texts:
 returning to the United States, <mask> was assigned to the West Point faculty as an instructor in the Department of Tactics. In August 1919, he was reduced to his permanent rank of captain. In July 1920, he was promoted to permanent major.<mask> was assigned as assistant to the chief of staff for the Fifth Corps Area at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana in September 1920. He was subsequently assigned as G-2, and he remained on the Fifth Corps Area staff until September 1921. In August 1921, <mask> was part of the contingent of troops that attempted to restore order among striking coal miners in West Virginia and he testified at the May 1922 trial of organizer Bill Blizzard. From September 1921 to July 1924, <mask> served as chief of the Press Relations section in the G-2 division of the Army staff. From June to July 1923, he performed the additional duty of chief of the Reserve section, making him the first officer to serve as head of what is now the United States Army Reserve. Continued career

In August 1924, <mask> began attendance at the United States Army Command and General Staff College, which he completed as a distinguished graduate in June 1925. After serving as an advisor to National Guard units during their annual training at Fort Eustis, Virginia in the summer of 1925, he began the course of study at the United States Army War College in August.He graduated in August 1925, after which he resumed his former duties as head of the Press Relations section for the Army G-2. <mask> remained in this position until June 1919, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in August 1928. In July 1929, <mask> was assigned as executive officer of the 30th Infantry Regiment and the post headquarters at the Presidio of San Francisco. He was temporary commander of the regiment and the post from September 1930 to January 1931, after which he returned to his executive officer duties. In October 1931, <mask> was posted to the Philippines and assigned as assistant chief of staff for the Philippine

masks: Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson


type: original

texts:
 Department. He returned to the United States in May 1934 and was assigned as an Army Reserve advisor for the Ninth Corps Area, based at the Presidio of San Francisco. From September 1934 to April 1936, <mask> was assigned as professor of military science at Oregon State University.He was promoted to colonel in August 1935. From April 1936 to January 1937, <mask> commanded the 3rd Infantry Regiment at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. In February 1937, he was assigned as assistant commandant of the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia. In June 1938, <mask> was assigned to the staff of the Army Chief of Staff. He remained in this position until September 15, and was promoted to brigadier general on September 1. From September 1938 to June 1940, he was again assigned as the head of the Army Reserve. World War II

From July 1940 to July 1941, <mask> commanded the 3rd Infantry Division.He was promoted to major general in October 1940, and led the division during its organization and training prior to entering combat for World War II. During his division command, <mask> selected Dwight Eisenhower to serve as chief of staff, and Eisenhower's success in the assignment was later viewed as one factor that caused senior leaders to identify him as a likely candidate for wartime positions of more rank and responsibility. From July 1941 to June 1942, <mask> commanded I Corps in Columbia, South Carolina. From June to October 1942, he commanded the Infantry Replacement Center at Camp Croft, South Carolina. In October 1942, <mask> was succeeded at Camp Croft by Reginald W. Buzzell, who had been his deputy, and appointed to command the II Islands Command, which was responsible for the defenses of Tonga and Fiji. In addition, <mask>'s command was responsible for handling the administrative, logistical, and training requirements of arriving U.S. military units, ensuring they were prepared to enter combat in the Pacific theater. <mask> served in the Operations section (G-3) on the Army staff in May and June

masks: Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson Thompson


texts:
 1944.He was then assigned as deputy commander of Second Army, based in Memphis, Tennessee. From September 1944 to July 1945, <mask> commanded the Military District of Washington. <mask> commanded the Patient Detachment at Walter Reed General Hospital from July to November 1945. He retired from the military on November 30, 1945. Awards
In addition to the Army Distinguished Service Medal and Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, <mask>'s awards and decorations included two more awards of the Distinguished Service Medal for his World War II service. In addition, he received:

Mexican Service Medal
World War I Victory Medal
American Defense Service Medal
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
Companion of the Order of the Bath (Great Britain)

Retirement and death
In retirement, <mask> and his wife resided at the Kennedy–Warren Apartment Building in Washington, D.C. The <mask>s were contract bridge players, as were the Eisenhowers, and the two couples often played together.<mask> died in Washington on June 15, 1954. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, and the Eisenhowers were among the attendees at his funeral. Family
In 1909, <mask> married Laura Bell Jenks (1887-1955). They were the parents of two daughters, Marjorie, the wife of Howard E. Engler of San Antonio, Texas and Barbara, the wife of J. Maury Dove Jr. of Annapolis, Maryland. <mask> Circle, a street on the Fort Eustis portion of Joint Base Langley–Eustis, was named for <mask>. References

External links
<mask><mask> at Arlington National Cemetery

1882 births
1954 deaths
People from Jamestown, North Dakota
Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army War College alumni
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States

masks:
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Legacy Thompson
Thompson
Charles F
. Thompson


texts:
Captain <mask>, RN (15 January 1876 – 29 January 1947) was a Royal Navy officer. He served in the Mediterranean, Pacific and Home Fleets. He is most famous for his role as leader of a naval expedition to Lake Tanganyika in 1915, where he commanded a small flotilla which defeated a superior German force during the Battle for Lake Tanganyika. Early life
<mask> was born in Hobart, Tasmania, on 15 January 1876, one of five children. His father, Frederick Simson, had been in the merchant navy and was a dealer in gold sovereigns in India who eventually settled in Le Havre, France, at the age of thirty-one. There he met eighteen-year-old Dora Spicer, daughter of a visiting English clergyman, William Webb Spicer, and on marrying changed his name to Spicer-Simson. In 1874 the Spicer-Simsons moved to Tasmania.where they started a family and ran a sheep farm for five years. Though <mask> was born in Tasmania, he soon moved to France at his mother's wishes. He and his siblings were sent to schools in England. The eldest, Theodore Spicer-Simson, became a world-famous medallion portrait artist, moving between France and the United States. His youngest brother, Noel, eventually joined the British Army. <mask> joined the Royal Navy in 1889 at the age of fourteen and was appointed midshipman on 14 June 1892. His naval career started well with being advanced seven months in seniority for his passing out results at Royal Naval College, Dartmouth.However, he lost a month of this additional seniority for being found absent without leave in 1894. He was promoted to acting sub-lieutenant on 19 February 1896,

masks:
Geoffrey Basil Spicer Simson DSO
Geoffrey Basil Spicer Simson
Geoffrey
Geoffrey


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 and confirmed in the rank of sub-lieutenant on 20 January 1897, back-dated to the original acting promotion date. He was promoted to lieutenant on 30 September 1898. <mask> would began to specialise in surveying, and served on the North Borneo Boundary Commission in 1901, helping in the construction of several maps and the definition of boundaries. In 1902 he married Amy Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund and Phoebe Baynes-Reed of Victoria, British Columbia. <mask> would soon be posted to a Royal Navy destroyer however, following a collision with a liberty boat <mask> was posted to a shore posting on watch-keeping duties. He was then posted to China and made the first triangulated survey of the Yangtze River from 1905–1908.After China, he was posted to Africa, and from 1911-1914 was in command of a survey ship on the Gambia river. He returned to Britain from Africa just days before Britain officially joined World War I on 4 August 1914. He had a brief tour on a contraband control vessel, where two weeks after taking command one of his gunboats, , was torpedoed in broad daylight. He then took up a posting in the Admiralty in the department in charge of transferring Merchant sailors to the War Navy. "Simson's Circus"

In April 1915, the Admiralty learned that Germany was preparing to launch Graf von Götzen onto Lake Tanganyika. Götzen was much larger than any other vessel on the lake and would give German forces supremacy across its entire length. With control of the Lake, Germany could easily move troops and materials to support its efforts in and around German East Africa.To counter

masks: Geoffrey Geoffrey Geoffrey


texts: Götzen, two small, fast and well-armed motorboats would be sent from Britain. Spicer-Simson with his experience in Africa and fluency in French and German was appointed by the Admiralty to lead the expedition despite his undistinguished record. His commanders saw nothing to lose in sending him to what was considered a sideshow to the events in Europe. The two motorboats, which Spicer-Simson named  and  (the Admiralty having rejected his initial proposal that they be named Cat and Dog), were loaded aboard  on 15 June along with the expedition's equipment and supplies. Two special trailers and cradles were also brought along to allow them to be transported by rail or overland. The first leg of Mimi and Toutous  journey was completed after 17 days at sea and their arrival at the Cape of Good Hope. From Cape Town, they and the men of the expedition traveled north by railway through Bulawayo to Elisabethville, where they arrived on 26 July.After traveling to the railhead at Fungurume, they were detrained and dragged  through the bush by teams of oxen and steam tractors to the beginnings of the railway from Sankisia to Bukama. At Bukama, the boats and stores were unloaded and prepared for a voyage down the Lualaba River. The Lualaba was running low, and Mimi and Toutou had to be paddled  upstream, including running aground fourteen times in just . They spent seventeen days on the Lualaba before reaching Kabalo. From there, the last  of the journey to Lake Tanganyika was completed by railway. The expedition, known by that point as "Simson's Circus" for all it had been through, arrived at the


texts:
 Belgian lake port of Lukuga on 24 October 1915. Battle for Lake Tanganyika

Shortly after arriving on Lake Tanganyika, Spicer-Simson relocated his base just south of Lukuga at Kalemie, where he had been building a port better protected from the lake's storms.Mimi and Toutou were assembled and launched just before Christmas 1915. Early in the morning of 26 December, the armed German tug Kingani was spotted offshore. Spicer-Simson took Mimi and Toutou out on the lake and captured Kingani after a brief firefight that killed her commander and four of her crew. Kingani was rechristened  and brought under Spicer-Simson's command. As a result, on 3 January 1916, he was promoted from lieutenant commander to commander; the promotion backdated to 26 December 1915, the date of the capture. On 9 February 1916, the German lake boat  (sister vessel of the larger  on Lake Nyasa) appeared off Lukuga to investigate the disappearance of Kingani. After a  chase, Spicer-Simson's flotilla sank Hedwig von Wissmann.The capture of Kingani and the sinking of Hedwig von Wissmann greatly weakened German naval power on Lake Tanganyika. However, a survivor of Kingani reported that Götzen had recently been armed with a gun from the recently scuttled German cruiser . The addition of a Königsberg gun gave the Götzen the ability to effectively fire on Mimi, Toutou, and Fifi from well beyond their range. Though Götzen could not be directly attacked, German supremacy on Lake Tanganyika had been broken. For the action against Hedwig von Wissmann, Spicer-Simson was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 1 May 1916.


texts:
 Over the course of the expedition, three of his officers were awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, and twelve of his men were awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. After its initial success, Spicer-Simson's command ended in controversy.He refused to send his ships to aid the British Colonial and Belgian Army force in the capture of Mpulungu in present-day Zambia. After falling ill and retreating to his private quarters, he was sent to England for medical and mental recovery. He was also appointed a Commander of the Belgian Order of the Crown. Eccentricities

Spicer-Simson was known for his idiosyncrasies. In Britain he had originally suggested that Mimi and Toutou be named Cat and Dog, but the names were rejected by the Admiralty. After Mimi and Toutou were accepted as alternatives, he explained that these meant "Miaow" and "Bow-wow" in French. While in command on Lake Tanganyika, Spicer-Simson often wore a khaki drill skirt, and he insisted that an Admiral's flag be flown outside his hut.He smoked monogrammed cigarettes and had a number of "macabre tattoos" acquired during his time in Asia. Later life

He was later Assistant Director of Naval Intelligence, with the rank of acting captain, and a naval delegate and French translator at the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919. After acting as secretary and official interpreter to the First International Hydrographic Conference, London, 1919, he was elected the first secretary-general of the International Hydrographic Organization. He served in that role from 1921 to 1937. His later years were spent in British Columbia. He gave a


texts:
 series of lectures on his command on Lake Tanganyika and helped write a National Geographic article on his transportation of the two boats through the jungles of the Congo. He died on 29 January 1947.Awards
United Kingdom
 Distinguished Service Order (1915)
 China War Medal (1900)
 1914–15 Star (1919)
 British War Medal (1920)
 Victory Medal (1920)
 King George V Silver Jubilee Medal (1935)
 King George VI Coronation Medal (1937)

Foreign
Commander, Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Commander, Order of Saint-Charles (Monaco)
War Cross with three palms (Belgium)

In popular culture
The events of his flotilla at Lake Tanganyika inspired the novel and film The African Queen. Spicer-Simson was the subject of the BBC Radio drama Navy Man God''', by Christopher Russell. First broadcast on 19 January 1985, and regularly repeated on digital BBC Radio 7 after being rediscovered. Further reading

In 2004 Spicer-Simson's story was retold in a book by Giles Foden called Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika. In 2007, Christopher Dow recounted the same story in a book titled Lord of the Loincloth''; the same year, Swiss author Alex Capus published the novel "A Question of Time" which depicts Spicer-Simson as one of the multiple (anti-)heroes. References

 'Who's who' (1943), London: A. and C. Black; Creagh, Sir O'Moore and Humphris, E.M. (1978), 'The Distinguished Service Order, 1886-1923', London: J. B. Hayward.Shankland, Peter (1968), 'The phantom flotilla', London: Collins. Military History, December 2001, "Naval Struggle in Darkest Africa"
 Kevin Patience, 'Shipwrecks &


texts:
 Salvage on the East African Coast'
 Moiteret, V.A, Captain USN "IHO 50 Years of Progress 1921-1971"

External links
  Spicer-Simson's despatch on the progress of the expedition. 1876 births
1947 deaths
People from Hobart
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy officers of World War I
People educated at Stubbington House


texts:
<mask> (31 May 1930 – 8 September 2021) also known as Loobi Unn was an Estonian singer, musician, athlete, actor, and educator. <mask>'s career as a musician and singer began in the early 1950s. He performed with various ensembles and as a popular soloist beginning in the 1960s. In his youth, he trained as a boxer, and became the  1947–48 light-middleweight two-time Estonian Junior Champion. Later, he trained as a triathlete. Between the late 1950s and the early 1990s, he taught music, voice and guitar. <mask> also worked as an actor, and appeared in several films beginning in the 1960s and in several roles in Estonian television series.Early life, education, and sport
<mask> <mask> was born in Tallinn to Eduard and Amilde Hildegard <mask> (née Vesiloik) and grew up in Tallinn and the village of Nabala in Harju County. Interested in music from an early age, he attended the Tallinn Music High School, receiving a degree in music theory in 1958 and became an accomplished guitarist. In his youth, <mask> was also interested in athletics, particularly boxing, and began training and competing in matches in his early teens. At the age of 17, he became the 1947–48 light-middleweight two-time Estonian Junior Champion. After school, he initially planned on becoming a sailor, but was invited by composer, musician, and Tallinn Music School music theory lecturer <mask> Naissoo to join his swing and jazz music ensemble Swing Club as a guitarist. Career

Musician and educator
While performing with the ensemble Swing Club, <mask> also began teaching music and guitar at his alma mater, the Tallinn Higher Music School in 1959. In the late 1950s, he also performed with the Tallinn-based ensemble Sinilind and the jazz group Metronoom, which included <mask> Naissoo and other notable singers, composers, and musicians such as Kalju Terasmaa, Eri Klas, Tiit Varts, and Hillar Kareva.In 1960,

masks:
Uno Loop
Loop
Loop
Uno
Loop
Loop
Loop
Uno
Loop
Uno


texts: he performed as a singer and guitarist with the Estonian Radio Male Quartet with Eri Klas, Kalju Terasmaa and Arved Haug, leaving to join the Estonian Radio Estrada (Variety) Orchestra. The quartet recorded several songs with noted Estonian baritone Georg Ots. From 1961 until 1965, he performed as a soloist singer for the National Philharmonic of the Estonian SSR. During the 1960s, <mask> became a popular soloist singer, performing Estonian language light pop, jazz, and estrada music, and was frequently seen on Eesti Televisioon (ETV). One of his first hits of the era was the 1963 Arne Oit-composed and Heldur Karmo-penned song "Lõke preerias", which has since been covered by several Estonian artists. In 1964, Uno Loop wrote the first Estonian language guitar textbook, Kitarrimängu õpik, published by Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus and illustrated by Olev Subbi. It remained the only Estonian language guitar textbook until 1991.Popular hit songs from the 1970s include "Mis värvi on armastus" from 1971, and several duets with singer Heidy Tamme (a singer he frequently performed with since the 1960s) including "Uued Laulud" in 1971 and "Na-na-na" in 1973. In 1970, the Melodiya label released the bossa nova album Uno Loop, Marju Kuut which featured <mask> performing with singer Marju Kuut. In 1972, another pairing with Kuut, Marju Kuut & Uno <mask>, was released. Other popular songs from his repertoire include: "Korraks vaid", "Isad ja pojad", "Kamina ees", "Väike neiu", "Ära koo mu käpikuisse päikest", "Vana klaver", "Oled teinud mind õnnelikuks", "Suudlused soolaste huultega", "Sinilind", and "Päiksepoolsel tänaval". Throughout his career, he has performed with and recorded music with a number of prominent musicians and singers, including Voldemar Kuslap, Ivo Linna, Jaak Joala, Kalmer Tennosaar, Els Himma, Vally Ojavere, and Heli Lääts. In addition to his native Estonian,

masks: Loop Loop Loop


texts:
 <mask> has also performed and recorded music in the Russian language. During his solo career and work with various ensembles, <mask> has released dozens of albums, with numerous greatest hits albums being released throughout the 1990s and into the 2010s.From 1975 until 1992, <mask> taught guitar, song, and music at the Georg Ots Tallinn Music School. In 1980, he returned to studies at Tallinn Pedagogical University (now, Tallinn University), and received a degree in orchestral conducting. <mask>'s last public performance was a concert held at the Nokia (Alexela) Concert Hall in Tallinn on 30 December 2010, and he retired shortly afterwards. Actor
In 1961, <mask> garnered his first acting role as Paul in the Viktor Nevežin-directed Tallinna Kinostuudio (now, Tallinnfilm) musical comedy Juhuslik kohtumine, starring Georg Ots and Lia Laats. This was followed by a few smaller roles in the early 1970s, mostly performing musical numbers. In 1969, he appeared in the Tõnis Kask-directed Russian language drama film Chyornyy, kak ya, based on the 1961 book Black Like Me by American journalist John Howard Griffin. In the intervening years, he could often be seen on television as a musical performer.In 2010, he made two guest appearances as the character Erlend Rüütli on the TV3 comedy-crime series Kättemaksukontor. Athlete

Interested in sports since his youth as a boxer, in 1993, <mask> founded the XXI Sajandi Klubi (21st Century Triathlon Club) and was the club's CEO until 2007, and later was the club's Honorary President. From 1992 until 1997, <mask> was a board member of the Estonian Triathlon Union, and an Honorary Member since 1997. Other ventures
In 2000, <mask> was a founding member of the Estonian Performers' Union (Eesti Esitajate Liit, or EEL), a non-profit organization established to administer and promote the rights of performers by collecting remunerations under

masks: Loop Loop Loop Loop Loop Loop Loop Loop


texts:
 the Estonian Copyright Act and distributing them among artists and performers who are entitled to them. Personal life and death
<mask> <mask> married Aino Pere in 1949. The couple had two children. He also had a daughter from a previous relationship.The couple lived at their summer home in Laulasmaa in Harju County following <mask>'s retirement. In June 2019, they celebrated their 70th wedding anniversary. In his later years, he had given up most sports, including cycling, swimming, and jogging, but continued to exercise. In November 2019, after several health issues, <mask> began residing at a nursing home in Keila at age 89. He died following a lengthy illness on 8 September 2021, aged 91. His wife, Aino, died 22 February 2020, aged 89. Legacy
In 2009, journalist and author Enno Tammer wrote a biography of <mask> titled Uno Loop: läbi elu ("Uno Loop: Through Life"), published by Tammerraamat in Tallinn.On 14 February 2014, the Peep Pedmanson-penned and Hardi Volmer-directed musical play Uno Bossa ehk Uno Loobi seitse elu ("Uno Bossa, or The Seven Lives of Uno Loop") premiered at the Rakvere Theatre, which chronicled <mask>'s long musical career, with actor Margus Grosnõi playing the part of <mask>. Awards and honors
Meritorious Artist of the Estonian SSR (1981)
Order of the White Star, Medal Class (2001)
Tallinn University Alumni of the Century (shared with others; 2019)

References

External links

1930 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Estonian male singers
Estonian pop singers
Estonian guitarists
Estonian music educators
Estonian male boxers
Estonian male film actors
Soviet male film actors
Singers from Tallinn
Soviet pop singers
Musicians from Tallinn
Sportspeople from Tallinn
Tallinn Music High School alumni
Tallinn University alumni
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, Medal Class
20th-century guitarists
21st-century Estonian male singers
21st-century

masks: Uno Loop Loop Loop Loop Loop Loop


texts:
<mask> (also known as <mask>fang) () (1848–1900) was a renowned master of Chinese Neijia (internal) martial art Bagua Zhang. Biography
Born in the Cheng family village, Shen County, Hebei (now in Shandong), he was the third of four brothers. <mask> had pock marks on his face when he was young and thus he was known as “third son with pock marks” <mask>. <mask> was fond of martial arts and in his youth he gained skill at wielding a nearly 4 foot long broadsword and a large heavy staff. Shuai Chiao learning in Beijing
When <mask> was still fairly young, he left his hometown and went to Beijing to apprentice with a gentleman who made eyeglasses. Intent on improving his martial arts skill, <mask> also began to study Chinese wrestling (Shuai Chiao) when he arrived in Beijing. In the late 1800s, two wrestling styles were popular in Beijing, Manchurian/Mongolian wrestling and Pao Ting “fast style” wrestling.The Pao Ting style was quicker than the Manchurian style. As soon as the opponent came in contact with the wrestler, he would be thrown. There was not any grappling, struggling, or tussling as seen in Western wrestling. This wrestling also combined punching, kicking, joint locking and point striking with its throwing techniques. <mask> was an avid wrestler and studied both of the popular wrestling styles when he was a young man in Beijing. He practiced hard and made a name for himself as a wrestler. He was not a big name in the martial arts world yet, however, most martial artists in Beijing knew of him and knew he

masks:
Cheng Tinghua
Cheng Ying
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng Tinghua
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng Tinghua


texts:
 was skilled at shuai chiao.Learning with Dong Haichuan
By 1870, Dong Haichuan had become very well known in Beijing (research indicates that Dong first arrived in Beijing around 1865). When <mask> was approximately 28 years old (1876), he sought out Dong in order to improve his skill. Some say that <mask> had become friends with Yin Fu and Shih Chidong (two of Dong Haichuan's first Bagua Zhang students) and that they had encouraged him to go and meet Dong. When the two first met, Dong asked <mask> to use his shuai chiao against him. <mask> made several attempts at attacking Dong but was never able to even lay a hand on him. <mask> knelt down and asked Dong if he could become his student. At this point in time, Dong had not accepted many Bagua Zhang students.Although Dong had taught many people martial arts in Prince Su's residence, it is said  that he had only taught Bagua to three people prior to teaching <mask>ua. The large majority of his students in the palace were said to have learned something other than Bagua from Dong. If those who say Dong's original tombstone had his students listed in the order in which he taught them are correct, then <mask> was indeed Dong's fourth disciple, as his name appears fourth on the list. The first name listed on this stele is Yin Fu, followed by Ma Wei-Chi, Shih Chi-Tung, and then <mask>ua. The year <mask> met Dong was approximately 1876. Dong died in 1882, so at best <mask> studied with Dong for 5 or 6 years. Dong Haichuan was known to have only accepted Baguazhang

masks:
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng Tingh
Cheng
Cheng Tingh
Cheng
Cheng


texts:
 students who were already skilled in some other style of martial art.It is said that after laying a Bagua foundation with the circle walk practice, single palm change, double palm change, and smooth changing palm, Dong would teach the student Baguazhang based on what the student already knew. Taking this information to be true, we can assume that Dong would have taught <mask> using <mask>'s knowledge of shuai chiao as a base. Sharing his learning
The Bagua styles which most notably display a Xingyi Quan flavor are the styles which were taught by <mask> and his friends Li Cunyi, Liu Dekuan, and Zhang Zhaodong. Although all three of these Xingyiquan masters are recorded as being Baguazhang students of Dong Haichuan, there is evidence that suggests Li, Liu, and Zhang learned their Bagua from <mask>ua, not from Dong Haichuan. The link between Xingyi Quan and Bagua was most likely forged when <mask> and his friends Li Cunyi, Zhang Zhaodong, Liu Dekuan, and Liu Wai-Hsiang got together to compare styles and learn from each other (Li Cunyi, Liu Te-Kuan, and Zhang Zhaodong were all Hsing-I boxing brothers under the same teacher, Liu Chi-Lan. Liu Wai-Hsiang was a Xingyi Quan student of Zhang Zhaodong). <mask> was a very open martial artist who would teach his Bagua to anyone who cared to learn it.He enjoyed meeting other martial artists to compare styles and share the techniques and theories of martial arts. He also enjoyed sharing his Baguazhang skill with other martial artists. <mask> is said to have been the person

masks:
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng Tingh
Cheng Tinghua
Cheng Tinghua
Cheng


texts:
 responsible for teaching Baguazhang to Liu Dekuan, Li Cunyi, and Zhang Zhaodong, however, since they were very skilled in Xingyi Quan and thus were <mask>'s peers, he did not feel right calling them his “students.” Therefore, <mask> said that they should say they learned their Bagua from his teacher, Dong Haichuan. Death
<mask>ua was killed during the Boxer Rebellion when the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing (1900). It turns out that a group of German soldiers were forcefully recruiting locals for a work detail near Beijing's Chung Wen gate, were <mask>'s shop was located. <mask> was on the street at the time and the Germans stopped him and tried to put him in line with the others. <mask> resisted and wanted to fight.He may have beaten a few soldiers during the struggle, but when he pulled out a short knife, the soldiers drew their guns. <mask> tried to run and leap over a nearby wall. As he was jumping over the wall, he was shot. Partial list of his students
<mask> (eldest son, 1875–1928), <mask> (2nd son), <mask>, Feng Junyi, Gao Kexing, Gao Yisheng  (1866–1951), Geng Jishan, Guo Tongde, Han Qiying, Hon Mu Xi, Kan Lingfeng, Li Cunyi, Li Hanzhang, Li Wenbiao, Liu Bin, Liu Zhenzong, <mask>, Sun Lu-t'ang (1861–1932), Liu Dekuan, Yang Mingshan, Zhang Changfa, Zhang Yongde, Zhang Yukui, Zhou Yu Xiang, Zhang Zhao Dong (1859–1940). References

Bibliography

1848 births
1900 deaths
Chinese baguazhang practitioners
Martial arts school founders
Sportspeople from Hebei
People from Hengshui
19th-century

masks:
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng Tingh
Cheng
Cheng
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Cheng
Cheng Yulung
Cheng Youxin
Cheng Yougong
Qin Cheng


texts:
<mask> is an English creative director and graphic designer. He is the editorial director of Interview and the co-founder of Civilization magazine. <mask> became well known for his work redesigning the visual strategies of Bloomberg Businessweek and MTV. Early life and education
<mask> attended the Liverpool School of Art and Design where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts. While at the University of Liverpool, he designed the university's student paper Shout. He is a member of Alliance Graphique Internationale. Career
<mask> worked at the marketing department of London-based newspaper The Guardian before moving to the creative department.Between 2003 and 2005, he worked with creative director Mark Porter as senior designer during a major redesign of The Guardian. He later served as the art director of G2, The Guardian's magazine with editors Kath Viner and Ian Katz. Bloomberg Businessweek: 2010–2014

In 2011, <mask> was appointed as the creative designer of Bloomberg Businessweek. During his tenure, <mask> completely redesigned Businessweek, in favor of a more avant-garde style than the publication had previously been known for. <mask> and editor Josh Tyrangiel began to develop an experimental visual aesthetic for the magazine, that looked like "it had been assembled from PowerPoint clip art by some sales manager on a cocaine bender." The redesign drew attention for its provocative style and visual appeal. Designer George Lois described the redesigned look as "the best consistent set of covers in 40 years."Many of Turley's covers drew attention for their provocative and controversial designs. A story on the UAL/Continental Airlines merger drew controversy for Turley's cover depicting two airplanes having sex. Turley's cover of a Businessweek article titled "The Hedge

masks:
Richard Turley
Turley
Turley
Turley
Turley
Turley
Turley


texts:
 Fund Myth" drew controversy for its phallic imagery illustrating the divide between expectations and reality in hedge fund returns. Alexander Nazaryan of The Atlantic questioned whether the hedge fund cover and others like it ran the risk of overshadowing the reporting they illustrated. Bloomberg published an article explaining the design process of "The Hedge Fund Myth"'s cover. <mask> was named the Hottest Creative Player in the 2011 Adweek Hotlist. He was ranked #46 on The Verge 50 list in 2013.In 2014, The Atlantic published a tribute to <mask>'s work, showcasing some of his best Businessweek covers. <mask> was commissioned to design the cover of the 2013 edition of American Illustration's annual magazine. MTV, Wieden+Kennedy: 2014–2016
In 2014, <mask> left Businessweek to serve as MTV's first senior vice president of visual storytelling and deputy editorial director. In 2015, <mask> created "MTV No Chill", a multi-platform project which ran on the channel between 6-8pm. As part of No Chill, MTV content was edited and remixed with short form videos, sketches and graphics. <mask> developed an experimental approach to producing content for MTV that incorporated social media and internet culture. The resulting look was described by some as "being eyefucked by bullshit."<mask> became the executive creative director of content and editorial design at Wieden+Kennedy in 2016. <mask> launched the WKTV channel in 2017. While at Wieden+Kennedy, <mask> led a redesign of Formula One's logo and branding. The redesign included the creation of new typefaces, and a new logo which replaced one adopted in 1994. <mask> cited Franco Grignani and The Designers Republic as creative influences on the redesign, which was inspired by the aesthetics of the videogame Wipeout. Manufacturing

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texts:
 company 3M claimed that the redesigned F1 logo bore similarities to the logo for its Futuro sock brand, and may have infringed on its copyright. Formula One agreed to not use the logo on therapeutic or orthopedic products so as to avoid confusion with Futuro, and 3M withdrew their opposition to the trademark.<mask> designed a special edition of 'SUP Magazine in 2015. He designed covers and parody ads for Esquire's special edition of the political satire magazine Spy. The issue, which ran during the 2016 US Presidential Election, lampooned political events and figures such as Donald Trump, as well as Hillary and Bill Clinton. <mask> designed a special magazine section for culture magazine 032c. The section dealt with the impact that the alt-right's distortion of facts had on absurdity and reality in discourse, stating that it had given people a license to become "Nonsense Warriors". He also worked on other publications, such as Mushpit and Good Trouble in 2017. Interview, Civilization magazine: 2018-present
<mask> became the editorial director of Interview magazine when it was relaunched in 2018, taking over from Fabien Baron.He works with creative director Mel Ottenberg. <mask> co-founded Civilization magazine with Mia Kerin and Lucas Mascatello in 2018. <mask> had previously worked with Mascatello at MTV, and approached him with the idea of starting their own newspaper. The magazine was inspired by the decline of print media, and. Civilization is a print-only broadsheet which focuses on life and culture in New York. Fashion designer Junya Watanabe collaborated with <mask> to use content and imagery from Civilization on Watanabe's Spring 2020 Collection. The publication has developed a cult following due to its personalized, unorthodox style.Dazed described the magazine

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texts:
 as a "anarchic countercultural diary." Civilization launched a personalized mail art campaign during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns as a way to reach out to New York residents. Civilization also produces Civilization Radio. <mask> was included in Jens Müller's The History of Graphic Design. Vol. 2: 1960–Today (2018). He designed the 57th Annual Design and Art Direction collection in 2019.That year, he designed the ad campaign for Rhizome's 7x7 conference at the New Museum. He described the campaign, which made use of analogue advertising methods like brochures, posters and artwork, as "an exploded magazine". In 2019, <mask> designed a window campaign for retailer Barneys New York while it was filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The campaign was noted for its unorthodox approach of frankly relating the store's financial difficulties. The campaign featured window designs with tongue-in-cheek slogans such as "NOT CLOSED" and "THE EMPEROR HAS CLOTHES". <mask> stated that he wanted "to encourage them to be a little bit more vulnerable and out front." <mask> designed the branding of Good Buys, a non-profit fashion fundraiser, in 2020.Style and influences
<mask>'s design style is characterized by bold typography and irreverent designs, as well as his characteristic disregard for grid design. His work has been described as provocative, often incorporating risky or subversive imagery. <mask> said that his work is "really...about making myself laugh [...] I’d hope that there’s a bit of naughtiness and cheekiness. I like work that just feels a bit wrong." Many of <mask>'s designs incorporate and remix pop cultural memes and internet culture. He described his process of recontextualizing and reusing media as "appropriation culture." In an interview with Oliviero Toscani, <mask> said

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texts:
 "we’re living in this sort of mood board dress-up culture where bunches of coded references are yoked together—the 'creativity' coming from the uniqueness of those references, or the inventiveness with which they’re combined."<mask> has cited designers like Tibor Kalman, East Village Other, and Oz. His work has also been influenced by alternative and underground publications and zines of the 1960s and 1970s. Awards
<mask> has been awarded thirty five D&AD awards, and 4 Yellow Pencil awards from D&AD. He has won eight awards for Creative Design from the Type Directors Club. He has also earned several awards from the Art Directors Club of New York. Businessweek won several awards for design under <mask>. He received a Creative Review "Studio of the Year" award in 2012 for his work in the Businessweek art department.That year, the publication won the Gold Award for "Magazine of the Year" from the Society of Publication Designers. Businessweek was also named Magpile's "Magazine of the Year" in 2013. Exhibitions
<mask>'s work has been shown in exhibitions including the 2012 "Designs of the Year" show at the Design Museum in London and "Graphic Design Now" at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis. In 2019 <mask>'s work was featured alongside Jimmy Turrell's work at the "Unforsaken" exhibition at The Book Club in Shoreditch. Speaking engagements
<mask> has given talks at AIGA Pittsburgh, the Walker Art Center's "Insight Design Lecture", RGD Ontario's "DesignThinkers" conference, Offset Festival, ModMag New York edition, and QVED's conference in Munich. He was featured on Gestalten.tv and It's Nice That's "Nicer Tuesdays" talks. References

English graphic designers
English magazine editors
English newspaper editors
English newspaper founders
Year of birth missing (living


texts:
<mask> "Jumbo" <mask> (August 4, 1921 – April 18, 2001) was an American football defensive and offensive end in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Browns, New York Yanks, and the Washington Redskins. <mask> grew up in Boston, Massachusetts and played college football at the University of Notre Dame, where he was named an All-American on a team that won the national championship in 1943. After two years in the military during World War II, <mask> was selected in the first round of the 1945 NFL Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles. He instead signed with the Browns of the upstart AAFC. <mask> spent four seasons playing primarily as a defensive end for the Browns as the team won four league championships between 1946 and 1949. The Browns then sold <mask> to the NFL's New York Yanks, where he played for a year. He then spent a season with the Montreal Alouettes in the Canadian Football League.Returning to the NFL in 1952, he played a final season for the Redskins before retiring. <mask> worked in Cleveland's steel industry for several years after leaving pro football. He settled in Euclid, Ohio in the early 1960s and was an assembly-line worker making diesel engines for White Motor Company. His son Rich was a star athlete in Euclid and went on to play one season for the National Basketball Association's San Antonio Spurs. <mask> died in 2001. Early life and high school
<mask> grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, the youngest son of immigrants from Lithuania. At the age of 10, he came down with a leg infection after cutting himself while ice skating.He was too embarrassed to tell his mother about the injury and hoped it would go away, but it worsened to the

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John Joseph
Yonakor
Yonakor
Yonakor
Yonakor
Yonakor
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Yonakor


texts:
 point where he could no longer walk. Doctors drained fluid from his body by puncturing his toe, and Yonakor spent a year as an invalid; doctors told him he might never walk again. Starting out by crawling, however, Yonakor gradually regained his strength and his health. He went on to play three seasons of football at Mechanic Arts High School, and spent one year at Marianapolis Preparatory School in Thompson, Connecticut at the prompting of Frank Leahy, then the head football coach at Boston College. <mask> was set to go to Boston College, but chose the University of Notre Dame instead when Leahy became head football coach there in 1941. College and military career
At Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, <mask> played on the football team as an end beginning in 1942, when he was a sophomore. He was a starter at right end in 1943, when the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team won the national championship under Leahy.The highlight of his college career was catching two touchdown passes from quarterback Angelo Bertelli in a game against Army. Yonakor was known for his strength and large size. While watching track athletes practice at Notre Dame in 1943, he picked up a 16-pound shot putter's weight and returned it to the thrower. Impressed by the distance of the throw, the track coach got Yonakor to compete in the event, and two weeks later <mask> won the Amateur Athletic Union indoor shot put national competition at Madison Square Garden in New York City. He was named an All-American by news outlets that year. Following the 1943 season, <mask> spent two years in the U.S. Marines during World War II and played on military football teams. In 1944, he was selected to play in the College All-Star Game, a now-defunct matchup between the

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texts:
 National Football League (NFL) champion and a selection of the best college players in the country.Professional career
Creighton Miller, a teammate of <mask>'s at Notre Dame, took an assistant coaching position after the war with the Cleveland Browns, a team under formation in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC). While <mask> selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the first round of the 1945 NFL Draft, Miller convinced him to sign with the Browns instead. The Browns won the AAFC championship in each of the four years <mask> played for the team between 1946 and 1949. He started out as primarily a pass-rushing defensive end in 1946, but was also used as an offensive end when receiver Dante Lavelli was injured in 1947. After watching one of the Browns' early games, Leahy said that the Browns were good, but "I don't understand why they don't throw more passes to Yonakor". He had just six receptions for 95 yards and two touchdowns in 1947, however, and was shifted back to working mostly on defense in 1948. <mask> completed coursework at Notre Dame between seasons with the Browns and got his degree in 1948.<mask> got into contractual disputes three times with Paul Brown, the Browns' head coach and general manager, and frequently held out for raises. His highest salary with the Browns was $9,500 in 1949. The AAFC dissolved after the 1949 season and the Browns were absorbed by the National Football League (NFL). <mask>, however, was sold before the 1950 season to the NFL's New York Yanks. He played a season for the Yanks before signing with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League in the summer of 1951. he played a final season for the NFL's Washington Redskins in 1952 before retiring. He was used by the Redskins as an

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texts:
 end and a tackle. Later life
<mask> went back home to Boston after ending his football career and worked in several sales jobs he found unsatisfying.He planned to go to California to find work, but stopped off in Cleveland on the way to make some money for the journey onward. He worked briefly in the structural iron business before getting a job in 1956 at Republic Steel, then one of the country's largest producers of the metal. He was promoted in 1959 to superintendent of Republic's general labor department and oversaw more than 500 workers. He got married and settled down in Cleveland, attending Browns games as he worked at Republic. "I learned teamwork and got used to being around men and learning to get along with them," he said in 1960. "Out here at Republic we operate on the same theory as the Browns – all for one and one for all." In 1961, <mask> began working for the White Motor Company in Euclid, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland where he lived.He made diesel engines on an assembly line in a White Motors plant there. His son, <mask>, was a star athlete in Euclid who played basketball in Italy and one season for the San Antonio Spurs in the early 1980s. <mask> died in Euclid in 2001. References

Bibliography

External links

1921 births
2001 deaths
American football defensive ends
American football ends
American players of Canadian football
Cleveland Browns players
New York Yanks players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Montreal Alouettes players
Washington Redskins players
All-American college football players
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
People from Dorchester, Massachusetts
Players of American football from Boston
American people of Lithuanian descent
<mask>. O'Bryant School of Mathematics &

masks:
Yonakor
Yonakor
Rich Yonakor
Yonakor
John D


texts: <mask> (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars. <mask> graduated from West Point in 1861 at the bottom of his class, but as the Civil War was just starting, trained officers were in immediate demand. He worked closely with General <mask>. McClellan and the future General Alfred Pleasonton, both of whom recognized his qualities as a cavalry leader, and he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers at age 23. Only a few days after his promotion, he fought at the Battle of Gettysburg, where he commanded the Michigan Cavalry Brigade and despite being outnumbered, defeated J. E. B. Stuart's attack at what is now known as the East Cavalry Field. In 1864, <mask> served in the Overland Campaign and in Philip Sheridan's army in the Shenandoah Valley, defeating Jubal Early at Cedar Creek. His division blocked the Army of Northern Virginia's final retreat and received the first flag of truce from the Confederates, and <mask> was present at Robert E. Lee's surrender to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox. After the war, <mask> was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the Regular Army and was sent west to fight in the Indian Wars.On June 25, 1876, while leading the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory against a coalition of Native American tribes, he was killed along with all of the five companies he led after splitting the regiment into three battalions. This action became romanticized as "<mask>'s Last Stand". His dramatic end was as controversial as the rest of his career, and

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George Armstrong Custer
Custer
George B
Custer
Custer
Custer
Custer


texts:
 reaction to his life and career remains deeply divided. <mask>'s legend was partly of his own fabrication through his extensive journalism, and perhaps more through the energetic lobbying of his wife Elizabeth Bacon "Libbie" <mask> throughout her long widowhood. Family and ancestry
<mask>'s paternal ancestors, Paulus and Gertrude Küster, came to the North American English colonies around 1693 from the Rhineland in Germany, probably among thousands of Palatines whose passage was arranged by the English government to gain settlers in New York and Pennsylvania. According to family letters, <mask> was named after <mask>, a minister, in his devout mother's hope that her son might join the clergy. Birth, siblings, and childhood
<mask> was born in New Rumley, Ohio, to Emanuel Henry <mask> (1806–1892), a farmer and blacksmith, and his second wife, Marie Ward Kirkpatrick (1807–1882), who was of English and Scots-Irish descent.He had two younger brothers, Thomas and Boston. His other full siblings were the family's youngest child, <mask>, and Nevin <mask>, who suffered from asthma and rheumatism. <mask> also had three older half-siblings. <mask> and his brothers acquired a life-long love of practical jokes, which they played out among the close family members. <mask> was an outspoken Jacksonian Democrat who taught his children politics and toughness at an early age. In a February 3, 1887, letter to his son's widow Libby, Emanuel related an incident from when <mask> (known as Autie) was about four years old:
"He had to have a tooth drawn, and he was very much afraid of blood. When I took him to the doctor to have the

masks:
Custer
Custer
Custer
Custer
George Armstrong
Custer
Custer
Margaret Custer
Custer
Custer
Custer
Emanuel Custer
George Custer


texts:
 tooth pulled, it was in the night and I told him if it bled well it would get well right away, and he must be a good soldier.When he got to the doctor he took his seat, and the pulling began. The forceps slipped off and he had to make a second trial. He pulled it out, and Autie never even scrunched. Going home, I led him by the arm. He jumped and skipped, and said 'Father you and me can whip all the Whigs in Michigan.' I thought that was saying a good deal but I did not contradict him." Education

In order to attend school, <mask> lived with an older half-sister and her husband in Monroe, Michigan.Before entering the United States Military Academy, <mask> attended the McNeely Normal School, later known as Hopedale Normal College, in Hopedale, Ohio. It was to train teachers for elementary schools. While attending Hopedale, <mask> and classmate William Enos Emery were known to have carried coal to help pay for their room and board. After graduating from McNeely Normal School in 1856, <mask> taught school in Cadiz, Ohio. His first sweetheart was Mary Jane Holland. <mask> entered West Point as a cadet on July 1, 1857, as a member of the class of 1862. His class numbered seventy-nine cadets embarking on a five-year course of study.With the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, the course was shortened to four years, and <mask> and his class graduated on June 24, 1861. He was 34th in a class of 34 graduates: 23 classmates had dropped out for academic reasons while 22 classmates had already resigned to join the Confederacy. Throughout his life, <mask> tested boundaries and rules. In his four years at West Point,

masks: Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer


texts:
 he amassed a record total of 726 demerits, one of the worst conduct records in the history of the academy. The local minister remembered <mask> as "the instigator of devilish plots both during the service and in Sunday school. On the surface he appeared attentive and respectful, but underneath the mind boiled with disruptive ideas." A fellow cadet recalled <mask> as declaring there were only two places in a class, the head and the foot, and since he had no desire to be the head, he aspired to be the foot.A roommate noted, "It was alright with <mask>, whether he knew his lesson or not; he simply did not allow it to trouble him." Under ordinary conditions, <mask>'s low class rank would result in an obscure posting, the first step in a dead-end career, but <mask> had the fortune to graduate as the Civil War broke out, and as a result the Union Army had a sudden need for many junior officers. Civil War

McClellan and Pleasanton

Like the other graduates, <mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant; he was assigned to the 2nd U.S. Cavalry Regiment and tasked with drilling volunteers in Washington, D.C. On July 21, 1861, he was with his regiment at the First Battle of Bull Run during the Manassas Campaign, where Army commander Winfield Scott detailed him to carry messages to Major General Irvin McDowell. After the battle, <mask> continued participating in the defenses of Washington D.C. until October, when he became ill. He was absent from his unit until February 1862. In March, he participated with the 2nd Cavalry in the Peninsula Campaign (March to August) in Virginia until April 4. On April 5, <mask> served in

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George Custer
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texts: the 5th Cavalry Regiment and participated in the Siege of Yorktown, from April 5 to May 4 and was aide to Major General <mask>. McClellan; McClellan was in command of the Army of the Potomac during the Peninsula Campaign.On May 24, 1862, during the pursuit of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston up the Peninsula, when General McClellan and his staff were reconnoitering a potential crossing point on the Chickahominy River, they stopped, and <mask> overheard General John G. Barnard mutter, "I wish I knew how deep it is." <mask> dashed forward on his horse out to the middle of the river, turned to the astonished officers, and shouted triumphantly, "McClellan, that’s how deep it is, General!" <mask> was allowed to lead an attack with four companies of the 4th Michigan Infantry across the Chickahominy River above New Bridge. The attack was successful, resulting in the capture of 50 Confederate soldiers and the seizing of the first Confederate battle flag of the war. McClellan termed it a "very gallant affair" and congratulated <mask> personally. In his role as aide-de-camp to McClellan, <mask> began his life-long pursuit of publicity. <mask> was promoted to the rank of captain on June 5, 1862.On July 17, he was reverted to the rank of first lieutenant. He participated in the Maryland Campaign in September to October, the Battle of South Mountain on September 14, the Battle of Antietam on September 17, and the March to Warrenton, Virginia, in October. On June 9, 1863, <mask> became aide to Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Pleasonton, who was commanding the Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac. Recalling his service

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Custer
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Custer
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texts:
 under Pleasonton, <mask> was quoted as saying that "I do not believe a father could love his son more than General Pleasonton loves me." Pleasonton's first assignment was to locate the army of Robert E. Lee, moving north through the Shenandoah Valley in the beginning of what was to become the Gettysburg Campaign. Brigade command

Pleasonton was promoted on June 22, 1863, to major general of U.S. Volunteers.On June 29, after consulting with the new commander of the Army of the Potomac, <mask>, Pleasanton began replacing political generals with "commanders who were prepared to fight, to personally lead mounted attacks". He found just the kind of aggressive fighters he wanted in three of his aides: Wesley Merritt, Elon J. Farnsworth (both of whom had command experience) and <mask>. All received immediate promotions, <mask> to brigadier general of volunteers, commanding the Michigan Cavalry Brigade ("Wolverines"), part of the division of Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick. Despite having no direct command experience, <mask> became one of the youngest generals in the Union Army at age 23. <mask> immediately shaped his brigade to reflect his aggressive character. Now a general officer, <mask> had great latitude in choosing his uniform. Though often criticized as gaudy, it was more than personal vanity.Historian Tom Carhart observed that "A showy uniform for <mask> was one of command presence on the battlefield: he wanted to be readily distinguishable at first glance from all other soldiers. He intended to lead from the front, and to him it was a crucial issue of unit morale that his men be able to look up in the

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George Meade
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texts:
 middle of a charge, or at any other time on the battlefield, and instantly see him leading the way into danger." Hanover and Abbottstown
On June 30, 1863, <mask> and the First and Seventh Michigan Cavalry had just passed through Hanover, Pennsylvania, while the Fifth and Sixth Michigan Cavalry followed about seven miles behind. Hearing gunfire, he turned and started to the sound of the guns. A courier reported that Farnsworth's Brigade had been attacked by rebel cavalry from side streets in the town. Reassembling his command, he received orders from Kilpatrick to engage the enemy northeast of town near the railway station. <mask> deployed his troops and began to advance.After a brief firefight, the rebels withdrew to the northeast. This seemed odd, since it was supposed that Lee and his army were somewhere to the west. Though seemingly of little consequence, this skirmish further delayed Stuart from joining Lee. Further, as Captain James H. Kidd, commander of F troop, Sixth Michigan Cavalry, later wrote:  "Under [<mask>'s] skillful hand the four regiments were soon welded into a cohesive unit...."

Next morning, July 1, they passed through Abbottstown, Pennsylvania, still searching for Stuart's cavalry. Late in the morning they heard sounds of gunfire from the direction of Gettysburg. At Heidlersburg, Pennsylvania, that night they learned that General John Buford's cavalry had found Lee's army at Gettysburg. The next morning, July 2, orders came to hurry north to disrupt General Richard S. Ewell's communications and relieve the pressure on the union forces.By mid afternoon, as they approached Hunterstown,

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texts:
 Pennsylvania, they encountered Stuart's cavalry. <mask> rode alone ahead to investigate and found that the rebels were unaware of the arrival of his troops. Returning to his men, he carefully positioned them along both sides of the road where they would be hidden from the rebels. Further along the road, behind a low rise, he positioned the First and Fifth Michigan Cavalry and his artillery, under the command of Lieutenant Alexander Cummings McWhorter Pennington, Jr. To bait his trap, he gathered A Troop, Sixth Michigan Cavalry, called out, "Come on boys, I'll lead you this time!" and galloped directly at the unsuspecting rebels. As he had expected, the rebels, "more than two hundred horsemen, came racing down the country road" after <mask> and his men. He lost half of his men in the deadly rebel fire and his horse went down, leaving him on foot.He was rescued by Private Norvell Francis Churchill of the 1st Michigan Cavalry, who galloped up, shot <mask>'s nearest assailant, and pulled <mask> up behind him. <mask> and his remaining men reached safety, while the pursuing rebels were cut down by slashing rifle fire, then canister from six cannons. The rebels broke off their attack, and both sides withdrew. After spending most of the night in the saddle, <mask>'s brigade arrived at Two Taverns, Pennsylvania, roughly five miles southeast of Gettysburg around 3 a.m. July 3. There he was joined by Farnsworth's brigade. By daybreak they received orders to protect Meade's flanks. He was about to experience perhaps his finest hours during the war.Gettysburg

Lee's battle plan, shared with less than a handful of

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texts: subordinates, was to defeat Meade through a combined assault by all of his resources. General James Longstreet would attack Cemetery Hill from the west, Stuart would attack Culp's Hill from the southeast and Ewell would attack Culp's Hill from the north. Once the Union forces holding Culp's Hill had collapsed, the rebels would "roll up" the remaining Union defenses on Cemetery Ridge. To accomplish this, he sent Stuart with six thousand cavalrymen and mounted infantry on a long flanking maneuver. By mid-morning on July 3, <mask> had arrived at the intersection of Old Dutch road and Hanover Road 2 miles east of Gettysburg. He was later joined by Brigadier General David McMurtrie Gregg, who had him deploy his men at the northeast corner. <mask> then sent out scouts to investigate nearby wooded areas.Meanwhile, Gregg had positioned Colonel John Baillie McIntosh's brigade near the intersection and sent the rest of his command to picket duty two miles to the southwest. After additional deployments, 2,400 cavalry under McIntosh and 1,200 under <mask> remained, together with Colonel Alexander Cummings McWhorter Pennington, Jr.'s and Captain Alanson Merwin Randol's artillery, who had a total of ten three-inch guns. About noon <mask>'s men heard cannon fire, Stuart's signal to Lee that he was in position and had not been detected. About the same time Gregg received a message warning that a large body of rebel cavalry had moved out the York Pike and might be trying to get around the Union right. A second message from Pleasonton ordered Gregg to send <mask> to cover the Union far left. Since Gregg had already sent most of

masks: Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer


texts: his force off to other duties, it was clear to both Gregg and <mask> that <mask> must remain. They had about 2700 men facing 6000 Confederates.Soon afterward fighting broke out between the skirmish lines. Stuart ordered an attack by his mounted infantry under General Albert G. Jenkins, but the Union line  held, with men from the First Michigan cavalry, the First New Jersey Cavalry and the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry. Stuart ordered Jackson's four gun battery into action. <mask> ordered Pennington to answer. After a brief exchange in which two of Jackson's guns were destroyed, there was a lull. About one o'clock, the massive Confederate artillery barrage in support of the upcoming assault on Cemetery Ridge began. Jenkins' men renewed the attack but soon ran out of ammunition and fell back.Resupplied, they again pressed the attack. Outnumbered, the Union cavalry fell back, firing as they went. <mask> sent most of his Fifth Michigan cavalry ahead on foot, forcing Jenkins' men to fall back. Jenkins' men were reinforced by about 150 sharpshooters from General Fitzhugh Lee's brigade, and shortly after Stuart ordered a mounted charge by the Ninth Virginia Cavalry and the Thirteenth Virginia Cavalry. Now it was <mask>'s men who were running out of ammunition. The Fifth Michigan was forced back and the battle was reduced to vicious, hand-to-hand combat. Seeing this, <mask> mounted a counter-attack, riding ahead of the fewer than 400 new troopers of the Seventh Michigan Cavalry, shouting, "Come on, you Wolverines!"As he swept forward, he formed a line of squadrons five ranks deep – five rows of eighty horsemen side by side


texts:
 – chasing the retreating rebels until their charge was stopped by a wood rail fence. The horses and men became jammed into a solid mass and were soon attacked on their left flank by the dismounted Ninth and Thirteenth Virginia Cavalry and on the right flank by the mounted First Virginia cavalry. <mask> extricated his men and raced south to the protection of Pennington's artillery near Hanover Road. The pursuing Confederates were cut down by canister, then driven back by the remounted Fifth Michigan Cavalry. Both forces withdrew to a safe distance to regroup. It was then about three o'clock. The artillery barrage to the west had suddenly stopped.Union soldiers were surprised to see Stuart's entire force about a half mile away, coming toward them, not in line of battle, but "formed in close column of squadrons... A grander spectacle than their advance has rarely been beheld". Stuart recognized he now had little time to reach and attack the Union rear along Cemetery Ridge. He must make one last effort to break through the Union cavalry. Stuart passed by McIntosh's cavalry – the First New Jersey, Third Pennsylvania and Company A of Purnell's Legion, which had been posted about halfway down the field – with relative ease. As Stuart approached, the Union troops were ordered back into the woods without slowing down Stuart's column, "advancing as if in review, with sabers drawn and glistening like silver in the bright sunlight...."

Stuart's last obstacle was <mask> and his four hundred veteran troopers of the First Michigan Cavalry directly in the Confererate cavalry's path. Outnumbered but undaunted, <mask> rode to


texts:
 the head of the regiment, "drew his saber, threw off his hat so they could see his long yellow hair" and shouted... "Come on, you Wolverines!" <mask> formed his men in line of battle and charged."So sudden was the collision that many of the horses were turned end over end and crushed their riders beneath them...." As the Confederate advance stopped, their right flank was struck by troopers of the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Michigan. McIntosh was able to gather some of his men from the First New Jersey and Third Pennsylvania and charged the rebel left flank. "Seeing that the situation was becoming critical, I [Captain Miller] turned to [Lieutenant Brooke-Rawle] and said: 'I have been ordered to hold this position, but, if you will back me up in case I am court-martialed for disobedience, I will order a charge.' The rebel column disintegrated, and individual troopers fought with saber and pistol. Within twenty minutes the combatants heard the sound of the Union artillery opening up on Pickett's men. Stuart knew that whatever chance he had of joining the Confederate assault was gone. He withdrew his men to Cress Ridge.<mask>'s brigade lost 257 men at Gettysburg, the highest loss of any Union cavalry brigade. "I challenge the annals of warfare to produce a more brilliant or successful charge of cavalry", <mask> wrote in his report. "For Gallant And Meritorious Services", he was awarded a regular army brevet promotion to Major. Shenandoah Valley and Appomattox
General <mask> participated in Sheridan's campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. The civilian population was specifically targeted in what is known as the Burning.

masks: Custer Custer Custer Custer


texts: In 1864, with the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac reorganized under the command of Major General Philip Sheridan, <mask> (now commanding the 3rd Division) led his "Wolverines" to the Shenandoah Valley where by the year's end they defeated the army of Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. During May and June, Sheridan and <mask> (Captain, 5th Cavalry, May 8 and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel, May 11) took part in cavalry actions supporting the Overland Campaign, including the Battle of the Wilderness (after which <mask> ascended to division command), and the Battle of Yellow Tavern (where J.E.B.Stuart was mortally wounded). In the largest all-cavalry engagement of the war, the Battle of Trevilian Station, in which Sheridan sought to destroy the Virginia Central Railroad and the Confederates' western resupply route, <mask> captured Hampton's divisional train, but was then cut off and suffered heavy losses (including having his division's trains overrun and his personal baggage captured by the enemy) before being relieved. When Lieutenant General Early was then ordered to move down the Shenandoah Valley and threaten Washington, D.C., <mask>'s division was again dispatched under Sheridan. In the Valley Campaigns of 1864, they pursued the Confederates at the Third Battle of Winchester and effectively destroyed Early's army during Sheridan's counterattack at Cedar Creek. Sheridan and <mask>, having defeated Early, returned to the main Union Army lines at the Siege of Petersburg, where they spent the winter. In April 1865 the Confederate lines finally broke, and Robert E. Lee


texts: began his retreat to Appomattox Court House, pursued by the Union cavalry. <mask> distinguished himself by his actions at Waynesboro, Dinwiddie Court House, and Five Forks.His division blocked Lee's retreat on its final day and received the first flag of truce from the Confederate force. After a truce was arranged <mask> was escorted through the lines to meet Longstreet, who described <mask> as having flaxen locks flowing over his shoulders, and <mask> said “in the name of General Sheridan I demand the unconditional surrender of this army.” Longstreet replied that he was not in command of the army, but if he was he would not deal with messages from Sheridan. <mask> responded it would be a pity to have more blood upon the field, to which Longstreet suggested the truce be respected, and then added “General Lee has gone to meet General Grant, and it is for them to determine the future of the armies.<mask> was present at the surrender at Appomattox Court House and the table upon which the surrender was signed was presented to him as a gift for his wife by Sheridan, who included a note to her praising <mask>'s gallantry. She treasured the gift of the historic table, which is now in the Smithsonian Institution. On April 25, after the war officially ended, <mask> had his men search for, then illegally seize a large, prize racehorse named "Don Juan" near Clarksville, Virginia, worth then an estimated $10,000 (several hundred thousand today), along with his written pedigree. <mask> rode Don Juan in the grand review victory parade in Washington, D.C., on May 23, creating a sensation when the scared thoroughbred bolted.

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Custer
Custer
Custer
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” Custer
Custer
Custer
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 The owner, Richard Gaines, wrote to General Grant, who then ordered <mask> to return the horse to Gaines, but he did not, instead hiding the horse and winning a race with it the next year, before the horse died suddenly.Reconstruction duties in Texas
On June 3, 1865, at Sheridan's behest, Major General <mask> accepted command of the 2nd Division of Cavalry, Military Division of the Southwest, to march from Alexandria, Louisiana, to Hempstead, Texas, as part of the Union occupation forces. <mask> arrived at Alexandria on June 27 and began assembling his units, which took more than a month to gather and remount. On July 17, he assumed command of the Cavalry Division of the Military Division of the Gulf (on August 5, officially named the 2nd Division of Cavalry of the Military Division of the Gulf), and accompanied by his wife, he led the division (five regiments of veteran Western Theater cavalrymen) to Texas on an arduous 18-day march in August. On October 27, the division departed to Austin. On October 29, <mask> moved the division from Hempstead to Austin, arriving on November 4. Major General <mask> became Chief of Cavalry of the Department of Texas, from November 13 to February 1, 1866, succeeding Major General Wesley Merritt. During his entire period of command of the division, <mask> encountered considerable friction and near mutiny from the volunteer cavalry regiments who had campaigned along the Gulf coast.They desired to be mustered out of Federal service rather than continue campaigning, resented imposition of discipline (particularly from an Eastern Theater general), and considered <mask> nothing more


texts:
 than a vain dandy. <mask>'s division was mustered out beginning in November 1865, replaced by the regulars of the U.S. 6th Cavalry Regiment. Although their occupation of Austin had apparently been pleasant, many veterans harbored deep resentments against <mask>, particularly in the 2nd Wisconsin Cavalry, because of his attempts to maintain discipline. Upon its mustering out, several members planned to ambush <mask>, but he was warned the night before and the attempt thwarted. Indian Wars

On February 1, 1866, Major General <mask> mustered out of the U.S. volunteer service and took an extended leave of absence and awaited orders to September 24. He explored options in New York City, where he considered careers in railroads and mining. Offered a position (and $10,000 in gold) as adjutant general of the army of Benito Juárez of Mexico, who was then in a struggle with the Mexican Emperor Maximilian I (a satellite ruler of French Emperor Napoleon III), <mask> applied for a one-year leave of absence from the U.S. Army, which was endorsed by Grant and Secretary of War Stanton.Sheridan and Mrs. <mask> disapproved, however, and when his request for leave was opposed by U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward, who was against having an American officer commanding foreign troops, <mask> refused the alternative of resignation from the Army to take the lucrative post. Following the death of his father-in-law in May 1866, <mask> returned to Monroe, Michigan, where he considered running for Congress. He took part in public discussion over the treatment of the American South in the aftermath of the Civil War, advocating a

masks: Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer


texts: policy of moderation. He was named head of the Soldiers and Sailors Union, regarded as a response to the hyper-partisan Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). Also formed in 1866, it was led by Republican activist John Alexander Logan. In September 1866 <mask> accompanied President Andrew Johnson on a journey by train known as the "Swing Around the Circle" to build up public support for Johnson's policies towards the South. <mask> denied a charge by the newspapers that Johnson had promised him a colonel's commission in return for his support, but <mask> had written to Johnson some weeks before seeking such a commission.<mask> and his wife stayed with the president during most of the trip. At one point <mask> confronted a small group of Ohio men who repeatedly jeered Johnson, saying to them: "I was born two miles and a half from here, but I am ashamed of you." On July 28, 1866, <mask> was appointed lieutenant colonel of the newly created 7th Cavalry Regiment, which was headquartered at Fort Riley, Kansas. He served on frontier duty at Fort Riley from October 18 to March 26, and scouted in Kansas and Colorado to July 28, 1867. He took part in Major General Winfield Scott Hancock's expedition against the Cheyenne. On June 26, Lt. Lyman Kidder's party, made up of ten troopers and one scout, were massacred while en route to Fort Wallace. Lt. Kidder was to deliver dispatches to <mask> from General Sherman, but his party was attacked by Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne.Days later, <mask> and a search party found the bodies of Kidder's patrol. Following the Hancock campaign, <mask> was arrested and suspended at Fort Leavenworth,

masks: Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer


texts: Kansas, to August 12, 1868, for being AWOL, after having abandoned his post to see his wife. At the request of Major General Sheridan, who wanted <mask> for his planned winter campaign against the Cheyenne, <mask> was allowed to return to duty before his one-year term of suspension had expired and joined his regiment to October 7, 1868. He then went on frontier duty, scouting in Kansas and Indian Territory to October 1869. Under Sheridan's orders, <mask> took part in establishing Camp Supply in Indian Territory in early November 1868 as a supply base for the winter campaign. On November 27, 1868, <mask> led the 7th Cavalry Regiment in an attack on the Cheyenne encampment of Chief Black Kettle – the Battle of Washita River. <mask> reported killing 103 warriors and some women and children; 53 women and children were taken as prisoners.Estimates by the Cheyenne of their casualties were substantially lower (11 warriors plus 19 women and children). <mask> had his men shoot most of the 875 Indian ponies they had captured. The Battle of Washita River was regarded as the first substantial U.S. victory in the Southern Plains War, and it helped force a large portion of the Southern Cheyenne onto a U.S.-assigned reservation. In 1873, <mask> was sent to the Dakota Territory to protect a railroad survey party against the Lakota. On August 4, 1873, near the Tongue River, <mask> and the 7th Cavalry Regiment clashed for the first time with the Lakota. One man on each side was killed. In 1874 <mask> led an expedition into the Black Hills and announced the discovery of gold on French Creek near present-day Custer, South


texts:
 Dakota.<mask>'s announcement triggered the Black Hills Gold Rush. Among the towns that immediately grew up was Deadwood, South Dakota, notorious for lawlessness. Grant, Belknap and politics

In 1875, the Grant administration attempted to buy the Black Hills region from the Sioux. When the Sioux refused to sell, they were ordered to report to reservations by the end of January, 1876. Mid-winter conditions made it impossible for them to comply. The administration labeled them "hostiles" and tasked the Army with bringing them in. <mask> was to command an expedition planned for the spring, part of a three-pronged campaign.While <mask>'s expedition marched west from Fort Abraham Lincoln, near present-day Mandan, North Dakota, troops under Colonel John Gibbon were to march east from Fort Ellis, near present-day Bozeman, Montana, while a force under General <mask> was to march north from Fort Fetterman, near present-day Douglas, Wyoming. <mask>'s 7th Cavalry was originally scheduled to leave Fort Abraham Lincoln on April 6, 1876, but on March 15 he was summoned to Washington to testify at congressional hearings. Rep. Hiester Clymer's Committee was investigating alleged corruption involving Secretary of War William W. Belknap (who had resigned March 2), President Grant's brother Orville and traders granted monopolies at frontier Army posts. It was alleged that Belknap had been selling these lucrative trading post positions where soldiers were required to make their purchases. <mask> himself had experienced first hand the high prices being charged at Fort Lincoln. Concerned that he might miss the coming campaign, <mask>

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George Crook
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texts: did not want to go to Washington. He asked to answer questions in writing, but Clymer insisted.Recognizing that his testimony would be explosive, <mask> tried "to follow a moderate and prudent course, avoiding prominence." Despite this, he provided a quantity of unsubstantiated accusations against Belknap. His testimony, given on March 29 and April 4, was a sensation, being loudly praised by the Democratic press and sharply criticized by Republicans. <mask> wrote articles published anonymously in The New York Herald that exposed trader post kickback rings and implied that Belknap was behind them. During his testimony, <mask> attacked President Grant's brother Orville on unproven grounds of extorting money in exchange for exerting undue influence. After <mask> testified, Belknap was impeached and the case sent to the Senate for trial. <mask> asked the impeachment managers to release him from further testimony.With the help of a request from his superior, Brigadier General Alfred Terry, Commander of the Department of Dakota, he was excused. However, President Grant intervened, ordering that another officer fulfill <mask>'s military duty. General Terry protested, arguing that he had no available officers of rank qualified to replace <mask>. Both Sheridan and Sherman wanted <mask> in command but had to support Grant. General Sherman, hoping to resolve the issue, advised <mask> to meet personally with Grant before leaving Washington. Three times <mask> requested meetings with the president, but each request was refused. Finally, <mask> gave up and took a train to Chicago on May 2, planning to rejoin his regiment.A

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texts:
 furious Grant ordered Sheridan to arrest <mask> for leaving Washington without permission. On May 3, a member of Sheridan's staff arrested <mask> as he arrived in Chicago. The arrest sparked public outrage. The New York Herald called Grant the "modern Caesar" and asked, "Are officers... to be dragged from railroad trains and ignominiously ordered to stand aside until the whims of the Chief magistrate ... are satisfied?" Grant relented but insisted that Terry—not <mask>—personally command the expedition. Terry met <mask> in St. Paul, Minnesota, on May 6. He later recalled that <mask> "with tears in his eyes, begged for my aid.How could I resist it?" <mask> and Terry both wrote telegrams to Grant asking that <mask> lead his regiment, with Terry in command. Sheridan endorsed the effort. Grant was already under pressure for his treatment of <mask>. His administration worried that if the "Sioux campaign" failed without <mask>, then Grant would be blamed for ignoring the recommendations of senior Army officers. On May 8, <mask> was told that he would lead the expedition, but only under Terry's direct supervision. Elated, <mask> told General Terry's chief engineer, Captain Ludlow, that he would "cut loose" from Terry and operate independently.Battle of the Little Bighorn

By the time of <mask>'s Black Hills expedition in 1874, the level of conflict and tension between the U.S. and many of the Plains Indians tribes (including the Lakota Sioux and the Cheyenne) had become exceedingly high. European-Americans continually broke treaty agreements and advanced further westward, resulting in violence and acts of depredation

masks: Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer


texts: by both sides. To take possession of the Black Hills (and thus the gold deposits), and to stop Indian attacks, the U.S. decided to corral all remaining free Plains Indians. The Grant government set a deadline of January 31, 1876, for all Lakota and Arapaho wintering in the "unceded territory" to report to their designated agencies (reservations) or be considered "hostile". At that time the 7th Cavalry's regimental commander, Colonel Samuel D. Sturgis, was on detached duty as the Superintendent of Mounted Recruiting Service and in command of the Cavalry Depot in St. Louis, Missouri, which left Lieutenant Colonel <mask> in command of the regiment. <mask> and the 7th Cavalry departed from Fort Abraham Lincoln on May 17, 1876, part of a larger army force planning to round up remaining free Indians. Meanwhile, in the spring and summer of 1876, the Hunkpapa Lakota holy man Sitting Bull had called together the largest ever gathering of Plains Indians at Ash Creek, Montana (later moved to the Little Bighorn River) to discuss what to do about the whites.It was this united encampment of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians that the 7th met at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in the Crow Indian Reservation created in old Crow Country. (In the Fort Laramie Treaty (1851), the valley of the Little Bighorn is in the heart of the Crow Indian treaty territory and accepted as such by the Lakota, the Cheyenne and the Arapaho). The Lakotas were staying in the valley without consent from the Crow tribe, which sided with the Army to expel the Indian invaders. About June 15, Major Marcus Reno, while on a scout, discovered

masks: Custer Custer


texts: the trail of a large village on the Rosebud River. On June 22, <mask>'s entire regiment was detached to follow this trail. On June 25, some of <mask>'s Crow Indian scouts identified what they claimed was a large Indian encampment in the valley near the Little Bighorn River. <mask> had first intended to attack the Indian village the next day, but since his presence was known, he decided to attack immediately and divided his forces into three battalions: one led by Major Reno, one by Captain Frederick Benteen, and one by himself.Captain Thomas M. McDougall and Company B were with the pack train. Reno was sent north to charge the southern end of the encampment, <mask> rode north, hidden to the east of the encampment by bluffs and planning to circle around and attack from the north, and Benteen was initially sent south and west to scout Indian presence and potentially protect the column from the south. Reno began a charge on the southern end of the village but halted some 500–600 yards short of the camp, and had his men dismount and form a skirmish line. They were soon overcome by mounted Lakota and Cheyenne warriors who counterattacked en masse against Reno's exposed left flank, forcing Reno and his men to take cover in the trees along the river. Eventually, however, the troopers engaged in a bloody retreat up onto the bluffs above the river, where they made their own stand. This, the opening action of the battle, cost Reno a quarter of his command. <mask> may have seen Reno stop and form a skirmish line as <mask> led his command to the northern end of the main encampment, where he may have planned to sandwich the


texts: Indians between his attacking troopers and Reno's command in a "hammer and anvil" maneuver.According to Grinnell's account, based on the testimony of the Cheyenne warriors who survived the fight, at least part of <mask>'s command attempted to ford the river at the north end of the camp but were driven off by Indian sharpshooters firing from the brush along the west bank of the river. From that point the soldiers were pursued by hundreds of warriors onto a ridge north of the encampment. <mask> and his command were prevented from digging in by Crazy Horse however, whose warriors had outflanked him and were now to his north, at the crest of the ridge. Traditional white accounts attribute to Gall the attack that drove <mask> up onto the ridge, but Indian witnesses have disputed that account. For a time, <mask>'s men appear to have been deployed by company, in standard cavalry fighting formation—the skirmish line, with every fourth man holding the horses, though this arrangement would have robbed <mask> of a quarter of his firepower. Worse, as the fight intensified, many soldiers could have taken to holding their own horses or hobbling them, further reducing the 7th's effective fire. When Crazy Horse and White Bull mounted the charge that broke through the center of <mask>'s lines, order may have broken down among the soldiers of Calhoun's command, though Myles Keogh's men seem to have fought and died where they stood.According to some Lakota accounts, many of the panicking soldiers threw down their weapons and either rode or ran towards the knoll where <mask>, the other officers, and about 40 men were making a


texts:
 stand. Along the way, the warriors rode them down, counting coup by striking the fleeing troopers with their quirts or lances. Initially, <mask> had 208 officers and men under his direct command, with an additional 142 under Reno, just over 100 under Benteen, and 50 soldiers with Captain McDougall's rearguard, accompanying 84 soldiers under 1st Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey with the pack train. The Lakota-Cheyenne coalition may have fielded over 1,800 warriors. Historian Gregory Michno settles on a low number of around 1,000 based on contemporary Lakota testimony, but other sources place the number at 1,800 or 2,000, especially in the works by Utley and Fox. The 1,800–2,000 figure is substantially lower than the higher numbers of 3,000 or more postulated by Ambrose, Gray, Scott, and others. Some of the other participants in the battle gave these estimates:

Spotted Horn Bull – 5,000 braves and leaders
Maj. Reno – 2,500 to 5,000 warriors
Capt.Moylan – 3,500 to 4,000
Lt. Hare – not under 4,000
Lt. Godfrey – minimum between 2,500 and 3,000
Lt. Edgerly – 4,000
Lt. Varnum – not less than 4,000
Sgt. Kanipe – fully 4,000
<mask>en – fully 3,000
Fred Gerard – 2,500 to 3,000

An average of the above is 3,500 Indian warriors and leaders. As the troopers of <mask>'s five companies were cut down, the native warriors stripped the dead of their firearms and ammunition, with the result that the return fire from the cavalry steadily decreased, while the fire from the Indians constantly increased. The surviving troopers apparently shot their remaining horses to use as breastworks for a final stand on the knoll at the north end

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George Herende
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 of the ridge. The warriors closed in for the final attack and killed every man in <mask>'s Last Stand". Personal life

On February 9, 1864, <mask> married Elizabeth Clift Bacon (1842–1933), whom he had first seen when he was ten years old.He had been socially introduced to her in November 1862, when home in Monroe on leave. She was not initially impressed with him, and her father, Judge Daniel Bacon, disapproved of <mask> as a match because he was the son of a blacksmith. It was not until well after <mask> had been promoted to the rank of brigadier general that he gained the approval of Judge Bacon. He married Elizabeth Bacon fourteen months after they formally met. In November 1868, following the Battle of Washita River, <mask> was alleged (by Captain Frederick Benteen, chief of scouts Ben Clark, and Cheyenne oral tradition) to have unofficially married Mo-nah-se-tah, daughter of the Cheyenne chief Little Rock in the winter or early spring of 1868–1869 (Little Rock was killed in the one-day action at Washita on November 27). Mo-nah-se-tah gave birth to a child in January 1869, two months after the Washita battle. Cheyenne oral history tells that she also bore a second child, fathered by <mask> in late 1869.Some historians, however, believe that <mask> had become sterile after contracting gonorrhea while at West Point and that the father was, in actuality, his brother Thomas. Clarke's description in his memoirs included the statement, "<mask> picked out a fine looking one and had her in his tent every night." Death
It is unlikely that any Native American recognized <mask> during or after the battle. Michno

masks: Custeruster Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer Custer


texts: summarizes: "Shave Elk said, 'We did not suspect that we were fighting <mask> and did not recognize him either alive or dead.' Wooden Leg said no one could recognize any enemy during the fight, for they were too far away. The Cheyennes did not even know a man named <mask> was in the fight until weeks later. Antelope said none knew of <mask> being at the fight until they later learned of it at the agencies.Thomas Marquis learned from his interviews that no Indian knew <mask> was at the Little Bighorn fight until months later. Many Cheyennes were not even aware that other members of the <mask> family had been in the fight until 1922 when Marquis himself first informed them of that fact." Several individuals claimed responsibility for killing <mask>, including White Bull of the Miniconjous, Rain-in-the-Face, Flat Lip, and Brave Bear. In June 2005, at a public meeting, Northern Cheyenne storytellers said that according to their oral tradition, Buffalo Calf Road Woman, a Northern Cheyenne heroine of the Battle of the Rosebud, struck the final blow against <mask>, which knocked him off his horse before he died. A contrasting version of <mask>'s death is suggested by the testimony of an Oglala named Joseph White Cow Bull, according to novelist and Custer biographer Evan Connell. He says that Joseph White Bull stated he had shot a rider wearing a buckskin jacket and big hat at the riverside when the soldiers first approached the village from the east. The initial force facing the soldiers, according to this version, was quite small (possibly as few as four warriors) yet challenged <mask>'s command.The rider who was hit


texts: was mounted next to a rider who bore a flag and had shouted orders that prompted the soldiers to attack, but when the buckskin-clad rider fell off his horse after being shot, many of the attackers reined up. The allegation that the buckskin-clad officer was <mask>, if accurate, might explain the supposed rapid disintegration of <mask>'s forces. However, several other officers of the Seventh, including William Cooke, <mask> and William Sturgis, were also dressed in buckskin on the day of the battle, and the fact that each of the non-mutilation wounds to <mask>'s body (a bullet wound below the heart and a shot to the left temple) would have been instantly fatal casts doubt on his being wounded or killed at the ford, more than a mile from where his body was found. The circumstances are, however, consistent with David Humphreys Miller's suggestion that <mask>'s attendants would not have left his dead body behind to be desecrated. During the 1920s, two elderly Cheyenne women spoke briefly with oral historians about their having recognized <mask>'s body on the battlefield and said that they had stopped a Sioux warrior from desecrating the body. The women were relatives of Mo-nah-se-tah, who was alleged to have been <mask>'s lover in late 1868 and through 1869, and borne two children by him. Mo-nah-se-tah was among 53 Cheyenne women and children taken captive by the 7th Cavalry after the Battle of Washita River in 1868, in which <mask> commanded an attack on the camp of Chief Black Kettle.Mo-nah-se-tah's father, Cheyenne chief Little Rock, was killed in the battle. During the winter and early spring of 1868–69, <mask>

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Tom Custer
George Custer
Custer
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texts: reportedly sexually assaulted teenage Mo-nah-se-tah. Cheyenne oral history alleges that she later bore <mask>'s child in late 1869. (<mask>, however, had apparently become sterile after contracting venereal disease at West Point, leading some historians to believe that the father was really his brother Thomas). In the Cheyenne culture of the time, such a relationship was considered a marriage. The women allegedly told the warrior: "Stop, he is a relative of ours," and then shooed him away. The two women said they shoved their sewing awls into his ears to permit <mask>'s corpse to "hear better in the afterlife" because he had broken his promise to Stone Forehead never to fight against Native Americans again.When the main column under General Terry arrived two days later, the army found most of the soldiers' corpses stripped, scalped, and mutilated. <mask>'s body had two bullet holes, one in the left temple and one just below the heart. Capt. Benteen, who inspected the body, stated that in his opinion the fatal injuries had not been the result of .45 caliber ammunition, which implies the bullet holes had been caused by ranged rifle fire. Some time later, Lieutenant Edward S. Godfrey described <mask>'s mutilation, telling Charles F. Bates that an arrow "had been forced up his penis." The bodies of <mask> and his brother Tom were wrapped in canvas and blankets, then buried in a shallow grave, covered by the basket from a travois held in place by rocks. When soldiers returned a year later, the brothers' grave had been scavenged by animals and the bones scattered."Not more than a double handful of small bones were


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 picked up." <mask> was reinterred with full military honors at West Point Cemetery on October 10, 1877. The battle site was designated a National Cemetery in 1886. Controversial legacy

Public relations and media coverage during his lifetime
<mask> has been called a "media personality", and he valued good public relations and used the print media of his era effectively. He frequently invited journalists to accompany his campaigns (one, Associated Press reporter Mark Kellogg, died at the Little Bighorn), and their favorable reporting contributed to his high reputation, which lasted well into the latter 20th century. <mask> enjoyed writing, often writing all night long. He wrote a series of magazine articles of his experiences on the frontier, which were published in book form as My Life on the Plains in 1874.The work is still a valued primary source for information on US-Native relations. Posthumous legacy
After his death, <mask> achieved lasting fame. Despite some initial criticism, the public eventually saw him as a tragic military hero. <mask>'s wife, Elizabeth, who had accompanied him in many of his frontier expeditions, did much to advance this view with the publication of several books about her late husband: Boots and Saddles, Life with <mask> in Dakota, Tenting on the Plains, or <mask> in Kansas and Texas and Following the Guidon. The deaths of <mask> and his troops became the best-known episode in the history of the American Indian Wars, due in part to a painting commissioned by the brewery Anheuser-Busch as part of an advertising campaign. The enterprising company ordered reprints of a dramatic work

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General Custer
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 that depicted "Custer's Last Stand" and had them framed and hung in many United States saloons. This created lasting impressions of the battle and the brewery's products in the minds of many bar patrons.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote an adoring (and in some places, erroneous) poem. President Theodore Roosevelt's lavish praise pleased <mask>'s widow. President Grant, a highly successful general but recent antagonist, criticized <mask>'s actions in the battle of the Little Bighorn. Quoted in the New York Herald on September 2, 1876, Grant said, "I regard <mask>'s Massacre as a sacrifice of troops, brought on by <mask> himself, that was wholly unnecessary – wholly unnecessary." General Phillip Sheridan took a more moderately critical view of <mask>'s final military actions. General Nelson Miles (who inherited <mask>'s mantle of famed Indian fighter) and others praised him as a fallen hero betrayed by the incompetence of subordinate officers. Miles noted the difficulty of winning a fight "with seven-twelfths of the command remaining out of the engagement when within sound of his rifle shots."The assessment of <mask>'s actions during the American Indian Wars has undergone substantial reconsideration in modern times. Documenting the arc of popular perception in his biography Son of the Morning Star (1984), author Evan Connell notes the reverential tone of <mask>'s first biographer Frederick Whittaker (whose book was rushed out the year of <mask>'s death.) Connell concludes:

These days it is stylish to denigrate the general, whose stock sells for nothing. Nineteenth-century Americans thought differently. At that