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 spends a lot of time in PEI.During his time with the Rangers, <mask> lived in an apartment in Manhattan. <mask> rented a suite at the St. Pete Times Forum (now called the Amalie Arena) for several Tampa Bay Lightning hockey games and invited families dealing with various forms of pediatric cancer to use it. After each game, he would go and visit the children who had come to watch the game. It began during the 2002–03 season and ended in 2008. When he was traded to the Dallas Stars, he continued his charity work with the Children's Medical Center's Oncology Department, supplying tickets for sick children. He also donates tickets to every home game to men and women in the military. <mask> underwent arthroscopic hip surgery on April 23, 2010, to repair a small labrum tear.In September 2010, he donated $500,000 to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Charlottetown, PEI. <mask> and his wife Rechelle have two children. <mask> speaks both English and French. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

Records
Most game-winning goals in a single playoffs seasons (7; 2004)

See also
List of NHL players with 1000 games played

References

External links

1980 births
Ak Bars Kazan players
Athol Murray College of Notre Dame alumni
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Dallas Stars players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Prince Edward Island
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
Memorial Cup winners
National Hockey League All-Stars
New York Rangers personnel
New York Rangers players
Olympic ice hockey players of Canada
People from Kings County, Prince Edward Island
Rimouski Océanic players
Stanley Cup champions
Tampa Bay Lightning draft picks
Tampa Bay Lightning

masks: Richards Richards Richards Richards Richards


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<mask> (; born August 30, 1960) is a Moldovan-American political conspiracy theorist and political candidate. A dentist, lawyer, and former real estate agent, <mask> was a figure in the "birther" movement, which promoted the conspiracy theory that Barack Obama was not a natural-born citizen eligible to serve as president of the United States. Taitz also promotes other conspiracy theories both related and unrelated to Obama. <mask> has initiated lawsuits on behalf of the "birther" movement; all were dismissed by the courts, and on one occasion Taitz was ordered to pay $20,000 as a sanction for misconduct in filing frivolous claims. Taitz has unsuccessfully run in statewide elections in California three times. Early life and immigration
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Kishinev, Moldavian SSR, in the Soviet Union (present-day Moldova). Both of her parents were science teachers.In 1981, <mask> immigrated to Israel, where she obtained a dentistry degree at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1987, she met Yosef <mask> who proposed four months later. <mask> immigrated to the United States in May 1987, marrying the Latvian-born Yosef in Las Vegas. <mask> became a naturalized United States citizen in 1992. She received her law degree from Taft Law School and was admitted to practice law in California in December 2002. <mask> lives in Laguna Niguel, California, and owns dental practices in nearby Mission Viejo and Rancho Santa Margarita. She has three sons, holds a second degree black belt in Taekwondo, and speaks five languages: English, Hebrew, Romanian or Moldovan, Russian, and Spanish.Before her national news exposure, <mask> was quoted in The Orange County Register in 2006

masks:
Orly Taitz
Taitz
Taitz
Taitz
Taitz
Taitz
Taitz
Taitz
Taitz
Taitz


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 supporting Israeli military actions against Hamas and Hezbollah, and downplaying the impact of the espionage trial of two American Israel Public Affairs Committee staffers. (Charges against both were subsequently dropped.) <mask> has also said that she lost relatives in the Holocaust and that her grandmother witnessed the Kishinev pogrom. Activities

<mask>'s claims regarding President Obama

<mask> claimed that U.S. president Obama was not a natural-born citizen of the United States and was therefore ineligible to serve as President. She claimed he was born in Kenya and that he falsified his Selective Service papers and his application to the Illinois bar. Taitz made other claims against Obama, including:

That a number of homosexuals from Obama's former church have died mysteriously. That Obama had dozens of Social Security numbers, and his passport was inaccurate.<mask> claimed that a person who was cooperating with the FBI in connection with Obama's passport died mysteriously, "shot in the head". That a Kenyan birth certificate with the name "Barack Obama" is authentic. That Obama's first act as president was to donate money to Hamas, which she claims will be used to build Qassam rockets. That Obama, or someone connected to him, has made threats to <mask>'s life and vandalized her car. The FEMA camps conspiracy theory: Obama is having the Federal Emergency Management Agency build internment camps for "Anti-Obama dissidents". That Osama bin Laden was killed years before 2011 when he actually died, with his body kept on ice, and the announcement of his death was timed to divert attention from an upcoming court case she was litigating challenging Obama's citizenship. Claims

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 about the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories: <mask> blamed Obama for the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, writing on her website, "Was Adam Lanza drugged and hypnotised by his handlers to make him into a killing machine as an excuse as  the regime is itching to take all means of self defense from the populace before the economic collapse?"Taitz's other claims
Taitz has also supported a number of other theories not directly related to President Obama, including:
Goldman Sachs runs the United States Treasury. Baxter International has developed a bird flu vaccine that kills people. Representative Alcee Hastings and the House of Representatives are planning to build at least six labor camps. Hugo Chávez owns the software that runs American voting machines. FactCheck is untrustworthy because of its links to the Annenberg Foundation. Taitz has also advocated numerous Internet-related theories, including PayPal attacks, the deletion of her Wikipedia entry, and Google's flagging her webpage as an attack site and suppressing search results for her name. Taitz has stated that 2016 Republican presidential candidates Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio, and Bobby Jindal were not natural-born citizens and therefore were ineligible for the office they sought.Legal actions

Challenges to and during Obama's first presidential term

Keyes v. Bowen
In November 2008, Taitz filed a lawsuit on behalf of independent presidential candidate Alan Keyes, suing California's secretary of state, Debra Bowen, for allegedly failing to ascertain Obama's eligibility for president before placing him on the ballot. The case was dismissed on May 4, 2009. The U.S. Supreme Court declined without


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 comment to review the case on October 3, 2011. Lightfoot v. Bowen
Taitz filed an emergency petition in the California Supreme Court in 2008 on behalf of Libertarian vice presidential candidate Gail Lightfoot to stop the certification of California's 2008 election results because of the challenge to Obama's eligibility. The California Supreme Court denied the petition, and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case. Barnett v. Obama
Taitz filed a lawsuit on behalf of Pamela Barnett, Alan Keyes, other candidates in the 2008 federal elections, several military personnel, and some legislators from various states alleging that Obama was ineligible to be president. On October 29, 2009, U.S. District Court Judge David O. Carter dismissed the lawsuit.The dismissal criticized <mask>'s legal abilities, stated her behavior was "unethical", and suggested that Taitz "may have suborned perjury". On December 22, 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the dismissal. On June 11, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court declined, without comment, a request by litigants not represented by <mask> to hear the case. Cook v. Good
Taitz represented Stefan F. Cook, a major in the United States Army Reserve, who challenged orders implementing his voluntary deployment to Afghanistan because of his claim that Obama was not a legitimate president. The case was dismissed when the Army Reserve revoked his order to deploy. <mask> filed an appeal in the Eleventh Circuit, which was dismissed on November 24, 2009, due to a failure to prosecute the appeal. Rhodes v. MacDonald
In September 2009, Taitz was retained by Captain Connie Rhodes, a U.S. Army physician.Rhodes sought a restraining

masks: Taitz Taitz Taitz


texts: order to prevent her forthcoming deployment to Iraq. In the request for a restraining order, <mask> argued the deployment order was illegal since Obama was illegally serving as president. On September 16, federal judge Clay D. Land rejected the motion and denounced it as frivolous. In his opinion, the judge noted that Rhodes had not previously raised any objections to orders she had received from Obama since he had been sworn in. He noted that while she seemed to have "conscientious objections" to taking orders from Obama, she did not seem to object to serving under him "as long as she is permitted to remain on American soil". Land then upbraided <mask> for using military officers as pawns to further her claims that Obama was not qualified to be president. He also expressed astonishment at <mask>'s apparent misunderstanding of American judicial fundamentals, saying that she was trying to make Obama prove his innocence' to 'charges' that are based upon conjecture and speculation".Within hours of Land's decision, <mask> told the news site Talking Points Memo that she felt Land's refusal to hear her case was an act of treason. Two days later, she filed a motion to stay Rhodes' deployment pending rehearing of the dismissal order. She repeated her treason allegations against Land and made several other intemperate statements, including claims that Land was aiding and abetting purported aspirations of "dictatorship" by Obama. Land rejected the motion as frivolous and ordered her to show cause why she should not be fined $10,000 for abuse of judicial process. A few hours later, a letter bearing Rhodes's signature arrived, stating that Taitz filed the motion without her knowledge or

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 consent, asking Land to remove <mask> as her attorney of record in the case, and stating that it was her "plan to file a complaint with the California State Bar due to [Taitz's] reprehensible and unprofessional actions". On September 26, 2009, Taitz filed a motion with the court seeking to withdraw as counsel for Rhodes, so she could divulge in court "privileged attorney-client communications" since the dismissed Rhodes case "is now a quasi-criminal prosecution of the undersigned attorney, for the purpose of punishment". Attorney misconduct
On October 13, 2009, Judge Clay Land ordered "Counsel <mask> Taitz ... to pay $20,000 to the United States, through the Middle District of Georgia Clerk's Office, within thirty days of the date of this Order as a sanction for her misconduct in violation of Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure."Land's decision stated:
The Court finds that counsel's conduct was willful and not merely negligent. It demonstrates bad faith on her part. As an attorney, she is deemed to have known better. She owed a duty to follow the rules and to respect the Court. Counsel's pattern of conduct conclusively establishes that she did not mistakenly violate a provision of law. She knowingly violated Rule 11. Her response to the Court's show cause order is breathtaking in its arrogance and borders on delusional.She expresses no contrition or regret regarding her misconduct. To the contrary, she continues her baseless attacks on the Court. Upon learning of Land's ruling, <mask> said she would appeal the sanction, declaring that Judge Land was "scared to go against the regime" of the "oppressive" Obama administration, and that the sanction was an attempt to

masks: Taitz Orly Taitz


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 "intimidate" her. On March 15, 2010, the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the sanctions against Taitz, ordering her to pay the $20,000 fine. In July 2010, Taitz applied to the U.S. Supreme Court to stay the enforcement of sanctions, arguing that "allowing sanctions by judge Land to stand will signify beginning of tyranny in the United States of America and end to the Constitutional Republic which is the foundation of this nation". On July 8, the application was submitted to Associate Justice Clarence Thomas; on July 15, he denied it. Doubting that Justice Thomas signed the denial order, Taitz claimed to have requested of Chief Justice John Roberts that Thomas's signature be presented to her for verification.In the meantime, on August 9, the federal government filed an abstract of judgment, a document placing a lien in the amount of $20,000 plus interest on all her real property, prompting <mask> to say, "I will pay the money, and I will continue fighting," should it happen that her application for stay is ultimately denied and that the Supreme Court consents to her request to authenticate Justice Thomas's signature. On August 16, after being resubmitted to Associate Justice Samuel Alito, who in turn referred it to the full court, the application for stay was again denied. On January 10, 2011, the Court declined, without comment, to hear the case. Taitz v. Obama
On January 27, 2010, <mask>, in propria persona, filed a petition for writ of quo warranto. On April 14, 2010, U.S. District Court Chief Judge Royce C. Lamberth dismissed the petition, stating that "the Court is not willing to go tilting at windmills with her." Taitz v. Astrue
In February 2011, Taitz filed, in propria persona, a

masks: Taitz Taitz


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 Freedom of Information Act suit against the commissioner of the Social Security Administration, alleging the agency improperly refused to disclose to her information about Obama's social security number. After Taitz repeatedly failed to follow the court rule regarding the redaction of social security numbers in court filings, Chief Judge Lamberth wrote that Taitz "is either toying with the Court or displaying her own stupidity...There is no logical explanation she can provide as to why she is now wasting the Court's time, as well as the staff's time, with these improper redactions." On August 30, 2011, the court granted summary judgment in favor of the government, writing "As her numerous filings with the Court demonstrate, plaintiff will stop at nothing to get to the bottom of this alleged conspiracy. Unfortunately for plaintiff, today is not her lucky day." <mask> v. Fuddy
In August 2011, Taitz filed, in propria persona, a suit against the director of the Hawaii Department of Health, seeking to review Obama's "long form" birth certificate. On October 12, 2011, the Hawaii Circuit Court dismissed <mask>'s suit. Taitz v. Ruemmler
Taitz sought to compel White House Counsel Kathryn Ruemmler under FOIA to grant access to Obama's "long form" birth certificate. On October 17, 2011, Chief Judge Lamberth noted Taitz's "Sisyphean quest" and dismissed the suit.Challenges to and during Obama's second term

2012 New Hampshire primary challenge
In November 2011, <mask>, backed by four New Hampshire state legislators, filed a complaint with the state's Ballot Law Commission challenging Obama's eligibility to compete in the primary election. As Obama had paid the filing fee and his declaration


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 of candidacy conformed to state law, the Commission unanimously voted to keep Obama on the ballot. The Commission then denied a request for reconsideration. In response, <mask> wrote to William L. O'Brien, the Speaker of the House of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, and demanded the removal of Bill Gardner, New Hampshire's Secretary of State, for "egregious elections fraud, aiding and abetting fraud, forgery and possibly treason." D.J. Bettencourt, House Majority Leader of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, wrote to <mask> and called her actions "unbecoming of any legitimate political dialogue, nevermind one as ridiculous as the continued obsession over President Obama's birthplace." Bettencourt added, "I have spoken to the Representatives who were present and expressed to them my strong desire that they immediately disassociate themselves from you and this folly."2012 Georgia primary challenge

Five Georgians, including one represented by <mask>, filed challenges with the Georgia Secretary of State, Brian Kemp, regarding Obama's inclusion on the March primary ballot. Kemp referred the challenges to Deputy Chief Judge Michael Malihi, an administrative law judge, who denied Obama's motion to dismiss them and scheduled a hearing for January 26. On January 23, Malihi denied Obama's motion to quash a subpoena issued by <mask> to compel Obama to appear, saying that Obama did not show why he should not be at the hearing or how his testimony would not be helpful. On January 25, Obama's attorney requested that Kemp halt the proceedings, and indicated that Obama would no longer participate in the litigation pending Kemp's decision. Kemp denied their request and warned


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 that their non-participation would be "at your own peril". Neither Obama nor his attorney appeared at the January 26 hearing. This normally would result in a default order, but the challengers requested Malihi to allow them to go ahead with the hearing and rule on "the merits of their arguments and evidence".<mask> called eight witnesses (including herself), and presented seven exhibits in support of her claims that Obama was not a natural-born citizen, has used multiple names, has multiple Social Security numbers, and used a fake birth certificate. Taitz asked Malihi to fine Obama in contempt for failing to appear. On February 3, Malihi recommended that Obama remain on the ballot. Concerning <mask>'s case Malihi wrote: "The Court finds the testimony of the witnesses, as well as the exhibits tendered, to be of little, if any, probative value, and thus wholly insufficient to support plaintiffs’ allegations". The Drudge Retort described the hearing as "Empty Table 1, Orly Taitz 0". On February 6, Kemp accepted Malihi's recommendation. On February 13, Taitz filed for review, but on February 15 her application to appear pro hac vice was denied "at this time".2012 Alabama primary challenge
A lawsuit filed by an Alabama citizen, Albert Hendershot, in December 2011 alleged Obama's birth certificate was forged and that he was ineligible to be on the Alabama primary ballot. <mask> agreed to represent Hendershot and sought to enter the case, but it was dismissed before she could make an appearance. 2012 Indiana primary challenge

On February 24, <mask> appeared as a witness on the behalf of two residents of Indiana who had filed with the Indiana Election Commission a challenge to Obama's


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 eligibility. The challengers demanded a default judgment against Obama, as neither he nor a representative appeared at the hearing; this motion was unanimously denied by the commission. <mask> made false claims, arguing that the President's surname was not Obama, that he was not a natural-born citizen, and that he was using a stolen Social Security number. When Taitz accused the commission of a cover-up, Dan Dumezich, the Schererville Republican who is chairman of the commission, told her that if she was disrespectful one more time, "your butt is going to be gone." The challenge was denied.2012 Mississippi primary challenge
In February 2012, Taitz sued the Mississippi state Democratic Party and the Mississippi Secretary of State alleging Obama was not a natural born citizen. <mask> accused the party of aiding and abetting in forgery and fraud when it submitted to the court a copy of Obama's birth certificate. In response, the party filed with the court a certified verification from Hawaii's State Registrar attesting to the accuracy of Obama's birth certificate. <mask> accused the registrar of being complicit with the forgery. 2012 Indiana general election challenge
<mask> filed a lawsuit in Indiana, and attempted to subpoena Maricopa County, Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio and one of his assistants, Mike Zullo, to compel them to testify about the results of their investigation into Obama's birth certificate. Zullo indicated the two did not intend to attend the trial, stating, "We don't want our information tainted by a circus show". 2012 Kansas general election challenge
In September 2012, Taitz attempted to address a Kansas state board that had been reviewing a challenge to Obama's


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 placement on the ballot, but her request to speak was denied.After the hearing was over, <mask> and an Obama supporter argued, and eventually both were escorted out of the building by a police officer. <mask> claimed that during the post-hearing confrontation she was threatened by African-American men behaving like "animals" and "thugs"; two Topeka community leaders who were present labeled <mask>'s remarks as  "inaccurate" and "racist". On September 20, <mask> filed a lawsuit in state court seeking to stay the board's actions. On November 2, 2012, the court dismissed <mask>'s suit due to her lack of standing. 2012 Mississippi general election challenge
In a lawsuit initiated by <mask>, she falsely claimed Obama's birth certificate and Social Security Number were fake, and sought to disqualify him from the ballot. Grinols v. Obama
On December 13, 2012, Taitz filed in Sacramento, California a lawsuit on behalf of James Grinols (a Republican elector from Minnesota), Robert Odden (a Libertarian elector from Minnesota), Keith Russell Judd (a federal prisoner who was on the West Virginia Democratic primary ballot), Edward Noonan (who won the American Independent Party presidential primary in California), and Thomas MacLeran (who filed to run as a Republican for president) seeking to prevent Congress from certifying the Electoral College's vote. The lawsuit also sought to prevent California officials from certifying the election results from the 2012 presidential election.On January 3, 2013, District Judge Morrison C. England Jr. denied the plaintiffs' request for a temporary restraining order to prevent Congress from certifying the Electoral College's vote. At the hearing, the judge

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 told Taitz, "Your argument, it doesn't make any sense whatsoever," and at one point asked, "Why do you keep filing these lawsuits when they keep getting rejected?" In April 2013, the court dismissed the suit. In November 2015, the 9th Circuit affirmed the district court's dismissal. <mask> v. Hawaiian Memorial Park Mortuary
Believing that the death of Loretta Fuddy (the director of the Hawaii Department of Health) was not an accident, Taitz sued the Hawaiian Memorial Park Mortuary in Federal district court on December 20, 2013, to prevent a cremation. Taitz withdrew her petition on January 9, 2014 and the suit was dismissed the following day. Legal actions not related to Obama's eligibility

In 2012, Taitz was retained by a medical marijuana activist who had been arrested while attempting to gather signatures for a ballot initiative.In 2013, in response to A&E suspending Phil Robertson, Taitz filed an administrative complaint in Colorado that accused A&E was "engaged in discrimination against heterosexuals in favor of homosexuals, engaged in discrimination of religious people, particularly Christians, in favor of godless atheists". In 2014, in response to the National Basketball Association banning Donald Sterling for making racist remarks, Taitz filed a "complaint" with the NBA, requesting that it also ban Shaquille O'Neal because he, in Taitz's opinion, "publicly bullied" a disabled person. In 2014, Taitz filed a lawsuit challenging the transfer of undocumented immigrants from South Texas to other states, claiming they would spread communicable diseases. The U.S. government opposed Taitz's lawsuit, arguing she lacked standing and was trying to "entangle the judiciary in her


texts: political quarrels." At a hearing held on August 27, 2014, the court denied Taitz's request for a temporary restraining order, but permitted her to amend her lawsuit. In her amended complaint, in addition to her claims about communicable diseases, Taitz claimed that unknown parties pressured a border patrol agent to not testify on her behalf; she also claimed the NSA and FBI have placed agents in the federal courts to tamper with documents. In July 2015, the court dismissed almost of all Taitz's lawsuit, ruling she lacked standing to challenge the federal government's immigration practices.In 2014, Taitz filed a second lawsuit in Texas, alleging the Centers for Disease Control failed to provide her with information she requested about Ebola and other communicable diseases in the United States. Because the information Taitz sought was not in Texas, the court transferred the case to a court in Southern California, where Taitz resides. In 2015, Taitz filed a third lawsuit in Texas, alleging the federal government's grant of asylum and refuge status encouraged undocumented immigrants to engage in identity theft. She also alleged Obama was using a stolen Social Security number, forged identification documents, and a false name. Taitz's attempt to join this lawsuit with the first suit that she filed in Texas failed. In 2020, <mask> expressed interest in joining Donald Trump's legal team for the post-election lawsuits he filed challenging the 2020 U.S. presidential election, but expressed skepticism at the assertion made by the legal team that Trump won by a landslide. In 2021, Taitz unsuccessfully sued Vice President Kamala Harris and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer to stop the


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 second impeachment trial of Donald Trump.Political campaigns

California Secretary of State, 2010 Republican primary

In March 2010, <mask> qualified to run for the office of California Secretary of State. At the same time, she unsuccessfully challenged the eligibility of her Republican Party primary opponent, former NFL player Damon Dunn, claiming that he was pretending to be a Republican. Dunn had registered as a Democrat in the state of Florida in 1999, but that registration had lapsed before he filed for the Republican primary. On May 12, 2010, Pamela Barnett (named plaintiff from Taitz's lawsuit Barnett v. Obama) filed a lawsuit in the Sacramento County Superior Court alleging that Dunn was not eligible to run for Secretary of State. <mask> was defeated by Dunn in the June 8 primary by a margin of about three to one, losing by over 900,000 votes. On June 17, 2010, Taitz filed a lawsuit in the Orange County Superior Court contesting the election results, again alleging Dunn's ineligibility. On March 17, 2011, the judge ruled against Taitz.On May 1, 2012, a California Court of Appeal affirmed the superior court's ruling. U.S. Senator from California, 2012 blanket primary

<mask> attempted to challenge U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein in the 2012 blanket primary, stating, "I think I do have a chance specifically because I do speak Spanish and I speak Hebrew." In November 2011, <mask> trailed Feinstein by a nearly 2–1 margin. A Feinstein advisor stated, "If this race plays out as a bunch of unknowns who have no serious funding, <mask> <mask> will probably win the primary [along with Feinstein]." (In 2012, California used a blanket primary campaign system for offices other than

masks: Taitz Taitz Taitz Taitz Orly Taitz


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 U.S. President, so that the top two finishers in the primary regardless of party affiliation go on to the ballot in the fall general election.)A March 2012 poll by another Republican candidate had <mask> leading the Republican field; 38% of those polled had not decided whom to vote for. On March 11, the California Republican Party endorsed another candidate, Elizabeth Emken, over <mask>. Citing fears the election might be "rigged", <mask> announced her intention to work with Sharron Angle to ensure "a fair and honest election". On June 5, 2012, Emken came in second to Feinstein in the primary with about 12% of the vote and advanced to the general election; <mask> came in fifth with 3.1%. In July 2012, <mask> sued to block the certification of the primary election results, alleging "rampant election fraud"; she also alleged Obama engaged in "identity fraud." Her suit was denied. In October 2012, <mask> tried to revive her election lawsuit by asking the court to compel Occidental College to produce student records for President Obama, who attended Occidental from 1979 to 1981.The judge ruled that <mask>'s motion did not meet basic legal requirements and ordered her to pay $4,000 in sanctions to Occidental's lawyer for the cost of opposing the motion. The California Court of Appeal affirmed the dismissal and sanctions. California Attorney General, 2014 blanket primary

<mask> filed paperwork indicating her intent to become the Attorney General of California in the 2014 blanket primary. <mask> was endorsed by David Manning. Judson Phillips, leader of the Tea Party Nation, accused <mask> of falsely implying that the organization had endorsed her when it had not. <mask> came in sixth

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 (out of seven candidates) in the primary, with approximately 3.1% of the vote. Activities in Israel
Taitz has also actively promoted her conspiracy theories in Israel, where she falsely claims that "the vast majority" of the population supports her views.She has appeared on the Channel 10 nightly news show London and Kirschenbaum, was the subject of a feature on Channel 1 TV, and filmed a video for the website Arutz 7. Israel's Russian-language media, such as Channel 9 and Vesti, the country's largest Russian-language newspaper, have also covered Taitz. In the media
Taitz received media attention in connection with Obama's presidential eligibility questions in late 2008. She was interviewed by co-hosts David Shuster and Tamron Hall on MSNBC on August 3, 2009. Various media outlets described her appearance on the network as an "implosion", as Taitz asserted that Shuster, who is Jewish, was a "brownshirt", a charge she repeated in a phone interview the following week. Fox News commentator Bill O'Reilly called Taitz a "nut". In response, she and pastor James David Manning organized a protest outside Fox News headquarters in New York City in November 2009, which drew an estimated 15 to 20 attendees.In April 2011, Lawrence O'Donnell invited <mask> on MSNBC so that she could address President Obama's long form birth certificate, which had been released the day before. When <mask> only wanted to make false claims about President Obama's alleged Selective Service papers and refused to comment on his birth certificate, O'Donnell kicked her off the show, stating: "Look, she's crazy. I invited a crazy person on this show to see if the crazy person ... could say something responsive,


texts:
 something human, to the document that was released today ... and she wants to play with all of her other kids' toys." See also
 Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories

References

External links
 Official web site

1960 births
Living people
American conspiracy theorists
American dentists
American people of Moldovan-Jewish descent
American real estate brokers
American women lawyers
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Israeli people of Moldovan-Jewish descent
Jewish American politicians
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Activists from California
People from Laguna Niguel, California
Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine alumni
Women dentists
Women in California politics
California lawyers
California Republicans
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women
Far-right politicians in the United States
Right-wing politics in the United


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Sigurd Snake-in-the-eye () or <mask> was a semi-legendary Viking warrior and Danish king active from the mid to late 9th century. According to multiple Saga sources and Scandinavian histories from the 12th century and later, he is one of the sons of the legendary Viking Ragnar Lodbrok and Áslaug. His historical prototype might have been the Danish King Sigfred who ruled briefly in the 870s. Norwegian king's genealogies of the Middle Ages names him as an ancestor of Harald Fairhair and used his mother's supposed ancestry the Völsung to create an ancestry between Harald and his descendants and Odin. Early life
"Snake-in-the-eye" as part of Sigurd's name denoted a physical characteristic. He was born with a mark in his eye, described as the image of the Ouroboros (a snake biting its own tail). According to Ragnar Lothbrok’s saga, while Sigurd was just a boy, his half-brothers Eric and Agnar were killed by Swedish king Eysteinn Beli (also known as Östen).When Áslaug heard the news of Eric and Agnar's death, even though she wasn't their mother, she cried blood and asked the other sons of Ragnar to avenge their dead brothers. Because the Swedish king controlled Uppsala and a holy cow named Sibilja, Ivar the Boneless believed gods were on Eysteinn's side and feared the magic that ruled there. However, when his younger brother, the three-year-old Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, wanted to attack Eysteinn, the brothers changed their minds. Sigurd's foster-father assembled five longships for him. Hvitserk and Björn Ironside mustered 14, and Aslaug and Ivar the Boneless marshaled 10 ships each, and together they took vengeance upon Eysteinn. The Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus relates that Sigurd, as a young man, was close to his father and sojourned for a time in Scotland and the


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 Scottish Islands. After Ragnar's Viking army had slain the local earls, Sigurd and his brother Radbard were appointed sub-rulers of these territories.Later in life <mask> and his brothers accompanied Ragnar on a hazardous expedition through Rus' to the Hellespont. The death of Ragnar Lothbrok and the Great Heathen Army

Most of the legendary sources say that King Ælla of Northumbria killed Ragnar Lothbrok, in about 865, by having him thrown into a pit of snakes. According to traditional accounts, Ragnar is reputed to have exclaimed as he was dying: "How the young pigs would grunt if they knew what the old boar suffers!" Sigurd and his siblings were reportedly informed of their father's fate by an envoy from Ælla. As he heard the news, Sigurd was supposedly so affected that he cut himself to the bone with a knife he held in his hand; his brother Björn Ironside supposedly gripped a spear so tightly that the imprint of his fingers was left in the wood. Sigurd and his brothers swore they would avenge Ragnar's death. In 865–866, the Viking leaders Ivar the Boneless and Ubbe crossed the North Sea with a stor hær ("Great Army").Traditional accounts claim that all the surviving sons of Ragnar apart from Ivar launched a first attack on Ælla's kingdom, which failed. <mask>'s brother, Ivar the Boneless, devised a strategy in which the Great Heathen Army occupied and sacked York, to provoke Ælla into engaging on the Vikings' terms. Under Ivar's plan, the Vikings feigned retreat, leading Ælla to underestimate them and become encircled. According to Ragnarssona þáttr (The Tale of Ragnar's Sons, part of the Sagas of Ragnar Lothbrok), Ælla was captured alive and executed afterwards by blood eagle. Sigurd's descendants
Ragnarssona þáttr states that when his father died, Sigurd

masks: Sigurd Sigurd


texts: inherited Zealand, Scania, Halland, the Danish islands, and Viken. It is also possible he was for a time co-ruler of Denmark with his brother Halfdan, because Frankish sources mention certain Sigfred and Halfdan as rulers in 873 – the names Sigurd and Sigfred were often mixed up in Nordic literature. He could have succeeded his brother Halfdan Ragnarsson as the sole king of Denmark in about 877, when Halfdan fell in battle in the Irish Sea.A Danish Viking king called Sigfred, who appears to have become landless by this time, was killed in West Francia in 887; he is quite possibly the same person. Sigurd married Blaeja, the daughter of king Ælla of Northumbria and they had two children, Harthacanute and Áslaug Sigurðardóttir, who was married to Helge of the Dagling lineage. Helge may have briefly succeeded his purported father-in-law as king of Denmark before being overthrown by Olof, a Viking chief who swept down from Sweden in about the year 900. The Ragnarssona þáttr states that Danish king Harthacanute was a son of Sigurd. However, the 11th century chronicler Adam of Bremen mentions Hardegon (probably Harthacanute) as the son of a certain Sven. Hardegon or Harthacanute succeeded Sigtrygg Gnupasson as the king of part of Denmark (probably Jutland, but according to later tradition Zealand, Scania and Halland) in about 916. According to the Ragnarssona þáttr, he nevertheless lost Viken (Oslofjord) that had been part of the Danish realm in the 9th century.He was the father of Gorm the Old, the king of Denmark. Gorm succeeded his father as king and married Thyra. Gorm's son, Harald Bluetooth succeeded his father as king and married possibly three times with Gunhild, Tove and Gyrid. Harald had a son named Sweyn Forkbeard. Sweyn succeeded his father as king and


texts:
 married Gunhild (Świętosława of Poland). They had a son named Cnut the Great. Sweyn also ruled England in his lifetime and established the Danish Empire.When Sweyn died, his elder son Harald Svendsen became the king of Denmark, while England's former king, Ethelred, reclaimed the throne. Following Harald's death, his brother Cnut the Great became king, re-established the Danish North Sea Empire. He married Emma of Normandy with whom he had a son named Harthacnut. When Cnut died (and after the brothers of Harthacnut also had died), Harthacnut became king of Denmark and England. Upon his death, Edward the Confessor became ruler of England in 1042. Sweyn Forkbeard also had a daughter, Estrid, from whom all ruling kings and queens of Denmark after 1047 descend. Sigurd's daughter Áslaug, as mentioned above, married Helgi the Sharp of the Dagling dynasty.They had a son named <mask> Hart, who married a woman named Ingeborg. <mask> Hart and Ingeborg had children named Guttorm <mask> and Ragnhild <mask>dotter. When <mask> Hart's uncle, king Fróði of Ringerike died, <mask> Hart supposedly went to Norway to succeed him as king of Ringerike. In popular culture
Sigurd Snake-in-the-eye features prominently in the History Channel's historical drama television series Vikings played by David Lindström. Sigurd is also one of the antagonists in the video game Mount and Blade: Viking Conquest. References

Sources
Tale of Ragnar's Sons (Ragnarssona þáttr)
Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok (Ragnars saga Loðbrókar)

Further reading
Waggoner, Ben (2009) The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok (The Troth)

External links
The Tale of Ragnar's Sons - translation by Peter Tunstall

Norwegian petty kings
9th-century rulers in Europe
Viking warriors
9th-century Danish people
9th-century Norwegian

masks: Sigurd Sigurd Sigurdsson Sigurds Sigurd Sigurd


texts:
<mask> (1749–1834) was an English college head, clergyman and controversialist, Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford from 1792 to his death. Life
Born at Milbeck, township of Dent, in the parish of Sedbergh, then in Yorkshire, and baptised at Dent on 1 October 1749, was the son of <mask> of that parish. He was educated at Sedbergh school under Dr. Wynne Bateman, and was the <mask> who was admitted at Magdalene College, Cambridge, as sizar on 11 May 1767; but the entry does not give the Christian name of either father or son, and he presumably never went into residence. He entered as batler at Queen's College, Oxford, 15 June 1769, and graduated B.A. 1772, M.A. 1776. <mask> took deacon's orders in 1776 and priest's orders in 1778, and the curacy of Banbury was his first charge.The fire at Queen's College in 1779 destroyed his books and some of his manuscripts, and he seems to have moved to Banbury. On 27 December 1781 he was elected to a Yorkshire fellowship at Lincoln College, Oxford, and became its acting tutor, proceeding B.D. in 1783 and D.D. in 1787. On 6 November 1787, <mask> was elected sub-rector of Lincoln College, and on 15 March 1792 he was unanimously elected Rector. To this post was attached the rectory of Twyford, Buckinghamshire, with a right of residence at the rectory of Combe. He made improvements to the rectorial houses at Twyford and Combe, about ten miles from Oxford, and he is described as a contributor to the improvements at the college, presumably to the front quadrangle, which he gave

masks:
Edward Tatham
James Tatham
Tatham
Tatham
Tatham


texts: incongruous battlements.<mask> preached about 1802 a famous sermon, two hours and a half long, in defence of the disputed verse in St. John's first epistle (v. 7). <mask> concluded the discourse by leaving the subject to the learned bench of bishops, ‘who have little to do and do not always do that little.’ Usually at open war with his fellow members of the Hebdomadal Council, he vehemently opposed the views advocated by Cyril Jackson and the new examinations which had been instituted through his influence at the university. He issued in 1807 an ‘Address to the Members of Convocation on the proposed New Statute for Public Examinations,’ and it was followed by several pamphlets of a similar kind, including ‘Address to Lord Grenville on Abuses in the University’ (1811), and ‘Oxonia Purgata: a Series of Addresses on the New Discipline’ (1813). In the closing years of his life, he chiefly lived at Combe rectory. He scarcely ever appeared at Oxford, unless it was to bring with him in his dogcart a pair of pigs of his own breeding for sale in the pig-market. Many caricatures and lampoons of him passed from hand to hand at Oxford, and he was known as ‘the devil’ who looked over Lincoln. On the nomination of the trustees of the Bridgewater estate, <mask>, when a very old man, was appointed in 1829 to the rectory of Whitchurch, Shropshire.He died at the rectory-house in the parish of Combe on 24 April 1834, and was buried in the church of All Saints, Oxford, where a monument was erected by the widow to his memory.

masks: Tatham Tatham Tatham


texts:
 Works
<mask>'s major work was his set of Bampton lectures, entitled The Chart and Scale of Truth by which to find the Cause of Error, vol. i. 1790, vol. ii. n.d. [1792]. A new edition, from the author's manuscripts at Lincoln College, and with a memoir, preface, and notes, by E. W. Grinfield, came out in 1840.This series of discourses  embodied a new system of logic. His principle was that truth "becomes varied and modified as it passes through the human faculties", and that it pervades the various departments of general knowledge, being finally summed up in "the summum genus of knowledge, the knowledge of revealed theology". Edmund Burke called on <mask> soon after its publication, and expressed high approbation. Dr. Thomas Reid and David Doig admired it, and the article "Logic" in the fourth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica was almost wholly taken from it. <mask> imitated the style of William Warburton. Besides polemical sermons preached at Oxford, <mask> published:

 Oxonia Explicata et Ornata (anon. ), 1773; 2nd edit.improved and enlarged (anon. ), 1777. He anticipated the erection of a martyr's memorial, and advocated architectural improvements at Oxford. It would appear that he published about 1815 a further tract on Architectural Improvements in Oxford. Essay on Journal Poetry, 1778. Twelve Discourses introductory to the Study of Divinity, 1780.
 Letters to Burke on Politics, 1791; the first was on "the principles of government'", the second on "civil liberty". They contained some severe reflections

masks: Tatham Tatham Tatham Tatham


texts:
 on Joseph Priestley.On 1 July 1791 there appeared in the daily prints a letter from <mask> to the Revolution Society, declining an invitation to dinner. Letter to Pitt on the National Debt, 1795. Letter to Pitt on a National Bank, 1797. Letter to Pitt on the State of the Nation and the Prosecution of the War, 1797. Plan of Income-tax, 1802. He claimed to have invented the property tax of 1797. Observations on the Scarcity of Money and its Effects upon the Public; 3rd edit.1816; reprinted in The Pamphleteer (vol. vii.). He argued that there was too little money in circulation, and that the bullion committee should have compelled the Bank of England to produce large coinages in gold and silver. Letter to Lord Grenville on the Metallic Standard, 1820; 2nd edit. 1820. He pleaded that bank-paper should be continued as legal tender, and that silver should be made the metallic standard. Family
He married, in 1801, Elizabeth, the wealthy daughter of John Cook of Cheltenham.She died on 24 August 1847, having founded at Lincoln College, in her husband's memory, a scholarship of the annual value of fifty guineas, limited in the first instance to candidates born or educated in Berkshire. Sources

References

Further reading
Erich W. Sippel, Another of Poe's “Savans”: <mask>, Poe Studies — Old Series Volume 9, Issue 1, pages 16–21, June 1976. 1749 births
1834 deaths
18th-century English Anglican priests
19th-century English Anglican priests
Rectors of Lincoln College, Oxford
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Fellows of

masks:
Tatham
Edward Tatham


texts:
<mask> (23 January 1922 – 16 November 2007) was a British poet and author. He was at one time a professional boxer, and wrote novels about the sport. Personal life
<mask>, whose birth name was <mask>, was born in 1922 in Spilsby, Lincolnshire. The family, always poor, moved frequently, including Ballaghaderreen in Ireland, Beeston, and Eccles, before settling in Buckinghamshire. Bain spent most of his youth growing up in Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. His father had fought in the First World War, and came to make a living as a commercial photographer. <mask> attended the local Queen's Park Boys' School, an elementary council school He left school at the age of 14 to work as a clerk in an insurance office.His real passions, however, were for the unlikely combination of boxing and literature. He had been winning boxing titles at school and had been a keen reader from a very early age, although not properly attaching to poetry until about aged 15, when he picked up a Walter de la Mare poem and was "instantly and permanently hooked". He frequently read both the poetry of Thomas Hardy and the thrillers of Edgar Wallace. <mask> enlisted in the army "as a lark" in 1940, shortly after war was declared. He joined the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders., and two years later was transferred to the Gordon Highlanders, a part of the 51st Highland Division. The war took him into action in the North African desert. He fought at El Alamein and across the western desert during the Eighth Army's drive to reach Tunisia.Following an assault on an Axis held hill near Gabes he watched as his Gordon Highlanders

masks:
Vernon Scannell
Vernon Scannell
John Vernon Bain
Scannell
Scannell


texts: moved through the recently taken position, looting the dead, both Allied and Axis. Revolted, he walked away. He was caught and court-martialled for deserting a forward area. Sentenced to three years imprisonment, he spent six months in one of the harshest military penal institutions in Alexandria before being released on a suspended sentence to take part in the Normandy landings. His war ended when he was shot in both legs while on night patrol near Caen. He was shipped back to a military hospital at Winwick in Lancashire before being sent on to a convalescent depot. <mask> had always very much disliked army life, finding nothing in his temperament which fitted him for the part of a soldier.Following the end of the war in Europe (V.E. Day) he deserted again and spent two years on the run, earning his living with jobs in the theatre, professional boxing bouts and tutoring and coaching, all the while teaching himself by reading everything he could. During this evasive time <mask> was writing poetry and was first published in Tribune and The Adelphi. He was also boxing for Leeds University, winning the Northern Universities Championships at three weights. In 1947 he was arrested and court-martialled and sent to Northfield Military Hospital, a mental institution near Birmingham. On discharge he returned to Leeds and then went to London, where, supporting himself with teaching jobs and boxing, he settled down to writing. <mask>, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature   won many poetry awards, including for war poems such as his collection Walking Wounded.A. E. Housman said that "the

masks: Scannell Scannell Scannell


texts:
 business of poetry is to harmonise the sadness of the universe" and <mask> quoted this with approval. Scannell's poems, with their themes of love, violence and mortality, were shaped and influenced by his wartime experiences. <mask> was awarded a Writing Fellowship in 1975 as Resident Poet in Berinsfield, Oxfordshire, an experience he recounts in A Proper Gentleman and later, in 1979 he spent a term as Poet in Residence at the King's School, Canterbury. His final collection, Last Post, was published in 2007; he had been working on it until not long before his death. Literary life
He received the Heinemann Award for Literature in 1961 for an early poetry volume, The Masks of Love, and the Cholmondeley Award for poetry in 1974. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1960 and granted a Civil List pension in recognition of his services to literature in 1981. Stephen Spender, the poet perceptively wrote to Scannell in a letter in 1953: "you write good poetry and that is all that matters."Seamus Heaney in a letter to Andrew Taylor said he admired <mask>'s poems "not only for their sturdy metrical pace and structure, but for their combination of mordancy and a sense of mortality". John Carey, the critic commented: "Scannell nearly always works on two levels, one realistic and external, the other imaginative, metaphorical, haunted by memory and desire. A master of the dramatic monologue, his work is drenched in humanity. It resounds with memories." <mask> also wrote the verse narration for BBC Television film A House that Died. He also received a special award from the

masks: Scannell Scannell Scannell Scannell


texts:
 Wilfred Owen Association "in recognition of his contribution to war poetry". Scannell's best-known book of war poetry is Walking Wounded (1965).The title poem recollects a column of men returning from battle: "No one was suffering from a lethal hurt, They were not magnified by noble wounds, There was no splendour in that company." <mask> is also the author of a memoir, The Tiger and the Rose (1983). The unadorned narrative covers five years' military service and a brief boxing career. <mask> writes about the conclusion to his army life, "Twenty-five years ago, 1945...was the year I made what might seem like a desperate decision and performed what might appear to be an act of criminal folly, manic selfishness, zany recklessness, abject cowardice or even, perhaps, eccentric courage. I deserted from the Army. The first recipient of the Owen Award, Christopher Logue, author of some of the best war poetry of the past half-century (in the form of versions of the Iliad), spent two years in a military prison, on a charge of handling stolen pass books. What would Owen say?He'd say: Never trust the teller, trust the tale." Historian Martin Johnes has used <mask>'s 1951 novel The Fight to explore racial attitudes in 1950s Britain. He argues that its depictions of reactions to a black boxer illustrate the diversity of racial attitudes, including outright racism, better than contemporary sociological studies where private assumptions and thoughts were hidden. Death
<mask> spent the final years of his life living in Otley, West Yorkshire, where he died at his home at the age of 85 after a long


texts:
<mask> (born October 23, 1958) is an American academic, author, ordained minister, and radio host. He is a professor in the College of Arts and Science and in the Divinity School at Vanderbilt University. Described by <mask>. Fletcher as "a Princeton Ph.D. and a child of the streets who takes pains never to separate the two", Dyson has authored or edited more than twenty books dealing with subjects such as Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., Marvin Gaye, Barack Obama, Nas's debut album Illmatic, Bill Cosby, Tupac Shakur and Hurricane Katrina. In 2021, multiple women accused Dyson of abusing his position of authority and sexual misconduct. Early life and education
<mask> was born on  October 23, 1958, in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Addie Mae Leonard, who was from Alabama. He was adopted by his stepfather, <mask>. He attended Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, on an academic scholarship but left and completed his education at Northwestern High School.He became an ordained Baptist minister at nineteen years of age. Having worked in factories in Detroit to support his family, he entered Knoxville College as a freshman at the age of twenty-one. <mask> received his bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Carson–Newman College in 1985. He received a Ph.D. in religion from Princeton University in 1993 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled Uses of Heroes: Celebration and Criticism in the Interpretation of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.

Career

Professor
<mask> has taught at Chicago Theological Seminary, Brown University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Columbia University, DePaul University, and the University of Pennsylvania. From 2007 to 2020, he was a Professor of Sociology at Georgetown University. In 2021, <mask> moved to Vanderbilt University where he holds the Centennial Chair and serves as University Distinguished Professor of African American and Diaspora Studies in the College of Arts and Science and University

masks:
Michael Eric Dyson
Michael A
Dyson
Everett Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson


texts:
 Distinguished Professor of Ethics and Society in the Divinity School. Between 2016 and 2018, he was a visiting professor at Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont.Author
His 1994 book Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X became a New York Times notable book of the year. In his 2006 book Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster, Dyson analyzes the political and social events in the wake of the catastrophe against the backdrop of an overall "failure in race and class relations". In 2010, <mask> edited Born to Use Mics: Reading Nas's Illmatic, with contributions based on the album’s tracks by, among others, Kevin Coval, Kyra D. Gaunt ("Professor G"), dream hampton, Marc Lamont Hill, Adam Mansbach, and Mark Anthony Neal. Dyson's own essay in this anthology, "'One Love,' Two Brothers, Three Verses", argues that the current US penal system disfavors young black males more than any other segment of the population. His last three books appeared repeatedly on the New York Times Bestseller list. Commentator
<mask> hosted a radio show, which aired on Radio One, from January 2006 to February 2007. He is also a commentator on National Public Radio, MSNBC and CNN, and is a regular guest on Real Time with Bill Maher.Beginning July 2011 <mask> <mask> became a political analyst for MSNBC. In May 2018, he participated in the Munk debate on political correctness, arguing alongside Michelle Goldberg against Stephen Fry and Jordan Peterson. In August 2018, he spoke at the funeral of Aretha Franklin. <mask> served on the board of directors of the Common Ground Foundation, a project dedicated to empowering urban youth in the United States. <mask> and his third wife, Marcia L<mask>, were regular guests and speakers at the Aspen Institute Conferences and Ideas Festival. <mask> most recently hosted a television show, The Raw Word. The <mask> <mask> Show (2009-2011)

The <mask> <mask> Show radio program debuted on April 6, 2009, and is broadcast from

masks:
Dyson
Dyson
Michael Eric
Dyson
Dyson
Dyson
. Dyson
Dyson
Michael Eric
Dyson
Michael Eric
Dyson


texts:
 Morgan State University.The show's first guest was Oprah Winfrey, to whom Dyson dedicated his book Can You Hear Me Now? The Inspiration, Wisdom, and Insight of <mask> <mask>. The show appears to have been discontinued with its last episode being in December 2011. Beliefs
<mask>'s general philosophy is that American black people are continuing to suffer from generations of ongoing oppression. On Fox News with Tucker Carlson, Dyson suggested that white Americans looking for ways to counter white privilege could make individual efforts to contribute time and money to support local black communities. Personal life
Dyson has a son, <mask> <mask> II, born on May 22, 1978, in Detroit with his first wife, Theresa Taylor. Also, Mwata and Maisha Dyson and three grandchildren.Allegations of student sexual harassment

Georgetown University's student newspaper The Georgetown Voice reported in June 2021 that the University had launched an investigation into Dyson in February 2020 in relation to allegations that Dyson harassed and tried to initiate a romantic relationship with one of his students at the University. Subsequently, Crystal Fleming also accused Dyson of harassing her as a graduate student. Students at Vanderbilt, where Dyson accepted a position in 2021, have accused the school of "fail[ing] Black women" by hiring the alleged predator. Awards and nominations

Bibliography
Reflecting Black: African-American Cultural Criticism, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Race Rules: Navigating the Color Line, Reading, Massachusetts: Addison Wesley, 1996. Between God and Gangsta Rap: Bearing Witness to Black Culture, Oxford University Press, USA, 1997.I May Not Get There with You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr., New York: Free Press, 2000. Holler if You Hear Me: Searching for Tupac Shakur, New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2002. Open Mike: Reflections on Philosophy, Race, Sex,

masks:
Michael Eric
Dyson
Dyson
Michael Eric
Dyson


texts:
 Culture and Religion, New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2002. Why I Love Black Women, New York: Perseus Books Group, 2002. The <mask> <mask> Reader, New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2004. Mercy, Mercy Me: The Art, Loves and Demons of Marvin Gaye, New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2005. Is Bill Cosby Right?Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost Its Mind?, New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2005. Pride: The Seven Deadly Sins, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster, New York: Perseus Books Group, 2006. Debating Race, New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2007. Know What I Mean? Reflections on Hip Hop. New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2007.April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King's Death and How it Changed America, New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2008. Can You Hear Me Now? The Inspiration, Wisdom, and Insight of <mask> <mask>, New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2009. Born to Use Mics: Reading Nas's Illmatic, New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2010 (editor, with Sohail Daulatzai). The Black Presidency: Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016. Tears We Cannot Stop: A Sermon to White America, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2017. What Truth Sounds Like, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2018.JAY-Z: Made in America, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019. Long Time Coming: Reckoning with Race in America, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2020. Entertaining Race: Performing Blackness in America, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2021. References

External links

1958 births
Living people
African-American Baptist ministers
African-American social scientists
American social scientists
African-American non-fiction writers
American adoptees
American biographers
American political writers
Carson–Newman University alumni
Clergy from Detroit
DePaul University faculty
Georgetown University faculty
American male biographers
Michigan Democrats
Princeton University alumni
Writers from Detroit
American Book Award

masks:
Michael Eric
Dyson
Michael Eric
Dyson


texts:
<mask>, Lady <mask> (née Symonds) (April 21, 1763 – December 21, 1807) was an English artist and naturalist. While living in Madras (now Chennai), India, from 1801 to 1807, Lady Gwillim painted a series of about 200 watercolours of Indian birds. Produced about 20 years before John James Audubon published his famous The Birds of America (1827–1839), Gwillim's work has been acclaimed for its accuracy and natural postures––she made her watercolours by observing living birds, sometimes in their natural environments. Early life in England
<mask> was born in the valley of Wye, Hereford, daughter of Esther and Thomas Symonds. She had three sisters: Ann (called Nancy), Mary Symonds (called Polly), and Hester (called Hetty), as well as a younger brother, Thomas, who died in infancy. Her father Thomas Symonds was a stonemason and was sworn a Freeman of the City of Hereford on December 10, 1753. He was also a draughtsman, architect, and monumental mason whose work in Hereford and Somerset was very well-regarded.In 1775 he was acting as clerk of works for Richard Payne Knight at Downton Castle. He was appointed surveyor of the Hereford Cathedral in 1777; following the collapse of the tower (a disaster which he had warned of) in 1786 he retired. Upon his death in March of 1791, his wife Esther continued his business until 1803. Esther Symonds died in 1806. <mask> married <mask> (1759 – September 22, 1837) on May 27, 1784, in London at St. Bride’s Church on Fleet Street. Henry was a lawyer and judge whose family was also from Hereford. Information on their children is inconclusive: London archives document the burial of an infant

masks:
Elizabeth
Gwillim
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Henry Gwillim


texts:
 on January 13, 1786, also named <mask>, who was born March 31, 1785 and baptized June 20, 1785 at St. Bride's.Other sources familiar with <mask>’s life note another daughter named Ann, baptized June 10, 1787, and a son Henry, baptized October 11, 1789. These two children were born in Sarnesfield in Hereford and Henry's burial is recorded in nearby Kinnersley on February 28, 1790. <mask> describes herself as childless in a letter to her sister Hetty written in 1806 from Madras, and none of her preceding letters mention children. In 1797, Henry became the Chief Justice of the Isle of Ely and then by 1801, he was appointed as one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Madras, for which he was knighted. <mask> was escorted to court before their departure by the Bishop of Ely and Agneta Johnson Yorke, the widow of Charles Yorke, the former Chancellor, but Sir Henry did not receive his knighthood until after they had left England via Portsmouth, due to the illness of the king. Time in India
<mask>, her husband, her unmarried sister Mary Symonds, Sir Henry’s assistant Richard Clarke, another clerk, and two Indian servants embarked at Plymouth on the Hindostan in late February 1801, arriving in Madras (now called Chennai) almost five months later, on July 27. Their life there is thoroughly detailed in letters, now held in the British Library, from the sisters to their mother, sister Hester, and friends back in England.The letters cover a wide variety of topics such as the climate, the landscape, the food, local social and religious customs, and much more. Scholars from many fields have read the Gwillim-Symonds letters for

masks:
Elizabeth
Gwillim
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Gwillim


texts:
 information on diverse subjects, such as their visits to women in the zenanas and the role of devadasi women in society. Most famously, however, Gwillim detailed the natural world around her in her letters and in the many bird paintings she created in her seven years in Madras. Bird paintings

Influence
It is unclear where Gwillim’s inspiration to start painting the birds of Madras began, other than a clear and focused interest within herself. She and her sister Mary very likely received basic drawing instructions from their artistic father, and from their letters we know that they later trained under George Samuel, whom they often mention. Samuel painted primarily landscapes in both watercolours and oils, and his influence may be visible in Gwillim’s work. The boom in illustrated natural history books in the mid-18th century surely made an impression.Gwillim names naturalist and author Thomas Bewick in a letter, telling her sister Hetty that she had seen an owl from Bewick’s A History of British Birds (volume one, Land Birds, 1797). She also requests that Hetty send her Bewick’s second volume on water birds, published in 1804. Other naturalists publishing on the native birds of England at this time include William Lewin (The Birds of Great Britain, with Their Eggs, Accurately Figured, 1789–1794), John Latham (ornithologist) (A general synopsis of birds 1781–1785), and Edward Donovan (The Natural History of British Birds, 1792–97). However, during this time of global exploration, Gwillim may also have seen birds from around the world before she herself departed England. Authors such as George Edwards (A Natural


texts:
 History of Uncommon Birds, 1743–51), Mark Catesby (Natural History of Caroline, Florida and the Bahama Islands, 1729–47), and Thomas Pennant (Indian Zoology, 1790) all contributed to the growing field of ornithological illustrations, and in her own series Gwillim painted birds that were also featured in each of these aforementioned earlier volumes. Gwillim refers in one of her letters to the Leverian collection (referred to by her as Parkinson's [museum], then at the Blackfriars Rotunda), which displayed both stuffed birds, including a species of pheasant sent from India by Mary Impey, and paintings of birds. George Shaw's catalogue of the Leverian collection, featuring bird paintings by Sarah Stone, is another possible source of inspiration.Artistic process
We know of Gwillim’s own artistic process from the letters, primarily this description from Mary: “Poor Betsy is never out of trouble for if you gets [sic] dead subjects to draw from they become offensive before she can finish the work to her mind, & when the birds are brought in alive they stare, or kick, or peck, or do some vile trick or other that frightens her out of her wits, sometimes she thinks the birds look sick, that is whenever they stand quiet & then in a great fit of tenderness she lets them fly before they are finished, least thier [sic] sufferings should be revenged upon her or their ghosts should come flying round her & flapping thier [sic] great wings, scare her to death. These are serious troubles I assure you. But we do all we can to remedy such evils & have now got a venerable looking old Moor man who catches a bird at a time he holds them in


texts:
 proper attitudes or feeds these miserable captives in a proper manner, for her poor concience [sic] sake.”

Mary further details that in addition to the live birds which cause trouble as subjects, there are also dried skins of birds all around their house. Mary notes in a different letter that “her present employments keep her quite happy I almost wish you could see her in her glory;  that is, with about twenty black men round her, a table full of books, the floor strewed with baskets of seeded branches of trees, and she herself standing in the midst with her cap snatched [?] to one side and talking away till she is quite fatigued.”

Gwillim herself writes to her sister and mother that she is very much involved and absorbed in her work, often apologizing for writing so little as she is otherwise painting. She estimates having drawn about one hundred by 1805 and in the next two years “a great great great many birds” more. Gwillim’s health was never robust, but it seems only illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and later shingles, slowed her ambition.Style
There exists a great deal of variation within Gwillim’s paintings of birds, and thus a singular “style” is difficult to characterize. However there are different categories into which her paintings can be sorted and a few consistent traits visible in all. Of the 121 known paintings, held in the Blacker Wood Natural History collection at the McGill University Library, 56 have full backgrounds, 26 of the paintings have limited backgrounds, and 39 of the paintings have no background at all. The fully realized backgrounds contain features such as palm trees, distant


texts:
 mountains, and occasionally buildings such as temples. The limited backgrounds contain rocks or branches with some foliage contoured closely to the body of the bird. The paintings that have no backgrounds are perhaps unfinished, or may be the victims of Gwillim’s constant shortage of art supplies. The availability of paper, paints, and brushes was subject to the inconsistencies of ocean travel from England to Madras, and Gwillim herself notes that if she were to paint all her backgrounds in the style of her teacher George Samuel, she would run out of colours to do so even faster.Gwillim painted the birds themselves first, and the backgrounds second. The most consistent trait in Gwillim's birds is her depiction and placement of feathers in such a way that shows an unprecedented understanding of avian anatomy. An aspect of ornithology was pterylography, the study of the patterns of distribution of the pterylae and apterylae particularly in young birds as these were morphological indicators of evolutionary relatedness. Gwillim accurately depicted the patterning and layering of wing and tail feathers in a seated bird, paying attention to multiple different types of feathers in specific locations and relations to their functions and to one another in the anatomy of the bird. Her colouring of the feathers is also very delicately and accurately rendered. Botany
Gwillim also took a keen interest in botany, detailed often in her letters, and was an active member of the global network of naturalists who sent seeds, plants, and illustrations to their friends and peers. Gwillim sent seeds to Lizzie Thoburn, daughter of Frank


texts: Thoburn, who ran a nursery of exotic plants in Brompton.Gwillim was also a serious collector for Reginald Whitely, who continued the nursery after Thoburn's death. She was cited in Curtis's Botanical Magazine, the preeminent publication on the topic at the time and praised by the editor John Sims (taxonomist) for her “accurate and graceful drawings.” Both James Anderson (botanist), Physician General of the East India Company, and Johan Peter Rottler, a missionary and botanist living in Madras, became friends of hers. Rottler named a plant after her: Gwillimia indica, later determined to be a species of Magnolia. Gwillim painted the plant at Dr. Rottler’s request, and the drawing was sent to Dr. Smith. The drawing is now in the collection of the Linnean Society of London. In addition there are ten watercolour sketches of plants in the Blacker Wood collection but one can imagine that many more were once extant. Gwillim also consulted with local doctors for the common names of the plants, Brahmins for the Sanskrit name, and then her own books for the Linnaean classification before she drew them.Gwillim was learning Telugu, an important language in Madras at the time, and notes that “without some little knowledge of Botany it is impossible to read the Hindoo languages - Their allusions to particular plants which are essential to their different ceremonies are so pointed that unless you know the plants which Botany alone can teach you, the merit of the whole passage is lost; and after learning a little Botany it seems almost impossible to stop.”  Thus, hers was not just a flower still-life practice, but a culturally


texts:
 aware, scientific approach to illustrating the natural world. <mask> and Mary’s letters also reveal the often uncredited role of local experts and collectors. The letters record that Indians brought Gwillim birds and other natural objects that would interest her and that she might draw. She relied on their expertise for sourcing her subjects, for managing their care (see the “venerable old Moor man” mentioned above), and for information on their habitats and behaviour, as her own ability to observe them in the wild would have been limited. Death and legacy
Gwillim died of unknown causes on December 21, 1807. She was buried at St. Mary’s Church in Madras, which houses her grave marker. Her husband was recalled from the Court the following year under contentious circumstances and returned with Mary to England via the Cape of Good Hope.From that point the life of the paintings is unknown until they were obtained by the founder of the Blacker Wood Library at McGill University, Casey Albert Wood, in the early 1920s from a private bookdealer in London, where they had been forgotten in the basement. Wood bought the large, dust-covered portfolio of Gwillim’s birds, as well as a series of fish and flowers. The only further provenance information is that the London dealer has acquired them “at a sale in the country” many years earlier. On Gwillim’s place in the history of bird illustrations, Wood wrote: "It has been the proud belief of Americans, myself included, that it was our Audubon who first produced full length portraits of the largest birds, and certainly the pictures of the male and female Wild Turkey, of Washington's


texts:
 Eagle etc., and their exact reproduction in the elephant folio bear out that claim. However, so far as originals are concerned, we must now concede the palm to Lady Gwillim, who so far as I know, is the first artist-ornithologist to paint full-sized and exact pictures of any considerable number of birds whose length exceeds, say, 35 inches." Terence Michael Shortt called her art works "the finest ever done of Asian birds". Exhibition history

The earliest exhibition of Gwillim’s work was in a group show at the Victoria Memorial Museum (now the Canadian Museum of Nature) for the Forty-fourth Meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union in Ottawa, Ontario, October 1927.Other group exhibits featuring Gwillim’s work include the Royal Ontario Museum’s Animals in Art in 1975 and the Glenbow-Alberta Institute’s Birds of Prey in 1977. The Robert McLaughlin Gallery in Oshawa, Ontario, exhibited the first and only solo show of 60 of Gwillim's paintings from May 27th  – June 22nd, 1980. Curated by Allan Walkinshaw with contributions from Canadian ornithologist and artist Terence Michael Shortt, this exhibition and its catalogue situated Gwillim among other early British naturalists as well as within the popularity of watercolors as a serious medium. In his chapter, Shortt noted Gwillim’s scientific attention to the details of her birds, especially their feathers, and claimed that "no artist before 1800 had demonstrated the kind of intimate understanding of pterylography that is revealed in the Gwillim birds." The Gwillim Project
Elizabeth Gwillim has seen renewed scholarly attention in recent years, thanks in part to the


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 Gwillim Project. This international project is a partnership between McGill University Library’s Rare Books and Collections department (the Gwillim Collection is part of the Blacker Wood collection), the South Asia Collection in Norwich, UK (which holds the Madras Album, primarily attributed to Mary Symonds), the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto, and the DakshinaChitra Museum in Chennai, with the collaboration of a network of scholars in Canada, the US, the UK, and India. The Gwillim project is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.Selected works

References

Further reading
 Bermingham, Ann. Landscape and Ideology: The English Rustic Tradition, 1740-1860. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Dickenson, Victoria. Drawn from Life: Science and Art in the Portrayal of the New World. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. Jackson, Christine E. Bird Etchings: The Illustrators and Their Books, 1655-1855.Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985. Spear, Jeffery (2000). "Gods and Dancing Girls: A Letter from 1802 Madras". The Wordsworth Circle. 31 (3). Walkinshaw, Allan. <mask>: Artists and Naturalist 1763-1807.Oshawa ON: The Robert McLaughlin Gallery, 1980. Wheeler, Patrick. Ribbons Among the Rajahs - a History of Women in India Before the Raj. Pen & Sword Books, 2017. Wilcox, Scott. The Line of Beauty: British Drawings and Watercolors of the Eighteenth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for British Art, 2001.External links
 The Gwillim Collection Archive Online at McGill University
 The Gwillim Project Webinar Series

British bird artists
1763 births
1807 deaths
British


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<mask>. (born June 25, 1928) is a retired United States Army general who served as the United States Army Chief of Staff from 1983 to 1987. Early life and education
<mask> was born on June 25, 1928, in Dobbs Ferry, New York. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1950, where he later served as a social sciences instructor, from 1956 to 1960. Military career
Upon graduation from the Military Academy in 1950, <mask> was commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to the 18th Infantry Regiment and then the 6th Infantry Regiment in West Berlin. He served as a platoon leader and company executive officer in the 511th Airborne Infantry Regiment and served as an aide-de-camp to the commander in the 37th Infantry Division and 10th Infantry Division. He received master's degrees in economics and government from Harvard University and was a graduate of the National War College and Armed Forces Staff College. Wickham then served as operations officer of the 1st Battle Group, 5th Cavalry Regiment, in South Korea, and was executive officer to Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General <mask>.Later he commanded in combat the 5th Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division in South Vietnam, where he was seriously wounded by a satchel charge explosive. He made his way to a foxhole and continued to command his men. On his way there he was hit 15 times by AK-47 fire. The NVA eventual called off the attack. <mask> was put up for the Distinguished Service Cross but received the Silver Star for his actions that day. <mask> spent over a year in the hospital recovering. He later commanded the 1st Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division in West Germany.<mask> returned to South Vietnam as the Deputy

masks:
John Adams Wickham Jr
Wickham
Wickham
Harold Johnson
Wickham
Wickham
Wickham


texts:
 Chief of Staff, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. He then commanded the 101st Airborne Division, was director of the Joint Staff of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and afterward, as a four-star general, became Commander in Chief of the United Nations Command and Commander of the United States Forces Korea and Eighth Army in South Korea. In 1979, <mask> played a leading role in calming political tensions after the assassination of South Korean President Park Chung Hee, and wrote a book Korea on the Brink  about the dangerous period. He also served as senior military assistant to Secretaries of Defense James R. Schlesinger and Donald Rumsfeld. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Wickham Chief of Staff of the United States Army. Role in Gwangju Massacre
After Chun Doo-hwan seized control of South Korea in a military coup following the 1979 assassination of South Korean dictator Park Chung-hee, nationwide pro-democracy protests erupted. Appalled by the brutal repression of student protests at Chonnam National University in Gwangju, protests escalated to the level of city-wide uprising.Martial law forces responded by escalating the violence, opening fire on unarmed protesters. On May 20, the same day that special-forces paratroopers shot protesters near Gwangju station, Wickham received a request from the ruling military junta to transfer OPCON for the ROK Army 20th division. After consultation with US ambassador William H. Gleysteen and colleagues in Washington, Wickham approved the OPCON transfer. By 2230 hours on the same evening, elements of the 20th division had already been moved to Gwangju. The next day, the violence escalated, including indiscriminate firing on civilians from helicopters. By May


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 27, the 20th division, along with four other divisions, had been used to re-take the city in a large-scale military assault leading to numerous civilian deaths and casualties. When asked to testify about the massacre in 1989 for the South Korean National Assembly, Wickham maintained that he had no way not to approve of the OPCON transfer.Many Koreans believe, however, that his response to the notification of OPCON transfer amounted to a tacit approval of the massacre. Later work
<mask> retired from the United States Army in 1987 after 37 years of active service. He was twice awarded the Silver Star for battlefield valor, as well as the Bronze Star Medal for valor, the Purple Heart, ten Air Medals, four Legions of Merit, four Defense Distinguished Service Medals, two Army Distinguished Service Medals, a Navy Distinguished Service Medal and Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, the Combat Infantryman Badge, Expert Infantryman Badge, Parachutist Badge, and 21 foreign decorations, including the Republic of Korea's highest military decoration. He was named by Army Times as one of the ten leaders who most changed the United States Army. The Association of Graduates United States Military Academy presented him with the Distinguished Graduate Award in 2005, and he received the Infantry Doughboy Award in 2006. <mask> served as Town Council President in Sun City, Arizona and as an elder at Saint Andrews Presbyterian Church in Tucson, Arizona. He served as Chairman of the Board for Honeywell Federal Systems and Nortel Federal Systems, and as director of several other corporations.He was named vice chairman for the United States-China National Committee and has served as a member of the Secretary of Defense Policy

masks: Wickham Wickham


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 Board. He is also active in the United Way, and a member of the Alfalfa Club, and Council on Foreign Relations. For the past 20 years he continues as the Military and Foreign Affairs speaker on The Buckmaster Show, KVOI radio in Tucson, Arizona. In his autobiography My American Journey, General Colin Powell mentioned serving with <mask> and praised him as "every inch a Soldier". Awards and decorations

References

External links
 Portrait of <mask><mask> Jr. by Margaret Holland Sargent

1928 births
Living people
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
People from Dobbs Ferry, New York
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam
United States Army Chiefs of Staff
United States Military Academy alumni
National War College alumni
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Arizona city council members
United States Army Vice Chiefs of Staff
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
People from Sun City, Arizona
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Commanders, United States Forces

masks:
Wickham
John A
. Wickham


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<mask> (1903–1996) was an American archaeologist and professor of anthropology at the University of Tennessee. She is most famous for her work on excavations in the Tennessee Valley, beginning in the 1930s. She was instrumental in establishing the anthropology department at the University of Tennessee as well as the Frank H. McClung Museum. She was the first female full professor at Tennessee outside of home economics and among the first prominent female archaeologists in the United States. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1903 in Moline, Illinois to artist and interior designer <mask> and his wife Ann (married 1879). She travelled to Italy in 1924 to study art and music in preparation for a career as a musical performer, but after four years returned to the United States and began training as a nurse at the Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago. She engaged in to graduate study in sociology at the University of Chicago, where  she was persuaded to study physical anthropology under Fay-Cooper Cole, the founder of the university's  Department of Anthropology.There she completed all of the requirements for a PhD save her dissertation, though she published on her graduate school research on hair variability in 1935 and 1936. She taught at Beloit College in Wisconsin for one year in 1937 before being taken onto the staff of <mask> at the University of Tennessee in 1938, who was working for the Works Progress Administration on sites inundated by TVA projects. Tennessee Valley excavations
Beginning with the Marksville, Louisiana excavations in 1933, money and

masks:
Madeline Kneberg Lewis
Kneberg
Charles Kneberg
Thomas Lewis


texts: work crews from a succession of federal relief agencies (the Civil Works Administration, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Works Progress Administration, Tennessee Valley Authority, and National Park Service) were committed to major excavations all over the region. The TVA, established in 1933 to provide for navigation, flood control, and rural electrification, was perhaps the most important agency in fostering archaeology in Tennessee and surrounding states. The agency's dam construction efforts threatened to inundate large numbers of sites, but was persuaded to also engage in salvage archeology,  under the direction of archeological consultant William Webb of the University of Kentucky. Archaeological projects in Tennessee were placed under the responsibility of <mask> at the University of Tennessee. He assembled a staff of archaeologists and physical anthropologists that included <mask>, who would take over the management of the university's archaeology laboratory and work closely with <mask> in drafting many of its most important reports.These included major surveys of the archaeology of the Chickamauga Basin (1941) and of Hiwassee Island (1946). Due to financial constraints and philosophical conflicts with the TVA and Webb, the Chickamauga report was not published in full until 1995. However, Hiwassee Island: An Archaeological Account of Four Tennessee Indian Peoples became a classic in the field, established as a model by Walter Taylor in his widely read A Study in Archaeology. Kneberg and <mask> also composed a 2,000 page manual for the UT lab,

masks:
Tom Lewis
Madeline Kneberg
Lewis
Lewis


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 which detailed protocols for all stages of excavation and analysis and described a sophisticated catalog system for sites and artifacts. Later work

When WPA funds ran out in 1940, <mask> joined the UT Division of Anthropology (part of the Department of History) as its second professor, becoming the first female professor at the university outside of home economics. She became the first female full professor in 1950. In 1947, in large part due to the work of Kneberg and <mask>, the division became a full department.<mask> continued working on scientific reports, often with <mask>, through the 1950s and early 1960s. She also made major contributions to archaeology in Tennessee as an institution. <mask> and <mask> were major drivers in the founding of the Tennessee Archaeological Society in 1944, which continues to work to support archaeology and archaeological knowledge in the state and published the annual journal Tennessee Archaeologist until 1981. In 1950, she collaborated with the Eastern Band of the Cherokee to reconstruct an 18th-century Cherokee village in Cherokee, North Carolina, which remains an important center for historical re-enactment and cultural tourism. She published popular works during this period that brought Tennessee archaeology to a lay public. The most successful of these, Tribes that Slumber: Indian Times in the Tennessee Region, she both wrote and illustrated, employing skills gained during her early life training as an artist. It remains a bestseller for the UT Press.Perhaps her most enduring physical contribution to archaeology in

masks: Kneberg Lewis Kneberg Lewis Kneberg Lewis


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 the state was the establishment of the Frank H. McClung Museum (now the McClung Museum of Natural History and Culture) on UT's Knoxville campus in 1961. Marriage and retirement

In 1961, at age 65, <mask> married her longtime colleague <mask> after what she described as “the longest courtship on earth.” The same year the couple retired from archaeology and moved to Winter Haven, Florida. <mask> <mask> died there in 1996 of heart failure at the age of 93. Honors

<mask> was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1950. In 1995, she was honored at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference with the Distinguished Service Award. The conference dubbed her a “founding mother of Southeastern archaeology.”

Publications

1935. Improved Technique for Hair Examination.American Journal of Physical Anthropology 20:15-67. 1936a. Hair Weight as a Racial Criterion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 21:279-286. 1936b. Scientific Apparatus and Laboratory Methods: Differential Staining of Thick Sections of Tissues. Science 83(2):561-562.1941. Prehistory of the Chickamauga Basin in Tennessee (with T. M. N<mask>). University of Tennessee, Division of Anthropology, Tennessee Anthropological Papers No. 1. Mimeographed. 1945	. The Persistent Potsherd.Tennessee Archaeologist 1(4):4-5. 1946	. Hiwassee Island: An Archaeological Account of Four Tennessee Indian Peoples (with T. M. N. <mask>). University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 1951a. An Archaic Autobiography (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 7(1):1-5.1951b. Early

masks:
Kneberg
Tom Lewis
Kneberg
Lewis
Kneberg
. Lewis
Lewis
Lewis


texts: Projectile Point Forms and Examples from Tennessee (with T. M. N<mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 7(1):6-19. 1951c. An Early Woodland Autobiography (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 7(2):31-38. 1952a.The Tennessee Area. In Archaeology of Eastern United States, edited by J. B. Griffin, pp. 190–198. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1952b. The Autobiography of a Memorial Mound Builder (with T. M. N. <mask>).Tennessee Archaeologist 8(2):37-41. 1952c. The Autobiography of a "Bone House" Indian (with T. M. N<mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 8(2):37-41. 1952d. Comparison of Certain Mexican and Tennessee Shell Ornaments (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 8(2):42-46.1953	. The Cherokee "Hothouse" (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 9(1):2-5. 1954a. Oconoluftee Indian Village: An Interpretation of a Cherokee Community of 1750 (with T. M. N<mask>). Cherokee Historical Association. Cherokee, North Carolina.1954b. Ten Years of the Tennessee Archaeologist, Selected Subjects (editor, with T. M. N<mask>). J. B. Graham, Chattanooga. 1954c. The Duration of the Archaic Tradition in the Lower Tennessee Valley. Southern Indian Studies 5:40-44.1955. The A. L. LeCroy Collection (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 11(2):75-82. 1956a. The Paleo-Indian Complex on the LeCroy Site (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 12(1):5-11. 1956b.Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist 12(1):17-28. 1957a. The Camp Creek Site (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 13(1):1-48.

masks:
. Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
. Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
. Lewis
. Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis


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 1957b. Chipped Stone Artifacts of the Tennessee Valley Area.Tennessee Archaeologist 13(1):55-65. 1958a. Tribes That Slumber: Indians of the Tennessee Region (with T. M. N<mask>). The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 1958b. The Nuckolls Site (with T. M. N<mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 14(2):60-79.1959a. The Archaic Culture in the Middle South (with T. M. N<mask>). American Antiquity 25:161-183. 1959b. Engraved Shell Gorgets and Their Associations. Tennessee Archaeologist 15(1):1-39. 1961a.Eva: An Archaic Site (with T. M. N<mask>). University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 1961b. Four Southeastern Limestone-tempered Pottery Complexes. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Newsletter 7:3-15. *
1962. Woodland Fabric Marked Ceramic System.Proceedings of the Sixteenth Southeastern Archaeological Conference, edited by S. Williams. 8:33-40. 1995. The Prehistory of the Chickamauga Basin in Tennessee. 2 vols. (Compiled and edited by L. P. Sullivan). University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.References

External links
 Obituary for <mask> <mask> in the SAA Bulletin
 - Entry in the University of South Florida's celebration of women anthropologists. Frank H. McClung Museum, founded in part due to the work of Kneberg <mask>. A History of the McClung Museum at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Jefferson Chapman and Elaine A. Evans, McClung Research Occasional Paper, No. 22, Knoxville: McClung Museum, University of Tennessee, 2013. 1903 births
1996 deaths
American anthropologists
American anthropology writers
University of Chicago alumni
Fellows of the

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. Lewis
. Lewis
. Lewis
. Lewis
Madeline Kneberg
Lewis
Lewis


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 American Association for the Advancement of Science
University of Tennessee faculty
American women anthropologists
Women science writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women scientists
American women archaeologists
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American archaeologists
20th-century anthropologists
American women


texts: <mask><mask> (September 5, 1934 – May 8, 2021) was an American political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He was director of the World Values Survey, a global network of social scientists who have carried out representative national surveys of the publics of over 100 societies on all six inhabited continents, containing 90 percent of the world's population. The first wave of surveys for this project was carried out in 1981 and the latest wave was completed in 2019. From 2010 <mask> also was co-director of the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research at the National Research University - Higher School of Economics in Moscow and St Petersburg. This laboratory has carried out surveys in Russia and eight ex-Soviet countries and is training PhD-level students in quantitative cross-national research methods. <mask> died on 8 May 2021. Using data from the World Values Survey, he created a model of cultural dimensions which has two axes: secular-rational values versus traditional values and self-expression values versus survival values.The data has been often visualized in the form of the Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world, which has been described as "one of the most famous pieces of Inglehart's research tradition". In the seventies Inglehart began developing an influential theory of Generational Replacement causing intergenerational value change from materialist to post-materialist values that helped shape the Eurobarometer Surveys, the World Values Surveys and other cross-national survey projects. Building on this work, he subsequently developed a revised version of Modernization theory, Evolutionary Modernization Theory, which

masks:
Ronald F
. Inglehart
Inglehart
Inglehart


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 argues that economic development, welfare state institutions and the long peace between major powers since 1945, are reshaping human motivations in ways that have important implications concerning gender roles, sexual norms, the role of religion, economic behavior and the spread of democracy. Writings
<mask>'s numerous writings have become extremely influential, with translations published in German, Italian, Spanish, French, Swedish, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, Polish, Croatian, Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Persian, Urdu and  Indonesian. Brief descriptions of some of his most influential works include:

The Silent Revolution
In The Silent Revolution (1977) Inglehart discovered a major intergenerational shift in the values of the populations of advanced industrial societies. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society
Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990). Economic, technological, and sociopolitical changes have been transforming the cultures of advanced industrial societies in profoundly important ways during the past few decades.This ambitious work examines changes in religious beliefs, in motives for work, in the issues that give rise to political conflict, in the importance people attach to having children and families, and in attitudes toward divorce, abortion, and homosexuality. <mask>'s earlier book, The Silent Revolution (Princeton, 1977), broke new ground by discovering a major intergenerational shift in the values of the populations of advanced industrial societies. This new volume demonstrates that this value shift is part of a much broader process of cultural change that

masks:
Ronald Inglehart
Ronald Inglehart


texts:
 is gradually transforming political, economic, and social life in these societies. Inglehart uses a massive body of time-series survey data from twenty-six nations, gathered from 1970 through 1988, to analyze the cultural changes that are occurring as younger generations gradually replace older ones in the adult population. These changes have far-reaching political implications, and they seem to be transforming the economic growth rates of societies and the kind of economic development that is pursued. Modernization and Postmodernization
In Modernization and Postmodernization (1997) Inglehart argued that economic development, cultural change, and political change go together in coherent and, to some extent, predictable patterns. Inglehart theorised that industrialization leads to related changes such as mass mobilization and  diminishing differences in gender roles.Changes in worldviews seem to reflect changes in the economic and political environment, but take place with a generational time lag. Following industrialization, advanced industrial society leads to a basic shift in values, de-emphasizing instrumental rationality. Postmodern values then bring new societal changes, including democratic political institutions and the decline of state socialist regimes. Rising Tide
Written with Pippa Norris, Rising Tide:  Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World (New York and Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press, 2003) examines how the twentieth century gave rise to profound changes in traditional sex roles. This study reveals how modernization has changed cultural attitudes towards gender equality and analyzes the political consequences. It