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 $80 per week — a considerable sum in those days — to play for a team in England, and a similar offer to play for the Providence Reds of the American Hockey League. Plante passed them up, because his parents wanted him to finish high school. He graduated with top honours in 1947.Upon graduation, he took a job as a clerk in a Shawinigan factory. A few weeks later, the Quebec Citadels offered Plante $85 per week to play for them; he accepted, marking the beginning of his professional career. His nickname was "Jake the Snake". Playing career

Minor leagues

<mask> joined the Quebec Citadelles in 1947. While playing for Quebec, Plante started to play the puck outside his crease, a technique he developed when he recognized that the team's defense was performing poorly. Fans found Plante's unconventional playing style to be exciting, but it angered his managers, who believed that a goaltender should stay in net and let his players recover the puck. Plante had come to the conclusion that as long as he was in control of the puck, the opponents could not shoot it at him – this is now standard practice for goaltenders.The same season, the Citadelles beat the Montreal Junior Canadiens in the league finals, with Plante being named most valuable player on his team. The Montreal Canadiens' general manager, Frank J. Selke, became interested in acquiring Plante as a member of the team. In 1948, Plante received an invitation to the Canadiens' training camp. On August 17, 1949, Selke offered Plante a contract. Plante played for Montreal's affiliate Royal Montreal Hockey Club, earning $4,500 for the season, and an extra $500 for practicing with the Canadiens. In 1949, he married Jacqueline Gagné; they had two sons, Michel and Richard. In January 1953, Plante was called up to play for the Canadiens.Bill Durnan, the goaltender who played for Montreal when Plante first began, had retired, and Gerry McNeil, their top goaltender, had


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 fractured his jaw. Plante played three games, but in that short time, he generated controversy. Coach Dick Irvin, Sr. did not wish his players to stand out by any addition to their regular uniforms. Plante always wore one of his tuques while playing hockey, and after an argument with Irvin, all of Plante's tuques had vanished from the Montreal locker room. Even without his good luck charm, Plante gave up only four goals in the three games he played, all of them wins. Later during the 1952–53 NHL season, Plante played in the playoffs against the Chicago Black Hawks. He won his first playoff game with a shutout.Montreal won that series and eventually the Stanley Cup, and <mask>'s name was engraved on the Cup for the first time. At the beginning of 1953, McNeil was still the starting goaltender for the Canadiens. Selke assigned Plante to the Buffalo Bisons of the American Hockey League so fans in the United States would get to know him. Plante was instantly successful; Fred Hunt, the general manager of the Bisons, told Kenny Reardon, Montreal's recruiting manager, "he's [Plante] the biggest attraction since the good old days of Terry Sawchuk." Montreal Canadiens
By the end of the 1953–54 season, Plante was well-entrenched within the NHL. In the spring of 1954, he underwent surgery to correct his left hand, which he had broken in his childhood. He could not move the hand well enough to catch high shots and compensated by using the rest of his body.The operation was successful. On February 12, 1954, <mask> was called up to the Canadiens and established himself as their starting goaltender – he did not return to the minor leagues for many years. <mask> was the Canadiens' number one goaltender at the beginning of the 1954–55 NHL season. On March 13, 1955, with only four games left in the season, an on-ice brawl resulted in the suspension of Montreal's leading scorer, Maurice Richard, for the rest of the season and the

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 playoffs. Four nights later, playing in Montreal in front of an angry crowd, Plante was witness to the riot that followed. The Canadiens subsequently lost to the Detroit Red Wings in the finals. For the 1955–56 season, Plante was the unchallenged starting goaltender of the Canadiens; Gerry McNeil had not played the previous season and was sent to the Montreal Royals.Charlie Hodge, Plante's backup the previous season, was sent to the Seattle Americans, a Canadiens' farm team. Later that season, Montreal won the Stanley Cup, the first of what would be five consecutive Stanley Cup championship seasons. The next season, Plante missed most of November because of chronic bronchitis, a consequence of the asthma that had affected him since childhood. During the 1957–58 NHL season, the Canadiens won their third straight Stanley Cup despite injuries to Plante and other members of the team. Plante's asthma was getting worse. He sustained a concussion with just a few weeks left in the season and missed three games of the playoffs. In the sixth game of the Stanley Cup finals, Plante's asthma was making him dizzy, and he was having difficulty concentrating; he collapsed at the end of the game after teammate Doug Harvey scored the series-winning goal.The Canadiens went on to win the Stanley Cup again at the close of the 1958–59 season. Goalie mask

During the 1959–60 season, Plante wore a goaltender mask for the first time in a regular season game. Although Plante had used his mask in practice since 1956 after missing 13 games because of a sinusitis operation, head coach Toe Blake was afraid it would impair his vision and would not permit him to wear it during regulation play. However, on November 1, 1959, Plante's nose was broken when he was hit by a shot fired by Andy Bathgate three minutes into a game against the New York Rangers, and he was taken to the dressing room for stitches. When he returned, he was wearing the crude


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 home-made goaltender mask that he had been using in practices. Blake was livid, but he had no other goaltender to call upon and Plante refused to return to the goal unless he wore the mask. Blake agreed on the condition that Plante discard the mask when the cut healed.The Canadiens won the game 3–1. During the following days <mask> refused to discard the mask, and as the Canadiens continued to win, Blake was less vocal about it. The unbeaten streak stretched to 18 games. Plante did not wear the mask, at Blake's request, against Detroit on March 8, 1960; the Canadiens lost 3–0, and the mask returned for good the next night. That year the Canadiens won their fifth straight Stanley Cup, which was <mask>'s last. Plante subsequently designed his own and other goaltenders' masks. He was not the first NHL goaltender known to wear a face mask.Montreal Maroons' Clint Benedict wore a crude leather version in 1930 to protect a broken nose, but Plante introduced the mask as everyday equipment, and it is now mandatory equipment for goaltenders. Trade to New York and first retirement

Hampered by terrible pain in his left knee during the 1960–61 NHL season, Plante was sent down to the minor league Montreal Royals. Torn cartilage was found in his knee, and the knee was surgically repaired during the summer of 1961. The next season Plante became the one of seven goaltenders to win the Hart Memorial Trophy – he also won the Vezina Trophy for the sixth time. The 1962–63 season was unsettling for Plante. His asthma had worsened, and he missed most of the early season. His relationship with his coach, Toe Blake, continued to deteriorate because of Plante's persistent health problems.Later, Plante was at the center of a major controversy when he claimed that net sizes in the NHL were not uniform, thus giving a statistical advantage to goaltenders playing for the Chicago Black Hawks, Boston Bruins, and New York Rangers. His claim was

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 later confirmed as the result of a manufacturing error. After the Canadiens were eliminated for the third straight year in the first playoff round during the spring of 1963, there was mounting pressure for change from their fans and media. Growing tension between Plante and Blake because of Plante's inconsistent work ethic and demeanor caused Blake to declare that for the 1963–64 season either he or Plante must go. On June 4, 1963, <mask> was traded to the New York Rangers, with Phil Goyette and Don Marshall in exchange for Gump Worsley, Dave Balon, Leon Rochefort, and Len Ronson. <mask> played for the Rangers for one full season and part of a second. He retired in 1965 while playing for the Rangers' AHL affiliate, the Baltimore Clippers.His wife was ill at the time, and he required surgery on his right knee. Upon retirement, Plante took a job with Molson as a sales representative but remained active in the NHL. In 1965, Scotty Bowman asked Plante to play for the Montreal Jr. Canadiens in a game against the Soviet National Team. Honoured to represent his country, Plante agreed, and after receiving permission from both the Rangers (who owned his rights) and Molson, he began practicing. The Canadiens won 2–1, and Plante was named first star of the game. Comeback to professional hockey
At the beginning of the 1967–68 NHL season, Plante received a call from his ex-teammate Bert Olmstead seeking some help coaching the expansion Oakland Seals. Plante coached mainly by example, and after the three-week training camp he returned home to Montreal.Plante also played an exhibition game with the Seals. Rumours swirled that Plante was planning a comeback. In June 1968, Plante was selected in an intraleague draft by the St. Louis Blues and signed for $35,000 for the 1968–69 season. In his first season with the Blues, Plante split the goaltending duties with Glenn Hall. He won the Vezina Trophy that season for the seventh time,


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 surpassing Bill Durnan's record. While playing for the Blues in the 1969–70 playoffs against the Boston Bruins, a shot fired by Fred Stanfield and redirected by Phil Esposito hit Plante in the forehead, knocking him out and breaking his fibreglass mask. The first thing Plante said after he regained consciousness at the hospital was that the mask saved his life.That game proved to be his last for the Blues, and he was traded in the summer of 1970 to the Toronto Maple Leafs. He led the NHL with the lowest goals against average (GAA) during his first season with the Maple Leafs. That season, he also tied a Leafs franchise record, winning 9 straight games. At season's end, he was named to the NHL's second All-Star team, his seventh such honour. He continued to play for the Leafs until he was traded to the Boston Bruins late in the 1972–73 season, recording a shutout against the Black Hawks in his debut for the Bruins. He played eight regular season and two playoff games for the Bruins to finish that season, his last in the NHL. Plante accepted a $1 million, 10-year contract to become coach and general manager of the Quebec Nordiques of the World Hockey Association in 1973.He was highly dissatisfied with his and the team's performance and resigned at the end of the 1973–74 season. Coming out of retirement once more, Plante played 31 games for the Edmonton Oilers of the WHA in the 1974–75 season. Plante retired during the Oilers' training camp in 1975–76 after receiving news that his youngest son had died. Hockey analysis and coaching
Plante had a well-earned reputation for his ability to analyse the game of hockey. He began shouting directions to his teammates during games in his first stint in the minor leagues (the goaltender usually has the best view of the game). He kept extensive notes on opposing players and teams throughout his career. He made his debut in the broadcasting booth during his first retirement in


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 the 1960s as a colour commentator for broadcasts of Quebec Junior League games alongside Danny Gallivan of Hockey Night in Canada fame.Radio Canada, the French language branch of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, brought Plante aboard as on-air analyst for its television broadcasts of the 1972 Summit Series between the national team of the Soviet Union and a Canadian team made up of professional players from the NHL. Plante was one of the few North American analysts who dissented from the widely held belief in the superiority of the Canadian team. Plante also wrote extensively on hockey. He wrote hockey columns starting early in his career and was published in La Voix de Shawinigan, Le Samedi, and Sport Magazine. He alienated local reporters by writing a column for the local paper during his time as coach of the Quebec Nordiques. His seminal work, Goaltending, was published in 1972 in English, with the French edition (entitled Devant le filet) published in 1973. In his book, Plante outlined a program of goaltender development that included off-ice exercises, choice of equipment, styles of play, and game-day preparation.He also advised on best coaching methods for both young and advanced goaltenders. His book remained popular with coaches and players and was reprinted in both French and English in 1997, 25 years after it was first published. Starting in 1967, Plante was one of the instructors at École moderne de hockey, a summer hockey school for young players. His reputation as a teacher spread, and he traveled to Sweden in 1972 at the invitation of the Swedish Hockey Federation, teaching the top goaltenders in the country and their coaches and trainers. During his first and second retirements, Plante also coached goaltenders and consulted for several NHL teams, including the Oakland Seals, Philadelphia Flyers, Montreal Canadiens and St. Louis Blues. Retirement and death
Plante finally retired from hockey in


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 1975, after the death of his youngest son. He moved to Switzerland with his second wife, Raymonde Udrisard, but remained active on the North American hockey scene as an analyst, adviser, and goaltender trainer.He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978. In the fall of 1985, Plante was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer. He died in a Geneva hospital in February 1986 and was buried in Sierre, Switzerland. When his coffin was carried from the church following the funeral mass, it passed under an arch of hockey sticks held high by a team of young hockey players from Quebec, visiting Switzerland for a tournament. Legacy

Plante was one of the first goaltenders to skate behind the net to stop the puck. He also was one of the first to raise his arm on an icing call to let his defencemen know what was happening. He perfected a stand-up, positional style, cutting down the angles; he became one of the first goaltenders to write a how-to book about the position.He was a pioneer of stickhandling the puck; before that time, goaltenders passively stood in the net and simply deflected pucks to defencemen or backchecking forwards. Plante was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978, and into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994. His no. 1 jersey was retired in 1995 by the Montreal Canadiens. The <mask>e Memorial Trophy was established in his honour as an award to the top goaltender in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The <mask>e Trophy was established in Switzerland after Plante's death; it is given out annually to the top Swiss goaltender. The main arena in Shawinigan, the town he grew up in, was renamed to Aréna Jacques Plante.Plante was selected by Sports Illustrated magazine to its 1991 all-time All-Star team, as the backup to goalie Vladislav Tretiak. His injury and subsequent donning of a mask was depicted in an installment of Canada's Heritage Minute series. Career statistics

Regular season and

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 playoffs

* Stanley Cup Champion. Coaching statistics

Awards and honours
NHL

†Shared with Glenn Hall. Other

See also
Goaltender mask
History of the National Hockey League (1942–1967)
History of the Montreal Canadiens
List of NHL goaltenders with 300 wins

Bibliography
O'Brien, Andy with Plante, <mask> (1973) The <mask>e Story. Toronto: McGraw Hill. .
Denault, Todd (2009) <mask>e: The Man Who Changed the Face of Hockey. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.<mask>, <mask> (1972). On goaltending: Fundamentals of hockey netminding by the master of the game. Toronto: Collier MacMillan Canada. . Published 1972 in French as Devant le filet. Toronto: Collier MacMillan Canada.  . Both editions reprinted 1997. Montreal: Multimedia Robert Davies.(English) and  (French). References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

History by the Minute—re-enactment of the game where Plante first wore a goaltender mask in regulation play
NHL Network Online video article on Plante, including footage from November 1, 1959
Mini biography of <mask>, History by the Minute
Plante's 1956 appearance on What's My Line? <mask>e on Find A Grave

1929 births
1986 deaths
Baltimore Clippers players
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
20th-century Canadian inventors
Deaths from cancer in Switzerland
Deaths from stomach cancer
Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Junior Canadiens players
Montreal Royals (EPHL) players
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
New York Rangers players
Philadelphia Flyers coaches
Quebec Nordiques coaches
Quebec Nordiques executives
Shawinigan-Falls Cataracts (QSHL) players
Sportspeople from Shawinigan
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs

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<mask> (born 1942 in Port-au-Prince, Haiti) is a Haitian film director. A man of diverse careers, <mask>l Diop Mambety award at the International Film Cannes Festival in 2002. He received the Paul Robeson African Diaspora best film award at FESPACO in Ouagadougou in 2007, 2009, and 2011. He also received numerous awards and accolades at festivals for his documentaries and fiction movies. He was president of the Haitian Filmmakers Association (AHC) from 2005 to 2009. Biography
Born Celesti Corbanese in Port-au-Prince, Haiti in 1942, <mask> is a film director and a university professor who also organizes debates and heads a cultural center.He was, from 2005 to 2009, the president of the Association of Haitian Movie Directors. <mask> completed both primary and secondary school at a all boys catholic school called "Petit Séminaire Collège Saint-Martial" in the capital city of Haiti. During his youth he would regularly attend films at a popular theater complex in downtown Port-au-Prince. Antonin left for Europe after he completed his "etudes classiques" or high school in order to earn a bachelors and in 1970 a doctorate degrees in economics from La Sapienza Facoltà, Università di Roma. A man of diverse careers, <mask> Diop Mambety award at the International Film Festival in Cannes in 2002. He has received the Paul Robeson best film award three consecutive times at the African Diaspora FESPACO in Ouagadougou in 2007, 2009, and 2011.He has also received many awards at various festivals for his documentaries and fiction movies.

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Arnold Antoninbri
Arnold Antonin
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Arnold Antoninbril


texts: <mask> has been a judge at several international film festivals including Havana, Namur and FESPACO. He was honored for his work and for his documentary Women of Courage at the Cannes Festival in 2002. In 1975 he directed the film Haiti, The way to Freedom (Ayiti, men chimin Libete) a documentary critical of the Jean-Claude Duvalier dictatorship which was shown around the world. The film was the first haitian feature length movie and it details the Haitian people's search for freedom from the native Taino's battle against the Spanish conquest to the oppressive Duvalier rule. Antonin spent several years in exile and returned to Haiti in 1986 after the fall of the dictatorship. He created the community center Petion Bolivar, a center that promotes culture and political debates.He organizes debates regularly under the name Thursday’s Public Forum (Forum Libre du Jeudi). When Baby Doc was overthrown in 1986, <mask> came back to Haiti. At first he focused on human rights issues, he created the Réseau National de Défense des Droits Humains (National Human Rights Defense Network, or RNDDH) with the support of UNESCO in December 1986. Also in 1986, <mask> constructed the Centre Pétion-Bolivar, a nonprofit educational foundation based in Pétionville, a suburb of Port-au-Prince. The non-profit cultural center subsidized, among other things, the production of documentaries and feature films by Haitians, about Haiti. Many of <mask>’s own films were supported by the Centre. The Centre Pétion Bolivar closed in March, 2020, after 34 years

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texts: due to financial constraints which were worsened by the coronavirus pandemic.After the creation of these organizations, which are still important even over 20 years later, Antonin became increasingly engaged in politics. As someone who is very engaged in Haiti's socio-political scene, Antonin many times shows the counties socio-political and economic problems through the men in his films. While the women are portrayed as the guiding lights away from violence and political corruption. <mask> even created his 2006 film "Le President a-t-il le Sida" to acknowledge the stigma Haitians held towards AIDS and to encourage them to get tested as well as to view the disease as treatable. Antonin has produced and directed more than forty documentaries and two films, Piwouli (Piwouli and the Zenglendo) and Does The President Have Aids (Le président a-t-il le Sida?) starring Jimmy Jean-Louis who plays The Haitian in the American television series Heroes. 1942: Born Celesti Corbanese in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.1970: Obtains a doctorate in economics and commerce at the University of Rome. 1974: Made his first film:  « Duvalier accusé », a black and white short film of 20 min. Shot in 16mm. 1975: Directs « Ayiti, men chimen libète », a film in which he tours the world as part of the mobilization against the Duvalier dictatorship. This 120-minute feature film is in black and white. It was shot in 16mm. 1980: His film «Un Tonton Macoute peut-il être un poète?» wins the award for best short film in Caracas, Venezuela.1983: Receives a master's


texts: degree in economic and international law from the Central University of Venezuela while also teaching there. 1986: Found and directed the Pétion Bolivar Center and becomes one of Haiti's most prominent human rights defenders and politicians. 1987: Starts the Libre du Jeudi forum, a pluralist space for meetings and debates. 1988: Starts working on a video, creating a documentary on his 20 years of working with the poor. 1992: Publicly withdraws from the political scene, presenting a self-critical explanation, surprising all of Haiti. 2001: After his film  «A nayif nan peyi kout baton» which in 1976 won the special jury prize at the French-speaking film festival, he made his first documentary on Haitian artists like Tiga:  « Haiti, rêve, possession, creation, folie». A 52-minute movie, this film was broadcast by RFO and in the video section of the Saint Barthélémy Caribbean Film Festival.2002: Honored at the Cannes Film Festival for his body of work and for his documentary «Courage de femmes», as part of the Djibril Diop Mambety Prize. 2009: At  the Fespaco awards in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, <mask> presented his documentary “Jacques Roumain: la Passion d'un Pays”. He received the Paul Robeson Award in the "Feature Film of the African Diaspora" section. 2011: At Fespaco 2011, Ouagadougou Pan-African Cinema and Television Festival, <mask> presents his documentary “The Loves of a Zombie or can a Zombie be President?“. This is one of his only films available in English, Spanish, French and creole. He received the Paul Robeson

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 Award in the "Feature Film of the African Diaspora" section. Awards
 1975 Festival of Havana Festival of Havana
 2002 Djibril Diop Mambety for Women of Courage at the Cannes Festival.2006 FESPACO Special Award Of the Committee of Struggle against aids of Burkina Faso Does the Président have AIDS? 2006 Festival Vues d'Afrique de Montreal Mention speciale du Jury Does the Président have AIDS? 2007 FESPACO Paul Robeson prize for Does the President Have Aids? 2009 FESPACO Paul Robeson prize for Jacques Roumain: The Passion for a Country
 2011 FESPACO Paul Robeson prize for The loves of a zombi or can a zombi be president? 2011 MPAH Haiti Movie Awards Lifetime Achievement Award * Motion Picture Association of Haiti
 2021 Haiti International Film Festival <mask> was honored as the Father of Haitian Cinema

Filmography
 1974: Duvalier accused, 20min., 16 mm. 1975: Duvalier condemned, 40 min. 16 mm.1975: Haiti, The Way to Freedom. (First long shotage Haïtian movie)
 1976: Naive Art and Repression in Haïti, 45 min. Color 16 mm. 1981: Can a Tonton Macoute be a poet ?, 35 min. Color 16 mm. 1984: The Right to Speak, (Radio Haïti, 1980) 15 min. Color 16 mm.1988: 20 Years of Work with the Poors, 45 min. Video. 1988: The Manioc and the Life of Maréchal, 40 min. Video. 1989: Drugs don’t Forgive! 15 min. Video.1989: Children’s Rights 15 min. Video. 1993: Port-au-Prince World War III has already happened. 15 min. Video. 1998: What is a Union? 20 min.Video. 1999: Citizen’s Rights 20 min. Video. 2000: A Woman’s Courage 17 min. Video. 2001:


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 Tiga: Haïti, Dream, Possession, Creation, Folly. 52min.Video. 2001: Beauty against Poverty at Jalousie. 13 min. Video. 2001: The Lantern Maker. 14 min. Video.2001: Old People’s Dignity. 15 min. Video. 2002: Piwouli and the Zenglendo. 90 min. Video. 2002: Cédor or the beauty of being modest.39 min. Video. 2003: Albert Mangonès, public space. 52 min. Video. 2003: André Pierre, the one who paints what’s good. 26 min.Video. 2003: Ti Machin, the woman mechanic. 13 min. VVideo. 2003: Youth, sexuality and Aids: three 2 min vignettes. Video. 2003: Youth Carnival against AIDS at Jacmel.15 min. Video. 2003: Remembering, Dahomeen Community of Vodoo. 13 min. Video. 2003: All Children are Children. 13 min.Video. 2004: I don’t want to give HIV/AIDS to my child. 13 min. Video. 2004: Economy of survival in Haiti. 26min. Video.2004: GNB against Attila, 120 min. color. Video. 2006: Le President a-t-il Le Sida? 123 min, color. Video. 2006: Children in Danger.10 min, color. Video. 2007: Préfete Duffaut, piety and urban imagination, 30 min., color, vidéo. 2007: Aubelin de Jolicoeur, Mister Haïti, 26 min., color, vidéo..
 2008: Jacques Roumain: The Passion for a Country 118 min, color
 2008: Five true stories, 30’,  color. Video. 2008: To build the future, 30’,  color. Video.2009: Loves of a zombi, fiction, 1 h. 30’,  color. Video. 2009: To know is to be able to, 20’,  color. Video. 2009: Can sculpture save the village of Noailles? 32 min, color. Video.2010: The January 12th Earthquake or Haïti: apocalypse now, 18 min, color. Video. 2010: The


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 blue planet of Lucner Lazard, 23 min, color. Video. 2010: Once upon a time Pericles 6 min, color. Video. 2011: Six femmes d’exception 88 min., color, Vidéo.Prizes, Festivals and other achievements

Participation in many congressional seminars and international conferences. In 1975 <mask> won an Arabic critics prize in Geneva for his film (Ayiti, men chimin Libete).”

In 1976 he won a prize at the Francophone FiFEF Festival in New Orleans for Naive Art and Repression in Haiti

In 1980, his movie “Un Tonton Macoute peut-il être un poète?” was praised as poetic. The movie got the prize for being the best short film in Caracas, Venezuela for that year. In 1982 <mask> received a special mention at the Merida Cine Festival for “Un Tonton Macoute peut-il être un poète?”. Also in 1982, <mask> wrote and published a book centered around the history of Haitian cinema. It is called Matériel pour une préhistoire du cinéma haïtien (Material for a prehistory of Haitian cinema). In 1983 he received a Master's degree in Economics and International Law from the Central University of Venezuela while also teaching there.In 1983 he received another special mention for his role as a jury at the International Festival of the New Latin American Cinema of Havana for “Haiti, the path of freedom.”

In 2001 after his film “Nayif Nan Peyi Kout Baton” obtained a special Jury prize at the Francophone Film Festival in 1976, he created his first documentary on Haitian artists with Tiga a famous Haitian painter. Mr. Antonin addressed the Haitian dream,

masks: Arnold Antonin Arnold


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 creation and madness. The film turned out to be 52 minutes. It was broadcast by RFO and in the video section of the Caribbean Film Festival of Saint Barthélémy. In 2007, his documentary made the previous year called “Le president a-t-il le sida”, was selected for the Caribbean Films Itinerant Festival. On January 20th, 2011 UNESCO organized a round table in Paris to celebrate Haiti. They then projected six of <mask>'s films in the presence of the director.He has been a member of several international juries for films in Havana, Caribbean Images, Namur, Ouagadougou Fespaco, Oaxaca México, Bogota, Sugar (Bolivia). References

External links

 Association Des Cineastes Haitiens
 Arnold Antonin Films

1942 births
Haitian film directors
Living people
People from


texts: Princess <mask> of the United Kingdom  (<mask>; 25 May 1846 – 9 June 1923), later Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, was the third daughter and fifth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. <mask> was educated by private tutors chosen by her father and his close friend and adviser, Baron Stockmar. Her childhood was spent with her parents, travelling between a variety of royal residences in Britain. The intimate atmosphere of the royal court came to an end on 14 December 1861, when her father died and her mother entered a period of intense mourning. Afterwards, in the early 1860s, <mask> began a flirtation with Prince Albert's German librarian, Carl Ruland. Although the nature of the relationship is largely unknown, <mask>'s romantic letters to Ruland survive. After the Queen found out in 1863, she dismissed Ruland, who returned to his native Germany.Three years later, on 5 July 1866, <mask> married the impoverished Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. The couple remained in Britain, in calling distance of the Queen, who liked to have her daughters nearby. <mask>, along with her youngest sister, Princess Beatrice, became the Queen's unofficial secretary. However, after Queen Victoria's death on 22 January 1901, <mask> saw relatively little of her surviving siblings, including King Edward VII. <mask> was the most active member of the royal family, carrying out an extensive programme of royal engagements. She was also an active patron of charities, and was one of the founding members of the British Red Cross. She was founding president of the Royal School of Needlework, and president of the Workhouse Infirmary Nursing Association

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 and the Royal British Nurses' Association.As president of the latter, she was a strong supporter of nurse registration against the advice of Florence Nightingale. In 1916 she became the first member of her family to celebrate her 50th wedding anniversary, but her husband died a year later. <mask> outlived him by six years, dying aged 77 in 1923. Early life

<mask> was born at Buckingham Palace, the official royal residence in London, on 25 May 1846, the day after her mother's 27th birthday. Albert reported to his brother, Ernest II, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, that <mask> "came into this world quite blue, but she is quite well now". He added that the Queen "suffered longer and more than the other times and she will have to remain very quiet to recover." Albert and Victoria chose the names <mask> Victoria.The German nickname for <mask> was Helenchen, later shortened to Lenchen, the name by which members of the royal family invariably referred to <mask>. As the daughter of the sovereign, <mask> was styled Her Royal Highness The Princess <mask> from birth. <mask> was baptised on 25 July 1846 at the private chapel at Buckingham Palace. Her godparents were the Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (the husband of Queen's cousin); the Duchess of Orléans (for whom the Queen's mother the Duchess of Kent stood proxy); and the Duchess of Cambridge (the Queen's aunt). <mask> was a lively and outspoken child, and reacted against brotherly teasing by punching the bully on the nose. Her early talents included drawing. Lady Augusta Stanley, a lady-in-waiting to the Queen, commented favourably on the three-year-old <mask>'s artwork.Like her

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 sisters, she could play the piano to a high standard at an early age. Other interests included science and technology, shared by her father Prince Albert, and horseback riding and boating, two of her favourite childhood occupations. However, <mask> became a middle daughter following the birth of Princess Louise in 1848, and her abilities were overshadowed by her more artistic sisters. Death of Prince Albert
<mask>'s father, Prince Albert, died on 14 December 1861. The Queen was devastated, and ordered her household, along with her daughters, to move from Windsor to Osborne House, the Queen's Isle of Wight residence. <mask>'s grief was also profound, and she wrote to a friend a month later: "What we have lost nothing can ever replace, and our grief is most, most bitter ... I adored Papa, I loved him more than anything on earth, his word was a most sacred law, and he was my help and adviser ...These hours were the happiest of my life, and now it is all, all over." The Queen relied on her second eldest daughter Princess Alice as an unofficial secretary, but Alice needed an assistant of her own. Though <mask> was the next eldest, she was considered unreliable by Victoria because of her inability to go long without bursting into tears. Therefore, Louise was selected to assume the role in her place. Alice was married to Prince Louis of Hesse in 1862, after which <mask> assumed the role—described as the "crutch" of her mother's old age by one biographer—at her mother's side. In this role, she carried out minor secretarial tasks, such as writing the Queen's letters, helping her with political correspondence, and providing her with company.

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 Marriage

Controversy

Princess <mask> began an early flirtation with her father's former librarian, Carl Ruland, following his appointment to the Royal Household on the recommendation of Baron Stockmar in 1859.He was trusted enough to teach German to <mask>'s brother, the young Prince of Wales, and was described by the Queen as "useful and able". When the Queen discovered that <mask> had grown romantically attached to a royal servant, he was promptly dismissed back to his native Germany, and he never lost the Queen's hostility. Following Ruland's departure in 1863, the Queen looked for a husband for <mask>. However, as a middle child, the prospect of a powerful alliance with a European royal house was low. Her appearance was also a concern, as by the age of fifteen she was described by her biographer as chunky, dowdy and double-chinned. Furthermore, Victoria insisted that <mask>'s future husband had to be prepared to live near the Queen, thus keeping her daughter nearby. Her choice eventually fell on Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; however, the match was politically awkward, and caused a severe breach within the royal family.Schleswig and Holstein were two territories fought over between Prussia and Denmark during the First and Second Schleswig Wars. In the latter, Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark, but the duchies were claimed by Austria for Prince Christian's family. However, following the Austro-Prussian War, in which Prussia invaded and occupied the duchies, they became Prussian, but the title Duke of Schleswig-Holstein was still claimed by Prince Christian's family. The marriage, therefore, horrified King Christian IX of


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 Denmark's daughter, Alexandra, Princess of Wales, who exclaimed: "The Duchies belong to Papa." Alexandra found support in her husband, his brother Prince Alfred, and his second sister, Princess Alice, who openly accused her mother of sacrificing <mask>'s happiness for the Queen's convenience. Alice also argued that it would reduce the already low popularity of her sister, the Crown Princess of Prussia, at the court in Berlin. However, and unexpectedly, the Crown Princess, who had been a personal friend of Christian's family for many years, ardently supported the proposed alliance.Despite the political controversies and their age difference—he was fifteen years her senior—<mask> was happy with Christian and was determined to marry him. As a younger son of a non-reigning duke, the absence of any foreign commitments allowed him to remain permanently in Britain—the Queen's primary concern—and she declared the marriage would go ahead. <mask> and Christian were actually third cousins in descent from Frederick, Prince of Wales. Relations between <mask> and Alexandra remained strained, and Alexandra was unprepared to accept Christian (who was also a third cousin to Alexandra in descent from King Frederick V of Denmark) as either a cousin or brother-in-law. The Queen never forgave the Princess of Wales for accusations of possessiveness, and wrote of the Waleses shortly afterwards: "Bertie is most affectionate and kind but Alix [pet name for Alexandra] is by no means what she ought to be. It will be long, if ever, before she regains my confidence." Engagement and wedding

The engagement was declared on 5 December 1865, and despite the Prince of

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 Wales's initial refusal to attend, Princess Alice intervened, and the wedding was a happy occasion.The Queen allowed the ceremony to take place at Windsor Castle, albeit in the Private Chapel rather than the grander St George's Chapel on 5 July 1866. The Queen relieved her black mourning dress with a white mourning cap which draped over her back. The main participants filed into the chapel to the sound of Beethoven's Triumphal March, creating a spectacle only marred by the abrupt disappearance of Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, who had a sudden gout attack. Christian filed into the chapel with his two supporters, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar and Prince Frederic of Schleswig-Holstein, and <mask> was given away by her mother, who escorted her up the aisle with the Prince of Wales and eight bridesmaids. Christian looked older than he was, and one guest commented that <mask> looked as if she was marrying an aged uncle. Indeed, when he was first summoned to Britain, he assumed that the widowed Queen was inspecting him as a new husband for herself rather than as a candidate for one of her daughters. The couple spent the first night of their married life at Osborne House, before honeymooning in Paris, Interlaken and Genoa.Married life

<mask> and Christian were devoted to each other, and led a quiet life in comparison to <mask>'s sisters. Following their marriage, they took up residence at Cumberland Lodge in Windsor Great Park, the traditional residence of the Ranger of Windsor Great Park, the honorary position bestowed on Christian by the Queen. When staying in London, they lived at the Belgian Suite in Buckingham Palace. The couple had six


texts: children: Christian Victor in 1867, Albert in 1869, and <mask> and Marie Louise in 1870 and 1872, respectively. Their last two sons died early; Harald died eight days after his birth in 1876, and an unnamed son was stillborn in 1877. Princess Louise, <mask>'s sister, commissioned the French sculptor Jules Dalou to sculpt a memorial to <mask>'s dead infants. The Christians were granted a parliamentary annuity of £6,000 a year, which the Queen requested in person.In addition, a dowry of £30,000 was settled upon, and the Queen gave the couple £100,000, which yielded an income of about £4,000 a year. As well as that of Ranger of Windsor Park, Christian was given the honorary position of High Steward of Windsor, and was made a member of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851. However, he was often an absentee figurehead at the meetings, instead passing his time playing with his dog Corrie, feeding his numerous pigeons, and embarking on hunting excursions. <mask>, as promised, lived close to the Queen, and both she and Beatrice performed duties for her. Beatrice, whom Victoria had groomed for the main role at her side, carried out the more important duties, and <mask> took on the more minor matters that Beatrice did not have time to do. In later years, <mask> was assisted by her unmarried daughter, <mask>, to whom the Queen dictated her journal in the last months of her life. <mask>'s health was not robust, and she was addicted to the drugs opium and laudanum.However, the Queen did not believe that <mask> was really ill, accusing her of hypochondria encouraged by an indulgent husband. Queen Victoria wrote to her daughter the Crown

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Helena
Helena
Helena
Helena
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 Princess of Prussia, complaining that <mask> was inclined to "coddle herself (and Christian too) and to give way in everything that the great object of her doctors and nurse is to rouse her and make her think less of herself and of her confinement". Not all of her health scares were simply the result of hypochondria; in 1869, she had to cancel her trip to Balmoral Castle when she became ill at the railway station. In 1870, she was suffering from severe rheumatism and problems with her joints. In July 1871, she suffered from congestion in her lungs, an illness severe enough to appear in the Court Circular, which announced that her illness caused "much anxiety to members of the royal family". In 1873, she was forced to recuperate in France as a result of illness, and in the 1880s she travelled to Germany to see an oculist. Activities

Nursing

<mask> had a firm interest in nursing, and was the founding chair of the Ladies' Committee of the British Red Cross in 1870, playing an active role in recruiting nurses and organising relief supplies during the Franco-Prussian War.She subsequently became President of the British Nurses' Association (RBNA) upon its foundation in 1887. In 1891, it received the prefix "Royal", and received a royal charter the following year. She was a strong supporter of nurse registration, an issue that was opposed by both Florence Nightingale and leading public figures. In a speech <mask> made in 1893, she made clear that the RBNA was working towards "improving the education and status of those devoted and self-sacrificing women whose whole lives have been devoted to tending the sick, the suffering, and the dying". In

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texts: the same speech, she warned about opposition and misrepresentation they had encountered. Although the RBNA was in favour of registration as a means of enhancing and guaranteeing the professional status of trained nurses, its incorporation with the Privy Council allowed it to maintain a list rather than a formal register of nurses. Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, the new queen, Alexandra, insisted on replacing <mask> as President of the Army Nursing Service.This gave rise to a further breach between the royal ladies, with King Edward VII caught in the middle between his sister and his wife. Lady Roberts, a courtier, wrote to a friend: "matters were sometimes very difficult and not always pleasant." However, in accordance with rank, <mask> agreed to resign in Alexandra's favour, and she retained presidency of the Army Nursing Reserve. Though thought to be merely an artefact created by society ladies, <mask> exercised an efficient and autocratic regime—"if anyone ventures to disagree with Her Royal Highness she has simply said, 'It is my wish, that is sufficient.'" The RBNA gradually went into decline following the Nurses Registration Act 1919; after six failed attempts between 1904 and 1918, the British parliament passed the bill allowing formal nurse registration. What resulted was the Royal College of Nursing (RCN), and the RBNA lost membership and dominance. <mask> supported the proposed amalgamation of the RBNA with the new RCN, but that proved unsuccessful when the RBNA pulled out of the negotiations.However, she remained active in other nursing organisations, and was president of the Isle of Wight, Windsor and Great


texts:
 Western Railway branches of the Order of St. John. In this position, she personally signed and presented many thousands of certificates of proficiency in nursing. Needlework
<mask> was also active in the promotion of needlework, and became the first president of the newly established School of Art Needlework in 1872; in 1876, it acquired the "royal" prefix, becoming the Royal School of Needlework. In <mask>'s words, the objective of the school was: "first, to revive a beautiful art which had been well-nigh lost; and secondly, through its revival, to provide employment for gentlewomen who were without means of a suitable livelihood." As with her other organisations, she was an active president, and worked to keep the school on an even level with other schools. She personally wrote to Royal Commissioners requesting money; for example, in 1895, she requested and acquired £30,000 for erecting a building for the school in South Kensington. Her royal status helped its promotion, and she held Thursday afternoon tea parties at the school for society ladies, who wanted to be seen in the presence of royal personages such as Princess <mask>.When the Christmas Bazaar was held, she acted as chief saleswoman, generating long queues of people anxious to be served personally by her. <mask> was anxious to help children and the unemployed, and began hosting free dinners for their benefit at the Windsor Guildhall. She presided over two of these dinners, in February and March 1886, and over 3,000 meals were served to children and unemployed men during the harsh winter that year. Through her charitable activities, she became popular with the people; a


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 contemporary author, C. W. Cooper, wrote that "the poor of Windsor worshipped her". Writing
Among <mask>'s other interests was writing, especially translation. In 1867, when the first biography of her father, the Prince Consort was written, the author, Sir Charles Grey, notes that the Prince's letters were translated (from German to English) by <mask> "with surprising fidelity". Other translations followed, and in 1887 she published a translation of The Memoirs of Wilhelmine, Margravine of Bayreuth.It was noted by the Saturday Review that <mask> wrote an English version that was thoroughly alive, with a sound dictionary translation and a high accuracy in spirit. Her final translation was undertaken in 1882, on a German booklet called First Aid to the Injured, originally published by Christian's brother-in-law. It was republished several times until 1906. Bergsträsser affair
A copyright issue arose after the publication of letters written by <mask>'s sister, Princess Alice. In Germany, an edition of Alice's letters was published in 1883, by a Darmstadt clergyman called Carl Sell, who chose a selection of her letters made available to him by the Queen. When it was done, <mask> wrote to Sell and requested permission to publish an English translation of the German text. It was granted, but without the knowledge of the publisher Dr Bergsträsser.In December 1883 <mask> wrote to Sir Theodore Martin, a favoured royal biographer, informing him that Bergsträsser was claiming copyright of Alice's letters, and on that basis was demanding a delay in the publication of the English edition. Martin acted as an intermediary between <mask> and Bergsträsser,

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 who claimed to have received many offers from English publishers, and that the chosen one would expect a high honorarium. Bergsträsser was persuaded to drop his demand for a delay in publishing, and modify his copyright claims in return for a lump sum. However, the Queen and <mask> refused, claiming that the copyright belonged to the Queen, and that only Sell's original preface was open to negotiation. The royal ladies considered Bergsträsser's claims "unjustified if not impertinent", and would not communicate with him directly. Eventually, Bergsträsser came to Britain in January 1884, willing to accept £100 for the first 3,000 copies and a further £40 for each subsequent thousand copies sold. Martin chose the publisher John Murray, who after further negotiations with Bergsträsser, printed the first copies in mid-1884.It sold out almost immediately; but for the second edition, Murray replaced Sell's biographical sketch of Princess Alice with the 53-page memoir written by <mask>. The problem of royalties to Sell was thus avoided, and that <mask> gave her name to the memoir to her sister attracted greater interest in the book. After Queen Victoria

Edwardian period
<mask>'s favourite son, Prince Christian Victor, died in 1900, followed by her mother Queen Victoria at Osborne House on 22 January 1901. The new King, Edward VII, did not have close ties with his surviving sisters, with the exception of Princess Louise. <mask>'s nephew, Prince Alexander of Battenberg (later Marquess of Carisbrooke) recorded that Queen Alexandra was jealous of the royal family, and would not invite her sisters-in-law to Sandringham. Moreover, Alexandra never fully


texts:
 reconciled herself to <mask> and Christian following their marriage controversy in the 1860s. <mask> saw relatively little of her surviving siblings, and continued her role as a support to the monarchy and a campaigner for the many charities she represented.She and Christian led a quiet life, but did carry out a few royal engagements. On one such occasion, the elderly couple represented the King at the silver wedding anniversary, in 1906, of Kaiser Wilhelm II (<mask>'s nephew) and his wife Augusta Victoria (Christian's niece). During the Edwardian period, <mask> visited the grave of her son, Prince Christian Victor, who died in 1900 following a bout with malaria while serving in the Second Boer War. She was met by South African Prime Minister Louis Botha, but Jan Smuts refused to meet her, partly because he was bitter that South Africa had lost the war and partly because his son had died in a British concentration camp. In 1902, Prince and <mask> moved to Schomberg House, 77–78 Pall Mall, London, half of which is now part of the Oxford and Cambridge Club. Later years
King Edward died in 1910, and the First World War began four years after his death. <mask> devoted her time to nursing, and her daughter, Princess Marie Louise, recorded in her memoirs that requests for news of loved ones reached <mask> and her sisters.It was decided that the letters should be forwarded to Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden, as Sweden was neutral during the war. It was during the war that <mask> and Christian celebrated their golden wedding anniversary in 1916, and despite the fact that Britain and Germany were at war, the Kaiser sent a congratulatory telegram

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 to his aunt and uncle through the Crown Princess of Sweden. King George V and Queen Mary were present when the telegram was received, and the King remarked to <mask>'s daughter, Marie Louise, that her former husband, Prince Aribert of Anhalt, did her a service when he turned her out. When Marie Louise said she would have run away to Britain if she was still married, the King said, "with a twinkle in his eye", that he would have had to intern her. In 1917, in response to the wave of anti-German feeling that surrounded the war, George V changed the family name from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor. He also disposed of his family's German titles and styles, so <mask> and her daughters simply became Princess Christian, Princess <mask> and  Princess Marie Louise with no territorial designation. <mask>'s surviving son, Albert, fought on the side of the Prussians, though he made it clear that he would not fight against his mother's country.In the same year, on 28 October, Prince Christian died at Schomberg House. <mask>'s last years were spent arguing with Commissioners, who tried to turn her out of Schomberg House and Cumberland Lodge because of the expense of running her households. They failed, as clear evidence of her right to live in those residences for life was shown. Death
Princess <mask> died at Schomberg House on 9 June 1923 at the age of 77. Her funeral, described as a "magnificently stage-managed scene" by her biographer Seweryn Chomet, was headed by King George. The regiment of her favourite son, Prince Christian Victor, lined the steps of St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Although originally interred in the Royal Vault at St

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 George's on 15 June 1923, her body was reburied at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore, a few miles from Windsor, after its consecration on 23 October 1928.Legacy
<mask> was devoted to nursing, and took the lead at the charitable organisations she represented. She was also an active campaigner, and wrote letters to newspapers and magazines promoting the interests of nurse registration. Her royal status helped to promote the publicity and society interest that surrounded organisations such as the Royal British Nurses' Association. The RBNA still survives today with Aubrey Rose as president. Emily Williamson founded the Gentlewomen's Employment Association in Manchester; one of the projects which came out of this group was the Princess Christian Training College for Nurses, in Fallowfield, Manchester. In appearance, <mask> was described by John Van der Kiste as plump and dowdy; and in temperament, as placid, and business-like, with an authoritarian spirit. On one occasion, during a National Dock Strike, the Archbishop of Canterbury composed a prayer hoping for its prompt end.<mask> arrived at the church, examined her service sheet, and in a voice described by her daughter as "the penetrating royal family whisper, which carried farther than any megaphone", remarked: "That prayer won't settle any strike." Her appearance and personality was criticised in the letters and journals of Queen Victoria, and biographers followed her example. However, <mask>'s daughter, Princess Marie Louise, described her as:

Music was one of her passions; in her youth she played the piano with Charles Hallé, Jenny Lind and Clara Butt were among her personal friends,


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 and she was amongst the first members of the Bach Choir of London, founded by Lind's husband (and <mask>'s former piano teacher) Otto Goldschmidt. Her determination to carry out a wide range of public duties won her widespread popularity. She twice represented her mother at Drawing Rooms, attendance at which was considered equivalent to being presented to the Queen herself. <mask> was closest to her brother, Prince Alfred, who considered her his favourite sister. Though described by contemporaries as fearfully devoted to the Queen, to the point that she did not have a mind of her own, she actively campaigned for women's rights, a field the Queen abhorred.Nevertheless, both she and Beatrice remained closest to the Queen, and <mask> remained close to her mother's side until the latter's death. Her name was the last to be written in the Queen's seventy-year-old journal. Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
 25 May 1846 – 5 July 1866: Her Royal Highness The Princess <mask>
 5 July 1866 – 17 July 1917: Her Royal Highness The Princess <mask>, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
 17 July 1917 – 9 June 1923: Her Royal Highness Princess Christian

Honours
British
 1 January 1878: Companion of the Crown of India
 29 April 1883: Member of the Royal Red Cross
 23 March 1896: Lady of Justice of St John
 10 February 1904: Royal Family Order of King Edward VII
 3 June 1911: Royal Family Order of King George V
 3 June 1918: Dame Grand Cross of the British Empire. Member 1st class of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
Foreign
  31 March 1863: Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel
  Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division
  1


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 June 1872: Cross of Merit for Women and Girls

Arms
In 1858, <mask> and the three younger of her sisters were granted use of the royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the shield of Saxony, and differenced by a label of three points argent. On <mask>'s arms, the outer points bore roses gules, and the centre bore a cross gules. In 1917, the inescutcheon was dropped by royal warrant from George V.

Issue
Prince and Princess Christian had six children, four of whom lived to adulthood. They had one grandchild, Valerie Marie zu Schleswig-Holstein, who died in 1953 as their final descendant.Ancestry

Notes

References
 Battiscombe, Georgina, Queen Alexandra (Constable & Company Ltd, London, 1969)
 Bennett, D., Queen Victoria's Children (Gollancz, London, 1980)
 Chomet, Seweryn, <mask>: A Princess Reclaimed (Begell House, New York, 1999)
 Dennison, <mask>, The Last Princess: The Devoted Life of Queen Victoria's Youngest Daughter (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007)
 Eilers, Marlene A., Queen Victoria's Descendants (Genealogical Publishing Company, 1987)
 Longford, Elizabeth, Victoria R. I. (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Second Edition 1987)
 Marie Louise (Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein), My Memories of Six Reigns (Second edition, Penguin, Middlesex, 1959)
 Packard, Jerrold M., Victoria's Daughters (St Martin's Griffin, New York, 1998)
 Van der Kiste, John, Queen Victoria's Children (Sutton Publishing, Gloucester, 2006)
 Princess <mask>: Queen Victoria's third daughter (CreateSpace, 2015)
 "<mask>, Princess [Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein] (1846–1923)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004;

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texts:
 online ed., Jan 2008, accessed 22 Feb 2008. .
 Wake, Jehanne, Princess Louise: Queen Victoria's Unconventional Daughter (Collins, London, 1988)
 Thomas Weiberg: ... wie immer Deine Dona. Verlobung und Hochzeit des letzten deutschen Kaiserpaares. Isensee-Verlag, Oldenburg 2007,

External links

1846 births
1923 deaths
19th-century British people
20th-century British people
19th-century British women
20th-century British women
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)
House of Augustenburg
British princesses
Companions of the Order of the Crown of India
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Royal Red Cross
Ladies of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel
Burials at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
People from Old Windsor
Women of the Victorian era
Daughters of British monarchs
Children of Queen


texts:
<mask>, 6th Baron <mask>,  (; 22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), simply known as <mask>, was an English poet and peer. One of the leading figures of the Romantic movement, <mask> is regarded as one of the greatest English poets. He remains widely read and influential. Among his best-known works are the lengthy narrative poems Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage; many of his shorter lyrics in Hebrew Melodies also became popular. He travelled extensively across Europe, especially in Italy, where he lived for seven years in the cities of Venice, Ravenna, and Pisa. During his stay in Italy he frequently visited his friend and fellow poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Later in life <mask> joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire and died leading a campaign during that war, for which Greeks revere him as a folk hero.He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted after the First and Second Siege of Missolonghi. His only legitimate child, Ada Lovelace, is regarded as a founding figure in the field of computer programming based on her notes for Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine. <mask>'s extramarital children include Allegra <mask>, who died in childhood, and possibly Elizabeth Medora Leigh, daughter of his half-sister Augusta Leigh. Family and early life

George Gordon <mask> was born on 22 January 1788, on Holles Street in London – his birthplace is now supposedly occupied by a branch of the department store John Lewis. <mask> was the only child of Captain <mask> (known as 'Jack') and his second wife Catherine Gordon, heiress of the Gight estate

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Lord Byron
Byron
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John Byron


texts: in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. <mask>'s paternal grandparents were Vice-Admiral <mask> and Sophia Trevanion. Having survived a shipwreck as a teenage midshipman, Vice Admiral <mask> set a new speed record for circumnavigating the globe.After he became embroiled in a tempestuous voyage during the American Revolutionary War, John was nicknamed 'Foul-Weather Jack' <mask> by the press. <mask>'s father had previously been somewhat scandalously married to Amelia, Marchioness of Carmarthen, with whom he had been having an affair – the wedding took place just weeks after her divorce from her husband, and she was around eight months pregnant. The marriage was not a happy one, and their first two children – Sophia Georgina, and an unnamed boy – died in infancy. Amelia herself died in 1784 almost exactly a year after the birth of their third child, the poet's half-sister Augusta Mary. Though Amelia succumbed to a wasting illness, probably tuberculosis, the press reported that her heart had been broken out of remorse for leaving her husband. Much later, 19th-century sources blamed Jack's own "brutal and vicious" treatment of her. Jack then married Catherine Gordon of Gight on 13 May 1785, by all accounts only for her fortune.To claim his second wife's estate in Scotland, <mask>'s father took the additional surname "Gordon", becoming "<mask> Gordon", and occasionally styled himself "<mask> Gordon of Gight". <mask>'s mother had to sell her land and title to pay her new husband's debts, and in the space of two years, the large estate, worth some £23,500, had been squandered, leaving the

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texts: former heiress with an annual income in trust of only £150. In a move to avoid his creditors, Catherine accompanied her profligate husband to France in 1786, but returned to England at the end of 1787 to give birth to her son. The boy was born on 22 January in lodgings at Holles Street in London, and christened at St Marylebone Parish Church as "George Gordon <mask>". His father appears to have wished to call his son 'William', but as her husband remained absent, his mother named him after her own father George Gordon of Gight, who was a descendant of James I of Scotland, and died by suicide in 1779. Catherine moved back to Aberdeenshire in 1790, where <mask> spent his childhood. His father soon joined them in their lodgings in Queen Street, but the couple quickly separated.Catherine regularly experienced mood swings and bouts of melancholy, which could be partly explained by her husband's continuingly borrowing money from her. As a result, she fell even further into debt to support his demands. It was one of these importunate loans that allowed him to travel to Valenciennes, France, where he died of a "long & suffering illness" – probably tuberculosis – in 1791. When <mask>'s great-uncle, who was posthumously labelled the "wicked" Lord <mask>, died on 21 May 1798, the 10-year-old boy became the sixth Baron <mask> of Rochdale and inherited the ancestral home, Newstead Abbey, in Nottinghamshire. His mother proudly took him to England, but the Abbey was in an embarrassing state of disrepair and, rather than living there, she decided to lease it to Lord Grey de Ruthyn,

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 among others, during <mask>'s adolescence. Described as "a woman without judgment or self-command", Catherine either spoiled and indulged her son or vexed him with her capricious stubbornness. Her drinking disgusted him and he often mocked her for being short and corpulent, which made it difficult for her to catch him to discipline him.<mask> had been born with a deformed right foot; his mother once retaliated and, in a fit of temper, referred to him as "a lame brat". However, <mask>'s biographer, Doris Langley-Moore, in her 1974 book, Accounts Rendered, paints a more sympathetic view of Mrs <mask>, showing how she was a staunch supporter of her son and sacrificed her own precarious finances to keep him in luxury at Harrow and Cambridge. Langley-Moore questions 19th-century biographer John Galt's claim that she over-indulged in alcohol. Upon the death of <mask>'s mother-in-law Judith Noel, the Hon. Lady Milbanke, in 1822, her will required that he change his surname to "Noel" so as to inherit half of her estate. He obtained a Royal Warrant, allowing him to "take and use the surname of Noel only" and to "subscribe the said surname of Noel before all titles of honour". From that point he signed himself "<mask>" (the usual signature of a peer being merely the peerage, in this case simply "<mask>").It is speculated that this was so that his initials would read "N.B. ", mimicking those of his hero, Napoleon Bonaparte. Lady <mask> eventually succeeded to the Barony of Wentworth, becoming "Lady Wentworth". Education
<mask> received his early formal education at Aberdeen

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texts: Grammar School, and in August 1799 entered the school of Dr. William Glennie, in Dulwich. Placed under the care of a Dr. Bailey, he was encouraged to exercise in moderation but could not restrain himself from "violent" bouts in an attempt to overcompensate for his deformed foot. His mother interfered with his studies, often withdrawing him from school, with the result that he lacked discipline and his classical studies were neglected. In 1801, he was sent to Harrow, where he remained until July 1805.An undistinguished student and an unskilled cricketer, he did represent the school during the very first Eton v Harrow cricket match at Lord's in 1805. His lack of moderation was not restricted to physical exercise. <mask> fell in love with Mary Chaworth, whom he met while at school, and she was the reason he refused to return to Harrow in September 1803. His mother wrote, "He has no indisposition that I know of but love, desperate love, the worst of all maladies in my opinion. In short, the boy is distractedly in love with Miss Chaworth." In <mask>'s later memoirs, "Mary Chaworth is portrayed as the first object of his adult sexual feelings." <mask> finally returned in January 1804, to a more settled period which saw the formation of a circle of emotional involvements with other Harrow boys, which he recalled with great vividness: "My school friendships were with  (for I was always violent)".The most enduring of those was with John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare—four years <mask>'s junior—whom he was to meet unexpectedly many years later in Italy (1821). His nostalgic poems

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texts: about his Harrow friendships, Childish Recollections (1806), express a prescient "consciousness of sexual differences that may in the end make England untenable to him." Letters to <mask> in the John Murray archive contain evidence of a previously unremarked if short-lived romantic relationship with a younger boy at Harrow, John Thomas Claridge. The following autumn, he went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met and formed a close friendship with the younger John Edleston. About his "protégé" he wrote, "He has been my almost constant associate since October, 1805, when I entered Trinity College. His voice first attracted my attention, his countenance fixed it, and his manners attached me to him for ever." <mask> composed Thyrza, a series of elegies, in his memory.In later years, he described the affair as "a violent, though  love and passion". This statement, however, needs to be read in the context of hardening public attitudes toward homosexuality in England and the severe sanctions (including public hanging) against convicted or even suspected offenders. The liaison, on the other hand, may well have been "pure" out of respect for Edleston's innocence, in contrast to the (probably) more sexually overt relations experienced at Harrow School. The poem "The Cornelian" was written about the cornelian that <mask> received from Edleston. <mask> spent three years at Trinity College, engaging in sexual escapades, boxing, horse riding, and gambling. While at Cambridge, he also formed lifelong friendships with men such as John Cam Hobhouse, who initiated him into the


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 Cambridge Whig Club, which endorsed liberal politics, and Francis Hodgson, a Fellow at King's College, with whom he corresponded on literary and other matters until the end of his life. Career

Early career

While not at school or college, <mask> dwelt at his mother's residence Burgage Manor in Southwell, Nottinghamshire.While there, he cultivated friendships with Elizabeth Bridget Pigot and her brother John, with whom he staged two plays for the entertainment of the community. During this time, with the help of Elizabeth Pigot, who copied many of his rough drafts, he was encouraged to write his first volumes of poetry. Fugitive Pieces was printed by Ridge of Newark, which contained poems written when <mask> was only 17. However, it was promptly recalled and burned on the advice of his friend the Reverend J. T. Becher, on account of its more amorous verses, particularly the poem To Mary. Hours of Idleness, which collected many of the previous poems, along with more recent compositions, was the culminating book. The savage, anonymous criticism this received (now known to be the work of Henry Peter Brougham) in the Edinburgh Review prompted his first major satire, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). It was put into the hands of his relation R. C. Dallas, requesting him to "...get it published without his name."Alexander Dallas gave a large series of changes and alterations, as well as the reasoning for some of them. He also stated that <mask> had originally intended to prefix an argument to this poem, and Dallas quoted it. Although the work was published

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 anonymously, by April, R. C. Dallas wrote that "you are already pretty generally known to be the author". The work so upset some of his critics they challenged <mask> to a duel; over time, in subsequent editions, it became a mark of prestige to be the target of <mask>'s pen. After his return from travels he again entrusted R. C. Dallas as his literary agent to publish his poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, which <mask> thought of little account. The first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage were published in 1812 and were received with acclaim. In his own words, "I awoke one morning and found myself famous."He followed up his success with the poem's last two cantos, as well as four equally celebrated "Oriental Tales": The Giaour, The Bride of Abydos, The Corsair, and Lara. About the same time, he began his intimacy with his future biographer, Thomas Moore. First travels to the East

<mask> racked up numerous debts as a young man, owing to what his mother termed a "reckless disregard for money". She lived at Newstead during this time, in fear of her son's creditors. He had planned to spend early 1808 cruising with his cousin George Bettesworth, who was captain of the 32-gun frigate HMS Tartar. Bettesworth's death at the Battle of Alvøen in May 1808 made that impossible. From 1809 to 1811, <mask> went on the Grand Tour, then customary for a young nobleman.He travelled with Hobhouse for the first year and his entourage of servants included <mask>'s trustworthy valet, William Fletcher. Fletcher was often the butt of Hobhouse and <mask>’s humour. The Napoleonic Wars

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texts: forced him to avoid most of Europe, and he instead turned to the Mediterranean. The journey provided the opportunity to flee creditors, as well as a former love, Mary Chaworth (the subject of his poem from this time "To a Lady: On Being Asked My Reason for Quitting England in the Spring"). Letters to <mask> from his friend Charles Skinner Matthews reveal that a key motive was also the hope of homosexual experience. Attraction to the Levant was probably also a reason; he had read about the Ottoman and Persian lands as a child, was attracted to Islam (especially Sufi mysticism), and later wrote, "With these countries, and events connected with them, all my really poetical feelings begin and end." <mask> began his trip in Portugal from where he wrote a letter to his friend Mr Hodgson in which he describes his mastery of the Portuguese language, consisting mainly of swearing and insults.<mask> particularly enjoyed his stay in Sintra that is described in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage as "glorious Eden". From Lisbon he travelled overland to Seville, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, and Gibraltar, and from there by sea on to Sardinia, Malta, and Greece. While in Athens, <mask> met 14-year-old Nicolo Giraud, with whom he became quite close and who taught him Italian. It has been suggested that the two had an intimate relationship involving a sexual affair. <mask> sent Giraud to school at a monastery in Malta and bequeathed him the sizeable sum of £7,000. The will, however, was later cancelled. "I am tired of pl & opt Cs, the last thing I could be tired of", <mask> wrote to Hobhouse

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 from Athens (an abbreviation of "" – complete intercourse to one's heart's desire, from Petronius' Satyricon), which, as an earlier letter establishes, was their shared code for homosexual experience.In 1810 in Athens, <mask> wrote "Maid of Athens, ere we part" for a 12-year-old girl, Teresa Makri (1798–1875). <mask> and Hobhouse made their way to Smyrna, where they cadged a ride to Constantinople on HMS Salsette. While Salsette was anchored awaiting Ottoman permission to dock at the city, on 3 May 1810 <mask> and Lieutenant Ekenhead, of Salsettes Marines, swam the Hellespont. <mask> commemorated this feat in the second canto of Don Juan. He returned to England from Malta in July 1811 aboard . England 1811–1816

After the publication of the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812), <mask> became a celebrity. "He rapidly became the most brilliant star in the dazzling world of Regency London.He was sought after at every society venue, elected to several exclusive clubs, and frequented the most fashionable London drawing-rooms." During this period in England he produced many works, including The Giaour, The Bride of Abydos (1813), Parisina, and The Siege of Corinth (1815). On the initiative of the composer Isaac Nathan, he produced in 1814–1815 the Hebrew Melodies (including what became some of his best-known lyrics, such as "She Walks in Beauty" and "The Destruction of Sennacherib"). Involved at first in an affair with Lady Caroline Lamb (who called him "mad, bad and dangerous to know") and with other lovers and also pressed by debt, he began to seek a


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 suitable marriage, considering – amongst others – Annabella Millbanke. However, in 1813 he met for the first time in four years his half-sister, Augusta Leigh. Rumours of incest surrounded the pair; Augusta's daughter Medora (b. 1814) was suspected to have been <mask>'s.To escape from growing debts and rumours, <mask> pressed his determination to marry Annabella, who was said to be the likely heiress of a rich uncle. They married on 2 January 1815, and their daughter, Ada, was born in December of that year. However, <mask>'s continuing obsession with Augusta (and his continuing sexual escapades with actresses such as Charlotte Mardyn and others) made their marital life a misery. Annabella considered <mask> insane, and in January 1816 she left him, taking their daughter, and began proceedings for a legal separation. Their separation was made legal in a private settlement in March 1816. The scandal of the separation, the rumours about Augusta, and ever-increasing debts forced him to leave England in April 1816, never to return. Life abroad (1816–1824)

Switzerland and the Shelleys

After this break-up of his domestic life, and by pressure on the part of his creditors, which led to the sale of his library, <mask> left England, and never returned.(Despite his dying wishes, however, his body was returned for burial in England.) He journeyed through Belgium and continued up the Rhine river. In the summer of 1816 he settled at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva, Switzerland, with his personal physician, John William Polidori. There <mask> befriended the poet Percy Bysshe


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 Shelley and Shelley's future wife, Mary Godwin. He was also joined by Mary's stepsister, Claire Clairmont, with whom he had had an affair in London. Several times <mask> went to see Germaine de Staël and her Coppet group, which turned out to be a valid intellectual and emotional support to <mask> at the time. Kept indoors at the Villa Diodati by the "incessant rain" of "that wet, ungenial summer" over three days in June, the five turned to reading fantastical stories, including Fantasmagoriana, and then devising their own tales.Mary Shelley produced what would become Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, and Polidori produced The Vampyre, the progenitor of the Romantic vampire genre. The Vampyre was the inspiration for a fragmentary story of <mask>'s, "A Fragment". <mask>'s story fragment was published as a postscript to Mazeppa; he also wrote the third canto of Childe Harold. Italy

<mask> wintered in Venice, pausing his travels when he fell in love with Marianna Segati, in whose Venice house he was lodging, and who was soon replaced by 22-year-old Margarita Cogni; both women were married. Cogni could not read or write, and she left her husband to move into <mask>'s Venice house. Their fighting often caused <mask> to spend the night in his gondola; when he asked her to leave the house, she threw herself into the Venetian canal. In 1816, <mask> visited San Lazzaro degli Armeni in Venice, where he acquainted himself with Armenian culture with the help of the monks belonging to the Mechitarist Order.With the help of Father Pascal Aucher (Harutiun Avkerian), he learned

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texts: the Armenian language and attended many seminars about language and history. He co-authored Grammar English and Armenian in 1817, an English textbook written by Aucher and corrected by <mask>, and A Grammar Armenian and English in 1819, a project he initiated of a grammar of Classical Armenian for English speakers, where he included quotations from classical and modern Armenian. <mask> later helped to compile the English Armenian Dictionary (Barraran angleren yev hayeren, 1821) and wrote the preface, in which he explained Armenian oppression by the Turkish pashas and the Persian satraps and the Armenian struggle of liberation. His two main translations are the Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, two chapters of Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia, and sections of Nerses of Lambron's Orations. His fascination was so great that he even considered a replacement of the Cain story of the Bible with that of the legend of Armenian patriarch Haik. He may be credited with the birth of Armenology and its propagation. His profound lyricism and ideological courage has inspired many Armenian poets, the likes of Ghevond Alishan, Smbat Shahaziz, Hovhannes Tumanyan, Ruben Vorberian, and others.In 1817, he journeyed to Rome. On returning to Venice, he wrote the fourth canto of Childe Harold. About the same time, he sold Newstead and published Manfred, Cain, and The Deformed Transformed. The first five cantos of Don Juan were written between 1818 and 1820. During this period he met the 18-year-old Countess Guiccioli, who found her first love in <mask>, and asked her to elope with


texts: him. Led by love for the local aristocratic, young, and newly married Teresa Guiccioli, <mask> lived in Ravenna from 1819 to 1821. Here he continued Don Juan and wrote the Ravenna Diary and My Dictionary and Recollections.Around this time he received visits from Percy Bysshe Shelley, as well as from Thomas Moore, to whom he confided his autobiography or "life and adventures", which Moore, Hobhouse, and <mask>'s publisher, John Murray, burned in 1824, a month after <mask>'s death. Of <mask>'s lifestyle in Ravenna we know more from Shelley, who documented some of its more colourful aspects in a letter: "<mask> gets up at two. I get up, quite contrary to my usual custom … at 12. After breakfast we sit talking till six. From six to eight we gallop through the pine forest which divide Ravenna from the sea; we then come home and dine, and sit up gossiping till six in the morning. I don’t suppose this will kill me in a week or fortnight, but I shall not try it longer. Lord B.'s establishment consists, besides servants, of ten horses, eight enormous dogs, three monkeys, five cats, an eagle, a crow, and a falcon; and all these, except the horses, walk about the house, which every now and then resounds with their unarbitrated quarrels, as if they were the masters of it… . [P.S.] I find that my enumeration of the animals in this Circean Palace was defective … . I have just met on the grand staircase five peacocks, two guinea hens, and an Egyptian crane. I wonder who all these animals were before they were changed into these shapes." In 1821 <mask> left Ravenna and went to live in

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texts: the Tuscan city of Pisa, to which Teresa had also relocated. From 1821 to 1822, <mask> finished Cantos 6–12 of Don Juan at Pisa, and in the same year he joined with Leigh Hunt and Shelley in starting a short-lived newspaper, The Liberal, in whose first number The Vision of Judgment appeared.For the first time since his arrival in Italy, <mask> found himself tempted to give dinner parties; his guests included the Shelleys, Edward Ellerker Williams, Thomas Medwin, John Taaffe, and Edward John Trelawny; and "never", as Shelley said, "did he display himself to more advantage than on these occasions; being at once polite and cordial, full of social hilarity and the most perfect good humour; never diverging into ungraceful merriment, and yet keeping up the spirit of liveliness throughout the evening." Shelley and Williams rented a house on the coast and had a schooner built. <mask> decided to have his own yacht, and engaged Trelawny's friend, Captain Daniel Roberts, to design and construct the boat. Named the Bolivar, it was later sold to Charles John Gardiner, 1st Earl of Blessington, and Marguerite, Countess of Blessington, when <mask> left for Greece in 1823. <mask> attended the funeral of Shelley, which was orchestrated by Trelawny after Williams and Shelley drowned in a boating accident on 8 July 1822. His last Italian home was Genoa. While living there he was accompanied by the Countess Guiccioli, and the Blessingtons.Lady Blessington based much of the material in her book, Conversations with Lord <mask>, on the time spent together there. This book became an important


texts:
 biographical text about <mask>’s life just prior to his death. Ottoman Greece

<mask> was living in Genoa when, in 1823, while growing bored with his life there, he accepted overtures for his support from representatives of the movement for Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire. At first, <mask> did not wish to leave his 22-year-old mistress, Countess Teresa Guiccioli, who had abandoned her husband to live with him; ultimately Guiccioli's father, Count Gamba, was allowed to leave his exile in the Romagna under the condition that his daughter return to him, without <mask>. At the same time that the philhellene Edward Blaquiere was attempting to recruit him, <mask> was confused as to what he was supposed to do in Greece, writing: "Blaquiere seemed to think that I might be of some use-even here;—though what he did not exactly specify". With the assistance of his banker and Captain Daniel Roberts, <mask> chartered the brig Hercules to take him to Greece. When <mask> left Genoa, it caused "passionate grief" from Guiccioli, who wept openly as he sailed away to Greece.The Hercules was forced to return to port shortly afterwards. When it set sail for the final time, Guiccioli had already left Genoa. On 16 July, <mask> left Genoa, arriving at Kefalonia in the Ionian Islands on 4 August. His voyage is covered in detail in Donald Prell's Sailing with <mask> from Genoa to Cephalonia. Prell also wrote of a coincidence in <mask>'s chartering the Hercules. The vessel was launched only a few miles south of Seaham Hall, where in 1815 <mask> married Annabella Milbanke. Between 1815

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texts: and 1823 the vessel was in service between England and Canada.Suddenly in 1823, the ship's Captain decided to sail to Genoa and offer the Hercules for charter. After taking <mask> to Greece, the ship returned to England, never again to venture into the Mediterranean. The Hercules was aged 37 when, on 21 September 1852, she went aground near Hartlepool, only 25 miles south of Sunderland, where in 1815, her keel was laid; <mask>'s "keel was laid" nine months before his official birth date, 22 January 1788; therefore in ship-years, he was aged 37, when he died in Missolonghi. <mask> initially stayed on the island of Kefalonia, where he was besieged by agents of the rival Greek factions, all of whom wanted to recruit <mask> to their own cause. The Ionian islands, of which Kefalonia is one, were under British rule until 1864. <mask> spent £4,000 of his own money to refit the Greek fleet. When <mask> travelled to the mainland of Greece on the night of 28 December 1823, <mask>'s ship was surprised by an Ottoman warship, which did not attack his ship as the Ottoman captain mistook <mask>'s boat for a fireship.To avoid the Ottoman Navy, which he encountered several times on his voyage, <mask> was forced to take a roundabout route and only reached Missolonghi on 5 January 1824. After arriving in Missolonghi, <mask> joined forces with Alexandros Mavrokordatos, a Greek politician with military power. <mask> moved to the second floor of a two-story house and was forced to spend much of his time dealing with unruly Souliotes who demanded that <mask> pay them the back-pay owed to

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texts: them by the Greek government. <mask> gave the Souliotes some £6,000. <mask> was supposed to lead an attack on the Ottoman fortress of Navpaktos, whose Albanian garrison were unhappy due to pay arrears and who offered to put up only token resistance if <mask> was willing to bribe them into surrendering. However, Ottoman commander Yussuf Pasha executed the mutinous Albanian officers who were offering to surrender Navpaktos to <mask> and arranged to have some of the pay arrears paid out to the rest of the garrison. <mask> never led the attack on Navpaktos because the Souliotes kept demanding that <mask> pay them more and more money before they would march; <mask> grew tired of their blackmail and sent them all home on 15 February 1824.<mask> wrote in a note to himself: "Having tried in vain at every expence-considerable trouble—and some danger to unite the Suliotes for the good of Greece-and their own—I have come to the following resolution—I will have nothing more to do with the Suliotes-they may go to the Turks or the devil...they may cut me into more pieces than they have dissensions among them, sooner than change my resolution". At the same time, Guiccioli's brother, Pietro Gamba, who had followed <mask> to Greece, exasperated <mask> with his incompetence as he consistently made expensive mistakes. For example, when asked to buy some cloth from Corfu, Gamba ordered the wrong cloth in excess, leading to the bill being 10 times higher than what <mask> wanted. <mask> wrote about his right-hand man: "Gamba—who is anything but lucky—had something to do with it—and as


texts: usual—the moment he had—matters went wrong". To help raise money for the revolution, <mask> sold his estate Rochdale Manor in England, which raised some £11,250; this led <mask> to estimate that he now had some £20,000 at his disposal, all of which he planned to spend on the Greek cause. In today's money <mask> would have been a millionaire many times over, and the news that a fabulously wealthy British aristocrat known for his generosity in spending money had arrived in Greece made <mask> the object of much solicitation in a desperately poor country like Greece. <mask> wrote to his business agent in England, "I should not like to give the Greeks but a half helping hand", saying he would have wanted to spend his entire fortune on Greek freedom.<mask> found himself besieged by various people, both Greek and foreign, who tried to persuade <mask> to open up his pocketbook to support them. By the end of March 1824, the so-called "<mask> brigade" of 30 philhellene officers and about 200 men had been formed, paid for entirely by <mask>. Leadership of the Greek cause in the Roumeli region was divided between two rival leaders: a former Klepht (bandit), Odysseas Androutsos; and a wealthy Phanariot Prince, Alexandros Mavrokordatos. <mask> used his prestige to attempt to persuade the two rival leaders to come together to focus on defeating the Ottomans. At same time, other leaders of the Greek factions like Petrobey Mavromichalis and Theodoros Kolokotronis wrote letters to <mask> telling him to disregard all of the Roumeliot leaders and to come to their respective areas in the


texts: Peloponnese. This drove <mask> to distraction; he complained that the Greeks were hopelessly disunited and spent more time feuding with each other than trying to win independence. <mask>'s friend Edward John Trelawny had aligned himself with Androutsos, who ruled Athens, and was now pressing for <mask> to break with Mavrokordatos in favour of backing his rival Androutsos.Androutsos, having won over Trelawny to his cause, was now anxious to persuade <mask> to put his wealth behind his claim to be the leader of Greece. <mask> wrote with disgust about how one of the Greek captains, former Klepht Georgios Karaiskakis, attacked Missolonghi on 3 April 1824 with some 150 men supported by the Souliotes as he was unhappy with Mavrokordatos's leadership, leading to a brief bout of inter-Greek fighting before Karaiskakis was chased away by 6 April. <mask> adopted a nine-year-old Turkish Muslim girl called Hato whose parents had been killed by the Greeks. He ultimately sent her to safety in Kefalonia, knowing well that religious hatred between the Orthodox Greeks and Muslim Turks was running high and that any Muslim in Greece, even a child, was in serious danger. Until 1934, most Turks did not have surnames, so Hato's lack of a surname was quite typical for a Turkish family at this time. During this time, <mask> pursued his Greek page, Lukas Chalandritsanos, with whom he had fallen madly in love, but the affections went unrequited. <mask> was infatuated with the teenage Chalandritsanos, whom he spoiled outrageously, spending some £600 (the equivalent to about £24,600 in today's


texts:
 money) to cater to his every whim over the course of six months and writing his last poems about his passion for the Greek boy, but Chalandritsanos was only interested in <mask>'s money.When the famous Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen heard about <mask>'s heroics in Greece, he voluntarily resculpted his earlier bust of <mask> in Greek marble. Death

Mavrokordatos and <mask> planned to attack the Turkish-held fortress of Lepanto, at the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth. <mask> employed a fire-master to prepare artillery, and he took part of the rebel army under his own command, despite his lack of military experience. Before the expedition could sail, on 15 February 1824, he fell ill, and bloodletting weakened him further. He made a partial recovery, but in early April he caught a violent cold, which therapeutic bleeding, insisted on by his doctors, aggravated. He contracted a violent fever and died in Missolonghi on 19 April. His physician at the time, Julius van Millingen, son of Dutch–English archaeologist James Millingen, was unable to prevent his death.It has been said that if <mask> had lived and had gone on to defeat the Ottomans, he might have been declared King of Greece. However, modern scholars have found such an outcome unlikely. The British historian David Brewer wrote that in one sense, <mask> was a failure in Greece as he failed to persuade the rival Greek factions to unite, won no victories and was successful only in the humanitarian sphere, using his great wealth to help the victims of the war, Muslim and Christian, but this did not affect the outcome of


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 the Greek war of independence at all. Brewer went on to argue, In another sense, though, <mask> achieved everything he could have wished. His presence in Greece, and in particular his death there, drew to the Greek cause not just the attention of sympathetic nations, but their increasing active participation ... Despite the critics, <mask> is primarily remembered with admiration as a poet of genius, with something approaching veneration as a symbol of high ideals, and with great affection as a man: for his courage and his ironic slant on life, for his generosity to the grandest of causes and to the humblest of individuals, for the constant interplay of judgment and sympathy. In Greece he is still revered as no other foreigner, and as very few Greeks are, and like a Homeric hero he is accorded an honorific standard epithet, megalos kai kalos, a great and good man.Post mortem

Alfred Tennyson would later recall the shocked reaction in Britain when word was received of <mask>'s death. The Greeks mourned Lord <mask> deeply, and he became a hero. The national poet of Greece, Dionysios Solomos, wrote a poem about the unexpected loss, named To the Death of Lord <mask>. Βύρων, the Greek form of "<mask>", continues in popularity as a masculine name in Greece, and a suburb of Athens is called Vyronas in his honour. <mask>'s body was embalmed, but the Greeks wanted some part of their hero to stay with them. According to some sources, his heart remained at Missolonghi. His other remains were sent to England (accompanied by his faithful manservant, "Tita") for burial in Westminster


texts: Abbey, but the Abbey refused for reason of "questionable morality".Huge crowds viewed his coffin as he lay in state for two days at number 25 Great George Street, Westminster. He is buried at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire. A marble slab given by the King of Greece is laid directly above <mask>'s grave. His daughter Ada Lovelace was later buried beside him. <mask>'s friends raised the sum of £1,000 to commission a statue of the writer; Thorvaldsen offered to sculpt it for that amount. However, for ten years after the statue was completed in 1834, most British institutions turned it down, and it remained in storage. The statue was refused by the British Museum, St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and the National Gallery before Trinity College, Cambridge, finally placed the statue of <mask> in its library.In 1969, 145 years after <mask>'s death, a memorial to him was finally placed in Westminster Abbey. The memorial had been lobbied for since 1907: The New York Times wrote, "People are beginning to ask whether this ignoring of <mask> is not a thing of which England should be ashamed ... a bust or a tablet might be put in the Poets' Corner and England be relieved of ingratitude toward one of her really great sons." Robert Ripley had drawn a picture of Boatswain's grave with the caption "Lord <mask>'s dog has a magnificent tomb while Lord <mask> himself has none". This came as a shock to the English, particularly schoolchildren, who, Ripley said, raised funds of their own accord to provide the poet with a suitable memorial. Close to the


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 centre of Athens, Greece, outside the National Garden, is a statue depicting Greece in the form of a woman crowning <mask>. The statue is by the French sculptors Henri-Michel Chapu and Alexandre Falguière. Since 2008, the anniversary of <mask>'s death, 19 April, has been honoured in Greece as "Byron Day".Upon his death, the barony passed to <mask>'s cousin George Anson <mask>, a career naval officer. Personal life

Relationships and scandals

<mask> described his first intense feelings at age seven for his distant cousin Mary Duff:

My mother used always to rally me about this childish amour, and at last, many years after, when I was sixteen, she told me one day, 'O <mask>, I have had a letter from Edinburgh, and your old sweetheart, Mary Duff, is married to Mr. C***.' And what was my answer? I really cannot explain or account for my feelings at that moment, but they nearly threw me into convulsions... How the deuce did all this occur so early? Where could it originate? I certainly had no sexual ideas for years afterwards; and yet my misery, my love for that girl were so violent, that I sometimes doubt if I have ever been really attached since.Be that as it may, hearing of her marriage several years after was like a thunder-stroke – it nearly choked me – to the horror of my mother and the astonishment and almost incredulity of every body. And it is a phenomenon in my existence (for I was not eight years old) which has puzzled, and will puzzle me to the latest hour of it; and lately, I know not why, the recollection (not the attachment) has recurred as forcibly as