texts: furious and demanded that <mask> reimburse him, but <mask> claimed the whiskey barge had sunk in the Mississippi River.These bad feelings came to a head in the early morning hours of October 16, 1920, when <mask> and his friends engaged the rest of the Egan's Rats in a huge brawl at Egan's Franklin Avenue saloon. One of the men severely injured was attorney John Sweeney. A month later, Milner would be shot and killed during a running gun battle with the Russo Gang. After these two incidents his bootleg business fell into disarray, forcing <mask> to leave St. Louis for Detroit. In the fall of 1920, he was introduced to Rothstein by Waxey Gordon and asked for a $175,000 loan to purchase speedboats to bring in alcohol from Ontario to Detroit as well as additional funds for graft payoffs. Rothstein liked the idea, but instead decided to take up rum-running to New York where the demand was the highest in the country. Gordon was allowed to run the operation as a junior partner while <mask>, in order not to be cut out entirely, was allowed to take part in the deal under the condition that he mortgage all his personal property to Rothstein and take out an expensive life insurance policy with Rothstein's insurance company.In March 1921, <mask> returned to St. Louis to lay the groundwork for his new business. Willie Egan gave <mask> one last chance to account for the missing whiskey. The two, along with John Sweeney and an unidentified man, met at the corner of Sixth and Chestnut streets in downtown St. Louis on March 11, 1921. <mask> refused to pay once again. As the meet broke up, a lone gunman appeared out of the shadows and started shooting. Sweeney was killed and <mask> was shot through the jaw. Despite the severity of his wounds, <mask> survived.In the wake of this attempt on

masks: Greenberg Greenberg Greenberg Greenberg Greenberg Greenberg Greenberg Greenberg Greenberg Greenberg


type: original

texts: his life, <mask> formed an alliance with the rival Hogan Gang. The Egan's Rats steadfastly believed that <mask> was the driving force behind the murder of Egan, who was gunned down in front of his saloon on October 31, 1921. It was said that <mask> paid the three shooters $10,000 each for the hit. During the ensuing gang war, new Egan boss Dint Colbeck made hunting <mask> a top priority. After Monsignor Timothy Dempsey negotiated a truce between the Egan and Hogan gangs in June 1922, several armed Hogan gangsters escorted <mask> onto a New York-bound train. Returning to New York City, Greenburg and Gordon then began leasing motorboats and trucks which brought in bonded whiskey and scotch from Rothstein's contacts in Canada and the United Kingdom. Their rum-running system, protected by Rothstein's payoffs to certain members of the U.S. Coast Guard as well as police and local politicians in Long Island and the Jersey Shore, delivered alcohol to high-class hotels in Manhattan among Rothstein's clientele.The bootlegging operation became one of the biggest and most successful in the country for five years until September 1925 when Prohibition agents seized one of their ships off Astoria, Long Island. <mask> and Gordon were arrested with 13 others a month later and charged with conspiracy to violate the National Prohibition Act. He later went to New Jersey where, in July 1929, he formed a bootlegging cartel with Waxey Gordon and <mask>. <mask> managed Gordon's vast real estate, hotel and gambling interests while Gordon's muscle and Hassel's political connections made a formidable alliance whose operation eventually became the largest producer of real beer in the New York–Philadelphia area. By 1933, the three owned at least 16 or 17 breweries stretching from Buffalo, Elmira and

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Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Greenberg
Max Greenberg
Greenberg
Max Hassel
Greenberg


texts: Syracuse, New York to eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland, according to the US government. They also controlled smaller unlicensed breweries known as "cold water" or "wild cats". <mask> and his partners began to come under pressure to join the Italian–Jewish criminal syndicate controlled by Lucky Luciano and Meyer Lansky.They also began receiving threats from rival Dutch Schultz. On the afternoon of April 12, 1933, <mask> and Gordon were scheduled to meet with Hassel at his suite on the eighth floor of the Carteret Hotel in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Between 2:30 and 4:00 pm, taxi driver George Hickman told police he drove <mask> and two other unidentified men from the hotel to the Harrison brewery. He then drove them back to the Carteret where he saw <mask> entered the building. The two men who were with him stayed outside for a few moments before following him inside. Although these men remained unidentified, it was suggested they may have been <mask>'s bodyguards who were making sure no one followed their boss up to Hassel's hotel room. This was supported by the hotel barber who said <mask> waved to him as he entered the hotel at 4:10 pm.A second theory developed by police suggested that <mask> never left the hotel at all as hotel employees claimed his bulletproof sedan was not taken out of the hotel garage that day. Investigators found it unlikely that <mask> would risk taking a taxi, and without his regular bodyguard, knowing that his life may have been in danger. Shortly after the meeting started, Gordon left his partners and walked down the hall where he claimed to have entered the room of a young lady, 22-year-old mob prostitute Nancy Presser, with whom he spent the rest of the afternoon. He admitted he had talked to some men after leaving the

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 meeting, but police did not release their names. Lou Parkowitz was also present the room and left when the participants began discussing serious matters. He was the last to see <mask> and Hassel alive as, several minutes later, he returned to the room after hearing gunfire and found both men had been shot to death. Parkowitz claimed that he had passed several men running past him as he hurried back to the room.Entering the room, Parkowitz discovered Hassel's body laying face down near the office doorway while <mask> was slumped over a closed rolltop desk shot five times in the chest and head. Frankie Carbo, a gunman for Murder, Inc., was later charged with the murders of <mask>, Hassel and Gordon following his arrest in 1935. He spent six months in jail before the case was dropped. Joseph Stassi claimed that Meyer Lansky, Abner "Abe" Zwillman and Joe Adonis had ordered the three men killed in order to consolidate their control over bootlegging operations in North Jersey. References

Further reading
Block, Alan A. East Side–West Side: Organizing Crime in New York, 1930–1950. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1983.Joselit, Jenna Weissman. Our Gang: Jewish Crime and the New York Jewish Community, 1900–1940. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983. Smith, Richard Norton. Thomas E. Dewey and His Times. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982. Tomlinson, Gerald.Murdered in Jersey. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1994. Waugh, Daniel. Egan's Rats: The Untold Story Of The Gang That Ruled Prohibition-era St. Louis. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2007. 1883 births
Date of birth missing
1933 deaths
Murdered Jewish American gangsters
People from St. Louis
Gangsters from Detroit
Prohibition-era gangsters
People murdered in New Jersey
Deaths by firearm

masks: Greenberg Greenberg Greenberg


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<mask> (; ; c. 362316 BC) was a Greek general and satrap. He participated in the Wars of Alexander the Great, serving as both Alexander's personal secretary and as a battlefield commander. He later was a participant in the Wars of the Diadochi as a supporter of the Macedonian Argead royal house. He was executed after the Battle of Gabiene in 316 BC. Early career
<mask> was a native of Cardia in the Thracian Chersonese. At a very early age, he was employed as a private secretary by Philip II of Macedon and after Philip's death (336 BC) by Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied into Asia. After Alexander's death (323 BC), Eumenes took command of a large body of Macedonian and other Greek soldiers fighting in support of Alexander's son, Alexander IV.Satrap of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia (323-319 BC)
In the ensuing division of the empire in the Partition of Babylon (323 BC), Cappadocia and Paphlagonia were assigned to <mask>; but as they were not yet subdued, Leonnatus and Antigonus were charged by Perdiccas with securing them for him. Antigonus, however, ignored the order, and Leonnatus vainly attempted to induce <mask> to accompany him to Europe and share in his far-reaching designs. <mask> joined Perdiccas, who installed him in Cappadocia. Battle of the Hellespont (321 BC)
When Craterus and Antipater, having subdued Greece in the Lamian War, determined to pass into Asia and overthrow the power of Perdiccas, their first blow was aimed at Cappadocia. Craterus and Neoptolemus, the satrap of Armenia, were completely defeated by <mask> in the

masks: Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes


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 Battle of the Hellespont in 321. Neoptolemus was killed, and Craterus died of his wounds. After the death of Perdiccas
After the murder of Perdiccas in Egypt by his own soldiers (320 BC), the Macedonian generals condemned <mask> to death at the Conference at Triparadisus, assigning Antipater and Antigonus as his executioners.<mask> first travelled to Mount Ida where there was a royal stable. <mask> took a large number of horses to replenish his Cappadocian cavalry. He took the time to file an account with the overseers of the stables despite his outlaw status. Upon hearing this, Antipater was greatly amused, however, it is clear that Eumenes made this move to show that he was acting under the law and in the service of the Argead House. Since he would be facing a force superior in infantry, <mask> decided to travel to the plains of Sardis where his advantage in cavalry would be decisive. He had also hoped to win the support of Cleopatra of Macedon, who was present in the city at the time. Cleopatra and <mask> had been friends since childhood, however, Cleopatra was not willing to back what seemed to be a losing cause and implored Eumenes to leave the area lest she incur the wrath of Antipater.<mask> obliged her and moved north into Phrygia to winter. Despite his superior military skills, <mask>’ Macedonian generals approached him about one of them taking overall command. <mask> retorted that “formalities and technicalities would not protect them from death and destruction”. To further guarantee the loyalty of subordinates, <mask> sold off

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 the estates of Phrygia to them and provided military support to claim the purchased land from the, obviously, unwilling and disgruntled Phrygian property owners. This revenue was used to pay his soldiers. After the Conference at Triparadisus
Following the Conference at Triparadisus, Antigonus first placed a bounty on the Greek general’s head of 100 talents of gold. News of this came immediately after Eumenes’ financial rewards, so his officers and men were outraged and redoubled their efforts to protect their leader, assigning a large bodyguard of 1000 men to protect him at all times.<mask> was also granted the privilege of wearing a purple hat and cloak, an honour usually only granted to a Macedonian king. In 319 BC, Antigonus marched his army into Cappodocia and engaged <mask> at the Battle of Orkynia. Here, <mask> was defeated due to an unknown act of a traitor who Antigonus possibly bribed. Although defeated, <mask> swiftly acted to chase down and execute this traitor, which restored the faith of his men. Following this battle, Antigonus neglected to address the dead and immediately set off in pursuit for <mask>. Determined to follow tradition, Eumenes made the bold and unexpected move to regain the battlefield so that he could construct a proper funeral pyre for the dead. This action greatly impressed Antigonus.Remainder of the Campaign
The remainder of the campaign turned into a battle of manoeuvre, with <mask> avoiding further battle with Antigonus. At one point, <mask> was in a position to capture the baggage of Antigonus’ forces.

masks: Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes


texts: Eumenes knew that he would not be able to prevent his soldiers from plundering this loot if they found out about it and also that doing so would decrease the essential mobility of his forces. Eumenes dispatched a private message to his old friend, the general Menander, advising him to move the baggage uphill so that its capture would be impossible. Menander immediately followed this advice. He and his fellow officers were shocked by this move and thought Eumenes to be a paragon of virtue. Only Antigonus knew of Eumenes’ real motives.This action is also ironic when compared to the steps Antigonus had to take to finally defeat <mask>. The following winter, <mask> disbanded his army, save for a small, crack force of 500 cavalry and 200 heavy infantry and holed up in Nora, a strong fortress on the border between Cappadocia and Lycaonia. Antigonus arrived shortly and decided to enter into negotiation with <mask> instead of undergoing a lengthy siege. Antigonus wanted to acquire <mask> as his own officer and so first demanded that <mask> address him as a superior officer, to which Eumenes replied “while I am able to wield a sword, I shall thank no man greater than myself”. During negotiations, Eumenes was unable to secure a deal he thought fitting and so was willing to hold out longer for a more favourable position in the imperial hierarchy. Antigonus then departed with his army, leaving behind only forces sufficient to blockade Nora. In the cramped city, Eumenes was forced to come up with novel solutions so that his men and horses remained in

masks: Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes


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 fighting shape including; emptying large rooms where men exercised on a set schedule, and creating a suspension device, likened to an ancient treadmill, on which horses could run.<mask> held out for more than a year until the death of Antipater threw his opponents into disarray. The Second War of the Diadochi
Antipater had left the regency to his friend Polyperchon instead of his son Cassander. Cassander, therefore, allied himself with Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy, while <mask> allied himself with Polyperchon. He was able to escape from Nora by tricking the Antigonid diplomat, his friend and countryman Hieronymus of Cardia,  sent to negotiate his surrender, into having him swear an oath of loyalty to the two kings, Philip III and Alexander IV instead of Antigonus himself. By swearing an oath to an infant and a developmentally disabled man, this essentially gave Eumenes free rein to act in whatever manner he saw as in the best interest of the Argead Dynasty and, therefore, himself. Eumenes acted quickly to muster his army and marched into Cilicia, where he allied with Antigenes and Teutamus, the commanders of the famous Macedonian Silver Shields. Eumenes again demonstrated his cleverness and was able to secure control over these men by playing on their loyalty to, and superstitious awe of, Alexander.He claimed that Alexander had visited him in a dream and told him that he would be present with them at every battle. <mask> even went so far as to set up a tent for the late conqueror complete with a throne. He used the royal treasury at

masks: Eumenes Eumenes Eumenes


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 Kyinda to recruit an army of mercenaries to add to his own troops. In 317 BC, Eumenes left Cilicia and marched into Syria and Phoenicia, and began to raise a naval force on behalf of Polyperchon. When it was ready, he sent the fleet west to reinforce Polyperchon, but it was met by Antigonus's fleet off the coast of Cilicia, and the fleet of Eumenes changed sides. Meanwhile, Antigonus had settled his affairs in Asia Minor and marched east to take out <mask> before he could do further damage. Eumenes somehow had advance knowledge of this and marched out of Phoenica, through Syria into Mesopotamia, with the idea of gathering support in the upper satrapies.<mask> in the East
<mask> gained the support of Amphimachos, the satrap of Mesopotamia, then marched his army into Northern Babylonia, where he put them into winter quarters. During the winter he negotiated with Seleucus, the satrap of Babylonia, and Peithon, the satrap of Media, seeking their help against Antigonus. Unable to sway Seleucus and Peithon, <mask> left his winter quarters early and marched on Susa, a major royal treasury, in Susiana. In Susa, Eumenes sent letters to all the satraps to the north and east of Susiana, ordering them in the kings' names to join him with all their forces. When the satraps joined Eumenes he had a considerable force, with which he could look forward with some confidence to doing battle against Antigonus. <mask> then marched southeastwards into Persia, where he picked up additional reinforcements. Antigonus, meanwhile, had reached Susa and left Seleucus


texts: there to besiege the place while he himself marched after Eumenes.At the river Kopratas, <mask> surprised Antigonus during the crossing of the river and killed or captured 4,000 of his men. Antigonus, faced with disaster, decided to abandon the crossing and turned back northward, marching up into Media, threatening the upper satrapies. <mask> wanted to march westward and cut Antigonus's supply lines, but the satraps refused to abandon their satrapies and forced <mask> to stay in the east. In the late summer of 316 BC, Antigonus moved southward again in the hope of bringing <mask> to battle and ending the war quickly. Eventually, the two armies met in southern Media and fought the indecisive Battle of Paraitakene. Antigonus, whose casualties were more numerous, force marched his army to safety the next night. During the winter of 316-315 BC, Antigonus tried to surprise Eumenes in Persis by marching his army across a desert and catching his enemy off guard; unfortunately, he was observed by some locals who reported it to his opponents.A few days later both armies drew up for battle. The Battle of Gabiene was as indecisive as the previous battle at Parataikene. According to Plutarch and Diodorus, <mask> had won the battle but lost control of his army's baggage camp thanks to his ally Peucestas' duplicity or incompetence. In addition to all the loot of the Silver Shields (treasure accumulated over 30 years of successful warfare including gold, silver, gems and other booty), the soldiers' women and children were taken, and <mask>' army wished


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 to negotiate their return. Teutamus, one of their commanders, sent the request to Antigonus, who responded by demanding they give him Eumenes. The Silver Shields complied, arrested <mask> and his officers, and handed them over. The war was thus at an end.<mask> was placed under guard while Antigonus held a council to ponder his fate. Antigonus, supported by his son Demetrius, was disinclined to kill <mask>, but most of the council insisted that he execute <mask> and so it was decided. Death
Antigonus, according to Plutarch, starved <mask> for three days but finally sent an executioner to dispatch him when the time came for him to move his camp. <mask>' body was given to his friends to be burnt with honour, and his ashes were conveyed in a silver urn to his wife and children. Legacy
Despite <mask>' undeniable skills as a general, he never commanded the full allegiance of the Macedonian officers in his army and died as a result. He was an able commander who did his utmost to maintain the unity of Alexander's empire in Asia. Still, his efforts were frustrated by generals and satraps both nominally under his command and under that of his enemies.<mask> was hated and despised by many fellow commanders—certainly for his successes and supposedly for his non-Macedonian (in the tribal sense) background and prior office as Royal Secretary. <mask> has been seen as a tragic figure, a man who seemingly tried to do the right thing but was overcome by a more ruthless enemy and the treachery of his own soldiers. Historie is a historical fiction manga


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 series that tells the life story of <mask>. Family
Pharnabazus III, Persian satrap of Phrygia, was his brother-in-law, as <mask> married Artonis, the daughter of Persian satrap Artabazus II and sister of Pharnabazus III. Sources
Plutarch - the main surviving biography of <mask> is by Plutarch. Plutarch's parallel Roman life was the life of Sertorius. Diodorus - <mask> is a significant figure in books 16–18 of Diodorus's history
Richard A. Billows, Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State, a biography of Antigonos Monopthalmus (Eumenes's main opponent during the Second War of the Diadochi).References

Sources
Edward Anson, <mask> of Cardia: A Greek among Macedonians, Brill Academic Publishers, 2004. External links
The Life of Eumenes by Plutarch
The Historical Library by Diodorus - books XVIII and XIX
The Life of Eumenes by Cornelius Nepos

316 BC deaths
4th-century BC Greek people
Ancient Thracian Greeks
Ancient Greek generals
Generals of Alexander the Great
Generals of Philip II of Macedon
Trierarchs of Nearchus' fleet
Satraps of the Alexandrian Empire
Macedonian royal secretaries
360s BC births
Executed ancient Greek people
Scythian


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<mask> (February 8 or 9, 1883, Mexico City  – February 14, 1975) was a Mexican artist. He was part of the initial wave of artistic activity following the Mexican Revolution. However, his stay in Europe from 1927 to 1932 moved him into more European and more abstract work, especially sculpture. While he had a number of exhibitions in Mexico during his life including a retrospective at the Museo de Arte Moderno in 1965, he did not have the kind of success that many of his contemporaries did as he did not follow the then dominant themes or styles of Mexican muralism movement. His work was considered to be avant-garde and is considered to be the first Mexican abstract artist, creating masks and sculptures of wood, wire, plastic, sheet metal, ceramic, electrical wire and other materials, traditional and non-traditional. Life
<mask> was born <mask> on February 8, 1893, in Mexico City, to parents <mask> and Paz Vidal. His father was from an intellectual and socially influential family from Cantabria, Spain, related to politician Matilde de la Torre and María Blanchard .He was studying chemistry when the Mexican Revolution broke out, interrupting his studies as he fled to Spain to escape the fighting. At this time he met sculptor Fidencio Nava, which convinced him to change careers to art. When he returned to Mexico in 1918, he entered the Academy of San Carlos. However, he did not like its formalism and left shortly thereafter. He later studied in Paris. In 1923, he was a cofounder of the Stridentism movement in Mexico, along with Manuel Maples Arce, <mask> List Arzubide, Salvador Gallardo, Silvestre Revueltas, Jean Charlot, Edward Weston and Tina Modotti. The goal of this movement was to reshape literature and art entirely, but fading by the end of the decade.From 1927 to 1932, he lived in Paris, traveling to the Netherlands,

masks:
Germán Cueto
Germán Cueto
Germán Gutiérrez Cueto y Vidal
Javier Gutiérrez Cueto
Germán


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 Belgium, Spain, Italy and Switzerland. Here he created a circle of contacts and friends in the European vanguard often through María Blanchard. These included Julio González, Otto van Rees (artist), Angelina Beloff, Adam Fischer, Joaquín Torres García, Jacques Lipchitz and Constantin Brâncuși. He became a member of the Cercle et Carré where he became associated with Piet Mondrian, Jean Arp, Wassily Kandinsky and Georges Vantongerloo. After the death of María Blanchard in 1932, he decided to return to Mexico with his family, inviting Angelina Beloff, Diego Rivera's abandoned first wife, to accompany them. In Mexico, he identified politically and socially with the dominant Mexican school of painting, but his aesthetics were more European due to his stay in Paris. He did not like the exclusiveness of the art scene in Mexico and for this reason tended to stay apart from his Mexican contemporaries.<mask>'s first wife was <mask> whom he married in 1919. Together they lived in Paris for many years. The union produced two daughters, named Ana Maria and Mireya. Mireya <mask> (born 1922) became a well-known puppeteer, writer and playwright, winning the Bellas Artes Medal for her life's work. Mireya began her career helping her parents. <mask> later had a son, named <mask>. His second wife was María Galán, and his widow was Ester Echeverría.<mask> <mask> died on February 14, 1975, at age 83 from heart failure. Career
<mask> worked in a number of disciplines but is best known for mask making, especially related to theatre and abstract sculpture. He began his career in 1922 as an assistant to sculptor Ignacio Asúnsolo, who work working on renovations to the Secretaría de Educación Pública building . <mask> was a member of the Stridentism movement in the 1920s, when he began to make masks with cardboard and other materials. In 1924 he

masks:
Cueto
Lola Cueto
Cueto
Cueto
Javier Cueto
Germán
Cueto
Cueto
Cueto


texts: had an exhibition of these masks at the “El Café de Nadie” affiliated with the Stridentism movement, most based on friends including one dedicated to Leopoldo Méndez . He continued to make masks for theatrical productions and exhibition, with the number of masks made over his lifetime estimated at over one thousand. Although Cueto was part of the initial wave of artistic activity spurred by the Secretaría de Educación Pública under José Vasconcelos, the movement limited much of artistic production, especially sculpture to themes related to praising the nation, liberty and work.<mask>'s time in Europe in the late 1920s and early 1930s pushed him into a different direction. While considered to be in Mexico's vanguard, he was frequently frustrated by his inability to sell works after his return to Mexico. He was frequently excluded from public projects as his works did not relate to Mexican heroes or Mexican folkloric themes. Most of his work would not be appreciated until late in his career and after his death, as a pioneer of abstract and modern art in Mexico and Latin America. Although still relatively unknown in Mexico, his work is more valued by collectors, especially small bronze pieces. While never having the success that many of his contemporaries did, <mask> did have a number of exhibitions during his lifetime. His first was of masks in 1924 at the “El Café de Nadie” in Mexico City.Living in Paris, he exhibited with the  Cercle et le Carré (Circle and Square) group, of which he was a member, as well as at the Renaissance Gallery in Paris (1928), the Quatre Gallery in Paris (1929), the 23 Gallery in Paris (1930), the Galeries Dalmau in Spain (1930) and at a collective exhibition in Switzerland. After returning to Mexico, he had some exhibitions such as the Galería de Arte Mexicano in Mexico City (1932), the UNAM

masks: Cueto Cueto


texts: Gallery (1933), a major individual exhibition at the Galería de Arte Mexicano  in 1944, Mont-Oredain Gallery in Mexico City (1948), Glardecor Gallery in Mexico City (1951), the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana (1954), Excélsior Gallery and Proteo Gallery in Mexico City (1955) and the Instituto Francés de América Latina in 1960. He had one major individual exhibition outside of Mexico at the Suenks-Franska Konstgalleriet in Sweden in 1954. Despite his reputation for being avant-garde, his work was not recognized or shown at the prestigious Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico City until 1965, when the institution dedicated a “very deserved” retrospective of his work. It has a larger exhibition of this type in 1981 after the artist's death. Other exhibitions of his work after his death include the Futurismo & futurism exhibition at the Palazzo Grassi in Venice (1986), Centro Cultural Santo Domingo in Oaxaca (2000),  the Federico Silva Museum in San Luis Potosí (2005), Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (2005), the Carrillo Gil Museum in Mexico City (2006) and the Museo de Arte in Querétaro (2007). His canvas works can be found primarily in museum in Mexico and Europe with a notable collection held by the Blaisten Collection in Mexico City.His sculptures, including monumental works can be found in institutions in Mexico and Europe such as the Sala Manuel M. Ponce at the Palacio de Bellas Artes and the Museo de Arte Moderno. On permanent display at the Museo de Arte Moderno is the sculpture Tehuana, which consists of sheet metal about 110 cm high. He did ceramics work for the Arabia Workshop in Helsinki and a porcelain piece for the Royal Copenhagen in Denmark . One major monumental work is an iron piece painted in enamel, for the Gustavsberg porcelain plant in Sweden sponsored by the Swedish-Mexican Society in 1954. In


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 Mexico, he created the monumental piece called El Corredor (The Runner) for the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, places in front of the stadium at the Ciudad Universitaria . Another notable area for <mask> was theatre and education. After he returned to Mexico from Europe, Carlos Chávez employed him to develop characters for an educational puppet theatre.From 1924 to 1926 he taught art at the Artes y Oficio Gabriela Mistral and at the Normal para Maestros. He also went to teach in Hidalgo as part of a cultural mission organized by Rafael Ramírez Heredia . In 1948 he directed the Dance Institute at the Palacio de Bellas Artes for a time, creating masks for various performances. From 1956 to 1959 he was an art professor at the Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda". In 1960 he became a teacher at the Escuela de Artesanias of the Ciudadela, teaching work with enamel. Recognitions include honorable mention at the Bienal Nacional de Escultura in 1963 and 1964. He was a founding member of the Academia de Artes and a member of the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana .Artistry
<mask> created oils, watercolors, glass, ceramics, enamels, collages, murals, ink drawings, sculpture and even some literature. He was best known for masks and sculptures using various materials such as wire, clay, stone, iron, wood and more. <mask>'s early artistic influence from Stridentism, an artistic and intellectual movement in Mexico in the 1920s of which he was a member. Like many other Strident artists, <mask> rejected traditional values and religious conventions. This usually translated into pieces related to a vision of a future utopia. Later influences included Cubism, Constructivism, Art Deco and later a more primitive look. However, most of this is linked to his time (1927-1932) in Europe, where he was influenced directly by

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 Picasso, Brâncuși, Gargollo and Juan Gris .His artistic vision remained tied to Europe and the abstract art movement taking shape there, which was still very novel for Mexico. This made him the most vanguard sculptor of the first half of the 20th century in Mexico as well as the country's first abstract artist. It also meant that his work as more influential in Europe than in Mexico. One major aspect of his sculptural work is the use of new and unusual materials along with more traditional ones. He created sculptures of bronze, wood, wire, sheet metal, ceramics, enamel on metal, concrete, electrical cable, plastic and more. His aesthetic followed much of Umberto Boccioni's 1912 Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture when said that sculpture should use and combine whatever materials needed to realize a piece. It also emphasized the abstract over the figurative.Much of his experimentation was based on his knowledge of chemistry from his early student days and made him one of the most experimental sculptors in 20th century Mexico. Examples include concrete, electrical cable and wire pieces such as Estela II, Máscara (1948) and El Nahual. The sculpture Napoleón is done in limestone; Diálogo is done in multicolored wood. Another important endeavor for <mask> was the creation of masks, the concept of which also figures in his sculpture and other work. He made masks of papier-mâché, cartonería, ceramic, plaster, wood, metal and wire. Many of these masks were made for use in theatre, with him often returning to creating fantastical faces with innovative designs. References

20th-century Mexican painters
20th-century male artists
Mexican male painters
Mexican muralists
Puppet designers
Mexican puppeteers
People from Mexico City
1883 births
1975 deaths
Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda" faculty
20th-century


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<mask> (born 26 November 1981) is a British singer and songwriter. <mask> released her debut album, Unwritten, in 2004, which contained primarily up-tempo pop songs and was influenced by R&B music. It enjoyed international success with more than 2.3 million copies sold worldwide. <mask> received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the title track "Unwritten", and at the 2005 and 2006 Brit Awards, she was nominated for Best British Female Artist. Unwritten also produced her only UK number one, "These Words". Her second album, N.B. (2007), yielded the UK top 10 singles "I Wanna Have Your Babies" and "Soulmate".N.B. was not released in North America, but six tracks from it were included with seven new ones and released in 2008 as her third studio album, Pocketful of Sunshine, with the singles "Love Like This" and "Pocketful of Sunshine" earning success on the charts. In December 2010, <mask> released her third album in North America, Strip Me, with the song of the same name charting on the US Billboard Hot 100 at 91. Bedingfield has sold over 10 million albums and 10 million singles worldwide, totalling over 20 million records worldwide. In 2012, VH1 ranked <mask> number 66 on the list of 100 Greatest Women in Music. Early life

When Bedingfield was a teenager, she and her siblings, Daniel and Nikola, formed the dance/electronic group, The DNA Algorithm. The group provided <mask> with the opportunity to explore different musical genres and expand her songwriting abilities.She provided vocals for the group which

masks:
Natasha Anne Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield


texts:
 primarily performed dance-pop music about independence and empowerment, themes that would later be found in her own solo compositions. At age 14, <mask> sang vocals on Origins Refined Intricacy (Steelyard Records). <mask> attended a year at the University of Greenwich, where she studied psychology, then left to concentrate on singing and songwriting. At first, she recorded demos in the garages of friends who had recording studios, which she presented to record companies. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, <mask> composed and recorded songs for the Hillsong London Church. Her songs appeared on the live album Shout God's Fame and the children's album Jesus Is My Superhero by Hillsong Music Australia. Career

2003–2006: Early years and Unwritten
 Bedingfield was introduced to Phonogenic founder and A&R Paul Lisberg by the artist's manager Gary Wilson.Lisberg was initially hesitant, later telling HitQuarters: "[They] were good but weren't right for us ... " However, it was when, at a meeting together, Lisberg heard her singing ability and creative vocal ad-libbing first-hand that he became excited by Bedingfield's potential. Label interest was later confirmed when a trial studio session together with writers Steve Kipner and Andrew Frampton produced songs that were in keeping with Lisberg's vision for Phonogenic. Bedingfield signed a recording contract with BMG UK & Ireland, through its imprint Phonogenic Records, in July 2003. Her debut studio album Unwritten was released in September 2004 and featured collaborations with Steve Kipner,

masks: Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield


texts: Danielle Brisebois, Nick Lachey, James Reilly, Andrew Frampton, Wayne Wilkins, Kara DioGuardi, Guy Chambers, Patrick Leonard and the rapper Bizarre. The album contained uptempo pop-rock songs and influences from R&B music. Bedingfield's lyrics focused on independence, opportunism and female empowerment. Reviews of the album were generally positive, and it was described as a "well-made pop album for the new millennium" by Allmusic.The album debuted on the UK Albums Chart at number one and reached the top thirty in the U.S. It sold well, reaching multi-platinum status in the UK and Gold status in the U.S. The first single released from the album was "Single", which reached number three on the UK Singles Chart. The song's lyrics and accompanying music video depict Bedingfield's single lifestyle. "These Words" was released as the album's second single. The song became <mask>'s first UK number one and US top twenty single. "Unwritten" was released as the album's third single in 2004, the song reached number six on the UK Singles Chart and it also became the most played song on US radio in 2006."I Bruise Easily" was released as the album's fourth single, it did not perform as well as its predecessors but was still a moderate success, reaching number twelve on the UK Singles Chart. At the 2005 Brit Awards, <mask> was nominated for four awards, though did not win any of her nominated categories. She was also nominated for an award at the 2006 Brit Awards, and in 2007, she was nominated for "Best Female Pop Vocal Performance" at the 2007 Grammy

masks: Bedingfield Bedingfield


texts:
 Awards, though was again unsuccessful in winning in any of her nominated categories. 2007–2008: N.B. and Pocketful of Sunshine

Bedingfield's second album, N.B., was released in Europe in April 2007. The album received mixed reviews by critics and peaked at number nine in the UK. "I Wanna Have Your Babies", the album's lead single, was moderately successful, reaching number seven in the UK, number eight in Ireland and the top fifty in various other markets."Soulmate" was released as the album's second single on 2 July 2007 and also peaked at number seven in the UK. To promote N.B., <mask> embarked on the FutureSex/LoveShow tour in May 2007. On 1 July 2007, <mask> performed "Unwritten" at the Concert for Diana held at Wembley Stadium, London, an event which celebrated the life of Princess Diana almost ten years after her death. The North American version of her second album, titled Pocketful of Sunshine, featured six songs from N.B.. The album was released on 22 January 2008, after the lead single, "Love like This", was released in September 2007 and charted at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. The title track was released as the second single in February 2008 and peaked at No.5 on the Billboard Hot 100. On 18 January 2008, <mask>'s UK tour was cancelled for the second time, one month before it was supposed to start, so she could spend more time promoting her album in the U.S. In August 2008, <mask> and other singers including Beyoncé, Rihanna, Melissa Etheridge, Carrie Underwood, Miley Cyrus, Leona Lewis and Mariah Carey recorded the charity

masks: Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield


texts:
 single, "Just Stand Up" produced by Babyface and L.A. Reid, to support "Stand Up to Cancer". On 5 September 2008, the singers performed it live on TV. 2009–2011: Strip Me and Strip Me Away

<mask> stated on her blog that she would start work on her new album in early 2009. She was confirmed to be writing for the new album while on holiday in New Zealand; she said "I'm here for a couple of weeks to do a bit of writing. It is such an inspiring place to write music.I love coming here as often as I can, usually once a year to fuel up on ideas for my next album". She also confirmed she was working with Brian Kennedy, who produced/co-wrote Rihanna's hit single "Disturbia" and was writing songs with him while on tour to have the album released by the end of 2009. <mask> also stated that Wyclef Jean, Sam Sparro and Mike Elizondo would be working on the record. In an interview with IN:DEMAND Producer, Ryan Tedder said: "I'm gonna try and bring <mask> back here in the UK with some quirky, kinda weird stuff". On 18 March <mask> stated on her official site that she was in Los Angeles and she was putting the finishing touches on her album. "Touch", the lead single from the album, was made available as a digital download 18 May 2010. <mask> performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on 24 May 2010."Touch" was officially sent to US radio stations on 29 June 2010. On 15 July <mask> announced via Twitter that the title of her new album would be Strip Me. The album was originally scheduled for release on 9 November 2010 but was released on 7 December. The

masks:
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Natasha Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield


texts: second single, also titled "Strip Me", was sent to US radio on 30 August 2010 and it became available as a digital download on 21 September 2010. It was written by <mask>, Ryan Tedder and Wayne Wilkins. The song was selected to head the soundtrack for the 2010 comedy Morning Glory. <mask> appeared on rapper Nicki Minaj's debut album, Pink Friday, on a track called "Last Chance", and on Rascal Flatts' album Nothing Like This on a track called "Easy", released as the album's third single.On New Year's Eve 2010–11, <mask> appeared on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. In 2010, <mask> joined forces with Avon as a celebrity judge for Avon Voices, Avon's first-ever global, online singing talent search for women and songwriting competition for men and women. On 6 April 2011, <mask> visited Radio Hamburg and confirmed that the song "Pocketful of Sunshine" (originally the second single from her US album "Pocketful of Sunshine") would be the first European single from the forthcoming European release of Strip Me. The European version of Strip Me will be called Strip Me Away. The lead single "Pocketful of Sunshine" was released on 13 May in Germany. The album "Strip Me Away" will be released in June. <mask> was featured on Simple Plan's new single from their new album Get Your Heart On!, released on 21 June 2011.The song, "Jet Lag" was released on 26 April 2011 as the band's first single from their fourth album. On 5 July, <mask> performed her song "Weightless" from her "Strip Me" album on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Filipino singer Jake Zyrus

masks: Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield


texts:
 confirmed that <mask> had written a song for her called "Lighthouse", which is included on her second studio album Infinity. On 9 November 2011, <mask> wowed American audiences when she joined Rascal Flatts to perform "Easy," on the Country Music Awards show on ABC. <mask> has released a Christmas song 'Shake Up Christmas', which has been confirmed to be on the 2011 Coca-Cola Christmas television advertisements. 2012–2017: Other projects

In April 2012, <mask> announced that she was working on her fourth studio album, originally titled The Next Chapter, mentioning her plans to release the album worldwide, not just focusing on America. The album was said to feature production from RedOne, Dr. Luke, Benny Blanco, Paul Williams and Marshall Altman.The Next Chapter was presumably scrapped or shelved, given that it never materialized after that. In September 2012, <mask> was featured on Lifehouse's single "Between the Raindrops". On 13 May 2013, she appeared as a guest judge on the New Zealand version of The X Factor alongside her brother <mask>. In 2013, <mask> composed the music of "Non mi ami", a single by Italian singer-songwriter Giorgia, included on the album Senza Paura. In 2014, <mask> contributed to the soundtrack for the Disney animated film, The Pirate Fairy, with a track titled "Who I Am". On 13 January 2015, <mask> released a charity single with Philosophy Skin Care titled "Hope". With the release of "Hope", <mask> announced via Twitter that she would become more publicly active again, promising "many more music releases to come".The

masks:
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Daniel Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield


texts:
 release of the music video for "Hope" followed a day later. Later in 2015, <mask> contributed to Band of Merrymakers' album Welcome to Our Christmas Party and toured with the group in 2015 and 2016. <mask> also collaborated with Belgian record producer Basto during this time. The duo released a single titled "Unicorn" in March 2016. Bedingfield toured Europe in late 2016 with Night of the Proms. In January 2017 it was announced that <mask> would open for Train's 2017 summer concert tour. On 10 March 2017 she appeared on the Soundtrack of Tangled: Before Ever After in the track "More Of Me".2018–present: Roll with Me
<mask> released a new record, "Let Go" with Nestea on 17 March 2018. She signed a record deal with Linda Perry's record label We Are Hear in the same year. Bedingfield co-wrote the song "Black Sky" with Kimbra for her 2018 album Primal Heart. In July 2019, <mask> announced that her fourth studio album and first studio release in nearly nine years, Roll with Me, is scheduled for release on 30 August 2019. Before the announcement, she had released the song "Roller Skate" as the album's lead single on 19 July and was preceded by its second single "Kick It". Philanthropy
<mask> has donated time and money to organisations such as the Global Angels, an international children's charity founded by her mother, <mask>. She became associated with the organisation in 2006 and said she hoped to help "people around the world, particularly children, who live in conditions that would horrify us".<mask> is now an ambassador for Global Angels, and

masks:
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Bedingfield
Molly Bedingfield
Bedingfield


texts:
 in November 2006 she visited India for three weeks in support of the charity. She visited an orphanage in Kolkata and a refugee camp for former child prostitutes in Mumbai to learn more about the situation and the conditions in these areas. <mask> later expressed her shock at what she had witnessed. Video diaries filmed during her trip were posted on her official website in early 2007. She is also an advocate for Stop the Traffik, a global coalition which works to end human trafficking and a member of the (RED) campaign. In a 2008 rockumentary, Call+Response, headed by Justin Dillon, Bedingfield performed acoustic versions of "Unwritten" and "Soulmate" in support of the film's cause: a movement against modern slavery and human trafficking. Non-musical projects

In 2004, <mask> showed interest in acting and made her debut in the James Bond video game From Russia with Love in November 2005.She voiced the character Elizabeth Stark, the British Prime Minister's daughter who is kidnapped in the opening sequence. <mask> commented that she would like to do more acting, but only if the film "was good enough, and it was a role that [would] fit me." She has made an appearance in the seventh-season finale of the Canadian television series Degrassi: The Next Generation. <mask> also guest-starred on Nickelodeon's mockumentary series The Naked Brothers Band "Christmas Special" alongside Whoopi Goldberg and Leon Thomas III. She has made guest appearances on the NBC series Lipstick Jungle. She guest-starred on Nickelodeon's True Jackson, VP in November


texts:
 2009. She sang the song "These Words".In 2012, <mask> made an appearance in three episodes of Web Therapys fourth season. In December 2012, VH1 announced that <mask> would perform at their 2012 VH1 Divas show, a concert benefiting the Save The Music Foundation charity. <mask> performed Deee-Lite's "Groove Is in the Heart" with Bootsy Collins and Iggy Azalea. On 22 September 2014, <mask> performed a song titled "Love Song to the Earth" at the United Nations 2014 Equator Prize Gala in New York City. The song is a special anthem she and Toby Gad co-wrote for the United Nations Climate Summit 2014. In 2021, <mask> competed in season six of The Masked Singer as the wild card contestant "Pepper". At one point, Ken Jeong hit the "Take It Off" button when he thought "Pepper" was Sara Bareilles and tried to remove the mask when he was proven wrong only to be intercepted by the men in black.When Beddingfield was eliminated alongside John Lydon as "Jester", she mentioned about her son getting treatment for his medical condition and also the fact that he got to see his mom portraying a contestant who was colored red which is the color he likes. Personal life
On 21 March 2009, <mask> married American businessman Matt Robinson in Malibu, California, US. In November 2017, their son Solomon Dylan was born. Discography

 Unwritten (2004)
 N.B. (2007)
 Strip Me (2010)
 Roll with Me (2019)

Tours
Headlining
Verizon VIP Tour
Less Is More Tour
Roll With Me Tour

Co-headlining
Energy Music Tour
Night of the Proms

Opening act
C'mon C'mon Tour

masks: Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield Bedingfield


texts:
FutureSex/LoveShow
New Kids on the Block Live
Play That Song Tour

Filmography
Television

Video games

Awards and nominations

Bedingfield's debut album Unwritten contained primarily uptempo pop songs and was influenced by R&B music. It enjoyed international success with over three million copies sold worldwide. In 2007, she received a Grammy Award nomination for "Best Female Pop Vocal Performance" for the song "Unwritten", the third single from the album of the same name.<mask>'s second album N.B. yielded the singles "Soulmate"; "Say It Again"; and "I Wanna Have Your Babies", written and produced by <mask>, Wayne Wilkins, Andrew Frampton and Steve Kipner. <mask> has received four nominations from the BRIT Awards but has won none. As of July 2008, she has won five awards from eleven nominations. Billboard Music Awards
The Billboard Music Awards honor artists for commercial performance in the U.S., based on record charts published by Billboard. The awards are based on sales data by Nielsen SoundScan and radio information by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems. The award ceremony was held from 1990 to 2007, until its reintroduction in 2011.|-
| 2006
| "Unwritten"
| Pop 100 Airplay Song of the Year
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2008
| rowspan=2|Herself
| Top Hot Dance Club Play Artist
|
|-
| Top Hot Dance Airplay Artist
|

Billboard Touring Awards
Established in 2004, the Billboard Touring Awards is an annual meeting sponsored by Billboard magazine which also honors the top international live entertainment industry artists and professionals. |-
| 2011
|

masks:
Bedingfield
Natasha Bedingfield
Bedingfield


texts:
 <mask> Less Is More Tour Presented By Freschetta
| Concert Marketing & Promotion Award
|

BRIT Awards
The BRIT Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. Bedingfield has received four nominations. |-
|rowspan=4|  ||rowspan=3| <mask> || British Female Solo Artist ||
|-
| British Breakthrough Act ||
|-
| British Pop Act ||
|-
| "These Words" || British Single ||

BT Digital Music Awards
The BT Digital Music Awards honour music distributed digitally by methods such as mobile devices, online downloads and blogging. Bedingfield has won one award. |-
| 2005
| rowspan=3|<mask>
| Best Use of Mobile
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2007 || Artist of the Year ||
|-
| Best Pop Artist ||

Glamour Awards

!Ref. |-
| 2005
| <mask>
| UK Solo Artist
|
|

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.Bedingfield has received one nomination. |-
|  || "Unwritten" || Best Female Pop Vocal Performance ||

Ivor Novello Awards
The Ivor Novello Awards are awarded for songwriting and composing. The awards, named after the Cardiff born entertainer Ivor Novello, are presented annually in London by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA). |-
| 2005
| "These Words"
| Best Song Musically And Lyrically
|

MTV Europe Music Awards
The MTV Europe Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1994 by MTV Europe. Bedingfield has received one nomination. |-
| 2004 || <mask> || Best UK and Ireland act ||

Meteor Music Awards
Launched in 2001, the Meteor

masks:
Natasha Bedingfield
Natasha Bedingfield
Natasha Bedingfield
Natasha Bedingfield
Natasha Bedingfield


texts:
 Music Awards are awarded for achievements in the Irish and international record industry. |-
| 2005
| Herself
| Best International Female
|

Music Video Production Awards
The MVPA Awards are annually presented by a Los Angeles-based music trade organization to honor the year's best music videos.|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006
| rowspan=3 | "These Words"
| Best Pop Video
|
|-
| Best Colorist/Telecine
|
|-
| Best Special Effects
|

New Music Awards
The New Music Awards''' are given for excellence in music to both recording artists and radio stations by New Music Weekly magazine. |-
| 2006
| "Unwritten"
| AC Single of the Year
|
|-
| 2008
| <mask>
| AC Female Artst of the Year
|

People's Choice Awards
The People's Choice Awards is an American awards show recognising the people and the work of popular culture. The show has been held annually since 1975 and is voted on by the general public. |-
| 2009
| "Love Like This" (feat. Sean Kingston)
| Favourite Combined Forces
|

Pop Awards
Pop Magazine is an online music magazine created by Hotspot Entertainment and published by A-Z Publishings. The magazine was launched on April 24, 2014. In 2018, Pop Magazine launched the first annual Pop Awards with 25 nominees across 5 categories.|-
| 2020
| "Roller Skate"
| Song of the Year
|

Radio Disney Music Awards
The Radio Disney Music Awards (RDMA) is an annual awards show which is operated and governed by Radio Disney, an American radio network. Beginning in 2013, the ceremony began to be televised on Disney Channel. |-
| 2006
| "Unwritten"
| Best Song to


texts:
 Listen to While Getting Ready for School
|

Smash Hits Poll Winners Party
The Smash Hits Poll Winners Party was an awards ceremony which ran from 1988 to 2005. Each award winner was voted by readers of the Smash Hits'' magazine. |-
|rowspan=2|2004
| Herself
| Hot New Talent
|
|-
| "These Words"
| Favorite Download
|

TMF Awards
The TMF Awards is an annual television awards show broadcast live on The Music Factory. Bedingfield has received one award. |-
| 2005 || <mask> || Best International New Artist ||

Teen Choice Awards
The Teen Choice Awards were established in 1999 to honor the year's biggest achievements in music, movies, sports and television, being voted by young people aged between 13 and 19.|-
| 2006
| <mask>ík Music Awards

!Ref. |-
| 2004
| <mask>
| Best International Surprise
|
|

See also
List of songs written by <mask>

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
English people of New Zealand descent
Alumni of the University of Greenwich
British contemporary R&B singers
English dance musicians
English women singer-songwriters
Hillsong musicians
English expatriates in the United States
English women pop singers
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English

masks:
Natasha Bedingfield
Natasha Bedingfieldř
Natasha Bedingfield
Natasha Bedingfield


texts:
<mask>,  (15 December 1902 – 4 July 1965) was a Norwegian army officer, Olympic sport shooter and World Champion. A lawyer by education, Aasnæs was a member of the Norwegian Army during the Second World War, fighting against Nazi Germany. After the war, he participated in numerous national and international shooting championships, including five Olympic Games, and won several World Championship medals. Personal life
<mask> was born in the municipality of Sande in Vestfold, the son of farmers <mask> and Anna Kristine Freberg. On 2 May 1928, he married Kristiania-born Eleanor Chambers Poulsson, with whom he had one child before she died in 1933. In 1936 he married Astrid With, with whom he had two children. Through her, <mask> was a brother-in-law of wartime resistance member and engineer Bror With.He was also a cousin of fellow Olympic sport shooter Håkon <mask>. <mask> died in Oslo in 1965. Career

Early civilian and military career
<mask> graduated from the upper section of the Norwegian Military Academy in 1923, joining the 1st Division with the rank of first lieutenant. He served with the 14th Infantry Regiment, before transferring to the 1st Infantry Regiment in 1924. Having taken a course as an aviation scout at Kjeller Airport in 1925, he was transferred to the reserves in 1930. In civilian life, Aasnæs achieved his examen artium academic certification in 1920, and graduated with a cand.jur. law degree in 1925, which qualified him for work in the superior courts in 1927.After further studies in England, France and Denmark from 1926 to 1927, he was employed as an office manager at the cooperative insurance agency "Felleskontoret for Brandforsikring".

masks:
Hans Aasnæs
Aasnæs
Hans Alfred Aasnæs
Hans Aasnæs
Aasnæs
Hans Aasnæs
Aasnæs


texts:
 1930s
At the Norwegian national shooting championships, between 1934 and 1960, Aasnæs won a total of 29 gold medals in seven different shooting disciplines. He was also awarded the King's Cup six different years, the first time in 1934. He competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, where he placed ninth in 25 metre rapid fire pistol event. At the 1937 World Championships he won a silver medal in the running deer double shot event, and a bronze medal in the running deer single shot event. Aasnæs was a member of the Norwegian Officers' Pistol Club, the Oslo Sport Shooters and the Hunting Shooter Club. Second World War
Aasnæs was an army officer by profession.Following the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, he fought in the Norwegian Campaign at Valdres. At the time of the campaign he held the rank of captain. Aasnæs arrived in Valdres on 25 April 1940, and assumed command of Company 7, 2nd Battalion of the 10th Infantry Regiment. The day prior to Aasnæs' arrival, the company had been thrown back from their positions in heavy fighting with advancing German units, losing their commander. After leading the company in heavy fighting for several days, the battalion commander, Major Leonard Sæter, was wounded, and Aasnæs was promoted to command the entire 2nd Battalion on 30 April. As the Norwegian forces' situation became more desperate, Aasnæs and fellow battalion commander, Captain Olav B. Skaathun, agreed to merge the remains of their units in the Vestre Slidre area, in an attempt to continue resistance against the German advance. However, the commander of the Norwegian forces in Valdres, Colonel Gudbrand Østbye, realized his forces were in an


texts: unwinnable position, and ordered their capitulation on 1 May 1940.On 3 May 1940, the officers were sent by buses to Oslo, while the non-commissioned officers and men were sent by train to a prisoner-of-war camp at Hvalsmoen. The Norwegian prisoners of war from the Valdres front were released from captivity in groups during May and June 1940, the last officers being released in mid-June. In 1941 <mask> made his way to the United Kingdom and joined the exiled Norwegian forces there, initially assuming command of a company of the Norwegian Brigade in Scotland. In 1942 he was promoted to the rank of major. One of his former soldiers would later describe Aasnæs as "... a strict but good company commander." From February to August 1944 he served as chief of staff of the Norwegian Brigade in Scotland. During his time in exile, Aasnæs was involved in several conflicts with other exiled Norwegians.In addition to repeatedly criticising the Norwegian government in exile, he was one of a very few officers to criticise the exiled army's first commander, General Carl Gustav Fleischer, whom Aasnæs described as "... tired and worn by all the difficulties in the first time in England ...," and "... at the moment not fully able to build a Norwegian army in the United Kingdom ...." In the last months of the war, Aasnæs was angered by the Norwegian authorities decision to retain the Norwegian Brigade in Scotland, rather than deploy it to the front during the final battles against Germany. The Minister of Foreign Affairs during much of the period in exile, Trygve Lie, later described Aasnæs as "... a right-minded, somewhat conservative man ...." Lie also stated that Aasnæs was


texts:
 "honest", and "... a true patriot who saw it as his obligation to speak out." Post war
Having left the army that year, Aasnæs became the World Champion in the individual 100 metre running deer double shot event in 1947. He was also part of the Norwegian team that won a silver medal in the running deer double shot event, and bronze medal in the running deer single shot event. At the 1949 World Championships, he won a gold medal with the Norwegian team in the running deer combined event. In 1952, he won two team gold medals at the World Championships, in the running deer single shot and double shot events. At the 1954 World Championships he won a bronze medal in Olympic trap.He competed in five Olympic Games, with a 5th place in trap at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome as best result. Honours and awards
In addition to his numerous shooting awards and medals, <mask> was awarded the Norwegian Haakon VII 70th Anniversary Medal, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his wartime service. References

External links

1902 births
1965 deaths
People from Sande, Vestfold
Norwegian Military Academy alumni
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
Norwegian expatriates in England
Norwegian expatriates in France
Norwegian expatriates in Denmark
Norwegian male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters of Norway
Shooters at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Norwegian Army personnel of World War II
Norwegian prisoners of war in World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Officers of the Order of the


texts: <mask> (August 31, 1905November 18, 2004) was an American nuclear physicist and one of the leaders of the Manhattan Project. Born in Loudonville, Ohio, <mask> obtained his undergraduate degree and doctorate from the University of Michigan, writing his 1930 doctoral thesis under the supervision of Samuel Goudsmit on the Zeeman effect of the hyperfine structure of atomic levels. After graduate work at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he accepted a job at Columbia University. In 1935 he accepted an offer from Hans Bethe to work with him at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, It was there that <mask> collaborated with Bethe on his book Nuclear Physics. A: Stationary States of Nuclei (1936), the first of three books that would become known as the "Bethe Bible". In December 1940, <mask> joined the Radiation Laboratory at MIT, although he did not immediately cease his research at Cornell into the neutron cross section of cadmium. The Radiation Laboratory was organized into two sections, one for incoming radar signals, and one for outgoing radar signals.<mask> was appointed to handle the incoming signals section. Here he gained valuable experience in administration, coordinating not just the efforts of his scientists, but also those of General Electric and RCA. In 1942, <mask> was approached by <mask> to join the Manhattan Project at its new laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico. It was at <mask>'s insistence that Los Alamos became a civilian rather than a military laboratory. At Los Alamos, <mask> headed the project's P (Physics) Division, and later its G (Gadget) Division. <mask> worked closely with Oppenheimer, and the two men

masks:
Robert Fox Bacher
Bacher
Bacher
Bacher
Bacher
Bacher
Robert Oppenheimer
Bacher
Bacher
Bacher


texts:
 discussed the project's progress on a daily basis. After the war, <mask> became director of the Laboratory of Nuclear Studies at Cornell.He also served on the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, the civilian agency that replaced the wartime Manhattan Project, and in 1947 he became one of its inaugural commissioners. He left in 1949 to become head Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy at Caltech. He was appointed a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) in 1958. In 1962, he became Caltech's vice president and provost. He stepped down from the post of provost in 1970, and became a professor emeritus in 1976. He died in 2004 at the age of 99. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Loudonville, Ohio, on August 31, 1905, the only child of Harry and Byrl <mask>.In 1908, the family moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan, where Harry worked as a banker and Byrl as a voice teacher on the University of Michigan faculty. Bacher attended the W. S. Perry School, and later Ann Arbor High School. While there he met Professor Harrison M. Randall, the head of the physics department at the University of Michigan, who encouraged him to study physics. Bacher entered the University of Michigan, where he joined the Kappa Sigma fraternity and lived in the frat house. He became the house manager in his sophomore year, but moved back home in his junior year to concentrate on physics. At Randall's suggestion he applied to the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, which he entered in 1926 to study for his doctorate. His fees were paid by his family, but his father had a heart attack and could no longer afford them, so in 1927 Bacher moved back to Ann Arbor, where he lived at home, and attended the

masks:
Bacher
Bacher
Fox Bacher


texts: University of Michigan.He received a Charles A. Coffin Foundation Fellowship from General Electric. To build up the theoretical physics department at the University of Michigan, Randall recruited four distinguished young physicists to work at Ann Arbor in 1927: Otto Laporte, George Uhlenbeck, Samuel Goudsmit, and David M. Dennison. The University of Michigan was no longer a backwater in theoretical physics. Bacher immediately signed up for Goudsmit's course on atomic structure. With Goudsmit he investigated the Zeeman effect of hyperfine structure of atomic levels, which became the subject of his 1930 PhD thesis. On May 30, 1930, <mask> married Jean Dow. His mother gave them a Ford Model A and the use of the family's lakeside holiday house, where they entertained guests including Paul Ehrenfest and Enrico Fermi.In 1931, with a National Research Council Fellowship, he spent a year at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) because Ira Bowen taught there. At Caltech Bacher attended lectures by <mask>, but spent most of his time at the Mt. Wilson Observatory, which had a better library. Bacher decided to create a work listing the energy, coupling constant, parity and electron configurations of all the known atoms and ions, working with Goudsmit back in Ann Arbor. The result was a book, Atomic Energy States as Derived from the Analysis of Optical Spectra (1932), which they dedicated to Randall. In the second year of his National Research Council Fellowship, Bacher moved across the country to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to work with John C. Slater, who had taught Bacher at Harvard. While there, Slater asked him to conduct a seminar on John Chadwick's recent discovery of the

masks:
Bacher
Robert Oppenheimer


texts:
 neutron.Reading Chadwick's paper, he realized that anomalies in then-current theory would be resolved if the spin of the neutron was ½. This became the subject of a letter he submitted to the Physical Review with visiting scholar Edward Condon. A year later, Bacher became the first to suggest the neutron had a magnetic moment equal to about minus one nuclear magneton, based on the unusually small magnetic moment of nitrogen determined from its hyperfine structure. Afterwards Bacher returned to the University of Michigan on an Alfred H. Lloyd Fellowship. Jobs were hard to find at this time due to the Great Depression, and in 1934 he accepted a job at Columbia University, where he worked with Isidor Isaac Rabi, Jerrold Zacharias, Jerome Kellogg and Sid Millman. However it was difficult living in New York on his salary, and Jean gave birth to their first child, Martha, in December 1935. A second child, Andrew, was born in 1938.Bacher therefore accepted an offer from Hans Bethe to work with him at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Ithaca was a university town similar to Ann Arbor, where <mask> and Jean had been raised. At Cornell Bacher worked with Bethe on his book Nuclear Physics. A: Stationary States of Nuclei (1936), the first of three books that would become known as the "Bethe Bible". World War II

Radiation Laboratory

In December 1940 <mask> joined the Radiation Laboratory at MIT, but did not immediately cease his research. He reached an arrangement with its director, Lee Alvin DuBridge, to return to Cornell for four days every three weeks until it was completed. He was researching the neutron cross section of cadmium, a topic of interest to Enrico Fermi, who was attempting to build a

masks: Bacher Bacher


texts:
 nuclear reactor, but whose figures did not agree with Bacher's.Bacher carefully checked his results, and Fermi, convinced of their correctness, urged Bacher to publish them. <mask> submitted a paper to the Physical Review with instructions to withhold publication until after the war, and the paper was not published until 1946. DuBridge organized the Radiation Laboratory into two sections, one for incoming radar signals, and one for outgoing radar signals. <mask> was appointed to handle the incoming signals section. Here he gained valuable experience in administration, coordinating not just the efforts of his scientists, but also those of General Electric and RCA. He later recalled:

Manhattan Project
In 1942, <mask> and Rabi, the Radiation Laboratory's assistant director, were approached by Oppenheimer to join the Manhattan Project at its new laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico. They convinced Oppenheimer that the plan for a military laboratory would not work, since a scientific effort would need to be a civilian affair.The plan was modified, and the new laboratory would be a civilian one, run by the University of California under contract from the War Department. Bacher felt that this was his first contribution to the success of the project. He met with Oppenheimer at Los Alamos in April 1943, but was not convinced that he was needed. Oppenheimer wrote to him that:

Bacher then accepted the job at Los Alamos, moving there in May 1943 with his family to become the head of the Experimental Physics Division (P Division). His wife Jean Dow <mask> was also hired to work as a human computer in the Theoretical Division (T Division). For his seven group leaders he had John H. Williams, <mask>. Wilson,

masks:
Bacher
Bacher
Bacher
Bacher
Robert R


texts: John H. Manley, Darol K. Froman, Emilio G. Segrè, Bruno B. Rossi and Donald W. Kerst. <mask> worked closely with Oppenheimer, and the two men discussed the project's progress on a daily basis.In July 1944, Oppenheimer reorganized the laboratory to focus on the problem of building an implosion-type nuclear weapon, which was necessary because the gun-type design would not work with plutonium. P Division was broken up, and <mask> became the head of the G (for Gadget) Division. This much larger division contained eleven groups headed by leaders who included William Higinbotham, Seth Neddermeyer, Edwin McMillan, Luis Alvarez and Otto Frisch. While George Kistiakowsky's Explosives Division (X Division) developed the explosive lenses, G Division designed the rest of the weapon. There were numerous difficulties to overcome, not the least of which was devising a means of detonating the lenses with the required speed. <mask>. Christy's solid core design was chosen as the most likely design to succeed. To coordinate the efforts of the laboratory, Oppenheimer created the "Cowpuncher Committee", so-called because they were to "ride herd" on the implosion effort and coordinate all the efforts of the laboratory.It included <mask>, along with Samuel Allison, George Kistiakowsky, Deak Parsons, Charles Lauritsen and Hartley Rowe. Three days before the day the bomb was to be test detonated in the New Mexico desert, Bacher was part of the pit assembly team, which assembled the nuclear capsule (a cylindrical section of the uranium tamper, containing the plutonium core and initiator) in an old farmhouse near the Alamogordo testing site. When the capsule was driven to the shot tower and inserted into the spherical tamper,

masks:
Bacher
Bacher
Robert F
Bacher


texts:
 inside the explosive assembly, it stuck. Bacher recognized that expansion of the capsule due to the heat given off by the plutonium core was causing the jam, and that leaving the two parts in contact would equalize temperatures and allow the capsule to be inserted fully. After watching the test, his reaction was merely "Well, it works." Bacher was packaging the third core for shipment to Tinian on August 12 at the Ice House at Los Alamos when he received word that the Japanese had initiated surrender negotiations. He had already set G Division the task of designing and building new types of cores and assemblies, and he co-authored a report with <mask> urging the development of Edward Teller's Super bomb.He served on a committee chaired by Richard Tolman that looked into declassifying documents produced by the Manhattan Project, and one chaired by Manson Benedict that investigated the technical feasibility of international control of nuclear energy. For his services to the Manhattan Project <mask> was awarded the Medal for Merit on January 12, 1946. Post-World War II

Atomic Energy Commission
After the war, <mask> returned to Ithaca to head Cornell's Laboratory for Nuclear Studies. He agreed with Bethe that what Cornell needed to become a major player in high energy nuclear physics was a new synchrotron, but first he needed to find somewhere to put it. However, in 1946 <mask> was appointed to the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the new United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, along with fellow United States representatives Tolman and Oppenheimer. Bacher therefore had to divide his time between Ithaca and New York City. In October 1946 David Lilienthal asked <mask> to become one of the

masks:
Robert Wilson
Bacher
Bacher
Bacher
Bacher


texts: inaugural commissioners of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, the civilian agency that was being formed to replace the wartime Manhattan Project.As a Republican, <mask> was easily confirmed by the Senate members of the United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy by an 8–0 vote. As he was the only one of the five commissioners who was a scientist—an important factor in his decision to accept the post—he played a leading role in the selection of the Atomic Energy Commission's influential General Advisory Committee to which nine scientists were appointed: James Conant, Lee DuBridge, Enrico Fermi, <mask>, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Hartley Rowe, Glenn Seaborg, Cyril Stanley Smith and Hood Worthington. Bacher and fellow commissioner Sumner Pike began with an inspection of Los Alamos and the Hanford Site, and conducted an inventory of the fissionable material at Los Alamos with Norris Bradbury, who had succeeded Oppenheimer as its director. He found that only nine atomic bombs had been built in 1946; only four would be in 1947, primarily due to production problems with the reactors at Hanford. These problems were on their way to resolution when Bacher observed the Operation Sandstone nuclear tests at Enewetak Atoll in 1948 as the Atomic Energy Commission's representative. Bacher's original two-year term would have expired on January 1, 1949, but President Harry Truman convinced him to stay on. Bacher resigned in May 1949, and this time the President was unable to dissuade him.Bacher wished to return to academia, but <mask> was now the head of Cornell's Laboratory for Nuclear Studies, and <mask> felt that it would be awkward working for someone who was one of his group leaders at Los Alamos.

masks:
Bacher
Robert Oppenheimer
Robert Wilson
Bacher


texts:
 He therefore accepted an offer from Lee DuBridge of the chair of the Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy at Caltech. However the work at the Atomic Energy Commission was not so easily left behind. Senator Bourke Hickenlooper charged the commission with mismanagement, specifically cost overruns at Hanford, awarding a scholarship to a communist, and the loss of  of uranium from the Argonne National Laboratory. Bacher felt obligated to return to Washington to testify on Lilienthal's behalf before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Another crisis broke in September 1949 when the Air Force picked up signs of the Soviet Union's RDS-1 nuclear test. Bacher joined Oppenheimer, Parsons, General Hoyt Vandenberg, the Atomic Energy Commissioners and a British delegation under William Penney to discuss what to do.The recent devaluation of the British pound had already triggered a financial crisis, and there was concern about how the markets would react to the news. Oppenheimer and <mask> saw the evidence of a nuclear test as conclusive, and <mask> in particular came down strongly on the side of making a public announcement, as the number of people who already knew made a leak almost inevitable. Truman made the announcement a few days later. Caltech
The division chair that <mask> now occupied at Caltech had been vacant since <mask>. Millikan had retired in 1945. Although nominally a professorship, it was primarily an administrative post. In 1949 there were 17 professors in the department, of whom nine were physicists, two were astrophysicists, and the remaining six were mathematicians. There were two world class research laboratories funded by the Office of Naval Research, the Cosmic Ray Laboratory

masks:
Bacher
Bacher
Bacher
Robert A


texts: that had been founded by Millikan, which was now directed by Carl Anderson, and the W. K. Kellogg Radiation Laboratory which was directed by Charles Lauritsen.But there were no facilities for high energy physics; these would have to be created from scratch. In moving into high energy physics Bacher had the full support not just of DuBridge, but of Anderson and Lauritsen as well. Lauritsen had already hired <mask>ir to begin designing a new 600 MeV synchrotron, and Bacher found a large building to house it that had originally been used for grinding and polishing the Palomar Observatory's  mirror, but which had been empty since 1948. He arranged for Atomic Energy Commission and Office of Naval Research grants worth $1 million to build it and the other required facilities, and $300,000 a year to run it. Facilities were not enough; Bacher needed physicists. Lauritsen had made a start on this too, by hiring <mask>. Bacher hired experimental physicists Alvin V. Tollestrup, <mask>. Walker  and Matthew Sands.The physicist that Bacher decided he wanted most, though, was Richard Feynman. To get him, Bacher offered a large salary, and agreed to pay for Feynman's 1950–1951 sabbatical in Brazil. Feynman would go on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. In 1955 Bacher hired Murray Gell-Mann, who would win the Nobel Prize in 1969. The relatively new field of radio astronomy sparked <mask>'s interest, and he hired John Bolton and Gordon Stanley from the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in 1955. A grant from the Office of Naval Research allowed Bolton to build the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, which became an important center for the study of quasars. Caltech did not

masks:
Robert Langmu
Robert Christy
Robert M
Bacher


texts:
 spell an end to Bacher's service in Washington.He served two terms as a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, from November 18, 1953, to June 30, 1955, and from December 9, 1957, to December 31, 1959. During his first term he testified on behalf of his old friend at the Oppenheimer security hearing in 1954. During his second, he worked with James L. Fisk and Ernest Lawrence to examine how a Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty could be monitored. <mask> remained chair of the division of physics, mathematics and astronomy at Caltech until 1962, when he was appointed as vice president and provost. He stepped down from the post of provost in 1970 at the age of 65, and became a professor emeritus in 1976. He still did some research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and visited Caltech from time to time. In 1983 he was master of ceremonies at Los Alamos for events commemorating the 40th anniversary of the founding of the laboratory in 1943.<mask> died on November 18, 2004, at a retirement home in Montecito, California. He was survived by his daughter, <mask> Eaton, and son, Andrew Dow <mask>, a nuclear physicist working at Indiana University, his wife Jean having died on May 28, 1994. His papers are in the California Institute of Technology Archives. Notes

References

External links
1983 Audio Interview with <mask>er by Martin Sherwin Voices of the Manhattan Project
Annotated bibliography for <mask> from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Oral History interview transcript with <mask> June 30, 1966, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
Oral History interview transcript with <mask> February 13, 1986, American

masks:
Bacher
Bacher
Martha Bacher
Bacher
Robert Bach
Robert Bacher
Robert Bacher
Robert Bacher


texts:
 Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives

1905 births
2004 deaths
People from Loudonville, Ohio
People from Ann Arbor, Michigan
People from Los Alamos, New Mexico
American nuclear physicists
Manhattan Project people
Cornell University faculty
California Institute of Technology faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Fellows of the American Physical


texts:
<mask> (born 1965 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian composer working with a broad range of acoustic and digital media. His concert music consists of orchestral, chamber, solo, and vocal music, and often includes live electronics and soundfiles. He creates electroacoustic, radio, and installation pieces. <mask>’s music is regularly performed and broadcast in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America. He contributes all audio content and programming to the Hyposurface installation project, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Education
<mask> obtained his Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition from the University of British Columbia, where he studied with Keith Hamel. Between academic degrees, he studied with Louis Andriessen and Gilius van Bergeijk at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague.While living in Amsterdam, he worked with Michael Finnissy in Hove, England. He was one of ten composers selected to take part in the Cursus de Composition et Informatiques at IRCAM (Paris, 1996/97), where he had lessons with Tristan Murail. He attended master classes and individual lessons with Mauricio Kagel, Helmut Lachenmann, Jean-Claude Risset, Luciano Berio, Pierre Boulez, Brian Ferneyhough, Frederic Rzewski, Magnus Lindberg, and others. Career
During his student years, Steenhuisen was laureate of more than a dozen national and international awards for his music. These include four prizes in the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Young Composers Competition, seven in the PROCAN/SOCAN Competition, first prize in the Vancouver New Music Composers Competition, and the Governor General

masks:
Paul Steenhuisen
Steenhuisen
Steenhuisen


texts: of Canada Gold Medal as the outstanding student in all faculties (UBC, 1990). Music by Steenhuisen was selected for competition at the Gaudeamus Music Week. After a winter residency at the Banff Centre for the Arts, Steenhuisen became Associate Composer in Residence with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra (1998–2000).At the behest of the TSO, he wrote the chamber work Ciphering in Tongues, and orchestral pieces Airstream and Pensacola (a melodrama for orchestra, computer, and spatialized brass). Pensacola has been performed by the Esprit Orchestra, Orchestre Symphonique de Montréal, and the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra. During this time, Bramwell Tovey and the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra commissioned another orchestral piece, Your Soul is a Bottle Full of Thirsting Salt. Wonder, for orchestra, tape, and soprano, was commissioned by the CBC for the CBC Radio Orchestra, and was selected to represent Canada at the International Rostrum of Composers (UNESCO, Paris). It was ranked third in the world, and ascribed the honour of recommended’ work, with subsequent broadcasts in twenty-five countries. As a result, the Austrian Radio Philharmonic performed the work and commissioned Bread for Sylvain Cambreling and Klangforum Wien to perform at MuzikProtokoll in Graz, Austria. Bread was also performed at the 2001 ISCM World Music Days in Yokohama, Japan, by the Tokyo Ensemble COmeT, and at the BONK festival (Tampa, Florida), where Steenhuisen was a frequent guest.In 2003, Dr<mask> was appointed Assistant Professor of Composition at the University of Alberta, where he was the founder of the


texts:
 Electroacoustic Research Studios (UA-EARS). He served as director of the new studios until his resignation in 2007. In early 2009, the University of Alberta Press published its first music text, Steenhuisen’s Sonic Mosaics:  Conversations with Composers, a collection of interviews with thirty-two composers. In 2011 <mask> was awarded the Victor Martyn Lynch Staunton Award as the outstanding mid-career artist in music by the Canada Council. Affiliations
<mask> is an associate composer of the Canadian Music Centre, served on the Council of the Canadian League of Composers (2000–2008), and was President of the International Society for Contemporary Music, Canadian Section (2003–2008). He serves on the editorial board of the World New Music Magazine. Writing
Since 1987, <mask> has made contributions to numerous magazines and journals, including Discorder (CiTR Radio, Vancouver), MusicWorks, Circuit, Wholenote Magazine, Anjelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities, Contemporary Music Review, and others.Sonic Mosaics:  Conversations with Composers (UA Press, 2009) is a 314-page collection of interviews with composers. Works
 Orchestral
 Pensacola (2001/2002) Orchestra, spatialized brass, computer
 Your Soul is a Bottle Full of Thirsting Salt (2001) Large orchestra
 Airstream (1999) Orchestra
 Wonder (1996) Orchestra, tape, soprano
 Exegesis (1990) String orchestra

 Ensemble
 Intaglio sulla cervello  (2010) Piano Trio
 Copralite Culture and Analysis Results #1–20 (2008–09) Percussion and piano
 Material / Ultramaterial (2005) Eight instruments and soundfiles
 Sommes-nous pilotées par

masks:
Steenhuisen
Steenhuisen
Paul Steenhuisen


texts:
<mask> (November 23, 1914 – March 1, 1980), nicknamed Ash, was the first African American umpire in Major League Baseball, working in the American League from 1966 to 1970. Early life
<mask> was born in Los Angeles, California. His father, Littleton, was a policeman, but abandoned the family, leaving <mask>'s mother Adele to raise <mask> and his brother Wilbur. <mask> earned money selling Liberty magazine, and as a cashier in a supermarket. <mask> attended Jefferson High School, and was co-editor of the school paper, played baseball and track, and was the senior class president. <mask> attended Los Angeles Junior College. He graduated from Chapman University in 1941.In about 1936, <mask> took a job as a post office clerk, a position he held for 15 years. In the late 1930s, <mask> briefly attempted to play semipro baseball, but turned to umpiring when he was asked to fill in for an umpire who did not show up to a game. <mask> served in the Navy during World War II, and was inspired to become the first black major league umpire while stationed in Corpus Christi, Texas, when an announcement came on the radio that Jackie Robinson had broken baseball's color barrier. Early career
In 1951, <mask> took a leave of absence from his Santa Ana, California post office job, where he moonlighted as a Santa Ana municipal league softball and National Night Ball League of Southern California umpire. His colorful style included a personal trademark: when a batter received a base-on-balls, instead of simply calling "Ball Four," <mask> would grandly intone, "Ball Fo-uh, you may proceed to first base." He left Santa Ana to umpire in the Southwestern International League, becoming the first black umpire in the traditionally white professional baseball system. When he was offered a full-season umpiring job, <mask> resigned from the postal service.After the Southwestern International League folded mid-season, <mask> joined the Arizona–Texas League. He moved on to the Western International League in 1953, and was promoted to the Pacific Coast League in 1954. He worked with Cece

masks:
Emmett Littleton Ashford
Ashford
Ashford
Emmett
Ashford
Ashford
Ashford
Ashford
Ashford
Ashford
Ashford
Ashford
Ashford
Ashford


texts:
 Carlucci as his crew chief for 922 games. <mask> spent 12 years in the PCL, and became known for his exuberance, showmanship and energy, even interacting with the crowd between innings. During the off-seasons, <mask> refereed Pac-8 basketball games and college football. He also umpired in the Caribbean winter leagues, and ran several umpiring clinics. In 1963, <mask> was named the PCL's umpire-in-chief, making him responsible for training crews and advising the league on disputed games or rules.Major league career
By the early 1960s, many West Coast sportswriters began to suggest that <mask> be promoted to the major leagues. In September 1965, <mask>'s contract was sold to the American League. <mask> made his debut at D.C. Stadium on April 11, 1966. He quickly became a sensation, becoming known for sprinting around the infield after foul balls or plays on the bases. <mask> also brought a new style to being an umpire. He wore jewelry, including flashy cuff links, and wore polished shoes and freshly-pressed suits. While some observers believed that his race prevented him from working in the majors earlier than he did, others maintained that his flashy style actually delayed his major league debut due to general disdain for umpires to draw attention to themselves.The Sporting News stated that "For the first time in the history of the grand old American game, baseball fans may buy a ticket to watch an umpire perform." <mask> was the left field umpire in the 1967 All-Star Game, and worked all five games of the 1970 World Series, but did not work home plate. <mask> was one of the only umpires fiery Baltimore Orioles manager Earl Weaver was ever nice to during a game. During a doubleheader against Washington on April 13, 1969, <mask> ruled that a ball hit by Ken McMullen had landed fair in left field, when in actuality Don Buford had caught it just before it hit the ground. Weaver went up to <mask> and politely asked him, "Can you change your call? Just ask the other umpires, because I understand you couldn't see it where you were running from." The other

masks: Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford


texts:
 umpires all said Buford had made the catch, so <mask> reversed the call.<mask> reached the American League's retirement age of 55 in December 1969, but still umpired one additional season in 1970 before retiring. After umpiring
In 1971, <mask> was hired by Bowie Kuhn as a public relations adviser, a role in which <mask> spoke and held clinics on the west coast, and as far away as Korea. He also served as umpire-in-chief for the Alaskan summer league for three years. He appeared in television commercials, playing a cashier in an ad for A&P Grocery stores. <mask> also appeared as an umpire in the 1976 film The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings, and in episodes of Ironside, The Jacksons, and What's My Line?, in which <mask> appeared in his first major league season. <mask> was also a contestant on November 17, 1955, TV edition of You Bet Your Life. <mask> was inducted into the Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals in 2008.<mask> died of a heart attack at age 65 in Marina del Rey, California. Upon his death, Bowie Kuhn issued a statement, saying, "As the first black umpire in the major leagues, his magnanimous nature was sternly tested, but he was unshaken and uncomplaining, remaining the colorful, lively personality he was all his life." At his funeral, <mask> was eulogized by Kuhn and former USC baseball coach Rod Dedeaux. <mask> was cremated, and his ashes were interred in Cooperstown, New York. Further reading

See also

List of Major League Baseball umpires

References

External links
Retrosheet
SABR biography
<mask>'s appearance on You Bet Your Life, 1955
<mask> Ashford Oral History Interview - National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection

1914 births
1980 deaths
African-American sports officials
Chapman Panthers baseball players
Chapman University alumni
Los Angeles City College alumni
Major League Baseball umpires
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company
Baseball people from California
Jefferson High School (Los Angeles) alumni
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Baseball players from Los

masks: Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Ashford Emmett


texts:
<mask> (born September 19, 1966) is a German manager. From 2008 to 2010, he served as Chief executive officer of Hypo Real Estate Bank. Family and academic background

<mask> was born in Bochum (Germany) as the son of <mask>, who later became a well known German banker. In 1986 he started his academic studies at the WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management (WHU), where he graduated with a degree in Business Administration (“Diplom Kaufmann”). Between 1988 and 1990 he was a scholar of the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes. In 1992, he earned an MBA degree at the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University (Illinois), supported by a DAAD scholarship. In 1993 earned a doctorate degree in Business Administration (“Dr.rer. pol.”) at the WHU with Professor Horst Albach as his thesis advisor. Career

Wieandt started his career 1993 with McKinsey & Company in Düsseldorf and Boston. Between 1997 and 1998 he worked for Morgan Stanley in London in the Mergers & Acquisitions and Restructuring Department. Deutsche Bank

In 1998, he left Morgan Stanley to join Deutsche Bank. In 2000 Wieandt became the youngest divisional head in Deutsche Bank's Corporate Center. As Head of Corporate Development, Wieandt and his team were in charge of developing Deutsche Bank's Group strategy as well as executing strategic transactions.From 2003 on, he was also appointed Global Head of Corporate Investments, with responsibility for the bank's entire investment portfolio. Hypo Real Estate (HRE)

In October 2008, <mask> was appointed chief executive officer and chairman of the management board of Hypo Real Estate (HRE), at

masks:
Axel Wieandt
Axel Wieandt
Paul Wieandt
Axel Wieandt


texts: the time when the company was experiencing severe financial difficulties as a result of the financial crisis. Under <mask>'s predecessor, Georg Funke, HRE had run into a liquidity crisis because of its subsidiary DEPFA Bank, following the failure of Lehman Brothers. The only way of saving HRE was through substantial guarantees of liquidity and capital injections from the German government. State support was justified on the basis of the bank's systemic relevance. Over the course of 2009, Germany's Federal Government ultimately became the sole owner of HRE. During his chairmanship pbb Deutsche Pfandbriefbank was launched as the “new strategic core bank” of HRE Group.HRE's strategic portfolio was bundled in pbb Deutsche Pfandbriefbank, which concentrated on new business while focussing its operations on Real Estate and Public Sector Finance. Through this “good bank”, new German “Pfandbriefe” were again placed in the market. In addition, the set-up of a “bad bank”, FMS Wertmanagement, was initiated. In addition to his position as Chairman of the Management Board, <mask> was appointed Chief Financial Officer in December 2008 and, as of February 2009, he was assigned responsibility for the Real Estate division of HRE. On March 25, 2010, he offered his resignation as chief executive officer to the supervisory board of HRE. The supervisory board accepted and released him from his duties. According to a HRE press release, the reasons cited for this were differences in opinion regarding the management of the company between the CEO and the Financial Market Stabilization Fund (SoFFin, the governmental entity that

masks: Wieandt Wieandt


texts:
 owns HRE).According to insiders, Wieandt demanded more entrepreneurial freedom from the government, the sole owner of HRE. Whereas according to Wieandt, the bank's core capital ratio should be kept above ten percent, the SoFFin's chief executive Hannes Rehm had promised a “gentle handling” of taxpayers’ money and urged for a lower figure. Another point of contention centred on the question as to whether discretionary compensation payments amounting to €25 million could be contractually agreed with key personnel relevant for the restructuring of HRE. Wieandt feared an exodus of specialists, which was already the case in HRE's locations in New York and Dublin, where competitors were recruiting with higher compensation. These gaps later had to be filled by far more expensive consultants. However, SoFFin initially refused the discretionary compensation payments. The third reason for Wieandt's departure from HRE was connected to SoFFin efforts to push through extensive disclosure obligations within short time intervals.In the case of non-compliance, contractual penalties in the millions were to apply, which the bank could then require its Management Board members to pay. Wieandt opposed such increased liabilities. According to insiders, this was actually the crucial point. Return to Deutsche Bank

On June 1, 2010, Wieandt returned to Deutsche Bank, where he was a Managing Director in the Corporate Center responsible for Integration Management. Credit Suisse

On July 1, 2011, Wieandt joined the Investment Banking Department of Credit Suisse as a Managing Director. There he was responsible for covering Corporate