texts:
 Joy Kuropatwa ed. Windsor, ON: Black Moss, 1983. After Exile complete poems compiled by Gregory Betts (Exile, 2003)

Prose
 White Narcissus. London, UK: Cape, 1929. Toronto: Macmillan, 1929. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart New Canadian Library, 1962, 1990.My Star Predominant. Toronto: Ryerson, 1934. Selected Stories of <mask>. Michael Gnarowski ed. Ottawa. U of Ottawa P, 1972. "Canadian Literati."<mask>. Journal of Canadian Fiction, No. 14 (1975), 160. <mask>: Poems, Stories and Essays ed. David Aronson (1975)
 The First Day of Spring. Stories and Other Prose. Toronto, Buffalo: U of Toronto P, 1976. ,
 There Was a Mr. Cristi (Windsor: Black Moss, 2006)
 Boy Remembers in the Field (2006)
 Grapes (2006)
 Hackman's Night.Windsor: Black Moss, 2007. Soil in Smoke (unpublished)
 Turning Loam (unpublished)

Edited
 Canadian Short Stories. Toronto: Macmillan, 1928. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries P, 1971. Fonds
 The <mask>er papers. Bruce Whiteman comp. Hamilton, ON: Mills Memorial Library, McMaster U, 1981.<mask> fonds. Rev. ed. Toronto: Victoria University Library, 2006. Except where noted, bibliographic information courtesy of Online Guide to Writing in Canada. References

Further reading
 <mask>: An Annotated Bibliography, ed. Anne Burke (1981)."Chronological History of <mask>," Bonita O'Halloran. Canadian Literature. No. 23 (Winter, 1965), 45–52. "<mask>," Leo Kennedy. Canadian Forum'', 12 (1932), 459–61. External links

 The <mask>er Collection at the Victoria University Library at the University of Toronto
 <mask>er at University of Toronto Libraries

1899 births
1932 deaths
Canadian modernist poets
Canadian male poets
Canadian male novelists
Canadian male short story writers
University of Toronto alumni
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian

masks:
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knist
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knister
Raymond Knist
Raymond Knist


type: original

texts:
<mask> (August 10, 1906 – April 9, 1993) was a rated Jewish Middleweight boxer from Newark, New Jersey. In 1930, he moved up a weight class and challenged Maxie Rosenbloom for the Light Heavyweight Championship of the World in Madison Square Garden, though he lost the bout. During his career as a Middleweight in the 1920s, he was more in his element and competed well against competitive middleweight contenders. In May 1930, Bain was still ranked seventh in the world among Middleweights by Ring Magazine and stayed in the top ten from May to October of that year. After his retirement from boxing, he had a career in Hollywood. Actor Anthony Quinn patterned the raspy voice and mannerisms of his character Mountain Rivera in Columbia Pictures' 1962 movie Requiem for a Heavyweight on Bain who worked on the production as an adviser. The film was considered one of America's greatest boxing movies of that era.Early life and boxing career

Brought to America as a child, Bain was born in St. Petersburg, Russia on August 10, 1906. Perhaps wary of the political climate of the period, he gave Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he lived as a child, as his birthplace during his boxing career in the 1930s. Bain reputedly started boxing at age 12 as a flyweight and worked his way up. With such an early start to his career, he competed in nearly every weight class at one time. He fought extensively in Newark from 1923 to 1925, garnering an impressive fight record, but gaining little national exposure while fighting few ranked opponents. Later boxing career

Bain fought 1934 World Middleweight Champion Vince Dundee twice, 1927–29 World Welterweight Champion Joe Dundee, and on November 4, 1929, Middleweight contender Phil Krug. He fought highly ranked middleweight contender "KO" Phil Kaplan, losing to him in a fifth-round knockout on


texts:
 February 27, 1928, in Philadelphia.He met rated black Middleweight Jack McVey on several occasions. Bain beat McVey, the "Pride of Harlem" due to a disqualification by McVey in the fifth round in Laurel Garden, in Newark, New Jersey, on July 12, 1926, though Bain was losing the bout prior to the call. On March 24, 1930, Bain drew with Middleweight McVey, in ten rounds at Laurel Garden in Newark. He had previously defeated McVey on December 17, 1928, in Newark in ten rounds. On March 28, 1930, Bain defeated Brooklyn based Middleweight boxer Pal Silvers in ten rounds in one of his first fights in Madison Square Garden. Bout with Maxie Rosenbloom, October, 1930

In one of his most significant fights, on October 22, 1930, Bain faced Light Heavyweight Champion Maxie Rosenbloom in Madison Square Garden as a legitimate contender for the World Light Heavyweight Championship. The referee was Lou Magnolia.According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, the Light Heavyweight Class did not have a large supply of competitors skillful enough to face Rosenbloom at the time and Bain had little experience moving up from Middleweight. It was one of Bain's few bouts in the Garden before a large audience. After Rosenbloom battered out a technical knockout of Bain in the eleventh round before a crowd of around four thousand, a source noted that Rosenbloom "outclassed the New Jersey youngster from the first round." He was again an unsuccessful contender for the Light Heavyweight Championship of the World against Dave Maier on January 15, 1932, in Chicago Stadium, when he was TKO'd in the first round. Bain had, however, won his first fight in the elimination tournament against Harry Fuller on December 18, 1931. Final boxing years, and move to heavyweight class
Bain even fought a few competitive heavyweights in his career, though perhaps it


texts:
 was ill-advised. He fought future World Heavyweight contender Tony Galento, in Dreamland Park on September 30, 1931, losing in a fourth-round TKO.<mask>'s New Jersey Hall of Fame bio noted that Bain was outweighed by as much as fifty pounds and the fight resulted in hospitalization and injuries that sped Bain's retirement from boxing. Galento would become a Heavyweight World contender fighting Joe Louis on June 28, 1939, in Philadelphia, actually knocking Louis to the mat in the bout, but losing in a fourth-round TKO. It is possible Bain's loss to Galento, which cost him seven weeks of hospitalization, made him a more likely model for Anthony Quinn's character "Mountain" Rivera in Quinn's classic boxing movie Requiem for a Heavyweight. The movie's plot centered on a Heavyweight's tragic loss to a stronger opponent on the poor advice of an ambitious manager. He fought ex-Middleweight champion Al McCoy for the Montreal Athletic Commission World Light Heavyweight title in Montreal on October 24, 1935. McCoy knocked out Bain in the second round, in what marked Bain's final descent as a top contender. Retirement from boxing and partial filmography
Fully retiring from boxing around 1939, Bain pursued his career in Hollywood full-time.He found work in Warner Brother's 1937 boxing film Kid Galahad as an adviser, along with dozens of other boxing greats including Joe Glick, Willie and Phil Bloom, Jack Perry, and Bain's old nemesis Maxie Rosenbloom. Bain was next cast in MGM's successful 1938 boxing movie, The Crowd Roars. The move featured actor Robert Taylor as "Kid McCoy", a boxer who kills an opponent in the ring. Over fifty boxers were called to work in a background gymnasium scene with Taylor in the foreground. The boxers included Larry Williams, fellow Jewish boxers Maxie Rosenbloom, Abe Hollandersky, Phil Bloom


texts:
 and Joe Glick, as well as Jimmy McLarnin, Jack Roper, and Tommy Herman. Bain appeared in Paramount Studio's 1940 Golden Gloves along with boxers Baby Joe Gans and Joe Glick. He also appeared as an extra in Warner Brother's 1940 Leather Pushers and probably contributed to the authenticity of the boxing scenes in the movie.In 1941, he was cast in Warner Brother's Knockout as a boxer with fellow boxers Jack Herrick, Billy Coe, and Joe Gray. Actor Arthur Kennedy played a boxer attempting an ill-advised comeback on the advise of actor Anthony Quinn as an unscrupulous manager. The plot had similarities to Bain's future  collaboration with Quinn in Requiem for a Heavyweight. In Columbia Pictures' 1962 Requiem for a Heavyweight, Anthony Quinn told the press that he modeled his character Mountain Rivera on Bain using the same rough voice and mannerisms. Considered one of the better boxing pictures ever made, Bain worked as a technical adviser and had a small role in the movie as well. The film was based on the Emmy award-winning teleplay written by Rod Serling which debuted on television in October 1956. Serling also did the writing for the 1962 movie.In later years, he was associated with actor Robert Wagner. He retired to Florida in 1984 and died in Ormond Beach on April 9, 1993. He was 86. His daughter Riselle Babette Bain was an actress and singer best known for the role of young Miriam in Cecil B. DeMille's 1956, The Ten Commandments. Honors
Bain was inducted into the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame on October 17, 1976. References

External links

Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962 film) at IMDb

Jewish boxers
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish American boxers
Middleweight boxers
Light-heavyweight boxers
American male boxers
Boxers from Newark, New Jersey
1906 births
1993 deaths
20th-century American


texts: <mask> (2 September 1941 – 25 December 2015), known mononymously as <mask>, was an Indian actress active between 1960 and 1981. She is regarded as one of the greatest actresses in Indian cinema. Popularly known as "The Mystery Girl" for playing mysterious women in films directed by Raj Khosla,  <mask> ranked as the highest-paid actress in the country from mid-1960s to early 1970s. Born in Karachi, <mask> and her family migrated to Bombay during post-partition riots when she was 7 year-old. She aspired to become an actress since her childhood, and completed her education from Jai Hind College. After making an unnoticed appearance in Shree 420 (1955), <mask> became the protègè of the director Sashadhar Mukherjee, who enrolled her in his acting school and then provided her with her first starring role, in the romantic comedy Love In Simla (1960), where her distinctive hairstyle became a rage and came to be known as "Sadhana Cut". Following the success of Love In Simla, Shivdasini went on to establish herself with several hits, including the comedies Parakh (1960) and Asli-Naqli (1962), the war film Hum Dono (1961) and the adventurous Ek Musafir Ek Haseena (1962).Shivdasini followed this initial success with her greatest commercial successes—the romances Mere Mehboob (1963), Rajkumar (1964) and Arzoo (1965); the mystery dramas Woh Kaun Thi? (1964) and Mera Saaya (1966); and the drama Waqt (1965); she earned Filmfare nominations for her performances in Woh Kaun Thi and Waqt. Her health deteriorated in latter half of 1960s due

masks:
Sadhana Shivdasani
Sadhana
Shivdasani
Shivdasani
Shivdasani


texts:
 to hyperthyroidism, which forced her to take a brief break from work. Shivdasini returned to acting in 1969 and starred in two consecutive box-office hits—Ek Phool Do Maali and Intaqam—but her subsequent films were unpopular with audience. In 1974, the actress made her directorial debut with the crime thriller Geetaa Mera Naam, and later withdrew from acting. Her final screen appearance was in the delayed release Ulfat Ki Nayee Manzeelein (1994). In 2002, she received the IIFA Lifetime Achievement Award for her contributions to Indian cinema.Shivdasini was married to Love in Simla director R.K. Nayyar in 1966. Their marriage lasted for 30 years and ended when Nayyar died in 1995. Shivdasini never re-married after his death and lived alone for most of her life. Her health had begun to decline after her diagnosis with thyroid disease in 1966. She was diagnosed with brain tumor that led her to her ultimate death at 74 on 25 December 2015 in her flat at Mumbai. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> <mask> in a Sindhi Hindu family in Karachi, British India on 2 September 1941. She was an only child.<mask> was named after her father's favourite actress-dancer <mask> Bose. Her father was the elder brother of actor <mask>, father of actress Babita. The family migrated from Karachi during the post-Partition riots and settled in Mumbai. Her mother home-schooled her until she was 8 years old, after which she studied at Auxilium Convent, Wadala and Jai Hind College. Although they encountered difficult times, <mask> was allowed to watch as

masks:
Sadhana
Sadhana
Shivdasani
Sadhana
Sadhana
Hari Shivdasani
Sadhana


texts:
 many as two films. <mask> was inspired to become an actress and Nutan was said to have been her inspiration. Career

Early career
<mask> aspired to be an actress since childhood.Her father helped her enter films. In 1955 she played a chorus girl in the song "Mur mur ke na dekh mur mur ke" in Raj Kapoor's Shree 420. When she was 15 years old, she was approached by some producers who had seen her act in a college play. They cast her in India's first Sindhi film titled Abaana (1958), where she played the role of Sheila Ramani's younger sister. A photograph of her publicising Shree 420 appeared in the movie magazine Screen. It was then that Sashadhar Mukherjee, one of Hindi cinema's leading producers at that time, noticed her. She joined Mukherjee's acting school along with her debutant co-star Joy Mukherjee, Sashadhar's son.R.K. Nayyar, who had previously worked as assistant director on a few films, directed this film. He also created her trademark look, called the Sadhana cut, inspired by British actress Audrey Hepburn. The Filmalaya Production banner thus introduced Joy, <mask> and her iconic hairstyle in their 1960 romantic film Love in Simla. The film was declared a hit at the box office and was listed in the top 10 films of 1960. During this period she would again work under the same banner opposite Joy in Ek Musafir Ek Haseena. Stardom
Besides Love in Simla, <mask> was signed by acclaimed director Bimal Roy for his satirical film on Indian democracy, Parakh. She portrayed a simple village girl in this multi-award-winning

masks: Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana


texts:
 film.The film was a semi hit at box office and is known for the song "O Sajna Barkha Bahar Aai" sung by Lata Mangeshkar. Major breakthrough
 1961: Hum Dono - In this 1961's hit film, Hum Dono, she played the love interest of Dev Anand. This black-and-white film was colourised and re-released in 2011. Rediff.com in the film's review writes about <mask>: "Her eyes, expressive and captivating, do most of the work, while she balances out her submissiveness with a firm tongue." The duet "Abhi na jaao chhodkar" from the film Hum Dono is regarded as "the most romantic song" by actor Shah Rukh Khan and director Sanjay Leela Bhansali. Author Amit Chaudhuri in an essay comparing cultures, says that <mask>'s curious expressions in the song denote listener's peculiar ecstasy while in other cinemas it would mean sex or love. 1962: Asli-Naqli - In 1962, she was again paired with Dev Anand in Asli-Naqli by director Hrishikesh Mukherjee.The film has two hit songs "Tujhe Jeevan Ki Dor Se", sung by both Mohammed Rafi and Lata Mangeshkar and "Tera Mera Pyar Amar", sung by Lata Mangeshkar. The same year saw director-screenwriter Raj Khosla cast her opposite Joy Mukherjee in Ek Musafir Ek Hasina. She had debuted with Joy Mukherjee with the film Love in Shimla in 1960. Khosla would again work with <mask> to make a suspense thriller trilogy. 1963: Mere Mehboob - This film was the highest grossing Indian film of 1963. The film stars <mask>, Rajendra Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Nimmi, Pran, Johnny Walker and Ameeta. In this film, <mask> played her first

masks: Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana


texts: role in the technicolour film.The film Mere Mehboob was directed by H. S. Rawail. The song "Mere Mehboob Tujhe" was shot in the University Hall and in a couple of places, one gets to see the University. The song became very popular upon release. The opening scene of the film shows the famous residential hall and the associated hall "Victoria Gate". The film was the blockbuster of 1963, and ranked in the top 5 films of the 1960s. 1964: Woh Kaun Thi - In 1964, she played a double role in the first of the suspense-thriller trilogy; Woh Kaun Thi?. This white-sari-clad performance opposite Manoj Kumar earned her first Filmfare nomination as Best Actress.Through this role she got to be part of Lata Mangeshkar – Madan Mohan’s songs "Naina barse" and "Lag jaa gale". Rediff.com called her a show-stopper "with an intriguing Mona Lisa-like smile". The film was a box office hit. Raj Khosla cast her in two more successful mystery films; Mera Saaya (1966) and Anita (1967) thus making her famous as the "Mystery girl". 1965 : Arzoo- Arzoo was a box office success, with <mask>, Rajendra Kumar and Feroz Khan in lead roles. The film had songs like "Ae Phoolon ki Rani" sung by Mohammad Rafi and " Aji rooth kar ab" , sung by Lata Mangeshkar. 1966: Mera Saaya - Mera Saaya was a box office success, a courtroom drama film, again saw her playing a double role, now opposite Sunil Dutt.The film was the third film directed by Raj Khosla with <mask>. The song "Jhumka gira re" sung by Asha Bhosle and composed by Madan Mohan saw <mask> perform dance

masks: Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana


texts: steps choreographed by Saroj Khan. Khan was then an assistant to dance director B. Sohanlal. The song became so popular that excited audience in cinema halls used to throw coins at the screen, and is one of the most requested songs on the radio. The film also had the classic songs "Mera Saaya Saath Hoga" and "Nainon Mein Badra Chhaye", both voiced by Lata Mangeshkar. 1965: Waqt- In this 1965 drama film, <mask> appeared alongside Sunil Dutt. For her performance in this hit film, <mask> got her second Filmfare nomination as Best Actress for the role of Meena, in Yash Chopra's directorial saga Waqt (1965).She stood out in Bollywood's first ever ensemble cast by bringing out the fashion of tight churidar-kurtas. The song has hit Hindi songs such as "Aye Meri Zohra Zabeen", sung by Manna Dey, "Hum Jab Simat Ke", sung by Mahendra Kapoor and Asha Bhosle, "Waqt Se Din Aur Raat", sung by Mohammed Rafi and "Aage Bhi Jaane Na Tu", sung by Asha Bhosle. The film proved to be 1965's "blockbuster hit". 1967: Anita - In this 1967 suspense film, <mask> appeared alongside Manoj Kumar with whom she had starred in lead role in the blockbuster film Woh Kaun Thi. This was the last film of the suspense-thriller trilogy of Khosla-Sadhana partnership. 1969: Inteqam - This film was directed by R.K. Nayyar, and stars <mask> and Sanjay Khan in lead roles and supported by Ashok Kumar, Jeevan, Rajendra Nath, Rehman, Helen and Anju Mahendru. The film features the first cabaret number song "Aa Jaane Jaan", also a rarity through her career.The film was a


texts:
 success at box office and marked the return of <mask> after her brief illness, and her husband directed the film. Her other notable works in the 1960s include performances in Gaban (1966) and Budtameez (1966). <mask> and Shammi Kapoor worked together in 4 films Rajkumar, Budtameez, Sachaai and Chhote Sarkar of which the first 3 were box office hits and the pair got good audience acceptance. 1964: Rajkumar - Rajkumar stars <mask>, Shammi Kapoor, Pran, Prithviraj Kapoor, Om Prakash and Rajindernath. The film was a box office success and has the hit songs "Aaja Aai Bahar", sung by Lata Mangeshkar, "Tumne Pukara Aur Hum Chale Aaye", sung by Mohammed Rafi and Suman Kalyanpur, "Tumne Kisi Ki Jaan Ko" and "Is Rang Badalti Duniya Mein", both sung by Mohammed Rafi. 1969: Sachaai - Sachaai stars <mask>, Shammi Kapoor , Sanjeev Kumar, Helen, Johnny Walker and Pran. This film was a box office hit with songs like " Sau baras ki zindagi", sung by Mohammed Rafi and Asha Bhosle " Ae dost mere maine duniya dekhi hai" , sung by Mohammed Rafi and Manna Dey and " Mere gunaah maaf kar" sung by Mohammed Rafi.1969: Ek Phool Do Mali - This Indian Hindi film of 1969 stars <mask> and Sanjay Khan in lead roles and has hit songs such as "Ye Parda Hata Do", sung by Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi, "Aulad Walo", sung by Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi, "O Nanhe Se Farishte" sung by Mohammed Rafi, "Saiyan Le Gayi Jiya", sung by Asha Bhosle and "Tujhe Suraj Kahoon Ya Chanda" sung by Manna Dey. End of acting career

<mask> had health issues due to her thyroid,

masks: Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana Sadhana


texts:
 which she got treated in Boston. After returning from the US, she starred in the successful movies Intaquam (1969), Ek phool do mali (1969), Sachaai (1969), Dil Daulat Duniya (1972) and Geeta Mera Naam (1974). In Intaquam she played the role of a woman who revengefully lures the son of her own boss who cheated her, to be put behind the bars for a crime he did not commit. In 1974, her directorial venture Geeta Mera Naam was released. Produced by her husband, the film had herself playing the lead actress along with Sunil Dutt and Feroz Khan. It was also Saroj Khan's first film as an independent dance director.The film did "above average" business at the box office. After that, she retired from acting, as she did not want to be cast as a side-actress or do character roles. Later, she and her husband formed a production company. She also produced the movie Pati Parmeshwar, starring Dimple Kapadia in 1989. Personal life
<mask> married her Love in Simla director Ram Krishna Nayyar on 7 March 1966. Their love blossomed on the film set. But as she was very young then, her parents opposed it.They were married for nearly thirty years, until his death in 1995 from asthma. The couple had no children. In 2013, she stated that she doesn't keep in touch with her first cousin Babita but does keep in touch with actresses such as Asha Parekh, Waheeda Rehman, Nanda and Helen Jairag Richardson. She suffered from eye problems due to hyperthyroidism. After her retirement from acting, she refused to be photographed. Living in Santacruz, Mumbai,


texts:
 she rented an apartment building owned by singer Asha Bhosle. Fashion icon
<mask> introduced the fringe hairstyle in the Indian film industry in her first film Love in Simla.R.K. Nayyar, director of the film and her future husband, suggested the fringe style in order to make her forehead look narrower. <mask> says: "They tried to stick a strip near the hair-line, but it didn’t work out." Nayyar then suggested she go for the fringe style as was then sported by the Hollywood actress Audrey Hepburn. The fringe soon became popular and a fashion fad in the 1960s. The style was copied by girls in India and is still known by the same name. The look suited the role of naughty, pretty, glamorous Sonia that she played. But when <mask> went on the shoot for Bimal Roy's Parakh, Roy was disappointed to see her modern look.She had to stick her fringe back in order to match the simple village girl she played here. In 1963, when she signed to play a role of a simple Muslim girl from Aligarh in Mere Mehboob, <mask> undid her famous "Sadhana cut" to fit the bill. She had centre-parted her hair and wore it in a plait, which was immediately discarded by the director H.S. Rawail. He said that the audience wanted to see her signature "Sadhana cut" and demanded it. Many years later, the Bollywood actress Deepika Padukone sported the same fringe in her films Om Shanti Om (2007) and Chandni Chowk To China (2009). <mask> is also credited with bringing into fashion the tight churidar-kurta.She went with this concept of gracefully changing the


texts:
 traditional loose salwar kameez to her director Yash Chopra for the 1965 film Waqt. Chopra felt insecure and thought that it would not be accepted. But <mask>, with the help of her fashion designer Bhanu Athaiya showed him a sample, which he liked. The trend lasted well into the 1970s and can be seen, adopted by many actresses. In a song sequence of "Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte" for Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008), actress Bipasha Basu dressed herself in a white churidar-kurta and also frolicked with the famous fringe as a tribute to <mask>. In 2014, <mask> made a rare public appearance walking the ramp in a pink sari at a fashion show to support the cause for cancer and AIDS patients. She was escorted by her relative, actor Ranbir Kapoor.Accolades

Death
During her later years, <mask> was involved in court cases and suffered from illness. She had undergone an emergency surgery due to a bleeding oral lesion in December 2014 at the K J Somaiya Medical College. <mask> died on 25 December 2015 in Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai after being hospitalised with high fever. Although the illness she briefly suffered from was officially undisclosed, <mask> was cremated at Oshiwara crematorium in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Bollywood stars such Anushka Sharma, Karan Johar, Madhur Bhandarkar, Lata Mangeshkar and several others expressed their sorrow at the loss. Filmography

References

External links

1941 births
2015 deaths
Actresses in Hindi cinema
20th-century Indian actresses
Sindhi people
Actresses from Karachi
Deaths from cancer in India
Indian


texts:
<mask>y (; born April 18, 1988) is an American conservative political commentator and author who served as the 33rd White House press secretary for the Trump administration from April 2020 to January 2021. She currently serves as an on-air contributor for Fox News. She began her media career as a producer for Huckabee on Fox News and later worked as a commentator on CNN. Early on in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, she was a critic of Donald Trump, but over time became known as one of his staunchest defenders. In 2017, she was appointed national spokesperson for the Republican National Committee. She worked for Trump's 2020 presidential campaign as National Press Secretary from 2019 to 2020 and again as Senior Advisor from October 2020 to January 2021. On April 7, 2020, she was appointed as White House Press Secretary in the Trump administration, a position she held until Joe Biden's inauguration as 46th president.After the Trump administration, McEnany has been employed by Fox News as an on-air commentator. Early life
McEnany was born on April 18, 1988, in Tampa, Florida and was raised in Tampa. She is the daughter of commercial roofing company owner Michael and Leanne McEnany. McEnany attended the Academy of the Holy Names, a private Catholic preparatory school in Tampa. After graduating, she majored in international politics at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. and she studied abroad at St Edmund Hall, Oxford. While at Oxford, she was taught politics by future British Labour politician Nick Thomas-Symonds. After graduating from Georgetown, McEnany spent three years as a producer


texts:
 on the Mike Huckabee Show.From there, McEnany enrolled at the University of Miami School of Law, before transferring to Harvard Law School after completing her first (1L) year at the University of Miami. At the Miami School of Law, McEnany was a recipient of the Bruce J. Winick Award for Excellence, a scholarship awarded to students in the top 1% of their class. She completed her second and third years of law school at Harvard, and graduated from Harvard in 2016. Career
As a college student, McEnany interned for several politicians, including Tom Gallagher, Adam Putnam and George W. Bush, and later worked in the White House Office of Communications, where she wrote media briefings. Media roles
While in law school, McEnany appeared on CNN as a paid commentator. She supported Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election. However, in early 2015, before becoming a Trump supporter, McEnany was highly critical of him, declaring on CNN and Fox Business that "Donald Trump has shown himself to be a showman" and it was "unfortunate" and "inauthentic" to call him a Republican.McEnany called his comments about Mexican immigrants "racist". According to Michael Marcantonio, a fellow summer associate at a law firm, she began supporting Trump after accepting Marcantonio's advice, which he gave to her over cocktails. In an interview with the New York Times, Marcantonio recalled telling McEnany, "Donald Trump is going to be your nominee," and that if "a smart, young, blond Harvard graduate" wanted "to get on television and have a career as a political pundit, you would be wise to be an early backer." On August 5, 2017, McEnany left her position at


texts:
 CNN. The following day, she hosted a 90-second webcast, Real News Update on Trump's personal Facebook page. She praised Trump throughout the segment, saying she had brought the "real news" to the American people. Former employer Mike Huckabee has called her a "meticulous researcher" and "extraordinarily prepared."Her rapid occupational success was noted by Van Jones, CNN commentator and liberal activist who worked with her at CNN. "I'm not trying to defend the messaging, but what I hope people can acknowledge is there's very few people in either party who can accomplish what Kayleigh has accomplished in such a short time... People keep taking her lightly, and they keep regretting it." Republican political strategist

McEnany has been closely associated with the Republican Party since she was in college. She was critical of the Obama presidency, and in 2012 posted several tweets questioning Barack Obama's birthplace, echoing the "birther" conspiracy theorist movement. In 2012, McEnany tweeted about Obama's half-brother Malik Obama, who lives in Kenya: "How I Met Your Brother – Never mind, forgot he's still in that hut in Kenya". In 2017, she responded to claims it was hypocritical of Trump to visit his golf course while president by mistakenly claiming that Obama rushed off to a golf game after the 2002 beheading of Daniel Pearl. Obama was a state senator at the time of Pearl's murder.McEnany later apologized for the comment, noting that Obama went golfing after the 2014 murder of another journalist, James Foley, who was beheaded by ISIS in Syria. Obama, who was vacationing on Martha's Vineyard at the time, admitted that he should have


texts: "anticipated the optics" of golfing immediately after making a press statement on Foley's death. On August 7, 2017, the Republican National Committee (RNC) appointed McEnany as its national spokesperson. In 2017, as RNC spokeswoman, McEnany supported Trump amid a bipartisan backlash in response to his comments about a white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, in which he suggested that white supremacists and anti-racist counterprotesters shared blame for violence; in a tweet, McEnany wrote that the Republican Party supported Trump's "message of love and inclusiveness." In August 2019, McEnany told CNN's Chris Cuomo: "I don't believe the president has lied." In the weeks before her appointment as White House press secretary, McEnany praised Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, saying, "This president will always put America first, he will always protect American citizens. We will not see diseases like the coronavirus come here, we will not see terrorism, and isn't that refreshing when contrasting it with the awful presidency of Barack Obama?"The disease had been present in the United States for at least a month prior to McEnany's claim that the virus would not "come here"; in December 2020 Politico named McEnany's prediction one of "the most audacious, confident and spectacularly incorrect prognostications about the year". In March 2020, McEnany said Democrats were trying "to politicize" the coronavirus and that Democrats were almost "rooting for this outcome." In the weeks following, McEnany was criticized for her remarks. Author Grant Stern tweeted, "<mask> McEnany is coming to the White House with new 'alternative


texts:
 facts' about #coronavirus. The rest of the world calls them lies." McEnany responded that she was referring to Trump's travel ban. White House press secretary (2020-2021)
After Mark Meadows replaced Mick Mulvaney as White House chief of staff in April 2020, Meadows's first personnel change was hiring McEnany as White House press secretary on April 7, 2020, which was officially announced the next day.Stephanie Grisham, who had served in the role and as White House communications director since June 2019, became First Lady Melania Trump's chief of staff and spokesperson. Two months into her tenure, the Associated Press wrote of McEnany, she "has made clear from her first briefing that she's willing to defend her boss's view of himself as well as his most flagrant misstatements." In April 2020, McEnany defended Trump's assertion that the World Health Organization had shown a "clear bias towards China" and said that the WHO put Americans at risk by "repeating inaccurate claims peddled by China during the coronavirus pandemic" and "opposing the United States' life-saving travel restrictions." On May 1, 2020, as part of her first public press briefing and the first one by a White House press secretary in 417 days, McEnany was asked by an Associated Press reporter: "Will you pledge to never lie to us from that podium?" McEnany replied: "I will never lie to you. You have my word on that." On the subject of Trump's responses to the coronavirus pandemic, she claimed, "This president has always sided on the side of data".In response to allegations of Trump's sexual misconduct, McEnany said: "He has always told the truth." McEnany falsely claimed


texts: that the Mueller Report as part of the larger investigation into Russian meddling in the 2016 Presidential election had resulted in a "complete and total exoneration of President Trump," despite the report reading "Accordingly, while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him." Amid reports on May 8, 2020, that the White House was "shelving" the release of COVID-19 re-opening guidelines, McEnany said that the guidelines had not been approved by Robert Redfield, the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Following Associated Press reports that Redfield had previously cleared the release of the guidance, Redfield addressed the issue personally, saying that the documents were still in "draft form" and had been released for "interagency review", not for public dissemination. That same week, Obama, in a private phone call with members of his former administration, described the Trump administration's response to the coronavirus crisis as "an absolute chaotic disaster". McEnany responded the next day by providing a statement to CNN claiming that, to the contrary, the "response has been unprecedented and saved American lives." In May 2020, McEnany defended Trump's false accusation that Joe Scarborough had a person murdered, offering no evidence in support of the accusation.The same month, McEnany defended claims that Trump made about the dangers of vote by mail, repeating his inaccurate claims that vote by mail has a "high propensity for voter fraud." McEnany herself has voted by mail 11 times in 10 years. In June 2020, she defended the decision by the Trump


texts: administration to forcibly remove peaceful protestors using smoke canisters, pepper balls, riot shields, batons, officers on horseback and rubber bullets so that Trump could stage a photo op in front of St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square in Washington. She likened Trump's action to that of Winston Churchill walking the streets to survey bomb damage during World War II. When General Jim Mattis, former secretary of defense in the Trump administration, condemned Trump's action, McEnany described Mattis' comments as "little more than a self-promotional stunt to appease the DC elite." On September 9, 2020, news agencies released the audio recordings of interviews with Trump that former Washington Post journalist Bob Woodward had conducted in February and March 2020 for his book Rage, in which Trump acknowledged to Woodward that he was intentionally downplaying the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which CNN had obtained ahead of the book's September 15, 2020 release. In the wake of this development, McEnany falsely asserted, "The president never downplayed the virus."In fact, Trump repeatedly and publicly downplayed the risk of the virus and the severity of the pandemic, and in a recorded March 19, 2020 interview with Woodward said, "I wanted to always play it down. I still like playing it down, because I don't want to create a panic." In response to McEnany's comment, Washington Post media critic Erik Wemple wrote that she had sacrificed her credibility; while Joe Lockhart, who served as White House Press Secretary during the Clinton administration, wrote her answers confirmed her as a "state propagandist". On October 5,


texts:
 2020, McEnany tested positive for COVID-19. Even though she had interacted with individuals who had been diagnosed with coronavirus days prior, McEnany on several occasions spoke with the press while not wearing a mask before she ultimately tested positive for the coronavirus. Among McEnany's staff members to also test positive for COVID-19 was Chad Gilmartin, the cousin of McEnany's husband. 2020 presidential election and aftermath
While ballots were still being counted on election day, McEnany made an early false declaration of victory for Trump.After Joe Biden won the election and President Donald Trump refused to concede, McEnany spread false claims of fraud in the 2020 election. On November 20, 2020, McEnany falsely claimed Trump was not given an "orderly transition of power". Previously in 2016, within two days of Trump's victory, his opponent Hillary Clinton conceded to Trump, while then-President Obama had recognized Trump as president-elect and hosted Trump at the White House. Trump himself thanked Obama and his wife "for their gracious aid throughout this transition". Trump fired the leader of his transition team (Chris Christie), threw out months of transition planning, and rejected help from the Obama administration. <mask>'s comment was stated while Trump himself was refusing to recognize his opponent Joe Biden's victory as legitimate; Trump was also actively delaying the start of a transfer of power to president-elect Biden for two weeks. Following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Randall Lane, writing for Forbes, warned corporations against hiring McEnany or other people "who lied for Trump", stating


texts:
 that "Forbes will assume that everything your company or firm talks about is a lie.We're going to scrutinize, double-check, investigate with the same skepticism we'd approach a Trump tweet. Want to ensure the world's biggest business media brand approaches you as a potential funnel of disinformation? Then hire away." After the White House

On March 2, 2021, McEnany joined Fox News as an on-air contributor. She was later named co-host of Outnumbered, alongside Harris Faulkner and Emily Compagno. Personal life
McEnany married Sean Gilmartin, a pitcher in Major League Baseball, in November 2017. The couple have one daughter, Blake, born in November 2019.Due to a BRCA mutation that put her at high risk of developing breast cancer, McEnany underwent a preventive double mastectomy in 2018. Books

References

External links

 Twitter

1988 births
American memoirists
American political commentators
American women television journalists
CNN people
Conservatism in the United States
Fox News people
Florida Republicans
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
Political spokespersons
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
White House Press Secretaries
Writers from Tampa, Florida
Trump administration personnel
21st-century American


texts:
<mask> is an Australian film director and producer. The recipient of the 2014 Screen Leader Award for Outstanding Leadership, Achievement and Service to the Screen Industry, <mask> is a respected Australian filmmaker. Since 1986 she has directed 13 feature films; her films being responsible for over 70 international awards and twenty-three Australian Film Institute (AFI) nominations, while garnering nine wins including Best Film and Best Director. Known for directing Australian classic films Malcolm and The Big Steal, some of <mask>'s other feature works include Rikky and Pete, Mr Reliable, Amy, Matching Jack, Fatal Honeymoon, and Oleg. She also directs films and high-end television movies in America. Her first feature in the US was Pure Luck starring Danny Glover and Martin Short. <mask> is married to Australian writer, producer, cinematographer David Parker.Early life and education

Tass was born in Florina, Macedonia, northern Greece before moving to live permananetly in Australia. Career

Tass has worked with many well-known and respected actors while directing and producing. These include:

Film director

Theatrical directing
Tass has an extensive history of theatre direction with a diverse range of works. She has directed improvised theatre, classic plays, contemporary pieces and musical theatre. Early works include productions of The Merchant of Venice, Macbeth, numerous plays by Euripides including  Medea, and by Aristophanes including Lysistrata, Chekhov's The Birds, Three Sisters, and Blood Wedding by Federico Garcia Lorca. In later work, Tass directed This Effing Lady by Maureen Sherlock at the Brunswick Ballroom (2021) and Wicked Sisters by Alma De Groen for Griffin Theatre in Sydney (2020). In 2019, she directed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by Heather McDonald, a Pulitzer

masks:
Nadia Tass
Tass
Tass
Nadia Tass


texts:
 Prize finalist, for Signature Theatre in the Washington DC area, and Fern Hill by Michael Tucker at 59E59 Theaters in New York City.Both productions were well received and their seasons booked out and extended. In 2018 <mask> directed David Williamson's Sorting Out Rachel for Sydney's Ensemble Theatre, followed by Marisa Smith's Sex and Other Disturbances for Portland Stage in Maine, USA; Fern Hill by Michael Tucker for New Jersey Rep; Ear to the Edge of Time by Alana Valentine for Sport for Jove at The Seymour Centre in Sydney. In 2016, <mask> directed the Ensemble Theatre production of Jane Cafarella's e-baby. It was the Sydney premiere of the play. <mask> directed Disgraced by Ayad Akhtar for the Melbourne Theatre Company (MTC), Extinction by Hannie Rayson for Red Stitch/GPAC, The Book Club for AKA in London and Melbourne, and Uncle Vanya by Chekhov (adapted by Annie Baker) for Red Stitch. Tass' 2002 production of The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe toured Australia and garnered her a Helpmann Award nomination for Best Director of a Musical.Tass directs theatre for major theatre companies in Australia, London and various places in the US, including New York and Washington DC. Lewis, adapted by David Parker (2002-2003) Malcolm Cooke & Associates and Billy May
 Miss Bosnia by Louis Nowra (1996) Melbourne Theatre Company
 Così by Louis Nowra (1994) Melbourne Theatre Company
 Summer of the Aliens by Louis Nowra (1992) Melbourne Theatre Company

Theatre reviews

 Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
 DC Metro review
 Broadwayworld.com review
 MD Theatre Guide review
 Talkin' Broadway review

 Ear to the Edge of Time
  Arts Hub review

Filmography (direction)

Feature films
 Malcolm (1986)
 Rikky and Pete (1988)
 The Big Steal (1990)
 Pure Luck (1991)
 Stark (1993) (feature cut)
 Mr. She regularly

masks: Tass Tass Tassss


texts:
 lectures at the Victorian College of the Arts (Melbourne), and at Deakin University, where she is an Adjunct Professor. New York University - Film directing, specifically, Malcolm) 1987
 Melbourne University, Australia
 Victorian College of the Arts 2015-2021
 Filmmaking Summer School 2002-2020
 16th Street Actors Studio 2014, 2020, 2021
 Wuhan University 2017
 Yunnan University 2017
 Beijing Normal University 2016
 Beijing Film Academy 2016, 2017
 Chongqing University 2014
 Advanced Performers Studio, London 2009
 Deakin University, Australia 2006 – 2021 (where she is Adjunct Professor)
 Monash University, Australia 2013
 Australian Film, Television & Radio School 1995
 National Institute of Dramatic Art, Australia 2006
 Singapore Film Festival 1999
 Screen Directors Guild of New Zealand 2010

Tass continues to mentor young directors and actors from various educational institutions. Film festival juries
Tass has been appointed to many festival juries, such as:
 Hawaii Film Festival – for judging of main awards 1988
 St Tropez – Head of Jury 2008
 Asian Festival of First Films 2008
 Pune International Film Festival – Head of Hury 2012
 Directors' Guild of American (DGA) – Documentary jury 2021
 Cinefest Oz - Head of Jury 2021
 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) – International Chapter juror annually

Professional associations
 Directors Guild of America (DGA)
 Australian Directors Guild (ADG) – member of the Board
 Screen Producers Association of Australia
 Australian Film Institute
 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA)

References

Further reading

External links

 Nadia Tass at Cascade Films

1956 births
Australian film producers
Australian television actresses
Australian film directors
Australian women film directors
Greek emigrants to Australia
Living people
People from


texts:
<mask> (6 October 1785 – 23 March 1869) was a German composer, singer, musicologist, and conductor. Originally destined by his parents for service in the church, like his older brother, he left theological studies because of his great interest in music. Given a scholarship by local nobility, he was able to formally study music, and then return to his hometown of Rudolstadt to perform and sing for twelve years. He spent three years in Hamburg before becoming an itinerant musician for seven years. His period of greatest income was as Kapellmeister in Braunschweig from 1832 to 1842. His career was then hampered by health difficulties, but he continued to compose, write musical treatises, and correspond with his fellow musicians until his death in 1869. He is most well-known for his vocal compositions, in particular, his works for students and for male voices.Early life and family
Born <mask> <mask> in Stadtilm, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on 6 October 1785, he was the son of Johann Christian <mask> (1733–1816) and Sophia Marie (née Gölitz) Methfessel (1745–1818). Johann Christian was the local school teacher and Cantor in Stadtilm, while Sophia was the daughter of a Stadtilm church councilman. <mask>'s older brother <mask> (1771–1807) also became a song composer of note. He had two sisters, one of whom, Marie (1839–1927), married a clergyman. Education
From a very early age <mask> showed a strong proclivity towards music. At the age of twelve, he wrote music for church services and these compositions were utilized by his father in his position of Cantor. His father fervently desired that he become a theologian, a desire that was heightened when older brother Friedrich, having attained a theological degree, abandoned his church career in pursuit of

masks:
Albert Methfessel
Albert Gottlieb
Methfessel
Methfessel
Albert
Frederick Methfessel
Albert


texts:
 music.After his confirmation he was sent to the Rudolstadt grammar school. Here he was further attracted to music by the music of the prince's chapel, as well as the town choir, the latter of which he immediately joined and soon became its leader. As part of his functions for this position he composed cantatas and motets for the choir. However, upon completion of his Rudolstadt studies he followed his father's wishes and attended Leipzig University from 1807 to 1809, studying theology and classical literature. He did not give up music during this time, as he joined the Gewandhaus as a singer. Karoline Luise von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt became enamored with his voice, and proffered a scholarship which enabled <mask> to abandon his theological studies and travel to Dresden, where he studied singing under Francesco Ceccarelli for nearly two years. Music career

<mask> returned to Rudolstadt in 1810, and spent the next twelve years as a Kammersänger and chamber musician at the Rudolstadt court.He became a particular friend of Louis Spohr, and along with three other friends they wandered together in 1818 from town to town towards the music festival at Mannheim. At Mannheim the "Travelers" were given welcome as celebrities, Spohr in particular. Spohr, then at the height of his fame, was offered a private apartment but turned it down so he could be with his friend <mask>. <mask> turned down a position in Prague as Kapellmeister, to which he had been recommended by Carl Maria von Weber, but 1822 saw him relocated to Hamburg as a director of music, where he also added teaching to his duties. From 1825 to 1832 he was a traveling musician whose income was insecure, until such time as he decided to settle into stable employment. <mask> became

masks: Methfessel Methfessel Methfessel Methfessel Methfessel


texts:
 Kapellmeister at Braunschweig in 1832, a position which he held until 1842. He married a singer, Louise Emilie Lehmann (1815–1854), in 1834.As Kapellmeister, one of his principal aims was to improve the quality of opera performances. In he also spent some of this time as a music teacher, including piano. He was forced to resign his position of Kapellmeister as he developed a severe hearing impairment. For the rest of his life Methfessel was self-employed as a composer, music critic, and writing on music theory, although he did receive a small pension from his previous court position. Later life
His wife's death in May 1854 was particularly hard on him. His sight became very weak, but his mind remained at full strength despite the loss of use of both ears and eyes. He was the composer-in-residence at the 1861 Great German Song Festival in Nuremberg, and the 1865 German Signing Association in Dresden.The city of Braunschweig held a celebration day honoring his 80th birthday on 6 October 1864. The University of Jena took the occasion to confer a Doctor of Philosophy upon him. Age and financial difficulties eventually compelled <mask> to leave Braunschweig in May 1868 and move to the village Heckenbeck of town Bad Gandersheim to live with his eldest daughter. That August he suffered a severe stroke, which removed his remaining hearing and sight, and left him with little ability to speak. However, by mid-September his heath improved such that he was again able to correspond with friends and even sing. <mask> died on 23 March 1869 in Heckenbeck, and he was buried in the village cemetery. Assessment

With his solo voice and choral compositions, <mask> was a key figure, not only of German folk singing in the 19th century, but of popular singing of

masks: Methfessel Methfessel Methfessel


texts:
 the male voice in general.Many of his songs, in particular patriotic songs included in the five editions of "Allgemeinen Commers- und Liederbuch", were considered the model for student songs. His songs were described by his contemporaries as "fresh, singable, pleasant, and pleasing". The instrumental accompaniment for his songs have no independence to the melody, merely supplying simple harmonic support to the vocalist. He wrote several pieces of instrumental music, but the reputation of this output suffers in comparison to his vocal works. Methfessel was an "exquisite" singer, even preceding his formal training. In addition to his singing, he was a highly accomplished pianist and guitarist. He was a serious student of both theology and music, yet he was popular with his peers and society in general because of his personal integrity and his genial personality.Even upon the loss of his wife, his hearing, and his sight he was known for his cheerfulness. Works
Many of <mask>'s songs were scored for guitar accompaniment. A large part of his output is for a solo vocalist. His part-songs for male voices remained in the German choral repertoire long after his death. His setting of "Stadt Hamburg an der Elbe Auen" became the national song of Hamburg. The settings for his vocal pieces range from the sacred to the comic. His most resounding works celebrate patriotism, friendship, freedom, and love.In addition to his vocal works, he wrote instrumental music for guitar, organ, piano, and glass harmonica. Operas
The Prince of Basra

Oratorios
Das befreite Jerusalem

References

1785 births
1869 deaths
German male classical composers
German opera composers
Male opera composers
Oratorio composers
People from Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
19th-century German


texts:
<mask> (; 521–549), courtesy name Zihui (子惠), formally Prince Wenxiang of Bohai (勃海文襄王), later further posthumously honored by Northern Qi as Emperor Wenxiang (文襄皇帝) with the temple name Shizong (世宗), was the paramount official of the Xianbei-led Chinese Eastern Wei dynasty, a branch successor state of the Northern Wei. He was <mask>'s oldest son, and because his father wielded actual power during Emperor Xiaojing's reign, <mask> also received increasingly great authority, and after his father's death in 547 took over the reign of the state. He was considered capable but frivolous and arrogant, as well as lacking in sexual discretion. In 549, he was assassinated by his servant Lan Jing (蘭京), and his younger brother <mask> took over the control over the Eastern Wei regime. Background
<mask> was born in 521, when his father <mask> was still a courier of documents between the Northern Wei capital Luoyang and the old capital Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi). His mother Lou Zhaojun was from a wealthy family, but <mask>'s own household was poor. In 525, the ambitious <mask> joined the agrarian rebellion led by Du Luozhou (杜洛周) but subsequently became convinced that Du was not a successful leader, and sought to flee from Du's camp with his associates Wei Jing (尉景), Duan Rong (段榮), and Cai Jun (蔡雋).(Wei and Duan were also his brothers-in-law.) Lady Lou and her children (<mask> and a daughter) fled as well, riding a cow. During this flight, <mask> repeatedly fell off the cow, and <mask> considered killing him with an arrow, but Duan repeatedly saved him. The next known incident involving <mask> was in 531, when <mask>, then a Northern Wei general, rebelled against the members of Erzhu Rong's clan (who had dominated the political scene after they defeated Emperor

masks:
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Yang
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao


texts:
 Xiaozhuang in revenge of Emperor Xiaozhuang's killing of Erzhu Rong), and when an agrarian rebel leader, <mask> (高敖曹), a very distant relative of <mask>'s, refused to follow <mask>, <mask> sent <mask> to visit <mask> and showing respect due to the granduncle persuading <mask> of <mask>'s sincerity. During <mask>'s lifetime
<mask> defeated the Erzhus in 532 and entered Luoyang victoriously, and he made Yuan Xiu the Prince of Pingyang emperor (as Emperor Xiaowu). As a result of <mask>'s victory, the 11-year-old <mask> received high ranking titles, even though he appeared to carry no actual responsibility by this point in either the imperial administration or his father's army. With his father having been created the Prince of Bohai, <mask>, as his oldest son, also carried the title the Heir Apparent of Bohai.In 534, Emperor Xiaowu, in a dispute with <mask> over the control of power, fled to the domain of the independent general Yuwen Tai, leading to a split of Northern Wei, as <mask> then made Yuan Shanjian the Heir Apparent of Qinghe emperor (as Emperor Xiaojing), and the areas under <mask>'s control became known as Eastern Wei, and the areas under Yuwen's control became known as Western Wei. <mask> moved the Eastern Wei capital from Luoyang to Yecheng. In 535, <mask> found out that <mask> had been conducting an affair with <mask>'s concubine Lady Zheng Dache (鄭大車). In anger, he caned <mask> 100 times and put him under arrest, and he seriously considered making <mask> (高浟), his son by his concubine Lady Erzhu Ying'e (Erzhu Rong's daughter) heir apparent to replace <mask>. <mask> sought help from <mask>'s friend Sima Ziru (司馬子如), who persuaded <mask> to change his mind by reminding him the contributions that <mask>'s mother Princess Lou had made, and also

masks:
Gao Aocao
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Aocao
Gao Aocao
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao You
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng


texts: subsequently by forcing the witnesses to the affair between <mask> and Lady Zheng to recant. Still, Princess Lou and <mask> were forced to repeatedly bow and crawl on the ground to beg <mask>'s forgiveness, and <mask> allowed <mask> to remain heir apparent. In 536, the 15-year-old <mask>, who was then with his father at his military headquarters of Jinyang, requested permission to become in charge of the Eastern Wei imperial government at Yecheng.<mask>an initially refused, but <mask>an's assistant Sun Qian (孫搴) spoke on <mask>'s behalf, and finally, <mask>an agreed. <mask> soon arrived at Yecheng and took over the imperial administration. He became known as a harsh but capable enforcer of laws, in comparison to his father's policy of relaxed enforcement. He also abolished the seniority-based system of promotion that had caused the imperial administration to stagnate, seeking out capable individuals and promoting them quickly. Around this time, <mask> also married Emperor Xiaojing's sister the Princess Fengyi as his wife. In 540, she bore him a son, <mask> (高孝琬). The emperor personally went to his mansion to congratulate him, and the officials all sent expensive gifts.(<mask> initially declined, stating that <mask> was the emperor's nephew, and therefore the emperor should be congratulated first, but eventually did accept.) In 543, the actions of <mask> and his trusted assistant, Cui Xian (崔暹), would lead to the rebellion of the general <mask> (高仲密). <mask>mi had earlier married Cui's sister as his wife, but later abandoned her, and this led to hatred between <mask>mi and Cui. Cui, therefore, found many reasons to pick fault with selections of officials that <mask>mi had made, and <mask> agreed with Cui. Further, on one occasion, when <mask> saw <mask>mi's new

masks:
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu
Gao Hu
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Xiaowan
Gao Cheng
Gao Xiaocheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Zhongmi
Gao Zhong
Gao Zhong
Gao Zhong
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Zhong


texts: wife Li Changyi (李昌儀), he was stunned by her beauty and tried to rape her. Lady Li escaped and informed <mask>mi about the incident. Therefore, when <mask> became the governor of Northern Yu Province (北豫州, roughly modern Zhengzhou, Henan), he surrendered the capital of Northern Yu Province, the key garrison Hulao (虎牢), to Western Wei.(<mask>, blaming Cui for <mask>mi's rebellion, initially wanted to kill Cui or at least to severely cane him. However, <mask>, displaying the influence that he had on his father by this point, was able to persuade <mask>, through <mask>an's assistant Chen Yuanda (陳元達), that punishing Cui would undermine <mask>'s authority, and therefore <mask>an never did punish Cui.) In the ensuing battles over the control of the Hulao and Luoyang region, both Yuwen Tai and <mask>an nearly died. After Eastern Wei forces finally captured Hulao later that year, and Lady Li was delivered to Yecheng, <mask> made her one of his concubines. In 544, <mask>, believing that the officials Sima Ziru, Sun Teng (孫騰), <mask> (高岳, <mask>an's cousin), and <mask> (高隆之), were becoming too powerful and too corrupt, transferred major portions of those officials' responsibilities to <mask>. <mask> further showed off his authority by acting imperiously toward those officials. For example, when Sun once visited him and showed insufficient respect, he had his guards throw Sun on the ground and pound him with sword hilts.<mask> also installed his assistant Cui Jishu (崔季舒, Cui Xian's uncle) as Emperor Xiaojing's secretary, to keep watch on Emperor Xiaojing. Later in 544, <mask>, wanting to stamp out corruption within the imperial administration, empowered Cui Xian and Song Youdao (宋遊道) to investigate high-level officials for corruption. Cui and Song each made several

masks:
Gao Zhong
Gao Zhongmi
Gao Huan
Gao Zhong
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Hu
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu
Gao Hu
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Yue
Gao Hu
Gao Longzhi
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng


texts:
 accusations against high-level officials, and <mask> had, in particular, Sima Ziru stripped of all titles and offices, and Yuan Tan (元坦) the Prince of Xianyang stripped of his offices. In order to show that Cui, in particular, was empowered to carry out investigations, <mask> had Cui intentionally show disrespect to himself in public with impunity, so that the officials would be even more apprehensive of Cui. In late 546, <mask> became seriously ill, and he summoned <mask> back to Jinyang to entrust the matters to him. At that time, <mask> was apprehensive that the general Hou Jing, who commanded the provinces south of the Yellow River, would rebel, and <mask>an left him a list of officials that he could trust, and specifically instructed him to make Murong Shaozong (慕容紹宗) the commander of the army against Hou if Hou rebelled. <mask> died in spring 547, but <mask>, also pursuant to <mask>'s instructions, did not announce <mask>'s death in public; rather, he returned to Yecheng, pretending that <mask> was still alive.As regent
Also in spring 547, Hou Jing, unsure whether <mask>an was still alive but believing that <mask> had died, rebelled, first surrendering the 13 provinces he commanded to Western Wei, and then to Liang Dynasty. <mask> initially sent Han Gui (韓軌) against Hou, and Han had some successes against Hou's forces but was forced to withdraw when Western Wei forces arrived, taking four of Hou's provinces in exchange for supporting Hou. Subsequently, Hou broke with Western Wei, and Western Wei forces withdrew. Meanwhile, Emperor Wu of Liang commissioned his nephew Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang with a large force to try to aid Hou. <mask>, after finally revealing <mask>an's death, put Murong Shaozong in charge of the army. He also made peace

masks:
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Huan
Gao Hu
Gao Huan
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu


texts: overtures to Hou, promising to keep him in command of the southern provinces if he would submit. Hou refused.Meanwhile, <mask> also had a threat from within. <mask>, once <mask>an died, began to show contempt for Emperor Xiaojing, and once, when Emperor Xiaojing rebuked him for public disrespect, <mask> ordered Cui Jishu to punch Emperor Xiaojing three times. Emperor Xiaojing, fearful of what might come next, formed a conspiracy against <mask>. In winter 547, the plot was discovered, and <mask> put the emperor under arrest and executed his coconspirators. Late in 547, Murong Shaozong crushed Xiao Yuanming's army at Hanshan (寒山, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), capturing Xiao Yuanming. When Xiao Yuanming was delivered to <mask>, <mask> treated him with respect, intending to try to use Xiao Yuanming as a pawn against Hou. By spring 548, Murong Shaozong had crushed Hou's army as well, and Hou fled to Liang, seizing the Liang border city of Shouyang (壽陽, in modern Lu'an, Anhui) as his base of operations.<mask> then began negotiating peace with Liang's Emperor Wu, intending to create instability in the relationship between Emperor Wu and Hou. Hou, eventually coming to believe that Emperor Wu would betray him and turn him over to Eastern Wu to exchange for Xiao Yuanming, rebelled in fall 548, eventually capturing the Liang capital Jiankang and holding Emperor Wu and then his successor Emperor Jianwen of Liang as puppets. Once Hou did so, he made an overture of peace to <mask>, but <mask> did not respond. Meanwhile, <mask> was trying to recapture the provinces that Western Wei had taken from Hou. Also in 548, he sent <mask> and Murong Shaozong to siege Changshe (長社, in modern Xuchang, Henan), but Changshe, defended by the Western Wei general Wang Sizheng (王思政), would not fall

masks:
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Hu
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Yue


texts:
 easily, and during the battle, Western Wei forces were able to kill Murong Shaozong and another major general, Liu Fengsheng (劉豐生). In summer 549, <mask> himself commanded reinforcements and arrived at Changshe. He intensified the siege, and soon, Changshe fell, and he captured Wang, whom he treated with respect.After Changshe fell, Western Wei forces also withdrew from the three other provinces that they had captured, and Eastern Wei by this time had recaptured all of the lands that Hou had initially taken. Death
Meanwhile, <mask> was beginning to confer with his associates on how he could seize the throne. In fall 549, he was in a meeting with Chen Yuankang, Cui Jishu, and Yang Yin, discussing the procedure for doing so. One of the attending servants was Lan Jing (蘭京), a son of the Liang general Lan Qin (蘭欽), whom he had captured in battle and had repeatedly refused to release despite both Lan Qin's and Lan Jing's pleas to allow Lan Qin to ransom his son. During the meeting, Lan Jing delivered a meal to <mask> and the others at the meeting. When Lan Jing stepped out, <mask> made the comment, "Last night, I dreamed that this slave was using a sword to hit me. I should kill him."Lan Jing overheard the comment, and he reentered the room and killed <mask> with a knife, despite Chen's attempts to protect <mask>. Family
Parents
 Father : <mask>, Prince Xianwu of Qi (齊獻武王), posthumously granted the title  of Emperor Shenwu (神武皇帝)
 Mother: Empress Wuming (武明皇后), of the Lou clan (婁氏), personal name Zhaojun (昭君)
 Consorts and issue
 Empress Wenxiang (文襄皇后), of the Yuan clan  (元氏), sister of Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
 <mask> (高孝琬) (b. 3 , 11 . History of Northern Dynasties, vol. 6 . Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162.Northern Wei

masks:
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Cheng
Gao Huan
Gao Xiaowan


texts:
<mask> (7 May 190318 May 1942) was a German ophthalmologist who served as "Truppenarzt" with the rank of "Unterarzt", corresponding to the rank of sergeant. He worked with Professor  in Münster during the 1930s and, with him, pioneered an electrical treatment for retinal detachment. Machemer suffered discrimination in Nazi Germany after his wife was deemed to be "half-Jewish". He joined the German army at the outbreak of the Second World War in the hope of winning a first class Iron Cross bravery medal. Machemer hoped this would allow his family to be reclassified as being of "German-blood". He fought in France and Russia, was wounded in action and won both the Iron Cross 1st Class and Iron Cross 2nd Class. Machemer was killed in action at the Second Battle of Kharkov on 18 May 1942, just four days after being notified of the first class award.His wife and children were granted German-blood status in March 1943. Machemer kept extensive written, photographic and film records of his wartime service and these have been published in a book and documentary film. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 7 May 1903 in Sprendlingen and spent much of his early life in Münster. He studied medicine at the Universities of Heidelberg, München and Freiburg. In 1929 in Freiburg, he worked on a doctorate (on amphibian development) under the supervision of Prof. Hans Spemann (later Nobel prize winner) and was promoted Nov. 1929 to  Dr. phil. nat. In December 1930, he, in addition, was promoted to Dr. med.at the University of Freiburg. He  afterwards worked at an eye clinic in Münster under Professor . Machemer dated Erna Schwalbe, who studied medicine at the university of Kiel, from 1929 and in June 1932 became aware that she might have Jewish ancestry, which may have been an issue due to the rise of the anti-Semitic Nazi Party. Erna's father wrote her a letter which confirmed her mother's ancestry, which he had tried to keep hidden. Erna immediately offered to

masks:
Helmut Machemer
Helmut Machemer


texts:
 separate from Machemer, but he refused to do so on the grounds that he loved her. They married in October 1932. Erna's mother divorced her father and moved to the Netherlands the following year, after the Nazis came to power.Machemer was described by medical historian George Gorin as "a capable retinal surgeon". In 1934 he pioneered, with Szily, a method of treating retinal detachment by use of an electric current to form a chorioretinal scar. Anti-Semitic discrimination escalated under the Nazis: Szily as a Jew, was forced from his position at the clinic and Machemer lost his job there. Erna was also forced to abandon her own medical studies. Machemer was unable to set up his own practice as the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians refused to grant a permit because of his marriage. The Machemers considered divorce or emigration, but Szily found <mask> a position as assistant to ophthalmologist in Stadtlohn. The <mask> family (the couple had three sons) moved to Dufkampstrasse, in Stadtlohn in 1935.In October of that year the Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws, these forbade marriage between those of "German blood" and those of Jewish ancestry. Under the new laws Machemer's wife was classified as "half-Jewish" and the family became subject to ever more stringent restrictions and discrimination. Machemer was not a supporter of the Nazi Party but was also not an opponent of the regime. Second World War
Machemer was 36 years old when the Second World War began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. He was unlikely to be drafted due to his age but volunteered for service on the first day of the war. Machemer volunteered in an attempt to make use of a little-known exception in the Nazi racial laws: that the "non-Aryan" family of an Aryan could be classified as being of "German blood", if the man made a significant contribution to the Nazi state. Machemer became convinced that if he was awarded the Iron Cross, first

masks: Helmut Machemer


texts: class for bravery on the battlefield then he could secure the reclassification of his family.Machemer served during the 1940 invasion of France and the 1941 invasion of Russia, in which he served as an Unterarzt (medical officer aspirant) of the reconnaissance unit of the 16th Panzer Division. For his part in the latter operation he was awarded the second class Iron Cross. At one point he worked in a captured Soviet hospital, operating on captured Russian soldiers. Whilst in action Machemer was shot in the neck, but after checking it was not serious, returned to duty treating soldiers who had been shot through the lungs. He noted this in a letter home to his wife and Erna's reply was that he "shouldn't consciously put yourself in danger again, it seems to me like a challenge to fate". <mask> also wrote to Erna of his concern that he might be withdrawn from the front line and placed in a field hospital where he would be unlikely to be recommended for a bravery award. Machemer was of the opinion that he would not be recommended for the Iron Cross, first class unless he held the position of medical officer.This promotion had been previously denied to him due to his marriage to Erna. Machemer appealed the decision in March 1942 and, after sending a family tree and confirmation that Erna had no contact with her Jewish relations, was promoted to the rank of Oberarzt and approved for the Iron Cross, first class on 14 May 1942. Machemer records that he celebrated this decision with sparkling wine and, the next day had a hangover. Machemer was killed at mid-day 18 May, while on a trip to screen the battlefield for wounded soldiers. He was hit in head by shrapnel from a grenade during the Second Battle of Kharkov. Machemer was travelling in a car at the time, his companion was heavily wounded, but survived. <mask>, who was 39 when he died, recorded in his final diary entry of 18 May that he had slept well and was awaiting orders.In March 1943 Erna and her


texts:
 children were granted "German-blood" status, in what is believed to be the only known case of such an exemption. Legacy
As a scientist, he wished to document his and his company's way through wartime. His partly critical writings would have been unacceptable for promotion by the Nazi party and may have placed him at risk of arrest and he would not have been able to accomplish his mission. His collection included more than 160 letters, 2,000 photographs and five hours of film footage. Some of the records included depictions of dead German soldiers, dead civilians, burnt houses and dead horses. The majority of Machemer's reports and private letters were sent via "Feldpost" through the postal service. A few of the documents are known to be lost, since they were numerated.In particular, exposed photos and films, were carried home by comrades. Machemer's documents were kept by Erna and passed onto the couple's son, Hans. Hans worked with historian  to catalogue and assess the material and also produced a documentary film and a book, Wofür es lohnte, das Leben zu wagen ("What it was worth risking life for") published 2018 in German by Europa Verlag. Hardinghaus also produced a novel based on the story (Ein Held dunkler Zeit) telling the story of Wilhelm Möckel, a doctor with the 16th Panzer Division, and his wife Annemarie. Erna continued to live in Stadtlohn after the war, until she moved back to Münster in 1962. Erna died in 1970. Besides Hans the other sons were Peter and <mask> (1933–2009), also an ophthalmologist and sometimes called the "father of modern retinal surgery".<mask> appeared in the BBC documentary "Lost home movies of Nazi Germany" explaining his father's self-sacrifice, through film footage taken by <mask> himself. References

1942 deaths
German military personnel killed in World War II
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 1st class
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
People from Münster
German ophthalmologists
1903

masks:
Robert Machemer
Hans Machemer
Helmut


texts: <mask> (20 November 1901 – 28 May 1965) was an Australian writer, publisher and political activist, first aligned with communism and later shifting support towards far-right politics. He was the co-founder of the fascist Australia First Movement, alongside businessman William Miles, and he was the author of The Foundations of Culture in Australia. <mask> was born in Maryborough, Queensland, of Danish and Swiss descent. Studying his Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Queensland, <mask> joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1921. Upon winning the Rhodes Scholarship in 1924 he left for England and joined the university branch of the Party. Graduating, he joined the Fanfrolico Press alongside fellow author Jack Lindsay, releasing an assortment of their own writings as well as translated works. After the press ceased operation, Stephensen established his own press, lasting only a year.During this time he cohabitated with former ballet dancer Winifred Sarah Venus (née Lockyer), whom he later married in 1947 following her first husband’s death. Upon returning to Australia with Winifred in 1932, Stephensen partnered with magazine The Bulletin to found another publishing press, the Endeavour Press, in the same year alongside fellow Norman Lindsay. Splitting from the press in 1933, he founded yet another press, P. R. Stephensen & Co., which published more Australian works before failing in 1935 due to financial stresses. Despite the repeated collapses of his publishing companies, Stephensen became a recognised figure in Australian literature, becoming vice-president of the Fellowship of Australian Writers. During the Moscow Trials, Stephensen became disillusioned with communism. In 1936 Stephensen penned his

masks:
Percy Reginald Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen


texts:
 most famous work, The Foundations of Culture in Australia, sparking the emergence of the Jindyworobak movement. Founding the monthly publication The Publicist alongside businessman William Miles, he laid down the fundamental frameworks of the Australia First Movement, which the two established in October 1941.After five months of activity, Stephensen and his colleagues in the movement, suffragette Adela <mask> being among them, were detained by the Australian government. Being released after the war’s end, <mask> continued to write until his death in 1965. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 20 November 1901 in Maryborough, Queensland. He was the oldest of six children born to Marie-Louise Aimee (née Tardent) and Christian Julius (Chris) <mask>. The family lived on a small farm outside Biggenden, where his father was a wheelwright, farrier and coffin-maker; he later took over the town's general store. His father was the secretary of the local branch of the Workers' Political Organisation and his mother was the Biggenden correspondent for the Maryborough Chronicle. Stephensen's paternal grandparents were Danish immigrants who had arrived in Queensland in the 1870s, converting from Lutheranism to Anglicanism and anglicising their surname from the original "Steffensen".Their children rapidly assimilated into the local community and did not learn Danish. Stephensen's mother and maternal grandparents were immigrants from the Swiss French colony at Chabag, Russia (now Ukraine); his mother was bilingual in French and English. Stephensen's maternal grandfather Henry Tardent was an agricultural scientist who managed an experimental farm and later became a journalist and writer. Stephensen's youngest brother, Cyril

masks:
Pankhurst
Stephensen
Percy Reginald
Stephensen
Stephensen


texts: Edward (Ted), served with the RAAF during World War II and was shot down over France and killed in May 1944. Stephensen learned to shoot and ride at a young age, as was typical at the time. He began his education at Biggenden Primary School and in 1914 placed within the top 100 students in the state secondary school examinations. This entitled him to a two-year government-funded scholarship, and in 1915 he began boarding at Maryborough Boys' Grammar School.The school's headmaster Noble Wallace was a strict disciplinarian and employed corporal punishment. Stephensen was nicknamed "Chicken" at school, due to his surname containing the word "hen". In his first year he had his wrist broken in a hazing ritual. He became a platoon leader in the school cadets and was also a talented sportsman, captaining the school's cricket and football teams and winning prizes for athletics. In 1916 he won a two-year extension to his scholarship by passing the junior public examination. <mask> was chosen as a prefect in 1918, his fourth and final year at the school. For a brief period he was taught by V. Gordon Childe, whose socialist and pacifist beliefs prompted community opposition and led to his early resignation.Towards the end of the year, Stephensen led a student boycott of the school's speech day, at which the annual prizes were to be handed out by the state treasurer Ted Theodore. The boycott was in protest at the sacking of Wallace by the board of trustees. In 1919, aged 17, Stephensen moved to Brisbane and enrolled in the University of Queensland. He was a fee-paying student as he had failed to win one of the few scholarships then available. He boarded at St John's College, where he soon received the nickname "Inky" for


texts:
 his habit of singing the chorus from "Mademoiselle from Armentières". Stephensen befriended Jack Lindsay, son of Norman Lindsay, who in turn introduced him to Theodore Whitherby. He also became involved with the Workers' Educational Association (WEA) and developed a friendship with <mask>, who would later become the only Communist Party MP elected to an Australian parliament.In June 1919 <mask>'s first published article in the University Magazine called for the "fostering of a national literature" and greater study of Australian poets, themes he would return to later in his career. <mask>  joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1921. He gained a second-class honours degree in Modern Greats at Queen's College, Oxford where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar and was a member of the university branch of the Communist Party with A. J. P. Taylor, Graham Greene and Tom Driberg. Literary work
<mask> was a friend of D. H. Lawrence and edited the first uncensored version of Lady Chatterley's Lover. He was also friendly with Aldous Huxley. His most significant work was The Foundations of Culture in Australia (1936), which led to the foundation of the Jindyworobak Movement. Between the world wars, his Fellowship of Australian Writers released a document that advocated disconnection with the United States and stated, "US comics promoted demonology, witchcraft and voodooism, with Superman part of a raving mad view of the world".Of American musicals and minstrel shows, he wrote: "the American negro, with his jungle is not welcome here". He was also noted for his anti-Semitic views in this period. However, <mask> was a supporter of Aboriginal rights, and he and his colleague, retired businessman W.J. Miles, financed the first

masks:
Fred Paterson
Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen


texts:
 Aboriginal publication, The Abo Call, written and edited by Aboriginal activist <mask>. He edited all but four of the books of writer Frank Clune. Far-right politics
In 1936, <mask> and Miles founded a magazine, The Publicist, which promulgated monarchical, pro-fascist, anti-Semitic, anti-Communist and pro-Aboriginal views. In the early 1940s, Miles curtailed his activities, due to increasing ill health.<mask> founded the Australia First Movement in October 1941, and took over the editorship of the magazine in early 1942, shortly before being interned without trial, along with other members of the Australia First Movement, for pro-Japanese and Axis sympathies. Bibliography
<mask> was a prolific author. He published over 30 books, as well as translations of works by Vladimir Lenin and Friedrich Nietzsche. He also produced nearly 70 books ghostwritten for Frank Clune. Non fiction
 The Bushwackers: Sketches of Life in the Australian Outback (London: Mandrake Press, [1929?]) The Legend of Aleister Crowley (London: Mandrake Press, 1930)
 The Foundations of Culture in Australia: An Essay Towards National Self Respect (Gordon, N.S.W. : W.J.Miles, 1936)
 The History and Description of Sydney Harbour (Adelaide: Rigby, 1966)

References

Further reading

1901 births
1965 deaths
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Australian biographers
Male biographers
Australian human rights activists
Australian Rhodes Scholars
Australian translators
University of Queensland alumni
People from Maryborough, Queensland
Writers from Queensland
20th-century translators
20th-century biographers
Australian fascists
Australian indigenous rights activists
20th-century male writers
Australian people of Danish descent
Australian people of

masks:
Jack Patten
Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen


texts:
<mask><mask><mask> (18 January 18157 December 1874) was a German biblical scholar. In 1844, he discovered the world's oldest and most complete Bible dated to around the mid-4th century and called Codex Sinaiticus  after the St. Catherine's Monastery at Mt. Sinai where Tischendorf discovered it. Tischendorf was made an Honorary Doctor by Oxford University on 16 March 1865, and an Honorary Doctor by Cambridge University on 9 March 1865 following this find of the century. While a student gaining his academic degree in the 1840s, he earned international recognition when he deciphered the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a 5th-century Greek manuscript of the New Testament. Early life and education

Tischendorf was born in Lengenfeld, Saxony, near Plauen, the son of a physician. Beginning in 1834, he spent his scholarly career at the University of Leipzig where he was mainly influenced by JGB Winer, and he began to take special interest in New Testament criticism.Winer's influence gave him the desire to use the oldest manuscripts in order to compile the text of the New Testament as close to the original as possible. In 1838 he took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, then became master at a school near Leipzig. After a journey through southern Germany and Switzerland, and a visit to Strassburg, he returned to Leipzig, and set to work upon a critical study of the New Testament text. Career
In 1840 he qualified as university lecturer in theology with a dissertation on the recensions of the New Testament text, the main part of which reappeared the

masks:
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin (
von
) Tischendorf


texts: following year in the prolegomena to his first edition of the Greek New Testament. His critical apparatus included variant readings from earlier scholars, Elsevier, Georg Christian Knapp, Johann Martin Augustin Scholz, and as recent as Karl Lachmann, whereby his research was emboldened to depart from the received text as used in churches. These early textual studies convinced him of the absolute necessity of new and more exact collations of manuscripts. From October 1840 until January 1843 he was in Paris, busy with the treasures of the Bibliothèque Nationale, eking out his scanty means by making collations for other scholars, and producing for the publisher, Firmin Didot, several editions of the Greek New Testament, one of them exhibiting the form of the text corresponding most closely to the Vulgate.His second edition retracted the more precarious readings of the first, and included a statement of critical principles that is a landmark for evolving critical studies of Biblical texts. A great triumph of these laborious months was the decipherment of the palimpsest Codex Ephraemi Syri Rescriptus, of which the New Testament part was printed before he left Paris, and the Old Testament in 1845. His success in dealing with a manuscript that, having been over-written with other works of Ephrem the Syrian, had been mostly illegible to earlier collators, made him more well known, and gained support for more extended critical expeditions. He now became professor extraordinarius at Leipzig, where he was married in 1845. He also began to publish


texts:
 Reise in den Orient, an account of his travels in the east (in 2 vols., 1845–46, translated as Travels in the East in 1847). Even though he was an expert in reading the text of a palimpsest (this is a document where the original writing has been removed and new writing added), he was not able to identify the value or meaning of the Archimedes Palimpsest, a torn leaf of which he held and after his death was sold to the Cambridge University Library. From Paris, he had paid short visits to the Netherlands (1841) and England (1842).In 1843 he visited Italy, and after a stay of thirteen months, went on to Egypt, Sinai, and the Levant, returning via Vienna and Munich. Discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus Bible manuscripts

In 1844 Tischendorf travelled the first time to Saint Catherine's Monastery at the foot of Mount Sinai in Egypt, where he found a portion of what would later be hailed as the oldest complete known New Testament. Of the many pages which were contained in an old wicker basket (the kind that the monastery hauled in its visitors as customary in unsafe territories) he was given 43 pages containing a part of the Old Testament as a present. He donated those 43 pages to King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (reigned 1836–1854), to honour him and to recognise his patronage as the funder of Tischenforf's journey. (Tischendorf held a position as Theological Professor at Leipzig University, also under the patronage of Frederick Augustus II.) Leipzig University put two of the leaves on display in 2011. Tischendorf reported in his 1865 book


texts: Wann Wurden Unsere Evangelen Verfasst, translated to English in 1866 as  When Were Our Gospels Written in the section "The Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript" that he found, in a trash basket, forty-three sheets of parchment of an ancient copy of the Greek Old Testament, reporting that the monks were using the trash to start fires.And Tischendorf, horrified, asked if he could have them. He deposited them at the University of Leipzig, under the title of the Codex Friderico-Augustanus, a name given in honour of his patron, Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, king of Saxony. The fragments were published in 1846, although Tischendorf kept the place of discovery a secret. Many have expressed skepticism at the historical accuracy of this report of saving a 1500-year-old parchment from the flames. J. Rendel Harris referred to the story as a myth. The Tischendorf Lesebuch (see References) quotes that the Librarian Kyrillos mentioned to Tischendorf that the contents of the basket had already twice been submitted to the fire. The contents of the baskets were damaged scriptures, the third filling apparently, so cited by Tischendorf himself.[see <mask> Lesebuch, Tischendorf's own account]. In 1853 Tischendorf made a second trip to the Syrian monastery but made no new discoveries. He returned a third time in January 1859 under the patronage of Tsar Alexander II of Russia with the active aid of the Russian government to find more of the Codex Frederico-Augustanus or similar ancient Biblical texts. On 4 February, the last day of his visit, he was shown


texts: a text which he recognized as significant – the Codex Sinaiticus – a Greek manuscript of the complete New Testament and parts of the Old Testament dating to the 4th century. Tischendorf persuaded the monks to present the manuscript to Tsar Alexander II of Russia, at the cost of the Tsar it was published in 1862 (in four folio volumes). Those ignorant of the details of his discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus accused Tischendorf of buying manuscripts from ignorant monastery librarians at low prices. Indeed, he was never rich, but he staunchly defended the rights of the monks at Saint Catherine's Monastery when he persuaded them eventually to send the manuscript to the Tsar.This took approximately 10 years because the abbot of St Catherines had to be re-elected and confirmed in office in Cairo and in Jerusalem, and during those 10 years no one in the monastery had the authority to hand over any documents. However the documents were handed over in due course following a signed and sealed letter to the Tsar Alexander II (Schenkungsurkunde). Even so, the monks of Mt. Sinai still display a receipt-letter from Tischendorf promising to return the manuscript to them in the case that the donation can not be done. This token-letter had to be destroyed, following the late issue of a "Schenkungsurkunde". This donation act regulated the Codex exchange with the Tsar, against 9000 Rubels and Rumanian estate protection. The Tsar was seen as the protector of Greek-Orthodox Christians.Thought lost since the Russian revolution, the document (Schenkungsurkunde)


texts: has now resurfaced in St Petersburg 2003, and has also been long before commented upon by other scholars like Kurt Aland. The monastery has disputed the existence of the gift certificate (Schenkungsurkunde) since the British Library was named as the new owner of the Codex. Now following the late find of the gift certificate by the National Russian Library the existence cannot be disputed in earnest. In 1869 the Tsar awarded Tischendorf the style of "von" Tischendorf as a Russian noble. 327 facsimile editions of the Codex were printed in Leipzig for the Tsar (instead of a salary for the three-year work of Tischendorf the Tsar gave him 100 copies for reselling) in order to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the traditional foundation of the Rus' state in 862 with the publication of this most amazing find. Supporting the production of the facsimile, all made with special print characters for each of the 4 scribes of the Codex Sinaiticus, was shift work and contributed to Tischendorf's early demise due to exhausting work for months also during nights. Thus the Codex found its way to the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg.When the 4-volume luxury edition of the Sinai Bible was completed in 1862, C. Tischendorf presented the original ancient manuscript to Emperor Alexander II. Meanwhile, the question of transferring the manuscript to the full possession of the Russian Sovereign remained unresolved for some years. In 1869, the new Archbishop of Sinai, Callistratus, and the monastic community, signed the official certificate presenting the


texts:
 manuscript to the Tsar. The Russian Government, in turn, bestowed the Monastery with 9000 rubles and decorated the Archbishop and some of the brethren with orders. In 1933 the Soviet Government sold the Codex Sinaiticus for 100,000 pounds to the British Museum in London, England. The official certificate with signatures in Russian/ French/ Greek sections has been refound in St Petersburg. Novum Testamentum Graece – publication with 21 editions

In the winter of 1849 the first edition of his great work now titled Novum Testamentum Graece.Ad antiquos testes recensuit. Apparatum criticum multis modis appeared (translated as Greek New Testament. The ancient witnesses reviewed. Preparations critical in many ways), containing canons of criticism, adding examples of their application that are applicable to students today:

Basic rule: "The text is only to be sought from ancient evidence, and especially from Greek manuscripts, but without neglecting the testimonies of versions and fathers." "A reading altogether peculiar to one or another ancient document is suspicious; as also is any, even if supported by a class of documents, which seems to evince that it has originated in the revision of a learned man." "Readings, however well supported by evidence, are to be rejected, when it is manifest (or very probable) that they have proceeded from the errors of copyists." "In parallel passages, whether of the New or Old Testament, especially in the Synoptic Gospels, which ancient copyists continually brought into increased accordance, those testimonies


texts: are preferable, in which precise accordance of such parallel passages is not found; unless, indeed, there are important reasons to the contrary.""In discrepant readings, that should be preferred which may have given occasion to the rest, or which appears to comprise the elements of the others." "Those readings must be maintained which accord with New Testament Greek, or with the particular style of each individual writer." These were partly the result of the tireless travels he had begun in 1839 in search of unread manuscripts of the New Testament, "to clear up in this way," he wrote, "the history of the sacred text, and to recover if possible the genuine apostolic text which is the foundation of our faith." In 1850 appeared his edition of the Codex Amiatinus (in 1854 corrected) and of the Septuagint version of the Old Testament (7th ed., 1887); in 1852, amongst other works, his edition of the Codex Claromontanus. Meanwhile, also in 1859, he had been made professor ordinarius of theology and of Biblical paleography, this latter professorship being specially created for him; and another book of travel, Aus dem heiligen Lande, appeared in 1862. Tischendorf's Eastern journeys were rich enough in other discoveries to merit the highest praise. Besides his fame as a scholar, he was a friend of both Robert Schumann, with whom he corresponded, and Felix Mendelssohn, who dedicated a song to him.His text critical colleague Samuel Prideaux Tregelles wrote warmly of their mutual interest in textual scholarship. His personal library, purchased after


texts:
 his death, eventually came to the University of Glasgow, where a commemorative exhibition of books from his library was held in 1974 and can be accessed by the public. He died in Leipzig on 7 December 1874. Codex Sinaiticus

The Codex Sinaiticus contains a 4th-century manuscript of New Testament texts. Two other Bibles of similar age exist, though they are less complete: Codex Vaticanus in the Vatican Library and Codex Alexandrinus, currently owned by the British Library. The Codex Sinaiticus is deemed by some to be the most important surviving New Testament manuscript, as no older manuscript is as nearly complete as the Codex. The codex can be viewed in the British Library in London, or as a digitized version on the Internet.Tischendorf's motivation

Throughout his life Tischendorf sought old biblical manuscripts, as he saw it as his task to give theology a Greek New Testament which was based on the oldest possible scriptures. He intended to be as close as possible to the original sources. Tischendorf's greatest discovery was in the monastery of Saint Catherine on the Sinai Peninsula, which he visited in May 1844, and again in 1853 and 1859 (as Russian envoy). In 1862 Tischendorf published the text of the Codex Sinaiticus for the 1000th Anniversary of the Russian Monarchy in both an illustrious four-volume facsimile edition and in a less costly text edition, to enable all scholars to have access to the Codex. Tischendorf pursued a constant course of editorial labours, mainly on the New Testament, until he was broken down by overwork


texts:
 in 1873. His motive, as explained in a publication on Tischendorf's Letter by Prof. Christfried Boettrich (Leibzig University, Prof. of Theology), was to prove scientifically that the words of the Bible were trustfully transmitted over centuries. :de:Christfried Böttrich

Works

His magnum opus was the "Critical Edition of the New Testament."The great edition, of which the text and apparatus appeared in 1869 and 1872, was called by himself editio viii; but this number is raised to twenty or twenty-one, if mere reprints from stereotype plates and the minor editions of his great critical texts are included; posthumous prints bring the total to forty-one. Four main recensions of <mask>'s text may be distinguished, dating respectively from his editions of 1841, 1849, 1859 (ed. vii), and 1869–72 (ed. viii). The edition of 1849 may be regarded as historically the most important, from the mass of new critical material it used; that of 1859 is distinguished from Tischendorf's other editions by coming nearer to the received text; in the eighth edition, the testimony of the Sinaitic manuscript received great (probably too great) weight. The readings of the Vatican manuscript were given with more exactness and certainty than had been possible in the earlier editions, and the editor had also the advantage of using the published labours of his colleague and friend Samuel Prideaux Tregelles. Of relatively lesser importance was Tischendorf's work on the Greek Old Testament.His edition of the Roman text, with the variants of the Alexandrian manuscript,