texts: role in the Aamir Khan starrer Sarfarosh. He then appeared in Ram Gopal Varma's 1999 film Shool and the 2000 film Jungle, as well as Rajkumar Hirani's Munnabhai MBBS (2003). After moving to Mumbai, he tried to get work in television serials, but did not achieve much success. He did a short film, The Bypass, in 2003, where he appeared with Irrfan Khan.Beyond that, between 2002 and 2005, he was largely out of work and lived in a flat that he shared with four other people, surviving by conducting occasional acting workshops. In 2004, which was one of the worst years of his struggle, <mask> couldn't pay rent. He asked an NSD senior if he could stay with him. The senior allowed him to share his apartment in Goregaon suburb if he was willing to cook meals for him. Between 2004 and 2007, <mask> had a few minor roles, including in the film Black Friday, which came out in 2007 and was a nominee for the Golden Leopard. In 2009, he appeared in a cameo role in the song "Emotional Atyachar" in the movie Dev D, playing the role of Rangila. He performed a duet with Rasila (known together as Patna ke Presley).In the same year, he appeared in New York. However, it was his role of a journalist in Anusha Rizvi's 2010 film Peepli Live, that first got him wide recognition as an actor. In 2012, he appeared in Prashant Bhargava's Patang: The Kite, which premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival and the Tribeca Film Festival. <mask>'s performance was praised by film critic Roger Ebert, who stated that the role "transformed his acting style" and he awarded the actor the 'Thumbsup Trophy'. The film was subsequently released in the U.S. and Canada, and garnered much attention with rave reviews from The New York Times. <mask> then appeared in the

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 2012 film Kahaani, in which he played the archetypal short-tempered intelligence officer Khan. Anurag Kashyap's gangster epic Gangs of Wasseypur followed, which furthered the actor's fame.He played his first primary role as Sonu Duggal in Ashim Ahluwalia's Miss Lovely, which premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, a role <mask> describes as his "most real performance so far". <mask> then followed this with the sequel to Gangs of Wasseypur. In 2013, he played the lead role in the horror flick Aatma. The Lunchbox premiered as part of the International Critics' Week at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival and won him multiple awards. He appeared in Aamir Khan's 2012 release Talash. In 2014, he played the lead antagonist Shiv Gajra in the blockbuster Kick. In 2015, <mask>'s films Bajrangi Bhaijaan and Manjhi - The Mountain Man were released, and he was praised for his roles.He received the Special Jury Award at the 2012 National Film Awards and the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2013. His work in Raman Raghav 2.0 in 2016 won him the Fancine Malaga Award in Spain and in the Asia Pacific Screen Awards, both in the category of Best Actor. The 2018 film Manto was a groundbreaking performance that won him Best Actor at the 2018 Asia Pacific Screen Awards. Celebrated author Paulo Coelho has recommended Sacred Games to his Twitter followers and lauded <mask>'s work, calling it "One of the best series on Netflix with the great actor <mask>". In 2021, he was seen in the American-Bangladeshi-Indian film No Land's Man. In 2022, <mask> will appear in Jogira Sara Ra Ra and Heropanti 2. In the same year, he is also set to star in Kangana Ranaut's Tiku Weds Sheru, opposite Avneet Kaur.Personal life
<mask> lives in Mumbai with his younger

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 brother, Shamas Nawab <mask> who is a director. <mask> was married to Aaliya, aka Anjana Kishor Pandey; they have a daughter, Shora, and a son, Yaani, who was born on the actor's 41st birthday. On 19 May 2020, Aaliya revealed in an interview with The Indian Express that she was seeking a divorce from <mask>. Apart from his acting work, <mask> continues to take time to farm in Budhana, his hometown in Uttar Pradesh. His goal is to educate farmers about new techniques available and how they can help improve their lives. He has also implemented new irrigation techniques in Budhana, which has proven to be a significant help to the local farmers. As of May 2021, he spends a large part of his time in Budhana, when he is not shooting for upcoming projects.Filmography

Accolades
<mask>'s first lead role in a feature film was in Prashant Bhargava's Patang, which premiered at the Berlin Film Festival, in which his performance has been praised by noted film critic Roger Ebert (awarding the film 4/4 stars), who stated that the role "transformed his acting style". <mask> was awarded the Special Jury Award at the 60th National Film Awards 2012 for his work in the films Kahaani, Gangs of Wasseypur, Dekh Indian Circus, and Talaash. Major associations

Film festival awards

Other awards

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Indian Muslims
21st-century Indian male actors
Male actors from Uttar Pradesh
People from Muzaffarnagar district
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Indian male stage actors
Gurukul Kangri University alumni
National School of Drama alumni
Bharatendu Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
20th-century Indian male actors
Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners
Best Supporting Actor Asian Film Award

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<mask> (born March 26, 1960) is a former American football running back and analyst who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons, primarily with the Los Angeles Raiders. Considered one of the greatest goal line and short-yard runners in NFL history, he was selected 10th overall by the Raiders in the 1982 NFL Draft, following a successful college football career at USC. He was a member of the Raiders for 11 seasons and spent his last five seasons with the Kansas City Chiefs. During his professional career, <mask> ran for 12,243 yards and caught 587 passes for 5,412 yards. He also scored 145 touchdowns, including a then-league-record 123 rushing touchdowns, and was elected to six Pro Bowls. While with the Raiders, he helped the team win Super Bowl XVIII. He was the first NFL player to gain more than 10,000 rushing yards and 5,000 receiving yards during his career.<mask> has the distinction of being the only player to have won the Heisman Trophy, an NCAA national championship, the Super Bowl, and be named NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2000 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2003. High school
<mask> played football at Abraham Lincoln High School in San Diego, California, where he played the quarterback and safety positions. Watching <mask> in the 1977 CIF Title game against Kearny High School (San Diego, California), one saw the emergence of a superstar. <mask> led the Lincoln team to a 34-6 victory, scoring five touchdowns, including one after intercepting a pass. <mask> rushed for 195 yards. College
<mask> played running back with the University of Southern California (USC) from 1978 to 1981.He was recruited as a defensive back, but head coach John Robinson switched him to tailback. As a freshman in 1978, <mask> was a member of the Trojans' National Championship team (as recognized by the coaches poll), playing as a backup to eventual Heisman Trophy winning running back

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 Charles White. In 1979, he was moved to fullback. Eventually, in 1980, <mask> became the starter at tailback and rushed for 1,563 yards, the third-most in the nation that year (behind George Rogers of S. Carolina - 1,781 yards and Herschel Walker of Georgia - 1,616). In 1981, <mask> rushed for 2,342 yards, becoming only the second player in NCAA history to rush for over 2,000 yards in one season, passing the 2,000-yard mark in a win at Cal. He also gained a total of 2,683 offensive yards, led the nation in scoring, and won the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Award, and Walter Camp Award. He was also the Pac-10 Player of the Year.<mask> shares the NCAA record for most 200-yard rushing games with Ricky Williams and Ron Dayne, each completing the feat twelve times. <mask> finished his four college seasons with 4,664 rushing yards, 5,232 total yards, and 46 touchdowns, while averaging 5.2 yards per carry. USC has retired his jersey #33. Statistics

Professional football career

<mask> was drafted with the 10th overall selection of the 1982 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Raiders. <mask> was pleased that he didn't have to travel as the team had just relocated from Oakland. <mask> has recalled that shortly before being drafted the Raiders asked him his weight (he answered 200 or 212) and then drafted him soon after. Though his rookie season was shortened by a league strike, <mask> rushed for 697 yards and led the Raiders to the best record in the AFC at 8-1.He was voted the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year. The Raiders lost to the New York Jets in the AFC Divisional Playoffs. The next season, <mask> broke the 1,000-yard mark for the first time, an accomplishment he would repeat the two following years. During the 1985 season, he rushed for 1,759 yards and scored 11 touchdowns on 380 carries, leading the Raiders to a 12-4 record and the AFC West Division Championship. In addition, <mask> was named the NFL MVP. In Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984,

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texts: <mask> ran for 191 yards, caught two passes for 18 yards, and scored two touchdowns in the Raiders' 38–9 victory over the Washington Redskins. Included in his stats was a 74-yard touchdown run, a feat that remained the longest run in Super Bowl history until Willie Parker's 75-yard run in Super Bowl XL.<mask>'s 191 rushing yards were also a Super Bowl record, which stood until Timmy Smith of the Redskins topped it with 204 yards in Super Bowl XXII. Upon winning the game, <mask> joined a small group of players to win both the Heisman Trophy and Super Bowl MVP (Roger Staubach, Jim Plunkett, and later Desmond Howard). In total, <mask> rushed 58 times for 466 yards and four touchdowns during the playoffs. He also added 118 yards and one touchdown on 14 receptions. <mask> ended the 1985 season on a strong note, finishing the year as the NFL rushing leader with 9 consecutive 100-yard games. From 1987 through 1990, <mask> shared the backfield with Bo Jackson. Initially, <mask> was commended for his gracious nature and team spirit for sharing the spotlight during the prime of his career.In later seasons with the Raiders, <mask> had a stormy relationship with owner Al Davis stemming from a contract dispute; Davis referred to <mask> as a "cancer to the team." He also missed most of the 1989 season with a knee injury. <mask> was relegated to back-up duty in his final three seasons with the Raiders and, at one time, fell to fourth on the depth chart. <mask>'s strained relationship with Davis reached an all-time low in December 1992. During halftime of the Raiders-Dolphins game on Monday Night Football, a taped interview between Al Michaels and <mask> was broadcast in which <mask> said that Davis "told me he was going to get me", adding, "I think he [Davis] tried to ruin the latter part of my career, tried to devalue me. He's trying to stop me from going to the Hall of Fame. They don't want me to play."<mask> eventually left Los Angeles and joined the

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 Kansas City Chiefs in 1993. Although he only rushed for 764 yards that year, he scored 12 touchdowns, leading the AFC, as he and Joe Montana led the Chiefs to the AFC Championship Game. <mask> scored touchdowns in both Chiefs playoff games that year, and was named the NFL Comeback Player of the Year by the Pro Football Writers Association. With the retirement of Eric Dickerson in 1993, <mask> became the active leader in career rushing yards, a position he maintained until being passed by Barry Sanders in Game 1 of 1997. <mask> went on to play for the Chiefs for four more seasons, leading the team in rushing every year but his last. <mask> retired after the 1997 season. In 1999, he was ranked 72nd on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.<mask> was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2003. <mask> was also inducted into the California Sports Hall of Fame in 2007. In 1999, <mask> was also inducted into the San Diego Hall of Champions Breitbard Hall of Fame. "We Are the Champions, of San Diego". San Diego Hal of Champions. September 18, 2014. In 2008, <mask> joined as a spokesman for the sports website OPENSports.com, the brainchild of Mike Levy, founder and former CEO of CBS Sportsline.com.<mask> wrote a blog and occasionally answered member questions for the company during this time. NFL career statistics

Regular season

NFL records
  Consecutive seasons with multiple touchdowns: 16 - (tied with Irving Fryar)
  Consecutive seasons with a rushing touchdown: 16
  Consecutive seasons with multiple rushing touchdowns: 16
  Oldest player to score 10+ touchdowns in a season: 37 years old

Personal life

In 1986, <mask> met Kathryn Edwards and the two later got engaged. They married in 1993 at O.J. Simpson's Rockingham estate. <mask> and Edwards' engagement was mentioned in Faye Resnick's book, Nicole Brown Simpson: The Private Diary of a Life Interrupted'', which was published during Simpson's murder trial.

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 Resnick claimed Nicole Brown Simpson was having an affair with <mask> and Edwards was aware of <mask>'s womanizing ways and if she knew of the affair she would have to call off the wedding. The couple was asked to testify in the trial but fought the subpoena as they wanted to stay out of it.The couple divorced in 2001. <mask> is the older brother of Canadian Football Hall of Fame quarterback <mask>. See also
 List of NCAA major college football yearly rushing leaders
 List of NCAA major college football yearly scoring leaders
 List of National Football League annual rushing touchdowns leaders
 List of National Football League rushing champions
 List of National Football League career rushing yards leaders
 List of National Football League career rushing attempts leaders
 List of National Football League career rushing touchdowns leaders

References

General references
 <mask>: The Autobiography of <mask> with Carlton Stowers (October 1998)
 Road to Canton by <mask> (July 2003)
 Strength of the Heart: <mask>'s Life's Little Playbooks

Inline citations

External links

 "<mask>: Pro Career". Kansas City Chiefs. 1997. Archived by the Wayback Machine. 1960 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
African-American sports announcers
African-American sports journalists
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football running backs
College football announcers
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Heisman Trophy winners
Kansas City Chiefs players
Los Angeles Raiders players
Maxwell Award winners
National Football League announcers
National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners
National Football League Offensive Player of the Year Award winners
National Football League Offensive Rookie of the Year Award winners
Players of American football from Los Angeles
Players of American football from San Diego
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Super Bowl MVPs
USC

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<mask><mask> is an American lawyer who has played leadership roles on public health and food
safety in government, academia, and the private sector, with a major focus on modernizing the U.S.
food safety system to prevent foodborne illness. From 2010 to 2016, he was the Deputy
Commissioner for Foods and Veterinary Medicine at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and currently co-chairs the board of STOP Foodborne Illness, a non-profit that
supports victims of serious illness and their families in efforts to strengthen food safety
culture and practices in government and industry. Early career and law practice
<mask> received a B.A. degree in political science from Davidson College in 1971 and served on
active duty in the US Army as an officer in the Military Police Corps from 1971-1973, stationed at the
Presidio in San Francisco. He received a J.D. degree from the University of Virginia in 1976
and was employed as a staff attorney at the FDA from 1976-1980, where he worked on
enforcement litigation, medical device regulations, food safety and food labeling. He served during
1980 as executive assistant to the FDA Commissioner Dr. Jere Goyan.From 1981-1991 <mask> worked in private law practice at King & Spalding. He established and led
the firm's food and drug practice and became the firm’s first food and drug partner in 1984. During this period, Mr. <mask> wrote and spoke frequently on topics related to FDA and its regulatory programs, including risk management,  the application of risk assessment to food safety decisions, federal preemption, drug approvals,  color additive  and medical device regulation, and the need to maintain FDA funding for consumer protection. In some of his early writings, Mr. <mask> addressed the Delaney Clause, a part of a 1958 federal law that prohibits any carcinogenic chemical from being added to food that is processed. In the 1970’s and 80’s, FDA scientists had developed scientific risk assessments on the basis of which they could conclude that, under certain circumstances, very low human exposure to chemicals found to

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 cause cancer in animals nevertheless could be found safe under the “reasonable certainty of no harm” safety standard for food additives. Some commentators argued that FDA should interpret the Delaney Clause as allowing FDA to approve food additives based on a de minimis risk legal interpretation. In 1981, <mask> argued in Legal Times of Washington that it was the role of Congress, not FDA, to decide if there should be a de minimis interpretation of the Delaney Clause.In 1986, after FDA had established a de minimis risk interpretation for color additives he made a presentation at the Brookings Institution, subsequently published,  explaining the legal and policy rationale for FDA’s interpretation and urging that FDA take a cautious, science-based approach to its implementation with protection of public health as its overriding concern. From 1986-87, <mask> served on a National Academy of Sciences Committee that studied the application of the Delaney Clause in pesticide regulation  and participated in a Keystone Center dialogue on pesticide regulation, which contributed to legislation that strengthened safety standards for residues of carcinogenic pesticides in food. Government Service at FDA and USDA, 1991 - 1996

US Food and Drug Administration, 1991-1994
On July 17, 1991, <mask> left King & Spalding to return to the FDA in the newly created post of Deputy Commissioner for Policy established by FDA Commissioner David A. Kessler. In this position, <mask> led FDA's new Office of Policy and, on behalf of the commissioner, oversaw development of policy and regulations in all FDA program areas, including food, drugs, and medical devices. A major focus area for FDA during this period was implementation of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990, which overhauled food labeling in the United States by mandating nutrition labeling on all food packages (now the ubiquitous “Nutrition Facts” panel), and regulating health claims, nutrient content claims, and claims such as “healthy” and “light.”   As Deputy Commissioner for Policy, <mask> oversaw the extensive policy

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 development and rulemaking process needed to implement NLEA. He was also FDA’s point person in contentious negotiations over the content of the rules with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the White House due to food industry and USDA opposition to many provisions of the rules, especially regarding FDA’s proposal to clearly disclose the fat content of foods in relation to calories per serving. This culminated in an Oval Office meeting in December 1992, with then-lame duck President George H. W. Bush, HHS Secretary Lou Sullivan, USDA Secretary Ed Madigan, Vice President Dan Quayle and Chief of Staff James Baker in which <mask> advised the president that the administration had run out of time to legally change FDA’s preferred policy.The White House sided with FDA and cleared the regulations. Among the other FDA initiatives <mask> led were the streamlining and enhanced management of the FDA regulations process, a comprehensive review of FDA's international activities, promulgation of regulations implementing the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990, and development of new seafood safety regulations. He also oversaw development of FDA policies on such matters as human tissue transplantation,  food biotechnology (discussed below), dietary supplement safety,  and off-label use of drugs and company-supported continuing medical education. In the 1993 transition to the administration of President Bill Clinton, Kessler and <mask> were retained in their FDA positions despite having been political appointees of the Bush administration. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994-1996
In late 1992 and early 1993, an outbreak of foodborne illness caused by E. coli-contaminated hamburger sold at the Jack in the Box fast food chain on the US West Coast killed four children and seriously injured over 700 other people. This event triggered calls for reform of USDA’s meat safety program, which at the time inspected every beef carcass for visible defects but did not hold slaughterhouses or ground beef processing establishments responsible for preventing contamination with

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 dangerous bacteria, such as the highly pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 implicated in the Jack in the Box outbreak. At that time, USDA did not consider such bacteria to be adulterants and thus unlawful in raw meat because consumers were expected to cook the food properly.In August 1994, <mask> was appointed by USDA Secretary Mike Espy to be administrator of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), with a charge to lead reform in the meat and poultry inspection program. On September 29, 1994, in a speech before a meeting of the American Meat Institute, <mask> outlined his reform agenda to meat industry leaders, which included overhauling the FSIS program to establish legal accountability for industry to prevent contamination of meat and poultry with dangerous bacteria, including E.coli O157:H7. As a first step toward that accountability, <mask> informed the industry audience that henceforth FSIS would consider raw ground beef containing any amount of that pathogen to be adulterated, unlawful for sale, and thus subject to recall. He also announced that FSIS would begin testing for E. coli O157:H7 in raw ground beef. One author later called this “perhaps the single most important change in USDA history.”   The meat industry filed a federal lawsuit challenging <mask>’s new policy; the court rejected the industry challenge and upheld the policy. “And with that the world changed,” according to another commentator. “This seemingly simple change – calling E. coli O157:H7 an adulterant – has over the last 20 years saved countless children from kidney failure and death.”

In February 1995, FSIS proposed extensive new rules overhauling the FSIS inspection program by mandating that all meat and poultry slaughter and processing plants implement the preventive system for food safety called of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP).The proposed regulations also included the first-ever FSIS requirements for microbial testing to verify process control in raw meat production and the first-ever USDA pathogen reduction standards, targeting Salmonella. The meat industry

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 supported the HACCP requirement but opposed the mandatory microbial testing and performance standards and asked Congress to halt the rulemaking process and conduct a “negotiated rulemaking” with industry. The industry effort failed. In July 1996, FSIS issued the final HACCP and pathogen reduction regulations, which were announced by President Clinton in an Oval Office radio address attended by Secretary Dan Glickman, <mask> and foodborne illness victims and their families. To strengthen the frontline capacity of FSIS to implement the HACCP-based inspection reforms, <mask> led an agency reorganization that streamlined the FSIS headquarters structure, removed the regional layer of management from the field organization, and reorganized the frontline field offices. In October 1994, Congress passed legislation to elevate the food safety function within USDA by establishing the new position of Under Secretary for Food Safety, to which the FSIS administrator would report. <mask> was immediately appointed acting under secretary, while remaining as FSIS administrator.He held both positions until November 1996, when he stepped down to return to the private sector. Private Sector, 1996-2000
In November 1996, <mask> left FSIS and rejoined King & Spalding, where he practiced until September 1998. <mask> then joined Monsanto Company, where he worked for 16 months as Vice President for Public Policy. This was an advisory “think tank” position that involved advising senior management on policy issues but not public affairs, regulatory affairs or lobbying. <mask> advised Monsanto’s senior leaders to abandon their opposition to the labeling of biotech foods and facilitated internal discussions that led to Monsanto’s decision not to proceed with marketing the so-called Terminator gene. <mask> worked closely with Monsanto CEO Bob Shapiro on a strategy to improve Monsanto’s stakeholder engagement and openness to stakeholder concerns. This led to Shapiro’s presentation at an October 9, 1999 Greenpeace Business Conference, in which he pledged to listen more and “reconsider the moral,

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 religious and ethical ramifications of the use of biotechnology in agriculture.”   <mask> left the company in January 2000 based on continuing strategic disagreements with senior Monsanto business leader and his conclusion that he was unable to have impact on the company’s practices.Biotechnology
<mask> was criticized for his involvement in biotechnology issues at King & Spalding, FDA and Monsanto by organic farming advocates and other opponents of biotechnology who argue the safety of the products have been adequately reviewed by FDA. In addition, advocates in favor of organic food have attributed to <mask>’s writings on the Delaney Clause an alleged desire to financially benefit Monsanto,  though <mask>’s Delaney Clause interest and writings pre-date any relationship with Monsanto. Monsanto was a client of King & Spalding for whom <mask> performed some legal work on pesticide and biotechnology matters in the 1980s not related to the Delaney Clause. As Deputy Commissioner for Policy at FDA (1991–94), <mask> oversaw the development of biotechnology policies by FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, including FDA’s 1992 guidance on genetically modified (GM) foods and a guidance that milk from cows treated with  bovine growth hormone (BGH did not have to be labeled as such). In February, 1994 anti-biotechnology activist <mask> charged that <mask>to in the FDA approval process for rBST. The HHS Ethics Counsel and the congressional Government Accountability Office (GAO) both investigated the <mask> allegation, as well as whether <mask> had violated conflict of interest rules by virtue of his involvement in the 1992 guidance documents.On the rBST approval, both HHS and GAO found that <mask> had not been involved in King & Spalding’s rBST work. They also noted that <mask> had signed a recusal agreement with the HHS Ethics Counsel that precluded his involvement in such product-specific matters. They found that, in compliance with that agreement, <mask> did not participate in FDA’s rBST decision process. They thus found he had not violated any conflict of

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 interest rules with respect to rBST. On the guidance documents, HHS and GAO also found that <mask> had fully complied with his recusal agreement regarding such general policy matters and had not violated any conflict of interest rules. At a meeting of health care journalists in 2013, <mask> acknowledged objections people had expressed about his working on FDA-related matters in both the public and private sectors and said “I fully understand and respect that point of view.”  He also noted that he complied with all applicable ethics rule and that some of the concerns were based on mistaken facts, such as the claim that he participated in FDA’s decision on rBST. In 2003, <mask> published a commentary in Nature Biotechnology criticizing the US government and the biotechnology industry for being overly aggressive in promoting the technology internationally, disregarding the social dimension of public response to food biotechnology, and opposing labeling and other means to support informed choice about biotechnology by consumers and developing countries.<mask>’s commentary also called for mandatory pre-market approval of foods derived from biotechnology and stronger post-market oversight, measures the biotechnology industry has opposed. Academic and Policy Research Career
Beginning in 2000, <mask> spent 10 years in academia working on food system issues, primarily involving food security in Africa and food safety in the US and globally. In June 2000, he joined the think tank Resources for the Future (RFF)  in the position of Senior Fellow and Director of RFF's Center for Risk Management. His food security work there, some of which was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, included an analysis of the US government response to the World Food Summit’s hunger reduction goal,  biotechnology patent reform to enable equitable access by African farmers to disease- and drought-resistance technologies for food security purposes,  and a comprehensive analysis of US agricultural development assistance for Africa conducted in collaboration with the Partnership to Cut Hunger and

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 Poverty in Africa. <mask>’s food safety work at RFF focused on the use of risk analysis and risk-based priority setting to improve food safety and on reform of the organizational structure for food safety in the United States. The risk analysis work included helping lead a multi-university collaboration, the Food Safety Research Consortium,  in the development of a risk-based priority setting framework. He co-edited and contributed to a book on risk-based priority setting.In 2002, <mask> published a paper calling for merging the several US food safety agencies into a single agency responsible and empowered to prevent foodborne illness. <mask> argued in multiple settings for a more rigorous and unified approach to food safety, including:

 "A single agency accountable for providing consistent and coordinated oversight of food safety, from farm to table. Institution of Pathogen Reduction: HACCP, with performance standards verified by pathogen testing, at every step of food production. Recall authority, access to records, and penalties for lapses in safety procedures. Standards for imported foods equivalent to those for domestic foods. Food safety to take precedence over commercial considerations in trade disputes." Following five years at RFF, <mask> was a research professor at the University of Maryland's School of Medicine (2005-2007) and the George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services (2007-2009).During this time, <mask> continued his work on food security and food safety, including studies and reports on investment in African infrastructure to reduce poverty and improve food security, nanotechnology regulation,  strengthening state and local food safety roles,  and organizational restructuring of food safety functions at the Department of Health and Human Services, including establishing a new position of Deputy Commissioner for Foods to lead an integrated food safety. In November 2008, <mask> was named to serve on the USDA transition team for the incoming Obama administration. FDA, 2009 - 2016

On July 7, 2009, <mask> returned to


texts: government as Senior Advisor to FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg to further Commissioner Hamburg’s plan to create a new commissioner-level Office of Foods and to begin planning for implementation of anticipated new food safety legislation. On January 13, 2010, he was appointed to lead the new office as Deputy Commissioner for Foods, with management oversight of the two FDA centers working on food safety, food additives, chemical contaminants, nutrition, dietary supplements, food labeling, animal drugs and feed, pet food and cosmetics – the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) and the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM). <mask> led FDA’s role in the legislative enactment of the Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011 (FSMA), which was aimed primarily at preventing foodborne illness, allergic reactions and other health harms caused by contaminants in food. FSMA mandated modern preventive controls in all food manufacturing facilities, based on HACCP principles; new fresh produce safety standards addressing on-farm growing practices; a new import safety program to assure imports meet US safety standards; and extensive collaboration on food safety with state agencies and foreign governments. <mask> oversaw the rulemaking required to implement FSMA, led an extensive program of stakeholder outreach and dialogue on the content of the rules, and worked with CFSAN, CVM and FDA’s inspection unit (the Office of Regulatory Affairs) on the development of strategies for field-based implementation of the new food safety rules, focused on maximizing prevention of food safety problems and strengthening outbreak response.This included establishing within FDA the Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation (CORE) Network  to enhance collaboration on outbreak response within FDA and with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state and local partners. <mask> also worked with FDA’s constituents and Congress to mobilize new appropriated resources for FSMA implementation and actively engaged FDA’s food regulatory partners in Europe, China, Mexico and


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 Canada on FSMA implementation. Other FDA regulatory initiatives in which <mask> was involved during the 2009-16 period included banning most uses of trans fat in food, issuing new Nutrition Facts and menu labeling rules, setting targets for reducing sodium in food, action to limit arsenic levels in infant foods, responding to the proliferation of added caffeine in processed foods, and phasing out medically important antibiotics for animal production purposes. On March 8, 2016, <mask> announced that he would be departing the FDA as of June 1, 2016. Post-FDA Activities, 2016-present
Immediately after <mask> left FDA in June 2016, his primary focus was on food safety in Africa. He led a project for the Global Food Safety Partnership (GFSP) at the World Bank  to analyze international donor investment in food safety in sub-Saharan Africa and make recommendations for improvement. The project team compiled data on over 500 donor programs and obtained input from nearly 200 experts and stakeholders to document patterns and trends in current investments and opportunities for improvement.The result was a 2019 GFSP report  that was released at the February 2019 at the first UN-sponsored International Food Safety Conference in Addis Abba, Ethiopia. The report’s recommendations included more investment in Africa’s informal food markets and in supporting consumer food safety awareness and ability to demand better food safety practices. In February 2017, <mask> joined the board of Stop Foodborne Illness (“STOP”), which supports victims of serious illness and their families in advocating for strengthening food safety policies and practices in government and industry and building food safety cultures that recognize the human impact of foodborne illness. In everyday culture
<mask> is featured in the documentaries
The Future of Food
 The World According to Monsanto

References

External links
 Profile at SourceWatch

American lobbyists
Biopolitics
Living people
Food and Drug Administration people
Monsanto
Davidson College alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Year of


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<mask> (born 28 September 1963) is a French former Formula One driver. He was French Formula 3 champion in 1988, and then Formula 3000 champion in 1990, after scoring the same number of points as Jean Alesi in 1989, but losing on a count-back of positions. He participated in 63 Grands Prix, debuting on 10 March 1991. He scored a total of 7 championship points. His last point, in the 1994 German Grand Prix, was also the last one for the Larrousse team. Career

Formula One

1991 and 1992: Ligier
After his F3000 championship victory in 1990, <mask> was selected to drive for the Ligier F1 team in 1991. The Ligier JS35 with its Lamborghini engine proved uncompetitive throughout the season.<mask> failed to qualify for the race on his first attempt in Brazil, achieved his first finish with 10th at Imola, and achieved his highest finish of the season with 8th in Canada, scoring no points during the season. Although he failed to qualify on two other occasions and suffered a spectacular crash at Hockenheim, he generally compared well with more experienced teammate Thierry Boutsen who also failed to score any points. Early in 1992, <mask>'s place in the team was briefly threatened by Alain Prost who tested the team's new Renault-powered car with a view to driving for, and possibly buying the team. Ultimately Prost chose not to proceed, and <mask> retained his drive alongside Boutsen for the season. The 1992 car, the Ligier JS37 seemed promising, a brand new design featuring the race-winning Renault V10 engine, but it proved to be only inconsistently competitive. <mask> scored his first career F1 point with 6th place in Canada, scored 5th at Ligier's home race in France and a further point in Germany during a mid-season revival of the team's fortunes. With four points, he was generally faster than and outscored Boutsen, and finished 11th in the

masks:
Érik Comas
Comas
Comas
Comas
Comas
Comas


texts:
 Driver's Championship.At the 1992 Belgian Grand Prix <mask> was involved in a severe accident at the Blanchimont corner during Saturday qualifying. Left unconscious in his car beached in the middle of the track with the engine still running, <mask> was rescued by Ayrton Senna who stopped his own car, ran to help <mask>, held the Frenchman's head in a stable position and shut off the car's screaming engine (which could have blown and started a fire at any moment). until medical assistance arrived. <mask> credited Senna with saving his life. 1993 and 1994: Larrousse
<mask> was not retained by Ligier for 1993. Instead, he signed with the small Larrousse team, running the LH93 chassis powered by Lamborghini V12s. The car was uncompetitive, <mask>  retiring from half the 16 races of the season, and scoring only one point for 6th at Monza.Retained by Larrousse for 1994, <mask> drove the LH94 car, now powered by more reliable Ford HB engines. <mask> scored a point for 6th at the Pacific Grand Prix, and benefited from the retirement of many other cars to take another point at Hockenheim. This was both his and Larrousse's final F1 points finish. For the last race of the season in Australia, <mask> relinquished his seat to make way for Jean-Denis Delétraz who brought more funding to the team. At the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix <mask> was mistakenly waved out of the pits and drove onto the circuit during the red flag which followed the fatal crash of Ayrton Senna. Marshals frantically tried to flag <mask> down through the Tamburello corner and he narrowly avoided rescue workers and vehicles, including an aid helicopter which had landed at the scene, before bringing his Larrousse to a stop. <mask> declined to participate in the restart of the race, after witnessing medical staff treating the mortally-injured Senna.Senna had previously rushed to

masks: Comas Comas Comas Comas Comas Comas Comas Comas Comas Comas Comas Comas


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 <mask>'s aid when he was knocked unconscious after a serious accident during qualifying for the 1992 Belgian Grand Prix. After Formula One
After ending his Formula One career at the end of the 1994 season, <mask> went to Japan to continue his racing career in the All-Japan Grand Touring Car Championship (JGTC), Japan's premiere racing series. He won the GT500 title in 1998 and 1999, and was runner-up in the standings in 2000, all three years driving for Nissan in a factory Nismo-prepared Skyline GT-R. He left the Nismo team in 2002 to join the factory Toyota team the following year. By the end of the 2003 season, he was the most successful driver in the history of the series, with the most career championship points ever scored by a single driver. This was eventually surpassed by another Nismo driver, Satoshi Motoyama. <mask> spent the 2004/2005 seasons with Masahiro Hasemi's privateer Hasemi Sport team, running non-factory Nissan 350Zs in GT500, including inheriting the team's only win (co-driving with Toshihiro Kaneishi) thus far, on the evening of 18 December 2004 at the "All-Star 200" exhibition race on California Speedway's combined oval/road course after the unofficial winners were penalized 60 seconds on their finishing time for a pit window infraction.The race was a non-points scoring event and as such does not count towards the drivers' or teams' official win record. In the 2006 Super GT championship season (formerly JGTC) he raced for former JGTC driver and 24 Hours of Le Mans team owner Masahiko Kondo's new privateer Nissan 350Z racing team. He also branched out into rallying, competing in various events around the world. Along with this, he created Comas Racing Management (CRM), a firm that focuses on the management and development of young up and coming drivers, primarily from his home country of France. At the fifth race of

masks: Comas Comas Comas


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 the 2006 season at Sportsland SUGO, <mask> was replaced by Seiji Ara due to ill health. After returning for the Pokka 1000 km, on 5 September 2006, <mask> announced that because of his health, he would not compete in the final three races of the season. In 2010 and 2011, he won the electric vehicle category of the Rallye Monte Carlo des Véhicules à Énergie Alternative (the opening event of the FIA Alternative Energies Cup) with a Tesla Roadster.In 2014 he won the Carrera Panamericana in a Studebaker. Between 2012 and 2017,he rallied a Lancia Stratos. <mask> has now retired from all forms of racing. He spends his time running Comas Historic Racing, which provides for paying customers to enter historic rallies driving cars from his fleet of blue Alpine automobiles. Racing record

Career summary

Complete Macau Grand Prix results

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) Complete Formula One results
(key)

Complete JGTC/Super GT results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete JTCC results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

World Rally Championship results

References

External links

<mask>/CRM Official Site
Comas Historic Racing

1963 births
Living people
People from Romans-sur-Isère
French racing drivers
French Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
French Formula One drivers
Ligier Formula One drivers
Larrousse Formula One drivers
International Formula 3000 Champions
French Formula Three Championship drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
Japanese Touring Car Championship drivers
Super GT drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
American Le Mans Series drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
FIA E-Rally Regularity Cup

masks:
Comas
Comas
Comas
Eric Comas


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<mask>  (born 18 September 1989) is an Indian badminton player who represents the country at the international badminton circuit in both the women's and mixed doubles disciplines. She had a successful partnership with Jwala Gutta as the pair has won many medals in international events including a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games and bronze medals at the Uber Cup and the Asian Badminton Championships. They were consistently ranked among the top 20 in the BWF World Ranking reaching as high as no. 10. <mask> and Gutta also won the bronze medal at the BWF World Championships in 2011, becoming the first Indian pair and women and only the second overall to win a medal at the World Championships. Early life
<mask> was born on 18 September 1989 in Bangalore. She was educated at St. Francis Xavier Girls High School, Bangalore and at St. Mary's College, Hyderabad.Her father played hockey for India. However Ashwini preferred badminton over hockey and started training in badminton. Career
In 2001, <mask> <mask> won her first national title in 2004 in the sub-junior girls' doubles category. She also won the national title in sub-junior girls' doubles in 2005, and the Junior girls' doubles National title in 2006 and 2007. She won the gold medal in mixed doubles and the team events at the South Asian Games held in 2010. In the 2010 Commonwealth Games, she won the gold medal in Women's Doubles event pairing with Jwala Gutta, making history by winning the first gold medal for India in the event. Gutta and <mask> became household names after winning the medal in front of home crowd.Later on in 2011 they came up with one of their finest performances when she and Gutta etched their names in history books becoming the first Indian pair

masks:
Ashwini Ponnappa Machimanda
Ponnappa
Ashwini Ponnappa
Ashwini
Ponnappa
Ponnappa


texts: to ensure a medal at the World Badminton Championships. The pair defeated 12th seeds Vita Marrisa and Nadya Melati of Indonesia 17–21, 21–10, 21–17 to storm into the women's doubles semifinal before losing out to Chinese fifth seeds in the semis in London, thereby winning a bronze in the Badminton World Championship. She participated in the women's doubles at the 2012 London Olympics. <mask> and Gutta lost their opening women's doubles match against the Japanese duo of Mizuki Fujii and Reika Kakiiwa. They then went on to beat much higher ranked Wen Hsing Cheng and Yu Chin Chien of Chinese Taipei 25–23, 16–21, 21–18 to register their first win in the group stages. Jwala and Ashwini missed out on a quarterfinal berth by a difference of just one point, even though they beat Shinta Mulia Sari and Lei Yao of Singapore 21-16 21–15 in their last group B match, after tying with Japan and Taipei on the number of wins. Prior to India's final group game on Tuesday night, the World number five Japanese pair of Mizuki Fujii and Reika Kakiiwa had shockingly lost to Chinese Taipei's Cheng Wen Hsing and Chien Yu Chin, ranked 10th, 19-21 11–21.India lodged a formal protest with the Games organizers to probe if the women's doubles badminton match involving Japan and Chinese Taipei was played in the right spirit, following the elimination of medal hopes Jwala Gutta and <mask> <mask> but no action was taken. Following the Olympic Games Jwala went to a temporary sabbatical from the game. <mask> then partnered Pradnya Gadre for a brief period of time in 2013 and then re-united with Jwala later in the year. At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, <mask> and Gutta won the silver medal in the women's doubles, losing to a Malaysian pair in the final. On

masks: Ponnappa Ashwini Ponnappa Ponnappa Ponnappa


texts:
 29 June 2015, playing with Jwala, they won the Canada Open women's doubles title by defeating the top-seeded Dutch pair of Eefje Muskens and Selena Piek. She competed with Gutta at the 2016 Olympics, but they lost all three of their group stage matches and therefore did not progress further. At the 2018 Commonwealth Games, <mask> was part of the Indian team which won gold in the mixed team event, and won bronze with N. Sikki Reddy in the women's doubles.Personal life
On 24 December 2017, she married businessman and model Karan Medappa. Achievements

BWF World Championships
Women's doubles

Commonwealth Games
Women's doubles

Asian Championships
Women's doubles

South Asian Games
Women's doubles

Mixed doubles

BWF World Tour
The BWF World Tour, announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour are divided into six levels, namely World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100. Women's doubles

BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix has two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007. Women's doubles

Mixed doubles

  BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
  BWF Grand Prix tournament

BWF International Challenge/Series
Women's singles

Women's doubles

Mixed doubles

  BWF International Challenge tournament
  BWF International Series tournament
  BWF Future Series tournament

Record against selected opponents
Women's doubles results with Jwala Gutta against Super Series finalists, World Championships semifinalists, and Olympic


texts:
<mask> is the pen name of Raphael Hurst (21 October 1898 – 27 July 1981), a British author of spiritual books. He is best known as one of the early popularizers of Neo-Hindu spiritualism in western esotericism, notably via his bestselling A Search in Secret India (1934) which has been translated into over 20 languages. <mask> was a proponent of a doctrine of "Mentalism", or Oriental Mentalism to distinguish it from subjective idealism of the western tradition. <mask> expounds his doctrine of Mentalism in The Hidden Teaching Beyond Yoga (1941, new ed. 2015 North Atlantic Books), The Wisdom of the Overself (1943, new ed. 2015 North Atlantic Books) and in the posthumous publication of The Notebooks of <mask> in 16 volumes (Larson Publications, 1984–88). Biography
Hurst was born in London in 1898.He served in a tank division during the First World War, and later devoted himself to mysticism and came into contact with Theosophists. He married Karen Augusta Tuttrup in 1921, with whom he had a son, Kenneth Thurston Hurst (b. 1923). After his wife had an affair with his friend Leonard Gill, the marriage ended in divorce in 1926, but Hurst remained on friendly terms with his ex-wife and with Gill. He was a bookseller and journalist, and wrote under various pseudonyms, including Raphael Meriden and Raphael Delmonte. Being partner of an occult bookshop, The Atlantis Bookshop, in Bloomsbury, Hurst came into contact with both the literary and occult British intelligentsia of the 1920s. In 1930, Hurst embarked on a voyage to India, which brought him into

masks:
Paul Brunton
Brunton
Brunton
Paul Brunton


texts:
 contact with Meher Baba, Vishuddhananda Paramahansa, Paramacharya of Kancheepuram and Ramana Maharshi.At the Paramacharya's insistence, he met Bhagavan Ramana Maharshi, which led to a turn of events culminating in revealing Ramana to the western world. Hurst's first visit to Sri Ramana's ashram took place in 1931. During this visit, Hurst was accompanied by a Buddhist bhikshu, formerly a military officer but meanwhile known as Swami Prajnananda, the founder of the English ashram in Rangoon. Hurst asked several questions, including "What is the way to God-realization?" and Maharshi said: "Vichara, asking yourself the 'Who am I?' enquiry into the nature of your Self." <mask> was the pseudonym under which A Search in Secret India was published in 1934.The book became a bestseller, and Hurst afterwards stuck to publishing under this name. <mask> has been credited with introducing Ramana Maharshi to the West through his books A Search in Secret India and The Secret Path. One day—sitting with Ramana Maharshi—Brunton had an experience which Steve Taylor names "an experience of genuine enlightenment which changed him forever". <mask> describes it in the following way:

<mask> was in India during World War II, as a guest of the Maharaja of Mysore,  Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV. He dedicated his book The Quest of the Overself to the Maharaja and when the Maharaja died in 1940, he was present at his funeral. <mask> was critical of Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian independence movement:

In the 1940s and 1950s, <mask> occasionally stayed as a guest, for a few

masks:
Paul Brunton
Brunton
Brunton
Brunton
Brunton
Brunton


texts:
 weeks at a time, about six months total, with the parents of controversial American author and former psychoanalyst Jeffrey Masson. In 1956, Brunton decided that a third world war was imminent and the Massons moved to Montevideo, since this location was considered safe.From Uruguay, Masson went with <mask>'s encouragement to study Sanskrit at Harvard. <mask> himself did not move to South America, instead spending some time living in New Zealand. In 1993, Masson wrote a critical account of Brunton titled My Father's Guru: A Journey Through Spirituality and Disillusion. In the 1950s, <mask> retired from publishing books and devoted himself to writing essays and notes. Upon his death in 1981 in Vevey, Switzerland, it was noted that in the period since the last published book in 1952, he had rendered about 20,000 pages of philosophical writing. A longtime friend of <mask>'s, philosopher Anthony Damiani, founded Wisdom's Goldenrod Center for Philosophic Studies in 1972. Swedish publisher Robert Larson helped to start Larson Publications (USA)  which completed the publication of the 16-volume set of The Notebooks of <mask> in 1988.<mask>'s son Kenneth Hurst helped form the Paul Brunton Philosophic Foundation which continues to publish and archive <mask>'s literary legacy. Bibliography

Books
Are You Upward Bound with William G. Fern (1931)
A Search in Secret India (1934)
The Secret Path (1935)
A Search in Secret Egypt (1936)
A Message from Arunachala (1936)
A Hermit in the Himalayas (1936)
The Quest of the Overself (1937)
Indian Philosophy and

masks:
Brunton
Brunton
Brunton
Brunton
Paul Brunton
Brunton
Paul Brunton


texts:
 Modern Culture (1939)
The Inner Reality (1939) [published in the US as Discover Yourself, same year]
The Hidden Teaching Beyond Yoga (1941)
Wisdom of the Overself (1943)
Spiritual Crisis of Man (1952)

Miscellaneous
<mask>, <mask>. 1975. "A Living Sage of South India"  in The Sage of Kanchi, New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann, New Delhi. ed by T.M.P. Mahadevan, chapter 2
<mask>, <mask>. 1959, 1987.Introduction to  Fundamentals of Yoga, by Rammurti S. Mishra, M.D. New York; Harmony Books
Brunton, <mask>. 1937. "Western Thought and Eastern Culture", article, The Cornhill Magazine
Brunton, <mask>. 1951. Introduction to Wood, Ernest Practical Yoga London: Rider
Plus articles in Success Magazine, Occult Review, and The Aryan Path

Posthumously published texts
Essays on the Quest (1984)
Essential Readings
Conscious Immortality
Notebooks of <mask> (1984–88)

References

Kenneth Thurston Hurst, <mask>runton: A Personal View, 1989,
 Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, My Father's Guru: A Journey Through Spirituality and Disillusion, Addison-Wesley (1993), , (new edition 2003 by Ballantine/Random House)
 Annie Cahn Fung, <mask>ton A Bridge Between India and the West. A doctoral thesis presented to the Department of Religious Anthropology Universite de Paris IV Sorbonne, 1992, online text, published by wisdomsgoldenrod
J. Glenn Friesen: Studies Related to <mask>ton Daily Note
 Reflections of <mask> at Nonduality.com
 <mask> at WriteSpirit.net
 The Notebooks of <mask>

1898 births
1981 deaths
British spiritual writers
Mystics
New Age writers
20th-century British

masks:
Brunton
Paul
Brunton
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul Bton
Paul B
Paul Brun
Paulrun
Paul Bton
Paul Brunton
Paul Brunton


texts:
<mask> (born 23 December 1973) is an Israeli billionaire businessman in natural resources and the founder and President of the DGI (Dan Gertler International) Group of Companies. He has diamond and copper mining interests in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and has invested in iron ore, gold, cobalt, oil, agriculture, and banking. He may also hold citizenship of that country. his fortune was estimated at $1.26 billion by Forbes. <mask>'s deals have been under scrutiny by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank since 2012. He has been described as "controversial", and as making most of his fortune from "looting Congo at the expense of its people". The Panama papers revealed deals carried out through Mossack Fonseca shell companies, among his many offshore companies.Effective 21 December 2017, US President Donald Trump issued Executive Order 13818 implementing the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act and listed <mask> in the Annex, blocking all of <mask>'s assets under U.S. jurisdiction. The implementation of these sanctions was probably one of the reasons that <mask>'s close friend, then-President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Joseph Kabila, decided not to run for re-election in the 2018 election. However, on January 15, 2021 the US Treasury lifted the sanctions on Gertler, though the Biden administration quickly restored the sanctions on March 8, 2021. Biography
<mask> is the grandson of Moshe Schnitzer, first president and co-founder of the Israel Diamond Exchange, and the winner of the Israel Prize in 2004. His family was involved in cutting and merchandising diamonds. While growing up, <mask> learned about the diamond trade from his father and grandfather.

masks:
Dan Gertler
Gertler
Gertler
Gertler
Gertler
Dan Gertler
Gertler


texts:
 After completing his 3-year mandatory service in the Israeli Defense Forces, he opened his own diamond business.<mask> is married to Anat <mask> with whom he has 12 children. They live in Bnei Brak. Business career
In 1996, <mask>ler International (DGI) group of companies. He bought his first mine in the DRC in 1997. <mask> purchased many of the Congo's "most profitable mineral rights" and has been a "close friend" of the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Joseph Kabila since their youth. Joseph Kabila introduced <mask> to his father, then-president of the DRC Laurent Kabila, in 2000. Dan Gertler International (DGI)

International Diamond Industries-Congo (IDI-Congo)
After gaining experience with purchasing and marketing artisanally mined diamonds from the DRC, <mask> started negotiations to establish a partnership with the Societé Minière de Bakwanga (MIBA), a DRC state-controlled diamond mine operator.Through his friendship with the young Joseph Kabila, <mask> was introduced to his father Laurent Kabila, then-president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), in 2000. From September 2000 through April 2001, <mask> had the sole right to buy "all diamonds produced in territory under the control of the Congolese Government", for which he had paid Kabila $20 million. He ran a quasi "comptoir" in the DRC with International Diamond Industries-Congo (IDI-Congo), the affiliate of his Israeli firm, IDI-Diamonds Industry. IDI-Congo received 70 percent of the profits and the Congolese Government received 30 percent, which included the state diamond producer, MIBA, and all diamonds sold by private businesses. The deal was to "regulate and certify the origins of its diamonds under new UN

masks: Gertler Gertler Gertlerert Gertler Gertler Gertler Gertler Gertler


texts:
 requirements intended to weed out blood diamonds" and diamond smuggling. Even with the IDI-Congo monopoly offering below-market prices for diamonds, the Congo received a greater percentage of diamond revenues than before the monopoly was in place. A report by the mines auditing service at the mines ministry was harshly critical of IDI-Congo's diamond export monopoly.The IDI deal was haunted by allegations that Israelis had arrangements to train Congolese security forces in brutal techniques, as they had under Mobutu Sese Seko, and that IDI was buying diamonds from UNITA. Also, by paying below the market price, IDI encouraged smuggling into the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville). After Laurent Kabila's assassination in January 2001, <mask> briefly lost influence in the Congo. In April 2001, Laurent's son and successor, Joseph Kabila, revoked IDI's monopoly. DRC diamond producers shut out of the IDI monopoly had been unhappy with the monopoly, and the International Monetary Fund had encouraged the country to liberalize the diamond industry. <mask> soon managed to reestablish a relationship with Joseph Kabila, becoming increasingly close socially, to the point that, in 2006, Kabila invited him to his wedding. By 2009, DGI group was one of the largest wholesale distributors of rough and polished diamonds in the world.The group spans mining, manufacturing and sales operations. Emaxon Finance International Inc and the Diamond Industry (2001-)
In 2001, <mask> established Emaxon Finance International Inc, in Canada, as a subsidiary of Dan Gertler International (DGI) (reported by the International Development Research Centre according to the 2001 International Peace Information Service (IPIS) publication, and

masks: Gertler Gertler Gertler


texts:
 according to the Quebec trade register.) In April 2002, Emaxon secretly signed a contract through which Gertler gained a four-year right to market 88% of the rough-diamond production of the Societé minière de Bakwanga (MIBA), about a quarter of the DRC's legitimate diamond exports, at around 600,000 carats a month. Emaxon enjoyed a five-percent discount on its purchase of MIBA diamonds, which it then usually sold in the free market to the highest bidder. Emaxon lent MIBA $15 million to modernize its mining equipment. Fleurette Group and Fleurette Properties, 2006
Fleurette Properties is a Gibraltar-based company which has at least "60 holding companies in offshore havens such as the Virgin Islands", through which <mask>ler has controlled concessions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Fleurette Group refers to the group of companies with respect to which Fleurette Properties is either the direct or indirect shareholder.The Fleurette Group has owned the Kansuki concession, a Congolese copper and cobalt development project, since 2006.  it employed 30 000 people and was the largest source of private receipts for the Congolese government. Family trust
In 2007 <mask>'s family trust was the major shareholder of Prairie International Ltd., owner of "Tremalt Limited, which owned 80% of Savannah Mining, the holder of the other half of copper and cobalt operation Mukondo, as well as concessions C17 and C18 in the mineral-rich Katanga Province" of the DRC. Global Enterprises Corporate (GEC) 2004- Katanga Copper Belt
In March 2004, DGI founded Global Enterprises Corporate (GEC) in partnership with Beny Steinmetz Global. In May 2004 GEC signed an agreement with the state-owned Gécamines, finalized in September

masks:
Dan Gert
Gertler


texts:
 2004, to rehabilitate and operate the Kananga and Tilwezembe copper mines. The deal was ratified 13 October 2005 by presidential decree. This deal was later found by the World Bank, reviewing the DRC's three biggest mining contracts, to have been approved with "a complete lack of transparency" (Mahtani 3 January 2007). DEM Mining 2006 - Cobalt and Copper in Katanga Copper Belt
In April 2006 Gertler's DGI took a major stake in DEM Mining, a cobalt-copper mining and services company based in Katanga.Tremalt Ltd 2006 Mukondo Mine, Kanaga Copper Belt
In June 2006 Gertler bought Tremalt, which had a half share in the Mukondo Mine, for about $60 million from the Zimbabwean businessman John Bredenkamp. In 2007 Tremalt was owned by Prairie International Ltd, of which <mask>'s family trust was a major shareholder. Tremalt owned 80% of Savannah Mining, which held concessions C17 and C18 in Katanga Province and 50% of the Mukondo project. The other 50% of Mukondo was held by Boss Mining, which in turn was 80% owned by Central African Mining & Exploration Company (CAMEC). Boss Mining had rented and operated Bredenkamp's half of Mukondo. <mask> terminated this arrangement. Prairie International Ltd. 2007 Mukondo, Kanaga Copper Belt
When CAMEC bought Boss Mining in February 2006, its then- owner, Billy Rautenbach, a Zimbabwe businessman, gained about 17% of CAMEC shares.Gertler and CAMEC made plans to combine the Mukondo assets and a Katanga Province copper and cobalt project, into a new holding company. Rautenbach would be excluded from ownership in the new company, due to the hostile relations that had developed between him and the DRC government. In November 2007, Prairie International and CAMEC signed a memorandum

masks:
Dan Gertler
Gertler


texts:
 of understanding to complete the deal. In November 2007 the digital mining industry Miningmx reported that <mask>'s Prairie International Ltd. and CAMEC had created a joint venture vehicle in the Mukondo with concessions held by the state-owned Gécamines. "Tremalt will be transferred into the joint venture vehicle." In February 2008 the two companies announced that the Mukondo Mountain operations had restarted. Nikanor plc Copper, 2007
In February 2007, 22% of the Nikanor Mining company was owned by the Gertner Family Trust and 14% by <mask>.Gertler and Steinmetz placed Global Enterprises Corporate (GEC)'s 75% share in KOV into Nikanor plc, registered in the Isle of Man. In July 2006, Nikanor's stock was listed on the London Stock Exchange's Alternative Investment Market. The IPO raised $400 million, and Nikanor's market capitalization reached $1.5 billion. In January 2008 Katanga Mining acquired Nikanor plc for $452m. Glencore partnership 2007
Gertler has been a partner with Glencore International Plc., the largest company in Switzerland and the world's largest commodities trading company. One of their mines is Mutanda. In the course of the Congo events, Glencore and Gertler partnered in Nikanor from 2007 until the final merger with Katanga Mining in late 2007 in a transaction valued at US$3.3 billion.A 2011 article by Reuters journalists described Glencore as "the biggest company you never heard of":
In June 2007, Glencore and partner <mask>ler to respect the 2013 US sanctions, but following a lawsuit filed by Gertler in a Congolese court, Glencore paid about 2.5% of the sales from its mines in the Congo in royalties to Gertler in euros, not dollars. Catela Global, 2008
In July 2008 Catela Global, a

masks:
Dan Gertler
Dan Gertler
Dan Gertlerert


texts:
 company owned by Gertler's family trust, offered about C$296 million to buy Anvil Mining shares, around 25% of Anvil, in a private placement. An RBC Capital Markets analyst, Cailey Barker, speculated that Anvil would use the cash infusion for acquisitions, but the company said it would remain focused on completing its Kinsevere Stage II project. In August 2008, Anvil lowered the amount to be paid to about C$237 million, due to "the significant deterioration in market conditions for resource companies". Camrose Resources Ltd > Africo > Kalukundi Mine, 2007
"In 2007 Africa Management Limited was created as a joint venture between South African housing minister Tokyo Sexwale's investment vehicle Mvelaphanda Holdings, its associate company Palladino Holdings, and Och-Ziff Capital Management, a $30-billion New York hedge fund (Wood et al. 2012)." In June 2010 the Financial Post of Canada reported that Highwind Properties, a company registered in the British Virgin Islands, now owned the Kolwezi project.The newspaper, citing unnamed sources, linked the company to <mask>. In August 2010 Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation, a company listed in London with most of its operations in Kazakhstan, said it was buying indirect control of the Kolwezi licence from <mask>ler. Camrose's key asset was a 70% interest in the Kolwezi project. The Kolwezi property was sold to <mask> for $20 million. He in turn sold 50.5% of Camrose to ENRC for $175 million. In April 2011 a British MP called for an investigation of the transaction under the Bribery Act.Camrose's other assets included a "64% stake in Canada listed Africo Resources which held a 75% interest in Kalukundi exploitation licence as well as a 56% indirect interest in

masks:
Dan Gertler
Dan Gertlerert
Gertler


texts:
 Comide Sprl, which held the exploitation licence for Mashitu, Pangalume and Kii tenements." According to a 2012 article in the Mail and Guardian, Camrose acquired a controlling stake in Africo through a simultaneous, complex and clever set of transactions from 2007 to 2008. Located in the south-eastern DRC's copper belt, the lucrative Kalukundi concession owned by Congolese company Swanmines, which was part-owned by Canadian miner Africo Resources, had potential for high copper and cobalt yields. In April 2007 Africo was preparing to purchase enough shares to become the majority shareholder of Kalukundi when a third party entered into litigation, claiming prior ownership. <mask> offered to help, through his connections with President Joseph Kabila. <mask> purchased the third-party company and resold it to Africo. In July 2008, the Getler company, Camrose Resources, purchased Africo shares worth about $100 million.Camrose then held a 63% controlling stake in Africo. Camrose paid for Africo through a loan from an offshore British Virgin Islands-registered company called Vipar, "an affiliate of Africa Management Limited." Camrose and Highwind Group 2008-10
In 2008, Camrose Resources Ltd, a Gertler family trust company, purchased s 62.5% share of Africo Resources. In February 2009, Africo confirmed that it had the go-ahead from the DRC government for the 75%-owned Kalukundi project. In 2009 Vancouver, Canada-based (through <mask>'s newly formed British Virgin Island-based company, Highwinds) sold ENRC 50.5% of Kolwezi Mine Tailings (KWT) a "multi-billion dollar copper and cobalt tailings reprocessing facility." The facility had been expropriated in 2009 by the DRC from then-Vancouver, Canada-based Highwinds. In

masks:
Dan Getler
Gertler
Dan Gertler


texts:
 September 2009 the DRC government revoked the license of Canadian mining firm First Quantum Minerals to operate the Kolwezi copper tailings project.First Quantum appealed the decision. The CEO, Philip Pascal, said "the activities on the legal side come from a small and very influential group of individuals in the Congo and don't necessarily mirror the sentiments of a number of other authorities". Later, the government also expropriated the Frontier and Lonshi mines from First Quantum. In August 2010, Camrose acquired British Virgin Island-based Highwind Group. In March 2011 the state-owned Sodimico sold its 30% stake in these two mines for $30 million to two companies registered in the British Virgin Islands. The total estimated value of the mines was over $1.6 billion. Emerald Star Enterprises Limited BVI 2009 SMKK
Emerald Star Enterprises Limited, a company controlled by <mask>'s family trust, was incorporated 29 October 2009 in the British Virgin Islands.On 21 December 2009 Emerald Star sold an option to buy the remaining 50% stake of Société Minière de Kabolela et de Kipese SPRL, (a company formed by Melkior Resources Inc and Gécamines that holds the rights to develop the Kabolela cobalt-copper deposit) to Katash-founded mining company Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation (ENRC) who already owned 50%. The other 50% belonged to state-owned Gécamines. In February 2010 Emerald Star Enterprises Limited purchased Gécamines' 50% for $15 million and sold these shares to ENRC for $50 million. Emerald Star Enterprises Limited paid $15 million, and sold for $75 million, making a 500 percent return. Rowny Assets Limited BVI- 2011 Mutanda Mine, Katanga Copper Belt
Rowny Assets Limited is one of the offshore firms


texts:
 owned by <mask>'s family and is described in the initial Glencore public offering (IPO) prospectus. Gécamines sold its 20% share of the Mutanda project to Rowny Assets. This company, registered in the British Virgin Islands, was said to be "associated" with Gertler.The share was worth an estimated $600 million, but was sold for $137 million. Rowny Assets Limited was also in Glencore's 4 May 2011 listing prospectus, and acquired a 20% interest in Mutanda from Gécamines. Biko Invest Corporation (BVI), 2011
Biko Invest Corporation (BVI), linked to <mask>ertler and incorporated 23 February 2011 in the British Virgin Islands, bought a quarter of Kansuki Sprl from Gécamines in 2011. Mining assets and IMF
In September 2011 the International Monetary Fund asked for explanations from Sodimico and Gécamines, both owned by the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), concerning sales of assets below market value and without publicity. Gécamines sold its 20% share of the Mutanda project to Rowny Assets, a British Virgin Islands company, said to be associated with Gertler. The share was worth an estimated $600 million, but was sold for $137 million and the IMF was providing loans to the DRC worth $561 million at the time. Analysts criticized lack of transparency in the disposal of key assets by Gécamines, which the government was preparing for sale to private investors.In December 2012 the International Monetary Fund stopped a US$500m (£310m) loan to the Congo because of irregularities in the way a company reputed to be controlled by <mask> acquired minerals from Joseph Kabila's government. In the same week Katash-founded mining company Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation (ENRC), <mask>'s biggest

masks:
Gertler
Dan G
Dan Gertler
Gertler


texts:
 copper mining partner in the Congo, severed its relationship with him,
spending $550m to buying itself out of the partnership. <mask> has been accused of making the majority of his $2.5 billion fortune from "looting Congo at the expense of its people". Nessergy oil company, 2013
In April 2013, <mask> sold one of his Congo-based oil companies, Nessergy Ltd, for $150 million. Advocacy group Global Witness criticized the deal for lack of transparency on the part of <mask> and the Congolese government. Panama Papers, Mossack Fonseca, 2016
<mask>ler's attorney said, Gertler had "no knowledge of the claims raised regarding the [Panamanian firm's decision] to terminate representation in 2011."Le Monde reported another two Mossack-Fonseca- incorporated shell companies, Foxwhelp Ltd and Caprikat Ltd, in the DR Congo oil industry. Paradise Papers, 2017
On 5 November 2017, the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment, revealed that Glencore loaned $45 million to <mask> in exchange for his help with officials of the Democratic Republic of Congo in negotiations over a joint venture with state-owned Gécamines at the Katanga copper mine in 2009. <mask> appears in 120 documents regarding his relationship with Glencore. Glencore, which had effectively taken over Katanga, agreed to vote for the joint venture. The loan document specifically provided that repayment would be owed if agreement was not reached within three months. <mask> and Glencore have denied wrongdoing. Magnitsky Act
The United States Department of the Treasury specifically named <mask> in the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) financial sanctions list for serious human rights abuse and corruption, under

masks:
Gertler
Gertler
Gertler
Gertlerert
Gertler
Gertler
Gertler
Dan Gertler


texts: the Magnitsky Act and blocked his US-based assets, and "prevented any firm from doing business with him in dollars".According to a February 2018 article in The Economist, the sanctions statement said that <mask> had "amassed his fortune through hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of opaque and corrupt mining and oil deals" in the DRC. Included in the Executive Order is the list of designated entities "affiliated with" Gertler, "Moku Mines D'or SA, Moku Goldmines AG, Fleurette Energy I B.V., Fleurette Africa Resources I B.V., African Trans International Holdings B.V., Fleurette African Transport B.V., Oriental Iron Company SPRL, Iron Mountain Enterprises Limited, Sanzetta Investments Limited, Almerina Properties Limited, Interlog DRC, Kitoko Food Farm, Karibu Africa Services SA, and Ventora Development Sasu". In a 28 November 2019 article in The Economist, it was reported that President Trump's decision to place sanctions on <mask>, who is a close friend of then-President of the Congo, Joseph Kabila, had come as "a shock to many companies operating in the Congo." Citing Tom Perriello, then the United States envoy to the African Great Lakes under Barack Obama, the sanctions "probably helped push Mr. Kabila to his eventual decision to stand down in the elections that took place a year later", in the December 2018 general election. According to The Economist, by 2021, Kabila's power was waning, as his even allies in cabinet—including then prime minister, Sylvestre Ilunga Ilunkamba—had lost his position on January 27, 2021. Félix Tshisekedi, who has been president since 2019, could pressure the state-run mining group, Gécamines, to take back Gertler’s mines and royalties. It was reported on 25 January 2021

masks: Gertler Gertler


texts:
 that in the final days of the Trump Administration, following lobbying by Alan Dershowitz and others working for Gertler, the US Treasury Department had issued a license which temporarily lifted the restrictions on him.According to The Economist and New York Times, <mask> was granted a special license which allows him to use American dollars to "do almost anything, for a year." This reprieve was subsequently ended by the Biden administration on 8 March 2021. See also
Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Diamond dealers
Israeli mining businesspeople
Israeli billionaires
Israeli chief executives
Israeli corporate directors
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of Romanian-Jewish descent
People named in the Panama Papers
People sanctioned under the Magnitsky Act
People from Katanga Province
People named in the Paradise


texts:
Brigadier-General M<mask> (January 22, 1826 – September 5, 1876), nicknamed "Swamp Fox," was a senior officer of the Missouri State Guard who commanded cavalry in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. The  () was named after him. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Jefferson County, Virginia (present-day West Virginia), into a family with a strong military tradition on both sides. He received basic training in military tactics in Charleston, South Carolina, but was not appointed to a military academy. Following his education, he found employment as a store clerk in a few Virginia and Pennsylvania towns. He moved to Liberty, Missouri, in 1847 and St. Joseph the following year, beginning as a store clerk before taking up surveying and serving as the city engineer. He later supervised the construction of the western branch of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad.He married Emma Catherine Hays in 1848. He served as the seventh Mayor of St. Joseph, Missouri from 1857 to 1860. He presided over the ceremony inaugurating the first ride of the Pony Express on April 3, 1860. He gained national attention in May, 1861, when he cut down a United States flag from the St. Joseph Post Office flag pole and threw it down to an angry crowd of southern sympathizers who shredded it to pieces. American Civil War

<mask> was a lieutenant-colonel in the Missouri state militia at the outbreak of the Civil War. On July 25, 1861, he was appointed brigadier-general of the 1st Division, Missouri State Guard. He commanded the First Military District of Missouri, which covered the swampy southeastern quarter of the state from St. Louis to the Mississippi River.<mask>'s battalion soon became known as the "Swamp Rats" for their exploits. He gained renown as the "Swamp Fox of the Confederacy." Although <mask>

masks:
. Jeff Thompson
Meriwether Jefferson Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson


texts: frequently petitioned for the Confederate rank of brigadier-general it was never granted. His brigadier rank came from his Missouri State Guard service. When Union Major-General John C. Fremont issued an emancipation proclamation purporting to free the slaves in Missouri, <mask> declared a counter-proclamation and his force of 3,000 soldiers began raiding Union positions near the border in October. On October 15, 1861, <mask> led a cavalry attack on the Iron Mountain Railroad bridge over the Big River near Blackwell in Jefferson County. After successfully burning the bridge, <mask> retreated to join his infantry in Fredericktown.Soon afterwards, he was defeated at the Battle of Fredericktown and withdrew, leaving southeastern Missouri in Union control. After briefly commanding rams in the Confederate riverine fleet in 1862, <mask> was reassigned to the Trans-Mississippi region. There, he engaged in a number of battles before returning to Arkansas in 1863 to accompany Gen. John S<mask> on his raid into Missouri. <mask> was captured in August in Arkansas, and spent time in St. Louis' Gratiot Military Prison, as well as at the Fort Delaware and Johnson's Island prisoner-of-war camps ("Poor old <mask>, how my heart went out to him; he a prisoner and his devoted wife in a madhouse", Major Lamar Fontaine wrote later). Eventually, he was exchanged in 1864 for a Union general. Later that year, <mask> participated in Major-General Sterling Price's Missouri expedition, taking command of "Jo" Shelby's famed "Iron Brigade" when Shelby became division commander. He served competently in this role.In March 1865, <mask> was appointed commander of the Northern Sub-District of Arkansas. He agreed to surrender his command at Chalk Bluff, Arkansas on May 11, 1865, and agreed to have his men assemble at Wittsburg

masks:
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
. Marmaduke
Thompson
Jeff
Thompson
Thompson


texts:
 and Jacksonport, Arkansas to lay down their arms and receive their paroles. <mask>'s command was widely dispersed throughout northeast Arkansas, more for reasons of available forage than anything else. About a third of his men refused to surrender. Shelby's Missouri Brigade, along with elements of Green's and Jackman's Missouri brigades, lit out for Mexico. Some Missouri units disbanded rather than surrender their colors. Many men simply went home.While most of the men on the Jacksonport parole lists actually served in the unit with which they surrendered, some men were attached themselves to various regiments solely for the purpose of surrendering. A few probably never saw any service except marching with their relatives and neighbors to Jacksonport to receive the paroles, which were thought to provide the former confederates with some degree of protection from later arrest or capture. Later life
After the American Civil War, <mask> moved to New Orleans, where he returned to civil engineering. He designed a program for improving the Louisiana swamps, a job that eventually destroyed his health. He returned to St. Joseph, Missouri in 1876 where he succumbed to tuberculosis. He is buried in Mount Mora Cemetery in St. Joseph, Missouri. Honors
In early 1862 at New Orleans, a side-wheel river steamer was converted to a "Cottonclad" ram and named after <mask>.The CSS General M<mask><mask> was sent up the Mississippi that April to join the River Defense Fleet in Tennessee waters, seeing its first action at Plum Point Bend. On June the 6th, after being set afire by gunfire at Memphis, the General M. <mask><mask> ran aground and soon blew up. See also
 List of acting Confederate generals
 List of people from West Virginia

References

Sources

 Allardice, Bruce S. More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge:

masks:
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
. Jeff
. Thompson
Jeff
. Thompson


texts:
 Louisiana State University Press, 1995. .
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Filbert, Preston, The Half not Told; the Civil War in a Frontier Town.Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. .
 Howerton, Bryan R. "Re: Jacksonport 1865 surrender list?" Arkansas in the Civil War Message Board, Posted 1 January 2004. Accessed 1 January 2012,
 <mask>, James Logan. A Brief History of the 45th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment, C.S.A. The Stream of History, Volume 16, Part 4 (Oct. 1978). Accessed 6 January 2012. Sifakis, Stewart.Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Silkenat, David. Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. . External links

Official
 M. <mask> papers, 1848-1959 at the Howard-Tilton Memorial Library
 M. <mask> papers, 1860-1940 at the Louis Round Wilson Special Collections Library
 M. <mask> papers, 1854-1935 at The State Historical Society of Missouri
 Patent Model for Rule for Describing Polygonal Forms Invented by M. <mask> at the National Museum of American History
Other
 M. <mask> at the Encyclopedia of Arkansas

 M. <mask> at The Political Graveyard

1826 births
1876 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American engineers
19th-century American inventors
19th-century American politicians
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
American Civil War prisoners of war
American patent holders
Burials in Missouri
Cavalry commanders
Confederate militia generals
Tuberculosis deaths in Missouri
Mayors of places in Missouri
Politicians from St. Joseph, Missouri
Military personnel from West Virginia
Missouri State Guard
People from Jefferson County, West Virginia
People of Missouri in the American

masks:
Morgan
Jeff Thompson
Jeff Thompson
Jeff Thompson
Jeff Thompson
Jeff Thompson
Jeff Thompson


texts:
<mask><mask> (born April 1, 1955) is an American businessman and educator who has been active in the advancement of digital media and marketing. Background, education and career origins

<mask> was born in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, on April 1, 1955, the son of Rhoda (Koenig) and <mask>. He graduated from Springfield Township High School in Montgomery County in 1973. He then received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1977 and a master's degree from the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania in 1979. Soon after starting his Ph.D. at the Annenberg School, <mask> was invited by John Carey, a professional colleague and Annenberg graduate, to participate in an NSF-funded research project at the Alternate Media Center (AMC) at New York University (NYU). The project focused on bringing Teletext, a new media technology developed in Great Britain, to the United States. That same year, the Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP) was established at NYU, and Nisenholtz became one of its founding faculty members in 1979.<mask> remained in New York, never returning to complete his Ph.D.

<mask> is currently married to Anne Nisenholtz and together they have two daughters, Johanna and Marjorie. NYU and Ogilvy & Mather

While an assistant professor and research scientist at NYU's Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP), Nishenholtz received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts to train artists, writers and journalists in interactive media. Through this grant, Nisenholtz built a connection for the newly emerging digital media technologies with the creative community. In 1981, he invited prominent media artists to create experimental art projects using Videotex. In 1983, <mask> joined Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide where he founded the Interactive Marketing Group (IMG), the first full-service interactive unit at a major US advertising agency. He guided the firm's interactive strategy and operations for 11 years until his departure in 1994, at which time he was a senior vice president and a member of the operating

masks:
Martin A
. Nisenholtz
Nisenholtz
Louis Nisenholtz
Nisenholtz
Nisenholtz
Nisenholtz
Nisenholtz


texts:
 committee. He then worked for one year as director of content strategy for Ameritech Corporation, one of the so-called Baby Bells, where he was responsible for guiding development of new video programming, interactive information and advertising services.The New York Times Company
<mask> joined The New York Times as president of its Electronic Media Company in June 1995. He was initially responsible for development and delivery of electronic products centered on the content of the newspaper, and was at the helm when the NYTimes.com website made its debut in 1996. The site required site visitors to register and thereby submit certain data about themselves. This enabled the delivery of targeted advertising utilizing that audience data. <mask> had previously underscored the relationship between audience data and advertising in an article he originally authored in Advertising Age almost two years before the launch of nytimes.com. These guidelines were also republished in the New York Times. In October, 1998 the Times Company gave him the additional responsibility of managing the company's new media activities in all its operating units; in June 1999, the company consolidated its Internet activities into a separate operating unit called New York Times Digital, naming him as its chief executive officer.The unit encompassed the company's major online holdings, including 50 websites and 300 employees. <mask> remained CEO of New York Times Digital from 1999 through 2005 when the digital activities were integrated back into the operating units. In February 2005, <mask> was named senior vice president, digital operations of the New York Times Company. In that capacity he led the acquisition of About.com from Primedia. He remained responsible for the strategy development, operations and management of the company's digital properties including its flagship, NYTimes.com, until his retirement from the Times in December, 2011. Current activities

After retiring from The New York Times, <mask> transitioned to his role as "Senior Advisor" to the company and was appointed an Adjunct Professor at the Columbia University

masks: Nisenholtz Nisenholtz Nisenholtz Nisenholtz Nisenholtz


texts:
 Graduate School of Journalism, where he co-taught the "Business of Journalism" class with Professor Adam Klein. In January 2014, he joined Firstmark Capital as a venture partner.In January 2015, he was appointed Professor of the Practice, Digital Communications, at Boston University's College of Communication (COM). Nisenholtz currently serves on the boards of Yellow Pages Limited, Postmedia Networks, RealMatch, LLC and Purch. Contributions to digital media and marketing

Other noteworthy contributions that Nisenholtz has made to digital media and marketing include:

In 1980, he started the "EIES Soap Opera", one of the earliest online writing collaborations. In 2001, he founded the Online Publishers Association (OPA) now called Digital Content Next (DCN), a leading trade association. He served as chairman through 2003 and as a member of its executive committee through 2011. Nisenholtz is credited by Dave Winer with contributing to the widespread adoption of RSS as a web standard through his decision to license the flow of New York Times stories to Userland software in 2002, thus. His 2003 keynote speech at the Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA) provided the inspiration for Robin Sloan and Matt Thomson to create their visionary short film EPIC 2014.Nisehnoltz co-authored the book How to Advertise with Kenneth Roman and Jane Maas.<ref>https://www.amazon.com/How-Advertise-Edition-Kenneth-Roman/dp/product-description/0312318596 'How to Advertise page on Amazon.com</ref>

In 2013, <mask> was named a Shorenstein Fellow at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. While in residence he partnered with John Huey and Paul Sagan to Develop Riptide: An Oral History of the Epic Collision Between Journalism and Digital Technology, 1980 to the present.'' The project was unveiled at the Fortune Brainstorm Tech conference on July 24, 2013. References

1955 births
Living people
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
People from Springfield Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
New York University faculty
American chief


texts:
<mask> (1426–1464) was an Italian goldsmith, niellist, draftsman, and engraver working in Florence, who was incorrectly described by Giorgio Vasari as the inventor of engraving as a printmaking technique. This made him a crucial figure in the history of old master prints and remained widely believed until the early twentieth century. However, it was gradually realised that Vasari's view, like many of his assertions as to the origins of technical advances, could not be sustained. Typically, Vasari had overstated the importance of a fellow-Florentine, and a fellow-Italian, since it is now clear that engraving developed in Germany before Italy. Vasari only ever credited him with paper impressions of his nielli, rather than engravings made from special printing-plates, in the usual sense of the word; in fact there probably never were any such engravings by him. Although he clearly was an important artist of his time, few surviving works, and no surviving prints, can now be definitely attributed to him, so scholarly interest in him has greatly reduced. Over 100 drawings in the Uffizi, and others elsewhere, remain attributed to him.He died in his late thirties, and his influence lived after him in the works of the early Florentine engravers and drawings related to them, especially the shadowy figure of Baccio Baldini, who Vasari associates with him. Career
He was the son of Antonio, and grandson of Tommaso <mask> or Finiguerri, both goldsmiths of Florence, and was born in Santa Lucia d'Ognissanti in 1426. He worked with his family as a goldsmith and was early distinguished for his work in niello. In 1449, there is a note of a sulfur cast from a niello of his workmanship

masks:
Maso Tommasoii Finiguerra
Finiguerra


texts:
 being handed over by the painter Alessio Baldovinetti to a customer in payment or exchange for a dagger. In 1452 <mask> delivered and was paid for a niellated silver pax commissioned for the Florence Baptistery by the Arte di Calimala or cloth merchant's guild. By 1457 he had left his father's workshop and partnered with the goldsmith Piero di Bartolommeo di Sail, who worked with Antonio Pollaiuolo, when the firm had an order for a pair of silver candlesticks for the church of San Jacopo at Pistoia. In 1459 in the Palazzo Rucellai, artworks by Finiguerra are annotated as belonging to Giovanni Rucellai.In 1462 he is recorded as having supplied another wealthy Florentine, Cino di Filippo Rinuccini, with waist buckles, and in the years next following with forks and spoons for christening presents. In 1463 he drew cartoons, the heads of which were colored by Alessio Baldovinetti, for five or more figures for the sacristy of Florence Cathedral, which was being decorated in intarsia or wood inlay by a group of artists with Giuliano da Maiano at their head. On 4 December 1464 <mask> <mask> made his will, and died shortly afterwards. Surviving works

The only fully documented works by Finiguerra which survive are the intarsia figures for the cathedral, over half life-size, executed from his cartoons for the sacristy. But these seems so fully in the style of Antonio Pollaiuolo that Konrad Oberhauser thought it "extremely doubtful" that he actually designed them himself. But he is thought to be responsible for a number of other works: a few nielli, and sulphur casts from them and others, and over a hundred drawings. Drawings
Much the largest group of drawings is in the

masks: Maso Maso Finiguerra


texts: Uffizi, some of which are inscribed "Maso Finiguerra" in a seventeenth-century writing, probably by Filippo Baldinucci, curator of the Medici collections.These depict many figures of the studio and the street, to all appearance members of the artists own family and workshop, drawn direct from life, and used "as a repository of figural ideas that could be used by Finiguerra to speed up the compositional process". The Uffizi group includes 14 studies of birds and animals, some apparently copied from other drawings, such as a rather stylized cockerel. There are two large drawings on vellum (both 28 x 41 cm, plus change) which show scenes from the Old Testament and are crowded with figures. These are Moses on Mount Sinai, and the Brazen Serpent below in the British Museum, and The Flood in the Kunsthalle, Hamburg. These were apparently intended as finished artworks, though both were later copied as engravings by Francesco Rosselli. The drawings can be dated from their style and the contemporary costumes to the 1450s up to <mask>'s death in 1464. They agree strictly with the accounts of Finiguerra's drawings left us by Vasari and Baldinucci, and disagree in no respect with the character of the inlaid figures of the sacristy.That he was probably also an engraver in niello appears from the fact that figures from the Uflizi series of drawings are repeated among the rare anonymous Florentine niello prints of the time (the chief collection of which, formerly belonging to the marquis of Salamanca, is now in Edmond de Rothschild Collection at the Louvre). The Florentine Picture-Chronicle was attributed to Finiguerra when first published in 1893, by Sidney Colvin, but is now more