texts: controlled the Party. The committee was intended to independently propose measures regardless of the wishes of various ministries, with Hitler reserving most final decisions to himself. The committee, soon known as the Dreierausschuß (Committee of Three), met eleven times between January and August 1943.However, they ran up against resistance from Hitler's cabinet ministers, who headed deeply entrenched spheres of influence and were excluded from the committee. Seeing it as a threat to their power, <mask>, Göring, and Speer worked together to bring it down. The result was that nothing changed, and the Committee of Three declined into irrelevance by September 1943. Partly in response to being excluded from the Committee of Three, Goebbels pressured Hitler to introduce measures that would produce "total war", including closing businesses not essential to the war effort, conscripting women into the labour force, and enlisting men in previously exempt occupations into the Wehrmacht. Some of these measures were implemented in an edict of 13 January, but to Goebbels' dismay, Göring demanded that his favourite restaurants in Berlin should remain open, and Lammers successfully lobbied Hitler to have women with children exempted from conscription, even if they had child care available. After receiving an enthusiastic response to his speech of 30 January 1943 on the topic, Goebbels believed he had the support of the German people in his call for total war. His next speech, the Sportpalast speech of 18 February 1943, was a passionate demand for his audience to commit to total war, which he presented as the only way to stop the Bolshevik onslaught and save the German people from destruction.The speech also had a strong


type: original

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 antisemitic element and hinted at the extermination of the Jewish people that was already underway. The speech was presented live on radio and was filmed as well. During the live version of the speech, Goebbels accidentally begins to mention the "extermination" of the Jews; this is omitted in the published text of the speech. Goebbels' efforts had little impact for the time being, because Hitler, who in principle was in favour of total war, was not prepared to implement changes over the objections of his ministers. The discovery around this time of a mass grave of Polish officers that had been killed by the Red Army in the 1940 Katyn massacre was made use of by Goebbels in his propaganda in an attempt to drive a wedge between the Soviets and the other western allies. Plenipotentiary for total war

On 1 April 1943, <mask> was named Stadtpräsident of Berlin, thus uniting under his control the city's highest party and governmental offices. After the Allied invasion of Sicily (July 1943) and the strategic Soviet victory in the Battle of Kursk (July–August 1943), Goebbels began to recognise that the war could no longer be won.Following the Allied invasion of Italy and the fall of Mussolini in September, he raised with Hitler the possibility of a separate peace, either with the Soviets or with Britain. Hitler rejected both of these proposals. As Germany's military and economic situation grew steadily worse, on 25 August 1943 Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler took over the post of interior minister, replacing Wilhelm Frick. Intensive air raids on Berlin and other cities took the lives of thousands of people. Göring's Luftwaffe attempted to retaliate with air raids on London in early 1944, but they no longer had


texts: sufficient aircraft to make much of an impact. While <mask>' propaganda in this period indicated that a huge retaliation was in the offing, the V-1 flying bombs, launched on British targets beginning in mid-June 1944, had little effect, with only around 20 per cent reaching their intended targets. To boost morale, Goebbels continued to publish propaganda to the effect that further improvements to these weapons would have a decisive impact on the outcome of the war.Meanwhile, in the Normandy landings of 6 June 1944, the Allies successfully gained a foothold in France. Throughout July 1944, <mask> and Speer continued to press Hitler to bring the economy to a total war footing. The 20 July plot, where Hitler was almost killed by a bomb at his field headquarters in East Prussia, played into the hands of those who had been pushing for change: Bormann, <mask>, Himmler, and Speer. Over the objections of Göring, <mask> was appointed on 23 July as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War, charged with maximising the manpower for the Wehrmacht and the armaments industry at the expense of sectors of the economy not critical to the war effort. Through these efforts, he was able to free up an additional half a million men for military service. However, as many of these new recruits came from the armaments industry, the move put him in conflict with armaments minister Speer. Untrained workers from elsewhere were not readily absorbed into the armaments industry, and likewise, the new Wehrmacht recruits waited in barracks for their turn to be trained.At Hitler's behest, the Volkssturm (People's Storm) – a nationwide militia of men previously considered unsuitable for military service – was formed on 18 October 1944. <mask>

masks: Goebbels Goebbels Goebbels Goebbels Goebbels


texts: recorded in his diary that 100,000 recruits were sworn in from his Gau alone. However, the men, mostly age 45 to 60, received only rudimentary training and many were not properly armed. <mask>' notion that these men could effectively serve on the front lines against Soviet tanks and artillery was unrealistic at best. The programme was deeply unpopular. <mask> realised that his influence would diminish in wartime. He suffered a series of setbacks as propaganda became less important compared to warfare, the war economy, and the Allied bombing of German cities.Historian Michael Balfour states that from 1942 onward, Goebbels, "lost control over Nazi policy toward the press and over the handling of news in general." Rival agencies expanded. The foreign ministry took charge of propaganda outside Germany. The military set up its own propaganda division, providing daily reports on the progress of the war and the conditions of the armed forces. The Nazi Party also generated and distributed its own propaganda during the war. <mask> was still influential when he had the opportunity to meet with Hitler, who became less available as he moved his headquarters closer to the military front lines. They were together perhaps one day a month.Furthermore, Hitler rarely gave speeches or rallies of the sort that had dominated propaganda in the 1930s. After Hitler returned to Berlin in 1945, <mask>' ministry was destroyed by an Allied air raid on 13 March, and Goebbels had great difficulty disseminating propaganda. In April 1945, he finally bested the rival agencies and took full charge of propaganda, but by then the Soviet Red Army had already entered Berlin. Goebbels was an astute observer of the war, and historians have

masks: Goebbels Goebbels Goebbels Goebbels


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 exhaustively mined his diary for insights on how the Nazi leadership tried to maintain public morale. Defeat and death
In the last months of the war, Goebbels's speeches and articles took on an increasingly apocalyptic tone. By the beginning of 1945, with the Soviets on the Oder River and the Western Allies preparing to cross the Rhine River, he could no longer disguise the inevitability of German defeat. Berlin had little in the way of fortifications or artillery, and even Volkssturm units were in short supply, as almost everything and everyone had been sent to the front.<mask> noted in his diary on 21 January that millions of Germans were fleeing westward. He tentatively discussed with Hitler the issue of making peace overtures to the western allies, but Hitler again refused. Privately, Goebbels was conflicted at pushing the case with Hitler since he did not want to lose Hitler's confidence. When other Nazi leaders urged Hitler to leave Berlin and establish a new centre of resistance in the National Redoubt in Bavaria, Goebbels opposed this, arguing for a heroic last stand in Berlin. His family (except for Magda's son Harald, who had served in the Luftwaffe and been captured by the Allies) moved into their house in Berlin to await the end. He and Magda may have discussed suicide and the fate of their young children in a long meeting on the night of 27 January. He knew how the outside world would view the criminal acts committed by the regime and had no desire to subject himself to the "debacle" of a trial.He burned his private papers on the night of 18 April. Goebbels knew how to play on Hitler's fantasies, encouraging him to see the hand of providence in the death of United States President Franklin D.


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 Roosevelt on 12 April. Whether Hitler really saw this event as a turning point as Goebbels proclaimed is not known. By this time, Goebbels had gained the position he had wanted so long—at Hitler's side. Göring was utterly discredited, although he was not stripped of his offices until 23 April. Himmler, whose appointment as commander of Army Group Vistula had led to disaster on the Oder, was also in disgrace with Hitler. Most of Hitler's inner circle, including Göring, Himmler, Ribbentrop, and Speer, prepared to leave Berlin immediately after Hitler's birthday celebration on 20 April.Even Bormann was "not anxious" to meet his end at Hitler's side. On 22 April, Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. Goebbels moved with his family into the Vorbunker, connected to the lower Führerbunker under the Reich Chancellery garden in central Berlin, that same day. He told Vice-Admiral Hans-Erich Voss that he would not entertain the idea of either surrender or escape. On 23 April, Goebbels made the following proclamation to the people of Berlin:

After midnight on 29 April, with the Soviets advancing ever closer to the bunker complex, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker. Afterward, he hosted a modest wedding breakfast. Hitler then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament.<mask> and Bormann were two of the witnesses. In his last will and testament, Hitler named no successor as Führer or leader of the Nazi Party. Instead, he appointed <mask> as Reich Chancellor; Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, who was at Flensburg near the Danish border, as Reich President; and Bormann as Party Minister. Goebbels wrote a

masks: Goebbels Goebbels


texts: postscript to the will stating that he would "categorically refuse" to obey Hitler's order to leave Berlin—as he put it, "the first time in my life" that he had not complied with Hitler's orders. He felt compelled to remain with Hitler "for reasons of humanity and personal loyalty". His wife and children would stay as well. They would end their lives "side by side with the Führer".In the mid-afternoon of 30 April, Hitler shot himself. Goebbels was depressed, and said he would walk around the Chancellery garden until he was killed by the Russian shelling. Voss later recounted Goebbels as saying: "It is a great pity that such a man [Hitler] is not with us any longer. But there is nothing to be done. For us, everything is lost now and the only way out left for us is the one Hitler chose. I shall follow his example." On 1 May, Goebbels carried out his sole official act as Chancellor: he dictated a letter to General Vasily Chuikov and ordered German General Hans Krebs to deliver it under a white flag.Chuikov, as commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army, commanded the Soviet forces in central Berlin. <mask>'s letter informed Chuikov of Hitler's death and requested a ceasefire. After this was rejected, Goebbels decided that further efforts were futile. Later on 1 May, Voss saw Goebbels for the last time: "While saying goodbye I asked Goebbels to join us. But he replied: 'The captain must not leave his sinking ship. I have thought about it all and decided to stay here. I have nowhere to go because with little children I will not be able to make it, especially with a leg like mine'."On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels arranged for an SS dentist, Helmut Kunz, to inject his six children with morphine so that when they were


texts:
 unconscious, an ampule of cyanide could be then crushed in each of their mouths. According to Kunz's later testimony, he gave the children morphine injections but Magda <mask> and SS-Obersturmbannführer Ludwig Stumpfegger, Hitler's personal doctor, administered the cyanide. At around 20:30, <mask> and Magda left the bunker and walked up to the garden of the Chancellery, where they killed themselves. There are several different accounts of this event. One is that they each bit on a cyanide ampule near where Hitler had been buried and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterward. Goebbels's SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that they walked ahead of him up the stairs and out into the Chancellery garden. He waited in the stairwell and heard shots.Schwägermann then walked up the remaining stairs and, once outside, saw their lifeless bodies. Following Goebbels's prior order, Schwägermann had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels's body, which did not move. The corpses were then doused with petrol, but they were only partially burned and not buried. A few days later, the Soviets brought Voss back to the bunker to identify the Goebbelses' partly burned bodies. The remains of the Goebbels family, Krebs, and Hitler's dogs were repeatedly buried and exhumed. The last burial was at the SMERSH facility in Magdeburg on 21 February 1946. In 1970, KGB director Yuri Andropov authorised an operation to destroy the remains.On 4 April 1970, a Soviet KGB team used detailed burial charts to exhume five wooden boxes at the Magdeburg SMERSH facility. They were burned, crushed, and scattered into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe. Family life

Hitler was very fond of Magda and the


texts: children. He enjoyed staying at the Goebbelses' Berlin apartment, where he could relax. Magda had a close relationship with Hitler, and became a member of his small coterie of female friends. She also became an unofficial representative of the regime, receiving letters from all over Germany from women with questions about domestic matters or child custody issues. In 1936, Goebbels met the Czech actress Lída Baarová and by the winter of 1937 began an intense affair with her.Magda had a long conversation with Hitler about it on 15 August 1938. Unwilling to put up with a scandal involving one of his top ministers, Hitler demanded that Goebbels break off the relationship. Thereafter, <mask> and Magda seemed to reach a truce until the end of September. The couple had another falling out at that point, and again Hitler became involved, insisting the couple stay together. He arranged for publicity photos to be taken of himself with the reconciled couple in October. Goebbels also had short-term affairs and relationships with numerous other women. Magda too had affairs, including a relationship with Kurt Ludecke in 1933 and Karl Hanke in 1938.The Goebbels family included Harald Quandt (Magda's son from her first marriage; born 1921), plus Helga (1932), Hilde (1934), Helmuth (1935), Holde (1937), Hedda (1938), and Heide (1940). Harald was the only member of the family to survive the war. He died in an airplane crash in


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<mask> (born 18 June 1935 in Ballintemple, Cork, Ireland) is an Irish retired sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Blackrock and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 1954 until 1963. Biography
<mask> was born in Ballintemple, County Cork in 1935. <mask> Snr, his father, was a native of Fethard, County Tipperary who moved to Cork to work in the Metropole Hotel. His mother, Mary Murphy, hailed from Ballintemple and also worked in the Metropole. <mask> was the middle child in a family of seven and was educated at Sullivan's Quay CBS. It was here that his hurling skills were first exploited.<mask> played on the school hurling team in the Dr. Harty Cup for five consecutive years, the first two as goalkeeper and the last three as a corner-back. In 1951 <mask> was at full-forward when Sullivan's Quay defeated the famous North Monastery in the Harty Cup, before later being defeated themselves by Thurles CBS. In 1952 and 1953 he was chosen on the Munster Colleges hurling team which played in the inter-provincial competition. He enjoyed much success and won two All-Ireland colleges' medals in both those years. After leaving Sullivan's Quay in 1953 Brohan worked at the Dunlop's tyre centre in Cork until its closure in 1983. Other Cork greats who also worked there included Johnny Clifford and Willie Murphy. <mask> later worked with the Customs Service until his retirement in 2000.Two of <mask>'s brothers also had sporting success playing soccer in the League of Ireland. Playing career

Club
Brohan played his club hurling with the famous Blackrock club in Cork and enjoyed much success. In 1956 the club, with

masks:
Jimmy Brohan
Jimmy Brohan
James Brohan
Brohan
Brohan
Brohan
Brohan
Brohan


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 Brohan playing a key role, won the senior county championship for the first time in twenty-five years. Another county title followed five years later in 1961. <mask> also played Gaelic football with Blackrock's sister club called St Michael's and experienced some success. He won a county junior football championship title with the club in 1956. Inter-county
Brohan first came to prominence on the inter-county scene in the early 1950s as a member of the Cork minor hurling team.He was eligible to play for the team in both 1952 and 1953, however, Tipperary defeated Cork in the early rounds of the championship in both years. At the end of 1953 <mask> made his senior debut for Cork in the National Hurling League. He duly impressed the selectors and was subsequently called up to play in the All-Ireland semi-final against Galway. <mask> was replacing the injured Tony O'Shaughnessy and had a good game, however, O'Shaughnessy returned for the All-Ireland final and <mask> was left on the bench as Cork claimed victory over Wexford. In 1955 <mask> suffered a major setback when was suspended from all GAA activity for the year, due to his failure to turn up for a club game with St. Michael's. Clare defeated Cork in the opening round of the championship as <mask> watched on from the stand. In 1956 <mask> was back with Cork and was installed at corner-back.That year Cork reached the Munster final once again. Limerick provided the opposition on that occasion; however, Cork recorded a 5–5 o 3–5 victory thanks to three goals by Christy Ring. It was <mask>'s first Munster winners' medal on the field of play. Cork later lined out in the All-Ireland

masks: Brohan Brohan Brohan Brohan Brohan Brohan Brohan Brohan


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 final with Wexford providing the opposition. The game has gone down in history as one of the all-time classic games as Christy Ring was bidding for a record ninth All-Ireland medal. The game turned on one important incident as the Wexford goalkeeper, Art Foley, made a miraculous save from a Ring shot and cleared the sliotar up the field to set up another attack. Wexford went on to win the game on a score line of 2–14 to 2–8 and <mask> was left with an All-Ireland runners-up medal.<mask> added to his medal collection when he won a Munster junior football medal in 1957. Once again Cork's hurlers reached the Munster final, however, they were defeated by Waterford on a score line of 1–11 to 1–6. In spite of a lack of success in 1958 <mask> was still included on a Sunday Review best hurling team of the year selection. <mask>'s side contested three consecutive provincial finals in 1959, 1960 and 1961, however, he ended up on the losing side on every occasion. In a Gael-Linn sponsored poll in the Irish Independent in 1961, <mask> was named in the right corner-back position on a hurling team considered to be the best ever. He retired from inter-county hurling in the early 1960s. Inter-provincial
<mask> also lined out with Munster in the inter-provincial hurling competition and enjoyed much success.He first lined out with his province in 1957 and helped Munster to a 5–7 to 2–5 victory over Leinster. This was the first of five consecutive Railway Cup victories for <mask> as part of the Munster team. He won a sixth and final Railway Cup winners' medal in 1963 as Munster accounted for Leinster by just a single point. Unique style of

masks: Brohan Brohan Brohan Brohan Brohan Brohan Brohan


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 play
Brohan had a unique style of play, often described as tidy and economical. This was best illustrated by his defensive strategy which made him one of the most famous exponents of the batting skill in hurling and he often delighted the legions of Cork supporters in the 1950s and 1960s by batting away the ball to great distances out of defence to the frustration of opposing forwards. This was a tactic which was not very well developed or used to effect by his contemporaries and he duly deserved his reputation of being master of this particular skill which was best employed in a tight entanglement which did not allow room for the full natural hurley swing more conducive to loose marking and open play. Retirement
Following his retirement as a player Brohan became involved as a selector with the county hurling team.He was involved with the teams that won the All-Ireland titles in 1976, 1977, 1978 and 1986. In the latter year <mask> had the pleasure of seeing his nephew, Tom Cashman, captain Cork to victory. References

1935 births
Living people
Dual players
Blackrock hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
Munster inter-provincial hurlers
St Michael's (Cork) Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Hurling


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Dame <mask>  (; 23 April 1895 – 18 February 1982) was a New Zealand crime writer and theatre director. She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1966. <mask> is known as one of the "Queens of Crime", along with Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers, and Margery Allingham. She is known primarily for her character Inspector Roderick Alleyn, a gentleman detective who works for the Metropolitan Police (London). The Ngaio Marsh Award is awarded annually for the best New Zealand mystery, crime and thriller fiction writing. Youth

<mask> was born in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, where she also died. In the Introduction to The Collected Short Fiction of <mask>, Douglas G. Greene writes:  "<mask> explained to an interviewer... that in New Zealand European children often receive native names, and Ngaio... can mean either 'light on the water' or 'little tree bug' in the Maori language.Other sources say that it is the name of a native flowering tree." Her father neglected to register her birth until 1900 and there is some uncertainty about the date. She was the only child of Rose and bank clerk <mask>, described by <mask> as "have-nots". Her mother's sister Ruth married the geologist, lecturer, and curator Robert Speight. Ngaio <mask> was educated at St Margaret's College in Christchurch, where she was one of the first pupils when the school was founded. She studied painting at the Canterbury College (NZ) School of Art before joining the Allan Wilkie company as an actress in 1916 and touring New Zealand. For a

masks:
Edith Ngaio Marsh
Marsh
Marsh
Ngo Marsh
Marsh
Henry Marsh
Marsh
Marsh


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 short time in 1921 she was a member of the Rosemary Rees English Comedy Company, a touring company formed by actor-manager Rosemary Rees.In 1928 she went to London with friends (on whom she would base the Lamprey family [Surfeit of Lampreys]). From then on she divided her time between living in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. In London she began writing syndicated articles, which were published in New Zealand. In addition she and one of the friends with whom she had come to London opened Touch and Go, a handicraft shop that sold items such as decorated trays, bowls and lampshades. From 1928 to 1932 she ran the shop in Knightsbridge, London. During that time she wrote her first book, A Man Lay Dead. She wrote about the process of writing her first book in an essay, "Roderick Alleyn".<mask> was a member of The Group, an art association based in Christchurch, New Zealand. She exhibited with them in 1927, 1928, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1940 and 1947. Career

Internationally she is best known for her 32 detective novels published between 1934 and 1982. Along with Dorothy L. Sayers, Margery Allingham and Agatha Christie, she has been classed as one of the four original "Queens of Crime" — female writers who dominated the genre of crime fiction in the Golden Age of the 1920s and 1930s. All her novels feature British CID detective Roderick Alleyn. Several novels feature <mask>'s other loves, the theatre and painting. A number are set around theatrical productions (Enter a Murderer, Vintage Murder, Overture to Death, Opening Night, Death at the

masks: Marsh Marsh


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 Dolphin, and Light Thickens), and three others are about actors off stage (Colour Scheme, False Scent and Final Curtain).Her short story "'I Can Find My Way Out" is also set around a theatrical production and is the earlier "Jupiter case" referred to in Opening Night; the short story won third prize in 1946 in the inaugural short story contest of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. Alleyn marries a painter, Agatha Troy, whom he meets during an investigation (Artists in Crime), and who features in three later novels. Most of the novels are set in England, but four are set in New Zealand, with Alleyn either on secondment to the New Zealand police (Colour Scheme and Died in the Wool) or on holiday (Vintage Murder and Photo Finish); Surfeit of Lampreys begins in New Zealand but continues in London. Notably, Colour Scheme includes Māori people among its cast of characters, unusual for novels of the British mystery genre. This novel is said to further subvert the genre by incorporating elements of spy fiction and providing a veiled critique of the British Empire. In 2018, HarperCollins Publishers released Money in the Morgue by Ngaio <mask> and Stella Duffy. The book was started by <mask> during World War II but abandoned.Working with just the book's title, first three chapters and some notes—but no idea of the plot or motive of the villain—Duffy completed the novel. Theatre
Marsh's great passion was the theatre. In 1942 she produced a modern-dress Hamlet for the Canterbury University College Drama Society (now University of Canterbury Dramatic


texts:
 Society Incorporated or Dramasoc), the first of many Shakespearean productions with the society until 1969. In 1944, Hamlet and a production of Othello toured a theatre-starved New Zealand to rapturous acclaim. In 1949, assisted by entrepreneur Dan O'Connor, her student players toured Australia with a new version of Othello and Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author. In the 1950s she was involved with the New Zealand Players, a relatively short-lived national professional touring repertory company. In 1972 she was invited by the Christchurch City Council to direct Shakespeare's Henry V, the inaugural production for the opening of the newly constructed James Hay Theatre in Christchurch; she made the unusual choice of casting two male leads, who alternated on different nights.She lived to see New Zealand set up with a viable professional theatre industry with realistic Arts Council support, with many of her protégés to the forefront. The 430-seat Ngaio Marsh Theatre at the University of Canterbury is named in her honour. Museum

Her home, now known as Ngaio Marsh House, in Cashmere, a suburb of Christchurch, on the northern slopes of the Port Hills is preserved as a museum. Awards and honours
 1948 – Appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services in connexion with drama and literature in New Zealand, in the 1948 King's Birthday Honours
 1962 – Conferred an honorary doctorate by the University of Canterbury
 1966 – Appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services in the arts,


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 especially writing and theatre production, in the 1966 Queen's Birthday Honours
 1974 – Inducted into the Detection Club
 1978 – Received the Grand Master Award for lifetime achievement as a detective novelist from the Mystery Writers of America
 1989 – Honored with a stamp by New Zealand Post as part of a New Zealand authors series
 2015 – Honoured on 23 April 2015 with a Google Doodle

Personal life
<mask> was unofficially engaged to Edward Bristed, who died in action in December 1917. She never married and had no children. She enjoyed close companionships with women, including her lifelong friend Sylvia Fox, but denied being lesbian, according to biographer Joanne Drayton. "I think Ngaio <mask> wanted the freedom of being who she was in a world, especially in a New Zealand that was still very conformist in its judgments of what constituted 'decent jokers, good Sheilas, and 'weirdos'", Roy Vaughan wrote after meeting her on a P&O Liner.In 1965 she published an autobiography, Black Beech and Honeydew. British author and publisher Margaret Lewis wrote an authorized biography, <mask> <mask>, A Life in 1991. New Zealand art historian Joanne Drayton's biography, <mask> <mask>: Her Life in Crime was published in 2008. Towards the end of her life she systematically destroyed many of her papers, letters, documents and handwritten manuscripts. <mask> died in Christchurch and was buried at the Church of the Holy Innocents, Mount Peel. Bibliography

Detective novels
All 33 novels, including one finished after <mask>'s death, feature Chief

masks: Marsh Marsh Ngaio Marsh Ngaio Marsh Marsh Marsh


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 Inspector Alleyn (later Chief Superintendent) of the Criminal Investigation Department, Metropolitan Police (London). The series is chronological: published and probably written in order of the fictional history.List (with the exception of Money in the Morgue) is from a list in The Collected Short Fiction of Ngaio <mask> ed. Douglas G. Greene (see below under Short Fiction). A Man Lay Dead (1934)
 Enter a Murderer (1935)
 The Nursing Home Murder (1935)
 Death in Ecstasy (1936)
 Vintage Murder (1937). <mask>'s working title was The Case of the Greenstone Tiki (Otago Daily Times, 13 March 1937)
 Artists in Crime (1938)
 Death in a White Tie (1938)
 Overture to Death (1939)
 Death at the Bar (1940)
 Surfeit of Lampreys (1941); Death of a Peer in the U.S.
 Death and the Dancing Footman (1941)
 Colour Scheme (1943)
 Died in the Wool (1945). Serialised: Wagga Wagga Daily Advertiser (1946)
 Money in the Morgue (2018) (unfinished – completed by Stella Duffy)
 Final Curtain (1947)
 Swing Brother Swing (1949); A Wreath for Rivera in the U.S.. Serialised: Home Magazine (1949)
 Opening Night (1951); Night at the Vulcan in the U.S. Serialised in the US, Woman's Day (1951). Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, March to May 1951
 Spinsters in Jeopardy (1953); abridged later in the U.S. as The Bride of Death (1955). Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, October 1953 to January 1954
 Scales of Justice (1955).Serialised: Australian Women's Weekly (1956). Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, May to


texts:
 August 1955
 Off With His Head (1956); Death of a Fool in the U.S.
 Singing in the Shrouds (1958). Serialised: Australian Women's Weekly (1959). Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, June to September 1958
 False Scent (1959). Serialised: Australian Women's Weekly (1960). Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, February to May 1960
 Hand in Glove (1962). Serialised in abridged form in the UK, Woman's Journal, April to July 1962
 Dead Water (1963)
 Death at the Dolphin (1966); Killer Dolphin in the U.S.Clutch of Constables (1968)
 When in Rome (1970)
 Tied Up in Tinsel (1972)
 Black As He's Painted (1974)
 Last Ditch (1977)
 Grave Mistake (1978)
 Photo Finish (1980)
 Light Thickens (1982)

Short fiction
The Collected Short Fiction of Ngaio <mask>, ed. Douglas G. Greene, 1989 and 1991 editions (UK title Death on the Air and Other Stories, 1995). Includes:
Two essays:
"Roderick Alleyn"
"Portrait of Troy"
Three short stories featuring Alleyn:
Death on the Air. The Grand Magazine, February 1937. Co-authored with A Drummond Sharpe. (in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)
I Can Find My Way Out (1946—USA). (in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)
Chapter and Verse: The Little Copplestone Mystery (1974—USA).Republished 1936—NZ,2009). (in both the 1989 and 1991 editions). <mask>'s original title was 'Chapter and Verse'
Other short stories:
The Hand in the Sand. American Weekly, 15 March 1953. (in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)
The Cupid Mirror (1972). (in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)
A Fool about Money


texts:
 (1973—USA). Australian Women's Weekly, 19 February 1975.(in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)
Morepork (1979—USA). (in both the 1989 and 1991 editions)
The Figure Quoted. (Christchurch) Sun, Christmas 1927. Reprinted New Zealand Short Stories (1930,l ed. O N Gillespie). (only in the 1991 edition)
A television script:
Evil Liver, with an ending to be supplied by a jury chosen from the audience; Greene suggests 5 possible solutions. Uncollected short stories
Moonshine.(Christchurch) Sun, date unknown. Reprinted Yours and Mine: Stories by Young New Zealanders (1936: ed. Warwick Lawrence)
My Poor Boy (1959)

Stage plays
Noel. First performed at St Margaret's College (1912)
The Moon Princess. First performed at St Michael's Day School (1913)
Mrs 'obson. First performed at St Michael's Day School (1914)
So Much for Nothing. First performed at the Military Sanatorium (1921)
Little House Bound.First performed at Leeston Town Hall (1924)

Letters
Speech of New Zealanders. Press, 1 July 1939

Reviews
Marie Tempest by Hector Bolitho. Press, 9 January 1937

Adapted works
Exit Sir Derek by Henry Jellett, adapted from The Nursing Home Murder, unpublished at the time. First performed at the Little Theatre, Canterbury (1935)

Songs
Columbine and Pantaloon. First performed at Choral Hall, Christchurch (1919)
The Hawthorn Gate. First performed at Choral Hall, Christchurch (1920)
The Gift. First performed at Choral Hall, Christchurch (1920)

Television plays
Slipknot (1967) (Alleyn).Anthologised under <mask>'s original title, 'A Knotty Problem', in Bodies


texts:
 from the Library: Volume 3, ed. Tony Medawar (HarperCollins, 2020)
Evil Liver (script of an episode of the series Crown Court by Granada Television Ltd; recorded in England in 1975). Broadcast ITV, 23 August 1975. Collected in The Collected Short Fiction of Ngaio <mask> Burdon
 A Play Toward (1946)
 Black Beech and Honeydew (1965, autobiography; revised 1981)
 Singing Land (1974)

Short non-fiction articles
 The Night Train from Grey (published under the pseudonym Kowhai). Sun, 7 June 1919. The Novelist's Problem.Press, 22 December 1934
 Theatre: A Note on the Status Quo. Landfall, March 1947
 A National Theatre. Landfall, March 1949 (Co-authored with George Swan and Arnold F Goodwin)
 An Author's Defence of the Hackneyed Classics. ABC Weekly, 2 April 1949
 The Development of the Arts in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of the Arts, 9 February 1951
 Theatre in a Young Country. Sydney Morning Herald, 29 April 1951
 New Zealand: Welfare Paradise. Holiday, November 1960
 The Quick Forge.Article within Shakespeare’s Quatercentenary. Landfall, March 1964 (Coauthored with James Bertram, DF McKenzie, and Frank Sargeson)
 Stratford-upon-Avon. Atlantic Monthly, February 1967

Adaptations
Two novels were adapted as television episodes in the 1960s; Death in Ecstasy in 1964 with Geoffrey Keen as Alleyn, and Artists in Crime in 1968 with Michael Allinson as Alleyn. Four of the Alleyn novels were adapted for television in New Zealand and aired there in 1977 under the title Ngaio Marsh Theatre, with George Baker as Alleyn. <mask> appears in

masks: MarshM Marsh


texts:
 a cameo in the episode "Vintage Murder." Nine were adapted as The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries and aired by the BBC in 1993 and 1994 (the pilot originally in 1990), with Simon Williams (pilot) and then Patrick Malahide as Alleyn. In the 1990s the BBC made radio adaptations of Surfeit of Lampreys, A Man Lay Dead, Opening Night, and When in Rome starring Jeremy Clyde as Inspector Alleyn, and in 2010 Death and the Dancing Footman featuring Nigel Graham.<mask> <mask> co-wrote the 1951 episode Night at the Vulcan of the Philco Television Playhouse; and appeared as herself in the sixth episode The Central Problem in a television series of the unfinished Charles Dickens mystery novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood. References

Further reading

 Kirker, Anne (1986). New Zealand Women Artists: A Survey of 150 Years. Craftsman House. External links

 Image of <mask> <mask> as Hamlet
 Images of <mask> <mask>
 Dame <mask> <mask>'s Christchurch Home, open to visit
 <mask> <mask> at Timaru (from NZBC Sound Archives)

1895 births
1982 deaths
New Zealand Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Edgar Award winners
Members of the Detection Club
New Zealand crime fiction writers
New Zealand mystery writers
New Zealand theatre directors
New Zealand women novelists
People educated at St Margaret's College
University of Canterbury alumni
20th-century New Zealand novelists
Women mystery writers
Women autobiographers
New Zealand autobiographers
People from Christchurch
20th-century New Zealand women writers
20th-century British women

masks: Ngaio Marsh Ngaio Marsh Ngaio Marsh Ngaio Marsh Ngaio Marsh


texts: <mask> (5 August 1930 – 24 September 1975) was a  Malawian nationalist politician who played a significant role in bringing independence from colonial rule to his native country, formerly known as Nyasaland. From an early age Chipembere was a strong believer in natural justice and, on his return in 1954 from university in South Africa, he joined his country's independence struggle as a nationalist strategist and spokesman. In 1957, considering that the independence movement need such a strong leader similar to Kwame Nkrumah, and considering himself too young for this task, he joined with other young nationalists in inviting Hastings Kamuzu Banda to return to Nyasaland as the movement's leader. From 1958, Chipembere orchestrated a campaign of civil disobedience against the colonial authorities that Banda insisted should be non-violent, but which the younger leaders allowed to become more violent, and which eventually led the governor of Nyasaland to declare a State of emergency over the whole protectorate in March 1959. This led to the arrest of <mask>, Banda and other leaders of the Nyasaland African Congress and the deportation 72 of them to Southern Rhodesia, to the banning of the Congress party and to at least 51 African civilian deaths. Chipembere was regarded as a dangerous militant and imprisoned until late 1960: shortly after his release, he was prosecuted for sedition and imprisoned again until early 1963. Despite policy disagreements with Banda, on his second release Chipembere became a minister in Banda's cabinet in the run up to independence in July 1964.Barely a month later, Banda's autocratic style led to the Cabinet Crisis of 1964 in

masks:
Henry Masauko Blasius Chipembere
Chipembere


texts:
 Malawi, when a majority of ministers who had voiced opposition to his style of government and several of his policies were sacked or resigned. Chipembere was not initially involved in this dispute and, although he did resign in sympathy with his colleagues, he attempted reconciliation during September 1964, until he and other ex-ministers were forced to leave the capital, Zomba, because of the hostility of Banda's supporters. After several months in Fort Johnston district, he and a few hundred supporters attempted an armed revolt in February 1965, which soon failed. Chipembere was ill with diabetes and, with British government support and Banda's consent, he was taken to California to study and for treatment. He then taught in Tanzania before returning to California in 1969 to complete his doctorate and for further diabetes treatment, and he later taught at California State University. He died in exile in Southern California, of complications arising from diabetes. Early life and career
Chipembere's father, Habil Matthew Chipembere, was a teacher from a prosperous Nyanja family, who was studying for the priesthood in the Church of the Province of Central Africa, a part of the Anglican Communion at the time of <mask>'s birth.<mask> was born in Kayoyo, then in Kota kota district, now Ntchisi district, in the Central Region of Nyasaland (now Malawi). His mother gave him the name "Masauko", which means "suffering" or "troubles", because it had been a difficult pregnancy. He was educated at Blantyre Secondary School, which also produced his later ministerial colleagues Augustine Bwanausi and Willie Chokani, up to School Certificate level. As university

masks:
Henry
Henry Chipeme


texts: entrance generally required the Higher School Certificate, which was not offered at any school in Nyasaland at that time, around ten students from Nyasaland were sent each year to schools in Southern Rhodesia to complete their education, and Chipembere spent 1950 and 1951 under this scheme at Goromonzi secondary school in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), before proceeding to Fort Hare college in South Africa in 1952, from which he graduated in late 1954. For a little more than a year after returning, he worked in the colonial civil service as one of the first two African Assistant District Commissioners, and he served under local District Commissioners, first at Domasi and then at Fort Johnston (now Mangochi), both in the Southern Province, and finally at Dedza in the Central Province. On 30 December 1954, soon after his return from Fort Hare, he attended an informal meeting in Blantyre, with like-minded young Nyasaland Africans, including Kanyama Chiume, many of whom decided to ally themselves with the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC). This was a gradualist political organisation at that time, that had become almost moribund by 1950 but had revived under the vice-presidency and later presidency of James Frederick Sangala.It was, however, dominated by an earlier generation of politicians who had been with Congress since the 1940s and were demoralized by the party's failure to prevent the federation, in 1953, of Nyasaland with Southern and Northern Rhodesia. After his election as president in 1954, Sangala had angered some NAC members by allowing two NAC candidates to be elected to the Federal Parliament, and a number of them tried to unseat him.


texts: In 1955, the governor considered that it was necessary to convince the African population the Federation was in their best interests and allay their fears. Accordingly, the Nyasaland government, with Colonial Office approval, increased the number of seats reserved for Africans on the Legislative Council from three to five. These African members would be nominated by Provincial Councils: although the Provincial Councils were largely composed of chiefs, their members were receptive to popular wishes, and they nominated Congress members or its supporters to the Legislative Council. In March 1956, aged only 25, <mask>e resigned his civil service post in order to stand for election. He was elected by an overwhelming majority to represent the Southern Province, along with Chiume for the Northern Province, Ralph Chinyama, N D Kwenje and Dunstan Chijozi (who was a sympathizer, but not a member of, the NAC).The council also included eleven official government members, headed by the Governor, and six non-official European members (so-called unofficials). Chipembere and Chiume seized the initiative in the Legislative Council with their outspoken and aggressive participation in its proceedings. The existing members, mostly European, had conducted proceedings with traditional British decorum and restraint, and presumably expected the new members to behave similarly; but these two asked awkward questions and made radical proposals which unsettled and embarrassed the existing membership. Their assault on colonial policies and condemnation of Federation turned the transcripts of the council's proceedings in Hansard, into a bestseller, particularly among young


texts: Africans, who were totally unaccustomed to seeing other Africans challenging the colonial authority so openly. <mask> later said that his behaviour here was inspired by Hastings Kamuzu Banda, whose speeches in London five years earlier against the Federation of Nyasaland with Southern and Northern Rhodesia had been similarly daring and inflammatory. In April 1955, at the 11th annual conference of the NAC, Chipembere and Chiume proposed secession from the Federation as official policy. In November 1956, Chipembere wrote to Dr Banda, then in semi-retirement in the Gold Coast (later Ghana), asking for his support in getting two African MPs, Manoah Chirwa and Clement Kumbikano, to resign from the Federal Assembly in Rhodesia, something which they had allegedly undertaken to do once they had officially protested against Federation in the assembly on Congress's behalf.Chipembere felt that their participation in the Federal Assembly weakened the Nyasaland African case for seceding from the Federation, which they had been adamantly and overwhelmingly opposed to in the first place. Banda, who had always regarded participation in the Federal Assembly as a betrayal, temporized and counselled patience, but Chipembere and Chiume nevertheless, on December 31, 1956, put a motion before Congress proposing that Chirwa and Kumbikano should be ordered to step down. In an eleven-hour debate, however, their motion was defeated, in part it is thought, because of the opposition of older members of Congress who regarded Chipembere and Chiume as too young and inexperienced to be taken seriously. It was probably this that determined the younger element to ask Banda, an


texts: older and highly respected man who had spent his entire adult life away from his native Nyasaland, to return and lead the campaign for secession (and ultimately independence). In January 1957, Sangala was persuaded to resign, and was replaced as President of Congress by Thamar Dillon Thomas Banda, known as T D T Banda, who was initially supported by Chipembere, Chiume and other young NAC members, and a youth movement called "the Kwaca Boys", which was later transformed into the Congress Youth League. In March 1957, T D T Banda went to the Gold Coast to participate in that country's independence celebrations, and while he was there, he visited Hastings Banda in order to try to persuade him to return. Banda was still reluctant, and two weeks later Chipembere wrote him a letter repeating the request.Later that year, partly in response to further moves by Sir Roy Welensky, the Prime Minister of the Federation, towards attaining dominion status for the Federation (which would make secession by Nyasaland very much harder to achieve), Banda finally agreed to return, but only on conditions which essentially gave him autocratic powers in Congress. Banda also threw his weight behind the demand for the resignation of the two Federal MPs, which happened shortly thereafter. One of Hastings Banda's preconditions was that he would become President of Congress, and the way for this was cleared when, in March 1958, T D T Banda was suspended over financial irregularities, a move orchestrated by Chipembere and Chiume, and was later removed from office. In June 1958, <mask>, Dunduzu Chisiza and Chief Kutanja joined Banda in meeting the Colonial Secretary, Lennox-Boyd,


texts:
 in London to discuss a new constitution for Nyasaland (one which had already been roundly rejected by Nyasaland's governor, Robert Armitage). Lennox-Boyd ‘took note’ of their views but said he did not think Congress represented Nyasaland African opinion. The following month, on 6 July 1958, Banda returned to Nyasaland after an absence of 42 years. At the Congress Annual General Meeting at Nkhata Bay on 1 August 1958, Banda was named President of the Congress, and he nominated <mask> as Treasurer General.The campaign for independence began in earnest. <mask> and most other leading Congress activists were in their late 20s or early 30s, but Banda was over 60. As well as the age difference, there was disagreement about Banda's role: the activists saw him as a figurehead, but he saw himself as the leader of Congress and expected their obedience. At that meeting, Banda also demanded and was given the power to appoint and dismiss all other party officers and members of its executive. Banda also appointed Chiume as Publicity Secretary, Dunduzu Chisiza as Secretary-general and four other young radicals to the party's executive committee, ignoring older moderates. However, he made it clear that he regarded his appointees as subordinates, not colleagues. Fight for independence
<mask>, Chiume and the two Chisiza brothers (Dunduzu and Yatuta) played a critical role in organizing Congress as a mass political party and creating support for Banda.Banda hitherto had been known mostly only by the educated minority in the country, although there was some awareness of his story among many of the people. They toured the country speaking to crowds assembled by the

masks: Chipembere Chipembere Chipembere


texts: newly energized Congress. In quite a few cases, this resulted in unrest, intimidation of opponents and rioting. In the latter part of 1958, Banda presented Congress proposals for an African majority in the Legislative Council to the governor, Sir Robert Armitage. As this would have led to a demand for withdrawal from the Federation, Armitage rejected them, although Banda continued to confer with the governor and leading officials on proposed constitutional changes. A final round of talks in the first days of January 1959 was abortive, and this impasse led to demands from Congress activists for more violent anti-government action, with their leaders including Chipembere making increasingly inflammatory statements, urging direct and potentially violent action. On 24 and 25 January 1959, there was a clandestine outdoor meeting of Congress held in Banda's absence at Limbe near Blantyre, which became known as the "bush meeting".In a letter sent to Chiume in the following week, <mask> wrote that "for the first time, Congress adopted 'action' as the official policy – and 'action' in the real sense of action". This letter was published as an appendix to the report of the Devlin Commission investigating disturbances in Nyasaland, and it clearly suggested action to defy the colonial authorities. It was alleged that the Congress members present had discussed using violence and intimidation of opponents as a means of furthering their push for independence. The Governor also received reports from police informers, only one of which attended the meeting, which claimed that Congress planned the indiscriminate killing of Europeans, Asians and its African


texts: opponents, the so-called "murder plot". There is no credible evidence that a murder plot as suggested by the police ever existed, but the refusal of Banda or other Congress leaders to condemn the violent actions of Congress members gave some plausibility to the allegation. <mask> later admitted he had misled the Devlin Commission as to the level of violence he was prepared to sanction, and it is possible that he, Chisiza and a few extremists had discussed killing the governor and leading civil servants. However, such a proposal was not put to or approved by the meeting in general, so the majority of attendees examined by the commission could truthfully report that they heard no suggestion made there such as Armitage reported to British ministers.Armitage decided to suspend negotiations without making any concessions and prepared for mass arrests, and on 20 February, troops from Rhodesia were flown to Nyasaland to assist in the planned detentions without trial. On February 20 and in the days following, both Chipembere and Yatuta Chisiza made a number of provocative speeches and on 20 February 1959 itself, Chipembere addressed a crowd at Ndirande near Blantyre, following which the crowd threw stones at passing motorists. Other disturbances followed, and the police or troops fired on some of these, leading to four deaths. Finally, on 3 March 1959, Armitage declared a State of Emergency over the whole of the protectorate and arrested Banda, other members of the Congress executive committee and over a hundred local party officials. The Nyasaland African Congress was banned the next day and <mask> and Chiume were later removed from the Legislative

masks: Chipembere Chipembere


texts: Council. Rather than calming the situation immediately, fifty-one Africans were recorded as killed and many more were wounded, some of whom died later, in the days immediately following the declaration of the emergency. Many of the arrests were made early in the morning of 3 March 1959, and the sweep was known as Operation Sunrise; by the end of the day most principal Congress leaders had been arrested and detained.Some were released very quickly, but 72 prominent detainees, including Banda, were flown to be detained in Southern Rhodesia. <mask>, together with Banda and the Chisiza brothers, was imprisoned in Gwelo (now Gweru), in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). These senior members of Congress were housed in the European wing of the jail, separate from the lower-level detainees. There, <mask> studied history, politics, and philosophy, and he and the other Congress inmates, including Dr Banda, discussed their plans for an independent Nyasaland. However, there were some tensions: Banda became concerned with Chipembere's volatile temper, and Banda's increasingly authoritarian attitudes alarmed his three fellow prisoners. The mood in Britain, meanwhile, had been moving toward relinquishing the colonies. Banda was released from prison in April 1960 and was almost immediately invited to London for talks at Lancaster House aimed at bringing about constitutional changes.Chipembere remained in prison, though he, along with others, was moved from Gwelo to Kanjedza near Blantyre in Nyasaland. In August 1960, while governor Robert Armitage was on leave and the more sympathetic Glyn Jones was Acting Governor, Banda began pressing for the release of <mask>


texts: and the Chisiza brothers. There was some resistance; many Europeans including Iain Macleod, the Colonial Secretary, regarded these three as violent extremists, and the month of August had seen further violent incidents. On 27 September, however, they were grudgingly freed, being among the last detainees to be released. They went immediately to Kota Kota, where the annual Malawi Congress Party (the new name of the Nyasaland African Congress) conference was being held. There, Banda produced them to the assembled but unsuspecting conference, wearing the red gowns of the ‘prison graduate’ and ‘camp finalist’. <mask> was reinstated as Treasurer General of the party, and Banda was made Life President of the party.Despite Banda's release, tension in Nyasaland remained at a high level throughout 1960. Although the new Governor, Glyn Smallwood Jones regarded Banda as non-violent, he considered many of his lieutenants, including Chipembere to be men of violence. In a directive to Provincial Commissioners of September 1960, Jones urged government officials to work with Congress and ignore minor infractions of the law, while not tolerating major breaches of the peace, a proviso interpreted as allowing the prosecution of those openly promoting violence. Chipembere, and Chiume who was also released in September 1960, made a number of intemperate speeches against African opponents, calling at a 4 December 196o public meeting near Blantyre for Congress members to kill enemies of the party, which was followed by the burning of a leading opponent's house. Later in December, Chipembere delivered a speech in Rumphi in which he said (according to the Nyasaland Times of


texts: 3 February 1961), with reference to a European member of the Legislative Council, "Give me the living body of Blackwood to tear to pieces. I'll do the job in two minutes". He was tried for sedition as a result of this speech and sentenced to three years in prison, and served two years in Zomba jail before his release in January 1963.While he was imprisoned, his father, by now Archdeacon in the Malawi Anglican church, assumed the seat that Chipembere had recently regained on the Legislative Council. Because he was in prison, Chipembere was unable to participate in the constitutional talks which brought about a general election, with full adult suffrage, in August 1961. Although several elected Congress members had agitated for Chipembere's early release, and the Governor, Glyn Jones, was willing to discuss this, according to some reports had Banda deliberately avoided acting on an alleged undertaking to do so, despite Dunduzu Chisiza urging him to, because he feared the young activist would disrupt progress towards full independence. Banda was not forceful in pressing Jones to release Chipembere, and he only did so after the latter had served much of his sentence, although Banda later claimed credit for securing his early release. The Governor wanted to ensure that Chipembere was released before February 1963, otherwise he would have been ineligible to become a minister when Banda's cabinet was sworn in. On 1 February 1963, Banda and his cabinet were sworn in, and the recently released Chipembere was given the post of Minister of Local Government: he later became Minister for Education. Shortly afterwards, Banda sent Chipembere, together with


texts:
 Chiume, on a two-month course of study in America, partly, it is thought, to allow the excitement generated by his release to die down, and partly to avoid the risk of further disturbances during the run-up to full independence.This did not stop him for long, however. By June, he was making speeches at Port Herald (now Nsanje) and Chikwawa inciting more violence against "capricorns" and "stooges". Malawi achieved independence finally on 6 July 1964. The Cabinet crisis
The first policy issue that divided Banda from Chipembere and his ministerial colleagues was Banda's insistence on continuing diplomatic relations with South Africa and Portugal, contrasted with a refusal to recognise the People's Republic of China or East Germany, despite most ministers' ideological opposition to his pragmatism, and his contemptuously rejection of attempts by Chiume and Yatuta Chisiza to form closer ties with Zambia and Tanganyika. Next was the slow pace of Africanization in the Civil Service and the freezing of Civil Service salaries. Although most ministers agitated for the wholesale replacement of expatriate civil servants by Malawians, Banda insisted on the retention of the former until suitably-qualified Malawians were available and he supported the commission of inquiry recommendation freezing or reduction of many Civil Service salaries, the eliminating or reducing a number of their allowances and introducing a compulsory pension scheme in line with the commission's Skinner Report. Finally, Banda insisted on the introduction of a charge for outpatients at state hospitals, against strong ministerial opposition.Within a few weeks of independence, Banda also


texts: demoted one minister, John Msonthi, from membership of the cabinet and, on 29 July, proposed the reintroduction of detention without trial, which the ministers feared might be used against them. Shortly after these initial tensions, on 19 August 1964, Chipembere left Malawi for a conference in Canada. Meanwhile, back in Malawi, cabinet members including Orton Chirwa, Chiume, Yatuta Chisiza and others (with some limited support from John Tembo, Minister of Finance), were growing restive under Banda's autocratic leadership style. They had several grievances against him, including that he had too much power (he was in charge of six different ministries) and that he treated his cabinet with too little respect, even in public. Matters came to a head on 24 August, when those ministers presented him with what they called the Kuchawe Manifesto (because it had been written at the Kuchawe Hotel (now renamed the Ku Chawe Inn) on Zomba plateau), which was a letter containing a list of their demands. On 7 September, Banda dismissed three of the protesting cabinet members (Orton Chirwa, Kanyama Chiume, and Augustine Bwanausi) and also Rose Chibambo, a Parliamentary Secretary, who was the only female minister. Three other cabinet members, (Yatuta Chisiza, Willie Chokani and John Msonthi who had only recently been reinstated), resigned on the same day, causing the Cabinet Crisis of 1964.On September 8, parliament began to debate a motion of confidence in Dr Banda and his policies. Chipembere arrived back from Canada that evening, having been joined at Dar es Salaam by Qabaniso Chibambo, the Regional Minister for northern Malawi, who urged him to make a last


texts: attempt at reconciling Banda and the ministers. As soon as he reached Zomba, he contacted Glyn Jones to assist him in persuading Banda to delay the second stage of the parliamentary debate and to meet the ministers who had been sacked or resigned to discuss a reconciliation. After failing to persuade Banda to postpone the start of the debate's second day, <mask> resigned his cabinet position in sympathy with his colleagues on the morning of 9 September, and retired to the back benches. His speech on the second day of the debate was delivered with restraint and expressed regret that the dispute could not be settled by discussion in cabinet, adding that it was absurd of certain MPs to describe the ex-ministers, most of whom had suffered detention to secure independence, as traitors. His speech failed to sway Banda's supporters in parliament who, jealous of the rapid rise of the young graduate ministers or moved by Banda's oratory, gave him a unanimous vote of confidence. Banda used his power as MCP President to remove the ex-ministers first from the MCP executive and on 15 September to suspend them from the party altogether.Although some ex-ministers acted with caution, Chipembere made a defiant speech following his resignation at Fort Johnston (now Mangochi), where he had a considerable support, complaining about the slow pace of Africanisation, and held a celebration of his suspension from the MCP on 19 September in Blantyre, where he criticised Banda's policies. Efforts to reinstate some of the ministers with Glyn Jones' help between 16 and 18 September failed, as did a lat-ditch attempt on 26 September, when a meeting planned by Chipembere in


texts: Blantyre on that day and the next was banned, ostensibly because he had not obtained police permission. There were clashes with Malawi Youth League members in Blantyre and in Zomba on 25 and 26 September, the second after Chipembere had addressed his supporters on Zomba. After these disturbances, he left for Fort Johnston District, where popular support for him was strong. The following week was tense throughout the country, and Zomba became a centre of support for the ex-ministers with many African government employees there going on strike, and senior civil servants (almost all Europeans) staying at home, fearing violence. To counter this, supporters of Banda were transported to Zomba on the night of 27/28 September, and they tried to close Zomba market and force the striking civil servants back to work. However, many African civil servants armed themselves with sticks, attacked and drove out the outnumbered MCP supporters, burned down the party's headquarters and assaulted two newly appointed ministers.By 30 September every minister that supported Banda had left Zomba and supporters of the dismissed ministers remained in control of the town until troops and police moved in to restore calm a few days later. Although Chipembere later claimed that expatriate civil servants and security officers had turned Banda against him and his colleagues, and used their control of the army and police to defeat them, there is no evidence that expatriate officials submitted misleading reports to Banda or gave him biased advice, and Glyn Jones, other senior officials and the British High Commissioner worked toward a compromise were Banda retained most of his


texts: powers but respected his ministers and gave them more responsibility. However, if it had come to a choice between Banda, who had played a central role in Malawi gaining independence and appeared to be a pragmatic moderate, and the ex-ministers including Chipembere and Chiume, who the British government regarded as men of violence and likely to destabilise Malawi, Banda would have been preferred. The ministers who had resigned or were dismissed disagreed about what should happen after Banda's powers were reduced and had no clear strategy for resisting him when he refused to give up power. On the other hand, Banda had, in the six years since he had returned to Malawi, gained control of the MCP where his supporters controlled its three region organisations and those of many districts; he had personally chosen many of its MPs. In addition, the security forces and police remained loyal, so Banda would have been difficult to dislodge once he refused to surrender any of his power. On 30 September, Banda signed an order restricting Chipembere to within four miles of his home in Malindi in Fort Johnston District, although Chipembere's supporters in the district ensured that he could move about the district freely.On 25 October, Banda claimed at an MPC meeting that the ex-ministers were plotting to overthrow him by force. Chipembere left his house on 28 October to go into hiding, following which Banda claimed he had run away and ordered his arrest, "…alive if possible, but if not alive then any other way." By his own later account, Chipembere claimed his original intention was to organise a campaign of civil disobedience and, up to late October 1964, his


texts: supporters kept most pro-Banda loyalists out of Fort Johnston District. However, when Chipembere went into hiding in a remote forest area north of Malindi, he created a training camp to prepare his followers for an armed insurrection. His actual intentions were unclear, but he may have hoped that African members of the police and army would mutiny against their expatriate commanders and that there would be an almost bloodless coup. On the night of 12 February 1965, Chipembere together with about 200 local supporters moved into Fort Johnston. According to Banda's speech of 6 April 1965 in Hansard (a government publication and possibly not an unbiased source), they attacked the police station, killing the wife and child of the unpopular head of Special Branch there, destroyed telephone installations, both there and at the post office, and removed guns and ammunition from the police armoury.They then moved in the direction of the capital, Zomba, but found that the ferry vessel at Liwonde Ferry was secured on the farther side of the Shire River. With no prospect of reaching Zomba before government forces were alerted, they retreated to Fort Johnston, where a detachment of the Malawi army caught up with them at noon the next day, killing or capturing several of Chipembere's men, although the majority escaped into the bush. Subsequently, the army pushed on to the training camp where they discovered a list of 300 Chipembere supporters, 50 of whom were soon captured by the security forces. This ended Chipembere's attempt at a coup d'état. Many of Chipembere supporters were Yao, and Banda promoted the recruitment of members of the rival Lomwe group as


texts:
 paramilitary police to contain them, stirring up ethnic tensions

For the next two months, despite the offer of a large reward for his arrest, Chipembere moved freely around Fort Johnston District, however, he was ill with untreated diabetes. In March 1965, Chipembere, acting through the good offices of Governor General, Glyn Jones, made overtures to Banda to proclaim an amnesty for his supporters, including those already in prison, in exchange for his agreement to leave the country and not to conspire against Banda in the future. However, Banda was adamant that no such amnesty should be given, and moved to enact retrospective changes to the law on treason, including imposing a mandatory death sentence.Chipembere also approached the US ambassador to Malawi, Sam Gilstrap, asking him to arrange a university place for him in the US. On 26 April, with the help of both Glyn Jones and US interests, the loan of an aircraft from the British South Africa Police, and with Banda's knowledge and acquiescence, he was secretly moved to Zomba, and from there to Salisbury (in Southern Rhodesia), London, New York and finally California. Banda announced that Chipembere had run away to the US in a nationwide radio broadcast on 21 May. Chipembere later claimed that an amnesty had been promised for his followers. However, the British and US officials involved recorded that the agreement made related solely to Chipembere's evacuation, although Chipembere was not made aware of Banda's refusal of an full amnesty. Many of his followers were detained without trial after his departure and a few continued raids on government targets for some time, leading to retaliatory


texts:
 burning of local villages and the hanging of one of the leaders, Medson Silombela, in January 1966 before an invited audience, rather than in public as Banda originally proposed, as Glyn Jones declined to sign the bill authorising this. Exile
Chipembere spent the rest of his life in exile.He remained in California until August 1966 when he considered the possibilities of remaining in the United States, moving to Britain or to Zambia or Tanzania. Because of his diabetes, Chipembere wanted to live in a country with better medical facilities than Tanzania or Zambia. However, the British government, wary of offending Banda, was allegedly not receptive of his proposal to live there, and Zambia would only accept him if he lived in a rural area, so this left Tanzania as the most welcoming option, then ruled by Julius Nyerere and his African-Socialist Tanzanian African National Union (TANU) party. After his move to Dar es Salaam, Chipembere taught at Kivukoni College and set up a new political party, the Panafrican Democratic Party of Malawi. In early 1968, he attempted reconciliation with Banda through Lady Listowel and, through her, Glyn Jones. "I am finished and useless", he told Listowel. "I can accomplish nothing, am unemployed, receiving a small pittance from the Tanzanian government...I do not wish to crawl back to Dr Banda but I am desperate". (From a letter by Glyn Jones). Although Banda reportedly expressed interest in allowing Chipembere back in exchange for his thorough recantation and support, this never came to anything. In 1969, Chipembere returned to the US, where he taught at California State University. He died in on 24 September 1975 of


texts:
 diabetes and a liver disease, aged 45, survived by his wife, Catherine, and seven children. In the early 1990s, after Banda had been ousted, Catherine Chipembere returned to Malawi and was the first woman elected to Parliament. She also served in the Ministry of Culture and Education before retiring to Mangochi, where she works with AIDS orphans and a women's knitting cooperative.Their son <mask> <mask> Jr is an internationally known jazz artist. References

Sources
 Colin Baker, (2000). Sir Glyn Jones, A Proconsul in Africa, I.B. Tauris, London. Colin Baker, (2001). Revolt of the Ministers: The Malawi Cabinet Crisis 1964-1965, I. B. Tauris. .
 Colin Baker, (2006).Chipembere: The Missing Years, Kachere, Zomba, 2006.  .
 Patrick Devlin et al., (1959) Report of the Nyasaland Commission of Inquiry, Cmnd. 814, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, July 1959. Owen. J. M. Kalinga, (2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi, 4th edition. Lanham, Scarecrow Press. John McCracken, (2002).The Ambiguities of Nationalism: Flax Musopole and the Northern Factor in Malawian Politics, c. 1956–1966, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1. John McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, Woodbridge, James Currey. .
 Joey Power, (2010). Political Culture and Nationalism in Malawi: Building Kwacha. University of Rochester Press. .
 Robert I. Rotberg, (1965).The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Robert I. Rotberg, (2002) Hero of the Nation: Chipembere of Malawi, an Autobiography. Blantyre, Christian Literature Association of Malawi. Robert I. Rotberg, (2010) <mask> Chipembere: Brief life of a

masks: Masauko Chipembere Masauko


texts:
 pioneering African nationalist: 1930-1975, Harvard Review, May/June 2010, 99 42–3. Philip Short, (1974) Banda'', Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and Boston. External links
  Malawi Factfile
  Democracy Factfile
  Habil Matthew Chipembere
  Account by Chipembere's son. 1930 births
1974 deaths
Malawian historians
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Government ministers of Malawi
20th-century historians
20th-century Malawian


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<mask> (; 5 April 1934 – 10 January 2017) was a German politician, judge and legal scholar, who served as the president of Germany from 1994 to 1999. A member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), he was the first president to be elected after the reunification of Germany. He previously served as a judge of the Federal Constitutional Court, and he was the President of the court 1987–1994. Before his appointment as a judge he was a professor of law. He received the 1997 Charlemagne Prize. Early life and academic career
<mask> was born in Landshut, Bavaria, Germany, in 1934 to a Protestant family. His father was an archivist.He studied law in Munich and passed his state law examination. He completed his doctoral studies in 1958 with a dissertation on Basic Law and the European Convention on Human Rights. He worked as an assistant at the University of Munich until 1964, where he also passed his second juristic state exam. For his paper Die Wesensmerkmale der Staatsorganisation in rechtlicher und entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Sicht ("Characteristics of state organization from a juristic and developmental-historical viewpoint"), he was awarded the title of professor in 1964, and taught at the University of Munich until 1966. He then taught constitutional law and political science as a full professor at the Free University of Berlin. It was during this period that he coedited a commentary of the Basic Law. In 1969, he accepted a chair of public law at the German University of Administrative Sciences in Speyer, serving as university president in 1971–72.Political career

<mask>'s political career began in 1973, as a representative of the state (Land) of Rhineland-Palatinate in the Federal government in Bonn. He served as State Minister for Culture and Sports in the Baden-Württemberg State Government led by Minister-President Lothar Späth from 1978. In 1980 he was elected to the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg and took over the State Ministry of the Interior. As the regional interior minister, he attracted attention when he imposed a levy on nonapproved demonstrations and his proposal for the police to be equipped

masks:
Roman Herzog
Roman Herzog
Herzog


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 with rubber-bullet guns. Herzog was long active in the Evangelical Church in Germany. Until 1980, he was head of the Chamber for Public Responsibility of this church, and, beginning in 1982, he was a member of the synod. In 1983 <mask> was elected a judge at the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht) in Karlsruhe, replacing Ernst Benda.From 1987 until 1994, he also served as the president of the Court, this time replacing Wolfgang Zeidler. In September 1994, he was succeeded in that office by Jutta Limbach. President of Germany, 1994–1999
Already in 1993, Chancellor Helmut Kohl had selected <mask> as candidate for the 1994 presidential election, after his previous choice, the Saxon State Minister of Justice, Steffen Heitmann, had to withdraw because of an uproar about statements he made on the German past, ethnic conflict and the role of women. By early 1994, however, leaders of the Free Democrats, the junior members of Kohl's coalition government, expressed support for Johannes Rau, the candidate whom the opposition Social Democrats nominated. German media also speculated that other potential candidates included Kurt Masur and Walther Leisler Kiep. The former Foreign Minister, Hans Dietrich Genscher refused to run. <mask> was elected President of Germany by the Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) on 23 May 1994.In the decisive third round of voting, he won the support of the Free Democrats. Their decision was taken as a sign that the coalition remained firm. <mask> took office as Federal President on 1 July 1994. He participated in the commemorations of the 50th anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising during the Nazi occupation of Poland in 1994. In a widely commended speech, he paid tribute to the Polish fighters and people and asked Poles for "forgiveness for what has been done to you by the Germans". In the speech, he strongly emphasized the enormity of anguish the Polish people suffered through Nazi Germany but he also made an indirect reference to the sufferings that the Germans experienced in World War II. In 1995, <mask> was one of the few foreign dignitaries taking part

masks: Herzog Herzog Herzog Herzog Herzog


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 in the observances on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp who chose to attend a Jewish service at the site of the camp rather than the official opening ceremony in Cracow sponsored by the Polish Government.In January 1996, Herzog declared 27 January, the anniversary of the 1945 liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp, as Germany's official day of remembrance for the victims of Hitler's regime. in late 1997, in a major step for Germany officially recognizing the murder and suffering of the Roma and Sinti under the Nazis, he said that the persecution of the Roma and Sinti was the same as the terror against the Jews. In April 1997, Herzog caused a nationwide controversy when, in a speech given at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, he portrayed Germany as dangerously delaying social and economic changes. In the speech, he rebuked leaders for legislative gridlock and decried a sense of national "dejection," a "feeling of paralysis" and even an "unbelievable mental depression." Compared with what he called the more innovative economies of Asia and America, he said that Germany was "threatened with falling behind." In November 1998, Herzog's office formally moved to Berlin, becoming the first federal agency to shift from Bonn to the redesignated capital city. He retained his position until 30 June 1999 and did not seek reelection.At the end of his five-year term as head of state, he was succeeded by Johannes Rau. Post-presidency
From December 1999 to October 2000, Herzog chaired the European Convention which drafted the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. In January–March 2000, with former central bank President Hans Tietmeyer and former federal judge Paul Kirchhof, Herzog led an independent commission to investigate a financing scandal affecting the CDU. Amid a German debate over the ethics of research in biotechnology and in particular the use of embryos for genetic inquiry and diagnosis, Herzog argued in 2001 that an absolute ban on research on embryonic stem cells – which have the ability to develop into the body's different tissues –


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 would be excessive, stating: "I am not prepared to explain to a child sick with cystic fibrosis, facing death and fighting for breath, the ethical grounds that hinder the science which could save him". In response to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's "Agenda 2010" presented in 2003, the then-opposition leader and CDU chair Angela Merkel assigned the task of drafting alternative proposals for social welfare reform to a commission led by Herzog. The party later approved the Herzog Commission's package of reform proposals, whose recommendations included decoupling health and nursing care premiums from people's earnings and levying a lump monthly sum across the board instead. Herzog died in the early hours of 10 January 2017 at the age of 82.In 2001, he married Alexandra Freifrau von Berlichingen. He was a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany. He died on 10 January 2017 at the age of 82. References

Literature
Kai Diekmann, Ulrich Reitz, Wolfgang Stock: <mask>zog – Der neue Bundespräsident im Gespräch. Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1994, . Manfred Bissinger, Hans-Ulrich Jörges: Der unbequeme Präsident. <mask>zog im Gespräch mit Manfred Bissinger und Hans-Ulrich Jörges.Hoffman und Campe, Hamburg 1995, . Stefan Reker: <mask>g. Edition q, Berlin 1995, . Werner Filmer, Heribert Schwan: <mask> – Die Biographie. Goldmann, Munich 1996, . External links

1934 births
2017 deaths
20th-century presidents of Germany
People from Landshut
German Lutherans
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Presidents of Germany
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Free University of Berlin faculty
Judges of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
German scholars of constitutional law

Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of

masks:
Roman Her
Roman Her
Roman Herzo
Roman Herzog


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<mask> (born 30 April 1983) is a Swedish singer-songwriter who performs under the stage name The Tallest Man on Earth. <mask> grew up in Leksand, and began his solo career in 2006, having previously been the lead singer of the indie band Montezumas. His music has often drawn comparisons to the music of Bob Dylan. Since 2006, <mask> has released five full-length albums and two EPs. He records and produces these in his home, and usually records his voice and guitar together on one track. He is known for his charismatic stage presence. He was previously married to Amanda Bergman, also known by the stage name Idiot Wind.Together, they wrote the music for the Swedish drama film Once a Year. Musical career
Before Kristian <mask> began his solo career, he was the lead singer of the indie band Montezumas. <mask>'s first solo release, The Tallest Man on Earth, was released in 2006. The EP received positive reviews. At the start of his solo career, <mask> didn't plan to make music full-time, and he released his music without providing personal information or photographs of himself to journalists. To celebrate the 10-year anniversary of The Wild Hunt, <mask> released a cover of Graceland by <mask> through Dead Oceans. Shallow Grave (2008–2009)
In 2008, <mask> released an album, Shallow Grave, which was praised by the music site Pitchfork and was listed #47 on Pitchfork's list of the 50 Best Albums of 2008.The album received generally favorable reviews. Following Shallow Grave's release, <mask> was chosen as the opening act for the American indie folk band Bon Iver. The resulting publicity led to a solo tour throughout the United States, Australia and Europe, where he attracted large crowds, in spite of the lack of a record deal or

masks:
Kristian Matsson
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson
Paul Simon
Matsson
Matsson


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 distribution in the United States. The song "Pistol Dreams", also released as a single, appeared in the Swedish television serial How Soon Is Now? (Swedish: Upp till kamp). On 9 October 2009, <mask> visited the Daytrotter studio, where he recorded four songs, including a cover of Bob Dylan's "I Want You." At that time, <mask> cited Roscoe Holcomb as an influence for his singing style and later included Emmylou Harris, Feist and Cat Power as influences.The Wild Hunt (2010–2012)

<mask> signed with the American label Dead Oceans, and in April 2010 released his second album, The Wild Hunt. The album was well received. The single "King of Spain"  contains, besides the title track, a cover of <mask>'s "Graceland" and the previously unreleased track "Where  I Thought I Met the Angels"; it was sold exclusively at the subsequent European tour. During the late summer and autumn of 2010 <mask> went on tour in North America and Europe. The album was followed that same year by an EP, Sometimes the Blues Is Just a Passing Bird, which also got good reviews. The EP was released through the iTunes Store in September, and in November was published on CD, LP and MP3. The album consists of five songs, all written for The Wild Hunt; "Like the Wheel" the conclusion of many of <mask>'s gigs, and "The Dreamer", was the first recording on which he plays electric guitar.The Wild Hunt garnered <mask> several award nominations. In 2011, he was nominated in the category "Best Male Artist" in the Grammis Awards, the Swedish equivalent of the American Grammy Awards, but lost to Håkan Hellström. <mask> was also nominated in the category "pop" in the 2011 P3 Gold Awards, but lost to Malmö indie pop band This Is Head. In February 2011, <mask> won the

masks:
Matsson
Matsson
Mattson
Paul Simon
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson


texts:
 Manifest Award in the "singer/songwriter" category; he was also nominated in the "live" category, lost to Robyn. On 5 April 2011, <mask> participated in the BBC's program, Later... with Jools Holland, where he performed the songs "King of Spain" and "Love Is All". In June of the same year, <mask>'s debut EP, The Tallest Man on Earth, was reissued with the previously unreleased track "In the Pockets" exclusive to the vinyl edition of the reissue. In July, he released the single "Weather of a Killing Kind" as part of the 2011 Adult Swim Singles program.In August 2011, <mask> had contributed to the soundtrack of the Swedish drama film En gång om året (English: Once a Year), along with the Idiot Wind. The film premiered at the Gothenburg Film Festival on 29 January 2012 and had a theatrical release on 17 May 2013. On 27 January 2012, <mask> took part in the Swedish TV game show, På spåret where he, backed by a studio band, performed two cover songs: Thin Lizzy's "Dancing in the Moonlight" and  Cornelis Vreeswijk's "En  Fattig Trubadur" (English: A Poor Troubadour). In February of that year, he re-released "King of Spain" as 12" vinyl for the event Record Store Day. the album was limited to 2000 copies. There's No Leaving Now (2012–2013)

On 12 June 2012 (June 11 in the UK), <mask> released his third studio album as The Tallest Man on Earth, There's No Leaving Now, on Dead Oceans. The album was recorded by <mask> himself in his home studio in Dalarna during the latter part of 2011 and early 2012.The album was streamed on Dead Oceans' website a week before its official release. At the same time, <mask> released 1904 b/w Cycles, a 7" LP of his song "1904" as well his cover of the song "Cycles," written by Gayle Caldwell and

masks: Matsson Matsson Matsson Matsson Matsson Matsson Matsson


texts:
 made famous by Frank Sinatra. He has also covered this song in live performances. Along with the album, <mask> announced a summer tour throughout Europe and the United States including two gigs in Sweden (at the Södra Teatern (English: Southern Theatre) in Stockholm) and a performance at the Newport Folk Festival in Newport, Rhode Island. <mask> also toured in Europe in October 2012. On 28 January 2013, <mask> took part in a benefit concert for the American musician <mask>, who did not have health insurance and, consequently, was in debt after a hospital stay. The concert took place at the Södra Teatern (English: Southern Theatre) in Stockholm, where <mask> played alongside, among others, I'm Kingfisher and Idiot Wind.Molina died on 16 March 2013. Dark Bird Is Home (2015)
<mask>'s fourth studio album as The Tallest Man on Earth, Dark Bird Is Home, was released on 12 May 2015 on Dead Oceans. The album was largely inspired by <mask>'s divorce from Amanda Bergman as well as the death of a close family member, and its more elaborate instrumentation represented a musical shift from previous albums. Following its release, <mask> performed—with a full band—at several festivals, including the Roskilde Festival in 2015 and the Edmonton Folk Music Festival in 2016. I Love You. It's a Fever Dream. (2019)
On 4 February 2019, <mask> revealed that a new album would be released in 2019.In late February 2019, he revealed that his new album, now titled I Love You. It's a Fever Dream., would be released sometime in April. He also released the first single, "The Running Styles of New York" the same day. The second single, "I'm a Stranger Now" was released on 27 March. The album was released on April 19 2019. <mask>'s song It Will Follow

masks:
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson
Jason Molina
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson
Matsson


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 the Rain from his eponymous EP was featured in a 2019 commercial for the Infiniti Q50 automobile. Musical style
Critics have compared The Tallest Man on Earth to Bob Dylan both in terms of songwriting ability and vocal style.When asked about his lyrical style, <mask> explains that he began listening to Bob Dylan at fifteen, and upon hearing Dylan's cover material, he "tried to figure out where those songs came from" and became slowly exposed to early American folk, such as Pete Seeger and Woody Guthrie. But he is careful to qualify this, saying "I don't consider my work to be a part of any tradition. This is how I play. This is how I write songs." With regard to his guitar technique, <mask> uses a variety of open tunings, and standard tuning to a lesser degree. He had classical guitar training in his youth, but says he "never really focused on it" and that by the end of high school he "got bored playing guitar because it was like math", until he then discovered open tunings while listening to Nick Drake in his early twenties. He was drawn to this style of playing because it allowed him to focus on singing while still performing intricate music.Discography

Studio albums

EPs
 The Tallest Man on Earth (2006)
 Sometimes the Blues Is Just a Passing Bird (2010)
 A Collaborative EP with yMusic (2017)
 When the Bird Sees the Solid Ground (2018)

Singles

Music videos

References

External links

 Artist page for The Tallest Man on Earth at NPR Music. Review: The Tallest Man on Earth

Swedish folk singers
Swedish folk musicians
Swedish songwriters
English-language singers from Sweden
People from Leksand Municipality
1983 births
Living people
21st-century Swedish singers
21st-century Swedish male singers
Dead Oceans

masks: Matsson Matsson


texts: <mask> (born 15 October 1951) is an English director, screenwriter, actor and comedian. He founded the Comic Strip troupe of performers, which showcased his double act with Nigel Planer and launched the careers of French and Saunders, Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson, and Alexei Sayle. <mask> approached Channel 4 to make a series of short, self-contained one-off comedy films with this group, which led to The Comic Strip Presents..., many of which were written, directed by and featured him in acting roles. <mask> began his career as a teenager acting in Alan Bennett's Forty Years On. Trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School 1971–73. He later created his own experimental theatre shows with Nigel Planer amongst others, mixing comedy and improvisation with rock music. Two of these shows, Rank and The Wild Boys toured nationally.Although he did not reach the same level of public recognition as some of his contemporaries, <mask> was influential on British television comedy throughout the 1980s as the driving force behind The Comic Strip Presents... films, one of the first examples of alternative comedy to appear on British television. <mask> has been involved in the production of over 40 Comic Strip films and has directed 17 of them. The series won a Rose D'Or for The Strike in 1988. He developed the series into feature films; The Supergrass, Eat the Rich, The Pope Must Die, and Churchill: The Hollywood Years, none of which achieved great box office success. In the 1990s, <mask> introduced a new generation of performers, Doon Mackichan, Mark Caven, Phil Cornwell, Sara Stockbridge, George Yiasoumi and Gary Beadle, who appeared in his productions. He co-wrote and also directed the 1990s cult mockumentary comedy series Stella Street with Phil Cornwell and John Sessions. In 2004, <mask> co-founded the production company Great Western Features with Nick Smith, which is based in Totnes, Devon.In 2005, he directed the Comic Strip film Sex Actually. In the 2010s, <mask> wrote and directed

masks:
Peter Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson


texts:
 three more Comic Strip films, 2011's The Hunt for Tony Blair,  2012's Five Go To Rehab and 2016's Red Top. In a July 2021 interview, <mask> said he is putting together a book on The Comic Strip due to come out in 2022. Early life
<mask> was born in Newton Abbot, Devon, England and lived in a house near Denbury. His parents ran a children's summer camp school. The family moved to Dartmoor when <mask> was ten. The family did not have a television, but his father had a cine camera with which they would make films.<mask> credits this as the beginning of his interest in filmmaking. He moved to London when he was seventeen, having decided he wanted to be an actor. At one point he was a lifeguard at a swimming pool. Career

Early career
<mask> appeared as one of the schoolboys in Alan Bennett's Forty Years On. This work led to him getting an agent and performing in TV plays as an extra. He then attended the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. It was here in the second year he became reacquainted with Nigel Planer, who had worked at <mask>'s parents' summer camp.The pair shared an interest in rock music, and wanted to mix music with a comedy show; in <mask>'s words "we felt we'd like to try something like what Frank Zappa was doing on records, which was being funny but using music as well.". Around this time <mask> and Planer were heavily influenced by U.S. comedians Sal's Meat Market, an early duo of John Ratzenberger and Ray Hassett, as well as the group Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias. With the assistance of Caroline Jay, they produced a show called "Rank", inspired by the police raid of the 1974 Windsor Free Festival, which premiered at the Roundhouse Downstairs in August 1976. Planer and <mask> played all the characters in the play, which numbered around forty. The play was well received and enabled the pair to get an Arts Council grant to take it on tour. Despite the critical acclaim, at the end of the tour <mask> and Planer found themselves with no money and had to pursue other work,

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson


texts:
 with <mask> squatting in London. After Rank, <mask> toured with a band in Italy and also helped run drama courses for children at his parents' house in Devon.One of the dramas produced from these courses became a show called The Wild Boys, based on the book by William Burroughs. <mask> performed this show at the ICA in London as well as touring the show with the group Furious Pig. Through this, <mask> first met Michael White, with whom he planned to take the show into the West End, although this came to nothing. He worked as an extra on Michael Palin's Ripping Yarns' second series in 1979, appearing as a German spy pretending to be a Cornish fisherman, in Whinfrey's Last Case. "The Outer Limits"
<mask> and Planer started performing at London's Comedy Store in 1979, calling themselves "The Outer Limits". They performed short sketches parodying different television styles, for example sitcom and American police drama. They used visual comedy and often mimed over-the-top scenes of cartoon violence.At this point, various television companies were taking note of the rapidly growing "alternative comedy" scene, BBC producer Paul Jackson being the first to commission a programme from regular performers at the Comedy Store. This became 1980's Boom Boom...Out Go The Lights. However, Jackson's decision to only showcase solo performers, featuring Planer's Neil character instead of The Outer Limits as a duo angered <mask>, who began a long-standing feud with Jackson. Mike in BBC comedy The Young Ones was originally written with <mask> in mind; however, he did not take part for reasons partly connected to his earlier disagreement with Paul Jackson and due his commitments with The Comic Strip. <mask> was replaced by Christopher Ryan. The Outer Limits were hired by Kevin Rowland as an opening act for Dexy's Midnight Runners on their tour of The Projected Passion Revue in 1981. The Comic Strip Presents...

As a result of searching for a West End venue to stage The Wild Boys, <mask> and Michael

masks: Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson Richardson