texts:
 philosophy contained in this work, they contacted the Fortnightly Review via Beesly to see if it would be interested in publishing a critique of Das Kapital; at the time Marx wrote to Engels: “Prof. <mask>, who is one of the triumvirate which secretly runs this rag, has… declared, he is ‘morally certain’ (it depends on him!) a criticism would be accepted” [8 January 1868]. An eventual review was passed on to the then chief editor John Morley by Beesly, but Morley apparently found the piece unreadable and would not allow publication, even after Beesly had suggested Marx could try to make the article less dry and more popularist in tone. Beesly subsequently suggested Marx & Engels contact The Westminster Review, but nothing seems to have come of this either. The further inscription, possibly by Beesly, reads "Died 14 March 1883", the date of Marx's death. Sold for £115,000, 27 May 2010

References

Sources
Bevir, Mark.2011. The Making of British Socialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Claeys, Gregory. 2018. "Professor <mask>, Positivism and the International: the Patriotism Issue." In "Arise Ye Wretched of the Earth": The First International in a Global Perspective, edited by Fabrice Bensimon, Quinton Deluermoz and Jeanne Moisand.Leiden: Brill. Claeys, Gregory. 2010. Imperial Sceptics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Harrison, Royden. 1959."E. S<mask> and Karl Marx, IV–VI." International Review of Social History 4 (1):208–38. Harrison, Royden. 1959. "E.S<mask> and Karl Marx, I–III." International Review of Social History 4 (1):22–58.Harrison, Royden. 1965. Before the Socialists. London: Routledge. Harrison, Royden. 1967. "Professor <mask> and the Working-class Movement."In Essays in Labour History, edited by Asa Briggs and John Saville, 205–41. New York: Palgrave

masks:
Beesly
Beesly
. Beesly
. Beesly
Beesly


type: original

texts:
 Macmillan. Harrison, Royden, ed. 1971. The English Defence of the Commune, 1871. London: Merlin. Kent, Christopher.1978. Brains and Numbers: Elitism, Comtism, and Democracy in mid-Victorian England. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Kent, C. 'Beesly, <mask>', BDMBR, vol. 2
Liveing, Susan. 1926. A Nineteenth-Century Teacher: John Henry Bridges.London: Paul. McGee, John Edwin. 1931. A Crusade for Humanity: the History of Organized Positivism in England. London: Watts. Porter, Bernard. 1968.Critics of Empire. London: Macmillan. Royle, <mask>. 1974. Victorian Infidels. Manchester: Manchester University Press. The Times (9 July 1915), 11d · Positivist Review, 23 (1915) [with bibliography] ·
C. L. Davies, The Spectator (17 July 1915), 77–8 ·
Sociological Review, 8 (July 1915), 187–8 · Foster, Alum.Oxon. Vogeler, Martha S. 1984. Frederic Harrison: the Vocations of a Positivist. Oxford: Clarendon. Wilson, Matthew. 2018. Moralising Space.London: Routledge. Wright, T.R. 1986. The Religion of Humanity: the Impact of Comtean Positivism on Victorian Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Archives
UCL, corresp., lecture notes, and papers mainly relating to historical interests | Bishopsgate Institute, London, letters to George Howell · BL, corresp. with Richard Congreve, Add.MS 45227 · BL, Positivist MSS · BLPES, corresp. with Frederic Harrison · BLPES, London Positivist Society MSS · Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam, letters to Karl Marx · Maison d'Auguste Comte, Paris, letters to Constant Hillemand and others · Yale U., Beinecke L., letters to George Eliot

External links

1831 births
1915 deaths
English philosophers
Members of the International Workingmen's Association
Beesly, ES
People educated at King William's College
Academics of Bedford

masks:
Edward Spencer
Edward


texts:
<mask><mask> (1841–1927) was a United States soldier who fought with the Union Army during the American Civil War as a member of Company G, 30th Ohio Infantry. He received the Medal of Honor, his country's highest award for bravery during combat, for his actions during the Battle of Vicksburg in Mississippi on 22 May 1863. That award was conferred on August 15, 1894. Formative years
Born in Covington, Ohio on July 4, 1841, <mask><mask> was a son of Ohio native <mask>." Religiously, he was a member of the Protestant denomination known as the Disciples of Christ, and was documented as having been, in later years, a member of the congregation of what is, today, the First Christian Church of Weirton, West Virginia. According to U.S. Senator Jay Rockefeller:

Members of the [First Christian Church, Weirton] have been faithful in serving their country.One of the church’s original members, in fact, received a Congressional Medal of Honor in 1898. Mr. <mask> <mask> received the award for his heroism in the Civil War, especially at the siege of Vicksburg. Civil War
<mask> enrolled for Civil War military service at Steubenville, Ohio in August 1861, and then officially mustered in for duty that same month at Camp Chase as a private with Company G of the 30th Ohio Infantry. Armed and equipped over the next two days, Pvt. <mask> and his fellow 30th Ohio Infantrymen were then ordered into the field. Departing from Columbus aboard passenger cars via the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, they arrived in Benwood, Virginia, where they transferred to a freight train for further transport to Clarksburg. Arriving on September 2, they immediately began preparations to join the Union Army troops which were under the command of Brigadier-General William Rosecrans.Marching for Weston during the evening, they were ordered to make camp around midnight. The next morning, they resumed their march and, upon reaching Weston,

masks:
Uriah H
. Brown
Uriah H
. Brown
William Brown
Uriah
Brown
Brown
Brown


texts:
 made camp near the 47th Ohio Infantry. Marching again on September 5, they connected with Rosecrans' army near Sutton. Although part of the 30th Ohio was ordered onward to Little Birch Mountain and Summersville to guard the wagon train accompanying Rosecrans' forces, Pvt. <mask> and his fellow members of G Company were directed to remain behind with the men from Companies D, F and I. Consequently, when part of the 30th Ohio engaged in fighting with Confederate troops at Carnifex Ferry on September 10, the men of G Company (including <mask>) were not involved. Having remained behind near Sutton, the men from Companies D, F, G, and I were sent out periodically on a series of scouting and skirmish parties. During one of these forays, men from Companies G and I encountered and engaged with Confederate troops near Crites Mountain on November 13 and 14.Having successfully pushed Confederate troops out of what is, today, West Virginia, Rosecrans ordered his army into winter quarters in late November 1861. Various men were then sent out as part of detachments to track down bushwackers, assist families loyal to the Union, and serve on picket duties throughout the month of December. Following their participation in a dress parade on Christmas Day, 30th Ohioans then celebrated the holiday with food and entertainment. 1862 to early 1863
Assigned to occupation duties at Fayetteville during the winter and early spring of 1862, the 30th Ohio marched in April for Raleigh and then Princeton, where they remained until early May. Heading for Giles Court House May 10, they ultimately made camp near the East River. While there, food supplies began to run short, and men were rationed to one piece of hardtack per day with supplements of rice and beans until those supplies also ran out. Ordered to march back to Princeton the next day, many men left their warmer clothing, blankets and tents behind in order to lighten

masks: Brown Brown


texts: their loads – a mistake they would soon come to regret.Marching for Raleigh early the next morning, they were ordered to make camp at the top of the Great Flat Top Mountain on May 19. While there, they battled the cold and rain until they were able to erect sturdy shelters. After finally being re-equipped with tents and other supplies, they were then ordered to move to a site near Camp Bark, where they established a more comfortable headquarters, complete with a bakery and shower. Remaining at "Camp Jones" through mid-August, Pvt. <mask> and his fellow 30th Ohioans drilled regularly with bayonets. Marching August 19 for Brownstown, 95 miles away, the regiment made, broke and re-made camp at several points along the way, including at McCoys and just outside of Fayetteville and Cannelton. Boarding a steamer at Brownstown, they next found themselves at Blannerhasset Island in Ohio before being permitted to enter Parkersburg for rest and refreshment.Ordered back to eastern Virginia before month's end, the regiment departed once again by rail. Passing through Washington, D.C. and Alexandria, Virginia on August 23, the 30th Ohioans encamped in Warrenton, were assigned to picket duty at Catlett's Station and Bristoe Station, and helped to repel the enemy near Centerville and Fairfax Court House before joining the Union Army's Kanawha Division in early September. Commanded by General Marcus Reno, the Kanawha was part of the massive Union force led by General Ambrose Burnside. Marching for Georgetown in the District of Columbia on September 6, the 30th Ohio was positioned to defend Washington, D.C. from advancing Confederate forces before marching on toward New Market and Frederick City, where they were moved into the line of battle, and helped to drive off the enemy in order to retake the city. Battered by artillery at Lamb's Field and Farmer's Gap on its advance toward the Antietam as part of the


texts: Kanawha Division during the early weeks of September, the regiment lost several of its men as it engaged with the enemy. During the morning of September 17, the 30th Ohioans were among those placed near the head of the advance as the Union Army engaged in the Battle of Antietam. According to Brinkerhoff, "the balls flew like hail through the corn and many a brave soldier fell," including the regiment's two color-bearers, who had become the rallying point for the 30th Ohio during the confusing carnage on the smoke-obscured battlefield that day."The National Color was torn in fourteen places by enemy's balls, and the Regimental color, though not so often struck, still [bore] the marks of this bloody field" in 1863 when Brinkerhoff set pen to paper to chronicle the regiment's early days. "Shortly after retiring before the superior force of Hill's Division, a heavy column of [the 30th Ohio] marched down from the right and drove the enemy back to the road. On the morning of the eighteenth, "our entire line, from right to left, occupied the ground held by the enemy on the preceding morning, and held possession of his strongest position." At noon the regiment was ordered back to the site where it had camped two days earlier. On September 19, they gathered and buried their dead. The men of the 30th Ohio were among those reviewed by President Abraham Lincoln and General George B. McClellan several weeks later. During the opening weeks of October, they continued to pursue the enemy, moving back and for across Virginia as they did so.Following a reorganization of their Division (the Kanawha) in early November, the 30th Ohio was ordered into winter quarters, and made camp near Cannelton mid-month. Ordered to march for Brownstown November 30, the regiment reached there the next day, and re-encamped near Len's Creek. Throughout early December, the regiment moved repeatedly, crossing and re-crossing creeks,


texts: flat ground and higher mountains en route to the Logan Court House during the daytime, and bedding down for the night in deserted homes which dotted the countryside, all the while searching for Confederate troops. After capturing 19 of the enemy and 75 horses, the 30th Ohioans turned over  the enemy men to Union authorities at Brownstown. Briefly re-encamped from December 9–13, the regiment moved on in pursuit of the enemy. Boarding the flagship of the Union troops commanded by General Charles Ewing, the regiment sailed from Brownstown, and disembarked on January 3, 1863 at Louisville, Kentucky, where it made came near the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Boarding the Silver Moon on January 9, Pvt.<mask> and his fellow 30th Ohioans sailed again — this time, headed southwest — down the Ohio River and toward Vicksburg, Mississippi. Following their transfer at Memphis, Tennessee to the Prima Donna and further sailing, they disembarked at Helena, where they were attached to General David Steward's Division in Major-General William Tecumseh Sherman's 15th U.S. Army. Moved to Young's Point, Louisiana, the 30th Ohioans continued on toward Vicksburg, positioning themselves at the mouth of the canal just outside of the city. While here, they helped strengthen Union fortifications and improve the canal to facilitate the movement of Union troops and supplies. Moved to a site above Vicksburg sometime in late February, they encamped there until receiving orders to sail again. Disembarking at Eagle Bend, part of the regiment discovered plans for Confederate troop movements and other important documents at the abandoned mansion of U.S. Senator William M. Gwin on March 17 while the remainder of the regiment continued on until disembarking at Hill's plantation on March 21.Fully reconstituted the next day, the regiment moved on, leaving small detachments of its men at three different villas — "Reality",


texts: "Good Intent", and Kelsey's, where they discovered a large number of cotton bales marked "C.S.A". Ordered back to Louisiana later that month, the 30th Ohioans sailed aboard the gunboats Cincinnati and Mound City, disembarking again at Young's Point on March 28. Ordered to assemble with other Union troops at "General Blair's headquarters", they were present for the April 21 address by Brigadier-General Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant General of the U.S. Army, during which he announced President Lincoln's intention "to arm the negroes and to officer them from the army." On April 29, the regiment boarded the steamer R.B. Hamilton, and sailed for the mouth of the Yazoo River, where it connected with other Union troops on the gunboats Choctaw and Tyler, the ironclad Byron de Kalb, four "musquito" boats, and the USS Black Hawk. General Sherman then boarded the Hamilton with the 30th Ohio as the expedition set off, and announced that the combined force would "make a demonstration upon Hain's Bluff to attract the attention of the enemy while General Grant effected a landing upon the Mississippi shore at Grand Gulf." Shelling points along the way, the troops disembarked near Drumgold's Hill, and moved out with the 30th Ohio in the lead and two of its right-wing companies deployed as skirmishers.Battered by enemy artillery en route, the regiment sheltered behind a levee near Drumgold's, and then bedded down after nightfall. During the ensuing standoff over the next few days, both sides deployed skirmishers and exchanged artillery fire, ultimately compelling the Confederate troops to abandon their heavily fortified positions. Returned by gunboat to Young's Point, the 30th Ohioans were then redirected to Milliken's Bend, where they encamped briefly before being ordered to move, on May 5, toward Richmond and New Carthage. On May 9, Pvt. <mask> and his fellow G Company soldiers joined those from Companies E, F


texts:
 and K in guarding the Union's commissary at Richmond. They then rejoined their regiment at Milliken's Bend the next day after the commissary's stores were moved to a safer location. During this phase of duty, they saw frequent examples of the suffering endured by local residents, a number of whom approached Union troops for food or other forms of assistance.Ordered onward again on May 13, they boarded the steamer Golden Era. Disembarking again at Young's Point, Louisiana, they marched along a new road which had been built across the Cypress Swamps until reaching a plantation just outside of Warrenton, where they were ordered to take shelter during a heavy rain by bedding down in the cabins of former slaves. Boarding the Silver Wave the next day, they reached Grand Gulf, where they disembarked and began a march toward Jackson. Five miles later, they made camp. The next morning (May 16), they continued on, marching an additional 23 miles before re-encamping again. While here, they learned that Jackson had been captured by Union forces two days earlier. Resuming their march the next day, they moved north toward the railroad, marching for an additional 25 miles before re-encamping yet again.On May 18, they marched an additional 35 miles, making camp within a quarter mile of Vicksburg. On May 19, they joined with other Union troops in assaulting Fort Beauregard during the Siege of Vicksburg. According to Brinkerhoff:

Every one expected another complete victory. General Ewing encouraged his Brigade with the remark that "it would be a short job, and that we would be inside of the works, in less than ten minutes after receiving the order to move." We were to charge in line of battle at two o'clock. The Thirtieth was retained as a reserve, and the 4th Virginia, the 37th and 47th Ohio, ordered to charge.... The enemy opened a terrible fire upon them, of musketry, grape, cannister, and shell, and death


texts:
 ruled the hour....Still the survivors pressed forward, until they actually reached the enemy's works. Here they found a deep ditch and a steep, high, outer slope, inside the moat. No preparations had been made to cross this ditch or scale the works. The enemy ... opened his musketry and artillery with redoubled fury; and our men ... retired to the first cover, laid down, and awaited orders from the Brigade commander. Repulsed, the Kanawha Brigade retreated, regrouped, and resumed their role as part of the Union's siege efforts. Ordered to move again during the afternoon of May 22, the 30th Ohioans positioned themselves "on the top of the west slope of our hollow, within four hundred yards of the enemy, and opened a rapid fire upon him", according to Brinkerhoff. They had just fired their opening shots in the Battle of Vicksburg.Battle of Vicksburg (May 22, 1863)
 While stationed in Mississippi with his regiment during the third year of the American Civil War, <mask> was pressed into service as "a member of what is known as the 'volunteer storming party' or 'forlorn hope' on May 22, 1863, at Vicksburg," according to a sketch of his life which was presented in the Observer-Reporter of Washington, Pennsylvania in 2013. Attacking Vicksburg a second time in response to orders from General Ulysses S. Grant, <mask> and a significant number of his comrades from the 30th Ohio and other Union regiments were wounded while attempting to place ladders against an embankment and the side of Fort Beauregard. Despite the risk to his own life, he rescued five men while under heavy fire, according to his Medal of Honor citation. Many others were killed instantly during the assault, including the captain of <mask>'s company. According to historians W. F. Beyer and O. F. Keydel:

[<mask>'s] captain was shot dead at his side and his lieutenant dangerously wounded, but he kept on till he reached the ditch. He threw

masks: Brown Brown Brown Brown


texts: his log [a segment of wood that was to be used in building the ladders troops would use to scale the fort] across, but found it too short to reach the other side. While considering what he could do he was shot down and tumbled into the ditch.When he came to his senses and found the enemy dropping shells into the ditch among the wounded men, he set to work to drag them into sheltered positions. He had got three of the wounded into a safe place, when one of the officers forbade him to expose himself any longer. He lay quiet for a time, but the longing to get back over came him and he climbed out of the ditch and crawled for fifty yards exposed to the terrible fire, till he found a place of safety behind a little knoll. Two wounded men were lying near by, moaning in pain, and he crept out and dragged them under cover, gave them water and lay down beside them till nightfall, when he assisted them back to their own lines. Afterward, assaults continued on the fort and on the city itself as the Siege of Vicksburg wore on. On the Fourth of July, 1863, the city finally fell when Lt. General John C. Pemberton and his Confederate troops surrendered to Union Army leaders. After recovering from his battle-related wound, <mask> returned to duty with his regiment.As the war ground on, he and his fellow 30th Ohioans continued their march as part of the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 15th Army Corps. Advancing on Jackson, Mississippi from July 5–10, 1864, they participated in the Siege of Jackson from July 10–17, moved on to Big Black, where they encamped until September 26, and then to Memphis, Tennessee before marching to Chattanooga, where they remained until November 20. Engaged in the Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign from November 23–27 and in operations at Tunnel Hill and Mission Ridge from November 24–25, they also participated in the relief of Knoxville from November 27 through December 8. Marching for


texts:
 Bridgeport, Alabama, they remained there until December 19, and then moved on to Bellefonte Station December 26. 1864 to 1865
 From Bellefonte Station, the 30th Ohio moved to Larkin's Ferry on January 26, 1864, and then to Cleveland, Tennessee. Around this time, a number of 30th Ohioans re-enrolled for additional tours of duty, and were rewarded with veterans' furloughs, which they took during April and May of that year. Assigned with other Union troops to the Atlanta Campaign from May 1 through September 8, the 30th Ohioans were involved, from May 8–13, with operations at Resaca, and participated in the Battle of Resaca from May 14–15.Advancing on Dallas from May 18–25, they then engaged in operations at Pumpkin Vine Creek, Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills through June 5 and in operations at Marietta and Kennesaw Mountain from June 10 through July 2, as well as at Nickajack Creek (July 2–5), Ruff's Mills (July 3–4), and the Chattahoochie River (July 5–17). Fighting in the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, they then were engaged in combat actions at Ezra Chapel during the Siege of Atlanta, an entrenchment which lasted until August 25. Participating in the flanking of Jonesboro from August 25–30 and the Battle of Jonesborough from August 31 through September 1, they were also involved in Union operations at Lovejoy Station (September 2–6). When <mask>'s initial three-year term of service expired during this phase of service, he then also re-enlisted with the 30th Ohio Infantry (in September 1864). Assigned to operations against John Bell Hood's Confederate forces in North Georgia and North Alabama from September 29 through November 3, Pvt. <mask> and his fellow 30th Ohioans participated in Sherman's March to the Sea from November 15 through December 10 and the Siege of Savannah from December 10–21. As the war rolled on into its final year, they became part of the Union's Campaign of


texts:
 the Carolinas from January through April 1865.Stationed at Duck Branch near Loper's Cross Roads, South Carolina on February 2, 1865, they moved to the South Edisto River (February 9), the North Edisto River (February 11–13), and Columbia (February 16–17). Engaged in the Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina from March 20–21, they were then assigned to occupation duties in Goldsboro, beginning March 24. Ordered to advance with other Union troops on Raleigh from April 10–14, they were then assigned to occupation duties there beginning April 14, followed by operations at Bennett's House on April 26. After witnessing the surrender of Johnston's army, they marched for Richmond and then Washington, D.C., where they participated in the Union's Grand Review of the Armies on May 24, 1865. Stationed at Louisville, Kentucky on June 2, they then moved on to Little Rock, Arkansas, where they remained from June 25 through August 13, 1865 when the regiment was officially mustered out. Pvt. <mask>'s service, however, lasted slightly longer.According to the special census of Union Civil War veterans, which was conducted in 1890, he was honorably discharged on September 14, 1865. Post-war life
Following his honorable discharge from the military, <mask> resumed his life as a civilian. Employed as carpenter in West Virginia during the mid-1860s and married to Illinois native America/Americus (Loland) <mask>, he welcomed the birth of their son, Lee, sometime around 1865, and their daughter, Mary Jane, in Hancock County, West Virginia on June 11, 1868. In 1870, <mask> was a farmer living in Gilmore Township, Jackson County, Virginia with his wife and two children, Lee and Mary Jane. Their daughter, Alice Ellen, was then born in the Kings Creek District of Hancock County on September 29, 1882, followed by daughter, Rebecca, who was born in Pleasants County, West Virginia on December 4, 1886. Sometime around 1884,


texts:
 <mask> remarried, taking as his bride, Sarah Elizabeth Greer, a native of Washington County, Pennsylvania. By 1890, he was documented as a resident of the community of Florence in Hanover Township, Washington County.The special census of Civil War veterans and widows, which was conducted by the federal government that year, documented his initial 1861 enrollment with the 30th Ohio, as well as his subsequent re-enlistment with that regiment in 1864, and noted that he had been "twice wounded". On August 15, 1894, his Civil War heroism was finally acknowledged by the federal government when he was awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor. Illness, death and interment
Shortly after the turn of the century, a federal census taker documented that <mask> was still a farmer and still residing with his second wife, Sarah, in Hanover Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania, and also noted that <mask>'s daughter, Alice, was also living with him. Shown on that year's census as "Ella A<mask>", she was described as having been born in West Virginia in September 1882. That year's census taker also noted that <mask> had been married to his second wife, Sarah, for only 16 years (wed circa 1884), and that she had never given birth to any children during their marriage, thereby confirming that <mask> had, in fact, been married twice. In 1906, <mask> was awarded a U.S. Civil War Pension of $12 per month; that rate was then raised to $25 per month when his pension was reissued in 1913.In subsequent years, his pension rate continued to rise steadily in recognition of the increasing level of disability he was experiencing as a direct result of the wounds he sustained in combat during the Civil War. By 1927, he was collecting a pension of $100 per month, which included "a special pension of $10 per month under Act of April 27, 1916, providing for Medal of Honor Roll", according to his United States Veterans Administration

masks:
Brown
Brown
Brown
. Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown


texts:
 Pension Payment Card. Still residing with his second wife, and <mask> (his daughter from his first marriage) in Hanover Township in 1910, <mask> continued to farm the land. On February 11, 1918, he was admitted to the U.S. National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers in Dayton, Ohio, where he was diagnosed as suffering from arteriosclerosis and myocarditis, as well as an "old injury to head". His admissions ledger entry also noted that he was 5'7" tall with dark hair, blue eyes and a fair complexion, that he was separated from his wife at this time, that he had been employed as a mason prior to his admission to the soldiers' home, and that his nearest living relative was his nephew, John L. Ramsey, who lived in Hollidays Cove, West Virginia. He was then discharged from the home, at his own request, on March 25 of that same year. During the fall of 1924, his daughter, Ella, died in Hollidays Cove, West Virginia.Following her death on October 19, her remains were returned to Pennsylvania, and interred at the Paris Cemetery in Washington County. Suffering from nephritis, <mask> finally succumbed to complications from the disease in Hollidays Cove on January 24, 1927. His widow served as the informant on his death certificate. His remains were returned to Pennsylvania, and interred at the Paris Cemetery in Washington County, Pennsylvania. Medal of Honor citation

See also

 30th Ohio Infantry
 List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F
 Ohio in the American Civil War

References

External links
 "<mask> H<mask>", in "Cemetery Tangled in Legal Thicket". Weirton, West Virginia: The Weirton Daily Times, September 11, 2013. "Uriah H. <mask>", in "Paris Cemetery's Future Uncertain".Steubenville, Ohio: Herald-Star, October 9, 2013. 1841 births
1927 deaths
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War

masks:
Ella Brown
Brown
Brown
Uriah
. Brown
Brown


texts:
<mask>, also known as S.T.R. or Simbu, is an Indian actor, filmmaker and musician in Tamil cinema. He began his acting career by playing roles as a child artist in films directed by his father T. Rajendar, before his first lead role in Kadhal Azhivathillai (2002), under his father's direction and produced by his mother Usha. Early and personal life
<mask> was born in Thogarapalli, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, as the eldest child of T. Rajendar and Usha Rajendar on 3 February 1983. He has a younger brother Kuralarasan, and sister Ilakiya. From early age, he was a devout Hindu and an ardent follower of Lord Shiva. He studied at the Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School.He studied at Loyola College. <mask> starred in many of his father's films as a child until 2002, when he acted in Kadhal Azhivathillai, his first main role as a hero. Film career

1995–2001
<mask> appeared as a baby in the film Uravai Kaatha Kili held by his father T Rajendar. He then started acting in his father's movies from 1995, including Thai Thangai Paasam, Oru Vasantha Geetham, En Thangai Kalyani, Enga Veetu Velan, Monisha En Monalisa, Oru Thayin Sabhatham, Samsara Sangeetham, Shanti Enathu Shanti, Pettredutha Pillai, Thiruvalla and Sabash Babu. 2002–2004
<mask> played his first protagonist role in Kadhal Azhivathillai (2002), directed by his father. His second film was Dum (2003), which was loosely based on Jagannadh's 2002 Kannada film Appu. His release in 2003 was Alai.<mask> had three releases in 2004; the first was Kovil which deals with the relationship between a Hindu boy and a

masks:
Silambarasan Thesingu Rajendar
Silambarasan
Silambarasan
Silambarasan
Silambarasan
Silambarasan


texts:
 Christian girl. After this, <mask> starred in Kuththu, a remake of the Telugu film Dil. Divya Spandana, played his love interest. His final release in 2004 was Manmadhan, co-starring with Jyothika for the first time, and the film became a turning point in his career. 2005–2009
<mask>'s first release in 2005 was the film Thotti Jaya, directed by V. Z. Durai. In 2006, he starred in Saravana, directed by K. S. Ravikumar. This was the second time that Simbu and Jyothika worked together after the success of Manmadhan (2004).He next starred in and directed Vallavan (2006), as well as writing its story, screenplay and co-dialogue. In 2008, he starred in the action masala film Kaalai, which was a flop. Later that year, he appeared in another action masala film Silambattam. 2010–2015
In 2010, his film Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa, directed and written by Gautham Vasudev Menon, became a Tamil 'cult classic' film. Director K. Balachander in an open letter called <mask>'s performance as his best in his career. The following year he appeared in two films. In early 2011, he appeared in the multi-starrer Vaanam (2011) as Cable Raja, a poor youngster.The film, featuring an ensemble cast, was released to positive reviews and subsequently became a hit at the box office. Later that year, his next release was Osthe (2011), remake of the Bollywood film Dabangg (2010). in which <mask> played a police officer for the first time in his career. <mask> had only one release in 2012, the film Podaa Podi, directed by debutant Vignesh Shivan. <mask>'s next project was Vaalu, directed by debutant Vijay

masks: Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan


texts:
 Chander. The film was released in 2015 after a gap of three years due to issues; actor Vijay helped clear the impediment of the film and aided in its release. 2016–present
In 2016, <mask> starred in the Pandiraj-directed Idhu Namma Aalu alongside Nayanthara, Andrea Jeremiah and Soori playing lead roles.His next film Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada was his second collaboration with Gautham Menon and A. R. Rahman. In 2017, it was reported that <mask> had signed up for an English-language film. His film Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan was panned by critics and was commercially unsuccessful. It led to controversies that were reported in the media involving the film's producer Michael Rayappan blaming <mask> for being uncooperative during the film's production. In 2018, he appeared in Mani Ratnam's successful Chekka Chivantha Vaanam as part of an ensemble cast that included Arvind Swamy, Vijay Sethupathi and Arun Vijay. In 2019, STR acted in Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven. <mask> starred in the family drama Eeswaran (2021) as his first film of 2021.The film, directed by Suseenthiran was released on the eve of Pongal festival in theatres after the COVID-19 lockdown was lifted in Tamil Nadu on 14 January 2021, clashing with Vijay's Master (2021). In preparation for his role, <mask> underwent an extremely rigorous weight loss regime, losing 30 kilograms and learnt Bharathanatyam. Although the film was moderately successful, <mask>'s performance was praised, and his new persona was well received by the audience. <mask>'s next release is the upcoming political thriller film Maanaadu

masks: Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan


texts:
 (2021), directed by Venkat Prabhu and slated to hit theatres in Diwali. Music
<mask> has frequently worked as a playback singer in the Tamil film industry. He first sang in Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala and went on to sing over 90 songs for various composers. He predominantly sings in his own films and has collaborated mostly with his friend and fellow composer Yuvan Shankar Raja.<mask> also wrote the lyrics for several songs of his films. On 27 December 2011, <mask> released the non-film single "Love Anthem For World Peace and Love" to promote world peace. In 2013, he sang ''Diamond Girl'' in Tollywood film Baadshah directed by Srinu Vaitla starring Jr. NTR and Kajal Aggarwal. This was his first venture in Telugu music. He stated in the summer of 2015 that he would collaborate with Yuvan Shankar Raja to release the non-film single titled "Karma". He Composed Music and Background score for the film Sakka Podu Podu Raja featuring Santhanam in the lead role. Controversies
<mask> has been the subject of several controversies, primarily due to his outspoken nature.Music
In 2010, <mask> sang and composed the song "Evan Di Unna Pethan" as a part of the soundtrack album for his film, Vaanam (2011) and the song faced severe opposition for its provocative lyrics. A women's rights organisation in Chennai criticised the lyrics and issued a statement to <mask> for the lyrics being "chauvinistic" that "demean women". Further it was argued that "music needs to appeal to larger sections than to the ‘thrill-seeking’ youth who are often misguided into ‘cheap thrills’ because of such songs",


texts: demanding censorship. However, several prominent people from the film industry came to support <mask> stating that there have been more objectionable scenes in films in the past and that there were "bigger issues in society" and applying censorship was not "the ideal way out in democracy." After releasing a promotional version of "The Love Anthem" song in 2011, <mask> announced that a final version would be released thereafter and announced his desire to bring in international artists Akon and Rihanna for the venture. He subsequently headed to Los Angeles in January 2012 and recorded an original version of the song by himself at Studio Zappa with music producer Elan Morrison on the keyboards. The failure to sign in the international artists prompted the project's producer, <mask>'s father T. Rajendar to lodge a police complaint against two agents who had misled his production company into supposed connections with the international artists concerned.Rajendar noted that the sound editor Ramji Soma and a Canadian entrepreneur Talvinder Bathh had charged Rs 12 million ($200,000) from his company and failed to return it despite promises made to sign on Akon, David Guetta and either Rihanna or Nicole Scherzinger for the project. In May 2013, <mask> was finally successfully able to bring in Akon to collaborate for an alternate version of the song, with the move being facilitated by Tracktical Entertainment. The latest version of the song is yet to be released, with <mask> hinting in early 2014 that the song may be launched before the end of 2014. In an interview in June 2015,

masks: Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan


texts: he revealed that the venture would be resumed soon, though that he was busy with other commitments. In December 2015, a song, referred to by the media as the "Beep Song" was leaked online and was widely circulated. The song was initially reported to be written and sung by <mask> and composed by music director Anirudh Ravichander, and featured an expletive degrading women which had been beeped out. Subsequently, Anirudh denied any involvement in the song and <mask> clarified that he had written, composed and sung the song himself, stating he was unsure how the song was leaked and uploaded onto the internet.The song provoked widespread criticism from pressure groups and film personalities. Women activists organised protests in front of <mask> house in T. Nagar and other places. Meanwhile, the Left-wing of All India Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA) alleged that the song was sexist and derogatory to women and filed a case against <mask> in Coimbatore. Based on the complaint, The Racecourse Police Station registered FIR against the actor and Anirudh. Likewise, the Cyber Crime Police in Egmore also registered a similar case against them. <mask> stated on his Twitter page that he will not hide anywhere and will face the course of law. However, he failed to appear in the Racecourse Police station on 19 December 2015 as per the summons sent to him.Fearing arrest, <mask> had moved the case to the Madras High Court for anticipatory bail. The Madras High Court consequently refused to issue an interim stay to arrest <mask>. In late February 2016, <mask> appeared before the

masks: Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan


texts:
 Coimbatore City police in connection with the "Beep Song" case and claimed that he had composed the song long ago when he was depressed due to a love failure; he further stated that Anirudh had no role in it. Relationship with directors
<mask> experienced difficulties with director A. J. Murugan during the making of his breakthrough film, Manmadhan (2004) and was widely reported by the media to have "ghost-directed" the project. Murugan later suggested that <mask> and his family then continually deprived him of royalties deriving from the film, such as the story credits, the Hindi remake rights and sequel rights. Murugan was later demoted and worked in <mask>'s directorial venture, Vallavan (2006) as an associate director, and was consequently critical of the actor's insistence on interfering with the director's role. Another associate director of <mask>, G. T. Nandhu, also fell out with the actor during the making of Kettavan in 2007.The project was launched with Nandhu as the director but he later complained that <mask> actively encroached his role and subsequently left his name out of the film's promotional posters. Despite completing a schedule, the pair could not sort out their differences and the film was shelved. Soon after the failure of their collaboration in Kaalai (2008), director Tarun Gopi was critical of <mask>'s involvement in the project and stated that the actor grossly interfered with his duties as a director. Gopi labelled the actor "unprofessional" and stated that he could not recognise the film from his original script. He later apologised for his


texts: remarks in late 2011. Cinematographer Madhi also had similar problems with the actor during the making of Silambattam (2008). In 2010, Linguswamy sacked <mask> from the production of Vettai (2012) after the actor suddenly began production on another film, Vaanam, without letting the director know.In reply, <mask> argued that Linguswamy had wasted hundred days of his time without telling him the script of Vettai and called the director "unprofessional". <mask> was later replaced in Vettai by Arya, while he chose to launch another new project titled Vettai Mannan immediately after his removal from Vettai and that movie was also shelved. During the making of Idhu Namma Aalu, the film's production delays meant that director Pandiraj and Silambarasan had difficulties. In July 2014, <mask> had changed his hairstyle in between schedule breaks, leaving Pandiraj unhappy. <mask> subsequently disclosed to the media that Idhu Namma Aalu was his production and that others should not question his involvement in the project. Pandiraj later also publicly clashed with <mask>'s brother, the composer Kuralarasan, stating his annoyance at the delay in providing the film's music. He also defended actress Nayanthara against a complaint made by <mask>'s father to be, producer T. Rajender, and stated the actress had wasted almost two years on the film due to the producers' poor organisation and was still yet to be paid for her work.He further stated that <mask> was insisting an extra "kuthu" number that the script did not warrant and that Rajender, Kuralarasan and <mask> were unnecessarily

masks: Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan


texts:
 interested in making sure that the song was included against Pandiraj's wishes. Gautham Vasudev Menon has also spoken out against the actor's lack of punctuality, revealing that the actor failed to turn up for a shoot abroad during the making of Achcham Enbadhu Madamaiyada, prompting a delay in the film's production. However he has also labelled <mask> as an "outstanding actor" and noted his high levels of comfort and trust in <mask>'s ability. Relationship with producers
<mask>'s Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan (2017) opened in June 2017 to negative reviews and became a box office failure. Several months after the release, the film's producer Michael Rayappan and director Adhik Ravichandran met the media to criticise the actor's unruly behaviour and interference during the course of the project. They alleged that during the first schedule, production was delayed by two months because several actresses refused to star opposite <mask> knowing his unprofessionalism and that later, the actor insisted that the team shift to a different town from the finalised town of Madurai, as he did not like the warm climate. After moving the shoot to Dindigul, he continued to refuse to shoot in public areas or on Sundays and regularly failed to turn up as per the agreed schedule.They alleged that during the first schedule, <mask> refused to film a song sequence, unfairly requested Shriya Saran to be replaced after she had finished her portions, demanded the shoot to be moved to London from Dubai and made false promises about reducing his body weight as required for the script. During


texts: the second schedule, it was alleged that he out-rightly refused to undergo makeup sessions, refused to turn up to shoot on time, demanded a hotel room on the East Coast Road, refused to provide hotel expenses and demanded that a production executive was sacked. <mask> also cancelled the third schedule and demanded that the film was released in two parts against the makers' wishes, while sending his team to Thailand to have leisure time on the producers' money. He later refused to coordinate when completing necessary scenes to make it a two-part film and also half-heartedly provided dubbing work. The producer revealed that out of an agreed schedule of seventy-six days, <mask> only worked on thirty-eight days, meaning that the dates of Tamannaah and Shriya Saran were widely wasted. As a result of the incident, <mask> was widely criticised by his peers in the Tamil film industry. In 2018, the Madras High Court ruled that <mask> had to pay back the money that he received as an advance from the producers at Passion Movie Makers.The ruling was in relation to the actor's failure to turn up for the shoot of a project titled Arasan, directed by Narayan Nagendra Rao, during the development of the film in 2015. Despite reluctance from the director to begin a civil suit, the producers filed a complaint and recovered the advance. In August 2019, producer Suresh Kamatchi announced that he had ousted <mask> from his film Maanaadu owing to the actor's failure to commit to dates properly. The film, which was directed by Venkat Prabhu, had undergone pre-production work for close to a year


texts:
 before <mask>'s exit. <mask> later chose to launch another new project titled Maghaa Maanaadu immediately after his removal from Maanaadu. Along with Michael Rayappan and Suresh Kamatchi, several other producers came forward with an official complaint to the Tamil Film Producers Council about <mask>'s poor punctuality during August 2019. Gnanavel Raja of Studio Green, Vijaya Raghavendra of All in All Pictures, and Madan of Escape Artists Motion Pictures were among those who were keen to get the body to compel the actor to return their advances.Gnanavel Raja had been making an untitled film with the actor directed by Narathar, while Raghavendra had paid the actor a deposit for Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa 2. The actor's films have also languished in development hell since 2011, with the media widely labelling his interference as a reason behind the delays. Vignesh Shivan's Podaa Podi (2012) took four years to complete after production had started, while his next release Vaalu (2015) took three years. Another film, Nelson Dilipkumar's Vettai Mannan, began in November 2010 and was ultimately shelved, with the actor shooting for the film intermittently. Likewise Idhu Namma Aalu and Gautham Menon's Achcham Enbadhu Madamaiyada, began in 2013 and both were released in 2016 after publicised production delays. <mask> has also announced various directorial projects, which have failed to materialise, including Valiban in 2009, Manmadhan 2 in 2012 and an untitled English film in 2017. Relationships with colleagues
<mask> has regularly had differences of opinions with fellow actors in


texts: the Tamil film industry.He has had a long-running rivalry with actor Dhanush, which has been widely reported in the media. Initial hostility between the pair began after certain punch dialogues from <mask>'s Manmadhan (2004) had seemed to be directed at Dhanush, including a reference to his sudden rise to fame with Kadhal Kondein (2003) and his marriage to Aishwarya Dhanush, the daughter of leading actor Rajinikanth. When questioned about their rivalry in 2005, <mask> stated that the pair were not friends and that Dhanush failed to reciprocate his pleasantries at a wedding. <mask> continued to take shots at Dhanush through film dialogues in Kaalai (2008) and during the teaser trailer of Vaalu in 2012. Following the widespread acclaim of Dhanush's song, "Why This Kolaveri Di" from 3 (2012), <mask> claimed that he began the trend of writing songs with simple lyrics and releasing single tracks for films, in reference to his "Evan Di Unna Pethan" from Vaanam (2011). He subsequently also recorded, filmed and released a promotional video to his "The Love Anthem" within a month of "Why This Kolaveri Di"'s release. The actor's actions and song were criticised by the media during the period, who felt he purely just wanted to compete with Dhanush.In 2012, the pair reconciled and sorted their difference during an awards ceremony held in Dubai, and later celebrated Dhanush's birthday together. Dhanush dismissed reports that the pair were rivals and stated that misunderstandings had grown as a result of their lack of interaction. Dhanush later offered <mask> the opportunity to


texts: feature in a cameo role in his production, Kaaka Muttai (2015). <mask> had a dispute with veteran comedian Goundamani following the release of Manmadhan (2004), with the comedian feeling that the actor had edited out too many of his scenes. In reply, <mask> noted that the cuts were necessary for the pace of the film, while adding that Goundamani as a senior actor, should have known better. During the making of Vallavan (2006), actress Reemma Sen threatened legal action against <mask> after he made changes to the scope of her role in the film. She later stated she regretted her claim and was proud to have won critical acclaim for the character.Actress Lekha Washington was also critical of her experience working with <mask> on the shelved film Kettavan, and noted that she faced harassment on the sets. In 2007, <mask> had a televised spat with actor Babloo Prithiveeraj during the filming of the dance show Jodi Number One, in which <mask> appeared as a judge. The actor argued with Prithveeraj regarding his dancing ability and later stormed out of the sets in tears, before being brought back by the other judges. In early 2011, <mask> and actor Jiiva briefly displayed public enmity after <mask> had talked down the success of Jiiva's Ko (2011). <mask> had walked out of the production of Ko after a photoshoot in early 2010 over creative differences with director K. V. Anand, particularly on the issue of the casting of Karthika Nair as the lead actress. Jiiva publicly called <mask> a "back stabber", though soon both actors decided to stop their respective public name calling.

masks: Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan Silambarasan


texts: Following the release of Vaanam (2011), actor Bharath expressed his disappointment at being largely left out of the film's promotions and alleged that <mask> had asked the producers to reduce publicity for the film's other actors.Bharath called the incident a "sad phase in his career" and stated he was unsure if he would work with <mask> again. In return, <mask> denied any involvement in the film's promotional strategy and hinted that the film's success was largely dependent on his star image. During the campaigning process for the 2015 Nadigar Sangam elections, <mask> launched a scathing personal attack on actor Vishal during a press conference. <mask> had run for the position of vice-president as a part of Sarathkumar's team, and in a bid to denounce Vishal's credibility for the opposing party, the actor alleged that Vishal had a personal vendetta against Sarathkumar. He further added that Vishal was behaving like a "fox" and ridiculed Vishal's stature to be a part of the election. <mask>'s actions were widely criticised, with Vishal subsequently thanking the actor for tilting public opinion further towards his team. Subsequently, Sarathkumar's team and <mask> unanimously lost in the election


texts:
<mask>heatrof (, October 29, 1901 – June 4, 1983) was a Russian-Italian composer and conductor. Early life

Amfitheatrof was born in Saint Petersburg into a family that was distinguished in various areas of the arts and culture. His father Aleksander Amfiteatrov was a noted writer. His mother Illaria (née Sokoloff), an accomplished singer and pianist, had studied privately with Rimsky-Korsakov. His brother Maksim (Massimo) was an internationally renowned cellist, called the "Cellists' Caruso", who worked with Arturo Toscanini and Fabrizio De André. Daniele's early life was one of extreme hardship. In January 1902, at the age of three months, he was removed to Siberia, where his father was imprisoned for publishing anti-Tsarist articles.In 1904 the authorities returned the family to St. Petersburg, after which time they emigrated to Italy. At the age of six, <mask> commenced private music studies with his mother. In 1914, he was accepted as a student by Ottorino Respighi in Rome. Shortly thereafter, however, the family returned to Russia, where <mask> was appointed as political advisor to Alexander Kerensky during the few months that he was prime minister before the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. In spite of the political and social upheavals of the time, young <mask> received formal instruction in harmony under Nikolai Shcherbachov and Jāzeps Vītols at the Petrograd Conservatory between 1916 and 1918. In 1921, he was permitted to travel to Prague, Czechoslovakia for further study in counterpoint under Jaroslav Křička. After four years of ongoing hardships, the Amfitheatrof family escaped from Soviet Russia.Their perilous crossing through the Gulf of Finland was made in the dead of night. The family returned to Italy in the

masks:
Daniele Alexandrovich Amfit
Daniele
Alexander Amfitheatrof
Daniele


texts:
 spring of 1922. <mask> became a naturalised Italian citizen and resumed his formal music training under Respighi. He received his diploma in composition from the Royal Conservatory of Santa Cecilia in Rome in 1924. Composer and conductor

Following his graduation, Amfitheatrof took his place in Italian music circles of the day. In 1924 he was appointed pianist, organist, and assistant choral conductor of the Augusteo Symphony of Rome. Successive appointments included a position as the artistic director of the Italian Radio in Genoa and Trieste (1929–1932), as well as the management of RAI in Turin, where he also conducted many symphony concerts, choral works and operas at the Teatro Regio di Torino (1932–1937).He also traveled extensively throughout Europe, conducting many of the leading orchestras there. Amfitheatrof's success as a composer in his own right was assured early on in his professional career by performances of his concert works, including Poema del mare (1925), Miracolo della rosa (1926) and Christmas Rhapsody for Organ and Orchestra (1928) and American Panorama (1933). Later, he composed his first film score for Max Ophüls' La Signora di tutti (1934). Arrival in the United States of America

Following the premiere of his programmatic work American Panorama (1935), which was conducted by Dimitri Mitropoulos in Turin in 1937, Amfitheatrof was invited by the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra to a position as Mitropoulos's associate for the first two months of the 1937–1938 concert season. Amfitheatrof arrived in the United States with his wife (née May C Semenza), his son, Erik (b. 1931), and daughter, Stella Renata (b. 1934), at New York Harbour on October 21, 1937.His arrival was noted in the New York papers.


texts:
 <mask>'s busy schedule with the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra included concerts in regional Minnesota and the province of Manitoba. His appearances were well liked by audiences and received much favourable press. Amfitheatrof also accepted a brief engagement with the Boston Symphony Orchestra at the behest of their conductor, Serge Koussevitsky, in 1938. Hollywood
With World War II imminent in Europe, Amfitheatrof elected to remain in the United States. He relocated his family to California on the recommendation of Boris Morros, then director of music at Paramount Pictures. Amfitheatrof was hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios under an exclusive four-year contract (1939–1943).His scores at MGM include those for Lassie Come Home, the first major film of a young Elizabeth Taylor. During his twenty-six years in Hollywood, where he was employed by each of the major studios at one time for another, he composed the scores (often uncredited) for over 50 films, including Letter from an Unknown Woman, The Desert Fox, The Naked Jungle, The Last Hunt, and The Mountain. His final score was written for Major Dundee in 1965. (This score, which was disliked by many, including director Sam Peckinpah, was replaced with a new score by Christopher Caliendo for the reconstructed version, which was released theatrically in 2005; both scores can be heard on the DVD, released later that year). Amfitheatrof was twice nominated for an Oscar for his work on Guest Wife and Song of the South. Amfitheatrof once remarked in written correspondence (citation: private letters) with his friend and colleague, John Steven Lasher, that his career in Hollywood "as a prostitute composer" ultimately tarnished his image as a professional musician. As a result, he


texts:
 was unable to secure commissions or performances of his concert works.Final years
Amfitheatrof returned to Italy in 1959 and lived there for the most part until 1967. He made frequent visits to the United States during the final 15 years of his life. Plans to secure funding for a stage musical called The Staring Match, the production of a film, and the completion of a cello concerto, were all doomed to failure. His final years were spent in relative seclusion in Venice and in Rome, where he died on June 4, 1983. Partial filmography

 Lassie Come Home (1943)
 I'll Be Seeing You (1944)
 The Captain from Köpenick (completed in 1941, released in 1945)
 Guest Wife (1945)
 Miss Susie Slagle's (1946)
 The Virginian (1946)
 Song of the South (1946)
 Temptation (1946)
 Suspense (1946)
 The Lost Moment (1947)
 Time Out of Mind (1947)
 The Senator Was Indiscreet (1947)
 Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948)
 Another Part of the Forest (1948)
 Rogues' Regiment (1948)
 An Act of Murder (1948)
 The Fan (1949)
 The Capture (1950)
 Copper Canyon (1950)
 The Damned Don't Cry! (1950)
 Bird of Paradise (1951)
 Storm Warning (1951)
 The Desert Fox (1951)
 Devil's Canyon (1953)
 The Naked Jungle (1954)
 Human Desire (1954)
 Day of Triumph (1954)
 The Last Hunt (1956)
 The Mountain (1956)
 Heller in Pink Tights (1960)
 Major Dundee (1965)

References

External links

1901 births
1983 deaths
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian conductors (music)
20th-century Italian male musicians
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Italy
Italian male composers
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian people of Russian descent
People from Saint Petersburg
Soviet emigrants to Italy
White Russian


texts:
<mask> (15 June 1819, Orléans – 10 May 1880, Paris) was a 19th-century French homme de lettres, playwright, historian, bibliographer and librarian. Biography

Born into a locksmiths artist family, he studied at the Collège d'Orléans then devoted entirely to literary work. After a first play in 1841, and some feuilletons published in the newspaper Le Loiret in 1842, he published a large number of historical, literary, literature and theater studies. He published numerous authors while continuing to write for the stage. He also contributed a great number of articles to the Encyclopédie universelle, the Supplément du Dictionnaire de la conversation, the Historie des villes de France, Le Moniteur universel, Le Constitutionnel, L'Illustration, La Revue française, Le Théâtre, whose chief editor he was from 1853 to 1855, La Patrie, where he held a Parisian theatrical chronicle from 1856, then theatrical, the Revue des provinces, of which he was director from 1863 to 1866. In 1872, he was appointed a librarian at the Interior Ministry. Histoire de l'ancien éclairage de Paris, suivi de la réimpression de quelques poèmes rares : Les Nouvelles Lanternes, 1755 [by Valois d'Orville] ; Plaintes des filoux et écumeurs de bourses contre nosseigneurs les réverbères, 1769 ; Les Ambulantes à la brune contre la dureté du temps, 1769 ; Les Sultanes nocturnes, 1769
1854: Antoine Furetière.Le Roman bourgeois, ouvrage comique Text online
1855: Les Caquets de l'accouchée, anonymous account of 1622
1854: Chansons de Gaultier Garguille
1855: Curiosités des inventions et découvertes
1855: Curiosités militaires,
1855: L'Esprit des autres, Text online
1855–1863: Variétés historiques et


texts:
 littéraires, recueil de pièces volantes rares et curieuses en prose et en vers (10 volumes)
1856: Lettres inédites de la marquise de Créqui à Sénac de Meilhan, 1782-1789, mises en ordre et annotées by <mask> <mask>, preceded by an introduction by Sainte-Beuve
1856: Marie-Catherine-Hortense de Villedieu. Récit en vers et en prose de la farce des Précieuses
1856: L'Esprit dans l'histoire, recherches et curiosités sur les mots historiques, bnam  CNAM Gallica Text online
1857: Alexis Piron. Œuvres
1858: Histoire physique, civile et morale de Paris par Jacques-Antoine Dulaure, augmentée d'une notice sur Dulaure et continuée jusqu'à nos jours par <mask> <mask> (3 volumes)
1859: Le Vieux-neuf, histoire ancienne des inventions et découvertes modernes (2 volumes)
1860: Énigmes des rues de Paris, text online
1862: Histoire du Pont-Neuf (2 volumes)
1862: Le Jeu de paume, son histoire et sa description, notice par M. Edouard Fournier, suivie d'un traité de la courte-paume et de la longue-paume, des biographies des principaux paumiers, etc. 1863: Le Roman de Molière, suivi de fragments sur sa vie privée, d'après des documents nouveaux, Text online
1864: L'Art de la reliure en France aux derniers siècles
1864: Chroniques et légendes des rues de Paris, Text online
1866: La Comédie de Jean de La Bruyère (2 volumes)
1867: Les Tragédies de Sophocles, texte grec avec un commentaire critique et explicatif
1871: Les Prussiens chez nous
1871: Le Théâtre français au XVIe et au XVIIe siècle, ou Choix des comédies les plus curieuses antérieures à Molière, avec une introduction, des notes et une notice sur chaque auteur
1873: Œuvres complètes de Nicolas Boileau, précédées de la vie de l'auteur

masks: Édouard Fournier Édouard Fournier


texts:
 d'après des documents nouveaux et inédits
1874: Voltaire. Théâtre complet
1875: Œuvres complètes de Regnard, précédée d'une introduction d'après des documents entièrement nouveaux
1876: Œuvres complètes de Beaumarchais
1876: Œuvres de Jean de La Fontaine : théâtre, fables, poésies, etc. 1877: Œuvres de Marivaux. Théâtre complet
1877: Histoire de la butte des Moulins, suivie d'une étude historique sur les demeures de Corneille à Paris
1878: Le Livre commode des adresses de Paris pour 1692 par Nicolas de Blégny, précédé d'une introduction et annoté par Édouard Fournier (2 volumes) Text online 1 2
1879: Scarron.Théâtre complet
1879: Le Mystère de Robert le Diable, mis en deux parties, avec transcription en vers modernes en regard du texte du XIVe siècle, et précédé d'une introduction par <mask> <mask>
1880: Souvenirs poétiques de l'école romantique, 1825 à 1840, Text online
1881: Théâtre choisi de Louis-Benoît Picard
1881: Paris-Capitale
1883: Paris démoli (Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée)
1884: Histoire des enseignes de Paris, revue et publiée par Paul Lacroix
1885: Études sur la vie et les œuvres de Molière, revues et mises en ordre par Paul Lacroix Text online
1889: Histoire des jouets et des jeux d'enfants
 Une Malouine au temps de la Révolution. VIII, 1872, (p. 682–683). Gustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des contemporains, vol. I, 1858, (p. 688). Adolphe Bitard, Dictionnaire général de biographie contemporaine française et étrangère, 1878, (p. 482–483). External links
 <mask> <mask> on data.bnf.fr

19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
19th-century French historians
French bibliographers
French librarians
People from Orléans
1819


texts:
<mask> (; born 19 August 1949) is a Pakistani-born British Catholic priest and former Anglican prelate who served as the 106th Bishop of Rochester from 1994 to 2009 and, before that, as Bishop of Raiwind in Pakistan. He is currently the director of the Oxford Centre for Training, Research, Advocacy and Dialogue. In 2021, he was received into the Catholic Church and was ordained as a priest for the Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham on 30 October 2021. He is a dual citizen of Pakistan and Britain. Background
<mask> was born in Karachi, Pakistan, on 19 August 1949, the son of James and Patience Nazir-Ali. He has both a Christian and a Muslim family background – his father's family are sayyids. His father converted from Shia Islam.He attended the Roman Catholic-run St Paul's School and St Patrick's College in Karachi and attended Roman Catholic services there. He began identifying as a Christian at the age of 15; he was formally received into the Anglican Church of Pakistan aged 20. Academic career
Nazir-Ali attended St Paul's English High School, Karachi, and St Patrick's College and later studied economics, Islamic history and sociology at the University of Karachi (BA 1970). He studied in preparation for ordination at Ridley Hall, Cambridge (1972), and undertook postgraduate studies in theology at St Edmund Hall, Oxford (BLitt (Oxon, 1974), MLitt (Oxon, 1981)), Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge (MLitt (Cantab, 1976)) and the Australian College of Theology (ThD 1983). He also studied at the Center for the Study of World Religions at Harvard Divinity School and in 2005 he was awarded the Lambeth DD. His particular academic interests include comparative literature and comparative philosophy of religion. In addition to teaching appointments in colleges and universities in many parts of the world, he has been a tutorial supervisor at the University of Cambridge, a senior tutor at Karachi Theological College and Visiting Professor of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of

masks:
Michael James Nazir Ali
Michael Nazir Ali


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 Greenwich.He has been elected an honorary fellow of his colleges at Oxford (St Edmund Hall) and Cambridge (Fitzwilliam). From 1986 until 1989, while he was assistant to the Archbishop of Canterbury and Co-ordinator of Studies and Education for the Lambeth Conference, he was an honorary curate of St Giles' Church, and St Margaret's Church, both in Oxford. In 2010, he was appointed as a senior fellow of Wycliffe Hall and is on the faculty of the London School of Theology, the Lahore College of Theology, the Alexandria School of Theology and the Oxford Centre for Mission Studies (OCMS). Ordained ministry and public career

Nazir-Ali was ordained as an Anglican priest in 1976 in Pakistan and worked in Karachi and Lahore. He became the first Bishop of Raiwind in West Punjab (1984–86), at the time he was the youngest bishop in the Anglican Communion. When his life was endangered in Pakistan in 1986, Robert Runcie, then the Archbishop of Canterbury, arranged for his refuge in England. Nazir-Ali said, "the reason behind some of the difficulties I was facing was removed when General Zia was killed - unfortunately for him, and I am now not doing the work that I was doing at the time with the very poor".He became an assistant to the Archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth and assisted with the planning of the 1988 Lambeth Conference; he was general secretary of the Church Mission Society 1989–1994 and concurrently an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Southwark. He was appointed Bishop of Rochester, England, in 1994 and, in 1999, entered the House of Lords as one of the "Lords Spiritual" because of his seniority in episcopal office, the first religious leader from Asia to serve there. He was one of the final two candidates for Archbishop of Canterbury, though Rowan Williams was appointed on the recommendation of the British prime minister, Tony Blair. From 1997 to 2003, Nazir-Ali was chairman of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority's ethics and law committee. He was a leader of the Network


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 for Inter-faith Concerns of the Anglican Communion. and led the dialogue with Al-Azhar. He is also a founding member of the Dialogue of Scholars founded after the 9/11 attacks.For many years, he served as a member of the Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) and, more latterly, of the International Anglican–Roman Catholic Commission for Unity and Mission (IARCCUM). From 2010, Nazir-Ali was the visiting bishop of the Anglican Diocese of South Carolina in the United States. The diocese was part of the Episcopal  Church of the USA but left to joined the Anglican Church in North America which is not a church within the Anglican Communion but is widely recognised by Anglican Churches in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Reception into the Ordinariate
On 29 September 2021, Nazir-Ali was received into the Catholic Church by the ordinary of the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham, Monsignor Keith Newton. He was ordained as a deacon by Archbishop Kevin McDonald on 28 October 2021 at St Mary's College, Oscott, and a priest by Cardinal Vincent Nichols on 30 October 2021 at Our Lady of the Assumption and St Gregory Catholic Church in London. Views
Nazir-Ali was generally regarded as being on the Evangelical wing of Anglicanism but described himself as being "Catholic and evangelical". He is familiar with a number of Middle Eastern, Asian and European languages and has played a significant role in the Church of England's ecumenical dialogues.Ordination of women
Nazir-Ali did not oppose the ordination of women as priests in the Church of England. He chaired the Rochester Commission on whether women should be made bishops. Because of his work there, he now believes that the Anglican Communion should not have made a unilateral change in its ministry, which it claims to share with Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Medical ethics
Nazir-Ali has written and spoken on a number of bioethical issues including in vitro fertilisation, stem cell research, organ donation and assisted


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 dying. Here he has generally supported the "culture of life" and warned against a "culture of death". He has argued that human dignity is based on "transcendental values" and must be respected at all stages of human development, even when we are not sure whether there is a person, on the basis of the precautionary principle. He is anti-abortion and opposes euthanasia.He attended the March for Life, the first to ever take place in London, on 5 May 2018, where he delivered the closing prayer and had rubbish thrown all over him by a protester. Marriage and family
In 2000, Nazir-Ali wrote,
It is very important for the Church to continue saying that having children and their nurture is a basic good of marriage and not an optional extra. Just as a marriage is not complete without mutual support, companionship and love, so there is a real lack if the intention is never to have children, regardless of circumstances. This signals that marriage is not a matter of self-indulgence. In our age, such teaching is crucial." In his statement, he had gone on to say when it was right for couples not to have children. Clergy and counsellors would need to advise couples in such circumstances as to what was right for them.Because of this statement, it has been claimed that Nazir-Ali believed that married couples have a duty to have children and that those who remained childless were "self-indulgent". Although he views having children a basic part of a good marriage, he has denied ever labelling couples who did not have children "self-indulgent", claiming it was "pure invention". In 2014, he spoke at the Humanum interreligious colloquium on marriage and the family held at the Vatican. His views on marriage as contract, commitment and sacrament were published in Standpoint magazine in May 2012. In late September 2017, Nazir-Ali spoke at the UK Independence Party conference in Torquay. In his speech, he blamed the 1960s for "a sudden death for Christian discourse in public life" in Britain. In his opinion, "the


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 Christian faith stopped being of importance in this country when the women stopped passing it on in the home.It was not the church, it was not the school, it was the mothers who passed the faith on". While he said that he was not calling "return to the past", he advocated UKIP should "promote policies for the wellbeing of the family and the nurture of children in the family". He has also spoken at the Conservative and Labour Party Conferences on a variety of issues, including the family. Human Sexuality
Because of his beliefs on marriage and the family, Nazir-Ali has not been in favour of the ordination of non-celibate homosexual people as clergy and the blessing of same-sex unions. He was one of the bishops who signed a letter against Rowan Williams' decision not to block the appointment of Jeffrey John as Bishop of Reading in 2003. In October 2007, he told The Daily Telegraph that he would not attend the 2008 Lambeth Conference because he would find it "very difficult" to be in council with the bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States following the actions of that church in ordaining Gene Robinson, a divorced priest in an active homosexual relationship, to the office of bishop, which he believed was against Anglican teaching and destroying the unity of the Anglican Communion. In doing this, he was joined by nearly 300 other bishops.He was "accused of pandering to hate and homophobia" by activists after the media published a statement on the day a gay pride parade took place in London and before a major Anglican event at which he was preaching, claiming he had called on homosexuals to "repent and be changed". After he was reported in the press as saying homosexuals should "repent and be changed", he made further comments in which he clarified his remarks. He stated, when asked, that he had initially said to the journalist from the Telegraph that he was going to say in his sermon that all people, particularly churches and Christians, should repent, because there was a need


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 "to refocus on the faith of the church from down the ages and an authentic mission to the nations." When asked specifically about whether this included homosexuals, he had reiterated it included everybody and cited his interpretation of the Christian view of human sexuality, marriage and the family. Church in the public square
In 2014, he stated that many Anglicans and other Christians looked to the Catholic Church to lead in the protection of Christians from persecution by extremist Islamists in countries such as Iraq and Syria. Multiculturalism
In the launch edition of Standpoint Nazir-Ali called for Christianity to regain a prominent position in public life and blamed the "newfangled and insecurely founded doctrine of multiculturalism" for entrenching the segregation of communities. Nazir-Ali argued that the decline of Christianity and the rise of liberal values in the UK during the 1960s had created a moral vacuum which radical Islam threatened to fill.He wrote that "We have argued that it is necessary to understand where we have come from, to guide us to where we are going, and to bring us back when we wander too far from the path of national destiny." The Guardian newspaper devoted its leader to criticising Nazir-Ali, although it described his writing as "neatly underlining [Standpoint]'s expressed intent 'to defend and celebrate Western civilisation'". Nazir-Ali was condemned by the Ramadhan foundation and the President of the National Secular Society, who accused him of "doing the BNP’s work", but was praised by The Daily Telegraph newspaper. Nazir-Ali has himself written against Christian involvement in far-right organisations such as the British National Party. He has said, "The Church must change its approach. It must not capitulate to culture nor must it destroy any culture. Instead it must take heed of Pope Benedict's point: that the role of the Church is to enable culture to find its true centre".Relations with Muslims
Nazir-Ali has become a spokesman for an engagement


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 between Christianity and Islam and has been involved in a number of important dialogues between Muslims and others. He has led the Church's dialogue with Al-Azhar As-Sharif, the premier place of Sunni learning, and also with Shi'a Ulema in Iran. He is frequently quoted in the press. In November 2006 Nazir-Ali criticised the "dual psychology" of some extremist Muslims who seek both "victimhood and domination". He said it would never be possible to satisfy all of the demands made by them because "their complaint often boils down to the position that it is always right to intervene when Muslims are victims... and always wrong when Muslims are the oppressors or terrorists. Given the world view that has given rise to such grievances, there can never be sufficient appeasement and new demands will continue to be made." In response, the Muslim Council of Britain said "We would normally expect a bishop to display more humility and work towards bringing communities closer together rather than contributing towards fostering greater divisions."He has also said, "In the conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo the International community was defending Muslims from danger whereas in other situations, as in Iraq or Syria, Christians and others need to be defended from Radical Islamism". He has been active and on the ground in both kinds of situations. "No-go areas"
In January 2008, Nazir-Ali wrote that Islamic extremism had turned "already separate communities into 'no-go' areas" and that there had been attempts to "impose an 'Islamic' character on certain areas", citing the call to prayer from mosques as an example, and the pressure on people to conform to Islamist norms in dress, conduct, and speech. He criticised the government's integration policy as "an agenda which still lacks the underpinning of a moral and spiritual vision", and asked that the government make a public affirmation of the "Christian roots of British society". These comments resulted in some debate and criticism, including a response from


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 the Muslim Council of Britain, which said the mosque call was no different from church bells ringing. Nick Clegg, leader of the Liberal Democrats, described the comments as "a gross caricature of reality". Conservative Party home affairs spokesman David Davis said, however, that the bishop had rightly drawn attention to a "deeply serious problem" and that Labour's support for multiculturalism risked creating a situation of "voluntary apartheid".The Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, Hazel Blears, responded to Nazir-Ali's comments by stating that Britain was a "secular democracy", and challenged him to name specific "no go" areas. Nazir-Ali subsequently received threatening phone calls, but said his "overflowing postbag" had been "overwhelmingly supportive". Such views on isolated communities are nowadays widely accepted. Burka ban
In 2018, Nazir-Ali wrote that he was not in favour of banning a face veil but that in certain circumstances such as security at airports, road safety and professions requiring personal interaction it should not be worn. Anglican realignment

Nazir-Ali was a supporter of the Anglican realignment movement and the Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON). He attended and spoke at the first and second GAFCON gatherings as well as GAFCON III which took place in Jerusalem from 17 to 22 June 2018. He also attended G19, the additional conference that took place in Dubai from 25 February to 1 March 2019.He was also one of the founders of the Mere Anglicanism annual conferences in the US. Private life and honours
Nazir-Ali met his wife, Valerie Cree, who is Scottish, in Cambridge. They were married in 1972 and have two adult sons, Shamoun ("Shammy") and Ross. His pastimes include hockey, cricket, table tennis and Scrabble as well as writing poetry in English and Persian and listening to music. In 2003, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of Bath; he also has honorary doctorates from the universities of Kent and


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 Greenwich and others in the United States. He has been awarded the Shaikh Yamani Gold Medal in Islamic Studies and the Paul Harris International Fellowship by Rotary. Publications
Nazir-Ali's published writings include the following:

Islam: A Christian Perspective (1983)
Frontiers in Christian-Muslim Encounters (1987)
From Everywhere to Everywhere: A World View of Christian Mission (1990)
Thinking globally, acting locally (1992)
Mission and Dialogue: Proclaiming the Gospel Afresh in Every Age (1995)
The Mystery of Faith (1995)
Citizens and Exiles: Christian Faith in a Plural World (2000)
Shapes of the Church to Come (2001)
Understanding My Muslim Neighbour (2003)
Conviction And Conflict: Islam, Christianity And World Order (2005)
The Unique and Universal Christ (2008)
Triple Jeopardy for the West, London, Bloomsbury (2012)
Faith, Freedom and the Future, London, Wilberforce (2016)

He has also published a number of monographs and many other articles in newspapers and journals.See also
List of British Pakistanis
List of Catholic converts
List of Catholic priests

References

External links

 Biography on Official Site
 Bishop calls for veil legislation BBC News 2006-12-24
 Bishop warns of extremist dangers BBC News 2006-12-31
 Bishop against 'IVF for lesbians' BBC News 2007-09-14
 Blair 'nutter' fear angers bishop BBC News 2007-11-25
 Profile: <mask>-Ali BBC News 2008-01-06
 Bishop warns of 'Islamic areas' BBC News 2008-01-06
 Extremism flourished as UK lost Christianity The Sunday Telegraph 2008-01-07
 BBC radio 4 Profile

St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Alumni of Ridley Hall, Cambridge
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Bishops of Rochester
Anglican bishop converts to Roman Catholicism
British Anglicans
Critics of multiculturalism
English people of Pakistani descent
Converts to Anglicanism
Pakistani Anglicans
University of Karachi alumni
1949 births
Living people
People from Karachi
Anglican bishops of Raiwind
British Roman


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<mask> "Dédé" <mask> (4 July 1930 – 27 April 2000) was a Canadian union official noted for his involvement with organized crime. Desjardins served as the president of the Conseil des métiers de la construction () and vice-president of the Fédération des travailleurs du Québec (Quebec Federation of Labour, FTQ) union between 1970 and 1974, becoming known as Le roi de la construction ("the king of construction"). During this time, Desjardins was involved in the scandal that led to the Cliche commission of 1974–75 headed by Judge Robert Cliche to examine corruption in Quebec construction unions. Afterwards, Desjardins enjoyed much success as one of the leading loan sharks in Montreal until his murder. Despite sharing the same surname, Desjardins is not related to <mask>, a notorious mobster related to the Rizzuto crime family. Rise to power
Desjardins was born in the Centre-Sud of Montreal, the son of a plumber, and grew up in poverty. Desjardins went to work as an apprentice plumber at the age of 14, and had a long criminal record as a young man, doing several short stints in prison.In 1949, Desjardins was convicted of robbery and was convicted several more times in the 1950s. In 1957, he joined local 144 of l'Association internationale des plombiers et tuyauteurs d'Amérique union, which he rapidly came to dominate. During this time, Desjardins started to engage in organized crime, running illegal lotteries, demanding payments from construction companies to avoid "delays", engaging in loan sharking, and formed ties with the Montreal Mafia. Desjardins recruited men with

masks:
André
Desjardins
Raynald Desjardins


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 criminal records to serve as his officials or "soldiers" as he called them, and rose up rapidly using violence and intimidation. Desjardins ran his loan sharking business from the Café Évangéline, and was so successful that he lent money to other criminals in Montreal, most notably Eugene Lafort, Gérald Fontaine (who was the father of Hells Angel Paul "Fon Fon" Fontaine), and members of the Devils Disciples outlaw motorcycle gang. The Canadian journalist Michel Auger described Desjardins as a "strong man" who frequently beat anyone who displeased him, and who was much feared in the construction industry in Montreal in the 1960s. Henri Masse, the president of the Quebec Federation of Labor, told the journalist Jerry Langton about Desjardins: "He was a tough guy.But at the same time, you have to remember labor relations back then were tough as well. During strikes, employers would use dogs and thugs and other means". Though capable of being charming and a professed friend of journalists, Desjardins was known for his ruthless methods, at one point leading a delegation of construction workers to storm the National Assembly in Quebec City while the assembly was in session to shut down a meeting of a parliamentary committee that was proposing a bill he disapproved of. Desjardins's tactics paid off and the bill was killed. Le roi de la construction
A man with an engaging manner and immense powers of leadership noted for his walrus mustache, Desjardins quickly rose up the ranks of the union, becoming the general manager of the Construction Trades Council union affiliated with


texts: the FTQ and in September 1970 become the vice-president of the FTQ. Desjardins was well known for his lavish lifestyle, which went beyond a union official's salary, wearing a large diamond ring, owning a white Cadillac and frequently taking vacations in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Desjardins's lifestyle and his domination of a union of 70,000 members gave him the moniker the "King of Construction" (Le roi de la construction).Desjardins had "soldiers" in every union local, who were expected to engage in intimidation and violence, and other criminal activities like drug dealing and extortion. Desjardins was very closely associated with the Mafia during his time as union chief, and his time as president of the Conseil des métiers de la construction union is remembered as a "reign of terror" in the construction industry in Quebec. Auger described Desjardins's time as the "King of Construction" as the take-over of an entire section of the economy by organized crime, through he argued that Desjardins for his all power, was just a French-Canadian frontman for the Montreal Mafia, who wanted control of all the construction unions in Quebec, not just in Montreal. As part of his investigation into Desjardins undertaken in 1972, Auger took photographs of Desjardins on vacation in the Dominican Republic with Louis Laberge, president of the FTQ, together with various Mafiosi and other members of the Montreal underworld. Desjardins was aligned with the Cotroni family, at the time the most powerful Mafia family in Montreal. Construction had boomed in Montreal for Expo 67, leading


texts: to an inflated workforce, and afterwards times were tough for the construction industry in Montreal. As the Liberal Premier Robert Bourassa had promised in the 1970 election that his government would create 100,000 jobs in the construction industry with the James Bay Project, there was much violent competition between Desjardin's Conseil des métiers de la construction and the rival Confederation of National Trade Unions (CNFU) to have their workers engaged in the project.The Canadian historian Desmond Morton noted that were 540 different incidents between the two main construction unions in Quebec on construction sites associated with the James Bay Project between 1970 and 1974, many of them "very bloody". Besides for the Jame Bay Project, Desjardins's union played a major role in causing the $1 billion cost overrun on building the facilities for the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, which nearly bankrupted the city. In May 1970, the International Olympic Committee declared that Montreal would host the 1976 Summer Olympics and construction of the facilities for the Olympics began later that year. The Montreal journalist Kristian Gravenor called Desjardins a "legendary" criminal who more than anyone else caused the "screwed up Olympics" that almost bankrupted Montreal and did so much to cause the decline of Montreal, which lost its status as the business capital of Canada to Toronto in the 1970s. The French architect Roger Taillibert and the Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau discovered that various "delays" on building the Olympic stadium were caused by the Conseil des métiers de la


texts: construction, and the two tried hard to win over Desjardins, buying him a lunch at the exclusive Ritz-Carlton hotel in a vain attempt to end the "anarchic disorder" on the Olympic stadium construction site. Finally, Bourassa made some sort of secret deal to buy off Desjardins, which finally allowed work to proceed. In his 2000 book Notre Cher Stade Olympique, Taillibert wrote "If the Olympic Games took place, it was thanks to Dede Desjardins.What irony!". On 21 March 1974 as part of an extortion attempt against the sub-contractors working on the James Bay Project who refused to fire two workers belonging to the rival CNFU union, workers belonging to Conseil des métiers de la construction union destroyed the LG-2 construction site, causing $35 million in damages. The workers on the LG-2 site used their bulldozers to destroy the site they were working on while other workers set buildings afire. Desjardins was charged with incitement to violence as a result of the riot, but was never brought to trial. In response to the violence at the LG-2 site, which confirmed long-standing rumors about thuggish practices on the part of construction unions, the Premier of Quebec, Robert Bourassa, appointed a commission consisting of well-respected judge Robert Cliche, prominent Montreal labor lawyer Brian Mulroney and vice-president of the Centrale de l'enseignement du Québec Guy Chevrette to investigate corruption in the construction industry in Quebec. The legal counsel to the Cliche commission was another prominent Montreal lawyer, Lucien Bouchard. The commission had a narrow remit to


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 examine only the question of freedom of expression within Quebec construction unions, but the commission soon began examining the question of the relationship between the construction unions and organized crime.The Cliche commission established that the Quebec construction industry was dominated by casual brutality with thuggish union bosses teaching union organizers how best to break legs. Workers who complained about corruption on the part of their bosses had their dogs murdered and their teenage children beaten up. The columnist Peggy Curran wrote that the Cliche commission uncovered:

...tales of nepotism, bribery, sabotage, blackmail and intimidation; charges of union organizers with criminal records who gave lessons in how to break legs; thugs-for-hire who would happily beat up a rival union organizer's teenager or strangle their dog. Almost as frightening was an aura of complacency, a 'So what?' and 'What you gonna do about it?' reaction from key witnesses and from union rank-and file. As one union delegate put it, "How do you think a government commission is going to settle problems if the workers themselves are not willing to respect the law?By increasing the number of baseball bats in circulation?". During the hearings, a connection was established between Bourassa's office and Desjardins. It emerged that Bourassa's special executive assistant, Paul Desrochers, had met Desjardins to ask for the support of his union in helping the Parti libéral du Québec win a by-election in exchange for which the province would guarantee that only companies employing workers


texts: from the Conseil des métiers de la construction union would work on the James Bay project. The hearings had already established that the Conseil des métiers de la construction had donated to the Parti libéral du Québec generously and there were links between several ministers in Bourassa's cabinet and the Conseil des métiers de la construction. An aide to the Labour Minister, Jean Cournoyer, was overheard in an intercepted telephone call to Desjardins arranging for him to have his thuggish "soldiers" pack a reelection rally for Cournoyer in his St. Jerome riding. Cliche asked Cornoyer: "How could you tolerate illegal acts without doing anything? The disruption of a parliamentary commission by union goons, for example?"In response, Cournoyer replied: "I am only the labor minister. I don’t have the police". The exchanges between Cournoyer and Cliche grew increasingly heated as Cournoyer disclaimed responsibility for his portfolio under that the grounds that he was too busy to look into allegations of union corruption, leading Cliche to scold him: "“Responsibility, and I’m talking on a much higher plane, responsibility for a ministry and its faults cannot be explained by saying: 'I don’t have time' or 'I’ve got too much work'". Bouchard had wanted to call Bourassa as a witness to testify about his links with Desjardins, but Mulroney prevented this, saying having the Premier of Quebec testify before the commission would be a violation of "executive privilege". Intercepted phone calls by the Sûreté du Québec showed that Desjardins had ordered a set of illegal strikes in the


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 summer of 1974 as a bid to pressure the government not to have him testify before the Cliche commission. Despite his best efforts, Desjardins did testify before the Cliche commission, which damaged his reputation so much that he resigned as union boss on 25 November 1974. The commissioners grilled Desjardins over his association with members of the Mafia, and his denials of not being involved in organized crime proved to be ultimately unconvincing.Bouchard in a 2000 interview with Auger recalled that Desjardins was one of the toughest and wiliest witnesses he ever cross-examined. The climax of the hearings came when Clice exploded in rage at Desjardins's evasive answers, shouting: "You have played a very important role as a union leader and thousands of Quebec workers looked up to you for inspiration, workers who were proud of you...but you have allowed exploiters to surround you. You practised a coverup from all points of view. The commission very sincerely hopes that when our work is finished the workers in the construction industry are going to find leaders who are capable of honor, dignity and truth". The Cliche Commission, in its report of May 1975 called Desjardins a man "with exceptional qualities ... spoiled by an unbridled taste for power." The Cliche commission wrote about Desjardins:

The Cliche commission's report concluded Desjardins had frequently used "threats, violence and intimidation against both workers and management", that too many construction companies had given into him rather than stand up, that his status as le roi de la construction had


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 allowed him to corrupt politicians, and his passion for money and power "...controls him to the extent of destroying his moral sense. To him, there are no bad methods, only inefficient ones".The report recommended that Desjardins be prevented from holding any more union offices as it was "in the public interest". The Cliche Commission's report was described at the time as an exposé of "an organized system of corruption without parallel in North America." A Montreal Gazette editorial declared about the Cliche commission's report: "A devastating document. For some four years, the Bourassa government worked hand in glove with gangster union leadership in the province's construction industry." The public backlash generated by the Cliche commission's discovery of widespread corruption in the construction unions tolerated by the Bourassa government played a major role in causing the defeat of Bourassa in the 1976 election, which were won by the separatist PQ. The loan shark of Montreal
After his leaving the union, Desjardins turned to loan sharking and drug smuggling. Desjardins was notorious as a loan shark who charged 52% interest on the loans he gave to the poor and desperate of Montreal.Desjardins was often described by the police as one of the most successful loan sharks in Montreal, whose fortune by the 1990s was estimated to be at least $25 million. Auger quoted one of Desjardins friends as saying: "He liked money too much. Always wanted more. Couldn't get enough of it". Desjardins opened a restaurant in Laval, two jewelry shops, a furniture store, and a 25-room motel


texts: in the Dominican Republic, hiding his ownership via a convoluted ownership structure. On 3 February 1979, <mask> and his wife Jacqueline were indicted on charges of tax evasion with Desjardins accused of not paying $42,436.07 between 1967 and 1975. After defeating the tax evasion charges, Desjardins was tried for trafficking in stolen tires and for ordering an illegal strike in the early 1980s, but was acquitted of these charges.Desjardins spent much time living in the Dominican Republic, where he spent his winters at a luxury beach-front condo he owned in Puerto Plata. Desjardins had much influence in the Dominican Republic, where he demanded a "cut" from any developer wishing to build in that country. In July 1983, the United States government requested his extradition, charging he was trafficking in the Quaaludes prescription drug, but in 1984 a Montreal court refused the request. Despite leaving the Conseil des métiers de la construction union in 1974, Desjardins still retained much influence in construction unions for decades afterwards. Desjardins had been associated with the  Calabrian Cotroni crime family headed by the Cotroni brothers, Vic and Frank, which from the 1930s to the 1980s was the largest criminal syndicate in Montreal. In the 1980s, the Cotroni family were eclipsed by the Sicilian Rizzuto crime family led by Nicolo Rizzuto as Montreal's largest criminal syndicate. The Rizzuto family had a policy of co-opting former associates of the Cotroni family into their operations.Desjardins was one of the former Cotroni associates who switched his loyalties.