texts:
 youngest member of Parliament ever elected in the province of British Columbia. As a member of the Official Opposition <mask> served as Deputy Foreign Affairs Critic and Deputy National Revenue Critic, and was later promoted to serve as the Senior Transport Critic and Vice-Chair of the Commons Transport Committee. In 2003, the Canadian Alliance merged with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada to form the Conservative Party of Canada. In the 2004 federal election <mask> was re-elected in the new riding of Port Moody—Westwood—Port Coquitlam, winning 41% of the popular the vote. Following his re-election he served as the Official Opposition Transportation Critic, as well as Amateur Sport Critic. In 2004, <mask> was one of the few members of his caucus to vote in favour of same-sex marriage.After taking a long time to study the issue he stated "In short, I believe in equality under the law for all Canadians for civil marriages, which in a perfect world would be termed civil unions". Government member
In the 2006 federal election the Conservative Party won a minority government and <mask> was re-elected in his riding over former Coquitlam mayor, Jon Kingsbury. On February 7, 2006, <mask> was appointed as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister Public Works and Government Services Canada and the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for the Pacific Gateway and the Vancouver-Whistler Olympics. <mask> was responsible for answering questions regarding Public Works and Government Services during Question Period due to the minister, Michael Fortier, being a senator as opposed to a member of Parliament. On June 25, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper appointed <mask> as the Secretary of State for the 2010 Olympics, the Asia-Pacific Gateway and Official Languages. With his appointment he became the youngest Cabinet Minister in British Columbia's history and the fourth youngest Cabinet Minister in Canadian history. Less than three months later Harper called an election for October 14, 2008.<mask> was easily re-elected in the 2008 federal election and the Conservative Party won their second

masks: Moore Moore Moore Moore Moore Moore Moore Moore


type: original

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 minority government. Minister of Canadian Heritage
On October 30, 2008, <mask> was appointed Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages. <mask>'s appointment came after Harper had sparked controversy during the recent election campaign when he made comments that "ordinary people" didn't care about arts funding. The comments were negatively received, particularly in Quebec, and it is thought to have contributed to the Conservatives not winning a majority government. In the 2011 federal election <mask> was once again re-elected in his riding and the Conservative Party won their first majority government. It was speculated that <mask> could be promoted to a higher profile ministry when Harper shuffled his cabinet, however he remained Minister of Heritage when the new cabinet was sworn in. The resignation and defeat of several ministers did lead to his appointment as the senior regional Minister from British Columbia, he became the youngest person to ever hold the post.<mask> was seen as one of the most influential members within his caucus, and with Prime Minister Harper. Though Harper did not appoint a Deputy Prime Minister, Jason Kenney was seen by many as the de facto Deputy Prime Minister. Maclean's columnist Paul Wells wrote in 2011 that <mask>, whose views contrast with the more socially conservative Kenney, was a near-equal to Kenney within cabinet. <mask>'s portfolio was an important one to Quebeckers and, with only four Conservative members of Parliament in the province, <mask> became a central figure in the province for the party, despite hailing from British Columbia. CBC
As Minister of Canadian Heritage <mask> was nominally responsible for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), a Crown corporation. On November 19, 2008, <mask> warned CBC executives to rein in their spending practises after it was revealed that CBC's executive vice-president for French services, racked up more than $80,000 in 2006 on expenses such as theatre tickets, hotels, and catering. The information was revealed the same week that other Canadian broadcasters were announcing hiring freezes and

masks: Moore Moore Moore Moore Moore Moore Moore Moore Moore Moore


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 layoffs.The President of CBC announced on November 21, 2008 that the corporation would be cutting spending and reviewing its major projects. <mask> has been a defender of the CBC and has spoken about its importance as a key cultural institution. This despite calls from some within the Conservative Party to stop funding or sell the CBC. Downsizing and decentralizing of the broadcaster is a goal for <mask> and the Conservative government. In December 2011, he stated that under his leadership staffing at the CBC had decreased by about 25%. Interim Minister of Aboriginal Affairs
On February 15, 2013, Prime Minister Stephen Harper appointed <mask> as acting Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development after the sudden resignation of John Duncan. Duncan resigned after improperly advocating to a tax court on behalf of a constituent in June 2011.<mask> remained interim minister until Bernard Valcourt was appointed on February 22, 2013. Minister of Industry
On July 15, 2013, <mask> was appointed Minister of Industry. As Minister of Industry, <mask> Chaired the Cabinet Committee on Economic prosperity, which was responsible for considering all economic proposals. Internal Free Trade
in 2014 <mask> made a major effort to open Canada's internal markets to greater free trade. Tabling a report entitled "One Canada, One National Economy," he outlined options for improving Canada's existing Agreement on Internal Trade or starting anew with default open market access across Canada for domestic goods and services. Digital Policy
While serving as Minister, <mask> successfully passed Bill S-4, also known as the "Digital Privacy Act," a sweeping set of changes to modernize Canada's online privacy laws, including the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). He also implemented a series of spectrum auctions (700 MHz, 2500 MHz and AWS-3) to put as much spectrum into the market for use by wireless providers to create competition.He also established the "Connecting Canadians" program to bring internet connectivity to rural and remote communities, as well as the modernized


texts:
 "Computers for Schools" program for those without access to computers. He also implemented a new cell tower sharing policy to encourage competition and mandatory community consultations on cell tower placement and construction. Space Policy
As Minister, <mask> developed and implemented a new space policy framework for Canada, including funding and full participation in the James Webb Space Telescope, the international 30 Metre Telescope, renewed membership in the European Space Agency, and a commitment to the International Space Station through 2024 with funding for 2 Canadian astronauts to complete missions to space. On December 15, 2013 while commenting on a report that B.C. had the worst rate of child poverty in Canada, <mask> said, "Is it my job to feed my neighbour's child? I don't think so" to Vancouver radio station News1130 reporter Sara Norman. His comments were criticized as "dismissive" and Scrooge-like, especially given the Christmas season.Initially the minister denied making any such statement in a series of tweets. On December 16, <mask> issued a written apology on his website. Out of politics
On June 19, 2015, <mask> announced he was not running as a candidate in the 2015 federal election. In November 2015, it was announced that <mask> had been chosen to be the next chancellor of the University of Northern British Columbia, his alma mater, starting a three-year term in May 2016. He also works at the global law firm Dentons as a senior business advisor, and a policy advisor at the global firm Edelman. In September 2016, it was announced that <mask> joined the national board of the Canadian Cancer Society as vice chair. Election results

References

External links
<mask> official site

<mask> at PoliTwitter

Table of offices held

1976 births
Canadian Alliance MPs
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
People from Coquitlam
People from New Westminster
People from Port Moody
University of Northern British Columbia alumni
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Members

masks:
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
James Moore
James Moore


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<mask> (born November 11, 1985) is a Canadian former professional gridiron football wide receiver. He was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL) in the fourth round (127th overall) in the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football for the Brigham Young University Cougars. <mask> also played in the NFL for the New England Patriots and in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the BC Lions. Early life
<mask> was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, to American parents Scott and <mask>. <mask> played football at Brigham Young University (BYU) from 1979 to 1982 and played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and briefly in the NFL for the San Francisco 49ers during the 1983 pre-season. His older brother, <mask>, also played receiver for the BYU Cougars from 2003 to 2006.<mask> served a mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was recruited by Stanford, Arizona, Arizona State, Washington State, Oregon State, Colorado, Utah, and UNLV, before choosing BYU. <mask> starred as a wide receiver at Oak Ridge High School and garnered many awards. He was a PrepStar and SuperPrep All-American as well as being voted Northern California's Most Valuable Player. During his senior season, he recorded 60 receptions for a total of 978 yards and 18 touchdowns. In 2004, <mask> became an Eagle Scout. In December 2009, <mask>'s hometown newspaper, The Sacramento Bee, named him Sacramento Area's Player of the Decade (2000–2009).College career
In 2004, <mask> was named MWC Freshman of the Year. He was also named the MVP of the 2007 Las Vegas Bowl and named to the All-MWC first team in 2008.

masks:
Austin Kirk Collie
Collie
Collie
Nicole Collie
Scott Collie
Zac Collie
Austin
Collie
Collie
Collie
Collie


texts:
 <mask> set a series of records during his three-year career at BYU (2004, 2007–2008). Additionally, <mask> was also one of the highest rated wide receivers in College Football during his junior season in which he was selected to the college football All–American team. On January 9, 2009, <mask> announced in a press conference that he would forgo his senior year and enter the 2009 NFL Draft. The Indianapolis Colts drafted him in the fourth round, 127th overall. Professional career

Indianapolis Colts
<mask> impressed Indianapolis Colts Head Coach Jim Caldwell in the preseason and was placed third on the depth chart at the wide receiver position for the 2009 season, placing ahead of Pierre Garçon for the slot receiver position.However, Garçon soon jumped <mask> on the depth chart shortly thereafter. <mask> finished his rookie season in the NFL among the top statistical leaders for all rookies at the wide receiver position. <mask> started his second year strong, making numerous touchdown catches and establishing himself as Peyton Manning's "go-to guy" after Dallas Clark suffered a season-ending injury. However, on November 7, 2010, <mask> was involved in a collision against the Philadelphia Eagles, in which he was hit on both sides of his head by Quintin Mikell and Kurt Coleman. <mask> was taken off the field on a stretcher. According to a televised ESPN update, <mask> was seen sitting up and moving after several minutes working with medics. <mask> suffered a concussion as a result of the collision.Coleman was penalized for unnecessary roughness for the hit on <mask>, but neither player was fined, as the NFL later ruled that the contact that caused the injury was incidental as a result of

masks: Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie


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 Mikell's initial hit. On December 19, 2010, <mask> was hit in the head by Jaguars linebacker Daryl Smith and was down for several minutes. It was his second concussion-related injury that year and ultimately ended his 2010 season. Despite the fact that no fines were assessed, the highly visible injuries to <mask> have added to the debate about violent hits in football. On December 22, 2010, <mask> was placed on injured reserve. <mask> played in all 16 games, making 5 starts, during the 2011 regular season, but managed to only catch one touchdown pass among his 54 receptions. During a 2012 preseason game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> suffered his third concussion of his career.During the third game of the 2012 season against the Jacksonville Jaguars, <mask> suffered a ruptured patellar tendon in his right knee, causing him to miss the rest of the 2012 season. On February 15, 2013, <mask> was told he would not be re-signed by the Colts. San Francisco 49ers
On August 2, 2013, the San Francisco 49ers signed <mask> to a 1-year contract. He was released on August 31, 2013, during final roster cuts. New England Patriots
The New England Patriots signed <mask> as a free agent on October 3, 2013. He was signed for a one-year, veteran-minimum contract, which is $715,000 but prorated to $546,765. Due to <mask>'s previous injuries, the contract included an injury waiver, meaning the Patriots could release him if he was injured and only owe him a "split" (50%) of the contract.He was released November 5, 2013 because of a knee injury, after only 3 catches for 34 yards. He was re-signed by the Patriots on December 5, 2013 to add depth with rookie wideouts Aaron Dobson and Kenbrell Thompkins

masks: Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie


texts:
 dealing with nagging injuries. He was released once more on December 27, 2013, only to be re-signed on January 2, 2014. The Patriots released <mask> again after the playoffs. BC Lions
On January 29, 2015, the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League announced they had signed <mask> to a contract. In his only CFL season, <mask> played in 16 games, catching 43 passes for 439 yards with 7 touchdowns. <mask> also recorded a touchdown as a passer, throwing a 21-yard score to quarterback Jonathon Jennings on a trick play.On April 8, 2016, <mask> announced his retirement from professional football. Career NFL statistics

See also
 List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders

References

External links

 BC Lions bio
 NFL bio
 New England Patriots bio
 Indianapolis Colts bio
 BYU bio

1985 births
Living people
People from El Dorado Hills, California
Latter Day Saints from California
Sportspeople from Hamilton, Ontario
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
American football wide receivers
BYU Cougars football players
Indianapolis Colts players
San Francisco 49ers players
New England Patriots players
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football wide receivers
BC Lions players
American Mormon missionaries in Argentina
Canadian players of American

masks: Collie Collie Collie Collie Collie


texts:
<mask>'Dell (May 23, 1898 – October 15, 1989) was an American author of 26 novels for young people, along with three novels for adults and four nonfiction books. He wrote historical fiction, primarily, including several children's novels about historical California and Mexico. For his contribution as a children's writer he received the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1972, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books. He received The University of Southern Mississippi Medallion in 1976 and the Catholic Libraries Association Regina Medal in 1978. O'Dell's best known work is the historical novel Island of the Blue Dolphins (1960), which won the 1961 Newbery Medal and the 1963 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in its German translation. It was also named to the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award list. He was one of the annual Newbery runners-up for three other books: The King's Fifth (1966), The Black Pearl (1967), and Sing Down the Moon (1970).Biography

<mask>'Dell was born O'Dell Gabriel <mask>, but after his name was incorrectly published on a book as "<mask>'Dell", he decided to keep the name. He was born on Terminal Island in Los Angeles, California, to parents May Elizabeth Gabriel and Bennett Mason <mask>. He attended multiple colleges, including Occidental College in 1919, the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1920, Stanford University in 1921, and the Sapienza University of Rome in 1925. During World War II, he served in the United States Army Air Forces. Before becoming a full-time writer, he was employed as a cameraman and technical director, as a book columnist for the Los Angeles Mirror, and as book review editor for the Los Angeles Daily News. He was married two times. His wives were Jane Dorsa Rattenbury, and Elizabeth Hall.In 1934, O'Dell began writing articles as well as fiction and nonfiction books for adults. In the

masks:
Scott O
Scott O
Scott
Scott O
Scott


texts:
 late 1950s, he began writing children's books. His first children's book was Island of the Blue Dolphins. In 1984, he established the Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction, an award of $5,000 that recognizes outstanding works of historical fiction. The winners must be published in English by a U.S. publisher and be set in the New World (North, Central, and South America). In 1986, The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books awarded O'Dell this same award. <mask>'Dell died of prostate cancer on October 15, 1989 at the age of 91.Film adaptations

There have been several film adaptations of O'Dell's work. Island of the Blue Dolphins has been translated into a number of languages and was made into a movie in 1964, starring Celia Kaye, Larry Domasin, Ann Daniel, and George Kennedy. In 1978, Saul Swimmer produced and directed a film version of The Black Pearl with Gilbert Roland and Mario Custodio. The King's Fifth served as inspiration for the 1982 anime television series The Mysterious Cities of Gold, a Japan-France co-production that was aired in several different countries. (1990). Something About the Author Vol. 60.Gale Research Inc.: Detroit. External links
 Guide to the <mask> O'Dell papers at the University of Oregon

1898 births
1989 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American novelists
American children's writers
American historical novelists
American male non-fiction writers
American male novelists
American travel writers
American writers of young adult literature
American young adult novelists
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from prostate cancer
Hans Christian Andersen Award for Writing winners
The Mysterious Cities of Gold
Newbery Honor winners
Newbery Medal winners
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Writers from Los

masks:
Scott O
Scott


texts:
<mask> "J. R.<mask> (, born July 17, 1990) is a retired American short track speed skater, three-time Olympian, and three-time medalist in the Winter Olympics. <mask> has held a total of five combined Short Track World and Junior World Records throughout his career including the 500m and 5000m relay World Records as well as the 500m, 1000m and 3000m relay Junior World Records. <mask> was a part of the team that broke and currently holds the World Record in the 5000m relay established in Shanghai, China on November 12, 2017. On October 21, 2012, in Calgary, Canada, <mask> became the first person to skate under the 40 second barrier in the 500m event with a time of 39.937 seconds. ; He held the World Record for this distance for over 5 years from October 2012 to February 2018. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, <mask> won bronze in the 1500 m and the 5000 m relay. Five months before the Olympics, <mask> suffered a gruesome injury when he fell during a race and his right skate blade gashed his left thigh all the way to his femur bone and was uncertain if he would be able to skate again.<mask>'s breakthrough performance was at the 2009 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships where he won five medals (two gold, one silver, two bronze). Overall, <mask> has won three gold medals, four silver medals, and four bronze medals at the World Championships. He also has one bronze medal at the World Team Championships and four medals (two gold, two bronze) at the World Junior Championships. Career

2009 World Junior Championships

In the 500 m, <mask> won the final with a time of 41.462 breaking the previous Junior World Record. In the 1000 m semi-final, <mask> broke the previous Junior World Record with a time of 1:25.304. <mask> finished third overall with 58 points. <mask> then combined with Eduardo Alvarez, <mask>o, and <mask> in the 3000 m relay to

masks:
John Robert
" Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Jonathan Sermen
Robert Lawrence


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 finish first with a Junior World record time of 4:06.032.2009 World Championships

In the 1500 m, <mask> placed third with a time of 2:14.974. In the 1000 m, <mask> placed third with a time of 1:26.348. In his third event, the 3000 m, <mask> won with a time of 4:48.444. <mask> finished second overall with 65 points. <mask> then combined with <mask>, <mask>, and Apolo Ohno in the 5000 m relay to finish first with a time of 6:51.400. 2010 Winter Olympics

Trials

The U.S. Short Track Speed Skating Olympic Trials were held September 8–12, 2009 in Marquette, Michigan. <mask> finished second overall and was leading in points after the first two nights of the trials, but was injured during a crash in the semifinals of the 500 m race where his right skate sliced into his left leg; he did not skate in the second 1000 m races.His injury required emergency surgery, 60 stitches, and five months of rehabilitation with the help of Eric Heiden. Celski was unsure if he would ever compete again. During the 1000 m time trial, <mask> won with a personal best of 1:23.981. <mask>, along with Ohno, <mask>, <mask> and Simon Cho were the top five finishers at the trials. Afterwards, Ohno said about the nominated team: "This is the strongest team we've ever had. I feel really good about how we will do in the next Olympics". Games

At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, <mask> won a pair of bronze medals.One in the 1500 m and another in the 5000 m relay. In the 1500 m final, <mask> won the bronze medal after 2006 silver medalist Lee Ho-Suk crashed into fellow Korean skater Sung Si-Bak during the final turn of the last lap. <mask> was in fifth place leading into the crash and as a result moved into third place. Apolo Ohno moved into second place. <mask> was disqualified in the 1000 m semifinals. The 5000 m relay team for the United States finished with the bronze

masks:
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Ryan Bedford
Jordan Malone
Celski
Celski
Celski
Jordan Malone
Travis Jayner
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski


texts:
 medal. The team, consisting of Apolo Ohno, Simon Cho, <mask>, <mask> and <mask>, was in the fourth position for the majority of the race.With a strong push from <mask> with two laps to go, Ohno as the anchor leg was able to pass the Chinese team for third place; Canada won the gold and South Korea took silver. 2010 World Championships

<mask> advanced to finals of the 1500 m after winning 1st place in the heats, quarterfinals, and semifinals. In the final, <mask> finished in 4th place, in front of teammate <mask>, who came in 6th. The next day, <mask> competed in the 500 m. During the semifinals, <mask> attempted a pass from fourth to third place, but during his pass, François-Louis Tremblay of Canada, in second place at the time, fell, tripping Celski on his way down. <mask> finished the race in 3rd, but was then disqualified, while Tremblay advanced. In the 1000 m, Celski finished third behind Lee Ho-Suk and Kwak Yoon-Gy with a time of 1:27.515. In the 3000 m, Celski again placed third behind Lee Ho-Suk and Kwak Yoon-Gy.<mask> finished fourth overall with 39 points. <mask> then combined with <mask>, <mask>, and Simon Cho in the 5000 m relay to finish second behind South Korea with a time of 6:46.205. 2014 Winter Olympics
At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, <mask> competed and placed 4th in the Men's 1500m, 6th in the 500m, and 13th in the 1000m. <mask> earned a silver medal in the short track men's 5000m relay. 2018 Winter Olympics
At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, <mask> competed in the 1500m, 1000m, and the men's 5000m relay. Media appearances
On February 9, 2010, <mask> appeared on the TV show The Biggest Loser where he introduced a pop challenge to the contestants of the show. During the segment, Celski offered words of encouragement, and showed the contestants how to use a slide board.On February 5, 2014,

masks:
Travis Jayner
Jordan Malone
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Travis Jayner
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski
Jordan Malone
Travis Jayner
Celski
Celski
Celski
Celski


texts:
 <mask> was featured in a one-hour special on NBC television titled How to Raise an Olympian. The program, hosted by Meredith Vieira, chronicles the journeys of seven U.S. Olympians and features interviews from parents and coaches along with home video and photos from each athlete's childhood. The event was broadcast on television with live social media components to further each segment. Personal life
<mask> was born in Monterey, California, where his father was serving in the U.S. Army. He was raised in Federal Way, Washington. His father, <mask>, is of Polish descent and his mother, Sue, is of Filipino descent. <mask> has two older brothers, Chris and David; David serves as a major in the United States Army, and Chris is a salesperson at Nordstrom.<mask> attended Lakewood High School in Lakewood, California, as well as Todd Beamer High School in Federal Way, Washington, graduating from Lakewood with high honors in the Merit Scholars Program. Before switching to speed skating after seeing the 2002 Winter Olympics, <mask> was a national champion in-line skater. He missed the minimum age requirement for the 2006 Winter Olympics by 17 days. In September 2021, he was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in Troy, Michigan. References

External links

 ISU profile

1990 births
Living people
American male short track speed skaters
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in short track speed skating
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in short track speed skating
Short track speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
American people of Polish descent
American sportspeople of Filipino descent
People from Federal Way,

masks: Celski Celski Robert Celski Celski Celski


texts:
<mask> (14 June 1949 – 24 April 2016), known professionally as <mask>, was a Congolese singer and musician who played Congolese rumba, soukous, and ndombolo. Dubbed the "King of Rumba Rock", he was one of the most popular musicians of his time in Africa and played an important role in world music. He was also a fashion icon who popularized the Sape look and style through his musical group Viva la Musica, with whom he performed on stages throughout the world. Musical history
<mask>'s road to fame and prominence began when he joined the music group Zaiko Langa Langa in the late 1960s. This was followed by his success as a founding member both of Isifi Lokole and then Yoka Lokole, along with a short stint as a member of Afrisa International for a few months. During these early stages of his career, he was establishing a style that included traditional Congolese rumba and soukous, infused with traditional African sounds, Caribbean rhythms, rock and soul. But <mask> gained international success and status with his band Viva La Musica, especially after he took them to Paris, France in the early 1980s.It was there that <mask> was able to achieve more of an "eclectic sound" in his work, influenced by western popular music that reflected a European flavor and style, referred to as "Europop." <mask> spoke about this transition in his music during a 2004 interview:

Zaiko Langa Langa
Papa Wemba was one of the first musicians to join the influential rock-rumba band Zaiko Langa Langa (ZLL) after it was created in December 1969 in Kinshasa, by many well-known Congolese musicians including Nyoka Longo Jossart and Bimi Ombale, among others. He remained with the group for four years. <mask> (then known as Jules Presley Shungu <mask>dio) helped

masks:
Jules Shungu Wembadio Pene Kikumba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba


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 contribute to the success of Zaiko Langa Langa so that, by 1973, it was one of the more successful Congolese groups. By that time, ZLL's shows and performances featured a string of their popular hits, some of them written by Wemba. The latter included "Pauline", "C'est La Vérité", "Chouchouna", and "Liwa Ya Somo". Zaiko Langa Langa had gained a strong and popular following even in a Congolese musical world that, in those days, was already dominated by various musical acts including Franco Luambo and his band TPOK Jazz, or Tabu Ley Rochereau's various ensembles.ZLL was also vying for an audience with other (at the time) new musical acts such as Bella-Bella and Empire Bakuba. Isifi Lokole
In December 1974, at the pinnacle of their fame (and just a month after the Rumble in the Jungle between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Kinshasa), <mask> (usually called 'Shungu <mask>' at this point in his career) along with Evoloko Lay Lay, Mavuela Somo and Bozi Boziana, left Zaiko Langa Langa to establish their own musical ensemble Isifi Lokole. Wemba later claimed that ISIFI was an acronym for "Institut du Savoir Ideologique pour la Formation des Idoles," a claim that has still not been given total credence. In July 1975, Shungu <mask> officially adopted the soon-to-be-well-known-worldwide name <mask>. The "<mask>" (father) part of his name had already been given to him as a traditional and cultural rite because he was his mother's first-born son. But in assuming a new name and public persona, "<mask>" was now re-emphasized as an allusion to the demanding family responsibilities that <mask> assumed at very young age, since both parents were now deceased: Wemba's father in 1966, followed by his mother in 1973. Isifi Lokole would only last a

masks:
Papa Wemba
Wembadio
Wembadio
Papa Wemba
Papa
Papa
Wemba


texts:
 year together as a group, with the single "Amazone" (a Wemba composition) as its biggest commercial "hit" record.Yoka Lokole
In November 1975, <mask>, Mavuela Somo and Bozi Boziana left Isifi Lokole to create the group Yoka Lokole (also known as The Kinshasa's Wa Fania All-Stars). Yoka Lokole contributed to the African pop music wave with their hit songs including "Matembele Bangui", "Lisuma ya Zazu" (<mask>), "Mavuela Sala Keba", and "Bana Kin" (Mavuela Somo). Like Isifi Lokole, the electronic-instrument-driven Yoka Lokole would not last much longer than a year. After a year of modest success, controversies within Yoka Lokole over money and prestige were also complicated by <mask>'s arrest and brief incarceration in Kinshasa Central prison in December 1976 when he was suspected of having a relationship with army general's daughter. The band continued to tour without <mask>. For whatever reason (or reasons), whether it was personal or professional (with one source speculating that he was perhaps feeling diminished in the public's eye), by 1977 <mask> had formed a new group, and called it Viva la Musica. Viva la Musica
In 1977–78, back home now in the Matonge neighborhood of Kinshasa, <mask> set out to create his group Viva la Musica.This new band's name was suggested to him in 1974, when he attended a concert in Kinshasa that featured the New York-based Latinos, Fania All-Stars. During the concert, one of the singers would shout to the audience "Viva La Musica!" to an enthusiastic response. Wemba's vision was to structure Viva la Musica around young, talented but largely unknown artists, including the singers Prince Espérant, Jadot "le Cambodgien" Sombele, Debaba el Shabab, Pepe Bipoli and Petit Aziza, and various guitarists such

masks:
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba


texts:
 as Rigo Star, Syriana, and Bongo Wende. The new group included the traditional instrument lokole. There was also an associated dance, the mukonyonyo, as well as a fashion style. The band achieved immediate success and, during their first year performing together, the Kinshasa newspaper Elima named the band "best orchestra" and their single, "Mère Supérieure," best song.During the following three years, Viva la Musica built on these initial accolades with more hit songs including "Moku Nyon Nyon", "Nyekesse Migue'l", and "Cou Cou Dindon". As time went by, it was revealed that Antoine Agbepa was the unknown writer of many of these songs, when <mask> said, "Ooh! l'homme idée" (Oh! the idea-man! ), thereby on-the-spot renaming the impressive young singer-songwriter Koffi Olomide – and the name stuck. After his success already with three influential groups, in 1977 <mask> established a kind of commune for musicians. To accomplish this, he used his family home (on Kanda-Kanda street) as a fashionable gathering place for Matonge youths.He named it "Village Molokai" and declared himself to be its tribal chief (chef coutumier). Move to Paris
Beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Wemba (both by himself and with Viva la Musica) started traveling to Paris, believing there was a potentially wider audience for the music he had been helping to create during the preceding decade. As Wemba biographer Craig Harris put it:

By the late 1980s and early 1990s, Wemba's style was more readily identifiable even as it had become an amalgamation of rumba, soukous and ndombolo, Latin and rock, melded to a European-oriented pop style. But still wanting to expand their musical horizons, and move in new musical directions, Viva la Musica took on a

masks:
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba


texts:
 dual-identity. Wemba now maintained one group in Kinshasa (called at times "Nouvelle Ecriture", "Nouvel Ecrita" and then again "Viva la Musica") and another one in Paris ("Nouvelle Generation," "La Cour des Grands" and now "Viva Tendance"). The group consistently maintained a high profile in world music with hits like "Le Voyageur" (1992), "Emotion" (1995), "Pole Position" (1996) and "Somo Trop" (October 2003). By this time, Wemba's use of African, Cuban and Western influences was not only one of Africa's most popular music styles, it was crossing cultural boundaries and attracting a more diverse audience outside of Africa.In 1993, Wemba joined with Peter Gabriel for the latter's Secret World Live tour, and this drew attention to Wemba's unique style and groundbreaking sound. The aforementioned Emotion album, released in 1995, showed that he was achieving a global following. This album appeared under Peter Gabriel's Real World record label, and sold more than 100,000 copies. Legal troubles
In February 2003, <mask> was suspected of being involved in a network that had allegedly smuggled hundreds of illegal immigrants from the Democratic Republic of the Congo into Europe. At that point he was arrested in Paris and held while awaiting a trial. He then spent three-and-a-half months in prison until a €30,000 bail was posted (some reports claimed it was paid by the Congolese government). In June 2003 <mask> was released from prison which was an experience that, upon his release, he declared had had a profound psychological effect on him.The singer claimed to have undergone a spiritual conversion in jail and even recounted this episode on his album Somo Trop (released in October 2003). On the song "Numéro d'écrou", he recalled the day

masks: Wemba Wemba


texts:
 "God" paid a visit to his cell. In 2004, he was convicted in France, fined, and given a suspended prison sentence. <mask> returned to the Congo in 2006. Cultural influence
In 1979, <mask> became the unofficial leader of La Sape (Société des Ambianceurs et des Personnes d'Élégance, literally translated as the "Society of Atmosphere-setters and Elegant People") which he promoted as a youth subculture in Zaire. Their style was influenced by the fashion centres of Paris and Milan. Wemba said:

The Sapeur cult promoted high standards of personal cleanliness, hygiene and smart dress, to a whole generation of youth across Zaire.When I say well groomed, well shaved, well perfumed, it's a characteristic that I am insisting on among the young. I don't care about their education, since education always comes first of all from the family. After <mask>'s death, Cameroonian saxophonist Manu Dibango told the BBC during an interview:

<mask>'s impact on the culture is also reflected by his influence on a new generation of musicians and performers. For example, Priyan Weerappuli (leader of the Sri Lankan group Pahan Silu) referred to Wemba as being among his greatest musical influences. Weerappuli claims that he was first introduced to Wemba's music in 2004 and was "deeply inspired by the free rhythms demonstrated by Wemba's Soukous style" and, from that point, "began experimenting with these rhythms in his own compositions." Many others paid tribute to <mask>'s legacy after his death in April 2016. Some of them included not only Koffi Olomide and Manu Dibango (both mentioned previously), but musicians King Kikii and Femi Kuti, along with soccer star Samuel Eto'o (among others) gave testimony to his lasting influence on them.Film work
<mask> got

masks:
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba
Papa Wemba


texts:
 some attention as a movie actor, primarily because he played the male lead role in a very successful Zairean film La Vie est Belle (Life is Beautiful) [1987] by Belgian director Benoît Lamy and Congolese producer-director Ngangura Mweze. Wemba made another kind of contribution to cinema, thanks to his work on the soundtracks for Children of Men, Besieged, and Black Mic Mac. Wemba is also credited as "composer" of the scores for the films Identity Pieces, Macadam tribu, along with Life is Beautiful..

During his life, Wemba acted in a few more successful films, although he played only minor roles. As recently as 2012, he had a cameo role in the Belgian drama film Kinshasa Kids. Beyond the impact of his important role in Life is Beautiful, there are his many music videos and recorded band performances. Also, Wemba is featured (as himself) in many documentary films which were generally well received including; The Importance of Being Elegant, The Real World of Peter Gabriel and The African Rock 'n' Roll Years (all television) documentaries). Death
<mask> died at the age of 66 after collapsing on stage in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, during the FEMUA urban music festival on Sunday, 24 April 2016.On Monday, 25 April, it was reported that his widow, Mama-Marie Luzolo Amazone, flew to Abidjan "accompanied by family members and government officials." In <mask>'s hometown of Kinshasa, both fellow musicians and fans gathered together as a tribute to his legacy. Similar tributes also took place in Paris, London, Brussels and Nairobi. Selected discography

Note: <mask> participated in the recording of more than 35 albums. The following list is just a sampling from a 15-year time-span (1986–2001) during which Wemba solidified an international

masks:
Wemba
Wemba
Papa Wemba


texts: <mask> (; , spelt "<mask>" on her tombstone, see photo, Tangier 1817–5 June 1834, Fez) was a Moroccan Jewish heroine who was publicly decapitated when she was 17 years old. She was executed in 1834 for alleged apostasy from Islam—apparently without ever having converted to Islam. According to The Jewish Encyclopedia Hachuel "was a martyr to her faith, preferring death to becoming the bride of the sultan." She is considered a tzadeket (saint) by some Jews and is also revered by some Muslims. Jews call her <mask>kah ("the righteous <mask>"), while Arabs call her Lalla Suleika ("holy lady Suleika"). Hachuel's sacrifice served as an inspiration to painters and writers. One of the most detailed accounts, based on interviews with eyewitnesses, was written by Eugenio Maria Romero.His book El Martirio de la Jóven Hachuel, ó, La Heroina Hebrea (The Martyrdom of the Young Hachuel, or, The Hebrew Heroine) was first published in 1837 and republished in 1838. <mask>'s story was also the subject of a song by Françoise Atlan on the CD Romances Sefardies. In the 1860s, the French artist Alfred Dehodencq painted multiple versions of a work depicting the execution of a Jewish woman in Morocco; one of these paintings was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1861 under the title Exécution d’une juive, au Maroc. Some scholars say that Dejodencq was inspired by the story of <mask>, but the artist's friend and biographer, , states explicitly, in more than one book, that Dehodencq was an eye-witness to the

masks:
Sol Hachuel
Solica Hatchouel
Sol Hadi
Sol
Hachuel
Sol Hacueul


texts:
 execution he depicted, which took place in Tangiers. <mask> was born in 1817 in Morocco, to Chaim and Simcha <mask>, and had one older brother. Her father was a merchant and Talmudist. He conducted a study group in his home, which helped <mask> form and maintain her own belief in Judaism.<mask>'s mother was a housewife. Allegations of conversion to Islam
According to the account of Israel Joseph Benjamin, a Jewish explorer who visited Morocco in the middle of the 19th century, "never had the sun of Africa shone on more perfect beauty" than Hachuel. Benjamin wrote that her Muslim neighbors said that "It is a sin that such a pearl should be in the possession of the Jews, and it would be a crime to leave them such a jewel." According to Eugenio Maria Romero's account, Tahra de Mesoodi, a devout Muslim girl and Hachuel's friend and neighbor, falsely claimed she converted Hachuel to Islam; obtaining a convert is considered a particularly pious deed according to the Maliki madhhab. Arrest and execution
Based on a single and probably false claim of her conversion to Islam, Hachuel was brought to the court and told to kneel before the governor. If she promised to convert, she was promised protection from her parents, silk and gold, and marriage to a handsome young man. If she did not convert, the pasha threatened her as follows:

The girl responded:

True to his promise, the pasha imprisoned <mask> in a windowless and lightless cell with chains around her neck, hands, and feet.Her parents

masks:
Life Hachuel
Hachuel
Sol
Sol
Sol


texts: appealed to the Spanish vice-consul, Don José Rico, for help. He did what he could to free the girl, but his efforts were unsuccessful. The pasha sent Hachuel to Fez, where the sultan would decide her fate. The fee for her transfer (and eventual execution) was to be paid by her father, who was threatened with 500 blows of the bastinado if he did not comply. Eventually, Don José Rico paid the required sum because <mask>'s father could not afford it. In Fez, the Sultan appointed the Qadi to decide <mask>'s punishment. The Qadi summoned the Jewish sages of Fez and told them that unless <mask> converted, she would be beheaded and the community punished.Although the hakhamim urged her to convert to save herself and their community, she refused. She was convicted and sentenced to death, and the Qadi ruled that her father would bear the cost of her burial. The sultan's son, astonished by <mask>'s beauty, also tried to convince her to convert to Islam. She refused. <mask> was beheaded in a public square in Fez. Romero described the emotions of the citizens of Fez on the day of the execution: "The Moors, whose religious fanaticism is indescribable, prepared, with their accustomed joy, to witness the horrid scene. The Jews of the city...were moved with the deepest sorrow, but they could do nothing to avert it[.]"Apparently the sultan instructed the executioner to wound <mask> first, hoping that the sight of her own blood would frighten her into accepting conversion. But <mask> remained

masks: Sol Sol Sol Sol Sol Sol Sol


texts:
 steadfast. The Jewish community of Fez was awestruck by Hachuel's heroism. They had to pay for the retrieval of her corpse, her head and the bloodstained earth for a Jewish burial at the Jewish cemetery. She was declared a martyr. The Jews called Hachuel "<mask> ha-Tzaddikah" (The righteous <mask>), and the Arabs called her Lalla Suleika (the holy lady Suleika). Her grave became a place of pilgrimage for both Jews and Muslims alike.While it might seem strange that Moroccan Muslims consider the girl to be their saint, Léon Godard explains the custom in his Description et histoire du Maroc:

Her headstone has inscriptions in both Hebrew and French. The French text reads, "Here rests Mademoiselle <mask> Hachuel born in Tangier in 1817 refusing to enter into [or 're-enter'; the French text reads rentrer] the Islamic religion. The Arabs murdered her in 1834 in Fez, while she was torn away from her family. The entire world mourns this saintly child." References

Works cited

External links

Hassine, Juliette: "The Martyrdom of <mask>el: Ridda in Morocco in 1834" in

L'autre juive – Lalla soulika, La tsadika by Saïd Sayagh
Soulika Morocco's Jewish Joan of Arc by Alma Rachel Heckman

1817 births
1834 deaths
19th-century Moroccan Jews
Jewish Moroccan history
Executed Moroccan people
Apostasy in Islam
Islamic criminal jurisprudence
Islam-related controversies
Jewish martyrs
People from Tangier
Antisemitism in Morocco
People executed by Morocco by decapitation
People executed for refusing to

masks:
Sol
Sol
Solica
Sol Hachu


texts:
<mask> (26 April 1905 – 5 July 1972) was the president of Venezuela from 1964 until 1969. He was a member of the Generation of 1928 and a charter member of the Acción Democrática party, and the first Labor minister of Venezuela (during El Trienio Adeco, 1945–48). <mask> was born in El Manteco, Bolívar State, son of <mask>, born in Corsica. He graduated at the Central University of Venezuela in Caracas as a lawyer. He was a member of the Generation of 1928, and the first Labor minister of Venezuela (during El Trienio Adeco, 1945–48). Presidency

<mask> took control of the presidency on 13 March 1964, succeeding Rómulo Betancourt; both were members of the Acción Democrática. One of the pillars of a political consolidation in Venezuela, the Pacto de Punto Fijo, was underestimated by Leoni, since in his opinion it reduced the "coherence and organization of the regime".Strictly, the pact mandated that the composition of the executive cabinet be limited to representatives of three of the more important political parties: Acción Democrática (AD), COPEI and Unión Republicana Democrática (URD). Leoni initially formed a cabinet with a few members of his party and a good number of independents. Later, in November 1964, Leoni initiated conversations with leaders of the involved parties to rescue the spirit of the pact. A new cabinet was formed, but it lasted for only 16 months. During his government, Leoni carried out important structural projects in Venezuela, specifically the development of heavy industry in Guayana (hydroelectric, iron and steel), inauguration of the Bank of the Workers, and construction of road infrastructure (highways, freeways, and bridges – the most important of which crossed the Orinoco). Important changes to labor and social programs also occurred; unions gained force and the Social Security law was modified. Leoni made an attempt at reforming tax structure, but was restrained by a coalition of left and right that openly served the interests of oil companies.During <mask>'s presidency

masks:
Raúl Leoni Otero
Background Leoni
Clement Leoni Scribani
Leoni
Leoni


texts: the conflict with the leftist guerrilla movement Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN) intensified. <mask>'s government was unexceptional, but it was <mask> who had to liquidate the remnants of the communist insurrection for which he put the army in charge of the country with full powers to be as ruthless as needed. However, it was the communist guerrilleros themselves who brought about their own liquidation. They had no rural support whatsoever. Unlike guerrillas all over the world, they did not control villages and lived from hand to mouth. They knew that they were no match for the army and avoided confrontations. Castro had been hoping that Venezuela would be the second act of the Latin American revolution, and he tried to supply the Venezuelan guerrillas.That was in keeping with the theory of what could be called the "permanent agrarian revolution", which the French intellectual Régis Debray had expressed in the widely circulated book Revolution Inside the Revolution and Ernesto "Che" Guevara had been trying to carry out first in Africa and later, fatally for him, in Bolivia. In 1966, Castro selected a trusted officer, Arnaldo Ochoa, to assess the Venezuelan guerrillas. Ochoa with the Venezuelan guerrilla commander Luben Petkoff, took a boat to the shores of Falcon, Venezuela, one of his most secretive expedition. Along with 15 other members of the Cuban military went to Coro Sierra mountains to strengthen Douglas Bravo guerrillas who were fighting the government troops that ended in a major strategic loss at large human cost. In 1967, the invasion of Machurucuto occurred with 12 Cubans and Venezuelans revolutionaries attempted to help Venezuelan guerrillas in the Venezuelan Andes. Soon afterward, Leoni suspended constitutional guarantees and, in a press conference, denouncing Cuban aggression against Venezuela and showed two captured Cubans: Manuel Gil Castellanos, and Pedro Cabrera Torres. Cuba was denounced by Venezuela to the Organization of American States.Cuba did not recognize his

masks: Leoni Leoni


texts:
 action even if the investigation of the AK 47 in possession of the guerrillas had serial numbers matching weapons sold by the Czech Republic to Cuba. The government of Venezuela broke off relations with Cuba them until 1974. That effectively ended Cuba's intervention in Venezuelan affairs. By then, Venezuelan leftists had given up on violence and were seeking legalisation, but <mask> did not offer it. Ochoa was later tried and executed by Castro on an unlikely charge of drug-smuggling. Meanwhile, <mask> signed the Cartagena Agreement. The precursor to the Andean Community, it was a trade bloc in Bogotá between Venezuela, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador.On 11 March 1969, Leoni transferred power to Rafael Caldera, a member of the Christian Democratic Party COPEI and a signatory of the Pacto de Punto Fijo. That transfer definitively instituted the alternation of power between the important parties until the late 20th century in Venezuela. Personal life and death
<mask> <mask> was married to Carmen América Fernández, who served as First Lady of Venezuela from 1964–1969 and has one son named Álvaro. Leoni died on 5 July 1972 when he was 67 years old, at the Cornell Medical Center in New York City, where he was recovering from medical treatment after suffering a hemorrhage. See also

Presidents of Venezuela

References

Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent Spanish-language Wikipedia article. The following references are cited by that Spanish-language article:
 Polar Foundation
Biography of Leoni at Venezuela Tuya
Interview to <mask> Leoni by Miguel Otero Silva PDF format. People from Bolívar (state)
Venezuelan lawyers
Presidents of Venezuela
Venezuelan life senators
Venezuelan democracy activists
Venezuelan people of French descent
Venezuelan people of Corsican descent
1905 births
1972 deaths
Presidents of the Senate of Venezuela
Government ministers of Venezuela
Democratic Action (Venezuela) politicians
Prisoners and detainees of Venezuela
20th-century lawyers
Generation of

masks: Leoni Leoni Raúl Leoni Raúl


texts:
Sir <mask> (;  (pronounced: Borough; c.1431 – 18 March 1496), KG was an English gentleman. In records, the peerage, and genealogy books he is shown as being created 1st Lord Burgh, of Gainsborough {England by writ} on 1 September 1487. He was several times summoned to Parliament, but never sat; whether he held a hereditary peerage is not clear; fifteenth century records treat him as a knight. His son was never summoned to Parliament (because he was found insane in 1510); his grandson was summoned and sat in the House of Lords, but sixteenth century records treat this as a new creation in 1529 after the death of his father. When the Burgh peerage was drawn out of abeyance in 1916, however, it was given precedence as of 1487. He had noble ancestors on both sides: his mother was one of the daughters of Sir Henry Percy, who was in turn grandson to Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, and to David of Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl, descended from the ancient Mormaers of Atholl. The Burgh family sprang from <mask>, younger son of <mask>, 1st Earl of Kent, and his wife Beatrice de Warrenne, daughter of William de Warrenne, Lord of Wormegay, and Beatrice de Pierrepont.The Burghs were rich, flamboyant and powerful people. <mask> was in great favour with the King as many offices, positions, land grants, and pensions were bestowed upon him. Career

<mask> was Esquire of the Body to King Edward IV of England and by Christmas 1462, <mask> was created a Knight by the King and a Privy Councillor. Sir <mask> slowly became the

masks:
Thomas Bh
Hubert de Burgh
Hubert de Burgh
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


texts:
 King's chief man in Lincolnshire where he held manors, land, tenements from Northumberland (from his mother's inheritance, which he shared with her sister Margaret, Baroness Grey of Codnor) through Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Lincolnshire, down to his wife's dower lands in Somerset. <mask> became a rich man who was backed by the King and soon found himself giving advice and legal help to the people of Lincolnshire as well as becoming their Sheriff in 1460 and their representative in Parliament. It was Sir <mask>urgh with Sir <mask> who rescued King Edward IV from the Earl of Warwick whom the Earl had kept prisoner in his castle of Middleham. In 1471, when Edward IV came to reclaim his throne it was Sir <mask> who was first to rally to his side.Sir <mask> fought at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. After the unexpected death of Edward IV, Sir <mask> was courted by King Richard III of England. <mask> initially support King Richard, but was more interested in securing the future of Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who would become King in 1485. Although <mask> fought in the Battle of Bosworth, his role was kept secret by chroniclers and <mask> was soon in good standing with the new King. After his accession to the throne, King Henry confirmed <mask> as Knight of the Body and Privy Councillor. Gainsborough Old Hall

In 1460, Sir <mask> built the great Old Hall in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. Gainsborough Old Hall was not only their home, but also a demonstration of their wealth and importance.Sir <mask> was a great

masks:
Thomas
Thomas B
Thomas Stanley
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas


texts:
 benefactor to Newark Church and also the founder of the Chantry and Alms House at Gainsborough. In 1470, the manor was attacked by Sir Robert Welles over a clash about lands, status, and honour, but it was not severely damaged. It was in 1484 that Sir <mask> entertained King Richard III in his hall. Today, the Hall with its elaborate timber roof survives as well as the kitchen—possibly the most complete medieval kitchen in England. The Hall is over five hundred years old and one of the best preserved medieval manor houses in England. Marriage
Sir <mask> married Margaret de Ros (1432–1488) widow of William de Botreaux, 3rd Baron Botreaux (1389–1462). Margaret was the daughter of Sir <mask> Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, and Lady Eleanor Beauchamp, second daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, and Elizabeth Berkeley.Lady Eleanor was an older paternal half-sister of Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, and Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick. After the death of the 9th Baron Ros, Margaret's mother, Lady Eleanor, married Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, thus making Margaret a maternal half-sister of the Duke of Somerset. Sir <mask> and Margaret had the following children:
 <mask>, 2nd Baron Burgh, married Anne Cobham, daughter of <mask>, 5th Baron Cobham, and Lady Anne Stafford, and had issue. His grandson, Sir Edward Burgh, would marry Catherine Parr; later Queen consort of King Henry VIII. <mask> (d. 1 August 1507), married Richard FitzHugh, 6th Lord FitzHugh and secondly Sir Henry Willoughby. In his

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas de
Thomas
Edward Burgh
Thomas Cobham
Elizabeth Burgh


texts:
 will, her father gave her "a book of gold enamelled" which had been her mother's. <mask> (d. before April 1493), married Sir George Tailboys.Like her brother Edward, Lord Burgh, her husband Sir George was found to be a lunatic, in 1531. <mask>urgh In his will, his father gave him a cross of gold with an emerald. Anne Burgh In his will, her father gave her a cross of gold set with precious stones and rubies. Death and succession
Lord <mask> died on 18 March 1496. He was buried next to his wife, Margaret, in the family vault in Holy Trinity Church, Gainsborough. See also
 Hubert de <mask>, 1st Earl of Kent (c.1170–1243) English nobleman and ancestor of the Burghs of Gainsborough

References

External links
<mask>, Lord Burgh's Retinue – Historical Interpretation and Living History from the Wars of the Roses 1460–1490, the household of Lord and Lady Burgh. Biography of Sir <mask> "Borough" Burgh *Note, there is no source and the information on the top part of the page is not entirely correct.Official Gainsborough Old Hall Website Official information on admissions, events and history
 Friends of Gainsborough Old Hall – published by Friends of the Old Hall Association. English Heritage, Gainsborough Old Hall – English Heritage
Pictures of Gainsborough Old Hall – published by the Lincolnshire Council. Year of birth uncertain
1496 deaths
People from Gainsborough, Lincolnshire
Knights of the Garter
Burgh, <mask>, 1st Baron
Members of the Privy Council of England
High Sheriffs of Lincolnshire
Thomas
<mask>squires of the

masks:
Margaret Burgh
Thomas B
Thomas
Burgh
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Burgh
Thomas E


texts:
Louis-Auguste-Victor, <mask>snes <mask> (2 September 1773 – 27 October 1846) was a French general, diplomat and statesman who was named Marshal of France in 1830. A lifelong royalist, he emigrated from France soon after the outbreak of the French Revolution and fought with the counter-revolutionary Army of Condé for two years, then joined the insurrection in France for three more years before going into exile. He was arrested after assisting the Georges Cadoudal conspiracy, but escaped to Portugal. In 1807 he took advantage of an amnesty to rejoin the French army and served in several campaigns until 1814. He rose in rank to become a general of division. During this period, he was suspected of being an agent of the Comte d'Artois and passing information to France's enemies. Though he was notoriously anti-Napoleon and many officers did not trust him, he was employed again during the Hundred Days.Immediately after the campaign began, he deserted to the Prussian army with Napoleon's plans. King Louis XVIII of France gave him a command in the Spanish expedition of 1823. Promoted to Marshal of France, he was put in command of the Invasion of Algiers in 1830. However, after the July Revolution, he refused to recognize King Louis-Philippe of France and was sacked. After being involved in a plot against the new government, he fled to Portugal in 1832. He led the army of Dom Miguel in the Liberal Wars, and when the liberals won, he fled to Rome. He accepted another amnesty, this time in 1840, and died in France six years later.Early career
On the eve of the French Revolution, <mask> entered the Gardes Françaises of the French Royal Army but he emigrated in 1789. <mask> served in Louis Joseph <mask>, Prince de Condé royalist army in the campaigns of 1792 and

masks:
Count de Ghai
de Bourmont
Bourmont
Bourmont
de Bourbon


texts: 1793. Then he served as chief of staff in the civil war in lower Anjou from 1794 to 1796. After fleeing to Switzerland in 1796, he took part in another insurrection from 1798-1800. He was arrested in 1801 because of involvement with Georges Cadoudal, but three years later he managed to escape to Portugal. When Junot invaded Portugal in 1807, <mask> offered him his services and was employed as chief of staff of a division. Arrested when re-entering France in 1809, he was released upon the intercession of Junot and employed in the Imperial army.He served in Italy and on the staff of <mask> Beauharnais during the Russian campaign of 1812. Taken prisoner during the retreat from Moscow, he managed to escape and rejoin the French army. After the Battle of Lützen in 1813 he was promoted to general of brigade, he took part in the Battle of Leipzig and in 1814 he was promoted to general of division for defending Nogent-sur-Seine. After the fall of Napoleon, <mask> rallied to the Bourbons. During the Hundred Days, the government of Louis XVIII of France frantically tried to stop Napoleon's march on Paris. Marshal Michel Ney was ordered to report to Besançon where he was to receive his orders from Bourmont. It irritated the proud Ney, Prince of the Moskva, to take instructions from such a junior general, so he demanded to see the king.During his interview with Louis, Ney boasted to the king that he would bring back the ex-emperor in an iron cage. By the time Ney arrived in Besançon, he found that the royalist position was rapidly deteriorating and that <mask>'s assignment was to spy on him. On 11 March 1815, Ney told <mask> that he was going over to Napoleon's camp. Shortly afterward, the Bourbon cause collapsed and Louis fled to Belgium, followed by hundreds

masks:
Bourmont
Eugène de
Bourmont
Bourmont
Bourmont


texts: of royalists. According to historian David Hamilton-Williams, the Comte d'Artois asked <mask> to remain a royalist agent, so he requested to continue in command. The new Minister of War, Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout refused to employ <mask>, writing to Napoleon, "I cannot sit idly and watch this officer wear the uniform of this country; his treasonous statements concerning the Emperor are well known to all; the brigade and regimental commanders of the 14th Infantry Division despise him. Who would trust such a man?"Nevertheless, Étienne Maurice Gérard, leader of the IV Corps vouched for him so he retained his position. On the morning of 15 June, as the French Army of the North advanced into Belgium, the 14th Division led the IV Corps column of march. Near Florennes, <mask> halted his division. On the pretence of scouting ahead, he and his staff, rode ahead with a squadron of lancers. After gaining a suitable distance from French lines, he sent the lancers back with a letter for Gérard. In the missive, he explained that he was deserting but promised, "They will not get any information from me which will injure the French army, composed of men I love." He and his staff put the white Bourbon cockade on their hats and galloped for the nearest Prussian position.He immediately handed over Napoleon's operational plans to the Prussians. Gebhard von Blucher's chief of staff August von Gneisenau was pleased to receive this windfall. However, Blucher had no use for turncoats and called <mask> a traitor to his face. When Gneisenau noted that <mask> was wearing the white cockade, making them allies, Blucher screamed, "Cockade be damned! A dirty dog is always a dirty dog!" With Napoleon's orders in their hands, the Prussians were able to take the appropriate

masks: Bourmont Bourmont Bourmont Bourmont Bourmont


texts:
 countermeasures to gather their army. <mask>'s defection enraged the French rank and file.Though their loyalty to Napoleon was absolute, they began to suspect treachery in their generals. Étienne Hulot, who became the acting division commander, was compelled to give a speech that pledged loyalty to Napoleon and the tricolor. Bourbon Restoration
After the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon's fall, <mask> gave evidence that led to Ney's execution. After the Second Restoration, he was given command of the 16th infantry division in Besançon and took part in the Spanish campaign of 1823. King Charles X of France made him minister of war in 1829 and Marshal of France in 1830. He was commanding the Invasion of Algiers in 1830, involving the shipwreck of Dellys, when the July Revolution broke out in 1830. <mask> refused to give his allegiance to the new King Louis Philippe and was dismissed from service.In 1832 <mask> took part in the rising of <mask> Louise, duchesse de Berry and on its failure fled to Portugal. He commanded the army of the absolutist monarch King Miguel during the Liberal Wars and after the victory of the constitutional party he retired to Rome. At the amnesty of 1840 he returned to France, where he died on 27 October 1846 at Freigné in Maine-et-Loire. Notes

References

 Hamilton-Williams, David. Waterloo - New Perspectives: The Great Battle Reappraised. NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1994. 1773 births
1846 deaths
People from Maine-et-Loire
Politicians from Pays de la Loire
Legitimists
French Ministers of War
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Bourbon Restoration
Counts of Ghaisnes de Bourmont
Marshals of France
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
French counter-revolutionaries
Field marshals of Portugal
Politicians of the Bourbon

masks:
Bourmont
Bourmont
Bourmont
Marshal Bourmont
Caroline Ferdinande


texts:
V<mask> is a South Korean biochemist and microbiologist, best known for her work on microRNA biogenesis. Her pioneering studies have laid the groundwork for the biology of microRNA and contributed to the improvement of RNA interference technologies. Background
<mask> was born in South Korea in 1969. <mask> first became interested in science as a high school student. When asked why she chose science as a lifelong career, she said, “I was charmed by the simplicity of the principles underlying the complexity of life.”

Education
<mask> went on to pursue a BA degree in microbiology, then followed by a M.Sc. degree in microbiology in 1992 and 1994, respectively, both from Seoul National University (SNU). After completing her masters under adviser Kang Sa-Ouk, <mask> went to the United Kingdom to further her studies at the University of Oxford, studying the functions of retroviral proteins under Alan J. Kingsman.She graduated with a PhD in biochemistry in 1998. Career
Her academic journey then took her to the United States, where she took a position at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia as a research assistant. After completing her postdoctoral research on mRNA

masks:
. Narry Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim


texts:
 surveillance in the laboratory of Gideon Dreyfuss, <mask> finished her postdoctoral studies and returned to Korea in 2001. She then started working at Seoul National University as a research assistant professor. By the age of 35, <mask> already had twenty-two of her papers published in well known and prestigious scientific publications, such as Science and Nature. In addition, <mask> “holds four patents based on her research activities, including one on a novel HIV-based gene delivery vector.”

In 2008, she became an associate professor, then a SNU Distinguished Fellow in 2010, and a full professor in 2013. Located in Seoul National University, she began working with the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) in 2012 as the founding director of the Center for RNA Research.her lab focuses on RNA-mediated gene regulation research, specifically investigating post-transcriptional gene regulation mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs). The lab employs biochemistry, molecular biology, genetic, biophysical, and computational approaches. Research is focused on miRNAs, which are small non-coding RNAs involved in practically all working aspects of eukaryotic cells. Tight control of miRNA is vital to normal functioning cells. If

masks: Kim Kim Kim


texts: dysregulated, miRNAs can often be linked to human diseases such as cancer. By focusing on the miRNA biogenesis, Dr. <mask>'s lab has made major contributions to the understanding of miRNAs are created and processed in animal cells. These studies can potentially open the doors to new forms of cancer treatment and stem cell engineering.In 2013, <mask>, along with Professor Jin-Soo KIM of the SNU Department of Chemistry developed a new technology to eliminate specific microRNAs. This new technology has the promise of being potentially used to cure cancer and other illnesses in the future. In the research, TALENs (enzymes) were used to separate certain microRNA from a cell. TALENs had been used to create protein before, but this was the first time they have been used to separate microRNA. The team developed 540 different TALENs for this specific purpose. When this was applied to cancer cells, the proliferation rate of cancer cells dropped to one third of what it was. This discovery was published in the November 11, 2013 edition of Nature Structural and Molecular Biology.<mask>'s first paper as PI was published in 2002 in the EMBO Journal. In this highly cited work, she defined two separate processing steps


texts: (primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) processing in the nucleus and pre-miRNA processing in the cytoplasm), and proposed a model of the microRNA biogenesis pathway for the first time. Based on this model, her research group discovered that most microRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II and that pri-miRNA processing is carried out by Drosha-DGCR8 complexes in the nucleus. Her research group further identified uridylation-meditated pre-miRNA degradation pathway by LIN28 and TUT4, contributing to a better understanding of how microRNA-mediated gene expression regulation is involved in embryonic stem cell maintenance and cancer cell development. She also discovered the molecular basis for pri-miRNA recognition and cleavage by the Drosha-DGCR8 complexes, and pre-miRNA processing by Dicer. These findings suggested several critical points to be considered for designing more efficient short hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors and also contributed to the improvement of RNA interference technologies. The research team led by <mask> <mask> and Chang Hyeshik confirmed the predicted subgenomic RNAs of SARS-CoV-2 along with new RNA and dozens of unknown subgenomic RNAs.The interdisciplinary team was composed of virologists,

masks: Narry Kim


texts: microbiologists and computational scientists. <mask> received L'Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science (2008), Ho-Am Prize in Medicine (2009) and The Korea S&T Award (2013). She is an active member of the RNA Society and the International Society of Stem Cell Research (ISSCR). In addition she has been recognized as one of the top Asian scientists to watch by Asian Scientist and among the "science stars of East Asia" by Nature. She was a Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researcher in the field of molecular biology and genetics in 2014. 2003. The Nuclear RNase III Drosha Initiates MicroRNA Processing.Nature 425:415-419. Han J., Lee Y., Yeom K.H., Nam J., Lee K., Sohn S., Cho Y., Zhang B., and <mask>.N. 2006. Molecular Basis for Primary MicroRNA Processing by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex. Cell 125:887-901. Heo I., Joo C, Cho J., Ha M., Han J. and <mask>.N. 2008.Lin28 mediates the terminal uridylation of let-7 precursor microRNA. Molecular Cell 32:276-284. Hyun S., Lee J. H., Jin H., Nam J.W., Namkoong B., Lee G., Chun J., and <mask>.N. 2009. Conserved microRNA miR-8/miR-200 and its target USH/FOG2 control growth by regulating PI3K. Cell 139:1096-1108. Park J.E., Heo I., Y. Tian, D. K. Simanshu, Chang H., D. Jee,

masks:
Kim
Kim V
Kim V
Kim V


texts:
 D. J. Patel and <mask>.N.2011. Dicer recognizes the 5’ end of RNA for efficient and accurate processing. Nature 475:201-205. Heo I., Ha M., Lim J., Yoon M., Park J.-E., Kwon S. C., Chang H., and <mask>. N. 2012. Monouridylation of pre-microRNA as a key step in the biogenesis of group II let-7 microRNAs. Cell 151: 521-532. Cho J., Chang H., Kwon S. C., <mask>., <mask>., Choe J., Ha M., <mask>. K., and <mask>. N. 2012.LIN28A is a suppressor of ER-associated translation in embryonic stem cells. Cell 151: 765-777. Lim J., Ha M., Chang H., Kwon S. C., Simanshu D. K., Patel D.J., and <mask>. N. 2014. Uridylation by TUT4 and TUT7 marks mRNA for degradation. Cell 159(6): 1365-1376. Nguyen T.A., Jo M. H., Choi Y.-G., Park J., Kwon S. C., Hohng S., <mask>. N.*, and Woo J.-S.* 2015. Functional anatomy of the human Microprocessor.Cell 161(6): 1374-1387. (*co-corresponding authors)
 Cho J., Yu N.-K., Choi J.-H., Sim S.-E., Kang S. J., Kwak C., Lee S.-W., <mask>., Choi D. I., <mask>. N.*, and Kaang B.-K.* 2015. Multiple repressive mechanisms in the hippocampus during memory formation. Science 350(6256): 82-87. (*co-corresponding authors)

References

External links
 RNA Biology: Narry <mask> Lab

1969 births
Living

masks:
Kim V
Kim V
Kim B
Kim Y
Kim Y
Kim V
Kim V
Kim V
Kim J
Kim V
Kim


texts:
 people
South Korean biochemists
Women biochemists
South Korean biologists
People from Seoul
Alumni of the University of Oxford
L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science laureates
21st-century American women scientists
Institute for Basic Science
South Korean women scientists
Foreign associates of the National Academy of


texts:
<mask> (née Wilcke or Wilcken) (22 September 1701 – 22 February 1760) was a professional singer and the second wife of <mask>. Biography
<mask> was born at Zeitz, in the Electorate of Saxony. While little is known about her early musical education, the family was musical. Her father, Johann Caspar Wilcke (c. 1660–1733), was a trumpet player, who had a career at the courts of Zeitz and Weißenfels. Her mother, Margaretha Elisabeth Liebe, was the daughter of an organist. By 1721 <mask> was employed as a singer (soprano) at the princely court of Anhalt-Cöthen. <mask> had been working there as Capellmeister, or director of music, since December 1717.It is possible that he first heard her sing at the ducal court in Weißenfels, where he is known to have performed as early as 1713, when his Hunting Cantata was premiered there. <mask> and Johann married on 3 December 1721, seventeen months after the death of his first wife, Maria Barbara <mask>. Later that month, the couple's employer, Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, married Frederica Henriette of Anhalt-Bernburg. <mask> believed her lack of interest in music caused the musical life at the court to decline, although there is evidence that other factors were involved. There were budgetary constraints caused by Prussian military demands of which <mask> may have had limited knowledge because it's unlikely that the prince would have discussed his financial problems with <mask>. In 1723, the <mask>s moved to Leipzig when Johann Sebastian accepted the position of Cantor at the . <mask> continued to sing professionally after her marriage.In one notable example of her continuing involvement with music, she returned to Köthen in 1729 to sing at Prince Leopold's funeral. The <mask>s' shared interest in music contributed to their happy marriage. She regularly worked as a copyist, transcribing her husband's music, which she sold as a means to contribute to the family income. <mask> wrote a number of compositions dedicated to

masks:
Anna Magdalena Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach
Anna Magdalena Wilcke
Anna Magdalena
Johann Sebastian Bach
Anna
Bach
Bach
Bach
Bach
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Bach


texts:
 her, most notably the two distinct Notebooks for <mask> <mask>. During the <mask> family's time in Leipzig, <mask> organized regular musical evenings featuring the whole family playing and singing together with visiting friends. The <mask> house became a musical centre in Leipzig. Apart from music, her interests included gardening.While the <mask>s ensured their sons were educated, their daughters never went to school. <mask> was left alone, with no financial support from family members, to care for herself and her two youngest daughters, plus her stepdaughter from <mask>'s first marriage. <mask> became increasingly dependent upon charity and handouts from the city council, ultimately relying on public begging to survive. Probably her only child or stepchild who provided any support to her was her stepson Carl Philipp <mask>, whose letters show he provided regular financial assistance. She died on the street on 27 February 1760, with no money at all, and was buried in an unmarked pauper's grave at Leipzig's  (St. John's Church). The church was destroyed by Allied bombing during World War II. Claim of composership

Recently, it has been suggested that <mask> <mask> composed several musical pieces bearing her husband's name: Professor Martin Jarvis of the School of Music at Charles Darwin University in Darwin, Australia, claims that she composed the famed six cello suites (BWV 1007–1012) and was involved with the composition of the aria from the Goldberg Variations (BWV 988) and the opening prelude of The Well-Tempered Clavier.These ideas were also made into a TV documentary Written by Mrs <mask>. These claims have been virtually unanimously dismissed by Bach scholars and performers. Christoph Wolff said:
When I served as director of the Leipzig Bach Archive from 2001 to 2013, I and my colleagues there extensively refuted the basic premises of the thesis, on grounds of documents, manuscript sources, and musical grounds. There is not a shred of evidence, but

masks:
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Emanuel Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Bach


texts:
 Jarvis doesn't give up despite the fact that several years ago, at a Bach conference in Oxford, a room full of serious Bach scholars gave him an embarrassing showdown. Writing in The Guardian, cellist Steven Isserlis said, "I'm afraid that his theory is pure rubbish," and continued, "How can anybody take this shoddy material seriously?" Bach scholar Ruth Tatlow has written a refutation at length, centred on the TV documentary, in the journal Understanding Bach, where she calls Jarvis's claims "flawed and untenable". Biographical sources
 Geiringer, Karl (1958) Die Musikerfamilie Bach: Leben und Wirken in drei Jahrhunderten.Unter Mitarbeit von Irene Geiringer. München. Beck. A fictitious autobiography The Little Chronicle of <mask> was written in 1925 by the English author Esther Meynell. This sentimental narration of the family life of <mask> is not based on any sources and is probably far from the personality of <mask> <mask>. A compilation of material about <mask> <mask> was published by Maria Hübner in 2005, <mask> <mask>. Ein Leben in Dokumenten und Bildern, completed by a biographical Essay of Hans-Joachim Schulze.Celebratory cello and dance performance

The Bach Cello Suites Festival, held at New York's Carnegie Hall on 3 March 2020 to commemorate the tercentenary of their composition, highlighted <mask>'s role in helping to immortalise the six suites. Her life was celebrated in a collaborative rendition of the Fifth Suite by cellist Stephanie Winters and dancer-choreographer Julia Bengtsson. See also
Notebook for <mask> <mask>
The Chronicle of <mask> <mask> – a Straub-Huillet film about Johann Sebastian and <mask> <mask>

Notes and references

External links
Bach-cantatas.com: <mask> <mask> discussions
I am <mask> <mask>. Bach Cello Suites Festival

1701 births
1760 deaths
People from Zeitz
People from the Electorate of Saxony
Anna Magdalena <mask>
Music copyists
German women singers
Pupils of Johann Sebastian <mask>
18th-century German

masks:
Magdalena Bach
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Anna Magdalena
Bach
Bach
Bach


texts:
Sir <mask> (c. 1480 – 10 February 1550) of Scadbury Hall, Chislehurst in Kent, was a soldier, Member of Parliament, and Lieutenant of the Tower of London during the reign of King Henry VIII. Origins

He was the eldest son and heir of <mask> (1462-1540) of Scadbury by his wife Eleanor Writtle (pre-1465 - post-1540), the daughter and heiress of Walter Writtle of Bobbingworth in Essex. Sir <mask>, according to a monumental brass formerly in the church at Scadbury, had three brothers and seven sisters, including:
<mask> (died 1534), who married Joyce Denny (1506/7–1560), the daughter of Sir <mask>, one of the Barons of the Exchequer, and his second wife, Mary Troutbeck (died 1507), the daughter of Robert Troutbeck of Bridge Trafford, Cheshire, by whom he was the father of Sir <mask> (c.1532-1590), Principal Secretary to Queen Elizabeth I, and five daughters, Elizabeth (died 1596), Barbara, Christian, Eleanor and Mary (1527/8–1577). After <mask>'s death, Joyce (née Denny) married Sir John Carey, a younger brother of Sir William Carey, by whom she had two sons, Sir Wymond Carey and Sir Edward Carey. <mask>, who married Thomas Ayloffe, second son of William Ayloffe (died 1517), a Bencher of Lincoln’s Inn, by his wife Audrey Shaa, widow of John Writtle and daughter of Sir John Shaa, a London goldsmith and Lord Mayor in 1501. Thomas Ayloffe’s elder brother, William Ayloffe (died 1569), married Anne Barnardiston, the daughter of Sir Thomas Banardiston (died 7

masks:
Edmund Walsingham
James Walsingham
Edmund
William Walsingham
Edmund Denny
Francis Walsingham
William Walsingham
Elizabeth Walsingham


texts:
 November 1542) of Ketton in Kedington, Suffolk, by whom he was the father of William Ayloffe (c.1535 – 17 November 1584). Cecily Walsingham.<mask>. Early origins
Although the Walsingham pedigree is said to date to the thirteenth century, the family is first recorded in the County of Kent in 1424, when Thomas I <mask> purchased the manor of Scadbury. The descent was as follows:
Thomas I <mask> (d.1457) a wealthy wine and cloth merchant in the City of London who served as a Member of Parliament for Wareham in 1410 and for Lyme Regis in 1413, both in Dorset. He married Margaret Bamme, daughter and heiress of Henry Bamme, of the City of London, a member of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths. He purchased the manor of Scadbury in the parish of Chislehurst, to which additional land was added in 1433. Thomas II <mask> (1436–1467), son and heir, who married Constance Dryland (died 14 November 1476), a daughter of James Dryland, of Davington, by whom he had a son, <mask> (1462 – 10 December 1540). Constance survived him and remarried to John Green, who in 1476 was Sheriff of Kent in right of his wife.<mask>, son and heir, who married Eleanor Writtle (born before 1465, died after 1540), the daughter and heiress of Walter Writtle of Bobbingworth, Essex, by whom, according to a monumental brass formerly in the church at Scadbury, he had four sons and seven daughters,  the eldest of whom was Sir <mask> (d.1550), the subject of this article. Career

Walsingham

masks:
Margaret Walsingham
Walsingham
Walsingham
Walsingham
James Walsingham
James Walsingham
Edmund Walsingham


texts: entered the service of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey (later 3rd Duke of Norfolk), and was knighted by him on 13 September 1513, four days after the decisive English victory over the Scots at the Battle of Flodden, in which the English army was commanded by Surrey's father Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. In 1520 he was part of the Kent contingent accompanying King Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in Calais in June, and at the King's meeting with the Emperor Charles V at Gravelines in July. In 1521 he was appointed a sewer in the royal household, was made a freeman of the Worshipful Company of Mercers, was on the jury which tried and convicted Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, and succeeded Sir Richard Cholmondeley as Lieutenant of the Tower of London at a salary of £100 a year. He held the office until Henry VIII's death in 1547, residing in a house at the Tower, and taking personal charge of prisoners of state, among them Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, Catherine Howard, Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter, Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu, Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk, Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, Anne Boleyn, Bishop John Fisher and Sir Thomas More. It was to <mask> that More made his jest on ascending the scaffold, "I pray you, Master Lieutenant, see me safe up, and for my coming down, let me shift for myself". In the 1530s Walsingham acquired long-term leases of the manors of Tyting in Surrey and


texts:
 Stanground in Huntingdonshire, and in 1543 purchased the manors of Swanton Court, West Peckham and Yokes near Scadbury from Sir Robert Southwell.In 1539, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the king granted him nine houses in London, former monastic property. In 1544 he became vice-chamberlain to Henry VIII's sixth wife, Katherine Parr. He was elected to Parliament as a Knight of the Shire for Surrey in 1545. Marriages and issue
Walsingham married twice:

First marriage
Firstly he married Katherine Gounter (or Gunter) (before 1495 – c. 1526), widow of Henry Morgan of Pencoed, Monmouthshire, and a daughter of John Gounter of Chilworth, Surrey, by his wife Elizabeth Attworth (or Utworth), a daughter and heiress of William Attworth, by whom he had four sons and four daughters:
Sir <mask> (c.1526 – 15 January 1584), who married Dorothy Guildford (died 1584), the daughter of Sir John Guildford (died 5 July 1565), by whom he was the father of Sir <mask>, patron of Christopher Marlowe. <mask>, who died young. <mask>, who died young. <mask>, who died young.<mask>, who married Sir Thomas Barnardiston (died 1551), the son of Sir Thomas Barnardiston (died 7 November 1542) by Anne Lucas, the daughter of Sir Thomas Lucas (died 7 July 1531) of Little Saxham Hall, Suffolk, Solicitor-General to King Henry VII. <mask> (died 21 May 1558), who married Sir Thomas Saunders (died 18 August 1565), third but eldest surviving son of Nicholas Saunders of Charlwood, Surrey,

masks:
Thomas Walsingham
Thomas Walsingham
George Walsingham
John Walsingham
Walter Walsingham
Mary Walsingham
Alice Walsingham


texts:
 by Alice Hungate, the daughter of John Hungate, by whom she had three sons and two daughters. <mask>, who is said to have married Richard Finch, third son of Sir William Finch, Sheriff of Kent, by his first wife, Elizabeth Cromer. <mask> is also said to have married, as his second wife, Edward Baynard (died 1575) of Lackham, Wiltshire, and to have been buried at Lacock, Wiltshire, on 20 August 1559. <mask>, who died young. Second marriage
He married secondly, Anne Jerningham, a daughter of Sir Edward Jerningham (died 6 January 1515) of Somerleyton, Suffolk, by his wife Margaret Bedingfield (died 24 March 1504). At the time of her marriage to Sir <mask>, Anne Jerningham was the widow of three successive husbands: Lord Edward Grey (died before 1517), eldest son and heir of Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, and grandson of King Edward IV's wife, Elizabeth Woodville; Henry Barley (died 12 November 1529) of Albury, Hertfordshire; and Sir Robert Drury, Speaker of the House of Commons.Death and burial
<mask> died on 9 February 1550 and was buried in "a table tomb, richly ornamented with roses, acorns and foliage gilt" in the Scadbury chapel in the church of St Nicholas at Chislehurst. His son and heir, <mask>, erected a monument to his memory in 1581; the inscription begins:

A knight sometime of worthy fame,
Lieth buried under this stony bower,
Sir <mask> was his name,
Lieutenant he was of London Tower. His will, dated 8 February 1550, was proved on 8

masks:
Eleanor Walsingham
Eleanor Walsingham
Katherine Walsingham
Edmund Walsingham
Walsingham
Thomas Walsingham
Edmund Walsingham


texts:
<mask> (June 11, 1823 – April 7, 1895) was a lawyer, a Confederate general in the American Civil War, and the 37th Governor of Virginia. He was the youngest brigade commander and only non-professional military officer in the division that led Pickett's Charge, during which he was severely wounded. Early and family life
<mask> was born at Mountain Prospect plantation in Madison County, Virginia, the son of William and Maria Elizabeth (Allison<mask>. His father's family had emigrated from near what became Siegen, Germany, in the early 18th century. His great-grandfather had been among the miners recruited for Governor Alexander Spotswood's colony at Germanna, Virginia, and his merchant father had moved to the new town of Madison Court House in the 1790s after his own father had died falling from a horse in 1783, leaving his widow to take care of five daughters and a son. By the time young <mask> was born, his paternal grandmother and four aunts also lived at the plantation which <mask> had bought for $5,541.40 in 1800. His maternal great-grandfather, Col. John Jasper Stadler, had served on George Washington's staff as a civil engineer and planned fortifications in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina during the American Revolutionary War, and his grandfather John Stadler Allison served as an officer in the War of 1812, but died when his daughter Maria was very young.Although several of his paternal ancestors were involved in the German Reformed Church, <mask> was an elder in the local Presbyterian church and his mother was devout, but also hosted dances and parties that lasted several days. His brother, Frederick T<mask> later founded Kemper Military School. <mask> had virtually no military training as a boy, but his father and a neighboring planter, Henry Hill of Culpeper, founded Old Field School on the plantation to educate local children, including A.P. Hill, who became a lifelong friend. From 1830–1840, Kemper

masks:
James Lawson Kemper
Kemper
) Kemper
James
William Kemper
William Kemper
. Kemper
James Kemper


texts:
 boarded during winters at Locust Dale Academy, which had a military corps of cadets. Kemper later attended Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) and also took civil engineering classes at nearby Virginia Military Institute. At Washington College's graduation ceremony in 1842, 19-year-old Kemper gave the commencement address, taking for a topic "The Need of a Public School System in Virginia."Kemper then returned home, where he joined a Tee-Total (Temperance) Society as well as studied law under George W. Summers of Kanawha County (a former U.S. Representative), after which Washington College awarded him a Master's degree in June 1845. He was admitted to the Virginia bar on October 2, 1846. Military and early political career
After Congress had declared war on Mexico in 1846, President <mask>. Polk called for nine regiments of volunteers. Kemper and his friend Birkett D. Fry of Kanawha County traveled to the national capital on December 15, 1846, hoping to secure commissions in the First Regiment of Virginia Volunteers. After traveling to Richmond and back to Washington for more networking, Kemper learned that he had been appointed the unit's quartermaster and captain under Col. John Hamtramck. During the Mexican–American War, Kemper received favorable reviews and met many future military leaders, but his unit arrived just after the Battle of Buena Vista and mainly maintained a defensive perimeter in Coahuila province. Honorably discharged from the U.S. Army on August 3, 1848, Kemper returned to practice law in Madison County, and neighboring Orange and Culpeper Counties.He represented many fellow veterans making land claims, as well as speculated in real estate and helped form the Blue Ridge Turnpike Company (between Gordonsville and the Shenandoah Valley. Interested in politics, Kemper first campaigned for office in 1850, but lost the contest to become clerk of the Commonwealth's constitutional


texts:
 convention. Promoting himself as pro-slavery, anti-abolitionist, and pro-states' rights, Kemper defeated Marcus Newman and was elected to represent Madison County in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1853 (the year his father died at age 76). A strong advocate of state military preparedness, as well as an ally of Henry A. Wise, Kemper rose to become chairman of the Military Affairs Committee. By 1858, he was serving as a brigadier general in the Virginia militia. In late 1861, Kemper became Speaker, a position he held until September 1863.Much of his term as Speaker coincided with his service in the Confederate States Army. Civil War
After the start of the Civil War, <mask> served as a brigadier general in the Provisional Army of Virginia, and then a colonel in the Confederate States Army, becoming head of the 7th Virginia Infantry. At First Bull Run, <mask> led the regiment as part of Jubal Early's brigade. His regiment was later assigned to Brigadier General A.P. Hill's brigade in Major General <mask>'s division of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. On May 26, Hill was promoted to division command and <mask>, as the ranking colonel, assumed command of the brigade. At Seven Pines, <mask>'s brigade attempted to relieve General D.H. Hill's battered troops, but had to retreat from massed enemy artillery fire and did not engage the Union infantry.Nonetheless, <mask> was promoted to brigadier general on June 3. During the Seven Days Battles, <mask>'s brigade was held in reserve at the Battle of Gaines's Mill. At the Battle of Glendale, the relatively inexperienced brigade spearheaded <mask>'s attack on the Union lines; prior to this, the only general engagement the brigade had faced took place during the Battle of Williamsburg almost two months earlier, when they had been under A.P. Hill's command. <mask>'s brigade suffered the fewest losses out of <mask>'s six brigades during the week-long confrontation.

masks:
Kemper
Kemper
James Longstreet
Kemper
Kemper
Kemper
Kemper
Longstreet
Kemper
Longstreet


texts: Following the Seven Days, General Robert E<mask> reorganized the army, and <mask> became a temporary division commander, commanding half of <mask>'s former division. At the Second Battle of Bull Run, <mask>'s division took part in <mask>'s surprise attack against the Union left flank, almost destroying Major General John Pope's Army of Virginia.Following Second Bull Run, the more senior Brigadier General David R. Jones took over command of the division, while <mask> reverted to brigade command. At the Battle of Antietam, <mask> was positioned south of the town of Sharpsburg, defending against Major General Ambrose E. Burnside's assault in the afternoon of September 17, 1862. He withdrew his brigade in the face of the Union advance, exposing the Confederate right flank, and the line was saved only by the hasty arrival of A.P. Hill's division from Harpers Ferry. Another army reorganization after Antietam led to <mask>'s brigade being placed in a division commanded by Brigadier General George Pickett, who had been on medical leave since being wounded at Gaines Mill. The division was held in reserve at Fredericksburg, and during the spring of 1863 was on detached duty in the Richmond area. As a result, Kemper also missed the Chancellorsville Campaign.At the Battle of Gettysburg, <mask> arrived with Pickett's division late on the second day of battle, July 2, 1863. His brigade was one of the main assault units in Pickett's Charge, advancing on the right flank of Pickett's line. After crossing the Emmitsburg Road, the brigade was hit by flanking fire from two Vermont regiments, driving it to the left and disrupting the cohesion of the assault. In spite of the danger, Kemper rose up in his stirrups to urge his men forwards, shouting "There are the guns, boys, go for them!" This act of bravado made Kemper an obvious target, and he was wounded by a bullet in the abdomen and thigh before being captured by Union troops.

masks:
. Lee
Kemper
Longstreet
Kemper
Longstreet
Kemper
Kemper
Kemper
Kemper


texts:
 However, he was rescued shortly thereafter by Sgt. <mask> of the First Virginia Infantry Regiment and carried back to the Confederate lines on Seminary Ridge.General <mask> encountered Kemper being carried on a stretcher and inquired about the seriousness of his wound, which Kemper said he thought was mortal. He requested that <mask> "do full justice to this division for its work today." During the Confederate Army's retreat from Gettysburg, <mask> was again captured by Union forces. He was exchanged (for Charles K. Graham) on September 19, 1863. For the rest of the war he was too ill to serve in combat, and instead commanded the Reserve Forces of Virginia. He was promoted to major general on September 19, 1864. Postbellum career
Kemper was paroled in May 1865.Since his previous house had been destroyed in a raid led by Union officer George Armstrong Custer, his mother-in-law purchased a house for the family in Madison County. Kemper then resumed his legal career. However, the bullet that had wounded him at Gettysburg had lodged close to a major artery and could not be removed without risking his life, so he suffered groin pain for the rest of his life. Nonetheless, he tried to attract northern capital to rebuild the devastated local economy. He and former classmate and Confederate general John D. Imboden also maintained a general legal practice, which because of the times, included much bankruptcy law. Beginning in 1867, Kemper helped found Virginia's Conservative Party, initially to oppose the new state constitution adopted by a convention chaired by John Underwood (who allied with the Radical Republican faction and opposed allowing former Confederates the vote, among other measures). In 1869 Kemper allied with another former Confederate general turned railroad entrepreneur William Mahone to elect Gilbert C. Walker to the Virginia House of Delegates.After his beloved wife Bella died in September 1870 of

masks:
Leigh Blanton
Lee
Lee
Kemper