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 points."Cilizza wrote that <mask>'s party switch "epitomized for many within the Republican base that <mask> lacked any core principles or beliefs and, instead, simply went with whatever was popular at the moment." In a New Republic review, Isaac Chotiner called The Party's Over an "account of why <mask> switched parties" and wrote that <mask> had "revealed himself". Writing in Rolling Stone magazine in 2014, Jeb Lund described <mask> as "a Republican conveniently converted to Democrat", adding, "what made <mask> dynamic as a Republican ... was a vaguely populist nose-thumbing at Republican orthodoxy", and that "<mask> is a Democrat only if you are a Republican." 2014 gubernatorial election

On November 1, 2013, <mask> filed to run for governor as a Democrat. He won the Democratic nomination but was defeated in the general election by Republican incumbent Rick Scott. <mask> holds the rare distinction of losing a statewide general election in Florida as a Republican, a Democrat and an Independent. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2016
On October 20, 2015, <mask> announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for Florida's 13th congressional district, his home district, in the 2016 U.S. House of Representatives elections.He had previously announced on Twitter that he would not run for political office in 2016. Republican incumbent David Jolly, who succeeded 43-year incumbent Bill Young in a 2014 special election, was vacating the seat to run for the same Senate seat for which <mask> ran in 1998 and 2010. But when Senator Marco Rubio decided to run for reelection, Jolly dropped out of the Senate race and sought reelection to the House, even though the 13th district had become significantly friendlier to Democrats

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 when a court tossed out Florida's original congressional map. The new map drew nearly all of St. Petersburg, along with most of the more Democratic southern portion of Pinellas County, into the 13th. The district had been in Republican hands without interruption since 1955, and had been one of the first areas of Florida to turn Republican. However, it had become more of a swing district at the presidential level since the 1990s; it has supported a Democrat for president in all but one election since 1992. In the general election, <mask> defeated Jolly 52–48%, becoming the first Democrat to win the seat in 62 years.2018
In 2018, <mask> was endorsed by the League of Conservation Voters (LCV) Action Fund, which called him "a leader on protecting Florida from and planning for the impacts of climate change during his time as Governor and in Congress." <mask> won a second term with 57 percent of the vote. Tenure
<mask> was sworn in on January 3, 2017. He is a member of the Blue Dog Coalition, the New Democrat Coalition, the Climate Solutions Caucus and the U.S.-Japan Caucus. On December 18, 2019, <mask> voted for both articles of impeachment against President Donald Trump. <mask> introduced H.R. 305, which presented the Congressional Gold Medal to Officer Eugene Goodman for his valor on the January 6, 2021.Committee assignments
 Committee on Appropriations
Subcommittee on Defense
Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government
 Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
Subcommittee on Environment
Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics

Caucus memberships
 New Democrat Coalition
 Blue Dog Coalition
 Climate Solutions Caucus
 U.S.-Japan Caucus

2022 gubernatorial

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 election

On May 4, 2021, <mask> announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination in the 2022 Florida gubernatorial election. Political positions after party switch

Immigration
In June 2017, <mask> was one of 24 House Democrats to vote for Kate's Law. The next month, he was one of five Democrats to vote to fund President Trump's border wall, and the next day, issued a statement saying that he opposed the wall. Same-sex marriage
On May 9, 2013, <mask> announced that he supports same-sex marriage: "I most certainly support marriage equality in Florida and look forward to the day it happens here." In both 2006 and 2008, <mask> announced his support for the Federal Marriage Amendment, but by 2010 he had endorsed adoption rights for gay couples. United States embargo, trip to Cuba
In May 2014, <mask> publicly stated his support for lifting the United States embargo against Cuba, arguing it has not helped to change the Cuban government. He had supported the embargo earlier as both a Republican and independent.Also in 2014 he announced he had requested permission from the Department of State to travel to Cuba with a delegation of business, academic and economic development officials. In June <mask> indefinitely postponed the trip. In 2019, <mask> quietly visited Cuba to meet with Cuban officials, despite high bilateral tensions due to alleged Cuban support for the Maduro regime in Venezuela. The three-day trip was not announced by his congressional office and was disclosed due to required filings in the House of Representatives Committee on Ethics, with no details about it on <mask>'s House website. The sponsor of the trip was the Center for Democracy in the Americas, an organization that "promotes a U.S. policy toward Cuba based

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 on engagement and recognition of Cuba’s sovereignty", according to its website. Photos of <mask> smiling during a meeting with Cuban officials, including Cuban Foreign Minister Bruno Rodríguez, were published in the official newspaper of Cuba's Communist Party during his stay. Marijuana legalization
<mask> said "fully legalizing marijuana" would bring about "true justice in our state and in our country" in announcing his candidacy for governor in 2021.He also voted for the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act to legalize cannabis at the federal level and expunge cannabis convictions in 2020. In 2018, he introduced the Fairness in Federal Drug Testing Under State Laws Act to limit the ability of federal workers or applicants to be fired or denied employment for cannabis use. Gun policy
Following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in December 2012, <mask> announced a reversal of some of his previous stances on gun control. Before 2012, he had sometimes accused his opponents of not supporting gun rights strongly enough. He was also endorsed by the NRA in 2006. In 2012, <mask> announced that he supported reinstating the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, banning high-capacity magazines, and instating more extensive background checks. In the wake of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, he announced his support for additional measures, including a ban on bump stocks, and also said he does not support arming teachers.When he left the gubernatorial office in 2011, <mask> had an A rating from the NRA. In 2016, he received an F rating from the NRA, its lowest rating. Felons' voting rights
In a February 12, 2018, op-ed for USA Today, <mask> wrote that Florida was "one of only three states that permanently


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 bans non-violent, ex-felons from voting" and that this "disenfranchisement of 1.5 million of our fellow citizens is shameful." Personal life
In July 1979, <mask> married Amanda Morrow. They divorced within a year. <mask> became engaged to Carole Rome on July 3, 2008, after nine months of dating, and they married on December 12 of that year at the First Methodist Church of St. Petersburg, where <mask> is a member. In February 2017, <mask> announced that he had filed for

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<mask> (; born 7 December 1990) is a Belgian professional tennis player. His career-high singles ranking is world No. 7. He is currently the highest ranked Belgian male and the first to reach the ATP top 10. <mask> has won five ATP titles, and has reached nine other ATP finals, most notably at the 2017 ATP World Tour Finals. <mask>'s breakthrough occurred during his first appearance in the main draw of a grand slam, at the 2012 French Open as a lucky loser. He reached the fourth round where he lost to Roger Federer in four sets.<mask> has reached the quarterfinals of the 2016 French Open and the 2017 Australian Open, losing to rivals Dominic Thiem and Grigor Dimitrov respectively, and of 2019 Wimbledon, losing to Novak Djokovic. At the 2017 ATP World Tour Finals, <mask> defeated Dominic Thiem, world No. 1 Rafael Nadal and world No. 2 Roger Federer en route to the final where he lost to Grigor Dimitrov. Playing style and endorsements

<mask> plays a baseline-oriented game, and he is considered to be an offensive baseliner, with accurate and powerful groundstrokes. He has a good forehand, which he uses to good effect and to move opponents around the court, but his two-handed backhand is his strongest shot, particularly down-the-line. It is considered to be one of the best two-handers on tour.Both wings are capable of producing winners. He is also one of the best returners in the game, winning 53.9% of second serve return points in 2017. He has a good serve, capable of reaching 125 mph (202 km/h). He is an excellent mover around the court as well, and he is excellent at retrieving tricky balls. He is solid at the net, but this isn't one of his major assets. <mask> is sponsored by Wilson for his racquets and Asics for his clothing and footwear. He uses the Wilson Blade 98 18x20 Countervail racquet.Tennis career

Juniors
As a junior, he compiled a singles win/loss record of 76–40, reaching as high as

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 No. 10 in the junior combined world rankings in July 2008. He took part in only two junior slams, losing in the second round of the French Open and the first round of Wimbledon in 2008. 2009 – 2011
Throughout the 2009 season, <mask> played Futures and Challenger tournaments. His best result of the year came when he qualified for Todi, Italy. He won four consecutive matches after qualification, eventually succumbing to Simon Greul, ranked 84, in a semifinal in straight sets. In 2010, <mask> played Futures and Challenger tournaments throughout the year with varying results.He finished the year ranked 233. <mask> won his first match on the ATP tour at the 2011 Chennai open, defeating India's No. 1, Somdev Devvarman. He lost in the second round to Stanislas Wawrinka. 2012: Breakthrough
In 2012, he reached the quarterfinals of an ATP World Tour tournament for the first time at the 2012 Chennai Open, after defeating top-50 countryman Xavier Malisse and Andreas Beck. At the French Open 2012, though he did not win in the last qualifying round of the qualifications, he entered the tournament's main draw as a lucky loser thanks to the withdrawal of Gaël Monfils. In his first round, he faced world no.27 and 23rd seed for men's singles Radek Štěpánek and beat him in five sets. The second round saw <mask> take on French veteran player Arnaud Clément (who was playing his last French Open) whom he beat in five sets in a match postponed due to rain at a score of 5–1 the previous day. <mask> then beat Łukasz Kubot in the third round to become the first lucky loser to reach the last 16 of a Grand Slam since compatriot Dick Norman at Wimbledon 1995. <mask> was eventually eliminated by third seed Roger Federer, but not before managing to win the first set. He received one of the wild cards for Wimbledon, and in the first round he beat 20th seed and 2011 quarterfinalist Bernard Tomic. Then, in the second round, he

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 beat Jesse Levine to advance to the third round, where he ultimately lost to the resurgent 10th seed Mardy Fish. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he lost in the first round of the men's singles to Juan Monaco.At the US Open, he entered the main draw, but lost in the first round to world no. 7, sixth seed, and eventually semifinalist at the tournament Tomáš Berdych. He then won two singles matches to secure Belgium a place in the 2013 Davis Cup World Group. 2013: Inconsistencies
<mask> started the season by making his debut at the 2013 Brisbane International. He defeated wildcard (and crowd favourite) Matthew Ebden, before losing to seventh seed Jürgen Melzer in the second round. In the first round of the French Open, he faced then-No. 1, Novak Djokovic.He proved a challenge for Djokovic, but lost the match in straight sets. <mask>'s performance as well as Djokovic's laboured efforts in defeating him were the subject of brief attention to the quality of <mask>'s playing. <mask> made it to the third round in Cincinnati, where he was again defeated by Djokovic. He qualified in Winston-Salem and defeated Jack Sock in the first round, but lost to Dmitry Tursunov in the second round. He did not play any tournaments in 2013 after the US Open, where he lost in the first round to Alexandr Dolgopolov. 2014: Maiden ATP World Tour title

<mask> had to retire in his second-round match at the Challenger event in New Caledonia, and he withdrew from qualifying for the Australian Open due to a left quadriceps injury. From July to August, following his opening round loss at Wimbledon to defending champion Andy Murray, <mask> won four consecutive tournaments.The first three were Challengers, but the fourth was his maiden ATP tour-level title when he won the Austrian Open Kitzbühel, beating Dominic Thiem in the final. During this run, <mask> won 40 out of the 42 sets he played and won 20 consecutive matches. In

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 September, after reaching the third round of the US Open for the first time, he won his second career ATP title, the Moselle Open in Metz, France, beating higher seeded players Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarterfinals and João Sousa in the final. His run from July to September launched him over 75 places up the rankings, putting him into the world's top 40 for the first time in his career. At the Swiss Indoors in Basel, he advanced to his first ATP 500 tournament final, beating Milos Raonic in the quarterfinals, his first win over a top-10 player. He lost the final to five-time champion Roger Federer in straight sets; however, his run to the final propelled him to a career-high ranking of No. 22 in the world, a ranking with which he would finish the 2014 season.After having started the year ranked 111th in the world, <mask> ended the season ranked just outside the top 20, a difference of 89 places, and as a result he was awarded the Comeback Player of the Year award by the ATP for 2014. 2015: Top 20, Davis Cup final
2015 saw <mask> have continued success, reaching two more ATP finals and breaking into the world's top 20, as well as decent runs in the major tournaments. His season was highlighted by being the driving force in the Belgium Davis Cup team's surprise run to the final, which they lost to Great Britain, <mask> being defeated by Andy Murray in the decisive fourth rubber after having earlier won the second rubber against Kyle Edmund. 2016: Top 15, French Open quarterfinal
<mask> reached fourth round for the first time at 2016 Australian Open, where he lost to Roger Federer in straight sets. In March at Indian Wells, he reached his first Masters 1000 semifinal, where he lost to Milos Raonic. He followed it up with another semifinal defeat in Miami, losing to Novak Djokovic in straights sets. He next competed in the Monte Carlo Masters.He defeated Feliciano Lopez in the first round. He then

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 played Fernando Verdasco and won in a close match. He then lost to lucky loser Marcel Granollers. <mask> then competed in the BMW Open. In his first match, he defeated Victor Estrella Burgos. He then played Alexander Zverev and lost. At the Mutua Madrid Open despite having four match points, he lost in the first round to Lucas Pouille.Then he competed in the Rome Masters. He won his first match against Leonardo Mayer. He next played Jack Sock in the second round, winning in straight sets. He then played world No. 8 Tomáš Berdych and defeated him without losing a single game. In the quarterfinals, he lost to second seed Andy Murray. At the 2016 French Open, he played the first round against wild card Grégoire Barrère.He won in straight sets. In the second round, he played against qualifier Carlos Berlocq and won again in straight sets. In the third round, he won in a more than 3 hours match against Nicolás Almagro. In the fourth round, he won in four sets against Ernests Gulbis. His tournament ended in the quarterfinals, where he lost to Dominic Thiem in four sets. At Wimbledon, he won in the first and second round in straight sets. In the third round, he needed four sets to win against Denis Istomin.In the fourth round, he lost to Milos Raonic after he had a 2-0 advance in sets. <mask> reached the third round of the men's singles at the 2016 Olympics in Rio, beating Sam Groth and Dudi Sela before unexpectedly losing to Thomasz Bellucci. <mask> was upset in the first round of the 2016 U.S. Open, losing in four sets to 19-year-old American Jared Donaldson. <mask> took part in the Tour Finals as a reserve after Gaël Monfils had to withdraw due to injury. <mask> was defeated by Novak Djokovic in the round-robin stage. 2017: Top 10, ATP Finals runner-up and second Davis Cup final
<mask> started 2017 at the World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi. He defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarterfinals and


texts: top seed Andy Murray in the semifinals, before losing to Rafael Nadal in the final.At the Qatar Open, he defeated Robin Haase in the opening round before losing to Fernando Verdasco in the second round. <mask> reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam for the second time in Melbourne, following victories over Reilly Opelka, Radek Štěpánek, Ivo Karlović and Dominic Thiem. He was then defeated in straight sets by Grigor Dimitrov. In February, <mask> defeated defending champion Roberto Bautista Agut to reach the final of the Sofia Open. There, he lost in straight sets again to Dimitrov. A week later, he recorded his first victory over Dimitrov in the quarterfinals of the Rotterdam Open. <mask> went on to reach his second-straight final, but lost in three sets to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga.This resulted in him achieving a top ten ranking for the first time, becoming the first Belgian man to do so. After losing in the Round of 16 at both Indian Wells and Miami, <mask> led the Belgian Davis Cup team to victory over Italy in the World Group quarterfinals by winning both of his singles rubbers against Andreas Seppi and Paolo Lorenzi. At the Monte Carlo Masters, <mask> defeated World No. 9 Dominic Thiem and World No. 2 Novak Djokovic to reach the semifinals. There, he lost in straight sets to the eventual champion, Rafael Nadal. He went on to reach the quarterfinals in Madrid and the round of 16 in Rome, falling to Nadal and Marin Cilic, respectively.At the 2017 French Open, <mask> was forced to retire whilst leading his third round match against Horacio Zeballos. He injured his right ankle when he tripped on a tarpaulin by the side of the court. <mask> returned to the tour in July with early losses at Umag and Gstaad. Following second and first round losses in Montréal and Cincinnati, respectively, <mask> reached the fourth round of the US Open for the first time. There, he lost to Andrey Rublev in straight

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 sets. He then led Belgium to another Davis Cup victory against Australia in the World Group semifinals with four-set wins in both his singles rubbers against Nick Kyrgios and John Millman. With this win, Belgium reached its second Davis Cup final in three years, having lost to Great Britain in the 2015 final.In October, <mask> won back-to-back titles in Shenzen and Tokyo. His title in Shenzhen was his third career title and first on the main tour since 2014, having lost in his six previous finals. By winning his first ATP 500 title in Tokyo, <mask> returned to the top ten, having been absent since May. <mask> qualified outright for the season-ending ATP Finals for the first time, having played as an alternate for Gaël Monfils in 2016. In the round-robin stage, victories over World No. 1 Rafael Nadal and Dominic Thiem secured him the runner-up spot in the Pete Sampras Group, behind Grigor Dimitrov. He beat Roger Federer for the first time in his career in the semifinal, ending a six match losing streak against him.<mask> became the sixth player to beat Federer and Nadal at the same event and the first since Nikolay Davydenko in 2009 to beat the top two-ranked players at year-end finals. In the final, <mask> was beaten by Dimitrov, 7–5, 4–6, 6–3. He ended the year with a career-high ranking of No. 7. In his final event of the season, <mask> represented Belgium in the Davis Cup World Group final against France in Villeneuve d'Ascq, France on 24–26 November. Despite <mask> winning both his singles rubbers against Lucas Pouille and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, the Belgian team were defeated 2–3. <mask> ended the year having won all six of the singles rubbers he played in 2017, against France, Italy in the quarterfinals, and Australia in the semifinals.2018: Masters 1000 semifinal and two quarterfinals
<mask> started the season at the Australian Open but was upset in the second round by Julien Benneteau. He

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texts: rebounded from this disappointing start to the year by winning both of his singles rubbers against Attila Balazs and Márton Fucsovics to help Belgium win its Davis Cup World Group first round tie against Hungary and set up a quarterfinal matchup against the United States. <mask> then reached back-to-back semifinals at the Open Sud de France and the Rotterdam Open, where he lost to Richard Gasquet and Grigor Dimitrov, respectively. In Rotterdam, <mask> was forced to retire from his semifinal match against Dimitrov after a ball ricocheted off his racquet and hit him in the left eye. Due to swelling caused by the injury, <mask> withdrew from the Marseille Open, where he would have been the top seed. Two weeks later he also had to withdrew from Indian Wells. <mask> made his comeback in Miami, but was eliminated by João Sousa in his first match, having won only a game.After the Miami Open he had to return to Belgium to check his eye. Because of this check-up he wasn't able to participate in the World Group quarterfinals against the United States. Belgium lost by 4 rubbers to 0. He reached the quarterfinals of the Monte Carlo Masters, where he lost to Grigor Dimitrov. He then competed at Barcelona, where he reached the semifinals, falling to eventual champion Rafael Nadal. At Rome, he reached the quarterfinals where he lost to defending champion Alexander Zverev. At the 2018 French Open, he reached the fourth round before losing to Marco Cecchinato, who went on to upset Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals.In the grass season, <mask> lost in the first round of both Queen's and Wimbledon. At Washington, <mask> reached the quarterfinals where he was defeated by Stefanos Tsitsipas. He lost in the first round of the 2018 Rogers Cup to Milos Raonic. He then saw a good performance at the Cincinnati Masters, defeating sixth seed Kevin Anderson and fourth seed Juan Martín del Potro on his way to the semifinals


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 facing Roger Federer, where he was forced to retire due to injury after losing the first set tiebreak. At the 2018 US Open, he matched his 2017 performance, reaching the fourth round where he lost to Marin Čilić in straight sets. He had to end his season after a loss to Andy Murray in the Shenzhen Open in September because of pain in his elbow. 2019: First Masters final

<mask> began his season at the Qatar Open where in singles he was upset by Ričardas Berankis in the first round.In the doubles with Pierre-Hugues Herbert he claimed his first ATP doubles title. He reached the third round of the Australian Open, where he lost to Daniil Medvedev. After early losses at Lyon and Rotterdam, he made the semifinals in Marseille, where he lost to top seed Stefanos Tsitsipas. In the clay season, he reached one semifinal, at the Estoril Open, again being defeated by Tsitsipas. At the French Open, he was defeated in the third round by Rafael Nadal. <mask> had a productive grass season, reaching the quarterfinals at 's-Hertogenbosch and reaching the final of the ATP 500 event in Halle. Despite being unseeded, <mask> defeated eighth seed Guido Pella and second seed Alexander Zverev en route to the final, where he was defeated by top seed and nine-time champion Roger Federer.At Wimbledon, <mask> was seeded 21st, defeating Bradley Klahn, Jérémy Chardy, 11th seed Daniil Medvedev, and Fernando Verdasco to reach his first quarterfinal at the tournament. There, he was defeated by top seed and defending champion Novak Djokovic. In the North American hard court season, <mask> suffered early defeats in Washington and Montreal. Defending a semifinal appearance at the Cincinnati Masters, <mask> was the 16th seed. He defeated Taylor Fritz, Guido Pella, Adrian Mannarino before receiving a walkover over Yoshihito Nishioka in the quarterfinals. He defeated Richard Gasquet in straight sets in the semifinals to reach his


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 first Masters 1000 final. There, he was defeated by ninth seed Daniil Medvedev.In the US Open, <mask> reached the round of 16 where he was defeated easily by Roger Federer. 2020: US Open fourth round for a fourth straight year
<mask> started the year by representing Belgium at the first edition of the ATP Cup. In their first tie against Moldova, he won his match over Radu Albot. Against England, he dropped his match to Dan Evans. at the 2020 Australian Open beating Jeremy Chardy, and Pierre-Hugues Herbert, before losing in four sets to Andrey Rublev. At the Open Sud de France, <mask> was defeated by Vasek Pospisil in the semi finals. Later, at the Rotterdam Open, <mask> was seeded fourth but was defeated by Jannik Sinner.At the Open 13 and Western & Southern Open, <mask> lost to Egor Gerasimov and Jan-Lennard Struff respectively. At the US Open, he lost to Denis Shapovalov in the round of 16. This was his 4th round for a fourth straight year at this Grand Slam. In October, <mask> tested positive for COVID-19, and hence withdrew from the St. Petersburg Open. 2021: 5th title
<mask> started 2021 at the Antalya Open. Seeded second, he reached the semifinals where he lost to fourth seed and eventual champion, Alex de Minaur. As the top seed at the first edition of the Great Ocean Road Open, he was defeated in the second round by Carlos Alcaraz.Seeded 13th at the Australian Open, he was eliminated in the first round by Australian wildcard Alexei Popyrin, despite holding four match points in the fourth set. Seeded second at the Open Sud de France, <mask> won his fifth ATP tour singles title beating top seed Roberto Bautista Agut in the final. Seeded sixth at the Rotterdam Open, he was beaten in the second round by qualifier Jérémy Chardy. Seeded sixth in Doha, he fell in his second-round match to Taylor Fritz. Seeded fifth at the Dubai Championships, he lost in the second round to Kei Nishikori. Seeded


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 eighth at the Miami Open, he was defeated in the second round by James Duckworth. Seeded 11th at the Monte-Carlo Masters, his first clay-court tournament of the season, <mask> reached the quarterfinals beating Marin Čilić, qualifier Marco Cecchinato, and fifth seed Alexander Zverev.He was eliminated in his quarterfinal match by Dan Evans, who had upset world number one Novak Djokovic in the previous round. Seeded eighth at the Barcelona Open, he retired during his third-round match against Cameron Norrie due to a leg injury. He returned from injury in June at the Italian Open. Seeded 12th, he was beaten in the second round by qualifier Federico Delbonis. Seeded fourth in Lyon, he lost in the second round to Aljaž Bedene. Seeded 13th at the French Open, he was defeated in the first round by Lorenzo Musetti. Turning to the grass-court season, <mask>, the seventh seed at the Halle Open, retired in the first round against Corentin Moutet due to an ankle injury.As a result, he missed Wimbledon due to the same injury. <mask> returned to the scene in August at the Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati. Seeded 15th, he was beaten in the first round by Guido Pella. Seeded 27th at the US Open, he was defeated in the first round by American Mackenzie McDonald. On September 9, 2021, he announced on Instagram that he would miss the rest of the season due to a knee injury. Personal life
Since 2018 <mask> has been in a relationship with Stephanie Tuccitto, whom he married on September 18, 2021. Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament performance timeline

Current through the 2022 Dubai Tennis Championships.Year-end championships

Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)

References

External links

Profiles

1990 births
Living people
Belgian male tennis players
Walloon sportspeople
Sportspeople from Liège
Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players of


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<mask> (born 2 February 1979) is an Indian Bollywood actress, model and interior designer. She made her Hindi film debut in the musical romance film Mohabbatein (2000), which earned her the IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female. She went on to do films including Bewafaa (2005) and Cash (2007). Following this, she participated in several reality television shows like Bigg Boss 3 (2009) and Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (2015). Later, she was a finalist on the stunt-based show Khatron Ke Khiladi 9 (2019) and the game reality series Bigg Boss OTT (2021) and Bigg Boss 15 (2021–2022). Early life
<mask> was born in a Tulu speaking family, in Mumbai. Her late father Surendra and her mother Sunanda were manufacturers of tamper-proof water caps in the pharmaceutical industry.Shilpa <mask> is her elder sister. She did her schooling from St. Anthony's Girls' High School, Mumbai. After completing her degree in commerce from Sydenham college, Shetty did a fashion designing diploma from SNDT College, Mumbai. After this, she started her internship with fashion designer Manish Malhotra, but Manish saw a spark in her and suggested to prep her for her acting career. In 2011, <mask> decided to follow her passion in interior design. Her first solo project was Royalty, a club in Mumbai. Later, her love for interior design pushed her to do a diploma from Central Saint Martins and Inchbald School of Design in London.Personal life
<mask> is a fitness and wellness enthusiast who promotes yoga and meditation. She started dating actor Raqesh Bapat in 2021. Career

Mohabbatein and early success (2000–2013)
<mask> made her film debut in 2000 with the Yash Raj Films movie Mohabbatein, directed by Aditya Chopra. Her portrayal

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 of Ishika earned her the 2001 IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female. Soon after, she gave hit dance numbers to Bollywood, including Sharara Sharara in Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai (2002), Chori Pe Chori in Saathiya (2002) and Mind Blowing Mahiya in Cash (2007). She was appreciated for her acting in the film Zeher (2005), for which she was nominated for the Stardust Award as Star of the Year Female (2006). She worked with her sister Shilpa <mask> in the film Fareb.She also starred in multi-star projects like Bewafaa (2005) and Cash (2007). In 2009, she participated in the reality television series Bigg Boss 3. After 42 days, she left the show to attend her sister Shilpa <mask>'s wedding. She was the only contestant who wasn't nominated even once during her stay in the Bigg Boss house. Focus on interior design and entrepreneurship (2013–2017)
Alongside her acting career, <mask> decided to focus on her passion for interior designing. After completing an interior designing course in London and finishing an internship with an architect's firm, she launched her own interior designing company Golden Leaf Interiors. Her first interior designing project was Royalty, a club in Mumbai.She designed her sister, Shilpa <mask>'s son Viaan's room. She won the Best Interior Design Award at the Asia Spa Awards for designing Chandigarh Iosis Spa. Further work, Bigg Boss and recognition (2017–present)
In 2017, <mask> appeared on the dancing reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa. She then starred in Voot's comedy web series Yo Ke Hua Bro, also co-starring Aparshakti Khurana, Gaurav Pandey and Ridhima Pandit. In 2019, she participated in Colors TV's stunt reality show Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi, ending up as the

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 third runner up. In 2020, she starred in the film The Tenant as Meera. <mask> then portrayed Kavita Tharoor in ZEE5's thriller film Black Widows.The Indian Express said that “<mask> <mask> brings a vivaciousness to her role.” In 2021, The Tenant was screened at the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles. It won the Best Film Award at the Indian Film Festival Stuttgart 2021. In September 2021, she participated in Voot's Bigg Boss OTT, finishing as the second runner up. In October, she participated in Colors TV's Bigg Boss 15. She became the first and the last captain of the season, and the only contestant to become the captain twice. <mask> also won the Style Icon Award. She finished her journey as the third runner up.Philanthropy
In 2012, <mask> walked the ramp for charity fashion show Caring With Style to raise money for children suffering from cancer. In 2013, she starred in Betiyaan, a government initiated social cause music video for the Save The Girl Child campaign. In 2017, <mask> collaborated with an NGO that is dedicated to the cause of providing care for stray and abandoned cats. She also walked the ramp for Roopa Vohra at the fashion show for a social cause She Matters. In 2018, she joined hands with Help Age India, an NGO that works for the welfare of the elderly. <mask> took part in a digital literacy initiative and said that familiarising the elderly with latest technology is crucial in keeping them connected. In 2019, <mask> flagged off a walkathon on the International Day for Older Persons, vouching for the government to increase pension for the elderly.<mask> visits an orphanage on her birthday every year and spends time with the elderly, bringing them packed surprises. Brands,

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 other work and media image

Brands and associations
<mask> has endorsed Pantene with sister Shilpa <mask> for a year. She has been associated with brands and companies like Aldo, Audi and the IIFJAS Jewellery exhibition. Rampwalks
In 2016, Shetty walked the ramp during Lakme Fashion Week for Divya Reddy. In 2017, she walked the India International Jewellery Week ramp for Surya Golds. She also walked the ramp for  Swarovski Gemstones at GJC NITE 2019. In 2020, she was the showstopper for designer Priya Machineni's spring collection at Lotus India Fashion Week.Magazine covers
<mask> has featured on covers of magazines like The Lifestyle Journalist, G Magazine, Stuff Magazine, iCraze, Women Fitness Magazine, Femina India and Fitlook Magazine. Filmography

Films

Web

Television

Music videos

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of Indian film actresses
 List of Bollywood actresses

References

External links

1979 births
21st-century Indian designers
Actresses from Mumbai
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) contestants
Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi participants
Female models from Mumbai
Indian film actresses
Indian interior designers
Indian women designers
Living people
Mangaloreans
Tulu

masks: Shetty Shetty Shetty


texts: <mask> (; 30 November 1921 – 15 October 1968) was the first female director of modern spoken drama (Huaju) in Chinese history. <mask>'s father was killed by the Kuomintang (KMT) in 1927, and <mask> was eventually adopted by Zhou Enlai, who later became the first premier of the People's Republic of China. While in Yan'an, <mask> aroused the enmity of Mao's wife, Jiang Qing, beginning a rivalry between the two that lasted throughout <mask>'s life until her ultimate death at Jiang's hands. During World War II, <mask> lived in Moscow, studying theater. Lin Biao was also in Moscow at the time and proposed to <mask> before returning to China in 1942, but <mask> rejected him. Lin married another woman, Ye Qun, in 1943. Ye held a lifelong grudge against <mask> for her earlier relationship with Lin.After the end of World War II, <mask> returned to China and became active in acting and directing in Chinese theater. In 1950, shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, <mask> was invited to become the director of the China Youth Art Theater, and married one of the most famous actors then in China the same year. Over the next several years <mask> staged a number of performances that were critically well-received, some of which became famous across China. In 1956, <mask> became the artistic director and vice-president of the Chinese Experimental Theater, staging a number of critically well-received plays over the next decade. When the Cultural Revolution occurred in 1966, Zhou Enlai sent <mask> and her husband to work in Daqing to protect them from political persecution, but Jiang Qing and Ye Qun conspired to have <mask> secretly arrested in 1968 while visiting Zhou Enlai

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 in Beijing. <mask> was sentenced without trial, and was tortured in a secret prison for several months before dying. After <mask> died, Jiang Qing made arrangements for <mask>'s body to be cremated before an autopsy could be performed, and for her ashes to be disposed of before Zhou or <mask>'s other relatives could take possession of them.<mask>'s husband was not informed of <mask>'s death until his release, in 1975. Biography

Family background
<mask>'s father, <mask>, was recruited by Zhou Enlai to join the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Germany, and subsequently became a close friend of both Zhu De and Zhou Enlai. After studying abroad in the Soviet Union, <mask> returned to China in 1924 and joined the faculty of Whampoa Academy. In 1926, <mask> was appointed the General Secretary of the General Political Department of the National Revolutionary Army. After the relationship between the KMT and CCP deteriorated <mask> was arrested on 16 April 1927 and executed four days later, during the White Terror. When <mask> died <mask> was only six years old. Following her father's death, <mask>'s mother, Ren Rui, took the family into exile, raising <mask> and her three siblings alone while participating in CCP underground work.In 1935, when <mask> was only fourteen, <mask>'s mother entrusted her to a leftist acting troupe based in Shanghai. In order to hide her identity and keep her safe, <mask>'s name was changed to "Li Lin" until 1937. Ren Rui died on 11 April 1949, reportedly due to illness from overwork. <mask> had three siblings, one sister and two brothers. One of <mask>'s brothers, <mask>, was imprisoned with his father in 1927, when he was only twelve. <mask> was

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 eventually released, became Zhu De's personal assistant, and became the president of Renmin University after the founding of the People's Republic of China. In 1967 Jiang Qing accused <mask> of being a spy for the Soviet Union, the Japanese, and the Kuomintang, and <mask> was tortured and killed by Maoist Red Guards in the basement of his own university.<mask>'s other brother, <mask>, died in combat fighting for the CCP against the KMT. <mask>'s sister, <mask>, taught at the Foreign Languages Department at Peking University. In 1975 <mask> married <mask>'s widower, Jin Shan, who had been imprisoned throughout the Cultural Revolution for his association with <mask>. Joining the Chinese Communist Party

In 1937, when she was only sixteen, <mask> traveled to Wuhan to request permission to travel to the Communist base in Yan'an, but was refused due to her youth and lack of political connections. <mask>'s father's old friend, Zhou Enlai (who was childless), found <mask> crying outside of the Eighth Route Army Liaison Office, and promptly adopted <mask> as his daughter. With Zhou's assistance, <mask> was able to travel to Yan'an, and promptly joined the CCP in 1938. After arriving in Yan'an, <mask> was introduced to Mao Zedong and Zhou's wife, Deng Yingchao, and got along well with them both.Lin Biao was rumored to have developed a romantic interest in <mask> while they were both in Yan'an, but <mask> did not reciprocate due to Lin's age. In Yan'an <mask> enrolled in the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University with her mother, and became active in theater. Jiang Qing, when she was single and new to Yan'an, once auditioned for a play with <mask>. Jiang was given a minor

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 role, while <mask> was given the lead. In comparison to Jiang, <mask> was compared as being a far superior actress, more attractive, and seven years younger. Jiang never went onstage again. Soon after arriving in Yan'an, Jiang began a romantic affair with Xu Yixin, a senior teacher at Lu Xun College, and fell in love with him.Xu soon became infatuated with <mask>, and <mask> reciprocated this affection. Jiang's jealousy over <mask>'s acting ability, and <mask>'s ability to attract men that Jiang was also attracted to, was the beginning of a long-lasting hatred that Jiang held for <mask>. Education in Moscow

<mask> accompanied Zhou Enlai to the Soviet Union in the summer of 1939, when Zhou flew to Moscow to seek medical treatment for a broken arm. <mask> accompanied Zhou as his personal assistant, and studied Russian in her spare time. <mask> remained in the Soviet Union when Zhou returned to China in 1940, studying theater at Moscow Oriental University. In 1937 Lin Biao was injured in an incident with the army of Yan Xishan, flew to Moscow for medical attention, and remained there until 1942. Before returning to China Lin proposed to <mask> and promised to divorce his wife, from whom Lin was estranged.<mask> was not able to accept Lin's proposal, but promised to consider marrying Lin after completing her studies. Lin divorced his wife after returning to China in 1942, and married another woman, Ye Qun, in 1943. The relationship between <mask> and Ye was notably bad. <mask> completed her studies and returned to China in September 1946, and participated in the land reform movement in Shanxi. <mask> then joined the cast of a traveling theater group, performing in Shanxi,

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 Shaanxi, and Hebei. In 1949, <mask> was the head of the interpreting team that accompanied Mao Zedong on his state visit to the Soviet Union. After <mask> returned to China, Jiang Qing, who was now Mao's wife, continued her rivalry with <mask>.Early artistic career

Shortly after <mask> returned to China, in the spring of 1950, Liao Chengzhi invited <mask> to become the artistic director of the China Youth Art Theater, which he had founded. <mask> enthusiastically accepted, and began work on establishing the first professional theater to stage shows in colloquial Mandarin in the PRC. The first play that <mask> directed was How Steel is Made, a play based on a Russian novel written by Nikolai Ostrovsky. How Steel is Made, based on its author's own experiences, was a story about a revolutionary named Pavel Korchaghin who had been crippled while fighting in a revolutionary war, but who eventually overcame great difficulties to become a successful writer. The play was extremely successful, and is considered the first example of modern spoken drama produced in the PRC. The lead character of Pavel (played by Jin Shan) became a household name in China during the early 1950s. In 1952 <mask> produced "the most successful foreign classic ever mounted on the PRC Stage", Gogol's the Inspector-General.In 1952 <mask> also produced a play in celebration of the founding of the Children's Art Theater, Little Rabbit. Little Rabbit was made into a film by the Beijing Film Studio in 1953, and is still considered one of the best children's plays ever produced in the PRC. In 1954, on the fiftieth anniversary of Anton Chekov's death in 1904, <mask> produced one of Chekov's plays, Uncle Vanya, in

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 collaboration with a Soviet expert. From 1954 to 1956, <mask> also worked as the principal instructor of directors with the China Central Drama College. During the 1950s <mask> also translated numerous other foreign plays, including, the Servant of Two Masters. One of the plays she directed during this period was based on the life of Princess Wencheng. Marriage

Following the production of How Steel is Made, <mask> began a romantic affair with Jin Shan, who had played the male lead, Pavel.The affair caused a controversy within Communist circles when it became public, since Jin was still married to actress Zhang Ruifang at the time. The two eventually married on 14 October 1950, after Jin divorced Zhang, a famous actress who played Pavel's lover in the play. By the time that <mask> and Jin met, Jin was already a famous film and theater actor, "the Clark Gable of the Shanghai stage". When he was young, Jin was adopted by the Shanghai gangster Du Yuesheng, and encouraged to join the Communist Party in order to facilitate collaboration between the CCP and the Green Gang. In the 1930s Jin became an agent of Zhou Enlai, and gathered information for the Communists. During the Second Sino-Japanese War Jin toured areas of China not controlled by the Japanese, staging patriotic anti-Japanese plays. <mask> and Jin were married on 14 October 1950 at the Beijing Youth Palace.<mask>'s wedding gift from Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao was a copy of the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China. Jiang Qing gave her a pair of embroidered quilts. Shortly after his marriage to <mask>, Jin was sent to the camp of Kim Il-sung to stage a play for Communist soldiers serving in the Korean War.

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 While in Kim's camp, Jin was accused of having an affair with one of Kim's female secretaries. When Kim discovered the affair he had the secretary shot, and turned Jin over to the commander of the Chinese forces, Peng Dehuai. Peng sent Jin back to Beijing with the recommendation that Jin be executed. In the end, Jin was briefly imprisoned and expelled from the CCP, but was saved from execution through the intervention of <mask> and Zhou.<mask> and Jin had a daughter, <mask> (). She was one of the twin daughters of actress Duan Mulanxin. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, <mask> was separated from her mother and, following the founding of People's Republic of China in 1949, she was adopted and raised by <mask> and Jin Shan. Late artistic career

In 1956 <mask> became the artistic director and vice-president of the newly created Chinese Experimental Theater. While working with the Experimental Theater, <mask> attempted to create a new style of socialist art by combining Stanislavsky's system with dramatic techniques found in traditional Chinese opera. In June 1956 <mask> produced the play Joys and Sorrows, a drama about a romantic triangle between a CCP official and two women. The play was warmly received for its verisimilitude, portraying CCP officials as prone to the same weaknesses as other people.Because Joys and Sorrows focused on the personal life of a CCP leader, both it and <mask> were criticized during the Anti-Rightist Movement of 1957, initiated by Mao in order to persecute those potentially critical of him. In 1957 <mask> produced her second play for the Chinese Experimental Theater, Peach Flower Fan, a period play in which <mask> utilized features of Chinese

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texts: opera and folk dance. In 1957 <mask> also produced a comedy, Portrait of One Hundred Clowns, in order to defend herself against her political critics by shallowly promoting the Anti-Rightist Movement. In 1961 <mask> produced a play, the Hatred of Black Slaves, based on the American novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. In the Hatred of Black Slaves <mask> experimented with techniques found in Chinese opera (the same which had inspired Brecht's concept of "alienation effects") in an effort to break down the "fourth wall". The Hatred of Black Slaves was notable for its attempts to expand the play's dramatic action beyond the confines of the stage. After the success of the Hatred of Black Slaves, Zhou Enlai directed <mask> to produce a play portraying the heroic deeds of oil workers in Northeast China.<mask> and her husband, Jin Shan, moved to the oil city of Daqing and worked for several years with oil workers and their wives, eventually producing the play the Rising Sun. The plot of the Rising Sun focused on the contributions that women made in agriculture and the construction of oilfields, and featured a cast made up exclusively of local people. The play was well received in Daqing, Beijing, and Shandong. Encouraged by the play's success, <mask> and Jin returned to Daqing in order to produce more plays based on oil workers, but were not able to complete their work before the advent of the Cultural Revolution in 1966. The Rising Sun was the last play that <mask> would ever produce. In 1963, while directing the play "Azalea Mountain", Jiang Qing approached <mask> and asked if she could be involved in the production of the play. <mask> rejected Jiang's request, saying that, since the play

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 was being produced by the Youth Theatre, it wouldn't be appropriate.The Rising Sun (1965) was the first time in the history of Chinese drama that experts and the public collaborated to create art. Due to the influence of the Cultural Revolution in China in the 1960s, <mask> worked hard to understand and explore the theme of that particular social period and sought to show the unique spiritual outlook and relationship between people under dramatic social change. She pursued the significance of women and female rights in the context of turbulent social development, a vital element of her creation. The Rising Sun has the characteristics of political and gender representation, making the work not only reflect the distinctive features of her time but also enriching the public image of women. The play includes numerous female characters, which was rare in the 1960s. Political persecution and death

When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, Zhou Enlai's power became circumscribed, while Jiang Qing gained power. Although Zhou still held the formal position of premier, he was not able to prevent the arrest of <mask> or even his own brother, and personally signed their arrest warrants in fear of angering Mao.After forcing Zhou to sign <mask>'s warrant, Jiang ordered officers from the Air Force (loyal to Lin Biao, Jiang's ally) to arrest and secretly imprison <mask>, so that Zhou could not intervene to protect her. <mask> and Jin Shan were both imprisoned on 1 March 1968. After <mask>'s arrest Jiang confiscated and burned many of <mask>'s personal belongings, and arranged for <mask>'s name to be officially changed to "" ("<mask>, the Hypocrite", which sounds like "<mask>"). Jiang

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texts: gave orders that <mask> be sentenced without trial, and directed that <mask> be tortured at leisure, but not killed. After being imprisoned, <mask> was tortured for seven months, and eventually died in prison on 15 October 1968. Her body was found naked with her arms and legs still shackled. There were no female guards in the prison.Interviews with a guard a decade later implied that "higher-ups" had ordered her to be repeatedly raped. Two other prisoners gave an account of seeing the guards handing <mask> over to several male convicts in the prison to be raped. These accounts match written or eyewitness accounts of other female prisoners who were tortured to death in the era, notably Zhang Zhixin and Lin Zhao. After hearing of <mask>'s death and her condition at the time of her death, Zhou Enlai ordered an autopsy, but Jiang intervened and had <mask>'s body quickly cremated. After cremating <mask>'s body, Jiang had her ashes disposed of, in order to prevent <mask>'s family from taking possession of them. Jin remained in prison until his release in 1975, after the Cultural Revolution ended. Jin was not informed of <mask>'s death until after his release.After Jin's release, the Rising Sun was re-staged as part of a larger criticism of the Gang of Four, who many blamed for <mask>'s persecution and death. The occasion of the play's first staging after 1975 was reported as being particularly solemn. <mask>'s daughter <mask> was transferred to  to study nursing. Before that, she met her biological mother in Shanghai before her death few years later. After finishing school, <mask> moved to Qixia, Nanjing, and worked as a nurse at a local Petroleum Pipeline Bureau hospital. She

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 changed her name to 'Ouyang Shibing'. After working for a few years, she immigrated to Canada and settled there forever.Following the end of Cultural Revolution, she was posthumously rehabilitated in June 1977. On 9 June 1977, a statue of <mask> was placed in memory of her at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing by the Art Bureau of the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China. In 2012, on the 91st anniversary of her birth, Xinhua published a biographical book about her, Innocent Heart. The book consists of memories and articles of <mask>, from her relatives, people and artists who collaborated with her. On 26 December 2012, the National Theatre Company of China held a press conference regarding her biography, Innocent Heart, to memorize <mask> and her 91st birthday. In the press conference the National Theatre Company stated that it considered <mask> one of the three greatest directors in the history of People's Republic of China. Footnotes

References
Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen.Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. .  Retrieved on 12 March 2011. "In Memory of <mask>". Phoenix Television. Retrieved from <ent.ifeng.com/live/news/wutaiju/wutaiju_2012_12/28/20620297_0.shtml>. [Chinese]. Lee, Lily Xiao Hong, and Stephanowska, A.D. Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Twentieth Century 1912–2000.Armonk, New York: East Gate Books. 2003.  .  Retrieved on 12 June 2011
Terrill, Ross. Madame Mao: The White Boned Demon. Stanford University Press. 1999. Retrieved on 10 June 2011. Xiandai Mishi."Why Did Jiang Xing Put Zhou ENlai's Adopted Daughter to Death and Destroy Her Body?". Bastille Post. 8 July

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 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2020. [Chinese]. Zhang Langlang. "<mask>'s Story".The Collected Works of Zhang Langlang. Boxun News Network. Retrieved on 9 June 2011. 1921 births
1968 deaths
Zhou Enlai family
Chinese theatre directors
People persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution
Chinese communists
Chinese torture victims
People from Yibin
Chinese stage actresses
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Communist University of the Toilers of the East


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Nicholas William Dennis Hodgson (born 28 March 1970), also known as <mask>, is an English rapper from the Moss Side area in Madchester. His name was legally changed to Lockett in 1981, and he also goes by the name Nicky Lockett. Tunes played a significant role in the Madchester-music scene during the 1980s and 1990s. In his early career Tunes took niche music genres into the UK Singles Chart, whilst fronting 808 State, and later achieved cult status with the band Dust Junkys. In April 2014, it was announced that Damage by Stereo, Tunes 'lost' second album was to be finally released. 808 State
Tunes first worked with 808 State on the 1990 album The North at Its Heights (ZTT Records). The album was a moderate success, reaching number 26 in the UK Albums Chart, and also saw European and Japanese releases.It spawned three UK singles that entered the UK Singles Chart: "The Only Rhyme That Bites" (ZTT, 1990) reached number 10 and again (ZTT,1992) reached number 47, "Tunes Splits The Atom" (ZTT, 1990) number 18 and "Primary Rhyming" (ZTT, 1990) peaked at number 67 – this was also the first of the singles to have the 'versus 808 State' wording removed from the cover credits. Each single was supported by a promotional video. On 19 November 2011 a deluxe edition of The North at Its Heights was released by ZTT Records in Japan, due to a resurgence of interest in this work. The release featured seven additional tracks including "Dance Yourself To Death" – Dust Bros club mix: remixed by the Dust Bros; and a


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 remake of "The Only Rhyme That Bites" – Ugly as Sin mix: remixed and remodelled by Tunes for the release. In 1992, Tunes recorded the single "Digital Bad Boy" / "Could You Understand" (Juice Box) with A Guy Called Gerald. 'The Only Rhyme That Bites' video was recorded in the basement of the old Express Newspapers building on Ancoats Lane. Damage by Stereo
With the success of the 808 State collaborations and his growing reputation on the global hip hop scene, ZTT Records signed a separate deal with <mask>.With the project being overseen by Trevor Horn, recording began at Sarm Studios on a series of tracks in 1991. The result was nine tracks which, with an addition of a new version of "Dance Yourself To Death" produced by the Dust Brothers, were intended to be released in album format under the title Damage by Stereo. It is unclear why at the time of its making the album was not released but, in 2012, the entire collection of missing master tapes were rediscovered. In April 2014, it was announced that "Damage by Stereo" was to be released by Peter Hook's Haçienda Records label. Tracks from the album were previewed in an event at Factory Manchester on Saturday 19 April in an event hosted by Clint Boon of XFM and Inspiral Carpets billed as an evening of talk, tape and performance. The music was played from the original half-inch master tapes which had been treated by Advanced Media Restoration in Manchester and played from a reel to reel machine. The event also saw <mask>nes performing material over

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 instrumental versions of the tracks retrieved from the tapes.As no album art had been prepared for the original release Mancunian artist Jay Smith provided the backdrop for the stage as he painted the cover art for Damage by Stereo. On Monday 9 February 2015, "Damage By Stereo" was eventually released, almost 24 years after it was originally recorded. The album was made available on a limited edition double CD, Serial Number HAC018, featuring the 10 original tracks intended for the album and a five track bonus disc featuring dance remixes by 808 State's Andy Barker, DJ & Producer Mark Wells, the Dust Brothers, TtrueAR and The Laboratory Project. Two slightly different versions of the CD were manufactured. One hundred copies were created for guests at the official album launch party held at South Manchester, with another limited batch of CDs being produced for general release. The album was also made available digitally through Hacienda Records and on various other digital platforms including iTunes and Spotify. Dust Junkys

Following the stalling of his solo career, <mask> formed the Dust Junkys in 1995, with Sam Brox on guitar, Stephen "OJ" Oliver Jones on bass guitar, Mykey Wilson on drums and Ganiyu Pierre Gasper on turntables.The band concentrated on gigging in the Manchester area and then national tours, building audiences for their mix of British hip hop and rock music. Whilst gigging with the Dust Junkys, <mask> returned to work with 808 State in 1996 on a new track, "Pump", taken from their

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 album Thermo Kings (Warner). It was due to be released as a single, but this never happened. The Dust Junkys were signed to Polydor and released their first single "Living in the Pocket of a Drug Queen?" (1997), followed by "(Nonstopoperation)" and "What Time Is It?" which reached number 39 in the UK chart. The Dust Junkys music was subject to remixes by artists such as Fun Loving Criminals.The track "Fever" was featured on the soundtrack for the Sony PlayStation game, Driver 2. The most widely recognized piece of Dust Junkys music, originally called "Rinse (Beatbox Wash)", released as the B-side of "Living in the Pocket of a Drug Queen? ", came to prominence as the main hook of Fatboy Slim's "Gangster Trippin'". The track peaked at number 3 in the UK Singles Chart. "Gangster Trippin'" was also featured on the Fatboy Slim album You've Come a Long Way, Baby, where 25% of the songwriting credits were attributed to Dust Junkys and <mask>nes. Filmography
In 1990, ZTT Records commissioned film maker Howard Walmsley to create a film to promote <mask>nes music career. This became the foundation for a film called Nish Clish Banging, The MC Tunes Tapes which was completed in 2011, and shown in art house cinemas in the North West of England.The University of Central Lancashire screened the film to a capacity crowd at the Mitchell and Kenyon cinema in Preston, Lancashire, on 15 November 2012. The screening was followed by Terry Christian conducting an interview with Lockett and Walmsley, and a question and

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 answer session with the audience. In the interview, Tunes candidly talked about the controversy that had surrounded his career and personal life. In addition to being featured in music promotional films, in 2007 Tunes played himself in the independent feature film, Diary of a Bad Lad. Discography

MC Tunes

Albums
 The North at Its Heights (ZTT, 1990)
 Damage by Stereo (Hacienda Records, 2015)

Singles
 "The Only Rhyme That Bites" (ZTT, 1990)
 "Tunes Splits the Atom" (ZTT, 1990)
 "Primary Rhyming" (ZTT, 1990)
 "The Only Rhyme That Bites" (re-issue) (ZTT, 1992)
 "The Only Rhyme That Bites '99" (ZTT, 1999)
 "The Only Rhyme That Bites '99(17 Remastered)" (ZTT, 2017)

Dust Junkys

Albums
 Done and ...Dusted (Polydor, 1998)
 Done and ...Dusted Special Edition/Dub and ...Dusted (Polydor, 1998)
 "Reboot: Redone and Dusted" (WikiBeats, 2018)

Singles
 "Living in the Pocket of a Drug Queen?" (Polydor, 1997)
 "(Nonstopoperation)" (Polydor, 1997)
 "What Time is It?" (Polydor, 1998)
 "Nothin' Personal" (Polydor, 1998) Chart No.62

References

External links
ZTT Records official site
Warriors of pop, 21 years of ZTT Record Collector, September 2004 (copy at Zang Tuum Tumb and all that) Article about ZTT's history, contains information on MC Tunes
Heroes of UK Hip Hop's MC Tunes page
Review of the Dust Junkys at the 1998 Glastonbury Festival

1970 births
Living people
English male rappers
English songwriters
Rappers from Manchester
ZTT Records artists
People from Moss Side
Madchester musicians
British male


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<mask> (, first name also Mihai, also known as Rolea or Rollea; 6 May 1908 – 21 June 1958) was a Romanian communist activist, historian and propagandist, who held a rigid ideological control over Romanian historiography and culture in the early years of the communist regime. During his training in engineering, he rallied with the communist cells in Romania and abroad, joining the Romanian Communist Party while it was still an underground group. He collaborated with the Agitprop leaders Leonte Răutu and Iosif Chișinevschi, spent time in prison for his communist activity, and ultimately exiled himself to the Soviet Union, where he trained in Marxist historiography. Returning to Romania upon the close of World War II, <mask> carried out communist assignments in the field of culture. Under Răutu, he helped draft the official history textbook, monopolizing the historical narrative for over a decade. Turning the focus away from nationality and on class struggle, <mask>'s work sought to reeducate the traditionalist public, and depicted Romania as strongly linked to Slavic Europe. In advancing such theses, <mask> censored out historical events, and, in one instance, recounted events that never took place in real life.In the later 1950s, <mask> found himself shut out by his communist peers. He was branded a deviationist by the party leadership members, probably because he had unwittingly exposed their secondary roles in early communist history. <mask> died in mysterious circumstances, which do not exclude the possibility of suicide. Biography

Early life and activity
<mask> was born in Buhuși, then a commune in Neamț County, to a Jewish family; as reported by

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texts: <mask> himself, his father was a rabbi, though some sources identify him as a functionary. The boy completed his secondary education in Bacău, and soon became a sympathizer of far left causes. The date of his affiliation with the banned Romanian Communist Party (PCdR), later Workers' Party (PMR), remains disputed. The formerly communist writer Mihai Stoian gives 1926, noting that it coincided with a strike action in Buhuși.Other sources suggest that he only joined in 1931. Historian Lucian Boia writes that <mask>, like other communist men of his generation, could not have been a card-carrying member at that stage, since that would have formed material proof of conspiratorial activity. More likely, <mask> was inducted through a verbal statement. A student at Berlin Institute of Technology and ParisTech between 1925 and 1931, <mask> became a member of the Roter Frontkämpferbund. He also joined the Communist Party of Germany in 1926 and the French Communist Party in 1928, working on their publications. According to his autobiographical notes, he also served as leader of the Romanian Communist Group in France. Professionally, he qualified as a road and highway superintendent.After returning to the country in 1931, <mask> was made editor of the PCdR's main gazette, . <mask> described his beginnings with the party's Agitprop section (1931–1933) as the start of his life as a "professional revolutionary". As later noted by researcher Victor Frunză, the PCdR's clandestine nature and inner struggles make it impossible to know for sure who was in charge of  by that moment in time. Frunză believes that <mask> was one of the young men working under senior

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 activist Ana Pauker; the others were Răutu, Chișinevschi, Vasile Luca, Gheorghe Stoica, Sorin Toma, Gheorghe Vasilichi and Ștefan Voicu. Another fellow communist, Belu Zilber, later noted that <mask> was already designated the PCdR historian, and promised an official post in the event of a communist takeover. Such historiographic ambitions prompt historian Adrian Cioroianu to call <mask> a "fantasizer" in the field. According to political scientist Vladimir Tismăneanu, <mask> was also one of the Jewish and Bessarabian "déclassés" who gained top PCdR positions in the Chișinevschi–Răutu faction, and in fact a staunch anti-intellectual.Arrests and declining health
Known as "<mask>" or "Rolea" in files kept by the Kingdom of Romania's  secret police, he first attracted the authorities' attention following the discovery of a secret printing press in Bucharest. In the early months of 1933, <mask> was an ideological instructor in the Green Sector, and worked there until October, when he was arrested. Released by November, he was dispatched to his native region of Western Moldavia. <mask> himself recalled having then served as regional secretary for Oltenia in March–April 1934 and July 1934–May 1935. He was again arrested in 1934 and 1938, although never sentenced due to lack of evidence. According to PCdR documents, between his arrests <mask> negotiated popular front alliances with other socialist groups: in 1934, he was one of several "antifascist committee" members who carried out fusion talks with the Unitary Socialist Party (PSU) of Constantin Popovici. <mask>, who also supervised the creation of workers' antifascist sections in Bucharest in September

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texts: 1934, is mentioned as one of the PCdR and PSU activists who signed a formal protest against "the numerous abusive and illegal acts perpetrated by the organs of repression".In May–October 1935, he served as chief ideological instructor for the communist party. He was them moved to another position, serving as the party secretary for the Lower Danube committee (Galați), following which he served on the Committee of Defense for Antifascist Prisoners, part of the International Red Aid (MOPR) network. In this capacity, <mask> mobilized support for Pauker, at a time when she was facing trial for sedition. His works of the time included political articles such as Fascismul și baza sa socială ("Fascism and Its Social Basis"). A  note of May 1937 mentions the publication of his first standalone brochure, titled  ("From the History of the Rights of Man") and prefaced by philosopher Constantin Rădulescu-Motru. It was largely a posthumous homage to activist Constantin Costa-Foru. Police mentioned that it was already being sold in bookstores and by distributors of PCdR publications, and believed it was partly financed by the city's Baptist community, to whom a chapter was dedicated.As <mask> himself explained, the brochure was meant to test the limits of Romanian censorship, and was part of his work for the MOPR. Din istoria was still found by the police to contain "extremist" passages, and only being purchased by persons "suspected of communism". Once they found that it had not been approved by the state censorship apparatus, it was banned and all copies on sale ordered confiscated. A note from that October indicates that <mask> was planning a new work about the

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 1920 general strike, to be financed by the party. As <mask> reports, the work was published, albeit "massacred by censorship", then taken out of circulation entirely. The same year, he issued another concise tract,  ("A Contribution to the Social History of Romania"). Having attended MOPR summits in Paris and Prague during 1937 and 1938, <mask> served for just three days as head of the Romanian branch.In 1938, he spent a brief term at Jilava prison. In his autobiography, Sorin Toma notes that conditions there were not as bad as at Doftana, but that 26 prisoners were given two buckets per day of drinking water and two to use as chamber pots. <mask>, suffering from a chronic disease later diagnosed as diabetes insipidus, would drain one of the buckets himself and fill the other. <mask> himself claimed to have spent 1938–1940 mostly in specialized hospitals, "completely inactive". His only works in agitprop were occasional articles in  and a feuilleton on labor history, taken up by Deșteptarea, the Romanian American newspaper. He finally checked himself out of hospital and resumed clandestine work against his colleagues' advice. He returned to campaigning among the workers of the Green Sector, and was also appointed co-editor of an illegal newspaper, Viața Muncitoare.Soviet exile and return
In July 1940, <mask>, having narrowly escaped re-arrest by the Romanian authorities, left for Bessarabia, which had been recently occupied by the Soviets. He was for a while at Reni, in the Ukrainian SSR. <mask> subsequently moved to the Moldavian SSR, at Chișinău, where he began working for the city's Tobacco Plant. In June 1941, just days before the start of

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texts: Operation Barbarossa, he sent his résumé to Boris Stefanov, asking to be considered for membership in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Drawn into the PCdR group in Moscow, <mask> continued working under Pauker, who had also joined the Romanian exile community. He also attended the History faculty of Moscow State University. Little is known about <mask>'s activity in early 1944, when the change of fortunes on the Eastern Front signaled a Soviet victory over the Axis Powers.Reputedly, he stopped paying his PCdR membership fee, which may indicate that he was busy with party work, and prepared for a career in communized Romania. After spending some time at Institute No. 205 (formerly a Comintern school), in December 1944 he was the only Romanian native teaching prisoners of war at Krasnogorsk's Central Antifascist School. While here, he suggested employing Alexandru Bârlădeanu and Haia Grinberg to assist him with specialized classes. Following the coup of summer 1944, <mask>, using his Soviet ideological training to his advantage, could join the party's propaganda structures. In 1945 he became deputy head of science and education at the central committee's Agitprop directorate, led by Leonte Răutu, remaining in that post until 1955. The team comprising <mask>, Răutu, Chișinevschi, Toma, Nicolae Moraru and Ofelia Manole was effectively in control of the entire directorate until 1953, and helped reconfigure Romanian culture in conformity with the Zhdanov Doctrine.According to Tismăneanu, <mask> had become a "scribe" of Romanian communism, one of several "fanatics" and "dilettantes" pushed up through PCdR promotions. <mask> <mask> signaled his

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texts: return to Romanian historiography with the 1945 essay  ("Pages Ignored from the History of Modern Romania"). It announced that the communist effort to reinterpret history had gained momentum: "The outlook of dialectical and historical materialism also arms us with the basic principles of scientific historical research." <mask> went on to state that the capitalist historians had turned history into an occult science, since "it was in the interest of imperialism abroad, and of the exploiting classes within, that the history of the people and its struggles become public." This process, he proposed, was reversible. However, political propaganda was still <mask>'s main task at that early a stage; for instance, he authored a series of articles in  meant to combat the National Peasants' Party prior to the 1946 election. His editorials in the communist press made successive returns into the realm of Marxist-Leninist historiography.At Contemporanul, he outlined his suggestions about changing the chronology of Romanian history, and reinterpreted seminal events, such as the 1859 union of Romania, through a Marxist lens. Other such texts helped enshrine the myth of "illegalists" (clandestine communists of the 1930s and '40s) as freedom fighters. Also then, Frunză notes, <mask> took part in the semi-compulsory Russification campaign, launching the agitprop slogan  ("Let's learn the language of Lenin and Stalin!"). The pro-Soviet enterprise Editura Cartea Rusă published his tract Pedagogia în URSS ("Pedagogy in the USSR"), recommending the imitation of Soviet schooling. By the summer of 1947, <mask>'s other party work involved exercising direct communist control

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texts: over a left-wing student movement (the Democratic University Front) and instigating a purge of the "reactionary" professors. Reputedly, <mask> is also responsible for the refusal to accept a gift of Constantin Brâncuși's modernist sculptures, thus depriving the Romanian state of a major art collection. He also made a controversial contribution to the field of communist censorship, joining up with Chișinevschi in the task of supervising Romanian cinema.In November 1948, following the establishment of a Communist regime, he was elected to the Romanian Academy subsequent to the purge of a large number of members. <mask> was part of a wave of new academicians; as noted by various authors, most of these were of peripheral importance in their fields, but were staunch adherents of communism and ready to act as ideological enforcers. Elected the Academy's Vice President (seconding Traian Săvulescu), he also headed the Section for History, Philosophy, Economics and Law from 1949 to 1955. <mask> believed the academy should shift from its former position of "a feudal caste, a closed circle, isolated from the masses and the people's needs" into "a living and active factor in the development of our science and culture". Moreover, he exhorted members, regardless of their specialty, to apply Marxist-Leninist teaching on society and its development, proletarian revolutions, the building of socialism and the victory of communism. By March 1952, <mask> was directly involved in vetting new members of the Academy, personally handling the reception of Matei Socor and the promotion of Ștefan Vencov. As he reported to Soviet diplomat Golichenkov, the reshuffling could


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 ensure that <mask> was "no longer alone among old reactionaries" such as Săvulescu (although he still approved induction for the latter's wife, Alice Aronescu-Săvulescu).When Săvulescu suggested that Academy publications should go uncensored, <mask> intervened and reimposed "control", noting: "I am here to supervise and cut out those bits that catch my eye." Even the more traditionalist members of the communist academic establishment were irritated by <mask>'s interventions. Scholar Mihai Ralea allegedly called him "an incompetent, evil rube". Early program
Reviewing the impact of such directives, Lucian Boia calls <mask> "the little dictator" of Romanian historiography, unchallenged after the "earthquake" of 1948 had invented a Romanian Marxist tradition. From 1948 to 1955, <mask> was professor as well as chairman of the Romanian History department at the Political Military Academy. In 1948, he published his own synthesis on the Revolutions of 1848 among the Romanians: Anul revoluționar 1848 ("1848, the Revolutionary Year"). That historical period was to be the main focus of his articles and exposes, well into the 1950s.<mask> was also a "historical reviewer" for a propaganda film retelling the 1848 events, with Geo Bogza as the screenwriter. Following the 1948 election, <mask> became a member of the Great National Assembly. In April 1949, he and Răutu were delegates to the Congress of Advocates of Peace under <mask> Sadoveanu (who reputedly eclipsed them both). That year, <mask> rose to head the Agitprop section's education committee. This body was charged with writing school textbooks for use throughout the educational system, most of them

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texts: translated from Russian. Under his direct tutelage, primary school pupils began learning about the "new teachers of the working class" (Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin), while Russian-language education began in 4th grade and continued through the third year of university. As a means of solidifying his control over Romanian historiography, <mask> promoted his supporters at the academy's history institutes, especially the Bucharest branch, headed from 1953 by Victor Cheresteșiu and his deputy Aurel Roman.He was himself supported by a number of young researchers whom he had promoted and sent to study in the Soviet Union. He focused keenly on introducing ideology into higher education and party control over universities, and his general duties included supervision over science as a whole, not only history. His functions and execution of party orders meant that <mask> essentially controlled all the historiography produced between 1948 and 1955. His words indicated the limits within which historians could practice their craft. In the view of historian Liviu Pleșa, <mask>'s activities sought to "uproot traditional values from the Romanian mindset" and replace them with the new regime's propagandistic themes. The <mask> directives are infamous for emphasizing the supposed grandeur of the Soviet Union under Stalin, but also for praising Tsarist Russia and the Slavic peoples. The other ideas emphasized included the condemnation of other foreigners, particularly Westerners, starting with Ancient Rome—the French, Italian and American libraries were shut down, their patrons arrested; condemnation of the formerly dominant boyars ("traitors" to the Ottomans) and


texts: bourgeoisie ("cosmopolitan" and "serving imperialist capitalists"); and minimization of the role played by historic Romanian figures.Described by traditionalist historians as Romania's war of national unity, World War I was treated by <mask> and other Marxist-Leninists as an "imperialist war". Romania's participation was therefore an "imperialist action", as were the occupation of Bessarabia and the intervention in Hungary. The official view of Romanian history that these ideas represented was developed by Agitprop activists and the PMR's own History Institute, later becoming dogma when approved by party plenaries and congresses. Authoritative texts included the writings of Stalin, the "Short Course" History of the Soviet Communist Party, the decisions of the PMR's central committee and the writings and speeches of Gheorghiu-Dej. In the early years of the regime, scholars often imbued their work with an ideological tint by quoting Stalin or, to a lesser degree, Lenin. Taking their cue from a 1946 speech by Andrei Zhdanov, Răutu and <mask> sought to replace the "bourgeois-reactionary" and "anti-Romanian" old historiography with dialectical materialism; the latter warned that failure to write a new history "would have left in the hands of the class enemy an ideological weapon against the working class". Istoria R.P.R.His history textbook, the first Marxist synthesis of Romanian history, appeared in 1947, in one edition for advanced pupils and another for younger ones. It portrayed the country's history through the lens of Marxist stages of history: primitive communism, slavery, feudalism, capitalism and socialism, advancing all the while through class

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texts: struggle. Initially called Istoria României ("The History of Romania") but later Istoria R.P.R. ("The History of the R[omanian] P[eople's] R[epublic]"), it appeared between 1947 and 1956 and was used until the 1961–1962 school year. Appearing very quickly ("in record time", according to Stoian), it was not written from scratch by <mask> and his collaborators, but rather used documents from the PCR's period of illegality, especially the theses adopted by the fifth party congress held near Moscow in 1931. These criticized the 1859 union, the 1918 union, the constitutional government, democratic reforms, the monarchy, parliamentarism, the activity of the historic parties' leaders and foreign policy, with all these criticisms entering the textbook. Istoria R.P.R.earned its author the Romanian State Prize for 1949, while Agitprop presented it as a huge success. Its claims (instantly sold-out editions, millions of copies in circulation) were in fact irrelevant, as there was no actual competition in the field. The only history textbook allowed in schools, it has been described by Șerban Papacostea as "the vastest work of political mystification of Romania's past", making <mask> "a symbol of the effort to adapt the Romanian past to the imperatives of the Soviet occupation and the 'internationalist' regime" imposed on the country. Boia also notes that, especially after adopting an acronym in its title, Istoria... overturned the logic of previous historiographic discourse, from the "national idea" to "the internationalist spirit". Stoian additionally suggests that Istoria... is a failure from a literary point of view. It is written in "wooden tongue" and its


texts: phrases have "the taste of sud". The textbook's political ideas became historiographic theses and quickly turned into requirements for all the official history writing of the period.Class struggle was presented as the driving force of history, with social conflicts taken out of context and exaggerated in importance. A special case is the ancient history chapter, on Roman Dacia. There, commentators note, <mask> veers into pseudohistory, creating a narrative about social revolts among the Dacians, none of which actually occurred. Historic figures were relegated to the exploitative classes, the suppression of these classes by the dictatorship of the proletariat being justified by their centuries of misdeeds. The Soviet Union was lavished with praise, the contributions of Slavs in Romanian history being highlighted, from the migratory period to the medieval period, to the War of Independence and the present. The very origin of the Romanians was narrated differently than before: <mask> himself concluded that the influence of Slavic polities—Danube Bulgaria, Kievan Rus', Halych—was fundamental in shaping the lives of early Romanians. Classical Western values were attacked, more violently in later editions as the Cold War deepened.The iconography of national awakening was consciously modified. Michael the Brave, previously depicted as a national unifier, was presented as a tool of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. The Transylvanian School was renamed the "Latinist School", its leaders accused of hiding Slavic and Russian influence on Romanians and of promoting chauvinism. The 1848 rebellions, and in particular the successful Wallachian Revolution, were


texts: described as precursors of Marxism-Leninism. Of the leaders, only Nicolae Bălcescu was appreciated for combating feudalism and siding with Tsarist Russia; at the other end, Avram Iancu was chided for collaborating with the Austrian Empire. <mask>'s views of Bălcescu were almost entirely positive, and developed into a communist personality cult: counterfactually, <mask> described Bălcescu's left-liberalism as a highly advanced form of utopian socialism and proto-Marxism. The 1859 union of the principalities only benefited the bourgeoisie by expanding the market for their products, and favored their class only, rather than the masses and the nation as a whole.Alexandru Ioan Cuza, who ruled over the unified state, was criticized as a hesitant reformer. The creation of Greater Romania in 1918 was viewed, as regards the absorption of Bessarabia, as an "imperialist intervention against the socialist revolution in Russia". Likewise, the union of Transylvania, was an "intervention against the revolution in Hungary". The modern era was considered to have begun not with the union of 1918 but with the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917; the paleolithic became "wild man" and the neolithic, "barbarism". Communist strikes and demonstrations during the interwar period were detailed and blown out of proportion, so that the 1917–1948 period was viewed mainly through the lens of PCdR history. Official history was laicized by greatly de-emphasizing the role of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Recent history presented in a negative light the political parties, the monarchy (according to <mask>, "the most reactionary exemplar of its political class and the greatest


texts: owner of latifundia"), the democratic regime and its institutions.The interwar chapter was headlined "The Increase in Romania's Enslavement to American, English and French Imperialism", with "only words of scorn" reserved for the Brătianu family. In this way, the class struggle and especially repression against the upper classes were legitimized: if the latter had stood against the masses for centuries, then taking away their properties through nationalization and incarcerating them seemed just. The events near the end of World War II were depicted as follows: the King Michael Coup was a "liberation by the Soviet Army" defending the country from imperialists; Northern Transylvania was restored thanks to the Soviets; the SovRoms aided in the country's economic recovery; the clauses favorable to Romania in the Paris Peace Treaties were due to the Soviets, while punitive ones originated with the imperialists. According to Stoian, the political history sections was largely reliant on fabricated and backdated documents, and justified the PCdR/PMR repression of its enemies, including the "right-wing social democrats" and the Zionists. Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, who had endorsed national communism against his pro-Soviet colleagues and had been executed for it, was retrospectively defined as a "traitor" and "carrier of the bourgeois ideology". Criticism from Romanian and especially Soviet historians, acting on instructions from the Kremlin, found the text insufficiently Marxist-Leninist. In 1950, one Soviet took issue with the way the Transylvanian School was presented, considering that its Latinist orientation made it a "vassal of the Papacy" and charging it with


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 chauvinism against Slavs and Hungarians.A Soviet delegation that visited Romania in 1949 ended by criticizing a number of elements in <mask>'s text. Documentary, writing and enforcement activities
At <mask>'s initiative, a vast number of historic documents were published. However, these were carefully selected to conform to the party's vision, particularly in volumes on the War of Independence and on the 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt. For the first, documents casting Russia in an unfavorable light were removed, while for the second, documents not advancing the regime's desire to show the "savage repression of the bourgeois-landowning governments" were not published. Other collections were similarly doctored. For his work on the volume dealing with the peasants' revolt, <mask> was again awarded the State Prize, first class, in 1951. Pleșa does give credit to <mask> for ordering publication of documents from the country's medieval period, previously missing from print nearly in their entirety, and of an index to the Hurmuzachi collection that had become virtually unusable.Although professional historians worked on these projects, he also notes that <mask> did not consent to have the documents published in their original form, especially due to the exigencies of working at a Stakhanovite pace, and that the finished products did not reach a very high standard. He helped plan the Romanian-Russian Museum in Bucharest and the Maxim Gorky Institute of Higher Education, devoted to training teachers of Russian language and literature. The magazine of which he was editor-in-chief,  ("Studies"), first appeared in 1948. This was quarterly until 1955, then

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texts: bimonthly until 1974, when it became monthly and its name was changed to Revista de Istorie. At the same time, magazines on a similar theme were shuttered: Revista Istorică, founded by Nicolae Iorga, Constantin C. Giurescu's Revista Istorică Română, Victor Papacostea's Balcanica and Revue des Études Sud-Est Européennes. A frequent target of <mask>'s many articles in ,  and  was the pre-communist historiography, which he accused of falsifying the role of the working class and of the masses more broadly. He reiterated that pre-communist historians served the "bourgeois-landowning" regimes dominated by "foreign imperialists", who wished the Romanian people to remain ignorant of their history so they could more easily be exploited.The rise of <mask> coincided with a concerted effort by the new regime to wipe away traces of previous writers, so that works by historians including Giurescu, Papacostea and Nicolae Benescu were eliminated from the curriculum, while some historians, such as Gheorghe Brătianu and Ion Nistor died in prison, their works hidden from public view. <mask> also saw enemies among the ranks of older teachers he believed blocked the "cultural revolution", and promoted "re-education of the teaching staff". He sought to imbue the educational system with a class character and make it serve the interests of workers, peasants and "progressive intellectuals", including those who had rushed to the new regime's side. Already in 1947, students were encouraged to form Marxist "cells", verifying the dogmatic purity of history lessons, and holding the teachers accountable. In one instance, <mask> explained that, as long as the old teaching staff


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 could include a "war criminal" such as Ion Petrovici, his own colleagues, Răutu and Chișinevschi, were fit to lecture in Marxism-Leninism at the University of Bucharest. He continued to have a plenary take on education, and insisted that music should form part of schooling. Unintentionally, his position on the subject allowed educators and students to evade politicization for at least part of the school week.At times, <mask> intervened on behalf of certain historians the regime considered undesirable, including the medievalist P. P. Panaitescu. When the Securitate secret police, charging past membership in the Iron Guard, arrested archaeologist Vladimir Dumitrescu while he was excavating at Hăbășești, <mask> intervened several times with the police leadership, in particular Alexandru Drăghici and Gheorghe Pintilie, until his release was ultimately obtained. Other historians, after their release from prison, also asked <mask> for help to start working again. Impact on archaeology
One particular area into which <mask> injected communist ideology was Romanian archaeology. He shifted the emphasis from Roman Dacia to pre- and post-Roman periods, reflecting Marx' and Engels' view of the Roman Empire as supremely exploitative. He also adapted Stalin's remarks on the "unscientific position of old bourgeois historians" whose study of Russia reportedly began with Kievan Rus' and ignored what came before. In a Romanian context, this meant reversing the "denial of the development of human society prior to Dacia's conquest" by previous historians.He also emphasized Gheorghiu-Dej's position that Romanian territory had for over a millennium been robbed by Romans


texts: and barbarians, just as it had been by French, British or German imperialists. In 1950, in an article on excavations made the previous year, he criticized Emil Condurachi, who had explored Histria, for not studying the native population before the "exploitative" Romans, urging a focus on the battles between Dacians and unconquered peoples against the Romans. He took issue with Ion Nestor for refusing to claim the presence of slaves at Monteoru: "some are afraid to place themselves on the proletariat's class position". Along with Radu Vulpe, he was berating for issuing field reports that were purely technical rather than ideologically shaded, concluding that "they do not seek to shed light, using scientific concepts, on the problems of the ancient history of the Romanian People's Republic". Condurachi was singled out for not using his report to attack Scarlat Lambrino, the previous head excavator at Histria, who as an exile in the West was "a sellout to Anglo-American imperialism". <mask>'s ideas on class struggle in Roman Dacia imposed the term "free Dacians" into the archaeological nomenclature. The name implicitly distinguished between Dacians in Roman territory, who were "unfree", and those roaming further east.<mask> instructed that "we must mercilessly unmask the enemies of science and the lackeys of the former bourgeois-landowning regime". Nevertheless, archaeology did become a more ordered field, in contrast to the individual and sporadic efforts that came before. A team of specialists would excavate a site thoroughly, and the regime lavished funds on such studies. Emphasis was laid on finding traces of Slavic settlement, so that this people


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 could be shown to have had an important role in the development of Romanian society. Fall from grace

In the mid-1950s, <mask>'s position started losing ground. The death of Stalin and the Khrushchev Thaw had echoes within Romania: the country's leader, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, with an eye to United Nations membership, relaxed repressive measures. Collectivization and industrialization were slowed down, certain political prisoners were freed, and the new climate had its effect on the cultural realm as well.Among the prisoners released were intellectuals who were gradually brought back into universities and research institutes. In 1955, a party science and culture section was established, headed by Pavel Țugui and meant to counteract the grip on culture held by the Răutu–Roller Agitprop section. Gheorghiu-Dej spoke out against the "monopoly and dictate of <mask>", especially on history but also on culture in general, and blamed the two for the crisis in the field and the party's poor relationship with intellectuals. Țugui, by explaining <mask>'s errors, managed to attract Gheorghe Apostol and Nicolae Ceaușescu as supporters. He also drew to his side the Romanian Academy members Constantin Daicoviciu, David Prodan and Andrei Oțetea, as well as education minister Ilie Murgulescu, and later some of <mask>'s former collaborators, including Vasile Maciu, Victor Cheresteșiu and Barbu Câmpina. In early 1956, Oțetea, Daicoviciu and Câmpina sent Gheorghiu-Dej a document accusing <mask> and close collaborators of plagiarism and unscientific scholarship. One effect of the moves against <mask> was the 1955 firing of Aurel Roman as editor of Studii and his


texts: replacement with Oțetea (who the following year also replaced Cheresteșiu as head of the Bucharest History Institute), so that articles started to appear without <mask>'s approval.In 1955, he also lost his position at the Agitprop section and was transferred to become deputy director of the PMR History Institute, wielding more power than the titular head, Constantin Pîrvulescu. By then, <mask> was directing the effort to preserve samples of oral history, interviewing the former "illegalists" and building up a large collection of magnetic tape recordings. Reputedly, <mask>'s experiment in oral history had unwittingly managed to embarrass the communist leader: it presented Gheorghiu-Dej as more the secondary figure than the "illegalist" leader fashioned in official documents. In the spring of 1958, as the party celebrated 25 years since the Grivița Strike of 1933, the PMR Institute collection of recordings was in focus. A number of the "illegalists", especially those who did not receive the posts they expected after 1944, began to question whether Gheorghiu-Dej had played the leading role he claimed for himself during the strike, as well as criticizing the country's direction. The latter hastily called a plenary session of the central committee for 9–13 June, where a group of deviationists was "unmasked". The group was entirely composed of members who had belonged to the party when it was banned and included prominent figures such as Constantin Doncea and Grigore Răceanu.Officially, they were sanctioned for criticizing the leadership and its work methods as well as for attempting to organize a conference where party activity would be discussed. The