texts: a tire in front of him. He had a strong running at the fall Dover race until he got loose exiting the turn and collided with Brad Keselowski, which caused a multi-car pileup that took out Keselowski, Martin Truex Jr., and Alex Bowman. One week later, Almirola and Stewart-Haas Racing dominated the fall Talladega race.On the final lap, <mask> was running 2nd until his teammate Kurt Busch ran out of gas. <mask> scored his second career cup win, locking him into the Round of 8. Despite finishing fourth at Phoenix, <mask> was eliminated in the Round of 8. He finished the season fifth in the points standings, the highest finish of his career. In the 2019 season, <mask> once again made the playoffs, but was eliminated in the Round of 16 after finishing 14th at the Charlotte Roval. 5 weeks later, <mask> contended with teammate and pole-setter Kevin Harvick for the win at Texas before finishing in 2nd-place, his best finish of the season. He fell to 14th in the final points standings.On December 4, 2019, Stewart-Haas Racing announced that Mike Bugarewicz will replace Johnny Klausmeier as the crew chief of the No. 10 team in 2020. <mask> finished third at the 2020 GEICO 500 despite crossing the finish line nearly all the way backwards after being spun by Ricky Stenhouse Jr. <mask> led the most laps and won the second stage at Pocono the following week, and looked to be in a position to win until a poor final pit stop cost him the lead. <mask> finished 3rd. <mask> led 128 of the first 137 laps at Kentucky but his car did not do as well in lap traffic and he was unable to regain the lead; <mask>'s teammate Cole Custer won the race. <mask>'s consistency got him in the Playoffs for the third year in a row. He made it to the Round of 12, but was eliminated after the Charlotte Roval.In 2021, <mask> won his duel and started third in the Daytona 500, but contact with Christopher Bell triggered the big one and knocked <mask> out of the race on lap

masks: Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola Almirola


type: original

texts:
 14. It was the fourth consecutive year in which <mask> did not finish on the lead lap in the Daytona 500. At New Hampshire Motor Speedway, with 57 laps to go, <mask> passed Ryan Blaney for the lead. He went on to collect his third career win over Christopher Bell after NASCAR shortened the race by 8 laps due to darkness. <mask> was eliminated from the playoffs following the conclusion of the Round of 16 at Bristol. He finished the season 15th in the points standings. On January 10, 2022, <mask> announced his retirement from full-time racing after the 2022 season.Personal life
<mask> <mask> was born as the youngest of four boys at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, and raised in Tampa. His family members are Cuban and <mask> is a US citizen. His grandfather Sam Rodriguez was a dirt sprint car driver. <mask> is married to <mask>, with whom he has two children: a son named Alex (born September 2012) and a daughter named Abby (born November 2013). <mask> is a Christian. Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time.* – Most laps led.) Cup Series

Daytona 500

Xfinity Series

Camping World Truck Series

Camping World East Series

K&N Pro Series West

ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) * Season still in progress
1 Ineligible for series points

See also
List of Cuban Americans
List of NASCAR drivers
List of people from Tampa, Florida

References

External links

Living people
1984 births
People from Fort Walton Beach, Florida
Racing drivers from Tampa, Florida
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
World Karting Association drivers
University of Central Florida alumni
American sportspeople of Cuban descent
Joe Gibbs Racing drivers
Dale Earnhardt Inc. drivers
JR Motorsports drivers
Stewart-Haas

masks:
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Aric
Almirola
Almirola
Almirola
Janice Almirola
Almirola


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<mask> (September 20, 1773 in Ruma, Austrian Empire – September 25, 1832 in Kharkov, Imperial Russia) was a Serbian, Austrian and Russian writer, pedagogue, scholar, physicist, mathematician and astronomer of Serb origin. He is considered as the finder of the Russian meteoritics. <mask> was the president of Kharkiv University from 1807 to 1809 and from 1811 to 1813. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Ruma, then part of the Austrian Empire (now modern day Serbia) on 20 September 1773. He finished grammar school in his native village of Ruma in Srem. From 1789 to 1794 he attended the École polythechnique at Buda and afterwards, till 1798, the University of Göttingen. His education (at Buda and Göttingen) was funded by the Metropolitan of the Serbian Orthodox Church at Sremski Karlovci -- Stevan Stratimirović—and subsequently in Sremski Karlovci itself, where Stojković proposed to take orders.Upon graduation and on returning home, however, he abandoned the idea in favor of his academic and scientific careers. It was during his studies at the University of Budapest, where he was inspired by lectures and it was there that he determined to devote himself to natural science, mathematics, physics and astronomy. He received PhD at the University of Göttingen where he also graduated. <mask> took his undergraduate degree in philosophy in 1796, and for a time pursued the study of philosophy and natural science at the University of Göttingen. He graduated in 1798 with a PhD in Philosophy and Natural Science. He became a member of the Mineralogical Society in Jena. Mainly through the influence of Dositej Obradović he

masks:
Atanasije Stojković
Stojković
Stojković
Stojković


texts:
 turned his attention to literature and science, and during the years 1801 and 1804 made a special study of astronomy.It was during his university days that he began his researches in physics which led to his great treatise on that subject. This work—Fizika—was published in 1801-1804 in three volumes. This work entitled <mask> to rank as one of the greatest of those who took part in the development of early modern physics of which Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was the founding father along with Kepler, Galileo, and others, before him. It also added credibility to Vuk Karadžić's reforms. <mask> wrote the three-volume tome with the common man in mind, using the vernacular idiom rather than the antiquated. From Professor to Rector
Severyn Osipović Potocki secured him in 1799 as professor of physics—its first—at the University of Kharkiv (1805-1813) and within a short period he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and served as the university's rector (1807-1808 and 1811-1813). He was already acquainted with Pierre Charles Le Monnier and his son-in-law, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, a member of the French Academy of Sciences, which had become part of the Institut de France (1795) and through their work in astronomy <mask> decided to make Meteor Science his life's work.As a member of the newly instituted commission of education at the new university, he rendered invaluable service to his adopted country (Imperial Russia) for the next several years. From 1821 until 1829 he was a professor of geology at St. Petersburg and he corresponded with members of the Geological Society of France (1830) and influenced the work of

masks: Stojković Stojković Stojković


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 the next generation of geologists, Ami Boué (1794-1881), Gerard Paul Deshayes (1795-1875) and Jules Desnoyers (1800-1887). Before Charles Lyell (1797-1875), Stojković advocated a study of the causes or forces now in action in order to illustrate the past. In 1824 a new version of the New Testament appeared in modern Serbian vernacular. This was translated by <mask> <mask>, and was issued in Cyrillic character by the Russian Bible Society at Petrovgrad (St. Peterburg). <mask> was known in Imperial Russia, Austrian and Ottoman empires as one of the most enlightened and zealous teachers of the time. As professor of physics, and regent of schools, Stojković was the ornament of the University of Khirkiv during the time he was there.He published improved editions of several scholastical and philological works. He wrote books in Russian on the foundation of physics and physical astronomy,. In Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, where the Tunguska event on 30 June 1908 took place, a hill is named after <mask> <mask>. Teodor Pavlović (1804-1854) wrote and published a detailed biography of <mask> <mask>, Russian Emperor's Governmental Counselor. Published works
It was during his university days that he began his researches in physics which led to his great treatise on that subject. This work—Fizika—was published in 1801-1804 in three volumes. This work entitled <mask> to rank as one of the greatest of those who took part in the development of early modern physics of which Leibnitz was the founding father along with Kepler, Galileo, and others, before him.It also added credibility to Vuk Karadžić's reforms. <mask> wrote the three-volume

masks: Atanasije Stojković Stojković Atanasije Stojković Atanasije Stojković Stojković Stojković


texts:
 tome with the common man in mind, using the vernacular idiom rather than the antiquated. In 1800, <mask>'s first Serbian novel Kandor or Revelation of Egyptian mysteries shows the clear influences of 18th century Egyptomany—such as was mostly fostered by Karl von Eckartshausen and by Freemasonry and other similar societies. He was author of the first Serbian language book about physics and member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The first book presented to the library of Matica Srpska were presented by <mask>. In his literature works he used Slavonic-Serbian language and belongs to the group of authors who brought German version of Enlightenment to Serbs. After completing his education <mask> moved to Harkov, Russia.He died in Harkov on 2 June 1832. While in Imperial Russia, he held the position of Russian-Emperor's Governmental Counselor. His treatise on Physics (Fizika) and New Testament translation were written in the Slavoserbian vernacular and not the Serbo-Slavonic language of the chancellery and private correspondences of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. <mask> was awarded the Order of Saint Vladimir. Selected works
 Kandor ili Otkrovenie Egipetskih Tainih'' (Kandor, or a Revelation of Egyptian Mysteries, 1800)

See also
 Gligorije Trlajić
 Teodor Filipović
 Vasily Karazin
 Andrej Dudrovich

References

Sources

External links
 Mad scientist, text about <mask> <mask> published at B92 website

Further reading

1773 births
1832 deaths
People from Ruma
University of Göttingen alumni
Habsburg Serbs
Serbian educators
Serbian writers
People of the Russian Empire of Serbian

masks: Stojković Stojković Stojković Stojković Atanasije Stojković


texts:
<mask> (September 25, 1888 – November 4, 1941) was an American feminist, socialist, and political cartoonist. Personal life
<mask> was born on September 25, 1888 in Flushing, New York, the oldest of three children born to <mask> and <mask>. <mask> initially entered law school, but then explored the sciences before launching a career as a newspaperman for the New York Herald. While living in New York, he also earned a reputation as author and poet. By 1910 the family relocated to Philadelphia, where <mask> established himself as theater manager, and <mask> studied art. New Woman
As educational opportunities were made more available in the 19th century, women artists became part of professional enterprises, including founding their own art associations. Artwork made by women was considered to be inferior, and to help overcome that stereotype women became "increasingly vocal and confident" in promoting women's work, and thus became part of the emerging image of the educated, modern and freer "New Woman".Artists then, "played crucial roles in representing the New Woman, both by drawing images of the icon and exemplyfying this emerging type through their own lives." Artist

<mask> <mask> enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1906,  where she became a pupil of William Merritt Chase and John Twachtman. She has been mentioned as an associate of Robert Henri and his Ashcan school. Her work was honored by receiving two Cresson Traveling Scholarships from the Academy, which permitted her first trip to Europe in 1910,  and encouraged another trip abroad in 1913. She exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts,  and by 1910 was listed as a painter in the American Art Annual. In her mid-twenties she married Arthur S. Garbett, a British music critic working in Philadelphia. The couple gave birth to a son in Philadelphia, and is believed to have spent a couple years in New York City.Max Eastman,  recalled the early days in his assigned role as editor of The Masses, during which the following incident took place around 1913. "<mask> <mask>,  an elf-eyed girl with

masks:
Cornelia Baxter Barns
Cornelia Barns
Charles Edward Barns
Mabel Balston Barns
Charles Barns
Charles Barns
Cornelia
Cornelia
Barns
Cornelia
Barns


texts:
 smooth brown hair, turned up with the picture that was brilliantly comic and not like anything else in the world". <mask> <mask>' artistic style relied on heavy crayon lines and a distinctive comic style in her portrayals of pretentiousness, social privilege, male dominance, and childhood innocence. In another work Max Eastman wrote,
 "[T]he drawings of Art Young and <mask> <mask> and William Gropper  were of their own intrinsic nature comic. Captions here were unnecessary, or were at least a supplemental element––often, in fact, supplied by the editors in the office." "American Salon of Humorists" was a 1915 exhibit held in New York City at the Folsom Galleries. It was organized by Louis Baury,  and <mask> <mask> was one of the twenty-three featured artists.She may have been a relative newcomer to the art scene of New York, but she was rising rapidly. Suffrage and socialism: the New York City years

From 1913 to 1917 Barns was a frequent contributor to The Masses, a socialist magazine that attracted a highly talented group of writers and artists. For three years, Barns served on its editorial board. As art historian Rebecca Zurier commented,
"The closest thing to a feminist statement by a woman Masses editor appears in the cartoons of <mask> <mask>, who refrained from any serious social analysis." When publication of The Masses was suspending following government charges, a new magazine, The Liberator was founded by Max Eastman and Crystal Eastman. In the February 10, 1918 issue of the New York Call, <mask> was announced as a contributing editor to The Liberator, along with fellow cartoonist/illustrators Robert Minor, Boardman Robinson and Art Young. In 1925 the New Masses was announced as "A new radical magazine of arts and letters, without political affiliations or obligations but with sympathy and allegiance unqualifiedly with the international labor movement.. ." Once again, <mask> <mask> was listed as a contributing editor. Within socialist periodicals, many cartoons by <mask> <mask> pertained to the topic of women's suffrage and gender equality. As might be

masks: Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns Cornelia Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns


texts:
 expected, she also published cartoons in the suffrage magazines including New York City's Woman Voter and the National Woman's Party's Suffragist. "One Man--One Vote" depicted two immigrant women with young children, juxtaposed with the stare from a male dandy in three-piece suit and walking stick. Her cover, "Waiting," published in The Suffragist in 1919 is a powerful portrayal of an unending mass of strong-bodied women, two with babies in their arms, holding a lighted torch while waiting for political recognition through suffrage. In 1918, in its second year of publication, <mask> <mask> and Lou Rogers were listed as art editors for Margaret Sanger's  Birth Control Review. Her earliest contribution was "We Accuse Society."California

In 1920 <mask> <mask> moved to California with her husband, Arthur Selwyn Garbett, and their young son. They settled on a ranch near her parents, who had moved to Morgan Hill,  several years earlier. Seeking job opportunities, the Garbetts next moved to Berkeley. Garbett became a radio station program director,  later offering his own radio program. He also served as music critic for a San Francisco newspaper. <mask> <mask> turned mostly to illustration, and provided sketches and covers for Sunset magazine by 1921. She contributed a feature column for Oakland Tribune, "My City Oakland".Garbett and Barns retired to Los Gatos, California, shortly before <mask>'s death from tuberculosis in November 1941. It was speculated that years of using  etching acids on zinc plates  in poorly ventilated studios had damaged her lungs. Others have noted that her paternal grandmother and grand aunt both succumbed to the disease. Following a flood in the family dwelling, few of her original artworks survive. References

External links

  The Masses Collection at Michigan State University

1888 births
1941 deaths
American editorial cartoonists
American women illustrators
Socialism
Feminist artists
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
People from Flushing, Queens
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
American socialist feminists
Tuberculosis deaths

masks: Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns Cornelia Barns Cornelia


texts:
<mask><mask> (December 5, 1799 – April 21, 1880) was a pioneer educator of women from Kentucky. After teaching for several years in Virginia, she founded the Science Hill Female Academy in Shelbyville and led the institution to gain a national reputation for excellence. Teaching her students math and science, rather than how to be accomplished seamstresses, Tevis prepared young women for colleges. Early life
<mask> was born on December 5, 1799, near Winchester, Clark County, Kentucky to Mary "Polly" (née Bush) and Pendleton Hieronymus Her father's family were German Methodists and her mother's family were English Baptists Hieronymous was the oldest daughter and second child in the family. Though she began her schooling in Clark County, studying with Mr. Pettichord, when she was seven years old, the Hieronymous family moved to Winchester, Virginia, as they felt schooling opportunities would be better. She attended the female academy there until 1813, when they moved again to the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D. C.

In Georgetown, Hieronymous studied drawing, embroidery, music and French with various private tutors. She enjoyed a privileged life, meeting dignitaries and attending festivities when Congress was in session.During the War of 1812, Hieronymous was barely able to flee during the British attack on Washington. In 1815, she entered a finishing school run by an Englishwoman, Mrs. Stone and graduated when she was nineteen years old. A business reversal of her father, required that Hieronymous earn her own living. Career
At twenty, Hieronymous began teaching at a school in Wytheville, Virginia. After teaching a little over a year in Wytheville, she moved to Washington County, Virginia to teach the daughter of a general who lived in Abingdon. When her father died, Hieronymous brought her mother and sister to live with her and took on the responsibility for their care. She converted to Methodism and met a circuit rider, <mask>, with whom she had a brief courtship.On March 9, 1824, Hieronymous and <mask> married and traveled to Kentucky on their

masks:
Julia A
. Tevis
Julia Ann Hieronymous
John Tevis
Tevis


texts: honeymoon trip to see the property his parents had given them as a wedding gift. She convinced John to allow her to open a school in the home. John was appointed to serve the Louisville Station and Tevis, who remained in Shelbyville founded the Science Hill Female Academy on March 25, 1825. In the early days of the school, the Methodist church helped with funding, but it was only nominally associated with the church. Tevis sought to teach her students to have a strong social conscience, but more importantly, she felt that women were as "capable of mastering the sciences as were young men". While daily attendance at chapel was a requirement, Tevis felt that chemistry and mathematics should take precedence over embroidery and sewing. Famous educators, speakers and writers of the period presented lectures as part of the lyceum circuit for the school and she taught history, math, rhetoric, science, and Latin All teachers she hired were required to have had a classical education and be proficient in languages.Shortly before the school opened, Tevis gave birth to her first child. As she would with its six siblings, she continued working and simultaneously raising her family. A cholera epidemic in the 1830s nearly forced the closure of the school, but Tevis persevered and built the student body from its initial thirty-five pupils to 250 by 1857. Her husband John, had a stroke in 1857 and thereafter suffered from ill-health. He died on January 26, 1861, just prior to the beginning of the Civil War. Around the same time as her husband's death, Tevis' likeness was featured in the Nashville-based Home Circle newspaper's February 1861 issue. It is unknown if the engraving published in the Home Circle was taken from the portraits painted of the Tevises by Charles Bond, probably in 1860.Tevis believed in the emancipation of slaves and was not a supporter of the Confederacy, which was shocking to her neighbors. As most of her students also came from Southern states, though she had pupils from throughout the country, her kindness and reputation allowed her to keep the school


texts:
 open during the conflict. Several students from Georgia, Louisiana and Mississippi, remained with her through the duration of the war without means to contact or return to their families. She cared for them as if they were her own children, until the war was over and normal travel was resumed. In 1875, the school held its fifty-year reunion and alumni from three generations came to pay tribute to <mask>. Though she had begun relinquishing some of her duties, she continued to instruct Bible classes and chemistry. In 1878, Tevis published her autobiography, Sixty Years in a School-room.The following year, she sold Science Hill to Dr. Wiley Taul Poynter and on her birthday a large "founders celebration" was held in her honor at the school. It was attended by former students, teachers, local dignitaries and friends. Death and legacy
Tevis died on April 21, 1880 at Shelbyville, Kentucky and she was buried in the Grove Hill Cemetery of Shelbyville. The month after her death, her former students and children erected a cemetery marker to her memory. A statue in her honor was erected in 1885 in Shelbyville. The school Tevis founded maintained a reputation as one of the premier college preparatory schools of the South, training some 3,000 young women over its 114-year history until 1939. In 1939, Rachel M. Varble published <mask> a work of juvenile fiction based on the diaries of Tevis.Tevis' private papers and those of Science Hill are housed at the Filson Historical Society in Louisville, Kentucky and contain letters, papers and records of the school from its founding through 1975. The Filson Historical Society is also in possession of the portraits painted by Bond. In 1975 the school was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, because of its significance as both a school and a historical building. References

Citations

Bibliography

1799 births
1880 deaths
People from Winchester, Kentucky
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American writers
Women autobiographers
Kentucky women in education
19th-century American

masks:
Tevis
Julia Ann


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<mask> (, born 6 January 1956) is a former Minister of Energy & Infrastructure of Israel, member of Knesset, and pediatrician. In 2005 he was convicted of forgery, credit card fraud and attempting to smuggle drugs. In 2019 he was convicted of spying for Iran and was sentenced to 11 years in prison. Early life
Segev was born and raised in Kiryat Motzkin. He began his mandatory military service in the Israel Defense Forces by attending the Israeli Air Force pilot course, but dropped out and moved to a combat unit, where he made it to the rank of captain. He studied medicine at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and graduated with an M.D. He worked as a private doctor and as a farmer in Tel Adashim.Political career
In the early 1990s, Segev was active in the Tzomet party founded by Rafael Eitan. In 1992 he was elected to the 13th Knesset, after Tzomet had won eight seats. At age 35, he was one of the youngest people elected to the Knesset. As the Labor Party was the largest party in these elections it formed the government and the right-wing Tzomet party remained in the opposition. Segev served as an opposition MK and a member of the Knesset's Finance Committee. On 7 February 1994 Tzomet MKs Segev, Esther Salmovitz, and Alex Goldfarb split from their party to form the Yiud faction. On 9 January 1995 Segev became Minister of Energy and Infrastructure after Yiud joined Yitzhak Rabin's government.<mask> held the same minister post again from 22 November 1995 to 18 June 1996 in the government that Shimon Peres formed shortly after Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated. His vote was vital in passing the Oslo Accords in the Knesset. Business and crime
After his political career Segev focused on a business career. In April 2004 <mask> was arrested for attempting to smuggle thousands of ecstasy tablets from Amsterdam to Israel that he claimed he thought were M&M's. He illegally extended his diplomatic passport with a pencil to avoid being searched by Dutch airport authorities. He had also pulled money

masks:
Gonen Segev
Segev
Segev


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 from an automated teller machine in Hong Kong, after claiming that his card was stolen. A security camera had captured footage of him at the machine.He was convicted in a plea bargain for forgery and attempted drug smuggling and sentenced to five years imprisonment. In August 2006 an Israeli court rejected his appeal for shortening his prison term. In March 2007 his medical license was revoked. He appealed to have his license reinstated to the Jerusalem District Court, but the appeal was denied. He was released from prison in 2007 after the parole board decided to reduce his jail time by a third due to good behavior. Prohibited from practicing medicine in Israel, Segev moved to Nigeria to work as a doctor. Segev was a physician for Israeli diplomatic staff in Abuja and members of the local Jewish community, and received a letter of praise from the Israeli Foreign Ministry for saving an Israeli security guard's life.In 2016, he requested that the Israeli Health Ministry reinstate his medical license so he could resume his medical career in Israel. The request was denied. In an interview with Israeli media, he stated "I’ve decided I’m not coming back to Israel unless I can return with my head held high as ‘Dr. <mask> Segev’ with a permit to work... not as ‘the former convict <mask> Segev." Espionage
In June 2018, the Shin Bet and Israel Police announced that he had been arrested under suspicion of spying for Iranian intelligence. According to Israeli intelligence, Segev was recruited in Nigeria by Iranian Embassy officials in 2012, initially being lured to the Iranian Embassy on the pretext of treating children of diplomatic staff. He traveled twice to Iran to meet his handlers, and met with Iranian agents in apartments and hotels around the world.He received secret communications equipment for encoding messages between him and his handlers. He maintained contacts with Israelis involved in defense and foreign relations, and worked to put Israeli officials in contact with Iranian

masks: Gonen Gonen


texts:
 intelligence operatives while passing them off as innocuous businessmen. He was identified as a spy by Shin Bet's counterintelligence department. In May 2018, Segev was refused admission to Equatorial Guinea due to his criminal record and subsequently extradited to Israel, where he was interrogated and indicted for espionage, aiding the enemy in a time of war, and providing information to the enemy in the Jerusalem District Court. According to Israeli authorities, Segev did not deny his contacts with Iranian officials, but claimed that he was acting as a double agent in the hopes of restoring his tarnished reputation and returning to Israel as a hero. Segev's trial opened in the Jerusalem District Court on 5 July 2018. The trial was closed to the public.In August 2018, Mahmoud Alavi, Iran's intelligence minister told press "you have recently heard that we brought under our control a member of a cabinet of a powerful country." According to Times of Israel, his remarks were interpreted as acknowledging that Segev worked for Iran, despite the fact he did not name Segev nor clarified about the country. On 9 January 2019, Segev pleaded guilty to charges of espionage for repeatedly meeting with Iranian intelligence officials and supplying them with information. As part of a plea deal negotiated with prosecutors, the more serious charges of aiding an enemy during war time were dropped and he would be sentenced to 11 years in prison. He was formally sentenced on 26 February. See also
 List of Israeli public officials convicted of crimes or misdemeanors

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
21st-century Israeli criminals
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev alumni
Israeli drug traffickers
Israeli fraudsters
Israeli government officials convicted of crimes
Israeli pediatricians
Israeli prisoners and detainees
Members of the 13th Knesset (1992–1996)
People from Kiryat Motzkin
Tzomet politicians
Yiud politicians
Israeli politicians convicted of crimes
Iranian spies
People convicted


texts:
<mask> is a Syrian doctor who is best known for his humanitarian work in Syria (including leading a large-scale polio vaccination campaign, where over 1.4 million Syrian children were inoculated), and for being forced to relocate from the U.S. to Canada as a result of the U.S. Executive Order 13769 (i.e. the travel ban). Early life and education
<mask> was born in Aleppo, Syria in 1981. He completed his medical training at the University of Aleppo's School of Medicine in 2006. Career

Syria: war outbreak and torture
When the war broke out in Syria, <mask> was a medical resident with a focus on otolaryngology. He had planned to head to Stuttgart, Germany to train as a head and neck surgeon in March 2011, but instead joined other physicians in secretly treating injured protestors in the cities of Hama and Homs. On 7 September.2011, <mask> and three colleagues were arrested for treating injured protestors, and were tortured by the Assad regime in prison. Torture included electrocution, beatings, and starvation. Despite his own injuries, prison authorities relied on <mask> to treat other prisoners (while blind-folded). Six months later, in early March 2012, <mask> was released. He remained in Aleppo, where he continued to treat injured protestors, before fleeing with his parents to Gaziantep, Turkey following a raid on a friend's home. Humanitarian work
In Turkey, <mask> was a health coordinator for The Saudi National Campaign, which supported Syrians living in Turkey and Syria. He also led the health department of the Syrian Opposition Coalition' Assistance Coordination Unit, which involved coordinating between Syrian hospitals in regions under attack.<mask> also developed the Early Warning Alert & Response Network (EWARN) to monitor for disease outbreaks in Syria. Soon, <mask> founded the Sustainable International Medical Relief Organization (SIMRO), which is a non-governmental organization. In 2013, <mask> also co-founded the Canadian International Medical Relief Organization (CIMRO) with physician Jay

masks:
Khaled Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji


texts:
 Dahman and former paramedic Mark Cameron, to provide medical supplies and training to front-line aid workers in regions such as Syria. In 2013, there was a polio outbreak in Syria, which was detected in part thanks to <mask>'s EWARN system. ACU (Assistant Coordination Unit) led a number of organizations, together known as the Polio Control Task Force, in an effort to curb this polio outbreak. <mask> was a key player in launching a door-to-door polio vaccination campaign, where over 8,500 health care workers distributed vaccines to approximately 1.4 million Syrian children to curb the polio outbreak in rebel-held areas. In 2014, <mask> met Jehan Mouhsen (a Syrian physician born in Montenegro).The two married in Germany in July 2016. One month later in the fall of 2016, <mask> and his wife moved to Providence, Rhode Island on a student visa, where <mask> would pursue a master's degree in public health at Brown University on a full scholarship. During his time at Brown University, <mask> launched Care4SyrianKids – an advocacy and awareness campaign – with classmates. Travel ban and the move to Canada
On January 1, 2017, while still a Brown University student, <mask> flew to Gaziantep, Turkey to attend a United Nations meeting relevant to his humanitarian work and to renew his Turkish residency permit. He planned to return to Rhode Island in time for his classes in the winter semester, which began on 25 January. On 18 January, while still in Turkey, <mask>'s multiple-entry student visa was revoked. This revocation was then made permanent as a result of executive order 13769 (i.e.the travel ban) on 27 January 2017. <mask> was unable to return to the U.S. At this point, his wife was five weeks pregnant, and stayed in New York with friends. The couple remained separated for around six months, during which Brown University and Rhode Island officials advocated unsuccessfully for <mask>'s visa to be renewed. Brown University's Terrie Fox Wetle (Dean of its School of Public Health) asked University of Toronto's

masks: Almilaji Almilaji Almilaji Almilaji Almilaji Almilaji Almilaji Almilaji Almilaji Almilaji


texts:
 Howard Hu (the Dean of the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, and a Brown University alumnus) to consider admitting <mask> into a public health postgraduate program. Hu agreed. The University of Toronto waived his tuition and private donors covered living costs. <mask> moved to Toronto, Canada, on 16 June 2017, where he was reunited with his wife.On 21 June 2017, he began an Executive Master of Health Informatics Program at the University of Toronto's Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation's (IHPME), which is a part of the Dalla Lana School of Public Health. Ongoing humanitarian work
Alongside his studies, <mask> continues to work with SIMRO, where one project involves the building of the Avicenna Women and Children's Hospital to provide reproductive and maternity care in the Idlib province in Syria. The hospital has partnered with Brown University and the University of Toronto to provide training for staff. The building of the underground hospital has partly been funded through crowdfunding. On 12 December 2017, <mask>, alongside his fellow CIMRO co-founders, was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal by Governor General of Canada Julie Payette, in recognition of his efforts as a civilian in providing medical relief and training to global disaster-struck areas. <mask> ultimately plans to return to Syria to rebuild the nation's medical system. Selected bibliography

 B Tajaldin <mask>, P Langton, A Sparrow.Defining Polio: Closing the Gap in Global Surveillance. Annals of Global Health. 2015. A Sparrow, <mask>, B Tajaldin, N Teodoro, P Langton. Cholera in the time of war: implications of weak surveillance in Syria for the WHO's preparedness—a comparison of two monitoring systems. BMJ Global Health. 2016.M Elamein, H Bower, C Valderrama, D Zedan, H Rihawi, <mask>, et al. Attacks against health care in Syria, 2015–16: results from a real-time reporting tool. The Lancet. 2017. References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Otolaryngologists
Syrian surgeons
Syrian public health

masks:
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
Almilaji
K Almilaji
K Almilaji
K Almilaji


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<mask> (November 24, 1889 – September 22, 1934), also known as <mask> and <mask>, was an American criminal and bank robber active in the early 20th century, most notably as a criminal associate of John Dillinger. Early life and education
<mask> (Pronounced Make-lee) was born in St. Marys, Ohio, to <mask> and <mask>. <mask> was the oldest of five, with two brothers, George and Fred, and two sisters, Florence and Mildred. <mask> dropped out of school in the eighth grade and turned to crime in his teens, first with petty theft, then bootlegging and bank robbery in at least three Midwestern states.<ref name="checkmark">Newton, M. (2002). The Encyclopedia of Robberies, Heists, and Capers. Checkmark Books, an imprint of Facts on File, Inc. . pp. 183-184.</ref> <mask>'s father worked as a stone cutter and in the 1910 Ohio census a 20-year-old <mask> is listed as working in his father’s profession.His parents had divorced by this time. On his prison paperwork, <mask> often listed his occupation as salesman. He also listed his wife as Edith Slife <mask>, a woman married to his brother Fred. Early criminal career

<mask> did not begin a criminal career in earnest until his early thirties. On November 21, 1921, he was arrested for receiving stolen property in Detroit, Michigan. He was found not guilty. Over the next three years, <mask> was arrested various times in Missouri.On July 30, 1924, he was arrested in Wichita, Kansas, for bank robbery, under the alias of <mask>. He was sentenced to 15 years, but was paroled in May 1928. A few days later, he robbed a bank in Hammond, Indiana. He was apprehended on June

masks:
Charles Omer Makley
Charles McGray
Fat Charles
Makley
Edward Makley
Martha Sunderland Makley
Charles
Makley
Makley
Charles
Charles
Makley
Makley
Makley
Charles McGray


texts:
 2, 1928, and sentenced to 10 to 20 years. <mask> entered Indiana State Prison in Michigan City on June 25, 1928. Meeting John Dillinger
At the time of <mask>’s incarceration, Indiana State Prison was on the silent system. Prisoners remained silent during work hours and in the dining hall.<mask> was not a model prisoner, but incurred only minor infractions during his stay at Indiana State: possessing contraband cigarette papers, having an electric stove, and wearing first grade uniform to a ball game. It was here that <mask> became friends with a number of prominent bank robbers, including Harry Pierpont, Homer Van Meter, John Hamilton, Russell Clark, and John Dillinger. Dillinger was paroled in May 1933, but swore to liberate his friends, and had pistols smuggled in to <mask>, Pierpont, Hamilton, Clark, and several other convicts. The pistols were smuggled in a crate of thread that was delivered to the prison shirt shop. On September 26, 1933, a total of ten armed men escaped from the main gate of Indiana State Prison. The ten escapees were Harry Pierpont, Russell Clark, <mask>, John Hamilton, James Jenkins, Ed Shouse, Walter Dietrich, James Clark, Joseph Fox and Joseph Burns. Crime spree
The ten escapees immediately split into two groups.Dietrich, Fox, Burns and James Clark commandeered a car at gunpoint from a sheriff that was taking a prisoner to Michigan city and split from the others. <mask> remained with the group headed by Harry Pierpont. They went to the home of Pierpont's girlfriend, Mary Kinder, to change out of their prison uniforms, and then hid out at a farm owned by Pierpont's parents

masks:
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Charles Makley
Makley


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 near Leipsic, Ohio. It was around this time that the gang learned that Dillinger had himself recently been arrested for bank robbery and was being detained at the Allen County jail in Lima, Ohio. Determined to free Dillinger, the gang needed cash to fund an escape. On October 3, 1933, the gang robbed the First National Bank of St. Mary's, Ohio. Nine days later, on October 12, gang members converged on the jail where Dillinger was being held.Pierpont, <mask>, and Russell Clark entered the facility, while Ed Shouse remained outside as a lookout. The three men confronted Sheriff Jesse Sarber—in the presence of Deputy Wilbur Sharp and Sarber's wife—and stated that they were from Indiana State Prison with a transfer request for John Dillinger. When the sheriff asked to see their credentials, Pierpont shot him in the abdomen. <mask> and one other man then physically assaulted the sheriff, mortally injuring him. They locked the deputy and Sarber's wife in a cell and left Sarber for dead while they made their escape. On October 14, Dillinger, <mask>, and the gang stole guns, ammunition and bulletproof vests from a police station in Auburn, Indiana. On October 20, they pulled a similar heist at a police station in Peru, Indiana.On October 23, the gang used its new arsenal to rob a bank in Greencastle, Indiana, escaping with $74,782. By the end of the year, <mask> ranked fourth on Illinois' list of "public enemies", behind Dillinger, Pierpont, and Hamilton. Capture and trial for murder
On January 25, 1934, while the gang was lying low in Tucson, Arizona, a fire broke out in a leaky furnace at the Hotel

masks: Makley Makley Makley Makley


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 Congress, where <mask> and Clark were staying. They were rescued by the fire department, and bribed a fireman, William Benedict, to retrieve their suitcases, which contained their guns. Days after the fire, Benedict identified <mask> from his mugshot in a True Detective magazine. <mask> was apprehended at the Crabtree Electric Company, shopping for a radio, using the alias "J.C. Davies". The rest of the gang was apprehended shortly afterwards.Dillinger was extradited to Crown Point, Indiana to stand trial for the murder of Officer William O'Malley during the gang's robbery of the First National Bank in East Chicago on January 15, while Pierpont, <mask> and Clark were sent back to Indiana State Prison under the supervision of Sheriff Don Sarber, the son of the Allen County sheriff they had killed. All three were later extradited to Lima, Ohio, to stand trial for Sheriff Sarber's murder. Testimony from Ed Shouse saw <mask>, Clark and Pierpont convicted in three consecutive trials over the course of two weeks in March 1934, while Dillinger, who had escaped Crown Point and joined up with Baby Face Nelson, robbed banks in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and Mason City, Iowa. On March 24, 1934, <mask> and Pierpont received death sentences, while Clark received a life sentence. On March 27, the three were transferred to the Ohio State Prison in Columbus. Final escape attempt

While waiting for their turn in the electric chair, <mask> and Pierpont carved a pair of revolvers from large bars of soap, and blackened them with shoe polish. On September 22, 1934, the two used these props to attempt an escape.They

masks: Makley Makley Makley Makley Makley Makley Makley


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 assaulted a guard and freed Clark from his cell nearby. Before they had gone far, Clark, who was not looking at an imminent death sentence, lost his nerve and retreated to his cell. Moments later, armed guards arrived and shot <mask> and Pierpont. <mask>, hit in the thorax and abdomen, died on the scene. Pierpont was seriously wounded, but survived and was later executed. <mask>'s death certificate states that internal hemorrhaging from these wounds caused his death. He is buried in the Sugar Ridge Cemetery in Leipsic, Ohio.Temperament
While a habitual criminal, <mask> cultivated the appearance and demeanor of a prosperous legitimate businessman. In between crimes he worked as a salesman and insurance agent, and could easily pass for a respectable citizen. A story often told of <mask> is that some time in the mid-1920s after robbing a bank he went straight to a civic luncheon at which he was giving the keynote speech. The story itself is most likely apocryphal, but its popularity gives an insight into the man's charisma. Other media
In the 2009 film Public Enemies'', <mask> is played by Christian Stolte

References

Footnotes

Other sources
 1910 United States Census Ohio
 Prison Record for <mask> Indiana State Prison Michigan City

1889 births
1934 deaths
American bank robbers
American people convicted of murdering police officers
American people who died in prison custody
American prisoners sentenced to death
Depression-era gangsters
Deaths by firearm in Ohio
Lima, Ohio
Prisoners who died in Ohio detention
Prisoners sentenced to death by Ohio
People convicted of murder by Ohio
People from St.

masks:
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Makley
Charles Makley


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<mask> (born 2 November 1965) is a Turkish medical doctor (pulmonologist), human rights activist and an MP (Member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly - TBMM) for the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP). He has dedicated his political career to fighting against the human rights violations in Turkey. Educational life
<mask>şma Derneği'). At the local level in Kocaeli, he led various activities from freedom of expression to women's rights. He pioneered drafting reports and organizing petitions. He initiated the 'Freedom to headscarf' campaign and oversaw it for years.In 2007, the General Assembly of MAZLUMDER appointed him as the President at the national level. Despite the calls from the General Assembly to continue his function, Gergerlioglu decided to leave the presidency in 2009. He was one of the co-signatories of the I apologize campaign, in which several personalities of the Turkish-Kurdish society encouraged Turkey to take responsibility for their role regarding the massacres suffered by the Armenians. He became the spokesperson of Kocaeli Peace Platform (2013), which consisted of various NGOs that are active in Kocaeli, and the spokesperson of Rights and Justice Platform, which was founded in March 2017. He attended countless human rights events both in Turkey and abroad, and organized various human rights campaigns, including drafting reports on specific issues. Since 2007, he has been writing about national and global political issues in local, national and international newspapers and websites. He has given countless interviews on websites and makes podcasts on human rights violations.He makes weekly broadcasts on Periscope named 'OFG TV'. Gergerlioglu is a supporter of Kurdish rights. After Sur and Cizre operations, he and other human rights activists released a declaration criticizing excessive usage of force and human rights violations of security forces. In the aftermath of the 15 July 2016, coup attempt in Turkey, he has been mainly focused on the legal and social

masks:
Ömer Faruk Gergerlioğlu
Gergerlioğluı


texts:
 effects of the State of Emergency (OHAL), particularly the decree-laws (KHK). He played the leading role in revealing torture cases (such as the case of tortured Turkish diplomats) and in bringing human rights tragedies to the public attention (such as the case of Ahmet Burhan Atac). Examples of his activities
 He was the head researcher of the field study on 'Ethnic and Religious Discrimination in Turkey. Examples of his articles and interviews
 'Turkey's political prisoners at grave risk from COVID-19', Washington Examiner (11 May 2020).His interview about the bill on execution of sentences in Turkey, Al Arabiya (15 May 2020). Legal prosecution and controversies
On the 11 October 2016, an investigation against <mask> was initiated for having shared an image on twitter in support of a Kurdish Turkish peace process, depicting mothers behind a symbolic coffin draped with a Turkish flag and an other one with the flag of the Kurdistan Workers' Party. The image was taken during a manifestation of the Peace Mothers on the World Peace Day. On the 13 October, he was summoned by his superior at the state hospital in İzmit  and suspended from his duties. Nacho Sánchez Amor, the current rapporteur for Turkey of the European Parliament, condemned the confirmation the sentence in February 2021. Gergerlioğlu is still able to appeal the verdict at the Constitutional Court. In February 2018, <mask> was sentenced to 2.5 years in prison after sharing an article on Twitter with the title "PKK: if the state takes the initiative, peace can be achieved within a month".The online newspaper who published the article, T24, was not prosecuted. Due to this conviction, <mask> <mask> <mask> was stripped of his parliamentary membership on the 17 March 2021. Following he would not leave the building of the Turkish Parliament and initiated a so-called "Justice Watch" together with other Member of Parliaments from the HDP. The same day his Parliamentary immunity was revoked, the Turkish state prosecutor

masks: Gergerlioğlu Gergerlioğlu Ömer Faruk Gergerlioğlu


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 before the Court of Cassation Bekir Şahin filed a lawsuit before the Constitutional Court demanding for him and 686 other HDP politicians a five-year ban to engage in politics. The lawsuit was filed together with the request for a closure of the HDP due to the parties alleged organizational links with the PKK and its politicians role in terrorist activities. On 21 March 2021 in the morning he was detained by the Turkish police and dragged out of the Turkish Parliament. He was released shortly after he delivered testimony regarding him not leaving the Turkish Parliament while being expelled from it.On 2 April 2021 he was arrested. Hours later he was brought to hospital to get an emergency operation. After the operation he was brought out of intensive care again to the prison. The Constitutional Court restored <mask>'s parliamentary membership on 1 July 2021, stating that his rights had been violated when he was convicted. He was released from jail on 6 July and the ruling of the court was read out in the Grand National Assembly on 16 July. Political career

At the parliamentary elections of 24 June 2018, he was elected to the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) representing Kocaeli for the People's Democratic Party (HDP). He is a member of the Parliamentary Commission of Human Rights Inquiry.He draws attention to human rights violations and campaigns to improve the rights of Kurds, prisoners and people who have been purged after July 15, 2016 coup attempt. In January 2018, he signed a petition against Turkey's Operation Olive Branch against Afrin, Syria. Honors and prizes

 The Intellectual of the Year Award by Feta Initiative and Sakarya Voluntary Educators Association (2013)
Selected as the 'Person of the Year (2019)' by the Ahval News

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
People's Democracy Party politicians
People from Isparta Province
Anadolu University alumni
People expelled from public office
Turkish pulmonologists
Members of the 27th Parliament of


texts:
<mask> of Mount Argus (11 December 1821 – 5 January 1893), was a Dutch Passionist priest who served in 19th-century Ireland. He gained a reputation for his compassion for the sick and those in need of guidance. His reputation for healings and miracles was so great at the time that a reference is made to him in the famous novel Ulysses by James Joyce. He has been canonized by the Catholic Church. His feast day is January 5. Life
Born Joannes Andreas Houben on 11 December 1821 in the village of Munstergeleen in the Province of Limburg in the  Kingdom of the Netherlands, to Peter Joseph Houben and his wife, Johanna Elizabeth Luyten. He was named after his maternal uncle and godfather, but to the family he was known as Andrew.His father was a miller by trade. As a boy Andrew attended the village primary school. One of 11 children in a poor family, he was a slow learner in his youth. To those outside his family he seemed quiet and extremely shy. A slow learner, for ten years he walked the two miles to a secondary school at nearby town of Sittard. When Houben was 19 years old he was enrolled for military service in the First Infantry Regiment of the Netherlands. During his time as a soldier there was a disturbance in the town; the army were called out and ordered to fire.Afraid that he might hit someone, Andrew pointed his rifle the wrong way and narrowly missed shooting his superior officer. On 18 February 1845 his period as a reserve in the army came to an end and he was formally discharged. Passionist

Feeling called to religious life, in 1845 Houben was admitted to the novitiate of the Passionists, who had recently arrived in Belgium, in the village of Ere, near Tournai. He professed his religious vows the following year and was given the religious habit and the religious name of <mask> of St. Andrew. His father died in 1850, just before <mask>' ordination as a priest. The family were so poor they could not afford to go to his ordination because of the expenses of the funeral.

masks: Charles Charles Charles


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 Even happy days were lonely days.He was sent to serve in England in 1852. He did parochial ministry in the Parish of St. Wilfred and neighboring areas. Serving there, <mask> first came in contact with the Irish who were moving to England in the wake of the devastating famine taking place there. In July 1857 <mask> was transferred to Ireland to the newly founded monastery of Mount Argus, in Harold's Cross, Dublin. Traditionally Passionists are supposed to conduct missions and retreats and, through preaching, spread devotion to the Passion of Christ. <mask> was not a good preacher. He never really mastered the English language, but it was in the confessional and in comforting the sick that he excelled, and he became fond of the Irish people.In community he was cheerful and often was heard humming the Dutch national anthem as he walked around the house. Healer
It was <mask>' gift of healing the sick which is most clearly remembered. Another member of the Passionist community in Dublin, Sebastian Keens, C.P., told of a 12-year-old boy who had lost the use of his leg and was brought to him. Without delay he called <mask> and shortly afterwards found the boy walking up and down in front of the house completely cured. He became so popular with the people that the diocesan authorities, as well as the medical profession, grew suspicious of him. Some medical doctors complained to Cardinal Cullen, the Archbishop of Dublin, that he discouraged people from going to the doctor, a claim later retracted. Unscrupulous persons took holy water blessed by <mask> and unbeknownst to him began to sell it throughout Ireland.In order to discourage this practice, <mask> was transferred back to England in 1866 and remained there for eight years. <mask> returned to Dublin in 1874. A trap in which he was travelling overturned near St Clare's Convent at Harold's Cross, causing a fracture which never set right. He remained in Dublin until his death that took place at dawn on 5 January 1893.

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


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 Veneration

At his funeral, attended by people from all of Ireland, there was definite proof of the popular devotion that had surrounded him throughout his life. The Superior of the monastery wrote to his family: "The people have already declared him a saint." The cause for <mask>' canonization was introduced on 13 November 1935.After the declaration of a miracle attributed to his intercession, on 16 October 1988, Pope John Paul II beatified the man whom everyone called the Saint of Mount Argus. The miracle that led to his canonization was the healing of Adolf Dormans of Munstergeleen, <mask>' birthplace, who was cured of "perforated, gangrenous appendicitis with generalized peritonitis that was multi-organically compromising" and which cure was "not scientifically explainable". The theologian consultors and the Ordinary Congregation of Cardinals and Bishops gave their unanimous approval of the claimed supernatural aspect of the said alleged healing. <mask> was canonized on 3 June 2007 by Pope Benedict XVI. From December 2021 to January 2023, a special holy year has been given recognition by Pope Francis to commemorate the bicentenary of the birth of <mask>. The Apostolic Penitentiary has granted the possibility of gaining a plenary indulgence to those faithful who visit the tomb and shrine of St Charles at Mount Argus or the place of his birth at Munstergeleen in the Netherlands. See also

 Passionists
 Dominic Barberi
List of Catholic saints

References

External links
<mask> of Mount Argus at Catholic Forum
Passionist community at Mount Argus in Dublin
 Biography of Fr.<mask> of St. Andrew (1821–1893)

1821 births
1893 deaths
People from Sittard-Geleen
Passionists
19th-century Dutch Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Dutch expatriates in Ireland
Wonderworkers
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI
Irish Roman Catholic saints
Dutch Roman Catholic saints
19th-century Christian saints
Venerated Catholics by Pope

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


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<mask> (; ; 7 March 1693 – 2 February 1769), born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 July 1758 to his death in 1769. He was installed on 16 July 1758. His pontificate was overshadowed by the constant pressure to suppress the Society of Jesus but despite this, he championed their order and also proved to be their greatest defender at that time. He was also one of the few early popes who favoured dialogue with Protestants and to this effect hoped to mend the schism with the Catholic Church that existed in England and the Low Countries. These efforts ultimately bore little fruit. Biography

Early life
Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico was born in 1693 to a recently ennobled family of Venice, the second of two children of the man who bought the unfinished palace on the Grand Canal (now Ca' Rezzonico) and finished its construction. His parents were Giovanni Battista Rezzonico and Vittoria Barbarigo, and he had a brother called Aurelio.Carlo received a Jesuit education in Bologna and later studied at the University of Padua where he obtained his doctorate in canon law and civil law. From there, he travelled to Rome where he attended the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles. In 1716 Rezzonico became the Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura and in 1721 was appointed Governor of Fano. He was ordained to the priesthood on 23 December 1731 in Rome. <mask> XII appointed him to the cardinalate in 1737 as the Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere. He also filled various important posts in the Roman Curia. Rezzonico was chosen as Bishop of Padua in 1743 and he received episcopal consecration in Rome by <mask> XIV himself, in the presence of Giuseppe Accoramboni and cardinal Antonio Saverio Gentili as co-consecrators.Rezzonico visited his diocese on frequent occasions and reformed the way that the diocese ran, paying

masks:
Pope Clement XIII
Pope Clement
Pope Benedict


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 attention to the social needs of the diocese. He was the first to do this in five decades. He later opted to become the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Aracoeli in 1747 and later still to become the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco in 1755. Pontificate

Election to the papacy

<mask> XIV died of gout in 1758 and the College of Cardinals gathered at the papal conclave in order to elect a successor. Direct negotiations between the rival factions resulted in the proposal for the election of Rezzonico. On the evening of 6 July 1758, Rezzonico received 31 votes out of a possible 44, one more than the required amount. He selected the pontifical name of "<mask> XIII" in honor of <mask> XII, who elevated him to the cardinalate.Rezzonico was crowned as pontiff on 16 July 1758 by the protodeacon, Cardinal Alessandro Albani. Actions
Notwithstanding the meekness and affability of his upright and moderate character, he was modest to a fault (he had the classical sculptures in the Vatican provided with mass-produced fig leaves) and generous with his extensive private fortune. He also permitted vernacular translations of the Bible in Catholic countries. The Jesuits
<mask>'s pontificate was repeatedly disturbed by disputes respecting the pressures to suppress the Jesuits coming from the progressive Enlightenment circles of the philosophes in France. <mask> placed the Encyclopédie of D'Alembert and Diderot on the Index, but this index was not as effective as it had been in the previous century. More unexpected resistance came from the less progressive courts of Spain, the Two Sicilies, and Portugal. In 1758 the reforming minister of Joseph I of Portugal (1750–77), the Marquis of Pombal, expelled the Jesuits from Portugal, and transported them all to Civitavecchia, as a "gift for the <mask>."In 1760, Pombal sent the papal nuncio home and recalled the Portuguese ambassador from the Vatican. The pamphlet

masks:
Pope Benedict
Clement
Pope Clement
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Pope


texts: titled the Brief Relation,  which claimed the Jesuits had created their own sovereign independent kingdom in South America and tyrannised the Native Americans, all in the interest of an insatiable ambition and avarice, did damage to the Jesuit cause as well. On 8 November 1760, <mask> issued a Papal bull Quantum ornamenti, which approved the request of King Charles III of Spain to invoke the Immaculate Conception as the Patroness of Spain, along with its eastern and western territories, while continuing to recognize Saint James the Greater as co-patron. In France, the Parliament of Paris, with its strong upper bourgeois background and Jansenist sympathies, began its campaign to expel the Jesuits from France in the spring of 1761, and the published excerpts from Jesuit writings, the Extrait des assertions, provided anti-Jesuit ammunition (though, arguably, many of the statements the Extrait contained were made to look worse than they were through judicious omission of context). Though a congregation of bishops assembled at Paris in December 1761 recommended no action, Louis XV of France (1715–74) promulgated a royal order permitting the Society to remain in France, with the proviso that certain essentially liberalising changes in their institution satisfy the Parlement with a French Jesuit vicar-general who would be independent of the general in Rome. When the Parlement by the arrêt of 2 August 1762 suppressed the Jesuits in France and imposed untenable conditions on any who remained in the country, <mask> protested against this invasion of the Church's rights and annulled the arrêts. Louis XV's ministers could not permit such an abrogation of French law, and the King finally expelled the Jesuits in November 1764.<mask> warmly espoused the Jesuit order in a papal bull Apostolicum pascendi, 7 January 1765, which dismissed criticisms of the Jesuits as calumnies and praised the order's

masks:
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII


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 usefulness; it was largely ignored: by 1768 the Jesuits had been expelled from France, the Two Sicilies and Parma. In Spain, they appeared to be safe, but Charles III of Spain (1759–88), aware of the drawn-out contentions in Bourbon France, decided on a more peremptory efficiency. During the night of 2–3 April 1767, all the Jesuit houses of Spain were suddenly surrounded, the inhabitants arrested, shipped to the ports in the clothes they were wearing and bundled onto ships for Civitavecchia. The King's letter to <mask> promised that his allowance of 100 piastres each year would be withdrawn for the whole order, should any one of them venture at any time to write anything in self-defence or in criticism of the motives for the expulsion, motives that he refused to discuss, then or in the future. Much the same fate awaited them in the territories of the Bourbon Duke Philip of Parma and Piacenza, who was advised by the liberal minister Guillaume du Tillot. In 1768, <mask> issued a strong protest (monitorium) against the policy of the Parmese government. The question of the investiture of Parma aggravated the Pope's troubles.The Bourbon Kings espoused their relative's quarrel, seized Avignon, Benevento and Pontecorvo, and united in a peremptory demand for the total suppression of the Jesuits (January 1769). Driven to extremes, <mask> consented to call a consistory to consider the step, but on the very eve of the day set for its meeting he died, not without suspicion of poison, of which, however, there appears to be no conclusive evidence. Ecumenism

<mask> made attempts at engaging with Protestants. This made little progress since <mask> refused to compromise on doctrine with Protestants. In support of this policy, he recognised the Hanoverians as Kings of Great Britain despite the long-term residence in Rome of the Catholic House of Stuart. When James Francis Edward Stuart, aka James

masks:
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement


texts:
 III died in 1766, <mask> refused to recognise his son Charles Edward Stuart as Charles III, despite the objections of his brother Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart. Other activities
<mask> created    52 new cardinals in seven consistories in his pontificate.The pope created his nephew Carlo as a cardinal in his first consistory and later created Antonio Ganganelli—who would succeed him as Pope <mask>—as a cardinal. The pope approved the cultus for several individuals: Andrew of Montereale and Vincent Kadlubek on 18 February 1764, Angelus Agostini Mazzinghi on 7 March 1761, Antoine Neyrot on 22 February 1767, Augustine Novello in 1759, Elizabeth Achler on 19 July 1766, James Bertoni in 1766, Francesco Marinoni on 5 December 1764, Mattia de Nazarei on 27 July 1765, Sebastian Maggi on 15 April 1760 and Angela Merici on 30 April 1768. He formally beatified Beatrix of Este the Elder on 19 November 1763, Bernard of Corleone on 15 May 1768 and Gregorio Barbarigo on 6 July 1761. <mask> canonized four saints in his pontificate: Jerome Emiliani, Joseph Calasanz, Joseph of Cupertino, and Serafino of Montegranaro on 16 July 1767. Death
<mask> died during the night of 2 February 1769 in Rome of an apoplexy. He was laid to rest on 8 February 1769 in the Vatican but his remains were transferred on 27 September 1774 to a monument in the Vatican that had been sculpted by Antonio Canova at the request of Senator Abbondio Rezzonico, the nephew of the late pontiff. He was described in the Annual Register for 1758 as "the honestest man in the world; a most exemplary ecclesiastic; of the purest morals; devout, steady, learned, diligent..."

See also

 Cardinals created by <mask>
List of popes

Notes

External links

 Monument to <mask> in St Peter's Basilica by Canova

|-

1693 births
1769 deaths
Bishops of Padua
Popes from Venice
18th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Republic of

masks:
Clement
Clement XIII
Clement XIV
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII
Clement XIII


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<mask> (19 October 1949 – 11 July 2021) was an English footballer, most associated with his home town club, Chesterfield, where in three separate spells he made 539 appearances, scoring a club record 192 goals. He was later voted PFA Fans' Favourites and cult hero number one by the club's supporters. His total of 749 league appearances puts him in the top 20 all-time list for Football League appearances. With Chesterfield he won the Fourth Division title in 1969–70 and 1984–85. He was also promoted out of the fourth tier with Port Vale in 1982–83 and with Doncaster Rovers in 1983–84. He also won the Third Division title with Mansfield Town in 1976–77, and finished second in the Conference with Kettering Town in 1988–89. In addition to these achievements, he was also voted Port Vale F.C.Player of the Year in 1982. Other Football League clubs he played for include Peterborough United, Lincoln City, Stockport County, Scarborough, and Rochdale. He also turned out for non-league sides Matlock Town and Shepshed Charterhouse. He later embarked on a fifteen-year career as a manager at the non-league level of the English football pyramid, taking charge at Gainsborough Trinity, Leek Town, Matlock Town, Hucknall Town, and Belper Town. He led Gainsborough to a Northern Premier League Challenge Cup and Peter Swales Shield double in 1997, as well as a further Challenge Cup final appearance in 1998. He also won promotion out of the Northern Premier League First Division with Matlock Town in 2003–04. He also worked as Peter Morris's assistant at Boston United and Kettering Town.Playing career

<mask> worked as a clerk in the Derbyshire County Council education offices at Matlock at the time of his joining his hometown club Chesterfield, in April 1967, from the local Tube Works side. He made his debut at Bradford Park Avenue on 26

masks:
Ernest Moss
Chesterfield Moss


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 October 1968, signing professional forms a few days later before going on to make sixteen further appearances in the season. The club were at a low ebb, and finished 1968–69 just two points above the re-election zone in the Fourth Division. The "Spireites" were promoted as champions in 1969–70, winning nineteen of their 23 league games at Saltergate. <mask> was a major factor in the upturn in form, scoring twenty goals in the campaign, including four past Newport County. In 1970–71 he hit double figures by October, but was then sidelined for a period of months after rupturing his ligaments at Vetch Field. Chesterfield were on the up though, and finished the season fifth in the Third Division, two points off fallen giants Aston Villa.Chesterfield dropped back down to thirteenth in 1971–72, and finished just two points above the relegation zone in 1972–73. They again finished fifth in 1973–74, ending up five points shy of promotion. The club dropped back into the lower half of the table in 1974–75. After 95 goals in 271 league games he was sold to Peterborough United, manager Joe Shaw having found a replacement in Steve Cammack. Peterborough United and Mansfield Town
Noel Cantwell's "Posh" finished tenth in the Third Division in 1975–76, and <mask> then spent the latter half of the 1976–77 season with promotion winning Mansfield Town, who under Peter Morris's stewardship topped the Third Division table on 64 points. After playing for the "Stags" in their first ever season in the Second Division, he returned to the third tier with Chesterfield in January 1979, now managed by Arthur Cox. Return to Chesterfield
He helped the club to avoid relegation by just four points in 1978–79.The 1979–80 and 1980–81 seasons saw Chesterfield come close to promotion, missing out by one point and three points respectively. He helped

masks: Moss Moss


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 the club to win the 1981 Anglo-Scottish Cup. However, he fell out with the club over a £5 pay rise, and in June 1981 he chose to move on to Port Vale. Port Vale
The Fourth Division club splashed out £12,000 for his services and were to find the sum a good investment. In his debut season he became the club's top scorer with seventeen goals, and picked up the Player of the Year award at the end of the campaign. Vale won promotion from the fourth tier in 1982–83, though <mask> had been sold to Colin Murphy's Lincoln City for £1,500 in March 1983, despite still being a regular in the first eleven. Despite his tally of 11 goals in 33 games in 1982–83, manager John McGrath claimed that 'age caught up with him'.McGrath nicknamed <mask> and strike partner Bob Newton as the "Kray twins" due to their dominance of opposition defenders. Later career
His time at Sincil Bank was brief and he finished the 1983–84 season with Doncaster Rovers, as Rovers were promoted from the Fourth Division as runners-up under the management of Billy Bremner. In 1984 <mask> signed with Chesterfield for a third time, now under the leadership of John Duncan. He won promotion from the fourth tier for the fourth time, Chesterfield coming up as champions in his first season back at Saltergate. The 1985–86 season was one of consolidation for Chesterfield, and his goals helped greatly. The Saltergate faithful were therefore taken by surprise when he was sold to Fourth Division Stockport County in December 1986, along with Phil Brown, for a combined fee of £10,000. County finished in mid-table, and <mask> left at the end of the 1986–87 campaign.He was with Conference champions Scarborough for their first season in the Football League under Neil Warnock. He also had a short spell with strugglers Rochdale, scoring twice in ten games for Eddie Gray's side,

masks: Moss Moss Moss Moss


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 before his career in the Football League came to an end. Refusing to hang up his boots, he went on to play for Kettering Town of the Conference, and hit seventeen goals in 1988–89, making him the club's top-scorer at the age of forty. His goals helped Kettering to finish the season as runners-up, eight points behind Maidstone United. He later played for Matlock Town and Shepshed Charterhouse, before he retired in his second spell with Kettering, in 1992. Style of play
When <mask> was just starting his career, Chesterfield manager Jimmy McGuigan described him as:"A big, willing bloke, a charming fellow who had raw potential. His balance was nil, therefore his ball control was nil.He knew where the goal lay but he couldn't often hit it." McGuigan worked hard to rectify this aspect of <mask>' game and his hard work paid off, the youngster soon formed a deadly partnership with Kevin Randall. McGuigan's training improved his overall abilities, though his heading skills had always been present. <mask> always posed an aerial threat and scored many of his goals by towering over defenders and directing the ball into the net. A big man, he was closer to a 'gentle giant' than a dirty player. Football historian Jeff Kent described him as a "wholehearted striker". <mask> claimed that "For me competing was all about the pride and dignity of honest endeavour, - and winning wasn't all about riches and rewards, it was about preserving ones sporting integrity, it was about honour."None of his goals came from penalty kicks. <mask> missed the only penalty he ever took, in his 1986 testimonial match against Sheffield United. Management career
Also a well travelled non-league manager, he spent 1992 to 1994 as assistant manager to Peter Morris at Boston United. The "Pilgrims" were relegated out of the Conference in 1992–93, and spent

masks: Moss Moss Moss Moss Moss


texts: 1993–94 in the Northern Premier League. He was appointed manager of Gainsborough Trinity in 1995. He led Trinity to a fifth-place finish in the Northern Premier League in 1995–96, three points behind champions Bamber Bridge. His team finished tenth in 1996–97 but did a cup double, beating Boston United in the final of the Northern Premier League Challenge Cup, and lifting the Peter Swales Shield after victory over league champions Leek Town.Trinity finished fifth again in 1997–98, and lost out to Altrincham in the final of the Challenge Cup. In June 1998 he took charge at Conference outfit Leek Town, though was dismissed the following year after Leek were relegated, finishing nine points below the safety of Welling United. He was back in charge at Gainsborough by November 1999, replacing Steve Richards. He led the club to another tenth-place finish in 1999–2000. In 2000, he was appointed assistant manager of Kettering Town under Peter Morris, though the pair were sacked in February 2001, with the club bottom of the Conference. He took the reins at Northern Premier League First Division club Matlock Town in 2001, and took the club to a fourteenth-place finish in 2001–02. He took the "Gladiators" to eighth place in 2002–03, finishing three points off the play-offs.Promotion was achieved in 2003–04, as a second-place finish was enough to take the club in the Premier Division. He was appointed manager at Conference North club Hucknall Town in 2004, but lost his job after just three months. He returned to the Northern Premier League First Division in January 2005, when he was named manager of Belper Town. Belper finished seventeenth in 2004–05, but moved up to ninth in 2005–06, eight points off the play-offs. The "Nailers" dropped down to nineteenth in 2006–07, and <mask> was sacked. <mask> went on to coach youngsters


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 at Chesterfield's community scheme and performed scouting missions. Personal life
He married wife Jenny, a nurse, in 1971.They had two daughters; Nikki born in December 1974, and Sarah, in May 1977. <mask> established the Moss & Miller sports shop with former England cricketer Geoff Miller. He was diagnosed with Pick's disease in October 2014. On 11 January 2015, Chesterfield declared their home match with Port Vale as "Ernie Moss Day", where money was raised for dementia charities. On 25 April 2017, a road adjacent to the Proact Stadium was named <mask> Way in his honour. A second "Ernie Moss Day" was celebrated when Port Vale played at Chesterfield on 19 August 2017. At this match a mosaic portrait of <mask> by artist Rob Lally was unveiled in the Proact Stadium foyer.He contracted Coronavirus disease 2019 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom and had beaten the disease by the end of May 2020. <mask> died on 11 July 2021, aged 71. Career statistics

Honours

References

1949 births
2021 deaths
Sportspeople from Chesterfield, Derbyshire
Association football forwards
English footballers
English football managers
Chesterfield F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C.players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Kettering Town F.C. players
Matlock Town F.C. players
Shepshed Dynamo F.C.players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. managers
Leek Town F.C. managers
Matlock Town F.C. managers
Hucknall Town F.C. managers
Belper Town F.C. managers
National League (English football) managers
Northern Premier League managers
Association football coaches
Association football

masks:
Moss
Ernie Moss
Moss
Moss


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<mask> (; ; c. 396/5314/3 BC) of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and leader (scholarch) of the Platonic Academy from 339/8 to 314/3 BC. His teachings followed those of Plato, which he attempted to define more closely, often with mathematical elements. He was also an avid student of the council of the thirty-three. He distinguished three forms of being: the sensible, the intelligible, and a third compounded of the two, to which correspond respectively, sense, intellect and opinion. He considered unity and duality to be gods which rule the universe, and the soul a self-moving number. God pervades all things, and there are daemonical powers, intermediate between the divine and the mortal, which consist in conditions of the soul. He held that mathematical objects and the Platonic Ideas are identical, unlike Plato who distinguished them.In ethics, he taught that virtue produces happiness, but external goods can minister to it and enable it to effect its purpose. Life
<mask> was a native of Chalcedon. By the most probable calculation he was born 396/5 BC, and died 314/3 BC at the age of 82. His father was named Agathon () or Agathanor (). Moving to Athens in early youth, he became the pupil of Aeschines Socraticus, but subsequently joined himself to Plato, whom he accompanied to Sicily in 361. Upon his master's death, he paid a visit with Aristotle to Hermias of Atarneus. In 339/8 BC, <mask> succeeded Speusippus in the presidency of the school, defeating his competitors Menedemus of Pyrrha and

masks: Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates


texts: Heraclides Ponticus by a few votes.On three occasions he was member of an Athenian legation, once to Philip, twice to Antipater. <mask> resented the Macedonian influence then dominant at Athens. Soon after the death of Demosthenes (c. 322 BC), he declined the citizenship offered to him at the insistence of Phocion as a reward for his services in negotiating peace with Antipater after Athens' unsuccessful rebellion. The settlement was reached "at the price of a constitutional change: thousands of poor Athenians were disenfranchised," and <mask> said "that he did not want to become a citizen within a constitution he had struggled to prevent". Being unable to pay the tax levied upon resident aliens, he is said to have been saved only by the courage of the orator Lycurgus, or even to have been bought by Demetrius Phalereus, and then emancipated. In 314/3, he died from hitting his head, after tripping over a bronze pot in his house. <mask> was succeeded as scholarch by Polemon, whom he had reclaimed from a life of profligacy.Besides Polemon, the statesman Phocion, Chaeron (tyrant of Pellene), the academic Crantor, the Stoic Zeno and Epicurus are said to have frequented his lectures. Wanting in quickness of apprehension and natural grace he compensated by persevering and thorough-going industry, pure benevolence, purity of morals, unselfishness, and a moral earnestness, which compelled esteem and trust even from the Athenians of his own age. <mask> adhered closely to the Platonist doctrine, and he is accounted the

masks: Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates Xenocrates


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 typical representative of the Old Academy. In his writings, which were numerous, he seems to have covered nearly the whole of the Academic program; but metaphysics and ethics were the subjects which principally engaged his thoughts. He is said to have made more explicit the division of philosophy into the three parts of Physics, Dialectic and Ethics. When Alexander the Great sent him 30 talents of gold, he sent it back, saying that a king, not a philosopher, needs money. Writings
With a comprehensive work on Dialectic (τῆς περὶ τὸ διαλέγεσθαι πραγματείας βιβλία ιδ΄) there were also separate treatises On Knowledge, On Knowledgibility (περὶ ἐπιστήμης α΄, περὶ ἐπιστημοσύνης α΄), On Divisions (διαιρέσεις η΄), On Genera and Species (περὶ γενῶν καὶ εἰδῶν α΄), On Ideas (περὶ ἰδεῶν), On the Opposite (περὶ τοῦ ἐναντίου), and others, to which probably the work On Mediate Thought (τῶν περὶ τὴν διάνοιαν η΄) also belonged.Two works by Xenocrates on Physics are mentioned (περὶ φύσεως ϛ΄ - φυσικῆς ἀκροάσεως ϛ΄), as are also books On the Gods (περὶ Θεῶν β΄), On the Existent (περὶ τοῦ ὄντος), On the One (περὶ τοῦ ἑνός), On the Indefinite (περὶ τοῦ ἀορίστου), On the Soul (περὶ ψυχῆς), On the Emotions (περὶ τῶν παθῶν α΄) On Memory (περὶ μνήμης), etc. In like manner, with the more general Ethical treatises On Happiness (περὶ εὐδαιμονίας β΄), and On Virtue (περὶ ἀρετῆς) there were connected separate books on individual Virtues, on the Voluntary, etc. His four books on Royalty he had addressed to Alexander (στοιχεῖα πρὸς Ἀλέξανδρον


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 περὶ βασιλείας δ΄). Besides these he had written treatises On the State (περὶ πολιτείας α΄; πολιτικός α΄), On the Power of Law (περὶ δυνάμεως νόμου α΄), etc., as well as upon Geometry, Arithmetic, and Astrology. Besides philosophical treatises, he wrote poetry (epē) and paraenesis. Philosophy

Epistemology
Xenocrates made a more definite division between the three departments of philosophy, than Speusippus, but at the same time abandoned Plato's heuristic method of conducting through doubts (aporiai), and adopted instead a mode of bringing forward his doctrines in which they were developed dogmatically. Xenocrates recognized three grades of cognition, each appropriated to a region of its own: knowledge, sensation, and opinion.He referred knowledge (episteme) to that essence which is the object of pure thought, and is not included in the phenomenal world; sensation (aisthesis) to that which passes into the world of phenomena; opinion (doxa) to that essence which is at once the object of sensuous perception, and, mathematically, of pure reason - the essence of heaven or the stars; so that he conceived of doxa in a higher sense, and endeavored, more definitely than Plato, to exhibit mathematics as mediating between knowledge and sensuous perception. All three modes of apprehension partake of truth; but in what manner scientific perception (epistemonike aisthesis) did so, we unfortunately do not learn. Even here <mask>'s preference for symbolic modes of sensualising or denoting appears: he connected the above


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 three stages of knowledge with the three Fates: Atropos, Clotho, and Lachesis. We know nothing further about the mode in which <mask> carried out his dialectic, as it is probable that what was peculiar to Aristotelian logic did not remain unnoticed in it, for it can hardly be doubted that the division of the existent into the absolutely existent, and the relatively existent, attributed to Xenocrates, was opposed to the Aristotelian table of categories. Metaphysics
We know from Plutarch that <mask>, if he did not explain the Platonic construction of the world-soul as Crantor after him did, nevertheless drew heavily on the Timaeus; and further that he was at the head of those who, regarding the universe as unoriginated and imperishable, looked upon the chronological succession in the Platonic theory as a form in which to denote the relations of conceptual succession. Plutarch unfortunately, does not give us any further details, and contented himself with describing the well-known assumption of Xenocrates, that the soul is a self-moving number. Probably we should connect with this the statement that Xenocrates called unity and duality (monas and duas) deities, and characterised the former as the first male existence, ruling in heaven, as father and Zeus, as uneven number and spirit; the latter as female, as the mother of the gods, and as the soul of the universe which reigns over the mutable world under heaven, or, as others have it, that he named the Zeus who ever remains like himself, governing in the sphere of

masks: Xenocrates Xenocrates


texts: the immutable, the highest; the one who rules over the mutable, sublunary world, the last, or outermost.If, like other Platonists, he designated the material principle as undefined duality, the world-soul was probably described by him as the first defined duality, the conditioning or defining principle of every separate definitude in the sphere of the material and changeable, but not extending beyond it. He appears to have called it in the highest sense the individual soul, in a derivative sense a self-moving number, that is, the first number endowed with motion. To this world-soul Zeus, or the world-spirit, has entrusted - in what degree and in what extent, we do not learn - dominion over that which is liable to motion and change. The divine power of the world-soul is then again represented, in the different spheres of the universe, as infusing soul into the planets, Sun and Moon, - in a purer form, in the shape of Olympic gods. As a sublunary daemonical power (as Hera, Poseidon, Demeter), it dwells in the elements, and these daemonical natures, midway between gods and men, are related to them as the isosceles triangle is to the equilateral and the scalene. The divine world-soul which reigns over the whole domain of sublunary changes he appears to have designated as the last Zeus, the last divine activity. It is not until we get to the sphere of the separate daemonical powers of nature that the opposition between good and evil begins, and the daemonical power is appeased by means of a stubbornness which it


texts: finds there congenial to it; the good daemonical power makes happy those in whom it takes up its abode, the bad ruins them; for eudaimonia is the indwelling of a good daemon, the opposite the indwelling of a bad one.How Xenocrates tried to establish and connect scientifically these assumptions, which appear to be taken chiefly from his books on the nature of the gods, we do not learn, and can only discover the one fundamental idea at the basis of them, that all grades of existence are penetrated by divine power, and that this grows less and less energetic in proportion as it descends to the perishable and individual. Hence he also appears to have maintained that as far as consciousness extends, so far also extends an intuition of that all-ruling divine power, of which he represented even irrational animals as partaking. But neither the thick nor the thin, to the different combinations of which he appears to have tried to refer the various grades of material existence, were regarded by him as in themselves partaking of soul; doubtless because he referred them immediately to the divine activity, and was far from attempting to reconcile the duality of the principia, or to resolve them into an original unity. Hence too he was for proving the incorporeality of the soul by the fact that it is not nourished as the body is. It is probable, that, after the example of Plato, he designated the divine principium as alone indivisible, and remaining like itself; the material, as the divisible, partaking of multiformity, and


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 different, and that from the union of the two, or from the limitation of the unlimited by the absolute unity, he deduced number, and for that reason called the soul of the universe, like that of individual beings, a self-moving number, which, by virtue of its twofold root in the same and the different, shares equally in permanence and motion, and attains to consciousness by means of the reconciliation of this opposition. Aristotle, in his Metaphysics, recognized amongst contemporary Platonists three principal views concerning the ideal numbers, and their relation to the ideas and to mathematical numbers:

those who, like Plato, distinguished ideal and mathematical numbers;
those who, like Xenocrates, identified ideal numbers with mathematical numbers
those who, like Speusippus, postulated mathematical numbers only

Aristotle has much to say against the Xenocratean interpretation of the theory, and in particular points out that, if the ideal numbers are made up of arithmetical units, they not only cease to be principles, but also become subject to arithmetical operations. In the derivation of things according to the series of the numbers he seems to have gone further than any of his predecessors.He approximated to the Pythagoreans in this, that (as is clear from his explanation of the soul) he regarded number as the conditioning principle of consciousness, and consequently of knowledge also; he thought it necessary, however, to supply what was wanting in the Pythagorean assumption by the more accurate


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 definition, borrowed from Plato, that it is only insofar as number reconciles the opposition between the same and the different, and has raised itself to self-motion, that it is soul. We find a similar attempt at the supplementation of the Platonic doctrine in Xenocrates's assumption of indivisible lines. In them he thought he had discovered what, according to Plato, God alone knows, and he among men who is loved by him, namely, the elements or principia of the Platonic triangles. He seems to have described them as first, original lines, and in a similar sense to have spoken of original plain figures and bodies, convinced that the principia of the existent should be sought not in the material, not in the divisible which attains to the condition of a phenomenon, but merely in the ideal definitude of form. He may very well, in accordance with this, have regarded the point as a merely subjectively admissible presupposition, and a passage of Aristotle respecting this assumption should perhaps be referred to him. Ethics
The information on his Ethics is scanty. He tried to supplement the Platonic doctrine at various points, and at the same time to give it a more direct applicability to life.He distinguished from the good and the bad something which is neither good nor bad. Following the ideas of his Academic predecessors, he viewed the good as that which should be striven after for itself, that is, which has value in itself, while the bad is the opposite of this. Consequently, that which is neither good nor bad is


texts: what in itself is neither to be striven after nor to be avoided, but derives value or the opposite according as it serves as means for what is good or bad, or rather, is used by us for that purpose. While, however, <mask> (and with him Speusippus and the other philosophers of the older Academy) would not accept that these intermediate things, such as health, beauty, fame, good fortune, etc. were valuable in themselves, he did not accept that they were absolutely worthless or indifferent. According, therefore, as what belongs to the intermediate region is adapted to bring about or to hinder the good, Xenocrates appears to have designated it as good or evil, probably with the proviso, that by misuse what is good might become evil, and vice versa, that by virtue, what is evil might become good. Still he maintained that virtue alone is valuable in itself, and that the value of every thing else is conditional.According to this, happiness should coincide with the consciousness of virtue, though its reference to the relations of human life requires the additional condition, that it is only in the enjoyment of the good things and circumstances originally designed for it by nature that it attains to completion; to these good things, however, sensuous gratification does not belong. In this sense he on the one hand denoted (perfect) happiness as the possession of personal virtue, and the capabilities adapted to it, and therefore reckoned among its constituent elements, besides moral actions conditions and facilities,


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 those movements and relations also without which external good things cannot be attained, and on the other hand did not allow that wisdom, understood as the science of first causes or intelligible essence, or as theoretical understanding, is by itself the true wisdom which should be striven after by people, and therefore seems to have regarded this human wisdom as at the same time exerted in investigating, defining, and applying. How decidedly he insisted not only on the recognition of the unconditional nature of moral excellence, but on morality of thought, is shown by his declaration, that it comes to the same thing whether one casts longing eyes, or sets one's feet upon the property of others. His moral earnestness is also expressed in the warning that the ears of children should be guarded against the poison of immoral speeches. Mathematics
<mask> is known to have written a book On Numbers, and a Theory of Numbers, besides books on geometry. Plutarch writes that Xenocrates once attempted to find the total number of syllables that could be made from the letters of the alphabet. According to Plutarch, Xenocrates result was 1,002,000,000,000 (a "myriad-and-twenty times a myriad-myriad").This possibly represents the first instance that a combinatorial problem involving permutations was attempted. Xenocrates also supported the idea of "indivisible lines" (and magnitudes) in order to counter Zeno's paradoxes. See also
On Indivisible Lines

Notes

References

Attribution

External links

 University of St


texts:
 Andrews, Scotland, Biography of <mask>

4th-century BC Greek people
4th-century BC philosophers
Academic philosophers
Ancient Athenians
Ancient Chalcedonians
Ancient Greek mathematicians
Ancient Greek metaphysicians
Greek educators
Metic philosophers in Classical Athens
390s BC births
310s BC deaths
Ancient Greek philosophers
Philosophers and tutors of Alexander the Great
4th-century BC


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<mask> (; born 25 February 1990) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Greek Super League club AEK Athens and captains the Iran national team. <mask> is regarded as a utility player, being able to play as left midfielder, left-back, defensive midfielder, and winger. In 2009, <mask> was selected by Goal.com as the most promising player in Asian football. <mask> has represented Iran at the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cups and also 2011, 2015 and 2019 AFC Asian Cup tournaments, in addition to Sepahan at the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup. Club career

Sepahan

<mask> started his career in Zob Ahan in 2000 and left the club in 2006, joining Sepahan. He was extracted from Sepahan youth academy by Luka Bonačić. <mask> played two matches from the start in the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup and has been a regular for Sepahan during recent seasons.Sepahan came second in the 2007 AFC Champions League. <mask> takes set pieces for Sepahan and plays both in central and left midfield, having scored six league goals for Sepahan in the 2007–08 season. In the last game of the league match against Persepolis, <mask> scored a goal for Sepahan that could have granted Sepahan the title, but Persepolis scored the vital winning goal in stoppage time to win the title. He continued to perform well and scored wonderful goals for Sepahan in the 2008–09 season. He was tested as the left back in the 2009–10 season when Sepahan won the league, and extended his contract with Sepahan for two another years. Tractor (loan)
In June 2011, <mask> signed a one and a half year loan conscription contract with Tractor, reuniting him with former coach Amir Ghalenoei. Tractor finished second in the league, their best results in club history.His contract with Tractor ended in January 2012, and he returned to Sepahan. Return to Sepahan
<mask> returned to Sepahan in January 2012, beginning this time with coach Zlatko Kranjčar. He won the Hazfi Cup with the team and extended his contract with Sepahan for another two seasons at the end of the season. In August 2014 after

masks:
Ehsan Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Ehsan
Hajsafi
Hajsafi
Hajsafi