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Rabbi Dr. <mask>Yissochar Dov<mask> (born 1814 in Kolín, Bohemia – d. June 22, 1871 in Cincinnati, Ohio) was a rabbi and leader of Orthodox Judaism in the United States. Biography
Illowy descended from a family of religious scholars; his great-grandfather, <mask>, was the rabbi of Kolin. Illowy studied in his native city, later at the school of Rabbi Moses Sofer in Pressburg, where he received rabbinic ordination. Subsequently, Illowy received a PhD from the University of Budapest. Illowy continued his studies at the rabbinical college in Padua, Italy, and then returned to Bohemia, where for a time he was engaged in teaching and tutoring secular subjects in Znaim, Moravia. He served as a professor in a Gymnasium in Znaim as well. About the year 1845 he married Katherine Schiff, the daughter of Wolf Schiff, a prominent merchant in Raudnitz, Bohemia.Known for his oratory ability, many of his English sermons and addresses were published. He was reportedly an accomplished linguist, and besides a thorough knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, spoke fluent German, English, French, and Italian. Illowy was unable to secure a position in the rabbinate in Europe due to his opposition to the Habsburg Empire. He was suspected of sympathizing with the local revolutionary elements during the upheavals of 1848. He therefore, emigrated to the United States where he had an easier time being hired as a rabbi. He was rabbi in New York City, Syracuse, Philadelphia, Baltimore, St. Louis and New Orleans, and finally Cincinnati, where he retired. Throughout his tenure in the United States, he was an ardent opponent of the spread of the Reform movement, eloquently and to an extent, successfully challenging the movement's religious innovations and leadership in the press in the United States and Germany.Jewish Beliefs

Illowy, like Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch in Germany wanted to strengthen traditional Torah law observance in the

masks:
Bernard (
) Illowy
Jacob Illowy


type: original

texts:
 United States. Towards that goal, he was one of the promoters of the Cleveland Conference of 1855 that was to unify the rabbis in the United States towards the goal of strengthening religious observance. When it appeared to him that the conference was going to be used as a platform to spread and strengthen Reform Judaism, which he believed would be contrary to his reasons for such a gathering, he withdrew his support for, and did not attend the conference. Rabbi <mask>'s mastery of halacha became renowned throughout the United States, and halachic questions were addressed to him by pious Jews in America, looking for religious guidance. Some of those decisions were published in the press in New York and Philadelphia, as well as Illowy's son's book, Milchamoth Elohim. Rabbi Illowy's political views regarding the Civil War were reflective of Confederate citizens of the day, agreeing in principle to the South's right of secession and the right to hold slaves. St. Louis

In 1854, Illowy became the first rabbi of United Hebrew Congregation in St. Louis, then an Orthodox congregation.That same year, he started St. Louis's first Hebrew School which was the first Jewish parochial school in the city. He resigned after one year of service due to "philosophical differences" with the congregation. New Orleans

While speaking at a National Fast Day program in Baltimore, Maryland, on January 4, 1861, Illowy said, "Who can blame our brethren of the South for seceding from a society whose government can not, or will not, protect the property rights and privileges of a great portion of the Union against the encroachments of a majority misguided by some influential, ambitious aspirants and selfish politicians who, under the color of religion and the disguise of philanthropy, have thrown the country into a general state of confusion, and millions into want and poverty?" Illowy's remarks that day led the German Jewish community


texts: of New Orleans, which had been looking for a new rabbi after the death of its last leader, to hire him as their new rabbi. Illowy's most remarkable achievements were in New Orleans as the rabbi of the Shangarai Chasset synagogue. As noted by Jacob Rader Marcus and other historians, religious observance in New Orleans was weak, with high rates of intermarriage, lack of observance of kosher laws, and a lack of observance of Torah rules – amongst the rabbinate, not to mention their congregants. Upon Illowy's arrival to the New Orleans community, and during his term as rabbi, 1861–1865, the level of Jewish religious observance increased.Various sources detail the increased religious observance, particularly of Shabbat and kosher laws, during the years he served the congregation. One of Rabbi <mask>'s decisions about kashruth was cited in 2008 as still affecting American Jewry today, as noted in the following excerpt: "It’s the muscovy duck that’s highly controversial, due to its ban in America by the ascerbic Rabbi <mask>y in the mid 1800s. As such, it is still not recognized as kosher in the States today, but in Israel, no such ban ever existed." <mask> is remembered as a "caustic personality, once remarking that despite the presence of more than 200 Jewish communities in America in his time, there were only four ordained rabbis in the whole country (including himself); and of those four, the other three were students of Bilaam ha-Rasha." A similar comment about the sad state of Orthodox Jewry in the United States was made by traveler Israel J. Benjamin in his writings, noting there were over 200 Orthodox congregations in the United States during his journey, but there were only three truly credible rabbis, one in New York, a second in Philadelphia and Illowy in New Orleans. Illowy's efforts slowly bore the fruits of his labor. His son, Dr. Henry Illoway wrote that shortly after his father took the position in

masks:
Illowy
Bernard Illow
Rabbi Illowy


texts: New Orleans, “In one congregation in which he entered upon his duties on the first day of the New Year there were but four or five members who kept a kosher house, and upon the festival of Sukkot there was not a Sukkah in the whole membership.A year later there were over forty Sukkot in the congregation, and almost every house strictly kosher.” Similar claims are noted in The Occident and American Jewish Advocate, giving credit to the synagogue's president S. Friedlander for his support of Illowy. Isaac Markens, in his 1909 work Abraham Lincoln and the Jews noted that Illowy gave a memorial lecture at Shangarai Chasset for assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. During Union occupation of New Orleans, he had a friendship with Union Major General Nathaniel P. Banks, Commander-in-Chief of the Department of Louisiana, as well as with many other high officials, both of the military and the civil administration, and was able to do much good for many of his congregants. Despite his charismatic leadership and immense scholarship, after the end of the Civil War, a large influx of Jews from other parts of the Confederacy – where the Reform movement had taken hold – became the majority of the membership of Shangarai Chasset. The new membership voted out the trustees who were supportive of <mask>'s leadership, and instituted Reform practices in the synagogue. As a result, Illowy resigned his position, and moved to Cincinnati, assuming the pulpit of a newly established Orthodox congregation. In describing the Shangarai Chasset membership's vote to initiate changes to his synagogue, bitterly, Illowy wrote in the German paper Der Israelit, that: "The enemies of goodness and religion destroyed all... my delicate garden devastated."While Orthodox history books and articles laud <mask>'s efforts and conviction to his beliefs heroic and inspirational, some scholars suggest that an unintended consequence of Illowy's constant

masks:
Rabbi Illowy
Illowy


texts:
 criticism of the community's lax religious observance created a more fertile environment for Reform to take root within his own synagogue. Cincinnati

<mask> continued to express his opposition to Reform from his last pulpit in Cincinnati – ironically, the base of the Reform movement – albeit to little avail. His pleas, as eloquent as they may have been, were unable to affect the actions of the everyday lives of the growing Jewish communities throughout the United States. Congregations, requiring rabbinic guidance tended to be open to the liberal innovations of the Reform movement, and heard little opposition in the United States. Thus (whether actively in agreement with the movement's innovations, or passively out of indifference and a desire to maintain a connection to their faith) congregational pulpits were filled by graduates of the Reform movement's rabbinical program. Many congregations founded as Orthodox synagogues scattered through the United States joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations throughout his life and after his death. Illowy died in an accident on his farm in Cincinnati.His yahrzeit, 3 Tammuz is noted in certain Orthodox circles, by adherents that say prayers to elevate the memories of righteous individuals. References

Sources
 Benjamin, Israel Joseph. Three Years in America, 1859–1862. (Arno Press 1975). .
 Jackson, Chuck. '<mask> Illowy' in Generations (Jewish Genealogical Society of St. Louis, April 2004)
 Kahn, Catherine C. and Lachoff, Irwin. The Jewish Community of New Orleans. (Arcadia Publishing 2005) .Sarna, Jonathan D. American Judaism: A History. (Yale University Press 2005) . Singer, Samuel. Biographical sketch noted in Jewish Observer
<mask> at the Jewish Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-04. Markens, Isaac. Lincoln and the Jews New York, 1909

American Orthodox rabbis
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States
1814 births
1871 deaths
19th-century American

masks:
Illowy
Rabbi Bernard
Bernard Illowy


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<mask>, Duchess of Leinster (6 October 1731 – 27 March 1814), known before 1747 as Lady <mask>, from 1747 to 1761 as The Countess of Kildare and from 1761 to 1766 as The Marchioness of Kildare, was the second of the famous Lennox sisters, daughters of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond (who was illegitimately descended from King Charles II of England and one of his mistresses). Early life
Lady <mask> married James FitzGerald, 20th Earl of Kildare, on 7 February 1747. After their wedding in London, the couple returned to Fitzgerald's native Ireland, first residing at Leinster House then Carton House. Their marriage was reportedly a happy one, despite Lord Kildare's infidelities. The couple had nineteen children:

George FitzGerald, Earl of Offaly (15 January 1748 – Richmond House, 26 September 1765) he died at the age of seventeen. William FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster (12 March 1749 – 20 October 1804) he married Hon. Emilia St. George (daughter of St George Saint-George, 1st Baron St George) on 4 November 1775.They had nine children
Lady Caroline FitzGerald (21 June 1750 – 13 April 1754) died at the age of three. Lady <mask> FitzGerald (15 March 1751 – 8 April 1818) she married Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont on 20 August 1774. They had five children. Lady Henrietta FitzGerald (9 December 1753 – 10 September 1763) died the age of nine. Lady Caroline FitzGerald (April 1755)
Charles FitzGerald, 1st Baron Lecale (30 June 1756 – 30 June 1810) he married twice and had two illegitimate children. Lady Charlotte Mary Gertrude FitzGerald (29 May 1758 – 13 September

masks:
Emily FitzGerald
Emily Lennox
Emily
Emily Mary


texts:
 1836) she married Joseph Strutt on 23 February 1789. They had four children.Lady Louisa Bridget FitzGerald (19 June 1760 – January 1765) died at the age of four. Lord Henry FitzGerald (30 July 1761 – 8 July 1829) he married Charlotte Boyle-Walsingham on 3 August 1791. They had twelve children. Lady Sophia Sarah Mary FitzGerald (26 September 1762 – 21 March 1845). Lord Edward FitzGerald (15 October 1763 – 4 June 1798) he married Stéphanie Caroline Anne Syms on 27 December 1792. They had three children. Lord Robert Stephen FitzGerald (1765 – 2 January 1833), a diplomat; married Sophia Charlotte Fielding and had issue.Lord Gerald FitzGerald (January 1766 – 1788). Drowned, went down with the ship in which he was serving. Lord Augustus FitzGerald (15 January 1767 – 2 January 1771) died at the age of three. Lady Fanny FitzGerald (28 January 1770 – 1775) died at the age of five. Lady Lucy Anne FitzGerald (5 February 1771 – 1851) she married Admiral Sir Thomas Foley on 31 July 1802. Lady Louisa FitzGerald (1772 – 1776) she died at the age of four. Lord George Simon FitzGerald (16 April 1773 – May 1783).Recognized as son of Lord Kildare, but in fact was the biological child of the Fitzgerald children's tutor, William Ogilvie. Lord Kildare was created successively Marquess of Kildare and Duke of Leinster in recognition of his contribution to the political life of his country. It was partly the Duke's influence that led to a rift between the Duchess and her eldest sister, Caroline Fox, 1st Baroness Holland. Later life

After the death of Lord Kildare on 19 November 1773,


texts:
 <mask> married her children's tutor, William Ogilvie, on 26 August 1774. <mask> and Ogilvie had begun an affair some years earlier in Frescati House. Despite her remarriage she continued to be known as The Dowager Duchess of Leinster. Ogilvie was nine years her junior, and was the natural father of her youngest son from her first marriage.They lived for part of their marriage at Ardglass Castle in Ardglass, County Down, where Ogilvie worked to develop the village. A further three children were born to them after their marriage:

Cecilia Margaret Ogilvie (9 July 1775 – 1824) she married Charles Lock on 12 July 1795. They had three daughters. Charlotte Ogilvie (born and died 1777). <mask> "Mimie" Ogilvie (May 1778 – 22 January 1832) she married Charles George Beauclerk (son of Topham Beauclerk and his wife, Lady Diana Spencer; briefly an MP) on 29 April 1799. They had thirteen children. <mask> was treated generously in her first husband's will.He left her a jointure of 4,000 annually (increased from the £3,000 promised in the settlement), and a life interest in Leinster House (Dublin) and Carton (which she exchanged for Frescati House and £40,000) together with all their contents. She had brought the usual ducal daughter's dowry of £10,000, so the jointure and other payments would financially cripple her son, the second Duke of Leinster. The first Duke also made over-generous provisions for his younger sons and all his daughters. <mask> also received the usual annuity of £400 annually for each of the minor children who lived with her, even after her remarriage to

masks:
Emily
Emily
Emily Charlotte
Emily
Emily


texts:
 Ogilvie. Thus, <mask> and William Ogilvie were probably financially better off than her son, the second Duke, who existed on less than £7,000 annually, out of which he had to run two large houses, play a role in Irish politics, and also provide lavish dowries of £10,000 each for three sisters who married. He also had to pay huge annuities (£2,000 each) to his two younger brothers Lord Lecale and Lord Henry Fitzgerald, and to pay his youngest brothers £10,000 each at their majority. Since <mask> lived to 1814 (outliving the second Duke by ten years), all these generous testamentary provisions, along with the huge building costs incurred by the first Duke, crippled the Leinsters for generations.Fourteen of her children predeceased her. One of her sons, Lord Edward FitzGerald, was a major figure in the republican movement, and was killed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. She died on 27 March 1814 in Grosvenor Square, London. Popular culture
In 1999, Irish Screen, BBC America and WGBH produced Aristocrats, a six-part limited television series based on the lives of <mask> and her sisters. Geraldine Somerville and Siân Phillips portray <mask> as a young woman and as an older woman, respectively. The series aired in the US on PBS stations under the aegis of the anthology series Masterpiece Theater; in the UK it aired on the BBC. The series was based on Stella Tillyard's 1994 biography, Aristocrats: Caroline, <mask>, Louisa and Sarah Lennox 1740-1832.References

Bibliography

Sources

Citations

1731 births
1814 deaths
Daughters of British dukes
British duchesses by

masks:
Emily
Emily
Emily Lennox
Emily
Emily


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<mask> (born 1940 in France) is an architect and a former partner at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, who founded his own firm, named Lucien Lagrange Architects in 1985. The studio is a representative of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture. <mask> is a French-born architect who came to Chicago, Illinois after studying at McGill University. He currently lives in a Louis Sullivan designed Lincoln Park community area house. As an architect, he is inspired by Louis Sullivan and Auguste Perret. He is currently involved in the construction or renovation of seven notable buildings in Chicago, Illinois: 10 East Delaware, Blackstone Hotel, the Waldorf Astoria Chicago, Lincoln Park 2550, Ritz-Carlton Chicago, 208 South LaSalle and X/O. Lagrange designed the renovation of the Chicago Landmark Carbide & Carbon Building into the Hard Rock Hotel and designed the Park Tower.He has also renovated the Union Station (Chicago) and designed the 29 South LaSalle, The Pinnacle, InterContinental Chicago. In 2008 Lagrange designed Manhattan's ultra luxury 535 West End Avenue, which is one of the most prestigious residential addresses in New York City, as well as the Touraine at 65th and Lexington. Education
Lagrange grew up in the Provence region of France as the son of a mason. He lived in France until he was eighteen years old when he moved to Montreal, Quebec in 1959 as a high school dropout. He chose Montreal because they speak French. When he arrived in Montreal he worked various odd jobs and eventually felt a desire to become an architect. He returned to school at age twenty-five.He had to take night classes to complete his high school education. Then, he enrolled at Sherbrooke University in engineering. After his first year, he got accepted to McGill University, which was his first choice for architecture study. He

masks:
Lucien Lagrange
Lagrange


texts:
 obtained his B.Arch. degree in 1972 from McGill. During his course of study, he was encouraged to find a job with a major architectural firm in 1968. He came to visit Chicago that year and saw the construction of the John Hancock Center well underway.He had been a draftsman, but now decided to shift from getting odd jobs to getting hired by a major firm. At school, Peter Collins, a professor of his, gave him a book with only the initials S.O.M. on the cover. At the same time he made some business contacts with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe who was working on Westmount Square at a time when Lagrange was doing some shop drawings. He eventually called Mies' office and requested a job, but was told that they only had enough work to take on a few students and were committed to some from the Illinois Institute of Technology. They said they could refer him to either C.F. Murphy or Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (S.O.M.).Because of the book his professor had given him he chose S.O.M for summer 1968 employment. His skill as a draftsman quickly got him assigned as a designer for Bruce Graham. He credits his summers with Bruce Graham learning how to combine his technical side with learning the design spectrum to successfully put buildings together. He became a top student at McGill and graduated in 1972. Post graduate experience
After graduating Lagrange had to return to France to fight charges of draft dodging the French Army. He had avoided involvement in French military confrontations in Algeria for twelve years. He won his fight, which enables him to freely return to France.He then returned to Montreal to work for Norbert Schoenauer for a year on a multi-family residential housing project in northern Quebec. Then he worked with S.O.M. who were the urban planners for a Canadian Pacific/Bank of Montreal assignment. He


texts:
 then worked on various assignments in Chicago and Montreal until 1978 when he moved to Chicago permanently. He worked with S.O.M. on broad range of projects: 40-story skyscraper towers, a  property in Los Angeles, California, a building with six hundred apartments in Europe, a transportation centre, hotels, and a very diversified hotel property that included a motel, hotel, apartment building, parking structure, office building, retail. Then in 1985 he left to start Lucien Lagrange Architects.Architecture career

Lagrange has a reputation as Chicago's architect for the wealthy. In fact, he is considered the go-to guy for classically inspired high-end residential buildings. As such he is known for understanding luxurious lifestyle and incorporating it into designs so that art collections, vast wardrobes, jewelry safes, chefs, florists, and refrigerated fur storage are accommodated. As an employer he has a reputation as an oligarchic ruler. When he was interviewed in 1997 about his first thirty years in architecture he marvelled at two major transformations. First he noted that the advent of the personal computer has changed the zipatone process. Then he noted that the real estate/architecture has also changed because "Projects are financed in a very different way, .. . We don't custom design everything. We use components, which are pre-designed, curtain walls, ceiling tiles. All the systems exist and we just integrate them in the architecture, which also means we can do a set of working drawings a lot faster today." With the Lincoln Park 2550 project, Lagrange is currently endeavoring to design the property's  so that every unit to have a view of a French garden inspired by an 18th-century chateau that once housed Madame de Pompadour. Lagrange designed the Catalyst, a contemporary-style $100 million


texts:
 high-rise condominium planned at the northeast corner of Washington and Des Plaines in Chicago's Near West Side community area. Real estate developer Gary Rosenberg said, "<mask>, the highly acclaimed award-winning architect for Catalyst, has created a striking geometric 22-story skyscraper, which immediately captures the eye when approaching the Chicago Loop from the  [Kennedy] expressway. The building's design is unique with jutting blocks of glass space creating geometric squares and rectangles which seem to float on the building's façade, along with a strong vertical element which highlights the contemporary sleek style."Lagrange designed the Ritz-Carlton Residences on Chicago's Magnificent Mile, a 40-story condominium tower built at 664 North Michigan Avenue. In 1996, Lucien Lagrange & Associates designed the building to rise at Rush Street and Chicago Avenue on the site then occupied by the 16-story Park Hyatt. In 2008 Lagrange designed Manhattan's ultra Luxury 535 West End Avenue which is one of the most prestigious residential addresses in New York City. In 2010 Lagrange closed his office and filed chapter 11 bankruptcy while going through a divorce. "Mr. Lagrange declines to comment about the firm's finances and says the Chapter 11 filing was merely a pragmatic business decision he made after deciding it was time to retire." Mr. Lagrange is currently designing under the Lucien Lagrange Studio brand. Notes

External links

Lucien Lagrange Architects official site
Lucien Lagrange Architects emporis page
Erie on the Park
840 North Lake Shore Drive (see also)

1940 births
French emigrants to the United States
Living people
McGill School of Architecture alumni
Artists from Chicago
New Classical architects
20th-century French architects
20th-century American architects
21st-century American


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<mask> (September 29, 1903 – August 22, 1989) was a French-American fashion columnist and editor. She worked for the fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar and as editor-in-chief at Vogue,  later becoming a special consultant to the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. She was named on the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1964. She is also known for having coined the word "" in 1965. Early life
Born <mask> in Paris, France, she lived at 5 avenue du Bois-de-Boulogne (known as Avenue Foch post-World War I). <mask> was the eldest daughter of an American socialite mother, Emily Key Hoffman (1876–1928), and a British stockbroker father, Frederick Young Dalziel (1868–1960). Hoffman was a descendant of George Washington's brother, as well as a cousin of Francis Scott Key.She was also a distant cousin of writer and socialite Pauline de Rothschild (née Potter; 1908–1976). Vreeland had one sister, Alexandra (1907–1999), who later married Sir Alexander Davenport Kinloch, 12th Baronet (1902–1982). Their daughter Emily Lucy Kinloch married Lt.-Col. Hon. Hugh Waldorf Astor (1920–1999), the second son of John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever and Violet Astor, Baroness Astor of Hever. <mask>'s family emigrated to the United States at the outbreak of World War I, moving to 15 East 77th Street in New York, where they became prominent society figures. Vreeland was sent to dancing school as a pupil of Michel Fokine, the only Imperial Ballet master ever to leave Russia, and later of Louis Harvy Chalif. She performed in Anna Pavlova's Gavotte at Carnegie Hall.In January 1922, she was featured in the pages of her future magazine, Vogue, in a roundup of socialites and their cars. The story read, "“Such motors as these accelerate the social whirl. Miss <mask>, one of the most

masks:
Diana Vreeland
Diana Dalziel
Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana Dalziel


texts: attractive debutantes of the winter, is shown entering her Cadillac." On March 1, 1924, <mask> married Thomas Reed <mask> (1899–1966), a banker and international financier, at St. Thomas Church in New York. The couple had two sons: Tim (Thomas Reed <mask>, Jr.) born 1925, who became an architect, as well as a professor of architecture at the University of New Mexico and then UCLA, and Frecky (Frederick Dalziel <mask>), born 1927, who would become U.S. ambassador to Morocco). A week before <mask>'s wedding, The New York Times reported that her mother had been named co‑respondent in the divorce proceedings of Sir Charles Ross and his second wife, Patricia. The ensuing scandal estranged Vreeland from her mother, who died in September 1928 in Nantucket, Massachusetts.After the Vreelands' honeymoon, they moved to Brewster, New York, where they raised their two sons and remained until 1929, when they relocated to 17 Hanover Terrace, Regent's Park, London, previously the home of Wilkie Collins and Edmund Gosse. In London, she danced with the Tiller Girls and met Cecil Beaton, who became a lifelong friend. Like Syrie Maugham and Elsie de Wolfe, society women who ran their own boutiques, <mask> operated a lingerie business near Berkeley Square. Her clients included Wallis Simpson and Mona Williams. She often visited Paris, where she would buy her clothes, mostly from Chanel, whom she had met in 1926. She was one of fifteen American women presented to King George V and Queen Mary at Buckingham Palace on May 18, 1933. In 1935, her husband's job brought them back to New York, where they lived for the remainder of their lives.As Vreeland would later recall, "Before I went to work for Harper's Bazaar, in 1936, I had been leading a wonderful life in Europe. That meant traveling, seeing beautiful places,

masks:
Diana Dalziel
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana
Diana


texts:
 having marvelous summers, studying and reading a great deal of the time." A biographical documentary of Vreeland, The Eye has to Travel, debuted in September 2012 at the Angelika Theater in New York City. Career

Harper's Bazaar 1936–1962
<mask> began her publishing career in 1936 as columnist for Harper's Bazaar. Its editor, Carmel Snow, had been so impressed with Vreeland's style and attire that she asked her to work at the magazine. From 1936 until her resignation, <mask> ran a column for Harper's Bazaar called "Why Don't You...?,"full of random, imaginative suggestions. For example, she wrote, "Why don't you...Turn your child into an Infanta for a fancy-dress party?"According to <mask>, "The one that seemed to draw the most attention was [...] "[Why Don't You] [w]ash your blond child's hair in dead champagne, as they do in France?" <mask> says that S. J. Perelman's subsequent parody of it for The New Yorker magazine outraged her then-editor, Carmel Snow. <mask> "discovered" the then-unknown Lauren Bacall during World War II. The Harper's Bazaar cover for March 1943 shows the newly minted model (not yet a Hollywood star) Lauren Bacall, posing near a Red Cross office. <mask> directed the shoot, later describing the image as "an extraordinary photograph, in which Bacall is leaning against the outside door of a Red Cross blood donor room. She wears a chic suit, gloves, a cloche hat with long waves of hair falling from it". Ever focused on fashion, <mask> commented in 1946 that "[T]he bikini is the most important thing since the atom bomb".Disdainful of the typical approach to dressing in the United States in the 1940s, she detested "strappy high-heel shoes" and the "crêpe de chine dresses" that women wore even in the heat of the summer in the countryside. Until her resignation from

masks:
Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland


texts: Harper's Bazaar, she worked closely with Louise Dahl-Wolfe, Richard Avedon, Nancy White, and Alexey Brodovitch. She became the magazine's Fashion Editor. Richard Avedon recalled when he first met her, at Harper's Bazaar, she "looked up at me for the first time and said, 'Aberdeen, Aberdeen, doesn't it make you want to cry?' Well, it did. I went back to Carmel Snow and said, 'I can't work with that woman. She calls me Aberdeen.'Carmel Snow said, 'You're going to work with her.' And I did, to my enormous benefit, for almost 40 years." Avedon said at the time of her death that "she was and remains the only genius fashion editor". In 1955, the Vreelands moved to a new apartment, which <mask> had Billy Baldwin decorate entirely in red. She said, "I want this place to look like a garden, but a garden in hell". Regular attendees at the parties the Vreelands threw were socialite C. Z. Guest, composer Cole Porter, and British photographer Cecil Beaton.Paramount's 1957 movie musical Funny Face featured a character—Maggie Prescott as portrayed by Kay Thompson—based on Vreeland. In 1960, John F. Kennedy became president and <mask> advised First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in matters of style. "<mask> advised Jackie throughout the campaign and helped connect her with fashion designer Oleg Cassini, who became chief designer to the first lady". "I can remember Jackie Kennedy, right after she moved into the White House...It wasn't even like a country club, if you see what I mean--plain." <mask> occasionally gave Mrs. Kennedy advice about clothing during her husband's administration, and small advice about what to wear on Inauguration Day in 1961. In spite of being extremely successful, <mask> was paid a relatively small salary by the Hearst Corporation, which owned Harper's Bazaar. <mask> said that she was

masks:
Diana
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Vreeland


texts:
 paid $18,000 a year from 1936 with a $1,000 raise, finally, in 1959.She speculated that newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst's castle in San Simeon, California, "must have been where the Hearst money went". Vogue 1963–1971 and the Metropolitan Museum of Art
According to some sources, hurt that she was passed over for promotion at Harper's Bazaar in 1957, she joined Vogue in 1962. She was editor-in-chief from 1963 until 1971. <mask> enjoyed the 1960s enormously because she felt that uniqueness was being celebrated. "If you had a bump on your nose, it made no difference so long as you had a marvelous body and good carriage." <mask> sent memos to her staff urging them to be creative. One said, "Today let's think pig white!Wouldn't it be wonderful to have stockings that were pig white! The color of baby pigs, not quite white and not quite pink!" During her tenure at the magazine, she discovered the sixties "youthquake" star Edie Sedgwick. In 1984, <mask> explained how she saw fashion magazines. "What these magazines gave was a point of view. Most people haven't got a point of view; they need to have it given to them—and what's more, they expect it from you. [...][I]t must have been 1966 or '67.I published this big fashion slogan: This is the year of do it yourself. [...][E]very store in the country telephoned to say, 'Look, you have to tell people. No one wants to do it themselves-they want direction and to follow a leader!'" After she was fired from Vogue, she became consultant to the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1971. By 1984, according to <mask>'s account, she had organized twelve exhibitions. Artist Greer Lankton created a life-size portrait doll of <mask> that is on display in the Costume Institute's library. Later years
In 1984, <mask> wrote her

masks: Vreeland Vreeland Vreeland Vreeland Vreeland Vreeland


texts:
 autobiography, D.V.In 1989, she died of a heart attack at age 85 at Lenox Hill Hospital, on Manhattan's Upper East Side in New York City. <mask>land Estate
The <mask>land Estate is administered by her grandson, <mask>, Frederick's son. The responsibility was given to him by her sons, Fredrick and Tim. The official <mask>land website was launched in September 2011. Created and overseen by her estate, DianaVreeland.com is dedicated to her work and career, presenting her accomplishments and influence, and revealing how and why she achieved her notoriety and distinction. Film portrayals
<mask> was portrayed in the film Infamous (2006) by Juliet Stevenson. She was also portrayed in the film Factory Girl (2006) by Illeana Douglas.Her life was documented in <mask>: The Eye Has to Travel (2012). <mask> Parfums is featured in the opening scene of Ocean's 8. References in film, television, theatre and literature
In the 1941 musical Lady in the Dark by Moss Hart, Kurt Weill and Ira Gershwin the character of Alison Du Bois was based on Vreeland. Maggie Prescott, a fashion magazine editor in Funny Face (1957) is loosely based on <mask>. In the 1966 film Who Are You, Polly Maggoo?, Miss Maxwell (Grayson Hall) portrays an extravagant American expatriate fashion magazine editor. The film's director, William Klein, worked briefly for Vreeland and has confirmed the outrageous character in Polly Maggoo was based on <mask>. In 1980, she was lauded in an article about social climbing in The New Yorker.In 1982, she met over dinner with author Bruce Chatwin, who wrote a touching memoir of their dinner conversation in a half-page slice-of-life, entitled "At Dinner with <mask>reeland". In the 1995 film To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar, Vida Boheme (Patrick Swayze) gives a copy of <mask>'s

masks:
Diana Vree
Diana Vree
Alexander Vreeland
Diana Vree
Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana V
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 autobiography to a thrift-store clerk and tells him to "commit sections to memory". Later, the clerk quotes a passage that reads "That season we were loaded with pizazz. Earrings of fuchsia and peach. Mind you, peach. And hats.Hats, hats, hats, for career girls. How I adored Paris." In October 1996, Mary Louise Wilson portrayed <mask> in a one-woman play called Full Gallop, which she had written together with Mark Hampton. The play takes place the day after <mask>'s return to New York City from her 4-month escape to Paris after being fired from Vogue. It was produced at the Westside Theatre in New York City, and directed by Nicholas Martin. In the 2011 book "Damned" by Chuck Palahniuk, the main character (Madison Spencer) receives a pair of high heels from the character Babette. "In one hand, Babette holds a strappy pair of high heels.She says, "I got these from <mask>. I hope they fit...". See also
 Monk with a Camera, a film about <mask>, who is <mask>'s grandson. References

External links

 <mask>reeland Estate
 <mask> Estate at Facebook

 Voguepedia <mask>
 The Lady in Red
 <mask>reeland papers, 1899–2000 (bulk 1930–1989), held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library
 <mask>: The Eye Has to Travel (2012 film website). American magazine editors
American fashion journalists
American women journalists
1903 births
1989 deaths
Fashion editors
Vogue (magazine) editors
American socialites
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
French emigrants to the United States
People associated with the Metropolitan Museum of Art
People from Brewster, New York
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American writers
20th-century American Episcopalians
American people of English descent
Women magazine editors
Vreeland

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Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Nicholas Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Diana V
Diana Vland
Diana Vreeland
Diana V
Diana Vreeland


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<mask> is an Indian American scholar and activist. She is a professor of Journalism and Media Studies at Rutgers University. <mask> has been referred to by the Media Education Foundation as one of the United States' "foremost scholars on Islamophobia" and by the New York Times as "a world-renowned scholar of Islamophobia and race". Education and career
<mask> has two master's degrees in Mass Communication, one at Bangalore University and another at Bowling Green State University. She earned her Ph.D. at the University of Pittsburgh. She is a professor of Journalism and Media Studies at Rutgers University where she teaches courses such as "Gender, Race, and Empire." In 2020, she was one of five female tenured professors to file a lawsuit against Rutgers accusing the university of paying them less than their male counterparts.Writings

Media Representations of Labor

Outside the Box: Corporate Media, Globalization, and the UPS Strike
<mask>'s 2008 book Outside the Box looks at the need for a critical analysis of how labor struggles are presented and packaged by the corporate media by examining the United Parcel Service strike of 1997, led by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Writings on Islamophobia, Political Islam, and Empire

Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire
Published in August 2012, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire makes the case that the Bush administration's "war on terror" ushered in an era of anti-Muslim racism, or Islamophobia, after the September 11 attacks. She argues that that tragedy did not create the image of the "Muslim enemy," and instead examines the 900-year historic relationship between anti-Muslim racism and the agenda of empire building. Beginning in the eleventh century and the context of the Crusades, <mask> <mask> offers a sweeping historical analysis of the changing views of Islam and Muslims in the West, examining the ways that ruling elites throughout history have used the specter of a "Muslim enemy" to justify their imperial projects. Danish cartoons
Following the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy which attempted to depict the Islamic Prophet

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 Muhammed in a caricatural light, <mask> wrote an article against the publication of the cartoons titled "Danish Cartoons: Racism Has No Place on the Left," where she argues that the left's criticism of Muslim outrage is actually a form of anti-Muslim racism. The article attracted criticism, and in response <mask> wrote another article in the Monthly Review, titled "Fighting Islamophobia: A Response to Critics". Green Scare
<mask> coined the term "Green Scare" (where green refers to the color of Islam rather than environment activists) to talk about the process of fear mongering analogous to the Red Scare of the McCarthyite period.This was in response to the media portrayal of the "homegrown threat" of Muslim Americans after a 2009 small increase in the number of Muslim Americans expressing support for extremist Islamists or carrying out attacks; she noted that "there has been a steady and dramatic decline since 2004, with only a slight increase in this overall trend in 2009." Political Islam
<mask> takes a historical approach to her analysis of the parties of political Islam. She states that Islamist parties have risen to prominence over the last three decades of the 20th century for various reasons: "the active role played by the U.S. in posing Islam and political Islam as an alternative to secular nationalism and the left; persistent imperial intervention and domination; internal weakness that led to the decline of secular nationalist and various left parties, creating an ideological vacuum that Islamists were able to occupy; economic crises and its exacerbation under the neoliberal era, which present an economic opening for Islamists and their charitable networks." <mask> argues that Muslim majority societies do not automatically produce religious political parties but that they are the outgrowth of particular historical factors. She argues that progressives should view these parties, when they oppose imperialism, as potentially deserving support of the left. She gives the example of Hezbollah in Lebanon, which with the popular support from Lebanese people fought back against Israel's invasion in 2006. But

masks: Kumar Kumar Kumar Kumar Kumar


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 she says that this support should be limited and context-based stating that "we often find that Islamist groups are self-serving entities that are not principled anti-imperialists," and are not absolved of criticisms on reactionary, anti-feminist, or anti-gay political positions they may hold.<mask> has criticized the automatic designation of Islamist groups like Hamas as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) noting that it is a political party that has the support of Palestinians because it has taken up "the mantle of national resistance against Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands." While she critiques its "reactionary" politics and attitudes towards women as well as its policing of "immorality," she points out that it came to power through generally recognized free and fair elections in 2006. She argues that it is for the people of Palestine to decide who should govern them, not Israel or the United States. In 2017, <mask>'s lecture "Constructing the Terrorist Threat: Islamophobia, the Media & the War on Terror" was published by the Media Education Foundation as part of their series on media, culture, and the Middle East. Awards and recognition

In 2016 <mask> was recognized with the Dallas Smythe Award, presented by the Union for Democratic Communications "to an outstanding and influential scholar working in the critical political economic tradition of Dallas Smythe." She has also received two awards from the American Association of University Professors, the Georgina M. Smith Award in 2016, and the Marilyn Sternberg Award in 2020. References

External links
<mask> <mask> talks about her book "Outside the Box" from July 10, 2008 in Sacramento, CA
Trailer for "Constructing the Terrorist Threat" 2017 lecture by <mask>

Members of the International Socialist Organization
Rutgers University faculty
1968 births
Living people
Scholars of Islamophobia
Bangalore University alumni
Indian women historians
20th-century Indian historians
21st-century American historians
American people of Indian descent
20th-century Indian women scientists
20th-century Indian scientists
American women historians
21st-century

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<mask> "Howlin' Mad" <mask>, KCB (April 20, 1882 – January 12, 1967) was a general in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He is sometimes called the "father" of modern U.S. amphibious warfare. His nickname, "Howlin' Mad" <mask>, had been given to him by his troops in the Dominican Republic in 1916. On the eve of World War II, General <mask> directed extensive Army, Navy, and Marine amphibious training, which was a major factor in successful U.S. landings in both the Atlantic and Pacific. He subsequently helped prepare U.S. Army and Canadian troops for the Kiska and Attu landings, then led the V Amphibious Corps in the assaults on the Gilbert Islands, the Marshall Islands, the island of Saipan, and Tinian in the Marianas. During the Marianas operation, besides the V Amphibious Corps, he commanded all Expeditionary Troops, including those that recaptured Guam. He then served as the first commanding general of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, and headed Task Force 56 (Expeditionary Troops) at Iwo Jima, which included all the assault troops in that battle.Early life
<mask> was born on April 20, 1882, in Hatchechubbee, Alabama, to John V<mask> and his wife Cornelia Caroline McTyeire, both from Dutch ancestry. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Auburn University (then known as Alabama Polytechnic Institute) in 1901. He had already decided on a military career and had become first sergeant of a cavalry company in the Alabama National Guard. However, he obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Alabama in 1903 and practiced law in Montgomery, Alabama, for a year. He then sought a commission in the Army, but as none were then open he was appointed a Marine second lieutenant on March 20, 1905. (He was later awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Alabama Polytechnic Institute.) In April 1906, after completing the School of Application at Annapolis, Maryland,

masks:
Holland McTyeire
Smith
Smith
Smith
Holland Smith
. Smith


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 <mask> sailed for the Philippines, where he served on expeditionary duty with the 1st Marine Brigade until September, 1908.He returned to the United States the following month and was stationed at the Marine Barracks, Annapolis, until December 1909, when he embarked for expeditionary duty in Panama. Returning from Panama in April 1910, he served at Annapolis, Puget Sound, Washington, San Diego, California, and the Recruiting Station, Seattle, Washington, before sailing in September 1912, to rejoin the 1st Marine Brigade in the Philippines. He remained with the 1st Brigade until April 1914, when he took command of the Marine Detachment aboard . He served in that capacity in Asiatic waters until July 1915. He returned to the United States the following month for duty at the Navy Yard, New Orleans, Louisiana. From there, he was ordered to the Dominican Republic in June 1916, as a member of the 4th Marine Regiment. During that unit's operations against native insurgents, he saw action in the march to Santiago and engagements at La Pena and Kilometer 29.Returning to the United States on May 30, 1917, he sailed for France and World War I just two weeks later as commander of the 8th Machine Gun Company, 5th Marines. World War I

<mask>'s 8th Machine Gun company was assigned to the French Chasseurs Alpins to learn the tactics of the War from the experienced French troops. After this time the 8th was assigned to a camp to offload arriving American vessels, where <mask> became second in command of the camp. <mask> was detached from the 5th Marines and sent to the Army General Staff College at Langres, from which he graduated in February 1918. He was the first of only six Marines ever to complete this course. He was then named Adjutant of the 4th Marine Brigade, which was a part of the US Army's 2nd Infantry Division, serving in a relatively quiet sector southeast of Verdun. During the fighting in and

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 around Belleau Wood, he played "a vital though undramatic" role as brigade liaison officer, overseeing internal communications within the brigade.Transferred to the I Corps, First Army, in July 1918, he served as assistant operations officer in charge of liaison during the Aisne-Marne, Oisne-Aisne Offensive, St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. On 25 November 1918 <mask> was promoted to the temporary rank of major. After the Armistice he participated in the March to the Rhine through Belgium and Luxembourg as an assistant operations officer with the Third Army, and served with the General Staff, U.S. Army, during the occupation of Germany. For his service at Belleau Wood, <mask> was awarded the Croix de Guerre with palm by the French government. He also received a Meritorious Service Citation from General John J. Pershing, Commander in Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces, for which he was later awarded (in 1932) the Purple Heart, one of the first awarded for merit. Post-World War I
Returning to the United States in April 1919, <mask>'s assignments in the next four years included duty at Norfolk, Virginia, study at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and service in Washington, D.C., with the War Plans Section of the Office of Naval Operations. There, he was the first Marine officer to serve on the Joint Army-Navy Planning Committee.Leaving Washington in May 1923, he served aboard the battleships  and  as Fleet Marine Officer, U.S. Scouting Fleet, until September of that year. In February 1924, after serving at Marine Corps Headquarters and in the West Indies in connection with joint Army-Navy maneuvers, <mask> joined the Marine Brigade on expeditionary duty in Haiti, serving as that unit's chief of staff and officer in charge of operations and training. He returned from that country in August 1925, to serve as chief of staff of the 1st Marine Brigade at Quantico, Virginia,


texts:
 until September 1926, as a student in the Marine Corps School, Quantico, from then until June 1927, and as post quartermaster of the Marine Barracks, Philadelphia Navy Yard, from July 1927 to March 1931. In April 1931, <mask> began another tour of sea duty, this time aboard the  as aide to the commander and Force Marine Officer of the Battle Force, U.S. Fleet. He served in those capacities until June 1933, commanded the Marine barracks at the Washington Navy Yard from then until January 1935, and served the following two years at San Francisco, California, as chief of staff, Department of the Pacific. From there he was ordered to Marine Corps Headquarters in March 1937, to serve two years as director of the Division of Operations and Training, after which he was assistant commandant of the Marine Corps under Major General Thomas Holcomb from April to September 1939.World War II

After the latter assignment, General <mask> assumed command of the 1st Marine Brigade at Quantico, taking that unit to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, for extended amphibious training in October 1940. In February 1941, when the brigade was redesignated the U.S. 1st Marine Division, he became that organization's first commander. He returned with the division to Quantico in April 1941, and in June of that year he was detached from it to take command of the organization that eventually became the Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet. Under this command, the 1st Marine Division and the 1st and 9th Army Divisions received their initial training in amphibious warfare. Moving to San Diego in August 1942, the general took command of the Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, under which he completed the amphibious indoctrination of the 2d and 3d Marine Divisions before they went overseas, and the 7th Army Division and other units involved in the Aleutians operation. The Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, was later redesignated the V Amphibious

masks: Smith Smith


texts:
 Corps, and in September 1943, as commander of that unit, General <mask> arrived at Pearl Harbor to begin planning for the Gilbert Islands campaign. He continued to head the V Amphibious Corps until August 1944, when he was named commanding general, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, at Pearl Harbor.Subsequently, he commanded the Fleet Marine Force. In addition to that post, he commanded Task Force 56 in the Battle of Iwo Jima before returning to the United States in July 1945, to head the Marine Training and Replacement Command at Camp Pendleton, California. <mask> was known for the quote "In our corps without responsibility and discipline we would not have won the Battle of Iwo Jima." U.S. Navy Admirals Raymond Spruance and Richmond Turner wanted General <mask> to command the Okinawa invasion forces. They were overruled by CinCPac, Admiral Nimitz because General <mask> had sacked a U.S. Army general, <mask>, during the Saipan campaign, and justifiable animosity between senior U.S. Army staff existed towards General <mask> due to his service chauvinism. U.S. Army general Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. was appointed to command the Okinawa invasion in his place. Coincidentally, General Roy Geiger USMC, was placed in command of Tenth Army in June, 1945 when General Buckner was killed in action.Retirement
A lieutenant general when he was retired May 15, 1946, at the age of 64, he was promoted to general on the retired list for having been especially commended in combat. <mask> took up residence in La Jolla, California, where he pursued his hobby, gardening. Following a long illness, General <mask> died January 12, 1967, at the U.S. Naval Hospital in San Diego, California, aged 84. Funeral services were held on January 14, at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Chapel. The general was interred with full military honors in Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery overlooking San Diego harbor and North Island. At the time

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Holland
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Ralph Smith
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 of his death, General <mask> was survived by a son, Rear Admiral John V<mask>.General <mask>'s wife, the former Ada B. Wilkinson, had died in 1962. Military awards
General <mask> was awarded the following military decorations and awards:

Honors and recognitions

Camp H. M. <mask>, located on Oahu, Hawaii, is a Marine Corps base named after General <mask>. It is home to the Pacific Command, Marine Forces Pacific and other commands. There are two Marine Corps League Detachments in General <mask>'s name:
 Detachment #93 – Howlin Mad – Hobart, Indiana
  Detachment #592 – Howlin' <mask> – Birmingham, Alabama

In the film Flags of Our Fathers, General <mask> is portrayed by actor Gordon Clapp. In 1964, General <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. See also

List of 1st Marine Division commanders
Battle of Tarawa
Battle of Saipan

References

Further reading

  <mask>'s autobiography, online. Venzon, Anne Cipriano.From Whaleboats to Amphibious Warfare: Lt. Gen. "Howling Mad" <mask> and the U.S. Marine Corps (Praeger, 2003). 164 pp. External links

 Historical Marker Database - <mask> McTyeire <mask>

1882 births
1967 deaths
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
Auburn University alumni
Battle of Iwo Jima
Burials at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Lawyers from Montgomery, Alabama
Military personnel from Alabama
Naval War College alumni
People from La Jolla, San Diego
People from Russell County, Alabama
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
United States Marine Corps World War II generals
United States Marine Corps generals
University of Alabama School of Law alumni
20th-century American lawyers
Military personnel from

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. Smith
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Smith
Smith
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Mad Smith
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Holland Smith
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<mask> (1790–1867) was a United States general who fought during the War of 1812, and later joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. His military career began in 1814 when, as a captain, he raised a company of Maryland volunteers, leading them at both the Battle of Bladensberg and the Battle of North Point, where he was wounded. After the war he rose to become major general and commander-in-chief of the First Light Division, Maryland Militia. During John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, <mask> personally led a detachment of militia, and, as the prospect of civil war drew closer, he was among those who lobbied unsuccessfully for Maryland to secede from the Union. In 1861, at the start of the Civil War, <mask> left his home state of Maryland and joined the Confederacy, though at 71 years of age he was by then considered too old for active service. This did not prevent him from personally riding with Lee's army and even being captured at the First Battle of Manassas. He is sometimes confused with his eldest son, Brigadier General <mask><mask>, who fought for the Confederacy at a number of major battles, eventually surrendering with General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox in 1865.<mask> died in 1867, his health and fortune ruined by his devotion to the Southern "lost cause". Early life

<mask> was born in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, on November 1, 1790, the eldest son of Dr <mask> of Annapolis (1755–1846), and Rebecca Sprigg, who were married on November 4, 1788. <mask> was a physician who served in the Revolutionary War, and was the son of

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George Hume Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
George H
. Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
James Steuart
James Steuart


texts:
 <mask> <mask> (1700–1784), a Loyalist politician and tobacco planter who was colonel of the Maryland horse militia under Governor <mask> Sharpe. The young Steuart grew up partly at Sparrow's Point, his family's plantation in the Chesapeake Bay, and partly at their residence in West Baltimore, a substantial estate known as Maryland Square. Later he studied at and graduated from Princeton University. Steuart also had a younger brother, Richard Sprigg <mask>, who grew up to become a physician and was an early pioneer of the treatment of mental illness. War of 1812 - Bladensburg and North Point

When war broke out between the United States and Great Britain, <mask> (then Captain <mask>) raised a company of Maryland volunteers, known as the Washington Blues, part of the 5th Maryland Regiment  commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Sterett.They saw action at the Battle of Bladensburg (August 24, 1814), where the Americans, including the 5th Regiment, were routed by the British. Although the 5th had "evinced a disposition to make a gallant resistance", it was flanked by the redcoats and forced to retreat in some disorder. After the battle, British forces entered Washington, D.C., and set fire to a number of buildings in the city. <mask>'s regiment fought better at the Battle of North Point (September 12, 1814), where the militia were able to hold the line for an hour or so before making a fighting retreat during which <mask> was

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George Hume
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Hoio
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 wounded.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SFrQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA495&dq=steuart+wounded&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=1&ei=m8NQS--EKIr0ygTkkcCADA&cd=1#v=onepage&q=steuart%20wounded&f=false American Quarterly Review, Issues 35-36, by Robert Walsh, p.495 (1835)] Retrieved Jan 15 2010</ref> Some of the militia regiments, such as the 51st, and some members of 39th, broke and ran under fire, but the 5th and 27th held their ground and were able to retreat in reasonably good order having inflicted significant casualties on the advancing enemy. Corporal <mask> of the 5th Regiment wrote an account of the battle:
"Our Regiment, the 5th, carried off the praise from the other regiments engaged, so did the company to which I have the honor to belong cover itself with glory. When compared to the [other] Regiments we were the last that left the ground...had our Regiment not retreated at the time it did we should have been cut off in two minutes." Although North Point was a tactical defeat for the Americans, it would prove a turning point in the War of 1812.The British took significant losses, including their commanding officer Major General Robert Ross, and, lacking the strength to take the city of Baltimore, they eventually withdrew. Post-war career
<mask> was soon promoted to lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Regiment, and after the war he trained as a lawyer, being listed in the Baltimore City Directory of 1816 as Attorney-at-Law. He was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates for Baltimore in 1827 and 1828, serving two one-year

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John McHry
Steuart


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 terms, and in 1835 he stood unsuccessfully for election to Maryland's 4th congressional district, running as an independent candidate. In around 1827 or 1828 his portrait was painted by the Baltimore portrait painter Philip Tilyard. First Light Division formed

In 1833 a number of Baltimore regiments were formed into a brigade, and <mask> was promoted from colonel to brigadier general. From 1841 to 1861 he was Commander of the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteer Militia.Sparks, Jared, and others, p.168, The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, Volume 10 Retrieved August 29, 2010 Until the Civil War he would be the Commander-in-Chief of the Maryland Volunteers. The First Light Division comprised two brigades: the 1st Light Brigade and the 2nd Brigade.The First Brigade consisted of the 1st Cavalry, 1st Artillery, and 5th Infantry regiments. The 2nd Brigade was composed of the 1st Rifle Regiment and the 53rd Infantry Regiment, and the Battalion of Baltimore City Guards. In 1843 <mask> reviewed his troops and those of a visiting regiment from Pennsylvania at Camp Frederick, accompanied by Governor David R. Porter of Pennsylvania and various senior officers. The event was attended by "an immense concourse of spectators", and was commemorated in a lithograph published in the same year. On July 19, 1844, the Boston City Greys visited Baltimore, and marched in parade with various companies of the 53rd Regiment. <mask> hosted a party for the visiting militia, which was held at his family estate in West Baltimore, known as Maryland Square. The event

masks: Steuart Steuart Steuart


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 was celebrated by extensive coverage in the Baltimore American and, like the previous year's visit from Pennsylvania, was commemorated in a lithograph.<mask> also appears to have formed an acquaintance with the social reformer Dorothea Dix, who in July 1850 was his guest at Steuart's country residence Sparrow's Point on the Chesapeake Bay. Also a guest was the  Swedish feminist and activist Fredrika Bremer, who wrote in a letter to her sister Agathe: "Late in the evening I sat in the most beautiful moonlight with Miss Dix on the veranda of General Stuarts' [sic] house, looking towards the shining river and the wide Chesapeake Bay, listening to the story of her simple yet remarkable life". Dix was a campaigner for better treatment of the mentally ill, a subject which was also the life's work of Steuart's brother, the physician Richard Sprigg <mask>. Also among Steuart's social circle was the writer Washington Irving, who was a regular guest at Maryland Square. Know-Nothing elections

During the mid-1850s public order in Baltimore was threatened by the election of candidates of the Know Nothing party. In October 1856 the Know Nothing Mayor <mask> was pressed by Baltimorians to order Steuart's militia in readiness to maintain order during the mayoral elections, as violence was anticipated. <mask> duly gave Steuart the order, writing that he should "hold yourself with your command, or such portion thereof as you may deem necessary, in readiness to march at a moment's warning, fully armed and equipped for active service".In response, <mask> ordered his men to

masks:
Steuart
Steuart
Samuel Hinks
Hinks
Steuart


texts: "assemble in marching order" on November 4 and await further orders. However, perhaps fearful of greater violence, the mayor soon rescinded his order. On October 31 he met with <mask> and requested that the general make his soldiers ready, but not assembled, and <mask> duly countermanded his original order. On polling day violence soon broke out, with shots exchanged by competing mobs. In the 2nd and 8th wards several citizens were killed, and many wounded. In the 6th ward artillery was used, and a pitched battle fought on Orleans St between Know Nothings and rival Democrats, raging for several hours. The result of the election, in which voter fraud was widespread, was a victory for the Know Nothings by around 9,000 votes.In 1857, fearing similar violence at the upcoming elections, Governor Thomas W. Ligon ordered <mask> to hold the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteers in readiness. Ligon carried a "painful sense of duty unfulfilled" owing to the violence of the previous year, and was determined to maintain order. However, Mayor Thomas Swann successfully argued for a compromise measure involving special police forces to prevent disorder, and Ligon once again balked at the use of military force. He did not formally rescind the order to <mask>'s militia, but rather proclaimed that he did not "contemplate the use, upon that day of the military force which I have ordered to be enrolled and organized." This time, although there was somewhat less violence than in 1856, the results of the vote were again compromised by the use of force and intimidation. Mayor Swann

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 was duly re-elected, albeit in a heavily disputed ballot. Slavery and the coming of the Civil War

<mask>'s family were slaveholders and strong supporters of the South's "peculiar institution", although they supported the gradual abolition of slavery by voluntary means.In 1828 <mask> served on the board of managers of the Maryland State Colonization Society, of which Charles Carroll of Carrollton, one of the co-signers of the Declaration of Independence, was president. <mask>'s father, <mask>, was vice-president, and his brother Richard Sprigg <mask> was also on the board of managers. The MSCS was a branch of the American Colonization Society, an organization dedicated to returning black Americans to lead free lives in African states such as Liberia. The society proposed from the outset "to be a remedy for slavery", and declared in 1833:
"Resolved, That this society believe, and act upon the belief, that colonization tends to promote emancipation, by affording the emancipated slave a home where he can be happier than in this country, and so inducing masters to manumit who would not do so unconditionally...[so that] at a time not remote, slavery would cease in the state by the full consent of those interested." In around 1842 <mask> inherited from his uncle <mask> (1754–1838) "2,000 acres, in several tracts of land, the best of which was Mount Steuart; and 125 slaves", becoming himself a substantial landowner and slaveholder. In 1846 his father <mask> died, and he inherited Maryland Square, his family's mansion in the western suburbs of Baltimore. John Brown's

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James Steuart
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William Steuart
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texts:
 raid on Harper's Ferry

In 1859 <mask>'s militia participated in the suppression of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, an abortive attempt to ignite a slave rebellion.<mask> personally led six companies of Militia: the City Guard, Law Greys and Shields Guard from Baltimore, and the United Guards, Junior Defenders and Independent Riflemen from the city of Frederick. The departing Baltimore militia were cheered on by substantial crowds of citizens and well-wishers. After Harper's Ferry, militias in the South began to grow in importance as Southerners began to fear slave rebellion inspired by Northern Abolitionists. The following year, in a letter to the National Intelligencer on November 19, 1860, Steuart congratulated the editors on their support for the Fugitive Slave Acts, and set out his own support for the Supreme Court's 1857 decision to uphold slavery in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford. He also criticized the recent election of then President-elect Abraham Lincoln on a platform opposed to slavery. Steuart argued for "the invalidity of Lincoln's election, because of the negro votes cast and counted for him in the states of New York, Ohio, and Massachusetts". In 1861, as war grew closer, Steuart established a family trust, administered by four of his sons, in order to look after his large family.The trust income consisted chiefly of ground rents from his estates. Civil War

By April 1861 it had become clear that war was inevitable. On April 16 <mask>'s eldest son, <mask><mask>, then an officer in the United States Army, resigned his captain's commission to

masks:
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
George H
. Steuart


texts:
 join the Confederacy. On April 19 Baltimore was disrupted by riots, during which Southern sympathizers attacked Union troops passing through the city by rail, causing what were arguably the first casualties of the Civil War. <mask> ordered his militia to assemble, armed and uniformed, to repel the Federal soldiers, as <mask> himself was strongly sympathetic to the Confederacy, along with most of his senior officers. It is possible that he may even have contemplated an invasion of Washington DC. Perhaps knowing this, and no doubt aware that public opinion in Baltimore was divided, Governor <mask> <mask> refused to order out the militia.<mask>'s eldest son commanded one of the city militias during the disturbances of April 1861 and, in a letter to his father, the younger <mask> wrote:
"I found nothing but disgust in my observations along the route and in the place I came to – a large majority of the population are insane on the one idea of loyalty to the Union and the legislature is so diminished and unreliable that I rejoiced to hear that they intended to adjourn...it seems that we are doomed to be trodden on by these troops who have taken military possession of our State, and seem determined to commit all the outrages of an invading army." <mask>'s brother, the physician Richard Sprigg <mask>, was also in Baltimore during the riots and he held a somewhat different view of the state of public opinion in the city:
"I happened to be in Baltimore on the night of the 19th April 1861, and witnessed the outburst of feeling on the part of the people. Generally, when the

masks:
Steuart
Steuart
Thomas Holliday
Hicks
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart


texts:
 Massachusetts troops were passing thru the city of Baltimore, it was evident to me that 75 p.c. of the population was in favour of repelling these troops. Instinctively the people seemed to look upon them as intruders, or as invaders of the South, not as defenders of the City of Baltimore. How or by whom the first blow was given can not be now ascertained, but the feeling of resistance was contagious and powerful. The Mayor of the City, nevertheless, though it his duty to keep the peace and protect these troops in their passage thru Baltimore."<mask> and his son made strenuous efforts to persuade Marylanders to secede from the Union, and to use the militia to prevent the occupation of the State by Union soldiers. But by April 25 his efforts had become largely defensive. In a letter of the same date he wrote to Governor of Virginia John Letcher stating that he was:
"very anxious to hold a strong position at or near the Relay House so as to guard and keep open [railway communications] and at the same time cutting it off from Washington"
<mask>'s efforts to persuade Maryland to secede from the Union were in vain. On April 29, the Maryland Legislature voted 53–13 against secession. and the state was swiftly occupied by Union soldiers to prevent any reconsideration. Flight to Virginia

The political situation remained uncertain until May 13, 1861 when Union troops occupied the state, restoring order and preventing any further move to secession, and by late summer Maryland was firmly in the hands of Union soldiers. Arrests of Confederate sympathizers soon followed, and

masks: Steuart Steuart


texts:
 General <mask> fled to Charlottesville, Virginia, after which much of his family's property was confiscated by the Federal Government.Maryland Square was seized by the Union Army and re-named Camp Andrew after Massachusetts Governor John Albion Andrew, a noted abolitionist. Union troops were quartered in <mask>'s mansion and Jarvis Hospital was soon erected on the grounds of the estate, to care for Federal wounded. <mask> was not alone in fleeing to Virginia to join the Confederacy. Many members of the newly formed Maryland Line in the Confederate army would be drawn from Steuart's Maryland militia, though at age 71 <mask> was personally judged too old for active service. Despite this, he spent much of the war following the Confederate army and was present at or near a number of battles, including Gettysburg, and the First Battle of Manassas, where he was so close to the fighting that he was actually captured by Union forces. Fortunately, when it was discovered he was not a serving officer in the Confederate army he was soon released. The cost of war
<mask> is often confused with his eldest son, Brigadier General <mask><mask>, who rose rapidly in the Confederate command, distinguishing himself at the First Battle of Manassas and fighting for the South at many battles including Cross Keys, Winchester and Gettysburg.Wounded, captured and exchanged, the younger <mask> would eventually surrender with General Lee at Appomattox. Local residents in Baltimore would come to know father and son as "The Old General" and "The Young General". <mask>'s third son, Lieutenant

masks:
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
George H
. Steuart
Steuart
Steuart


texts:
 William James <mask> (1832–1864), also fought for the Confederacy. During the Battle of the Wilderness he was severely wounded in the hip, and was sent to Guinea station, a hospital for officers in Richmond, Virginia. There, on 21 May 1864, he died. A friend of general <mask> at the University of Virginia wrote to his bereaved father:
"You will not charge me, I trust, with intruding on the sacredness of your grief, if I cannot help giving expression to my deep, heartfelt sympathy with your great sorrow. You have sacrificed so much for the righteous cause already, that I know you will present this last and most precious offering also with the fortitude of your character and the submission of a Christian.Still, I know how valuable this son of yours had been to your interests, how dear to your heart, and I cannot tell you, with what deep and sincere grief I heard of your terrible loss." <mask>'s brother, the physician Richard Sprigg <mask>, chose not to leave Maryland, remaining in his home state throughout the war, though his open support for the Confederacy meant that he too became a fugitive from the federal authorities. Baltimore resident W W Glenn described him as living in constant fear of capture:
"I was spending the evening out when a footstep approached my chair from behind and a hand was laid upon me. I turned and saw Dr. R. S<mask>. He has been concealed for more than six months. His neighbors are so bitter against him that he dare not go home, and he committed himself so decidedly on the 19th April and is known to be so decided a Southerner, that it more

masks:
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
. Steuart


texts:
 than likely he would be thrown into a Fort. He goes about from place to place, sometimes staying in one county, sometimes in another and then passing a few days in the city.He never shows in the day time & is cautious who sees him at any time. He has several negroes in his confidence at different places." General <mask> corresponded regularly with a friend, Sally J. Newman, in Hilton, Va. during course of the war. In these letters, which are held by the Maryland Historical Society, Steuart deplores Negro suffrage and the general condition of the country. After the war
<mask>'s dedication to the "Lost Cause" of the Confederacy would prove a disaster for him and his family. Although Maryland Square was restored to him after the war, neither he nor his children would live there again. Jarvis hospital was closed in 1865, at the war's end, and in the summer of 1866 the buildings were auctioned off, permitting successful bidders 10 days from the date of auction in which to remove their purchases from the grounds.After the war <mask> travelled to Europe, but returned to Maryland in 1867, where he died on October 21, 1867, age 77. He is buried at Greenmount Cemetery, Maryland, along with his wife, eldest son and other members of his family. Family life

Steuart married Ann-Jane Edmondson in Baltimore on May 3, 1836. They had 10 children:

 <mask><mask> (1828–1903), Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War. Isaac Edmondson <mask> (1830–1891). Suffered from mental illness and was "in and out of mental institutions" for much of his life. Lieutenant

masks:
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
George H
. Steuart
Steuart


texts:
 William James <mask> (1832–1864), C.S.A.Killed at the Battle of the Wilderness, 1864. Thomas Edmondson <mask> (1834–1866)
 Dr <mask> <mask> (1835–1892)
 Mary Elizabeth <mask> (1837–1840)
 Ann Rebecca <mask> (1839–1865)
 Charles David <mask> (1841–1921). Like his older brother Isaac, suffered from mental illness and was "in and out of mental institutions" for much of his life. Margaret Sophia <mask> (1843–1860)
 <mask> <mask> (1846–1867)

Legacy
Perhaps not surprisingly, as Maryland had remained loyal to the Union, there is no monument to Steuart in his home state. Maryland Square was demolished in 1884, and little trace of his mansion, or Jarvis Hospital, remains today. However, in 1919 the Sisters of Bon Secours themselves opened a hospital, their first in the United States, at 2000 West Baltimore Street, very near the location of the former Jarvis Hospital. The Grace Medical Center continues to flourish today, and forms an important part of the modern neighbourhood, which still retains the name of Steuart Hill.Steuart, William Calvert, Article in Sunday Sun Magazine, "The Steuart Hill Area's Colorful Past", Baltimore, February 10, 1963

See also

History of the Maryland Militia in the Civil War
Maryland Line (CSA)

Notes

References
Andrews, Matthew Page, History of Maryland, Doubleday Doran & Co, New York City (1929).Brackenridge, <mask>, p.249, History of the Late War between the United States and Great Britain, Philadelphia (1836). Retrieved Jan 15 2010
Field, Ron, et al., The Confederate Army 1861-65: Missouri, Kentucky & Maryland Osprey Publishing (2008),

masks:
Steuart
Steuart
James Henry
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
Steuart
Henrietta Elizabeth
Steuart
Henry Marie


texts:
 Retrieved March 4, 2010
 <mask>, Christopher T Terror on the Chesapeake, The War of 1812 on the Bay, White Mane Books (2000). Goldsborough, W. W., The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, Guggenheimer Weil & Co (1900), . Gurley, Ralph Randolph, Ed., p.251, The African Repository, Volume 3 (1827). Retrieved Jan 15 2010
 <mask>, <mask>olphus, Old Kent: The Eastern Shore of Maryland: Notes Illustrative of the Most Ancient Records Of Kent County, Maryland Published by John P. Des Forges (1876), ASIN: B0013KKEXE. Retrieved on Jan 11 2011
 <mask>, Bruce, The Family Forest Descendants of Lady Joan Beaufort Retrieved August 28, 2010
  <mask>, Donald R., The War of 1812, a Forgotten Conflict, University of Illinois Press (October 1, 1990)  Retrieved January 11, 2010
 <mask>, Nathaniel, p.100, The Citizen Soldiers at North Point and Fort McHenry, September 12 & 13 1814, published by James Young (1889). Retrieved Jan 14 2010
 Leventhorpe, Collett, p.110, The English Confederate - The Life Of A Civil War General, 1815-1889 McFarland & Company (2006) Retrieved Jan 11 2010
 Marine, William Matthew, The British Invasion of Maryland, 1812-1815 Nabu Press (2010)  Retrieved Jan 14 2010
 Melton, Tracy Matthew, Hanging Henry Gambrill - The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore (2005)
 Mitchell, C. W., Maryland Voices of the Civil War, Johns Hopkins University Press (2007)
 Nelker, Gladys P., The Clan Steuart, Genealogical Publishing (1970).Papenfuse, Edward C. et al., Archives of Maryland, Historical List, new series, Vol. 1. Annapolis,

masks:
George
Hanson
George Ad
Harrison
Hickey
Hickman


texts:
 MD: Maryland State Archives (1990). Richardson. <mask> Dorey, Side-Lights on Maryland History: With Sketches of Early Maryland Families, Tidewater Publishing, 1967. ASIN: B00146BDXW, , . Shirk, Ida M., p.160, Descendants of Richard & Elizabeth (Ewen) Talbott of Popular Knowle Retrieved January 2012
 Sjoberg, Leif, American Swedish (1973) Retrieved February 2011
 Sparks, Jared, and others, p.168, The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, Volume 10 Retrieved August 29, 2010
 <mask>, <mask>., Letter to the National Intelligencer dated November 19, 1860, unpublished, Archive of the Maryland Historical Society.<mask>, James, Papers, Maryland Historical Society, unpublished. <mask>, William Calvert, Article in Sunday Sun Magazine, "The Steuart Hill Area's Colorful Past", Baltimore, February 10, 1963. Sullivan, David M., The United States Marine Corps in the Civil War: The First Year, White Mane Publishing, (1997) Retrieved Jan 13 2010
 White, Roger B, Article in The Maryland Gazette'', "Steuart, Only Anne Arundel Rebel General", November 13, 1969. External links
 Grave of Major General <mask><mask> at www.greenmountcemetery.com Retrieved on Jan 11 2010
 Archives of Maryland Historical List House of Delegates, Baltimore City (1790–1864) Retrieved on Jan 11 2010
 Letters of Major General <mask><mask> from the Archive of the Maryland Historical Society Retrieved on Jan 11 2010
 Account of the role of the Maryland Militia at the Battle of North Point, at National Guard website Retrieved on Jan 11 2010
The Huntingdon Library Quarterly, Volume 12 (1949).

masks:
Hester
Steuart
George H
Steuart
Steuart
George H
. Steuart
George H
. Steuart


texts:
 Retrieved Jan 13 2010
 Register of the Military Order of Foreign Wars of the United States, National Commandery (1900) Retrieved Jan 14 2010
Extra Globe dated Wednesday October 7 1835 Retrieved Jan 15 2010

People of Maryland in the American Civil War
Burials at Green Mount Cemetery
American militiamen in the War of 1812
George H
People from Anne Arundel County, Maryland
1790 births
1867 deaths
American militia generals
Maryland militia
Maryland in the War of 1812
George H
Princeton University alumni
American colonization movement
John Brown's raid on Harpers


texts:
<mask>, 1st Earl of Northampton KG (25 February 154015 June 1614) was an important English aristocrat and courtier. He was suspect as a crypto-Catholic throughout his life, and went through periods of royal disfavour, in which his reputation suffered greatly. He was distinguished for learning, artistic culture and his public charities. He built Northumberland House in London and superintended the construction of the fine house of Audley End. He founded and planned several hospitals. Francis Bacon included three of his sayings in his Apophthegms, and chose him as "the learnedest councillor in the kingdom to present to the king his Advancement of Learning." After his death, it was discovered that he had been involved in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury.Early life
He was born at Shottesham, Norfolk, on 25 February 1540, the second son of <mask>, Earl of Surrey, the poet, and of his wife, the former Lady Frances de Vere, daughter of the 15th Earl of Oxford. He was the younger brother of the 4th Duke of Norfolk, and uncle of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel. On the execution of his father in January 1547 he and his brother and sisters were entrusted to the care of his aunt, Mary FitzRoy, Duchess of Richmond and Somerset, who employed John Foxe as their tutor. With Foxe, Howard remained at Reigate, a manor belonging to the children's grandfather, Thomas Howard, the 3rd Duke of Norfolk, throughout Edward VI's reign. On Mary's accession the Duke of Norfolk was released from prison, and he dismissed Foxe. Afterwards <mask> studied with John White, Bishop of Lincoln; when White was translated to Winchester in 1556, <mask> went with him. While with White, Howard read largely in philosophy, civil law, divinity, and history, and seems to have acquired a strong sympathy with Roman Catholicism.On Mary's death

masks:
Henry Howard
Henry Howard
Henry Howard
Henry


texts:
 and Queen Elizabeth's accession, White was deprived of his bishopric, and Elizabeth undertook the charge of Howard's education. He was restored in blood 8 May 1559, following a Bill in the House of Lords in April that year. At the queen's expense he proceeded to King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M. A. in 1564. He afterwards joined Trinity Hall, read Latin lectures on rhetoric and civil law in public, and applied to a friend in London for a master to teach him the lute. Subsequently, in 1568 he was incorporated M.A., at Oxford. Under suspicion
He protested in 1568 to Lord Burghley that his religious views were needlessly suspected, and wrote a treatise on natural and moral philosophy for his youngest sister, Catharine, wife of <mask>, 7th Baron Berkeley, dated from Trinity Hall 6 August 1569; she supported him in some hard times. It was rumoured that he contemplated taking holy orders in the vague hope of succeeding Thomas Young as Archbishop of York.He came to court about 1570 at a low ebb, but the intrigues of which his brother, the Duke of Norfolk, was suspected at the time further depressed his prospects. When in 1572 Norfolk was charged with conspiring to marry Mary, Queen of Scots, Banister, Norfolk's confidential agent, declared in his confession that <mask> was himself first proposed as husband. He was arrested, but, after repeated examinations, established his innocence to Elizabeth's satisfaction, was readmitted to court, and was granted a yearly pension. It was generally reported, however, that he had by bad advice brought about his brother's ruin. After the execution of the Duke, Howard retired to Audley End, and directed the education of his brother's children. He tried by frequent letters to Burghley and to Christopher Hatton to keep himself in favour with the queen's

masks:
Henry Berkeley
Henry Howard


texts: ministers, and managed to offer satisfactory explanations when it was reported in 1574 that he was exchanging tokens with Mary, Queen of Scots. He supplied her for many years with political information, but, according to his own account, gave her prudent advice.Howard sought to regain Elizabeth's favour by grossly flattering her in long petitions. About 1580 he circulated a manuscript tract in support of the scheme for the marriage of Elizabeth with François, Duke of Anjou, in answer to John Stubbe's Discoverie of a Gaping Gulf (1579), and at Burghley's request began a reply to a pamphlet denouncing female government, which he completed in 1589. In 1582 his cousin Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, quarrelled with him, and revived the charges of heresy and of treasonable correspondence with Mary. He was again arrested, and defended himself at length in a letter to Elizabeth, in which he admitted that he had taken part in Roman Catholic worship owing to conscientious difficulties on the sacramentary, but denied that he could win Mary Stuart's favour. He was soon set free, and, retiring to St. Albans, spent a year (1582–3) in writing his Preservative against the Poison of supposed Prophecies, a learned attack on judicial astrology, dedicated to Francis Walsingham, and said to have been suggested by the astrological exploits of Richard Harvey. The book was suspected of apparent heresies and concealed treason, and in 1583, after the discovery of the Throckmorton Plot, Howard was sent to the Fleet Prison. He complained to Hatton of harsh treatment.Mary, it was now asserted, had sent him a ring with a message. Burghley declined to intervene in his behalf, but by the favour of Burghley's son Robert Cecil he was sent on parole to the house of Sir Nicholas Bacon at Redgrave, Suffolk. On 19 July 1585 he


texts:
 wrote from there to Burghley, begging permission to visit the wells at Warwick for the benefit of his health. He was said to have travelled in Italy, visiting Florence and Rome. In 1587 his repeated requests to take an active part in resisting the threatened Spanish attack were refused. He was at the time without any means of livelihood, except his irregularly-paid pension. In favour under James I

He attached himself both to Lord Essex and to Robert Cecil, and through the influence of the latter was in 1600 again received by Elizabeth.At the close of the Queen's reign he joined with Cecil in courting James VI, the heir to the English throne who was reigning in Scotland (in fact James suggested Howard as a trusted intermediary with Cecil). James sent him a jewel with three precious stones including a ruby. Howard sent long letters of advice, which James termed "Asiatic and endless volumes". He had success in intriguing against Sir Walter Raleigh and other rivals. On James's accession in 1603, Howard received a multitude of favours. In 1603 he was made a Privy Counsellor, on 1 January 1604 Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and on 13 March Earl of Northampton and Baron Marnhull, of Marnhull in the County of Dorset; on 24 February 1605 he was given the Garter and on 29 April was appointed Lord Privy Seal. In 1609 he was elected High Steward of the University of Oxford, and in 1612 Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.The same year he was appointed one of the Commissioners of the Treasury. He was one of the judges at the trials of Walter Raleigh and Lord Cobham in 1603, of Guy Fawkes in 1605, and of <mask> in 1606, in each case pressing for a conviction. In 1604 he was one of the commissioners who composed the treaty of peace with Spain, and from that date he received from the Spanish Court a


texts:
 pension of £1000. In 1604, Howard called playwright Ben Jonson before the Privy Council, accusing him of popery and treason in Sejanus. In 1610 he received a royal grant of territory in Newfoundland, and the London and Bristol Company (Newfoundland Company) was set up around him for its commercial exploitation. However, In January 1608 Northampton was out of favour with Anne of Denmark and sought a recipe from the <mask> of Mar to restore his position. The Overbury case

He assisted his great-niece, Lady Essex, in obtaining her divorce from her husband (son of the 2nd Earl of Essex whom <mask> had followed in the 1590s) in order to marry the favourite Somerset, whose mistress she already was.While Northampton may have treated this as routine intrigue, the outcome was a major murder scandal. Both <mask> and her father Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk represented her in an interview with Essex held at Whitehall in May 1613, in the hope of obtaining his assent to a divorce. Essex proved uncompliant, and Northampton contrived that the case should be brought before a special commission. When, however, the divorce was obtained, Somerset's intimate acquaintance, Sir Thomas Overbury, dissuaded him from pursuing the project of marriage with Lady Frances. Northampton recommended, on slender grounds, Overbury's imprisonment in the Tower of London, and contrived that a friend of the Howard family, Sir Gervase Helwys, should be appointed Lord Lieutenant of the Tower. Helwys frequently wrote to Northampton about Overbury's conduct and health. In his extant letters to Helwys <mask> writes with contempt of Overbury and expresses a desire that his own name should not be mentioned in connection with his imprisonment, but he introduced to Helwys John Craig, one of the royal physicians, to report on the

masks: Earl Northampton Northampton Northampton


texts:
 prisoner's health.Overbury died in September, 1613. When the matter was judicially investigated, after Northampton too had died, his political enemies credited him with a direct hand in the murder. Overbury had died from the effects of poison administered by the direction of Lady Essex. Last days
He advised against the summoning of Parliament in 1614, and then fomented disputes to compel James to dissolve it. He died unmarried on 15 June 1614 and was buried in the chapel of Dover Castle; the monument erected above his grave was subsequently removed to the chapel at Trinity Hospital, Greenwich. His title became extinct at his death. His will, in phrasing that has been considered equivocal, can be reasonably interpreted to imply that he died a Roman Catholic.Works
He was the author of:
A Treatise of Natural and Moral Philosophy (1569; manuscript in the Bodleian Library)
A pamphlet supporting the union between Elizabeth and the duke of Anjou (1580; Harleian MSS. 180)
A Defensative against the Poyson of supposed Prophecies (1583)
A reply to a pamphlet denouncing female government (1589; Harleian Manuscript 7021)
Duello Foiled, printed in Thomas Hearne's Collection of Curious Discourses (1775), ii.225, and ascribed there to Sir Edward Coke
Translation of Charles V's Last Advice to Philip II, dedicated with a long epistle to the queen (Harl. 836, 1506 and elsewhere in Stowe 95, Kings Manuscripts 106)
Devotional writings (Arundel Manuscripts 300)
Speeches at the trials of Guy Fawkes and Garnet in State Trials, vol. I. In Somers' Tracts (ed. 1809), ii.136, his opinions on the union between England and Scotland are recorded. Building
He enlarged Greenwich Castle (on the site of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich), and his London residence, afterwards Northumberland House, was built at his cost from the


texts:
 designs of Moses Glover.He supervised John Thorpe's designs for Audley End, the residence of his nephew Suffolk. He planned and endowed three hospitals: Trinity Hospital at Clun, Shropshire; Trinity Hospital at Castle Rising, Norfolk, for twelve poor women; and a third Trinity Hospital at Greenwich, later called Norfolk College, for twelve poor natives of Greenwich, and for eight natives of Shottesham, Northampton's birthplace. He laid the foundation-stone of the college at Greenwich, 25 February 1614, and placed its management under the Mercers' Company. His connection to the Mercers was principally through Lionel Cranfield. During the funeral of Anne of Denmark in May 1619, a large stone letter 'S' fell from the battlements of the frontispiece of Northampton House on the procession, killing one William Appleyard. According to Nathaniel Brent, the stone was "thrust down by a gentlewoman who put her foot against it, not thinking it had been so brickle [brittle]". References
George Frederick Nott (1815), life in Surrey's and Wyatt's Poems
Anne Somerset (1997), Unnatural Murder: Poison at the Court of James I
Alan Stewart (2004), The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I

Notes

Attribution

External links
Lord <mask> (1540-1614): an Elizabethan Life, by D.C. Andersson, D. S. Brewer, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2009
Mercer Connections (PDF)

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Earls of Northampton
English courtiers
<mask>, 01st Earl of Northampton
1540 births
1614 deaths
Howard, <mask>
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Norfolk
Lords Privy Seal
Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
Members of the Spanish Company
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English nobility
People from Shotesham
Monarchs of the Isle of

masks:
Henry Howard
Henry Howard
Henry


texts:
<mask> (May 21, 1921 – April 7, 1991) was an American songwriter, arranger, record producer and trumpet player. In the music industry of the time, <mask> was one of the most successful and influential black executives. He gained eminence in the late 1940s, primarily working for the independent (and white-owned) King label. His duties included operating as a producer, arranger, songwriter (occasionally utilizing the alias of <mask>), engineer, trumpet player, talent scout, A&R man, studio constructor, while later in his career he became an owner of his own label. <mask> worked with country, blues, R&B, pop, rock, and jazz musicians, and he helped King Records to become one of the largest independent labels of its time. Thanks to the efforts of family, friends and fans, <mask>'s hometown of Hot Springs, Arkansas celebrated the 100th anniversary of his birth by inducting him into the downtown "Walk of Fame," the Mayor's "Proclamation," "Key to the City," and named a parklet "<mask> Way," along Black Broadway after him. In 2018, <mask> was recognized with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the King Records 75th Anniversary.In 2013, he was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. Career
<mask> was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas. As a youngster, he listened to various genres of music on local radio, and learned to play the trumpet. Following high school and college, he joined Buddy Johnson's big band in 1944, and Lucky Millinder's orchestra the following year. In the latter capacity <mask> met Syd Nathan, who hired <mask> as an A&R man at King Records. As well as A&R duties, <mask> helped to construct King's first recording studio. He went on to produce sessions for the label's established roster of country musicians, including The Delmore Brothers, Hawkshaw Hawkins, Cowboy Copas, Moon Mullican, Grandpa Jones, and The York

masks:
Henry Bernard Glover
Glover
Henry Bernard
Glover
Glover
Henry Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover


texts: Brothers.<mask> co-wrote "Blues Stay Away from Me" with the Delmore Brothers. <mask>'s work with Bull Moose Jackson's on his 1945 cover of Joe Liggins' "The Honeydripper" followed, opening up success with a black audience. Further releases produced by <mask> appeared in the next couple of years on King's subsidiary label, Queen Records. In 1947, Queen merged with King Records, heralding further racial integration. <mask>'s understanding of jump blues and rhythm and blues led to him signing Lucky Millinder plus Tiny Bradshaw, and he went on to produce both Bill Doggett and Wynonie Harris. <mask> later produced or wrote music for Hank Ballard & the Midnighters ("Teardrops on Your Letter"), Little Willie John ("Fever"), James Brown, and The Swallows. <mask>'s own song "Drown in My Own Tears", originally recorded by Lula Reed, was later successfully covered by Ray Charles.<mask> split with King Records in 1958, and joined the Roulette label. He subsequently worked with Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Sonny Stitt and Ronnie Hawkins. <mask> also encouraged the latter's backing band, the Hawks, with their own ambitions. <mask> later organised the release of an early single of theirs, when they were billed as The Canadian Squires, prior to their becoming known as The Band. In 1960, Billy Bland recorded his version of "Let the Little Girl Dance" with <mask>, and it was released as a single. It was a hit in the US, peaking at #11 on the Black Singles chart and #7 on the Billboard Hot 100. In early April 1961, Roulette Records president Morris Levy reactivated New York-based American record label Gee Records as a division of Roulette Records and appointed <mask> artist and repertoire chief of Gee Records.<mask>'s first release was "Heart and Soul," a 1961 rhythm and blues rearrangement of the 1938 romantic-pop standard of

masks: Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover Glover