texts:
 1671 and 1680. Sometime between his conversion and 1693 he was ordained to the ministry, possibly by Hans Reist, who would later become one of his greatest opponents. By 1693, <mask> had moved from Switzerland to Heidolsheim, Alsace, where his father died and was buried in the neighboring village of Baldenheim.Apparently shortly after the death of his father, he moved to the head of the valley at La Petite Lièpvre (Klein Leberau), near Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines (Markirch), Alsace, remaining there until October 1712 when all the Anabaptists in the area were expelled by an edict  of Louis XIV. After this date, no more records concerning <mask> have been found. He probably went to live with friends or relatives somewhere in Lower Alsace. Death
The date and place of <mask>'s death are unknown, but in 1730 his daughter requested baptism in the Reformed Church in Erlenbach and stated that her father had died. It is not recorded when or where the death had occurred. <mask>'s involvement in church matters had dropped off considerably before his disappearance from the records in 1712, possibly from old age, since he would have been approaching 70 years of age when he moved away from the Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines area. Theology and practice
Because of scarcity of materials, very little is known of <mask>’s teaching and day-to-day life.Three letters comprise the whole of his first-hand accounts of his thoughts. Other letters accuse <mask> of teaching or holding various viewpoints, but since many of these letters were written by his opponents it is not clear how much bias the accusations contain. From <mask>’s letters, it can be learned that he was a firm disciplinarian, uncompromising in what he believed, and expected others to "conform to the teachings of Christ and His apostles". His rejection of the "good-hearted" stemmed from his belief that whoever accepted the "true saving faith" would be baptized upon that faith, cost what it may. They would "forsake the world" and practice a

masks:
Ammann
Jakob Ammann
Ammann
Ammann
Jakob Ammann
Jakob
Jakob


type: original

texts:
 very practical separation in their everyday life. <mask> was willing to disregard longstanding customs and practices if they were not founded on God’s Word. He denied that he was trying to start a "new faith".He believed in a new birth experience that would radically change a person. He wrote:

In practical matters, he stood opposed to long hair on men, shaved beards, and clothing that manifested pride. Liars were to be excommunicated. <mask>, unlike most Amish married men of today, however, had a mustache, which is largely forbidden today in the faith. Schism
<mask> is known because of his prominent involvement in a schism among the Swiss Brethren that began in 1693. Until recent decades, he was often heavily blamed for the division, being portrayed as an angry, harsh, and demanding leader who imposed his views on others. With the publication of some of the correspondence from the period (beginning in 1950, with Mast’s "Amish Letters") and the uncovering of new evidence, <mask>’s reputation has received a more positive appraisal among some researchers.Because of their prominent roles, <mask> and Hans Reist have been used to characterize the two sides of the schism, but the issues were broader than the two most prominent men involved. Background
In the mid-1600s, a fresh influx of converts came into Swiss Anabaptism. The Reformed pastor at Burgdorf even complained that half of the people in the villages in his area were either Anabaptist or deeply sympathetic to their cause. These fresh converts—zealous for their new faith—were in fact a sort of new movement within Swiss Anabaptism. Of the nearly 200 surnames among the Amish in the 1690s, only a very few were found in the Reist side, indicating that the two sides formed mostly around two groups of people with different origins. Because of persecution, many Swiss Brethren families had emigrated or been evicted from Swiss territory into the Alsace and Palatinate before the division. The civil authorities tended to be

masks:
Jakob
Ammann
Jakob Ammann
Ammann
Jakob Ammann


texts:
 more lenient in the new locations, and in some cases welcomed the newcomers as they were looking for people to develop their lands.This emigration tended to create a different environment than the Swiss who had not emigrated were experiencing, making some of the issues come to the fore. Another important aspect in the schism was a conference held at Ohnenheim, Alsace, by several Swiss Brethren ministers and elders in 1660, in which they formally adopted the Dordrecht Confession of Faith that had been drawn up by Dutch Mennonites. Until this time, the Swiss Brethren (who did not use the name "Mennonite" for themselves) had no official confession of faith beyond the Schleitheim Confession. The Dordrecht Confession contained two points that the Swiss Brethren had not historically practiced: foot washing (Article XI) and social avoidance (including not eating meals with those who had been shunned, Article XVII). Swiss Brethren had practiced excommunication and a refusal to "eat" the [Lord's Supper] with those banned, but their avoidance did not include refraining from eating regular meals with those in the bann. These two issues, foot washing and not eating "physical" meals with the excommunicated, would be at the core of the schism. Beginning
In 1693, <mask>, "together with the ministers and elders," sent a general letter to people within the Swiss Brethren congregations, asking for a meeting in which he wanted clarification about where they stood on three issues: 1) Shunning those who had been banned, 2) whether liars should be excommunicated, and 3) if people could be saved who did not follow God’s word.This last issue was referring to the "good-hearted", meaning those who sympathized with the Anabaptists and even helped them materially in times of persecution, but who would not take the step of rebaptism. Those siding with Ammann felt that these "good-hearted" people should not be looked upon and consoled as "saved" unless they took up the cross and followed Christ in


texts:
 rebaptism and obedience to his teachings. Along with feetwashing, these three issues were at the core of the division. However, other issues surfaced during the discussions in the following years, including frequency of communion and how church discipline should be conducted. Another issue mentioned during the time of the schism was the establishment of stricter regulations concerning dress and beard styles. However, social avoidance of banned individuals was the most controversial of all the issues, and thus it has sometimes been erroneously considered as the only cause of the schism. Excommunications
<mask> and Nicolas Augsburger were chosen by a ministerial committee to travel to Switzerland for a meeting with church leaders to find out where the Swiss congregations stood on the disputed issues.At first, a few of the Swiss ministers agreed with <mask>’s view, but in a later meeting Hans Reist would not agree with social avoidance, using Matthew 15:17 as a basis for "what enters the mouth is no sin." Another meeting was called, in which Hans Reist did not show up, saying he was busy. At this point, <mask> became irritated (verdreiszlich) and then proceeded to announce that Hans Reist was excommunicated on six points. When Ammann questioned some of the other Swiss ministers at the meeting where they stood on the issues, they pleaded for time to consult with their congregations. <mask> saw this as a turning back, since some of them had previously expressed agreement with his side. He then proceeded to announce the excommunication of six of the present ministers. Amman and the four men with him then left "without shaking hands with anyone."These excommunications created a definite breach within the Swiss Brethren movement. The Reist side eventually excommunicated the Ammann side as well. Attempts at reconciliation
Within a few years, several attempts were made at reconciliation. In February 1700, <mask> and several of his co-ministers removed the ban from the Swiss

masks:
Jakob Ammann
Ammann
Jakob Ammann
Ammann
Jakob Ammann


texts:
 ministers and excommunicated themselves in recognition that they had acted too rashly and had "grievously erred." They did not feel that they were in error concerning the issues they had brought up, but rather that they had not given sufficient time for the Reist side to consider the issues before excommunicating them. Also, they felt that they should not have excommunicated the Swiss ministers on the spot, but should have consulted with the whole congregation before proceeding. However, while Hans Reist and some of the Swiss ministers appear to have accepted the repentance of <mask> and his co-workers, they held firm to their position of not accepting social shunning.Some of the other issues had been accepted by the Swiss ministers, but the main body of Amish and the Reist side were never able to reconcile on the issue of social shunning. Today in North America, the Amish and Mennonites (the Reist side became known as Mennonites after the schism; in a paradox, it was the Amish side that was pushing for the introduction of Dutch Mennonite ideas, but those opposing the ideas eventually became known as Mennonites) live side by side in many communities and work together peacefully in publishing, businesses, and charitable aid projects. However, official sharing of ministry and communion is rare among the most conservative groups of Old Order Amish and Mennonites. In more moderate groups, there remains little to no effect from the schism, with the exception of names of churches. Notes

References

Further reading
 Steven M. Nolt, A History of the Amish, rev. ed. (Intercourse, PA: Good Books, 2003)

External links

 <mask> at the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

1644 births
18th-century deaths
People from Frutigen-Niedersimmental District
Swiss Christian religious leaders
Swiss Christian pacifists
17th-century Swiss people
18th-century Swiss people
17th-century Anabaptist ministers
18th-century Anabaptist ministers
Christian radicals
Swiss Amish people
Year

masks:
Ammann
Jakob Ammann


texts:
<mask> (born 17 November 1947 in North Shields, Northumberland) is a British guitarist, singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He formed the folk-rock band Lindisfarne with Alan Hull in 1970, and wrote "Meet Me on the Corner", a UK Top 5 hit in March 1972, which won Clements an Ivor Novello Award. Lindisfarne broke up in 1973 and Clements became a founding member of Jack the Lad, also working with Ralph McTell and Bert Jansch. Lindisfarne reformed in 1977 and Clements continued to be part of the line-up until 2003. <mask> rejoined Lindisfarne in 2015 and is currently touring and performing with the band. Career
Clements was an only child, and grew up in a household in which neither parent was especially active musically, though his mother did play the piano. His father was a lover of classical music and he encouraged his son to attend concerts.Clements attended The King's School, Tynemouth after which, at the age of 12, he was sent to Durham School. He subsequently attended Durham University (St. Cuthbert's Society), graduating with a BA in ancient history and anthropology. From an early age he had been able to pick up a tune and play it and his first inspiration to play the guitar came from hearing the hits of Duane Eddy, The Shadows and The Ventures. By 1965 he had formed an R&B group called Downtown Faction. As a bass guitarist, Clements teamed up with local musicians in North Shields to form a blues band (also called the Downtown Faction). The band was later renamed Brethren, and became regular performers at folk clubs in the North East. Clements befriended a Newcastle singer/songwriter called Alan Hull, and formed the folk-rock band Lindisfarne with him and several members of Brethren

masks:
Roderick Parry Clements
Rod


texts: in 1970.Although Hull was Lindisfarne's main songwriter, <mask> provided the band with its first hit in "Meet Me on the Corner", a UK Top 5 hit in March 1972. Clements won a Certificate of Honour at the Ivor Novello Awards for the song. Lindisfarne broke up in 1973 and Clements became a founding member of Jack the Lad, which also included two other former Lindisfarne members, on whose debut album It's Jack The Lad he played a significant role as multi-instrumentalist and songwriter. In 1974 he played bass on Ralph McTell's "Streets of London", which topped the UK charts at Christmas that year. <mask> went on to tour and record several albums with McTell. He also worked with Bert Jansch, touring Britain and Europe and working as Producer on Bert's comeback album A Rare Conundrum. <mask> and Jansch also recorded a Woody Guthrie tribute album, Woody Lives!, and the jointly credited Leather Launderette.Lindisfarne reformed in 1977 and <mask> continued to be part of the line-up, contributing many songs to albums such as Back and Fourth, The News, Sleepless Nights and Dance Your Life Away. Following Alan Hull's death in 1995 <mask> became the band's main songwriter who, in partnership with producer and co-writer Nigel Stonier, provided the bulk of material for Lindisfarne's two last albums, Here Comes The Neighbourhood (1998) and Promenade (2002). The band finally broke up following a concert in Newcastle Opera House in November 2003. <mask>' main role in Lindisfarne was that of bassist until 1990, when he moved to slide guitar and mandolin; his former role was filled thereafter by Steve Cunningham and latterly Ian Thomson. Clements also played violin from time to time, most notably in the

masks: Clements Clements Clements Clements Rod Clements


texts:
 instrumental break of "Fog on the Tyne", both on stage and on disc. Clements has also toured and recorded with Rab Noakes and Michael Chapman and performed on albums by Peter Hammill, Wizz Jones and Kathryn Tickell amongst others. He has also supplied bass, dobro, and guitar parts to albums by singer/songwriter Thea Gilmore, who has herself appeared on <mask>'s solo albums.Clements released the album One Track Mind in 1994, and followed this with Stamping Ground in 2000, having written or co-written each of the tracks. Another album, Odd Man Out was released in 2006. It was produced by Nigel Stonier. Spring 2008 saw the reissue with bonus tracks of One Track Mind. He continues to tour regularly, performing a mixture of Lindisfarne songs and his solo efforts. Songs written by Clements have been covered by artists including Melanie Safka and Joe Brown; and a <mask>/Stonier composition, "Can't Do Right For Doing Wrong", was a British Top 30 hit for Erin Rocha at Christmas 2003. (Woody Guthrie tribute album) (1987)
 People on the Highway (Bert Jansch tribute album) (2000)

References

External links

 Discography
 Odd Man Out

1947 births
Living people
English folk musicians
British folk rock musicians
English folk guitarists
English male guitarists
English blues musicians
English blues guitarists
Slide guitarists
English bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
English multi-instrumentalists
Folk fiddlers
British mandolinists
English male singers
English songwriters
People from North Shields
People educated at The King's School, Tynemouth
Alumni of St Cuthbert's Society, Durham
Pentangle (band) members
Lindisfarne (band) members
21st-century violinists
21st-century British male musicians
British male

masks: Rod Clements


texts:
Sir <mask> (1557/155818 April 1636) was an English lawyer, judge and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1589 and 1622. He was also known as <mask>. Early life and education
<mask> was born near Tottenham in Middlesex, the son of Cesare Adelmare who was originally from Treviso, Italy, and his wife Margery Perient or Pirry (died c. 1583). Cesare Adelmare, like many of his ancestors, studied at the University of Padua, where he was made doctor in 1547. He was registered as a doctor in his native Treviso in 1542. In England in 1544 he was found to be working unlicensed and then licensed. He was naturalised in 1558, and was a physician to Queens Mary I and Elizabeth I. Cesare's father Pietro Maria Adelmare was also a graduate of Padua, and was a judge and ambassador for Treviso.His mother, Paola Cesarini, was said to be descended from the well-known Cesarini family of Rome. <mask> was baptised in the Church of St. Dunstan's-in-the-East in February 1558, his sponsors being the Lord Treasurer, William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester; the Earl of Arundel; and Lady Montagu representing the queen. After his father's death, his mother married, as her second husband, Michael Lok. He was possibly educated at Winchester College and matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, on 10 January 1575, aged 16, and was awarded BA on 17 May 1575 and MA on 18 February 1578. He then studied at the Faculty of Law of Paris (University of Paris), where he was made LLB and LLD on 22 April 1581. Career
<mask> was noted for his persistent striving for advancement and for financial reward in the time of Queen Elizabeth. He was a general

masks:
Julius Caesar
Julius Adelmare
Caesar
Julius
Caesar


texts: commissioner on piracy in October 1581.In 1583 he was counsel to the City of London and commissary of his friend John Aylmer, the Bishop of London in Middlesex, Hertfordshire and Essex. On 5 March 1584 he was awarded a law degree at Oxford, and became doctor of canon law. In 1584, he was appointed Judge of the High Court of Admiralty until 1605, and was an advocate of Doctors' Commons in 1586. In 1588 he became a master in chancery. He was elected MP for Reigate in 1589. He became Bencher of the Inner Temple in 1590 and was Master of Requests Extraordinary of Court of Requests in 1591. He became JP from 1592 and was governor of mineral and battery works in 1593.Also in 1593 he was elected MP for Bletchingley. He was treasurer of the Inner Temple in 1593. He became Master of Requests Ordinary of Court of Requests in 1595 and Master of St Katherine's Hospital in 1596. In 1597 he was elected MP for Windsor and was re-elected MP for Windsor in 1601. Queen Elizabeth, on her way to Nonsuch Palace, paid him a visit at his house at Mitcham on 12 September 1598. She spent the night of the 12th there, and dined with him the next day. In the reign of King James, <mask> acquired extensive property, particularly in Hertfordshire, and achieved greater influence and political importance.He was knighted at Greenwich by King James in May 1603. He also became ecclesiastical commissioner for the Province of Canterbury in 1603. In 1606 he was elected MP for Middlesex. He was Chancellor and Under Treasurer of the Exchequer from 1606 to 1614. In 1607 he was appointed to the Privy Council. In 1614 he was appointed Master of the Rolls, an office which he held till his


texts:
 death in 1636. He was re-elected MP for Middlesex in 1614.In 1621 he became first commissioner for the great seal and was elected MP for Maldon. He was commissioner to inquire into operation of the poor law from 1631 to 1633. Death
<mask> died at the age of 79 and was buried at Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate. Legacy
<mask> was a remarkable civil servant and left many volumes of papers relating to his official work, and others relating to the mint, of which his first father-in-law was master. He worked on the history of the Exchequer, and presented to Burghley a history of the Court of Requests "to defend it against the slights of the common lawyers". In 1625 he wrote a treatise on the constitution and functions of the privy council, entitled Concerning the Private Council of the Most High and Mighty King of Great Britain, France, Scotland, and Ireland. His manuscripts, many of which are now in the British Museum, were sold by auction in 1757 for a sum of around £500.Personal life

<mask> married three times. He married firstly Dorcas Lusher (1561 – 16 June 1595), widow of Richard Lusher of the Middle Temple and daughter of Sir Richard Martin, master of the mint and later Lord Mayor of London, with whom he had four sons and a daughter. He married secondly on 10 April 1596 Alice Dent (June 1569 – 23 May 1614), widow of John Dent, Alderman of London, and daughter of Christopher Grant of Manchester, Lancashire, with whom he had three more sons. He married thirdly Anne Hogan, widow of Henry Hogan and William Hungate, both of East Bradenham, Norfolk, and daughter of Henry Woodhouse of Waxham, Norfolk on 19 April 1615. His third wife Anne was a

masks: Caesar Caesar Caesar


texts:
 granddaughter of Nicholas Bacon. Francis Bacon, his wife's uncle, died in his arms. His son, also named <mask> (14 February 1587 – 8 January 1607), was sent to study at the University of Padua.He was wounded while fencing with Antonia Brochetta and sought revenge. He lay in wait for him with a pistol, but his shot missed. He then fell while attempting to draw his sword and was set upon by Brochetta who ran him through and killed him. His son Sir <mask> (27 January 1590 – 6 December 1642) was a member of Parliament, as well as Master of the Rolls from 1639 to 1642, which he purchased for £15,000 and a £2,000 loan. His son Sir <mask> (20 October 1597 – 23 May 1647) of Hyde Hall, Hertfordshire, a country gentleman, was knighted in Scotland on 20 June 1617. His son <mask> D.D. (17 March 1601 – 1633) was rector of Llanrhuddlad Anglesey, Wales of whom a memorial graces the chancel of Beaumaris parish church, Anglesey.His son <mask> (9 October 1602 – 27 October 1637) was one of the Six Clerks of Court of Chancery and a member of Parliament. Notes

References

1558 births
1636 deaths
English judges
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
University of Paris alumni
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Inner Temple
Chancellors of the Exchequer of England
Masters of the Rolls
English people of Italian descent
People from Treviso
17th-century English judges
16th-century English judges
English MPs 1589
English MPs 1593
English MPs 1597–1598
English MPs 1601
English MPs 1604–1611
English MPs 1614
English MPs 1621–1622
Canon law jurists
Members of the Privy Council of England
People from Tottenham
Julius
Members of Parliament for Maldon
Kingdom of England

masks:
Julius Caesar
Charles Caesar
John Caesar
Thomas Caesar
Robert Caesar


texts:
<mask> (born 1946) is an American artist known mainly for installation art and sculptures, though she also produces paintings and prints. Pfaff has received numerous awards for her work, including a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 2004 and grants from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1983) and the National Endowment for the Arts. Major exhibitions of her work have been held at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the Denver Art Museum and Saint Louis Art Museum. In 2013 she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Video interviews can be found on Art 21, Miles McEnery Gallery, MoMa, Mount Holyoke College Art Museum and other sources. Early life and education

Pfaff was born in London in 1946. Her father, a Royal Air Force pilot, was absent from her life.Pfaff's mother moved to Detroit soon after Pfaff's birth, leaving Pfaff and her brother to be raised by their grandparents. Post-war London was bleak; Pfaff has described playing in bombed out and abandoned buildings, gathering "raw materials for fantasy buildings." A reunion in 1956 with her mother in Detroit, where she  attended Cass Technical High School, did not end well. At age 15, Pfaff left home and eventually married a U.S. Air Force officer. She attended Wayne State University and Southern Illinois University, completing a BFA at Washington University in 1971. Pfaff enrolled in the MFA program at Yale University School of Art, where she embraced the use of heavy equipment and outsized materials. Other disciplines, such as physics, medicine, zoology and astronomy, also influenced her work.At Yale, Pfaff studied with Al Held, who became her mentor. With Held's encouragement, she created an installation for her final project. She completed her MFA in 1973 and then moved to New York City. Teaching
Pfaff taught at the California Institute of the Arts from 1976 to 1979. She joined the faculty at Bard


texts:
 College in New York in 1994, where she is currently the co-director of the Studio Arts program. Style
Since the 70s, Pfaff has helped redefine contemporary notions of sculpture and has been recognized for her innovative approach to space. While others at the time subscribed to minimalist art forms, Pfaff began making colorful, visually active environments that encompassed an entire gallery and complicated the relationship between sculpture and the architecture that contained it.Spanning across mediums such as painting, printmaking, sculpture and installation, it can be described as "painting in space". Pfaff draws upon spiritual, botanical, and art historical imagery, and "explores issues of creativity and the complexity of life by using strings, vines, spheres, and other objects arranged in a seemingly haphazard way". Although, Pfaff has so far refused to give narrative meaning to her work, which shows an "urgent and ferocious need to labor for the visual and tactile […] in an era where language dominates artistic activity". Pfaff incorporates a range of everyday and industrial materials into her installations such as wire, plastic tubing, fabric, steel, fiberglass, and plaster as well as salvaged signage and tree roots. Her interest in natural motifs extends to a series of prints integrating vegetation, maps, and medical illustrations. She has also used her dramatic sculptural abilities to make set designs for several theatrical stage productions. In recent years, she has incorporated photographic and digital imagery into her installations and prints.Process
Pfaff enters an exhibition space not knowing exactly what will happen. Rice Gallery describes her working process is intuitive and highly physical; she relies on her knowledge, skill, and experience to carry her through. Her art is site-specific; each one of her installations considers the specific spatial geometries of the room so no two shows are


texts:
 ever alike. Pfaff and her crew may labor for months or years on shows that last day or weeks; the work is deconstructed and sections are discarded after a show comes down. Pfaff's studio in upstate New York is filled with winches, welding equipment, a forklift, and pressure washers. When she and her assistants arrive to set up an installation, they bring with them a truck full of tools, welders, pre-cut installation components, as well as raw material, and begin to experiment. Pfaff is used to working in large spaces; her permanent installation at the Philadelphia Convention Center, cirque, CIRQUE, is reputed to be the largest suspended sculpture in the world.Installation art
In New York, Pfaff created her first large-scale installation piece, J.A.S.O.N--J.A.S.O.N., at the nonprofit Artists Space in 1975. Pfaff describes her site-specific installations as abstract narratives based on personal experiences. Art critic Benjamin Genocchio commented that Pfaff's installation work can seem disordered, but with a closer look an order seems to reveal itself. In 2006, Pfaff's Buckets of Rain was exhibited at the Ameringer & Yohe Fine Art gallery in New York. Pfaff's installation work has influenced other artists, including Jessica Stockholder and Sarah Sze. Other media
In addition to her installations, Pfaff creates paintings, sculpture and prints. "I've always done prints and drawings," Pfaff says."If you get an installation of mine, you inherit [my assistant] Ryan, myself, a crew, the dog, the noise, the dirt. We wreck the house. So if you don't want that, then you get prints and drawings." Pfaff has also done scenic design. In 2010 Ameringer/McEnery/Yoke showed a retrospective from her oeuvre  ranging from the late 1970s to recent work. In a review in The Brooklyn Rail, Kara L. Rooney wrote of the survey's cohesion, "somehow, Pfaff's eclectic interpretation of '80s flamboyance, '90s insecurity, and the aughts'


texts:
 incessant optimism succeeds." Solo exhibitions and installations
During her prolific career, Pfaff has mounted over 100 solo exhibitions and installations in galleries and museums worldwide.She has had major exhibitions at Elvehjem Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin, Madison (2002); Denver Art Museum (1994); St. Louis Art Museum (1989); and Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo (1982). Her work is also included in the permanent collections of The Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, Tate Gallery, Brooklyn Museum of Art, and Detroit Institute of Arts, among others. Furthermore, she represented the United States in the 1998 Bienal de Sao Paolo. Pfaff's work is not restricted to Installation Art pieces. Her other notable works include Botanica, a mixed media on paper piece owned by the Orlando Museum of Art and Imperial Hotel, a relief print using the intaglio technique owned by the Tampa Museum of Art. Grants and awards
Pfaff has received several notable awards and grants including the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Sculpture Center (2014), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Award (2004), a Bessie (1984), and fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1983) and the National Endowment for the Arts (1986). She was also elected to become a member of the American Academy of Arts in 2009.2017: Francis J. Greenburger Award, Art OMI
 2017: Jack Wolgin Annual Visiting Artist Award, Tyler School of Art, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
 2015: National Academy Award for Excellence in Sculpture, National Academy Museum and School, New York
 2014: Lifetime Achievement Award, International Sculpture Center
 2013: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2013 Class of New Fellows and Foreign Honorary Members, field of Visual and Performing Arts
 2013: Anonymous Was a Woman, A Foundation of Philanthropic Funds, New York, NY
 2010: Southern Graphics


texts:
 Council International Conference Lifetime Achievement Award 2010, Mark/Remarque, Philagraphika, Philadelphia, PA
 2009: USA Fellowship, Los Angeles, CA
 2009: Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York, New York
 2009: Dean’s Medal, Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts, Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO
 2006: Barnett and Annalee Newman Foundation Fellowship
 2004: MacArthur Fellowship
 2003: Nancy Graves Foundation Grant
 2002: Award of Merit Medal for Sculpture, American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York
 2002: American Academy of Design, New York
 1999: Honorary Doctorate, Pratt Institute. New York
 1998: U.S. Representative for the Bienal de Sao Paulo
 1998: Distinguished Alumni Award, Washington University, St. Louis
 1997: Fellow of the Saint Gaudens Memorial
 1986: National Endowment for the Arts, Sculpture
 1984: Bessie Award, Set Design for “Wind Devil,” BAM Production by Nina Weiner Dance Company
 1983: Guggenheim Fellowship, Sculpture
 1979: National Endowment for the Arts, Sculpture
 1976: Creative Artist Public Services, Sculpture

Recent life
Pfaff is the Richard B. Fisher Professor in the Arts and co-director of the studio arts program at Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. She continues to produce work for sale and for exhibition, including installations and prints. She currently lives and works in Tivoli, NY. See also
 Inside the Artist's Studio, Princeton Architectural Press, 2015. ()

References

External links
Official website

Further reading

1946 births
Living people
Cass Technical High School alumni
American women installation artists
American installation artists
Bard College faculty
MacArthur Fellows
20th-century American women artists
20th-century American artists
21st-century American women artists
21st-century American artists
Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts alumni
Yale School of Art alumni
Artists from London
English emigrants to the United


texts:
Samuel Richard "<mask>" <mask> (October 28, 1945 – December 2, 2015) was a political consultant who served as the 19th United States National Security Advisor for President Bill Clinton from 1997 to 2001. Before that he served as the Deputy National Security Advisor for the Clinton Administration from 1993 to 1997. In 2005, he was fined and sentenced to two years of probation plus community service for unauthorized removal of classified material from the National Archives. He gave up his license to practice law. Early life
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Millerton, New York, where his parents ran an Army-Navy store. He graduated from Webutuck High School in 1963, earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in government from Cornell University in 1967, and his earned Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School in 1971. At Cornell, <mask> was a member of the Quill and Dagger society with Paul Wolfowitz and Stephen Hadley.Opposed to the Vietnam War, <mask> began working for Senator George McGovern's presidential campaign in 1972. While there, he met Bill Clinton, forming a friendship that lasted for decades. <mask> later urged Clinton to run for President of the United States. After the McGovern campaign, <mask> gained experience working in a variety of government posts, including serving as Special Assistant to Mayor of New York City John Lindsay and Legislative Assistant to U.S. Senator Harold Hughes of Iowa and Congressman Joseph Resnick of New York. He was also Deputy Director of Policy Planning for the U.S. Department of State from 1977 to 1980 under Secretary of State Cyrus Vance during the Carter administration. After leaving the State Department, <mask> went on to join the law firm Hogan & Hartson where he helped expand the firm's international law practice.As a partner, he opened the firm's first two international offices, in London and Brussels. "<mask>", Nancy Pelosi said in 1997, "was the point-man at ... Hogan & Hartson ... for the trade office of the Chinese government. He was a lawyer-lobbyist." Clinton administration

<mask> served as Senior Foreign Policy

masks:
Sandy
Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
Sandy Berger
Berger


texts: Advisor to Governor Clinton during the campaign, and as Assistant Transition Director for National Security of the 1992 Clinton-Gore Transition. <mask> served eight years on the National Security Council staff, first from 1993 - 1997 as deputy national security advisor, under Anthony Lake, whom <mask> had recommended for the role, and then succeeding Lake as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from 1997 to 2001. <mask> was a central figure in formulating the foreign policy of the Clinton Administration, and played an integral role advancing the administration's self-described objectives of advancing "democracy, shared prosperity, and peace." In President Clinton's words, "Nobody was more knowledgeable about policy or smarter about how to formulate it.He was both great in analyzing a situation and figuring out what to do about it. His gifts proved invaluable time and time again, in Latin America, the Balkans, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East." Key achievements during <mask>'s NSC tenure included the 1995 peso recovery package in Mexico, NATO enlargement, Operation Desert Fox, the Dayton Accords that ended the civil conflict in Bosnia, the NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia, the Good Friday Agreement that helped bring about peace in Northern Ireland, and the administration's policy of engagement  with the People's Republic of China. In a March 2005 oral history interview at the University of Virginia's Miller Center, <mask> noted, "I think during the '90s we took China from outside the international system and brought it inside the international system, partly through trade, and economics, and otherwise." On July 4, 1999, in what South Asia expert Bruce Reidel called <mask>'s "finest hour," <mask> advised President Clinton through a pivotal negotiation with Pakistan's prime minister Nawaz Sharif to pull that country's troops back from Kashmir, averting a potentially cataclysmic nuclear war with India. <mask> also advised the President regarding the Khobar Towers bombing and responses to the terrorist bombings of American embassies in

masks: Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger


texts:
 Kenya and Tanzania. In the final years of the Clinton administration, combating terrorism was the paramount foreign policy priority; <mask> said in his March 2005 oral history interview at UVA's Miller Center, "I said to Condoleezza Rice during the transition ... that the number-one issue that she would deal with as national security advisor was terrorism in general and al-Qaeda specifically."Controversies

Stock ownership
In November 1997, <mask> paid a $23,000 civil penalty to settle conflict of interest allegations stemming from his failure to sell his stock of Amoco Corporation as ordered by the White House. <mask> was advised by the White House to sell the stock in early 1994. He said he had planned to sell the stock, but then forgot. He denied knowingly participating in decisions in which he had a financial interest. With no evidence that <mask> intended to break the law, the United States Department of Justice determined a civil penalty was adequate for a "non-willful violation" of the conflict of interest law. Chinese nuclear espionage

In 1999, <mask> was criticized for failing to promptly inform President Clinton of his knowledge that the People's Republic of China had managed to acquire the designs of a number of U.S. nuclear warheads. <mask> was originally briefed of the espionage by the Department of Energy (DOE) in April 1996, but did not inform the president until July 1997.A number of Republicans, including then presidential hopeful Lamar Alexander, called for <mask>'s resignation. They accused him of ignoring the allegations of Chinese espionage. "For his unwillingness to act on this serious matter, Mr. <mask> should resign", Alexander said. "If he does not, he should be relieved of his duties by President Clinton." President Clinton rejected the calls: "The record is that we acted aggressively," Clinton said. "Mr. <mask> acted appropriately." Unauthorized removal and destruction of classified material

On July 19, 2004, it was revealed that the United States Department of Justice was investigating <mask> for unauthorized removal of classified

masks: Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger


texts:
 documents in October 2003 from a National Archives reading room prior to testifying before the 9/11 Commission.The documents were five classified copies of a single report commissioned from Richard Clarke covering internal assessments of the Clinton Administration's handling of the unsuccessful 2000 millennium attack plots. An associate of <mask> said <mask> took one copy in September 2003 and four copies in October 2003, allegedly by stuffing the documents into his socks and pants. <mask> subsequently lied to investigators when questioned about the removal of the documents. In April 2005, <mask> pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of unauthorized removal and retention of classified material from the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

<mask> was fined $50,000, sentenced to serve two years of probation and 100 hours of community service, and stripped of his security clearance for three years. The Justice Department initially said <mask> only stole copies of classified documents and not originals, but the House Government Reform Committee later revealed that an unsupervised <mask> had been given access to classified files of original, uncopied, uninventoried documents on terrorism. During the House Government Reform Committee hearings, Nancy Kegan Smith — who was the director of the presidential documents staff at the National Archives and Records Administration — acknowledged that she had granted <mask> access to original materials in her office. On December 20, 2006, Inspector General Paul Brachfeld reported that <mask> took a break to go outside without an escort."In total, during this visit, he removed four documents ... Mr. <mask> said he placed the documents under a trailer in an accessible construction area outside Archives 1 (the main Archives building)". <mask> acknowledged having later retrieved the documents from the construction area and returned with them to his office. On May 17, 2007, <mask> relinquished his license to practice law as a result of the Justice Department investigation. Saying, "I have decided to voluntarily relinquish my license.

masks: Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger


texts:
 ... While I derived great satisfaction from years of practicing law, I have not done so for 15 years and do not envision returning to the profession. I am very sorry for what I did, and I deeply apologize."By giving up his license, <mask> avoided cross-examination by the Bar Counsel regarding details of his thefts. Post-government

After leaving the Clinton Administration, <mask> became chairman of Stonebridge International, an international advisory firm he co-founded in 2001 which focused on aiding companies in their expansion into emerging markets such as Brazil, China, India, and Russia. Stonebridge International merged in 2009 with The Albright Group, a similar firm founded by former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, to form Albright Stonebridge Group. In late 2003, <mask> was called to testify before the 9/11 Commission regarding steps taken against terrorism during his tenure and the information he provided to his successor, Condoleezza Rice. At the time, <mask> was also acting as an informal foreign policy advisor to Senator John Kerry during his campaign for the presidency. He quit his advisory role after controversy arose regarding his preparations for testifying before the September 11 committee. <mask> was also Chairman of the D.B.Zwirn Global Advisory Board, an international investment fund and merchant capital provider founded in 2001 and with offices throughout North America, Europe and Asia. <mask> was an advisory board member for the Partnership for a Secure America, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy. He also served on the International Advisory Council of the Brookings Doha Center. <mask> served as a foreign policy adviser to Senator Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign. <mask> served on the Board of Directors of the International Crisis Group and World Food Program USA, and also on the Advisory Boards of the National Security Network, and America Abroad Media. Personal life and death
<mask> lived in the American University Park neighborhood

masks: Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger Berger


texts:
 of Washington, D.C., was married to Susan Harrison <mask>, and had three children. <mask> died of cancer in Washington, D.C., on December 2, 2015, at the age of 70, more than a year after being diagnosed.President Barack Obama released the following statement on learning of <mask>'s death:

Awards
In November 2015, <mask> was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun by the Japanese government for his contributions to promotion of a strong and friendly relationship between the United States and Japan, particularly in his role as National Security Adviser to President Clinton. He also provided legal and commercial advice to the Embassy of Japan in Washington, D.C.

On December 1, 2015, World Food Program USA announced that it has given its inaugural Global Humanitarian Award to Samuel R<mask> in recognition of his decades of leadership helping families in need across the globe. Additionally, the World Food Program USA established the Samuel R. Berger Humanitarian Fund, which will support humanitarian organizations as they work to eradicate hunger around the world. In 2000, <mask> was presented with an honorary degree  from Tel Aviv University in Israel. See also
 History of the United States National Security Council 1993–present
 Iraq disarmament timeline 1990–2003
 Mary McCarthy (CIA)

References

External links

 United States National Security Council page at the White House website
 Report on <mask> (PDF), Office of the Inspector General, National Archives and Records Administration

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1945 births
2015 deaths
American male criminals
American foreign policy writers
American male non-fiction writers
American lobbyists
American political consultants
American political commentators
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C.
Clinton administration personnel
Cornell University alumni
Disbarred American lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
Jewish American government officials
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) lawyers
People from Millerton, New York
United States National Security Advisors
Millennium attack plots
United States Deputy National Security

masks:
Berger
Berger
Berger
Berger
. Berger
Berger
Berger


texts:
Prince <mask> of Russia ( – 18 June 1973) was a male line great-great-grandson of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and a nephew of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia. He was the last male member of the Romanov family born in Imperial Russia. He was a distant cousin and godson of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, as well as second cousin of both Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent. During the revolution his father and two uncles were imprisoned and later murdered along with other Romanov relatives in July 1918. In October 1918 his grandmother fled with the four-year-old Prince Vsevolod to Sweden where he was able be reunited with his mother, Princess Helen of Serbia. After a time in France and Belgrade they eventually settled in England. <mask>volod was educated at Eton and Oxford.He spent the rest of his life in exile in Great Britain. In 1939 he married Lady Mary Lygon of Madresfield Court. They were divorced in 1956. Prince Vsevolod married twice more, but had no children from any of his marriages. Early life

Prince <mask> <mask> was the eldest child of Prince John Constantinovich of Russia and Princess Helen of Serbia. He was born on 20 January 1914 at the Marble Palace in St Petersburg. In a manifesto issued the next day, Tsar Nicholas II decreed Vsevelod to be a Highness and a Prince of the Imperial Blood.On 25 January the Emperor, along with his wife Alexandra and his mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, attended the Prince's christening in service conducted in the chapel of the Marble Palace by the personal confessor of the imperial couple. Along with the boy's grandmother grand duchess Elizabeth

masks:
Vsevolod Ivanovich
Prince Vse
Vsevolod
Ivanovich


texts:
 Mavriekievna, Nicholas II was appointed one of his godparents. He spent his early years living with his parents in a suite of rooms in the northern wing of Pavlovsk During the First World War, Vsevelod's father, <mask> fought in the army and was decorated as a war hero, he was at the front when the Russian Revolution of 1917 started. Vsevelod's mother served as a nurse during the war, while Vsevelod and his sister Catherine were left in St. Petersburg under the care of their paternal grandmother. Revolution
During the chaotic rule of the Provisional Government, and after the October Revolution, <mask>d lived with his grandmother and some relatives, at Pavlovsk. When the Serbian diplomatic mission left Russia in 1918, they offered to take the family to Finland under Serbian protection. They refused.After the Bolsheviks took power, <mask>'s father and two of his uncles Constantine and Igor were sent to internal exile in the Urals. They were killed at Alapaevsk, along with other Romanov relatives, in July 1918. Vsevolod's mother, who had followed her husband, spent many months imprisoned narrowly escaping being killed herself. Prince Vsevolod and his sister were safe under the care of their grandmother in the Marble Place. As time went on, their circumstances became increasingly difficult as the palace and its contents were requisitioned. Their grandmother was forced to secretly sell family heirlooms to provide for the family. They were finally able to escape revolutionary Russia with the help of Swedish diplomats, at the invitation of Queen Victoria of Sweden.In October 1918, the small family group consisting of, four-year-old Vsevolod,

masks:
Prince Ivan
Prince Vselo
Vsevolod


texts:
 his sister Catherine, their paternal grandmother, his uncle George, his aunt Vera, Miss Irwin (the children's Irish nanny) and three attendants were permitted by the Bolsheviks to leave Russia. They traveled first to Tallinn in Estonia, from there they crossed the Baltic to Finland. In Helsinki they boarded the Swedish vessel Ångermanland and traveled via Mariehamn to Stockholm. At Stockholm harbor, they met Prince Gustaf Adolf, who took them to the royal palace. Exile

After spending sometime recuperating in Stockholm royal palace, they moved to a small spa town in Sweden. There, in 1919,
Vsevolod was reunited with his mother. They moved to Paris and eventually went to live in Belgrade with his maternal grandfather King Peter I of Serbia.After his death in 1921, <mask>'s uncle King Alexander bought a Villa at Cap Ferrat in the south of France for <mask>, his mother and his sister. They eventually settled in England. <mask>lod was educated at Eton and Oxford. He boxed and ran for both Eton and Oxford and was described by a friend as "having a great heart". In October 1933 Vsevolod was operated on for appendicitis in a London nursing home. During the following year, Prince Vsevolod, who was in his early twenties, appeared frequently in social circles. He visited Queen Mary in July 1936, attended the christening of <mask> Emmanuel of Italy in June 1937 and presided the Russian Charities ball that December.As Mr Romanof, he ran a business in North London selling lubricants. The prince and Lady Mary

<mask>'s engagement to Lady Mary Lygon was announced on 1 February 1939. The civil marriage took place on 31 May 1939, in Chelsea register

masks:
Vsevolod
Vsevolod
Prince Vsevo
Prince Victor
Prince Vsed


texts: office in the presence of two of the bride's sisters, two witnesses and a Russian priest. The religious service was the following day in the Russian Orthodox Church, Buckingham Palace Road. Grand Duke Vladimimir Kirilovich, Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich and Prince Dmitri of Russia were among the groomsmen. Lady Mary became Princess Romanovsky-Pavlovsky, the title granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirilovich at Vsevolod's request. The couple set up home in a large house in Lenox Gardens.<mask>d worked at Saccone & Speed Wine Merchants in Sackville Street, London. At the outbreak of World War II in September, the Prince volunteered to serve at night as an Air raid precaution Warden. His duties included ensuring that the blackout was observed, sounding air raid sirens, evacuating areas around unexploded bombs, helping casualties from bomb damage and finding accommodation for people whose homes were destroyed. His wife ran the Princess Pavlovsky's Unit, a Red Cross Unit with one ambulance. In 1940 the couple moved to a small house in Montpelier Walk, South Kensington. They lived in style, in spite of the war time restrictions, giving cocktail and dinner parties often for Serbian diplomats. <mask> was made a major in the Serbian army around this time.In August 1942, Evelyn Waugh moved in with the couple, staying in their small cottage between army duties. Waugh was a close friend of Lady Mary and her siblings since 1930. It has been said that Madresfield Court, the ancestral home of the Lygon family was the inspiration for Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead and that the Flytes were based on them. Waugh spent Christmas 1943 with <mask> and his wife. The

masks:
Prince Vselo
Prince Vselod
Prince Vsevod


texts:
 famous author did not have much love for the Prince, resenting having been forced to share his friend with him. Waugh confided in his diary: "I find my dislike of Vsevolod so overwhelming that I cannot sit in the room with him. Mamie [Mary] is lost to me".He thought the prince's existence, with no wine left to sell, was pointless. After the war Prince Vsevolod and his wife moved to a Palladian style house in North Terrace, Kensington: Alexander house was situated at the end of a cul de sac off the Brompton Road. With no children of their own, they were devoted to their Pekingese dogs. Vsevolod also stood as godfather to George, son of <mask> and Princess George Galitzine in May 1947; and to Victoria, daughter of <mask> and Princess Frederick of Prussia, in May 1952. In the following years their marriage began to unravel. Both were heavy drinkers and Lady Mary descended into a depressive alcoholic haze. Soon the couple were hurling pots of hot tea at each other.Mary's friends claimed that the prince had spent all her money. By 1952 the couple were broke, living in the same apartments but not speaking. The following year they moved to a flat in Hove, Sussex. Mary resorted to pawning her jewelry. Her eldest brother (now Lord Beauchamp) and sister Lady Lettice suggested that the couple moved alternatively between them, an offer they declined. Soon after Christmas 1953, <mask> left the marital home. During 1954, Mary's mental health declined.The couple was granted a divorce in February 1956 on the grounds of Prince Vsevolod's adultery. Last years
In March 1956 at Marylebone register office, Prince Vsevolod quietly married his mistress,

masks: Prince Prince Vsevolod


texts:
 Hungarian noblewoman Emilia de Gosztonyi (Budapest 19 April 1914 – Monte Carlo 9 July 1993), daughter of Eugen de Gosztonyi and Ethel Jolán Törö de Thury. Emilie was previously married to Count Sigismund von Berchtold zu Ungarschütz (1900-1979), son of Count Leopold Berchtold, who was divorced from Etti Plesch. As a daughter of a minor Hungarian nobleman, Emilia was granted the title of Princess Romanovsky by Grand Duke Vladimir. Short of money, in March 1957, the prince sold some old masters at Christie's, among them a portrait of Emperor Paul, Grand Duke Konstantin and Emperor Alexander I. After five years, <mask>'s second marriage ended in divorce in February 1961. There were no children from this union.In London on 8 June 1961, Vsevolod married again, this time to Valli Knust (b. London 4 April 1930, d. Sherborne, Dorset 10 July 2012), a woman sixteen years his junior. She was created Princess Romanovsky Knust; their marriage was very happy, but they had no children. In January 1966 Prince Vsevolod was appointed personal assistant to the Chairman and chief Executive of United Guarantee, holdings. In June 1970 Vsevolod underwent an operation in London, the beginning of a long painful battle with cancer. He died in London on 18 June 1973. His funeral services took place a week later at the Russian Orthodox church in Kensington. Among those present were <mask> and Princess Paul of Yugoslavia and <mask> and Princess Vassili of Russia.With <mask>'s death, the male line of the Constantinovich branch of the Romanov family died out. Ancestry

Notes

Bibliography
Hall, Coryne. Lady Mary and the 'Pauper Prince'''. Royalty Digest Quarterly.

masks:
Prince Vsevolod
Prince
Prince
Prince Vselod


texts:
 N4 2009. King, Greg, and Penny Wilson. Gilded Prism.Eurohistory, 2006. Zeepvat, Charlotte, The Camera and the Tsars'', Sutton Publishing, 2004, . 1914 births
1973 deaths
Princes of royal blood (Russia)
Yugoslav emigrants to the United Kingdom
White Russian emigrants to Sweden
Swedish emigrants to France
French emigrants to Yugoslavia
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Russian people of Serbian


texts:
<mask> (;  – 1 March 1921) was the ruler of Montenegro from 1860 to 1918, reigning as prince from 1860 to 1910 and as the country's first and only king from 1910 to 1918. Biography

Early life
Nikola was born in the village of Njeguši, the home of the reigning House of Petrović. His father, Mirko Petrović-Njegoš, a celebrated Montenegrin warrior, was elder brother to Danilo I of Montenegro, who left no male offspring. After 1696, when the dignity of vladika, or prince-bishop, became hereditary in the Petrović family, the sovereign power had descended from uncle to nephew, the vladikas belonging to the order of the black clergy (i.e., monastic clergy) who are forbidden to marry. A change was introduced by <mask>, who declined the episcopal office, married and declared the principality hereditary in the direct male line. Mirko Petrović-Njegoš having renounced his claim to the throne, his son was nominated heir-presumptive, and the old system of succession was thus incidentally continued. Prince Nikola, who had been trained from infancy in martial and athletic exercises, spent a portion of his early boyhood in Trieste at the household of the Kustic family, to which his aunt, the princess Darinka, wife of Danilo II, belonged.The princess was an ardent francophile, and at her suggestion, the young heir-presumptive of the vladikas was sent to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. Unlike his contemporary, King Milan of Serbia, Prince Nikola was little influenced in his tastes and habits by his Parisian education; the young highlander, whose keen patriotism, capability for leadership and poetic talents early displayed themselves, showed no inclination for the pleasures of the French capital, and eagerly looked forward to returning to his native land. Nikola was a member of the "United

masks:
Nikola I Petrović Ngoš
Danilo I


texts:
 Serbian Youth" (Уједињена омладина српска) during its existence (1866–1871). After the organization was prohibited in the Principality of Serbia and Austro-Hungary, the "Association for Serb Liberation and Unification" (Дружина за ослобођење и уједињење српско) was established by Nikola, Marko Popović, Simo Popović, Mašo Vrbica, Vasa Pelagić, and more, in Cetinje (1871). <mask> of Montenegro was also reflected in literature. His most significant works are the Serb patriotic song "Onamo, 'namo!" (There, over there!), and the drama "Empress of the Balkan". Prince of Montenegro

While still in Paris, Nikola succeeded his assassinated uncle Danilo I as prince (13 August 1860). At age 19, in Cetinje, on 8 November 1860, he married Milena, 13 years old, daughter of a Vojvoda named Petar Vukotić and wife Jelena Vojvodić. In the period of peace which followed Nikola carried out a series of military, administrative and educational reforms. The country was embroiled in a series of wars with the Ottoman Empire between 1862 and 1878. In 1867 he met the emperor <mask> at Paris, and in 1868 he undertook a journey to Russia, where he received an affectionate welcome from the tsar, <mask>. He afterwards visited the courts of Berlin and Vienna.His efforts to enlist the sympathies of the Russian imperial family produced important results for Montenegro; considerable subsidies were granted by the tsar and tsaritsa for educational and other purposes, and supplies of arms and ammunition were sent to Cetinje. In 1871 Prince Dolgorukov arrived at Montenegro on a special mission from the tsar, and distributed large sums of money among the people. In 1869 Prince Nikola, whose authority was now firmly established, succeeded in preventing the impetuous highlanders from aiding the Krivosians in their

masks:
Nicholas I
Napoleon III
Alexander II


texts:
 revolt against the Austrian government; similarly in 1897 he checked the martial excitement caused by the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War. In 1876 Nikola declared war against Turkey; his military reputation was enhanced by the ensuing campaign, and still more by  that of 1877/78, during which he captured Nikšić, Bar and Ulcinj. The war resulted in a considerable extension of the Montenegrin frontier and the acquisition of a seaboard on the Adriatic. Nikola justified the war as a revenge for the Battle of Kosovo (1389). In 1876 he sent a message to the Montenegrins in Herzegovina:
Under Murad I the Serbian Empire was destroyed, under Murad V it has to rise again.This is my wish and wish of all of us as well as the wish of almighty God. The Congress of Berlin in 1878 recognised the independence of Montenegro, and in the succeeding decades Montenegro enjoyed considerable prosperity and stability. Education, communications and the army expanded greatly (the latter with support from Imperial Russia). In 1883 Prince Nikola visited the sultan, with whom he subsequently maintained the most cordial relations; in 1896 he celebrated the bicentenary of the Petrović dynasty, and in the same year he attended the coronation of <mask> II; in May 1898 he visited Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle. King of Montenegro

In 1900 Nikola took the style of Royal Highness. According to Bolati, the Montenegrin court was not grieving that much over the murder of King Alexander Obrenović, as they saw him as an enemy of Montenegro and obstacle to the unification of Serb Lands. "Although it wasn't said openly, it was thought that the Petrović dynasty would achieve [the unification].All procedures of King Nikola shows that he himself believed that". He gave Montenegro its first constitution in 1905


texts:
 following pressure from a population eager for more freedom. He also introduced west-European style press freedom and criminal law codes. In 1906, he introduced Montenegrin currency, the perper. On 28 August 1910, during the celebration of his jubilee, he assumed the title of king, in accordance with a petition from the Skupština. He was at the same time gazetted field-marshal in the Russian army, an honor never previously conferred on any foreigner except the Duke of Wellington. When the Balkan Wars broke out in 1912 King Nikola was one of the most enthusiastic of the allies.He wanted to drive the Ottomans completely out of Europe. He defied the Concert of Europe and captured Scutari despite the fact that they blockaded the whole coast of Montenegro. Again in the Great War which began in 1914 he was the first to go to Serbia's aid to repel the Austro-Hungarian Empire forces from the Balkan Peninsula. In January 1916, after the defeat of Serbia, Montenegro was also conquered by Austria-Hungary, and the King fled to Italy and then to France. The government transferred its operations to Bordeaux. After the end of the First World War, a meeting in Podgorica voted to depose Nikola and annex Montenegro to Serbia. A few months later, Serbia (including Montenegro) merged with the former South Slav territories of Austria-Hungary to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929.Nikola went into exile in France in 1918, but continued to claim the throne until his death in Antibes three years later. He was buried in Italy. In 1989, the remains of Nikola, his queen Milena, and two of their twelve children were re-buried in Montenegro. Children

Five of his daughters were married, each to princes and kings, giving Nikola the nickname "the


texts:
 father-in-law of Europe", a sobriquet he shared with the contemporary King of Denmark. Princess Zorka of Montenegro (23 December 1864 – 28 March 1890) she married the then Prince Peter Karađorđević, later King <mask> of Serbia, on 1 August 1883. They had five children. Princess Milica of Montenegro (26 July 1866 – 5 September 1951) she married Grand Duke Peter Nicolaievich of Russia on 26 July 1889.They had four children. Princess Anastasia of Montenegro (4 January 1868 – 15 November 1935) she married George, Duke of Leuchtenberg on 16 April 1889 and they were divorced on 15 November 1906. They had two children. She remarried Grand Duke <mask> of Russia on 29 April 1907. Princess Marija of Montenegro (29 March 1869 – 7 May 1885) died at the age of sixteen in St. Petersburg, Russia. Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro (29 June 1871 – 24 September 1939) he married Duchess Jutta of Mecklenburg-Strelitz on 15 July 1899. They had no children.Princess Elena of Montenegro (8 January 1873 – 28 November 1952) she married the then Crown Prince Victor Emmanuel, later King Victor Emmanuel <mask> of Italy, on 24 October 1896. They had five children. Princess Anna of Montenegro (18 August 1874 – 22 April 1971) she married Prince Franz Joseph of Battenberg, son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia, Princess of Battenberg, on 18 May 1897. They had no children. Princess <mask> of Montenegro (2 May 1876 – 14 June 1876)
 Prince Mirko of Montenegro (17 April 1879 – 2 March 1918) he married Natalija Konstantinović, descendant of Obrenović royal family and second cousin of King <mask> of Serbia on 25 July 1902. They had five sons. Princess Xenia of Montenegro (22 April 1881 – 10 March 1960);
 Princess Vjera of Montenegro (22 February 1887 – 31 October 1927)
 Prince Peter of

masks:
Peter I
Nicholas Nicolaevich
III
Sofia
Alexander I


texts:
 Montenegro (10 October 1889 – 7 May 1932) he married Violet Emily Wegner, widowed Countess Brunetta d'Usseaux on 29 April 1924.The present pretender to the throne is King Nikola's great-grandson Prince Nikola, Prince Michael's son. Honours
Montenegrin
 Founder and Grand Master of the Order of Saint Peter of Cetinje, 1870

Foreign

In popular culture
 King Nikola and the Kingdom of Montenegro are remembered briefly in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, where its eponymous main character reminisces on how for his accomplishments and heroic endeavors during the First World War the King confers unto him the highest honor of the Kingdom, the Orderi di Danilo. Gatsby duly presents the medal for his guest to examine which reads on the legend Montenegro, Nicolas Rex and on its reverse: Major Jay Gatsby - For Valour Extraordinary. The character of the King in Maurice Chevalier's movie The Merry Widow (1934) is based on <mask>. Gallery

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 (in Croatian)

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1841 births
1921 deaths
People from Cetinje
People of the Principality of Montenegro
People of the Kingdom of Montenegro
Serbs of Montenegro
Rulers of Montenegro
19th-century Montenegrin people
20th-century Montenegrin people
Founding monarchs
Petrović-Njegoš dynasty
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Pretenders to the Montenegrin throne
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Field marshals of Russia
People of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Montenegrin poets
Serbian nationalists
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo
Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava
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2
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Burials at Serbian Orthodox monasteries


texts:
<mask> (李仲言) (died December 16, 835), known as <mask> (李訓) in 835, courtesy name initially Zixun (子訓), later Zichui (子垂), pseudonym Hermit Wang (王山人) during the mourning period for his mother, was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. He became a trusted advisor to Emperor Wenzong and plotted with Emperor Wenzong to end the hold the powerful eunuchs had on power by slaughtering the eunuchs, but when the effort failed (in an event later known as the Ganlu Incident), <mask> and his associates were slaughtered. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born. According to his biographies in the official histories of Tang Dynasty, the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang, he was from the same branch of the <mask> family — the "Guzang Branch" (姑臧房) — as the chancellors <mask> and <mask>ji, and was two generations below <mask> and one generation below <mask>ji, although the family tree for the Greater Guzang Branch in the New Book of Tang did not mention <mask> or any of his male-line ancestors. It was said that <mask> was tall, handsome, charismatic, well-spoken, dexterous, and good at reading people's emotions. He passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi (進士) class; thereafter, he served as an assistant teacher at the imperial university, before serving at as a staff member to the military governor (Jiedushi) of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Jiaozuo, Henan). Early involvement in politics
During Emperor Jingzong's reign (824-827), <mask> served as chancellor.<mask> became a close associate of <mask>'s, and it was said that shortly after Emperor Jingzong took the throne, <mask>, along with <mask>'s other associates <mask> (李虞) and Zhang Youxin (張又新), participated in manufacturing false

masks:
Li Zhongyan
Li Xun
Li Xun
Li Zhongyan
Li
Li Kui
Li Feng
Li Kui
Li Feng
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Fengji
Li Zhongyan
Li Fengji
Li Zhongyan
Li Fengji
Li Yu


texts:
 evidence against a political enemy of <mask>'s, the imperial scholar <mask>. As a result of <mask>'s accusations against <mask> — that when Emperor Jingzong's father Emperor Muzong died, <mask> was intending to support Emperor Muzong's brother <mask> (李悰) the Prince of Shen — <mask> was exiled. Subsequently, <mask>, Zhang, <mask> (李續之), <mask>, <mask> (劉栖楚), Jiang Qia (姜洽), Zhang Quanyu (張權輿), and Cheng Xifan (程昔范), became known as <mask>'s "Eight Gates" — i.e., people who wanted to see <mask> had to go through them. In 825, the official Wu Zhao (武昭), displeased that he was not given a position with authority and believing that <mask> was the one who prevented his commission, stated to his friend Mao Hui (茅彙), when he was drunk, that he wanted to kill <mask>. This declaration was reported to the authorities, and Wu and Mao were arrested. During the investigations, <mask> tried to induce Mao to implicate the chancellor <mask>, who was not on good terms with <mask>. Mao refused to implicate <mask>, and reported <mask>'s inducement to the investigating officials.As a result of the investigations, Wu was executed by caning, while Mao, <mask>, and <mask>'s relative <mask> (李仍叔) (who had told Wu that <mask> was refusing to give him a commission), were executed — in <mask>'s case, to Xiang Prefecture (象州, in modern Laibin, Guangxi). After Emperor Jingzong died around the new year 827 and was succeeded by his brother Emperor Wenzong, a general pardon was declared, and <mask> was allowed to return from exile. Later, when his mother died, he stayed at the eastern capital Luoyang to observe a mourning period. Association with Emperor Wenzong
At some point, <mask>, who wanted to be chancellor again, consulted <mask>. <mask> claimed to

masks:
Li Fengji
Li Shen
Li Fengji
Li Shen
Li Shen
Li Cong
Li Shen
Li Zhongyan
Li Xuzhi
Li Yu
Liu Qichu
Li Fengji
Li Fengji
Li Fengji
Li Fengji
Li Zhongyan
Li Cheng
Li Fengji
Li Cheng
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Cheng
Li Rengshu
Li Fengji
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Fengji
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan


texts: be friendly to the powerful eunuch Wang Shoucheng's close associate Zheng Zhu, and so <mask> gave <mask> a large amount of money to bribe Zheng. Zheng thereafter introduced <mask> to Wang, who in turn introduced <mask> to Emperor Wenzong and informed Emperor Wenzong that <mask> knew the I Ching well. As <mask> was then still supposed to be observing the mourning period for his mother, he could not enter the palace in mourning clothes, so he took on a Taoist monk's robe and took the name of Hermit Wang.It was said that Emperor Wenzong was impressed by <mask>'s appearance, charisma, and ability to speak, and he treated <mask> well. By fall 834, <mask>'s mourning period was over. Emperor Wenzong wanted to make him an imperial scholar, but this was vehemently opposed by the chancellor <mask>, who pointed to <mask>'s past, causing Emperor Wenzong to be displeased. <mask>'s fellow chancellor Wang Ya, who initially agreed with <mask>, seeing Emperor Wenzong's displeasure, changed his mind and no longer opposed <mask>'s commission — and, indeed, when Emperor Wenzong subsequently changed <mask>'s commission to be one for an assistant teacher at the imperial university (a lower post, probably to placate <mask>) and advisory officials Zheng Su (鄭肅) and Han Ci (韓佽) sealed the edict and were set to return the edict to him for reconsideration, as was their prerogative, Wang persuaded them not to do so. Subsequently, because Wang, <mask>, and Zheng Zhu all resented <mask>, they had <mask>'s political enemy, the former chancellor <mask>, recalled from his post as military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi), to the capital Chang'an to again serve as chancellor. Soon thereafter, <mask> was

masks:
Li Fengji
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Deyu
Li Zhongyan
Li Deyu
Li Deyu
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Deyu
Li Zhongyan
Li Deyu
Li Deyu
Li Zongmin
Li Deyu


texts: removed from his chancellor position and sent out to be the military governor of Shannan West. On the same day, <mask> was made an assistant imperial scholar, over the objections of a number of advisory officials, including Zheng Su and Han.In winter 834, <mask> changed his name to <mask>n. Meanwhile, while Emperor Wenzong appeared to be outwardly respectful to Wang and other eunuchs who helped him take the throne, he was in fact resentful of their hold on power. Zheng and <mask>n figured out what the emperor was thinking, and thereafter began to plot with Emperor Wenzong on eliminating the powerful eunuchs — and Emperor Wenzong associated with them because he felt that they, as officials recommended by Wang, would not draw suspicions from the eunuchs. It was under their suggestion that, in spring 835, Emperor Wenzong partially diverted Wang's power by giving the command of one of the eunuch-controlled Shence Armies to Wang's rival Qiu Shiliang. There was, at the time, a rumor spread in Chang'an that Zheng Zhu was making immortality pills for Emperor Wenzong, and that the pills required infant hearts and livers as ingredients, causing much panic among the people. Zheng accused family members of the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) Yang Yuqing (楊虞卿) of spreading the rumors, and Emperor Wenzong, incensed, arrested Yang. When <mask>, who had previously refused to give Zheng an office he wanted, tried to intercede on Yang's behalf, Emperor Wenzong ordered <mask> to leave his presence, and soon had him exiled.It was said that <mask>n and Zheng drafted a master plan for reforming the state that had details and which impressed Emperor Wenzong, which called first for eliminating the eunuchs, then for

masks:
Li Zhongyan
Li Zhongyan
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Zongmin
Li Zongmin
Li Xu


texts: recovery of the territory lost to Tufan, and then for destruction of the warlords north of the Yellow River. It was said that they became so powerful that they were carrying out reprisals against anyone they disliked — and that those persons were accused to be partisans of <mask> or <mask>min, and as Emperor Wenzong disfavored <mask>'s and <mask>min's factionalism, those accused of being associates were easily chased out of government. In summer 835, <mask>n took on the additional post as Bingbu Langzhong (兵部郎中), a supervisory official at the ministry of defense (兵部, Bingbu) and also became responsible for drafting imperial edicts, while also remaining as assistant imperial scholar. It had long been rumored that the death of Emperor Wenzong's grandfather Emperor Xianzong was at the hands of the eunuch Chen Hongzhi (陳弘志), who was, by this point, serving as the eunuch monitor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei). Under <mask>n's advice, Emperor Wenzong recalled Chen from Shannan East, and when Chen reached Qingni Station (青泥驛, in modern Xi'an, Shaanxi), Emperor Wenzong had a cane sent to Qingni and ordered that Chen be caned to death. Thereafter, under the plan by <mask>n and Zheng, Emperor Wenzong was set to commission Zheng as the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), so that he could gather forces to use in a plot against the eunuchs. The chancellor <mask> opposed, and Emperor Wenzong reacted by simultaneously commissioning <mask> as the military governor of Shannan West and Zheng as the military governor of Fengxiang.<mask>n, however, was himself jealous of Zheng at this point, and so actually secretly planned to eliminate Zheng after the

masks:
Li Deyu
Li Zong
Li Deyu
Li Zong
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Guyan
Li Guyan
Li Xu


texts:
 plot against the eunuchs would succeed. As a result, when selecting a staff for Zheng, he selected officials who were considered mild in their disposition, rather than those considered to be able. Shortly after Zheng's commission, <mask> and Shu Yuanyu (who investigated Yang Yuqing) were named chancellors with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事). Meanwhile, at <mask>'s and Zheng's advice, Emperor Wenzong gave Wang Shoucheng the honorific title of monitor of the Shence Armies and stripped him of military command. Ganlu Incident and death

In winter 835, at <mask>n's and Zheng Zhu's advice, Emperor Wenzong sent poisoned wine to Wang Shoucheng to poison him to death. Wang Shoucheng's death was a part of further planning by Emperor Wenzong, <mask>n, and Zheng — the plan was that when Wang was set to be buried on December 20, 835, Zheng, who claimed that he was grateful to Wang, would take his personal guards, who were armed with sharp axes, with him to attend the funeral. At the funeral, the guards would then surround the eunuchs and slaughter them.However, <mask>n discussed the plan with his associates, and he concluded that if that were to happen, Zheng would receive all of the credit, and therefore he resolved to act before Zheng would, planning to kill Zheng as well after he succeeded. To that end, <mask>n had Guo Xingyu (郭行餘) made the military governor of Binning Circuit (邠寧, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi); Wang Fan (王璠) made the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi); Luo <mask> (羅立言) made the acting mayor of Jingzhao; and Han Yue (韓約) made a general of the imperial guards; he had the four of them gather troops to be ready to act against the

masks:
Li Xun
Li Xun
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Xu
Liyan


texts: eunuchs. It was said that only <mask>n, Guo, Wang Fan, Luo, Han, <mask> (李孝本) the deputy chief imperial censor, and Shu were aware of <mask>n's plans. On December 14, <mask>n acted. six days before the scheduled funeral for Wang, Han reported to Emperor Wenzong, at the imperial meeting hall Zichen Hall (紫宸殿), that there had been sweet dew (甘露, ganlu in Chinese) that appeared on a pomegranate tree outside the headquarters of Zuo Jinwu (左金吾), one of the Wei Army (衛軍) headquarters — viewed as a sign of divine favor. Emperor Wenzong then went to nearby Hanyuan Hall (含元殿) and ordered the imperial officials, including <mask>n, to examine the purported sweet dew. <mask>n soon returned and stated that it appeared that there was no sweet dew; at <mask>n's suggestion, Emperor Wenzong ordered Qiu and his fellow Shence Army commander Yu Hongzhi (魚弘志) to lead the eunuchs in examining the sweet dew.When Qiu and Yu arrived at the Zuo Jinwu headquarters, however, Han had lost his composure, and Qiu realized that something was wrong when he saw soldiers converging and the noise of weapons clanging. He and the other eunuchs immediately ran back to Hanyuan Hall and seized Emperor Wenzong. <mask>n tried to grab onto Emperor Wenzong's litter to stop the eunuchs from taking Emperor Wenzong back to the palace, and the soldiers under Luo and <mask>ben battled the eunuchs, killing a number of them, but the eunuchs were able to escort Emperor Wenzong back to the imperial palace. Knowing that he had lost this gambit, <mask>n put on the green uniform of chancellors' attendants and fled. <mask>n fled to the Zhongnan Mountain (終南山) to try to seek refuge with the Buddhist monk Zongmi, with whom he was friendly. Zongmi wanted to give <mask>n a tonsure and

masks:
Li Xu
Li Xiaoben
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Xiao
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Xu


texts:
 disguise him as a monk, but Zongmi's followers urged him not to accept <mask>n. <mask>n thus exited Zhongnan Mountain and tried to flee to Fengxiang.He was, however, intercepted on the way by the defender of Zhouzhi (盩厔, in modern Xi'an), Song Chu (宋楚), who arrested him and had him delivered to Chang'an. When <mask>'s escort reached Kunming Pond (昆明池), <mask>n, fearful that the eunuchs would torture and humiliate him, told the officer escorting him:

The officer agreed and cut off his head to deliver it to Chang'an. Subsequently, at the grand public executions for Wang Ya, Wang Fan, Luo, Guo, Jia Su, Shu, and <mask>, <mask>n's head was raised by the Left Shence Army soldiers escorting Wang Ya, Wang Fan, Luo, and Guo. <mask>n's brother <mask>ǐng (李仲景) and cousin <mask>o (李元臯) were also killed, as were the rest of <mask>n's household. The bodies of <mask>n's household were exposed to the elements. It was only after a new year had passed that Emperor Wenzong ordered the Jingzhao Municipal Government to have the bodies buried in two mass graves. It was said that after <mask>'s death, Emperor Wenzong missed him greatly, and often complimented his abilities to the subsequent chancellors <mask> and Zheng Tan.<mask>n's elder brother <mask>īng (李仲京, note different note than his brother above) fled to <mask>jian the reigning Military Governor of Zhaoyi. When <mask>'s nephew and successor <mask> fell, <mask>īng was also killed. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 169. New Book of Tang, vol. 179. Zizhi Tongjian, vols.243, 245. 835 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Wenzong of Tang
Tang dynasty Taoists
Executed Tang dynasty people
People executed by the Tang dynasty by decapitation
9th-century executions by the Tang

masks:
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Xun
Li Xu
Li Xiaoben
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Zhongj
Li Yuanga
Li Xu
Li Xu
Li Xun
Li Shi
Li Xu
Li Zhongj
Liu Cong
Liu
Liu Zhen
Li Zhongj


texts:
Gerald "<mask><mask> (born March 9, 1946) is an American track and field runner who set many long-standing high school and national records in the United States. In 1965, <mask> and Billy Mills both broke the world record for the six-mile run when they finished in an extremely rare tie at the AAU National Championships, both running exactly 27:11.6. <mask> went on to win a record 11 NCAA collegiate championships with Washington State University. Running career

High school
In 1964, in his senior year at Rogers High School, <mask> ran 5000 meters in 13 minutes and 44 seconds flat, on a clay track in Compton, CA setting a U.S. high school record for the distance that would remain unbroken for 40 years, until Galen Rupp ran 13:37.91 on July 30, 2004. Among his other records he established that year was his time of 8:40.0 in an indoor  race that shattered the previous U.S. national high school mark by an incredible 43 seconds; it was the fastest high school  time ever run indoors until February 16, 2013, when Edward Cheserek ran 8:39.15 at the Millrose Games. Lindgren was coached by Tracy Walters in high school, where Walters was responsible for inspiring <mask> to the heights he reached. In the summer following high school graduation and his historic 13:44 5k, Lindgren ran 200 miles a week for 6 weeks in preparation for the US-USSR meet.After that victory, he also set a new teenage record of 13:17.0 for 3 miles while competing in Jamaica, a meet where he ran his mile best of 4:01.5 as well, both on a dirt track. On July 25, 1964, <mask> outran two seasoned Soviet runners, Leonid Ivanov and Anatoly Dutov to win the 10,000 m event in the US-USSR Track Meet in Los Angeles. The event heralded great success for American distance runners in 1964. The

masks:
Gerry
" Paul Lindgren
Lindgren
Lindgren
Lindgren
Gerry
Lindgren


texts:
 ensuing 12 months brought forth 2 gold medals by Americans, in both the 5,000 and 10,000 m events in Tokyo, as well as World Records in the 2-mile, 6-mile and indoor mile. <mask> was Track and Field News "High School Athlete of the Year" in 1964, and won the 10,000 meter race at the 1964 Olympic Trials. The Summer Olympics and After

In the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, he finished ninth in the 10,000 m behind gold medalist Billy Mills after having sprained an ankle during training. Four years later, <mask> tried to make the 1968 Olympic team but finished 5th in the 10,000 m and 4th in the 5,000 m in the Olympic Trials at Echo Summit, just missing the team at both distances.In his training just after college, he was said to have averaged 240 miles per week for one year, including allegedly running a 380-mile week. <mask> also competed against Mills in the 1965 AAU Nationals meet, where they raced the . Mills won with a diving lean, while both were timed in 27:11.6, a new world record shared by Mills and <mask>. The mark was also superior to the then world record for 10,000 m of 28:15 held by Ron Clarke. T&F News converted their mark to 28:10. But perhaps <mask>'s greatest race came during a May 1966 NCAA Regional meet at age 20, in the 3-mile run on a dirt track during a cold, windy day in Seattle. He raced to 12:53.0, just missing the world record of 12:52.4 held by Ron Clarke.Both times were superior to the then world record in the 5,000 m of 13:24. T&F News converted his time to 13:21. Collegiate and retirement
<mask> attended Washington State University in Pullman, Washington, where he majored in political science and minored in Russian language. While at Washington State, <mask> won 11 NCAA Championships. (His only loss at an NCAA

masks: Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren


texts:
 championship was to Jim Ryun in the 1968 indoor  race.) He was one of only two people to ever defeat Steve Prefontaine in an NCAA Championship. (<mask> won the 1969 NCAA Cross Country Championship in which 1968 NCAA champion Mike Ryan finished second and Prefontaine third.)He competed sporadically after graduating from college but without any notable success. Since 1980, <mask> has lived in Honolulu, Hawaii. He continues to run regularly, active in the Hawaii running community. He coached the University of Hawaii's women's track and field team 2005–2007. He claims that "Karma comes from serving other people instead of serving yourself. I found that if I could serve others people without them knowing about it I could grow Karma faster," and that this would lead to success on the track. Notes
 <mask>'s 6-mile personal record and his 10,000 meter personal record vary to a much larger degree than the lengthwise difference between the two distances (the 10,000 meters is 0.2 miles longer than 6 miles) would indicate.His 6-mile best time of 27:11 would hypothetically convert to just above 28 minutes for 10,000 meters if he continued at a similar pace for an extra 321 meters. However, he never ran faster than 28:40 in the 10,000m, as the 10,000m was not raced as often in the United States as the 6-mile was during the time <mask> competed. Similar circumstances surround his 3-mile and 5000m pr differences. References

External links

Notes on <mask>
Top Ten List of American High School Boys Track Performances
Cougar Best Performances

1946 births
Living people
American male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes of the United States
Sportspeople from Spokane, Washington
American

masks: Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren


texts:
<mask> (9 April 1828 in Tinicum Township, Pennsylvania – 3 November 1914 in Philadelphia) was a ballooning pioneer in the United States. Early interest
When a boy, he was fond of climbing to the greatest heights possible, to satisfy his passion for viewing extended landscapes. Soon after attaining his majority, he constructed a balloon. His first ascension was made on 25 September 1851 from Philadelphia. In consequence of a scant supply of gas, it proved only a partial success, and he received rough treatment in the tree tops and in being dragged up the Schuylkill River and over the dam. A second attempt produced a successful voyage across Philadelphia, far into New Jersey. Ascension experiences
He then made numerous expeditions from various places in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.In 1855 he made several ascensions from Wilmington, Delaware, and on 16 June 1856, ascended from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, but in descending was dashed to the earth and rendered insensible. During 1856-57 he made ascensions from Providence, Rhode Island, and other places in New England, and, on 15 August, he went up from New Haven, Connecticut, in his balloon “Queen of the Air,” which subsequently became famous from his ascensions made from Boston. At an ascension on 1 September 1858, he experimented with the use of a drag rope as a guide. In starting, he allowed 75 pounds of rope to trail along the ground. As the balloon gradually became heated by the sun, its buoyant power was increased without discharging ballast, and by the time five miles had been traversed the rope was lifted from the ground, and it continued to be lifted until a height of two miles had been reached. After a passage of nearly thirty miles, the drag


texts: rope was detached, and he continued a similar distance farther. In June 1859, he made an ascension from Charlestown, Massachusetts, landing in Belmont, and on 4 July following he made an ascension from Boston.On another occasion he ascended from Boston Common with a party, and alighted in Melrose, where a long rope was procured, and he treated some of the passengers to a bird's-eye view of the village by moonlight. While the balloon, with five young women, was in the air, it escaped, but after a few miles the descent was safely made. On 4 July 1868, he made an ascent from Buffalo, New York, with five persons. The start was excellent, but the balloon was carried out over Lake Erie, where, in efforts to navigate it, by means of an undercurrent, to reach the land, the car twice struck the surface of the water. <mask> reached the land, and then began a voyage that finally ended on the top of the Alleghany Mountains late at night. As the balloon struck, the anchor was thrown out, but it rebounded, passing over a tall pine tree, the top branches of which caught the anchor. The rope being comparatively short, the party were not able to reach the ground.The night was dark, and the nature of the surface beneath them was unknown, so they concluded to remain all night in the tree. When daylight came, the anchor rope was cut loose and the balloon landed with perfect safety. On 19 October 1869, <mask> ascended from Rochester, New York, with his monster balloon the “Hyperion,” in the presence of nearly 50,000 persons, carrying a party of seven. The weather was unfavorable, the wind boisterous, threatening clouds flew across the sky, flurries of snow were frequent, and the cold was searching. In four and a half

masks: King King


texts:
 minutes, although gas had been discharged from the valve, they entered a snow-cloud. The balloon moved at the rate of forty miles an hour, the cold was intense, night came on, and the party were in the midst of a driving snow storm. The weight of snow that collected on the top of the balloon drove it to the ground, and a forced landing in an open field was made in the squall; but the anchor did not hold, and the balloon bounded over a piece of woods, alighting on the other side.Here the anchor held for a while, the gas escaping from the valve, but, unfortunately, two of the party got out of the basket, and the balloon, thus lightened, broke loose and bounded upon a side hill and at last ran against a tree, a huge rent being made in the machine, so that the gas escaped almost instantly. The party had landed near Cazenovia. During a subsequent series of ascensions in the southern states, King had many strange experiences; the people, unfamiliar with such sights, were at a loss to account for his strange descent from the clouds. In February 1870, he ascended from Augusta, Georgia, and after a journey of 130 miles descended, although not until his balloon had become injured and he had been precipitated to the ground from a height of nearly 60 feet. In July 1872, he ascended from Boston Common, and was carried out to sea, but, after descending until the drag rope trailed through the water, a yacht was met with and the rope tied to its mast. The balloon soon towed the vessel in to the shore and landed. Scientific interest

King always claimed that the study of meteorology should be pursued with a balloon.For this purpose, during the autumn of 1872, he made several ascensions with officers of the United


texts: States Signal Service, and the results of their experience have been published in the Journal of the signal service. At the time of the attempted trip of the New York Daily Graphic balloon, the services of <mask> were called in, and it was through his efforts that the launching was made. (See the article on Washington Harrison Donaldson.) An important excursion was made on 4 July 1874, in <mask>'s balloon “Buffalo” from the city of that name. The start was made in the afternoon, the balloon was carried southward during the night, and, following the course of the Susquehanna River until the next morning, the party found themselves over Havre de Grace, Maryland, and as the sun rose a large part of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, and New Jersey was seen. Later a descent was made in New Jersey. In September of the same year an ascension was made from Cleveland at 11 A. M. At first the balloon moved westward, but, rising higher, it floated out over Lake Erie for eight hours, until Buffalo was nearly reached; then descending to the lower current, it drifted back past Cleveland toward the Canada shore, reaching Point au Pele near 7 P. M. He descended just in time to avoid being carried out over Lake Huron; but, the current changing, he again mounted and the balloon was carried across the lake, up the St. Clair River, finally landing in Michigan near Port Huron, after having traversed a distance of nearly 500 miles.On a trip made in July, 1875, with the “Buffalo,” he carried a photographer with him, who took numerous views of cloud effects, and the journey proved of special interest, as they passed through a series of thunderstorms, which they watched from beginning to end. In April 1877, he made


texts:
 several short trips from Nashville, Tennessee, with the observers from the U. S. Signal Service. In August 1887, he made an ascent at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, in his balloon, the “Great Northwest,” accompanied by Henry Hazen of the U. S. Signal Service, and, after four hours drifting in the vicinity of the city, descended opposite Manayunk. <mask> led the way in the scientific study of the means of air navigation and in the photographing of objects, especially towns and cities, from the air. Publicity
<mask>'s early interest in ballooning created interest in others, so that balloon ascensions became features of expositions, traveling shows and other affairs in which many people were collected together. During the United States centennial year of 1876, <mask> made several excursions of various lengths from Philadelphia, where the Centennial Exposition was located. Over the subsequent years the publicity generated by <mask> and other balloonists during frequent demonstration ascensions led to an increase in the general interest in the navigation of the air.<mask> made ascents from nearly all the cities of the eastern United States, having in all made over 450 voyages through the air, traversing all the continental United States east of the Mississippi River, and much that is west of that river. He was married to Margaret Roberts and had two children. He died as the world's oldest balloonist. Publications

The Balloon:  Noteworthy Aerial Voyages from the Discovery of the Balloon to the Present Time, with a Narrative of the Aeronautic Experiences of Mr. <mask><mask> (1879)
“How to cross the Atlantic in a Balloon,” Century Magazine, October, 1901. Notes

References

1828 births
1914 deaths
American

masks:
King
King
King
King
King
Samuel A
. King


texts: <mask> (17 February 1948 – 28 September 2019), known professionally as <mask>, was a Mexican musician, singer and actor. Born into a family of musicians, <mask> began his musical career in his early teens playing guitar and singing in serenade. He later joined a jazz and bossa nova trio where he sang and played bass and double bass. <mask> found success as a solo artist in the early 1970s. Demonstrating his tenor vocal ability with a stunning performance of the song "El Triste" at a Latin music festival held in Mexico City in 1970, he climbed the Latin charts during that decade. Having achieved recognition as a balladeer, his singing garnered universal critical acclaim from musical peers and media. In the 1980s, after signing with Ariola Records, <mask> rose to international prominence as one of the most popular and talented Latin performers.His 1983 album Secretos has sold over twenty-five million units. With many international hits, he received several Grammy nominations and recognition worldwide. He sold out in venues such as Madison Square Garden and Radio City Music Hall. His music reached non-Spanish-speaking countries like Japan, Israel and Russia. He forged a career as an actor, starring in movies such as Gavilán o Paloma (1985) and Perdóname Todo (1995). Also known in the entertainment world as El Príncipe de la Canción (The Prince of Song), his performance and vocal style have influenced many Latin pop artists in a career that spanned more than four decades. Due to his vocals and popularity, <mask> was considered by Latin audience and media as an icon of Latin pop music and one of the most emblematic and best

masks:
José Rómulo Sosa Ortiz
José José
José
José José
José
José José