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 for a position teaching watercolor at Hunter College. He taught watercolor painting there from 1948 to 1952. In New York, as a result of his friendship with Fletcher Pratt, <mask> was introduced to the members of the Hydra Club, where he met Judith Merril and L. Ron Hubbard. <mask> was also invited to join Pratt's Trap Door Spiders club, where he became closely associated with L. Sprague de Camp and Isaac Asimov.The contact with such visionary thinkers complemented his exposure to the German V-2 rockets in Europe and served to strengthen his growing interest in space travel, rockets, and science fiction. In 1951 and 1952, <mask> collaborated again with Fletcher Pratt on two classic books: Rockets, Jets, Guided Missiles & Space Ships, and By Space Ship to the Moon. The books were released amidst the great wave of interest in space travel sweeping the United States and the rest of the world in the 1950s, and they were published in several countries and translated into other languages. These books made the prospect of space exploration seem a practical possibility. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scientists used the books to demonstrate their ideas to Congressmen when seeking funding for the space program, and there are many NASA scientists today who retain fond memories of the influence the books had on their careers. Books

Between 1941 and 1983, <mask> wrote or illustrated 44 books on a wide range of marine, military, historical and educational themes. Among his more famous works is the 1962 authoring and illustration of Arms and Equipment of the Civil War.Dale E. Biever, registrar at the Civil War Library and Museum in Philadelphia, described the work as "not about generals or battles but about the things one should know before delving into those areas ... a welcome addition to any Civil War library." It was republished several times, most recently in 2004. In 1966, <mask> wrote and illustrated The Horseman's Bible, which sold over 500,000 copies with

masks: Coggins Coggins Coggins Coggins Coggins


type: original

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 a revised edition published in 1984. In this book <mask> acknowledges his father "whose twenty five years in the cavalry and lifetime interest in horses made his advice invaluable." <mask>'s last book was Marine Painter's Guide, which was first published in 1983. After the book was published, he decided to stop writing to concentrate more on painting. A new edition of Marine Painter's Guide was published in 2005 by Dover Publications, the publisher of new editions for several of his books.Other paintings and illustrations

In 1968, <mask> was invited to undertake part of a voyage on the NOAA vessel USC&GS Discoverer (OSS-02) from Barbados and commissioned to paint several images of the ship and crew. Harris B. Stewart was the chief scientist who commissioned and personally paid for the artwork, which remained his personal property; Stewart was the author of the cited report. <mask> relied on a realistic style that was executed in oils, for which he had a preference. However, he also painted works in water colors and other media. The majority of his paintings have a maritime theme, about which he wrote "It seems strange that with so much of the globe covered by water, so few artists know how to paint it." His stated preference in art styles was "a direct splashy type of realistic painting" and he admired the New Hope school of Redfield and Garber, with "no liking for 'modern art. A catalog listing well over 1000 works has been posthumously compiled by his relatives.A retrospective exhibition and sale of artworks found in <mask>'s home after his death was held at the Wyomissing Institute of the Arts in late 2006. This consisted of about 300 previously unseen oils, watercolors, and other printed materials. An annual "Jack Coggins Award" to be given to a deserving local artist was financed from part of the proceeds from the sale of these works. , <mask>'s paintings are owned by the Philadelphia Maritime Museum, the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution,

masks: Coggins Coggins Coggins Coggins Coggins Coggins


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 the U.S. Navy, and the United States Coast Guard, among many other institutions, corporations, and private collectors. His original manuscripts and illustrations are part of The University of Southern Mississippi's Permanent Collection of outstanding authors and artists. Recognition
<mask>'s work has been accepted for show by the American Watercolor Society, the Salmagundi Club, the American Artist Professional League, and the Pastel Society of America. <mask> received a number of awards and accolades during his career, including the American Revolution Round Table Award in 1969, the Daniel Boone National Foundation's Americanism Award in 1985, the Mystic Maritime Gallery's Purchase Award in 1989, the International Maritime Exhibition's Rudolph Shaeffer Award from 1987 to 1990, and Berks Art Council's Pagoda Award in 1995.In 2000, he was inducted to the International Association of Astronomical Artists Hall of Fame as a Living Legend and celebrated master of the genre of Space Art. References

Further reading

External links
 <mask> reference site and tribute – created by his family – includes images of many of his works

 <mask> at Galenet
 <mask> in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

1911 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American painters
20th-century British painters
American male painters
British male painters

American illustrators
American Impressionist painters
American marine artists
United States Army personnel of World War II
American science fiction writers
American war artists
American watercolorists
Art Students League of New York alumni
British emigrants to the United States
British illustrators
British Impressionist painters
British marine artists
Hunter College faculty
People educated at the Imperial Services College
People from Berks County, Pennsylvania
People from Folkestone
People from Roslyn Heights, New York
Realist painters
Science fiction artists
Writers from Pennsylvania
Writers who illustrated their own writing
World War II artists
United

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Coggins
Coggins
Jack Coggins
Jack Coggins
Jack Coggins


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<mask> (1838 - September 1919) was an enslaved African American who accompanied his owners, Andrew and <mask>, referred to as a "manservant" in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He was also a carpenter and he helped found and build the first black church in his hometown, West Point, Mississippi. Early life
<mask> was born in 1838 on the <mask> plantation in Virginia. He was moved with the family to Mississippi near the towns of Palo Alto, Mississippi and of West Point, Mississippi at about the age of 2. He was trained as a carpenter. Around 1860 he married Lucy Garvin, although marriages between slaves such as this were not recognized by Mississippi law. Lucy was the child of a mulatto house slave named Polly and an unnamed plantation owner.Civil War
At the outset of the American Civil War, the <mask>s had 36 slaves. <mask> was sent to serve Sergeant <mask>, who initially enrolled in a company called the Palo Alto Confederates which later became part of Company F of the 44th Mississippi Infantry. <mask>' descendants believed that <mask> had saved money earned doing odd jobs as a carpenter and attempted to buy his freedom before the war started. However, manumission of <mask> was likely illegal under Mississippi law, and some descendants believe <mask> may have been defrauded of the money he gave to his <mask> masters in an attempted transaction. In 1861, Andrew and <mask> were photographed together armed and wearing Confederate uniforms; both men held a bowie knife and <mask> held a rifle which was laid across both of their laps. A pistol was stuffed into <mask>' shirt, Andrew was holding another pistol and a third pistol was tucked into Andrew's belt. Most of these weapons were probably photographer's props.<mask>'s service to Andrew during the war

masks:
Silas Chandler
Benjamin Chandler
Silas
Chandler
Chandler
Silas
Andrew Chandler
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Chandler
Silas
Silas
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Silas


texts:
 included transporting messages between Andrew and the <mask> family. When Andrew was captured in the Battle of Shiloh, he feared that <mask> would also be captured and then be sent to the North where he might be freed. <mask> was shot in the leg during the 1863 Battle of Chickamauga in Tennessee. Nearly 30% of his regiment were killed or wounded in the battle. The Army surgeon recommended the leg be amputated. <mask> may have used a gold coin sewn into his jacket for emergencies to buy a crate of whiskey to bribe the surgeon to let him remove Andrew from the military hospital to be treated elsewhere, and he smuggled Andrew onto a boxcar to Atlanta where they met Andrew's uncle, <mask>, who brought them back to their home. Another version of the story has Kyle purchasing the whiskey, which may have been for a hometown doctor and not an Army surgeon.Regardless, <mask> was instrumental in getting Andrew to Atlanta, away from the Army doctors. Andrew's leg was saved but it never returned to full function. <mask> was then sent back to the front to serve as a servant for Andrew's younger brother, <mask>, in the 9th Mississippi Cavalry. <mask> was with <mask> when he was a part of a detached escort of guards for Confederate President Jefferson Davis when Davis fled Richmond, Virginia. On May 7, 1865, <mask> was a part of that escort which was ordered to disband in order for Davis' escort to be less conspicuous as secrecy became paramount due to the collapse of the Confederacy. Some in the <mask> family later claimed that <mask>'s service showed his loyalty to the white members of the family, although, others point to his desire to keep in touch with his wife and the birth of his first son, William Henry, during the war as the cause of his loyalty. After the war
<mask>

masks:
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Silas
Andrew Chandler
Silas
Kyle Chandler
Silas
Silas
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Silas
Benjamin Chandler
Chandler
Chandler
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 returned to West Point after the war.<mask> and Lucy had 12 children, of whom 8 survived childhood:  William Henry, Clarence Rufus, Charlie, Robert E., George, Mamie, Willie B., and Sarah. He continued to work as a carpenter and taught the trade to his sons. His family contributed to the building of many homes, churches, banks, and other buildings in the town and throughout the state. In 1868, <mask> and other freedmen founded Mount Hermon Baptist Church on land purchased by <mask> and his wife Lucy adjacent to his home. <mask> purchased and donated the land. <mask> applied for a pension in 1916 which depicts him as a servant rather than a soldier. <mask> appeared as witness in support of the claim for pension.<mask> died in September, 1919, at age 82. His former masters Benjamin and Andrew died in 1909 and 1920 respectively. Legacy
The relationship between <mask> and Andrew and <mask>' role in the Confederate Army has long been of interest. In a 1949 newspaper article in the West Point, Mississippi Daily Times includes the photo and gives <mask> the title of slave, not soldier. However, by the 1990s, a descendant of <mask>'s named Bobbie <mask> believed that <mask> might have been a soldier - possibly having learned this from a write-up in the neo-Confederate publication, the Southern Partisan. In 1994, the Sons of Confederate Veterans and the United Daughters of the Confederacy placed a metal cross beside his tomb in West Point, Mississippi to honor his service as a Confederate soldier. One of the catalysts of the 1994 ceremony was the use of the photo in a Washington Times story in the early 1990s.For that story, a copy of the photo was donated by Bobbie <mask>, who was working for the paper. Since the 1994 ceremony, accounts of black Confederate troops surged in

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Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas
Silas Chandler
Andrew Chandler
Silas
Silas
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Silas
Silas
Chandler
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Chandler


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 popularity, accounts which are held up in defense of the display of Confederate symbols on public land. Also in 1994, an anthology of essays about black Confederate soldiers written by <mask> Battaille Sr., a descendant of <mask>, wrote, "It is not difficult to speculate that as a result of sharing these very trying life experiences that a special bond existed between [Andrew and <mask>]". In a 2007 book, Clint Johnson calls <mask> the most well-recognized black Confederate soldier. As late as 2010, the Corinth Interpretive Center at Shiloh said that during the war, <mask> was Andrew's "former slave" and says that "both boys fought together at Chickamauga" and that <mask> received a "Mississippi Confederate Veteran Pension", while in reality <mask> was a slave during the war and <mask>' pension was under the "Application of Indigent Servants of Soldiers and Sailors of the Late Confederacy" and the center later updated its presentation. In 2010, <mask> Battaile, Jr. had the original tintype of the photo appraised on the TV show, Antiques Roadshow, and later the relationship between Andrew and <mask> was featured in the show History Detectives. In the 2000s and 2010s, pro-Confederate websites sold merchandise depicting the pair.The pair continued to be used as an example of black Confederate soldiers at least up until January 2016, where they were used in a syndicated column of the Richmond Times-Dispatch. Descendants of both Andrew and <mask> have agreed that <mask> was a slave and not a soldier and had the Confederate honors at <mask>'s grave removed. Notes

References

Bibliography

1838 births
1919 deaths
19th-century American slaves
People from West Point, Mississippi
African Americans in the American Civil War
American carpenters
20th-century African-American

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Andrew Chandler
Andrew Chandler
Silas
Silas
Silas
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Silas
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<mask> (7 May 1916 – 7 June 2006) was an Australian political activist and journalist, who in 1946 founded the far-right Australian League of Rights, which he led until 1992. He was known as a staunch anti-communist and virulent anti-Semite. He died in Victoria in 2006, aged 90. Background and early career
<mask> was born in the Victorian country town of Benalla, although he lived most of his life near Melbourne. In the 1930s he became a follower of the British economist C. H. Douglas and his Social Credit theories. From 1938 <mask> wrote for the Australian Social Credit newspaper New Times. <mask> served in the Australian Army during World War II.According to one of his obituarists: "He served as a gun sergeant for twenty months without leave in the Torres Straits, taught troops as an instructor at Canungra Jungle Training School for six months, transferred to the Officers Training School at Seymour, Victoria, and was honourably discharged at the end of the Pacific phase of the war." Political activities and publishing career
By the time <mask> left the army, his political activities were under surveillance by Australian security authorities, as documents in the Australian archives indicate. In July 1940 the Victorian publicity censor, Crayton Burns (father of Creighton Burns, a later editor of The Age), wrote: "I have taken steps to warn the provincial and country press that the activities of this gentleman and his assistants are being closely watched by the authorities. There is no doubt that the general trend of their propaganda is damaging to the financial side of the war effort." In December 1941, the Commonwealth's chief publicity censor, E.G. Bonney, banned a series of Butler's New Times articles, one of which described Soviet Russia as "a Jewish slave state ... controlled by international Jewish financiers in New York." In 1945, Attorney-General, Dr H.V.Evatt, began an inquiry into <mask>'s

masks:
Eric Dudley Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler


texts: activities. He told Parliament: "In the opinion of the Director-General of Security, <mask> has written articles constituting an attempt to create adverse public reaction to war loan campaigns and to the war effort generally." <mask> was not charged. In 1946 <mask> published The International Jew, in which he claimed that Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and John Curtin were covert communists, that the Russian Revolution was a Jewish plot and that the Nazi Holocaust was a myth. <mask>'s eulogist Nigel Jackson described this book as "an essay built around an analysis of the controversial Protocols of the Elders of Zion. In it <mask> challenged the Jewish role in international finance and its connections with communism. Of all <mask>'s publications, this was perhaps the one which roused the greatest fury."This was hardly surprising in the wake of the Nazi Holocaust, particularly since the Protocols were well known in 1947 to be a forgery. <mask> founded the South Australian League of Rights in 1946, centred on the anti-bank nationalisation campaign, and subsequently other state branches were formed, before the national Australian League of Rights was established in 1960. The League was never registered as a political party. <mask> served as the League's National Director until his retirement in 1992. Although <mask> ran for the Australian House of Representatives (as an independent) in 1951, the League was not intended to be a political party. Rather it was a lobby group and "grass roots" organisation, promoting <mask>'s mix of anti-communist, social credit, monarchist and pro-British ideas. Besides the New Times, the League's many publications included the weekly On Target and the monthly Intelligence Survey.In 1949 <mask> began contributing articles on national and international affairs to the Melbourne morning newspaper The Argus, then a conservative paper, but when it was revealed that the

masks: Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler


texts: articles were based on a League of Rights study course, the series was cancelled. In the 1960s, the League garnered much unfavorable publicity when it was revealed that members were also participating in the Liberal and Country Parties. The Country Party was a mainstream conservative rural party (now the National Party of Australia). A close associate of <mask>'s, Arthur Chresby, was elected to Federal Parliament in Queensland as a Liberal. This tactic achieved some success elsewhere, particularly in areas where small farmers were under economic pressure, such as Gippsland, the Riverina, the Darling Downs, the Yorke Peninsula and the Western Australian wheatbelt. The League pamphlet They Want Your Land alleged that "international financiers" were trying to force Australian farmers off their land by manipulating commodity prices. Successive Country Party and National Party leaders warned against League infiltration and League-controlled branches were occasionally disaffiliated.Queensland Nationals Senator Ron Boswell was particularly outspoken in attacking League infiltration of the Queensland Nationals. A Liberal federal MP, James Killen, was identified as a League supporter in the 1960s, and traveled to Europe with <mask> in 1962, but later severed his connections with the League. In the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> devoted much time to promoting the anti-communist philosophy of white minority regimes in Southern Africa. He traveled on multiple occasions to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South Africa, then governed under apartheid. <mask> also served as a Far East correspondent for American Opinion, a magazine of the John Birch Society. In July 1972 <mask> achieved some public attention when he debated Max Teichmann, senior lecturer in politics at Monash University, on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Monday Conference program. Teichmann confronted <mask> with his many explicit anti-Semitic statements

masks: Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler Butler


texts:
 from the 1930s and 1940s and challenged him to disavow them, a challenge which <mask> evaded.The program highlighted the issue of League infiltration of the Country Party in the period before the December 1972 federal election, at which the long-serving conservative government was defeated. The League formed a number of front organisations, including the Institute of Economic Democracy and Ladies in Line Against Communism (LILAC). In the 1990s, the League lost its position as the leading extreme right political organisation in Australia. <mask> complained that Pauline Hanson and her One Nation Party had stolen his policies. It also lost support to the Citizens Electoral Council, which had been a League front, but which was taken over by followers of the American politician Lyndon LaRouche, and developed a much higher public profile than the League itself. Personal life
<mask> lived most of his life in rural Victoria, in his later years on a farm at Panton Hill, where his home was used as a meeting place for League and other extreme right activists. In the 1950s he was a member of the Eltham Shire Council for some years and served as Shire President.He retired as League Director in 1992, handing control of the organisation to David Thompson, but remained politically active until shortly before his death. In 1999 he chaired an address by the Holocaust denier David Irving. <mask> died in Victoria in 2006, aged 90. See also
 Australian League of Rights
 Far-right politics in Australia

References

External links
Essay on League from Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History, 1997. Fascist fruitcake held surprising political sway, The Australian, 13 June 2006

Victoria (Australia) politicians
Australian Army soldiers
People from Adelaide
1916 births
2006 deaths
Australian social crediters
Australian political journalists
Australian anti-communists
Australian Holocaust deniers
Australian Army

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<mask> (married names, <mask> and <mask>; 1870–1952) was an American operatic soprano, well known in Germany in the 1880s and 1890s. She inherited her musical talents from her father, a choir leader and chorister, and received early training from a brother, who was a pianist. <mask> retired from the stage in 1905 and died in 1952. Family and education
<mask> was born at Brattleboro, Vermont, in 1870. Of New England ancestry, her father was <mask>, a photographer, and Cynthia (Sherman) <mask>. She had six siblings, N. Sherman, Fred, Alice, Jeanette, John C. and Lucien. She inherited her musical talent from her father, who was a successful choir leader and chorister for many years.Her brother Lucien was an accomplished musician, having attained a reputation as a pianist. <mask>'s childhood was spent at home. She was often told that she could sign a tune before she could walk alone. When a little girl, she wanted to be a "big singer,” and her greatest delight was to put on an old calico apron for a “trail,” make a stage of old boxes and give concerts. Her first public experience on the stage was at the age of four, in a little cantata given by children. Her second, at the age of nine, was in an operetta called “The Quarrel Among the Flowers.” She had the part of “The Dahlia,” and did so well in it that from that time on, unusual things were expected of her. <mask>'s first teacher in singing and instrumental music was her brother, <mask>.At the age of nine or eleven, she took the part of “Josephine” in a children’s performance of H.M.S. Pinafore. . As she had to lead the chorus as well,

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Mary Howe
Mary Howe Lavin
Mary Howe Burton
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Mary Howe
Caleb Lysander Howe
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 the effort proved to be somewhat of a strain on her voice, and she was not allowed to sing much during the next year. Her first concert of importance was in 1880, at Newfane, Vermont. In the early 1880s, when <mask> was in her teens and unknown to musical fame outside of her native town, she made her debut in Western Vermont as a concert singer. The occasion was the opening concert of the first festival of the Rutland Music Festival Association. She scored a marked artistic success, and at once established herself in popular favor. The first money <mask> ever earned by singing was paid to her as soprano in a church choir in her home town when she was 14.Her father, at that time 70 years of age, but still retaining a strong, clear, tenor voice, was the choir leader. At the age of 16, she went with her brother to Boston, where he was continuing his musical studies. She had vocal lessons of Charles R. Adams and profited greatly by his training. At home during the next summer, she became acquainted with Aline Osgood, the soprano, whose encouragement and example at this time were invaluable to <mask>. She spent part of the following winter in Philadelphia with Mrs. Osgood, and continued her studies with Prof. Siegfried Behrens, the teacher and conductor. The following year, she went abroad in company with her brother, and for two years studied singing and acting in the school of Auguste Götze in Dresden. Career

Early years
During the second year in Dresden, <mask> sang in concerts in that city and several smaller German cities.In May, 1888, came the opportunity for a first trial in

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 Grand Opera, at Kroll Opera House in Berlin. Her first role was that of “Amina” in La Sonnambula. Having pleased the public and the critics, she was given a three months’ engagement, and sang also the leading soprano part in Lucia and Il Barbier di Sesiglia. One of the foremost critics in Berlin said of her: "At nineteen years of age she shows more signs of being a second Patti than any woman in the world. I do not say now that she is a second Patti, but I do assert that she will be a formidable rival in a few years." At the close of this engagement, <mask> returned home to Brattleboro. The great interest and goodwill of home friends was shown on the occasion of a testimonial concert in August 1888.In September, she sang at two concerts of the Worcester, Massachusetts, music festival. After giving a few concerts in New England cities, she decided to go abroad again for the purpose of continuing her studies for the operatic stage. In company with her brother, she went to Paris, and there had lessons with Mathilde Marchesi. Later, she studied with Luigi Vannuccini in Florence, Italy. <mask>vin
By the  mid 1890s, nearly every large city, and many smaller ones, east of the Mississippi River had heard <mask> in concert, and the chief music festivals of the country had her name at one time or another at the head of the list of artists announced as attractions. After <mask>'s marriage to William Lavin, the tenor, she changed her name to <mask>-Lavin. In 1897, it was reported that during the past year, <mask> had been singing as "guest" in many of the German opera houses.At Stettin, they

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 called her a nightingale, and said it was not merely astonishing but actually incredible that such a tone could come from a human throat. Another journal in the same city said that in the whole compass of the round earth at this time no other such singer was anywhere to be found. This was for her Violetta in "Traviata. At Danzig, her first appearances were in Rossini's Barber of Seville, and they praised her spontaneous and delightful comedy, but returned immediately to the fundamental note of all her critiques, the magical beauty of her voice. She introduced the famous virtuoso piece from Félicien David's Perle de Brazil, and a Frühlingsstimmen, by Strauss. In Augsburg, she began in Lucia di Lammermoor, and they talked about the exquisite purity, agility, and pleasing quality of her tone as well as the unexampled richness of compass and expressive quality. Retirement
Of the many photographs of <mask>, nearly all were taken by her brother, John C<mask>.After marrying Edward Burton of Massachusetts on October 24, 1905, she retired. She died in 1952. References

Attribution

Bibliography

1870 births
1952 deaths
American operatic sopranos
People from Brattleboro, Vermont
Singers from

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. Howe


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<mask> is an American cinema and media theorist and cultural critic. <mask>'s work on science fiction films and phenomenology of film is perhaps her most recognized. She is a prolific writer and has authored numerous books and articles across a diverse range of subjects; from historiography to film noir to work on documentary film, new media, and film feminism. Her work has been featured in such publications as Film Comment and Camera Obscura. She is the author and editor of many books on film and media. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in 1940 in Brooklyn and grew up in Long Island. Sobchack attended Barnard College.While at Barnard, Sobchack often frequented the nearby Thalia Theater, which offered up a diverse schedule of classic and foreign films. She received her degree in English Literature in 1961 with aspirations to write fiction. She published some poetry and began work on a novel, but within two years of graduating moved into a career counseling college grads in search of their first jobs. This led her to a new position, sponsored by President Johnson’s Anti-Poverty Program, counseling troubled high school dropouts towards sustainable careers. Career
She remained in New York until 1966 when she relocated to Salt Lake City where her husband Thomas J<mask> had taken an Assistant Professorship in the English Department at the University of Utah. It was there that Sobchack got her first teaching experience. She took part-time work with the

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texts: University, teaching film courses—some of the first offered in the early 1970s.<mask> stayed with the part-time teaching at the University of Utah while she brought up her son. In Salt Lake City, she also became involved in the establishment of a film club with the intention of bringing hard-to-find films to a city with only one art house theater. The success of this film club eventually led to the inauguration of the Utah Film Festival (which, as it grew, eventually led to the establishment of the US Film Festival and ultimately, the Sundance Film Festival). <mask> earned her master's degree in Critical Studies from UCLA’s Department of Theater Arts/Division of Motion Pictures and Television in 1976. Her Masters Thesis became her first book, The Limits of Infinity: The American Science Fiction Film 1950-1975 (In 1987 greatly expanded and retitled Screening Space: The American Science Fiction Film). In 1978, she took a position as Visiting Lecturer at the University of Vermont in Burlington, in the Department of Communication. On her trip back to her family in Utah, she visited the University of Southern Illinois-Carbondale, where she ultimately decided to pursue her Ph.D. the following year in the Department of Speech Communication, with an emphasis on Philosophy of Language.In 1984, she was awarded her Ph.D. Her dissertation on the phenomenology of film became the basis for her groundbreaking film theory book The Address of the Eye: A Phenomenology of

masks: Sobchack Sobchack


texts: Film Experience (1992). <mask> began teaching at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1981. While at Santa Cruz, along with pursuing her own research and writing, she served in a number of administrative capacities including becoming the first Dean of the Arts Division and effectively helping to establish the University’s Film Studies curriculum. In 1992, she moved to the University of California, Los Angeles as a professor in the Critical Studies area of the UCLA Department of Film Television, and Digital Media and Associate Dean of the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. She retired from administration and currently teaches classes in Visual Phenomenology, Contemporary Film Theory, Historiography, and Cultural Studies. The Society for Cinema and Media Studies awarded Sobchack the 2005 Distinguished Service Award and the 2012 Distinguished Career Achievement Award.She also won the 1995 Pilgrim Career Award for science fiction scholarship from the Science Fiction Research Association. She has served as a juror on the American Film Institute Awards Motion Picture Committee five times since 2000. She is on numerous editorial and advisory boards for print and electronic publications—Film Quarterly, Cultural Theory and Technology, Signs, Journal of Film and Video, Journal of Popular Film and Television, and Cinema Journal, to name a few. She has been an on-camera participant and voice-over commentator for several DVD features and featurettes.


texts:
 She can be seen delivering commentary, for example, on the bonus features of Dark City, Buffy the Vampire Slayer(Season 7) and Warner Bros. Tough Guys set of DVDs. She did a voice-over commentary on His Kind of Woman for Warner Bros. Film Noir Classic Collection, Vol. 3.Works

Books
Carnal Thoughts: Embodiment and Moving Image Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). Beyond the Gaze: Recent Approaches to Film Feminisms [special issue of Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society] Vol. 30: no.1 (Autumn 2004), Co-editor with Kathleen McHugh. Meta-Morphing: Visual Transformation and the Culture of Quick Change, Editor (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2000). The Persistence of History: Cinema, Television and the Modern Event, Editor (New York: AFI Film Reader Series, Routledge, 1996). New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, Politics, Co-editor with Nick Browne, Paul Pickowicz, and Esther Yau (London: Cambridge University Press, 1994). The Address of the Eye: A Phenomenology of Film Experience (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,1992).Screening Space: The American Science Fiction Film (New York: Ungar Press,1987, rpt., Rutgers University Press, 1997). The Limits of Infinity: The American Science Fiction Film 1950-1975 (South Brunswick, NJ & New York: A.S. Barnes/London: Thomas Yoselloff, Ltd., 1980). An Introduction to Film, Co-author with <mask>, (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1980). Articles
"Waking Life: <mask> on the

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Thomas Sobchack
Vivian Sobchack


texts:
 experience of Innocence," Film Comment 41, no. 6 (November/December 2005): 46-49. "Nostalgia for a Digital Object: Regrets on the Quickening of QuickTime," Millennium Film Journal 34 (Fall 1999): 4-23. available at:
"Toward a Phenomenology of Non-Fictional Experience," in Collecting Visible Evidence, ed. Michael Renov and Jane Gaines (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 241-254."'Lounge Time': Post-War Crises and the Chronotope of Film Noir," in Refiguring American Film Genres: History and Theory, ed. Nick Browne (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 129-170. "The Scene of the Screen: Envisioning Cinematic and Electronic ‘Presence," in Materialities of Communication, ed. Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht and K. Ludwig Pfeiffer (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 83-106. "The Active Eye: A Phenomenology of Cinematic Vision," Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 12, no. 3 (1990): 21-36. "Cities on the Edge of Time: The Urban Science Fiction Film," East-West Film Journal, 3, no.1 (December 1988): 4-19. References

External links
Biography at Ryerson
screeningthepast.media.latrobe.edu.au
Online articles at artbrain.org
cinema.ucla.edu
Scholars on Sobchack at film-philosophy.com

1940 births
Living people
American film critics
Barnard College alumni
American film historians
Film theorists
Jewish American writers
Jewish philosophers
Women film critics
Writers from Brooklyn
American women historians
Historians from New York


texts:
<mask>,  (6 February 1895  18 July 1976) was a Scottish anaesthetist, who worked at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE). For gallantry as a serving soldier in WWI he was awarded the Military Cross. He founded the department of anaesthetics in the RIE and became its first director. The Gillies anaesthetic machine which he devised was the first British closed circuit anaesthetic device and was in use until the 1960s. With his colleague HWC ('Griff') Griffiths he pioneered the technique of high spinal anaesthesia to produce hypotension and 'bloodless' operating fields. Gillies anaesthetised King George VI in Buckingham Palace and was made Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) for this service. He was president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland from 1947 to 1950.Early  life
<mask> was born in Edinburgh the son of Archibald  <mask> and his wife Jessie Jane <mask>. He was educated at Broughton High School, Edinburgh, going on to study medicine at the  University of Edinburgh Medical School from 1913. At the outbreak of WWI he  volunteered for army service and served in  the  British Expeditionary Force. He was  commissioned in the Highland Light Infantry, was awarded the Military Cross and spent the last seven months of the war as a prisoner of war in Germany. He returned to Edinburgh and completed his medical studies, graduating MB ChB in 1923. Career

<mask> was a house physician in Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle before entering general practice in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Much of his work involved giving anaesthetics for operations

masks:
John Gillies
John Gillies
George Gillies
Gillies
Gillies


texts: performed by one of his partners.To gain experience in this field he went to London in 1931 to study anaesthetic technique under Dr <mask> and  Dr (later Sir)  Ivan Magill, a pioneer of  endotracheal tube anaesthesia. The following year he returned to Edinburgh to work as an anaesthetist at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children. He was then appointed as anaesthetist to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE). Here he worked in the professorial surgical unit, initially  with  Sir <mask> and subsequently with  Sir James Learmonth and latterly with Sir <mask>. In 1940 <mask> set up the Department of Anaesthetics in the RIE, the first such in Scotland with two junior anaesthetists whose training he supervised. When  the National Health Service was established in 1948 he was appointed  Director of Anaesthesia. He determined to make anaesthetics an academic discipline in Edinburgh and recommended that anaesthetists in the RIE should have university status.He  was appointed lecturer in anaesthetics by the University. and was later promoted to  J Y Simpson Reader in anaesthesia. Among the contributions which he made was the invention of the Gillies anaesthetic machine, thought to be the first British closed circuit apparatus. The first commercial model was made by Charles King Ltd of London from 1941. A second improved version was available from 1948 and from 1951 the Mark III version was produced by the Coxeter–King division of the British Oxygen Company. The machine continued in use in Britain until the 1960s. With his RIE anaesthetic colleague  HWC Griffiths he popularised  the technique

masks:
John Hunter
John Fraser
John Bruce
Gillies


texts:
 of high spinal anaesthesia, which they had introduced  to induce hypotension and to produce a 'bloodless' operating field.<mask>, with RJ Minnitt, jointly wrote the sixth and seventh editions of Textbook of Anaesthetics. in March 1949, <mask> anaesthetised King George VI for the operation of lumbar sympathectomy, performed in Buckingham Palace by his colleague Sir James Learmonth. It is likely that he gave the anaesthetic using his own Gillies machine. He retired in 1960 and died in 1976. Honours and awards

For services in anaesthetising King George VI  he was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO). He was elected to numerous presidencies including president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland from 1947 to 1950, president of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists in 1950, President of the  section of anaesthesia of the Royal Society of Medicine the following year and president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Edinburgh in 1952. He was awarded the Hickman Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine, the <mask> Medal of the Association of Anaesthetists and was H. J. Shields Lecturer at the University of Toronto.He was awarded the Gold Medal of the Canadian Anesthsiologists' Society. Uniquely for an anaesthetist he was awarded the Lister Victoria Jubilee Medal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Family
<mask> married  Agnes McGilchrist Anderson and they had four children. Legacy
In 1977 the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists established the <mask> Memorial Lecture in his memory. Selected publications

<mask>, J. (1941)

masks:
Gillies
Gillies
John Snow
Gillies
Gillies
Gillies


texts:
 Anaesthesia in the shocked patient. The Lancet, 237, 6129, 226-227.<mask>, J. (1942). Modern anæsthesia. Edinburgh Post-Graduate Lectures in Medicine, 2, 1940–41. <mask>, J. (1943). The Time Factor in Surgical Operations.Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 36, 9, 457–462. <mask>, J. (1949). Anæsthesia for the Surgical Treatment of Hypertension. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 42, 5, 295–298. <mask>, J. (1952).Physiological Trespass in Anæsthesia: President's Address. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 45, 1, 1–6. Minnitt, R. J., <mask>, J. (1948). Textbook of Anaesthetics ... With a section on regional analgesia by L.B. Wevill, etc. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone.References

1895 births
1976 deaths
Medical doctors from Edinburgh
People educated at Broughton High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
Scottish anaesthetists
British Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Military Cross
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
University of Edinburgh Medical School alumni
20th-century

masks: Gillies Gillies Gillies Gillies Gillies


texts:
Archbishop <mask> (November 2, 1923 – August 28, 2011) was a hierarch of the Orthodox Church in America. He served as archbishop of the church's Diocese of the South from 1978 to 2009 and was the ruling bishop of the Mexican Exarchate from 1972 to 2008. The territory of the diocese covered fourteen states in the United States – Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. In Orthodox Christian circles he is sometimes called the Apostle to the South. Birth
Archbishop <mask> was born as <mask> in Teague, Texas on November 2, 1923 and was raised as a Southern Baptist, being baptized (by single immersion) in the name of the Holy Trinity at age 12. Though his father was non-practicing, his mother was devout. Robert was instilled with a deep reverence for the Holy Scriptures at an early age.It was, for this reason, that he and his older sister became convinced that the spirit of Protestantism and the spirit of the Holy Scriptures were incompatible. Conversion to Orthodoxy
After finding incompatibility between Protestantism and the Holy Scriptures he and his sister began to search for "the original scriptural community and roots of the early church". He later stated:

We began to look around. We visited a number of Churches. We had a big book called the Book of World Religions, or something like that, in which all religions and denominations were described, Rather briefly, but at the same time rather completely. There was a rather complete description of the

masks:
Dmitri
Dmitri
Robert Roscoe Royster


texts:
 Eastern Orthodox Church in there. It described the Orthodox Church as being the mother of all Christian Churches.We began to look at the New Testament rather carefully and pick out portions of the New Testament that reflected in some way what the Church was in the Apostolic Age. Really, when you put it together, there is quite a bit of it. It isn't as skimpy or as sketchy a description as it might appear on the surface. After attending Orthros and Divine Liturgy at age 15 he later recalled: We knew from that moment that we would probably not go anywhere else...It was so evident that something really took place...the Holy Spirit transforming the bread and wine. The two formally began their inquiry in 1939, with the personal blessing of Archbishop Athenagoras (at the time Archbishop of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America) with Father Daniel Sakalarios as their teacher. He and his sister were eventually received into Orthodoxy in 1941 at Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church in Dallas, Texas. Priesthood and episcopacy
He entered North Texas State University but left in 1943 to join the Army.While in the Army he served as a Japanese language interpreter on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines and Japan. After leaving the Army he resumed his studies, eventually becoming a Spanish language instructor at Southern Methodist University. He received his Master of Arts in Spanish. In 1954, <mask> was ordained to the priesthood, and served as the rector of St. Seraphim Orthodox Church in Dallas from then until 1969. On June 29, 1969, he was consecrated as


texts:
 Bishop of Berkeley, vicar of the Diocese of San Francisco and the West. In 1970, Bishop <mask> was assigned as Bishop of Washington, auxiliary bishop to Metropolitan Irenaeus (Bekish). On October 19, 1971, Bishop <mask> was elected Bishop of Hartford and New England.In 1978, Bishop <mask> became the first ruling bishop of the newly created Diocese of the South. He was elevated to the rank of archbishop in 1993. Being a senior bishop in his church, <mask> was the locum tenens of the Metropolitan's see and temporary head of the OCA from September 4, 2008 until the election of a new primate, Metropolitan Jonah on November 12, 2008. On March 31, 2009 the then 85-year-old archbishop was granted retirement from active pastoral duties by the Holy Synod of the OCA. Death
Archbishop <mask> died in Dallas on August 28, 2011, on the Julian calendar feast of the Dormition, which was his favorite feast day. Although originally interred in Restland Cemetery in Dallas, Texas, he was disinterred on March 4, 2016 in order to transfer his body to his new tomb in the Saint Seraphim Cathedral also in Dallas. However, when they removed his body from his place of burial, his body was found to be untouched by decay (a sign of sainthood in Orthodox Christianity).This fact was attested to by a local specialist who was hired for the exhumation process. Bibliography
 articles
 A Christian Understanding of Freedom
 The Commandment of Love
 Confession
 The Goal of Lent
 Liturgical Commemorations in Preparations for the Nativity
 «The Lord Is My Shepherd»
 The Meeting of Our Lord
 Pentecost

masks: Dmitri Dmitri Dmitri Dmitri Dmitri


texts:
 Reconciliation, Education, Evangelization
 St. Thomas Sunday
 The Seventh Sunday of Pascha
 Sunday of the Cross
 The Sundays after Pentecost
 The Theotokos
 «Thus It Becometh Us to Fulfill All Righteousness»
 The Transfiguration of Christ
 The Veneration of the Virgin Mary in the Orthodox Church
 What’s in the Stars? A Close Look at Astrology

 books
The Parables (1996). St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  . The Kingdom of God: The Sermon on the Mount (1997). St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  . The Miracles of Christ (1999).St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  . The Epistle to the Hebrews: A Commentary (2003). St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  .
St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans: A Pastoral Commentary (2008). St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  . The Epistle of St. James: A Commentary (2010). St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.  .

Episcopal succession

Notes

1923 births
2011 deaths
People from Freestone County, Texas
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Bishops of the Orthodox Church in America
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Protestantism
21st-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Former Baptists
20th-century American clergy
21st-century American


texts:
<mask> (Russian: Юрий Леонидович Воробьёв; born on 2 February 1948), is a Russian statesman, who is currently a member of the Federation Council, representing Vologda Oblast, on legislative authority, since 2007. He is award the title Hero of the Russian Federation. <mask> is an honored Rescuer of the Russian Federation, twice laureate of the Prize of the Government of Russia in the field of science and technology, the acting state adviser of the Russia of the 1st class. He is a retired army officer a colonel. He was also the chairman of the Governing Council of the Russian Geographical Society. In August 1991, he was the Deputy Chairman of the Russian Rescue Corps. From August to December 1991, he worked as Deputy Chairman of the State Committee of the RSFSR for Emergency Situations.From December 1991 to January 1994, he was the First Deputy Chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters. From January 1994 to April 2007 he was the First Deputy Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters. Biography

Yury <mask> was born in Krasnoyark on 2 February 1948. He began his career after graduating from the 9th grade of secondary school in 1964 at the Krasnoyarsk plant "Krasmash", worked as an apprentice machine operator, grinder and at the same time studied at an evening school for working youth 1964 to 1966. He graduated from the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals in 1971, with a degree in Foundry of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals, with the qualification as metallurgical engineer. After graduating from the institute, from 1971 to 1972, he worked as a junior researcher at the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals named after V.I. M. I.

masks:
Yury Leonidovich Vorobyov
Vorobyov
Vorobyov


texts: Kalinina.From 1972 to 1980, he worked in various positions (senior process engineer, design engineer, head of the technological bureau, deputy head of the shop, head of the shop, deputy director) at the Krasnoyarsk trailer plant. From 1980 to 1982, he was the Secretary of the Party Committee of the Krasnoyarsk Automobile Trailer Plant. From 1982 1985, he was promoted to 1st Deputy Director of the Krasnoyarsk Automobile Trailer Plant. From 1985 to 1988, he was the first 1st Secretary of the Sosnovoborsk City Committee of the CPSU. From 1988 to 1990, he was theInspector of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Committee of the CPSU. From 1990 to 1991, he was the general director of the Krasnoyarsk Fund for Support of Small Enterprises for the Development of Social and Economic Reforms and Foreign Economic Relations in the Sphere of Small Business. On 21 April 1991, By Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No.229, <mask> was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Russian Rescue Corps. <mask> was one of the organizers of the Russian Rescue Corps and the founders of the EMERCOM of Russia, made a great contribution to the creation and development of the RSChS system, for many years from 1991 until 2007, and was the organizer of their successful functioning. He was the direct leader of a number of operations to eliminate large-scale emergencies, one of the organizers of peacekeeping operations during interethnic conflicts in South Ossetia in 1992, Transnistria in 1992, Abkhazia in 1993, in the Balkans from 1993 1995, and in the African countries under the auspices of the UN, humanitarian operations both in Russia and abroad. From August 1991 to December 1991, he worked as Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of the RSFSR. Between December 1991 and January 1994, he was the First Deputy Chairman of the State

masks: Vorobyov Vorobyov


texts:
 Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters. In 1992, he graduated from the Russian Academy of Management in Moscow with a degree in Theory of Social and Political Relations, with the qualification of political scientist. He was an adviser and an expert on social and political issues and relations with social and political associations.He had headed the task force of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation in the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic since June 1992. Between January 1994 and April 2007, <mask> was the First Deputy Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, serving under Sergey Shoygu. He was the Member of the Government Commission for Road Safety in 1994, and 1997 until 2003. From 20 February 1995 to 14 January 2003, he was the Deputy Chairman of the IAC for Prevention and Elimination of the Consequences of Emergency Situations. From 1996 to 1997, Member of the IAC for the participation of the Russian Federation in international organizations of the UN system,

On 6 February 1996, he was the Member of the International Committee of the Security Council of Russia for Public Security, Combating Crime and Corruption. In 1996, by the decision of the dissertation council of the Russian Academy of State Service under the President of the Russian Federation dated 27 December 1996, No. 8, he was awarded the degree of candidate of political sciences.On 14 April 1997, he became of the Member of the IAC for the Protection of State Secrets. In 1997, he was the Chairman of the Interdepartmental Maritime Coordination Commission for the Prevention and Elimination of the Consequences of Emergencies at Sea and in the Water


texts:
 Basins of Russia. On 25 October 1997, he was the Member of the International Committee of the Russia for the Council of Europe Affairs. On 10 December 2002, he was theDeputy Chairman of the Federal Anti-Terrorist Commission. From 2003 to 2006, he was the Deputy Chairman of the Government Commission for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies and Fire Safety

13 September 2004, he was the Member of the Commission for the Coordination of the Activities of Federal Executive Bodies in the Southern Federal District. From 2006 to 2008, he was the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the All-Russian public organization "Russian Union of Rescuers". He substantiated the need to implement state support for the market segment in the field of security services, as a component of a unified policy in the field of life safety.On 4 May 2007, <mask> became a member of the Federation Council, representative from the legislative (representative) body of state power of the Vologda Oblast. He became  aDeputy Chairman of the Federation Council since 19 September 2008. From September 2008 to December 2011, he was in charge of anti-corruption issues at the legislative level, was responsible for developing the policy of the Federation Council in the field of anti-corruption activities. By the decision of the Presidium of the Council of Legislators dated 13 March 2009, he was approved by the Chairman of the Commission of the Council for Interaction of the Federation Council with the legislative (representative) bodies of state power of the constituent entities o Russia, through the Council of Legislators, to improve the legal regulation of combating corruption. He was a member of the Federation Council Committee on Northern Affairs and Indigenous Peoples, as well as the Federation Council Commission on National Maritime Policy, and the


texts: Federation Council Commission on Physical Culture, Sports and Development of the Olympic Movement. He coordinated the work of the Federation Council Committee on Agrarian and Food Policy and Environmental Management. He supervised the preparation and holding of the International Congress "Road Safety for the Safety of Life".He interacted with the National Anti-Terrorism Committee, the State Anti-Drug Committee. He also supervised the activities of the Expert Council under the Federation Council on the legislative support of the military-industrial complex and military-technical cooperation from 2013 to 2018. In 2010, he is the member of the Board of Trustees of the All-Russian public organization "Russian Geographical Society". He coordinates the work of the Federation Council Committee on Defense and Security. He had supervised the activities of the Council for Social Protection of Servicemen, Law Enforcement Officers and Members of Their Families under the Federation Council. He supervises the work on mobilization training and civil defense in the Federation Council. Vorobyov organizes interaction of the Federation Council with the legislative and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of Russia located within the Central Federal District (from 2011 to the present), North-Western federal district (from 2011 to 2017), and North Caucasus federal districts (in 2015).He had been the chairman of the Federation Council Commission for Control over the Reliability of Information on Income, Property and Property Liabilities Submitted by Members of the Federation Council. He had represented the Federation Council under the President of Russia for Combating Corruption, in the Council under the President of Russia for Cossack Affairs. He had organized work on the implementation of the Agreement between the


texts: Federation Council and the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of the Consequences of Natural Disasters. He had headed the delegation of the Federation Council to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. He interacts with the Russian organizing committee "Victory". He supervises the preparation and holding of the forum of the regions of Russia and Belarus. He also participates in the work of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia.He also participates in the work of the Interparliamentary Commission of the F[ederation Council and the Council of the Republic of the National Assembly] of Belarus on interregional cooperation. He had been the chairman of the Russian part of the Interparliamentary Commission on Cooperation between the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the National Assembly of Armenia. He also organizes work on the implementation of the Memorandum of Interparliamentary Cooperation between the Federation Council and the Council of Cantons of the Federal Assembly of the Switzerland. As the chairman of the Expert Council of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, <mask> designed to provide expert support to the management in the field of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from emergencies, ensuring fire safety, safety of people at water bodies in cases of extreme difficulty in preparing and making decisions on the conduct of work to prevent emergencies, and uniting more than 40 leading scientists of the country in the field of security. In January 2012, he was reelected as the Chairman of the Supreme Council of ROSSOYUZSPAS. From 2017 to 2019, he was the Honorary President of ROSSOYUZSPAS. Since August 2014, he became the Chairman of the Committee for Public


texts:
 Support of Residents of the southeastern Ukraine under the Federation Council.The work of the committee is aimed at coordinating the activities of the constituent entities of Russia, public organizations and citizens to provide humanitarian assistance to residents of southeastern Ukraine, assistance to refugees and internally displaced persons who arrive on the territory of our country. Since November 2014, he was the Chairman of the Governing Council of the All-Russian Public Organization Russian Geographical Society. Since December 2014, he was the Honorary Chairman of the Expert Council of the EMERCOM of Russia. He subsequently became the Honorary Chairman of the Vologda branch of the Russian Geographical Society. He was the ember of the Board of Trustees of the All-Russian public-state organization "Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Navy of Russia" (DOSAAF of Russia). He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of the All-Russian Children and Youth Military Patriotic Movement "YUNARMIA". He was also the editor of the journal "Problems of Risk Analysis".Honors

The mentor of the children's educational center is the cadet school "Ship of Prionezhia" named after him, as <mask> was awarded the title Hero of the Russian Federtion. Family

He is married to Lyudmila <mask>, and has two sons, Andrey and Maskim, and grandchildren. Andrey is the eldest son, who had been the  Deputy Chairman of the State Duma, the head of the United Russia faction in the State Duma of the sixth convocation (2011-2012), head of the Central Executive Committee of the United Russia party (2005—2012), and currently serving as the Governor of Moscow Oblast since 2013. Maksim is a younger son, (born 9 August 1976), who is a businessman. He is currently the chairman of the board of directors of the Russian Sea Group of

masks: Vorobyov Vorobyova


texts:
 Companies. In 1998 he graduated from the Faculty of International Economic Relations of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. In 2006, he was in the Global Executive MBA course of the Spanish business school IESE.Since 2002, he is a professional participant in the securities market (certificate of the Federal Commission for the Securities Market Russia). Yury is fond of sports and tourism. References

1948 births
Living people
United Russia politicians
People from Krasnoyarsk
Heroes of the Russian Federation
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Recipients of the Order "For Personal Courage"
Soviet mechanical engineers
Members of the Federation Council of Russia (after


texts:
<mask> (pronounced "Vair-akee-oh'-nee;" January 14, 1932 – January 6, 2018) was an American athlete. Varrichione was best remembered for being part of the 1953 University of Notre Dame football team that shared the collegiate national championship with a 9-0-1 record and for having played eleven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). During his collegiate career <mask> was named a Third Team All-American in 1954, recognized as one of the top 33 players in the college game. He would be the first lineman selected in the 1955 NFL draft, the league's sixth pick overall. <mask>'s stint in the NFL would include six seasons playing for the Pittsburgh Steelers before a trade ahead of the 1961 season sent him to the Los Angeles Rams, for whom he would play for five more years. During his career Varrichione would make five NFL Pro Bowl appearances between 1955 and 1964, indicative of his status as atop echelon offensive lineman. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born January 14, 1932 at  Natick, Massachusetts.His parents, Joseph and <mask>, were born in Italy and emigrated to the United States in 1913 — first arriving in Boston before moving slightly more than 20 miles inland to the town of Natick. He was the youngest of ten children in a Roman Catholic family. Large and strong from his early boyhood years, Varrichione took up football as a 9th grade student at Natick High School. He graduated early and then was enrolled in a Catholic prep school, St. Thomas Aquinas in Rochester, New York, where he attracted the attention of recruiters for the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. Collegiate career
Following graduation at St. Thomas Aquinas, Varrichione was enrolled on scholarship to Notre Dame. He was a 210-pound Freshman on the 1951 team, slated for immediate use on a depleted offensive line for what was expected to be

masks:
Frank Joseph Varrichione
Varrichione
Varrichione
Frank Varrichione
Mary Varrichione


texts:
 one of the youngest varsity teams in school history. Varrichione was made a starter as a Freshman, the only such on the offensive side of the ball for the 1951 Fighting Irish Team.Varrichione's initial campaign was marred by injury, however, when the young right guard went down in an October 27, 1951 game against the University of Pittsburgh. The injury was not season-ending, however, and by the November 8 game against the University of Oklahoma, Varrichione's number 60 jersey was again seen on the field. During his Junior year Varrichione showed improvement on the defensive side of the ball, tutored by Notre Dame head coach <mask>. Varrichione thrived in his defensive role, scoring two points on a safety in an October 1953 game against the Pitt Panthers. The play helped Varrichione earn national Lineman of the Week honors from the Associated Press. He would also earn a place in Notre Dame lore as an offensive tackle in helping Notre Dame escape with a tie against the University of Iowa by spontaneously suffering a phantom injury which stopped the clock with no timeouts remaining and time winding down at the end of the first half, helping to enable a critical touchdown. His dramatic flop at a critical moment would help Varrichione earn the moniker "Faintin' <mask>."He would also be the recipient of a deluge of flowers and get-well-soon cards from sarcastic Hawkeye football fans, perturbed by the outcome of Varricihone's timely ailment. The tie against Iowa would prove to be the only blemish on a 9-0-1 record, and the 1953 Fighting Irish football team would go on to claim a share of the 1953 College Football Championship. Varrichione's ability was recognized during his senior season when he was named a Third Team NFA All American for 1954. Pittsburgh Steelers
As a four-year starter for the high-profile Notre Dame Fighting Irish,

masks:
Frank Leahy
Frank


texts: <mask> was a highly sought-after player in the 1955 NFL Draft. He was selected in the 1st Round by the Pittsburgh Steelers, the league's 6th pick overall, and the first offensive lineman chosen. Informed of his selection by a Pittsburgh newspaper writer via telephone, Varrichione predicted no difficulty in coming to financial terms with the Steelers and indicated a desire to play professional football for "as long as I can last." Varrichione's prediction proved accurate and by the first days of February he was under contract with the Steelers to play the 1955 season.Varrichione's first pro deal paid him $8,000 for the year — a substantial sum for an offensive lineman in that day. Varrichione was well suited to the professional game and he was named to the 1955 Pro-Bowl Game, held in January following his rookie season. He saw action as part of the East team that eked out a controversial 31-30 victory over their other conference rivals. His eagerness to sign a first NFL contract had dissipated by 1957, and Varrichione remained unsigned as the Steelers assembled at St. Bonaventure University in Olean, New York for the opening of training camp. No raise was forthcoming, however, and following a telephone conversation with team president Art Rooney, <mask> signed on August 6 to play with the Steelers for another year, thereby completing the team's 45-man roster. Three days of practice were missed. Despite revelations that he battled partial deafness which forced him to wear a special helmet outfitted with a hearing aid,<ref>UPI, "Hearing Helmut," Mason City [IA] Globe-Gazette," October 21, 1957, pg.11.</ref> the season proved to be another good one for the 240-pound tackle and Varrichione was named to his second Pro Bowl at the end of the year. <mask> would repeat the feat in 1960 as one of five Pittsburgh Steelers named to the East

masks: Varrichione Varrichione Varrichione


texts:
 squad. He was rewarded following the season with a new contract with the Steelers, this a three-year deal for an undisclosed amount — the longest contract of his career. The six-year veteran Pro Bowler seemed poised to finish his career in Steeler black and gold. Los Angeles Rams
In April 1961, <mask>'s world was turned upside down when the Pittsburgh Steelers with which he had just signed a three-year deal traded his contract to the Los Angeles Rams for that of defensive tackle Lou Michaels, a 1958 first round pick who was just starting to come into his own as an NFL defensive star. The Steelers had hated to part company with a top offensive lineman like Varrichione, head coach Buddy Parker told the press at the time of the transaction, but the deal had to be done to provide vitally needed defensive strength. The exchange was an even one, with no other considerations changing hands.It would be the Rams with whom Varrichione played the rest of his career. Due to family considerations, Varrichione threatened retirement following the 1961 season. "My wife is expecting her fourth child, and this traveling around is awfully tough," he told the press. "She doesn't want me to play anymore." Despite initially telling Rams general manager Elroy "Crazylegs" Hirsch that he planned to quit, <mask> eventually relented and by the start of training camp for the 1962 campaign, he was ready to don the blue and gold of the Rams again. Together with his Rams teammate Joe Carollo, a fellow Notre Dame alum, Varrichione played every single offensive play of the 1963 NFL season — 14 games in all. By his 11th and final season the right tackle Varrichione was honored by his peers through his choice as offensive captain of the team.Varrichione played in a total of 133 NFL games over the course of his 11-year career. He was never made wealthy by the NFL,

masks: Varrichione Varrichione


texts:
 his top contract with the Rams bringing him just $20,000 per year. Varrichione was named to five NFL Pro Bowl teams, making the squad in 1955, 1957, 1958, 1960 and 1962. Life after football
Varrichione was prepared in measure for life after football by the fact that he had never really made enough playing the game to live even in his prime. During his Steeler playing days he ran a drive-in restaurant in Natick, while he took to selling real estate during the off season in his Ram playing days. Varrichone retired from football in 1965 and moved to Michigan, where he worked in sales for a trucking firm. After three years there, Varrichione returned to Natick to take over the family's paint contracting business there.He retired briefly in 1986 but came back two years later to run a coffee shop with his wife, finally retiring for good in 1992. In 1995 Varrichione was named to the Boston section of the Italian-American Sports Hall of Fame. Varrichione died on January 6, 2018, at the age of 85. See also

 1954 College Football All-America Team
 1955 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1956 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1957 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1958 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1959 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1960 Pittsburgh Steelers season
 1961 Los Angeles Rams season
 1962 Los Angeles Rams season
 1963 Los Angeles Rams season
 1964 Los Angeles Rams season
 1965 Los Angeles Rams season

Footnotes

Further reading
 Jim Sargent, "<mask>," The Coffin Corner,'' vol. 21, no. 5 (1999)

1932 births
2018 deaths
American people of Italian descent
American football offensive linemen
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Los Angeles Rams players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
People from Natick, Massachusetts
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Sportspeople from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
University of Notre Dame alumni
Western Conference Pro


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<mask> (July 10, 1792December 31, 1864) was an American politician and diplomat who served as mayor of Philadelphia from 1828 to 1829, the 11th vice president of the United States from 1845 to 1849, and the United States Minister to the United Kingdom from 1856 to 1861. The son of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J<mask>, <mask> attended elite preparatory schools before embarking on a legal career. He served as the private secretary to Albert Gallatin and worked for the Treasury Department and the Second Bank of the United States. He emerged as a leader of the "Family party" faction of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party, and <mask> developed a rivalry with James Buchanan, the leader of the "Amalgamator" faction. Between 1828 and 1835, he served as the mayor of Philadelphia, the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, and the Pennsylvania Attorney General. He also represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1831 to 1833 but declined to seek re-election. President <mask> appointed <mask> to the post of Minister to Russia, and <mask> held that position from 1837 to 1839.In 1840, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. <mask> supported Van Buren's bid for another term in the 1844 presidential election, but James K. Polk won the party's presidential nomination. The 1844 Democratic National Convention nominated <mask> as Polk's running mate, and Polk and <mask> defeated the Whig ticket in the general election. A supporter of expansion and popular sovereignty, <mask> called for the annexation of all of Mexico during the Mexican–American War. He sought to position himself for contention in the 1848 presidential election, but his vote to lower the tariff destroyed his base of support in his home state. <mask> served as the Minister to the United Kingdom from 1856 to 1861 before retiring from public office. Family and early life
<mask> was born on July 10, 1792, to Alexander James <mask> and Arabella <mask> <mask> (born in Devon, England) in Philadelphia.His father, born in Kingston, Jamaica to Dr. <mask> and educated in Edinburgh, was the Secretary of

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 the Treasury under United States President <mask>, and was also briefly the Secretary of War. Dr <mask> left Jamaica in 1764, having mortgaged his estate, Dallas Castle, and put it in a trust. This property included 900 acres and 91 slaves. <mask> was given his middle name after <mask>, another politician who was good friends with his father. <mask> was the second of six children, another of whom, Alexander, would become the commander of Pensacola Navy Yard. During <mask>'s childhood, the family lived in a mansion on Fourth Street, with a second home in the countryside, situated on the Schuylkill River. He was educated privately at Quaker-run preparatory schools, before studying at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), from which he graduated with highest honors in 1810.While at College, he participated in several activities, including the American Whig–Cliosophic Society. Afterwards, he studied law in his father's office, and he was admitted to the bar in 1813. Early legal, diplomatic and financial service

As a new graduate, <mask> had little enthusiasm for legal practice; he wanted to fight in the War of 1812, a plan that he dropped due to his father's objection. Just after this, <mask> accepted an offer to be the private secretary of Albert Gallatin, and he went to Russia with Gallatin who was sent there to try to secure its aid in peace negotiations between Great Britain and the United States. <mask> enjoyed the opportunities offered to him by being in Russia, but after six months there he was ordered to go to London to determine whether the War of 1812 could be resolved diplomatically. In August 1814, he arrived in Washington, D.C., and delivered a preliminary draft of Britain's peace terms. There, he was appointed by <mask> to become the remitter of the treasury, which is considered a "convenient arrangement" because <mask>'s father was serving at the time as that department's secretary.Since the job did not entail a large workload, <mask> found time to develop his grasp of politics, his major vocational interest. He later became the counsel to the Second Bank of the United

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 States. In 1817, <mask>'s father died, ending <mask>'s plan for a family law practice, and he stopped working for the Second Bank of the United States and became the deputy attorney general of Philadelphia, a position he held until 1820. Political career
After the War of 1812 ended, Pennsylvania's political climate was chaotic, with two factions in that state's Democratic party vying for control. One, the Philadelphia-based "Family party," was led by <mask>, and it espoused the beliefs that the Constitution of the United States was supreme, that an energetic national government should exist that would implement protective tariffs, a powerful central banking system, and undertake internal improvements to the country in order to facilitate national commerce. The other faction was called the "Amalgamators", headed by the future President James Buchanan. Voters elected Dallas mayor of Philadelphia as the candidate of the Family party, after the party had gained control of the city councils.However, he quickly grew bored of that post, and became the United States attorney for the eastern district of Pennsylvania in 1829, a position his father had held from 1801 to 1814, and continued in that role until 1831. In December of that year, he won a five-man, eleven-ballot contest in the state legislature, that enabled him to become the Senator from Pennsylvania in order to complete the unexpired term of the previous senator who had resigned. <mask> served less than fifteen months—from December 13, 1831, to March 3, 1833. He was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. <mask> declined to seek re-election, in part due to a fight over the Second Bank of the United States, and in part because his wife did not want to leave Philadelphia for Washington. <mask> resumed the practice of law, was attorney general of Pennsylvania from 1833 to 1835, was initiated to the Scottish Rite Freemasonry at the Franklin Lodge #134, Pennsylvania, and served as the Grand Master of Freemasons in Pennsylvania in 1835. He was appointed by President <mask> Buren as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia from

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texts: 1837 to 1839, when he was recalled at his own request.<mask> was offered the role of Attorney General, but declined, and resumed his legal practice. In the lead-up to the 1844 presidential election, <mask> worked to help Van Buren win the Democratic nomination over <mask>'s fellow Pennsylvanian, James Buchanan. At the May 1844 Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, James K. Polk and Silas Wright were nominated as the Democratic ticket. However, Wright declined the nomination, and the delegates chose <mask> as his replacement. <mask>, who was not at the convention, was awakened at his home by convention delegates who had traveled to Philadelphia to tell him the news. <mask> somewhat reluctantly accepted the nomination. The Democratic candidates won the popular vote by a margin of 1.5%, and won the election with an electoral vote of 170 out of 275.<mask> was influential as the presiding officer of the Senate, where he worked to support Polk's agenda and cast several tie-breaking votes. <mask> called for the annexation of all of the Oregon Territory and all of Mexico during the Mexican–American War, but was satisfied with compromises that saw the United States annex parts of both areas. Though <mask> was unsuccessful in preventing Polk from appointing Buchanan as Secretary of State, he helped convince Polk to appoint Robert J. Walker as Secretary of the Treasury. As Vice President, <mask> sought to maneuver himself into contention for the presidency in the 1848 election, as Polk had promised to serve only one term. However, <mask>'s reluctant vote to lower a tariff destroyed much of his base in Pennsylvania, and <mask>'s advocacy of popular sovereignty on the question of slavery strengthened opposition against him. <mask> served as Vice President from March 4, 1845 to March 4, 1849. In 1856, Franklin Pierce appointed Dallas minister to Great Britain, and he served in that post from February 4, 1856, until the appointment by President Lincoln of Charles F. Adams, who relieved him on May 16, 1861.At the very beginning of his diplomatic service in England he was called to act upon the Central

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 American question and the request made by the United States to the British government that Sir John Crampton, the British minister to the United States, should be recalled. <mask> managed these delicate questions in a conciliatory spirit, but without any sacrifice of national dignity, and both were settled amicably. At the close of his diplomatic career <mask> returned to private life and took no further part in public affairs except to express condemnation of secession. Tariffs
<mask> determined that he would use his vice-presidential position to advance two of the administration's major objectives: tariff reduction and territorial expansion. As a Pennsylvanian, <mask> had traditionally supported the protectionist tariff policy that his state's coal and iron interests demanded. But as vice president, elected on a platform dedicated to tariff reduction, he agreed to do anything necessary to realize that goal. <mask> equated the vice president's constitutional power to break tied votes in the Senate with the president's constitutional power to veto acts of Congress.At the end of his vice-presidential term, <mask> claimed that he cast thirty tie-breaking votes during his four years in office (although only nineteen of these have been identified in Senate records). Taking obvious personal satisfaction in this record, <mask> singled out this achievement and the fairness with which he believed he accomplished it in his farewell address to the Senate. Not interested in political suicide, however, Dallas sought to avoid having to exercise his singular constitutional prerogative on the tariff issue, actively lobbying senators during the debate over Treasury Secretary Walker's tariff bill in the summer of 1846. He complained to his wife (whom he sometimes addressed as "Mrs. Vice") that the Senate speeches on the subject were "as vapid as inexhaustible ... All sorts of ridiculous efforts are making, by letters, newspaper-paragraphs, and personal visits, to affect the Vice's casting vote, by persuasion or threat." Despite Dallas's efforts to avoid taking a stand, the Senate completed its voting on the Walker

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 Tariff with a 27-to-27 tie. (A twenty-eighth vote in favor was held in reserve by a Senator who opposed the measure but agreed to follow the instructions of his state legislature to support it.) When he cast the tie-breaking vote in favor of the tariff on July 28, 1846, Dallas rationalized that he had studied the distribution of Senate support and concluded that backing for the measure came from all regions of the country.Additionally, the measure had overwhelmingly passed the House of Representatives, a body closer to public sentiment. He apprehensively explained to the citizens of Pennsylvania that "an officer, elected by the suffrages of all twenty-eight states, and bound by his oath and every constitutional obligation, faithfully and fairly to represent, in the execution of his high trust, all the citizens of the Union" could not "narrow his great sphere and act with reference only to [Pennsylvania's] interests." While his action, based on a mixture of party loyalty and political opportunism, earned <mask> the respect of the President and certain party leaders—and possible votes in 1848 from the southern and western states that supported low tariffs—it effectively demolished his home state political base, ending any serious prospects for future elective office. (He even advised his wife in a message hand-delivered by the Senate Sergeant at Arms, "If there be the slightest indication of a disposition to riot in the city of Philadelphia, owing to the passage of the Tariff Bill, pack up and bring the whole brood to Washington.") While Dallas's tariff vote destroyed him in Pennsylvania, his aggressive views on Oregon and the Mexican War crippled his campaign efforts elsewhere in the nation. In his last hope of building the necessary national support to gain the White House, the Vice President shifted his attention to the aggressive, expansionist foreign policy program embodied in the concept of "Manifest Destiny." He actively supported efforts to gain control of Texas, the Southwest, Cuba, and disputed portions of the Oregon territory.Death
<mask> returned to Philadelphia, and lived in

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 Philadelphia until his death from a heart attack on December 31, 1864, at the age of 72. He is interred in St. Peter's Churchyard. Legacy
Dallas County, Iowa and one of its cities, Dallas Center, Iowa, were named after the Vice President. In addition, Dallas County, Arkansas, Dallas County, Missouri, and Dallas County, Texas were named in his honor. Other U.S. cities and towns named in Dallas's honor include Dallas, Georgia (the county seat of Paulding County, Georgia), Dallas, North Carolina (the former county seat of Gaston County, North Carolina), Dallas, Oregon (the county seat of Polk County, Oregon) and Dallastown, Pennsylvania It is debated whether the city of Dallas, Texas is named after the Vice President—see History of Dallas, Texas (1839–1855) for more information. References

Bibliography

 "<mask> <mask>." Dictionary of American Biography Base Set.American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936. Hatfield, <mask>. <mask> <mask>. Vice-Presidents of the United States, 1789–1983. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1979. External links

 A Series of Letters Written from London by <mask>. <mask>
 Manuscript Diaries of <mask><mask> at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries

1792 births
1864 deaths
19th-century vice presidents of the United States
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American Episcopalians
1844 United States vice-presidential candidates
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Ambassadors of the United States to Russia
Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
American people of English descent
Burials at St. Peter's churchyard, Philadelphia
Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators
Mayors of Philadelphia
Pennsylvania Democratic-Republicans
Pennsylvania Democrats
Pennsylvania lawyers
Polk administration cabinet members
Princeton University alumni
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
United States senators from Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Vice

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<mask> (born 19 October 1976) is a French-American musician, record producer, and environmental activist, best known as the rhythm guitarist, vocalist, and lyricist of heavy metal band Gojira. <mask> was born in Paris and grew up in Ondres. He was raised in an environment where music and arts held a prominent place. He learned to play the guitar at the age of fourteen and formed his first band in high school. He studied art and began working as a graphic designer before co-founding the death metal band Godzilla with his younger brother Mario in 1996. He was a member of the band Empalot along with his brother. Godzilla changed its name to Gojira, which rose from obscurity to international prominence.He is also the former bassist of Cavalera Conspiracy, to which he was invited by Gloria and Max Cavalera. Duplantier possesses United States nationality by parentage, which led him to settle in New York City in 2011. He is also a recording studio owner in Ridgewood, Queens, called Silver Cord Studio. Throughout his career, he affirmed his concern for nature and animals. He is engaged in thinking about ecological problems and environmental protection, reflected in his lyrics. He also expressed his support for indigenous peoples in Brazil through fundraising efforts. Early life
<mask> was born on 19 October 1976 in Paris.His mother, Patricia (née Rosa; 6 October 1950 – 5 July 2015), was American. She was born in Madison, Wisconsin, and grew up in Los Angeles. His father, <mask>, born in 1945 in Bordeaux, is a French painter and architectural drafter, a former student in history at the Faculté des Lettres, and engraving at the Beaux-Arts de Paris. Due

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texts: to this, <mask> (and his brother) has dual nationality of France and the United States. He is franco-américain (French-American) based primarily on the principle of Jus sanguinis (right of blood), applied through attribution à la naissance (attribution at birth), because born outside the US but obtained its nationality as he fulfilled the condition stipulating that "at least one of his parents is American". In 1977, the family left Paris and moved to Ondres, a small seaside town in the Landes department, in an old house with no heating system dating from the Louis XV period. He was raised there, in southwest France, near the Basque country, at  north of Biarritz.His sister, Gabrielle, was born in 1978 in Bayonne, and his brother, Mario, was born in 1981. His mother, manifesting a marked interest in art  activities, was a yoga and dance teacher in the periphery of Bayonne. The work of precision and patience of his father, who got up every day at 4:30 am to work, had a significant influence on him. His mother described him as "always active, very creative. Sensitive, gentle", with "some secret force within him, some unusual maturity". As a child, the awakening of his ecological conscience had begun after walking on oil traces on the beach. When Duplantier was thirteen, he discovered New York City for the first time, accompanied by his cousin during a visit to his family in Pennsylvania, near Harrisburg.Greeted at the airport by his maternal uncle, it was then that he realized how attracted he was to the city. He grew up in an environment where his parents listened to blues, fado, pop, Mozart, Chopin, Piaf, L. Shankar; the Beatles, Michael


texts: Jackson, Tina Turner; Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, Pink Floyd, the Police, Supertramp, and Joan Baez. His sister listened to world music, country music, and African percussion. According to <mask>'s recollection, he began by taking piano lessons but soon realized that he preferred the guitar. He began playing his mother's classical guitar, which only had two strings. He listened to hip hop music during a period of time while his cousin was passionate about Iron Maiden and Metallica. He experienced bullying at school.Subsequently, a second incident marked him when his brother contracted ear infections after swimming in polluted water. With his brother, he was dismayed by the household and industrial wastes and dead animals stranded in the protected area of the dunes of Ondres. Through the influence of his cousin, he began learning to play Metallica's "Fade to Black" on the guitar when he developed his understanding on this matter. At the age of fourteen, <mask> began listening to Metallica's Ride the Lightning to find out more about this musical genre which aroused his curiosity. He continued his interests in metal music with Master of Puppets, then Sepultura, and seeking to define his own musical identity he pursued death metal through the band Death. In high school, at seventeen years of age, he formed his first band, called Eclipse, and embarked on jam sessions with his brother, who had a growing interest and aptitude for drumming. <mask> went to university for two years and spent between three and four years in art school, after which he began working as a graphic designer for a short time.Dead Man Walking by Tim Robbins has been his

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 favorite movie growing up. When he was a young man, he distinguished himself by picking up trash on a beach and scattering it on a French parking lot, attracting the attention of the local media. <mask> said: "I found it so weird; people aren't bothered by what's on the beach, but when it's on a parking lot, it becomes a problem". Career

Gojira

<mask> and his brother began their band and established themselves on the southwest France live circuit. Initially called Godzilla in 1996, the band was later renamed Gojira. He recalled building cabins in the forest as a child. Then, at the age of twenty-four, he decided to return to the forest and built a new one where he would live with his girlfriend for two years without income or electricity.Gojira's 2001 debut studio album, Terra Incognita, was written during this experience. When launching the band, singing in French was irrelevant for Duplantier; he chose instead to sing in English in efforts to globally project the band's aspirations. Thus, he said he did not sing about the problems of France but international issues and the damage inflicted on the planet. He commented, "We consider ourselves above all as human, not French." According to Duplantier, the band's primary goal was to maintain complete autonomy and "total control over the band's music". He has been responsible for the artworks for Gojira's albums, each representing an idea that he spontaneously designed, highlighting visual minimalism and conciseness while trying to stand out from the codes of the metal scene. Touring in support of their second album, The Link, Duplantier used to let his imagination run free when performing the

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texts: songs' extended outro, developing a propensity to experience a "vision" while in a "trance"; saying,  One of his first achievements was when the band reached headliner status in France and performed at the Paris' Élysée Montmartre, promoting From Mars to Sirius and then initiating their first tours overseas, notably in America.In 2008, Randy Blythe flew from the US to France to record his vocals on  and was hosted at <mask>'s home in the southwest for a week. In 2012, he also occasionally played drums in live performances when he and his brother switched places. A week before the release of Gojira's Magma, he expressed his disillusionment when he said that the metal genre did not receive the attention of the main French-language media. He described the genre as a niche that has been perceived as culturally unimportant in the country, compared to Scandinavia and Germany. Benoit Guerin, department director of Ouest-France, echoed his view and wrote, "In France, [modern] chanson is the queen", noting that it took Gojira a significant impact on the metal music scene and decades-long experience "to benefit from media spotlights worthy of their rank in their own country". Throughout 2016 and 2017, the French press would publish after scrutiny that Gojira ended up being one of the largest exporters of music from France, leading the country's metal category. In 2017, Gojira performed two consecutive sold-out concerts at the Paris' Olympia, at a time when the band was at its peak of popularity.In 2021, Fortitude increased Gojira's media exposure in France and earned them global chart success through the album revolving around <mask>'s committed and


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 positive lyrics. His band's earlier success has been overshadowed when the band has been scheduled for its first headlining arena tour in France for February 2022, including the 20,300-capacity venue Accor Arena in Paris. <mask> portrayed the band's lifestyle as "marginal", comprising musicians more creative than "self-destructive", and more interested in art than partying. He later said they were "lucky" to meet because communication was the indicator of their personality matching and noted that none of them have drug addiction problems; thus, the line-up, including Jean-Michel Labadie and Christian Andreu, has never changed. Empalot

He was also in a festive and theatrical band playing a fusion of musical genres called Empalot, involving his brother and friends, which toured in France from 1999 to 2004. For him, the project was synonymous with fits of laughter and happiness. Cavalera Conspiracy

Max Cavalera and Igor Cavalera initially asked Labadie, bassist of Gojira, to do bass duties for their band, Cavalera Conspiracy; however, Labadie was busy with prior commitments, including Gojira.Instead, <mask> ended up being the band's bassist through the influence of Max Cavalera's wife, Gloria. Playing Sepultura's "Territory" with the Cavalera brothers during the first jam session in the presence of all the families left him indelible memories. Moreover, while working with the band on their debut album, he experienced a diametrically different studio process, as the songs composed in the morning were recorded "spontaneously" in the afternoon. The studio session lasted fifteen to twenty days. <mask> stated that Gojira and the recording of The Way


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 of All Flesh had been his main priority, which led him not to do extensive touring with Cavalera Conspiracy. In 2008, he was replaced by Johny Chow on bass duties for Cavalera Conspiracy. Max Cavalera regretted that <mask> did not appear on the band's second album, Blunt Force Trauma.Cavalera said, "He is a great musician, with a lot of good ideas." Silver Cord Studio
Duplantier is the owner of Silver Cord Studio, a recording studio located in Ridgewood, Queens, New York, which he designed himself. After the experience of Gojira's recording studio in the Landes, called Le Studio des Milans, Duplantier sought to continue producing albums independently and planned to create new premises for the band in the US. A friend brought his attention to the  Rockwall Studios complex, which contains 100 spaces for artists. Following the project initiation, he teamed up with a friend and sound engineer from Atlanta. With the DIY ethic, he built the studio with the help of friends and people he hired. Duplantier managed the construction project and was involved daily over a period of six months.The studio's construction began in November 2014 and was completed at the pivotal moment of the recording start of Gojira's Magma. Becoming the band's headquarter in the US, <mask>'s Silver Cord Studio was inaugurated in April 2015. The studio's name refers to Gojira's instrumental acoustic song, "The Silver Cord", from The Way of All Flesh; he said that like the song, it "now means something else, something very different". On 6 June 2015, it became available for other bands, artists, and producers. In 2016, by acknowledging that he appreciated creating musical