texts:
 Silesian Diets opposed the concept of being subsumed into an enlarged Bohemian General Diet. The strongest criticisms came from Foreign Minister Beust and Magyar leader Julius Andrassy. Both of these men were political opponents of Hohenwart and critics of Federalism. Beust told Emperor Francis Joseph that Federalism would incite German opposition in Austria and might even lead to Prussian intervention. Andrassy voiced concerns over the technicalities of the proposals and told the Emperor that Federalism would affect the finances and organization of the Empire. In reality, Andrassy feared that Bohemian autonomy would adversely affect Hungary’s position within the Empire. Also, Andrassy feared that the Federalization of Austria would cause minority groups within Hungary to demand similar arrangements.The fall of the <mask> ministry

The public outcry and the political machinations of Beust and Andrassy convinced Emperor Francis Joseph to side against the Hohenwart proposals. On October 20th, the Emperor issued a new Imperial Rescript which rescinded the September 12th Rescript that sided with Federalization. <mask> attempted to reach a new deal with the Czechs that called for autonomy for lesser Bohemia. The Czechs rejected the deal and <mask> and his government resigned on October 27th. Later political career

<mask> continued to maintain a presence in Austrian politics following his failed Premiership. He served under Minister-President Eduard Graf Taaffe from 1879 until 1892. Taaffe’s government was based on coalition of conservative German and Slav politicians known as the “Iron Ring.” <mask> was the head of a conservative group of Catholics from the Alpine regions and allied southern Slavs.References

Notes

1824 births
1899 deaths
19th-century Ministers-President of Austria
Politicians from Vienna
Counts of Austria
Austro-Hungarian politicians
History of Upper

masks: Hohenwart Hohenwart Hohenwart Hohenwart Hohenwart


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born May 8, 1965) is a retired Filipino police officer. He served as chief of the Philippine National Police (PNP) for six months from November 10, 2020, to May 8, 2021. Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 8, 1965, in Barangay Datu Silongan, in the city of Butuan, Agusan province, Philippines. He spent most of his teenage years in Mindanao due to his father's assignments as a military officer. At the encouragement of his father, he entered the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), and graduated from the institution in 1987 as part of the Hinirang class. (Each year since 1967, the PMA assigns the graduating batch a unique honorific as verbal representation of the collective aspirations of the class. In 1987, the class were called Hinirang - which means "chosen" or "appointed ones").<mask> told SunStar Cebu in an interview that he joined the academy due to pressure from his father – he was warned that if he did not get in, he would not be accepted back home. Career
Prior to serving as Central Visayas police chief, <mask> served in the Police Regional Office 12 (PRO-12) as Deputy Regional Director for Administration and in Camp Crame as secretary to the Directorial Staff under the Office of the Chief Directorial Staff and later, director of the PNP Crime Laboratory. He was promoted to Police Chief Superintendent in April 2017. Central Visayas chief
<mask> was police chief of the Philippine National Police's Police Regional Office 7 (PRO-7), which had jurisdiction over Central Visayas, for one year and four months. He worked under the office from July 2018 to October 2019. During his term at this post, Negros Oriental, a province under his jurisdiction, was the subject of intense scrutiny due to the 2017–19 Negros Island killings which led to Sinas appearing at an August 2019 Senate hearing to explain the increased number of killings in the province. The Senate investigation determined that

masks:
Debold Menorias Sinas
Sinas
Sinas
Sinas
Sinas


texts:
 the police and military carried out most of the killings as part of its counter-insurgency operations against the communist New People’s Army, along with armed vigilante groups that targeted suspected communists and leftists.Metro Manila chief
<mask> was reassigned to Metro Manila in October 2019. His appointment as chief of the National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) was announced on October 10, 2019. and formally assumed the position on October 16, vowing to tackle illegal drugs, bribery, and gambling in Metro Manila. He succeeded Guillermo Eleazar, who was appointed as chief of the PNP Directorial Staff. By November 2019, 143 police officers from Central Visayas were reassigned to Metro Manila police office. One of the transferred personnel was assigned as the office's intelligence officer, though <mask> did not enact other leadership changes at the time. <mask> launched a biometrics system for the NCRPO on December 2, 2019 for accurate attendance monitoring of the police office's personnel. Philippine National Police chief
On November 9, 2020, President Rodrigo Duterte announced that <mask> would be the next chief of Philippine National Police after the retirement of PNP Chief Camilo Cascolan.<mask>' tenure began the following day. On 8 May 2021, <mask> celebrated his 56th birthday – the mandatory retirement age of police officers in the Philippines. <mask>’ 6-month watch as top cop was marred with controversies. He was succeeded by Lt. Gen. Guillermo Eleazar as  Philippine National Police chief. Undersecretary of the Office of the President
On September 11, 2021, Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea announced that <mask> was appointed undersecretary of the Office of the President. Family and personal life

<mask>' father was a military officer born in Butuan City, in the Caraga region of Mindanao island. <mask>' father had died before he graduated from the Philippine Military Academy in

masks: Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas


texts:
 1987.He mentioned in an interview that he "pushed [himself] to really graduate [from the PMA] as a promise to [his] father". <mask> has two children. He also mentioned in the same interview that his mother and widowed sister were living with his children. Voltes V
Sinas' favorite show growing up was the Japanese anime television series, Voltes V. The show's theme song, "Voltes V no Uta" ("The Song of Voltes V"), has become a trademark for <mask>. The Police Regional Office in Central Visayas (PRO-7 where <mask> worked during 2018 to 2019) would play the  theme song during ceremonies in the headquarters and even during police operations. When asked why the anime show was his favorite, <mask> said that "it embodied teamwork". During his stint as National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) Director (2019-2020), <mask> once again used the concept of Voltes V in terms of the different stakeholders—such as the police, the community, and government— "volting in" to achieve one goal.On November 9, 2020, "NCRPO Fitness Team", a YouTube channel run by the National Capital Region Police office (NCRPO) where <mask> was stationed for almost a year in 2019–2020, uploaded a video featuring <mask> leading a four-minute workout routine to the Voltes V theme song. Controversies and criticism

COVID-19 pandemic

Mañanita celebration
<mask> oversaw police response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila, one of the hardest hit regions of the pandemic. However, his stint as Metro Manila chief was marred by a controversy over the holding of a mañanita — an early morning birthday serenade — for his birthday on May 8, 2020, at Camp Bagong Diwa. A mañanita is a tradition in the Philippine police force where personnel greet their senior officers during the early morning for their birthdays. The gathering was perceived negatively by the public, with the leadership of the Philippine National Police filing charges against

masks: Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas Sinas


texts:
 <mask> and 18 other officers for violation of the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, particularly on provisions concerning social distancing and mass gathering at the time. Although <mask> keeps his post due to the "emergency situation" concerning the pandemic, the police agency was concerned that his programs related to COVID-19 response might be disrupted. <mask> apologized for the event though he insisted that his office observed appropriate protocols.On May 20, President Rodrigo Duterte decided against dismissing <mask> or transferring him to another post, vouching for his character believing that he was not at fault for being "serenaded" during his birthday. Bypassing of Oriental Mindoro health protocol
Debold <mask> tested positive for COVID-19. The PNP made the announcement on 11 March 2021 on the day of his visit to Oriental Mindoro to attend a ceremonial COVID-19 vaccination for the local police force. A statement by the Oriental Mindoro provincial government said that <mask> did not go through the proper health screening since he entered Calapan via helicopter instead of entering the city through its seaport where passengers are screened for the disease. Harassment accusation
On July 18, 2020, <mask> and other armed NCRPO officials were accused of harassment by the Delos Santos family, with the incident being filmed by a CCTV camera and the footage going viral online. The NCRPO were allegedly trying to evict the Delos Santos family from the property to build a quarantine facility for COVID-19 patients. <mask> explained that the property is owned by the PNP and Executive Master Sergeant Arnel Delos Santos was only allowed to live there temporarily with an agreement to vacate the property after his retirement in November 2018.References

1965 births
Filipino police chiefs
People from Butuan
Philippine Military Academy alumni
Living people
Duterte Administration personnel
People of the Philippine


texts:
<mask> (born in Mexico City, October 31, 1958) is a Mexican social activist, political leader, academic and intellectual. He was one of the initiators and principal leaders of the Consejo Estudiantil Universitario (University Student Council) at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM), with Carlos Imaz Gispert and Antonio Santos Romero, from 1986 to 1990. A founder and prominent member of the Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD) until 2001. Professor of social sciences and education at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. <mask> is an active participant in the Mexican political debate as well as an Op-ed writer for La Jornada and other Mexican media. Biography
<mask> was born in Mexico City on October 31, 1958. His father is the renown Mexican architect <mask> (1931-1988) and Maria Josefa Sacristan (born 1936).Both of his parents originally hail from Spain; his father was born in Lekeitio, Biscay, while his mother was born in Madrid. <mask> is the grandson of renown economist and politician <mask> Colás. His parents and grandparents established in Mexico as refugees from the Spanish Civil War since 1939. As part of a progressive family he became acquainted with the ideals of Spanish left wing republicanism, with the Cuban Revolution, and with the 1968 Mexican student movement, since his early childhood. Student activism and university participation

<mask> majored in physics at the Facultad de Ciencias in the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México in 1991. It is during his student days in the 1980s

masks:
Imanol Ordorika Sacristán
Ordorika
Imanol Ordorika Sacristan
Imanol Ordorika Bengoechea
Ordorika
Antonio Sacristán
Ordorika


texts:
 that he became a militant of the Mexican revolutionary left (izquierda revolucionaria) through the Comité Estudiantil de Solidaridad Obrero Campesina (CESOC) and as a member of Revista Punto Critico, a marxist organization and journal founded by the leaders of the 1968 Mexican student movement, and later Convergencia Comunista 7 de enero (CC7). He became an important student leader and representative to UNAM's University Council and gained national prominence with the creation of the Consejo Estudiantil Universitario in 1986.As a student member of the Council first, and with the Consejo Estudiantil, starting on October 31, 1986, Ordorika rejected structural adjustment policies affecting Mexican universities and, more concretely, attempts to increase tuition, restrictive student selection policies and standardized testing, proposed by rector Jorge Carpizo McGregor, at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Ordorika participated in public debates (diálogos públicos) between UNAM administrators and student leaders at the Che Guevara/Justo Sierra auditorium, transmitted live by university radio and featured prominently by the Mexican media in January 1987. During the student strike in February he was one of the selected spokespersons until CEU defeated Carpizo's structural adjustment reforms. National politics
In 1988 <mask>, Santos and Imaz led Mexican university students to support Cuauhtemoc Cardenas' independent presidential candidacy against the ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional's Carlos Salinas. For this purpose they created the Movimiento al


texts:
 Socialismo (MAS) notably featuring Adolfo Gilly, Salvador Martínez della Rocca, Enrique González Rojo, Raul Alvarez Garin and others. He was one of the founder and leaders of newly formed left wing party Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD), led by Cárdenas. <mask> was a member of PRD's National Committee from 1990 to 1995.In 1994 he ran as this party's candidate for Federal Congress in Mexico City district XXII. During the 2000 presidential electoral campaign, <mask> was appointed spokesperson and campaign head of communications for left wing candidate Cuauhtemoc Cardenas. After the elections and the 2001 PRD congress <mask> abandoned this party and exercised a strong critique against its bureaucratic trends and centrist political positions. <mask> <mask> is also involved in the Mexican contemporary political debate as a public speaker, an editorial writer at La Jornada and a media commentator. Academic life
<mask> started his studies in physics at Facultad de Ciencias in 1974, but after 15 years he failed and joined CEU. In 1989 he became adjunct professor at the Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas at UNAM. From 1988 to 1990 he was elected member of the organizing committee for the University Congress at this university.In 1990, he was elected faculty representative to the University Congress. From 2004 to 2008 he was faculty representative to the university senate at UNAM. <mask> obtained Master in Arts degrees in education (1993) and sociology (1998) as well as a Ph.D degree in social sciences and education from the Stanford Graduate School of

masks: Ordorika Ordorika Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Ordorika Ordorika


texts:
 Education (1999). He has been a full professor at UNAM since 2002. <mask> is a faculty member and higher education specialist in Mexico and abroad. He has written extensively on power relations and politics within postsecondary institutions, faculty and student movements, higher education policy and on the impact of globalization on colleges and universities. In 2004 <mask> received the Frank Talbott Jr.Visiting University Chair from the University of Virginia and in 2006 he was awarded the Alfonso Reyes Chaire des Etudes Mexicaines by the University of Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle). He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences and attained the highest level (III) of the National Researchers System (Sistema Nacional de Investigadores). Since 2007 <mask> <mask> is General Director for Institutional Assessment (Director General de Evaluación Institucional) at UNAM. Here has been in charge of the design and development of the Mexican Universities Comparative Study. Publications

Books
 Pusser, B., Marginson, S., Kempner, K. y <mask>, I. (Eds. ), (2011), Universities and the Public Sphere: Knowledge creation and state building in the era of globalization, Routledge-Taylor and Francis, New York, NY.Marginson, S. y <mask>, I., (2010), Hegemonía en la era del conocimiento: competencia global en la educación superior y la investigación científica, México, DF, Seminario de Educación Superior-UNAM
 Pusser, B., Ordorika, I.y Kempner, K. (Eds. ), (2010), Comparative Education (2a edición). ASHE Reader Series on Higher Education, Boston, MA. Pearson Learning Solutions.

masks: Ordorika Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Ordorika Ordorika


texts:
 <mask>, I.y Rodríguez, R.(Coords. ), (2010), Evaluación institucional en la UNAM: primer volumen (2009).Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, DF. <mask>, I., López R., (2007), Política Azul y Oro: Historias orales, relaciones de poder y disputa universitaria, México, DF, Seminario de Educación Superior-UNAM / Plaza y Valdés. <mask>, I. (2006), La disputa por el campus: Poder, política y autonomía en la UNAM, México, DF, Seminario de Educación Superior-UNAM / CESU-UNAM / Plaza y Valdés. <mask>, I. (2003), Power and Politics in University Governance: Organization and Change at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, New York, NY, Routledge Falmer.<mask>, I. (Ed. ), (2004), La academia en jaque: Perspectivas políticas sobre la evaluación de la educación superior en México, México, DF, Seminario de Educación Superior-UNAM/CRIM-UNAM / Grupo Editorial Miguel Angel Porrua. Martínez Della Rocca, Salvador y <mask>, <mask>, (1993), UNAM, espejo del mejor México posible: la universidad en el contexto educativo nacional, México, DF, Ediciones Era. Book chapters
 <mask>, Imanol (2015), “Los estudiantes desplazados: la universidad ante la globalización y la privatización”.In Nieto Gutiérrez, Javier (Ed.) Adolescentes y juventud: de hoy al mañana, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica / UNAM, pp. 43–50, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1260.7605.<mask>, <mask> (2015), “Autonomía universitaria: una relación política histórica”, en Bárzana, Eduardo, Martuscelli, Jaime y Morales, María Ascensión (coords.) La Autonomía Universitaria en México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma

masks: Ordorika Ordorika Ordorika Ordorika Ordorika Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Ordorika Imanol


texts: de México, pp. 387–408, . Martínez Stack, J., Lloyd, M., y <mask>, I. (2015). “The impact of government policies on the profiles and attitudes of academics in two emerging economies: Brazil and Mexico”. En W.K.Cummings, U. Teichler (eds. ), The Relevance of Academic Work in Comparative Perspective, The Changing Academy – The Changing Academic Profession in International Comparative Perspective 13, pp. 193–216. , . <mask> <mask> and Lloyd, Marion W (2015) “Critical Theories of the State and Contest in Higher Education in the Globalized Era”, en Martínez-Alemán, A., Bensimon, E. y Pusser, B. (eds. ), Critical Approaches to the Study of Higher Education: a Practical Introduction.The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, pp. 130–152, . <mask>, <mask> (2013), “Una nueva hegemonía: gestación de la Ley Orgánica de 1944-45” en Domínguez, Raúl (Ed.) Historia General de la Universidad Nacional en el siglo XX: un nuevo modelo de Universidad, la UNAM entre 1945 y 1972, UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Universidad y la Educación, México, DF, pp. 23–42, . <mask>, <mask> (2013), “La universidad constructora de Estado”, en Rodríguez, Roberto (Coord.) El siglo de la UNAM: vertientes ideológicas y políticas del cambio institucional, Grupo editorial Miguel Angel Porrua-UNAM, México, DF, pp.105–130, . <mask> <mask> and Lloyd, Marion W (2013) “A decade of international university rankings: a critical perspective from Latin America”, in P.T.M. Marope, P.J. Wells and E. Hazelkorn (eds) Rankings and Accountability in Higher Education: Uses and Misuses, UNESCO, Paris,

masks: Ordorika Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol


texts: pp. 209–234, . Lloyd, M., Martínez Stack, J., and <mask>, I. (2013), “Una aproximación a la definición de la metodología y aplicaciones de las comparaciones educativas institucionales” en Navarro Leal, Marco Aurelio y Navarrete Cazales, Zaira (coords.)Comparar en educación: diversidad de intereses, diversidad de enfoques, Sociedad Mexicana de Educación Comparada/ Colegio de Tamaulipas, México, , pp. 29–46. <mask>, <mask> and Rodríguez Gómez, Roberto (2012), “Cobertura y estructura del Sistema Educativo Mexicano: problemática y propuestas”, en Narro Robles, José, Martuscelli Quintana, Jaime y Bárzana García, Eduardo (Coords.) Plan de diez años para desarrollar el Sistema Educativo Nacional, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, pp. 197–222, . <mask>, <mask> (2011). “Del inicio del rectorado de Pablo González Casanova al Congreso Universitario”, en Chehaibar, Lourdes (Ed.), La UNAM en la historia de México, volumen VII, UNAM, México, DF, pp. 145–155, . Rodríguez-Gómez, Roberto y <mask>, <mask> (2011). “The Chameleon’s Agenda: Entrepreneuralization of Private Higher Education in Mexico”, en Pusser, Brian, Simon Marginson, Kempner, Kenneth y <mask>, <mask> (Eds. ), Universities and the Public Sphere: Knowledge creation and state building in the era of globalization, Routledge-Taylor and Francis, New York, NY, . Marginson, Simon y Ordorika, <mask> (2011). "'El central volumen de la fuerza' (The hegemonic global pattern in the reorganization of elite higher education and research)".In Rhoten, Diana y Calhoun, Craig (Eds.) The Transformation of “Public”

masks: Ordorika Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol Imanol


texts: Research Universities: Shaping an International and Interdisciplinary Research Agenda for the Social Sciences. Social Science Research Council Press, New York. <mask>, <mask> (2009). "Commitment to society: contemporary challenges for public research universities." Higher Education at a Time of Transformation (New Dynamics for Social Responsibility). Global University Network for Innovation.Palgrave-Macmillan, New York, pp. 72–74. Also published in Spanish in La Educación Superior en Tiempos de Cambio(Nuevas dinámicas para la responsabilidad social). Ediciones Mundi-Prensa. Barcelona, pp. 72–74. <mask>, <mask> (2008)."Commitment to society: contemporary challenges for public research universities." Higher Education in the World 3 (Higher Education: New Challenges and Emerging Roles for Human and Social Development). Global University Network for Innovation. Palgrave-Macmillan, New York, pp. 14–19. Also in La Educación Superior en el Mundo 2008. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa.Barcelona, pp. 14–19. <mask>, <mask> (2008). "Violencia y porrismo en la educación superior en México". In Bertussi, Guadalupe Teresinha (Ed.) Anuario educativo mexicano: visión retrospectiva, año 2005, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional - Miguel Ángel Porrúa, México, pp. 459–475.Also online at https://web.archive.org/web/20090902072246/http://anuario.upn.mx/site/static/26_Ordorika.pdf. Ordorika, Imanol and Pusser, Brian. (2007). "La máxima casa de estudios: The Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México as a State-Building University." In Altbach, Philip y Balán, Jorge (Eds.) World-Class Worldwide:

masks: Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol


texts:
 Transforming Research Universities in Asia and Latin America. Johns Hopkins University Press, pp.189–215. Also published in Chinese, in 2007, by Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, pp. 161–181 and in Korean, in 2007, by Yoyoowahaksa, pp. 185–214. Bensimon, Estela y <mask>, Imanol. (2005). "Mexico's Estímulos: Faculty compensation based on piece-work."In Rhoades, A Robert and Torres, Carlos (Editors). The political economy of globalization: The University, State and Markets in the Americas. Stanford University Press. Articles
 <mask>, <mask>, Gil, Manuel, Rodríguez, Roberto y Rueda, Mario (2016). “Reforma educativa y evaluación docente: El debate”. En Perfiles Educativos, vol. XXXVIII, núm.151, enero-marzo, pp. 190–206. <mask> <mask> y Lloyd, Marion (2015), “International rankings and the contest for university hegemony”, en Journal of Education Policy, Vol. 30, Issue 3, pp. 385–405, , . <mask> <mask> y Lloyd, Marion W (2014), “Teorías críticas del Estado y la disputa por la educación superior en la era de la globalización”, en Perfiles Educativos, vol. 36, núm.145, pp. 122–139, . <mask>, <mask> (2014), “Governance and Change in Higher Education: The Debate Between Classical Political Sociology, New Institutionalism and Critical Theories”, en Bordon. Revista de Pedagogía, vol. 66, núm. 1, pp. 107–121, , , e-.<mask>, <mask> (2012). “Tareas pendientes de la política en educación superior y la importancia de reafirmar la visión progresista de la autonomía universitaria en el contexto actual”, en Perfiles Educativos, vol. XXXIV, número especial, pp. 176–180. .
 <mask>,

masks: Ordorika Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol Ordorika


texts:
 <mask> (2012), “Cómo se comparan las universidades públicas con las privadas” (transcripción de participación en el seminario ¿Créditos educativos en México? ¡No!, participantes: Rodríguez, R, Suárez, H, Márquez, A, Lloyd, M, <mask>, y Muñoz, H.) en Perfiles Educativos, vol. XXXIV, núm. 136, pp.199–202. <mask> <mask>, <mask>, Martínez Stack, Jorge, Ramírez Martínez, Rosa María (2011) “La transformación de las formas de gobierno en el Sistema Universitario Público Mexicano: Una Asignatura Pendiente”, en Revista de la Educación Superior, ANUIES, Vol. XL (4), No. 160, México, DF, pp. 51–68. <mask>, <mask> (2010). “Autonomía universitaria: una perspectiva política” en Perfiles Educativos, tercera época, volumen XXXII, número especial, pp.79–94. <mask>, <mask> y Rodríguez, Roberto (2010). “El ranking Times en el mercado del prestigio universitario” en Perfiles Educativos, volumen XXXII, número 129, julio-septiembre de 2010, pp. 8–29. * <mask>, <mask> (2008). "Los límites de la autonomía universitaria." Educación Superior: cifras y hechos, Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y Humanidades, UNAM, no.39–40, vol. 7, May–August, pp. 24–40. External links
 http://www.ses.unam.mx/ordorika/
 Curriculum Vitae
 Imanol Ordorika Wikipedia en español
 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Imanol_Ordorika

1958 births
People from Mexico City
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Stanford University alumni
University of Virginia faculty
Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3 faculty
Living people
Party of the Democratic Revolution politicians
Stanford

masks: Imanol Ordorika Ordorika Sacristán Imanol Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol Ordorika Imanol


texts:
<mask>. (December 20, 1833 – January 10, 1883) was an American physician who was imprisoned for conspiring with John Wilkes Booth in the 1865 assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. <mask> worked as a doctor and tobacco farmer in Southern Maryland. The Civil War seriously damaged his business, especially when Maryland abolished slavery in 1864. That year, he first met Booth, who was planning to kidnap Lincoln, and <mask> was seen in company with three of the conspirators. However, his part in the plot, if any, remains unclear. Booth fatally shot Lincoln on April 14, 1865, but was injured during his escape from the scene. He subsequently rode with conspirator David Herold to <mask>'s home in the early hours of April 15 for surgery on his fractured leg before he crossed into Virginia.Sometime that day, <mask> must have learned of the assassination but did not report Booth's visit to the authorities for another 24 hours. This fact appeared to link him to the crime, as did his various changes of story under interrogation. A military commission found <mask> guilty of aiding and conspiring in a murder, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment, escaping the death penalty by a single vote. <mask> was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson and released from prison in 1869. Despite repeated attempts by family members and others to have it expunged, his conviction has not been overturned. Early years
Born in Charles County, Maryland, <mask> was the fourth of 10 children of Henry Lowe and Sarah Ann <mask>. He grew up on Oak Hill, his father's tobacco plantation of several hundred acres, which was worked by 89 slaves and was located about  southeast of Washington, DC.At age 15, after several years of home tutoring, <mask> went off to boarding school at St. John's Literary Institute, now known as Saint John's Catholic Prep School, in Frederick, Maryland. Two years later, he enrolled at Georgetown College in Washington, DC. He then studied medicine at the University of Maryland, Baltimore, writing his thesis on

masks:
Samuel Alexander Mudd Sr
Mudd
Mudd
Mudd
Mudd
Mudd
Mudd
Mudd
Reeves Mudd
Mudd


texts:
 dysentery. Upon graduation in 1856, <mask> returned to Charles County to practice medicine, marrying his childhood sweetheart, Sarah Frances (Frankie) <mask> one year later. As a wedding present, <mask>'s father gave the couple  of his best farmland and a new house named St. Catharine. While the house was under construction, the Mudds lived with Frankie's bachelor brother, Jeremiah Dyer, finally moving into their new home in 1859. They had nine children in all: four before <mask>'s arrest and five more after his release from prison.To supplement his income from his medical practice, <mask> became a small-scale tobacco grower, using five slaves according to the 1860 census. <mask> believed that slavery was divinely ordained and wrote a letter to the theologian Orestes Brownson to that effect. With the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Southern Maryland's slave system and the economy that it supported rapidly began to collapse. In 1863, the Union Army established Camp Stanton, just  from the <mask> farm, to enlist black freedmen and runaway slaves. Six regiments totaling over 8,700 black soldiers, many from Southern Maryland, were trained there. In 1864, Maryland, which was exempt from Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, abolished slavery, making it difficult for growers like <mask> to operate their plantations. As a result, <mask> considered selling his farm and depending on his medical practice.As <mask> pondered his alternatives, he was introduced to someone who said he might be interested in buying his property, 26-year-old actor John Wilkes Booth. Booth connection

Many historians agree that President Abraham Lincoln's future assassin, John Wilkes Booth, visited Bryantown, Maryland, in November and December 1864, claiming to look for real estate investments. Bryantown is about  from Washington, DC, and about  from <mask>'s farm. The real estate story was merely a cover; Booth's true purpose was to plan an escape route as part of a plan to kidnap Lincoln. Booth believed the

masks:
Mudd
Dyer Mudd
Mudd
Mudd
Mudd
Mudd
Mudd
Mudd
Mudd
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texts: federal government would ransom Lincoln by releasing a large number of Confederate prisoners of war, which would revitalize the flagging Confederate cause. Historians agree that Booth met <mask> at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Bryantown during one of these visits, probably in November. Booth visited <mask> at his farm the next day, and stayed there overnight.The following day, Booth purchased a horse from <mask>'s neighbor and returned to Washington. Some historians believe that Booth used his visit to Bryantown to recruit <mask> to his kidnapping plot, but others believe that <mask> would have had no interest in such a scheme. A short time later, on December 23, 1864, <mask> went to Washington, where he met Booth again. Some historians believe the meeting had been arranged, but others disagree. The two men, along with John Surratt, Jr., and Louis J. Weichmann, had a conversation and drinks together, first at Booth's hotel and later at <mask>'s. According to a statement made by associated conspirator George Atzerodt, discovered long after his death and recorded while he was in federal custody on May 1, 1865, <mask> knew in advance about Booth's plans; Atzerodt was sure the doctor knew, he said, because Booth had "sent (as he told me) liquors & provisions... about two weeks before the murder to Dr. <mask>'s."Although that is true, some historians believe there may have been other reasons behind <mask>'s relationship with Booth. The trial brought forth many theories of <mask>'s involvement in the assassination of Lincoln. One theory posits that <mask> was involved in a completely different conspiracy to gain an upper hand for the southern states. Prior to the assassination of Lincoln, Booth originally intended to kidnap the president and ransom him and other political affiliates of the Union for a large sum of money. This plan was in effect until the night of the assassination, when Booth met up with Atzerodt, David Herold and Lewis Powell (who gave his name as Lewis Payne when he was arrested at

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texts: Mary Surratt's house days after the murder) and disclosed the plot to assassinate the president instead. Following the assassination, Powell came forth by stating that Booth had not told him until this meeting and that the other men did not know about the plot until the night of the assassination. This supports the theory that <mask> may have been an accomplice to the plot to kidnap the president but not a conspirator to the assassination.After Booth shot Lincoln on the night of April 14, 1865, he broke his left fibula when he jumped from the presidential box while fleeing Ford's Theater. Booth met up with Herold and both men made for Virginia via southern Maryland. They stopped at <mask>'s house around 4 AM on April 15. <mask> splinted Booth's leg and gave him a shoe to wear. He also arranged for a carpenter, John Best, to make a pair of crutches for Booth. Booth paid <mask> $25 in greenbacks for his services. He and Herold spent between twelve and fifteen hours at <mask>'s house.They slept in the front bedroom on the second floor. It is unclear whether <mask> had yet been informed that Booth had killed Lincoln. <mask> went to Bryantown during the day on April 15 to run errands; if he had not already heard the news of the assassination from Booth, he certainly learned of it on the trip. He returned home that evening, and accounts differ as to whether Booth and Herold had already left, whether <mask> met them as they were leaving, and whether they left at <mask>'s urging and with his assistance. It is certain that <mask> did not immediately contact the authorities. When questioned, he stated that he had not wanted to leave his family alone in the house in case the assassins returned and found him absent and his family unprotected. He waited until Mass the following day, Easter Sunday, when he asked his second cousin, Dr. <mask>, a resident of Bryantown, to notify the 13th New York Cavalry in Bryantown, under the command of Lieutenant David Dana.<mask>'s delay in contacting the authorities drew

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 suspicion and was a significant factor in tying him to the conspiracy. During his initial investigative interview on April 18, <mask> stated that he had never seen either of the parties before. In his sworn statement of April 22, he told about Booth's visit to Bryantown in November 1864
but then said, "I have never seen Booth since that time to my knowledge until last Saturday morning." Later testimony from Weichmann revealed that <mask> hid his meeting with Booth in Washington in December 1864. In prison, <mask> admitted the Washington meeting and said he ran into Booth by chance during a Christmas shopping trip. <mask>'s failure to mention the meeting in his interview with detectives proved to be a big mistake. When Weichmann told the authorities of the meeting, they realized that <mask> had misled them and immediately began to treat him as a suspect, rather than a witness.During the conspiracy trial, Lieutenant Alexander Lovett testified, "On Friday, the 21st of April, I went to <mask>'s again, for the purpose of arresting him. When he found we were going to search the house, he said something to his wife, and she went upstairs and brought down a boot. <mask> said he had cut it off the man's leg. I turned down the top of the boot, and saw the name 'J. Wilkes' written in it." Trial

After Booth's death on April 26, 1865, <mask> was arrested and charged with conspiracy to murder Lincoln. Representative Frederick Stone was the senior defense counsel for <mask>.On May 1, President Johnson ordered the formation of a nine-man military commission to try the conspirators. <mask> was represented by General Thomas Ewing Jr. The trial began on May 10. Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, George Atzerodt, David Herold, <mask>, Michael O'Laughlen, Edmund Spangler and <mask> were all charged with conspiring to murder Lincoln. The prosecution called 366 witnesses. The defense sought to prove that <mask> was a loyal citizen, citing his self-description as a "Union man" and asserting that he was "a deeply religious man,

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 devoted to family, and a kind master to his slaves." The prosecution presented witnesses who testified that he had shot one of his slaves in the leg and threatened to send others to Richmond, Virginia, to assist in the construction of Confederate defenses.The prosecution also contended that he had been a member of a Confederate communications distribution agency and had sheltered Confederate soldiers on his plantation. On June 29, <mask> was found guilty with the others. The testimony of Louis J. Weichmann was crucial in obtaining the convictions. According to historian Edward Steers, the testimony presented by former slaves was also crucial, but it faded from public memory. <mask> escaped the death penalty by one vote and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Surratt, Powell, Atzerodt and Herold were hanged at the Old Penitentiary at the Washington Arsenal on July 7, 1865. Imprisonment

<mask>, O'Laughlen, Arnold, and Spangler were imprisoned at Fort Jefferson, in the Dry Tortugas, about  west of Key West, Florida.The fort housed Union Army deserters and held about 600 prisoners when <mask> and the others arrived. Prisoners lived on the second tier of the fort, in unfinished, open-air gun rooms called casemates. <mask> and his three companions lived in the casemate directly above the fort's main entrance, called the sally port. In September 1865, two months after <mask> arrived, the control of Fort Jefferson was transferred from the 161st New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment to the 82nd US Colored Troops. On September 25, 1865, <mask> attempted to escape from Fort Jefferson by stowing away on the transport Thomas A. Scott. He was quickly discovered and placed, along with Arnold, O'Laughlen, Spangler, and George St. Leger Grenfell, in a large empty ground-level gunroom that soldiers referred to as "the dungeon". The men were let out of the dungeon every working day for 12 hours and were required to wear leg irons.However, following a December 22 letter from his wife to President Johnson, the War

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 Department ordered the discontinuance of the shackles and the move to better quarters, which was accomplished by January. After three months in the dungeon, <mask> and the others were returned to the general prison population. However, because of his attempted escape, <mask> lost his privilege of working in the prison hospital and was assigned to work in the prison carpentry shop with Spangler. There was an outbreak of yellow fever in the fall of 1867 at the fort. O'Laughlen eventually died of it on September 23. The prison doctor died, and <mask> agreed to take over the position. He was able to help stem the spread of the disease.The soldiers in the fort wrote a petition to Johnson in October 1867 stating the degree of <mask>'s assistance: "He inspired the hopeless with courage and by his constant presence in the midst of danger and infection.... [Many] doubtless owe their lives to the care and treatment they received at his hands." Probably as a reward for his work in the yellow fever epidemic, <mask> was reassigned from the carpentry shop to a clerical job in the Provost Marshal's office, where he remained until his pardon. Later life

The influence of his defense attorney, Thomas Ewing Jr., who was also influential in the President's administration, was one reason why <mask> was pardoned by Johnson on February 8, 1869. He was released from prison on March 8, 1869, and returned to his home in Maryland on March 20, 1869. On March 2, 1869, three weeks after he pardoned <mask>, Johnson also pardoned Spangler and Arnold. When <mask> returned home, well-wishing friends and strangers, as well as inquiring newspaper reporters, besieged him. <mask> was very reluctant to talk to the press because he felt it had misquoted him in the past.He gave one interview to the New York Herald after his release but immediately regretted it and complained that the article had several factual errors and misrepresented his work during the yellow fever epidemic. On the whole, though, <mask> continued to enjoy the support

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 of his friends and neighbors. He resumed his medical practice and slowly brought the family farm back to productivity. In 1873, Spangler traveled to the <mask> farm, where <mask> and his wife welcomed him. Spangler lived with the <mask> family for about 18 months, earning his keep by doing carpentry, gardening, and other farm chores, until his death on February 7, 1875. <mask> always had an interest in politics. In prison, he learned about political happenings by reading the newspapers that were sent to him.After his release, he again became active in community affairs. In 1874, he was elected chief officer of the local farmers association, the Bryantown Grange. In 1876, he was elected Vice President of the local Democratic Tilden-Hendricks presidential election committee. Tilden lost that year to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in a hotly-disputed election. The next year, <mask> ran as a Democratic candidate for the Maryland House of Delegates but was defeated by the popular Republican William Mitchell. <mask>'s ninth child, Mary Eleanor "Nettie" <mask>, was born in 1878. In 1880, the Port Tobacco Times reported that <mask>'s barn which contained almost 8000 lb.of tobacco, two horses, a wagon, and farm implements was destroyed by fire. Death
<mask> was just 49 years old when he died of pneumonia, on January 10, 1883, and was buried in the cemetery at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Bryantown, the same church in which he once met Booth. Rehabilitation attempts

The degree of <mask>'s culpability has remained controversial ever since. Some, including <mask>'s grandson <mask>, claimed that <mask> was innocent of any wrongdoing and that he had merely been imprisoned for treating a man who came to his house late at night with a fractured leg. Over a century after the assassination, Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan both wrote letters to <mask> in which they agreed that his grandfather had committed no crime. However, others, including authors Edward Steers, Jr. and James Swanson, assert evidence

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texts: that <mask> visited Booth three times in the months before the failed kidnapping attempt. The first time was November 1864 when Booth, who was looking for help in his kidnapping plot, was directed to <mask> by agents of the Confederate Secret Service.In December, Booth again met with <mask> and spent the night at his farm. Later that December, <mask> went to Washington and introduced Booth to a Confederate agent whom he knew: John Surratt. Additionally, George Atzerodt testified that Booth sent supplies to <mask>'s house in preparation for the kidnapping plan. <mask> lied to the authorities who came to his house after the assassination, claiming that he did not recognize the man who showed up on his doorstep in need of treatment and giving them false information about where Booth and Herold went. He also hid the monogrammed boot that he had cut off Booth's injured leg behind a panel in his attic, but the thorough search of <mask>'s house soon revealed this further piece of evidence which was later used against him. One hypothesis is that Dr <mask> was originally complicit in the kidnapping plot, likely as the person who the conspirators would have turned to for medical treatment in case Lincoln was injured, and that Booth thus remembered the doctor and went to his house to get help in the early hours of April 15. <mask>'s grandson, <mask>, unsuccessfully tried to clear his grandfather's name of the stigma of aiding Booth.In 1951 he published The Mudd Family of the United States, an encyclopedic two-volume history of the Mudd family in America, beginning with <mask>, who arrived from England in 1665. A second edition was published in 1969. Following his death in 2002, his papers, which detailed his attempts to clear his grandfather's name, were donated to Georgetown University's Lauinger Library. They are available to the public in the Special Collections Department. <mask> petitioned several successive presidents, receiving replies from Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. Carter, while

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 sympathetic, responded by stating that he had no authority under law to set aside the conviction; Reagan responded by stating that he had come to believe that <mask> was innocent of any wrongdoing. In 1992, Representatives Steny Hoyer and Thomas W. Ewing introduced House Bill 1885 to overturn the conviction, but it failed in committee.<mask> then turned to the Army Board for Correction of Military Records, which recommended that the conviction be overturned on the basis that <mask> should have been tried by a civilian court. The recommendation was rejected by Acting Army Assistant Secretary William D. Clark. Several other legal venues were attempted, ending in 2003 when the US Supreme Court refused to hear the case because the deadline for filing it had been missed. St. Catharine, also known as the Dr. <mask><mask> House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Portrayals
<mask>'s life was the subject of a 1936 20th Century Fox production, John Ford-directed film The Prisoner of Shark Island, based on a script by Nunnally Johnson. In this film <mask> was portrayed by Academy Award-winning actor Warner Baxter. Film critic Leonard Maltin in his Classic Movie Guide (2015) described Baxter's performance as "superb."A radio adaptation of The Prisoner of Shark Island aired, as an episode of the radio series Lux Radio Theater, with Gary Cooper as Dr. <mask>, on May 2, 1938, in which significant dramatic license was used by introducing fictional characters and altering several of the known facts of the case for melodramatic expediency. For example, Fort Jefferson was never called "Shark Island." Another production, with the same title, aired on the radio series Encore Theatre in 1946. Another film, The Ordeal of Dr. Mudd, was made in 1980. It starred Dennis Weaver as <mask>. At the end, a written message appears incorrectly stating that President Carter gave <mask> a posthumous pardon. All of these productions espoused the point of view that <mask> was essentially innocent of any

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 conspiracy.<mask> (1928–2021), an Emmy Award-winning journalist, television host and former CBS, NBC, and PBS news anchor, was related to <mask>, but he was not a descendant, as has mistakenly been reported. <mask>'s life was the subject of an episode of the TV western Laramie, "Time of the Traitor" which aired in 1962. On the episode "Swiss Diplomacy" on The West Wing, the First Lady and cardiac surgeon, Dr. Abby Bartlet commented on the duty of a physician to treat an injured patient despite potential legal repercussions. She responded to <mask>'s conviction: "So that's the way it goes. You set the leg." <mask>'s name is sometimes given as the origin of the phrase "your name is mud," as in, for example, the 2007 feature film National Treasure: Book of Secrets. However, according to an online etymology dictionary, the phrase has its earliest known recorded instance in 1823, ten years before <mask>'s birth, and it is based on an obsolete sense of the word "mud" meaning "a stupid twaddling fellow."See also
List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States

References

External links

 Dr. <mask><mask> House and Museum
 Dr. <mask> Research Site
 Dr. <mask> and the Lincoln Conspiracy
 Dr. <mask>'s attempted escape from Fort Jefferson

 The Prisoner of Shark Island - Lux Radio Theater, May 2, 1938

1833 births
1883 deaths
People associated with the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Physicians from Maryland
Recipients of American presidential pardons
University of Maryland, Baltimore alumni
People of Maryland in the American Civil War
American slave owners
Farmers from Maryland
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government
Deaths from pneumonia in Maryland
American planters
People from Charles County, Maryland
Maryland Democrats
Lincoln assassination conspirators
19th-century American physicians
19th-century American politicians
Catholics from Maryland
Saint John's Catholic Prep

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<mask> (born 1974) is an American comedian, radio host, writer, musician and actor originally from Cleveland, Ohio. He is the host of The Dave <mask> Goodtime Hour, a weekly livestream and podcast part of the Maximum Fun network. In 2007 Variety named <mask> one of their "10 Comics to Watch". Prior to going into entertainment, <mask> worked as an aide at a homeless shelter. Career

Comedy
<mask> was a frequent panelist on Comedy Central's @midnight program and has appeared on Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, The Tick (2016 TV series), Inside Amy Schumer, Full Frontal with Samantha Bee, Comedy Knockout, and The Jim Gaffigan Show, among other shows. He moved to New York City in 2003 and began performing live comedy regularly in 2005. His first TV appearances were as a correspondent on Court tv's Smoking Gun TV.In 2007, <mask> starred in the television show The King of Miami on the MOJO HD network. The show also aired on Film24 in the UK and is currently available on Hulu. <mask> appeared regularly as a correspondent on the Fuse network's Hoppus on Music hosted by Mark Hoppus of Blink-182 from 2010 to 2012. He also hosts the stage show The <mask> Explosion at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York and Hollywood and currently appears as on-air talent for HBO and Cinemax. He has also worked extensively for the comedy website Super Deluxe. In 2004, <mask> began posing as a teenager named Lance from Gary, Indiana aiming to get his fictional band Witch Taint signed to a Norwegian black metal record label. His emails with the record label were later archived on a Fansite at www.theblackmetaldialogues.com.In 2017, <mask> began doing stage readings of the emails with frequent collaborator Phil Costello, performing the show in New York City, Los Angeles, London, Oslo, and Wacken, Germany among other locations. In 2007, <mask> appeared at HBO's U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado.

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 <mask> has also appeared at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival, the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the Sasquatch Festival, Bumbershoot, Outside Lands, the Crap Comedy Festival in Oslo, the Bridgetown Comedy Festival in Portland, San Francisco Sketchfest, the New York Comedy Festival, Riot LA, and the Glasgow Comedy Festival among others. He performs in prisons frequently, including Sing Sing correctional facility in Ossining, New York and Centro de Reinserción Social in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. In addition to performing with fellow comedians, <mask> regularly performs comedy with musical acts, including Quicksand, Rhett Miller, and Snoop Dogg. In 2014, <mask> appeared in a YouTube Show called METAL GRASSHOPPER with Phil H. Anselmo, where <mask> plays himself as a metal fan looking to be coached by Phil on how to be metal.He's also in the Black'n'roll band Witch taint which combines the genre with Heavy metal and Punk

In May 2019, <mask>, a Democrat, was permanently banned from Twitter after he repeatedly responded to attacks from Trump supporters with jokes about having consensual sexual intercourse with their mothers and, in some cases, their fathers. Music

<mask> wrote the theme song for Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, "Go", performed by his band Valley Lodge. The band performed the song live on the show's season 2 finale on November 22, 2015. In 2016, <mask> formed a psychedelic rock band with Chris Reifert called Painted Doll. The band's self-titled debut album was released on Tee Pee Records on February 16, 2018. <mask> was a member of the 1990s alternative band Sons of Elvis, which he formed with friends while a student at Fordham University. The band signed with Priority Records shortly after graduation and released a debut full-length album Glodean in 1995 as well as a limited edition disc titled Mrs. White, featuring live recordings and several tracks from

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 Glodean.The lead single from Glodean, "Formaldehyde", received airplay at radio and on MTV, and was also featured on the soundtrack of the feature film Higher Learning, by director John Singleton. The band also performed two songs live on The Jon Stewart Show in 1995. <mask> also played bass for Cleveland-based rock band Cobra Verde, and currently fronts the power pop band Valley Lodge. He has also played guitar with Walter Schreifels' solo band, Diamondsnake, a hard rock band also featuring Moby, and bass for Lucy Wainwright Roche and former Faith No More singer Chuck Mosley. Additionally, <mask> is the creator and sole member of the semi-fictional Norwegian black metal band Witch Taint. He has also contributed musical scores to several feature films, including Shoot First and Pray You Live (Because Luck Has Nothing to Do with It) and Dirty Deeds. Additionally, <mask> wrote and recorded the theme music for the HBO's Reverb and Janeane Garofalo's 2010 stand-up special If You Will.Writing
<mask>'s Tasteful Nudes: ...and Other Misguided Attempts at Personal Growth and Validation, a collection of anecdotal essays, was published by St. Martin's Press on May 22, 2012. The book was optioned for television by Comedy Central. <mask>'s second essay collection, <mask> Doesn't Live Here Anymore was published by Blue Rider Press, a Penguin Group imprint, on May 10, 2016. On October 8, 2019, <mask>'s third book, Parking the Moose: One American's Epic Quest to Uncover His Incredible Canadian Roots was published by Doubleday Canada and Penguin Random House. <mask> has also written for The New York Times, GQ, Paris Review, XXL, McSweeney's, The Believer, The Cleveland Plain Dealer, Salon, and the Huffington Post among others, and is a frequent contributor to the public radio program This American Life. In June 2000, <mask> wrote what is believed to be the first ever mainstream media article on

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 plushophilia for Salon. Additionally, an interview with <mask> is included in the Mike Sacks book Poking a Dead Frog: Conversations with Today's Top Comedy Writers published by Viking/Penguin.<mask> also contributed an essay to the book Greenwich Village: A Collection of Memories, edited by Judith Stonehill and published by Universe, which also featured contributions from Graydon Carter, Malcolm Gladwell, Calvin Trillin, and Brooke Shields. Podcast and radio
In June 2010, <mask> launched his own podcast called <mask>'s Podcasting Incident on iTunes; to promote the show he appeared on the podcast The Complete Guide to Everything. The podcast, which was rebranded as The <mask> Goodtime Hour in 2020, is a part of the Maximum Fun network. In March 2019, <mask> launched a second podcast, <mask>: History Fluffer, with TV producer Jim Biederman, comedian Jodi Lennon, and producer Chris Gersbeck. The show places <mask> throughout different time periods while Biederman and Lennon question his claims. In August 2019, <mask> launched a third podcast on Maximum Fun called So... You're Canadian with <mask> in which he interviews various Canadians in an attempt to better understand the country of Canada, where his grandfather is from. <mask> also hosted The Goddamn <mask> Show on free-form radio station WFMU, having taken over the Tuesday The Best Show on WFMU time slot in January 2014.The show went on hiatus from WFMU in 2019, although it has since been revived as an independent livestream and podcast, rebranded as The <mask> Goodtime Hour. <mask> is also a frequent contributor to the This American Life public radio program. References

External links

Living people
American male comedians
21st-century American comedians
American bass guitarists
American rock guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American radio DJs
People from Cleveland
Guitarists from Ohio
American people of Canadian

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<mask> (26 March 1905 – 2 September 1997)
was an Austrian neurologist, psychiatrist, philosopher, author, and Holocaust survivor. He was the founder of logotherapy, a school of psychotherapy that describes a search for a life's meaning as the central human motivational force. Logotherapy is part of existential and humanistic psychology theories. Logotherapy was recognized as the third school of Viennese Psychotherapy; the first school was created by Sigmund Freud, and the second by Alfred Adler. Frankl published 39 books. The autobiographical Man's Search for Meaning, a best-selling book, is based on his experiences in various Nazi concentration camps. Early life
<mask> was born the middle of three children to <mask>, a civil servant in the Ministry of Social Service, and Elsa (née Lion).His interest in psychology and the role of meaning developed when he began taking night classes on applied psychology while in junior high school. As a teenager, he began corresponding with Sigmund Freud, when he asked for permission to publish one of his papers. After graduation from high school in 1923, he studied medicine at the University of Vienna. During his studies, he specialized in neurology and psychiatry, with a focus on depression and suicide. In 1924, <mask>'s first scientific paper was published in The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. In the same year, he was president of the , the Social Democratic Party of Austria's youth movement for high school students. During this time, <mask> began questioning the Freudian approach to psychoanalysis.He joined Alfred Adler's circle of students and published his second scientific paper, "Psychotherapy and Worldview" (), in Adler's International Journal of Individual Psychology in 1925. <mask> was expelled from Adler's circle when he insisted that meaning was the central motivational force in human beings. From 1926, he began refining his theory, which he termed logotherapy. Career

Psychiatry
Between 1928 and 1930, while still a

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texts: medical student, he organized youth counselling centers to address the high number of teen suicides occurring around the time of end of the year report cards. The program was sponsored by the city of Vienna and free of charge to the students. <mask> recruited other psychologists for the center, including Charlotte Bühler, Erwin Wexberg, and Rudolf Dreikurs. In 1931, not a single Viennese student died by suicide.After earning his M.D. in 1930, <mask> gained extensive experience at Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital, where he was responsible for the treatment of suicidal women. In 1937, he began a private practice, but the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938 limited his opportunity to treat patients. In 1940, he joined Rothschild Hospital, the only hospital in Vienna still admitting Jews, as head of the neurology department. Prior to his deportation to the concentration camps, he helped numerous patients avoid the Nazi euthanasia program that targeted the mentally disabled. In 1942, just nine months after his marriage, <mask> and his family were sent to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. His father died there of starvation and pneumonia.In 1944, <mask> and the surviving members of his family were transported to Auschwitz, where his mother and brother were gassed. His wife died later of typhus in Bergen-Belsen. <mask> spent three years in four concentration camps. Following the war, he became head of the neurology department of the Vienna Polyclinic Hospital, and established a private practice in his home. He worked with patients until his retirement in 1970. In 1948, <mask> earned a PhD in philosophy from the University of Vienna. His dissertation, The Unconscious God, examines the relationship between psychology and religion, and advocates for the use of the Socratic dialogue (self-discovery discourse) for clients to get in touch with their spiritual unconscious.In 1955, <mask> was awarded a professorship of neurology and psychiatry at the University of Vienna, and, as visiting

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 professor, lectured at Harvard University (1961), Southern Methodist University, Dallas (1966), and Duquesne University, Pittsburgh (1972). Throughout his career, Frankl argued that the reductionist tendencies of early psychotherapeutic approaches dehumanised the patient, and advocated for a rehumanisation of psychotherapy. The American Psychiatric Association awarded <mask> Pfister Award for his contributions to religion and psychiatry. Man's Search for Meaning
After his liberation, <mask> returned to Vienna where he became head of the Neurological Department at the general Polyclinic Hospital. He wrote Man’s Search for Meaning over a nine-day period. The book, originally titled A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp, was released in German in 1946. The English translation of Man's Search for Meaning was published in 1959, and became an international bestseller.<mask> saw this success as a symptom of the "mass neurosis of modern times" since the title promised to deal with the question of life's meaningfulness. Millions of copies were sold in dozens of languages. In a 1991 survey conducted for the Library of Congress and the Book of the Month Club, Man's Search for Meaning was named one of the ten most influential books in the US. Logotherapy and existential analysis
Frankl developed logotherapy and existential analysis, which are based on philosophical and psychological concepts, particularly the desire to find a meaning in life and free will. Frankl identified three main ways of realizing meaning in life: by making a difference in the world, by having particular experiences, or by adopting particular attitudes. The primary techniques offered by logotherapy and existential analysis are:
 Paradoxical intention: clients learn to overcome obsessions or anxieties by self-distancing and humorous exaggeration. Dereflection: drawing the client's attention away from their symptoms, as hyper-reflection can lead to inaction.Socratic dialogue and attitude modification:

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 asking questions designed to help a client find and pursue self-defined meaning in life. His acknowledgement of meaning as a central motivational force and factor in mental health is his lasting contribution to the field of psychology. It provided the foundational principles for the emerging field of positive psychology. Decorations and awards
 1956: Promotion Award for Public Education of the Ministry of Education, Austria
 1962: Cardinal Innitzer Prize, Austria
 1969: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
 1976: Prize of the Danubia Foundation
 1980: Honorary Ring of Vienna, Austria
 1981: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
 1985: Oskar Pfister Award, US
 1986: Honorary doctorate from the University of Vienna, Austria
 1986: Honorary member of the association Bürgervereinigung Landsberg im 20. Jahrhundert
 1988: Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria
 1995: Hans Prinzhorn Medal
 1995: Honorary Citizen of the City of Vienna
 1995: Great Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria

Personal life
In 1941, Frankl married Tilly Grosser, who was a station nurse at Rothschild Hospital. Soon after they were married, she became pregnant, but they were forced to abort the child. Tilly died in the Bergen Belsen concentration camp.<mask>'s father, Gabriel, originally from Pohořelice, Moravia, died in the Theresienstadt Ghetto concentration camp on 13 February 1943, aged 81, from starvation and pneumonia. His mother and brother, Walter, were both killed in Auschwitz. His sister, Stella, escaped to Australia. In 1947, <mask> married Eleonore "Elly" Katharina Schwindt. She was a practicing Catholic. The couple respected each other's religious backgrounds, both attending church and synagogue, and celebrating Christmas and Hanukkah. They had one daughter, Gabriele, who went on to become a child psychologist.<mask> died of heart failure in Vienna on 2 September 1997. He is buried in the Jewish section of the Vienna Central

masks: Frankl Frankl Frankl


texts:
 Cemetery. Bibliography
His books in English are:
 Man's Search for Meaning. An Introduction to Logotherapy, Beacon Press, Boston, 2006. (Originally published in 1946)
 The Doctor and the Soul, (originally titled Ärztliche Seelsorge), Random House, 1955. On the Theory and Therapy of Mental Disorders. An Introduction to Logotherapy and Existential Analysis, Translated by James M. DuBois.Brunner-Routledge, London & New York, 2004. Psychotherapy and Existentialism. Selected Papers on Logotherapy, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1967. The Will to Meaning. Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy, New American Library, New York, 1988
 The Unheard Cry for Meaning. Psychotherapy and Humanism, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2011
 <mask>l Recollections: An Autobiography. ; Basic Books, Cambridge, MA 2000. .
 Man's Search for Ultimate Meaning.(A revised and extended edition of The Unconscious God; with a foreword by Swanee Hunt). Perseus Book Publishing, New York, 1997; . Paperback edition: Perseus Book Group; New York, 2000;
 Yes to Life: In Spite of Everything Beacon Press, Boston, 2020. See also
 Existential analysis
 List of logotherapy institutes, many named after Frankl
 Meaning-making

References

External links

 Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna
 Viktor Frankl Institute of America
 Who Was <mask>l? by Dr. Henry Abramson

1905 births
1997 deaths
People from Leopoldstadt
University of Vienna faculty
Austrian Jews
Austrian neurologists
Austrian psychiatrists
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Dachau concentration camp survivors
Theresienstadt Ghetto survivors
Jewish existentialists
Jewish physicians
Jewish psychiatrists
Jewish scientists
Jewish philosophers
Jewish writers
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria
Existential therapists
Logotherapy
20th-century Austrian

masks:
Viktor Frank
Viktor Frank


texts:
<mask><mask> (born May 28, 1975) is an American woman whose early life and involvement with the December 1993 murders of Brandon Teena, Lisa Lambert and Phillip DeVine was chronicled in the 1998 documentary The Brandon Teena Story and the 1999 film Boys Don't Cry (which left out DeVine). She was portrayed in the film by Chloë Sevigny, who was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance. The director of the film, Kimberly Peirce, worked on the script for many years and interviewed <mask> and her mother for details on their life. Peirce also drew information from other sources including All She Wanted by Aphrodite Jones (1996), a biography of Brandon Teena and the lives of those involved with the murders; and a 1994 Village Voice piece written by Donna Minkowitz which was responsible for the story becoming a media sensation in the early 1990s. Background
In the fall of 1993, <mask>, aged 18, met Brandon Teena, 20, through their mutual friends. Teena was new to the close-knit area, from Lincoln, Nebraska, and the local crowd was curious about him. Teena and <mask> began seeing each other, because Tisdel found Teena attractive and believed Brandon was a cisgender man.He was in fact a transgender man: assigned female at birth, but identifying as male. <mask> has made it clear that her relationship with Brandon Teena was brief and did not include sex; only lasting about two months from their first meeting until the murder. However, their two-month relationship is described as very intense. Her mother Linda testified that <mask> would be with Brandon all day, had trouble sleeping, and their relationship was all she cared about during that time. On December 19, 1993, Brandon Teena was arrested for forging checks, and put in jail for several days. Tisdel found out he was transgender after his birth name was printed in the local newspaper in the arrests section. Tisdel paid to get him out of jail, and he told her that he was undergoing sex reassignment surgery.<mask> has disputed claims that after the

masks:
Lana M
. Tisdel
Lana
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel


texts:
 truth was revealed to her, they continued a romantic relationship, but instead she told Brandon that they could still be friends. <mask> defended Teena often, at one point lying to authorities and telling them she had seen him naked and saw his penis, in hopes they would leave him alone. Two people that they were friends with during this time were John Lotter and Tom Nissen. Both young men had criminal records, and Teena had been staying with Nissen. Falls City is a small town, and all of these families were well-acquainted; <mask>'s best friend was Michelle Lotter, John's sister. Initially friendly, Lotter and Nissen soon began to harass Teena and <mask> and scrutinize their relationship. During a Christmas Eve party, Lotter and Nissen forced Teena to take off his clothes in order to show everyone, including <mask>, his genitals.The two then kidnapped Teena and took him to a rural area, where they raped and beat him. Afterwards, Teena came to <mask>'s house, and <mask> and her mother convinced him to speak to the police and go to the hospital. Lotter and Nissen had told Teena that if he told anyone what they did, they would kill him. Murders
A few days later, on New Year's Eve 1993, Lotter and Nissen came to the Tisdel residence drunk and looking for Brandon, and threatened the Tisdel sisters. They then drove to the house of Lisa Lambert, where Brandon had been hiding out. Also in the house was Phillip Devine, a friend of theirs who was dating <mask>'s sister Leslie. Lisa Lambert was a single mother from Pawnee City, Nebraska, who often let friends stay with her in exchange for their help and company, because she lived outside of town.Lotter and Nissen then shot Brandon, Lambert, and Devine to death. Lambert's son Tanner was in the house at the time and was unharmed. <mask> was not present at the time of the murder, as it took place inside Lambert's home in Humboldt, Nebraska, a 30-minute drive away from Falls City, where <mask> lived with her mother and sister. The bodies were discovered the next

masks: Tisdel Lana Tisdel Lana Tisdel Tisdel Tisdel Tisdel Tisdel


texts:
 day by Lambert's mother, Anna Mae. Aftermath
<mask>, her sister Leslie, and mother Linda were all involved in the criminal trial and later lawsuits that followed the murder and later, movie development. <mask> also has other siblings, including a brother, Terry Torrance. The <mask> family appeared on the TV shows Maury and A Current Affair, to discuss Brandon Teena and the trial proceedings.The <mask> family did not get along well with Teena's mother, Jo Ann Brandon, and his sister, Tammy, who accused <mask> of being responsible for the murders. <mask> sued the creators of the film Boys Don't Cry for using her name and likeness without permission, the suit was settled out of court. <mask> was vocal about the film's script changes, and upset that her boyfriend who was murdered, Phillip Devine, was not included in the film, nor was she, and instead the film focused on Brandon Teena. There has been scrutiny that the lack of information about Devine, who was from Iowa, is because he was African American, and Leslie stated she believed he has been left out of the story because of racism. When Boys Don't Cry was released, she petitioned Nebraska movie theatre owners to not show the film. Lisa Lambert's name was changed to Candace in the movie. <mask>'s mother, Linda Gutierres, who died on December 2, 2003, at age 54, was portrayed in the film by Jeannetta Arnette.Tanner Lambert graduated from Humboldt High School in 2011, and was raised by his aunt. John Lotter and Tom Nissen are currently in prison, with Nissen serving life imprisonment and Lotter facing execution. Tisdel graduated from Falls City High School in 1993. She married Josh Bachman in 2001 and lives in Kansas with their children. In August 2020, Tisdel was injured in a car accident when she struck Glenn D. Aston, 66, head-on. Aston was killed in the crash. Tisdel was taken to Stormont Vail Hospital in Topeka, Kansas with serious injuries.References

External links

1974 births
Living people
1998 in LGBT history
People from Falls City,

masks:
Lana Tisdel
Lana
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel
Tisdel
Leslie Tisdel
Tisdel


texts:
was the 12th shōgun of the <mask> shogunate of Japan.<ref name="hall21">Hall, John Whitney et al. (1991). Early Modern Japan',' p. 21. ]</ref>

Biography
<mask> was born as the second son of the 11th shōgun, <mask>ri and named Toshijirō (敏次郎). Toshijirō was appointed heir on the death of his elder brother, Takechiyo. He became shogun on September 2, 1837, at the age of 45 upon the retirement of his father, <mask>.However, Ienari continued to wield much power from behind the throne, and it was not until after his death in 1841 that Senior Rōjū Mizuno Tadakuni was able to purge the government of his clique, and to implement measures to overhaul the shogunate's finances and controls in the aftermath of the Great Tenpō Famine of 1832–36. Known as the Tenpō Reforms, these numerous sumptuary laws attempted to stabilize the economy through a return to the frugality, simplicity and discipline that were characteristic of the early Edo period, by banning most forms of entertainment and displays of wealth. The restrictions proved extremely unpopular with the commoners. Increasing criticism of the government's handling of foreign affairs led to the Bansha no goku in 1839, suppressing rangaku studies. Another part of the Reform included the Agechi-rei of 1843, which was to have daimyō in the vicinity of Edo and Ōsaka surrender their holdings for equal amounts of land elsewhere, thereby consolidating Tokugawa control over these strategically vital areas. However, this was also greatly unpopular amongst

masks:
Tokugawa
Ieyoshi
Tokugawa Iena
Tokugawa Ienari


texts:
 daimyō of all ranks and income levels. To complicate the situation further, in May 1844, Edo Castle burned down, and Mizuno Tadakuni was forced into exile and retirement.Mizuno was replaced by Doi Yoshitsura, Abe Masahiro and Tsutsui Masanori as rōjū. He forced the retirement of <mask> in 1844 and placed Nariaki's seventh son, <mask>u as head of the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa house in 1847. He also forced the retirement of Shimazu Narioki in 1851. US Commodore Matthew Perry arrived on June 3, 1853, on a mission to force a treaty opening Japan to trade. <mask> died on July 27, 1853, before the treaty could be concluded, of heart failure possibly brought on by heat stroke, and was succeeded by his third son <mask>. The following year the Tokugawa shogunate was forced to accept the American demands by signing the Convention of Kanagawa. <mask>'s grave is at the <mask> family mausoleum at Zōjō-ji in Shiba.His buddhist name was Shintokuin. Family
Ieyoshi's official wife was Princess Takako (1795–1840), the sixth daughter of Prince Arisugawa Orihito. She relocated to Edo Castle in 1804 when she was only age 10, and they were formally wed in 1810. In 1813, she gave birth to a son, Takechiyo, followed by a daughter in 1815 and in 1816. In addition, <mask> had another 13 sons and 11 daughters by numerous concubines; however, only one son, <mask>, lived past the age of 20. 1854) married Hachisuka Mochiaki
 Akinomiya Akiko (1825–1913) married Arima Yorishige of Kurume Domain

Events of <mask>'s bakufu
 1837

masks:
Tokugawa Nariaki
Tokugawa Yoshinob
Ieyoshi
Tokugawa Iesada
Tokugawa Ieyoshi
Tokugawa
Ieyoshi
Tokugawa Iesada
Ieyoshi


texts:
 (Tenpō 7): <mask> becomes the 12th shōgun of the bakufu government. 1844 (Kōka 1): Era name changed due to fire which destroyed Edo Castle

 1846 (Kōka 3): Kōmei becomes 121st Emperor of Japan.1847 (Kōka 4): Zenkoji earthquake causes major damage in Shinano Province and surrounding areas

1848 (Kaei 1): Era name changed to acknowledge the beginning of the reign of the Emperor Kōmei

 1853 (Kaei 6): Arrival of U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his fleet of Black Ships. Eras of <mask>'s bakufu
The years in which <mask> was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Tenpō  (1830–1844)
 Kōka         (1844–1848)
 Kaei         (1848–1854)

Ancestry

Notes

References
 Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan.'' New Haven: Yale University Press. ; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/treasures-among-men-the-fudai-daimyo-in-tokugawa-japan/oclc/185685588  OCLC 185685588
 Hall, John Whitney and Marius Jansen.(1991). Early Modern Japan: The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; OCLC 62064695
 Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns:  Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon.Totman, Conrad. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 279623

External links
 National Archives of Japan:  Illustrations of Road to Nikko, Tempo 14 (1843)

1793 births
1853 deaths
18th-century Japanese people
19th-century shōguns
<mask>

masks:
Tokugawa Ieyoshi
Ieyoshi
Ieyoshi
Tokugawa


texts:
<mask> (c.1610–1665) was a Dutch portrait and still life painter. <mask>, the son of <mask> and Marryen Roeleffs, was born in Groningen, but his training as an artist and early career are unknown. A majority of the works attributed to him are unsigned. He was among the first European artists to paint scenes from the New World. He was in the entourage of the Dutch governor-general of Brazil, Johan Maurits, Prince of Nassau-Siegen, who took him and fellow painter Frans Post to Dutch Brazil to have them record the country's landscape, inhabitants, flora and fauna. <mask> is also famous for his still-life paintings of Brazilian fruits and vegetables. His paintings were intended for decoration in a domestic context.Work

<mask> focused on the people, plants and animals of the region when arriving in Dutch Brazil. He painted eight life-size ethnographic representations of Brazil's inhabitants, twelve still lifes, and a large piece of dancing indigenous people. These ethnographic works, done between 1641 and 1643 for Maurits, were subsequently gifted to Maurits's cousin, King Frederick III of Denmark, and they remain in Copenhagen to this day. His work is said to be the first realistic images of the Tupi and Tapuya tribes of the native population of Brazil. Alexander von Humboldt saw the paintings in 1827, as did Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II in 1876, both of whom praised the works enthusiastically. Tapuyas

When painting the Tapuya, his goal was to be as accurate as possible by including various plants in the background, as well

masks:
Albert Eckhout
Eckhout
Albert Eckhourt
Eckhout
Eckhout


texts:
 as indigenous animals and reptiles in the foreground. One of his ethnographic works is a calmly composed Tupuyan woman, who holds a human hand and has a human leg in her basket, which reflects the European stereotype that indigenous Americans practiced cannibalism.<mask>'s image of the Tapuya woman echoes another of his paintings, The Tapuya Dance, representing a dance performed by eight Tapuya Indians with their characteristic mushroom hair style, spear-throwers (atlatls) and war-clubs, depicting a spectacular a war dance ceremony. These pictures were accordance with the stereotypical mental image Europeans had of indigenous Brazilians. Africans

<mask>'s paintings of the African man and women speak a multi-layered language of trade, gift giving, and political alliance to their contemporary audiences, Maurits and his court. These paintings are related to the area of Africa where the Dutch had conquered the greatest number of commercial contacts during the seventeenth century, Guinea and Angola. During this time, Dutch West India Company troops had established forts in these two areas of the West African Coast because the Dutch needed a reliable source of black Africans for enslaved labor on their Brazilian sugar plantations. His painting of the black woman has the figure standing against the coast with palms, and a papaya tree. Amerindians are depicted fishing along the shoreline, and ships are on the horizon.In the image, the woman wears a hat with peacock feathers and a small white clay pipe that is tucked into the sash

masks: Eckhout Eckhout


texts:
 at her waist. The nude boy on her side is most likely  her son, though the child's skin tone is several shades lighter than the woman's skin color. The white pearl double ropes and red coral beads that curve around her neck expose her breasts. This image's emphasis on sexuality, fecundity, and prosperity is reinforced by her cornucopia-like basket, which overflows with tropical fruit. When looking at <mask>'s image of the black man, the man's strength and virility are highlighted by his muscular appearance and the phallic form of the palm tree at his left. The man holds a ceremonial sword that is decorated with a large pink shell. At the bottom of his feet are shells laid out with an elephant's tusk on the ground, curving out of the picture plane to the right.This man's only piece of clothing, similar to the image of the African woman, is a piece of a blue and white striped cloth wrapped around his waist. Mulattos/Mulacken

By the sixteenth century, the term mulatto, also referred as mulacken, was used in Portugal, Spain, and their colonial possessions to classify various people, often slaves and those of mixed racial background, on the basis of the color of their skin. In <mask>'s image of the mulatto man, his weapons are visible as he stands in a three-quarter pose facing the viewer. <mask> placed the man in a coastal setting against a cloudy grey sky with three European ships that are visible on the horizon. The man stands on the sandy ground, framed by a tall sugar cane field to the right and a large papaya tree to the

masks: Eckhout Eckhout Eckhout


texts:
 left. His skin is a light brown color which is much lighter than <mask>'s paintings of indigenous Americans and Africans. The uncontrollable halo of frizzy, dark-brown hair grows out of his head with his light brown eyes staring out to the viewer in a confident manner.Mameluca

The term mameluco is one that is used very little in Brazil, but like mulatto, mameluco can be traced back to Portuguese sources in the sixteenth century, following their establishment of a colonial outpost in Brazil. The first representation of a mameluco is in de Bry's version of Hans Staden's description of Brazil. In <mask>'s painting of the mameluca woman, he presents a half-Brazilian and half-European woman holding a basket. <mask>'s depiction shows a woman in a flowing white dress balancing a basket of flowers in one hand. Her other hand is lifting her dress to reveal a small portion of her leg. This painting has many aspects that were characteristics of <mask>'s other paintings from his time in Brazil. The two guinea pigs at the woman's feet show his interest in the natural life of Brazil.In addition, the flowers she is carrying and the plant life around her were <mask>'s way of representing the fertility of Brazil, drawing attention to the successful production of crops there. In the painting, the woman stands with a direct glance and a playful expression as she engages the viewer's eyes. The lips are slightly turned up at the ends assuming that she will soon break into a more fuller inviting smile. She is fully bejeweled, with necklace and

masks: Eckhout Eckhout Eckhout Eckhout Eckhout


texts:
 matching earrings. The jewels are complemented by her small green hat, that is decorated with pearls and a sprig of orange tree blossoms. Her simple but yet, slightly rumpled, white dress is a wonderful companion to this finery, although its plainness is relieved on the shoulders by epaulettes of embroidery. This image of the mameluca refers to the fertility of the colony and even to the highly intoxicating cashew fruit wine that is made every year by the ethnic group of the mameluca mother, Tupinamba.Exhibition
In 2002, through a major restoration campaign, all of the well known paintings by <mask>, have been allowed to travel back to Brazil. This is the first time they were exhibited in the country where they were made since the early 1640s. The title of the exhibition was <mask>ckhourt volta ao Brasil 1644-2002 (<mask> Returns to Brazil). The show was presented at the Instituto Ricardo Brennand in Recife, a building that had been newly erected in the city where Maurits lived during the height of his career. Eight of the still life's in this exhibition were meant to be seen from a low viewpoint and were intended to be hung above the men and women. Though at this time no exhibition curator has ever thought of hanging the paintings as a decorative ensemble. Gallery

See also
Colonial Brazil
Dutch Brazil
Dutch Golden Age painting
Frans Post
Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen

References

Further reading

Alpers, Svetlana."The Art of Describing <mask>" in <mask> volta ao Brasil / Returns to Brazil: 1644-2002. Simposio

masks:
Eckhout
Albert E
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout


texts:
 Internacional de Especialistas / International Experts Symposium. São Paulo: Donigraph 2002, 355-8. Berlowicz, Barbara. <mask> volta ao Brasil / Returns to Brazil (1644-2002). Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet 2002. Boogaart, Ernse van den."The Population of the Brazilian Plantation Colony depicted by <mask>, 1641-1643" in Barbara Berlowicz, ed. <mask> volta ao Brasil / Returns to Brazil (1644-2002). Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet 2002, 117-31. Buvelot, Quentin, ed. <mask>: A Dutch Artist in Brazil. Zwolle: Waanders 2004. Dutra, Francis A."<mask>" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996, vol. 2, pp. 430–431. Joppien, R., "The Dutch Vision of Brazil: Johan Maurits and his Artists," in Johan Marutis van Nassau-Siegen, 1604-1679, edited by E. van den Boogart (1979)
Parker Brienen, Rebecca. Visions of savage Paradise: <mask>, Court Painter in Colonial Dutch Brazil. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 2006.__, <mask>: Visões do Paraíso selvagem -- Obra Completa. Rio de Janeiro: Editoria Capivara 2010. Prado Valladares, Clarival do and Luiz Emgydio de Millo Filho, <mask>: Pintor de Mauricio no Brasil, 1637-1644. (1981)
Thomsen, Thomas. <mask>, ein niederländischer Maler und sein Gönner Johan Maurits der Brasilianer: Ein Kulturbild aus dem 17 Jahrhundert. Copenhagen: Levin and Munksgaard 1938. Prins, Harald E.L. 2010.“The Atlatl as Combat Weapon in 17th-Century Amazonia: Tapuya Indian Warriors in Dutch Colonial Brazil.” The Atlatl, Vol.23 (2):1-3. Whitehead, Peter J.P. and Marinus

masks:
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout


texts:
 Boesman, A Portrait of Dutch 17th century Brazil: Animals, Plants, and People by the Artists of Johan Maurits of Nassau. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing 1989. External links

Eckhout on the site of the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen
Esther Schreuder - art historian

1610 births
1665 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
People from Groningen (city)
People of Dutch


texts:
<mask> (Serbian Cyrillic: Јосип Штолцер-Славенски; 11 May 1896 – 30 November 1955 ) was a Croatian composer and professor at the Music Academy in Belgrade. British musicologist Jim Samson described Štolcer-Slavenski as "undoubtedly one of a very small handful of truly major composers from South East Europe in the first half of the twentieth century". Life and career
<mask> was born in Čakovec in 1896. His father gave him his first instruction in music, then in 1913 he entered the Budapest Conservatory  where his teachers included Zoltán Kodály, Albert Siklós, and Béla Bartók. His studies were interrupted in 1916 by army service and at the end of the war he returned to his father's bakery business in Čakovec. In 1921 he went to study in Novák's masterclasses at the Prague Conservatory. While in Prague, he joined the International Society for Contemporary Music.Having completed his studies in 1923 he returned to Croatia and taught for a year at the music school of the Zagreb Music Academy. At that time, he started to sign his last name as Štolcer-Slavenski, which was both a reflection of his enthusiasm for the Yugoslav idea, and a rejection of his German-sounding last name. In 1924 he moved to Belgrade, where he stayed for the rest of his life (except for a period in 1925–6 spent in Paris); he taught first at the

masks:
Josip Štolcer Slavenski
Josip Štolcer


texts:
 Stanković School of Music, then at the music school of the Belgrade Academy (1937–45), becoming in 1945 professor of composition at the latter. Slavenski first attracted attention when in 1920 his orchestral Notturno op.1 was performed in Zagreb; in 1924 his First String Quartet was performed with success at the Donaueschingen Festival. Kleiber conducted his symphony Balkanophonia, first in Berlin in 1927 and then in various musical centres in Europe and the USA. Slavenski thus became the first Yugoslav composer of the 20th century to make an international reputation. At home, however, after the first success in 1920, he had to face the hostility of the then conservative Belgrade public and critics.After 1938 he composed very little; his works were seldom performed between 1940 and 1956 and he was almost forgotten. He died in Belgrade in 1955. It was only after his death that his stature was recognized. Work
Initially Slavenski developed as an autodidact. The rich folk music of his native region, Medjimurje in north-western Croatia, left a decisive impact on him, and his youthful fascination with the sounds of church bells and the intricate combinations of their upper partials greatly contributed towards the formation of his harmonic idiom. His early compositions, dating from the time of his Budapest studies,


texts: show a blend of spontaneity with a strong desire for experiment. Polytonality and bold dissonances occurred in his piano pieces as early as 1913, at a time when many southern Slav composers were still treating material borrowed from folk tradition in a predominantly Romantic way.Such interests brought him close to the music of Kodály and Bartók, and his academic studies deepened the mastery of counterpoint, which remained a vital ingredient of his style. He continued to experiment with new ideas throughout the 1920s: the Sonata for violin and organ contains sonorities which foreshadow electronic music, and the Piano Sonata uses aleatory technique. Slavenski's interest in folk music broadened in the late 1920s to encompass that of the whole of the Balkans, and the culminating result of this was his Balkanophonia. He was equally attracted by the mystical and ritual aspects of music, as may be seen from Chaos, a movement from the unfinished Heliophonia, and Religiophonia, the latter generally considered to be his masterpiece. During the 1920s and 30s he was one of the very few Yugoslav composers who showed an awareness of the searching spirit of the avant garde abroad. His imaginative use of percussion instruments may occasionally recall Varèse, whose works he did not know. He had no predecessors in Yugoslav music


texts:
 and no followers in his lifetime.When after his death his music became better known, it was already too late for it to exercise a direct influence on Yugoslav composers, though his creative use of folk music and his experiments of the 1920s provided a necessary impulse. Opus

Sabrana djela [Collected works], ed. N. Devčić (Zagreb and Belgrade, 1983–) [S]
Orch: Notturno, op.1, 1916, rev. of 4 balkanske igre, 1938]
Pf: Sa Balkana, 1910–17 [S]; Iz Jugoslavije, 1916–23 [S]; Jugoslavenska svita, op.2, 1921 [S]; Sonata, op.4, 1924 [S]; Plesovi i pjesme sa Balkana [Dances and Songs from the Balkans], 2 vols., 1927 [S]
Vocal: Pesme moje majke [Songs of my Mother], A, str qt, 1916–44 [S]; Voda zvira iz kamena [Water Springs from the Stone], chorus, 1916–21; Molitva dobrim očima [Prayer to the Good Eyes], chorus, 1924; Ftiček veli [Little Bird Speaks], chorus, 1927; 6 narodnih popijevaka [6 Folksongs], chorus, 1927; other folksong arrs. Incid music, music for Bosanquet's hmn, film scores

Principal publishers: Društvo skladatelja Hrvatske, Naklada Saveza Kompozitora Jugoslavije, Schott, Udruženje kompozitora Srbije

Međimurje songs
 Međimorje kak si lepo zeleno (Međimurje, how beautifully green you are)
 Raca plava po Dravi (Swimming duck on the Drava river)
 Tu za repu tu za len (Catch for turnip and catch for flax)


texts:
 Imala majka tri jedine kceri (A mother had three daughters)

References

Bibliography

 P. Bingulac: ‘Horska muzika Josipa Slavenskog’ [Slavenski's choral music], Zvuk (1966), Part I no.69, pp. 535–57; Part II no.70, pp. 727–4
 B. Bujić: ‘Daleki svijet muzikom dokučen’ Izraz, vii (1963), 324–36
 B. Bujić: ‘Tematska struktura u Prvom guadackom kvartetu Josipa Slavenskog’, MZ, xiv (1978), 73–87

 G. Doliner, ‘Josip Štolcer Slavenski (1896–1955), Sonata Religiosa za violinu i orgulje (1919–1925).’ Između moderne i avantgarde.Hrvatska glazba 1910-1960,Ed. Eva Sedak. Zagreb: Hrvatsko muzikološko društvo, 2004, 245–51
 C. Dragotin. ‘Veze Josipa Slavenskog sa Slavkom Ostercom’, Arti Musices 3 (1972), 69–72
 S. Grujić,‘Orkestarska dela Josipa Slavenskog’ . Undergratuate diss., Fakultet muzičke umetnosti, Belgrade, 1983

 B. Milanović,‘Stvaralaštvo Josipa Slavenskog – prilog tumačenju opusa kao jedinstvenog dela’ Josipa Slavenski i njegovo doba, ed. Mirjana Živković. Belgrade: SOKOJ-MIC, 2006, 141–49
 R. Pejović,‘Prilog Monografiji Josipa Slavenskog: mišljenje kritičara o njegovim kompozicijama u vremenu od 1920-1941.godine', Zvuk 1 (1985), 51–8
 S. Radinović,‘Stanislav Vinaver, Jožef Debreceni, <mask> Slavenski i Bela Bartók’, <mask> Slavenski i njegovo doba, ed.Mirjana Živković. Belgrade: SOKOJ-MIC, 2006, 239–55

masks: Josip Josip


texts:
 E. Sedak, <mask> Slavenski, bilješke o nekim do sada nepoznatim skladbama’, Zvuk 2 (1981), 5–1. E. Sedak: <mask> Štolcer Slavenski: skladatelj prijelaza, 2 vols. (Zagreb, 1984)
 M. Slavenski: ‘ Veze Josipa Slavenskog s muzičkom izdavačkom kućom B. Schott’s Söhne, Mainz’, Zvuk, nos.109–10 (1970), 437–41
 P. Stefanović,‘Šta se sve krije i otkriva u “Balkanofoniji” <mask> Slavenskog’,Zvuk 111–2 (1971), 21–5
 D. Špirić,‘Canon at the Periphery: Contextualizing the Music of Josip Slavenski’, Music and Networking, Eds T. Marković and V. Mikić. Belgrade: Signature, 2005, 172–8
 D. Špirić,‘Imagining a Balkan Community: Modernism, Slavenski and the First Yugoslavia (1918-1945)', Josip Slavenski i njegovo doba, Ed. Mirjana Živković. Belgrade: SOKOJ-MIC, 2006, 157–68
 D. Špirić-Beard, Border – Bridge – Crossroads: the Construction of Yugoslav Identity in Music (1835–1938) and the Case of Josip Štolcer Slavenski, Ph.D.diss., Cardiff, Cardiff University, 2012
 K. Tomašević, Srpska muzika na raskršću istoka i zapada – o dijalogu tradicionalnog i modernog u srpskoj muzici između dva svetska rata, Ph.D. diss., Belgrade, Fakultet muzičkih umetnosti, 2004

External links

Biography at the Music Information Centre of Serbia's website

Facsimile of the 53EDO piece preface by J. Slavenski. E. Sedak, <mask> Štolcer Slavenski
Josip

masks: Josip Josip Josipa Josip


texts:
 Štolcer-Slavenski Legacy, Belgrade
D. Špiric-Beard, Border – Bridge – Crossroads
M. Živković, Josip Slavenski i njegovo doba
Virtualna izložba by ArhivPRO

1896 births
1955 deaths
History of Međimurje
Yugoslav musicians
Croatian composers
Serbian composers
People from Čakovec
20th-century composers
Male composers
20th-century male


texts:
<mask> (4 August 1896 – 18 March 1963) was a British psychiatrist, occultist, hypnotist and author. He became well known in the 1930s for his occult writings and claims, and more recently for his alleged influence on King Edward VIII shortly before his abdication. Early life and career
He was born in Leeds, England, and educated at Leeds, London, Vienna, Hong Kong, and several other universities, eventually receiving both an MD and PhD. Later he trained in various Eastern spiritual disciplines, acquiring or claiming such titles as "Kushog Yogi of Northern Thibet" and "Master-The-Fifth of the Great White Lodge of the Himalayas." In Hong Kong in the late 1920s and early 1930s, he became vice-president of the Hong Kong Medical Society, medical officer in charge of prisons, head of the Department of Morbid Anatomy at the University of Hong Kong, and psychiatrist and medical jurist to the High Court of Justice. He also served as British Consul and Port Medical Officer in Canton (Guangzhou). He studied occultism and yoga and travelled in India, China and Tibet.In his book The Invisible Influence (1933), he claimed that during his travels he was levitated over a chasm in Tibet, together with his porters and luggage. The book was structured as a conversation between <mask> and a series of mystics, yogis, and other sages, and includes anecdotes of crystal gazing, levitation, hypnotism, distant-touching, and other supposed phenomena. The book ran to at least 26 impressions by 1948. After his return to England, he was awarded a Doctorate of Psychiatric Medicine from the Royal College of Medicine in 1931. <mask> served as psychiatrist and research scientist at Colney Hatch Mental Hospital. After learning of his book, London County Council dismissed him on the grounds that he was unfit to practice

masks:
James Alexander Cannon
Cannon
Cannon