texts: Libertarian Studies. Spooner's writings were a major influence on Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard and right-libertarian law professor and legal theorist Randy Barnett. His writings were often reprinted in early libertarian journals such as the Rampart Journal and Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought. While influencing anarcho-capitalists such as Rothbard, MacSaorsa argues that Spooner was an "anti-capitalist" who preferred to see "a society of self-employed farmers, artisans and cooperating workers, not a society of wage slaves and capitalists". MacSaorsa further argues that Spooner was opposed to wage labor, "wanting that social relationship destroyed by turning capital over to those who work in it, as associated producers and not as wage slaves".In January 2004, Laissez Faire Books established the Lysander Spooner Award for advancing the literature of liberty. The honor is awarded monthly to the most important contributions to right-libertarian literature, followed by an annual award to the winner. In 2010, the Libertarian, Agorist, Voluntaryist and Anarch Association of Authors and Publishers (LAVA) created the Lysander Spooner Award for Book of the Year which has been awarded annually since 2011. The LAVA Awards are held annually to honor excellence in books relating to the principles of liberty, with the Lysander Spooner Award being the grand prize award. Spooner's The Unconstitutionality of Slavery was cited in the 2008 Supreme Court case District of Columbia v. Heller which struck down the federal district's ban on handguns. Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the court, quotes Spooner as saying the right to bear arms was necessary for those who wanted to take a stand against slavery. It was


type: original

texts:
 also cited by Justice Clarence Thomas in his concurring opinion in McDonald v. Chicago, another firearms case, the following year.Publications
Virtually everything written by Spooner is contained in the six-volume compilation The Collected Works of <mask> Spooner (1971). The most notable exception is Vices Are Not Crimes, not widely known until its republication in 1977. "The Deist's Immortality, and An Essay on Man's Accountability for His Belief" (1834)
 "The Deist's Reply to the Alleged Supernatural Evidences of Christianity" (1836)
 "Constitutional Law, Relative to Credit, Currency, and Banking" (1843)
 "The Unconstitutionality of the Laws of Congress, Prohibiting Private Mails" (1844)
 The Unconstitutionality of Slavery (1845)
 "Poverty: Its Illegal Causes, and Legal Cure" (1846)
 "Illegality of the Trial of John W. Webster" (1850)
 "An Essay on Trial by Jury" (1852)
 "The Law of Intellectual Property" (1855)
 "A Plan for the Abolition of Slavery, and To the Non-Slaveholders of the South" (1858)
 "Address of the Free Constitutionalists to the People of the United States" (1860)
 "A New System of Paper Currency" (1861)
 "A Letter to Charles Sumner" (1864)
 "Considerations for Bankers, and Holders of United States Bonds" (1864)
 No Treason No. I (1870)
 No Treason No. II: The Constitution (1870)
 [http://files.libertyfund.org/files/2194/Spooner_1485_Bk.pdf No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority] (1870)
 "Forced Consent" (1873)
 "Vices Are Not Crimes: A Vindication of Moral Liberty" (1875)
 "Our Financiers: Their Ignorance, Usurpations and Frauds" (1877)
 "Gold and Silver as Standards of Value: The Flagrant Cheat in Regard to Them" (1878)
 "Natural Law, or the Science of Justice" (1882)
 "A Letter to Thomas F.


texts:
 Bayard" (1882)
 "A Letter to Scientists and Inventors, on the Science of Justice" (1884)
 "A Letter to Grover Cleveland, on His False Inaugural Address, the Usurpations and Crimes of Lawmakers and Judges, and the Consequent Poverty, Ignorance, and Servitude of the People" (1886)
 "Two Treatises on Competitive Currency and Banking" (2018)

Archival material
There are collections of letters written by Spooner in the Boston Public Library and the New York Historical


texts:
<mask> (January 18, 1904 – July 30, 2006) was a celebrated American accordionist, arranger, composer, conductor, author, and teacher, and is considered by many to be the first American accordionist to promote the accordion as a "legitimate" concert instrument. Early life

Galla-Rini was born in Manchester, Connecticut, the third of seven children to John and Angela Galla-Rini, an Italian immigrant family. His father started teaching Galla-Rini the cornet at the age of four. In the same year, he made his debut on the Vaudeville circuit with the family band, and an encore performance of "Casey Jones" on the cornet. It was at this time that Galla-Rini also learned to play the accordion, a three-row button instrument. Galla-Rini performed on the Vaudeville circuit for twenty years, in that time learning to play 11 woodwind and brass instruments in addition to the accordion, as well as theory in harmony and counterpoint, and operatic and symphonic conducting. He toured the United States with his family, playing with such Vaudeville stars as Mae West, The Marx Brothers, Jack Benny, Jimmy Durante, and Eddie Cantor.After his sisters dropped out of the family's act when he was twelve, Galla-Rini's accordion playing became more important to the act as his father John played a more diverse range of instruments. It was at this time Galla-Rini realized the accordion was a complete musical instrument in itself, devoting more time and attention to the accordion and eventually abandoning all other musical instruments in favor of the accordion. Career

In 1924 Galla-Rini dropped out of his father's Vaudeville act due to disputes over salary, and joined his sisters, forming a separate act that lasted until 1932. Their salary peaked at around $600 per week. The Vaudeville ended with the advent of motion pictures with sound, forcing Galla-Rini's family to find other forms of work. Galla-Rini decided to open an accordion studio in San Francisco. He established himself as a teacher,


texts: writing both accordion instruction books and also various music for the instrument.In 1933, Galla-Rini married Dina Petromilli, and their son Ronald Pascal was born three years later. Eventually Galla-Rini moved from California to New York City, to be closer to various music publishers, Galla-Rini eventually writing music for more than 30 publishing houses. Galla-Rini was one of the founding members of the American Accordionists' Association (AAA) in 1938 in New York City, and is in fact their first member. He also founded the International Accordion Teachers' Guild (ATG), in 1941 in Chicago serving as President Emeritus of that society throughout his career. In addition, Galla-Rini also served as a Vice-President of the Confédération Internationale des Accordéonistes (CIA), a member of the United Nations' International Music Council (IMC). In 1941 Galla-Rini also composed his Accordion Concerto in G Minor (no. 1), and premiered it with the Oklahoma City University Symphony Orchestra on November 15, 1941.Since then there have been more than 39 performances of this concerto in the United States as well as additional performances in England, Finland, Norway and Canada. This concerto was recorded by Swedish accordionist and Galla-Rini protégé Jörgen Sundeqvist with organist Håkan Dahlen and released in 2005 on a CD by Courthourse Music of Sweden. Galla-Rini returned to California in 1942, and began teaching accordion again. He joined a rumba band playing at the Trocadero on Sunset Boulevard, leading to invitations to record soundtracks for the Hollywood film industry, playing in many films, including Rhapsody in Blue, High Noon, and The Gunfighter. During the next decade, he performed on concert tours in various theaters across the United States. He also toured England, Scotland, Norway and Sweden in 1950, taking his family with him. In 1951 he represented the ATG at the CIA General Assembly and Coupe Mondiale in Paris, resulting in the CIA accepting the ATG as a


texts:
 member organization.In 1958 and 1959, he performed as a guest artist in Carnegie Hall. In 1968, Dina Galla-Rini died. Three years later, <mask> married Dolly Cortella. He was married to her until she died at the age of 101. In 1975, the President of Italy conferred on him the title of "Cavalier of the Star of Solidarity" in recognition of his efforts towards strengthening the cultural bonds between Italian and American people and for his interest in the development of the Italian accordion in America. Galla-Rini was also the first person to be inducted in the ATG Hall of Fame on his 99th birthday in 2003. In 1976 he composed "Accordion Concerto No.2 in E minor" (in three movements) for the free-bass system. And in 1983 he composed "Sonata in D minor" for accordion (also in three movements). Death and legacy

Galla-Rini died of a heart attack in a hospital in Corona, CA at the age of 102 after a nurse reported problems at the nursing home where he lived. Galla-Rini's career spanned 98 years as a professional accordionist, and more than 74 years as an accordion teacher. He has arranged literally hundreds of transcriptions for accordion ensembles, orchestras and soloists. He has also played a major part in pioneering the development of the modern accordion, developing the treble and bass registers, as well as standardizing the stradella bass system on the accordion. References

Bibliography

A Collection of Lectures for Accordionists (Music Graphics Press, San Diego: 1981)

External links

 Galla-Rini discography by Petosa Accordions
 Galla-Rini biography by Petosa Accordions
 Galla-Rini memorial at Accordions Worldwide
 Galla-Rini memorial by student Joan Sommers
 Galla-Rini with harpist Charlotte Laughton Tinsley

American accordionists
American classical accordionists
Vaudeville performers
American people of Italian descent
American centenarians
Men centenarians
1904 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American musicians
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century


texts:
<mask>, 1st Viscount <mask>  (20 December 1800 – 8 August 1885), known as <mask>, 3rd Baronet, between 1846 and 1866, was a British Whig politician and Member of the British Parliament. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1846 to 1852. Background
<mask> was the son of Sir Francis Lindley Wood, 2nd Baronet of Barnsley, and his wife Anne, daughter of Samuel Buck. He was educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford, where he studied classics and mathematics. Political career
A Liberal and Member of Parliament from 1826 to 1866, Wood abandoned the seat of Great Grimsby and was returned in 1831 for the pocket borough of Wareham, probably as a paying guest, which arrangement enabled him to remain in London in preparation for the reading of the Reform Bill. He confided his views to his father: the reform is an efficient, substantial, anti-democratic, pro-property measure, but it sweeps away rotten boroughs and of course disgusts their proprietors. The main hope therefore of carrying it, is by the voice of the country, thus operating by deciding all wavering votes ...The radicals, for which heaven be praised, support us ...He voted meticulously for the bill at every stage, and it received the Royal assent in the following year. Wood served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord John Russell's government (1846–1852), where he opposed any further help for Ireland during the Great Famine there. In his 1851 budget, Sir <mask> liberalized trade, reducing import duties and encouraging consumer goods. In the succeeding Tory government, the new

masks:
Charles Wood
Halifax
Sir Charles Wood
Halifax
Charles


texts:
 Chancellor Benjamin Disraeli, a former protectionist, referred to Wood's influence on economic policy in an interim financial statement on 30 April 1852, setting a trend for the way budgets are presented in the Commons. This reduction in tariffs led to a noticeable increase in consumption. For Wood, Disraeli was 'petulant and sarcastic', qualities he disliked. Wood later served as President of the Board of Control under Lord Aberdeen (1852–1855), as First Lord of the Admiralty in Lord Palmerston's first administration (1855–1858), and as Secretary of State for India in Palmerston's second government (1859–1866).He succeeded to his father's baronetcy in 1846, and in 1866 he was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Halifax, of Monk Bretton in the West Riding of the County of York. After the unexpected death of Lord Clarendon necessitated a reshuffle of Gladstone's first cabinet, <mask> was brought in as Lord Privy Seal, serving from 1870 to 1874, his last public office. Role in the Irish Famine
The Great Famine in Ireland (1845 to 1851) led to the death of 1 million, and over 1 million emigrating from the country. On 30 June 1846, Peel's Tories were replaced by a Whig government led by Lord John Russell. The government sought to embed free trade and laissez faire economics. Sir <mask>, a senior civil servant at the Treasury, in close cooperation with Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir <mask>, sought to oppose intervention in Ireland. Extreme parsimony of the British Government towards Ireland while Wood was in charge of the Treasury greatly enhanced

masks:
Halifax
Charles Trevelyan
Charles Wood


texts:
 the suffering of those affected by famine.Wood believed in the economic policy of Laissez-faire and preferred to leave the Irish to starve rather than "undermine the market" by allowing in cheap imported grain. Wood also shared Trevelyan's anti-Irish, moralistic views, with Wood believing the famine should eliminate the "present habits of dependence", and obliging Irish property to support Irish poverty. Wood believed the famine was not accidental, but willed, and would bring along a social revolution: "A want of food and employment is a calamity sent by Providence", it had "precipitated things with a wonderful impetus, so as to bring them to an early head". He hoped the famine would clear small farmers, and lead to a "better" economic system. Wood's despatch

As the President of the Board of Control, Wood took a major step in spreading education in India when in 1854 he sent a despatch to Lord Dalhousie, the then Governor-General of India. It was recommended therein that:

 An education department was to be set in every province. Universities on the model of the London university be established in big cities such as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.At least one government school be opened in every district. Affiliated private schools should be given grant in aid. The Indian natives should be given training in their mother tongue also. In accordance with Wood's despatch, education departments were established in every province and universities were opened at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in 1857, in Punjab in 1882, and at Allahbad in 1887. Family


texts:
Lord <mask> married Lady Mary Grey (3 May 1807 – 6 July 1884), fifth daughter of <mask>, 2nd Earl Grey, on 29 July 1829. They had four sons and three daughters:

 Hon Blanche Edith Wood (d. 21 July 1921) married 21 September 1876, Col Hon Henry William Lowry-Corry (30 June 1845 – 6 May 1927). Hon Alice Louisa Wood (d. 3 June 1934)
 <mask> Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 January 1839 – 19 January 1934)
 Hon Emily Charlotte Wood (1840 – 21 December 1904) married Hugo Francis Meynell-Ingram (1822 – 26 May 1871)
 Capt Hon Francis Lindley Wood, RN (17 October 1841 – 14 October 1873)
 Lt Col Hon Henry John Lindley Wood (12 January 1843 – 5 January 1903)
 Fredrick George Lindley Wood (later Meynell) (4 June 1846 – 4 November 1910)

Lady Halifax died in 1884.Lord <mask> survived her by just over a year and died in August 1885, aged 84. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son <mask>, who was the father of Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax. References

Bibliography

External links

1800 births
1885 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
Lords Privy Seal
Lords of the Admiralty
British Secretaries of State
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Wood, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, Charles
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Wood family
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Great Grimsby
Peers of the United Kingdom created by

masks:
Halifax
Charles Grey
Charles Lindley
Halifax
Charles
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood
Charles Wood


texts:
Father Frédéric-<mask> (雷鳴遠) (19 August 1877 — 24 June 1940) was a Roman Catholic missionary to China whose advocacy led Pope Pius XI to appoint the first native Chinese bishops. Born in Belgium, he chose to become a Chinese citizen at a time when missionaries, like all Westerners, enjoyed legal privileges in China, including immunity from Chinese law. He was captured by the Chinese Communists in 1940 and died later that year. Life and Works
<mask> was born on 19 August 1877 in Ghent, Belgium into a devout Catholic family. His father was Flemish a public notary, and his mother was of half French and half English descent. He was the eldest son and was baptized under the name Frédéric. When he was 11 years old, he read about the martyrdom of French Catholic missionary Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, a member of the Lazarists, in Wuchang, China in 1840, inspiring him want to become a missionary in China.In 1895, in Paris, <mask> entered the Lazarist order. While <mask> was a seminary student in 1900, the Boxer Rebellion occurred in China, and the Belgian missionary Ferdinand Hamer was martyred in Inner Mongolia. <mask> nonetheless decided to go to China to promote Catholicism. In 1901, <mask> followed Pierre-Marie-Alphonse Favier, Bishop of Beijing, to China. He was ordained in Beijing on 28 October 1901, and was then sent to do mission work in Xiaohan village of Wuqing County (now part of Tianjin Municipality) and elsewhere in the Beijing-Tianjin region. In 1903, <mask> presided over the rebuilding of the Xiaohan church, damaged during the Boxer

masks:
Vincent Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe


texts: Rebellion. Upon reaching China, Lebbe strove to study Chinese culture, and learned to read Chinese books, speak fluent standard Mandarin, and write beautiful calligraphy.<mask> eventually dressed in Chinese clothes, lives according to Chinese customs, and interacted primarily with Chinese friends and coreligionists. In 1912, the Apostolic Vicariate of Tianjin was established, and <mask> was able to achieve spectacular results in his miss work, being promoted to the position of vicar for the new Vicariate (a position second only to the Vicariate's Bishop). On 10 October 1915, <mask> and the Chinese Catholics founded the Catholic newspaper  (益世報) in Tianjin's Nanshi District on Rongye Street (outside of the Concessions), which is considered one of the "Four Great Newspapers of the Republican period" (民国四大报刊). <mask>'s command of Chinese allowed him to interact with the Chinese intelligentsia of Tianjin, converting dozens and attracting the attention of many more, especially with lecture hall discussions on religion, ethics, and patriotism. Along with Anthony Cotta (汤作霖), <mask> criticized various foreign religious organizations for the practice of controlling Chinese Catholicism to the benefit of their home countries, proposing the slogan "Return China to the Chinese and the, Chinese will go to Christ", and actively promoted that the Vatican appoint bishops of Chinese nationality. For these actions, <mask> drew the ire of his Lazarist superiors. In 1916, the Laoxikai affair (老西開事件) occurred in Tianjin.The basis of the struggle was that the

masks: Lebbe Lebbe Lebbe Lebbe Lebbe Lebbe


texts: French Consul of Tianjin with the support of the Church leadership in Tianjin attempted to expand the French Concession by appropriating land adjacent to St. Joseph's Cathedral and incorporating it into the Concession. Yishibao published many objections to these actions, including one written by <mask> himself, bringing <mask> into conflict with Tianjin Bishop Paul-Marie Dumond. As a result of the disagreement, <mask> was demoted and transferred Ningbo diocese in April 1920, and he soon afterwards returned to Europe. Nonetheless, the protests of <mask> and Cotta to the Vatican influenced Pope Benedict XV's 1919 apostolic letter Maximum illud, which aimed to indigenize the Church in China and curb the worst abuses of Western missionaries, including actions undertaken in the interest of one's country rather than the Church as a whole. While in Europe, <mask> assisted Chinese students and engaged in missionary work among them, where he competed for their allegiance with a former leader in the Tianjin Student Union and Yishibao reporter, Zhou Enlai. He also helped establish the Society of Auxiliaries of the Missions and the Women Lay Auxiliaries of the Missions during this time. <mask> continued to lobby the Vatican to reform the China mission, even meeting with the Pope to make his case, and he was influential in the appointment of the first six Chinese bishops, whose consecration he attended, on 28 October 1926 in St. Peter's Basilica.The six were Zhu Kaimin in Haimen (朱开敏,海门教区), Cheng Hede in Puqi (成和德, 蒲圻教区), Chen Guodi in Fenyang


texts: (陈国砥,汾阳教区), Zhao Huaiyi in Xuanhua (赵怀义, 宣化教区), Hu Ruoshan in Taizhou (胡若山, 台州教区), and Sun Dezhen in Anguo (孙德桢, 安国教区). In 1927, <mask>'s applied for and was granted Chinese citizenship and returned to China in 1928, aiding Bishop Sun Dezhen in Anguo, Hebei and helping establish two Chinese religious orders, the Little Brothers of St. John the Baptist (Les Petits frères de Saint-Jean-Baptiste, 耀汉小兄弟会) and the Little Sisters of St. Theresa of the Holy Child (Les Petites soeurs de Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus, 德来小姊妹会), the latter named for Saint Thérèse of Lisieux). <mask> strongly advocated on behalf of the Chinese people against Japanese imperialism. During the Battle of Rehe in 1933, <mask> led his congregation to rescue and treat wounded soldiers. After the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, <mask> organized and led a Catholic battlefield rescue and relief team which aided wounded soldiers at Taihangshan (太行山) and Zhongtiaoshan (中条山), and led refugee relief efforts, including providing education for students whose schools had been closed by the fighting. In the midst of a clash between Lu Chung-lin's Kuomintang forces and the Communist Eighth Route Army, <mask> (who supported the KMT) was captured by the Communists on 9 March 1940 and held captive in Liao County, Taihang District of Shanxi Province (today's Zuoquan County). Treated as a Kuomintang spy, Lebbe endured six weeks of brainwashing and physical mistreatment, and was seriously ill when released more than 40 days later.He died of exhaustion at Geleshan in Chungking

masks: Lebbe Lebbe Lebbe Lebbe Lebbe


texts:
 on 24 June 1940. Legacy
<mask> was instrumental in promoting the inculturation of the Catholic Church in China, a movement which was only partially underway when the new Communist regime expelled all foreign missionaries after 1949. The <mask> Archives are maintained at the Faculté de théologie at the l'Université Catholique de Louvain in Louvain, Belgium. The case for <mask>'s beatification was opened in 1988 by the Little Brothers of St. John the Baptist of Taichung, Taiwan. Many schools and institutions bear his name, and he received official praise from the ROC government after his death, including a memorial tablet at the National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine in Taipei. Writings
Oeuvres de <mask>
Memoria sullo stato dell'evangelizzazione in Cina e sulla formazione del Clero indigeno, Sagra Congregazione De Propaganda Fide, Ponente, Rome 1922. Que sera la Chine demain?, 1925
En Chine, il y a du nouveau, Paris 1930
Histoires chinoises, Louvain 1937

References

Further reading
 Jacques Leclercq, Thunder in the Distance.The Life of Père <mask>, New York: Sheed & Ward, 1958, 322 p.
Huang Fadien, Le Père <mask> et les Étudiants Chinois en Europe (1920-1927). Mémoire de licence en sciences historiques présenté à l'Université Catholique de Louvain, 1972
Vincent Thoreau, Le tonnerre qui chante au loin. Vie et mort du Père Lebbe, apôtre des Chinois (1877-1940), Bruxelles, 1990

External links

 http://www.vincentlebbe.net/
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOBK38saMac (in French)

Roman Catholic missionaries in China
Clergy from Ghent
1877

masks:
Lebbe
Vincent Lebbe
Lebbe
Vincent Lebbe
Lebbe
Lebbe


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<mask> ( – June 13, 1861) was an English-American house painter who was the first known person to attempt the assassination of a sitting president of the United States. <mask> attempted to shoot President Andrew Jackson outside the United States Capitol on January 30, 1835. At trial, <mask> was found not guilty by reason of insanity and spent the remainder of his life in insane asylums. Early life
<mask> was born in England, most likely around 1800 or 1801. His family emigrated to the United States when he was 12 years old and settled in Virginia, near Washington, D.C. <mask>'s childhood and early adult years were apparently normal. At his trial, he was described by acquaintances and relatives as a "relatively fine young boy" who was "reserved in his manner; but industrious and of good moral habits." <mask> later found work as a house painter.Historians have speculated that exposure to the toxic chemicals in the paints that he used may have contributed to his mental illness, which manifested itself in his thirties, and he later became violent to his siblings. Mental illness
By November 1832, <mask>'s behavior and mental stability had inexplicably changed. He abruptly announced to his family that he was returning to England, and he left Washington shortly thereafter. He returned a month later telling his family he decided not to travel abroad as it was too cold. Shortly after returning, he again announced that he was returning to England to study landscape painting. <mask> left once again and briefly stayed in Philadelphia before returning home. He told his family that "unnamed persons" had prevented him from traveling abroad and that the U.S. government also disapproved of his plan to return to England.<mask> also claimed that while he was in Philadelphia, he read several stories about himself in the newspaper

masks:
Richard Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


texts: that were critical of his travel plans and his character. <mask> told his family that he had no choice but to return to Washington until he could afford to buy a ship and hire a captain who would sail the ship to England for him. Around this time, <mask> abruptly quit his house painting job. When questioned by his sister and brother-in-law with whom he was living, <mask> claimed that he did not need to work because the U.S. government owed him a large sum of money. <mask> had come to believe that he was owed money because he was <mask> of England and owned two English estates. <mask> became convinced that he was not receiving the money because of President Andrew Jackson's opposition to the Second Bank of the United States. He felt that if Jackson were no longer in office, Vice President Martin Van Buren would establish a national bank and allow Congress to pay him the money for his English estate claims.<mask>'s personality and outward appearance changed dramatically around this time. Once conservatively dressed, <mask> grew a mustache and began buying expensive and flamboyant clothing, which he would change three or four times a day. He took to standing in the doorway of his home for hours and gazing out into the street. Neighborhood children would jokingly address him as "King <mask>", which typically pleased <mask>, who failed to realize the children were teasing him. He also became paranoid and hostile towards others. On one occasion, he threatened to kill a maid who he thought was laughing at him. <mask> also began verbally and physically abusing his family, mainly his sisters, over imagined slights.In one instance, he threatened to hit his sister with a paperweight because he believed that she had been talking about him. At <mask>'s trial, witnesses described the bizarre behavior that he exhibited.

masks:
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Richard III
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Richard
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


texts:
 Several people testified that <mask> would engage in nonsensical conversations with himself, and others stated that he would have laughing and cursing fits. Assassination attempt

In the weeks leading up to the assassination attempt, <mask> began observing Jackson's movements. Witnesses later testified that <mask> was often seen sitting in his paint shop muttering to himself about Jackson. On Friday, January 30, 1835, the day of the assassination attempt, <mask> was seen sitting in his paint shop with a book in his hand while laughing. <mask> suddenly got up, left the shop and stated, "I'll be damned if I don't do it."On January 30, Jackson was attending the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis at the U.S. Capitol. <mask> originally planned to shoot Jackson as he entered the service but was unable to get close enough to him. However, by the time Jackson left the funeral, <mask> had found a space near a pillar on the East Portico, where Jackson would pass. As Jackson walked by, <mask> stepped out and fired his first pistol at Jackson's back; it misfired. <mask> quickly made another attempt with his second pistol, but that also misfired. It was later determined that the weapons that he had chosen were noted for being vulnerable to moisture, and the weather on that date was humid and damp. <mask>'s unsuccessful attempts were noticed by Jackson, who proceeded to beat him with his cane.The crowd, which included U.S. Representative "Davy" Crockett, eventually intervened and wrestled <mask> into submission. Trial and commitment
<mask> was brought to trial on April 11, 1835, at the District of Columbia City Hall. The prosecuting attorney was Francis Scott Key. At his trial, <mask> was prone to wild rants and he refused to recognize the legitimacy of the proceedings. At one point he said to the

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence


texts:
 courtroom, "It is for me, gentlemen, to pass judgment on you, and not you upon me." After only five minutes of deliberation, the jury found <mask> "not guilty by reason of insanity". In the years following his acquittal, <mask> was held by several institutions and hospitals.In 1855, he was committed to the newly-opened Government Hospital for the Insane (later renamed St. Elizabeths Hospital), in Washington, D.C., where he remained until his death on June 13, 1861. Aftermath
As with later assassinations, there was speculation that <mask> was part of a conspiracy. While nobody denied <mask>'s involvement, many people, including Jackson, believed that he might have been supported in or put up to carrying out the assassination attempt by the President's political enemies. U.S. Senator (and Jackson's former vice president) John C. Calhoun made a statement on the Senate floor that he was not connected to the attack. Nevertheless, Jackson believed that Calhoun, an old enemy, was at the bottom of the attempt. Jackson also suspected a former friend and supporter, Senator George Poindexter of Mississippi, who had used <mask> to do some house painting a few months earlier.Because Poindexter was unable to convince his supporters in Mississippi that he was not involved in a plot against Jackson, he was defeated for re-election. However, no evidence was ever discovered that connected <mask> with either Calhoun or Poindexter in a plot to kill Jackson. References

Sources

External links
This Day In History: Andrew Jackson narrowly escapes assassination at History.com

1800 births
1861 deaths
19th-century English people
Andrew Jackson
Deaths in mental institutions
English emigrants to the United States
Failed assassins of presidents of the United States
House painters
People acquitted by reason of insanity
Year of birth

masks: Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence


texts:
<mask> (born 19 May 1988) is a Bahamian footballer who plays for Lyford Cay. Early career

Youth, amateur and college
At 9 years old Hepple was selected for the first Centre of Excellence program created for the Bahamas by English coach Gary White. After impressing at the U-17 World Cup Qualifiers in Cuba, Hepple was scouted to go on trials in England with fellow Bahamian International Demont Mitchell. Hepple had trials with Southampton and Wolverhampton Wanderers in England, before going on to play domestically for Bears FC in the Bahamian New Providence Football League at 13 years of age. <mask> left the Bahamas to play college soccer in the United States in 2005, eventually settling at Bowling Green State University. During his time there he was named to the MAC 2nd team in 2007 and also in 2009. Club career
Following his graduation from Bowling Green State University, Hepple signed a two-year contract to play for the Kitsap Pumas of the Premier Development League in April 2010.Kitsap Pumas
In his first season with the Pumas Hepple was a regular in the side contributing eight goals and seven assists for the season gaining the honours of Western Conference Team for 2010. The Pumas also qualified for the US Open Cup after winning the first five matches of the season, however they lost in the second round to the Portland Timbers. The Kitsap Pumas ended the season second in the league behind the Portland Timbers U23's, and then went on to lose 2–1 in the play off finals to the Portland Timbers U23's, who continued their success to become the 2010 PDL Champions. During his second season at the Pumas Hepple was again a regular in the side playing a part in the clubs undefeated run for the 2011 season and also the US Open Cup competition. Hepple went on to score against the Real Colorado Foxes in the second round of the US Open Cup, pushing the Pumas to the third round of the

masks:
Cameron Robert Hepple
Hepple


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 competition to face the 2010 US Open Cup Champions the Seattle Sounders FC. On 29 June 2011, the Pumas faced the Seattle Sounders in the third round of the US Open Cup Competition at Starfire Sports Complex in Tukwila, Washington, the Pumas lost 2–1 to the Sounders. The next day Hepple was on a flight to the Bahamas representing his country in the 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualifications on 2 July 2011 against Turks and Caicos Islands at the TCIFA National Academy in Providenciales, Turks and Caicos.The Bahamas won the match 4–0, with <mask> tallying an assist to Nesley Jean and a goal. During the month of June the Bahamian attacker had been receiving various enquires from clubs including some from Europe where Hepple would be able to utilise his British citizenship and would not be affected by non-EU quotas and restrictions. After discussing his options with his family, he and his club ultimately decided to sign a deal with the Albanian club KF Tirana the biggest team in the Albanian Superliga. Before signing for Tirana, Hepple also trialed with Varese of Serie B but was not offered a contract. KF Tirana
On 5 July 2011, <mask> was sold by the Pumas to KF Tirana of the Albanian Superliga. He arrived in Albania just one day before KF Tirana's UEFA Europa League encounter with Slovakian side Spartak Trnava, following a 32-hour trip from Bahamas to Tirane. He arrived in Tirane in the early hours of Wednesday morning and managed to attend training the same day after just a few hours sleep, where he went on to impress the manager Julián Rubio enough to offer him a place in the starting line-up for the game the very next day.On 14 July 2011, he became the first Bahamian to play in the Europa League, when KF Tirana played Spartak Trnava in the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League Second Qualifying Round, KF Tirana tied 0–0 in the first leg and lost in the second leg 3–1 in Trnava on 21 July. Hepple then

masks: Hepple Hepple


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 played in the Albanian Supercup match on 18 August 2011 against the 2010–11 Superliga champions Skënderbeu Korçë played at Skënderbeu Stadium. The match was postponed 50 minutes due to the KF Tirana supporters being denied access to the stadium, KF Tirana refused to play until their fans were allowed into the stadium. Once the away supporters were allowed to enter the stadium the game then commenced for only 10 minutes before flares were thrown onto the pitch by the entering supporters, thus creating a riot between the fans resulting in the expulsion of the KF Tirana supporters. Riots then broke out on the pitch where fans for the home team Skënderbeu began entering the pitch and throwing rocks at the KF Tirana players forcing them to retreat to their locker room for safety. After crowd settled with police intervention, the match then restarted, KF Tirana won the match 1–0, becoming the first trophy Hepple has won since the start of his professional career. Farnborough
On 22 March 2012, Hepple signed a contract until the end of the 2012 season with Farnborough of the Conference South division in the English football league system pending international clearance.<mask> was unable to receive international clearance due to previous club KF Tirana withholding on his ITC due to a FIFA claim against the club in January. Alcobendas Sport
On 31 January 2013, <mask> signed a contract with Madrid-based side Alcobendas Sport of the Tercera Division group 7 until the end of the 2013 season. In January and March 2013, Hepple had trials with Queens Park Rangers and Watford, both of high levels in the English football league system, but was not offered a contract despite an early interest from the latter. At the end of the season, Hepple left the club and had trials with clubs from Japan's J. League Division 2. Hepple decided to wait until the January transfer window before deciding on his next


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 club after earning interest from clubs while in Japan. Hepple also expressed interest in Major League Soccer clubs, especially Toronto FC, because he holds a Canadian passport.He had previously generated interest from clubs in Major League Soccer in 2010, at which time he trialed with Seattle Sounders and Colorado Rapids. International
<mask> is a full international for the Bahamas national football team. He played for the Bahamas U-17 and U-23 teams before making his senior debut in a World Cup qualification match against Dominica in March 2004, when just 15 years old. <mask> has since earned 13 caps, 8 of those in World Cup qualification games. He scored his first goal for Bahamas in a 4–0 rout of Turks and Caicos in a 2014 qualification game. International Goals
Scores and results list the Bahamas's goal tally first. Personal life
<mask> has a British father.He also holds a Canadian passport. After returning to the Bahamas, he started his own travel company and now works as a sales agent for a real estate company where former Bahamian international Gavin Christie is managing partner. He also coaches at Lyford Cay. References

External links
 BGSU Falcons Bio

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Nassau, Bahamas
Association football midfielders
Association football forwards
Bahamian footballers
Bahamas international footballers
Bowling Green Falcons men's soccer players
IMG Academy Bradenton players
Kitsap Pumas players
KF Tirana players
CD Paracuellos Antamira players
USL League Two players
BFA Senior League players
Bahamian expatriate footballers
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Expatriate footballers in Albania
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Bahamas under-20 international footballers
Bahamas youth international

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<mask>, KBE, AFC (6 May 1894 – 21 October 1973) was an English aviation pioneer. Early life and family
As a child he attended Wilson's School, then in Camberwell, London. The school relocated to the former site of Croydon Airport in 1975. In the summer of 1922 he married Gladys Lloyd, and subsequently they had two sons, Geoffrey (b.1925) and Michael (b.1927). After National Service and a short career at the Bar, <mask> followed him into the Flight Refuelling business, and for many years was in charge of it. Lady Cobham died in 1961 aged 63. Career
<mask> began work as a teenage commercial apprentice in the City of London.He enjoyed the outdoors, and after completing his apprenticeship spent a year working on his uncle's farm, hoping to make a career in estate management. After a brief return to London commercial work, in August 1914 he joined the British Army, being directed to the Royal Army Veterinary Corps due to his farming experience. He served on the Western Front from 1914 to 1917, attaining the rank of Staff Veterinary Sergeant mainly dealing with injured horses. After transfer to the Royal Flying Corps then Royal Air Force, he became a Pilot Officer flying instructor. After the war Cobham became a test pilot for the de Havilland aircraft company, and was the first pilot for the newly formed de Havilland Aeroplane Hire Service. In 1921 he made a 5,000-mile air tour of Europe, visiting 17 cities in three weeks. Between 16 November 1925 and 13 March 1926, he made a trip from London to Cape Town and return in his de Havilland DH.50, in which he had replaced the original

masks:
Sir Alan John Cobham
Michael Cobham
Alan Cobham


texts: Siddeley Puma engine with a more powerful, air-cooled Jaguar.On 30 June 1926, he set off on a flight from Britain (from the River Medway) to Australia, where 60,000 people swarmed across the grassy fields of Essendon Airport, Melbourne, when he landed his de Havilland DH.50 floatplane (it had been converted to a wheeled undercarriage earlier, at Darwin). During the flight to Australia, Cobham's engineer of the D.H.50 aircraft, Arthur B. Elliot, was shot and killed after they left Baghdad on 5 July 1926. The return flight was undertaken over the same route. Cobham was knighted the same year. On 25 November 1926, Cobham attempted but failed to be the first person to deliver mail to New York City by air from the east, planning to fly mail from the White Star ocean liner RMS Homeric in a de Havilland DH.60 Moth floatplane when the ship was about 12 hours from New York harbour on a westbound crossing from Southampton. After the Moth was lowered from the ship, however, Cobham was unable to take off owing to rough water and had to be towed into port by the ship. The same year Cobham was awarded the gold medal by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.Cobham starred as himself in the 1927 British war film The Flight Commander directed by Maurice Elvey. In 1927–28 he flew a Short Singapore flying boat around the continent of Africa landing only in British territory. Cobham wrote his own contemporary accounts of his flights, and recalls them in his biography. The films With Cobham to the Cape (1926), Round Africa with Cobham (1928) and With Cobham to Kivu (1932) contain valuable


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 footage of the flights. Recent commentaries contextualize his flights across the British Empire in the wider events and culture of the time. In 1929 Cobham mounted his first tour of Britain, called the Municipal Aerodrome Campaign. This was an ambitious plan to encourage town councils to build local airports in the hope of drumming up business for his activities as an aviation consultant.Each event would start with free flights to local dignitaries followed by free flights for local schoolchildren, the latter funded by Sir Charles Wakefield, the founder of Castrol, who paid the fares for ten thousand such flights. The day would finish with as many paid-for pleasure flights as could be managed for the public, the income from which would pay his expenses and make him a profit. The tour visited 110 venues between May and October 1929 using a ten-passenger de Havilland DH.61 Giant Moth G-AAEV named Youth of Britain. Cobham declared the tour to have been a great success.<ref name=

In 1932 he started the National Aviation Day displays – a combination of barnstorming and joyriding. This consisted of a team of up to fourteen aircraft, ranging from single-seaters to modern airliners, and many skilled pilots. It toured the country, calling at hundreds of sites, some of them regular airfields and some just fields cleared for the occasion. Generally known as "Cobham's Flying Circus", it was hugely popular, giving thousands of people their first experience of flying, and bringing "air-mindedness" to the population.In 1933 there were two simultaneous tours throughout the season, named


texts: Number 1 and Number 2. In 1935 there again were two, but only from 1 July, named Astra and Ferry. These continued until the end of the 1935 season. In the British winter of 1932–33, Cobham took his aerial circus to South Africa (with the mistaken view that it would be the first of its kind there). Cobham was also one of the founding directors of Airspeed Limited, the aircraft manufacturing company started by Nevil Shute Norway (perhaps better known as the famous novelist, Nevil Shute), together with the designer Hessell Tiltman; who, having been discharged by the Airship Guarantee Company (a subsidiary of Vickers) after the R101 disaster also caused the grounding of the more successful R100, decided to found their own small aircraft business. Cobham was an early and enthusiastic recruit: indeed, it was thanks to Sir <mask> who placed early orders for two "Off Plan" aircraft (the three-engined ten-seater Airspeed Ferry) for his National Aviation Day Limited company – that Airspeed managed to commence manufacturing at all. Cobham's early experiments with in-flight refuelling were based on a specially adapted Airspeed Courier.This craft was eventually modified by Airspeed to Cobham's specification, for a non-stop flight from London to India, using in-flight refuelling to extend the aeroplane's flight duration. In 1935 he founded a small airline, Cobham Air Routes Ltd, that flew from London Croydon Airport to the Channel Islands. Months later, after a crash that killed one of his pilots, he sold it to Olley Air Service Ltd and turned to the development of inflight refueling. Trials


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 stopped at the outbreak of World War II until interest was successfully revived by the RAF and United States Army Air Forces in the last year of the war. He once remarked: "It's a full time job being <mask>m!" He retired to the British Virgin Islands, but returned to England, where he died in 1973. In 1997, Cobham was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.The company he formed is still active in the aviation industry as Cobham plc. In 2015 the Royal Air Force Museum in London staged an exhibition about Cobham. In 2016 the RAF exhibited his Flying Circus. In 2016 he was inducted into the Airlift/Tanker Hall of Fame. See also
 Aerofilms, the UK's first commercial aerial photography company. Richard Haine alumnus of the Flying Circus
 Round the Bend, the novel by Nevil Shute, features Cobham's National Aviation Day flying circus as an integral part of the plot. The principal character Tom Cutter is said to have been modelled upon one of Cobham's pilots, Martin Hearn, who was a pioneer of wing walking stunts and who later ran his own aircraft assembly plant at Hooton Park in Cheshire.Philip Stenning, hero of Shute's Marazan, is a character modelled upon Cobham and others. References

External links
 .
 . Biography at Cobham Plc

1894 births
People educated at Wilson's School, Wallington
Royal Flying Corps officers
1973 deaths
English aviators
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
English test pilots
Britannia Trophy winners
British Army personnel of World War


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<mask> (1919–1998) was a British economist, statistician, and academic. His great strength was a thorough understanding of economics and statistics, particularly the operation of labour markets and the limitations of available statistics. This set him apart from
most other academic industrial relations specialists. He was an inspiring lecturer and his tutorials and post-graduate supervisions were challenging and provocative as students were prodded and persuaded into thinking. Personal life
<mask>, known as Bert to family, friends, and colleagues, was born in London on 11 December 1919, the eldest son of <mask> and Elizabeth May King; he had three siblings. <mask>'s fourth marriage, to a French academic, led him to spend much of his later years in France with his family. He died in Veneux- les –Sablons, near Fontainebleau, on 2 December 1998, a few days short of his 79th birthday.Career

Education

<mask> studied at the Henry Thornton School in Clapham before going to the London School of Economics, aged 16, to study with Harold Laski. As a young promising left-wing intellectual, he interacted with the Webbs and, through Leonard Woolf, with the Bloomsbury group. He graduated in June 1939 and spent the war years first in the army then on the Second Sea Lord's staff. In 1944, <mask> joined the research and economic department of the TUC. He served as part of the team that prepared the Interim Report on Post-War Reconstruction, which mapped out the Attlee government's programme. <mask> worked under Sir Walter Citrine, which developed his lasting interest in economic policy, trade union activities and management and industrial relations. In 1947, <mask> became Assistant Education Secretary for the TUC.In 1950, <mask> was elected to the lectureship in industrial relations at University of Manchester. Senior Lecturer in 1959, he defended his PhD on industrial relations in the cotton industry in 1960, which still is the seminal work on the subject.

masks:
Herbert Arthur Frederick Turner
Turner
Frederick Turner
Turner
Turner
Turner
Turner
Turner
Turner


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 Professor
<mask> Burton Chair of Industrial Relations, then to the Cambridge chair in 1964. He stayed there until his retirement from the Professorship, to be succeeded by William Brown, the son of one of his Leeds colleagues, in 1983. On his election to the Cambridge chair, <mask> became a Professorial Fellow of Churchill College, and a Life Fellow on becoming Professor Emeritus in 1984. From his arrival in Cambridge, <mask>'s career took two different but complementary directions. The nature of his research together with the world political conjuncture meant that he was very much in demand as an expert and consultant at the time of decolonisation.As a Visiting Professor, he taught at the universities of Lusaka (1969), Harvard and M.I.T. (1971–72), Sydney (1976–77), Hong Kong (1978–79, 1985–88), Bombay and Lucknow (1983) at South China University of Technology (1986), and Zhongshan (1987). He was also a founding member of the Department of Industrial Relations at Monash University in Melbourne. Governmental consultant

<mask> also served as an advisor and consultant for foreign governments and international organisations. The first of such missions was a fairly sensitive one in the Congo where he met with both Moise Tshombé and Patrice Lumumba under the aegis of the UNO. Through the late sixties and seventies he thus worked in Zambia, Tanzania, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and other developing countries After working at the ILO in Geneva for some time, he was sent to Malawi (1967), and to Iran (1975). The last of these international missions was undertaken for the World Bank in China in 1988.As Hong Kong's transfer to China was looming, he was granted a last Leverhume Senior Fellowship from 1985 to 1988, to assess the labour force situation in the colony. Through the years, on such complex and sometimes sensitive expeditions, he was accompanied by a team of younger assistants who have now become experts in their own right, such as

masks:
Turnerague
Bert Turner
Bert Turner
Turner


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 Dudley Jackson, Keith Hart, Patricia Fosh, or Ng Sek Hong. Domestic economic issues

On the home front, <mask> is famous for his work on the motor industry, for which he gathered around him a notable team, including Geoffrey Roberts and Garfield Clack, who co-signed the relevant book with him. <mask> was the first academic in Britain to consider the Swedish concept of wage drift (the tendency of earnings to increase faster than agreed wage rates). He innovated in examining the impact of trade union organisation and policy on wages and wage differentials. He was among the first to consider the potential for prices and incomes policies to counter wage and price inflation. He also carried out ground-breaking studies of strikes and the extent to which trade unions cause inflation.In 1967, he became a part-time member of the National Board for Prices and Incomes, until its dissolution in 1970. Major works
 Trade Unions, Growth, Structure and Policy. A Comparative Study of the Cotton Unions, 1962
 Wages : the Problems for Underdeveloped Countries, 1965
 Wage Trend Wage Policy and Collective Bargaining, 1965
 Prices Wages and Incomes Policies, 1966
 Labour Relations in the Motor Industry, 1967
 Is Britain Really Strike-Prone ?, 1969
 Do Trade Unions Cause Inflation ?, 1972
 Management Characteristics and Labour Conflict, 1978
 The Last Colony : but Whose ?, 1980
 The ILO and Hong Kong, 1986
 Between Two Societies : Hong Kong Labour in Transition, 1991

Notes and references

1919 births
1998 deaths
Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
British activists
British humanitarians
Harvard University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
University of Sydney faculty
University of Hong Kong faculty
British economists
British statisticians
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Academics of the University of Manchester
Academics of the University of Leeds
20th-century mathematicians
20th-century

masks: Turner Turner


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<mask> (; born 28 February 1979) is a Croatian professional tennis player. <mask>'s height of 211 cm (6 ft 11 in) makes him the joint tallest ranked tennis player in history, along with Reilly Opelka. He has won eight ATP singles titles between 2007 and 2016. He is a serve-and-volleyer and officially held the record for the fastest serve recorded in professional tennis, measured at 251 km/h (156 mph), before being surpassed unofficially by Samuel Groth in 2012, and officially by John Isner in 2016. In his prime, he was considered one of the best servers on tour, holding the all-time record for career aces with 13,728 (not including Davis Cup). This makes him one of only five players in history to surpass 10,000 aces. His height enables him to serve with high speed and unique trajectory.Junior career
<mask> played his first junior match in April 1995 at the age of 16 at a grade 3 tournament in Croatia. He only played eight tournament throughout his junior career (four singles and four doubles). In singles, he defeated a 15-year-old Marat Safin at the 1995 Junior Davis Cup. In doubles, he was known for partnering future world No. 3 Ivan Ljubičić on numerous occasions. <mask> ended his junior career with no ranking in both singles and doubles. He had an overall win-loss record of 2–5 in singles and 5–3 in doubles.Professional career

1998–2004: Beginning
Although not turning pro until 2000 at the age of 21, <mask> played his first ITF futures event in June 1998 and made two finals in August 1998 and September 1999 losing both. He played his first challenger event in

masks:
Ivo Karlović
Karlović
Karlović
Karlović
Karlović


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 December 1999. <mask> debuted for the Croatian Davis Cup team in 2000 against Ireland, where he won the dead rubber. <mask> appeared in a starting line-up for the first time in 2002 against Argentina in Buenos Aires, but he lost to Juan Ignacio Chela in the second rubber and to Gastón Gaudio in the fifth and decisive rubber. He has posted a 4–2 career record (2–2 in singles) in three ties since 2000. <mask> caused a major upset at Wimbledon when he beat defending champion Lleyton Hewitt in his first match in a Grand Slam tournament. As of 2015, <mask> remains the only player in Open tennis history, and only the second player after Charlie Pasarell, to defeat the defending Wimbledon men's singles champion in the first round.He finished the 2003 year in the top 100 and as the Croatian No. 3, behind Ivan Ljubičić and Mario Ančić. He also averaged an ATP-best of 17.6 aces per match. He continued his success during the 2004 season, winning at Calabasas, California. He reached the round of sixteen in several tournaments, including Wimbledon. 2005: First ATP final
In 2005, <mask> reached his first ATP final at the Queen's Club Championships, defeating Lleyton Hewitt and Thomas Johansson along the way. In the final he lost to Andy Roddick.There were no breaks of serve in the match. Afterwards, Roddick said <mask>'s serve is "probably the biggest weapon in tennis... you don't really get a feel for it unless you are on the other side. It was not fun at times." At the 2005 US Open, <mask> lost to eventual runner-up Andre Agassi in three tiebreakers. On 19 October 2005, he finally

masks: Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović


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 defeated Roddick in the Madrid Masters event. In November 2005, he was a member of the Croatian team that won the Davis Cup. He did not play in the finals, but played in a semifinal dead rubber.2006: Breaking into the top 50 in singles and doubles
On 26 February 2006, he won his first ATP Doubles Tournament with South African Chris Haggard, beating James Blake and Mardy Fish in the 2006 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup, Memphis, USA. On 27 February, he reached a career high of No. 47 in doubles and on 8 May he also reached the top 50 in singles. 2007: First ATP title and breaking top 30
<mask> and Roger Federer were the only players who won titles on three different surfaces during the 2007 season. At age 28, he won his first ATP singles title at the 2007 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships in Houston, Texas, defeating Mariano Zabaleta in the final. On 29 May 2007 at the French Open, he defeated eighth seed James Blake in the first round. In the next round he lost to Jonas Björkman in five sets.On 23 June 2007, he won his second title of the year and his career at Nottingham, the last grass tune-up before Wimbledon, defeating seventh seed Stanislas Wawrinka, Gilles Simon, Juan Martín del Potro, second seed Dmitry Tursunov (a match played on indoor hard courts due to torrential rain), and Arnaud Clément. Despite a first-round loss at Wimbledon, he rose to No. 40, making his top-40 debut. On 14 October 2007, he won his third title of the year by taking the Stockholm Open, defeating former Australian Open champion Thomas Johansson in three


texts:
 sets in the final. Earlier, <mask> had yet again met Frenchman Arnaud Clément in his quarterfinal, the pair having met five times that year alone, including in the final of Nottingham, where <mask> secured his second career title. <mask> edged past his rival after saving a match point in the final-set tiebreak, and then went on to defeat German No. 1 Tommy Haas in the semifinals.2008: Fourth ATP title and breaking top 15
At the 2008 Australian Open, <mask> entered the men's doubles tournament with  John Isner, making them the tallest doubles pair in history. Despite losing in the first round, <mask> said "It was a lot of fun. We will win together next time." <mask> defeated world No. 1 Roger Federer in the third round of the Cincinnati Masters on 31 July 2008. This was his first victory in seven matches against Federer. It was this loss which caused Federer to lose his No.1 ranking to Rafael Nadal. <mask> then advanced to the semifinals where he lost to eventual champion Andy Murray. This was his career-best result in a top-level tournament. At the US Open, <mask> fell to Sam Querrey in straight sets. At the 2008 Madrid Masters, he stunned World No. 3 Novak Djokovic in two tie-breaker sets serving 20 aces to seal victory in 1 hour and 42 minutes. However, he lost in the quarterfinals to Frenchman Gilles Simon, being dominated in the tiebreaks.2009: First Grand Slam quarterfinal

At Wimbledon 2009, he powered through the first two rounds, beating Lukáš Lacko and Steve Darcis. In the next two rounds he needed only one break of serve in the third set to defeat both ninth

masks: Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović


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 seed Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and seventh seed Fernando Verdasco, advancing to face Roger Federer in his first quarterfinal at a Grand Slam. The match was a relatively one-sided affair, with Federer winning in straight sets and going on to win the tournament. In the 2009 Davis Cup semifinals, <mask> was defeated by Radek Štěpánek, despite hitting a record-breaking 78 aces (the record has since been taken by John Isner). The match was one of the longest in the history of the Davis Cup, lasting 5 hours, 59 minutes. There were only three breaks of serve in this match. <mask> also won his first five-set match in the Davis Cup quarterfinals against the United States, where he came from behind to beat James Blake from two sets down.2010: Australian Open fourth found, Injury and absence
<mask> met Štěpánek again at the 2010 Australian Open, in another five-set marathon. This time, the 13-seeded Štěpánek lost. In all five-set matches <mask> has played, this was only his second win. He went on to reach a career-best fourth round there, after beating Julien Benneteau (in four sets), and Ivan Ljubičić (also in four sets). After giving a solid performance, he was ousted by the second seed and defending champion Rafael Nadal in that round. As the second seed at the 2010 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships, he made a runner-up effort, losing to first-time ATP-finalist Ernests Gulbis. In the 2010 Davis Cup, where Croatia had a first-round clash with Ecuador, <mask> defeated Nicolás Lapentti in five sets.This was his third five-set match win, following his five-set win over

masks: Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović


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 Štěpánek at the Australian Open. His five-set record then stood at 3–12. <mask> was forced to withdraw from 2010 Wimbledon due to a foot injury. 2011–13: Rankings fall and fifth ATP title

February 2011 saw <mask> temporarily exit from the top 200. In 2012, <mask> beat Dudi Sela in the first round of Wimbledon in straight sets, but was knocked out in the second round by Andy Murray. <mask> controversially accused Wimbledon of being biased, as he was pulled up for approximately 11-foot faults. In 2013, <mask> suffered from viral meningitis, which was not immediately diagnosed.He was unconscious for some time, and when he woke up, he did not know his name or what year it was. After a lengthy recovery, he was able to play again in Newport in July, where he made it to the quarterfinals, before being defeated by John Isner in one of their typical ace-fests. In Bogota, also in July, he won his fifth ATP title, beating Alejandro Falla in the final. He did not qualify for the Rogers Cup or Cincinnati Masters. At the US Open, he made it through qualifying and into the second round by defeating James Blake in the last singles match of his career in five sets. In the second round, he met Stanislas Wawrinka, to whom he lost in straight sets. 2014: Four ATP finals and return to top 30
In February, <mask> reached the final of the U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships, losing to Kei Nishikori.In May, he reached the final of the Düsseldorf Open, losing to Philipp Kohlschreiber. In July, he reached the final of the Hall of Fame Open, losing an epic match to Lleyton Hewitt. Another

masks: Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović


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 solid week of tennis saw him make back-to-back finals, this time at the Claro Open Colombia, losing to Bernard Tomic in a tight three-setter. He avenged that loss the following month at the Rogers Cup in another tight three-setter. 2015: Sixth ATP title and return to top 20
<mask> won his sixth title, defeating Donald Young at the Delray Beach Open. He also won the 2015 Topshelf Open in doubles with Łukasz Kubot. He reached his second Hall of Fame Open final, which he lost to Rajeev Ram in three sets.2016: Seventh & eight titles as oldest champion since 1979, return to top 20

<mask> suffered a knee injury and missed two months of play. He reached the final of the Hall of Fame Open for the third time against Gilles Müller, which he won in three tiebreaks. At the age of 37 and 5 months, he became the oldest player to win an ATP title since 1979. He reached an ATP World Tour 500 series tournament at the Washington Open (tennis), which he lost to Gaël Monfils. He then won the Los Cabos Open, beating Feliciano López in straight sets and returned to the top 20 again at 37 years and 6 months. 2017: 75 Aces at Australian Open
<mask> began the Australian Open by defeating Horacio Zeballos in a 5-hour, 15-minute match, the second-longest match at the tournament in the Open Era (behind the Djokovic–Nadal final in 2012). He set an Australian Open record, hitting 75 aces.Aged 38, <mask> set up the oldest ATP Tour tournament final in 41 years against Gilles Muller, aged 34, at the 2017 Ricoh Open. He lost in straight sets. 2018: Defying age
At the Australian Open, <mask> progressed


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 to the Round of 32, losing to Andreas Seppi, 7–9 in the fifth set. At the Ecuador Open in Quito, <mask> made it to the Round of 16, losing to 18 years old Corentin Moutet in a third-set tie-break. Next, he reached the quarterfinals at New York Open losing to second seed Sam Querrey. After a string of tight first round losses at Delray Beach Open, Indian Wells Masters and Miami Open (tennis), the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships in Houston saw <mask> reach the semifinals with wins over Japanese Taro Daniel, Denis Kudla and 4th seed Nick Kyrgios. In the semifinals, he lost to eventual runner-up Tennys Sandgren in two close tie-break sets.At Wimbledon, he reached the second round. At the US Open, he was defeated in the second round of qualifying. In October, he became the oldest champion of an ATP Challenger tournament, winning the Calgary Challenger at 39 years and seven months. 2019: Oldest ATP finalist since 1977
At the Maharashtra Open <mask> beat teenager Félix Auger-Aliassime in first round. The age gap of 21 years and 6 months between the two players was the largest on the ATP Tour since 2011. <mask> and Auger-Aliassime were the oldest and the youngest players in the Top 200 ATP Rankings at the beginning of the 2019 season. He went on to make the final, at 39 years and 10 months becoming the oldest finalist on the ATP Tour since 43-year-old Ken Rosewall won the 1977 Hong Kong championship.With his victory over Matthew Ebden at the Indian Wells Masters, he became the first player aged over 40 to win an ATP Tour match since Jimmy Connors in 1995 in Halle. In

masks: Karlović Karlović Karlović Karlović


texts:
 addition, he is the oldest to win a match in ATP Masters 1000 history. 2021: Potential Retirement, out of Top 250
At the 2021 Hall of Fame Open in Newport, Karlovic won against 24-year-old Bernabé Zapata Miralles. This was only his second match win for 2021, the first being at the 2021 Delray Beach Open against Pablo Andújar. At 42 years old, Karlovic was the oldest player to compete in an ATP Tour match since Thomas Muster, 44, in 2011 in Vienna (l. to Dominic Thiem in R1). In July, Los Cabos Open organisers circulated news of <mask>'s retirement at the 2021 US Open. Later, he said he may change his mind and continue playing in 2022 if he got good results.<mask> entered the US Open qualifying draw for possibly his last tournament. He won all three of his qualifying matches to qualify for the US Open, making him the second-oldest Grand Slam qualifier in the Open Era after Mal Anderson qualified for the 1977 Australian Open. It was his 17th Grand Slam draw participation at the US Open and the 63rd Grand Slam main draw appearance for the 42-year-old. He lost in the first round to 5th seed Andrey Rublev in straight sets. National representation
<mask> has been absent from some previous Croatian Davis Cup campaigns owing to his dispute with the Croatian Tennis Association. He further strained his relations with the Croatian Tennis Association and the Croatian Olympic Committee by his last-minute withdrawal from the Olympic tournament in Beijing, communicated via an SMS message. He played against Japan in the first round in 2012 in Japan with wins over Kei Nishikori and Go

masks: Karlović Karlović Karlović


texts:
 Soeda in singles and in doubles winning with Dodig.In 2016, he accepted an invitation to the Davis Cup final against Argentina. He played the second match, losing against Juan Martín del Potro, and had to play the last deciding match, again losing against Federico Delbonis. Performance timelines

Singles
Current through the 2021 Indian Wells Masters. {|class="wikitable nowrap" style=text-align:center;font-size:84%
!Tournament!!1998!!1999!!2000!!2001!!2002!!2003!!2004!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!2012!!2013!!2014!!2015!!2016!!2017!!2018!!2019!!2020! !2021
!2022!!SR!!W–L! !2021
!2022!! His best and most powerful weapon is his serve.His height of 2.11 meters makes his serve very powerful and it is regarded as one of if not the best in tennis history. He has hit 13,762 aces during his career which remains a record in all of ATP history. Besides his huge serve. <mask> also has a powerful forehand which he usually hits deep and fast into his opponent's baseline. On his backhand side, he usually slices the ball deep into his opponent's baseline and rarely uses the one-handed backhand that he possesses. <mask> is also known as a serve-and-volleyer. His serve usually causes players to return the ball lightly, at which point he will come forward on the ball and volley it.His skill at the net is one of the key traits of his playing style. Serving records

On 18 September 2009, <mask> hit 78 aces (77 aces on 1st serve) in a Davis Cup match against Radek Štěpánek, breaking his previous record of 51 (against Daniele Bracciali in the 2005 Wimbledon Championships) and 55


texts: (against Lleyton Hewitt in the 2009 French Open). Only once in his ATP career has he failed to hit an ace during a match, which was in the 2008 Monte Carlo Masters against Frenchman Gaël Monfils. His record of aces in a single match was broken by both John Isner and Nicolas Mahut in the longest match in tennis history at the first round of the 2010 Wimbledon Championships, where Isner hit 113 aces and Mahut hit 103. In 2007, <mask> became the fourth player to serve 1,000 aces in a season. He finished the year with 1,318 aces, second all-time behind Goran Ivanišević, who hit 1,477 in 1996. In 2015, he became the third player (after Goran Ivanišević and Andy Roddick) to serve 9,000 career aces., and the second to notch 10,000 aces.<mask>'s fastest official serve is , which he hit during his five-set loss in a Davis Cup first round third rubber doubles match with Ivan Dodig against Christopher Kas and Philipp Petzschner of Germany. That was ATP's official record at the time. His previous record was  in a victory over Arnaud Clément in the final of Nottingham in 2007. This is the third-fastest first serve on record, after Andy Roddick's .He also hit a  second serve against Paul Capdeville in the quarterfinals of the 2007 Legg Mason Tennis Classic on 3 August, which is the fastest second serve on record.. Retrieved 23 June 2010.Retrieved 23 June 2010. Karlovic's record of a 156 mph serve was broken by Samuel Groth at the 2012 ATP Challenger in Busan, but was still the record for ATP events until John Isner broke the record in 2016. On 19 June 2015 <mask> broke the record for


texts:
 most aces in a three-set ATP Tour match during the quarterfinal of 2015 Gerry Weber Open. He served 45 aces in a 7–5, 6–7(8–10), 6–3 win over Tomáš Berdych.<mask> holds the record for the most aces in tennis history after surpassing Goran Ivanišević in October, 2015. As of September 2021, he has struck 13,728 aces in 694 matches (not including Davis Cup). Personal life
During <mask>'s childhood, his mother Gordana worked in agriculture, while his father Vlado was a meteorologist. <mask> married his wife Alsi on 29 March 2005. Their first child, Jada Valentina, was born in September 2011. One of his favorite activities is playing basketball. <mask> is known for his humorous Twitter account.<mask> wears size 51 shoes. Equipment and apparel
Karlovic currently endorses the Head Graphene Radical Pro, and wears Mizuno clothing. Early on in his career, <mask> used Head Prestige racquets, until switching to the Head Flexpoint Instinct in 2005. He continued to use the Instinct until 2012, except for a brief switch to the Babolat AeroPro Drive Cortex in 2009. In 2013, after a period of struggling to find a replacement for the Flexpoint Instinct he enjoyed, he finally switched to the Head YouTek IG Radical Pro, and proceeded to endorse the new Graphene Radical in 2014. <mask> has previously worn apparel by Diadora, My OCK, Adidas, Nike, Li-Ning, Sergio Tacchini and Mizuno, as well as his own brand 6'10". ATP career finals

Singles: 19 (8 titles, 11 runner-ups)

Doubles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)

ATP Challenger Tour finals

Singles: 12 (7–5)

Doubles: 3 (0–3)

 ITF futures finals


texts:
 Singles: 8 (4–4)

 Doubles: 10 (4–6)

National representation

 Team competition finals

Davis Cup: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)

World Team Cup: 1 (1 title)

 Davis Cup  (13–14)

   indicates the outcome of the Davis Cup match followed by the score, date, place of event, the zonal classification and its phase, and the court surface.Wins over top 10 players
He has a  record against players who were, at the time the match was played, ranked in the top 10. Record against top 10 players
<mask>'s record against players who have been ranked world No. 10 or higher, based on ATP head-to-head records. * Statistics correct .'' References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Croatian male tennis players
Olympic tennis players of Croatia
Sportspeople from Zagreb
Tennis players at the 2004 Summer


texts:
Category:Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog

<mask> (20 April 1803 – 2 May 1883) was a Historicist  Danish architect who worked 18 years in Greece where he was active in the transformation of Athens from a small town to the country's capital and an international metropolis. Later in his career he returned to Denmark, where he became a professor at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts and designed buildings such as the Copenhagen Municipal Hospital and the Østervold Observatory. He was the brother of <mask> who was also an internationally successful architect, active in Athens and Vienna. He is considered to be a pioneer in the study and application of polychrome architecture. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born in Copenhagen. He attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen from 1816, just 13 years old, where he studied under <mask>, the leading Danish architect of the time, and Gustav Friedrich Hetsch. <mask> taught him a rational approach to architecture and Hetsch introduced him to Karl Friedrich Schinkel whose influence he had brought to Denmark.In 1831 <mask> won the  Academy's large gold medal and a travel scholarship. He then set out on a journey to Italy and Greece, first spending two years in Italy, mainly in Rome and Sicily. Years in Athens

In 1833, <mask> travelled to Athens, recently been chosen as the new capital of the nascent Greece which had recently gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire. At the time, Athens was just a small village with a few thousand inhabitants, chosen as capital for historic and sentimental reasons. It was therefore set for massive redevelopment to become a modern metropolis. <mask> won the favour of king
Otto of

masks:
Hans Christian Hansen
Theophilus Hansen
Christian Hansen
Christian Frederik Hansen
Christian Frederik Hansen
Christian Hansen
Hansen
Hansen


texts: Greece and was appointed Court Architect in 1834. In 1838, he was joined by his brother Theophilus who had also studied architecture at the Academy in Copenhagen but had been unsuccessful in getting commissions.<mask>'s most famous work in Athens is the original main building for the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Construction started in 1839 using the proceeds of a fund-raising campaign from Greeks at home and abroad. It was inaugurated in 1841, though not entirely completed until 1864 due to lack of funds. It is built in marble in Greek Revival style, also known as Neohellenic Classicism, of which it is considered one of the most important examples and a source of inspiration for many other buildings of the time, particularly in Germany. It is part of the so-called Neoclassical, or Athenian,  Trilogy which was completed by his brother with the Academy of Athens and the National Library of Greece. <mask> also designed private houses and churches. The latter include the Anglican St. Paul's Church.It is designed in a mixed Victorian and Gothic Revival style. <mask>'s work in Athens also involved archeological excavations and investigations. Together with the German architect Eduard Schaubert he excavated and reconstructed the Temple of Athena Nike at the Acropolis and he contributed to the compilation of material for Joseph Hoffer's account of horizontal curvature and optical corrections in Greek temples. <mask>'s reputation reached outside Greece and in 1850 the shipping company Österreichischer Lloyd commissioned him to build a marine arsenal and dockyards at Trieste. The extensive building complex designed in the Rundbogenstil with details inspired by Byzantine architecture

masks:
Christian Hansen
Hansen
Hansen
Hansen


texts:
 was constructed from 1852 to 1856. Homecoming and work in Denmark

After the revolt in September 1843 in Athens, a nationalist wave made it hard for foreigners to work in Greece. In 1851, <mask> returned to Denmark after almost 20 years abroad.He was appointed Royal Building Inspector for Funen and the surrounding islands but had to let someone else, C. A. Møller, temporarily take care of his obligations due to his engagements with Lloyds in Trieste. In 1867, he became a member of the Academy in Copenhagen and Royal Building Inspector for Zealand, Lolland and Falster. That same year he also took over the professorial chair in architecture at the Academy which had become vacant with Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll's death the year before. As a practicing architect, <mask> never got the prominent role in Denmark upon his return  which could have been expected after his achievements abroad. In Copenhagen he built the Municipal Hospital in the Rundbogenstil which he had also applied in Trieste. His Østervold Observatory was built on the former fortifications of the city to replace the astronomical observatory at the Round Tower. For the University of Copenhagen he also designed a Zoological Museum in Krystalgade in Renaissance Revival style.The building is today used by the university's administration but the lavishly decorated Grand Hall, where the large, stuffed animals used to be on display, is frequently used for exhibitions. <mask> died in 1883 and is interred at Assistens Cemetery. His great great granddaughter, Dinah <mask>, is in the girl group Fifth Harmony. She has shown support to him on her visit to Denmark on October 22, 2016

Selected buildings

 The Mint, Athens (1834–6)
 National and

masks:
Hansen
Hansen
Christian Hansen
Jane Hansen


texts:
 Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (1837–50)
 St. Paul's Church, Athens (1838–1841)
 Eye Clinic, Athens
 Crown Prince's Palace, Athens
 Hotel for Österreichischer Lloyd, Loutraki, Greece
 Arsenal and Dockyards, Trieste (1852–56),
 Copenhagen Municipal Hospital, Copenhagen (1856–63)
 Østervold Observatory, Copenhagen (1859–61)
 Museum of Zoology, Krystalgade, Copenhagen (1863–1869)
 Valkendorfs Kollegium (student residence), Sankt Peders Stræde, Copenhagen (1865–66)
 Roman Bathhouse, Tordenskjoldsgade, Copenhagen (1868, since rebuilt)
 St. Nicolai's Church, Holbæk, (1868–72)
 Christiansdal Abbey, Næstved (1870–71)
 St. Joseph's Hospital, Griffenfeldsgade, Copenhagen (1873–75, later extensions 1881 og 1904)
 Palm House complex, University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden (1874)

Notes

References
 Aristea Papanicolaou-Christensen, <mask>. Breve og tegninger fra Grækenland. Copenhagen. Gyldendal.1994. (Danish)
 Ida Haugsted, Arkitekten Christian <mask> - at vende tilbage til Fædrelandet med mange gode Erfaringer. Copenhagen. Bogværket. 2009. External links

Historicist architects
1803 births
1883 deaths
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts faculty
19th-century Danish architects
Modern history of Athens
Knights of the Order of the

masks:
Christian Hansen
Hansen


texts:
<mask> (9 January 1829 – 3 February 1871) was an English dramatist and stage director. Born to a theatrical family, <mask> began as an actor, but he was not a success and gave up acting in his late 20s. After earning a modest living writing articles for the press, translating and adapting foreign plays and writing several of his own plays he achieved success in 1865 with his play Society, which the actor-manager <mask> presented at a small London theatre, the Prince of Wales's. Over the next five years <mask> wrote five more plays for the Prince of Wales's. Their naturalistic style and treatment of contemporary social issues was in strong contrast to the melodramas and exaggerated theatricality to which the public had been accustomed, and <mask>'s plays were box-office and critical successes. <mask> supervised their productions and was a pioneer of modern stage directing. Among later theatrical figures influenced by <mask>'s Prince of Wales's plays and productions were W. S. Gilbert, <mask>, Bernard Shaw and Harley Granville-Barker.<mask> wrote numerous plays for other theatres, and adapted many foreign plays for the English stage, but few of these made a strong or lasting impression. He strove successfully to improve the financial condition of dramatists, securing payment per performance, a basis that became the norm after his death. <mask> suffered from heart disease and died at the age of 42 at the height of his fame and popularity. Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born in Newark-upon-Trent, Nottinghamshire on 9 January 1829. He came from a long-established theatrical family, active on the English stage since the early 18th century, and was

masks:
Thomas William Robertson
Robertson
Marie Wilton
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Arthur Wing Pinero
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson


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 the eldest son of <mask> <mask> and his wife, Margharetta Elisabetta (née Marinus), a Danish-born actress. <mask> senior had been articled to a lawyer, but abandoned the law to become an actor, and was taken on by his uncle's Lincoln Circuit Company, of which he afterwards became manager. Many of <mask>'s large family of siblings went on the stage, including his brothers Frederick and Edward, and his sisters Fanny, Elizabeth and Margaret, the last subsequently famous as Madge Kendal.He made his first appearance on the stage in June 1834 at the age of five as Hamish, the son of the title character in Rob Roy, and played roles including Cora's child in Sheridan's Pizarro and the Count's child in Kotzebue's The Stranger. At the age of seven <mask> was sent to Spalding Academy, and then to a school in Whittlesey, acting with the family's theatrical company during the school holidays. When he was about 15 his schooling ceased and he rejoined the company full-time,  not only as an actor, but also, according to his biographer Michael R. Booth, "as a scene painter, songwriter, playwright, prompter, and stage-manager". He wrote stage adaptations of Dickens stories for the company: "The Battle of Life" and "The Haunted Man". Apart from a brief and unsuccessful spell in the Netherlands as an English teacher, he remained with the company until its disbandment in 1849. London
<mask> moved to London, earning a meagre living, writing and taking such acting parts as he could get. His biographer T. Edgar Pemberton wrote, "The amount of work that he did there during his early struggling days was prodigious.In addition to writing and adapting plays he contributed

masks:
William Shaftoe
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson


texts: stories, essays, and verses to many magazines: dramatic criticisms to several newspapers: and ephemeral work to numerous comic journals". In 1851 <mask> had a new play presented in the West End, A  Night's Adventure, a comic drama set in the time of the Jacobite rising of 1745. He hoped this would be start of a successful career as a dramatist, but the play was not a success, closing after four nights, and he continued to scratch a living as a writer and actor. Together with H. J. Byron, who became a close friend, he put on an entertainment at the Gallery of Illustration, without success. He worked as a prompter at the Olympic Theatre, tried unsuccessfully to join the army, and travelled to Paris with a company giving a season of English plays there. In 1855, while playing at the Queen's Theatre, he met a 19-year-old actress, Elizabeth Burton. They were married in July the following year; they had a son and three daughters.After their wedding the <mask>s toured Ireland before returning to act in London and the provinces. From 1858 <mask>, feeling that the life of a touring actor left no time for the serious business of writing plays, gave up acting and concentrated on writing. <mask>'s farcical sketch The Cantab, staged as an after-piece at the Strand Theatre in February 1861, attracted the attention of a Bohemian literary set, and led to his becoming a member of the Savage, Arundel and Reunion Clubs, where, in the words of his biographer Joseph Knight, "he enlarged his observation of human nature, and whence he drew some curious types". Among the up-and-coming writers with whom he mixed were F. C. Burnand, W. S. Gilbert, <mask> and Clement Scott.

masks:
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Tom Hood


texts:
 When Byron founded the magazine Fun in 1861, <mask> was a contributor from the outset. Writers for magazines and papers were seldom well paid, and to maintain a modest income <mask> wrote copiously: Pemberton lists a dozen publications to which he contributed in this period, ranging from Beeton's Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine and The Boy's Own Magazine to London Society and The Illustrated Times. Success remained elusive, and <mask> considered giving up writing and becoming a tobacconist.Success

An important step to success came in 1864, when <mask> wrote David Garrick, an adaptation of Mélesville's comedy Sullivan. Edward Sothern staged the piece and starred in it. The actor was at the height of his popularity, and although the notices paid more attention to his performance than to <mask>'s writing, the success of the production advanced the author's career. Encouraged by this professional achievement, he wrote a new play, Society, a comedy depicting what one critic called "the efforts of an illiterate millionaire to introduce his son into 'society', and the equally vigorous efforts of 'society' to repel the intruder". This play was his breakthrough. London managements turned it down, but through Byron's influence it was produced in Liverpool, where it was a critical and popular success. Byron was a professional associate of <mask>, who had recently taken over the management of one of London's smaller theatres, the Prince of Wales's.At his instigation Society was presented there on 11 November 1865. In a highly favourable notice the reviewer in The Times wrote, "The piece was vehemently applauded from beginning to end. Success could not be more

masks:
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Marie Wilton


texts:
 unequivocal". Society ran for 26 weeks – 150 performances – a notable run for the time, establishing the fortunes of the theatre, as well as those of the author. It was revived several times during the next two decades, and was given nearly 500 performances under <mask>'s (later the Bancrofts') management. Between the Liverpool and London openings, <mask> suffered the loss of his wife, who died on 14 August after months of ill health. <mask> wrote the libretto of the 1865 one-act comic opera Constance, with music by Frederic Clay.It was well reviewed when presented at Covent Garden, but ran only briefly, and <mask> did not return to the musical theatre. In 1869 Clay asked him for a second libretto, but he declined and instead gave Clay an introduction to "a better man than I shall ever be", namely Gilbert, who collaborated with Clay on the successful Ages Ago. The success of Society established <mask> as a playwright and enabled him have a decisive voice in the staging of his subsequent plays. His next, the comedy Ours, was first given in August 1866 at the Prince of Wales's, Liverpool under his personal direction with a cast that included <mask>, Squire Bancroft (her future husband and partner) and John Hare. The play transferred to the Prince of Wales's in London the following month and ran for 150 performances. The Times remarked on the "ultra-real" nature of the piece and of its staging. "A complete reformation of the modern drama"
During the run of Ours, <mask>, Gilbert, Scott and others contributed short stories to a collection edited by <mask>.<mask>'s, "The Poor-Rate Unfolds a Tale", formed the basis for his next play at the Prince of

masks:
Wilton
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Wilton
Robertson
Tom Hood
Robertson


texts:
 Wales's, but before that he had two plays staged at other London theatres: Shadow-Tree Shaft, a drama, at the Princess's, and A Rapid Thaw, an adaptation of a Sardou comedy, at the St James's. In April 1867 his stage version of the short story opened at the Prince of Wales's under the title Caste. In this piece <mask> developed the naturalistic, unexaggerated style for which he was becoming famous. Both as author and director he avoided the over-theatrical bombast of the early Victorian theatre. After the first night of Caste one critic wrote:

Gilbert, looking back in 1901, considered Caste Robertson's masterpiece, a judgement with which analysts in the 20th and 21st centuries have concurred. The play ran for 156 performances and was revived for several further runs during the rest of the 19th century. In 1867 <mask> remarried.His second wife was Rosetta Elizabeth Rodmill Feist (1844–1912), whom he had met at a party in London in 1866. They became engaged in August 1867, married at the British consulate in Frankfurt on 17 October, and honeymooned in Paris. They had a daughter and a son. Once back in London, <mask> continued to write and direct. In February 1868 Play was produced at the Prince of Wales's. It ran for 106 performances and was followed by a successful revival of Society. In the same year <mask> adapted Alfred de Musset's 1834 play On ne badine pas avec l'amour for his sister Madge.As Passion Flowers it was staged under <mask>'s direction at the Theatre Royal, Hull and on tour. <mask> had written Society with Sothern in mind, but the actor had been unavailable. In late 1868 <mask> adapted Émile Augier's comedy  L'Aventurière, presented

masks: Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson


texts:
 at the Haymarket as Home, with Sothern in the lead role in January 1869. It had a good run of 136 performances, but was outstripped by <mask>'s School – loosely based on Roderich Benedix's Aschenbrödel – which opened at the Prince of Wales's in the same month and ran for 381 performances. Last years

<mask>'s last Liverpool premiere was on 22 February 1869. My Lady Clara was given at the Alexandra Theatre. The play was restaged in London on 27 March 1869 at the Gaiety Theatre, retitled Dreams.The London production featured Madge <mask>; it ran for 96 performances. Later in the same year A Breach of Promise ("An Extravagant Farce") was staged at the Globe Theatre, London, and Dublin Bay (a "comedietta") was performed at the Theatre Royal, Manchester. In January 1870 <mask> was diagnosed as suffering from heart disease. He continued to write, and 1870 saw the production of Progress (adapted from Sardou) at the Globe, The Nightingale, a drama, at the Adelphi Theatre and his final work for the Prince of Wales's – M. P.. <mask> was an early beneficiary of improved financial terms for playwrights; the practice of payment by royalties was not widespread until the 1880s, but the management of the Prince of Wales's had paid him £1 a night for Society in 1865, and by the time of this final piece his nightly fee had risen to £5. He was also – most unusually for the period – paid for revivals. He was unable to supervise the production of M. P. or even to attend the first night. The company went to his house and gave him a private performance.A comedy called Birth was presented by Sothern at the Theatre Royal, Bristol, followed by a provincial tour. Against

masks: Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson


texts:
 medical advice <mask> attended the first night of a revival of Ours at the Prince of Wales's on 26 November. The following month he travelled to Torquay on doctor's orders, but found no improvement in his health and returned to London after two weeks. He was too ill to have any hand in the production of his last play, War, a drama staged at the St James's Theatre on 16 January 1871. <mask> died at his home in Chalk Farm, London on 3 February 1871, aged 42. He was buried in Abney Park Cemetery. More than a thousand people attended the funeral, including the entire company of the Prince of Wales's, led by <mask>, who placed a chaplet of flowers on the coffin.The theatre was closed that night in tribute to <mask> – an exceptional honour, according to The Times:

Plays

<mask>'s reputation rests on his series of plays for <mask>'s company at the Prince of Wales's Theatre. They were seen as "problem plays", because they dealt seriously and sensitively with social issues of the day. Caste was about marriage across the class barrier and Society explored prejudice against social mobility. The plays were notable for what the critic <mask> dubbed their "cup and saucer" realism, treating contemporary British subjects in settings that were recognisable, unlike the oversized acting in Victorian melodramas that were popular at the time. The characters spoke in normal language rather than declaiming their lines. Looking back thirty years later at the original production, Bernard Shaw called <mask>'s play Caste "epoch making ... After years of sham heroics and superhuman balderdash, Caste delighted everyone by its freshness, its nature, its humanity". Shaw was

masks:
Robertson
Robertson
Marie Wilton
Robertson
Robertson
Marie Wilton
Thomas Purnell
Robertson


texts: mistaken in supposing everyone was delighted: some critics wrote that there was nothing in <mask>'s plays but commonplace life represented without a trace of wit and sparkle, and absurdly realistic.More typical was the comment by a correspondent in The Era shortly after <mask>'s death, asking who else could "successfully break, as he did,  the trammels of conventionalism, and show us upon the stage living, breathing figures of flesh and blood, who walk, talk, act and think as tangible men and women really do in this work-a-day world of ours". Some later analysts have disputed whether <mask> really originated some of the innovations attributed to him. In a 1972 study Errol Durbach suggests that "the 'revolution' had been initiated in France years before by Scribe and  Sardou, those forerunners of the bourgeois domestic theatre and the well-made play". Durbach adds that in England, Vestris was staging plays "with a scrupulous concern for realistic detail", and Bulwer Lytton was already writing "the sort of play that would later be called  'Robertsonian'". Booth (2004) comments that <mask> "was neither the herald of a new drama nor the apostle of a new realism, in spite of the claims of some of his successors and of later historians. He affirmed middle-class values rather than questioned them". Although <mask>'s reputation as a revolutionary dramatist is debated, his importance in the development of modern stagecraft is generally agreed.Before him, star actors usually had control of scripts, and theatre managers had control of casting. <mask> insisted on retaining control over his scripts and casting and required that his actors follow his directions –

masks: Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson Robertson


texts:
 a novel concept at that time. Dion Boucicault had been a forerunner, directing spectacular productions of his own plays, but <mask> applied the directorial precept to English domestic drama for the first time. Unlike Boucicault he did not act in his plays but applied himself exclusively to directing (or as it was called at the time "stage management") and in that capacity he could focus on ensemble and balance. Gilbert attended <mask>'s rehearsals and later directed his own plays and operas based on what he had learned. He said of <mask>:

The actor-manager John Hare, who appeared under <mask>'s direction at the Prince of Wales's, wrote:

As well as Gilbert, Hare and Shaw, leading theatrical figures who were influenced by <mask> included <mask> Pinero and Harley Granville-Barker. The idealistic young playwright <mask> in Pinero's Trelawny of the 'Wells' (1898) is an affectionate portrait of <mask>, of whom Pinero said, "If it hadn't been for <mask> I should never have been able to do what I have done, and that applies to the other fellows".Original plays by <mask>

Source:  T. Edgar Pemberton's edition of Society and Caste, 1905. Adaptations

Source: Pemberton. Unperformed

Source: Pemberton. Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Biography of Gilbert that includes info on Robertson
Photo of Robertson
Article on realism, naming <mask> as a proponent
Schoch, Richard, Performing Bohemia (2004)

People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
1829 births
1871 deaths
People from Newark-on-Trent
Burials at Abney Park Cemetery
English male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century English dramatists and

masks:
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Arthur Wing
Tom Wrench
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson