texts: Because of the unions’ anti-discrimination stance and public support of the FEPC, several representatives in Alabama received threats and were physically assaulted, including <mask>, who initially received a threatening note. <mask> and his pregnant wife finally left Alabama for Tennessee after their apartment was ransacked in 1942. From 1943 through 1945, <mask> served as a rifleman in the 406th Infantry Regiment in Germany but was discharged after receiving disabling injuries in Germany. Upon his release, he returned as a field representative of MMSW and joined the Operation Dixie labor campaign.In 1946, <mask> and an African American MMSW International Representative named Frank Allen were sent to Macon, Georgia to help workers of small local plants organize NLRB elections and to end discriminatory practices among businesses and labor unions in the region. When <mask>, his wife, and child stepped off the bus in Macon, <mask> interrupted the beating of an African American teenager by a local policeman. Although this act earned him a positive reputation among the local African American community, it also drew attention from the Ku Klux Klan, which opposed much of the union recruitment in the South. During his few months in Macon, <mask> was able to recruit 1,000 workers from 18 plants into MMSW and he continued to be a vocal advocate for racial integration and equality. Immediately after the Moore’s Ford Lynching in nearby Walton County, Georgia, <mask> and the CIO reached out to the US Attorney General and President Truman requesting a federal investigation into the lynching and protection for union representatives in the area. When the <mask>es moved to Macon, they first took up residence in a motel room and then were able to secure a small cottage for rent. Knowing of <mask>’ intentions in the area, the landlord instructed the <mask>es that when—not if—the Klan arrived, they could throw their young daughter out of the window into bushes for

masks:
Mike Ross
Mike Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Mike Ross
Ross
Ross
Ross
Mike Ross
Ross


type: original

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 safety.Threats were so great that fellow union members would often sleep at the <mask> home, armed for safety. One night in August 1946, a pregnant <mask> was met at the door by 25 hooded Klansmen who came to the family home with the intention of lynching <mask>. After searching the home, they warned Mrs. <mask> that they would kill her husband if he did not leave the state. <mask> was hospitalized with hysteria and the family left the state soon after for High Point, North Carolina, where <mask> began work as an arbitrator with the United Furniture Workers. Political life
In 1939, <mask> began a grant-funded position with John L. Lewis’ Labor’s Non-Partisan League in North Carolina, continuing through 1941. <mask> was Assistant Secretary of the North Carolina chapter of the League for Progressive Democracy and the Vice-Chairman of the League for Young Southerners. In 1941, when 22 years old, he ran for City Council in Charlotte, North Carolina on the “People’s Platform,” or “People’s Slate,” a progressive third party of laborers from multiple industries.Although he received enough votes for the run-off, he lost the election. In 1948, <mask> was Secretary of the North Carolina Progressive Party, was among the 74-member committee in support of Progressive Party presidential candidate <mask>. Wallace, and accompanied Wallace on his presidential election tour of 1948. That year, <mask> ran for Congress from the 6th District of North Carolina on the Progressive Party ticket but was defeated. Legal career
From 1949-1952, <mask> attended University of North Carolina School of Law. He was Associate Editor of the North Carolina Law Review and wrote several law articles pertaining to labor, including “Employer Refusals to Bargain Collectively in the Southern Textile Industry,” (1950) and “The Operation of the Wage and Hour Law in North Carolina and the South,” (1952). Despite graduating at the top of his class, receiving praise from the law school

masks:
Ross
Anne Ross
Mike Ross
Ross
Anne Ross
Mike Ross
Ross
He Ross
Ross
Henry A
Ross
Ross


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 dean, and having a wealth of professional references, the North Carolina State Board of Bar Examiners refused to allow <mask> to take the bar exam based on his character, giving the justification that <mask> practiced law unlawfully while working as a union arbitrator. The Board refused to offer further explanation, despite public and media outcry and letters written by the North Carolina CIO director to the law school dean, university president, and North Carolina governor.<mask> himself stated that the bulk of his three-hour hearing involved questions about his labor activities, whether he was a Communist, and his religious beliefs. It was also speculated that he was refused the bar based on his vocal opposition to racial discrimination and his public support of African-American law school peers. He was never allowed to take the bar or practice law. Health Administration
<mask> dedicated the last thirty years of his life to healthcare administration and to the history, experiences, and well-being of coal miners. From 1958 through the 1970s, he was Executive Officer of the Monongahela Valley Association of Health Centers and served as administrator of the Fairmont Clinic, which began as a non-profit group practice to serve the needs of Marion County, West Virginia miners and their families in Fairmont, West Virginia. He was a member of the West Virginia Task Force on Health Maintenance Organization Legislation in 1973, a member of the Board of Directors of Group Health Associations of America, Vice Chairman of the West Virginia Planning Commission for Nursing, and Chairman of the Health Commission of the Council of Southern Mountains (1969-1973). <mask> served as a lecturer in the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and as a lecturer for Fairmont State College, where he taught a course, “Coal: The People, The Problems and the Future,” and provided a tour of a deep mine for students in 1975.He was also Associate Director

masks: Ross Ross Ross Ross Ross


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 of the Rural Practice Project in the School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. On June 17, 1970, <mask> gave a speech at the National Conference on Medicine and the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act in Washington D.C. titled “The Life Style of the Coal Miner,” which was reprinted by Appalachia Medicine, the West Virginia University Magazine, and others. His “The Appalachian Coal Miner: his Way of Living, Working and Relating to Others,” first appeared in the December 29, 1972 issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. In July 1974, <mask> gave the keynote address “Rural Health Care: The Prepayment Alternative,” for the National Conference on Rural Health Maintenance Organizations in Louisville, Kentucky, sponsored by the Group Health Association of America. <mask> was working on a manuscript about the history of coal mining when he died in 1987 in North Carolina. Publications by M. H. <mask>
“North Carolina Labor History” in (Winston-Salem) Industrial Leader, June 1945
“Employer Refusals to Bargain in Southern Textile Industry,” North Carolina Law Review Vol. 29, No.1, December 1, 1950, pp 81–89
“The Operation of the Wage and Hour Law in North Carolina and the South” North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, April 1, 1952, 248-274
“A Tar Heel Labor Tradition” in North Carolina Federationist (AFL), June 1952
“Court Decisions Involving Trade Unions in North Carolina: A Bibliography,” The North Carolina Historical Review, Vol. 30, No. 4, October 1953, 467-482
“Labor in the South,” The Nation, July 7, 1956
“The Life Style of the Coal Miner,” Appalachia Medicine, March 1971
“The Appalachian Coal Miner: his Way of Living, Working and Relating to Others,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 200, No. 1, December 29, 1972, 184-196

References

American people of Polish-Jewish descent
1918 births
1987 deaths
Progressive Party (United States, 1948) politicians
People from New York City
People from

masks: Ross Ross Ross Ross


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<mask>,  (28 August 1928 – 1 December 2005) was a New Zealand-born fighter pilot who emigrated to England to join the Royal Air Force (RAF). During his RAF career he was a founding member of its Red Arrows aerobatics display team. He also founded The Old Flying Machine Company, which commercially flies Second World War vintage fighter aircraft at air displays around the world, and for television and cinematic productions. He was a Spitfire display pilot in the latter half of the 20th century, noted for his daring and disciplined aerobatic stunt flying. Early life
<mask> was born at Takapuna, New Zealand, on 28 August 1928. He received his early formal education at Auckland Grammar School. As a teenager he joined the Air Training Corps in Auckland and learned to fly, receiving his first flying lessons on the Tiger Moth.Opportunities in the Royal New Zealand Air Force were limited, so he looked to the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the United Kingdom for a flying career. In 1949, at the age of 21, he worked his passage on a merchant ship to England, where he applied to join the RAF. Royal Air Force career
During his initial training with the RAF, <mask> flew planes such as the Percival Prentice, North American Harvard and Gloster Meteor. He went on to fly the Hawker Tempest, Hawker Sea Fury and Bristol Beaufighter. On 2 May 1951, Cadet Pilot <mask> was awarded a service commission (eight years active duty, and four in reserve) with the rank of pilot officer to date back to 9 May 1949. His first operational posting was to No. 79 Squadron flying the Meteor FR.9 as part of the NATO Second Allied Tactical Air Force.<mask> flew a number of early British jet

masks:
Raynham George Hanna
Hanna
Hanna
Hanna
Hanna


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 aircraft in this period, including the de Havilland Vampire, de Havilland Venom, Supermarine Attacker, Hawker Sea Hawk, Supermarine Swift and Gloster Javelin. On 8 February 1955, he was awarded a direct commission (twelve years active and four in reserve) with the rank of flying officer, and was promoted to flight lieutenant on 10 November. Early in his career, <mask> had the opportunity to become involved with aerial display teams, first as the leader of a four-ship Hunter display team in 1957 and then, in 1963–64, as a member of a Meteor display team operated by the College of Air Warfare. He was awarded the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air in the 1960 New Year Honours, and a year later received his first Air Force Cross. In 1965, <mask> became a member of the Red Arrows display team as 'Red 3'. The following year, he became the team leader, 'Red 1', a post which he held for a record four years. During this time, <mask> oversaw the enlargement of the team to nine Folland Gnat T.Mk.1 aircraft, making possible the inclusion of the diamond-nine formation which is a staple feature of Red Arrows display routines to this day.During this period, the Red Arrows became a permanent squadron as part of the Central Flying School. <mask> was awarded a permanent commission on 1 October 1966, and as an acting squadron leader was awarded a Bar to his Air Force Cross in the 1967 New Year Honours. <mask> was promoted to squadron leader on 1 January 1968, and was retired from the RAF at his own request on 14 May 1971. Post-RAF flying career

After leaving the RAF, <mask> became a commercial airline pilot flying Boeing 707s for Lloyd

masks: Hanna Hanna Hanna Hanna Hanna Hanna


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 International, and subsequently spent seven years with Cathay Pacific, flying 707s and Lockheed Tristars. He then headed a company operating Boeing 707s. At the end of the 1970s <mask> was asked by the Chairman of Cathay Pacific, Sir Adrian Swire, to display Swire's Spitfire LFIXb, MH434. This was the beginning of a long association between <mask> and this aircraft that would last until his death.The Old Flying Machine Company
In 1981, <mask> and his son Mark (then still a serving RAF fighter pilot) established The Old Flying Machine Company, based at Duxford Aerodrome, to commercially operate and display fly a number of vintage military aircraft. In 1983 Adrian Swire put Spitfire MH434 up for commercial auction, and it was purchased by <mask> and his commercial partners for The Old Flying Machine Company's flying stock. In 1988 Mark resigned from the RAF to join the company full-time. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the company's aeroplanes performed at flying shows around the world, and opened up a spin-off service providing its aircraft for the filming of cinema and television productions, including Piece of Cake (1988), Empire of the Sun (1987), Memphis Belle (1990), Saving Private Ryan (1998) and Tomorrow Never Dies (1997). <mask> flew his Spitfire under the bridge at Winston, near Barnard Castle, for a scene in Piece of Cake. A television documentary film, entitled A Spitfire's Story (1995), detailing the history and complete refit of Spitfire MH434 was produced in the mid-1990s. It was broadcast on the Discovery Channel.On 18 July 1996, in a notorious piece of flying as part of the filming for a television series entitled The Air Show, for

masks: Hanna Hanna Hanna Hanna Hanna


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 a programme about the history of the Spitfire, <mask> flew one across the grounds of Duxford Aerodrome at deck level to the rear of Alain de Cadenet presenting, in a prearranged stunt that was a little lower than had been anticipated. In 1998 at the first meeting of the Goodwood Revival racing car festival, <mask> confounded a trackside crowd, which had been expecting a pass overhead by a Spitfire, by flying it at full throttle on the deck past them across the Goodwood circuit's start/finish line. <mask> flew Spitfire MH434 for a final time before a crowd at the Duxford Autumn Airshow on 16 October 2005. Personal life
<mask> married Eunice Rigby in 1957, and had two children, Mark and Sarah. On 25 September 1999, Mark, at the age of 40, crashed in a Messerschmitt Bf 109 during a performance while coming in to land at an airshow in Sabadell, Spain, and died the following day in hospital from the injuries sustained. Death

<mask> died in his 78th year in Switzerland of natural causes on 1 December 2005. His body was buried on 15 December in the graveyard of St Mary's Church, to the rear of his family home in the village of Parham's Vicarage, in the County of Suffolk.His grave is next to that of his son's, each marked with headstones shaped like an aeroplane propeller blade. During the burial, the Red Arrows staged a low level fly-over salute above the graveyard in the Vic formation. References

External links

1928 births
2005 deaths
Aerobatic pilots
Commercial aviators
Red Arrows
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air
Royal Air Force officers
New Zealand emigrants to the


texts:
<mask> or Amaury I (; ; 113611 July 1174) was King of Jerusalem from 1163, and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession. He was the second son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem, and succeeded his older brother Baldwin III. During his reign, Jerusalem became more closely allied with the Byzantine Empire, and the two states launched an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt. He was the father of three future rulers of Jerusalem, Sibylla, Baldwin IV, and Isabella I. Older scholarship mistook the two names <mask> and Aimery as variant spellings of the same name, so these historians erroneously added numbers, making <mask> to be <mask> I (1163–74) and King Aimery (1197–1205) to be "Amalric II". Now scholars recognize that the two names were not the same and no longer add the number for either king. Confusion between the two names was common even among contemporaries.Youth
<mask> was born in 1136 to King Fulk, the former count of Anjou married to the heiress of the kingdom, Queen Melisende. After the death of Fulk in a hunting accident in 1143, the throne passed jointly to Melisende and Amalric's older brother Baldwin III, who was still only 13 years old. Melisende did not step down when Baldwin came of age two years later, and by 1150 the two were becoming increasingly hostile towards each other. In 1152 Baldwin had himself crowned sole king, and civil war broke out, with Melisende retaining Jerusalem while Baldwin held territory further north. <mask>, who had been given the County of Jaffa as an apanage when he reached the age of majority in 1151, remained loyal to Melisende in Jerusalem, and when Baldwin invaded the south, Amalric was besieged in the Tower of David with his mother. Melisende was defeated in this struggle and Baldwin ruled alone thereafter. In 1153 Baldwin captured the Egyptian fortress of Ascalon, which was then added to Amalric's fief of Jaffa (see Battle of Ascalon).Amalric married Agnes of

masks: Amalric Amalric Amalric Amalric Amalric Amalric


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 Courtenay in 1157. Agnes, daughter of Joscelin II of Edessa, had lived in Jerusalem since the western regions of the former crusader County of Edessa were lost in 1150. Patriarch Fulcher objected to the marriage on grounds of consanguinity, as the two shared a great-great-grandfather, Guy I of Montlhéry, and it seems that they waited until Fulcher's death to marry. Agnes bore Amalric three children: Sibylla, the future Baldwin IV (both of whom would come to rule the kingdom in their own right), and Alix, who died in childhood. Succession
Baldwin III died on 10 February 1163 and the kingdom passed to Amalric, although there was some opposition among the nobility to Agnes; they were willing to accept the marriage in 1157 when Baldwin III was still capable of siring an heir, but now the Haute Cour refused to endorse Amalric as king unless his marriage to Agnes was annulled. The hostility to Agnes, it must be admitted, may be exaggerated by the chronicler William of Tyre, whom she prevented from becoming Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem decades later, as well as from William's continuators like Ernoul, who hints at a slight on her moral character: "car telle n'est que roine doie iestre di si haute cite comme de Jherusalem" ("there should not be such a queen for so holy a city as Jerusalem"). Nevertheless, consanguinity was enough for the opposition.Amalric agreed and ascended the throne without a wife, although Agnes continued to hold the title Countess of Jaffa and Ascalon and received a pension from that fief's income. Agnes soon thereafter married Hugh of Ibelin, to whom she had been engaged before her marriage with Amalric. The church ruled that Amalric and Agnes' children were legitimate and preserved their place in the order of succession. Through her children Agnes would exert much influence in Jerusalem for almost 20 years. Conflicts with the Muslim states

During Baldwin III's reign, the County of


texts:
 Edessa, the first crusader state established during the First Crusade, was conquered by Zengi, the Turkic emir of Aleppo. Zengi united Aleppo, Mosul, and other cities of northern Syria, and intended to impose his control on Damascus in the south. The Second Crusade in 1148 had failed to conquer Damascus, which soon fell to Zengi's son Nur ad-Din.Jerusalem also lost influence to Byzantium in northern Syria when the Empire imposed its suzerainty over the Principality of Antioch. Jerusalem thus turned its attention to Egypt, where the Fatimid dynasty was suffering from a series of young caliphs and civil wars. The crusaders had wanted to conquer Egypt since the days of Baldwin I, who died during an expedition there. The capture of Ascalon by Baldwin III made the conquest of Egypt more feasible. Invasions of Egypt

<mask> led his first expedition into Egypt in 1163, claiming that the Fatimids had not paid the yearly tribute that had begun during the reign of Baldwin III. The vizier, Dirgham, had recently overthrown the vizier Shawar, and marched out to meet Amalric at Pelusium, but was defeated and forced to retreat to Bilbeis. The Egyptians then opened up the Nile dams and let the river flood, hoping to prevent Amalric from invading any further.Amalric returned home but Shawar fled to the court of Nur ad-Din, who sent his general Shirkuh to settle the dispute in 1164. In response Dirgham sought help from Amalric, but Shirkuh and Shawar arrived before Amalric could intervene and Dirgham was killed. Shawar, however, feared that Shirkuh would seize power for himself, and he too looked to Amalric for assistance. Amalric returned to Egypt in 1164 and besieged Shirkuh in Bilbeis until Shirkuh retreated to Damascus. Amalric could not follow up on his success in Egypt because Nur ad-Din was active in Syria, having taken Bohemund III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli prisoner at the Battle of Harim during


texts:
 Amalric's absence. Amalric rushed to take up the regency of Antioch and Tripoli and secured Bohemund's ransom in 1165 (Raymond remained in captivity until 1173). The year 1166 was relatively quiet, but Amalric sent envoys to the Byzantine Empire seeking an alliance and a Byzantine wife, and throughout the year had to deal with raids by Nur ad-Din, who captured Banias.In 1167, Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt and Amalric once again followed him, establishing a camp near Cairo; Shawar again allied with Amalric and a treaty was signed with the caliph al-Adid himself. Shirkuh encamped on the opposite side of the Nile. After an indecisive battle, Amalric retreated to Cairo and Shirkuh marched north to capture Alexandria; Amalric followed and besieged Shirkuh there, aided by a Pisan fleet from Jerusalem. Shirkuh negotiated for peace and Alexandria was handed over to Amalric. However, Amalric could not remain there indefinitely, and returned to Jerusalem after exacting an enormous tribute. Byzantine alliance
After his return to Jerusalem in 1167, Amalric married Maria Comnena, a great-grandniece of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus. The negotiations had taken two years, mostly because <mask> insisted that Manuel return Antioch to Jerusalem.Once Amalric gave up on this point he was able to marry Maria in Tyre on August 29, 1167. During this time the queen dowager, Baldwin III's widow Theodora, eloped with her cousin Andronicus to Damascus, and Acre, which had been in her possession, reverted into the royal domain of Jerusalem. It was also around this time that William of Tyre was promoted to archdeacon of Tyre, and was recruited by Amalric to write a history of the kingdom. In 1168 Amalric and Manuel negotiated an alliance against Egypt, and William of Tyre was among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople to finalize the treaty. Although Amalric still had a peace treaty with Shawar, Shawar was accused of


texts:
 attempting to ally with Nur ad-Din, and Amalric invaded. The Knights Hospitaller eagerly supported this invasion, while the Knights Templar refused to have any part in it. In October, without waiting for any Byzantine assistance (and in fact without even waiting for the ambassadors to return), Amalric invaded and seized Bilbeis.The inhabitants were either massacred or enslaved. Amalric then marched to Cairo, where Shawar offered Amalric two million pieces of gold. Meanwhile, Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt as well, and upon his arrival <mask> retreated. Rise of Saladin
In January 1169 Shirkuh had Shawar assassinated. Shirkuh became vizier, although he himself died in March, and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin. Amalric became alarmed and sent Frederick de la Roche, Archbishop of Tyre, to seek help from the kings and nobles of Europe, but no assistance was forthcoming. Later that year however a Byzantine fleet arrived, and in October Amalric launched yet another invasion and besieged Damietta by sea and by land.The siege was long and famine broke out in the Christian camp; the Byzantines and crusaders blamed each other for the failure, and a truce was signed with Saladin. Amalric returned home. Now Jerusalem was surrounded by hostile enemies. In 1170 Saladin invaded Jerusalem and took the city of Eilat, severing Jerusalem's connection with the Red Sea. Saladin, who was set up as Vizier of Egypt, was declared Sultan in 1171 upon the death of the last Fatimid caliph. Saladin's rise to Sultan was an unexpected reprieve for Jerusalem, as Nur ad-Din was now preoccupied with reining in his powerful vassal. Nevertheless, in 1171 Amalric visited Constantinople himself, leaving Jobert of Syria as regent, and envoys were sent to the kings of Europe for a second time, but again no help was received.Over the next few years the kingdom was threatened not only by Saladin and Nur ad-Din, but also by the


texts:
 Assassins. In one episode, the Knights Templar murdered some Assassin envoys, leading to further disputes between Amalric and the Templars. Death
Nur ad-Din died in 1174, upon which Amalric immediately besieged Banias. On the way back after giving up the siege he fell ill from dysentery, which was ameliorated by doctors but turned into a fever in Jerusalem. William of Tyre explains that "after suffering intolerably from the fever for several days, he ordered physicians of the Greek, Syrian, and other nations noted for skill in diseases to be called and insisted that they give him some purgative remedy." Neither they nor Latin doctors could help, and he died on July 11, 1174. Maria Comnena had borne Amalric two daughters: Isabella, who would eventually marry four husbands in turn and succeed as queen, was born in 1172; and a stillborn child some time later.On his deathbed Amalric bequeathed Nablus to Maria and Isabella, both of whom would retire there. The leprous child Baldwin IV succeeded his father and brought his mother Agnes of Courtenay (now married to her fourth husband) back to court. Physical characteristics
William was a good friend of Amalric and described him in great detail. "He had a slight impediment in his speech, not serious enough to be considered as a defect but sufficient to render him incapable of ready eloquence. He was far better in counsel than in fluent or ornate speech." Like his brother Baldwin III, he was more of an academic than a warrior, who studied law and languages in his leisure time: "He was well skilled in the customary law by which the kingdom was governed – in fact, he was second to no one in this respect." He was probably responsible for an assize making all rear-vassals directly subject to the king and eligible to appear at the Haute Cour.Amalric had an enormous curiosity, and William was reportedly astonished to find Amalric questioning, during an illness, the


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 resurrection of the body. He especially enjoyed reading and being read to, spending long hours listening to William read early drafts of his history. He did not enjoy games or spectacles, although he liked to hunt. He was trusting of his officials, perhaps too trusting, and it seems that there were many among the population who despised him, although he refused to take any action against those who insulted him publicly. He was tall and fairly handsome; "he had sparkling eyes of medium size; his nose, like that of his brother, was becomingly aquiline; his hair was blond and grew back somewhat from his forehead. A comely and very full beard covered his cheeks and chin. He had a way of laughing immoderately so that his entire body shook."He did not overeat or drink to excess, but his corpulence grew in his later years, decreasing his interest in military operations; according to William, he "was excessively fat, with breasts like those of a woman hanging down to his waist." Amalric was pious and attended mass every day, although he also "is said to have absconded himself without restraint to the sins of the flesh and to have seduced married women..." Despite his piety he taxed the clergy, which they naturally opposed. As William says, "he was a man of wisdom and discretion, fully competent to hold the reins of government in the kingdom." He is considered the last of the early kings of Jerusalem. Within a few years, Emperor Manuel died as well, and Saladin remained the only strong leader in the east. Sources

 Bernard Hamilton, "Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem", in Medieval Women, edited by Derek Baker. Ecclesiastical History Society, 1978

 William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans.E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943

References

1136 births
1174 deaths
12th-century kings of Jerusalem
Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon
French nobility
Kings of


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<mask> (born 3 July 1975) is an English singer-songwriter, composer, producer musician and film maker from London. His music has been compared to David Bowie and he is the last musician to collaborate with David Bowie and Kate Bush mentor Lindsay Kemp. He is also an active campaigner for the preservation of the London district known as Soho and its role in the enhancement of the performing arts. He is the founder of Save Soho, a coalition of performers including Stephen Fry and Benedict Cumberbatch, residents and politicians that came together out of concern for the future of Soho’s historic role as a national platform for the performing arts. He has been critical of Spotify, after removing his discography from the streaming service in December 2021 in protest of the company's investment in a military defence company. <mask>a in the mid-1990s.He runs the record label TA Music, and has released twenty three albums. He is also author and composer of the musical Secrets of Soho. and is winner of BBC Radio London Album of the year 2015 for his album The Soho Hobo. Early life
<mask>'s childhood was spent travelling through Europe, as his mother, Polly Perkins, performed cabaret in theatres and nightclubs. Between the ages of eight and fourteen, he lived in France, Spain and the UK. <mask> has stated he believes in magic after meeting a Pagan "witch" at the age of nine. At fourteen years old, he enrolled as a bard in The Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids.The teachings inspired him to leave his mother's home in Spain and return alone to England to study at the Rudolf Steiner School, where he formed the band Jocasta with best friend Jack Reynolds. Career

Jocasta

In 1994, <mask> and the band moved from Hertfordshire to London. Jocasta had chart hits with "Go" and "Change Me" in 1997. The band's only album, No Coincidence was released

masks:
Tim Arnold
Arnoldggy Popcast
Tim Arnold
Arnold
Arnold


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 in June 1997, but they disbanded soon after its release. Solo career
In 1999 he signed a publishing deal with V2 Music, and also became Master of Music at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, composing original music for Peter Oswald's 'Augustine's Oak', a new verse play written especially for the Globe. In 2000 his new band called Spearshaker recorded several songs at Rockfield Studios in Monmouth, Wales, which would later be released on <mask>'s solo album 'En Route'. In 2001, <mask> left V2 and signed to Universal Music Publishing.For two years, he wrote and produced music for newly signed artists at Universal, mostly pop, R&B, garage and hip hop. In 2003 <mask> travelled to the Wat Tham Krabok Buddhist monastery in Thailand, where he was successfully treated for drug addiction. Life at the monastery had a profound effect on <mask> who subsequently left London and moved to Thailand to live in the monastery, where the monks built him a recording studio. He recorded his debut solo album Lokutara with the monks who cured him, in which the music was created by following cracks in the earth, which metamorphosed into pop rock melodies. A Tham Krabok success story, <mask> returned to the UK in 2004. Over the following 18 months, he recorded and released 6 solo albums, including Secrets of Soho recorded in Francis Bacon's spiritual home (The Colony Room). <mask> embarked on his 11th solo album Sonnet 155 by writing over 30 letters to Shakespearean actors, including Ian McKellen, Derek Jacobi, Pete Postlethwaite, Richard Briers, Janet Suzman and Emma Thompson in the hope that they would provide further inspiration and help turn ideas into songs.The responses he received became the basis for many of <mask>'s songs. The album is a rock/classical crossover all driven by Shakespearean themes. Sonnet 155 previewed to standing ovations at the

masks: Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold


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 Almeida Theatre, London (2 & 9 May 2010), a cross-media performance, including contributions from actors Richard Briers, Paul McGann, Benedict Cumberbatch and Lisa Dillon. The album also re-interprets classical pieces of music by Mozart, Rimsky-Korsakov and Michael Nyman – each song a contemporary response to a Shakespearean theme. B7 Media are currently developing the format of the stage show with a view to taking Sonnet 155 on tour. In 2012, <mask> began performing new songs under the name The Soho Hobo. He performed several shows at The Soho Theatre, The Groucho Club and The Lexington with actors Jessie Wallace, Gary Kemp and Phil Daniels throughout 2012 and 2013 as showcases for his forthcoming album about Soho.In 2015 he gave the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson a guided tour of Soho as part of <mask>'s Save Soho campaign. The pair were filmed by ITV news singing a duet of <mask>'s song "Don't Go Changing Soho". In 2015 he also appeared on The Voice and after auditioning, was selected by Ricky Wilson. By the second round, he was out of the competition losing his battle against eventual winner Stevie McCrorie. He released a single 'Hearts 4 Meat' in support of the Save Soho campaign that he leads with Stephen Fry and Benedict Cumberbatch. The song was inspired by Caitlin Moran's article in The Times 'Where is London If Soho Is Gone?'. In July 2015, <mask> released his 14th album The Soho Hobo

In 2019, he released "Don't Go Changing Soho", a Christmas tribute single to the area featuring Marc Almond, Boy George, Chrissie Hynde, Marty Wilde, Glen Matlock, Polly Perkins, Mari Wilson, Emily Capell, and Gary Kemp.Composition
<mask> composed the theme tune for the 2021 radio soap opera Greenborne. Personal life
<mask> lives in London and was listed to represent Soho in Historic England's 2016 exhibition ‘I Am London’. He is a

masks: Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold Arnold


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 feminist and a lifelong vegetarian. Activism

What Love Would Want
While <mask> identifies his sexual orientation as straight, he has said in interviews that he comes from an LGBT background, being brought up by two women since birth, with an extended family of gay women and men. This distinction in <mask>'s upbringing became the subject of media attention in 2017 surrounding the release of his song and video 'What Love Would Want'. Described by Fused Magazine as "A response to the divisive and for some, frightening times we are living in", <mask>'s song was inspired by Emma Watson's speech on The United Nations's He For She Campaign and Stephen Fry's speech on the Catholic Church's condemnation of gay people. The song's video was published on 17 May 2017 to mark International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia (IDAHOT).<mask> supported the event with a series of live performances in Toronto on the day, complete with a cruise boat choir performance on Lake Ontario. "What Love Would Want" is one of the first songs to premiere via Blockchain technology with Canadian company Musicoin, the world's first smart cryptocurrency for music securing exclusive release of the song before its general release. Actor Stephen Fry supported the song's message with an appearance in <mask>'s video. <mask> subsequently went on to support and work with Amnesty International at live events across the United Kingdom throughout 2017, including the petition hand-in at the Russian Embassy in London in protest of Chechnya's gay purge, where <mask> performed the song alongside campaigners Sir Ian McKellen, Peter Tatchell and Sir Michael Cashman. Appearances at the Isle of Wight Festival with Human Rights activist Shane Enright and a performance at the Isle of Wight's inaugural Pride Festival and Hastings Pride were instigated by <mask> to

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 promote Amnesty's Love Is A Human Right campaign. <mask>'s "What Love Would Want" has since become an ongoing multi-media project to promote love and diversity. Soho
As founder and leader of the Save Soho group, <mask> succeeded in saving iconic venue Madame Jojo's and stopped Transport for London from closing Soho Square to make way for a work depot in the construction of Crossrail 2, as documented in his 2020 feature-length documentary Soho Is...

Dreaming
In 2020, <mask> embarked on his 19th solo album Constellations, conceived with independent dream researcher Kate Alderton, in an exploration of the relationship between music, dreams and art.<mask> and Alderton trained with The Centre for Social Dreaming in Amsterdam and held seven Social Dreaming matrices hosted by The Cockpit Theatre in London. Their work together featured in the 'Independent Association For The Study of Dreams' Spring edition of Dreamtime magazine. Album discography
Jocasta – No Coincidence (1997)
Seeker's Serum (1998)
Lokutara (2004)
En Route (2005)
Secrets of Soho (2006)
Soho Confidential (2006)
Hijo de la Luna (2007)
Clever Ain't Wise (2007)
Another World (2007)
Restrung (2007)
Oaky Dokey (2009)
Sonnet 155 (2010)
Augustine's Oak (2011)
The Soho Hobo (2015)
Sounds To Pictures, Volume One: Conversations (2017)
I Am For You (2017)
Sounds To Pictures, Volume Two: Inspirations (2018)
You Are For Me (2018)
Sounds To Pictures, Volume Three: Constellations (2020)
Jocasta - Ideas Are Bulletproof (2020)
When Staying Alive's The Latest Craze (2020)
Tales From The Tracks (2021)
Maybe Magic (2022)

References

External links
 <mask>'s official website

Waldorf school alumni
Living people
1975 births
English male guitarists
English composers
English male singers
English rock singers
English songwriters
Rhythm guitarists
Rock songwriters
Britpop musicians
The Voice

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Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
Arnold
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texts: <mask> (born Bek David Campbell; July 8, 1970) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He rose to fame in the early 1990s with his experimental and lo-fi style, and became known for creating musical collages of wide-ranging genres. He has musically encompassed folk, funk, soul, hip hop, electronic, alternative rock, country, and psychedelia. He has released 14 studio albums (three of which were released on indie labels), as well as several non-album singles and a book of sheet music. Born and raised in Los Angeles, <mask> grew towards hip-hop and folk in his teens and began to perform locally at coffeehouses and clubs. He moved to New York City in 1989 and became involved in the city's anti-folk movement. Returning to Los Angeles in the early 1990s, he cut his breakthrough single "Loser", which became a worldwide hit in 1994, and released his first major album, Mellow Gold, the same year.Odelay, released in 1996, topped critic polls and won several awards. He released the country-influenced, twangy Mutations in 1998, and the funk-infused Midnite Vultures in 1999. The soft-acoustic Sea Change in 2002 showcased a more serious <mask>, and 2005's Guero returned to Odelays sample-based production. The Information in 2006 was inspired by electro-funk, hip hop, and psychedelia; 2008's Modern Guilt was inspired by '60s pop music; and 2014's folk-infused Morning Phase won Album of the Year at the 57th Grammy Awards. His 2017 album, Colors, won awards for Best Alternative Album and Best Engineered Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. His fourteenth studio album, Hyperspace, was

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Beck David Hansen
Beck
Beck


texts:
 released on November 22, 2019. With a pop art collage of musical styles, oblique and ironic lyrics, and postmodern arrangements incorporating samples, drum machines, live instrumentation and sound effects, <mask> has been hailed by critics and the public throughout his musical career as being among the most idiosyncratically creative musicians of 1990s and 2000s alternative rock.Two of <mask>'s most popular and acclaimed recordings are Odelay and Sea Change, both of which were ranked on Rolling Stone list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The four-time platinum artist has collaborated with several artists and has made several contributions to soundtracks. Early life
<mask> was born Bek David Campbell in Los Angeles, California, on July 8, 1970, the son of American visual artist Bibbe Hansen and Canadian arranger, composer, and conductor David Campbell. Hansen grew up amid Andy Warhol's The Factory art scene of the 1960s in New York City and was a Warhol superstar. She moved to California at age 17 and met Campbell there. <mask>'s maternal grandmother was Jewish, while his maternal grandfather, artist Al Hansen, was of Norwegian descent and was a pioneer in the avant-garde Fluxus movement. <mask> has said that he was "raised celebrating Jewish holidays" and that he considers himself Jewish.<mask> was born in a rooming house near downtown Los Angeles. As a child, he lived in a declining neighborhood near Hollywood Boulevard. He later recalled, "By the time we left there, they were ripping out miles of houses en masse and building low-rent, giant apartment blocks." The lower-class family

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texts: struggled financially, moving to Hoover and Ninth Street, a neighborhood populated primarily by Koreans and Salvadorian refugees. He was sent for a time to live with his paternal grandparents in Kansas, later remarking that he thought "they were kind of concerned" about his "weird" home life. Since his paternal grandfather was a Presbyterian minister, <mask> grew up influenced by church music and hymns. He also spent time in Europe with his maternal grandfather.After his parents separated when he was 10, <mask> stayed with his mother and brother Channing in Los Angeles, where he was influenced by the city's diverse musical offerings—everything from hip hop to Latin music and his mother's art scene—all of which would later reappear in his work. <mask> obtained his first guitar at 16 and became a street musician, often playing Lead Belly covers at Lafayette Park. During his teens, <mask> discovered the music of Sonic Youth, Pussy Galore, and X, but remained uninterested in most music outside the folk genre until many years into his career. The first contemporary music that made a direct connection with <mask> was hip hop, which he first heard on Grandmaster Flash records in the early 1980s. Growing up in a predominantly Latin district, he found himself the only white child at his school, and quickly learned how to breakdance. When he was 17, <mask> grew fascinated after hearing a Mississippi John Hurt record at a friend's house, and spent hours in his room trying to emulate Hurt's finger-picking techniques. Shortly thereafter, <mask> explored blues and folk music further, discovering Woody Guthrie

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 and Blind Willie Johnson.Feeling like "a total outcast", <mask> dropped out of school after junior high. He later said that although he felt school was important, he felt unsafe there. When he applied to the new performing arts high school downtown, he was rejected. His brother took him to post-Beat jazz places in Echo Park and Silver Lake. He hung out at the Los Angeles City College, perusing records, books and old sheet music in its library. He used a fake ID to sit in on classes there, and he also befriended a literature instructor and his poet wife. He worked at a string of menial jobs, including loading trucks and operating a leaf blower.Career

Early performances and first releases (1988–1993)
<mask> began as a folk musician, switching between country blues, Delta blues, and more traditional rural folk music in his teenage years. He began performing on city buses, often covering Mississippi John Hurt alongside original, sometimes improvisational compositions. "I'd get on the bus and start playing Mississippi John Hurt with totally improvised lyrics. Some drunk would start yelling at me, calling me Axl Rose. So I'd start singing about Axl Rose and the levee and bus passes and strychnine, mixing the whole thing up," he later recalled. He was also in a band called Youthless that hosted Dadaist-inspired freeform events at city coffee shops. "We had Radio Shack mics and this homemade speaker and we'd draft people in the audience to recite comic books or do a beatbox thing, or we'd tie the whole audience up in masking tape," <mask> recalled.In 1989, <mask> caught a bus to New York City with

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texts: little more than $8.00 and a guitar. He spent the summer attempting to find a job and a place to live with little success. <mask> eventually began to frequent Manhattan's Lower East Side and stumbled upon the tail end of the East Village's anti-folk scene's first wave. <mask> became involved in a loose posse of acoustic musicians—including Cindy Lee Berryhill, Kirk Kelly, Paleface, and Lach, headed by Roger Manning—whose raggedness and eccentricity placed them well outside the acoustic mainstream. "The whole mission was to destroy all the clichés and make up some new ones," said <mask> of his New York years. "Everybody knew each other. You could go up onstage and say anything, and you wouldn't feel weird or feel any pressure."Inspired by that freedom and by the local spoken-word performers, <mask> began to write free-associative, surrealistic songs about pizza, MTV, and working at McDonald's, turning mundane thoughts into songs. <mask> was roommates with Paleface, sleeping on his couch and attending open mic nights together. Daunted by the prospect of another homeless New York winter, <mask> returned to his home of Los Angeles in early 1991. "I was tired of being cold, tired of getting beat up," he later remarked. "It was hard to be in New York with no money, no place [...] I kinda used up all the friends I had. Everyone on the scene got sick of me." Back in Los Angeles, <mask> began to work at a video store in the Silver Lake neighborhood, "doing things like alphabetizing the pornography section".He began performing in arthouse clubs and coffeehouses such as Al's Bar and Raji's. In order to keep


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 indifferent audiences engaged in his music, <mask> would play in a spontaneous, joking manner. "I'd be banging away on a Son House tune and the whole audience would be talking. So maybe out of desperation or boredom, or the audience's boredom, I'd make up these ridiculous songs just to see if people were listening," he later remarked. Virtually an unknown to the public and an enigma to those who met him, <mask> would hop onstage between acts in local clubs and play "strange folk songs", accompanied by "what could best be described as performance art" while sometimes wearing a Star Wars stormtrooper mask. <mask> met someone who offered to help record demos in his living room, and he began to pass cassette tapes around. Eventually, <mask> gained key boosters in Margaret Mittleman, the West Coast's director of talent acquisitions for BMG Music Publishing, and the partners behind independent record label Bong Load Custom Records: Tom Rothrock, Rob Schnapf and Brad Lambert.Schnapf saw <mask> perform at Jabberjaw and felt he would suit their small venture. <mask> expressed a loose interest in hip hop, and Rothrock introduced him to Carl Stephenson, a record producer for Rap-A-Lot Records. In 1992, <mask> visited Stephenson's home to collaborate. The result—the slide-sampling hip hop track "Loser"—was a one-off experiment that <mask> set aside, going back to his folk songs, making his home tapes such as Golden Feelings, and releasing several independent singles. Mellow Gold, and independent albums (1993–1994)
By 1993, <mask> was living in a rat-infested shed near a Los Angeles alleyway with little

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texts: money. Bong Load issued "Loser" as a single in March 1993 on 12" vinyl with only 500 copies pressed. <mask> felt that "Loser" was mediocre, and only agreed to its release at Rothrock's insistence."Loser" unexpectedly received radio airplay, starting in Los Angeles, where college radio station KXLU was the first to play it, and later on Santa Monica College radio station KCRW, where radio host Chris Douridas played the song on Morning Becomes Eclectic, the station's flagship music program. "I called the record label that day and asked to have <mask> play live on the air," Douridas said. "He came in that Friday, rapped to a tape of "Loser" and did his song 'MTV Makes Me Want to Smoke Crack.'" That night, <mask> performed at the Los Angeles club Cafe Troy to a packed audience and talent scouts from major labels. The song then spread to Seattle through KNDD The End, and KROQ-FM began playing the song on an almost hourly basis. As Bong Load struggled to press more copies of "Loser", <mask> was beset with offers to sign with major labels. During the bidding war in November, <mask> spent several days in Olympia, Washington, recording material with Calvin Johnson of Beat Happening, which would later see release the following year on Johnson's K Records as One Foot in the Grave.A fierce bidding war ensued, with Geffen Records A&R director Mark Kates signing <mask> in December 1993 amid intense competition from Warner Bros. and Capitol. <mask>'s non-exclusive contract with Geffen allowed him an unusual amount of creative freedom, with <mask> remaining free to release material through such small,

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 independent labels as Flipside, which issued the sprawling, 25-track collection of pre-"Loser" recordings titled Stereopathetic Soulmanure on February 22 the following year. By the time <mask> released his first album for Geffen, the low-budget, genre-blending Mellow Gold on March 1, "Loser" was already in the top 40 and its video in MTV's Buzz Bin. "Loser" quickly ascended the charts in the U.S., reaching a peak of number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and topping the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The song also charted in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and throughout Europe. <mask>'s newfound position of attention led to his characterization as the "King of Slackers", as the media dubbed him the center of the new so-called "slacker" movement. Critics, feeling it the essential follow-up to Radiohead's "Creep", found vacantness in the lyrics of "Loser" strongly associated with Generation X, although <mask> himself strongly contested his position as the face of the "slacker" generation: "Slacker my ass.I mean, I never had any slack. I was working a $4-an-hour job trying to stay alive. That slacker stuff is for people who have the time to be depressed about everything." Backlash and Odelay (1994–1997)
Feeling as though he was "constantly trying to prove myself", <mask> suffered a backlash, with skeptics denouncing him as a self-indulgent fake and the latest marketing opportunity. In the summer of 1994, <mask> was struggling and many of his fellow musicians thought he had lost his way. Combined with the song's wildly popular music video and the world tour, <mask> reacted believing the


texts: attention could not last, resulting in a status as a "one-hit wonder". At other concerts, crowds were treated to twenty minutes of reggae or Miles Davis or jazz-punk iterations of "Loser".At one-day festivals in California, he surrounded himself with an artnoise combo. The drummer set fire to his cymbals; the lead guitarist "played" his guitar with the strings faced towards his body; and <mask> changed the words to "Loser" so that nobody could sing along. "I can't tell you how many times I was looking at faces that were looking back at me with complete bewilderment—or just pointing and shaking their heads and laughing—while performing during that period," he later recalled. Despite this, <mask> gained the respect of his peers, such as Tom Petty and Johnny Cash, and created an entire wave of bands determined to recapture the Mellow Gold sound. Feeling his previous releases were just collections of demos recorded over the course of several years, <mask> desired to enter the studio and record an album in a continuous linear fashion, which became Odelay. <mask> blends country, blues, rap, jazz and rock on Odelay, the result of a year and half of feverish "cutting, pasting, layering, dubbing, and, of course, sampling". Each day, the musicians started from scratch, often working on songs for 16 hours straight.Odelays conception lies in an unfinished studio album <mask> first embarked on following the success of "Loser", chronicling the difficult time he experienced: "There was a cycle of everyone dying around me," he recalled later. He was constantly recording, and eventually put together an album of

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texts: somber, orchestrated folk tunes; one that, perhaps, "could have been a commercial blockbuster along with similarly themed work by Smashing Pumpkins, Nine Inch Nails and Nirvana". Instead, <mask> plucked one song from it—the Odelay album closer "Ramshackle"—and shelved the rest ("Brother" and "Feather In Your Cap" were, however, later released as B-sides). <mask> was introduced to the Dust Brothers, producers of the Beastie Boys' album Paul's Boutique, whose cut-and-paste, sample-heavy production suited <mask>'s vision of a more fun, accessible album. After a record executive explained that Odelay would be a "huge mistake", he spent many months thinking "that I'd blown it forever". Odelay was released on June 18, 1996, to commercial success and critical acclaim. The record produced several hit singles, including "Where It's At", "Devils Haircut", and "The New Pollution", and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1997, winning a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album as well as a Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance for "Where It's At".During one busy week in January 1997, he landed his Grammy nominations, appeared on Saturday Night Live and Howard Stern, and did a last-minute trot on The Rosie O'Donnell Show. The combined buzz gave Odelay a second wind, leading to an expanded fan base and additional exposure <mask> enjoyed but, like several executives at Geffen, was bewildered by the success of Odelay. He would often get recognized in public, which made him feel strange. "It's just weird. It doesn't feel right. It doesn't feel natural to me. I don't think


texts:
 I was made for that.I was never good at that," he later told Pitchfork. Odelay sold two million copies and put "one-hit wonder" criticisms to rest. During this time, he contributed the song "Deadweight" to the soundtrack of the film A Life Less Ordinary (1997). Mutations and Midnite Vultures (1998–2001)
Having not been in a proper studio since "Deadweight", <mask> felt anxious to "go in and just do some stuff real quick", and compiled several songs he had had for years. <mask> and his bandmates hammered out fourteen songs in fourteen days, although just twelve made it onto the album, 1998's Mutations. <mask> decided on Nigel Godrich, producer for Radiohead's OK Computer the previous year, to be behind the boards for the project. Godrich was leaving the United States for England in a short time, which led to the album's quick production schedule—"No looking back, no doctoring anything".The whole point of the record was to capture the performance of the musicians live, an uncharacteristic far-cry from the cut-and-paste aesthetic of Odelay. Though the album was originally slated for release by Bong Load Records, Geffen intervened and issued the record against <mask>'s wishes. The artist then sought to void his contracts with both record labels, and in turn the labels sued him for breach of contract. The litigation went on for years and it remains unclear to this day if it has ever been completely resolved. <mask> was later awarded Best Alternative Music Performance for Mutations at the 42nd Grammy Awards. Midnite Vultures, <mask>'s next studio effort, was originally recorded as a double album, and


texts: more than 25 nearly completed songs were left behind. In the studio, <mask> and producers studied contemporary hip hop and R&B, specifically R. Kelly, in order to embrace and incorporate those influences in the way Al Green and Stax records had done in previous decades.In July 1998, a core group began to assemble at <mask>'s Pasadena home: bassist Justin Meldal-Johnsen, keyboardist Roger Joseph Manning Jr., and producer-engineers Mickey Petralia and Tony Hoffer. Dozens of session players passed through, including <mask>'s father, David Campbell, who played viola and arranged some of the strings. The musicians held communal meals and mountain-bike rides on dusty trails nearby, but remained focused on <mask>'s instructions: to make an up-tempo album that would be fun to play on tour night after night. "I had so many things going on", said <mask> of the recording process. "I had a couple of rooms of computers hooked up, I was doing B sides for Japan, I was programming beats in one room and someone would be cooking dinner in the other room." In November 1999, Geffen released the much-anticipated Midnite Vultures, which attracted confusion: "fans and critics misguidedly worried whether it was serious or a goof," and as a result, The New York Times wrote that the album "never won the audience it deserved". The record was supported by an extensive world tour.For <mask>, it was a return to the high-energy performances that had been his trademark as far back as Lollapalooza. The live stage set included a red bed that descended from the ceiling for the song "Debra", and the touring band was complemented by


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 a brass section. Midnite Vultures was nominated for Best Album at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. Sea Change (2002–2003)
In 2000, <mask> and his fiancée, stylist Leigh Limon, ended their nine-year relationship. <mask> lapsed into a period of melancholy and introspection, during which he wrote the bleak, acoustic-based tracks later found on Sea Change. <mask> sat on the songs, not wanting to talk about his personal life; he later said that he wanted to focus on music and "not really strew my baggage across the public lobby". Eventually, however, he decided the songs spoke to a common experience (a relationship breakup), and that it would not seem self-indulgent to record them.In 2001, <mask> drifted back to the songs and called producer Nigel Godrich. Retailers initially predicted that the album would not receive much radio support, but they also believed that <mask>'s maverick reputation and critical acclaim, in addition to the possibility of multiple Grammy nominations, might offset Sea Changes noncommercial sound. Sea Change, issued by Geffen in September 2002, was regardless a commercial hit and critical darling, with Rolling Stone revering it as "the best album <mask> has ever made, [...] an impeccable album of truth and light from the end of love. This is his Blood on the Tracks." The album was later listed by the magazine as one of the best records of the decade and of all-time, and it also placed second on the year's Pazz & Jop Critics Poll. Sea Change yielded a low-key, theater-based acoustic tour, as well as a larger tour with The Flaming Lips as <mask>'s opening and backing band. <mask>


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 was playful and energetic, sometimes throwing in covers of The Rolling Stones, Big Star, The Zombies and The Velvet Underground.Following the release of Sea Change, <mask> felt newer compositions were sketches for something more evolved in the same direction, and wrote nearly 35 more songs in the coming months, keeping demos of them on tapes in a suitcase. During his solo tour, the tapes were left backstage during a stop in Washington, D.C., and <mask> was never able to recover them. It was disheartening to the musician, who felt the two years of songwriting represented something more technically complex. As a result, <mask> took a break and wrote no original compositions in 2003. Feeling as though it might take him a while to "get back to that [songwriting] territory", he entered the studio with Dust Brothers to complete a project that dated back to Odelay. Nearly half of the songs had existed since the 1990s. Guero and The Information (2004–2007)
Guero, <mask>'s eighth studio album, was recorded over the span of nine months during which several significant events occurred in his life: his girlfriend, Marissa Ribisi, became pregnant; they were married; their son, Cosimo, was born; and they moved out of Silver Lake.The collaboration with the Dust Brothers, his second, was notable for their use of high-tech measures to achieve a lo-fi sound. For example, after recording a "sonically perfect" version of a song at one of the nicest recording studios in Hollywood, the Dust Brothers processed it in an Echoplex to create a gritty, reverb-heavy sound: "We did this high-tech recording and ran it through


texts: a transistor radio. It sounded too good, that was the problem." Initially due to be released in October 2004, Guero faced delays and did not come out till March 2005, though unmastered copies of the tracks surfaced online in January. Guero debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 162,000 copies, an all-time sales high. Lead single "E-Pro" peaked at number one at Modern Rock radio, making it his first chart-topper since "Loser". <mask>, inspired by the Nintendocore remix scene and feeling a connection with its lo-fi, home-recording method, collaborated with artists 8-Bit and Paza on Hell Yes, an EP issued in February 2005.In December 2005, Geffen also issued Guerolito, a fully reworked version of Guero featuring remixes by the Beastie Boys' Ad-Rock, the Dust Brothers' John King and Scottish electronic duo Boards of Canada. Guerolito combines remixes previously heard as B-sides and new versions of album tracks to make a track-by-track reconfiguration of the album. Also released in 2005 was A Brief Overview, a 12-track promotional-only "History of Beck" compilation CD sampler that featured a combination of older and newer <mask> tracks. The Information, <mask>'s ninth studio album, began production around the same time as Guero, in 2003. Working with producer Nigel Godrich, <mask> built a studio in his garden, where they wrote many of the tracks. "The idea was to get people in a room together recording live, hitting bad notes and screaming," said <mask>, adding that the album is best described as "introspective hip hop". <mask> described the recording process as "painful", noting that he


texts:
 edited down songs constantly and he perhaps recorded the album three times.For the release, <mask> was allowed for the first time to fulfill a long-running wish for an unconventional rollout: he made low-budget videos to accompany each song, packaged the CD with sheets of stickers so buyers could customize the cover, and leaked tracks and videos on his website months ahead of the album's release. Digital download releases automatically downloaded the song's additional video for each single sale, and physical copies came bundled with an additional DVD featuring fifteen videos. Modern Guilt (2008)
In 2007, <mask> released the single "Timebomb", which was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance. For his next studio effort, his tenth, <mask> tapped Danger Mouse to produce, and the two first met in December 2007 to record. The duo knocked out two tracks in two days, but the notion that the album would be finished in a timely fashion soon evaporated. <mask> had known Danger Mouse casually before, as many of his former musicians ended up working with Danger Mouse's side project, Gnarls Barkley. Still, the musicians were surprised at how well they got along.Following the grueling recording schedule, <mask> was exhausted, calling it "the most intense work I've ever done on anything", relating that he "did at least 10 weeks with no days off, until four or five in the morning every night." <mask>'s original vision was a short 10-track burst with two-minute songs, but the songs gradually grew as he fit 'two years of songwriting into two and a half months." Modern Guilt (2008) was


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 "full of off-kilter rhythms and left-field breakdowns, with an overall 1960s vibe." Record Club, Song Reader, production work and non-album singles (2009–2013)

Modern Guilt was the final release in <mask>'s contract with Geffen Records. <mask>, then 38, had held the contract since his early 20s. Released from his label contract and going independent, <mask> began working more heavily on his own seven-year-old label, which went through a variety of names. His focus on smaller, more quixotic projects, <mask> moonlighted as a producer, working with artists such as Charlotte Gainsbourg, Thurston Moore and Stephen Malkmus.<mask> worked for five or six days a week at the small studio on his property in Malibu, and founded Record Club, a project whereby an entire classic album—by The Velvet Underground, Leonard Cohen, INXS, Yanni—would be covered by another singer in the span of a single day. <mask> provided four songs for the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010), each attributed to the title character's fictional band, Sex Bob-Omb. <mask> also collaborated with Philip Glass, Jack White, Tobacco of Black Moth Super Rainbow, Jamie Lidell, Seu Jorge, Childish Gambino, and The Lonely Island. Song Reader, a project <mask> released in December 2012, is 20 songs presented only as sheet music, in the hopes that enterprising musicians will record their own versions. The idea of Song Reader came about nearly fifteen years prior, shortly after the release of Odelay. When sent a book of transcribed sheet music for that album, <mask> decided to play through it and grew interested in the world before recorded


texts:
 sound. He aimed to keep the arrangements as open as possible, to re-create the simplicity of the standards, and became preoccupied with creating only pieces that could fit within the Great American Songbook.In 2013 <mask> began playing special Song Reader concerts with a variety of guests and announced he was working on a record of Song Reader material with other musicians as well as possibly a compilation of fan versions. In the summer of 2013, <mask> was reported to be working on two new studio albums: one a more self-contained acoustic disc in the vein of One Foot in the Grave and another described as a "proper follow-up" to Modern Guilt. <mask> expected to release both albums independently, and released two standalone singles over the course of the summer: the electro ballad "Defriended" and the chorus-heavy "I Won't Be Long". A third single, "Gimme", appeared on September 17. Morning Phase, Colors, and Hyperspace (2014–present)

In October 2013, <mask> signed to Capitol Records. On January 20, 2014, <mask> released the track "Blue Moon", which was to be the lead single for his twelfth studio album, Morning Phase. On February 4, second single "Waking Light" was released, just prior to the official release of Morning Phase on February 21, 2014.For the recording of the album, <mask> reunited with many of the same musicians with whom he had worked on the critically acclaimed 2002 album Sea Change, and likely because of this, it has been noted that the two albums have a similar genre. On February 8, 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, Morning Phase won three Grammys: Best Engineered Album,


texts: Non-Classical; Best Rock Album; and Album of the Year. Upon receiving the Album of the Year award, the album beat out Pharrell Williams's G I R L, Beyoncé's self-titled album, Sam Smith's In the Lonely Hour, and Ed Sheeran's x. In the time after Morning Phases release and general critical success, <mask> mentioned that he had been working on another album at around the same time, but that the new album would be more of a pop record. Shortly after Morning Phases Grammy wins, on June 15, 2015, <mask> released the first single titled "Dreams" off this upcoming thirteenth studio album. "I was really trying to make something that would be good to play live," he said shortly after its release. However, no further word was heard from <mask> pertaining to the release of the album.On June 2, 2016, almost a year after the initial release of "Dreams", <mask> released a new single titled "Wow", along with a lyric video of the song and an announcement that his still untitled album would be released on October 21, 2016. In September 2016, the album was delayed with no new release date announced and, on September 24, <mask> said he did not know "when it's coming out. It's probably in a few months." Once again, however, no further singles were released and no new release date was scheduled for the album. On September 8, 2017, <mask> released the single "Dear Life", which was quickly followed up with the official release of "Up All Night" on September 18. Colors was released on October 13, 2017. It was recorded at co-executive producer Greg Kurstin's Los Angeles studio, with <mask> and Kurstin playing nearly


texts:
 every instrument themselves.The experimental pop-fused record received generally positive reviews from critics. On July 18, 2018, <mask> performed the title track Colors, and the first single "Wow" on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. On April 15, 2019, <mask> released a single co-produced with Pharrell Williams titled "Saw Lightning" from his fourteenth studio album, titled Hyperspace. The song "Dark Places" was released on November 6, with the album being released on November 22. Collaborations and contributions
In 1999, <mask> contributed to a tribute album for Bruce Haack and Esther Nelson and their label Dimension 5 Records. The album, Dimension Mix, released in 2005, was a benefit for Cure Autism Now that was produced by Ross Harris, an early collaborator who designed the artwork for Mellow Gold. On June 20, 2009, <mask> announced that he was starting an experiment called Record Club, in which he and other musicians would record cover versions of entire albums in one day.The first album covered by Beck's Record Club was The Velvet Underground & Nico. Starting on June 18, the club began posting covers of songs from the album on Thursday evenings, each with its own video. On September 4, 2009, Beck announced the second Record Club album, Songs of Leonard Cohen. Contributors included MGMT, Devendra Banhart, Andrew Stockdale of Wolfmother and Binki Shapiro of Little Joy. In the third Record Club venture, Wilco, Feist, Jamie Lidell and James Gadson joined Beck to cover Skip Spence's Oar. The first song, "Little Hands", was posted on Beck's website on November 12, 2009. The Record Club has


texts: since covered albums by INXS and Yanni.On June 19, 2009, <mask> announced Planned Obsolescence, a weekly DJ set put together by <mask> or guest DJs. Soon after, on July 7, <mask> announced that his website would be featuring "extended informal conversations with musicians, artists, filmmakers, and other various persons" in a section called Irrelevant Topics. Then, on July 12, he added a section called Videotheque, which he said would contain "promotional videos from each album, as well as live clips, TV show appearances and other rarities". Also in 2009, <mask> collaborated with Charlotte Gainsbourg on her album IRM, which was released in January 2010. <mask> wrote the music, co-wrote the lyrics, and produced and mixed the album. The lead single, "Heaven Can Wait", is a duet by <mask> and Gainsbourg. In late February 2010, it was announced that electronic artist Tobacco of Black Moth Super Rainbow had collaborated with <mask> on two songs, "Fresh Hex" and "Grape Aerosmith", on his upcoming album Maniac Meat.Tobacco revealed that in making the album, <mask> sent the vocal parts to him, and that they had never actually met. In March 2010, <mask> revealed that he had produced songs for the new Jamie Lidell album, Compass. In the summer of 2010, <mask> contributed songs to both The Twilight Saga: Eclipse soundtrack, with "Let's Get Lost" (a duet with Bat for Lashes), and True Blood (HBO Original Series Soundtrack, Vol. 2), with "Bad Blood". He also contributed songs to the soundtrack of Edgar Wright's film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, which was released in August 2010. In 2011, he collaborated with

masks: Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck Beck


texts: Seu Jorge on a track titled "Tropicália (Mario C. 2011 Remix)" for the Red Hot Organization's most recent charitable album Red Hot+Rio 2, a follow-up to the 1996 album Red Hot + Rio. Proceeds from the sales will be donated to raise awareness and money to fight AIDS/HIV and related health and social issues.He also contributed on the song "Attracted to Us" on Turtleneck & Chain, the second album from The Lonely Island. Also in 2011, <mask> produced a solo album by Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth called Demolished Thoughts. An album he produced for Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks, Mirror Traffic, was released in August 2011. In October 2011, it was widely reported that <mask> and producer Hector Castillo were collaborating with American composer Philip Glass to produce a remix album of the composer's works in honor of his 75th birthday. The album, Rework Philip Glass Remixed, was released on October 23, 2012, to critical acclaim, and featured <mask> as both a curator and a performer. In particular, Pitchfork described <mask>'s 22-minute contribution to the album, "NYC: 73–78", as "a fantasia ... the most startling and original piece of music with <mask>'s name on it in a while, and the first new work to bear his own spirit in even longer." Reflecting on <mask>'s contribution to the album, Glass remarked that he was "impressed by the novelty and freshness of a lot of the ideas".Beyond his work as a performer, <mask> acted as the album's curator, bringing together a diverse collection of artists—including Amon Tobin, Tyondai Braxton, Nosaj Thing, and Memory Tapes—whose work had also been influenced by


texts: Glass. In December 2012, an interactive iPhone app titled "Rework_" was released to complement the album. <mask> has contributed three new songs—"Cities", "Touch the People" and "Spiral Staircase"—to the video game Sound Shapes for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation Vita. <mask> collaborated on two songs for Childish Gambino's "Royalty" mixtape in 2012. In 2014, <mask> collaborated with Sia for the song "Moonquake Lake", which is featured in the soundtrack for the 2014 Annie film. In 2015, <mask> collaborated with former Fun. frontman Nate Ruess on the single "What This World Is Coming To", which was one of the Grammy-winning artist's many works featured on his debut solo album Grand Romantic released in June 2015.He also collaborated with electronic dance music duo The Chemical Brothers on their most recent album Born in the Echoes, providing lead vocals and also credited in writing for the track "Wide Open", released in July. In 2016, <mask> collaborated with French electronic music band M83, providing vocals for the song "Time Wind" from their album Junk. He was also featured on "Tiny Cities" by Flume. He also collaborated with Lady Gaga on the song "Dancin' in Circles", from her 2016 album Joanne. In 2017, <mask> appeared in the multiple award-winning film The American Epic Sessions, directed by Bernard MacMahon. He recorded "14 Rivers, 14 Floods" backed by a full gospel choir, live onto the first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s. In 2019, <mask> worked with Jenny Lewis on the song "Do Si Do" from her album On the Line.He also collaborated with Cage the Elephant on


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 the song "Night Running" from their album Social Cues. In 2020, <mask> collaborated with virtual band Gorillaz to create the song "The Valley of the Pagans" which appears on Song Machine, Season One: Strange Timez. In 2021, <mask> collaborated with Paul McCartney to make his hit single "Find My Way" on the album McCartney III Imagined. As for festival stages the artist was inter alia part of the Newport Folk Festival in July. Musical style
<mask>'s musical style has been considered alternative and indie. He has played many of the instruments in his music himself. <mask> has also done some remixes for fellow artists, notably David Bowie and Björk.He has been known to synthesize several musical elements together in his music, including folk, psychedelia, electronic, country, Latin music, hip hop, funk, soul, blues, noise music, jazz, and many types of rock. He has also taken music from Los Angeles as a reference point in his songs. Pitchfork Media applauded Midnite Vultures, saying, "<mask> wonderfully blends Prince, Talking Heads, Paul's Boutique, 'Shake Your Bon-Bon', and Mathlete on Midnite Vultures, his most consistent and playful album yet." The review commented that his mix of "goofy piety and ambiguous intent" helped the album. A <mask> song called "Harry Partch", a tribute to the composer of the same name and his "corporeal" music, employs Partch's 43-tone scale. Art career
During 1998, <mask>'s art collaborations with his grandfather Al Hansen were featured in an exhibition titled "Beck & Al Hansen: Playing With Matches", which showcased solo and collaborative collage, assemblage, drawing


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 and poetry works. The show toured from the Santa Monica Museum of Art to galleries in New York City and Winnipeg, Manitoba, in Canada.A catalog of the show was published by Plug in Editions/Smart Art Press. Personal life
<mask>'s nine-year relationship with designer Leigh Limon and their subsequent breakup is said to have inspired his 2002 album, Sea Change. He wrote most of the songs for the album in one week after the breakup. In April 2004, shortly before the birth of their son Cosimo Henri, <mask> married actress Marissa Ribisi, the twin sister of actor Giovanni Ribisi. Their daughter, Tuesday, was born in 2007. <mask> filed for divorce from Ribisi on February 15, 2019. Their divorce was finalized on September 3, 2021.<mask> has described himself as both Jewish and a Scientologist. Through his parents, he has been involved in Scientology for most of his life; his ex-wife, Marissa, is also a second-generation Scientologist. He publicly acknowledged his affiliation for the first time in a New York Times Magazine interview on March 6, 2005. Further confirmation came in an interview with the Sunday Tribune in June 2005, where he stated, "Yeah, I'm a Scientologist. My father has been a Scientologist for about 35 years, so I grew up in and around it." Despite this, <mask> disavowed previous reports of his being a Scientologist in a November 2019 interview with the Sydney Morning Herald and said, "I think there's a misconception that I'm a Scientologist. I'm not a Scientologist.I don't have any connection or affiliation with it." He added that "I was raised celebrating Jewish holidays, and I


texts:
 consider myself Jewish." As mentioned above, <mask>'s mother is former Andy Warhol The Factory collaborator, artist/writer/performer Bibbe Hansen. His siblings are fiber artist Channing Hansen (born in 1972 in Los Angeles, California) and poet Rain Whittaker. <mask> suffered a spinal injury while filming the music video for 2005's "E-Pro". The incident was severe enough to curtail his touring schedule for a few years, but he has since recovered. Appearances in media
The 1986 punk rock musical film Population: 1, starring Tomata du Plenty of The Screamers, features a young <mask> in a small nonspeaking role.<mask> also appears in Southlander (2001), an American independent film by Steve Hanft and Ross Harris. <mask> has performed on Saturday Night Live seven times. During his 2006 performance in the Hugh Laurie episode, <mask> was accompanied by the puppets that had been used onstage during his world tour. He has made two cameo appearances as himself on Saturday Night Live: one in a sketch about medicinal marijuana, and one in a VH1 Behind the Music parody that featured "Fat Albert & the Junkyard Gang". <mask> performed a guest voice as himself on Matt Groening's animated show Futurama, in the episode "Bendin' in the Wind". He performed in episode 10 of the fourth season of The Larry Sanders Show, in which the producer character Artie (Rip Torn) referred to him as a "hillbilly from outer space". He also made a very brief voice appearance in the 1998 cartoon feature film The Rugrats Movie, and guest-starred as himself in a 1997 episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast titled "Edelweiss".On January 22,


texts: 2010, <mask> appeared on the last episode of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien as a backup guitarist for a Will Ferrell-led rendition of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird" alongside ZZ Top guitarist Billy Gibbons, Ben Harper, and O'Brien himself on guitar. On March 1, 2014, <mask> was the musical guest on a Saturday Night Live episode hosted by Jim Parsons. <mask> also appeared, as himself, in the 2017 film The Circle, giving a musical performance of the song

masks: Beck Beck Beck


texts:
<mask> (died 18 May 1554), a Welshman from Llanigon, Brecknockshire, was a scholar of Italian and Italian history, politician and a clerk of the Privy Council under Edward VI. <mask> was executed for treason after the collapse of Wyatt's Rebellion under Mary I. Early years
<mask> was a native of Llanigon, and brother to Sir <mask>, clerk of Meline, Pembrokeshire and of Llanigon as shown in the Heraldic Visitations of Wales by Lewis Dwnn. His biographer in The History of Parliament has estimated his birth year as "by 1524". He was presumably educated at Oxford University, where a person of both his name was admitted bachelor of the canon law on 2 December 1529. He may also have been the <mask> who, along with two other commissioners, inquired into and reported on 27 January 1534 to <mask> from Ludlow on certain extortions in Radnorshire and the Welsh marches. Early work
In 1544 he was, according to his own account "constrained by misfortune to abandon the place of his nativity", perhaps for his religious opinions.He spent the next five years abroad, chiefly in Italy, and is mentioned in 1545 as being commissioned to pay some money to Sir Anthony Browne in Venice. In February 1547, when the news of the death of Henry VIII reached Italy, <mask> was at Bologna, where, in the course of a discussion with some Italian gentlemen, he defended the personal character and public policy of the deceased king. He subsequently drew up a narrative of the discussion, and an Italian version was issued abroad in 1552. There is a copy in the British Library bearing the title, II Pellegrino Inglese ne'l quale si defende l' innocente & la sincera vita de'l pio & religioso re d' Inghilterra Henrico ottauo. He also wrote, but did not publish, an English version, to which he added a dedication to the Italian poet Pietro Aretino, and a copy of this, possibly in <mask>'s own writing, is preserved among the Cottonian

masks:
William Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Miles Thomas
William Thomas
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas
Thomas


texts:
 MSS. at the British Museum. <mask>'s work is specially valuable as representing the popular view of the character of Henry VIII current in England at the time of his death.It is not free from mistakes, but the Victorian historian James Anthony Froude wrote of it that it had "the accuracies and the inaccuracies" which might be naturally expected "in any account of a series of intricate events given by memory without the assistance of documents". From Bologna <mask> appears to have gone to Padua, whence on 3 February 1549 he forwarded to his "verie good friende Maister [John] Tamwoorth at Venice" an Italian primer which he had undertaken at his request. This Tamworth showed to Sir Walter Mildmay, who, approving of it, "caused it to be put in printe", under the title of Principal Rules of the Italian Grammer, with a Dictionarie for the better understandynge of Boccace, Petrarcha, and Dante, gathered into this tongue by <mask>. It was printed by Berthelet in 1550, subsequent editions being brought out by H. Wykes in 1560 and 1567, and by T. Powell in 1562. This was the first work of its kind in English. During the summer of 1549 <mask> appears to have returned to England "highly fam'd for his travels through France and Italy", and bringing home with him another work, the result of his Italian studies, which was also published by Berthelet under the title The Historie of Italie ... (1549). This work was dedicated, under the date of 20 September 1549, to John Dudley, Earl of Warwick.It is believed to have been suppressed and publicly burnt, probably after <mask>'s execution, yet it was twice reprinted by <mask>, in 1561 and (with cuts) in 1562. He was elected Member of Parliament for Old Sarum in the parliament called in 1549, but did not serve the entire term. Appointments to Edward VI
On 19 April 1550, partly owing to his knowledge of modern languages, but chiefly perhaps for his defence of

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
William Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Marshe


texts: the late king, <mask> was appointed one of the clerks of the privy council, and was sworn in on the same day at Greenwich. Possibly a portion of the register of the council for the next year is in his autograph. The new clerk had "his fortunes to make", and, though not a spiritual person, he 'greedily affected a certain good prebend of St. Paul's', which, doubtless at his instigation, the council on 23 June 1550 agreed to settle on him. Ridley, who had intended this preferment for his chaplain Grindal, stigmatised <mask> as "an ungodly man", and resisted the grant, but without success; for when the prebend fell vacant, it was conveyed to the king, "for the furnishing of his stables", and its emoluments granted to <mask>. This "unreasonable piece of covetousness" was, in John Strype's opinion, "the greatest blur sticking upon" <mask>'s character.Among many other grants which <mask> received was that of the tolls of Presteign, Builth, and 'Elvael' in Radnorshire on 27 December 1551, and the parsonage of Presteign with the patronage of the vicarage on 26 October 1552. These were in addition to a sum of £248 previously given him "by waie of rewarde", 7 January 1551 In April 1551 he was appointed member of the embassy which, with the Marquis of Northampton at its head, proceeded in June to the French king, to negotiate the marriage of Princess Elizabeth of France to Edward. To cover his expenses, he was granted imprests amounting to £300; and on 26 June he was despatched to England with letters to the council asking for further instructions, with which he probably returned to France. While clerk of the council <mask> became a sort of political instructor to the young king, who appears to have narrowly watched the proceedings of his council, and, without the knowledge of its members, sought <mask>'s opinion on their policy and on the principles of government generally. The nature of this

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas


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 teaching may be gathered from a series of eighty-five questions drawn by <mask> for the king, and still preserved, along with a prefatory letter, in his own writing at the British Museum; they were printed in Strype's Ecclesiastical Memorials. Another autograph manuscript in the same collection contains six political discourses confidentially written for the king. These were published in their entirety, while that treating of foreign affairs was summarised by Burnet, and printed by Froude.Some further commonplaces of state drawn up by <mask> for the king's use are also printed in Strype. Froude suggests that <mask>'s teaching, if not his hand, is also perceptible in the king's journal. He also dedicated to the king as "a poore newe yeres gift", probably in January 1551, an English translation from the Italian of Josaphat Barbaro's account of his voyages to the east, which had been first published in Venice in 1543. With an introduction by Lord Stanley of Alderley, <mask>'s translation was published by the Hakluyt Society in a volume of Travels to Tana and Persia (London, 1873). <mask>'s manuscript is still preserved at the British Library. He was MP for Downton, Wiltshire in the young king's last parliament, called in March 1553. Charges of treason
Influential as was <mask>'s position at court, it was not free from danger, and, realising this, he vainly asked to be sent on government business to Venice.<ref> cites: Cal.State Papers, Dom. ;; 1547–80, p. 43).</ref> On the accession of Mary, <mask> lost all his preferments, including his employment at court, because "he had (it is said) imbibed the principles of Christopher Goodman against the regimen of women, and too freely vented them". He attached himself to the ultra-Protestant party, and according to Bale designed the murder of Bishop Gardiner, but of this there is no evidence. He took an active part in Sir <mask>'s conspiracy. On 27

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Wyatt


texts: December 1553 he left London for Mohuns Ottery in Devonshire, the residence of Sir Peter Carew, who was the leader of the disaffected in the west; but when Carew failed to raise the west, <mask> on 2 February 1554 fled, going "from county to county, in disguise, not knowing where to conceal himself; and yet he did not desist from sending seditious bills and letters to his friends declaring his treasonable intentions, in order that he might induce them to join him in his treasons". Probably his intention was to escape to Wales, but he went no further than Gloucestershire, with which county he had some previous connection. He was arrested, and on 20 February he was committed to the Tower along with Sir Nicholas Throckmorton.Conscious "that he should suffer a shameful death", he attempted on the 26th to commit suicide "by thrusting a knife into his body under his paps, but the wound did not prove mortal". He was put on the rack with the view of extracting some statement implicating the Princess Elizabeth, and it was probably to prevent this that he attempted suicide. The chief evidence against him, apart from his sojourn at Sir Peter Carew's house, was the confession of a fellow conspirator, Sir Nicholas Arnold, who alleged that on the announcement of the proposed marriage between Mary and Philip II of Spain, <mask> "put various arguments against such marriage in writing", and finally on 22 December suggested that the difficulty might be solved by asking one John Fitzwilliams to kill the queen. This "devyse" was communicated to Sir <mask>, who, when suing for pardon during his own trial, said that he had indignantly repudiated it. Throckmorton, however, when his own trial came on, traversed the allegations of Arnold, who (he said) sought "to discharge himself if he could so transfer the devise to <mask>". In support of his statement he asked that the court should examine Fitzwilliams, who

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Wyatt
William Thomas


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 was prepared to give evidence, but was denied audience, at the request of the attorney-general. When, however, <mask>'s own trial came on at the Guildhall on 8 May, he was found guilty of treason; and, on the 18th, was drawn upon a sled to Tyburn, where he was hanged, beheaded, and quartered, making "a right godly end", saying at his death that "he died for his country".On the following day his head was set on London Bridge "and iii. quarters set over Crepullgate", whereabouts he had perhaps previously lived. In a private act of parliament, passed on the accession of Elizabeth, <mask>'s name was included among those whose heirs and children were restored in blood after their attainder, but it is not known whether he was married or had a family. Appreciation
<mask> was a shrewd observer of men and affairs, but, according to Wood, had a "hot fiery spirit", which was probably the cause of most of his troubles. He was certainly "one of the most learned of his time". His Italian grammar and dictionary were the first works of the kind published in English, while his History of Italy was formerly held in the highest esteem for its comprehensive account of the chief Italian states. All his works are remarkable for their methodical arrangement, his style is always lucid, and his English shows "much better orthography than that current at a later period".Notes

References

Attribution

Further reading
 Edward Chaney, The Evolution of the Grand Tour'', 2nd ed. (Routledge, 2000). 1554 deaths
English translators
Welsh expatriates in Italy
Executed Welsh people
People executed under the Tudors for treason against England
Clerks of the Privy Council
Year of birth unknown
16th-century Welsh people
People executed by Tudor England by hanging, drawing and quartering
People from Radnorshire
People executed under Mary I of England
People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
Welsh politicians convicted

masks: Thomas Thomas Thomas


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<mask> (c. 1572 – 25 August 1632) was an English Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer, a versatile and prolific writer, whose career spanned several decades and brought him into contact with many of the period's most famous dramatists. Early life
Little is known of <mask>'s early life or origins. From references in his pamphlets, <mask> is believed to have been born in London around 1572, but nothing is known for certain about his youth. His last name suggests Dutch ancestry, and his work, some of which is translated from Latin, suggests that he attended grammar school. <mask> embarked on a career as a theatre writer in the middle 1590s. His handwriting is found in the manuscript of Sir <mask>, though the date of his involvement is undetermined. More certain is his work as a playwright for the Admiral's Men of Philip Henslowe, in whose account book he is first mentioned in early 1598.While there are plays connected with his name performed as early as 1594, it is not clear that he was the original author; his work often involved revision and updating. Between 1598 and 1602, he was involved in about forty plays for Henslowe, usually in collaboration. To these years belong the collaborations with Ben Jonson and John Marston, which presumably contributed to the War of the Theatres in 1600 and 1601. But <mask> is credited as the sole author of The Shoemaker's Holiday (1599), his acknowledged masterpiece – a boisterous, rowdy comedy of London life as seen through the eyes of a romanticist. Francis Meres includes <mask>

masks:
Thomas Dekker
Dekker
Dekker
Career Dekker
Thomas More
Dekker
Dekker


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 in his list of notable playwrights in 1598. For Jonson, however, <mask> was a bumbling hack, a "dresser of plays about town"; Jonson lampooned <mask> as Demetrius Fannius in Poetaster and as Anaides in Cynthia's Revels. <mask>'s riposte, Satiromastix, performed both by the Lord Chamberlain's Men and the child actors of Paul's, casts Jonson as an affected, hypocritical Horace.Satiromastix marks the end of the "poetomachia"; in 1603, Jonson and <mask> collaborated again, on a pageant for the Royal Entry, delayed from the coronation of James I, for which <mask> also wrote the festival book The Magnificent Entertainment. After this commission, however, the early Jacobean period was notably mixed for the author. In late 1602, he appears to have broken his association with Henslowe, for unknown reasons. He wrote for Worcester's Men for a time, then returned to the Admiral's Men (now patronized by Prince Henry) to produce The Honest Whore, an apparent success. But the failures of The Whore of Babylon (1607) and If This Be Not a Good Play, the Devil is in It (1611) left him crestfallen; the latter play was rejected by Prince Henry's Men before failing for Queen Anne's Men at the Red Bull Theatre. Legal troubles
In 1612, <mask>'s lifelong problem with debt (he had earlier, 1599, been imprisoned in Poultry Compter) reached a crisis when he was imprisoned in the King's Bench Prison on a debt of forty pounds to the father of John Webster. He remained there for seven years, and despite the support of associates such as Edward

masks: Dekker Dekker Dekker Dekker Dekker Dekker


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 Alleyn and Endymion Porter, these years were difficult; <mask> reports that the experience turned his hair white.He continued as pamphleteer throughout his years in prison. Later years
On release, he resumed writing plays, now with collaborators both from his generation (John Day and John Webster) and slightly younger writers (John Ford and Philip Massinger). Among these plays is one, Keep the Widow Waking (1624, with Ford, Webster, and William Rowley), which dramatized two recent murders in Whitechapel. In the latter half of the decade, <mask> turned once more to pamphlet-writing, revamping old work and writing a new preface to his most popular tract, The Bellman of London. <mask> published no more work after 1632, and he is usually associated with the "<mask>, householder", who was buried at St. James's in Clerkenwell that year. Work

Drama
When <mask> began writing plays, <mask> and <mask> were still alive; when he died, John Dryden had already been born. Like most dramatists of the period, he adapted as well as he could to changing tastes; however, even his work in the fashionable Jacobean genres of satire and tragicomedy bears the marks of his Elizabethan training: its humour is genial, its action romantic.The majority of his surviving plays are comedies or tragicomedies. Most of <mask>'s work is lost. His apparently disordered life, and his lack of a firm connection (such as Shakespeare or Fletcher had) with a single company, may have militated against the preservation or publication of manuscripts. Close to

masks:
Dekker
Dekker
Death Dekker
Thomas Dekker
Dekker
Thomas Nashe
Thomas Lodge
Dekker


texts: twenty of his plays were published during his lifetime; of these, more than half are comedies, with three significant tragedies: Lust's Dominion (presumably identical to The Spanish Moor's Tragedy, written with Day, Marston, and William Haughton, 1600), The Witch of Edmonton (with Ford and Rowley, 1621), and The Virgin Martyr (with Massinger, 1620). The first phase of <mask>'s career is documented in Henslowe's diary. His name appears for the first time in connection with "fayeton" (presumably, Phaeton) in 1598. There follow, before 1599, payments for work on The Triplicity of Cuckolds, The Mad Man's Morris, and Hannibal and Hermes.He worked on these plays with Robert Wilson, Henry Chettle, and Michael Drayton. With Drayton, he also worked on history plays on the French civil wars, Earl Godwin, and others. In 1599, he wrote plays on Troilus and Cressida, Agamemnon (with Chettle), and Page of Plymouth. In that year, also, he collaborated with Chettle, Jonson, and Marston on a play about Robert II. 1599 also saw the production of three plays that have survived. It was during this year that he produced his most famous work, The Shoemaker's Holiday, or the Gentle Craft, categorised by modern critics as citizen comedy. This play reflects his concerns with the daily lives of ordinary Londoners, and contains the poem The Merry Month of May.This play exemplifies his intermingling of everyday subjects with the fantastical, embodied in this case by the rise of a craftsman to Mayor and the involvement of an unnamed but