texts: leukaemia at the age of 72, the same cause of death as her sister Kamariah. She donated her body to scientific research. In 2014, Singaporean channel Channel NewsAsia, in cooperation with Monsoon Pictures, broadcast a five-part documentary about the tumultuous era of the 1950s and 1960s in Singapore called Days of Rage. In part, it featured the <mask>gh riots, including exclusive interviews with <mask> herself and Kamariah prior to their deaths. <mask>'s son and two daughters spoke about witnessing their mother's frosty relationship with Adeline, and her struggle to come to terms with her painful childhood.Her son testified that she was not happy and felt betrayed. The siblings also paid a visit to Kemaman and met several elderly kampung residents who remembered the young <mask>, then known to them as Nadra. In an interview sometime before her death, which was featured in Days of Rage, <mask> had once said she despised her natal mother for forcibly separating her from her adoptive mother. Rokayah Yusof (Kamariah's daughter and therefore <mask>'s adoptive niece) stated that during the 1998 visit, <mask> still spoke Malay fluently and that she'd missed all the traditional Malay snacks when she celebrated Hari Raya together with Kamariah, whom Che Aminah adopted in Tokyo, Japan where she lived with her lecturer husband before Aminah returned to Malaya. Rokayah, who was 68 years old when she spoke about the visit in 2015, added that <mask> had visited the grave of Che Aminah during her visit and even after the death of <mask>, <mask>'s children maintained contact with her and her own children. Additionally, <mask> had also been evidently unhappy in her life in the Netherlands,

masks:
Maria Herto
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria


type: original

texts:
 "a far cry from the kampong life she had enjoyed". See also
1969 Race Riots of Singapore
1964 Race Riots
List of riots in Singapore

Notes

If and only if both conditions were met could the Muslim law practised in Singapore be applied to the case, which would render the marriage valid.Karim Ghani was arrested along with several members of the Nadra Action Committee and held at the detention camp on Saint John's Island for 15 months under Emergency Regulation 20 for his part in the riots before being released on grounds of poor health. Family tree of Johannes Gerardus Wolkenfelt, <mask> and their ten children. References

Further reading

Fatini Yaacob, magazine – Dewan Masyarakat published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Malaysia – Februari-Mei, 1989 (the long interview with <mask>berdina Hertogh @ Bertha @ Nadra was done in Lake Tahoe, Nevada United States of America, Mac 1989)

 broken URL
 Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied, Colonialism, Violence and Muslims in Southeast Asia: The <mask>togh Controversy and Its Aftermath, London: Routledge, 2009. Fatini Yaacob, book – "Natrah: Cinta, Rusuhan dan Air Mata, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia", year 2010, /
 Fatini Yaacob, book – "In The Name of Love – Natrah", Institut Terjemahan Buku Negara (now ITBM),2011,
 YouTube Story of a Nation – <mask>gh
 YouTube Message from <mask>gh a.k.a. Nadra
 Torn Between Two Worlds at "Headlines, Lifelines" website of the National Educational Multimedia kit for schools (c) Singapore Press Holdings. First published in 150 years of the Straits Times (15 July 1845–1995). In Dutch language, an Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau photo archive Flash slideshow of select news photos of the events published in the

masks:
Maria
Maria Hu
Maria Her
Maria Herto
Maria Herto


texts:
 Netherlands
 <mask>, returned to Malaysia in 1999 aged 63, for a Dutch TV documentary De Affaire
 Singapore Media Development Authority and Christopher Chew's Monsoon Pictures Pte Ltd are developing an English language film "The Jungle Girl" aka "Nadra" (period drama) with screenwriter Sarah Lambert, Lantern Pictures, Australia.1950 riots
Riots and civil disorder in Singapore
History of Malaysia
Religiously motivated violence in Malaysia
History of Singapore
Ethnic riots
1950 in Singapore
Religious riots
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Islam
Dutch people of Javanese descent
Dutch people of Scottish descent
Dutch Roman Catholics
Indonesian Roman Catholics
Indo people
Javanese people
Indonesian people of Malay descent
Indonesian people of Scottish descent
Indonesian people of Dutch descent
Indonesian former Muslims
Anti-Catholic riots
December 1950


texts:
<mask> (1798–1837) was an American Congregationalist and Methodist minister, abolitionist activist, and author. He was one of the leaders of the convention movement in New England. Background
<mask> was one of four sons of <mask> of North Bridgewater, who originally was a blacksmith, from Middleborough, Massachusetts. The background of his father traces back to a group of slaves freed by <mask> and his brother <mask>, in Rhode Island during the seventeenth century. <mask> married Sarah Dunbar, thought to be of "mixed race". Therefore his ancestry was African, Native American (Narragansett and Wampanoag), and European. Racial classifications meant little for this family, and <mask> was later to write against their meaning anything intrinsic.<mask> became a successful businessman in ironwork and was well-connected in the Boston area. From about 1816 to 1830, he ran a vocational school for persons of color that was attached to his foundry. His son <mask> participated in it, with his brother James who became a homeopathic physician. Activism in Boston
<mask> <mask> married in 1827 and moved to Boston in 1828, where he was minister in a church on West Centre Street, Beacon Hill (from 1861 Anderson Street). He joined the Massachusetts General Colored Association that had been set up in 1826. It had the dual aims of agitation for the abolition of slavery, and the welfare of free blacks. He was one of the Boston Committee set up by the convention of June 1831 in Philadelphia.It also included Samuel Snowden and Thomas Paul, the only black ministers then in Boston, Robert Roberts (who had married <mask>'s sister Sarah as his second wife and so become brother-in-law), and James G. Barbadoes. Robert Roberts and <mask>'s brother

masks:
Hosea Easton
Hosea Easton
James Easton
Nicholas Easton
Peter Easton
James Easton
Hosea Easton
James Easton
Hosea
Hosea
Easton
Easton
Easton


texts:
 Joshua had joined with him in a previous venture, a vocational school in New Haven that would continue his father's ideas. That project had been made impossible by local racial hostility. They then united with him to oppose the American Colonization Society, who were acquiring land in what became Liberia. Some 1831 meetings in Boston on the colonization issue were reported in The Liberator, in March and May. Pastor in Hartford
<mask> moved to Hartford, Connecticut in 1833 with his wife Louisa and family. With local black leaders, he formed the Hartford Literary and Religious Institution and, in January 1834, was appointed its agent.He then toured New England as a fundraiser, but had to cut his plans back because of racial violence. <mask> was a preacher of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AMEZ) which he joined in the 1830s, and an influence on the young Amos Beman who was in Hartford teaching. <mask> applied to the New York AMEZ conference in 1832; it was in 1834 that he was ordained as deacon and elder, by Christopher Rush. The dates and details of his associations with churches are not completely clear, however. According to one source, in 1833 there was a split of the congregation in Hartford, resulting in Congregational and Methodist churches, and the Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, now on Main Street, traces its history back to that year. The Metropolitan Church's official history describes an African Religious Society in Hartford in existence in 1827, owning a church on Talcott Street, and the split occurring about 1835. There resulted the Colored Congregational Church, and the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church where <mask> was the first pastor.David E. Swift writes that the

masks: Easton Easton Easton Easton


texts:
 Talcott Street premises being shared by the Congregational and Methodist groups, <mask> persuaded the Methodists to buy land of their own in Elm Street for a new church (which was at a later point identified as the AMEZ church). Hartford was singled out by Edward Strutt Abdy at this period for the virulence of racial hatred he saw. <mask>'s congregation were involved in the period 1834–36, culminating in the burning of the Methodist church in 1836. (The evidence points to this church though there is no conclusive local report that identifies the burned church explicitly.) Works
<mask> published A Treatise On the Intellectual Character, and Civil and Political Condition of the Colored People of the U. States; And the Prejudice Exercised Towards Them; With A Sermon on the Duty of the Church To Them (1837). In this work <mask> wrote against racial prejudice.He invoked the Declaration of Independence as free from racial discrimination; and he challenged the assumption that slaves could be regarded as machines and lacking in morality. Not well received in its time, it is now considered to be a leading work articulating the African-American abolitionist view, with the 1829 Appeal of David Walker. William Cooper Nell quoted <mask> at length in 1859 on the constitutional point, while speaking against the Dred Scott Decision. It has been argued that the book shows the influence of William Apess. <mask>'s outlook was rather pessimistic, informed by what he perceived as a hardening of racial divisions into a polarization in the North-East of his time and experience. He wrote of the racist taunts and caricatures common even in Boston. Further, he argued, the stereotypical denigration based on race was a matter of early

masks: Easton Easton Easton Easton Easton Easton


texts:
 indoctrination, had economic ends, and was supported by the way white clergy condoned slavery.<mask> argued for race as no more intrinsic than any other effect of variegation. He put his case in a way not calculated to offend on all sides, but still risking having that effect. He dealt with stereotypes, attempting to sift those that were artefacts of the institution of slavery from those that represented human variability and could be attributed to God. Along with James Forten and William Watkins, <mask> queried the "immediatist" assumptions common in white abolitionists. He stated that emancipated slaves would not be capable of self-improvement without help. His message was not what abolitionists, whether black and in many prominent cases escaped slaves, or white, much wanted to hear, and his reputation accordingly suffered. He is now seen as an early Afrocentrist writer, arguing for the cultural inheritance of Ancient Greece from Ancient Egypt.He used the scriptural ethnology of Hamitic and Japhetic lineages to argue for the cultural importance of Africa in the ancient Mediterranean world. Notes

1798 births
1837 deaths
African-American abolitionists
Abolitionists from Boston
Afrocentrists
American Congregationalists
American Methodists
Congregationalist abolitionists
Methodist

masks: Easton Easton


texts:
Eric S<mask> (born September 3, 1969) is an American historian and journalist who has garnered recognition for his chronicles of the 1960s and 1970s, and the American conservative movement. The author of five bestselling books, <mask> received the 2001 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for his first book, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus. Politico has dubbed him "a chronicler extraordinaire of modern conservatism." Early life and education
<mask> was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to a Reform Jewish family, the third child of Jerold and Sandra (née Friedman) <mask>. His father ran Bonded Messenger Service, a delivery company founded by his grandfather in 1955. <mask> grew up in the Bayside and Fox Point neighborhoods of suburban Milwaukee, taking cross country trips with his parents and siblings to national landmarks like Mount Rushmore and Yellowstone National Park. In high school, upon earning his driver's license, Perlstein would head to Renaissance Books in downtown Milwaukee, and spend hours in its basement among stacks of old magazines from the 1960s.He later recounted in an interview: "I ended up getting my own archive on the 1960s culture wars. That's where it started." He also wrote in Rolling Stone: "A sixties obsessive since childhood, I misspent my teenage years prowling a ramshackle five-story used-book warehouse that somehow managed . . . to stay one step ahead of Milwaukee, Wisconsin's building inspectors." Following graduation from Nicolet High School, <mask> attended the University of Chicago, earning a B.A. in History in 1992. While at the University of Chicago – years <mask> described as "delightfully noisy and dissident", and a stark contrast to the suburbia of his youth, which "felt like a jail" – he was able to engage with and catch neighborhood jam sessions.Career
After graduate study in American studies at the University of Michigan,

masks:
. Perlstein
Perlstein
Perlstein
Perlstein
Perlstein
Perlstein
Perlstein


texts:
 <mask> moved to New York in 1994, settling in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn. While in New York, <mask> interned at Lingua Franca, a magazine about academic and intellectual life, where he would become an associate editor. <mask> also began writing book reviews, for publications like The Nation and Slate. It was <mask>'s 1996 Lingua Franca essay "Who Owns the Sixties?" that won him public notice, by exposing the emerging chasm between older and younger historians. The essay also aroused the attention of a literary agent and soon after earned him a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Chronicle of modern American conservatism

, <mask> had published four notable books on the subject of modern American conservatism.Before the Storm (2001)
In 1997, <mask> began work on a history of the rise of Barry Goldwater, a transformative event for the conservative movement. <mask>'s book, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus, was released in 2001 to widespread acclaim, including a laudatory New York Times review by William Kristol, editor of the conservative Weekly Standard. Kristol wrote of Before the Storm, "It's an amazing story, and <mask>, a man of the left, does it justice." <mask> won the 2001 Los Angeles Times Book Prize in History. Soon after, <mask> moved from New York to Chicago. From 2003 to 2005, <mask> was the Village Voice's national political correspondent, and contributed articles to publications that included the New York Times, The New Republic and The American Prospect. Beginning in spring 2007 through 2009 <mask> was a Senior Fellow at the Campaign for America's Future where he wrote for its blog The Big Con about the failures of conservative governance.A co-director at the Campaign for America's Future once noted, "<mask> was unique. … I don't know when he sleeps." Nixonland (2008)

In May 2008, <mask>'s Nixonland: The

masks: Perlstein Perlstein Perlstein Perlstein Perlstein Perlstein Perlstein Perlstein Perlstein Perlstein Perlstein Perlstein Rick Perlstein


texts:
 Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America was published to rave reviews. In his review, the conservative columnist George Will credited Perlstein having "a novelist's, or perhaps an anthropologist's, eye for illuminating details" and called Nixonland "compulsively readable." At the end of 2008, The New York Times included Nixonland among its notable books. In 2009, The A.V. Club included it among the best books of the decade.The Invisible Bridge (2014)
In August 2014, Simon & Schuster published The Invisible Bridge: the Fall of Nixon and the Rise of Reagan. In his New York Times review, Frank Rich wrote that the tome was "a Rosetta stone for reading America and its politics today." The Invisible Bridge received favorable reviews from The New Yorker, Slate, and The Washington Post among others. Reaganland (2020)
In August 2020, <mask> published a fourth work detailing the events of the years before Ronald Reagan's presidency and his presidential race against Jimmy Carter from 1976 to 1980. Reaganland is <mask>'s longest publication at almost 1,200 pages long. Reaganland received favorable reviews from The Guardian, the Los Angeles Times, and The New Republic. Reaganland was one of the New York Times 100 Notables Books of 2020.It was also subject to a scathing critique in Commentary Magazine by Steven F. Hayward, himself an author of a two-part volume on Reagan. Plagiarism allegations
Conservative author and public relations consultant Craig Shirley has alleged that The Invisible Bridge stole distinctive words and phrasing from his 2004 book, Reagan's Revolution. <mask>'s supporters regarded the criticism as a partisan attack. Responding to numerous complaints, Times public editor Margaret Sullivan dismissed the plagiarism allegations as a "smear" and criticized the reporting for "conferr[ing] a legitimacy on the accusation it would not otherwise have had." Responding to letters from

masks: Perlstein Perlstein Perlstein


texts:
 Shirley and his attorneys, <mask>'s publisher, Simon & Schuster, stated that the claims of plagiarism "ignored the most basic principle of copyright law." Those same letters from Shirley's attorneys demanded that Simon & Schuster pay Shirley $25 million in damages, pull all copies of The Invisible Bridge and take out ads of apology in various publications. If these demands weren't met, the letters promised that a lawsuit would be filed on July 30, 2014, nearly a week before the book was to be released on August 5.On August 9, 2014, it was reported that there was no evidence a lawsuit had ever been filed. For his part, <mask> said, "Mr. Shirley has sued me for $25 million and tried to keep people from reading my book; I've told everyone to read his book." Publications

 Invisible Bridge: The Fall of Nixon and the Rise of Reagan. New York: Simon & Schuster (2014). .
 Reaganland: America's Right Turn, 1976-1980. New York: Simon & Schuster (2020). .

See also
 1964, a documentary about the political, social and cultural events that marked the United States in 1964. References

External links

 <mask>tein author page at Simon & Schuster
 <mask>tein index at Rolling Stone
 <mask> at Mother Jones
 <mask> at The Nation
 Video interview of <mask>, BigThink (video)

1969 births
20th-century American biographers
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American biographers
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
Historians from Illinois
Historians of the United States
Jewish American historians
Jewish American journalists
Living people
People from Bayside, Wisconsin
People from Fox Point, Wisconsin
People involved in plagiarism controversies
University of Chicago alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Writers from Chicago
Writers from Milwaukee
21st-century American

masks:
Perlstein
Perlstein
Rick Perls
Rick Perls
Rick Perlstein
Rick Perlstein
Rick Perlstein


texts:
<mask>-Raheem Karrar (; born 22 September 1993), is an Iraqi footballer who plays for Naft Al-Wasat and the Iraq national team. An Olympian, <mask> is the 2012 Asian Young Footballer of the Year, and the 2012 AFC U-19 Championship's MVP. Club career

Early career
From a young age, the childhood Al-Zawraa supporter and son of a tribal Sheikh would spend his free time on the concrete pitches in his local neighbourhood kicking a ball with friends. It was his late uncle Razzaq who encouraged him to take up the game and coached him with his first shaabiya teams at Najoum Al-Mualameen and Iskan Al-Shaabi, the two main football teams in his local area between Iskan and Mualameen where both sides wanted the talented youngster in their team. Abdul-Raheem had trials with a local club Khutout under Ismail Saleem however he was overlooked and instead started in the Al-Karkh youth system and had a season at Al-Shabab in the second division after he returned from living in Syria to escape the instability of the Iraqi capital – after losing his uncle and brother Mohammed to the violence in Baghdad. His life changed when his late coach Nasrat Nassir at Baghdad's Al-Karkh SC switched him from playing as a wide forward to play upfront in the centre forward position while he was breaking into the Al-Karkh first team. Al Karkh
Abdul-Raheem began his youth career at his native Al Karkh FC in 2006 and graduated to the first team in 2009.On his debut in the Iraqi league one playoff, Mohannad scored a hat trick and helped Al-Karkh qualify to the Iraqi Premier League. In 2012 <mask> left Al-Karkh and joined Duhok SC. Duhok
Three years following his competitive debut, Abdul-Raheem moved to Duhok

masks:
Mohannad Abdul
Mohannad
Mohannad


texts:
 where he spent two seasons from 2012 to 2014. There he showcased his abilities which led him to be an important part of Iraqi youth setups. JS Kabylie
Mohannad signed for JS Kabylie in Algeria. He scored his first goal in the 87th minute of the league match against MC El Eulma, and scored his second a minute later. He ended the season with 4 goals in 12 appearances in the league.The team finished the 13th position, surviving relegation by just one point. The team was knocked out in the quarter-final of the cup competition, with a 2–1 loss against ES Sétif. He suffered an Injury and failed to adjust to life in Algeria due to the death of teammate Albert Ebossé Bodjongo. In an interview with Soccer Iraq, the player stated that he decided to cut his time short with the Algerian club due to the incident. Al Zawraa
Abdul-Raheem returned to Iraq for the 2015/16 season with Al Zawraa, he was the standout player as he finished the season with 12 goals, being the joint top goal scorer, as well as winning the league with Al Zawraa. He also reached the final of the Iraqi cup with his team, losing to rivals Al Quwa Al Jawiya. Al Nasr
On 19 October 2016, Abdulraheem signed for Al-Nasr Dubai as the Asian player.He was there to replace the suspended Wanderley but upon his return from suspension Al Nasr deemed Mohannad surplus to requirements and replaced him with Lebanese Joan Oumari who took the Asian foreign slot. <mask> left the club after only playing 10 games, scoring 4 goals. Return to Al Zawraa
<mask> returned to Al Zawraa on 20 January 2017. He made his debut on 10 February Vs Al Quwa Al Jawiya, receiving a yellow card in the first half. He was fouled in the penalty box

masks: Mohannad Mohannad


texts:
 later on in the match but his penalty was saved by Fahad Talib, Al Quwa Al Jawiya scored 30 seconds after his penalty miss and the match ended 1–1. He scored his first goal after his return on 2 March against Al Talaba in a 2–1 win. Al Dhafra
On 19 July 2017, <mask> signed for Al-Dhafra in the UAE Pro-League.He made his debut on 8 September, scoring against Al Jazira in the UAE League Cup. He returned again to Al Zawraa in January 2018.

International career
<mask> Abdul-Raheem was called into the Iraq U-19s team becoming the main striker in Hakeem Shaker’s ‘young’ team, scoring a goal in the AFC Youth Championship final and going onto be awarded the 2012 Asian Young Footballer of the Year award. There has been some controversy regarding the player's change of name from Mohanad Abdul-Rahman Kazar to Mohanad Abdul-Rahim Karrar in April 2011 just before he called into the Iraqi youth side, with claims that the player had altered his date of birth from 1989. He was called by Iraq coach Hakeem Shaker to represent Iraq national team first team in the 21st Arabian Gulf Cup replacing Iraq super star Younis Mahmoud, but stating that he would like to play alongside Younis Mahmoud. On 18 January 2013 he played alongside Younis Mahmoud in the Arabian Gulf Cup finale against UAE. <mask> assisted the equalizer to Younis Mahmoud. however, the match ended 1–2 in the extra time for UAE.He scored his first and second goal for Iraq in a friendly match against Malaysia on 1 February 2013. <mask> was called up to Iraq's Olympic squad for the 2016 Olympic games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Iraq finished third in their group behind hosts Brazil, and Denmark with 3 points from 3 draws and thus

masks: Mohannad Mohannad Mohannad Mohannad


texts:
 were eliminated at the group stage. National team goals
Scores and results list Iraq's goal tally first. Style of play
Abdulraheem is a physically strong and aggressive lone striker with good skills, tactical intelligence, and confidence in going at opponents with numerical superiority. Name change

There has been some controversy regarding the player's change of name from Mohanad Abdul-Rahman Kazar to Mohanad Abdul-Rahim Karrar in April 2011 just before he called into the Iraqi youth side, with claims that the player had altered his date of birth from 1989. In 2011 his name changed from Muhanned Abdulrahman to <mask> Abdul-Raheem as noted by his page on Kooora's English website Goalzz.com.Honours

Club
Al-Zawraa
Iraqi Premier League: 2015–16, 2017–18
Iraq FA Cup: 2016–17, 2018–19

International
Youth team
2012 AFC U-19 Championship: Runners-up
2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup: Fourth place
2013 AFC U-22 Championship: Winner
National team
21st Arabian Gulf Cup: Runners-up

Individual
 2012 AFC U-19 Championship: MVP
 2012 Asian Young Footballer of the Year: Winner
 2015–16 Iraqi Premier League joint top-scorer (12 goals)

References

External links

AFC U-19 Championship 2012 semi-finals: Iraq vs. Australia highlights on Youtube.com (Mohannad scored the first and assisted the second goal)

1993 births
Living people
Iraqi footballers
Asian Young Footballer of the Year winners
JS Kabylie players
Al-Nasr SC (Dubai) players
Expatriate footballers in Algeria
Iraq international footballers
Iraqi expatriate footballers
Sportspeople from Baghdad
Association football forwards
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers of Iraq
Al Dhafra FC players
UAE Pro League


texts:
<mask> "J.J.<mask> (September 27, 1854 – September 5, 1922), was an American mining engineer, inventor, and self-made member of fashionable "society". His wife was  survivor <mask>. Early life
J.J. was born in Waymart, Pennsylvania. His father, <mask>, was an Irish immigrant. His mother, Cecilia Palmer, was a schoolteacher. J.J's family moved to Pittston, Pennsylvania shortly after his birth. J.J's mother home-schooled him and later sent him to St. John's Academy.He left home at the age of 23, lured by the riches in the West. His first stop was a farm in Nebraska. From Nebraska he moved to the placer mines in the Dakotas. He spent two years learning the mining trade before moving to Colorado where he tried his luck in Georgetown, Aspen, and Ashcroft. He spent another two years in the Aspen and Ashcroft area before moving to Alma, Fairplay, Red Cliff, and, finally, Leadville. He studied geology, ore deposits, and mining techniques to become a better miner. Marriage
J.J. married Margaret Tobin on September 1, 1886, in Leadville's Annunciation Church.Margaret was later known as The Unsinkable <mask> when a Broadway fictionalized movie about her life titled, The Unsinkable Molly Brown was released in 1964. <mask> was one of the survivors of the RMS Titanic sinking in 1912. At the time of their marriage, J.J. was 31 and Margaret was 19. They first settled in Leadville, Colorado in a small, two-room log cabin, then later moved to a two bedroom house at 320 East Ninth Street. Children
The Browns had two children:
 Their first child, Lawrence Palmer <mask> (August 30, 1887 – April 2, 1949), nicknamed Larry, was

masks:
James Joseph
" Brown
Margaret Brown
James Brown
Molly Brown
Margaret Brown
Brown


texts:
 born in his maternal grandparents' four room cottage near the Mississippi River in Hannibal, Missouri. Larry married Eileen Elizabeth Horton (1890–1985) on January 1, 1911 in Kansas City, Missouri. They had two children, Lawrence Palmer "Pat" <mask>. (1911–1976) and Elizabeth "Betty" <mask> (1913–1974).The marriage failed and Larry married Hollywood actress Mildred Gregory (1895–1956) on November 17, 1926 in Beverly Hills, California. This marriage produced no other children. J.J. and Margaret's second child, Catherine Ellen <mask> (July 22, 1889 – September 18, 1970), nicknamed Helen, was born in her parents' three bedroom house at 322 West Seventh Street in Leadville, Colorado. She married <mask> Peter Adelheid Benziger (1877–1970) on April 7, 1913 in Chicago, Illinois, with whom she bore two sons, <mask> Benziger (1914–1995) and George Peter <mask> Benziger (1917–1985). Her grandchildren include Bradford Benziger (born December 13, 1944), Katherine Benziger (born July 12, 1947), Vincent Benziger (born August 3, 1950), Pamela Jane Benziger Feeley (born 1946), Alice Lynne Benziger Davy (born 1948), Helen Anne Benziger McKinney (born 1950) and Heidi Benziger Rautio (born 1952). Catherine Ellen <mask> (Helen) died, aged 81, at Jackson County Nursing Home Carbondale, Jackson County Illinois. Separation
In 1909, after 23 years of marriage, J.J. and Margaret signed a separation agreement and went their separate ways.The agreement gave Margaret a cash settlement and possession of the Victorian mansion on Pennsylvania Street in Denver's Wealthy Capital Hill neighborhood, and also the summer mansion Avoca Lodge

masks:
Brown Jr
Brown
Brown
George Joseph
James George
Joseph Adelrich
Brown


texts:
 in Southwest Denver, near Bear Creak. She also received a $700 monthly allowance (equivalent to $19,066 today) to continue her travels and philanthropic activities. Although they never reconciled, they remained connected and cared for each other throughout their lives. At the time of J.J.'s death in 1922, Margaret told newspapers "I've never met a finer, bigger, more worthwhile man than J.J. <mask>." Career
Although J.J. was not born into wealth, he was ambitious, smart, and charismatic. He quickly rose through the mining ranks to shift-boss and timberman.He was foreman of the Louisville Mine by the time he and Margaret met. By 1887 he was superintendent of the Louisville Mine, and in 1888 he was superintendent of the Henriette & Maid Consolidated Mining Company, at the time one of the most productive mines in the area. The <mask> family came into great wealth when J.J's engineering efforts proved instrumental in the production of a substantial gold and copper seam at the Little Jonny mine of his employers, Ibex Mining Company. Little Jonny mine
J.J., who was the superintendent of all the Ibex properties, devised a method of using baled hay and timbers to stop cave-ins. His invention paid off. When the Little Jonny mine opened, vast quantities of high-grade copper and gold were found. The grade of gold was so pure and the vein so wide that it was heralded as the world's richest gold strike.By October 29, 1893, the Little Jonny was shipping 135 tons  of gold ore per day. J.J. was awarded 12,500 shares or 12.5% of stock and a seat on the board. The Ibex Company and its owners, including the Browns, became

masks: Brown Brown


texts:
 extraordinarily wealthy. In 1894, the Browns moved to Denver, Colorado, buying a $30,000 Victorian mansion in Denver's wealthy Capitol Hill neighborhood. In 1897, they built a summer mansion Avoca Lodge in Southwest Denver, near Bear Creak. Death
On September 5, 1922, J.J. died after suffering a series of heart attacks at a hospital in Nassau, New York, with his daughter Catherine by his side. He died without a will, and it took 5 years of fighting between Margaret and her two children to settle the estate.Due to their lavish spending, J.J. left an estate valued at only $238,000 (worth $ today). Margaret was to receive $20,000 in cash and securities, and the interest on a $100,000 trust fund set up in her name. $118,000 was divided between her two children. Her son Lawrence received a $59,000 (worth $ today) trust fund, and her daughter Catherine received a $59,000 trust fund. Both J.J. and Margaret are buried in the Cemetery of the Holy Rood in Westbury, New York. References

1854 births
1922 deaths
People from Wayne County, Pennsylvania
American people of Irish descent
American mining engineers
American businesspeople
Burials at the Cemetery of the Holy Rood
<mask> <mask> family
People from Leadville,

masks:
James Joseph
Brown


texts:
is a Japanese businessman and the current Chairman of Suzuki Motor Corporation. He has served as either president, chairman or CEO of the company since 1978. In February 2021, the company announced that Suzuki will retire in June 2021 and become an adviser. Personal life

<mask> was born in Gero, Gifu Prefecture, a city on the banks of River Hida, to Toshiki S. Matsuda and Shunzo on January 30, 1930. After graduating from the Chuo University in 1953, <mask> started his career as a loan officer in a local bank. His life took a turn when he married <mask>, the granddaughter of the patriarch of Suzuki Motor Corporation, <mask>. As Suzuki family did not have a male heir, Osamu was married into the family, and following the Japanese custom, Osamu took up the family name of <mask>, to become <mask>.He is the fourth adopted son to run the company. Shoko and <mask> <mask> have three children and the family lives in Hamamatsu city in the Prefecture of Shizuoka, in Japan. An avid golfer, <mask> said he golfed 47 times in 2020 when he was 90-years-old. Career
<mask> <mask> joined Suzuki Motor Corporation in 1958, worked through various positions including junior management posts and rose to the rank of the Director, in 1963. He became the Junior managing director in 1967 and was promoted to the post of the Senior managing director, in 1972. In 1978, <mask> became the President and the chief executive officer of the Corporation and, in 2000, he stepped down from the post of the CEO to take up the Chairmanship of the Suzuki Motor Corporation. With more than three decades as the head of Suzuki Motor Corporation, <mask> <mask> is reported to be one of the longest serving leaders in the global auto industry.Recently, concerns are afloat regarding the successor to <mask> <mask>, which started

masks:
Osamu Matsuda
Osamu
Shoko Suzuki
Michio Suzuki
Suzuki
Osamu Suzuki
Osamu
Suzuki
Suzuki
Osamu
Suzuki
Osamu
Osamu
Suzuki
Osamu
Suzuki


texts:
 taking rounds since the death of Hirotaka Ono, <mask>'s son in law, who was being groomed for the take over. Hirotaka Ono died in 2007, at the age of 52, succumbing to pancreatic cancer. Career highlights

Osamu Suzuki is credited to have transformed Suzuki Corporation into one of the largest small car manufacturers in the world. Instead of taking the major automakers head-on, <mask> expanded the company by finding new markets for its small cars, a strategy, often termed as marketing by diplomacy. He traveled around the globe to find prospective markets for his low priced cars and used diplomacy to penetrate them by forging new alliances. The market run of Suzuki started in the late sixties when they started setting up satellite manufacturing units abroad. The first of such plants was in Thailand in 1967 which was followed by another one in Indonesia, in 1974.The next year saw Suzuki's entry into the Philippines. In 1980, Suzuki started a plant in Australia and another one in Pakistan, in 1982. He was also successful in forming an alliance with General Motors, which gained Suzuki Corporation, an entry into the European market. One of the most notable achievements of Osamu Suzuki is his entry into the Indian market in the early eighties. In 1982, Suzuki formed a partnership with the Government of India to launch Maruti Udyog Limited and transformed the market which, until then, was dominated by old fashioned automobiles which ran on outdated technology. In the next decade, the factory turned into the hub of Suzuki manufacturing for the Indian subcontinent and East European markets, producing around 200,000 units a year. Suzuki entered the New Zealand market in 1984 and five years later, in 1989, extended its reach to Canada while maintaining the service to the markets of Nepal and

masks: Osamu Osamu


texts:
 Bangladesh through its Indian manufacturing unit, to take the total production to 10 million units.By 1993, Suzuki was selling 3 out of 4 and 2 out of 3 cars sold in India and Pakistan respectively and was selling more cars than any other Japanese manufacturer. The nineties also saw Suzuki entering the Asian markets of Korea and Vietnam as well as Egypt and Hungary. Brisk overseas expansion tailored by Osamu Suzuki made the company grow to such levels that by the start of the 21st century, it had 60 plants in 31 countries and with a sales reach in 190 countries. It even experienced a one-year growth of 33.7 per cent in 2003 with the sales turn over reaching 16.8157 billion. The next year saw Suzuki becoming the largest small car manufacturer in Japan, The two wheeler division, the third behind Honda and Yamaha and the outboard engine division making rapid strides. Suzuki Corporation made a record profit of 107.5 billion and its shares rose 13 per cent against the 3.5 percent decline experienced by the market. Osamu Suzuki led the formation of a capital alliance with competitor Toyota Motor Corp in 2019 in a bid to partner in the development of self-driving vehicles.Legacy

Osamu Suzuki built the Suzuki empire, in a conservative way, by looking across the globe for prospective buyers and by cutting costs sharply. He is stated to be concerned about wasteful spending and always on the look-out for ways to save costs. It is reported that once, during a routine factory inspection, he cited 215 cases of wasteful expenditure such as removing 1900 light bulbs to save 40,000 in electricity costs, asking the executives to take split trip railway tickets, rather than direct fare tickets, thereby saving 2 per ticket and changing the color of the factory floor to save paint. During his reign


texts:
 as the chief executive officer, Suzuki Corporation was transformed into a global conglomerate. He was successful in spreading the Suzuki message in 190 countries where the auto giant is having significant presence. He had the vision to avoid a direct fight with the other global auto manufacturers who were competing with each other using cutting-edge technology. Instead, he looked out for unexplored markets with small but modern cars which changed the automobile trends in the countries he entered.In India, for example, he introduced small modern cars when the market was dominated by old fashioned, outdated cars, there by, reportedly, revolutionizing the auto industry. Osamu Suzuki's fiscal prudence is reported to be one of the reasons behind the rise of Suzuki Motor Corporation to the status of an auto giant by selling small low priced cars, still making a profit. Awards and recognitions
 Padma Bhushan – Government of India – 2007
 Sitara-e-Pakistan – Government of Pakistan – 1984
 Middle Cross with the Star Order of Merit – Republic of Hungary – 2004

References

1930 births
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry
Japanese businesspeople
Japanese chairpersons of corporations
Recipients of Pakistani civil awards and decorations
Suzuki people
Chief executives in the automobile industry
Living people
Mukoyōshi
Chuo University


texts:
<mask>, Jr. (March 21, 1935 – September 1, 2009) was an  American orchestra conductor. Called the "Prince of Pops" by the Chicago Tribune, he  performed with a number of leading pops and symphony orchestras, especially the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra (CPO), which he led for 32 years. Early life and career
<mask> was born to German-American immigrant parents in New York City. At Greenwich High School in Connecticut, he arranged music and played the piano, string bass and timpani. Initially a chemistry major, <mask> graduated from Dartmouth College with a degree in music, where he was a member of Phi Delta Theta, then studied at Harvard and Brown universities. He conducted the Brown University Glee Club for at least two years. Early in his career, he conducted for the Santa Fe Opera and studied at the Pierre Monteux School.He met his Austrian-born wife, Brunhilde, while conducting Gianni Schicchi for Santa Fe in 1964, and they married a year later. From 1960 to 1965, he conducted the Rhode Island Philharmonic. From 1965 to 1977, Kunzel served as resident conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra (CSO). In 1969, he was initiated as an honorary member of the Eta-Omicron chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity at the College-Conservatory of Music at the University of Cincinnati. He was also a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity. The Pops
In 1965, Kunzel began the country's first winter pops series,

masks:
Erich Kunzel
Kunzel
Kunzel


texts: the "8 O'Clock Pops". When the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra board of trustees created the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra in 1977, Kunzel was named conductor.The Pops became the larger of Cincinnati's two orchestras, as all of Max Rudolf's symphony orchestra also played for the Pops year-round. At the invitation of Arthur Fiedler in 1970, Kunzel guest-conducted over 100 concerts with the Boston Pops Orchestra. He remained active with symphony, leading the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra (as Principal Pops Conductor) from 1982 to 2002. From the beginning, <mask> strove to expand the Cincinnati Pops' reach worldwide, with nearly 90 recordings on the Telarc label, most of which became bestsellers. His popular recordings of classical music, Broadway musicals, and movie scores topped worldwide crossover charts more than any other conductor or orchestra in the world. Some of <mask>'s mentees at the Cincinnati Pops would later become notable in their own right, including Keith Lockhart of the Boston Pops and Steven Reineke of The New York Pops. The Cincinnati Pops were especially popular in Asia.The group toured Japan several times, starting in 1990. In 1998, <mask> became the first American pops conductor to perform in China. Ten years later, he and the Cincinnati Pops were invited back to perform at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing; they were the only American orchestra to play at the event. <mask> made most of his classical music recordings as director of

masks: Kunzel Kunzel Kunzel Kunzel


texts: the Cincinnati Pops. However, he also made jazz recordings with Dave Brubeck, Duke Ellington, and other well-known artists. From the Capitol Building lawn, Kunzel conducted the National Symphony Orchestra every Memorial Day and Fourth of July from 1991 to 2009, in concerts televised nationwide on PBS. In 1987, his Aaron Copland: Lincoln Portrait (CD-80117) album with narration by Katharine Hepburn including Old American Songs sung by Sherrill Milnes received a Grammy nomination.Other Grammy nominations came in 1989 (A Disney Spectacular), 1991 (Meredith Willson's The Music Man), and 1993 (Amen!--A Gospel Celebration). The album American Jubilee won the Grand Prix du Disque in 1989. His albums frequently feature digital sound effects created by Michael Bishop. The conductor had a large influence on Cincinnati's local music scene. In addition to conducting almost weekly subscription concerts with the Cincinnati Pops, he expanded the Pops program in 1984 to include a summer concert series at the newly built Riverbend Music Center on the banks of the Ohio River. He pushed for a new campus to house the city's public School for Creative and Performing Arts. He invited many local performers, including children's choruses and College-Conservatory students, to share the stage with the Pops.The recording engineer for <mask>'s recording of  music by Copland earned a Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Classical in 1998, for Copland: The Music of America,


texts:
 Kunzel earned the 2006 National Medal of Arts. In 2009, he was inducted into the American Classical Music Hall of Fame, based in Cincinnati. On June 20–21, 2008, Kunzel conducted The Toronto Symphony Orchestra's performance of Star Trek: The Music at Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto. Last days
In April 2009, <mask> was diagnosed with pancreatic, liver and colon cancer and received chemotherapy treatments in Cincinnati. He conducted a final concert at Riverbend on August 1, 2009, and died a month later in Bar Harbor, Maine, near his home at Swan's Island. That day, the CSO board of trustees posthumously named him "Founder and Conductor Emeritus" of the Pops. Christopher Fazzi; Gioacchino Rossini arr.<mask>; Jeremiah Clarke; Johann Sebastian Bach arr. <mask>; Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov arr. <mask>; Georges Bizet arr. Frank Proto; Giacomo Puccini arr. Christopher Fazzi; Robert Schumann arr. Kunzel; Del Staigers orch. Christopher Fazzi; Leroy Anderson; Johann Sebastian Bach arr.: A Gospel Celebration, featuring Jennifer Holliday, Maureen McGovern, Lou Rawls, Azusa Pacific University Choir conducted by William Henry Caldwell, Cincinnati Pops Chorale (Janet Burnett, Peggy J. Gibbs, Terri McCoy, M. Jo Patrick, Priscilla C. Devaney, Sally V. Harper, Brenda J. Hartman, Keren Husman, Cynthia A. Mills, Rick Davis, H. Scott Nesbitt, Dave Weidle, Charles K. Wells, Timothy R. Breithaupt, Brian D. Griffin, Jim Racster) (William Spivery; Steven V. Taylor, Don Hart; Gary

masks:
Kunzel
Erich Kunzel
Erich Kunzel
Erich Kunzel


texts:
 Geld, Peter Joell; Julie Gold; Stephen Schwartz; Bill Withers, Bruce Healey; Albert E. Brumley, O.D. Additional chorus from the film cast of The Lion King: Jim Gilstrap, Clydene Jackson, Rich Logan, Myrna Mathews, Darryl Phinnessee, Josef Powell, Sally Stevens, Carmen Twillie, Julia Waters, Maxine Waters, Oren Waters, Terry Young (Hans Zimmer, Elton John, Tim Rice; Alan Menken, Howard Ashman, Tim Rice) (1995)
 Puttin’ on the Ritz: The Great Hollywood Musicals, featuring Frederica von Stade, Michael Feinstein, Jerry Hadley, Lee Roy Reams, Bobby Short, Leslie Uggams, Jeremy Davenport, The Osborne Sisters: Esther Mullens, Georga Osborne, Valerie Wilson; Indiana University Singing Hoosiers directed by Robert E. Stoll featuring Jason Burke, Branch Fields, Edward C. Hayes, David C. Starkey, Alison Streeter; Kiki Bussell, Lui-Jia Wu, Michael Andres, Jim Sherrick, Herb Aronoff, Joseph Gaudio, Larry Dickson, Charles Pagnard, Paul Piller, Frank Proto, Tim Berens, Ed Shaughnessy (Howard Dietz, Arthur Schwartz; Irving Berlin; E.Y. with special guests The Manhattan Transfer, John Pizzarelli; Janis Siegel, Antonio Hart; Mike Sharfe, Richie Goods (2003)
 Epics (Richard Strauss; Miklós Rósza; Hans Zimmer; Max Steiner; Tan Dun; Alex North; Maurice Jarre; Howard Shore; John Williams; Elmer Bernstein) (2003)
 Ballet Favorites, featuring Gillian Benet Sella (Adolphe Adam; Aram Khachaturian; Dmitry Kabalevsky; Dmitri Shostakovich; Frédéric Chopin; Igor Stravinsky;


texts:
 Jacques Offenbach; Léo Delibes; Léon Minkus, Manuel de Falla, Paul Dukas, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Reinhold Glière) (2004)
 Classics at the Pops (Aaron Copland; Camille Saint-Saëns; Ottorino Respighi; Ralph Vaughan Williams; Giuseppe Verdi; Claude Debussy; Edward Elgar; Hector Berlioz; Jaromir Weinberger; Dmitri Shostakovich) (October 26, 2004)
 Miklós Rósza: Three Choral Suites, with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir (April 26, 2005)
 Howard Hanson: Bold Island Suite (world premiere recording) • Symphony No. Music Of Duke Ellington And George Gershwin (1986)
 A Night At The Pops (1987) (reissued on FirstChoice in 1991)
 An Enchanted Evening ...The Music Of Richard Rodgers (1987)

PAR recordings with the Houston Symphony

 Gerry Mulligan: Symphonic Dreams (1987)

Telarc recordings with Naples Philharmonic Orchestra
 Joaquin Rodrigo: Concierto De Aranjuez/Fantasía para un gentilhombre/Concierto para un fiesta featuring David Russell (1987)

See also
Paavo Järvi, Kunzel's counterpart at the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra
John Morris Russell, Kunzel's successor at the Cincinnati Pops, named in December 2010. References

Sources
 "Erich Kunzel" in Contemporary Musicians. Vol.17. Gale Research, 1996. External links
 from the Cincinnati Pops

1935 births
2009 deaths
American male conductors (music)
20th-century American conductors (music)
American people of German descent
Brown University alumni
Brown University faculty
Deaths from cancer in Maine
Dartmouth


texts:
 College alumni
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Harvard University alumni
Musicians from Cincinnati
Musicians from Greenwich, Connecticut
People from Hancock County, Maine
Musicians from New York City
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Classical musicians from Ohio
20th-century American male musicians
Greenwich High School


texts:
<mask> (; ; 26 June 1968 – 7 July 2021) was a Haitian entrepreneur and politician, who served as the president of Haiti from 2017 until his assassination in 2021. He was sworn in as president in February 2017 after winning the November 2016 election. In 2019, political unrest and calls for his resignation became a crisis. In the early morning of 7 July 2021, <mask> was assassinated, and his wife Martine was injured during an attack on their private residence in Pétion-Ville. Claude Joseph, the acting president of Haiti, took control of the country following his assassination. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Trou du Nord, Nord-Est, Haiti, on 26 June 1968. In July 1974, his family moved to Port-au-Prince, where he continued his primary studies at École Nationale Don Durélin.He followed up with his secondary studies first at Lycée Toussaint Louverture, and then at Centre Culturel du Collège Canado-Haïtien. In 1996, he married his classmate Martine Marie Étienne Joseph. That same year, they left the capital and established themselves in Port-de-Paix to develop rural areas. Business career
With little investment capital, <mask> launched his first business in Port-de-Paix, Jomar Auto Parts, which is still in operation today. That same year, he began development of an agricultural project of organic banana production from a plantation extending to over 10 hectares (25 acres) of land in the Nord-Ouest department. In 2001, <mask> partnered with Culligan Water to start a drinking water plant for distribution to the Nord-Ouest and Nord-Est departments. In 2012, he founded Agritrans SA, introduced the agricultural project Nourribio to Trou du Nord, and helped create Haiti's first agricultural free trade zone, a 1,000-hectare (2,500-acre) banana plantation in Nord-Est.This project was supposed to export bananas to Germany for the first time since 1954; however, only two containers were ever sent. This nonetheless led him to being nicknamed Nèg Bannann (Banana Man). The

masks:
Jovenel Moïse
Moïse
Jovenel Moïse
Moïse
Moïse


texts:
 government granted tax-free access to the land, 15 years' exemption from income tax and from customs duties on the purchase of capital equipment, and a $6 million loan to a new company, Agritrans, owned by <mask>, the president of the local chamber of commerce. Anonymous investors contributed at least another $10 million. Agritrans promised to create about 3,000 jobs; however, as of March 2015, it had employed only 600. Political career

In 2015, President Michel Martelly designated <mask> as the presidential candidate of the political party Martelly had founded, the center-right Haitian Tèt Kale Party (PHTK). In his campaign, Moïse promoted bio-ecological agriculture as an economic engine for Haiti, whose population was over 50% rural.He also expressed support for policies pursued by Martelly: universal education and health care, energy reform, rule of law, the creation of sustainable jobs, environmental protection, and the development of Haiti as a destination for ecotourism and agritourism. <mask> received 32.8% of votes in the first round of the elections held on 15 October 2015, with 54 candidates competing, qualifying for a runoff with the second-place finisher, Jude Célestin. However, an exit poll conducted by the Haiti Sentinel reflected <mask> receiving only 6% of the vote, and Célestin and many observers called the results fraudulent. Thousands of people took to the streets in violent protests, forcing the postponement of the runoff election. In their wake, the ballot was ultimately annulled in June 2016. In February 2016, after incumbent President Michel Martelly stepped down at the end of his term, special elections were held by parliament, and Jocelerme Privert was then installed as interim President until new elections could be held. On 20 November 2016, a new election was held; a week later, election officials declared, based on preliminary results, that <mask> had won the election with 55.67 percent of the vote and with an estimated voter turnout of 21%,

masks: Moïse Moïse Moïse Moïse Moïse


texts:
 beating out 26 other candidates — four of whom claimed victory, before the official results were announced.<mask> thus secured the presidency without having to compete in a second-round election. In second, third, and fourth place were mechanical engineer Jude Celestin of LAPEH with 19.52 percent, leftist senator Jean-<mask> of the Platfòm Pitit Dessalines (PPD) with 11.04 percent, and Maryse Narcisse of Fanmi Lavalas (FL) with 8.99 percent. <mask> <mask> was sworn in on 7 February 2017 for a five-year term. <mask> faced challenges to his mandate, from opposition leaders who believed that <mask>'s five-year mandate should end from the date of the inconclusive 2015 elections — that is, on 7 February 2021, five years to the day since his predecessor in office stepped down, though <mask>, counting from the date of his swearing in, had claimed that his term would not end till 2022. In November 2019, <mask> met at the Haiti National Palace with U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Kelly Craft, about ways to implement a consensual resolution of Haiti's political crisis through inclusive dialogue. Craft later met with several political leaders from other parties, listened to their different views, and urged an inclusive solution with Moïse.She also urged the Haitian government to fight corruption, investigate and prosecute human rights abusers, and combat narcotics and human trafficking. Presidency

Agricultural
President <mask> built the second-largest hydropower plant and agricultural water reservoir in Haiti after Peligue. He built the "Barrage Marion" in Marion, Haiti, which has the ability to produce electricity and water the farmers land in the North of Haiti. He rebuilt another water reservoir "barrage la Tannerie" to make more water available for farmers to increase agricultural production in that area. He built several water pumping stations using solar power for the same purpose. President Moise was in the process of building a deviation of water from the Massacre

masks:
Moïse
Charles Moïse
Jovenel
Moïse
Moïse
Moïse
Moïse
Moïse
Moïse


texts:
 river when he was assassinated. President <mask> did a lot of work in the Artibonite department, where he leveraged the ministry of public work to curate the water channel system to make it easier for the farmers to grow rice.Infrastructure
President <mask> built numerous roads in towns like Jeremie, Port-de-Paix, roads that include Carrefour Joffre/Hans-a-Foleur, Carrefour Trois Rivierres  to name a few. He rebuilt an upgraded airport in Jeremie. He built power plants to provide electricity to many small towns that never had any since independence, including in towns like Jeremie and Port-de-Paix. President <mask> built several asphalt plants in several provinces in Haiti, including in Gros Mornes, Les Cayes, Trou-du-Nord. He repaved roads in Les Cayes and rebuilt the town after it had suffered significant damage from hurricane Mathews. Electoral history
Presidential elections were held in Haiti on 25 October 2015, alongside local elections and the second round of the legislative elections. 2015 presidential election

As no candidate received more than 50% of the vote, a second round was mandated by law.However, this was repeatedly postponed, and eventually cancelled, with an interim president appointed indirectly by the legislature in the February 2016 Haitian presidential election and fresh elections scheduled for 2016. November 2016 presidential election

With more than 50% of votes cast, <mask> was elected in the first round. Assassination

On 7 July 2021, <mask> was assassinated when gunmen attacked his residence in Pèlerin 5, a district of Pétion-Ville around 1 a.m. Martine <mask>, the first lady of Haiti, was airlifted to Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami to be treated for wounds she sustained during the attack and continues to recuperate at an undisclosed location in Florida. A press release issued later that day from the office of acting Prime Minister Claude Joseph blamed the attack on "a group of unidentified individuals, some of whom spoke in Spanish."

masks: Moïse Moïse Moïse Moïse Moïse Moïse


texts:
 In December 2021, The New York Times reported that <mask>’s assassination might be linked to <mask>’s efforts to curb narcotics trafficking and plans to publicly expose high-ranking Haitian officials involved in the Haitian drug trade. Ariel Henry, who had been selected as the Prime Minister by <mask> shortly before his death, was later accused by several officials of being connected to Jospeh Felix Badio, an alleged mastermind of the assassination, and being involved in the planning. One of the alleged masterminds Rodolphe Jaar also stated that Henry was close to Badio and had protected him after the assassination.Judge Garry Orélien, who was previously the top judicial official in Haiti overseeing the case, stated that Henry was friends with Badio and planned the assassination with him. Legacy
Public opinion and scholarly assessment of <mask>’s tenure have been mixed and divided. Widely perceived as uncompromising and headstrong, <mask> has been criticized for his vehement intolerance of dissent and political opposition, and for his attempts to consolidate and remain in power. He has also received praise for his robust efforts to rein in corruption and his courage in being willing to stand up against oligarchs and the Haitian elite. Honors
<mask> was awarded the Order of Brilliant Jade with Grand Cordon by the president of Taiwan, Tsai Ing-wen, in May 2018. Tsai commended the economic initiatives undertaken by <mask>'s government. See also
 List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government
 Vilbrun Guillaume Sam, Haitian president assassinated in 1915

References

1968 births
2021 deaths
2010s in Haiti
21st-century Haitian politicians
Assassinated Haitian politicians
Assassinated heads of state
Candidates for President of Haiti
Deaths by firearm in Haiti
Haitian businesspeople
Haitian politicians
Haitian Tèt Kale Party politicians
Male murder victims
People from Nord-Est (department)
People murdered in Haiti
Presidents of Haiti
Quisqueya University

masks: Moïse Moïse Moïse Moïse Moïse Moïse Moïse


texts: <mask> (; born 24 April 1949) is a three-time Victoires de la Musique award-winning French singer-songwriter and record producer with an avid following in her native country. Ten years after Barbara, <mask> became one of the first French female singer-songwriters to break into stardom with her debut album Amoureuse in 1972. She also became one of the most successful and most prominent members of the Seventies "Nouvelle chanson française" ("New French chanson"), alongside Alain Souchon, Bernard Lavilliers, Jacques Higelin, Michel Polnareff, Catherine Lara, Yves Duteil, Maxime Le Forestier, Renaud, William Sheller, Michel Jonasz, Michel Berger, Hubert-Félix Thiéfaine, Louis Chédid, or Francis Cabrel. Unlike most previous French artists of the Sixties Yé-yé era, who mostly released EPs consisting of a collection of singles, B-sides and covers, <mask> and her counterparts of the "nouvelle chanson française" established the dominance of singer-songwriters on the Seventies French charts thanks to albums with full-length artistic statements. One of her songs, "Amoureuse", was covered in English in 1973 by singer Kiki Dee, and became a major hit in the United Kingdom, and has been covered since by various other singers, from Polly Brown (1973) to Olivia Newton-John (1974), Pete Townshend (1974), Linda Martin (1996) and Amanda Abbs with Illusive (1997). In 1974, Patti Dahlstrom recorded a second version with her own lyrics, entitled "Emotion" which was covered by Helen Reddy (1974) and Shirley Bassey (1975). Many other covers of "Amoureuse" have been recorded in French, German, Spanish, Dutch or

masks:
Vronique Marie Line Sanson
Vronique Sanson
Sanson


texts:
 Japanese.<mask> plays piano and guitar. Childhood and family
Both her parents, René and Colette <mask>, were members of the Resistance during the German occupation of France. Before the war,  was a French diplomat in The Hague. When the Germans invaded the Netherlands, he sent a coded message to warn the French government that Germany was planning to attack France from across the Belgian border. This very message was decoded by Colette, a communication worker at the French Ministry of War. It was not until a few months later that they met in person, in a resistance cell. Both became prominent within the Resistance.In 1944, after the bombing of a German train, Colette was arrested and sentenced to death by the occupation force before she managed to escape. After the liberation of Paris, <mask> was appointed Minister of Labour in Charles de Gaulle's provisional government. The couple married in 1945. As a lawyer and an economist, <mask> remained involved in politics as Member of Parliament and Deputy of the 13th district of Paris until 1967. In 1970, he was in charge of the French delegation at the Osaka World Expo; Véronique first visited Japan on this occasion. Véronique grew up in a very privileged Parisian home. She attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school.Her parents considered music the finest art there was, and emphasized the musical apprenticeship of their daughters. Her mother introduced her to the guitar, while her father, who was a great fan of jazz, taught her the piano at the age of four. At the age of 13, she already composed her own songs, influenced by The Beatles, Ray

masks:
Sanson
Sanson
René Sanson
René Sanson


texts:
 Charles and by Dionne Warwick's peculiar vibrato. In 1965, she was struck by amnesia after a severe bout of meningitis that left her with few and fragmented childhood memories. Discovery and early recordings: the late 1960s
In 1967, her career began in a trio, the Roche-Martin, with François Bernheim and her sister Violaine <mask>. The three teenagers only managed to sell a few hundred records, but this experience allowed her to meet with Michel Berger, with whom she began a romantic relationship as well as a prolific artistic career. He introduced her to his record company (Pathé Marconi), and encouraged her to pursue a solo career.<mask> later mentioned that period as her most productive. In an interview, she recalled that she forced herself to write a song per day to keep up with Berger, who commissioned her to write songs for Isabelle de Funès, niece of French actor, Louis de Funès. She wrote "Mon voisin", "Une odeur de neige" and "Jusqu'à la tombée du jour" that would later be featured in <mask>'s 1992 album Sans Regrets. In 1969, she released her first solo single, comprising "Le Feu Du Ciel" and "Le Printemps est là", which met with very little success. The Breakthrough: the early 1970s
After the commercial failure of her first single, her contract with Pathé Marconi was severed. In 1971, she wrote "La brume de Philadelphie" for Petula Clark, which was issued as the B-side of Clark's French single "La Chanson de Marie Madeleine". She and Berger had formed an inseparable team, and were offered a joint recording contract by Bernard de Bosson, CEO of WEA at the time.In 1972, <mask>

masks: Sanson Sanson Sanson Sanson


texts:
 released the album Amoureuse, produced by Berger, which received a warm welcome from critics. With the singles "Besoin de personne", "Amoureuse", and "Bahia", it reached the summit of the charts thanks to intensive radio play (2x Gold in 5 months). Françoise Hardy later declared that the release of Amoureuse marked the end of the Yé-yé era, as she confessed "When I first heard Amoureuse, I had the impression that every female singer, including myself, was left far behind". However, the success of the album had an ironic downside for <mask>, who was terrified of performing in front of an audience and therefore refused to schedule concerts. However, Berger and de Bosson believed she could overcome her debilitating fear, and forced her to perform a daily showcase at the Eiffel Tower's restaurant. She also appeared the same year as the opening act for some of the biggest stars of the time such as Claude Francois, Julien Clerc, and Michel Polnareff. Amoureuse was closely followed by De l'autre côté de mon rêve, which also became a commercial success thanks to the singles "Comme je l'imagine", and "Chanson sur ma drôle de vie".In the meantime, she had met Stephen Stills after a concert he performed with his new band Manassas in Paris. They fell in love, and <mask> left Berger to follow Stills to New York, just as De l'autre côté de mon rêve was released - she supposedly went out to buy cigarettes, but never came back. In 1973, <mask> went on tour as a main act for the first time in Canada. The American Period: 1973–1981
<mask> and Stills married in 1973, in Guildford, England, with guests including


texts: Ringo Starr and Roger Daltrey. She moved permanently to the United States, but returned to France regularly to give concerts and promote her music. In 1974, she gave birth to her only child, Christopher, in Boulder, Colorado. Her marriage also marked a new direction to her career, which has led the French media to constantly associate her music with Anglophone influences (in her career she has recorded most of her albums in the US, and mostly with American musicians).She enrolled Manassas and decided to produce her next album herself. In contrast with her Beatles-inspired previous albums, the record emerged as a mixture of pop and 1970's rock'n'roll. Critically acclaimed at the time and still viewed today as a milestone of <mask>'s career, Le Maudit was released in 1974, and reflects a large spectrum of musical influences such as bossa nova in "Alia Souza", or pure rock'n'roll in "On m'attend là bas". After several tours in Quebec in 1973, she went touring in France, with two concerts at the Olympia in October 1974, with Stills on bass guitar, then a long tour in 1975, with two weeks at the Olympia. In 1976, she began a long-lasting professional collaboration with producer Bernard Saint-Paul - making 12 albums - and released the album Vancouver, recorded in London with British musicians. The record became her first platinum album, propelled by the single "Vancouver", one of her biggest hits. By 1976, <mask> had become an established star.Her music, very much inspired by the best American producers, was a rarity in the Seventies French musical landscape. She gave two weeks of concerts at the

masks: Sanson Sanson


texts:
 Olympia, where her first live album was recorded. The following year she released Hollywood, her fifth studio album. Recorded in Stevie Wonder's studios in Los Angeles, Hollywood found <mask> combining a disco-inspired sound to pop-driven melodies, which led the album to be referred to as the most representative piece of <mask>'s American period. The same year she went on tour across France with Michel Jonasz as her opening act. Although she lived in the United States most of the time, she managed to remain present in the French musical landscape, travelling back and forth between her home in Colorado and her audience in France. In 1978, she became the first French female artist to perform at le Palais des sports in Paris, which was the biggest arena in Paris at that time.In 1979, she released 7ème, best known for the single "Ma révérence", one of her most popular songs. Overall, the album is quite melancholic, which contrasts with the lightness of Hollywood two years earlier. In fact, <mask> was going through a hard time in her life. She had decided to leave Stills and was engaged in a tough legal battle in American courts for the custody of her son. Period of Transition: The 1980s
The transition toward the 1980s was difficult and challenging. Still tied to America by her son, of whom she did not gain full custody until 1983, she continued to split her time between the US and France. Fans and critics were enthusiastic when her new album came out in 1981 (Laisse-la vivre).Though the record contained no memorable hit singles, it emerged as a solid ensemble of well-crafted songs. The album went

masks: Sanson Sanson Sanson


texts: double gold and she spent the following year on the road, managing to draw large audiences during a tour that ended with three weeks in a row at the le Palais des sports of Paris. In 1983, she permanently settled in France with her son, Christopher, and her boyfriend, actor Etienne Chicot. After a long break, she released an eponymous album in 1985, recorded entirely in France. This untitled album was nicknamed The white album by the press, while <mask> refers to it as The lil' trees (Les p'tits arbres). This synth-driven album included C'est long c'est court which became a radio hit in France during the summer of 1985, as well as the ballad "Le temps est assassin". She then embarked in a long tour during 1985–86 which met with tremendous success highlighted by a month-long residence at the Olympia in November 1985.In 1988, she released the album Moi le venin, which included the highly controversial single "Allah" (produced by Michel Berger). A couple of months after the release of the video directed by Dominic Sena (director of Gone in 60 Seconds, Kalifornia, Swordfish...), the song was censored in the media, and <mask> was forced to drop it from her tour's set-list after receiving threats of violence from radical Muslims. As a result of several death threats, she was put under police protection. The controversy arose because of the Muslim tradition forbidding reference to Allah in a song, and occurred just a few weeks after a fatwā was issued against Salman Rushdie. In response to the uproar, <mask> apologized and pleaded that the song was really meant to be a message of peace and tolerance.


texts:
 French show-business massively stood up for her, and more than a hundred artists signed a pamphlet against "the diktat of all forms of radicalism"

In November 1989, <mask> took part in the first charity tour entitled Les Enfoirés for Les Restos du coeur, alongside French rock stars Johnny Hallyday, Eddy Mitchell and Jean-Jacques Goldman. In 1989, she realized a lifelong dream to play with a symphonic orchestra.After rehearsals in Czechoslovakia with the Czech symphonic orchestra "Fisyo", a series of six concerts took place in December 1989 at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris. A resulting live album was released the subsequent year. In 1990, she also toured with the symphonic orchestra for a dozen concerts across France. The 1990s
In 1991, Véronique <mask> received the Grand Prix of "la SACEM" (the French Singer Songwriter guild) to celebrate her entire recording career. The same year, she released a duet with singer-songwriter Catherine Lara, entitled "Entre elle et moi". For the first time in more than a decade, <mask> recorded her tenth studio album in the US with American musicians. Sans regrets, issued in 1992, was a tremendous success propelled by the famous single "Rien que de l'eau".This song was the result of an unprecedented collaboration with another songwriter, Bernard Swell, a long-time friend. The album went platinum and its first single still remains one of her biggest hits, with over 500,000 copies sold in six months. In 1993, she won a Victoires de la musique for best female singer of the year. In March, she performed at the Zenith Paris. During these shows, she paid tribute


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 to Berger who had died in 1992, by performing "Seras-tu là", one of his songs. The live album recorded at the Zenith went platinum. Between 1993 and 1996, <mask> went on tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland and Canada.During the summer of 1994, at the Francofolies Festival of La Rochelle, several artists gathered to pay a musical tribute to her career. For more than two hours, Michel Fugain, Alain Chamfort, Yves Duteil, William Sheller, Marc Lavoine, les Innocents, Paul Personne, Maxime le Forestier and I Muvrini, performed some of her biggest hits in duet with <mask>. This special tribute was made into a live album released the following year: Comme ils l'imaginent went 2x Platinum, and became one of the best-selling albums of 1995 in France. In 1995, she married stand-up comedian Pierre Palmade in Triel-sur-Seine. She also recorded a duet with her son, Chris Stills, titled "Run". The song was released on a benefit album for children living with AIDS (Sol En Si). In 1996, she won her second Victoire de la musique for Best Female Artist of The Year.<mask> started the production of a new album in 1997. The album was recorded in the United States, and Bernard Swell wrote and produced four of the album's songs. A sold-out tour followed the release of Indestructible, which went 2x gold. She performed in the Palais des sports of Paris in January 1998, then toured through France, and in the summer of 1999, <mask> performed at various festivals, including at France's largest rock Festival Les Vieilles Charrues. Long Distance: the 2000s
<mask>'s cover album of Michel Berger songs – mostly from his

masks: Sanson Sanson Sanson Sanson Sanson


texts: early years – was released in 2000 (D'un papillon à une étoile) and went platinum in just a few weeks. It was followed by an extensive tour, produced by Paul Buckmaster (Elton John's arranger), and eventually by a live album (Avec vous). <mask> surrounded herself with her usual musicians, mostly Americans, as well as a classical ensemble from Prague.Her stage outfits for this tour were entirely created by Yves Saint Laurent. In June 2000, she was invited to perform for President Jacques Chirac at the Elysée Palace for the Fête de la Musique. In 2002, after a prolonged absence due to health problems, <mask> canceled a solo tour on which she would have accompanied herself only on piano. However, in September 2004, a few months after the press had announced her divorce from Pierre Palmade, she released a comeback album titled Longue Distance, produced by Bernard Saint-Paul. Longue Distance peaked at number 1 on the French charts. Her 2005 tour across France ended with nine concerts at the Olympia, during which she recorded her eighth live album. In 2005, she released her autobiography, La Douceur du Danger (written with Didier Varrod), in which she discussed the most striking events of her life, particularly her alcoholism and her love life.The "best-of", entitled Petits moments choisis, was released in November 2007, just as the singer started an unusually long tour which lasted until the summer of 2009. In December 2008, the limited edition 22CD/4DVD collection titled Et voilà !, including all her albums and videos as well as many previously unreleased tracks, sold out in less than a month. In


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 October 2008, she joined ex-husband Stills and her son, Chris Stills, on the stage of the Olympia, to perform a family version of Stills's "Love the One You're With". In November 2008, rapper Jay-Z released a song called "History", to honor the election of US President Barack Obama. The song is based on samples and melodies from Véronique <mask>'s 1972 recording of "Une nuit sur son épaule" (the original solo version, not the 1995 duet with Marc Lavoine). Jay-Z's song features <mask> on background vocals. In December 2008, she declared on Canal Plus's "Le Grand Journal" that she appreciated it, but would have preferred to be asked beforehand.French-Canadian pop star Ima released a salsa-inspired reworking of "Chanson sur ma drôle de vie", followed in February 2009 by an associated video. Additionally, singer Lara Fabian released a cover version of "Amoureuse" in June on her studio album Toutes les femmes en moi. The 2010s
In March 2010, the two lead actresses of the film Tout ce qui brille released a cover of "Chanson sur ma drôle de vie" on the movie soundtrack. The song became a number one hit in France, while the original recording by <mask> peaked at number 2 on the French iTunes. The album, titled Plusieurs lunes (Many Moons) was released on 25 October 2010, and debuted at number 3 on the French charts. Plusieurs Lunes caught the attention of the press who widely celebrated and highlighted the return of <mask> after a couple of fairly disappointing albums (namely Indestructible and Longue Distance). A song from this new piece, "La nuit se fait attendre", was made available on her


texts: official website in June 2010, while the second single, "Qu'on me pardonne" (written by her sister, Violaine) was released in early October.After a week-long residence at the Paris Olympia in March 2011, <mask> toured across France, Belgium, Switzerland, Tunisia, Israel before finishing touring at the end of 2012 with more shows in Paris, at the Grand Rex and Salle Pleyel. In commemoration of the forty years anniversary of the release of Amoureuse (released on 20 March 1972), singer songwriter Jeanne Cherhal played a tribute concert on 21 March 2012 at the studio 104 in Paris at which all 12 tracks of the album were covered by the singer. The concert was broadcast on the radio France Inter on 6 April 2012. On 14 May 2012, Warner Music released a box set containing a remastered CD of Amoureuse (including 10 demo songs, and a duet with Fanny Ardant), a vinyl version, a live CD recorded in Brussels in 2011, and a photo book. In January 2015, she launched a new tour named "Les Années Américaines" (The American Years) at the Olympia, along with a book, composed of unreleased personal documents and pictures, and a 2CD Best of, also titled "Les Années Américaines". In March 2015, a Deluxe issue of the Best of with a previously unreleased recording of her 1975 concert at the Olympia was released. Initially planned to last until April 2015, the tour "Les Années Américaines" was prolonged to January 2016.After 43 years under contract with Warner, she joined Sony. At the 2016 Victoires de la Musique, she was nominated for "Best Female Artist of the year", but lost to Yael Naim. In November 2016, she


texts:
 released her 15th album Dignes, dingues, donc..., which debuted at number 3 on the French album charts. "Et je l'appelle encore" was the first single released. At the 2017 Victoires de la Musique, she received two nominations: for "Best Female Artist of the year" (lost to Jain), and for "Best song of the year" with "Et je l'appelle encore" (lost to Vianney's "Je m'en vais"). Her 2017-2018 tour started on 30 June. Personal life
<mask> was romantically involved with French singer-songwriter Michel Berger from 1967 to 1972.Their love story has become a part of French music legend, especially through songs they wrote to each other long after they broke up. From 1973 to 1979 she was married to American rock musician Stephen Stills. Their son, Chris Stills, is also a musician. She was later married to French comic Pierre Palmade from 1995 to


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<mask> is a professor and art historian who researches, teaches and writes about Medieval art, Renaissance art, feminist art theory, and the motivations behind the creating and destroying of art. She is faculty at Arizona State University's School of Art. Education and career
<mask> studied art history at Philipp University of Marburg and went on to Washington University in St. Louis to receive an M.A. in 1980. She then attended Free University of Berlin with a Fulbright scholarship which was renewed at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. She received her Doctorate (Dr. phil.)in art history (medieval history and religious studies minors) from University of Bamberg in 1986. In addition to being a Professor at ASU's School of Art, she is an Affiliate Professor at the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies (ACMRS). Schleif received the Berlin Prize from the American Academy as the John P. Birkelund Fellow in the Humanities for the Class of Spring 2016. Schleif's recent work has included opening the Geese Book: "A multisensory work of the past is explored through multimedia technologies of the present. A team of experts headed by Volker Schier and <mask> Schleif opens the Geese Book to scholars and provides a window for broader audiences." She and Schier also developed a Virtual reality (VR) experience called Extraordinary Sensescapes: The Sensual World of Late Medieval Nuns. Partial list of publications
For a more complete and detailed list, see her CV external link below.Volker Schier, <mask> <mask>, and Anne Simon (2019), Pepper for Prayer: The Correspondence

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Corine Schleif
Corine Schleif
Corine
Corine
Schleif


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 of the Birgittine Nun Katerina Lemmel, 1516–1525, Edition and Translation, Stockholm: Runica et Mediaevalia. <mask> <mask> (2018), Adam Kraft's Seven Falls of Christ: Walking the History of Emotions in Nuremberg. Video version (in two parts) of a presentation given in Melbourne in November 2016  and
 <mask> Schleif and Volker Schier, eds., Manuscripts Changing Hands. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016. <mask> <mask> (2013), “The Art of Walking and Viewing: Christ, the Virgin, Saint Birgitta, and the Birgittines Processing through the Cloister,” in The Birgittine Experience: Papers from the Birgitta Conference in Stockholm 2011, ed. Claes Gejrot, Mia Akestam and Roger Anderson, Stockholm, 241-267. <mask> <mask> (2010), "Albrecht Dürer between Agnes Frey and Willibald Pirckheimer," The Essential Dürer, ed.Larry Silver and Jeffrey Chipps Smith, Philadelphia, 85–205
 <mask> <mask> and Volker Schier (2009), Katerina’s Windows: Donation and Devotion, Art and Music, as Heard and Seen Through the Writings of a Birgittine Nun, University Park: Penn State Press. . Contains an English translation of the letters and other sources integrated with extensive narrative commentary. Reviews by Hans van Miegroet in Choice (April 2010); Roger Rosewell in Vidimus 36 (January 2010); Jeffrey Chipps Smith in Renaissance Quarterly 63.2 (2010), 611-13; Stanley Weed in The Medieval Review 2010-10; Megan Cassidy-Welch in Burlington Magazine 152 (November 2010), 746; Judith Oliver in Speculum 86 (2011), 546-48; Pia F. Cuneo in Mediaevistik: Internationale Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Mittelalterforschung

masks: Corine Schleif Corine Corine Schleif Corine Schleif Corine Schleif


texts:
 24 (2011), 586-89. Volker Schier and <mask> Schleif. "The Holy Lance as Late Twentieth-century Subcultural Icon." Subcultural Icons, edited by Keyan Tomaselli and David Scott. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, 2009, 103–134.<mask> <mask> and Volker Schier,  Katerina's Windows: Donation and Devotion, Art and Music, as Heard and Seen Through the Writings of a Birgittine Nun, University Park: Penn State Press, 2009, 237, 242-244,
 Volker Schier and <mask> Schleif. "Die heilige und die unheilige Lanze. Von Richard Wagner bis zum World Wide Web [The Holy and the Unholy Lance. From Richard Wagner to the World Wide Web]." Die Heilige Lanze in Wien. Insignie - Reliquie - Schicksalsspeer, edited by Franz Kirchweger. Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 2005, 111–144.<mask> <mask> (2005), “Forgotten Roles of Women as Donors: Sister Katerina Lemmel’s Negotiated Exchanges in the Care for the Here and the Hereafter,” in Care for the Here and the Hereafter: Memoria, Art, and Ritual in the Middle Ages, ed. Truus van Bueren, Turnhout: Brepols, 137–54. <mask> <mask> and Volker Schier (2005), “Views and Voices From Within: Sister Katerina Lemmel on the Glazing of the Cloister at Maria Mai,” in Glasmalerei im Kontext: Bildprogramme und Raumfunktionen: Akten des 22. Internationalen Colloquiums des Corpus Vitrearum Nürnberg, 29. August–1. September 2004, ed. Rüdiger Becksmann, Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums, wissenschaftlicher Beiband 25, Nuremberg: Germanisches Nationalmuseum, 211–28.Volker Schier and <mask> <mask>. "Seeing and Singing, Touching and Tasting the Holy Lance. The Power and

masks: Corine Corine Schleif Corine Corine Schleif Corine Schleif Corine Schleif


texts:
 Politics of Embodied Religious Experiences in Nuremberg, 1424–1524." Signs of Change. Transformations of Christian Traditions and their Representation in the Arts, 1000–2000, edited by Nils Holger Petersen, Claus Cluver, and Nicolas Bell. Amsterdam – New York: Rodopi, 2004, 401–426. <mask> <mask> (2003), “Katerina Lemmels Briefe als Spiegel Nürnberger Privatfrömmigkeit,” in Im Zeichen des Christkinds: Privates Bild und Frömmigkeit im Spätmittelalter: Ergebnisse der Ausstellung Spiegel der Seligkeit, ed.Frank Matthias Kammel, Nuremberg: Germanisches Nationalmuseum, 109–12. <mask> <mask> (1998), Chapter "The Role of Women in Challenging the Canon of 'Great Master' Art History" in Attending to Early Modern Women edited by Susan Dwyer Amussen and Adele F. Seeff
 <mask> Schleif, Donatio et memoria. Stifter, Stiftungen und Motivationen an Beispielen aus der Lorenzkirche in Nürnberg. München: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1990. See also

 Albrecht Dürer
 Holy Lance
 Katerina Lemmel
 Manuscript culture
 Pomander
 Willibald Pirckheimer
 Women in the art history field

References

External links
 <mask> Schleif at the School of Art at Arizona State University
 CURRICULUM VITÆ (CV): <mask> Schleif
 <mask> Schleif on academia.edu

Living people
German art curators
German art historians
Feminist historians
Women art historians
Arizona State University faculty
University of Marburg alumni
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Free University of Berlin alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Bamberg alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
American art

masks: Corine Schleif Corine Schleif Corine Corine Corine Corine


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<mask> (1758 – July 17, 1803) was a political pamphleteer and journalist whose writing was controversial in his native Scotland and later, also in the United States. His revelations concerning George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and later <mask>, led to his marginalization politically. His contemporary reputation as a "scandalmonger" has overshadowed <mask>'s frequently perceptive analyses of revolutionary events. He wrote against the continuing influence of the British Crown, and he warned that Adams, Washington and Hamilton planned to impose a titled aristocracy and hereditary positions in the Senate and the Executive. In the United States, he was a central figure in the press wars between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties. After Jefferson won the presidency, <mask> solicited employment as a postmaster, which was denied by Jefferson. <mask> then published existing rumors claiming President Jefferson had children with slave Sally Hemings.Self-educated, <mask> worked as a recorder of deeds in Scotland when he began publishing satire. He turned to politics, some thought to sedition, in a pamphlet, The Political Progress of Britain, which caused a furor and led him to flee Great Britain for America. He gained notoriety in Philadelphia in the 1790s with reportage and attacks on Alexander Hamilton. Subsequently, he was imprisoned under the Alien and Sedition Acts, and later turned against his one-time Democratic-Republican patrons. In 1803, he drowned, apparently falling in the James River due to intoxication — although there was some speculation among Federalists that his death may not have been an accident, as he was due to testify in a highly publicized trial later that month. Scotland

<mask> was born in Scotland. He was not given a formal education but secured employment as a sub-clerk in the Edinburgh Sasine office, the equivalent of the Recorder of Deeds.While working in that

masks:
James Thomson Callender
Thomas Jefferson
Callender
Callender
Callender
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 office, <mask> published satirical pamphlets criticizing the writer Samuel Johnson. "Deformities of Samuel Johnson", published anonymously, appealed to Scottish sentiments. Later he wrote pamphlets attacking political corruption. <mask>'s political writings were tinged with radical democratic egalitarianism, Scottish nationalism, and a pessimistic view of human nature. They were critical of the liberal notion of progress. An admirer of Jonathan Swift, <mask> sought to cut the wealthy and the powerful down to size in his writing. After clashes with his employers, <mask> lost his job in the Sasine office.In 1791 <mask> wrote a pamphlet criticizing an excise tax, paid for by the brewers who resented it. His writing attracted the attention of some reform-minded members of the Scottish nobility: Francis Garden, Lord Gardenstone, became his patron. In 1792 he published The Political Progress of Britain, a critique of war, imperialism, and corruption. He fled to Ireland and to the United States to avoid prosecution. After <mask> left Scotland, Lord Gardenstone exposed him as the author; the journalist's reputation also was marred by the rumor that he had implicated Gardenstone. Philadelphia

<mask> quickly gained a position as a Congressional reporter in Philadelphia and wrote anonymously for the partisan press. His first American article lambasted pro-war sentiment.Although he was frequently dogged by poverty and unemployment, by 1794 <mask> was a regular freelance commentator on American politics and he would remain at the epicenter of the political life within the new nation until his death. Over the next few years, while living by ghostwriting and piecemeal assignments, <mask> became one of a group of radical Republican journalists who socialized together and held similar views on democracy and economic nationalism. During this period, he produced a series of pamphlets in which he attempted to frame a

masks: Callender Callender Callender Callender Callender Callender Callender Callender Callender


texts: comprehensive political theory, advocating for the government's duty to the poor (in the form of progressive taxation), economic independence from Europe, and the promotion of native industry. These goals put him at odds with the Federalists as well as with some of the more conservative and agrarian Republicans. His writings attacked Federalist positions with a mix of reasoned argument, satire, and personal invective. His first pamphlet challenged the introduction of an excise tax into American commerce, but it was his invective against America's early national heroes — George Washington, John Adams, and Alexander Hamilton — and against their policies and failings, that gained him notoriety. In his pamphlet, A History of the United States for the Year 1796, published in installments in the late spring and early summer of 1797, he exposed the sexual relationship between Hamilton and a married woman, Maria Reynolds, and Hamilton's alleged financial corruption.<mask> presented compelling evidence of adultery, but in the 1798 Sketches of the History of America, he wrote that the affair was a distraction from Hamilton's greater offense: partnering with Reynolds' husband in corrupt financial dealings. On August 25, 1797, Hamilton published his own pamphlet in response, later known as, The Reynolds Pamphlet, denying being a party to any improper financial matter, although he confessed to the adultery and proved that he had been victim of blackmail by <mask> over his adultery with Reynolds' wife rather than consorting with him in speculation. According to <mask>, that was just a smokescreen. The financial charges were never proven, and after the scandal somewhat subsided, in 1798 President Adams appointed Hamilton for a new public office, Major General of the Continental Army. <mask>'s success was short-lived. By 1798 his fortunes were in a downward spiral: he was forced to seek poor relief, his wife died of

masks:
Callender
James Reynolds
Callender
Callender


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 yellow fever, and his anonymously published  political broadsides were exposed as his by a rival pamphleteer, William Cobbett, putting <mask> in legal jeopardy and physical danger. He fled from Philadelphia to Virginia, leaving his children behind.Prosecution for sedition

<mask>, impressed with <mask>'s attack on Hamilton, and eager to create a counterforce to the Federalist press, sought to use <mask>'s talents against John Adams. Subsequent to meeting him in Philadelphia, Jefferson supported <mask> financially and provided feedback on early proofs of <mask>'s anti-Federalist pamphlet, The Prospect Before Us. Prior to the publication of the pamphlet, <mask> was compelled to flee on foot from Philadelphia to Virginia, finding temporary refuge at the plantation of Senator <mask> Mason. This was due to his fleeing of the acts against him on sedition, after calling out Hamilton. In Virginia, he completed The Prospect Before Us, whose subject was the pervasiveness of political corruption, particularly among Federalists and the Adams administration. His populist style had his targets permanently on the defensive. In June 1800, in retaliation for The Prospect, <mask> was prosecuted under the Sedition Act by the Adams administration.His trial was presided over by Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase, who later was impeached, in part for his handling of the <mask> trial. <mask> was fined $200 and received the longest jail term of the journalists prosecuted under the Sedition Act. He was released on the last day of the Adams administration, in March 1801. After his release, <mask> and the others who had been prosecuted were pardoned by the new president, <mask>. Attacks on <mask>

Out of jail, <mask> asked Jefferson to appoint him Postmaster of Richmond, Virginia, warning that if Jefferson did not, there would be consequences. <mask> believed erroneously that Jefferson was conspiring to deprive him of money owed

masks:
Callender
Thomas Jefferson
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Callender
Callender
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Stevens Thomas
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Callender
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Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson
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 to him by the government after the pardon, and that Jefferson did not appreciate his sacrifices. Jefferson refused to make the appointment, as placing the ill-tempered <mask> in a position of authority in the Federalist stronghold of Richmond would have been, in the words of the Jefferson biographer R.B.Bernstein, "like whacking a hornet's nest with a stick." With his career and his social ambitions thwarted, <mask> returned to newspaper work, as editor of a Federalist newspaper, the Richmond Recorder. In a series of articles attacking corruption on all sides, <mask> targeted Jefferson, revealing that Jefferson had funded his pamphleteering. After denials were issued, he published Jefferson's letters to him to prove the relationship. Later, angered by the criticism from Jefferson supporters, who asserted that <mask> had abandoned his wife to die of a venereal disease, <mask> reported in a series of articles that Jefferson fathered children by his slave Sally Hemings. The first of those articles, printed on September 1, 1802, contained this excerpt:
It is well known that the man, Whom it delighteth the people to honor, keeps and for many years has kept, as his concubine, one of his slaves. Her name is Sally.The name of her eldest son is <mask>. His features are said to bear a striking though sable resemblance to those of the President himself. The boy is ten or twelve years of age. <mask>'s reporting on the Jefferson-Hemings relationship used racist rhetoric of the time. Although he had expressed anti-slavery views when he first arrived in the United States, he eventually adopted a position on slavery and race similar to that of Jefferson's in Notes on the State of Virginia. After the Hemings controversy ran its course, <mask> turned to publicizing Jefferson's earlier attempt to seduce a married neighbor decades before. Death and legacy

By some accounts, <mask> was slated to provide testimony for a New

masks: Callender Callender Callender Callender Callender Tom Callender Callender Callender


texts:
 York trial, The People vs. Croswell, which involved libel charges against a publisher, Harry Croswell, who had reprinted claims that <mask> paid <mask> to defame George Washington.Croswell's lawyer was Alexander Hamilton. Jefferson, wary of the controversy generated by the Adams administration's sedition prosecutions, had begun a selective campaign against individual newspaper critics. Despite his popularity among newspaper readers, <mask> had an uneasy situation. Former allies had turned against him. In a surprise attack in December 1802, George Hay, one of his former defense attorneys, clubbed him in the head with a walking stick in retaliation for an article about an international incident to which Hay had ties. In 1802, Meriwether Jones who was a friend and supporter of <mask> and <mask>, had published an open letter to <mask>:
The James River you tell us has suffered to cleanse your body; is there any menstrum [solvent] capable of cleansing your mind... Oh! could a dose of James river, like Lethe, have blessed you with forgetfulness, for once you would have neglected your whiskey.In 1803, <mask>'s children joined him in Richmond, perhaps removed from Philadelphia due to the Jefferson controversy; he had a falling out with the owner of the Richmond Recorder over money. In March, the offices of the newspaper were attacked by young Republicans from Hay's law firm. One week after the People v. Croswell trial began, <mask> drowned on July 17, 1803, in three feet of water in the James River, reportedly too drunk to save himself. In 1990, the Australian writer Michael Durey published a biography covering <mask>'s life. Durey noted that <mask>'s then-reputation as a liar, drunkard, and scandalmonger had been uncritically based on the original attacks against <mask> by his political targets and rivals in the press. He believed their attacks obscured <mask>'s message of democratic egalitarianism, his

masks:
Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson
James Callender
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Callender