texts: seven sermons, which he preached at St Paul's Cathedral, on the theme 'The sufficiency of a standing revelation'.Ten years after his exchange with Toland, <mask> found himself embroiled in controversy again, this time with a fellow clergyman. On 8 March 1709, the anniversary of Queen Anne's accession, <mask> preached a sermon before the queen in St James's Chapel, on the text Romans 13:4. It was later published, with the title The Divine Institution of Magistracy (1709). Its themes echoed those of a sermon which <mask> had preached on the same occasion in 1705, at St Dunstan's, and which had also been published. It was a strong attack on the doctrines of popular sovereignty and the right of resistance, in which <mask> maintained that the magistrate's authority was a 'Portion of the Divine Authority ... entrusted with him by God' (p. 3). It also maintained the independent jure divino basis of clerical authority in spiritual matters. Benjamin Hoadly, in Some Considerations Humbly Offered to the … Bishop of Exeter (1709), took offence to both sermons, which, he alleged, condemned the revolution of 1688–9.Hoadly claimed that the revolution had involved resistance to James II, but that such resistance was justified by the necessity of self-preservation. <mask>, in The Lord Bishop of Exeter's Answer to Mr Hoadly's Letter, dismissed Hoadly's premise that civil authority derived from an original contract. He undertook to reply again to Hoadly only if he kept to issues of scriptural interpretation, and avoided speculations concerning

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type: original

texts: matters such as an alleged 'State of Nature' about which the scriptures were silent. Hoadly's subsequent Humble Reply failed to comply with <mask>'s conditions, and he did not therefore respond to it. The numerous pamphlets which were published on either side during the ensuing controversy included an anonymous work in support of <mask>, entitled The Best Answer Ever was Made (1709), by the Irish nonjuror and formidable controversialist Charles Leslie. As <mask> was by now a bishop, Hoadly's attack on him was later cited to justify the forthright treatment Hoadly received in the Bangorian controversy, after he himself had been elevated to the episcopal bench. Ironically <mask>'s same accession-day sermon of 1705, The Subjects Duty, had been attacked on its first publication by tory patriarchalist writers, who accused him of being a republican.The anonymous work An essay upon government: wherein the republican schemes reviv'd by Mr. Lock, Dr. Blackal &c. are fairly consider'd and refuted (1705), as well as linking <mask>'s name with that of John Locke, took <mask> to task for contending that the precise form of government in any nation was a matter of human, and not divine, institution. <mask> suffered further abuse in a pamphlet entitled Dr <mask>'s Offspring (1705). Despite being attacked from both sides <mask> was considered by contemporaries to have distinct high church and tory principles. Gilbert Burnet went so far as to judge that, although <mask> claimed to be loyal to the government, 'his notions were all on the other

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texts:
 side', that is, the Jacobite side, and that he 'seemed to condemn the Revolution, and all that had been done pursuant to it'. In fact <mask> was a consistent 'revolution tory' and maintained the high-church doctrines of passive obedience and non-resistance to sovereign powers, while denying the Filmerian tenet of divine hereditary right. By holding that sovereignty was always absolute, but that it belonged in the English constitution to the monarch in parliament, <mask> was articulating an important theory by which tories reconciled themselves to the revolution.Sermons
During his lifetime <mask>'s reputation as a preacher was considerable, and his Works were published after his death (2 vols., 1723, edited by <mask>'s friend, William Dawes). His major literary work was a series of 87 sermons issued as Discourses on the Sermon on the Mount. These sermons are both expository and pastoral, and in an uncomplicated style; but receded into relative obscurity. 1708. <mask>, Offspring. The rules and measures of alms-giving, and the manifold advantages of charity schools. A sermon preach'd at St. Peter's in Exeter, 26 September 1708.First preach'd, and now printed, to promote the setting up of charity schools, for the instruction and education of the children of the poor in that city, and other paces in the diocess. By Offspring, Lord Bishop of Exon. To which is added, his letter to the clergy of his diocess, upon the same subject. – Exon : printed by Sam. Farley, for Phil. Bishop, 1708. – 32p; 4°.– *WSL; Dredge p. 42; Plymouth


texts:
 Athenaeum p. 50; Plymouth Public Library L2897; DUL 4764; Devon & Exeter Institution, appendix, p. 127. The divine institution of magistracy, and the gracious design of its institution. A sermon preach'd before the Queen, at St. James's, on Tuesday, 8 March. 1708. … By Ofspring Lord Bishop of Exon. … – London: printed by J. R. for W. Rogers, 1709.. – 24p. ; 8+.Family life
<mask> married Anne Dillingham of London (died 1762), probably the daughter of Theophilus and Elizabeth Dillingham. Seven of their children—Theophilus, John, Charles Ofspring, Elizabeth, Ann, Mary, and Jane—survived the death of their father on 29 November 1716 in Exeter. <mask> had fallen from a horse in the spring of that year, and as a consequence he suffered a long and painful illness during which he developed gangrene. An earnest account of <mask>'s life and death, and particularly of the sufferings of his final illness, can be found in William Dawes's preface to <mask>'s Works. <mask> was buried on 2 December in Exeter Cathedral, on the south side of the choir. In accordance with his will, no funeral sermon was preached, and his grave was not marked by any monument or inscription. His will was proved on 26 January 1717.He was granted Arms. References

Attribution

External links

Bibliography
  Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury

Biographies
  Offspring <mask>, Lives of the Bishops of Exeter by the Reverend George Oliver D.D. (1861)

Archival documents
  (Ofspring OR Offspring) Blackall search at The National Archives
  National Church

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 Institutions Database of Manuscripts and Archives contains related information on manuscript and archive collections held at Lambeth Palace Library (LPL) and the Church of England Record Centre (CERC). Portraits
  National Portrait Gallery (London) Portraits of Offspring <mask> (Blackhall)
  Devon Libraries Local Studies Service The  Rt. Reverend Dr. Ofspring <mask> late Ld. Bishop of Exeter

1655 births
1716 deaths
17th-century Anglican theologians
18th-century Church of England bishops
18th-century Anglican theologians
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
English Anglican theologians
Bishops of Exeter
Burials at Exeter Cathedral
Deaths from gangrene
English sermon writers
People from South Ockendon
People from the City of London
People from Dalston
People from the London Borough of

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<mask>  (born 25 February 1957) is an Australian diplomat and former Liberal Party politician who has been Ambassador to the United States since February 2020. He served as Chief of Staff to Prime Minister John Howard from 1997 to 2007 and was a Senator for New South Wales from 2011 to 2019, becoming a minister in the Abbott and Turnbull Governments. <mask> was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, and attended the University of Newcastle. For many years he was a public servant until becoming a political adviser. In 2007 he was appointed Chief of Staff to John Howard. After Howard's defeat at the 2007 election, <mask> spent time working for both Goldman Sachs and the National Australia Bank, before being appointed to fill a vacant seat in the Senate in 2011. After the Liberal victory at the 2013 election, newly-elected Prime Minister Tony Abbott appointed Sinodinos Assistant Treasurer.<mask> later stepped aside from his ministerial duties in 2014 during an investigation by the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). In September 2015, after Malcolm Turnbull's appointment as Prime Minister, <mask> was appointed Cabinet Secretary. He was later made Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science in January 2017. He resigned from the Government in December 2017, due to receiving treatment for cancer. In May 2019, Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that <mask> would become Ambassador to the United States. Background and early career
<mask> was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, to Greek immigrant parents. His father was a member of the left-aligned Seaman's Union that, during <mask>' early years, was campaigning against the United States intervention in Vietnam.His mother recalled stories of the Greek Civil War of the 1940s where Communist insurgents would knock on the door of their family home at night. <mask> has said that this helped him form his early political views. <mask> graduated from the University of Newcastle in 1979 with a Bachelor of Commerce with Honours. He then entered the Australian Public Service as a graduate recruit, working within the Department of Finance, before working in the Department of the Treasury between 1980 and 1987 and again between 1989 and 1995. He was the Chief of Staff to then Prime Minister John Howard from

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 1997 to 2006, after serving with him previously from 1987 to 1989 when he was Opposition Leader and rejoining him in 1995. As a close confidant of the Prime Minister, he was regarded as one of the most powerful people in the country. Corporate career
<mask> left his position as the Prime Minister's Chief of Staff to become a director with the investment bank Goldman Sachs JBWere, and a regional general manager at the National Australia Bank; he reportedly declined an offer to become Australian Ambassador to the United States.In 2008, he was part of a panel that mediated public input into the Defence White Paper. In March 2009, he was appointed a managing director at the National Australia Bank. <mask> became a director of Australian Water Holdings Pty Ltd (AWH) in 2008 and chairman in 2010. He resigned from these positions on becoming a senator. Political career

<mask> was appointed to fill the vacant New South Wales Senate seat opened by the resignation of Helen Coonan on 13 October 2011. He served as honorary Finance Director (2009 to 2011) and President (2011–2012) for the NSW branch of the Liberal Party. Initially touted as a candidate for the lower house seat of Bradfield, <mask> was appointed to the Australian Senate representing New South Wales, replacing the resigned Liberal Senator Helen Coonan for the remainder of her term, which was due to expire on 30 June 2014.At the 2013 election he was elected to a further six-year term from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2020. Howard was present in Parliament when <mask> delivered his maiden speech. <mask> is a member of the board of Global Panel Foundation – Australasia, a non-governmental organisation. During 2012 <mask> was a regular columnist, writing in The Australian. On 19 March 2014, <mask> stood aside from his role as Assistant Treasurer prior to giving evidence as a witness before New South Wales's Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). During the enquiry <mask> advised he was unaware of a $74,000 donation made to the Liberal Party by Australian Water Holdings, despite being Deputy chairman on a $200,000 salary. At the time of the payment <mask> was also Treasurer of the Liberal Party.He formally resigned on 19 December 2014 as Assistant Treasurer and was succeeded as Assistant Treasurer by Josh

masks: Sinodinos Sinodinos Sinodinos Sinodinos Sinodinos Sinodinos Sinodinos Sinodinos Sinodinos Sinodinos


texts:
 Frydenberg. ICAC eventually made no adverse findings against Sinodinis. In January 2017, Sussan Ley temporarily stood aside as the Minister for Health and Aged Care and Minister for Sport and then subsequently resigned from the ministry. <mask> briefly acted in her portfolios until a subsequent rearrangement of the Turnbull ministry where <mask> was appointed as the Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science. In October 2017, <mask> took leave from parliament and the ministry to aid his recovery from an unnamed type of cancer. He "believes the prognosis is very positive and that the cancer is eminently treatable". This was later revealed to be a stage four Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, for which Sinodinos required a bone marrow transplant.He was voluntarily removed from cabinet in the December 2017 rearrangement. Ambassador to the United States
In May 2019, it was announced that <mask> would be appointed the next Australian Ambassador to the United States. He resigned as a member of the Senate on 11 November 2019. He replaced Joe Hockey as ambassador on 7 February 2020. Honours
<mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2008 for service to politics through the executive function of government, to the development of economic policy and reform, and to the Greek community. Personal
<mask> lives in New South Wales with his wife, whom he met at a Greek Orthodox Church, and their children, Dion (June 7, 2001), Isabella (June 28, 2010) and Alexandria (October 29, 2012). He has been a director of the Mary MacKillop Foundation.References

External links
 Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator <mask> on TheyVoteForYou.org.au
 <mask> parliamentary profile on aph.gov.au

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1957 births
Abbott Government
Australian investment bankers
Australian people of Greek descent
Ambassadors of Australia to the United States
Chiefs of Staff to the Prime Minister of Australia
Government ministers of Australia
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Living people
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Officers of the Order of Australia
People from Newcastle, New South Wales
Turnbull Government
University of Newcastle (Australia) alumni
21st-century Australian

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Junius was the pseudonym of a writer who contributed a series of letters to the Public Advertiser, from 21 January 1769 to 21 January 1772. The signature had been already used, apparently by him, in a letter of 21 November 1768. These and numerous other personal letters were not included in his Letters of Junius collection, published in 1772. Choice of "Junius" as a pseudonym
The name may have been chosen because the same author had already signed Lucius and Brutus, and wished to exhaust the name of <mask>, the Roman patriot who led the overthrow of the Roman monarchy. Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Roman poet Juvenal, who was thought also to have had the nomen Junius. Some say that the author of the Junius letters had previously written under numerous other pseudonyms, and that he continued to do so, under different pseudonyms, after the 36-month period (January 1769 – January 1772) in which the Junius letters were published. He may, for example, have written as Philo-Junius, a character who came to the rescue of Junius when it was clear that the public was misinterpreting his messages.There is weak evidence that he also wrote as Veteran, Nemesis and other anonymous correspondents published in the Public Advertiser. Objectives, goals and achievements
There is a marked distinction between the main Letters of Junius, intended for the erudite public, and his miscellaneous letters. The latter deal with a variety of subjects, some of a purely personal nature, such as the alleged injustice of the Viscount Barrington, the secretary at war, to the officials of his department. The Letters of Junius had a definite objective:
 to inform the public of their historical and constitutional rights and liberties as Englishmen;
 to highlight where and how the government had infringed upon these rights. Foremost in his sights was the ministry of Augustus Henry


texts:
 Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, a fellow Whig whom Junius viewed as particularly corrupt. Grafton's administration had been formed in October 1768, when William Pitt the Elder was compelled by ill health to retire from office, and was a reconstruction of his cabinet of July 1766. Junius fought for the return to power of Pitt, who had recovered and was not on good terms with his successors.Amongst the letters' promotion of Whig causes (e.g. sympathy with the American colonists and John Wilkes) is the recurrent Whig hostility towards Scots and a resentment of perceived Scottish political and Court influence. As with Wilkes's satirically-named publication The North Briton, <mask> resented the King's identity as a Briton, not an Englishman, claiming "believe me, Sir, you were persuaded to pay a very ill-judged compliment to one part of your subjects at the expense of another" and asserting that the Scots "have no claim to your favour". <mask>' private correspondence has been preserved, written in his usual disguised handwriting. He communicated with Pitt, with George Grenville, with Wilkes (all opponents of the Duke of Grafton), and also with Henry Sampson Woodfall, printer and part owner of the Public Advertiser. The letters are of interest on three grounds:
 their political significance;
 their style; and
 the mystery which long surrounded their authorship. The matter of his letters is considered by some to be invective, though close inspection of his writings reveals a principled man ahead of his time, exposing blatant corruption by the only means available (anonymity) in a country struggling with the idea of freedom of speech.He began with a general attack on the ministry for their personal immorality. An ill-judged defence of John Manners, Marquess of Granby, the popular Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, by Sir William Draper gave Junius an easy victory over a

masks: Junius Junius


texts: vulnerable opponent with weak arguments. It was in this short tussle that Junius' style and wit first developed a reputation and public audience. Junius then realised the potential he had to influence public opinion. Confidently, Junius then went on to expose the problems at their cause—the ministries of Grafton, Lord North (Grafton's cousin) and the Duke of Bedford. The core of Junius' arguments were the arbitrary appointments made by Grafton, presumably to stay in favour with the Duke of Bedford and his party (also known as the Bedfordites or Bloomsbury Gang). Most notable was Col. Henry Lawes Luttrell (later 2nd Earl Carhampton), whom Grafton appointed MP for Middlesex (instead of the duly elected Wilkes), and Richard Rigby, whom Grafton made Paymaster of the Forces.Junius ended with an assault on Lord Chief Justice Mansfield, who Junius argued had set dangerous legal precedents regarding press freedom and political libel from the Wilkes affair. Junius was highly disappointed not to have influenced King George III in his 19 December 1769 letter. He tried to encourage the King to overcome his resentments towards the petty Wilkes and also to relinquish his trust in corrupt officials. <mask> was not a radical anti-royal Whig, as many texts suggest, though he did trouble himself with explaining to the public the real constitutional role of the royal prerogative, and (if engaged correctly) how it benefited the country. Contrary to some opinions, the practical effect of the letters was highly significant—they made Grafton unpopular enough to end his ministry in January 1770. Junius could only have been disappointed by Grafton's replacement, Lord North. Junius confessed himself beaten in his private letter to Woodfall of 19 January 1773 for not having achieved his goals.Despite this, Junius' letters were noticed and talked about for generations afterwards and spread


texts:
 throughout Europe in many languages. His concepts on democratic elections, freedom of the press, legal history and the constitutional rights of individuals are now common-place. Few in history have influenced so many and sparked an interest in such real concepts of liberty. Style

Latin literature (such as the satires of Juvenal, and the speeches of Cicero against Verres and Catiline) was not only studied but imitated at that time, and supplied the inspiration for numerous writings. If <mask> was doing what others did, he did it better than anybody else, a fact which sufficiently explains his rapid popularity. His superiority lay in his style. Here also he was by no means original, and he was uneven.There are passages in his writings which can be best described in the words which Burke applied to another writer: "A mere mixture of vinegar and water, at once vapid and sour". But at his best Junius attains to a high degree of artificial elegance and vigour. He shows the influence of Bolingbroke, of Swift, and above all of Tacitus, who appears to have been his favourite author. The imitation is never slavish. Junius adapts, and does not only repeat. No single sentence will show the quality of a style which produces its effect by persistence and repetition, but a typical passage as follows displays at once the method and the spirit. It is taken from Letter XLIX to the duke of Grafton, 22 June 1771:
"The profound respect I bear to the gracious prince who governs this country with no less honour to himself than satisfaction to his subjects, and who restores you to your rank under his standard, will save you from a multitude of reproaches.The attention I should have paid to your failings is involuntarily attracted to the hand which rewards them; and though I am not so partial to the royal judgment as to affirm that the favour of a king can remove mountains of infamy, it


texts:
 serves to lessen at least, for undoubtedly it divides, the burden. While I remember how much is due to his sacred character, I cannot, with any decent appearance of propriety, call you the meanest and the basest fellow in the kingdom. I protest, my Lord, I do not think you so. You will have a dangerous rival in that kind of fame to which you have hitherto so happily directed your ambition, as long as there is one man living who thinks you worthy of his confidence, and fit to be trusted with any share in his government.... With any other prince, the shameful desertion of him in the midst of that distress, which you alone had created, in the very crisis of danger, when he fancied he saw the throne already surrounded by men of virtue and abilities, would have outweighed the memory of your former services. But his majesty is full of justice, and understands the doctrine of compensations; he remembers with gratitude how soon you had accommodated your morals to the necessities of his service, how cheerfully you had abandoned the engagements of private friendship, and renounced the most solemn professions to the public. The sacrifice of Lord Chatham was not lost on him. Even the cowardice and perfidy of deserting him may have done you no disservice in his esteem.The instance was painful, but the principle might please." What seems artificial and stilted in this style did not offend the would-be classic taste of the eighteenth century and no longer conceals a venomous hate and scorn that the laboriously arranged words and artfully counterbalanced clauses convey. Readership
The pre-established harmony between Junius and his readers accounts for the rapidity of his success, and for the importance attributed to him by Burke and Johnson. Before 1772 there appeared at least twelve unauthorized republications of his letters, made by speculative printers. In that year he revised the


texts:
 collection titled Junius: Stat nominis umbra, with a dedication to the English people and a preface. Other independent editions followed in quick succession. In 1801 one was published with annotations by Robert Heron.In 1806 another appeared with notes by John Almon. The first new edition of real importance was issued by the Woodfall family in 1812. It contained the correspondence of <mask> with Henry Sampson Woodfall, a selection of the miscellaneous letters attributed to Junius, facsimiles of his handwriting, and notes by John Mason Good. Curiosity as to the mystery of the authorship began to replace political and literary interest in the writings. <mask> himself had been early aware of the advantage he secured by concealment. "The mystery of Junius increases his importance" is his confession in a letter to Wilkes dated 18 September 1771. Woodfall felt assured that

when kings and ministers are forgotten, when the force and direction of personal satire is no longer understood, and when measures are only felt in their remotest consequences; this book will, I believe, be found to contain principles worthy to be transmitted to posterity.Identity of Junius

The identity of Junius is open to question and debate, and may never be finally resolved unless documents are found which establish his identity. Some scholars support the identification of Philip Francis. The 1st Marquess of Lansdowne claimed to know the 'Junius secret' a fortnight before his death, but died without revealing what he thought he knew. More recent use of Junius

Samuel Saenger, political editor of the Fischer publishing house's journal Neue Rundschau from 1908 to 1934, signed several of his articles as 'Junius'. Most of these were political chronicles that presented a critical left-liberal perspective on German politics. Many of these texts were titled 'Aus Junius' Tagebuch' - 'From Junius' Diary'.


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 Rosa Luxemburg published the Junius Pamphlet in Switzerland in April 1916, and it was secretly distributed in Germany.The text, also known as The crisis in German Social Democracy, had been started in prison in February 1915. It was adopted as the founding policy statement of the International Group, better known as the Spartacus League, which became one element of the Communist Party of Germany in January 1919. The pseudonym was used as well by the great Italian economist Luigi Einaudi, who expressed his liberal beliefs in two series of letters signed 'Junius': the former published in 1920, the latter in 1944, while he was living as a refugee in Switzerland. Robert Goddard's 2005 suspense novel Sight Unseen is set in the present day; however, the identity of Junius is a major theme in the novel. The Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail has carried the following legend on its editorial or front page for many years: "The subject who is truly loyal to the Chief Magistrate will neither advise nor submit to arbitrary measures. Junius". A Boston, Massachusetts, indie-rock band has been performing and recording under the name Junius since around 2003.In the third season of the HBO series "True Detective," Junius is a central figure to the cover-up and mystery. The character had been identified earlier as "Mr. June." See also
 Letters of Junius
 Identity of Junius

Notes

References

Ellegård, Alvar: Who was Junius? Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm, (1962); discussed by
Katritzky, Linde: Johnson and The Letters of Junius; New Perspectives on an Old Enigma Peter Lang Publishing, New York (1996)
Cordasco, Francesco: A Bibliography of the Letters of Junius with a Checklist of Juniuan Scholarship and Related Studies, Junius-Vaughn Press, Fairview, N.J. (1986)

18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
Political history of England
Unidentified


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<mask> (born 23 July 1946, St. Louis, Missouri) is an American business theorist and the Thomas D. Dee II Professor of Organizational Behavior at the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and is considered one of today's most influential management thinkers. Biography
Pfeffer graduated high school from the Webb School of California. He received his BS and MS degrees from Carnegie-Mellon University and his PhD from Stanford University. He began his career at the business school at the University of Illinois and then taught at the University of California, Berkeley from 1973-1979. Pfeffer has given talks in 39 countries around the world and has taught management seminars for numerous companies and associations in the United States including Sutter Health, the Mayo Clinic, Kaiser Permanente, John Hancock, Hewlett-Packard, and the Online Publishers Association now called Digital Content Next (DCN). Pfeffer has served on the boards of several human capital management companies including Resumix, Unicru, and Workstream. He also served on the board of publicly traded Sonosite (SONO) for ten years and on the boards of private high-technology companies Actify and Audible Magic.He is currently on the board of directors of the nonprofit, Quantum Leap Healthcare, as well as on the advisory boards of several private companies. Pfeffer has won numerous awards for his articles and books. He was elected a fellow of the Academy of Management more than 25 years ago, was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, won the Richard D. Irwin award for scholarly contributions to management, is in the Thinker's 50 Hall of Fame, and in 2011, was awarded an honorary doctorate from Tilburg University in The


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 Netherlands. Work
Pfeffer formalized the study of resource dependence theory in his text The External Control of Organizations:  A Resource Dependence-Perspective, which he co-authored with Jerry Salancik. Pfeffer has done theoretical and empirical research on the subjects of human resource management, power and politics in organizations, evidence-based management, the knowing-doing gap, leadership, stratification and labor markets inside organizations, the sociology of science, how and why theories become self-fulfilling, the psychological relationship between time and money, and economic evaluation. Pfeffer has also been recognised for writing case studies, and was listed among the top 40 case authors published by The Case Centre in 2016. He was ranked 25th in 2015/16.Elective on power in organizations
Pfeffer has taught both elective and core classes in human resource management and the core course in organizational behavior. When he joined the Stanford faculty, he developed an elective on power in organizations. First called Power and Politics in Organizations, some years ago the class was retitled The Paths to Power. The elective has been consistently popular, with Pfeffer teaching two sections per year and, over the years, other colleagues teaching sections as well. Writings
Pfeffer has written more than 150 articles and book chapters. He is the author of 15 books including The Human Equation:  Building Profits by Putting People First, Managing with Power:  Politics and Influence in Organizations, The Knowing-Doing Gap:  How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge Into Action, Hidden Value:  How Great Companies Achieve Extraordinary Results with Ordinary People, Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths, and Total Nonsense:  Profiting


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 from Evidence-Based Management, What Were They Thinking? Unconventional Wisdom About Management, and Power:  Why Some People Have It—And Others Don't, published and released in September 2010 .Pfeffer's book, entitled Leadership BS: Fixing Workplaces and Careers One Truth at a Time, was published in 2015 by HarperBusiness. His latest book “Dying for a Paycheck” analyzes workplace practices that are detrimental to employees’ health. He estimates that such practices cause 120,000 excess deaths per year in the USA, about half of which might be preventable. Pfeffer has written cases on how individuals acquire power and manage their careers, including cases on Keith Ferrazzi, <mask>, Ross Walker, Amir Dan Rubin, Zia Yusuf, and Laura Esserman. He has also written cases on companies that practice high commitment/high performance work arrangements, including Southwest Airlines, DaVita Inc., the Men's Wearhouse, Holy Cross Hospital, SAS Institute, and the Andean region of Kimberly-Clark. For five years, Pfeffer wrote a monthly column for the Time-Warner magazine, Business 2.0. For almost three years, he wrote a career advice column for Capital, the leading economics and business magazine in Turkey.He currently writes an online column about twice a month for Fortune. Publications
 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. with Gerald R. Salancik. Harper & Row
 1975. Organizational Design (A H M Publications, 1975)
 1981. Power in Organizations (HarperCollins, 1981)
 1982.Organizations and Organization Theory (HarperCollins, 1982)
 1992. Managing with Power: Politics and Influence in Organizations (Harvard Business School Press, 1992)
 1994. Competitive Advantage Through People: Unleashing the Power of


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 the Work Force (Reed Business Information, 1994)
 1997. New Directions for Organization Theory:  Problems and Prospects (Oxford University Press USA, 1997)
 1998. The Human Equation:  Building Profits by Putting People First (Harvard Business School Press, 1998)
 2000. The Knowing-Doing Gap:  How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge into Action. With Robert I. Sutton (Harvard Business School Press, 2000)
 2000.Hidden Value:  How Great Companies Achieve Extraordinary Results with Ordinary People With Charles A. O'Reilly III (Harvard Business School Press, 2000)
 2006. Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths, and Total Nonsense: Profiting from Evidence-Based Management With Robert I. Sutton (Harvard Business School Press, 2006)
 2007. What Were They Thinking: Unconventional Wisdom About Management (Harvard Business School Press, 2007)
 2010. Power: Why Some People Have It and Others Don't (HarperBusiness, 2010)
 2015. Leadership BS:  Fixing Workplaces and Careers One Truth at a Time (HarperBusiness, 2015). In other media

Music
On their 2016 album Who Has The Time, Tulsa, Oklahoma band The Earslips released a song titled "<mask>ffer's Wikipedia Article Summary." The lyrics are simply the lines from the first paragraph of the English Wikipedia article about him.References

External links

 <mask>'s Biography
 <mask>’s personal home page
 <mask>'s Stanford GSB website
 Website for evidence-based management
 Pfeffer’s Business Educators Member Profile

1946 births
Living people
American business theorists
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Stanford University alumni
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Stanford University Graduate School of Business faculty
People from St.

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<mask> (June 6, 1907 – November 12, 1993) was an American professional baseball catcher and manager. He played in Major League Baseball with the New York Yankees for 19 seasons. <mask> managed the Yankees as a player-manager in 1946 in his last season as a player. <mask> played with the Yankees from 1928 through 1943. After serving in the United States Navy during World War II, <mask> returned to the Yankees in 1946 as a player and manager. He retired after the 1946 season, but returned in 1949 as a coach, where he taught Yogi Berra the finer points of catching. During <mask>'s playing career, the Yankees went to the World Series nine times, winning eight championships.He was named to 11 All-Star Games. As a manager and coach, he led the Yankees to another six World Series titles. <mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1954. Early life
<mask> was born in Bastrop, Louisiana, on June 6, 1907. He was one of seven children born to John and <mask>. The <mask>s moved to Kensett, Arkansas, where <mask> worked as a brakeman for Missouri Pacific Railroad. <mask> had played baseball for a semi-professional team based in Memphis, Tennessee.<mask>'s older brother, Gus, was a second baseman and pitcher in the East Arkansas Semipro League, while his younger brother, George, would go on to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a catcher. <mask> attended Searcy High School in Searcy, Arkansas. At Searcy, <mask> played for the school's baseball team as a pitcher and second baseman. He enrolled at Little Rock College, where he played guard for the school's American football team and pitcher for the baseball team. <mask> substituted for a friend on a semi-professional team based in Hot Springs, Arkansas as a catcher, impressing the team's manager with his throwing arm. Lena Blackburne, manager of the Little Rock Travelers, a minor league baseball team, noticed <mask> while

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 scouting an outfielder on the Hot Springs team. Blackburne signed Dickey to play for his team.Minor league career
<mask> made his professional debut at the age of 18 with the Little Rock Travelers of the Class A Southern Association in 1925. Little Rock had a working agreement with the Chicago White Sox of the American League, which involved sending players between Little Rock, the Muskogee Athletics of the Class C Western Association, and the Jackson Senators of the Class D Cotton States League. <mask> played in three games for Little Rock in 1925, then was assigned to Muskogee in 1926, where he had a .283 batting average in 61 games. <mask> returned to Little Rock, and batted .391 in 17 games at the end of the season. <mask> played in 101 games for Jackson in 1927, batting .297 with three home runs. As a fielder, <mask> compiled a .989 fielding percentage and was credited with 84 assists while he committed only nine errors. New York Yankees
Jackson waived <mask> after the 1927 season.Johnny Nee, a scout for the New York Yankees, wired his boss, Ed Barrow, the Yankees' general manager, that the Yankees should claim him. The Yankees purchased <mask> from Jackson for $12,500 ($ in current dollar terms). Though he suffered from influenza during spring training in 1928, <mask> impressed Yankees manager Miller Huggins. <mask> hit .300 in 60 games for Little Rock, receiving a promotion to the Buffalo Bisons of the Class AA International League. After appearing in three games for Buffalo, <mask> made his MLB debut with the Yankees on August 15, 1928. He recorded his first hit, a triple off George Blaeholder of the St. Louis Browns, on August 24. <mask> played his first full season in MLB in .He replaced Benny Bengough as the Yankees' starting catcher, as Bengough experienced a recurrent shoulder injury, and <mask> outperformed Bengough and Johnny Grabowski. As a rookie,

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texts: <mask> hit .324 with 10 home runs and 65 runs batted in (RBI). He led all catchers with 95 assists and 13 double plays. In 1930, <mask> hit .339. In 1931, <mask> made only three errors and batted .327 with 78 RBI. That year, he was named by The Sporting News to its All-Star Team. Although his offensive production was overshadowed by Yankee greats Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig and Joe DiMaggio, <mask> posted some of the finest offensive seasons ever by a catcher during the late 1930s, hitting over 20 home runs with 100 RBI in four consecutive seasons from 1936 through 1939.His 1936 batting average of .362 was the highest single-season average ever recorded by a catcher, tied by Mike Piazza of the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1997, until Joe Mauer of the Minnesota Twins hit .365 in 2009. In 1932, <mask> broke the jaw of Carl Reynolds with one punch in a game after they collided at home plate, and received a 30-day suspension and $1,000 fine as punishment. That year, he hit .310, with 15 home runs and 84 RBI. In the 1932 World Series, he batted 7-for-16, with three walks, 4 RBI, and scored two runs. In 1936, <mask> hit .362, finishing third in the AL behind Luke Appling (.388) and Earl Averill (.378). <mask> held out for an increase from his $14,500 salary in 1936, seeking a $25,000 salary. He ended the holdout by agreeing to a contract worth $17,500.<mask> earned $18,000 in 1939. <mask> signed a contract for 1940, receiving a $20,500 salary. The 1941 season marked <mask>'s thirteenth year in which he caught at least 100 games, an MLB record. He also set a double play record and led AL catchers with a .994 fielding percentage. <mask> suffered a shoulder injury in 1942, ending his streak of catching at least 100 games in a season. When <mask>'s backup, Buddy Rosar, left the team without permission to take examinations to join the Buffalo police force and to be with his wife who was about


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 to have a baby, Yankees manager Joe McCarthy signed Rollie Hemsley to be the second string catcher, relegating Rosar to the third string position. <mask> saw his playing time decrease with the addition of Hemsley.He returned for the 1942 World Series, but was considered to be fading. <mask> hit the series-clinching home run in the 1943 World Series. After the season, <mask> was honored as the player of the year by the New York chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America. Manager and coach
<mask> was rumored to be a candidate for the managerial position with the Philadelphia Phillies after the 1943 season. <mask> entered the United States Navy on March 15, 1944, as he was categorized in Class 1-A, meaning fit for service, by the Selective Service System. He served at the Navy Hospital Area in Hawaii. He was discharged in January 1946 as a lieutenant senior grade; one of his main tasks had been to organize recreational activities in the Pacific.Returning to the Yankees in 1946, <mask> became the player-manager of the Yankees in the middle of the  season after Joe McCarthy resigned. The Yankees did fairly well under <mask>'s watch, going 57–48. However, owner Larry MacPhail refused to give <mask> a new contract until after the season. Rather than face the possibility of being a lame-duck manager, <mask> resigned on September 12, but remained as a player. having compiled 202 home runs, 1,209 RBIs and a .313 batting average over his career. In 1947, <mask> managed the Travelers. The team finished with a 51–103 record, last in the Southern Association.<mask> returned to the Yankees in 1949 as first base coach and catching instructor to aid Yogi Berra in playing the position. Already a good hitter, Berra became an excellent defensive catcher. With Berra having inherited his uniform number 8, <mask> wore number 33 until the 1960 season. <mask> later instructed

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 Elston Howard on catching, when Berra moved to the outfield. Managerial record

Film career
While still an active player in 1942, <mask> appeared as himself in the film The Pride of the Yankees, which starred Gary Cooper as the Yankee captain and first baseman Lou Gehrig. Late in the movie, when Gehrig was fading due to the disease that would eventually take his life, a younger Yankee grumbled in the locker room, "the old man on first needs crutches to get around! "—and <mask>, following the script, belted the younger player, after which he said the kid "talked out of turn."<mask> also appeared as himself in the film The Stratton Story in 1949. In the film, <mask> was scripted to take a called third strike from Jimmy Stewart's character. <mask> objected, stating "I never took a third strike. I always swung", and asking the director, Sam Wood, to allow him to swing through the third strike; Wood insisted that <mask> take the third strike. After many takes, <mask> commented: "I've struck out more times this morning than I did throughout my entire baseball career." Personal life

On October 5, 1932, <mask> married Violet Arnold, a New York showgirl, at St. Mark's Church in Jackson Heights, New York. The couple had one child, Lorraine, born in 1935.<mask> was an excellent quail hunter. He spent part of his retirement in the 1970s and 1980s residing in the Yarborough Landing community on the shore of Millwood Lake in southwestern Arkansas. He died in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1993. Legacy

<mask> was noted for his excellent hitting and his ability to handle pitchers. He was also known for his relentlessly competitive nature. <mask> was inducted into the Hall of Fame in . In 1972, the Yankees retired the number 8 in honor of <mask> and Berra.On August 22, 1988, the Yankees honored both <mask> and Berra by hanging plaques honoring them in Monument Park at Yankee Stadium.


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 <mask> opined that Berra was "An elementary Yankee" who is "considered the greatest catcher of all time." <mask> was named in 1999 to The Sporting News list of Baseball's Greatest Players, ranking number 57, trailing Johnny Bench (16), Josh Gibson (18), Yogi Berra (40), and Roy Campanella (50) among catchers. Like those catchers, <mask> was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team, but the fan balloting chose Berra and Bench as the two catchers on the team. In 2007, Dickey-Stephens Park opened in North Little Rock, Arkansas. The ballpark was named after <mask>; his brother George; and two famous Arkansas businessmen, Jackson and Witt Stephens. In 2013, the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award honored <mask> as one of 37 Baseball Hall of Fame members for his service in the United States Navy during World War II.See also

List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball player-managers
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

External links

<mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
<mask> at The Deadball Era

<mask> Oral History Interview - National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection

1907 births
1993 deaths
Baseball players from Louisiana
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
American League All-Stars
Major League Baseball catchers
New York Yankees players
New York Yankees managers
New York Yankees coaches
Major League Baseball player-managers
Sportspeople from Little Rock, Arkansas
Baseball players from Arkansas
Major League Baseball first base coaches
People from Bastrop, Louisiana
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Little Rock Travelers players
Muskogee Athletics players
Jackson Senators players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
People from Searcy, Arkansas
People from Kensett, Arkansas
United States Navy personnel of World War

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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (31 October 1939 – 6 March 2006) was a Malian singer and multi-instrumentalist, and one of the African continent's most internationally renowned musicians. His music blends traditional Malian music and its derivative, North American blues and is considered a pioneer of African desert blues. <mask> was ranked number 76 on Rolling Stones list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and number 37 on Spin magazine's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in 1939 in the village of Kanau, on the banks of the Niger River in Gourma-Rharous Cercle in the northwestern Malian region of Tombouctou. His family belonged to the Arma community and moved to the nearby village of Niafunké when he was still an infant. His father died serving in the French Army in 1940. He was the tenth son of his mother but the only one to survive past infancy."The name I was given was <mask>, but it's a custom in Africa to give a child a strange nickname if you have had other children who have died", <mask> was quoted as saying in a biography on his record label, World Circuit Records. His nickname, "Farka", chosen by his parents, means "donkey", an animal admired for its tenacity and stubbornness: "Let me make one thing clear. I'm the donkey that nobody climbs on!" Ethnically, he was part Songhai,  part Fula. Early musical influences
In Malian society, musical performance was the duty of a lower caste known as the ‘Griot’. Since <mask> was from the ‘Nobel’ caste he was forbidden to play any musical instruments. He disregarded this and secretly built a monochord from a tin can and played it with his friends.Having worked various jobs as a young adult including as a chauffeur and an ambulance boatman, it was a performance by the national ballet of Guinea in 1956 that would influence Touré to pursue a career in music. It was the guitar playing during this performance that made <mask> determined to learn the instrument. During the

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 1960s, Mali hosted and held national talent competitions aimed at bringing together the various diverse groups of people that lived within the newly independent nation such as the Bambara in the south, the nomadic Tuareg in the North and the Fula and Songhay in the Sahel. It was at these competitions that Touré soaked up the music of all these different cultures and learned to sing in seven languages. Naturally <mask> was a great success at these competitions and ended up heading to Bulgaria to represent Mali internationally. It was during this trip that he bought his first guitar, and it was also the first time that he heard the music that was being produced in the USA during the 1960s, of which <mask> instantly became a fan. He was particularly fond of the music of John Lee Hooker and has stated that, “The first time I heard John Lee Hooker, I heard his music but I said ‘I don’t understand this, where did they come up with this culture?This is something that belongs to us.”

Although <mask> has been described as ‘The African Bluesman’, he insists that his music is not blues having stated that “To me blues is a type of soap powder, my music is older than the blues”. Musical career
As the first African bluesman to achieve widespread popularity on his home continent, <mask> was often known as "the African John Lee Hooker". Musically, the many superpositions of guitars and rhythms in his music were similar to John Lee Hooker's hypnotic blues style. He usually sang in one of several African languages, mostly Songhay, Fulfulde, Tamasheq or Bambara as on his breakthrough album, <mask> Farka Touré, which established his reputation in the world music community. <mask>’s first job in the music industry was as a sound engineer at Radio Mali in Bamako. This job allowed him the opportunity to use the radio station’s recording studio, which at the time was the only recording studio in Mali. Touré sent tapes of his recordings to various record labels in France and

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texts: eventually ended up releasing a series of albums simply titled ‘<mask>ka Touré’ in the late 70s and early 80s.in 1986 <mask> captured the attention of the British market when tracks from one of his albums referred to as ‘the red album’ was played on British radio. British DJ Andy Kershaw discovered ‘the red album’ whilst in Paris looking for albums that were difficult to find in the UK. He recalls how he purchased the album at random amongst a pile of others as the album cover had stood out to him. Upon listening to the album after he had returned home to North London he realised that he had found something special. Upon playing a few tracks on his segment on BBC Radio One it provoked an extraordinary reaction from his listeners. It was this that grasped the attention of Anne Hunt of 'World Circuit Records'. In the mid-1980s, Hunt travelled to Mali to track down <mask> <mask>, she eventually found him by broadcasting a message on Radio Mali seeking information about his whereabouts.World Circuit records brought him to Britain for the first time in 1987 and <mask> went on to record seven records with them. The first few of these albums included some interesting collaborations such as with Seán Keane and Kevin Conneff of The Chieftains on The River in 1990 and Nitin Sawhney and the American blues player Taj Mahal on The Source in 1992. Although, his most high-profile collaboration of the early 90s was 1994’s Talking Timbuktu with Ry Cooder. Cooder  later recalled how Touré didn’t like recording the album in the Hollywood studio and described it as a place of ‘bad energy’ and The USA in general as a ‘spiritual car park’. <mask>'s first North American concert was in Harrison Hot Springs, British Columbia. 1994's Talking Timbuktu, a collaboration with Ry Cooder, sold promisingly well in Western markets, but was followed by a hiatus from releases in America and Europe. He reappeared in 1999 with the release of Niafunké, a more traditional album focusing on African

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texts: rhythms and beats.<mask> was the mentor and uncle of popular Malian musician Afel Bocoum. Some of <mask>'s songs and tunes have been used in different programmes, films and documentaries. For instance, his guitar riff on the song "Diaraby", from the album Talking Timbuktu, was selected for the Geo-quiz segment of The World PRI-BBC program, and was retained by popular demand when put to a vote of the listeners. This song is likewise used in 1998 as a soundtrack for the film L'Assedio (Besieged) by the Italian director Bernardo Bertolucci. His songs Cinquante six, Goye Kur and Hawa Dolo from the album The Source are also used as a soundtrack in the French film Fin août, début septembre (Late August, Early September) directed in 1998 by Olivier Assayas. The song "Lasidan" was featured in the award winning documentary "Sharkwater" by Rob Stewart. In 2002 Touré appeared with Black American blues and reggae performer Corey Harris, on an album called Mississippi to Mali (Rounder Records).Toure and Harris also appeared together in Martin Scorsese's 2003 documentary film Feel Like Going Home, which traced the roots of blues back to its genesis in West Africa. The film was narrated by Harris and features <mask>'s performances on guitar and njarka. In September 2005, <mask> released the album In the Heart of the Moon, a collaboration with Toumani Diabaté, for which he received a second Grammy award. His last album, Savane, was posthumously released in July 2006. It was received with wide acclaim by professionals and fans alike and has been nominated for a Grammy Award in the category "Best Contemporary World Music Album". The panel of experts from the World Music Chart Europe (WMCE), a chart voted by the leading World Music specialists around Europe, chose Savane as their Album of the Year 2006, with the album topping the chart for three consecutive months (September to November 2006). The album has also been listed as No.1 in the influential Metacritic's "Best Albums of

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 2006" poll, and No. 5 in its all-time best reviewed albums. <mask> <mask> has also been nominated for the BBC Radio 3 awards 2007. In February 2018 Idrissa Soumaoro's song Bèrèbèrè, featuring <mask>, was used in Black Panther. Personal life
In 2020, Touré featured in the book ‘Greenlights’ by Matthew McConaughey. In part five, McConaughey recalls how in 1999 he was inspired to visit the African continent by a dream that he had. He goes on to reveal that <mask> <mask> was one of his favourite musicians and that it was listening to Touré’s music that inspired him to choose the country of Mali for his visit to the African continent.He spent four days travelling to Niafunké from Bamako and spend the day with <mask> and his wife before continuing his journey along the Niger River. In 2004 <mask> became mayor of Niafunké and spent his own money grading the roads, putting in sewer canals and fuelling a generator that provided the impoverished town with electricity. On 6 March 2006, the Ministry of Culture of Mali announced <mask>'s death at age 66 in Bamako from bone cancer, which he had been battling for some time. His record label, World Circuit, said that he had recorded several tracks with his son, Vieux <mask> <mask>, for Vieux's debut album which was released in late 2006. In popular culture
 In the French film l'Auberge espagnole (2002), two characters are seen playing air guitar to "Ai Du". In the movie Unfaithful (2002), Diane Lane and Olivier Martinez slow dance to "Ai Du". In the French film Irma Vep (1996), Maggie Cheung and Nathalie Richard ride an old motorcycle down the quay to <mask>'s song "Soukora".In the 2005 travel film Michael Palin: SAHARA, his music is heard in a scene about Nigerian nomads. The World, a radio show distributed by Public Radio International, uses the song "Diaraby" as the theme to their Geoquiz. The song is a collaboration between <mask> and Ry Cooder; the song is featured on their Talking Timbuktu album. The 2018 Marvel

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 Studios film Black Panther features the song "Bèrèbèrè". The title "Bèrèbèrè" – meaning "to help each other" in Bambara – Malian guitarist and singer Idrissa Soumaoro illustrates the moment when T'Challa and Nakia walk in the market after their long separation. The cover of the album "Djitoumou" from which this title comes seems to have inspired the scene of the film in which we can hear "Bèrèbèrè", in the heart of a lively market. In the French localizations of Nintendo's Animal Crossing games, the song called "Safari K.K."in English-speaking regions is instead referred to as "Ali Farka Kéké". At Documenta 14 in Kassel in 2017, Igo Diarra and La Medina paid tribute to the life and artistic work of <mask> <mask> with the contribution "Studio Ali Farka Touré - Proud and Well". Photographs, record covers, objects and his music were presented. The program also included a workshop and a performance by the <mask>ka <mask> Band in the official performance program in the Henschel halls. I'll Sing for You, 2001

Awards and nominations

See also
 African fingerstyle guitar
 African music

References

Bibliography
 Kubik, Gerhard (1999). Africa and the Blues. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.(hardcover);  (paperback). Guralnick, Peter, ed. (2003). Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: A Musical Journey. A companion book to the PBS documentary series Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: A Musical Journey. Foreword by Alex Gibney; afterword by Chuck D. New York: Amistad. External links

<mask> <mask> at NPR Music
A Thorough Discography (click on the images for more info and sample music)

Discography at Discogs

1939 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from bone cancer
Malian blues guitarists
Malian guitarists
Grammy Award winners
Deaths from cancer in Mali
World Circuit (record label) artists
Bambara-language singers
Commanders of the National Order of Mali
20th-century Malian male singers
People from Tombouctou Region
20th-century guitarists
21st-century

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<mask> (born October 3, 1959) is an American actor, stand-up comedian and television host. He is widely known for his work as an improvisational comedian on the U.K. and U.S. versions of Whose Line Is It Anyway? He also performed on Drew Carey's Green Screen Show and voiced the title character on the animated children's show Bob the Builder from 2005 to late 2007. Early life
<mask> was born in Phoenix, Arizona, and raised in San Carlos, California, a suburb south of San Francisco, attending San Carlos High School. He attended the College of San Mateo and spearheaded the comedy duo "Proops & Brakeman". Later, he took courses in improvisation and acting at San Francisco State University, though he never finished college. Career

Improv comedy
After college, he joined an improv group with Mike McShane.Both <mask> and McShane impressed producers Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson, who put them on their show, Whose Line Is It Anyway?. He frequently instigated jokes concerning various idiosyncrasies and differences between British English and American English, and would frequently banter with Clive Anderson on these matters (among others). He lived in London for four years when he was doing the show and lists McShane, Richard Vranch and Colin Mochrie among his best friends. After the show ended, he was recalled for the American version and has been a frequent "fourth contestant". Through 2020, he has appeared in 74 U.S. Whose Line episodes, more than any other non-regular cast member. <mask> also appeared in every episode of the short-lived Drew Carey's Green Screen Show, where the performers would play improv games (some of which were taken from the show's main influence Whose Line Is It

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 Anyway?) in front of a massive green screen.Later, animators would draw on the background and other props. In April 2011, Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza premiered on GSN featuring <mask> along with other frequent guests from Whose Line is it Anyway? In July 2012, <mask> appeared in ABC's improvisation show, Trust Us with Your Life. In November 2011, <mask> did a week on Royal Caribbean's Freedom of the Seas with the Lewis Black Comedy Cruise Tour. He performed the entire week of stand-up with other artists, which included a live, one-hour podcast in front of his entire audience. Film and television
<mask> has performed his stand-up act across Britain, mainland Europe, Australia and New Zealand. His other credits include hosting Space Cadets, a mid-1990s science-fiction comedy game show on Channel 4 in the UK, which also featured Craig Charles (Dave Lister from Red Dwarf) and Bill Bailey, and appearances on BBC2's Mock the Week.He appeared as a panelist on the 2000 revival of To Tell the Truth. <mask> has also hosted game shows, including VS. in 1999, Rendez-View in 2001, and Head Games, a Science Channel game show which ran for one season in 2009. In addition to his stand-up and improv acts, <mask> has done voice work in various films and TV shows, including Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, and the miniseries Stripperella with Pamela Anderson. <mask> provided the voice of Bob in the US version of the TV series Bob the Builder for the five seasons of Project Build It. He has also featured in 2003 film Brother Bear as the voice of one of the Love Bears and provided the voice as Cryptograf in 2006 film Asterix and the Vikings. <mask> has been involved with Turner Classic

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 Movies since 2013, appearing on several of the network's podcasts and in person at public events. In 2016, he appeared as a television presenter for TCM, introducing comedy films by the Marx Brothers and Wheeler & Woolsey.<mask> has been involved with the Star Wars franchise as well. He played the role of Fode in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. He would later work with the Expanded Universe, reprising his role as Fode in the video game Star Wars Episode I: Racer and the video game adaptation of Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace, and he guest-starred on two episodes of the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars ("The Mandalore Plot" and "Voyage of Temptation") as Tal Merrick. In 2018, <mask> voiced Jak Sivrak in Star Wars Resistance. <mask> appeared as a guest on The George Lucas Talk Show during their May the AR Be LI$$ You Arli$$ marathon fundraiser. Radio and podcast

Since 2010, <mask> hosts a podcast called The Smartest Man In The World, often together with his wife Jennifer Canaga, in which he talks about current events, celebrity culture, and his personal life, usually in front of a live audience. Before Smartest Man, <mask> hosted a podcast called The <mask>ops Experiment.From 1995–1996, <mask> presented Bits from Last Week's Radio on BBC Radio 1. He did voice work for the BBC Radio 2 series Flight of the Conchords, first broadcast in September 2005. <mask> also played the title role in BBC Radio 4's sci-fi comedy series Seymour the Fractal Cat. <mask> was in the cast of Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas soundtrack and movie, providing the voice for the Harlequin Demon, the Devil, and the Sax Player. Video games
<mask> provides voice-over work

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 as Howard "Buckshot" Holmes, a game show announcer along with John DiMaggio for the Nintendo Wii game MadWorld. DiMaggio and <mask> play as comical announcers on a brutal game show set in the future. <mask> provided the voice of Matthew Black, a reporter in the forgotten Psygnosis game, ZombieVille (1997).<mask> also provided the voice of Fargus, a pyromantic court jester for the PlayStation Pandemonium game series. He later worked as a voice actor in Skylanders: Imaginators, where he voiced a Brain that was freed by Kaos in order to help perfect his Doomlanders project. Comedy albums
 Live (1994)
 Back in the UK (1997)
 Houston, We Have a Problem (2007)
 Joke Book (2007)
 Elsewhere (2009)
 <mask> Digs In! (2010)
 In the Ball Park (2015)
 The Resistance (2018)

Comedy specials
 <mask> released nonfiction book The Smartest Book in the World through publisher Touchstone. The book is based in part on Proops's weekly podcast The Smartest Man in the World, detailing the author's movie and poetry recommendations, baseball facts, powerful women, and misconstrued history. The paperback version of the book was released from Touchstone on February 21, 2017. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 The Smartest Man in the World Podcast

1959 births
Living people
American game show hosts
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American men podcasters
American podcasters
American stand-up comedians
Comedians from California
Male actors from California
Male feminists
People from San Carlos, California
San Francisco State University alumni
Stand Up!Records artists
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American

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<mask> ( Spatola; born July 21, 1988) is an American curler from McFarland, Wisconsin. She was the skip of the American women's team at the 2018 Winter Olympics and the third at the 2022 Winter Olympics. Career
<mask> began curling in 1998 and six years later played in her first United States Junior National Championship. She would compete in five more Junior Nationals, winning the title in 2006 and 2008. As a member of the Junior Championship team she qualified for two World Junior Curling Championships. Skipping the teams both times she finished tenth at the 2006 Jeonju, Korea Worlds and seventh at the 2008 Östersund, Sweden Worlds. <mask>'s senior career began in 2009 as the third for Erika Brown's team.They qualified for the 2009 US Nationals where they placed fourth. <mask> returned to the United States Nationals in March 2010 where Team Brown won the National Championship earning the right to compete as Team USA at the 2010 Swift Current World Championships. There they lost in a tiebreaker match, settling for fifth place. In her last season as a member of the Brown rink, the team would finish in fourth place at 2011 Nationals. On the World Curling Tour, the <mask> rink played in three Grand Slam events making it as far as the quarterfinals at the 2010 Sobeys Slam. In 2011, <mask> joined the Patti Lank rink as third. They finished in eighth place at the 2012 United States Women's Curling Championship.They played in just one Grand Slam that season, the 2011 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic, failing to qualify. Elsewhere on the tour, the team won the St. Paul Cash Spiel. The next season, <mask> moved to play second on the team. The team played in the 2013

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Roth
Roth
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texts: United States Women's Curling Championship and finished in fifth place after losing in a tiebreaker. Also that season, the team defended their title at the St. Paul Cash Spiel. At the start of the 2013–14 curling season, <mask> joined Becca Hamilton's rink as their skip and Hamilton throwing third stones. The team would win the 2014 United States Women's Curling Championship, but did not have enough tour points to represent the United States at that years' World Championship.The following season, Jamie Sinclair was added as the team's third, Hamilton moved to play second, and Tara Peterson was added at lead position. The team had less success at the 2015 United States Women's Curling Championship, just missing the playoffs with a 4–5 record. On the tour, the team played in two slams but missed the playoffs in both. In 2015 <mask> formed a new team consisting of Monica Walker, Aileen Sormunen and Vicky Persinger. The team made it to the finals of the 2016 United States Women's Curling Championship, where they lost to <mask>'s former skip, Erika Brown. The next season, Becca Hamilton came back to the team to play lead, Geving was moved to second and Tabitha Peterson was added to play third. The team lost in the finals at the 2017 Nationals to Jamie Sinclair.However, they had enough points on the tour to represent the United States at the 2017 World Women's Curling Championship. There they just missed the playoffs, finishing with a 6–5 record. On the tour they won one event, the Molson Cash Spiel. That season the team also represented the United States at the 2017 Americas Challenge, where they easily beat Brazil to qualify the U.S. for the 2017 Worlds. The team would

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texts: get the best of Sinclair at the 2017 United States Olympic Curling Trials, where they defeated the Sinclair rink in the final, winning the right to represent the United States at the 2018 Winter Olympics. There <mask> led the United States to a 4–5 record, missing the playoffs. Because they played in the Olympics, Team <mask> opted to skip the 2018 US Nationals.On the tour that season they won the Canad Inns Women's Classic and played in two slams, making it as far as the quarterfinals at the 2018 Players' Championship. Team <mask> attempted to defend their title at the 2019 United States Women's Curling Championship, but lost out to Team Sinclair in the final. They had better luck on the Grand Slam tour, making it to the semifinals of the 2018 Tour Challenge and the 2019 Canadian Open. Her team also represented the United States in the First Leg and the Grand Final of the 2018–19 Curling World Cup, finishing with a 3–3 and 2–4 record respectively. The teams first World Curling Tour event of the 2019–20 season was the 2019 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic where they missed the playoffs. The following week, they won the Beyer & Simonson US Open of Curling. They also won their following event, the 2019 WCT Uiseong International Curling Cup, defeating Kim Eun-jung in the final.<mask> missed most of the season while on maternity leave, with Tabitha Peterson skipping the team. During the 2020 off-season the team announced that Peterson would remain as skip when <mask> returned from maternity leave. <mask> re-joined the team as vice-skip at third, with Hamilton moving to second, Tara Peterson to lead, and Geving to alternate. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Peterson

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 team did not compete in events for most of the 2020–21 season until entering a bio-secure bubble held in Calgary, Alberta in the spring of 2021 for three events in a row. The first two events were the Champions Cup and Players' Championship grand slams, with the team missing the playoffs at both. The third event in the Calgary bubble for Team Peterson was the 2021 World Women's Championship, which they earned a spot at as 2020 National Champions after the 2021 National Championship was moved to later in the spring due to the pandemic. They finished the 13 game round-robin in fifth place with a 7–6 record, earning them a spot in the playoffs and securing a 2022 Olympic berth for the United States.In the playoffs, Team Peterson defeated Denmark's Madeline Dupont but lost to Switzerland's Silvana Tirinzoni to end up in the bronze medal game. There, Peterson faced off against Sweden's Anna Hasselborg and won with a score of 9–5, including scoring five points in the seventh end. Team Peterson's bronze medal finish was the first World Women's medal for the United States in 15 years, and the first ever bronze medal. Personal life
<mask> earned a nursing degree from Edgewood College and works as a registered nurse. She married <mask> in 2014 and they have one child. She is of Italian descent. Teams

Grand Slam record

Former events

Notes

References

External links

1988 births
American female curlers
Living people
People from McFarland, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Wisconsin
Continental Cup of Curling participants
Curlers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic curlers of the United States
American curling champions
21st-century American women
Curlers at the 2022 Winter

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<mask>, 7th Earl of Perth,  (17 August 1876 – 15 December 1951), was a British politician and diplomat who was the first Secretary-General of the League of Nations (1920–1933). Quiet and unassuming, he succeeded in building an effective international staff. However he failed to resolve major international disputed because of pressure from Britain and France, the most powerful League members. He moved on to become British Ambassador to Italy (1933–1939) and then the chief adviser on foreign publicity in the Ministry of Information (1939–1940). In 1946, he became deputy leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords. Early life and career

Family
Drummond was born into the Scottish nobility, the Chiefs of Clan Drummond. His father was James David Drummond, 10th Viscount Strathallan (1839–1893), an army officer of Machany in Perthshire who had three children with his second wife, Margaret Smythe, the daughter of William Smythe of Methven Castle in Perthshire.<mask> Drummond was the eldest and the only son but Drummond had two half-sisters and one half-brother, William Huntley Drummond, from his father's first marriage to Ellen Thornhill. Drummond's brother William succeeded their father as Viscount Strathallan in 1893 and, in 1902, succeeded their distant cousin, George Drummond, 5th Earl of Perth, to become the 6th Earl of Perth. On 20 August 1937, Drummond's half-brother died and so Drummond became the 7th Earl of Perth and inherited these titles: Lord Drummond of Cargill and Stobhall, Lord Maderty, 12th Viscount Strathallan, Lord Drummond of Cromlix, Hereditary thegn of Lennox, Hereditary Steward of Menteith and Strathearn and Chief of Clan Drummond. He was raised in a Presbyterian family but

masks:
James Eric Drummond
James Eric


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 converted to Roman Catholicism in 1903. That became a hindrance during his career when Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald vetoed his appointment as ambassador at Washington in 1933. His conversion was most likely caused by his wish to marry a Roman Catholic, the Hon. Angela Mary Constable-Maxwell (1877–1965), the daughter of Marmaduke Francis Constable-Maxwell, 11th Lord Herries of Terregles and Hon.Angela Mary Charlotte Fitzalan-Howard (daughter of the 1st Baron Howard of Glossop), which he did on 20 April 1904. They had four children:
 Lady Margaret Gwendolyn Mary (1905)
 John David Drummond, Viscount Strathallan (1907), inherited his father's titles
 Lady Angela Alice Maryel Drummond (1912)
 Lady Gillian Mary Drummond (1920). Education and early career
Drummond was educated at Eton College, where he graduated in 1895. There, he learned French, which later would become an important tool in his diplomatic career. His upbringing in the British establishment helped to pave the way into the diplomatic world as a civil servant. Drummond is best known for his 13 years as secretary-general in the League of Nations. Before accepting that prestigious position, however, he had served mainly as a private secretary for various British politicians and diplomats, including the Prime Minister H. H. Asquith.On 20 April 1900, Drummond entered the British Foreign Office as a clerk. From 1906 to 1908, he was the private secretary of the under-secretary to Lord Fitzmaurice. Between 1908 and 1910, he occupied two functions: précis writer of the foreign secretary Sir Edward Grey and the private secretary of the parliamentary under-secretary, Thomas McKinnon Wood. From 1912 to 1918, Drummond worked as the private


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 secretary of respectively: the prime minister, H. H. Asquith, and the foreign secretaries, Sir Edward Grey and Arthur James Balfour. In April to May 1917 he was a member of the Balfour Mission, which was intended to promote cooperation between the British and the Americans during the First World War. League of Nations career
Between 1918 and 1919, he was a member of the British delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, where he was engaged in the drafting of the Covenant of the League of Nations. In 1919 he accepted the position of the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, on the recommendation of Lord Cecil.Before the 1919 Paris Peace Conference in 1919, much work had been put into finding a suitable candidate for secretary-general of the newly-established League of Nations. Cecil, who played an important role in drafting the Covenant and organising the League, initially wanted a person with a background in politics for the post; but despite the existence of several candidates, none accepted his proposal. He believed that only somebody of the highest ability would be sufficient for this role. However, after the office would not be given as many powers as initially thought, Cecil reconsidered and sought to find somebody who was a well-trained civil servant and less known as a big political figure. He first approached Maurice Hankey, who for some time showed interest in the position but in the end rejected the offer only ten days prior to the Paris plenary session. In the event that Hankey would turn down the offer, Cecil and the American Edward M. House had developed a contingency plan to substitute Hankey with Sir <mask>. As early as 1915, Drummond expressed himself favourably towards the


texts:
 establishment of an international organisation.As such, Drummond was involved in negotiations regarding the establishment of the League of Nations. In addition, he was also a British national, which Cecil valued very highly. Drummond was an experienced diplomat and had earned a high reputation during his 19 years at the Foreign Office, which helped him to be considered the best choice available. After some initial doubt in which Drummond expressed anxiety about organising the League, he finally accepted the proposal. At the Paris Peace Conference's plenary session on 28 April 1919, the conference accepted the appointment of Drummond as the first secretary-general of the League of Nations. Establishment of permanent secretariat (1919–1920)

One of the secretary-general's major deeds was the establishment of a permanent and strictly-international secretariat. No such thing had ever been attempted, and prewar secretariats had largely been confined to the national sphere in both the context of who supplied them and the civil servants who worked there.The creation of an international civil service was not without problems, and administrative leaders thought it unthinkable that such a body would ever be united, loyal or efficient. By August 1920 the secretariat was fully established. The personnel staffing the secretariat came from over 30 countries and differed in language, religion and training, all of whom were appointed by the League, not by national governments. That once again underscored the difference between the new international body and previous national secretariats. In total, the secretariat came to consist of seven sections: a Mandate Section, an Economic and Financial Section, a Section for


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 Transit and Communication, a Social Section, a Political Section, a Legal Section and an International Bureau Section. Leadership style
Drummond approached the role conservatively. His somewhat-subdued role in the British Foreign Office easily transferred over to the position of secretary-general.He was not a major political figure and so did not seek to turn the office into a reflection of his personality. Drummond set about creating the administrative divisions for the League. He took no risk in his appointments to senior positions in the League of Nations and chose to appoint only members who supported their nation's government and gave the positions only to members of leading states. Drummond was regarded as taking great care with issues and taking his position very seriously. He would read everything that came to his desk and would often call meetings regularly to discuss various issues. The meetings would often take place with various members of governments, which managed to established contact by his appointments to the League. Drummond thus became aware of sensitive information from various governments and nongovernmental organisations but became someone who could be trusted by various politicians worldwide.He was widely regarded as shying away from the public and political spotlight, despite the high-profile nature of his position. He, however, was believed to be highly political behind the scenes but was often forced to do to appease various nations and because of often lacking support from many governments. One example was his 1920s dealings with Benito Mussolini's policies towards the Balkans, Africa and Europe. Drummond was unable to condemn any of Mussolini's policies publicly, as he


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 did not have the backing of Britain and France. He wanted to maintain good relations with Italy, which helped to render him somewhat impotent. Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League of Nations. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League, but he also appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against international law.Despite the limitations coming from outside the League, he largely decided how he would run the office since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. Drummond became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and he would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests. National allegiance of League staff
The ideal underpinning the secretariat and those working there was one much resembling a Weberian understanding of bureaucracy that was also seen in Protestant-secular rationalism, the idea of a non-political, neutral, effective and efficient bureaucrat. Drummond admitted, "It is not always those who secure public praise to whom thanks are mainly due, and the work unknown to the public which is done behind the scenes is often a large factor in the success which has been obtained". The ideal was not always upheld, and national preferences were never really abandoned. New under-secretaries-general who were appointed were more often than not of the same nationality, with candidates of smaller powers excluded.Drummond did not practice what he preached, which created small national islands from which the appointed officials conducted


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 national, rather than international, politics. In 1929, the Assembly decided to make a thorough investigation of the secretariats, the International Labour Organization and the Permanent Court of International Justice. The minority report showed that the political influence in substantive issues by the secretariats and its main officers was enormous and could not be overlooked. However, that was not recognised by Drummond before the 1950s and until then had readily defended the notion of nonpolitical character of international secretariats. Despite the political character of the international civil service, the Secretariat came to be widely recognised as an instrument of the highest efficiency and the structural framework became a model for future international civil services, such as seen in the United Nations. Role during crises
During Drummond's secretary-generalship were several crises that called for his attention. The League of Nations' Council relied on the willingness of its members to use their militaries to apply its collective security mandate during crises.Many of them centred on border disputes from the collapse of empires after the First World War. As the League got involved in such matters throughout the 1920s with members and non-members alike, Drummond was at the centre of the talks and the negotiations. The League was involved in disputes in Latin America, the Baltics and then China. Peter Yearwood argues that although Drummond was an idealist, as were most other people, he also 'made use' of his connections in politics. Drummond was widely regarded as somebody who shied away from the public and political limelight, despite the high-profile nature of his position. He managed to


texts: achieve that but was believed to be highly political behind the scenes. He was often forced to appease various nations because he often lacked support from governments.One example was his dealings with Benito Mussolini's policies in the 1920s towards the Balkans, Africa and the rest of Europe. Drummond was unable to give a public condemnation of Mussolini's policies, as he had the backing of neither Britain nor France and wanted to maintain good relations with Italy. That was one of the many reasons that helped to render him a somewhat-impotent leader. Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League of Nations. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League of Nations, but he appeased nations, rather than keep them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League of Nations, he largely decided how he would run the office within it since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. He became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues and would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff.He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests. Another issue that partly drove Drummond's ambitions and his way of handling the crises presented before him was his religion. A devout Catholic, that had a significant impact in his dealings with the Polish–Lithuanian War early in his career. He strongly urged for a plebiscite to which Poland could agree, most Poles being Catholic. Aldo, Drummond seemed to be pro-active. On the crisis between Russia and Finland over the latter's independence


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 gained after the First World War, Drummond was one of the first to consider a possible solution. Another important factor of his secretary-generalship was his willingness to step beyond the boundaries given to him in his position.During the crisis over the Chaco War near the very end of Drummond's career at the League, he was praised for being a helpful mediator and for doing more than his position allowed. Mukden Incident

One of the less successful moments for Drummond's was one of the most prominent crises of Drummond's career, the Mukden Incident. China allegedly blew up part of a railroad, which Japan then used as an excuse to invade Manchuria. China appealed to the League for measures against Japan. According to Michael E. Chapman, Drummond's initial response was not that of an imperialistic western leader but that of a bureaucrat. Somewhat limited in his powers, he looked towards the two most powerful Western nations in the region, Britain and the United States, which more or less stated that they were 'too busy' to deal with the crisis at hand. When the crisis reached its peak, Stimson advised Drummond to "strengthen and support treaty obligations" the Japanese action had caused British discomfort.He was advised to try not to arouse nationalist feelings in Japan. Drummond wanted to be an active player in the crisis but was mostly outplayed by Henry Stimson and Hugh R. Wilson. He resigned in 1933 and was succeeded by his deputy Joseph Avenol, from France. British ambassador in Rome (1933–1939)
After leaving the League, Drummond was chosen as candidate to the post of British ambassador to Washington, but his candidacy was vetoed by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, allegedly because


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 Drummond had converted to Roman Catholicism at 27. Instead, he was appointed British ambassador to Rome in October 1933 and he served there until he left Italy in April 1939. He retired from foreign politics a month later, in May 1939. Throughout his time in Rome, Drummond found it "difficult to get close to Mussolini".He noted that "[Mussolini]... had to be treated with great caution when he [was] in 'a highly sensitive condition'"

The Italian foreign minister, Galeazzo Ciano, thought that Perth, as he had now become, was convinced that the harsh attitude of France towards Italy was unreasonable. Furthermore, Perth tried to convince the Italians that the British government was "conciliatory" and even went so far as "[...defending] Italian policy." Ciano, whose Italian secret service efficiency allowed him to read many of Perth's reports, states in his diary that the British ambassador had been opposed to the fascist regime when he came to Rome but had developed into a "sincere convert" who "understood and even loved Fascism". Caution must always be employed in using Ciano's statements, but Perth's reports suggested that there was a certain amount of truth in the remarks:

"Perth may have misjudged Mussolini's attitude to Germany but, in the last analysis, even here he was not far wrong, for the limitations of Italian power made it impossible for Mussolini, in 1939, to carry out his intention of siding with Germany in the war". Second World War and domestic politics (1939–1951)
During the Second World War, Perth worked for the Ministry of Information as a senior bureaucrat. After the war, he served until his death as a deputy leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords. His involvement with


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 the party did not slow its decline in electoral and ideological influence.Legacy
It is useful to make an overall assessment of Drummond's working career within the framework of the institutions, such as the limitations and restrictions put by the guiding principles and contradictions of the institutions and his liberal ideological background, upbringing and character traits. For a fair evaluation of his leadership as the first secretary-general of the League of Nations, his leadership could be judged in two areas: the traditional political issues concerning security and national sovereignty and the softer technical issues. In regards to the security role of the League, his role could be assessed as negligible, especially for the second half of his tenureship, which was characterised by the systematic undermining competition of the great powers, notably Britain and France and the security structure impaired by 19th-century imperialism of the League: its Council. His pragmatic and co-operative approach resulted in some successes in the early years of the League, but his role is considered inadequate when it was confronted with issues such as the Manchurian Crisis. His involvement in setting the organizational infrastructure in areas such as the dealing with refugees, the minority regime and the mandate system could be seen more positively since during his time, especially during the first half of the 1920s, had some successes in resolving and tackling issues, such as the 1925 Greek–Bulgarian Conflict in 1925 and the 1932-1933 Colombia–Peru War. However, it was the technical issues, such as humanitarian aid and the supervision of a series of "technical organizations and committees", in which he had the


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 most enduring positive legacy. Drummond was part of an international technocratic elite of experts that favoured the initiation of international standards in health and labour issues, the gathering and the sharing of statistical information and a spirit of internationalism to deal with problems.After his post at the League, he was assigned to the post of ambassador of Fascist Italy. A combination of his own restricted ability to see the overall situation and Britain's strategy of appeasement of fascist regimes that he served could account as a failure and quite possibly the darkest period of his career. The non-resolution of the Ethiopian Crisis had the effects of undermining League's security role and sening the wrong signals to both Mussolini and Hitler. Drummond, as the British ambassador to Italy, was one of the actors who failed to anticipate the negative results of the British appeasement policy:

His handling of the political tasks of the League [of Nations] has been criticized as over cautious, but he did not lack courage for decisive action when such action was necessary for the maintenance of the authority of the League. His slow somewhat hesitant approach was useful in avoiding disappointments and setbacks and contributed to the League’s steady gain in prestige. The above assessment of how Drummond's pragmatic and contemplative character had a positive impact on League's administration, notably the Secretariat, can be contrasted with Drummond's ideas of liberalism, anticommunism and internationalism and with his flirting with fascist ideas. His career and life followed a similar trajectory with the broader ideological, imperial and internationalist ideas.The Second World War signalled the


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 defeat of liberal politicians and of their declared vision of peace, as well as the prevailing of fascist and nationalist ideas over the international vision that Drummond had tried to materialise with the League. Titles and honours
During his life, Drummond received a variety of titles for his accomplishments. He was awarded the following by King George V:
 Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) 22 June 1914. Knight Commander Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) 21 December 1916. Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) 30 January 1934. See also
 United Kingdom and the League of Nations
 Earl of Perth
 Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood

Notes

Bibliography
 "The Secretariat of the League of Nations" (1931), Paper read before the institute of public administration, 19 March 1931, English. "Ten Years of World Cooperation" (1930), book, published by the Secretariat of the League of Nations.Foreword by Drummond, English. "The International Secretariat of the Future; Lessons from Experience by a Group of Former Officials of the League of Nations." (1944), book, co-authored by Drummond, English. Procès-verbal... du Conseil de la Société des nations...    (Minutes of the Council of the League of Nations (1920–24), Speech. English. The League of Nations BBC National Lectures (1933)
 The organisation of peace and the Dumbarton Oaks proposals (1945), pamphlets on Dumberton Oaks proposals, Vol. 8, no.1
 Annuaire de l'Association yougoslave de droit international: Année (Journal, French)
 Procès-verbal... du Conseil de la Société des nations = Minutes of the... Council of the League of Nations (1921).Book
 Germany after the war: proposals of a Liberal Party Committee by


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 <mask> (1944). Book. Ten years of world co-operation. Published by League of Nations. Foreword by Drummond (1930)
 Procès-verbal... du Conseil de la Société des nations = Minutes of the... Council of the League of Nations Minutes of the... Council of the League of Nations. 1st–15th session, Jan. 16, 1920-19 Nov. 1921. Book
 The aims of the League of Nations (1929).Book
 Les réfugiés Russes : Lettre du Comité International de la Croix-Rouge et réponse du Secrétaire Général by League of Nations (1921). Book in French
 Dix ans de coopération intellectuelle (1930). Book in French
 Speech made by Sir <mask>, Secretary-general of the League of nations by Conference for the Codification of International Law (1930). Book
 Brief van <mask> Drummond (1876–1951) aan Willem Jan Mari van Eysinga (1878–1961) (1921). Book in Dutch
 Correspondence respecting League of Nations matters, Feb. 1918-Oct. 1924 [accumulated at the Foreign Office during the first part of his term of office as Secretary-general of the League of Nations] (1924). Book

Further reading
 James Barros: Office Without Power (1979), book about Drummond and his time as secretary-general. Araceli Julia P. Gelardi: Sir <mask>, Britain’s Ambassador to Italy, and British Foreign Policy during the Italo-Abyssinian Crisis of 1935–1936 (1982), master's thesis about Drummond as British ambassador to Italy.Sources
 Chapman, Michael E. Fidgeting over Foreign Policy: Henry L. Stimson and the Shenyang Incident, 1931. Oxford Journals: Diplomatic History, Volume 37, Issue 4 (2013). Dykmann, Klaas & Naumann, Katja, eds. Changes from the "Margins": Non-European Actors, Ideas and Strategies in International Organizations (Leipzig, 2014). Craig, Gordon A., and

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Eric Drummond
Eric Drummond
James Eric
Eric Drummond


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 Gilbert, Felix. eds. The Diplomats 1919–1939 (Princeton University Press, 1994).Barros, James. Office Without Power: Secretary-General Sir <mask> 1919–1933 (Oxford 1979). Lorna Lloyd. "Drummond, (James) <mask>, seventh earl of Perth (1876–1951)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed, January 2011 accessed 7 October 2014
 Lloyd, Lorna. "The League of Nations and the Settlement of Disputes"  World Affairs. Vol. 157, No.4, Woodrow Wilson and the League of Nations: Part One (Spring 1995). Macfadyen, D.; Davies, M.; Carr, M.; Burley, J. 2019. <mask> and his Legacies: The League of Nations and the Beginnings of Global Governance. Palgrave, 2019  online
 Walters, F. P., A History of the League of Nations, Oxford University Press, 1952. (available online)
 Yearwood, Peter J. Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925.Oxford Scholarship Online (2009)

External links
 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/inf3.htm
 Earl of Perth#Earls of Perth (1605, restored 1853)
 Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood

References

1876 births
1951 deaths
Politicians from York
People educated at Eton College
Anglo-Scots
Drummond, Eric
Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers
Drummond, <mask>
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
Drummond, <mask>
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Italy
Earls of Perth
Scottish representative peers
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Deputy Lieutenants of Hampshire
Diplomatic peers
<mask>, 16th Earl of Perth
Principal Private Secretaries to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Dukes of Perth
Members of the Privy Council of the United

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Eric Drummond
Eric
Eric Drummond
Eric
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Eric Drummond