texts: was an All Star for the Cotuit Kettleers, for which his father had played in 1988. In his sophomore year for the 2014 Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team, after an injury slowed his start he played outfield for the Commodores, who won the 2014 College World Series. In 65 games in his junior year for the 2015 Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team, Wiseman hit .318/.419/.566 with 66 runs (2nd in the Southeastern Conference), 39 walks (tied for 6th), 16 doubles, 4 triples (10th), 14 home runs (tied for 6th), a .567 slugging percentage (8th), and stole 12 bases in 14 attempts. Wiseman was the 14th-youngest college position player. He was named an All-American. The team again made it to the College Baseball World Series finals, but lost this time. Wiseman was hit in his neck by an 89 mph fastball while batting during a College World Series game against TCU, and was hit so hard that the impact left a red mark that even showed the outlines of the baseball's laces on his neck, but stayed in the game (telling his coach "it's the College World Series, baby.You're not taking me out of this game") and went on to hit a home run innings later. MLB Draft Guide'''s scouting report on him said: “A power/speed combination in center field, <mask> Wiseman is often compared to Johnny Damon. Wiseman has a short quick swing.... A pull hitter with some loft, he has plus bat speed and good power potential. Wiseman ... is dangerous on the base paths. Wiseman shows good actions in center field and has been improving defensively. His speed allows him to cover plenty of ground and while he lacks a cannon, his arm is accurate and playable in center. Wiseman plays all out on every play, both in the field and on the bases.He is the type of player that fans and coaches will love.”  ESPNHS in their scouting report wrote:


type: original

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 “One of the best outfielders in the 2012 class, Wiseman is a five tool prospect....”  He was selected to the 2015 Jewish Sports Review College Baseball All-America team. Minor leagues
Wiseman was drafted in the third round of the 2015 Major League Baseball draft by the Washington Nationals, after having been ranked # 88 by Baseball America -- as one of its youngest top-rated college position players.Chelsea Janes, "Nationals draft day two: Rounds 3-10", The Washington Post, June 9, 2015. The Nationals signed him for a $554,100 signing bonus in July 2015. Wiseman began his professional career in 2015 with the Auburn Doubledays of the Short-Season Class A New York–Penn League.Lacy Lusk, "Nats' Wiseman Knows More Work Is Ahead", Baseball America, February 16, 2016 He was voted Player of the Week on July 20, 2015, in the New York–Penn League. He spent all of 2015 with Auburn, batting .248 with five home runs and 35 RBIs in 54 games. The Baseball America 2016 Prospect Handbook'' said that he had athleticism, raw tools, bat speed, strength, good route running and instincts in the outfield, and fit best in right field, but that he struck out at a high rate. Wiseman was Washington’s # 21 prospect going into the 2016 season.<mask> spent 2016 playing for the Hagerstown Suns, of the Class A South Atlantic League, where he posted a .255 batting average along with 13 home runs, 71 runs (tied for 7th in the South Atlantic League), 75 RBIs (5th in the league), 19 stolen bases, and 9 sacrifice hits (2nd in the league). <mask> spent 2017 with the Potomac Nationals of the Class A+ Carolina League, with whom he batted .229 with 13 home runs and 55 RBIs in 123 games. In 2018, Wiseman played again for the Potomac Nationals, for whom he was Carolina League  Player of the Week on August 26. He batted

masks: Wiseman Wiseman


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 .253/.361 (tied for 10th in the Carolina League)/.484 (3rd) with 21 home runs (3rd; and leading all Washington Nationals minor leaguers), 63 walks (tied for 4th), 65 runs (tied for 8th), and 63 RBIs (9th) in 116 games. On defense in the outfield, he had nine assists. He was named a post-season Carolina League All Star. Wiseman was named Eastern League Player of the Week on April 14, 2019, MiLB.com Eastern League Player of the Month in April 2019, and a mid-season Eastern League All Star.For the season with the Harrisburg Senators of the Class AA Eastern League, he batted .215/.298/.412 with 15 home runs (tied for 7th in the league) and 57 RBIs in 335 at bats; he also batted .308/.438/1.000 with three home runs in a four-game stint with the Auburn Doubledays of the Class A-Short New York-Penn League. Team Israel
In March 2016, Wiseman said: "I would love to play for Israel in the World Baseball Classic too. Oh my goodness. I would love that. That would be a dream. That would be incredible." In September 2016, Wiseman played for Israel at the 2017 World Baseball Classic qualifier.<mask> started all three games in left field, batting seventh. During the opening game, Wiseman went 1 for 3 with a walk, run scored, and RBI while being picked off and caught stealing. Wiseman went 0 for 3 in the second game, before being pinch hit for by Blake Gailen. Wiseman again went hitless in the final game, in 4 at bats, finishing the series with a .100 batting average. References

External links

Twitter

1994 births
Auburn Doubledays players
Baseball players from Massachusetts
Hagerstown Suns players
Jewish American baseball players
People from Mansfield, Massachusetts
Potomac Nationals players
Living people
Vanderbilt Commodores baseball players
Buckingham Browne & Nichols School alumni
Cotuit


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Charles Stoneham "<mask>" <mask> (August 31, 1921January 10, 1994) was an American front office executive in Major League Baseball. Feeney was vice president of the San Francisco Giants, president of the National League (NL), and president of the San Diego Padres during a 40-plus year career in professional baseball. He narrowly missed being elected Commissioner of Baseball in 1969. Feeney was a respected figure among writers and fellow executives. After Feeney was elected president of the National League in 1970, Red Smith described him as "a class guy, a gentleman, a delightful companion." Early life and career
<mask> was born in Orange, New Jersey to <mask> and Mary Alice (Stoneham) <mask>. It was a baseball family; Mary Alice was the daughter of Charles Stoneham, principal owner of the New York Giants from  until his death in 1936, and the sister of Horace Stoneham, who owned the Giants from 1936 through 1976 and transferred it to San Francisco in 1958.Charles Stoneham felt that every boy should want to be a baseball star, but his grandson was not athletically gifted. Feeney was a batboy for the Jersey City Giants, a farm team of the New York Giants, but that was the limit of his athletic career on the diamond. Instead, Feeney attended Dartmouth College, where he tried out to be an assistant manager of the school's baseball team as a sophomore and worked his way up to manager. The team was coached by Jeff Tesreau, a former Giants player himself, who instilled values of working toward establishing a solid basis for consistent victory as a program. After graduation from Dartmouth in 1943, Feeney served in the United States Navy until the end of World War II, about two and a half years.

masks:
Chub
Feeney
Feeney
Thadus Feeney
Feeney


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 Upon separation from the Navy, he joined the New York Giants front office at the age of 24 as vice president in 1946 while he attended Fordham Law School. He passed the New York Bar exam in 1949 and by 1950, Feeney was in effect the general manager of the Giants.Two pennants in Manhattan
The postwar Giants were a second-division team of slow-footed sluggers with poor fielding and mediocre pitching. On July 16, 1948, Stoneham and Feeney made a dramatic change. They replaced manager Mel Ott, a popular, Hall of Fame hitter and lifelong Giant, with the controversial and abrasive Leo Durocher, who had been managing their bitter crosstown rivals, the Brooklyn Dodgers. Asked by Stoneham to evaluate his new team, Durocher, no sentimentalist, reportedly replied: "Back up the truck", meaning wholesale changes were needed. Within  years — and with the decision to follow Brooklyn in breaking the color line — Durocher, Stoneham and Feeney's front office had built the Giants into a hard-playing, balanced team of pitching, hitting, speed and defense. In 1951, the Giants battled back from a  game deficit on August 11, winning 37 of their last 44 games to force a best-of-three pennant playoff with Brooklyn. After splitting the first two games, the Giants overcame one last hurdle — a 4–1, ninth-inning Brooklyn lead in Game 3 — to beat the Dodgers on Bobby Thomson's three-run home run, baseball's version of the "Shot Heard 'Round the World."The Giants had won their first National League pennant since 1937, but they dropped the 1951 World Series in six games to the New York Yankees. Brooklyn dominated the NL for the next two seasons, but, in 1954, Durocher's Giants — led by the league's two leading


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 hitters, batting champion Willie Mays and runner-up Don Mueller — won the pennant by five games. They drew the Cleveland Indians, who had set an American League record by winning 111 games, as their opponents in the 1954 World Series. But the Giants won in four straight games, highlighted by Mays' game-saving catch of Vic Wertz' long drive in Game 1, the clutch hitting of obscure outfielder and pinch hitter Dusty Rhodes, and effective pitching from four different starters. Unfortunately, the 1954 Fall Classic was the last highlight of the Giants' 70-plus year history in New York City. Attendance plunged in the years that immediately followed, and after Durocher's resignation in 1955 to become a "Game of the Week" baseball broadcaster, the team played poorly. By 1957, owner Stoneham had decided to leave for greener pastures, ultimately choosing San Francisco as the team's destination to preserve its historic rivalry with the Dodgers, who simultaneously moved to Los Angeles.Contenders, and mainly bridesmaids, in San Francisco
The Giants returned to the first division upon moving to the West Coast, led by players produced by the club's minor league system. Feeney and minor league director Carl Hubbell, the Hall of Fame pitcher, had stocked the team with outstanding young talent — especially African-American and Latin-American players, exploiting lingering prejudice by most other Major League clubs. The Giants were the first team to sign players from the Dominican Republic, bringing to San Francisco stars such as Juan Marichal, Felipe Alou and Matty Alou. The Giants also were the first MLB team to sign a player from Japan, Masanori Murakami, a left-handed pitcher who debuted in 1964. In


texts:
 1962, the Giants and Dodgers engaged in a West Coast version of the 1951 pennant chase. The Dodgers built an early lead in the National League race, but began to fall to earth when ace left-hander Sandy Koufax was sidelined by a finger ailment. By season's end, the teams were deadlocked, at 101 wins and 61 defeats.Again, a best-of-three playoff would determine the champion, and — again — the Giants would rally in the ninth inning of Game 3 (this time from a 4–2 deficit) to beat the Dodgers. But the deciding game was played in Los Angeles, thus the winning run — forced in by a bases-loaded walk — was not a "walk-off" situation and lacked the drama of Thomson's home run. The Giants, as in '51, faced the Yankees in the 1962 World Series and lost, this time in seven games. Although San Francisco remained a first-division team, and frequent contender, during the rest of the 1960s, it did not win another pennant in the decade; in fact, the team won one division championship from 1969 through 1986 (1971), and did not appear in the World Series again until 1989. The Giants finished in second place for four successive seasons (1965–68). By 1969, the team was showing signs of age and decline. Concurrently, Feeney was being considered for prominent positions within Major League Baseball's hierarchy.After his candidacy for Commissioner of Baseball fell short, <mask> succeeded Warren Giles as National League president on December 5, 1969. President of the National League
During his 17-year (1970–86) presidency, the National League continued its dominance of the All-Star Game, losing only in 1971, 1983 and 1986 and winning 14 times, although the American League prevailed in the World Series, 9–8,


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 during this period. Feeney rallied NL owners to resist adoption of the designated hitter and presided over a period of stability, as the league neither expanded nor moved a franchise during his term. (Ironically, the NL team that came closest to moving was Stoneham's Giants, which were nearly sold to a Toronto consortium in 1976. The owner who saved the Giants for San Francisco in 1976, Bob Lurie, nearly moved the team to St. Petersburg, Florida in 1992.) Just before his tenure as NL president ended, he made an appearance on Jeopardy! in the revived show's second season in 1986.As he passed his 65th birthday, <mask> was succeeded as NL president by A. Bartlett Giamatti. His baseball career concluded with a 15-month tour as president of the San Diego Padres (1987–88), which ended with his resignation the day after he gave the finger to fans carrying a "SCRUB CHUB" sign on Fan Appreciation Night in San Diego on September 24, 1988. <mask> died on January 10, 1994, of a heart attack in San Francisco at the age of 72. He is interred at Skylawn Memorial Park in San Mateo, California. Survivors included his daughter Katy (1949–2017), who was a longtime senior executive for both the National League and Major League Baseball. References

External links

1921 births
1994 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Burials in California
Dartmouth College alumni
Jeopardy! contestants
Major League Baseball executives
Major League Baseball general managers
National League presidents
New York Giants (NL) executives
People from Orange, New Jersey
San Diego Padres executives
San Francisco Giants executives
United States Navy officers
Fordham University School of Law alumni
Military personnel

masks: Feeney Feeney


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<mask> is a former United States Department of Justice official. A former Associate Deputy Attorney General and former director of the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF), as of February 2018 <mask> was working in the Justice Department's Criminal Division. He is an expert on transnational organized crime and has spent most of his career overseeing gang and racketeering-related prosecutions, including Russian organized crime. <mask> was little-known until 2018, when he became the subject of scrutiny when he was involved in the start of the Russian interference in the 2016 election probe. He was criticized by President Donald Trump, who accused <mask> of abusing his access to sensitive information. No evidence has emerged that <mask> was involved in the initiation of the Russia probe or that Ohr mishandled sensitive information. According to a comprehensive review by ABC News, Ohr "had little impact on the FBI’s growing probe into Trump and his associates."The Department of Justice Inspector General reported that <mask> had made "consequential errors in judgment" in failing to inform his supervisors about his role in the investigation. On September 30, 2020, <mask> retired from his position at DOJ "after his counsel was informed that a final decision on a disciplinary review being conducted by Department senior career officials was imminent". Education

Ohr graduated from Harvard College in 1984 with a degree in physics and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1987. Career

Ohr worked for a law firm in San Francisco before becoming a career civil servant at the U.S. Department of Justice, ultimately rising to the rank of Associate Deputy Attorney General. He was an assistant U.S. Attorney in the Southern District of New York from 1991 to 1999, and was head of the office's Violent Gangs Unit before

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Bruce Genesoke Ohr
Ohr
Ohr
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Ohr
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 joining the Justice Department's Washington headquarters as the head of the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section of the Criminal Division, where <mask> managed teams investigating and prosecuting crime syndicates in Russia and eastern Europe. In 2006, <mask> was one of a number of U.S. government officials who made the decision to revoke the visa of Oleg Deripaska, a Russian oligarch and Vladimir Putin ally. In 2010, <mask> moved to a new position as counsel for international relations in DOJ's Transnational organized crime and international affairs section.In 2014 he became director of the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF). In 2014–2016, <mask> was involved in a wide–ranging clandestine effort by the U.S. government to recruit Russia's richest men close to Vladimir Putin, such as Oleg Deripaska, as informants for the U.S. government. During this time, Ohr had contacts with the former British intelligence officer Christopher Steele, whom he had first met in 2007. Steele was also involved in this effort. Steele later authored the Trump–Russia dossier in 2016. The New York Times reported that this recruitment effort did not "appear to have scored any successes"; and in Deripaska's case, Deripaska is said to have even notified the Russian authorities about the American effort to recruit him. <mask> later became associate deputy attorney general, but lost that position in late 2017, although he remained director of OCDETF for a time.<mask> was later demoted by the Department of Justice amid the Senate Intelligence Committee's discovery of his meetings with Christopher Steele and Fusion GPS founder Glenn Simpson. Russia probe

<mask> had repeated contacts with FBI agents during the fall and winter of 2016–2017, where he shared information he had received from Steele's dossier research. During this

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Ohr
Ohr
Ohr
Bruce Ohr
Ohr
Ohr
Ohr


texts: time, <mask> failed to inform his supervisors in the Justice Department of his role, actions which were "shocking" to Rod Rosenstein when he learned of <mask>'s role. Rosenstein stated that Ohr "appeared to be serving as an 'intermediary' with Steele". The dossier was prepared under a contract to the DNC and the Clinton campaign, by the opposition research firm Fusion GPS. During the 2016 election, <mask>'s wife, Nellie <mask>, a Russia specialist, worked for Fusion GPS as an independent contractor. Nellie <mask>, according to a Republican-led investigation, conducted "research and analysis" of Donald Trump for Fusion GPS.An ABC News report stated that Nellie <mask> "was not directly involved in the 'dossier' while she worked for Fusion GPS." Steele had been an official source of intelligence for the FBI in the Russian-interference probe before the election, until he was terminated as a source in November 2016 for unauthorized contacts with the media. Following the election, Steele continued to provide information to Ohr at the Justice Department, who forwarded this information to the FBI. FBI agents interviewed Ohr a dozen times regarding contacts with Steele, recording interviews in classified form "302 reports". <mask>, himself, also documented the contacts in 63 pages of unclassified notes and emails. <mask>'s contacts with Steele were mentioned in the controversial Nunes memo, written by Devin Nunes, chair of the Republican-led House Intelligence Committee, which was released in February 2018. The Nunes memo, which focused on the Justice Department's process for obtaining a FISA warrant to wiretap Trump associate Carter Page in October 2016, said that Ohr was aware of Steele's bias against Trump in September 2016.The memo alleged that Steele's reported bias against Trump was not mentioned in the FISA warrant

masks: Ohr Ohr Bruce Ohr Ohr Ohr Ohr Ohr


texts: application and that the FISA court was misled. A competing memo by Democrats on the House Intelligence Committee said that the FISA warrant made clear that the Steele dossier was paid opposition research likely intended to discredit the Trump campaign in the 2016 election and that the court was therefore not misled. Ohr documented Steele's opinions on Trump in November 2016 (several weeks after the initial FISA warrant against Page had been approved by the FISA court), saying Steele "was desperate that Donald Trump not get elected and was passionate about him not being president." Ohr was not assigned to work in counterintelligence operations and was not known to be involved in obtaining the FISA warrant. According to BBC News, the fact that Ohr recorded Steele's opinions "somewhat [undercuts] the accusation of rampant bias within the department, given that a truly compromised individual wouldn't jot that sort of thing down." In 2018, <mask> became the subject of right-wing conspiracy theories which alleged that he played an important role in starting the probe into Russian interference in the 2016 election. The conspiracy theories allege that the origins of the Russia probe were biased and were intended to undermine then-candidate Trump.President Trump and many Republicans have falsely claimed the Steele dossier was used to start the investigation. But in fact the July 2016 launch of the FBI investigation was triggered, not by the dossier, but by a report that Trump campaign advisor George Papadopoulos knew, before it became public knowledge, that the Russians possessed damaging information about Hillary Clinton in the form of "thousands" of stolen emails. This origin of the probe is confirmed in the Nunes memo itself. Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein has stated that as far as he knew, <mask> was not involved

masks: Ohr Ohr


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 with the Russia investigation, and told the House Judiciary Committee that Ohr had "no role" in the investigation. The claim that the origins of the Russia probe were tainted is unsubstantiated. The FBI did not publicly reveal the ongoing investigation into the Trump campaign during the campaign, in part so as not to hurt his electoral chances, contradicting the claim that the probe was an attempt to undermine Trump's candidacy. Trump called <mask> a "disgrace" in a tweet in August 2018 and suggested that he would revoke <mask>'s security clearance.There is no publicly available evidence that suggests <mask> mishandled sensitive information. Trump's threat to strip Ohr of his security clearance came amid threats to revoke the security clearances of a number of current and former officials who had criticized Trump or been involved in the Russia probe. According to The Washington Post, White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders and her deputy Bill Shine discussed the best timing to announce the revocations as a way of distracting from unfavorable news cycles. Rep. Jim Jordan, a critic of the probe into Russian interference in the 2016 election, called for <mask>'s firing. On August 28, 2018, Ohr gave testimony in a closed hearing to two Republican-led House committees looking into decisions made by the DOJ ahead of the 2016 presidential election. See also

 Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

References

External links

 <mask> <mask>, State Bar of California listing

American lawyers
Drug Enforcement Administration personnel
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Lawyers who have represented the United States government
Living people
People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing

masks:
Ohr
Ohr
Ohr
Ohr
Bruce Genesoke
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<mask> (1945) is an American tattoo artist born in Newport Beach, California, known for his tattoos, strong influence in the development of modern tattoo styles, and his eponymous apparel and accessories brand. Early life
<mask> was born in 1945 in Costa Mesa, California. As a preteen a young <mask> was interested in tattoos: one of his friends' fathers had army tattoos, and it intrigued him so much that he took pens and colored pencils to other neighborhood kids (in what would become a precursor to his future artistic endeavors). <mask> also credits his mother, who was a huge supporter of his work and encouraged him to follow his passions. <mask> had his first art exhibit, the Laguna Beach Art Festival, after graduating from high school. He attended the San Francisco Art Institute and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in printmaking. While there, <mask> studied under some of the most well-known art aficionados and connoisseurs: he learned drawing from Joan Brown, etching from Gordon Cook, and sculpting from Manuel Neri.He was later offered and earned a full scholarship and post graduate position at Yale’s school of arts. He declined and instead pursued other goals and aspirations, namely tattoos. Career

<mask> was mentored by several famous and prolific tattoo artists, among them Samuel Steward (also known by his nickname “Professor” Phil Sparrow). Sparrow was a former novelist, poet and academic turned tattoo artist who had made a name for himself in this very seedy underground lifestyle. This was surreal for <mask>; In his youth, he had copied the designs of the aforementioned legendary artist. Not only would <mask> learn under the watchful eyes of Steward (at the latter's Oakland California studio), under the former's tutelage

masks:
Don Ed Hardy
Hardy
Ed Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
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texts: the latter's career would be indelibly marked and changed. At some point, Steward showed his young ingenue a book of Japanese tattoos.<mask>, who had already been interested in Japanese history, culture and woodblock prints, had an epiphany; he described it as being struck by “lightning.”  This would become the genesis for his incorporation of eastern styles, methods and modes into his own repertoire and reserve of knowledge and skills. While Steward can be seen as one of the earliest and most prominent figures in <mask>’s life, experiences in other studios honed and sharpened his skills, allowing him to cut his teeth and earn his proverbial bones. When <mask> finished his apprenticeship with Steward, he moved all around North America, from the Bay Area to Vancouver. He worked under famed artists Zeke Owen (in Seattle) and Doc Webb (in San Diego). Eventually <mask> formed a relationship with one of the pioneers of modern tattoo culture, Sailor Jerry Collins, who would have an immense impact and outcome on his then-current and future endeavors. He met with and began a long correspondence with Sailor Jerry, which paved the way for an introduction into a world previously closed off to outsiders. Through Jerry’s connections, <mask> began an association, in 1973, with the classical tattoo master .<mask> studied and tattooed in Japan off and on through the '70s and '80s. According to <mask>, his clientele at the time included bikers and Yakuza members. <mask> soon became recognized for being the main influence and driver in incorporating Japanese tattoo aesthetics and techniques into American styles of work. One of the defining characteristics of <mask>’s work is the elevation of tattoos from flash, preset and preformed tattoos, to

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


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 customized and personalized work. Before this, it was very common for individuals, often those in the U.S. Navy, to walk into studios/or the back of other businesses and select artwork off of a wall. <mask>’s motivations were more aesthetically simple: to focus on one's self-expression, the resulting tattoos reflecting the individual's taste and preferences. This would be collaborative, done in consultation between tattoo artists and client.For <mask> this was about customization and personalization, thus the wearer would have an emotional connection. This fine art mentality helped elevate tattoos from a subculture to pop culture, taking it from fringe culture to main culture. Legacy
In 1982, <mask> and his longtime friend Ernie Carafa, formed Hardy Marks Publications. Under this marque, they began publishing the five-book series Tattootime. <mask> Marks has gone on to publish more than 25 books about alternative art, including catalogs of <mask>'s work and that of Sailor Jerry Collins. EEE Productions (<mask>, <mask>e, and Ernie Carafa) put together the first tattoo convention on the Queen Mary, as well as organizing many other tattoo conventions and expos. In 2000, he was appointed by Oakland Mayor Jerry Brown to the city's Cultural Arts Commission.Today, <mask> is retired from tattooing. He oversees and mentors the artists at his San Francisco studio, Tattoo City. One of <mask>’s last apprentices or mentees was Mary Joy Scott, featured on Tattoo Age (a short-lived documentary by VICE Media profiling tattoo artists who have gained fame and, welcomed, notoriety within the profession at large). Brands

In the early 2000s, <mask> licensed Ku USA, Inc. to produce a clothing line based on his artwork. Within two years, the collection had

masks:
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Ed Hardy
Ed Nolt
Hardy
Hardy
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texts: drawn the interest of Saks Incorporated. <mask> and Ku USA formed Hardy Life, now Hardy Way LLC, which owns the <mask> brand and trademarks. The brand has subsequently been extensively licensed, at one point having 70 sublicensees, selling clothing, accessories, lighters, perfume, hair styling tools, and condoms.The most famous licensee was Christian Audigier, previously of Von Dutch Originals, which marketed the imagery of Kenny Howard (aka Von Dutch), another noted American subculture artist. Audigier licensed the worldwide rights to the <mask> brand in 2005 through his holding company, Nervous Tattoo, and employed the marketing techniques employed by Von Dutch Originals, marketing directly to celebrity clients and by opening stores in high-profile fashion districts. <mask> stores were located in San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles, Boston, Seattle, Minneapolis, Honolulu, Scottsdale, Tucson, Vancouver, Dubai, Johannesburg, Kuwait, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, Gurgaon, Delhi, Mumbai, and Qatar. The face of the brand (from 2008) was Sarah Larson. The brand gained significant popularity under Audigier, peaking at more than $700 million in gross revenue in 2009, but collapsed quickly in the following two years, leading to the closure of many stores. Among others, the Australian sublicensee of <mask> (owned and operated by Gary Berman) entered administration and closed in 2010. <mask> blamed the collapse on creative and marketing decisions by Audigier, such as Audigier featuring his own name prominently on branded items (on one item 14 times, compared to <mask>'s once), and prominent association with short-lived reality TV celebrity Jon Gosselin.Following legal battles, <mask> regained control of the brand in 2010, though as part of the

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Ed Hardy
Ed Hardy
Ed Hardy
Ed Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy


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 settlement Nervous remained a licensee for T-shirts, hats, and hoodies. In May 2009, Iconix Brand Group announced it had acquired a 50 percent interest in Hardy Way, LLC, the owner of the Ed <mask> brand and trademarks, which it increased to 85% in 2011. Hardy retains a 15% minority stake. In 2018, the brand successfully relaunched in Europe, and collaborations were presented with Missguided and Illustrated People amongst other brands, the latter sold via Selfridges, Asos and Topshop. In 2019, the brand carried out a further global collaboration with Rose In Good Faith. Today, <mask> apparel is sold in Europe at Zalando, House of Fraser and USC as well as independents, via monobrand stores across China and at department stores globally. Works
 Bull's Eyes & Black Eyes, Hardy Marks Publications 2003.The Elephants' Graveyard, Frederick Spratt Gallery 2002. Smart art press - by <mask> <mask>, Smart Art Press 2000. Tattooing the Invisible Man, Bodies of Work, Hardy Marks Publications/Smart Art Press 2000. Permanent Curios, Smart Art Press 1997.
 tattoo-time, ART FROM THE HEART, Hardy Marks Publications, Hawaii 1991.
 tattoo-time 4, LIVE AND DEATH TATTOS, Hardy Marks Publications, Hawaii 1988.
 tattoo-time 3, MUSIC & SEA TATTOOS, Hardy Marks Publications, Hawaii 1988.
 tattoo-time 2, TATTOO MAGIC, Hardy Marks Publications, Hawaii 1988.
 tattoo-time 1, NEW TRIBALISM, Hardy Marks Publications, Hawaii 1988. References
Notes

Bibliography
 Wong, Allison (2006) 10 Years - The Contemporary Museum at First Hawaiian Center - Tenth Anniversary Exhibition, Honolulu, Hawaii: The Contemporary Museum. p. 47

External links

1946 births
Living people
American tattoo artists
Artists from California
San Francisco Art Institute alumni
Artists from the San

masks:
Hardy
Ed Hardy
Don Ed
Hardy


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<mask> is a visual artist, record producer, musician, songwriter, and designer. He grew up in Seattle, Washington where he was very active in the arts as a youth. He was a young cellist in the Seattle Youth Symphony Orchestras from ages 8–12. He also formed a hip-hop group in high school and later an original rock band with his younger brother. He relocated to Providence, Rhode Island as a young adult and earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in sculpture from the Rhode Island School of Design. Bain remained in New England after earning his degree, subsequently becoming an active and integral member of Providence's exploding art community. His visual art is represented in numerous private collections, museums and at the Rhode Island School of Design Museum.In the summer of 2019, Bain did a large-scale wall installation at the Brown University Perry and Marty Granoff Center for the Creative Arts entitled “We Are All Carbon Beings”. Lustre Kings
Between high school and college, Bain traveled the United States extensively. His travels took him to Jamaica, West Indies, a trip that indelibly influenced his life. Shortly after this first visit, his childhood friend, Corrin Haskell, taught school in Jamaica  and came back with a 7” inch vinyl record he produced. Bain immediately jumped on board to co-found independent US based reggae label, Lustre Kings Productions in 1997. Bain spent 13 years living in Brooklyn, New York where he continued to be a producer and visual artist. He has traveled and worked extensively in the United States, Europe, Jamaica and throughout the Caribbean, which have all influenced his life, art and


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 music.Music production and Zion I Kings

Bain is an accomplished sound record engineer, mixing engineer, and songwriter. He is one third of the prolific modern roots reggae production team Zion I Kings as well as the writing and production duo PaperStars, both parties receiving a Grammy Award nomination in 2013 for Snoop Lion Reincarnated (album). Bain continues to make a significant mark in the genre of modern roots reggae music. He has written and produced records for artists such as Wyclef Jean, Sizzla, Snoop Dogg, Diplo, Protoje, Major Lazer, Midnite, Anthony B, Blakkamoore, Lutan Fyah and many others. Recently Bain completed production on Blakkamoore’s third full-length studio album, Upward Spiral. As well as French/New Caledonian artist Marcus Gad’s next album Rhtyhm of Serenity (Lustre Kings/Baco Records ). In 2010, Bain co-founded Providence, Rhode Island-based Rock & Soul band, Boo City.Boo City’s sound has many stylistic influences including Soul, Rhythm & Blues, Rock, Hip-Hop, and Reggae. In addition to Boo City, he is currently working on a solo project under the moniker, Brown Bones, an acoustic, urban-folk inspired album with subtle electronic elements. Discography

2020
 Upward Spiral – Blakkamoore
 Rhtyhm of Serenity – Marcus Gad
 Mash Down Riddim- Zion I Kings
 Culture Dem 4 – Lustre Kings Productions

2019
 Not Another Word – Protoje, Lila Ike, Agent Sasco
 Rebel With a Cause – Pressure Busspipe
 Rebirth- Marlon Asher
 Get Aktive – Junior Natural
 Mek A Menshun – Akae Beka
 Life of a Gheto Youth Vol. Illuminati Congo
 Songbird Riddim - Various Artists / Zion I Kings

2012
 Jah Golden Throne- Various


texts:
 Artists
 Meditation – Nazarenes
 Masterpiece  - Glen Washington

2011
 Back for the First Time - Perfect Giddimani
 To Your Majesty – Danny I
 Unto the Pure – Illuminati Congo feat. Digital Ancient

2010
 Babylon Nightmare - Jahdan Blakkamoore
 Black Gold – Toussaint

2009
 Guns Don’t Kill People, Lazers Do – Major Lazer
 Proverbs Riddim – Various Artists
 Lustre Kings in Dub Vol. 1 - Various Artists / Digital Ancient
 Know the Road - Norris Man
 Culture Dem vol. 3 – Various Artists

2008
 Infinite Dub - Midnite-Lustre Kings
 The Shining Riddim
 Joy Bells Ringing - Al Pancho
 Take Charge - Noble Society

2007
 Red Razor Riddim - Various Artists
 Unchangeable – Danny I
 Royal Muzik vol.1 (Japanese Import)
 Live from the Frontline - Various Artists
 Rastafari Unity EP – Various Artists
 Infinite Quality – Midnite-Lustre Kings

2006
 New Day Riddim – Various Artists
 Salvation – The Lambsbread

2005
 Time and Place –  Lutan Fyah
 Talking Drum Riddim – Various Artists
 Culture Dem vol. 2 - Various Artists
 Holding Firm – Ras Attitude

2004
 No Polotics Riddim - Various Artist
 Calling All Jah Children - Various Artist

2003
 Fortune Teller Riddim – Various Artists
 The Future - Turbulence
 Alarm Clock Riddim – Various Artists

2002
 African Charm Riddim – Various Artists
 Credential Riddim – Various Artists
 Culture Dem – Various Artists

2001
 Future Flow Riddim – Various Artists

2000
 Black Mystic Riddim – Various Artists
 Culture Dem – Various Artists

1999
 Ites Riddim – Various Artists
 Fire Works Riddim – Various Artists

References

Year of birth missing (living


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<mask> (September 15, 1914 – March 21, 2002) was a Dutch-born American sociologist, social critic, and author. He was John M. Olin Professor of Jurisprudence and Public Policy at Fordham University. He was best known for his contributions to National Review. Life and career
<mask> was born in 1914 in The Hague to Moses “Max” Melamerson and <mask>. He changed his surname in the early 1940s. While <mask> was still young, his family moved to Italy. <mask> grew up in Italy, and following his education began a life in politics.In the late 1930s, he was a left-wing activist and communist. During this time, Italy was ruled by Benito Mussolini's fascist regime. In 1937, <mask> Haag was nearly murdered by a political assassin who shot him five times. After being shot, he spent nearly three years in prison. Nearly eighteen months of those three years were spent in solitary confinement. After release, fearing re-imprisonment, <mask> <mask> drifted between European countries in an attempt to evade Italy and Mussolini. In 1940, he made his way to Portugal and fled to the United States, arriving at Ellis Island, not knowing any English.Living in New York, <mask> Haag worked as a bus boy and sold vegetables; eventually he was able to secure admission to the University at Iowa, where a group of faculty members recognized his intellectual gifts and agreed to pay for his tuition. In 1942, <mask> <mask> graduated with an M.A in economics. The same year, <mask> Haag met the political philosopher Sidney Hook. His friendship with Hook forever changed <mask> Haag, converting him from being a left-wing activist and communist, to the opposite end of the spectrum; <mask> Haag was now a conservative. Over the years, <mask> <mask> took particular interest in the field of capital punishment and the death penalty. His book Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question (1975) developed

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 his reputation on being one of the foremost thinkers and proponents on the death penalty. <mask> Haag was considered by his colleagues to be an expert on the issue of capital punishment.<mask> <mask> died in Mendham, New Jersey. On racial segregation in public schools
He was an early critic of the social science behind the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education which found segregation in schools unconstitutional, and testified in favor of segregation. He also argued in print that continued school segregation was desirable because of the genetic intellectual inferiority of Africans. In an article in the pages of the National Review, one given pride of place on the magazine's front cover, <mask> Haag dismissed recent research debunking innate ethnic differences in intelligence, and stated that he himself believed such differences to exist and to account for "much" of the poorer academic performance of black students, and that such differences necessitated separate schooling. This article in fact caused quite a shock among the readers of the National Review, several of whom wrote angry letters against the decision to print such "bigotry." In 1966, he testified before the International Court of Justice in support of  apartheid in South Africa. On race-neutrality in U.S. immigration policy
In another article, from 1965, he criticized the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which replaced an immigration system largely excluding Asians and discriminating against southern and eastern Europeans with a race-neutral program based on skills and family connections to U.S. citizens and permanent residents, which enabled an increase in immigration from Asia.<mask> <mask> instead advocated greater rather than less immigration restriction. He also expressly defended the practice of fashioning immigration policies in favor of European ethnicity, arguing that "The wish

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 to preserve... the identity of one's nation requires no justification." He likened such a practice to a harmless expression of sentiment, similar to preferring to associate with one's own family rather than strangers. "The wish not to see one's country overrun by groups one regards as alien need not be based on feelings of superiority or 'racism.'" On the death penalty
<mask> <mask>’s particular field of interest, the field he contributed the most to in terms of publications, was the death penalty. <mask> <mask> was a respected debater, and when he was not contributing to the National Review or other publications, he was active in debating the issue of the death penalty. His main argument in its defense stemmed from key themes such as deterrence, and punishment for severe criminals.<mask> <mask>’s ideology is clearly conservative; in his book Punishing Criminals, he defines the primary role of government as “securing rights and duties by specifying them through laws and enforcing the laws.” <mask> Haag believed the paramount duty of government is to “provide legal order in which citizens can be secure in their lives, their liberties, and their pursuit of happiness.” The law exists to provide legal order. <mask> Haag disputed claims that capital punishment is just a form of legal retribution by claiming that if laws are knowingly broken, legal order can only be maintained by enforcement. Justice, <mask> Haag claimed, is blindfolded, while retribution carries the weight of passion behind it; justice being delivered to someone who violates social order knowingly is equal, thus the term legal retribution is void. <mask> <mask> also argued that people commit crimes because they believe, one way or another, they will benefit from committing the crime. Thus it is society’s duty to make all crimes as disadvantageous as possible. <mask> Haag uses economic examples to further prove

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texts: his point. In economics, there is a concept named opportunity cost.Opportunity cost forces an individual to weigh the benefits versus the sacrifices of making a decision. <mask> Haag believes people look at committing the crime the same way they would view an opportunity; they would weigh the profits versus the punishment. Temptation to commit a crime will be significantly decreased if the punishment for committing the crime is more severe. The death penalty offers the greatest weighted punishment for committing an offense. <mask> Haag also related Marxist theory behind his justification of the death penalty. Marxists, <mask> Haag argued, believe that “Legal justice never can do less, though it can do more.”  Legal justice should distribute punishment equally among violators and more frequently in order to deter crime. <mask> Haag also related to the Marxist belief in class warfare.<mask> <mask> states, “Obviously, the poor and powerless are more tempted to take what is not theirs, or to rebel, than the powerful and wealthy, who need not take what they already have.”  The threat of severe punishment diminishes temptation, which <mask> <mask> argued is to be the greatest use of the death penalty, deterrence. <mask> Haag also believed that law breakers have more of an inclination to do it again. Breaking the law leads to a form of moral decay when eventually offenders no longer can distinguish right from wrong, thus repeat offending is a common occurrence. His response to this was, “The only permanent, and irrevocable incapacitation is execution.”  <mask> <mask> believed that any temporary or permanent incapacitation only reduces the crime rate if there are no more compensating increases in crime by other people. However, if no strong deterrents such as the death penalty existed, an increase in crime and criminals will still be a factor. <mask> Haag believed homicide to be

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 the most deplorable crime a human being can commit. <mask> <mask>, in his book The Death Penalty : A Debate, argues that “the state must teach that killing anyone deliberately, for whatever reason, is needless and wrong.”

<mask> <mask> believed that capital punishment has a direct correlation with a decrease in murders.Rehabilitation as a response to murdering criminals is not an option because, as <mask> Haag states, “no effective method to achieve it [Rehabilitation] has been found.”  If a proper method of rehabilitation can be found, it would not reduce the crime rate, because rehabilitation only works after the crime has been committed. Deterrence is the only thing that can have any effect on the actual crime rate. Overall, <mask> Haag directed his argument toward the fact that the death penalty ought only to exist to protect innocent lives. To sum up his entire argument against his opposition in one quote, <mask> Haag contends, “I’d rather execute a man convicted of having murdered others than put the lives of innocents at risk. I find it hard to understand the opposite choice.”  <mask> Haag recognized that innocent people would sometimes be executed. Literary works
Throughout his life, <mask> <mask> wrote many books and articles about society, and more specifically about capital punishment. His works include:
 The Death Penalty: A Debate, 1983 (co-authored with John P. Conrad)
 The Jewish Mystique, 1968
 Political violence and civil disobedience, 1972
 Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question, 1975

References

External links
 The war in Katanga; the United Nations in the Congo, report of a mission.by <mask> <mask>
 <mask> <mask>, The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense. 1914 births
2002 deaths
American sociologists
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Fordham University faculty
Race and intelligence controversy
Social critics
Writers from New York

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<mask> (; 3 February 1898 – 11 May 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware, as well as sculptures and paintings. He never regarded himself as an artist, seeing painting and sculpture as "branches of the tree whose trunk is architecture." <mask>'s early career ran in parallel with the rapid economic growth and industrialization of Finland during the first half of the 20th century. Many of his clients were industrialists, among them the Ahlström-Gullichsen family. The span of his career, from the 1920s to the 1970s, is reflected in the styles of his work, ranging from Nordic Classicism of the early work, to a rational International Style Modernism during the 1930s to a more organic modernist style from the 1940s onwards. Typical for his entire career is a concern for design as a Gesamtkunstwerk, a total work of art, in which he – together with his first wife <mask> – would design the building, and give special treatment to the interior surfaces, furniture, lamps and glassware.His furniture designs are considered Scandinavian Modern, in the sense of a concern for materials, especially wood, and simplification but also technical experimentation, which led him to receiving patents for various manufacturing processes, such as bent wood. As a designer he is celebrated as the inventor of bent plywood furniture. The Alvar Aalto Museum, designed by <mask> himself, is located in what is regarded as his home city Jyväskylä. Biography

Life

<mask> <mask> was born in Kuortane, Finland. His father, Johan Henrik <mask>, was a Finnish-speaking land-surveyor and his mother, Selma Matilda "Selly" (née Hackstedt) was a Swedish-speaking

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texts: postmistress. When <mask> was 5 years old, the family moved to Alajärvi, and from there to Jyväskylä in Central Finland. He studied at the Jyväskylä Lyceum school, where he completed his basic education in 1916, and took drawing lessons from local artist Jonas Heiska.In 1916, he then enrolled to study architecture at the Helsinki University of Technology. His studies were interrupted by the Finnish Civil War, in which he fought. He fought on the side of the White Army and fought at the Battle of Länkipohja and the Battle of Tampere. He built his first piece of architecture while a student; a house for his parents at Alajärvi. Later, he continued his education, graduating in 1921. In the summer of 1922 he began military service, finishing at Hamina reserve officer training school, and was promoted to reserve second lieutenant in June 1923. In 1920, while a student, <mask> made his first trip abroad, travelling via Stockholm to Gothenburg, where he briefly found work with architect Arvid Bjerke.In 1922, he accomplished his first independent piece at the Industrial Exposition in Tampere. In 1923, he returned to Jyväskylä, where he opened an architectural office under the name '<mask> <mask>, Architect and Monumental Artist'. At that time he wrote articles for the Jyväskylä newspaper Sisä-Suomi under the pseudonym Remus. During this time, he designed a number of small single-family houses in Jyväskylä, and the office's workload steadily increased. On 6 October 1924, <mask> married architect Aino Marsio. Their honeymoon in Italy was <mask>'s first trip there, though Aino had previously made a study trip there. The latter trip together sealed an intellectual bond with the culture of the

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 Mediterranean region that remained important to Aalto for life.On their return they continued with several local projects, notably the Jyväskylä Worker's Club, which incorporated a number of motifs which they had studied during their trip, most notably the decorations of the Festival hall modelled on the Rucellai Sepulchre in Florence by Leon Battista Alberti. After winning the architecture competition for the Southwest Finland Agricultural Cooperative building in 1927, the Aaltos moved their office to Turku. They had made contact with the city's most progressive architect, Erik Bryggman before moving. They began collaborating with him, most notably on the Turku Fair of 1928–29. Aalto's biographer, Göran Schildt, claimed that Bryggman was the only architect with whom Aalto cooperated as an equal. With an increasing quantity of work in the Finnish capital, the Aaltos' office moved again in 1933 to Helsinki. The Aaltos designed and built a joint house-office (1935–36) for themselves in Munkkiniemi, Helsinki, but later (1954–56) had a purpose-built office erected in the same neighbourhood – now the former is a "home museum" and the latter the premises of the Alvar Aalto Academy.In 1926, the young <mask> designed and had built for themselves a summer cottage in Alajärvi, Villa Flora. Death
Aino <mask> died of cancer in 1949. Aino and <mask> <mask> had two children, a daughter, Johanna "Hanni", Mrs Alanen (born 1925), and a son, Hamilkar <mask> (born 1928). In 1952, <mask> married architect Elissa Mäkiniemi (died 1994), who had been working as an assistant in his office. In 1952, he designed and built a summer cottage, the so-called Experimental House, for himself and his new wife in Muuratsalo in

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 Central Finland. <mask> <mask> died on 11 May 1976, in Helsinki, and is buried in the Hietaniemi cemetery in Helsinki. His wife and the office employees continued the works of the office which were still in progress.In 1978 the Museum of Finnish Architecture in Helsinki arranged a major exhibition of <mask>'s works. Architecture career

Early career: classicism

Although he is sometimes regarded as among the first and most influential architects of Nordic modernism, closer examination reveals that <mask> (while a pioneer in Finland) closely followed and had personal contacts with other pioneers in Sweden, in particular Gunnar Asplund and Sven Markelius. What they, and many others of that generation in the Nordic countries shared, was a common classical education and an approach to classical architecture, that historians now call Nordic Classicism It was a style that had been a reaction to the previous dominant style of National Romanticism before moving, in the late 1920s, towards Modernism. Upon returning to Jyväskylä in 1923 to establish his own architect's office, <mask> designed several single-family homes designed in the style of Nordic Classicism. For example, the manor-like house for his mother's cousin Terho Manner in Töysa (1923), a summer villa for the Jyväskylä chief constable (also from 1923) and the Alatalo farmhouse in Tarvaala (1924). During this period he completed his first public buildings, the Jyväskylä Workers' Club in 1925, the Jyväskylä Defence Corps Building in 1926 and the Seinäjoki Civil Guard House building in 1924–29. He entered several architectural competitions for prestigious state public buildings, in Finland and abroad.This included two competitions for the

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 Finnish Parliament building in 1923 and 1924, the extension to the University of Helsinki in 1931, and the building to house the League of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1926–27. <mask>'s first church design to be completed, Muurame church, illustrates his transition from Nordic Classicism to Functionalism. This was the period when <mask> was most prolific in his writings, with articles for professional journals and newspapers. Among his most well-known essays from this period are "Urban culture" (1924), "Temple baths on Jyväskylä ridge" (1925), "Abbé Coignard's sermon" (1925), and "From doorstep to living room" (1926). Early career: functionalism
The shift in <mask>'s design approach from classicism to modernism is epitomised by the Viipuri Library in Vyborg (1927–35), which went through a transformation from an originally classical competition entry proposal to the completed high-modernist building. His humanistic approach is in full evidence in the library: the interior displays natural materials, warm colours, and undulating lines. Due to problems about financing and a change of site, the Viipuri Library project lasted eight years.During that time he designed the Standard Apartment Building (1928–29) in Turku, Turun Sanomat Building (1929–30) and Paimio Sanatorium (1929–32). A number of factors heralded <mask>'s shift towards modernism: on a personal level, <mask>'s increased familiarization of international trends, especially after travelling throughout Europe, but in terms of completed projects it was the client of the Standard Apartment Building giving <mask> the opportunity to experiment with concrete prefabrication, the cutting-edge Corbusian form language of the Turun Sanomat

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texts: Building, and these were then carried forward both in the Paimio Sanatorium and in the ongoing design for the library. Although the Turun Sanomat Building and Paimio Sanatorium are comparatively pure modernist works, they carried the seeds of his questioning of such an orthodox modernist approach and a move to a more daring, synthetic attitude. It has been pointed out that the planning principle for Paimio Sanatorium – the splayed wings – was indebted to the Zonnestraal Sanatorium (1925–31) by Jan Duiker, which Aalto visited while under construction. While these early Functionalist works by Aalto bear hallmarks of influences from Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and other key modernist figures of central Europe, in all these buildings <mask> nevertheless started to show his individuality in a departure from such norms with the introduction of organic references. Through Sven Markelius, <mask> became a member of the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM), attending the second congress in Frankfurt in 1929 and the fourth congress in Athens in 1933, where he established a close friendship with László Moholy-Nagy, Sigfried Giedion and Philip Morton Shand. It was during this time that he followed closely the work of the main driving force behind the new modernism, Le Corbusier, and visited him in his Paris office several times in the following years.It was not until the completion of the Paimio Sanatorium (1932) and Viipuri Library (1935) that <mask> first achieved world attention in architecture. His reputation grew in the US following the invitation to hold a retrospective exhibition of his works at the MOMA in New York in 1938, which was his visit to the US. The significance of the

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 exhibition – which later went on a 12-city tour of the country – is in the fact that he was the second-ever architect – after Le Corbusier – to have a solo exhibition at the museum. His reputation grew in the US following the critical reception of his design for the Finnish Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair, described by Frank Lloyd Wright as a "work of genius". It could be said that <mask>'s international reputation was sealed with his inclusion in the second edition of Sigfried Giedion's influential book on Modernist architecture, Space, Time and Architecture: The growth of a new tradition (1949), in which <mask> received more attention than any other Modernist architect, including Le Corbusier. In his analysis of <mask>, Giedion gave primacy to qualities that depart from direct functionality, such as mood, atmosphere, intensity of life and even national characteristics, declaring that "Finland is with <mask> wherever he goes". Mid career: experimentation
During the 1930s <mask> spent some time experimenting with laminated wood, sculpture and abstract relief, characterized by irregular curved forms.Utilizing this knowledge he was able to solve technical problems concerning the flexibility of wood and also of working out spatial issues in his designs. <mask>'s early experiments with wood and his move away from a purist modernism would be tested in built form with the commission to design Villa Mairea (1939) in Noormarkku, the luxury home of young industrialist couple Harry and Maire Gullichsen. It was Maire Gullichsen who acted as the main client, and she worked closely not only with <mask> but also Aino <mask> on the design, inspiring them to be more daring in their work. The

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texts: original design was to include a private art gallery: this was not built. The building forms a U-shape around a central inner 'garden', where the central feature is a kidney-shaped swimming pool. Adjacent to the pool is a sauna executed in a rustic style, alluding to both Finnish and Japanese precedents. The design of the house is a synthesis of numerous stylistic influences, from traditional Finnish vernacular to purist modernism, as well as influences from English and Japanese architecture.While the house is clearly intended for a wealthy family, <mask> nevertheless argued that it was also an experiment that would prove useful in the design of mass housing. His increased fame led to offers and commissions outside Finland. In 1941 he accepted an invitation as a visiting professor to Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the US. Because of the Second World War, he returned to Finland to direct the Reconstruction Office. Post war, he returned to MIT, where he designed the student dormitory Baker House, completed in 1949. The dormitory lay along the Charles River and its undulating form provided maximum view and ventilation for each resident. This building was the first building of <mask>'s redbrick period.Originally used in Baker House to signify the Ivy League university tradition, on his return to Finland <mask> used it in a number of key buildings, in particular, in several of the buildings in the new Helsinki University of Technology campus (starting in 1950), Säynätsalo Town Hall (1952), Helsinki Pensions Institute (1954), Helsinki House of Culture (1958), as well as in his own summer house, the Experimental House in Muuratsalo (1957). In the 1950s <mask> immersed himself in sculpting:

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 wood, bronze, marble or mixed media. Among notable works from this period is the memorial to the Battle of Suomussalmi (1960). Located on the battlefield, it consists of a leaning bronze pillar on a pedestal. Mature career: monumentalism
The early 1960s and 1970s (until his death in 1976) were marked by key works in Helsinki, in particular the huge town plan for the void in centre of Helsinki adjacent to Töölö Bay and the vast railway yards, and marked on the edges by significant buildings such as the National Museum and the main railway station, both by Eliel Saarinen. In his town plan <mask> proposed a line of separate marble-clad buildings fronting the bay which would house various cultural institutions, including a concert hall, opera, museum of architecture and headquarters for the Finnish Academy. The scheme also extended into the Kamppi district with a series of tall office blocks.<mask> first presented his scheme in 1961, but it went through various modifications during the early 1960s. Only two fragments of the overall plan were realized: the Finlandia Hall concert hall (1976) fronting Töölö Bay, and an office building in the Kamppi district for the Helsinki Electricity Company (1975). The Miesian formal language of geometric grids employed in the buildings was also used by <mask> for other sites in Helsinki, including the Enso-Gutzeit headquarters building (1962), the Academic Bookstore (1962) and the SYP Bank building (1969). Following <mask>'s death in 1976 his office continued to operate under the direction of his widow Elissa, completing works already (to some extent) designed. These works include the Jyväskylä City Theatre and Essen opera house. Since the death of Elissa <mask>

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 the office has continued to operate as the Alvar Aalto Academy, giving advice on the restoration of Aalto buildings and organising vast archive material. Furniture career

Whereas <mask> was famous for his architecture, his furniture designs were well thought of and are still popular today.He studied Josef Hoffmann and the Wiener Werkstätte, and for a period of time, worked under Eliel Saarinen. He also gained inspiration from Gebrüder Thonet. During the late 1920s and 1930s he, working closely with Aino <mask>, also focusing much of his energy on furniture design, partly due to the decision to design much of the individual furniture pieces and lamps for the Paimio Sanatorium. Of particular significance was the experimentation in bent plywood chairs, most notably the so-called Paimio chair, which had been designed for the sitting tuberculosis patient, and the Model 60 stacking stool. The Aaltos, together with visual arts promoter Maire Gullichsen and art historian Nils-Gustav Hahl founded the Artek company in 1935, ostensibly to sell Aalto products but also other imported products. He became the first furniture designer to use the cantilever principle in chair design using wood. Awards
Aalto's awards included the Prince Eugen Medal in 1954, the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture from the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1957 and the Gold Medal from the American Institute of Architects in 1963.He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1957. He also was a member of the Academy of Finland, and was its president from 1963 to 1968. From 1925 to 1956 he was a member of the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne. In 1960 he received an

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 honorary doctorate at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Works
<mask>'s career spans the changes in style from (Nordic Classicism) to purist International Style Modernism to a more personal, synthetic and idiosyncratic Modernism. <mask>'s wide field of design activity ranges from the large scale of city planning and architecture to interior design, furniture and glassware design and painting. It has been estimated that during his entire career <mask> designed over 500 individual buildings, approximately 300 of which were built, the vast majority of which are in Finland.He also has a few buildings in France, Germany, Italy and the USA. <mask>'s work with wood, was influenced by early Scandinavian architects. His experiments and departure from the norm brought attention to his ability to make wood do things not previously done. His techniques in the way he cut the beech tree, for example, and also his ability to use plywood as structural and aesthetic. Other examples include the rough-hewn vertical placement of logs at his pavilion at the Lapua expo, looking similar to a medieval barricade, at the orchestra platform at Turku and the Paris expo at the World Fair, he used varying sizes and shapes of planks. Also at Paris and at Villa Mairea he utilized birch boarding in a vertical arrangement. Also his famous undulating walls and ceilings made of red pine.In his roofing, he created massive spans (155-foot at the covered statium at Otaniemi) all without tie rods. His stairway at Villa Mairea, he evokes feelings of a natural forest by binding beech wood with withes into columns. <mask> claimed that his paintings were not made as individual artworks but as part of his process


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 of architectural design, and many of his small-scale "sculptural" experiments with wood led to later larger architectural details and forms. These experiments also led to a number of patents: for example, he invented a new form of laminated bent-plywood furniture in 1932 (which was patented in 1933). His experimental method had been influenced by his meetings with various members of the Bauhaus design school, especially László Moholy-Nagy, whom he first met in 1930. <mask>'s furniture was exhibited in London in 1935, to great critical acclaim, and to cope with the consumer demand <mask>, together with his wife Aino, Maire Gullichsen and Nils-Gustav Hahl founded the company Artek that same year. Aalto glassware (Aino as well as Alvar) is manufactured by Iittala.<mask>'s 'High Stool' and 'Stool E60' (manufactured by Artek) are currently used in Apple Stores across the world to serve as seating for customers. Finished in black lacquer, the stools are used to seat customers at the 'Genius Bar' and also in other areas of the store at times when seating is required for a product workshop or special event. <mask> was also influential in bringing modern art to the knowledge of the Finnish people, in particular the work of his friends, Alexander Milne Calder and Fernand Léger. Taidemuseo, Jyväskylä, Finland
 1970–1973: Sähkötalo, Helsinki, Finland
 1978 (completed): Ristinkirkko, Lahti, Finland
 1959–1988: Essen opera house, Essen, Germany
 1986: Rovaniemi city hall, Rovaniemi, Finland

Furniture and glassware

Chairs
 1932: Paimio Chair
 1933: Model 60 stacking stool
 1933: Four-legged Stool E60
 1935–36: Armchair 404 (a/k/a/ Zebra Tank Chair)
 1939: Armchair 406
Lamps
 1954: Floor lamp A805
 1959:


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 Floor lamp A810
Vases
 1936: <mask> Vase

Quotations
 "God created paper for the purpose of drawing architecture on it. Everything else is at least for me an abuse of paper." <mask> <mask>, Sketches, 1978, 104. "We should work for simple, good, undecorated things" and he continues, "but things which are in harmony with the human being and organically suited to the little man in the street."<mask> <mask>, speech in London 1957. <mask> has an early place in any alphabetical list, and in May 2020 his entry in the combined index of Who Was Who was second out of 131,546 entries. First was Robert Aagaard, a furniture maker. Critique of <mask>'s architecture
As already mentioned, <mask>'s international reputation was sealed with his inclusion in the second edition of Sigfried Giedion's influential book on Modernist architecture, Space, Time and Architecture: The growth of a new tradition (1949), in which <mask> received more attention than any other Modernist architect, including Le Corbusier. In his analysis of <mask>, Giedion gave primacy to qualities that depart from direct functionality, such as mood, atmosphere, intensity of life and even national characteristics, declaring that "Finland is with <mask> wherever he goes". However, a few more recent architecture critics and historians have questioned <mask>'s position of influence in the canonic history. Italian Marxist architecture historians Manfredo Tafuri and Francesco Dal Co put forward the viewpoint that <mask>'s "historical significance has perhaps been rather exaggerated; with Aalto we are outside of the great themes that have made the course of contemporary architecture so dramatic.The qualities of his works have a meaning only as

masks: Aalto Alvar Aalto Alvar Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto


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 masterful distractions, not subject to reproduction outside the remote reality [sic] in which they have their roots." Their viewpoint was propounded by their own priority given to urbanism, seeing <mask> as an anti-urban, and thus consequently disparaging what they regarded as peripheral non-urban areas of the world: "Essentially his architecture is not appropriate to urban typologies." Similarly concerned with the appropriateness of <mask>'s form language, at the other end of the political spectrum, American postmodernist critic Charles Jencks made a claim for the need for buildings to signify meaning; however, he then lifted out <mask>'s Pensions Institute building as an example of what he termed <mask>'s 'soft paternalism': "Conceived as a fragmented mass to break up the feeling of bureaucracy, it succeeds all too well in being humane and killing the pensioner with kindness. The forms are familiar red brick and ribbon-strip windows broken by copper and bronze elements – all carried through with a literal-mindedness that borders on the soporific." But also during <mask>'s lifetime he faced critique from his fellow architects in Finland, most notably Kirmo Mikkola and Juhani Pallasmaa; by the last decade of his life <mask>'s work was seen as idiosyncratic and individualistic, when the opposing tendencies of rationalism and constructivism – often championed under left-wing politics – argued for anonymous virtually non-aesthetic architecture. Mikkola wrote of <mask>'s late works: "<mask> has moved to his present baroque line..."

Memorials
<mask> has been commemorated in a number of ways:
 <mask> <mask> is the eponym of the Alvar Aalto Medal, now considered one of world architecture's most

masks: Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto Aalto Alvar Aalto


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 prestigious awards. Aalto was featured in the 50 mk note in the last series of the Finnish markka (before its replacement by the Euro in 2002).The centenary of <mask>'s birth in 1998 was marked in Finland not only by several books and exhibitions, but also by the promotion of specially bottled red and white Aalto Wine and a specially designed cupcake. In 1976, the year of his death, <mask>, a square named after <mask>, can be found in the Porta Nuova business district of Milan, Italy
 Aalto University, a Finnish university formed by merging Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki School of Economics and TaiK in 2010, is named after <mask> <mask>. An Alvar Aallon katu (Alvar Aalto Street) can be found in five different Finnish cities: Helsinki, Jyväskylä, Oulu, Kotka and Seinäjoki. In 2017, the Alvar Aalto Museum launched Alvar Aalto Cities, that is, a network of cities containing buildings by <mask> <mask>. The objective of the network is to increase awareness of <mask>to

References

Sources

Further reading
Göran Schildt has written and edited many books on <mask>, the most well-known being the three-volume biography, usually referred to as the definitive biography on <mask>. Other books

 Jormakka, Kari; Gargus, Jacqueline; Graf, Douglas The Use and Abuse of Paper. Essays on <mask> <mask>. Datutop 20: Tampere 1999. Aalto research
 The extensive archives of <mask> <mask> are nowadays kept at the Alvar Aalto Museum, Jyväskylä, Finland.Material is also available from the former offices of Aalto, at Tiilimäki 20, Helsinki, nowadays the headquarters of the Alvar Aalto Foundation. Since 1995 the Alvar Aalto Museum and Aalto Academy has published a journal, Ptah,

masks: Aalto Aaltoalto Aalto Alvar Aalto Alvar Aalto Aaltoal Aalto Aalto Alvar Aalto Alvar Aalto


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 which is devoted not only to Aalto scholarship but also to architecture generally as well as theory, design and art. External links

Archives
 Alvar Aalto Foundation Custodian of Aalto's architectural drawings and writings. Institute of International Education, Kaufmann Conference Rooms architectural drawings and papers, 1961–1966.Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. Resources

 <mask> <mask> biography at FinnishDesign.com
 Short Biographies: <mask> <mask>
 Aalto bibliography – From the official site
 Alvar Aalto – Design Dictionary Illustrated article about <mask> <mask>
 <mask> <mask> Aalto
 Modern Furniture and the history of Moulded Plywood Role played by <mask> Alto in the use of Moulded plywood for furniture. <mask> <mask> on Empty Canon

 Map of the Alvar Aalto works – Wikiartmap, the art map of the public space

Catalogs
 Artek.fi, Aalto furniture; company founded by Aalto. Alvar Aalto glassware, iittala.com
 Between Humanism and Materialism New York Museum of Modern Art exhibit site.Contains an especially useful timeline of his life and career. Buildings and reviews
 Checkonsite.com – <mask> Aalto architecture guide. "Ahead of the curve" The Guardian – Fiona MacCarthy recalls a shared lunch of smoked reindeer and schnapps in his elegant Helsinki restaurant
 Baker House
 North Jutland Museum
 S. Maria Assunta – Riola BO Italy

1898 births
1976 deaths
People from Kuortane
People from Vaasa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
20th-century Finnish architects
Finnish furniture designers
Finnish industrial designers
Modernist architects
International style

masks: Alvar Aalto Alvar Aalto Alvar Aalto Alvar Aaltovar Alvar Alvar Aalto Alvar


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 architects
Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne members
Modernist architecture in Finland
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
Aalto University alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
Recipients of the Prince Eugen Medal
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery
1939 New York World's Fair artists
Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal
Honorary Fellows of the American Institute of


texts:
Vice Admiral Sir <mask>,  (28 May 1901 – 15 April 1969) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). He served as Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), the RAN's highest-ranking position, from 1955 until 1959, and as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC), forerunner of the role of Australia's Chief of the Defence Force, from 1959 until 1961. Born in northern New South Wales, <mask> entered the Royal Australian Naval College in 1915. After graduating in 1919 he went to sea aboard various Royal Navy and RAN vessels, and later specialised in gunnery. In 1937, he was given command of the sloop . Following the outbreak of World War II, he saw action in the Mediterranean theatre as executive officer of the Royal Navy cruiser , and survived her sinking by a German U-boat in March 1942. Returning to Australia, he served as Director of Plans and later Deputy Chief of Naval Staff before taking command of the light cruiser  in November 1944.His achievements in the South West Pacific earned him the Distinguished Service Order. <mask> took command of the RAN's first aircraft carrier, , in 1948. He became Chief of Naval Personnel in 1950, and Flag Officer Commanding HM Australian Fleet in 1953. Soon after taking up the position of CNS in February 1955, he was promoted to vice admiral and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. As CNS he had to deal with shortages of money, manpower and equipment, and with the increasing role of the United States in Australia's defence planning, at the expense of traditional ties with Britain. Knighted in 1957, <mask> was Chairman of COSC from March 1959 until May 1961, when he retired from the military. In 1963 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order and became Australian Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II, serving until his death in 1969.Pre-war career

<mask> <mask> was born on 28 May 1901 in Condong, a township on the Tweed River in northern New South Wales. His parents were sugar cane inspector <mask> and his wife Lily. The youth entered the Royal Australian Naval College (RANC) at

masks:
Roy Russell Dowling
Dowling
Dowling
Dowling
Roy Russell
Dowling
Russell Dowling


texts: Jervis Bay, Federal Capital Territory, in 1915. An underachiever academically, he excelled at sports, and became chief cadet captain before graduating in 1918 with the King's Medal, awarded for "gentlemanly bearing, character, good influence among his fellows and officer-like qualities". The following year he was posted to Britain as a midshipman, undergoing training with the Royal Navy and seeing service on  and . He was promoted to sub-lieutenant on 15 April 1921. By January 1923 he was back in Australia, serving aboard the cruiser .He was promoted to lieutenant on 15 March. In April 1924, Adelaide joined the Royal Navy's Special Service Squadron on its worldwide cruise, taking in New Zealand, Canada, the United States, Panama, and the West Indies, before docking in September at Portsmouth, England. There <mask> left the ship for his next appointment, training as a gunnery officer and serving in that capacity at . After returning to Australia in December 1926, <mask> spent eighteen months on  and , continuing to specialise in gunnery. In July 1928, he began instructing at the gunnery school in Flinders Naval Depot on Western Port Bay, Victoria. He married Jessie Blanch in Melbourne on 8 May 1930; they had two sons and three daughters. Jessie accompanied him on his next posting to Britain commencing in January 1931.<mask> was promoted to lieutenant commander on 15 March, and was appointed gunnery officer on the light cruiser  in May. He returned to Australia in January 1933, and was appointed squadron gunnery officer aboard the heavy cruiser  that April. The ship operated mainly within Australian waters over the next two years. In July 1935, <mask> took charge of the gunnery school at Flinders Naval Depot. He was promoted to commander on 31 December 1936. The following month, he assumed command of the newly commissioned Grimsby-class sloop , carrying out duties in the South West Pacific. Completing his tenure on Swan in January 1939, he was briefly assigned to the Navy Office, Melbourne, before returning to Britain in March for duty at HMS

masks: Dowling Dowling Dowling Dowling


texts:
 Pembroke, awaiting posting aboard the yet-to-be-commissioned anti-aircraft cruiser, .World War II
<mask> became executive officer on HMS Naiad when the ship was commissioned in 1940. Following service with the British Home Fleet, the cruiser transferred to the Mediterranean Station in May 1941, where she took part in the Battle of Crete. She was involved in action against German torpedo boats on the night of 20/21 May. On 22 May, after engaging a German destroyer with , Naiad was severely damaged by air attack. Following repairs, she became flagship of the 15th Cruiser Squadron and conducted shore bombardments in support of Allied troops during the Syrian campaign in June and July. She also escorted convoys resupplying Malta. In December, Naiad participated in the First Battle of Sirte against Italian naval forces.On 11 March 1942, she was torpedoed by a German U-boat off the Egyptian coast, and sank in just over twenty minutes. <mask> remained in the water for an hour and a half before being rescued by a destroyer. Having survived Naiads sinking, <mask> returned to Australia and was appointed Director of Plans at the Navy Office in July 1942. In September the following year he was made Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (DCNS) and raised to acting captain; his rank became substantive on 30 June 1944. As DCNS, he was involved in planning the post-war Navy's composition, which for the first time was to include aircraft carriers. He defined the functions of maritime power in October 1943 as:

In November 1944, <mask> was given command of the light cruiser , which had been undergoing repair and refit in Sydney since being torpedoed by a Japanese submarine in the Solomons on 20 July 1943. Dowling took her on her shakedown cruise to Melbourne on 30 December, before embarking for the South West Pacific Area in February 1945.The following month, Hobart supported the US forces that recaptured Cebu during the liberation of the Philippines. She bombarded Tarakan Island prior to the Allied invasion on 1 May and, later that month, covered the Australian 6th


texts:
 Division's operations at Wewak. The cruiser supported the Allied landings on Brunei in June, and on Balikpapan in July. For his "outstanding courage, skill and initiative" during these operations, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO), gazetted on 6 November 1945. Post-war career

Dowling joined the Australian contingent at the surrender of Japan in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. Following the cessation of hostilities, Hobart became flagship of HM Australian Squadron, and Dowling flag captain and chief of staff to Commodore John Collins, the squadron commander. The war had taken a toll on Dowling's health, and he required leave before commencing his next appointment in May 1946 as Director of Ordnance, Torpedoes and Mines at the Navy Office.Rear Admiral James Goldrick, in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, observed that <mask> "was thrust into the highest positions of the RAN largely as a result of the heavy casualties of World War II". When John Armstrong—the only similarly qualified and more senior Navy captain—was pronounced unfit for seagoing duty, <mask> was given the chance to command Australia's first aircraft carrier, , commissioned in England on 16 December 1948. In April the following year, two months after the ship's belated acceptance into service due to teething troubles, Dowling embarked Sydney for Australia with two squadrons of fighters aboard. In June 1950, <mask> was promoted to commodore and appointed Second Naval Member and Chief of Naval Personnel, serving in this capacity until the end of 1952. His term coincided with the outbreak of the Korean War, and resultant increased demands on manpower. <mask> was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1953 New Year Honours, before travelling to London to attend the Imperial Defence College. Raised to rear admiral in July 1953, he returned home to take up the post of Flag Officer Commanding HM Australian Fleet that December, serving through the following year.He had  to preside over cutbacks to operations brought on by government

masks: Dowling Dowling Dowling Dowling Dowling


texts: stringency after the Korean War. On 24 February 1955, Dowling succeeded Vice Admiral Sir John Collins as First Naval Member, Australian Commonwealth Naval Board, and Chief of Naval Staff (CNS). He was promoted to vice admiral on 7 June, and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the Queen's Birthday Honours two days later. On 15 June, he joined fellow chiefs of staff Lieutenant General Henry Wells and Air Marshal John McCauley, Prime Minister Robert Menzies, and senior government members in approving a draft directive for the role of the Far East Strategic Reserve (FESR); this made Commonwealth forces available for the fight against communist insurgents in Malaya, as well as for the security of Malaya and Singapore against external aggression. The Navy's contribution to the FESR was to be at least two destroyers or frigates on an ongoing basis, as well as a yearly visit by an aircraft carrier. The destroyers  and , already in the region on an exercise, were immediately committed, and Dowling flew to Singapore to personally announce the plan and the reasons for it to the ships' crews. Dowling was an early advocate for the establishment of an Australian submarine fleet; in 1963, after several false starts, the first of six Oberon-class submarines was ordered.As part of a general Western trend that viewed with alarm the increasing capability of the Soviet Navy's surface fleet, Dowling also worked to improve the offensive power of the Fleet Air Arm. In March 1956, he went so far as proposing purchase of nuclear weaponry for the RAN's De Havilland Sea Venoms. During much of <mask>'s remaining time as CNS, faced with the obsolescence of HMAS Sydney and in accordance with its two-carrier policy, the Navy tried unsuccessfully to acquire a new and larger aircraft carrier to augment . Believing in the maintenance of traditionally close ties between the RAN and the Royal Navy, he worked to coordinate his policies as CNS with those of Britain's First Sea Lord, Earl Mountbatten. Taking into account the provisions of the ANZUS treaty and the


texts:
 absence of suitable supplies from Britain, the RAN began to turn reluctantly towards the United States in terms of strategy and equipment, as Dowling explained to Mountbatten:

Other issues facing the RAN during Dowling's term as CNS were its relegation—since the beginning of the 1950s—to third place behind the other armed forces in terms of Federal budget allocations, its replacement by the RAAF as the country's first line of defence, and a shortage of manpower. Dowling himself considered "separation from families, lack of houses, over employment, high wages and overtime payment in civvie street" as the causes for the Navy's inability to attract and retain personnel; the Allison Report in 1958 led to improvements to service conditions, which helped reduce wastage. The RANC had moved to Flinders Naval Depot in 1930, and Dowling was pleased to be able to oversee its return to Jervis Bay in 1958, the year before he relocated the office of the CNS to Canberra.<mask> was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1957 New Year Honours, and completed his term as CNS on 23 February 1959. On 23 March he took over from Sir Henry Wells as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC), a role foreshadowing that of the Chief of the Defence Force. He was succeeded as CNS by Vice Admiral Henry Burrell. Happily surprised by his appointment as Chairman of COSC, <mask> hoped to transform the position such that it would exercise command authority over the service chiefs, but in this he was to be disappointed. The position's rank remained the same as the heads of the Army, Navy and Air Force, and was only responsible for putting their views on military matters to the Minister for Defence. Other setbacks during his tenure included the Defence Department's decision—rescinded after his term—to disband the Fleet Air Arm, and the Federal government's failure to back him when he announced at a SEATO press conference in March 1961 that Australia was prepared to intervene militarily in the second Laotian crisis if it became necessary. In

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 September 1959, during the first Laotian crisis, the Australian government had authorised Dowling to commit "an infantry battalion, a squadron of RAAF fighters, air transport, and two RAN destroyers" to support US and SEATO forces, but no intervention took place.Later life
<mask> retired from the military on 27 May 1961 and was succeeded as Chairman of COSC by Air Marshal Sir Frederick Scherger. Though keen to secure a diplomatic appointment, nothing was offered to him and, as a practising Anglican, he instead busied himself with church affairs in Canberra. In July 1962, the government gave him responsibility for organising Queen Elizabeth II's upcoming royal tour. In this role he was required to liaise with the state governments to plan the Queen's itinerary, and to become a member of the royal household for the duration of the tour, the first time an Australian tour planner had been given such close access to a visiting monarch. He was rewarded with appointment as a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) as of 27 March 1963, and became Australian Secretary to the Queen on 1 November the same year. <mask> was also the Australian Red Cross Society's Canberra chairman from 1962 to 1967; at the time he took over the chairmanship, Lady <mask> was acting president of the organisation, in the absence of Lady William Oliver. <mask> died of a heart attack on 15 April 1969 in Canberra Hospital.He was given a naval funeral at St John's Church, and cremated. His wife and five children survived him. Notes

References

1901 births
1969 deaths
Alumni of the Royal College of Defence Studies
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Chairmen, Chiefs of Staff Committee (Australia)
Deputy Chiefs of Naval Staff (Australia)
Graduates of the Royal Australian Naval College
People from the Northern Rivers
Royal Australian Navy admirals
Royal Australian Navy

masks:
Dowling
Dowling
Dowling
Roy Dowling


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<mask> (; born July 15, 1973) is an Armenian-American drummer and songwriter. He is best known as the drummer of System of a Down. <mask> is also the drummer for the band Indicator and former drummer for Scars on Broadway. <mask> ranked number 33 on Loudwire list of Top 200 Hard Rock + Metal Drummers of All Time. Early life
<mask> was born in Beirut, Lebanon, to Armenian parents. During the Lebanese Civil War, his family moved to California. <mask> first became interested in drums at the age of two.His father was a saxophone player and when his mother would take him to watch his father play, he would mimic his father's drummer. He learned to play the drums by putting on records and practicing for hours a day, and continued said practice for years. <mask> describes his musical style as one influenced by whatever he could get his hands on, including the jazz albums belonging to his father and the rock albums he shared with his friends. <mask> is a fan of The Who and cites Who drummer Keith Moon as his biggest influence. Other drummers that he cites as major influences include Led Zeppelin's <mask>, Stewart Copeland from The Police, and Rush's Neil Peart. System of a Down

<mask> joined System of a Down in 1997 after their original drummer, Ontronik "Andy" Khachaturian, left the band due to a hand injury. <mask> recorded five albums with System of a Down: System of a Down (1998), Toxicity (2001), Steal This Album!(2002), Mezmerize (2005) and Hypnotize (2005). Dolmayan won DRUM! Magazines 2006 Drummer of the year and was the feature story in their March edition. The band went on hiatus in 2006, but reunited in 2010 to occasionally tour. Scars on Broadway

After System of a Down went on hiatus in 2006 <mask> teamed up with Daron Malakian (System of a Down's guitarist/vocalist) to form a new band called Scars

masks:
John Dolmayan
Dolmayan
Dolmayan
John Dolmayan
Dolmayan
Dolmayan
Dolmayan
John Bonham
Dolmayan
Dolmayan
Dolmayan


texts:
 on Broadway, which recorded their eponymous debut album in 2007 and 2008. The album was released in the summer of 2008 and <mask>, Malakian, guitarist Franky Perez, bassist Dominic Cifarelli, and keyboardist Danny Shamoun performed concerts and prepared to embark on a tour in support of the album before Malakian suddenly cancelled the tour in October 2008. In August 2009, <mask>, Franky Perez, Danny Shamoun, and Dominic Cifarelli as Scars on Broadway traveled to Iraq for a USO tour across the U.S. army bases.Their setlist consisted of covers as well as a few Scars on Broadway songs. Scars on Broadway reunited with Malakian on May 2, 2010, and released a new single later that year. However, the project went dormant and <mask> was no longer involved when Malakian reformed the group in 2018. Other projects

<mask> recorded drums for Killing Joke's 2003 self-titled album, (although the band ended up going with Dave Grohl's tracks) as well as Scum of the Earth's debut album, Blah...Blah...Blah...Love Songs for the New Millennium. He also played drums on the Axis of Justice concert tour with various artists and on the Serj Tankian solo debut, Elect the Dead. In June 2009, <mask> formed a new rock band called Indicator with three friends from Southern California, members of the recently disbanded punk rock band If All Else Fails: Tom Capossela, Ryan Huber, and Ryan Murphy. The band played their first show at The Bitter End in San Diego on July 22, 2009, with <mask>'s fellow Scars on Broadway member Franky Perez joining the band for a few songs.Their second and final show took place at a strip club in Las Vegas. The band wrote 10-12 songs from 2009 to 2010; live and acoustic demos exist of them all. The four remain in contact although it is uncertain whether the songs will ever be properly recorded. <mask>

masks: Dolmayan Dolmayan Dolmayan Dolmayan Dolmayan Dolmayan Dolmayan


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 performed with System of a Down bandmates Daron Malakian and bassist Shavo Odadjian and Scars on Broadway guitarist Franky Perez for Odadjian's Halloween show. <mask>, Malakian, and Odadjian performed together again in November 2009 during a charity show for Deftones bassist Chi Cheng. <mask> has devoted much of his life to the comic book retail industry, including launching Torpedo Comics out of Nevada. Torpedo Comics has two brick and mortar stores in addition to a significant online presence.In 2009, <mask> auditioned for The Smashing Pumpkins, in the absence of Jimmy Chamberlin. In 2014 <mask> started a Kickstarter to fund cover project, These Grey Men,. Releasing their first single, a cover of Radiohead's "Street Spirit," January 23, 2020. Avenged Sevenfold singer M. Shadows contributes vocals to the track; Tom Morello contributes the guitar solo at the song's close. The second single features System of a Down bandmate Serj Tankian in a cover of David Bowie's "Starman". Album is co-produced by James Hazley, who is also the lead guitarist on all tracks (expect Track 5, being Tom Morello). Personal life
<mask> is married to <mask>, who is the sister of Tankian's wife Angela, making them brothers-in-law.Gary Graff."<mask>'s Frustration With System of a Down Led to His New Solo Album" Feb. 27, 2020.Billboard.https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/9324365/system-of-a-down-john-dolmayan-these-grey-men-interview-premiere

On his social media accounts, Dolmayan is very politically active like his bandmates, but unlike some members of System of a Down, particularly Tankian, Dolmayan supported Donald Trump's presidency. Tankian has stated that it is "frustrating" to be politically opposite with his bandmate and brother-in-law. A long time comic book fan, Dolmayan owns a comic book shop, Torpedo

masks:
Dolmayan
Dolmayan
John
Dolmayan
Dolmayan
Diana Dolmayan
John Dolmayan


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 Comics, in Las Vegas, Nevada. Discography

System of a Down
System of a Down (1998)
Toxicity (2001)
Steal This Album! (2002)
Mezmerize (2005)
Hypnotize (2005)

Serj Tankian
Elect the Dead (2007)

Scars on Broadway
Scars on Broadway (2008)

Axis of Justice
Concert Series Volume 1 (2004)

Scum of the Earth
Blah...Blah...Blah...Love Songs for the New Millennium (Guest Drums) (2004)

These Grey Men
These Grey Men (2020)

Equipment

<mask> uses Tama drums and hardware, Paiste cymbals, Evans Drumheads, LP percussion and his signature Vic Firth drumsticks.Drums – Tama Starclassic Bubinga
10"×8" Rack Tom
12"×9" Rack Tom
13"x10" Rack Tom
16"×14" Floor Tom
18"×16" Floor Tom
22"×18" Bass Drum
14"×6" John Dolmayan Signature SnareCymbals – Paiste
Traditionals 22" Medium Light Swish
RUDE 14" Hi-Hat
2002 6" Bell Chime
Signature 18" Fast Crash
Signature 10" Splash
Signature 8" Splash
RUDE 14" Hi-Hat
Signature 19" Full Crash
RUDE 24" Mega Power Ride
2002 24" Big Ride
2002 19" Wild ChinaSticks' – Vic Firth
John Dolmayan Signature 16" length, .580" diameter

Awards
In 2006, <mask> won Drum! Magazine's drummer of the year award. He also won the alternative rock drummer of the year award.References

External links

Stereokill Interview: May 2009
<mask> page at SOADFans
Torpedo Comics Website
<mask> page at drummerworld.com

1973 births
21st-century American drummers
Armenian rock musicians
California Republicans
System of a Down members
American heavy metal drummers
American musicians of Armenian descent
Lebanese emigrants to the United States
American experimental musicians
Alternative metal musicians
Musicians from Beirut
Living people
Progressive rock drummers
Grammy Award winners
Scum of the Earth (band) members
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Daron Malakian and Scars on Broadway members
Nu metal

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John
John
John Dolmayan
John Dolmayan