texts:
 1980, he played the character of Keith in an episode of television series Play for Today, and as a minor character in the film Breaking Glass.He appeared as a  minor character in the 1981 television film Tiny Revolutions, and guest-starred as Rick Sloan in the television series The Gentle Touch. <mask> also sang the theme tune to 1980s British children's drama, Murphy's Mob, which was produced by Central Television. Auf Wiedersehen, Pet

Playing the part of Wayne Winston Norris in the popular comedy drama Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, <mask> played a Cockney carpenter, nicknamed "London" by Oz. The character Norris liked his women, music and drink, which was similar to his off-screen personality. He landed the part, the first of the seven main characters to be cast, after he was introduced to Ian La Frenais at a party. La Frenais and his writing partner Dick Clement had been drafting storylines and working on an idea given to them by Franc Roddam, who was the director of Quadrophenia. The first series of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet ran between 1983 and 1984.In February 1985, filming began on the second series. The final episode of the second series, broadcast after Holton's death, was dedicated to his memory. The show was revived in 2002 with the original writers and all of the surviving cast members. The gap in the line-up left by Holton was filled by Wyman, Wayne's illegitimate son, played by Noel Clarke. Other roles
While acting on Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, <mask> had only two other roles. He appeared in the TV series Minder, in which he played villain Barry, in 1984. He also played an uncredited extra in the television series Bulman the following year.He also appeared in an episode of "Shoestring" filmed in Bristol. <mask> was offered the role of villain 'Nasty' Nick Cotton in the television

masks: Holton Holton Holton Holton


type: original

texts:
 soap opera EastEnders, but he turned down the role and it was instead given to Holton's friend John Altman, who bore a strong resemblance to him, and would go on to succeed him as the lead singer of the Heavy Metal Kids. Musical career

Solo
His musical endeavours were confined to strict one-offs for a while: in December 1978, <mask> stood in for The Damned vocalist Dave Vanian on a short Scottish tour; and he also recorded a solo single (which became a number one hit in Norway), a punk-country version of Kenny Rogers's "Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town" with the Boys' keyboardist Casino Steel, with whom he would later write a song simply titled "Auf Wiedersehen Pet" about his experiences in the show. <mask> and Steel recorded three albums together, all of them doing well in Norway. But even the opportunity to replace the late Bon Scott in AC/DC could not lure him back to full-time rock & roll. He made an appearance on the TV programme The Tube in 1984 with a band named as The Actors, which included fellow Quadrophenia star <mask>l on bass guitar, and they performed a song entitled "Long-Legged Blue-Eyed Blonde". In 1985 he was also briefly in a band he formed with Glen Matlock and James Stevenson called The Gang Show.The Heavy Metal Kids

<mask> was the front-man for the band, which formed in 1972. With his cockney accent, he became a popular glam rock singer. The band were discovered by former Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich front-man Dave Dee, who signed them to Atlantic Records. Their eponymous debut album was well received by the press, but had achieved limited sales. They later played many gigs with punk rock band the Adverts. On their first American tour in 1975, they shortened their name to "The Kids". In December 1975, the Kids signed with producer Mickie Most's

masks:
Holton
Holton
Gary Shai
Gary


texts:
 RAK label, but before work could begin on their next album, Holton was sacked amid a storm of drink- and drug-related headlines.Plans for the remaining members to continue on without him came to naught. In late 1977, <mask> rejoined the band for a handful of live shows and the long-delayed third album, Kitsch. But, by mid-1978, he had departed once again, and the band broke up. Whilst the band was popular in Sweden, they had little commercial success in Britain although in 1976 their single "She's No Angel" was regularly played on BBC Radio 1, a favourite of DJ John Peel, and this led to an appearance on Top of the Pops. The lack of commercial success led to the breakup of the band, and <mask> returned to acting. Holton/Steel
In 1980/81, Holton hooked up with Casino Steel, a musician from Norway and in the following years released a couple of (in Norway) bestselling albums. The duo's musical style was country rock with strong punk influences, their first hit being a cover of Kenny Rogers' "Ruby".<mask>'s Norwegian musical career went largely unnoticed in his homeland. Personal life

Relationships
Holton had a string of relationships in the early to mid 1970s. In 1977, he dated singer Stella Palmer, with whom he performed his cover version of "Somethin' Stupid" in 1973. <mask> and Palmer got engaged on 12 March 1977, but on 2 May the same year, Palmer called off the engagement, stating their relationship was not going quite as planned. From 1979 he was married to model Donna Campbell. They were amicably separated from 1981 and remained friends, though they were still not divorced at the time of his death. After Donna, Holton had a relationship with model Susan Harrison who gave birth to his son Red, in 1983.At the time of his death, <mask> had long separated from Harrison and

masks:
Holton
Holton
Gary Holton
Holton
Holton


texts:
 was engaged to hairdresser Jahnet Mclllewan. Death
<mask> was found dead by his fiancée Jahner McIllwain in his bed on 25 October 1985. He had died from an overdose of alcohol and morphine, with traces of diazepam and cannabis in his system. Pathologist Rufus Crompton said during his inquest at Hornsey, North London, that he would have been drinking less than half an hour before his death, and that the morphine would have made him unconscious within a matter of minutes. Holton had a blood alcohol level of 199 mg and a morphine level of 0.8 mg per litre (0.5 mg per litre is considered invariably fatal). He had been a drug user for several years after experiences through the music scene and was addicted to heroin, a habit he had quit some time after the first series of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet had been broadcast. He was considering setting up a clinic to help others with their addictions.Holton had considerable debts and had two bankruptcy orders totalling £61,000 over him. These debts were partly due to his not having paid tax since 1979, and also having a mortgage of £48,500 on his flat in Maida Vale, London. He died midway through the second series of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, but the producers used body doubles and editing of dialogue already recorded to allow the series to be completed. They eventually rescripted the series, such that in every indoor scene that originally included Holton, excuses were made for his absence. Just before his death, he had released the single "Catch A Falling Star". He had been due to star in the pantomime Peter Pan that upcoming Christmas. He was survived by his son, Red, with model Susan Harrison.Funeral
<mask>'s funeral took place on 22 November 1985, with a 15-minute service at Golders Green Crematorium in London. His Auf Wiedersehen, Pet co-stars

masks: Holton Holton


texts:
<mask> (born December 30, 1987) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist currently competing in the light heavyweight division of Absolute Championship Akhmat (ACA). A professional competitor since 2009, he has formerly competed for the UFC and KSW. Biography

Early life and MMA career
<mask> started practicing Muay Thai at 19 years old and made his professional MMA debut in October 2009. At the same year he participated in the Brazilian television program Caldeirão do Huck of Rede Globo where he restored his Ford Maverick 1975 and earned his nickname. After his TV appearance, he joined Team Nogueira and achieved an undefeated record of 8-0, with 7 of his wins coming by way of knockout. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his UFC debut against Phil Davis on August 4, 2012 at UFC on FOX 4, replacing an injured Chad Griggs. An eye poke by Davis rendered <mask> unable to continue at 1:28 of round 1 and the official result was a No Contest.The rematch with Davis, briefly linked to UFC on FX 5, took place on October 13, 2012 at UFC 153. <mask> received the first loss of his professional career to Davis in the second round via submission due to an anaconda choke. <mask> was expected to face Roger Hollett on January 19, 2013 at UFC on FX 7. However, Hollett was forced out of

masks:
Wagner Prado
Prado
Prado
Prado
Prado
Prado


texts:
 the bout with a torn bicep and was replaced by promotional newcomer Ildemar Alcântara. <mask> lost via submission (kneebar) in the second round, and was subsequently released from the promotion. Absolute Championship Berkut
After going 8–3–1  since his UFC release, including a 2-0 stint in KSW, <mask> signed with ACA, debuting against Elkhan Musaev at ACA 133 on December 4, 2021. He lost the bout via unanimous decision.|-->
|-
|Win
|align=center|14–3 (1)
| Chris Fields
| TKO (punches)
| KSW 44: The Game
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|2:17
| Gdańsk, Poland
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|13–3 (1)
| Armando Sixel
|KO (knee)
|Katana Fight: Birthday Edition
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:52
|Colombo, Paraná, Brazil
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|12–3 (1)
| Magomed Ankalaev
|KO (punches)
|WFCA 38: Grozny Battle
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:33
|Grozny, Russia
|For the AFC Light Heavyweight Championship. |-
|Win
|align=center|12–2 (1)
| Aldo Silva
|TKO (punches)
|Max Fight 16
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:19
|São Paulo, Brazil
|Defended the Max Fight Light Heavyweight Championship. |-
|Win
|align=center|11–2 (1)
| Cesar Fabiano Rodrigues
|TKO (punches)
|Max Fight 14
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:08
|São Paulo, Brazil
|Won the vacant Max Fight Light Heavyweight

masks: Prado Prado


texts:
<mask>,  (28 July 1911 – 5 August 1994) was the leading Australian air ace of World War II. He is officially credited with shooting down 28.5 enemy aircraft in over 300 operational sorties, including an ace in a day. In addition to his official score, he has been ascribed six probables and 15 damaged. <mask> flew Curtiss P-40 Tomahawks and Kittyhawks in the North African Campaign and Supermarine Spitfires in the South West Pacific Theatre. He was the highest-scoring P-40 pilot from any air force and the highest-scoring Allied pilot in North Africa. <mask> also commanded a Royal Air Force (RAF) squadron and two Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) wings. His military service ended in controversy, when he resigned in protest at the misuse of Australian First Tactical Air Force's fighter units and was later court martialed and convicted for trading liquor.Early life
<mask> was born in the Sydney suburb of Lewisham, and educated at Albion Park School, Sydney Grammar School and Trinity Grammar School. He was at Sydney Grammar School from June 1924 until May 1927, but did not complete his Leaving Certificate there (he rowed in the 4th IV and was a member of the Games Committee). He learned to fly in 1938 with the Royal Aero Club of New South Wales. He was employed as a commission agent when World War II broke out, and he joined the Citizen Air Force division of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) on 27 May 1940, with the intention of becoming a fighter pilot. As he was over the age limit for fighter training, <mask> persuaded a

masks:
Clive Robertson Caldwell
Caldwell
Caldwell
Caldwell
Caldwell


texts:
 pharmacist friend to alter the details on his birth certificate to July 1912. He was accepted by the RAAF and joined the Empire Air Training Scheme (EATS; also known as the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan and similar names). World War II

Middle East and North Africa

<mask>'s first, brief combat posting was a British Hurricane unit, No.73 Squadron, Royal Air Force, in the early stages of the North African campaign. He had gained only a few operational hours when he was transferred to No. 250 Squadron RAF as it converted to the new P-40 Tomahawk, one of the first units in the world to operate P-40s. According to some accounts, on 6 June 1941, <mask> as Flying Officer Jack Hamlyn's wingman, was involved in the P-40's first ever kill, of an Italian CANT Z.1007 bomber, over Egypt. However, the claim was not officially recognised. (Hamlyn and Sergeant Tom Paxton scored the first official kill two days later, another CANT.) Soon afterwards, <mask> served with the squadron over Syria and Lebanon.After struggling to acquire the skill of gunnery deflection, <mask> developed a training technique, known as "shadow shooting", in which he fired at the shadow of his own aircraft on the desert surface. This was later widely adopted by the Desert Air Force. The squadron returned to North Africa. On 26 June 1941, while escorting bombers attacking Gazala, Libya, <mask> destroyed an aircraft in air-to-air combat for the first time, during his 30th sortie. He downed a German Messerschmitt Bf 109E, piloted by Leutnant Heinz Schmidt of I

masks: Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell


texts: gruppe, Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—Fighter Wing 27), over Capuzzo, he followed this claim with a 'half share' of a Bf 110 on III./ZG 26 and 2 Ju 87s of II./Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 (StG 2—Dive Bomber Wing 2) on 30 June. On 4 July 1941, <mask> saw a German pilot shoot and kill a close friend, Pilot Officer Donald Munro, who was descending to the ground in a parachute. This was a controversial practice, but was nevertheless common among German and Allied pilots.One biographer, Kristin Alexander, suggests that it may have caused <mask>'s attitude to harden significantly. Months later, press officers and journalists popularised <mask>'s nickname of "Killer", which he disliked. One reason for the nickname was that he too shot enemy airmen after they parachuted out of aircraft. <mask> commented many years later: "... there was no blood lust or anything about it like that. It was just a matter of not wanting them back to have another go at us. I never shot any who landed where they could be taken prisoner." (In later life, <mask> said that his thoughts often turned to one Japanese airman or passenger, who survived <mask>'s last aerial victory but could not be rescued.)A more commonly cited reason for the nickname was his habit of using up ammunition left over at the end of sorties, to shoot up enemy troop convoys and vehicles. During his war service, <mask> wrote in a notebook: "it's your life or theirs. This is war." While flying to his base alone, over northwest Egypt on 29 August 1941, <mask> was attacked by two Bf 109s, in a

masks: Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell


texts:
 simultaneous approach at right angles. His attackers included one of Germany's most famous aces, Leutnant Werner Schröer, also of JG 27, in a Bf 109E-7. <mask> sustained three separate wounds from ammunition fragments and or shrapnel. His Tomahawk was hit by more than 100 7.92 mm bullets and five 20 mm cannon shells, but he shot down Schröer's wingman, and heavily damaged Schröer's "Black 8", causing Schröer to disengage.On 23 November, <mask> shot down an Experte, Hauptmann Wolfgang Lippert, Gruppenkommandeur (Group Commander) of II./JG 27, who bailed out. Lippert had struck the stabiliser and following capture had his legs amputated but 10 days later, a gangrene infection set in and he died on 3 December. For this action, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. <mask> claimed five Junkers Ju 87 (Stuka) dive bombers in a matter of minutes on 5 December. For this he was awarded a Bar to his DFC. His report of that action reads:

The citations for both the original DFC and the Bar were published in the same issue of the London Gazette, a supplement to that of 23 December 1941, dated 26 December 1941. The first citation described <mask> as continuing to "take his toll of enemy aircraft" and that "he personally shot down 5 of the enemy's aircraft bringing his total victories to 12."The second that he "has performed splendid work in the Middle East operations", "shown dogged determination and high devotion to duty which have proved an inspiration to his fellow pilots", and that after receiving "wounds on his face, arms


texts: and legs...he courageously returned to the attack and shot down one of the hostile aircraft." On 24 December 1941, <mask> was involved in an engagement which mortally wounded another Luftwaffe ace, Hpt. Erbo Graf von Kageneck (credited with 69 air victories) of III./JG 27. <mask> only claimed a "damaged" at the time, but postwar sources have attributed him with the kill. In January 1942, <mask> was promoted to squadron leader and given command of No. 112 Squadron RAF, becoming the first EATS graduate to command a British squadron. 112 Sqn at that time included several Polish aviators, and this was why <mask> was later awarded the Polish Krzyż Walecznych (KW; "Cross of Valour").<mask> scored another striking victory in February 1942, while leading a formation of 11 Kittyhawks from 112 Sqn and 3 Sqn. Over Gazala, he sighted a schwarm of Bf 109Fs flying some 2,000 ft higher. <mask> immediately nosed into a shallow dive, applied maximum power and boost, then pulled his Kittyhawk up into a vertical climb. With his P-40 "hanging from its propeller," he fired a burst at a Bf 109 flown by Leutnant Hans-Arnold Stahlschmidt of I./JG 27, who was lagging behind the others. Stahlschmidt's fighter "shuddered like a carpet being whacked with a beater" before spinning out of control. Although the Kittyhawk pilots thought that the Bf 109 had crashed inside Allied lines, Stahlschmidt was able to crash-land in friendly territory. When <mask> left the theatre later that year, the commander of air operations in North Africa and the Middle East,

masks: Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell


texts:
 Air Vice Marshal Arthur Tedder described him as: "[a]n excellent leader and a first class shot".<mask> claimed 22 victories while in North Africa flying P-40s, including ten Bf 109s and two Macchi C.202s. He had flown some 550 hours in over 300 operational sorties. While on a tour of the United States, <mask> visited Curtiss-Wright in Buffalo, New York. On 6 August 1942, he was invited to come on an acceptance re-flight of a Curtiss C-46 Commando, the latest transport aircraft destined for overseas use. The aircraft was also loaded with Curtiss executives, and flown by Chief Production Test Pilot Herbert O. Fisher. The landing gear became stuck in a three-quarters down position, and after an extended eight-hour attempt to release the gear, Fisher calmly belly-landed the C-46. With the weight of the aircraft gently pushing the gear back into the wheel wells, a minimum of damage resulted.<mask> had taken over as the co-pilot on the eight hours of circling over Buffalo, receiving certification that he was checked out on the C-46, under the tutelage of Fisher. Finishing his tour at Curtiss-Wright, <mask> went on to visit the North American Aviation factory and was able to personally evaluate their new P-51 fighter, then in development. South West Pacific

During 1942, Australia came under increasing pressure from Japanese forces, and <mask> was recalled by the RAAF, to serve as the wing leader of No. 1 (Fighter) Wing, comprising No. 54 Squadron RAF, No. 452 Squadron RAAF and No. 457 Squadron RAAF.The wing was equipped with the


texts: Supermarine Spitfire and in early 1943 was posted to Darwin, to defend it against Japanese air raids. <mask> claimed two kills in his first interception sortie over Darwin, a Mitsubishi A6M Zero (also known by the Allied codename "Zeke") fighter and a Nakajima B5N "Kate" light bomber. The Spitfire pilots found Japanese fighter pilots reluctant to engage Allied fighters over Australia, due to the distance from their bases in the Dutch East Indies. The wing initially suffered high losses, due to the inexperience of many of its pilots, and teething mechanical problems with their newly "tropicalised" Mark VC Spitfires. This was viewed with concern by high commanders, to such extent that the Allied air commander in the South West Pacific, Major General George Kenney, considered sending the wing to the New Guinea campaign, and returning US Fifth Air Force fighter units to Darwin. <mask> scored what was to be his last aerial victory, a Mitsubishi Ki-46 "Dinah" of the 202nd Sentai, over the Arafura Sea on 17 August 1943. He claimed a total of 6.5 Japanese aircraft shot down.Later in 1943, <mask> was posted to Mildura, to command No. 2 Operational Training Unit (2OTU). He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in November 1943. By 1944, with the Japanese forces retreating north, <mask> was again posted to Darwin, this time commanding No. 80 (Fighter) Wing, equipped with the Spitfire Mark VIII. In April 1945, while serving at Morotai in the Dutch East Indies with the Australian First Tactical Air Force, as Officer Commanding

masks: Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell Caldwell


texts:
 No. 80 Wing, <mask> played a leading part in the "Morotai Mutiny", in which several senior flyers resigned in protest at what they saw as the relegation of RAAF fighter squadrons to dangerous and strategically worthless ground attack missions.An investigation resulted in three senior officers being relieved of their commands, with <mask> and the other "mutineers" cleared. Prior to the "mutiny", <mask> had been charged over his involvement in an alcohol racket on Morotai, where liquor was flown in by RAAF aircraft and then sold to the sizeable US forces contingent in the locality. He was court martialled in January 1946 and reduced to the rank of Flight Lieutenant. <mask> left the service in February. Personal life
On 13 April 1940 <mask> married Jean McIver Main, whom he had known twelve years, a daughter of George and Mary Main of "Retreat" station, Illabo, New South Wales. George was well known as chairman of the Australian Jockey Club. A pre-wedding reception was held at Cootamundra and the service at the tiny chapel at Dirnaseer, adjacent "Retreat".On his return to Australia, the couple lived in Illabo until at least 1947. Later years
After the war, <mask> was involved as a purchasing agent obtaining surplus aircraft and other military equipment from the US Foreign Liquidation Commission in the Philippines. The aircraft and equipment were exported to Australia in 1946. After the successful conclusion of this venture, <mask> joined a cloth import/export company in Sydney and shortly after became its managing director. He


texts:
 became a partner in 1953 and later served as chairman of the board. The firm, Clive Caldwell (Sales) Pty Ltd, achieved considerable success under <mask>'s direction and expanded through subsidiaries worldwide. Although in later life <mask> "spoke modestly" about his wartime service, upon his death in Sydney on 5 August 1994, many Australians "mourned the passing of a true national hero".Honours and awards

Distinguished Service Order (DSO) – awarded 14 October 1943
Distinguished Flying Cross and Bar (DFC*) – both awarded 26 December 1941
1939–1945 Star – campaign medal
Air Crew Europe Star – campaign medal
Africa Star with "North Africa 1942–43" Clasp – campaign medal
Pacific Star
Defence Medal
War Medal 1939–1945 – campaign medal
Australia Service Medal 1939–45 – campaign medal
Polish Cross of Valour (Krzyż Walecznych)  – permission to wear granted 2 August 1942

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Alexander, Kristen. "Cleaning the augean stables". The Morotai Mutiny? Sabretache (Military Historical Society of Australia), 2004. Alexander, Kristen. <mask>: Air Ace. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2006. .
 Brown, Russell.Desert Warriors: Australian P-40 Pilots at War in the Middle East and North Africa, 1941–1943. Maryborough, Queensland, Australia: Banner Books, 2000. .
 Musciano, Walter. "<mask>: Australia's Ace of Aces." Air Progress  Volume 19, No. 3, September 1966. Odgers, George. The Royal Australian Air Force: An Illustrated History.Brookvale, Australia: Child & Henry, 1984. .
 Pentland, Geoffrey. The P-40 Kittyhawk

masks:
Caldwell
Caldwell
Clive Caldwell
Killer Caldwell


texts:
 in Service. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Kookaburra Technical Publications Pty. Ltd., 1974. .
 RAAF Historical Section, "RAAF Base Darwin", in Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History. Volume 1: Introduction, Bases, Supporting Organisations. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Public Service, 1995. .
 Shores, Christopher. Aces High – Volume 2: A Further Tribute to the Most Notable Fighter Aces of the British and Commonwealth Air Forces in World War II.London: Grub Street, 1999. .
 Shores, Christopher and <mask>. Aces High. London: Grub Street, 1994. .
 Stephens, Alan. The Royal Australian Air Force: A History. London: Oxford University Press, 2006. .
 Watson, Jeffrey. <mask>. Sydney, Australia: Hodder, 2005. .
 Weal, John.Jagdgeschwader 27 'Afrika'. London: Osprey Publishing, 2003. .

Further reading

External links

<mask> at acesofww2.com
Australian War Memorial: Who’s Who in Australian Military History
<mask> <mask>: Record of Service – Airmen  National Archives of Australia
Record of Court Martial proceedings against Squadron Leader (acting Group Captain) <mask> <mask> , National Archives of Australia

1911 births
1994 deaths
Australian aviators
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian World War II flying aces
Businesspeople from Sydney
People educated at Trinity Grammar School (New South Wales)
People educated at Sydney Grammar School
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Australian Air Force officers
Royal Australian Air Force personnel

masks:
Clive Williams
Killer Caldwell
Clive Caldwell
Clive Robertson
Caldwell
Clive Robertson
Caldwell


texts:
<mask>-rin (Korean:백예린; born June 26, 1997), also credited as <mask>, is a South Korean singer-songwriter. A former member of duo 15&, she debuted as a solo artist with the mini album Frank, in 2015. Known for her delicate and sweet vocals, since 2015, she has had eight singles peak in the top ten on Gaon Digital Chart. A singer-songwriter, <mask> is credited with composing and writing the lyrics for the majority of her songs, often touching on personal topics and writing from real-life experiences. In addition to her solo career, she is also the front person for Korean rock band The Volunteers and has been performing with them from 2018 onwards. Biography
<mask> was born on June 26, 1997, in Jung District, Daejeon. While a trainee under JYP Entertainment, she spent two years living in New York where her family now lives.She graduated from Hanlim Multi Art School in February 2016 alongside 15& member Park Ji-min and Kim Yu-gyeom of Got7. Career

2007–2012: Career beginnings
In a 2007 episode of the SBS variety show Amazing Contest Star King, <mask> performed "Listen" by Beyoncé and was labeled a "contemporary R&B genius". <mask> Ye-rin, who appeared on the stage as a "10-year-old ballad genius", surprised the cast and viewers. After her Star King appearance, Baek decided to audition for JYP Entertainment. She performed "Listen" on the audition day, and later won the second place, behind only 2PM's Jang Woo-young. She spent five years (2007–2012) training in South Korea and the United States, and was called a "genius girl" for her vocal talent, skills in using the piano and fluency in the English

masks:
Baek Ye
Yerin Baek
Baek
Baek
Baek
Baek


texts:
 language. On September 27, 2012, JYP revealed <mask> would debut as part of a duo along with Park Ji-min called 15&.On October 7, the duo debuted with their first single, "I Dream", on SBS Inkigayo. The duo began a four-year hiatus in February 2015 and disbanded following Park's departure from JYP Entertainment. 2015–2016: Solo debut and EPs releases
In 2015, she planned a solo album for the music style she pursued and met Cloud, a producer of CHEEZE. At the first meeting, <mask> Yerin did not know Cloud, but he said that he was a fan of <mask> Yerin, and later he was able to meet her with the introduction of his agency. In November 2015, Baek debuted as a solo artist with her first extended play, Frank, with the lead single titled "Across the Universe". The lead song's lyrics were inspired by the film The Martian. Baek released her first digital single titled Bye Bye My Blue on June 20, 2016.Her follow-up digital single titled Love You on Christmas was released on December 7. 2018–2019: Solo success and departure from JYP

As Baek continued to feature on songs by popular artists, she also began performing covers and her own unreleased songs at festivals. In 2018, she formed The Volunteers with members of the independent rock band Bye Bye Badman, and released their first EP, the post-grunge rock "Vanity & People". The Seoul-based rock band consists of vocalist and guitarist <mask>, bassist Hyungseok Koh, guitarist Jonny, and drummer Chiheon Kim. Like the majority of <mask>'s post-JYP solo work, The Volunteer's lyrics are written entirely in English. Baek released her second mini-album, Our Love Is

masks: Baek Baek Baek Baek Baek


texts:
 Great, on March 18, 2019. The following day, her title track "Maybe It's Not Our Fault" went to the top of all eight domestic music sites' realtime charts.Our Love is Great and lead track "Maybe It's Not Our Fault" won Album of the Year, Best Pop Album, and Best Pop Song respectively at the 2020 Korean Music Awards. Baek also contributed to the soundtrack of the popular 2019 K-drama Crash Landing on You, with an original ballad, "Here I am Again." The song peaked at #6 on Billboard's K-pop Hot 100 chart, her highest position on the chart yet. On September 13, 2019, Baek announced her contract with JYP Entertainment had finished, and that she was leaving to create her own independent record label, Blue Vinyl. 2019–present: Founding of label Blue Vinyl, Every letter I sent you, Tellusboutyourself and Love, Yerin
Baek officially launched her own label, Blue Vinyl, on November 6, and on November 22 she released her first single through the label, "Popo (How Deep Is Your Love)". In the build up to Baek's new album, it was revealed that songs which had previously been released on her SoundCloud would feature on the new release, as well as new, never-heard-before tracks. On December 10, 2019, Baek released the first studio album and first double album Every letter I sent you.with 17 out of the 18 songs being written in English. Her next single "Square (2017)" also made <mask> the first South Korean artist to top charts with a song in English. The track went on to score an 'all kill', where an artist tops the daily and realtime charts of Melon, Genie, Bugs, and Soribada; and the realtime charts of Flo and


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 iChart. As well as "Square (2017)" finding success, the album also topped charts in South Korea. <mask> was awarded Top 10 artist and Best R&B/Soul for her track "Square (2017)" at the 12th Melon Music Awards in 2020, as well as Best Pop Album for Every letter I sent you. at the 2021 Korean Music Awards. In February 2020, her first solo concert, "Turn on that Blue Vinyl", was a success.As tickets for about 4,400 seats were sold out in 30 seconds, it is an example of how <mask> Yerin's reputation is clearly different from before. On December 10, 2020, exactly one year after her previous album, <mask> Yerin released her second studio album tellusboutyourself, consisting of 14 tracks. The first single "0415" also came with a music video on the same day. Overall 5 music videos ("0415", "Hate You", "I'll be your family! ", "I'm in love", and "You're so lonely now, so you need me back by your side again") were released along with the album. The album features a both a wider range of musical genres and lyrical themes than her previous work. On February 16, 2021, Baek released tellusboutyourself (remixes), a digital EP featuring 6 remixed tracks.Her band The Volunteers launched their self-titled debut album under Blue Vinyl on May 27, 2021 after previously making their music solely available through SoundCloud and YouTube. The album draws influence from rock acts such as Oasis, Red Hot Chili Peppers and the Beatles, while sonically channelling "a sense of rebellion". On September 10, 2021, <mask> released the cover album Love, Yerin, featuring 6 remake tracks. Artistry and Reception
<mask> has cited Amy


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 Winehouse, Oasis, Avril Lavigne, Rage Against the Machine, as well as Korean artists BoA, Light & Salt, and Yoo Jae Ha among her many varied influences. She named her first album as a solo artist, Frank, as a tribute to Amy Winehouse, whose debut album shared the same name. On her decision to write most of her recent songs in English, Baek explains her intentions as wanting to make her music accessible to international fans, plans for an international tour, and the influence English-language artists have had on her style and music. In a 2021 interview she mentioned that it is her dream to perform in the home countries of the many western artists that inspired her.Whether in English or Korean, <mask> is known for her candid and straightforward lyrics. On her lyrical inspiration for her most recent album, Baek cites the poetic metaphors of Blossom Dearie and the straightforward style of Amy Winehouse as influences. Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Other charted songs

Soundtrack appearances

Songwriting credits

Music videos

Concert

Headlining concert

"Turn on that Blue Vinyl"

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

1997 births
Living people
21st-century South Korean singers
Hanlim Multi Art School alumni
JYP Entertainment artists
People from Daejeon
Melon Music Award winners
Korean Music Award winners
South Korean female idols
South Korean women pop singers
South Korean rhythm and blues singers
South Korean singer-songwriters
21st-century South Korean women singers
South Korean women singer-songwriters
South Korean


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<mask> (born Shrimant Gopalrao Gaekwad; 11 March 1863 – 6 February 1939) was the Maharaja of Baroda State from 1875 to 1939, and is remembered for reforming much of his state during his rule. He belonged to the royal Gaekwad dynasty of the Marathas which ruled parts of present-day Gujarat. Early life

<mask> was born in a Maratha family in the village of Kavlana in Malegaon taluka of Nashik district, as Gopalrao Gaekwad, second son of Kashirao Bhikajirao <mask> (1832–1877) and Ummabai. His branch of the Gaekwad dynasty was a cadet branch descended from a morganatic marriage of the first Raja of Baroda and so was not expected to succeed to the throne. Matters of succession
Following the death of Sir <mask> (1828–1870), the popular Maharaja of Baroda, in 1870, it was expected that his brother, Malharrao (1831–1882), would succeed him. However, Malharrao had already proven himself to be of the vilest character and had been imprisoned earlier for conspiring to assassinate Khanderao. As Khanderao's widow, Maharani Jamnabai (1853–1898) was already pregnant with a posthumous child, the succession was delayed until the sex of the child could be proven.The child proved to be a daughter, and so upon her birth on 5 July 1871, Malharrao ascended the throne. Malharrao spent money liberally, nearly emptying the Baroda coffers (he commissioned a pair of solid gold cannon and a carpet of pearls, among other expenses) and soon reports reached the Resident Robert Phayre of Malharrao's gross tyranny and cruelty. Malharrao further attempted to cover up his deeds by attempting to poison Phayre with a compound of arsenic. By order of the Secretary of State for India, Lord Salisbury, Malharrao was deposed on 10 April 1875 and exiled to Madras, where he died in obscurity in 1882. Ascending the Throne

With the throne of Baroda now vacant, Maharani

masks:
Sayajirao Gaekwad III
Sayajirao
Dada Sahib Gaekwad
Khanderao Gaekwad


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 Jamnabai called on the heads of the extended branches of the dynasty to come to Baroda and present themselves and their sons in order to decide upon a successor. Kashirao and his three sons, Anandrao (1857–1917), Gopalrao (1863–1939) and Sampatrao (1865–1934) walked to Baroda from Kavlana -a distance of some 600 kilometers- to present themselves to Jamnabai. It is reported that when each son was asked the purported reason for presenting themselves at Baroda, Gopalrao unhesitatingly stated:

"I have come here to rule".Gopalrao was selected by the British as successor and was accordingly adopted by Maharani Jamnabai, on 27 May 1875. He was also given a new name, <mask>. He ascended the gadi (throne) at Baroda, 16 June 1875 but being a minor reigned under a Council of Regency until he came of age and was invested with full ruling powers on 28 December 1881. During his minority he was extensively tutored in administrative skills by Raja Sir T. Madhava Rao who groomed his young protégé into being a person with foresight and with a will to provide welfare to his people. In this period Madhava Rao restored the state to its normal conditions following the chaos in which it had been left by Malharrao. Rule and modernization

On assuming the reins of government, some of his first tasks included education of his subjects, uplifting of the downtrodden, and judicial, agricultural and social reforms. He played a key role in the development of Baroda's textile industry, and his educational and social reforms included among others, a ban on child marriage, legislation of divorce, removal of untouchability, spread of education, development of Sanskrit, ideological studies and religious education as well as the encouragement of the fine arts.His economic development initiatives included the establishment of a railroad (see below) and the


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 founding in 1908 of the Bank of Baroda, which still exists and is one of India's leading banks, with numerous operations abroad in support of the Gujarati diaspora. Fully aware of the fact that he was a Maratha ruler of Gujarat, he identified himself with the people and shaped their cosmopolitan attitude and progressive, reformist zeal. His rich library became the nucleus of today's Central Library of Baroda with a network of libraries in all the towns and villages in his state. He was the first Indian ruler to introduce, in 1906, compulsory and free primary education in his state, placing his territory far in advance of contemporary British India. To commemorate his vision and administrative skills, Baroda Management Association has instituted Sayaji Ratna Award in 2013, named after him. Heritage and views
Though a prince of a native state, he guarded his rights and status even as this brought him into dispute with the Indian government. Sayajirao was often in conflict with them on matters of principle and governance, having continuous and longstanding verbal and written disputes with the Residents as well as with the Viceroy and officials in the Government of India.He was granted the title of Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia on 29 December 1876. He attended the Delhi Durbars of 1877, 1903 and 1911; it was at the 1911 Delhi Durbar that an incident occurred that proved to have far-reaching ramifications for <mask>'s relations with the Raj. Dehli Durbar 1911

At the grand and historic Delhi Durbar of 1911, attended by George V— the first time that a reigning British monarch had travelled to India, each Indian prince was expected to perform proper obeisance to the King-Emperor by bowing three times before him, then backing away without turning their back on the monarch. As the third-most prestigious Indian ruler, <mask> was

masks: Sayajirao Sayajirao


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 third in line to approach the King-Emperor; already, he had caused consternation among the British officials by refusing to wear his full regalia of jewels and honours (it was expected that the rulers on formal occasions would present themselves in full regalia). While some accounts state that he refused to bow, Sayajirao actually did bow, albeit perfunctorily and only once before turning his back on the King-Emperor. According to his granddaughter Gayatri Devi, she states in her autobiography that due to some reason he had been unable to attend the rehearsals and didn't know how to greet The King-Emperor. Other eyewitness reports state he walked away "laughing".For several years already, <mask> had angered the British by his open support for the Indian National Congress and its leaders; the incident before the King-Emperor proved to be the last straw. The British never fully trusted <mask> again, although he was openly forgiven when he was awarded a GCIE in 1919. Public works

Railways and waterworks
During his reign a large narrow gauge railway Gaekwar's Baroda State Railway network, which was started in 1862 was expanded further with Dabhoi at its focal point, a network that still is the largest narrow gauge railway network in the world. <mask> envisioned a water supply scheme for Baroda in 1892 at Ajwa that would use gravity to supply drinking water to the people of Baroda. To this day a large portion of Vadodara City gets its drinking water from this source. Parks and universities

The large public park originally called Kamati Baug and now called Sayaji Baug was his gift to the city of Vadodara. On the Diamond Jubilee of his accession to the throne, he set apart large funds out of his personal and state funds for setting up a University in Vadodara for the benefit of students from the rural areas of his state – a task

masks: Sayajirao Sayajirao Sayajirao


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 that was ultimately completed by his grandson Sir Pratapsinghrao Gaekwad, who founded the Maharaja Sayajirao University and settled the trust as desired by his grandfather.This trust is known as the Sir Sayajirao Diamond Jubilee and Memorial Trust and caters to the education and other needs of the people of the former state of Baroda. Patronage
He recognised talent from among his people. He supported education and training of persons who in his opinion would shine in life. Those persons whom he patronised included Dr. Babasaheb alias Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, later the head of the drafting committee of the Indian Constitution that came to force in 1950; Vitthal Ramji Shinde, the founder of the “Mission to the depressed class” and one of the most important social & religious reformers in Maharashtra; and Dadabhai Naoroji, who started his public life as the Dewan (Minister) to the Maharaja in 1874 and thereafter went on to become the first Asian Member of the British House of Commons where he made no secret of the fact that he would also be representing 250 million of his fellow subjects in India. He also sent his Agriculture Commissioner Chintaman Vishnu Sane to The United States of America for research in that field. He appointed V. T. Krishnamachari as the Diwan of Vadodara. <mask> used to visit England every year to select outstanding young people to join his service and in one of such visits he met 20-year-old Sri Aurobindo whom he immediately offered a job at Baroda College.Sri Aurobindo returned to India in 1893 to join the Baroda service. Another Bengali gen Syed Mujtaba Ali also taught there. In 1895 the Maharaja is claimed to have witnessed the successful flight of an unmanned aircraft constructed by S. B. Talpade, which happened eight years before the Wright brothers took to the skies. Cultural and material


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 interests

The Maharaja was a noted patron of the arts. During his reign, Baroda became a hub for artists and scholars. The celebrated painter, Raja Ravi Varma, was among those who spent substantial periods of time at his court. Jewellery
<mask> had a splendid collection of jewels and jewellery.This included the 128.48 carat, 25.696g "Star of the South" diamond, the "Akbar Shah" diamond and the "Princess Eugenie" diamond. Classical music
<mask> was also a patron of Indian classical music. Ustad Moula Bux founded the Academy of Indian Music (Gayan Shala) under his patronage in 1886. This Academy later became the Music College and is now the Faculty of Performing Arts of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Vadodara. Apart from Ustad Moula Bux, <mask>'s court boasted great artistes like Abdul Karim Khan, Inayat Khan and Ustad Faiyaz Khan. In 1916, the first All India Music Conference was held in Baroda. Dance
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Vadodara started the first dance programme in India in 1950.Over the centuries there had been many alliances and marriages between Baroda's kings and princesses. Dancers were often part of the dowry as dancers, poets and musicians were status symbols for the royal courts and maharajas had as many artists as they could afford. In 1880 the Maharani Laksmi Bai (Chimnabai I) of Tanjore married Maharaja <mask> <mask>. Chimnabai I was knowledgeable in Bharatanatyam and Carnatic music, and upon marriage, she brought a troupe with her comprising two dancers, two nattuvanars (leaders of Bharatanatyam concerts) and two teachers (Khandwani 2002). Others followed later, including Nattuvanar Appaswamy and his dancer wife Kantimati, who had studied with Kannusamy and Vadively, two members of the Tanjore Quartet. After the death of Appaswamy in 1939, Kantimati and their son, Guru Shri Kubernath

masks: Sayajirao Sayajirao Sayajirao Sayajirao III


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 Tanjorkar, left Baroda to teach in Lucknow, and then worked in the film industry in South India until <mask>'s successor, Pratapsinhrao Gaekwad recalled the family to Baroda in 1949 to teach in the Music Department in the Kalavan Palace, later absorbed into the Maharaja Sayajirao University (Gaston 1996: 158–160). Later Guruvarya Shri Kubernath Tanjorkar established his own Institute, the Tanjore Dance Music & Art Research Centre at Baroda with his son Guru Shri Ramesh Tanjorkar and Guru Smt.Leela R. Tanjorkar (Kubernath Tanjorkar's family is devoted to Bharatnatyam dance now including their grandsons Rajesh and Ashish). So what we have here is a tradition of very distinguished Bharatanatyam dancers and teachers, members of a family considered an offshoot of the Tanjore Quartet bani (stylistic schools; Gaston 1996: 159), already established in Gujarat by the time Mrinalini set up her own academy. Yet there is a sense that what she did was not new. Family
Maharaja <mask> initially married Chimnabai of Tanjore (Chimnabai I) (1864–1884) on 6 January 1880, by whom he had a son and two daughters:
1. Shrimant Maharajkumari Bajubai Gaekwad (1881–1883)
2. Shrimant Maharajkumari Putlabai Gaekwad (1882–1885)
3. Lieutenant-Colonel Shrimant Yuvaraja Fatehsinhrao Gaekwad, Yuvaraj Sahib of Baroda (3 August 1883 – 14 September 1908).He died young, having had a son and two daughters, including:
Pratap Singh Rao <mask>, who succeeded to the throne in 1939 as Maharaja of Baroda. His first wife died young from tuberculosis, and <mask> married on 28 December 1885 another Maratha lady from Dewas, Shrimant Lakshmibai Mohite (1871–1958), who became Chimnabai II upon her wedding. A strong proponent of rights for Indian women, she proved every bit as willful and capable as her husband for the 53 years of their marriage, becoming equally well known

masks: Sayajirao Sayajirao Gaekwad Sayajirao


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 throughout India. They had several sons and one daughter:
1. Shrimant Maharajkumar Jaisinghrao <mask> (12 May 1888 – 27 August 1923); no children
2. Shrimant Maharajkumar Shivajirao <mask> (31 July 1890 – 24 November 1919); had two sons and one daughter. 3.Maharani Indira Devi, Maharani and Maharani Regent of Cooch Behar (Indiraraje) (19 February 1892 – 6 September 1968). Married Jitendra Narayan of Cooch Bihar in 1911; had issue. Her descendants include the models Riya Sen and Raima Sen. She became a Maharani Regent of Cooch Behar and the mother of Gayatri Devi of Jaipur. 4. Lieutenant-Colonel Shrimant Maharajkumar Dhairyashilrao <mask> (31 August 1893 – 5 April 1940); had three sons and two daughters. Other descendants of Sayajirao would wed the rulers of Kolhapur, Sawantwadi, Akkalkot, Jath, Dewas Jr., Kota, Dhar, Jasdan, Sandur and Gwalior. His grandson and heir, Pratapsinhrao <mask>, became the next Maharaja of Baroda.LLD (Benares Hindu University)-1924
Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St John (GCStJ)-1932
King George V Silver Jubilee Medal-1935
King George VI Coronation Medal-1937

See also
 Atlas the Barbary lion versus the Bengal tiger of Simla
 Bank of Baroda
 Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery
 Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library (Central Library), BHU
 Princely State
 Maratha Empire
 Sayaji Ratna Award

References

Further reading

External links

 Official Website of the Gaekwads of Baroda
Sayajirao Gaekwad III materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)

People of the Maratha Empire
1863 births
1939 deaths
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Indian knights
Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
Bank of Baroda
Maharajas of Vadodara
Hindu monarchs
Indian Hindus
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Presidents of the

masks: Gaekwad Gaekwad Gaekwad Gaekwad


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<mask> (born May 9, 1947) is an Israeli-American  agricultural economist, professor and Robinson Chair in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. Zilberman has been a professor in the Agricultural and Resource Economics Department at UC Berkeley since 1979. His research has covered a range of fields including the economics of production technology and risk in agriculture, agricultural and environmental policy, marketing and more recently the economics of climate change, biofuel and biotechnology. He won the 2019 Wolf Prize in Agriculture, was the President of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association (AAEA), and is a Fellow of the AAEA and Association of Environmental and Resource Economics. <mask> is an avid blogger on the Berkeley Blog and a life-long Golden State Warriors fan. Biography
<mask> was born in Jerusalem in Mandatory Palestine. He attended Hebrew University Secondary School.After serving in the Army and working on a Kibutz, he received his B. A. in Economics and Statistics at Tel Aviv University, Israel, and obtained his Ph.D. in Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1979. <mask> is married to Leorah Abouav-Zilberman and has 3 sons and 6 grandchildren. Academic career
Zilberman has been teaching, conducting research and serving as an extension specialist at UC Berkeley. His research combines, theory, empirical work and outreach. His research mostly addresses either management or policy problems in the nexus of agriculture, natural resources and the environment. He has been involved in major policy debates, including the transition to water markets, regulation and use of pesticides, and biotechnology and biofuel policies.Zilberman’s research incorporates features of agronomic and biophysical systems into economic models. His work

masks:
David Zilberman
David
Zilberman
Zilberman


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 emphasizes heterogeneity of people and location, as well as dynamics and risk. He has published in academic journals including Science, the Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nature Biotechnology, The American Economic Review, Econometrica, and the Journal of Development Economics. He is the editor of the Annual Review of Resource Economics. His major areas of research include:

Innovation and technology adoption

Economics of adoption
The traditional literature of technology diffusion viewed it as a process of imitation. <mask> modeled diffusion as a result of economic choices by heterogeneous decision makers affected by dynamic processes. Zilberman, Zhao, and Heiman (2013) that choices of others make people aware of new technology, but they assess it according to their preferences and constraints.Differences in adoption behavior reflect economic and demographic heterogeneity. Dynamic processes such as learning by doing and learning by using may reduce the cost and increase the benefit of new technologies and enhance adoption over time. Feder, Just, and Zilberman (1985). studied both modelling of adoption choice (to adopt or not) and adoption intensity (how much to adopt) and emphasized the role of risk and risk aversion, lack of access to credit, and tenancy in slowing adoption of modern technology in developing countries. Economics of innovation
The survey by Sunding and Zilberman (2001), views technological innovations as outcomes of multistage activities (research, development, commercialization, marketing, adoption) affected by economic incentives. They suggest that studies of adoption should explicitly analyze the impact of marketing efforts including, advertisement, money back guarantee, sampling and demonstration. Graff, Heiman and Zilberman (2002) emphasize the important role of the educational industrial complex in introducing modern


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 innovations.University research may come with new concepts and the right to develop these technologies may move to startups that may become or taken over by major companies. Excellence in research and development and affective technology transfer mechanisms are becoming key to strength in agriculture and industry. Biotechnology and bioeconomy
<mask> et al. (2013) looks at the political economy of biotechnology, especially in cross-continental differences in political economic outcomes with regards to adoption of agricultural biotechnology. This analysis contributed to understanding how the ideologies of GM crops have played out in the U.S. versus Europe and Africa, and the different interest groups that played a role in this dynamic process. Zilberman, Kaplan, and Wesseler (2015) tried to understand the welfare loss associated with delayed adoption of GM technologies due to regulatory barriers. The article examined the specific context of adoption of Golden Rice, which prevents Vitamin A deficiency, as well as major food crops like corn, wheat, and rice in general.This analysis contributed to understanding welfare implications of lack of GM adoption around the world, using simple economic tools and assumptions about yield effects. Resource economics

Water
Caswell and Zilberman (1986) developed a framework to assess the economics of irrigation technology. This framework distinguished between applied water and effective water (water utilized by the crop). Irrigation efficiency (the ration of effective to applied water), is higher with modern irrigation technology and on soils with high water holding capacity. They predict that modern irrigation technologies (drip irrigation) will tend to increase yields but may actually increase water use per unit of land. These technologies are more likely to be adopted on sandy soils, higher value crop and


texts: locations with higher cost of water. Taylor and Zilberman (2017) analyze the diffusion of drip irrigation in California, showing that it was first adopted on high value crops, the droughts accelerated the diffusion rate and that the collaboration between extension and private sector was crucial for adapting the technology to different crops and regions.<mask>, D., M. Khanna, and L. Lipper (1997), Khanna and Zilberman (2001) extended the notion of water use efficiency for studying the incentives for adoption of modern irrigation technologies to thinking more broadly about technologies that can increase input-use efficiency in a range of other contexts and the economic incentives and barriers to their widespread adoption. These technologies included those that increase energy efficiency of power generation in India, fertilizer use efficiency in corn production in the Midwest and other conservation technologies that can lead to sustainable growth. A key contribution of this work was to show how policy distortions can reduce incentives to adopt technologies that are otherwise economically efficient and environmentally preferred. <mask> et al., (2008) looks at water resource management "in an era of high energy prices". The article found that rising energy prices will hurt pumping of groundwater for agriculture, will increase reliance on hydroelectric, and may cause water to be diverted away from crop agriculture, leading to higher food prices. Hamilton et al., (2013) models the collective waste disposal problem under network externalities arising from a networked waste disposal system leading to a centralized processing facility. The article found that this setup optimally results in a spatial pattern of worse "local pollution" and lower usage of the disposal system for waste producers farther away from the central facility.Xie and Zilberman 2016, 2017

masks: Zilberman Zilberman


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 address whether two common approaches to tackling water scarcity, namely water use efficiency improvement and water storage capacity expansion, complement or substitute each other. These works explore theoretically counter-intuitive, practically relevant implications on infrastructure investment, consumption efficiency, and conservation of water and other resources. Land use
Collender and Zilberman (1985)  derived a land allocation rule which is both independent of the nature of the underlying distribution of each element in the choice set and accounts for all moments of that distribution. This decision rule is applied to the choice between cotton and corn in the Mississippi Delta to demonstrate that consideration of just the first two moments of the distribution can often be unjustified and damaging empirically, theoretically, and in terms of the utility of the decision maker. Pest management
Lichtenberg and Zilberman (1986) developed a damage control function to assess pesticide impacts. Some of the potential output is lost because of pest damage which depend on the pest population, climatic and biophysical conditions. Pest damage can be reduced by application of pest control tools, but the longterm impact may be compromised because of residence.They show that estimation of pesticide productivity requires precise specification of damage functions and misspecification may lead to significant estimation error. The damage control function has had a wide range of applications, including assessing the impact of GMOs, and is reviewed in Sexton, Lei and Zilberman (2007). Environmental economics

Payment for ecosystem services
Wu, Zilberman and Babcock,(2001) developed a conceptual framework to allocate a public fund that is paying producers to utilize lands or other resources in activities that benefit the environment. Traditional policies aimed to


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 maximize total amount of land enrolled in the programs, others aimed to use resources on the land with the best amenities. The paper shows that is economically efficient to target lands that have the highest ration of environment benefit per acre. Babcock et al,(1997) demonstrate with data from the Midwest, that while landowners prefer targeting schemes that purchase the less productive land, targeting land with the highest benefit per dollar spent ratio, may increase environmental amenities by 10-30%. Zilberman, Lipper and McCarthy, (2008) study the distributional effect of payment for ecosystem services.They show paying to divert land from production to environmental activities may harm the poor, while working land program may be good for the environment and the poor. Bioeconomics
Zivin, Hueth, and Zilberman (2000) develops a bioeconomic model in which a species is considered both a pest and a resource. Steady state populations and optimal control are shown to depend on a range of regulatory and economic factors. An application to the case of feral pigs in California, suggests that allowing landowners to capture the recreation benefits associated with wild pigs, and thus transforming their land into a multiple-use resource, results in a larger steady-state population of pigs and increased returns to landowners. Animal waste
Ogishi, Zilberman, and Metcalfe (2003) looks at the effectiveness of legislation on controlling animal waste residues has been limited. The article argues that the legislation has not adjusted to recent changes in the structure of livestock production systems, in particular contract farming and industrialization of agriculture. The paper proposes policy reforms that increase liability of large agribusiness firms, also known as integrators, for the negative environmental side effects caused by their producers’ livestock


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 operations.The reforms should also extend the liability to all participants in animal production and consumption activities. Environmental regulation

Zivin, Just, and Zilberman (2006) investigates the Coase theorem under stochastic externality. Ronald Coase famously won the Nobel prize for his work claiming that a competitive system with well-defined property right assignments, perfect information, and zero transaction costs would attain Pareto optimality through a process of voluntary bargaining and side payments. This paper investigates this claim in the context of a stochastic externality problem and finds that, when at least one agent is risk averse, optimal outcomes are not independent of the initial assignment of property rights. If large, well-connected firms are viewed as (nearly) risk neutral and small firms with limited access to financial management tools are viewed as risk averse, then the results of this paper can easily be translated into practical policy suggestions. When both polluter and pollutee are large, liability rules are of little consequence—agents will bargain to efficient outcomes, i.e. the Coase result obtains.When the polluter is large and the pollutee is small, polluters should face complete liability for damages. When the polluter is small and the pollutee is large, all liability rules will be non-optimal and efforts to contract on verifiable polluter activities, rather than realized damages, will be preferred. Zivin and Zilberman (2002) develops and implements an economic model of environmental health risk regulation that is based on scientific constructs utilized in public health. This structural specification allows one to identify a menu of policy options, including the selection of optimal policies where vulnerable subgroups of the population are targeted with special exposure-reducing treatments, so called


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 ‘tagging’. Analytic results show that the potential economic gains from tagging will depend critically on the quality of existing capital, the degree of returns to scale in treatment technologies, and the size and sensitivity of the vulnerable population. An empirical application of the model to the case of cryptosporidium in drinking water supplies suggest that tagging can substantially reduce the costs of meeting health standards in small and medium-sized water districts. Risk management
Du et al.(2015) looks at optimal use of risk management tools when multiple tools are available. Contracts and crop insurers are important means for farmers to mitigate risks in modern U.S. agriculture. This article investigates the effect of crop insurance enrollment on contract terms and farmers’ participation in marketing contracts and shows that improved terms of crop insurance (lower premiums, higher subsidies) make contracts less appealing to farmers as mechanisms for mitigating risk. Therefore, intermediaries may revise their contract offers so that they are more attractive. However, improvements in contract terms are limited by their cost to the intermediaries and will not lead to expanded participation in contracts. Real option
Zhao and Zilberman (1999) extend the real options theory to account for partial and endogenous reversibility. The article showed that accounting for costly reversibility is critical in water resource development.The real options framework has since been applied to natural resource management and restoration that account for resource conserving technological changes in the future (Zhao and Zilberman, 2001), to money back guarantees where learning about product quality and fit occurs after purchases have been made (Heiman et al., 2002), and technology adoption and adaptation to climate change where irreversibility plays a critical


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 role (Zilberman, Zhao and Heiman, 2012). Supply chain
Ifft et al. (2008) looks at the poultry market participants (chicken farmers, chick producers, commune traders, wholesalers, slaughterhouses, and retail vendors) in and around Ha Noi, Vietnam

Du et al. (2016) and Lu, Reardon, and Zilberman (2017) present a conceptual framework depicting the issues and strategies of a firm with an innovation (in product or technology or system). To “implement” the innovation in terms of procurement of feedstock (intermediate inputs), production and processing, and marketing, the innovating firm undertakes strategic design of its supply chain. It must decide how much to produce, what segments of the supply chain to undertake in-house versus sourcing externally, and what institutions such as contracts and standards it will use to coordinate the suppliers assuring its external sourcing. Activities and honors
He is a currently serving as President of the American Agricultural Economics Association (AAEA) and the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists (AERE).He was a recipient of the AAEA 2007 Quality of Communication Award and Outstanding Review of Agricultural Economics Article, the AAEA 2005 Publication of Enduring Quality Award, the 2002 Quality of Research Discovery Award, and the 2000 Cannes Water and the Economy Award. He has served as a consultant for the World Bank, The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the USDA, CGIAR, the Environmental Protection Agency and has served on two National Research Council panels. <mask> has worked in agricultural economics, environmental economics, resource economics, water, climate change, biofuel and agricultural biotechnology with over 250-refereed articles in journals ranging from Science to the Quarterly Journal of Economics. He is an active advocate of agricultural biotechnology, engaging in


texts:
 public debates on issues surrounding genetically modified technologies and intellectual property. He is a frequent contributor to the Berkeley Blog, a blogging platform for UC Berkeley faculty. In mid-1990s <mask>, with fellow economists Vittorio Santaniello and Robert Evenson, established the International Consortium of Agricultural Biotechnology Research which aims to facilitate interaction among researchers and analysts. In 2001, he was the founding co-director of the Beahrs Environmental Leadership program, which provides training in environmental and natural resource science, policy, and leadership.Since then, the program has graduated 702 alumni from over 114 countries. In 2012, with support from the Macarthur Foundation, he started the UC Berkeley Master of Development Practice (MDP), a 2-year professional degree aimed at development practitioners. For 2019 he received the Wolf Prize in Agriculture. Awards

 Wolf Prize in Agriculture, 2019
 President of Agricultural & Applied Economics Association, 2018-19. Honorary member for life, International Association of Agricultural Economics, 2018. Member, European Academy of Sciences and Arts, November 2016. University of California at Berkeley, College of Natural Resources, Career Achievement Award, 2011.Agricultural & Applied Economics Association, Publication of Enduring Quality Award, 2005 and 2010. Fellow, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 2007. UNESCO International Cannes Prize for Water and the Economy, 2000. Fellow, American Agricultural Economics Association, 1998. References

Israeli economists
American people of Israeli descent
University of California, Berkeley College of Natural Resources faculty
1947 births
Living people
UC Berkeley College of Natural Resources alumni
Tel Aviv University alumni
People from Jerusalem
21st-century American economists
Annual Reviews


texts:
<mask> (born 25 April 1989) is the 11th Panchen Lama belonging to the Gelugpa school of Tibetan Buddhism, as recognized and announced by the 14th Dalai Lama on 14 May 1995. Three days later on 17 May, the 6-year-old Panchen Lama was kidnapped by the Chinese government, after the State Council of the People's Republic of China failed in its efforts to install a substitute. A Chinese substitute is seen as a political tool to undermine the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, which traditionally is recognized by the Panchen Lama. <mask> remains forcibly detained by the Chinese government, along with his family, in an undisclosed location since 1995. His khenpo, Chadrel Rinpoche, and another Gelugpa monk, Jampa Chungla, were also arrested. The United Nations, with the support of numerous states, organizations, and private individuals continue to call for the 11th Panchen Lama's release. The Panchen Lama was born in Lhari County, Tibet Autonomous Region, from where he was kidnapped under the authority of the People's Republic of China.He has been called the world's youngest political prisoner. Since his recognition as the 11th Panchen Lama, he continues to be forcibly detained, along with his family, by the Chinese government, and has not been seen in public since 17 May 1995. In a response to growing international pressure from the United Nations, governments of various states, and in 2020 from 159 independent organizations from 18 countries working with the United Nations, on 19 May 2020, the Chinese government alleged that the Panchen Lama is "now a college graduate with a stable job", but has not provided supporting evidence. The Chinese government continues to refuse the Panchen Lama's and his family's release, or allow them to meet with observers. Selection of the 11th Panchen Lama

Four days before his death, the 10th Panchen Lama made his own will publicly to follow the tradition. On 24 January, following the opening ceremony of the Ling Pagoda, with

masks:
Gedhun Choekyi Nyima
Gedhun Choekyi Nyima


texts: religious figures in Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces and autonomous regions, the 10th Panchen Lama held a special talk on the reincarnation of the Living Buddha, proposing that "the three candidate boys should be identified first and then investigated one by one" and "I would like to take the lead by drawing lots of Golden Urn before the image of Sakyamuni." Following the death of the 10th Panchen Lama in 1989, the search for an individual to be recognised as his reincarnation by Tibetan Buddhists quickly became mired in mystery and controversy, as Tibet had been under the occupation and control of the anti-religious government of the People's Republic of China since 1959.Three days after the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, the Premier of the State Council published its decision on how the 11th Panchen Lama was to be selected, claiming to have taken advice from the committee of Tashi Lhunpo Monastery and monks. Armed with Beijing's approval, the head of the Panchen Lama search committee, Chadrel Rinpoche, maintained private communication with the Dalai Lama in order to arrive at a mutually acceptable candidate for both the Dalai Lama and Beijing authorities concerning the Panchen Lama's reincarnation. After the Dalai Lama named <mask> <mask> Nyima as the 11th incarnation of the Panchen Lama on 14 May 1995, Chinese authorities had Chadrel Rinpoche arrested and charged with treason . According to the Tibetan Government in Exile, he was replaced by , so chosen because he was more likely to agree with the party line. Sengchen had been a political opponent of both the Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama. Because of the history of rivalry between different sects of Tibetan Buddhism, many Tibetans and scholars believe that this was a tactical move by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to create more unrest and disunity between the typically unified Tibetan peoples. The new search committee ignored the Dalai Lama's 14 May announcement and instead

masks: Gedhun Choekyi


texts:
 chose from a list of finalists which excluded <mask> <mask> Nyima.In selecting a name, lottery numbers were drawn from a Golden Urn, a procedure used in Tibet by the Chinese (Manchu) emperor in 1793. The 14th Dalai Lama stated that the Tibetan method involves using possessions of the former Lama to identify his reincarnation, as the new child incarnate will reportedly recognize his past items amid miscellaneous ones. The BBC reported that the CCP's choice of Gyancain Norbu was rejected by most Tibetans. Alexander Norman wrote, "Today, the Panchen Lamas are famous for having two claimants to the see of Tashilhunpo: one recognised by the present Dalai Lama and taken into house arrest by the Chinese, the other recognised by China but by no one else." Whereabouts

Since his kidnapping, the whereabouts of <mask> <mask> Nyima have been unknown. Chinese officials state that his whereabouts are kept undisclosed to protect him. Human rights organizations termed him the "youngest political prisoner in the world".No foreign party has been allowed to visit him. The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child requested to be told of <mask>'s whereabouts on 28 May 1996. Xinhua declined, responding that <mask> Choyki Nyima was at risk of being "kidnapped by separatists" and that "his security had been threatened". The Committee requested a visit with <mask> <mask> <mask>, supported by a campaign of more than 400 celebrities and associations petitioning for the visit, including six Nobel Prize winners. According to statements by the Chinese government from 1998, he was then leading a normal life. In May 2007, Asma Jahangir, Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief of the UN Human Rights Council, asked the Chinese authorities what measures they had taken to implement the recommendation of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, that the government should allow an independent expert to visit and confirm the well-being of <mask> <mask> <mask> while

masks: Gedhun Choekyi Gedhun Choekyi Nyima Gedhun Gedhun Choekyi Nyima Gedhun Choekyi Nyima


texts:
 respecting his right to privacy, and that of his parents. In a response dated 17 July 2007, Chinese authorities said, "<mask> <mask> <mask> is a perfectly ordinary Tibetan boy, in an excellent state of health, leading a normal, happy life and receiving a good education and cultural upbringing.He is currently in upper secondary school, he measures  in height and is easy-going by nature. He studies hard and his school results are very good. He likes traditional Chinese culture and has recently taken up calligraphy. His parents are both State employees, and his brothers and sisters are either already working or at university. The allegation that he disappeared together with his parents and that his whereabouts remain unknown is simply not true." This response did not answer the question about a visit or confirmation. In 2015, on the twentieth anniversary of Gendun <mask> Nyima's disappearance, Chinese officials announced "The reincarnated child Panchen Lama you mentioned is being educated, living a normal life, growing up healthily and does not wish to be disturbed."In April 2018, the Dalai Lama declared that he knew from a "reliable source" that the Panchen Lama he had recognized, <mask> <mask> Nyima, was alive and receiving normal education. He said he hoped that the PRC-appointed Panchen Lama (Gyaincain Norbu) studied well under the guidance of a good teacher. Within Tibetan Buddhist traditions, there were instances of a reincarnated lama taking more than one manifestation. Each of those manifestations must also be recognized. As of 2020, <mask> <mask> <mask> has not been seen by any independent observer since his disappearance in 1995. See also
Golden Urn
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet
The Discourse of Lama
List of people who disappeared

References

External links
 BBC News article – "Tibet's missing spiritual guide"

1989 births
Living people
1990s missing person cases
Enforced disappearances in China
Panchen Lama

masks: Gedhun Choekyi Nyima Choekyi Gedhun Choekyi Gedhun Choekyi Nyima


texts:
<mask> is an Irish uilleann piper, traditional musician, composer and arranger. In addition to pursuing a solo career and playing with Moving Hearts and Patrick Street, <mask> was one of the Riverdance musicians. He has performed and recorded with many artists, including: Van Morrison, Dónal Lunny, Andy Irvine, Bill Whelan, Clannad, Jim McCann, Eleanor McEvoy, Townes Van Zandt, Michael Londra, Zoë Conway, Ronnie Drew (with Bono), John Denver and Christy Moore, among others. Early years
Born in Cabra, Dublin, <mask> grew up in a musical family, and learned to play the pipes and other instruments at an early age. He was encouraged by his parents Frances and Jim, who both played traditional music, and by his uncle Jimmy O'Reilly, a squeezebox player from Multyfarnham, County Westmeath. He took a keen interest in the uilleann pipes and was mentored by pipe maker Matt Kiernan, who lived nearby and made his first set. <mask> first played with the Pipers Club Céilí Band, and his first group was Tipsy Sailor, which included Gerry O'Connor (banjo) and Fiách Ó Broin (flute).<mask> gained a Leaving Certificate from O'Connell School, Dublin, in 1974. Music career

Moving Hearts

The group Moving Hearts was formed in 1981 when two members of Planxty, Dónal Lunny (bouzouki) and Christy Moore (vocals, guitar and bodhrán), decided to explore the possibilities of linking contemporary music to Irish traditional music. They initially intended to form a trio with guitarist <mask>, but then expanded the group to include Irish musicians Keith Donald (alto sax), Eoghan O'Neill (bass), Brian Calnan (drums), and Davy Spillane (uilleann pipes). After several changes of personnel and the recording of three albums, Moving Hearts (1981), The Dark End Of The Street (1982) and Live Hearts

masks:
Declan Masterson
Masterson
Masterson
Masterson
Masterson
Declan Sinnott


texts:
 (1983), Moving Hearts performed as an instrumental group, recording the album The Storm (1985) with a new line-up consisting of: Spillane and <mask> (uilleann pipes), Lunny (bouzouki, synthesiser & bodhrán), Donald (sax), Noel Eccles (percussion), Matt Kelleghan (drums), O'Neill (bass) and Greg Boland (guitar). The group ceased touring in 1984, appearing only at occasional festivals like the Preseli Folk Festival—now the Fishguard Folk Festival—in 1986. They performed for a sold out, farewell concert at Dublin's Point Theatre in 1990, with Flo McSweeney on vocals. Mosaic

In the winter of 1984, Andy Irvine gathered a collection of musicians from throughout Europe and formed Mosaic, with a final line-up including Irvine himself, Lunny, <mask>, Danish Lissa Ladefoged (bass and vocals), Dutch Hans Theessink (guitar and vocals), and Hungarian singer Márta Sebestyén from Muzsikás.They performed in Budapest on 12 July 1985, followed by a further two gigs in Hungary and an appearance at the Dranouter festival in Belgium in early August, prior to their English tour. Their seventh gig was billed at the Southport Arts Center, which Chris Hardwick of Folk Roots reviewed with the words: "Every once in a while the folk scene throws up a new permutation in which exceptionally gifted individuals come together to produce something so innovative and exhilarating that it goes way beyond the sum of the parts". However, the band lasted only that one summer. Patrick Street
<mask>, along with Bill Whelan, joined Patrick Street in time to record the album Irish Times (1990). Riverdance

In 1994, <mask> teamed up with Whelan again and joined Riverdance. He remained with the show on and off for its entire duration, playing uilleann pipes, low whistle, tin whistle, kaval and bouzouki,

masks: Masterson Masterson Masterson Masterson


texts:
 also taking on the duties of musical director, until the Farewell show in May 2012. He returned for the 25th Anniversary series of concerts, beginning at the 3Arena (Dublin) in February 2020, playing guitar, bouzouki, kaval and pipes.The shows planned for the 2020 US and UK tours were cancelled, with the US dates rescheduled to take place from January to July 2021. Solo and other projects
He recorded five solo albums: End of the Harvest (1990), Tropical Trad (1993), Fairwater Fionnuisce (1996), Drifting Through The Hazel Woods (1996) and Heartland (2005). He wrote and arranged music scores for film, TV and theatre, and his piping is featured on the soundtrack of the films The Irish RM (1983-1985), Eat the Peach (1986), The Secret of Roan Inish (1994) and Some Mother's Son (1996). He also participated in many recordings, with a wide range of musicians (see Selected discography). Selected discography

Solo albums
 End of the Harvest (1990)
 Tropical Trad (1993)
 Fairwater Fionnuisce (1996)
 Drifting Through The Hazel Woods (1996)
 Heartland (2005)

With Johnny McEvoy
Long Before Your Time (1976)

With Moving Hearts
 The Storm (1985)
 Donal Lunny's Definitive Moving Hearts (2003)

With Van Morrison
 A Sense of Wonder (1985)

With Danny Doyle
 Twenty Years A-Growing (1987)

With Jim McCann

 From Tara To Here (1987)
 The Collection (2001)

With Patrick Street
 Irish Times (1990)

With Eleanor McEvoy
 Eleanor McEvoy (1993)

With Geraldine & Danny Doyle
 Emigrant Eyes (1993)

With Shotts & Dykehead Caledonia Pipeband
 By the Waters Edge (1994)

With Maurice Dickson
 Where Eagles Fly (1994)

With Townes Van Zandt
 No Deeper Blue (1994)

With Bill Whelan
 Riverdance: Music from the Show (1995)
 Some Mother's Son (1996)
 Roots of Riverdance (1997)
   Riverdance 25th


texts:
<mask> (born November 7, 1965) is an American voice actor, writer and producer. He is known for his work on the animated TV series Family Guy (1999–present), where he writes and produces episodes along with voicing Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, Consuela, The Greased-Up Deaf Guy, among others. <mask> is also known for co-creating and starring in the spin-off The Cleveland Show (2009–2013), where he voices Cleveland Brown, Rallo Tubbs, among others. He’s also known for his recurring role as Dann in the television series The Orville. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Pontiac, Michigan on November 7, 1965, to artist parents and raised in Richmond, Virginia, with his younger brother Patrick. Their parents divorced when <mask> was eight years old and the boys were primarily raised by their mother. He was awarded a scholarship and attended the nearby preparatory Collegiate School.<mask> graduated from Washington and Lee University (1988) where he earned his B.A. in history and served as class president his sophomore-senior years. Although interested in comedy, <mask> never believed he could make a career of it so instead opted for more “business stuff.”

Career

Early career
At 24, after a brief career in advertising, <mask> moved to California to pursue acting. There he began taking classes at the Groundlings Theater and performing stand-up comedy. After three years in Los Angeles, <mask> returned to Virginia to shoot short comedy films that he wrote and acted in. During that time, <mask> often acted in his brother Patrick's student films at the Rhode Island School of Design, where he was introduced to his brother's college roommate, Seth MacFarlane. <mask> recalled in 2018,  "We immediately hit it off and cracked each other up and kept in touch."<mask> later moved to New York City where he acted in commercials, studied improvisation at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater and wrote, produced, starred-in and co-directed (with his brother Patrick) comedy shorts for Lorne Michaels’ Burly Bear Network. Family Guy
<mask>’s

masks:
Michael Robert Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry
Henry


texts: break came in 1998, when MacFarlane contacted him about being part of a new show called Family Guy. <mask> agreed and joined the project as a writer and voice actor. <mask> has stated that the inspiration for Cleveland's voice was based on "this guy that [he] had once played basketball with". During the show's first four seasons, he was credited as a guest star, but beginning with season five's "Prick Up Your Ears" he has been credited as a main cast member. Two episodes into the second season, Family Guy was taken off the network's permanent schedule and shown irregularly thereafter. The show returned in March 2000 to finish airing the second season which contained 21 episodes; all the cast came back for the series return.During its second season, Fox publicly announced that the show had been cancelled. Despite the announced cancellation, in 2001 Fox decided to make the third season. During the third season, Fox announced that the show was canceled for good. Soon after Family Guy was cancelled, <mask> and his brother created the popular web series Kicked in the Nuts!, a spoof of hidden camera shows. Family Guy was renewed again in 2005 for its fourth season due to strong DVD sales and its syndication on basic cable networks. Once again <mask> and the rest of the cast came back for their voice works. In October 2017, Family Guy was renewed for its 16th season.On June 26, 2020, after twenty-one years of voicing the character, <mask> announced on Twitter that he was stepping down from voicing Cleveland, stating "persons of color should play characters of color." On September 25, 2020, it was announced that YouTube personality Arif Zahir, who is African-American, would replace <mask> as Cleveland, but some episodes produced before <mask>'s departure from the role will still see <mask> voicing the character. Speaking to <mask>, who would continue to do other voices for the show, Zahir, who is a longtime fan of both the character and the show said, "you created something truly special, and I promise I will do my absolute best to

masks: Mike Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry


texts:
 honor your legacy." To the fans he said, "I promise not to let you down." Currently, there has been no word on a potential recasting of Consuela and Rallo Tubbs, two characters of color voiced by <mask> on the series, leaving the future of their portrayals unclear. The Cleveland Show
On September 27, 2009, The Cleveland Show premiered on Fox. The project was created and executive-produced by <mask>, Seth MacFarlane and American Dad!show runner Rich Appel. The show focused on the Family Guy character Cleveland Brown. Cleveland referenced the spin-off at the end of the Family Guy episode "Baby Not on Board". The first season consisted of 22 episodes and was picked up by Fox for a second 13-episode season. The announcement was made on May 3, 2009 before the first season even premiered. Due to strong ratings, Fox picked up two additional nine-episode seasons, bringing the total episode count of the show to 44. The show was renewed for a third and fourth season on May 9, 2011.The series was canceled after its fourth season on May 19, 2013, but reruns continue to air on Comedy Central in the United States and on Much in Canada. The series ran for a total of 4 seasons and 88 episodes. Personal life
<mask> married Linda Murray in 2002, they divorced in 2005 after three years of marriage. Together they have a son, named Jack. <mask> has been married to his second wife Sara Voelker since 2007. Together they have a daughter, named Josie. <mask> and Voelker currently reside in Henrico, Virginia.Filmography

Film

Television

Web

Video games

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male writers
American stand-up comedians
American television producers
Male actors from Richmond, Virginia
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Washington and Lee University alumni
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American

masks: Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry


texts:
<mask> (October 14, 1863 – August 24, 1926) was an American sportsman and soldier who fought in the Spanish–American War and World War I.

<mask>, a descendant of many prominent American families including the Dudley–Winthrop, Livingston, and Stuyvesant families, and his wife were also prominent in New York society during the Gilded Age. Early life

<mask>, who was known as "Wintie" was born on October 14, 1863 in New York City. He was the second son of eleven children born to <mask> (née Ward) <mask> (1838–1875) and <mask> (1826–1877), a U.S. Representative from New York. He and his siblings became orphans after the death of their mother in December 1875 and their father in October 1877, both to pneumonia. The children, known as the "Astor Orphans", were raised at their parents' estate in Rokeby, New York, built by John Armstrong Jr., his mother's great-grandfather. His father's estate was valued between $1,500,000 (equivalent to $) and $2,000,000 (equivalent to $ in  dollars). <mask>'s will provided $20,000 a year for each child for life (equivalent to $470,563 in 2018 dollars), enough to live comfortably by the standards of the time.<mask> himself inherited all of his father's personal property in his New York City home, located at 192 Madison Avenue, all of his real estate in Delaware County, and a house on Cliff Lawn in Newport. <mask> prepared for University at Eton College and at St. John's Military Academy in Sing Sing, New York. In 1885 <mask> graduated from Harvard College, which his brother William also attended from 1886 to 1888. While at Harvard, <mask> was part of a prank played on Oscar Wilde when he appeared before the College to give a

masks:
Winthrop Astor Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Margaret Astor
Chanler
John Winthrop Chanler
John Winthrop Chanler
Winthrop
Chanler
Winthrop
Winthrop


texts:
 speech at the Boston Music Hall in 1882. <mask>, along with 60 other Harvard students, "marched down the center aisle in pairs, all carrying sunflowers and wearing Wildean costumes of knee breeches, black stockings, wide-spreading cravats, and shoulder length wigs." His great-aunt Julia Ward Howe, who considered <mask> her favorite, was in the audience and was apparently aghast at the prank. Family
Through his mother, he was related to the Ward and Astor families, and through his father, he was related to the <mask>, Livingston, and Stuyvesant families.Of his ten brothers and sisters, many were prominent including John Armstrong Chaloner, a writer; <mask> <mask>, an artist; and <mask> <mask>, a noted soldier and explorer who served in the U.S. House of Representatives like their father, Lewis Stuyvesant <mask>, the Lt. Gov. of New York. His sister Margaret Livingston <mask> was married to critic Richard Aldrich and served as a nurse with the American Red Cross during the Spanish–American War, and sister <mask> <mask> <mask> was married to author John Jay Chapman. Career
After his marriage, the Chanlers moved to Washington, D.C. where the surrounded themselves with a group of friends including Theodore Roosevelt, who was then the Civil Service Commissioner, and later President of the United States. Military service
During the Spanish–American War, Chanler did not enlist in the regular U.S. Army but instead formed his own small military unit that became known as "Chanler's Rough Riders". In a confusing twist, his younger brother, William, joined "Roosevelt's Rough Riders," known officially as the  1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, or simply as the

masks:
Chanler
Winthrop
Dudley Winthrop
Robert Winthrop
Chanler
William Astor
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Elizabeth Astor
Winthrop
Chanler


texts:
 "Rough Riders". "Chanler's Rough Riders" saw service with the Cuban volunteers under General Emilio Núñez.with <mask> receiving a conditional commission as Lieutenant colonel under the Cuban government. <mask> and his men took part in the June 30, 1898 Battle of Tayacoba In the action <mask>, William Louis Abbott (also of "Chanler's Rough Riders"), Captain Jose Manuel Núñez (brother of General Núñez), and about two dozen men went ashore near Trinidad, Cuba to ensure the safety of the landing site. They were discovered by Spanish scouts and came under heavy fire. During the battle, Captain Núñez was killed and <mask> was shot through the right elbow. They had to take cover in a mangrove swamp until they could be rescued by a volunteer rescue party from the American steamship Florida. <mask> returned to his home in Barrytown to recover from his injuries. By the time his arm healed, the war was over, so Chanler sailed to Europe where he stayed for several years in Sorrento, Italy.During World War I, he served as an aide to General John J. Pershing, who served as the commander of the American Expeditionary Force on the Western Front from 1917 to 1918. Society life
 Due to his elder brother's mental issues, <mask> became the de facto head of the <mask> family. The <mask>'s spent the winter of 1891 to 1892 in New York where three of his sisters were introduced to society. Thereafter, they moved to Tuxedo Park, New York which according to his wife, "seemed dull in its exclusiveness; the tendency of Anglo-Saxons to separate into 'social sets and hierarchies' was in striking contrast to the hospitality and cosmopolitanism of Roman society" where she had grown

masks: Chanler Chanler Chanler Chanler Chanler Winthrop Chanler Chanler


texts:
 up. In the late 1890s, they lived in Newport, Rhode Island where Chanler paid taxes on an estate valued at $96,300 in 1895. In 1892, both <mask> and his wife Margaret were included in Ward McAllister's "Four Hundred", purported to be an index of New York's best families, published in The New York Times. Conveniently, 400 was the number of people that could fit into Mrs. <mask>'s ballroom.His wife described the list of New York's elite as "not unlike Dante's description of Paradise." <mask>, a member of the Society of Patriarchs, attended the Patriarch's Ball organized by McAllister for his fellow "American aristocrats" at Delmonico's in December 1892. In 1903, <mask> moved from Newport to Geneseo, New York in Livingston County. While in Genseo, he served as master of the hounds of the Genesee Valley Hunt Club. He reportedly spent most of his time fox hunting and horse breeding at his estate, Sweet Briar Farms, which was once owned by the Wadsworth family. In 1913, his wife, who was Catholic, built the Chapel of St. Felicity at the Farm. Personal life
On December 16, 1886, <mask> was married to Margaret Louisa Terry (1862–1952), a first cousin, once removed, in Rome, Italy.Margaret's grandparents (Julia Rush Cutler and Samuel Ward Jr) were also <mask>'s maternal great grandparents. Margaret, who grew up in the Palazzo Odescalchi in Rome, was the daughter of Louisa (née Ward) Crawford Terry and artist Luther Terry (d. 1900), a half-sister of F. Marion Crawford and a niece of Julia Ward Howe. Together, they were the parents of:

 <mask> <mask> (1887–1984), who married Lawrence Grant White (1887–1956), an architect with McKim, Mead & White and the son of

masks:
Chanler
Astor
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Laura Astor
Chanler


texts:
 Stanford White, in 1916. <mask> <mask> II (1889–1894), who died young. Beatrice Margaret <mask> (1891–1974), who married Pierre Francis Allegaert (1896–1961). Hester <mask> (1893–1990), who married Edward Motley Pickman, a descendant of Dudley Leavitt Pickman, in 1915. Hester was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Ethel Roosevelt Derby in 1913.<mask> <mask> (1895–1931), who drowned. Margaret Gabrielle "May" <mask> (1897–1958), who married Porter Ralph Chandler (1899–1979). <mask> <mask> (1900–1974), who married Gertrude Laughlin (1914–1999), daughter of Ambassador Irwin B. Laughlin. Theodore Ward <mask> (1902-1961), who married Maria De Acosta Sargent (1880–1970). Theodore's godfather was President Theodore Roosevelt, who attended his christening in Newport in 1902. On August 5, 1926, <mask> suffered a stroke following a fall from his horse. He died at Brigham Hall in Canandaigua, New York on August 24, 1926.He was buried at St. Mary's Catholic Cemetery in Geneseo, New York. After his death, his widow wrote several novels and a memoir entitled Roman Spring, published in 1934. A second memoir, entitled  Autumn in the Valley was published by Little, Brown and Company, 1936. Descendants
Through his son Hubert, he was the grandfather of Susanne Felicity <mask>, who married Stephen Young; <mask>, who married John Andrew Gunther; and <mask>, who married Bruce Chatwin (1940–1989), the English writer, novelist, and journalist. References
Notes

Sources

External links

1863 births
1926 deaths
<mask> Astor Chanler
Astor Orphans
People educated at Eton College
Harvard College alumni
People included in New York Society's Four Hundred
Chanler family
Winthrop

masks:
John Winthrop
Chanler
Chanler
Marion Chanler
Marion Winthrop
Chanler
Chanler
Hubert Winthrop
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Chanler
Gay Chanler
Elizabeth Chanler
Winthrop


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<mask>usen (2 April 1906 – 15 December 1986) was a German aviator who made the first solo flight around the world in 1928–1929. His flight took him eastwards from Berlin to Moscow, then to the Persian Gulf, across northern India and to Siam. He travelled mostly by ship to China and Japan, then across the Pacific Ocean. After flying across the United States, he again took a ship back to Europe, ending his flight in Hanover after 15 months. For this feat he was awarded the Hindenburg Cup. Early life and education

The eldest son of <mask>usen (1863–1948), and his wife <mask>iedebach und Nostiz-Jänkendorf (1878–1961), he was born at the family home of Schloss Warthausen, close to the town of Biberach an der Riss in Baden-Württemberg. He attended the Humanistisches Gymnasium boarding school in Munich, and in February 1924 graduated from the high school in Kempten, Allgäu, before studying law and economics at universities in Munich, Königsberg, Berlin, and England, while also pursuing his enthusiasm for sailing and flying, obtaining his pilot's licence after only 12 hours instruction.Round the world flight

In 1928 President Hindenburg announced the creation of the Hindenburg Cup, awarded annually for the best sporting flight by an amateur pilot with a prize of 10,000 Reichsmarks. Koenig-Warthausen was determined to win the prize and persuaded his parents to buy him a Klemm Daimler L.20B. This aircraft, registration number D-1433, which he named Kamerad, was a two-seater low-wing monoplane with an empty weight of only , a top speed of  and landing speed of just , and powered by an air-cooled, two-cylinder Daimler-Benz F-7502 boxer engine delivering only  This aircraft, with its high aspect ratio and very low wing loading, would today be classified as an ultralight. Koenig-Warthausen took off from Berlin Tempelhof Airport at midnight on 9 August 1928, having less than 20 hours solo flying experience, only five

masks: Friedrich Karl Richard Paul August Freiherr Koenig von und zu Wartha

masks: Friedrich Karl Wilhelm Freiherr Koenig von und zu Wartha