texts:
 blacks might have more opportunity in their own society in Africa. Its members helped to support transportation costs for free blacks, and in the early years states such as Virginia and Maryland contributed to resettlement. While most free African Americans wanted to make their lives in the United States with rights that recognized their citizenship, some did emigrate. <mask> and his wife Thamar were among them, going in 1827 after their children were grown. He served as a Methodist missionary and worked as a farmer. They lived near the main settlement of Monrovia.In 1833 he published a book about the colony, describing its products and society. In it he expressed an ambivalent attitude toward the African natives, describing them as "benighted" and in need of Christianity, but he was also hopeful about potential autonomy for African Americans in the colony. Slaves using the courts
In the 19th century, African Americans petitioned various levels of government on a variety of issues. When necessary, they used the courts. Numerous individuals addressed the topics of personal freedom and economic discrimination in their appeals. To explain his thinking about using the legal avenues open to him, <mask> wrote: "I thought where the law made liberty the right of any man, he could not be wrong in trying to recover it." Bayley threatened to take his master to court for transporting his family out of state and immediately selling them on arrival in Virginia.He was successful in gaining an out-of-court settlement that included his master's accepting an arrangement whereby he could buy his freedom over time. Other African Americans were

masks:
Bayley
Solomon Bayley


type: original

texts: also sometimes successful in petitioning the courts to right wrongs if their masters  violated the law. Particularly in areas on the western frontier between slave and free states, for instance in St. Louis, Missouri and in Louisiana, hundreds of slaves filed freedom suits, challenging the grounds of their enslavement and sometimes winning freedom. The legal justifications for the institution of slavery included exceptions. Slaves claimed the right to freedom based on Native American ancestry (where Native American slavery had been prohibited), or on masters knowingly holding them in free states past the limits set by those states' laws. For decades before the Civil War, state courts often observed a precedent of "once free, always free", until the Dred Scott ruling by the United States Supreme Court. <mask>'s memoir, A Narrative of Some Remarkable Incidents in the Life of <mask> (1825), is one of the earliest of the genre known as slave narratives.Published in London in 1825, it is forty-eight pages in length. It was based in part on correspondence between <mask> and Hurnard. <mask> expresses his religious faith throughout, in his escape, his efforts to buy freedom for himself and his family, and other trials. He was a Methodist who saw his life through a Christian perspective. His escape and recapture are covered in detail. Yolanda N. Pierce has explored <mask>'s memoir and four other slave narratives from the standpoint of slave agency. A.J.Raboteau noted that she said the plot line of most of them "constitutes a picaresque journey of incredible incidents, ... all governed by Divine Providence". Referring to Pierce's

masks:
Works Bayley
Solomon Bayley
Bayley
Bayley
Bayley


texts:
 account, Raboteau notes that "These narratives describe a double journey from slavery to freedom, spiritual and physical. Their rhetorical structure frequently oscillates between an interpretive perspective that is (sometimes in the same paragraph) both African and Western." Pierce says that <mask>'s narrative merges African and Western belief, creating a “liminal space” for Bayley “in which he does not have to abandon one to adopt the other”. Raboteau noted that Bayley was inspired to compassion by his Christian faith, drawing from it to grapple with challenges in slavery and as a free man. For instance, he belonged to the same Methodist class meeting as his wife's master, who threatened to see Thamar and Bayley's infant daughter. Bayley wrote in his memoir that it was extremely difficult

to keep up true love and unity between him and me, in the sight of God: this was a cause of wrestling in my mind; but that scripture abode with me, 'He that loveth father or mother, wife or children, more than me, is not worthy of me; then I saw it became me to hate the sin with all my heart, but still the sinner love; but I should have fainted, if I had not looked to Jesus, the author of my faith'...In 1833 <mask> published his "A Brief Account of the Colony of Liberia", based on his emigration to the African colony and work there as a missionary. According to Raboteau, he expressed the "ultimate ambiguity", that “his duty as a Christian was to bring religion to the ‘benighted’ regions of Africa, while choosing to emigrate there as a true place of freedom, removed from the hell of American slavery.”

See also

List of slaves

Sources

masks: Bayley Bayley


texts:
 <mask>, <mask> (1825), A Narrative of Some Remarkable Incidents in the Life of <mask>, Formerly a Slave in the State of Delaware, North America, London: Harvey and Darton; posted at Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina
 <mask>, <mask> (1833), "A Brief Account of the Colony of Liberia", Wilmington, Delaware
 Dalleo, Peter T. (1997), "THE GROWTH OF DELAWARE'S ANTEBELLUM FREE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY", in A HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICANS OF DELAWARE AND MARYLAND'S EASTERN SHORE, edited by Carole Marks, Wilmington, Delaware: University of Delaware, 1997. Retrieved 2007-07-13
 Gates, Henry Louis; Higginbotham, Evelyn Hooks, African American Lives, Oxford University Press US, 2004,
 Newton, J. E. (1997), "BLACK AMERICANS IN DELAWARE: AN OVERVIEW", in A HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICANS OF DELAWARE AND MARYLAND'S EASTERN SHORE, edited by Carole Marks, Wilmington, Delaware: University of Delaware, 1997; Retrieved 2007-07-13
 Pierce, Yolanda. Hell Without Fires: Slavery, Christianity, and the Antebellum Spiritual Narrative, University Press of Florida, 2005; analysis of five early slave narratives, including that of Solomon Bayley
  Raboteau, A. J. (2002), "The African American Witness to the Sacred Gift of Life", Lecture at the Orthodox Peace Fellowship Conference, June, St. Tikhon's Monastery, South Canaan, Pennsylvania; Retrieved 2007-04-17. Raboteau, A. J. (2005), "Response to Papers on" Survival, Resistance, and Transmission: New Historiological and Methodological Perspectives for the Study of Slave Religion, in The North Star, Volume 8, Number 2; Retrieved 2007-08-18

References

External links
 A Narrative of

masks:
Bayley
Solomon
Solomon Bayley
Bayley
Solomon


texts:
 Some Remarkable Incidents in the Life of Solomon Bayley, Formerly a Slave in the State of Delaware, London: Harvey and Darton, 1825; reprinted at Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina.<mask>, <mask>. A Brief Account of the Colony of Liberia (Wilmington, Delaware: 1833)
 WebRoots.org: Nonprofit Library for Genealogy
 American Slavery: Pre-1866 Imprints
 Mike Haughey, "Black History Overview" (Literature, see 1825)
 "<mask> and Anti-Slavery in Delaware" [exhibition] from University of Delaware. Special Collections

1770s births
1830s deaths
African-American writers
American slave owners
American people of Guinean descent
18th-century American slaves
People from Camden, Delaware
19th-century American writers
People who wrote slave narratives
People of colonial Delaware
Black slave owners in the United

masks:
Bayley
Solomon
Solomon Bayley


texts:
<mask> ( , , often misspelled Verrazano in English; 1485–1528) was an Italian (Florentine) explorer of North America, in the service of King Francis I of France. He is renowned as the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between Florida and New Brunswick in 1524, including New York Bay and Narragansett Bay. Early life
The consensus of scholars is that <mask> was born in Val di Greve, south of Florence, the capital and the main city of the Republic of Florence, the son of <mask> and Fiammetta Cappelli. It is generally claimed that he was born in the Castello di Verrazzano, hence its birth indicator (similar to <mask>). Some alternative theories have been elaborated; for example, certain French scholarship assumes that <mask> was born in Lyon, France, the son of <mask> and <mask>ni. "Whatever the case," writes Ronald S. Love, "<mask> always considered himself to be Florentine," and he was considered a Florentine by his contemporaries as well. He signed documents employing a Latin version of his name, "Janus Verrazanus", and he called himself "Jehan de Verrazane" in his will dated 11 May 1526 in Rouen, France (preserved at the Archives départementales de la Seine-Maritime).In contrast to his detailed account of his voyages to North America, little is known about his personal life. After 1506, he settled in the port of Dieppe, Kingdom of France, where he began his career as a navigator. He embarked for the American coast probably in 1508 in the company of captain Thomas Aubert, on the ship La Pensée, equipped by the owner, Jean Ango. He explored the region of Newfoundland, possibly during a fishing trip, and possibly the St. Lawrence River in Canada; on other occasions, he made numerous voyages to the eastern Mediterranean. 1522–24 voyage to America
In September 1522, the surviving members of Ferdinand Magellan's crew returned to Spain, having circumnavigated the globe. Competition in trade was becoming urgent,

masks:
Giovanni da Verrazzano
Giovanni da Verrazzano
Piero Andrea di Bernardo da Verrazzano
Leonardo da Vinci
Verrazzano
Alessandro di Bartolommeo da Verrazano
Giovanna Guadag
Verrazzano


texts: especially with Portugal. King Francis I of France was impelled by French merchants and financiers from Lyon and Rouen who were seeking new trade routes and so he asked <mask> in 1523 to make plans to explore on France's behalf an area between Florida and Terranova, the "New Found Land", with the goal of finding a sea route to the Pacific Ocean.Within months, four ships set sail due west for the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, but a violent storm and rough seas caused the loss of two ships. The remaining two damaged ships, La Dauphine and La Normande, were forced to return to Brittany. Repairs were completed in the final weeks of 1523, and the ships set sail again. This time, the ships headed south toward calmer waters, which were under the dangerous Spanish and Portuguese control. After a stop in Madeira, complications forced La Normande back to home port, but <mask>'s ship La Dauphine departed on January 17, 1524, piloted by Antoine de Conflans, and headed once more for the North American continent. It neared the area of Cape Fear on about March 21st and, after a short stay, reached the Pamlico Sound lagoon of modern North Carolina. In a letter to Francis I described by historians as the Cèllere Codex, <mask> wrote that he was convinced that the Sound was the beginning of the Pacific Ocean from which access could be gained to China.Continuing to explore the coast further northwards, <mask> and his crew came into contact with Native Americans living on the coast. However, he did not notice the entrances to Chesapeake Bay or the mouth of the Delaware River. In New York Bay, he encountered the Lenape in about 30 Lenape canoes and observed what he deemed to be a large lake, really  the entrance to the Hudson River. He then sailed along Long Island and entered Narragansett Bay, where he received a delegation of Wampanoag and Narragansett people. The words "Norman villa" are found on the 1527 map by Visconte Maggiolo identifying the site. The

masks: Verrazzano Verrazzano Verrazzano Verrazzano


texts:
 historian Samuel Eliot Morison writes that "this occurs at Angouleme (New York) rather than Refugio (Newport). It was probably intended to compliment one of <mask>'s noble friends.There are several places called 'Normanville' in Normandy, France. The main one is located near Fécamp and another important one near Évreux, which would naturally be it. West of it, conjecturally on the Delaware or New Jersey coast, is a Longa Villa, which Verrazzano certainly named after François d'Orléans, duc de Longueville." He stayed there for two weeks and then moved northwards. He discovered Cape Cod Bay, his claim being proved by a map of 1529 that clearly outlined Cape Cod. He then followed the coast up to modern Maine, southeastern Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, and he then returned to France by 8 July 1524. Verrazzano named the region that he explored Francesca in honor of the French king, but his brother's map labeled it Nova Gallia (New France).Later life and death
<mask> arranged a second voyage, with financial support from Jean Ango and Philippe de Chabot, which departed from Dieppe with four ships early in 1527. One ship was separated from the others in a gale near the Cape Verde Islands, but <mask> reached the coast of Brazil with two ships and harvested a cargo of brazilwood before returning to Dieppe in September. The third ship returned later, also with a cargo of brazilwood. The partial success did not find the desired passage to the Pacific Ocean, but it inspired <mask>'s final voyage, which left Dieppe in early 1528. There are conflicting accounts of <mask>'s demise. In one version, during his third voyage to North America in 1528, after he had explored Florida, the Bahamas, and the Lesser Antilles, Verrazzano anchored out to sea and rowed ashore, probably on the island of Guadeloupe. He was allegedly killed and eaten by the native Caribs.The fleet of two or three ships was anchored out of gunshot range, and no one could respond in time.

masks: Verrazzano Verrazzano Verrazzano Verrazzano Verrazzano


texts:
 However, older historical accounts suggest that <mask> was the same person as the corsair Jean Fleury, who was executed for piracy by the Spanish at Puerto del Pico, Spain. Legacy

Despite his discoveries, <mask>'s reputation did not proliferate as much as other explorers of that era. For example, <mask> gave the European name Francesca to the new land that he had seen, in accordance with contemporary practices, after the French king in whose name he sailed. That and other names that he bestowed on features that he discovered have not survived. He had the misfortune of making major discoveries in the same three years (1519 to 1521) that the dramatic Conquest of Mexico and Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the world occurred. Magellan himself did not complete his voyage, but his publicist Antonio Pigafetta did so, and Spanish publicity outweighed the news of the French voyage.In the 19th and the early 20th centuries, there was a great debate in the United States about the authenticity of the letters that he wrote to Francis I to describe the geography, flora, fauna, and native population of the east coast of North America. Others thought that they were authentic, almost universally the current opinion, particularly after the discovery of a letter signed by Francis I, which referred to <mask>'s letter. <mask>'s reputation was particularly obscure in New York City, where the 1609 voyage of Henry Hudson on behalf of the Dutch Republic came to be regarded as the de facto start of European exploration of New York. It was only by a great effort in the 1950s and 1960s that <mask>'s name and reputation were re-established as the European discoverer of the harbor, during an effort to name the newly built Narrows bridge after him. Commemorations

In 1909, during the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, a bronze statue of <mask> by Ettore Ximenes was installed in Battery Park in Manhattan. There are numerous commemorations of the explorer on Staten

masks: Verrazzano Verrazzano Verrazzano Verrazzano Verrazzano Verrazzano Verrazzano


texts:
 Island. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, spanning The Narrows that separate Staten Island from Brooklyn, is perhaps the best known.Until October 2018, it was known as the "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge" with one "z". A Staten Island Ferry boat that served New York from the 1950s to the 1990s was also named for <mask>. The ferry was named the "Verrazzano", while the bridge was named "Verrazano", reflecting the confusion over the spelling of his name. A Little League team on Staten Island is also named for him. The Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, is named for him, as is Maryland's Verrazano Bridge. A vessel of the Italian navy, a destroyer of the Navigatori class, was named after Verrazzano. She was launched in 1930 and sunk by a British submarine in 1942.There is a statue of him in the town of Greve in Chianti, Italy. There is a monument commemorating him in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware; it states on its south face:

The monument further states on its east face:

A native of Val Di Greve in the Tuscany region of Italy, he studied navigation as a young man and became a master mariner. He was engaged by the King of France to lead a voyage to North America in 1524. The purpose of <mask>'s journey was to learn more about the continent. Traveling in a small ship known as the Dauphine, he explored coastal areas from the present-day State of North Carolina to Canada, observing the natural abundance of the land and the vibrant culture of its native peoples. His voyage is the earliest documented European exploration of this part of the Atlantic Coast.This monument rests upon stone from Castello di Verrazzano, the explorer's ancestral home. References

Further reading

External links
 Verrazzano Centre for Historical Studies

1485 births
1528 deaths
People from Greve in Chianti
Italian explorers of North America
16th-century people of the Republic of Florence
Italian explorers
Explorers of Canada
Cannibalised people
Explorers of

masks: Verrazzano Verrazzano


texts:
<mask> (March 5, 1926 – March 22, 1987), born and also credited as <mask>, was an American film and television actress. She is known for her recurring role in The Dick Van Dyke Show. Early years
<mask> was born in Forest Hills, New York to Thomas Cuyler Fulton, an automobile salesman, and Esther L. Ring Fulton, and she moved with her parents and two brothers Theodore Cuyler Fulton Jr and Albert Fulton to Vancouver when she was five years old. Career

Dancing and modeling
Shawlee studied ballet under Ernest Belcher. At the age of fourteen, she began to work as a model for the John Robert Powers agency in New York, and worked later as a showgirl on Broadway. Billed as Joyce Ring, she appeared in the musical productions By Jupiter (1942) and A Connecticut Yankee (1943). Film
A tall woman (5'9"), she was known for small parts in Jack Lemmon and Billy Wilder films.She is probably best remembered for her role as bandleader Sweet Sue in Some Like It Hot (1959) starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Lemmon. She appeared as Sylvia in The Apartment (1960), and as Amazon Annie in Irma la Douce, both of which starred Lemmon and Shirley MacLaine. She also appeared in Billy Wilder's final film, Buddy Buddy (1981), starring Lemmon and Walter Matthau. Television
Shawlee had a recurring role on TV in The Dick Van Dyke Show as Fiona "Pickles" Sorrell, wife of writer Maurice "Buddy" Sorrell (Morey Amsterdam). She played the lead in The Adventures of Aggie (1956–57), which only ran

masks:
Joan Shawlee
Joan Fulton
Shawlee


texts:
 for one season. She played Lorna Peterson on Betty Hutton's short-lived series Goldie; Margo on the 1976–77 crime drama The Feather and Father Gang; and Tessie on Joe's World. She was also a regular on The Abbott and Costello Show.She played a dead criminal's wife in Stories of the Century with Jim Davis and a 1957 episode of Maverick titled "Stampede", starring James Garner and Efrem Zimbalist Jr., in which she portrayed the exuberant Madame Pompey. Her final acting appearance was in an episode of Crazy Like a Fox in 1985. Comedy team
In the early 1960s, <mask> and actress Mitzi McCall teamed up as a night club act. They opened at the Club Robaire in Cleveland. In January 1961, syndicated newspaper columnist Dorothy Kilgallen reported that the team was "causing quite a stir", while drawing attention to -- and exaggerating -- their discrepancy in height: "<mask> being six feet, three inches tall and Mitzi four feet, 10 inches short." Personal life
She was married twice. Her first husband was <mask>, a printing executive.They had a son, Walter, and divorced in 1956. Her second husband, Eddie Barchet, was a resort hotel manager she met in England and with whom she lived in California. She and Barchet had a daughter, Angela. <mask> was a Democrat who was supportive of Adlai Stevenson's campaign during the 1952 presidential election. Death
<mask> died of breast cancer, in Hollywood, California, on March 22, 1987, aged 61. She was cremated and her ashes scattered at

masks:
Shawlee
Joan
Walter Shawlee
Shawlee
Shawlee


texts:
<mask> (born 13 April 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wallsend between 1992 and 1997, and  North Tyneside from 1997 to 2010. He was implicated in the MP expenses scandal and retired from politics in 2010. During <mask>' ministerial career, he was Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, and Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government and the Regions in the Cabinet. Early career

<mask> was born in Wolverhampton. He was educated at Wymondham College, a state-run day and boarding school, Chester City Grammar School and the Chester College of Further Education. He then gained a law degree at Liverpool John Moores University and became a law lecturer at Newcastle Polytechnic (now Northumbria University) in 1977, a post he retained until his election as a Member of Parliament in 1992. <mask> was elected as a councillor to the North Tyneside District Council in 1980 and was its deputy leader from 1985 until he became an MP in 1992.Reportedly a former supporter of the entryist Militant group once active within the Labour Partya claim which he says is untrue Byers had publicly rejected the group's approach by 1986. In the 1983 general election, he contested the Conservative stronghold seat of Hexham, finishing in third place and some 14,000 votes behind the former Cabinet minister Geoffrey Rippon. He was first elected to Parliament in the 1992 general election in Wallsend, a Labour stronghold, following the retirement of Ted Garrett, and secured a majority of 19,470. In 1993, <mask> joined the influential Home Affairs Select committee. He became an ally of Tony Blair, a fellow northeastern Labour MP, who was also in favour of 'modernising' the Labour Party. Blair gave him a job as soon as he became the Leader of the Opposition, placing <mask> in the Whips Office. He became a spokesman for the Department for Education and Employment in 1995, and he identified himself as an "outrider" for the New Labour project, regularly floating radical ideas on Blair's behalf to test reaction.An instance of this is

masks:
Stephen John Byers
Byers
Stephen Byers
Byers
Byers
Byers


texts:
 when Byers briefed journalists in 1996 saying that the party might sever its links with the trade unions. <mask> was swiftly appointed to Shadow ministerial posts and became the Minister for School Standards with the title of Minister of State at the Department of Education and Employment following the victorious 1997 general election. While at this post, <mask> drew attention to himself when he said 8 times 7 was 54 in a BBC interview promoting a Government numeracy drive. His Wallsend constituency was abolished in 1997 and he was elected for the equally safe North Tyneside constituency with a 26,643 vote majority. Cabinet appointment

He joined the Cabinet in July 1998, as Chief Secretary to the Treasury and became a Member of the Privy Council. After the sudden resignation of Peter Mandelson, <mask> was appointed as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry in December 1998. After the 2001 general election, he was made Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government & the Regions.MG Rover

Byers was heavily criticised for his part in the collapse of the MG Rover Group. <mask>, as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, advocated the 2000 deal with the Phoenix Consortium instead of the bid from Alchemy Partners, a successful turnaround private equity investor that would have slimmed down the business. Although this deal prolonged the existence of the group for five years, it ultimately collapsed at extensive cost to the British tax payers while giving large profits from a dowry given by the seller BMW to the Phoenix Consortium. Byers responded to this criticism in his submission to the Trade and Industry committee, stating that his actions had largely been in line with government policy and that the long slow collapse of MG Rover Group had been preferable to a short sudden collapse. Railtrack

The first source of controversy in the Railtrack incident was the decision, taken at short notice with disregard for the regulator Tom Winsor, and implemented over a weekend, to ask the High Court to put the privatised railway infrastructure company Railtrack into railway administration,

masks: Byers Byers Byers Byers


texts:
 on 7 October 2001. This ultimately led to the creation of Network Rail, which effectively renationalised Britain's railway infrastructure company. The British Office for National Statistics insisted that the placement of Network Rail in the private sector was correct.Byers later admitted that he had not been truthful. Byers' decision angered those private investors who had lost money, and under pressure from The City, the government eventually had to offer compensation. The action also led to the largest class legal action ever seen in the British courts. Exit from the Cabinet

In late 2001, it was revealed that Byers' political adviser, Jo Moore, had sent an email on 11 September 2001, suggesting that the September 11, 2001 attacks made it "a very good day to get out anything we want to bury". Moore and <mask> survived the resulting outrage, but, in February 2002, the public uproar broke out again. A leaked email from the Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions's head of news, Martin Sixsmith, a former BBC news reporter, seemed to warn Moore not to "bury" any more bad news on the day of Princess Margaret's funeral, implying that she was attempting to do so. On 15 February, the resignations of both Moore and Sixsmith were announced.Later on, however, Sixsmith stated that he had not agreed to go, but rather that Byers had insisted on the head of news' departure as his price to pay for losing Moore. In May it was confirmed by the Department that <mask> had announced Sixsmith's resignation prematurely, though the Government said that this was due to a misunderstanding, and he had done nothing wrong. Byers' troubles continued over the following months. The Labour-dominated House of Commons Transport Select Committee criticised the party's transport strategy, and a long-running row over Byers' decision as Trade Secretary to allow pornographic-magazine publisher Richard Desmond to buy the Daily Express newspaper returned to the limelight. The pressure on Byers was too much, and he resigned on 28 May 2002 to be replaced by Alastair Darling. Return to backbenches

On the

masks: Byers Byers


texts:
 backbenches, Byers kept up pressure for the Labour Party to keep to the centre ground. In August 2006, he suggested that Labour heir-apparent, Gordon Brown, should discard the inheritance tax to prove his "New Labour" credentials to Middle England.This suggestion was widely criticised by many MPs, who claimed that the publicity surrounding Byers' plan would "frighten constituents in the high-priced south into believing they would have to pay death duties, when most won't". On 14 November 2009, he announced that he would be stepping down from Parliament at the 2010 general election. Following the criticism of the Prime Minister over the budget of 2007, which dismissed the ten percent starting rate of income tax as well as that of 2008, which included a planned two percent rise in fuel duties, Byers accused Gordon Brown of manipulating the tax system for "tactical advantage" and urged an "immediate halt" to proposals to increase taxes on motorists. He also condemned the government's proposed inheritance tax reforms that had been launched in response to Opposition proposals to reform the tax. He went on to urge the government to carry out a fundamental rethinking of tax policy. Expenses

As part of a series of reports highlighting MPs' expenses claims, on 10 May 2009, The Sunday Telegraph reported that Byers had claimed more than  in second home allowances for a London flat owned by his partner, where the MP lived rent-free. Allegedly included in his expenses claims was £27,000 for redecoration, maintenance, and appliances for the property.Lobbyist investigation

In March 2010, <mask> was among the politicians caught out by undercover journalists who were posing as lobbyists from an international company. The journalists were from The Sunday Times and filming for a Channel Four investigatory series called Dispatches. He was shown describing himself as a "cab for hire" and offering to lobby his parliamentary contacts in support of the fictitious company for a financial payment of between £3,000 and £5,000 per day. Byers claimed to have influenced outcomes for National Express and Tesco


texts:
 through his relationships with Lord Adonis, Transport Secretary, and Lord Mandelson, Business Secretary, respectively. He claimed that he phoned Mandelson to put a stop to "massively bureaucratic" food labelling regulations after he had been contacted by Tesco. He later withdrew his name for consideration by the fictitious lobbying company via email, claiming he had over-stated his role, writing, "I have not spoken to Andrew Adonis or Peter Mandelson about the matters I mentioned". When the story broke, National Express and Tesco also denied there was any truth in <mask>' statements.Byers referred himself to John Lyon, the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards. Byers expressed confidence that Lyon would clear his name, but he was eventually banned from the parliamentary estate. On 22 March 2010, Byers' administrative suspension from the membership of the Parliamentary Labour Party was announced alongside those of Patricia Hewitt, Geoff Hoon and Margaret Moran. However, all four remained members of the Labour Party itself. On 9 December 2010, Geoff Hoon along with <mask> and Richard Caborn were banned from parliament, the Standards and Privileges Committee banned Geoff Hoon for a minimum five years as his was the most serious breach, whilst Byers received two years and Caborn six months. See also
 List of residents of Wolverhampton

Footnotes

External links

 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: <mask> MP
 BBC News report on <mask>'s sacking from the UK Government by Tony Blair
 TheyWorkForYou.com – <mask> MP

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1953 births
Living people
Academics of Northumbria University
Alumni of Liverpool John Moores University
British Secretaries of State
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Friends of Israel
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Chester City Grammar School
People from Wolverhampton
Secretaries of State for Transport (UK)
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Councillors in Tyne and Wear
People educated at Wymondham College
Presidents of the Board of Trade
Labour Party

masks:
Byers
Stephen Byers
Stephen Byers
Stephen Byer
Stephen Byers


texts:
<mask>n (; November 7, 1920 – April 28, 2015), also known as Kwang-hsien Hsu, was a Chinese chemist. He was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Science who is respected for his contributions in both theoretical and experimental chemistry. He is a former president of the Chinese Chemical Society, and is known as "The Father of Chinese Rare Earths Chemistry". Early life and education
<mask> was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang on November 7, 1920. He entered Hangzhou Advanced Industrial Vocational School in Zhejiang (now part of Zhejiang University of Technology). Due to the Anti-Japanese War, the students and faculty were relocated to an advanced industrial school in Ningbo, where <mask> graduated in 1939. In 1940 <mask> entered Jiaotong University in Shanghai (now known as Shanghai Jiao Tong University, SJTU).Again, there was disruption at the university because of the war. <mask> received his B.Sc. in 1944. In 1945, <mask>n worked as a teaching assistant at SJTU, with professor Gu Jidong. He married one of his classmates, chemist Gao Xiaoxia in 1946. <mask> and Gao passed national examinations for studying abroad in 1946. <mask> traveled to the United States in 1948 to attend the graduate school of Washington University in St. Louis.After ranking first in a probationary summer class at Columbia University in New York City, he was able to transfer to Columbia. There he studied quantum chemistry with a minor in physics from 1948 to 1951. He also worked as a teaching assistant, enabling Gao Xiaoxia to join him and study analytical chemistry at New York University. <mask> received his MS in 1949 and his PhD in 1951 working with Charles O. Beckmann. His thesis in quantum chemistry was "Optically Active Quantum Chemical Theory". In February 1949, he became a member of the Phi Lambda Upsilon National Honorary Chemical Society (ΦΛΥ). In

masks:
Xu Guangxia
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu Guangxia
Xu
Xu
Xu


texts:
 October 1950, <mask> became a member of Sigma Xi (ΣΞ).Meanwhile, in China, the Chinese Civil War resulted in the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The Korean War broke out in June, 1950. Soon after, the United States government passed an act forbidding Chinese citizens who were studying in America from returning to China. Concerned that they might not be allowed to return home if they waited until Gao Xiaoxia received her Ph.D., <mask>n and Gao Xiaoxia applied for short-term visas to China. On April 15, 1951, they left for China on the USS General Gordon, one of the last three cruisers to leave for China before the American ban went into effect. Career
After returning to China in 1951, <mask> became an associate professor at the Department of Chemistry of Peking University. By autumn 1952, he held professorships in both the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Technical Physics.<mask> held various directorships at the university. He worked primarily in the areas of quantum chemistry and chemical bonding theory. He studied the bonding characteristics of molecules and proposed a formula relating the order of filling of atomic orbital levels to the grouping of elements into periods in the periodic table. This led to greater understanding of the lanthanides and actinides. <mask> became the department dean in 1956 and directed the department of radiation chemistry. <mask> was involved in the Chinese nuclear weapons development program, in which he played a role in separating and extracting elements for nuclear fuels. In particular, he did experimental research on the separation of Uranium-235 and Uranium-238.After 1966, when the Cultural Revolution began, <mask>'s department stopped doing atomic research. During the Cultural Revolution, <mask> and his wife Gao Xiaoxia were accused of spying for the Kuomintang

masks:
Xu
Xu Guangxia
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu


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 and sent to a labor camp from 1969 to 1972. When he returned to Peking University in 1972, <mask> was asked to change his field of study to the extraction of praseodymium, a rare earth element. During the 1970s, <mask> studied the theoretical basis and design for solvent extraction, developed mathematical models, and made important contributions towards the development of separation processes for rare earth elements. Gao Xiaoxia's development of microanalytical techniques in polarography contributed to the success of <mask>'s research. <mask> developed the process of countercurrent extraction (also known as series extraction or cascade extraction) and substantially reduced both the time needed to extract materials, and their resulting cost. <mask> founded the Research Center of Rare Earth Chemistry as of 1986 and was essential in establishing the State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications in 1989.He served as Director and as Chairman of its Academic Committee. In 2005, <mask>n raised concerns about the mining of thorium in the Baotou area, where mine wastes were released into the Yellow River. The Yellow River is a source of drinking water for an estimated 150 million people, so radioactive contamination is a very serious issue. <mask> has suggested that the Chinese develop stocks of rare earths to stave off shortages of rare earths. <mask> published more than 500 reviewed papers and several books. These included Principle of Extraction Chemistry, Rare Earth Solvent Extraction, The Structure of Matter and The Basic Principles of Quantum Chemistry and Ab-initio Calculation. <mask> has supervised hundreds of students.Awards and honors
 <mask> has twice received China's State Natural Science Award (Second Class and Third Class, 1987); twice received the State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second

masks:
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu Guangxia
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu


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 Class, 1998; Third Class, 1991); and received the Ho Leung Ho Lee Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress in 1994. <mask> received the 2008 State Preeminent Science and Technology Award. It was presented to him at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, on January 9, 2009, by Hu Jintao. <mask> was also congratulated by Wen Jiabao. The award is considered to be China's equivalent to the Nobel Prize. In 2009, <mask>n, Qian <mask>n, Zhang Guangdou, and Wu Wenjun were honored with the inaugural SJTU Outstanding Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Asteroid 345871 Xuguangxian, discovered by astronomers with the PMO NEO Survey Program at Purple Mountain Observatory in 2007, was named in his memory.The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on January 9, 2020 (). <mask> died in Beijing on April 28, 2015, at age 94. Memberships
 Elected to the Chinese Academy of Science in 1980
 President (1986―1990), Chinese Chemical Society (CCS)
 Vice-president (1980―1999), Chinese Society of Rare Earths (CSRE) Honorary vice-president thereafter
 Editor-in-chief, Rare Earths (a 3-volume monograph on the science and technology of rare earths in China), Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 1995
 Editor-in-chief, Journal of Rare Earths

See also
 Project 596 – China's first nuclear weapons test. References

External links
 中国稀土学报 Journal of Rare Earths
 <mask>xian in Baidu.com
 <mask>xian at Peking University

1920 births
2015 deaths
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Chemists from Zhejiang
Columbia University alumni
Educators from Shaoxing
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Peking University faculty
Scientists from Shaoxing
Shanghai Jiao Tong University alumni
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Zhejiang University of Technology alumni
Zhejiang University alumni
Rare earth

masks:
Xu
Xu
Xu Guangxia
Xuese
Xu
Xu Guang
Xu Guang


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<mask> (born Salvatore Antonio Guaragna; December 24, 1893 – September 22, 1981) was an American composer and lyricist. <mask> was the first major American songwriter to write primarily for film. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song eleven times and won three Oscars for composing "Lullaby of Broadway", "You'll Never Know" and "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe". He wrote the music for the first blockbuster film musical, 42nd Street, choreographed by Busby Berkeley, with whom he would collaborate on many musical films. Over a career spanning six decades, <mask> wrote more than 800 songs. Other well known <mask> hits included "I Only Have Eyes for You", "You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby", "Jeepers Creepers", "The Gold Diggers' Song (We're in the Money)", "That's Amore", "There Will Never Be Another You", "The More I See You", "At Last" and "Chattanooga Choo Choo" (the last of which was the first gold record in history). <mask> was one of America's most prolific film composers, and his songs have been featured in over 300 films.Biography

Early life
<mask> was born Salvatore Antonio Guaragna, one of eleven children of Italian immigrants Antonio (a bootmaker) and Rachel De Luca Guaragna, and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. His father changed the family name to <mask> when <mask> was a child. Although his parents could not afford music lessons, <mask> had an early interest in music and taught himself to play his father's accordion. He also sang in the church choir and learned to play the

masks:
Harry Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Harry
Warren


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 drums. He began to play the drums professionally by age 14 and dropped out of high school at 16 to play with his godfather's band in a traveling carnival. Soon he taught himself to play the piano and by 1915, he was working at the Vitagraph Motion Picture Studios, where he did a variety of administrative jobs, such as props man, and also played mood music on the piano for the actors, acted in bit parts and eventually was an assistant director. He also played the piano in cafés and silent-movie houses.In 1918 he joined the U.S. Navy, where he began writing songs. Career
<mask> wrote over 800 songs between 1918 and 1981, publishing over 500 of them. They were written mainly for 56 feature films or were used in other films that used <mask>'s newly written or existing songs. His songs eventually appeared in over 300 films and 112 of Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons. 42 of his songs were on the top ten list of the radio program "Your Hit Parade", a measure of a song's popularity. 21 of these reached number 1 on Your Hit Parade. "You'll Never Know" appeared 24 times.His song "I Only Have Eyes for You" is listed in the list of the 25 most-performed songs of the 20th Century, as compiled by the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP). <mask> was the director of ASCAP from 1929 to 1932. He collaborated on some of his most famous songs with lyricists Al Dubin, Billy Rose, Mack Gordon, Leo Robin, Ira Gershwin and Johnny Mercer. In 1942 the <mask> song "Chattanooga Choo-Choo", as

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Warren
Warren
Warren
Gordon Warren


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 performed by the Glenn Miller Orchestra, became the first gold record in history. It was No.1 for nine weeks on the Billboard pop singles chart in 1941–1942, selling 1.2 million copies. Among his biggest hits were "There Will Never Be Another You", "I Only Have Eyes for You", "Forty-Second Street", "The Gold Diggers' Song (We're in the Money)", "Lullaby of Broadway", "Serenade In Blue", "At Last", "Jeepers Creepers", "You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me", "That's Amore", and "Young and Healthy". Early hits and film years

<mask>'s first hit song was "Rose of the Rio Grande" (1922), with lyrics by Edgar Leslie.He wrote a succession of hit songs in the 1920s, including "I Love My Baby (My Baby Loves Me)" and "Seminola" in 1925, "Where Do You Work-a John?" and "In My Gondola" in 1926 and "Nagasaki" in 1928. In 1930, he composed the music for the song "Cheerful Little Earful" for the Billy Rose Broadway revue, Sweet and Low, and composed the music, with lyrics by Mort Dixon and Joe Young, for the Ed Wynn Broadway revue The Laugh Parade in 1931. He started working for Warner Brothers in 1932, paired with Dubin to write the score for the first blockbuster film musical, 42nd Street, and continued to work there for six years, writing the scores for 32 more musicals. He worked for 20th Century Fox starting in 1940, writing with Mack Gordon. He moved to MGM starting in 1944, writing for musical films such as The Harvey Girls and The Barkleys of Broadway, many starring Fred Astaire. He later worked for Paramount, starting in


texts:
 the early 1950s, writing for the Bing Crosby movie Just for You and the Martin and Lewis movie The Caddy, the latter containing the hit song "That's Amore".He continued to write songs for several more Jerry Lewis comedies. <mask> is particularly remembered for writing scores for the films of Busby Berkeley; they worked together on 18 films. His "uptempo songs are as memorable as Berkeley's choreography, as [sic] for the same reason: they capture, in a few snazzy notes, the vigorous frivolity of the Jazz Age." <mask> won the Academy Award for Best Song three times, collaborating with three different lyricists: "Lullaby of Broadway" with Al Dubin in 1935, "You'll Never Know" with Mack Gordon in 1943, and "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" with Johnny Mercer in 1946. He was nominated for eleven Oscars. Last years
In 1955, <mask> wrote "The Legend of Wyatt Earp", which was used in the ABC/Desilu Studios television series, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp. He also wrote the opening theme, "Hey, Marty" (lyrics by Paddy Chayefsky), for the film Marty, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1955.The last musical score that <mask> composed specifically for Broadway was Shangri-La, a disastrous 1956 adaptation of James Hilton's Lost Horizon, which ran for only 21 performances. In 1957, he received his last Academy Award nomination for the song "An Affair to Remember". He continued to write songs for movies throughout the 1960s and 1970s but never again achieved the fame that he had enjoyed earlier. His last

masks: Warren Warren Warren Warren


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 movie score was for Manhattan Melody, in 1980, but the film was never produced. <mask> composed a Mass, with Latin text, in 1962. This was performed a decade later at Loyola Marymount University, but it has yet to be recorded commercially. He also wrote nearly three dozen short piano vignettes.The sheet music was first published by <mask>'s Four Jays Music Co. A dozen of these were released on a 1975 album titled <mask>'s Piano Vignettes, played by Hugh Delain. Several pianists have recorded the vignettes, including <mask> himself. Personal life
<mask> married Josephine Wensler in 1917. They had a son, <mask>. (1919–1938), and a daughter, Joan (b. 1925). His wife died in 1993. <mask> died on September 22, 1981 in Los Angeles.He is interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. The plaque bearing <mask>'s epitaph displays the first few notes of "You'll Never Know". A theatre in Brooklyn, New York is named after <mask>. Reputation and legacy
According to Wilfrid Sheed, quoted in Time Magazine: "By silent consensus, the king of this army of unknown soldiers, the Hollywood incognitos, was <mask>, who had more songs on the Hit Parade than Berlin himself and who would win the contest hands down if enough people have heard of him." William Zinsser noted: "The familiarity of <mask>'s songs is matched by the anonymity of the man... he is the invisible man, his career a prime example of the oblivion that cloaked so many writers who cranked out good songs for bad movies." At least three episodes of the

masks:
Warren
Warren
Harry Warren
Warren
Warren
Harry Jr
Warren
Warren
Warren
Harry Warren
Harry Warren


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 Lawrence Welk Show were devoted entirely to <mask>'s music: Season 18, Episode 5, October 7, 1972; Season 25, Episode 10, November 24, 1979; and Season 27, Episode 17, January 2, 1982 Susannah McCorkle's debut album was The Music of <mask> (1976). In 1980, producer David Merrick and director Gower Champion adapted the 1933 film 42nd Street into a Broadway musical that won the Tony Award for Best Musical in 1981, ran for 3,486 performances and has had several major revivals.The score incorporated songs by <mask> and Dubin from various movie musicals including 42nd Street, Dames, Go Into Your Dance, Gold Diggers of 1933, and Gold Diggers of 1935. Songs
Music by <mask>, unless noted:

Academy Award nominations and winners
Winners
 "Lullaby of Broadway" (1935) w. Al Dubin for Gold Diggers of 1935
 "You'll Never Know" (1943) w. Mack Gordon for Hello, Frisco, Hello
 "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" (1945) w. Johnny Mercer for The Harvey Girls

Nominations
"Remember Me?" (1937) w. Al Dubin for Mr. Dodd Takes the Air
"Jeepers Creepers" (1938) w. Johnny Mercer for Going Places
"Down Argentina Way" (1940) w. Mack Gordon for Down Argentine Way
"Chattanooga Choo Choo" (1941) w. Mack Gordon for Sun Valley Serenade
"I've Got a Gal in Kalamazoo" (1942) w. Mack Gordon for Orchestra Wives
"Zing a Little Zong" (1952) w. Leo Robin for Just for You
"That's Amore" (1953) w. Jack Brooks for The Caddy
"An Affair to Remember (Our Love Affair)" (1956) w. Harold Adamson and Leo McCarey for An Affair to Remember

No. 1 hits
 "By the

masks:
Warren
Harry Warren
Warren
Warren


texts:
 River Sainte Marie"  (1931) w. Edgar Leslie
 "Too Many Tears" (1932) w. Al Dubin
 "I Found a Million Dollar Baby (in a Five and Ten Cent Store)" (1932) w. Mort Dixon
 "You're Getting to Be a Habit With Me" (1933) w. Al Dubin
 "Forty-Second Street" (1933) w. Al Dubin
 "Shadow Waltz" (1933) w. Al Dubin

 "(You May Not Be an Angel, But) I'll String Along With You" (1934) w. Al Dubin
 "Lullaby of Broadway" (1935) w. Al Dubin
 "She's a Latin from Manhattan" (1935) w. Al Dubin
 "I'll Sing You a Thousand Love Songs" (1936) w. Al Dubin
 "September in the Rain" (1937) w. Al Dubin
 "With Plenty of Money and You" (1937) w. Al Dubin
 "Remember Me?" (1937) w. Al Dubin
 "Jeepers Creepers" (1938) w. Johnny Mercer
 "You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby" (1938) w. Johnny Mercer
 "Chattanooga Choo Choo" (1941) w. Mack Gordon
 "My Heart Tells Me (Should I Believe My Heart?)" He discusses songs he likes: "Would You Like to Take a Walk?" (1930, with Mort Dixon and Billy Rose for Sweet & Low), "I Found a Million Dollar Baby (in a Five and Ten Cent Store)" (1931, with Dixon and Rose for Crazy Quilt), "You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me" (1932), "Summer Night" (1936), "There Will Never Be Another You" (1942), "Serenade in Blue" (1942), "At Last" (1942), "Jeepers Creepers" (1938), and "The More I See You" (1945).Other popular songs
 "Cheerful Little Earful" (1930) w. Ira Gershwin and Billy Rose for Sweet & Low
 "Nagasaki" (1928) w. Mort Dixon

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 The <mask> website
 Biography and list of


texts:
 <mask>'s "major song successes"
 Full song list
 Biography at the Encyclopedia of Composers and Songwriters
 Chronology of some of <mask>'s best-known songs
 <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. <mask>: America's Foremost Composer (1933)
Biography at Guide to Musical Theatre
 HarryWarrenMusic.com site

1893 births
1981 deaths
Musicians from Brooklyn
American musical theatre composers
American musical theatre lyricists
Broadway composers and lyricists
Songwriters from New York (state)
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
American people of Italian descent
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
Glenn Miller Orchestra members
American male

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Warren
Warren
Harry Warren
Harry Warren


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<mask> (October 19, 1962 – July 16, 2020), known under the stage name Mr. Chi Pig, was a Canadian punk rock lead vocalist and artist born in Edmonton and long residing in Vancouver. He fronted the hardcore punk band SNFU from 1981 until their hiatus in 2018. Other, short-lived groups that he led included The Wongs, Little Joe, and Slaveco. Chinn was an energetic vocalist, prolific artist, and sardonic lyricist. He was also an early advocate for queer identity in punk rock. His struggles with addiction and mental health problems were well documented, and he died of undisclosed health issues at age 57. Early life and career
Born to German and Chinese parents in Edmonton, Chinn was the second youngest of twelve children.His early life entailed traumatic episodes related to his unstable family, including manifestations of what would later be diagnosed as schizophrenia. Despite this, he remained close to his siblings and parents, who were important influences. As a teenager, he developed interests in punk rock, skateboarding, and art. In 1981, Chinn formed the punk rock band Live Sex Shows with Marc and Brent Belke, twin brothers whom he had met through the skateboarding subculture. The group was short-lived, but the three musicians next formed Society's No Fucking Use, soon to be known by the acronym SNFU, late that year. SNFU rose in prominence in the Canadian hardcore punk community and ultimately became a formative influence for the skate punk subgenre, beginning with their 1985 debut ...And No One Else Wanted to Play. In addition to singing, Chinn wrote the group's lyrics and provided much of the artwork used on their records.He also served as an energetic and charismatic performer, incorporating masks, puppets, and other props into the band's stage show. While touring behind their second LP, If You Swear, You'll Catch No Fish, Chinn suffered a head injury that he later cited as a cause of his mental


texts:
 and physical decline. Though the band continued to find increasing success, they suffered from in-fighting, much centering around Chinn and the other members. After three LPs with a changing rhythm section and extensive touring in North America and Europe, SNFU disbanded in 1989 due to creative disagreements and general exhaustion. Move to Vancouver and height of commercial success
Chinn relocated to Vancouver in early 1990 and formed The Wongs. This band released a cassette and toured briefly with Gorilla Gorilla, a group then featuring Bif Naked and Randy Steffes, before disbanding the following year. Another short-lived group, Little Joe, followed soon thereafter, which was active sporadically for the next two years and recorded a demo in 1992.After moving to Vancouver, Chinn began what would become a long battle with hard drug addiction. This period also marked the beginning of Chinn's open identification as a homosexual. In late 1991, SNFU reformed for a reunion tour behind The Last of the Big Time Suspenders, a rarities compilation released to satisfy their contract with Cargo Records. The tour was successful, and the reinvigorated band properly reunited, signing to Epitaph Records in 1993. Their five years of activity with Epitaph resulted in three studio albums and the greatest industry prominence in the band's career; the records reached six-digit record sales and SNFU toured alongside successful punk rock acts like Green Day and Bad Religion. Chinn's mental and physical health began to diminish during this era, however, due both to increased drug use and the trauma he faced following the death of his mother. Late in 1997, Epitaph opted against renewing the band's contract.This resulted in heavy band debt and the departure of Brent Belke and longtime drummer Dave Rees; the remaining members nevertheless kept the band active as a four-piece for the first time in its career while seeking a new


texts:
 recording contract. This era ultimately ended after the departure of longtime bassist Rob Johnson and a hiatus in 2001. Personal struggles and third SNFU incarnation
Chinn then formed the new group Slaveco. with Matt Warhurst and Shane Smith, both future members of SNFU, and Jay Black. SNFU returned to activity late in 2003, releasing In the Meantime and In Between Time, their seventh studio album, and touring subsequently before again disbanding in 2005 due to further exhaustion and disagreements. Slaveco. became inactive shortly thereafter, and Chinn spiraled into depression, poverty, and addiction, which ultimately resulted in his homelessness.Nonetheless, Chinn at this time began work on an unfinished solo album in collaboration with other Vancouver musicians, including Johnson. Chinn and former SNFU bassist <mask>, now on guitar, began playing sets of SNFU material with a new rhythm section in 2007 before deciding to reform the band officially. Later joined by early drummer Jon Card and several new members, this third incarnation of SNFU spent the next several years touring Europe, Canada, and Central America. Open Your Mouth and Say... Mr. Chi Pig, a biographical documentary film about Chinn, was released in March 2010. Produced by the Canadian company Prairie Coast Films and directed by Sean Patrick Shaul, the film told the story of Chinn's life and career, containing interview footage with such notables as Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys, Brendan Canning of Broken Social Scene, and Joey Keithley of D.O.A. citing SNFU's influence on them personally and the rock scene at large. The film also documented Chinn's struggles with addiction and ill health, and the escape from these conditions that the 2007 SNFU reunion represented.In 2011, Chinn suffered from severe pneumonia, and SNFU became fractured following various members' emigrations. Despite this, the group managed to tour the following year


texts:
 in support of the band's official biography, Chris Walter's ...What No One Else Wanted to Say, released via GFY Press. Chinn also began performing solo acoustic sets, sometimes billed as DNFU (Distortion's No Fucking Use), in 2013. This same year, SNFU released Never Trouble Trouble Until Trouble Troubles You, their eighth and final studio album, before this lineup disbanded. From 2014 to 2017, Chinn led new lineups of SNFU featuring former bassist Dave Bacon, Steffes, guitarist Kurt Robertson, and several drummers across various Canadian and European tours. The final SNFU performances occurred in Europe early in 2017. Though the band intended to continue, they announced a hiatus in early 2018 due to Chinn's health.Illness and death
After Chinn became too ill to continue performing with SNFU, he focused his attention on his art. In November 2019, BeatRoute journalist Sean Orr interviewed Chinn, who stated that he had been diagnosed with a serious medical condition that projected soon to become fatal. Chinn recorded a solo 7" single with orchestral versions of "Hurt" (written by Nine Inch Nails and later covered by Johnny Cash) and SNFU's "Painful Reminder" that was released in June 2020, shortly before his death. He died on July 16, 2020. SNFU released the acoustic track "Cement Mixer" via YouTube shortly after his death. Discography
Solo and collaborative
Removal Featuring Mr. Chi Pig: "Some Other Time" (7" single, 2000)
"Hurt" b/w "Painful Reminder" (7" single, 2020)

SNFU
See SNFU discography

The Wongs
Don't Fuck With The Wongs cassette (1990)

References

External links

Interview with <mask>n from 2008
Interview with <mask>n from 2008

1962 births
Canadian punk rock singers
Canadian gay musicians
LGBT singers from Canada
2020 deaths
Musicians from Edmonton
SNFU members
Slaveco. members
Canadian people of German descent
Canadian people of Chinese descent
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT

masks:
Ken Chin
Ken Chin


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<mask> (; born 1 November 1943) is a French economic and social theorist, writer, political adviser and senior civil servant, who served as a counselor to President François Mitterrand from 1981 to 1991, and was the first head of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development from 1991 to 1993. In 1997, upon the request of education minister Claude Allègre, he proposed a reform of the higher education degrees system. From 2008 to 2010, he led the government committee on how to ignite the growth of the French economy, under President Nicolas Sarkozy. <mask> co-founded the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the development of new technologies. He also founded the non-profit organization PlaNet Finance, now called Positive Planet, and is the head of Attali & Associates (A&A), an international consultancy firm on strategy, corporate finance and venture capital. Interested in the arts, he has been nominated to serve on the board of the Musée d’Orsay. He has published more than fifty books, including Verbatim (1981), Noise: The Political Economy of Music (1985), Labyrinth in Culture and Society: Pathways to Wisdom (1999), and A Brief History of the Future (2006).In 2009, Foreign Policy called him as one of the top 100 "global thinkers" in the world. Early life
<mask> was born on 1 November 1943 in Algiers (Algeria), with his twin brother <mask>, in a Jewish family. His father, <mask>, is a self-educated person who achieved success in perfumery ("Bib et Bab" shop) in Algiers. He married Fernande Abécassis on 27 January 1943. On 11 February 1954, his mother gave birth to his sister, Fabienne. In 1956, two years after the beginning of the Algerian independence war (1954–1962), his father decided to move to Paris with his family. <mask> and Bernard studied at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly, in the 16th arrondissement, where they met Jean-Louis Bianco and Laurent Fabius.In 1966, <mask> graduated from the École polytechnique (first of the class of 1963). He also graduated from the École des mines,

masks:
Jacques Attali
Attali
Jacques Attali
Bernard Attali
Simon Attali
Jacques
Jacques


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 Sciences Po and the École nationale d'administration (third of the class of 1970). In 1968, while doing an internship at the prefecture of a French department (Nièvre), he met for the second time with François Mitterrand, then President of the department, whom he had met for the first time three years before. in 1972,  <mask> received a PhD in economics from University Paris Dauphine, for a thesis written under the supervision of Alain Cotta. Michel Serres was among the jury of his PhD. In 1970, when he was 27, he became a member of the Council of State. In 1972, aged 29, he published his first two books, Analyse économique de la vie politique and Modèles politiques, for which he was awarded with a prize from the Academy of Sciences.Academic career
<mask> taught economics from 1968 to 1985 at the Paris Dauphine University, at the École polytechnique and at the École des Ponts et chaussées. In his laboratory in Dauphine, the IRIS, he gathered several young researchers Yves Stourdzé (who ran the European research program EUREKA co-founded by <mask>), Jean-Hervé Lorenzi, and Érik Orsenna, but also leading figures in various fields (including journalism, mathematics, show business, financial analysis). Political career
<mask>'s close collaboration with François Mitterrand started in December 1973. He directed his political campaign for the presidential elections in 1974. He then became his main chief of staff in the opposition. In 1981, François Mitterrand, after he was elected President, named <mask> as his special adviser. From this moment on, <mask>i wrote notes every evening for the attention of the French President, which dealt with economics, culture, politics, or the last book he read.He also attended all the Cabinet meetings, the Defense Council, and all bilateral meetings between President François Mitterrand and foreign heads of States and governments. The President also entrusted him with the role of "sherpa" (personal representative of a head of State) for the European and G7 summits.

masks:
Attali
Jacques Attali
Jacques Attali
Attali
Attali
Jacques Attal


texts:
 <mask> then enlarged his circle of acquaintances to Raymond Barre, <mask>, Philippe Séguin, Jean-Luc Lagardère, Antoine Riboud, Michel Serres, Coluche. He advised the President to get Jean-Louis Bianco, Alain Boublil and several young, promising graduates from the École nationale d’administration (like François Hollande and Ségolène Royal) to join his team. In 1982, he pleaded for "economic rigour". As "sherpa" of Mitterrand during 10 years, he organised the Versailles G7 summit in 1982 and the G7 Summit of the Arch in 1989. He took an active part in the organization of the celebrations for the bicentenary of the French Revolution on 14 July 1989.In 1997, upon the request of Claude Allègre, he proposed a reform of the tertiary education degree system which led to the implementation of the LMD model. In 2008 and 2010, he was asked by then President Nicolas Sarkozy to chair a bipartisan commission aiming at proposing reforms to foster French economic growth. In 2013, Attali advocated the concept of positive economy in a report delivered to President François Hollande at his request. His ideas inspired some of the provisions of the law proposed by Emmanuel Macron, Minister of Economy. In April 2011, in Washington, D.C., the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the United States' Smithsonian Institution presented the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service to Attali. Attali has supported Rattachism. International career
In 1979, Attali co-founded the international NGO Action Against Hunger (Action Contre La Faim).In 1984, he helped implement the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the "development of new technologies", the direction of which he entrusted to Yves Stourdzé. In January 1989, he initiated a vast international plan of action against the disastrous flooding in Bangladesh. In August 1989, during François Mitterrand's second mandate, <mask> gave up politics and left the Elysée Palace. He founded the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), in London, and

masks:
Attali
Jacques Delors
Jacques Attali


texts: became its first president. He had initiated the idea of this institution in June 1989, before the fall of the Berlin Wall, in order to support the reconstruction of Eastern European countries. He chaired the Paris negotiating conference which led to the creation of the EBRD. Under his leadership, the EBRD promoted investments which aimed at protecting nuclear power plants, protecting the environment and, more generally, developing infrastructure, reinforcing private sector competitiveness and support transition to democracy.In 1991, <mask> invited Mikhail Gorbachev to the EBRD headquarters, in London, against the opinion of British Prime Minister John Major. By doing so, he compelled the heads of government of the G7, who were attending a summit in this town, to receive the Soviet head of state. After a stormy phone call between <mask> and John Major, the British press started to criticize <mask> and spread suspicions about his management of the institution. Uncontested details of the management of the EBRD – including of inefficiency and profligacy – were shocking. Some of these details were taken up by some French journalists. <mask> explains his stance in a chapter of his book C'était François Mitterrand, entitled "Verbatim and the EBRD": "the work in question had been done under the supervision of an international working group to which I did not belong". Indeed, when <mask> left the EBRD (voluntarily) the board of governors gave him final discharge for the management of the institution.However, his reputation never recovered. In 1993, <mask> won a libel suit; he had been accused of having reproduced in his book Verbatim, without François Mitterrand's authorization, secret archives and several sentences of the French head of State which were meant for another book. The Herald Tribune even published, on the front page, an article claiming (wrongly) that President Mitterrand had asked for the book to be withdrawn from sale. François Mitterrand confirmed in a long interview that he had asked

masks:
Attali
Jacques Attali
Attali
Attali
Attali
Attali


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 <mask> to write this book, and acknowledged that he had proofread it and had been given the possibility to make corrections. In 1998, Attali founded Positive Planet, a non-profit organization which is active in more than 80 countries, employing over 500 staff, and provides funding, technical assistance and advisory services to  microfinance players and stakeholders. Positive Planet is also active in France empoverished suburbs. In 2001 Attali was subject to investigations on the charges of "concealment of company assets which have been misused and influence peddling".He was discharged on 27 October 2009 by the magistrate's court of Paris, "on the benefit of the doubt". <mask> advocates the establishment of a global rule of law, which will condition the survival of democracy through the creation of a new global order. He thinks the regulation of the economy by a global financial supervisory institution may be a solution to the financial crisis which started 2008. The financial institution is a first step towards the establishment of a democratic world government, of which the European Union can be a laboratory, which was all laid to bare in his 1981 book Verbatim. Private financial career
In 1994, he founded Attali & Associates (A&A), an international advisory firm which specializes in strategy consulting, corporate finance and venture capital to help companies' long-term development. In 2012, <mask> became a member of the supervisory board of Kepler Capital Markets, a Swiss broker based in Geneva. The same year, Crédit Agricole sold Cheuvreux, which employs about 700 people worldwide, to Kepler Capital Markets.He presides over the supervisory board of Slate.fr. Music and arts
In September 2010, <mask> was appointed as a member of the directorate of the Musée d'Orsay. <mask> has a passion for music: he plays the piano (he once played for the association Les Restos du Cœur), and wrote lyrics for Barbara. He is the author of the book Bruits (1977) (English: Noise: The Political Economy of

masks: Attali Attali Attali Attali Attali


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 Music), an essay which deals with the economy of music and the importance of music in the evolution of our societies. In 1978, he played himself in Pauline et l'ordinateur, directed by Francis Fehr. Since 2003, he directs the Grenoble University orchestra, open to amateurs, under Patrick Souillot. He performed very different pieces, which ranged from a symphony composed by Benda to Bach's violin concertos, a mass composed by Mozart, Barber's Adagio and Mendelssohn's double concerto for violin, piano and orchestra.In 2012, he conducted the Musiques en scène orchestra, performing the opening of the Barber of Sevilla and co-directed the Lamoureux Orchestra with his friend, the geneticist Daniel Cohen, during the gala of Technion University, in Paris. He also directed the Lausanne Sinfonietta in August and Ravel's Concerto in G with the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra in Jerusalem and then in Paris. He also directed orchestra in Shanghai, Bondy, Marseille, London and Astana. With Patrick Souillot, he created in 2012 a national organization following the model of the Fabrique Opéra Grenoble, which aims at coordinating the production of cooperative operas with the participation of students from vocational highschools. Reflections on growth and positive economics

Commission for the Liberation of French Growth, known as "Attali Commission"
On 24 July 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Attali to chair a bipartisan commission charged with studying "the bottlenecks that constrain growth". It was composed of 42 members, freely appointed by Attali, mostly liberals and social democrats. Its unanimous report was handed over to the President on 23 January 2008.It contained various recommendations to radically transform the French economy and society in order to unlock economic growth. Commission for "Positive Economics"
In 2012, French President François Hollande ordered from Attali a report on the "positive economics" situation. The aim of this report was to put an end to the short-termism, to move from an


texts:
 individualistic economy based on the short-term to an economy based on public interest and the interest of future generations, to organize the transition from an old model based on the wealth economy to a model in which economic agents will have other obligations than profit maximization. This report, written by a wide-ranging commission, proposed 44 reforms. Literary work
The literary work of Attali covers a wide range of topics and almost every possible subject in the field of literature: mathematics, economic theory, essays, novels, biographies, memoirs, children's stories, and theater. It is probably difficult to find a common thread in his work. All of his essays revolve around the daunting task of describing the future from a long-term analysis of the past.In order to accomplish this, he undertook the task of retelling the story of human activity and its various dimensions: music, time, property, France, nomadic life, health, the seas, modernity, global governance, love and death (Bruits, Histoires du temps, La nouvelle économie française, Chemin de sagesse, Au propre et au figuré, l'ordre cannibale, Consolations, l’homme nomade, Amours, Histoire de la modernité, Demain qui gouvernera le monde , Histoires de la mer). He has also put forward several readers (Lignes d'horizon, Brève histoire de l'avenir, Vivement après demain) and several publications on analytical methods (Analyse économique de la vie politique, Modèles politiques, Les trois mondes, La figure de Fraser, Peut-on prévoir l'avenir ?). His work reveals a distinct vision of history and its successive stages, which are simultaneously ideological, technological and geopolitical. Furthermore, his work entails depicting the slow transformation of humanity into an artifact in which man becomes an object to escape death, and the geopolitical evolution toward chaos that accompanies such transformation; meanwhile, man is also waiting for an awakening leading to a new global governance, a sanctification of the essential makeup of


texts: mankind, taking into account the interest of future generations, and not letting prostheses invade it. <mask> has also, in books written during key events, tried to highlight particular moments of the present and the near future (La crise et après ?, Tous ruinés dans dix ans ?, Économie de l'apocalypse) and he proposed reforms to implement, either in books he authored (Candidats, répondez !, Urgences françaises) or in collective reports (Rapport sur l'évolution de l'enseignement supérieur, sur la libération de la croissance, sur l'économie positive, sur la francophonie). Attali also reflected on the future of the concepts of socialism and altruism (La voie humaine, Fraternités) and advocated methods of personal growth (Survivre aux crises, Devenir soi). Since his earliest books, Attali foresaw and announced signals of the future, albeit weak at the time, that later came true: In La parole et l'outil (1976), he announced and described the shift from an energy-based society to an information-based society.In Bruits, in 1977, he announced what would later be the internet, YouTube, and the importance of musical practice; in La nouvelle économie française, in 1978, he discussed the coming emergence of the personal computer, hyper-surveillance and self-surveillance. In Les trois mondes, in 1980, he announced the shift of the centre of power around the Pacific. In L'ordre Cannibale, in 1980, he announced the advent of a prosthetic society, now known as transhumanism. In Histoires du temps, he announced the rapid pace of history and the growing immediacy of relationships. In Amours, he announced the emergence of poly-romantic relationships. In Au propre et au figuré, he announced the break-up of property and its use, and subsequently he invented the concept of the "nomadic object." In Lignes d'horizons, in 1990, he predicted the relative decline of US power.In Brève histoire de l'avenir, he announced a corporate power grab by health data and insurance companies. In L'homme nomade, he described the


texts:
 great movement of populations whose sedentary life was only a temporary stage. <mask> has reflected on the many dimensions, as well as the place, of Jewish thought and the Jewish people in history (1492, Histoire économique du peuple juif, Dictionnaire amoureux du judaïsme); he also took on this subject at the theatre in Du cristal à la fumée. He also reflected on inter-religious dialogue (La confrérie des Eveillés and Naissance de l'Occident). The focus of his biographical publishing is on retelling the lives of characters who disrupted world history by the strength of their ideas: Warburg, Pascal, Marx, Gandhi, Diderot, and all those for whom he wrote a short biography in Phares, such as Averroes, Aristotle, Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas, Giordano Bruno, Darwin. <mask>'s novels, mostly categorized in fantasy genre, or at least in the slight dystopia subgenre, address the same themes. In particular, his novels revolve around the risks confronted by humanity, with characters anxious to hide, to disappear (Nouvelles, Les portes du ciel, Le premier jour après moi, Il viendra, Notre vie disent- ils).More recently, he has chosen to combine crime novels with dystopia, imagining a reappearing police chief, whilst the action takes place in a near future period. In conclusion, <mask> has narrated some of the major events in which he was involved in several memoirs: first, in Verbatim 1, 2 and 3, he kept, at the request of François Mitterrand, the daily newspaper in the years during Mitterand's presidency. He also recounted his memories of the creation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in Europe(s) and drew a portrait of François Mitterrand in C'était François Mitterrand, from the twenty years he spent at his side. Covid Conspiracy Theories
Quotes claiming to be from <mask>'s book Verbatim have been spread around the internet by covid conspiracy theorists. The quotes are a fabrication. Selected bibliography

Cannibalism and Civilization: Life and Death in the History of Medicine

masks: Attali Attali Attali Attali


texts:
 (1984)
Noise: The Political Economy of Music (1985) Translated by Brian Massumi. Foreword by Fredric Jameson, afterword by Susan McClary.University of Minnesota Press . A man of influence: Le destin d'un homme d'influence S.G. Warburg (1987)
Millennium: Winners and Losers in the Coming Order (1992)
Europe(s) (1994)
Labyrinth in Culture and Society: Pathways to Wisdom (1999) Translated by Joseph Rowe. North Atlantic Books
Fraternités (1999)
Karl Marx or the thought of the world (2005) - original title: Karl Marx ou l'esprit du monde
Les Juifs, le Monde et l'Argent, Histoire économique du peuple juif (2002) Fayard (The Jews, the World and Money, an Economic History of the Jewish People)
C'était François Mitterrand (2005) Fayard
A Brief History of the Future (2006) Arcade Publishing  - original title: Une Brève histoire de l'avenir
La crise, et après ? (2008) Fayard
The economic history of the Jewish people (2010)

See also
Social innovation
Sound culture
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

References

External links

<mask>i's home page
Biography
<mask>i's Homepage (English)
<mask>'s Blog page
<mask>i's Blog page (English)
<mask>i on Linkedin.com (English)
<mask> - Huffington Post (English)
Books/Latest Publications
NotBored.org: <mask>'s Noise Takes a critical stance on Attali's class position. <mask>i interviewed by Angus Carlyle
Outline of <mask>i, Noise
<mask>i, a video interview by Denis Failly around his last book "Une brève histoire de l'avenir"

1943 births
Living people
Eureka (organisation)
People from Algiers
French people of Algerian-Jewish descent
20th-century French Sephardi Jews
French economists
Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
Mines ParisTech alumni
Corps des mines
Sciences Po alumni
École nationale d'administration alumni
Members of the Conseil d'État (France)
Paris Dauphine University alumni
Twin people from France
Twin people from Algeria
Presidents of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Sociomusicologists
Members of the Royal

masks:
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attali
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attali
Jacques Attali
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attal


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<mask> (born 10 February 1982) is a German television and film actor. Life and acting career
<mask> grew up in the formerly East German borough of Berlin Mitte. He was discovered at the age of 12 by stage director Thomas Heise, and cast in the stage play Im Schlagschatten des Mondes (Under the shadow of the moon) at the Berliner Ensemble theatre company, which he stayed with for the next four years to play in other productions as well. Acting jobs earned him enough money to move out of his parents' place when he was 18 and still in school. He left school with an Abitur certificate. <mask>'s screen acting debut was in 1996, when he appeared in the Sat.1 TV series Hallo, Onkel Doc! at the age of 14.He was later cast in the theatrical film  (1999) where he played alongside Franka Potente, Daniel Brühl and Heiner Lauterbach, but the breakthrough for him came with his performance in Crazy (2000, directed by Hans-Christian Schmid), for which he received the Talented Young Actor Award of the Bayerischer Filmpreis. In the critically well-received 2004 film Before the Fall (German title: Napola – Elite für den Führer, directed by Dennis Gansel) Schilling appeared alongside Max Riemelt as a young and fragile student at a Nazi elite school (Napola). In 2006, he received a scholarship for the Lee Strasberg Institute in New York, where he studied for half a year. In the same year, he became a father to a son. Schilling was later given the role of the young Adolf Hitler in Urs Odermatt's 2009 film Mein Kampf (the UK DVD release is

masks:
Tom Schilling
Schilling
Schilling


texts:
 marketed as Dawn of Evil: Rise of the Reich), co-starring Götz George. Schilling originally wanted to become a painter and study art after school. In a 2008 interview he said he was not much of an extrovert, and that to him having to deliver oneself up on a day-to-day basis was a major disadvantage of being in the acting profession.In the early summer of 2014 <mask>'s second child, a son, was born - the first child for him and his partner, the assistant director Annie Mosebach. In January 2017, Schilling's first daughter and third child was born - the second child for him and Mosebach. Filmography
 1996: Hallo, Onkel Doc! (TV series), episode: Manege frei
 1998: Der heiße Genuss (short film)
 1999: Tatort (TV series), episode: Kinder der Gewalt
 1999:
 2000: Crazy
 2000: Der Himmel kann warten
 2001: Tatort (TV series), episode: Tot bist Du! (theatrical film, comedy/drama)
 2012: Ludwig II. (theatrical film, period drama)
 2013: A Coffee in Berlin (theatrical film, drama)
 2013:  (TV mini-series)
 2013: Hai-Alarm am Müggelsee (theatrical film, comedy)
 2013: Unsere Mütter, unsere Väter (TV mini-series) Also broadcast on BBC 2(UK) in April/May 2014 as Generation War. 2014: Who Am I – No System is Safe
 2014: Posthumous
 2014: Suite Francaise
 2015: Woman in Gold
 2017: The Same Sky (TV Series), 6 episodes on Netflix
 2018: Never Look Away
 2019: Lara
 2019: The Goldfish (Die Goldfische)
 2019: Brecht
 2021: Fabian – Going to the Dogs

Audio plays
 2003: Die Meute der Mórrígan (The Hounds of the Morrigan) – role: Pidge


texts:
 2003: Das Geheimnis der verborgenen Insel (Monster Mission)
 2003: Hanni und Nanni und ihre Gäste (based on Enid Blyton's book series St. Clare's) – role: Peter
 2008: Jodi Picoult: Neunzehn Minuten (Nineteen Minutes) – role: Peter Houghton (audiobook), publisher: der Hörverlag,
 2011: Übernacht – role: Jan
 2012: Als ich meine Eltern verließ – audiobook recording of the novel by Michel Rostain (orig.French title: Le Fils)

Awards
 2000: Bavarian Film Awards, Germany: Young Talented Actor award for his performance in Crazy
 2005: Undine Awards, Germany: Best young character actor award (Bester jugendlicher Charakterdarsteller) for his performance in Before the Fall
 2005: Undine Awards, Germany: Audience award (Zuschauerpreis) for his performance in Before the Fall
 2008: Wiesbaden Fernsehkrimi-Festival: Deutscher Fernsehkrimipreis (German crime fiction TV award) special award for outstanding performance in Tatort – Der frühe Abschied
 2012: Oldenburg International Film Festival: Seymour Cassel Award for his performance in Oh Boy
 2013: Bavarian Film Awards, Germany: Best male actor award (Bester Darsteller) for his performance in Oh Boy
 2013: German Film Awards (Goldene Lola): Best male actor in a leading role (for his performance in Oh Boy)

References

External links

Living people
1982 births
21st-century German male actors
German male film actors
German male television actors
German male child actors
German male stage actors
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni
Male actors from Berlin
German Film


texts:
Anne, Princess <mask> and Princess of Orange (12 January 1759) was the second child and eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain and his consort Caroline of Ansbach. She was the wife of William IV, Prince of Orange, the first hereditary stadtholder of all seven provinces of the Northern Netherlands. She was Regent of the Netherlands from 1751 until her death in 1759, exercising extensive powers on behalf of her son William V. She was known as an Anglophile, due to her English upbringing and family connections, but was unable to convince the Dutch Republic to enter the Seven Years' War on the side of the British. Princess Anne was the second daughter of a British sovereign to hold the title Princess Royal. In the Netherlands she was styled Anna van Hannover. Early life
Anne was born at Herrenhausen Palace, Hanover, five years before her paternal grandfather, Elector George Louis, succeeded to the thrones of Great Britain and Ireland as George I. She was christened shortly after her birth at Herrenhausen Palace.She was named after her paternal grandfather's second cousin Anne, Queen of Great Britain. She learned German, French and English, and was taught music (including singing, harpsichord, and composition) by Georg Friedrich Händel. Händel did not like teaching, but said he would "make the only exception for Anne, flower of princesses". She remained a lifelong supporter, attending his operas and subscribing to his music. Anne contracted and survived smallpox in 1720, and two years later her mother helped to popularise the practice of variolation (an early type of immunisation against smallpox), which had been witnessed by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and <mask> in Constantinople. At the direction of Caroline, six prisoners condemned to death were offered the chance to undergo variolation instead of

masks:
Royal
Charles Maitland


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 execution: they all survived, as did six orphan children given the same treatment as a further test. Convinced of its medical value, the Queen had her two younger daughters, Amelia and Caroline, inoculated successfully.Anne's face was scarred by the disease, and she was not considered as pretty as her two younger sisters. On 30 August 1727, George II created his eldest daughter Princess <mask>, a title which had fallen from use since its creation by Charles I for his daughter Mary, Princess of Orange in 1642. Marriage
In 1725, a potential marriage contract between Anne and King Louis XV of France was considered. From a French viewpoint, such a marriage could give France valuable neutrality from The Netherlands and Prussia, as well as protection against Spain. However, the religious issues caused problems. While it was taken for granted that Anne would have to convert to Catholicism, there were concerns that this would still not be enough for the Pope, whose support was needed, particularly regarding the broken betrothal between Louis XV and a Spanish princess, and the prospect of Anne becoming Regent of France in case of a minor regency was feared because of her presumed religious inclinations toward the Huguenots in France. The plans was eventually discarded when the French insisted that Anne must convert to Roman Catholicism.On  in the Chapel Royal at St. James's Palace, she married William IV, Prince of Orange. She then ceased to use her British title in favour of the new one she gained by marriage. The music played at her wedding, This is the day was set by <mask> to the princess's own words based on Psalms 45 and 118. <mask> also composed an operatic entertainment, Parnasso in Festa, in honour of her wedding which was performed for the first time at the King's Theatre, London, on 13 March 1734, with great

masks: Royal Handel Handel


texts: success. William suffered from a spinal deformity, which affected his appearance, but Anne said she would marry him even "if he were a baboon". Her reason for being so insistent upon this marriage was reported to be simply that she wished to be married, to avoid a life as a spinster at the court of her father and her brother, with whom she did not get along; and as the only match considered suitable for her was with a monarch or heir to a throne, William was essentially her only remaining Protestant choice, and when questioned by her father, she stated that it was not a matter of whether she should marry William, the question was rather whether she should marry at all. She quarreled with her brother, the Prince of Wales, about her choice.William and Anne sailed to Holland after a honeymoon at Kew. In the Netherlands, they resided at Leeuwarden. Anne soon felt homesick when William went on campaign in the Rhineland, and she travelled back to England, believing herself to be pregnant, Anne thought she should give birth to the child in her homeland as the child would be in the line of succession to the British throne. However, this decision was not well received with her husband and her father, who both commanded her to return to Holland after a brief stay. By April 1735, it was clear that Anne was not with child after all. In 1736, she did become pregnant, but the child (a daughter) was stillborn. Anne was not well liked by the Dutch people and did not get on well with her mother-in-law  Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel.However, Anne was considered to have a regal essence but seemed to have a belief in British superiority over the Dutch; she was also thought to be neglectful of her duties and seemed to isolate herself in her interests in music and literature; and she was accused of displaying little consideration for her


texts:
 courtiers, for example by forcing her ladies-in-waiting to read for her for hours, ignoring their fatigue. Her relationship with William, however, which was at first distant, eventually developed into harmony and intimacy, which is displayed in their correspondence. In 1747, William became stadtholder of all the Seven United Provinces, and this was followed by a constitutional reform which made his new wider authority hereditary. William and Anne moved to the Hague, where Anne introduced Händel to the Netherlands: he accepted her invitation to her music life at the Hague in 1750. The composer Josina van Aerssen was one of her ladies-in-waiting. Regency

William IV died on 22 October 1751, at the age of forty, and Anne was appointed as regent for her three-year-old son, William V. She gained all the prerogatives normally held by a hereditary stadtholder of the Netherlands, with the exception of the military duties of the office, which were entrusted to Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg. She was hard-working, but arrogant and imperious, which made her unpopular.The 1750s were years of increasing tension and commercial rivalry between Holland and Great Britain, which placed her in a difficult position. Anne's interior policy focused on defending the authority of the central hereditary stadtholder government over the traditional rights of the Dutch states. The reform of the hereditary post of stadtholder had been introduced during the reign of her late husband; it was new and controversial and was questioned after his death, but Anne effectively defended the centralized government. In the conflict with the city of Haarlem, for example, she prevented the city from holding its election by refusing the release of its list of candidates. Her harsh rule was resented, but her consolidation policy effectively secured


texts:
 the new hereditary Stadtholder rule in the Netherlands. In her foreign policy, Anne favored the British alliance with the Emperor before the French, a policy which was not popular in the Netherlands, and her fortification of the southern provinces against the French Netherlands was met with great opposition. Anne continued to act as regent until her death from dropsy in 1759, at The Hague, when she was replaced by her mother-in-law, Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel, who was assisted by Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg.When she too died in 1765, Anne's daughter, Carolina, was made regent until William V would reach the age of eighteen in 1766. Works
The princess took drawing and painting lessons from Herman van der Mijn and made a self-portrait in 1740 that is in the collection of the House of Orange-Nassau Historic Collections Trust. She also made a portrait of van der Mijn himself while he was at work making portraits of other family members. Legacy
Princess Anne, Maryland, is named for her. Arms
On 31 January 1719, as a grandchild of the sovereign, Anne was granted use of the arms of the realm, differenced by a label argent of five points, each bearing a cross gules. On 30 August 1727, as a child of the sovereign, Anne's difference changed to a label argent of three points, each bearing a cross gules. Issue

Ancestors

References

 Van der Kiste, John (1997) George II and Queen Caroline.Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. External links

1709 births
1759 deaths
18th-century women rulers
18th-century Dutch politicians
18th-century English people
18th-century English women
British princesses
Princesses Royal
Princesses of Orange
House of Hanover
Dutch princesses
Dutch regents
Nobility from Hanover
Burials in the Royal Crypt at Nieuwe Kerk, Delft
German people of Scottish descent
Children of George II


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<mask> is a Welsh musician. He has worked as a solo artist, and also in collaboration with others in his bands Jack and Jacques. Jack
In 1993, <mask> moved to London where he formed the group Jack, on lead vocals, signing a music publishing deal with Warner/Chappell Music as well as a record deal with independent label Too Pure. Jack released three full-length albums, the first two of which – Pioneer Soundtracks (1996) and The Jazz Age (1998) – garnered excellent reviews and were placed highly in critics' end-of-year polls. Despite the overwhelmingly positive critical reaction and extensive UK and European touring, sales for both records although respectable were ultimately disappointing, and no Jack record would ever make the UK Top 40 single or albums charts. The third album, The End of the Way It's Always Been, was released on the Les Disques du Crépuscule label. The record featured collaborations with writer/musician Kirk Lake and the American poet and novelist/screenwriter Dan Fante (son of John Fante).An extensive European tour promoted the record. The critical reaction in the UK to the album was markedly less positive than for the first two Jack albums, but the album was markedly successful in France. Jack also recorded a five-track EP 'La belle et la Discothèque' with ex-Cocteau Twins bassist Simon Raymonde, son of arranger Ivor Raymonde. Jacques
During Jack's existence, <mask> (occasionally with Jack co-writer/lead guitarist Matthew Scott) also recorded two albums and a handful of singles and EPs in his side project Jacques. Both albums were released by Setanta Records. The first Jacques album, How To Make Love, Vol. 1 (1997) was produced by Momus, featuring a more sparse, experimental sound than <mask>' work with Jack.Compared to the critical garlands bestowed upon Pioneer Soundtracks, the hastily recorded album (completed in seven days) received mixed reviews. The second album, To Stars (2000), had more in common with the expansive, orchestral Jack sound and was generally more well-received

masks:
Anthony Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds


texts:
 than its predecessor. Sales were modest for both Jacques albums, and a planned third album was cancelled midway through recording, when Jacques were dropped by Setanta in 2001. Other work
<mask> York (2004), credited to "anthony", and British Ballads (2007) and A Painter's Life (2019) released under his full name. A footnote to Neu York – (I was born) in prehistoric Spain – was released in 2005 on the Spanish Moonpalace label. <mask> has stated that he considers British Ballads to be his "proper" debut solo record. It featured cameos from English writer Colin Wilson, the singer-songwriter and pianist John Howard, ex-Cocteau Twin Simon Raymonde, Dot Allison and English folk artist Vashti Bunyan.The album received some of the best reviews of <mask>' career, but yet again, with no real radio play and without funds to tour, the sales were disappointing. From the off, <mask> considered this his "final debut", stating on his Myspace blog that, since the majority of the musicians appearing on British Ballads were session musicians, it was financially impractical to consider recording a new album on the same scale. Despite this he did however release 'A Painter's life' in 2019, featuring Carl Bevan (60Ft Dolls), Richard Glover (Dub War) and Rob Dean (Japan). In 2011 a 2CD compilation 'Life's too Long' was released. In 2002, immediately after Jack's final concert (in Cardiff) <mask> attended a Simon Raymonde recording session where Vashti Bunyan was recording her version of a <mask> song ; 'Just so you know'. This would eventually surface six years later, on the Bees dream of flowers and your meadows summer breath EP. In 2009 <mask> also joined a Spanish band, La Muneca de Sal, on lead vocals, contributing some of his own songs.The band performed original material as well as songs from <mask>' previous projects. He has collaborated with many other artists, both as a co-composer and producer, including Momus, Colin Wilson, Dan Fante, Vashti Bunyan, Kirk lake, Martin Carr, Dot Allison, Kirk lake, Charlotte

masks: Reynoldseu Reynolds Reynolds Reynolds Reynolds Reynolds Reynolds Reynolds