texts: aid even arrived. He turned the tide and won the battle. Having defeated the garrison but still being not being in a strong enough position to storm the fortifications, he moved past the city.He didn't fear being attacked from the rear by the garrison anymore, mostly because their confidence was broken. While he besieged Sisauranon, he sent troops to raid the rich lands beyond the Tigris. While <mask>' assaults on the city were repulsed by its 800-strong garrison and suffered heavy losses, the city ran out of supplies and the garrison changed sides. At this point, the troops raiding Persia returned home without informing <mask>. At this point, up to a third of <mask>' forces had caught a fever, and the Lakhmids were about to take up arms again. As he did with other major decisions, Belisarius asked his officers' opinions; they concluded they should retreat. Procopius heavily criticized this, claiming that Belisarius could have marched on and taken Ctesiphon.He disregarded the fact that no information on Persian dispositions was available and <mask> hadn't been able to take Sisauranon by force, making it unlikely he could have stormed Ctesiphon. In the campaign of 542, <mask> got the Persians to call off their invasion using trickery. Khosrow had wanted to raid Byzantine territory again but Belisarius moved to the area. When Khosrow sent an ambassador, Belisarius took 6,000 of his best men with him for a meeting. Taking only hunting equipment with them, it seemed like it was a hunting party from a larger equally high-quality force. Fooled by the deception, the Persians, knowing that if they were defeated

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type: original

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 they would be trapped in Byzantine territory, retreated. Belisarius also sent 1,000 cavalry into the Persian retreat route; if an engagement was fought this might have pointed out Byzantine weakness.During the retreat, <mask> constantly kept the pressure on, preventing Khosrow from raiding. In return for the Persian withdrawal from imperial lands, the Byzantines sent ambassadors, as the Persian ambassador had requested from <mask> at their meeting. The meeting had been just a ruse to spy on the Byzantine troops, and as such, when <mask> took the pressure off, Khosrow attacked some Byzantine towns. Sacking Callinicum, Khosrow could claim success. Some claimed that by not harassing Khosrow, <mask> had made a serious error, but this view was not brought up in court. Despite Callinicum, <mask> was acclaimed throughout the East for his success in repelling the Persians. Crucial to the success of <mask>' deception had been Khosrow's fear of catching the plague if he remained in Byzantine territory for too long, which made maintaining a tactical position in Byzantine territory highly dangerous.By showing his best troops in the open, Belisarius made clear that his army was not weakened by the plague and seemingly not afraid to catch it. Return to Italy

While <mask> was in the east, the situation in Italy had vastly deteriorated. The governor sent to the area, a man named Alexander, was corrupt. He trimmed the edges of coins and kept the trimmings of precious metal to increase his own wealth. He charged many soldiers with corruption and demanded they pay fines, and he decreased military spending and demanded

masks: Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius


texts: that tax withheld from the Goths would be instead paid to the Byzantines. As a result, many Byzantine soldiers defected or mutinied. The command of the troops in Italy was divided by Justinian to prevent any commander from becoming too powerful.Most of the time these commanders refused to work together as Justinian's plague made it dangerous to leave the base. Meanwhile, the Goths under the brilliant and energetic leadership of Ildibad and Totila went on the offensive and recaptured all of northern Italy and parts of the south. Apparently Totila considered the opportunity to win an easy victory greater than the risk of losing his force due to plague. As a result, they won many engagements against the uncoordinated Byzantines including the Battle of Treviso, the siege of Verona, the Battle of Faventia, the Battle of Mucellium and the siege of Naples. But by now they weren't powerful enough to capture Rome. In 544, <mask> was reappointed to hold command in Italy. Before going to Italy, Belisarius had to recruit troops.When he finished his force numbered roughly 4,000 men. Justinian wasn't able to allocate significant resources, as most troops were still needed in the east and the plague had devastated the empire. During the upcoming campaign, Totila mostly wanted to avoid sieges. The Byzantines had proven themselves adept at sieges, but he had proven multiple times he could defeat them in open battle. Therefore, he razed the walls of towns he took; he wanted neither to be besieged there nor to have to besiege them later. <mask>, on the other hand, wanted to avoid battle; he had entirely avoided battle after

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texts: the battle of Rome. With forces as small as his, he wanted to avoid losing too many men and instead avoid the Goths from making progress through other means.In Italy, many soldiers were mutinous or changed sides, which <mask> hoped would stop when he was reappointed; it didn't. The Byzantine garrison at Dryus were running out of supplies and made plans to surrender, but when <mask> arrived, he quickly arranged for supplies to be sent by ship. The Goths failed to notice the ships until it was too late and abandoned the siege. Now <mask> himself sailed to Italy, landing at Pola. Totila quickly heard of this and sent spies pretending to be Byzantine messengers. <mask> fell for the ruse, so Totila immediately knew the state of his army; he wouldn't be deceived like Khosrow. <mask> himself didn't remain idle and went to Ravenna to recruit extra troops.While people respected <mask>, they were smart enough to notice that a fair deal made with <mask> would be ruined by his often corrupt and incompetent successors. As a result, not a single man enlisted. This also meant that Belisarius' normal strategy of winning over the people through benevolence wouldn't work. Not wanting to remain idle, Belisarius sent troops into Aemilia. This was successful until the Illyrian troops went home to deal with a Hunnish incursion. The remaining Byzantines successfully ambushed a significant Gothic force, and the incursion ended in a victory. Next, Belisarius sent some men to assist the besieged Auximus, they succeeded but they were defeated while moving back.Still wanting to retain some initiative, Belisarius sent men to rebuild


texts: some nearby forts. Belisarius undertook no other operations, so despite winter arriving, Totila started the sieges of some towns, secure from the Byzantine threat. When requesting reinforcement, Belisarius asked for barbarian horse archers, as he knew the Goths were unable to counter these. Justinian was fighting wars on many fronts and the plague was devastating Constantinople for a second time; he was thus unable to provide even the equipment and money needed to re-equip and pay the forces already in Italy. Totila was enjoying great success in his recent sieges. Herodian, commander of a garrison, surrendered very quickly to the Goths, having seen the unfavorable treatment Justinian had given Belisarius after his recent Persian campaign. By now the Goths had acquired enough strength to move on Rome.Like Herodian, the commander of the Roman garrison, Bessas, was afraid of poor treatment or even being prosecuted after the siege was lifted. As a result, he remained idle when <mask> ordered him to assist in the relief of the city. When <mask> attempted to assist the city with supplies, he came up against a blockade on the Tiber. He overcame this using a siege tower with a boat on top. The boat was filled with burnable materials, so when it was thrown into one of the Gothic towers in the middle of the blockade, the entire garrison died either on impact or because of the fire. <mask> had left a force under Isaac the Armenian to guard Portus with orders not to leave the city under any circumstances. Now <mask> heard he had been captured and rushed back to Portus.Isaac had left the city and was captured outside

masks: Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius


texts: its walls, and the city was safe. With surprise lost, no assistance from Bessas or John, who was blocked off in Calabria, and with little resources, Belisarius wasn't able to prevent Totila from eventually capturing the city. However, it is worth noting a letter that Belisarius wrote to Totila, according to Procopius, reportedly prevented Totila from destroying Rome:"While the creation of beauty in a city which has not been beautiful before could only proceed from men of wisdom who understand the meaning of civilization, the destruction of beauty which already exists would be naturally expected only of men who lack understanding, and who are not ashamed to leave to posterity this token of their character. Now among all the cities under the sun, Rome is agreed to be the greatest and the most noteworthy. For it has not been created by the ability of one man, nor has it attained such greatness and beauty by a power of short duration, but a multitude of monarchs, many companies of the best men, a great lapse of time, and an extraordinary abundance of wealth have availed to bring together in that city all other things that are in the whole world, and skilled workers besides. Thus, little by little, have they built the city, such as you behold it, thereby leaving to future generations memorials of the ability of them all, so that insult to these monuments would properly be considered a great crime against the men of all time; for by such action, the men of former generations are robbed of the memorials of their ability, and future generations of the sight of their works. Such then, is the facts of the case, be


texts: well assured of this, that one of two things must necessarily take place: either you will be defeated by the emperor in this struggle, or, should it so fall out, you will triumph over him.Now, in the first place, supposing you are victorious, if you should dismantle Rome, you would not have destroyed the possession of some other man, but your own city, excellent Sir, and, on the other hand, if you preserve it, you will naturally enrich yourself by a possession the fairest of all; but if in the second place, it should perchance fall to your lotto experience the worse fortune, in saving Rome you would be assured of abundant gratitude on the part of the victor, but by destroying the city you will make it certain that no plea for mercy will any longer be left to you, and in addition to this you will have reaped no benefit from the deed. Furthermore, a reputation that corresponds with your conduct will be your portion among all men, and it stands to wait for you according to you decide either way. For the quality of the acts of rulers determines, of necessity, the quality of the repute which they win from their acts. "Meanwhile, Totila had also been very successful in his other efforts. Famine had spread throughout much of Italy and as he did not have to fear Belisarius sending aid to besieged towns, he could take full advantage. <mask> had spent the winter in Epidamnus and when he sailed back (before attempting to relieve Rome) to Italy, he did so with reinforcements from Justinian. He split his force in two, one part successfully campaigning in Calabria under John nephew of Vitalianus, the other part, under


texts:
 <mask>' command, tried to lift the siege of Rome but failed.A force sent by Totila prevented John from leaving Calabria. After capturing Rome, Totila sought peace, sending a message to Justinian. He received the reply that <mask> was in charge of Italy. <mask> decided to march on Rome himself after Totila left the area. On the way, however, he marched into an ambush. Despite successfully ambushing <mask>, the fighting eventually turned in favor of the Byzantines. <mask> retreated, as it was obvious he wouldn't be able to surprise the city, but later marched on Rome again and took it.Totila marched on the city again but quickly abandoned the siege. Rome remained in Byzantine hands until after <mask> left. Following this disappointing campaign, mitigated by <mask>' success in preventing the total destruction of Rome, in 548–49, Justinian relieved him. In 551, after economic recovery (from the effects of the plague) the eunuch Narses led a large army to bring the campaign to a successful conclusion; Belisarius retired from military affairs. At the Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople (553), Belisarius was one of the Emperor's envoys to Pope Vigilius in their controversy over The Three Chapters. The Patriarch Eutychius, who presided over this council in place of Pope Vigilius, was the son of one of Belisarius' generals. Last battle
The retirement of <mask> came to an end in 559, when an army of Kutrigur Bulgars under Khan Zabergan crossed the Danube River to invade Roman territory and approached Constantinople.Zabergan wanted to cross into Asia Minor as it was richer than the often ravaged Balkans.

masks: Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius


texts:
 Justinian recalled <mask> to command the Byzantine army. <mask> got only 300 heavily armed veterans from the Italian campaign and a host of civilians, including or entirely consisting of 1,000 conscripted refugees fleeing from the Huns, to stop the 7,000 Huns. These were probably retired soldiers living in the region. Belisarius camped close to the Huns and had the civilians dig a trench for protection, and lit many torches to exaggerate their numbers. Determining the path the Hunnish advance would take, he stationed 100 veterans on each side and another 100 to block their advance. In the narrow defile the Huns wouldn't be able to maneuver, exploit their greater numbers.and use their arrow fire effectively. When 2,000 Huns attacked, Belisarius had his 100 veterans who were blocking the path charge, while the civilians made a lot of noise behind him. This confused the Huns, and when he struck their rear they were pressed together so tightly that they could not draw their bows. The Huns fled in disorder, and <mask> applied so much pressure to them during the retreat that they didn't even use the Parthian shot to harass their pursuers. After the defeat the Huns fled back over the Danube. In Constantinople Belisarius was once again referred to as a hero. Later life

In 562, Belisarius stood trial in Constantinople, having been accused of participating in a conspiracy against Justinian.His case was judged by the prefect of Constantinople, named Prokopius, and this may have been his former secretary Procopius of Caesarea. <mask> was found guilty and imprisoned but not long after, Justinian pardoned him, ordered


texts:
 his release, and restored him to favor at the imperial court, contrary to a later legend that Belisarius had been blinded. In the first five chapters of his Secret History, Procopius characterizes <mask> as a cuckolded husband, who was emotionally dependent on his debauched wife, Antonina. According to the historian, Antonina cheated on Belisarius with their adopted son, the young Theodosius. Procopius claims that the love affair was well known in the imperial court and the general was regarded as weak and ridiculous; this view is often considered biased, as Procopius nursed a longstanding hatred of <mask> and Antonina. Empress Theodora reportedly saved Antonina when Belisarius tried to charge his wife at last. <mask> and Justinian, whose partnership had increased the size of the empire by 45 percent, died within a few months of each other in 565.<mask> owned the estate of Rufinianae on the Asiatic side of the Constantinople suburbs. He may have died there and been buried near one of the two churches in the area, perhaps Saints Peter and Paul. Assessment

Tactics
During his first Persian campaign, <mask> was on the winning side once, at Dara. In his first few battles he didn't hold overall command and as he was promoted soon after these defeats, his performance was probably positive. At Dara, he won a resounding victory by predicting and influencing enemy movement. When the enemy concentrated and broke through, he moved against their rear and defeated them. At the next battle at Callinicum, he probably tried to copy his own success at Dara.However, he positioned himself at the low ground and was not able


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 to see it when the enemy concentrated to breakthrough. He had created no reserve at all, so he wasn't able to plug the gap, despite superior numbers. <mask>' failure to position himself properly, make a cohesive plan, take advantage of the terrain and his failure to plug the created gap caused a disastrous defeat. Once the Persians had concentrated for a decisive attack, they held numerical superiority at the point of pressure, despite inferior numbers overall. In Africa, he walked accidentally into the battle of Ad Decimum. His ability to see an opportunity to gain the advantage and to take it, contrast positively with Gelimer's inactivity. As such, Hughes judges his generalship during that battle to be superior.In Italy, he mostly relied on sieges to defeat the Goths. At this he was so efficient that Totila refused to engage in them until <mask> was unable to take the initiative due to supply shortages. Strategies
In Italy, to deal with a changing situation, he made multiple strategies inside the span of a year. Meanwhile, his opponent Vitiges had no coherent strategy after the failure of the siege of Rome. <mask> tried to keep his strategic rear secure, besieging, for example, Auximus so he could safely move on Ravenna. When he saw fit, he sometimes did operate with a force in his strategic rear, like at the siege of Ariminum, or when he planned to move on Rome without having taken Naples. In the east, he understood that the Persian garrison of Nisibis would be afraid to give the battle a second time after being defeated in the open earlier.Here too, <mask> operated with a force in his strategic rear.


texts:
 He wanted not to split his forces into two small contingents, like Gelimer had been forced to do at Ad Decimum, so when Narses proposed a plan to operate with a secure strategic rear, Belisarius refused it with the reason that he would divide his forces too much. In Belisarius' campaigns, Brogna sees the overarching theme of the strategic offensive then tactical defense followed by offense. This forced his enemy to attack strong defensive positions, like the walls of Rome, suffering horrendous losses. Belisarius could then finish off the enemy with the main strength of his force, his cavalry, which contained horse archers to which the Goths and Vandals had no effective response. Helmuth von Moltke the Elder would come up with the idea to use so-called offensive-defensive campaigns in to defend Germany centuries later. In these he would also go on a strategic offensive, take up defensive positions on enemy supply lines, and have the larger Russian and French forces attack his strong position.In both cases, the purpose of this kind of strategy was to defeat larger enemy forces effectively. When using such tactics, the higher quality of Byzantine troops, compared to the "barbarians", was exploited to the fullest, as wave after wave of Goths, relying on brute force to win, was defeated, In the case of the [imperial] Germans this was also the goal, as they, like the Byzantines, could muster superior firepower because of their higher quality troops. In his assessment of the commander, Hughes concludes that <mask>' strategic abilities were unrivaled. Character
At both Thannuris and Callinicum, he fled before the


texts: battle was over. While not improving the battlefield situation, this did prevent his own troops from being destroyed. At the battle of Dara, he refused to duel with a Persian champion, and instead sent a champion of his own. At Rome, however, he fought at the frontline with his soldiers.While he was not willing to take an unnecessary risk in the form of a duel, he wanted, and was able, to inspire his men in combat, and seems not to have lacked bravery. Procopius' portrayal of Belisarius being weak-willed can often also be explained with a good understanding of politics; taking action against his wife, for example, would not have been appreciated by empress Theodora at all. Just like the weak-mindedness in relation to his wife, the influence his soldiers had on him was probably not enough to convince him to move out of Rome. Instead, it was probably overconfidence on his own part. For the rest of his career, he became a cautious commander, which is in line with the notion that Belisarius knew his limits and tried to act within them. He often moved out with only a small force, with which he would have no control and communication problems. Another example of this is when at the battle of Tricamerum he merely advised John, not taking full command.He recognized John was competent and knew more about the situation, and as such John remained in overall command, winning a great victory. One of the attributes of <mask>' campaigns was his benevolence towards soldiers and civilians alike. This caused the local population to support him, which was vital to winning, for example, the battle of Ad Decimum. Many enemy


texts:
 garrisons also changed sides, as they could expect leniency. It also put Gelimer under time constraints, and as such forced him to fight the battle of Tricamerum. He is also noted for his calmness in danger. At Rome, when a rumor spread that the Goths were already in the city, and his men begged him to flee, he instead sent men to verify whether the claim was true and made clear to the officers that it was his job and his alone to deal with such a situation.Overall performance
<mask> is generally held in extremely high regard among historians. This is mostly because of the victories at Dara, Ad Decimum and Tricamarum. Little attention has been paid to his defeats in the east and at the Battle of Rome. Brogna puts him among the best commanders in history, Hughes says of him that he remains behind Alexander the Great and Caesar, but not by much. Battle record

Timeline

Legend as a blind beggar

According to a story that gained popularity during the Middle Ages, Justinian is said to have ordered Belisarius' eyes to be put out, and reduced him to the status of a homeless beggar near the Pincian Gate of Rome, condemned to asking passers-by to "give an obolus to <mask>" (), before pardoning him. Most modern scholars believe the story to be apocryphal, though Philip Stanhope, a 19th-century British philologist who wrote Life of Belisarius believed the story to be true, based on his review of the available primary sources. After the publication of Jean-François Marmontel's novel Bélisaire (1767), this account became a popular subject for progressive painters and their patrons in the later 18th century, who saw


texts:
 parallels between the actions of Justinian and the repression imposed by contemporary rulers.For such subtexts, Marmontel's novel received a public censure by Louis Legrand of the Sorbonne, which contemporary theologians regarded as a model exposition of theological knowledge and clear thinking. Marmontel and the painters and sculptors depicted <mask> as a kind of secular saint, sharing the suffering of the downtrodden poor—for example, the bust of Belisarius by the French sculptor Jean-Baptiste Stouf. The most famous of these paintings, by Jacques-Louis David, combines the themes of charity (the alms giver), injustice (Belisarius), and the radical reversal of power (the soldier who recognizes his old commander). Others portray him being helped by the poor after his rejection by the powerful. In art and popular culture
Belisarius was featured in several works of art before the 20th century. The oldest of them is the historical treatise by his secretary, Procopius. The Anecdota, commonly referred to as the Arcana Historia or Secret History, is an extended attack on <mask> and Antonina, and on Justinian and Theodora, indicting <mask> as a love-blind fool and his wife as unfaithful and duplicitous.Other works include:

Belisarius as a character

Painting
 Belisarius: (late 1650s) by Salvator Rosa (1615–1673). Given to Lord Townshend in 1726 by King Friedrich William 1st of Prussia, and hung in the 'Belisarius Chamber' at Raynham Hall, Norfolk. Valued at 10,000 guineas in 1854 (2019 – £1.7m); sold for £273 (2019 – £33,500) in the 'Townshend Heritage Sale' at Christies in 1904 to Sir George Sitwell of Renishaw

masks: Belisarius Belisarius Belisarius


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 Hall, where it now hangs. Drama
 Belasarius: a play by Jakob Bidermann (1607)
 The life and history of Belisarius, who conquered Africa and Italy, with an account of his disgrace, the ingratitude of the Romans, and a parallel between him and a modern hero: a drama by John Oldmixon (1713)
 Belisarius: a drama by William Philips (1724)

Literature
 El ejemplo mayor de la desdicha: a play by Antonio Mira de Amescua (1625)
 Bélisaire: a novel by Jean-François Marmontel (1767)
 Belisarius: A Tragedy: by Margaretta Faugères (1795). Though she wrote it as a play, Faugères "intended [this work] for the closet," i.e., to be read and not performed. Her preface voices complaints about "maledictions" and long-winded rhetoric in popular tragic drama, which she says tend to bore and even outrage a reader, and announces her intent to "substitute concise narrative and plain sense." The drama's plot and character development are secondary to moral conflicts, mainly between vengeance and mercy/pity, respectively associated with pride and humility.Beliar: 18th-century poem by Friedrich de la Motte Fouque
 A Struggle for Rome: a historical novel by Felix Dahn (1867)
 Belisarius, 19th-century poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
 Count Belisarius: a novel by Robert Graves (1938); Ostensibly written from the viewpoint of the eunuch Eugenius, servant to Belisarius' wife, but actually based on Procopius' history, the book portrays Belisarius as a solitary honorable man in a corrupt world, and paints a vivid picture of not only his startling military feats but also the colorful characters and events of his day, such as the savage


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 Hippodrome politics of the Constantinople chariot races, which regularly escalated to open street battles between fans of opposing factions, and the intrigues of the emperor Justinian and the empress Theodora. Lest Darkness Fall: a 1939 alternative history novel by L. Sprague de Camp. Belisarius appears first as the Roman opponent of the time traveler Martin Padway who tries to spread modern science and inventions in Gothic Italy. Eventually, Belisarius becomes a general in Padway's army and secures Italy for him. The Belisarius series: six books by Eric Flint and David Drake (1998–2006). Science Fiction/Alternative History. The character "Bel Riose" in Foundation and Empire by Isaac Asimov is based on Belisarius (1952)
 A Flame in Byzantium: a historical horror fiction novel by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro (1987)
The Last Dying Light (2020) by William Havelock, Book 1 of The Last of the Romans.Told from the perspective of Pharas (Varus) the Herulian, and recounts the chaos of the early-6th-century Roman Empire. Under Justinian's patronage, <mask> becomes one of the foremost generals of the Roman Army. The Last Dying Light discusses Belisarius' earliest years of generalship, while The Last of the Romans covers each of Belisarius' wars in turn. Belisarius: Military Master of the West: Book One: Nika: historical novel by Peter Keating Vanguard Press (2021) – written from the view point of Belisarius as he recounts his life after being discharged from the service of Justinian—it paints a different portrait of the man loyal to his emperor, but under the sway of the two most powerful women, the Empress Theodora and


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 his wife Antonina. This work covers his rise to prominence in the service of Justinian, his initial military campaigns in the East, then dealing with the Nika riot and finally becoming the first Roman to completely defeat the Vandals in North Africa and then capture Sicily. Opera
 Belisario: tragedia lirica by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Salvatore Cammarano after Luigi Marchionni's adaptation of Eduard von Schenl's Belisarius (1820), scenography by Francesco Bagnara, premiered during the Stagione di Carnevale, 4 February 1836, Venezia, Teatro La Fenice. Music
 Let There Be Nothing: a 2020 album by Power Metal band Judicator following Belisarius' life

Films
 Belisarius was portrayed by Lang Jeffries in the 1968 German movie Kampf um Rom, directed by Robert Siodmak.Gaming
 The Archmagos <mask> Cawl of Warhammer 40,000 also draws his namesake and inspiration from Flavius Belisarius. <mask> appears as the playable main protagonist in the Last Roman campaign DLC for Total War: Attila as well as the Historical Battle of Dara, The player receives missions of historical context. Starting at the beginning of the Vandal Wars, he leads the Roman Expedition to reconquer the West (North Africa, Italy, Gaul, Spain), officially for Justinian, but there's always the option to Declare Independence and turn Belisarius himself the Emperor of the West and what he conquers. His name is mentioned, and his "ancient palace"/"sunken city" ruins—below a Mosque in Istanbul—are a playable level in Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb. See also

 Anastasian War
 Asinarius
 Aspar
 Battle of Taginae
 Byzantine Empire under the


texts:
 Justinian dynasty
 Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty
 Conon (general under Justinian I)
 Constantinianus
 Cyprian (Byzantine commander)
 Flavius Aetius
 Liberius (praetorian prefect)
 Military deception
 Ostrogothic Kingdom
 Stilicho
 Strategikon of Maurice
 Teia
 Theodoric the Great
 Tribonian
 Uraias
 Vacis
 Vandal Kingdom
 Widin

Notes

References

Sources

Primary sources
 Procopius, The Secret History of the Court of Justinian, online at Gutenberg Project

Secondary sources
 "Belisarius" Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 27 Apr 2009

 R. Boss, R. Chapman, P. Garriock, Justinian's War: <mask>, Narses and the Reconquest of the West, Montvert Publications, 1993,

 Glanville Downey, Belisarius: Young general of Byzantium, Dutton, 1960
 Edward Gibbon has much to say on Belisarius in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter 41 online. Lillington-Martin, Christopher 2006–2013:
 2006, "Pilot Field-Walking Survey near Ambar & Dara, SE Turkey", British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara: Travel Grant Report, Bulletin of British Byzantine Studies, 32 (2006), pp.40–45
 2007, "Archaeological and Ancient Literary Evidence for a Battle near Dara Gap, Turkey, AD 530: Topography, Texts and Trenches" in: BAR –S1717, 2007 The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest Proceedings of a colloquium held at Potenza, Acerenza and Matera, Italy edited by Ariel S. Lewin and Pietrina Pellegrini, pp. 299–311
 2008, "Roman tactics defeat Persian pride" in Ancient Warfare edited by Jasper Oorthuys, Vol. II, Issue 1 (February 2008), pp. 36–40
 2009, "Procopius,


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 Belisarius and the Goths" in: Journal of the Oxford University History Society,(2009) Odd Alliances edited by Heather Ellis and Graciela Iglesias Rogers. , pp. 1– 17, Issue 7 (Special Issue – Colloquium 2009) jouhsinfo
 2010, "Source for a handbook: Reflections of the Wars in the Strategikon and archaeology" in: Ancient Warfare edited by Jasper Oorthuys, Vol. IV, Issue 3 (June 2010), pp.33–37
 2011, "Secret Histories", Secret Histories, with Christopher Lillington-Martin
 2012, "Hard and Soft Power on the Eastern Frontier: a Roman Fortlet between Dara and Nisibis, Mesopotamia, Turkey, Prokopios' Mindouos?" in: The Byzantinist, edited by Douglas Whalin, Issue 2 (2012), pp. 4–5,
 2013a, "La defensa de Roma por Belisario" in: Justiniano I el Grande (Desperta Ferro) edited by Alberto Pérez Rubio, 18 (July 2013), pp. 40–45,
 2013b, "Procopius on the struggle for Dara and Rome" in: War and Warfare in Late Antiquity: Current Perspectives (Late Antique Archaeology 8.1–8.2 2010–11) by Sarantis A. and Christie N. (2010–11) edd. (Brill, Leiden 2013), pp. 599–630,

 Lord Mahon, The Life of Belisarius, 1848. Reprinted 2006 (unabridged with editorial comments) Evolution Publishing,
 Lord Mahon, The Life of Belisarius, J. Murray, 1829.With a new critical introduction and further reading by Jon Coulston. Westholme Publishing, 2005. Ancient Warfare magazine, Vol. IV, Issue 3 (Jun/Jul, 2010), was devoted to "Justinian's fireman: Belisarius and the Byzantine empire", with articles by Sidney Dean, Duncan B. Campbell, Ian Hughes, Ross Cowan, Raffaele D'Amato, and Christopher Lillington-Martin
 Hanson, Victor Davis. The


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 Savior Generals: How Five Great Commanders Saved Wars That Were Lost. Bloomsbury Press, 2013.  online edition

External links

 Military History magazine article

500 births
565 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
6th-century Byzantine people
6th-century Roman consuls
Byzantine generals
Generals of Justinian I
Imperial Roman consuls
Magistri militum
People from Kyustendil Province
People of the Gothic War (535–554)
People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
Vandalic War
Last of the Romans
Iberian


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<mask> (April 21, 1870 – April 30, 1941) was an American film pioneer, most famous as a producer, director, studio manager and cinematographer with the Edison Manufacturing Company and the Famous Players Film Company. Of over 250 films created by <mask>, his most important include: What Happened on Twenty-third Street, New York City, (1901), (the 72-seconds long footage depicting the skirt-raising scene later used in The Seven Year Itch); Jack and the Beanstalk (1902); Life of an American Fireman (1903); The Great Train Robbery (1903); The European Rest Cure (1904); The Kleptomaniac (1905); Life of a Cowboy (1906); Rescued from an Eagle's Nest (1908); and The Prisoner of Zenda (1913). Birth and education
<mask> was born and raised in Connelsville, Pennsylvania, to <mask>, a merchant, and Mary (Clark<mask>; he was the fourth of seven children with four brothers (Chales W., Frank, John, and Everett Melbourne) and two sisters (Mary and Ada). Named Edward at birth, he later changed his name to <mask>, after <mask>, the Democratic politician from Ohio who had served as Abraham Lincoln's Secretary of War. After attending public schools in Connellsville, <mask> worked, among other odd jobs, as an exhibition skater, a sign painter, and a telegraph operator. He developed an interest in electricity at a young age, and shared a patent at age 21 for a lamp regulator. Eventually becoming a merchant tailor, <mask> was battered by the Panic of 1893.He filed for bankruptcy on June 15 and enlisted in the United States Navy four days later on June 19. He served three years as a gunner's mate, serving on the USS New York (ACR-2) and at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Career

Early career
He was employed initially in the electrical department of William Cramp & Sons, a Philadelphia ship and engine building company. During his three years' service he showed aptitude as an inventor of electrical devices to improve communications.

masks:
Edwin Stanton Porter
Porter
Porter
Thomas Richard Porter
) Porter
Edwin Stanton
Edwin Stanton
Porter
Porter


texts: <mask> entered motion picture work in 1896, the first year movies were commercially projected on large screens in the United States. He was briefly employed in New York City by Raff & Gammon, agents for the films and viewing equipment made by Thomas Edison, and then left to become a touring projectionist with a competing machine, Kuhn & Webster's Projectorscope. He traveled through the West Indies and South America, showing films at fairgrounds and in open fields.He later made a second tour through Canada and the United States. Returning to New York City in early 1898, <mask> found work at the Eden Musée, a Manhattan wax museum and amusement hall  which had become a center for motion picture exhibition and production and licensee of the Edison Manufacturing Company. While at Eden Musée, <mask> worked assembling programs of Edison films, most particularly exhibitions of films of the Spanish–American War, Edison productions which helped stir an outbreak of patriotic fever in New York City. As an exhibitor, <mask> had tremendous creative control over these programs, presenting a slate of films accompanied by a selection of music and live narration. <mask> joined the Edison Manufacturing Company in November 1900. Soon afterward he took charge of motion picture production at Edison's New York studios, operating the camera, directing the actors, and assembling the final print. He collaborated with several other filmmakers, including George S. Fleming.During the next decade <mask> became the most influential filmmaker in the United States. From his experience as a touring projectionist, <mask> knew what pleased crowds, and he began by making trick films and comedies for Edison. One of his early films was Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King, a satire made in February 1901 about the then Vice President-elect, Theodore Roosevelt. Like all early filmmakers, he took ideas from others, but rather than simply copying

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Porter
Porter
Porter
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Edison Porter
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 films he tried to improve on what he borrowed. In his Jack and the Beanstalk (1902) and Life of an American Fireman (1903) he followed earlier films by France's Georges Méliès and members of England's Brighton School, such as James Williamson. Instead of using abrupt splices or cuts between shots, however, <mask> created dissolves, gradual transitions from one image to another. In Life of an American Fireman particularly, the technique helped audiences follow complex outdoor movement.Uncle Tom's Cabin, was the first American film to use intertitles which helped the audience follow the story by identifying the scenes and some of the principal characters. The Great Train Robbery and after
<mask>'s next film, The Great Train Robbery (1903) took the archetypal American Western story, already familiar to audiences from dime novels and stage melodrama, and made it an entirely new visual experience. The one-reel film, with a running time of twelve minutes, was assembled in twenty separate shots, along with a startling close-up of a bandit firing at the camera. It used as many as ten different indoor and outdoor locations and was groundbreaking in its use of "cross-cutting" in film editing to show simultaneous action in different places. No earlier film had created such swift movement or variety of scene. The Great Train Robbery was enormously popular. For several years it toured throughout the United States, and in 1905 it was the premier attraction at the first nickelodeon.Its success firmly established motion pictures as commercial entertainment in the United States. After The Great Train Robbery Porter continued to try out new techniques. He presented two parallel stories in The Kleptomaniac (1905), a film of social commentary like his technically more conventional film of 1904, The Ex-Convict. In The Seven Ages (1905) he used side lighting, close-ups, and changed shots within a scene, one of the earliest

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 examples of a filmmaker departing from the theatrical analogy of a single shot for each scene. He also directed trick films such as Dream of a Rarebit Fiend (1906), based on the comic strip by Winsor McCay. Between 1903 and 1907 he successfully demonstrated most of the techniques that were to become the basic modes of visual communication through film. For instance, he helped to develop the modern concept of continuity editing, notably in The Trainer's Daughter or A Race for Love (1907), and is often credited with discovering that the basic unit of structure in film was the "shot" rather than the scene (the basic unit on the stage), paving the way for D. W. Griffith's advances in editing and screen storytelling.Yet he seemed to regard them only as separate experiments and never brought them together in a unified filmmaking style. <mask> directed future filmmaker Griffith in Rescued from an Eagle's Nest (1908). Defender and Rex Film Companies

In 1909 after tiring of the industrial system set up to feed the booming nickelodeon business, <mask> left Edison and founded a company to manufacture Simplex motion picture projectors. In 1910 he founded Defender Film Company, which folded after one year. In 1911 he joined with others in organizing the Rex Motion Picture Company. In 1912 he sold out and accepted an offer from Adolph Zukor to become chief director of the new Famous Players Film Company, the first American company that regularly produced feature-length films. He directed stage actor James K. Hackett in their first feature film, The Prisoner of Zenda (1913).He also directed Mary Pickford in her first feature film, A Good Little Devil (1913), also directing Pauline Frederick and John Barrymore. 3D movie pioneer
But his directorial skills had not kept pace with rapid changes in motion picture art, although his technical skills were piqued by 3D. <mask>'s last film premiered on June 10, 1915, Niagara

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 Falls, the first
anaglyph 3D movie. In 1916 he left Famous Players during a reorganization. Precision Machine Company
From 1917 to 1925 <mask> served as president of the Precision Machine Company, manufacturers of the Simplex projectors. After his retirement in 1925 he continued to work on his own as an inventor and designer, securing several patents for still cameras and projector devices. During the 1930s he was employed by an appliance corporation.Death

Aged 71, he died in 1941 at the Hotel Taft in New York City and was buried in Husband Cemetery, Somerset, Pennsylvania. He was survived by his wife, Caroline Ridinger, whom he had married on June 5, 1893; they had no children. Legacy

<mask> remains an enigmatic figure in motion picture history. Though his significance as director of The Great Train Robbery and other innovative early films is undeniable, he rarely repeated an innovation after he had used it successfully, never developed a consistent directorial style, and in later years never protested when others rediscovered his techniques and claimed them as their own. He was a modest, quiet, cautious man who felt uncomfortable working with the famous stars he directed starting in 1912. Zukor said of <mask> that he was more an artistic mechanic than a dramatic artist, a man who liked to deal with machines better than with people. See also
<mask><mask> filmography

References

External links

 Musser, Charles.Before the Nickelodeon: <mask><mask> and the Edison Manufacturing Company. Berkeley:  University of California Press,  c1991 1991. Free Online - UC Press E-Books Collection

1870 births
1941 deaths
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
Cinema pioneers
Edison Pioneers
People from Connellsville, Pennsylvania
Silent film directors
Western (genre) film directors
Fantasy film directors
Film directors from Pennsylvania
United States Navy sailors
Articles containing

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<mask>, OBE (born 1931) is a retired Chief Petty Officer in the Royal Navy, a businessman and maritime history writer who is widely regarded as one of Britain's leading historic shipwreck experts. Life

Career at Sea
Born in Norfolk and raised in Great Yarmouth before being evacuated to Oxford during the Second World War, he went to a sea training school (TS. Mercury, Hamble) at the age of 14. <mask> taught himself to dive in 1947, using a German-made Dräger U-boat escape set in the River Thames. He then joined the Merchant Navy where he served his apprenticeship as a deck-officer with the South American Saint Line and eventually became 2nd Mate. In 1950 he transferred to the Royal Navy where he stayed for 22 years. As a Chief Petty Officer Mechanician/diver he served in Korea and initiated diving from Dragonfly helicopters to recover ram-jet un-manned gunnery target drone aircraft off Malta, being dropped into the sea wearing diving equipment with Petty Officer John Guppy, up to five miles offshore, to assist a rescue tug in recovering the targets intact.They were possibly the first divers in the Royal Navy to operate using diving apparatus from helicopters, long before SAR divers. He also participated in diving expeditions all over the world. <mask> then specialised in air-launched weapons, Firestreak, Redtop, Sidewinder, Bullpup, Mk.43 and 44 homing torpedoes, and the 2000lb HEMC nuclear bomb, and

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Richard James Vincent Larn
Larn
Larn


texts: was Chief Petty Officer i/c the Guided Weapons Section on board HMS Hermes for three years, which required Positive Security Vetting to Top Secret - Atomic. In 1957 he became a BSAC member, and served as BSAC Deputy Diving Officer in 1961 and 1962. <mask> was also among the instigating members of the Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club (NATSAC), the Royal Navy Sub-Aqua Club, which was established in the early 1960s with Lieutenant Roy Graham as its first chairman, and <mask> as its Diving Officer. One of the club's first major projects, initiated by Larn's extensive research into the Scilly naval disaster of 1707, was to send a team of Royal Navy divers, based on board the minesweeper HM/XSV Puttenham, to the Isles of Scilly off the coast of Cornwall to find an historic fleet of sunken Royal Navy ships, led by HMS Association, a 90-gun Second Rate Ship of the Line lost in the 1707 disaster. In 1964 about ten NACSAC members, including <mask>, arrived on Scilly – thought at that time to be only the second group of divers ever to come there.Their initial dives sparked off a long chain of navy visits that continued for four years. The annual expedition in 1966 was announced as a search for the wreck of the Association. Plans to find it had existed before, but until then the dives in the Isles of Scilly had largely discovered modern wrecks. The divers could only get out to the Western Rocks, but hardly around

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 the Gilstone Ledge, where a later expedition managed to locate the wreck of the Association in 1967; <mask> was not present in 1967 having been given a "pier-head jump" at the last minute to HMS Bulwark in Singapore. However, on his return he led NACSAC for its 1969, 1970 and 1971 expeditions to the islands, before leaving the Royal Navy. After the Navy
In 1972 <mask> left the Royal Navy as a Chief Petty Officer/ Weapons Electrical Mechanician to pursue a career in private business. After two years as Works Director for Partech Electronics International Ltd, Charlestown, helping the Company to move to Cornwall from Wellyn Garden City, he then founded a commercial diving training centre Prodive Ltd. initially in the Long Store, Charlestoiwn, then in Falmouth Docks, Cornwall, which aimed at improving the training standard of professional commercial deep sea divers in the oil and gas offshore industry.Prodive Ltd became one of only three diver training establishments in the UK approved to operate training to HSE Standards, and train Government sponsored students. In 1976 he established the Charlestown Shipwreck and Heritage Centre which grew out of his own collection of shipwreck artifacts which he ran until 1998 with his second wife, Bridget,. Living in Charlestown for 31 years, he was joint owner and curator of one of the largest collections of shipwreck artifacts on public display in Europe. <mask> and


texts: his wife Bridget then moved to the Isles of Scilly in 1986, where they lived from 1986 to 1991 during which they set up and ran the Longstone Heritage Centre. on the island of St. Mary's, retaining their interest in Charlestown. Lloyd's Register then offered <mask> a ten-year writing contract to produce a multi-volume series recording known shipwrecks around Gt. Britain & Ireland, which necessitated he and his wife selling their business in the Scillies and move back to the mainland.In 1982 he sold his shares in Prodive Ltd to his partner, Roger Parker, and spent the next four years treasure hunting, leading successful expeditions to recover thousands of silver Lion Daalder coins from the Dutch East India Company ship Campen, sunk off the Needles, isle of Wight, and then copper ingots, artifacts and literally millions of copper coins from the English East Indiaman Admiral Gardner, on the Goodwin Sands, Kent. Other shipwreck projects concerned historic wrecks including the Coronation, Ramillies, Dartmouth, Schiedam, Dollar Cove, Santo Christo de Castello, and the St.Anthony. <mask> is currently the Licensee for the Bartholomew Ledge wreck site, and the Tearing Ledge site (HMS Eagle) on the Isles of Scilly. Together with his wife he has written over 65 books and countless articles on maritime history and archaeology, shipwrecks and the sea. Their 'Shipwreck Index of the British Isles'(Vol's 1-6) a

masks: Larn Larn


texts:
 monumental work with details of 45,000 ships, for Lloyd's Register of Shipping, was used by the Royal Commission for Historic Monuments (now English Heritage)to establish the NMR(National Maritime Record), followed by a similar record for both the Scottish and Welsh Governments. In retirement, <mask> is still active in diving, mostly in the Isles of Scilly where he contributes a regular column on maritime history in the local magazines Scilly Now & Then and the Scillonian Magazine. His other interests include figurehead and ship carving, and model making.When in 2007 the council of Scilly commemorated the 300th anniversary of the great naval disaster of 1707, <mask> was among the principal organisers and also gave public lectures, as did Dava Sobel, author of Longitude, and Sir Arnold Wolfendale, the 14th Astronomer Royal. Honours
Besides receiving awards from diving and maritime history associations, <mask> was made a Cornish Bard by the Gorsedd of Cornwall at Redruth in 2006, taking the Bardic name 'Gonyas an Mor' Servant of the Sea. He started a company Shipwrecks.UK.Ltd, and has a web site www.shipwreckphotographs.com, still being developed. In the Birthday Honours 2009 he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for "services to nautical archaeology and marine heritage". awarded the prestigious USA's 'Knight of Mark Twain'(1970). <mask>, one of the original founders, has been

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 the President and News Letter Editor of IMASS (International Marine Archaeological & Shipwreck Society) since 2010, an organisation which holds the prestige Shipwreck Conference annually at Plymouth University, now in its 35th year. Publications
Note: this list is not complete
 Admiral Shovell's Treasure and Shipwreck in the Isles of Scilly.Peter McBride & <mask>. Shipwreck & Marine, 1999
 Charlestown – the History of a Cornish Seaport. Villiers Publications, 1994
 Cornish Shipwrecks – the Isles of Scilly. David & Charles, 1971 & 1979 (2nd ed.) Cornish Shipwrecks – the South Coast. <mask> & Clive Carter. David & Charles, 1969 & 1971 Pan paperback editions, 1973 & 1976
 Devon Shipwrecks.David & Charles, 1974 & 1977. Pan paper-back editions, 1974 & 1977
 Goodwin Sands Shipwrecks. David & Charles, 1977 & 1979
 Ships, Shipwrecks and Maritime incidents in the Isles of Scilly. Museum Pub. No. 3 (for the Isles of Scilly Museum Council), 1999
 Shipwrecks at Land's End Richard Larn & Edwin Mills Clark. Doble & Brendon, 1970
 Shipwrecks of Devon.Countryside Books, 1996 (2nd ed.) Shipwrecks of Great Britain & Ireland. David & Charles, 1981
 Shipwrecks of the Goodwin Sands. Beresford Books, 1995 (2nd ed.) Shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly. Shipwreck & Marine, 1999 (4th ed.) Shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly.Thomas & Lochar, 1993 (3rd ed.) Sir Clowdisley Shovell's Disaster in the Isles of Scilly <mask> &

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Richard Larn
Richard Larn
Richard Larn


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 Peter McBride. Western Litho Plymouth, 1985
 The Cita – Scilly's own 'Whisky Galore' wreck. Shipwreck & Marine, 1997 & 1998 (2nd ed.) The Commercial Diving Manual. <mask> & Rex Whistler. David & Charles, 1984, 1989 & 1993 (3rd ed.)The Diver Guide to South Cornwall. Underwater Publications, 1983, 1987 & 1996
 The Diver Guide to the Isles of Scilly & North


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<mask> (born January 14, 1942) is an American nonprofit executive and former politician. She is chair of the board of the Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund (GCERF). Previously, she was director of the Peace Corps, executive director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and president and CEO of World Learning. She is also the chair of children's rights advocacy organization ECPAT International, working to end the sexual exploitation of children. After three terms in the New York State Senate, she was the first woman to be elected to any citywide office in NYC as President of the New York City Council, a position she held until her unsuccessful bid for Mayor of New York in 1985; she was the second to last person to hold this position. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Plainfield, New Jersey in 1942, and raised in Scotch Plains, graduating from Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School in 1959. She attended Gettysburg College, where she was a member of Delta Gamma, and graduated in 1963.She earned her J.D. degree from New York University School of Law in 1968, and was a Peace Corps volunteer in Guatemala from 1963 to 1965.

Business career
<mask> was a managing director at Bear Stearns from 1990 to 1993, a Principal at Morgan Stanley from 1986 to 1990, and an associate in the New York law firm of Cravath, Swaine & Moore from 1968 to 1971. In 1968, she was to be one of the subjects of Jean-Luc Godard's film One A.M. (later released as One P.M. by D. A. Pennebaker) where she described her philosophy of using business to accomplish social change. Her speech was then satirized by Rip Torn wearing a US Civil War uniform in front of a Brooklyn middle school class. Political career

New York State Senate
<mask> was a member of the New York State Senate from 1973 to 1977, sitting in the 180th, 181st and 182nd New York State Legislatures. New York City Council
She mounted an

masks:
Carol Bellamy
Bellamy
Bellamy
Bellamy


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 uphill campaign for President of the New York City Council and, despite her initially low public profile, she managed to eclipse her main Democratic rivals, construction magnate Abe Hirschfeld and City Councilman Carter Burden. In the process, she earned the editorial support of the city's three major newspapers.While her opponents spent hundreds of thousands of dollars in their campaigns, <mask> carried on with barely $50,000 in funds, and won the Democratic primary in September 1977. In the November general election, she defeated Republican Paul O'Dwyer to become the first woman to be elected as President of the City Council. She held this position until her unsuccessful bid for Mayor of New York in 1985. Other positions
<mask> was a member of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Board until she resigned from the board at the behest of Governor Mario Cuomo in 1985. In 1982 she considered running for Governor of New York. In 1990 she was an unsuccessful candidate for New York State Comptroller. She served on the New York State Board of Regents, which oversees all state education activities and the state Department of Education, from 2005 to 2006.Peace Corps
From 1993 to 1995, <mask> was the director of the Peace Corps. Appointed by then US President Bill Clinton, she was the first director to have previously been a volunteer. GCERF
As of 2014 <mask> is the Chair of the Governing Board of the Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund which is the first global effort to support local, community-level initiatives aimed at strengthening resilience against violent extremist agendas, for example through job creation and empowering women and youth. As a public-private partnership operating in the fields of security and development, the fund works with governments, civil society, and the private sector in beneficiary countries to support national strategies to address the local drivers

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Bellamy
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Carol Bellamy


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 of violent extremism. UNICEF
<mask> was appointed to the position of executive director of UNICEF in 1995 by Boutros Boutros-Ghali, then the Secretary-General of the United Nations. She was granted a second five-year term in 2000 by Boutros-Ghali's successor, Kofi Annan. UN policy states that agency heads may serve no more than two five-year terms.<mask> is credited with having left behind a fiscally sound organization with strong  internal controls. She increased UNICEF's resources from roughly $800 million ($966 m in 2004 terms) in 1994 to more than $1.8 billion in 2004. NGOs
<mask> was appointed the President and CEO of the Brattleboro, Vermont-based World Learning and president of its School for International Training in 2005. World Learning is a global organization with operations in more than 75 countries that fosters global citizenship through experiential education and community-driven development programs. Organizations that fund World Learning include the Tides Foundation and Rockefeller Financial Services. On July 25, 2007, <mask> was elected chair of the board of directors of the Fair Labor Association (FLA). The FLA advocates for workers' interests by promoting international labor standards."For eight years the FLA has been strengthening its capacity to work with companies, factories, civil society organizations and others to end sweatshop labor and protect workers' rights. It is now moving beyond its rigorous monitoring program to focus greater attention on identifying the root causes of these problems and to develop sustainable compliance programs," said Bellamy in accepting the position. Other
In April 2009, <mask> was appointed as Chair of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Board of Governors. Between 2010 and 2013, <mask> was the chair of the Board of Directors of the Global Partnership for Education. <mask> is a member of the Board of the American University of Beirut.

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Bellamy
Bellamy
Bellamy
Bellamy
Bellamy
Carol Bellamy
Bellamy


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 Honors
In 1981, she was selected to be one of the first Young Leaders of the French-American Foundation. <mask> is a former Fellow of the Harvard Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government and an honorary member of Pi Alpha Alpha.At its 1982 commencement ceremonies, Barnard College awarded <mask> the college's highest honor, the Medal of Distinction. <mask> received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Bates College in 2003. She returned to her alma mater, the NYU School of Law, to deliver a commencement day speech in May 2006. For her work with UNICEF, she was awarded Japan's Order of the Rising Sun in 2006. In 2009, she was recognized for her work by France with the Legion of Honour. References

External links

 The Fales Library Guide to the <mask> Papers

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1942 births
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians
American University of Beirut trustees
American expatriates in Guatemala
American humanitarians
Women humanitarians
American nonprofit executives
American officials of the United Nations
American women chief executives
American women lawyers
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Cravath, Swaine & Moore associates
Gettysburg College alumni
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
Harvard Kennedy School staff
Lawyers from New York City
Living people
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) lawyers
New York City Council members
New York University School of Law alumni
New York (state) state senators
Peace Corps directors
Peace Corps volunteers
People from Plainfield, New Jersey
People from Scotch Plains, New Jersey
Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School alumni
UNICEF people
Under-Secretaries-General of the United Nations
Women New York City Council members
Women nonprofit executives
Women state legislators in New York (state)
Young Leaders of the French-American Foundation
21st-century American


texts:
<mask> was a founding member of the Nyasaland African Congress during the period of British colonial rule. <mask> was given the nickname "Pyagusi", which means "one who perseveres". <mask> was born in a village in the highlands of what is now southern Malawi, near the Domasi Presbyterian Mission, around 1900, a few years after the British had established the British Central Africa Protectorate. He completed Standard VI (American 8th grade, approximately) at school in Blantyre in about 1921 and for at least the next five years taught at Domasi. Thereafter, until around 1930, he earned between 30/- (shillings) and 75/- a month working for a succession of businessmen as clerk, book-keeper and capitao (foreman). From 1930 until around 1942 he held clerical positions assisting successive Provincial and District Commissioners in the colonial administration. In 1942, he became an interpreter at the High Court.He then retired to earn his living with a brick-making business. In the 1930s, <mask> became a leader of the Native Association movement in Nyasaland, encouraging the formation of local representative groups. In 1943 he was a founder and the acting secretary of the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC), which sought to give a unified voice to the local associations and to press for greater rights for Africans. From 1954 to 1956 he was president of the Congress, but was persuaded to resign to make way for more radical members who were seeking full independence. Despite his moderate stand, <mask> was arrested for his activities more than once in the 1950s. Renamed the Malawi Congress Party, the NAC was to win all the seats in the 1961 Nyasaland elections, and to lead the country to self-governance in 1963 and full independence as the state of Malawi in 1964. Birth and education

<mask> <mask> was born around 1900 at Naisi, near the town of Zomba in the highlands of what is now southern Malawi.Zomba was the residence of the colonial

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James Frederick Sangala
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Sangala
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James Frederick
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 governor and the administrative center of the British Central Africa Protectorate, renamed Nyasaland in 1907. <mask> was a Mang'anja. His mother was a herbalist who specialized in treatment of trichomonas. <mask> was educated at Zomba Mission primary school and then at Blantyre Mission substation at Domasi. He qualified as a teacher in 1923 and taught primary school until 1927. Working career

In search of higher wages, <mask> obtained work with Limbe Trading Company in 1927, then as a cotton buyer with the British Cotton Growing Association (BGGA) and next as a bookkeeper for M.G. Dharap, an Indian businessman in Limbe.In March 1928 he started work for the African Lakes Corporation, and in May 1929 returned to the BGGA as an office manager. Dissatisfied with the working conditions for Africans in businesses, <mask> joined the civil service in April 1930 as a clerk in the office of the Provincial Commissioner in Blantyre. He then worked for the Blantyre District Commissioner and the Blantyre District Medical Office until July 1942. His work involved typing and other forms of assistance to the commissioner. In July 1942, <mask> transferred to the Judicial Department of the civil service in Blantyre as an interpreter. He was moved to the Dedza District Office in 1944, in his view because of his political activities. In 1947 he returned to the Blantyre District Office, but retired in the early 1950s so he could spend more time on politics, receiving a small government pension and running a brick manufacturing business as his main source of income.Native Associations

The North Nyasa Native Association was formed in 1912, and was followed by several other such associations in the early part of the century, typically composed of the educated elite: teachers, church leaders and civil servants. The Native Associations sought to gain a voice in administrative, economic and other issues. They met some resistance from tribal

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 leaders, but on the whole were encouraged by the colonial administrations. Their emphasis was regional or national rather than tribal. Meetings were often attended by representatives of other associations, helping them exchange views on issues and approaches. <mask> <mask> in Blantyre and Levi Mumba in the rest of the country became leaders of the Native Association movement in Nyasaland during the 1930s. <mask> and Mumba both believed in the importance of Nyasa unity and in the virtues of democratic civil society.During the 1930s, the white colonists of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were pushing for unification, and wanted to include Nyasaland in the union, seeing Nyasaland as a useful source of labor that might otherwise be drawn to South Africa. Nyasas resisted this move since they regarded the Rhodesias as "White Man" territory, and preferred the trusteeship arrangement in Nyasaland under which they had greater rights. As early as 1935, the Blantyre Native Association led by <mask> called a meeting of leaders in the area where they were invited to sign a petition opposing amalgamation. When the colonial administration asked the chiefs for views on unification in 1938, the formal statement in reply was in fact composed by Mumba. Nyasaland African Congress 1943 – 1953

The Nyasaland Educated African Council emerged in 1943 from the leaders of the Native Associations, calling for a rapid movement towards self-government. A few months later the Council renamed itself the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) at the urging of <mask>, who felt the movement should not be restricted to the educated elite. <mask> was acting secretary at the meeting in May 1944 at which the Congress was announced.He was unable to attend the formal inaugural meeting of the Congress in October 1944, at which Levi Zililo Mumba was elected President-General, since he had been transferred to Dedza in the Central

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James Frederick
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texts: province, but he was elected to the central committee. <mask>, Mumba and their associates had a vision of the NAC becoming "the mouthpiece of the Africans", cooperating with the government and other colonial bodies "in any matters necessary to speed up the progress of Nyasaland". <mask> encouraged the Congress to "Fight for Freedom", although he was careful to explain to the colonial powers that he did not mean armed conflict by that phrase. <mask> explained to the District Commissioner, Eric Barnes, that he advocated peaceful protests against practices such as curfews and pass laws which treated Africans as a subordinate race. <mask> was not always consistent. In 1949 he accepted a position as a member of the protectorate's Boy Scouts Council. Although in theory open to all races, in practice this organization segregated European, Indian and African boys.The NAC was intended to be an umbrella organization that would coordinate the Native Associations and other local organizations of indigenous people in the protectorate of Nyasaland. <mask> ensured that each of these groups would have a seat on the executive committee of the NAC. However, the organization was weak. When a special committee including <mask> recommended acceptance of Dr. Hastings Banda's proposal that the NAC should have a full-time paid secretary, the proposal was rejected overwhelmingly, perhaps due to suspicion of Banda's motives. By 1950, the NAC had fallen into disarray, forcing the President Charles Matinga to resign for misusing Congress funds. <mask> threw his efforts into reviving the organization, leading to an important meeting in August 1950 in Mzimba where <mask> was elected president, with <mask> Vice-President. Until the early 1950s, <mask> and other leaders such as Doctor Hastings Banda assumed that Nyasaland should evolve towards self-government while remaining under the authority of the British Colonial Office.However, in 1953 the Colonial

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Sangala
Sangala
Sangala
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 Office established the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in which Europeans would retain a position of leadership, abandoning the earlier principles of partnership between the races. The NAC leaders saw this as a betrayal. Uncoordinated protests followed, which were forcefully suppressed, with an official death toll of eleven Africans. <mask> was arrested in September 1953, but was released the next month when the magistrate dismissed the charges. Nyasaland African Congress President 1954 – 1956

In January 1954 <mask> was elected President of the Congress. Although he continued to advocate civil disobedience, he also accepted the decision of two NAC members to run for election for the two seats reserved for Nyasas in the Federal Parliament. This ambiguous position was rejected by some members of the party, who were against any participation in the government.Some resigned or were dismissed. Others who remained in the party attempted a coup towards the end of 1955, calling for resignation of the two MPs and for the NAC to work for immediate secession from the federation and self-rule. Although the leaders of a coup attempt were forced to resign, they remained politically influential. <mask> was conscientious in attending committee meetings, but was handicapped by the need to attend to his own business affairs, often unavailable to provide leadership or advice. In March 1956, <mask> announced that due to health reasons he would not run again for President of Congress. <mask> continued to press London to accept the principle of democratic elections to the Legislative Council, or Legco. <mask> asserted his right of freedom of movement and was arrested.He made sure this was reported in England. In May 1956, <mask> stood trial at the High Court for sedition. He was charged with having advised Thamar Dillon Thomas Banda, the secretary-general of the Congress, to hand a seditious publication to the editor of the Nyasaland

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 Times. The charge was the subject of a question in the British House of Commons. In January 1957, <mask> was persuaded to resign from his position as Nyasaland African Congress President, and was replaced by Thamar Dillon Thomas Banda. The NAC was banned by the colonial authorities in 1959, and was succeeded by the Malawi Congress Party (MCP), led from prison by Dr. Hastings Banda. The British came to accept that independence was inevitable.Hastings Banda was released in 1960 and allowed to return to prepare for elections. By then, <mask> and other members of the old guard of the Congress had faded into oblivion and were rarely heard of again. In 1961 the MCP overwhelmingly won the first elections held under universal suffrage, and in 1963 the country gained self governance followed by independence the next year with the new name of Malawi. <mask>'s grandson, <mask>, was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs and Public Security in the Cabinet of Malawi in May 2009. Character

<mask> was described by W.L. Jennings, the High Court Registrar in Blantyre, as a "peculiar" but "charming" man whose motto was "to struggle for the freedom and peace of all". Some critics said he was autocratic, but others thought he was too mild.He was not interested in publicity, and avoided conflict, preferring to work behind the scenes in organizing the party. But in a crisis, he was willing to stand forward. In an interview in August 1961 he said "My first duty was to do such things [that would] ... cause people to be happy. Due to this aim I do not fear to speak to any person provided it is the truth and this always does not please my friends who suggest that I am a difficult person". <mask> was a strong believer in the virtues of dignity, and refused to accept common views within colonial society that the "natives" were in any way inferior to Whites. References

Sources

Further reading

Nyasaland African Congress politicians
1900s

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<mask>, 1st Marquis of Las Carreras (June 29, 1801June 14, 1864), better known as <mask>, was a Dominican military commander and royalist politician who served as the president of the junta that had established the First Dominican Republic, a precursor to the position of the President of the Dominican Republic, and as the first President of the republic in the modern line of succession. A traditional royalist who was fond of the Monarchy of Spain and the Spanish Empire, he ruled as a governor-general, but effectively as an authoritarian dictator. <mask> was a lifelong supporter of the Dominican revolt against the Haitian occupation and a noted general during the Dominican War of Independence (1844–1856). Unlike many of his political opponents who wanted to ultimately establish an independent Dominican state, <mask> sought to reintegrate Hispaniola into the Spanish Empire. He oversaw the reestablishment of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo as well as exile and imprisonment of a number of noted separatist and nationalist dissidents who had previously been his comrades during the war of independence. Under mounting pressure from the opposition which had been organizing a coup d'etat, he was forced to resign from his position. He died during the Dominican Restoration War, after which the country regained its independence.Background
<mask> was born in the northern border region, in the city of Hincha (today Hinche in Haiti), on June 29, 1801. His mother was Petronila Familias, a Dominican of Spanish Canarian descent, and his father was <mask>, who according most sources was of Canarian ancestry too although one source

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 states that he was a Mexican of indigenous origin. Both of his parents were landowners in the border zone between the Spanish territory of Santo Domingo and the French territory Saint Domingue. Due to the Haitian revolution and slave revolts of 1804, the <mask> family moved to the Cibao valley, specifically in Gurabo, before settling in El Seibo, in the eastern part of the country, where the family dedicated themselves to cattle ranching. In that region his father cut off the head of French governor Jean-Louis Ferrand during the battle of Palo Hincado, and took it as a trophy to the city of Santo Domingo. Military and political role

<mask> was the Dominican Republic's president (although he ruled as a dictator) during the years 1844–48, 1853–56, and 1858–61 (when Spain annexed the Dominican Republic as <mask> wished). Thereafter, <mask> became governor, with the rank of Captain General of the territory.He held those titles until 1862. <mask> had great talent as a military leader, but was unable to leave his dictatorial personality on the battlefield. Though many historians criticise his rule as an economic disaster, <mask> was meticulous in conducting public affairs, and obviously a great soldier. <mask> also fought with distinction in the Revolution of July 7, 1857, when Cibao placed their revolutionary army under his command. The Congress of the Dominican Republic awarded <mask> the title of “Liberator of the Nation” on July 18, 1849 for his victory in the Battle of Las Carreras, where a force of 800 Dominican troops, led by <mask>, defeated 10,000 troops of the Haitian Army led by Faustin Soulouque. As a dictator

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texts: He is considered a brilliant military strategist, and was a key figure in the successful separation of the Dominican Republic from Haiti. But many historians, such as Nancie L. González and Howard J. Wiarda, think that some of his later actions barred him from becoming a genuine national hero.After he drove the Haitian army out of the country in the Dominican War of Independence, he almost immediately moved to eliminate the very Independentists that fought alongside him. <mask> felt that the new nation could not survive without being annexed to Spain, which the Trinitarian Independentists did not accept. He relentlessly arrested or exiled members of La Trinitaria. The very first person that was forced out of the country was Juan Pablo Duarte, founding father of the new Dominican Republic. He  died nobly in Caracas. After the campaign of 1849, conflict between <mask> and legendery French-Dominican war hero, General Antonio Duvergé increased. Duvergé was accused of conspiracy against the government of <mask> and was executed with his twenty-three year old son, Alcides Duvergé on April 11, 1855.Duvergé was one of most prominent leaders of the Dominican military, his execution caused ripples around the Dominican community. <mask> attacked María Trinidad Sánchez, the first heroine of the Republic and aunt of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez of the Founding Fathers of the nation. She and Concepción Bona made the first national flag. <mask> imprisoned her, tortured her, and sentenced her to death when she refused to name "conspirators" against him in the newly independent republic. Exactly one year after the proclamation of

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 Independence (February 27, 1845) María Trinidad Sánchez was executed by a firing squad. This made her the first (but not last) female martyr of the republic. Family and marriages

<mask> had two brothers, Ramón (b.29 June 1801) —his twin brother— and Florencio (b. 14 November 1805) —who was paralytic, mute and mentally ill.

<mask> was engaged to María del Carmen Ruiz, a local beauty, who was thrown from her horse, dying instantly, when her horse shied as she was returning to El Seybo from a pilgrimage to the sanctuary of Our Lady of Altagracia in Higüey. The death of his fiancée sent <mask> into a deep depression. His twin brother Ramón, convinced <mask> to accompany him on a visit to his fiancée Froilana Febles, who lived in El Seybo. During his visits to his soon to-be sister-in-law, <mask> fell in love with his brother's future mother-in-law, the much older Micaela Antonia del Rivero, widow of the very wealthy Miguel Febles. This meant that Froilana Febles became <mask>'s sister-in-law and stepdaughter at the same time, while Micaela del Rivero became sister-in-law and mother-in-law of <mask>. The <mask>-del Rivero marriage was very unhappy, but it gave <mask> influence and power in the Southeastern region.After the death of his first wife (his wife died on 12 December 1854), <mask> remarried, this time to Ana Zorrilla, another older, wealthy widow. Because of his marriages to older women, he had no legitimate children. His brother Ramón died on 15 June 1844 during the Revolutionary war of Independence. From his brother's marriage to Froilana Febles, he had 3 nephews: Manuel (b. 24 March 1833), Francisco, and <mask>

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 (b. 1834-5), and a niece, Maria de Los Angeles (b. 1844) whom inherited many of <mask>'s properties.Among <mask> and his wife Paula Bobadilla’s  descendants are Cardinal Octavio Beras and comedian Freddy Beras-Goico. Descendants of his niece, María de los Ángeles <mask>les, and her husband Isidoro Durán include Minister and former senator José Ignacio Paliza. Last years

<mask> died in the city of Santo Domingo on June 14, 1864, shortly after having been bestowed the hereditary title of Marqués de las Carreras (28 March 1862), in recognition of his victory in the Battle of Las Carreras, by Queen Isabella II of Spain, and was buried in the Ozama Fortress next to the Torre del Homenaje. Since 1978, his remains have lain at the National Pantheon of the Dominican Republic. <mask> died childless. He bequeathed his properties to his nephews, his godchildren, and his stepchildren. He included a pension to his disabled brother Florencio and his aunt Dominga Familia.References

External links

Dominican Republic Heads of State
<mask> Familias (in Spanish) by Miosotis de Jesus
<mask> at Find A Grave

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1801 births
1864 deaths
People from Centre (department)
People of the Dominican War of Independence
Dominican Republic people of Canarian descent
Dominican Republic people of Spanish descent
Dominican Republic people of indigenous peoples descent
Dominican Republic people of Mexican descent
Presidents of the Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic military personnel
Marquesses of Spain
Nobility of the Americas
Spanish monarchists
Spanish nobility
Twin people from the Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic independence

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texts: <mask> (born 11 November 1979) is a British artist of Balinese descent. She was born in New York on 11 November 1979, and spent her childhood in Indonesia, America and the UK. She graduated from the Slade School of Fine Art, London, in 2003 and completed her postgraduate degree at Royal Academy of Arts in 2006. In the same year, she was awarded the prestigious Deutsche Bank Award in Fine Art. Highly regarded for her site-specific work in the public realm, she has since undertaken commissions that include the Folkestone Triennial (2017), Songdo Tech City (2016), Liverpool Biennial (2012), The Southbank Centre (2008), and TFL Art on the Underground (2007). She held the inaugural Bridget Riley Fellowship 2016–17 at the British School at Rome, is the recipient of the British Council’s International Development Award and was shortlisted for the Jerwood Painting Prize. She lives and works between London and Bali.Tantra’s practice is diverse, ranging from painted canvases, to site-specific sculptural interventions, to large-scale public artworks. She describes her work as 'painting on an architectural scale'. Colour is central to her practice, as a 'material which lies between the language of art and industry'. Her distinctive palette is inspired by her Balinese heritage and childhood holidays: 'I remember things through colour –  especially the way in which colours vibrate against each other. I like the idea of ‘colour semiotics’ and the associations one has to particular colours in relationship to either brand or narrative.' Her work has been described as "exuberant", a "hedonistic celebration of excess and decoration", and her contribution to public art by transforming spaces with "chaotic yet captivating images" has been recognised by collectors and commissioners alike. Her 2010 work Universe of Objects in Archive, Arsenic and Railings praised for lifting the perspective "like the energy of a released spring and pulses


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 horizontally around the room in endless optical trigonometric fugue".Early life and education
<mask> was born on 11 November 1979, in New York, to Balinese parents. Her father worked in finance, while her mother looked after her and her four older siblings. When <mask> was aged 6, the family relocated to the UK. <mask> has said, 'Like many first generation children whose parents migrated, I could never really identify with being from just one particular place. My work explores my identity and the layering of cultures specific to my own experiences. I am inspired by the colours of Bali, an English Heritage palette and 1980s pop Americana.' After completing a BTEC diploma in Fine Art at Middlesex University in 1999, <mask> took her BA at the Slade School of Fine Art from 2000 to 2003, under the tutor Andrew Stahl, head of Painting.It was here that she met the sculptor Nick Hornby, who she would go on to collaborate with in the future. During her studies, <mask> was introduced to the work of the conceptual artist Sol LeWitt (1928-2007), whose reduction of painting to a 'series of instructions or blueprints' she cites as a ‘huge’ and enduring influence on her practice. Like LeWitt, <mask>'s work lies at the intersection between art and architecture, exceeding the confines of the canvas and of the gallery space. Likewise, <mask> cites the Indonesian painter Mochtar Apin (1923-1944) as an inspiration: 'In my work, there are specific elements inspired by Indonesian patterns. These patterns are reduced, distorted or enlarged to such a scale that the viewer becomes submerged in the decoration itself.' After graduating, <mask> was accepted onto the Royal Academy Fine Art Masters Programme. Her studies were funded by a Paul Smith Postgraduate Scholarship.It was at the RA that <mask>'s interest in large-scale artwork in the public realm began. She regards this as a reaction both to the stereotype of female work as modest or

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 decorative. 'Even at art school, painting on canvas didn't really appeal to me- I was more interested in playing with architectural space, injecting colour, line, and form into new environments. Admittedly in the early days, there was also the desire to challenge the gender stereotype, that both men and women could make large scale works.' She describes the expectation of her lecturers and peers that she would create 'something cute and feminine, in small sizes' as fuelling her desire to ‘consistently create abstract and structured paintings’. Career

<mask> completed her MA in 2006, and that year was awarded the prestigious Deutsche Bank award. She began running a studio space for artists in the London Borough of Camden, organising workshops and community projects.Through her work she made contact with Camden Council, who commissioned her first public art piece, a mural stretching across Regents Park Bridge titled Isokon Dreams (2007). The work was praised by the local Councillor Flick Rea, who said 'The mural is fantastic. It really brightens the [Regents Park Road] bridge'. Tantra's early work was composed of intricately cut vinyl and painted designs, featuring vibrant colours and geometric shapes. Her work remains recognisable for its distinctive use of colour and pattern: clean lines, geometric abstraction, a preoccupation with decorative symbols, and a bold and arresting choice of colours. Among her first commissions was a 2006 project for Transport For London’s Art on the Underground initiative, for which she produced a vinyl installation at the exit of Piccadilly Circus Station. Other early projects include a large mural and stage for the Saison Poetry Library in the Southbank Centre, titled A Good Time and a Half!(2007). Poet Lemn Sissay described it as an 'incredible piece of work', which 'allows for the full breadth of human experience upon the stage [...] brings the entire world into the library'. Since then


texts:
 <mask> has gone on to make increasingly ambitious works, including her painting across the length of the DLR Bridge in Canary Wharf titled A Beautiful Sunset Mistaken for a Dawn, which was commissioned by Canary Wharf Group in anticipation of the 2012 Olympics. Other projects include an installation at the Open Eye Gallery as part of the 2012 Liverpool Biennial. 2013 saw the first of a series of collaborative projects with the sculptor Nick Hornby. Collaborative Works was held in the lobby of the One Canada Square building. This featured Hornby’s marble sculptures overlaid with Tantra’s trademark colour abstractions, as well as maquettes for larger sculptures drawing on Tantra’s colour compositions.The exhibition was described as a ‘a radical development’ in both their careers. Of public art, Tantra has said: 'There's a sort of "constructivist" approach to the entire process which I like [...] there are the practicalities of making the work itself whilst giving the artwork a "social function"'. She feels that her Balinese heritage has affected her work less in its appearance than in the way that art 'is embedded in life- which is what public art does- and the idea of working together with people [...] I guess that it is like a celebration'. Tantra has held a number of artists residencies, including a 2014 residency with Cemeti Art House and Mes 56 in Yogyakarta, one of the largest creative communities in Indonesia. It was funded by Arts Council England and the British Council. Public commissions

Palio di Siena (2017)

During <mask>'s Bridget Riley Fellowship at the BSR, she was selected to design the Drappellone for the 2017 Palio di Siena, a twice-yearly tradition stretching back 600 years, in which representatives of the 17  (districts) of Siena race on horseback to win the prized flag. Since 1970, it is convention that an international artist be chosen to design the flag.Tantra united her contemporary design and

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 colour palette with the compulsory elements: the Madonna of the Assumption, the City insignia (Terzi), and the symbols of each contrada participating in the race), as well as that year's commemoration for Giovanni Duprè. "For an abstract geometric artist, the biggest challenge was having to include figurative elements. For the Madonna of the Assumption, I represented the figure as a linear drawing based on an early renaissance painting I found by Ambrogio Lorenzetti. The sculpture of Sappho by Giovanni Duprè on the other hand, was based on drawing illustrations by Andy Warhol from the 1950s- I wanted to add a layer of 'pop art' and 1950s nostalgia into the work". Folkestone Triennial (2017)

As part of the 2017 Folkestone Triennial, <mask> <mask> was invited by Lewis Biggs (founder of the Liverpool Biennial) to paint the Cube building on Tontine Street. Inspired by the diversity of Tontine Street's migrant residents, Tantra took visual cues from an eclectic mix of sources. The fluid lines and spliced circles flanking one side of the building are a gesture to the colour patterns of Sonia Delaunay (1885-1979).The work's title, and its colours (candy pink, racing green and Wedgewood blue) were lifted from a poster from 1947 advertising rail travel to Folkestone. [26] She says ‘I wanted to inject some of that [advert’s] romance into the intervention’. Tantra has said that the aim of the work was "to make the building fizz". "I wanted to have a retro feel, because I was thinking of Folkestone as a seaside town", she says. "I was thinking about post-war Britain and what that meant, and the idea of holidays, because after the war it was obviously quite difficult." Design Historian Dr. Paul Rennie of Central St. Martins praised the work's "evident simplicity, economy, and effectiveness [...] Sinta's made a pig-ugly 1970s building disappear into plain view!" Rennie remarked that passersby were afforded "completely different

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 experiences of the building as it shape-shifts in relation to movement.The direct appeal to feeling derived from both colour and movement is irresistible...and provides a nice contrast to the prevailing over-complication of much contemporary [art]." Songdo, South Korea (2015)

<mask> was commissioned by the city of Songdo, Korea's ‘High Tech Utopia’, to create a floor painting as part of its major public art programme. Songdo is one of the world's first "Smart Cities". The artwork is located by the waterfront and measures over 3,300 square metres. Seen from above, it communicates the forward-looking drive of the "city of the future". Canary Wharf (2012)

Among <mask>'s most notable work is her 2012 A Beautiful Sunset Mistaken for a Dawn. Commissioned by Canary Wharf Group for the 2012 Olympics, The 300 metre-long painted mural features on both sides of the DLR bridge that stretches across the Thames in London's Docklands Waterfront.The work was inspired by the high-rise silhouettes of Canary Wharf, and by the ever-changing colours of sunrise and dusk. <mask> explains, "Time and space forms a peculiar concept in our modern world today. There is the working day, our relationship to technology juxtaposed with the nature and universe at large. Through the use of colour, scale and geometry, I wanted to create a painting which engaged the viewer at different times of the day and different times of the year; a piece of work which made you think about the surrounding architecture, the natural landscape and how we as bodies move along, around, above and beneath." <mask>'s palette of muted pinks and blues was complemented by a lighting scheme by Lighting Design International. LED projectors under the bridge washed soft coloured light from end to end, which adapted to echo the transitions of sky from day to night. The painting required 5,000 litres of paint and over 3 km of specialist masking tape to achieve the clean, precise

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 lines that Tantra is known for.As part of the project, Tantra recorded a 24-hour time lapse sequence that showed the sunset and sunrise over the bridge. It is part of Canary Wharf Group's Permanent Collection, alongside artists such as Lynn Chadwick, Bruce McLean, and Catherine Yass. Paintings and exhibitions
In recent years, <mask>'s practice has expanded to include painted canvases, and smaller sculptural interventions. These works are part of her ongoing interest in the relationship between physical and pictorial space, and her exploration of colour, pattern, weight and dimension. She has spoken of her preference for tempera paint: "[it is] very similar to the finish of an Italian fresco; highly pigmented, very matt and has a brilliant lustre […] when you stare at it, its almost like 'falling' into the colour." Her artworks increasingly make use of historical and literary references and found objects, lifting colours and shapes from the 18th century architecture of John Nash to Hollywood films such as Breakfast at Tiffany's. <mask>'s painting practice, like her public artwork,  strives to "turn the white cube space inside out"."I want to create a feeling of total immersion, of diving into the colour and into the surface", she explains. Bold geometric patterns and colours seek to create "a more intimate relationship with what you see in front of you - an awareness of material and colour and the solidity between the two". Tantra has had a number of international solo-shows. Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions (2016) at Pearl Lam Galleries, Hong Kong, featured paintings that played with the relationship between the two-dimensional the three-dimensional. "Her works define the clarity between the two but also finds endless ways of distorting it, questioning the relationship between painting and architecture". <mask>'s 2017 solo-show A House in Bali (ISA Art Advisory, Jakarta ) borrowed its title from the name of a

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 Colin McPhee novel. The book depicts Bali as a place rich in culture, spiritual values and pleasure.As <mask> puts it: "Growing up in London, my Balinese father daily played Gamelan music on the cassette player at home. For him, it was a way to transport himself back to the small village where he grew up and immerse himself in fond memories. In his book, McPhee writes about the relationship between the abstract and syncopated sounds of Gamelan music and how, like Jazz, the music is percussion led. In this new series of paintings, I wanted to draw a stronger focus on a sense of rhythm and how line and colour represents a sort of musical notation across the canvas." Media Recognition
<mask> has been featured in leading UK and international press, including The Guardian, The Evening Standard, Tate Shots, Architectural Digest, Wall Street International Magazine, The Jakarta Post, BBC Indonesia, etc. In September 2013 she was also a guest on the popular Indonesian talk show hosted by Kick Andy on Metro TV, described as "the Oprah Winfrey of Indonesian Television". [46]

Awards

 2017 Bridget Riley Fellowship in Drawing, British School at Rome
 2014 British Council’s International Development Award
 2012 Associate member of the Royal British Society of Sculptors
 2010 Shortlisted for the Jerwood Contemporary Painting Prize
 2009 Courvosier The Future 500 in partnership with The Observer Newspaper
 2007 Westminster Civic Award for Public Arts in London
 2006 The Deutsche Bank Pyramid Award in Fine Art
 2006 The Gordon Luton Award from the Worshipful Painters Stainers Trust
 2005 Nationwide Mercury Music and Art Award Finalist selected by Peter Blake and Tim Marlow
 2005 Henry Moore Post Graduate Award
 2004 Michael Moser Award
 2003 Dover Street Arts Club Excellence in Drawing Prize
 2003 Paul Smith Post Graduate Scholarship

References

British contemporary artists
British women artists
1979 births
Living people
Alumni of


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<mask>IE FRS FRAS (26 February 1864 – 17 November 1956) was an English astronomer. He was the first to observe radial motions in sunspots, a phenomenon now known as the Evershed effect. Biography
<mask> was born in Gomshall, Surrey to <mask> and Sophia (née Price) <mask>. He made the discovery which bears his name while at Kodaikanal Observatory in 1909. After retirement in 1923 he set up a private observatory at Ewhurst, Surrey and built a large spectroheliograph of special design and another with high-dispersion liquid prism. He continued to study the wave-lengths of H and K lines in prominences, giving values of the solar rotation at high levels in different latitudes and at different phases of the solar cycle. Work continued until 1950 when the observatory closed and he presented some of his instruments to the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux.In the autumn of 1890 was a founding member of the British Astronomical Association. He directed its Solar Spectroscopy Section (1893-1899) and Spectroscopic Section (1924-1926). Awards and honours
In 1894 <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, in 1918 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May, 1915. The <mask> crater on the Moon is named in his honor. He was awarded as a Companion of the Indian Empire on his retirement in 1923.

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