texts: losses suffered by both sides included 48 dead and 78 injured foreigners, with 19 dead and 57 wounded Mexican patriots. Gaston Rausset-Boulbon was sentenced to death. The execution took place in Guaymas, on August 12, 1854, in an area located in the north of the town square. Captain Francis M. Espino led the firing squad (Berber, 1958. See also de Collet La Madelène, 1876, pp.266–304). Now 18 years of age, José looked for new opportunities in life, and traveled to Tepic, where he worked for a short time as a blacksmith. Later, he was caught up in the draft for soldiers to serve in the regular army, the San Blas Battalion, but deserted after only three months of service. José fled to the mountains near Acaponeta, Nayarit, and worked for a while as a miner. With the Federal army still searching for him, José traveled to Mazatlán and joined a battalion comprising Pimas, Yaquis, and Opatas, that was part of the ranks of Pablo Lagarma, who had declared for constitutional restoration. Not long afterward, José began service in as a trooper in the army of General Ramón Corona. Due to his previous military experience, and the ability to speak three languages, José was appointed aide-de-camp to General Corona.José ended up participating in the War of Reform, and against the forces of the French Intervention of Emperor Maximilian. It was General Corona that accepted the sword of surrender from Emperor Maximilian at Querétaro on 15 May 1867 (Vandervort, 2006, pp. 230–231, 297). Eventually, José came to serve in the forces under


type: original

texts:
 Ignacio L. Pesqueira, who came to value José as a competent, well educated and trilingual officer, and who eventually commissioned José as a captain in the cavalry. Appointment as Alcalde Mayor

Having successfully served in the Mexican military in the war against the French occupation, José's service proved so exemplary that in 1872 he was appointed to the office of "Alcalde Mayor" of the Yaqui by then Sonora Governor Ignacio Pesqueira. Expected by Pesqueira to assist in pacifying the Yaqui people, José instead united the eight Yaqui pueblo into a small, independent republic and unexpectedly announced he would not recognize the Mexican government unless his people were allowed to independently govern themselves. José took on the role of a social reformer.He reorganized the administrative system Yaqui society and life back to a state that had existed when there was far greater autonomy and self-sufficiency for the people. This was based it to a large extent on the earlier Yaqui system (mayors, captains, temastianes [priests], etc.). He re-established the popular assemblies, summoning them whenever it was necessary to rely on the entire population. Restructuring and disciplining Yaqui society to provide economic security and military preparedness, José instituted a system of taxation, and external trade control, initially establishing a tax on the ships that traded in the Yaqui River. To impose a toll on commercial traffic on its territory, in particular those who traded salt extracted from the coasts of the Yaqui


texts:
 nation, and to demand a premium from the cattle owners who the Yaquis stole cattle from  upon their return. All these economic sources allowed them to procure arms and ammunition, and also to develop agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing (Gouy-Gilbert, 1983). This was all for the welfare and defense of the nation against those that would take away the Yaqui's traditional lands.<mask>'s Rebellion Against Mexican Authority

Due to Mexican government opposition to Yaqui self-government, José was forced to lead the Yaqui in a war against the Mexican state and those who sought to control and confiscate the traditional Yaqui lands. The war was long-lasting due to the skill of the Yaqui in battle under José's leadership, and was particularly brutal, with atrocities on both sides, but with a much larger-scale slaughter by the military forces of the Mexican government of President Porfirio Díaz (see Zoontjens and Glenlivet (2007) for additional factors behind the rebellion). One of the many battles during this period was the  'Battle of Capetamaya,''' which took place on October 15, 1882. <mask>, as he was now known, was holding a meeting with the indigenous Mayo in the vicinity of a place called Capetamaya in Sonora. Colonel Augustine Ortiz, who was a landowner in the area of the Mayo people, and who was also the brother of then governor of Sonora Carlos Ortiz, who had succeeded Pesqueira, attacked the assembly with elements of the Mexican Army. Ortiz reported that about Yaqui and Mayo 2,000 soldiers led by Cajemé faced

masks: Cajemé Cajemé


texts: his group of 300 men. The Yaqui's forces were scattered after losing 200 men, and <mask> was wounded, losing part of his right index finger.The attack was seen by many as unnecessary, and led to public criticism against the new governor and his brother that was so intense that it resulted in the dismissal of Carlos Ortiz as governor of Sonora (Troncoso, 1905). <mask>, when traveling with his Yaqui soldiers, would often sing in Spanish at the head of his troops. Riding on a horse, he would hook his leg around the pommel of his saddle, and sing a song of bravery and lack of fear of the Mexican army. He would have two men with him, one on each side, and would be followed by perhaps thirty more men on horseback, arranged in groups of ten, spaced some distance apart. Following at the rear of the column would be the infantry, composed of 100 or more troops (Spicer, 1988). In 1885, one of Cajemé's lieutenants, Loreto Molina, sought to gain control of the Yaqui people. With the support of the Mexican authorities, Molina developed an assassination plot to kill Cajemé at Cajemé's own home, at El Guamuchli, near Pótam.On the evening of 28 January 1885, Molina and twenty-two of his Yaqui supporters (some accounts state 30 or more) set out to kill Cajemé, but Cajemé was not at home, having left for the Mayo River with his bodyguard the day before. Cajemé stated that Molina's men looted his house, abused the women of the household by beating them with their weapons, and tearing off some of their clothes, and ran off Cajemé's


texts:
 family, leaving <mask>'s eight-year-old daughter on the bed in the house, while setting fire his house. One of Cajemé's sergeants saved the girl out of the flames of the fire, as the house burned to the ground (Troncoso, 1905). Among others named by Cajemé as participants in the attack (Troncoso, 1905. p. 111) were the following men:

Loreto Cuate
Angél Cuchi
Agustín Guapo
Trenidad Guapo
Francisco Guabesi
Pancho Juchaji
Martín Mobesbeo
Modesto el panadero (the baker)
hermano de (brother of) Modesto
Lucio Nasario
Antonio Ochocomasoleo
Loreto Omocol
Nacho Pelado
Madaleno Quintero
Luis Sanbaon
Nacho Suboqui
José Suple
José Tolo
Facundo Yorigelipe
Ilario Yorigelipe
Juan María Yorigelipe
Liandra Yorigelipe

After Molina failed to kill Cajemé, the Mexican Government sent a force of three columns of 1200 men each to occupy the Yaqui territory. This force was originally under the command of Brigadier General Jose Guillermo Carbó (1841–1885), who had been appointed in 1881 as Commander of the First Military Zone comprising Sonora, Baja California, Sinaloa, and Tepic (Diccionario Porrúa, 1970). It was thought that this was an advantageous time to move against the Yaquis, as the situation was relatively calm. A military report on the first of September stated that Cajemé had dissolved his troops, and many indigenous people were approaching ranchos near the Yaqui River in search of work, while raids on ranchos had stopped (Garcia, 1885).Also, there was optimism that the potential for disagreements between <mask> and Anastasio


texts: Cuca, Cajemé's second in command, would increase, and that it wouldn't be remote if a split occurred between them ("no sería remoto se pudiera conseguir dividirlos" Otero, 1885). However, before Carbó could lead the government forces into an engagement, he died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage on October 29, 1885. Following this, General Angel Martinez ("El Machetero") was placed in control of these three columns. Under General Martinez, the Mexican forces moved on the Yaqui River pueblos. Hubert Howe Bancroft relates (1888) how one of the columns was led by General Leiva (no relation to Cajemé) and General Marcos Carillo, and traveled west towards the Yaqui River Valley, carrying two mitrailleuse (the first machine gun used in major combat). Another was led by General Camano, and came from the south-east with two howitzers. A heavy body of cavalry came from the town of Buena Vista, from the north-east.General Martinez personally directed the occupation of the strategic Yaqui pueblo of Torím and other areas of the Yaqui River Valley from his headquarters at Barojica. General Bonifacio Topete eventually took control of a large part of the force and attempted to overrun a major fortification that the Yaqui built near Vícam. The fort, "El Añil" (The Indigo), was the first use of defensive warfare by <mask>, and consisted of fences, parapets, and a moat surrounding the fortification. Although Topete's infantry force used cannons against the Yaqui forces in the attack, Topete was defeated with a loss of 20 men. Following


texts:
 this successful repulsion of the Mexican forces, <mask> gave the order to his forces to fortify other locations and to fight only while behind trenches. In April 1886, the Mexican forces occupied the Yaqui town of Cócorit; and on May 5, 1886, a major siege was begun by the Mexican army at El Añil. By May 16, the Mexican army destroyed the fortification at El Añil, which was a great defeat for the Yaquis (see also Hernández, 1902).Betrayal

Eventually betrayed by a Yaqui woman whose sympathies lay with Loreto Molina and other Yaquis opposed to resisting Mexican authority, Cajemé was captured while visiting family members in the pueblo of San José de Guaymas (about 8 miles north of the Port of Guaymas) on April 13, 1887. Cajemé was kept under house arrest by General Angel Martinez. He was treated with all of the respect and courtesy accorded to a defeated leader of a country while under arrest. Cajemé was extensively interviewed by Ramón Corral, who was elected Vice-Governor of Sonora on April 25, 1887 (N.Y. Times, 1887), and who later became Governor of Sonora, eventually rising to the office of Vice-president of Mexico under Porfirio Diaz. It was during this time that <mask>'s famous saying was recorded: "Antes como antes y ahora como ahora. Antes éramos enemigos y peleábamos, Ahora está Todo concluido y todos somos amigos ( Before was before and now is now. Before we were enemies and we fought; now everything is concluded and all can be friends)" (Corral, 1959 [1900]).At least two photos were taken of Cajemé during


texts:
 his arrest, in both traditional Mexican campesino garb (as shown in the first photo), as well as in a dark blue military jacket that he was known to wear when fighting. In both photos he is seen holding a Carbine, and carrying a white-handled Colt revolver. Execution

Following his interview, Cajemé was taken from Guaymas bay by the Demócrata, a steam-powered, coal-fired,  Iron-hulled, schooner-rigged gunboat, with one funnel and three masts, to the Yaqui River port of El Médano, near Pótam. Cajemé was then paraded through several of the Yaqui pueblos along the river, showing the people that the leader of the Yaqui had been captured. At eleven in the morning, on the return trip to Guaymas, a pretense was made that Cajemé was trying to escape his guard. He was shot seven times, causing his death at Tres Cruces de Chumampaco. An American reporter for the Tucson Daily Citizen (1887) visited the site of his death, and found Cajemé's hat was nailed to a tree, and a wooden cross inscribed with the following: "INRI, aque  fallecio General Cajemé, Abril 23, 1887, a los 11 y 5 la manaña" (INRI [Latin for Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews] Here died General <mask>, April 23, 1887 at 11:05 in the morning).<mask>'s body was given to Tomás Durante, leader of the Yaqui people residing at Cócorit, and those Yaqui loyal to Cajemé reverently buried him at Cócorit. Following this incident, General Martinez ordered an investigation of the actions of his young Lieutenant, Clemente Patiño (born November 1861 ), who was in charge of


texts:
 the detachment that had escorted Cajemé (Troncoso, 1905). Events Following <mask>'s Death

On May 20, 1887, Anastasio Cuca, Cajemé's second in command, was captured at Tucson, Arizona. He was extradited to Sonora at the request of Sonora Governor Tórres. Cuca was charged with murder and robbery in the District of Guaymas, and then taken to the Yaqui River and executed in front of his people (Los Angeles Herald, 1887). Afterward, Juan Maldonado Waswechia (Beltran) (28 August 1857 (Iglesia Católica, 1857) - 9 July 1901. ), also known as Tetabiate (Tetaviecti, meaning "Rolling Stone" in the Yaqui or Yoeme language), took over in leading the fighting against the Mexican forces, becoming <mask>'s successor in June 1887 (Troncoso, 1905).By this time, the devastation to the Yaqui population along the Yaqui River was great. At the direction of the Government of Sonora, a count was taken of the number of indigenous inhabitants still living in the Yaqui Pueblos of Cócorit, Tórim, and El Médano in late 1887. The count showed that there were only 1784 men and 2200 women still living in the three towns (Hernández, 1902). For many years following <mask>'s death there were strenuous efforts by the Mexican government to kill or remove all the Yaqui from the state of Sonora. Much of the Yaqui nation was enslaved and sent to work as slave laborers in the Yucatán Peninsula, in the Quintana Roo, where thousands died laboring in the henequen plantations (Turner, 1911). Many more were simply killed, usually by firing squad or by hanging.

masks: Cajemé Cajemé Cajemé


texts:
 Many Yaqui fled to neighboring Mexican states, submerging their identity with that of other Indian groups.Quite a few Yaqui fled to Southern Arizona, the traditional Northernmost region of their territory, where their descendants live today. José María Leyba's Families

It is known that José María Leyba (Leiva) was married at least two times. José's first spouse was María Jesus Salgado Ramires. It appears that this was a traditional Yaqui marriage, as it does not appear to be recorded in the historic Catholic Church records. José and María had two children, both born in Hermosillo: a son, Sotero Emiliano Leiva Salgado, born in 1863 (Iglesia Católica, 1863), and a daughter, Victoria Leiva Salgado, born in 1866 (Iglesia Católica, 1866). Mexican newspaper articles mention <mask>'s son from this family leading Yaqui soldiers in the fight against the Mexican forces, or fighting alongside his father in the years 1885 and 1886 (La Constitucion, 1885; La Constitucion, 1886), as well as his daughter leading some raids. His last appearance in the historical record that has been located is on May 4, 1889, where Emiliano Leiva is listed as a Padrino at the baptism of his sister, Victoria Leiva's, first child (Iglesia Católica, 1889).Victoria was in 1885 noted (but not by name) as the daughter of Cajemé (Newark Daily Advocate, 1885). Victoria married a well-known businessman from Montmorenci, Indiana in the United States, named William E. Godman. Godman was working as a "ferrocarrilero," and had been living in Sonora since 1884.


texts: The marriage took place in Guaymas, on December 17, 1887, at the home of Don Antonio Moreno, a Senator from Sonora who was largely responsible for pushing through the development of the Sonora Railway (Moreno, 1880). The marriage occurred just eight months after the death of Victoria's father (Archivo General, 1887). With the aide of her husband William, Victoria, along with her mother María, and her older brother Emiliano, were able to escape the continued persecution of the Yaqui people in Sonora. Godman and his family traveled first to the state of Chihuahua.The family returned to Sonora in 1892, and finally, in January 1900, entered the United States of America at El Paso, Texas, not long after the infamous massacre of Yaquis at Mazocoba, in the heart of the Bacatete Mountains of Sonora. Victoria died on August 5, 1946, in Los Angeles, California, living long enough to see four children, and four grandchildren born. William Godman eventually left Victoria and his daughters in El Paso and re-married. At the start of the Mexican Revolution Godman relocated to Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, where he accepted a position as Port Superintendent for the International Railways of Central America (I.R.C.A. ), a subsidiary of the United Fruit Company. The second marriage of José was to María Jesús Maccima Matus Morales, whom José married on June 14, 1878, and which was recorded at San Fernando, Guaymas, Sonora (Iglesia Católica, 1878). Dolores Salgado, the father of Jose's first wife, María Jesus Salgado Ramires, was one of


texts:
 the godparents (padrinos) of María Jesús Maccima Matus Morales at the time of her baptism on November 20, 1842 (Iglesia Católica, 1842).There were at least two children born to this union, the youngest being a son ("joven," see Corral, 1959 [1900]; also "pequeño hijo," Hernández, 1902, p. 147 ), and also a daughter, who would have been about 10 years old at the time (Troncoso, 1905, p. 111) . This family appears to be the one that Loreto Molina and his followers ran off, burning their home near Pótam in 1885. Municipality of Cajeme
Following the death of Cajemé, the Yaqui struggled to maintain control of their traditional lands. However, by 1890, with most of the Yaqui removed from the Yaqui River Valley, the Mexican government granted the Sonora and Sinaloa Irrigation Company, incorporated in New Jersey, land along the river with water rights in 1890 (Phillips & Comus, 2000). The company begin the construction of canals for irrigating and growing crops. The Sonora and Sinaloa Irrigation Company soon went bankrupt (N. Y. Times, 1900; N.Y. Times, 1901), and the grant was purchased by the Richardson Construction Company of California in 1906 (Records of the Compañia Constructora Richardson, S.A., 1904-1968).The Richardson Construction Company sold a 400 hectare block of land to developers from the United States and Europe, and received the exclusive right to sixty-five percent of the Yaqui River’s water for a 99-year period. The first non-indigenous settlers established themselves in the neighborhood called Plano


texts:
 Oriente. The Ferrocarril Sud-Pacífico, a subsidy of the Southern Pacific Railroad, established a station nearby called Cajeme, to provide water for the locomotives. The town of Cajeme was initially a part of Cócorit Municipality until its elevation to a Municipal Seat on September 28, 1927. The first city government was established on January 1, 1928. The July 28, 1928 decree stated that “the city is known now with the name of Ciudad Obregón, the town formerly known as Cajeme.” In 1937 another legislation stated that Cajeme be the name of the Municipality and Ciudad Obregón its seat. In modern times, the Municipality of Cajeme yearly commemorates the death of Cajemé, with a gathering and public speeches highlighting the battles where Cajemé led his people against the Mexican Government, instead of pacifying the Yaqui people as was expected by Sonoran Governor Pesqueira (Municipio de Cajeme, 2013).Notes

References

 Archivo General del Registro Civil del Estado de Sonora. (1887). Copias de Actas de Matrimonio. (In Spanish). Guaymas. pp. 95–97.Bancroft, H. H. (1888). History of Mexico, Vol. VI. San Francisco: The History Company. p. 462
 Berber, Laureano Calvo. (1958). Nociones de historia de Sonora.(In Spanish). México City: Libreria de Manuel Porrua, S A.
 Corral, Ramón. (1887). José María Leyva Cajeme: Apuntes Biográficos. A serial article published in several issues of La Constitución (Periódico oficial del gobierno del estado libre y soberano de Sonora), beginning with the issue of April 22, 1887 (Tomo IX, Num.


texts:
 16), and ending July 8, 1887 (Tomo IX, Num. 28).(In Spanish). Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Corral, Ramón. (1959 [1900]). Biografía de José María Leyva Cajeme. In Obras históricas. Reseña histórica del Estado de Sonora, 1856-1877;  Las razas indígenas de Sonora.No. I. (In Spanish). Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, Retrato del autor. (Biblioteca Sonorense de Geografía e Historia) [Note: This is the second printing of this book, which was originally published in 1900. It was republished in 1959 as part of a State series on the geography and history of Sonora]
 Diccionario Porrúa de Historia, Biografía, Geografía de México, 2 Vols. (1970) (In Spanish).Mexico: Porrúa. Vol. 1, p. 360.
 de Collet La Madelène, Joseph Henri. (1876). Le comte Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon, sa vie et ses aventures: d'pres ses papiers et sa correspondance. (In French). Paris: Charpentier et Cie, Libraires Éditeurs.El Siglo Diez y Nueve. (1851). Estado de Sonora, Ures, Mayo 25. June 25, 1851. p. 604. Garcia, Lorenzo. (1885). Carta de Lorenzo Garcia a Porfirio Diaz, Hemosillo, 1 de Septiembre de 1885.Archivo Porfirio Diaz, legajo 10, caja 19, documento 009,024. (In Spanish). Gouy-Gilbert, Cécile (1983). Une résistance indienne. Les Yaquis du Sonora. (In French) Lyon, France:  Les Éditions Fédérop. Hernández, Fortunato.(1902). Las razas indígenas de Sonora y la guerra del yaqui. (In Spanish). Mexico: J. de Elizalde. Iglesia Católica. (1798). Registros parroquiales: Bautismos 1783-1828, (In Spanish) La Asunción; Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.In "FHL INTL Film


texts: 668931," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia; La Asunción fue titular de la catedral metropolitana de la diócesis de Hermosillo. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealógica de Utah, 1968. Iglesia Católica. (1815). Registros parroquiales: Bautismos 1783-1828, (In Spanish) La Asunción; Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. In "FHL INTL Film  668931," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia; La Asunción fue titular de la catedral metropolitana de la diócesis de Hermosillo. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealógica de Utah, 1968.Iglesia Católica. (1835). Libro de Bautistos 1835, Registro 1433, (In Spanish) Catedral De La Asunción Metropolitana; Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico [Note: The volume containing this record has not yet been microfilmed]. Iglesia Católica. (1842). Registros parroquiales: Bautismos 1837-1847, (In Spanish) La Asunción; Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 668933," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia; La Asunción fue titular de la catedral metropolitana de la diócesis de Hermosillo.Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealógica de Utah, 1968. Iglesia Católica. (1857). Registros parroquiales: Bautismos 1857-1860, (In Spanish) La Asunción; Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 671285," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia; La Asunción fue titular de la catedral metropolitana de la diócesis de Hermosillo. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealógica de Utah, 1968.


texts: Iglesia Católica.(1861). Registros parroquiales: Bautismos 1853-1866, (In Spanish) Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 280864," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealógica de Utah, 1958. Iglesia Católica. (1863). Registros parroquiales: Bautismos 1860-1865, (In Spanish) La Asunción; Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.In " FHL INTL Film 671286," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia; La Asunción fue titular de la catedral metropolitana de la diócesis de Hermosillo. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealógica de Utah, 1968. Iglesia Católica. (1866). Registros parroquiales: Bautismos 1865-1869, (In Spanish) La Asunción; Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 671288,"  Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia; La Asunción fue titular de la catedral metropolitana de la diócesis de Hermosillo. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealógica de Utah, 1968.Iglesia Católica. (1878). Registros parroquiales: Matrimonios 1877-1951 , (In Spanish)  San Fernando; Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 671288,"  Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealógica de Utah, 1968. Iglesia Católica. (1881).Registros parroquiales: Matrimonios 1869-1889, (In Spanish) San Francisco; Tala, Jalisco, Mexico. In " FHL INTL Film 233402," Microfilme de manuscritos en el archivo de la parroquia. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la


texts:
 Sociedad Genealógica de Utah, 1959. Iglesia Católica. (1889). Registros parroquiales, 1709-1957, Bautismos 1884-1893, (In Spanish) Iglesia Católica. Sagrario; Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico.In " FHL INTL Film 162671," Microfilme de manuscritos en el Archivo Historico de la Arquidiocesis de Chihuahua. Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmado por la Sociedad Genealógica de Utah, 1957. La Constitucion. (1885). Los sublevados. (In Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico.March 20, 1885, p. 4. La Constitucion. (1886). Mas del Yaqui. (In Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. May 21, 1886, p. 3
 Los Angeles Herald.(1887). Captive Cuca: Executed for His Crimes In Sonora, Mexico. Volume 27, Number 80, 24 June 1887. p. 1
 Molina, José. (1983). Historia de Hermosillo antiguo: En memoria del aniversario doscientos de haber recibido el título de Villa del Pitic. (In Spanish). México DF.: Fuentes Impresores S.A. Centeno 109. Moreno, Antonio. (1880). Enclosure 4, Circular No. 1014.: Reply to Ochoa's Report. In Executive Documents of the House of Representatives. Second Session of the Forty Sixth Congress, 1879-1880.Foreign Relations, Vol. 1, Part 1. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 831–833. Municipio de Cajeme. (2013).Conmemoran autoridades el 125 aniversario luctuoso de José María Leyva (In Spanish). April 25, 2013. Newark Daily Advocate. (1885). A troublesome Indian race. Newark, Ohio. June 10, 1885.See also:  A troublesome Indian race. The Mitchell Daily Republican. Mitchell, South Dakota. June 26, 1885. [Note: this was a widely syndicated


texts: article at the time. The two citations given are among the easiest to locate.] N.Y. Times.(1887). The Sonora Election. April 27, 1887. N.Y. Times. (1900). New York Bondholders Win: Mexican Court Grants Foreclosure Against Sonora Irrigation Co. December 22, 1900. N.Y. Times.(1901). Mexico Company in Trouble. June 25, 1901. Otero, Jose. (1885). Carta de Jose Otero a Porfirio Diaz, 10 de Septiembre de 1885. (In Spanish).Archivo Porfirio Diaz. legajo 10, caja 19, documenta 009,379. Phillips, Steven J., & Comus, Patricia Wentworth. (2000). A natural history of the Sonoran Desert. Tucson, Arizona: Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press. Records of the Compañia Constructora Richardson, S.A. (1904-1968).Arizona-Sonora Document Online. Scroggs, William O. (1916). Filibusters and Financiers; the story of William Walker and his Associates. New York,New York: The Macmillan company. Spicer, Edward Holland. (1988).People of Pascua. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. Troncoso, Francisco P. Francisco de Borja del Paso y Troncoso (1905). Las guerras con las Tribus Yaqui y Mayo del estado de Sonora, Mexico. (In Spanish). Mexico: Tipografia del departamento de estado mayor. Tucson Daily Citizen.(1887).May 25, 1887. Turner, John Kenneth. (1911). [https://archive.org/details/barbarousmexico00turn  Mexico: An Indictment of a Cruel and Corrupt System.] Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company. [Note: This is probably the best and most famous English language exposé of the Yaqui situation in Mexico during the early 20th century.] Vandervort,


texts:
 Bruce.(2006). Indian wars of Mexico, Canada and the United States, 1812-1900. New York: Routledge. Zoontjens, Linda, & Glenlivet, Yaomi. (2007). A brief history of the Yaqui and their land. 1887 deaths
Indigenous Mexicans
People from Hermosillo
Deaths by firearm in Mexico
Mexican murder victims
People murdered in Mexico
1835 births
People of the California Gold Rush
Second French intervention in Mexico
Yaqui Wars
Yaqui


texts:
<mask> (1794–1871) was a leading horse trainer in British Thoroughbred racing during the 19th century. Known as "The Wizard of the North," he was a brother to the successful jockey <mask>. Early life

<mask> and Bill were the sons of a former jockey who became a trainer. <mask> was born on 8 November 1794 at Chippenham, Cambridgeshire. Although <mask> also was a jockey while young and won his first race as a jockey at age 13, as he became older he gained too much weight to continue to ride and became a trainer instead. The brothers began their careers under their father, who managed an inn at Oxford - The Ship Inn. By 1814 were employed by James Croft of Middleham.In 1815 was involved in victory of Filho da Puta in the St. Leger Stakes. <mask> then trained for a Mr Houldsworth for 8 years before moving on to train for Edward Petre of Stapleton Park near Darrington. In 1825 <mask> bought Whitewall Stables in Malton, where he was able to stable 100 horses. This remained his home until his death. For many years <mask> moved his operation in the summer months from Whitewall to a small race course outside Doncaster called Pigburn. This was because his local training ground became too hard for the horses to gallop during dry spells. In 1851 he constructed a "tan gallop" on Langton Wold, local to his Malton stables, where he could exercise his horses in dry weather conditions without the need to move them each year to Pigburn.Career

<mask> won his first St. Leger in 1822 with Theodore while training for Petre. This was the first of 16 St

masks:
John Scott
Bill Scott
John Scott
John
John
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott


texts:
 Leger wins, 8 Oaks wins, and 5 Epsom Derby wins. 6 of his St Leger wins were with his brother Bill as jockey, but in 1844 the brothers parted company and Frank Butler became the main jockey for <mask>, going on to win 10 Classics for <mask>. During his career, <mask> trained for notable owners such as Edward Smith-Stanley the Earl of Derby, Evelyn Boscawen Viscount Falmouth, and <mask>. <mask> disparaged The Baron to the horse's owner George Watts by describing the stallion as "fat as a bull" as well as having been "made twice the savage he was by muzzles" but still asked to have the horse put in training with himself, promising Watts that he would win the St Leger. Watts agreed to send The Baron to Whitehall, and <mask> trained the horse to a win in the race. But <mask> maintained that The Baron "took more work than I ever gave a horse in my life, and required more management".During his training career, <mask> won 40 British Classic Races and in 1853 became the first trainer to win the English Triple Crown when the <mask> owned colt, West Australian, won the 2,000 Guineas, The Derby, and the St. Leger Stakes. His total of British Classic wins remained a trainer's record until it was equalled by Aidan O'Brien in the 2021 Epsom Oaks. In his old age, <mask> was noted for his long white hair. He was also known to entertain guests at home by carving meat with a knife whose handle was the shank bone of Rowton, who was the third horse he trained to a St. Leger win. Death

<mask> died on 4 October 1871 at Whitehall House after catching a

masks:
John Scott
Scott
John Scott
John Bowes
Scott
Scott
Scott
John Scott
John Bowes
Scott
John Scott


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 chill in August while observing morning workouts. He was buried on 9 October 1871 at Malton. He married twice.He had two children, a daughter with his first wife and a son with his second wife. A miniature watercolour portrait titled  "<mask> of Whitewall Malton" from the English School (19th century) is on display at the Bowes Museum. After his death, the Whitewall Stables remained empty until his wife died in 1891. Following her death the stables were purchased by jockey Thomas Bruckshaw and today they are operated by trainer Mark Campion. Travel distance

Before the advent of rail links and motorised transport, race horses were moved to and from events by being walked. The distance from <mask>'s Whitewall stables to the Doncaster Racecourse, where his horses won 16 St. Leger Stakes, is about 60 miles. The distance from his stables to Newmarket where the 2000 and 1000 Guineas are held is about 190 miles and from the stables to Epsom (Derby and Oaks) is 250 miles.Some idea of the logistics involved comes from a news item in the Yorkshire Gazette, 14 February 1835:
"On Tuesday last, the following horses, from Mr.<mask>’s stables, Whitewall Corner, near Malton, passed through this city [York], on their way to the south.Many persons mustered to see them, who appeared to be highly delighted with the opportunity of beholding such a numerous train of choice racers. Lord Chesterfield’s ch. g. Theodore, by Comus. 5 yrs old
 Lord Chesterfield’s b. g. Valiant, by Velocipede 4 yrs old
 Lord Chesterfield’s ch. f. Her Majesty, by

masks:
John Scott
Scott
John Scott


texts:
 Velocipede—Miss Garforth
 Lord Chesterfield’s br. c. Fergus, by Waverley, out of sister to Tarrare
 Lord Wilton’s b. f. Barbara Bell, by Catton, out of Barbara
 Mr Ridsdale's gr. c. Botanist, by Lottery, out of Flora, 4 yrs old
 Mr Ridsdale's br.c. Marcian, by Chateau Margaux, out of Marehesa
 Mr Ridsdale's b. c. Bamfylde, by Tramp or Comus, out of Y. Petuaria
 Mr Ridadale’s ch. c. Coriolanus, by Emilius. out of Linda
 Mr Ridsdale's gr. c. Luck's-All, by Tramp, out of Flora
 Mr Walker s br. h. Consol, by Lottery, aged
 Mr Walker's cb. c. Curtius, by Emilius, out of Quadrille
 Mr Bowes's ch. c. Mundig, brother to Trustee, by Catton
 Mr Richardson's b. f. Lady de Gros, by Young Phantom, 4 yrs old"
The article indicated that several of the horses were either Epsom Derby or Oaks contenders and Mr Bowes's, Mundig, went on to win the Derby that year.By 1839 the railway had reached York (less than 20 miles from the Whitewall stables) with a direct link to London. The Yorkshire Gazette in April 1844 reported that <mask> was moving his horses by rail, however, at this time there was no direct link to either Epsom or Newmarket - the line to Epsom opened in 1847 and the Newmarket line some years later. When <mask> took his horses to Epsom they were stabled at Leatherhead where there was a prepared gallop for their use. Notes

References

Further reading
 Longrigg, Roger (Foreword by Paul Mellon) The History of Horse Racing (1972) Macmillan, London
 Whitewall Stables at Mark Campion's website

1794 births
1871 deaths
British

masks:
John Scott
Scott


texts:
<mask> (; 3 August 1934 – 22 February 2002) was an Angolan revolutionary politician and rebel military leader who founded and led the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). UNITA waged a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonial rule from 1966 to 1974 then confronted the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola during the Angolan Civil War. Savimbi was killed in a clash with government troops in 2002. Early life

Savimbi was born in Munhango, Bié Province, a small town on the Benguela Railway, and raised in Chilesso, in the same province. Savimbi's father, Lote, was a stationmaster on Angola's Benguela railway line and a preacher of the Protestant Igreja Evangélica Congregacional de Angola (Evangelical Congregational Church of Angola), founded and maintained by American missionaries. Both his parents were members of the Bieno group of the Ovimbundu, the people who later served as Savimbi's major political base. In his early years, Savimbi was educated mainly in Protestant schools, but also attended Roman Catholic schools.At the age of 24, he received a scholarship to study in Portugal. There he finished his secondary studies, with the exception of the subject "political organization" that was compulsory during the regime established by António de Oliveira Salazar, so that he was unable to start studying medicine as originally intended. Instead he became associated with students from Angola and other Portuguese colonies who were preparing themselves for anti-colonial resistance and had contacts with the clandestine Portuguese Communist Party. He knew Agostinho Neto, who was at that time studying medicine and who later went on to


texts: become president of the MPLA and Angola's first state President. Under increasing pressure from the Portuguese secret police (PIDE), <mask> left Portugal for Switzerland with the assistance of Portuguese and French communists and other sympathizers, and eventually wound up in Lausanne. There he was able to obtain a new scholarship from American missionaries and studied social sciences. He then went on to the University at Fribourg for further studies.While there, probably in August 1960, he met Holden Roberto who was already a rising star in émigré circles. Roberto was a founding member of the UPA (União das Populações de Angola) and was already known for his efforts to promote Angolan independence at the United Nations. He tried to recruit <mask> who seems to have been undecided whether to commit himself to the cause of Angolan independence at this point in his life. In late September 1960, Savimbi was asked to give a speech in Kampala, Uganda on behalf of the  UDEAN (União Democrática dos Estudantes da Africa Negra), a student organization  affiliated with the MPLA. At this meeting he met Tom Mboya who took him to Kenya to see Jomo Kenyatta. They both urged him to join the UPA. He told French interviewers “J’ai été convaincu par Kenyatta” ('I was convinced by Kenyatta').He immediately wrote a letter to Roberto putting himself at his service, which was taken in person to New York by Mboya. Upon his return to Switzerland, Roberto telephoned him. They met in Léopoldville (Kinshasa) in December 1960, and left immediately for America. It was the first of many visits. There are considerable differences in the source material about the date of Savimbi's

masks: Savimbi Savimbi


texts: official induction into the UPA. Fred Bridgland, who wrote a much-cited biography of Savimbi, says that Savimbi was "inducted into the UPA” on February 1, 1961. Nonetheless, he may not have officially joined the UPA until late 1961.It certainly seems that Savimbi was not in the inner circle of UPA activists in early 1961. He took no part in planning the uprising of March 1961, nor did he participate in it. <mask> stayed in Léopoldville until the end of March 1961, then went to Switzerland to prepare for examinations. He may have failed since he abandoned medical studies in Fribourg, and in December 1961 enrolled at Lausanne University in Law and International Politics. By September 1961, Africans from the Portuguese colonies studying abroad formed the UGEAN (União Geral dos Estudantes da Africa Negra Sob Dominacão Colonial Portuguesa) at a meeting in Rabat, Morocco. Again, this organization was affiliated with the MPLA. Holden Roberto and the UPA wanted a student organization affiliated with their party.In December 1961, Roberto chaired a meeting at Camp Green Lane near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Savimbi attended this meeting and became one of a number of organizers who created the UNEA, (União Nacional dos Estudantes Angolanos) in March 1962 at Lucerne Switzerland. Savimbi was elected Secretary-General. Savimbi participated in UPA activities while continuing to study in Switzerland. He traveled widely on behalf of the organization; in Yugoslavia at the first Non-Aligned Movement Summit in September 1961 with Holden Roberto and  on to New York for the United Nations meeting later that fall. In a very short time, he was a member of the Executive Committee


texts:
 of the UPA. It was he who encouraged the PDA (Partido Democrático de Angola) to join in a united front with the UPA, creating the FNLA  (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola) and when these parties formed the GRAE (Govêrno Revolucionário de Angola no Exílio) on April 3, 1962, Savimbi became Foreign Minister of this organization.Military career
Savimbi sought a leadership position in the MPLA by joining the MPLA Youth in the early 1960s. He was rebuffed by the MPLA, and joined forces with the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) in 1964. The same year he conceived UNITA with Antonio da Costa Fernandes. Savimbi went to China for help and was promised arms and military training. Upon returning to Angola in 1966 he launched UNITA and began his career as an anti-Portuguese guerrilla fighter. He also fought the FNLA and MPLA, as the three resistance movements tried to position themselves to lead a post-colonial Angola. Portugal later released PIDE (Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado, a Portuguese security agency) archives revealing that Savimbi had signed a collaboration pact with Portuguese colonial authorities to fight the MPLA.Following Angola's independence in 1975, Savimbi gradually drew the attention of powerful Chinese and, ultimately, American policymakers and intellectuals. Trained in China during the 1960s, Savimbi was a highly successful guerrilla fighter schooled in classic Maoist approaches to warfare, including baiting his enemies with multiple military fronts, some of which attacked and some of which consciously retreated. Like the People's Liberation Army of Mao Zedong, Savimbi mobilized important, although ethnically confined


texts:
 segments of the rural peasantry – overwhelmingly Ovimbundu – as part of his military tactics. From a military strategy standpoint, he can be considered one of the most effective guerrilla leaders of the 20th century. Civil war
As the MPLA was supported by the Soviet bloc since 1974, and declared itself Marxist-Leninist in 1977, Savimbi renounced his earlier Maoist leanings and contacts with China, presenting himself on the international scene as a protagonist of anti-communism. The war between the MPLA and UNITA, whatever its internal reasons and dynamics, thus became part of the Cold War, with both Moscow and Washington viewing the conflict as important to the global balance of power. United States support

In 1985, with the backing of the Reagan administration and through the lobbying efforts of Paul Manafort and his firm Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly which was paid $600,000 each year from Savimbi beginning in 1985, Jack Abramoff and other U.S. conservatives organized the Democratic International in Savimbi's base in Jamba, in Cuando Cubango Province in southeastern Angola.Savimbi was strongly supported by the influential, conservative Heritage Foundation. Heritage foreign policy analyst Michael Johns and other conservatives visited regularly with Savimbi in his clandestine camps in Jamba and provided the rebel leader with ongoing political and military guidance in his war against the Angolan


texts:
 government.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fyzsTGPTkOIC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=%22Michael+Johns%22+Savimbi&source=bl&ots=KlSwhsbw-l&sig=O7689UUb32B2dHrlD48O5JfhPsI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjP7vOvzYrOAhXLGR4KHT8gD7U4ChDoAQgbMAA#v=onepage&q=%22Michael%20Johns%22%20Savimbi&f=false The Coors Connection: How Coors Family Philanthropy Undermines Democratic Pluralism,"]  by Russ Bellant, South End Press, 1988 and 1991, pp. 53–54.</ref>

Savimbi's U.S.-based supporters ultimately proved successful in convincing the Central Intelligence Agency to channel covert weapons and recruit guerrillas for Savimbi's war against Angola's Marxist government. During a visit to Washington, D.C. in 1986, Reagan invited Savimbi to meet with him at the White House. Following the meeting, Reagan spoke of UNITA winning "a victory that electrifies the world." Two years later, with the Angolan Civil War intensifying, Savimbi returned to Washington, where he praised the Heritage Foundation's work on UNITA's behalf. Military and political efforts

Complementing his military skills, Savimbi also impressed many with his intellectual qualities.He spoke seven languages fluently including Portuguese, French, and English. In visits to foreign diplomats and in speeches before American audiences, he often cited classical Western political and social philosophy, ultimately becoming one of the most vocal anti-communists of the Third World. Savimbi's biography describes him as "an incredible linguist. He spoke four European languages, including English although he had never lived in an English-speaking country. He was extremely well read. He was an extremely fine conversationalist and a very good


texts:
 listener." Savimbi also accused his political opponents of witchcraft.These contrasting images of Savimbi would play out throughout his life, with his enemies calling him a power-hungry warmonger, and his American and other allies calling him a critical figure in the West's bid to win the Cold War. As U.S. support began to flow liberally and leading U.S. conservatives championed his cause, Savimbi won major strategic advantages in the late 1980s, and again in the early 1990s, after having taken part unsuccessfully in the general elections of 1992. As a consequence, Moscow and Havana began to reevaluate their engagement in Angola, as Soviet and Cuban fatalities mounted and Savimbi's ground control increased. By 1989, UNITA held total control of several limited areas, but was able to develop significant guerrilla operations everywhere in Angola, with the exception of the coastal cities and Namibe Province. At the height of his military success, in 1989 and 1990, Savimbi was beginning to launch attacks on government and military targets in and around the country's capital, Luanda. Observers felt that the strategic balance in Angola had shifted and that Savimbi was positioning UNITA for a possible military victory. Signaling the concern that the Soviet Union was placing on Savimbi's advance in Angola, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev raised the Angolan war with Reagan during numerous U.S.-Soviet summits.In addition to meeting with Reagan, Savimbi also met with Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush, who promised Savimbi "all appropriate and effective assistance." 1990s
 In January 1990 and again in February 1990, Savimbi was wounded in armed conflict with


texts: Angolan government troops. The injuries did not prevent him from again returning to Washington, where he met with his American supporters and President Bush in an effort to further increase US military assistance to UNITA. Savimbi's supporters warned that continued Soviet support for the MPLA was threatening broader global collaboration between Gorbachev and the US. In February 1992, Antonio da Costa Fernandes and Nzau Puna defected from UNITA, declaring publicly that Savimbi was not interested in a political test, but on preparing another war. Under military pressure from UNITA, the Angolan government negotiated a cease-fire with Savimbi, and Savimbi ran for president in the national elections of 1992. Foreign monitors claimed the election to be fair.But because neither Savimbi (40%) nor Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos (49%) obtained the 50 percent necessary to prevail, a run-off election was scheduled. In late October 1992, Savimbi dispatched UNITA Vice President Jeremias Chitunda and UNITA senior advisor Elias Salupeto Pena to Luanda to negotiate the details of the run-off election. On 2 November 1992 in Luanda, Chitunda and Pena's convoy was attacked by government forces and they were both pulled from their car and shot dead. Their bodies were taken by government authorities and never seen again. The MPLA offensive against UNITA and the FNLA has come to be known as the Halloween Massacre where over 10,000 of their voters were massacred nationwide by MPLA forces.. Alleging governmental electoral fraud and questioning the government's commitment to peace, Savimbi withdrew from the run-off election and resumed fighting, mostly with foreign


texts:
 funds. UNITA again quickly advanced militarily, encircling the nation's capital of Luanda.In 1994, UNITA signed a new peace accord. Savimbi declined the vice-presidency that was offered to him and again renewed fighting in 1998. Savimbi also reportedly purged some of those within UNITA whom he may have seen as threats to his leadership or as questioning his strategic course. Savimbi's foreign secretary Tito Chingunji and his entire extended family of over 50 people were murdered in 1991 after Savimbi suspected that Chingunji had been in secret, unapproved negotiations with the Angolan government during Chingunji's various diplomatic assignments in Europe and the United States. Savimbi denied his involvement in the Chingunji killing and blamed it on UNITA dissidents. Fred Bridgland, in his book The War for Africa: Twelve Months that Transformed a Continent, reports that in an earlier episode, called Red September Savimbi oversaw the torture and killing of dozens of people including over 2 score of his own officers, their wifes and children in a bizarre witchcraft ritual. He also had Aurora Katalayo (widow of charismatic guerilla leader Mateus Katalaoy - who Savimba had killed a few years earlier) and her 4-year old son thrown into a burning fire for the crime of witchcraft Savimbi called "Swissification" (Auroro had studied medicine in Switzerland).Death
After surviving more than a dozen assassination attempts, and having been reported dead at least 15 times, Savimbi was killed on 22 February 2002, in a battle with Angolan government troops along riverbanks in the province of Moxico, his birthplace. In the firefight, Savimbi sustained 15 gunshot wounds to


texts:
 his head, throat, upper body and legs. While Savimbi returned fire, his wounds proved fatal; he died almost instantly. Savimbi’s somewhat mystical reputation for eluding the Angolan military and their Soviet and Cuban military advisors led many Angolans to question the validity of reports of his 2002 death. Not until pictures of his bloodied and bullet-riddled body appeared on Angolan state television, and the United States State Department subsequently confirmed it, did the reports of Savimbi’s death in combat gain credence in the country. Savimbi was interred in Luena Main Cemetery in Luena, Moxico Province. On 3 January 2008, Savimbi’s tomb was vandalised and four members of the youth wing of the MPLA were charged and arrested.His body was exhumed and reburied publicly in 2019. Legacy
Savimbi was succeeded by António Dembo, who assumed UNITA’s leadership on an interim basis in February 2002. But Dembo had sustained wounds in the same attack that killed Savimbi, and he died from them ten days later and was succeeded by Paulo Lukamba. Six weeks after Savimbi's death, a ceasefire between UNITA and the MPLA was signed, but Angola remains deeply divided politically between MPLA and UNITA supporters. Parliamentary elections in September 2008 resulted in an overwhelming majority for the MPLA, but their legitimacy was questioned by international observers. In the years since Savimbi's death, his legacy has been a source of debate. "The mistake that Savimbi made, the historical, big mistake he made, was to reject (the election) and go back to war," Alex Vines, head of the Africa program at London-based Chatham House research institute said in February


texts:
 2012.University of Oxford Africa expert Paula Roque says Savimbi was "a very charismatic man, a man who exuded power and leadership. We can't forget that for a large segment of the population, UNITA represented something." He was survived by "several wives and dozens of children," the latter numbering at least 25. In popular culture
Savimbi is a minor character in Call of Duty: Black Ops II, a video game that was released in 2012. Savimbi is voiced by Robert Wisdom. Three of Savimbi’s children took issue with Savimbi's representation in the game, claiming that he was portrayed as a "big halfwit who wanted to kill everybody". However Activision, the publishers of Black Ops II, argued that the game portrayed him as a "political leader and strategist".The lawsuit was rejected by a French court. See also
Kimberley Process Certification Scheme

Notes and references

References

Bibliography

 Heywood, Linda M. "Unita and Ethnic Nationalism in Angola." Journal of Modern African Studies 27.1 (1989): 47-66.

 .
 Neto, Pedro Figueiredo. "The Consolidation of the Angola—Zambia Border: Violence, Forced Displacement, Smugglers and Savimbi." Journal of Borderlands Studies 32.3 (2017): 305-324.

 .
 Tvedten, Inge. "US Policy towards Angola since 1975." Journal of Modern African Studies 30.1 (1992): 31-52.Windrich, Elaine. Cold War Guerrilla: <mask>, the U.S. Media & the Angolan War (1992) 183 pp. External links

Biographical Entry at BlackPast.org''
"White House Statement on the President's Meeting with <mask>", 30 June 1988. "Angola Rebels Demand Death Probe", BBC News, 28 February 2002. Speeches and essays
"The Coming Winds of Democracy in Angola", <mask>

masks:
Jonas Savimbi
Jonas Savimbi
Jonas Savimbi


texts:
 speech to The Heritage Foundation, 5 October 1989
Policy Review vol. 35, contains <mask>'s 1986 essay "The War Against Soviet Colonialism". Video

French interview of <mask>, 1978.
.

Angolan politicians
Angolan revolutionaries
Angolan warlords
1934 births
2002 deaths
20th century in Angola
Angolan anti-communists
Angolan Protestants
Angolan rebels
Assassinated Angolan politicians
Blood diamonds
Deaths by firearm in Angola
Guerrilla warfare theorists
Guerrillas killed in action
Members of UNITA
People from Bié Province
UNITA politicians
University of Lausanne alumni
20th-century Angolan people
21st-century Angolan people
Candidates for President of Angola
Angolan independence activists
Former

masks:
Savimbi
Jonas Savimbi


texts:
<mask> (13 November 1876  – 21 May 1943) was a Danish architect and educator. He was a central figure in the Bedre-Byggeskik movement and succeeded Carl Petersen as a professor at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts's School of Architecture in 1923. He was awarded the C. F. Hansen Medal in 1943. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Vallekilde, Odsherred, Denmark to <mask> (1839–1914) and Emilie S. F. Lavigne (1851–88). His father established a school for master builders at Vallekilde Folk High School. <mask> completed a carpenter's apprenticeship in 1896 and matriculated from Copenhagen Technical School in 1899. He attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1900 to 1902 but received most of his training as an architect, draughtsman, and pupil at Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint's practice.He later gained experience as a draughtsman and executing architect with the architects Carl Brummer and Ulrik Plesner. Bentsen was part of a circle of young architects and artists including Vilhelm Wanscher, Carl Petersen, Hans Koch, Povl Baumann, Thorkild Henningsen and Kaare Klint. He was a member of Den Fri Arkitektforening from its foundation in 1909, merged as Akademisk Arkitektforening in 2019. Career

Vallekilde and Holbæk

<mask> became the principal of his father's craft school in Vallekilde in 1908–1911. He then founded his own school in Holbæk, which he led from 1913 to 1920. He had designed a house for his own use at Bakkekammen 1 (1912–1913), where he also ran his private architectural practice. Bentsen later designed many other houses in the

masks:
Ivar Bentsen
Bentsen
Andreas Bentsen
Bentsen
Bentsen


texts:
 area, both on Bakkekammen and the adjacent street, Bakkekammen.He was responsible for designing a wide range of other buildings in Holbæk (Odsherred area), including dairies, schools, farm buildings, and private homes. His largest commission was the design of the new North West Zealand Electricity Plant in Svinninge. In 1915, <mask> was a co-founder of Landsforeningen Bedre Byggeskik. <mask> collaborated with Kai Nielsen on the redesign of Nlågårds Plads in Copenhagen. In 1919, he created a proposal for a new opera house and concert hall at the old site of Copenhagen Central Station. Back to Copenhagen

In 1920 <mask> returned to Copenhagen to work at the Royal Danish Art Academy's School of architecture, initially as Carl Petersen's assistant and then, from 1923, succeeding him as a professor. He still focused on residential architecture in his private practice, ranging from single-family detached homes over terraced housing developments (Bakkehusene) to apartment buildings (Kastelshaven).In 1932, he was commissioned to desig the Niels Steensen Memorial Hospital in Insulime Laboratory in Gentofte. Personal life and legacy
<mask> married Dagny Jensen on May 5, 1903, in Vallekilde, but this marriage was dissolved. He later married the sculptor Helle Margrethe Jensen Klint, P.V Jensen Klint's daughter, on August 8, 1921. <mask> was awarded the C. F. Hansen Medal in 1943 but died shortly thereafter. He was buried in Tibirke Cemetery at Tisvildeleje. The street <mask> <mask>'s Vej in Jolbæk is named after him. Hansen Medal
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

masks: Bentsen Bentsen Bentsen Bentsen Bentsen Ivar Bentsen


texts:
<mask> (born September 7, 1948) is an American politician who is a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee (1995–2003). From 1991–1993, he served as the United States Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee. On December 12, 2008, <mask> was sworn in as a U.S. Magistrate Judge for the Western District of Tennessee. He retired from this position on February 28, 2019. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Jackson, Tennessee. His mother was a registered nurse, while his father was an electrician. <mask> attended Tennessee Technological University for a year before transferring to the University of Mississippi, where he received both his B.A.in 1970 and J.D. in 1972. As a student, he was active in the Sigma Nu fraternity. <mask> was also selected to the national leadership organization of Omicron Delta Kappa. He received a commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in the United States Army through the Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps. Initially serving in the Military Intelligence Corps, <mask> was later selected to serve in the Judge Advocate General's Corps. During his time in the U.S. Army, he was assigned to the Ballistic Missile Defense System Command in Huntsville, Alabama, the 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson in Colorado and taught constitutional law to cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point.<mask> served another year in the Tennessee Army National Guard. Upon returning to Jackson, Tennessee, he joined the law firm of Waldrop & Hall and was later elected President of the Madison County Bar Association. Entrance into politics
<mask> first became politically active in a high-profile way in 1988 when he served as an early organizer for the abortive presidential bid of conservative televangelist Pat Robertson. Earlier that year, Eighth District Congressman <mask> decided not to run for reelection. <mask> won the Republican nomination for the district, a largely Democratic area mostly in the northwestern part of the state. He lost in the general election to Union City attorney and state representative John S. Tanner. <mask>

masks:
Edward Glenn Bryant
Bryant
Ed Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Ed Jones
Bryant
Bryant


texts:
 resumed the practice of law, having been appointed as United States Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee by President George H. W. Bush in 1991.He later moved to Henderson, near Jackson, located in the neighboring Seventh Congressional District. U.S. House of Representatives
When Seventh District Congressman Don Sundquist did not run for re-election in 1994 (choosing instead to wage an ultimately successful campaign for governor), <mask> won the Republican primary for the district. The 7th is as heavily Republican as the neighboring 8th is heavily Democratic—in fact, it is arguably the state's most Republican district outside of East Tennessee. Under the circumstances, <mask>'s victory in November was a foregone conclusion. In his three subsequent re-elections, <mask> never failed to receive under 60% of the vote. His only serious opposition came in his first reelection bid, when Clarksville mayor Don Trotter faced him. <mask> defeated him by over 30 points.As of the 2016 elections, Trotter is the last reasonably well-financed Democrat to run in the 7th, and one of only three Democrats to make a serious bid for the seat since it fell into Republican hands in 1972 (when it was numbered as the 6th District; it has been the 7th since 1983). <mask> was unopposed in 1998, and was reelected by over 40 points in 2000. <mask> established a solidly conservative record and was a darling of both business-oriented groups such as the National Federation of Independent Business and social conservative groups such as the American Conservative Union, the National Rifle Association, and National Right-to-Life. He was best known as one of the "House managers" (prosecutors) in the impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton. <mask> was regarded by many as one of the less strident and pompous and more personable managers. This is supposedly why Monica Lewinsky chose <mask> to be the manager to interview her about the case. 2002 U.S. Senate election
In 2002 <mask> entered the Republican primary for the United States Senate after Republican Fred Thompson announced that he was changing his mind from an earlier

masks: Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant Bryant


texts:
 announcement and would not be seeking re-election.The circumstances resulted in his piecing together a hurried, underfinanced campaign. <mask> was opposed by former governor of Tennessee, U.S. Secretary of Education, and two-time presidential candidate Lamar Alexander for the Republican nomination. Alexander had both greater statewide name recognition and greater financial resources, even though he hadn't appeared on a ballot for a statewide office in Tennessee in 20 years. Despite this, <mask> held Alexander to 55% of the primary vote while garnering 44%. Additionally, <mask> made a good impression on many Republican activists in the state, especially with his willingness to make appearances on the Republican ticket's behalf during the fall campaign after his own defeat. 2006 U.S. Senate election

After <mask>'s defeat in 2002, he moved to Nashville briefly, but returned to West Tennessee. There he sought the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate seat then-held by Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, who did not seek re-election in 2006.<mask> faced two other major Republicans in the primary on August 3, 2006:
 Bob Corker – Former mayor of Chattanooga and 1994 Senate candidate. Van Hilleary – Former United States Representative and 2002 gubernatorial nominee. In an interview with John Gibson of Fox News, <mask> stated that he did not believe Harold Ford Jr. should be considered a serious candidate for the U.S. Senate because of Ford's young age (36). <mask> conceded the GOP primary election to Bob Corker on August 3, 2006. References

External links

 <mask> for Senate website (archive)

|-

1948 births
Living people
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American military lawyers
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
People from Henderson, Tennessee
People from Jackson, Tennessee
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Tennessee lawyers
Tennessee Republicans
United States Army officers
United States Attorneys for the Western District of Tennessee
United States magistrate judges
University of Mississippi

masks:
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Ed Bryant


texts:
was a professor at Kyoto University. His work encompasses research on a variety of Tibeto-Burman languages, he made great contributions in particular to the deciphering of the Tangut language. Biography
Born in Osaka, Nishida graduated from the Kyoto University Faculty of Letters in 1951. In 1958 he became assistant professor at Kyoto University. During his studies Ishihama Juntarō and Izui Hisanosuke had a formative impact on him. In 1958 he was awarded the Japan Academy Prize. In 1962 he received his PhD for his study of Tangut characters.In 1992 he retired as a professor. In 1994 he received the Asahi Award, and in 2005 the Kyoto Culture Prize for Lifetime Achievement. He died in Kyoto in September 2012. <mask>'s approach, dubbed "philological linguistics" by Shōgaito Masahiro, involved the linguistic study of textual works and the integration of fieldwork on contemporary languages with philological study. In the context of this overall approach, one of his major theoretical contributions was the notion of "sonus grammae", the


texts:
 phonology that is implied by a script system as analytically as differentiable from the phonology of a language that uses the particular script system at a certain time and place. Works

Books

1964. Shina-Chibetto shogo hikaku kenkyū ryakushi シナ・チベット諸語比較研究略史I (Brief history of the comparative study of Sino-Tibetan languages I).Ajia Afurika bunken chōsa hōkoku アジア・アフリカ文獻調査報告 (Asia-Africa studies bibliographical survey report) 53. Tokyo: Ajia Afurika Bunken Chōsa Iinkai アジア・アフリカ文獻調査委員會. 1964-66. Seikago no kenkyū: Seikago no saikōsei to Seika moji no kaidoku 西夏語の研究：西夏語の再構成と西夏文字の解読讀 (A study of the Hsi-hsia language: Reconstruction of the Hsi-hsia language and decipherment of the Hsi-hsia script). 2 vols. Tokyo: Zauhō kankōkai 座右寶刊行會 (Chinese translation, Xixiayu yanjiu: Xixiayu de gouni yu Xixia wenzi de jiedu 西夏語研究：西夏語的構疑興西夏文字的解讀. Trans.Lu Zhonghui魯忠慧; ed. Nie Hongyin聶鴻音. Xixia yanjiu 西夏研究 [Xixia studies] 7. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe中國社會科學出版社, 2008.) 1966. Ikiteiru shōkei moji: Mosozoku no bunka 生きている象形文字：モソ族の文化 (Living


texts: pictographic writing: Culture of the Moso people). Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha 中央公論社.(Enlarged and revised ed., Ikiteiru shōkei moji. Tokyo: Gogatsu Shobō 五月書房, 2001.) 1967. Seika moji: Sono kaidoku no purosesu 西夏文字：その解讀のプロセス (Hsi-hsia writing and the process of its decipherment). Tokyo: Kinokyniya Shoten 紀伊國屋書店. (Repr., Tokyo: Kinokuniya Shoten, 1995; England ed., Seika moji: kaidoku no purosesu. Tokyo: Tamagawa Daigaku Shuppanbu 玉川大學出版部, 1980; Chinese translation, Xixia wenzi jiedu 西夏文字解讀.Trans. Na Chuge 那楚格 and Chen Jianling 陳健鈴. Yinchuan 銀川: Ningxia Renmin Chubanshe 寧夏人民出版社, 1998). 1970. Seibankan Yakugo no kenkyū: Chibetto gengogaku josetsu 西番館譯語の研究：チベット言語學序説 (A study of the Tibetan-Chinese vocabulary Hsi-fan-kuan i-yu: An introduction to Tibetan linguistics). Ka-i Yakugo kenkyū sōsho 華夷譯語研究叢書1. Kyoto: 松香堂Shōkadō.1972. Mentenkan Yakugo no kenkyū: Biruma gengogaku josetsu 緬甸館譯語の研究：ビルマ言語學序説 (A study of the Burmese-Chinese vocabulary Mien-tien-kuan i-yu: An introduction to Burmese linguistics). Ka-i Yakugo kenkyū sōsho 2. Kyoto:  Shōkadō.


texts: 1973. Tosu Yakugo no kenkyū: Shin gengo Tosugo no kōzō to keitō 多續譯語の研究：新言語トス語の構造と系統 (A study of the Tosu-Chinese vocabulary Tos i-yu: The stricture and linage of Tosu, a new language.) Ka-i Yakugo kenkyū sōsho 6.Kyoto:  Shōkadō. 1975-77. Seikabun Kegonkyō 西夏文華嚴經 (The Hsi-hsia Avataṁska Sūtra). 3 vols. Kyoto: Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu 京都大學文學部. 1979. Roro Yakugo no kenkyū: Rorogo no kōzō to keitō 倮儸譯語の研究：ロロ語の構造と系統 (A study of the Lolo-Chinese vocabulary Lolo i-yu: The stricture and linage of Shui-liao Lolo.)Ka-i Yakugo kenkyū sōsho 6. Kyoto:  Shōkadō. 1980. The structure of the Hsi-hsia (Tangut) characters. Trans. James A. Matisoff. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Culture of Asia and Africa.1982. Ajia no mikaidoku moji: Sono kaidoku no hanashi アジアの未解讀文字：その解讀の話 (Yet undeciphered scripts in Asia: On their decipherment). Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten 大修館書店. (Enlarged and revised ed., Ajia kodai moji no kaidoku アジア古代文字の解讀. Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Shinsha 中央公論新社,　2002.) 1984. Kanji bunmeiken no shikō chizu: Higashi Ajia shokoku ha kanji


texts: wo ikani toriire hen’yō sasetaka 漢字文明圈の思考地圖：東アジア諸國は漢字をいかに採り入れ、變容させたか (Ways of thinking in civilizations using Chinese characters: How did the countries of East Asia adopt and transfigurate Chinese characters?).Kyoto: PHP Kenkyūjo PHP研究所. 1986. Ikyō no tami to Orudosu no kōbō 異境の民とオルドスの興亡 (Foreign peoples and the rise and fall of Ordos.) NHK Dai kōga NHK大黄河 (The great Huanghe) 2. Tokyo: Nippon Hōsō Shuppan Kyōkai 日本放送出版協會. (Co-written with NHK Shuzaihan NHK取材班.) 1989.Seika moji no hanashi: Shiruku Rōdo no nazo 西夏文字の話：シルクロードの謎 (On Xixia script: Mysteries of the Silk Road). Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten. 1990. Hakuba Yakugo no kenkyū: Hakubago no kōzō to keitō白馬譯語の研究：白馬語の構造と系統 (A study of the Baima-Chinese vocabulary Baima i-yu: The stricture and linage of Baima Language.) Ka-i Yakugo kenkyū sōsho 7. Kyoto:  Shōkadō Shoten. (Co-written with Sun Hongkai 孫宏開.)1995. Moji biiki: Moji no essensu wo meguru 3tsu no taiwa 文字贔屓：文字のエッセンスをめぐる3つの對話 (‘Script fan’: Three conversations on the essence of writing system). Tokyo: Sanseidō 三省堂 (Co-written with


texts: Kōno Rokurō 河野六郎.) 1997. Seika ōkoku no gengo to bunka 西夏大國の言語と文化 (The language and culture of the Kingdom of Xixia). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten 岩波書店. 1998.Seikago kenkyū Shinron 西夏語研究新論 (New approach to the study of the Xixia language). Ed. Nishida Sensei Koki Kinenkai 西田先生古希記念會 (Society for the commemoration of the 70th birthday of Prof. Nishida). Kyoto: Nishida Sensei Koki Kinenkai. 2000. Higashi Ajia shogengo no kenkyū I: Kyodai gengogun Shina-Chibetto gozoku no tembō 東アジア諸言語の研究I：巨大言語群シナ・チベット語族の展望 (Studies in East Asian languages 1: Prospects for the huge Sino-Tibetan language family). Kyoto: Kyōto Daigaku Gakujutsu Shuppankai 京都大學額術出版會.2005. Roshia Kagaku Akademī Tōyōgaku kenkyūjo Sankuto Peteruburuku shibu shozō Seikabun “Myōhō Rengekyō” shashinban (Kumārajīva yaku taishō) ロシア科學アカデミー東洋學研究所サンクトペテルブルク支部所蔵西夏文「妙法蓮華經」寫眞版 (鳩摩羅什譯對照) (Текcт Сутры Лотоса на тангутском (Си Ся) языке: из коллекции Санкт-Петербургского филиала Института востоковедения Российской академии наук / Xixia version of the Lotus Sutra: from the collection of the St.


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 Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Tokyo: Soka Gakkai 創價學会. 2007. Seikago kenkyū to Hokekyō 西夏語研究と法華經 (Xixia language studies and the Lotus Sutra). 4 pts. in one.Tokyo: Tōyō Tetsugaku Kenkūjo 東洋哲學研究所. (Orig. pub, in Tōyō Gakujutsu Kenkū 東洋學術研究 (The journal of Oriental studies) 44, no. 1 [2005]: 209–36; 44, no. 2 [2005]: 191–216; 45, no. 1 [2006]: 232–72; 45, no. 2 [2006]: 208–47.Repr., in Seikago kenkū shuinron, 2012). 2009. Seikabun “Myōhō Rengekyō” yakuchū 西夏文『妙法蓮華經』譯注 (Annotated translation of the Xixia version of the Lotus Sutra). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Tōyō Tetsugaku Kenkūjo. 2012.Seikago kenkū shuinron 西夏御研究新論 (New studies of the Xixia language). Ed. Nishida Tatsuo Hakushi Ronshū Kankō Iinkai 西田龍雄博士論集刊行委員会. Kyoto: Shōkadō. Edited Books
1981. Sekai no moji 世界の文字 (Written systems throughout the world). Kōza gen-go 講座言語 (Lectures on language) 5.Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten. 1986. Gengogaku wo manabu hito no tameni 言語學を學ぶ人のために (For those learning linguistics). Kyoto: Sekai Shisōsha 世界思想社.


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 1994. Current issues in Sino-Tibetan linguistics. Osaka: Organizing Committee of the 26th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics.(Co-edited with Kitamura Hajime 木村甫 and Nagano Yasuhiko 長野泰彦.) 1999. Каталог тангутских буддийских памятников: Института востоковедения Российской Академии Наук. Киото: Университет Киото. (Co-edited with E. I. Kychanov and Arakawa Shintarō.) 2001. Sekai moji jiten 世界文字辭典 (Scripts and writing systems of the world).Gengogaku daijiten bekkan 言語學大字辭典別巻 (The Sanseido encyclopaedia of linguistics: Additional volume). Tokyo: Sanseidō 三省堂. (Co-edited with Kōno Rokurō and Chino Eiichi 千野榮一.) Translations
1958. (Bernhard Karlgren). Chūgoku no gengo: Sono tokushitsu to rekishi nitsuite 中國の言語：その特質と歴史について (The Chinese language: An essay on its nature and history). Tokyo: Kōnan Shoin 江南書院.(Co-translated with Ōhara Nobukazu 大原信一, Tsujii Tetsuo 辻井哲雄, and Aiura Takeshi 相浦杲; Repr., Sekai gengogaku meicho senshū: Higashi Ajia gengohen 2, 世界言語學名著選集：東アジア言語編 2, vol, 3. Tokyo: Yumani Shobō ゆまに書房, 2000.)


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 1978. (Sebastian Shaumyan). Tekiyō bunpō nyūmon 適用文法入門 (Applicational grammar: As a semantic theory of natural language/Аппликативная грамматика как семантическая теория естественного языков). Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten. (Supervision, co-translated with Funayama Chūta 船山仲他.)1981. (Roy Andrew Miller). Nihongo to Arutai shogo: Nihongo no keitō wo saguru 日本語とアルタイ諸語：日本語の系統を探る (Japanese and the other Altaic languages). Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten. (Supervision, co-translated with Kondō <mask> 近藤達夫, Shōgaito Masahiro 庄垣內正弘, Hashimoto Masaru 橋本勝, and Higuchi Kōichi 樋口康一.) Articles
1953. Birmago on’in taikei no kōzōteki bunseki ビルマ語音韻體系の構造的分析 (A structural analysis of the phonemic system in the Burmese language).Tōhōgaku 東方學 (Eastern studies) 7: 105–21. 1954. Tonematica Historica: Tonēmu niyoru Taishogo hikaku gengogakuteki kenkyū Tonematica Historica：トネームによるタイ諸語比較言語學 (Tonematica HIstorica: A study of Tai comparative linguistics with reference of toneme). Gengo Kenkyū 言語研究 (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan) 25: 1-46. 1955-56. Myazedi hibun


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 niokeru chūko Birumago no kenkyū Myazedi碑文における中古ビルマ語の研究 (Studies in the ancient Burmese language through the Myazedi Inscriptions). 2 pts.Kodaigaku 古代學 (Palaeologia) 4, no. 1 (1955): 17–32; 5, no. 1 (1975): 22–40. 1955. Makku-Suigo to Kyōtsū Taigo マック・スイ語と共通タイ語 (Mak-Sui languages and common Tai). Gengo Kenkyū 28: 30–62. 1957.Seikago on saikōsei no hōhō 西夏語音再構成 (The method of reconstruction of the His-hsia language). Gengo Kenkyū 31: 67–71. 1957. Chibettogo Birumago goi hikaku niokeru mondai チベット語・ビルマ語語彙比較における問題 (Tibetan and Burmese: Some problems concerning the comparison of their vocabularies). Tōhōgaku 15: 48–64. 1957-58. Tenri Toshokan shozō Seikago monjo nitsuite 天理圖書館所蔵西夏語文書について (On Xixia documents in the Tenri Central Library).2 pts. Bibu-ria: Tenri Toshokanpō ビブリア：天理圖書館報 (Biblia: Bulletin of Tenri Cen-tral Library) 9 (1957): 11–17; 11 (1958): 13-20/
1958. Pakupa daiji kokubun パクパ大字刻文 (Dhāraṇī inscription in ‘Phags-pa of Chü-yung-kuan). In Kyoyōkan 居庸關 (Chü-yung-kuan: The Buddhist arch of thefourteenth century A.D. and the pass


texts: of the Great Wall northwest of Peking), vol. 1, ed. Murata Jirō 村田治郎, 148–60. Kyoto: Kyōto Daigaku Kōgakubu 京都大學工學部 (Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University).1958. Seika daiji kokubun 西夏大字刻文 (Dhāraṇī inscription in Hsi-hsia of Chü-yung-kuan). In Kyoyōkan, vol. 1: 170–86. Kyoto: Kyōto Daigaku Kōgakubu. 1958. Kanji daiji kokubun 漢字大字刻文 (Dhāraṇī inscription in Hsi-hsia of Chü-yung-kuan).In Kyoyōkan, vol. 1: 187–203. Kyoto: Kyōto Daigaku Kōgakubu. 1958. Pakupa shōji kokubun パクパ小字刻文 (Hymn inscription in ‘Phags-pa of Chü-yung-kuan). In Kyoyōkan, vol. 1: 243–69.Kyoto: Kyōto Daigaku Kōgakubu. 1958. Seika shōji kokubun西夏小字刻文 (Hymn inscription in Hsi-hsia of Chü-yung-kuan). In Kyoyōkan, vol. 1: 279–306. Kyoto: Kyōto Daigaku Kōgakubu. 1958.Chibettogo dōshi kōzō no kenkyū チベット語動詞構造の研究 (A study of the Tibetan verbal structire). Gengo Kenkyū 33: 21–50. 1958. Chibettogo to Birumago niokeru tonēmu no taiō ni tsuite チベット語とビルマ語におけるトネームの對應について (Tonemic correspondences between Tibetan and Burmese). Gengo Kenkyū 34: 90–95. 1958. Bernhard Karlgren no


texts: gyōseki to kangogaku Bernhard Kargrenの業績と漢語學 (Bernhard Karlgren's achievements and Chinese linguistics).In Chūgoku no gengo: sono tokushitsu to rekishi ni tsuite, 119-229 (Appendix). Tokyo: Kōnan Shoin. 1958. Seikago no sūshi nitsuite: Sono saikōsei to hikaku gengogakuteki kenkyū 西夏語の數詞について：その再構成と比較言語學的研究 (Numerals of the Xixia language: Their reconstructions and comparative studies). In Ishihama sendei koki kinen tōyōgaku ronsō 石濱先生古稀記念東洋學論叢 (Oriental studies in honour of Juntaro Ishihama, on occasion of his seventieth birthday), ed. Ishihama Sensei Koki Kinenkai 石濱先生古稀記念會 (The committee for the commemoration of Prof. Ishihama's seventieth birthday, Kansai University), 83-131. Osaka: Ishihama Sendei Koki Kinenkai.1958. Chibetto Birumagokei gengo to Taigokei gengo チベット・ビルマ語系言語とタイ語系言語 (Tibeto-Burman languages and Tai languages). In Kotoba no kagaku 1: Kotoba to ningen コトバの科學1：コトバと人間 (The science of language 1: Language and man), ed. Endō Yoshimoto 遠藤嘉基, 238–54. Tokyo: Nakayama Shoten 中山書店. 1960. Taigo to Kango タイ語と漢語 (Common Tai and


texts: archaic Chinese).Tōzai Gakujutsu Kenkyūjo Ronsō 東西學術研究所論叢 (Transactions of Institute of Oriental and Occidental Studies, Kansai University) 49: 1-15. 1960. Kachingo no kenkū: Bamo Hōgen no kijutsu narabini hikaku gengoga-kuteki kōsatsu カチン語の研究：バモ方言の記述ならびに比較言語學的考察 (A study of the Kachin language: A descriptive and comparative study of Bhamo dialect). Gengo Kenkyū 38: 1-32. 1960. The numerals of Hsi-hsia language: Their reconstructions and comparative studies. Memories of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 19: 123–67.1960. Chibettogo shinzō goi nitsuite チベット語新造語彙について (On neologisms in Tibetan vocabulary). Nihon Chibetto Gakkai Kaihō 日本西藏學會會報 (Report of the Japanese Association for Tibetan Studies) 6:5-6. 1960. Chibetto moji tensha to Chibettogo hyōki チベット文字轉舄とチベット語表記 (The transliteration and transcription of Tibetan). Nihon Chibetto Gakkai Kaihō 7: 1-4 (Co-written with Kitamura Hajime). 1961.Seikago to Seika moji 西夏語と西夏文字 (Study of Hsi-hsia: Its language and script). In Chūō Ajia Kodaigo bunken: Bessatsu 中央アジア古代語文獻：別冊 (Buddhist


texts: manuscripts and secular documents of the ancient languages in Central Asia: Supplement), Seiiki bunka kenkyū 西域文化研究 (Monumenta Serindica) 4, ed. Seiiki Bunka Kenkyūkai 西域文化研究會 (Research society of Central Asian culture), 389–462. Kyoto: Hōzōkan 法蔵館. 1961. 16 seiki niokeru Paiigo-Kango, Kango-Paiigo tangoshū no kenkyū 十六世紀におけるパイ・イ語―漢語，漢語―パイ・イ語單語集の研究 (A study of the 16th century Pai-i=Chinese and Chinese=Pai-i vocabularies). Tōyō Gakuhō 東洋學報 (Reports of the Oriental Society) 43, no.3: 1-48. 1961. Chūgoku shōsū minzoku gengo kōsaku nitsuite 中國少數民族言語工作について (A brief survey of current studies of minority languages in China). Chūgoku Gogaku 中國語學 (Bulletin of the Chinese Language Society of Japan) 108: 13–17. 1962. Tenri Toshokanzv Seikabun “Muryō Jusō Yōkyō” nitsuite 天理圖書館藏西夏文『無量壽宗要經』について (The Hsi-hsia version of Wu-liang-shou-tsung yao-ching in the Tenri Central Library). IN Tominaga sensei kakō kinen kohan shoshi ronsō 富永先生華甲記念古版書誌論叢 (Miscellanea typographica et bibliographica), ed.Tenri Toshokan 天理圖書館, 457–66. Tenri 天理: Tenri Daigaku


texts: Shuppanbu 天理大學出版部. 1962. Ko Nevsky-shi no Seikago kenkyū nitsuite 故Nevsky氏の西夏語研究についてH. A. Невский, Тангутская филология: Исследования и словарь, Издательство восточной литературы, кн 1, 601 стр., кн 2, 683 стр. Москва (On the Nicolas Nevsky's Tangut philology). Gengo Kenkyū 41: 55–65.1963. 16 seiki niokeru Seikōshō Chibettogo Tenzen hōgen nitsuite: Kango-Chi-bettogo tangoshū iwayuru heishubon “Seibankan Yakugo” no kenkyū 十六世紀における西康省チベット語天全方言について：漢語・チベット語單語集いわゆる丙種本『西番館譯語』の研究 (On the T’ien-ch’üan Tibetan dialect of Hsi-K’ang in the sixteenth century: A study of the Chinese-Tibetan vocabulary, Hsi-Fan-Kuan I-yu). Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu Kenkyū Kiyō 京都大學文學部研究紀要 (Memoirs of the Faculty of Letters, Kyoto University) 7:84-174. 1963. Yōroppa niokeru Tōnan Ajia shogengo no kenkyū nitsuite ヨーロッパにおける東南アジア諸言語の研究について (Studies of Southeast Asian languages in Europe). Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū 東南アジア研究 (The Southeast Asian studies) 1, no. 2:67-72.1964. Bitumango to Roro shogo: Sono seichō taikei no hikaku kenkyū ビルマ語とロロ諸語：その聲調體系の比較研究 (Burmese and Lolo


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 dialects [: A comparative study of their tonemic system].) Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū 1, no. 4:13-28. 1964. Chibetto gengogaku ni okeru 2, 3 no mondai チベット言語學における二・三の問題 (Some problems in Tibetan linguistics) Nihon Chibetto Gakkai Kaihō 11:6-5. 1964.R.B. Jōnzu Jr. cho “Karengo kenkyū: Kijutsu, hikaku, tekisuto” R.B.ジョーンズJr. 著『カレン語研究：記述・比較・テキスト』 (Robert Jones, R.B., Jr.; Karen linguistic studies). Tōyō Gakuhō 46, no. 4:1-13. (Review article)
1964. Seikamoji kenkyū sonogo 西夏文字研究その後 (Researches on Hsi-hsia script nowadays).Gengo Seikatsu 言語生活 (Linguistic life) 158:68-73. 1965. Minzoku to gengo 民族と言語 (Ethnic groups and languages). In Minzoku chiri 民族地理 (Ethnogeography), ed. Imanishi Kinji 今西錦司 et al., vol. 1:105-20. Tokyo: Asakura Shoten 朝倉書店.1965. Taikoku hokubu no gengo chōsa nitsuite タイ國北部の言語調査について (Some notes on a linguistic survey in northern Thailand). Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū 3, no. 3:117-29. 1966. Bisugo no kenkyū: Taikoku hokubu niokeru Bisuzoku no gengo no yobite-ki kenkyū ビス語の研究：タイ國北部におけるビス族の言語の予備的研究 (A Preliminary study on the Bisu language: A


texts: language of northern Thailand, recently discovered by us). Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū 4, no.1:65-87. 1966-67. Bisugo no keitō ビス語の系統 (A comparative study of the Bisu, Akha and Burmese languages). 2 pts. Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū 4, no. 3 (1966):440-66; 4, no. 5 (1967): 854–70.1966. Akago no onso taikei: Taikoku hokubu niokeru sanchimin Akazoku no gengo no kijutsuteki kenkyū アカ語の音素體系：タイ國北部における山地民アカ族の言語の記述的研究 (A preliminary report on the Akha language: A language of a hill tribe in the northern Thailand). Onsei Kagaku Kenkyū 音聲科學研究 (Studia phonologica) 4:1-36. 1967. Biruma niokeru Pazoku no gengo nitsuite: Nampō Paogo Paanhōgen oboegaki ビルマにおけるパオ族の言語について：南方パオ語パアン方言覺え書き (Notes on the Pao language in Burma: A preliminary study of Southern Pao Pa’an dialekct). Gengo Kenkyū 50: 15–33. 1967.Risugo no kenyū: Taikoku Tākuken niokeru Risuzoku no kotoba no yobi hōkoku リス語の研究：タイ國ターク縣におけるリス族の言葉の予備報告 (A preliminary study on the Lisu language in Tak Province). Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū 5, no. 2:276-307. 1968. Seikago yaku “Rongo” nitsuite 西夏語譯『論語』について (On the Hsi-hsia


texts:
 version of Lin-yii [Analects]). In Yoshikawa hakushi yaikyū kinen Chūgoku bungaku ronshū 吉川博士退休記念中國文學論集 (Studies in Chinese literature dedicated to Dr. Yoshikawa Kojiro on his sixty-fifth birthday), ed. Yoshikawa Kyōju Taikan Kinen Jigyōkai 吉川教授退官記念事業會, 95-106.Tokyo: Chi-kuma Shobō 筑摩書房. 1968. Risugo hikaku kenyū リス語比較研究 (A comparative study of Lisu language [Tak dialect]). 2pts. Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū 6, no. 1:2-35; 6, no. 2:261-89.1968. R. Shēfā cho “Shina-Chibetto gozoku kenyū josetsu, dai 1 bu, dai 2 bu” R.シェーファー著『シナ・チベット語族研究序説 第1部, 第2部』 (Shafer, R.; Introduction to Sino-Tibetan). Tōyō Gakuhō 51, no. 1:1-29. (Review article)
1968. Seika moji nokaidoku 西夏文字の解讀 (Decipherment of the Hsi-hsia script). Sūri Kagaku 數理科學 (Mathematical science) 6, no.11:61-66. 1968. Ajia no moji no hanashi アジアの文字の話 (The story of Asian scripts). Kotoba no uchū ことばの宇宙 (The linguistic cosmos) 11:7-81. 1968. Seikago no kenyū 西夏語の研究 (The study of the Hsi-hsia language). Gakujutsu Geppō 學術月報 (Japanese scientific monthly) 21, no.2:2-6. 1969. Seika no bukkyō nitsuite


texts:
 西夏の佛教について (Buddhism of the Hsi-hsia kingdom). Nanto Bukkyō 南都佛教 (Journal of the Nanto Society for Buddhist Studies) 22:1-19. 1969. Roro Birumago hikaku kenkyū niokeru mondai ロロ・ビルマ語比較研究における問題 (Some problems in proto Lolo-Burmese). Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū 6, no.4:868-99. 1969. Rahu shigo no kenyū: Taikoku Chenraiken niokeru Rahushizoku no gengo no yobi hōkoku ラフ・シ語の研究：タイ國チェンライ縣におけるラフ・シ族の言葉の予備報告 (A preliminary study on the Lahu Shi language in Chiang Rai Province). Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū 7, no. 1:2-39. 1969. A. G. Ōdorikūru hen “Savina no Bêgo jiten (Kainantō no gengo)” A.G.オードリクール編『SavinaのBê (倍) 語辭典 (海南島の言語) 』 (Haudricourt, A. G.: Le vocabulaire Bê de F. M. Savina).Tōyō Gakuhō 52, no. 1:1-14. (Review article)
1969. E. I. Kuchānofu nado cho “Bunkai: Tangūto go kanpon no hukusei” E. И. クチャーノフ等著『「文海」：タングート語刊本の複製』(Kychanov, E. I. i drugie: More Pis´men). Tōyō Gakuhō 52, no. 2:1-19.(Review article)
1969. Seika 西夏 (Hsi-hsia). In Seika rekishi shirīzu 12: Mongoru Teikoku 世界歴史シリーズ12：モンゴル帝國 (World history series 12: The Mongol Empire), 80–86. Tokyo: Sekai


texts: Bunkasha 世界文化社. 1970. Seika ōkoku no seikaku to sono bunka西夏王國の性格とその文化 (The character of the Hsi-hsia Kingdom and its culture). In Iwanami kōza sekai rekishi 9: Chūsei 3; Nairiku Ajia sekai no tenkai 1 岩波講座世界歴史9：中世3：内陸アジア世界の展開1 (Iwanami lectures on world history 9: The medieval world 3; The development of the Inner Asian World 1), ed.Ara Matsuo 荒松雄 et al., 63–86. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. 1972. Shin gengo Tosugo no seikaku to keitō 新言語トス語の性格と系統 (A study of the Tosu language: Its character and lineage). In Tōhō Gakkai sōritsu 25 shūnen kinen Tōhōgaku ronshū 東方學會創立25周年記念東方學論集 (“Eastern studies” twenty-fifth anniversary volume), ed. Tōhō Gakkai 東方學會, 854–41. Tokyo: Tōhō Gakkai.1973. A preliminary study of the Bisu language: A language of northern Thai-land, recently discovered by us. In Papers in South East Asian Linguistics, no. 3 (Pacific Linguistics, Series A-30), ed. D. W. Dellinger, 55–82. Canberra: Linguistic Circle of Canberra. 1973.Giji kanji nitsuite 擬似漢字について (On quasi-Chinese characters). Enajī エナジー (Energy) 10, no. 2:36-42. 1973.


texts: Moji dake ga nokotta gengo Tosugo nitsuite 文字だけが残った言語：トス語について (Tosu: A dead language). Asahi Ajia Rebyū 朝日アジア・レビュー (The Asahi Asia review) 16:154-55. 1975.Chūgoku Kōnan no hi-Kanminzoku to sono gengo 中國江南地域の非漢民族とその言語 (Non-Han Chinese peoples in trans-Yangijiang region and their languages). In Wa to Wajin no sekai 倭と倭人の世界 (The world of the kingdom of Wo and its subjects), ed. Kokubu Naoichi 國分直一, 139–167. Tokyo: Mainishi Shinbunsha 毎日新聞社. 1975. Kanji wo megutte 漢字をめぐって (On Chinese characters). Gekkan Gengo 月刊言語 (Linguistics monthly) 4, no.8:37-45. 1975. Seiiki no gengo no hensen to Chūgokugo 西域の言語の變遷と中國語  (Chinese and the development of the languages in Central Asia). Chūgoku no Gengo to Bunka 中國の言語と文化 (Language and culture in China) 4:1-9. 1975. On the development of tones in Tibetan. Acta Asiatica 29 (Special issue: Tibetan studies in Japan): 43–55.1975. Common Tai and archaic Chinese. Onsei Kagaku Kenkyū 9:1-12. 1976-77. NIhingo no keitō wo motomete: Nihongo to Chibetto Birumago 日本語の系統を求めて：日本語とチベット・ビルマ語 (Inquiry into lineage of the


texts: Japanese language: Japanese and Tibeto-Burman). 4 pts. Gekkan Gengo 5, no.6 (1976): 74–86; 5, no. 7 (1976): 64–76; 5, no. 8 (1976): 74–83; 6, no. 5 (1977): 84–92. 1976. Hsihsia, Tosu, and Lol-Burmese languages. Onsei Kagaku Kenkyū 10:1-15.1977. Kodai moji kaidoku no hanashi 古代文字解讀のはなし (The story of the decipherment of ancient scripts). Gekkan Gengo 6, no. 4:16-26. 1977. Zoku Nihongo no keitō wo motomete: Nihongo to Chibetto Birumago 續・日本語の系統を求めて：日本語とチベット・ビルマ語 (Continued inquiry into lineage of the Japanese language: Japanese and Tibeto-Burman). 3pts.Gekkan Gengo 6, no. 4:16-26. 1977. Some problems in the comparison of Tibetan, Burmese and Kachin languages. Onsei Kagaku Kenkyū 11:1-24. 1978. Nihongo no keitō 日本語の系統 (The lineage of the Japanese language).In Shinpen kokugoshi gaisetsu 新編國語史槪説 (general history of the Japanese language, new edition), ed. Kasuga Kazuo 春日和男, 61–69. Tokyo: Yūseidō 有精堂. 1978. Chibetto-Birumago to Nihongo チベット・ビルマ語と日本語 (Tibeto-Burman and Japanese). In Iwanami kōza Nihongo 12: Nihongo no keitō to rekishi


texts: 岩波講座日本語12：日本語の系統と歴史 (Iwanami lectures on Japanese 12: The linage and history), ed. Kazama kiyozō 風間喜代三 et al., 227–300.Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. 1978. Seika moji oboegaki 西夏文字覺書 (Notes on the Hsi-hsia script). Shiruku Rōdo シルク・ロード (Silk Road) 4, no. 2/3:48-50. 1978. Chibettogo Seikago kenkyū no genjō チベット・西夏語研究の現狀 (The present situation of Tibetan and Hsi-hsia linguistic studies).Gekkan Gengo 7, no. 7:65-66. 1979. Nihongo no keitō 日本語の系統 (The lineage of the Japanese language). In Zusetsu Nihon bunka no rekishi 圖說日本文化の歴史 (Illustrated history of Japanese culture), vol. 1, ed. Higuchi Takayasu 樋口隆康 et al., 231–42.Tokyo: Shōgakkan 小學館. 1979. Ropago no keitō 珞巴語の系統 (The lineage of the Lhopa language). Gekkan Gengo 8, no. 7:70-77. 1979. Seichō no hassei to gengo no henka 聲調の發生と言語の變化 (Tone genesis and language change).Gekkan Gengo 8, no. 11:26-35. 1979. Chibetto Biruma shogo to gengogaku チベット・ビルマ諸語と言語學 (The Tibeto-Burman languages in recent linguistic studies). Gengo Kenkyū 76:1-28. 1979. Lolo-Burmese studies I. Onsei Kagaku Kenkyū


texts: 12:1-24.1979. Ruibetsushi nado wo megutte 類別詞などをめぐって (On classifiers, etc.). In Nihon no gengogaku 4: Bunpō 日本の言語學4：文法 (Linguistics in Japan 4: Grammar), ed. Hattori Shirō 服部四郎, Kawamoto Shigeo 川本茂雄, and Shi-bata Takeshi 柴田武, 3–5. Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten. 1980. Chūgoku shōsū minzoku no gengo nitsuite 中國少數民族の言語について (On minority languages in southwestern China).Gekkan Gengo 9, no. 3:13-19. 1980. Chūgoku seinanbu no Roro moji 中國西南部のロロ文字 (The Lolo script in southwestern China). 3 pts. Gekkan Gengo 9, no. 4:64-70; no.5:90-96; 9, no. 7:82-88. 1980. Seikago butten nitsuite 西夏語佛典について (The Buddhist scripture in Hsi-hsia.) In Zoku Shirukurōdo to Bukkyō bunka 續・シルクロードと佛教文化 (The Silk Road and Buddhist culture, continued), vol. 2, ed. Higuchi Takayasu, 211–48.Tokyo: Tōkyō Tetsugaku Kenkyūjo. 1980. Chibetto Biurmago to Nihongo チベット語・ビルマ語と日本語 (Tibetan, Burmese, and Japanese languages). In Nihongo no keitō 日本語の系統 (The lineage of the Japanese language), ed. Ōno susumu 大野晉, 110–35. Tokyo: Shibundō 至文堂. 1980.Sui moji reki no kaidoku 水文字暦の解讀


texts: (Decipherment of the Sui calendar). Gekkan Gengo 9, no. 8:88-95. 1980. Seika moji: Soshiki to un’yō 西夏文字：組織と運用 (Xixia script: Its structure and use). 2 pts. Gekkan Gengo 9, no.9:76-82; 9, no. 10:94-101. 1980. Joshin moji: sono seiritsu to hatten女眞文字：その成立と發展 (Jurchen script: Its origins and development). 2 pts. Gekkan Gengo 9, no. 11:96-103; 9, no.12:97-103. 1981-83. Seikago inzu “Goon Setsuin” no kenkyū 西夏語韻圖『五音切韻』の研究 (A study of the Hsihsia rhyme tables ‘Wŭ yīn qiè yùn’). 3pts. Kyōto Daigaku Bunkabu Kenkyū Kiyō 20 (1981): 91-147; 21 (1982): 1–100; 22 (1983): 1–187. 1981. Kittan moji: Sono kaidoku no shintenkai 契丹文字：その解讀の新展開 (Kitai script: A new stage of its decipherment).3 pts. Gekkan Gengo 10, no. 1:112-19; 10, no. 2:106-12; 10, no. 3:109-16. 1981. Kanji kara umareta moji: Giji kanji 漢字から生れた文字：擬似漢字 (Characters created from Chinese ideographs: Quasi-Chinese characters).Gekkan Gengo 10, no. 7:61-72. 1981. Konmei no jiin nite 昆明の寺院にて (At a Buddhist temple in Kunming). Gekkan Gengo 10, no. 7:61-74. 1981.Ban Kan goji shōchūju 番漢合時掌中珠 (On


texts: the Xixia-Chinese vocabulary, Panhan Heishi Zhanzhongzhu, ‘The timely pearl in the palm’). In Inoue Yasushi rekishi shōsetsushū geppō 井上靖歴史小說集月報 (Inoue Yasushi historical novel series monthly report), col. 1:1-5. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. 1981. Shigo kaidoku 死語の解讀 (The decipherment of the dead language). In Watashi no Shiruku Rōdo わたしのシルクロード (My Silk Road), ed. Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai 日本放送協會, 92-101.Tokyo: Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai. 1982. Chibetto goi taikei no kōsatsu チベット語語彙體系の考察 (A study of the Tibetan lexical system). In Chibetto goshi no kenkyū: Ōgata jiten no hensan wo mezashite チベット語史の研究：大型辭典の編纂を目指して (Studies in the history of Tibet: Towards a compilation of an unabridged dictionary), Shōwa 55, 56 nendo Kagaku Kenkyūhi Hojokin ippan kenkyū (A) seika hōkokusho 昭和55・56年度科學研究費補助金一般研究 (A) 成果報告書 (Final report of Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research), 2-14. Kyoto: Kyoto Daigaku Bungakubu. 1982. Shigo kenkyū no hanashi 死語研究の話 (On research in dead languages).Gekkan Gengo 11, no. 6:26-27. 1983. Atarashii gengo to atarashii moji: Chūgoku Shisenshō no


texts:
 Arusugo to Aru-su shōkeimoji 新しい言語と新しい文字：中國四川州のアルス語とアルス象形文字 (A new language and new script: Ersu language and Ersu pictographical script in Sichuan Province, China). Gekkan Gengo 12, no. 2:88-97. 1983.Chibettogo no rekishi to hōgen kenkyū no mondai チベット語の歴史と方言研究の問題 (Problems in the history of the Tibetan language and the study of dialects). In Chibetto bunka no sōgōteki kenkyū チベット文化の總合的研究 (An integrated study of Tibetan culture), Shōwa 57 nendo tokutei kenkyū hōkokusho 昭和57年度特定研究報告書 (Final report of Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research), 3-20. Kyoto: Kyoto Daigaku Bungakubu. 1984. Moji no shurui to kinō 文字の種類と機能：文字學序說 (The kinds and function of writing: An introduction to grammatology). Gekkan Gengo 13, no. 4:90-99.1984. Shi Kinha, Haku Hin, Kō Shinka “Bunkai kenkyū” 史金波・白濱・黄振華『文海研究』 (Shih Chin-po, Pai Pin, and Huang Chên-hua, Wên-hai chien-chiu). Tōyō Gakuhō 65, no. 3/4:232-45. (Review Articule)
1984. Ōsutin Heiru cho “Chibetto Biruma shogo no kenkyū” オースティン・ヘイル著『チベット・ビルマ諸語の研究』 (Hale, A.: Research on Tibeto-Bur-man languages). Tōyō


texts:
 Gakuhō 65, no.3/4:1-11. (Review Articule)
1984. Seika no ryōbo wo tazunete 西夏の陵墓を訪ねて (A visit to the Xixian royal mausolea). Gekkan Gengo 13, no. 12:16-21. 1985. Seikago dōshiku kōzō no kōsatsu 西夏語動詞句構造の考察 (A study of the structure of verb phrases in the Xixia language).INChibetto Biruma shogo no gengo ruikeifakuteki kenkyū チベット・ビルマ諸語の言語類型學的研究 (Ty-pological studies in Tibeto-Burman languages), Shōwa 59 nendo Kagaku Kenkyūhi Hojokin sōgō kenkyū (A) kenkyū seika hōkokusho 昭和59年度科學研究費補助金總合研究 (A) 研究成果報告書 (Final report of Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research), 2-25. Kyoto: KyotoDaigaku Bungakubu. 1985. The Hsihsia, Lolo, and Moso languages. In Linguistics of the Sino-Tibetan area: The state of the art; Papers presented to Paul K. Benedict for his 71st birthday (Pacific Linguistics, Series C-87, Special Number), ed. Graham Thurgood, James A. Matisoff, and David Bradley, 230–41. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.1985. Saikin no Seikago kenkyū 最近の西夏語研究 (Recent research on the Xixia


texts: language). Hakuen 泊園24:38-49. 1986. Kittan, Seika, Joshin moji no shutsugen 契丹・西夏・女眞文字の出現 (Emergence of Kitai, Xixia, and Jurchen scripts). In Higashi Ajia sekai niokeru Nihon kodaishi kōza 8: Higashi Ajia no henbō to kokufū bunka 東アジア世界における日本古代史講座8：東アジアの變貌と國風文化 (Lecture on the history of ancient Japan within the East Asian world 8: The transfiguration of East Asia and indigenous Japanese culture), ed. Inoue Mitsusada 井上光貞, et al., 48–74.Tokyo: Gakuseisha 學生社. 1986. Seikago “Getsugetsu rakushi” no kenkyū 西夏語『月々樂時』の研究 (A study of the Hsihsia poem “Yuè yuè lè shī”) Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu Kenkyū Kiyō 25:1-116. 1986. Neika to Seika ōkoku 寧夏と西夏王国 (Ningxia and the Kingdom of Xi-xia). In NHK tokushū gaidobukku: Daikōga NHK特集ガイドブック：大黄河 (The great Huanghe), ed. NHK Jigyōbu, 34–35.Tokyo: Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai. 1986. Nishida Tatsuo no gengogaku gairon: Sōtairon to fuhenron 西田龍雄の言語學概論：相對論と普遍論 (Introduction to linguistics by <mask> Tatsuo: Relativism and universality). Gakken Gengo 16, 5:82-83. 1987. Higashi Ajia niokeru seichō gengo no hatten


texts: 東アジアにおける聲調言語の發展 (Development of tonal languages in East Asia). Gakken Gengo 16, no.7:54-69. 1987. Chibettogo no hensen to moji チベット語の變遷と文字 (History of the Tibetan language and its script). In Kitamura Hajime kyōju taikan kinen ronbunshū: Chibetto no gengo to bunka 北村甫教授退官記念論文集：チベットの言語と文化 (Language and culture in Tibet: Collected papers commemorating the retirement of Prof. Kitamura Hajime), ed. Nagano Yasuhiko and Tachikawa Musashi, 108–69. Tokyo: Tōjusha 冬樹社. 1987.Trunggo oyobi Nugo no ichi nitsuite 獨龍語および怒語の位置について (On the linguistic position of the Trung and Nu languages). In Tōhō Gakkai sōritsu 40 shūnen kinen Tōhō ronshū 東方學會創立40周年記念東方學論集 (“Eastern Studies” fortieth anniversary volume), ed. Tōhō Gakkai, 973–88. Tokyo: Tōhō Gakkai. 1987. Kanji no seisei hatten to “giji kanji” no shosō 漢字の生成発展と"擬似漢字"の諸相 (The development of Chinese characters and various aspects of quasi-Chinese characters). Shodō Kenkyū 書道研究 (Calligraphy studies) 1, no.9:31-41. 1987. A study of the structure of Hsihsia verb phrases. Memoirs of the Research


texts: Department of the Toyo Bunko 45:1-24. 1987. On the linguistic position of the Kham language in West Nepal: some provisional observations. Onsei Kagaku Kenkyū 21:1-9.1989. Ao Nagāgo アオ・ナガー語 (Ao Naga), and other 3 items (Akha, Achang, Kachin). In Gengogaku daijiten 言語學大辭典 (The Sanseido encyclopaedia of linguistics), vol. 1. Sekai gengohen 世界言語編 (Languages of the world), pt. 1, ed. Kamei Takashi, Kōno Rokurō, and Chino Eiichi, 133–37, 137–42, 183–91, 1176–88.Tokyo: Sanseidō. 1988-90. Seika ōkoku no bunka 西夏王國の文化 (The culture of the Kingdom of Xixia). 10 pts. Shuppan Daijesto 出版ダイジェスト (Publication digest). Tokyo: Nigensha 二玄社. 1989.Shina-Chibetto gozoku シナ・チベット語族 (Sino-Tibetan), and other 12 items (Hsi-hsia/Xixia, Sema Naga, Tanghul, Naga, Jino, Tibetan [Historical], Tibeto-Burman, Chang, Chin Languages, Tangla, mTsho-sna/Tsho-na Mon-pa, Tipura/Kokborok, Naxi/Nakhi). In Gengogaku daijiten, vol. 2, Sekai gengohen, pt. 2, ed. Kamei Takeshi, Kōno Rokurō, and Chino Eiichi, 166–87, 408–29, 457–64, 698–704, 733–40, 746–61, 791–822, 864–68,


texts: 995–1008, 1017–27, 1046–52, 1117–22, 1444–51. Tokyo: Sanseidō. 1989.On the mTsho-sna Mon-pa language in China. In Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics, to honor R. K.Sprigg (Pacific linguistics, Series C, no. 104), ed. David Bradley, Eugénie J. A. Henderson, and Martine Mazaudon, 223–36. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. 1989.Moji to michi 文字と道 (Writing and roadways). In Shūkan Asahi hyakka sekai no rekishi 35: Moji to michi, tsitaeau ‘kokoro’ 週刊朝日百科世界の歴史35：文字と道―傳えあう「こころ」 (Asahi world history encyclopedia monthly 35: Writing and roadways), 210–14. Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha 朝日新聞社. 1990. Seika moji no sekai: Moji no soshiki to un’yō 西夏文字の世界：文字の組織と運用 (The world of Xixia script: Its structure and use). Mizukuki 水莖 (Calligraphy) 8:26-34. 1990.Higashi Ajia niokeru gengo sesshoku to kongōgo no seiritsu 東アジアにおける言語接触と混合語の成立 (Linguistic contact and the formation of hybrid languages in East Asia). In Higashi Ajia niokeru bunka Kōryū to gengo sesshoku no kenkyū: Chūgoku


texts: Chibetto Indo wo chūshin ni 東アジアにおける文化交流と言語接触の研究：中國・チベット・インドを中心に (Studies in cultural exchange and linguistic contact in East Asia: The cases of China, Tibet, and India), To-kutei kenkyū hōkokusho 特定研究報告書, ed. Nishida Tatsuo, 1-19. Kyoto: Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu. 1990. Seika no koshakyō 西夏の古寫經 (Ancient Buddhist manuscripts in Xixia). Shodō Kenkyū 4, no.2:93-99. 1991. Shingengo ‘Hakubago’ wo kataru: Gendai Hakubago to yomigaeru 18 seiki Hakubago 新言語「白馬語」を語る：現代白馬語と甦る十八世紀白馬語 (On the newly discovered Baima language: Contemporary and revivied 18th century Baima). Gekkan Gengo 16, no. 1:28-32. 1991. Shōkei moji no sekai 象形文字の世界 (The world of pictographic writing).In Nenkan Nihon no Taipodirekushon ’90 年艦日本のタイポディレクション ’90 (Typodirection in Japan, 1990), ed. Tōkyō Taipodirekutāzu Kurabu 東京タイポディレクターズクラブ, 12–23. Tokyo: Kōdansha 講談社. 1992. Guanyu Qidan xiaozi yanjiu zhong de jibenxing wenti關于契丹小字研究中的基本性問題 (Fundamental issues in the study of Kitai small script). Minzu Yuwen 民族語文 (Minority languages of China) 1992, no. 2:10-13.1992. Mojigaku to


texts: Higashi Ajia no sekai 文字學と東アジアの世界 (Grammatology and the East Asian world). In Bunka toshiteno gakujutsu jōhō 文化としての學術情報 (Science information data as cultural expression), ed. Gakujutsu Jōhō Sentā 學術情報センター (National Center for Science Information Systems), 31–61. Tokyo: Mita Shuppankai 三田出版會. 1992. Hanigo ハニ語 (Hani), and Bodo nagāgo ボド・ナガー語 (Bodo-Naga languages).In Gengogaku daijiten, vol. 3, Sekai gengohen, pt. 3–1, ed. Kamei Takeshi, Kōno Rokurō and Chino Eiichi, 186-97 1097–99. Tokyo: Sanseidō. 1992. Mikirugo ミキル語 (Mikir), and other 4 items (Mishmi, Lisu, Lho-pa, Lolo).In Gengogaku daijiten, vol. 3, Sekai gengohen, pt. 3–2, ed. Kamei Takeshi, Kōno Rokurō and Chino Eiichi, 245-52 268–84, 751–60, 1055–67, 1099–1113. Tokyo: Sanseidō. 1992. Chibettogo jiten no hanashi チベット語辭典の話 (On Tibetan dictionaries).In Jisho wo kataru辭辞を語る (On dictionaries), ed. Iwanami Shinsho Henshūbu 岩波新書編集部, 166–75. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. 1993. Gotongo 五屯語 (Wutun), and other 13 items (Sangqhong, Si-Lo-Mo group, Languages of the Tribal Corridor Area in West