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<mask> (1880–1927) was an Austrian writer and racial theorist, known for being an antisemite of Jewish origin. He offered his services to help the fledgling Nazis to write their antisemitic literature, and was an influence on the early development of the Austrian branch of the Nazi party. Life
<mask> was born on 17 April 1880 in Vienna, the son of wealthy Jewish silk industrialist <mask>. His older half-brother was the writer <mask>. As a young man he came under the influence of fellow student Otto Weininger and the racial theorist Houston Stewart Chamberlain, whose Viennese circles he frequented. From these writers, Trebitsch developed a radical German nationalist and antisemitic ideology. Following the lead of his brother Siegfried, he tried to become a creative writer but was unsuccessful.He completed a novel in 1909 and a collection of essays in 1910, but they remained unpublished. <mask> had them published at his own expense by his own specially founded press: Antaios Verlag, named after the mythological giant Antaeus in reference to a passage in Richard Wagner's 1850 essay The Art Work of the Future. <mask> was acutely sensitive to the fear that he was not taken seriously as an intellectual, but was only tolerated because of his wealth and generosity to other writers. He became embittered by the greater success of his half-brother. His increasing rejection of Judaism was accompanied by a distrust the academic establishment, and evidence of a more general paranoia began to show. In 1909 he officially left the Jewish religious community. He subsequently denied that he ever was Jewish, saying "I am not a Jew, I never

masks:
Arthur Trebitsch
Arthur Trebitsch
Leopold Trebitsch
Siegfried Trebitsch
Trebitsch
Trebitsch


type: original

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 was one, and I never will be one".He insisted that he had only partial Jewish ancestry, and was "free born, high born and to the manner born" as a true German. He repeatedly tried to sue people for slander if they referred to him as Jewish. In 1912, he unsuccessfully tried to sue his half-brother Siegfried and the critic Ferdinand Gregori, who had written a bad review of his short stories. His brother had agreed with Gregori, describing <mask>'s work as "amateurish" and suggesting that he suffered from "megolamania and paranoia". The trial resulted in <mask>'s public humiliation as the press ridiculed him. <mask> became convinced of an international "Jewish world conspiracy against the German people", which was behind the outbreak of World War I. From this point on he devoted his energies to the moral strengthening of Germany.After the war he gave a series of anti-Jewish lectures in German cities. He apparently came to believe that Providence had set him the task of becoming the saviour of the Nordic race. Jews, he believed, were trying to kill him with "poisoned electric rays". He detailed these plots against him in his 1923 book Die Geschichte meines "Verfolgungswahns" ("The Story of my 'Paranoia'"). In the early 1920s, <mask> helped to set up and fund the Austrian branch of the Nazi party, allegedly being considered its leader for a brief period. <mask> died on 26 September 1927 in Eggersdorf bei Graz at the age of 47. Theories

Trebitsch's theories were first articulated in his 1919 book Geist und Judentum.According to Trebitsch Jewish presence in Europe was fundamentally destructive to the spirit ("geist") of the

masks: Arthur Trebitsch Trebitsch Trebitsch Trebitsch


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 Aryan peoples. The Jews were an "Ungeist" within Europe which must be excised. However, he believed that an antitoxin works best when it is derived from the toxin itself. People of Jewish ancestry who reject Judaism, such as himself, will be the spiritual force to destroy the corrupting influence of the Jewish presence in Europe. Jesus Christ was the archetype of a Judaised Aryan who had overcome and rejected the Jewishness within himself. The Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern Europe were the antithesis of this, representing the "toxin" itself in its most virulent form. They had to be forcibly expelled from Europe, though a few might be absorbed into the Aryan population after a long period of forced labour eradicated the Jewishness from their souls.While Aryans possessed a "primary" creative intellect, Jews were only capable of "secondary" thinking, taking original ideas and adapting them. In doing so, they introduced a degenerating element which corrupted thought. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis epitomised this, as it demonstrated an "erotomania" typical of the Jewish mind. <mask> and Hitler

Despite apparently believing himself to be the providentially ordained leader of the German people, he gave generous financial support to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. <mask> knew both Hitler and Dietrich Eckart personally. Eckart refers to <mask> in his book Der Bolschewismus von Moses bis Lenin: Zwiegespräch zwischen Hitler und mir ("Bolshevism from Moses to Lenin: Dialogues Between Hitler and Me"). This records a conversation he is supposed to have had about <mask>, in which he refers to him as "a Jewish writer against Jews - at

masks: Trebitsch Trebitsch Trebitsch Trebitsch


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 least he thinks he does.His every other word is "We Aryans"". In 1935, after <mask>'s death, Hitler recommended an acquaintance, "Read every sentence he has written. He has unmasked the Jews as no one else did". Hitler also noted that <mask> had warned him against the "smart-alecky Zionist snakes" in the party who would undermine it from within. Hitler had at one time toyed with giving <mask> Alfred Rosenberg's role as head of ideological education (Rosenberg was one of the "snakes" <mask> disliked). In culture
In 1923 a barely fictionalised representation of <mask> (called "Dr. Trebitsch") appeared in Joseph Roth's novel Das Spinnennetz (the Spider's Web). Dr. <mask> is the head of a secret ultra-right-wing antisemitic organisation.Theodor Lessing uses Trebitsch as one of his principal sources for the concept of the self-hating Jew in his pioneering study of the phenomenon. Works
 Galileo Galilei. Ein Trauerspiel in fünf Akten. Wien 1901; 2. Auflage Antaios-Verlag, Berlin 1920. Aus Max Dorns Werdegang. Ein Lebensabschnitt.1909; 2. Auflage Antaios-Verlag, Wien/Leipzig, 1920. Der Fall Ferdinand Gregori und Siegfried Trebitsch. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte unserer Zeit. Bachmair, München 1914. Erkenntnis und Logik. Braumüller, Wien 1917.Friedrich der Große. Ein offener Brief an Thomas Mann. Wilhelm Borngräber Verlag, Berlin 1916; Antaios-Verlag, Wien/Leipzig 1916. Gespräche und Gedankengänge. Wilhelm Borngräber Verlag, Berlin 1916; 2. Auflage Antaios-Verlag, Wien/Leipzig 1920. Seitenpfade.Ein Buch Verse. Wilhelm Borngräber Verlag, Berlin 1917; 2. Auflage Antaios-Verlag, Wien/Leipzig 1920. Geist und

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Trebitsch
Trebitsch
Trebitsch
Trebitsch
Arthur Trebitsch
Trebitsch


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 Leben. Wilhelm Borngräber Verlag, Berlin 1917; Antaios-Verlag, Berlin/Wien 1921. Aus des Ratsherrn Johannes Teufferius Lebensbeschreybung. Antaios-Verlag, Wien/Leipzig 1920.Nikolaus Lenaus geistiges Vermächtnis. Antaios-Verlag, Wien/Leipzig 1920. Wir Deutsche aus Österreich. Ein Weckruf. Antaios-Verlag, Wien/Leipzig 1921. Zur Förderung der Persönlichkeiten. Wilhelm Borngräber Verlag, Berlin 1917; Antaios-Verlag, Wien/Leipzig 1920.Drei Vorträge mit Zwischenstücken. Die erste Darstellung der erkenntniskritischen Grundgedanken des Verfassers. Wilhelm Borngräber Verlag, Berlin 1917; Antaios-Verlag, Wien/Leipzig 1920. Deutscher Geist – oder Judentum. Der Weg der Befreiung. Verlag Ed. Strache, Berlin/Wien/Leipzig 1919; Antaios-Verlag, Berlin 1921.Geist und Judentum. Verlag Ed. Strache, Wien/Leipzig 1919. Deutscher Geist aus Österreich. Ausgewählte dichterische Deutschtumsbekenntnisse. Antaios-Verlag, Berlin/Leipzig 1920. Wort und Leben.Eine grundlegende Untersuchung. Antaios-Verlag, Berlin 1920. Die böse Liebe. Novellen. Verlag Ed. Strache, Wien 1920. Die Geschichte meines „Verfolgungswahnes“.Antaios-Verlag, Wien/Leipzig 1923. Arische Wirtschaftsordnung. Eine grundlegende Untersuchung. Antaios-Verlag, Wien/Leipzig 1925. Der Dichter, der Denker, der Redner, der Arier. Antaios-Verlag, Leipzig 1926. Der brennende Mensch.Antaios-Verlag, Leipzig 1930 (aus seinem Nachlass). References

External links

1880 births
1927 deaths
20th-century Austrian writers
Austrian essayists
Austrian male novelists
Male essayists
20th-century Austrian novelists
Antisemitism in Austria
Austrian Jews
20th-century essayists
20th-century Austrian male


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<mask>  <mask>, C.S.C. (February 11, 1799 – January 20, 1873) was the French priest who founded the Congregation of Holy Cross from which three additional congregations were founded, namely the Marianites of Holy Cross, the Sisters of the Holy Cross, and the Sisters of Holy Cross. <mask> was beatified on September 15, 2007 in Le Mans, France. Early life
<mask>-<mask> was born on February 11, 1799, in Laigné-en-Belin, a small village near Le Mans, the ninth of fourteen children of Louis and <mask>. His father was a farmer and a wine merchant. He grew up in the midst of the turmoil of the French Revolution. As his parents were devout Catholics involved in the underground Church, the aspect of the Revolution which most affected him was the suppression of the Church.He was able to receive a good education primary by the generosity of his parish priest Abbé Julian Le Provost who tutored him. In 1814 priest then made arrangements for him to enter the Minor seminary at Chateau Gontier (today the  Lycée Victor-Hugo  ). In 1816 Moreau then entered the diocesan seminary in Le Mans (located St. Vincent's Abbey, today the Lycée Bellevue), when the hostilities of the Revolution toward the Church had subsided. The seminary was run by the Society of Saint-Sulpice and schooled him in the French school of spirituality which remained an inspiration in his preaching and writings all his life. At the age of 22, in 1821, <mask> was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Le Mans at the Old Visitation Convent Chapel of the Sacred Heart, while the Cathedral of St. Julien in Le Mans was under restoration. After ordination Fr. Moreau spent two more years with the Sulpicians in Paris, first at the Seminary of St. Sulpice and then at the Suplician Solitude at Issy.Ministry

In 1823, he became professor of philosophy at the minor seminary of Tessé (today the Museum of Tessé in Le Mans). Then in 1825 he taught at St Vincent Seminary

masks:
Basil
Moreau
Father Moreau
Basile
Antoine Moreau
Louise Pioger Moreau
Basil Moreau


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 and later became the vice-rector and spiritual director. As most of the pastors and teachers in France before the Revolution were priests and religious forced into exile, by the 1820s most of the nation was ill-catechized, illiterate, and without benefit of the sacraments. Restoration of the Church was the principal theme and work of Fr. <mask>'s life. As a young priest and throughout his life, <mask> was an effective preacher who preached parish missions and offered the sacraments on an itinerant basis to rekindle the neglected faith in towns and villages throughout the region. In 1835, he was assigned to be the assistant superior of the seminary at Le Mans, where he was a popular and inspiring professor of theology.He founded a group of priests within the Diocese of Le Mans to assist diocesan clergy in his various endeavors to re-invigorate the Church, especially preaching parish missions. He called them the Society of Auxiliary Priests. In the same year, an older priest of the same diocese, Fr. Jacques-Francois Dujarié, who fifteen years before, in 1820, had founded a band of young men to re-establish and teach in the schools throughout the region, handed responsibility for them over to Fr. <mask> on account of his failing health. While not technically religious because they had not made a novitiate or taken public vows, these young men were known as the Brothers of St. Joseph. Foundation of Holy Cross
Following the developments of 1835 which placed in Fr.<mask>'s hands all the pieces of a nascent religious community, he began to lay the groundwork for just that. In 1837, under the leadership of Fr. <mask>, the Brothers of St. Joseph and the Society of Auxiliary Priests joined by signing together the "Fundamental Pact of Union", becoming two equal societies in one community, the Congregation of Holy Cross. The congregation took its name from the neighborhood of Sainte-Croix in Le Mans, where the

masks: Moreau Basil Moreau Moreau Moreau


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 12th-century church, Notre-Dame de Sainte-Croix, was to become the mother church of the new foundation. Holy Cross, following the example of its founder, would be ultramontane in its outlook, even adopting at the behest of Pope Pius IX the Roman collar and the black cape for the priest (which is identical to the pope's, but in black). Foundations of sisters
There is evidence that Fr. Dujarié's dream was to found a religious community of three societies, priests, brothers, and sisters under one rule and one superior general.Fr. <mask> made good on that vision by founding in 1841 a third society within the Congregation, that of the sisters. Today, there are three distinct congregations of women religious: the Marianites of Holy Cross (France), Sisters of the Holy Cross (United States), and Sisters of Holy Cross (Canada). Taking his inspiration from Fr. Dujarié, Moreau named the societies the Salvatorists, the Josephites and the Marianites, after the three persons of the Holy Family. It was Fr. <mask>'s vision for the three societies to be united in a single religious institute, but Church norms did not allow for men and women to be so joined in a canonically recognised congregation.To this day, though in separate congregations, the priests, brothers and sisters of Holy Cross refer to  themselves collectively as the Holy Cross Family. Later life
In the late 1850s, several influential members at a general chapter had him ousted as superior general over differences in what direction the congregation should take. Forced to live apart from the community, he moved in with his sisters but continued to preach retreats in the country parishes around Le Mans. <mask> died on January 20, 1873. Important dates in the life of Fr. Moreau
 1835 Taught and served as assistant superior in Le Mans; named leader of the Brothers of St. Joseph founded by Fr. Jacques Dujarié.Founded the society of Auxiliary Priests. 1837

masks: Moreau Moreau Moreau


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 United the brothers and priests into the Association of Holy Cross. 1844 Received the vows of Léocadie Gascoin and three Marianites. 1857 Received papal approval of the constitutions for the Association, which became the Congregation of Holy Cross. 1866 Resigned as superior general, but continued an active preaching and retreat ministry. 1873 Died on January 20 at age 73. Veneration
In 1957, <mask> was declared a Servant of God.On April 12, 2003, Pope John Paul II proclaimed him Venerable. <mask> was beatified in Le Mans by Pope Benedict XVI on September 15, 2007, the feast day of Our Lady of Sorrows, and feast day of the Congregation of Holy Cross. <mask> <mask> is commemorated on January 20. Legacy
Education is Moreau's lasting legacy. Moreau Seminary, located on the University of Notre Dame campus, is the main seminary for the American congregation of the Holy Cross Fathers. In 1841, Moreau sent Fr. Edward Sorin and six brothers to the Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana to assist the bishop is setting up a school for boys.A year later, the bishop gave them land at the northern end of the diocese for a new foundation. Thus, <mask> is credited with playing a key role in the foundation of the University of Notre Dame as well as Saint Mary's College in Notre Dame, Indiana. Dozens of other schools, colleges, and universities around the world have been erected under the auspices of the four congregations of Holy Cross who continue to follow in the footsteps of their founder. In 1966, the Josephites (or Brothers of Holy Cross) founded the third institution of higher education in Notre Dame, Indiana to base its educational philosophy on the teachings of <mask>. Holy Cross College began as a community college with the mission of helping students with the intent to transfer into one of the other two institutions. However, in 2003 Holy Cross College became a residential baccalaureate liberal arts college with its

masks:
Basil Moreau
Basil Moreau
Blessed Basil
Moreau
Moreau
Basil Moreau


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 own reputation for superior teaching. <mask> Hall, a men's residential hall at Holy Cross College, is named in honor of <mask>.Holy Cross College's mascot, the Saints, is represented by a St. Bernard (dog) named <mask>, in honor of <mask>au. St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas is a Holy Cross school and has a co-ed residential hall called <mask>au Hall. The University of Portland in Portland, Oregon is run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. It features the Moreau Center for Service and Leadership, which connects students to service opportunities throughout Portland and beyond. Moreau Catholic High School is located in Hayward, California, about  southeast of San Francisco. It is among nine Catholic high schools in the Diocese of Oakland, and it is sponsored by the South-West Province of the Congregation of Holy Cross. Moreau Catholic is affiliated with many other Holy Cross educational institutions worldwide, but they are the only one named after the founder of Holy Cross, Blessed <mask> <mask>.The Holy Cross High School, New Orleans in New Orleans, Louisiana was founded by Fr. <mask>. It was once called Holy Cross College, but is now known as Holy Cross School. It is located on Paris Avenue. See also
 Julie Bertrand (Sister Marie de Saint-Basile)

References

External links

"Bl. <mask> <mask> (1799-1873)", Vatican News Service
<mask>, newly published biography available from Ave Maria Press
The Congregation of Holy Cross, United States Province of Priests and Brothers
The Fighting Jardiniers, a play by Bill Lawrence, commissioned by St. Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana

Congregation of Holy Cross
Congregations of Holy Cross
Founders of Catholic religious communities
1799 births
1873 deaths
French school of spirituality
19th-century French Roman Catholic priests
French beatified people
19th-century venerated Christians
Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI
Venerated Catholics by Pope John

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Basil
Basil Moreau
Basil
Basil More
Basil More
Father Basil
Anthony Moreau
Basil Moreau
Basil Anthony
Mary Moreau
Basil Moreau


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<mask> (13 October 1932 – 3 November 2013) was an Australian trade unionist and political activist. He was active in supporting the Gurindji Strike at Wave Hill, a pivotal event in the early Australian Aboriginal land-rights movement. He was also heavily involved in the campaign for an independent East Timor as well as the anti-racism movement and a number of other causes. He was a dedicated trade unionist, a Secretary of the Northern Territory branch of the Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia and a co-founder of the Northern Territory Trades and Labor Council. Early life

<mask> was born in Mundubbera, Queensland. In 1941 he moved with his family to Brisbane. He attended Brisbane High School until the age of seventeen, leaving to work as a junior clerk.In the following years he worked as a storeman, labourer, spray painter and builder. He moved to Darwin in 1956, working in a number of occupations including carpenter, patrol officer, fireman and manager of the Darwin Workers’ Club. He became a waterside worker in 1966 and remained in the industry for the next thirty-five years, including stints as a union official. <mask> taught himself saxophone at an early age and played in a number of entertainment venues in Darwin in the 1950s and 1960s. <mask> joined the Darwin branch of the Communist Party of Australia (CPA) in 1959 and remained active in it until the party’s disbandment in 1991. The Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights (NTCAR)

In the late 1950s and early 1960s <mask> became friends with a number of indigenous activists, including Davis Daniels and Jacob and Phillip Roberts. He returned from

masks:
Brian Thomas Manning
Brian Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning


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 attending a CPA Congress in Melbourne in 1961 with a copy of the constitution of the Victorian Council on Aboriginal Rights (VCAR) and suggested to them they form a similar organisation.The proposal was well received and the Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights (NTCAR) was founded at a meeting of 26 Aboriginal and two white Australians. <mask> recounts how at the time it was common for conservative non-indigenous forces to stack out indigenous support organisations to prevent them effectively representing indigenous interests. To prevent this, he was instrumental in inserting a clause into the NTCAR constitution stipulating that 75% of the executive would be from an indigenous background. <mask> himself was elected Assistant Secretary. In the following years the organisation worked against discrimination and in favour of equal wages for Aboriginals. It also pushed for the North Australian Workers Union (NAWU), of which <mask> was a member, to take up the cause of equal pay for indigenous workers. The “Stayput Malayans”

In 1961 the Federal Government moved to deport three Malayan pearl divers and long term residents of Darwin who had lost their employment due to a downturn in the industry.Deportations on racial grounds were common under the then dominant White Australia policy. Incensed by this treatment of individuals and seeing it as a way of challenging the White Australia policy, <mask> and other activists formed an Anti-Deportation Committee and organised a petition against their expulsion. The three men were known and popular in the Darwin community and a rally and march in September 1961 in their support

masks: Manning Manning Manning Manning


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 attracted thousands. Supported by members of the community, the men went into hiding. <mask> and others in the committee coordinated their movement between houses as homes suspected of harbouring them were searched on a regular basis. The men were granted a respite on 26 September, when they obtained a promise that their cases would be reviewed in return for them reporting daily to Immigration. They were flown to Melbourne where they were feted by a support movement which targeted the Immigration Minister with protests.Upon their return to Darwin it became clear Immigration was again planning their deportation. <mask> and others drove them out of Darwin to a property where they remained for the remainder of the campaign. With the campaign gaining increasing prominence around the country and highlighting opposition to the White Australia policy, the Federal Government relented and allowed them stay in early 1962. The Wave Hill Walk-off and Strike

In 1966 Vincent Lingiari led a walk off of the Gurindji people at the Wave Hill cattle station,  south of Darwin, in protest over wages and conditions which were then a fraction of their non-indigenous counterparts. Although occupied by the international food company Vestey Brothers, the station was on the traditional land of the Gurindji people. The strikers initially camped on the Victoria River, but the following year moved to Wattie Creek, traditionally called Daguragu by the Gurindji, and changed their demand to one of return of their traditional lands. Before the strike <mask> and other union activists had anticipated industrial action at Wave Hill and arranged that in the

masks: Manning Manning Manning


texts: event of it the Gurindji would send them a telegram.As a waterside worker, <mask> was then a member of the North Australian Workers Union (NAWU), the union which also covered pastoral workers. Working with Dexter Daniels, the official NAWU indigenous organiser, <mask> arranged the transport of supplies from the union to support the strike, initially at Victoria River, using his TJ Series Bedford truck. As <mask> recounts it, the initial journey was a difficult sixteen-hour journey on the rough corrugated road, travelling at only fifteen or twenty miles an hour at times and putting stress on the truck and occupants. Meeting with Lingiari and speaking with the strikers, <mask> and Daniels promised to support them for the duration of the strike, an undertaking significant as a previous strike by the Gurindji in 1953 had failed through lack of support. The truck was used in other ways to support the strike, such as transporting others from Hooker Creek to join the action. <mask> recounts how his presence was greeted with hostility from a senior Darwin based Welfare Department Executive Officer and from the local police officer. <mask> used the first visit to organise details of ongoing support.Back in Darwin he organised an ongoing roster using the truck to carry supplies, although he reports that over a dozen or so trips the original timber tray on the truck, “literally shook to pieces”. He also worked with the NTCAR to organise wider awareness of and support for the action around the country. He was elected as a delegate to the Waterside Workers Federation’s All Ports Conference in Sydney, where he was instrumental in a decision

masks: Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning Manning


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 to levy $1.00 per member nationally to support the Gurindji action. The Gurindji struggle lasted nine years. In Daguragu the Gurindji petitioned the Governor General, Lord Casey, for return of their land. Although this was refused, they set about establishing a permanent settlement, constructing shelters, planting trees, establishing a vegetable garden and eventually building a store and more substantial housing. In March 1971, the Gurindji formed the ‘Murramulla Gurindji Company’ to further press their claim.<mask> continued to make regular visits of support throughout this period. The strike highlighted for the wider community the poor conditions and discriminatory conditions under which many indigenous people were forced to live. It also provided impetus to the growing Land Rights movement Australia wide. The Whitlam Government came to power in 1972 on a platform in support of Aboriginal Land Rights. On 16 August 1975 Prime Minister Whitlam travelled to Daguragu and, creating a now famous image, symbolically handed soil to Vincent Lingiari, transferring leasehold title to the Gurindji people. In 1985 the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, Clyde Holding presented freehold title. <mask> was invited to both ceremonies by the Gurindji people.East Timor

1974 saw the Carnation Revolution,  the overthrow of the longstanding dictatorship in Portugal. This signaled the imminent withdrawal of Portugal from its colony of East Timor, 300 kilometres to the north of Darwin. In 1974 <mask> travelled to the territory, establishing links with leaders of the Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin). Upon this return he


texts: formed the Darwin branch of the Campaign for an Independent East Timor (CIET) with Robert Wesley-Smith and other activists. He visited again as part a trade union delegation in May 1975, travelling the country, learning about Fretilin programs and the situation in East Timor. Anticipating an Indonesian invasion <mask> and other CIET activists provided Fretilin with a number of radio transceivers in late 1975. When Indonesia invaded East Timor on 7 December 1975,  Radio Maubere, as it was called became the main Fretilin link to the outside world and source of information about the situation in East Timor.It functioned until the capture by the Indonesian military of its Fretilin operator, Alarico Fernandes, in late 1978. For the first months messages were relayed by Telecom, the state owned telecommunications company, until it was ordered by the government to cease doing so. <mask> and other CIET activists also operated a two-way radio communication, but this was confiscated by Telecom 27 January 1976. Working with CIET activist and fellow communist Denis Freney in Sydney, <mask> then organised a series of volunteers to operate a clandestine radio link from bush locations in the following years, changing position on a regular basis to avoid detection. Although a number were caught and charged another was back on the air on each occasion in a short period of time. To avoid operators from having to compromise their security by returning to Darwin with the received messages, <mask> established a secondary receiving post on a property he purchased outside of Darwin, equipped with a professional radio mast. Volunteers would record


texts:
 the Fretilin broadcasts, pass them to <mask> who sent them to Freney in Sydney, who in turn transcribed them and sent them on to Fretilin missions in New York and Mozambique.They were also them as the basis of media releases and in the CIET publication East Timor News and the Melbourne based Timor Information Service newsletters. In edition <mask> established what he referred to as the “public radio”, using which he would surreptitiously take journalists and others, including Labor MP Ken Fry, to bush locations make contact with and interview <mask>. In a period in which Indonesia kept East Timor closed to the outside world the radio link provided information on ongoing Fretilin resistance and the very serious humanitarian and human rights situation during the Indonesian invasion and occupation. <mask> continued his activism for an independent East Timor during the 1980s and 1990s. He attended Fretilin Congress in independent Timor-Leste in 2011 where he was applauded by Fretilin members for his activism in support of independence. Trade unionist

<mask> was several times Secretary of the Darwin branch of the Waterside Workers Federation. He was founding Secretary of the Northern Territory Trades and Labour Council.<mask> was on the Board of Inquiry that in 1984 laid the foundations for worker’s compensation for Territorians. Later years

<mask> sat on the Darwin Hospital Advisory Board and the Education Advisory Council. He held a number of positions, including Supervisor and Secretary of the Board of Crisis Line and President of Stuart Park Primary School Council. After his retirement at sixty-nine he became honorary

masks: Manning Manning Fernandes Manning Manning Manning Manning


texts:
 President of the Darwin Port Welfare Committee which established a Seafarers Centre at the East Arm Port in Darwin. The Truck

In 2010 <mask>’s Bedford truck, which he used to support the Wave Hill strikers in the 1960s, was listed in the Northern Territory Government Heritage Register. The truck was also used in support of the Radio Maubere link in the 1970s. In 2016 the National Museum of Australia in Canberra announced it would be acquiring the truck to become an exhibit in the museum.Awards

<mask> was awarded Darwin Citizen of the Year in 2010. In 2010 <mask> was State Finalist for national Senior Australian of the Year. <mask> was made a lifetime member of the Maritime Union of Australia. In 2014 <mask> was posthumously awarded the Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste. References

External links
Age Positive. <mask> <mask>. https://web.archive.org/web/20160511023537/https://agepositive.humanrights.gov.au/great-stories/brian-t-manning
<mask>.A life Given to the Struggle. The Guardian, 13 November 2013. http://www.cpa.org.au/guardian/2013/1618/04-obituary-brian-manning.html
<mask>. Charlie India Echo Tango calling Timor Leste. http://roughreds.com/rrone/manning.html
<mask> (2003). The formation of the NT Council for Aboriginal Rights (NTCAR). http://www.drbilldayanthropologist.com/resources/Brian%20Manning%20and%20NT%20Council%20For%20Aboriginal%20Rights.pdf
<mask>. The ‘Stayput’ Malayans.http://roughreds.com/rrtwo/manning.html
<mask> on Wave Hill - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpwMrShtZ08
<mask>. 6th Vincent Lingiari Memorial Lecture. 2006.

masks:
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Brian T
Manning
Brian Manning
Brian Manning
Brian Manning
Brian Manning
Brian Manning
Brian Manning


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 http://indigenousrights.net.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/384149/f81.pdf
<mask>. Speech on the 45th Anniversary of the Gurindji walk off. http://chriswhiteonline.org/2011/09/2003/
Gosford, R. Wave Hill, Communists and a Bedford two-tonner. An interview with <mask>, Australia Day 2011. Crikey, 19 August 2016. https://blogs.crikey.com.au/northern/2016/08/19/wave-hill-communists-bedford-two-tonner-interview-brian-manning/
<mask>, a fighter for justice.Redflag, 20 November 2013. https://redflag.org.au/article/brian-manning-fighter-justice
Maritime Union of Australia. <mask> <mask>. http://www.mua.org.au/vale_brian_manning
Maritime Union of Australia. <mask> <mask>. (video)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPktedaYcw4
Morelli, L. History on Four Wheels. SBS NITV, 5 August 2016. http://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2016/08/05/history-four-wheels
National Museum of Australia. Collaborating for Indigenous Rights.<mask>. http://indigenousrights.net.au/people/pagination/brian_manning
Search Foundation. Timor Leste Honours Members in Solidarity. 2 September 2014. https://m.facebook.com/SEARCHFoundationAustralia/posts/772901849428617
Radio Freedom. Documentary, 2008. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drSsE29Nnas

1932 births
2013 deaths
Australian trade unionists
Australian indigenous rights activists
People from Wide

masks:
Brian Manning
Brian Manning
Brian Manning
Vale Brian
Manning
Vale Brian
Manning
Brian Manning


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<mask> (May 17, 1920 – January 11, 2010), also known as <mask>, was an Estonian businessman, art collector, and cultural benefactor in several countries, as well as an alleged war criminal. <mask> was born in Tallinn, Estonia. As a result of World War II he moved to Venezuela in 1946, where he lived for the rest of his life. He was a successful businessman and part owner of ACO Group, a large Venezuelan conglomerate. He formed his own company Grupo Oriand in 1994. At the time of the restoration of Estonian independence, Männil got involved in Estonian matters, actively interacting with politicians Vaino Väljas and Edgar Savisaar, and acting as an advisor during latter's prime minister term. Männil was on the Simon Wiesenthal Center's list of most wanted Nazi war criminals, accused by them of having participated in the murder of Jews while he worked for the political police in 1941–1942 during the German occupation of Estonia.After a four-year probe, Estonian investigators could find no evidence against him and he was cleared of the charges. <mask> was an active art collector and philanthropist, especially noted for his collection of pre-Columbian art. His art related activities included serving as director of Caracas Athenaeum in Venezuela, and as advisor for the Museum of Modern Art in New York. He also founded Eduard Wiiralt Gallery in Estonian National Library. Biography

Early life (1920–1946)

<mask> was born into an iron salesman's family on May 17, 1920, in Tallinn, Estonia, and spent his childhood in Pääsküla, Tallinn. He graduated from the Gustav Adolf Grammar School in 1938 and from 1939–40 studied economics at the University of Tartu and the Tallinn University of Technology. In the summer of 1941, during the Soviet occupation, he hid in a forest to avoid the mobilization.<mask> joined the political police of the Estonian Self-Administration as an assistant in September 1941. He held the position until June 10, 1942, when he was fired for unknown reasons. This period of collaboration with the Nazi government would later lead to Männil being accused of war crimes. After being relieved, <mask>

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Harry Mannil Laul
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 continued his studies at the University of Tartu. In October 1943 he escaped to Finland when the German Security Service began to consider him politically dangerous as a student leader at the university. In Finland he studied business management in Helsinki. Männil was accused by a local police official of illegal trade in gold and valuables brought to Finland by Estonian refugees.These claims were, however, denied by Männil. <mask> moved to Sweden in September 1944 with the intention of continuing his studies. He stayed at a refugee camp for a short while. Soon he received a residence permit to live in Stockholm and a working permit that allowed him to take a job at an archive. In November 1944, a complaint regarding <mask>'s Nazi involvement was filed at the Swedish Commission of Foreigners, and he was investigated by the Sandler Commission. The relative ease with which Männil received his work and residence permits raised the suspicions of the local authorities. In September 1945, he was fired from his job at the request of the Commission of Foreigners.A month later, an extension to his residence permit was declined. <mask> was allowed to stay in Stockholm to make preparations  for his emigration to Venezuela, and an extension was granted on his residence permit a short while later. After Männil was denied a transit visa to Britain, the Swedish authorities pressured him to leave the country. In Venezuela (1946–2010)
When <mask> arrived in Maracaibo, Venezuela, in February 1946, he described himself as "penniless". He had traveled there under an employment contract to work for the enterprise headed by Juan Mendiri in Maracaibo and which later became part of BECO. He joined  Beco, a department store founded in 1942 and owned by Blohms, a family of German descent. Beco was bought out by a group of investors headed by Arnold Orav together with Juan Simon Mendoza (co-founder of Venezuela's largest business empire, the Polar Group), and a couple of other Estonians, who, like Männil, were members of the academic corporation Vironia.Arnold Carl Orav, Chmn, split from BECO in 1951 to form ACO Group, a

masks: Männil Männil Männil Männil


texts: company that would eventually control over one-sixth of Venezuela's automotive trade. Männil received Venezuelan citizenship in 1952. Männil assumed the title of chairman, in addition to CEO of the ACO Group. It emerged in the 1970s as the world's largest tractor dealership as the dealer for John Deere Tractors in Venezuela. It also became the largest automobile dealership in South America, according to the Ford Motor Company (USA). A significant contributor to the success of the Aco Group was the innovative introduction in Venezuela of in-house auto sale financing using a captive finance company. In 1983, the Aco Group was ranked as the fifth-largest private-sector company in Venezuela [El Universal].A progressive downturn in Venezuela's economy, which had a particularly adverse on Aco's capital-intensive businesses, resulted in a reorganization in 1994 under new leadership. Mannil was voted out as CEO so he left ACO and formed Oriand, with a portion of the auto dealerships that had been part of Aco. At that time he had been the fourth-largest shareholder, owning 20% of the company. <mask> continued to own Oriand Grupo Oriand, until his death. <mask> was member of AEI World Forum, founded by president Gerald Ford whom Männil personally knew. In 1990, Männil visited Estonia for the first time since 1943 at the invitation of Vaino Väljas, whom he had met when Väljas was the Soviet ambassador to Venezuela. At the time of the restoration of Estonian independence (1990–1992), during the governments of Edgar Savisaar and Tiit Vähi, Männil was the president of the Prime Minister's Economy Friends Club.The club consisted of Estonian businessmen living abroad who gave economic advice and helped to explain Estonia's situation to Western nations. <mask> was a godfather of Savisaar's daughter. Near the end of 2002, Männil was forced to temporarily relocate to Costa Rica due to the Venezuelan general strike. <mask>'s sons succeeded him when he retired from active business dealings in 2003. <mask> died on January 11, 2010, in San José, Costa Rica. His ashes were placed in a chapel on his ranch located in the

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 mountains of Costa Rica. Art collecting and work as a cultural benefactor
Männil was known as an art collector and cultural benefactor in several countries.His interest in art collecting first arose when he came into the possession of some works by Eduard Wiiralt during World War II. Männil started collecting pre-Columbian art in 1957,  and eventually owned the largest private collection in Venezuela. His collection was regarded as among the 200 most important private collections by ARTnews magazine in 1997. Männil classified his art collection into three main groups: pre-Columbian art, modern Latin American art, and art of the South American Indigenous people. He also possessed a few items of 17th–18th century colonial art. Männil, together with his wife, promoted the commercial production and marketing of the textile works of the Guajiro Indians. These two interests led to conflicts with local anthropologists, who criticized their relationship with the Guajiro people and their means of building their archaeological collection.On July 22, 2010, after <mask>'s death, Costa Rican authorities raided his house in Heredia and seized 108 pieces of pre-Columbian art, including fourteen large stone spheres. The family had been given two deadlines to hand over the objects voluntarily, and since that did not happen, a raid was conducted. Officials stated that the pieces had been obtained through an illegal purchase which had broken a law against trafficking in archaeological artifacts. The objects were taken to the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica in San José. <mask> was the founder and first director of the West Venezuela Water Sport Federation, and had been the director of Caracas Athenaeum in Caracas and the Maracaibo Art Center. He was a member of the International Council of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. <mask>, together with Henry Radeval, contributed to the establishment of the Estonian National Library's Eduard Wiiralt gallery and founded the Eduard Wiiralt Art Award in 1998.Estonian writer Olev Remsu has published a biography of <mask> titled Elitaarne mees  (Tänapäev 2011). Accusations of war

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 crimes

Männil was accused of committing war crimes against Jews during the Second World War while working for three months in the Nazi-organized Estonian political police in Tallinn in 1941. The Simon Wiesenthal Center claimed that he participated in the persecution and murder of civilians, allegedly murdering 100 Jews personally and rounding up thousands of others. Männil  appeared on the Wiesenthal Center's "Top 10 Most Wanted" list. Testimony of how Männil interrogated Jews and communists and allegedly handed victims over to the Nazis to be executed was heard by Sweden's Sandler Commission in the 1940s. He was expelled from Sweden and denied entry to Britain. In November 1989, the Simon Wiesenthal Center asked the Estonian SSR's public prosecutor's office for any information regarding Männil, who they suspected of being a Nazi war criminal.In April 1990, , the chief of Estonian SSR's KGB, replied that there was no evidence about Männil, and all possibilities for obtaining such evidence had been exhausted. In December 1993, Efraim Zuroff, the director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, mailed a letter of complaint to Lennart Meri, the President of Estonia. He asked for <mask> to be removed from his position on the council of Baltic Institute for Strategic and International Studies. In reaction, Henry Kissinger – not wanting to be on the same council with a suspected war criminal – left the council in January 1994. Following a hearing by the United States government in the same year, Männil's United States visa was revoked. In January 1994, Männil wrote to the council's executive director: "These accusations are completely groundless and untrue," he said. "I will turn to the judicial authorities of the Estonian Republic for an official investigation based on these accusations."In 1995, Estonian investigators combed their files for evidence implicating Männil, but found none. Jüri Pihl, the director general of Kaitsepolitsei (Estonian Security Police), commented on Männil's case: "<mask> has no connections to any war crimes committed in Estonia during the Second World War; there was nothing criminal in

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texts: his actions." In 2001, the Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity announced that they found no evidence which would indicate Männil had participated in war crimes. However, the investigators discovered that seven Jews Männil interrogated were later executed. In March 2001, Kaitsepolitsei started investigating Männil's wartime activities at Efraim Zuroff's request. After a nearly five-year-long investigation, they concluded that there was no evidence that Männil had participated in war crimes. The state prosecutor, Margus Kurm, said that there are no documents or witnesses to prove Männil had participated in executions, arrests, or repressions.Regarding those individuals whom Männil had interrogated, Kurm said that there is no evidence that Männil was aware of the detainees being destined for repression or execution. Several aspects support the view that Männil was unaware of such possibilities: The interrogations in question took place on September 4 and 5, at which time the Wehrmacht had been in Tallinn for only six days. Zuroff criticized the investigations as "a pathetic whitewash for political reasons of an active Nazi collaborator" and cited the prosecutor's contention that Männil was purposely targeted by the Wiesenthal Center as the best proof that Estonia lacks the political will to prosecute a prominent Estonian. Martin Arpo, superintendent of Security Police Board disagrees with this view: "But the local KGB couldn't find any more evidence against the Nazi collaborators. We haven't found it either. And the KGB was a much larger organization than we are and had powers and methods, shall we say, that are not available to a Western democratic country." The Russian Prosecution's Office and FSB have indicated they have no evidence regarding Männil.After <mask>'s death, Efraim Zuroff, while not withdrawing the accusations, admitted that they were "never able to prove that Männil personally committed murder." More clearly stated, they were never able to prove anything because they had no evidence. <mask>, after temporarily moving to Costa Rica due to the

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 Venezuelan general strike, was denied entry to Costa Rica by the country's immigration director Marco Badilla on February 4, 2003, on the basis of information received from the United States Department of Justice and the Simon Wiesenthal Center. On November 7, Badilla rescinded the order, citing the lack of evidence found in the Estonian investigations and Männil's age as the reasons. Männil was allowed to re-enter the country. In relation for Männil being barred from the United States, the US ambassador in Estonia, Aldona Wos, refused to attend the opening of the KUMU art museum in February 2006. Männil was among the invitees.Honors
From 1968 until his death <mask> was a Knight of Malta. He was an honorary citizen of the city of Thibodaux, Louisiana. The Venezuelan government awarded him the Order of the Star of Carabobo and the Order of Francisco de Miranda. He received the Order of the Polar Star from the King of Sweden. Personal life
<mask> was a brother of geologist Ralf <mask>. He married Masula D'Empaire, a granddaughter of commercial tycoon and banker Samuel Belloso, in 1955; they had four children. The Belloso are a prominent family of recent Jewish heritage dating back as commercial traders and bankers in Curaçao.Many of the family members converted to become Catholics while others retained their Jewish faith to the present. Männil's primary country of residence was Venezuela, where he lived in Caracas, but he also owned a ranch in Costa Rica, a farm in the Llanos of Venezuela, and apartments in Paris and New York. Notes
a. Männil appears to have used his mother's last name, "Laul", as a second last name in accordance with the practice in Latin America. References

External links
  – a biographical article on <mask>

  – interview with <mask> about the accusations of war crimes against him

1920 births
2010 deaths
People from Tallinn
Estonian art collectors
Estonian businesspeople
Estonian World War II refugees
Knights of Malta
Venezuelan businesspeople
University of Tartu alumni
Order of the Polar Star
Pre-Columbian art
Tallinn University of Technology

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Männil
Harry Männil
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<mask> (; 1899 – 1943) was the leader of the Dno Soviet partisan organization of the Pskov region who transferred information for scouts and partisans in addition to providing weapons and explosives. As an employee at the depot of a railroad junction she was able to help partisans sabotage much-needed equipment for the Germans. On 8 May 1965 she was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, over twenty years after she was executed in the Zapolyansky death camp. Pre-war life
<mask> was born in 1899 in the city of Dno, then part of the Russian Empire to a large Russian family; she had four brothers and three sisters. Her father, Aleksander Pavelovich Finogenov, worked at the Dno-1 Railway Station. In 1914 he was drafted into the Imperial Russian Army but was soon demobilized after he was injured during the Russian Civil War, after which he worked as a master shoemaker and repaired boots. After completing primary school Anastasiya worked at the rail station until 1914 when her father left for the army and arranged for her to move to Petrograd to work at a clothing factory.In 1917, just several days before the October Revolution, her lover who she had met while working in Petrograd was killed during a night patrol; he was a Bolshevik. In 1919 <mask> returned to Dno and got a job working at a boarding school, and in 1921 married a Latvian refugee Fyodor Biseniek. She took on his surname and the couple soon had their first child, Yura. In 1922 Fyodor was granted permission to return to Latvia, and he immediately left for Latvia to visit his family without telling <mask>. In search for her husband she illegally left the Soviet Union for Latvia, where they reconnected and Anastasiya

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Anastasiya Biseniek
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 eventually birthed a son Konstantine ten years later. Through personal connections to high-ranking officials such as Mikhail Kalinin she managed to return to Dno, where she found employment working at a freight station and later as a rail conductor. In 1937 she was arrested by the NKVD during the Great Purge for having left the Soviet Union, but was released until 6 June 1938 when she was arrested again and sentenced to ten years in prison on 27 October for violating Article 58.On 18 September 1939 the case was dismissed and the ruling was revoked. After she was released she met Vasily Zinovev, who later became the commander of her partisan unit. Partisan activities

Partisan activities in the Dno area
On 18 July 1941, when the district committee of the Communist Party worried about the possibility of the 22nd Rifle Corps retreating from the ongoing German offensive, the party formed a partisan detachment. Zinovev was eventually appointed commander of the unit, a party member named Timokin became the commissar, and Anastasiya's oldest son Yura became a guerilla in the unit. Before the unit left the city of Dno to fight approaching Germans the leadership of the unit contacted Anastasiya, asking her to serve as leader of the part of the unit that stayed in Dno. Her job would be to organize observation of the situation in the city and at the railway station, pass information on to partisans who had occasionally left the forest, hold meetings in her apartment, and disrupt German communication and transportation equipment in order to hinder the German advance on Leningrad. Sympathetic to the efforts to resist the Leningrad blockade, Anastasiya was happy to facilitate the resistance.To


texts: do so she would have to remain in the city, and when she was given an opportunity to evacuate the city with her young son she refused; just one day later on 19 July the city was taken over by German troops. On her first trip to the locomotive depot after the German occupation of the city she met up with a former soldier of the White Army who fought in the Russian civil war, and was already collaborating with the Germans. Knowing that <mask> had been previously arrested by the NKVD, he wrongfully assumed that Anastasiya would happily collaborate with the Nazis and invited her to join the new German administration. Seeing an opportunity to collect more information, she pretended to agree with the plan. After the German administration permitted bazaars to be set up every Sunday. On one of the first days the market was open <mask>'s sister Yevgenia, who was a schoolteacher in the city of Lukomo, brought pamphlets to the apartment. At the request of Anastasiya she kept an eye on the movements of German troops and reported the information back to Anastasiya; she also distributed Soviet pamphlets to mechanics at the village locomotive depot who were forced to repair vehicles for the Germans.On every visit to Anastasiya Yevgenia Anastasiya distributed the leaflets at the station where she worked and wrote for an underground newspaper circulated locally, titled "Dnovets". Anastasia recruited and trained two young Komsomol members to the partisan unit, Zinaida Egorova and Nina Karabanova. Zina Egorova had worked as a telephone operator at a military base before the war, and later as a waitress in a mess hall at a German airfield, where she communicated with pilots and technical personnel. She

masks: Anastasiya Anastasiya


texts: had complied document of the information she collected, and later sent it to the intelligence service of the Red Army. The information helped the Red Army attack the headquarters of the airfield. Nina Karabanova, who was in secondary school at the time, worked as a job as a janitor at a German military base. Later she made contact with Soviet prisoners of war and provided them with food, civilian clothes, medicine, and Soviet leaflets; When one of the prisoners of war asked <mask> for help she had Nina provide him with a map and compass, which was used by a group of prisoners of war to escape.Subsequently, Nina contacted underground resistance members in the village of Skugra, where escape of prisoners of war and their transfer to a partisan detachment was organized. Through communications with schoolteacher E. Ivanov, Biseniek established connections with the partisan-controlled village of Botanog. In 1942, partisan intelligence agent Dmitri Yakovlev, who worked as a machinist before the war and escaped from German captivity traveled to Biseniek's apartment to meet his parents; but he did not carry any required identification documents with him. When a group of German police officers approached him and asked to see his papers, one of the policemen realized he was a fugitive and arrested him. Yakovlev's arrest alarmed Anastasia, and after his arrest Yevgenia asked Anastasiya to leave the city of Dno for her own safety but she refused, realizing that if she did leave the Nazis would arrest all of her relatives and anyone she a previously spoken to. Not long after Yakovlev's arrest, <mask> and Yevgenia were summoned by the Germans for interrogation and then shown to the beaten


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 Yakovlev to see if Yakovlev might recognize them. However, Yakovlev denied any acquaintance with the two.<mask> and her sister were permitted to leave but after leaving Yakolev was shot. On 4 January 1943 Anastasiya had her youngest son Konstantin go skiing near the railway bridge several kilometers from the city to find out the positions of Germans defenses on the bridge and their numbers. While skiing he was seen by a German soldier whole opened fire on him with an automatic rifle, but Konstantin was not hurt in the incident even after one of the bullets fired at him split his ski in half. Several days later paratroopers destroyed the German guns mounted to the bridge, but Anastasiya did not let Konstantin go on any more scouting missions after she suspected her eldest son Yura was killed in combat. Connections with the Zinoviev detachment
She later established connections with the partisan unit named after V. I. Zinoviev through her son Yura, who had provided her with information about the detachment, which was located on the outskirts of the city near lake Beli at the time. Anastasiya then told her son about the state of affairs in the area, specifically the locations of the commandant's office, the security company, and the improvised airfield with camouflaged anti-aircraft guns protecting a depot as well as names of local villagers who collaborated with the Nazis. Soviet bombers took out the anti-aircraft guns a few days later.Later the partisan detachment under the command of Vasilyev left the area after sabotaging roads and communicating with <mask>. On 2 October the Zinoviev detachment organized a large diversion on the Vyaz'ye-Bakach line in Novosokolniki-Bokach, south of


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 the Dno station. Anastasiya acted as the liaison officer, supplying information on the movement of German troops to Zinoyev after she received information from an anonymous informant. The partisans destroyed two locomotives, tanks, and guns, slowing down equipment shipments. In early November Anastasiya informed Zinoviev about a large quantity of heavily guarded military equipment that was about to be shipped out. A group of five partisans, one of whom was her son Yura, launched a nighttime raid on the station and sabotaged the equipment. In the winter of 1941 to 1942, German authorities increased security at the train station as well as at military bases and factories, reducing the number of sabotage operations the partisans could safely execute.In January 1942 the Druzhny partisan unit that Anastasiya had maintained contact with informed her that during a battle in Kholm village the 2nd Leningrad Partisan Brigade worked with the 3rd Shock Army to expel German forces. During the operation the detachment commander Zinoviev was killed in action and her son Yura was injured by shelling but taken off the battlefield by another partisan. Zinoviev was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and Yura was awarded the Medal "For Courage". Railroad sabotage operations
In December 1941, three partisans who participated in battle as part of the 95th Detachment, returned Dno and put Anastasiya in charge of overseeing the railroad attack. A partisan asked Anastasiya to provide the explosives needed for the mission, which she handed to him concealed in a sack of potatoes. In January the explosives were placed inside the engine of a train used by the German military, causing a huge wreckage.


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 The partisans launched a second attack on a train but were arrested the next day and shot in February.<mask> took the deaths of her fellow partisans very personally and felt that their deaths were her fault. After the group of partisans that attacked the train were shot, attacked on the railway were paused, and all depot employees that the Germans perceived as suspicious were laid off from the depot. <mask> convinced the German occupiers to hire an elderly machinist by the name of Filyukhin; Filyukhin gained the trust of the Germans and was given free rein at the station so he could plant explosives given to him by <mask> at the depot. On 23 February he planted an explosive at the depot, concealed in a beer bottle inside a boot. On 25 February he exploded a locomotive that had just undergone repairs, destroying military equipment it was carrying. The next week he organized several attacks on German-controlled portions of the railroad, handing out anti-train mines to other machinists, telling them to plant them as far outside the city as they could and then stay off the radar. Arrest and death

First arrest
In the summer of 1943, <mask> was arrested by the Geheime Feldpolizei.While the police had no evidence against her, an investigator tried to persuade her to work for the German counterintelligence agency. <mask> refused to do so, claiming she was busy taking care of her sick parents. The investigator stopped trying to recruit her but left her in the prison for a month before she was released. It turned out that she was released so that surveillance could be done to see who she was in contact with. While Anastasiya was aware she was being watched she met with Filyukhin, told her

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 he was also under surveillance. Two months later Filyukhin was arrested and sent to a concentration camp without being informed of any evidence against him. When Anastasiya went back to her apartment her father told her about recent mass arrests of partisans and scouts who had attempted a rescue operation of prisoners-of-war held by the Germans after one of the agents involved in the operation was captured revealed the names of numerous partisans.The partisans he named were all shot except for one who was sent to the Zapolyansky death camp. Second arrest
After Anastasiya realized she would likely be arrested again soon she decided to hand over all the supplies she had accumulated to partisans in Leningrad who were still running sabotage campaigns. Anastasiya helped the remaining partisans in the city left in the middle of the night to nearby rural villages, finding safehouses for them over a period of three days. When she returned to Dno she learned that her son Konstantin had been arrested. Suspecting that her eldest son Yura had been killed and worried about the safety of her younger son, she did not go into hiding but returned to her apartment where she waited for the German police to arrest her. She was arrested almost immediately and the police then released her parents and son Konstantin from their custody. However, her father died not long after his release.In August 1943, Anastasia was sent to Porkhov, where German agents tried to persuade her to cooperate and name the remaining underground resistance members. <mask> was subjected to electric shock, causing her to lose consciousness several times, but she still would not name her contacts. After a while, her captors


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 employed psychological torture by showing her the outside world for brief moments, transporting her to the outskirts of Porkhov to the ruins of an ancient fortress and permitted her to walk along a riverbank; she still refused to make any confessions or name any resistance members. Captivity in the Zapolyansky death camp
After <mask> refused to cooperate with the Germans she was sent to the Zapolyansky death camp, which was in close proximity to Porkhov. In the Zapolyansky camp, where resistance members, partisans, and prisoners of war who refused to cooperate with the German authorities were detained and tortured. In the 10 months of the camp's existence, more than three thousand people were killed. During her captivity, Anastasia tried to help other prisoners and gained their respect.<mask>'s son Konstantin learned about the whereabouts of his mother and visited her several times, traveling from Dno and getting permission to speak to her through the fence. He made his last visit on 18 September 1943, after she told him not to come anymore after realizing that she would soon be executed and feared that he would be arrested and executed too. She told him not to stay in the city but live in the forest with the partisans. Konstantin considered trying to save her, but he realized that he and his several comrades didn't have enough resources to do it. Konstantin left the city of Dno with a friend to join the partisans in the forest, and her later became a soldier in the Red Army. After he was demobilized he worked as an engineer in Nizhny Tagil and Novgorod. On 13 October 1943 <mask> was shot on the orders of the camp commandant.In November 1943 the camp was dismantled and all remains

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 of the prisoners killed in the camp's ten months of existence were burned in preparation for the advancing Soviet military. Just three months later the 2nd Baltic and Leningrad fronts of Red Army retook the Dno railroad junction and the surrounding area. Recognition
On the eve of the 20th anniversary of the defeat of the Germans in the Second World War Anastasiya and nine other partisans in the Pskov region were declared Heroes of the Soviet Union by decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, with eight of the nine people awards being posthumous. A large granite memorial plaque inscribed with "Here, at the station Dno, during the temporary German-Fascist occupation of the city, Hero of the Soviet Union Biseniek Anastasia Alexandrovna participated in the underground resistance. The courageous patriot was brutally tortured and executed by the fascists in October 1943. Eternal glory to the heroes who gave their lives for the freedom and independence of our Motherland" was placed at the train station in Dno where she worked. The depot in Dno contains a small museum dedicated to the history of the town during German occupation and a central street in Dno was named in her honor.In the 1980s historian Nikolai Vassarionovich Masolov compiled her complete biography after speaking with her relatives and surviving members of her partisan detachment. See also

 List of female Heroes of the Soviet Union
 Soviet partisans

References

Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
1899 births
1943 deaths
Female resistance members of World War II
Soviet partisans
People from Pskov Oblast
People executed by Nazi Germany by firearm
Executed Soviet people
Executed Russian women
Russian


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<mask> (12 October 1792, near Warrenton, Virginia – 23 January 1865, near Parkersburg, West Virginia) was a Virginia slave owner, lawyer, planter, magistrate, teacher and delegate to the First Wheeling Convention (1861) establishing the state of West Virginia. He is celebrated as the author of Chronicles of Border Warfare (1831), a history of (and important primary source on) the early white settlement of western Virginia and consequent conflicts with American Indians. He sold two of the children he fathered with a slave to slave traders further South. Biography

Youth and education
Withers was a son of <mask> and <mask> and was born at the family home, an estate known as "Green Meadows" about 6 miles from Warrenton, Fauquier County, Virginia. His mother was a second cousin of Sir <mask>. He was educated at home and in private schools, later attending Washington College and finally learning law at William and Mary, despite considerable shyness when confronted with the need for public speaking. His father died when he was 21 and he took over the management of the family plantation for a time.He married Melinda Fisher in 1815 in the Northern Neck of Virginia, and about 1827 moved his family to western Virginia, settling near Clarksburg. Subsequently he moved to Lewis County and resided on a farm he called "Thirlestane" on the West Fork River between Weston and Jane Lew. Authorship
Withers devoted much time to researching and writing his Chronicles of Border Warfare, or, A History of the Settlement by the Whites, of north-western Virginia: and of the Indian wars and massacres, in that section of the state; with reflections, anecdotes, &c. This 1831 account of “border wars” and

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Enoch Keene Withers
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texts: local tradition in “the western country”, i.e., the northwestern portion of colonial Virginia (an area which today encompasses parts of Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania), described events during the four decades between the French and Indian War (1754) and the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794). For background material, Withers drew upon the writings of a generally reliable antiquarian, Hugh Paul Taylor (c. 1790–1831) of Covington, Virginia. In addition, he incorporated material gathered by a local judge (Edwin S. Duncan), as well as visiting with venerable local pioneers (Noah Zane, John Hacker), which required several arduous trips on horseback. (In addition, there was a claim that the work was largely written by an early settler, William Powers [1765-1855], and the son of another early settler named William Hacker [1771–1826], and only prepared for publication by Withers. But this is according to a statement made by a grandson of Powers and has never been substantiated.)Withers's book is full of graphic accounts of massacres and reprisals. Later genealogists have appreciated the numerous references to intrepid scouts and early settlers along the frontier. Withers was somewhat dissatisfied with the final form of the published book. According to Lyman Draper, “He used to say that had he published the volume himself he would have made it much more complete, and better in many ways; for he was hampered, limited and hurried—often correcting proof of the early, while writing the later chapters.") Printed by Joseph Israel, the local Clarksburg newspaper publisher, the book brought Withers no profit, as Israel’s business soon foundered. Career and later


texts:
 years
Disappointed, Withers traveled to Missouri with the plan of settling and spending his remaining years there, but was likewise disappointed with that region and soon returned to Lewis County, where he again took up in farming and school teaching. (He was teacher to the future General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson in 1839 in a school in Lewis County's first court house building.)Beginning in 1840, he served several years as local justice of the peace near Weston. After the death of his wife in 1853 he made his home with his eldest daughter in Parkersburg. Withers was said to have been the largest slave-owner in Lewis County, owning ten or twelve slaves. Notwithstanding this, he was a Unionist during the Civil War and served as delegate to the First Wheeling Convention of May 1861. Withers fathered a number of children by his mulatto slave Lucy Taylor after his wife died. He subsequently sold her and at least two of the children. In an 1864 issue of Harper’s Weekly, Col. George H. Hanks published a letter and printed an engraving of a photograph that included Withers's slave son, Charley Taylor, in an effort to publicize the issue of "white slaves".<mask> lived a retired, studious life until his death in 1865 at the age of 73 and was buried in a graveyard along what is now U.S. Route 19 in Weston. Editions of <mask>, <mask>, Chronicles of Border Warfare, or, A History of the Settlement by the Whites, of north-western Virginia: and of the Indian wars and massacres, in that section of the state; with reflections, anecdotes, &c. Clarksburg, Va.: J. Israel, 1831. (A volume of the original edition is now very rare.) <mask>, <mask>, Chronicles of Border Warfare, or a History of the

masks:
Withers
Chronicles Withers
Alexander Scott
Withers
Alexander Scott


texts:
 Settlement by the Whites, of North-Western Virginia, and of the Indian Wars and Massacres in that section of the State; with Reflections, Anecdotes, &c., Edited and annotated by Reuben Gold Thwaites, with several notes by Lyman Copeland Draper. (Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Company, or Steward and Kidd Publishers, 1895). Reprinted in 1961 by McClain Printing Company, Parsons, W.Va., . Legacy
 Withers' book inspired historian Lyman C. Draper (1815–1891) to undertake the enormous task of collecting the source material for trans-Appalachian history at the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.A historical marker on USR 19 at the bottom of the hill near the graveyard commemorates Withers. Several related Withers family members are also buried there. There is (was?) an <mask> Withers Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. See also
Withers (surname)
Woapalanne

References

Citations

Other sources
Review of the 1895 Chronicles reprint edition by Theodore Roosevelt, American Historical Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Oct., 1895), pp.170–171. Bland, Robert L., “<mask> <mask>”, Weston Democrat of Friday, June 11, 1920. External links

1792 births
1865 deaths
Historians of the United States
Historians of colonialism
Historians of West Virginia
Historians of Native Americans
Historians of Virginia
Historians of Colonial North America
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
People from Fauquier County, Virginia
Delegates of the 1861 Wheeling Convention
People from Lewis County, West Virginia
People from Parkersburg, West Virginia
Writers from West Virginia
American slave owners
American male non-fiction writers
Historians from Virginia
American

masks:
Alexander Scott
Alexander Scott
Withers


texts:
<mask> (born 4 July 1958) is an Irish musicologist and university professor. With specialisations in a) Irish musical and cultural history, b) the music of the Austrian baroque composer Johann Joseph Fux, and c) the development of Anglo-American musicology since 1945, he is one of the most widely published and influential academics in his areas of research. <mask> is also a poet, with two published collections of poetry (2012, 2018). Education
<mask> was born in Dublin to <mask> (1926–2013) and Sheila, née Danaher (1928–1988), the joint eldest (with twin brother, John) of six children. He received his early musical training at the Municipal School of Music, Dublin and at the Royal Irish Academy of Music (RIAM), where he studied cello with Aisling Drury Byrne. He was a member of the Schola Cantorum at St Finian's College, Mullingar from 1971 to 1976. He took bachelor's degrees in Music and English at University College Dublin (UCD) in 1981 and wrote a master's thesis on the plays of Harold Pinter.He completed an MA in musicology at the University of Toronto (1984), where he was elected a Junior Fellow of Massey College in 1983. Returning to Dublin, he completed his PhD at Trinity College Dublin in 1986 with a thesis on the oratorios of Johann Joseph Fux, written under the supervision of Hormoz Farhat. Teaching appointments
After teaching for a year at St Patrick's College, Maynooth (today: Maynooth

masks:
Harry White
White
Harry White
Frank White


texts:
 University), <mask> was appointed lecturer in music in 1985 at UCD, where he succeeded Anthony Hughes as Professor of Music in 1993. He has held visiting professorships in musicology at the University of Western Ontario (1996), University of Munich (1999), King's College, Cambridge (2005) and the University of Zagreb (2006, 2017), and he has given invited lectures and keynote addresses at conferences and symposia across North America and Europe. Achievements
<mask> is "an exceptionally productive scholar, whose work has been transformative. His monographs and edited volumes have been reviewed as being major works of scholarship". In 1990, he established the ongoing book series Irish Musical Studies, of which he is joint general editor with Gerard Gillen.In 1992, he instituted at UCD the first Irish taught master's degree in musicology. In 1994, he was appointed a national advisory editor for the revised, 2001 edition of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians; and in 1995 he co-organised (with Patrick Devine) the first major international musicological conference ever to be held in Ireland, at Maynooth. The founding of the Society for Musicology in Ireland (SMI) is largely due to his vision and effort, and he served as its inaugural president from 2003 to 2006. Likewise, the publication of the Encyclopaedia of Music in Ireland (2 volumes, 2013) would have been unthinkable without <mask>, who has

masks: White White White


texts:
 argued for such a publication repeatedly from as early as 1989. He became its joint editor, with Barra Boydell. In his many articles on Irish music and in three monographs – The Keeper's Recital (1998), The Progress of Music in Ireland (2005) and Music and the Irish Literary Imagination (2008) – he has shed new light on the central role of music in Irish cultural and intellectual life; for the last-named book he was awarded the Michael J. Durkan Prize from the American Conference for Irish Studies (ACIS). Honours received
In 2006, <mask> became the first historical musicologist to be elected to the Royal Irish Academy after Aloys Fleischmann (1966) and John Blacking (1983).Other honours include Fellowship of the RIAM (2007) and the first DMus awarded by the National University of Ireland for published work in musicology (2007). He is also an Honorary Fellow of the Academy of St Cecilia (London). In acknowledgement of the publication of the Encyclopaedia of Music in Ireland, both editors received the Harrison Medal of the Society for Musicology in Ireland in 2014. In 2015, he was elected to the Academia Europaea, and in 2018 he was elected Corresponding Fellow of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the first Irish person to receive this honour. On the occasion of his sixtieth birthday in 2018, he was honoured with a festschrift, edited by Lorraine Byrne Bodley with contributions from more than 40


texts:
 authors that is a testimony to <mask>'s wide research interests and his impressive circle of academic friends across the globe. David Hiley wrote of it: "This book is a fine tribute to a remarkable scholar. Not only has <mask> revealed unknown musical riches in Germany and Austria, he has set the music of Ireland in a clearer, truer perspective".Poetry
The eloquent, expressive and often poetic style of <mask>'s musicological writing finds a more artistic outlet in his poetry. As a master's student in Toronto, he had already won the university's gold medal for poetry in 1984. Two published volumes of his poetry have appeared to date: Polite Forms (2012) and The Kenmare Occurrences (2018). Polite Forms has been described as "a sequence of poems that meditates on family life" that "remember and reimagine scenes from childhood and adolescence" Of his second collection, a Canadian critic wrote: "<mask>'s strength is to hold both speaker and listener at a distance that is a kind of proximity; the poems acknowledge that memory is flawed, baffling, and all we have to go on." Selected writings

Monographs
 The Keeper's Recital: Music and Cultural History in Ireland, 1770–1970 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1998), . The Progress of Music in Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005), . Music and the Irish Literary Imagination (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), .The Well-tempered Festschrift. Reading 'Music

masks:
White
Harry White
Harry White
White


texts:
 Preferred (Vienna: Hollitzer-Verlag, 2020);
 The Musical Discourse of Servitude. Authority, Autonomy and the Work-Concept in the Music of Fux, Handel and Bach (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020);

Edited books
 (with Gerard Gillen) Irish Musical Studies vol. 1: Musicology in Ireland (Blackrock County Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1990), . Johann Joseph Fux and the Music of the Austro-Italian Baroque (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1992), ; reprinted (London: Routledge, 2016, ; e-book (London: Routledge, 2017, ). (with Gerard Gillen) Irish Musical Studies vol. 2: Music and the Church (Blackrock County Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1993), .(with Gerard Gillen) Irish Musical Studies vol. 3: Music and Irish Cultural History (Blackrock County Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1995), . (with Patrick F. Devine) Irish Musical Studies vols 4 & 5: The Maynooth International Musicological Conference 1995: Selected Proceedings; 2 vols (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1996),  (vol. 1),  (vol. 2). (with Michael Murphy) Musical Constructions of Nationalism. Essays on the History and Ideology of European Musical Culture, 1800–1945 (Cork: Cork University Press, 2001),  (hardback),  (paperback).(with Ivano Cavallini) Musicology without Frontiers. Essays in Honour of Stanislav Tuksar (Zagreb: Hrvatsko muzikološko društvo, 2010), . (with Vjera Katalinić, Stanislav Tkusar) Musical Theatre as High Culture? The Cultural Discourse on


texts:
 Opera and Operetta in the 19th Century (Zagreb: Hrvatsko muzikološko društvo, 2011), . (with Barra Boydell) The Encyclopaedia of Music in Ireland, 2 volumes (Dublin: UCD Press, 2013), . (with Kerry Houston) A Musical Offering. Essays in Honour of Gerard Gillen (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2017), .(with Ivano Cavallini, Jolanta Guzy-Pasiak) Music, Migration and European Culture. Essays in Honour of Vjera Katalinic (Zagreb: Hrvatsko muzikolosko drustvo [Croatian Musicological Society], 2020), . Articles
(without forewords and book reviews)

 "Erhaltene Quellen der Oratorien von Johann Joseph Fux: Ein Bericht", in: Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch vol. 67 (1983), pp. 123–131. "Canon in the Baroque Era: Some Precedents for the Musical Offering", in: Journal of the Riemenschneider Bach Institute vol. 15 (1984) no.4, pp. 4–14. "The Need for a Sociology of Irish Folk Music", in: International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music vol. 15 (1984) no. 1, pp. 3–13. (with Robin Elliott) "A Collection of Oratorio Libretti, 1700–1800, in the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto", in: Fontes Artis Musicae vol.32 (1985) no. 2, pp. 102–113. "The Sanctuary Lamp: An Assessment", in: Irish University Review vol. 17 (1987), pp. 71–81. "Musicology in Ireland", in: Acta musicologica vol.60 (1988) no. 3, pp. 290–305. "Frank Llewelyn Harrison and the Development of Postwar Musicological Thought", in:


texts: Hermathena vol. 146 (1989), pp. 39–48. "Carolan and the Dislocation of Music in Ireland", in: Eighteenth-Century Ireland vol.4 (1989), pp. 55–64. "The Case for an Encyclopedia of Music in Ireland", in: The Irish Review vol. 6 (1989), pp. 39–45. "The Critical Focus of American Musicology", in: Journal of American Studies vol. 23 (1989) no.3, pp. 453–459. (with Frank Lawrence) "Heinrich Bewerunge (1862–1923): Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Caecilianismus in Irland", in: Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch vol. 74 (1990), pp. 41–66. "A Canadian Model for Music in Ireland", in: Canadian Journal of Irish Studies vol. 16 (1990), pp.1–6. "Music and the Perception of Music in Ireland", in: Studies vol. 79 (1990), pp. 38–44. "Brian Friel, Thomas Murphy and the Use of Music in Contemporary Irish Drama", in: Modern Drama vol. 33 (1990) no. 4, pp.553–562. "Musicology, Positivism and the Case for an Encyclopedia of Music in Ireland", in: Musicology in Ireland, ed. Gerald Gillen & <mask> (Blackrock Co. Dublin, 1990), pp. 295–300. "The Holy Commandments of Tonality", in: Journal of Musicology vol. 9 (1991) no. 2, pp.254–269. "The Sepolcro Oratorios: An Assessment", in: Johann Joseph Fux and the Music of the Austro-Italian Baroque, ed. <mask> (Aldershot, 1992), pp. 164–230. "Mozart: The Second Centenary", in: Studies vol. 80 (1991), pp. 41–47."Church Music and Musicology in Ireland", in: Music and the Church, ed. Gillen &

masks:
Harry White
Harry White


texts: White (Blackrock Co. Dublin, 1993), pp. 333–338. (with Frank Lawrence) "Towards a History of the Cecilian Movement in Ireland", in: Music and the Church, ed. Gillen & White (Blackrock Co. Dublin, 1993), pp. 78–107. "Music and the Irish Literary Imagination", in: Music and Irish Cultural History ed.Gillen & White (Blackrock Co. Dublin, 1995), pp. 212–228. "The Oratorios of Johann Joseph Fux and the Imperial Court in Vienna", in: Studies in Music from the University of Western Ontario vol. 15 (1995), pp. 1–16. "Some Canonic Variations", in: Studies vol. 85 (1996), pp.271–277. "Maynooth Conference Report", in: Journal of Musicology vol. 14 (1996) no. 4, pp. 579–589. "The Conceptual Failure of Music Education in Ireland", The Irish Review vol. 21 (1997), pp.44–48. "The Preservation of Music and Irish Cultural History", in: International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music vol. 27 (1997) no. 2, pp. 123–138. "If It's Baroque, Don't Fix It: On the 'Work-Concept' and the Historical Integrity of Musical Composition before 1800", in: Acta musicologica vol. 69 (1997) no.1, pp. 94–104. "'Something Is Taking Its Course': Dramatic Exactitude and the Paradigm of Serialism in Samuel Beckett", in: Samuel Beckett and Music, ed. Mary Bryden (Oxford, 1998), pp. 159–171. "American Musicology and 'The Archives of Eden'", in: Journal of American Studies vol. 32 (1998) no.1, pp. 1–18. "'A Book of Manners in the


texts: Wilderness': The University as Enabler in Music Education", in: College Music Symposium vol. 38 (1998),pp. 47–63. "Strange Intimacies: Music, Politics and the Irish Imagination", in: Music in Ireland, 1798–1998, ed. Richard Pine (Cork, 1998), pp.29–37. "Ballads"; "Belfast Harp Festival"; "Dancing"; "Ethnic Music"; "Music"; "Musical Institutions and Venues, 1700–1990"; "Opera"; "Popular Music", in: The Oxford Companion to Irish History, ed. Seán J. Connolly (Oxford, 1998). "Fux, Johann Joseph", in: The Bach Companion, ed. Malcolm Boyd (Oxford, 1999), pp. 184–185. "Music: History and Performance", in: The Blackwell Companion to Modern Irish Culture, ed.William J. McCormack (Oxford, 1999), pp. 405–411. "Et in Arcadia ego: Fux and the Viennese Sepolcro", in: Atti del antiquae musicae Italicae studiosi, ed. Andrea Luppi (Como, 1999), pp. 213–228. "Brian Friel and the Condition of Music", in: Irish University Review vol. 29 (1999) no.1, pp. 6–15. (with David Fallows, et al.) "Music and Sister Disciplines: Past, Present and Future", in: Current Musicology vol. 63 (1999), pp. 150–169. "Bunting, Edward", in: Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (MGG), biographical part vol.3 (Kassel: Bärenreiter, 2000). "Gefühl und Wissen: Axel Klein und die irische Musik", in: Irland Journal vol. 11 (2000), pp. 25–27. "Polite Forms", in: Aloys Fleischmann: A Musician Remembered, ed. Ruth Fleischmann (Cork, 2000), pp.


texts: 262–266."Bewerunge, Heinrich"; "Deane, Raymond"; "Fux, Johann Joseph" (with Thomas Hochradner); "Harrison, Francis Llewelyn" (with David Scott); "Ireland (1)"; "Larchet, John Francis"; "Ó Riada, Seán", in: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition (London: Macmillan, 2001). "Nationalism, Colonialism and the Cultural Stasis of Music in Ireland", in: Musical Constructions of Nationalism, ed. <mask> & Michael Murphy (Cork, 2001), pp. 257–272. "Music and Cultural History in Ireland", in: Historični Seminar 1998–2000, ed. Metoda Kokole (Ljubliana, 2001), pp. 187–204."'De stylo ecclesiastico': Sacred Music at the Imperial Court Chapel in Vienna c1700–1730 and the Influence of Northern Italy", in: Barocco Padano: Atti del X convegno internazionale sulla musica sacra nei secoli XVII–XVIII, ed. Alberto Colzani, Andrea Luppi, Maurizio Padoan (Como, 2002), pp. 265–283. "Is This Song About You? Some Reflections on Music and Nationalism in Germany and Ireland", in: International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music vol. 33 (2002) no. 2, pp.131–147. "The Divided Imagination: Music in Ireland after Ó Riada", in: Irish Music in the Twentieth Century, ed. Gareth Cox, Axel Klein (Dublin, 2003), pp. 11–28. "'Our Musical State Became Refined': The Musicology of Brian Boydell", in: The Life and Music of Brian Boydell, ed. Gareth Cox, Axel Klein, Michael Taylor (Dublin, 2003), pp. 45–62."'I am the


texts: Very Model of a Modern Musicologist': The Savoy Operas and British Cultural History", in: Mladi Zajc/Young Zajc, ed. Vjera Katalinić, Stanislav Tuksar (Rijeka, 2003), pp. 85–93 (in Croatian), pp. 193–201 (in English). "The Afterlife of a Tradition: Fux, Vienna and the Classical Style", in: Musical Cultures in the Adriatic Region during the Age of Classicism, ed. Vjera Katalinić, Stanislav Tuksar (Zagreb, 2004), pp. 23–32."Johann Joseph Fux and the Question of Einbau Technique", in: Bach Studies from Dublin, ed. Ann Leahy, Yo Tomita (Dublin, 2004), pp. 29–49. "Art Music and the Question of Ethnicity: The Slavic Dimension of Czech Music from an Irish Perspective", in: International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music vol. 35 (2004) no. 1, pp. 29–46."Aidan Carl Mathews", in: The UCD Aesthetic, ed. Anthony Roche (Dublin, 2005), pp. 239–245. "Musicology", in: Nineteenth-Century Ireland: A Guide to Recent Research, ed. Margaret Kelleher, Laurence M. Geary (Dublin, 2005), pp. 165–181. "'Paltry, Scented Things from Italy': Ireland and the Discourse of Nationalism in 19th-Century European Musical Culture", in: Musica e storia vol.12 (2005) no. 3, pp. 649–662. "The Sovereign Ghosts of Thomas Moore", in: Print Culture and Intellectual Life in Ireland, 1660–1941 (Essays in Honour of Michael Adams), ed. Martin Fanning, Raymond Gillespie (Dublin, 2006), pp. 164–185. "Fux, Johann Joseph", in: The Cambridge


texts:
 Mozart Encyclopaedia, ed.Cliff Eisen, Simon P. Keefe (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 186–187. "The Afterlife of a Tradition: European Music and Irish Literature in the Nineteenth Century", in: De musica disserenda vol. 11 (2006) no. 2, pp. 107–119. "The Rules of Engagement: Richard Taruskin and the History of Western Music", in: Journal of the Society for Musicology in Ireland vol.2 (2006–7), pp. 21–49. "Cultural Theory, Nostalgia and the Historical Record: Opera in Ireland and the Irishness of Opera during the Nineteenth Century", in: Music in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, ed. Michael Murphy, Jan Smaczny (Dublin, 2007), pp. 15–35. "Riverdance: Irish Identity and the Musical Artwork", in: New Hibernia Review vol. 13 (2009) no.2, p. 63–69. "Edward Bunting"; "Turlough Carolan"; "Thomas Moore"; "Seán Ó Riada", in: Dictionary of Irish Biography ed. James Maguire, James Quinn (Cambridge, 2009 and online)
 "The Invention of Ethnicity: Traditional Music and the Modulations of Irish Culture", in: De musica disserenda vol. 14 (2009) no. 2, pp. 85–95. "'A Better Form of Drama': Tom Murphy and the Claims of Music", in: Alive in Time': The Enduring Drama of Tom Murphy.New Essays, ed. Christopher Murray (Dublin, 2010), pp. 139–154. "The Musical Afterlives of Thomas Moore", in: Musicology without Frontiers: Essays in Honour of Stanislav Tuksar, ed. Ivano Cavallini, <mask> (Zagreb, 2010), pp. 175–188. "Synge, Music and Edwardian


texts: Dublin", in: Synge and Edwardian Ireland, ed.Brian Cliff, Nicholas Grene (Oxford, 2011), pp. 84–101. "Wien: Kirchenmusik am kaiserlichen Hof im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert", in: Enzyklopädie der Kirchenmusik, vol. 2: Zentren der Kirchenmusik, ed. Matthias Schneider, Beate Bugenhagen (Laaber: Laaber Verlag, 2011), pp. 287–315."Cultural Theory, Literary Reception and the Question of 'Irishness' in Nineteenth-Century Opera", in: Musical Theatre as High Culture?, ed. Vjera Katalinić (Zagreb, 2012), pp. 9–24. "Johann Joseph Fux and the Musical Discourse of Servitude", in: Sakralmusik im Habsburgerreich, ed. Tassilo Erhardt (Vienna, 2013), pp. 11–24. "The Invention of Ethnicity.Traditional Music and the Modulations of Irish Culture", in: Music and Identity in Ireland and Beyond, ed. Mark Fitzgerald, John O'Flynn (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 273–286. "The Invention of Irish Music: Remembering Grattan Flood", in: Franjo Ksavar Kuhač (1834–1911). Musical Historiography and Identity, ed. Vjera Katalinić, Stanislav Tuksar (Zagreb, 2014), pp. 207–215."Johann Joseph Fux and the Imperative of Italy", in: European Musicians in Venice, Rome and Naples (1650–1750), ed. Gesa zur Nieden, Anne Madeleine Goulet (Rome, 2015), pp. 575–586. "The Imperium of Music", in: Voices on Joyce, ed. Anne Fogarty, Fran O'Rourke (Dublin, 2015), pp. 107–118. "Citation, Narrative and Meaning: Woody Allen and the Late Schubert", in: Schubert's


texts: Late Music.History, Theory, Style, ed. Lorraine Byrne Bodley, Julian Horton (Cambridge, 2016), pp. 77–88. "The Lyre of Apollo: Thomas Moore and the Irish Harp", in: Harp Studies, ed. Sandra Joyce, Helen Lawlor (Dublin, 2016), pp. 90–104. "Courtyards in Delft", in: Ireland and Quebec.Multidisciplinary Perspectives on History, Culture and Society, ed. Margaret Kelleher, Michael Kenneally (Dublin, 2016), pp. 197–210. "The English Resistance to Opera", in: Ivan Zajc (1832–1914). Musical Migrations and Cultural Transfers, ed. Stanislav Tuksar (Zagreb, 2016), pp. 175–184."MacPherson, Ossian and the Bardic Ideal", in: De Musica Disserenda vol. 12 (2016), pp. 109–120. "The Lexicography of Irish Musical Experience: Notes Towards a Digital Future", in: Fontes Artis Musicae vol. 63 (2016) no. 3, pp. 192–201."'Attending His Majesty's State in Ireland': English, German and Italian Musicians in Dublin, 1700–1762", in: Music Migration in the Early Modern Age, ed. Jolanta Guzy-Pasiak, Aneta Markuszewska (Warsaw, 2016), pp. 53–64. "Evangelists of the Postmodern: Reconfigurations of Bach since 1985", in: Understanding Bach vol. 12 (2017), pp. 85–107. "The Imagined Unities of Thomas Moore", in: Thomas Moore and Romantic Inspiration, ed.Brian Caraher, Sarah McCleave (London, 2017), pp. 31–42. "'A priest of eternal imagination': Joyce, Music and Roman Catholicism", in: A Musical Offering, ed. Kerry Houston, <mask> (Dublin,


texts: 2017), pp. 373–386. "'Making Symphony articulate': Bernard Shaw's Sense of Music History", in: British Musical Criticism and Intellectual Thought, 1860–1950, ed. Jeremy Dibble, Julian Horton (Woodbridge, 2018), pp.84–101. "'We did not choose this patrimony'": Irish Musical Inheritances since Independence, in: Patrimoine/Cultural Heritage in France and Ireland, ed. Eamon Maher, Eugene O'Brien (Oxford etc., 2019), pp. 57–78. "Affordances of the Piano: A Cinematic Representation of the Victorian Salon", in: Musical Salon Culture in the Long Nineteenth Century, ed. Anja Bunzel, Natasha Loges (Woodbridge, 2019), pp. 153–167."Thomas Moore: 'Letter on Music' (1810)", in: Documents of Irish Music History in the Long Nineteenth Century, ed. Kerry Houston, Maria McHale, Michael Murphy (Dublin, 2019), pp. 21–32. "'After long silence': Examining Paradigms for an Unwritten History", in: International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music vol. 50 (2019) no. 1–2, pp. 47–69."Das Land ohne Musik? Ireland in the European Ear", in: Ireland in the European Eye, ed. Gisela Holfter, Bettina Migge (Dublin, 2019), pp. 350–367. "Riverdance", in: Recalling the Celtic Tiger, ed. Eamon Maher, Eugene O'Brien, Brian Lucey (Oxford etc., 2019), pp. 279–81."Tonality, Genre and the Great War: Musical Narrative and the Impact of Modernism", in: The Great War (1914-1918) and Music, ed. Stanislav Tuksar, Monika Jurić Janjik


texts:
 (Zagreb, 2020), pp. 59–70. "Alternative Histories (Reflections from a Private Library)", in: Music, Migration and European Culture. Essays in Honour of Vjera Katalinic, ed. Ivano Cavallini, Jolanta Guzy-Pasiak, <mask> (Zagreb, 2020), pp. 411–427."'Les fruits de loisir': Some European Conceptions and Misconceptions of Irish Music", in: Music in Society [Sarajevo], vol. 11 (2020), pp. 63–84. "'Monuments of its own magnificence': Musicology within Irish Studies", in: Reimagining Irish Studies for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Eamon Maher, Eugene O'Brien (Oxford etc., 2021), pp. 169–182. "'Made in Italy': Johann Joseph Fux and the Formation of a 'Dynastic Style'", in: Between Central Europe and the Mediterrannean: Music, Literature and the Performing Arts, ed.Ivana Tomić Ferić, Antonela Marić (Split, 2021), pp. 301–316. "25 January 1922: Premiere of Swan Hennessy's Second String Quartet, Paris. Art Music and the Struggle for Independence", in: Ireland 1922. Independence, Partition, Civil War, ed. Darragh Gannon, Fearghal McGarry (Dublin, 2022), pp. 33–39.Poetry
 Polite Forms (Dublin: Carysfort Press, 2012), . The Kenmare Occurrences (American Fork, UT: Kelsay Books, 2018), . Bibliography
 Robin Elliott: "<mask>, <mask>", in: The Encyclopaedia of Music in Ireland, ed. <mask>, Barra Boydell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2013), pp. 1055–1057. Lorraine Byrne Bodley (ed. ): Music Preferred.Essays in Musicology, Cultural

masks:
Harry White
White
Harry
Harry White


texts:
 History and Analysis in Honour of <mask> (Vienna: Hollitzer Verlag, 2018), 774 pages, . References

1958 births
20th-century musicologists
21st-century Irish poets
21st-century musicologists
Academics of University College Dublin
Alumni of the Royal Irish Academy of Music
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Irish male poets
Irish musicologists
Living people
Members of Academia Europaea
Members of the Royal Irish


texts:
<mask> (born July 16, 1980) is a South Korean singer. He is known as a robot actor and member of the South Korean boy group Sechs Kies and the duet group J-Walk, along with fellow SechsKies member Kim Jae-duck. His nickname is "One Shot”. Career

SechsKies
<mask> followed a friend to try out for DSP audition and got selected. At the interview, he said he was good at nothing and was picked because of this honest answer. It was revealed later that Kang Sung-hun, who had the power of choosing members, chose him for his good looks and positive attitude. He was in his second year of high school when he debuted as Sechs Kies in 1997.He was known to be the most considerate and the youngest of member of the group. Though he had little parts in the group, he was noted for his ease at singing. Sechs Kies achieved great success and became an icon of the 1990s. However, they suddenly disbanded after promotion of fourth album in May 2000. J-Walk
In 2002, Su-won teamed with Kim Jae-duck to form J-Walk under Kiss Entertainment and began to sing more. They released their first album, entitled Suddenly same as hit song in March 2002. "Suddenly" went as high as No.2 on the music charts. However, their follow up album "Someday" was not as successful. They took SBS Gayo Daejeon Popularity Award with Kang Sung-hun in 2002. They subsequently collaborated with their former DSP label-mate Click-B to form a project boy group, JnC, under Kiss Entertainment. After releasing their debut project album in 2004, one of Click-B's members left, leaving JnC inactive. Their first EP Sun Shower(여우비) was delayed until 2007 when they signed with Vitamin Entertainment. J-Walk released their third album My Love in 2008 and Eun Ji-won helped them by participating in the music video and featuring in the title song.Since Kim Jae-duck entered the military shortly after, Su-won had to promote the album by himself. Su-won entered the military in December 2009 and served in

masks:
Jang Su won
Jang Su won