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<mask> or Turakhan Beg (; ; ; died in 1456) was a prominent Ottoman military commander and governor of Thessaly from 1423 until his death in 1456. He participated in many Ottoman campaigns of the second quarter of the 15th century, fighting against the Byzantines as well as against the Crusade of Varna. His repeated raids into the Morea transformed the local Byzantine despotate into an Ottoman dependency and opened the way for its conquest. At the same time, his administration of Thessaly, where he settled new peoples, founded the town of Tyrnavos and revitalized the economy, set the groundwork for Ottoman rule in the area for centuries to come. Life
Nothing is known of his birth date or early life, except that he was the son of <mask>. His father was a prominent general of Yürük origin who conquered Skopje in 1392 and was the first Ottoman governor of Bosansko Krajište. He is first mentioned in 1413 as governor of Vidin, and then again in 1422, when he fought against the Byzantine governor of Lamia, Kantakouzenos Strabomytes.During the Ottoman Interregnum he was one of the supporters of Mustafa Çelebi during the latter's struggle against Mehmed I and Murad II. He became governor of Thessaly in early 1423, and led his first major expedition in May–June of the same year, against the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece. His cavalry breached the recently rebuilt Hexamilion wall on 21/22 May and ravaged the interior of the peninsula unopposed. He attacked some Byzantine towns and settlements, such as Mystras, Leontari, Gardiki and Dabia. Aside from the plunder, the expedition was also probably a reconnaissance mission ultimately aimed against Venetian possessions in the area, as Venice was the main driving

masks:
Turahan Bey
Pasha Yiğit Bey


type: original

texts: force behind attempts to unite the various Christian rulers of Greece against the Ottoman advance. Soon after, the Byzantine historian Doukas reports Turahan's presence on the shores of the Black Sea. At about the same time, he also campaigned in Epirus, defeated local Albanian tribes and made them tributary to the Ottoman state.In the 1430s, along with <mask> and Ishak <mask>, he participated in the campaigns that suppressed an Albanian revolt led by Gjergj Arianiti and Andrew Thopia. Despite the devastation visited upon the Peloponnese, Turahan's 1423 expedition was only a raid, and the Byzantine Despots of the Morea were able to restore their position and gradually over the next few years bring the entire peninsula under their control. In 1431 however Turahan again breached and destroyed the Hexamilion and took Thebes in 1435, to prevent it from falling into the hands of the Moreot Byzantines. The Despotate of the Morea, under the constant threat of renewed Turkish invasion, clung on to a precarious independence only through continuous gifts and payment of tribute to Turahan. In November 1443 Turahan participated in the Battle of Niš against John Hunyadi, which ended in an Ottoman defeat. During their retreat from Niš, <mask> <mask> and Kasim Pasha burned all villages between Niš and Sofia. Turahan persuaded Sultan Murad II to abandon Sofia as well, and follow a consequent scorched earth strategy against the Hungarian advance.Although the Hungarians were badly mauled in the Battle of Zlatitsa, in a subsequent action at Kunovica they were able to capture Mahmud <mask>, the Sultan's son-in-law, creating the impression of an overall victorious campaign. Contemporary Ottoman sources blame rivalry between

masks:
Ali Bey
Bey
Turahan
Bey
Bey


texts: Kasim and Turahan for the defeat at Kunovica, while some claim that the Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković bribed Turahan not to participate in the battle. <mask> fell from favour as a result and was banished by the Sultan to a prison in Tokat. Nevertheless, he was soon restored to his position, as he was present in Murad's 1446 campaign against the Morea. Murad was reportedly disheartened by the strength of the Hexamilion, but Turahan insisted on an assault. Aided by an artillery bombardment, the Ottomans again breached the Byzantine defences and ravaged the Peloponnese at will. As a result, the Despotate of the Morea was now officially reduced to an Ottoman vassal state.In early October 1452, <mask> and his sons Ahmed and Ömer led a large force into the Peloponnese. Sultan Mehmed II ordered them to remain there during the winter in order to prevent despots Thomas and Demetrios from assisting their brother, Emperor Constantine XI, during the Siege of Constantinople in 1453. <mask> again stormed the Hexamilion and penetrated into the Morea, raiding from Corinth through the Argolid and Arcadia to Messenia. The Byzantines put up little resistance after Hexamilion, although <mask>'s son Ahmed was captured in an ambush at Dervenakia and imprisoned in Mystras. The fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 had great repercussions in the Morea. The two despots, the brothers Demetrios and Thomas, heartily detested each other and were unpopular among their own subjects. A rebellion broke out against them in autumn, supported both by the local Albanian immigrants and the native Greeks, and spread quickly.As the Sultan's vassals, the despots called upon Turkish aid, and Turahan's son Ömer arrived in December. After a few

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 successes, he departed after securing the release of his brother from captivity. The revolt did not subside, and in October 1454 Turahan himself was forced to intervene. After sacking a few fortresses, the rebellious populace capitulated. Turahan advised the two Palaiologoi to compose their differences and rule well, and then departed the peninsula. The two brothers were however unable to reconcile themselves, and soon reverted to quarreling and conspiring with Western powers against the Sultan. In retaliation, Mehmed II campaigned in the Morea in 1458 and seized the northwestern half of the country, which became an Ottoman province under Ömer.The rest of the despotate followed in 1460. <mask> himself was recalled to Adrianople in October 1455 and died ca. August 1456. He was buried at Kirk Kvak near Uzun Köprü in Thrace, but his memorial tomb (türbe) survives to this day in the city. His descendants, the <mask>ğlu, were wealthy landowners in Thessaly until the end of the Ottoman rule there in the late 19th century; with the exception of his sons however, they did not rise to any wider prominence. Legacy
<mask> <mask> ranked among the great, practically semi-autonomous Ottoman "marcher-lords" (uç beyi) of the 15th-century Balkans, along the likes of Evrenos. He was instrumental in the establishment of Ottoman rule in Thessaly and central Greece in general.Aside from his campaigns of conquest, he brought in 5,000 Turkish settlers (Yörüks and Koniars) whom he settled in a string of twelve villages across the province to strengthen Ottoman military control. In addition, according to <mask>'s Arab-language biography, which the Scottish traveller David Urquhart reported to be still extant in the 1830s in

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 Tyrnavos, he was also the first to institute a Greek militia for the lawless mountainous regions of central Greece, the forerunners of the later Armatoloi. Turahan also took several measures to restore order and prosperity in his province, most notably the foundation (or re-foundation) of the town of Tyrnavos, which before was a small pastoral settlement. To attract and protect the local Greek Orthodox population, he granted it special privileges, such as special administrative status as a waqf (a religious endowment) of the Sharif of Mecca, tax exemptions and the prohibition of Ottoman troops from passing through the town. He also endowed it with both a mosque (destroyed after the Greek annexation of Thessaly in 1881) and a church, St Nicholas Turahan, which survives to this day. Turahan also endowed many other public buildings such as mosques, monasteries, madrasas, schools, caravanserais, bridges and baths across the province. He also took care to maintain and foster the Thessalian cotton, silk and wool textile industry, to the extent that later generations attributed to him the introduction of new dye techniques based on yellow berries, madder and the kali plant, used in the manufacture of potash.From there these materials spread to the rest of Rumelia and thence to Western Europe. Family tree
After Franz Babinger in the Encyclopedia of Islam:

References

Sources

Year of birth missing
14th-century births
1456 deaths
14th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
15th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars
City founders
Muslims of the Crusade of Varna
Military personnel of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Thessaly
People of the Ottoman


texts:
Major <mask> (March 7, 1917 –  January 19, 1992) was an American officer in the United States Army Air Forces, who is known as the author of Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo, a memoir of his participation in the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo in 1942. The book was subsequently adapted into  the 1944 film of the same name starring Spencer Tracy, Van Johnson and Robert Mitchum. Early life
<mask> was born in Alameda, California and attended Los Angeles City College in 1937–1938. He joined the U.S. Army Air Corps as an aviation cadet in March 1940 while a student studying aeronautical engineering by day and working nights in the drafting department of Douglas Aircraft Company. After basic flight instruction at Hancock Field, Santa Maria, California, <mask> attended primary flying training at Randolph Field and advanced training at Kelly Field, receiving his pilot's wings and commission as a second lieutenant on 15 November 1940. <mask> was assigned to the 95th Bomb Squadron, 17th Bomb Group (Medium) at McChord Field, Washington. He was assigned as a co-pilot flying B-18 Bolo medium bombers and checked out in the Douglas B-23 Dragon.He became a first pilot in February 1941 and two months later the group received seven B-25 Mitchells, the first of the new medium bombers to be assigned to a unit in the Air Corps. While his squadron was based at McChord, <mask> married Ellen Arlene Reynolds, a librarian at LACC he had met while a student, in Spokane on 5 September 1941. His best man at the ceremony was squadron-mate Lt. Robert M. Gray, who would be a fellow pilot on the Doolittle

masks:
Ted William Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson


texts:
 Raid. World War II

In early 1942, <mask>, then a First Lieutenant, was flying antisubmarine patrols with the 17th Bombardment Group out of Pendleton, Oregon. As the first Army Air Corps group to receive the B-25 Mitchell, the 17th BG had the most experienced pilots and so was ordered from Oregon to Lexington County Army Air Base at Columbia, South Carolina, ostensibly to fly similar patrols off the East Coast of the United States but in actuality to prepare for the mission against Japan. The group officially transferred effective 9 February to Columbia, where its combat crews were offered the opportunity to volunteer for an "extremely hazardous" but unspecified mission. On 17 February the group was detached from the Eighth Air Force.Lieutenant <mask> was accepted as a volunteer for the mission led by then-Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle to bomb Tokyo and several other cities with 16 carrier-launched B-25 Mitchell bombers from aboard  – the first air raid on mainland Japan during World War II following the Pearl Harbor attack. The aircraft that he flew on the raid was nicknamed "The Ruptured Duck" (AAF serial 40-2261). According to <mask> in his book, the plane's unusual name evolved from a minor training accident where the aircraft tail scraped the ground on take-off. Soon after <mask> found someone had written "ruptured duck" in chalk on the fuselage. Inspired, he had B-25 gunner Cpl. Rodger Lovelace create the now-famous caricature of Donald Duck with crutches and pilot's headphones. After launching the mission 170 miles (275 km) farther out than planned

masks: Lawson Lawson Lawson Lawson


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 and bombing their targets in Japan, all of the aircraft ran out of fuel short of their intended recovery airfields in non-Japanese occupied China.<mask> and his crew crashed their plane off the coast of the small island of Nantien when its engines failed while trying to land on the beach during a storm. <mask> and his co-pilot were both thrown through the windscreen of the B-25, with <mask> suffering a compound fracture of the left leg, a lacerated left bicep, and severe facial injuries in the process. All five crew members survived the crash; however all but flight engineer/gunner David J. Thatcher received serious injuries. Bombardier Robert Clever would be returned to the U.S., only to die in another plane crash in November, 1942. After he was transported by friendly Chinese throughout several provinces in China to evade Japanese troops searching for his crew, <mask>'s infected leg was amputated by the mission's flight surgeon, Lt Thomas R<mask>, who had volunteered to fly the mission as a gunner on the crew of Lt. Donald Smith. The nose art of the crashed bomber, "The Ruptured Duck", was later salvaged by the Japanese and put on display in Tokyo. Author

In January 1943, <mask> and newspaper columnist Bob Considine decided to write a book about the mission, entitled Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo.In four nights and two days in the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D.C., the entire story was worked out, although approval to publish the book was not given until after information about the raid was released by the War Department in April 1943. Thirty Seconds Over

masks:
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
. White
Lawson


texts:
 Tokyo first appeared serialized in six issues of Collier's magazine, from May 22 to June 26, 1943. It was also published later that year by Random House in a  220-page hardback "wartime book" (5 1/4" x 7 3/4") format. Through friends in the Los Angeles area, <mask> made contact with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer producer Sam Zimbalist, and the movie was launched in 1944. The film starred Van Johnson as <mask>, alongside Spencer Tracy and Robert Mitchum. It won an Academy Award for Best Special Effects. In 2003, Brassey's reprinted Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo with more photos and an introduction from <mask>'s widow, Ellen.Later life
Along with the majority of the surviving Doolittle Raiders, <mask> was eventually repatriated back to the United States, and in his case, for further medical care including a second amputation of his injured leg and reconstruction of his lower face. During his recuperation, <mask> was promoted to captain in accordance with Doolittle's recommendation that all the raiders be promoted one grade, and later to major. He served as Liaison Officer, U.S. Air Mission, Santiago, Chile from May 1943 until April 1944. He was retired from the U.S. Army Air Forces for physical disability on February 2, 1945. His decorations include the Distinguished Flying Cross, Purple Heart, and the Chinese Army, Navy, and Air Corps Medal, Class A, 1st Grade. After the war, <mask> owned and operated a machine shop in Southern California, and also worked for Reynolds Metals as a liaison between the company and the military. He died at his home in Chico, California on January

masks: Ted Lawson Lawson Lawson Lawson Lawson


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 19, 1992 and was interred at the Chico Cemetery Mausoleum.Honors and tributes
Lawson Army Airfield at Fort Benning, Georgia is partially named for <mask><mask>. It was originally named only for <mask><mask> (no relation to <mask>), an Army Air Corps flyer who earned the Distinguished Service Cross in World War I. Several years later, after the Doolittle Raid in World War II, <mask><mask>'s name was added to the memorial at the field. The Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor, located on Ford Island, has on display a B-25 done in the livery of <mask>'s aircraft from the Doolittle Raid. Military Awards

See also
 Doolittle Raid
 Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Chun, Clayton K.S. The Doolittle Raid 1942: America's First Strike Back at Japan (Campaign: 16). Botley Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2006. .
 Glines, Carroll V. The Doolittle Raid: America's Daring First Strike Against Japan.New York: Orion Books, 1988. .
 <mask>, <mask>. Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo. Dulles, Virginia: Brassey's Inc., 2003 (60th anniversary reprinted edition). .
 <mask>, Charles Hoyt. DeShazer: The Doolittle Raider Who Turned Missionary. Winona Lake, Indiana: The Light and Life Press, 1950. External links
 Classic Film Guide
 Reviews of Aviation Films and Movies
 Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (book)
 Grave Site

United States Army Air Forces officers
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
American amputees
1917 births
1992 deaths
People from Alameda, California
Military personnel from California
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Doolittle

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Ted W
. Lawson
Walter R
. Lawson
Ted
Ted W
. Lawson
Lawson
Lawson
Ted W
Watson


texts:
<mask> (August 25, 1913 – January 29, 2000) was an American pioneering editor of black publications (including the Chicago Daily Defender, Ebony, Jet and Negro Digest) and a public relations executive in Chicago. He was a “top executive editor” for the Johnson Publishing Company who became so well known as a “black newspaperman” – even though he was white and Jewish – that he was invited to submit his biography for inclusion in Who's Who in Colored America. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Chicago in 1913 to Polish Jewish parents, Alexander and Frieda Bernstein. At the time of his birth at Michael Reese Hospital, the family lived on Chicago's Near West Side. <mask> grew up in the slums of Chicago. His father was a house painter originally from Łódź. His mother was born in Warsaw.His mother divorced Alexander when <mask> was a year old, and married Nathan Denison, a Chicago produce dealer. <mask>' parents also lived in Chicago. <mask> spent his teen years in New York's West Side, graduating in 1930 from James Monroe High School. He attended New York University, where he so enjoyed working on the NYU Daily News that when it was shut down in 1933 he decided not to finish his senior year. Instead, he returned to Chicago, enrolling in the Northwestern University journalism program, from which he graduated in 1934. In 1935, he joined the Young Communist League, in part because of its reputed opposition to the emergence of Adolf Hitler's anti-Semitism, in part because of its social positions. He maintained a connection to the party until he was expelled from it in 1948.<mask> married Esther Stern on November 28, 1937. The couple, married for over 62 years, had three children. Journalism career

Beginnings
<mask> obtained work at the three Communist newspapers in the United States: in 1937 at the Daily Worker (New York), in 1938 at the Midwest Daily Record (Chicago) and in 1940 at People's World (San Francisco). With an income insufficient to support him, his wife and a prospective family, <mask> and his wife decided it was

masks:
Ben Burns
Burns
Benjamin Bernstein
Burns
Burns
Esther Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns


texts:
 time to move. By then, the FBI was tracking the couple. An FBI report dated April 17, 1941 noted: “Subjects leaving San Francisco for Chicago to be gone several years; future activities and intentions are unknown.”

Black publications
Back in Chicago, a political connection led <mask> in July 1942 to apply for a job at the Chicago Defender, a leading black weekly newspaper. Hired as a temporary fill-in editor, he remained in that field for 35 years.<mask>' previous contacts with black people had been “practically nonexistent,” but he threw himself into his new work with gusto. “Having committed myself wholly to Negroes' attainment of fair and equal status … I endeavored to become in every sense a 'brother' by virtue of my oneness with Negroes in values and customs, interests and concerns, reactions and resolutions,” he wrote. “I became a Defender editor, a 'black newspaperman,' black in my orientation and thinking, in my concerns and outlook, in my friends and associations, black in everything but my skin color.”

After a stint in the U.S. Merchant Marine in 1943, <mask> became, during the ensuing decades, the only white editor-in-chief of a black daily (the Chicago Daily Defender, converted to a daily in 1956); the founding editor of Negro Digest (serving as editor from 1942–54); the founding (and only white) editor of Ebony (1945–54); the founding editor of Duke (1957, “a black version of Playboy”); the founding editor of Jet (1950–54), the editor of Tan Confessions (founded 1950), the editor of Sepia (1955–58, 1968–77) and the editor of Guns (1956–58). In 1952, the Chicago Defender was the second-largest circulation weekly black newspaper in the United States (circulation: 155,074). Ebony was the largest circulation monthly black magazine (379,000), followed by Tan Confessions (200,000). During this time, <mask> worked often with John H. Johnson, who became a wealthy African-American publisher.“My communist and Defender training in protest proved a source of continual acrimony between Johnson and me for almost all the

masks: Burns Burns Burns Burns


texts:
 years I worked for him,” <mask> wrote. <mask> contrasted the “flame of racial militancy kindled in me” with what he characterized as Johnson's “carefully calibrated racial positivism.”

Later career
<mask> was fired from the Johnson Publishing Company in 1954. Johnson stated that <mask> allowed too many sensational stories to get into Ebony, a charge <mask> refuted. Leaving journalism, he entered public relations, partnering as a vice president from 1958-66 in the public relations firm of Cooper, Burns & Golin (later Golin Harris). In 1957, he obtained work from Ray Kroc, the head of a relatively new company called McDonald's. In the following year, to earn a living he edited five non-black monthlies. He later returned to serve as editor of the Chicago Daily Defender (1962–67) and Sepia (1968–77).<mask> retired from journalism and public relations in 1977, and immediately traveled to Africa with his wife. Relationship to Judaism
Although <mask>' paternal grandfather had been a scribe (sofer) and thus had been part of a religious Jewish family in Poland, <mask> had rebelled against his upbringing. “My father,” <mask> recalled, “had carried Marx's doctrine to the ultimate in his belief that 'religion was the cyanide rather than the opiate of the people.' And so I was brought up.<mask> was a self-described atheist who had “been in a synagogue but a half-dozen times as a sightseer.”

<mask> began using the byline “<mask>” (instead of his birth surname Bernstein) around 1936, because at the time he was having difficulty finding a job in the journalism field and he thought that “perhaps a non-Jewish name would change my fortunes.” Yet during his long career in black journalism, he did not avoid being identified as a Jew. On one occasion, a printing salesman asked if he was “Negro or white?” Cognizant of his “dark complexion,<mask> replied: “Neither, I'm Jewish.” Commenting on his experiences of black anti-Semitism at Ebony, he noted how photographer David Jackson once returned disappointed from an assignment because a person

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Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Alexander Burns
Burns
” Burns
Burns
Ben Burns
” Burns


texts:
 he was to photograph was “not colored" but "a kike” from “Jewtown” (that is, the Maxwell Street area of Chicago). Taken aback by the remark, <mask> asked Jackson what a “kike” is supposed to look like, adding, “Do I look like a kike?” Jackson replied that he didn't know, and <mask> said, “Well, I am a kike.”

In 1973, <mask> and his wife visited his parents' birthplaces in Poland, as well as the death camp Auschwitz. His account of the trip, which included criticism of religious authorities in Israel, was not published until 1996.In his later years, he rebuked the “black anti-Semitism” of Louis Farrakhan and was critical of the Holocaust denial of Arthur Butz. Controversies

Legacy
Some observers question <mask>' place in black journalism. “Does <mask> take too much credit for the seemingly substantial work he did on Negro Digest and Ebony? I don't know,” wrote one critic. “If the reader doesn't know the Black press well enough, it would be easy to accuse <mask> of racial condescension.”

<mask> wrote that he “single-handedly” put together the first issue of Negro Digest, which he states was the idea of John H. Johnson. Johnson hardly mentions <mask> in his autobiography. <mask> noted that Johnson “in later years … embellished his personal success story by claiming to have edited the Digest.”

Earl Conrad claimed to have priority over <mask> as the “first white man ever to work for a Negro newspaper,” an assertion <mask> easily refuted.Richard Wright
During the 1950s, <mask> had a disagreement with Richard Wright, a long-time friend, over an article by Wright on “the Shame of Chicago,” about the plight of the local black community, which had been submitted for publication to Ebony. <mask> wanted to publish the article, but Ebony'''s publisher, John H. Johnson, was against it. Johnson would only agree to publish Wright's article if, in order to appease advertisers, <mask> would write an editorial publicly denouncing the article, which he did. Later, another similar piece by Wright, solicited by <mask>, was rejected by

masks: Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns Burns


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 Johnson. After Wright's death, some critics claimed <mask> was in a “continuing feud” with Wright, and accused him of “skullduggery”; <mask> defended his actions in his memoir. Recognition and influence
A statement of <mask>' influence appeared in the Chicago Defender obituary, which stated that <mask> “pioneered in creating and editing the first commercially successful African American magazines and was the former editor in chief of the Chicago Defender who trained many Black writers in all phases of print journalism.” The documentary record he accumulated during those years, and later donated to the Chicago Public Library, is a “gold mine” of information on the history of black journalism. “For students of African American history and Black journalism,” the Defender editorial stated in reference to the Burns papers, “it is a collection that demands to be seen.”

In 1997, <mask> was named to the Hall of Achievement at Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism."Hall of Achievement: <mask>,"  Medill Northwestern University, updated September 2010. WorksNitty Gritty: A White Editor in Black Journalism (1996)The Best of Negro Humor'', edited by John Harold Johnson and <mask>; intro. Langston Hughes (1945)

References

External links
Ben <mask> Collection, 1939-1999 consists of 46 archival boxes of material (approximately 135 linear feet) donated by <mask> to the Chicago Public Library, Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature
Works by or about <mask> in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Businesspeople from Chicago
Journalists from Illinois
American print editors
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Jewish American journalists
1913 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Medill School of Journalism alumni
New York University alumni
James Monroe High School (New York City) alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American Jews
Jewish anti-racism

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Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
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Ben Burns
Ben Burns
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texts:
Victoire <mask> (Victoire Louise Marie Thérèse; 11 May 1733 – 7 June 1799) was a French princess, the seventh child and fifth daughter of King Louis XV of France and Queen Maria Leszczyńska. She was named after her father and Queen Maria Theresa, her great-great-grandmother and the consort of Louis XIV of France. Originally known as Madame Quatrième, signifying the fourth daughter of the King (an older sister had died in February 1733, before her birth), she was later known as <mask>. She outlived eight of her nine siblings, and was survived by her older sister Madame Adélaïde by less than a year. The sisters were collectively known as Mesdames. Life
Marie Louise Thérèse <mask> de France was born at the Palace of Versailles. Unlike the older children of Louis XV, <mask> was not raised at the Palace of Versailles.Rather, she was, in June 1738, sent to live at the Abbey of Fontevraud with her younger sisters, because the cost of raising them in Versailles with all the status they were entitled to was deemed too expensive by Cardinal Fleury, Louis XV's chief minister. She remained there till 1748 when she was 15. According to Madame Campan, the Mesdames had rather a traumatic upbringing in Fontrevault and were not given much education: "Cardinal Fleury, who in truth had the merit of re-establishing the finances, carried this system of economy so far as to obtain from the King the suppression of the household of the four younger Princesses. They were brought up as mere boarders in a convent eighty leagues distant from the Court. Saint Cyr would have been more suitable for the reception of the King’s daughters; but probably the Cardinal shared some of those prejudices which will always attach to even the most useful institutions, and which, since the death of Louis XIV., had been raised against the noble establishment of Madame de Maintenon. Madame Louise often

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de France
Madame Victoire
Victoire
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 assured me that at twelve years of age she was not mistress of the whole alphabet, and never learnt to read fluently until after her return to Versailles. Madame <mask> attributed certain paroxysms of terror, which she was never able to conquer, to the violent alarms she experienced at the Abbey of Fontevrault, whenever she was sent, by way of penance, to pray alone in the vault where the sisters were interred.A gardener belonging to the abbey died raving mad. His habitation, without the walls, was near a chapel of the abbey, where Mesdames were taken to repeat the prayers for those in the agonies of death. Their prayers were more than once interrupted by the shrieks of the dying man." Reign of Louis XV

On 24 March 1748, being fifteen and no longer regarded a child, Victoire wrote to her father the king and successfully asked permission to return to court. Louis XV appointed three maids-of-honour to attend her, sent Marie-Angélique-<mask> de Bournonville, duchesse de Duras to collect her and meet her with her brother the crown prince at Sceaux. In November 1750, she was joined by her sisters Sophie and Louise. Upon their arrival at court, they were not included in the household of their elder sisters Henriette and Adelaide, the Household of the Mesdames aînées, ('Elder Mesdames') but were given their own Household of the Mesdames cadettes, ('Younger Mesdames') headed by Marie-Angélique-<mask> de Bournonville, duchesse de Duras.While their education had been neglected in the convent, they reportedly compensated for this and studied extensively after their return to court, encouraged by their brother, with whom they immediately formed a close attachment: "When Mesdames, still very young, returned to Court, they enjoyed the friendship of Monseigneur the Dauphin, and profited by his advice. They devoted themselves ardently to study, and gave up almost the whole of

masks: Victoire Victoire Victoire


texts: their time to it; they enabled themselves to write French correctly, and acquired a good knowledge of history. Italian, English, the higher branches of mathematics, turning and dialing, filled up in succession their leisure moments." Victoire made a success at court and her father with her lively self-assurance and charm; she was also regarded to be a beauty and was described "Madame Victoire was handsome and very graceful; her address, mien, and smile were in perfect accordance with the goodness of her heart", and "her beautiful, tender, soft brown eyes, fresh complexion [...] and a bright smile gave the impression of happiness and health, which, together with her desire to please, radiated from her whole personality". In 1753, it was suggested that she might eventually marry her brother-in-law, Ferdinand VI of Spain, as his wife, Barbara of Portugal was seriously ill at the time and expected to die. However, the Queen of Spain survived her illness and lived another five years. No other marriage partner of suitable religion and status was found, and <mask> remained unmarried: with time, she became quite overweight, and because of this, her father the King came to refer to her as ‘Coche’ (Pig/Piggy/Sow), while he called Madame Adélaïde, ‘Loque’ (Tatters/Rag/Rags/Scraggy); Madame Sophie, ‘Graille’ (Grub/Scrap/Carrion crow); and Madame Louise, ‘Chiffe’ (Shoddy silk/Rags).<mask>, as her sisters, had a close relationship with her brother, viewed her mother as a role model, and followed her sister Madame Adélaïde in her campaign against the influence of Madame de Pompadour and, later, Madame du Barry. She also had a close friendship with her favourite lady-in-waiting the Marquise de Durfort, who "afforded to Madame Victoire agreeable society. The Princess spent almost all her evenings with that lady, and ended by fancying herself domiciled with her." In contrast to

masks: Victoire Victoire


texts: her elder sister Adelaide, <mask> was described as "good, sweet-tempered, and affable", and well liked both by society and her staff. In 1761, <mask> visited the waters in Lorraine for medical purposes for the first time, in the company of Adelaide, because of an over amount of food consumption, while their sisters Sophie and Louise visited Paris for the first time. Madame Campan described the sisters and their life in the years around 1770: "Louis XV. saw very little of his family.He came every morning by a private staircase into the apartment of Madame Adelaide. He often brought and drank there coffee that he had made himself. Madame Adelaide pulled a bell which apprised Madame <mask> of the King’s visit; Madame <mask>, on rising to go to her sister’s apartment, rang for Madame Sophie, who in her turn rang for Madame Louise. The apartments of Mesdames were of very large dimensions. Madame Louise occupied the farthest room. This latter lady was deformed and very short; the poor Princess used to run with all her might to join the daily meeting, but, having a number of rooms to cross, she frequently in spite of her haste, had only just time to embrace her father before he set out for the chase. Every evening, at six, Mesdames interrupted my reading to them to accompany the princes to Louis XV.; this visit was called the King’s ‘debotter’,—[Debotter, meaning the time of unbooting. ]—and was marked by a kind of etiquette. Mesdames put on an enormous hoop, which set out a petticoat ornamented with gold or embroidery; they fastened a long train round their waists, and concealed the undress of the rest of their clothing by a long cloak of black taffety which enveloped them up to the chin. The chevaliers d’honneur, the ladies in waiting, the pages, the equerries, and the ushers bearing large flambeaux, accompanied them to the King. In a moment the whole palace,

masks: Victoire Victoire Victoire Victoire


texts:
 generally so still, was in motion; the King kissed each Princess on the forehead, and the visit was so short that the reading which it interrupted was frequently resumed at the end of a quarter of an hour; Mesdames returned to their apartments, and untied the strings of their petticoats and trains; they resumed their tapestry, and I my book." In 1770, the fourteen-year-old Marie-Antoinette became Dauphine by marriage to Madame Victoire's nephew the Dauphin, the future Louis XVI of France. Because of the close relationship between the Dauphin and his aunts, Marie-Antoinette also initially came close to the Mesdames her first years in France as the senior royal women at court.The Mesdames used to take turns with the Countess of Provence in accompanying Marie Antoinette on official assignments. The close relationship between Marie-Antoinette and Mesdames was, however, discontinued in 1772, after the attempt to entice Marie Antoinette to humiliate Madame du Barry was thwarted, a plan which had been led by Madame Adélaïde with support of Madame <mask> and Madame Sophie. Reign of Louis XVI
From April 1774, Madame <mask> and her sisters attended to their father Louis XV on his deathbed until his death from smallpox on 10 May. Despite the fact the sisters had never had smallpox, and the male members of the royal family, as well as the crown princess, were kept away because of the high risk of catching the illness, the Mesdames were allowed to attend to him until his death, being female and therefore of no political importance because of the Salic Law. After the death of Louis XV, he was succeeded by his grandson Louis Auguste as Louis XVI, who referred to his aunts as Mesdames Tantes. The sisters were in fact infected by their father and fell ill with smallpox (from which they recovered), and were kept in quarantine on a little house near the Palace of Choisy, to which


texts:
 the court evacuated after the death of the king until recovery. Their nephew the king allowed them to keep their apartments in the Palace of Versailles, and they kept attending court at special occasions - such as for example at the visit of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who reportedly charmed Adelaide.However, they distanced themselves from court and often preferred to reside in their own Château de Bellevue in Meudon; they also travelled annually to Vichy, always with a retinue of at least three hundred people, and made the waters there fashionable. The Mesdames continued to be the confidants of Louis XVI, and they also maintained a good relationship with their niece, Princess Élisabeth of France, and often visited her in her retreat at . The Mesdames did not get along well with queen Marie-Antoinette. When the queen introduced the new custom of informal evening family suppers, as well as other informal habits which undermined the formal court etiquette, it resulted in an exodus of the old court nobility in opposition to the queen's reforms, which gathered in the salon of the Mesdames. They entertained extensively at Bellevue as well as Versailles; their salon was reportedly regularly frequented by minister Maurepas, whom Adelaide had elevated to power, by the prince of Condé and the prince of Conti, both members of the Anti-Austrian party, as well as Beaumarchais, who read aloud his satires of Austria and its power figures. The Austrian Ambassador Mercy reported that their salon was a centre of intrigues against Marie Antoinette, were the Mesdames tolerated poems satirizing the queen. The Mesdames gathered the extreme conservative Dévots party of the nobility opposed to the philosophers, the encyclopedists and the economists.Revolution and later life
Madame <mask> and her sister were present at Versailles during the Parisian women's march to Versailles on 6


texts: October 1789, and were among those gathered in the king's apartment on the night of the attack on Marie Antoinette's bedroom. They participated in the wagon train leaving the Palace of Versailles for Paris; on the way, however, their carriage separated from the rest of the procession before they reached Paris. They never took up residence at the Tuileries with the royal family, but preferred to retire to the Château de Bellevue at Meudon instead. Revolutionary laws against the Catholic Church caused them to apply for passports from their nephew, the King, to travel on pilgrimage to the Basilica of Saint Peter in Rome. Louis XVI signed their passports and notified the Cardinal de Bernis, the French Ambassador to Rome, of their impending arrival. On 3 February 1791, when they were about to leave, anonymous notification of their intentions was sent to the Jacobin Club, which caused a deputation of protest to the National Assembly. On 19 February, a crowd of women assembled at Palais Royal and agreed to march out to the Château de Bellevue in an attempt to stop the Mesdames from departing.The Mesdames were warned and left the château in the carriage of a visitor. They did not have the time to bring their baggage wagons; these were protected, however, and sent after them by General Louis-Alexandre Berthier. They left for Italy in a procession of wagons on 20 February 1791 with a large entourage. Their departure was given attention in the press. The Chroniqle de Paris wrote: "Two Princesses, sedentary by condition, age, and taste, are suddenly possessed by a mania for travelling and running about the world. That is singular, but possible. They are going, so people say, to kiss the Pope's slipper.That is droll, but edifying. [...] The Ladies, and especially Madame Adelaide, want to exercise the rights of man. That is natural. [...] "The fair travellers are followed by


texts: a train of eighty persons. That is fine. But they carry away twelve millions. That is very ugly.[...]", while the Sahhats Jacobites wrote: "The Ladies are going to Italy to try the power of their tears and their charms upon the princes of that country. Already the Grand Master of Malta has caused Madame Adelaide to be informed that he will give her his heart and hand as soon as she has quitted France, and that she may count upon the assistance of three galleys and forty-eight cavaliers, young and old. Our Holy Father undertakes to marry <mask> and promises her his army of three hundred men to bring about a counter-revolution." Their trip was affected by some bad publicity; they were temporarily stopped by a riot against their departure in Moret, and on 21 February, they were detained for several days at a tavern in Arnay-le-Duc, where the municipality wished to confirm their permission to leave from the National Assembly before allowing them to continue. In Paris, the affair caused riots; protesters invaded the gardens of the Tuileries and demanded that the king order his aunts to return to France. The matter was debated in the National Assembly, where M. de Narbonne acted as their spokesperson. Mirabeau convinced the National Assembly that "The welfare of the people cannot depend on the journey the Ladies undertake to Rome; while they are promenading near the places where the Capitol once stood, nothing prevents the edifice of our liberty from rising to its utmost height.[...] Europe will doubtless be much astonished when it learns that the National Assembly of France spent four entire hours in deliberating on the departure of two ladies who would rather hear Mass in Rome - than in Paris." The public at Arnay-le-Duc, however, was not pleased with the decision of the Assembly and so, because of a riot to prevent their departure, the sisters were not able to


texts:
 leave until 3 March. On several occasions between Lyon and the border, they were exposed to public demonstrations. But they finally left France, crossing the border at Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin, Isère, where they were hooted derisively from the French shore while salvos of artillery from the Italian shore welcomed them to Savoy. They were met by a royal guard of escort and by the chief palace officials of the King of Sardinia, who installed them in the Chateau de Chambery. They continued to visit their niece Clotilde at the royal court of Turin, but stayed only a fortnight: "not even the touching and gracious welcome offered to them by the royal family, the affection shown to them by the Comte d'Artois and the Prince and Princess of Piedmont, their nephew and niece, could make them forget the anguish and perils they had left behind them, and which encircled their family and country with gloom. Mme <mask> wept continuously, Mme Adelaide did not cry, but she had almost lost the use of speech."They arrived in Rome on 16 April 1791, where they stayed for about five years. In Rome, the sisters were given the protection of the Pope and housed in the palace of Cardinal de Bernis. In the Friday receptions of Cardinal de Bernis, Cornelia Knight described them: "Madame Adélaïde still retained traces of that beauty which had distinguished her in her youth, and there was great vivacity in her manner, and in the expression of her countenance. Madame <mask> had also an agreeable face, much good sense, and great sweetness of temper. Their dress, and that of their suite, were old-fashioned, but unostentatious. The jewels they brought with them had been sold, one by one, to afford assistance to the poor emigrées who applied to the princesses
in their distress. They were highly respected by the Romans; not only by the higher orders, but by the common people, who had a horror of the


texts:
 French revolution, and no great partiality for that nation in general."When news came that Louis XVI and his family had left Paris on the Flight to Varennes in June, a misunderstanding first caused the impression that the escape had succeeded; at this news, "the whole of Rome shouted with joy; the crowd massed itself under the windows of the Princesses crying out: Long live the King! ", and the Mesdames arranged a grand banquet for the nobility of Rome in celebration, which had to be interrupted when it was clarified that the escape had in fact failed. Upon the invasion of Italy by Revolutionary France in 1796, Adélaïde and <mask> left Rome for Naples, where Marie Antoinette's sister, Maria Carolina, was queen, and settled at the Neapolitan royal court in the Palace of Caserta. Queen Maria Carolina found their presence in Naples difficult: "I have the awful torment of harbouring the two old Princesses of France with eighty persons in their retinue and every conceivable impertinence... The same ceremonies are observed in the interior of their apartments here as were formerly at Versailles." When Naples was invaded by France in 1799, they left for Corfu and finally settled in Trieste, where <mask> died of breast cancer. Adélaïde died one year later.Their bodies were returned to France by Louis XVIII at the time of the Bourbon Restoration and buried at the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Gallery

Ancestry

See also

 Mesdames de France

References

This article is based on a translation of the equivalent article of the French Wikipedia on 1 November 2006'

Further reading
 Zieliński, Ryszard (1978). Polka na francuskim tronie.'' Czytelnik. 1733 births
1799 deaths
18th-century French people
18th-century French women
Princesses of France (Bourbon)
House of Bourbon (France)
French people of Polish descent
People from Versailles
Burials at the Basilica of


texts:
T. N<mask> (born 16 June 1960) is an Indian film & TV serial actor, playback singer, and dubbing artist in Malayalam movies. Career

His debut movie was Rathinirvedam in 1978. He was the voice for actor Vineeth and Rahman and also for Kunchacko Boban in Aniyathi Pravu. He won best dubbing artiste Kerala State Award for Kabuliwala (Vineeth) and Aniyathi Pravu (Kunchacko Boban). He acted in approximately 30 Malayalam movies and sang almost 1000 songs in Malayalam and Tamil movies, including many songs for Ilaiyaraaja in Tamil movies. Music director Ilaiyaraaja introduced him to the Tamil film industry in Kozhi Koovuthu. Personal life

<mask> was born as the elder of two children of P. Narayana Raja and Nalini Raja of Nilambur Kovilakam  Nilambur, Malappuram district (Then in Kozhikode district) on 16 June 1960.He has a younger sister named Meera. He had his primary education from GMHS, Nilambur. He pursued a bachelor's degree in Music with first rank from Calicut University from Government College Chittur, Palakkad. He holds

masks:
. Krishnachandran
Krishnachandran


texts:
 an M.A. in Music at Madras University. He married South Indian actress Vanitha Krishnachandran on 11 May 1986 at Mookambika Temple, Kollur. They have a daughter named Amritavarshini, born in 1990.They lived at Chennai from 1986 till 2005. They are currently settled at Thiruvananthapuram. His daughter was married in 2016 to Navaneeth and are currently settled in Canada. (1985)
 "Karimbin Poovinakkare"... Karimbinpoovinakkare (1985)
 "Onnaam Thumbi"... Makan Ente Makan (1985)
 "Cherunnu Njangalonnaay"... Kadha Ithuvare (1985)
 "Tak Tak Tak"... Avidatheppole Ivideyum (1985)
 "Pokaathe Pokaathe"... Angaadikkappurathu (1985)
 "Azhakinoraaraadhana"... Angaadikkappurathu (1985)
 "Manjin Kulirala"... Chorakku Chora (1985)
 "Vanashree Mukham"... Rangam (1985)
 "Aaraarum Ariyaathe"... Rangam (1985)
 "Thamburaan Paattinu"... Rangam (1985)
 "Kaaveriyaaril"... Black Mail (1985)
 "Ponmarakkuda Choodi"... Manaykkale Thatha (1985)
 "Premalekhanam"... Priye Priyadarshini (1985)
 "Ee Aanandam"... Ore Raktham (1985)
 "Ravi


texts:
<mask> "Béla" <mask> (4 July 1880 – 20 August 1946) was a Slovak politician who served as prime minister and minister of Foreign Affairs of the First Slovak Republic between 1939 and 1945. <mask> was one of the main forces behind the deportation of Slovak Jews to Nazi concentration camps in German occupied Poland. He was the leader of the radical wing of the Slovak People's Party. Early career
<mask>, sometimes referred to by the Magyar name Béla, was born in Hegybánya, in the Hont County of the  Kingdom of Hungary (today: Štiavnické Bane, Slovakia). He studied law at universities in Budapest, Berlin, and Paris. He became the youngest professor in the Kingdom of Hungary, teaching law in Pécs and—from 1914 to 1919—at the Elizabethan University in Bratislava. After the dissolution of that university in 1919, he worked as an editor in Bratislava.After the founding of Czechoslovakia in late 1918, he joined the autonomist Slovak People's Party. Growing separatist sentiment would later enable <mask>'s rise to power. In 1919, he was elected to the Presidium of the Countrywide Christian Socialist Party as nominee of the Slovak section. In 1923, he founded the organization Rodobrana ("Home Guard"), an armed militia. <mask> was also a deputy to the Czechoslovak parliament. Espionage allegations and first jail sentence
On 1 January 1928 <mask> published an article titled "Vacuum Juris", alleging that there had been a suppressed annex to the 30 October 1918 "Martin Declaration" (the Slovak version of the Czechoslovak declaration of independence of 18 October 1918) by which Slovak representatives officially joined the newly founded state of Czechoslovakia. This annex, according to <mask>, stated that the declaration was, by agreement, to be valid for only ten years; after 30 October 1928, he claimed, Prague's writ would no longer run in Slovakia.The Prague government charged <mask> with espionage and high treason. <mask> was found

masks:
Vojtech Lázar
Tuka
Tuka
Tuka
Tuka
Tuka
Tuka
Tuka
Tuka
Tuka


texts:
 guilty and sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment; he served about ten years of that sentence. The Slovak Republic and <mask>'s rise to political power

On 9 March 1939 Czech troops moved into Slovakia in reaction to radical calls for independence from Slovak patriots (including <mask>, who had recently been released from prison). On 13 March Adolf Hitler took advantage of this "Homolov Putsch", prompting Jozef Tiso—the Slovak ex–prime minister and Roman Catholic priest deposed by the Czech troops—to declare Slovak independence on 14 March by an act of the Slovak Assembly. The Czech part of Czechoslovakia was incorporated into the Third Reich as a protectorate. Tiso became Prime Minister of the new Slovak state on 14 March 1939; he was chosen as President on 26 October 1939 and immediately appointed <mask> as Prime Minister. The Salzburg Conference, concluded between Slovakia and the Reich in Salzburg, Austria on 28 July 1940, resulted in closer collaboration with Germany, and in <mask> and other political leaders increasing their powers at the expense of Tiso's original concept of a Catholic corporate state.<mask> attended the conference, as did Hitler, Tiso, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Alexander Mach (head of the Hlinka Guards), and Franz Karmasin, head of the local German minority. The agreement called for dual command by the Slovak People’s Party and the Hlinka Guard (HSĽS), and also an acceleration in Slovakia's anti-Jewish policies. The Reich appointed Stormtrooper leader Manfred von Killinger as the German representative in Slovakia. Tiso  accepted these changes in a subsequent conversation with Hitler. As a result of the conference, two state agencies were created to deal with "Jewish affairs". <mask> and the persecution of Slovak Jews
On 3 September 1940 <mask> led the Slovak Assembly to enact Constitutional Law 210, a law authorizing the government to do everything necessary to exclude Jews from the economic and

masks: Tuka Tuka Tuka Tuka Tuka Tuka Tuka


texts: social life of the country. Previous laws had already stripped them of political participation.On 24 November that year <mask> and von Ribbentrop signed a protocol entering Slovakia into alliance with Germany, Japan, and Italy. In 1940 Dieter Wisliceny, an Schutzstaffel|SS]] Hauptsturmführer, was sent to Bratislava to act as an "adviser on Jewish affairs" to <mask>'s government. With Wisliceny, <mask> composed the Ordinance Judenkodex (Codex Judaicus, or Jewish Code) of the 9th of September 1941, which comprised 270 articles comprehensively denying rights to Slovak Jews. The Code was longer than the Slovak Constitution. It required that Jews wear the yellow star, annulled all debts owed to Jews, confiscated Jewish property, and expelled Jews from Bratislava, the Slovak capital. Slovakia was the first state outside of direct German control to agree to the deportation of its Jewish citizens. In 1942, Tuka strongly advocated the deportation of Slovakia's Jewish population to the eastern Nazi concentration camps.Together with Internal Affairs Minister Alexander Mach, <mask>, who was vice-chairman of the Slovak People's Party, encouraged ever-closer cooperation of the Party with Germany, supported by the Hlinka Guard, successor to the Rodobrana revived by Tuka. Twenty thousand Jews were to be deported under the German resettlement scheme, for which the Slovak government was to pay five hundred Reichsmark per deportee. Tiso was perfectly aware of the deportations orchestrated by  <mask>. In 1942 Tiso gave a speech in Holíč in which he justified ongoing deportations of Slovak Jews. Hitler commented after this speech "It is interesting how this little Catholic priest Tiso is sending us the Jews!". The deportation of Slovak Jews was halted in October 1942, at the order of the Slovak Council of Ministers. A number of reasons for the sudden decision have been posited, including pressure from Slovak clergy.A report by the

masks: Tuka Tuka Tuka Tuka Tuka


texts:
 Bratislava Sicherheitsdienst, the intelligence agency of the SS, stated that the reason for the sudden halt was a meeting called by <mask> on 11 August 1942. At that meeting, <mask> and the secretary-general of the Industrial Union told the ministers that Slovakia's economy could not withstand continued deportation of the Jews, causing the Council to order the halt. Between 25 March and 20 October 1942, Slovakia sent about 57,700 Jews to Nazi concentration camps. However, in September 1944, the deportation of Slovak Jews was resumed; by the end of the war in April 1945, about 13,500 additional Jews were deported. Fall from power and death
By 1943, <mask>'s health had deteriorated to a point where his political activities were significantly diminished and at the beginning of 1944, he was planning his resignation. After large negotiations about his successor, he resigned on 5 September 1944, a few days after the outbreak of the Slovak National Uprising. As he was prime minister at the time, the resignation involved the whole government.<mask> was replaced by Štefan Tiso (a distant relative of president Jozef Tiso). From then on, <mask> no longer took part in Slovak political life. At the end of the war, having already suffered a stroke which confined him to a wheelchair, he emigrated together with his wife, nursing attendants, and personal doctor to Austria, where he was arrested by Allied troops following the capitulation of Germany and handed over to the officials of the renewed Czechoslovakia. Following a brief trial, Vojtech <mask> was executed by hanging on 20 August 1946. Swiss bank account
On 21 July 1997, after two years of lobbying, Slovak Jewish leaders persuaded the Czech cabinet to return property belonging to Slovak victims of the Holocaust. That month, the Swiss Bankers Association published a list of World War II–era Swiss bank account holders with dormant accounts; the list included the name of <mask>

masks: Tuka Tuka Tuka Tuka Tuka Tuka Vojtech


texts:
 <mask>, according to Simon Wiesenthal, who urged that <mask>'s account be turned over to the Swiss fund for victims of the Nazis. František Alexander, executive chairman of Slovakia's Central Association of Jewish Religious Communities, told The Slovak Spectator that the funds from the account should be allocated by an international council of justice.Jozef Weiss, head of the Association's office, said that the Association did not believe it had the legal or moral right to take money from Tuka's private account to repay a wrong done by the Slovak government. Instead, Weiss suggested, the money should be used to pay for the upkeep of the graves of Slovak soldiers who died in vain fighting alongside the Nazis against the Russian liberation forces on the Eastern Front. Ivan Kamenec, a Slovak historian of the war, said that Tuka's multiple posts "were all very well paid"; the offices of Foreign Minister and central committee member of HSĽS both paid over 10,000 Slovak crowns a month, he said. Although Kamenec refused to speculate on the size of Tuka's dormant account, he noted that Tuka's living requirements were modest. Notes

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Evans, Richard J. (2009). The Third Reich at War.New York: Penguin Press. Ward, James Mace (2013). Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. .

 V. Tuka Trial (in Slovak). B.m. : b. v., (1929). 1847 p. - available at ULB Digital Library

External links

1880 births
1946 deaths
People from Banská Štiavnica District
People from the Kingdom of Hungary
Slovak People's Party politicians
Slovak fascists
Slovak collaborators with Nazi Germany
Antisemitism in Slovakia
Fascist rulers
World War II political leaders
Holocaust perpetrators in Slovakia
Executed prime ministers
Executed Slovak people
Executed Czechoslovak collaborators with Nazi Germany
Prime Ministers of Slovakia
Slovak

masks: Tuka Tuka


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<mask> (14 December 1857 −24 February 1923) was a newspaper publisher, politician, and District Court judge in Newfoundland. He represented Harbour Grace in the Newfoundland House of Assembly for three terms, from 1898 to 1908, as a Liberal. Early life

Oke was born 14 December 1857 in Harbour Grace, the grandson of <mask>, the first Chief Inspector, Newfoundland Lighthouse Service, and the son of <mask>, II (1825–1862) and Frances Walsh (1830–1881). His father was a harbor pilot, a lighthouse keeper on Harbour Grace Island in Conception Bay, and he became a local legend as the winning coxwain in the whaleboat race in 1859 that inspired the annual regatta in Harbour Grace. Oke was 4 years old and the youngest of four siblings when his father drowned with Nathaniel Snow (assistant lighthouse keeper) after they fell through the ice near Salvage Rock while traveling to the lighthouse in February 1862. Oke's mother, "Fanny", raised her young family by operating a variety store in town but was in poor health and remained an invalid for the last 19 years of her life. Newspaper career

From the age of 13 or 14, Oke apprenticed as a printer with Robert Thomas Squarey, who had taken over as editor from <mask>, of the Harbor Grace Standard and Conception Bay Advertiser.After three years, Oke was promoted to foreman. On 5 March 1873 the newspaper was purchased by Archibald Munn (1814–1877), who as publisher and editor, moved the business to Water Street East. After Munn's death, his son, John F. Munn ran the publishing business. Oke took over the positions of business manager and publisher and became part owner with Munn when the business changed to Munn & Oke, Ltd. on 23 May 1888. The newspaper title was shortened to Harbor Grace Standard. In March 1909, after Oke recused himself as an editor and publisher, Sophia Oke as trustee for their son Edward Langdon <mask>, IV (1893–1966) or 'Ned' (a minor), and the estate of

masks:
William Austin Oke
Robert Oke
Edward Langdon Oke
William Squarey
Oke


texts:
 J. F. Munn became the publishers and proprietors of the Standard. At the time of Oke's death in 1923, Ned was the proprietor of the Standard.Although Ned was sole printer, publisher and Chief Editor, he filed an affidavit to retain the business registration and proprietorship as Munn & Oke, Ltd. After the newspaper ceased publication in 1936, the business relied on commercial printing and lithographic services, shepherded eventually by Ned's son, <mask> <mask>, II (1930–2005). The "Washington" press equipment, manufactured by R. Hoe & Company, used to print the Standard, was still being used by Munn & Oke, Ltd. to print posters when Memorial University of Newfoundland purchased it in 1962 and named it "Pitcher Plant Press". Thus, three generations of Oke family hand-operated the historic iron printing press that was used in Newfoundland for more than a century (1850 to 1962). The press is on display in the Queen Elizabeth II Library (MUN, St. John's, NL). Political career

Oke's entrance into politics was in the October 1897 Newfoundland general election, running as a liberal under <mask>, he won a seat from 1898 to 1900 in the 18th General Assembly of Newfoundland, led by the opposition Tory Party of James Spearman Winter (1845–1911). Oke continued as a member of The Liberal Party, then led by Sir Robert Bond (1857–1927) after the Newfoundland general election, held on 8 November 1900, and sat in the 19th General Assembly of Newfoundland, from 1901 to 1904. Oke succeeded again in election to the 20th General Assembly of Newfoundland and sat from 1905 to 1908.In 1907, Britain changed the structure of the self-governing British colony, conferring dominion status to Newfoundland by Royal Proclamation. At this time,  minister of justice Edward Patrick Morris resigned from the cabinet and formed the Newfoundland People's Party, which ran against the liberals in the Newfoundland general election, held on 2

masks:
William Austin
Oke
William Whiteway


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 November 1908. Oke and five other candidates ran in a close election for the three Member House Assembly seats for the Harbour Grace District but he was unsuccessful in seeking a fourth term. Judicial career

In 1905, Oke was appointed Justice of the Peace and Notary Public for the Colony. In February 1909, the Governor in Council appointed Oke to be Stipendiary Magistrate for the Northern District of Newfoundland and Judge of the Harbour Grace District Court in place of Alfred Henry Seymour (1855–1912), who was elected to represent Harbour Grace in the Newfoundland House of Assembly. Given this new position, Oke recused himself as a publisher. Until his death in 1923, Oke served as one of the two District Court judges in Newfoundland; the District Court in Harbour Grace was abolished in 1935.By 1913, Oke was appointed as a Commissioner of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland, authorized to take affidavits for any cause pending in the Supreme Court and empowered to issue Original or Mesne Process. The Harbour Grace Court House where Judge Oke served is the oldest surviving public building in Newfoundland and one of the National Historic Sites of Canada. Community service

Oke was a member of the Board of Education for the District of Harbor Grace, was president of the Harbor Grace Literary Institute for about seven years, and as an avid participant in cricket, football and other sports, he was an advocate for community athletics and served as a Trustee of Shannon Park (Harbour Grace, NL). During WWI, Oke was President of the local branch of the Newfoundland Patriotic Association (also called the Men's Patriotic Association). He was elected president of the Sons of England Benefit (or Benevolent) Society  (Lodge Diamond Jubilee no. 236), which provided insurance benefits to members in need because of illness or other circumstances. Serving as Master of Lodge Harbor Grace, A.F.and A.M., Oke was the 3rd


texts:
 generation of Oke family in Newfoundland to participate in Freemasonry, a tradition passed down from family in England. His son Ned was a member of the Masonic fraternity for 45 years, where he followed in his father's footsteps, also serving as Master of Lodge Harbour Grace No. 476 A.F. & A.M. S.C., which met in the oldest wooden Masonic building in Canada (constructed circa 1867). Ned was also an officer of the District Grand Lodge and an honorary office bearer of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. Oke was the Superintendent of the Church of England Sunday school in the west end of Harbour Grace and was a Select Vestryman and Lay Delegate of the Diocesan Synod for St. Paul's Anglican Church. Family

On 31 July 1890, Oke married Sophia Lilla Snow (1862–1938), who from the age of 17 was a school teacher in Harbour Grace.Sophia became the President of the Harbor Grace Branch of the Women's Patriotic Association of Newfoundland during World War I, was named an Officer in the Civil Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire and was secretary of St. Paul's branch of the Church of England Association (Harbour Grace, NL). They raised two children. Oke's daughter Annie Gladys <mask> (1891–1974) married the Rev. Gordon Stewart Templeton (1885–1969), the rector of St. Paul's Anglican Church (Harbour Grace, NL). In 1934, Templeton became Anglican Rector of the Parish of the Bay of Islands. <mask>'s son, Edward Langdon <mask>, “Ned”, (1893–1966) married Jessica Beatrice Sheppard (1901–1995). He was a sergeant with the Royal Newfoundland Regiment in WW1 and was active in The Great War Veterans Association, organized the Harbor Grace branch of The Canadian Legion of the British Empire Services League, now the Royal Canadian Legion.Ned lent pilot Capt. J. Erroll Boyd (1891–1960) his Webley & Scott  flare pistol to carry during the first flight by a Canadian from North America to England, 9–10 October 1930, in

masks: Oke Oke Oke


texts:
 the Wright-Bellanca WB-2 Maple Leaf (aka, Columbia), navigated by the American, Lieut. Harry Connor. This flight was also notable for transporting mail bearing a surcharged stamp as a commemorative overprint. The aviators had Ned's gun engraved to mark the historic flight and it resides in the collection at the Conception Bay Museum. Ned served as rector's warden of St. Paul's Church for more than a decade and was devoted to advancing community interests, dying in the home of Premier Joey Smallwood (1900–1991) during such a meeting. In 1890, Oke's older brother, John Langdon <mask> (1854–1928), wed Mary Winifred Sheppard, whose father, Nathaniel Sheppard, was, like Oke's father, uncle and grandfather, a lighthouse keeper on Harbour Grace Island.John was a Harbour Grace Water Company Secretary and Collector who suggested the site for the first civil airport in North America (now the oldest surviving operational airstrip in Canada), from which aviators such as Amelia Earhart would embark from Harbour Grace, NL to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The first pilots to use the airstrip, Edward F. Schlee (1887–1969) and <mask>. Brock (1895–1932), took off 26 August 1927 in the SM-1 NC857 monoplane, Pride of Detroit, attempting to set a speed record for round-the-world flight. In 1951, the early transatlantic flights from the Harbour Grace airfield were designated Events of National Historic Significance (Canada). In 1989, Oke's father, Edward Langdon <mask>, II was inducted into the Harbour Grace Sports Hall of Fame as founder of the Harbour Grace Regatta, the second oldest continuous sporting event in North America. References

Members of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
1857 births
1923 deaths
Judges in Newfoundland and Labrador
Neurological disease deaths in Newfoundland and Labrador
Infectious disease deaths in Newfoundland and Labrador
Deaths from meningitis
Dominion of Newfoundland

masks:
Oke
William S
Oke


texts:
<mask> (December 1972 – March 2002) was an Algerian boxer, who won two Olympic medals. In 1992, the southpaw placed third in the featherweight division (54–57 kg), and at the 1996 Summer Olympics he won the gold medal in the lightweight division. Early life
<mask> was born in the Algerian town of Thénia on 27 December 1972. He was introduced to boxing by his older brother Omar, who had already trained several other fighters. Omar later explained, "It is a school of life and discipline that allowed him not to drag, he quickly proved diligent and determined." <mask> fought right-handed in the southpaw stance, using his left hand as a low guard near his hip. Boxing career

Amateur career
He came joint third with Arnaldo Mesa at the 1991 World Amateur Boxing Championships.<mask> was selected for the Olympics for the first time for the 1992 Summer Games in Barcelona, Spain, competing in the featherweight division. He reached the semi final, where he was defeated by eventual gold medallist Andreas Tews of Germany. Omar said that "By the end of the Barcelona Olympics, the goal was to come back to win the gold this time. For us it was an even higher level. Nothing to do with the World Championships or the African Championships which was Hocine was each time medalist." <mask> returned to the Olympics at the 1996 Summer Games in Atlanta, United States, competing this time in the lightweight division. In the first round, he defeated Turkey's Vahdettin İşsever with a points decision of 14-2.The winning margin was slightly less in the second round, when he won 11-1 against Agnaldo Nunes of Brazil. From the quarter finals onwards, the decisions were increasingly close. Against South Korea's Shin Eun-Chul, the score was 16-10, and <mask> won in the semi final against favourite Leonard Doroftei of Romania by a score of only 9-6. In the final of the Atlanta Games, <mask> faced Bulgarian Tontcho Tontchev. After leading the Bulgarian 2-1 in the final round, <mask> was penalised by the

masks:
Hocine Soltani
Hocine Soltani
Soltani
Soltani
Soltani
Soltani
Soltani
Soltani


texts:
 referee by both his points, but soon leveled the score. With the score level at the end of the match, the victory was given to <mask> following a count back (where each hit scored by the two boxers are counted). This was the first time any Algerian had won an Olympic gold medal in boxing.Professional career
<mask> turned pro in 1998, and made his professional debut against Michael Jobert on 30 November 1998 at the Palais des Sports in Paris, France, winning by technical knockout. He fought twice more in France in 1999, winning against Aziz Makloufi with a points decision and then against David Sarraille with a knockout. <mask> fought for a final time on 27 January 2000, his only professional bout in Algeria, against Fabrice Colombel in a split decision. His nephew, Mebarek <mask> went on to compete for Algeria at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics in boxing, but did not match his uncle's success, being unable to win any medals. Later life and death
Following his retirement from boxing following his four professional bouts, <mask> began working in the importing and exporting of cars in Marseille, where he had settled with his wife and child. On 1 March 2002, he left to meet with a man who wanted to have two cars exported to Algeria. It was the last time he would be seen alive by his family.During the course of the next two years, there were theories that he had relocated to the United States or Japan. When a body was found in September 2004, the idea that it could be <mask> was met with skepticism by his brother, but DNA tests demonstrated that it was the missing ex-boxer. Sotani's mother travelled to France from Algeria to provide the investigators with a baseline with which to compare the DNA evidence. The body was repatriated to Algeria, and was buried in Boudouaou. The man with whom <mask> met that day was arrested and sentenced to eight years in prison for kidnapping and the subsequent death of the victim; however, rumours continued of an underworld

masks: Soltani Hocine Hocine Soltani Soltani Soltani Soltani


texts:
<mask>, <mask> or <mask> (1503?-1555) was a Flemish mathematician, counselor and ambassador for the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Ferdinand I of Austria and Mary of Hungary, governor of the Netherlands. He is also known by his Latin name Scepperus. Early life
He was born in Nieuwpoort, Flanders probably in 1503. His father was Jan or <mask>, the mayor of Dunquerke, and his mother Gislaine <mask>in. His grandfather Jan was vice-admiral of Flanders and had an active military career fighting the English and the French. While the family name was originally the Flemish '<mask>bbele' or, in Latin: 'Duplicius' (meaning 'Double'), the honorific '<mask>' (the Captain) was later added because of the naval exploits of the grandfather. <mask> received his initial schooling from his uncle L. <mask>, pastor of Ekelsbeke, near Cassel.He attended lectures at the Paris University where he studied under Gérard Roussel, a member of the circle of Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples. In December 1522 <mask> matriculated at the Collegium Trilingue of Louvain where he likely started his friendship with Goclenius, Viglius, Vives and other humanists from Bruges. He also studied philosophy, jurisprudence and mathematics. He published in 1523 in Antwerp a mathematical treatise entitle Assertionis fidei adversus astrologos sive de significationibus coniunctionum superiorum planetarum anni 1524, which established his reputation in this field. It was possibly through an introduction from Fevyn and Cranevelt, that in 1523 he entered the service of Christian II of Denmark, the exiled brother-in-law of Emperor Charles V.

In the service of Christian

masks:
Cornelis de Schepper
Cornelis Duplicius de Schepper
Cornelius de Schepper
Jacob de Schepper
de Sever
de Do
de Scpper
Cornelis
de Schepper
Schepper


texts:
 II of Denmark
Initially <mask> worked as secretary to Godschalk Ericksen, Christian's chancellor, and a few months later he became Christian's vice-chancellor. As part of the Danish royal retinue he travelled to England during the summer of 1523 and at the end of that year to Wittenberg where they met Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon. While staying at Wittenberg, <mask> published a couple of pamphlets to defend Christian's claims against Fredrick of Holstein and the City of Lubeck who had joined the king's opponents to remove him from the throne.In December 1524 the Danish King sent <mask> to Spain to request Emperor Charles support in his attempt to recover the throne of Denmark. On his way to Spain <mask> stopped in England to continue to advance the royal Danish cause with Henry VIII and Wolsey. It was probably during his stay in Spain that he first encountered his lifelong friends Johannes Dantiscus, the Polish ambassador at the imperial court, and <mask> Valdés, the Latin secretary at the imperial chancellery. In the service of Emperor Charles V
He returned to the Low Countries in time to comfort Isabella of Austria, the wife of Christian II and sister of Charles V, on her deathbed on the 19th of January 1526 at Zwijnarden, near Ghent. He wrote an epitaph for her tomb and an elegy which well expresses his deep sense of affection for the royal couple. Following Isabella's death, he felt that as a Flemish he should rather try to enter the Emperor's service so during the spring of 1526 he probably travelled back to Spain and became close to the Imperial Chancellor Mercurino di Gattinara. In 1527 he

masks:
de Schepper
de Schepper
de Schepper
de Schepper
Alfonso de


texts: accompanied Gattinara during his trip to Italy and in 1528 undertook his first embassy to the Polish King.As part of Gattinara's entourage, he attended the Emperor's coronation in Bologna in February 1530. In April Emperor Charles V appointed <mask> as general inquisitor of the Low Countries. <mask>, in turn, employed Jean Vuystinck as inquisitor for Flanders. Vuystinck started to systematically arrest Jews of Portuguese origin and the whole episode damaged <mask>'s relationship with the Emperor. After Gattinara's death, Valdés and <mask> attended the Diet of Augsburg where they participated in some conciliatory negotiations with Lutheran representatives such as Philip Melanchthon and Justus Jonas, although they failed to produce any agreement. In 1531 and 1532 <mask> contributed to the Lutheran reformation debate as to the Emperor's envoy during several missions to Switzerland, Germany, Bohemia and Poland. In 1533 he joined Ferdinand's ambassador Jeronimo <mask> in a peace mission to Constantinople where they met Suleiman the Magnificent and his Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pascha, as well as the Venetian Alvise Gritti who was held in high esteem by the Turkish emperor at that time.Zara and <mask> managed to successfully conclude a peace treaty with the Turks on behalf of King Ferdinand. The Flemish artist Pieter Coecke van Aelst also joined <mask>'s party to Constantinople in the hope of convincing the Turkish sultan to give him commissions for tapestries. After his return from Constantinople, he travelled via Old Serbia (where he visited Mileševa Monastery on 11 August 1533) to Spain to report on his mission to

masks:
de Schepper
De Schepper
de Schepper
de Schepper
de Schepper
de Zara
de Schepper
de Schepper


texts:
 the Emperor. Charles asked him to return to Turkey this time as an Imperial envoy but his second mission in 1534 did not achieve much. The mood at the Ottoman court had shifted following pressures on the Persian border, and both the Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pascha and his protégé Alvise Gritti were starting to lose their influence with Suleiman. Nevertheless, the Emperor rewarded <mask>'s efforts with an appointment as Maître des Requêtes of the Low Countries Privy Council. In 1536 a new war broke between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. <mask> participated in several missions to achieve a peace agreement and was part of the team that under <mask> Perrenot's leadership prepared the peace summit between Francis and Charles in Nice.He attended the summit in June 1538 and in 1539 negotiated with the French King permission for the Emperor's journey from Spain to the Low Countries through France. In the service of Mary of Hungary
In 1541, the governess of the Low Countries Mary of Hungary appointed <mask> as her ambassador to the French court. By 1542 he was back in the Low Countries and conducted numerous missions for Mary of Hungary to support her policies towards the German princes as well as her efforts to build war defences. In 1545 he travelled several times to England to help conclude a peace treaty between Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France. In 1550 he participated in an attempt to smuggle Mary Tudor out of England to the safety of the Habsburg dominions but the whole operation failed when she refused to leave. Between 1550 and 1555 <mask> acted as commissioner of the Netherlands fleet

masks:
de Schepper
De Schepper
Nicolas de
de Schepper
de Schepper


texts:
 beside the Admiral Maximilian of Burgundy. He became the most important maritime expert of the central government of the Netherlands in Brussels and can be regarded as the first naval policymaker of the Habsburg government in the Netherlands.The admiral and the state councillor worked closely together and, under the leadership of the regent, they were responsible for the implementation of the maritime policy of the Habsburg Netherlands for several years. Maximilian of Burgundy and <mask> corresponded with Mary of Hungary during periods of war on an almost daily basis to keep her informed about the activities at sea and to issue recommendations. Late 1550 or early 1551, <mask> fell from his horse and was badly injured. The accident left him lame and scarcely able to move on two crutches. He died on 28 March 1555 in Antwerp, aged 52 years. Personal life

<mask> married twice. His first wife was Elisabeth Donche who died on 20 August 1549 at the age of 51.They had together a daughter called Anne. <mask>'s second wife was Marguerite Loonis with whom he had no children. <mask> spoke many languages and was highly appreciated in humanist circles. Erasmus wrote in the Ciceronian that “Not only is <mask> knowledgeable in all kinds of branches of science, but he also has literary talents in prose and poetry”. <mask> Valdés, Johannes Dantiscus and Viglius, the Flemish statesman and jurist, were some of his closest friends. <mask> had an extensive network of correspondents that included Erasmus, Goclenius, Olahus, Melanchthon and Bovelles. Like many of his contemporaries <mask> had a keen interest in astrology.In 1524

masks:
de Schepper
de Schepper
De Schepper
De Schepper
De Schepper
de Schepper
Alfonso de
De Schepper
de Schepper


texts:
 he published “Assertionis fidei adversus astrologos sive de significationibus coniunctionum superiorum planetarum anni 1524”, an extensive contribution to the widespread debate that was instigated by predictions of catastrophic floods following the Great Conjunction of 1524. Works
<mask> is the author of works of poetry, astronomy and history. His most notable works are:
 Assertionis fidei adversus astrologos sive de significationibus coniunctionum superiorum planetarum anni 1524, Antwerp, Franciscus Byrckmann,
 Epitaphium Isabellae illustrissimae Danorum reginae, Antwerp, Gregorius de Bonte
 Rerum a Carolo V Caesare Augusto in Africa bello gestarum commentarii, Antwerp, Johannes Bellerius

References

Bibliography
 Altmeyer, J.J. (1840). Histoire des Relations Commerciales et Diplomatiques des Pays-Bas avec le Nord de L'Europe. Bruxelles: Librairie Encyclopedique de Perichon
 Garcia Hernan, E. (2016). Vives y Moro, la amistad en tiempos dificiles. Madrid: Catedra.Peter G. Bietenholz, Thomas Brian Deutscher Eds. (1987). Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Volumes 1-3. University of Toronto Press. Saint Genois, L. B. (1856). Missions Diplomatiques De Corneille Duplicius De Schepper.L'Académie Royale de Belgique. Saint Genois, L. B. (1856). Recherches sur le véritable nom, le lieu de naissance, la famille et les armoires, la sépulture et les écrits de Cornille de Schepper. In Messager des sciences historiques, des arts et de la bibliographie de Belgique. Gand. Sicking, Louis (2004).Neptune and the Netherlands. Brill
 Vocht, H. (1953). History of the Foundation


texts:
 and the Rise of the Collegium Trilingue Lovaniense 1517-1550 - Part 2 The development. Humanistica Lovaniense - vol.11, pp. 95–224. Vocht, H. (1961). Humanistica Lovaniensia - vol.16, John Dantiscus and his Netherlandish friends: as revealed by their correspondence 1522-1546. Leuven University Press. 1503 births
1555 deaths
Flemish mathematicians
16th-century diplomats
16th-century people of the Holy Roman


texts:
<mask>-Darbi () is a citizen of Saudi Arabia who was held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba from August 2002 to May 2018; in May 2018, he was transferred to Saudi Arabia's custody. He was the only terrorist held at Guantanamo released during President Donald Trump's administration. Al-Darbi was born on January 9, 1975, in Taif, Saudi Arabia. He was arrested in Azerbaijan in June 2002, renditioned by United States forces to Afghanistan, where he was held at Bagram Air Force Base, and then transferred to Guantanamo in August that year. In February 2014, al-Darbi pleaded guilty to terrorism charges before a military commission in relation to the October 2002 attack on the Limburg, a French oil tanker off Yemen. By the time of the attack, al-Darbi was already detained at Guantanamo but was later charged with being a principal in planning the attack. He is the sixth detainee to plead guilty to charges, in part to establish a sentence and date for leaving Guantanamo.Background
The brother-in-law of Khalid al-Mihdhar, who participated in the 9/11 attacks in the United States, specifically that on the Pentagon, al-Darbi was captured in Azerbaijan and arrested in June 2002. He was renditioned by United States forces into Afghanistan. There he was held in the Bagram Collection Point, while it was still under control of Alpha Company of the 519th Military Intelligence Battalion. They were reported to have beat their captives, allegedly resulting in the deaths of two prisoners on December 4, 2001, and December 10, 2001. Al-Darbi later identified Damien M. Corsetti, a soldier nicknamed "the King of Torture" by his fellow GIs, as one of his abusers. In May 2006, Department of Defense spokesmen said that al-Darbi would not be allowed to testify at Corsetti's court martial for the deaths of detainees under his control. Al-Darbi was transported from Bagram to the detention center at Guantanamo Navy Base in August 2002.On December 21, 2007, charges against <mask> <mask> al-Darbi were referred to the convening authority for the Office of Military Commissions. Military Commission

masks:
Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Haza al
Ahmed Muhammed
Ahmed Haza


texts:
 charges

On December 21, 2007, charges against <mask> <mask> al-Darbi were referred to Susan Crawford, head of the Guantanamo military commissions, who approved them to continue to trial. He was charged, among other things, with the 2002 attack on the French oil tanker MV Limburg. Charges included the following:

He was alleged to have:
 trained at the Jihad Wahl training camp;
 transferred funds to finance the plot to attack shipping;
 purchased a vessel, registered in Sao Tome, to use in the attacks. In April 2008, al-Darbi announced that he refused to participate in the Military Commission, as he believed it lacked legitimacy. He dismissed his military defense lawyer Brian Broyles, who described the refusal a "reasoned decision". According to the Associated Press, at a hearing in December 2008, al-Darbi had
"held up a photo of President Barack Obama as a sign of hope."According to the Associated Press, al-Darbi wrote to his lawyer that Obama could: "earn back the legitimacy the United States has lost in the eyes of the world." Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald, reported that Commission President James Pohl scheduled a hearing for May 27, 2009, to rule on how much of the evidence against al-Darbi was coerced through torture. At a hearing on September 23, 2009, the Presiding Officer of the military commission to hear al-Darbi's case agreed to a 60-day delay. His lawyer Ramzi Kassem told reporters after the hearing that al-Darbi had written a brief note, addressed to President Obama, that he had hoped to read aloud at the hearing. Kassem read the note aloud to reporters. The Associated Press quoted passages from the note. On February 5, 2014, Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald, reported that the Pentagon had decided to "go forward" with new charges against al-Darbi, prosecuting him for the bombing of a French oil tanker in 2002.The Associated Press reported that the new charges had first been proposed in 2012. On July 30, 2015, Spencer Ackerman, reporting in The Guardian, described efforts by al-Darbi's prosecution team to acquire incriminating evidence. They tried to

masks:
Ahmed Mohammed
Ahmed Haza


texts:
 persuade another detainee, Mohamedou Ould Slahi, to agree to be interrogated about al-Darbi. In 2009, US District Court Judge James Robertson had issued a special ruling, that Mohamedou Ould Slahi could no longer be interrogated. Slahi had been subjected to months of well-documented torture. While held at Guantanamo, from 2005 to 2006, Slahi wrote a memoir. After ten years of legal struggle, Slahi's lawyers succeeded in getting the manuscript declassified after numerous redactions.Published in January 2015 as Guantanamo Diary, his memoir became an international bestseller. He described suffering torture, including at Guantanamo. After the publication of his memoir, camp authorities tried to cut off Slahi's contact with his lawyers. In April 2015, his lawyers learned that Slahi had written to them months earlier to describe how camp authorities in October 2014 had seized all his personal belongings, including a non-networked computer, and all his privileged legal case documents. They also took his comfort items, such as soap, razors, toothbrush, toothpaste, and shampoo. Slahi told his lawyers that he was later visited by al-Darbi's prosecution team, who promised him that if he voluntarily agreed to allow them to interrogate him about al-Darbi, they would arrange to have his belongings gradually returned to him. Official status reviews
Originally the Bush Presidency asserted that captives apprehended in the war on terror were not covered by the Geneva Conventions, and could be held indefinitely, without charge, and without an open and transparent review of the justifications for their detention.In 2004, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Rasul v. Bush, that Guantanamo captives were entitled to habeas corpus, that is, being informed of the allegations justifying their detention, and were entitled to try to refute them. Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants

Following the Supreme Court's ruling the Department of Defense set up the Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants. Scholars at the Brookings Institution, led by Benjamin Wittes,


texts:
 listed the captives still
held in Guantanamo in December 2008, according to whether their detention was justified by certain
common allegations:

<mask> <mask> al-Darbi was listed as one of the captives who had faced charges before a military commission. He was among those whom "The military alleges ... are associated with both al-Qaeda and the Taliban." He was alleged to have taken military or terrorist training in Afghanistan, and was said to be an "al-Qaeda operative". He was among "82 detainees [who] made no statement to CSRT or ARB tribunals or made statements that do not bear materially on the military’s allegations against them." Guantanamo assessment

On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts.Al-Darbi's assessment was drafted on October 1, 2004. It was eight pages long, and was signed by camp commandant Brigadier General Jay W. Hood. He recommended continued detention. 2009 Joint Review Task Force
When he assumed office in January 2009, President Barack Obama convened a six-agency task force to review the status of detainees at Guantanamo. It was part of his unsuccessful effort to move the proceedings and close the facility by early 2010. In its report a year later, the task force characterized most detainees as low-level fighters and recommended 53 be repatriated quickly. Obama promised that the use of torture would cease at the camp.He promised to institute a new review system. That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense. When it reported back, a year later, the Joint Review Task Force classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was insufficient evidence to charge them with crimes. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request. <mask>-Darbi was classified as of April 19, 2013, as among 71 individuals considered too dangerous to release but with insufficient evidence for charges.

masks:
Ahmed Mohammed
Ahmed Haza
Ahmed al


texts:
 Obama promised that such detainees would start to receive reviews from a Periodic Review Board, though al-Darbi eventually pleaded guilty. Charges before Military Commission
Al-Darbi was charged in 2014 by a military commission, accused of helping plan the October 6, 2002, attack on the French oil tanker Limburg near the port of Mukalla, Yemen.He pleaded guilty in February 2014 to the charges in the expectation of receiving a firm sentence and ultimately being released from Guantanamo, rather than continuing to be held in indefinite detention as he had been for the previous 12 years. At age 39, he was the sixth detainee to plead guilty. Observers expected that he would have to serve at least three and a half more years at Guantánamo before being sentenced, to what is expected to be 9 to 15 years, and then he is likely to be transferred to Saudi Arabia to serve the remainder of that term. Al-Darbi admitted to having "bought boats, Global Positioning System devices and a hydraulic crane in the United Arab Emirates for use in the operation" and handling money "earmarked for it by al-Qaeda." He admitted intending for civilians to be killed; one Bulgarian crew died and 12 sailors were injured. As part of his plea deal, Al-Darbi agreed to testify for prosecutors against a higher-profile Saudi Arabian citizen, Abd al Rahim al Nashiri, who is facing the death penalty for war crimes. Nashiri is accused of having helped "plan several maritime terrorist attacks," including the 2000 bombing of the United States destroyer Cole near Aden, and the attack by suicide bombers on the Limburg in October 2002.References

External links
Torture in Bagram and Guantánamo: The Declaration of <mask>-Darbi Andy Worthington
Human Rights First blog: Military Commissions
Human Rights First; The Case of <mask> <mask> al Darbi
United States Department of Defense - Military Commissions

1975 births
Living people
Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Saudi Arabian extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Saudi Arabian al-Qaeda members
People from Taif
Bagram Theater Internment Facility detainees
Saudi Arabian

masks:
Ahmed al
Ahmed Mohammed
Ahmed Haza


texts:
<mask> (June 18, 1901 – September 30, 1980) was a decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps, who reached the rank of lieutenant general. He is most noted for his work as chief of staff of 1st Marine Division during World War II and later as Assistant Division Commander of the same unit during Korean War. Bare later retired as commanding general as 1st Marine Division. Early years

<mask> was born on June 18, 1901, in Winterset, Iowa, as the son of local businessman, Benjamin F<mask> and his wife, a teacher Bertha Beerbower Bare. Young <mask> was sent to the Severn School in Severna Park, Maryland, a preparatory school for the United States Naval Academy. He completed the school at the beginning of summer 1920 and subsequently received an appointment to the Naval Academy on June 9 of that year. While at the academy, Bare was involved in the Track competition and also played for lacrosse and basketball squads.He graduated on June 5, 1924, and was commissioned second lieutenant in the Marine Corps on the same date. Some of his classmates also became general officers later: Harold P. Smith, Bernard L. Austin, Clarence Ekstrom, William V. Davis, Thomas C. Ragan, Aurelius B. Vosseller, Charles A. Ferriter, William H. Duvall, Henry W. Goodall, Francis J. Grandfield, Dale Harris, Edwin T. Layton, Hugh J. Martin, Bromfield B. Nichol, Gerald B<mask>, Edward L. Woodyard or Charles L. Fike. As any other newly commissioned marine officer, <mask> was ordered to the Basic School at Philadelphia Navy Yard, which he completed during the following year. He was then ordered for expeditionary duty in Philippines in June 1925 and remained there until November 1927. Following his return, he was stationed at Quantico and was a member of Marine Rifle and Pistol Team until October

masks:
Robert Osborne Bare
Bare
. Bare
Robert
. Ogle
Bare


texts:
 1929. Bare then served with the Marine Garrison at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, before he was transferred as first lieutenant to the Marine detachment aboard the battleship USS Colorado in August 1934. Upon his promotion to the rank of captain in 1935, Bare assumed command of the detachment.He commanded the detachment during the patrol cruises with Pacific Fleet until his detachment in May 1936. <mask> was subsequently ordered to the Junior Course at Amphibious Warfare School within Marine Corps Schools, Quantico and graduated one year later. He then served as an instructor at Quantico, before he was ordered to attend the Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in July 1939. World War II

At the outbreak of the World War II, <mask> served at the Marine Barracks Quantico, Virginia, and remained there until October 1942, when he was transferred to San Diego, California as operations officer (G-3) of the Amphibious Corps, Pacific under Major General Holland Smith. Another important assignment came in June 1943, when <mask> was transferred to London and assigned to the staff of Naval Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Naval Expeditionary Force, Admiral Bertram Ramsay as staff officer for plans. He participated in the planning of the Invasion of Normandy and later observed British Assault Force "J" attacking German forces near Courseulles-sur-Mer, incorporating his observations into his report. He was later decorated with the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for his service in this capacity.Colonel <mask> was transferred back to the Pacific theater in October 1944 and assigned to the staff of 1st Marine Division. He participated in the final phase of the Palau Islands Campaign and succeeded Colonel John T. Selden as division chief of staff at the

masks: Bare Bare Bare Bare