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 went on to guest-star in several television series such as Smallville, Mysterious Ways, Night Visions, Just Cause, Glory Days, Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction and Taken, playing also a juvenile delinquent in the television film The Incredible Mrs. Ritchie (2003), directed by Paul Johansson.One year later, Chatwin had minor supporting roles in two unsuccessful movies: he played an aspiring guitarist murdered by a serial killer who takes on the identities of his victims in D. J. Caruso's psychological thriller Taking Lives, which is adapted from the novel of the same name by Michael Pye, and starred in the family-oriented comedy  Superbabies: Baby Geniuses 2, a sequel to the 1999 film Baby Geniuses, as a helper and friend of the title characters. Like its predecessor, the feature is considered one of the worst films of all time, receiving an approval rating of 0% on Rotten Tomatoes. In 2004, Chatwin gained recognition for his role as Tyler McKay in the three-part miniseries Traffic, and starred opposite Kate Mara in The WB pilot Prodigy, about a child prodigy. 2005–2010: Breakthrough and film work
Chatwin was chosen out of several young actors to play Tom Cruise's rebellious adolescent son in the alien invasion film War of the Worlds (2005), directed by Steven Spielberg, based on the 1898 novel by H. G. Wells. It was a commercial success, grossing $603 million worldwide against a $132 million budget, and garnered generally favorable reviews. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle considered the film "meticulously detailed and expertly paced and photographed", Roger Ebert however called it "just a big,


type: original

texts: clunky movie containing some sensational sights but lacking the zest and joyous energy we expect from Spielberg". Ebert also found the human characters as being "one-dimensional".Chatwin's performance in War of the Worlds earned him the 'Breakthrough of the Year' award from Hollywood Life Magazine. In 2005, he also starred as teenage drug dealer Billy Peck in the black comedy The Chumscrubber, alongside Camilla Belle and Jamie Bell. Arie Posin's directorial debut about a group of superficial parents and young adults who are living in a seemingly perfect suburbia, had the world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 25, and was released theatrically on August 5, earning $351,401 on a production budget of $10 million. The film was poorly received by critics; writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers opined that it was "an appallingly clumsy and stupid take on drugs, kidnapping and suicide in suburbia". Although Keith Phipps from The A.V. Club praised Posin's technical direction and the cast's acting skills, he wrote that the film still fell "flat on its face". Later that year, Chatwin played the troubled homosexual son of Kevin Nealon's character in the Showtime series Weeds, appearing only in the pilot episode and the series finale.The following year, Chatwin guest-starred as the undercover cop Eddie Colburn on the ABC drama series Lost. At that time, he was attached to star in and produce a film adaptation of Michael Turner's novel The Pornographer's Poem (1999), which was set to be directed by Jeremiah S. Chechik. In 2006, Chatwin made his off-Broadway debut in Trip Cullman's play Dark Matters at


texts: the Rattlestick Playwrights Theater, which is about a dysfunctional family, whose limits are pushed when the mother goes missing and suddenly reappears, talking about strange visions and extraterrestrial life. He starred as Jeremy Cleary, the eccentric, but intelligent 16-year-old son of Michael (Reed Birney) and Bridget (Elizabeth Marvel). The play ran from November 10 to December 22. In 2007, Chatwin landed his first leading role in The Invisible, a remake of the Swedish film Den Osynlige. David S. Goyer's supernatural thriller centers on high school senior Nick Powell, who is brutally beaten and left in an intermediate state.Chatwin liked the script because "it’s about all these polar opposites – life and death, love and hate – and also about the idea that when you think something is black or white, you might suddenly find that there’s gray to it". The film underperformed at the box office, grossing $26 million worldwide on a $30 million budget, and was also poorly received by critics; John Campea noticed complexity and a "subtle strength" in Chatwin's performance, writing, "nothing really ever went over the top, nor did he ever come off as forced", but criticized the feature for its "lack of depth" and "dramatic tension". Also in 2007, he returned to the stage to act in Jamie Wollrab’s The Mistakes Madeline Made at the Dairy Arts Center in Boulder, Colorado. The storyline follows Edna (Shannon Woodward), a young woman who develops ablutophobia, a fear of bathing. Chatwin plays Wilson, the protagonist's co-worker, "with lots of nervous energy, and generates laughs along the way" according to one critic.


texts: Next, Chatwin was cast in Middle of Nowhere (2008), a coming-of-age drama directed by John Stockwell, also starring Anton Yelchin and Eva Amurri. The independent film had its world premiere on September 6 at the Toronto International Film Festival, followed by a straight-to-DVD release two years later.In 2009, <mask> portrayed Goku in Dragonball Evolution, the first big-screen adaptation of the popular Japanese Dragon Ball manga by Akira Toriyama. He described the role as the most physically demanding he had ever played, as he had to train in martial arts and adopt a strict diet with no sugar and carbohydrates. The film was critically panned on release; writing for Slant Magazine, Rob Humanick stated that filmmakers "made no effort to craft a cinematic context in which its mythology can function", while Ross Miller of the Screen Rant considered it "a badly written film with horrible dialogue, lackluster action and a sense of fun that's nowhere to be found". Miller also felt that Chatwin was "completely miscast" as Goku. The feature performed poorly at the box office, grossing $56 million worldwide against a budget of $30 million, as a result, all the plans for a potential franchise were canceled. In the same year, Chatwin teamed up again with Jamie Wollrab for John Markland's three-person play Red Light Winter at the Dairy Arts Center, during Boulder International Fringe Festival. Written by Adam Rapp, the story focuses on two friends, Matt (Wollrab) and Davis (Chatwin), who are caught in a love triangle with Christina (Anna Rose Hopkins), a young prostitute they encounter in Amsterdam.2011–2020: Television


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 and films balance

In December 2009, Chatwin was filming the Showtime pilot Shameless, an adaptation of Paul Abbott's British series, starring opposite William H. Macy and Emmy Rossum (with whom he also starred in Dragonball Evolution). Receiving the green-light next spring, the 12-episode season began airing in January 2011. Over the course of three years, Chatwin portrayed Jimmy Lishman / Steve Wilton, Rossum's love interest, a car thief who comes from a wealthy family. Chatwin made a brief appearance in the fourth season finale, and returned in the fifth season as a special guest star. The show received mostly positive reviews and Chatwin was praised for bringing "the right vibe of scruffy determination" to his role, doing "an excellent job playing a character you can love or hate from week to week". He was also praised for his "very intense and intimate chemistry" with Rossum. During an interview, when asked about one of show's most controversial aspects, the frequent use of sex and nudity, Chatwin said:

Although during the early years Chatwin starred mostly in studio films, his work in the 2010s consisted primarily in independent feature films.Those usually premiered first at various film festivals before benefiting from a day-and-date release in select theaters and through video-on-demand or streaming services. In 2011, he starred in the canadian film Funkytown, working with Patrick Huard and Paul Doucet. Helmed by Daniel Roby and set in Montreal, the feature follows a group of characters and the events that changed their lives during the disco era. He plays Tino DeiFiori, a young italian dancer who


texts: is living a secret life. Chatwin was drawn to the part because he "haven’t danced a day" in his life: "I’m the guy who sits in the corner at the club and doesn’t move". Funkytown was released straight-to-dvd in the United States in 2012. In 2011, he also starred in a short film, Brink, written and directed by Shawn Christensen, who was accepted at Tribeca Film Festival, being nominated at the "Best Narrative Short" category.In 2013, Chatwin made an appearance in the third season of The Listener, and featured in the documentary Isolated, written and directed by <mask> Pera, about a group of surfers in search of untouched waves. Ryan Phillippe served as narrator and executive producer. Chatwin subsequently appeared as rock star Bobby Shore in Jeffrey St. Jules' sci-fi musical set in the 1960s Bang Bang Baby (2014), with co-stars Jane Levy and Peter Stormare. Levy stars as Stepphy, a teenage girl who believes her dreams of becoming a famous singer will come true after an encounter with his character, which was based on Vanilla Ice, <mask> and Elvis Presley. Bang Bang Baby won the award for Best Canadian First Feature Film at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, and garnered also two nominations at the third edition of Canadian Screen Awards, for Best Supporting Actor (Chatwin) and Best Overall Sound. In her review, Linda Barnard of Toronto Star wrote that Chatwin "is fun as Bobby", while The Young Folks critic Josh Cabrita thought he "perfectly balances celebrity charm, self-absorption, and wooden caricature". The romantic comedy No Stranger Than Love (2015), with Alison Brie and Colin Hanks, closed the

masks:
Justin Le
Justin Bieber


texts: 16th annual Newport Beach Film Festival.He plays a sensitive poet who is looking for an unfaithful man trapped in a black hole. Upon its wider release the following summer, the film received negative reviews, with one critic opine that it has "a whole lot of nothing where there should be metaphor, playfulness, all that juicy, enigmatic, magical-realism". Also in 2015, Chatwin portrayed a troubled man desperate to retrieve his bike in the short film The Cycle, and recorded the audio version of Celeritas, a screenplay who featured on 2014 Black List. Chatwin starred as a detective who hunts down a breed of flesh eating criminals in the TNT pilot Breed (2015), and also that year, he secured a recurring role in the third season of Orphan Black, opposite Tatiana Maslany and Kristian Bruun. The following year, Chatwin landed the role of cartoonist Cameron Hawthorne in the CBS summer series American Gothic, working with Antony Starr, Virginia Madsen and Megan Ketch. The drama about a white-collar family who suspect that one of its members might be a serial killer, received mixed reviews from critics, and underperformed in the ratings, as a result, CBS cancelled the show after one season. Later that year, Chatwin portrayed superhero Grant Gordon / The Ghost on the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who in 2016 Christmas special "The Return of Doctor Mysterio".The episode pays homage to the comic book films, using also the theme of secret identity, his character being modeled by the screenwriter Steven Moffat as a cross between Christopher Reeve's Superman and Tobey Maguire's Spider-Man. Vulture critic Ross Ruediger


texts: praised Chatwin's "splendid" performance. 2016 saw Chatwin appear in four independent films. First was Robert Scott Wildes' western Poor Boy. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival, as part of the Viewpoints section, and received a limited release two years later. Chatwin then starred as free-spirited artist Jason in the Lionsgate Premiere thriller Urge, opposite Pierce Brosnan. The allegorical tale about seven friends who try a new drug that makes people lose their inhibitions, was panned by critics.In her 1-star review, Christy Lemire from RogerEbert.com called Aaron Kaufman's first directorial effort "a movie that’s as empty and unlikable as the characters themselves". The romantic comedy Unleashed, written and directed by Finn Taylor, centers on Emma, played by Kate Micucci, a woman whose cat and dog are transformed into full-grown handsome men (Chatwin and Steve Howey). It premiered and won the Audience Award at the 39th Mill Valley Film Festival in october, with a general release planned for the next summer. The film garnered a positive reception; Los Angeles Times critic Katie Walsh wrote that "Chatwin and Howey are the most valuable players". Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter opined that Unleashed "delivers some mildly enjoyable laughs thanks to its engaging female lead and the exuberantly physical performances of her co-stars". In preparation for his role, Chatwin studied animal movement with Jean-Louis Rodrigue and Kristof Konrad, in order to embody the specific mannerisms and behavior. For his final release of the year, he teamed up with Anna Camp to play a couple who is


texts: trying to save their relationship in the time travel drama One Night.Following its premiere at the Austin Film Festival, Minhal Baig's directorial debut was released early next year, nearby Valentine's Day, receiving a mixed-to-negative response; writing for Los Angeles Times, Kimber Myers praised the "solid" performances of the cast, but thought the film "doesn’t develop its interesting concept beyond the initial idea". Chatwin starred in the Joachim Rønning-directed pilot The Doomsday Project (2017) as Navy SEAL instructor Chris Wyatt, one of the seven brilliant members of a team who is tasked by the american government to dream up man-made disaster scenarios and their possible solutions. Chatwin appeared in three films in 2017, starting with a cameo role as Vincent D'Onofrio's drug-addicted son in the action-comedy CHiPs, directed by Dax Shepard, based on the television series of the same name. He portrayed modern cowboy Hugh Jay Linder in Blake Robbins' The Scent of Rain and Lightning, based on the 2010 novel of the same name by Nancy Pickard. The film which tells the story of a young woman who finds out the man responsible for murdering her parents (Chatwin and Maggie Grace) has been released from prison, made its debut at the Atlanta Film Festival, being acquired for distribution the following year. The feature  received a positive response, The Hollywood Reporter Frank Scheck deeming it "a well-acted, intelligent thriller", while another critic praised Chatwin's "subtle and strong" performance. Finally, he played a supporting role in the independent drama We Don’t Belong Here, sharing the screen with


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 Riley Keough and Anton Yelchin.Chatwin starred in Crackle’s original movie In the Cloud alongside Gabriel Byrne, in which he plays a computer scientist who develops a revolutionary technology capable to access people's memories after they die. The futuristic sci-fi premiered on the streaming service at the beginning of 2018. That same year, he starred as a rookie detective working on his first major case in the dramatic thriller The Assassin's Code, which screened at the 42nd Cleveland International Film Festival. Chatwin also featured in the ensemble coming-of-age drama Summer Night (2019), directed by Joseph Cross in his directorial debut. The story follows a group of young friends as they make decisions about their future. He plays hedonistic bartender Andy, the older guy in the gang. Following its premiere at the Atlanta Film Festival in the spring, the film opened in theaters that summer.Upon release, critical reception was divided; Los Angeles Times critic Carlos Aguilar called it "mediocre and forgettable", however, The Hollywood Reporter critic found Chatwin "very funny" providing the comic relief. From 2019 to 2021, over the course of two seasons, Chatwin played scientist Erik Wallace in the television series Another Life. 2021–present: Subsequent career and upcoming projects
Chatwin began the new decade with the romantic crime film Die in a Gunfight (2021), which is described as a modern version of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Co-starring opposite Diego Boneta, Alexandra Daddario and Travis Fimmel, he plays an unscrupulous stalker loosely based on Tybalt and Count Paris. Although it


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 garnered a negative response, Mae Abdulbaki of Screen Rant opined that Chatwin is "chewing up scenery with gusto and a glint in his eyes" as the film’s villain. Chatwin will next star as a conflicted police officer in The Walk, Daniel Adams' period drama film based on true events about the desegregation of school busses in 1974 Boston. He is also set to portray Jack Reagan, the father of United States President Ronald Reagan in Sean McNamara's biopic Reagan.Chatwin will lead the documentary series The Rider Diaries, which follows his motorcycle road trips around the world alongside his friends, and is attached to star in the upcoming In the Lost Lands, a fantasy-adventure film based on three short stories by A Song of Ice and Fire author George R.R. Martin. Other ventures

Motorcycles
Chatwin said many times that his biggest passion are motorcycles. He owns a Harley-Davidson Night Train which he named Charlie Crowe. Talking about the beginnings, he said: "I had bought my first motorcycle after riding a scooter on the Amalfi Coast in 2009. Five years later, and a full blown obsession under my belt, I’m back in Italy standing at the epic Ducati factory", adding, "A perfect day for me is when I wake up and know that all I have to do is ride my motorcycle for the next ten hours in a particular direction". Chatwin has been in many trips with his former Shameless co-stars, William H. Macy and Steve Howey.They have been riding from Los Angeles to Colorado, San Francisco and Aspen, sponsored by Harley-Davidson. In 2014, Chatwin embarked on a trip across Europe with producer Ford Smith and actor Martin Henderson,


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 testing the new Ducati motorcycles. In order to learn more and improve his skills, in November 2016, over the course of one weekend, Chatwin attended the Keith Code's California Superbike School, alongside actor Nicholas Hoult, motorcycle journalist Sean MacDonald, singer and music producer Albert Hammond Jr. and entrepreneur Jesse Waits. From there, he was invited to test the new AGV Corsa R helmets at Buttonwillow Raceway Park. In 2017, Chatwin was invited at the inaugural edition of Moto Beach Classic Festival in Southern California. The one-day event was established to promote the moto culture, bringing together artists, bike builders and fans. Chatwin took part at the BMX Boxer Cup challenge against former professional freestyle motocross racer Andy Bell, custom builder Maxwell Hazan and seasoned photographer Preston Burroughs.Chatwin is also part of WLF Enduro, a community of people from different backgrounds of work, such as teachers, salesmen or construction workers, brought together to ride  in two days every year, throughout Southern California. Their mission is "Unifying riders around the globe with the common passion of two wheels and a throttle". About his decision to join the crew, he said, "This is my hobby. This is my community. This is how I stay happy in a work oriented world. These things are important to me. Because when we die these will be the memories that remain".No Good Reason (2020)
The American web documentary series was released on the internet on July 29, 2020, and stars Chatwin and Nik Markovina (credited Nik Dean), both serving also as executive producers. The seven-episode


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 documentary centers on <mask> and one of his best friends, a fellow actor and former model, now the co-founder of Lords of Gastown, a company specialized on clothing and accessories for motorcycles. After a couple of long rides, they decide to embark on the ultimate journey from Vancouver to Patagonia on their motorcycles named Charlie Crowe and Bobby Valentine. From Santiago to Ecuador and Bariloche, the duo visit sacred places and meet interesting people, including indigenous rights activist Nina Gualinga. Chatwin stated that he has always been inspired by <mask>, his favorite travel writer. They are not related although they share the same surname. Even though the series was released in 2020, the events depicted in it took place in 2016.Activism and charity
In 2011, Chatwin took part on a charitable motorcycle ride for amfAR, an American foundation for AIDS research, and was one of the celebrities who attended "Stand Up To Cancer", a special event and auction established in order to raise money in the fight against cancer, hosted by Jaime King and Nicky Hilton Rothschild. In 2013, Chatwin joined Beau Garrett, Mark Foster and Kenna on the new edition of Summit on the Summit project, climbing Kilimanjaro. The purpose was to bring attention on the global water crisis and raise money for the people in need. Regarding the cause, he said, "We just need government will to change these things. It’s something I really responded to... everyone in the world should have access to water". Chatwin was also one of the celebrities who protested against the controversial Keystone XL pipeline. In order to show how the

masks:
Chatwin
Bruce Chatwin


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 future could be for the environment, he starred alongside Amy Smart in Keystone Horror trailer.In 2017, Chatwin teamed up for a special ride with Vancouver-based motorcycle company "Lords of Gastown", and charitable organization "Waves for Water", which is dedicated to provide clean water for everyone who needs it. Riding across Central America, the goal was raising money in order to purchase and install clean-water filters for the communities living in Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua. Chatwin is also one of the Canadian ambassadors for Operation Smile. Personal life
Chatwin currently resides in Los Angeles, California, although he has considered moving many times in the past. Chatwin is an advocate of the nomadic lifestyle. When not working on a film or a television show, he is always on the road, stating, "The anatomy of restlessness is what my fascination is. The nomadic instinct I will call it.And the need of constant movement". In these trips, he is joined usually by Ombú, a Uruguayan street dog which he adopted in 2016. Chatwin describes himself as being a shy person and having difficulties living in U.S.: "I've always been shy speaking in front of people maybe because I've never felt like I cared about show business or other things I had to talk about. Or maybe I'm shy because I don't really feel comfortable in my own skin in America". Having a passion for extreme sports, he used to snowboard when he lived in Canada, during his high school years. One of Chatwin's favourite activities is spearfishing. He also loves film photography.More recently, Chatwin has developed a passion for truck


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 camping and mountain biking. Chatwin had been in a relationship with Molly Sims. He dated Fallen actress Addison Timlin in 2010. Filmography

Awards and nominations

See also

References

External links

<mask> on Instagram

1982 births
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian expatriate male actors in the United States
Living people
Male actors from British Columbia
People from


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<mask> (born 7 June 1979) is an Indian Santoor player, music composer and conductor. He is the son of Santoor player Pandit <mask>, known for his versatility, innovations and experimentation. Sopori has received awards in recognition of his contribution in the field of music, and is one of the youngest recipient of awards such as 'Bharat Shiromani Award' & 'Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar' <mask> was invited to speak at the prestigious International conference TEDx. Life and career

Early life and family

<mask> was born on 7 June 1979 in the Kashmir valley of Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir (union territory). His parents were musician <mask> and <mask>, a professor of English literature. He learned Santoor under the traditional Guru-Shishya Parampara of his mystic Shaivite - Sufi tradition from his grandfather <mask>, hailed as the "Father of Classical Music" in Jammu and Kashmir and his father <mask>. Abhay represents the Sufiana Gharana of Kashmir, the exclusive traditional Santoor family of India with its roots spanning over nine generations over more than 300 years.Sopori has a bachelor's and master's degree in Music from Pracheen Kala Kendra, Chandigarh, India and holds bachelors in Commerce from Delhi University and Computers from Indira Gandhi National Open University. Career
Sopori was trained in Indian classical music from his childhood, as well as Western and Sufiana music. Apart from santoor, he also learned vocal, Indian classical sitar, Sufiana sitar and piano. He recorded his first song at the age of 3 for a musical feature for All India Radio composed by his father and was also part of his father's grand choral presentation featuring over 8000 voices in Srinagar Kashmir in 1985. He presented his first Choral presentation featuring over 100 singers in October 2005

masks:
Abhay Rustum Sopori
Bhajan Sopori
Abhay
Abhay Rustum Sopori
Bhajan Sopori
Aparna Sopori
Shamboo Nath Sopori
Bhajan Sopori


texts: in Kashmir organised by Sopori Academy of Music And Performing Arts (SaMaPa). Abhay's J&K Folk Music Ensembles (Soz-o-Saaz) has also been presented at various other festivals and conferences, which includethe 'Jammu & KashmirFestival' presented at the Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts in New Delhi in 2009 and Ganesh Kala KridaRangmanch in Pune in 2010, which left the audiences captivated and mesmerized. Abhay's Classical fusions have also received rave reviews.In 2000, <mask> started his musical work in Kashmir performing for the youth across the Valley promoting Indian classical music and culture and is credited for changed the entire cultural scenario of Jammu & Kashmir bringing the youth together through music. His concerts in border areas of J&K have been attended by over 20,000 people. Since his debut as a Classical Santoor player in mid 1990s, <mask> has performed in prestigious festivals across India and around the world in countries like the United States, Russia, Brazil, Mauritius, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Germany, France, Italy, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Slovenia, Ukraine, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Morocco, Iran, Israel, Bahrain, Dubai, etc. Sopori introduced the concept of 'Sufi Music Ensemble' titled 'Sufi Kinship®’ in 2011 featuring 35 musicians and Santoor led an Indian Classical Music Ensemble in 2014 featuring 25 musicians and performed at various concerts across India. He scored the music for the fusion composition titled Haftrang (seven colors in Kashmiri) in 2013 performed by the Bavarian State Orchestra of Germany, together with his Kashmiri folk music ensemble Soz-o-Saaz, giving international recognition to Kashmiri music. The concert was telecast live in more than 100 countries. The orchestra consisted

masks: Abhay Abhay


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 of around 100 musicians.Sopori has also done international collaborations including presentations with the Austrian Vienna Boys Choir, Moroccan Lutist Haj Younis, Iranian santoor player Darius Saghafi, American dulcimer player Malcom Dalgish, French clarinetist Laurent Clouet & others. He has held various cultural positions like:

 General Secretary, SaMaPa (Sopori Academy of Music And Performing Arts) (SaMaPa), one of the most prominent and prestigious music academy and organization of India (2005 onwards)
 Member of Central Committee, J&K Academy of Art, Culture & Languages, Govt. of J&K (2016 onwards)
 Member of General Council, J&K Academy of Art, Culture & Languages, Govt. of J&K (2016 onwards)
 Member, Editorial Board, JK Music Initiative, Music Journal by Department of Higher Education, Govt. of J&K (2018 onwards)
 Visiting Faculty', University of Massachusetts, Amherst USA (2004)

Artistry

Style of Santoor
Sopori's Classical Santoor performance is marked by mellifluous playing, lightning tempo, clarity and accuracy of Indian Classical Raga exposition and adoption of the Sopori Baaj (style), the unique and systematic format of Santoor playing created by his father. Presentation of Dhrupad system along with the accompaniment of the Pakhawaj is also a special characteristic of his Sopori Baaj and performance. He sings the compositions along with its instrumental rendering reviving his traditional Shaivaite - Sufi Santoor Parampara.Innovations & creations
Sopori continues to innovate and experiment with Santoor to further extend its dimensions. He has introduced the Open String Concept, together with the Enhanced Sustain Technique, giving a new dimension to the sound. He also established the concept of ‘'Gayan-Vadan Baaj'’ (vocal-instrumental system) and ‘'Been Ang. He


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 invented, designed and introduced a 30-stringed instrument in 2004 named as Sur-Santoor. Sopori has been instrumental in reviving the old Sufiana compositions of his predecessors and adopted them in the Indian Classical scenario and also composed and introduced new Khayal compositions. Raga Nirmalkauns named after Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi and Raga MahaKali named after Goddess Mother Kali are Abhay's newly composed Ragas that have been widely acclaimed in the music world. Composer
<mask> has composed music for Films, Telefilms, Short Films, Serials (TV & Radio) and Documentaries.He recently debuted as a composer in Bollywood commercial cinema with Shikara movie and composed the Love theme song Dilbar Lagyo and the Wedding Song titled Shukrana Gul Khile. His other work includes Mahatma, a documentary film by Government of India on Mahatma Gandhi, presented at the United Nations marking the first International Non-violence Day, the National award winning Kashmiri film Bub, and the international award winning film Ziyarat. of India, Co-composer Ek Bharat Shresth Bharat, All India Radio, Co-composer & Singer Challa, T-Series (company), Composer Aao Kadam Badhayain (SaMaPa), Composer Dua (SaMaPa), Composer & Singer Wohi Khuda Hai (SaMaPa), Composer Nai Subha - Kashmiri (SaMaPa), Composer & Singer Nai Subha - Dogri (SaMaPa), Composer & Singer Hazrat-e-NabiSAW (SaMaPa), ComposerJannat-e-Kashmir (SaMaPa), Co-composer & Singer Awards and accolades

 2020: Mahatma Gandhi Seva Medal - Gandhi Global Peace Award by United Nations accredited Gandhi Global Family - Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
 2019: Top Grade Artist by All India Radio, Govt. of India - Delhi
 2018: Raag Ranjani Sangeet Bhushan Award - Delhi
 2018: Pt. Man Mohan Bhatt Award - Rajasthan
 2017: Atal Shikhar Samman -


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 Presented at the Parliament of India - Delhi
 2017: Dr. S. Radhakrishnan National Media Award - Delhi
 2016: State Icon - title by Election Commission of India - Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
 2016: Pride of Paradise Award - Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
 2015: Pride of India Award - Delhi
 2015: Sangeet Gaurav Samman - Delhi
 2014: Madras Music Academy Award - Chennai
 2014: Sangeet Mani Award - Delhi
 2013: Indian Fine Arts Society Award - Kingdom of Bahrain
 2013: Sabzaar Award of Excellence - Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
 2012: Kashmir Kirti Samman - Pune. 2011: J&K Civil Award - Highest Civilian Award of Jammu & Kashmir by J&K Govt. - Srinagar 2011: Kashmir Educational, Cultural & Social Society (KECSS) Award - Delhi
 2010: Glory of India Award - United Kingdom
 2010: Best Citizens of India Award - Delhi
 2010: Raag Ranjani Sangeet Shree Award - Delhi
 2010: Bharat Shiromani Award - Delhi
 2009: Ma Sharika Samman - Haryana
 2008: National Dogri Award - Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
 2007: Pt.Gama Maharaj Sangeet Bhushan Samman - Delhi
 2007: Excellence Award - Delhi
 2006: Sangeet Natak Akademi’s first 'Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar - Delhi
 2006: Young India Award - Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
 2005: Juenjo Korean International Heritage Award - Seoul, South Korea
 2004: Kalawant Samman - Mumbai

 Philanthropic contributions
Sopori started working with the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir to expand and accomplish his grandfather's dream and after several years of hard work and dedication, he was able to introduce music as a formal subject in the educational setup of Jammu and Kashmir. The initiative also called as The Music Initiative of Abhay Rustum Sopori'' has been a major step in the educational system of the state (now union


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 territory) creating new streams in colleges and universities and, offering new job opportunities for the youth. Sopori is a strong believer of peace and humanity and has been promoting the same ideology also preached by Mahatma Gandhi through music. He has introduced the concept of 'Common Song' aimed at providing a musical healing touch in Jammu and Kashmir under the banner of SaMaPa, which include musical hits like 'Aao Kadam Badhayain', 'Mere Jannet-e-Kashmir', 'Zameen', 'Nai Subha', 'Jammu-Ane', 'Wohi Khuda Hai', 'Dua', etc. In 2005 <mask>, along with his father, founded the music academy and organization called SaMaPa (Sopori Academy of Music And Performing Arts), which is acclaimed for its work in Delhi and J&K. Post 2005, the programmes and events have been organized under the banner of SaMaPa. Some of the festivals include SaMaPa Sangeet Sammelan (Delhi) which is considered as the topmost music festival of Delhi; SaMaPa Aalap Festival (J&K) which is one of the biggest music festivals witnessed by over 50,000 people.SaMaPa Aalap Festival is held at a number of venues including border areas, cultural centers, jails, etc. at places like Sopore, Baramulla, Kupwara, Bandipora, Budgam, Anantnag, Ganderbal, Srinagar, Jammu, Samba, Khour, RS Pora, Rajouri, Poonch, Katra, Udampur, Akhnoor, etc. The festival was started in 2006 and over the years has presented thousands of young talent of Jammu and Kashmir. Sopori has held charity concerts for various medical and social causes and also catastrophes like Kashmir earthquake in 2005 (over INR 10 million) & Jammu and Kashmir floods in 2014 (over INR 8 million). Gallery

References

Living people
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Santoor players
Indian male classical musicians
Kashmiri musicians
People from Srinagar
1979


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<mask> (July 14, 1917 – October 13, 1990) was an American radio and television newscaster and correspondent who worked for the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) for over four decades. After six years on CBS Radio in the 1940s, <mask> was among the first major broadcast journalists to move into the rapidly expanding medium of television. He is also generally recognized as the first presenter or "anchor" of a nationally televised, regularly scheduled newscast by an American network. <mask> presented CBS news on television every weeknight for 15 years, from March 20, 1947 until  April 16, 1962. Initially aired as a 15-minute program under the title CBS Television News, the broadcast evolved into the CBS Evening News and in 1963 expanded to a 30-minute format under Walter Cronkite, who succeeded <mask> as anchor of the newscast. Although <mask> left the evening news in 1962, he continued to work for CBS for another quarter of a century, presenting news reports both on radio and on daytime television, and editing news features until his retirement from the network in 1988. Early life and radio career
Born in Ada, Oklahoma in 1917, <mask> was the only child of Alice (née Donaldson) and Tony M<mask>, both of whom were public school teachers.His mother had been married previously, but her first husband died in 1906 from typhoid fever. As a result of that earlier marriage, <mask> grew up with a half-brother, John W. Moore, who was 12 years older. Tragically, Alice also lost her second husband to disease. When <mask> was an infant, his father died of smallpox. Now twice-widowed, Alice continued teaching to support herself and her two sons. By 1930, however, she left Oklahoma and moved with <mask> and John to New Mexico for a better teaching position, one as an instructor at a normal school in Silver City. <mask> lived in Silver City for only two years, but during that time

masks:
Douglas Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
. Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards


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 he developed a keen interest in radio technology and programming.Using a small crystal radio set that he acquired, he began to monitor each day a wide range of regular broadcasts and special events, a routine made easier by Silver City's high elevation, which allowed him to tune into distant stations transmitting from Los Angeles, Denver, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, and elsewhere. "'What an experience that was'", he recalled in a later interview, "'transfixed by broadcasts I could bring in from faraway places". First broadcast experience, 1932
In 1932, <mask> moved with his mother to southeastern Alabama, where she had accepted a job as a school principal in the town of Troy. Half-brother John, now 26 years old, chose to remain in New Mexico. <mask> spent his teenage years in Troy and continued his radio hobby, which he still regarded as a "new world", still "mesmerizing". Martin Weil, a staff writer for The Washington Post who compiled a biography on <mask> and wrote the newscaster's 1990 obituary for the newspaper, described the teenager's ongoing fascination with the medium:

For his on-air time at Troy's small, makeshift radio station in 1932, the teenage <mask> was paid $2.50 a week to be an "junior announcer", a disc jockey, and to fill any lapses during broadcasts by reading poetry and even singing occasionally. Describing those formative days on radio decades later, <mask> said he found the experience thrilling, although he admitted he did not sing well, adding "'but I got by, got fan mail, and the ego was nourished.'"College years and hiring by CBS, 1942
Following his graduation from high school, <mask> managed to enroll briefly at the University of Alabama to take pre-med courses and then attend evening classes on journalism at the University of Georgia and at Emory University in Atlanta before abandoning his hopes for a college degree due to a

masks: Douglas Douglas Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards


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 lack of money amidst the Great Depression. He nevertheless remained intent on working in radio, and between 1935 and 1940, he found employment, first at a small station in Dothan, Alabama; then at WSB in Atlanta; and next, much farther north in Michigan, at WXYZ in Detroit, where he served as a newscaster and announcer. In 1942, shortly after returning to Atlanta to work as an assistant news editor at WSB, he accepted an offer from CBS Radio to move to New York to be an assistant announcer and understudy to journalist John Charles Daly, the presenter of the network's nightly 15-minute news program The World Today. When Daly was reassigned by CBS as a war correspondent and sent overseas the following year, <mask> was promoted as his replacement on The World Today, as well as host of the Sunday afternoon program World News Today and of the Sunday night program Report to the Nation. Two years later, <mask> was also dispatched overseas, to London, to cover the final weeks of World War II with CBS foreign correspondent Edward R. Murrow. At the end of the conflict in Europe in May 1945, <mask> was then appointed the network's news bureau chief in Paris and assigned to cover post-war elections in Germany and the start of the Nuremberg trials. Anchor for televised CBS newscasts, 1947-1962

<mask> returned to the United States from his overseas radio assignments in May 1946.By 1947, as CBS's top correspondents and commentators continued to shun the fledgling medium of television, <mask> was chosen by network executives to work with director Don Hewitt in presenting a televised news program every weeknight and to host that year CBS's televised coverage of the Democratic and Republican national conventions. While <mask> served as "anchor" of the programs, that term was actually not used within the context of newscasting, at least not consistently, until 1952, when CBS News

masks: Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards


texts: chief Sig Mickelson reportedly applied it in describing Walter Cronkite's role in the network's political convention coverage. Such news terminology developed quickly in those early days of broadcasting daily news on television, a time fraught with uncertainties not only about the technologies required to present reports in a visual medium, but also about the most effective means of delivering those reports to viewers. <mask>' friends and CBS colleagues in the late 1940s were quick to suggest ways he could make his reports more interesting to his audience. "'I remember', he stated years later, 'guys coming up with brainstorms like wanting me to wear a football helmet to report the football scores.'" In viewership ratings, <mask>' newscasts were soon eclipsed by NBC News with its Camel News Caravan presented by John Cameron Swayze. CBS, though, quickly regained its lead due in no small part to <mask>' ongoing efforts to cover major events personally.Among the many news stories that <mask> covered in those years in the dual role of newscaster-reporter were his trip to the North Pole in 1949, the attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman in November 1950, and the coronation of Elizabeth II in June 1953. He also reported on cultural events such as the Miss America Pageant (five times). The nightly 15-minute <mask> with the News was watched by nearly 30 million viewers by the mid-1950s, as the newscaster continued his practice of periodically covering major new stories himself. In July 1956, while stationed on a helicopter hovering over the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Massachusetts, <mask> reported the sinking of the SS Andrea Doria, on-site coverage that received widespread public attention and critical praise. Despite such efforts and positive reactions to his stories, viewership of <mask>' televised newscasts began to decline by the late 1950s as NBC's new

masks:
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Douglas Edwards
Edwards
Edwards


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 Huntley-Brinkley Report—CBS News' chief competitor—began to attract increasingly larger audiences. <mask>' last televised evening newscast aired on April 13, 1962. The following Monday, on April 16, Walter Cronkite officially replaced him as anchor of the telecast.The next year, on September 2, 1963, the program was retitled CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite. It was also rescheduled to broadcast at 6:30 p.m. instead of its normal 7:30 time slot, and its 15-minute format was expanded to 30 minutes, a change that made it the first half-hour weeknight news show on American television. Continuing work for CBS, 1962-1988
<mask>' departure from CBS Evening News did not end his work for the network either on television or radio. For several years, both during his time as network anchor and afterwards, he anchored the local late news team on WCBS-TV, channel 2, the network's flagship station in New York City. He continued to present The World Tonight on CBS Radio, and from April 1962 into the 1980s, he presented nationally on television five-minute weekday reports called The CBS Afternoon News with <mask> and later, after schedule adjustments, The CBS Mid-Day News with <mask> and then The CBS Mid-Morning News with <mask>. Beginning in 1979, he hosted the CBS Sunday morning news and talk show series For Our Times, and in 1987 he served as co-anchor with Faith Daniels for CBS Morning News. <mask> also continued until his retirement in April 1988 to anchor Newsbreak, a televised 74-second weekday segment that highlighted the day's top news stories.After he retired from CBS, <mask> and his wife May left their home in New Canaan, Connecticut and relocated to Sarasota, Florida. Six months later, on October 30, 1988, he returned to radio to perform as himself in National Public Radio's re-creation of Orson Welles' 1938 CBS broadcast of The War of the Worlds. Directed by David

masks:
Edwards
Edwards
Douglas Edwards
Douglas Edwards
Douglas Edwards
Edwards
Edwards


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 Ossman, a member of the Firesign Theater troupe, the NPR production aired exactly 50 years after Welles' original radio presentation; and it featured, in addition to <mask>, actor Jason Robards, comic writer and musician Steve Allen, and various NPR announcers. Personal life and death
<mask> married twice. On August 29, 1939, he wed Sara Belle Byrd, a native of North Carolina and a resident of Atlanta when <mask> resided in Georgia for several years. The couple divorced after 26 years together, during which time they had three children: Lynn Alice, Robert Anthony, and Donna Claire. Then, on May 10, 1966, <mask> married May Hamilton Dunlap in San Francisco, California.He and May remained together until his death. In 1990, at age 73, <mask> died of bladder cancer at his home in Sarasota, Florida. Following a memorial service at the Church of the Palms in Sarasota, <mask>'s body was cremated. Legacy and accolades
Many of <mask>' early CBS radio and televised newscasts are preserved, including his World War II anchoring of World News Today, broadcasts on D-Day, and his coverage of the sinking of the Andrea Doria, all of which serve as important historical records of that period and of those events. <mask> anchored the live five-minute segment The CBS Afternoon News five afternoons a week between 1962 and 1966. He started the segment immediately after a half-hour broadcast of the Goodson-Todman game show To Tell the Truth. Every moment of The CBS Afternoon News was lost due to wiping.For <mask>’ decades of contributions to broadcast journalism, he received numerous awards and accolades from colleagues and professional organizations. Douglas Edwards Archives at St. Bonaventure University

1917 births
1990 deaths
CBS News people
American television news anchors
American television reporters and correspondents
Peabody Award winners
Deaths from cancer in Florida
People from

masks: Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards


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<mask> (19 January 1945) is a Chilean historian and anthropologist. He is known in Chile for his study of Mapuche history and society. After the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, <mask> was dismissed from his work at the University of Chile by the Pinochet regime. He was the principal advocate for the first Social Forum of the ACLU International Human Rights Task Force, during the SubCommission's fifty-fourth session in August 2002. Bengoa had been living in Cajón del Maipo for some time. For medical reasons and concerns, he sometimes returns to his home in Ñuñoa. The anthropologist had been diagnosed with bone cancer and had a bone marrow transplant in 2017.Career
Bengoa has had a successful career with ranging professions. He served on many different boards at the same time. Beginning in 1978, he was the director, president of the board, as well as researcher for the Center for Social Studies and Education in SUR, Santiago, Chile. He was here until 1990. While he was at the Center for Social Studies and Education, he was also serving as President of World University Service Committee in Chile. Bengoa served here from 1978 to 1991. From 1990 to 1993, he was the National Director of the Special Commission for Indigenous peoples in Chile.While here, he was in charge of drafting, editing, as well as creating the new indigenous law. In 1992, he founded and directed the School of Anthropology at the Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano in Santiago, Chile. He remained director until 1996. From 1996 to 2002, Bengoa was rector of UAHC in Chile. He later returned and as of 2016, remains rector. His most notable career moment was being a member of the National Commission on Historical Truth and New Deal with the Indigenous peoples of Chile. He was a member from 2000 to 2004 and was later nominated by the President of the Republic.He currently remains an active member in numerous different organizations. He remains a full-time professor at

masks:
José Bengoa Cabello
José Bengoa


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 UAHC for the School of Anthropology and History in Chile. Since 1994, he has been serving as a Director of Research for the National Found for Scientific and Technological Development. He remains the President for the Board of the National Foundation against poverty within Chile, dating back to 1996. His work with the Mapuche people has helped their story and origins gain attention worldwide. His work extends past just the Mapuche people and focuses on helping all the different ethnic groups within Chile. The Mapuche People
The name "Mapuche" translates to "people of the land."The Mapuche people is the largest ethnic group within Chile and makes up a rough 10% of the Chilean population as a whole. Half of the Mapuche people live around the capital of Chile, which is Santiago. The other half tend to live in the south from river Bío Bío right until the Chiloé Island. There is another fair-sized group of Mapuche people within the Argentina area. An interesting fact is that the Mapuche people will name themselves according to where they live. An example of this is the group of Mapuche people called the Huilliche, or the people from the south. Looking at the Mapuche people in the present day, they are in a vulnerable situation.Chile focuses strongly on class society. Unfortunately for the Mapuche people, they rank the lowest in class. There have been efforts from the state and the church to take the Mapuche people into the Chilean society. During an era, the Pinochet era to be exact, all the Mapuche land was privatized and later sold to foreigners and other wealthy owners/ landlords. During this time, new laws were also introduced, including the law that there would not be indigenous peoples within Chile. Instead, there would only be Chileans. Consequences of the Pinochet era were serious and the Mapuche's had to migrate to the bigger cities because of the loss of their land.Acclimating to a new environment proved difficult for those


texts:
 who had to move to cities, as they were forced to forget their culture in order to better fit in. Being a Mapuche also means it is difficult to make a decent living, as they are often paid less than other Chileans. They also struggle to receive their education. The class system in Chile is so rigid that it is not uncommon for Mapuche people to rid their names and adopt Chilean ones instead, in hopes of having a better life for their offspring. Though life proved difficult for the Mapuche people, there have been acts introduced to help protect their rights. For example, in 1993 the Indigenous Act, or Ley Indigena (no. 19.253) was introduced to protect all of the Indigenous groups within Chile.This law protected the indigenous peoples from being moved off of their land. Per the “permuta”, if a company/ organization/ the government wishes to move indigenous peoples from a piece of land, it is required that an equal piece of land is given to them in return. No transfer will be allowed to take place if the owner does not agree to the permuta. Every last person must agree to the trade, and if not, it will not be allowed. In addition to the Indigenous Act, the Corporación Nacional de Desarollo Indígena, or CONADI, was formed. CONADI is a state authority and its purpose is to protect, as well as preserve, the cultural development of the Indigenous peoples of Chile. They are also meant to help conserve the land of the Mapuche people.Despite these advancements towards the protection and respect of the Mapuche people, there is still harm being done to their land. Chile is fast developing per outside pressures. This means that there are a large number of developmental projects happening on Mapuche land, roads being built and forests being destroyed. <mask> and the Cronicas De La Araucania
José <mask> published his piece History of the Mapuche People roughly 30 years ago. He has recently published his newest volume, Cronicas de la Araucania.

masks: José Bengoa


texts: In an interview with Javier Garcia in December 2019, the Chilean anthropologist gave insight into his newest project. <mask> is a known advocate for making sure that there is appropriate and accurate representation of Indigenous Peoples within the Constitutional Convention.With his newest volume, <mask> reflects on the Mapuche people, their presence, and the symbols of them that have been present in different social protests. In his piece, he speaks about “the traveling man” or the “homo viator”. Bengoa uses this as a means to address the origins of these people, the evolving of their culture, their tribes, as well as their travel and journeys around the world. He also touches on how there has been a mass use of the Mapuche flag, which he says has been “raised as a symbol of freedom and protest.”  Bengoa was then asked questions in regards to the Mapuche people and their impact. One question asks how Bengoa interprets the mass use of Mapuche flags by many in Latin America. Bengoa goes on to explain the different ways in which it can be interpreted. He says that it is not uncommon to see a Mapuche flag more than a Chilean flag during marches.Some Latin Americans say that the Mapuche flag serves as a representation of mestizos/ Latin Americans. He says it also serves as support for the Mapuche nation and represents freedom. Bengoa is later asked about Camilo Catrillanca. Camilo was a Mapuche farmer of Ercilla in Chile, as well as the grandson of a very prominent Mapuche leader. On November 14, 2018, he was shot and killed by four Chilean police officers. His death was a catalyst that sparked numerous protests against police violence, as well as the struggle for the Mapuche peoples’ civil rights. Bengoa speaks of how Catrillanca appears in demonstrations as well.The image being used has Mapuche features, which he says makes the image that much more iconic. This makes many believe that he was killed for simply being a Mapuche, and

masks: Bengoa José


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 that within itself is why Bengoa has dedicated his life to teaching the story of the Mapuche people. The lack of respect for Mapuche’s comes as no surprise to Bengoa, as he has said that the Chilean society was and still is a racist place. <mask> is then asked for his opinion on other Mapuche historians and anthropologists, such as Pablo Marimán and Fernando Pairican. Bengoa praises their presence in saying that “it is a huge and highly positive transformation”. The Mapuche People are no longer being spoken for on behalf of other sociologists, historians, or anthropologists, but rather oneself has spoken for them. Bengoa praises the fact that there are different voices that are discussing the Mapuche People.Research Initiatives: Mapuche Economy: Poverty and Subsistence in Contemporary Mapuche Society
<mask>, alongside Eduardo Valenzuela, are the responsible researchers for the Productivity and Income in Mapuche communities research initiative per the Centro de Estudios Interculturales e Indígenas. In 1980, the bishop of Temuco, Sergio Contreras Navia had asked Bengoa and Valenzuela to conduct a study that would focus on the situation in the communes of Cautín. The two researchers agreed and published their findings three years later under “Mapuche Economy: Poverty and Subsistence in Contemporary Mapuche Society.”

The goal of the project was to “socioeconomically characterize the Mapuche communities located in the province of Cautín, La Araucanía Region." Due to the 300 cases that were collected and observed, the work done was innovative for the time. The comprehensive description of the precapitalistic system that had been based on the subsistence economy was also a helpful component to the progression of the research. Bengoa gives a statement, saying “At that moment we observe the end of a long reduction period; If the Mapuche history is analyzed, there is a prereductional period until 1888, and between this year and 1927 the

masks:
José
José Bengoa


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 reductions were established where the indigenous people settled and they were forcibly peasantized, impoverishing a society that was rich.”

It has been over thirty years since the original study had been done, and Valenzuela and Bengoa decided to replicate it. They wanted to study the current socioeconomic situation of the many Mapuche families that are living in rural areas.These areas will correspond to the provinces within Cautín, however, this time they are incorporating the areas of Malleco. The goal of this replication of the original study was to see the differences between now and 35 years ago. The study states that their sample size consisted of: 300 Mapuche families in rural areas, 200 families in Cautín, and 100 families in Malleco. To make the comparison as accurate as possible, the researchers selected the same communities of Cautín that were used in 1987. Given that they did not conduct a study of Malleco in ‘87, they simply chose random communities. They remained consistent with the number of surveys they had originally taken for each community in the original study. However, given the fact that this replication was 35 years after the original, the researchers found themselves running into difficulties.They had a lack of contact information for the previous families, making their identification nearly impossible. Instead, the children of the families within these communities were randomly chosen. The two requested plans from “the General Archive of Indigenous Affairs, AGAI, of the Conadi, located in Temuco.” By doing this, they were able to maintain the same procedure that they used in the original 1981 study. Bengoa makes an observation saying “We observe that the change between 1980 and 2016 has been decisive. The new theme is that of water, especially in Mapuche agriculture. We realized that a huge number of communities have trucked water, with six to eight months without water. This has consequences on crops,


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 everything.40 years ago, there were no subsidies. Today, on the other hand, the number of subsidies is very large.” The two researchers said that if the subsidy level were to exceed a certain range, it is definite that production levels would decrease. Another observation made was that there is an older population, with most of the younger people emigrating for work or education. A final observation was the severity of poverty between now and the original study. Bengoa says “Currently, we do not observe situations of hunger, it may be that there are certain months, at the beginning of summer; in 1980 there was poverty." From the information that had been collected, they will calculate different indicators, including but not limited to: income coming from self-consumption, total gross income of Mapuche population, salary and income; net income, the total gross income without expenses on inputs and investments, as well as the net income per capita. Awards/ Honors
Being a member of the National Commission for the Bicentenary of the Republic of Chile from 2000-2006, he received this honorable nomination from the President of the Republic of Chile, who at the time was Ricardo Lagos.He later received another nomination from Michelle Bachelet in 2006 until 2010. In 2002, Bengoa won the national award for tolerance and the fight against racism in Chile. In 2003, he won the Guggenheim Award from the John Guggenheim Foundation. Four years later, he received the Literature Award of the Santiago Municipality for his second volume publication of The Claimed Community; Identities, Utopias, and Memories in the Chilean society. In 2009 he was nominated by President of the Republic of Chile, Michelle Bachelet for member of the Board of the National Foundation for the Image of Chile. Bibliography

Books

 Quinquén: 100 years of Pehuenche History. Santiago.Chile. 1992
 Haciendas y Campesinos: Historia Social de la Agricultura Chilena Tomo II.


texts:
 Santiago. Chile. 1990
 Trilogy of the Bicentenary: Three essays on Chile’s economic, social, political and cultural situation
 First Volume: The Lost Community: Identity and Culture, challenges of modernization in Chile
 Second Volume: The Claimed Community: Identities, Utopias and memories in the Chilean society
 Third Volume: The Fragmented Community: Nation and Inequality in Chile, Santiago. Catalonia Editorial. November 2009
 History of the Mapuche People.Santiago, Chile. First Edition. 1985. 8th and last edition. 2008. Editorial Sur and Editorial Lom
 The Ancient Mapuche's of the South. Santiago.2003. Catalonia Ed. Santiago. Second Edition. 2007. Literature award Santiago Municipality, 2004. The History of a Conflict.The Mapuche People and the national state during the XX century. Planeta. Santiago. First edition, 2000 and second edition, 2003. Third edition. 2007
 Inequalities. The Chilean society during the last decade.Santiago. 2001
 The Treaty of Quilin. Catalonia. 2007. Altazor Award. 2008
 Social History of Chilean Agriculture. Santiago: Eds.South, 1988-1990. V3

Articles
 Agroindustria y fruticultura en los valles cercanos a Santiago: Aconcagua y Cachapoal. Santiago: Eds. Sur, 1988-1990 (Santiago: ATG) V3
 La sociedad ganadera: Historia del pueblo mapuche. 6a.ed. corr. Santiago: LOM Eds., 2000
 Las agrupaciones mapuches en el siglo XIX: Historia del pueblo mapuche.6a. ed. corr. Santiago: LOM Eds., 2000
 Sociedad y población rural en la formación de Chile actual, La Ligua 1700–1850. Proposiciones. Santiago: Área de Estudios e Investigaciones de Sur, 1986- (Santiago: Interamericana) V17 (1989)

References

Chilean anthropologists
20th-century Chilean historians
20th-century Chilean male writers
21st-century Chilean historians
21st-century Chilean male writers
1945 births
Anthropology educators
Living people
University of Chile faculty
Social historians
Historians of the Mapuche world
Pontifical Catholic University of


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Empress <mask> (died February 264), personal name unknown, formally known as Empress Mingyuan, was an empress of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was married to <mask>, the second ruler of Wei; she was his third wife and second empress. The limited information available about her appears to portray her as an intelligent woman who fought hard to prevent her empire from falling into the hands of the Sima clan (Sima Yi and his sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao) during the reigns of her adopted son <mask> and his cousin <mask>, but was unable to stem the tide. Family background and marriage to <mask>
The future Empress <mask> was from Xiping Commandery (西平郡; roughly present-day Xining, Qinghai). Her family was a powerful clan in the area. But during the reigns of <mask>'s father <mask>, her clan was implicated in a rebellion, and she, among others in her family, was confiscated by the Wei government in the aftermath. She somehow became a concubine of <mask>, and he greatly favoured her.In 237, <mask> was involved an incident that led to the death of <mask>'s first empress (and second wife), Empress Mao. Once, when <mask> was attending a feast hosted by <mask>, <mask> requested that Empress Mao be invited to join as well, but <mask> refused and further ordered that no news about the feast was to be given to Empess Mao. However, the news leaked, and Empress Mao talked about the feast with him anyway. He became exceedingly angry, killed a number of his attendants whom he suspected of leaking the news to Empress Mao, and, inexplicably, ordered Empress Mao to commit suicide. After Empress Mao's death, <mask> became the de facto empress,

masks:
Guo
Cao Rui
Cao Fang
Cao Mao
Cao Rui
Guo
Cao Rui
Cao Pi
Cao Rui
Consort Guo
Cao Rui
Cao Rui
Consort Guo
Consort Guo
Cao Rui
Consort Guo


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 and her family members were given honorific titles (albeit with little power). She was not created empress, however, until <mask> grew ill around the new year of 239. He died a month later, and <mask> became empress dowager, but not regent, over his adopted son <mask>.As empress dowager
By <mask>'s will, his distant cousin <mask> and Sima Yi were regents, but <mask> soon became the dominant figure in the government; while he put on an appearance of respecting Sima Yi, he effectively pushed Sima Yi aside in governing the empire. How Empress Dowager <mask> felt about this is not clear, for her political role during <mask>'s regency appeared to be minimal – even though <mask> (and later the Simas) all at least formally submitted important matters to her, they decided on those matters without real input from her. <mask> was largely viewed as an incompetent regent who entrusted many of his associates who were equally lacking in ability. In 244, for example, under the advice of Li Sheng and Deng Yang, <mask>, lacking in military talent, nevertheless carried out an attack against Wei's rival state Shu Han, without carefully planning the logistics, and even though the battles were inconclusive, <mask> was eventually forced to withdraw due to large number of deaths of livestock, and during the withdraw, many soldiers died in battle or of other causes. <mask> also gathered great wealth for him and his associates, and also spent much time on tours, away from the important matters of state, since 247. In 249, Sima Yi, with support of officials who were tired of <mask>'s incompetence, (after issuing an edit in Empress Dowager <mask>'s name) carried out a coup d'état

masks:
Cao Rui
Empress Guo
Cao Fang
Cao Rui
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Guo
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Cao Shuang
Guo


texts: and deposed <mask>, and later had him and his associates, as well as all their clans, slaughtered, and then took complete control of the government. This shocked the officials who initially supported Sima Yi, but by then it was too late to try to prevent it.After Sima Yi's death in 251, his son Sima Shi succeeded him and kept the government in as much control as his father did. In 254, Sima Shi carried out another purge of officials who resisted him. It was suspected that these officials were plotting with the emperor <mask> and perhaps Empress Dowager <mask> to try to counteract against the Simas, but a link was never clearly shown. From that point on, any official who dared to be close to the emperor and the empress dowager was doing so at his peril. Indeed, later in 254, <mask> himself would not be spared (although he was spared his life). Some of his associates had suggested to him to, when Sima Shi's brother Sima Zhao was at the palace to visit him, kill Sima Zhao and then seize his troops and attack Sima Shi. <mask> could not resolve to do it, but the news still leaked, and Sima Shi deposed <mask>.It was during this incident that Empress Dowager <mask> would display her wisdom in a last-ditch attempt to preserve some possibility of preventing the Simas from taking complete control over Wei. When Sima Shi notified her that he intended to make <mask>'s brother <mask> (曹據), the Prince of Pengcheng, emperor, she managed to persuade him that such a succession would be improper – that since <mask> was the uncle of her husband <mask>, such a succession would leave <mask> effectively with no heir. Sima Shi was forced to agree with her, and he made, as she

masks:
Cao Shuang
Cao Fang
Guo
Cao Fang
Cao Fang
Cao Fang
Guo
Cao Pi
Cao Ju
Cao Ju
Cao Rui
Cao Rui


texts: suggested, <mask> (the Duke of Gaogui District), the son of <mask>'s younger brother <mask>, emperor instead. <mask>, although at age 13, was known for his intelligence and Empress Dowager <mask> might have believed that he—alone of the princes and dukes, might have had a chance of counteracting the Simas. When Sima Shi asked her for the imperial seal, she again reasoned with him and refused politely, under the reasoning that she had met <mask> before and wanted to personally hand him the seal. In 255, declaring that they had received a secret edict from Empress Dowager <mask>, Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin made a failed attempt to overthrow Sima Shi, by starting a rebellion from Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui). There was no real evidence that Empress Dowager <mask> was actually in communication with them, however.After <mask> became emperor, he gradually established a circle around him—a number of officials who were unquestioned in their support of the Simas, but who might also have something to gain from allegiance to the emperor, including Sima Shi's cousin Sima Wang, Wang Shen (王沈), Pei Xiu and Zhong Hui. By doing this, he was hoping that he could minimise suspicion against him but at the same time gradually win their hearts. In 255, he made a failed attempt to capture power back—when Sima Shi died while at Xuchang, Sima Zhao was at Xuchang as well. <mask> issued an edict which, under the rationale that Sima Shi had just defeated Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin's rebellion and that the southeastern border was still not complete pacified, ordered Sima Zhao to remain at Xuchang and that Sima Shi's assistant Fu Gu (傅嘏) return to the capital Luoyang

masks:
Cao Mao
Cao Rui
Cao Lin
Cao Mao
Guo
Cao Mao
Guo
Guo
Cao Mao
Cao Mao


texts:
 with the main troops. Under Fu Gu and Zhong Hui's advice, however, Sima Zhao returned to Luoyang anyway against edict, and was able to maintain control of the government. Indeed, from that point on, he would not let <mask> or Empress Dowager <mask> to be out of his control, and when Zhuge Dan made a failed rebellion in 257, believing that Sima Zhao would soon usurp the throne, Sima Zhao would insist on the emperor and the empress dowager accompanying him on the campaign against Zhuge Dan. In 260, <mask>, not being able to make much headway in his attempt to reduce Sima Zhao's hold on power, tried to start a coup d'état himself with the imperial guards loyal to him, and after initial successes near the palace, was nevertheless killed in battle.Empress Dowager <mask> was forced to issue an edict posthumously deposing him. Further this time, Sima Zhao would completely ignore Empress Dowager <mask>'s wishes in determining <mask>'s successor, and he made <mask>an, the Duke of Changdao District, a grandson of <mask>, emperor, even though <mask>'s brothers still had issue. She died in February 264 without being able to make any further impact against the power of the Simas, and Sima Zhao's son Sima Yan eventually usurped the throne in early 266 and established the Jin dynasty. She was buried on 13 April 264. See also
 Cao Wei family trees#<mask> Rui
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Pei, Songzhi (5th century).Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. 264 deaths
Year of birth unknown
People from Qinghai
<mask> empresses

masks:
Cao Mao
Guo
Cao Mao
Guo
Guo
Cao Mao
Cao Hu
Cao Cao
Cao Rui
Cao
Cao Wei


texts:
<mask>vna Moravskaya (or Moravsky; ; <mask> in the marriage; 12 January 1890 Warsaw, Russian Empire – 26 June 1947 Miami, US or after 1958 Chile) was a Russian poet, writer, translator and literary critic. She wrote several poetical collections and prose works, include works on children literature. She was ethnic Polish and active participant of liberal-democratic movement in Russian Empire at early 20th century. In 1917 she emigrated from Russia to the US, then she was living and writing in Florida. Information about her last years and death is contradictory: according to some sources, she died in 1947 in Miami, but other sources tell that she died in Chile not earlier than 1958. Life

Early life
<mask> was born on January 12, 1890 (or December 31, 1889 by Julian calendar) in Warsaw to a Catholic  non-rich Polish family. When she was two years old her mother died.After that Ludvig Moravskiy, her father, married the sister of his deceased spouse. Then the Moravskaya family moved to Odessa. <mask> thought well of her father and described him as a good and dreamy man. Also she thought well of her younger stepbrothers and stepsisters. But when <mask> was 15 years old she was forced to leave home due to conflict with her stepmother. Some time later she had moved from Odessa to Saint Petersburg where she worked as secretary, private tutor and translator. At that time she started her literary activity and had significant financial difficulties.She joined the Bestuzhev Courses but did not graduate from it. From her early years Moravskaya had an active civic stand and took part in the activity of different political circles. Initially she was a supporter of self-determination of Poland. At times of beginning of the Revolution of 1905 she was identifying

masks:
Maria Magdalina Francheska Luvigo
Maria Coughlan
Maria Moskaya
Maria Moravskaya
Maria


texts:
 herself as socialist. In 1906 and 1907 he had been arrested twice and detained for short times in transit prisons. There are data about her early and brief marriage which Moravskaya thought to be an "occational". Saint Petersburg

In Saint Petersburg Moravskaya joined to the literary circles fast enough, mostly due to patronage of Maximilian Voloshin who dated with she at January 1910.Also she had support of Zinaida Gippius. At 1911 Moravskaya began visiting "Literature Wednesdays" () by Vyacheslav Ivanov and "Academy of Poem" () founded by Ivanov too. At 1911 too she was accepted into "The Guild of Poets" () just after founding of it by Nikolay Gumilyov and Sergey Gorodetsky. Moravskaya became a frequenter of Petersburg bohemia meetings in Stray Dog Café. She had accepted the events of World War I, partially bitter combat operations and disasters affected civilian people in her native Poland, quite emotionally. Her friend Ilya Ehrenburg wrote "Слышишь, как воет волчиха" (Do you hear howl of she-wolf?). Emigration

In 1917 Moravskaya took a trip to Japan.From Japan she travelled to Latin America and then she moved to the US. In accordance to her memories, the motives for immigration to the United States were idealized idea about this country and her aspiration for "mix of typical Russian and typical American to make a new, gentle, judicious and harmonious creature". Later new country had disappointed Moravskaya by spiritual impoverishment of society, manifestations of racism and low level of political freedoms, and she had been declaring against this in the local mass media. For example, it one of the first her English-language articles named "Your Newspapers and Ours" she proved that American journalists at peaceful year 1919 have lesser freedom of


texts:
 expression than their Russian colleagues under tsar Nicholas II even in war conditions. Ten years later, in 1946 Moravskaya had written a letter to Ehrenburg and she had been acknowledging her nostalgia for Russia and her doubt about her creative work is needed in the USA:

Despite of certain disappointment about the American life, Moravskaya practically broke all the contacts with Russia and successfully adapted to life in the USA soon; she had been learning English in eight months. Firstly she had been settled in New York where she was engaged in journalistic work at one newspaper. That paper would have closed soon but Moravskaya could establish partnership with many other periodical media.<mask> had been staying in New York at least up to the early 1920s. There she married Edward "Ted" M. Coughlan, a detective fiction writer who had immigrated to the US from Dominion of Newfoundland. <mask> accepted her husband's surname and became <mask> but still used her maiden name for most of her publications. Because of it this woman writer is mostly known as <mask> and not <mask>. At early 1930-th Edward and <mask> had moved to Lakeland, Florida and then to Miami at 1932. They lived in a dwelling called by them Fiction Farm at a southern part of Miami. <mask> was known not only as prolific writer and publicist and member of local Soma Club but also as a woman of active lifestyle and many hobbies, include exotic.For example, she was engaged into selection of new breeds of lovebird and domestic duck, training of wild animals and growing of extrinsic plants, printing of books with home-made equipment. Moravsky was travelling in South America where she was rafting rivers in canoe. There is contradictory information about time and place of her death. Many sources

masks:
Moravskaya
Maria Moravskaya
Maria Coughlan
Maria Moravsky
Maria Coughlan
Maria
Maria Moravskaya


texts:
 tell that <mask> had died in Miami at 26 June 1947 and some of them tell that poet had perished from storm. But we also have enough proven information about her living in Chile at late 1950s at least. There is an evidence by Korney Chukovsky who at the first half of 1960s had told to Margarita Aliger that he had received a letter from Moravskaya several years before. By his words, in Chile <mask> had married local postman.confirms this too; at "The list of names" published in his book named "Acumiana. Встречи с Анной Ахматовой" 1889 – 1958 stated as years of life of Moravskaya, who was "a poetess and member of the first Guild of poets". Creative work

When <mask> was 16 years old and she lived in Odessa, she had published her first poem. Then he had several publications in the newspapers of Odessa. At Saint Petersburg first publication of her poems was at Hyperborean (Гиперборей) and Zavety (Заветы) magazines. In 1911 Moravskaya had begun systematic collaboration with  magazine, firstly as reviewer and translator. She translated works of Polish, Czech and Finnish writers.Then she made her own poems and essays for magazine. Later her works was published in Vestnik Evropy, Russkaya Mysl, Sovremenny Mir and Ezhemesyachniy Zhurnal magazines and almanacs. First published works by <mask>skaya had deserved positive references from literary men such as Vladislav Khodasevich, Igor Severyanin, Sasha Chorny. Anna Akhmatova, whose poems critics compared with Moravskaya's poems, had recognized her as a "fellow-worker" and later several times gifts owns books to her. Gippius in her letter to Chukovsky described Moravskaya as "extremely talented person". And <mask> was getting
especial support from Voloshin who was of a high opinion about her creative perspectives

masks:
Maria Moravskaya
Maria Moravskaya
Maria Moravskaya
Maria Morav
Maria Moravskaya


texts:
 and predicting role of "second Cherubina de Gabriak". And Cherubina herself (her real name is Elisaveta Dmitrieva) recognized young Polish as her creative successor and 18 January 1910 she wrote to Voloshin:

At early 1914 first almanac of poems by Moravskaya named "На пристани" (On the Pier) had been issued.Expert in literature Razumnik Ivanov-Razumnik several months before publication of this almanac had sent draft of it to his authoritative colleagues include Andrei Bely and Valery Bryusov. The last by Razumnik's request had written a preface named "Объективность и субъективность в поэзии" (The Objectivity and The Subjectivity in Poetry) for Maravskaya's almanac. But that preface remained unpublished as Moravskaya insisted on; she wrote to Bryusov:

As a result, "На пристани" rose a keen but varied response from critics. They noted common motif of the most of works included in almanac: yearning for journeys and far exotic countries. “Capricious” and “infantile” style of poem had been noticed (Moravskaya herself considered her own style as a “doll style”). Sophia Parnok noted that the main message of Morvskaya's lyric poetry is a "self-pity". had given a negative review and her son Alexander Blok had agreed with mother despite that his positive consideration of Moravskaya's poetry at the whole:

Notes

Translator's notes

References

External links

Russian women poets
Poets of the Russian Empire
20th-century Russian poets
20th-century Russian writers
20th-century American writers
20th-century American translators
Translators of the Russian Empire
Literary critics of the Russian Empire
Women critics
20th-century Russian women writers
American women writers
20th-century American women
American people of Polish descent
Russian people of Polish


texts:
<mask> (; born 15 February 1986) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Italian club Monza. Born in Argentina to parents of Italian descent, Paletta represented his birth nation at the under-20 level, participating in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in the Netherlands. He started all seven matches as Argentina won the title. In 2014, Paletta was called up to the Italy national team and made his debut in a friendly against Spain. He represented Italy at the FIFA World Cup later that year. Club career

Banfield
Paletta came through the youth divisions of Banfield and reached the first team in 2005. When Banfield qualified for the knockout stages of the Copa Libertadores, they altered their 25-man squad for the event to include Paletta and immediately threw him into action against the Colombian team Independiente Medellín.Paletta played well and Banfield progressed, but Paletta was to play no further part in the tournament after being called up to the Argentina under-20 team to participate in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship. Liverpool
In February 2006, Paletta agreed to sign with Liverpool and eventually signed a four-year contract on 4 July 2006. Paletta became the second Argentine to play for the Merseyside club, after Mauricio Pellegrino. <mask>'s first appearance for Liverpool came in a pre-season friendly against Wrexham in July. He scored his first goal for Liverpool during a 2006–07 Football League Cup third round 4–3 win against Reading on 25 October 2006. Paletta debuted for Liverpool in the 2006–07 Premier League season in a 4–0 away win against Wigan Athletic on 2 December; he was substituted onto the field for Sami Hyypiä in the 61st minute. Paletta would go on to make just two more league appearances for Liverpool.Paletta debuted in the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League in a group stage fixture in a 3–2 away defeat against Galatasaray on 5 December. He was substituted off of the field in the 66th minute

masks:
Gabriel Alejandro Paletta
Paletta


texts:
 for Luis García. Paletta played a full 90 minutes of Liverpool's 2006–07 Football League Cup quarter-final match, a 6–3 home defeat against Arsenal on 9 January 2007. By the time that Paletta had made just eight appearances for Liverpool in all competitions, it was reported on 9 July that Paletta would be loaned to Spanish club Levante in order to gain some valuable first-team experience as Levante had expressed their interest signing Paletta on loan deal for the whole of 2007–08 season. Although Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez had agreed to loaning the defender, the loan deal was not reached. Liverpool went on to reach the final of the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League, losing 2–1 to AC Milan on 23 May 2007. On 26 August, it had been officially reported that Liverpool had agreed for Paletta to sign with Boca Juniors, having welcomed the arrival of Argentine Emiliano Insúa.Boca Juniors

2007–08 season
In August 2007, Paletta joined Boca Juniors where he was handed the number 29 shirt. He debuted for Boca Juniors in the Torneo Apertura of the 2007–08 Primera División season on 29 August 2007. One month later, Paletta scored his first goal for Boca Juniors in the 84th minute of a 2–2 home draw with Gimnasia de Jujuy on 23 September. He participated in his first Superclásico, which resulted in a 2–0 win to River Plate at the Estadio Monumental, on 7 October. Paletta played a full 90 minutes of Boca's 2007 FIFA Club World Cup 1–0 semi-final win against Étoile du Sahel on 12 December. Four days later, he played a full 90 minutes of the final which resulted in a 4–2 win for European champions Milan on 16 December. During the 2008 Torneo de Verano, Paletta scored with header from a Jesús Dátolo free-kick in the 3–2 Copa Revancha loss against River Plate.Paletta's first appearance in the 2008 Copa Libertadores came in a 1–1 away draw against Venezuelan club Maracaibo on 20 February. He received his first red card during the Torneo Clausura in a 1–1 home


texts:
 draw against Independiente on 9 March. Paletta scored his first Copa Libertadores goal after nine minutes in Boca's last group stage fixture, a 3–0 home win against Maracaibo on 22 April. The 3–0 win meant that Boca advanced to the 2008 Copa Libertadores knockout stages. Paletta scored his second league goal for Boca in a 2–1 home victory against Racing Club on 17 May. Paletta participated in the Copa Libertadores knockout stage fixtures until Boca were eliminated by Fluminense in the semi-finals. He scored his third league goal for Boca with a header in the 40th minute of the first-half, in a 6–2 home victory against Tigre on 22 June.2008–09 season
Paletta played in both of Boca's 2008 Recopa Sudamericana matches, defeating Arsenal de Sarandí 5–3 on aggregate, winning 3–1 on 13 August and drawing 2–2 on 27 August. On 11 November, it was reported that MRI scans confirmed that Paletta had torn the cruciate ligament in his right knee after a 1–0 away victory against Arsenal de Sarandí on 9 November, and was ruled out of play for six months. Boca's club doctor, José Veiga, had seen that Paletta had a knee twist and ordered him to undergo some scans after the 1–0 victory against Arsenal. Boca Juniors went on to claim the Torneo Apertura title of the 2008–09 Argentine Primera División season. Paletta returned in a 2–1 home win against Arsenal de Sarandí on 17 May, playing a full 90 minutes of the match. One week later, Paletta suffered an ankle sprain and was substituted off of the field in the 15th minute for Gastón Sauro in a 2–0 away loss against Vélez Sársfield on 24 May. Boca had also participated in the 2009 Copa Libertadores, reaching the knockout stages of the tournament where they were eliminated by Uruguayan club Defensor Sporting.2009–10 season
In August 2009, it was reported that a deal with Paletta and Italian club Palermo fell through due to a disagreement of Paletta's price. Greek club Panathinaikos were also chasing his signature.


texts:
 Paletta played a full 90 minutes of Boca Juniors 2009 Copa Sudamericana First Stage match, a 1–1 draw with Vélez Sársfield on 20 August. Paletta scored an own goal for Boca in the 73rd minute, levelling the scores. He again played a full 90 minutes of the second-leg, where Boca Juniors were defeated 1–0 on 16 September. The 2–1 aggregate loss saw Boca Juniors eliminated from the competition. Paletta received his first red card of the 2009–10 Argentine Primera División season in a 4–2 away loss against Newell's Old Boys on 6 February.His first goal of the 2009–2010 season came in a 2–1 home defeat against Huracán on 9 May. Paletta scored in the 50th minute with a right footed shot. <mask>'s last game for Boca Juniors came in a 3–0 away defeat against his former club Banfield on 14 May, where he scored an own goal in the 67th minute. Parma
On 6 July 2010, Italian Serie A club Parma announced via their website the acquisition outright of Paletta from Boca Juniors. He was a regular in the side, seeing off the challenge of Massimo Paci and partnering Alessandro Lucarelli. This partnership continued for the first half of the following season under Franco Colomba, but Roberto Donadoni's arrival in January 2012 saw a switch to three defenders and Paletta enjoyed a fine end to the season. In August 2012, Paletta signed a three-year extension to the contract he signed with the club in 2010; It tied him to the club until 2017.AC Milan
On 2 February 2015, Milan signed Paletta for €3.5 million fee. He signed a 3.5-year contract. On 27 August 2015, Paletta signed for Atalanta on a season-long loan. Upon his return to Milan, Paletta was often selected by manager Vincenzo Montella, making 30 appearances and scoring two goals in the 2016–17 Serie A season. During the season, he had also been sent off a record 5 times, two of which were straight red cards. With the arrival of 11 new players in the summer transfer window, including central defenders Mateo


texts:
 Musacchio and Leonardo Bonucci, Paletta's opportunities at the club had been significantly limited. Despite being featured in a few friendly games during the summer, Paletta had been declared "out of project" by manager Vincenzo Montella, who was dismissed in November 2018.Nevertheless, Paletta was included in Milan's squad list for the group stage of Europa League. While continuing to train with the senior team, Paletta made several appearances for the club's youth team, managed by Gennaro Gattuso at the time. With Gattuso's appointment as a head coach of the senior team, Paletta got a rare opportunity to play full 90 minutes in an away Europa League 0-2 defeat against Rijeka once Milan had already qualified for the knockout stage. Paletta was released from his contract on 30 January 2018 by mutual consent. Jiangsu Suning
On 23 February 2018, Paletta signed for Chinese Super League club Jiangsu Suning. Monza
After being released by Jiangsu Suning, on 6 November 2019 Paletta signed a three-year contract for then-Serie C club Monza, owned by former AC Milan chairman Silvio Berlusconi and coached by his former teammate Cristian Brocchi. International career
In 2005, Paletta was selected for the Argentina under-20 team to participate in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship.He started in all seven games of the tournament, playing in the heart of the Argentine defence in a side also featuring future senior team stars Lionel Messi and Sergio Agüero. Argentina went on to win the tournament, and Paletta's performances attracted the attention of Liverpool. In possession of an Italian passport due to his ancestry from Savelli in the province of Crotone, in Calabria, where his great-grandfather Vincenzo emigrated from, Paletta is also eligible for the Italy national team. In March 2014, he was called up to Italy's squad for a friendly against Spain. He earned his first cap on 5 March, playing the full 90 minutes in the 0–1 loss against Spain. On 1


texts:
 June of that year, <mask> was named in Italy's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He made his competitive debut in the team's opening match, starting alongside Andrea Barzagli in central defence as the Azzurri beat England in Manaus.Style of play
Paletta is capable of playing as a centre-back in both a three or four-man defence. He is good in possession and an attentive man-marker, although he is primarily known for his composure, aerial ability and heading accuracy; he has also drawn some criticism at times for being inconsistent, error-prone, and excessively aggressive when tackling, which led to unnecessary bookings and expulsions on numerous occasions. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Boca Juniors
 Recopa Sudamericana: 2008
 Argentine Primera División: 2008 Torneo Apertura
 FIFA Club World Cup runner-up: 2007

AC Milan
 Supercoppa Italiana: 2016

Monza
 Serie C Group A: 2019–20
Argentina U20
 FIFA World Youth Championship: 2005

References

External links

 LFChistory.net player profile

 FIGC Profile

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine footballers
Italian footballers
Club Atlético Banfield footballers
Association football central defenders
Boca Juniors footballers
Liverpool F.C. players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
A.C. Milan players
Atalanta B.C. players
Jiangsu F.C. players
A.C. Monza players
Premier League players
Argentine Primera División players
Serie A players
Chinese Super League players
Serie C players
Serie B players
Argentine expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in China
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in England
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in China
Argentina under-20 international footballers
Italy international footballers
Argentine people of Calabrian descent
Argentine people of Italian descent
Italian people of Argentine descent
2014 FIFA World Cup


texts:
<mask><mask> (born April 28, 1999) is an American professional stock car racing driver and businessman. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 31 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Kaulig Racing. He previously went by his nickname J. J<mask>, until he switched to his first name in January 2016 to avoid confusion with fellow competitor J. J. Yeley. <mask> owns Dirt Late Model and Dirt Modified Chassis Manufacturer, Darkhorse Racecars, racing on the team with his brother, <mask>. <mask> took a shock win in the 2019 Coke Zero Sugar 400 at the Daytona in just his third career Cup Series start due to being in the lead, through pit strategy, under caution when lightning and eventual rain hit the area. After scoring his first Xfinity victory in 2020, <mask> became the 32nd driver to win a race in all three NASCAR national touring series.Racing career
<mask> began his racing career at age nine, in Quarter Midgets at Kokomo Quarter Midget Club during the late summer months of 2008. In 2009 and 2010, he scored the KQMC, Indiana State Series and, in 2011, the Light 160 State Championships. Regional series
In 2014, <mask> ran three K&N Pro Series East races, recording a best finish of seventh at Dover International Speedway. The next year, he joined HScott Motorsports to compete full-time in the Pro Series East, competing for Rookie of the Year honors. In 2016, <mask> recorded his first career Pro Series East win at Greenville-Pickens Speedway. <mask> won his first Pro Series East championship in 2016 after finishing in the top-ten in all 14 races, the only driver to do so in series history. Truck Series

In 2015, <mask> made his Camping World Truck Series debut at Bristol with Braun Motorsports, driving the No.32 Chevrolet Silverado and finishing 14th. His following Truck race at Martinsville Speedway ended when he was involved in a crash on lap 119. At Phoenix International Raceway, <mask> recorded his first top ten,

masks:
Justin C
. Haley
. Haley
Haley
Quentin Haley
Haley
Haley
Haley
Haley
Haley
Haley
Haley
Haley


texts:
 when he finished in seventh. On December 9, 2016, it was announced that <mask> would drive the No. 24 truck for GMS Racing in 2017, starting with the third race of the year. <mask> joined GMS full-time in 2017, driving the No. 24 Silverado.However, <mask> missed the first two races – the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and the Active Pest Control 200 at Atlanta Motor Speedway – due to NASCAR's age restriction. Scott Lagasse Jr. and Alex Bowman replaced <mask> at Daytona and Atlanta, respectively. He missed the playoffs and finished 12th in the final point standings. In 2018, he earned his first career win at Gateway in June, locking him into the playoffs for the first time. <mask> would get his second win of the season at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park, after leaders Todd Gilliland and Noah Gragson took each other out in the final corner. In Texas, he got his third win after race leader Gilliland ran out of fuel on the last lap. As a result of these two wins, <mask> qualified for the playoff finale at Homestead.<mask> finished third in the points standings, after finishing 8th at Homestead. <mask> returned to GMS and the Truck Series in July 2020 at Texas. Xfinity Series

In June 2018, <mask> made his NASCAR Xfinity Series debut at Iowa Speedway, driving the No. 23 for GMS Racing while filling for Spencer Gallagher. He would go on to finish 12th. <mask> drove the No. 24 car at Daytona in July 2018 for GMS Racing, where he unofficially won the race ahead of Kyle Larson and Elliott Sadler.However, it was revealed that <mask> went below the double yellow line to pass both of the leaders just before the finish line and NASCAR ruled <mask>'s pass illegal after the race, giving Larson the win, while <mask> finished 18th. On December 1, 2018, it was announced that <mask> signed a multi-year deal to drive the No. 11 full-time for Kaulig Racing in 2019, replacing Ryan Truex. He finished second in the

masks: Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley


texts:
 2019 Daytona July race to Kaulig teammate Ross Chastain. <mask> qualified for the Xfinity playoffs, but was eliminated after the Round of 8. He ended the 2019 season 12th in points with 20 top tens. In June 2020, <mask> scored his first Xfinity victory at Talladega Superspeedway after starting on the pole and winning the first stage.He became the 32nd driver to win a race in all three NASCAR national series. On October 19, 2020, <mask> and Kaulig announced a third season together in 2021. <mask> missed the Dover race in May due to COVID-19 protocols and was replaced by Zane Smith. On August 28th, 2021, <mask> scored his only victory of the 2021 Xfinity season by winning at the July Daytona race for the second year in a row; this time over teammate AJ Allmendinger by .023 seconds. Cup Series

In April 2019, <mask> joined Spire Motorsports' No. 77 for his Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series debut in the GEICO 500 at Talladega Superspeedway. With seven laps remaining, he was collected in a crash with Matt DiBenedetto, Chris Buescher, and Martin Truex Jr., finishing the race in 32nd.He returned to the team at Sonoma Raceway in June, finishing 34th. For Daytona's 2019 Coke Zero Sugar 400, he qualified 34th. In the race, with around 30 laps to go, Austin Dillon and Clint Bowyer tangled, causing "The Big One". <mask>, in 27th, narrowly avoided it and sneaked into 3rd. Race leader Kurt Busch and second-place Landon Cassill would pit under caution but <mask> did not, inheriting the lead just before lightning struck near the race track, red-flagging the race. After hours of red flag conditions, the race was called, securing <mask>'s first Cup win in his third start and Spire's first win in their maiden season. Since <mask> was accepting points for the 2019 Xfinity Series, and was not competing full-time in the Cup Series, he was not eligible for the 2019 Cup playoffs.On January 10, 2020, Kaulig Racing announced <mask> would drive for

masks: Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley Haley