texts:
 the early music group, Musica Secreta: a theatrical adaptation using the music of the period and with a choir, performed in churches and at early music festivals around Britain. Since then, she has been working on the history of the Borgia family, seeking to separate the colorful historical truth from the smear and gossip that built up during their lives, and in history after their deaths. It has made her a passionate advocate for better historical accuracy in popular TV series like The Borgias. As a journalist she has reviewed for many UK newspapers, edited two books of essays on political correctness and millennial anxieties, and currently reviews for the New York Times. Awards/citations
Her crime novels were three times shortlisted for the CWA Golden dagger award, and in 1994 she won a silver dagger for Fatlands. In 2010 Sacred Hearts was shortlisted for the first Walter Scott Historical Fiction Prize, an award which highlighted the growing power and popularity of the form.She is an accredited lecturer for NADFAS the UK arts charity, which promotes education and appreciation of fine arts. In 2016, she was awarded an honorary doctorate of letters from Oxford Brookes University, where she is a guest lecturer on the Creative writing M.A. course. Views
In her journalism and public speaking, she is a feminist, and an advocate for legalisation of marijuana. A Catholic by birth, she has also written about the importance of religion in history and the need for Catholicism to reform itself. Bibliography

Mystery

Marla Masterson (co-written with Peter Busby as <mask>)
 Exterminating Angels, 1983. London, David & Charles.Intensive Care, 1986. London, Andre Deutsch. Hannah Wolfe
 Birth Marks,


type: original

texts:
 1992. New York, Doubleday. Fatlands, 1993. New York, Penzler Books. Under My Skin, 1995.New York, Scribner Book Co.

Standalone
 Snow Storms in a Hot Climate, 1988. New York, Random House. Transgressions, 1997. New York, HarperCollins. Mapping the Edge, 1999. New York, Random House. Historical Novels of the Italian Renaissance

The Borgias
 Blood and Beauty, 2013.London, Virago Press. In the Name of the Family, 2017. London, Virago Press. Standalone
 The Birth of Venus, 2003. New York, Random House. In the Company of the Courtesan, 2006. London, Virago Press.Sacred Hearts, 2009. New York, Random House. Non-Fiction
 The War of the Words: The Political Correctness Debate, 1995. London, Virago Press. The Age of Anxiety, 1996. London, Virago Press. (with Roy Porter)

Awards
 1993 Silver Dagger Award, for Crime Fiction, winner, Fatlands
 2010 Walter Scott Prize, for historical fiction, shortlist, Sacred Hearts

References

External links

 Transcript of interview with Ramona Koval, The Book Show, ABC Radio National, 15 April 2007

 <mask> interview from Open2.net
 Listen to an audio slideshow interview with <mask> talking about Sacred Hearts on The Interview Online
 "<mask> is a Fellow on the MA in Creative Writing at Oxford Brookes University"

1950 births
Living people
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
English women novelists
English historical novelists
English thriller writers
English crime fiction writers
English people of Welsh descent
People educated at Godolphin and Latymer School
20th-century English novelists
21st-century British novelists
20th-century English women writers
21st-century English women writers
Women mystery writers
Women thriller writers
Women historical

masks:
Sarah Dunant
Sarah Dunant
Sarah


texts:
<mask> (born 28 June 1973) is an Austrian classical singer who has performed operatic roles in soprano, mezzo-soprano and contralto repertory. She has appeared at opera houses in Vienna and internationally. She has performed early operas such as Legrenzi's Il Giustino as well as new works, creating the role of Gora in the premiere of Reimann's Medea at the Vienna State Opera. She recorded Lieder by Mussorgsky, Bach's Christmas Oratorio with Peter Schreier and Beethoven's Missa solemnis with Nikolaus Harnoncourt. From 2015, she has focused on concert singing. Career
Born in Oberpullendorf, <mask> achieved the Matura in 1991. She studied Russian,  and musicology.She was a choir singer in several notable choirs in Vienna, including Arnold Schoenberg Chor, Concentus Vocalis Wien, Wiener Singakademie, Wiener Kammerchor and . She began voice studies in 1995 at the Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien with Helena Lazarska. She completed her studies in both Oper and Lied und Oratorium as a master of arts mit Auszeichnung. She was immediately engaged to appear as Pamina in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte at the Wiener Volksoper in 2001, followed by other Mozart roles such as the Countess in Le nozze di Figaro and Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni. In 2004, <mask> changed to mezzo-soprano, with the title role of Suppé's Boccaccio, staged by Helmuth Lohner. She appeared as Orpheus in Gluck's Orphée et Eurydice at the Opéra National de Paris in June 2005. In the New Year's Eve 2006 production of Die

masks:
Elisabeth Kulman
Kulman
Kulman


texts:
 Fledermaus, she was Prince Orlofsky, a performance that garnered her the .She sang the title role of Bizet's Carmen at the Staatsoper Berlin in 2007. In 2010, she appeared as Gora in the premiere of Aribert Reimann's Medea at the Vienna State Opera. In 2011 she appeared in Berlin again as Smeton in Donizetti's Anna Bolena, alongside Anna Netrebko in the title role and Elīna Garanča as Giovanna Seymour. In the field of historically informed performance, she appeared in two opera revivals at the Schwetzingen Festival, both conducted by Thomas Hengelbrock, in 2005 in Alessandro Scarlatti's Telemaco, and in 2007 in the title role of Giovanni Legrenzi's Il Giustino. As a Lied singer, often with Walter Moore as the pianist, she has focused on unusual repertory such as Mussorgsky Dis-Covered, a project of , and Mahler arrangements with the ensemble Amarcord Wien. She recorded Bach's Christmas Oratorio on DVD, conducted by Peter Schreier who also performed the part of the Evangelist, with the Münchener Bach-Chor, the Bach Collegium München, Sibylla Rubens, Martin Petzold and Andreas Scheibner. In 2013, she recorded Beethoven's Missa solemnis, conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt, with the Netherlands Radio Choir, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and alongside Marlis Petersen, Werner Güra and Gerald Finley.From April 2015, she has focused on concerts. Grazer Gartenfestival 2000; Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien 2001; Volksoper Wien 2003 and 2004
 Mme Euterpova – Menotti: Help! Help! The


texts:
<mask> (born in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico 1957) is a Mexican investor who is the founder and managing partner of Fintech Advisory, a firm that specializes in corporate and sovereign debt. Fintech has offices in London and New York City, and he currently divides his time between those two cities. Described as "the most influential Mexican on Wall Street," <mask> played a major role in the restructuring of Argentina's sovereign debt and described himself in 2013 as having participated in nearly every restructuring of sovereign debt during the previous 25 years. His investments have been characterized as extending "from New York to Patagonia." He is a major holder of assets in Argentina, with Fintech Media LLC, a subsidiary of Fintech Advisory, owning "more than a billion dollars in financial assets" in Argentina alone. Early life and education
<mask> was born to <mask> and Julia Guzmán in Monterrey, Mexico. His family lived an average life until his father inherited a small fortune.Later, <mask> moved to Rome and enrolled in Legion of Christ Seminary to become a priest. After just six months he decided he was not suited for that vocation. The New York Times has noted that <mask>'s hometown, Monterrey, "is home to some of Mexico's largest industrial companies," with power being "heavily concentrated among businessmen in the so-called Group of 10, a club that includes the Sada family." Although <mask> "was not a part of that circle, he has cultivated deep connections to it," helping the Sadas in 2004, for example, when one of their firms went bankrupt, and, later, becoming involved in the bankruptcy of the Sada-owned firm Vitro. According to one source, <mask>'s "paternal great great grandmother was the sister of the paternal grandfather of Adrian Sada." "As a young man," according to The New York Times, <mask> "was a member of Regnum Christi, an evangelical group related to the Legionaries of Christ, an influential Roman Catholic order in Mexico that includes among its benefactors the billionaire Carlos Slim." After earning a degree

masks:
David Martínez Guzmán
Martínez
David Martínez
Manuel Martínez
Martínez
Martínez
Martínez
Martínez
Martínez


texts:
 in electrical engineering from the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM or Tec de Monterrey), he "moved to Rome to study philosophy at the Pontifical Gregorian University and considered becoming a priest."He soon decided, however, that he did not have a clerical vocation, and instead obtained a loan from a friend's father in order to study at Harvard Business School. There he excelled as a student, made important connections, and earned an MBA. Career
After receiving his MBA, <mask> went to work for Citigroup, taking a position on the emerging-markets desk in New York. At Citigroup he began to work "with distressed debt in far-flung places." In 1985, he left Citigroup. Fintech
When he turned 30 in 1987, <mask> started Fintech, reportedly with the help of a US$300,000 loan from his grandmother, which he was able to repay with interest within a year. One of <mask>'s most notable negotiations involved the restructuring of the debt of the Mexican chemicals and textile conglomerate Celulosa y Derivados, Sociedad Anónima (CYDSA), a company that had denied him a job when he was younger.CYDSA agreed to an exchange of debt for equity that would hand control of the company to creditors. Fintech bought US$400 million of CYDSA debt for US$40 million and thereby obtained 60% of the shares, taking control of the company from its founders, the Gonzalez Sada family. Restructuring of Argentina's debt
<mask> has been heavily involved in the Argentinian economy for many years. In 1994, he "invested in the wrecked Argentinean economy by buying government bonds with a maturity of 37 years for $834 million." "Fintech was one of the major participants in the exchange of 2005," wrote William Dahill, a lawyer for <mask>. "He realized that the only way" that Argentina could recover from its economic crisis "would be through a reduction of its liabilities, which would allow the economy to grow and the country regain a minimum level of creditworthiness." Between 2004 and 2006, according to Daniel Marx, a former Finance Secretary of

masks: Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez


texts:
 Argentina, <mask> paid $100 million on the secondary market for Argentine bonds with a nominal value of $700 million.His "wholesale" purchase of defaulted Argentinian bonds was considered an act of "loyalty" to Argentina by Kirchner and others. During Argentina's worst economic times, he bought into "almost all" of the country's large firms, "from Telecom to Transener." Ties to Kirchner family
<mask> has been described as being "closely linked" to the late Argentinian president Nestor Kirchner and as having been a "friend" of Kirchner's. According to one source, "whenever the former president traveled to the United States, he made a place in his schedule" for a meeting with <mask>. Describing <mask> as "Kirchner's Mexican friend," Italy's leading newspaper, Corriere della Sera, has noted that the rise in <mask>'s economic fortunes "coincided with the exceptional political cavalcade of the Kirchners after the collapse of the South American country in December 2001." It is known that Guillermo Nielsen, then Secretary of Finance under Nestor Kirchner, met <mask> in Dubai in September 2003 to discuss the restructuring of Argentina's debt, and that the two men met six to 10 more times in New York, London, and elsewhere to continue the conversation. Over time, the "relationship between <mask> and the Kirchner government became stronger."In 2006, <mask> met Kirchner himself at the Argentine Consulate in New York. Five days later, "<mask> purchased 40 % shares of Cablevisión , the cable television system of Grupo Clarin, the largest media company in Argentina. <mask> can be seen sitting in the front row of the audience in a video of the 2007 inauguration of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. Cablevisión
Martínez bought Cablevisión "without any concern for antitrust legislation," and did so at a time when Nestor Kirchner "decided to put his electoral campaign in the hands of Grupo Clarin" and allowed the purchase by <mask> of 50% of Cablevisión. In 2005, Kirchner signed a decree extending broadcast licenses by 10 years; on December 7, 2007, three

masks: Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez


texts:
 days before leaving office, he signed a decree permitting the merger of Clarin and <mask>'s Cablevisión. After <mask>'s purchase of Telecom Argentina, it was noted that his ownership of major stakes in both this firm and Cablevisión is illegal under Argentinian law. "<mask> could be forced to sell Cablevisión," reported Corriere della Sera."But Christina Kirchner will decide." As of 2014, he held 40 percent of Cablevisión. Vitro
The New York Times reported on October 11, 2012, on <mask>'s involvement in the bankruptcy of Vitro, a 103-year-old Mexican glassmaking firm run by the Sada family, an event that was surrounded by "Allegations…of covert meetings, fraudulent debts and crooked courts" and that ended up with "the company in the hands of its shareholders, while costing bondholders as much as 60 percent of their investment." The Times traced the story to 2009, when <mask> loaned Vitro $75 million in exchange for the title to several of its properties and an option to return them to Vitro later in exchange for a 24 percent stake in the firm. In 2010, <mask> "went to the different banks that Vitro owed money to and bought the claims," thus becoming the firm's "biggest individual outside creditor, owning about $600 million worth of claims." Vitro "began taking big loans from its subsidiaries, in effect creating a fresh class of creditors outside of the hedge funds — a group under its control, with the rights to approve any bankruptcy plan. Subsidiaries went from owing the parent company about $1.2 billion to being owed $1.5 billion."With <mask>'s help, Vitro "outvoted many other bondholders to approve a reorganization plan" that paid creditors about 40 to 60 percent of what they were owed and kept the Sada family in control. In response, American investor Paul Singer's firm, Elliott Associates, and other hedge funds, which together owned about $700 million of Vitro's old debt, claimed that <mask> had helped Vitro "muscle investors out of hundreds of millions of dollars through financial sleight of hand," and accused Vitro of

masks: Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez


texts: "audacity, brazen manipulation and greed." Singer and the hedge funds sued Vitro and Fintech in the U.S., where a Dallas court ruled in their favor in summer 2012. An appellate court trial began in October. This legal battle, reported the Times, was "drawing back a curtain on Mr. <mask>'s secretive world" and "could have implications for other companies in the world's fastest-growing economies." Arturo Porzecanski, economist in residence at American University's School of International Service, told the Times that the case "highlighted apparent loopholes in the bankruptcy law of Mexico, through which Vitro ran an 18-wheel truck." The Financial Times published an article by <mask> on March 7, 2013, in which he argued that Judge Griesa's "interference" might "make future sovereign restructurings impossible, setting a dangerous precedent for the world's financial system."Succumbing to "the demands of holdout creditors," wrote <mask>, Griesa had ordered the Argentinian government to pay them $1.3 billion. Noting that the "all sovereign restructurings" had been successful "partly because nations have most of their assets protected by law," <mask> characterized "holdout creditors" as "free riders" whom most nations pay off to avoid harassment; however, "Argentina's leadership, which knows how to fight, opted to defend itself against the world's most litigious funds, which now want to collect in full. These funds are seeking to reap the benefits of Buenos Aires' improved payment capacity – a result of the losses accepted by the vast majority during the restructuring." <mask> called it a "scandal" that Griesa was forcing this majority "to share the interest payments they accepted on their restructured bonds with the minority that litigated," an arrangement which would doubly punish "those who contributed in favour of those who did not." <mask> concluded: "Not only is Mr Griesa's decision unfair – it will also lead to society paying a price in the form of more protracted debt restructurings with less certain outcomes." On March 11, the

masks: Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez


texts:
 Financial Times ran a reply by Robert Shapiro of American Task Force Argentina, calling <mask>'s article "a disservice to the FT's readers" and saying that Argentina's actions "pose the real threat to global finance." Shapiro explained that since Argentina's 2001 debt default, "the regimes of Néstor Kirchner and Christina Kirchner Fernandez have rejected every tenet of global finance.They refused to negotiate with bondholders, took four years to issue a 'take-it-or-leave-it' offer of 27 cents on the dollar or barely half the international norm, repudiated the debt of 25 per cent of bondholders who rejected that low-ball offer, and ignored more than 100 directives from US courts to honour their obligations." Rejecting <mask>'s claim that Griesa had ordered "those who accepted the last restructuring…to 'share' what is owed to them," Shapiro stated that Griesa had "simply upheld Argentina's own original contract…and noted that under US law the Argentine government cannot choose to pay some creditors and not others." Shapiro commented that "The real victims of the Kirchners' long campaign to ignore their nation's obligations are the Argentine people," and quoted the recent statement by the Argentinian daily La Nación that "The main impediment for ending the conflict with the holdouts is that the government is prioritising the media battle with the creditors over channelling its energy towards seeking a technical solution." Banco de Sabadell
In September 2013 it was reported that he had "bought 5 percent of Banco Sabadell"." He was appointed member of the Board of Directors on 27 March 2014 (re-elected on 19 April 2018). Telecom Argentina
Bloomberg News reported on November 14, 2013, that Fintech Group had agreed to pay $860 million for Telecom Italia SpA's 68 percent holding in Sofora Telecomunicaciones, the controlling holding company of Telecom Argentina through Nortel Inversora, plus a direct minority stake, plus $100 million for related assets, for a total of $960 million. This deal pitted him "against the mobile-phone business of

masks: Martínez Martínez


texts:
 Carlos Slim in South America's second-biggest economy" and "expand[ed] <mask>'s bets beyond holdings such as cable assets and Argentina's sovereign debt as he seeks to benefit from increasing Web and video use on mobile devices."Bloomberg reported that "Telecom Argentina and the local unit of fellow Mexican billionaire Slim's America Movil SAB (AMXL) each have about a third of the nation's wireless market." Noting that "Fintech has investments in Argentina's sovereign debt as well as in many restructured companies including a stake in the country's largest cable company, Cablevisión SA," Bloomberg quoted <mask> as saying, "We see tremendous opportunities for growth in the Argentine market and are committed to an important investment program to take advantage of those opportunities." A The Wall Street Journal article, published on November 10, 2013, described <mask>'s decision to invest in Argentina "an unusual call," given that "Argentina has been a cautionary tale for many investors since its 2001 default on $100 billion in sovereign debt" and that its last two presidents, Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Kirchner, had "repeatedly gone mano a mano with big business," nationalizing an oil company and seeking to force the Clarin media group to break up its business. The Journal described <mask> as "part of a small group of investors who are willing to overlook Argentina's status as a financial pariah and bet long term," in the expectation that "the next government to be more pragmatic and less hostile to business." A joint exit
In March 2014 <mask> called together several representatives of funds with holdings in Argentine bonds, with the intention of beginning to negotiate a joint exit for the bondholders. José Luis Manzano, a media entrepreneur and former member of the Menem government, was also involved in the negotiations, and both he and <mask> "assured their partners that they had the approval of the Government" to negotiate a deal. Reportedly, <mask> had asked JP Morgan to come up with an attractive offer for the bonds.Art

masks: Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez Martínez


texts:
 collection
Specializing in modern and contemporary works, <mask> has been reported as also owning pieces by Mark Rothko, Pablo Picasso and Damien Hirst. In 2006 he reportedly set a record for the highest price paid for a piece of art with the purchase of a Jackson Pollock painting from <mask>. Pollock's painting  "No. 5, 1948" sold for US$140 million (£73m),  on 1 November 2006. However, the auction expert Josh Baer stated that Martinez was not the buyer of the painting. In addition, Shearman & Sterling issued a press release on behalf of its client, <mask>, to announce that contrary to articles in the press, Martinez does not own the painting  or any rights to acquire it. In October 2012, however, The New York Times reported that despite these and other denials, "several people with knowledge of" <mask>'s collection have said that the Pollock work hangs in his New York apartment.<mask> was identified as the seller of a Mark Rothko's Untitled (1961) at Sotheby's in a 2010 lawsuit against him by Dallas art collector Marguerite Hoffman, who claimed breach of contract. Hoffman sold him the work privately in 2007 for a net $17.6 million, forgoing the $30 million to $40 million she said the painting could have fetched at public auction. She later said the deal's privacy agreement was broken when Studio Capital Inc., a Belize-registered company she claimed is controlled by <mask> "for the purpose of maintaining the secrecy of his purchases and sales of art," entered the Rothko in Sotheby's May 2010 auction in New York and marketing materials revealed her prior ownership. She claimed she could have sold the painting at auction herself and received far more, had she not wanted secrecy. The painting was auctioned for $31.4 million. <mask> was included in the 2012 ARTnews list of the world's 200 Top Collectors. In 2014, he sold Francis Bacon's Portrait of George Dyer Talking (1966), for $70 million to an American collector at Christie's London.Personal life
It described <mask>'s residence in the Time Warner Center (80 Columbus Circle) as "one

masks:
David Martínez
David Geffen
David Martinez
Martínez
Martínez
Martínez
Martínez
Martínez


texts:
 of the most expensive apartments in Manhattan," purchased in 2003 for "about $42 million." His New York apartment "over 15,000SF combo apartment that spans on the 76th & 77th floors. Has a two-story living room and a reflecting pool," and a "special system has been rigged to support one exceptionally heavy piece of art." The Mexican media refer to <mask> as a "ghost investor." One source calls him "a discreet man" who despite his massive investments remains widely "unknown." Reportedly, only one photograph of him can be found on the Internet, which was taken by Kirchner's photographer, Bugge Victor, the official photographer for Argentina presidency, at Argentina's consulate in New York. "There is barely any news about his moves, or pictures of him on the Internet," reported IB Times."There is no estimate of his wealth, although many have said that he is following in the footsteps of fellow Mexican tycoon Carlos Slim to become the richest man in the world." According to The New York Times, "<mask> is, even to his associates, something of a mystery," a man about whom "Little is known….In life as in business, Mr. <mask> treads lightly. He is fond of shell companies, whether to buy artwork or to pay household expenses. Those he hires often know him only as 'the client.'" Noting that "it is unclear" how much money Fintech controls, "or even how many employees work there," the Times has reported that when Elliott Associates and other funds sought to sue Fintech, they "encountered one obstacle early on: they couldn't find Mr. <mask>," either at Fintech's Park Avenue offices or at his Time Warner Center apartment. <mask> reportedly "travels to Monterrey every Christmas to be with his mother, Juliana Guzman Sepulveda, and his sister, Beatriz <mask>." In 1997 he "bought a plot of 874 square meters in the municipality of San Pedro Garza Garcia," on which his mother now lives.References

1957 births
Living people
Mexican financial businesspeople
Businesspeople from Monterrey
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education alumni
Harvard

masks:
Martínez
Martínez
Martínez
Martínez
Martínez
Martínez Guzmán


texts:
<mask> (born 17 October 1980) is an English-Pakistani entrepreneur, philanthropist, and humanitarian. He is best known as founder of digital matrimony platform SingleMuslim.com and international humanitarian charity Penny Appeal. He is a founding board member of Penny Appeal USA and also helped set up Penny Appeal South Africa, Penny Appeal Canada and Penny Appeal Australia. He is a Founding Circle Member of the British Asian Trust and was listed as one of Yorkshire's leading entrepreneurs by Insider Media in their "42 under 42" list of 2019. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Wakefield, West Yorkshire on 17 October 1980. His father died when he was eight years old. He was raised by his mother and grandparents.He attended Outwood Grange School and went on to study at Wakefield College where he maintained a close relationship upon graduation. The college nominated him for an Association of Colleges Gold Award for his achievements as an outstanding alumnus of the school. In late 2018, <mask> announced that the charity he founded, Penny Appeal, had bought the Thornes Park campus in which he had studied and were transforming it into a new international headquarters for the charity. He received his bachelor's in Graphic Designing from the University of Leeds. <mask> funded his studies by founding his first business, GoWebPrint, at the age of 17 above the fast food shop where he worked part-time. He went on to help set up a restaurant in Wakefield, which was renowned for its chocolate curry, before focusing his efforts on his humanitarian work and business. Career
<mask> is the founder and CEO of world's largest Muslim digital matrimony platform, SingleMuslim.com.It has over 2 million users registered with market penetration estimated at 52% of all British Muslims aged between 16 and 60. The website was launched on 1 August 2000, and its headquarters is in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. As SingleMuslim.com's founder, <mask> has helped facilitate over 100,000 Muslim marriages. The platform was featured on the hit British Muslim romantic comedy Finding Fatimah.

masks:
Adeem Younis
Younis
Younis
Younis
Younis
Younis


texts:
 SingleMuslim.com is available on mobile and desktop, and has Android and iOS apps, which were rated 5 out of 5 by Dating Scout reviews. It is among the top 10 matchmaking websites across the UK. <mask> has said of his platform: "We make it very clear this is for people who are serious about getting married, and it is not some 'meet up' service... We’re not just facilitating marriages.It's a really liberating service, we help people and it’s a cornerstone to a society. Religion is bringing people together." <mask>’s memoir, Small Change, Big Difference: The Penny Appeal Story was published on the first day of Ramadan, 12 April 2021 by TSB an imprint of Can of Worms Enterprises. The book delves into the secrets and struggles behind the multi-million pound charity movement and was met by acclaim and positive reviews. Charitable activities

Penny Appeal
In 2009, <mask> founded Penny Appeal, a charitable organization working in over 52 countries and providing essential aid and welfare to those in the UK. It builds wells, orphan homes, and schools, and provides life-saving medical relief, nourishing meals and more. In the UK, Penny Appeal runs a fostering and adoption agency, funds a number of soup kitchens and food banks and supports refugee settlement.The two times Guinness World Records holding charity raised just over £100,000 in 2012. In 2017, Penny Appeal's total turnover had exceeded over £22 million. The organisation has launched a sister domestic relief programme, demonstrating their commitment to begin charity at home. The charity has helped an estimated 20 million individuals and raised over £60 million for good causes. Penny Appeal has been recognized as largest provider of orphan care in The Gambia by its president. The charity has enlisted a number of high-profile ambassadors including Amir Khan and Cat Stevens. <mask> ran the London Marathon in aid of Penny Appeal's Thirst Relief campaign in 2017, 2018 and 2019, raising tens of thousands of pounds in the process.In 2019, in celebration of the charity's ten years of operation, <mask> appointed the first ever charity ‘Kid’

masks: Younis Younis Younis Younis Younis


texts:
 CEO, Shakira Rahman. <mask> met Rahman at Penny Appeal's Great Muslim Pantomime tour, was inspired by her "can-do" attitude and created a special role for her to contribute to the charity from the perspective of a child. Penny Appeal has been lauded for handling challenges to the leadership and governance of the organisation. Former employees have described the organisation as having "Great culture with lots of support". The charity was shocked following allegations of abuse in one of their partner organisations working in the Gambia . Penny Appeal has since instituted a range of organisational enhancements, however has confirmed that the Government of Gambia has dropped any case related to potential allegations. Penny Ventures
<mask> is director and co-founder of Penny Ventures, which works in partnership with the James Caan Foundation.Caan and <mask> co-created Penny Ventures as an investment fund that supports budding entrepreneurs launch and grow new businesses. SalaamGiving
Created in partnership with JustGiving, SalaamGiving is an online crowdfunding platform tailored for Muslim communities. The platform was co-created by <mask> and launched in 2018. Awards and nominations
<mask> was awarded Young Director of the Year by Yorkshire's Institute of Directors. He was made an Ambassador by The Yorkshire Society owing to his success as an entrepreneur and awarded Entrepreneur of the Year at the Asian Business Awards 2017. Also in 2017, <mask> was decorated as the Natwest ‘Entrepreneur for Good’ in the 2017 Natwest Great Entrepreneurship Awards. In 2018 he received Entrepreneur of the Year award at British Muslim Awards.In the same year he received the ‘Charity Chair of the Year’ Award at the Third Sector Excellence Awards. In 2019, <mask> was awarded the 'Ummul Mu’minin Khadijah' Award for Excellence in Enterprise at the Muslim News Awards. References

External links

21st-century English businesspeople
English company founders
People from Wakefield
English people of Pakistani descent
Academics of the University of Leeds
English Muslims
1980 births
Living people
Businesspeople

masks: Younis Younis Younis Younis Younis Younis Younis


texts:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (May 14, 1881 – May 26, 1959) was an American pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball. From 1906 to 1912, he had several seasons where he was one of the best pitchers in baseball. Injuries shortened his career. <mask> holds the record for lowest career earned run average, 1.82. He is one of two modern (post-1901) pitchers to win 40 or more games in a single season, and the last pitcher to do so. He is the last pitcher from any team to throw more than 400 innings in a single season, a feat that he most recently accomplished in 1908. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946.Early life
<mask> was born in Plains Township, Pennsylvania, to Michael and <mask>. He worked in the Luzerne County coal mines when he was young. <mask> started his professional baseball career with the 1902 Meriden Silverites of the Connecticut State League. After playing the 1903 season with the Meriden Silverites and Newark Sailors of the Eastern League, the Chicago White Sox purchased <mask>'s contract for $750 ($ in today's dollars). MLB career

Peak years
<mask> made his major league debut in 1904 with the Chicago White Sox and pitched his first full season in 1906, going 17–13 with a 1.88 ERA and 171 strikeouts. In Game Three of that year's World Series, which the White Sox won over the Chicago Cubs in six games, <mask> struck out a then-World Series record 12 batters. He also struck out at least one batter each inning of that game; this feat has since been duplicated only once, by Bob Gibson in the 1968 World Series opener.From this season through 1912, <mask> averaged 24 victories and 220 strikeouts and posted an ERA below 2.00 five

masks:
Edward Augustine
Big Ed
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Jane Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh


texts:
 times. He also led the league in saves five times in this span. His finest individual season came in 1908 when he went 40–15 with 269 strikeouts, 6 saves and a 1.42 ERA, leading the American League in wins and strikeouts. In 1910, he posted the lowest ERA (1.27) for a pitcher with at least 20 starts and a losing record. <mask> also set an American League record by pitching 464 innings in a season. On August 27, 1911, <mask> no-hit the Boston Red Sox 5–0. Interviewed for the 1966 book The Glory of Their Times, Hall of Famer Sam Crawford referred to <mask>'s use of a pitch that was later outlawed: "Big <mask>.Great big, strong, good-looking fellow. He threw a spitball. I think that ball disintegrated on the way to the plate, and the catcher put it back together again. I swear, when it went past the plate, it was just the spit went by". In 1910, the White Sox opened White Sox Park, which was soon nicknamed Comiskey Park by the press in honor of team owner Charles Comiskey. The name was officially changed to Comiskey Park in 1913. An apocryphal story goes that architect Zachary Taylor Davis consulted <mask> in setting the park's field dimensions.Choosing a design that favored himself and other White Sox pitchers, rather than hitters, <mask> made Comiskey Park a "pitcher's park" for its entire 80-year history. Later career

<mask> was a workhorse who pitched an average of 375 innings annually during the six seasons of 1907 through 1912. After the 1912 season, <mask> reportedly requested a full year off to rest his arm. Nevertheless, he showed up for spring training the following season, contending, "The White Sox needed me—implored me to return—so I

masks:
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Ed Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh


texts:
 did". <mask>'s playing time began dwindling in 1913. It has been claimed that he came into spring training in poorer physical shape than other members of the White Sox pitching staff, and his pride led him to try to keep up with the other pitchers in terms of pitch speed before getting into adequate shape, thereby causing damage to his pitching arm. "I could feel the muscles grind and wrench during the game, and it seemed to me my arm would leap out of my socket when I shot the ball across the plate", <mask> later recalled."My arm would keep me awake till morning with a pain I had never known before". He pitched only 16 games during the 1913 season, and a meager 13 games over the next three years. By 1916, <mask>'s arm was dead. He wanted a year off, but Charles Comiskey released him instead. He attempted a comeback with the Boston Braves in 1917, but was let go, ending his major league career. He later did some pitching in the Eastern League, and gave umpiring a try (he umpired 87 American League games during the 1922 season), after which he was a coach for the White Sox for several seasons (1923–1924, 1928–1929). <mask> retired with 195 wins, 126 losses, and 1736 strikeouts.His career ERA of 1.82 is the lowest major league ERA ever posted. He has the second-lowest career WHIP in MLB history (1.00) and the lowest ever for someone with 10 or more seasons pitched. As a hitter, <mask> posted a .194 batting average (210-for-1,085) with 92 runs, 3 home runs, 68 RBI, 14 stolen bases and 46 bases on balls. Managerial record

Later life and legacy
<mask> was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946. He died on May 26, 1959, 12 days after his 78th

masks: Walsh Walsh Walsh Walsh Walsh Walsh


texts:
 birthday. In 1999, <mask> was ranked number 82 on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In 2011, he was inducted into the Irish American Baseball Hall of Fame.<mask>'s son <mask> Jr. played for the White Sox from 1928 to 1932. See also

 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
 List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
 Major League Baseball titles leaders

References

Further reading
 Coffey, Michael (2004). 27 Men Out: Baseball's Perfect Games. New York: Atria Books. .
 Kashatus, William C. (2002). Diamonds in the Coalfields: 21 Remarkable Baseball Players, Managers, and Umpires from Northeast Pennsylvania. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. . Smiles, Jack.(2007) <mask> <mask>: The Life of a Spitballing Hall of Famer'' Jefferson, NC: McFarland. External links

SABR Biography Project

1881 births
1959 deaths
American League ERA champions
American League strikeout champions
American League wins champions
American people of Welsh descent
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Bridgeport Americans players
Chicago White Sox coaches
Chicago White Sox managers
Chicago White Sox players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Meriden Silverites players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Minor league baseball managers
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Newark Sailors players
People from Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
People from Pompano Beach, Florida
Wilkes-Barre/Mount Carmel

masks:
Walsh
Walsh
Ed Walsh
Big Ed
Walsh


texts:
<mask> (floruit 1078–1143) was a Castilian nobleman of the House of <mask>. Early in his career he ruled that half of Asturias allocated to Castile. He was faithful to the crown throughout the reign of Queen Urraca (1109–26), during which time he was married to the queen's half-sister and ruled a large part of the old County of Castile. He and his elder brother, <mask>, led the opposition to Alfonso VII early in his reign (1126–57). He led a revolt in 1130 and was exiled in 1137. He was a leader in the Reconquista—about which the contemporary Chronica <mask>onsi imperatoris has much to say—and also took part in the military activities of the Crusader states on two occasions. He travelled widely throughout Spain, but ended his days in Palestine.Youth under Alfonso VI (1078–1112)
<mask> was a son of Gonzalo Núñez <mask> and Godo Núñez, and kinsman of Gonzalo Salvadórez. <mask>'s inheritance was modest. A certain <mask> who was alférez (standard-bearer) of Alfonso VI between 29 January 1078 and 9 June 1081 may have been <mask> <mask>. If so, he was a very old man when he died. The alférez did sign the carta de arras (charter of bridewealth) of <mask> <mask>r, El Cid Campeador, in 1080/1. A <mask> who signed eight royal diplomas between 1092 and 1099 has also been identified with the alférez, the son of Gonzalo Núñez, and the later Crusader. Governing the Asturias (1112–1130)
<mask> <mask> first

masks:
Rodrigo González de Lara
Lara
Pedro González
Adef
Rodrigo
de Lara
Rodrigo
Rodrigo González
Rodrigo González
de Lara
Rodrigo Díaz
de Viva
Rodrigo González
Rodrigo González
de Lara


texts: appears holding a fief (tenencia) from the crown on 29 February 1112, when he was governing all the Cantabrian region south of the river Miera, the valley of Mena, and Asturias de Santillana, formerly held by his cousin <mask>.By 1119 he was ruling the Trasmiera, the region north of the Miera, which up until then had also been held by <mask>z. He is not recorded there after 1120, by which time his rule had extended westward over Aguilar de Campoo. At the same time he first appeared as governing "in Castile" (in castella), probably a reference to Old Castile; certainly he was not governing all of Castile. There are references to a "Count <mask>" governing Castile as early as 9 May 1112, but this may be <mask>z. By 13 April 1121 <mask> was a count. In 1122 he made a donation to the Benedictine monastery of Santa María de Piasca. Sometime before 1122 <mask> married Sancha (born c.1101), a daughter of Alfonso VI and his fourth wife Isabel.She bore him three daughters: Elvira, Sancha, and Urraca. <mask> confirmed a total of fifteen royal charters during Urraca's reign. It was during the final six years of Urraca's reign, a period of general peace, that <mask> held power in the Kingdom of León. As early as 1120 he was governing Liébana, and by 1122 he was also governing Nángulo, Piedras Negras, and the Tierra de Campos. By 1125 he was ruling Pernía as well. A private document dated 17 June 1126

masks:
Rodrigo Muz
Rodrigo Muño
Rodrigo
Rodrigo Muño
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo


texts:
 refers to both <mask> and Pedro as holding Lara, Campos, and Asturias de Santillana, seemingly jointly. Their rule in none of these places can be traced after Urraca's death.On 10 May 1125 at Sahagún, <mask> and the queen made a joint donation of the monastery at Vega to the Order of Fontevraud. His wife Sancha was dead by that time, and Urraca, their youngest daughter, was put in the custody of Sancha Raimúndez, the king's sister. Rebellion against Alfonso VII (1130–1131)
There is a false document dated 18 April 1125 that names <mask> as villicus imperatoris, that is, imperial majordomo. After the queen's death on 8 March 1126, the "towers of León", that is, the royal fortress in the city of León, refused to submit to her son, Alfonso VII, preferring the rule of <mask>, who had been the queen's lover, and his brother <mask>, whom the author of the Chronica Adefonsi (I, §3) says "preferred war rather than peace with the King". Eventually the brothers were forced to make submission to Alfonso VII and did not do so willingly, as the other magnates:
Other counts saw that the King's power was increasing daily. They were the Castilians, <mask> <mask> and his brother, <mask>, who lived in Asturias de Santillana. Gimeno Íñiguez was also present.He governed Coyanza in the territory of León. They were indeed frightened; and, as such, they directed their attention toward arranging a peace conference.

masks:
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo González
Pedro González
Rodrigo
Pedro de
Lara
Rodrigo González


texts: However, their treaty with the King was made in a most insincere manner. Actually they preferred to follow the King of Aragón. In 1127 he sold an estate at Arce to the parish of Santillana del Mar. There is evidence, in the former of a thirteenth-century copy of a private charter, that Alfonso tried to lure <mask> to his side by making him alférez in the winter of 1127–28. Despite their earlier submission, Pedro, <mask>, and their allies refused to join the army Alfonso assembled at Atienza in 1129 to fight Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre.The king then relieved <mask> of his post as alférez, replacing him with Pedro Alfónsez. Early in 1130 he rebelled against the king. The rebellion seems to have been designed to place on the throne Fernando Pérez <mask>, <mask>'s nephew, an illegitimate son of <mask> and Queen Urraca. It had the support of Alfonso of Aragon and of his agent in Castile, Bertrán <mask>, son-in-law of Pedro. While Pedro and Bertrán took the city of Palencia, and another relative of <mask>'s, Jimeno Íñiguez, rebelled at Valencia de Don Juan, <mask> took up arms in Asturias de Santillana, the northwestern part of Castile. A minor noble, Pedro Díaz, rebelled from his castle of Valle. He was put down by the brothers Osorio and <mask>.By June the king had retaken Palencia and captured Pedro and Bertrán. Having dealt with the other rebels, Alfonso turned to Asturias, where "he

masks:
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
de Lara
Rodrigo
Pedro González
de Risnel
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo Martínez


texts:
 captured their fortified castles, set fire to their fields and hacked down their trees and vineyards." Forced to sue for peace, <mask> sent envoys requesting a meeting with the king on the banks of the Pisuerga. Per the agreement <mask> and Alfonso would each be accompanied by only six of their knights. During the meeting the king became so enraged by <mask>'s "disrespectful remarks" that he seized him by the throat and they both fell from their horses. At this <mask>'s retinue fled and the count was taken "as if he were a common prisoner." <mask> found his castles and tenencias confiscated, with Asturias placed in the hands of <mask>.There is a record of a comitem <mask> Gundisalui <mask>turias ("count <mask> of Asturias") present on 3 November 1140 at the hearing of a dispute between the Bishop of Burgos, Ramiro, and the Bishop of Calahorra, Sancho, in the presence of the king, but it is probably unreliable. It is unlikely that <mask> ever regained his place in eastern Asturias. Within a few days of his being released (only after all his castles and fiefs had been received by the king), <mask> returned to acknowledge his crimes and seek mercy, which he received by the end of 1131, when he was appointed alcaide of Toledo in place of Gutierre <mask>, who had died. Frontier rule (1131–1137)

<mask> "waged numerous wars against the Moors. He killed many and took many prisoners. He also carried

masks:
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo Gómez
Rodericum
de As
Rodrigo González
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Armíldez
Rodrigo


texts: away large quantities of booty from their lands." The author of the Chronica twice states that only a fraction of his military actions are recorded: "He had fought many battles in Moorish territory.The military experiences of <mask> and <mask> against the Moors were indeed great, but they have not been described in this book." And "The other battles which the Consul <mask> fought with the king of the Almoravides are not recorded in this book." <mask>'s government in Toledo can be traced in the documents between 1132 and 1136, and he was also governor of Segovia in 1133. The Chronica Adefonsi (I, §23) records that Alfonso "entrusted Toledo to him and extensive territories on the frontier and in Castile" and (II, §119) "he was made commander of all troops in Toledo and leader of Extremadura." In June 1132 he gathered the militias of Ávila, Segovia, Toledo, and "the other cities under Toledo's jurisdiction" and combined this force of both cavalry and infantry with an even larger army drawb from Castile and Extremadura. He then led them in a raid into Muslim territory, down the valley of the Guadalquivir, devastating the environs of Seville. The Chronica Adefonsi notes that he "cut down the fruit trees".He took many captives and a large booty. The Almoravid governor (or king) of Seville, Umar, raised a large army from among his allies and fought <mask> in a pitched battle. <mask> divided his

masks:
Rodrigo González
Rodrigo Fernández
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo


texts:
 infantry into two groups, archers and slingers, and placed his bravest men at the front. The second line was composed of the militia of Ávila, which engaged an Arab wing, and the third of the militia of Segovia, which faced an Almoravid and Andalusion (native) wing. The militia of Toledo and the troops from the Trans-Sierra and Castile were left in reserve at the rear, under the personal command of <mask> "to reinforce the weak and to bring medical aid to the wounded." Umar was captured and ultimately beheaded. So important was this battle that it was recorded in three chronicles: the Chronica Adefonsi, the Anales toledanos primeros, and the Arabic chronicle of Ibn Idhari (who errs in dating it to 1130).The author of the Chronica, probably bishop Arnaldo of Astorga, quotes from I Maccabees 9 in describing an encounter he evidently considered of biblical proportions (II, §121):
The battle began as the Saracens shouted and sounded their brazen trumpets and drums. They uttered cries and invoked Mohammed. The Christians called out with all their heart to the Lord, to Mary and to Saint James. They prayed that they would show them mercy and forget the sins of the king and of their forefathers. Many on both sides fell wounded shortly after the battle had begun. <mask> realized that the King of Sevilla's army was the stronger. Consequently, all of the bravest warriors joined with <mask> and they

masks: Rodrigo Rodrigo Rodrigo


texts: attacked.The King of Sevilla fell in the field and died, as did many of his officers. <mask> pursued the survivors all the way to the gates of Sevilla. After picking up the spoils, he began his march back to the camp. The victory of <mask> inspired a contingent from Salamanca to go raiding in the region around Badajoz. Some muladíes, Muslims living under Christian rule, that had fled <mask>'s camp had given away the Salamancans' position to the Almoravid sultan, Ali ibn Yusuf ben Tashfin, who promptly attacked and defeated it. In late May 1133 <mask> commanded half of the royal army marching out from Toledo. The army was divided "because there was not enough drinking water ... nor was there enough grass to feed the animals."<mask> led his forces through the Despeñaperros Pass. The two armies traversed uninhabited territory for fifteen days before meeting before the enemy castle at Galledo. Thereafter the army followed same route as in the previous year: the Guadalquivir valley as far as Seville, but then continued on to Jerez de la Frontera, which was sacked, and Cádiz, whose countryside was terrorised. The army returned to Toledo by late summer with a vast booty of camels, horses, cattle, sheep, and goats. In July 1135 Alfonso gave him and <mask> some properties confiscated from another rebel, the Asturian Gonzalo Peláez. One historian believes he regained the long lost fief of Asturias de

masks:
Rodrigo González
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo Martínez


texts:
 Santiallana at about this time. By July 1135 <mask> had contracted a second marriage to Estefanía, daughter of Ermengol V of Urgell and widow of the Castilian magnate Fernando García <mask>.Estefanía had received a carta de arras from her first husband on 12 November 1119, and she was widowed around 1125. Despite this, on 6 September 1135 <mask> praised his new wife for her youth in his carta de arras. On 7 September 1135 <mask> witnessed a donation of the churches of Tovar and Laguna by his eldest daughter, Elvira, and her husband, the brother of his new wife, Ermengol VI of Urgell, to the convent of Santa María de Valladolid. Estefanía bore <mask> two sons, Pedro and <mask>. Exile and wanderings (1137–1143)

On 3 February 1137 <mask> made a donation to Segovia Cathedral. Shortly after, for reasons unknown, <mask> fell from favour and was exiled. According to at least one manuscript of the Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris, this occurred in October 1134, but documentary evidence seems to indicate that it actually took place in 1137.Of his own accord he surrendered Toledo and the other tenencias he held, which still included Aguilar and Old Castile according to royal documents date as late as 1 April 1137, to the king in person ("[he] kissed the King's hand in farewell and [took] leave of his comrades"). He decided to turn his exile into a pilgrimage ("he became a pilgrim and crossed the sea of

masks:
Rodrigo
de Hita
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Rodrigo


texts: Jerusalem for purpose of prayer", in the words of the Chronica), visiting Jerusalem and fighting the Muslims in the Holy Land for two years. He reputedly built the castle called Toron facing Ascalon, which was then still in Muslim hands. The Chronica says that he garrisoned it "with knights, infantrymen, and provisions, and he gave it to the Knights Templars." <mask>'s Toron has been widely identified with the castle described elsewhere as le Toron des Chevaliers, a name shared by several castles, including the one later known as Latrun. However, Michael Ehrlich, specialist in medieval Mediterranean military history at Bar Ilan University, Israel, offers several good reasons to identify <mask>'s castle with the ruins at Summil, c. 25 km inland (east) from Ascalon, which fits much better the one mentioned in the chronicles. In 1137 or 1138, Rorgo Fretellus, a canon of the church of Nazareth, dedicated his Description of the Holy Places to <mask>.<mask> returned to Spain, via the Adriatic and Italy, in 1139, and, being barred from returning to Castile or his patrimonial lands, sojourned at various courts in the east of the peninsula. He served for a time Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona, who made him lord of Huesca and Jaca between 1139 and 1141. He was later in the service of García Ramírez of Navarre and then the Almoravid governor of Valencia, Abengania. The Chronica Adefonsi says that while

masks: Rodrigo Rodrigo Rodrigo Rodrigo


texts:
 he only stayed a few days at Valencia, he contracted leprosy (from a "Saracen potion"). He did briefly return to Castile, where on 8 February 1141 he granted the village of Huérmeces to the Benedictines of Arlanza. He eventually made his way to the Urgell, where on 24 March 1143 he witnessed, as comes Roricus, the final will and testament of his brother-in-law and son-in-law, Count Ermengol VI. His daughter Elvira had probably died by then.Sometime in or after 1143 he returned to the Holy Land, and there he died. Shortly before her husband's death Estefanía founded a Cistercian monastery at Valbuena de Duero (15 February 1143). Her sons, unlike the sons of her husband's brother, never rose to as high a rank in the kingdom as their father had. Historian Antonio Suárez <mask> owned several manuscript fragments of the Chronica, which were used by Enrique Flórez in amending the first published edition of the text by <mask> Berganza. Alarcón himself had made extensive used only of those passages relating to <mask>, since he had established the descent of the Marqueses de Trocifal from him in his Relaciones genealógicas de la casa de los Marqueses de Trocifal, Condes de Torresvedras (Madrid, 1656). Notes

Bibliography
S. BARTON. "The Count, the Bishop and the Abbot: Armengol VI of Urgel and the Abbey of Valladolid."English Historical Review, 111:440 (1996), 85–103. S. BARTON. The Aristocracy in

masks:
de Alarcón
Francisco de
Rodrigo González


texts: Twelfth-century León and Castile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. S. BARTON. "From Tyrants to Soldiers of Christ: The Nobility of Twelfth-century León-Castile and the Struggle Against Islam." Nottingham Medieval Studies, 44 (2000), 28–48.J. M. CANAL SÁNCHEZ-PAGÍN. "Don Pedro <mask>, primer maestre de la Orden Militar de Santiago: Su familia, su vida." Anuario de estudios medievales, 14 (1984), 33–71. J. M. CANAL SÁNCHEZ-PAGÍN. "Casamientos de los condes de Urgel en Castilla." Anuario de estudios medievales, 19 (1989), 119–135. S. R. DOUBLEDAY.The <mask> Family: Crown and Nobility in Medieval Spain. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001. R. A. FLETCHER. Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. E. FLÓREZ. "Anales Toledanos I."España Sagrada, XXIII, 381–400. Madrid: 1767. B. Z. KEDAR. "Iberia y el reino franco de Jerusalén." Ad Limina, 8:8 (2017), 39–61. G. E. LIPSKEY.The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor: A Translation of the Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris. PhD dissertation, Northwestern University, 1972. J. MONTENEGRO VALENTÍN. Santa María de Piasca: Estudio de un territorio a través de un centro monástico (857–1252). Valladolid: 1993. E. PASCUA. "South of the Pyrenees: Kings, Magnates and Political Bargaining in Twelfth-century Spain."Journal of Medieval History, 27 (2001),

masks: Fernández Lara


texts:
 101–120. J. PHILLIPS. The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom. Yale University Press, 2007. J. F. POWERS. A Society Organized for War: The Iberian Municipal Militias in the Central Middle Ages, 1000–1284. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.B. F. REILLY. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982. B. F. REILLY. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. B. F. REILLY.The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. 1140s deaths
People of the Reconquista
Christians of the Crusades
Year of birth


texts:
<mask> (; ; ; ; ;  1887 – 16 May 1979) was a Jewish socialist, member of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists), later leader of the Socialist Workers' Federation in the Ottoman Empire. <mask> played a key role in the foundation of the Socialist Worker's party of Greece in 1918, the predecessor of the Communist Party of Greece. Early years
<mask> was born to a Sephardi Jew in Bulgaria. He was raised in Vidin by a family of small merchants. A polyglot, <mask> learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, but did not graduate, becoming rather a teacher in Plovdiv. Here <mask> became a member of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) (although other sources suggest that he joined the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers Party (Broad Socialists), he himself insisted that this was incorrect) and published in Bulgarian his work The Jewish Question and Social Democracy (1908).After the Young Turk revolution of 1908 he moved as a socialist organizer to Thessaloniki. He founded here a group called Sephardic Circle of Socialist Studies and was in connection to the Bulgarian left-wing faction, close to the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), called People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section),  as well as to some Bulgarian socialists, who worked there. <mask>'s influence grew, as he argued that any socialist movement in the city must take the form of a federation in which all national groups could participate. Due to the Bulgarian roots of its Jewish founder, the organization was viewed with suspicion by the Young Turks and later by

masks:
Avraam Eliezer Benaroya
Benaroya
Benaroya
Benaroya
Benaroya
Benaroya


texts:
 the Greek government, as being close to the IMRO and Bulgarian socialist movement.<ref>"Due to the Bulgarian origins of its Jewish founder, <mask>, the organization was viewed with suspicion by the Young Turks and later by the Greek government, as being close to the International Macedonian Revolutionary Organization and Bulgarian socialist movement. "Sociological papers", Volume 11, Universiṭat Bar-Ilan. Leon Tamman Foundation for Research into Jewish Communities, Bar-Ilan University, 2006, p.12.</ref><mask>, a Bulgarian Jew, came to Salonica in 1908 in order to establish an organized Jewish socialist movement in this city... However, the new CUP regime in the Empire was suspicious about the activities of <mask> regarding his Bulgarian roots.Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, Volumes 10–11, Ortadoğu ve Balkan İncelemeleri Vakfı, Isis, 2005, p. 83. The Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière

Idealistic and pragmatic at the same time, in Thessaloniki Benaroya played a leading role in the creation, in 1909, of the mainly Jewish Socialist Workers' Federation, or in Ladino, Federacion. The organization took this name because, built on the federative model of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, it was conceived as a federation of separate sections, each representing the four main ethnic groups of the city: Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks and Turks. It published its literature in the languages of these four groups (i.e., Ladino, Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish, respectively) but in practice the two latter sections were under-represented if not nonexistent. The democratic Federacion soon became, under Benaroya's leadership, the strongest socialist party in the Ottoman

masks:
Abraham Benaroya
Benaroya
Benaroya


texts:
 Empire. It created combative trade unions, attracted important intellectuals and gained a solid base of support among Macedonian workers while cultivating strong links with the Second International. From 1910 to 1911 Benaroya edited its influential newspaper, the Solidaridad Ovradera, printed in Ladino.Unlike other parties which were organised on ethnic lines, as a cross-community group the Federacion was allowed by the Ottoman authorities. A prominent Bulgarian member, Dimitar Vlahov, was a socialist MP in the new Ottoman parliament until 1912.Mary C. Neuburger, Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria, Cornell University Press, 2012, , p. 67. Indeed, its leaders initially supported the Young Turks, and Benaroya participated in the "Army of Freedom" march on Istanbul to help put down the Countercoup of 1909. Alarmed by the growing power of socialist groups, the CUP subsequently launched a crack down, under which <mask> was jailed three times, in early November 1910, June 1911 (when he was deported to Serbia) and February 1912 (when he was deported to Greece).Mark Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950, 2004, pp. 288f. The Federacion and the labour movement in Greece
In the aftermath of the incorporation of Thessaloniki into the Greek state, Benaroya resisted the attempts to impose ethnic divisions in the city. Opposed to the First World War, <mask> and another Jewish socialist were exiled for two and a half years at the island of Naxos.In contrast to most of the prominent socialists in the pre-1913 Greece who followed Eleftherios Venizelos, Benaroya and the Federacion, adhering to its

masks: Benaroya Benaroya


texts: internationalist ideals, mobilized for neutrality. As this happened to the same policy as pursued by King Constantine and his militaristic entourage, this led to the loss of support for Federacion in Macedonia. From 1915 onwards the Federacion was buoyed by the popular reaction to the war. Both monarchist and Venizelist policy actually assisted the emancipation and the radicalization of the left, and <mask>, keeping equal distance from both established political groups, was quick to turn the situation to advantage. In the 1915 general elections Federacion sent two deputies representing Thessaloniki (Benaroya and Alberto Couriel) to the Greek Parliament, while it lost by only a few votes for a third seat. It already had strong links with internationalist groups and organizations all over Greece and abroad; from them the Socialist Workers Party was to spring up in due time. However, another socialist faction, headed by the future Prime Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou, who sided with Venizelos in foreign affairs, also had deputies elected in the same election.Papanastasiou and other reform-minded socialists strongly supported Venizelos' liberal brand of nationalism. Benaroya and the Federacion, on the other hand, were influenced by Austromarxists such as Victor Adler, Otto Bauer and Karl Renner, who, sensitive to matters national, searched ways to utilize socialism as a cohesive force for the decrepit Habsburg Monarchy; they elaborated the principle of personal autonomy, according to which national consciousness should be depoliticized and become a personal matter. Modern states should be based on free association and allow self-definition and


texts:
 self-organization of ethnicities in cultural affairs, while a mixed parliament, proportionally representing all nations of the realm, should decide on economic and political questions. The Federacion traced the origins of its federative position in Balkan authors of the Enlightenment like Rigas Velestinlis, and stressed that the forthcoming peace should exclude any change of borders or transfer of populations. The Socialist Workers' Party, that was created under Benaroya's initiative near the end of the First World War, followed closely the Federacion's theses on national self-determination, and wanted to transform the Greek state into a federation of autonomous provinces that would safeguard the rights of minorities and participate in a federative Republic of the Balkan peoples. Jewish ethnic activism
Benaroya was interested in the Jewish Question since the beginning of his career and made efforts to promote Jewish causes throughout it. His first book was The Jewish Question and Social Democracy (1908) while once in Thessaloniki he founded a group called the Sephardic Circle of Socialist Studies.He also played a leading role in the creation, in 1909, of the mainly Jewish Federacion. Apprehensive of what the resurgent Greek self-confidence behind the Megali Idea might mean for Jews in Greece and Asia Minor, at the time he labelled the campaign imperialist. He envisaged a state free from any ethnic divisions where Jews could exist unpersecuted and free, retaining their religion. Some of his fears might have been argued to have been realised when after the city's fire, the Venizelos administration did not rebuild the original Jewish section,


texts:
 adopting instead a French town plan, but a considerable proportion of the Jewish population remained throughout the following decades, with the Greek government guaranteeing their rights in March 1926. Benaroya was always very interested in combating anti-Semitism, while over later years he shifted his emphasis to reflect the sizable Thessaloniki Jewish community that chose to remain within the Greek state. <mask> approaches the Democratic Union

After a historic meeting with Venizelos, <mask>'s tactical abilities resulted in the birth of the Socialist Labour Party of Greece (later named Communist) and the General Confederation of Greek Workers, which helped unite Greek workers. Government persecution of the new movement led to a general strike in 1919.Subsequently, social and political polarization, as well as the prestige of the newborn Soviet Union, strengthened the radicals and before long the party was affiliated to the Leninist Third International. The Labour Centre of Salonica, another creation of Benaroya's, which united more than twelve thousand workers of all nationalities, a good part of them Jews, became the focus of radical socialism. The fall of the Venizelos government (1920) and the war in Anatolia fuelled even more dissent, leading to anti-war riots. In the wake of these developments Benaroya, thrown in prison again, as well as most of the leading members of the party, were marginalized by the radicals. On the other hand, moderate socialists under Alexandros Papanastasiou started preparing their own revolution: their primary aim was now to overthrow the Greek monarchy. In 1922 the Greek army was defeated by the Kemalists and a


texts: military revolution ensued that deposed King Constantine. The new government undertook many reforms, notably the distribution of big estates to peasants, but after a general strike, workers were violently suppressed.A little later, in December 1923, <mask>, together with Couriel and Kordatos, who preferred social-democratic organizational models and opposed radical Bolshevisation considering the circumstances not suitable for a revolution, were expelled from the Communist Party of Greece and he was obliged to quit the editorship of Avanti. Afterwards he focused his action on Thessaloniki's Jewish community, and participated in a splinter group that—with help from Papanastasiou, then Prime Minister—tried unsuccessfully to split the Communist Party. At that time he and Papanastasiou agreed on the need for reforms and not revolution, and on the priority of abolishing the monarchy. An equally urgent imperative, though, was combating racism and anti-Semitism. <mask> remained politically active after 1924 but as he stayed outside the principal political formations of the left, the communists and Papanastasiou's socialists, his capacity for action was increasingly restricted. In Thessaloniki he had a difficult political life, especially after the Liberals' more nationalist turn by the end of the decade, and the repeated coups d'état of 1935 that destroyed the Republic and the hopes of the democratic left. In the 1940s he lost a son during the Greco-Italian war, he survived the Nazi concentration camps, and led a small socialist party in Greece after his return collaborating himself with Alexandros Svolos.He left to Israel in 1953, to Holon, where he ran a


texts:
 small newspaper kiosk. He died in 1979, aged ninety two, in poverty. Notes

 References
 Marketos, Spyros, ‘<mask> <mask> and the impossible reform’, Justice (Special issue: Remembering Salonika) (Spring 1999), 38-43. Mazower, Mark, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950'', 2004, . A. Thomas Lane, Biographical dictionary of European labor leaders, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995, pp. 75–76, . 1887 births
1979 deaths
People from Vidin
Politicians from Thessaloniki
Jews from Thessaloniki
Bulgarian people of Jewish descent
Greek Sephardi Jews
Greek socialists
MPs of Thessaloniki
Communist Party of Greece politicians
Bulgarian emigrants to Israel
Greek emigrants to Israel
Jewish concentration camp survivors
University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni
20th-century Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews of the Ottoman Empire
Jewish

masks: Avraam Benaroya


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<mask> (later Spann, 13 June 1932 – April 2019) was a British tennis player who was active in the 1950s. She won 1955 Wimbledon Championships in women's doubles with Angela Mortimer, becoming the first all-British team to win since 1937. Career

She played singles in the Wightman Cup in 1954, losing to Doris Hart and Maureen Connolly, and doubles in 1953 with Angela Mortimer, in 1957 with Ann Haydon, and in 1958 with Pat Ward, the year Britain won for the first time since 1930. <mask> was a forceful and effective attacking doubles player, especially but by no means exclusively on fast courts, in 1953 winning  the Lyons doubles with Susan Partridge Chatrier, Monte Carlo with Pat Ward, reaching  the quarterfinals of the French Championships doubles with Mortimer and the mixed with Destremau, with Mortimer reaching the semifinals of Wimbledon, the final of the Eastern Grass Court tournament, taking a set from Doris Hart and Shirley Fry, and winning the British Covered Court Championships doubles. In 1954 she won the Scandinavian Covered Courts doubles with Mortimer, the French Covered Courts and Lyons doubles with Susan Partridge Chatrier and reached the final of the British Hard Courts doubles with Helen Fletcher. She and Angela Mortimer, seeded 3, reached the semifinals at Wimbledon. In America, playing with Helen Fletcher, she reached the semifinals of the US nationals, the finals of the Eastern and Essex tournaments and won the Maidstone.In mixed doubles, she reached the quarterfinals of the Nationals  and won the Pacific Coast. In 1955, she won the Pierre Gillou doubles with Susan Partridge Chatrier, beating Pat Ward and Angela Buxton, and the Scandinavian Covered Courts with Angela Mortimer with whom she lost the final of the British Hard Courts championships to Shirley Bloomer Brasher and Pat Ward Hales, a result triumphantly

masks:
Jacqueline Anne Shilcock
Shilcock


texts: reversed in the Wimbledon final later in the year. With Robert (Bob) Howe, she won the mixed in the British Hard Courts Championships and in the Northern Tournament at Manchester where she also won the doubles with Louise Brough. She won the doubles and mixed with Pat Ward Hales and Billy Knight in the British Covered courts championships at the end of the year. In 1956, she again won the Pierre Gillou doubles with Chatrier and the Scandinavian with Angela Mortimer, beating Althea Gibson and Joan Johnson. She also won the doubles at the Northern Manchester with Dorothy Knode, beating Angelas Buxton and Mortimer and Thelma Long and Betty Pratt. She and Angela Mortimer lost their Wimbledon title in the semifinals, losing to Fay Miller and Daphne Seeney: nonetheless this was the fourth consecutive year that the pair had reached the semifinals or beyond.She won the Coup Canet Paris with Pat Ward, the British Covered Courts championship  doubles with Pat  Ward, beating Shirley Bloomer and Angela Buxton and the mixed with Geoff Paish. In 1957, <mask> won the German Covered Courts Championships  with Pat Ward, beating Thelma Long and Erika Vollmer and won the  mixed with legend Budge Patty in Monte Carlo. She and Pat Ward were narrowly beaten in the final of the British Hard Courts championships by Shirley Bloomer and Darlene Hard. In 1958, she won doubles in the British Covered Courts and Hard Courts Championships, where she also won the mixed. With Pat Ward she beat Sandra Reynolds and Renee Schuurman in an International match vs South Africa. They also reached the quarterfinals at Wimbledon, losing to Thelma Long and Mary Hawton. In 1959 she and Susan Partridge Chatrier reached the quarterfinals at Wimbledon, losing rather easily to eventual champions Darlene Hard and Jeanne Arth.For 7 out of the 8 years from 1953 to 1959 inclusive,


texts:
 she had reached at least the quarterfinal of this event. <mask> was also a fine singles player. She reached the last 16 of the French Championships in 1953 (as 15th seed, beating Erika Vollmer and losing to Doris Hart), of the Wimbledon championships in the same year (losing to Maureen Connolly) and of the US Nationals in 1954 (losing again to Doris Hart). She was especially effective on covered courts, in singles as well as doubles, reaching the final of the Scandinavian championships in 1955, losing to Angela Mortimer, reaching the semifinals in 1956, losing to Althea Gibson and winning it in 1957 by beating Thelma Long and Angela Mortimer. That year <mask> also won the German Covered Courts title, beating Thelma Long and Christiane Mercelis (who had beaten Pat Ward). She won  the British Covered Courts title in 1955  beating Pat Ward, then US finalist, 6–2, 6–4,  reached the final by beating Shirley Bloomer in straight sets in 1956, losing to Angela Buxton, and won it again in 1958, beating Pat Ward and the young Christine Truman. In  56 she won the Pierre Gillou beating Susan Chatrier and beat Pat Ward to win Coup Canet Paris

She was also good on grass.In 1953, she reached the last 8 of the Eastern Grass Court tournament beating fourth seed Helen Perez before losing in three sets to Angela Mortimer, and in 1954 reached the same stage of the same tournament and the semifinal of the Essex County Tournament. Also on grass, <mask> had some notable wins in the Manchester Northern tournament, reaching the quarterfinals in 1954 before losing to Maureen Connolly, in 1955 the semifinal, losing to Lousie Brough, in 56 beating Sandra Reynolds, Betty Pratt and losing in three sets to Dorothy Knode in the  quarterfinal. In 1957, she reached the final, losing to Althea Gibson and in 1958 beat Thelma Long, Dorothy Knode and Janet Hopps to

masks: Shilcock Shilcock Shilcock


texts:
 reach the semifinal where she again lost to Althea Gibson. Surbiton was another grass court tournament where she played well. In 1954, she beat Angela Mortimer in straight sets to reach the semifinals, where she only lost in a three-set match to Shirley Fry. In 1956 <mask> reached the final, beating that year's Wimbledon finalist Angela Buxton, and extended Althea Gibson to 6–3, 13–11. In the same year she also extended Gibson at Wimbledon, taking a set from her in the 3rd round after beating the young Ann Haydon (Jones) in three sets.At Beckenham in 1955, she took Louise Brough to three sets in the semifinal. On hard courts <mask> reached the quarterfinals of the British Hard Court Championships four times: in 1953 (losing to Shirley Fry), in 1955, in 56 (beating the young Christine Truman and losing to Darlene Hard) and 1958 (losing to Truman in three sets). On one occasion she reached  the semifinal, in 1957, beating  Truman 6–2, 6–2 again. She lost to Shirley Bloomer. She was also semifinalist in the 1956 German Championships and in the 1957 Monte Carlo tournament. On high bouncing cement she reached the final of the Pacific Coast Championships in 1954. Her last appearance at Wimbledon was in 1960 when she lost to 2nd seed Darlene Hard in the second round in two sets.As Mrs Spann, she won the professional championships at Eastbourne. Personal life

<mask> married J. K. Spann in 1960, and lived in South Africa for the last 40 years of her life. She died there in late April 2019, at the age of 86. Grand slam finals

Doubles (1 title)

Grand Slam singles tournament timeline

References

British female tennis players
Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)
2019 deaths
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's doubles
1932 births
People from Hartfield
English female tennis players
English emigrants to South Africa
Tennis people from East


texts:
<mask> (born Albin Francis Karpavičius; August 10, 1907 – August 26, 1979), a Depression-era gangster nicknamed "Creepy" for his sinister smile and called "Ray" by his gang members, was a Canadian-born (naturalized American) criminal of Lithuanian descent known for being a leader of the Barker–Karpis gang in the 1930s. <mask> led the gang along with Fred Barker and Arthur "Doc" Barker. There were only four "public enemies" ever given the title of "Public Enemy #1" by the FBI and he was the only one to be taken alive. The other three, John Dillinger, Pretty Boy Floyd, and Baby Face Nelson, were all killed before being captured. He also spent the longest time as a federal prisoner at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, serving twenty-six years. Early life

<mask> was born to Lithuanian immigrants John (Jonas) and Anna (Ona) Karpavičius in Montreal, Quebec, and was raised in Topeka, Kansas. He started in crime at about age 10, running around with gamblers, bootleggers, and pimps.In 1926, he was sentenced to 10 years at the State Industrial Reformatory in Hutchinson, Kansas, for an attempted burglary. He escaped with another inmate, Lawrence De Vol, and went on a year-long crime spree, interrupted briefly, while he lived with his parents after De Vol was arrested. After moving to Kansas City, Missouri, he was caught stealing a car and sent back to the reformatory. Transferred to the Kansas State Penitentiary in Lansing, he met Fred Barker, who was in prison for bank burglary. Barker was one of the notorious members of the "Bloody Barkers," as the newspapers of the time called them. The Barker family included brothers Herman, Lloyd, Arthur ("Doc"), and Fred, the sons of Ma Barker. Growing up impoverished in a sharecropping family, all the boys soon turned into hardened criminals, robbing banks and killing without provocation.Doc was sentenced to life

masks:
Alvin Francis Karpis
Karpis
Karpis


texts:
 imprisonment in 1920 after murdering a night watchman. Herman committed suicide on August 29, 1927, after being badly injured in a shootout with police in Wichita, Kansas, following the robbery of the Newton Ice Plant in Newton, Kansas, with Charles Stalcup and Porter Meeks. Lloyd was sentenced to 25 years in 1922, for mail theft, and released in 1938; he was a US Army cook at a POW camp and then was murdered by his wife in 1949. "Ma" did her part to help her sons. "Ma" Barker was not herself a criminal, but badgered parole boards, wardens, and governors for the release of her boys when they were incarcerated. After <mask> was released in 1931, he joined up with Fred Barker in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and they soon put together the Barker-Karpis Gang. Criminal career
The Barker-Karpis Gang became one of the most formidable criminal gangs of the 1930s.They did not hesitate to kill anyone who got in their way, even innocent bystanders. On December 19, 1931, <mask> and Fred Barker killed Sheriff C. Roy Kelley, who was investigating their robbery of a store in West Plains, Missouri. The gang, including Ma Barker and her paramour Arthur Dunlop, fled to St. Paul, Minnesota. <mask> has been described as the leader or "brains" of the gang. Gang member Fred Hunter said Karpis was "super smart" and he was reported to have a photographic memory. The other leaders were Doc and Fred, both now out of prison, and the gang included about 25 others. At this time a myth was started that Ma Barker ruled the gang with an iron fist, but the facts do not seem to support these claims.It is highly unlikely that criminals as adept as Karpis, and even Ma's sons for that matter, would have listened to her. <mask> later wrote about this subject in his memoirs:

Ma was always somebody in our lives. Love didn't enter into it really. She was somebody we looked after and took with us

masks: Alvin Karpis Karpis Karpis


texts: when we moved city to city, hideout to hideout. It is no insult to Ma's memory that she just didn't have the know-how to direct us on a robbery. It would not have occurred to her to get involved in our business, and we always made it a point of only discussing our scores when Ma wasn't around. We'd leave her at home when we were arranging a job, or we'd send her to a movie.Ma saw a lot of movies. Harvey Bailey, another well-known bank robber of the era, knew the Barker gang well, and in his autobiography published in the 1970s, he agreed with <mask>, observing that Ma Barker "couldn't plan breakfast," and was certainly no mastermind behind any gang activity. It is purported that Ma Barker's entire reputation as a criminal mastermind was concocted by Hoover to protect the FBI's public image after federal agents discovered they had killed a 62-year-old mother. In 1933, on the same weekend as the Kansas City Massacre, they kidnapped William Hamm, a millionaire Minnesota brewer outside of his office. After the gang was paid a ransom of $100,000, Hamm was released. Shortly after this, they abducted St. Paul banker Edward Bremer, who was released after the gang was paid $200,000 by his family. The kidnappings, however, led to the gang's end.The father of the kidnapped Edward Bremer was a friend of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt had even mentioned the kidnapping in one of his fireside chats, and fueled also by the Lindbergh kidnapping, the FBI and local police bureaus greatly stepped up their pursuit of those engaged in these types of crimes. The FBI had by this time organized a group of highly skilled agents called the "flying squads," which specialized in hunting down the leading public enemies, and they had been very effective. The year 1934 alone saw the deaths of John Dillinger, Bonnie and Clyde, Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd, Lester "Baby


texts:
 Face Nelson" Gillis, John "Red" Hamilton, Homer Van Meter, Tommy Carroll, and Eddie Green. Just after Ma and Fred's death in a shootout with the FBI on January 16, 1935, <mask> nearly met his own violent end when the FBI located him in Atlantic City, New Jersey. <mask> and Harry Campbell managed to shoot their way to an escape, though Karpis' eight-month-pregnant girlfriend Dolores Delaney was hit in the thigh by a wild shot fired by Campbell. She was captured along with Campbell's girl.Dolores gave birth to a son, who was adopted by Karpis' parents. <mask> and Campbell hid out with brothel-keeper Edith Barry for several months. Karpis continued his crimes with others, but had to keep on the move more than ever, as he was the fourth and last of the FBI's Public Enemies Number One, the previous three—John Dillinger, Pretty Boy Floyd and Baby Face Nelson—having been killed. He did manage to pull off a crime that echoed the times of the "Old West," a train robbery in Garrettsville, Ohio, which netted $27,000. After the death of Ma and Fred, Karpis allegedly sent word to FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover that he intended to kill Hoover the way Hoover had killed Ma and Fred. According to Karpis in The Alvin Karpis Story, the death threat was a rumor started by Hoover himself. Pursuit and capture by FBI
The FBI had come a long way since its reorganization and renaming in 1935 (from the Bureau of Investigation, created in 1908).J. Edgar Hoover was appointed as the acting head of the Bureau in 1924 and completely transformed the agency. Despite its successes, however, the agency had many problems. In those days, when the application of science and technology to fight crime was still in its infancy, the agency was at the mercy of public citizens for information. Often agents on bad information were sent off to remote locales on "tips" that turned out to be red

masks: Karpis Karpis Karpis


texts:
 herrings. The personal low point for Hoover came at an April 1936 United States Senate hearing. Senator Kenneth McKellar of Tennessee lambasted Hoover for the performance of the FBI and the fact that Hoover himself had never personally arrested anyone. After the hearing, a determined Hoover vowed he would capture Karpis personally.Hoover did not have to wait long. On May 1, 1936, the FBI located <mask> in New Orleans, and Hoover flew there to be in charge of the arrest. Shortly after 5pm on May 2, as a dozen or so agents swarmed over <mask>' car, Hoover announced to <mask> that he was under arrest. A couple of versions of the arrest have been reported. <mask>' version, told in his memoirs, was that Hoover came out only after all the other agents had seized him. Only then did the agents call to Hoover that it was safe to approach the car. The official FBI version states that Hoover reached into the car and grabbed Karpis before he could reach a rifle in the back seat.In fact, the car, a Plymouth coupe, had no back seat. The scene was further confused when Hoover told his men to "put the [hand]cuffs on him." Not one agent had brought handcuffs. <mask> was tied up with an agent's necktie. The capture of <mask> catapulted Hoover into the public eye and made his name synonymous with law enforcement until he died in 1972 at the age of 77. The capture of Karpis essentially ended the age of the big-name Depression Era criminal. In addition to those mentioned earlier, others killed violently in the 1930s included Jack "Legs" Diamond, Vincent "Maddog" Coll, Frank "Jelly" Nash and Dutch Schultz.Al Capone was in Alcatraz and slowly going insane from syphilis. Trial
<mask> was brought to trial at the St. Paul Federal Courts Building (now Landmark Center). <mask> initially pleaded not guilty. But as the case was called for trial, "Thomas J. Newman, attorney for

masks: Karpis Karpis Karpis Karpis Karpis Karpis Karpis Karpis


texts:
 Karpis, told the court his client, one of the actual kidnappers of Hamm, desired to plead guilty." Two weeks later, Karpis offered "through his attorney, Thomas Newman, to plead guilty to the Bremer conspiracy" if kidnapping charges were dropped; the court accepted the offer. Imprisonment
Sentenced to life imprisonment, <mask> was incarcerated at the then recently constructed Alcatraz federal penitentiary from August 1936 to April 1962. For six months in 1958, he was transferred to the Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, but was then returned to Alcatraz.His main job at Alcatraz was working in the bakery. He was far from a model prisoner, frequently fighting with other inmates. Karpis served the longest sentence of any prisoner at Alcatraz: 26 years. In April 1962, with Alcatraz in the process of being closed, he was transferred to McNeil Island Penitentiary in Washington state. While at McNeil, Karpis met a young Charles Manson. <mask> wrote about Manson in his autobiography with Robert Livesey (1980):

After Manson had become proficient on the guitar, he asked Karpis for help in getting a job playing in Las Vegas, as Karpis had contacts with nightclub and casino owners there. Manson told him he would be bigger than The Beatles, but <mask> decided to leave Manson on his own regarding his music career.Later years

<mask> was released on parole in 1969 and deported to Canada, although he initially had difficulty obtaining Canadian passport credentials, having had his fingerprints removed by underworld physician Joseph Moran in 1934. He settled in Montreal. He wrote his first memoirs in 1971, while another memoir book was published in 1980, one year after his death. During his first book tour across Canada for Public Enemy Number One for McClelland & Stewart (published in the United States as The Alvin <mask> Story), Karpis, looking more like an

masks: Karpis Karpis Karpis Karpis Karpis


texts:
 accountant than a gangster, still showed a dry sense of humor. In Edmonton, Alberta, while shuffling Karpis between various interviews with the media, M&S book rep Ruth Bertelsen made a stop at her bank. Asking Karpis if he wanted to come in with her, Karpis replied, "No, dear. You take care of the vault.I'll drive." He became a mentor to her young son until the sociopathy of some of his advice to her child angered Miss Bertelsen. He moved to Spain in 1973. On August 26, 1979, he died by what was originally ruled suicide by the authorities, as sleeping pills were found by his body, but later it was ruled death from natural causes. Some closer to the scene say foul play may have been involved. Robert Livesey, who co-wrote <mask>'s 1979 book, said <mask> was not the type to commit suicide. Livesey said Karpis was a survivor, having served 33 years in prison, and also stated <mask> was anticipating the publication of the book.Livesey believed Karpis had been introduced to pills and alcohol by his last girlfriend Nancy, to give a relaxing high, and perhaps Karpis accidentally over-indulged on one occasion, with fatal consequences. No autopsy was performed, and Karpis was buried the next day in Spain. See also
 List of Depression-era outlaws

References

External links
 FBI file on <mask>is
 Public Enemy No. 1
 <mask>is

1907 births
1979 deaths
American bank robbers
American expatriates in Spain
American people convicted of kidnapping
American people convicted of murder
American people of Lithuanian descent
Canadian bank robbers
Canadian people convicted of kidnapping
Canadian people convicted of murder
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian gangsters
Canadian people of Lithuanian descent
Crimes in Minnesota
Criminals from Montreal
Deaths in Spain
Depression-era gangsters
Escapees from Kansas detention
Inmates of Alcatraz Federal

masks:
Karpis
Karpis
Karpis
Alvin Karp
Alvin Karp


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<mask>  (31 May 1908 in Blaricum – 10 May 2009 in Bilthoven) was a Dutch New Age writer, alternative healer, occultist, and astrologer who published about 30 esoteric books, selling over a million copies, making her a recognized person in the Netherlands. Of a conservative, peculiar, poetic, eccentric character, she was also controversial because of several unsettling claims that caused antagonism. In the 1970s she became a celebrity on Dutch television. Her publications cover fairy tales, herbal medicine, stones, metals, health, and gnomes. She also wrote poems. Biography
Uyldert was the daughter of Marie Calisch, a teacher, and <mask>, both vegetarians who were followers of the back-to-nature Chaste Life movement. In 1912 her father Emil deserted the family, going to the United States and leaving Mellie’s mother the task of raising their daughter.At eighteen years old she became interested in astrology, taking her first lessons with a Freemason called Mr. Ram in Hilversum. In 1928 she joined the Dutch Philosophical Society ("Nederlandse Vereniging voor Filosofie") but at age twenty-first she left it for lessons in esoteric philosophy including Theosophy and Indian-style astrology. In the same year 1928 she began teaching astrology, and in 1934 she published her first book, the vegetarian cookbook Manual for the Modern Kitchen (Handleiding voor de moderne keuken), and in 1942 she started giving courses on herbs and lectures. From around 1947 she began writing in the "De Kaarsvlam" ("The Candle’s Flame"), a bimonthly magazine produced in both English and German for some years by

masks:
Mellie Uyldert
Emil Uyldert


texts:
 herself, years later published by Mellie Uyldert Foundation. Also for several years she was a journalist for the "Onkruid", a widely read Dutch New Age magazine, and wrote for the magazine Surviving the right Ecological Movement ("Overleven van de rechtse Ekologische Beweging"). Meanwhile, she was a teacher at naturopathic institutes such as the Academy of Natural Treatment (Academie voor Natuurgeneeswijzen), and "De Kosmos" in Amsterdam. However, in 1984 she was discredited by a booklet which accused her of alleged racist theories.Following these events Onkruid magazine ended its relation with her. She then moved to Kalmthout in Belgium, where eleven years before she had established the Oasis Mellie Uyldert Foundation, which was a center directed for natural therapeutic treatments. At a country house belonging to her foundation, Uyldert continued to write books, teaching courses, organizing workshops and giving lectures up to age 96. She lived her last years in the "Leendert Meeshuis", an anthroposophical nursing home in Bilthoven until reaching 100. Literary work
By 2008, Uyldert registered about 30 books with a total circulation around one million, with translations in German, English, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Danish. Uyldert reveals that the major interest over her work came when the World War began, turning people’s attention to spiritual issues, but in fact it dates from the nineteen sixties, helped by her involvement with environmental writings, and because it was a period of a belief in a new, peaceful, romantic world accompanied by numerous protests against the


texts: emergent and global mechanized world and belief in a New Age. Early on, she discovered esoteric astrology, claiming it as a base of all sciences and regularly citing the East as source of ancient wisdom.According to her, people have only a short free will, and most of time the celestial bodies rule their destinies. Uyldert commonly focuses on some aspects of physical and spiritual diseases, regarding them as consequences of neglect of ancient knowledge and of the estrangement between man and nature. For instance she asserts that Chinese have had rules by 6000 years for which place a house should be built because the soil must provide good energy. As for herself, she claims to remember things from her past lives and have psychic abilities since childhood, although she states "The important thing is the understanding coming from within - clairvoyance is just a trick". However she claims esoteric knowledge for her writings about herbal medicine and nutrition where she argues the influence of nature spirits over the plants. Uyldert writes about healing, mystical, cultural, and magic properties of metals, stones, colors, and their influence over religions and traditions. She delivers her own interpretations of folkloric tales, human behavior, and many subjects, merging all with her astrologic knowledge.Sometimes producing very questionable assertions, she seems to balance the issue with many mystical verses and bucolic poems like those in her book "Het Levensritme" (The Rhythm of Life). Ultimately she affirmed that her life was dedicated to rescuing contact between the occult world and


texts:
<mask> (April 22, 1894 – February 2, 1946) was an American journalist and actor. After writing for The Tampa Tribune, Hatton found a career in film due to his unique facial features, which were the result of acromegaly. He headlined horror films with Universal Studios near the end of his life, earning him a reputation as a cult icon. Early years
<mask> was born in the Kee Mar College girls' infirmary in Hagerstown, Maryland. The family moved several times during Hatton's youth before settling in Tampa, Florida. He starred in track and football at Hillsborough High School and was voted Handsomest Boy in his class his senior year. In Tampa, <mask> worked as a sportswriter for The Tampa Tribune.He continued working as a journalist until after World War I, when the symptoms of acromegaly developed. Acromegaly distorted the shape of <mask>'s head, face, and extremities in a gradual but consistent process. He eventually became severely disfigured by the disease. Because the symptoms developed in adulthood (as is common with the disorder), the disfigurement was incorrectly attributed later by film studio publicity departments to elephantiasis resulting from exposure to a German mustard gas attack during service in World War I. <mask> served in combat and served on the Pancho Villa Expedition along the Mexican border and in France during World War I with the United States Army, from which he was discharged due to his illness. Acting career
Director Henry King noticed <mask> when he was working as a reporter with The Tampa Tribune covering the filming of Hell Harbor (1930) and

masks:
Rondo Hatton
Hatton
Hatton
Hatton
Hatton
Hatton