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 winning. He made his return on 28 November 2017, in a 4–2 win at Watford.On 16 March 2018, <mask> signed a new contract with Manchester United that would keep him at the club until June 2021, with the option to extend for a further year. In April 2019, after a run of injuries, <mask> said that United manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær had told him he was part of his plans when Solskjær was appointed on a temporary basis in December 2018. However, he made only one Premier League start next season, playing nine games in all competitions before being loaned out. Loan return to Estudiantes
On 30 January 2020, <mask> was loaned to his boyhood club, Estudiantes, for the remainder of the 2019–20 season. Boca Juniors
On 2 February 2021, Rojo returned to Argentina once again to sign for Boca Juniors for an undisclosed fee. ESPN later reported that he heard about the transfer via social media. International career

<mask> was first capped on 9 February 2011, in a 2–1 friendly victory against Portugal at the Stade de Genève, Geneva.Later that year he was included in Argentina's squad as they hosted the 2011 Copa América, and played the opening match on 2 July, a 1–1 draw against Bolivia. Javier Zanetti replaced him at left-back for the rest of the tournament as Argentina reached the quarter-finals. In June 2014, <mask> was named in Argentina's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He made his FIFA World Cup debut in their 2–1 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Maracanã, playing the full match in defence, and contributing to Sead Kolašinac's own goal. In the team's third group match, <mask> scored his first international goal, the winner in a 3–2 victory against Nigeria. The country reached the final before losing to Germany, and <mask> was the only Argentinean named in the Castrol Index Top 11 for the tournament. <mask> was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América.At the end of


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 Argentina's goalless quarter-final against Colombia in Viña del Mar, <mask> missed in the penalty shootout but his team advanced nonetheless. On 30 June, he opened the scoring in a 6–1 semi-final defeat of Paraguay which put Argentina into the final. He played the entirety of the decisive match against the hosts at the Estadio Nacional de Chile, which Argentina lost on a penalty shootout after a goalless draw. A year later for the Copa América Centenario in the United States, <mask> was again in Martino's squad. In the final on 26 June at MetLife Stadium, he was sent off in the first half for a foul on Arturo Vidal, as both teams ended the goalless game on 10 men and Chile again won on penalties. <mask> was named by Jorge Sampaoli in the Argentina squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. On 26 June, he scored the winning goal, once again against Nigeria, which his Argentina won 2–1 and secured the team's qualification for the knockout stage as group runners-up behind Croatia.In the round of 16 match against France on 30 June, he was booked after conceding a penalty in the 10th minute for a foul on Kylian Mbappé, which was later converted by Antoine Griezmann, who opened the scoring. <mask> was later replaced by Federico Fazio in the 46th minute. Argentina lost the match 4–3 and were eliminated from the tournament. Style of play
According to football magazine Four Four Two, <mask> was more comfortable as a left-back rather than as a centre-back in his first season at Sporting, due to a number of positional errors and mistimed tackles; in his second season, his speed helped him in defence. They also attributed a good aerial threat to him, while noting that disciplinary problems remained. In addition to his usual positions at centre-back and left-back, <mask> can play as a winger. On signing for Manchester United, it was theorised that he could feature as a wing-back in Louis van Gaal's

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 preferred 3–5–2 formation.Personal life
<mask> is married to Eugenia Lusardo, a lingerie model based in Lisbon. They have a daughter. <mask> has a number of tattoos, including the English words "Pride" and "Glory" on each thigh. In December 2014, Rojo had an affair with a woman he had met at a night club. He accused her of blackmail and took out an injunction to stop newspapers publishing his name in the story. The injunction on his name was lifted in April 2015 due to concerns that other footballers could be suspected of the affair, but it remains in place to prevent the release of images of Rojo. Career statistics

Club

International

As of match played 9 October 2019.Argentina score listed first, score column indicates score after each Rojo goal. Honours
Estudiantes
Copa Libertadores: 2009
Argentine Primera División: 2010 Apertura

Manchester United
FA Cup: 2015–16
EFL Cup: 2016–17
FA Community Shield: 2016
UEFA Europa League: 2016–17

Individual
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2014

References

External links

Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI

1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from La Plata
Argentine footballers
Association football central defenders
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
Boca Juniors footballers
FC Spartak Moscow players
Sporting CP footballers
Manchester United F.C. players
Argentine Primera División players
Russian Premier League players
Primeira Liga players
Premier League players
UEFA Europa League winning players
Argentina international footballers
2011 Copa América players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 Copa América players
Copa América Centenario players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
Argentine expatriate footballers
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in England
FA

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<mask> (June 23, 1888May 6, 1935) was a United States senator from New Mexico. A prominent progressive Republican, he had also been a newspaper publisher and military attaché. Biography
<mask> was born in Great River, Long Island, New York, on June 23, 1888, at his family's country seat of Westbrook. He was the third of four children born to <mask> (1850–1912) and <mask> (1855–1949). He attended the common schools and Groton School and graduated from Harvard University in 1910 where he was a member of the Delphic Club. Shortly after graduation, he became an invalid due to recurrent tuberculosis and moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, at the advice of his doctors to restore his health. He became a newspaper publisher in 1912 and published the Santa Fe New Mexican and El Nuevo Mexicano.From 1912 to 1918 he served as president of the New Mexican Printing Company, and of the Santa Fe New Mexican Publishing Corporation from 1920 until his death. During World War I, <mask> was commissioned a captain and served as an assistant military attaché of the American Embassy in London, in 1917 and 1918. He was regent of the New Mexico Military Institute in 1920 and served as chairman of the board of commissioners of the New Mexican State Penitentiary in 1925. U.S. senator
On December 29, 1927, <mask> was appointed as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Andrieus A. Jones. He served until December 6, 1928, when a duly elected successor, Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo, qualified to serve the remainder of the term, which expired March 3, 1929. <mask> was not a candidate in the special election to fill this vacancy, which took place on November 6, 1928, the same day as the general

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 election in which the seat was up for a full six-year term, beginning March 4, 1929. Larrazolo was not a candidate for election to the full term, and <mask> was elected to it, returning to the Senate after only three months away.<mask> was re-elected in 1934, winning a very close race (with 76,226 votes to Democrat Dennis Chavez's 74,944) in a failed year for Republicans. He was a co-sponsor of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Independence Act which aimed to grant the Philippine Islands a ten-year commonwealth status with virtually full autonomy, to be followed by the recognition of Filipino independence. The bill was enacted over President Herbert Hoover's veto. However, the law was rejected by the Philippines legislature, and the Tydings–McDuffie Act (authored by <mask> Tydings, a Maryland Democrat), was instead passed by Congress and accepted by the Philippines legislature. Freedom of the press
<mask> raised the debate on the national level about the government's censorship powers. Via tariff bills dating back to the nineteenth century, the U.S. government, through the Customs Service, had the power to confiscate "obscene" materials arriving to the country. A tariff bill introduced in 1929 sought to expand this power by modifying Section 305 to prohibit printed materials suggesting treason or threatening the life of the president.Senator <mask>, inspired by the complaints of a constituent, opposed the change and attacked Section 305 in its entirety as "irrational, unsound, and un-American." Through several impassioned speeches, <mask> suggested eliminating Section 305. Ultimately, he was forced to compromise and introduced an amendment removing the references to treason. The amendment passed by only two votes

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 and <mask> received widespread public praise from publishers, librarians, booksellers, authors and civil liberties organizations. As the tariff bill moved toward final confirmation, various senators, notably Reed Smoot of Utah, attempted to restore Section 305 to its original state, while others proposed further draconian measures. Ultimately, portions of Smoot's amendments were combined with those of other senators to create a compromise. <mask>'s efforts to create a national debate about censorship were successful, but are now forgotten because the 1929 tariff bill became known as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act.Roosevelt's New Deal and the Chicago plan
Crossing party lines and supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, <mask> played a key role in the political struggles over the reform of banking which Roosevelt undertook while dealing with the Great Depression, and which resulted in the Banking Reform Acts of 1933 and 1935. As a supporter of the Chicago plan proposed by economist Irving Fisher and others at the University of Chicago, <mask> was among a handful of influential senators who might have been able to remove from the private banks their ability to manipulate the money supply by enforcing a 100 percent reserve requirement for all credit creation, as stipulated in the Chicago plan. His death in an airliner crash cut short what may have been his most enduring legacy to the nation. Death and legacy
On May 6, 1935, on his way from Albuquerque to Washington, D.C., <mask> died in the crash of TWA Flight 6 (a Douglas DC-3) in bad weather near Atlanta, Missouri. Senator <mask>'s death was to have national impact in that it would lead Congress to commission the highly

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 controversial Copeland Committee report on air traffic safety. Dennis Chavez, who had been <mask>'s Democratic opponent in 1934, was appointed by the governor to fill <mask>'s seat in the Senate. <mask> is interred in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.See also
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)

References

Sources

 Nolan, <mask>. (1999). Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks Cole Publishing Company. Further reading
<mask> <mask>, politician by G. L. Seligman in Ellis, Richard N., (1971) New Mexico, past and present: a historical reader. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Keleher, William Aloysius, (1969) Memoirs, 1892–1969 : a New Mexico item.Rydal Press: Santa Fe, N.M.
 Lowitt, Richard (1992) <mask> M. Cutting: Progressive politician University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Walkiewicz, E. P. and Witemeyer, Hugh (eds.) (1995) Ezra Pound and Senator <mask> <mask>: A political correspondence, 1930-1935 University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Biography of U.S. Congress - CUTTING, <mask> <mask>, (1888 - 1935)

1888 births
1935 deaths
People from Islip (town), New York
Bayard family
Livingston family
Schuyler family
Van Cortlandt family
Republican Party United States senators from New Mexico
New Mexico Republicans
20th-century American politicians
Groton School alumni
Harvard University alumni
American military personnel of World War I
Military personnel from New York (state)
United States military attachés
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1935
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Accidental deaths in Missouri
Burials at Green-Wood

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<mask><mask> (August 27, 1949, Vienna, Austria – July 12, 2010, Vienna) was an Austrian research psychologist, statistician, and psychometrician. He is renowned for his contributions to item response theory (Rasch models), latent class analysis, the measurement of change, mixture models, categorical data analysis, and quantitative methods for research synthesis (meta-analysis). Biography
<mask><mask> studied psychology with statistics and anthropology (individual curriculum approved by the university) at the University of Vienna, Austria, where he received his PhD in psychology in 1973 under the supervision of Gerhard H. Fischer at the university's Department of Psychology. He worked as a post doc researcher and Assistant Professor at Fischer's division until 1985, when he earned his postdoctoral professorial qualification (habilitation in psychology) and became Associate Professor at the University of Vienna. He also studied statistics at Sheffield Hallam University (UK) where he graduated (MSc with distinction) in 1998. In 1999, he gained his second postdoctoral professional qualification (habilitation in applied statistics). In 2004, after being substitute chair holder for 5 years, he became full professor for psychological methods at the University of Vienna, succeeding the chair of mathematical psychology of Gerhard H. Fischer.From 2005 onwards, <mask> was Vice Head of the

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 Department of Basic Psychological Research within the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Vienna, and during 2006-08 additionally Vice Dean of the Faculty. Scientific Work
<mask> led long-standing research collaborations with colleagues in the statistical, medical, and psychological sciences. His substantial research activities in all these fields are documented in numerous books and more than 50 publications in prestigious high-impact journals, including Biometrics, the Journal of the American Statistical Association, the British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, and Psychometrika. Item response theory (Rasch models)
<mask> was one of the first researchers who documented problems with Rasch model tests, in particular with Andersen's likelihood-ratio test which arise under certain conditions if it is employed conventionally. As a senior author, <mask> also showed that the common assumption that the EM estimation of the two-parameter logistic model is not influenced by initial values is incorrect. Viennese Matrices Test
Formann was probably the first researcher to practically apply Fischer's linear logistic test model (LLTM) for test development. The LLTM is a special case of the Rasch model, which allows the construction of items with item difficulties based on the user's demand.This resulted in the development of a Rasch-scaled abstract reasoning test

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 (based on Raven's matrices test) which has since been widely used in research and practice. A revised version of this language-free intelligence test that has been calibrated against large contemporary samples of men and women is forthcoming. Latent Class Analysis
For his first habilitation (in psychology), <mask> published a comprehensive monograph on latent class analysis which continues to be widely cited for its clarity, depth, and originality, and hence is considered a true modern classic on this topic. Quantitative Methods for Research Synthesis (Meta-Analysis)
In his later research, <mask> addressed, among other things, the problem of publication bias in meta-analytic research. He introduced a novel method that allows estimating the proportion of studies missing in meta-analysis due to publication bias based on the truncated normal distribution. In 2010, as the senior author, <mask> debunked in a meta-analysis the famous Mozart effect as a myth. Other

Newcomb-Benford Law
<mask> provided an alternative explanation for the Newcomb-Benford law – a formalisation of the remarkable observation that the frequencies with which the leading digits of numbers occur in large data sets are far away from being uniform (e.g., the leading digit 1 occurs in nearly one third of all cases).In addition to the prevailing explanations based on scale- and base invariance, <mask> directed the

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 attention to the interrelation between the distribution of the significant digits and the distribution of the observed variable. He showed in a simulation study that long right-tailed distributions of a random variable are compatible with the Newcomb-Benford law, and that for distributions of the ratio of two random variables the fit generally improves. Piaget's Water Level Task
The water-level task refers to a task developed by Jean Piaget where bottles filled with different levels of water are presented in different angles of orientation. It is used to assess the level of mental development of spatial abilities (e.g., recognition of the invariance of horizontality). <mask> criticized the established method of dichotomizing water-level responses by the subjects into "right" versus "wrong" – he showed that this method was inappropriate because it ignored the heterogeneity of the task difficulties - and instead recommended using latent class models or Rasch models. He showed that subjects and tasks can be arrayed on a unidimensional scale and, by employing the linear logistic test model, that the task difficulty could be attributed to a single parameter associated with the angle of inclination of the bottle. Furthermore, he provided the first empirical data of task performance of the elderly and found that there was an age-associated non-linear decline of performance.Misconception


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 of Probability
Formann compared the performance in the classic birthday problem (i.e., guessing the probability P for any coincidence among N individuals sharing the same birthday) and the birthmate problem (i.e., guessing the probability P for the specific coincidence among N individuals of having a birthday today) in psychology undergraduates, casino visitors, and casino employees. Psychology students and women did better on both task types, but were less confident about their estimates than casino visitors or personnel and men. Higher confidence ratings were related to subjective estimates that were closer to the solutions of birthday problems, but not of birthmate problems. Parallel Analysis in Retrieving Unidimensionality in the Presence of Binary Data
Formann provided both theoretical and empirical evidence that the application of the parallel analysis for uncovering the factorial structure of binary variables is not appropriate. Results of a simulation study showed that sample size, item discrimination, and type of correlation coefficient considerably influence the performance of parallel analysis. Selected publications

Papers
 <mask>, A. K. (1978). Note on parameter-estimation for Lazarsfeld latent class analysis.Psychometrika, 43, 123-126. <mask>, A. K. (1985). Constrained latent class models: Theory and applications. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical

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texts: Psychology, 38, 87-111. <mask>, A. K. (1986). A note on the computation of the 2nd-order derivatives of the elementary symmetrical functions in the Rasch model. Psychometrika, 51, 335-339.<mask>, A. K., & Rop, I. (1987). On the inhomogeneity of a test compounded of 2 Rasch homogeneous subscales. Psychometrika, 52, 263-267. <mask>, A. K. (1988). Latent class models for nonmonotone dichotomous items. Psychometrika, 53, 45-62.<mask>, A. K. (1989). Constrained latent class models: Some further applications. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 42, 37-54. <mask>, A. K. (1992). Linear logistic latent class analysis for polytomous data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87, 476-486. <mask>, A. K. (1993).Fixed-distance latent class models for the analysis of sets of two-way contingency tables. Biometrics, 49, 511-521. <mask>, A. K. (1994). Measurement errors in caries diagnosis: Some further latent class models. Biometrics, 50, 865-871. <mask>, A. K. (1994). Measuring change in latent subgroups using dichotomous data: Unconditional, conditional, and semiparametric maximum-likelihood-estimation.Journal of the American Statistical Association, 89, 1027-1034. <mask>, A. K., & Kohlmann, T. (1996). Latent class analysis in medical research. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 5, 179-211. <mask>, A. K., & Kohlmann, T. (1998). Structural latent class

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texts: models. Sociological Methods and Research, 26, 530-565.<mask>, A. K. (2001). Misspecifying latent class models by mixture binomials. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 54, 279-291. <mask>, A. K., & Ponocny, I. (2002). Latent change classes in dichotomous data. Psychometrika, 67, 437-457.<mask>, A. K. (2003). Latent class model diagnosis from a frequentist point of view. Biometrics, 59, 189-196. <mask>, A. K. (2003). Modeling data from water-level tasks: A test theoretical analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96, 1153-1172. Voracek, M., & <mask>, A. K. (2004).Variation in European suicide rates is better accounted for by latitude and longitude than by national percentage of Finno-Ugrians and Type O blood: A rebuttal of Lester and Kondrichin (2004). Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99, 1243-1250. <mask>, A. K. (2006). Mixture analysis of longitudinal binary data. Statistics in Medicine, 25, 1457-1469. <mask>, A. K. (2006). Testing the Rasch model by means of the mixture fit index.British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 59, 89-95. <mask>, A. K. (2007). Mixture analysis of multivariate categorical data with covariates and missing entries. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 51, 5236-5246. <mask>, A. K. (2008). Estimating the proportion of studies missing for meta-analysis due to publication bias. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 29,

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texts: 732-739.<mask>, A. K., & Böhning, D. (2008). Re: Insights into latent class analysis of diagnostic test performance. Biostatistics, 9, 777-778. Tran, U. S., & <mask>, A. K. (2008). Piaget's water-level tasks: Performance across the lifespan with emphasis on the elderly. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 232-237. Voracek, M., Tran, U. S., & <mask>, A. K. (2008).Birthday and birthmate problems: Misconceptions of probability among psychology undergraduates and casino visitors and personnel. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106, 91-103. Tran, U. S., & <mask>, A. K. (2009). Performance of parallel analysis in retrieving unidimensionality in the presence of binary data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69, 50-61. <mask>, A. K. (2010). The Newcomb-Benford law in its relation to some common distributions.PLoS ONE, 5, e10541. Voracek, M., Gabler, D., Kreutzer, C., Stieger, S., Swami, V., & <mask>, A. K. (2010). Multi-method personality assessment of butchers and hunters: Beliefs and reality. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 819-822. Voracek, M., Tran, U. S., Fischer-Kern, M., <mask>, A. K., & Springer-Kremser, M. (2010). Like father, like son? Familial aggregation of physicians among medical and psychology students in Austria.Higher Education, 59, 737-748. Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & <mask>, A. K. (2010). Mozart effect––Shmozart effect: A meta-analysis.

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 Intelligence, 38, 314-323. Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & <mask>, A. K. (2010). Pervasiveness of the IQ rise: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 5, e14406.Nader, I. W., Tran, U. S., & <mask>, A. K. (2011). Sensitivity to initial values in full non-parametric maximum-likelihood estimation of the two-parameter logistic model. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 64, 320-336. Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & <mask>, A. K. (2011). Female Flynn effects: No sex differences in generational IQ gains. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 759-762. Stieger, S., <mask>, A. K., & Burger, C. (2011).Humor styles and their relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 747-750. Stieger, S., Voracek, M., & <mask>, A. K. (2012). How to administer the Initial Preference Task. European Journal of Personality, 26, 63-78. Preinerstorfer, D., & <mask>, A. K. (2012). Parameter recovery and model selection in mixed Rasch models.British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 65, 251-262. Holling, H., Böhning, W., Böhning, D., & <mask>, A. K. (2013). The covariate-adjusted frequency plot. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 25, 902-916. Books
 <mask>, A. K., & Piswanger, K. (1979). Wiener Matrizen-Test. Ein Rasch-skalierter sprachfreier Intelligenztest [Viennese Matrices Test: A Rasch-scaled culture-fair


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 intelligence test].Weinheim: Beltz. <mask>, A. K. (1984). Latent Class Analyse: Einführung in die Theorie und Anwendung [Latent class analysis: Introduction to theory and application]. Weinheim: Beltz. <mask>, A. K., Waldherr, K., & Piswanger, K. (2011). Wiener Matrizen-Test 2 (WMT-2): Ein Rasch-skalierter sprachfreier Kurztest zur Erfassung der Intelligenz [Viennese Matrices Test 2: A Rasch-scaled language-free short test for the assessment of intelligence]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.External links

 <mask><mask> Memorial Pages
 Memorial Book for <mask><mask> (1949-2010)
 Official Website of the Department of Basic Psychological Research (University of Vienna)
 Official obituary of the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Vienna by Weber G., Leder H., & Voracek, M. (German)
 Obituary in Biometric Bulletin by Voracek, M.
 Obituary in Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling by Böhning, D., Holling, H., & Kubinger, K. D.
 Gerhard H. Fischer

See also

 Item response theory (Rasch models)
 Latent class analysis
 Mixture model
 Categorical data analysis
 Quantitative methods for research synthesis (meta-analysis)
 Publication bias
 Newcomb-Benford law
 Mozart effect
 University of Vienna

References

Austrian psychologists
Austrian statisticians
1949 births
2010 deaths
University of Vienna faculty
University of Vienna alumni
Scientists from Vienna
20th-century Austrian

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<mask> (born in Madrid, Spain on 20 September 1951) is a Spanish novelist, translator, and columnist. <mask> has published fifteen novels, including A Heart So White (Corazón tan blanco, 1992) and Tomorrow in the Battle Think on Me (Mañana en la batalla piensa en mí, 1994). In addition to his novels, he has published three collections of short stories and various essays. As one of Spain's most celebrated novelists, his work has been translated into forty-four languages and has sold over eight and a half million copies internationally. He has received several awards for his work, such as the Rómulo Gallegos Prize (1994), the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award (1997), the International Nonino Prize (2011), and the Austrian State Prize for European Literature (2011). <mask> studied philosophy and literature at the Complutense University of Madrid before going on to teach at several universities, including his alma mater, universities in Oxford and Venice, and Wellesley College in Massachusetts. In 1997, he was awarded the title of King of the Kingdom of Redonda by its predecessor Jon Wynne-Tyson for his understanding of the kingdom and for mentioning the story of one of its previous kings, John Gawsworth, in his novel All Souls (Todas las almas, 1989).Life
<mask> was born in Madrid. His father was the philosopher Julián <mask>, who was briefly imprisoned and then banned from teaching for opposing Franco (the father of the protagonist of Your Face Tomorrow was given a similar biography). <mask> is the fourth of five sons  and spent parts of his childhood in the United States, where his father taught at various institutions, including Yale University and Wellesley College. His

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 mother died when <mask> was 26 years old. His first literary employment consisted in translating Dracula scripts for his maternal uncle, Jesús Franco. He was educated at the Colegio Estudio in Madrid. Writing
Marías began writing in earnest at an early age."The Life and Death of Marcelino Iturriaga", one of the short stories in While the Women are Sleeping (2010), was written when he was just 14. He wrote his first novel, Los dominios del lobo (The Dominions of the Wolf), at the age of 17, after running away to Paris. His second novel, Travesía del horizonte (Voyage Along the Horizon), was an adventure story about an expedition to Antarctica. After attending the Complutense University of Madrid, <mask> turned his attention to translating English novels into Spanish. His translations included work by Updike, Hardy, Conrad, Nabokov, Faulkner, Kipling, James, Stevenson, Browne, and Shakespeare. In 1979 he won the Spanish national award for translation for his version of Sterne's Tristram Shandy. Between 1983 and 1985 he lectured in Spanish literature and translation at the University of Oxford.In 1986 Marías published El hombre sentimental (The Man of Feeling), and in 1988 he published Todas las almas (All Souls), which was set at Oxford University. The Spanish film director Gracia Querejeta released El Último viaje de Robert Rylands, adapted from Todas las almas, in 1996. His 1992 novel Corazón tan blanco was a commercial and critical success and for its English version A Heart So White, translated by Margaret Jull Costa, Marías and Costa were joint winners of the 1997 International Dublin Literary Award. His 1994 novel, Mañana en la batalla piensa en mí, whose protagonist is a

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 ghostwriter, won the Venezuelan Rómulo Gallegos Prize. The protagonists of the novels written since 1986 are all interpreters or translators of one kind or another, based on his own experience as a translator and teacher of translation at Oxford University. Of these protagonists, Marías has written, "They are people who are renouncing their own voices." In 2002 Marías published Tu rostro mañana 1.Fiebre y lanza (Your Face Tomorrow 1: Fever and Spear), the first part of a trilogy that is his most ambitious literary project. The first volume is dominated by a translator, an elderly don based on an actual professor emeritus of Spanish studies at Oxford University, Sir Peter Russell. The second volume, Tu rostro mañana 2. Baile y sueño (Your Face Tomorrow 2: Dance and Dream), was published in 2004. In 2007, Marías completed the final installment, Tu rostro mañana 3. Veneno y sombra y adiós (Your Face Tomorrow 3: Poison, Shadow and Farewell). Marías operates a small publishing house under the name of Reino de Redonda.He also writes a weekly column in El País. In 2005-06 an English version of his column, "La Zona Fantasma", appeared in the monthly magazine The Believer. <mask> was elected to Seat R of the Real Academia Española on 29 June 2006. He took up his seat on 27 April 2008. At his investiture he agreed with Robert Louis Stevenson that the work of novelists is "pretty childish," but also argued that it is impossible to narrate real events, and that “you can only fully tell stories about what has never happened, the invented and imagined.”

In 2013, <mask> was awarded the prestigious Prix Formentor. Redonda

<mask>'s novel, Todas las almas (All Souls), included a portrayal of the

masks: Marías Marías Marías


texts:
 poet John Gawsworth, who was also the third King of Redonda. Although the fate of this monarchy after the death of Gawsworth is contested, the portrayal by Marías so affected the "reigning" king, Jon Wynne-Tyson, that he abdicated and left the throne to Marías in 1997.This course of events was chronicled in his "false novel," Negra espalda del tiempo (Dark Back of Time). The book was inspired by the reception of Todas las almas by many people who, falsely according to Marías, believed they were the source of the characters in Todas las almas. Since "taking the throne" of Redonda, Marías has begun a publishing imprint named Reino de Redonda ("Kingdom of Redonda"). In addition, Marías created a literary prize, to be judged by the dukes and duchesses. In addition to prize money, the winner receives a duchy. Winners: 2001 – John Maxwell Coetzee (Duke of Deshonra); 2002 – John H. Elliott (Duke of Simancas); 2003 – Claudio Magris (Duke of Segunda Mano); 2004 – Eric Rohmer (Duke of Olalla); 2005 – Alice Munro (Duchess of Ontario); 2006 – Ray Bradbury (Duke of Diente de León); 2007 – George Steiner (Duke of Girona); 2008 – Umberto Eco (Duke of la Isla del Día de Antes); 2009 – Marc Fumaroli (Duke of Houyhnhnms). Awards and honours

 1995: Fastenrath Award (Real Academia Española) for  Mañana en la batalla piensa en mí
 1997: International Dublin Literary Award for A Heart So White
 2011: International Nonino Prize in Italy
 2013: Prix Formentor.2013: National Book Critics Circle Award (fiction) shortlist for The Infatuations
 2021: Elected a Royal Society of Literature International Writer

Bibliography
All English translations by Margaret Jull Costa unless otherwise indicated. Novels
 Los


texts:
 dominios del lobo (1971)
 Travesía del horizonte (1973). Voyage Along the Horizon, translated by Kristina Cordero (McSweeney's, 2006)
 El monarca del tiempo (1978)
 El siglo (1983)
 El hombre sentimental (1986). The Man of Feeling (US: New Directions/UK: The Harvill Press, 2003)
 Todas las almas (1989). All Souls (The Harvill Press, 1992; New Directions, 2000)
Corazón tan blanco (1992). A Heart So White (The Harvill Press, 1995; New Directions, 2002)
 Vidas escritas (1992). Written Lives (US: New Directions/UK: Canongate, 2006).Literary biography. Mañana en la batalla piensa en mí (1994). Tomorrow in the Battle Think on Me (The Harvill Press, 1996; New Directions, 2001)
Negra espalda del tiempo (1998). Dark Back of Time, translated by Esther Allen (New Directions, 2001; Chatto & Windus, 2003)
Tu rostro mañana 1. Fiebre y lanza (2002). Your Face Tomorrow 1: Fever and Spear (US: New Directions/UK: Chatto & Windus, 2005)
 Tu rostro mañana 2. Baile y sueño (2004).Your Face Tomorrow 2: Dance and Dream (US: New Directions/UK: Chatto & Windus, 2006)
 Tu rostro mañana 3. Veneno y sombra y adiós (2007). Your Face Tomorrow 3: Poison, Shadow and Farewell (US: New Directions/UK: Chatto & Windus, 2009)
 Los enamoramientos (2011). The Infatuations (US: Knopf/UK: Hamish Hamilton, 2013)
 Así empieza lo malo (2014). Thus Bad Begins (US: Knopf/UK: Hamish Hamilton, 2016)
 Berta Isla (2017). Berta Isla (US: Knopf/UK: Hamish Hamilton, 2018)
 Tomás Nevinson (2021)

Novellas and short stories

 Mientras ellas duermen (1990). While the Women Are Sleeping (US: New Directions/UK: Chatto & Windus, 2010)
 Cuando fui mortal (1996).When I Was Mortal (The Harvill Press, 1999; New Directions, 2000)
 Mala índole


texts:
 (1996). Bad Nature, or With Elvis in Mexico, translated by Esther Allen (New Directions, 2010)

Anthologies
 Between Eternities & Other Writings (US: Penguin/UK: Hamish Hamilton, 2017). Later compiled in Spanish as Entre Eternidades. Y otros escritos (2018)

Further reading
 Berg, Karen, <mask>'s Postmodern Praxis: Humor and Interplay between Reality and Fiction in his Novels and Essays (2008)
 Cunado, Isabel, El Espectro de la Herencia: La Narrativa de Javier Marías (2004)
 Herzberger, David K. A Companion to <mask>. Rochester, NY: Tamesis Books, 2011. References

External links

 Chelsea Bauch, "Exclusive Q&A: Spanish Author <mask>", 30 November 2009. "Airships" (translated by Margaret Jull Costa), Granta 107, Summer 2009."<mask>s", BBC HardTalk Extra, 3 March 2006. Video
 Wyatt Mason, "A Man Who Wasn't There", The New Yorker, 14 November 2005. "Feeling London's bombs in Madrid", New York Times 11 July 2005. Sarah Emily Miano, "Betrayal of a blood brother", The Observer, 8 May 2005. Aida Edemariam, "Looking for Luisa", The Guardian, 7 May 2005. "How to remember, how to forget", The New York Times, September 11, 2004. "Fewer Scruples", Barcelona Review, No.15, November 1999. "The Limits of Human Memory: On Proust and <mask>s" The Quarterly Conversation, Issue 17. 1951 births
Living people
Writers from Madrid
Spanish male novelists
Spanish translators
English–Spanish translators
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Members of the Royal Spanish Academy
Micronational leaders
Prix Femina Étranger winners
20th-century Spanish male writers
21st-century Spanish male writers
20th-century Spanish novelists
21st-century Spanish novelists
20th-century translators
21st-century

masks:
Javier Marías
Javier Marías
Javier Marías
Javier María
Javier María


texts: <mask> of India, also known as Mar Jacob, was a metropolitan bishop of the St Thomas Christians of Malabar. The history and legends of the East Syriac prelates in India prior to the arrival of European explorers are shrouded in mystery because of the unavailability of surviving documents. The Vatican Syrian codex 22, the oldest surviving Syrian manuscript written in Malabar, specifically mentions an East Syriac bishop who was residing in Malabar at that time. According to this ancient document, (now in the Vatican Library), which was written by a Deacon named Zachariah bar Joseph address Mar Jacob as Metropolitan and director of the holy see of the Apostle St Thomas, the great captain and the director of the entire holy church of India. Introduction. The Christians of St. Thomas became strong enough to achieve independence. Before the coming of the Portuguese, St. Thomas installed Christian rulers of their own (Villarvattom) to be absorbed into the rajahs of Cochin.The metropolitan of Angamali was assisted in the operations of his office by an archdeacon. The archdeacon was selected by the Catholics from the influential Pakalomattom family. Upon the death of the metropolitan, the archdeacon was left with the task of managing the office alone. He petitioned the patriarch to name a successor to the deceased metropolitan. Painting a comprehensive picture of this time in Ancient Indian Christianity remains an insurmountable task. The source material for this dark period, which existed in the East Syriac repositories of Mesopotamia and in the old records of the Indian churches, was destroyed by the Mongol hordes on the one side and by the Portuguese on the other. In fact, the vandalism of the Mongol invasions of the Middle East was only surpassed in this sphere by the


texts: repercussions of the Synod of Diamper in 1599.That act of faith simply led to the obliteration of all Indian records, since it was decided to burn all religious manuscripts tainted with the heresy of Nestorius. Thus historic records of The Malabar Church became lost to time. Cardinal Tisserant, however, registers a few minor references bearing upon the later medieval history of that church. The first dates from the fourteenth century, when a copyist named Zaccharias bar joseph bar Zaccharias made an allusion to the Catholicos Yahballaha III (1245–1314) and to Mar Jacob, bishop of India, in 1301. Patriarch Yahballaha III and the Metropolitan Yaʿqob of India. The dating formula in the colophon to a manuscript copied in June 1301 in the church of Mar Quriaqos in Cranganoor mentions the patriarch Yahballaha III (whom it curiously describes as Yahballaha V), and the metropolitan Yaʿqob of India(described as ‘vicar and governor of the seat of the apostle Thomas’, and probably the bishop Yacqob mentioned as the scribe's tutor).. Cranganore, described in this manuscript as 'the royal city', was doubtless the metropolitan seat for India at this time. The scribe was the fourteen-year-old Deacon Zakarya, son of Joseph, son of Zakarya, who is described as ‘the pupil of the bishop Yacqob’.The colophon of the manuscript suggests the ongoing relationship between the churches of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and Malabar  and also the consciousness of St Thomas Christians about their apostolic origin. (One important aspect of the identity of the St. Thomas Christians was and continues to be their consciousness of their apostolic origin). This holy book was written in the royal, renowned and famous city of Chingala (Cranganore) in Malabar in the time of the great captain and director of the holy


texts:
 catholic church of the East.. our blessed and holy Father Mar Yahd Alaha V and in the time of bishop Mar Jacob, Metropolitan and director of the holy see of the Apostle Mar Thoma, that is to say, our great captain and the director of the entire holy church of Christian IndiaOrigin of Christianity in India: a historiographical critique By Benedict VadakkekaraThe rise and decline of the Indian Church of the Thomas Christians by Placid J. Podipara page 15

The language used by the scribe about the patriarch Yahballaha III, however, is intriguing. The dating formula reads as follows:When the great governor, the holder of the key of the Holy Apostolic Church of the East and the bright lamp illuminating its territories, the chief of the chief priests, the father of fathers, our blessed and holy father, was Mar Yahballaha the Fifth, the Turk, catholicos-patriarch of the East, the chief region of the world, which guides and illuminates the other regions; who stands above the Catholic Church like a lampstand to give light to all its servants and to dispel its fears.Origin of Christianity in India: a historiographical critique By Benedict Vadakkekara

It is interesting to see the superiority of the East over the West upheld in this formula, as three years later, in 1304, Yahballaha acknowledged the primacy of the Roman Church. Protestant and Catholic scholars have long disputed the significance of this acknowledgement, and it seems likely that Yahballaha's acknowledgement in 1304 meant little in practice. It made sense for Yahballaha to cultivate good relations with Rome, but the recognition by the Church of the East of the primacy of the See of Saint Peter did not, in the eyes of the East Syriacs, give the Western church the right to dictate their beliefs. The colophon of MS Vat Syr


texts:
 22 is an interesting indication of how the East Syriacs really saw themselves at this period.But there is one puzzling aspect of this colophon. It is not surprising to find the Ongut patriarch Yahballaha III referred to as a ‘Turk’. But it is surprising to find him referred to as ‘Yahballaha the Fifth’. The standard lists of the Easy Syrian patriarchs know only two earlier patriarchs named Yahballaha, viz. Yahballaha I (415–20) and Yahballaha II (1190–1222). None of the known anti-patriarchs were named Yahballaha. Contact with Western missionaries
About the same time, unexpected circumstances briefly provided the Indian Church with western contacts.Two of those visitors stand out as particularly important from the viewpoint of inter-Christian relations. The first was the Dominican Friar Jordan Catalanl of Sevcrar: [d.c. 1336) who, after the first stay in India, prompted Pope John XXII (1361-44] to establish the first Latin-rite diocese in the subcontinent at Quilon. It was, however, a very short-lived attempt. The second was the Franciscan and papal envoy John de Marignolli. who stayed in Quilon for sixteen months In 1348-49. Their reports, as well as those of other such casual visitors, help us to get a clearer picture of Eastern Christianity in India in these centuries. In the 1320s the anonymous biographer of the patriarch Yahballaha III and his friend Rabban Bar Sauma praised the achievement of the Church of the East in converting 'the Indians, Chinese and Turks'.India was listed as one of the Church of the East's 'provinces of the exterior' by the historian ʿAmr in 1348. See also
List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East
Rabban Bar Sauma
Nestorianism and the church in India

References

Sources

14th-century bishops of the Church of the East
Church of the East in


texts:
<mask> (rus. Иван Васильевич Турчанинов); December 24, 1822 – June 18, 1901)  better known by his Anglicised name of <mask>, was a Union Army brigadier general in the American Civil War. He led two critical charges that saved the day at Chickamauga and was among the first to lead soldiers up Missionary Ridge. He was court-martialed for allowing his men to perpetrate the "Sack of Athens," and found guilty of all charges, but President Abraham Lincoln promoted him to brigadier general, which invalidated the verdict, as an officer could only be tried by those of equal or greater rank. Early life and career
<mask> was born on December 24, 1822, or January 30, 1822, into a Don Cossack family in the Russian Empire. He entered the Russian Army in 1843, and graduated from the Imperial Military School in St. Petersburg in 1852. His father was a major in the Imperial Russian Army, which gained him entry into schools that led to his eventual military commission.He later served as a Colonel of Staff in the Russian Guards and fought in Hungary and in the Crimean War. While serving as a lieutenant, he took part in the Russian campaign to help the Austrian Empire suppress the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Following his graduation, <mask> was posted to the staff of Imperial Guards in St. Petersburg, under the command of Count F.V. Rudiger. In May 1856, he married Nadezhda Lvov, the daughter of his commanding officer. Later that year, he and his wife emigrated to the United States, where he eventually settled in Chicago and worked for the Illinois Central Railroad. Civil War
Turchin joined the Union army at the outbreak of the war in 1861 and became the colonel of the 19th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment.Having led his regiment in Missouri and Kentucky, he soon found his unit under the command of

masks:
Ivan Vasilyevich Turchaninov
John Basil Turchin
Ivan Turchin
Turchin


texts: Major General Don Carlos Buell in the newly organized Army of the Ohio. Buell was impressed by Turchin and promoted him to command a brigade in the Army of the Ohio's Third Division, commanded by Brigadier General Ormsby M. Mitchel. Buell advanced southward into Kentucky and Tennessee in early 1862. When Buell headed west to support Grant at the Battle of Shiloh, he left Mitchel to hold Nashville. Turchin urged Mitchel to move southward. Mitchel did so, but not because of Turchin. He took Huntsville, Alabama, as part of a plan with the spy James J. Andrews to capture Chattanooga by cutting it off from Confederate reinforcements.Mitchel blocked them from the west by capturing Huntsville. Andrews was to block them from the south by burning bridges on the Western and Atlantic line. Unfortunately, Andrews failed; after the Great Locomotive Chase, all the raiders were captured, and some, including Andrews, were executed. Nonetheless, Mitchell continued to occupy the line westward from Chattanooga throughout much of northern Alabama. The occupation of northern Alabama by this division of the Union Army led to attack by combined partisan and Confederate cavalry units. One such attack overran one of Turchin's regiments at Athens, Alabama. Frustration had been building among these Union soldiers for weeks over repeated attacks and Buell's clearly stated conciliatory policy of protecting the rights and property of Southerners.The reported involvement of local citizens in the rout at Athens and the humiliation suffered by the Union soldiers led to the sacking of the town when Turchin brought up reinforcements. According to University of New Mexico School of Law professor Joshua E. Kastenberg, Southern civilians had fired on Turchin's men. General Joseph Keifer, who served as an ad hoc judge


texts: advocate, stated "Turchin did not believe that war could be successfully waged by an invading army with its officers and soldiers acting as missionaries of mercy." After reoccupying the town on May 2, 1862, Turchin assembled his men and reportedly told them, "I shut my eyes for two hours. I see nothing." He did in fact leave the town to reconnoiter defensive positions, during which time his men ransacked the business district. The incident was controversial, and Lost Cause supporters vilified Turchin.When word reached General Buell, a man much detested by the soldiers, he insisted on court-martialing Turchin. The court proceedings received national attention and became a focal point for the debate on the conduct of the war, related to the conciliatory policy as Union casualties in the war mounted. On February 25, 1862, Buell had issued a general order commanding his soldier "to protect the dignity of civilians." As Professor Kastenberg has noted, while Turchin may not have been concerned with the law or war, he certainly was "on notice" of Buell's order. Turchin, according to Kastenberg, had another problem at his court-martial. He requested Colonel Carter Gazlay to serve as his defense counsel, which was unusual since defense counsel was not a right at the time, and Gazlay faced his own court-martial for theft of army property. Also, as Kastenberg points out, Brigadier General James Garfield wrote to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, "I cannot sufficiently give utterance to my horror of the ravages, outrages, that have been committed… this town was, by Col Turchin, given up to pillage."<mask> was ultimately spared an ignominious end because Buell was removed from command for his incompetence. There were three charges against Turchin. He was first accused of "neglect of duty."


texts: According to the recitations, there were over twenty or so instances in which Turchin supposedly ordered his soldiers to pillage and plunder Athens, Alabama, without any proper restraints to them. Such instances included the sexual abuse of a servant [meaning slave] girl and the utter decimation of Bibles and testaments, ruthlessly destroyed and burned to pieces in a shop. Many of the other allegations against him included the plundering of ten stores and nine homes. "The rape served as the ultimate example of Turchin's failure" to control his own troops.Under the second charge, Turchin failed to conduct himself in a manner expected of an officer and a gentleman. That mattered to General Buell because under "Article 83 conviction meant automatic dismissal from the service and the end of Turchin's military career." A specification added to this charge included a failure to pay the bill at a hotel. The third charge was a failure to obey orders. It was believed that if Turchin were convicted on that charge, it would send a clear message to the officers in the Army of the Ohio and instill discipline and order within the ranks of the army. When the court-martial began, Garfield had been under the impression that Turchin allowed the things that took place at Athens in accordance with Muscovite custom. Turchin was found guilty of all charges, but the member of the court-martial urged Buell to show clemency.Buell instead ordered he be dismissed from the army. However, <mask>'s wife and others acted on his behalf in Washington, and were able to get Secretary of War Edwin Stanton to recommend his promotion to brigadier general. President Abraham Lincoln promoted him in mid-July. This invalidated the verdict: an officer could only be tried by those of equal or greater rank, and Turchin now


texts:
 outranked six of the seven members of the court. Turchin received a hero's welcome upon his return to Chicago. Prominent figures called for the removal of Buell and a more aggressive conduct of the war to bring it to a swift end. <mask> was given command of a new brigade.He distinguished himself during the battles of Chickamauga and Chattanooga, and in the Atlanta Campaign. <mask>'s wife, known in the army as <mask>, always stood by him and followed her husband on the field during his campaigns, witnessing the battles (as at Chickamauga and at the Battle of Missionary Ridge), and writing the only woman's war diary of the military campaigns. The song "Turchin's got your mule" (stemming from the catchphrase "Here's your mule") was popular during the war, and its chorus is said to have been used by disheartened troopers as a derisive answer to General Braxton Bragg's endearments at Missionary Ridge. Turchin resigned from service in October 1864 after suffering heatstroke on the campaign. Postbellum career and legacy

<mask> returned to Chicago and worked for a time as a patent solicitor and civil engineer. He later was involved in real estate and the settlement of immigrants in southern Illinois. In 1900, he was awarded a pension under a private pension act approved by Congress.He suffered severe dementia, attributed to his heatstroke, and died penniless in an institution in Anna, Illinois, at the age of 79. He is buried next to his wife in the Mound City National Cemetery in southern Illinois. <mask> has been portrayed by many in the South as a villainous figure for the so-called "Rape of Athens," but his actions presaged those that other Union commanders, particularly William Tecumseh Sherman, would adopt in prosecuting total war against the Confederate States. See also

 List of

masks:
Turchin
Turchin
Madame Turchin
Turchin
Turchin


texts:
 American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
 Bradley, George C., and Dahlen, Richard L., From Conciliation to Conquest. The Sack of Athens and the Court-Martial of Colonel John B<mask> (U of Alabama, 2006)
 Casstevens, Frances Harding. Tales from the North and the South: Twenty-Four Remarkable People and Events of the Civil War. Jefferson, NC.: McFarland & Co., 2007. Chicoine, Stephen, John Basil <mask> and the Fight to Free the Slaves (Praeger, 2003)
 Cozzens, Peter. This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992. East, Ernest E. "Lincoln's Russian General", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. 52, No. 1, Lincoln Sesquicentennial (Spring, 1959), pp.106–122
 Haynie, J. Henry. The Nineteenth Illinois: A Memoir of the Regiment of Volunteer Infantry Famous in the Civil War of Fifty Years Ago for Its Drill, Bravery, and Distinguished Services. (M.A. Donohue & Co., 1912)
 Mcelligott, Mary Ellen. "A Monotony Full of Sadness": The Diary of Nadine Turchin, May, 1863–April, 1864", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. 70, No. 1 (Feb., 1977), pp.27–89
 Treichel, James A. Union Cossack: General John B<mask>'s Career in the American Civil War. Thesis (M.A. ), Marquette University, 1962. External links

  From Conciliation to Conquest, the book on the Turchin Court Martial
 Turchin biography: John Basil Turchin and the Fight to Free the Slaves
 The Tale of <mask>nov
 <mask>, Union's Russian General

1822 births
1901 deaths
Union Army generals
United States Army personnel who were court-martialed
Russian military personnel of the Crimean War
American Cossacks
Don Cossacks
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
People from Chicago
People from Union County, Illinois
People of Illinois in

masks:
. Turchin
Turchin
. Turchin
Ivan Turchani
Ivan Turchaninov


texts:
<mask> Ph.D. (January 9, 1870 – November 13, 1935) was an American classical scholar. Career overview
<mask> was born in Brookfield, Wisconsin in 1870. He was educated at Carroll College and at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he worked as instructor in Latin (1900–1909), and from 1909 until his death as professor of classics. <mask> House in Kronshage Hall is named after him. Works
 With the Professor, Henry Holt and Company, 1910. Horace and His Influence, The Plimpton Press, 1922. Eternal Rome, 2 Vol., Yale University Press, 1924.Rome and the Romans; A Survey and Interpretation, The Macmillan Company, 1931. Monuments and Men of Ancient Rome, D. Appleton-Century Company, 1935. Selected articles

 "Was Attis at Rome under the Republic?," Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. XXXI, 1900. "Cicero's Appreciation of Greek Art," Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. XXXIV, 1903. "The American College Course," Educational Review, September 1903."Eastern Education Thru Western Eyes," Educational Review, Vol. XXX, December 1905. "A Professorial Meditation," Scribner's Magazine, Vol. XL, July/December 1906. "Mud and Nails," Educational Review, Vol. XXXV, May 1908. "College Professors Exposed," Educational Review, Vol.XXXVI, June/December 1908. "The Ancient Religions in Universal History," American Journal of Philology, Vol. XXIX, No. 114, 1908. "A Professorial Recantation," Educational Review, Vol. XXXVIII, June 1909. "The Making of a

masks:
Grant Showerman
Grant Showerman
Showerman


texts: Professor," Atlantic Monthly, Vol.CIV, November 1909. "The Literary History of Rome," The Dial, Vol. XLVII, July/December 1909. "Philosophy of Trimmings," Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CV, 1910. "Peace and the Professor," Part II, The Kindergarten-Primary Magazine, Vol. XXIII, September 1910/June 1911."Introduction to Study of Greek Mythology." In The World's Progress, Part II, The Delphian Society, 1911. "The Foxfielders at School," Educational Review, Vol. XLI, January 1911. "The Ancients Illuminated," The Dial, Vol. L, January/June 1911. "Let's us Have Peace!," The Dial, Vol.L, January/June 1911. "The Ferreresque Style of Writing History," The Dial, Vol. LI, July/December 1911. "The Making of a Democrat," The Yale Review, Vol. I, 1911/1912. "The Glory that was Greece," The Dial, Vol. LII, January/June 1912."Roman Religious Experience," The Dial, Vol. LII, January/June 1912. "Life and Letters," Educational Review, Vol. XLV, February 1913. "Sunday in Andalusia," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CXIII, 1914. "The Democrat Reflects," The Unpopular Review, Vol.I, January/June 1914. "The Story of a Microbophobiac," The Unpopular Review, Vol. I, January/June 1914. "The Case for Pigeon-Holes," The Unpopular Review, Vol. I, January/June 1914. "A Critic of Democracy," The Dial, Vol. LVII, July/December 1914."Balzac and Flaubert," The Dial, Vol. LVII, July/December 1914. "The Republic of Megaphon," The Unpopular Review, Vol. II, No. 4, October/December 1914. "Fitness First," The Methodist Review, Vol. XXXI, January/February 1915."The


texts: Liberal Arts and Scientific Management," The Popular Science Monthly, June 1915. "Valencia, and May," The Catholic World, Vol. CI, April/September 1915. "The Drama Movement," The Dial, Vol. LVIII, January/June 1915. "The Great Vocation," The Dial, Vol. LIX, June/December 1915."The New Painting," The Dial, Vol. LIX, June/December 1915. "The Way of the Translator," The Unpopular Review, Vol. V, No. 9, January/March 1916. "The Acceptable Year of the Lord," The Dial, Vol. LX, January/June 1916."Painting and the Public," The Dial, Vol. LX, January/June 1916. "Sixty Years of the American Stage," The Dial, Vol. LXI, June/December 1916. "Modest Modernist Papers," Part II, The Unpopular Review, Vol. VII, January/June 1917. "Smith, Smoke and the War," The New Republic, February 1918.“Machine and Man,” The Unpopular Review, Vol. IX, No. 18, April/June 1918. "Theophrastus up to Date," The Bookman, Vol. XLVII, March/August 1918. "The Ethernal City." In Classical Studies in Honor of Charles Foster Smith, Madison, 1919."Measuring the Immeasurable," The Nation, No. 109, July 1919. "The Professor and the Pipes," The Unpopular Review, Vol. XI, No. 22, April/June 1919. "The Pope's Last Appearance," University of California Chronicle, Vol. XXIV, 1922."The Dead and the Quick in Eternal Home," The Independent, Vol. CVIII, January/June 1922. "Music Before a Roman Jury," The Independent, Vol. CIX, July/December 1922. "The Struggle for Liberty," University of California Chronicle, 1926. "Heckling the College," School and Society, Vol.


texts:
 XXIV, July/December 1926."The Liberal College," School and Society, Vol. XXV, January/June 1927. "Art and Decency," The Yale Review, Vol. XI, 1922. "A Most Lamentable Comedy," School and Society, Vol. XXXIII, April 1931. Other publications
 "Attis."In: Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. II, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909. "Criobolium." In: Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. IV, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909. "Cybele." In: Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol.IV, Charles Scribner's Sons, 19089. "Death and Disposal of the Dead." In: Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. IV, Charles Scribner's Sons, 19098. Franz Cumont, The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, with an introductory essay by <mask>, Open Court Pub. Co., 1911. "Isis."In: Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. VII, 1914. "Martial's Epigrams." In: Encyclopædia Americana, Vol. XVIII, 1919. "Taurobolium.” In: Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. XII, 1921.References

Further reading
 Bassett, H. J., et al. (1936). "In Memoriam: <mask>," The Classical Journal, Vol. 31, No. 9. Oldfather, W. A. (1936)."In Memoriam: <mask> of Wisconsin and Rome," The American Scholar, No. 5, September. External links

 Works by <mask>, at Hathi Trust
 Works by <mask>, at Harper's Magazine
 Works by <mask>, at JSTOR

American classical scholars
People from Brookfield, Wisconsin
Carroll University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Classical scholars of the University of Wisconsin–Madison
Writers from Wisconsin
1870 births
1935

masks:
Grant Showerman
Grant Showerman
Grant Showerman
Grant Showerman
Grant Showerman
Grant Showerman


texts:
This is about the racing driver, for the Norwegian geologist with a similarly spelled name go to <mask>

<mask> (17 May 1913 – 27 August 2007) was a Swiss racing driver, a novelist, and an internationally prominent activist against animal experiments and vivisection. <mask> has been described as a pioneer of the anti-vivisection movement. <mask> was born in Naples to an Italian-speaking Swiss mother and a German-speaking Swiss father. He lived the first 14 years of his life in Naples, where his father was a textile industrialist and a specialist in Pompeian Art. <mask> attended boarding school in Switzerland. He then studied law at the University of Zurich but dropped out in 1932 to join the racing circuit. After World War II, in 1946, <mask> left the United States and returned to Naples.He married Maria Luisa de la Feld in 1949. They separated in the early 1970s and Maria Luisa died in 2006. <mask> died of cancer at his home in Lugano, Switzerland. He was 94. He is survived by his daughter, <mask> Mellon of Manhattan, his sons, <mask>. <mask> and <mask>, of Switzerland, and five grandchildren, Diana Mellon, Angela Mellon, Sarah Mellon, <mask> and <mask>. Racing career
He began racing in 1932 with MG at the Klausenrennen when he was 19. During the 1930s, he drove several Alfa Romeo and Maserati racing and sports cars at many smaller events throughout Europe.<mask> drove a Maserati 8CM 1934 and a Maserati 4CS in 1935 and 1936, followed by an Alfa Romeo GP car in 1936 and 1937. He also took part in the 1937 South Africa series. He competed in more than 100 races in Europe and South Africa, winning 27 races. During the early fifties, he drove a Ferrari 4.1-litre MM sports car. Writing and film career
In the late 1930s, <mask> moved to the United States, publishing short fiction in popular magazines. In 1946, he returned to Naples to continue writing. His most popular novels include Top of the World

masks:
Hans Reusch
Hans Ruesch
Ruesch
Family Ruesch
Ruesch
Ruesch
Hans Ruesch
Vivian Ruesch
Hans Jr
Ruesch
Peter Ruesch
Jessica Ruesch
Gina Ruesch
Ruesch
Ruesch


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 (Harper, 1950),  The Racer (Ballantine, 1953), and South of the Heart: A Novel of Modern Arabia (Coward-McCann, 1957).In The New York Times Book Review review of Top of the World, Max Eastman called Mr. <mask> "a born storyteller," and the novel is "a brilliant feat of poetic imagination." Ironically, <mask> had never seen an Eskimo. He based his story on the Oscar-winning film Eskimo (1933), directed by W.S. van Dyke. Director Nicholas Ray wrote the screenplay for the movie of <mask>'s novel, Top of the World. It debuted in Europe under the name, Ombre bianche. In 1961, it was released in the United States as The Savage Innocents.Anthony Quinn starred as Inuk, an Inuit (formerly Eskimo), who has had little contact with white men. At a trading post, Inuk accidentally kills a missionary, who insulted him by refusing the traditional Inuit (sexual) hospitality of wife-sharing. Inuk is pursued by a Javert-like police trooper, Peter O'Toole, in his first movie role. Mr. O'Toole refused to be credited with this movie, because his voice was dubbed. This movie was nominated for the Golden Palm award at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival. Drawing on his experiences in European auto racing, <mask> wrote the novel The Racer. It was released as the film The Racers (1955).Kirk Douglas starred as Gino Borgesa, a reckless Formula One driver, ensnared by speed, adrenaline, and a Hollywood 1950s romance. The movie was shot at several classic circuits, including Monaco, the Nürburgring, the Mille Miglia, and Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, with the climactic race at Reims-Gueux. Activism career
<mask> was internationally known as an outspoken advocate against vivisection and other forms of animal testing. An animal lover since his childhood, he became an activist against animal testing, while living in Rome. <mask> did not believe that medical research could benefit by using such methods. Instead, <mask> insisted that

masks:
Ruesch
Hans Ruesch
Ruesch
Ruesch
Ruesch
Ruesch
Ruesch


texts: medicine was led dangerously astray by what he saw as pseudo-science, and a fatally false methodology. He argued that rabbits, mice, rats and other animals are not anatomically and physiologically similar to humans and drew upon numerous statements from doctors and researchers in support of his stance (see his work, 1,000 Doctors and More Against Vivisection).Therefore, such animal testing cannot reliably predict physiological reactions in humans. In 1974, he founded the Center for Scientific Information on Vivisection (CIVIS) and devoted the rest of his life to the abolition of vivisection. In the 1970s, <mask> started writing exposés of the animal testing and research industry. He wrote the Slaughter of the Innocent (Bantam, 1978) and the Naked Empress, or The Great Medical Fraud, as well as publishing "The International Foundation Report Dedicated to the Abolition of Vivisection." Slaughter of the Innocent (Civitas Publications, 1983) is credited with promoting and strengthening the animal-rights movement in the U.S. and abroad. There is potential confusion concerning <mask>'s first two books denouncing vivisection. His first book on the subject was written and published in European countries with a title in each language that would translate into English as "The Naked Empress."(<mask> was multilingual, and he wrote the translations himself.) When this same work was to be published in England, the title was changed, at the publisher's request, to "Slaughter of the Innocent", and that is the title used when the book was subsequently issued (by Civitas) in the United States. Some years later, <mask> wrote a second book criticising vivisection, in English, which was released (again, by Civitas) in the United States, with the title "The Naked Empress, or the Great Medical Fraud". Whereas the first book focused on vivisection as a barbaric and unscientific means of obtaining medical knowledge, the

masks: Ruesch Ruesch Ruesch Ruesch


texts:
 second book focused on the profit motives of the medical-pharmaceutical industry in perpetuating vivisection. To summarise, the book known by the English title "The Naked Empress" is a different book to the one published earlier in Europe with that same title in other languages but known in English as "Slaughter of the Innocent". (This information is provided by the original organiser of Civitas.) Selective bibliography

Novels

 Top of the World series:
 Top of the World (1950) ()
 Back to the Top of the World (1973)
 The Racer (1953)
 Com'esser poverli (1956)
 South of the Heart: A Novel of Modern Arabia, AKA The Great Thirst, AKA The Arab (1957)
 The Game (1961)
 I mammà e papà (1962)
 The Stealers (1962)
 Make a Fortune (1967)

Nonfiction

 Naked Empress, or the Great Medical Fraud (Imperatrice nuda.La scienza medica attuale sotto accusa) (1976)
 Die Fälscher Der Wissenschaft: Techn. Rapport (1979)
 Slaughter of the Innocent (1978)
 I Falsari della Scienza (1980)
  1000 Doctors (And Many More) Against Vivisection (1989)
 La medicina smascherata: L'antivivisezionismo come esperienza politica (2005)
 La figlia dell'imperatrice: La grande industria della malattia (2005)

Filmography

 The Racers (1955)
 as Such Men Are Dangerous (UK)
 "The 20th Century-Fox Hour" (1 episode, 1956)
 Fox Hour of Stars (USA: rerun title) - Men Against Speed (1956) TV Episode based on the novel The Racer
 The Savage Innocents (1960) based on the novel Top of the World
 Black Gold (2012) based on the novel South of the Heart: A Novel of Modern Arabia / The Great Thirst / The Arab

References

External links

Obituary in The Times
Homepage (Italian language)
Schweizer Autor und Pharmakritiker gestorben (German language; "author and pharmaceutical critic")
Biography

1913 births
2007 deaths
Animal rights scholars
Anti-vivisectionists
Grand Prix drivers
European Championship drivers
Swiss animal rights activists
Swiss


texts:
<mask><mask>, is an economist and physician who has been on the faculty of the Economics Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 1977. He received an AB (summa cum laude, 1969) from Harvard University, as well as an MD (1974) and a PhD in Economics (1975) from the University of Pennsylvania. Having trained in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital (1974-1977), he maintained a medical practice at that institution until 2006. Since then, he has continued to practice as an internist at federally sponsored community health centers in Rhode Island, where the majority of his patients have poverty-level incomes and are not fluent in English. Research
<mask> has published widely on smoking and health, the economics of smoking and public policy toward the tobacco industry, HIV/AIDS, health economics, as well as economics and statistics generally. He is author of Deadly Choices: Coping with Health Risks in Everyday Life. Research publications

Williamson-Wachter-<mask> (1975)
As a graduate student, <mask> collaborated with his doctoral thesis adviser, Oliver E. Williamson (Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, 2008), in an article entitled Understanding the Employment Relation: The Analysis of Idiosyncratic Exchange.This article (294 Web of Science (WoS) citations, 928 Google Scholar (GS) citations) was subsequently reproduced in several collections, including Williamson's Markets and Hierarchies (1975). The article has been described as "the first explicit application of the new institutional economics to internal labor markets." The Internal Organization of Hospitals (1977)
Based upon <mask>' training in the economics of organization and his experiences as a medical resident, this article (149 WoS citations, 411 GS citations) has been listed as one of the top articles in the last four decades of scholarship in health economics. Reproduced in several collections, the article was cited in the first generation

masks:
Jeffrey E
. Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris


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 of health economics textbooks as the Harris Model: "The hospital, under <mask>' account, is the scene of continual conflict within an organization inherently split into two parts, what <mask> describes as a noncooperative oligopoly game." DuMouchel-<mask> (1983)
Based upon his participation in the Diesel Impacts Study Committee of the National Academy of Sciences, <mask> collaborated with William H. DuMouchel in an article entitled Bayes Methods for Combining the Results of Cancer Studies in Humans and Other Species (181 WoS citations, 228 GS citations). As recounted by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne in The Theory That Would Not Die, "Several civilian researchers tackling hitherto intractable problems concerning public health, sociology, epidemiology, and image restoration did experiment during the 1980s with computers for Bayes. A major controversy about the effect of diesel engine emissions on air quality and cancer inspired the first attempt.By the 1980s cancer specialists had solid data about the effects of cigarette smoke on people, laboratory animals, and cells but little accurate information about diesel fumes. William H. DuMouchel from MIT’s mathematics department and <mask><mask> from its economics department and Massachusetts General Hospital teamed up in 1983 to ask, 'Could you borrow and extrapolate and take advantage of information from non-human species for humans?' ... Thanks to mice and hamster studies, DuMouchel and <mask> were able to conclude that even if light-duty diesel vehicles captured a 25% market share over 20 years, the risk of lung cancer would be negligible for the typical urban resident compared to the typical pack-a-day cigarette smoker. ... Today, Bayesian meta-analyses are statistically old hat, but DuMouchel and <mask> made Bayesians salivate for more big-data methods—and for the computing power to deal with them." Cigarette smoking among successive birth cohorts (1983)
Motivated by his contributions to the 1979 and

masks:
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Jeffrey E
. Harris
Harris
Harris


texts:
 1980 Surgeon General’s Reports, <mask> developed a method to reconstruct the smoking rates of successive birth cohorts of men and women throughout the 20th century, based upon individual smoking histories reported in large-scale cross-section surveys. The resulting article, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute in 1983 (148 Wos citations, 210 GS citations), spawned a series of studies tracking the birth cohort-specific relationships between smoking rates and disease incidence.Improved short-term survival from AIDS (1990)
In an article entitled Improved Short-Term Survival of AIDS Patients Initially Diagnosed with Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia, 1984 through 1987 (101 WoS citations, 131 GS citations), <mask> was one of the first investigators to report a significant gain in life expectancy for AIDS patients, which he attributed to the introduction in 1986 of zidovudine, the first antiretroviral agent. Risk of lung cancer from low tar cigarettes (2004)
<mask> collaborated with Dr. Michael Thun and his colleagues at the American Cancer Society to study the relationship between cigarette tar yield and the risk of cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) cohort (57 WoS citations, 136 GS citations, 36,000 downloads from British Medical Journal website). This prospective cohort study of over 900,000 men and women remains the standard citation for the conclusion that, while cigarette smoking increases the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers, there is no difference in lung cancer risk between those who smoke medium tar cigarettes, low tar cigarettes and very low tar cigarettes. Public service
<mask> has served as Consulting Scientific Editor, Contributor, and Senior Reviewer to U.S. Surgeon General's Reports on Smoking and Health (1979–1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1996). He has served as a member of several committees of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine, including the Diesel Impacts Study

masks: Harris Harris Harris Harris


texts:
 Committee, the Committee to Study the Prevention of Low Birth Weight, the Committee on National Strategies toward Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, the Committee on Risk Characterization, and the Committee on Reducing Tobacco Use. Harris has served as consultant to governmental agencies, including the U.S. National Cancer Institute, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Federal Trade Commission, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Internal Revenue Service, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Minnesota Attorney General, New York City Department of Health, New Hampshire Association of Counties, the Attorney General of Canada, and the Australian Competition and Consumer Safety Commission.He has consulted for nonprofit public interest organizations, including the American Cancer Society. He has also served as a physician member of the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine (1978-1980). Expert testimony
<mask> has given invited testimony before the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives; the Committee of the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives; the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee; the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture; the U.S. Senate Democratic Task Force; and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. In 2003, he gave expert testimony in Price v. Philip Morris, a class-action lawsuit alleging fraud in the marketing and sale concerning light cigarettes, in which the trial court entered a $10.1 billion judgment against the defendant. In 2004, he gave expert testimony in United States v. Philip Morris et al., in which the trial court found that tobacco manufacturers had violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. <mask> has offered expert testimony in other cases involving the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries. Cipollone v. Liggett (1988)
<mask>’ role as an expert witness

masks: Harris Harris Harris


texts: at trial in Cipollone v. Liggett, the first lawsuit in which a jury held the tobacco industry responsible for an individual smoker's death, has been subject to reviews.As recounted by Richard Kluger in his Pulitzer Prize-winning Ashes to Ashes: "<mask> tellingly contrasted the tobacco companies' conduct with that of the canning industry, which had adopted new sterilizing methods when botulism was traced to its careless procedures, and the pharmaceutical industry, which had put a skull-and-crossbones warning on preparations found to be toxic when ingested. Such measures were in marked contrast to the conduct of Philip Morris, <mask> said, which in the 'Thirties had introduced the humectant diethylene glycol-- a compound later found to be harmful to the kidneys-- based on a minimum of testing..." <mask>' unpublished Expert Report on the State of the Art, which was submitted in the Cipollone litigation, itself spawned an inquiry into the role of historians as experts in tobacco-related litigation. As recounted by Robert Proctor in Golden Holocaust, "In a memo titled 'Witness Development,' Arnold & Porter's Janet L. Johnson emphasized to STIC's State-of-the-Art Subcomittee their need to develop a 'storyteller' to tell 'our version' of the history of the recognition of tobacco hazards. <mask>'s expert report for Cipollone had presented a detailed chronicle of the discovery of lung cancer hazard, identifying evidence from the 1930s and the strong case for proof by 1957. The industry wanted to counter the testimony without having to address when a link had actually been established. 'Instead of trying to defend the issue of whether and when a link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was established, we should consider focusing our testimony on defending 1954, attacking <mask>' 1957 date on which a link was 'proven,' and demonstrate that it was not proven in 1957 with post-57 statements by medical experts about the existence of a controversy'."

masks:
Harris
Harris
Harris
Jeffrey Harris
Harris


texts:
 Hispanic collaborations
Since he spent the summer of 2005 in a community health center in Guatemala, <mask> has developed connections with researchers and policy makers throughout the Spanish-speaking world.He has served as visiting faculty and has given lectures, principally in Spanish, in Guatemala (Universidad Francisco Marroquin), Mexico (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), the Dominican Republic (Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago), Spain (University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, University of La Laguna, University of Salamanca, Pompeu Fabra University),  Costa Rica (Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud, University of Costa Rica), Uruguay (Fondo Nacional de Recursos, University of the Republic) and Chile (University of Chile, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile). In 2008, <mask> was named Huésped Distinguido (Distinguished Guest and Honorary Citizen), City of Salamanca, Spain. In 2011, he received a Fulbright Specialist Award from the U.S. Department of State to establish collaborative connections with academic colleagues in Uruguay. His recent collaborative research work includes studies of physician specialty choice in Spain and the evaluation of Uruguay's tobacco control campaign. Since 2013, he has embarked on a series of collaborative projects in Chile sponsored by the MIT Sloan Latin America Office and the MIT MISTI/Chile Program. References

American public health doctors
Tobacco researchers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Physicians of Massachusetts General Hospital
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty
Harvard University alumni
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Scientists from Massachusetts
Smoking in the United States
Tobacco in Mexico
20th-century American physicians
21st-century American physicians
20th-century American economists
21st-century American

masks: Harris Harris


texts:
<mask> (?–1871) was twice Mexican governor of Alta California from 1825 to 1831 and again from 1832 to 1833. He was the only governor of California that lived in San Diego. Personal life
At the college of engineers in Mexico City, he was a Lieutenant-Colonel. He move to Mexico at appointment, leaving his wife and four daughters in Mexico with an olive oil mill he owned. He asked Mexico to give half of his government pay to his Wife. In 1855 he returned to Mexico to find his wife was paid no money and his mill not doing well, with his fortunes turned and he found himself poor. In 1835 there was an earthquake.Being an engineer he was in demand to repair the many damaged buildings and was able to get out of poverty. Antonio López <mask> Anna arrested him in 1855 for a political reasons on something <mask> negatively said about him, but he was then released. He returned to California and lived there with his daughters, even after the U.S. takeover in 1847 he continued in California until his death in 1871. He had step-daughters to care for him in his old age. Governor

In 1825 <mask> was appointed Governor of both lower Baja and upper Alta California. He moved to Monterey, California as this was the current capital. Not liking the cold fog and that he felt too far away from Baja, he moved to San Diego.Most of the administrative office stayed in Monterey. Much of the north Californio were not happy with this absent leader. He appointed Military officer <mask> Padré as a Lit. Governor of Baja California. Padré was elected to Mexico's congress in 1828. Padré appointed a lower level office in his place, but his did not go over well. In 1829 Manuel Victoria was sent to be the governor Baja California.Victoria was more on the side of the missions over the new rancho and Californio. In 1826 Governor <mask> had Jedediah Smith and his men "arrested", interviewed, released and ordered to depart California. As he was fearful that Smith's

masks:
José María de Echeandía
de Santa
Echeandía
Echeandía
José María
Echeandía


texts: reports would open the area to Americans. Echeandía reduced the area and time span of Russians sea otter hunting off the coast of California, that his predecessor Luis Antonio Argüello had licensed to the Russians. In 1827 Echeandía did not deport Father <mask>a a priest of the Mission San Juan Capistrano. Barona supported Independence of Mexico; but would not swear an oath of allegiance to the republic of Mexico. The Mexican government passed legislation on December 20, 1827, that mandated the expulsion of all Spaniards younger than sixty years of age from Mexican territories; Governor <mask> nevertheless intervened on Barona's behalf in order to prevent his deportation once the law of took effect in California.In 1828 Echeandía issued the first truancy law of California. It ordered the commanding officers to compel parents to send their children to the schools which he had established. In 1829, throughout Alta California, there were 339 students in 11 primary schools. During this time a noted educator in San Diego was Friar <mask> and his 18 pupils. Private schools operated throughout this time in California also. After Victoria's removal Echeandía started serving as provisional governor of the south part of California from 1832 to 1833. Agustin V. Zamorano from 1832 to 1833 was provisional governor of north part of California.This was due to the removal of Victoria. The removal was in part due to a military uprising revolt and the Battle of Cahuenga Pass and Victoria was not liked by the rich. In 1829 soldiers who had not been paid for years marched south starting in Monterey. Echeandía heard about the unrest and had his troops stop them just before Santa Barbara. In 1829 Estanislao, an indigenous alcalde, of Mission San José and a member and leader of the Lakisamni tribe of the Yokut people of northern California lead a bands of armed Native Americans in revolt against the California Mexican government. Estanislao led

masks:
José Baron
Echeandía
Antonio Menendez


texts:
 many raids against Mexican settlers. Echeandía send troops led by Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo to battle him in the San Joaquin Valley but did not win.In 1833, malaria was introduced into the San Joaquin Valley by Canadian beaver trappers from the Hudson's Bay Company. More than 20,000 California natives died from malaria in 1833 including many Yokuts, Chumash, Miwok and others, thus ending the revolts. Governor <mask> arrived from Mexico in 1833, resolving the north–south political struggle and replaced Echeandía on January 14, 1833. Figueroa continued the secularization of missions and giving out of Mexican land grants. Proclamation of Emancipation

Echeandía as the first native Mexican elected Governor of Alta California issued a "Proclamation of Emancipation"  (or "Prevenciónes de Emancipacion") on July 25, 1826. All Indians within the military districts of San Diego Mission, Santa Barbara, and Monterey who were found qualified were freed from missionary rule and made eligible to become Mexican citizens. Those who wished to remain under mission tutelage (guardianship) were exempted from most forms of corporal punishment.By 1830 even those new to California appeared confident in their own abilities to operate the mission ranches and farms independently; the padres, however, doubted the capabilities of their charges in this regard. In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control in all of Upper-Alta California was about 18,683 and about 4,342 of garrison soldiers, free settlers, and "other classes" totaled 4,342. New immigration of both Mexican and foreigners, increased pressure on the Alta California government to seize the mission properties and dispossess the natives in accordance with <mask>'s directive. Despite the fact that <mask>'s emancipation plan was met with little encouragement from the newcomers who populated the southern missions, he was nonetheless determined to test the scheme on a large scale at

masks:
José Figueroa
Echeandía
Echeandía


texts:
 Mission San Juan Capistrano. To that end, he appointed a number of comisionados (commissioners) to oversee the emancipation of the Indians. The Mexican government passed legislation on December 20, 1827 that mandated the expulsion of all Spaniards younger than sixty years of age from Mexican territories; Governor <mask> nevertheless intervened on behalf of some of the Spanish-born Franciscans missionaries in order to prevent their deportation once the law took effect in California. he knew this would leave most missions without missionaries priests.In 1830 as Governor he had Father Martinez arrested on charge of treason, and banished the Father from the Mexican territories. Mission secularization

Echeandía supported the Mexican secularization act of 1833 put on the Alta California missions. The act started the redistribution of the land holdings of the church to land grant ranchos. <mask> did not take any Ranchos for himself. While the secularization act was passed after <mask> departed office. In 1827, one of his sub lieutenant <mask> Sánchez, who was stationed at the Presidio of San Francisco, was granted permission by Echeandía to occupy the a rancho, Rancho Buri Buri, for "grazing and agricultural purposes" on the Mission San Francisco de Asís's Mission Dolores lands. The land later was granted to him in 1835, by Governor <mask> Pico, land of

In 1827 he made a land grant of Rancho El Rosario on Baja California, to Don <mask> Machado, one of the first soldiers stationed at the Presidio of San Diego. In 1828 he granted Rancho La Brea land of   in present-day Los Angeles County, California. The land was given to Antonio Jose Rocha and Nemisio Dominguez by <mask> Carrillo, the Alcalde of Los Angeles. Rancho La Brea consisted of one square league of land of what is now Wilshire's Miracle Mile, Hollywood, and parts of West Hollywood. The grant included the famous La Brea Tar Pits. In 1829 Echeandía made a land grant of

masks:
Echeandía
Echeandía
Echeandía
José Antonio
José Castroío
José Manuel
José Antonio


texts:
 Rancho Tía Juana to Santiago Arguello, paymaster at the Presidio of San Diego and part of the revolt against Governor Manuel Victoria. It covered 26,019.53 acres in what is now Tijuana and parts of San Ysidro in San Diego.In 1829 Echeandía gave a land grant to Rancho Janal of  in present-day San Diego County. The grant was to <mask> Estudillo a lieutenant at the Presidio of San Diego. The grant was located near present-day Otay Mesa. Even though <mask> had already been replaced as governor, he still appointed  Alvarado to oversee the secularization of Mission San Miguel. The new governor, Manuel Victoria rescinded the order and wanted Alvarado and Castro arrested. The pair fled and were hidden by their old friend Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, who was now adjutant at the Presidio of San Francisco. However, Victoria's rule proved to be unpopular and he was overthrown by <mask>, then replaced by Pío Pico at the end of 1831.In 1829 he grants land of Rancho Tecate to Juan Bandini. The  grant was for 4,439 acres (18 km2) of land in the valley of Tecate in  Baja California, near San Diego. A grant to Juan Bandini is recorded as being completed for Rancho Cañada de Tecate on July 12, 1834 under governor <mask>roa. He granted Rancho Temescal in present-day Riverside County, California to Leandro Serrano. The actor Ben Wright played Governor Echeandia in the 1960 episode "Forbidden Wedding" of the syndicated television anthology series Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story line, Echeandia objects to the wedding of a young woman who once spurned his affections. See also
List of pre-statehood governors of California
List of Ranchos of California
Rancho Suey
Henry D. Fitch
William Edward Petty Hartnell
Agustín V. Zamorano - Secretary of State to Governor <mask> <mask>.References

Californios
American politicians of Mexican descent
Politicians from San Francisco
Year of birth missing
1871 deaths
Governors of Mexican

masks:
José Antonio
Echeandía
Echeandía
José Figue
José María
Echeandía


texts:
<mask> Prakash Bhasin Award. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri in 1992. Biography
<mask> was born on 1 February 1930 to Lokanayaki and G. R<mask>, a freedom fighter, at a small hamlet in Tirunelveli district by name, Tenkasi, in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. His early education was at the local village school after which he did his intermediate (higher secondary) from St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai. At Alagappa Chettiar College, Karaikudi, where he joined for his graduate studies, he had the opportunity to learn under S. Doraisamy, an algologist and a protégé of M. O. P. Iyengar, a renowned phycologist. His master's degree came from Banaras Hindu University and, on getting a Government of India fellowship, he pursued doctoral studies under the guidance of Y. Bharadwaja and secured a PhD and DSc from the same university.His career started as an Assistant Botanist at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1956. With the guidance of M. S. Randhawa, then Vice-President of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, he established an algal research centre at the institute which is known to have conducted research on Algae and published several research papers and books on the subject. Through his researches, he established the role of algae in agriculture as a nitrogen fixing agent which was accepted by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), among others. He also initiated master's and doctoral courses in Agricultural Phycology at the institute to foster research and for training manpower. Supported by a grant from the Department of Biotechnology, he also established a national facility for the collection and distribution of Blue-green algae (BGA) cultures. When the Department of Science and Technology initiated a national level project on Algae for fertilizer, feed and fuel in 1976, Venkataraman was selected to head the project as its director. The project, which had state and central participation, is reported to have been successful in the dissemination knowledge on BGA bio-fertilizers among Indian farming community.His studies revealed the importance of rice strain selection as he maintained

masks:
Gopalasamudram Sitaraman Venkataramanm
Venkataraman
. Sitaraman


texts: that different strains have differing ability and adaptability vis-à-vis soil conditions, resistance to pesticides and insensitivity to sources of nitrogen like nitrates and Ammonium. He demonstrated the transfer of fixed nitrogen from algae to rice plants using 15N. He also developed a method for the in situ production of the BGA bio-fertilizer which he later improved by growing pure cultures of BGA on solid organic substrates, an achievement during his days at the School of Biological Sciences of Madurai Kamaraj University. <mask>'s book, The Cultivation of Algae, published by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1969, is a monograph on the culture and cultivation of algae while the 1974 publication, Algae: form and function, and Vaucheriaceae, deal with the scientific aspects of Algae. Two other books, Algal biofertilizers and rice cultivation and Blue-green algae for rice production : a manual for its promotion detail the algal applications in agriculture and one of the books he edited, Plant protection in the year 2000 AD covers the papers and proceedings of the conference held at New Delhi in December 1984. He was the editor of another book, Cyanobacterial biotechnology, a presentation of selected papers from the International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, held in Tiruchirappalli in September 1996. He also published over 170 articles on the subject.Venkataraman served as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Phycology and was a member of the editorial boards of Biological Wastes and MIRCEN Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. He was the Editor of the INSA scientific publications from 1983 to 1986 and a member of the sectional committee and the council of the Indian National Science Academy. He was associated with the International Rice Research Institute as a member of its Policy Advisory Committee on Microbiological Nitrogen Fixation and was a director of the Indo-US Science and Technology Collaborative Programme in Agriculture. He served as the visiting professor at Japan Agriculture Society and was a consultant to the Food and Agriculture Organization. Venkataraman died on 3 October 1998, at the age of 68. Awards and


texts:
 honours
Venkitaraman's memoirs have been included in the 24th volume of Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy, a compendium periodically published by the Indian National Science Academy, featuring its deceased and living fellows. The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow in 1974 and the Indian National Science Academy followed suit in 1984.He was also an elected fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India and a fellow of the National Geographical Society and Phycological Society of India. He received the VASVIK Industrial Research Award in 1978, Sanjay Gandhi Award for Science and Technology, four years later and the National Lecturer Award of the University Grants Commission in 1986. In 1988, he was awarded the Om Prakash Bhasin Award by the Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation for his contributions to Agriculture and Allied Sciences. The Government of India included him in the 1992 Republic Day honours list for the civilian award of the Padma Shri. Venkataraman, who was a holder of Humboldt Research Fellowship, delivered several award lectures including the Professor Panchanan Maheshwari Memorial Award Lecture of the Indian National Science Academy. He was also a recipient of the Alagappa Gold medal for his academic excellence from his alma mater, Alagappa Chettiyar College and the Australian Bicentennial International Medal in 1988 from Melbourne Poetry Society for his poem anthology, Reactions, published in 1986. He was one of the 56 Tamil personalities covered in Arunthondu Aatriya Tamizhaga Andhanargal, a compilation of biographies, published in Tamil language.References

Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine
1930 births
1998 deaths
People from Tirunelveli district
20th-century Indian botanists
Indian scientific authors
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of The National Academy of Sciences, India
Indian phycologists
Humboldt Research Award recipients
Food and Agriculture Organization officials
Banaras Hindu University alumni
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Madurai Kamaraj University
Scientists from Tamil Nadu
Indian officials of the United