texts: in intelligence (Special Operations Executive (SOE) and MI6).<mask>r was commissioned second lieutenant into the Welsh Guards from Officer Cadet Training Unit on 21 September 1940. After the war, he briefly returned to the University of Oxford where he became a fellow and Dean of Wadham College. He thereafter taught philosophy at London University from 1946 until 1959, when he also started to appear on radio and television. He was an extrovert and social mixer who liked dancing and attending the clubs in London and New York. He was also obsessed with sport: he had played rugby for Eton, and was a noted cricketer and a keen supporter of Tottenham Hotspur football team, where he was for many years a season ticket holder. For an academic, <mask>r was an unusually well-connected figure in his time, with close links to 'high society' and the establishment. Presiding over Oxford high-tables, he is often described as charming, but at times he could also be intimidating.<mask>r was married four times to three women. His first marriage was from 1932–1941 to (Grace Isabel) Renée (d. 1980), with whom he had a son - alleged to be in fact the son of <mask>r's friend and colleague, philosopher Stuart Hampshire- and a daughter. Renée subsequently married Stuart Hampshire. In 1960 he married <mask> (Dee) Wells, with whom he had one son. <mask>r's marriage to Wells was dissolved in 1983 and that same year he married Vanessa Salmon, former wife of politician Nigel Lawson. She died in 1985 and in 1989 he remarried Dee Wells, who survived him.

masks:
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Alberta Constance
Aye


type: original

texts: <mask>r also had a daughter with Hollywood columnist Sheilah Graham Westbrook.In 1950, <mask>r attended the founding meeting of the Congress for Cultural Freedom in West Berlin, through he later stated that he only went because of the offer of a "free trip". <mask>r gave a speech on why he felt that <mask> Mill's classic liberal conceptions of liberty and freedom was still valid for the 20th century. Together with the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, <mask>r fought against <mask> and Franz Borkenau, arguing that the latter two were far too dogmatic and extreme in their anti-communism, and were in fact proposing illiberal measures in the defense of liberty. Adding to the tension was the location in West Berlin together with the fact that the Korean War had just broke on 25 June 1950 on the fourth day of the congress, giving a feeling that the world was on the brink of war. From 1959 to his retirement in 1978, Sir <mask> held the Wykeham Chair, Professor of Logic at Oxford. He was knighted in 1970. After his retirement, <mask>r taught or lectured several times in the United States, including serving as a visiting professor at Bard College in the fall of 1987.At a party that same year held by fashion designer Fernando Sanchez, <mask>r, then 77, confronted Mike Tyson who was forcing himself upon the (then) little-known model Naomi Campbell. When <mask>r demanded that Tyson stop, the boxer reportedly asked, "Do you know who the fuck I am? I'm the heavyweight champion of the world," to which <mask>r replied, "And I am the former Wykeham

masks:
Aye
Aye
Aye
John Stuart
Aye
Arthur Koestler
Alfred
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye


texts:
 Professor of Logic. We are both pre-eminent in our field. I suggest that we talk about this like rational men". <mask>r and Tyson then began to talk, allowing Campbell to slip out. <mask>r was also involved in politics being involved in anti-Vietnam War activism, supporting the Labour Party (and then later the Social Democratic Party), Chairman of the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination in Sport, and President of the Homosexual Law Reform Society.In 1988, a year before his death, <mask>r wrote an article entitled, "What I saw when I was dead", describing an unusual near-death experience. Of the experience, <mask>r first said that it "slightly weakened my conviction that my genuine death ... will be the end of me, though I continue to hope that it will be." However, a few weeks later he revised this, saying "what I should have said is that my experiences have weakened, not my belief that there is no life after death, but my inflexible attitude towards that belief". <mask>r died on 27 June 1989. From 1980 to 1989 <mask>r lived at 51 York Street, Marylebone, where a memorial plaque was unveiled on 19 November 1995. Philosophical ideas
In Language, Truth and Logic (1936), <mask>r presents the verification principle as the only valid basis for philosophy. Unless logical or empirical verification is possible, statements like "God exists" or "charity is good" are not true or untrue but meaningless, and may thus be excluded or ignored.Religious language in particular was unverifiable and as such literally nonsense. He also

masks: Aye Aye Aye Aye Aye Aye Aye


texts:
 criticises C. A. Mace's opinion that metaphysics is a form of intellectual poetry. The stance that a belief in "God" denotes no verifiable hypothesis is sometimes referred to as igtheism (for example, by Paul Kurtz). In later years <mask>r reiterated that he did not believe in God and began to refer to himself as an atheist. He followed in the footsteps of Bertrand Russell by debating with the Jesuit scholar Frederick Copleston on the topic of religion. <mask>r's version of emotivism divides "the ordinary system of ethics" into four classes:
"Propositions that express definitions of ethical terms, or judgements about the legitimacy or possibility of certain definitions"
"Propositions describing the phenomena of moral experience, and their causes"
"Exhortations to moral virtue"
"Actual ethical judgments"
He focuses on propositions of the first class—moral judgments—saying that those of the second class belong to science, those of the third are mere commands, and those of the fourth (which are considered in normative ethics as opposed to meta-ethics) are too concrete for ethical philosophy. <mask>r argues that moral judgments cannot be translated into non-ethical, empirical terms and thus cannot be verified; in this he agrees with ethical intuitionists.But he differs from intuitionists by discarding appeals to intuition of non-empirical moral truths as "worthless" since the intuition of one person often contradicts that of another. Instead, <mask>r concludes that ethical concepts are "mere pseudo-concepts":

Between 1945 and

masks: Aye Aye Aye Aye


texts:
 1947, together with Russell and George Orwell, he contributed a series of articles to Polemic, a short-lived British "Magazine of Philosophy, Psychology, and Aesthetics" edited by the ex-Communist Humphrey Slater. <mask>r was closely associated with the British humanist movement. He was an Honorary Associate of the Rationalist Press Association from 1947 until his death. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963. In 1965, he became the first president of the Agnostics' Adoption Society and in the same year succeeded <mask> as president of the British Humanist Association, a post he held until 1970. In 1968 he edited The Humanist Outlook, a collection of essays on the meaning of humanism.In addition he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. Works
<mask>r is best known for popularising the verification principle, in particular through his presentation of it in Language, Truth, and Logic (1936). The principle was at the time at the heart of the debates of the so-called Vienna Circle which <mask>r visited as a young guest. Others, including the leading light of the circle, Moritz Schlick, were already offering their own papers on the issue. <mask>r's own formulation was that a sentence can be meaningful only if it has verifiable empirical import;  otherwise, it is either "analytical" if tautologous or "metaphysical" (i.e. meaningless, or "literally senseless"). He started to work on the book at the age of 23 and it was published when he was 26.<mask>r's philosophical

masks:
Aye
Julian Huxley
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye


texts: ideas were deeply influenced by those of the Vienna Circle and David Hume. His clear, vibrant and polemical exposition of them makes Language, Truth and Logic essential reading on the tenets of logical empiricism;  the book is regarded as a classic of 20th century analytic philosophy, and is widely read in philosophy courses around the world. In it, <mask>r also proposed that the distinction between a conscious man and an unconscious machine resolves itself into a distinction between "different types of perceptible behaviour", an argument that anticipates the Turing test published in 1950 to test a machine's capability to demonstrate intelligence. <mask>r wrote two books on the philosopher Bertrand Russell, Russell and Moore: The Analytic Heritage (1971) and Russell (1972). He also wrote an introductory book on the philosophy of David Hume and a short biography of Voltaire. <mask>r was a strong critic of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. As a logical positivist <mask>r was in conflict with Heidegger's proposed vast, overarching theories regarding existence.These he felt were completely unverifiable through empirical demonstration and logical analysis, and this sort of philosophy an unfortunate strain in modern thought. He considered Heidegger to be the worst example of such philosophy, which <mask>r believed to be entirely useless. In Philosophy in the Twentieth Century (1982) <mask>r accuses Heidegger of "surprising ignorance" or "unscrupulous distortion" and "what can fairly be described as charlatanism." In 1972–1973

masks: Aye Aye Aye Aye Aye Aye


texts:
 <mask>ord Lectures at University of St Andrews, later published as The Central Questions of Philosophy. In the preface to the book, he defends his selection to hold the lectureship on the basis that Lord Gifford wished to promote "natural theology", in the widest sense of that term", and that non-believers are allowed to give the lectures if they are "able reverent men, true thinkers, sincere lovers of and earnest inquirers after truth". He still believed in the viewpoint he shared with the logical positivists: that large parts of what was traditionally called "philosophy"including the whole of metaphysics, theology and aestheticswere not matters that could be judged as being true or false and that it was thus meaningless to discuss them. In The Concept of a Person and Other Essays (1963), <mask>r heavily criticized Wittgenstein's private language argument.<mask>r's sense-data theory in Foundations of Empirical Knowledge was famously criticised by fellow Oxonian J. L<mask> in Sense and Sensibilia, a landmark 1950s work of common language philosophy. <mask>r responded to this in the essay "Has <mask> Refuted the Sense-datum Theory? ", which can be found in his Metaphysics and Common Sense (1969). Awards
He was awarded a Knighthood as Knight Bachelor in the London Gazette on 1 January 1970. Selected publications
 1936, Language, Truth, and Logic, London: Gollancz. (2nd ed., 1946.) Reprinted 2001 with a new introduction, London: Penguin.1940, The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge, London: Macmillan. 1954, Philosophical Essays,

masks:
Ayeiff
Aye
Aye
. Austin
Aye
Austin


texts:
 London: Macmillan. (Essays on freedom, phenomenalism, basic propositions, utilitarianism, other minds, the past, ontology.) 1957, "The conception of probability as a logical relation", in S. Korner, ed., Observation and Interpretation in the Philosophy of Physics, New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications. 1956, The Problem of Knowledge, London: Macmillan. 1957, "Logical Positivism - A Debate"  (with F. C. Copleston) in: Edwards, Paul, Pap, <mask> (eds. ), A Modern Introduction to Philosophy; readings from classical and contemporary sources
 1963, The Concept of a Person and Other Essays, London: Macmillan.(Essays on truth, privacy and private languages, laws of nature, the concept of a person, probability.) 1967, "Has <mask> Refuted the Sense-Data Theory?" Synthese vol. XVIII, pp. 117–140. (Reprinted in <mask>r 1969). 1968, The Origins of Pragmatism, London: Macmillan.1969, Metaphysics and Common Sense, London: Macmillan. (Essays on knowledge, man as a subject for science, chance, philosophy and politics, existentialism, metaphysics, and a reply to <mask> on sense-data theory [<mask>r 1967].) 1971, Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage, London: Macmillan. 1972, Probability and Evidence, London: Macmillan. 1972, Russell, London: Fontana Modern Masters. 1973, The Central Questions of Philosophy, London: Weidenfeld. 1977, Part of My Life, London: Collins.1979, "Replies", in G. F. Macdonald, ed., Perception and Identity: Essays Presented to A. J<mask>r, With His Replies, London: Macmillan; Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

masks:
Arthur
Austin
Aye
Austin
Aye
. Aye


texts:
 1980, Hume, Oxford: Oxford University Press
 1982, Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, London: Weidenfeld. 1984, Freedom and Morality and Other Essays, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1984, More of My Life, London: Collins. 1986, Ludwig Wittgenstein, London: Penguin. 1986, Voltaire, New York: Random House. 1988, Thomas Paine, London: Secker & Warburg.1990, The Meaning of Life and Other Essays, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1991, "A Defense of Empiricism" in: Griffiths, A. Phillips (ed. ), A. J<mask>r: Memorial Essays (Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements). Cambridge University Press. 1992, "Intellectual Autobiography" and Repiies in: Lewis Edwin Hahn (ed. ), The Philosophy of <mask><mask>r (The Library of Living Philosophers Volume XXI), edited by Lewis Edwin Hahn, Open Court Publishing Co.

See also
 A priori knowledge
 List of British philosophers

References

Footnotes

Works cited
 <mask>r, <mask>.(1989). "That undiscovered country", New Humanist, Vol. 104 (1), May, pp. 10–13. Rogers, Ben (1999). <mask><mask>r: A Life.New York: Grove Press. . (Chapter one and a review by Hilary Spurling, The New York Times, 24 December 2000.) Further reading
<mask>, "Positive Thinking" (review of Karl Sigmund, Exact Thinking in Demented Times:  The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science, Basic Books, 449 pp. ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74–76. Ted Honderich, <mask>r's Philosophy and its Greatness.<mask>, <mask> <mask>. Proceedings of the British Academy, 94 (1996), pp.

masks:
. Aye
A J
. Aye
Aye
A J
A J
. Aye
Jim Holt
Aye
Anthony Quinton
Alfred Jules
Ayer


texts:
 255–282. Graham Macdonald, <mask> <mask>, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7 May 2005. External links

 "Logical Positivism" (video) Men of Ideas interview with Bryan Magee (1978)
"Frege, Russell, and Modern Logic" (video) The Great Philosophers interview with Bryan Magee (1987)
<mask>r's Elizabeth Rathbone Lecture on Philosophy & Politics
 <mask>r entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

masks:
Alfred Jules
Ayer
Aye
Aye


texts:
<mask> (born August 21, 1987), known mononymously as Kibum, is a South Korean actor and singer. He was a member of Super Junior. After the release of Super Junior's third studio album Sorry, Sorry in 2009, <mask> announced his leave from the group to pursue his acting career. In 2015, <mask> announced he ended his contract with SM Entertainment and departure from the group. <mask> made his television debut in the Korean television drama, April Kiss, in 2004. Life and career

1987–2005: Early life and career beginnings
<mask> was born in Seoul, South Korea. He has a younger sister, <mask>e-hee, who lives with his mother.One of his cousin is an actor and model, Shin Dong-wook. At the age of ten, he moved to Los Angeles, California, United States where he attended Santa Monica High School. In 2002, he was discovered by a talent agent from South Korea and was recommended to audition for the Starlight Casting System by SM Entertainment. <mask> signed a contract with SM Entertainment and became an official trainee, being trained in areas of singing, acting, dancing, and other performing talents such as hosting and modeling. Although he resided in Seoul at the time, he constantly returned to Los Angeles to visit his family and to attend short school sessions. <mask> debuted as an actor on April 21, 2004 in KBS drama April Kiss as young Han Jung Woo. This was followed in March 2005, with Joo Yeo Myeong in another KBS drama, Sharp 2, co-starring labelmates Go Ara and Heechul.In November 2005 he played a small role in the MBC drama, Marrying a Millionaire, appearing in one episode where he plays the young <mask>on. 2005–09: Debut with Super Junior and solo activities

<mask> debut as part of

masks:
Kim Ki bum
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Sa
Kim
Kim
Kim Youngho
Kim


texts: 12-member rotational project group Super Junior 05 on November 6, 2005 on SBS's music programme Popular Songs, performing their first single, "TWINS (Knock Out)". Their debut album SuperJunior05 (Twins) was released a month later on December 5, 2005 and debuted at No. 3 on the monthly MIAK K-pop album charts. In 2006, he took on the lead role in the MBC daily sitcom, Rainbow Romance, sharing the lead with <mask> for 243 episodes. This was followed by <mask>'s second drama with Go Ara, Snow Flower in November on SBS. In March 2006, SM Entertainment began to recruit new members for the next Super Junior generation.However, plans changed and the company declared a halt in forming future Super Junior generations. Following the addition of thirteenth member Kyuhyun, the group dropped the suffix "05" and became officially credited as Super Junior. The re-polished group's first CD single "U" was released on June 7, 2006, which was their most successful single until the release of "Sorry, Sorry" in March 2009. He appeared in Attack on the Pin-Up Boys, a 2007 high school Korean film that starred all members of Super Junior except Kyuhyun. He plays the narrator of the story; a student who investigates the mysterious happenings at school. In April 2008, <mask> returned to acting after 16 months, starring in another daily MBC drama, Chunja's Happy Events alongside Wang Bitna. He was picked as the co-presenter of Thailand's 12 Plus Powder along with the primary presenter, bandmate Choi Siwon, in early 2008.However, the co-presenter was switched to bandmate Donghae for another product of 12 Plus – "roll-on". In 2009 when Super Junior released their third album, Sorry, Sorry, <mask> was absent during

masks:
Kim Heechul
Kim
Kim
Kim


texts:
 promotions for the first single, "Sorry, Sorry", leading to speculation that he left Super Junior, which was denied by both SM Entertainment and band members. When Super Junior released their second single, "It's You", <mask> had no singing solo and was again absent from all promotions. SM finally issued a statement stating that <mask> was busy with solo projects, and re-confirmed he would be absent from promotional activities, but that he had not left Super Junior. Even though he is featured in promotional material for their concert tour Super Show 2 Tour, <mask> did not take part due to an injury to his foot requiring six weeks of rest. After the release of "Sorry, Sorry – Answer", <mask> who was absent from the music video, stated "Firstly, I am in the process of preparing for the play and releasing the drama. Whether I will participate in the fourth album, resume solo activities, or continue acting, need to be further discussed with my company".2010–15: Acting career and departure from SM Entertainment
In 2010, <mask> starred in his second film Jumunjin, released on the January 21. It is a love story of a ghost man (<mask>) and a girl that lives in the country side. From January 26 to March 28, <mask> starred in theatrical play A Nap, at Baekam Art Hall in Samseong-dong, Seoul. He played a young version of male lead Young-jin with Lee Joo-seung. The play is based on a short story of the same name by Park Min-gyu and directed by filmmaker Hur Jin-ho. In May 2010 it was confirmed that <mask> would neither participate in the fourth album, Bonamana, nor any further Super Junior activities until further notice, as he would be focusing on his acting career. In October 2011 <mask> played

masks: Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim Kim


texts:
 Joseon scholar-official Pak Paengnyeon in historical drama Deep Rooted Tree.In May 2012, <mask> will star as the male lead Geum Eun-dong in I Love Lee Tae-ri, where he plays a 14-year-old middle school student who goes to a performance of his favorite singer and becomes a man in his 20s, who is the secretary of a haughty heiress, Lee Tae-ri, played by Park Ye-jin. <mask> will star as Duan Yu in the 2013 Chinese television drama, The Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils and the title character in 2014 Chinese television drama, Lucky Tianbao. On August 18, 2015, Kibum announced via his personal SNS that his contract with SM Entertainment had ended. 2016–present:  Return to acting
In 2017 Kibum starred in the Chinese film My Kitchen Lover, released on August 25. On June 25, 2018, Kibum as an actor signed with Clover Company. Kibum was confirmed on Nov 8 to be in the new SBS Plus variety show Two Feet Life. On January 13, 2022, it confirmed that Kibum left from Clover Company and signed an exclusive contract with PA Entertainment and plans to accelerate his acting activities in the future, starting with fan meetings in March 2022.Discography

 2006: "Can It Be Love?" – Nonstop OST

Filmography

Film

Television drama

Television show

Music video

Theater

References

External links
 <mask>-bum on Daum
 Official agency profile

1987 births
Living people
Male actors from Seoul
Rappers from Seoul
Japanese-language singers of South Korea
South Korean male idols
South Korean pop singers
South Korean male singers
South Korean rhythm and blues singers
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean television presenters
South Korean radio presenters
Super Junior members
South

masks:
Kim
Kim
Kim Ki


texts:
Giacobbe "<mask>" <mask> (July 10, 1922 – September 19, 2017) was an American professional boxer, world middleweight champion, and stand-up comedian. Nicknamed "The Bronx Bull" or "Raging Bull", <mask> was a rough fighter who was not a particularly big puncher, but he would subject his opponents to vicious beatings in the ring. With use of constant stalking, brawling and inside fighting, he developed the reputation for being a "bully"; he was what is often referred to today as a swarmer and a slugger. Due to his hard style of fighting, LaMotta often took in as much as he dished out in an era of great middleweights. With a thick skull and jaw muscles, LaMotta was able to absorb incredible amounts of punishment over the course of his career, and is thought to have one of the greatest chins in boxing history. <mask>'s six-fight rivalry with Sugar Ray Robinson was one of the most notable in the sport. Although each fight was close and LaMotta dropped Robinson to the canvas multiple times, LaMotta won only one of the bouts.<mask>, who lived a turbulent life in and out of the ring, was portrayed by Robert De Niro in the 1980 film Raging Bull; <mask> was managed by his brother <mask>, played by Joe Pesci in Martin Scorsese's movie. <mask> was ranked 52nd on Ring Magazines List of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years. The magazine ranked him as one of the 10 greatest middleweights of all time. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 1990. Early life
<mask> was born on the Lower East Side of New York City on July 10, 1922, to Italian parents, Elizabeth (Merluzzo) and <mask>.

masks:
Jake
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
Joey LaMotta
Jake
LaMotta
Joseph LaMotta


texts:
 Many sources had reported his year of birth as 1921, but his daughter Christi said in a Facebook post immediately following his death that it was in fact 1922. His mother was born in the United States to Italian immigrants, while his father was an immigrant from Messina, Sicily, who came with family including his brother Joseph.The family lived briefly in Philadelphia before returning to New York and settling in the Bronx. <mask>'s father forced the boy to fight other boys in order to entertain neighborhood adults, who threw pocket change into the ring. <mask>'s father collected the money and used it to help pay the rent. One of <mask>'s cousins on his father's side was <mask>, who became an entrepreneur and creator of the Chipwich ice cream treat. LaMotta learned to box while in a reformatory in upstate New York, where he'd been sent for attempted robbery. Afterward he fought undefeated in amateur bouts, turning professional at age 19 in 1941. During World War II, he was rejected for military service due to a childhood mastoid operation on one of his ears which affected his hearing.Boxing career
As a middleweight in his first fifteen bouts, <mask> went 14–0–1 (3 KOs) before losing a highly controversial split decision to Jimmy Reeves in Reeves' hometown of Cleveland, Ohio. Chaos erupted after the decision was announced. Fights broke out around the ring and the crowd continued to boo for 20 minutes. The arena's organist tried (but failed) to calm down the crowd by playing the "Star Spangled Banner". One month later, <mask> and Reeves fought again in the same arena. <mask> lost a much less controversial decision. A

masks:
Jake
LaMotta
LaMotta
Richard LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta


texts: third match between the two took place on March 19, 1943 in Detroit, Michigan.The first five rounds were close, though Reeves was struggling in the fourth. In the sixth round, <mask> floored Reeves, who was only down for a second. Once the fight resumed, <mask> landed a left on Reeves' chin, sending him down face-first. Reeves was blinking his eyes and shaking his head as the referee counted him out. <mask> vs. Robinson I–<mask> fought Sugar Ray Robinson in Robinson's middleweight debut at Madison Square Garden, New York, October 2, 1942. <mask> knocked Robinson down in the first round of the fight. Robinson got up and took control over much of the fight, winning via a unanimous 10-round decision.A 10-round rematch took place February 5, 1943, at Olympia Stadium in Detroit, Michigan. The eighth round was historic. <mask> landed a right to Robinson's head and a left to his body, sending him through the ropes. Robinson was saved by the bell at the count of nine. <mask>, who was already leading on the scorecards before knocking Robinson out of the ring, pummeled and outpointed him for the rest of the fight. Robinson had trouble keeping <mask> at bay. <mask> won via unanimous decision, giving Robinson the first defeat of his career.The victory was short-lived, as the two met on February 26, 1943, in what was another 10-round fight, once again at Olympia Stadium in Robinson's former home of Detroit. Robinson was knocked down for a nine-count in Round 7. Robinson later stated, "He really hurt me with a left in the seventh round. I was a little dazed and decided to stay on the deck." Robinson won the close fight by

masks:
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
V LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta


texts:
 unanimous decision, using a dazzling left jab and jarring uppercuts. <mask> said the fight was given to Robinson because he would be inducted into the army the next day. A fourth fight, the duo's final 10 rounder, took place nearly two years after the third, on February 23, 1945, at Madison Square Garden, New York.Robinson won again by a unanimous decision. <mask> and Robinson had their fifth bout at Comiskey Park, Chicago, Illinois on September 26, 1945. Robinson won by a very controversial split decision, contested over 12 rounds. The decision was severely booed by the 14,755 people in attendance. <mask> later said in his autobiography that the decision was widely criticized by several newspapers and boxing publishers. Robinson said afterward, "This was the toughest fight I've ever had with LaMotta." <mask> vs. Fox
On November 14, 1947, <mask> was knocked out in the fourth round by Billy Fox.Suspecting the fight was fixed, the New York State Athletic Commission withheld purses for the fight and suspended LaMotta. The fight with Fox would come back to haunt him later in life, during a case with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In his testimony and in his later book, LaMotta admitted to throwing the fight to gain favor with the Mafia. All involved agreed the fix was obvious and their staging inept. As LaMotta wrote,
The first round, a couple of belts to his head, and I see a glassy look coming over his eyes. Jesus Christ, a couple of jabs and he's going to fall down? I began to panic a little.I was supposed to be throwing a fight to this guy, and it looked like I was going to end up holding him on his feet... By

masks: LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta


texts:
 [the fourth round], if there was anybody in the Garden who didn't know what was happening, he must have been dead drunk. The thrown fight and a payment of $20,000 to the Mafia got <mask> his title bout against World Middleweight Champion Marcel Cerdan. <mask> vs. Cerdan
<mask> won the World Middleweight title on June 16, 1949 in Detroit, Michigan, defeating Frenchman Marcel Cerdan. <mask> won the first round (in which he knocked Cerdan down), Cerdan the second, and the third was even. At that point it became clear something was wrong. Cerdan dislocated his arm in the first round, apparently damaged in the knockdown, and gave up before the start of the 10th round. <mask> damaged his left hand in the fifth round, but still landed 104 punches in the ninth round, whereas Cerdan hardly threw a punch.The official score had <mask> as winner by a knockout in 10 rounds because the bell had already rung to begin that round when Cerdan announced he was quitting. A rematch was arranged, but while Cerdan was flying back to the United States to fight the rematch, his Air France Lockheed Constellation crashed in the Azores, killing everyone on board. World Middleweight Champion
<mask> made his first title defense against Tiberio Mitri on July 7, 1950, at Madison Square Garden, New York. <mask> retained his title via unanimous decision. <mask>'s next defense came on September 13, 1950, against Laurent Dauthuille. Dauthuille had previously beaten <mask> by decision before LaMotta became world champion. By the fifteenth round, Dauthuille was ahead on all scorecards (72–68, 74–66, 71–69) and seemed to be about to repeat a victory

masks: LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta


texts:
 against <mask>.<mask> hit Dauthuille with a barrage of punches that sent him down against the ropes toward the end of the round. Dauthuille was counted out with 13 seconds left in the fight. This fight was named Fight of the Year for 1950 by The Ring magazine. Saint Valentine's Day Massacre of boxing

The sixth and final fight between <mask> and Robinson took place at Chicago Stadium. This fight was scheduled for 15 rounds and was for the middleweight title. Held on February 14, 1951, Saint Valentine's Day, the fight became known as boxing's version of the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre. In the last few rounds, <mask> began to take a horrible beating and was soon unable to defend himself from Robinson's powerful blows.But <mask> refused to go down. Robinson won by a technical knockout in the 13th round, when the fight was stopped. Light heavyweight
LaMotta moved up to light heavyweight after losing his world middleweight title. He had poor results at first. He lost his debut against Bob Murphy, lost a split decision to Norman Hayes, and drew with Gene Hairston in his first three bouts. In his next three fights, <mask> had rematches with Hayes, Hairston, and Murphy, and defeated all of them by unanimous decision. On December 31, 1952, <mask> had his next fight against Danny Nardico.He knocked <mask> down for the only time in his career (not counting his thrown 1947 fight) by a right hand in the seventh round. LaMotta got up and was beaten against a corner by Nardico until the bell rang. <mask>'s corner stopped the bout before the eighth round began. Following that fight, LaMotta took time off; when he returned, in

masks: LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta LaMotta


texts:
 early 1954, he knocked out his first two opponents, Johnny Pretzie (TKO 4) and Al McCoy (KO 1), but a controversial split decision loss to Billy Kilgore on April 14, 1954 convinced him to retire. Post-boxing
After retiring from the ring, <mask> owned and managed a bar at 1120 Collins Ave in Miami Beach. He also became a stage actor and stand-up comedian. In 1958 he was arrested and charged with introducing men to an underage girl at a club he owned in Miami.He was convicted and served six months on a chain gang, although he maintained his innocence. LaMotta appeared in more than 15 films, including The Hustler (1961) with Paul Newman and Jackie Gleason, in which he had a role as a bartender. He appeared in several episodes of the NBC police comedy Car 54 Where Are You? (1961–63). A lifelong baseball fan, he organized the <mask> All-Star Team in the Bronx. The LaMotta team played in Sterling Oval which was located between 165th and 164th Streets between Clay and Teller Avenue. In 1965, <mask> appeared as "Big Jule" in the New York City Center production of Guys and Dolls for 15 performances alongside  Alan King and Jerry Orbach.In 1960 <mask> was called to testify before a U.S. Senate sub-committee that was looking into underworld influence on boxing. He testified that he had thrown his bout with Billy Fox so that the mob would arrange a title bout for him. Fighting style
LaMotta is recognized as having had one of the best chins in boxing. He rolled with punches, minimizing their force and damage when they landed, but he was also able to absorb many blows. In the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre, his sixth bout with

masks:
LaMotta
Jake LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta


texts:
 Robinson, LaMotta suffered numerous severe blows to the head. Commentators could be heard saying "No man can take this kind of punishment!" But LaMotta did not go down.The fight was stopped by the referee in the 13th round, declaring it a TKO victory for Robinson. <mask> was one of the first boxers to adopt the "bully" style of fighting, in that he always stayed close and in punching range of his opponent, by stalking him around the ring, and sacrificed taking punches himself in order to land his own shots. Due to his aggressive, unrelenting style he was known as "The Bronx Bull." He boasted "No son-of-a-bitch ever knocked me off my feet", but that claim was ended in December 1952 at the hands of Danny Nardico when Nardico caught him with a hard right in the seventh round. <mask> fell into the ropes and went down. After regaining his footing, he was unable to come out for the next round. Raging Bull: My Story
Raging Bull: My Story is a 1970 second edition of <mask>'s memoir.The autobiographical details include: <mask>'s life as a young teenage criminal; his reformation in prison; his extensive career as an amateur and professional boxer; his struggles with organized crime (the mafia) who kept the boxing title out of reach; and his jealous obsession with his wife, Vikki. The book details his life, from childhood until the end of his fame. The first edition is:
La Motta, <mask> with Carter, Joseph and Savage, Peter (1970). Raging Bull: My Story. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall [1970]. . Raging Bull

Hollywood executives approached LaMotta with the idea of a movie about his life, based on his 1970 memoir Raging

masks:
LaMotta
LaMotta
Jake LaMotta
Jake LaMotta
Jake


texts:
 Bull: My Story. The film, Raging Bull, released in 1980, was initially only a minor box office success, but eventually received overwhelming critical acclaim for both director Martin Scorsese and actor Robert De Niro, who gained about 60 pounds during the shooting of the film to play the older LaMotta in later scenes.To accurately portray the younger <mask>, De Niro trained with LaMotta until LaMotta felt he was ready to box professionally. De Niro lived in Paris for three months, eating at the finest restaurants in order to gain sufficient weight to portray <mask> after retirement. De Niro won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance. Later life and death

LaMotta had a troubled personal life, including a spell in a reformatory, and was married seven times. He admitted having raped a woman, having beaten his wives, and coming close to beating a man to death during a robbery. In February 1998, <mask>'s elder son, <mask> Jr., died of liver cancer. In September 1998, his younger son, <mask>, died in the crash of Swissair Flight 111.His nephew, <mask>, fought in the heavyweight-novice class of the 2001 Golden Gloves championship tournament. John later became an actor, and one of his roles was as "Duke", who ran the bar of that name featured in the television comedy series Frasier. Another nephew, William Lustig, is a well-known director and producer of horror films and the president of Blue Underground, Inc.

LaMotta had four daughters, including Christi by his second wife Vikki <mask> and Stephanie by his fourth wife Dimitria. He married his seventh wife, his longtime fiancée Denise Baker, on January 4,

masks:
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
Jake LaMotta
Joseph LaMotta
John LaMotta
LaMotta


texts:
 2013. LaMotta remained active on the speaking and autograph circuit, and published several books about his career, his life, and his fights with Robinson. LaMotta appeared in a 50-minute New York stage production, Lady and the Champ, in July 2012. The production focused on <mask>'s boxing career, and was criticized by The New York Times as poorly executed and a "bizarre debacle".LaMotta is the subject of a documentary directed and produced by Greg Olliver. The film features an appearance by Mike Tyson among other notable athletes, actors and <mask>'s family and friends. Also in production was a sequel to Raging Bull, although MGM filed suit to halt the project, saying that LaMotta did not have the right to make a sequel. The lawsuit was settled on July 31, 2012, when LaMotta agreed to change the title of the film to The Bronx Bull. LaMotta: The Bronx Bull stars actor William Forsythe as <mask>, while Paul Sorvino plays his father. It also features Joe Mantegna, Tom Sizemore, Penelope Ann Miller, Natasha Henstridge, Joey Diaz and Ray Wise. LaMotta died on September 19, 2017, from complications of pneumonia in a nursing home in Florida, at the age of 95.Professional boxing record

See also
List of middleweight boxing champions
Bronx Walk of Fame

References

External links

 Whitney Martin (AP), "Lamotta Near End Of Trail", Lewiston Daily Sun, January 3, 1953

1922 births
2017 deaths
American boxers of Italian descent
American male stage actors
American stand-up comedians
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Middleweight boxers
Boxers from New York City
Sportspeople from the Bronx
American male

masks: LaMotta Jake LaMotta


texts:
<mask>. (January 28, 1898 — September 24, 1976) was an American real estate developer. He was the developer of the Carew Tower (1931) in Cincinnati, Ohio, at the time the tallest building west of the Alleghenies, and the Netherland Plaza Hotel, opened at the same time. He was a major figure in the city's cultural life for more than four decades. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City on January 28, 1898. He was the son of <mask>. (1835–1908), a real-estate millionaire, and Lela (née Alexander<mask> (1867–1953), daughter of General Charles T. Alexander, of Washington. Among his siblings was <mask>, who married the impecunious Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia; <mask>, who married first Capt. Alastair Mackintosh (second husband of Constance Talmadge) and secondly Hély, the Marquis de Talleyrand; and  Alexandra, who married Benjamin Moore and Robert Gordon McKay.His paternal grandfather was <mask>, who was born in Bedford, England and settled in Cincinnati in 1832. His maternal grandparents were General Charles Tripler Alexander and <mask> (née Barrett) Alexander of St. Paul, Minnesota and Bar Harbor, Maine. He was raised on the East Coast and in Europe, after his mother married, as her second husband, the Hon. Alfred Anson, a British stockbroker living in New York City, in 1912. Anson was the seventh son of Thomas Anson, 2nd Earl of Lichfield and Lady Harriett Georgiana Hamilton (the eldest daughter of <mask>, 1st Duke of Abercorn). As a child and young man, his family moved each year between their houses in New York City (5 East 68th Street), Bar Harbor, Maine (The Turrets, now owned by The College of the Atlantic), Palm Beach (where his mother owned several houses) and Paris and Biarritz, France (where his mother

masks:
John Josiah Emery Jr
Jack Emery
John Josiah Emery Sr
) Emery
Audrey Emery
Lela Emery
Thomas Emery
Julia
James Hamilton


texts:
 owned a large house, later converted into a school). <mask> prepared at Groton for Harvard, where his education was interrupted by World War I when he served as an ensign in Naval Aviation.After he returned from War, he received his BA degree, cum laude, in 1920. He spent one year at Harvard Law School and then went to Trinity College, Oxford, where received a diploma in Economics in 1922. Career
His grandfather founded a lard oil and candle business in 1840, known as Emery Candle Company, that his father developed into the Emery Chemical Company, later known as Emery Industries. His grandfather had also assembled sizable real estate holdings in the center of Cincinnati, which was enlarged by <mask>'s father. In 1924, <mask>, who was planning on going into the publishing business with Cass Canfield, returned to Cincinnati on a visit and stayed to manage what he perceived to be the faltering family business. He proceeded to consolidate the family's real estate holdings into several blocks in downtown Cincinnati. The real estate company, Thomas Emery's Sons, built the first substantial apartment houses in Cincinnati as well as numerous other buildings downtown (Mercantile Library Building, The Cincinnatian Hotel and others) and in the immediately adjacent hills.After World War II, Thomas Emery's Sons built the Terrace Plaza Hotel, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, placing the hotel lobby on the eighth floor, reached by elevators that by-passed the commercial floors. For the hotel he commissioned three works of art that passed to the Cincinnati Art Museum when he sold the Terrace Plaza: a mural by <mask> and a cartoon mural by Saul Steinberg and a giant mobile by Alexander Calder. He was a founder of the Cincinnati

masks:
Emery
Emery
Emery
Joan Miró


texts:
 Country Day School, a leading trustee and important benefactor of the Cincinnati Art Museum. He served as vice-president of the Boy Scouts of America in the Cincinnati area, and was an original member of the Cincinnati Public Recreation Commission. He was a trustee of the Children's Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Summer Opera, the Conservatory of Music and the Taft Museum of Art, as well as a trustee of the National Cultural Center in Washington, D.C. Personal life
In 1926, he married Irene Langhorne (née Gibson) Post (1897–1973). Irene was the daughter of the celebrated illustrator Charles Dana Gibson and the niece of Lady Astor, the first woman elected to the British Parliament.Irene was the mother of George B. Post IV and Nancy Langhorne Post from her first marriage to George B. Post III (grandson of the architect George B. Post). Together, <mask> and Irene were the parents of four children, all born in Cincinnati:

 <mask> (1927–2017), who married painter Robert Perkins Goodale at the Académie Julian art school in Paris, in 1946. Lela <mask> (1929–2006), who married <mask>. Steele (b. 1924) in 1967.<mask> (1933–1999), who married Lloyd Addison Lanier (1924–2002) in 1953. <mask> (1937-2021), a 1959 graduate of Harvard who married Liliane Solmsen in 1962. After his first wife's death in 1973, he remarried to widow Adele Sloane (née Hammond) Olyphant (1902–1998) on December 3, 1975. Adele, a member of the Vanderbilt family, was the sister of record producer <mask>, the daughter of Emily Vanderbilt Sloane, a granddaughter of Emily Thorn Vanderbilt and William Douglas Sloane, and a great-granddaughter of William Henry Vanderbilt. Adele was also the grandmother of actor Timothy Olyphant. <mask> died on September 24, 1976 and

masks:
John
Irene Emery
Emery
John F
Melissa Emery
Ethan Emery
John Hammond
Emery


texts:
 is buried at the Indian Hill Church near Cincinnati. Residences
<mask> and his family spent summers in Dark Harbor, Maine on Seven Hundred Acre Island, where his father-in-law, Charles Dana Gibson, had built a house beginning in 1904.During those summers, the children were tutored in preparation for school, including daughter Lela who prior to leaving home for the Foxcroft School in 1944 was tutored by Connie Frazer at their homes at Peterloon and on Seven Hundred Acre Island. In 1929, he began constructing his  estate, Peterloon immediately north of Indian Hill, then a rural outer suburb of Cincinnati to which some affluent citizens of Cincinnati, Ohio were moving in search of a country life-style. Indian Hill of the 1930s revolved around the Camargo Club and the Camargo Hunt. Since his death, much of Peterloon has been divided into housing lots, leaving the neo-Georgian brick house on  as an event destination owned by The Peterloon Foundation. The house was designed by Delano and Aldrich of New York, who also designed a five-bedroom stucco cottage nearby, in which the <mask> family could live while the Peterloon house was being built. Awards and honors
<mask> was the recipient of the "Great Living Cincinnatian" award from The Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce; the William Booth Award from the Salvation Army; the "President's Award for Excellence" from the University of Cincinnati. He also received an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music and a Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Cincinnati.References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at the University of Cincinnati. 1898 births
1976 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
Harvard Law School alumni
Alumni of Trinity College,

masks:
Emery
Emery
Emery
John Josiah
Emery


texts:
<mask> (; born September 28, 1967) is an American actress. She won the Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Woody Allen's Mighty Aphrodite (1995). She also starred in the films Romy and Michele's High School Reunion (1997), Mimic (1997), Lulu on the Bridge (1998), The Replacement Killers (1998), Summer of Sam (1999), and Like Dandelion Dust (2009). For her work in television, <mask> was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for her portrayal of Marilyn Monroe in Norma Jean & Marilyn (1996), and twice nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film, again for her performance as Marilyn Monroe and for her leading role in Human Trafficking (2005). Early life
<mask> was born in Manhattan, New York City to Lorraine Ruth Davis, a drama therapist for Alzheimer's disease patients and a former actress; and <mask>, an actor and film director. She has two siblings, <mask> and Amanda. She is of Italian descent on her father's side.She was raised in Tenafly, New Jersey, where she wrote and acted in backyard plays with her childhood friend Hope Davis, and in theater productions at Dwight-Englewood School. As a child, she was strongly influenced to pursue social causes by her mother, who participated in the March on Washington. Sorvino excelled in high school and was accepted into Harvard University. She studied for one year as an exchange student with CIEE in Beijing, China, where she became fluent in Mandarin Chinese. In 1989, she graduated from Harvard magna cum laude with a degree in East Asian studies. She also helped found the Harvard-Radcliffe Veritones, one of Harvard's co-ed a cappella groups, in 1985. Career
Sorvino's first major screen appearance was in the teen television series Swans Crossing, where she appeared in six

masks:
Mira Katherine Sorvino
Sorvino
Sorvino
Paul Sorvino
Michael Sorvino


texts: episodes.When the 1993 film Amongst Friends entered preproduction, she was hired as third assistant director, then promoted to casting director, then to assistant producer, and finally offered a lead role. The positive reviews she received led to more acting opportunities. After small roles in Robert Redford's Quiz Show and Whit Stillman's Barcelona, she was cast in Woody Allen's Mighty Aphrodite (1995). Her portrayal of a happy-go-lucky prostitute made her a star, winning her an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress. Although the film brought her international recognition, she described its shooting as extremely stressful: "I was absolutely neurotic doing Mighty Aphrodite," she recalled. "Every night brought a new nervous breakdown. I'd cry and talk to God, I was so nervous.Then the next day, I'd show up and do my scenes." Her other credits include Romy and Michele's High School Reunion with Lisa Kudrow, At First Sight with Val Kilmer, and Spike Lee's Summer of Sam. She portrayed Marilyn Monroe for the 1996 HBO film Norma Jean & Marilyn, for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe; and had the lead role in Guillermo del Toro's horror film Mimic. In 1995, she portrayed Conchita Closson in the BBC miniseries The Buccaneers, based on Edith Wharton's last novel. She starred as Daisy Buchanan in the 2000 television film The Great Gatsby. In 2002, Sorvino appeared as the lead in The Triumph of Love, an adaptation of the 1732 Marivaux play. That year she also starred in WiseGirls alongside Mariah Carey and Melora Walters.In 2006, she received a Golden Globe nomination for her role as an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent in the Lifetime film Human Trafficking. She had a supporting role in the drama Reservation Road (2007) with Mark Ruffalo. In February 2008, she guest-starred as psychiatrist Cate Milton in the "Frozen" episode


texts:
 of the medical television drama House. Plans to make hers a recurring character were interrupted by the writers' strike. She starred in Attack on Leningrad (2009), Multiple Sarcasms (2010) with Timothy Hutton and Stockard Channing, and Nancy Savoca's Union Square (2012), with Patti Lupone and Tammy Blanchard. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival to good reviews. In the same year, Sorvino played the mother of the lead in the film adaptation of Wendy Mass's popular children's book Jeremy Fink and the Meaning of Life.In 2014, she reappeared as Head Detective Betsy Brannigan on the final season of Psych, and on the fourth season of Falling Skies as John Pope's love interest, Sara. Sorvino also joined the cast of the television series Intruders, playing the role of Amy Whelan. In 2016, she appeared in the Netflix series Lady Dynamite as an actor working on a sitcom pilot named White Trash. In 2018, Sorvino played the role of Amy in the psychological thriller Look Away, alongside Jason Isaacs and India Eisley. In 2019, Sorvino was cast in the Netflix miniseries Hollywood, as an actor whose career stalled out after a relationship with a studio head. Personal life
Between 1996 and 1998, <mask> was romantically involved with director Quentin Tarantino, who was her escort to the Academy Awards ceremony where she won Best Supporting Actress for Mighty Aphrodite. Sorvino met actor Christopher Backus at a friend's charades party in August 2003.On June 11, 2004, they married in a private civil ceremony at the Santa Barbara, California courthouse, then later had a hilltop ceremony in Capri, Italy. They have four children: daughters born in 2004 and 2012, and sons born in 2006 and 2009. In honor of Sorvino's role as Susan Tyler, an entomologist who investigated deadly insect mutations in the film Mimic, the discovery of a compound excreted


texts:
 as a defense mechanism by the sunburst diving beetle was named mirasorvone by entomologist Thomas Eisner. In September 2014, Sorvino gave a wide-ranging interview on The Nerdist Podcast where she discussed her education, living in China, and her varied interests. She is a Christian and resides with her family in Los Angeles, California. In 2017, Sorvino came out publicly about the sexual harassment she endured from producer Harvey Weinstein and believes her career was damaged after she rebuffed Weinstein's advances. According to Peter Jackson, Weinstein blocked Sorvino and Ashley Judd, another of his alleged victims, from being considered for parts in The Lord of the Rings films.In 2019 she also made public that she was a date rape victim. Political activism
Sorvino has been affiliated with Amnesty International since 2004. In 2006 she was honored with their Artist of Conscience Award, given to those who have made longstanding philanthropic and humanist efforts. From 2009 to 2012 she was a United Nations Goodwill ambassador for combatting human trafficking, and has lobbied Congress to abolish the practice in Darfur. Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

Works and publications

References

External links

 <mask> at the American Film Institute

 Honolulu Advertiser interview (October 24, 2005)
 Mira Sorvino Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America

1967 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New Jersey
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from New York City
American Christians
American film actresses
American people of Italian descent
American television actresses
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Dwight-Englewood School alumni
Harvard University alumni
People from Manhattan
People from Tenafly, New


texts:
<mask> [jo:ʒɛf mindsɛnti] (29 March 18926 May 1975) was the Prince Primate, Archbishop of Esztergom, cardinal, and leader of the Catholic Church in Hungary from 2 October 1945 to 18 December 1973. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, for five decades "he personified uncompromising opposition to fascism and communism in Hungary". During World War II, he was imprisoned by the pro-Nazi Arrow Cross Party. After the war, he opposed communism and communist persecution in his country. As a result, he was tortured and given a life sentence in a 1949 show trial that generated worldwide condemnation, including a United Nations resolution. After eight years in prison, <mask> was freed in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and granted political asylum by the United States embassy in Budapest. He lived there for the next fifteen years.He was finally allowed to leave the country in 1971, and died in exile in 1975 in Vienna, Austria. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 29 March 1892 in Csehimindszent, Vas County, Austria-Hungary, to <mask> Pehm and Borbála Kovács. His father was a magistrate. He attended St Norbert's Premonstratensian High Grammar School in Szombathely, before entering the Szombathely Diocesan Seminary in 1911. Mindszenty was ordained a priest by Bishop János Mikes on 12 June 1915, the Feast of the Sacred Heart. In 1917, the first of his books, Motherhood, was published. He was arrested by Mihály Károlyi's socialist government on 9 February 1919 for speaking out against its 'socialist policies', then rearrested by the communist Béla Kun government on 31 July that year.In 1939, <mask> urged his followers

masks:
József Mindszenty
Mindszenty
Mindszenty
József
Mindszenty


texts:
 to vote against the Arrow Cross Party. In 1940, he published a pamphlet, "The Green Communism", in which he characterised the Hungarian Nyilas Nazi Movement as diabolic and as evil as the communists. Green was the colour of the Nyilas uniform. (Paksy, 213–215. p). In 1941, during a Magyarization campaign amongst Germans living in Hungary, he adopted his new Hungarian name of Mindszenty, part of his home village's name. On 25 March 1944, he was consecrated Bishop of Veszprém.<mask> organised a letter to the Nazi authorities urging them not to fight in Western Hungary; he also protested to Miklós Horthy in favour of converted Jews. After Horthy was overthrown, <mask> was arrested on 27 November 1944 for his opposition to the Arrow Cross government's plan to quarter soldiers in parts of his official palace. In April 1945, with the Arrow Cross puppet state collapsing, <mask> was released from house arrest at a church in Sopron. Church leader and opposition to communism
On 15 September 1945, <mask> was appointed Primate of Hungary and Archbishop of Esztergom, the seat of the head of the Catholic Church in Hungary. On 21 February 1946, Archbishop <mask> was elevated to Cardinal-Priest of Santo Stefano Rotondo by Pope Pius XII, who reportedly told him, "Among these thirty-two you will be the first to suffer the martyrdom symbolized by this red color." To the ruling Hungarian Working People's Party, <mask> was regarded as the archetypal figure of "clerical reaction". He continued to use the traditional title of prince-primate (hercegprímás) even after the use of noble and royal titles was outlawed by the 1946 puppet

masks: Mindszenty Mindszenty Mindszenty Mindszenty Mindszenty Mindszenty


texts: parliament.He contacted the US embassy, asking it to "engage in activities which were simply not diplomatically proper or politically feasible", for which he was rebuked by the embassy. In addition to such contacts, the Party accused him of having "aristocratic attitudes" and attacked his demands for compensation following the state seizure of church-owned farmlands during the Party's campaign to abolish private farm ownership. Because the main source of income for the Church was its agricultural lands, confiscations by the communist government left many Church-run institutions destitute. Cardinal <mask> believed and preached that "The Church asks for no secular protection; it seeks shelter under the protection of God alone". For this reason, he fought fiercely against the state policy to emancipate the Hungarian educational system from Church control by seizing parochial schools. In 1948, religious orders were banned by the government. Soon after, Hungarian Premier Mátyás Rákosi accused the Cardinal and the Catholic Church of being both "the largest landowner in Hungary" and "a reactionary force in our country, supporting the monarchy and later the fascist dictatorship of Admiral Horthy".These, Rákosi claimed, were the only reasons for <mask>'s opposition to the Party's policy of land confiscation. On 26 December 1948, Cardinal <mask> was arrested and accused of treason, conspiracy, and other offences against the new Hungarian People's Republic. Shortly before his arrest, he wrote a note to the effect that he had not been involved in any conspiracy and that any confession he might make would be the result of

masks: Mindszenty Mindszenty Mindszenty


texts: duress. While imprisoned, <mask> was repeatedly hit with rubber truncheons and subjected to other forms of abuse, until he agreed to confess. <mask>'s forced confession included the following "admissions": orchestrating the theft of the Crown of Saint Stephen for the sole purpose of crowning Crown Prince Otto von Habsburg as King of Hungary, scheming to overthrow the Party and reestablish capitalism, planning a third World War, and, once it had been won by the Americans, plotting to assume supreme political power himself. Almost alone among the Western news media, reporter George Seldes, who had previously been expelled from the Soviet Union and fascist Italy for his reporting, believed the allegations against Cardinal Mindszenty. Seldes spent the rest of his life accusing Mindszenty of being a Nazi collaborator, a Holocaust perpetrator, and a virulent antisemite.In his 1987 memoirs, Seldes wrote, "In 1948 the entire American section of the resident foreign press corps in Hungary implored me to report the facts about Cardinal <mask>'s collaboration with the Nazis, his part in the deportation of the Jewish population to Hitler's death camps, and also to expose the scores of fraudulent news items coming from outside Hungary, from Vienna, London, Prague, and Rome especially, alleging drugging and torturing of the Cardinal." On 3 February 1949, Mindzenty's show trial began. The Cardinal admitted to being involved in a Habsburg restorationist organization which planned to form a government after an American invasion, however he denied hoping for the outbreak of war. He said "we prayed for peace". He accepted the


texts: charges of smuggling tens of thousands of dollars into Hungary, and admitted his contacts with Otto von Habsburg and American politicians, but did not admit to willful espionage on behalf of foreign powers. In court, Mindzenty said about the charges: "I do not deny one or another part of it, but I do not subscribe to the conclusion". As he followed the trial, a weeping Pope Pius XII told Sister Pascalina Lehnert, "My words have come true and all I can do is pray; I cannot help him any other way."On 8 February, <mask> was sentenced to life imprisonment for black marketeering, treason and espionage. The government released a white book, Documents on the Mindszenty Case, containing his alleged confessions and case materials. On 12 February 1949, Pope Pius XII announced the excommunication of all persons involved in the trial and conviction of Mindszenty. On 20 February 1949, the Pope addressed a series of questions to a crowd which had gathered in St. Peter's Square to protest the Cardinal's show trial, asking:Do you want a Church that remains silent when She should speak; that diminishes the law of God where she is called to proclaim it loudly, wanting to accommodate it to the will of man? Do you want a Church that departs from the unshakable foundations upon which Christ founded Her, taking the easy way of adapting Herself to the opinion of the day; a Church that is a prey to current trends; a Church that does not condemn the suppression of conscience and does not stand up for the just liberty of the people; a Church that locks Herself up within the four walls of Her temple in unseemly sycophancy, forgetting


texts:
 the divine mission received from Christ: 'Go out the crossroads and preach the people'? Beloved sons and daughters! Spiritual heirs of numberless confessors and martyrs!Is this the Church you venerate and love? Would you recognize in such a Church the features of your Mother? Would you be able to imagine a Successor of St. Peter submitting to such demands?According to Sister Pascalina, who witnessed the rally, "In reply to the Holy Father came a single cry like thunder still ringing in our ears: 'No!'" In Acerrimo moerore, an apostolic letter to the Hungarian Episcopate, the Pope publicly condemned the Cardinal's conviction and described his tortures. Over seven years later, on 30 October 1956, in the midst of the Hungarian Revolution, <mask> was released from prison. He returned to Budapest the next day, and on 2 November, praised the insurgents. The following day, he made a radio broadcast in favour of recent anti-communist developments.Confinement at the US embassy

On 4 November 1956, when the Soviet Union invaded Hungary to restore the communist government, Cardinal <mask> sought Imre Nagy's advice, and was granted political asylum at the United States embassy in Budapest. Mindszenty lived there for the next 15 years, unable to leave the grounds, and did not participate in the papal conclaves of 1958 and 1963. György Aczél, the communist official in charge of all cultural and religious matters in Hungary, felt increasingly uncomfortable about <mask>'s plight in the late 1960s when the latter fell seriously ill and rumors spread of his impending death. Yet Aczél failed to convince party leader János Kádár


texts:
 that commuting Mindszenty's sentence would create valuable confusion in the Holy See and allow the state to better control the remaining clergy. Exile
Eventually, Pope Paul VI offered a compromise: declaring Mindszenty a "victim of history" (instead of communism) and annulling the excommunication imposed on the people involved in his trial. The Hungarian government allowed <mask> to leave the country on 28 September 1971. Beginning on 23 October 1971, he lived in Vienna, Austria, as he took offence at Rome's advice that he should resign from the primacy of the Catholic Church in Hungary in exchange for uncensored publication of his memoirs backed by the Holy See.Although most bishops retire at or near age 75, <mask> continually denied rumors of his resignation, and was not canonically required to step down at the time. In December 1973, at the age of 81, <mask> was stripped of his titles by the Pope, who declared the Archdiocese of Esztergom officially vacated, but who refused to fill the seat while Mindszenty was still alive. Mindszenty visited Hungarian emigrants in 1975 in Caracas, Venezuela, and then Bogotá, Colombia. Just after this visit, he traveled back to Europe feeling quite ill. <mask> died on 6 May 1975, at the age of 83, in exile in Vienna. In early 1976, the Pope made Bishop László Lékai the primate of Hungary, ending a long struggle with the communist government. Legacy
In 1991, <mask>'s remains were repatriated to Esztergom by the newly elected government and buried in the basilica there. <mask> is widely admired in modern-day Hungary for his courage and resolve while opposing the Arrow Cross


texts:
 Party, during Communist imprisonment, and in exile.The Mindszenty Museum in Esztergom is dedicated to the life of the Cardinal. A commemorative statue of Cardinal Mindszenty stands at St. Ladislaus Church in New Brunswick, New Jersey, US. A monument was donated by the Hungarian community of Greater Cleveland in 1977 and stands at Cardinal Mindszenty Plaza in downtown Cleveland. <mask> is remembered in Santiago, Chile with a memorial in Parque Bustamante, the same park where a monument to the martyrs of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution stands. In June 1974, Cardinal Mindszenty visited the Woodside Priory School in Portola Valley, California. The school was founded by seven Hungarian Benedictine monks, associated with Saint Martin's Archabbey in Pannonhalma, who fled the repression in Hungary following the 1956 revolution. A bronze memorial was placed on the school's campus noting his visit.The Cardinal's visit to the San Francisco Bay Area included mass in December 1974 at St Raymond Church in Menlo Park, California; a monument commemorating the service was placed on parish grounds. Beatification process
The beatification and eventual canonization of Cardinal <mask> has been on the Hungarian Catholic Church's agenda ever since communism fell in 1989, and the 2005-2013 pontificate of Pope Benedict XVI was seen by many analysts as an excellent opportunity to achieve both, as the Pope had commented favourably on <mask>'s calling and legacy. The cause for the cardinal's beatification opened on 15 June 1993; Mindszenty became titled as a Servant of God after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints (CCS) assented to


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 introducing the cause in a decree nihil obstat ("no objection"). The diocesan process (collecting his spiritual writings and collecting witness interrogatories to attest to his reputation for holiness) opened in Esztergom on 19 March 1994 and closed 17 October 1996; the CCS validated the process as having complied with their regulations in Rome on 8 November 1999. In 2012, the Hungarian Bishops' Conference reaffirmed its support for continuing the late cardinal's cause for beatification. Theologians voiced their approval for the cause on 14 June 2018. Pope Francis declared Mindszenty venerable on 12 February 2019.In popular culture

<mask>'s life and battle against the Soviet domination of Hungary and communism were the subject of the 1950 American film Guilty of Treason, partly based on his personal papers and starring Charles Bickford as the cardinal. The 1955 British thriller The Prisoner is loosely based on Mindszenty's imprisonment, with Alec Guinness playing a fictionalized version of the cardinal. <mask> is reported to have disliked at least one of his film portrayals. The two-part 1966 episode "Old Man Out" of television's Mission: Impossible was loosely based on Mindszenty. The episode's premise was that a Catholic cardinal, a political prisoner and hero to his people, was slated for execution in an Eastern European prison. The series' protagonists were tasked with smuggling him out of the prison and country before his execution. See also
 Josef Beran
 John Fisher
 Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
 Josyf Slipyj
 Alojzije Stepinac
 Stefan Wyszyński
 List of Eastern Bloc defectors
 List of people granted political

masks: Mindszenty Mindszenty


texts:
 asylum
 The Black Book of Communism

References

Further reading
Lehnert, Pascalina; Susan Johnson (transl.).His Humble Servant: Sister M. Pascalina Lehnert's Memoirs of Her Years of Service to Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII. Saint Augustine's Press, South Bend. February 2014. .
"His Eminence files": American Embassy, Budapest: from Embassy archives, 15 (1971). ed by Ádám Somorjai, OSB, Budapest, METEM, 2008. Do Not Forget This Small Honest Nation: Cardinal Mindszenty to 4 US Presidents and State Secretaries 1956-1971 as Conserved in American Archives and Commented by American Diplomats. Ed. by Ádám Somorjai OSB and Tibor Zinner.XLIBRIS, 2013. Paksy Zoltán: Mindszenty József nézetei és politikai tevékenysége. Korunk, 2014. 4. szám (accessible online at www.multunk.hu). Somorjai, A.; Zinner, T.: Correspondence of Cardinal <mask> <mask> with the Holy See from the American Legation, 1956–71. – EOS Verlag, Sank Ottilien, 2017. . External links

The Cardinal Mindszenty Foundation

The lead door – a documentary about Cardinal <mask>'s life while in exile in the USA Embassy in Budapest

1892 births
1975 deaths
20th-century Hungarian cardinals
Archbishops of Esztergom
Bishops of Veszprém
Burials at Esztergom Basilica
Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII
Hungarian anti-communists
Hungarian-German people
Hungarian defectors
Hungarian prisoners and detainees
Hungarian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
People of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Prisoners and detainees of Hungary
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Hungary
Soviet show trials
Hungarian monarchists
Hungarian exiles
Venerated Catholics by Pope

masks:
József
Mindszenty
Joseph Mindszenty


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<mask>  (born January 4, 1985) is a Canadian cannabis rights activist and politician. She is the spouse of fellow activist <mask>. Until the business was shut down by police, the couple were co-owners of Cannabis Culture, a business that franchised pot dispensaries, later deemed to be illegal. They had obtained the cannabis from illegal sources, according to Crown prosecutors. They are the former operators and owners of Cannabis Culture magazine and Pot TV. She has run a cannabis legalisation platform in the Green Party of British Columbia, and the British Columbia Marijuana Party, and in 2014 unsuccessfully filed a nomination for the federal Liberal Party in the riding of Vancouver East. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Kamloops, BC, and graduated from St. Michael's University School in Victoria, British Columbia.She moved to Vancouver in 2004. She and <mask> married on July 23, 2006. Activism
As the former editor of Cannabis Culture magazine, she has been active in cannabis legalisation movements worldwide since 2004. She began her activism working for <mask> helping pack mail order cannabis as a teenager, and was later hired as assistant editor of Cannabis Culture magazine in early 2005. <mask> has spoken regularly at "4/20", "Cannabis Day" and Global Marijuana March rallies in Vancouver and Toronto, as well as other events in Canada and the United States, including Moses Znaimer's Idea City conference in June 2012 and 2014, the New Hampshire Liberty Forum in February 2012, Canadian University Press conference in 2010, Canadian Investors Conference in 2014, Boston Freedom Rally in 2012 and 2013, and the Burgundy Luncheon Club in 2011. <mask> testified in favor of legalization at the Washington state legislature in 2011, and participated in marijuana legalization initiatives in California in November 2010 and Washington State in 2012. She was part of a national press conference hosted by Stop the Violence BC in April 2012 featuring former British Columbia attorney general Geoffrey Plant, Dr. Evan Wood, and the United States prosecutor of her husband, John McKay.During her

masks:
Jodie Emery
Marc Emery
Emery
Marc Emery
Marc Emery
Emery
Emery


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 husband's five year incarceration beginning in 2010 in the United States, <mask> was active seeking the repatriation of her husband back to Canada, including protests at Conservative Party constituency offices in 2010, including the Calgary office of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and holding a press conference inside Parliament alongside three Members of Parliament in October 2013. <mask> produced a weekly video broadcast called The <mask> <mask> Show from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, <mask> appeared in the Trailer Park Boys film "Don't Legalize It". Other film appearances include the documentaries "Evergreen: the Road to Legalization", "Prince of Pot: The US vs <mask>", "A NORML Life", and "Legalize It". Criminal charges
<mask> and <mask> were both arrested in Montreal, and subsequently released, on December 16, 2016 after opening several new Cannabis Culture dispensaries in that city. At one time, there were 19 Cannabis Culture dispensaries in operation, in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. On March 8, 2017, the couple was arrested at Pearson International Airport and the Cannabis Culture shops were raided, leading to charges on a number of offences.The charges against 17 employees were withdrawn, but <mask> <mask> was convicted of possession of marijuana for the purpose of trafficking and possession of proceeds of crime over $5,000. <mask> was convicted of possession of marijuana for purpose of trafficking, trafficking marijuana and possession of proceeds of crime more than $5,000. They were required to pay fines ($150,000 and a $45,000 victim surcharge) and placed on two year probation. After a guilty plea, the couple was convicted of drug related charges on December 18, 2017, fined and placed on two years probation. Three other individuals were also convicted of drug-related charges. The couple had  claimed that the operation of pot shops was a form of civil disobedience, but Justice Leslie Chapin ruled as follows: "No doubt there were pro social motivations that were behind the actions, but at the same time, I have to recognize that much profit was made". In the media
Since 2004,

masks:
Emery
Emery
Jodie
Emery
Emery
Marc Emery
Jodie
Marc Emery
Jodie
Emery
Marc Emery


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 <mask> has been featured in the mainstream media.She has had many letters to the editor published in newspapers across Canada, and has written for the National Post, Huffington Post, and The Guardian UK. Her activism has led to hundreds of interviews on local, provincial and national television and radio. <mask> has been interviewed and profiled in newspapers and magazines in the United States and Canada, including Maclean's magazine, Fresh Magazine, Elle Canada magazine, the Globe and Mail, National Post, and the Georgia Straight. From 2013 to 2014, <mask> was a regular participant on the Global TV's BC1 channel show "Unfiltered" with Jill Krop, providing opinion on a wide range of current events and news stories. Political career
<mask> regularly comments on issues beyond legalization, usually through her Twitter account. She advocates for non-violence, tax spending reform, electoral reform, environmental awareness, policing and prison reform, and affordable education. She ran for provincial office as a B.C.Marijuana Party candidate in 2005, and again in a 2008 by-election. She ran as a candidate for the BC Green Party in the May 2009 election, coming in third, losing to Liberal Party member Kash Heed. During the campaign, she was the BC Green Party's Policing and Crime Critic, and was elected as a Director-At-Large at the 2010 BC Green Party Annual General Meeting. She ran again in the 2013 general election for the BC Green Party in Vancouver-West End, finishing with 11.39% of the vote. <mask> unsuccessfully  filed her intention to seek the nomination for the Liberal Party in the riding of Vancouver East, held in Parliament by NDP MP Libby Davies, who announced she would not run in the 2015 federal election. Personal life
<mask> and her husband have been separated for over a year as of January 2019. References

External links
 Official site
 Cannabis Culture

Canadian women in business
Living people
1985 births
Marijuana Party (Canada) politicians
British Columbia Marijuana Party politicians
People from Kamloops
Liberal Party of Canada leadership candidates
Canadian cannabis

masks: Emery Emery Emery Emery Emery Emery


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<mask>'Malley (17 January 1921 – 10 March 1968) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and rugby union player who served as Minister for Education from 1966 to 1968, Minister for Health from 1965 to 1966 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Finance from 1961 to 1965. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Limerick East constituency from 1954 to 1968. He is best remembered as the Minister who introduced free secondary school education in the Republic of Ireland. Early and private life
O'Malley was born in Limerick in 1921. Born into a wealthy middle-class family, he was educated by the Jesuits at Crescent College and later at Clongowes Wood College, County Kildare. He later studied at University College Galway (UCG), where he was conferred with a degree in engineering in 1943. He then returned to Limerick, where he worked as an engineer before becoming involved in politics.Rugby
O'Malley played rugby at provincial level for Munster, Leinster and Connacht and at club level for Garryowen and Shannon RFC. HIs chances at an international career were ruined by the suspension of international fixtures during World War II. It was at a rugby match in Tralee that he first met Dr. Hilda Moriarty (1922–1991), who he would go on to marry in August 1947. Moriarty was from a Gaeltacht area in Daingean Ui Chuis, County Kerry and assisted him with the Irish language segments of his speeches. The couple had two children: the actor Daragh O'Malley, and Suzanne, a fashion designer. O'Malley's wife is famous as Patrick Kavanagh's ideal love in the poem "On Raglan Road". Prior to meeting Hilda, O'Malley had been engaged to Audrey Harris (sister of the actor Richard Harris) who died tragically at the age of 21.Early political career
Although O'Malley ran as a Fianna Fáil candidate (the party which emerged from the anti-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War), he was born into a politically active family who supported Cumann na


texts:
 nGaedheal (the party which emerged from the pro-Treaty side) until a falling-out with the party in the early 1930s. He first became involved in local politics as a member of Limerick Corporation. He became Mayor of Limerick in 1961, the third O'Malley brother to hold the office (Desmond O'Malley was mayor from 1941 to 1943, and Michael O'Malley from 1948 to 1949). <mask> O'Malley was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil TD for Limerick East at the 1954 general election; Fianna Fáil was not returned to government on that occasion. He spent the rest of the decade on the backbenches; however, his party was returned to power in 1957. Two years later, the modernising process began when Seán Lemass took over from Éamon de Valera as Taoiseach. Lemass introduced younger cabinet ministers, as the old guard who had served the party since its foundation in 1926 began to retire.In 1961, O'Malley joined the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Finance. O'Malley was part of a new, brasher style of politician that emerged in the 1960s, sometimes nicknamed "the men in the mohair suits". It was expected that this generation of politician, born after the Civil War, would be a modernising force in post-de Valera Ireland. Although his sporting background was in rugby and swimming, it was Association football which O'Malley got involved in at a leadership level, going on to become President of the Football Association of Ireland. Cabinet career
Following Fianna Fáil's retention of power in the 1965 general election, O'Malley joined the cabinet as Minister for Health. He spent just over a year in this position before he was appointed Minister for Education, a position in which he displayed renowned dynamism. Having succeeded another dynamic young minister, Patrick Hillery (a political ally and friend who had attended medical school with O'Malley's wife, Hilda) he resolved to act swiftly to introduce the


texts:
 recommendations of an official report on education.As Minister for Education, O'Malley extended the school transport scheme and commissioned the building of new non-denominational comprehensive and community schools in areas where they were needed. He introduced Regional Technical Colleges (RTCs), now called Institutes of Technology, in areas where there was no third level college. The best example of this policy is the University of Limerick, originally an Institute of Higher Education, where O'Malley is credited with taking the steps to ensure that it became a university. His plan to merge Trinity College Dublin and University College Dublin aroused huge controversy, and was not successful, despite being supported by his cabinet colleague Brian Lenihan. Access to third-level education was also extended, the old scholarship system being replaced by a system of means-tested grants that gave easier access to students without well-off parents. Free Secondary School Education
Mid-twentieth century Ireland experienced significant emigration, especially to the neighbouring United Kingdom where, in addition to employment opportunities, there was a better state provision of education and healthcare. Social change in Ireland and policies intending to correct this deficit were often met with strong resistance, such as Noël Browne's proposed Mother and Child Scheme.As a former Health Minister, O'Malley had first-hand experience of running the Department which had attempted to introduce this scheme and understood the processes that caused it to fail, such as resistance from Department of Finance and John Charles McQuaid. This influenced his strategy for presenting the free education. Shortly after O'Malley was appointed, he announced that from 1969 all education up to Intermediate Certificate level would be free, and free buses would bring students in rural areas to their nearest school. O'Malley seems to have made this decision


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 himself without consulting other ministers; however, he did discuss it with Lemass. Jack Lynch—who as Minister for Finance had to find the money to pay for this—was not consulted and was dismayed at the announcement. On 10 September 1967, O'Malley addressed a dinner of the National Union of Journalists in which he announced the scheme.“I propose therefore, from the coming school year, beginning in September of next year, to introduce a scheme whereby, up to the completion of the Intermediate Certificate course, the opportunity for free post-primary education will be available to all families.”

“This free education will be available in the comprehensive and vocational schools, and in the general run of secondary schools. I say the general run of secondary schools because there will still be schools, charging higher fees, who may not opt to take my scheme; and the parent who wants to send his child to one of these schools and pay the fees will of course be free to do so.“Going on from there, I intend also to make provision whereby no pupil, to make provision whereby no pupil will, for lack of means, be prevented from continuing his or her education up to the end of the Leaving Certificate course. Further, I propose that assistance towards the cost of books and accessories will be given, through the period of his or her course, to the student on whom it would be a hardship to meet all such costs".By announcing the decision first to journalists and on a Saturday (during a month when the Dáil was in recess), the positive public reaction would temper resistance to the idea before the next cabinet meeting. O'Malley's proposals were hugely popular with the public, and it was impossible for the government to go back on his word. It is accepted in Ireland that O'Malley's extension of education, changing Ireland from a land where the majority were schooled only to the age of 14 to a country with universal secondary school


texts:
 education, led to the Celtic Tiger boom of the 1990s-2000s when it was followed for some years by an extension of free education to primary degree level in university, a scheme that was launched in 1996 by the Labour Party and axed in 2009 by Fianna Fail's Batt O'Keeffe. Death
O'Malley's reforms made him one of the most popular members of the government; he was affectionately known as 'the School Man' for his work in education. His sudden death in Limerick on 10 March 1968, before his vision for the education system was completed, came as a shock to the public. He was buried with a full Irish state funeral.Following his death, his widow, Dr. Hilda O'Malley, did not run in the subsequent by-election for the seat he had left vacant. It was won narrowly by their nephew Desmond O'Malley. Hilda sought the Fianna Fáil nomination for the 1969 general election, but Fianna Fáil gave the party nomination to Desmond, as the sitting TD. Hilda O'Malley ran as an Independent candidate in that election; after what proved a bitter campaign against her nephew, she failed to get the fourth seat in Limerick East by just 200 votes. Electoral Performance
O'Malley was a strong electoral performer, topping the poll in every general election he ran in. A by-election was called in 1968 to fill the seat left vacant after O'Malley's death. See also
Families in the Oireachtas
List of Irish state funerals

References

External links
Donogh O'Malley file at Limerick City Library, Ireland

1921 births
1968 deaths
Alumni of NUI Galway
Connacht Rugby players
Fianna Fáil TDs
Irish rugby union players
Irish civil engineers
Members of the 15th Dáil
Members of the 16th Dáil
Members of the 17th Dáil
Members of the 18th Dáil
Mayors of Limerick (city)
Ministers for Education (Ireland)
Ministers for Health (Ireland)
Munster Rugby players
Parliamentary Secretaries of the 17th Dáil
People educated at Clongowes Wood College
People educated at Crescent


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<mask> (May 14, 1912 – July 29, 2007), born <mask>, was a Polish-American biochemist and historian of science. His most significant scientific work involved synthetic peptides and their interactions with proteases; with his wife <mask>s he also published an influential textbook, General Biochemistry (1953; 1958). From 1970 until his death, Fruton worked extensively on the history of science, particularly the history of biochemistry and molecular biology. Childhood and education

<mask> was born in Częstochowa, Poland; his father <mask> (Charles) Fruchtgarten was a grain merchant, and his mother Ella (Aisenstadt) Fruchtgarten was a French teacher. Like many other Polish Jews, the Fruchtgartens immigrated to the United States shortly before the outbreak of World War I. They lived in New York City from 1913 to 1917, and in April 1917 they moved to Minsk (then occupied by the Red Army in the midst of the Russian Civil War). Between 1917 and 1923, Fruchtgarten attended school intermittently, moving from Minsk to Siedlce to Warsaw to Berlin, and learning French, German and Latin (in addition to Polish and English).In 1923, the Fruchtgartens returned to New York and changed their name to Fruton to avoid being targets of anti-Semitism. <mask>n followed his father in rejecting religion, but learned early on "not to advertise either [his] Jewishness or [his] atheism." After a few months at De Witt Clinton High School, Fruton joined the first class of students at James Madison High School. He graduated summa cum laude in 1927, excelling particularly in chemistry. He applied to Columbia University, and after an initial rejection—possibly because he was only 15 at the time, possibly because the school had already admitted the quota of New York Jews—his mother convinced an admissions official to reverse the decision. Inspired by the character Max Gottlieb from the Sinclair Lewis novel Arrowsmith, Fruton planned his Columbia education around becoming a scientist. The lectures and

masks:
Joseph Stewart Fruton
Joseph Fruchtgarten
Sofia Simmond
Joseph Fruchtgarten
Shama Nuta
Joseph Fruto


texts:
 lab-work of organic chemist John M. Nelson turned Fruton on to biochemistry.He received his degree in chemistry in 1931, and entered graduate school in the Department of Biological Chemistry in the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, working under Hans Thacher Clarke. Fruton's PhD work focused on "the lability of cystine in alkali", although he developed a broad interest in the range of biochemistry-related research being pursued at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. During graduate school Fruton also became active politically, opposing fascism, militarism and anti-Semitism. In 1933 he met <mask> "Topsy" <mask>, whom he married in 1936. Upon completing his PhD in May 1934, Fruton became a research assistant to Max Bergmann at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Research at the Rockefeller Institute

Fruton was a researcher at the Rockefeller Institute from 1934 to 1945, part of Max Bergmann's long-term and very successful research program in protein chemistry. In his earliest work there, Fruton tested the stereochemical specificity of dipeptidase.Under the tutelage of fellow Bergmann lab researcher Leonidas Zervas, a pioneer in peptide synthesis, Fruton synthesized stereospecific dipeptides and other small peptides as enzyme substrates. Fruton and his colleagues found significant instances of specificity in a range of proteases—observations that were relevant to the ongoing theoretical discussions of protein structure. His most significant discovery at the Rockefeller Institute was a synthetic peptide substrate for pepsin, contrary to the common idea that pepsin would not act on short synthetic peptides. As a side project, he also worked on applications of Bergmann and Zervas's carbobenzoxy method of peptide synthesis and some of the associated side reactions. Between December 1941 and the end of World War II, research in Bergmann's lab shifted from basic protein chemistry to war-related research under the National Defense Research

masks: Sophia Simmonds


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 Committee, part of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Fruton studied the chemistry of nitrogen mustards. In 1943, Fruton won the American Chemical Society's  Eli Lilly Award.Biochemistry at Yale

In 1945, after Max Bergmann's death, Fruton joined the Yale University Department of Physiological Chemistry (part of the medical school) —headed then by C. N. Hugh Long—where he taught biological chemistry to medical students. Fruton joined a growing science faculty, which included the editor of the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Rudolph Anderson; biochemist Edward Tatum also came to Yale at the same time. In addition to research and teaching at Yale, in 1948 Fruton visited the laboratories of several eminent biochemists: Kaj Linderstrøm-Lang's chemistry department at the Carlsberg Laboratory; Hugo Theorell's lab in Stockholm; and Alexander Todd's lab at Cambridge University. At the end of his five-year appointment as assistant professor, Fruton was promoted to full professor received a joint appointment in the Chemistry department—at the time, the only Jewish full professor in the medical school. By 1952, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and that year he also became chairman of the Department of Physiological Chemistry (which was renamed Biochemistry, reflecting the shift in research focus from medical to general biological problems). Most of Fruton's early research at Yale was funded by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation; Warren Weaver was making enzymology one of the Foundation's research focuses. Fruton headed a growing lab that included doctoral students, postdoctoral researchers, and technical assistants.The two main areas of research were the action of proteolytic enzymes and the chemical (as opposed to biological) synthesis of peptides (the substrates used to explore the enzymatic reactions). Members of Fruton's lab studied cathepsin C and several other peptidases, as well as proteinases that catalyzed transpeptidation,


texts:
 which was thought (and ultimately confirmed) to be part of the biosynthesis of proteins. Rather than leading a team effort focused on a small number of high-priority problems, Fruton allowed members of his laboratory to choose their own problems (usually within the broad bounds of protein synthesis and proteinases). Ph.D. students and postdoctoral researchers who worked in Fruton's lab include: Mary Ellen Jones, Melvin Fried, Hannelore Würz, Peter Heinrich, Karen Nilsson, Bob Metrione, Yoshihiro Okuda, George Taborsky, Christine Zioudrou, Maxine <mask>, Louis Cohen, Frederick Newth, John Thanassi, Charles Drey, Derek George <mask>, Atsuo Nagamatsu, and Milton Winitz. A number of prominent biochemists from outside Yale also spent time in Fruton's biochemistry department during his tenure as chair, including: Harry Kroll, Rosabelle McManus, John Clark Lewis, Herbert Gutfreund, Max Gruber, Frank Hird, Vernon Ingram, Hans Kornberg, Dimitrios Theodoropoulos, and Hans Tuppy. In 1953, Fruton and <mask>onds completed the textbook General Biochemistry, which became one of the most influential textbooks for a generation of biochemistry students. They produced a second edition in 1958.Administrative work
In 1959, after offering advice to Yale president A. Whitney Griswold on strengthening the sciences at Yale, Fruton became Director of the Division of Science, a position he held until 1962. His work led to the creation of the short-lived Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (MBB), although his initial proposal to create a similar department that combined the existing biophysics and biochemistry departments was rejected. Fruton became burnt out on Yale politics after an extended conflict with provost Kingman Brewster, in which Brewster attempted to bypass Fruton's science advisory committee and create a molecular biology department independent of biochemistry department; the MBB department was created only after Brewster had failed to attract a prominent scientist

masks: Singer Smyth Simm


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 from outside Yale to head a molecular biology department, and the Department of Biochemistry remained separate as part of the medical school until the creation of the Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry (MB&B) in 1969 (which was itself created after a lengthy and unsuccessful attempt to find a suitably eminent replacement for Fruton to head the Department of Biochemistry). Fruton and <mask> traveled abroad during the 1962–1963 academic year, returning just as the MBB department was being created and the Department of Biochemistry was entering a "crisis" because of the loss of experienced faculty (in particular, Fred Richards, the new head of MBB, and Ernie Pollard, who had left to head a biophysics department at Penn State). Death

Fruton died two days after his wife in New Haven on 29 July 2007. Works
General Biochemistry (1953, 1958), with <mask>s
Molecules and Life: Historical Essays on the Interplay of Chemistry and Biology (1972)
A Bio-bibliography for the History of the Biochemical Sciences since 1800 (1982, 1985, 1994)
Contrasts in Scientific Style: Research Groups in the Chemical and Biochemical Sciences (1990)
A Skeptical Biochemist (1992)
Eighty Years (1994)
Proteins, Enzymes, Genes: The Interplay of Chemistry and Biology (1999)
Methods and Styles in the Development of Chemistry (2002)

Awards and honors
In 1993, Fruton received the Dexter Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry from the American Chemical Society. Notes

References

External links
Joseph Stewart Fruton Papers (MS 1396).Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

American biochemists
Historians of science
1912 births
2007 deaths
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Columbia University alumni
Rockefeller University people
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
James Madison High School (Brooklyn) alumni
Scientists from New York (state)
Polish emigrants to

masks:
Sophia Simmonds
Sophia Simmond


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<mask>. (born November 25, 1957) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 60th Governor of Maryland from 2003 to 2007. A Republican, <mask> represented Maryland's 2nd Congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1995 to 2003. Prior to that, he was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates. In 2006, <mask> was defeated in his bid for re-election by Democrat Martin O'Malley. In 2010, <mask> sought an unsuccessful rematch against O'Malley. <mask> then announced, via his website, that he would "return to private life." In October 2011, he was named chair of Mitt Romney's Maryland campaign for the 2012 Republican nomination for President.Early life, career, and family
<mask> was born in the Southwest Baltimore suburb of Arbutus, Maryland, the son of Nancy (Bottorf), a legal secretary, and Robert Leroy <mask>, a commission car salesman. After attending Gilman School, he studied at Princeton University, where he attended on a partial scholarship and was captain of the football team and a member of the Cap and Gown Club. <mask> graduated from Princeton with an A.B. in politics in 1979 after completing a 140-page long senior thesis titled "Alexander Solzenitsyn: The Man and His Politics." He continued on to law school, graduating from Wake Forest University School of Law in 1982. After law school, <mask> worked for Ober, Kaler, Grimes and Shriver, a Baltimore law firm, and became active in politics. In November 1986, <mask> won a seat in the Maryland House of Delegates, representing parts of Baltimore County from 1987 to 1995.Personal
He married Kendel Sibiski in 1993. They have two sons, Drew Robert <mask> and Joshua Taylor <mask>. He is also a frequent guest on the Sports Junkies. Congress

In 1993, 2nd district Representative Helen Delich Bentley announced she would be vacating her seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. <mask>

masks:
Robert Leroy Ehrlich Jr
Ehrlich
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