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<mask> (; born <mask>; 21 September 1960) is former Vice President of Iran for Women and Family Affairs, from August 9, 2017, to  September 1, 2021. She previously headed Department of Environment from 1997 to 2005, making her the first female member in the cabinet of Iran since 1979 and the third in history. She held the same level of office from 2013 to 2017. She is a full Professor at Tarbiat Modares University in the School of Medical Sciences, Immunology Department. Ebtekar was nicknamed "Mary", when she was the spokeswoman of the students who took hostages and occupied the US Embassy in 1979. Later she became the head of the Environment Protection Organization of Iran during the administration of President Mohammad Khatami, and was a city councilwoman of Tehran from 2007 to 2013. Education and family
Ebtekar was born in Tehran as Masoumeh, Niloufar Ebtekar in a middle-class family.Her first name translates to "Innocent Water Lily" in English. Ebtekar's father studied at the University of Pennsylvania, and she lived with her parents in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, just outside Philadelphia. During her six years in Philadelphia, she developed "near-perfect, American-accented English." Returning to Iran she enrolled in Iranzamin (Tehran International School). Later after graduation as a student, she became a supporter of the political Islam of Ali Shariati and began wearing a traditional black chador covering everything except her face. Ebtekar holds a BSc degree in laboratory science from Shahid Beheshti University,  a MSc and PhD in immunology from Tarbiat Modares University in 1995, where she still teaches. Ebtekar is married to Seyyed Mohammad

masks:
Masoumeh Ebtekar
Masoumeh Ebtekar


type: original

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 Hashemi who is a businessman in the private sector.They have two children. Academic career
Ebtekar has served as faculty member at Tarbiat Modares University, which is a postgraduate academic center located in Tehran. As an associate professor in Immunology, she has taught, supervised and advised PhD and MSc students. Ebtekar currently teaches cytokines, viral immunology, HIV vaccines, aging, immunology of the nervous system and psychoneuroimmunology. She has currently filed 66 ISI scientific articles in the field of immunology in Scopus in her name. In her speech to the Eleventh International Congress of Immunology in Tehran, she mentioned the detrimental effect of sanctions on the advancement of science in Iran and noted that sanctions should not be directed against nations. Ebtekar is a member of several research board committees and a reviewer for two international and four national immunology journals.Ebtekar was  promoted to full Professorship in Jan 2019 and elected as Immunology & Allergy Association in 2018. Claims of scientific misconduct
On 7 October 2008, eTBLAST, a text similarity search engine on MEDLINE database, noted that 85% of a paper published by Masoumeh Ebtekar came from several previously published articles. The paper, on cytokines and air pollution, was published in 2006 in the Iran Journal of Allergy Asthma Immunology (IJAAI) 5 47-56:2006. A couple weeks after the eTBLAST report, Nature covered the story, quoting one of the authors of original papers, (Ian Mudway, a toxicologist at the King's College London) as saying, "the article is a veritable patchwork of other people's work, word for word, grammatical error for


texts:
 grammatical error." Nature also stated that Ebtekar had not replied to its emails. In response, the editor-in-chief of the IJAAI issued a statement saying: "We regret for this duplication that appeared in the journal. We are working with the editors of the JACI journal [the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, a scholarly periodical that published three of the papers from which Ebtekar had copied] to find the best solution in this regard."In December 2008 Ebtekar's article was retracted. The issue received some political and public attention in Iran. Ebtekar issued a statement admitting she had made a mistake and apologizing for it, but including a list of complaints such as eTBLAST's failure to inform her of their finding in advance, the fact that the article was a review article she was invited to write for the Journal, and that more than 76 references were given in the text. President of the 12th International Congress of Immunology

In 2013 Ebtekar was elected as the President of the 12th International Congress of Immunology. The Congress was held on April 29, 2014. Ebtekar spoke in the opening ceremony and introduced Rolf Zinkernagel, the Nobel Laureate for Medicine, as the guest of honour. Social and political career
In 1981, Ebtekar became the editor-in-chief of the English daily newspaper Kayhan International, selected by Khatami who was then the representative of Ayatollah Khomeini in Kayhan Institute.She served in the newspaper until 1983. In 1991 she co-founded the Institute for Women's Studies and Research. Since 1992, she has been the license holder and managing director of the journal Farzaneh Journal for Women's Studies and


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 Research. Ebtekar was appointed as the Head of Women's NGO Coordinating Office and Vice Head of the National Committee to the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995. Later, she was elected as the President of the Network of Women's NGOs in Iran. Early activism and role in the Hostage Crisis
Ebtekar served as spokeswoman for the students in the Iran hostage crisis of 1979, where Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line occupied the US Embassy and held 52 Americans hostage for 444 days. Selected because of her good command of English, she made regular appearances on American television as translator and spokeswoman for the students, where she presented the official positions of the students.She was referred to as "Mary" by foreign press, and "Tiger Lily" by the hostages, a play on the translation of "Niloufar". Ebtekar wrote an account of the embassy takeover with Fred A. Reed titled Takeover in Tehran: The Inside Story of the 1979 U.S. Embassy Capture. Western media have systematically depicted Ebtekar's involvement in a negative manner, as Reed describes: "For twenty years the prevailing 'globalized' version of the embassy capture has cast the students at best as well-intentioned but naive young people manipulated ...and at worst as irresponsible extremists." Elaine Sciolino wrote about Ebtekar's own viewpoint: "Asked by an ABC News correspondent one day whether she could see herself picking up a gun and killing the hostages, she replied: 'yes. When I've seen an American gun being lifted up and killing my brothers and sisters in the streets, of course.'" She is said to be remembered by many Americans (hostages such as David Roeder,


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 Barbara Timm, the mother of hostage Kevin Hermening and those who watched her on television) with a great lack of fondness, in part because "her familiarity with America added profound emphasis to her rejection of it." When asked by an American interviewer (Elaine Sciolino) in the late 1990s about her past as spokeswoman for the hostage-takers, why it did not appear on her resume, and why she had changed her name from Niloufar to <mask>, Ebtekar "had no apology and made no excuses" about her role, describing the hostage taking as "the best direction that could have been taken" by Iran at the time, but surprised the interviewer with her "chutzpah", insisting that the interviewer "not write much about these things."Sciolino published this article in the New York Times unaware of the fact that Ebtekar's book (Takeover in Tehran) was in print and would be published in 2001. She was an advisor of Shahla Habibi, head of the 'Bureau of Women's Affairs' under administration Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani in the 1990s, and was reportedly the "main driving-force" behind the office. In the 2012 film Argo, Ebtekar was portrayed by Nikka Far and called only "Tehran Mary" in the credits. Vice presidency first term (1997–2005)

Ebtekar was the first woman to serve as vice-president of Iran when the reformists came to power. Along with Zahra Shojaei, she participated in the first cabinet since the Islamic Revolution to include women. She has been described as a leftist in Mohammad Khatami's alliance. Ebtekar headed the Department of Environment for eight years, introducing major structural, organizational and directional changes enabling a re-engineering of the government


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 body.During her tenure environmental awareness and support for civil society activism in this area was enhanced. Ebtekar's appointment led to the revelation of her past, and in the US questions were raised about whether President Khatami was aware of "how deeply" the hostage-taking and holding, and anger towards its foremost public defender, "affected both the American government and the American people." Many academics and literary critiques have written and expressed their views on her published memoirs. Following this, "some ambassadors" in Tehran reportedly stated they would no "longer meet with her" and would "discourage official contract with her office." In her memoirs published as the "Grapes of Shahrivar", Ebtekar repeatedly refers to her cordial and official contacts with not only Western Ambassadors, but also many European Ministers and Presidents as well. (chapters 8-16-23-26-30-32-33)

On International Women's Day in 1998, as vice-president of environmental affairs, she made a speech condemning the oppression of women by the Taliban Movement in Afghanistan. Her performance caused comment by members of the Western news media in attendance as she herself was wearing a chador, a reminder of compulsory hijab in Iran which many in the West view as a violation of women's rights.In March 2002, Ebtekar was a keynote speaker at the Meeting of Women Leaders on the Environment in Helsinki, sponsored by the Finnish Ministry of the Environment. In September 2002, Ebtekar participated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg, South Africa. In May 2005, she chaired the International Conference on Environment, Peace, and the


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 Dialogue Among Civilizations and Cultures, held in Tehran. This event was organized by Ebtekar's Department of the Environment and also by the United Nations Environment Programme. Vice presidency second term (2013–2017)
Ebtekar served as vice president and Head of the Department of Environment during the first term of President Rouhani, 2013–2017. During this period in spite of immense challenges facing Iran's environment, and irrespective of the fierce opposition of rival political and special interests groups, great strides were taken to enhance environmental governance and stewardship. Twelve environmental bills, a strong chapter in the sixth National Development Plan and numerous directives and guidelines were implemented during this period, while national plans to enhance air quality were promoted through strong cross-sectoral, management leading to better air quality trends.The national Low Carbon Economy Strategy was adopted; the Cabinet adopted its INDC and the Paris Agreement, which the Parliament also adopted. This led to important strides in renewable energy including more than 500 MW of new solar plants and much more underway. Restoration of wetlands according to ecosystem management schemes and local community participation was undertaken leading to revival of Houralazim wetland, designation of Hamoun as a Biosphere reserve and improvement of conditions in Urmia Lake and many other wetlands across Iran. A major campaign to enhance environment education, inclusion of 56 cases of environment related text and publication of the first textbook "Humans and the Environment" are some of the steps taken in this regard. A significant surge in the


texts: quantity and quality of civil society activism was the result of planning for enhanced nongovernmental organization participation in policy and oversight. During this term private sector involvement in the management of protected areas and managing wildlife conservation was promoted through legislation and incentives. Introducing local legislation for management schemes of national parks and protected areas and for wildlife and endangered species conservation schemes for the first time.Nature Rangers enjoyed high quality training and education programs while awareness campaigns led to improvements in their social status. International diplomacy in collaboration with UNEP, UNDP, JICA, UNESCO led to many joint projects including participatory training for local farmers and villagers in Urumia basin area, Conservation of the Cheetah, Second International Seminar on Environment Religion and Culture, First UN Conference on Combating Dust and Sand Storms, Project for Restoration of Anzali Wetland, Project for Coastal Zone Management Projects and many others. The fifth international Green Film festival  was revived, four rounds of International Environment Exhibition, four rounds of Green Industry Competition and Four Rounds of the National Environment Award was convened during this term. 20 Bilateral and multilateral MOUs were signed and implemented leading to more than 50 technical and educational workshops and sessions. Nationwide campaigns on "no to plastics", "reduction of waste", "and energy conservation", "no to food waste" and many others were supported and promoted. The National Committee on Sustainable Development was transformed into an efficient


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 cross sectoral body to promote and monitor sustainability indicators at the national level. Honors and awards
Ebtekar was named one of the seven 2006 Champions of the Earth by the United Nations Environment Program as a prominent and "inspirational"  environmental leader who has made an impact at policy level in a region of the world.Ebtekar said that she believes the award was a team effort, earned by the scholars and experts that she assembled in her Department of the Environment. She names President Khatami as instrumental in stressing the importance of environmental initiatives. She was also named as one of 50 environmental leaders by The Guardian newspaper on January 5, 2008; the only Iranian or Muslim woman in the list. In the 2012 edition of The Muslim500 Ebtekar has been named as one of the 500 most influential Muslims in the world. Under the political section of this yearbook, Ebtekar is described as "a considerable force in the reformist movement in Iran". On 24 January 2014, Ebtekar was awarded the Energy Globe Foundation Honorary Lifetime Achievement Award in Tehran. On 29 November 2014, <mask> Ebtekar won the Italian Minerva Award for her scientific achievements and successful career in political arena.Minerva Award is a nongovernmental award established in 2009 in the name of Madame Anna Maria Mammoliti, Italian journalist and social activist after her death. The Minerva Award has been presented to famous figures active in different social, economic, political and cultural fields, and the receivers have been mainly women. In May 2016 Ebtekar was awarded an Honorary Doctorate Degree in Political Science by the Hankuk University of Foreign


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 Studies, Seoul, Korea. Post vice presidential activism
Ebtekar co-founded the Center for Peace and Environment in 2005, a non-governmental organization devoted to the promotion of just and sustainable peace and the protection of the environment. More than 120 experts and academicians are currently members of the center. Ebtekar served as a moderator in June 2008 at the International "Women, Equality and Peace" Conference held in Oslo, Norway. The conference was sponsored by the Foundation for Dialogue Among Civilizations, Club de Madrid and the Oslo Center.Ebtekar considered for running in the 2009 presidential election after Guardian Council indicated that there is no "legal restraint" against women doing so. However, she withdrew a few weeks before the election. Ebtekar published her memoir as the first female Vice President of Iran, entitled the Grapes of Shahrivar on May 3, 2009. She has also published a collection of her essays and speeches on the environment and sustainable development, called Natural Peace. After leaving her government position in 2005, Ebtekar has spoken as inaugural or keynote speaker at many international events. Membership in Tehran City Council
Ebtekar ran for and was elected to the city council of Tehran for the term beginning in 2007, coming in 9th out of 21 candidates, just after Parvin Ahmadinejad, the sister of the Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. She established and heads the Tehran City Council Environment Committee and currently runs 20 working groups on environmental issues.After election to the City Council of Tehran in early 2007, Ebtekar began a weblog in Persian entitled "EbtekareSabz" under the free blog service


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 Persianblog. In her blog she wrote 430 posts in environmental, political, social and women's issues, posted over 10,000 comments, the blog had one million viewers in 3.5 years. EbtekareSabz, which criticized the policies of the government and supported the reformist movement in Iran, was filtered by the Government once in early 2010 and again in June 2010. and finally obstructed with a judicial verdict in August. Citing the "right to freedom of expression in our constitution" as her incentive, she continued blogging by setting up a new blog. In 2009, the New York Times described her as "informally represent[ing] the views of many of the former hostage-takers", supporting "engagement with the West" and a renewal of the "original ideals of the revolution, including justice and freedom," which many of her peers believe have been abandoned by the current regime. In May 2013, Ebtekar signed up as a candidate for Tehran in the 2013 local elections, along with hundreds of reformist candidates. During the vetting process that is conducted by government and Majlis representatives, the majority of candidates, including Ebtekar were disqualified.Ebtekar mentioned her harsh criticism of government policies leading to air pollution and the deterioration of environmental standards as the main reason for her disqualification. Candidates who have objected to their disqualification will be considered for a final round in the Supreme Council for Election Regulation. She was also one of Reformists' candidates as Mayor of Tehran. However, Mohsen Hashemi becomes the final's nominate. Reappointment as Vice President
After Hassan Rouhani elected as President of Iran,


texts:
 Ebtekar who supported Rouhani openly, was one of the candidates for the Ministry of Science. However, she was appointed as Head of Environmental Protection Organization on 10 September 2013, a position she had formerly served for eight years under Mohammad Khatami. On 1 August 2017, Ebtekar announced that she will be leaving her current position after the end of the first Rouhani government.She was appointed as Women Affairs's vice president in second Rouhani government. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, Iranian state media announced that Ebtekar had been diagnosed with COVID-19. The infection was described as mild and she was not admitted to hospital. On 11 March, Ebtekar tweeted that she had recovered from the virus. Books
In 2010 Ebtekar contributed to Moral Ground a testimony of over eighty visionaries—theologians and religious leaders, scientists, elected officials, business leaders, naturalists, activists, and writers—to present a diverse and compelling call to honor our individual and collective moral responsibility to our planet. In her essay entitled "Peace and Sustainability Depend on the Spiritual and the Feminine" Ebtekar provides her views on the interrelated nature of peace and sustainable development. She also took part in a project to develop a book entitled Women, Power and Politics in 21st Century Iran.The book, published in 2012 by Ashgate, provides an objective perspective on the conditions of women in Iran. Chapter 10 titled "Women and the Environment" has been authored by Massoumeh <mask>. In 2011 Ebtekar also co-authored a chapter in the book Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells published by Springer. Chapter 3 "Characteristics


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 of Cord Blood Cells" is a review performed by a team of researchers in Iran. See also
 List of scientific misconduct incidents

References

External links

 Masumeh <mask>'s Blog in English – Called "Persian Paradox"
 Masumeh <mask>'s Researchgate Page

1960 births
Living people
Environmental bloggers
Female vice presidents of Iran
Heads of Department of Environment (Iran)
Islamic Iran Participation Front politicians
Iranian environmentalists
Iranian immunologists
Iranian women physicians
Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line
People involved in scientific misconduct incidents
Tarbiat Modares University alumni
Tehran Councillors 2007–2013
Women bloggers
Women vice presidents
20th-century Iranian physicians
21st-century Iranian physicians
21st-century Iranian women politicians
Magazine publishers (people)
Vice presidents of Iran for Women and Family

masks: Ebtekar Ebtekar


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<mask>  is an American psychologist and literacy expert who is a senior scientist at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut. She has been a leading researcher in the area of reading acquisition since 1981, and has been involved with efforts to improve US national policy on the teaching of reading. <mask> was a member of the Committee on the Prevention of Reading Difficulties in Young Children, United States National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences (1996–1998). She served on the Board of Directors of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading from 1999 until 2007. She served as Associate Editor of the journal Annals of Dyslexia from 1994 until 2002 and, as of 2019, continues to serve on the Council of Advisors to the International Dyslexia Association (IDA). In 2009, Dr. <mask> shared the IDA's Samuel Torrey Orton award with Susan Brady. The Orton Award is the association's highest honor.Selected publications

Charity, A. H., Scarborough, H. S., & Griffon, D. M. (2004). Familiarity with "School English" in African American Children and its Relation to Early Reading Achievement. Child Development, 75(5), 1340–1356. Clements-Stephens, A. M., Materek, A. D., Eason, S. H., <mask>, H. S., Pugh, K. R., Rimrodt, S., et al. (2012). Neural circuitry associated with two different approaches to novel word learning. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2, Supplement 1(0), S99-S113.Cutting, L. E., & <mask>, H. S. (2006). Prediction of Reading Comprehension: Relative Contributions of Word

masks:
Hollis Scarborough
Scarborough
Scarborough
Scarborough
Scarborough


texts: Recognition, Language Proficiency, and Other Cognitive Skills Can Depend on How Comprehension Is Measured. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10(3), 277–299. Dobrich, W., & <mask>, H. S. (1992). Phonological characteristics of words young children try to say. Journal of Child Language, 19(3), 597–616. Fowler, A. E., & <mask>, H. S. (1993).Should reading disabled adults be distinguished from other adults seeking literacy instruction? A review of theory and research (Technical Report No. 93-6). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, National Center on Adult Literacy. Leach, J. M., Scarborough, H. S., & Rescorla, L. (2003). Late-Emerging Reading Disabilities. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(2), 211–224.McCardle, P., <mask>, H. S., & Catts, H. W. (2001). Predicting, explaining, and preventing children's reading difficulties. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 16(4), 230–239. Patton Terry, N., & <mask>, H. S. (2011). The Phonological Hypothesis as a valuable framework for studying the relation of dialect variation to early reading skills. In S. Brady, D. Braze & C. A. Fowler (Eds. ), Explaining Individual Differences in Reading: Theory and Evidence: Psychology Press.Sabatini, J. P., Sawaki, Y., Shore, J. R., & <mask>, H. S. (2010). Relationships among reading skills of adults with low literacy. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43(2), 122–138. <mask>, D. L., Cortese, C., & <mask>, H. S. (1977). Frequency and Repetition Effects in Lexical Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception

masks: Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough


texts: & Performance, 3(1), 1–17. <mask>, H., & Wyckoff, J.(1986). Mother, I'd still rather do it myself: Some further non-effects of "motherese.". Journal of Child Language, 13(2), 431–437. <mask>, H. S., Wyckoff, J., & Davidson, R. (1986). A reconsideration of the relation between age and mean utterance length. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 29(3), 394–399. <mask>, H. S. (1988).Predicting the future achievement of second graders with reading disabilities: contributions of phonemic awareness, verbal memory, rapid naming, and IQ. Annals of Dyslexia, 48, 115–136. <mask>, H. S. (1989). Prediction of reading disability from familial and individual differences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(1), 101–108. <mask>, H. S. (1990). Very early language deficits in dyslexic children.Child Development, 61(6), 1728–1743. <mask>, H. S. (1990). Index of Productive Syntax. Applied Psycholinguistics, 11(1), 1–22. Scarborough, H. S., & Dobrich, W. (1990). Development of children with early language delay. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 33(1), 70–83.<mask>, H. S. (1991). Very early language deficits in dyslexic children. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry & Child Development, 204–227. <mask>, H. S. (1991). Antecedents to reading disability: Preschool language development and literacy experiences of children from dyslexic families. Reading and Writing, 3(3-4), 219–233. <mask>, H. S. (1991).Early syntactic development of dyslexic children. Annals of Dyslexia, 41, 207–220. <mask>, H. S., Dobrich, W., & Hager, M.

masks: Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough


texts: (1991). Preschool literacy experience and later reading achievement. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24(8), 508–511. <mask>, H. S., Rescorla, L., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Fowler, A. E. (1991). The relation of utterance length to grammatical complexity in normal and language-disordered groups.Applied Psycholinguistics, 12(1), 23–45. <mask>, H. S., & Fichtelberg, A. (1993). Child-directed talk in families with incidence of dyslexia. First Language, 13, 51–67. <mask>, H. S., & Dobrich, W. (1994). Another look at parent-preschooler bookreading: How naked is the emperor?A response to Lonigan (1994) and Dunning, Mason, and Stewart (1994). Developmental Review, 14(3), 340–347. <mask>, H. S., & Dobrich, W. (1994). On the efficacy of reading to preschoolers. Developmental Review, 14(3), 245–302. <mask>, H. S. (1998). Predicting the future achievement of second graders with reading disabilities: contributions of phonemic awareness, verbal memory, rapid naming, and IQ.Annals of dyslexia, 48, 115–136. <mask>, H. S. (1998). Early identification of children at risk for reading disabilities. In B. K. Shapiro, P. J. Accardo & A. J. Capute (Eds. ), Specific reading disability: A view of the spectrum (pp. 75–119). Timonium, MD: York Press.Scarborough, H. S., Ehri, L. C., Olson, R. K., & Fowler, A. E. (1998). The fate of phonemic awareness beyond the elementary school years. Scientific Studies of Reading, 2(2), 115–142. <mask>, H. S. (2002). Connecting early language and literacy to later reading (dis)abilities: Evidence,


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 theory and practice. In S. B. Neuman & D. K. Dickinson (Eds. ), Handbook of early literacy research (pp.97–110). New York: Guilford Press. <mask>, H. S., & Brady, S. A. (2002). Toward a Common Terminology for Talking About Speech and Reading: A Glossary of the "Phon" Words and Some Related Terms. Journal of Literacy Research, 34(3), 299–336. <mask>, H. S., & Parker, J. D. (2003).Matthew Effects in Children with Learning Disabilities: Development of Reading, IQ, and Psychosocial Problems From Grade 2 to Grade 8. Annals of Dyslexia, 53(1), 47–72. <mask>, H. S. (2005). Developmental relationships between language and reading: Reconciling a beautiful hypothesis with some ugly facts. In H. W. Catts & A. G. Kamhi (Eds. ), The connections between language and reading disabilities (pp. 3–24).Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Snow, C. E., Scarborough, H. S., & Burns, M. (1999). What speech-language pathologists need to know about early reading. Topics in Language Disorders, 20(1), 48–58. Patton Terry, N., & Scarborough, H. S. (2011). The phonological hypothesis as a valuable framework for studying the relation of dialect variation to early reading skills. In S. Brady, D. Braze & C. A. Fowler (Eds.), "Explaining individual differences in reading: Theory and evidence". New York: Psychology Press. References

External links
<mask> <mask>, profile at Haskins Laboratories

American psychologists
American women psychologists
American education writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American

masks: Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Hollis Scarborough


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<mask> (born July 15, 1967) also known simply as <mask>, is an American singer, record producer, and percussionist. <mask> is best known as the lead singer and studio drummer of the band Mint Condition. Career
In 2011, he was featured on Kelly Price's song "Not My Daddy" from her album Kelly which earned him his first Grammy nomination for Best R&B Performance. In 2017 <mask> joined The Revolution on tour, to pay tribute to Prince. Also in 2017, <mask> released his Concord Records solo debut Introducing Stokley, with production by himself as well as Philadelphia production team Carvin & Ivan. In 2019, <mask> signed with Jam & Lewis' reactivated Perspective Records to release his second solo album, Sankofa. In March 2020, <mask> earned his first #1 solo hit, with "She..." going number #1 on the Adult R&B Chart (Billboard) for two consecutive weeks.Influences
<mask> has declared his main influences as being Cliff Alexis Sr., Prince, and Maurice White. Discography as a session musician
The Boys - The Boys (1990)
 "Got to Be There" (drums)

Sounds of Blackness – The Evolution of Gospel (1991)
 "Optimistic" (handclaps)
 "The Pressure Pt. 1" (background vocals)
 "The Pressure Pt. 2" (background vocals)

Karyn White – Ritual of Love (1991)
 "Ritual of Love"

masks:
Stokley Williams
Stokley
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Stokley
Williams


texts:
 (percussion)
 "Love That's Mine" (background vocals)
 "Do Unto Me" (drummer)
 "Hard To Say Goodbye" (drum programming, percussion, background vocals)

Mo' Money – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992)
 The Harlem Yacht Club- "Brother Will" (drummer)

Janet Jackson – janet. - FourFront (2019)
 "Sweat" (vocals)

Discography as a group member
with Mint ConditionMeant to Be Mint (1991)From the Mint Factory (1993)Definition of a Band (1996)The Collection (1991–1998) (1998)Life's Aquarium (1999)Livin' the Luxury Brown (2005)Live from the 9:30 Club (2006)E-Life (2008)7... (2011)Music @ the Speed of Life (2012)Healing Season (2015)

with Ursus MinorNucular (2007)Zugzwang (2010)I Will Not Take "But" for an Answer (2010)What Matters Now (2016)

Solo albumIntroducing Stokley (2017)Sankofa'' (2020)

References

African-American  male singer-songwriters
African-American drummers
American contemporary R&B singers
Living people
American tenors
Midwest hip hop musicians
Place of birth missing (living people)
1967 births
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
American neo soul singers
Shanachie Records artists
Concord Records artists
Elektra Records artists
Perspective Records artists
20th-century African-American male singers
21st-century African-American


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<mask> (; ; born April 7, 1943 – March 4, 2013) was a Pakistani Lawyer and a Politician. She was twice member of the Lower house of Parliament. She was elected on Reserved Seats for Women in the 8th National Assembly from 1988 to 1990 and again in the 13th National Assembly from 2008 to 2013. She joined Pakistan Peoples Party on April 24, 1968 as a Student Leader and stayed loyal to her party till her death on March 4, 2013. She was a successful Lawyer well respected by her peers. She was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party. Early life

<mask> was born in the city of Peshawar in the North-West Frontier Province of British Indian Empire now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to Mr. & Mrs. <mask>.She belonged to the <mask> Khel clan of the Afridi Tribe. Her father died when she was nine years old. Her mother was a school teacher and later Principle of GHSS Begum Shahabuddin school. She was member of the Pakistan Girl Guides Association and attended various camps in West Pakistan and East Pakistan (Now Bangladesh). During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 she was a volunteer and was deputed at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar to aid the wounded of air raids by India. She was inspired from her mother and maternal step uncle to join politics. Her mother was active in the Pakistan Movement and was the member of All-India Muslim League.Her mother was at numerous historical protests held in Peshawar against British Rule. Her maternal step uncle, <mask> <mask>, was a member of Indian National Congress. He was imprisoned numerous times for his opposition to British Rule in India. Drawing inspiration from her mother and uncle she joined politics at an early age first as a student leader and then as the president of Gunj Ward. Education

She received her primary and secondary education at GHSS Begum Shahabuddin School. She

masks:
Malik Mehrun Nisa Afridi
Malik Merhrun Nisa Afridi
Malik Abdul Malik Afridi
Malikdín
Malik Waris
Khan Afridi


texts:
 completed her matriculation in 1960. Then she went to Government Frontier College for Higher Secondary Education and completed her Faculty of Arts (F.A) in 1963.She completed her Bachelor of Arts (B.A) degree in 1965 and Bachelor of Education (B.ed) in 1974 from College of Education University of Peshawar. She earned a Masters of Arts Degree (M.A) Pashto held in 1970 and Master of Arts (M.A) Psychology from University of Peshawar. She went to Law College Peshawar and earned a degree in Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) in 1978. She was the editor of the Pashto portion of her college magazine Taleem. She was also editor of the College of Education and Law College magazines. She wrote Pashto poetry and Pashto dramas which were broadcast by Radio Pakistan. Career

She was a lecturer in Pashto selected by Public Service Commission.She taught in well known college of Peshawar named "Frontier College for Women Peshawar" and "Women Degree College Nowshera". She started her career as a lawyer from 1979 and continued till 2006. She had the license to practice law at the Supreme Court of Pakistan and High Court of Pakistan. During the martial law of Zia Ul Haq she actively defended fellow political workers from persecution. She represented underprivileged women mostly victims of domestic abuse and fought for justice for them. She declined to be appointed as a judge in 1996 so that she could pursue her political career as the president of Pakistan People Parties Women Wing (KP). Political career

She joined PPP on April 24, 1968 soon after the party was founded by Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.In 1970 when Hayat Sherpao started PPP Women Wing she was appointed president of Gunj Ward. She organized Gunj Ward by going door to door which was very difficult at that time in conservative Pushtun society. She was appointed by Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as a member of


texts: the board of Directors in Pashto Academy. As member she checked all the Pusho courses which was thought in Matric, F.A, B.A and M.A. She sent all the anti Pakistan and Anti Quid-e-Azam material to Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto through Dr. Mahboob-ur-Rehman (Who was O.S.D for N.W.F.P). Her efforts were appreciated. She was appointed chief organizer of the Peoples Student Federation (Women Wing) in 1973 the notification to this effect was issued by Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.Due to her team's hard work, the Peoples Student Federation won the first University Union Election and Mr. Amir Muhammad Khan Apalo was elected the first Peshawar university president. She organized PSF in all departments of University of Peshawar, Gomal University and many other girls degree colleges and high schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA. She was elected Provincial General Secretary of PPP Women Wing by a two-thirds majority in the inter-party election held on August 16, 1976 which were supervised by Begum Nusrat Bhutto. She was sent to a Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) summit now called Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in which she traveled to Turkey on April 20, 1977 from there to Iran on April 22, 1977 and finally to USSR on April 27, 1977. In 1977 martial law was imposed by General Zia ul Haq. She was appointed President of Bhutto Release Committee N.W.F.P formed by Begum Nusrat Bhutto. She organized and led many protests to release Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.She was arrested in 1978 by the military regime of Zia-ul-Haq and spent two years and nine months in prison given "C" Class where she was mentally tortured. She was kept in a cell with a mad woman who used to deprive her of sleep by making loud noise. She was asked by the martial law authorities to remove the PPP flags from her car and residence. She did not obey the orders of a


texts: dictator. She suffered a heart attack in prison. She was later kept in house arrest and her house was declared a sub-jail. ...In Khyber I told the people that being a tribal I went to jail and used bricks as my pillow and ugly old blanket for sleeping but I never compromised on my principles and sacrificed everything for the sake of my country and democracy. After release she spent most of the time fighting cases of other political victims who were jailed. In defiance of the military regime she painted her vehicle in the three colors of Pakistan People's Party. She refused to bow before a dictator and beg for mercy while other prominent party members had done so for the sake of their freedom. She was elected the President of Women's Wing (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) in 1985 and remained till February 2, 2010 when she was too ill to carry on with her duties. She became a member of Pakistan's Lower House of Parliament in 1988. She served the nation till the Parliament was dissolved by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan.She was appointed member of five Standing Committee in different Ministries. As MNA she went on an official visit to Hungary, on 22 October 1989. As MNA she went on an official visit to Geneva, Switzerland on 14 November 1989. As MNA she went on an official visit to the United States on 24 November 1989. In 1996 when People's Party again came to power she was an adviser and a confidant of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Martial law was imposed once again in 1999 by General Musharraf. She was once again struggling for her party by organizing protests.She worked very hard to organize the party in those turbulent times. She became the member of the Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party from October, 2001 to 2008. Benazir Bibi conveyed her wish, to <mask> <mask> Afridi to associate herself with National Democratic Institute

masks: Mehrun Nisa


texts:
 (NDI) for the promotion of ladies in politics. She contacted NDI and they offered her to become a Master Trainer N.W.F.P. Which she accepted. Consequently, a three-day workshop was held in Islamabad to this effect which she attended. After coming back to Peshawar she organized three workshop's for ladies, one each at Dera Ismail Khan, Lukky Marwat and Haripur.The turnout of the ladies from different political parties was most encouraging. The ratio of lady trainees from Pakistan Peoples Party was the highest in these workshops. The team of NDI appreciated her work. On January 25, 2004 she arranged PPP Ladies Convention N.W.F.P at Nishter Hall Peshawar under the President-ship of Mr Jehangir Bader. The other Honorable Guest were Central Members of the party Mr Raja Pervaiz Ashraf, Begum Ruqqia Khanum Soomro, Miss Fozia Habib, Begum Samina Razaq, Miss Nargis Faiz <mask>, Khwaja Muhammad Khan Hoti, Mr Mirza Khan other Male & Female Provencial office bearers. She attended Social International's 50th Anniversary held at Lisbon, Portugal, 29–30 June 2001 with Benazir Bibi. She attended Social International's Casablanca Council – Peace, Security, Development held at Casablanca, Morocco, 31 May-1 June 2002 with Benazir Bibi.She attended Socialist International Women held at Athens, Greece, 27–28 January 2006. She attended a meeting of the Council of the Socialist International held at Geneva, Switzerland, 29–30 June 2007 with Benazir Bibi. She became a member of the National Assembly again in 2008. She was a member of the National Assembly Standing Committee on Women's Development and Standing Committee on Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (SAFRON). She requested party ticket to contest in the 2013 General Election from NA-18. However she was hospitalized and died. Illness and death

<mask> <mask> <mask> suffered from Parkinson's disease

masks: Malik Mehrun Nisa Afridi


texts: since 2006 her health deteriorated slowly as the disease progressed.She was hospitalized on February 26, 2013 and was diagnosed with Meningitis which resulted in renal failure and finally she died from Cardiac Arrest on March 4, 2013 at around 1:20am. The funeral prayers of <mask> <mask> Afridi were offered at a ground near Masjid-e-Saddiq near her residence. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly Speaker Karamatullah Khan Chagharmati, Provincial Health Minister Zahir Ali Shah, Provincial Information Secretary of Pakistan People Party Ayub Shah, Zulfiqar Afghani and Thousands of people attended the funeral prayers including other notable people. Dr. Azra Fazal Pechuho, Naheed Khan, Khwaja Muhammad Khan Hoti visited the house of Mehr un Nisa Afridi and paid their condolences to the bereaved family. The lower house of Parliament held collective prayers for Mehrunisa Afridi and victims of the Abbas Town attack. Following its tradition of suspending all legislative business on the occasion of a sitting member's death, the National Assembly's Monday session was adjourned after offering prayers for PPP's <mask> Afridi who had died in Peshawar on Sunday night after a brief illness. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Governor Engineer Shaukatullah expressed his heartfelt condolence.In his condolence message the Governor expressed his deep sympathies and paid rich tributes to her social, human rights and political services for the country and termed her a seasoned politician with numerous qualities of head and hearts. He said the service rendered by <mask> Afridi for the country and KP would be remembered for long. The Governor prayed for the eternal peace of the departed soul and courage to the bereaved family to bear this irreparable loss with patience. Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf expressed sorrow over the death of <mask> Afridi. In a condolence message, he paid

masks: Mehrun Nisa Mehrunnisa Mehrunisa Mehrunnisa


texts:
 tributes to her contribution to democracy. He prayed for eternal peace for her soul. President Asif Ali Zardari described her as "an advocate defending human rights in her capacity as former president of the women's wing of the PPP Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and as a parliamentarian.The President also prayed for eternal rest to the soul of Ms. <mask> Afridi and patience to the members of bereaved family to bear the loss with fortitude. Legacy

She was a role model for young women in a very conservative society especially at a time when women were confined to their houses. She stood up against the brutal regime of Zia-ul-Haq and defied the full might of the oppressive regime. Her struggle for democracy and her sacrifices during the period of martial law of Zia-ul-Haq set her apart from many women politicians. Authored books

 Gulabona (2015)

See also

 Politics of Pakistan
 Pakistan Peoples Party
 National Assembly of Pakistan
 Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party
 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
 Pakistan Movement
 British Indian Empire
 Pakistan Movement
 All-India Muslim League
 Indian National Congress

References

External links

Pakistan Peoples Party Pakistan based Web site
Pakistan Peoples Party USA official site
The Pakistan People's Party, Radio France Internationale (in English)
A detailed Web site on the life of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari's official Web site
Critical PPP / Let Us Build Pakistan (LUBP), a website of critical supporters of Pakistan Peoples Party
2008 Election dossier, Radio France Internationale (in English)
International People's Lawyers' Forum
Ministry of States & Frontier Region

1943 births
2013 deaths
Pashtun people
Pakistani Sunni Muslims
Pakistan Peoples Party politicians
People from Peshawar
Government of Yousaf Raza Gillani
Women members of the National Assembly of


texts:
<mask> (; 15 February 1881 – 22 June 1965) was an Irish author, playwright, biographer and translator, who was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, fought in the Easter Rising and served as a member of Dáil Éireann. Early life
<mask> was born Percy Frederick Beazley in Liverpool, England on 15 February 1881 to Irish Catholic parents, Patrick Langford Beazley and Nannie Hickey. Patrick Langford Beazley, from Killarney, County Kerry, moved to Egremont, Cumbria and was the editor of The Catholic Times newspaper for 40 years; Nannie Hickey was from Newcastle West, County Limerick. <mask>'s parents married in March 1878, in the West Derby district of the county of Lancashire. During his summer holidays in his younger years, he spent time in Ireland (near Kenmare, County Kerry) with his paternal uncle, Father James Beazley, where he began to learn Irish. <mask> was educated at St Xavier’s Jesuit College in Liverpool, where he developed his keen interest in Irish; by the time he was aged 17 his Irish proficiency was exceptional. Literary career
After finishing his education at St Xavier’s, Béaslaí was encouraged to begin Irish poetry by Tadhg Ó Donnchadha.<mask> followed his father’s footsteps into journalism; he began by working for the local Wallasey News, and in 1906 he moved to Dublin, and within a year became a freelance writer for the Irish Peasant, Irish Independent, Freeman's Journal and Express. He was offered a permanent position with Independent Newspapers, as assistant leader writer and special reporter for the Dublin Evening Telegraph. He wrote regularly for the Freeman's Journal, including

masks:
Piaras Béaslaí
Piaras Béaslaí
Béaslaí
Béaslaí
Béaslaí


texts: a daily half-column in Irish. After his early introduction to Irish poetry he became involved in staging Irish-language amateur drama at the Oireachtas annual music festival. Béaslaí began to write both original works and adaptations from foreign languages. One of these works, Eachtra Pheadair Schlemiel (1909), was translated from German into Irish. Later he continued to write poetry, such as the collection “Bealtaine 1916” agus Dánta Eile (1920), and short stories such as "Earc agus Aine agus Scéalta Eile".Between 1913 and 1939 he wrote many plays, including Cliuche Cartaí (1920), An Sgaothaire agus Cúig Drámaí Eile (1929), An Danar (1929) and An Bhean Chródha (1931). He wrote two books about his comrade Michael Collins: Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland (2 volumes, 1926) and Michael Collins: Soldier and Statesman (1937). His works revolved around the Irish language movement and the IRA; these works focused on the independence struggle of Ireland. He wrote about these topics in newspapers such as the Standard and The Kerryman; his most notable work in newspapers during his later life included his contribution to the Irish Independent, which published a section called ‘A Veteran Remembers’ five days a week from 16 May to June 1957, as well as a weekly section called ‘Moods and Memories’ on Wednesdays from 24 May 1961 to 16 June 1965. One of the awards Béaslaí gained during his career was on 14 August 1928, Béaslaí a gold medal at the Tailteann Literary Awards. While in Dublin, he joined the Keating Branch of the Gaelic League, and after he moved to Ireland he began using the Irish form of


texts:
 his name, <mask> Béaslaí, rather than Percy Beazley. Role in the 1916 Rising

A founding member of The Irish Volunteers in 1913.In January 1916 he served as courier for political activist and revolutionary leader Seán Mac Diarmada. By the time of the Easter Rising that year, <mask> was deputy commanding officer of the 1st Dublin Battalion. In an audio recording to which he contributed in 1958, he detailed his experience in the Rising, describing the rebels assembling before noon in Blackhall Street at battalion headquarters. After midday they marched out to the Four Courts, erecting barricades as they did so. The Four Courts was his main station. In the audio, he recalls a green flag with a gold harp in the centre; this was the non-Sinn Féin flag at the time. On the Friday evening the General Post Office, Dublin.<mask> was in direct charge of the Four Courts area, and at one point during the fight he ordered a complete blackout. He recalled "things were going badly for the English soldiers" and described the whole event as "a weird experience". He remembers the streets being lit up with fires in the darkness as if it were bright as day. He speaks of the intensity of the firing line and then how it suddenly ceased on the Friday. He remembered falling asleep and when he woke being presented with PH Pearse's order to surrender. The rebels were brought to Richmond barracks. Béaslaí then spent fifteen months in English prisons.Béaslaí served three years for penal servitude divided between a stringent Portland prison and a more lenient Lewes prison. He was then imprisoned two times within four months during

masks: Piaras Béaslaí Béaslaí


texts:
 1919, both terms ending in celebrated escapes. After his final prison release, Michael Collins approached Béaslaí to edit An tOglach, the Irish Volunteer newspaper; this saw communication between GHQ and local volunteers drastically improved. Political career
Later, Béaslaí became director of publicity for the Irish Republican Army, and at the 1918 general election he was elected to the First Dáil Éireann as Sinn Féin MP for Kerry East. Sinn Féin MPs who had been elected in the Westminster elections of 1918 refused to recognise the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and instead assembled the following January at the Mansion House in Dublin as a revolutionary parliament, Dáil Éireann. Béaslaí was noted for his translation of the democratic programme of the First Dáil, which he read aloud at the inaugural sitting. He was a member of the Sinn Féin party for five years.Between 1919 and 1921 he represented the Kerry East constituency in the First Dáil. Then, at the 1921 general election, he was returned unopposed to the Second Dáil as a Sinn Féin Teachta Dála (TD) for Kerry–Limerick West. Following the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, <mask> was re-elected there unopposed at the 1922 election as a pro-Treaty Sinn Féin candidate, and was thus a member of the Third Dáil, which was Pro-Treaty at this stage. During 1922 he went to the USA to explain the Treaty to Sinn Féin's Irish-American supporters. He did not contest the 1923 election. He and Con Collins share the distinction of having been elected in three Irish general elections unopposed by any other candidates. Gaelic League

During <mask>’s time in

masks: Béaslaí Béaslaí


texts:
 London, he gave a lot of his time to the Gaelic League.In the Keating branch of the league, in Ireland, Béaslaí developed an interest in the IRB. Cathal Brugha, a branch member, asked him to join the IRB. The Keating branch was where Béaslaí met Michael Collins, eventually introducing Collins to his cousin and fellow branch member, Elizabeth Mernin. Béaslaí was also instrumental in establishing An Fáinne, an Irish-speaking league whose members vowed to speak solely Irish among themselves and wore a membership badge of a circle. This coincided with his involvement in the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Béaslaí’s love of the Irish language gave him an opportunity to delve into his other hobbies. He wrote for Banba, an Irish journal published by the Gaelic League.He was able to express his love for theatre, in the Gaelic League, forming a group of men called "Na hAisteoirí". Death
Béaslaí died, unmarried, aged 84 on 22 June 1965, in a nursing home in Dublin. He was buried in a plot in Glasnevin Cemetery, after a Requiem Mass in St Columba’s Church, Iona Road, Glasnevin. References

External links

1881 births
1965 deaths
Irish biographers
Irish male writers
Male biographers
Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members
People of the Irish Civil War (Pro-Treaty side)
Early Sinn Féin TDs
Members of the 1st Dáil
Members of the 2nd Dáil
Members of the 3rd Dáil
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Kerry constituencies (1801–1922)
UK MPs 1918–1922
Politicians from Liverpool
Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery
20th-century Irish translators
20th-century


texts:
William-<mask> (1763-1833), the eldest son of Charles-<mask> (1738-1814), took over the direction of his family’s small woolen cloth business at Sedan (Department of Ardennes) in 1781 and rose to become the leading woolens manufacturer in France under Napoleon and during the Restoration. At the height of his success and fame in 1823, he challenged anyone to provide evidence to the contrary. If anyone, he wrote, could prove “... the existence  of a manufacturer, not only in France, but in Europe, who has, at the same time, manufactured a greater amount and   a greater value of woolen stuffs, created more new stuffs, experimented more with the use of raw materials and with the texture of fabrics, added more to the value of common woolen cloths, than I have done in the course of my life, I stand ready to pay this researcher the sum of 100,000 francs for his efforts.”

<mask> was indeed one of the great ‘lanceurs d’affaires’ of the early Industrial Revolution in France. During 1781-1789 he very capably expanded the family woolens business at Sedan from 8 to 150 looms, giving work to over 3,000 men, women and children. The politics of the Revolution interrupted his achievement and led to his exile from France during 1792-98, but he used these years to advantage by studying the woolens industry in England, Germany and Switzerland. He formulated an ambitious business plan for when he would return to France.

masks:
Louis Ternaux
Louis Ternaux
Ternaux


texts: By the time of the "Exposition of the Products of French Industry" in Paris in 1823, when he composed his daring challenge cited above, he had created and was orchestrating a giant mechanized woolens industry employing overall some 20,000 people.Every requirement, from the raising of sheep to the marketing of finished products, was provided for and integrated. His main factories (usines de fabrication) at Sedan, Reims, Louviers and Verviers (Belgium) employed a total of about 800 looms. His factory at Bazancourt, near Reims, was the first in France (1811) where wool was combed and spun by machine. He had experimental model factories for new fabrics (ateliers d’essais) at his summer estate at Saint-Ouen, near Paris. In Paris, there were workshops on the rue Mouffetard for constructing and testing new textiles machines and a chain of ten retail shops for displaying his wares, the most important of which was the Cachemire Français at No.3 Place des Victoires. His main offices and private bank were at the same address. He built a dyeworks at Ternes and a Spanish-style wool washing plant at Auteuil.He had commerce houses in cities throughout Europe as well as in New York, Mexico, Valparaiso and Calcutta. His ship, named 'Ternaux’, carried his goods to ports around the world. Ternaux contributed significantly to the introduction and perfection of merino sheep from Spain and, most famously, in 1818-19 he


texts: brought Tibetan cashmere goats to France and experimented with their fine down for his famous luxury shawls (cachemires, also named 'Ternauxs'). His private herd of about 150 goats at Saint-Ouen supplied the fine wool for his factories at Reims that specialized in high quality fabrics -- "étoffes de goût et de fantasie en laine." Napoleon, on the occasion of a visit to Louviers in June, 1810, awarded Ternaux the cross of the Legion of Honor. In private societies and the councils of Napoleon, as well as in the legislative assemblies of the Restoration, Ternaux was a key spokesman for economic and educational policies for the advancement of French industry. He was a principal founder of the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry (1801) and the first manufacturer appointed to the Ministry of Interior’s advisory Conseil Général des Fabriques et Manufactures (1810).He was a respected member of the important Chamber of Commerce of Paris. In the Chamber of Deputies of the Restoration (1818-1824, 1827-1831), <mask> spoke out in favor of “liberal” measures for the freedom of commerce and industry. He advocated government support for expanding French overseas markets, especially in South America. He opposed strongly the policies of the Comte de Saint-Cricq (Director General of Customs) establishing high tariffs for the protection of French industry and agriculture. <mask>'s speech ("In the name of

masks: Ternaux Ternaux


texts: industry. . .") in the Chamber of Deputies at the time of the 1829 depression in France was a biting, summary attack on Restoration economic policies. <mask> was a close friend of Jean Baptiste Say, the French proponent of laissez faire economics, and he supported Henri Saint-Simon’s concept of an industrial-scientific society headed by the captains of industry.<mask>’s contributions over 50 years to the advancement of the woolens industry in France were truly remarkable. By the late 1820s, however, he was in trouble financially and forced to withdraw gradually from the field. He found it increasingly difficult to compete with less expensive English woolens, and there was growing consumer demand by then for cheaper machine-made cotton goods. In addition, he was having growing problems acquiring fine wools for the production of his luxury goods. His efforts to increase and improve French sheep herds had only limited success, and agricultural interests in France had succeeded in having a high tariff placed on imports of foreign wools. <mask> decided to shift his energies and available investment capital to the manufacture of linens and canvas. He researched the cultivation of flax in France and experimented at Saint-Ouen with machines for the manufacture of linens.Finally, in 1829, he organized a partnership to raise over 2 million francs for the construction of a large, up-to-date linens and canvas

masks: Ternaux Ternaux Ternaux


texts:
 factory at the small village of Boubers-sur-Canche, near Arras (Department of Pas-de-Calais). Unfortunately, just as the Boubers factory was about to begin production, the Revolution of July 1830 in France scared off his investors. The fate of the Boubers venture was still in question when <mask> died accidentally (2 April 1833) at his home in Saint-Ouen. <mask>’s impressive woolens empire did not endure after his sudden and tragic death. His only brother, Etienne-Nicolas, who contributed importantly to the success of ‘Ternaux frères’ from 1795 to 1816, died in 1830. Etienne had liquidated his business relationship with his brother earlier in 1816. In 1816, Ternaux's two sons, Charles-Louis (1791-1835) and Édouard-Louis (1792-1836), were given shares in the business at Louviers and Reims, but were unwilling to carry on in the family enterprise after their father's death.They refused their inheritance which was encumbered with debts. Charles, in 1826, was a partner in a commercial bank in Paris, named <mask>, J. Gandolphe & Company, No.2 rue des Fossés-Montmartre. Édouard had been a partner with his father's associates at Reims, Jobert-Lucas & Company. This company was dissolved in 1829. Ternaux was unmarried in 1833. He divorced his first wife, Françoise Lecomte, in 1795; a second marriage in 1800, to Sabine de Gonzenbach, was annulled in 1811. Family Names

Charles-Louis <mask> (1738-1814),

masks:
Ternaux
William Ternaux
Charles Ternaux
Ternaux


texts:
 father
Marie-Marguerite Malon, mother
Françoise Lecomte, wife (divorced 1795)
Sabine de Gonzenbach, wife (m. 1800; annulled 1811)
Étienne-Nicolas-<mask> (1765-1830), brother
Marie-Louise <mask> (b.1767), sister
Marie-Hélène Ternaux (b.1769), sister
Marie-Louise-Rosalie <mask> (b.1770), sister
Marie-Louise-Victoire Ternaux (b.1772), sister
Charles-Louis <mask> (1791-1835), son
Édouard-<mask> (1792-1836), son

Notes

References
 Bertier de Sauvigny, Guillaume de."Un grand capitaine d'industrie au dêbut du XIXe siècle," Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, vol 28 (1981). Collignon, Maurice. "Ternaux, 1763-1833," Bulletin de la Société d'études diverses de l'arrondissement de Louviers, VII (1903). Ballot, Charles. L'introduction du mechanisme dans l'industrie française (Paris 1923). Degérando, Joseph. "Notice sur M. le baron Ternaux," Bulletin de la société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale," XXXII (1833).Lomüller,L.M. <mask>, 1763-1833: Créature de la première intégration industrielle française (Paris, 1978). Lomüller, L.M. "Un enfant de Sedan: <mask>, 1763-1833," Annales Sedanaises, No.9 (1949). Lomüller, L.M. Existe-t-il des châles Ternaux déssinés par Isabey?" Arts, No.210 (15 avril 1949). Silvestre, A.F. de. "Notice biographique sur M. le baron Ternaux (Guillaume-Louis)," Mémoires d'agriculture, d'économie rurale et domestique, XLI (1834). <mask>, William. Mémoire sur les établissements

masks:
Louis Ternaux
Ternaux
Ternaux
Ternaux
Louis Ternaux
Guillaume Ternaux
Guillaume Ternaux
Ternaux


texts:
 Ternaux, 1807, in Archives Nationales, F12 618. <mask>, William.Mémoire sur les établissements Ternaux, 1809, in Archives Nationales, F12 2353. <mask>, William. "Notice sur l'importation en France des chèvres à laine de cachemire, originaires du Thibet," Bulletin de la société pour l'industrie, XVIII (1819). French businesspeople
Textile industry of France
1763 births
1833


texts:
<mask> (10 February 1702  – 28 July 1786) was an Italian architect. He was also a sculptor and a virtuoso draughtsman, who mixed in the artistic and intellectual circles. He was born and died in Rome. Biography
Marchionni's early career was fostered by his lifelong friend Cardinal Alessandro Albani, a great collector of antiquities. His mature style exhibits a richly-detailed idiomatic repertory on the cusp of Late Baroque and Neoclassicism that may be compared with the similar style by his Italian contemporaries Alessandro Galilei, Ferdinando Fuga or Vanvitelli, or indeed with their French contemporary, Ange-Jacques Gabriel, who designed the (Petit Trianon)

Marchionni's earliest training was as a sculptor. He studied architecture at Rome's Accademia di San Luca, as pupil of Filippo Barigioni, who favored the elaborated style of Borromini. In 1728 Marchionni had come to  Albani's attention after winning first prize in the Academy's Concorso Clementino.<mask>'s Borromini-influenced style is identifiable in Marchionni's early work (1728) for Cardinal Albani's villa at Anzio and at the papal retreat of Castel Gandolfo. Marchionni helped restore and rebuild the choir at San Giovanni in Laterano along with Giovanni Battista Piranesi, who is best known for his etchings of Roman ruins. Piranesi's picturesque approach to Roman antiquity likely influenced Marchionni's style. However, <mask>'s mature work, such as the Villa Albani (1746–63) expresses the courtly decorative classicism of his patron's circle, which included the neoclassicist Winckelmann, curator of Albani's antiquities. After Nicola Salvi's death in 1751, Marchionni help design the Villa's garden façade (illustration, right) is without central emphasis or end pavilions, a single sequence of bays defined by an order of Corinthian pilasters standing on rusticated

masks:
Carlo Marchionni
Marchionni
Marchionni


texts: pilasters of an arcade with arch-head openings of "Palladian" form. The whole façade is surmounted by a running balustrade that emphasizes its linearity. The balustrades, herms and stone vases of the Gardens must be from designs of Marchionni (Gatta).<mask> was appointed papal architect and overseer of works at St Peter's Basilica by Pope Benedict XIV. In 1766, the pope commissioned Marchionni to rebuild the entrance façade of the Museo Profano, the papal collection of antiquities originally displayed by Bramante in the Braccia Nuova of the Vatican, along one side of the Cortile del Belvedere. Two commissions from Pope Pius VI constituted Marchionni's last official Roman projects. One was the new sacristy for St Peter's (1776–84), which had been envisaged by the preceding pontiff, who demolished the mausoleum dedicated to the Madonna of the Fevers that stood on its site. The project was preceded by a public competition. Giovanni Domenico Porta's commemorative canvas from 1776 (now in Palazzo Braschi) shows Pope Pius presenting two large sheets depicting a plan and elevation, which are open upon a draped table. However, the plans in the painting are identified from a detailed contemporary description as those submitted by Giuseppe Subleyras, whereas in the engraving by Camillo Tinti (1780), <mask>'s plans has been substituted, and the half-built sacristy, complete to the first floor, appears in the background view (engraving found at Palazzo Braschi).The imposing Sacristy, an independent building as large as a church, is sited in the angle of the left transept. It consists of the octagonal Sagrestia Comune, the  Sacristy of the Canons, and the Sala of the Chapter. It is connected to the basilica by raised galleries in which Marchionni inserted fragments of Roman bas reliefs. Marchionni also designed church furnishings, such

masks: Marchionni Marchionni


texts:
 as the high altar and rich tabernacle of Santa Caterina a Magnanapoli (1787). Cardinal Albani commissioned from Marchionni the funerary monument (1737–39) located in Santa Maria sopra Minerva, with sculpture by his frequent collaborator Pietro Bracci, to honor Pope Benedict XIII. Marchionni's contribution was limited to a pictorial bas-relief on the sarcophagus, and it may be questioned how much of the Roman sculpture attributed to his design was by his hand: statuary (1741) for the façade of Santa Maria Maggiore; Benedict XIV (1743) for Santa Croce in Gerusalemme; St Ignatius Loyola (1748) for S Apollinare; and patrons' busts  (ca. 1745) for the Collegio di Propaganda Fide.Outside Rome is credited with reliefs depicting scenes from the Life of the Virgin (1747) for the chapel of St John the Baptist, Sao Roch, Lisbon, and  for the chapel of the Madonna del Voto (1748) in the Duomo of Siena and the funerary monument (1747) of Cardinal Giacomo Millo in San Crisogono in Rome. Outside Rome, Cardinal Albani commissioned a façade for the collegiate church at Nettuno (1734). He received papal commissions for the churches of San Domenico in Ancona (from 1763) and Santa Maddalena de Cassinessi in Messina (from 1765). As an engineer, he was responsible for work in the port of Ancona overseen by Luigi Vanvitelli. Throughout his career his scenographic talents were called upon for the temporary decorations required for public events, which are documented in preparatory drawings or presentation drawings, some of which, such as a canonization in Santa Maria sopra Minerva in 1746, have only been recognized as Marchionni's in recent years  Similar drawings by Marchionni are at the Cooper-Hewitt, New York. Not all of Marchionni's drawings are architectural designs. Two albums of his drawings were acquired by the Louvre

The developing


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 Neoclassicism soon dismissed Marchionni's conservative classicised Baroque style.While Winckelmann had declared the Villa Albani "the most beautiful building of our time", in a famous letter from Francesco Milizia to the Venetian connoisseur  Zulian  Milizia dismissed "Marchionnisti", "Michelangiolisti", "Berniniani" and "Borrominiani" as reactionary obscurantists who execrated the young Antonio Canova's fully classical monument to Pope Clement XIV of 1787. Marchioni became principe or director of the Accademia di San Luca starting from 1775. Notes

References
Collins, Jeffrey, 2004. Papacy and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Rome: Pius VI and the Arts (Cambridge University Press)
Debenedetti, Elisa, 1988. <mask>ni: architettura, decorazione e scenografia in series Studi sul Settecento Romano (Rome)
Gaus, Joachim, 1967. <mask>ni. Ein Beitrag zur römischen Architektur des settecento (Cologne: Studi Italiani 9)
Gross, Hanns et al.Rome in the Age of Enlightenment : The Post-Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Régime (Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History)
Paolo Portoghesi, Roma barocca
Caracciolo del Leone, Marcantonio, 1933. "<mask>ni and his Family" (Bollettino Storico-Archeologico di Tivoli)
Piccolini, Celestino, 1942. The Family of <mask>ni (Atti e Memorie della Società Tiburtina di Storia e d'Arte)

External links
 The milieu of <mask>ni (in Italian)
Roberto Piperno, "Baroque architecture in Rome"
 (Holze) Istituto Nazionale per la Graphica, Rome: Drawing for a temporary façade for Palazzo della Valle, Rome, 1747 Detailed catalogue entry (in Italian)
Chris Nybord, "S. Caterina a Magnanapoli"
 Palazzo Braschi: Giovanni Domenico Porta's portrait of Pius (1776), with plans for the new sacristy
Grove Dictionary of Art

1702 births
1786 deaths
Artists from Rome
18th-century Italian architects
Architects from Rome
Italian

masks:
Carlo Marchion
Carlo Marchion
Carlo Marchion
Carlo Marchion
Carlo Marchion


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<mask> (born 23 March 1943, Zagreb) is a Croatian journalist, TV reporter and former advisor to the 2nd Croatian president Stjepan Mesić. Early years

<mask> was born on 23 March 1943 in Zagreb, Independent State of Croatia during World War II. His father was a state clerk and his mother was a teacher of German language. He spent his early life in Zagreb and graduated from the Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb. Before graduating from his faculty, he decided to enter TV journalism and in 1966 he joined the Yugoslav Radio Television (YRT). At first, he worked as a small-time reporter but gradually he became a TV anchor and later a foreign policy reporter. One of his first assignments was a report about the Yom Kippur War in 1973 when he travelled to Egypt and was amongst the first foreign TV news crews to enter Sinai.In the 1980s he went on a journalist seminar in the United States and was the first foreign TV reporter to enter a  NORAD underground base in the Rocky mountains. In 1979, he managed to negotiate in Vienna the opportunity of reporting closely the signing of the SALT II agreement which was supposed to be reserved only for American and Soviet TV crews but <mask> managed to squeeze the Yugoslav crew amongst them. Due to his excellent knowledge of the German language, he was a regular reporter from Austria, West Germany and East Germany. Working as a reporter at JRT in the 1960s, <mask> refused to enter the League of Communists of Croatia which was not a common thing to do. It affected him in doing his job. He was banned from reporting on high-profile Yugoslav politicians (especially Tito) and he was removed from news cases that involved going out of the country. After a few years, he was allowed on doing reports outside the country but he remained banned from Tito.<mask> was allowed to report on

masks:
Tomislav Jakić
Tomislav Jakić
Jakić
Jakić
Jakić


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 Tito only twice. Once he followed him in Austria and the second time in the Netherlands. In the 1970s, <mask> was approached by the Yugoslav secret police UDBA. He was asked to inform them about his trips abroad but he refused. For a while, he was under pressure but eventually they backed off him. Later career

In the late 1980s, he became editor of the news programme at JRT. In 1990, after the first Croatian parliamentary election, Franjo Tuđman came to power as president.<mask> was asked to be the main reporter on Tuđman's tour in the United States and Canada during the Autumn of that year. <mask> reported numerous incidents associated with Ustaše supporters during that tour, including the one where Franjo Tuđman almost held a speech under a picture of Ante Pavelić in Canada. After his return from the tour, <mask> started witnessing the deterioration of his TV house which came under the rule of the new government and later renamed its self to HRT. At first. all ethnic Serb or mixed-marriage employees were fired and banned from entering the station. After that, any employees who didn't support Tuđman and the new regime were also fired and banned. <mask> was critical of the new right-wing regime.In 1992, he quit his job at HRT. In 1995 he moved to Prague and started working for Radio Free Europe. He reported on Croatia and the Croatian War of Independence. He wrote articles about the Croatian war crimes in Operation Storm. Soon later he returned to Croatia where for some time he wasn't able to find a job. At the time, he was invited by Silvije Degen to join the Social Democratic Action of Croatia where he became the party secretary for a couple of years. In 1999, he returned to TV for the last time.He was called in Rijeka to become the TV director at Channel Rijeka which was under the control of the main

masks: Jakić Jakić Jakić Jakić Jakić


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 opposition party, the Social Democratic Party of Croatia. He organised the first live coverage of the traditional Rijeka Carnival and organised the debate for the Croatian presidential election, 2000. In 2001, he resigned after his idea proposals were turned down. Advisor to Stjepan Mesić

After Tuđman's death in 1999 and the victory of the liberal-left coalition in the Croatian parliamentary election, 2000, <mask> tried to regain his old job at HRT but was offered only a job as TV director of the HRT Split local branch. He turned the offer down. In 2000, he sent a job application to president Stjepan Mesić, who had won the presidential elections earlier that year. After some time and pressure, <mask> was accepted and became the president's advisor on foreign policy.He was not only his advisor but also wrote most of his speeches. <mask> was responsible for the buildup of new relations with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He went to Belgrade in 2001 and signed a document which was the beginning of the bilateral relationship between Yugoslavia and Croatia. After the September 11 attacks, <mask> and Mesić were strong supporters of an Anti-terrorist global league. The idea newer came to a true realisation. In 2002, <mask> wrote a speech for Stjepan Mesić in which he explicitly criticized the idea of a US-led military intervention in Iraq, upsetting the American diplomats. He was instrumental in Mesić's decision not to send Croatian troops to Iraq without UN approval.<mask> gave his resignation to president Mesić in 2003 and became a columnist for Slobodna Dalmacija, in which he wrote in a column called Parallels. He wrote about foreign policy and the column lasted for about a year. He gave advice to Mesić for his Croatian presidential election, 2005 campaign, and after Mesić won the elections for his second

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 term, <mask> returned to his old advisory job. During the second presidential term, there were two incidents. The first one was in December 2006 when a video circulated in the media where president Mesić gave a speech in Australia during the early 1990s in which he appeared to glorify the Ustaše fascist movement. Mesić came under heavy public criticism. <mask> organised a fast response for the president, who later apologised in a live TV broadcast.The second incident was in 2008 when George W. Bush announced his visit to Croatia. The protocol for welcoming foreign statesman was always organised by the presidential office but the prime minister at the time, Ivo Sanader, took control and violated the protocol. In response, <mask> advised president Mesić to avoid welcoming Bush and suggested going on a tour of Southeast Asia as previously planned. Neither <mask> nor Mesić were fond of Bush coming to Croatia from the beginning. Mesić finally was forced to drop the idea of avoiding Bush and was part of the welcome protocol in Zagreb. <mask> was an organiser of the 2007 energy summit in Zagreb, where one of the guests was Vladimir Putin. The plan was to bring the South Stream through Croatia but it was never realised.In 2010, president Mesić ended his second and final term as president. <mask> followed the president's footsteps and retired from politics. As of 2016, he is a columnist for Novosti and deals primarily with foreign policy. He published an autobiography in 2010 titled Nisam zavijao s vukovima (I didn't howl with the wolves). In 2017, <mask> has signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins. References

Further reading

1943 births
Living people
Journalists from Zagreb
Croatian television journalists
Signatories of the Declaration on the Common

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<mask>, also spelt <mask> (, ) – (born 26 April 1961 in Luhansk, Ukrainian SSR) is a former Ukrainian football midfielder and the former head coach at FC Arsenal Kyiv. In 1986, he was named the best footballer in the USSR and Ukraine and the 6th best footballer in Europe according to France Football. <mask> is widely regarded to be among the greatest footballers in the history of the USSR and Ukraine, and in 2000 he was included in the Ukrainian Team of The Century according to a poll by the Ukrainsky Futbol weekly. Club career
<mask> started off his career in his home city of Zorya Luhansk. He played in the USSR Premier League for Zorya Luhansk (1977–79, 1982), and also SKA Rostov (1980–81). In 1983–88, he played for the Soviet-Ukrainian giants, Dynamo Kyiv, with whom he won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1985–86, scoring in the final itself. <mask> later played for Juventus between 1988 and 1990, becoming the first Soviet player to play in Serie A; he won the Coppa Italia and the UEFA Cup under manager Dino Zoff in 1990, and also wore the iconic number 10 shirt in his first season with the team, which had formerly belonged to club legend Michel Platini, although he later switched to the number 9 shirt, and the number 10 shirt was given to Giancarlo Marocchi the following season.Although much was initially expected of <mask> at the Turin-based club, his time with Juventus was considered to be less successful, despite his two title victories; in spite of the arrival of compatriot Sergei Aleinikov in his second season with the team, <mask> also had difficulties settling in at the club, due to his strenuous relationship with the club's manager, Dino Zoff, and also as he struggled to learn Italian. He subsequently transferred to Nancy in 1990, where he remained for five seasons, before finally moving to Saint-Dizier in 1995, retiring after three seasons, in 1998.

International career
<mask> had 41 caps for the USSR, scoring six goals including two in the

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Oleksandr Anatoliyovych Zavarov
Aleksandr Anatoljević Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov
Zavarov


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 World Cup finals in 1986 and 1990. He also played in the Euro 1988 in which the USSR team were runners-up. Style of play
A creative, quick, agile and skilful midfielder, <mask> was primarily known for his excellent technical ability, two-footedness, stamina, and tactical intelligence, and was usually deployed as an attacking midfielder or as a supporting striker, although he was also capable of playing as a deep-lying playmaker, due to his versatility, vision, and long passing accuracy. <mask> played a key role in Valeri Lobanovski's successes with Dynamo Kyiv, and his dribbling skills and playmaking ability led his Dynamo Kyiv coach to compare him to Diego Maradona. Despite the talent he demonstrated and the success he had both with Ukrainian club Dynamo Kyiv and the Soviet national team at Euro 1988, which earned him a reputation as one of the greatest players to ever come out of the Soviet Union, his time in Italy with Juventus was less successful, and he failed to live up to initial expectations in Serie A. Due to his inconsistent displays and his lack of accuracy in front of goal, he drew criticism from the press, who also singled out his surprisingly poor work-rate and movement off the ball; he was also accused of lacking confidence, and of not being an effective assist-provider for the team.Because of his timid character, it was also argued that he lacked the necessary leadership skills to carry the team, and fill the void left by Michel Platini in the advanced midfield playmaking role during the post-Trapattoni crisis. Managerial career
<mask> began his coaching career with Saint Dizier CO as a player-coach. He had a short spell as a head coach of FC Wil in 2003–04, however because he lacked the necessary UEFA licence, he was given the position of director of football with the club. He is currently manager of Ukrainian team Arsenal Kyiv. Career statistics

International goals

Honours

Club
Dynamo Kyiv
Winner
 USSR Premier League (2): 1985,

masks: Zavarov Zavarov Zavarov


texts:
 1986
 USSR Cup (3): 1981, 1985, 1987
 UEFA Cup Winners Cup: 1985–86

Juventus
Winner
 Coppa Italia: 1989–90
 UEFA Cup: 1989–90

International
Soviet Union
 UEFA European Football Championship runner-up: 1988

Individual
 IOC European Footballer of the Season: 1985–86
 Soviet Footballer of the Year: 1986
 Ukrainian Footballer of the Year: 1986
 Ukrainian Team of the Century (poll by "Ukrainsky Futbol"): 2000
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1985–86 top scorer. Ballon d'Or
 1986 – 6th
 1987 – 17th
 1988 – 8th
 1989 – 23rd

References

External links
 Player profile and statistics at Ukrsoccerhistory.com

 Profile of Zavarov on Arsenal Kiev official site

1961 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Luhansk
Ukrainian footballers
Soviet footballers
Soviet Union international footballers
Soviet expatriate footballers
Ukrainian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in France
Soviet expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Soviet expatriate sportspeople in France
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
AS Nancy Lorraine players
Juventus F.C. players
Serie A players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Zorya Luhansk players
Soviet Top League players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1988 players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
FC SKA Rostov-on-Don players
FC Metalist Kharkiv managers
FC Arsenal Kyiv managers
Expatriate football managers in France
Expatriate football managers in Switzerland
Expatriate football managers in Kazakhstan
FC Astana-1964 managers
Ukrainian Premier League managers
FC Saint Dizier CO managers
FC Wil managers
Ukraine national football team managers
Ukrainian football managers
Ukrainian expatriate football managers
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in France
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Ukrainian people of Russian descent
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Association football midfielders
UEFA Cup winning players
Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine),


texts: Sir <mask>  is a practising barrister at Blackstone Chambers specialising in public law (including constitutional, administrative, human rights and the design and implementation of national constitutions). He was the inaugural Director of the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law from 2010 - 2015. He is Emeritus Professor of Public Law at University College London where he was Dean of the Law Faculty and a Vice Provost. He is the author of leading publications in his field (see selected bibliography). In 2011 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) for "services to human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe". He is a Bencher of Middle Temple and holds honorary degrees from the Universities of Athens, Ritsumeikan, Cape Town and Paris 2. He is an Honorary Fellow of University College London and Hertford College, Oxford.In 2016 he was awarded the National Order of the Southern Cross by the President of Brazil for his contribution to constitutionalism and the rule of law internationally. In 2020 he was elected as a Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has variously been listed as one of The Times' most influential lawyers. <mask> has held a number of public appointments including Non-Executive Director of the Office of Rail Regulation; Member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution; Chair of the British Waterways Ombudsman Committee, Chair of the Council of the Institute for Philanthropy, and Trustee of a number of charities, including the Sigrid Rausing Trust and the UK Branch of the South African

masks:
Jeffrey Jowell
Jowell


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 Constitutional Court Trust. He is a member of the Foreign Secretary's Advisory committee on Human Rights. Between 2000 - 2011 he was the UK's member on the Council of Europe's Commission for Democracy through Law ("The Venice Commission"). Professional life
<mask>'s professional career includes a mix of academic scholarship, academic and other administration, and practice as a barrister and constitutional advisor.Scholarship
<mask> has produced leading publications on a number of legal issues, but his principal work can be divided into four strands. His first published paper made the case for a statute against racial and religious discrimination at a time when the UK had none. That paper (which influenced the campaign to introduce anti-discrimination laws in the mid-sixties) also dealt with the institutional means to achieve the most effective implementation of such laws (rejecting a criminal approach). This interest in institutional design led to his second major area of interest, the merits and demerits of judicial control of administrative discretion, challenging the widely held view at that time that such as welfare recipients needed no right to challenge decisions to grant or refuse their benefits. He then turned to a third issue, neglected at the time, of the extent to which judges could interfere with the substance of, rather than the procedure by which, decisions are made by public bodies (under the notions of ‘unreasonableness’ and ‘proportionality’). This was followed by work on the related issue of ‘judicial deference’ more generally. After his involvement in the

masks: Jowell Jowell


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 drafting process of the South African constitution,  he turned to a fourth issue: the extent to which certain principles or rights are implied in the UK’s uncodified constitution, and in particular, whether the principles of equality and the rule of law are inherent components of the UK's constitution, and indeed of any constitutional democracy.In 1993, <mask> joined Lord Woolf as joint author of the leading text, de Smith’s Judicial Review (then in its third edition, now in its eighth), which proved to be an important channel through which to advance his ideas to the practising profession. Academic Administration
During the course of his academic career <mask> was, on two occasions, Dean  of University College London’s Law Faculty In between, he was a Vice Provost of UCL and Head of its Graduate School, where he advocated its new School of Public Policy. In both roles he advanced programmes to make UCL more connected to London intellectual life and to involve practitioners and judges in its legal work. He was one of the first law deans to engage in successful fundraising, concentrating on developing the Faculty into a leading international centre of comparative law, with the opportunity for students to study in the great universities of Europe and elsewhere. This attracted outstanding scholars, such as Professor Ronald Dworkin, to UCL’s Law Faculty, which was consistently rated as one of the top law schools in the country. In 2010 <mask> was appointed the inaugural Director of the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law, which soon established itself as a significant centre for the

masks: Jowell Jowell Jowell


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 study and promotion of the rule of law, considering issues such as devolution, closed trials, schools programmes, immigrants’ rights, the rule of law in Parliament etc. The Centre also worked on rule of law matters abroad, in countries such as Myanmar, Bahrain and Turkey.Practice and advice
<mask> has always combined his academic life with  practice at the English Bar, in Blackstone Chambers. He advises over a broad range of public law and human rights issues, particularly in relation to the powers and accountability of public officials. He has appeared in the UK Supreme Court, the Privy Council, and also the courts of countries such as Malawi, the Southern African Development Community Tribunal in Namibia, in Bermuda and the Cayman Islands. As one of a small number of experts on the drafting of national constitutions, he has been involved in the constitutions of South Africa, the Cayman Islands, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Georgia, the Gambia and elsewhere. He has regularly advised on the constitutions of a number of British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. As the UK’s member on the Venice Commission (the Council of Europe’s Commission for Democracy Through Law) he advised on the constitutions and public law of a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans, chairing the committee which produced the Commission’s influential document on The Rule of Law. Personal life

<mask> was born on 4 November 1938 in Cape Town, South Africa.He attended the University of Cape Town (BA. LL.B 1961), where he was active in the student resistance to the growing

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Jowell
Jeffrey Jowell


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 apartheid measures at that time. He then studied at Oxford University (MA 1963), where he was President of the Oxford Union, and at Harvard Law School (LLM 1966;  SJD 1970). In 1963 he married Frances Suzman, an art historian, daughter of the physician Moses Suzman and Helen Suzman, the anti-apartheid activist and politician. They have two children, <mask> QC and <mask>, and four grandchildren. <mask>'s younger brother Sir <mask> is a social statistician who also settled in the UK. Selected publications
 Jowell J., Lord Woolf et al,.de Smith's Judicial Review (8th ed. 2018). Thomson Reuters. <mask> J. (Ed. with O'Cinneide, C). The Changing Constitution (9th ed.2018). Oxford University Press. <mask> J. The Rule of Law. The Changing Constitution (2018) p. 3. <mask> J. and Rose D., Beyond Anisminic: The Rule of Law and Ouster Clauses after Privacy International  in D.Clarry (ed. ), The Supreme Court Yearbook (2018-19) p 140.Jowell J. Brexit Judicialised: Crown v Parliament Again. The UK Supreme Court Yearbook (2016–17) p. 238. Jowell J. Proportionality and Unreasonableness: Neither Merger nor Takeover. H.Wilberg and M. Elliott (Ed.) The Scope and Intensity of Substantive Review (2015) page 41 (Bloomsbury). Jowell J et al, The Barclay Case : Beyond Kilbrandon. The Jersey and Guernsey Law Review (Feb. 2017).<mask>, J. (2006). Parliamentary Sovereignty under the New Constitutional Hypothesis. Public Law, Autumn 2006, 562-579. <mask>, J. (2003). Administrative Law.In V. Bognador (Ed. ), The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century (pp. 373–400). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Daniel Jowell
Joanna Jowell
Jowell
Roger Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell
Jowell


texts:
 <mask>, J. (2003). Judicial Deference and Human Rights: A Question of Competence.In P. Craig, R. Rawlings (Eds. ), Law and Administration in Europe: Essays in Honour of Carol Harlow (pp. 67–81). Oxford University Press. <mask>,J. The Road to Constitutionalism in the UK. In G.Nolte (ed.), European and US Constitutionalism. Science and Technique of Democracy Series, no.37, COE 2003, p.21
 <mask>, J. (2003). Judicial deference: servility, civility or institutional capacity?. Public Law, Winter 2003, 592-601. <mask>, J. (2002).Administrative Justice and the New Constitutionalism in the United Kingdom. In H. Corder, L. Vijver (Eds. ), Realising Administrative Justice. <mask>, J. (2000). "Beyond the Rule of Law: Towards Constitutional Judicial Review". Public Law, Winter, 671-683.<mask>, J. L. (1999). Of Vires and Vacuums: the Constitutional Context of Judicial Review. Public Law, 448-460. <mask>, J. L. (1997). European Administrative Law: A Case Study in Convergence. In H. Corder, T. Maluwa (Eds. ), Administrative Justice in Southern Africa (pp.177–184). Cape Town: University of Cape Town. Jowell J. Is Equality a Constitutional Principle? Current Legal Problems (1994). Jowell J (with Lester A). Beyond Wednesbury: Substantive Principles of Judicial Review.Public Law, 1987. <mask> J. The Legal Control of Administrative Discretion. Public Law 1973. <mask>, J. Lord Denning’s Contribution to Administrative Law, in J.<mask> and JPWB McAuslan (ed), Lord Denning: The Judge and the Law. 1984. <mask> J Law and Bureaucracy: Administrative Discretion and the Limits of Legal Action (Dunellen Press)

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texts:
 (1975).<mask> J. The Administrative Enforcement of Laws Against Discrimination. Public Law. 1965. References

External links
 Biography at Blacksone Chambers

Living people
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Cape Town alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Presidents of the Oxford Union
Harvard Law School alumni
English Queen's


texts:
D<mask> (April 1, 1942 – September 10, 2018) was an American politician who served in the Utah State Senate representing the 10th Utah Senate District. He began his service as a state senator in 2001 and resigned in 2011 citing health problems. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Logan, Utah on April 1, 1942, and graduated from Utah State University with a B.S. in Marketing/Economics in 1967. Upon graduating from Utah State University he was employed at Amoco Oil Company from 1967 to 1976 as a Retail Sales Manager. In 1976 he became the Executive Director of the Petroleum Retails Organization. He was director of the Utah Boys Ranch, now known as West Ridge Academy, a boarding school for boys.<mask> was married to Helen; they had six children and lived in West Jordan, Utah. He successfully ran for the West Jordan City Council in 1970, and served on the City Council until 1983. <mask> ran for the Utah Senate in 2000, and served as Utah State Senator for district 10 from 2001 to 2011. <mask> served in various Republican Party leadership positions. <mask> was also a recipient of the Boy Scouts of America's Silver Beaver Award for distinguished service to the BSA. He died in 2018 after a period of declining health. Legislation and policy
Buttars sponsored legislation against gay straight alliances in public schools, introduced a resolution urging companies to have their employees say "Merry Christmas" rather than "Happy Holidays" to customers, as well as an Intelligent Design Bill.Buttars sponsored legislation to fund drug treatment programs, supported raising the minimum wage and assisting child crime victims. In February, 2010, Buttars proposed eliminating

masks:
. Chris Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars
Buttars


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 the 12th grade from Utah high schools to close a budget shortfall. Intelligent design
During the 2006 General Session of the 56th Utah State Legislature <mask> sponsored S.B. 96, an Intelligent Design Bill. The bill would allow instructors to teach students that evolution is a controversial theory and counter it with the pseudoscience of Creationism, using the term "Divine Design." The New York Times called the bill "Anti-Darwin" and critics have pointed to Buttars' words "Divine Design" as evidence for its religious undertow. The bill passed in the Senate but failed in the House of Representatives.Accusations of racism
In an interview with radio hosts Tom Grover & Ryan Yonk, <mask> said that he "[doesn't] know of an example where the minority is being jeopardized by legislative action." When Grover mentioned Brown v. Board of Education, which desegregated American schools, <mask> responded that he thought "Brown v. Board of Education is wrong to begin with." In response to public reaction to his statements and accusations of racism, <mask> responded, "I don't think there's a racial [sic] bone in my body..." and "I don't see black and white. I see people. I always have." During a debate of a school-funding bill on the floor of the State Senate in February 2008, the bill's sponsor compared the bill to the baby involved in the Biblical story of King Solomon. <mask> responded saying, "This baby is black, I'll tell you.This is a dark, ugly thing." <mask> apologized for a remark on the State Senate floor, saying, "I got a little carried away, and I made a comment that I think a lot of people could take as racist. I certainly did not mean that in any way, but it was

masks: Buttars Buttars Buttars Buttars Buttars Buttars


texts:
 wrong and could easily be taken in just that way. I apologize to anyone who took offense." In an interview, <mask> said, "We live in a very, very sensitive world. Although what I said had literally nothing in my mind to do with a human being at all — we were talking about an ugly bill — I made a statement that could be easily misinterpreted, and it was." Accusations of racism were made an issue in his 2008 re-election bid against Democrat John Rendell.Less than six months after <mask>' re-election, he was recorded saying of the ACLU, "bless their black little hearts," in an interview with documentary maker and former KTVX ABC 4 reporter Reed Cowan. Cowan’s documentary is called,  "8: The Mormon Proposition." Gay rights
Buttars was outspoken on issues dealing with homosexuality, and co-sponsored Utah Constitutional Amendment 3 with Utah Boys Ranch colleague LaVar <mask>, which defined marriage in Utah as consisting "only of the legal union between a man and a woman." Buttars criticized the domestic partnership executive order signed by Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson. Buttars also introduced legislation that would ban gay clubs and gay-straight alliances in public schools. In 2008 Salt Lake City's newly elected Mayor Ralph Becker introduced a domestic partnership registry that was unanimously approved by the City Council. On February 11, 2008 Buttars introduced a counter bill, SB0267, designed to prevent cities or counties from operating any kind of domestic partnership registry, on the grounds that such registries would violate Utah Constitutional Amendment 3's ban on same-sex marriage and domestic unions.The bill failed. In a January 2009 interview with

masks: Buttars Buttars Christensen