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 Temasek Holdings.The Shinawatra and Damapong families netted about 73 billion baht (about US$1.88 billion) tax-free from the sale, using a regulation that made individuals who sell shares on the stock exchange exempt from capital gains tax. Thaksin was the target of accusations of corruption for selling forbidden national assets such as national utility company to a foreign entity in exchange for personal profits and kickbacks. Thai laws at the time disallowed the sale of integral assets of national importance to the public or to any foreign entity, but Thaksin amended the laws to allow such sale. Protests followed the Shin Corporation sale, led by the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD), whose leaders included Chamlong and Sondhi. Numbers soon swelled to tens of thousands occupying the area around Government House in Bangkok. House dissolution and election

Thaksin announced the dissolution of parliament on 24 February 2006. General elections were scheduled for 2 April.Thaksin was attacked for calling for snap elections, which in effect prevented any member of parliament from changing parties. In an editorial, The Nation noted it that, "It fails to take into consideration a major fallacy of the concept [of democracy], particularly in a less-developed democracy like ours, in which the impoverished, poorly informed masses are easily manipulated by people of his ilk. And <mask>'s manipulation has been well documented." <mask>'s TRT Party won the widely boycotted elections, gaining 462 seats in parliament, with a ratio of yes-voters to no-voters of 16:10, not counting non-voters. However, by-elections were needed for 40 TRT candidates who failed to win the minimum 20 percent required by the 1997 Constitution in uncontested races. The


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 Democrat Party refused to contest them and, along with the PAD, petitioned the Central Administrative Court to cancel them. Chamlong Srimuang declared that the PAD would ignore the elections and "go on rallying until <mask> resigns and Thailand gets a royally appointed prime minister".<mask> had announced on 4 April 2006 that he would not accept the post of prime minister after parliament reconvened, but would continue as caretaker prime minister until then. He then delegated his functions to caretaker Deputy Prime Minister Chidchai Wannasathit, moved out of Government House, and went on vacation. Elections were held on 25 April and resulted in the TRT winning 25 of the constituencies and losing two. Yet another round of by-elections on 29 April was scheduled for 13 constituencies. The Thai Rak Thai Party was later accused and found guilty of paying smaller parties to contest the election to fulfill the 20 percent rule, while the Democrat Party was accused of paying smaller parties not to. The by-elections were suspended by the Constitutional Court while it deliberated whether or not to annul the main elections. In press interviews in exile, Thaksin was to insist on his technical majority.Invalidation of the elections
On 8 May 2006, the Constitutional Court ruled 8–6 to invalidate the April elections based on the awkward positioning of voting booths. The ruling was called a landmark case in "judicial activism". The Democrat Party, which had boycotted the April elections, said they were now ready to contest an October election. A new election was ordered and later set for 15 October 2006. The court found the Election Commissioners guilty of malfeasance and jailed them. But the election was cancelled when the military seized power on 19

masks: Thaksin Thaksin


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 September. The ouster
The Thaksin government faced allegations of corruption, authoritarianism, treason, conflicts of interest, acting non-diplomatically, and muzzling of the press.<mask> was accused of tax evasion, lèse majesté (insulting King Bhumibol), and selling assets of Thai companies to international investors. Independent bodies, including Amnesty International, criticised <mask>'s human rights record. <mask> was also charged for concealing his wealth during his premiership. Protests by the People's Alliance for Democracy massed in 2006, and on 19 September 2006 a military junta which later called itself the Council for National Security (CNS) replaced <mask>'s caretaker government in a coup while he was abroad. The Constitutional Tribunal dissolved the Thai Rak Thai party for electoral fraud ex post facto, banning him and TRT executives from politics for five years. The CNS-appointed Assets Examination Committee froze <mask> and his family's assets in Thailand, totalling 76 billion baht (US$2.2 billion), claiming he had become unusually wealthy while in office. <mask> and his wife had declared assets totalling 15.1 billion baht when he took office in 2001, although he had transferred many of his assets to his children and associates before taking office.<mask> returned to Thailand on 28 February 2008, after the People's Power Party, which he supported, won the post-coup elections. But after visiting Beijing for the 2008 Summer Olympics, he did not return to hear the final supreme court sentence and applied for asylum in the United Kingdom. This was refused, after which he had to move about from one country to another. In October 2008, the Thai Supreme Court found him guilty of a conflict of interest and sentenced him in absentia

masks: Thaksin Thaksin Thaksin Thaksin Thaksin Thaksin Thaksin


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 to two years imprisonment. The People's Power Party was later dissolved by the Supreme Court, but party members regrouped to form the Pheu Thai Party, which <mask> also supported. <mask> is a supporter, and alleged bankroller, of the United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship (aka "Red Shirts"). The government revoked <mask>'s passport for his role in the UDD's protests during Songkran 2009.On 26 February 2010, the Supreme Court seized 46 billion baht of his frozen assets, after finding him guilty of abnormal wealth. In 2009 it was announced that Thaksin had obtained Montenegrin citizenship through that country's economic citizenship program. September 2006 coup

On the evening of 19 September 2006, while Thaksin was visiting New York City to attend a UN summit and speak at the Council on Foreign Relations, the army took control of Bangkok. At Government House, some 50 soldiers ordered approximately 220 policemen in the complex to lay down their weapons. Troops also surrounded the Thaicom satellite receiving station and state-run television station Channel 11. By the morning of 20 September, tanks and military vehicles armed with machine guns were stationed at Government House, the Royal Plaza, and Ratchadamnoen Avenue. Troops participating in the coup were from the 1st and 3rd Army Regions, the Internal Security Operations Command, the Special Warfare Centre, army units from Nakhon Ratchasima and Prachinburi, and navy sailors.According to coup leader Army General Sonthi Boonyaratglin, coup leaders had arrested Deputy Prime Minister Chitchai Wannasathit and Defense Minister Thammarak Isaragura na Ayuthaya. The military, originally calling itself the Council for Democratic Reform under the Constitutional Monarch (CDRM), issued a

masks: Thaksin Thaksin Thaksin


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 statement citing the government's alleged lèse majesté, corruption, interference with state agencies, and creation of social divisions as reasons for the coup. It declared the King of Thailand the head of state, and said elections would be held soon to return democracy to the country. <mask> departed New York for Great Britain, where he had family. Thai Rak Thai Party
Many Thai Rak Thai party members were reported to have resigned from the party in the aftermath of the coup for fear that the party would be dissolved by the junta and its members banned from politics. These included Somsak Thepsuthin and 100 members of the Wang Nam Yen faction. It was not clear whether Suriya Jungrungreangkit, another influential member of the faction, would also resign.Sontaya Kunplome was reported to have led 20 members of the Chonburi faction in resigning from the party. On 2 October 2006 <mask> and his former deputy Somkid Jatusipitak resigned from the TRT. Chaturon Chaisang took over as party head. The TRT was dissolved on 30 May 2007 by the Constitutional Tribunal, which banned over 100 of its executives, including <mask>, from politics for five years, based on charges that two party executives (Defense Minister Thammarak and Pongsak Raktapongpaisarn) bribed a smaller party to stand in the April 2006 election. The Democrat party was cleared on a similar charge. 2006 Bangkok New Year's Eve bombings

On 31 December 2006 and 1 January 2007, several bombs exploded in Bangkok, killing three and wounding a number of bystanders. Prime Minister General Surayud Chulanont accused "those who lost power as a result of the military takeover" of masterminding the bombings, but did not directly identify Thaksin.<mask> went on CNN to publicly deny any involvement in

masks: Thaksin Thaksin Thaksin Thaksin


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 the bombings. The government did not make any arrests in the case. Legal charges
Thaksin's diplomatic passport was revoked on 31 December 2006 after the junta accused him of engaging in political activities while in exile. Thai embassies were ordered not to aid him in his travels. A junta-appointed Assets Examination Committee (AEC) froze Thaksin's assets and attempted to bring charges against him. The AEC was criticised for being stacked with anti-Thaksin appointees. At one point, AEC Secretary Kaewsan Atibodhi claimed that "evidence and witnesses are useless", when an AEC panel recommended legal action without hearing 300 witnesses or considering 100 additional pieces of evidence.The AEC froze Thaksin's assets. In January 2007, the Financial Institutions Development Fund (FIDF) complied with an AEC request to file a charge against <mask> and his wife for their purchase of four 772 million baht plots of land from the FIDF in 2003. The charge was based on an alleged violation of Article 100 of the National Counter Corruption Act, which prohibits government officials and their spouses from entering into or having interests in contracts made with state agencies under their authority. The AEC also accused Thaksin of issuing an unlawful cabinet resolution approving the spending of state funds to buy rubber saplings. In March 2007, the Office of the Attorney-General charged Thaksin's wife and brother-in-law with conspiring to evade taxes of 546 million baht (US$15.6 million) in a 1997 transfer of Shin Corporation shares. The AEC found Thaksin guilty of malfeasance for obstructing competition by imposing an excise tax on telecom operators. Thaksin's Cabinet had approved the relevant executive decree in 2003.Purchase of Manchester City Football


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 Club
As prime minister, <mask> had unsuccessfully sought to buy the English Premier League football clubs Fulham and later Liverpool, in what critics claimed was a publicity stunt in response to his political problems. On 21 June 2007, now out of office, <mask> bought Premier League club Manchester City for £81.6 million. He became briefly popular with fans (who nicknamed him "Frank",) especially after appointing Sven-Göran Eriksson manager of the club and bringing in prominent players. Eriksson was later critical of Thaksin's running of the club, saying "he [Thaksin] didn't understand football – he hadn't a clue." He sold the club to investors from Abu Dhabi United Group in September 2008 for a reported £200 million. After selling Manchester City, <mask> was nominated as "honorary president" but did not have any administrative responsibilities. However, he was later dismissed as honorary club president after the club took a position against him following his conviction and was "on the run" from Thai authorities.Convictions and exile
In May 2007, Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont said Thaksin was free to return to Thailand, and he would personally guarantee <mask>'s safety. In January 2008 Thaksin's wife Potjaman was arrested on arrival in Bangkok but released on bail after appearing at the Supreme Court, with orders not to leave the country. She was set to be tried for alleged violation of stock-trading and land sale laws. On 28 February 2008, <mask> arrived in Bangkok after 17 months in exile. Thaksin stated that he would not re-enter politics and wished to focus on his football interests. In March Thaksin pleaded not guilty before the Supreme Court in one of his two criminal corruption cases. He was ordered to report back on 11 April

masks: Thaksin Thaksin Thaksin Thaksin Thaksin


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 after the court granted a month-long trip to England.In June the Supreme Court denied <mask>'s request to travel to China and Britain, since his corruption case was set for trial and was ordered to surrender his passport after arraignment. In July the court assumed jurisdiction over the fourth corruption charge against Thaksin concerning soft loans to Burma. The court also agreed to hear allegations that <mask>, his former cabinet, and three members of the current government broke anti-gambling laws by setting up the new state lottery in 2003. Potjaman was found guilty on 31 July and sentenced to three years imprisonment, then released on bail. The Bangkok Criminal Court also convicted her adopted brother Bhanapot Damapong and her secretary, who allegedly held assets for Thaksin by proxy, of tax evasion. Request for asylum in the United Kingdom

On 10 August 2008, Thaksin and Potjaman violated their bail terms by attending the 2008 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony in Beijing. Stating that he wished to return to Thailand but claimed it was not currently safe for him and his family.Thaksin sought political asylum in the United Kingdom, claiming his political enemies were interfering with the judiciary. There is no evidence that he proceeded with his request and his asylum case was neither approved nor declined. The Thailand Supreme Court's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Positions issued a second arrest warrant on 16 September 2008 against <mask> over another of the four pending corruption cases and ordered suspension of the trial. Several more arrest warrants were issued over subsequent no-shows at various corruption trials. Ratchadaphisek land verdict

On 21 October 2008, the Supreme Court's Criminal Division for Holders of


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 Political Positions ruled that <mask>, while prime minister, abused his power to help his wife buy public land at auction, and sentenced him to two years in jail. Soon after, <mask> told Reuters, "I have been informed of the result. I had long anticipated that it would turn out this way", and added that the case was politically motivated.Chief prosecutor Seksan Bangsombun called on Britain to extradite him. Thaksin now denied he was seeking political asylum in Britain. Self-imposed exile
On 10 November 2008, a Philippine spokesman said his government would "politely" turn down any request for political refuge from Thaksin due to Manila's "friendly" relations with Bangkok. The British Government Home Office, meanwhile, revoked Potjaman and Thaksin's visas due to their convictions, while the Bangkok British Embassy e-mailed airlines asking them to disallow either of them to board flights to Britain. In late 2008, Arabian Business reported that the UK froze US$4.2 billion of his assets in the UK. The UK government did not confirm or deny this claim. Thaksin had reportedly considered sanctuaries such as China, the Bahamas, Nicaragua, and several other countries in South America and Africa.Reports said the Shinawatras were granted honorary citizenship by the Bahamas and Nicaragua, and were building a £5.5 million home in China. As of late-May 2009, he reportedly remained in Dubai. A spokesman claimed Thaksin was travelling on six passports, none of them Thai. In December 2008 Thaksin obtained a residency permit for Germany which was subsequently withdrawn on 28 May 2009 when the German government became aware of the arrangement. Thaksin then obtained status as a diplomat of Nicaragua. Guido Westerwelle, German foreign minister, lifted the


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 travel restriction banning Thaksin from entering Germany on 15 July 2011 after the election victory of Thaksin's proxy party. In a November 2009 interview, <mask> told The Times that he was living in Dubai, still had access to about US$100 million of his money outside of Thailand, and was investing in gold mines, diamond polishing, and lottery licenses in various countries.Songkran unrest

In mid-April 2009, violent protests of mostly Thaksin supporters calling themselves the National United Front of Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD) led to the cancellation of the ASEAN summit in Pattaya and a declaration of a state of emergency in Bangkok. Thaksin had given encouragement at UDD rallies via satellite and phone-in link, at one point calling for a "people's revolution". Following suppression of the protests he claimed to have merely been offering "moral support". Thaksin supported protests by the UDD against the Abhisit Vejjajiva government, demanding Thaksin be allowed to return free from all the earlier corruption charges. Thaksin denied leading the UDD, claiming he only gave them "moral support". Money laundering allegations
In April 2009, Privy Councilor General Pichitr Kullavanijaya reported he had been informed by former US ambassador to Thailand Ralph L. Boyce that Thaksin had laundered 100 billion baht (US$2.8 billion) through Cayman Island bank accounts to organise the anti-government protests. Boyce himself said that he had "...no idea why he was cited as a knowledgeable source about where Thaksin may or may not have made deposits, and that he has no such information."Economic advisor to Cambodia
On 4 November 2009, it was announced that <mask> had been appointed as special advisor to the Cambodian government and Hun Sen and


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 stated that Cambodia would refuse to extradite Thaksin because it considered him a victim of political persecution. On 5 November 2009, both countries recalled their ambassadors. Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva stated this was "the first diplomatic retaliation measure". Stating Cambodia was interfering in Thailand's internal affairs and as a result all bilateral agreements would be reviewed. Sok An, a member of the Council of Ministers and Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia, said <mask>'s appointment is a decision internal to Cambodia and "conforms to international practice". The mutual withdrawal of ambassadors is the most severe diplomatic action to have occurred between the two countries. Spy controversy
On 11 November 2009, Sivarak Chutipong was arrested by Cambodian police for passing the confidential flight plans of Thaksin and Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen to Kamrob Palawatwichai, First Secretary of the Royal Thai Embassy in Cambodia.Sivarak was a Thai engineer working in Cambodia for Cambodia Air Traffic Service, the private firm which managed air traffic control in Cambodia. Sivarak denied that he was a spy, and the Thai government claimed that he was innocent and that the incident was a Thaksin/Cambodian plot to further damage relations between the two countries. The Thai First Secretary was expelled from Cambodia. Sivarak demanded that former First Secretary Kamrob speak out and restore his damaged reputation by confirming he was not involved in a spy ring. Kamrob refused to provide comment to the press throughout the controversy, and Kasit's secretary, Chavanond Intarakomalyasut, insisted that although that there was no misconduct on the part of the First Secretary or Sivarak, there would be no statement from Kamrob.


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 Sivarak was later sentenced to jail for seven years. Thaksin requested the Cambodian government to pardon Sivarak, and he was soon pardoned by King Norodom Sihamoni and expelled.Deputy Prime Minister Suthep Thaugsuban later accused Sivarak of staging his own arrest in order to discredit the Abhisit government. Former Thai spy chief and Foreign Minister Prasong Soonsiri concurred, claiming, "It has been a set-up from the beginning. Frozen asset seizure

Prior to the verdict
On 26 February 2010, the Thai Supreme Court was scheduled to render its verdict on whether to seize Thaksin's Thai assets, worth 76 billion baht frozen by the AEC after the coup. The AEC froze the assets under the authority of Announcement No. 30 of the military junta. Tensions ran high throughout Thailand. Tens of thousands of government security forces were deployed, particularly in routes leading to Bangkok.However, the UDD denied that it would rally on the date of the verdict. The nine Supreme Court judges had to make a judgment on accusations of abnormal wealth through policy corruption. Policy corruption, was defined by the court as the abuse of powers by implementing economic policies that, while in themselves legal and of potential benefit to society and the economy, also aided companies that were owned in part by the policy maker. The prosecution claimed that Thaksin abused his powers five times while premier. The verdict
The court first ruled that Thaksin and Potjaman were the real owners of the assets, rather than his children and relatives. The court also ruled that it had the authority to seize assets, based on the announcements of the junta. The court found Thaksin guilty of four out of five policy corruption, and ordered that 46 billion baht be seized.The


texts: remaining 30 billion was to remain frozen. Count 1: Conversion of telecom concession fees into excise charges. Previously, telecom operators had to pay TOT/CAT a percentage of their revenue as a concession fee (TOT/CAT are state-owned enterprises, although they were going through the process of privatisation). The Thaksin government modified this into a system wherein all operators would instead directly pay the government an equivalent excise tax. The imposition of excise tax here would eventually be passed on to consumers. Thaksin claimed that all operators continued to pay the same total costs. The judges ruled that this benefited AIS while harming TOT, and thus was an abuse of power.Count 2: Modification of a revenue sharing agreement on pre-paid mobile services. Previously, telecom operators had to pay TOT a percentage of their revenues for post-paid mobile services. To offer pre-paid services, which generally cost the consumer less, AIS negotiated with TOT to design a revenue sharing agreement for pre-paid services that offered less revenue to TOT, an estimated loss of 14.2 billion baht (revenue reduced from 25 to 20 percent) from 2001 to 2006 and another estimated loss of 56 billion baht (revenue reduced from 30 to 20 percent) from 2006 to 2015. The judges ruled that the terms of the pre-paid agreement harmed TOT while benefiting AIS. The judges did not dispute the fact that TOT's total revenue actually increased substantially as a result of the agreement, but noted that the rise in pre-paid revenue came about while harming TOT's post-paid revenue. The massive growth in Thai mobile penetration from 13 percent in 2001 to 80 percent in 2007, due almost completely to pre-paid services, and the reduction in AIS market share from 68 to


texts: 53 percent in the same period were not taken into account by the court. Count 3: Modification of mobile roaming agreement.Previously, there were no roaming agreements between mobile operators – subscribers from one operator were not allowed to use services on another operator's network, thus limiting the growth of the mobile industry. Under the Thaksin government, roaming was allowed, with roaming fees deducted from the revenue that AIS and other operators had to share with TOT and other state enterprises. Essentially, TOT helped AIS shoulder the costs of its subscribers roaming on the mobile networks of other operators. This reduced TOT and CAT's income while benefiting the operators. However, the judges ruled that it while benefited AIS, it did so to the benefit of AIS's new owners (Temasek Holdings) rather than Thaksin, and hence was not an abuse of power. Count 4: Replacement of ThaiCom 4 with iPSTAR. A previous government had originally contracted with ShinSat to launch and operate ThaiCom 4 as a backup satellite for ThaiCom 3.Instead, ShinSat negotiated with the Thaksin government to launch iPSTAR, at the time the largest commercial satellite in history, which it claimed could offer commercial internet services while also providing backup for ThaiCom 3. However, the claim is not technically possible since iPSTAR does not have C-band transponders as Thaicom 3. Shin Corp's ownership in ShinSat was subsequently reduced from 51% to 40%. The judges found that the changes in ownership and satellite specification change reduced Thailand's communications security by not having the backup satellite for ThaiCom 3 on the one-to-one basis. It also noted that the negotiations allowed ShinSat to launch a satellite with much greater commercial


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 potential than ThaiCom 4 without having to bid for a separate concession agreement. Count 5: EXIM Bank loan to Myanmar to pay for ThaiCom services. Thaksin was scheduled to meet with Burmese leaders to negotiate trade deals between the two countries.One of the deals negotiated gave Myanmar a Thai EXIM Bank loan to purchase 376 million baht in satellite services from ShinSat. Thaksin noted that many deals were struck in the negotiations, and that 16 other companies also benefited from the EXIM Bank's loans. The judges ruled that the loans gave preferential treatment to Thaksin, and hence were an abuse of power. The judges decided to seize 46 billion differences in value of Shin Corp. shares from the date when he came to office and the value when the shares were sold to Singapore's Temasek Holdings in early 2006. Note that, Thaksin had declared around 500 million baht in assets and Pojaman had 8 billion to 9 billion baht while Thaksin served as prime minister. Nevertheless, during that period, Shin shares gained 121%, compared with a 128% gain in the benchmark SET index, while Siam Cement, one of Thailand's premier blue chip companies, gained 717%. The judges did not find that Thaksin was guilty of malfeasance.They also noted that any benefit to the government from <mask>'s policies was irrelevant to the ruling. The government reaped approximately 100 billion baht in increased revenue from changes in the concession agreements alone. Aftermath
In an email to his supporters, <mask> claimed that the court was used as a tool. He also noted how the Thai stock market rose to the benefit of many companies, not just his, and claimed that all charges against him were politically motivated. He thanked his supporters for not protesting while the


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 verdict was being read, and implored them to use non-violent means in the future. Pojaman na Pombejra insisted that tens of billions of baht of her wealth had been given to her children and relatives well before <mask> took office in 2001 and denied that her children and relatives were nominees of her and her husband. She also denied having any control over Ample Rich and Win Mark, two firms that the AEC had accused of being her nominees.In spite of Pojaman's claim, <mask> was the authorised signature for Ample Rich through 2005, making him the only individual authorised to withdraw funds from the company's account until he transferred the authority to his children, four years after he took office in 2001. Some UDD members held a small protest in front of the court, but did not disrupt the ruling as the government had predicted they would. The UDD leaders announced that a large-scale protest was scheduled to be held on 14 March 2010. On the evening of 27 February, M67 grenades were thrown from a motorcycle outside three branches of Bangkok Bank. Nobody was hurt or injured in the attacks. The perpetrators were not caught, and no organisation claimed responsibility for the attacks. Thaksin and the UDD were quick to deny any involvement.An arrest warrant was issued based on sketches of a motorcycle driver. Transfer of Shin Corp. Shares
The law does not allow the prime minister to run a side business while holding office. Charges were pressed against <mask> on wealth concealment while in office. Prior to the wealth declaration of <mask> and his family when he took office, there had been an appeal to The National Anti-Corruption Commission that there were some suspicions about the numbers in the report. Transferring to maid and driver
Thaksin


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 was charged with illegally concealing billions of baht of his wealth by transferring ownership of Shin Corp. shares to his drivers and maids without their knowledge. Thaksin tearfully told the Constitutional Court that it was an honest mistake before the Court acquitted him on the charges. Transferring shares to children who reached maturity
There was also a controversy over whether there was any hidden tax evasion when <mask> and Potjaman transferred their Shin Corporation shares to their children.Panthongtae and Pinthongta Shinawatra were accused of being nominees of their parents. The transfer of shares from Thaksin and Potjaman to Parnthongtae was claimed to have been a sham, since there was no actual transfer of money. Panthongtae said the shares were sold to him at cost. <mask> stated he had a written agreement proving the transfer to his son. Prior to the transfer, Panthongtae had signed an agreement with his father to settle a 4.5 billion baht debt from buying 300 million shares of the Thai Military Bank (TMB). However, the actual market value of the TMB shares at that time was only 1.5 billion baht. This showed a "fake debt" of 3 billion baht had been created.The Assets Examination Committee (AEC) discovered that the account of Panthongtae's which had received Shin Corporation's dividend had also been used to transfer money to Potjaman's account, to the amount of 1.1 billion baht. Pintongtha was also accused of being a nominee for her parents. She said that the money from her mother was a "birthday present". This birthday present was used to buy 367 million shares of Shin Corporation, which left her brother with the same amount. The AEC found the account had been receiving dividends from Shin Corp. There were no transactions


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 between Pintongtha's account and her mother's account. However, the dividend money was used to buy SC Asset shares from WinMark to the amount of 71 million baht and shares from 5 real-estate firms from 2 funds in 2004 worth 485 million baht.DSI, AEC, and Securities and Exchange Commission discovered that both WinMark and the two funds are owned by Thaksin and his former wife. Ancestry

Honours, decorations and awards

National honours
The list of national honours received by <mask> Shinawatra has been arranged as per the Thai honours order of precedence. directors and chairmen
<mask> Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
Montenegrin businesspeople
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
People from Huntsville, Texas
Political scandals
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra
The Carlyle Group


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Sir <mask> (died 4 February 1593) was a prominent lawyer, politician, and landowner of the Tudor period. He was returned six times as a member of the English parliament for four different constituencies. He was Attorney-General for more than twenty years during the reign of Elizabeth I, as well as vice-chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and later served as Master of the Rolls. He acquired large estates, mainly in Lancashire and Staffordshire. Background
<mask> was born by 1523. He was the son of <mask> of Astley and Ince, Lancashire, who was descended from the <mask>s of Bryn, Ashton in Makerfield, Lancashire, and Kingsley, Cheshire. The <mask> family had lived at Ince, near Wigan, since the late 14th century.However, James was probably a younger son, so it was not expected that he or <mask> would inherit the family estates. The <mask> family became wealthy and distinguished in the reign of Elizabeth I, although Sir <mask> was the most successful of them. Owing to repeated use of the same names in the <mask> family, Sir <mask>'s relatives are easily confused. Sir <mask> was a cousin of the distinguished judge and administrator Sir <mask>, who ended his career as Lord Chancellor of Ireland. However, he also had a younger brother called William, who served as MP for Preston and Wigan and died in 1584, and a nephew William by that brother, who also served as MP for Wigan and died in 1609. Still more confusing, Sir William, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland had a son called <mask>, who served as MP for Chester in 1593. <mask>'s mother was Margaret Holcroft, daughter of John Holcroft of Holcroft, Lancashire.The Holcrofts were another rising landed gentry family. Margaret had two brothers: Sir John Holcroft and Sir Thomas Holcroft. Both distinguished themselves in the Anglo-Scottish Wars, served as MP for Lancashire, and profited from speculation in monastic lands at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, although it was Sir

masks:
Gilbert Gerard
Gerard
James Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gilbert
Gerard
Gilbert
Gerard
Gilbert
Gilbert
William Gerard
Gilbert
Gilbert


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 Thomas, the younger brother, who had the more successful and varied career, building up a substantial estate around the estates of the former Vale Royal Abbey. Sir John, heir to the family estates, speculated in wardships, and it was through one of these that <mask>'s marriage was arranged, to Anne Radcliffe or Ratcliffe. Sir John addressed <mask> as "cousin", a term also used for their relationship by the History of Parliament. "Cousin" was used in the 16th century more widely for blood relatives than in modern English: Sir John and Sir Thomas were <mask>'s uncles. Education
<mask> spent some time at the University of Cambridge but did not graduate, as was typical at the time.He entered Gray's Inn in 1537, when he was probably still about 16, and was called to the bar in 1539. He seems to have been an outstanding student and was honoured by the Inn several times in later life. In 1554 he was elected Autumn Reader, an important post with both academic and administrative responsibilities, and in 1556 he served as Treasurer. Allegiance to Gray's Inn became a family tradition and it served as a power base for the family. <mask> installed himself in a room there and was generally styled "of Gray's Inn". His nephew William later moved into the room too and added an office above it for his own use, and Thomas Holcroft, Sir Thomas's son, was also admitted to Gray's Inn in 1588. Parliamentary career
<mask>'s parliamentary career was interwoven with his progress as a lawyer.He was returned to parliament a total of six times, four of them in the reign of Mary. <mask> was first returned as MP in 1545 for Liverpool. The town belonged to the Duchy of Lancaster, and the most important local magnates were the Earls of Derby and the Molyneux family. 1545 may have been the first year Liverpool had returned members for about a century - certainly the first for which records survive. By the early years of Elizabeth's reign, the Earls

masks:
Gilbert Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard


texts: of Derby and the Duchy of Lancashire were effectively selecting one member each, although it was the mayor and burgesses or freemen who nominally elected the members. Even in 1545, it is likely that Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby was a decisive influence in handing a seat to <mask>. The two probably already knew each other: <mask> was the earl's legal counsel by 1562 - perhaps much earlier.Another influential supporter would have been <mask>'s uncle, Sir Thomas Holcroft, who was an official of the Duchy of Lancaster and held the Liverpool fee-farm of the Duchy: he was returned as MP for Lancashire in the same parliament. <mask> was returned as junior to the other member, Nicholas Cutler, a client of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. The influence of the Molyneux family grew subsequently and Sir William Molyneux and his son acquired joint control of the Liverpool fee-farm later in 1545, often coming into confrontation with Derby and the civic officials. This may have played a part in <mask>'s move to a safer seat in later elections. <mask> was elected as MP for Wigan in March and October 1553: the last parliament of Edward VI and the first of Mary's reign. The lord of the manor of Wigan was the rector, and members of the <mask> family had purchased the advowson, making them extremely influential in local government, which was divided between the rector and the civic officials of the borough. As Wigan was part of the Duchy and the County palatine of Lancaster, duchy officials had considerable influence.The Earl of Derby was also an important figure locally. The senior MP in 1547 and for the next five elections was Alexander Barlow, a member of the Earl's council and soon to be his brother-in-law. All this favoured <mask>, although it is likely his own relatives were his most decisive allies: the High Sheriff of Lancashire, the returning officer, in 1553 was Sir <mask>, a cousin. In April 1554 <mask> was returned

masks:
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Thomas Gerard
Gerard


texts: as MP for Steyning, Sussex. Steyning had belonged to Syon Abbey until the Dissolution of the monasteries but now formed part of the royal honour of Petworth. As steward of the honour, the decisive voice in selecting the members belonged to Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel, a religious conservative who had supported the Somerset faction under Edward VI and was now a key supporter of Queen Mary and Lord Steward of her household. Significantly, he was happy to support <mask>.Sir Thomas Holcroft, <mask>'s uncle was returned for the neighbouring constituency of Arundel, where almost all the members in the 16th century were nominated by the earls. However, for the 1555 election <mask> returned to Wigan, again being returned as junior to Barlow. <mask> seems to have done little as a member of parliament. His name does not appear in the records, even though, as a rising lawyer, he would have been useful in drafting and reviewing bills. It is clear, however, that he broadly supported Mary's regime. If he had not, his name would appear on either the list of those who "stood for the true religion" in 1553–4, or among those who supported Sir Anthony Kingston in the 1555 parliament, or on the list of government opponents kept by William More. Despite his reputation as a staunch Protestant supporter of Elizabeth, <mask> appears in fact to have been essentially conservative, accepting the existing regime irrespective of religious policy.Elizabeth probably promoted him because of his proven competence as an advocate, not his ideological purity. Only once more did <mask> secure election to parliament, and that much later in life. On 18 November 1584 he was returned as member for Lancashire. As the county seats were dominated by the Duchy of Lancaster and the Earls of Derby, <mask> would have had a good chance in Lancashire at any time. However, he was by now vice-chancellor of the Duchy, so the result was not in question. He was

masks: Gerard Gerard Gerard Gerard Gerard Gerard Gerard


texts:
 returned as senior knight of the shire, together with Richard Molyneux. As he was already Master of the Rolls, he was required to attend the House of Lords, although not a peer.Consequently, he was unable to sit in the House of Commons. In January of the following year he was replaced as MP by Richard Bold, a powerful local landowner whose wife was a known recusant and who had recently been reported to Burghley as a recusant himself. Legal career

Barrister
Information about <mask>'s career before the accession of Elizabeth I is scanty and not always reliable. He was made an Ancient - a barrister qualified to practise independently - in 1547. The first mention of him as an advocate is in Edmund Plowden's Commentaries, relating to Michaelmas term 1554. According to a tradition found in William Dugdale's Baronage of England, <mask> represented Elizabeth when she was examined by the Privy Council:
"In the time of Queen Mary (as by credible tradition I have heard) upon the Lady Elizabeth's being questioned at the Council table, he was permitted to plead there on her behalf and performed his part so well that he suffered for the same in the Tower of London during the remaining term of Queen Mary's reign." However, this is certainly not entirely true.<mask> cannot have spent much, if any time in prison, as he was appointed permanent counsel by the City of London in October 1554, and represented Wigan in the English parliament for the third time in 1555. Nor can he have incurred the wrath of Mary, as he was made a Serjeant-at-law, one of a small and extremely powerful group of barristers with exclusive rights to work in the Court of Common Pleas towards the end of her reign - an appointment that lapsed on her death. He was made Justice of the Peace in five counties by 1559, many of them probably in Mary's reign: Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cheshire and Huntingdonshire. However, it is certainly true that

masks: Gerard Gerard Gerard


texts:
 <mask> was much favoured by Elizabeth and one of a small group of lawyers who were quickly installed in important offices to consolidate the new regime. Attorney-General

<mask> was made Attorney-General on 22 January 1559, a week after Elizabeth's coronation, still a young man for such a senior legal post. He was early deputed to Ireland, where he helped reform the procedure of the Court of Exchequer and drew up new rules for collecting the Queen's rent. He sat as a judge on trials including that of John Hales in 1564.Much of his work was ecclesiastical and he was appointed to the Ecclesiastical Commission by 1564. In 1567 he helped Matthew Parker, the Archbishop of Canterbury, in reforming Merton College, Oxford. From 1561 he represented the University of Cambridge whenever he was not engaged as a justice, and in 1571 he was thanked by the University for his work in securing the passage of an Act of Parliament confirming its charters and privileges. <mask> was appointed to key positions in the administration or judiciary all over the country. He was made Justice of the Peace in Norfolk and Suffolk, and later in Lancashire. In 1573 he was appointed Custos Rotulorum of Middlesex, the county's senior administrative official. <mask> was actively involved in defending Elizabeth against plots and revolts.In 1570, he was a member of a commission trying participants in the Rising of the North of the previous year, sitting mainly at York and Durham. In 1571 he assisted in the interrogation and prosecution of participants in the Ridolfi plot. He devised the questions put to the Duke of Norfolk, John Lesley, the Earl of Northumberland, Lord Lumley and others. In the following year he seconded Nicholas Barham in the prosecutions of Norfolk and his secretary, Robert Higford: the only two State Trials of his term of office. With Thomas Bromley, the Solicitor General from 1569, <mask> had to settle many problems of jurisdiction.

masks: Gerard Gerard Gerard Gerard Gerard


texts:
 One of the most important concerned an attempt in 1576 by Worcester and Worcestershire to shake off the authority of the Council of Wales and the Marches - a bid which <mask> and Bromley turned down. <mask> must have been disappointed that it was Bromley, about a decade younger than himself, who was appointed Lord Chancellor and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal in 1579, although he was rewarded with a knighthood in that year.However, the post of Attorney General was lucrative. It allowed <mask> to acquire wardships, leases and a grant of wine free of duty, and he exercised considerable patronage. Most importantly, it gave him access to a source of wealth and power through the Duchy of Lancaster, which dominated the north-west of England and had been united with the Crown since 1399. The duchy had considerable holdings outside its natural area of influence, and <mask> began by acquiring in 1567 the stewardship of Copt Hall in the honour of Clare, Suffolk, which had been transferred to the duchy by Queen Mary. In the same year he became steward of Rochdale manor, and over the decades increased his stewardships in Clare and became bailiff of the Lancashire hundreds of West Derby and Amounderness. In 1571 he became vice-chancellor of the duchy. Along with the Chancellor, Ralph Sadler, this gave him great political influence.<mask> and Sadler both used their positions to have their sons returned as MPs for Lancaster. Master of the Rolls
<mask> was promoted in 1581 to be Master of the Rolls, the chief administrative post in the Court of Chancery and second most senior judge in the land. If the honour was not so great as the Chancellorship, the financial rewards were a great compensation. For example, in 1586 <mask> drew an income of £1,599 5s.3d. from his post, mainly from fines, writs and legal instruments. The posts of the clerks of the petty bag, the examiners and the clerks of the rolls chapel, usher, crier and


texts: doorkeeper, his three secretaries and numerous minor posts all fell within his patronage, so he was able to make considerable extra profits from the sale of offices. As Master of the Rolls, <mask> was still frequently involved in trials.He sat in the case of William Davison, who was the scapegoat for the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. Davison was standing in for Francis Walsingham as principal secretary to Elizabeth when the warrant for Mary's execution was signed. Elizabeth then decided to have Mary murdered secretly, but while she was wavering, Davison was present at a Privy Council meeting in Burghley's rooms when it was decided to send the warrant to Fotheringhay Castle. Subsequently, Davison alone had to face Elizabeth's wrath. He was sent to the Star Chamber for trial, where <mask> and his fellow judges sentenced him to a fine of 10,000 marks and imprisonment during the Queen's pleasure. In fact, his fine was remitted and he was released after a few months, even receiving his salary while detained. However, the case is regarded as notorious by legal historians and did not reflect well on the judges involved.While a distinguished judge, <mask> seems to have been a poor administrator. His departments became increasingly chaotic and slipshod in their work. Bromley died in 1587 and was succeeded by the still younger Christopher Hatton, who survived only until 1591. At this point the Queen and her advisors decided to reorganise the legal departments. The issue of instruments was separated off and placed under the authority of a commission of Privy Councillors. <mask> and the other judges were formed into a second commission to hear cases. The commissions then began to dispute the boundaries of their jurisdiction, while <mask>'s commission fell into internal dissension, with other judges refusing to accept his authority.The problems were compounded by his descent into illness, which led to his death on 4 February


texts:
 1593. Landowner
Although not heir to any of the major groups of <mask> family estates, Sir <mask> was able to build up a large patrimony of his own. He did this mainly by seizing opportunities that came his way through his professional life or family contacts. Through his wife he acquired the Damhouse at Astley. He also had estates in Middlesex, Shropshire and Wiltshire. Another major purchase was within the family. His cousin, Sir <mask> of Bryn, was a Catholic and father of the famous Jesuit priest <mask>.He acquired considerable estates in Derbyshire and Staffordshire, including Etwall through marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of John Port (the younger). He was implicated in a plot to free Mary, Queen of Scots, from Tutbury Castle, close to Etwall. Imprisonment and fines forced him to dispose of some property and he sold to <mask> lands around Ashley, Staffordshire. <mask> built there a very large house, Gerrard's Bromley, which became the seat of his branch of the <mask>s. Marriage and family
<mask> married Ann Radcliffe or Ratcliffe. She was the daughter of Thomas Ratcliffe of Winmarleigh and of Isabel Boteler. As her father died before she reached the age of majority, she became a ward of Sir Thomas Holcroft, <mask>'s uncle.She inherited Damhouse in Astley, which was later sold by her son, Thomas. She remained a Catholic throughout her life. They had two sons:

 Thomas, <mask>'s heir, was created the first Baron <mask> of Gerrard's Bromley in 1603. Ratcliffe married Elizabeth Somerset, a wealthy heiress related to the Earls of Worcester. They had a number of children. Sir <mask> of Halsall, married Penelope, sister and coheir of Sir Edward Fitton, 2nd and last of the Fitton baronets of Gawsworth, Cheshire. They had at least three sons:
Charles (the eldest), a Cavalier general during the Civil War and a courtier after the Restoration.He was made <mask> of Brandon in 1645 and Earl of Macclesfield in 1679. <mask>, a

masks:
Gerard
Gilbert
Thomas Gerard
John Gerard
Gilbert Gerard
Gilbert
Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gilbert
Gerard
Charles Gerard
Baron Gerard
Edward Gerard


texts:
 colonel of foot who was wounded at the First Battle of Newbury (1643). Sir <mask>, killed in one of the frequent skirmishes that took place in Ludlow between Cavaliers and Roundheads. <mask>, a colonel of a Royalist regiment of foot and was appointed Governor of Worcester in December 1642. Ratcliffe, twin brother of <mask>, under whom he served as a lieutenant-colonel. He married Jennet, the illegitimate daughter of Devereux Barrett of Tenby, Pembrokeshire. They had several children:
 <mask> (died 1687), served as a Royalist captain in the Civil War, after the restoration sat as MP for Northallerton and was made Baronet of Fiskerton
 John (1632–1654) served as an ensign in the Civil War, was executed in for his part in the <mask>'s conspiracy
 Charles (born 1635)

They also had at least four daughters who survived infancy:

 Frances married Richard Molyneux of Croxteth and Sefton, an important Lancashire landowner, who became first of the Molyneux baronets.One of their sons was

 Richard Molyneux, 1st Viscount Molyneux

 Radclyffe married Sir Thomas Wingfield of Letheringham. Catherine married Richard Hoghton, a Lancashire landowner who became first of the De Hoghton baronets. Margaret married Peter Legh of Lyme Park, Cheshire, a client of the Earls of Derby who studied at Gray's Inn, probably under the auspices of <mask>. Death and burial
<mask>'s will was made on 8 January 1593 and probate was on 6 April of that year. He died on 4 February 1593, and was buried at Ashley, Staffordshire, on 6 March. The legal historian Edward Foss points out that William Dugdale reported the year of his death as 1592, and this has been repeated in some accounts. In February 1592 (New Style) <mask> was still working, and around that time was put in charge of the new commission to hear cases in Chancery.The confusion was probably the result of the difference between Old Style and New Style dates. The known details are unusually exact,

masks:
Gilbert Gerard
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gerard
Gilbert Gerard
Gerard
Gerard


texts: as the parish register recorded the date of death, not just the burial, as was customary. In his later years, <mask> had come under suspicion for his religious beliefs. An anonymous letter of 1586 to Walsingham denounced him as "a protestant at London and a papist in Lancashire ... there is no man that so much shifteth papists from the danger of the law as he doth". His wife and two of his daughters, at least, were known Catholics. Many of his descendants, like <mask> of Hilderstone who died in Newgate Prison in 1680, were staunchly Catholic. However, this seems not to be true of his heir, Thomas, who gave specific directions to be buried without ceremony - a provision typical of radical Protestants.In the preamble to his will, <mask> himself expressed his trust in Divine grace, as "there is nothing in any of my works or deeds whereby I can or may challenge or attain unto everlasting life". These words closely echo the Protestant teaching embodied in Article 11 of the Thirty-Nine Articles: "We are accounted righteous before God, only for the merit of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ by faith, and not for our own works or deservings." He left plate to his sons-in-law Sir Richard Molyneux, Peter Legh and Richard Hoghton, and to an unmarried daughter, presumably Radclyffe, who was also promised £1,000 towards her wedding. His wife received all her jewels and household equipment, as well as use of his Middlesex house. <mask> was commemorated by an elaborate memorial in Ashley parish church, which grew and was modified over several generations. The main structure, built under the supervision of <mask>'s son, Thomas, portrays him and Anne, lying in splendour. She has her Talbot dog at her side, while he is in full armour, an uncharacteristic garb for him, with a finely modelled gauntlet at his side.Beneath the <mask>s is a cadaver, but, unlike the case of a normal cadaver tomb, it appears to date from an earlier period.

masks:
Gerard
Richard Gerard
Gerard
Gerard
Gilbert
Gerard


texts:
 The kneeling figure of <mask> looms over his parents at the head end, vigilant but not in prayer. A smaller kneeling and praying figure, said to be the younger son Ratcliffe, is placed at the feet of the couple. Both kneeling figures are completely free-standing and detached from the main structure, clearly added later and at the sacrifice of part of its moulded edge. The four daughters of <mask> and Anne, all of whom survived their parents, are portrayed on a separate rear panel. Two more smaller kneeling and praying female figures, free-standing and detached, are placed to the front of the main structure - possibly daughters who predeceased their parents, but more likely of a later generation. The monument is surmounted by a vast, densely decorated alabaster canopy, displaying the armorial bearings of the <mask>s and Radcliffes.The work was claimed by John Betjeman as the largest Elizabethan monument in England, and said to be executed "under the influence" of Joseph Hollemans, completed about 1612. Joseph, also known as Jasper, Hollemans was the son of Garrett Hollemans, a Dutch sculptor who fled to England in the 1580s and worked from Burton upon Trent, centre of alabaster carving in the 16th and 17th centuries. Joseph worked for clients as illustrious as the House of Cavendish and the Spencer family of Althorp. While there is no evidence that he personally carved the memorial, it is in Burton alabaster of his style and period. Notes

References

English judges
Year of birth unknown
1593 deaths
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Lancashire
English knights
Members of Gray's Inn
Masters of the Rolls
Attorneys General for England and Wales
English MPs 1545–1547
English MPs 1553 (Edward VI)
English MPs 1553 (Mary I)
English MPs 1554
English MPs 1555
English MPs 1584–1585
16th-century English judges
16th-century English lawyers
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Parliament of England

masks:
Thomas Gerard
Gilbert
Gerard


texts:
<mask> (Barcelona 6 September 1921 – Madrid, 28 February 2004) was a Spanish author who wrote in the period after the Spanish Civil War. An important European writer, her works contributed to the school of Existentialist Literature and her first novel Nada continued the Spanish tremendismo literary style begun by Camilo José Cela with his novel, La familia de Pascual Duarte. She received the Premio Nadal in 1944. Biography
<mask> was born in Barcelona, Spain, but at the age of 2 she moved with her family to the Canary Islands where she spent her childhood. At age 12 she suffered the loss of her mother, and her father subsequently married a woman disliked by Laforet and her siblings (unsavory experiences portrayed in much of her literature). In 1939 at the age of 18, Laforet left for Barcelona where she studied Philosophy at the University of Barcelona while living with relatives. In 1942 she departed for Madrid where she studied Law at the Universidad Complutense.During her second year, she withdrew from classes to devote herself completely to writing, and between January and September 1944 she penned her first novel, Nada, which earned Editorial Destino's Nadal Prize in its first year of publication (1945). A novel of female adolescent development, Nada is considered a classic in 20th century Spanish literature, and deals with such themes as existentialism and the adolescent search for identity. Laforet maintained a very distrustful relationship with her critics, especially after she struggled to match the outstanding critical acclaim of her first novel. However, she did publish a total of five novels: the 1952 publication of La Isla y los demonios, which is essentially the prequel to Nada; her 1955 La mujer nueva, motivated by her re-discovery of her Catholic faith and recipient of the Premio Menorca; her 1963 La insolación, the initial installment of the

masks:
Carmen Laforet
Laforet


texts:
 trilogy Tres pasos fuera del tiempo; and finally the posthumous psychological novel Al volver la esquina, published in May 2004. Following her visit to the U.S. as a guest of the State Department in 1965, Laforet published her travel notes entitled Parelelo 35 in 1967. Her friendship with fellow Spanish author and U.S. resident Ramón J. Sender was revealed in a series of letters published in 2003 entitled Puedo contar contigo. She also authored short stories, the majority of which were published in a 1952 collection entitled La muerta, as well as novelettes that were published in a 1954 collection entitled La llamada.Four additional short stories — El infierno, Recién casados, El alivio, and El secreto de la gata — were published in the journals Ínsula (1944 & 1952), Destino (June 1953) and Bazar (March 1952) respectively. During her later years Laforet suffered from Alzheimer's disease, eventually losing the ability to speak. She died in Madrid on 28 February 2004. Nada, her most successful novel, has remained consistently in print. The publication in 2003 of Puedo contar contigo, a selection of her correspondence with Ramón J. Sender edited by Israel Rolón Barada, and the reissue of her 1955 novel, La mujer nueva, with a prologue by the same editor, however, led to renewed interest in her work, bolstered by a new English translation of Nada by Edith Grossman in 2007. In February 2007, as a commemoration of the third anniversary of her death, the Editorial Menoscuarto published for the first time a compilation of all her short stories, including five previously unpublished stories. In 2009 Cristina Cerezales published a second book about her mother, Música Blanca (Destino).Tributes
In 2010 a school with her name was built in the neighborhood of Valderribas, in the district of Vicálvaro (Madrid). In 2011 she was awarded, posthumously, with the Can de Plata de


texts:
 Gran Canaria, in the category of Arts, given by the Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria. There are some streets with her name in Estepona (Málaga), in the neighborhood of Aguas Vivas (Guadalajara), in Majadahonda, in Torrejon de Ardoz and in the neighborhood of Soto del Henares (Madrid). Some streets in the towns of Las Palmas and San Bartolomé de Tirajana on the island of Gran Canaria were also named <mask>ret. In 2004 a series of biographies dedicated to <mask> were published and directed by the writer Nuria Amat. In 2014 The Instituto Cervantes in New York (United States) paid tribute to the author in one of its cultural activities to commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the publication of her book Nada. A square in Barcelona was named after her: Plaça de Carmen Laforet.The square has a plaque where it can be read in Catalan: "<mask> (Barcelona 1921-Madrid 2004)... Escriptora ... Va néixer en aquesta casa, font d'inspiració de la seva primera novel·la Nada" which means: "<mask> (Barcelona 1921-Madrid 2004).. Writer ... Was born in this house, the source of inspiration for her first novel Nada." Filmography
In 1947, a version of the novel Nada was brought to the big screen. The full-length film was directed by Edgar Nevile. Actors such as Conchita Montes, Rafael Bardem, María Denis and Fosco Giachetti, among others, took part on it. Because of the censorship of those years, thirty minutes of the film were cut and many of the scenes shot in Barcelona were obliterated. Later, in 1956, Argentina brought to the big screen what would be an adaptation of the novel Nada, a black and white drama directed by Leopoldo Torre Nilsson.Works
The literary production of the writer is wide. After the death of her mother, her father married a woman with whom <mask> did not have a good relationship. This situation was reflected in three of her works. These works, which have

masks:
Carmen Lafo
Carmen Laforet
Carmen Laforet
Carmen Laforet
Carmen


texts: orphans as main characters are Nada (1945), La isla y sus demonios (1952) and La insolación (1963). The Spanish writer tried to combine her feelings in each of her works. Several authors insist on her feminist vision, although her mystical vision of the world, should be pointed out, especially in her work La mujer nueva, whose main point is the faith of the main character. The main character of this work is Paulina, a woman who goes from criticizing the Church to practising the Catholic religion, a change she chooses on her own.Paulina stopped having a sinful life, as she had a son born out of wedlock and she also had a relationship with another man. Thus, in this work the freedom of the women to choose another way of life is joined with mysticism. This could be due to the religious belief of the author, because in the correspondence that remained for a long time with writer Ramon J. Sender, she claims to believe in God. Intrigue and mystery are also present in many of her works. This author could be considered the precursor of the detective novel in Spain because, although currently this is a rising genre and it was started some time ago, she had done it thirty years earlier than other authors. <mask>'s works paint a dark picture of Spanish society under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, in some cases using foreign characters visiting Spain to present an outsider's view, for example, Martin, a character of her work Al volver de la esquina, published posthumously by the publisher Destino in 2004, the same year as her death. The complexity of the narrative structure, which testifies the evolution of the author's narrative, is remarkable.Al volver de la esquina is part of a trilogy entitled Tres pasos fuera del tiempo, together with La insolación and Jaque mate. This is an unfinished trilogy because, despite having talked about it in her correspondence with


texts:
 Ramón J. Sender, she died before publication of the final volume (in fact, nobody knows whether or not it was actually written). Other works by the author are:
 Nada (1944), novel. La isla y los demonios (1952), novel. El piano (1952), novel. La muerta (1952), short stories. Un noviazgo (1953), short novel.El viaje divertido (1954), short novel. La niña (1954), short novel. Los emplazados (1954), short novel. La llamada (1954), story. La mujer nueva (1955), novel. Un matrimonio (1956), novel. Gran Canaria (1961), essay.La insolación (1963), novel. Paralelo 35 (1967), travel book. La niña y otros relatos (1970), stories. Artículos literarios (1977), a collection of articles. Mi primer viaje a USA (1981) essay. Rosamunda, story included in Cuentos de este siglo, Encinar, Ángeles (ed. ), Barcelona, 1995.Al colegio, story included in Madres e hijas, Freixas, Laura (ed. ), Barcelona, 1996. Al volver la esquina (2004), posthumous novel. Continues the story of La insolación. Carta a Don Juan (2007), a compilation of all her short stories. Romeo y Julieta II (2008), a compilation of her love stories. Legacy
Since <mask>'s death on 28 February 2004, renewed critical attention has focused on her lesser known works (essentially everything published after Nada), yet undoubtedly the public will always think of Nada when Laforet's name is mentioned, as evidenced by the Spanish phrase, Después de Nada, nada, or After Nada, nothing.On her 100th birthday, <mask> was honoured with a Google Doodle. See also

 Existentialism
 Spanish Literature
 Spanish Civil War

References

External links

 '<mask>'s "Nada": A young woman's take on a sordid world', book review in New York Times, 2007. '<mask>t' Encyclopædia Britannica entry

1921 births
2004 deaths
Writers from Barcelona
Spanish women novelists
Existentialists
20th-century Spanish novelists
20th-century women writers
20th-century

masks:
Laforet
Laforet
Carmen LaForet
Carmen LaFore


texts:
<mask> (January 19, 1824 – November 4, 1916) was an American author and an activist in the suffrage movement. Early life
<mask> was born in Bolivar, Tennessee, on January 19, 1824. She had two siblings: <mask> and <mask>. Her parents moved to Memphis when she was nine years old. She attended school there in a little one-story building, where the principal was teacher and janitor, until twelve years old. After that age her information and knowledge was gained from books and papers, with her father's assistance. With a practical mind and excellent memory she stored up a splendid basis for her future line of literary and lecture work.Meriwether's father was a physician — <mask>, of New York; her mother, Rebecca Rivers, belonged to one of the old families of Virginia. Her father's ancestors came over with Penn — the founder of Pennsylvania — and were Quakers. After going South he joined the Methodist Church, to which Meriwether belonged. She amusingly related that her own father said grace three times a day before meals, but her Grandfather Rivers said he didn't believe the Lord wanted to be bothered with hearing the same thing so often, so no one was surprised when one day he called the family out to the smokehouse, where the winter's stock of hams and bacon had been cured, and provisions stored for the year, asking them to join him in saying grace over everything at once for the whole year. Meriwether's parents died when she was a young girl, and she, with two sisters, made their home with their brother, William Thomas <mask>, remaining in the old home in Memphis until they married. The two sisters were Amanda Trezevant, four years younger, and Estelle Lamb, six years younger than Meriwether. Career
She

masks:
Elizabeth Avery Meriwether
Elizabeth Avery
Nathan Avery
Rebecca Rivers Avery
Nathan Avery
Avery


texts: was the author of many books, giving descriptions of historical incidents of importance in the South during and after the war.For over sixty years she was a steady contributor to the leading newspapers and periodicals of this country. Her "Travel Letters" caused much favorable comment and interest, and discussions and arguments on political, literary, sociological and every other vital topic of the times, through the columns of the papers, have given her a well-deserved international reputation. As a lecturer she was the first woman to speak from the platform in the State of Tennessee. With Susan B. Anthony, <mask> Stanton and other women in the pioneer field, advocating equal rights for women, she lectured all through New England, Texas and other States. The comments made by the press all over the country about Meriwether as a speaker were always in highest terms — "her natural oratory, keen sarcasm, sparkling wit, earnest and interesting style, glowing eloquence, etc.," were some of the terms used to express her manner of delivery and the enthusiasm she awakened. The title of one of the books of which she was the author is "Facts and Falsehoods Concerning the War of the South of 1861 and 1865," under a pen name — George Edmonds — which was published in 1904. This Meriwether considered the most valuable book.She said: "If you read this book you will know more about Lincoln than you ever dreamed of." In 1877 Meriwether wrote a little book entitled "Ku-Klux Klan; or, the Carpet-bagger in New Orleans." An Englishman, then in Memphis, sent a copy of this book to London to the editor of the "Kensington News,"  who gave it a very complimentary notice, telling her that if she would write a novel and put as


texts: much humor and pathos in it as she had put in the little book, "Ku-Klux Klan," he would introduce her to an English publisher who would put it out. She soon had a novel titled "The Master of Red Leaf" ready, and sent it off to London, where the publishers issued a splendid set of three volumes, gilt-edge, etc. An American firm got out a cheaper edition in one volume, paper-bound. This book was sold in Memphis at the rate of 100 copies a week. "The Sowing of the Swords," in 1910; "My First and Last Love," and "Black and White," 1883, are some of her other stories.Meriwether wrote continuously, and in the end she was busy on her "Recollections of a Long Life." In post-war Memphis, she became involved with the suffrage movement and the Women's Christian Temperance Union specifically. Despite it being illegal, she both registered and voted in the 1872 presidential election. She presented (unsuccessful) suffrage petitions at both the Democratic and Republican national conventions in 1880. In 1881 Meriwether began her lecture tour with Susan B. Anthony through the New England States where conventions were being held. Anthony wanted her to speak at these places because she was a Southern woman. As illustrative of her methods of lecturing she carried with her two cartoons, four feet by four feet, which she sketched and painted herself.The men who hated and scorned equal rights declared that no one but an ugly old maid would want to vote, one who could not secure a husband, and should a married woman advocate equal rights she must necessarily be a coarse, rough termagant, who had a feeble-minded, no-account husband. She entered the hall with these cartoons rolled up, and beginning to speak unrolled the old


texts: maid's picture, and said, "This is the picture of the woman who failed to get a husband — now in this room is one of our women who has failed to get a husband (pointing to a handsome girl of nineteen), she wants to vote, and this is her picture." The comparison, of course, brought shouts of laughter. Then, unrolling the second cartoon, she explained that it was one of herself, the cartoon represented a rough, coarse woman holding a little scared man under her arm, with his legs dangling, which she said was her husband, although the artist didn't get a good likeness of him, as he was six feet tall. At the time Mrs. Meriwether made those addresses she was a slender, vivacious, attractive young woman, and after comparing her with the cartoon which she said was of herself there was a general roar of laughter, clapping of hands, etc. After putting the audience in a good humor she would deliver the lecture which she had in store for them. The same cartoons are hanging on the wall of her living room now and furnish the material for many interesting anecdotes which she relates with much satisfaction.The first time Meriwether lectured in Missouri on "equal rights" she received many anonymous letters; in some she was denounced as being everything but a good wife and mother. When she made her first public speech in Tennessee she went to the editor of the paper and wanted him to make the announcement, but he said: "You will have to get the permission of your husband," which, of course, was readily granted; however, Mr. Meriwether expressed his fear that she might become stage-struck, and her son — Lee — a little fellow ten years old, who was lying on the floor, interrupted, "Don't you believe it — mother will go


texts:
 through; she won't get stage struck." The editor, still hoping to discourage her, said people would talk about her. She answered: "They can't say I am not a good wife and mother, or that I get drunk." On the night of the lecture, the hall was crowded to overflowing; she made a very successful address. Her brother, being so afraid she would fail, did not have the courage to attend. Returning to Memphis after her lecture tour, Meriwether became the editor of a newspaper, "The Tablet."Horace Greeley came to Memphis, making a speech on "Self-Made Men," about that time. Meriwetiier wrote an article which she published in her paper about it — a criticism — a humorous one. She sent a copy of the paper to Horace Greeley, who was the editor of the "New York Tribune," wanting to exchange with him. But he said his exchange list was so long he could not do so, making the suggestion that if she would advertise his paper in "The Tablet" he would send it to her for a year. She replied that if he would print the criticism she had written of him in his paper, she would do so, and send him "The Tablet" for a year. He agreed, and the "Tribune" was sent her for many years. Personal life
In 1852, she married <mask> of Kentucky, who became a Confederate Major in Oct. 1861, serving as an Engineer constructing defenses and railroads.During her husband's absence, <mask> had to flee with her children from Memphis due to conflict with the Federal forces. She later argued with Union General Hurburt in an effort to regain family property confiscated by the US. <mask> never served under Nathan Bedford Forrest during the war, but they knew each other as former Confederate officers and railroadmen. One of the organizational meetings

masks:
Minor Meriwether
Elizabeth
Minor Meriwether


texts:
 of the Ku Klux Klan took place in her kitchen in the Meriwether's Memphis home, which stood on the site of what is now the Peabody Hotel. After the war they went back to Memphis, residing there until the yellow fever broke out. Then, going to St. Louis, built the house in which Minor Meriwether died in 1910, and in which <mask>, with her son, Lee, and his wife, lived till the end. <mask>, like his father, was an attorney-at-law.He was well known as the author of six books — "A Tramp Trip — How to See Europe on Fifty Cents a Day," published in 1887. This book was regarded as an authority on the subject. Then followed, "The Tramp at Home," 1890; "Afloat and Ashore on the Mediterranean," 1892; "Miss Chunk," 1899; "A Lord's Courtship," 1900, and "Seeing Europe by Automobile," 1911, which was written just twenty-five years after the first book. Lee Meriwether's wife was Jessie M. Gair, of Missouri. Writings
The Refugee (Short story - 1863)
The Master of Red Leaf (1872)
Black and White (1883)
The Ku Klux Klan, or The Carpetbagger in New Orleans (1877)
Facts and Falsehoods About the War on the South (1904) (pseudonym: George Edmonds)
Sowing of the Swords: The Soul of the Sixties (1910)

Legacy

Meriwether is depicted in a life-size bronze statue in the Tennessee Woman Suffrage Memorial in Market Square in Knoxville, Tennessee, along with Anne Dallas Dudley of Nashville and Lizzie Crozier French of Knoxville. The sculpture is by Alan LeQuire. References

External links

<mask> Meriwether listing in the Tennessee Encyclopedia
<mask> Meriwether on RootsWeb

1824 births
1916 deaths
American suffragists
American temperance activists
19th-century American writers
19th-century American women writers
People from

masks:
Meriwether
Lee Meriwether
Elizabeth Avery
Elizabeth Avery


texts:
John Lee Curtis "<mask>" <mask> (March 30, 1914 – June 1, 1948) was an American blues harmonica player, singer and songwriter. He is often regarded as the pioneer of the blues harp as a solo instrument. He played on hundreds of recordings by many pre–World War II blues artists. Under his own name, he was one of the most recorded blues musicians of the 1930s and 1940s and is closely associated with Chicago producer Lester Melrose and Bluebird Records. His popular songs, original or adapted, include "Good Morning, School Girl", "Sugar Mama", "Early in the Morning", and "Stop Breaking Down". <mask>'s harmonica style was a great influence on postwar performers. Later in his career, he was a mentor to many up-and-coming blues musicians who moved to Chicago, including Muddy Waters.In an attempt to capitalize on <mask>'s fame, Aleck "Rice" Miller began recording and performing as <mask> <mask> in the early 1940s, and later, to distinguish the two, John Lee <mask> came to be known as <mask> <mask> I or "the original <mask>". Biography and career
<mask> was born in Madison County, Tennessee, near Jackson, in 1914. His original recordings are in the country blues style, but he soon demonstrated skill at making the harmonica a lead instrument for the blues and popularized it for the first time in a more urban blues setting. He has been called "the father of modern blues harp". While in his teens he joined Yank Rachell and Sleepy John Estes, playing with them in Tennessee and Arkansas. In 1934 he settled in Chicago. <mask> first recorded in 1937, for Bluebird Records, and his first recording, "Good Morning, School Girl", became a standard.He was popular among black audiences throughout the

masks:
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Williamson


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 southern United States and in Midwestern industrial cities, such as Detroit and Chicago, and his name was synonymous with the blues harmonica for the next decade. Other well-known recordings of his include "Sugar Mama Blues", "Shake the Boogie", "Better Cut That Out", "Sloppy Drunk", "Early in the Morning", "Stop Breaking Down", and "Hoodoo Hoodoo" (also known as "Hoodoo Man Blues"). In 1947, "Shake the Boogie" made number 4 on Billboard'''s Race Records chart. <mask>'s style influenced many blues harmonica performers, including <mask> Arnold, Junior Wells, <mask>, Little Walter, and Snooky Pryor. He was the most widely heard and influential blues harmonica player of his generation. His music was also influential on many of his non-harmonica-playing contemporaries and successors, including Muddy Waters (who played guitar with <mask> in the mid-1940s) and Jimmy Rogers (whose first recording in 1946 was as a harmonica player, performing an uncanny imitation of <mask>'s style). These and other artists, both blues and rock, have helped popularize his songs through subsequent recordings.<mask> recorded prolifically both as a bandleader and as a sideman over the course of his career, mainly for Bluebird. Before Bluebird moved to Chicago, where it eventually became part of RCA Records, many early sessions took place at the Leland Tower, a hotel in Aurora, Illinois. The top-floor nightclub at the Leland, known as the Sky Club, was used for live broadcasts of big bands on a local radio station and, during off hours, served as a recording studio for <mask>'s early sessions and those of other Bluebird artists. Death and legacy
<mask>'s final recording session took place in Chicago in

masks:
Williamson
Billy Boy
Sonny Terry
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson


texts:
 December 1947, in which he accompanied Big Joe Williams. On June 1, 1948, <mask> was killed in a robbery on Chicago's South Side as he walked home from a performance at the Plantation Club, at 31st St. and Giles Avenue, a tavern just a block and a half from his home, at 3226 S. Giles. <mask>'s final words are reported to have been "Lord have mercy". <mask> is buried at the former site of the Blairs Chapel Church, southwest of Jackson, Tennessee.In 1991, a red granite marker was purchased by fans and family to mark the site of his burial. A Tennessee historical marker, also placed in 1991, indicates the place of his birth and describes his influence on blues music. Name issues
His legacy has been somewhat overshadowed in the postwar blues era by the popularity of the musician who appropriated his name, Rice Miller. The recordings made by <mask> between 1937 and his death in 1948 and those made later by Rice Miller were all originally issued under the name <mask> <mask>. It is believed that Miller adopted the name to deceive audiences (and his first record label) into thinking that he was the "original" <mask>. In order to differentiate between the two musicians, many later scholars and biographers have referred to John Lee <mask> (1914–1948) as <mask> <mask> I and Miller (c. 1912–1965) as <mask> <mask> II. To add to the confusion, around 1940 the jazz pianist and singer Enoch Williams recorded for Decca under the name <mask> Williams and in 1947 as <mask> in the Sunny Boy Trio.Discography

Compilation albums
<mask>'s recordings were issued on 78 rpm records by Bluebird Records (a subsidiary of RCA Victor Records) or, after the label was discontinued, RCA Victor. Over the years,

masks:
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Sunny Boy
Williamson


texts:
 RCA has released several compilations of <mask>'s material, including:Big Bill & Sonny Boy (Side 2 only) (RCA, 1964)Bluebird Blues (RCA, 1970)Rare Sonny Boy (1937-1947) (RCA, 1988)
 RCA Blues & Heritage Series: The Bluebird Recordings, 1937-1938 (RCA, 1997)
 RCA Blues & Heritage Series: The Bluebird Recordings, 1938 (RCA, 1997)
 When The Sun Goes Down: The Secret History of Rock & Roll, Vol. 8: Bluebird Blues (RCA Victor, 2003)
Specialty labels, such as JSP Records, Saga, Indigo, Snapper, and others, have also released compilations. In 1991, Document Records issued <mask>'s Complete Recorded Works In Chronological Order'' as five CDs. References

External links
Blues Foundation Hall of Fame
<mask> Boy <mask> gravesite and historical marker
 <mask> <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1914 births
1948 deaths
People from Jackson, Tennessee
African-American male songwriters
Blues musicians from Tennessee
Songwriters from Tennessee
Harmonica blues musicians
Chicago blues musicians
Country blues musicians
American blues singers
American blues harmonica players
Murdered African-American people
American murder victims
Bluebird Records artists
People murdered in Illinois
1948 murders in the United States
20th-century African-American male

masks:
Williamson
Williamson
Sonny
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson


texts:
<mask><mask> is an American multi-instrumentalist, composer, arranger, and music producer. Originally from  Evanston, Illinois, Bogie became a staple in the Brooklyn music scene. Early years
Bogie studied music at the Interlochen Arts Academy and the University of Michigan, focusing on clarinet and bass clarinet. While in high school, he co-founded the group Transmission with Zachary Mastoon (aka Caural) in 1991. Later, <mask> would re-form Transmission with Colin Stetson, Eric Perney and Andrew Kitchen while at The U of M. After graduating in 1997, Bogie moved to San Francisco to pursue musical endeavors. Antibalas
In 2000, Bogie moved to New York City, where he met Jordan McLean and reunited with friend and mentor Michael Herbst of Antibalas, who recruited him to join the large jazz ensemble Fire of Space, led by McLean. Soon after, McLean and Herbst brought Bogie into Antibalas, where he functioned variously as conductor, tenor saxophonist, and composer, touring to over 15 countries and performing in major festivals around the world since.Bogie's song "Indictment" was released on Antibalas' Who Is This America, which garnered an 8.1 from Pitchfork Media. The favorable review notes the song "opens with a Superfly-echoing riff as spastic tenor sax man <mask> recites a litany of offenses committed by everyone from Donald Rumsfeld to "the game of baseball," in what sounds like some funky People's Court." The Village Voice called "Indictment," "...a fantastic Bush-era protest song, lithe and lethal."

masks:
Stuart D
. Bogie
Bogie
Stuart Bogie


texts:
 Another Bogie composition for Antibalas, "Beaten Metal", was named as one of the top 100 songs of 2007 by Pitchfork Media, ahead of modern-day staples by MGMT and Broken Social Scene. Pitchfork writer Grayson Currin applauded the song, noting "quick splashes of colorful sound and some slowly building drama, "Beaten Metal" sounds brazen, rhythmic, and powerful—like Edgard Varese coming of age after hip-hop." <mask> also composed "I.C.E." and the vocal parts (lyrics and melody) for "Sanctuary", which was released (along with "Beaten Metal" on the Antibalas album Security, produced by John McEntire.<mask> frequently conducted Antibalas between 2004 and 2012, when he formally left the group. Fela! Along with many members of Antibalas, <mask> appeared and performed in the Broadway musical Fela! about Fela Kuti directed by Bill T. Jones produced by Steve Hendel and Music Directed by Aaron Johnson. He performed as the featured soloist, improvising several solos throughout the show. The New York Times wrote "music that gets into your bloodstream, setting off vibrations you’ll live with for days to come." Work with Dave Sitek
Bogie has a long history of working with producer Dave Sitek.In 2006, <mask> contributed bass harmonica, tenor sax, contra-bass clarinet to the critically acclaimed TV on the Radio album Return to Cookie Mountain, which Pitchfork Media named the #2 best album of 2006. In 2008, <mask> was recruited to contribute tenor and baritone saxophone and collaborate on horn arrangements for TV on the

masks: Bogie Bogie Bogie Bogie Bogie


texts:
 Radio's Dear Science. Following the release of the acclaimed record, <mask> toured extensively with TVOTR across Europe and North America making television appearances including The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Show with David Letterman, Saturday Night Live and The Colbert Report. Aside from contributing horns to the last two TVOTR records, <mask> also played saxophone on the Yeah Yeah Yeahs It's Blitz!, produced by Dave Sitek, where his work can be heard on "Zero", "Dragon Queen", and "Hysteric". He has also worked with Sitek on tracks by Zack de la Rocha, Holly Miranda's The Magician's Private Library, Massive Attack, Wale, Foals, Get Hustle,  Pink Noise  Telepathe and Scarlett Johansson's album of Tom Waits covers, Anywhere I Lay My Head. Superhuman Happiness

Superhuman Happiness was founded in 2008 by Bogie and includes a long roster of artists from New York. Eric Biondo, Andrea Diaz, Mathew Scheiner, Sam Levin, Luke O'Malley (guitar), Ryan Ferreira (guitar), Jared Samuel (keyboard), Eric Biondo (trumpet), Nikhil Yerawadekar (bass), Miles Arntzen (drums), Torbitt Schwartz, Jeremy Wilms, Ryan Sawyer, Gunnar Olsen, John Bolinger, Ian Chang, Grey McMurray, Tim Allen.The group's first release was Fall Down Seven Times Stand Up Eight, which featured contributions from O'Malley, Biondo, Ferreira,  Brian Chase on Drums, Jeremiah Lockwood on Guitar, Jordan McLean and Eli Asher on Trumpet, Gabe Roth, Chris Vatolaro, and longtime collaborator Zak Mastoon. The self-released record was mixed by Hernan

masks: Bogie Bogie


texts: Santiago, mastered by Steve Berson and features art and design by Tatiana McCabe, and production by <mask> and Mastoon. The single "Human Happiness" was released by Electric Cowbell on a split 7" with CSC Funk Band. Through the musical Fela! Bogie's relationship with lead actor, Sahr Ngaujah, led to a collaboration between Ngaujah and Superhuman Happiness resulting in two recordings, "Gravity" and "String Theory" released on 7" by Electric Cowbell records. The group's second release "The Physical EP" focused more towards lyrical songwriting and was primarily recorded at Dave Sitek's Brooklyn studio "Stay Gold" by Daniel Huron. The record was mixed by Huron and O'Malley, and produced by <mask> and O'Malley.It was released on Royal Potato Family in 2011. The songs "GMYL" and "Hounds" were released as a 7" on Electric Cowbell, the songs "Needles and Pins" and "Oh, Tatiana" were released on 7" through Royal Potato Family. The group's third release Hands (2013) focused on collaborative song writing, and was collectively composed through the use of clapping patterns to generate material. The core musicians on Hands were Luke O'Malley, Ryan Ferreira, Eric Biondo, Nikhil Yerawadekar, Jared Samuel and Miles Arntzen. The album featured lead vocal performances by several different members of the group. The singles "See Me On My Way" and "Sentimental Pieces" were released on 7". Both the LP and 7" were released by Royal Potato Family.The album and 7" feature art by Joao Machado. Colin Stetson, Abena Koomson, Afi


texts:
 McLendon, Kalmia Traver, Joci Adams, and Shaneeka Harrel also performed on the record. The group has collaborated with video artist Tatiana McCabe on "GMYL," "Mr. Mystery," "Sentimental Pieces," "Hounds," "Needles and Pins," "Second Heart," as well as several live video collaborations. Their latest release, Escape Velocity, was released in September 2015. AllMusic noted that the album was "Marking a new focus more than a new sound for the group, Escape Velocity's interplay of ruminative tone and unbridled infectiousness works like a charm, compelling not only moving feet but repeat plays". Producer
Aside from contributing to countless acts, Bogie has also produced records by Volney Litmus and Jeremiah Lockwood. In addition, he has also produced tracks for the films Lo and Behold and Invisible Girlfriend.Awards
He has been the recipient of a Meet the Composer grant, and has written, produced and performed music for film, dance, television, and toys, for which he played alongside Elmo. <mask> also played on Angélique Kidjo's album Djin Djin, which received a Grammy for best contemporary world music album. He has also arranged strings for Spencer Day, James Harries and Ben Jonas. Discography

References

External links
 Bogie's website

American male composers
21st-century American composers
Writers from Evanston, Illinois
Living people
University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance alumni
Musicians from Evanston, Illinois
21st-century American male musicians
Year of birth missing (living


texts:
<mask> (24 July 187415 November 1917) was an early-twentieth-century Scottish Baptist evangelist and teacher who was aligned with the Holiness Movement. He is best known for the daily devotional My Utmost for His Highest. Youth and education
Born to devout parents in Aberdeen, Scotland, <mask> moved with his family in 1876 to Stoke-on-Trent when his father, <mask>, became Home Missions evangelist for the North Staffordshire Baptist Association, then to Perth, Scotland when his father returned to the pastorate, and finally to London in 1889, when Clarence was appointed Traveling Secretary of the Baptist Total Abstinence Association. At 16, <mask> was baptized and became a member of Rye Lane Baptist Chapel. Even as a teenager, <mask> was noted for his deep spirituality, and he participated in the evangelization of poor occupants of local lodging houses. <mask> also demonstrated gifts in both music and art. From 1893 to 1895, <mask> studied at the National Art Training School, now the Royal College of Art and was offered a scholarship for further study, which he declined.For the next two years he continued his study of art at the University of Edinburgh while being greatly influenced by the preaching of Alexander Whyte, pastor of Free St. George's Church. While at Edinburgh, he felt called to ministry, and he left for Dunoon College, a small theological training school near Glasgow, founded by the Rev. Duncan MacGregor. <mask> was soon teaching classes at the school and took over much of the administration when MacGregor was injured in 1898. Holiness minister
While teaching at Dunoon, <mask> was influenced by Richard Reader Harris, KC, a prominent

masks:
Oswald Chambers
Chambers
Clarence Chambers
Oswald Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers


texts:
 barrister and founder of the Pentecostal League of Prayer. In 1905, Reader introduced <mask> as "a new speaker of exceptional power." Through the League, <mask> also met Juji Nakada, a Holiness evangelist from Japan, who stimulated Chambers' growing interest in world evangelism.In 1906, Nakada and <mask> sailed for Japan via the United States. In 1907, <mask> spent a semester teaching at God's Bible School, a Holiness institution in Cincinnati, then spent a few months in Japan working with Charles Cowman, a co-founder of the Oriental Missionary Society. Arriving back in Britain by the end of the year, <mask> found the Holiness movement divided by the advocates and opponents of founding a new denomination and by supporters and detractors of the tongues movement. <mask> did not oppose glossolalia but criticized those who made it a test of the Baptism of the Holy Spirit. Sailing back to the United States in 1908, <mask> became better acquainted with Gertrude Hobbs, the daughter of friends, whom he had known casually. They married in May 1910; and on 24 May 1913, Gertrude (whom <mask> affectionately called "Biddy") gave birth to their only child, Kathleen. Even before they married, <mask> considered a partnership in ministry in which Biddy—who could take shorthand at 250 words per minute—would transcribe and type his sermons and lessons into written form.Bible Training College
In 1911 <mask> founded and was principal of the Bible Training College in Clapham Common, Greater London, in an "embarrassingly elegant" property that had been purchased by the Pentecostal League of Prayer. <mask> accommodated not only students of every age, education, and class

masks: Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers


texts:
 but also anyone in need, believing he ought to "give to everyone who asks." "No one was ever turned away from the door and whatever the person asked for, whether money, a winter overcoat, or a meal, was given." Between 1911 and 1915, 106 resident students attended the Bible Training College, and by July 1915, forty were serving as missionaries. YMCA chaplain
In 1915, a year after the outbreak of World War I, <mask> suspended the operation of the school and was accepted as a YMCA chaplain. He was assigned to Zeitoun, Cairo, Egypt, where he ministered to Australian and New Zealand troops, who later participated in the Battle of Gallipoli. <mask> raised the spiritual tone of a center intended by both the military and the YMCA to be simply an institution of social service providing wholesome alternatives to the brothels of Cairo.When he told a group of fellow YMCA workers that he had decided to abandon concerts and movies for Bible classes, they predicted the exodus of soldiers from his facilities. "What the skeptics had not considered was Chamber's unusual personal appeal, his gift in speaking, and his genuine concern for the men." Soon his wooden-framed "hut" was packed with hundreds of soldiers listening attentively to messages such as "What Is the Good of Prayer?" Confronted by a soldier who said, "I can't stand religious people," <mask> replied, "Neither can I." <mask> irritated his YMCA superiors by giving away refreshments that the organization believed should be sold so as not to raise expectations elsewhere. <mask> installed a contribution box but refused to ask soldiers to pay for tea and cakes. Death and influence
<mask> was stricken with

masks: Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers


texts:
 appendicitis on 17 October 1917, but resisted going to a hospital on the grounds that the beds would be needed by men wounded in the long-expected Third Battle of Gaza.On 29 October, a surgeon performed an emergency appendectomy; however, <mask> died 15 November 1917 from a pulmonary hemorrhage. He was buried in Cairo with full military honors. Before he died, <mask> had proofread the manuscript of his first book, Baffled to Fight Better, a title he had taken from a favorite line by Robert Browning. For the remainder of her life—and at first under very straitened circumstances—<mask>' widow transcribed and published books and articles edited from the notes she had taken in shorthand during the Bible College years and at Zeitoun. Most successful of the thirty books was My Utmost for His Highest (1924), a daily devotional composed of 365 selections of Chamber's talks, each of about 500 words. The work has never been out of print and has been translated into 39 languages. Honours
Chambers House in YMCA of Hong Kong Christian College, which was founded by YMCA of Hong Kong, was named in commemoration of <mask>.References

Biography

External links

 Oswald Chambers Publication Association
 My Utmost for His Highest Online Devotional
 Wheaton College Archives & Special Collections

Scottish clergy
British military chaplains
British evangelicals
Scottish Baptist missionaries
Scottish evangelicals
1874 births
1917 deaths
People from Aberdeen
Deaths from appendicitis
Deaths from pulmonary hemorrhage
Baptist missionaries in Japan
British expatriates in Japan
British expatriates in the United States
YMCA leaders
19th-century Baptists
Modern Christian

masks: Chambers Chambers Chambers Chambers


texts:
<mask> JP (8 February 1840 – 7 November 1885) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament in Christchurch, New Zealand. He worked initially as a surveyor and was then resident magistrate in several places. He was a newspaper editor and was represented in Parliament for one term. Early life

He was born in Lyon on 8 February 1840 to an English mother and French father. His mother, Anna (née Coyney), was the daughter of <mask>. His mother's sister, Mary, was the mother of Charles Clifford. His father, <mask> (1793–1881), was an army officer who distinguished himself at Waterloo.Professional life

His mother's family was Catholic, and English Catholic relatives had preceded <mask> in the colony – the Cliffords, the Vavasours, Frederick Weld. These connections assisted him in finding his first position, working as a clerk in the Lands Office in Wellington, upon his arrival, and he was soon transferred to Napier to work in the Hawke's Bay Provincial Survey Department. It was here that he met Sir Donald McLean, then Superintendent of Hawke's Bay Province. Back in Wellington in 1864, he met his acquaintance Coutts Crawford, who suggested he accompany him to Havelock in the Marlborough Sounds, where gold had recently been discovered. Crawford was resident magistrate there and quickly appointed Pilliet warden of the burgeoning gold fields; by 1865 the 25-year-old Pilliet was himself resident magistrate. He was made a justice of the peace in 1866. He met Mary Ann Johnston of Nelson and married her in that city in 1865.In 1867 he joined the Marine Survey to chart the Marlborough coastline as assistant surveyor under surveyor Lieutenant Woods. The Government steamer St Kilda left Wellington on 15 December 1867 under Captain Fox, but the ship struck rocks at Kaikoura the following day in calm weather. Woods and <mask> were soon back in the area, this time on the ketch Sea Bird from Lyttelton. On 2 and 3 February 1868, there was heavy rain and a severe gale in the area, causing floods

masks:
Walter Hippolyte Pilliet
Walter Hill Coyney
Chevalier Jean Hippolyte Pilliet
Walter Pilliet
Pilliet