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 the first round of Cincinnati, she lost to Petra Cetkovská. At the US Open, Paszek defeated the 23rd seed Maria Kirilenko, only then to lose to the lower ranked opponent Magdaléna Rybáriková. Paszek was runner-up in Bali. She reached the final, after taking out the seventh seed Flavia Pennetta and the top seed Daniela Hantuchová where she lost against Patty Schnyder.She then withdrew from the Linz Open due to injury. Paszek ended her professional relationship with coach Lari Passos and is now coached by Angel Giminez. In the first round of the Australian Open, Paszek lost to wildcard Jelena Dokić in three sets. She passed the first round at Indian Wells, winning in straight sets against Mara Santangelo, and lost in the second round against 21st seed Alisa Kleybanova. 2010

Paszek began 2010 season at the Auckland Open where she retired during her second round of qualifying match against Rebecca Marino. Her next tournament was the Hobart International. She beat qualifier Roberta Vinci in the first round.In the second round, she lost to eighth seed Gisela Dulko. At the Australian Open, Paszek was defeated in the first round by Julia Görges. At the WTA indoor event in Paris, Paszek lost in the first round to eventual finalist Lucie Šafářová. To reach the main draw at the Dubai Championships, Paszek entered qualifying. She was defeated in the second round of qualifying by Anna-Lena Grönefeld. In March, Paszek competed at the Indian Wells Open. She lost in the first round to Julie Coin.Playing at the Miami Open, she was defeated


type: original

texts: in the second round by 22nd seed Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. <mask> lost in early rounds of Marbella, Barcelona and Fes, and didn't enter the French Open. Instead, she played a $25k tournament in Izmir and won it, beating Çağla Büyükakçay. Her next event was ITF Budapest. She qualified, defeating Vanda Lukács and Jana Čepelová, and reached the second round, losing to Lenka Wienerová. She then entered the Wimbledon Championships, qualified, but lost to Kurumi Nara in the second round. She tried to qualify in Budapest defeating Eleni Daniilidou and Jessica Moore but lost to Andreja Klepač.Her next tournament was the Prague Open where she entered qualifying. Paszek defeated Tadeja Majerič and then crushed top seed Anastasia Rodionova but then lost to Liana Ungur. After losing the first set 2–6, Paszek went to play better, yet then retired because of the heat and a stomach complaint. But, because Gisela Dulko withdrew, Paszek gained her chance to enter to the main draw. She faced Frenchwoman Alizé Cornet and lost in a match that lasted three hours and 40 minutes. At the Slovenia Open, she defeated Jelena Kostanić Tošić for her first main-draw win since Ponte Vedra Beach in 2009. She then faced Stefanie Vögele and lost.After some bad losses in qualifying of the Premier tournaments, <mask> found her form in the US Open where she entered qualifying. She defeated Michaëlla Krajicek, Korea's Kim So-jing and Russia's Evgeniya Rodina to reach the main draw. In the final qualifying round, <mask> trailed Rodina 2–6 after the first set

masks: Paszek Paszek Paszek


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 before coming back to win the second and blank the Russian in the third. In the first round of the main draw, she defeated 26th seed Lucie Šafářová, despite being three games behind in the second set. She lost to Chan Yung-jan in the second round. Her next tournament was the Bell Challenge where she defeated Marina Erakovic in the first and Jill Craybas in the second round. In her first quarterfinal of 2010, she defeated No.8 seed Sofia Arvidsson. She then crushed Christina McHale in the semifinal to book her place in the final, where she won the title by beating Bethanie Mattek-Sands. 2011: Wimbledon quarterfinal

<mask> began the 2011 season at the Auckland Open where she lost in the first round to eighth seed Sofia Arvidsson. At the Hobart International, Paszek qualified for the main draw defeating Darya Kustova, Stéphanie Dubois, and sixth seed Kateryna Bondarenko. In the first round, she beat Australian wildcard Olivia Rogowska. She was defeated in the second round by sixth seed and eventual champion Jarmila Groth. Ranked ninety at the Australian Open, Paszek lost in the first round to Vania King.In February, Paszek played at the Pattaya Open in Thailand, and was defeated in the first round by top seed and two-time defending champion Vera Zvonareva. Paszek lost in the final round of qualifying at the Dubai Championships to Nuria Llagostera Vives. Paszek qualified for the Indian Wells Open beating Madison Brengle and Andrea Hlaváčková. She lost her first-round match to Anabel Medina Garrigues. She also lost in the first


texts: round of qualifying at the Miami Open to Nuria Llagostera Vives. Paszek began her clay-court season at the Charleston Open. She defeated Melanie Oudin in the first round.She lost in the second round to third seed Jelena Janković. Paszek qualified for the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix beating Sesil Karatantcheva, Lenka Juríková, and Zuzana Kučová. She was defeated in the first round by German Andrea Petkovic. In Portugal at the Estoril Open, Paszek qualified for the tournament defeating Ekaterina Ivanova, Laura Siegemund, and Heather Watson. She retired during her first-round match versus Anastasiya Yakimova. Paszek played at the Italian Open where she qualified for the tournament beating Casey Dellacqua and Virginie Razzano. However, she was defeated in the first round by Elena Vesnina.Ranked 85 at the French Open, Paszek lost in the first round to 29th seed Peng Shuai. Paszek began her grass-court season at the Nottingham Trophy. Seeded third, she advanced to the quarterfinals where she lost to eventual champion Eleni Daniilidou. In the Birmingham Classic, Paszek reached the third round after wins over Sania Mirza and sixth seed Ekaterina Makarova. She lost her third-round match to eventual champion Sabine Lisicki. Getting through qualifying at the Eastbourne International, Paszek lost in the first round to second seed Li Na. Ranked 80 at the Wimbledon Championships, she reached the quarterfinals for the first time in her career after victories over Ayumi Morita, Christina McHale, sixth seed Francesca Schiavone, and Ksenia


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 Pervak.She lost her quarterfinal match to fourth seed Victoria Azarenka. Paszek began the US Open Series at the first edition of the Washington Open. Seeded third, she made it to the semifinals defeating Melanie Oudin, qualifier Madison Brengle, and Stéphanie Dubois. She lost in her semifinal match to top seed Shahar Pe'er. At the Carlsbad Open, Paszek retired during her third-round match against Sloane Stephens due to a left abdominal injury. Ranked thirty-seven at the US Open, Paszek lost in the first round to Akgul Amanmuradova. Seeded third and the defending champion at the Challenge Bell, <mask> was defeated in the semifinals by Marina Erakovic.Competing in Tokyo at the Pan Pacific Open, Paszek lost in the first round to Christina McHale. In Beijing at the China Open, Paszek upset tenth seed Jelena Janković in their first-round match. She then had a three-set victory over Petra Cetkovská in the second round. She was defeated in the third round by Maria Kirilenko. At Linz, she lost in the first round to qualifier Sorana Cîrstea. Paszek played her final tournament of the year at the Luxembourg Open. She was defeated in the second round by sixth seed Julia Görges.Paszek ended the year ranked 43. 2012: Third WTA title, second Wimbledon quarterfinal

<mask> began the year at the Brisbane International where she lost in the first round to Ana Ivanovic. In the Sydney International, <mask> was defeated in the first round of qualifying by Bojana Jovanovski. Ranked 45 at the Australian Open, Paszek lost in the first round to 12th


texts: seed Serena Williams. In Qatar at the Qatar Open, Paszek lost in the first round to qualifier Anne Keothavong. Paszek was defeated in the first round of qualifying at the Dubai Championships by Anastasia Rodionova. Competing at the Indian Wells Open, she recorded her first win of the season by defeating Anastasiya Yakimova in the first round.In the second round, Paszek faced 23rd seed Lucie Šafářová. Paszek retired trailing 6–3, 3–1 due to a right wrist injury. In Miami at the Miami Open, Paszek was up against Anna Tatishvili in the first round. Paszek was forced to retire trailing 6–4, 4–3 due to a back injury. Paszek began clay-court season at the Estoril Open. In the first round, she lost to ninth seed Polona Hercog. At the Madrid Open, she was defeated in the first round by Spanish wildcard Sílvia Soler Espinosa.Seeded eighth at the Internationaux de Strasbourg, <mask> had her second win of the season by defeating Alberta Brianti in the first round. She lost in the second round to Johanna Larsson. Ranked 52 at the French Open, she was defeated in the first round by 28th seed Peng Shuai. <mask> began her grass-court season at the Nottingham Trophy. As the top seed, Paszek was defeated in the first round by Alison Riske. Seeded 12th at the Birmingham Classic, Paszek lost in the first round to Anne Keothavong. Paszek's final grass-court warm-up tournament before Wimbledon was the Eastbourne International.She advanced to her first WTA Tour final since 2010 after wins over Marina Erakovic, eighth seed Daniela Hantuchová,

masks: Paszek Paszek


texts: Tsvetana Pironkova, and fourth seed and defending champion Marion Bartoli. In the final, Paszek upset fifth seed Angelique Kerber to win her third WTA title. <mask> was 3–5 down in the final set and saved five championship points. Ranked 37 at the Wimbledon Championships, Paszek upset former world No. 1 and seventh seed, Caroline Wozniacki, in the first round. This match lasted 3 hours and 12 minutes. In the second round, she beat Alizé Cornet.Then, she defeated Yanina Wickmayer in the third round and 21st seed Roberta Vinci in the fourth round to reach the quarterfinals for the second year in a row. Paszek lost in her quarterfinal match for the second successive year to second seed Victoria Azarenka. Representing Austria in the 2012 Summer Olympics, <mask> was defeated in the first round by Alizé Cornet. <mask> began her US Open Series at the Rogers Cup. In the first round, she defeated Julia Görges. In the second round, she faced top seed Victoria Azarenka. Azarenka retired at 3–3 in the first set due to a left knee injury.In the third round, she beat Carla Suárez Navarro. In the quarterfinals, Paszek lost to fifth seed and eventual champion, Petra Kvitová. At the Cincinnati Open, Paszek was up against Sofia Arvidsson who won the first set 6–1. In the second set, Arvidsson was leading 2–1 before Paszek retired because of a migraine. Her last tournament before the US Open was the New Haven Open at Yale. She lost in the first round to Sloane Stephens. Seeded 29th at the US Open, <mask> was defeated in the first round by Olga

masks: Paszek Paszek Paszek Paszek


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 Govortsova.In the Korea Open, she reached the quarterfinals after wins over Carla Suárez Navarro and Korean wildcard Lee So-ra. She lost in her quarterfinal match to sixth seed Varvara Lepchenko. In Tokyo at the Pan Pacific Open, she defeated qualifier Camila Giorgi in the first round. In the second round, <mask> was defeated easily by top seed Victoria Azarenka. Playing at the China Open, Paszek got revenge on Olga Govortsova and beat her in the first round. She lost in the second round to qualifier Elena Vesnina. Seeded seventh at the Linz Open, Paszek was defeated in the first round by qualifier Bethanie Mattek-Sands.Her final tournament of the year was the Luxembourg Open. Seeded seventh, she lost in the first round to Lucie Hradecká. Paszek ended the year ranked 30. This is her best season to date. 2013: Career-high singles ranking, downfall, injuries

Paszek began her 2013 season at the Brisbane International. She lost in the first round to Urszula Radwańska. In Sydney, she was defeated in the first round by Jelena Janković.Seeded 30th at the Australian Open, she achieved her first Australian Open victory since 2007 with an emphatic three-set victory over Stefanie Vögele in the first round. However, in the second round, she was outplayed by American wildcard Madison Keys. After the Australian Open, Paszek played at the Open GDF Suez in Paris. She was eliminated in the first round by lucky loser and eventual semifinalist, Kiki Bertens. At the Qatar Open, she had another first-round exit, losing to 13th seed Ana Ivanovic.


texts: In March, she traveled to California to compete at the Indian Wells Masters. As the 23rd seed, she got a first-round bye.She was beaten in the second round by American qualifier Mallory Burdette. The following week, she played in Miami. As the 26th seed, she again got a first-round bye. However, she couldn't pass the second round because she suffered a three-set loss at the hands of Simona Halep. <mask>'s clay-court season began at the Charleston Open. Seeded 13th, she retired in the first round after losing the first set 3–6 to American qualifier Grace Min due to a left neck injury. Paszek returned from injury at the Portugal Open.She lost in the first round to Monica Niculescu. Seeded second at the Internationaux de Strasbourg, Paszek was defeated in the first round by French wildcard Virginie Razzano. Seeded 28th at the French Open, Paszek lost in the first round to Melanie Oudin. Paszek elected to contest at the ITF Nottingham where she was the top seed. She opened her grass-court season with a hard-fought win over wildcard Anne Keothavong in the first round. However, she would progress no further as she was forced to retire against Alison Riske in their second-round encounter due to a hamstring injury. At the Birmingham Classic, Paszek was seeded fourth and was given a first-round bye.She drew Riske again in the second round and lost. <mask> entered the Eastbourne International as the defending champion, but again went out at the first hurdle, losing to fifth seed Caroline Wozniacki; she had to retire in the second set


texts: due to a thigh injury. Her final grass-court event was Wimbledon where she was the 28th seed. She was defeated in the first round by Alexandra Cadanțu. As a result, Paszek dropped out of the top 100. <mask> started her US Open Series at the Stanford Classic. There, she recorded her third win of the season when her opponent, qualifier Alla Kudryavtseva, retired during their first-round match due to heat illness.She lost in the second round to sixth seed Varvara Lepchenko. Her next tournament was the Cincinnati Open. Paszek suffered a double bagel thrashing in the first round at the hands of Daniela Hantuchová. In Toronto at the Rogers Cup, she lost a marathon match in the first round of qualifying to Anastasia Rodionova. For the last Grand Slam tournament of the year, the US Open, <mask> was defeated in the second round of qualifying by Andrea Hlaváčková. After the US Open, Paszek entered the Challenge Bell in Quebec City. She lost in the first round to Christina McHale.She then played two ITF events in the United States. The first tournament was the ITF Albuquerque. Paszek got a three set victory over Olivia Rogowska in the first round. She was then defeated in the second round by eventual finalist Anna Tatishvili. At the Las Vegas Open, Paszek defeated Adriana Pérez in the first round. In the second, she lost to sixth seed, eventual finalist, and doubles partner CoCo Vandeweghe. However, she did capture the doubles title with Vandeweghe marking her first tournament win in either singles or doubles in 2013.Her most impressive


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 result of the year came in France at the Open de Limoges, a $50k tournament. Unseeded, Paszek advanced to the final with wins over Johanna Konta, Andreea Mitu, Nina Zander, and Sílvia Soler Espinosa. However, her run came to an end as she lost in the final to Kristýna Plíšková. Despite the loss, she climbed back inside the top-200 and recorded her first set of consecutive wins since the Korea Open. Competing at the ITF Poitier as a wildcard, <mask> beat Johanna Konta in the first round. In the second round, she was defeated by fifth seed Alexandra Cadanțu. Playing in Great Britain at the GB Pro-Series, Paszek won a tough three set match over Andreea Mitu in the first round.She was then defeated in the second round by seventh seed and eventual finalist Kristýna Plíšková. Her final tournament of the year was at the Al Habtoor Challenge in Dubai. After beating Storm Sanders in her first round match, she lost in the second round to second seed and compatriot Patricia Mayr-Achleitner. Paszek ended 2013 ranked 181. 2014

Paszek began her season at the Auckland Open. Playing as a wildcard, she lost in the first round to fifth seed Jamie Hampton. Playing qualifying at the Australian Open, Paszek won her first round qualifying match over Australian wildcard and Bernard Tomic's sister Sara Tomic.She was defeated in the second round of qualifying by Duan Yingying. Having failed to defend the previous year's second round points, her ranking dropped outside the top 200. <mask> elected to contest the $25k event in Rancho Santa Fe. She won


texts: the tournament defeating Shuko Aoyama in the final. The following week, she played another $25k event, this time in Surprise, Arizona. She advanced to the final where she lost the final in a three-set thriller to fourth seed Jovana Jakšić. <mask> wasn't able to convert on fourteen opportunities to win the match.In Florida at the Innisbrook Open, Paszek was defeated in the first round by Mathilde Johansson. Beginning her preparation for the French Open at the Charleston Open, Paszek lost in the first round of qualifying to Jarmila Gajdošová. In Poland at the Katowice Open, Paszek retired during her second round of qualifying match to Aleksandra Krunić. At the Wiesbaden Tennis Open, Paszek reached the final where she was defeated by Ekaterina Alexandrova. At the 2014 Open de Cagnes-sur-Mer, Paszek lost in her quarterfinal match to fifth seed and eventual champion Sharon Fichman. Paszek qualified for the main draw at the French Open without dropping a set in all three qualifying matches. In the main draw, she was defeated in the second round by ninth seed Dominika Cibulková.Paszek started grass-court season at the Nottingham Trophy. She retired during her first-round match against British wildcard Naomi Broady. Getting through the qualifying rounds at the Birmingham Classic, Paszek lost in the first round to Lauren Davis. In the Eastbourne International, <mask> was defeated in the final round of qualifying by Hsieh Su-wei. Entering the Wimbledon Championships after coming through qualifying, Paszek lost in the first round to


texts:
 24th seed Kirsten Flipkens. At the Lorraine Open in Contrexéville, Paszek was defeated in the first round by fourth seed Johanna Larsson. Playing at the first edition of the Bucharest Open, Paszek retired during her second round of qualifying match against Vanda Lukács.Paszek kicked off the US Open Series at the Washington Open. She lost in the first round of qualifying to Emily Webley-Smith. In Montreal at the Rogers Cup, <mask> was defeated in the final round of qualifying to Heather Watson. At the Cincinnati Open, Paszek lost in the first round of qualifying to Monica Puig. Playing at the US Open, <mask> was defeated in the second round of qualifying by Irena Pavlovic. Competing at the first edition of the Hong Kong Open, she lost in the second round of qualifying to Zhang Kailin. In Austria at the Linz Open, <mask> was defeated in the first round of qualifying by Kiki Bertens.She played her final tournament of the season at the Open de Touraine in Joué-lès-Tours, France. Seeded third, she retired during her first-round match against Urszula Radwańska. Paszek ended the season ranked 133. 2015–present
<mask> returned to the ITF Circuit in August 2020, after having competed in only seven tournaments since the beginning of 2017. WTA finals

Singles: 4 (3 titles, 1 runner–up)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 7 (4 titles, 3 runner-ups)

Doubles: 8 (4 titles, 4 runner-ups)

Grand Slam performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

Head-to-head records

Wins over reigning world No. 1

Top 10 wins

References

External links

1990


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 births
Living people
People from Dornbirn
Austrian female tennis players
Austrian people of Canadian descent
Austrian people of Chilean descent
Austrian people of French descent
Austrian people of Indian descent
Austrian people of Kenyan descent
European sportspeople of Kenyan descent
Austrian people of Polish descent
Olympic tennis players of Austria
Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from


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, born , is a Japanese–Canadian nuclear disarmament campaigner and Hibakusha who survived the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. She is mostly known throughout the world for being a leading figure of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear weapons (ICAN) and to have given the acceptance speech for its reception of the 2017 Nobel peace prize. Earlier life
<mask> was born in Hiroshima Kojin-machi (today suburb of Minami) in 1932 and is the youngest of 7 children. She comes from a comfortable background. Her brothers and sisters being older and therefore having left the family home, she was the last one to live with her parents. In 1944, she entered in the girls only Hiroshima Jogakuin high school. Three weeks before the bomb, she was selected to participate in a student state program to decode American military communications as an assistant.Experience of the nuclear atomic bomb
On Monday August 6, 1945, she was working as a member of the student mobilisation program in the army headquarters (Higashi suburb today), located approximately 1.8 kilometres or 1.1 miles away from the hypocentre of the explosion. It was her first day in that mission. Around 8:15 AM, she was on the second floor of the wooden building. She saw a bluish-white flash from the window and remembers floating in the air (the building collapsing) before she lost consciousness. When she woke up, she heard her classmates whispering "Mother help me", "God help me". After some time, a soldier helped her to escape from the crumbling building before it burnt down with the rest of her schoolmates except two others." [...] Although it happened in the morning, it was dark, dark as twilight.And as our eyes got used to recognize things, those dark moving objects happened to be human beings. It was like a procession of ghosts. I say “ghosts” because they simply did not look like human beings. Their hair was rising upwards,


texts: and they were covered with blood and dirt, and they were burned and blackened and swollen. Their skin and flesh were hanging, and parts of the bodies were missing. Some were carrying their own eyeballs. And they collapsed onto the ground.Their stomach burst open, and intestines start stretching out. [...] we learned how to step over the dead bodies, and escaped. By the time we got to the hillside, at the foot of the hill was a huge army training ground about the size of two football fields [...]. The place was packed with dead bodies and dying people, injured people. And people were just begging in whisper. Nobody was shouting in strong voice, just a whisper: “Water please. Water please.” That’s all the physical and psychological strength left.They just whispered. We wanted to be of help to them, but we had no bucket and no cups to carry the water. [...] So we went to the nearby stream, washed off our dirt and the blood, and tore off our blouses, soaked them in the water, and dashed back to the dying people. We put the wet cloth over their mouth, and who desperately sucked in the moisture. [...] That’s how most of the people died." Eight members of her family (among who her 4 years old nephew Eiji to who she often refers to and was crossing the bridge with her sister, both who died totally burnt beyond recognition without her hairpiece) as well as 351 of her classmates and teachers died during or soon after the explosion. <mask> described the acute radiation syndrome that she and many others were victim of months and years after the bombing.She has several times talked about the fact that months after the bomb, she verified like others every morning that she was not developing purple spots on her body (symptoms of bone marrow failure or leukemia), symptom of an approaching death. She has described the death of her uncle and aunt following those symptoms. As many other hibakushas, <mask> lost

masks: Thurlow Thurlow


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 her hair, had nausea and bleeding gums months after the bombing. She has also revealed that many of her surviving schoolmates wore helmets long after the end of the war to hide their baldness. <mask> has declared that she was lucky that she and both her parents survived, and that they were able to be hosted by family unlike many others who had to live in the street. As many hibakushas, she described being numbed by the overwhelming of what she experienced and was only able to cry after the Makurazaki Typhoon that hit Hiroshima more than a month after "Little Boy". Having felt guilty of her lack of emotional demonstration, she has said that she only understood it years later when studying traumatism at the University.<mask> has also regularly described the hardships of the hibakushas, including the near starvation, lack of medical care, homelessness, social discrimination and the suffering from the atomic bomb casualty commission whose only purpose was to study the technical effects of radiations on bodies and not provide any treatment or support. She has denounced the US army's 7 years occupation and its strict censorship, erasement and confiscation of journals, data, visual support, poems and personal diaries of what was related to the drop of the two nuclear bombs. At the time of these events, she was a 13-year-old, grade 8 student. Her father died due to radiations in 1954, the same year that she went to study abroad and the year of the dropping of the H bomb in Bikini. Studies and profession
As an undergraduate, <mask> studied English literature and education at Hiroshima Jogakuin University before receiving a grant to study in the United States, where she studied sociology at Lynchburg College in Virginia from 1954. She later obtained a master's degree in social work from the University of Toronto. Anti-nuclear activism

<mask> <mask>'s activism began after March 1, 1954, after the

masks: Setsuko Thurlow Setsuko Setsuko Thurlow


texts: explosion of the hydrogen bomb of the code name "Castle Bravo" in the Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands which had nuclear fallout until Japan.This American weapon was approximately one thousand times more powerful than the one she had been victim of less than 10 years before. This event happened the first week she had arrived in the USA and she gave her opinion on that. During her studying years in the USA, she has described receiving threats and aggressions linked to her criticism of the use of the nuclear bomb by the American army, to the point where she could not go to class anymore and had to live at one of her professor's house. She is a member of Nihon Hidankyo, the Japanese confederation of A and H Bombs sufferers formed in 1956, who fought for hibakushas medical rights and social recognition. In 1974, profoundly worried by the fact that the public tended to forget and underestimate the devastating impacts of nuclear bombs, she founded the foundation Hiroshima Nagasaki Relived. The organisation mobilised professors, artists, lawyers and teachers to inform and raise public awareness to the consequences of nuclear weapons. She has since travelled in dozens of countries to testify as a hibakusha and raise alert to the existential threat of nuclear weapons, in front of high dignitaries such as Pope John Paul II as much as school students.She has several times been a crew member of the Peace Boat, a Japanese NGO promoting nuclear disarmement. She has participated in several school presentations as a member of the project "Hibakusha stories" based in New-York, to testify before all-together several thousands of students. She has been regularly invited to testify at universities, schools, nuclear and Japanese history centres and other public events. Thurlow is also an activist against the peaceful use of nuclear energy due to its existential dangers and has been particularly active as a


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 critic with other hibakushas after the Fukushima humanitarian catastrophe. United Nations

<mask> <mask> has several times testified and pleaded at the United Nations Organisation and has among other actions participated in the international conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna (IAEA) about the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons on December 8, 2014, in favour of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty. She was an active member in the ratification of the United Nations concerning the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons, mandated in December 2016, and delivered the closing statement at the nuclear ban conference. She also actively participated for its vote on July 7, 2017."I've been waiting for this day for seven decades, and I am overjoyed that it has finally arrived.This is the beginning of the end of nuclear weapons." ICAN and the Nobel Peace prize

Mrs <mask> was a founding member and gave the keynote speech at the international launch of ICAN in Canada in 2007. She is a leading figure of ICAN, which won the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize “for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons”. Thurlow accepted the prize on behalf of the campaign at a ceremony in Oslo on December 10, 2017, together with Beatrice Fihn, the executive director of ICAN. During her reception speech, Mrs Thurlow declared, in reference to the moment she was trapped under the building after the bombing and saved by a soldier: "Then, suddenly, I felt hands touching my left shoulder, and heard a man saying: "Don't give up! Keep pushing! I am trying to free you.See the light coming through that opening? Crawl towards it as quickly as you can. [...] Our light now is the ban treaty. To all in this hall and all listening around the world, I repeat those

masks: Setsuko Thurlow Thurlow


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 words that I heard called to me in the ruins of Hiroshima: "Don't give up! Keep pushing! See the light? Crawl towards it.[...]Tonight, as we march through the streets of Oslo with torches aflame, let us follow each other out of the dark night of nuclear terror. No matter what obstacles we face, we will keep moving and keep pushing and keep sharing this light with others. This is our passion and commitment for our one precious world to survive". Private life

<mask> married in 1950 a Canadian historian, <mask>, whom she had met in Japan. The couple settled in Canada 1955, at the time when Asian immigration was restricted to family of Canadians. In 1957, they moved to Japan for a social project in Hokkaido, to come back to Toronto in 1962. <mask> served there as a social worker in the education and health departments.Until his death in 2011, her husband took part in her anti-nuclear activities and has among others helped her to organize groups and conferences for the cause. They had two sons and two grandchildren. Awards and distinctions

 2007 - Member of the Order of Canada (CM) for "exceptional contribution to social work and efforts to eliminate nuclear weapons"
 2012 - Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Award
 2014 - "Ambassador of Peace", prize awarded by the town of Hiroshima
 2015 - "Arms control person of the year” by the Arms Control Association
2015 - Nuclear Age Peace Foundation’s Distinguished Peace Leadership Award
 2016 - "Arms Control Person of the Year" by ICAN
 Member of the council of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation
 2016 - Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize
 2017 - Nobel Peace Prize  ICAN
 2019 - Doctorate honoris causa in law, University of Toronto

See also
 List of peace activists

References

Japanese anti–nuclear weapons activists
Japanese emigrants to Canada
1932 births
Living people
Members of the Order of Canada
People from Hiroshima
Japanese pacifists
Hibakusha
Canadian

masks:
Setsuko
Jim Thurlow
Setsuko


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<mask> (born June 8, 1965) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Brock Rumlow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and animated series What If...? (2021). He had his first leading role in the action-horror film The Purge: Anarchy (2014), portraying Sergeant Leo Barnes, a role he reprised in The Purge: Election Year (2016), and has also appeared in Warrior (2011), The Grey (2012), End of Watch (2012), Zero Dark Thirty (2012),  Wolf Warrior 2 and Wheelman (both 2017), and Boss Level (2021). <mask>'s television work includes the lead role in Kingdom (2014–2017) and recurring roles in Battery Park (2000), For the People (2002–2003), The Shield (2002–2003), Prison Break (2005–2006), Blind Justice (2005), The Kill Point (2007) and Billions (2020). Early life
<mask> was born the first of three boys in a working-class family in New York City, and is of Italian (Calabrian) heritage. He was raised in the Bronx and in Rockland County, New York.<mask> began wrestling at eight years old, and took up boxing at eighteen. In 1991, he started practicing Brazilian jiu-jitsu, in which he has studied under Rickson Gracie and holds a brown belt. <mask> graduated from New York University with a business degree and spent a year on Wall Street before being asked to do a Miller Genuine Draft beer commercial. On the podcast The Fighter and the Kid, he stated that he holds Italian citizenship. Career

Film

<mask> started his acting career by appearing in commercials, for companies such as American Express and Sure deodorant. His first

masks:
Frank Anthony Grillo
Grillo
Grillo
Grillo
Grillo
Grillo


texts: film role was in 1992's The Mambo Kings, and he went on to appear in the films Minority Report (2002), April's Shower (2006), and both iMurders and New Line Cinema's Pride and Glory in 2008. <mask> was in the 2010 horror film Mother's Day in the role of Daniel Sohapi and the following year, had a supporting role in the 2011 film Warrior as MMA trainer <mask>.In 2012, he played Diaz in the survival thriller The Grey with Liam Neeson and as Sarge in End of Watch with Jake Gyllenhaal. In 2013, he starred with Jaimie Alexander in the romantic thriller film Collision and had a bit role in the action film Homefront with Jason Statham. In 2014, <mask> was cast as HYDRA agent Brock Rumlow in the 2014 film Captain America: The Winter Soldier. The same year, he starred as Sergeant Leo Barnes in the sequel The Purge: Anarchy, and reprised his role in 2016's The Purge: Election Year. He also reprised the role of Brock Rumlow/Crossbones in the third installment of the Captain America film series, Civil War, which was released on May 6, 2016. In October 2013, <mask> started filming for The Crash, starring alongside Academy Award nominee Minnie Driver, Ed Westwick, AnnaSophia Robb, Dianna Agron, John Leguizamo, Mary McCormack, Christopher McDonald and Maggie Q. The film is directed by Aram Rappaport and produced by Hilary Shor, Atit Shah and Aaron Becker.The Crash was released on January 31, 2017. In 2015, <mask> starred in the films Demonic and Big Sky. Another film in which he stars, Beyond Skyline, was originally set for release in 2015, and was ultimately released on Netflix in December 2017. In 2018, <mask> starred opposite Bruce Willis

masks:
Grillo
Frank Campana
Grillo
Grillo
Grillo
Grillo


texts:
 and Johnathon Schaech in the action film Reprisal. Years after its release, the film made it on Netflix's U.S. top five in October 2021. In 2019, Variety announced that <mask> has signed with Creative Artists Agency (CAA) for representation. Grillo produced and starred in Boss Level, which was announced in November 2017 and was originally scheduled to be released by Entertainment Studios Motion Pictures on August 16, 2019, but was delayed.It was subsequently bought by Hulu, which released it on March 5, 2021. He also appeared in the sequel Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard with Ryan Reynolds and Samuel L. Jackson. The upcoming films he is set to appear in are This Is the Night with Naomi Watts, Copshop with Gerard Butler, Ida Red with Melissa Leo, The Yacht with Ruby Rose and A Day to Die with Bruce Willis. Television

Grillo first appeared on television in episodes of Silk Stalkings (1993), and Poltergeist: The Legacy (1996) before being cast as oil tycoon Hart Jessup on the daytime soap opera Guiding Light in 1996 up until 1999. In 2002, he was cast in the series For the People as Det. J.C. Hunter and played Hunter until 2003. One of his more notable television roles was on the crime drama Prison Break where he played Nick Savrinn from 2005 to 2006.During that time, he also appeared on the Blind Justice as Marty Russo. He was in the first and only season of The Kill Point in 2007, and played the role of Jimmy in the CSI: NY episode "The Things About Heroes," which aired in November 2007. In 2010, he starred in the sci-fi series The Gates opposite Marisol Nichols and Rhona Mitra. The series only lasted one season. Between 2014 and 2017,


texts:
 <mask> starred in the DirecTV drama series Kingdom as MMA coach Alvey Kulina alongside Nick Jonas and Jonathan Tucker. <mask> was a season 5 regular on the drama series Billions, starring as artist Nico Tanner opposite Damian Lewis and Maggie Siff. He also reprised the role of Crossbones by voicing the character on the Marvel Cinematic Universe animated series What If...Personal life
He married his first wife Kathy in 1991, but the couple divorced in 1998. They had a son, Remy (b. January 1997). <mask> met fellow actress Wendy Moniz in 1996 on the set of Guiding Light. The couple was married on October 28, 2000, and separated in February 2020. They have two sons: Liam (b. August 2004) and Rio (b. January 2008). <mask> is a New York Yankees fan. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1965 births
American people of Italian descent
American male film actors
Male models from New York (state)
American male soap opera actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Living people
Male actors from New York City
New York University Stern School of Business alumni
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
People from the Bronx
People from Rockland County, New York
People of Calabrian

masks: Grillo Grillo Grillo Grillo


texts:
<mask>-Rey (also <mask>-Tschesno: 14 December 1920 - 4 April 2001) was a German illustrator. She was one of the best known illustrators of children's books in the German Democratic Republic. Life
<mask> was born in Berlin. When she was 20 she embarked on a study of illustration and wall-art at the Berlin University of the Arts in Berlin-Charlottenburg. In 1946 she obtained a job as a press artist for the Tägliche Rundschau, a hitherto defunct newspaper title that had been revived by the military administration which since May 1945 had been in control of a large central portion of Germany, including the eastern half of Berlin itself. One year later she took a job in the arts department, working as an illustrator, at the Soviet Arts Palace ("Haus der Kultur der UdSSR"), where she stayed till 1950. It was in 1950 that her son, Grischa Meyer, was born: his father, Grigorij Weiss, was a Soviet cultural administrator.It was during this period that she designed the early issues of the monthly Roman-Zeitung, a magazine designed to popularise Soviet literature. She also produced her first published illustrations for children's books, which marked a decisive step in her career. Meanwhile, the political situation in what had been the Soviet occupation zone moved forwards in October 1949 when the entire zone was relaunched as the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic. In the early 1950s Meyer-Rey began working as a freelance illustrator, with connections to various publishing houses, of which probably the most significant was "Kinderbuchverlag Berlin". In 1957 she created "Bummi" the teddy bear, the main character in the eponymous monthly, later biweekly

masks:
Ingeborg Meyer
Ingeborg Meyer
Ingeborg Meyer Rey


texts:
 magazine for pre-school children. Bummi was at the heart of a long-running professional association with Ursula Werner-Böhnke who edited the magazine. As well as the book and magazine illustrations, Bummi also appeared on a silk stage curtain that she made for the Berlin Puppet Theatre.Meyer-Rey was a member of the National Association of Visual Artists ("Verband Bildender Künstler der DDR"). Her illustrations applied a figurative-realistic approach, which was deeply influenced by Soviet artists of the time. An exceptionally prolific artist, she can be seen as one of the best known and most influential illustrator of children's books in the German Democratic Republic, where generations of children, especially during the early years of their school careers, used textbooks that incorporated her illustrations. Many of her books worked through a succession of editions and some are still (2017) in print. Her work also achieved success with publishers abroad, notably in Sweden, the Netherlands, Britain, France, Jugoslavia, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Hungary, the United States of America, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, China and even West Germany, where editions were also published in Sorbian. "Der gute Held. Märchen der Völker der Sowjetunion" ("The Good Hero:  Fairy Tales from the Soviet People"), illustrated by <mask> Meyer-Rey, was celebrated (by election) as one of the German Democratic Republic's Most Beautiful Books in 1952.Publications (selection)

 with Elisabeth Schwarz: Das erste Schuljahr. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1950
 Vom Peter, der sich nicht waschen wollte. Ein Bilderbuch. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1951
 with Ludmilla Herzenstein: Das neugierige


texts:
 Entlein. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1952
 Kleine Freunde. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1952
 with Walter Krumbach: Unsere Hoftiere. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1953
 with Walter Krumbach: Tierfreunde.Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1953
 with Ursula Peter: Unser Schiffchen fährt durch Deutschland. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1953
 Drei Kinder und ein Rollmops. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1953
 Die gestohlene Nase. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1953
 with Erika Engel: Das Osternest. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1955
 with Walter Krumbach: Beim Puppendoktor. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1955
 with Dorothea Neckel: Ulrikchen, gute Nacht. Ein Bilderbuch.Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1955
 Es tanzt ein Bi-Ba-Butzemann. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1955
 Hoppe, hoppe, Reiter. Kinderreime. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1957
 Mauz und Minchen. Eine lustige Katzen-Bildergeschichte. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1958
 with Edith Bergner: Vom Jochen, der nicht aufräumen wollte. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1959
 with Edith Bergner: Der große gelbe Drachen Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1959
 with Edith Bergner: Der erste Schultag.Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1959
 with Fred Rodrian: Der Märchenschimmel. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1960
 with Anne Geelhaar: Hans Fröhlich und das Vogelhaus. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1961
 with Rudolf Schultz-Debowski, Hansgeorg Stengel: 1-2-3 - wir sind dabei. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1962
 Komm mit mir, Hänschen. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1963
 with Kurt Steiniger: Ringelreih der sieben Tage. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1963
 with Werner Lindemann: Das Osternest. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1964
 with Benno Pludra: Heiner und seine Hähnchen.Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1965
 with Rudolf Schultz-Debowski:


texts:
 Guckkasten für kleine Leute. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1965
 with Inge Trisch, Walter Krumbach, Wolfgang Richter, Rudolf Schultz-Debowski: Kinderfest mit Meister Nadelöhr. Friedrich Hofmeister Musikverlag, Leipzig 1965
 with Witali Bianki: Die erste Jagd. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1965
 Meine Tiere. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1966
 with Ursula Sturm, Walter Krumbach, Wolfgang Richter, Rudolf Schultz-Debowski: Gleich kommt unser Sandmännchen. Lied der Zeit Musikverlag, Berlin 1966
 with Samuil Marschak: Das Tierhäuschen. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1967
 with Rudolf Schultz-Debowski und Hansgeorg Stengel: Zirkus drunter und drüber.Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1967
 with <mask> Feustel: Die lustigen Streiche des Pitti-Platsch. Ein musikalisches Bilderbuch. Lied der Zeit, Berlin 1967
 with Elsbeth Friemert: Wer kennt meine Tiere. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1968
 with Benno Pludra: Vom Bären der nicht schlafen konnte. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1968
 with Hiltrud Lind: Das blaublumige Büffelkind. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1968
 with Alfred Könner: Watschel. Altberliner Verlag Groszer, Berlin 1968
 with Walter Krumbach: Bunte Blätter.Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1968
 with Samuil Marschak, Johannes Bobrowski: Das Tierhäuschen. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1968
 with Horst Irrgang: Ein Männlein steht im Walde. Deutscher Verlag für Musik, Leipzig 1970
 Mischka der Bär. Ein Märchen mit Bildern. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1970
 with Friedrich Güll: Wundergarten. Gedichte. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1972
 with Eva Strittmatter: Brüderchen Vierbein.Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1972
 Drei kleine Küken. Altberliner Verlag, Berlin 1973
 with Hiltrud Lind: Randi. Kinderbuchverlag,


texts:
 Berlin 1973.
 with Vladislav Stanovsky und Jan Vladislav Lommelchen. Ein tschechisches Märchen. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1973
 Drei kleine Affen. Nach einem japanischen Volksmärchen. Altberliner Verlag Groszer, Berlin 1974
 with Wolfgang Buschmann und Rudolf Schultz-Debowski: Die Geschichte vom Nußknacker Kunka Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1974
 with Edith Bergner: Der Star im Apfelbaum.Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1974
 with Walentin Katajew: Schalmei und Krüglein. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1975
 with Horst Irrgang und Ursula Werner-Böhnke: Bummi am Nordpol. Ein Bilderbuch mit Musik. Deutscher Verlag für Musik, Leipzig 1976
 Bienchen summ herum. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1977
 with Barbara Augustin: Seepferdchenrennen. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1978
 with Andreas Reimann: Kleine Tiere essen gern Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1978
 with Renate Krause: Das Sonnenblumenfest. Altberliner Verlag Groszer, Berlin 1978
 with Stepan Pissachow: Wie der Pope sich eine Magd nahm.Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1978
 with Anne Geelhaar: Köpfchen, mein Köpfchen. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1979
 with Klaus Bourquain Vom Veilchen, das nicht duftete. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1980
 with Alfred Könner: Drei kleine Hasen. Altberliner Verlag, Berlin 1983
 Der kleine Häwelmann. Ein Kindermärchen. von Theodor Storm: Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1984
 with Fred Rodrian: Wer stiehlt den Speck? Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1984
 with Wolfgang Buschmann: Guten Tag, Frau Igel.Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1984
 Ein Vogel wollte Hochzeit machen. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1987

References

People from East Berlin
German children's book illustrators
German printmakers
1920 births
2001 deaths
Artists from


texts:
<mask> (, ) (born c. 1984) is an Egyptian Norwegian blogger and former law student. He was arrested by Egyptian authorities for posts on his blog that were considered to be anti-religious and insulting to Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. On 22 February 2007, in his native city Alexandria, <mask> was sentenced to three years of imprisonment for insulting Islam and inciting sedition and one year for insulting the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. He was the first blogger in Egypt explicitly arrested for the content of his writing, and was released on 17 November 2010, but not before he was beaten and detained by Egyptian security forces.<ref>Arabic Network for Human Rights Information  (2010). "Prior to his Release After Spending Four Years in Prison State Security Officer Beat <mask> and Held him Illegally". ANHRI." Retrieved November 23, 2010.</ref> He thereafter moved to Bergen, Norway where he obtained political asylum and gained the Norwegian citizenship.Background
<mask> <mask>, an ex-Muslim, secular Egyptian, completed elementary and secondary school at al-Azhar University. He wished to complete a biology degree, but family pressure forced him to enroll in al-Azhar's Department of Shari'a and Legal Studies instead. In 2004, <mask> began expressing his reformist views at "Modern Discussion", as well as "Copts United" by 2005. By mid-2006, he discontinued publishing at Copts United because he accuses them of limiting his writings to only criticizing Muslims and not Copts as well. First arrest
<mask> first came to the attention of Egyptian authorities after he published a series of blog writings highly critical of the Muslim role in the deadly sectarian riots in Alexandria in 2005, the result of a

masks:
Kareem Nabil Suleiman Amer
Amer
Kareem Amer
Kareem
Amer
Amer
Amer


texts:
 play performed at a Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, and the violent reaction of the Muslim community over the play's 'insult to Islam'. On 26 October 2005, <mask> was arrested for the first time by Egyptian state security agency Amn al-Dawla for anti-religious posts on his blog. He was detained for twelve days, and his books and personal writings were confiscated.Expulsion from al-Azhar
Early in 2006, <mask> was expelled from al-Azhar University, Damanhour Campus, for criticizing some of the university's Islamist instructors, writing in his blog that the "professors and sheikhs at al-Azhar who ... stand against anyone who thinks freely" would "end up in the dustbin of history". He also posted writings that promoted secularism and women's rights. Amer referred to the university as "the university of terrorism" and said that the institution stifles free thought. University administrators also filed a communiqué to the Public Prosecutor Office against their former student, alleging he was "spreading rumours endangering public security" and "defaming President Mubarak". Second arrest

On 6 November 2006, <mask> was again detained by the public prosecutor's office after it questioned him about his writings on "Modern Discussion" that were considered by authorities to be of an irreligious nature, and because of al-Azhar's complaint to the Public Prosecutor Office. The Public Prosecutor told Amer that if he did not abandon his views, even though personal, he may be imprisoned. Nevertheless, Amer insisted on his right to freedom of expression.Consequently, Egyptian prosecutors ordered that <mask> be held in a detention center in Alexandria until 22 November at least. <mask> was charged with:
 Atheism,

masks: Amer Amer Amer Amer Amer


texts:
 due to some blog posts, such as "There is no God except the Human being" (in Arabic لا إله إلا الإنسان);
 Spreading information and malicious rumors that disrupt public security
 Defaming the president of Egypt
 Incitement to overthrow the regime based upon hatred and contempt
 Incitement to hate "Islam" and to breach public peace standards
 Highlighting inappropriate issues that harm the reputation of Egypt and spreading these publicly

 Trial
<mask> defended himself by saying, "I don't see what I have done ... I expressed my opinion...the intention was not anything like these [charges]." Defence lawyers  argued that crimes related to the Internet were new in Egypt and that the penal code did not cover them. Prosecution lawyer Mohamed Dawoud stated, "I want him [Nabil] to get the toughest punishment ... I am on a jihad here ... If we leave the likes of him without punishment, it will be like a fire that consumes everything."The blogger's father, Nabil Sulaiman, mocked the human rights organizations which tried to release his son. He called for applying Islamic Law "allowing him to repent within three days before killing him if he will not", according to the Egyptian newspaper Al-Masry Al-Youm''. On 22 February, the judge said Nabil was guilty and would serve three years for insulting Islam and inciting sedition, and one year for insulting Mubarak. An appeals court upheld the sentence on 13 March 2007. Reaction

United States

United States Congressmen Trent Franks (R-AZ) and Barney Frank (D-MA) wrote to Egyptian Ambassador Nabil Fahmy regarding the arrest and imprisonment of Amer. Congressman Franks also said:

Democracies must allow for freedom of speech and certainly for the tolerance of diverse


texts:
 religious beliefs. I laud Mr. Amer's recognition that violence in the name of religion is unacceptable.I urge the Egyptian government to free Mr. Amer and to protect its citizens from persecution. Italy
Three Italian MPs, former Minister of Defence Antonio Martino, President of the 10th Permanent Commission (Productive Affairs, Trade and Tourism) Daniele Capezzone, and Senator Gaetano Quagliariello wrote letters to the Egyptian Ambassador to Italy Mohamed Farid Monib. NGOs
Amnesty International designated <mask> a prisoner of conscience, "imprisoned simply for exercising his right to freedom of expression". After Amer's release, the organization called for Egypt to investigate his allegations that he was tortured while in custody. Human Rights Watch described <mask>'s arrest as a "chilling precedent" and called for his immediate release. The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information called <mask>'s sentencing a "gloomy day for freedom of expression in Egypt" and also urged his release. PEN America made Amer one of its "highest priority cases", arguing that he was "jailed for exercising his inalienable human right to freedom of expression".Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales discussed <mask>'s case during the WikiMania 2008 conference in Alexandria, suggesting that high-profile arrests like his could be hampering the development of the Arabic Wikipedia by making editors afraid to contribute. UK
United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) Member of the European Parliament (MEP) Derek Clark made a speech at the EU parliament in Strasbourg on the matter of Kareen Amer and human rights in Egypt. The MEP for the East Midlands region called for the European Union to take advantage of a recently signed trade

masks: Amer Amer Amer Amer


texts:
 agreement with Egypt, which states that the EU will 'support Egyptian government efforts to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in line with international conventions to which Egypt is party'. Release
<mask> was briefly freed on 5 November 2010, having served the full four years of his sentence. He was quickly rearrested by the Interior Ministry and detained for eleven additional days, during which time he later stated that he was tortured. Following his second release on November 16, he stated that he had no regrets for his previous words, and intended to continue blogging. Role in 2011 Egyptian revolution
During the 2011 Egyptian revolution of the Arab Spring, <mask> participated in the protests at Tahrir Square.He was arrested by the Egyptian Army on February 6 while leaving a protest. After three days in custody, he was released without charge. Since 2012, he's lived in exile in Norway in order to avoid further legal issues with the Egyptian authorities. Norwegian media have hosted articles and interviews of him. Through them, he urges the Norwegian society and the rest of Europe to show a more critical attitude towards Islam. He became a Norwegian citizen in 2020. See also
FreeKareem

References

External links
 Amer's blog, كريم عامر- (in Arabic)
 Free Kareem Campaign to free the Egyptian blogger Abdel Kareem Nabil Soliman

1984 births
Al-Azhar University alumni
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Egypt
Blogs about Muslims and Islam
Egyptian former Muslims
Critics of Sunni Islam
Egyptian atheists
Egyptian bloggers
Egyptian prisoners and detainees
Egyptian secularists
Living people
People from Alexandria
Egyptian political websites
Former Muslims turned agnostics or

masks: Amer Amer


texts:
<mask> (died 350) was a Chinese military general and politician of the Later Zhao and Ran Wei dynasties during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was a notable official under Later Zhao's emperor Shi Hu, fighting against the Jin and Former Yan dynasties. When the conflict between Shi Hu's family and his adopted ethnic Han grandson Shi Min (who later changed his name to Ran Min) arose in 349, he allied with the latter, and together they brought upon the destruction of Later Zhao, ending what was virtually a 20-year-long unity in northern China. However, just a year after, <mask> and his family were executed by Ran Min for unspecified reasons. Early career

Early career
<mask> first appeared in history in 335. At the time, he was already Shi Hu's Minister over the Masses who he tasked in paying respects to the Buddhist monk Fotudeng and check on his health twice daily. In 339, the Jin commander, <mask>, who had long intended to launch a campaign against Later Zhao, unknowingly provoked Shi Hu by camping at Zhucheng (邾城, in modern Huanggang, Hubei).Knowing that an invasion was imminent, Shi Hu ordered five of his generals, of which <mask> and Shi Min were a part of, led by Kui An to attack Jingzhou and Yangzhou and Yu's base at Zhucheng. In the attack, <mask> managed to capture Jin territories south of the Mian river(沔水, a historical name for the Han River) together with Kui An. The overall assault was a major success for Later Zhao, as many Jin generals and soldiers either died or surrendered and territorial gains were made while <mask> decided to call off his invasion upon

masks:
Li Nong
Li Nong
Li Nong
Yu Liang
Li Nong
Li Nong
Yu Liang


texts:
 hearing the losses. The same year, <mask> was stationed at Lingzhi and appointed Commissioner Bearing Credentials, Chief of military affairs in Liaoxi and Beiping, General Who Conquers the East, and Governor of Yingzhou. He attacked the Former Yan city of Fancheng (凡城, in modern Kazuo County, Liaoning) but was repelled by Yue Wan. Shi Hu's succession crisis
In 348, Shi Hu's eldest son and heir Shi Xuan (石宣) assassinated his brother Shi Tao (石韜) who was greatly favoured by their father. Shi Xuan announced his death to Shi Hu, who at the time did not know that Xuan was responsible for his death.Shi Hu intended to visit the body, but <mask> prevented him, advising that the assassins were most likely still around. Soon enough, the truth was revealed, and Shi Hu had Shi Xuan brutally executed. With his eldest and favourite dead, he was left with his youngest son Shi Shi, whose mother was <mask>, a favorite of Shi Hu. Shi Hu had <mask>g set a petition to have the ministers choose Shi Shi as Crown Prince. In 349, Shi Hu declared himself as emperor and granted a general amnesty. However, this amnesty did not include Shi Xuan's guards who were exiled to Liangzhou after his execution. In response, their captain <mask> (梁犢) rebelled, and they marched towards Luoyang, defeating the Later Zhao generals in their way.<mask> was made Grand General and sent to stop <mask>'s advance but was also defeated and forced to retreat. Fortunately for Shi Hu, <mask> was eventually killed by Yao Yizhong. Death of Shi Hu and alliance with Shi Min

Reign of Shi Shi
Shi Hu died the same year he

masks:
Li Nong
Li Nong
Consort Liu
Li Non
Liang Du
Li Nong
Liang Du
Liang Du


texts:
 crowned himself emperor. Just after Shi Shi ascended the throne, an attempt on <mask>'s life was made. The Prime Minister Zhang Chai intended to get rid of <mask>, who was the Minister of Works at the time. <mask>'s friend Zhang Ju (張舉), despite being a part of the plot, informed him before the plan could be carried due to their friendship. <mask> took shelter at Shangbai (上白, in modern-day Guangzong County, Hebei) where he defended himself with the Qihuo troops whilst Empress Dowager <mask> ordered Zhang Ju to besiege him.Reign of Shi Zun
The siege was lifted when Shi Zun, Shi Hu's son through his former empress Zheng Yingtao, launched a coup against Shi Shi and Empress Dowager <mask> and put them to death. <mask> returned to court to explain his initial decision in supporting Shi Shi and was pardoned. Shi Zun's brother, Shi Chong (石沖) rebelled after knowing about Shi Shi's death intending to avenge him. <mask> and Shi Min battled Shi Chong at Pingji (平棘, in modern day Zhao County, Hebei), where the latter's army was annihilated. Shi Chong was then forced to commit suicide. Meanwhile, the Jin dynasty took notice of the Shi family's internal strife. The Jin minister Chu Pou was made Grand Commander to take advantage of it.As the people of Lu commandery offered their surrender to the Jin forces, Chu Pou sent Wang Kan (王龕) and <mask> (李邁) to gather them. <mask> fought them at Dai slope (代陂, east of present-day Tengzhou, Shandong) where he captured Wang Kan and killed <mask>. The defeat forced Chu Pou to retreat south. Although Shi Min had been a staunch supporter of Shi

masks:
Li Nong
Li Nong
Li Nong
Li Nong
Liu
Liu
Li Nong
Li Nong
Li Mai
Li Nong
Li Mai


texts:
 Zun, their relationship broke down when Zun did not appoint Min as the Crown Prince despite his promise. Discussions were made between Shi Zun, Empress Dowager Zheng, and the other princes on getting rid of Shi Min. However, one prince, Shi Jian decided to alert Shi Min of this. Shi Min forced <mask> to conspire with him, and together they surrounded Shi Zun's house.They executed him along with the Empress Dowager and their loyal ministers. Reign of Shi Jian
Shi Jian was installed as the new emperor, but real power was held by Shi Min and <mask>, with <mask> being the Grand Marshal. During the two's time in power, numerous assassination attempts were made to remove them. The first was carried out by Shi Jian and his brother Shi Bao, who engineered a night raid but failed and was caught instead. Shi Jian pretended not to know anything of the plot, so he was spared while Shi Bao and the other perpetrators were executed. Another attempt by Shi Jian's family was made, consisting of Shi Cheng, Shi Chi and Shi Hui, although without Jian's knowledge, but all three were defeated and killed by <mask> and Shi Min. The third plot was headed Sun Fudu (孫伏都) and <mask> (劉銖), with both generals intending to restore the emperor's authority.When Shi Jian heard about their plan, he supported them wholeheartedly. Sun Fudu and <mask> waited for <mask> and Shi Min in the capital to ambush them, but they too were defeated. Shi Jian became fearful and turned on Sun Fudu. Much like the conspirators before, Shi Min and <mask> killed Sun Fudu and his men. In 350, Shi Min renamed the state of Zhao

masks:
Li Nong
Li Nong
Li
Li Nong
Liu Zhu
Liu Zhu
Li Nong
Li Nong


texts:
 to Wei (衛) and changed the name of the Shi clan to <mask>, intending to eradicate the clan through a prophecy. This caused panic among the Shi and their ministers, who all fled to the Prince of Xinxing, Shi Zhi in Xiangguo (襄國, in modern Xingtai, Hebei). Most of Zhao's administrators such as Pu Hong and Yao Yizhong refused to submit to Shi Min and either broke away from the regime or joined forces with Shi Zhi.Finally, Shi Jian made one last attempt at killing Shi Min and <mask>g. He sent a eunuch to General Zhang Chen (張沈) to organize an attack on Yecheng but instead, the eunuch betrayed Shi Jian and revealed the plan, causing Shi Min and <mask> to rush back to the capital. Shi Jian was executed and the remaining members of the Shi clan in the city were eradicated. Ran Wei and death
After Shi Jian's death, the minister Shen Zhong urged Shi Min to claim the title of emperor. Shi Min refused, declaring himself a subject of Jin and instead offered the throne to <mask>, but he too declined. Thus, in the end, Shi Min took the throne and established his state of Wei (魏). Shi Min also changed his family name back to Ran, and appointed <mask> as Grand Governor and Prince of Qi.His sons were also made dukes. <mask> would not hold his new titles for long, as he and his three sons were executed as a part of a government purge by Ran Min. The exact reasons for his death were unknown. References

 Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu). Sima, Guang  (1084).Zizhi Tongjian

350 deaths
4th-century executions
Executed Sixteen Kingdoms people
Later Zhao ministers
Later Zhao

masks:
Li
Li Non
Li Nong
Li Nong
Li Nong
Li Nong


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<mask> is a senior counsel in Crowell & Moring's Aviation and Administrative Law & Regulatory practice group. From 2007 until joining Crowell & Moring in April 2014, <mask> was the Deputy Chief Counsel for Operations at the Federal Aviation Administration. He had been assigned to the US Army's Judge Advocate General office. He was at the Center for Military Law and Operations. He was a potential defendant in the proposed international war crimes prosecution for the Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay torture scandal, undertaken by the German national Wolfgang Kaleck. When the German Federal Prosecutor decided not to open an investigation into the international war crimes, this decision was appealed by the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), the International Federation for Human Rights (FIGH) and the Republican Attorneys' Association (RAV) in November 2007. However, the Stuttgart Regional Appeals Court dismissed the appeal on April 21, 2009.Education
<mask> graduated from Berkeley Preparatory School in 1975. He attended the University of Florida where he was a member of Florida Blue Key and President of Kappa Alpha Fraternity. He graduated from The University of Florida with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science in 1978. <mask> went on to earn a Juris Doctorate, with honors, from the University of Florida Levin College Of Law in 1981. While in law school, he was the Chancellor of the Student Honor Court and Chairman of the Board of Masters in the University of Florida Student Government. He is a member of the University of Florida Hall of Fame. He received the Claude Pepper Award for Public Service from the Phi Alpha Delta Law Fraternity.He earned a Master of Laws in Military Law, with honors, from The Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army (TJAGSA) in

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 1993 and a Master of Science in Strategic Studies from the United States Army War College in 2002. He is a Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) Candidate at the University of Virginia Law School in Charlottesville. Army career
Commissioned as an Army ROTC Distinguished Military Graduate, <mask>'s military schooling includes the Judge Advocate Officer Basic, Advanced, and Graduate Courses; Command and General Staff College; U.S. Army War College; and Airborne, Air Assault, Jumpmaster, Pathfinder, and High Risk SERE Schools. <mask> served as a Judge Advocate in numerous assignments in the Americas, Europe and the Middle East. His service included deployments to Grenada, Bosnia, Kuwait and Iraq. He served as the senior legal advisor for the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment in Fulda, Germany, and Kuwait; Task Force Victory in Kuwait;  Joint Special Operations Command, Fort Bragg, North Carolina; 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), Fort Campbell, Kentucky;  V Corps in Germany, Kuwait, and Iraq; Combined Joint Task Force – Seven (CJTF-&) in Iraq; and Multi-National Forces - Iraq (MNF-I).While serving as the Chief of International and Operational Law at V Corps in Germany, <mask> was the U.S. Forces Legal Liaison Officer to the trial of terrorist Mohammed Ali Hammadi, convicted of hijacking TWA Flight 847 and murdering U.S. Navy diver Robert Stethem. He was the legal advisor to special operations forces involved in the capture of persons indicted for war crimes in the former Yugoslavia, including Serbian General Radislav Krstic, the first person to be convicted of genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) for the massacre at Srebrenica. <mask> served on the faculty of the International and Operational Law Department of

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 TJAGSA. He was named the Outstanding Young Army Lawyer by the American Bar Association and received the Clayton B. Burton Award of Excellence from the Military Law Committee of the Florida Bar Association. In 2003 and 2004, <mask> was the senior Staff Judge Advocate (senior attorney) for Coalition Forces in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Following the discovery of prisoner abuse at the Abu Ghraib detention facility, <mask> was among those investigated for professional misconduct.The extensive U.S. Army investigation, some of which remains classified, exonerated <mask>. The investigation was conducted by the Chief Trial Judge for the U.S. Army, who wrote in the unclassified executive summary of the investigation: "Not only was he not derelict in the performance of his duties in any measure, he was the most respected officer in the command." <mask> retired from the United States Army JAG Corps in 2007 after selection for Brigadier General. Military Awards and Decorations  include:
Distinguished Service Medal;
Defense Superior Service Medal;
Legion of Merit;
Bronze Star Medal (2);
Defense Meritorious Service Medal;
Meritorious Service Medal (3);
Joint Service Commendation Medal;
Army Commendation Medal (4);
Joint Service Achievement Medal;
Army Achievement Medal (2);
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal (2);
Armed Forces Service Medal; and
NATO Medal

Recent work
Upon retirement from the army, <mask> served as the deputy chief counsel for operations at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) from November 2007 to 2010. He briefly left the FAA in 2010 to become the executive director of the American Inns of Court Foundation, a professional association dedicated to improving the skills, professionalism and ethics of the bench and bar. He

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 returned to the FAA to serve as the deputy chief counsel, the senior career executive attorney responsible for legal support to the agency. <mask> was named the "Transportation Lawyer of the Year" in 2012 by the Federal Bar Association.<mask> is a professorial lecturer in law at The George Washington University Law School, teaching courses on National Security Law and Nation Building and Rule of Law. He is the co-holder of the Solf-Warren Honorary Chair of International and Operational Law at TJAGSA and is a frequent panelist and speaker at symposia on aviation, international, and operational law. He is a member of the Governing Committee of the American Bar Association Forum on Air and Space Law and was a participant in the Operational Law Experts Roundtable that issued a report on the Gotovina judgment published in 2012 by the International Humanitarian Law Clinic at Emory University School of Law. He is a former president of the Judge Advocates Association. Publications
<mask> served as editor of the Operational Law Handbook and published articles in the Army Lawyer, Military Law Review, and various other military and legal professional publications. Most recent article: "The Fog of Law: The Law of Armed Conflict in Operation Iraqi Freedom, 167 – 209" THE WAR IN IRAQ: A LEGAL ANALYSIS (Pedrozo ed., 2010) (Vol. 86, U.S.Naval War College International Law Studies). He wrote the foreword to The Law of Armed Conflict: An Operational Approach (Aspen Casebook Series textbook) published in 2012 by Wolters Kluwer. References

External links
Background info

United States Army officers
Living people
University of Florida College of Liberal Arts and Sciences alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fredric G. Levin College

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<mask> (; 23 December 1918 – 10 November 2015) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), who served as the chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982. Before becoming Chancellor, he was the minister of Defence (1969–1972) and as the minister of Finance (1972–1974) in the government of Willy Brandt. In the latter role he gained credit for his financial policies. He had also briefly been Minister of Economics and as acting Foreign Minister. As Chancellor, he focused on international affairs, seeking "political unification of Europe in partnership with the United States" and issuing proposals that led to the NATO Double-Track Decision in 1979 to deploy US Pershing II missiles to Europe. He was an energetic diplomat who sought European co-operation and international economic co-ordination and was the leading force in creating the European Monetary System in 1978. He was re-elected chancellor in 1976 and 1980, but his coalition fell apart in 1982 with the switch by his coalition allies, the Free Democratic Party.He retired from Parliament in 1986, after clashing with the SPD's left wing, who opposed him on defence and economic issues. In 1986 he was a leading proponent of European monetary union and a European Central Bank. Background, family, early life and education

<mask> was the elder of two sons of teachers Ludovica Koch (10 November 1890 – 29 November 1968) and Gustav Ludwig <mask> (18 April 1888 – 26 March 1981) in Barmbek, a working-class district of Hamburg, in 1918. <mask> studied at Hamburg Lichtwark School, graduating in 1937. <mask>'s father was born the biological son of a German Jewish banker, Ludwig Gumpel, and a Christian waitress, Friederike Wenzel, and then covertly adopted, although this was kept a family secret for many years. This was confirmed publicly by <mask> in 1984, after Valéry Giscard d'Estaing revealed the fact to journalists, apparently with <mask>'s assent. <mask> himself was a non-practising Lutheran.<mask> was a group leader (Scharführer) in the Hitler Youth

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 organisation until 1936, when he was demoted and sent on leave because of his anti-Nazi views. However, newly accessible documents from 1942 praise his "Impeccable national socialist [Nazi] behaviour", and in 1944 his superiors mentioned that <mask> "stands the ground of national socialist ideology, knowing that he must pass it on." On 27 June 1942, he married his childhood sweetheart Hannelore "Loki" Glaser (3 March 1919 – 21 October 2010). They had two children: <mask> (26 June 1944 – 19 February 1945, died of meningitis), and  (born 8 May 1947), who works in London for Bloomberg Television. <mask> resumed his education in Hamburg after the war, graduating in economics and political science in 1949. Military service
<mask> had planned to study without interruption. Therefore, he volunteered at age 18 for military service in 1937.He began serving with an anti-aircraft battery of Luftwaffe at Vegesack near Bremen. In World War II, after brief service on the Eastern Front during the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 (including the Siege of Leningrad), he returned to Germany in 1942 to work as a trainer and advisor at the Ministry of Aviation. During his service in World War II, <mask> was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class. He attended the People's Court as a military spectator at some of the show trials for officers involved in the 20 July plot, in which an unsuccessful attempt was made to assassinate Hitler at Rastenburg, and was disgusted by Judge Roland Freisler's conduct. Toward the end of the war, from December 1944 onwards, he served as an Oberleutnant in the Flak artillery on the Western Front during the Battle of the Bulge and the Ardennes Offensive. He was captured by the British in April 1945 on Lüneburg Heath, and was a prisoner of war until August of that year in Belgium. In 1958 <mask> was promoted to Hauptmann of the Bundeswehr reserve.Post-WWII
<mask> joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1946, and from 1947 to 1948 was the leader of the Socialist German Student League, the student organisation of

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 the SPD. Upon graduating from the University of Hamburg, where he read economics, he worked for the government of the city-state of Hamburg, working in the department of Economic Policy. Beginning in 1952, under Karl Schiller, he was a senior figure heading up the Behörde für Wirtschaft und Verkehr (the Hamburg State Ministry for Economy and Transport). He was elected to the Bundestag in 1953, and in 1957 he became a member of the SPD parliamentary party executive. A vocal critic of conservative government policy, his outspoken rhetoric in parliament earned him the nickname <mask>hnauze ("<mask> the Lip"). In 1958, he joined the national board of the SPD (Bundesvorstand), and campaigned against nuclear weapons and the equipping of the Bundeswehr with such devices. He alarmed some in his party by taking part in manoeuvres as a reserve officer in the newly formed Bundeswehr.In 1962, he gave up his seat in parliament to concentrate on his tasks in Hamburg. Senator

The government of the city-state of Hamburg is known as the Senate of Hamburg, and from 1961 to 1965, <mask> was the Innensenator: the senator of the interior. He gained a reputation as a Macher (doer) – someone who gets things done regardless of obstacles – by his effective management during the emergency caused by the 1962 flood, during which 300 people drowned. <mask> used all means at his disposal to alleviate the situation, even when that meant overstepping his legal authority, including employing the federal police and army units (ignoring the German constitution's prohibition on using the army for "internal affairs"; a clause excluding disasters was not added until 1968). Describing his actions, <mask> said, "I wasn't put in charge of these units – I took charge of them!" He saved a further 1,000 lives and swiftly managed the re-housing of thousands of the homeless. Return to federal politics

In 1965, he was re-elected to the Bundestag.In 1967, after the formation of the Grand Coalition between the SPD and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), he became chairman of

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 the Social Democratic parliamentary party, a post he held until the elections of 1969. In 1968, he was elected deputy party chairman, a post that he held until 1983. Unlike Willy Brandt and Gerhard Schröder, he never became chairman of the party. In October 1969, he entered the government of Willy Brandt as defense minister. During his term in office, the military conscription time was reduced from 18 to 15 months, while at the same time increasing the number of young men being conscripted. Additionally, <mask> decided to introduce the Bundeswehr universities in Hamburg and Munich to broaden the academic education of the German officer corps, and the situation of non-commissioned officers was improved. In July 1972, he succeeded Karl Schiller as Minister for Economics and Finance, but in November 1972, he relinquished the Economics department, which was again made a separate ministry.<mask> remained Minister of Finance and faced the prospect of rising inflation. Shortly before the Oil Shock of 1973, which rattled Britain and United States, <mask> agreed that European currencies should be floated against the US Dollar. He remained in charge of finance until May 1974. Chancellor of Germany, 1974–1982

<mask> became Chancellor of West Germany on 16 May 1974, after Brandt's resignation in the wake of an espionage scandal. The worldwide economic recession was the main problem his administration faced, and <mask> took a tough and disciplined line, in reduction of public spending. <mask> was also active in improving relations with France. Together with the French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, he was one of the fathers of the world economic summits, the first of which assembled in 1975.In 1975, he was a signatory of the Helsinki Accords to create the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the precursor of today's OSCE. In 1978, he helped set up the European Monetary System (EMS), known as the "Snake in the Tunnel". He remained as Chancellor after the 1976 federal election, in coalition with the liberal Free Democratic

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texts: Party (FDP). He adopted a tough, uncompromising line with the indigenous Red Army Faction (RAF) extremists. In October 1977, he ordered an anti-terrorist unit of Bundesgrenzschutz policemen to end the Palestinian terrorist hijacking of a Lufthansa aircraft named Landshut, staged to secure the release of imprisoned RAF leaders, after it landed in Mogadishu, Somalia. Three of the four kidnappers were killed during the assault on the plane, but all 86 passengers were rescued unharmed. <mask> was re-elected as Chancellor in November 1980.Concerned about the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the Soviet superiority regarding missiles in Central Europe, <mask> issued proposals resulting in the NATO Double-Track Decision, concerning the deployment of medium-range nuclear missiles in Western Europe, should the Soviets not disarm. This decision was unpopular with the German public. A mass demonstration against the deployment mobilised 400,000 people in October 1981. At the beginning of his period as chancellor, <mask> was a proponent of Keynesian economics, and pursued expansionary monetary and fiscal policies during his tenure. Between 1979 and 1982, the <mask> administration pursued such policies in an effort to reduce unemployment. These were moderately successful, as the fiscal measures introduced after 1977, with reductions in income and wealth taxes and an increase in the medium-term public investment programme, were estimated to have created 160,000 additional jobs in 1978–79, or 300,000 if additional public sector employment was included in the figure. The small reduction in the unemployment rate, however, was achieved at the cost of a larger budget deficit (which rose from 31.2 billion DM to 75.7 billion DM in 1981), brought about by fiscal expansion.During the 1970s, West Germany was able to weather the global financial storm far better than almost all the other developed countries, with unemployment and inflation kept at comparatively low levels. During the 1976 election campaign, the SPD/FDP coalition was able to win the battle

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texts: of statistics, whether the figures related to employees' incomes, strikes, unemployment, growth, or public sector debts. Amongst other social improvements, old age pensions had been doubled between 1969 and 1976, and unemployment benefits increased to 68% of previous earnings. Whilst visiting Saudi Arabia in April 1981, <mask> made some unguarded remarks about the Israel-Palestine conflict that succeeded in aggravating the delicate relations between Israel and West Germany. Asked by a reporter about the moral aspect of German-Israeli relations, he stated that Israel was not in a position to criticise Germany due to its handling of Palestinians, and "That won't do. And in particular, it won't do for a German living in a divided nation and laying moral claim to the right of self-determination for the German people. One must then recognize the moral claim of the Palestinian people to the right of self-determination."On 3 May, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin denounced <mask> as "unprincipled, avaricious, heartless, and lacking in human feeling", and stated that he had "willingly served in the German armies that murdered millions." Begin was also upset over remarks that <mask> had made on West German television the previous week, in which he spoke apologetically about the suffering Germany inflicted on various nations during World War II; but made no mention of the Jews. On his flight home from Riyadh, <mask> told his advisers that war guilt could not continue to affect Germany's foreign relations. <mask> was the first world leader to call upon newly elected French president François Mitterrand, who visited Bonn in July 1981. The two found themselves in "complete agreement" on foreign policy matters and relations with the United States and the Soviet Union, but differed on trade and economic issues. By the end of his term, however, <mask> had turned away from deficit spending, due to a deteriorating economic situation, and a number of welfare cuts were carried out, including smaller increases in child benefits and higher


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 unemployment and health contributions. Large sections of the SPD increasingly opposed his security policy, while most of the FDP politicians strongly supported that policy.While representatives of the left-wing of the Social Democratic Party opposed reduction of the state expenditures, the FDP began proposing a monetarist economic policy. In February 1982, <mask> won a motion of confidence; however on 17 September 1982, the coalition broke apart, with the four FDP ministers leaving his cabinet. <mask> continued to lead a minority government composed only of SPD members, while the FDP negotiated a coalition with the CDU/CSU. During this time, <mask> also headed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On 1 October 1982, parliament approved a constructive vote of no confidence and elected CDU chairman <mask> as the new chancellor. This was the only time in the history of the Federal Republic that a chancellor was removed from office in this way. Life after politics

In 1982, along with his friend Gerald Ford, he co-founded the annual AEI World Forum.The following year he joined the nationwide weekly Die Zeit newspaper as co-publisher, also acting as its director from 1985 to 1989. In 1985, he became managing director. With Takeo Fukuda he founded the Inter Action Councils in 1983. He retired from the Bundestag in 1986. In December 1986, he was one of the founders of the committee supporting the EMU and the creation of the European Central Bank. Contrary to the line of his party, <mask> was a determined opponent of Turkey's bid to join the EU. He also opposed phasing out nuclear energy, something that the Red-Green coalition of Gerhard Schröder supported.In 2007, <mask> described the climate debate as "hysterically overheated". When asked about social media, <mask> said he perceived the internet as "threatening". He was particularly concerned about the superficiality of communication on the web. On 16 May 2014, <mask> said the situation in Ukraine was dangerous, because "Europe, the Americans and also Russia are behaving in a way that

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 Christopher Clark, described in his book The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 that's very much worth reading, as the beginning of World War I: like sleepwalkers." <mask> was the author of numerous books on his political life, on foreign policy, and political ethics. He made appearances in numerous television talk shows, and remained one of the most renowned political publicists in Germany until his death. In his later years, <mask> gained a positive reputation as an elder statesman across party lines in Germany.Friendships

<mask> described the assassinated Egyptian president Anwar Sadat as one of his friends from the world of politics, and maintained a friendship with ex-president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of France. His circle also included former Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and former U.S. Secretaries of State George Shultz and Henry Kissinger. Kissinger went on record as stating that he wished to predecease <mask>, because he would not wish to live in a world without him. He was also good friends with former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. At the 4th G7 summit in 1978, the two discussed strategies for the upcoming Canadian federal election, and <mask> gave him advice on economic policy. In 2011, <mask> made a pilgrimage to the Trudeau family vault in St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery, accompanied by Jean Chrétien and Tom Axworthy.Personal life
<mask> admired the philosopher Karl Popper, and contributed a foreword to the 1982 Festschrift in Popper's honor. <mask> was a talented pianist, and recorded piano concertos of both Mozart and Bach with German pianist and conductor Christoph Eschenbach. <mask> recorded Mozart's piano concerto for three pianos, K. 242, with the London Philharmonic Orchestra directed by Eschenbach in 1982 with pianists Eschenbach and Justus Frantz for EMI Records (CDC 7 47473 2). In that recording, according to the CDs liner notes, <mask> played the part written for Countess Antonia Lodron's youngest daughter Giuseppina, "almost a beginner" who commissioned the work. The part

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 brilliantly "enables any reasonably practiced amateur to participate in a performance". The same musical notes also indicate that <mask> and Frantz had played duets during Frantz's student days. In 1990 <mask> joined Eschenbach, Frantz, Gerhard Oppitz and the Hamburg Philharmonic Orchestra in Deutsche Grammophon's recording of Bach's Concerto in A minor for four harpsichords, BWV 1065.All his adult life, <mask> was a heavy smoker. He was well known for lighting up during TV interviews and talk shows. On 13 October 1981, <mask> was fitted with a cardiac pacemaker. On 25 January 2008, German police launched an inquiry after an anti-smoking initiative charged that <mask> was defying the recently introduced smoking ban. The initiative claimed that <mask> had been flagrantly ignoring anti-smoking laws. Despite pictures in the press, the case was subsequently dropped after the public prosecutor's office ruled that <mask>'s actions had not been a threat to public health. On 6 April 2010, with a lifespan of 33,342 days, he surpassed Konrad Adenauer in terms of longevity, and at the time of his death was the oldest former chancellor in German history.His wife of 68 years, <mask>, died on 21 October 2010, aged 91. At the beginning of August 2012, <mask> gave an interview on German television and revealed that at 93 years of age, he had fallen in love again. His new life-partner was his over 57 years long-standing associate Ruth Loah (27 September 1933 – 23 February 2017). Illness, death and state funeral

On 2 September 2015, <mask> underwent surgery for a vascular occlusion in his right leg. On 17 September, he was discharged from hospital. After initial improvement, his condition worsened again on 9 November, with his doctor saying he "feared for the worst". <mask> died in his Hamburg home on the afternoon of 10 November 2015, aged 96.At the time of his death, he was the longest-lived German Chancellor. A state funeral for <mask> was held on 23 November at the Protestant (Lutheran) St. Michael's Church, Hamburg, where <mask>'s funeral had

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 been held. German Chancellor Angela Merkel, in remarks to mourners, said, "He will be missed. He was an astute observer and commentator, and it was with good reason that he had a reputation for dependability." Others who spoke included former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Speaking in German, he lauded <mask> for "vision and courage", based on the principles of "reason, law, peace and faith", and said <mask> had been "a kind of world conscience". Among the 1,800 who attended were German President Joachim Gauck, former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, whose tenure in office paralleled <mask>'s as German chancellor.Other guests included former chancellor Gerhard Schröder, former presidents Christian Wulff, Horst Köhler, Roman Herzog and Hamburg's mayor Olaf Scholz. A flag-draped coffin containing the remains of the former chancellor, also a former German defense minister, was escorted by the German Army's Wachbataillon from St. Michael's to Ohlsdorf Cemetery for a private interment ceremony. <mask>'s remains were buried there one day later, in the family grave alongside the remains of his parents and his wife, Loki. Honours and awards
<mask> received a number of accolades. Among those offered was the Grand Cross Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, which he chose not to accept in Hanseatic tradition in line with the history of independence of Hamburg. In 2003, the university of Germany's federal armed forces in Hamburg was renamed <mask> Schmidt University – University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg in 2003, in honour of the politician whoas minister of defensehad introduced mandatory academic education for German career officers. Freedom of the City
 1983: Hamburg
 1983: Bonn
 1983: Bremerhaven
 1989: Berlin
 1995: Güstrow
 1998: State of Schleswig-Holstein

Honorary degrees
Throughout his tenure as chancellor, and even thereafter, <mask> received 24 honorary degrees.They include degrees from the British universities Oxford and Cambridge,

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 Paris Sorbonne, the American Harvard and Johns Hopkins universities, the Belgian Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and the Keio University in Japan. Foundations
The Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung was established in 2016 by the German Bundestag as one of six non-partisan foundations commemorating politicians. Its aim is to honour <mask>'s historic achievements and to work on political issues <mask> was concerned with throughout his political life and which have lost none of their relevance today. The foundation's headquarters are located in Hamburg. The Schleyer family's decision to award him this prize 36 years after Schleyer's death deeply moved him. 2014: German-French Journalists Prize
 2015: Gustav-Stresemann-Prize of the Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of Germany

Controversies over service in World War II
In 2017, after Minister of Defense Ursula von der Leyen issued an order to remove Wehrmacht memorabilia from barracks and other institutions of the Bundeswehr, a photo of the young Lieutenant <mask> in Wehrmacht uniform was removed from the military's Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg. Although the photo is now displayed again, the initial decision has caused a debate over <mask>'s service in the Wehrmacht.According to Der Spiegel, von der Leyen initially distanced herself from this decision, yet after a few days, she explained that <mask>, as Minister of Defense and later Chancellor, was important in the formation of the Bundeswehr as a democratic army, but his time in the Wehrmacht had nothing to do with this. Historian Michael Wolffsohn argues that <mask> avoided explaining about what he had done between 1940 and 1945." He further comments that the whole <mask> affair reveals that while the Bundeswehr is not "a state within state", there is an uncritical milieu in the Bundeswehr that does not correspond to the spirit of the majority in the German society and might get larger if unchecked. He recommends that the photo be displayed again, but with explanations. Theo Sommer, a prominent journalist

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 and former Chief of Planning Staff for the Ministry of Defence, while agreeing that the military leadership should pay attention to extremism within the Bundeswehr, criticizes von der Leyen for her overreaction and Wolffsohn for false representation of <mask>'s attitude. According to Sommer, <mask> had always been frank about his service on the Eastern Front: while he denied that he had ever seen or known about mass extermination of Jews in Russia, <mask> admitted he often had to shoot at villages and then recognized the smell of burnt flesh. <mask> said the troops were never taught about the Geneva Conventions, and by standards of today, he would have to go to court "a dozen times".According to Der Spiegel, <mask> dated his departure from "idea and practice of National Socialism" to 1942 and his recognition of the criminal character of the regime to 1944. Bibliography

Memoirs

 Menschen und Mächte (Men and Powers), Siedler, Berlin 1987. Memoirs with focus on cold war politics. Die Deutschen und ihre Nachbarn (The Germans and their Neighbours), Siedler, Berlin 1990. Strong focus on European politics. Kindheit und Jugend unter Hitler, with Willi Berkhan et al. (Childhood and Youth under Hitler).Siedler, Berlin 1992. Weggefährten (Companions), Siedler, Berin 1996. Personal memoirs, with focus on personal relations with domestic and foreign politicians

Political books (selection)

Notes and references

Further reading
 Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1988 (A History of West Germany) (v. 2) (1989)

 Dönhoff, Marion. Foe into Friend: Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to <mask> (1982)
 Merkl, Peter H. The Federal Republic of Germany at Forty: Union Without Unity (1989)
 Soell, Hartmut. <mask>: Pioneer of International Economic and Financial Cooperation (2013) excerpt
 Spohr, Kristina. The Global Chancellor: <mask> and the Reshaping of the International Order (Oxford University Press, 2016).Wilsford, David, ed. Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical

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John Craven (<mask><mask> (8 June 1899 – 27 April 1992) was a British furniture entrepreneur, who was very influential between the First and Second World Wars. His work is exhibited in the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Museum of London. He was a member of the Design and Industries Association. <mask> was born in Hampstead, London, the son of <mask>, a successful barrister, and a descendant of <mask>, businessman and scientist. He was educated at Oundle School and Pembroke College, University of Cambridge. In 1924, <mask> married Rosemary (Molly) Cooke, a psychiatrist (1900 - 1985); they had two sons, Jonathan and Jeremy, born in 1926 and 1928. <mask> also had a daughter, Jennifer, with Beatrix Tudor Hart, a pioneering educator.For many years he and his wife lived in the famous Lawn Road Flats, also known as the Isokon Flats. They later retired to a house also named Isokon on Dunwich Road, Blythburgh, Suffolk, designed by Jennifer and her husband Colin Jones. <mask> died in Blythburgh and is buried there. Isokon

The London-based Isokon firm was founded in 1929 to design and construct modernist houses and flats, and subsequently furniture and fittings for them. Originally called Wells Coates and Partners, the name was changed in 1931 to Isokon, a name derived from Isometric Unit Construction, bearing an allusion to Russian Constructivism. Unusually for a design company, its directors were the bacteriologist and later psychiatrist <mask>, the solicitor Frederick Graham-Maw, son of Frederick James Maw, the founder of the law firm Rowe and Maw, the economist Robert S Spicer, as well as Coates and Pritchard. In reality, the company was run by <mask>, whose initial involvement was to handle the economics, publicity and marketing, but who later went on to hire designers and direct the company after Coates left.<mask> had become the British

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