brinton won the Killam Research Prize in 1998, and was awarded a Killam Faculty Research Fellowship in 2005, an award granted to "full professors at Canadian universities and


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 research institutes, who have an outstanding reputation in their area of research.Publications
Authored books

<mask>, <mask>. The Evolution of Pragmatic Markers in English: Pathways of Change. Cambridge University Press, 2017, . <mask>, <mask>. & Arnovick, Leslie K. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford University Press, 2017 [2006], 3rd edition, . <mask>, <mask>.& Arnovick, Leslie K. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford University Press, 2011 [2006], 2nd edition, . <mask>, <mask>. & <mask>, Donna M. The Linguistic Structure of Modern English. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010 [2000], 2nd edition, . <mask>, <mask>. The Comment Clause in English: Syntactic Origins and Pragmatic Development.Cambridge University Press, 2008, . <mask>, <mask>. & Arnovick, Leslie K. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford University Press, 2006, . <mask>, <mask>. & Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. Lexicalization and Language Change.Cambridge University Press, 2005, . <mask>, <mask>. The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000, . <mask>, <mask>. Pragmatic Markers in English: Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions. Walter de Gruyter, 1996, .<mask>, <mask>. The Development of English Aspectual Systems: Aspectualizer and Post-verbal Particles. Cambridge University Press, 1988. Edited

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 books

<mask> <mask>. (ed.). English Historical Linguistics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 2017, .Adams, Michael, <mask>, <mask>. & Fulk R. D. (eds.). Studies in the History of the English Language VI: Evidence and Methods in Histories of English. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2015, . Bergs, Alexander. & Brinton, <mask>.(eds.). English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. Volume 2, Walter de Gruyter, 2012, . Bergs, Alexander. & Brinton, <mask>. (eds.). English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook.Volume 1, Walter de Gruyter, 2012, . <mask>, <mask>. (ed.). Historical Linguistics 1999: Selected Papers from the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001, . <mask>, <mask>. & Akimoto, Minoji (eds.).Collocational and Idiomatic Aspects of Composite Predicates in the History of English. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999, . Articles

<mask>, <mask>. 2014. "The extremes of insubordination: Exclamatory as if". Journal of English Linguistics 42(2). 93-113. doi:10.1177/0075424214521425

<mask>, <mask>.2014. "Comparative studies in early Germanic languages: With a focus on verbal categories". Diachronica 31(4). 564-570. doi: 10.1075/dia.31.4.05bri

<mask>, <mask>. & Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2007. "Lexicalization and grammaticalization all over again".Historical

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 Linguistics 2005. 3-19. doi:10.1075/cilt.284.03bri

Brinton, <mask>. 2001. "Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English". Journal of English Linguistics 29(4). 372–375. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/00754240122005512

Brinton, <mask>.1999. "<mask>, The perfect and the preterite in contemporary and earlier English". English Language and Linguistics 3(2). 353-370. doi: 10.1017/S1360674399220278

<mask>, <mask>. 1998. "Aspectuality and countability: A cross-categorial analogy". English Language and Linguistics 2(1).37-63. doi:10.1017/S136067430000068X

<mask>, <mask>. 1987. "The aspectual nature of states and habits". Folia Linguistica: Acta Societatis Linguisticae Europaeae 21(2-4). 195-214. doi:10.1515/flin.1987.21.2-4.195

<mask>, <mask>. 1987. "A linguistic approach to certain old English stylistic devices".Studia Neophilologica: A Journal of Germanic and Romance Languages and Literature 59(2), 177-185. doi:10.1080/00393278708587970

<mask>, <mask>. 1985. "Verb particles in English: Aspect or aktionsart?" Studia Linguistica  39(2). 157-168. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9582.1985.tb00750.x

References

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Linguists from Canada
Women linguists
University of California, Davis alumni
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
University of British Columbia faculty
1953 births
American emigrants to

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<mask><mask> is an American astronomer and a professor in the College of Science of the Rochester Institute of Technology. He is also the director of RIT's Future Photon Initiative, Center for Detectors, and Rochester Imaging Detector Laboratory. His research interests include massive stars, massive star clusters, red supergiants, the Galactic center, and the development of advanced technologies for astrophysics and a broad range of applications. Early life and education
<mask><mask> was born in Euclid, OH, and attended Wickliffe City Schools through high school. While there, Richard Benz, Figer’s science teacher, made sure to inspire his passion, remarking that “When you have a student with that kind of passion for science research, the environment I can create is going to allow that to be channeled in that direction.”  Figer has a BA from Northwestern University, an MS from the University of Chicago, and a PhD from the University of California, Los Angeles. Research

Scientific research

Using the Hubble Space Telescope, Figer observed approximately one thousand stars in a young star cluster, the Arches Cluster, which is near the Galactic center. By measuring the initial mass function, he identified an upper limit of 150 solar masses to the masses of stars.His teams performed the first census of massive stars in both the Quintuplet Cluster and the Arches Cluster, finding that massive star clusters form in the present-day Galaxy, as opposed to the previous paradigm that suggested such clusters only formed at the time that the Galaxy formed. <mask> led a team to identify the Pistol star as one of the most massive stars known in the Galaxy using data that the team obtained using the Hubble Space Telescope. To a local newspaper, <mask> remarked that the Pistol star is one of the few stars that

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 appear in a state where stars bubble out much of their material and eject it. He said, “It’s a nice consistent picture to help us understand why massive stars eject their outer layers. The Pistol Star may be that rare stage between being normal and going on to its last death throes.” In the same interview, <mask> spoke about coming up with a good name for the star, stating, “‘Just before the press release, we were scratching our heads about what to call the star,’ Figer said, adding that its original name – QF134—wasn’t that sexy.” The star’s name comes from the nebula that surrounds it that looks similar to a pistol. Instrumentation development
<mask> has developed and used advanced instrumentation for astrophysics his whole career. He led the electronics development for a double-beam IR camera used at Lick Observatory.He and collaborators used this camera to make the first K-band spectral atlas of Wolf-Rayet stars and to search for massive stars near the Galactic center for his PhD thesis (A Search for Emission-line Star Near the Galactic Center). <mask> was the Principal Optical Designer for the Near Infrared Echelle Spectrograph (NIRSpec) for the Keck II Telescope while at UCLA. He and his team used this instrument to take infrared spectra of a massive obscured star cluster located in Antennae Galaxies, estimate the mass of the supermassive black hole located at the Galactic center, and survey the organic volatile species in comet C/1999 H1 (Lee), among many other projects. <mask> was one of the detector scientists working on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). He helped in many areas relating to JWST including developing the wavefront sensing deployment procedure and serving as an instrument scientist for JWST NIRCam. He also led the team at the Independent Detector Testing Laboratory

masks: Figer Figer Figer Figer


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 (IDTL), jointly operated by Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, to assist NASA in choosing and operating near-infrared detectors on JWST. Current research
<mask><mask> currently leads the following projects.A Single Photon Sensing and Photon Number Resolving Detector for NASA missions (Collaboration with Dartmouth and sponsored by NASA): The objective of this project is to advance optical detector technology to the point where individual photons can be counted and be realized in a very large pixel format (Gigapixel per detector scale) but still maintains performance that is standard with the state-of-the-art devices of today. New Infrared Detectors for Astrophysics (Sponsored by National Science Foundation): The object of the overall project is to provide ground-based astronomers a new family of detectors that have very large formats, very low cost, and state-of-the-art performance through advancing technology on depositing HgCdTe on silicon wafers. Phase II is focused on building on the promising devices designed in Phase I and improving them. Key areas of focus are reducing randomly distributed pixels and implement process improvement to keep up with current standards. Career and skills
After obtaining a PhD, <mask> continued at UCLA as a Postdoctoral Scholar and then a Research Scientist, during which he served as  Principal Optical Designer and Local Project Scientist for the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSPEC) for the Keck Telescope. <mask> then became an astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute where he co-founded, and became director of, the IDTL. <mask> was also a detector scientist for JWST.<mask> then moved to the Rochester Institute of Technology as a professor. Figer has advised many undergraduate and graduate students and Postdoctoral

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 research scholars. Figer has professional training in project management, technical presentations, and principles of optical systems layout. He has become proficient in multiple circuits, mechanical, and optical design computer systems. He has also used many observatories, including HST, Chandra, Spitzer, KPNO, CTIO, Gemini, UKIRT, Kuiper Airborne Observatory, NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, Lick Observatory, Keck Observatory. Personal life
According to the New York Post,  <mask> was involved in a legal battle with his ex-wife, who wanted to have their daughter vaccinated against Covid-19 against Figer's wishes. The New York Post story says Figer "asked his ex not to rush to vaccinate their young daughter, saying there hadn’t been any studies conducted on the long-term side effects, according to court papers."A judged ruled that their daughter could be vaccinated. Media appearances

Honors and awards
RIT College of Science Outstanding Outreach Award (2012)
NASA JWST Project Team Award (2009)
RIT Million Dollar Club (2009)
Wickliffe High School Achievement Hall of Fame Inductee (2006)
NYSTAR Faculty Development Award (2005)
NASA Space Act Award (2004)
AURA STScI Technology and Innovation Award (2004)
UCLA Distinction in Teaching Award (1995)

Publications
Figer has published over 200 papers, having over 5,000 citations, and has been a referee for multiple prestigious journals, including Nature (Journal), Science (Journal), Astronomy & Astrophysics and Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Some of his notable papers include:

References

External links
Future Photon Initiative
Center for Detectors
<mask>'s personal webpage

Living people
American astronomers
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Rochester Institute of Technology

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<mask> (; born December 6, 1972) is an Israeli information scientist in the area of information, technology and society. She holds a dual position as an associate professor in The Information School at University of Washington and the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya. In July 2017, <mask> was named #24 on Forbes' list of 50 Most Influential Women in Israel. Her co-authored book “Going Viral” was awarded Best Information Science Book Award by the Association for Information Science and Technology and the 2014 Outstanding Academic Title Award by the American Library Association. Biography
<mask> was born in Tel-Aviv to parents who immigrated from Lebanon before the outbreak of the Lebanese civil war. Her academic background is from various fields. She received a B.Sc.in computer science, B.A. in political science and M.Sc. and Ph.D. in management of information systems from Tel-Aviv University. She maintains a dual position as an associate professor faculty in the Information School at the University of Washington since 2004, and since 2010 in the Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy and Strategy at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya in Israel. At the University of Washington she directs the Virality of Information research group. She is the first woman nominated to lead a track at the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. In Israel, <mask> serves on the editorial board of the Freedom of Information Movement, Wikimedia and the Internet Society.She is one of the leaders of the movement against the biometric database in Israel. The biometric database is still in its pilot

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 phase and <mask> appealed to the High Justice Court against its deployment. <mask> was included in TheMarker’s list of 100 most influential people in Israel and was also placed in Forbes' list of 50 Most Influential Women in Israel. Work
<mask> has published over 80 research publications in her area of work. Her work synthesizes empirical research literature with combination of information science, politics, sociology and internet studies. Her studies on information and society focus on power and politics of information. In this domain she has developed network gatekeeping theory and a framework of Information viralty.Network gatekeeping theory

<mask> <mask> has written a number of contemporary pieces on gatekeeping theories between disciplines. In 2008, she proposed a new way of looking at gatekeeping, merging the disciplines' of communication, information science, and management perspectives into a refined theory of gatekeeping. Traditional mass communication gatekeeping theory has focused on how we get news, however <mask>'s approach applies to all information. Nahon also adds new terms and redefines old terms in the framework (pp. 1496 – 1497)

 Gate – "entrance to or exit from a network or its sections." Gatekeeping – "the process of controlling information as it moves through a gate. Activities include among others, selection, addition, withholding, display, channeling, shaping, manipulation, repetition, timing, localization, integration, disregard, and delection of information."Gated – "the entity subjected to gatekeeping"
 Gatekeeping mechanism  "a tool, technology, or methodology

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 used to carry out the process of gatekeeping"
 Network gatekeeper – "an entity (people, organizations, or governments) that has the discretion to exercise gatekeeping through a gatekeeping mechanism in networks and can choose the extent to which to exercise it contingent upon the gated standing." This updated look at gatekeeping also poses a number of classifications including the bases for gatekeeping, mechanisms used in network gatekeeping, and types of authority of network gatekeepers. Additionally, Nahon introduces a typology for the gated. According to her approach, the gated can have four key attributes at different levels that determine how they can interact with the gate. These are (p. 1501):

 Political power in relation to the gatekeeper,
 Information production ability,
 Relationship with the gatekeeper,
 And alternatives in the context of gatekeeping. A typology of combinations of these characteristics then allows for evaluation of potential interactions between the gatekeeper and the gated based on the number and type of attributes an individual has. Her discussion about "the gated" resonates with audience gatekeeping in that both empowers the message recipients in the process of gatekeeping.Publications

 Nahon <mask> and Hemsley Jeff, 2013, “Going Viral”, Polity. UK: Cambridge. <mask> <mask> and Hemsley Jeff, 2014, “Political Blogs and Content: Homophily in the Guise of Cross-Linking”, American Behavioral Scientist (ABS), Vol. 58(10), pp. 1294–1313. <mask> <mask>, Jeff Hemsley, Shawn Walker and Muzammil Hussain, 2011, “Fifteen Minutes of Fame: The Power of Blogs in the

masks: Karine Nahon Karine Nahon Karine


texts:
 Lifecycle of Viral Political Information”, Policy & Internet, Vol. 3(1), Article 2.<mask> <mask>, 2011, “Network Fuzziness of Inclusion/Exclusion”, International Journal of Communication (IJoC), Vol. 5, pp. 756–772. Barzilai-<mask> <mask>, 2009, "Gatekeeping: A Critical Review", Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 43, pp. 433–478. Barzilai-<mask> <mask>, 2008, "Towards a Theory of Network Gatekeeping: A Framework for Exploring Information Control", Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol.59(9), pp. 1493–1512. Barzilai-<mask> <mask>, 2006, “Gaps and Bits: Conceptualizing Measurements for Digital Divide/s”, The Information Society, Vol. 22(5), pp. 269–278. Barzilai-<mask> <mask> and Barzilai Gad, 2005, “Cultured Technology: Internet and Religious fundamentalism“, The Information Society, Vol. 21(1), pp.25–40. References

External links
 <mask> <mask>’s personal home page
 Going Viral: Polity Press

Israeli social scientists
Israeli women scientists
University of Washington faculty
Reichman University faculty
Israeli people of Lebanese-Jewish descent
Israeli Jews
Jewish scientists
Jewish writers
Tel Aviv University alumni
1972 births
Living

masks: Nahon Karine Nahon Karine Nahon Karine Nahon Karine Nahon Karine Karine Nahon