texts:
 West Virginia Capitol Complex in Charleston. He later relocated to 4100 Kanawha Avenue SE in Charleston's Kanawha City neighborhood, where he resided at the time of his death. <mask> died of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis at the age of 75 on May 17, 1961, at Kanawha Valley Memorial Hospital in Charleston following a prolonged illness. He was survived by his wife, his son, and his sister <mask> Preston. <mask>'s funeral services were held at the Barlow-Bonsall Funeral Home and his family requested that memorial donations be made to Marmet Hospital in his honor.He was interred at Spring Hill Cemetery in Charleston on May 19, 1961. At the opening of the September 1961 term of the Kanawha County Circuit Court, <mask> was eulogized by Kanawha County Bar Association member Roy M. Sams. Personal life
<mask> married Sarah Katharine Cotton in Charleston in 1913. He and Katharine had two children, one son and one daughter:
 <mask> <mask>, Jr. (March 23, 1924 – December 27, 2014), married Virginia McManaway Cox of Thaxton, Virginia on June 14, 1964
 Nancy Margaret <mask> Moore, married Webster Hamilton Moore of Greensboro, North Carolina, on December 3, 1949

<mask> was a practicing Presbyterian and was a member of the Ruffner Memorial Presbyterian Church in Charleston. References

Bibliography

1886 births
1961 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Presbyterians
American people of English descent
American people of French descent
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Swiss descent
Burials at Spring Hill Cemetery (Charleston, West Virginia)
Businesspeople from Charleston, West Virginia
Fishburne Military School alumni
Hampden–Sydney College alumni
Lawyers from Charleston, West Virginia
People from Romney, West Virginia
Politicians from Charleston, West Virginia
Presbyterians from West Virginia
Robert White family of Virginia and West Virginia
West Virginia Democrats
West Virginia lawyers
West Virginia University College of

masks:
Flournoy
Frances Flournoy
Flournoy
Flournoy
Flournoy
Samuel Lightfoot
Flournoy
Cotton Flournoy
Flournoy


type: original

texts:
<mask> (or Tackett) (April 22, 1803 – February 7, 1886) (sometimes rendered as <mask>, but no official documents support this name) was a 19th-century politician, pioneer Methodist minister, stockman, teacher, farmer, Indian fighter, and Confederate officer. Tackitt was a key figure in the history of Arkansas and North Texas, including a state representative in the Arkansas General Assembly. Because of his battles with Indians in Texas, Tackitt became known as "the Fighting Parson". Early life
Tackitt was born in Henry County, Kentucky, to Virginian <mask> and Mary Elizabeth Bashum, and was one of seven children. The Missouri Methodist Conference assigned <mask> as missionary to the Western Cherokees in Arkansas in 1829. He was a circuit rider for two years and then assigned to mission schools. He married Kezia Frances Bruton on August 20, 1830, in Pope County, Arkansas.He served one term in the Arkansas General Assembly before joining a Texas-bound caravan in the autumn of 1853. Life in Texas
<mask> settled first in the spring of 1854, two years before Parker County was organized, on Walnut Creek, about four miles west of Springtown, Texas. He founded Goshen Church, and helped clear ground for the adjoining cemetery after providing shelter for his family. He preached his first Texas sermon in the cabin home of Hezekiah Culwell, and regularly held services at Goshen, Springtown, and Ash Creek, where he helped build churches. In 1857, he organized the First United Methodist Church of Weatherford, Texas. Then, the Texas Methodist Conference transferred <mask> to Fort Belknap, Texas, to spread the gospel to friendly Indians and white settlers. He organized churches in Palo Pinto, Shackelford, and Young Counties,

masks:
Pleasant Tackitt
James Pleasant
Lewis Tackitt
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant


texts:
 including one at Graham, Texas.Tackitt at one time had 143 appointments requiring 1,200 miles of travel to visit all. Tackitt Mountain in Young County was named for him in memory of the skirmish there in 1860 between the Tackitt family and a band of Indians led by a Comanche known to the settlers as Piny Chummy (or Pine-o-Channa). During the American Civil War, Tackitt served as chief justice and postmaster in Young County and as enrolling officer in the Confederate States Army. Final years
An often-told story emphasizes the major scares the Tackitts endured at their Fish Creek home south of Ft. Belknap. One of the family's cows came home with an arrow protruding from her back. <mask> and his three oldest sons, James, Lycurgus and George, armed themselves and went to bring home the remainder of their herd. They were returning from the Tackitt Mountain area with the animals when 10 Indians rose from a ravine ambush.When the arrows and bullets ceased, four attackers lay dead, and James had a dangerous arrow point lodged in his skull and <mask> was suffering from a point that pierced one foot. Both suffered great pain, but survived. Frontier life had tense episodes, but all <mask>'s children lived long lives, mostly into their 80s. His brother, Mann Darius <mask>, was not so lucky. He was slain by a pillaging Indian band on his ranch in Jack County. <mask> returned to Parker County in the last years of his life and is buried in Goshen Cemetery beside his wife. Frontier life
According to a 1925 article in Frontier Times magazine, "I wish now to record one of the best Indian fights ever fought on our northern frontier by citizens against Indians.This fight like the major part of our frontier life and battles with

masks:
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Tackitt
Pleasant Tackitt


texts:
 Indians, has never been recorded in history, but by all means ought to have been. The fight was by Rev. <mask> and his three young sons - <mask>, 22 years old, L. L.<mask>, 20, and <mask>, 16. Rev. Tackitt was armed with a rifle and dragoon six-shooter; <mask> had a rifle and Navy six-shooter, and L. L. Tackitt had a double-barreled shot gun and Navy six-shooter. The first Indian raid into Young county after they were moved to the Indian territory was in January 1860. On the evening of January 13, one of the Tackitt's milk cows came home with an arrow sticking in her back.Mrs. Tackitt, after discovering the arrow when she went to milk, went to the house and reported the fact. It was then late in the evening. Rev. Tackitt and the three older boys above named made ready to start the next morning on foot to see if they could find the Indians and also learn what they had done with other stock. There had been a deep snow and sleet on the ground for a week or 10 days. The Tackitts then lived on Fish Creek in Young County. Early on the morning of the 14th about sunrise, the Rev.Tackitt and the three boys left home in pursuit of the Indians; they took the back trail of the cows and after having gone some two miles, they came to where the Indians had killed one of their cows and had… He and George both rain to the trees and in suddenly stopping behind the trees they both slipped on the snow and fell. Jim and Rev. <mask> by this time were slightly wounded. The Indians seeing L. L. and George fall when they ran to the trees evidently thought they were killed and instantly dropped their bows and arrows in the branch and made a sudden rush. Children

James Gray B. circa 1838
Lewis Lycurgus "Like"; born May 4, 1840; Parker

masks:
Pleasant Tackitt
Jim Tackitt
- Tackitt
George Tackitt
Jim Tackitt
Tackitt


texts:
 County, Texas Sheriff 1882-1883; commanding officer of Parker County Minute Company, Texas State Troops (Rangers), October 1865
George Wm. Council circa 1842
Andrew Chester Ashley born November 15, 1845; January - February 1874 - Texas Rangers, Young County, Texas. Robert Emmett Elias; born April 10, 1849; justice of the peace, 1901-1922 Hall County, Texas.Sarah Caroline circa 1851
Perry Anderson circa 1854

Siblings
Rev. Moranda Tackitt
Nathaniel Tackitt
<mask> Davis
Sarah Louisa Tackitt Benefield Bewley
Mann Darius Tackitt
Martin Tackitt
Ferby <mask> Smith
The <mask>tt who was killed as a result of the Mountain Meadows massacre was the son of Martin Tackitt. References

Further reading
 Young County: History and Biography, Crouch, Carrie J., Dallas: Dealey and Love, 1937; rev. ed., A History of Young County, Texas, Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1956
 History of Parker County and the Double Log Cabin, Gustavus Adolphus Holland, Weatherford, Texas: Herald, 1931; rpt. 1937
 The Fort Belknap of Yesterday and Today ; Ledbetter, Barbara Neal, 1963
 West Texas Frontier; McConnell, Joseph Carroll, Vol. 1, Jacksboro, Texas, 1933; Vol. 2, Palo Pinto, Texas, 1939
 The Frontier of Northwest Texas, 1846 to 1876; Richardson, Rupert N.; Glendale, California: Clark, 1963

External links

1803 births
1886 deaths
People from Henry County, Kentucky
Members of the Arkansas House of Representatives
Confederate States Army officers
People of Texas in the American Civil War
American Methodist missionaries
Native American history of Texas
Members of the Texas Ranger Division
American Methodist clergy
19th-century Methodist ministers
19th-century American politicians
Methodist missionaries in the United

masks:
Elizabeth Tackitt
Tackitt
Pleasant Tacki


texts:
<mask>n (died circa 950) was a military general during the Five Dynasties period, serving successively the Jin–Later Tang, Later Jin, and Southern Tang dynasties. He was of Tuyuhun ethnicity. <mask> is best known for his 940 revolt against the Later Jin, after which he fled to Southern Tang. Later Jin demolished the Southern Tang force sent to receive him, and from this point on Southern Tang never dared to encroach on Central Plains again. Early life
<mask>n was born in the 880s during the Tang dynasty. Originally a menial servant of the Shatuo general <mask>, <mask>n was described as fearless and skilled in mounted archery. As <mask> served the warlords <mask> and his son <mask>u, <mask>n also fought in battles and won military merits.The Shatuo state, known as Jin after the Tang's collapse in 907, became Later Tang in 923. Under Later Tang
After <mask> became Later Tang's emperor in 926, he appointed <mask>quan military commissioner of Longwu (), seated in Jing Prefecture in the western part of the empire. <mask>n's governance was greedy and oppressive. Following his recall to the capital Luoyang, he presented dozens of horses to <mask> (then renamed <mask>) as a gift, followed by another herd a few days later. This shocked the emperor, who questioned him: "You must suffer from a plentitude of horses. Why else would you offer so many? Moreover, you serve at Jing Prefecture.How would you characterize conditions there? Surely, you do more than merely trade in horses?" <mask>n was too ashamed to reply. <mask>n later governed Henghai (), seated in Cang Prefecture in the northeast. He was again recalled to the capital to command the "Right Guard" of the imperial guards at some point. Under Later Jin
Later Jin replaced Later Tang in 936, and <mask>n retained his position with the

masks:
Li Jinqua
Li
Li Jinqua
Li Siyuan
Li Jinqua
Li Siyuan
Li Keyong
Li Cx
Li Jinqua
Li Siyuan
Li Jin
Li Jinqua
Li Siyuan
Li Dan
Li Jinqua
Li Jinqua
Li Jinqua


texts:
 imperial guards. On 3 September 937, Wang Hui (), director for defense reserves at An Prefecture, assassinated Zhou Gui (), military commissioner of Anyuan ().Anyuan, seated in An Prefecture, was in the southern part of the empire bordering Wu to the southeast. Later Jin's emperor Shi Jingtang, busily fighting the rebellion of Fan Yanguang in the north, could not afford to battle on two fronts. Therefore, he issued a "letter-on-arrow" against slaughtering a single person in Anyuan, while also promising Wang Hui governorship of Tang Prefecture if he surrendered. He then sent <mask>n with a 1000-man cavalry to Anyuan to induce Wang Hui's surrender, and before <mask>'s departure, admonished him: "Do not compromise my credibility!". Indeed, Wang was about to flee to Wu, but he was killed by a subordinate before <mask>n arrived in An Prefecture. <mask> arrested hundreds of mutineers and delivered them back to the capital. As Wang Hui had looted An Prefecture for 3 days, many of his officers acquired large numbers of properties.<mask>n then executed dozens of such officers to appropriate their wealth for himself. One such officer, Wu Kehe (), cried out before his execution: "If you, commander, contravene
imperial rescripts to kill surrendering soldiers, then you may not escape peril yourself!" Even though Shi Jingtang heard about <mask>'s disobedience, he could not do anything. Instead, to appease <mask>, he appointed him military commissioner of Anyuan on 11 October 937. In Anyuan, <mask>n entrusted a greedy and immoral man named Hu Hanyun () with the day-to-day operations of the military and government. After Shi Jingtang heard of Hu Hanyun's excesses, he sent an honest administrator named Jia Renzhao () to Anyuan to replace Hu. Hu was terrified, so he persuaded <mask>n to submit

masks:
Li Jinqua
Li
Li Jinqua
Li
Li Jinqua
Li
Li
Li Jinqua
Li Jingqua


texts: a memorial which claimed that Hu was ill and could not be recalled back to the capital.Pang <mask> (), who hailed from the same hometown as <mask>n, repeated advised <mask> to appoint Jia Renzhao. Hu Hanyun then sent soldiers to massacre Pang <mask>'s entire family. He also poisoned Jia Renzhao to death. Because Hu Hanyun colluded with the flatterer Zhang Wei (), <mask>n knew nothing of his wrongdoings and trusted him more than ever. In summer of 940, Shi Jingtang decided to replace <mask>n with Ma Quanjie (). Knowing Jia Renzhao's sons would file court complaints for their father's murder, Hu Hanyun warned <mask>n of the possible punishment he would also face in the capital: "Formerly, the Son of Heaven summoned me, but you violated imperial orders by refusing to relieve me." <mask>n then prepared to rebel.Having heard the news, on 29 June 940, Shi Jingtang named Ma Quanjie the overall commander of the punitive force against <mask>n. The soldiers of this force came from 12 prefectures. At that time, Wu had already been replaced by Southern Tang, and <mask>n sent Zhang Wei to Southern Tang to offer his surrender. Southern Tang's emperor <mask> then commissioned a 3000-man force under general <mask> () and Duan Chugong () to receive <mask>n from E Prefecture. <mask>n and his hundreds of soldiers surrendered without a problem, and <mask> got hold of his women and wealth as well. Feeling overconfident, <mask> disobeyed <mask>'s orders and plundered An Prefecture, acquiring items of "gold and silk too numerous to count". When the Southern Tang army finally retreated, they were caught up by the Later Jin army.In the bloody two-day battle that followed, Duan Chugong was killed, while <mask> was captured. Ma Quanjie executed <mask> and thousands of Southern Tang soldiers. <mask>n

masks:
Lingtu
Li Jinqua
Li
Lingtu
Li Jingqua
Li Jinqua
Li Jinqua
Li Jinqua
Li Jinqua
Li Jinqua
Li Bian
Li Chengyu
Li Jinqua
Li Jinqua
Li Chengyu
Li Chengyu
Li Bian
Li Chengyu
Li Chengyu
Li Jinqua


texts:
 managed to escape and it was said once he entered Southern Tang territory, he looked north and shed tears. He received a rather cool reception in Southern Tang. Under Southern Tang
Under Southern Tang, <mask>n served as the commander general of Tianwei () and military commissioner of Zhenhai () seated in Run Prefecture. In 947, Later Han succeeded Later Jin (with a short period of Liao dynasty interregnum). In 948, general <mask> (who was under Ma Quanjie's command in 940) rebelled against Later Han in its western parts of the empire and requested help from Southern Tang.General <mask> () volunteered to lead an expeditionary force, but Southern Tang's emperor <mask> considered <mask>n more prestigious, so <mask>n was named the overall commander of the northern expedition army with <mask> assisting him. <mask>n considered <mask>'s forces too far to make any coordinated efforts, and as a result the deployment was permanently postponed, even as reports indicated only hundreds of weak Later Han soldiers guarding the northern garrisons. When other generals suggested advancing, <mask>n said, "Whoever mentions advancing will be executed!" It turned out that there was indeed an ambush by Later Han, and when the other generals learned of this that evening, they began to respect <mask>n. A month later, <mask>n was recalled and sent to Hai Prefecture. Subsequently he received other major posts, until his death in 950 in the Southern Tang capital of Jinling. Notes and references

9th-century births
950s deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain
People from North China
Later Tang jiedushi of Zhangyi Circuit
Later Tang jiedushi of Henghai Circuit
Later Jin (Five Dynasties) jiedushi of Anyuan Circuit
Southern Tang jiedushi of Zhenhai Circuit
Southern Tang jiedushi of Yicheng

masks:
Li Jinqua
Li Shouzhen
Liu Yanzhen
Li Jing
Li Jinqua
Li Jinqua
Liu Yanzhen
Li Jinqua
Li Shouzhen
Li Jinqua
Li Jinqua
Li Jinqua


texts:
<mask> (; born October 9, 1945, missing since April 15, 2005) was an American lawyer who served as the district attorney of Centre County, Pennsylvania, from 1985 until 2005. On April 15, 2005, Gricar went missing under mysterious circumstances and has not been heard from since. After he had been missing for over six years with no trace of his whereabouts, Centre County authorities declared Gricar legally dead on July 25, 2011. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, <mask> received his Juris Doctor degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Law and began his career as a prosecutor for Cuyahoga County. He moved to State College, Pennsylvania, around 1980 and, after a brief stint as an assistant district attorney, was elected district attorney of Centre County in 1985. He was re-elected four times before announcing that he would not run for re-election in the 2005 campaign. Gricar was reported missing to authorities after failing to return home from a road trip.His car was found in Lewisburg with his cell phone inside, and at a later date his laptop computer and the laptop's hard drive was found in the adjacent Susquehanna River. The hard drive was found in a different location of the river than the laptop was found, which indicated that the hard drive was removed before the laptop was tossed into the river. No further trace of Gricar has been found. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and grew up in the city's Collinwood neighborhood. He attended high school at the Gilmour Academy, a prestigious Catholic school in Gates Mills, and enrolled at the University of Dayton (UD), where he became interested in studying law after working as an intern for the prosecutor's office. After graduating, Gricar moved back to Cleveland to study law at Case Western Reserve University School of Law. He obtained his Juris Doctor

masks:
Ray Frank Gricar
Gricar
Ray Gricar


texts:
 and subsequently took a job as a prosecutor for Cuyahoga County, specializing in prosecuting cases of rape and murder.In 1980, Gricar moved to State College, Pennsylvania, where his wife had taken a job at Pennsylvania State University (or Penn State). He opted to become a stay-at-home dad to his young daughter following the move. However, Centre County District Attorney David E. Grine offered Gricar an assistant position, which he accepted. In 1985, the incumbent district attorney, Robert Mix (Grine's successor), chose not to run for re-election, and Gricar ran for the open position. He won the election by a margin of 600 votes. Gricar's office was part-time when he was elected, and he successfully campaigned to make it full-time in 1996. He was re-elected in 1989, 1993, 1997, and 2001.During his tenure, in 1998, Gricar declined to press charges against longtime Penn State assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky following allegations of child sexual abuse; Sandusky was charged and convicted of multiple counts of sexual abuse thirteen years later. In 2004, Gricar announced he would not run for re-election and would retire from practicing law altogether in December 2005, shortly after his 60th birthday. Personal life
Gricar met Barbara Gray during his undergraduate study at UD. She moved to Cleveland with him after graduation and they married in 1969. They adopted a baby girl, Lara, in 1978. <mask> and <mask> divorced in 1991; <mask> married again in 1996, but divorced in 2001. In 2002 or 2003, Gricar moved in with his girlfriend Patty Fornicola, an employee of the Centre County District Attorney's office.He was living with Fornicola in her childhood home in Bellefonte at the time of his disappearance. Gricar's older brother Roy disappeared from his West Chester, Ohio, home in May 1996. His body was found a week later in the

masks:
Ray
Barbara Gricar
Ray


texts:
 Great Miami River; authorities ruled his death a suicide. Disappearance
At 11:30 a.m. (EDT) on April 15, 2005, Gricar called Fornicola to inform her that he was driving through the Brush Valley area northeast of Centre Hall. Gricar failed to return home, and late that evening, Fornicola reported him missing. The following day, investigators identified Gricar's red Mini Cooper in the parking lot of an antique store in Lewisburg. The car contained his county-issued cell phone but not his laptop computer, keys, or wallet.Investigators identified no signs of foul play. Police and family members noted that the location of the vehicle, adjacent to two bridges over the Susquehanna River, bore some similarities to the location of the vehicle of Gricar's older brother Roy when he committed suicide in 1996. In the days following the discovery of Gricar's vehicle, authorities searched the river and its banks but found no sign of him. Police also noted that a sniffer dog's behavior around where Gricar's car was found suggested that he might have gotten into another vehicle with someone else. Pennsylvania authorities asked the FBI to analyze Gricar's bank accounts, credit card records, and cell phone records, but found no clues as to where he may have been. On July 30, fishermen discovered Gricar's county-issued laptop in the Susquehanna River beneath a bridge between Lewisburg and Milton, but its hard drive was missing. Divers searched the area of the river near where it was found over the next several days, but found nothing else.Two months later, someone recovered a hard drive on the banks of the Susquehanna River about  from the location of the laptop, and investigators hypothesized that it had come from his computer; however, it was badly damaged, and analysis by the FBI, the U.S. Secret Service, and the data-recovery firm Kroll


texts:
 Ontrack failed to recover anything from it. In April 2009, Bellefonte police revealed that before Gricar's disappearance, someone had used the home computer at the residence he shared with Fornicola to perform internet searches on topics such as "how to wreck a hard drive", "how to fry a hard drive" and "water damage to a notebook computer". In June 2011, Gricar's daughter Lara, who was trustee of his estate, petitioned Centre County to declare him dead. County President Judge David E. Grine declared him "dead in absentia" on July 25, 2011. The following day, police in Utah arrested on a misdemeanor charge a man resembling Gricar, who refused to reveal his identity. This "John Doe" resembled Gricar in height and weight, lips, and even some wrinkles, and the similarities led to speculation that Gricar had been found. Centre County authorities sent copies of Gricar's fingerprints to Utah, but they did not match.Authorities eventually identified the man. Theories
There are three main theories as to what happened to Gricar. The primary theory is he committed suicide just as his brother had done, something supported by the similarities between the two cases. Police working on the case believed this theory to be most likely, although his family did not believe this. Although Gricar was a poor swimmer, he had no medical history of depression or of suicidal thoughts. He was also reportedly looking forward to his upcoming retirement. The second theory is foul play.Early on it was suggested that <mask>'s disappearance might be linked to the unsolved death of Jonathan Luna, an Assistant U.S. Attorney who was found dead in a Lancaster County creek in December 2003. Gricar had recently been involved in a police operation busting a heroin dealing ring, and the criminals concerned were investigated for any links to his disappearance, but none


texts:
 were found. Suggestions were also made that Gricar's decision to decline to prosecute Sandusky for alleged child sexual abuse might be linked to his disappearance. Gricar's own family came under suspicion: both his girlfriend and his stepdaughter were asked to take polygraphs by the police, which they both passed. The third theory is that Gricar wished to start a new life and therefore engineered his disappearance. He allegedly expressed interest in the case of a Cleveland police chief who had disappeared in order to start a new life. Multiple sightings of Gricar were reported after his disappearance, most notably in a bar in Wilkes-Barre, where both the bartender and an off-duty police officer claimed to have seen him watching a baseball game.It has also been suggested that Gricar may have taken off to central Europe; he was semi-fluent in Russian and fluent in Slovenian. He had relatives in Slovenia and had made trips to this region of the world in the past. In popular culture
Gricar's disappearance was the subject of television documentary programs, including episodes of Haunting Evidence on Court TV in June 2006, Disappeared on Investigation Discovery in February 2011,  news magazine Dateline NBC in December 2011, and an episode of Crime Junkie podcast in January 2020. An episode of the drama Without a Trace on CBS referred to the case. See also
List of people who disappeared

References

External links
FBI Missing Persons Listing
Missing Persons: <mask><mask> at America's Most Wanted
<mask>r special section at Centre Daily Times
<mask>r mystery

1945 births
2000s missing person cases
Case Western Reserve University School of Law alumni
Missing people
Missing person cases in Pennsylvania
County district attorneys in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Republicans
People declared dead in absentia
Lawyers from Cleveland
University of

masks:
Ray F
. Gricar
Ray Grica
Ray Grica


texts:
<mask> (born March 25, 1995) is an American football quarterback for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football at South Florida and Western Kentucky, he was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fifth round of the 2018 NFL Draft. Early years
<mask> attended NSU University School in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He did not become a starter at quarterback until his senior season, passing for 2,201 yards, 22 touchdowns and two interceptions and led his team to victory in the 3A state championship. He was named Class 3A Florida Player of the Year. He committed to the University of South Florida (USF) to play college football. <mask> was also a highly regarded baseball pitcher.He had a 9-2 win-loss record with a 0.43 earned run average and received All-Broward County honors as a junior. College career

South Florida
White started five games as a true freshman at South Florida in 2013, but struggled, only completing 93 of 175 passes for 1,083 yards with three touchdowns and 9 interceptions. Prior to his sophomore season in 2014, he was named the starting quarterback. In 10 starts, he completed 122 of 242 passes for 1,639 yards, eight touchdowns, and seven interceptions. Western Kentucky
In 2015, <mask> transferred to Western Kentucky University after South Florida head coach Willie Taggart switched from a pro-style attack to a spread offense. He missed the entire 2015 season due to NCAA transfer rules. <mask> was named the starting quarterback to open the 2016 season, taking over after Brandon Doughty had left for the NFL Draft.He started all 14 games, completing

masks:
Mike White
White
White
White
White


texts:
 280 of 416 passes for 4,363 yards with 37 touchdowns and seven interceptions. He compiled impressive stats despite sitting out in the second halves of different games. He returned as the starter his senior year in 2017, completing 368 of 560 passes for 4,177 yards, 26 touchdowns, and eight interceptions. College statistics

Professional career
On November 30, 2017, it was announced that <mask> had accepted his invitation to play in the 2018 Senior Bowl. On January 27, 2018, <mask> completed 8 of 11 pass attempts for 128-yards and two touchdowns as part of Houston Texans head coach Bill O'Brien's South team that defeated the North 45–16 in the 2018 Reese's Senior Bowl. <mask> significantly helped his draft stock with his Senior Bowl performance. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis and completed all of the combine and positional drills.His draft rise was hampered by his overall performance after he put up some of the lowest marks among all quarterbacks in combine drills. On March 30, 2018, <mask> participated at Western Kentucky's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional and passing drills. He attended a pre-draft visits with the Indianapolis Colts, Tennessee Titans, and Miami Dolphins and also performed a private workout for the New England Patriots. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a third or fourth round pick by the majority of NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the eighth best quarterback prospect in the draft by DraftScout.com and was ranked the ninth best quarterback by Scouts Inc.

Dallas

masks: White White White White White


texts:
 Cowboys
The Dallas Cowboys selected <mask> in the fifth round (171st overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. <mask> was the eighth quarterback drafted in 2018. He became the second Western Kentucky quarterback to be drafted into the NFL and surpassed Brandon Doughty (2016) as the highest drafted quarterback from Western Kentucky.On May 12, 2018, the Dallas Cowboys signed <mask> to a four-year, $2.67 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $217,553. He made the team as the third-string quarterback. In 2019, he was given the opportunity to compete during the preseason for the backup job behind Dak Prescott. On August 31, <mask> was waived after the team decided to carry just two quarterbacks on the regular season roster. The Cowboys opted not to add him to the practice squad, choosing instead to sign rookie quarterback Clayton Thorson. New York Jets
On September 25, 2019, <mask> was signed to the New York Jets practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Jets on December 30, 2019.On September 5, 2020, <mask> was waived by the Jets and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on September 12, 2020. He was waived on October 1, 2020, and re-signed to the practice squad four days later. He was elevated to the active roster on October 10 and October 17 for the team's weeks 5 and 6 games against the Arizona Cardinals and Miami Dolphins, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. He was promoted to the active roster on November 9. He was waived again on November 10, and re-signed to the practice squad again the next day. He was promoted to the

masks: White White White White White White


texts:
 active roster again on November 21.He was waived again on November 23, and re-signed to the practice squad again the next day. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Jets on January 4, 2021. After an injury to starting quarterback Zach Wilson early in the 2nd quarter of a Week 7 matchup against the New England Patriots, <mask> made his regular season debut. He immediately moved the Jets into the endzone with a touchdown pass to Corey Davis. Early in the 3rd quarter, he led another touchdown drive, but the Jets missed the two point conversion which would have made it a two score game. From there, the Patriots ran away with it as <mask> finished the game with 202 passing yards, one touchdown, and 2 interceptions in the 54–13 loss. With Wilson still injured, he made his first career start against the Cincinnati Bengals on October 31, 2021.<mask> briefly left due to a head injury but returned, finishing the game completing 37 of 45 passes for 405 yards, 3 touchdowns, and 2 interceptions as the Jets won 34–31. He was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance. He became the first Jets quarterback since Vinny Testaverde in 2000 to throw for 400+ yards and the first quarterback in the NFL to do so in his first career start since Cam Newton. NFL career statistics

References

External links

 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers bio

1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Pembroke Pines, Florida
Players of American football from Florida
American football quarterbacks
South Florida Bulls football players
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football players
Dallas Cowboys players
New York Jets

masks: White White White


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<mask>, OBE, FRGS (born ) is the first person to walk to both Poles. He was born on 28 July 1956 in Durham, England, and attended Aysgarth School and then Sedbergh School (1969–1974) before completing a BA degree in Ancient History (1976–1979) at St Chad's College, Durham University. He is currently an advocate for the protection of Antarctica and renewable energy. <mask> is also the founder of 2041, a company which is dedicated to the preservation of the Antarctic and the author with Gil Reavill of Antarctica 2041: My Quest to Save the Earth's Last Wilderness. In November 2017, <mask> undertook the South Pole Energy Challenge, the first expedition of its kind: a 600-mile journey to the South Pole with his son <mask>, surviving solely using renewable energy. South Pole: "In the Footsteps of Scott" (1984–1987)

Southern Quest set sail on 3 November 1984 to travel the  to Antarctica. The expedition stopped over in Lyttelton, New Zealand, to meet Bill Burton, who at 96 years old was the last surviving member of Scott's expedition in 1912.<mask>'s initial Antarctic expedition was thus officially dubbed "In the Footsteps of Scott". Upon arrival on the frozen continent, <mask> and his team spent the Antarctic winter at the Jack Hayward Base with colleagues John Tolson and Dr. Michael Stroud. When the winter had passed, <mask>, Roger Mear and Gareth Wood set out to walk  to the South Pole. They arrived at the South Pole on 11 January 1986, after 70 days without the aid of any radio communications or back-up support and having hauled  sledges. <mask>'s team had achieved the longest unassisted march ever made in history. Once at the pole, they received the bad news that their ship, Southern Quest, had been crushed by pack ice and had sunk, just minutes before they arrived. There was much criticism of the adventure from the scientists working in Antarctica as time and money had to be spent in flying some of the party back out to New Zealand.However, <mask> returned in 1987 with a ship to collect the rest of the team at Jack

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Robert Charles Swan
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Barney Swan
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 Hayward Base and to remove all traces of his expedition, i.e., rubbish and remaining stores. North Pole: "Icewalk" (1987–1989)

Three years after reaching the South Pole, <mask> assembled a team of eight people from seven nations for an attempt at the North Pole. The Icewalk expedition team consisted of: Dr. Misha Malakhov from Russia, Rupert Summerson of the UK, Graeme Joy of Australia, Arved Fuchs of Germany, Hiroshi Onishi from Japan, Angus Cockney of the Inuit, and Daryl E<mask> of the US. The expedition was called "Icewalk". Icewalk's base camp held 22 representatives from 15 nations, with the US represented by Mike Doyle and photojournalist Michael Forster Rothbart. They produced a series of educational films there and facilitated the removal of rubbish from the surrounding Arctic wilderness. <mask> and his team reached the North Pole on 14 May 1989.The team nearly drowned during their expedition due to the unseasonable melting of Arctic ice. Their journey made <mask> the first man to walk to both the North and South Poles, unassisted. Cleaning up 1500 tons of waste from Antarctica
In 1992, <mask> was invited by the United Nations to be a keynote speaker to the first Earth Summit for Sustainable Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In response to the world leaders' challenge to "think global act local", <mask> made a commitment to deliver a global and local environmental mission involving industry, business, and young people to the next World Summit in 2002. In 1996–97, he organised One Step Beyond, The South Pole Challenge, which brought 35 young adventurers from 25 nations together in Antarctica. They came together to define the global mission that <mask> had been tasked with at the Earth Summit. The mission was to remove and recycle 1,500 tons of waste that had been left at Bellingshausen station in Antarctica after decades of scientific research.The team worked for eight years to raise the money, plan, and execute the mission. The rubbish at the Russian base of Bellingshausen, King George Island,

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. Roberts
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 was finally cleared and the native penguins reclaimed their beach for the first time in 47 years. The 2041 Yacht: from Earth Summit to World Summit to Rio
Swan's 67' foot racing yacht 2041 was named after the year in which the 'Madrid Protocol' comes up for debate. The protocol, signed by nearly every nation, provides additional protection for the Antarctic Treaty and designates the continent as "a Natural Reserve Land for Science and Peace". It also places a ban on mining and mineral exploration in Antarctica for 50 years (1991–2041). In 2002, <mask> and his 2041 sailboat embarked on the longest overland voyage in history. The voyage's destination was the 2002 World Summit for Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa.<mask> partnered with loveLife – a charity battling AIDS in South Africa. The voyage reached out to over 750,000 young people across South Africa. During the World Summit, the 'Ice Station' exhibit was visited by 128 world leaders and 35,000 visitors, including 12,000 young people. It was awarded first prize for outstanding contribution to the World Summit. The Cape to Rio Yacht Race, January–April 2003
As the first step to the 2012 World Summit, <mask> brought a team of young African leaders on 2041 for the Cape to Rio Yacht Race. The Circumnavigation of Africa, May 2003 – May 2004
Returning from the Rio, the yacht embarked on "The Circumnavigation of Africa". The voyage promoted AIDS awareness, water saving, and recycling whilst visiting over 30 ports.Along the route, communities came out in force to participate in clean-up projects with the aim of improving their immediate environment. Three young men from loveLife were chosen by <mask> to become the first African crew in history to circumnavigate their own continent. The Sydney Hobart Yacht Race, December 2004 – January 2005
Continuing on her journey towards the 2012 World Summit, <mask> entered sailboat 2041 in the Sydney Hobart Yacht Race with the world's first sails made entirely from recycled plastic (PET) bottles. 2041 was

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 crewed by industry leaders and teachers selected for their outstanding inspiration for young people. The sailboat finished 24th in the race. <mask> was once again charged by the world leaders to continue his mission and report back at the next World Summit for Sustainable Development, ten years later, in 2012. The E-base and the Voyage for Cleaner Energy, 2008–2012

"The E-base Goes Live", March 2008
Powered entirely on renewable energy, <mask> and a small team lived and sent broadcasts from the E-base via the internet for two weeks.It was the first time in history that a team had attempted to survive in Antarctica relying solely on renewable energy. Their mission was successful, and the team departed the continent after the allotted two weeks in good health. The Voyage for Cleaner Energy, April 2008–2012
On 8 April 2008, the Voyage for Cleaner Energy and 2041 sailboat launched from San Francisco, California. 2041 was refitted to operate entirely on wind, solar, and biodiesel generated energy. 2041 and <mask> engaged in a multi-city tour of the West Coast of the US to highlight renewable energy and engage the youth of the world to take positive steps toward renewable, sustainable energy practices. 8 April 2008 was officially deemed "Robert Swan Day" in San Francisco at the bequest of Mayor Gavin Newsom. '2041' and Inspire Antarctic Expeditions (2003–present)

International Antarctic Expeditions, 2003–2021
After 23 years of sustainable leadership and teamwork experience, <mask> led the first corporate expedition to Antarctica in 2003.The expedition members witnessed firsthand the effects of climate change in Antarctica. They were tasked by <mask> to become leaders in sustainability upon their return home. The purpose of these Antarctic expeditions is to engage and inspire the next generation of leaders to take responsibility to build resilient communities and in doing so, preserve Antarctica. They continue on an annual basis, with the next one in November 2021. In the year 2041, the Protocol on Environmental


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 Protection to the Antarctic Treaty could potentially be modified or amended. On the 2018 International Antarctic Expedition Team Zayed (Mariam Al Qassimi, Rashed Al Zaabi and Winston Cowie) representing the Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi and Dr Jane Goodall lit up the Antarctic sky with a solar light show, writing a message in solar lights to the world on climate change and plastic. The solar light show, with <mask> and his son Barney present, inspired the award-winning documentary Zayed's Antarctic Lights.Climate Force Challenge (2017 to 2025)
The goal of the Climate Force (CF) challenge is to reduce 360 million tonnes of  before the year 2025. Working directly with businesses, communities, and students to promote sustainable development, <mask> and his son Barney continue to manage expeditions as a platform to accelerate impact. South Pole Energy Challenge: Nov 12th, 2017 – Jan 15th, 2018

IAE Antarctica '18: Feb  27th – March 12th, 2018

Mt. Kilimanjaro '19: Feb  28th – March 10th, 2019

Arctic '19: June  15th – 25th, 2019

Last Degree: January 1st – 15th 2020

Throughout these expeditions, <mask> works directly with industry leaders, educators, sponsors, artists, foundations, and outreach programs to give people the tools to create action positive impact on both personal, and infrastructure levels. South Pole Energy Challenge, and Last 300 Expeditions
In November 2017, <mask> undertook another expedition to the South Pole with his son Barney, on a mission known as the South Pole Energy Challenge (SPEC). This father and son team set out to ski a 600-mile journey surviving solely on renewable energy, a first in polar-exploration. Carrying everything on their sledges, they used NASA designed solar ice melters, biofuels made from waste, lithium batteries, and passive solar flasks for survival.Additionally, they planted 2,000 trees to make the logistics and operations of the expedition carbon positive. In January 2022, <mask> will undertake a mission to complete his 35 year old goal of crossing the entire

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<mask> is an American musician, composer, producer, vocalist, bandleader, arranger, performer, music educator, and guest lecturer. Proficient at various wind instruments, including the trumpet, pocket trumpet, bass trumpet, and flugelhorn, Purse has performed with many well known artists, such as Lester Bowie, Amy Winehouse, Jennifer Hudson, Alicia Keys, Faith Evans, Nas, Leona Lewis, and Johnny Kemp. He has also assembled large ensembles from a 11-piece bands to 30 piece orchestras, including his premiere ensemble called <mask> and the Pocketbooks. The band performs originals in various genres such as; jazz, reggae, R&B, and heavy blues. Purse describes himself as a sound mentalist. A mentalist practices Mentalism one who creates sound vibrations, music, and frequencies that create music. He creates music acoustically and digitally.In addition, he writes stories and plays. Purse is the president of bcpurse music. Early life
Purse was born in Birmingham, Alabama. He grew up listening to music on the radio, television, and in church. <mask> was exposed to gospel music, jazz, spirituals, rhythm and blues, and country music. He moved to St Louis as an adolescent. <mask> was introduced to the trumpet and instrumental music at an assembly performance at his Middle School in St Louis, Missouri.Purse started at an early age in his teens at Sumner High School in St. Louis, Missouri with William Paul Overbey. He attended Southern Illinois University Edwardsville for his Baccalaureate Degree. He completed Masters work at Columbia University, ultimately receiving his Master's degree from Lehman College in music education in New York City. One of his earliest influences in music growing up was Louis Armstrong, who he heard on the radio and television

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 and who inspired his fascination with the trumpet. Career
Purse has performed as musician with Lester Bowie's Brass Fantasy. His band called <mask> and the Pocketbooks and other ensembles such as his 11-piece big band with members that has included Vincent Henry, Tyrone Jefferson, Bob Stewart (musician), Lonnie Plaxico, and Frank Lacy. He has written, arranged and performed for Amy Winehouse, Johnny Kemp, Peter Brown, Arthur Blythe, Alicia Keys, Craig Harris, Leona Lewis, Faith Evans, Mary J. Blige, Olu Dara, Stanton Davis, Malachi Thompson, Noel Pointer, Melba Moore, Youssou N'Dour, P-Diddy, Heavy D, Erica Badu, Zap Mama, Garland Jeffreys, Toots & the Maytals, Sybil (singer), Nas, Alison Hinds, Anthony Hamilton (musician), Pete Brown, Stanton Davis, Vincent Chancey, Steve Turre, Phillip Wilson, Salaam Remi, Joseph Bowie, Henry Threadgill, Julius Hemphill, The Blind Boys of Alabama.He has composed for the anthologies for the Art Ensemble of Chicago. <mask> is a music educator and guest lecturer. He has been an artist-in-residence with the New York City Board of Education, with Lincoln Center Jazz with Wynton Marsalis, LaGuardia Performing Arts High School, New School for Social Research, and the Harlem School of the Arts. In 2018, <mask> portrayed himself in the Classic Albums (TV Series documentary) Amy Winehouse: Back to Black. In 2016, Purse wrote the play "The Band Room" about his musical educational experience at Sumner High School, in St. Louis, Mo. His teachers were William Paul Overbey and Ken Billups. The play was produced and directed by the Susan Watson Turner, and performed at Lehman College, in the Bronx, New York City.The play takes place in the late 1968 in St. Louis during the Civil Rights Movement. In 2019, <mask>

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 composed and produced the music for the narrative film entitled Rapid Deployment 'We Belong Network'. It was screened in 2019 at the Black International Cinema in Berlin, Germany. He is a member of American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers known as ASCAP. Instruments
Trumpet, pocket trumpet, flugel horn, baritone horn, bass trumpet, French horn

Discography

As a composer, producer, arranger & musician
 2018	The Art Ensemble of Chicago and Associated Ensembles
 2017	Elaborations/Light Blue: Arthur Blythe Plays Thelonious Monk
 2005	Just Got Paid - Johnny Kemp
 2001 Up Close and Personal; Angie Martinez Guitar, Horn, Keyboards, Horn Arrangements, Keyboard Arrangements, Guitar Arrangements
 2000	Privacy	Ophélie Winter	Producer
 1998	Logic Pride, Vol. 1
 1990	Vincent	Vincent Henry
 1990	Thirsty	Janice Dempsey
 1990	My Way	Lester Bowie
 1999	Inside My Mind	DJ Ernie
 1998	Logic Pride, Vol. 1
 1993	Never Lose Your Heart - Noel Pointer
 1993	F Stops	- Craig Harris
 1993	Doin' It Now!Sybil	Producer, Arranger, Composer
 1992	The Fire This Time - Lester Bowie's Brass Fantasy
 1987	Secrets of Flying - Johnny Kemp	Producer, Arranger, Trumpet, Keyboards, Programming, Horn Arrangements, String Arrangements, Composer
 1987	Pale Fire - Alithea / Gust William Tsilis
 1996	Lay Down - Nalini; Producer, Programming
 1996	Case -	Case Case (singer)
 1987	Secrets of Flying - Johnny Kemp	Producer, Arranger, Trumpet, Keyboards, Programming, Horn Arrangements, String Arrangements
 1985	I Only Have Eyes for You - Lester Bowie's Brass Fantasy	- Trumpet

Side man
 2015	Amy Winehouse [The Original Soundtrack]: instruments - Trumpet, Flugel horn, Trumpet, Trumpet (Bass)
 2012	The Album Collection: Amy Winehouse; instruments -  Flugel horn, Horn


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 (Baritone), Trumpet, Trumpet (Bass)
 2011	Lioness: Hidden Treasures: Amy Winehouse; Trumpet
 2011	It's Not the Same: Liam Bailey; Trumpet
 2011	I Remember Me: Jennifer Hudson; Bass, Trumpet
 2011	Back to Love: Anthony Hamilton; Flugel horn, Trumpet
 2010	Mind, Body & Soul/The Soul Sessions: Joss Stone; Flugel horn, Trumpet
 2009	Got the Bug, Vol. 2 : Bugz in the Attic; Flugel horn, Trumpet, Trumpet (Bass)
 2009	2 Sides of My Heart, Vol. "It is Inspirational, Calming, Meditative, Promotes Inner peace, and the Healing Arts of Health and Wellness. I use the Sounds of Musical Storytelling by Engaging Global Digital Expressions of New Jazz, World Beat Music, Organic Digital Dance, and Peacefulness with Silence. This Opens the Door to a New World of Sound Mentalisms such as Rhythm and Blues,New Age, Electronic Music, Ambient, Electroacoustic, Intelligent Dance Music,Blues, and Classical Symphonic Digital Music". --Bruce Purse

See also
All Music discography and credits
 The Indie Artists Jukebox Interview with Bruce Purse
 Discography Bruce Purse
 Bruce Purse Videos

References

African-American jazz composers
20th-century jazz composers
Living people
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century jazz composers
21st-century American musicians
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz composers
American jazz composers
20th-century African-American musicians
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century American composers
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
American male jazz musicians
People from Birmingham, Alabama
People from St. Louis
People from New York City
Musicians from St. Louis
Year of birth missing (living people)
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
21st-century African-American


texts: <mask> (born October 26, 1977) is an American writer and conservative commentator. He is an on-air contributor for CNN, and writes for CNN.com, USA Today, and the Los Angeles Times. President Bush appointed <mask> to the position of special assistant to the president and deputy director of political affairs in February 2006. <mask> had previously served as executive director of the Bush-Cheney campaign in New Mexico in 2004, and as a staff member of the Bush-Cheney campaign in Kentucky in 2000. <mask> is a founding partner of RunSwitch Public Relations, Kentucky's largest public relations and public affairs firm since 2013. He has been writing a regular column for the Louisville Courier-Journal since 2013, and was signed as an on-air contributor by CNN in 2017. He is routinely cited as an adviser to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell in news publications, and was part of McConnell's campaigns for the U.S. Senate in 2002, 2008, and 2014.He joined the LA Times as a columnist in 2019. <mask> is on the speaking circuit, briefing groups on the political landscape and taking part in panel discussions. He was a Resident Fellow at Harvard's Institute of Politics in 2018, and became an Adjunct Lecturer in the Harvard Kennedy School of Government in 2019. He is also heard frequently on NPR's Morning Edition as a conservative political analyst. <mask> is a native of Dawson Springs, Kentucky and graduated from high school there in 1996. He was a Coca-Cola National Scholar and featured in their Foundation's magazine in 2006. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Louisville in 2000 where he was a McConnell Scholar.While a student at the University of Louisville, <mask>  was a news anchor and reporter for WHAS Radio. While at WHAS, <mask> won an award from the Associated Press for a series on the plight of the homeless living in downtown

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 Louisville. <mask> is married to Autumn Stiff <mask>, of Whitesville, Kentucky. They have four children, and live in Prospect, Kentucky. Career
<mask> served as political director for President Bush's 2000 Kentucky campaign, Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) in his 2002 re-election campaign, Gov. Ernie Fletcher in his 2003 campaign, and managed President Bush's campaign in New Mexico in 2004, before joining the White House. New Mexico was one of only two states to flip from blue to red in between 2000 and 2004; the other was Iowa.He served as associate director in the Office of Political Affairs at the White House before being named special assistant to the president in October 2005. After leaving the White House, <mask> became Director of Strategic Development and Senior Strategist for Peritus Public Relations in Louisville, KY, before co-founding RunSwitch PR in Louisville in 2012. <mask> is frequently quoted by media outlets as a political analyst. During the 2016 presidential election, he appeared frequently on the Fox News Channel and other outlets as a commentator discussing polling and the political news of the day. In 2017, <mask> joined CNN as an on-air contributor. He has made hundreds of appearances on the network on AC360 with Anderson Cooper, The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN Tonight with Don Lemon and other programs. Bush 2004 Campaign in New Mexico
After losing New Mexico to Al Gore in 2000 by just 366 votes, President Bush's reelection campaign dispatched <mask> to manage its operations there.<mask> arrived in early 2004 to find a divided state Republican Party. Shortly after his arrival, the state party chairman, State Senator Ramsay Gorham, resigned both her chairmanship and legislative seat and moved out of the state. <mask> and Republican Party counterpart Jay McCleskey set about repairing the damaged party, recruiting 15,000 volunteers

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Jennings
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Scott Jennings
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 to execute a grassroots strategy that relied heavily on peer-to-peer, coalition-based activity. The Democratic establishment spent millions of dollars in the state through the Kerry for President Campaign, the state Democratic Party, and through a host of third-party organizations such as American Coming Together and Moveon.org. Bush won the New Mexico election by 5,988 votes, making it one of the closest states in the nation. Along with only Iowa, New Mexico flipped from Democrat to Republican between 2000 and 2004. Political Operations in Kentucky
Between 2000 and 2003, <mask> directed the political operations for George W. Bush's presidential campaign, Senator Mitch McConnell's reelection campaign, and Ernie Fletcher's gubernatorial campaign.Bush defeated Al Gore in Kentucky, a state Bill Clinton won twice, with 56.5%, McConnell set a record by scoring 65 percent in his campaign, and Fletcher became the first Republican governor in Kentucky in over 30 years by winning 55 percent of the vote. <mask> resumed his work in Kentucky in 2008, helping U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell, Congressman Brett Guthrie, and state legislative Republicans win their races. In 2019, <mask> made television and radio ads for Attorney General Daniel Cameron, the first stand-alone African-American candidate to win statewide office in Kentucky. GSA Hatch Act Inquiry
In 2007, <mask> was mentioned in an inquiry into the politicization of the General Services Administration (GSA). At a Congressional hearing, witnesses testified that on January 26, 2007, <mask> was present at a meeting where GSA Administrator Lurita Doan "joined in a video conference earlier this year with top GSA political appointees, who discussed ways to help Republican candidates." On April 23, 2007, the U.S. Office of Special Counsel (OSC) announced it was investigating the January video conference, to look

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 at whether the political dealings of the White House had violated the Hatch Act.While the OSC found that Doan violated the Hatch Act, Elaine Kaplan, Special Counsel during the Clinton Administration, said that "nothing in the OSC's investigative report suggests that anything improper had occurred before Doan initiated the discussion." <mask>' presentation was similar in nature to several others disclosed by the White House. Special Counsel <mask> told the Washington Post, "Political forecasts, just generally . . . I do not regard as illegal political activity." White House Deputy Press Secretary Dana Perino described the briefings to reporters: "It's not unlawful and it wasn't unusual for informational briefings to be given. There is no prohibition under the Hatch Act of allowing political appointees to talk to other political appointees about the political landscape in which they are trying to advance the president's agenda."Dismissal of United States Attorneys Controversy

<mask> was involved in the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy in early 2007 testifying on August 2, 2007, before the Judiciary Committee. He invoked executive privilege and refusing to answer most questions. Subsequently published e-mails reflect that <mask> was directly involved in the firing of New Mexico US Attorney David Iglesias, writing in one e-mail to a White House staffer, "Iglesias has done nothing," and to another, "We are getting killed out there," adding that the White House "move forward with getting rid of the NM USATTY." White House and RNC Email Accounts

In the months leading up to the  controversy around dismissal of United States attorneys, <mask> communicated with Justice Department officials "concerning the appointment of Tim Griffin, a former Karl Rove aide, as U.S. attorney in Little Rock, according to e-mails released [in March, 2007]. For that

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Jennings
Scott Bloch
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 exchange, <mask>, although working at the White House, used an e-mail account registered to the Republican National Committee (RNC), where Griffin had worked as a political opposition researcher." Involvement in 2014 U.S. Senate Election in Kentucky
<mask> ran a super PAC known as Kentuckians for Strong Leadership that supported the re-election of Mitch McConnell during the 2014 U.S. Senate election in Kentucky. In July 2014, <mask> told WFPL "I think the party is coming together just fine and I don't detect any problems for McConnell on GOP unity."During the race, <mask> was profiled in The New Yorker magazine, which dubbed him "the master of attack." After the race, Kentucky political news show "Pure Politics" interviewed <mask> and said that he had "shaped the race in McConnell's favor." Involvement in 2016 Kentucky State Legislative Races
In 2016, <mask>' super PAC, Kentuckians for Strong Leadership (KSL), sought to help Republicans gain control of the Kentucky state House of Representatives. KSL spent $2 million on 19 legislative races as the GOP went from a 53-47 minority to a 64-36 super majority. "Pure Politics" credited KSL with helping the GOP achieve its objective. The group created a stir in the closing days of the campaign by sending thousands of Hillary Clinton birthday cards to voters across the state, asking them to "ruin Hillary's birthday" by voting against Clinton and "every Clinton Democrat running." Columnist for Louisville Courier-Journal and Gannet
<mask> became a contributing columnist to the Louisville Courier-Journal in 2013, writing a conservative column that appears every other Wednesday.<mask>'s columns are frequently picked up by Gannett's flagship USA TODAY. In <mask>' columns for the Louisville newspaper, he tackles policy and political issues affecting Kentucky and the nation. In 2018 and 2021, <mask> won a Society

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 of Professional Journalists award for his Courier-Journal writing. <mask>' writing also appears occasionally on RealClearPolitics. CNN
In June 2017, <mask> joined CNN as a political contributor, along with former Clinton campaign manager Robby Mook, former Kasich chief strategist John Weaver, former Virginia attorney general Ken Cuccinelli, Obama national security alum Shawn Turner and Yale Law School associate dean and former FBI special agent Asha Rangappa. Around that, it was reported in various news outlets that he had been offered, but turned down, a senior role in the Trump White House. Harvard's Institute of Politics and Kennedy School of Government
<mask> was named a resident fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics in the Kennedy School of Government for the Spring 2018 semester.He taught a series of seminars on tribalism in American politics, and attracted such guest lecturers to his class as Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and former White House Chief of Staff and RNC Chairman Reince Priebus. In 2019, <mask> returned to Harvard's Kennedy School to serve as an Adjunct Lecturer in Public Policy, teaching a course on modern American political campaigns. Los Angeles Times
<mask> was named an LA Times contributing columnist in the Fall of 2019. His first column for the paper was called "Attitude and Gratitude: Why Republicans Stick with Trump." He also wrote a column heralding Tiger Woods' 2019 Master's win. References

External links
 Biography of <mask> at the website for The Washington Center for Internships and Academic Seminars
 <mask> biography on the RunSwitch Public Relations website

1977 births
Assistants to the President of the United States
CNN people
Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
George W. Bush administration personnel
Kentucky Republicans
Living people
People from Dawson Springs, Kentucky
University of

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<mask>  (20 September 1842 – 27 March 1923) was a British chemist and physicist. He is best known for his invention of the vacuum flask, which he used in conjunction with research into the liquefaction of gases. He also studied atomic and molecular spectroscopy, working in these fields for more than 25 years. Early life
<mask> was born in Kincardine, Perthshire (now in Fife) in 1842, the youngest of six boys of <mask> and <mask>, a vintner. He was educated at Kincardine Parish School and then Dollar Academy. His parents died when he was 15. He attended the University of Edinburgh where he studied chemistry under Lyon Playfair (later Baron Playfair), becoming Playfair's personal assistant.<mask> also studied under August Kekulé at Ghent. Career
In 1875, <mask> was elected Jacksonian professor of natural experimental philosophy at the University of Cambridge, becoming a fellow of Peterhouse. He became a member of the Royal Institution and later, in 1877, replaced Dr John Hall Gladstone in the role of Fullerian Professor of Chemistry. <mask> was also the President of the Chemical Society in 1897 and the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1902, as well as serving on the Royal Commission established to examine London's water supply from 1893 to 1894 and the Committee on Explosives. While serving on the Committee on Explosives, he and Frederick Augustus Abel developed cordite, a smokeless gunpowder alternative. In 1867 <mask> described several chemical formulas for benzene. One of the formulae, which does not represent benzene correctly and was not advocated by <mask>, is sometimes still called Dewar benzene.In 1869 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being his former mentor, Lyon Playfair. His scientific work covers a wide field – his earlier papers cover topics including organic chemistry, hydrogen and its physical constants, high-temperature research, the temperature of the Sun and of the electric spark, spectrophotometry,

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Sir James Dewar
James Dewar
Ann Dewar
Thomas Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar


texts: and the chemistry of the electric arc. With Professor J. G. McKendrick, of the University of Glasgow, he investigated the physiological action of light and examined the changes that take place in the electrical condition of the retina under its influence. With Professor G. D. Liveing, one of his colleagues at the University of Cambridge, he began in 1878 a long series of spectroscopic observations, the later of which were devoted to the spectroscopic examination of various gaseous elements separated from atmospheric air by the aid of low temperatures. He was joined by Professor J. A. Fleming, of University College London, in the investigation of the electrical behaviour of substances cooled to very low temperatures. His name is most widely known in connection with his work on the liquefaction of the so-called permanent gases and his researches at temperatures approaching absolute zero.His interest in this branch of physics and chemistry dates back at least as far as 1874, when he discussed the "Latent Heat of Liquid Gases" before the British Association. In 1878, he devoted a Friday evening lecture at the Royal Institution to the then-recent work of Louis Paul Cailletet and Raoul Pictet, and exhibited for the first time in Great Britain the working of the Cailletet apparatus. Six years later, again at the Royal Institution, he described the researches of Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski, and illustrated for the first time in public the liquefaction of oxygen and air. Soon afterward, he built a machine from which the liquefied gas could be drawn off through a valve for use as a cooling agent, before using the liquid oxygen in research work related to meteorites; about the same time, he also obtained oxygen in the solid state. By 1891, he had designed and built, at the Royal Institution, machinery which yielded liquid oxygen in industrial quantities, and towards the end of that year, he showed that both liquid oxygen and liquid ozone are strongly attracted by


texts: a magnet. About 1892, the idea occurred to him of using vacuum-jacketed vessels for the storage of liquid gases – the Dewar flask (otherwise known as a Thermos or vacuum flask) – the invention for which he became most famous. The vacuum flask was so efficient at keeping heat out, it was found possible to preserve the liquids for comparatively long periods, making an examination of their optical properties possible.<mask> did not profit from the widespread adoption of his vacuum flask – he lost a court case against Thermos concerning the patent for his invention. While <mask> was recognised as the inventor, because he did not patent his invention, there was no way to prevent Thermos from using his design. He next experimented with a high-pressure hydrogen jet by which low temperatures were realised through the Joule–Thomson effect, and the successful results he obtained led him to build at the Royal Institution a large regenerative cooling refrigerating machine. Using this machine in 1898, liquid hydrogen was collected for the first time, solid hydrogen following in 1899. He tried to liquefy the last remaining gas, helium, which condenses into a liquid at −268.9 °C, but owing to a number of factors, including a short supply of helium, <mask> was preceded by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes as the first person to produce liquid helium, in 1908. Onnes would later be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research into the properties of matter at low temperatures – <mask> was nominated several times, but never succeeded in winning the Nobel Prize. In 1905, he began to investigate the gas-absorbing powers of charcoal when cooled to low temperatures and applied his research to the creation of high vacuum, which was used for further experiments in atomic physics.<mask> continued his research work into the properties of elements at low temperatures, specifically low-temperature calorimetry, until the outbreak of World War I. The Royal Institution laboratories lost a number of staff to

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 the war effort, both in fighting and scientific roles, and after the war, <mask> had little interest in restarting the serious research work that went on before the war. Shortages of scholars necessarily compounded the problems. His research during and after the war mainly involved investigating surface tension in soap bubbles, rather than further work into the properties of matter at low temperatures. Family

He married Helen Rose Banks in 1871. They had no children. Helen was sister-in-law to both Charles Dickson, Lord Dickson and <mask> Hamilton Dickson.His nephew, Dr Thomas William <mask> FRSE (1861–1931) was an amateur artist, who painted a portrait of Sir <mask>. He is presumably also the same Thomas William <mask> as mentioned as executor in <mask>'s will, ultimately replaced "unopposed" by <mask>'s wife. Royal Institution Christmas Lectures
<mask> was invited to deliver several Royal Institution Christmas Lectures:
A Soap Bubble (1878)
Atoms (1880)
Alchemy in Relation to Modern Science (1883)
The Story of a Meteorite (1885)
The Chemistry of Light and Photography (1886)
Clouds and Cloudland (1888)
Frost and Fire (1890)
Air: Gaseous and Liquid (1893)
Christmas Lecture Epilogues (1912)

Honours and awards

Whilst <mask> was never recognised by the Swedish Academy, he was recognised by many other institutions both before and after his death, in Britain and overseas. The Royal Society elected him a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1877 and bestowed their Rumford (1894), Davy (1909), and Copley Medal (1916) medals upon him for his work, as well as inviting him to deliver their Bakerian Lecture in 1901. In 1899, he became the first recipient of the Hodgkins gold medal of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, for his contributions to knowledge of the nature and properties of atmospheric air. In 1904, he was the first British subject to receive the Lavoisier Medal of the French Academy of Sciences, and in 1906, he was the first to be awarded the Matteucci Medal of

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Dewar
James Douglas
Dewar
James Dewar
Dewar
James Dewar
Dewar
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 the Italian Society of Sciences. He was knighted in 1904 and awarded the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1900–1904 by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in 1908, he was awarded the Albert Medal of The Society of Arts.A lunar crater was named in his honour. A street within the Kings Buildings complex of the University of Edinburgh was named in memory of <mask> in the early 21st century. Character

<mask>'s irascibility was legendary. Rowlinson (2012) called him "ruthless", particularly with his colleague Siegfried Ruhemann. Selected publications
 , G. D. Living and J<mask>, Cambridge University Press, 1915

Pippard, Brian. 1993. “Siegfried Ruhemann (1859-1943), F.R.S.1914-1923.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 47 (2): 271–76. Rowlinson, Sir J. S. 2012. Sir <mask>, 1842–1923: A Ruthless Chemist. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

See also
Timeline of low-temperature technology
Timeline of hydrogen technologies

References

Further reading

 Bellis, Mary, "Inventors Sir <mask>" from about.com
 Meiklejohn, William, "Tulliallan: Four lads o’ pairts: Sir <mask> (1842–1923)" from the Kincardine Local History Group

 , Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases, Norman W. Henley and Co., New York, 1900, second edition (extensive description of Dewar's work on the liqufaction of gases)

External links

 Fullerian Professorships
 Brief biography from the Royal Institution of Great Britain
 Another brief biography

 Correspondence with H.A. Kamerlingh Onnes, Dewar's competitor in the race to liquid helium. 1842 births
1923 deaths
People from Kincardine, Fife
People educated at Dollar Academy
Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Cordite
Scottish chemists
Scottish inventors
Scottish physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Knights Bachelor
Golders Green Crematorium
Recipients of the Matteucci

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. Dewar
James Dewar
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<mask> of New York was a noted yacht designer and author, and was at one time design editor of the Rudder magazine and a contributing author to Motor Boating magazine. Career
He starting studying yacht design in 1895 with Arthur Binney and later Bowdoin B. Crowninshield, moving on to a partnership with Thomas D. Bowes in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1911. During the first World War he served as a lieutenant commander in the Construction Corps, Naval Reserve. After the war Mower worked either alone or in partnership as Mower and Humphreys Ltd. He was also a chief naval architect at Henry B. Nevins, Inc., at City Island, New York, and in 1937 was associated with the office of Nelson & Reid, Inc. He was also official measurer of the Manhasset Bay Yacht Club, the Cruising Club of America and the New York Yacht Club. Family
His wife was <mask>, who died in August 1967.His son, <mask> <mask>, (Born 12/28/1920 Died 7/31/01) married Jane Stilwell <mask> (Born 4/18/1924 Died 1/8/2001), who was daughter of John Stilwell and niece of Joseph Stilwell, the noted WWII general. His grand children are Mildred Pastula 11/06/1954 to present and <mask> Mower 05/29/1950 to 1/1/1976. Surviving Work
Most of his surviving designs are held in the Mystic Seaport Library, where a total of 433 sheets represent 107 designs. A lot of his work was destroyed in the 1992 Noreaster and 1954 Hurricane Carol storms that attacked Connecticut. All of the surviving boat models once owned by <mask><mask> (Mower's son) are with Mildred <mask> Pastula, grand daughter of Mower, and her sons; David, Stephen and James Osler. At times models have been loaned to Yacht clubs in Greenwich CT. Designs
Some Mower yachts designs that have been well publicized include The A-Cat, The R-Class,

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Charles Drown Mower
Francis Petriken Mower
Charles Petriken
Mower
Mower
Charles Stilwell
Charles P
. Mower
Mower


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 The Legendary and the Fishers Island Design.The A-Cat
In 1922 Judge <mask> of Philadelphia hired <mask> to design a new boat specifically to win the Toms River cup. <mask>'s design became the Mary Ann, a  hull based on the traditional East Coast catboat lines. In place of the gaff-rigged catboat sail, the first A-cat was soon equipped with a powerful Marconi rig, a tall triangular  sail on a  tall mast and sweeping  boom at its foot. After Mary Ann swept the race in July 1922, other racers started having their own versions built. The seven-boat fleet became a familiar sight during the 1920s, but the Great Depression put a damper on the race scene and no more A-cats were built. Mary Ann can still be found on Barnegat Bay. Bat (1923), Spy (1924) and Lotus (1925) were rebuilt during the late 1980s and early 1990s and are still racing on the bay today.Tamock was a Sweisguth design, but built new to the Mower plans in 1991 as the original boat was to far degraded to save. Vapor was launched new, built to the Mower plans in 1994. (Wooden Boat, 2003, issue 171)

Fishers Island One Designs
Since they were built in 1923, the Fishers Island One Designs, as the Class A's were originally called, have been enthusiastically raced, day sailed and cruised on Fishers Island Sound. The fleet has anchored in only two harbors. Hay Harbor, Fishers Island, New York, from 1923–33 and then the Lagoon at Groton Long Point, Conn., from 1933 to the present. The original model of this boats is owned by Mildred Pastula (grand daughter of Mower) and is nearly identical to the Sidney or <mask>off models. The two designers were acquainted and both worked on the Fishers Island boats, so the similarity is not a surprise, but who should get the credit remains an area of

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Charles McKeehan
Mower
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Charles Herresh


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 contention.The Mower model is in poor shape after years on neglect and flood damaged from the 1992 storm, much like many of the other half models that were stored in <mask><mask>'s basement. R-Class
R-Class racing sloops were built to the Universal Rule developed by Nathanael Herreshoff. They were widely raced in New England, on the Great Lakes, and in California. A few well noted R boats are still in existence. There are six such yachts at the Cleveland Yachting Club that continue to race against one another every summer. CYC yacht Ardette is a fully restored and updated 1925 Mower. Ace
Ace is a  R-Class Sloop built in 1926, and was four-time winner of the San Francisco Pepetual Challenge Cup in her early years.More recently won the A Class Sloop "West Coast Boat of the Year Award" in 1998, and also won the A Class First Place in the Josh Slocum's Lyle Galloway Memorial Summer Series. She has had X owners, being first sold in 1944 to Jack DeMandel of Belvedere, California. In 1987 Jack Langton of Long Beach purchased her, selling her on in 1990 to Jim Squire who raced and extensively restored her. The deck was replaced and covered with epoxy resin and fiberglass. 68 deck beams were replaced and a new mast along with a diesel engine added. Garth Blair then purchased Ace in January 1998 and she is currently harbored in Wooden Hull Yacht Club. Newport Beach CA.Penobscot
Penobscot is a 37-foot (11m)R-class sloop, designed by <mask> and custom built in 1923 by Hodgdon Brothers of Boothbay, Maine. Her construction is carvel mahogany planking, bronze-screw fastened to oak frames with oak backbone, oak deadwood and oak floor timbers with teak decks, mahogany trim, Sitka spruce spars, and bronze hardware. Her rig is a fractional Marconi sloop. She was

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Charles P
. Mower
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 originally built for New York Yacht Club member Frederic Hitz of Deer Isle, sold to William Whipple of Camden, Maine in 1944, to Robert Hills of Owls Head in 1948, to Anne and Maynard Bray then of Noank, Connecticut, in 1958, to Vernon Baker of Tenants Harbor, Maine, and Scotch Plains, New Jersey, in 1967, again to Anne and Maynard Bray, then of Brooklin, Maine, in 1984, to Robert Burke then of Islesboro, Maine, (later of Middletown, RI) in 1986 and to Hortensia Sampedro, of Key Biscayne, Fl, in 2000. She is listed in "The Register of Wooden Boats". She underwent a restoration in the late 80s that included the addition of a diesel engine. After two years "on the hard" she was re-launched and new rigging was installed in 2001 together with new sails.In 2009 her deck and cockpit was re-fastened and re-caulked, and in 2010 her hull was re-caulked and a new engine installed. Penobscot was campaigned on Biscayne Bay, under the Biscayne Bay Yacht Racing Association; some honors include 2001, Hughes Cup, second place, 2001 WYRA Coral Cup, Gold Fleet, third place, 2001 BBYRA Fall Series, third place, 2001 Annual, PHRF 4, fifth place; most recently winning second in class at the 2010 44th Annual Ed Willman 'Round the Island Race. While in Florida, Penobscot was harbored at Key Biscayne Yacht Club, Miami, Florida. Penobscot was recently purchased by Lindsay G. Merrithew a member of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club, Toronto, Canada (RCYC) and is currently undergoing a restoration at D. N. Hylan and Associates in Brooklin, Maine. She was scheduled to be relaunched on her 90th Birthday. Cutter Sailboat

Tops-O-Cotton
Tops-O-Cotton won a number of races in her early years in Milwaukee, before being sold to a Chicago sailor and then to Bob Jacobsen and his


texts:
 father. Jacobsen sailed Tops-O-Cotton for over 30 years, making her a familiar sight in the Montrose Harbor, and Chicago sailing circles generally.In 1998 she was purchased by Carl Hammer, who converted her to glass covered cypress planking. She is still harbored in Montrose Harbor, Chicago, Illinois. In 2008 she was donated to the Wisconsin Maritime Museum in Manitowoc, WI

Other Notable Boats
Vanity // round-bottom twenty foot knockabout//first round-bottom Chesapeake 20

Books
The Plan Book of Cruisers, Runabouts, Auxiliaries and Outboard Motor Boats (Smartest and Most Up-To-Date Collection of Small Boat Designs, Volume IX) (Hardcover) Hardcover: 48 pages Publisher: Motor Boating (1927)

How to build a knockabout, (Rudder how-to series) (Unknown Binding) Unknown Binding: 58 pages Publisher: The Rudder Pub. Co (1902)

How to build a cruiser (Sea bird) (Unknown Binding) Publisher: The Rudder publishing company (1912)

How to build a racing sloop, (Unknown Binding) Publisher: Rudder Pub. Co (1920)

How to build a motor launch, (Rudder how-to series) (Unknown Binding) Unknown Binding: 42 pages Publisher: Rudder Pub. Co (1901)

Thirty Easy To Build Sail Boats With Auxiliary Power, IDEAL SERIES, VOLUME 15 (co authored) Hardcover Publisher: Motor Boating (1945)

Sailing Craft, Edwin J. Schoettle (editor), The Macmillan Co. New York (1928)

References

External links
   Fishers Island One Designs
   'Build A Boat - A New Book Of Small-Boat Designs And Blue Prints Of Twenty-Five Practical Runabouts, Cruisers, Hydroplanes, Auxiliaries And Dinghies - Volume VII - 1924'
   New Jersey Local Legacies - "A-Cats"
   New York Times article on A-Cats
    Tops-O-Cotton photos
  1909 Gentleman's launch

American yacht designers
1875 births
1942 deaths
New York


texts: <mask> (; July 29, 1877 – June 4, 1962) was an American naturalist, ornithologist, marine biologist, entomologist, explorer, and author. He is remembered for the numerous expeditions he conducted for the New York Zoological Society, his deep dives in the Bathysphere, and his prolific scientific writing for academic and popular audiences. Born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in East Orange, New Jersey, Beebe left college before obtaining a degree to work at the then newly opened New York Zoological Park, where he was given the duty of caring for the zoo's birds. He quickly distinguished himself in his work for the zoo, first with his skill in designing habitats for its bird population, and soon also with a series of research expeditions of increasing length, including an expedition around the world to document the world's pheasants. These expeditions formed the basis for a large quantity of writing for both popular and academic audiences, including an account of his pheasant expedition titled A Monograph of the Pheasants and published in four volumes from 1918 to 1922. In recognition of the research conducted on his expeditions, he was granted honorary doctorates from Tufts and Colgate University. During the course of his expeditions, Beebe gradually developed an interest in marine biology, ultimately leading to his 1930s dives in the Bathysphere, along with its inventor, Otis Barton, off the coast of Bermuda.This was the first time a biologist observed deep-sea animals in their native environment and set several successive records for the deepest dive ever performed by a human, the deepest of which stood until it was broken by Barton 15 years later. Following his Bathysphere dives, <mask> returned to the tropics and began to focus his study on the

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Charles William Beebe
Beebe


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 behavior of insects. In 1949, he founded a tropical research station in Trinidad and Tobago which he named Simla, and which remains in operation as part of the Asa Wright Nature Centre. <mask>'s research at Simla continued until his death from pneumonia in 1962 at the age of 84. <mask> is regarded as one of the founders of the field of ecology, as well as one of the early 20th century's major advocates of conservation. He is also remembered for several theories he proposed about avian evolution which are now regarded as having been ahead of their time, particularly his 1915 hypothesis that the evolution of bird flight passed through a four-winged or "Tetrapteryx" stage, which has been supported by the 2003 discovery of Microraptor gui. Biography

Early life and education

<mask> <mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York, son of the newspaper executive <mask>.Although some sources have described him as an only child, he had a younger brother named John who died in infancy. Early in his life, his family moved to East Orange, New Jersey, where he began to acquire both his fascination with the natural world and his tendency to record everything he saw. The American Museum of Natural History, which opened the year that Beebe was born, fostered Beebe's love of nature and was an early influence on him. In September 1891, Beebe began attending East Orange High School. Although Beebe did not formally drop his first name "Charles" until 1915, before attending high school he was already commonly known as "<mask>", as he would be known from this point onward. During his high school years Beebe developed an interest in collecting animals, particularly after receiving his first gun at the age of sixteen, and trained himself in taxidermy to preserve them. When he was

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William Beebe
Charles William
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 unable to collect a specimen for himself, he often obtained it from a supply house known as Lattin's, or by trading with other collectors.<mask>'s first article was published while he was still in high school, a description of a bird called a brown creeper, which appeared in the January 1895 issue of the magazine Harper's Young People. In 1896, <mask> was accepted with advanced placement to Columbia University. While attending university, Beebe frequently split his time between the university and the American Museum of Natural history, many of whose researchers were also professors at Columbia. At Columbia he studied under Henry Fairfield Osborn, and developed a close relationship with him which would endure until Osborn's death in 1935. While attending Columbia, <mask> persuaded his professors to sponsor him and several fellow students taking research trips to Nova Scotia, where he continued his hobby of collecting, as well as attempting to photograph difficult-to-observe scenes of birds and other animals. Several of <mask>'s photographs from these expeditions were purchased by Columbia professors to use as slides during their lectures. During these trips, Beebe also developed an interest in dredging, the practice of using nets to haul up animals that lived deep underwater and attempting to study them before they died or disintegrated.<mask> never applied to receive a degree from Columbia, although years later he was granted honorary doctorates from both Tufts and Colgate University. Employment at the Bronx Zoo

In November 1897, Frank Chapman sponsored <mask> to become an associate member of the American Ornithologists' Union, and the following month Beebe gave his first professional lecture on ornithology to a society called Uncle Clarence's

masks: Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe


texts: Bergen Point Culture Club. In 1899, although he had completed all of the required courses for a degree in science from Columbia except for mathematics, he decided to forgo his studies in favor of an invitation from Osborn to work at the New York Zoological Park which was about to open. Several factors contributed to this decision, including both excitement at being part of the zoo, and the sense that his studies were putting too much of a strain on his family's finances. Osborn appointed <mask> to the position of assistant curator of ornithology. As assistant curator, one of his principal jobs was to breed and rear the zoo's birds in order to sustain their population. Beebe placed much importance on the birds being given as much space as possible, and proposed the building of a "flying cage" the size of a football field.This was eventually built, although at less than half the size that <mask> had originally requested. While <mask>'s flying cage was criticized as being based on an inaccurate understanding of birds' needs, it ultimately proved very successful. In 1901, <mask> returned to Nova Scotia on his first expedition for the zoo, intending to collect marine animals by searching tide pools and with additional dredging. The following year he was promoted from assistant curator to the rank of a full curator, a post he held until 1918. He then went on to serve as an honorary curator from 1919 to 1962. On August 6, 1902, <mask> was married to Mary Blair Rice, better known by her pen name Blair Niles. Blair subsequently accompanied <mask> on several of his expeditions, and as a writer herself, frequently assisted Beebe with his own writing.<mask> and Blair regarded their honeymoon, another trip to Nova Scotia, as a further opportunity for

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 collecting. The following February, <mask>, and Blair went on an expedition to the Florida Keys, because <mask> was suffering from a throat infection and the zoo believed that the warm climate would be beneficial to his health. This expedition was <mask>'s introduction to the tropics, with which he developed a long-standing fascination. In July 1903, at the request of a lawyer named Louis Whealton whom the zoo's director <mask> Hornaday regarded as a potential donor to the zoo, <mask> and Blair went on another expedition to Virginia's Barrier Islands. Although it was intended as an expedition for the zoo, <mask> described it as "our third honeymoon this year". By the end of 1903, at the age of 26, <mask> had published more than thirty-four articles and photographs in the past year. For his contributions to science, he was elected a fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Early exploration and expeditions

[[Image: New York World - <mask> Bird Article Apr 8 1906.jpg|thumb|right|April 1906 cover story of New York World'''s Sunday magazine written by <mask>, advertising the Bronx Zoo's diversity of birds]]In December 1903, to avert another bout of <mask>'s throat ailment, Hornaday sent him on an expedition to Mexico which would last until the following April. Since Mexico was still largely unstable at this point, he and Blair traveled on horseback and lived mostly in tents, and both carried revolvers for self-protection. Although the purpose of the expedition was to discover, identify and collect Mexico's birds, it has also been described as yet another honeymoon between him and Blair. <mask>'s first book, titled Two Bird Lovers in Mexico, was an account of this expedition. The last chapter was written by Blair and was an

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 explanation of how to plan and execute a vacation in the wilderness. The book was enthusiastically well received. <mask>'s second book, The Bird, Its Form and Function, was published in 1906.This book was a reworking of a manuscript that <mask> had submitted to Henry Holt in 1902, but which Holt had asked him to expand into a major work on birds. In its finished form it represented a new kind of nature writing in that, although it presented technical information about bird biology and evolution, it did so in a way meant to be accessible to a general audience.. It also represented an important turning point for <mask>, because in contrast to his youthful fascination with adding animals to his collection, in this book he was beginning to emphasize the importance of wildlife conservation. Regarding the killing of animals for the sole purpose of collecting, the book states:

Although Beebe continued to shoot animals when it was necessary for examining them scientifically, he no longer regarded adding to a collection as a valid reason to take a life. In 1906 <mask> presented his own collection, which had grown to 990 specimens during his earlier years as a collector, as a gift to the zoo for educational and research purposes. For this gift, he was made a life member of the New York Zoological Society. The same year, he was also elected a fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences.In 1907, the journal Zoologica was founded by Osborn and Hornaday specifically as a place for Beebe to publish his research. The first issue of the journal contained twenty papers, ten of which were written by <mask>, and two more of which were jointly written by him and Lee Saunders Crandall, the zoo's assistant curator of birds. The following year <mask> received a promotion


texts: from the Zoological Society, placing him on equal footing with the research scientists at the Museum of Natural History. This promotion explicitly granted him two months off each year, for further research expeditions. The first expedition conducted under his new privileges, beginning in February 1908, took him to Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela to research birds and insects. During this expedition Beebe captured 40 live birds for the zoo, belonging to 14 different species. At this point in his life, Beebe was forming a close friendship with then-president Theodore Roosevelt, which would last until Roosevelt's death in 1919.<mask> admired Roosevelt's skill as a field naturalist as well as his advocacy of conservation, and Roosevelt's fame made his support highly valuable in <mask>'s scientific endeavors. Roosevelt in turn admired <mask>'s writing and his respect for the natural world. Roosevelt frequently provided praise for <mask>'s books, and went on to write introductions to <mask>'s books Tropical Wild Life and Jungle Peace. In February 1909, <mask> and Blair traveled to British Guiana, in the hope that with Roosevelt's support, it might be possible to establish a permanent field research station there. Another goal of this expedition was to find and capture a hoatzin, a bird whose clawed wings caused it to be considered an important link in the evolution of birds from reptiles. Beebe made extensive documentation of hoatzin behavior through field glasses, but their plans to capture one were foiled when they had to return home early due to Blair breaking her wrist. Despite their failure to obtain their most sought-after prize, the expedition still returned with 280 live birds of 51 species, 33 of which were new to the zoo, although several of


texts:
 these died or escaped during the long trip back to New York.<mask> summarized this expedition in his book Our Search for a Wilderness, which was enthusiastically well-reviewed. The pheasant expedition

In December 1909, businessman and philanthropist Anthony R. Kuser proposed to the zoo that <mask> be allowed to go on a voyage around the world to document the world's pheasants, which would be financed by Kuser. Hornaday strongly objected to this proposal, describing Kuser as an "evil genius" who was attempting to steal Beebe away from his duties at the zoo. However, the zoo ultimately decided in Kuser's favor, partly because the scientific papers produced by <mask>'s trip to Guiana had been beneficial to the zoo's reputation. Hornaday appointed Crandall as the zoo's acting curator of birds, giving him the duty of caring for its birds in <mask>'s absence. <mask> and Blair left for their expedition accompanied by Robert Bruce Horsfall, whose job would be to provide illustrations of the birds for the book that would hopefully result from this expedition. After crossing the Atlantic Ocean on the RMS Lusitania to London, where they gathered the supplies they would need for their expedition, <mask> and his team traveled across the Mediterranean Sea to Egypt, through the Suez Canal, and across the Indian Ocean to Ceylon, where they began their task of documenting the native wildfowl.From Ceylon they traveled to Calcutta, with the goal of capturing the species of pheasants which live only in the Himalayas. By this point Beebe was beginning to conflict with Horsfall, who was unaccustomed to such expeditions. After <mask> had finished his documentation in the eastern part of the range, Horsfall refused to accompany <mask> in the western part of the range,

masks: Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe


texts: causing Beebe to leave him in the town of Jorepokhri and continue his work in the Western Himalayas without him. Horsfall rejoined them in Calcutta, from which they sailed to Indonesia. The next ship took them to Singapore, where <mask> established a base of operations for the next stage of his expedition. The expedition's next destination was Sarawak, on the island of Borneo. By the time they left Sarawak, the conflict between <mask> and Horsfall had grown to such a degree that Beebe decided Horsfall was endangering the expedition and must be sent home.In response to <mask>'s dismissal, Horsfall retorted that he had been ill-treated by <mask> from the beginning of the expedition and that his subsequent actions had been for the express purpose of revenge. Continuing without Horsfall, <mask> and Blair traveled to Batavia in Java, to the island of Madura just to the north, and to Belitung between Borneo and Sumatra. Finished in Java, <mask> and his crew sailed north from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur to begin exploring Malaya. After Malaya, the next portion of their expedition took them to Burma, where they arrived in Rangoon and traveled by rail to Myitkyina. In Burma <mask> succumbed temporarily to a bout of depression, and it was several days before he was able to resume working or continue the expedition. He attributed his recovery to the pile of penny dreadful novels he discovered in his bungalow at Pungatong, which he then read constantly for the next few days. The last portion of <mask>'s journey took him to China, from which they made an unplanned visit to Japan to escape a riot as well as a surge of bubonic plague.When the plague and riots had subsided, <mask> returned to China to document the local pheasant species, then made a second visit to

masks: Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe Beebe