texts: Up Classics, World Of Funk, Reel To Reel, and Techstar. <mask>'s music has appeared in many films such as Ocean's Thirteen, The Break-Up, and Confessions of a Shopaholic, as well as on television series, such as CSI: Miami, Lost, Desperate Housewives, Nip/Tuck, Ugly Betty, and Eastbound and Down, and the Mack Dawg Productions snowboard movie Picture This. <mask> also scored the Rockstar Games video game Bully in 2006. Bully was twice nominated for best score from GameSpot (winner) and Spike VGA (Video Game Awards). He composed some pieces for The Getaway before working on Bully's score. <mask> also scored UK/Swiss feature film Save Angel Hope, which is yet to be released. The 2008 surf documentary film Under The Sun also features an original <mask> soundtrack  released on Ubiquity Records.In 2009, his song "Kiss the Sky" with Nino Moschella was featured on the second-season finale of Life, as well as in the first-season finale of the HBO comedy Eastbound & Down and the penultimate episode of the fifth season of Nip/Tuck. <mask> continues to live in London working on an array of new albums in his studio "Trans-Yank." These include collaborations with Clutchy Hopkins, Tony Joe White, Darondo, Money Mark and Tommy Guerrero. He also frequently performs with London-based electronica band Psapp, both on record and at live performances. In 2011 <mask> collaborated on an art exhibition with French visual artist Gerald Petit in Lyon, titled "A Conversation Piece". Since 2011, <mask> has collaborated with indie artist AM, who he showcased with at the 2011 South By Southwest Music Festival (SXSW) in Austin, Texas. After AM heard <mask>'s

masks:
Lee
Shawn Lee
Lee
Shawn Lee
Lee
Shawn Lee
Lee
Lee


type: original

texts:
 "Music and Rhythm" album on the radio in Los Angeles, he decided to reach out to <mask> on a now defunct social networking site.The two became quick friends, sharing a common love for 60's psychedelia and 70's Italian soundtracks.AM & Shawn <mask> released their debut album Celestial Electric to critical acclaim in September 2011 on ESL Music. The first single from the album, "Dark Into Light, was released on limited edition 12" vinyl on the Ubiquity label April 16, 2011 in honor of Record Store Day. When Rob Garza from Thievery Corporation heard the collaboration, he signed the debut album Celestial Electric to his record label ESL (Eighteenth Street Lounge). Due to ESL restructuring to be a digital only record, label, AM & Shawn Lee brought their second album La Musique Numérique to Park The Van Records. <mask> has also worked with many artists such as Lana Del Rey, Amy Winehouse, Alicia Keys, Psapp, Coldcut, <mask> Rhimes, Martina Mcbride, UNKLE, Tony Joe White, Chateau Flight, The Dust Brothers, St. Etienne, Jeff Buckley, Bomb the Bass, The Spice Girls, Natasha Atlas, Princess Superstar, Money Mark, Bei Bei, Misha Panfilov, Paul Elliot, Virgil Howe, Tim 'Love' <mask>, Clutchy Hopkins, Nino Moschella and Georgia Anne Muldrow. Most recently, he helped spawn Wild Belle. <mask> is also one half of Young Gun Silver Fox along with Andy Platts.They have released three albums: West End Coast in 2015, AM Waves in 2018 and Canyons in 2020. 2 (ESL Music, 2012)
La Musique Numérique (Park the Van, 2013)
Replayed Remix Album (Park the Van, 2013)
Instrumentally AM & <mask> Lee Vol. 1 (AM Sounds, 2013)
Instrumentally AM & Shawn Lee

masks:
Lee
Lee
Shawn Lee
Leeann
Lee
Shawn Lee
Shawn


texts:
<mask>, 1st Viscount <mask> of Blackburn,  (24 December 1838 – 23 September 1923) was a British Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor. Initially a journalist in the North of England and then editor of the newly Liberal-leaning Pall Mall Gazette from 1880 to 1883, he was elected a Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party in 1883. He was Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1886 and between 1892 and 1895; Secretary of State for India between 1905 and 1910 and again in 1911; and Lord President of the Council between 1910 and 1914. <mask> was a distinguished political commentator, and biographer of his hero, William Gladstone. <mask> is best known for his writings and for his "reputation as the last of the great nineteenth-century Liberals". He opposed imperialism and the Second Boer War. He supported Home Rule for Ireland.His opposition to British entry into the First World War as an ally of Russia led him to leave government in August 1914. Background and education
<mask> was born in Blackburn, Lancashire, the son of <mask>, a surgeon, and of Priscilla Mary (née Donkin). He attended Cheltenham College. While at Oxford, he quarrelled with his father over religion, and had to leave the university early without an honours degree; his father had wanted him to become a clergyman. He wrote, in obvious allusion to this rift, On Compromise (1874). Journalism
<mask> was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1873, before deciding to pursue a career in journalism. He later described his decision to abandon the law "my long enduring regret".He edited the newly Radical-Liberal Pall Mall Gazette  from 1880 to 1883, with W. T. Stead as his

masks:
John Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Jonathan Morley
Morley


texts:
 assistant editor before going into politics. Political career
<mask> first stood for Parliament at the Blackburn by-election in 1869, a rare double by-election held after an election petition led to the results of the 1868 general election in Blackburn being voided. He was unsuccessful in Blackburn, and also failed to win a seat when he contested the City of Westminster at the 1880 general election. <mask> was then elected as Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Newcastle upon Tyne at a by-election in February 1883. <mask> and Newcastle
<mask> was a prominent Gladstonian Liberal. In Newcastle, his constituency association chairman was the effective Robert Spence Watson, a leader of the National Liberal Federation and its chairman from 1890 to 1902. Newcastle, however, was a dual member constituency and <mask>'s parliamentary colleague, Joseph Cowen, was a radical in perpetual conflict with the Liberal Party, who owned the Newcastle Chronicle.Cowen attacked <mask> from the left, and sponsored working men candidates on his retirement from the seat, showing favour to the local Tory candidate, Charles Hamond. <mask>, with Watson's machine, withstood the Cowen challenge until the 1895 general election, when the tactics caused the ejection of <mask> and the loss of Newcastle to the Tories. Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1886, 1892–95
In February 1886, he was sworn to the Privy Council and made Chief Secretary for Ireland, only to be turned out when Gladstone's government fell over Home Rule in July of the same year and Lord Salisbury became Prime Minister. After the severe defeat of the Gladstonian party at the 1886 general election, <mask>

masks: Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley


texts:
 divided his life between politics and letters until Gladstone's return to power at the 1892 general election, when he resumed as Chief Secretary for Ireland. He had during the interval taken a leading part in parliament, but his tenure of the chief secretaryship of Ireland was hardly a success. The Irish gentry made things as difficult for him as possible, and the path of an avowed Home Ruler installed in office at Dublin Castle was beset with pitfalls. In the internecine disputes that agitated the Liberal party during Lord Rosebery's administration and afterwards, <mask> sided with Sir William Harcourt and was the recipient and practically co-signatory of his letter resigning the Liberal leadership in December 1898.He lost his seat in the 1895 general election but soon found another in Scotland, when he was elected at a by-election in February 1896 for the Montrose Burghs. Opposition to eight hours working day
From 1889 onwards, <mask> resisted the pressure from labour leaders in Newcastle to support a maximum working day of eight hours enforced by law. <mask> objected to this because it would interfere in natural economic processes. It would be "thrusting an Act of Parliament like a ramrod into all the delicate and complex machinery of British industry". For example, an Eight Hours Bill for miners would impose on an industry with great diversity in local and natural conditions a universal regulation. He further argued that it would be wrong to "enable the Legislature, which is ignorant of these things, which is biased in these things—to give the Legislature the power of saying how many hours a day a man shall or shall not work".

masks: Morley Morley Morley


texts:
 <mask> told trade unionists that the only right way to limit working hours was through voluntary action from them.His outspokenness against any eight hours bill, rare among politicians, brought him the hostility of labour leaders. In September 1891, two mass meetings saw labour leaders such as <mask>, Keir Hardie and Robert Blatchford all called for action against <mask>. In the election of 1892, <mask> did not face a labour candidate but the Eight Hours League and the Social Democratic Federation supported the Unionist candidate. <mask> kept his seat but came second to the Unionist candidate. When <mask> was appointed to the government and the necessary by-election ensued, Hardie and other socialists advised working men to vote for the Unionist candidate (who supported an Eight Hours Bill for miners), but the Irish vote in Newcastle rallied to <mask> and he comfortably kept his seat. After a vote on an Eight Hours Bill in the Commons in March 1892, <mask> wrote: "That has taken place which I apprehended. The Labour party—that is, the most headstrong and unscrupulous and shallow of those who speak for labour—has captured the Liberal party.Even worse—the Liberal party, on our bench at any rate, has surrendered sans phrase, without a word of explanation or vindication". Ideological views
In 1880, <mask> wrote to Auberon Herbert, an extreme opponent of state intervention, that "I am afraid that I do not agree with you as to paternal government. I am no partisan of a policy of incessant meddling with individual freedom, but I do strongly believe that in so populous a society as ours now is, you may well have a certain protection thrown

masks:
Morley
John Burns
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley


texts: over classes of men and women who are unable to protect themselves". In 1885, <mask> spoke out against those Liberals who believed that all state intervention was wrong and proclaimed: "I am not prepared to allow that the Liberty and the Property Defence League are the only people with a real grasp of Liberal principles, that Lord Bramwell and the Earl of Wemyss are the only Abdiels of the Liberal Party". Later that year <mask> defined his politics: "I am a cautious Whig by temperament, I am a Liberal by training, and I am a thorough Radical by observation and experience". By the mid-1890s, <mask> adopted a doctrinaire opposition to state intervention in social and economic matters. He repeatedly expressed his hope that social reform would not become a party issue and warned voters to "Beware of any State action which artificially disturbs the basis of work and wages".Politicians could not "insure steady work and good wages" because of "great economic tides and currents flowing which were beyond the control of any statesman, Government, or community". <mask> also opposed the state providing benefits for sections or classes of the community as the government should not be used as a tool for sectional or class interests. The Unionist government had proposed to help farmers by assuming some of their rates and wanted to subsidise West Indian sugar producers. <mask> viewed these as dangerous precedents of "distributing public money for the purposes of a single class" and he asked voters: "How far are you going to allow this to take you? ... If you are going to give grants to help profits, how are you off from giving grants in favour of

masks: Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley


texts: aiding wages?" The end of this process, <mask> warned, would see "national workshops to which anybody has a right to go and receive money out of your pockets".<mask> viewed imperialism and an interventionist foreign policy as increasing the power of the state. The increase in state expenditure due to the Boer War (1899–1902) disturbed him because it might lead to the state's revenue-raising power being used to implement great changes in the social and economic structure of the country. Francis Hirst recorded in October 1899 about <mask>: "He is depressed about national expenditure. He fears, when bad times come, that we shall have not retrenchment, but 'nefarious attacks on property and reversions to Fair Trade'." Imperialism and the increasing expenditure needed to fund it would lead to a reconstruction of the income tax and in turn would lead to taxing some people more heavily than others, something which was against the "maxims of public equity". <mask> now regretted Gladstone's budget of 1853 (where the income tax was set "on its legs") because it gave the Chancellor of the Exchequer "a reservoir out of which he could draw with ease and certainty whatever was asked for". Gladstone had "furnished not only the means, but a direct incentive to that policy of expenditure which it was the great object of his life to check".After Joseph Chamberlain came out in favour of Tariff Reform in 1903, <mask> defended Free Trade. <mask> claimed that it was no coincidence that since the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, Britain was the only great country in Western Europe not to experience "even a shadow of a civil convulsion". Protectionism was

masks: Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley


texts:
 conducive to social distress, political corruption and political unrest. <mask>'s great speech at Manchester, in 1899, raises him to a special level amongst masters of English rhetoric:You may make thousands of women widows and thousands of children fatherless. It will be wrong. You may add a new province to your empire. It will still be wrong.You may increase the shares of Mr Rhodes and his Chartereds beyond the dreams of avarice. Yea, and it will still be wrong! <mask> was among the original recipients of the Order of Merit in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902, and received the order from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 8 August 1902. In July 1902, he was presented by Andrew Carnegie with the late Lord Acton's valuable library, which, on 20 October, he in turn gave to the University of Cambridge. Secretary of State for India

When Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman formed his cabinet at the end of 1905, <mask> was made Secretary of State for India. He would have preferred to have been Chancellor of the Exchequer. In this position, he was conspicuous in May 1907 and afterwards for his firmness in sanctioning extreme measures for dealing with the outbreak in India of alarming symptoms of sedition.Though he was strongly opposed by some of the more extreme members of the Radical party, on the ground of belying his democratic principles in dealing with the British Raj, his action was generally recognised as combining statesmanship with patience. While firmly opposing revolutionary propaganda, he showed his popular sympathies by appointing two distinguished native Indians to the council and taking steps for a


texts:
 decentralisation of the administrative government. When Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman resigned in 1908 and H. H. Asquith became Prime Minister, <mask> retained his post in the new cabinet; but it was thought advisable to relieve him of the burden imposed by a seat in the House of Commons, and he was transferred to the Upper House, being created a peer with the title of Viscount <mask> of Blackburn, in the County Palatine of Lancaster. He was the first peer to turn down a coat of arms. In September 1906, <mask> wrote favourably for staunch resistance to the railway workers agitation for higher wages. Failure to do so would damage the Liberal Party with the middle class because "railways are the middle class investment... if anybody thinks we can govern this country against the middle class, he is wrong". In 1909 the Liberal Chancellor David Lloyd George increased taxes in his budget (the "People's Budget") to pay for increased armaments and social reform.<mask> said that behind the budget "hangs the spectre of Tariff Reform" because the public "may say that, if this is the best that can be done under Free Trade, they'll try something else". <mask> viewed "the Expenditure of the country" as "the most formidable of our standing problems". Lord President of the Council
As a member of the House of Lords, Lord <mask> helped assure the passage of the Parliament Act 1911, which eliminated the Lords' power to veto bills. From 1910 until the outbreak of the Great War <mask> was Lord President of the Council. In the lead-up to Great Britain's entry into World War I, on 2 August 1914 the Liberal cabinet declared its intention to defend the French

masks: Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley Morley


texts:
 coast against the German Navy. With this commitment, <mask> resigned along with <mask>. Unlike other Liberals he was not alarmed by Germany's invasion of Belgium.However, he was especially hostile to Russia and felt he could not be a part of a war alongside Russia against Germany. Retirement
In 1917, <mask> published his two volumes of memoirs, Recollections. In it, he contrasted old and new Liberalism:

The theory of new Liberalism did not seem much more piquant or fertile than the respectable old. As it happened, in the fulness of time our distinguished apostles of Efficiency came into supreme power, with a share in the finest field for efficient diplomacy and an armed struggle, that could have been imagined. Unhappily they broke down, or thought they had (1915), and could discover no better way out of their scrape than to seek deliverance (not without a trace of arbitrary proscription) from the opposing party that counted Liberalism, old or new, for dangerous and deluding moonshine. During his retirement, <mask> kept an interest in politics. He said to his friend <mask> on 15 February 1918:

I'm sick of Wilson...He hailed the Russian Revolution six months ago as the new Golden Age, and I said to Page, 'What does he know of Russia?' to which Page replied, 'Nothing'. As for his talk about a union of hearts after the war, the world is not made like that. This led Morgan to ask <mask> about the League of Nations: "A mirage, and an old one". Morgan asked: "How are you going to enforce it? ", whereupon <mask> replied: "How indeed? One may as well talk of London morality being due to the Archbishop of Canterbury.But take away Scotland

masks:
Morley
John Burns
Morley
Morley
John Morgan
Morley
Morley


texts:
 Yard!" When asked in 1919 about the Covenant of the League of Nations <mask> said: "I have not read it, and I don't intend to read it. It's not worth the paper it's written on. To the end of time it'll always be a case of 'Thy head or my head'. I've no faith in these schemes". When a prominent Liberal praised someone as "a good European" <mask> remarked: "When I lay me down at night or rise in the morning I do not ask myself if I am a good European". Towards the close of 1919 he was worried about Britain's guarantee to France:

Surely a permanent commitment like that is contrary to all our foreign policy.What do the words 'unprovoked attack' by Germany mean? They are dangerously vague. I've been discussing them with Rosebery and he is as uneasy as I am. He wrote a letter to the Press about it, and the Times refused to publish it. He often criticised Labour Party policies and said to Morgan: "Have you read Henderson's speech about a capital levy? It's rank piracy". During a discussion on 6 May 1919 <mask> remarked: "I see Lloyd George has invited the Irish republicans to a conference.It's an act of inconceivable folly—he, the King's Prime Minister!" When the House of Lords were debating the Fourth Home Rule Bill <mask> said to Morgan on 6 January 1921:

I should have liked to have been there if only to have got up and said, 'If Mr. G's Home Rule Bill had been passed 30 years ago could Ireland have been worse than now? Would it have not been better?' And then fallen dead like Lord Chatham. On 1 May 1921, <mask> said: "If I were an Irishman I should be a Sinn Feiner". When asked by Morgan: "And a Republican?" <mask> said "No".He liked


texts:
 Winston Churchill and said to Morgan on 22 December 1921:

I foresee the day when Birkenhead will be Prime Minister in the Lords with Winston leading the Commons. They will make a formidable pair. Winston tells me Birkenhead has the best brain in England.... But I don't like Winston's habit of writing articles, as a Minister, on debatable questions of foreign policy in the newspapers. These allocutions of his are contrary to all Cabinet principles. Mr. G. would never have allowed it. In a letter to Sir Francis Webster in 1923, <mask> wrote:

Present party designations have become empty of all contents...Vastly extended State expenditure, vastly increased demands from the taxpayer who has to provide the money, social reform regardless of expense, cash exacted from the taxpayer already at his wits' end—when were the problems of plus and minus more desperate? How are we to measure the use and abuse of industrial organization? Powerful orators find "Liberty" the true keyword, but then I remember hearing from a learned student that of "liberty" he knew well over two hundred definitions. Can we be sure that the "haves" and the "have-nots" will agree in their selection of the right one? We can only trust to the growth of responsibility; we may look to circumstances and events to teach their lesson. Literature
<mask> devoted a considerable amount of time to literature, his anti-Imperial views being practically swamped by the overwhelming predominance of Unionism and Imperialism. His position as a leading British writer had early been determined by his monographs on Voltaire (1872), Rousseau (1873), Diderot and the Encyclopaedists (1878),

masks: Morley Morley


texts: Burke (1879), and Walpole (1889).Burke as the champion of sound policy in America and of justice in India, Walpole as the pacific minister understanding the true interests of his country, fired his imagination. Burke was <mask>'s contribution to Macmillan's "English Men of Letters" series of literary biographies, of which <mask> himself was general editor between 1878 and 1892; he edited a second series of these volumes from 1902 to 1919. The Life of Cobden (1881) is an able defence of that statesman's views rather than a critical biography or a real picture of the period. The Life of Oliver Cromwell (1900) revised Gardiner as Gardiner had revised Carlyle. <mask>'s contributions to political journalism and to literary, ethical and philosophical criticism were numerous and valuable. They show great individuality of character, and recall the personality of <mask> Mill, with whose mode of thought he had many affinities. After the death of Gladstone, <mask> was principally engaged upon his biography, until it was published in 1903.Representing as it does so competent a writer's sifting of a mass of material, the Life of Gladstone was a masterly account of the career of the great Liberal statesman; traces of Liberal bias were inevitable but are rarely manifest; and in spite of the a priori unlikelihood of a full appreciation of Gladstone's powerful religious interests from such a quarter (<mask> was an agnostic), the whole treatment is characterized by sympathy and judgement. The work was very successful, selling more than 25,000 copies in its first year. <mask> was a Trustee of the British Museum from 1894 to 1921, Honorary Professor of

masks:
Morley
Morley
Morley
John Stuart
Morley
Morley
Morley


texts:
 Ancient Literature at the Royal Academy of Arts, and member of the Historical Manuscripts Commission. He was Chancellor of the Victoria University of Manchester from 1908 until 1923, when he resigned. He was nominated for a Nobel prize in literature eleven times. He received an honorary degree (LL.D.) from the University of St Andrews in October 1902.Legacy
A philosophical Radical of a somewhat mid-19th century type, and highly suspicious of the later opportunistic reaction (in all its forms) against Cobdenite principles, he yet retained the respect of the majority whom it was his usual fate to find against him in British politics by the indomitable consistency of his principles and by sheer force of character and honesty of conviction and utterance. His legacy was a purely moral one; although in May 1870 he married Mrs. Rose Mary Ayling, the union produced no heirs. Mrs. Ayling was already married when she met <mask> and the couple waited to marry until her first husband died several years later (another similarity to <mask> Mill). She was never received into polite society, and many of his colleagues, including Asquith, never met her. <mask> had three siblings, Edward Sword <mask> (1828–1901), William Wheelhouse <mask> (1840 – c. 1870), and Grace Hannah <mask> (1842–1925). According to historian Stanley Wolpert in his 1967 book: "It is hardly exaggeration to speculate that, but for the socially unpardonable circumstances surrounding his marriage, <mask> might well have become Britain's foreign secretary, possibly even prime minister". After more than 50 years of a quietly secluded personal life, Lord <mask> died of heart failure at

masks:
John Morley
John Stuart
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley


texts:
 his home, Flowermead, Wimbledon Park, south London, on 23 September 1923, aged eighty-four, when the viscountcy became extinct.After cremation at Golders Green Crematorium, his ashes were buried at Putney Vale Cemetery. He was followed in death several months later by Rose. <mask>'s estate was valued for probate at £59,765, a surprising sum for a self-made man who devoted his life to writing and politics. <mask> inspired many leading figures of the 20th century, including Mahomed Ali Jinnah, the founding father of Pakistan. The Austrian classical liberal theorist Friedrich Hayek, writing in 1944, wrote this about <mask>'s reputation:

It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that the more typically English a writer on political or social problems then appeared to the world, the more he is to-day forgotten in his own country. Men like <mask> ... who were then admired in the world at large as outstanding examples of the political wisdom of liberal England, are to the present generation largely obsolete Victorians. Publications
Edmund Burke (1867).Critical Miscellanies (1871. Second volume; 1877). Voltaire (1871). Rousseau (1873). The Struggle for National Education (1873). On Compromise (1874). Diderot and the Encyclopaedists (1878).Burke (English Men of Letters series; 1879). The Life of Richard Cobden (1881). Aphorisms (1887)
Walpole (English Statesmen series; 1889). Studies in Literature (1891). Oliver Cromwell (1900). The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (Three volumes; 1903). Notes on Politics and History (1913 & 1914).Recollections (Two volumes; 1917). Vol. 1•Vol. 2
 Aphorisms – an address delivered before the Edinburgh Philosophical

masks:
Morley
Morley
Morley
Lord Morley


texts:
 Institution

Notes

Bibliography
Hamer, D. A. <mask>: Liberal Intellectual in Politics (Oxford University Press, 1968). Hamer, David. "<mask>, <mask>, <mask> of Blackburn (1838–1923)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004); online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 13 Sept 2014 : doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35110
 Moore, R. J. "<mask>'s Acid Test: India 1906–1910", Pacific Affairs, (Dec 1968) 41#1 pp.333–340, in JSTOR
Waitt, E. I<mask> <mask>, Joseph Cowen and Robert Spence Watson. Liberal Divisions in Newcastle Politics, 1873–1895. Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD at the University of Manchester, October 1972. Copies in Manchester University, Newcastle Central, and Gateshead libraries. Wolpert, S. A. <mask> and India, 1906–1910 (University of California Press, 1967)

External links

1838 births
1923 deaths
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
British classical liberals
British Secretaries of State
Chief Secretaries for Ireland
English agnostics
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Royal Society
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Lord Presidents of the Council
Members of the Order of Merit
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Non-interventionism
Peers created by Edward VII
People educated at Cheltenham College
People educated at University College School
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Viscounts in the

masks:
John Morley
Morley
John
Viscount Morley
John Morley
. John
Morley
Morley


texts:
<mask>n (; born 21 November 1990) is a Russian-Spanish ice dancer. With Sara Hurtado, he is the 2018 Rostelecom Cup silver medalist and 2017 & 2019 Spanish national champion. The two placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics and are the first Spanish ice dancers to stand on a Grand Prix podium. Competing for Russia with Ksenia Monko, Khaliavin became the 2011 World Junior champion, a two-time (2009, 2010) Junior Grand Prix Final champion, and the 2015 Russian national silver medalist. Personal life
<mask> was born 21 November 1990 in Kirov, Kirov Oblast. He married Ksenia Monko in Moscow in late May 2017. He became a Spanish citizen in July 2017.Career

Early years
Khaliavin started skating in 1994. He began learning ice dancing when he was eight years old. His first coach was Tatiana Kurakina. 2000 to 2009: Early years of Monko/Khaliavin

Khaliavin teamed up with Monko in 2000. The two debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in 2006, placing 11th in Norway. They trained in Kirov before problems with ice time led them to move to Rostov in 2005. They relocated with their coach to Moscow in May 2009.2009–2010 season: First JGP Final title
Monko/Khaliavin won the Junior Grand Prix Final and the Russian Junior title. They took the bronze at the 2010 World Junior Championships. 2010–2011 season: World Junior title
Monko/Khaliavin won their second JGP Final title, and followed that up with their second Russian Junior title. They won gold at the 2011 World Junior Championships. 2011–2012 season: Senior debut
Monko/Khaliavin moved up to the senior level for the 2011–12 season. They were assigned to compete at 2011 Skate America and 2011 Cup of China as their Grand Prix events but Khaliavin fell ill with mononucleosis in September. They withdrew from both Grand Prix events but returned to competition at the Russian Championships where they finished 5th.In February 2012, Monko/Khaliavin switched coaches to Alexander Zhulin and Oleg Volkov. 2012–2013 season
They finished 6th at the 2012 Rostelecom Cup and 4th at the 2013 Russian Championships. They joined the Russian

masks:
Kirill Leonidovich Khaliavi
Kirill Leonidovich Khaliavin


texts:
 team to the 2013 World Team Trophy, replacing Ekaterina Bobrova / Dmitri Soloviev who withdrew due to injury. Monko/Khaliavin finished 3rd at the event and Team Russia finished 4th overall. The duo withdrew from the exhibitions after Khaliavin developed an infection resulting in a high fever. 2013–2014 season
Monko/Khaliavin won silver at the 2013 Nebelhorn Trophy, behind Americans Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue, and then bronze at the 2013 International Cup of Nice. Their Grand Prix results were sixth at the 2013 Trophée Eric Bompard and fifth at the 2013 Rostelecom Cup.After placing fifth at the 2014 Russian Championships, they were not selected for the Olympics. 2014–2015 season
Monko and Khaliavin placed fourth at 2014 Skate Canada International and second at 2014 NHK Trophy. They went on to place second at the 2015 Russian Figure Skating Championships. They finished 10th at the 2015 European Championships and 8th at the 2015 World Championships. 2015–2016 season: Monko/Khaliavin end partnership
Monko/Khaliavin started their season by finishing fourth at the 2015 Skate Canada International. They withdrew from their second Grand Prix assignment, the 2015 Rostelecom Cup, due to Monko's injury. In 2016, she retired from competition due to the injury.2016–2017 season: Debut of Hurtado/Khaliavin
Khaliavin and Spain's Sara Hurtado began considering skating together in late December 2015 and had a tryout in March 2016 in Moscow. He was released to skate for Spain in September 2016. They decided to be coached by Alexander Zhulin in Moscow. Making their international debut, they won gold at the Santa Claus Cup, held in December 2016 in Hungary. Later in the month, they won the Spanish national title ahead of Olivia Smart / Adrià Díaz. Hurtado/Khaliavin finished 13th at the 2017 European Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic. It was their final competition of the season.The Federación Española Deportes de Hielo (FEDH) selected Smart/Díaz to compete at the 2017 World Championships. 2017–2018 season: Winter Olympics
In July 2017, FEDH announced that Spain's


texts:
 Olympic spot in ice dancing would go to the team which received the highest combined score at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb and Spanish Championships. Hurtado/Khaliavin began their season in October with a 6th-place result at the 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy. The following month, they won gold at the Open d'Andorra. In December, they finished fourth at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb, just 0.30 points behind bronze medalists Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean-Luc Baker of the United States. They outscored Smart/Díaz by 4.18 points at Golden Spin and finished second at the Spanish Championships with a 3.23 deficit, resulting in a final advantage of 0.95 points. On 17 December 2017, FEDH confirmed that Hurtado/Khaliavin would compete at the Olympics.In January, Hurtado/Khaliavin placed 7th in the short dance, 10th in the free dance, and 8th overall at the 2018 European Championships in Moscow. In February, they competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Ranked 12th in the short and 11th in the free, the two finished 12th overall. The Spanish Federation had decided to send Olivia Smart and Adria Diaz to the World Championships and so Hurtado and Khaliavin got an early start to the upcoming season. However, before that, they went to Spain and met King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia, who invited all the Winter Olympians from PyeongChang. 2018–2019 season: First Grand Prix medal
Hurtado/Khaliavin began their season with bronze at the 2018 CS Lombardia Trophy in September. The following month, making their Grand Prix debut, they placed fourth at the 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki and then won silver at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup, becoming the first Spanish ice dancers to stand on a Grand Prix podium.Hurtado called the occasion "a goal and I dreamed of it when I saw Javier getting on the podium. It proves to skaters in Spain that you can be here when you work hard." After winning their second Spanish national title, Hurtado/Khaliavin competed at the 2019 European Championships, placing seventh, almost four points ahead of Smart/Díaz. They were consequently assigned to


texts:
 Spain's lone dance spot for the 2019 World Championships, where they placed twelfth. 2019–2020 season
Beginning the season on the Challenger series at the 2019 CS Ondrej Nepela Memorial, Hurtado/Khaliavin took the silver medal. They next won gold at the 2019 CS Ice Star. At their first Grand Prix assignment, the 2019 Skate Canada International, they placed fifth.Weeks later at the 2019 Rostelecom Cup, they placed third in the rhythm dance. Hurtado said there was still "some little things in the technical aspect of the program" to fix, but that they felt the program was improving. Third in the free dance as well, they won their second Grand Prix medal. After winning the silver medal at the Spanish championships, Hurtado/Khaliavin placed seventh at the 2020 European Championships, finishing ahead of Smart/Díaz. The latter were nevertheless assigned to the 2020 World Championships in Montreal, though these were subsequently cancelled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. 2020–2021 season
Hurtado suffered a shoulder injury in the summer of 2020 that required her to return to Spain for surgery, with a projected recovery time of six months. On December 1, Khaliavin indicated that they had reunited and resumed training.While Smart/Díaz were listed on the preliminary entry list for the 2021 World Championships, the Spanish Ice Sports Federation announced on March 2 that the final determination as to which team would represent Spain would be made following a virtual skate-off between them and Hurtado/Khaliavin. On March 7, the Spanish federation announced that the berth had been awarded to Hurtado/Khaliavin. They placed eleventh in Stockholm. This qualified one place for a Spanish dance team at the 2022 Winter Olympics. 2021–2022 season
Hurtado/Khaliavin began the season at the 2021 CS Lombardia Trophy, winning the bronze medal. They next competed at the 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy, the first of three matchups with Smart/Díaz to determine who would be named to the Spanish Olympic team. They were third in the rhythm dance, ahead of Smart/Díaz, but due to free dance errors


texts:
 finished in fifth place, 0.25 points behind their rivals in fourth.At their first Grand Prix assignment, the 2021 NHK Trophy, Hurtado/Khaliavin placed fourth in the rhythm dance, 0.03 points behind third-place Britons Fear/Gibson. In the free dance, Khaliavin struggled to stabilize their curve lift, and they lost a level on their closing rotational lift, as a result of which they were fifth in that segment, but remained narrowly in fourth overall, 0.71 points ahead of the Canadian team Lajoie/Lagha. At the 2021 Rostelecom Cup, Hurtado/Khaliavin were fourth in both programs, again finishing fourth overall. Hurtado/Khaliavin faced off against Smart/Díaz at the 2022 Spanish Championships, and finished second in both segments of the competition with a score of 191.90, 8.12 points behind their gold medalist rivals, widening their cumulative deficit to 8.37 points. Both teams then went to the 2022 European Championships, the third and final competition for the Spanish Olympic berth. Hurtado/Khaliavin were sixth in both segments for sixth overall. Khaliavin called their performance "the best we have skated it this season and it is maybe the best we have skated together in our career."Smart/Díaz finished in fourth place, 4.96 points ahead. With a cumulative margin of 13.33 points, Smart/Díaz were subsequently named to Spain's Olympic team. Programs

With Hurtado

With Monko

Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

With Hurtado for Spain

With Monko for Russia

Detailed results

Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. With Hurtado for Spain

With Monko for Russia

References

External links

Russian male ice dancers
1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kirov, Kirov Oblast
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Naturalised citizens of Spain
Spanish male ice dancers
Russian emigrants to Spain
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters of Spain
Spanish people of Russian descent
21st-century Spanish dancers
Competitors at the 2013 Winter


texts:
<mask> (8 February 1932 – 10 August 1973) was a noted Australian journalist and author, best known for <mask>'s Rock Encyclopedia (1969). From Italy to Australia, then the USA
She was born <mask> in Alassio, Province of Savona, Italy. Her family, originally from Lwów in Ukraine, then Poland, moved to the coastal town of Alassio in Italy, where <mask> was born. As the Ropschitz family were Jewish, they migrated to Australia in 1937 to escape the rise of fascism, and they settled in Brisbane. Shortly after their arrival, the family anglicised their names; the surname <mask> was <mask>'s suggestion. She studied at the University of Queensland, where she met and had a brief affair with Zell Rabin, who gave <mask> her first job in America and who became a key associate of Rupert Murdoch in the early 1960s. She pursued further studies at the University of Sydney from 1949, where she fell in with the freewheeling movement known as the Sydney Push, then congregating at the Lincoln Inn.In the process, she attracted the attention of an ASIO operative and was "reported on 25-6-51 as a communist sympathiser". She began her career in newspapers in Sydney and for several years worked for the tabloid magazine Weekend, owned by newspaper magnate Sir Frank Packer and edited by renowned author Donald Horne. In 1959 she moved permanently to New York, becoming the first Australian female overseas correspondent and the first Australian journalist to establish a high profile in the U.S. From 1962 onward, she was the New York correspondent for The Sydney Morning Herald and over the next ten years she carved out a singular career reporting on arts, entertainment and women's issues for the Australian, American and British press. 1960s
In the mid-1960s Roxon became fascinated by pop music and the rise of groups like The Beatles, The Byrds and The Rolling Stones and she began to write regular articles on the

masks:
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Ropschitz
Lillian
Roxon
Lillian
Lillian


texts:
 subject. In early 1967 she visited San Francisco and was one of the first mainstream journalists to write about the nascent hippie movement, filing a landmark story for The Herald on the subject. She also contributed to Oz magazine along with the short lived Eye magazine in the late 1960s. Through her writings and her interest in pop, she became one of the leading lights of the social and musical scene that centred on the fabled New York music club Max's Kansas City, which was frequented by members of the Andy Warhol circle, Lou Reed and The Velvet Underground, Jim Morrison and many others.Roxon appears briefly, as an interviewed member of the audience in the film Celebration at Big Sur, filmed at the 1969 Big Sur Folk Festival. Rock criticism
Her articles about the burgeoning rock scene are now credited as being foundation stones of serious rock writing, and she has since been described by other leading critics as "the mother of rock". She was friendly with many leading music stars but rarely became personally involved. Although she looked young enough to mix easily with the rock crowd, she was at least ten years older than most of the musicians she wrote about. Unusually for the time, she did not smoke or take drugs and only rarely drank alcohol. These factors, together with her renowned wit, combined to give her writing a degree of ironic detachment that influenced many younger rock writers. She was one of the first mainstream journalists to treat popular music with any degree of seriousness and to regard it not as a trivial "flash in the pan" but as an important social phenomenon.During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Roxon became close friends with critic and rock manager Danny Fields, Village Voice journalist Blair Sabol, musician and writer Lenny Kaye (later the guitarist in Patti Smith's band and compiler of the original Nuggets LP), photographers Linda McCartney and Leee


texts:
 Black Childers and Australian academic, author and feminist Germaine Greer. In 1965 she was joined by Sydney Morning Herald's autocratic foreign correspondent Margaret Jones. It was a clash of two unbending personalities which her biographer Robert Milliken described as "like two sopranos sharing the same stage". Perhaps to keep these two apart, Margaret was posted to Washington the following year. Roxon also played host to many Australians who visited the city, including The Easybeats and singer Lynne Randell and artists including Clifton Pugh. Australian singer Helen Reddy credits Roxon for her first awareness of the women's movement and for providing much of the impetus for co-writing her international hit, "I Am Woman". Linda McCartney (then Linda Eastman) was one of Roxon's closest female friends and she did much to further Eastman's career, but the friendship ended abruptly in 1969 when Eastman moved to London, married Paul McCartney and cut all ties with all her former friends, a move which wounded Roxon deeply.<mask> eventually retaliated, four years later, with her famously scathing review of the McCartneys' first American TV special. Published in the New York Sunday News on 22 April 1973, <mask>'s review panned the documentary and poured scorn on Linda, slamming her for being "catatonic with horror at having to mingle with ordinary people", "disdainful if not downright bored ... her teeth relentlessly clamped in a Scarsdale lockjaw", and "incredibly cold and arrogant". <mask>'s Rock Encyclopedia
During 1968-69 Roxon was commissioned to write what became the world's first rock encyclopaedia, published by Grosset & Dunlap in late 1969 and the work for which she is best remembered. The work had to be written concurrently with her regular duties as the Herald correspondent and other press commitments. The punishing schedule took a heavy toll on her health and she developed

masks:
Lillian
Roxon
Lillian Roxon


texts:
 asthma. <mask>'s Rock Encyclopedia was reissued in 1978, updated by Ed Naha. 1970s
In the early 1970s Roxon's profile expanded and she became more widely known for her feminist stance.She wrote a groundbreaking and highly personal report about the August 1970 women's rights march in New York, which was published in The Sydney Morning Herald under the title "There is a tide in the affairs of women". She wrote a regular column on sex and sexuality for Mademoiselle magazine (which continued after her death) and during 1971 she hosted a rock radio show that was syndicated to 250 stations. She met and became friends with David Bowie and his first wife Angie on Bowie's first tour of the US in late 1972 and was a major champion of Bowie's music in the American press as he was trying to break into the U.S. market. Roxon's health declined during the early 1970s. She made what would be her last visit home to Australia in early 1973 and while she was in Sydney in early February she was interviewed by ABC journalists Jeune Pritchard and Gary Hyde for the ABC's pop magazine program  GTK. The shorter Jeune Pritchard interview was included in a special on the current Australasian tour by The Rolling Stones, and showed Roxon looking obviously puffy and unwell. In the longer Gary Hyde interview Roxon was questioned about the current state of rock music in general; in response to Hyde's questions about up-and-coming acts, she nominated The New York Dolls and the then-unknown Bette Midler as names to watch, and concluded the interview by making a self-deprecating joke about her weight.Both clips are currently (May 2009) available for viewing on the YouTube video-sharing website. One of <mask>'s last print articles reported on the landmark New York concerts at Max's Kansas City by Iggy Pop and The Stooges and her final piece, filed in early August, was on rising British glam rock star Marc Bolan. Roxon

masks:
Lillian Roxon
Roxon


texts:
 wrote a novel, loosely based on her years in Sydney, which was never published. This manuscript now resides in Sydney's Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales, along with her large collection of letters and other papers, donated by her family and her close friend, the film producer, Margaret Fink. Death
<mask> died at the age of 41 on 10 August 1973, after suffering a severe asthma attack in her New York apartment. She was survived by two brothers Jack and Milo. Both parents predeceased her and she never married or had children.Her niece, <mask>on Place, in the Canberra suburb of Gilmore, is named in her honour. Biography and documentary
In August 2002, a biography of <mask> was published in Australia by Black Inc.: <mask>, Mother of Rock, written by the Sydney-based journalist and author Robert Milliken. A documentary film entitled Mother of Rock: <mask>, written and directed by Paul Clarke, premiered at the 2010 Melbourne International Film Festival and was partly financed by the Festival's Premiere Fund. Depictions in the media
In Lily Brett's 2012 novel Lola Bensky, based on Brett’s own experience as a music journalist, Lola meets <mask>. In the 2017 miniseries Friday On My Mind, The Easybeats travel to New York in 1967 and meet <mask>, portrayed by Ella Scott Lynch. The 2019 film I Am Woman depicts Helen Reddy's friendship with <mask>, portrayed by Tilda Cobham-Hervey and Danielle Macdonald.References

External links
 Interview with biographer Robert Milliken
 More information about the documentary Mother of Rock Retrieved 27 October 2016

1932 births
People from Alassio
Australian feminist writers
Australian music journalists
Australian music critics
People educated at Brisbane State High School
Australian Jews
1973 deaths
Australian women journalists
20th-century Australian women writers
Women writers about music
20th-century Australian journalists
The Sydney

masks:
Lillian Roxon
Nicola Roxonox
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon
Lillian Roxon


texts:
<mask> (La Carlota, Córdoba, 1961) is a Spanish photographer. Graphic reporter for newspaper La Vanguardia (Barcelona) since 1983-2015. In 2015 he is appointed Deputy to the Director of La Vanguardia with responsibility for the image area of this newspaper. President of the jury of the Godó Prize for Photojournalism of the Conde de Barcelona Foundation. He has been associate professor at the University Pompeu Fabra, since 2008 he teaches graduate students at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. He is the author of the official image of Prince Felipe de Borbón y Grecia between 2002–2010, and he is also the author in 2010 of the official image of the President of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Artur Mas. He photographed Salvador Dalí during the last three years of the artist’s life.His career as a photographer started in 1975. His mentors were Juan Guerrero and Eugeni <mask>. He first published when he was only fifteen years old. He has contributed to barcelonan newspapers such as Tele/exprés, Mundo Diario, El Noticiero Universal, El Periódico de Catalunya and Diario de Barcelona. He created what has become known as the photo of consensus, now an established tradition in the Catalan press. Since 1984, on the eve of elections in Catalonia, <mask> and La Vanguardia have managed to join together candidates from all political parties for a group photo. Bibliography
 1990 Barcelona-90.In collaboration with Matías Briansó, Paco Elvira, Pepe Encinas, Antonio Espejo and Avelino Pi. Lunwerg publishers, Barcelona. 1995 Barcelona Retrat(s). Text by Eugeni Madueño. FAVB (Federació d’Associacions de Veïns de Barcelona). 2006 Barcelona a vista de pájaro. Foreword by Quim Monzó .Text by Tate Cabré, Eugeni Casanova and Jordi

masks:
Pedro Madueño Palma
Madueño
Pedro Madueño


texts:
 Rovira. La Vanguardia Publishing house. 2010 Monzó- How to succeed in life. Julià Guillamón (ed.) Galàxia Gutenberg - Cercle de Lectors Publishing house. 2010 Cultura. Generalitat de Catalunya.Departament of Culture and Mass Media. 2011 Gestos. Crònica fotogràfica. Tres dècadas rere el president Jordi Pujol. Sol90 Publishing house. 2012 Matador. Magazine cover.Portrait of Ferran Adrià. La Fábrica books. - D.L: M-13686-1995
 2012 <mask>ño. Retrats periodístics. 1977-2012. Catalogue exhibition. Author: Julià Guillamon.Edited by "la Caixa" Foundation. DL: B-6418-2012
 2012 <mask>. Seqüències. Exhibition catalogue. Texts of Juan José Caballero. Can Framis. Barcelona.Edited by Vila Casas Foundation. D.L. B-14237-2012-                                  2013  Agua, aguas. Félix de Azua, Patricio Court, Albert Espinosa, Marcos Giralt, <mask>, Din Matamoro, Pepe Moll, Quim Monzó, Nicanor Parra, M. Luisa Rojo, A. Sánchez Robayna, Suso de Toro. Edited by Agbar Foundation. Barcelona. D.L.B-8341-2013
 2015  Five minutes . <mask> Casas first prize photography. Work "Ággelos" Vila Casas Foundation.Exhibitions
1994 Urban Portraits. Sala Arcs. Photographic Spring. Barcelona. 1997 Face to face. Can Sisteré. Santa Coloma de Gramenet.Barcelona. 2000 Collective Exhibition History of the photography in Catalonia. National Museum of Art of Catalonia (MNAC). Barcelona. 2000 Collective Exhibition History of the Photography in Catalonia. Civic museum di Monza. Monza-Brianza.Italy. 2009 Collaborated in the exhibition Monzó - How to succeed in life in the Centre d'Arts Santa Mònica of Barcelona. Exhibition organised by the Department of Culture and Media of Generalitat de Catalunya and la Institució de les Lletres Catalanes. 2012 <mask>.

masks:
Pedro Madue
Pedro Madueño
Pedro Madueño
Pedro Madueñoila
Pedro Madueño


texts:
 Retrats periodístics.1977-2012. Retrospective exhibition. CaixaForum Barcelona.Commissary Julià Guillamon. 2012 Exhibition. Seqüències. Commissioner: Juan José Caballero. Museum Can Framis. Vila Casas Foundation. Barcelona.2013 Collective exhibition. Agua, aguas. Commissioner Andrés Sánchez Robayna. The Museu Agbar de les Aigües. Cornellà. Barcelona
2014 Collective exhibition A cop d’ull. Curated by Alex Brahim and Manuel Segade.The Virreina Palace. Barcelona. 2015 Collective exhibition Not Yet. On the Reinvention of Documentary and the Critique of Modernism". Curated by Jorge Ribalta. Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía. 2015 <mask>ño.Journalistic Portraits.1977-2015. Exhibition at CaixaForum Palma de Mallorca. Curated by Julia Guillamon. 2015 <mask>. Journalistic Portraits.1977-2015. Exhibition at CaixaForum Madrid. Curated by Julia Guillamon.Work
 2000 Martí i Pol - 1994. Hubert de Wangen collection - Kowasa. Barcelona
 2004 Henri Cartier-Bresson - 2003. Hubert de Wangen collection - Kowasa. Barcelona
 2010 Creative Hand - 2008. Antoni Tàpies. Documentary fund of the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía.Madrid
 2010 José Tomás - 2009. Series of six photographs. Art collection of the Vila Casas Foundation. Barcelona
 2014 Aggelos - 2011. Art collection. Vila Casas Foundation
 2014 Ocrus - 2014. Art collection.Vila Casas Foundation

External links
 Web oficial de Pedro Madueño
 Fundación Vila Casas
 Fotografíes de Pedro Madueño a l'hemeroteca de La Vanguardia
  Representation. Galeria VALID FOTO
 Exhibition "Agua,aguas"
 http://www.museoreinasofia.es/exposiciones/aun-no-sobre-la-reinvencion-del-documental

1961 births
Living people
Spanish photographers
People from Barcelona
Pompeu Fabra University

masks:
Pedro Madue
Pedro Madueño


texts:
<mask> (6 December 1809 in Twyford, Hampshire – 12 August 1890 in Accra) was an Anglo-African Wesleyan minister, missionary, botanist and colonial official in West Africa. He is widely regarded as a pioneer of the Methodist Church in colonial West Africa, where he also established multiple schools. Some scholars view him as the “Founder of Ghana Methodism”. <mask>'s missionary activities took him to Dahomey, now Benin as well as to Western Nigeria. Biographical synopsis
Born in Twyford, Hampshire, <mask> was the son of an African father, <mask>, and an English mother, <mask>. He worked as a gardener and botanist for Sir Robert Harland (1765-1848) at Orwell Park near Ipswich until dismissed for abandoning Anglicanism for Wesleyan Methodism. Under <mask>, nine schools were established in the colony of Gold Coast (present day Ghana) in 1841, three of which were for girls.He continued opening schools, and by 1880 had about 83 schools with roughly 3000 students. In 1838 he went as a Methodist missionary to West Africa, founding Methodist churches in the Gold Coast in Cape Coast and Accra, and establishing a mission station in Kumasi. In 1850, <mask> established agriculture farms at Buela near Cape Coast (all in present-day Ghana). He also went to towns in southern Nigeria and to the kingdom of Dahomey. In 1843, while on furlough in Britain, he was active in the anti-slavery cause. After resigning as a missionary in 1857, he was employed by the colonial government as civil commandant of Accra district from 1857 to 1873. <mask> married three times.His first two wives, who were white British women, died

masks:
Thomas Birch Freeman
Freeman
Thomas Birch Freeman
Thomas Freeman
Amy Birch
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


texts:
 soon after they arrived in West Africa, and he subsequently married a local Fante woman. In 1873, he rejoined the Mission, and together with his son, promoted Methodist work in the southern Gold Coast. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born on 6 December 1809 in Twyford about three miles from Winchester, Hampshire, England. In those days, Winchester was a bastion of Wesleyan Methodism. His father, a gardener named <mask> was an African freedman from the West Indies, who obtained his freedom under the Emancipation Act, and was brought to England by his master, a slave-owning aristocrat. T. B. <mask>'s mother, <mask> was a working-class Englishwoman. <mask> was a housemaid in the home of <mask>'s father's master.<mask> had previously been married to <mask>, with whom she had three children. When <mask> <mask> was six years old, his father passed away. He lived with his mother in “a middle-class house facing a three-cornered space, a public house, “The Dolphin”, occupying the second, and a [thatched] cottage, then used as the Wesleyan preaching-house, the third corner of the triangle" in Twyford where it is presumed he received a solid education, although there is no historical record of the institutions he formally enrolled in. During his childhood, he and his friends used to play pranks on a local cobbler who eventually introduced <mask> to Methodism. This shoemaker lived in the Wesleyan preaching house and was a Methodist class-leader and a lay preacher of his village. <mask> followed the footsteps of his late father and became a gardener on a Suffolk estate where he developed an interest in

masks:
Thomas Birch
Freeman
Thomas
Freeman
Amy Birch
Amy Birch
Freeman
Amy Birch
John Birch
Thomas Birch
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


texts: botany. T. B<mask> became a botanist and head gardener to Sir Robert Harland at Orwell Park on the banks of the Orwell, near Ipswich in Suffolk.<mask> was an avid reader and became knowledgable in horticulture and listing plants Latin botanical names. <mask> kept a small library in his rooms. Decades later when he relocated to the Gold Coast, <mask> exchanged correspondence with Sir William Hooker (1785-1865), the first Director of Kew Gardens near London, the world’s leading botanical institution, on West African flora. <mask> also researched and collated scientific data on tropical fauna for Kew Gardens. <mask> developed a newfound zeal for the Methodist faith which was frowned upon by his employer, Sir Robert Harland who asked him to choose between his religion and his career. Around this time, the Methodist Mission Society in England had made a mass appeal for volunteer missionaries to go to Africa to propagate the Gospel. He felt he had received a divine call to become a missionary and responded to the appeal by assuring himself, “It may not be necessary for me to live; but it is necessary for me to go."He consulted his friends on the matter, particularly Peter Hill of Chelmondiston who he considered a lifelong family friend. Subsequently, he resigned from his position at Orwell Park. Sir Robert Harland’s wife, Lady Arethusa (1777-1860) was unhappy with <mask>’s decision to leave and tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to stay. <mask> passed a satisfactory examination before a special committee at the old Mission-house in Hatton Garden. After delivering an acclaimed sermon at the

masks:
. Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Thomas Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


texts:
 Methodist Conference in Leeds, witnessed by a Methodist minister, the Rev. Abraham Farrar, in October 1837, he was appointed a probationary Wesleyan minister at Cape Coast after his ordination in the Islington Chapel in London on 10 October 1837. The English missionaries at Cape Coast only had a series of short stints on the Gold Coast as many died from tropical diseases.Missionary activities in West Africa

Historical context
Methodism was first brought to the Gold Coast by the Wesleyan Methodist Church by the Rev. Joseph Rhodes Dunwell on New Year’s Day in January 1835, who was a 27-year old preacher from England. Early Wesleyan missionaries had an Anglican heritage. From the late 1400s onwards, Roman Catholic and Anglican missionaries began arriving on the Gold Coast, though their evangelising endeavours yielded no results. In the 18th century, the Anglican missionaries founded a school at Cape Coast where the Rev. Philip Quaque was an educator. The school curriculum focused entirely on the Biblical knowledge and building numeracy and literacy competencies by studying the 3Rs: reading, writing and arithmetic.The textbooks used were Scriptural pamphlets distributed by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Later, the curriculum was broadened to include the arts and crafts in agriculture, commerce and joinery. The early missionaries also emphasised girl-child education. This mission school led to the mushrooming of Bible study groups or informal Bible bands, devoted to reading and studying the Scriptures in 1831/32 when there were no European missionary or castle


texts: chaplain. The groups kept formal records of their prayer meetings. Earlier in 1834, an attendee of one of these groups, William de Graft requested for copies of the Holy Book through Captain Potter, the captain of a merchant sailing vessel named “Congo” and a congregant of the Bristol Wesleyan Methodist Church. de Graft had attended the Cape Coast Castle School and worked as a trader at Dixcove.He had earlier fallen out with the colonial Governor over theological differences and eventually persecuted, jailed and deported from Cape Coast to Dixcove while other native Christians were threatened with a fine. A request for missionaries was made by one John Aggrey, a Fante royal who was initially publicly flogged, denied the Cape Coast paramount chieftaincy due to his Christian faith. By 1864, he was the reigning sovereign of Cape Coast, devoted to the improving the spiritual welfare and educational needs of his people. Through Potter’s ingenuity, the Wesleyan mission society sent not only Bibles but a Methodist missionary, Joseph Rhodes Dunwell of Yorkshire. Dunwell arrived on 4 January 1835 and immediately started his public ministry at Cape Coast and organised weekly meetings with local Christians. Dunwell died after six months on the Gold Coast, on 24 June 1835, from tropical fever. By 1844, 15 missionaries had died on the coast.Within the first eight years of Methodist mission in Ghana, out of a total of 21 missionaries sent to the Gold Coast, 11 including all five of Dunwell’s successors passed away. These successors include George O. Wrigley of Lancashire and his wife, Harriet who both sailed


texts: on 12 August 1836 and arrived on 15 September 1836, 15 months after the death of Dunwell. He was assisted by Peter Harrod who came to the Gold Coast with his wife, on 15 January 1837. Peter Harrop of Derbyshire died on 11 February 1837, three days after his wife had died and three weeks after their arrival. Harriet Wrigley died on the same day as Mrs. Harrop. Nine months later, George Wrigley succumbed to tropical ailment at Cape Coast on 16 November 1837. It is noteworthy that after only eight months in Cape Coast, Wrigley read the Ten Commandments in Fante on Sunday 28 May 1837, preach in Fante three months later, on 20 August and on 3 September 1837, he performed baptism using liturgy spoken in the Fante language.All five missionaries were buried in graves below the pulpit of the first Methodist chapel at Cape Coast. In Accra, the Wesleyan mission founded a theological institute in 1842 to train teachers-catechists. This institution was originally put into the care of the missionary couple, the Rev. and Mrs. Shipman. However, after the death of the school’s first principal, the Rev. Samuel Shipman, the project was abandoned. Earlier on, James Hayford, a colonial representative of the British Merchant Company Administration in Kumasi, had started a Methodist Fellowship of a sort in Kumasi.Another Fante Christian and trader, John Mills co-led the fellowship at Kumasi. Hayford was on good terms with the Asante royal family and was permitted to conduct a church service at the Asantehene’s palace. Subsequently, <mask> <mask> arrived on the Gold Coast in this period in 1838. Motivated by the

masks:
Thomas Birch
Freeman


texts: positive development of Hayford’s activities, <mask> had raised £60 for the Kumasi mission Over nearly two decades, from 1838 and 1857, together, with his student, William de Graft, his mission activities took him to the Gold Coast, the Asante hinterlands, Yorubaland (Badagry, Lagos and Abeokuta) and to Dahomey. There was an organisational realignment in 1854, when the church constituted its district governance into circuits and <mask> was elected the chairman. William West succeeded <mask> in 1856. On 6 February 1878, the Methodist Synod initiated the process to devolve the district into two separate ministries to improve organisational efficiency.This new step was confirmed at the British Conference in July 1878. P. R. Picot became the head of the Gold Coast District while John Milum chaired the Yoruba and Popo District in Western Nigeria. Mission work in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast was started in 1910. There was a lull of disagreement with the colonial government and in 1955, Methodist evangelism resumed in northern Ghana under the leadership of the Rev. Paul Adu, the first indigenous missionary in that part of the country. The Methodist Church in Ghana became self-governing in July 1961 and based on a Deed of Foundation, enshrined in the Constitution and Standing Orders of our Church, it was named, the Methodist Church Ghana. Prior to its autonomy, the Methodist Church Ghana maintained ties to different Methodist bodies: the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, British Methodist Church and the Methodist Missionary Society which all formed an ecclesiastical merger in

masks:
Freeman
Thomas Freeman
Freeman


texts:
 1932.Five new Districts, including Kumasi were also created in 1961. The Rev. Brooking was the first resident minister to be stationed in Kumasi as the locus point of Methodism in Asante. The church now has a total membership of more than 600, 000 congregants spread across 17 dioceses, 3,814 societies, 1,066 pastors, 15,920 local preachers, 24,100 Lay Leaders. The Methodist Church Ghana also owns an orphanage, hospitals, clinics and schools. Sampson Oppong, an indigenous evangelist and prophet, though sheer missionary zeal, collaborated with the Methodist Church in Kumasi to propagate the Gospel in the Ashanti and Brong Ahafo Regions. The Methodist church adopted an episcopal system in 1999.In latter part of the 20th century, Methodism in Ghana spread through print and electronic mass media as well as church planting. This success of Methodism in reaching the native peoples of the Gold Coast can be attributed to the denomination’s historical “anti-clericalism, anti-Calvinism, anti-formalism, anti-confessionalism and anti-elitism.”

Gold Coast and Asante
<mask>, his wife, Elizabeth Booth and Joseph Smith, the headmaster of the Cape Coast Castle School sailed aboard the Osborne to the Gold Coast and landed at Cape Coast on 3 January 1838. On his arrival Gold Coast in 1838, the Cape Coast Methodists offered gifts: "37 fowls, 43 [tubers of] of yam, a few bunches of shallots…a basket of corn for feeding fowls.” Within a month and a half, <mask> <mask> became ill with malaria and his first wife cared for him. Shortly thereafter, Booth died suddenly from an inflammatory condition on 20 February 1838

masks:
Thomas Freeman
Thomas Birch
Freeman


texts: as <mask> recuperated, within seven weeks of their arrival. Eventually, he overcame the grief of his wife's death and started the strenuous programme as a missionary. <mask> became close friends with Captain George Maclean, the Governor of the British Gold Coast from 1830 to 1843, who encouraged him through his personal tribulation. <mask> also sought counsel from connoisseurs of the Gold Coast, who had a deeper knowledge on the culture and geography of the country.He purchased a more spacious mission house with a design conducive to the environment. He then completed the first Methodist Church at Cape Coast, the Wesley Methodist Cathedral, inaugurated on 10 June 1838. The missionaries, Wrigley and Harrop had started the structures before their early deaths. <mask> had started the rebuilding on 17 January 1838, a fortnight after his arrival. The opening service was attended by Governor Maclean, European residents on the coast and more than 1200 native people, with many congregants overflowing outside the chapel. Furthermore, he supervised the planting of multiple Methodist churches at Anomabo, 8 km (5 miles) to the east, and at Dominase, 28 km (18 mi) to the northeast, of Cape Coast. <mask> trained two ethnic Fante young men, William de Graft and John Martin in catechism, in preparation for the "native ministry" as his colleague Wesleyan missionaries saw him as a fellow Englishman.He befriended several paramount chieftains on the Gold Coast and was nicknamed “Okomfo Obroni” meaning "white fetish priest" in the Fante language. His arrival on the coast, as the fourth Methodist missionary in the

masks:
Freeman
Freeman
Thomas Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


texts: colony, was on Wednesday. As such, he was dubbed, Kwaku Annan. In Akan culture, Kwaku is the day name given to a male child born on a Thursday. Annan refers to the fourth male child. <mask> sent a report to the Methodist Mission in England, recommending the establishment of boarding schools to train preachers, teachers and catechists, outside the influence of the traditional animist society. He drew up a school curriculum which left out the study of native languages as well as manual labour for boys.T. B<mask> organised missionary meetings on a frequent basis. The first event, held on 3 September 1838 at the Cape Coast Castle, was presided over by Governor George Maclean. On that day, there was a prayer meeting at 6am, a mass wedding ceremony for six couples at 7:30am, a quarterly meeting at 11am. A platform was constructed in the afternoon and an evening event began at 7:15pm. This inaugural missionary meeting was novel in that it was chaired by a secular political leader. Today, it is customary for public Methodist events in Ghana to be presided over by non-church agents. Arising from the meeting, <mask> founded a Methodist church, Wesley Cathedral in Accra, in October 1838 at the behest of Fante Methodists living in the Accra suburb of Jamestown - a hub for British merchants at the time.He also established a school near the church and appointed John Martin as its headmaster. In addition, <mask> established more missions along the coastal belt from Dixcove, 24 km (15 miles) southwest of Takoradi, to the west, to Winneba, 56 km (35 miles)) west of Accra, to the east. At Winneba, where a

masks:
Thomas Freeman
. Freeman
Freeman
Thomas Freeman


texts: protégé of de Graft was serving as a missionary, twenty Christians who were mostly itinerant traders regularly met for services. On the missionary circuit, <mask> also toured Komenda, Elmina, Anomabu, Agyaa and Saltpond. Together with 15 exhorters and his probationer, William de Graft, five mission assistants, Joseph Smith, John Hagan, John Mills, John Martin and George Blankson, <mask> commissioned new chapels at Anomabu, Winneba, Saltpond, Abaasa and Komenda. <mask> <mask> first ventured into Asante territory on 29 January 1839, with the intention of setting up a Wesleyan mission station there. From Cape Coast, <mask> and his mission assistants arrived at Fomena via Anomabu, an approximate midpoint between the Central Region and Ashanti Region.On the trek to Kumasi, he fell ill at a town called Domonasi. He quickly recovered and went to another town, Yankumasi where a receptive young chieftain, Asin Chibu gave him sheep and green plantains and instructed five porters to carry his luggage. At the town of Mansu, he was received by the chief, Gabri and his captains, who donated fruits, vegetables and sheep to <mask> and his entourage. He became ill again in Mansu but the fever had abated by the following week. He traversed the River Prah with its wooded banks full of palm trees, ferns and other flora. <mask> passed over the Adansi hills and onward to the small town of Kwisa/Kusa. The chief of Adansi, Korinchi, was described as a drunkard and <mask> preached the gospel to him in front of 500 natives and vassals.He also witnessed the traditional funeral of the chief's sister and human sacrifice of

masks:
Freeman
Thomas Freeman
Thomas Birch
Freeman
Thomas Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


texts:
 a native female slave as part of the customs. A delegation from his team was dispatched to Kumasi to enquire from the Asantehene, Nana Kwaku Dua I if the Asante Kingdom was going to be receptive to the Methodist Church in Kumasi. The team had to wait in, Kusa in Ashanti and later a rest stop town called, Franfraham. The Asantes thought that <mask> was a British spy and he had to wait for nearly two months (48 days) before the stool authorities permitted him to meet the Kwaku Duah I who reigned from 1834 to 1867. The Ashanti Empire was a formidable kingdom and perennial political enemy of the Fante people. The daily life of the Fantes on the coast was deeply affected by the constant attacks on them by the Asante army. One scholar of mission history stated, “Members at Cape Coast had grown up in…undetached houses with specially designed exits to facilitate escape from one through the other in time of attack by their northern enemy.Their information about Ashanti consisted of ‘tales of horror, wretchedness and cruelty,’ which expanded with telling and retelling and terrified them as much as they made <mask> restless ‘to commence Missionary operations.”

He eventually entered Kumasi on 1 April 1839 and on the durbar grounds with several chiefs assembled, <mask> presented to the Asantehene a petition to open a church and school, after making it clear that he neither had political or commercial interests in Asante. The Asante king rejected his request. He nonetheless forged an encouraging relationship with Asante monarch and other provincial chieftains like the Apoko who served as the chief linguist

masks: Freeman Freeman Freeman


texts: and foreign minister. The king allowed him to preach in the streets and he hold to church services during his brief stay in Kumasi. In Kumasi, <mask> once again observed several cases of human sacrifice as part of Asante funerary customs for royalty. On 15 April 1839 he left Kumasi for Cape Coast. He arrived at the mission house in Cape Coast, eight days later, on Tuesday 23 April 1839 at 9pm.At Cape Coast, <mask> <mask> encountered the Basel missionary, Andreas Riis, who was totally amazed by the cordial way the British colonial authorities led Governor Maclean treated <mask>, in contrast to the cold treatment that had been meted out to Riis by the Danish Governor, F. S. Moerck in Christiansborg. <mask> gave Riis a direct account of his visit to Kumasi. He sent the journal of his visits to the home board in London with a recommendation of George Maclean, the de facto Governor who served as the President of the Council of European Merchants at Cape Coast. Upon the invitation of the London mission committee, <mask> travelled to England in 1840, with his former student, William de Graft with the aim of fundraising £5000 for the expanding Gold Coast Mission to Asante and selecting six more missionaries. On 16 June 1840, T. B<mask> met the Methodist Missionary Committee. The Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society was running a deficit of more than £20,000 in 1840. A resolution was passed to start a mission in Asante.Six missionaries were enrolled in the Wesleyan mission society and sent to the Gold Coast. While in England, <mask> and de Graft visited many English towns and cities and managed to

masks:
Freeman
Thomas Birch
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
. Freeman
Freeman


texts: raise £4650 from his appeal for funds. It is on record that they also visited Ireland. <mask> also visited the home of his old employers, Sir Robert Harland and Lady Harland. He presented some tropical plants to the Harlands. Mrs. Harland had a plant nursery/greenhouse built for the new flora from the Gold Coast. William de Graft preached at Langton Street Chapel, the home church of the then deceased Captain Potter of the Bristol merchant barque, “Congo”, who had first narrated the activities of the Cape Coast Bible Band, also known as the “Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge” to his fellow congregants.Captain Potter's widow, Mrs. Potter was present at church that day. de Graft also helped with translating English texts into the Fante language while in England. A special ordination and valedictory service was held at the Great Queen Street Chapel, London for <mask> and five other departing missionaries. The ceremony was officiated by the ministers, Bunting, Hannah, Alder, Beecham and Hoole. In the company of ten other persons, <mask> departed from Gravesend for the Gold Coast on 3 December 1840, aboard the brig, Osborne; his ship docked at Cape Coast on 1 February 1841. The passengers included Mrs. Hesk, Mrs. Shipman, together with Messrs. Watson, William Thackwray and Charles Walden. On the first Sunday of the New Year, “a delightful and happy Covenant Service” was held aboard the Osborne.In 1841, four out of twelve Methodist missionaries, died on Gold Coast from tropical fever. William Thackwray, the Wesleyan missionary assigned to Domonasi died at Anomabu after a short illness of eight


texts: days. Thackwray had previously been permitted by the chief of Ega to preach in the small town neighbouring Anomabo. Charles Walden died of fever on 29 July 1841. Mrs. Hesk died 28 August 1841 at Anomabo and was buried at the graveyard of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Cape Coast. Three other missionaries returned to Britain due to ill-health. From November to December 1841, <mask> and a large retinue of Fanti and Ashanti natives travelled to Kumasi and presented to the Asante king and the royal household, a four-wheeled carriage, built by one Mr. Sims and subsequently endorsed by Queen Victoria (ruled from 1837 to 1901) and Prince Albert, a table, twelve chairs, a table linen, dinner, breakfast and tea sets and a portrait of the Queen.Missionaries Shipman and Watson assumed supervision of the Cape Coast district in <mask>'s absence. <mask>'s second coming to Asante received a warm welcome, as he was in the company of two scions of the royal family, John Owusu-Ansa and William Owusu Kwantabisa, political hostages from one of the Anglo-Asante wars and the ensuring 1831 Treaty. The two princes had arrived on the ships of the famed Niger Expedition. Governor Maclean had sent the two royals to England where they were baptised and educated by the Anglican Church. The trio departed from Cape Coast on 6 November 1841 and arrived in Kumasi, five weeks (37 days) later, on 13 December. The Asantehene met them with enthusiasm. He was greatly pleased with the carriage gifts.He was also excited to see his nephews, who looked well-groomed and healthy and came to symbolise the value of an English education.

masks:
Thomas Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


texts: The King permitted <mask><mask> to start a church but not a school. <mask> returned to Cape Coast with "presents" such as cattle, vegetables, fruit and gold dust valued at £56, from the royal household for himself and mission society. The Wesleyan missionary, the Rev. Robert Brooking, who had arrived on 13 January 1840 with the Rev. and Mrs. J. M. Mountford, was asked to supervise the newly opened Asante mission on land provided from the Ashanti monarch. The gifts included female slaves who T. B. <mask> liberated and took to Cape Coast to be educated.In Cape Coast, he welcomed newly arrived English Methodist missionaries, Allen, Rowland and Wyatt who were then assigned to Domonasi, Kumasi and Dixcove respectively. In Accra, Governor Maclean, together with Captain Tucker of the Iris and the two Captains named Allen, of the sailing vessels, the Soudan and Wilberforce, paid a courtesy call on <mask> who was visiting the Wesleyan church there. The captains proposed an idea to send a missionary to be sent to the Gabon, which never came to fruition. By 1842 the Asantehene had allowed <mask> to start the first mission post in Kumasi. The chieftain further provided the mission with a plot of land at Krobo Odumase with which they were to establish this station. The piece of land still houses a few assets of the Methodist Church Ghana, including the Nana Kwaku Duah I Methodist House which serves as the Diocesan Headquarters. <mask> returned to Ashanti in August 1843 for a third time, accompanied by a new Methodist missionary, George Chapman to replace Robert Brooking who had returned to England a few

masks:
Thomas B
. Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


texts:
 months earlier due to illness.He stayed in the mission house in Kumasi. The German Basel missionaries, Fritz and Rosa Ramseyer, Johannes Kuhne together with French trader, Marie-Joseph Bonnat were detained in this mission building during their captivity in Asante from 1969 to 1874. During <mask>'s ministry, several chiefs and fetish priests in multiple towns including Mankessim, Aberadzi, Akrodu and Anomabu embraced Christianity and several native traditionalists were baptised. He also established industrial agricultural schools in the towns, Beulah, about 8 miles from Cape Coast and one at Domonasi, using the Basel Mission vocational model. The Beulah school, which had a well-stocked garden with fruits and other flora, also doubled as a sanitorium and resort for missionaries, itinerant preachers and Cape Coast residents. Western Nigeria
Some Yorubas or the Aku who had become Christians in Sierra returned to Yorubaland in the Bight of Benin in modern day, Lagos Nigeria and made a request to the Wesleyan Missionary Society for a missionary/teacher. <mask> <mask> was thus the first Christian missionary to proselytise in Badagry in modern-day Lagos State, when his ship, Queen Victoria arrived there, on 24 September 1842 in the company of his former pupil, William de Graft and his wife, to investigate issues raised by the Yoruba returnees from Sierra Leone.The entourage were allowed by the Badagry chieftain to set up a mission in the commune. By 30 November 1842, they had built a mission house and a chapel. William de Graft was appointed the overseer of this new mission station. The de Graft

masks:
Freeman
Thomas Birch
Freeman


texts: couple together with <mask> went on to Lagos and later, the Egba city of Abeokuta, at the written formal invitation by the Ruler or Alake of Egba, named Shodeke. The missionary team was warmly welcomed by the Abeokuta overlord and his brother, General Shamoye. <mask> preached the Gospel in the palace courtyard. <mask> then gave the Holy Bible to Shodeke.Shodeke decreed that Christianity be adopted in his dominion but the native high priests rebelled against and secretly poisoned him, not long after this episode. In late 1854, he returned to Abeokuta and then to Lagos, where the Wesleyan Missionary Society had set up station two years earlier. In Lagos, <mask> was cordially received by the European missionary, Gardiner, the Lagos king, Dosumu and the English Consul, Campbell. A Christian service was held in <mask>'s honour, attended by Sierra Leonean emigrants, school children and Lagos indigenes. During the Sunday service, <mask> gave two sermons to two large congregations. The first Wesleyan missionary meeting was held a week later, on 5 December 1854, upon <mask>'s return from Abeokuta. The meeting was to devise ways to raise funds for the mission's operations.At Aro, a vicinity of Abeokuta, he met the native minister, Bickersteth and many of his congregants. He reunited with Shamoye, the brother of the now deceased old chief, Shodeke and met his successor, the new ruler, Sagbua. A mission station was built on the land given to <mask> by Shodeke in 1854. <mask> officiated at several baptisms and weddings in Abeokuta and presided over a missionary meeting. He also paid a courtesy call on the

masks:
Freeman
Freeman
Thomas Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


texts:
 missionary couple, Henry Townsend and his wife. Dahomey
Afterwards, <mask> was invited by the King of Dahomey, Gezo (also Ghezo) who ruled the kingdom from 1818 to 1858. The Dahomey were the archrivals and sworn enemy of the Yoruba of Abeokuta and the Badagry.The Dahomey had plans to attack the Yoruba. <mask> therefore viewed the invitation as a chance to mediate in the age-old impasse because he did not want the newly established mission station to be destroyed in a conflict. King Gezo did not commit to engaging in any future conflict. The chieftain was heavily involved in human sacrifice, an almost daily experience as well as slavery and the slave trade. <mask> wanted to put an end to these practices but was unsuccessful in convincing the ruler. On 1 January 1843, T. B<mask> reached Ouidah (Whydah) on the coast of Dahomey, where he placed a preacher there. He lodged at the English fort.On 8 January 1843, he held a small service for his staff and followers inside the castle. Shortly after his arrival, <mask> had an amiable conversation with the infamous Brazilian slave trader, Don Antonio de Souza (died c. 1849), an ally of King Gezo. de Souza was on friendly terms with <mask>. He also paid a courtesy call on the viceroy at Wydah, Yevogah and expressed his wish to meet the Gezo. In March 1843, <mask> visited Gezo at Kana, 13 km (8 miles) from the Dahomeyan capital of Abomey (Abomi). There, he was astounded by the chieftain's autocracy, the prevalence of human sacrifice (beheading, preservation by salting and drying, hanging of the corpse upside down), the war fervor of the all-woman warrior

masks:
Thomas Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
. Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


texts: regiment, the Amazons who belonged to the Dahomeyan kings. The Amazons accorded <mask> a 9-gun salute and a 21-gun salute for England's Queen Victoria.He described his mission activities at Badagry to Gezo. The king asked him if he could replicate this mission success at Ouidah. Among his other demands, Gezo desired to have an English Governor at the fortress based at Ouidah. <mask> went to Abomey and was shocked to discover a pile of human skulls at the palace that also had blood-stained walls. Upon receipt of the official invitation to start a mission house at Ouidah, <mask> departed Dahomey for Cape Coast. The king presented four Aku slave girls together with 2 boys and 2 girls with the aim of educating them on the Gold Coast and bringing them back to the Dahomey monarch. <mask> liberated all 8 slaves.Some scholars have posited that <mask>'s time in Dahomey may have influenced Gezo to alter the judicial process for executing criminals and human sacrifice. The provincial chiefs no longer had the power to sentence alleged perpetrators to death. They now had a chance of appeal to the King's court headed by Gezo himself. Nonetheless, human sacrifice and the slavery economy continued unabated. Earlier, while waiting at Ahgwey in Little Popo for the arrival for his ship for Cape Coast, he visited an English-educated native chief, George Lawson who promptly welcomed <mask>'s offer to send a teacher there, the genesis of the mission work at Popo. <mask> never had the resources needed for a large-scale mission at Dahomey. The home mission in London were unwilling to underwrite his evangelism

masks:
Freeman
Thomas Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


texts:
 initiatives in Dahomey.This was because the missionary death toll on the Gold Coast was already high and the numerous Anglo-Ashanti wars hindered the Kumasi mission. Furthermore, the home committee in London were concerned with <mask>'s reckless approach to financial management. In 1854, <mask> returned to Dahomey with his colleague missionary, Henry Wharton. When they reached Wydah, the witnessed the horrors of a slave shipment of 650 captives by Portuguese slave traders. In this episode, four slaves jumped to their deaths from the slave ships while a nursing mother was forcibly separated from her newly born baby. <mask> relayed what he had just observed to the English colonial government which led to increased patrolling of the high seas to prevent the slave trade that had long been abolished. At Wydah, <mask> and Wharton were hosted by the assistant-missionary, Dawson and his wife.The Dahomey king, Gezo received them warmly. <mask> also handed over to Gezo, the two girls, now baptised Grace and Charity, who had been taken to Cape Coast earlier for education. <mask> briefly stayed with the king before returning to Accra via Whydah, Ahgwey and Little Popo. Shortcomings

Fante language
Limited linguistically, <mask> resisted learning how to read, write or speak the Fante language, even though that would have aided his evangelisation efforts. Financial issues
From 1843 to 1854, <mask> <mask> attempted to expand the mission activities in both Nigeria and the Gold Coast. As a result, his travelling and administrative expenditure ballooned. He failed to conduct due diligence on his accounts and

masks:
Freeman
Freeman
Thomas Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Thomas Birch
Freeman


texts: was heavily in debt.In 1844, he returned to England on furlough to defend himself against character assassination and a swirl of charges. In 1845, he was warned by the Home Mission of his large deficits to the tune of £7935. The Missionary Committee was deeply concerned about his seeming lack of financial propriety. He managed to raise £5500 after touring England for nearly 12 months. He exchanged letters with the English abolitionist, <mask> (1760-1846) and expressed his grave worries about the ongoing slavery along the coast of West Africa. He then communicated with the then Colonial Secretary Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby (1799-1869), the British statesman who was instrumental in abolishing slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. Additionally, he met Henry Wharton, a West Indian mulatto from Grenada who followed <mask> to the Gold Coast and lived and worked there for twenty-eight years.<mask> returned to Cape Coast in mid-1845 to encounter a host of problems festering in the mission fields. The Home Mission in England ordered him not establish any new missions or increase the mission workforce. The Asante mission had closed after the appointment of Commander Henry Worsley Hill as the new British Governor to succeed George Maclean., Hill's tenure of office was from 1843 to 1845. Hill visited Dahomey with <mask>. T. B<mask> then proceeded to Badagry and returned to Cape Coast after walking on foot for more than 480 km (300 miles). Again in 1848, <mask> went to Kumasi with William Winniett, Hill's successor with the aim of prompting the signing of a treaty to abolish the practice of human

masks:
Thomas Clarkson
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
. Freeman
Freeman


texts:
 sacrifice. This objective failed to materialise.<mask>'s African wife supported him in his mission work at Cape Coast which saw the church there expanded. In 1856, six new churches were commissioned in <mask>'s district without explicit approval from London. In 1856, a Wesleyan missionary, the Rev. Daniel West was appointed the financial secretary of the mission and sent to Ghana for four months to investigate and report on the financial health of the mission. West also visited Lagos and Abeokuta to assess the financial state of the missions there. West's report negative and somehow indicted <mask>. He however praised the breadth of <mask>'s mission initiatives in education and evangelism.West, however died in the Gambia, on 24 February 1857 before reaching England. Even though West sent his report ahead of his departure, his death meant that he could not present his findings in person to the committee in London. The Home Committee appointed William West as the new financial secretary and general superintendent of the Gold Coast mission. As a result, <mask> tended his resignation as chairman and general superintendent of the mission to the London committee. His departure from the mission was largely devoid of acrimony. <mask> even offered to work any other capacity within the Wesleyan mission. Due to his financial maladministration, lack of accountability, overspending and incompetence, he was heavily indebted and had to find a new job to repay his personal debts.Colonial civil servant
In 1857, in spite of his financial incompetence, he accepted a government position of administrative and

masks: Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman


texts: civil commandant of the Accra district from Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell who served as the Governor of the Gold Coast from 1857 to 1858. In 1860, he was dismissed by the new Governor, Edward B. Andrews whose tenure was from 1860 to 1862. In 1850, Governor William Winniett made <mask> his honorary secretary in Accra, after the British bought the Danish fort, the Christiansborg Castle and other possessions. Winniett and <mask> arrived at Christiansborg, now Osu, and received the keys of the Christiansborg Castle from the Danish colonial authorities. As a civil servant and financial administrator, from 1850 and 1854, T. B<mask> was busy at work in his circuit amid persecution of Christians. The fetish priests of the fetish named Naanam Mpow at Mankessim, 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Cape Coast created problem for the indigenes. After James Bannerman became the Lieutenant-Governor of the Gold Coast from 1850 to 1851, the culprits were tried in the colonial judicial system and imprisoned.The colonial government put him in charge of implementing and enforcing the highly unpopular poll tax, believing the administration will used the funds for social amenities for the people of the Gold Coast. The government however used it to pay salaries of its civil servants. In 1854, the British military bombarded Christiansborg, now Osu, after the inhabitants refused to pay the poll tax. As a civil commandant, <mask> urged the people of Osu to return and rebuild their homes. He was involved in the negotiations which ended the Anlo War of 1866. The peace treaty was signed between the Anlo on the left (east bank),

masks:
Thomas Freeman
Freeman
. Freeman
Freeman


texts:
 supported by the Akwamu and, later, the Asante, as one party and the British and its ally, the people of Ada, on the right (west) bank of the Volta and, as the other signatory. <mask>'s name became a household name which allowed him to become an effective conflict mediator.Herbert Taylor Ussher, the Governor of the Gold Coast from 1867 and 1872 and again, 1879 and 1880, asked <mask> to settle a dispute between the Dutch together with the Elmina people and the Fante chiefs, after the Fante had besieged the Elmina township in 1868. The Fante rejected his efforts and pleas. Lay physician
<mask> <mask> was also involved in medical healing using orthodox medicine techniques. He is reputed to have cured the Queen of Juaben, Seiwa, of her ailment. <mask> also treated a chief in Kumasi for bilious fever. Thus, he became not only a preacher but a lay physician as well and enhanced his standing among the local people. As an Anglican missionary-educator, Philip Quaque provided rudimentary medical treatment of ailments suffered by the pupils under his care at the Cape Coast Castle School.For more advanced medical cases, the surgeon of the Royal West African Army, who was resident in the castle, provided treatment. <mask>'s services were crucial as the Gold Coast did not have a formalised public healthcare system on the Gold Coast. Literary initiatives
<mask> was a writer and penned a novel titled Missionary Enterprise No Fiction, which was published anonymously in England at the Epworth Press. T. B<mask> kept a Journal of a Visit to Ashanti which was published in England periodically in the Wesleyan

masks:
Freeman
Freeman
Thomas Birch
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
. Freeman


texts:
 Missionary Notices. The publication of the Kumasi journals shot <mask> to stardom in line with the T. F. Buxton's vision of missions. The publications resulted in the recruitment and enlisting of more missionaries dispatched to the Gold Coast in January 1840. In 1859, <mask> and another Wesleyan missionary, Henry Wharton of the West Indies founded a news publication, the Christian Messenger and Examiner as a medium to translate foreign literature and classical works into native African languages.Personal life
Shortly after his ordination, <mask> <mask> married Elizabeth Booth, the housekeeper of Sir Robert and Lady Harland, and sailed with her to Cape Coast, Gold Coast on 5 November 1837, arriving on 3 January 1838. On 25 November 1840, <mask> remarried, to Lucinda Cowan of Bristol. Cowan died in Cape Coast, nine months later, on 25 August 1841, after illness. Upon <mask>'s return from Dahomey and Abeokuta in 1854, he married an educated Gold Coast local woman, Rebecca Morgan, an early Fante convert, with whom he had four children. Later years
<mask> left his position as a government official and later purchased a plot of land within the bend of a river on the outskirts of Accra, put up a house on it and started farming fruits and vegetables that were supplied to the European and other residents in Accra. He rekindled his interests in botany and sent rare specimens of plants and reports on useful information to the Kew Gardens on orchids he had procured on the Gold Coast. When the Ceylon coffee crop was infested with disease, he introduced the Liberian coffee species there, first sending 400

masks:
Freeman
Freeman
Thomas Birch
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman