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<mask> (born 8 June 1961) is a British-Bosnian film director, screenwriter and author best known for his feature film Beautiful People and his World War Two thriller Chosen. <mask> also published a book on cinema, which achieved a high volume of sales, with over 50,000 copies sold. His distinctive filmmaking signature includes unflaggingly inventive uses of montage, sound and music where coincidences are often both funny and horrific, iconoclastic dry wit humor and imaginative rich storytelling. Dizdar’s kinetics awaken and reveal our fundamental need for love whilst drawing our attention to what separates us: language barriers, prejudice, dogmatism, and above all, a collective obtuseness and indifference towards one another. Early life

<mask> was born and grew up in his Bosnian hometown of Zenica, where his gift for creative writing was spotted early on by primary school teacher of literature. With her guidance and encouragement, he sent his short story “History Hour” to a regional competition and won his first award for the best short story. When he was 12, Dizdar’s love affair with movies had begun, and he soon became a prolific cinema-goer.There were four theaters in Zenica, and Dizdar used an intricate system to get into them for free: he made facsimiles of movie tickets by scavenging for stubs in rubbish bins, then collecting the other halves from patrons as they came out of theaters. Gluing torn bits together and re-using them as fake cinema tickets enabled him to see the same film several times for free, particularly multiple showings of such Westerns as Sergio Leone's A Fistful of Dollars, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly and Once Upon a Time in the West. Because Dizdar was so tall for his age (he is now 6 foot 6), he managed to see Bernardo Bertolucci's film Last Tango in Paris, despite its 18 rated certificate. During his time at secondary school, he was an actor in the Bosnian theatre play Hanka, based on the novel by Isak Samokovlija as well as being adapted for the 1955 film

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Jasmin Dizdar
Jasmin Dizdar
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 Hanka directed by Yugoslav film director Slavko Vorkapić. The play premiered in Zenica's Old National Theatre. As a teenager <mask> <mask> joined a local film club where he wrote, edited and directed numerous short documentary, drama and experimental films and began to take interest in film theory, particularly Russian structuralist film theory. His last Bosnian film Butterfly Dance (featuring an ensemble cast from Zenica's National Theatre) got him into the Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, Czech Republic.Career

<mask> <mask> studied film directing at the Prague film school FAMU. There he became known for his daring satirical humour often casting ordinary people, Czech actors and filmmakers who were not favoured with the communist regime. Legendary Czech film director Elmar Klos (Academy Award winner for the film The Shop on Main Street) gave Grand Jury prize to Dizdar's graduation film After Silence. This student film is preserved as a national treasure in the Czech national film archive. During his film studies <mask> <mask> wrote, what is today regarded as daringly unique piece of film theory about his fellow FAMU alumni – double-Oscar-winning Czech-American film director Miloš Forman. This is regarded as a very rare type of analytical film theory written by a foreign-film student whilst studying in the totalitarian communist regime about an officially banned film director, who was often regarded as an “enemy of the state”, during the time. His friendship with internationally acclaimed Czech cinematographer Miroslav Ondricek and Czech film critic Eva Zaoralova led to the publishing of <mask>’s book about Forman, Audition for a Director.This book is remembered as a unique in-depth analysis of a legendary filmmaker. The book was published in a record number of fifty thousand copies. After graduating from university with a Red Diploma (i.e. highest honours) <mask> lived briefly in France before settling in United Kingdom where he wrote number of screenplays

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 for BBC Television and a radio play for BBC Radio 4. Beautiful People is award-winning and critically acclaimed feature film written and directed by <mask> <mask>. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport paid official visit to Cannes Film Festival world premier of Beautiful People where the film received a ten-minute standing ovation. The film won an award for the best film in Un Certain Regard category at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival, an audience award "Gold Gryphon" at Saint-Petersburg International Festival of Festivals, and many other international awards.<mask> <mask> became the second Bosnian filmmaker (after Emir Kusturica) to win a major award at the Cannes Film Festival and the first and only Bosnian filmmaker born and raised in Zenica, to achieve such a prestige international recognition. Based on its success at Cannes, distributors in over 30 countries purchased the rights to Beautiful People, making it an international sensation. <mask> is loath to label the film a comedy or anything else. He says that Beautiful People embraces every emotion, which is why people all around the world have embraced it. After Beautiful People was screened for several weeks in the world’s capitals, alongside Stanley Kubrick’s film Eyes Wide Shut, Robert Altman’s Cookie's Fortune and Pedro Almodóvar’s Oscar-winning All About My Mother, <mask> exclaimed during an interview with his friend, world-music renowned BBC Radio London DJ, Charlie Gillett: “Film directors like Stanley Kubrick, Robert Altman and Pedro Almodóvar standing shoulder to shoulder with me in London, New York, Paris and Tokyo makes my teenage dream come true. If a car were to hit me now, I’d die a happy man.”

Beautiful People, like <mask> <mask>'s other films, is a satire. <mask> <mask>'s satire could be described as a seraphic-smile sardonicism which combines everyday and imaginative realism with a musical and playful irony.The New York Times film critic A. O. Scott describes <mask> <mask> as a

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 filmmaker: "At once sarcastic and entirely sincere, he directs with an extraordinary exuberance and self-confidence, intelligence and grace, with a style that combines realism with a playful, improvisatory sense of formal possibility. <mask> Dizdar's camera hurtles through the scenes like a child in a toy store, grabbing at every detail as though it were a shiny, precious prize, acknowledging both the fundamental ridiculousness of the war and its inassimilable horror." Following Beautiful People, <mask> <mask> wrote and directed a segment for the French feature film Les Europeens (2006) based on a burning social topic of refugees finding a various ingenious ways to enter Europe. <mask> <mask>'s segment is about an African refugee who tries to smuggle himself into Europe by stowing away in the landing-gear bay of a passenger plan that departs from North Africa. When the landing-gear bay opens as the plane makes its descent, he tumbles out from a few thousand feet over Rome and falls on the car-roof of a middle-class religious woman who begins to believe that the refugee is a gift from God. <mask> <mask>’s next feature film Chosen (2016) starring Harvey Keitel, Ana Ularu and Luke Mably is a moving drama of love, courage and survival against all odds. Set during the Second World War, the film tells the extraordinary story of a young lawyer who uses a clever ploy to fight the Nazis to save thousands of lives.Harvey Keitel plays the lawyer in present-day New York, USA. Personal life

As a young adolescent <mask> <mask> discovered that Nazis killed his paternal grandparents during the Second World War. A post-war orphanage changed his father's original surname from Dizdar to Dizdarević (most of former Yugoslavs surnames end with "ić"). After thirty years of living under surname Dizdarević, he took back his grandfather’s original surname Dizdar. <mask> <mask> currently lives in the UK, London, since 1989, and is a British citizen since 1993. He has a daughter who is also a filmmaker and visual

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<mask> (; ; 30 May 1960) was a Russian poet, novelist, and literary translator. Composed in 1917, <mask>'s first book of poems, My Sister, Life, was published in Berlin in 1922 and soon became an important collection in the Russian language. <mask>'s translations of stage plays by Goethe, Schiller, Calderón de la Barca and Shakespeare remain very popular with Russian audiences. <mask> is the author of Doctor Zhivago (1957), a novel that takes place between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Second World War. Doctor Zhivago was rejected for publication in the USSR, but the manuscript was smuggled to Italy for publication. <mask> was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958, an event that enraged the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which forced him to decline the prize. Finally, in 1989 <mask>'s son Yevgeny accepted the award on his father's behalf.Doctor Zhivago has been part of the main Russian school curriculum since 2003. Early life

<mask> was born in Moscow on 10 February (Gregorian), 1890 (29 January, Julian) into a wealthy, assimilated Jewish family. His father was the post-Impressionist painter Leonid <mask>, who taught as a professor at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture. His mother was Rosa Kaufman, a concert pianist and the daughter of Odessa industrialist Isadore Kaufman and his wife. <mask> had a younger brother, Alex, and two sisters, Lydia and Josephine. The family claimed descent on the paternal line from Isaac Abarbanel, the famous 15th-century Sephardic Jewish philosopher, Bible commentator, and treasurer of Portugal. Early education
From

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Boris Leonidovich Pasternak
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 1904 to 1907, <mask> was the cloister-mate of Peter Minchakievich (1890–1963) in Holy Dormition Pochayiv Lavra, located in West Ukraine.Minchakievich came from an Orthodox Ukrainian family and <mask> came from a Jewish family. Some confusion has arisen as to <mask> attending a military academy in his boyhood years. The uniforms of their monastery Cadet Corp were only similar to those of The Czar Alexander the Third Military Academy, as <mask> and Minchakievich never attended any military academy. Most schools used a distinctive military-looking uniform particular to them as was the custom of the time in Eastern Europe and Russia. Boyhood friends, they parted in 1908, friendly but with different politics, never to see each other again. <mask> went to the Moscow Conservatory to study music (later Germany to study philosophy), and Minchakievich went to L'viv University (L'vov, Lwów) to study history and philosophy. The good dimension of the character Strelnikov in Dr. Zhivago is based upon Peter Minchakievich.Several of <mask>'s characters are composites. After World War One and the Revolution, fighting for the Provisional or Republican government under Kerensky, and then escaping a Communist jail and execution, Minchakievich trekked across Siberia in 1917 and became an American citizen. <mask> stayed in Russia. In a 1959 letter to Jacqueline de Proyart, <mask> recalled,

Shortly after his birth, <mask>'s parents had joined the Tolstoyan Movement. Novelist Leo Tolstoy was a close family friend, as Pasternak recalled, "my father illustrated his books, went to see him, revered him, and ...the whole

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 house was imbued with his spirit." In a 1956 essay, <mask> recalled his father's feverish work creating illustrations for Tolstoy's novel Resurrection. The novel was serialized in the journal Niva by the publisher Fyodor Marx, based in St Petersburg.The sketches were drawn from observations in such places as courtrooms, prisons and on trains, in a spirit of realism. To ensure that the sketches met the journal deadline, train conductors were enlisted to personally collect the illustrations. Pasternak wrote,

According to Max Hayward, "In November 1910, when Tolstoy fled from his home and died in the stationmaster's house at Astapovo, Leonid <mask> was informed by telegram and he went there immediately, taking his son <mask> with him, and made a drawing of Tolstoy on his deathbed." Regular visitors to the Pasternaks' home also included Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Lev Shestov, Rainer Maria Rilke. Pasternak aspired first to be a musician. Inspired by Scriabin, <mask> briefly was a student at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1910 he abruptly left for the German University of Marburg, where he studied under Neo-Kantian philosophers Hermann Cohen, Nicolai Hartmann and Paul Natorp.Life and career

Olga Freidenberg
In 1910 <mask> was reunited with his cousin, Olga Freidenberg (1890–1955). They had shared the same nursery but been separated when the Freidenberg family moved to Saint Petersburg. They fell in love immediately but were never lovers. The romance, however, is made clear from their letters, <mask> writing:You do not know how my tormenting feeling grew and grew until it became obvious

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 to me and to others. As you walked beside me with complete detachment, I could not express it to you. It was a rare sort of closeness, as if we two, you and I, were in love with something that was utterly indifferent to both of us, something that remained aloof from us by virtue of its extraordinary inability to adapt to the other side of life.The cousins' initial passion developed into a lifelong close friendship. From 1910 <mask> and Freidenberg exchanged frequent letters, and their correspondence lasted over 40 years until 1954.The cousins last met in 1936. Ida Wissotzkaya

<mask> fell in love with Ida Wissotzkaya, a girl from a notable Moscow Jewish family of tea merchants, whose company Wissotzky Tea was the largest tea company in the world. <mask> had tutored her in the final class of high school. He helped her prepare for finals. They met in Marburg during the summer of 1912 when <mask>' father, Leonid <mask>, painted her portrait. Although Professor Cohen encouraged him to remain in Germany and to pursue a Philosophy doctorate, <mask> decided against it. He returned to Moscow around the time of the outbreak of the First World War.In the aftermath of events, <mask> proposed marriage to Ida. However, the Wissotzky family was disturbed by <mask>'s poor prospects and persuaded Ida to refuse him. She turned him down and he told of his love and rejection in the poem "Marburg" (1917):

I quivered. I flared up, and then was extinguished. I shook. I had made a proposal—but late,
Too late. I was scared, and she had refused me.I pity her tears, am more blessed than a saint. Around this time,

masks: Pasternak Pasternak Pasternak Boris Pasternak Pasternak Pasternak Pasternak


texts: when he was back in Russia, he joined the Russian Futurist group Centrifuge, also spelt Tsentrifuga, as a pianist; although poetry was just a hobby for him then, it was in their group journal, Lirika, where some of his earliest poems were published. His involvement with the Futurist movement as a whole reached its peak when, in 1914, he published a satirical article in Rukonog, which attacked the jealous leader of the "Mezzanine of Poetry", Vadim Shershenevich, who was criticizing Lirika and the Ego-Futurists because Shershenevich himself was barred from collaborating with Centrifuge, the reason being that he was such a talentless poet. The action eventually caused a verbal battle amongst several members of the groups, fighting for recognition as the first, truest Russian Futurists; these included the Cubo-Futurists, who were by that time already notorious for their scandalous behaviour. <mask>'s first and second books of poetry were published shortly after these events. Another failed love affair in 1917 inspired the poems in his third and first major book, My Sister, Life. His early verse cleverly dissimulates his preoccupation with Immanuel Kant's philosophy.Its fabric includes striking alliterations, wild rhythmic combinations, day-to-day vocabulary, and hidden allusions to his favourite poets such as Rilke, Lermontov, Pushkin and German-language Romantic poets. During World War I, <mask> taught and worked at a chemical factory in Vsevolodovo-Vilve near Perm, which undoubtedly provided him with material for Dr. Zhivago many years later. Unlike the rest of his family and many of his closest

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 friends, <mask> chose not to leave Russia after the October Revolution of 1917. According to Max Hayward,

When it finally was published in 1922, <mask>'s My Sister, Life revolutionised Russian poetry. It made <mask> the model for younger poets, and decisively changed the poetry of Osip Mandelshtam, Marina Tsvetayeva and others. Following My Sister, Life, <mask> produced some hermetic pieces of uneven quality, including his masterpiece, the lyric cycle Rupture (1921). Both Pro-Soviet writers and their White emigre equivalents applauded <mask>'s poetry as pure, unbridled inspiration.In the late 1920s, he also participated in the much celebrated tripartite correspondence with Rilke and Tsvetayeva. As the 1920s wore on, however, <mask> increasingly felt that his colourful style was at odds with a less educated readership. He attempted to make his poetry more comprehensible by reworking his earlier pieces and starting two lengthy poems on the Russian Revolution of 1905. He also turned to prose and wrote several autobiographical stories, notably "The Childhood of Luvers" and "Safe Conduct". (The collection Zhenia's Childhood and Other Stories would be published in 1982.) In 1922 <mask> married Evgeniya Lurye (Евгения Лурье), a student at the Art Institute. The following year their son Yevgenii was born.Evidence of <mask>'s support of still-revolutionary members of the leadership of the Communist Party as late as 1926 is indicated by his poem "In Memory of Reissner" presumably written upon the shockingly premature death from typhus of legendary Bolshevik leader Larisa Reisner aged 30 in February of

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 that year. By 1927, <mask>'s close friends Vladimir Mayakovsky and Nikolai Aseyev were advocating the complete subordination of the arts to the needs of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In a letter to his sister Josephine, <mask> wrote of his intentions to "break off relations" with both of them. Although he expressed that it would be deeply painful, <mask> explained that it could not be prevented. He explained:

By 1932, <mask> had strikingly reshaped his style to make it more understandable to the general public and printed the new collection of poems, aptly titled The Second Birth. Although its Caucasian pieces were as brilliant as the earlier efforts, the book alienated the core of <mask>'s refined audience abroad, which was largely composed of anti-communist emigres. In 1932 <mask> fell in love with Zinaida Neuhaus, the wife of the Russian pianist Heinrich Neuhaus.They both got divorces and married two years later. He continued to change his poetry, simplifying his style and language through the years, as expressed in his next book, Early Trains (1943). Stalin Epigram
In April 1934 Osip Mandelstam recited his "Stalin Epigram" to Pasternak. After listening, <mask> told Mandelstam: "I didn't hear this, you didn't recite it to me, because, you know, very strange and terrible things are happening now: they've begun to pick people up. I'm afraid the walls have ears and perhaps even these benches on the boulevard here may be able to listen and tell tales. So let's make out that I heard nothing." On the night of 14 May 1934, Mandelstam was arrested at his home based on a warrant signed

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 by NKVD boss Genrikh Yagoda.Devastated, <mask> went immediately to the offices of Izvestia and begged Nikolai Bukharin to intercede on Mandelstam's behalf. Soon after his meeting with Bukharin, the telephone rang in <mask>'s Moscow apartment. A voice from the Kremlin said, "Comrade Stalin wishes to speak with you." According to Ivinskaya, <mask> was struck dumb. "He was totally unprepared for such a conversation. But then he heard his voice, the voice of Stalin, coming over the line. The Leader addressed him in a rather bluff uncouth fashion, using the familiar thou form: 'Tell me, what are they saying in your literary circles about the arrest of Mandelstam?'"Flustered, <mask> denied that there was any discussion or that there were any literary circles left in Soviet Russia. Stalin went on to ask him for his own opinion of Mandelstam. In an "eager fumbling manner" <mask> explained that he and Mandelstam each had a completely different philosophy about poetry. Stalin finally said, in a mocking tone of voice: "I see, you just aren't able to stick up for a comrade", and put down the receiver. Great Purge

According to <mask>, during the 1937 show trial of General Iona Yakir and Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the Union of Soviet Writers requested all members to add their names to a statement supporting the death penalty for the defendants. <mask> refused to sign, even after leadership of the Union visited and threatened him. Soon after, <mask> appealed directly to Stalin, describing his family's strong Tolstoyan convictions and putting his own life at Stalin's disposal; he said that he could not


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 stand as a self-appointed judge of life and death.<mask> was certain that he would be arrested, but instead Stalin is said to have crossed <mask>'s name off an execution list, reportedly declaring, "Do not touch this cloud dweller" (or, in another version, "Leave that holy fool alone!"). <mask>'s close friend Titsian Tabidze did fall victim to the Great Purge. In an autobiographical essay published in the 1950s, <mask> described the execution of Tabidze and the suicides of Marina Tsvetaeva and Paolo Iashvili as the greatest heartbreaks of his life. Ivinskaya wrote, "I believe that between Stalin and <mask> there was an incredible, silent duel." World War II
When the Luftwaffe began bombing Moscow, <mask> immediately began to serve as a fire warden on the roof of the writer's building on Lavrushinski Street. According to Ivinskaya, he repeatedly helped to dispose of German bombs which fell on it. In 1943, <mask> was finally granted permission to visit the soldiers at the front.He bore it well, considering the hardships of the journey (he had a weak leg from an old injury), and he wanted to go to the most dangerous places. He read his poetry and talked extensively with the active and injured troops. With the end of the war in 1945, the Soviet people expected to see the end of the devastation of Nazism, and hoped for the end of Stalin's purges. But sealed trains began carrying large numbers of prisoners to the Soviet Gulags. Some were Nazi collaborators who had fought under General Andrey Vlasov, but most were ordinary Soviet officers and men. <mask> watched as ex-POWs were directly transferred


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 from Nazi Germany to Soviet concentration camps. White emigres who had returned due to pledges of amnesty were also sent directly to the Gulag, as were Jews from the Anti-Fascist Committee and other organizations.Many thousands of innocent people were incarcerated in connection with the Leningrad affair and the so-called doctors' plot, while whole ethnic groups were deported to Siberia. <mask> later said, "If, in a bad dream, we had seen all the horrors in store for us after the war, we should not have been sorry to see Stalin fall, together with Hitler. Then, an end to the war in favour of our allies, civilized countries with democratic traditions, would have meant a hundred times less suffering for our people than that which Stalin again inflicted on it after his victory." Olga Ivinskaya
In October 1946, the twice married <mask> met Olga Ivinskaya, a 34 year old single mother employed by Novy Mir. Deeply moved by her resemblance to his first love Ida Vysotskaya, <mask> gave Ivinskaya several volumes of his poetry and literary translations. Although <mask> never left his wife Zinaida, he started an extramarital relationship with Ivinskaya that would last for the remainder of <mask>'s life. Ivinskaya later recalled, "He phoned almost every day and, instinctively fearing to meet or talk with him, yet dying of happiness, I would stammer out that I was "busy today."But almost every afternoon, toward the end of working hours, he came in person to the office and often walked with me through the streets, boulevards, and squares all the way home to Potapov Street. 'Shall I make you a present of this

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 square?' he would ask." She gave him the phone number of her neighbour Olga Volkova who resided below. In the evenings, <mask> would phone and Volkova would signal by Olga banging on the water pipe which connected their apartments. When they first met, Pasternak was translating the verse of the Hungarian national poet, Sándor Petőfi. Pasternak gave his lover a book of Petőfi with the inscription, "Petőfi served as a code in May and June 1947, and my close translations of his lyrics are an expression, adapted to the requirements of the text, of my feelings and thoughts for you and about you.In memory of it all, B.P., 13 May 1948." <mask> later noted on a photograph of himself, "Petőfi is magnificent with his descriptive lyrics and picture of nature, but you are better still. I worked on him a good deal in 1947 and 1948, when I first came to know you. Thank you for your help. I was translating both of you." Ivinskaya would later describe the Petőfi translations as, "a first declaration of love." According to Ivinskaya, Zinaida <mask> was infuriated by her husband's infidelity.Once, when his younger son Leonid fell seriously ill, Zinaida extracted a promise from her husband, as they stood by the boy's sickbed, that he would end his affair with Ivinskaya. <mask> asked Luisa Popova, a mutual friend, to tell Ivinskaya about his promise. Popova told him that he must do it himself. Soon after, Ivinskaya happened to be ill at Popova's apartment, when suddenly Zinaida <mask> arrived and confronted her. Ivinskaya later recalled,

In 1948, Pasternak advised Ivinskaya to resign her job at Novy Mir, which


texts: was becoming extremely difficult due to their relationship. In the aftermath, Pasternak began to instruct her in translating poetry. In time, they began to refer to her apartment on Potapov Street as, "Our Shop."On the evening of 6 October 1949, Ivinskaya was arrested at her apartment by the KGB. Ivinskaya relates in her memoirs that, when the agents burst into her apartment, she was at her typewriter working on translations of the Korean poet Won Tu-Son. Her apartment was ransacked and all items connected with Pasternak were piled up in her presence. Ivinskaya was taken to the Lubyanka Prison and repeatedly interrogated, where she refused to say anything incriminating about <mask>. At the time, she was pregnant with <mask>'s child and had a miscarriage early in her ten-year sentence in the GULAG. Upon learning of his mistress' arrest, <mask> telephoned Liuisa Popova and asked her to come at once to Gogol Boulevard. She found him sitting on a bench near the Palace of Soviets Metro Station.Weeping, <mask> told her, "Everything is finished now. They've taken her away from me and I'll never see her again. It's like death, even worse." According to Ivinskaya, "After this, in conversation with people he scarcely knew, he always referred to Stalin as a 'murderer.' Talking with people in the offices of literary periodicals, he often asked: 'When will there be an end to this freedom for lackeys who happily walk over corpses to further their own interests?' He spent a good deal of time with Akhmatova—who in those years was given a very wide berth by most of the people who knew her. He worked

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 intensively on the second part of Doctor Zhivago."In a 1958 letter to a friend in West Germany, <mask> wrote, "She was put in jail on my account, as the person considered by the secret police to be closest to me, and they hoped that by means of a gruelling interrogation and threats they could extract enough evidence from her to put me on trial. I owe my life, and the fact that they did not touch me in those years, to her heroism and endurance." Translating <mask>'s translation of the first part of Faust led him to be attacked in the August 1950 edition of Novy Mir. The critic accused <mask> of distorting Goethe's "progressive" meanings to support "the reactionary theory of 'pure art'", as well as introducing aesthetic and individualist values. In a subsequent letter to the daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva, <mask> explained that the attack was motivated by the fact that the supernatural elements of the play, which Novy Mir considered, "irrational," had been translated as Goethe had written them. <mask> further declared that, despite the attacks on his translation, his contract for the second part had not been revoked. Khrushchev thaw
When Stalin died of a stroke on 5 March 1953, Ivinskaya was still imprisoned in the Gulag, and <mask> was in Moscow.Across the nation, there were waves of panic, confusion, and public displays of grief. Pasternak wrote, "Men who are not free... always idealize their bondage." After her release, <mask>'s relationship with Ivinskaya picked up where it had left off. Soon after he confided in her, "For so long we were ruled over by a madman and a murderer, and now by a

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 fool and a pig. The madman had his occasional flights of fancy, he had an intuitive feeling for certain things, despite his wild obscurantism. Now we are ruled over by mediocrities." During this period, <mask> delighted in reading a clandestine copy of George Orwell's Animal Farm in English.In conversation with Ivinskaya, <mask> explained that the pig dictator Napoleon, in the novel, "vividly reminded" him of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. Doctor Zhivago

Although it contains passages written in the 1910s and 1920s, Doctor Zhivago was not completed until 1955. <mask> submitted the novel to Novy Mir in 1956, which refused publication due to its rejection of socialist realism. The author, like his protagonist Yuri Zhivago, showed more concern for the welfare of individual characters than for the "progress" of society. Censors also regarded some passages as anti-Soviet, especially the novel's criticisms of Stalinism, Collectivisation, the Great Purge, and the Gulag. <mask>'s fortunes were soon to change, however. In March 1956, the Italian Communist Party sent a journalist, Sergio D'Angelo, to work in the Soviet Union, and his status as a journalist as well as his membership in the Italian Communist Party allowed him to have access to various aspects of the cultural life in Moscow at the time.A Milan publisher, the communist Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, had also given him a commission to find new works of Soviet literature that would be appealing to Western audiences, and upon learning of Doctor Zhivagos existence, D'Angelo travelled immediately to Peredelkino and offered to submit <mask>'s novel


texts: to Feltrinelli's company for publication. At first <mask> was stunned. Then he brought the manuscript from his study and told D'Angelo with a laugh, "You are hereby invited to watch me face the firing squad." According to Lazar Fleishman, <mask> was aware that he was taking a huge risk. No Soviet author had attempted to deal with Western publishers since the 1920s, when such behavior led the Soviet State to declare war on <mask> and Evgeny Zamyatin. <mask>, however, believed that Feltrinelli's Communist affiliation would not only guarantee publication, but might even force the Soviet State to publish the novel in Russia. In a rare moment of agreement, both Olga Ivinskaya and Zinaida <mask> were horrified by the submission of Doctor Zhivago to a Western publishing house.<mask>, however, refused to change his mind and informed an emissary from Feltrinelli that he was prepared to undergo any sacrifice in order to see Doctor Zhivago published. In 1957, Feltrinelli announced that the novel would be published by his company. Despite repeated demands from visiting Soviet emissaries, Feltrinelli refused to cancel or delay publication. According to Ivinskaya, "He did not believe that we would ever publish the manuscript here and felt he had no right to withhold a masterpiece from the world – this would be an even greater crime." The Soviet government forced <mask> to cable the publisher to withdraw the manuscript, but he sent separate, secret letters advising Feltrinelli to ignore the telegrams. Helped considerably by the Soviet campaign against the novel (as well as by the U.S. Central Intelligence

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texts: Agency's secret purchase of hundreds of copies of the book as it came off the presses around the world – see "Nobel Prize" section below), Doctor Zhivago became an instant sensation throughout the non-Communist world upon its release in November 1957. In the State of Israel, however, <mask>'s novel was sharply criticized for its assimilationist views towards the Jewish people.When informed of this, <mask> responded, "No matter. I am above race..." According to Lazar Fleishman, <mask> had written the disputed passages prior to Israeli independence. At the time, <mask> had also been regularly attending Russian Orthodox Divine Liturgy. Therefore, he believed that Soviet Jews converting to Christianity was preferable to assimilating into atheism and Stalinism. The first English translation of Doctor Zhivago was hastily produced by Max Hayward and Manya Harari in order to coincide with overwhelming public demand. It was released in August 1958, and remained the only edition available for more than fifty years. Between 1958 and 1959, the English language edition spent 26 weeks at the top of The New York Times''' bestseller list.Ivinskaya's daughter Irina circulated typed copies of the novel in Samizdat. Although no Soviet critics had read the banned novel, Doctor Zhivago was pilloried in the State-owned press. Similar attacks led to a humorous Russian saying, "I haven't read <mask>, but I condemn him". During the aftermath of the Second World War, <mask> had composed a series of poems on Gospel themes. According to Ivinskaya, <mask> had regarded Stalin as a "giant of the pre-Christian era."


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 Therefore, <mask>'s decision to write Christian poetry was "a form of protest." On 9 September 1958, the Literary Gazette critic Viktor Pertsov retaliated by denouncing "the decadent religious poetry of Pasternak, which reeks of mothballs from the Symbolist suitcase of 1908–10 manufacture."Furthermore, the author received much hate mail from Communists both at home and abroad. According to Ivinskaya, <mask> continued to receive such letters for the remainder of his life. In a letter written to his sister Josephine, however, <mask> recalled the words of his friend Ekaterina Krashennikova upon reading Doctor Zhivago. She had said, "Don't forget yourself to the point of believing that it was you who wrote this work. It was the Russian people and their sufferings who created it. Thank God for having expressed it through your pen." Nobel Prize

According to Yevgeni <mask> <mask>, "Rumors that Pasternak was to receive the Nobel Prize started right after the end of World War II.According to the former Nobel Committee head Lars Gyllensten, his nomination was discussed every year from 1946 to 1950, then again in 1957 (it was finally awarded in 1958). <mask> guessed at this from the growing waves of criticism in USSR. Sometimes he had to justify his European fame: 'According to the Union of Soviet Writers, some literature circles of the West see unusual importance in my work, not matching its modesty and low productivity…'

Meanwhile, <mask> wrote to Renate Schweitzer and his sister, <mask> Slater. In both letters, the author expressed hope that he would be passed over by the Nobel Committee in favour

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 of Alberto Moravia. <mask> wrote that he was wracked with torments and anxieties at the thought of placing his loved ones in danger. On 23 October 1958, <mask> was announced as the winner of the Nobel Prize. The citation credited <mask>'s contribution to Russian lyric poetry and for his role in "continuing the great Russian epic tradition."On 25 October, <mask> sent a telegram to the Swedish Academy: "Infinitely grateful, touched, proud, surprised, overwhelmed." That same day, the Literary Institute in Moscow demanded that all its students sign a petition denouncing <mask> and his novel. They were further ordered to join a "spontaneous" demonstration demanding <mask>'s exile from the Soviet Union. Also on that day, the Literary Gazette published a letter which was sent to B<mask> in September 1956 by the editors of the Soviet literary journal Novy Mir to justify their rejection of Doctor Zhivago. In publishing this letter the Soviet authorities wished to justify the measures they had taken against the author and his work. On 26 October, the Literary Gazette ran an article by David Zaslavski entitled, Reactionary Propaganda Uproar over a Literary Weed. According to Solomon Volkov:

Furthermore, <mask> was informed that, if he traveled to Stockholm to collect his Nobel Medal, he would be refused re-entry to the Soviet Union.As a result, on 29 October <mask> sent a second telegram to the Nobel Committee: "In view of the meaning given the award by the society in which I live, I must renounce this undeserved distinction which has been conferred on me. Please do not take my voluntary renunciation

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 amiss." The Swedish Academy announced: "This refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award. There remains only for the Academy, however, to announce with regret that the presentation of the Prize cannot take place." According to Yevgenii <mask>, "I couldn't recognize my father when I saw him that evening. Pale, lifeless face, tired painful eyes, and only speaking about the same thing: 'Now it all doesn’t matter, I declined the Prize. Deportation plans
Despite his decision to decline the award, the Soviet Union of Writers continued to demonise Pasternak in the State-owned press.Furthermore, he was threatened at the very least with formal exile to the West. In response, <mask> wrote directly to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev,

In The Oak and the Calf, Alexander Solzhenitsyn sharply criticized Pasternak, both for declining the Nobel Prize and for sending such a letter to Khrushchev. In her own memoirs, Olga Ivinskaya blames herself for pressuring her lover into making both decisions. According to Yevgenii <mask>, "She accused herself bitterly for persuading Pasternak to decline the Prize. After all that had happened, open shadowing, friends turning away, Pasternak's suicidal condition at the time, one can... understand her: the memory of Stalin's camps was too fresh, [and] she tried to protect him." On 31 October 1958, the Union of Soviet Writers held a trial behind closed doors. According to the meeting minutes, <mask> was denounced as an internal emigré and a Fascist fifth columnist.Afterwards, the attendees announced that <mask> had been expelled from the Union. They further


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 signed a petition to the Politburo, demanding that <mask> be stripped of his Soviet citizenship and exiled to "his Capitalist paradise." According to Yevgenii <mask>, however, author Konstantin Paustovsky refused to attend the meeting. Yevgeny Yevtushenko did attend, but walked out in disgust. According to Yevgenii <mask>, his father would have been exiled had it not been for Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who telephoned Khrushchev and threatened to organize a Committee for Pasternak's protection. It is possible that the 1958 Nobel Prize prevented <mask>'s imprisonment due to the Soviet State's fear of international protests. Yevgenii <mask> believes, however, that the resulting persecution fatally weakened his father's health.Meanwhile, Bill Mauldin produced a cartoon about <mask> that won the 1959 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning. The cartoon depicts <mask> as a GULAG inmate splitting trees in the snow, saying to another inmate: "I won the Nobel Prize for Literature. What was your crime?" Last years

<mask>'s post-Zhivago poetry probes the universal questions of love, immortality, and reconciliation with God.Conference set on Doctor Zhivago writer (Stanford Report, 28 April 2004) <mask> wrote his last complete book, When the Weather Clears, in 1959. According to Ivinskaya, <mask> continued to stick to his daily writing schedule even during the controversy over Doctor Zhivago. He also continued translating the writings of Juliusz Słowacki and Pedro Calderón de la Barca. In his work on Calderon, <mask> received the discreet support of Nikolai Mikhailovich Liubimov, a senior

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 figure in the Party's literary apparatus.Ivinskaya describes Liubimov as, "a shrewd and enlightened person who understood very well that all the mudslinging and commotion over the novel would be forgotten, but that there would always be a Pasternak." In a letter to his sisters in Oxford, England, Pasternak claimed to have finished translating one of Calderon's plays in less than a week. During the summer of 1959, <mask> began writing The Blind Beauty, a trilogy of stage plays set before and after Alexander II's abolition of serfdom in Russia. In an interview with Olga Carlisle from The Paris Review, <mask> enthusiastically described the play's plot and characters. He informed Olga Carlisle that, at the end of The Blind Beauty, he wished to depict "the birth of an enlightened and affluent middle class, open to occidental influences, progressive, intelligent, artistic". However, <mask> fell ill with terminal lung cancer before he could complete the first play of the trilogy. "Unique Days"
"Unique Days" was the last poem <mask> wrote.Death

<mask> died of lung cancer in his dacha in Peredelkino on the evening of 30 May 1960. He first summoned his sons, and in their presence said, "Who will suffer most because of my death? Who will suffer most? Only Oliusha will, and I haven't had time to do anything for her. The worst thing is that she will suffer." <mask>'s last words were, "I can't hear very well. And there's a mist in front of my eyes.But it will go away, won't it? Don't forget to open the window tomorrow." Shortly before his death, a priest of the Russian Orthodox Church had given Pasternak

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 the last rites. Later, in the strictest secrecy, a Russian Orthodox funeral liturgy, or Panikhida, was offered in the family's dacha. Funeral demonstration
Despite only a small notice appearing in the Literary Gazette, handwritten notices carrying the date and time of the funeral were posted throughout the Moscow subway system. As a result, thousands of admirers braved Militia and KGB surveillance to attend <mask>'s funeral in Peredelkino. Before <mask>'s civil funeral, Ivinskaya had a conversation with Konstantin Paustovsky.According to her,

Then, in the presence of a large number of foreign journalists, the body of <mask> was removed to the cemetery. According to Ivinskaya,

To the horror of the assembled Party officials, however, someone with "a young and deeply anguished voice" began reciting <mask>'s banned poem Hamlet. According to Ivinskaya,

The final speaker at the graveside service said,

As the spectators cheered, the bells of Peredelkino's Church of the Transfiguration began to toll. Written prayers for the dead were then placed upon <mask>'s forehead and the coffin was closed and buried. <mask>'s gravesite would go on to become a major shrine for members of the Soviet dissident movement. Modern research about the CIA role in the 1958 Nobel Award

Writer and Radio Liberty journalist Ivan Tolstoy wrote the book The Laundered Novel: Doctor Zhivago between the KGB and the CIA, published in Russia in December 2008. Ivan Tolstoy said in his book the British MI6 and the American CIA allegedly lent a hand to ensure that Doctor Zhivago was submitted to the Nobel Committee in the original

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 Russian.According to Tolstoy, this was allegedly done so that <mask> could win the Nobel Prize and harm the international credibility of the Soviet Union. He repeats and elaborates upon Feltrinelli's claims that the CIA operatives had photographed a manuscript of the novel and secretly printed a small number of books in the Russian language. Ivan Tolstoy explained on a Russian radio program Echo of Moscow, aired on 7 December 2008, his research about whether the Central Intelligence Agency helped <mask> win the Nobel Prize. He said "...possibly, because of the publication of this CIA's Russian edition, <mask> received the Nobel Prize. I emphasize — it is possible! These documents do not exist. I suppose he got it, after all, because of the CIA edition.But I stipulate this very carefully." Anna Sergeyeva-Klyatis, a Russian philologist, published her research in 2012, where she suggested that the first Russian edition of Doctor Zhivago, which was a pirated version with numerous typographical errors and omissions, was actually initiated by the Central Association of Postwar Émigrés, in response to a growing demand among Russian émigrés. On 14 April 2014, The Central Intelligence Agency declassified more than 130 documents of files about 1,000 Russian copies published by the Mouton Publishers of the Hague early September 1958. In one of the files, dated 12 December 1957, the CIA agents recommend: "Dr. Zhivago should be published in a maximum number of foreign editions, for maximum free world discussion and acclaim and consideration for such honor as the Nobel prize". [sic]

In its announcement of

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 the declassification of the Zhivago documents the CIA states: "After working secretly to publish the Russian-language edition in the Netherlands, the CIA moved quickly to ensure that copies of Doctor Zhivago were available for distribution to Soviet visitors at the 1958 Brussels World’s Fair. By the end of the Fair, 355 copies of Doctor Zhivago had been surreptitiously handed out..."

The Washington Post's journalist Peter Finn and writer Petra Couvée, who collaborated on a book titled The Zhivago Affair, after studying the disclosed files, said: "While the CIA hoped <mask>'s novel would draw global attention, including from the Swedish Academy, there was no indication that the agency’s motive for printing a Russian-language edition was to help <mask> win the prize, something that has been a matter of speculation for some decades." Legacy

After <mask>'s death, Ivinskaya was arrested for the second time, with her daughter, Irina Emelyanova.Both were accused of being <mask>'s link with Western publishers and of dealing in hard currency for Doctor Zhivago. All of <mask>'s letters to Ivinskaya, as well as many other manuscripts and documents, were seized by the KGB. The KGB quietly released them, Irina after one year, in 1962, and Olga in 1964. By this time, Ivinskaya had served four years of an eight-year sentence, in retaliation for her role in Doctor Zhivago's publication. In 1978, her memoirs were smuggled abroad and published in Paris. An English translation by Max Hayward was published the same year under the title A Captive of Time: My Years with Pasternak. Ivinskaya was rehabilitated only


texts: in 1988.After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ivinskaya sued for the return of the letters and documents seized by the KGB in 1961. The Russian Supreme Court ultimately ruled against her, stating that "there was no proof of ownership" and that the "papers should remain in the state archive". Ivinskaya died of cancer on 8 September 1995. A reporter on NTV compared her role to that of other famous muses for Russian poets: "As Pushkin would not be complete without Anna Kern, and Yesenin would be nothing without Isadora, so Pasternak would not be Pasternak without Olga Ivinskaya, who was his inspiration for Doctor Zhivago.". Meanwhile, <mask> continued to be pilloried by the Soviet State until Mikhail Gorbachev proclaimed Perestroika during the 1980s. In 1980, an asteroid was named 3508 Pasternak after <mask>. In 1988, after decades of circulating in Samizdat, Doctor Zhivago was serialized in the literary journal Novy Mir.In December 1989, Yevgenii <mask> <mask> was permitted to travel to Stockholm in order to collect his father's Nobel Medal. At the ceremony, acclaimed cellist and Soviet dissident Mstislav Rostropovich performed a Bach serenade in honor of his deceased countryman. A 2009 book by Ivan Tolstoi reasserts claims that British and American intelligence officers were involved in ensuring <mask>'s Nobel victory; another Russian researcher, however, disagreed. When Yevgeny <mask> <mask> was questioned about this, he responded that his father was completely unaware of the actions of Western intelligence services. Yevgeny further declared that the Nobel Prize caused his father nothing

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 but severe grief and harassment at the hands of the Soviet State. The <mask> family papers are stored at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University. They contain correspondence, drafts of Doctor Zhivago and other writings, photographs, and other material, of <mask> and other family members.Since 2003, the novel Doctor Zhivago has entered the Russian school curriculum, where it is read in the 11th grade of secondary school. Commemoration

In October 1984 by decision of a court, <mask>’s dacha in Peredelkino was taken from the writer's relatives and transferred to state ownership. Two years later, in 1986, the House-Museum of <mask> was founded (the first house-museum in the USSR). In 1990, the year of the poet’s 100th anniversary, the Pasternak Museum opened its doors in Chistopol, in the house where the poet evacuated to during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1943), and in Peredelkino, where he lived for many years until his death. The head of the poet’s house-museum is <mask>, his daughter-in-law (widow of the youngest son Leonid). In 2008 a museum was opened in Vsevolodo-Vilva in the house where the budding poet lived from January to June 1916. In 2009 on the City Day in Perm the first Russian monument to <mask> was erected in the square near the Opera Theater (sculptor: Elena Munc).A memorial plaque was installed on the house where <mask> was born. In memory of the poet's three-time stay in Tula, on 27 May 2005 a marble memorial plaque to <mask> was installed on the Wörmann hotel's wall, as <mask> was a Nobel laureate and dedicated several of his works to Tula. On 20 February 2008,

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 in Kyiv, a memorial plaque was put up on the house №9 on Lipinsky Street, but seven years later it was stolen by vandals. In 2012 a monument to <mask> was erected in the district center of Muchkapsky by Z. Tsereteli. In 1990, as part of the series "Nobel Prize Winners", the USSR and Sweden ("Nobel Prize Winners – Literature") issued stamps depicting <mask>. In 2015, as part of the series "125th Annive. of the Birth of <mask>, 1890–1960", Mozambique issued a miniature sheet depicting <mask>.Although this issue was acknowledged by the postal administration of Mozambique, the issue was not placed on sale in Mozambique, and was only distributed to the new issue trade by Mozambique's philatelic agent. In 2015, as part of the series "125th Birth Anniversary of <mask>", Maldives issued a miniature sheet depicting <mask>. The issue was acknowledged by the Maldive postal authorities, but only distributed by the Maldive philatelic agent for collecting purposes. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of B<mask>'s Nobel Prize, the Principality of Monaco issued a postage stamp in his memory. On 27 January 2015, in honor of the poet’s 125th birthday, the Russian Post issued an envelope with the original stamp. On 1 October 2015, a monument to <mask> was erected in Chistopol. On 10 February 2021, Google celebrated his 131st birthday with a Google Doodle.The Doodle was displayed in Russia, Sweden, some Middle Eastern countries and some Mediterranean countries. Cultural influence

A minor planet (3508 Pasternak) discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina in 1980 is named after him.

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 Russian-American singer and songwriter Regina Spektor recites a verse from "Black Spring", a 1912 poem by Pasternak in her song "Apres Moi" from her album Begin to Hope. Russian-Dutch composer Fred Momotenko (Alfred Momotenko) wrote a companion composition to Sergej Rachmaninov's All-Night Vigil Op 37. based on the eponymous poem from the diptych Doktor Zhivago Na Strastnoy

Adaptations
The first screen adaptation of Doctor Zhivago, adapted by Robert Bolt and directed by David Lean, appeared in 1965. The film, which toured in the roadshow tradition, starred Omar Sharif, Geraldine Chaplin, and Julie Christie. Concentrating on the love triangle aspects of the novel, the film became a worldwide blockbuster, but was unavailable in Russia until perestroika. In 2002, the novel was adapted as a television miniseries.Directed by Giacomo Campiotti, the serial starred Hans Matheson, Alexandra Maria Lara, Keira Knightley, and Sam Neill. The Russian TV version of 2006, directed by Aleksandr Proshkin and starring Oleg Menshikov as Zhivago, is considered  more faithful to <mask>'s novel than David Lean's 1965 film. Work

Poetry

Thoughts on poetry
According to Olga Ivinskaya:

For this reason, <mask> regularly avoided literary cafes where young poets regularly invited them to read their verse. According to Ivinskaya, "It was this sort of thing that moved him to say: 'Who started the idea that I love poetry? I can't stand poetry.' "

Also according to Ivinskaya, " 'The way they could write!' he once exclaimed – by 'they' he meant the Russian classics.And immediately afterward, reading or, rather, glancing


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 through some verse in the Literary Gazette: 'Just look how tremendously well they've learned to rhyme! But there's actually nothing there – it would be better to say it in a news bulletin. What has poetry got to do with this?' By 'they' in this case, he meant the poets writing today." Translation
Reluctant to conform to socialist realism, <mask> turned to translation in order to provide for his family. He soon produced acclaimed translations of Sándor Petőfi, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Rainer Maria Rilke, Paul Verlaine, Taras Shevchenko, and Nikoloz Baratashvili. Osip Mandelstam, however, privately warned him, "Your collected works will consist of twelve volumes of translations, and only one of your own work."In a 1942 letter, <mask> declared, "I am completely opposed to contemporary ideas about translation. The work of Lozinski, Radlova, Marshak, and Chukovski is alien to me, and seems artificial, soulless, and lacking in depth. I share the nineteenth-century view of translation as a literary exercise demanding insight of a higher kind than that provided by a merely philological approach." According to Ivinskaya, <mask> believed in not being too literal in his translations, which he felt could confuse the meaning of the text. He instead advocated observing each poem from afar to plumb its true depths. <mask>'s translations of William Shakespeare (Romeo and Juliet, Antony and Cleopatra, Othello, King Henry IV (Part I) and (Part II), Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear) remain deeply popular with Russian audiences because of their colloquial, modernised dialogues. <mask>'s critics, however, accused him


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 of "pasternakizing" Shakespeare.In a 1956 essay, <mask> wrote: "Translating Shakespeare is a task which takes time and effort. Once it is undertaken, it is best to divide it into sections long enough for the work to not get stale and to complete one section each day. In thus daily progressing through the text, the translator finds himself reliving the circumstances of the author. Day by day, he reproduces his actions and he is drawn into some of his secrets, not in theory, but practically, by experience." According to Ivinskaya:

While they were both collaborating on translating Rabindranath Tagore from Bengali into Russian, <mask> advised Ivinskaya: "1) Bring out the theme of the poem, its subject matter, as clearly as possible; 2) tighten up the fluid, non-European form by rhyming internally, not at the end of the lines; 3) use loose, irregular meters, mostly ternary ones. You may allow yourself to use assonances." Later, while she was collaborating with him on a translation of Vítězslav Nezval, <mask> told Ivinskaya:

According to Ivinskaya, however, translation was not a genuine vocation for Pasternak.She later recalled:

Music
<mask> was also a composer, and had a promising musical career as a musician ahead of him, had he chosen to pursue it. He came from a musical family: his mother was a concert pianist and a student of Anton Rubinstein and Theodor Leschetizky, and <mask>'s early impressions were of hearing piano trios in the home. The family had a dacha (country house) close to one occupied by Alexander Scriabin. Sergei Rachmaninoff, Rainer Maria Rilke and Leo Tolstoy were all

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 visitors to the family home. His father Leonid was a painter who produced one of the most important portraits of Scriabin, and <mask> wrote many years later of witnessing with great excitement the creation of Scriabin's Symphony No. 3 (The Divine Poem), in 1903. <mask> began to compose at the age of 13.The high achievements of his mother discouraged him from becoming a pianist, but – inspired by Scriabin – he entered the Moscow Conservatory, but left abruptly in 1910 at the age of twenty, to study philosophy in Marburg University. Four years later he returned to Moscow, having finally decided on a career in literature, publishing his first book of poems, influenced by Aleksandr Blok and the Russian Futurists, the same year. <mask>'s early compositions show the clear influence of Scriabin. His single-movement Piano Sonata of 1909 shows a more mature and individual voice. Nominally in B minor, it moves freely from key to key with frequent changes of key-signature and a chromatic dissonant style that defies easy analysis. Although composed during his time at the Conservatory, the Sonata was composed at Rayki, some 40 km north-east of Moscow, where Leonid <mask> had his painting studio and taught his students. Selected books by Pasternak

Poetry collectionsTwin in the Clouds (1914)Over the Barriers (1916)Themes and Variations (1917)My Sister, Life (1922)On Early Trains (1944)Selected Poems (1946)Poems (1954)When the Weather Clears (1959)In The Interlude: Poems 1945–1960 (1962)

Books of proseSafe Conduct (1931)Second Birth (1932)The Last Summer (1934)Childhood (1941)Selected Writings


texts:
 (1949)Collected Works (1945)Goethe's Faust (1952)Essay in Autobiography (1956)Doctor Zhivago (1957)

See also
List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

Sources

 .Further reading
 Conquest, Robert. (1979). The Pasternak Affair: Courage of Genius :A Documentary Report. New York, NY: Octagon Books. Paolo Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Storm: The Editorial Adventures of Pasternak's Masterpiece, Milan: Feltrinelli, 2013

 Mossman, Elliott (ed.) (1982) The Correspondence of <mask> and Olga Freidenberg 1910 – 1954, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Peter Finn and Petra Couvee, The Zhivago Affair: The Kremlin, the CIA, and the Battle Over a Forbidden Book, New York: Pantheon Books, 2014
Paolo Mancosu, Zhivago's Secret Journey: From Typescript to Book, Stanford: Hoover Press, 2016
<mask>, Lara: The Untold Love Story and the Inspiration for Doctor Zhivago, Ecco, 2017; . Paolo Mancosu, Moscow has Ears Everywhere: New Investigations on <mask> and Ivinskaya,'' Stanford: Hoover Press, 2019

External links

 <mask>'s interview with The Paris Review Summer-Fall 1960 No.24

 Pasternak profile at Poets.org
 PBS biography of Pasternak
 Register of the Pasternak Family Papers at the Hoover Institution Archives
 profile and images at the Pasternak Trust
 pp. 36–39: Pasternak as a student at Marburg University, Germany
 <mask>ak poetry
 The Poems by <mask> (English)

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Anti–death penalty activists
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Converts to

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<mask> is an American acting teacher, celebrity acting coach, Broadway theater director, and author. He is the founder of the Howard Fine Acting Studio in Hollywood and in Melbourne, Australia. Early life
<mask> was born in Providence, Rhode Island, he is the youngest of five children. His parents, Max, an American GI, and Nelly, a Holocaust survivor, were married in Shanghai before returning to the U.S. Due to a fluke scheduling conflict between French and German classes, <mask> ended up taking his first theater class in high school. <mask>'s drama teacher spotted his directing talent and entrusted him with his first play to direct, Edward Albee's The Sandbox, at the age of 16. He was first introduced to the work of his mentor, Uta Hagen, while in high school. <mask>'s high school drama teacher taught from Hagen's first book, Respect for Acting, and would eventually take his class to New York City to watch classes at Hagen's studio.<mask> never studied with Uta as an actor, and by the time they met they were each established teachers in their field. Their mutual love of teaching led to a close friendship between them which lasted until Hagen's death in 2004. Career

Early career
<mask> completed his BA in Communication/Theater at Rhode Island College. After completing graduate school in Boston, <mask> moved to New York City, where he landed his first teaching job at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy. After one semester of teaching, he was promoted to head of the Acting Department at the age of 24, making him the youngest head in the studio's history. It was here that he developed a year-long training program known as "The Foundation", a version of which he still teaches at his studios in Los Angeles and Melbourne, Australia. Acting teacher
In 1985, <mask> moved to Los

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 Angeles with his best friend, Voice coach David Coury.<mask> began his career in Los Angeles by privately coaching students in his living room, but in 1988, he had to expand to accommodate his growing classes. His studio has relocated several times since this 1980's before occupying its present location, 1320 N Highland Ave, at Fountain. <mask> received national recognition for his teaching in 2006 when named "Best Acting Teacher in Los Angeles" in Back Stage West "Best of Los Angeles" issue. <mask> is still a full-time acting teacher and coach, and throughout the year he teaches his 9-week Foundation course, as well as several sections of ongoing scene study. His techniques are mostly derivative of Uta Hagen's teachings, and offer actors a practical approach of working in all media: whereas most acting schools focus on either imagination or hyper-realism, <mask> believes actors need both. The Howard Fine Acting Studio is home to a unique Speech & Singing for Actors program, various intensives for actors of all experience levels, and a monthly series of entertainment industry talks made available to the public. He also offers annual masterclasses in Sydney, Australia, and at his studio in Melbourne, Australia.<mask> is an adjunct faculty member for the University of Texas Austin's Theater & Dance Department, and teaches students visiting from various college/conservatory programs at his Los Angeles studio. <mask> has a list of students spanning decades which include working actors, celebrity singers, professional athletes, and artists who have gone on to win Tony, Emmy, and Academy Awards. Theater director
In addition to being an acting coach, <mask> is also an accomplished theater director. His sole Broadway credit is for directing Michael Chiklis when he replaced Rob Becker

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 in Defending the Caveman. The Internet Broadway Data Base and Playbill records of this production are incomplete. However, this credit has been verified by other sources including Backstage Magazine. Chiklis details the experience in the foreword of <mask>'s book, and physical copies of the original playbill credit <mask> as the director.Other credits include directing Elizabeth Berkley, Aasif Mandvi, Ally Sheedy, and Rachel Dratch in David Lindsay-Abaire's That Other Person as part of the best of the 24-hour plays on Broadway. <mask> is credited in the published version of the play. He won a Drama-logue award and received an Ovation Award nomination for his direction of Billy Campbell in Fortinbras. Author
<mask> is the author of <mask> on Acting: A Vision of the Craft, from Havenhurst Books. In his book, <mask> offers specifics on his technique as well as practical exercises designed to help actors in all levels of the industry. The book features a foreword by actor Michael Chiklis who writes, "His philosophy and approach to the craft of acting are the most helpful, encouraging and practically applicable I’ve ever encountered." <mask> also occasionally contributes to a blog containing teaching insights, expanded thoughts from topics covered in his book, and new thoughts for actors in the ever-changing landscape of show business.For years, <mask> has been asked by the Los Angeles Times to analyze the acting of the Oscar nominees. His Oscar commentary has been featured on Entertainment Tonight, Extra, Access Hollywood, E, Sky TV, BBC, and CNN. In addition to the Los Angeles Times, <mask> has been quoted in The Times, The Christian Science Monitor, and USA Today Weekend, and has spoken on numerous radio shows in both the US and overseas. <mask> has also contributed to the

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 Huffington Post with commentary on current events. Popular mentions
 <mask> appears in the forthcoming Disney+ show "Earth to Ned" as an acting coach for a fictional being from another world. In 2020, <mask> was featured in an episode NBC's 1st Look as the acting coach who helps Johnny "Bananas" develop his craft. In 2019, <mask> was a guest on The Drawing Room, with Patricia Karvelas, a production of ABC Radio National in Australia.<mask> was mentioned on CBS's 60 Minutes during an interview with FBI agent and author Tamer El-noury. In the interview, Elnoury credited <mask> with giving him acting training which saved his life while working undercover to disrupt a terror cell. <mask> and his training are credited in the New York Times bestseller "American Radical: Inside the World of an Undercover Muslim FBI Agent, with helping the author foil a major terror plot. A film adaptation of this story is set to star Rami Malek. <mask> is thanked in the credits of the 2017 Sundance Audience Award-winning film "Crown Heights" and has coached both the film's producer Nnamdi Asomugha , and Nnamdi's spouse: noted actress Kerry Washington. In an "In Conversation" series produced by his Los Angeles studio, <mask> was thanked and publicly credited by numerous industry colleagues including notable casting directors, managers, agents, and celebrities such as Austin Butler, Elizabeth Berkeley, and Jim Belushi. <mask> is a longtime coach and friend of actress Elizabeth Berkeley, who has mentioned <mask> in numerous interviews and social media posts.In the 1990s, "Uta Hagen's Acting Class" was filmed primarily at <mask>'s studio in Los Angeles. In this widely viewed video special featuring Uta Hagen, <mask> can be seen in the audience along with many students at the time including Academy Award

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 winner Jared Leto. <mask>'s Broadway directorial debut was made in 1995 with Rob Becker's "Defending the Caveman", starring longtime student Michael Chiklis. The show would go on to become the longest running one-man show on Broadway, with subsequent productions in Las Vegas. <mask>'s studio was mentioned by the character of "Johnny Drama" in the "I Love You Too" episode of HBO's popular comedy series "Entourage" (season 2, episode 9), a nod to <mask>'s long and notable career coaching many celebrities, including many of the top-billed cast on the show itself. Carla Gugino has spoken publicly on her training with <mask>, and Backstage published an interview in 2010 detailing their history of working together. <mask> has appeared as himself in numerous reality shows, including Dance Moms, Confessions of a Teen Idol, Next Action Star, The Anna Nicole Show, MTV's The Big Picture, It Girls, Twenty Four-Seven, and on many E!True Hollywood Story and Biography episodes. He also appeared as himself in the film Spiritual Warriors. Charitable works
<mask>'s favorite charity is Project Angel Food. He directed 10 consecutive years of the critically acclaimed benefit Divas Simply Singing, which featured such artists as Roberta Flack, Tina Arena, Melissa Manchester, The Pussycat Dolls, Whoopi Goldberg and Sharon Stone. He, along with Producer Paul Papile, created In Concert, which benefits Project Angel Food and has featured such artists as Deborah Gibson, Michael Chiklis, James Belushi, Sam Harris, and Tisha Campbell-Martin. Each year as part of their holiday celebration, <mask>'s Los Angeles studio holds a toy drive benefiting the Toys for Tots organization, and gives back to those in need. References

External links

1958 births
Living people
American theatre directors
Drama

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<mask> (born November 12, 1931) is an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, <mask> most recently served in President George W. Bush's Cabinet as the United States Secretary of Transportation, the only Democratic Cabinet Secretary in the Bush administration. On June 23, 2006, <mask> announced his resignation after more than five years as Secretary of Transportation, effective July 7, 2006, making him the longest-serving Transportation Secretary in the Department's history. He previously served as President Bill Clinton's Secretary of Commerce for the last six months of his term. On July 10, 2006, Hill & Knowlton, a public relations firm, announced that <mask> would join it as a partner. On August 10, 2010, it was announced that <mask> would join L&L Energy, Inc as Vice Chairman. Early life and education
<mask> was born in San Jose, California, to Japanese immigrant parents, <mask> and Kane Watanabe, who were not allowed to become U.S. citizens at that time due to the Asian Exclusion Act.During World War II, the <mask> family was interned for several years at "Area 24, 7th Barrack, Unit B" in the Heart Mountain internment camp near Cody, Wyoming, along with thousands of other Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans. Upon arrival to the camp, <mask>, a baseball fan, had his baseball bat confiscated by authorities because it could be used as a weapon. Many years later, after <mask> was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, a Los Angeles man sent Mineta a $1,500 bat that was once owned by Hank Aaron, which Mineta was forced to send back as it violated the House ban on accepting gifts valued over $250. <mask> was quoted as saying, "The damn government's taken my bat again." (However, the man sent the bat to Mineta again after his retirement from the House.) While detained in the camp, <mask>, a Boy

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 Scout, met fellow Scout Alan K. Simpson, future U.S. Senator from Wyoming, who often visited the Scouts in the internment camp with his troop.The two became, and have remained, close friends and political allies. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley's School of Business Administration (since named in honor of Walter A. Haas, Sr.) in 1953 with a degree in business administration. Upon graduation, Mineta joined the U.S. Army and served as an intelligence officer in Japan and Korea. He then joined his father in the Mineta Insurance Agency. Personal life
Mineta's first marriage was to May Hinoki, which lasted from 1961 to 1986. In 1991, Mineta married United Airlines flight attendant Danealia "Deni" Brantner. Mineta has two children from his first marriage and two stepchildren from his second marriage.He also has eleven grandchildren. Career

Councilman and Mayor of San Jose
His political career began in 1967 when he was appointed to a vacant San Jose City Council seat by Mayor Ron James. In 1969, he was elected to office for the first time, after completing the city council term he had been appointed to. He was elected vice mayor by fellow councilors during that term. In 1971, <mask> ran against 14 other candidates to replace outgoing mayor Ron James. Mineta won every precinct in the election with over 60% of the total vote and became the 59th Mayor of San Jose, the first Japanese-American mayor of a major U.S. city. As mayor, Mineta ended the city's 20-year-old policy of rapid growth by annexation, creating development-free areas in East and South San Jose.His vice mayor, Janet Gray Hayes, succeeded him as mayor in 1975. United States Congress
In 1974, <mask> ran for the United States House of Representatives in what was then . The district had previously been the 10th District, represented by retiring

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 11-term Republican Charles Gubser. He won the Democratic nomination, and defeated State Assemblyman George W. Milias with 52 percent of the vote. He would be reelected 10 more times from this Silicon Valley-based district, which was renumbered as the 15th District in 1993, never dropping below 57 percent of the vote. <mask> co-founded the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus and served as its first chair. <mask> served as chairman of the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure between 1992 and 1994.He chaired the committee's aviation subcommittee between 1981 and 1988, and chaired its Surface Transportation Subcommittee from 1989 to 1991. During his career in Congress he was a key author of the landmark Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. He pressed for more funding for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). <mask> and others in the House, including Bob Matsui and Barney Frank, were the driving force behind passage of H.R. 442 while Senator Spark Matsunaga who got 71 co-sponsors for the Senate bill was instrumental in the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which officially apologized for and redressed the injustices endured by Japanese Americans during World War II. In 1995, George Washington University awarded the Martin Luther King, Jr. Commemorative Medal to Mineta for his contributions to the field of civil rights. Private sector
<mask> resigned his seat mid-term to accept a position with Lockheed Martin in 1995.The Democrats subsequently lost this district when Republican Tom Campbell defeated Democratic candidate Jerry Estruth in the special election held to fill the vacated seat, though Mineta protégé Mike Honda would win the seat back for the Democrats five years later when Campbell gave it up to run for the U.S. Senate. <mask> chaired the National Civil Aviation Review

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 Commission, which in 1997 issued recommendations on reducing traffic congestion and reducing the aviation accident rate. Many of the commission's recommendations were adopted by the Clinton administration, including reform of the Federal Aviation Administration to enable it to perform more like a business. <mask> was appointed to board of Directors of Horizon Lines effective January 1, 2007. Mineta formerly served on the board of AECOM Technology Corporation and is presently on the board of SJW Corp.

Secretary of Commerce
After serving as vice president of Lockheed Martin Corporation, he was appointed in 2000 by President Clinton as the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, making him the first Asian American to hold a presidential cabinet post. Secretary of Transportation
He was appointed United States Secretary of Transportation by President George W. Bush in 2001, a post he was originally offered eight years previously by Bill Clinton. He was the only Democrat to have served in Bush's cabinet and the first Secretary of Transportation to have previously served in a cabinet position.He became the first Asian American to hold the position, and only the fourth person to be a member of Cabinet under two Presidents from different political parties (after Edwin M. Stanton, Henry L. Stimson, and James R. Schlesinger). Secretary of Defense Robert Gates would go on to be the fifth serving in that capacity under both George W. Bush and Barack Obama. In 2004 <mask> received the Tony Jannus Award for his distinguished contributions to commercial air transportation. Following Bush's re-election, <mask> was invited to continue in the position, and he did so until resigning in June 2006. When he stepped down on July 7, 2006, he was the longest serving Secretary of Transportation since the position's inception in 1967. September 11 attacks
During

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 the September 11 attacks, <mask>'s subordinate Ben Sliney issued an order to ground all civilian aircraft traffic for the first time in U.S. history. <mask>'s testimony to the 9/11 Commission about his experience in the Presidential Emergency Operations Center with Vice President Cheney as American Airlines flight 77 approached the Pentagon was not included in the 9/11 Commission Report.In one colloquy testified by <mask>, the vice president refers to orders concerning the plane approaching the Pentagon:

Commissioner Lee Hamilton queried if the order was to shoot down the plane, to which <mask> replied that he did not know that specifically. <mask>'s testimony to the Commission on Flight 77 differs rather significantly from the account provided in the January 22, 2002 edition of The Washington Post, as reported by Bob Woodward and Dan Balz in their series "10 Days in September." This same article reports that the conversation between Cheney and the aide occurred at 9:55 am, about 30 minutes later than the time <mask> cited (9:26 am) during his testimony to the 9/11 Commission. After hearing of <mask>'s orders, Canadian Transport Minister David Collenette issued orders to ground all civilian aircraft traffic across Canada, resulting in Operation Yellow Ribbon. On September 21, 2001, <mask> sent a letter to all U.S. airlines forbidding them from practicing racial profiling; or subjecting Middle Eastern or Muslim passengers to a heightened degree of pre-flight scrutiny. He stated that it was illegal for the airlines to discriminate against passengers based on their race, color, national or ethnic origin or religion. Subsequently, administrative enforcement actions were brought against three different airlines based on alleged contraventions of these rules, resulting in multimillion-dollar settlements.He showed his intention

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 "absolutely not" to implement racial screenings in reply to the question from Steve Kroft on 60 Minutes right after 9-11. He later recalled his decision "was the right thing (and) constitutional", based on his own experience as one of Japanese-Americans, those who had "lost the most basic human rights" by being discriminated against and interned during the Pacific War. The <mask> Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport in San Jose was named after him in November 2001 when <mask> was serving as Secretary of Transportation. The Mineta Transportation Institute, located at San Jose State University, and portions of California State Highway 85 are named after him. White House Press Secretary Tony Snow announced on June 23, 2006, that <mask> would resign effective July 7, 2006, because "he wanted to," with a spokesman for <mask> saying he was "moving on to pursue other challenges". He left office as the longest-serving Secretary of Transportation in history. After leaving the Bush administration

Hill & Knowlton announced on July 10, 2006, that <mask> would join the firm as vice chairman, effective July 24, 2006.In 2007, the Japanese government conferred him the Grand Cordon, Order of the Rising Sun. In December 2006, <mask> was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. On February 4, 2008, the day before the closely contested California Democratic Primary, <mask> endorsed Barack Obama. Beginning in summer 2008, <mask> began service as Chairman of a Panel of the National Academy of Public Administration overseeing a study of modernization efforts at the United States Coast Guard. Other notable members of the Panel include former Office of Personnel Management Director Janice Lachance and former NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe. He served as the keynote speaker at the University of California, Berkeley's December Graduates

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 Convocation on December 13, 2009. On August 10, 2010, he was named as Vice Chairman of L&L Energy (LLEN), which is headquartered in Seattle and operates coal mines and other facilities related to coal production in China.On April 30, 2011, <mask> served as the commencement speaker at Grand Valley State University's afternoon ceremony. In June 2010 <mask> was named Co-chair of the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative. In May 2014, Secretary <mask> was a guest speaker at a conference called "The Color of Citizenship." The conference consisted of discussions revolving around the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II and a comparison with the New York City Police Department's Stop and Frisk Policy following the 2001 terrorist attacks in America (specifically how the policy targeted the Sikh community). <mask> spoke at the Roosevelt House at Hunter College in New York regarding these issues. Awards
 L. Welch Pogue Award for Lifetime Achievement in Aviation, 1999. Tony Jannus Award, 2004
  Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member and co-founder of Google, Larry Page, 2005
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.)degree from Whittier College (2002)
Chubb Fellowship at Yale University, 2015–2016. See also

 9/11 Commission Report
 List of U.S. political appointments that crossed party lines
 List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress
 <mask>ta International Airport in San Jose, named after him

References

External links

 The Mineta Legacy Project

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1931 births
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American mayors of Japanese descent
American military personnel of Japanese descent
American politicians of Japanese descent
Berkeley Student Cooperative alumni
California

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 Democrats
California politicians of Japanese descent
Clinton administration cabinet members
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
George W. Bush administration cabinet members
Haas School of Business alumni
Japanese-American internees
Japanese-American members of the Cabinet of the United States
Living people
Mayors of San Jose, California
Members of the United States Congress of Japanese descent
Asian-American members of the United States House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from California
Military personnel from California
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
San Jose City Council members
United States Army officers
United States Secretaries of Commerce
United States Secretaries of Transportation
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from


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<mask> (March 11, 1923 – February 3, 2005) was an American landscape architect, psychologist, educator, and community activist, best known for inspiring and guiding the creation of "neighborhood commons" on vacant lots in East Coast inner cities during the 1960s through 1980s. Employing a strategy he called "urban barnraising," he engaged neighborhood residents, volunteer professionals, students, youth teams, social activists, and community gardeners in envisioning, designing, and constructing instant, temporary, and permanent gathering spaces in neighborhoods, on college campuses, and at sites of major conferences and events. "Linn is considered 'Father of American Participatory Architecture' by many academic colleagues and architectural and environmental experts of the National Endowment for the Arts." In the 1990s his focus shifted to creating commons in community gardens. Many of his pilot projects, designed to cultivate community and peace among people, are documented in his book Building Commons and Community (New Village Press, 2007). Youth

Early life in rural Germany

<mask> grew up on a fruit tree farm in Dessow, a small village  northwest of Berlin. His mother, Henriette (Henny) Rosenthal, had purchased the parcel of 20 morgen (over 12 acres) in 1913 from Eigene Scholle (literally: own soil), a company who, inspired by the land reform movement and the writings of Franz Oppenheimer, had bought and parceled the manor estate of Dessow.Henny designed and supervised the building of a house, planted orchards, and named the property the Immenhof (literally: "bee colony farm"). The bees in the 36 hives she kept were good pollinators. Her cherries, apples, pears, plums, and berries were eagerly awaited in Berlin marketplaces. The farm was also an accredited training center for gardeners and one of the first sites to practice horticultural therapy. The impact of living on a farm and seeing his mother and other women tilling the land stayed with <mask> throughout his life. In 1921 Henny married Josef Lin, a widower with three children, whom she adopted. Josef was Chief Librarian of the Jewish Community Center in Berlin.He

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 had edited Hakeshet (The Rainbow), the first magazine of modern Hebrew writers and poets, published from 1903 to 1906, and wrote a seminal reference book on the evolution of the Hebrew press, first published in 1928 and still used today. The only Jews in their village, the Lins became a target for Nazi persecution. Josef was forced to flee to Palestine in 1933. Henny, <mask>, and his older sister, Bella, followed in 1934 after selling the Immenhof at about an eighth of its value. Youth in Palestine

The Lin family started a small farm near Haifa, and at age 14 <mask> left school to farm and support his parents, who had become too sick to work. He returned to school later when his parents moved inland to be close to <mask>'s older sister, Bella, and her family. <mask> graduated from the Kadoorie Agricultural High School, with specialization in landscape gardening.He put his skills to use as he joined 35 youth from the coeducational scout movement to found Kibbutz Maagan Michael. Although inspired by the vision of creating a new homeland, <mask> was sometimes puzzled and uneasy about how fellow Jews treated their Arab neighbors. At age 20, when a back injury limited his capacity to contribute physically to the work of the kibbutz, he moved to Tel Aviv to be closer to his brother Theo, who was guiding his intellectual development. There <mask> directed an elementary school gardening program that engaged students in growing food for their own lunches. Career

 Becoming a psychologist

Influenced by the writings of A. S. Neill and Wilhelm Reich, <mask> entered psychoanalysis to heal his personal wounds and become a more effective human being. He was driven by a desire to understand the roots of the prejudice, brutality, and fanaticism he had observed and experienced. At age 23, he moved to Switzerland and was trained as a psychoanalyst at the Institute for Applied Psychology in Zurich.He immigrated to New York in 1948, with the goal of engaging in the new body-oriented therapy developed by Wilhelm Reich. To further his education <mask> attended night classes at the New School for Social Research, studying with prominent

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 gestalt psychologists. Through one of his Swiss professors <mask> was introduced to social psychologist Lawrence K. Frank, who became an important mentor. Ellen Reece, a friend of Frank, hired <mask> as the founding director of the Reece School for emotionally disturbed children. <mask> also conducted a private practice as a child psychoanalyst. After 2 ½ years of Reichian therapy he decided to give up his work as a teacher and therapist so he could focus on his own therapeutic process. Eager to exercise his creativity he decided to re-enter landscape architecture, which he felt had potential as a healing profession.Private practice in landscape architecture

Starting as a laborer, <mask> gradually developed a landscape contracting business and later a highly respected private practice in landscape architecture. His most complex and prestigious project was designing an interior landscape for The Four Seasons Restaurant in the newly constructed Seagram Building. His ground-breaking work helped pave the way for the emerging field of large-scale interior landscape architecture. He designed landscapes for affluent owners of residential and corporate properties in and around Manhattan and along the Eastern seaboard. Despite critical acclaim, access to the highest quality materials, and the satisfaction of designing beautiful spaces, he was increasingly disturbed by the isolation of nuclear families that his designs reinforced and disheartened by the declining social relevance of his work. Professor of environmental design

In 1959 he decided to accept the invitation of Ian McHarg to join the Landscape Architecture department at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, as the second full-time faculty member. While McHarg was expanding landscape architecture by developing the science of physical ecology and applying it to regional planning, <mask> focused on the small-scale neighborhood environment, probing the intimate and qualitative relationships between people of all ages and their physical surroundings.<mask>'s innovative curriculum for the first-year graduate students engaged them as artists and philosophers, as

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texts: craftspersons, and as social activists. Wishing to nurture the development of livable neighborhood communities <mask> took his students into inner city neighborhoods where they provided community design-and-build service to the economically disenfranchised residents. Using a participatory process they engaged residents with volunteer professionals and work teams in envisioning, designing, and constructing "neighborhood commons"—combination park / playground / community gathering places – on derelict vacant lots. <mask> likened this "urban barnraising" to his experience as a young man in Palestine collaboratively building a kibbutz. While at Penn, <mask> developed a strong friendship with architect Louis Kahn, a fellow professor, who became another important mentor and supporter. When the dean argued that <mask> was confusing landscape architecture with social service, Kahn wrote him a letter explaining the value of <mask>'s approach to the students' development. Social philosopher Lewis Mumford was another Penn professor who encouraged <mask> in his work.The success of community-design-service education led <mask> to found and direct pioneering community design-and-build centers, which became models for the Domestic Peace Corps—the Neighborhood Renewal Corps Nonprofit Corporation of Philadelphia in 1961 and the Neighborhood Commons Nonprofit Corporation of Washington, D.C. in 1962. That same year he also developed the first landscape technicians training program for high school dropouts in Washington, D.C. Thereafter he inspired into being community design-and-build centers in eight other cities, and conducted community-design-service-education programs at various universities in the United States and abroad. For the next twenty-five years <mask> served on the faculties of prominent universities, such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology and New Jersey Institute of Technology, promoting community landscape design and resource development in the service of social justice and peace. He was active in the American Society of Landscape Architects and gave lectures and workshops at conferences and universities throughout the


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 world. Mentors reflecting on <mask>'s work

"He [<mask>] is not merely a theorist, but a maker bent on expressing environmental validity through his natural adjustability and resourcefulness. His design tendencies are noble.He is often forced to use frugal means, but always rejects what is done through design only for design's sake." --Louis I. Kahn, architect, 1967

"If <mask>n can get his ideas recognized and applied, I believe we can have a profound improvement in city living and a reduction in the present untoward consequences of urban development which so completely overlooks children and youth and forgets about providing for people to live and enjoy living. "—Lawrence K. Frank, social psychologist, Belmont, Massachusetts, 1962 (Letter to Editor, published in Landscape Architecture.) "I am delighted with the vigorous ways you are challenging current clichés, not only in theory but in practice. I can plainly see, in the work you are doing, the fresh shoots that will flower in a new age." --Lewis Mumford, social philosopher and urban planner, 1961

 Working for peace

During his sabbatical in 1984, <mask> worked full-time for nuclear disarmament. In Chicago, he collaborated with colleagues from a number of different cities to found the national organization Architects/Designers/Planners for Social Responsibility (ADPSR)  and served as chair of its Committee on Education.In 1986 the urgency of that work convinced him to take an early retirement from his tenured position at the New Jersey Institute of Technology. Drawing upon the "Despair and Empowerment" process developed by Buddhist scholar Joanna Macy and her colleagues, <mask> worked with groups of students and colleagues to stage conferences and other events to help members come to grips emotionally with the threat of nuclear war. They designed and constructed temporary indoor commons to humanize large institutional spaces and provide a welcoming space for participants could gather to share thoughts, feelings, and stories and give one another support. <mask> organized many charettes for the design of peace centers, gardens, and monuments and staged ceremonial peace

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