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<mask> (born 1947) is a specialist in Indic religions. In July 2004, she joined Yale University as a Professor of World Religions. She also serves as the editor of the Journal of Indian Philosophy. Education
After receiving a Bachelor of Arts (summa cum laude) in Far Eastern Languages from Radcliffe College, she earned her Ph.D. in Sanskrit, Indian Studies and Fine Arts from the Harvard University. She is fluent in numerous Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Prākrit, Pāli, Ardha Magadhi, Bengali, Hindi, Assamese, Gujarati and Oriya. In addition, she has some degree of skill in Japanese, Chinese, French and German. Career
<mask> has taught at numerous institutions, including the Austrian-American Institute, McMaster University, University of California at Berkeley, Harvard University, Sorbonne, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, and Yale University.Professor <mask>'s work has focused on Indian mythology, cults, image worship, art, literature, poetry, and medieval Indian law codes. With her husband, Professor Koichi Shinohara, she has written, translated and edited several books, and has published more than 70 journal articles on various topics. Over the years, <mask> has inspired and worked closely with scholars who have revolutionized the study of Indic religions, including Gregory Schopen. Anthologies
Pilgrims, Patrons and Place: Localizing Sanctity in Asian Religions (2003) is a book which brings together essays by

masks:
Phyllis Emily Granoff
Granoff
Granoff
Granoff


type: original

texts:
 anthropologists, scholars of religion, and art historians on the subject of sacred place and sacred biography in Asia. The chapters span a broad geographical area that includes India, Nepal, Thailand, Indonesia, and China, and explore issues from the classical and medieval period to the present. They show how sacred places have a plurality of meanings for all religious communities and how in their construction, secular politics, private religious experience, and sectarian rivalry can all intersect. The contributors explore some of the most fundamental challenges that religious groups face as they expand from their homeland or confront the demands of modernity.In every case the biography of a saint or founding figure proves to be central to the formation of religious identity. Sacred place becomes a means of concretizing the ever-expanding sphere of the saint's influence. [3]

Images in Asian Religions (2004) is a work which work offers a challenge to any simple understanding of the role of images by looking at aspects of the reception of image worship that have only begun to be studied, including the many hesitations that Asian religious traditions expressed about image worship. Written by eminent scholars of anthropology, art history, and religion with interests in different regions (India, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia), this volume takes a fresh look at the many ways in which images were defined and received in Asian religions. Areas


texts:
 addressed include the complex, fluid, and contested nature of the religious image; the reception of images within the intellectual culture of Hinduism and Buddhism; and the importance of historical and cultural context in the study of religious images. [4]

Translations
The Forest of Thieves and the Magic Garden: An Anthology of Medieval Jain Stories (Penguin, 1998) is a translation of numerous medieval Jain stories drawn from texts dating from the seventh to the fifteenth centuries CE, focusing on the Indic concept of renunciation. The stories translated in this book have been very carefully selected to explore numerous themes central to Jainism and medieval Indian culture.The original language for these stories is sometimes Sanskrit and on other occasions Prakrit. [5]

The Journey: Stories by Kishor Charan Das (University of Michigan Press, 2000) is a collection of urban stories whose characters are mainly middle class. Kishor Charan Das is one of the more distinguished writers of the Oriyā language. His stories are often about differences between realities and imagination. These are stories about human weaknesses, the fallibility of human relationships, and the strategies we adopt to cope with our failures. They are about coming to terms with unpleasant, sometimes shocking truths about ourselves and others. [6]

Academic recognition
<mask> first received academic recognition for her 1978 book titled "Philosophy and Argument in Late


texts:
 Vedānta: Śrī Harshā's Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍakhādya."This book deals with the work of Śrī Harshā, a twelfth-century Indian philosopher, who is regarded as "one of the most important intellectual figures to rise within the mature Sanskrit tradition." [7] The Journal of the American Oriental Society reviewer of this work declared it to be "the first conceptually and textually responsible work dealing with Śrī Harshā." [7] In this work, <mask> is praised for providing a different perspective from that of "the Western and neo-Hindu readings of Vedānta," by showing it to be an "existentially earnest, logically sophisticated philosophical position." [7]

<mask> and Shinohara also received praise for their 1992 work titled "Speaking of Monks: Religious Biography in India and China." The reviewer of this book described <mask> and Shinohara to be "experienced masters of the textual sources of the hagiographical traditions with which they deal" and credited them for their "ability to show the relevance of seemingly insignificant details" and their "obvious linguistic familiarity with a variety of literary genres." [8]

A reviewer described <mask>'s 2005 translation of Bengali literary giant Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay to be "one of the most satisfying works of vernacular Indian fiction to appear in English translation in years" and commended <mask> on her "masterful translation." [9]

References

Sources
 Dan, A."A Review of Bones, Stones and Buddhist

masks: Granoff Granoff Granoff Granoff Granoff


texts:
 Monks." http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/ew99061.htm
 Schopen, G. "Bones, Stones and Buddhist Monks." Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 2000 (pp. xii)https://books.google.com/books?id=rxdZ-BVNm_IC&pg=PR12&lpg=PR12&dq=gregory+schopen+phyllis+granoff&source=web&ots=TnVzk25HF_&sig=Lk2Y3zefAZvVtuv72-4oLmfghSQ#PPR8,M1
 University of British Columbia Press https://web.archive.org/web/20070223051854/http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=3013
 University of British Columbia Press https://web.archive.org/web/20070223051903/http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=3198
 Product Details & Reviews, Amazon.com https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0140437223
 Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan Press http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=19321
 Alper, H. "Journal of the American Oriental Society" 103:3 (1983)
 Strong, J.S. "Journal of Asian Studies" (1994)
 Choudhury, C. "The World of Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay." The Middle Stage (18-Sept-05) http://middlestage.blogspot.com/2005/09/world-of-bibhutibhushan-bandyopadhyay.html

External links
 Phyllis Granoff's Photograph (Florida State University)
 Phyllis Granoff's Faculty Curriculum Vitae (Yale University)
 Phyllis Granoff's Professional Home Page (Yale University)

1947 births
Living people
Radcliffe College alumni
Yale University faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of Paris faculty
Harvard University


texts:
<mask> or Volodymyr I (, Volodiměrъ Svętoslavičь; , <mask>ich; , Volodymyr Sviatoslavych; Old Norse Valdamarr gamli; c. 95815 July 1015), called the Great, was Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev, and ruler of Kievan Rus' from 980 to 1015. <mask>'s father was Prince Sviatoslav I of Kiev of the Rurik dynasty. After the death of his father in 972, <mask>, who was then prince of Novgorod, was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his brother Yaropolk murdered his other brother Oleg of Drelinia and conquered Rus'. In Sweden, with the help of his relative Ladejarl Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, he assembled a Varangian army and reconquered Novgorod from Yaropolk. By 980, <mask> had consolidated the Rus realm from modern-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine to the Baltic Sea and had solidified the frontiers against incursions of Bulgarians, Baltic tribes and Eastern nomads. Originally a follower of Slavic paganism, <mask> converted to Christianity in 988 and Christianized the Kievan Rus'. He is thus also known as <mask>.Rise to power
Born in 958, <mask> was the natural son and youngest son of Sviatoslav I of Kiev by his housekeeper Malusha. Malusha is described in the Norse sagas as a prophetess who lived to the age of 100 and was brought from her cave to the palace to predict the future. Malusha's brother Dobrynya was <mask>'s tutor and most trusted advisor. Hagiographic tradition of dubious authenticity also connects his childhood with the name of his grandmother, Olga of Kiev, who was Christian and governed the capital during Sviatoslav's frequent military campaigns. Transferring his capital to Pereyaslavets in 969, Sviatoslav designated <mask> ruler of Novgorod the Great but gave Kiev to his legitimate son Yaropolk. After

masks:
Vladimir I
Vladimir Svyatoslav
Vladimir
Vladimir
Vladimir
Vladimir
Saint Vladimir
Vladimir
Vladimir
Vladimir


texts:
 Sviatoslav's death at the hands of the Pechenegs in 972, a fratricidal war erupted in 976 between Yaropolk and his younger brother Oleg, ruler of the Drevlians. In 977, <mask> fled to his kinsman Haakon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, collecting as many Norse warriors as he could to assist him to recover Novgorod.On his return the next year, he marched against Yaropolk. On his way to Kiev he sent ambassadors to Rogvolod (Norse: Ragnvald), prince of Polotsk, to sue for the hand of his daughter Rogneda (Norse: Ragnhild). The high-born princess refused to affiance herself to the son of a bondswoman (and was betrothed to Yaropolk), so <mask> attacked Polotsk, slew Rogvolod, and took Ragnhild by force, slaying her parents. Polotsk was a key fortress on the way to Kiev, and capturing Polotsk and Smolensk facilitated the taking of Kiev in 978, where he slew Yaropolk by treachery and was proclaimed knyaz of all Kievan Rus. Years of pagan rule
<mask> continued to expand his territories beyond his father's extensive domain. In 981 he seized the Cherven towns from the Poles; in 981–982 he suppressed a Vyatichi rebellion; in 983 he subdued the Yatvingians; in 984 he conquered the Radimichs; and in 985 he conducted a military campaign against the Volga Bulgars, planting numerous fortresses and colonies on his way. Although Christianity had spread in the region under Oleg's rule, <mask> had remained a thoroughgoing pagan, taking eight hundred concubines (along with numerous wives) and erecting pagan statues and shrines to gods.He may have attempted to reform Slavic paganism in an attempt to identify himself with the various gods worshipped by his subjects. He built a pagan temple on a hill in Kiev dedicated to six gods: Perun—the god of thunder and

masks: Vladimir Vladimir Vladimir Vladimir


texts:
 war, "a Norse god favored by members of the prince’s druzhina (military retinue)"; Slav gods Stribog and Dazhd'bog; Mokosh—a goddess representing Mother Nature "worshipped by Finnish tribes"; Khors and Simargl, "both of which had Iranian origins, were included, probably to appeal to the Poliane." Open abuse of the deities that most people in Rus' revered triggered widespread indignation. A mob killed the Christian Fyodor and his son Ioann (later, after the overall Christianisation of Kievan Rus', people came to regard these two as the first Christian martyrs in Rus', and the Orthodox Church set a day to commemorate them, 25 July). Immediately after the murder of Fyodor and Ioann, early medieval Rus' saw persecutions against Christians, many of whom escaped or concealed their belief. However, Prince <mask> mused over the incident long after, and not least for political considerations. According to the early Slavic chronicle, the Tale of Bygone Years, which describes life in Kievan Rus' up to the year 1110, he sent his envoys throughout the world to assess first-hand the major religions of the time: Islam, Roman Catholicism, Judaism, and Byzantine Orthodoxy.They were most impressed with their visit to Constantinople, saying, "We knew not whether we were in Heaven or on Earth… We only know that God dwells there among the people, and their service is fairer than the ceremonies of other nations." Christianization of the Kievan Rus'

The Primary Chronicle reports that in the year 987, after consultation with his boyars, <mask> the Great sent envoys to study the religions of the various neighboring nations whose representatives had been urging him to embrace their respective faiths. The result is described by the chronicler Nestor. Of the

masks: Vladimir Vladimir


texts: Muslim Bulgarians of the Volga the envoys reported there is no gladness among them, only sorrow and a great stench. He also reported that Islam was undesirable due to its prohibition of alcoholic beverages and pork. <mask> remarked on the occasion: "Drinking is the joy of all Rus'. We cannot exist without that pleasure."Ukrainian and Russian sources also describe <mask> consulting with Jewish envoys and questioning them about their religion, but ultimately rejecting it as well, saying that their loss of Jerusalem was evidence that they had been abandoned by God. His emissaries also visited pre-schism Latin Rite Christian and Eastern Rite Christian missionaries. Ultimately <mask> settled on Eastern Christianity. In the churches of the Germans his emissaries saw no beauty; but at Constantinople, where the full festival ritual of the Byzantine Church was set in motion to impress them, they found their ideal: "We no longer knew whether we were in heaven or on earth", they reported, describing a majestic Divine Liturgy in Hagia Sophia, "nor such beauty, and we know not how to tell of it." <mask> was impressed by this account of his envoys. In 988, having taken the town of Chersonesos in Crimea, he boldly negotiated for the hand of emperor Basil II's sister, Anna. Never before had a Byzantine imperial princess, and one "born in the purple" at that, married a barbarian, as matrimonial offers of French kings and German emperors had been peremptorily rejected.In short, to marry the 27-year-old princess to a pagan Slav seemed impossible. <mask> was baptized at Chersonesos, however, taking the Christian name of Basil out of compliment to his imperial brother-in-law; the sacrament was followed by his wedding to Anna. Returning to Kiev in triumph,

masks: Vladimir Vladimir Vladimir Vladimir Vladimir


texts:
 he destroyed pagan monuments and established many churches, starting with a church dedicated to St. Basil, and the Church of the Tithes (989). Arab sources, both Muslim and Christian, present a different story of <mask>'s conversion. Yahya of Antioch, al-Rudhrawari, al-Makin, Al-Dimashqi, and ibn al-Athir all give essentially the same account. In 987, Bardas Sclerus and Bardas Phocas revolted against the Byzantine emperor Basil II.Both rebels briefly joined forces, but then Bardas Phocas proclaimed himself emperor on 14 September 987. Basil II turned to the Kievan Rus' for assistance, even though they were considered enemies at that time. <mask> agreed, in exchange for a marital tie; he also agreed to accept Christianity as his religion and to Christianize his people. When the wedding arrangements were settled, <mask> dispatched 6,000 troops to the Byzantine Empire, and they helped to put down the revolt. In 988 and 991, he baptized Pecheneg princes Metiga and Kuchug, respectively. Christian reign

<mask> then formed a great council out of his boyars and set his twelve sons over his subject principalities. According to the Primary Chronicle, he founded the city of Belgorod in 991.In 992, he went on a campaign against the Croats, most likely the White Croats that lived on the border of modern Ukraine. This campaign was cut short by the attacks of the Pechenegs on and around Kiev. In his later years he lived in a relative peace with his other neighbors: Boleslav I of Poland, Stephen I of Hungary, and Andrikh the Czech (a questionable character mentioned in A Tale of the Bygone Years). After Anna's death, he married again, likely to a granddaughter of Otto the Great. In 1014, his son Yaroslav the Wise stopped paying tribute. <mask>


texts:
 decided to chastise the insolence of his son and began gathering troops against him. <mask> fell ill, however, most likely of old age, and died at Berestove, near modern-day Kyiv.The various parts of his dismembered body were distributed among his numerous sacred foundations and were venerated as relics. During his Christian reign, <mask> lived the teachings of the Bible through acts of charity. He would hand out food and drink to the less fortunate, and made an effort to go out to the people who could not reach him. His work was based on the impulse to help one's neighbors by sharing the burden of carrying their cross. He founded numerous churches, including the  (Church, or Cathedral, of the Tithes) (989), established schools, protected the poor and introduced ecclesiastical courts. He lived mostly at peace with his neighbours, the incursions of the Pechenegs alone disturbing his tranquillity. Family

The fate of all <mask>'s daughters, whose number is around nine, is uncertain.His wives, concubines, and their children were as follows:
 Olava or Allogia (Varangian or Czech), speculative; she might have been mother of Vysheslav while others claim that it is a confusion with Helena Lekapene
 Vysheslav (c. 977c. 1010), Prince of Novgorod (988–1010)
 a widow of Yaropolk I, a Greek nun
 Sviatopolk the Accursed (born c. 979), possibly the surviving son of Yaropolk
 Rogneda (the daughter of Rogvolod); later upon divorce she entered a convent taking the Christian name of Anastasia
 Izyaslav of Polotsk (born c. 979, Kiev), Prince of Polotsk (989–1001)
 Yaroslav the Wise (no earlier than 983), Prince of Rostov (988–1010), Prince of Novgorod (1010–1034), Grand Prince of Kiev (1016–1018, 1019–1054). Possibly he was a son of Anna rather than

masks: Vladimir Vladimir Vladimir


texts:
 Rogneda. Another interesting fact is that he was younger than Sviatopolk according to the words of Boris in the Tale of Bygone Years and not as it was officially known. He spent 35 years in prison and later became a monk. Malfrida
 Sviatoslav (c. 9821015), Prince of Drevlians (990–1015)
 Anna Porphyrogenita
 Theofana, a wife of Novgorod posadnik Ostromir, a grandson of semi-legendary Dobrynya (highly doubtful is the fact of her being Anna's offspring)
 a granddaughter of Otto the Great (possibly Rechlinda Otona [Regelindis])
 Maria Dobroniega of Kiev (born c. 1012), the Duchess of Poland (1040–1087), married around 1040 to Casimir I the Restorer, Duke of Poland, her maternity as daughter of this wife is deduced from her apparent age
 other possible family
 Vladimirovna, an out-of-marriage daughter (died 1044), married to Bernard, Margrave of the Nordmark. Pozvizd (born prior to 988), a son of <mask> according to Hustyn Chronicles.He, possibly, was the Prince Khrisokhir mentioned by Niketas Choniates. Significance and legacy

The Eastern Orthodox, Byzantine Rite Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches celebrate the feast day of St. Vladimir on 15/28 July. The town Volodymyr in north-western Ukraine was founded by <mask> and is named after him. The foundation of another town, Vladimir in Russia, is usually attributed to <mask>. However some researchers argue that it was also founded by <mask> the Great. St Volodymyr's Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Kyiv, is dedicated to <mask> the Great, as was originally the Kyiv University. The Imperial Russian Order of St. Vladimir and Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in the United States are also named after him.The memory of <mask> was also kept alive by innumerable Russian

masks:
Vladimir
Vladimir
Vladimir Monomakh
Vladimir
Vladimir
Vladimir


texts:
 folk ballads and legends, which refer to him as Krasno Solnyshko (the Fair Sun, or the Red Sun; Красно Солнышко in Russian). The Varangian period of Eastern Slavic history ceases with Vladimir, and the Christian period begins. The appropriation of Kievan Rus' as part of national history has also been a topic of contention in Ukrainophile vs. Russophile schools of historiography since the Soviet era. Today, he is regarded as a symbol in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. All branches of the economy prospered under him. He minted coins and regulated foreign affairs with other countries, such as trade, bringing in Greek wines, Baghdad spices, and Arab horses for the markets of Kiev. See also

 Order of Saint Vladimir
 List of Russian rulers
 List of Ukrainian rulers
 Family life and children of <mask> I
 List of people known as The Great
 Saint Vladimir Monument in Kyiv (1853)
 Monument to <mask> the Great (Moscow) in 2016
 Prince <mask>, Russian animated feature film (2006)
 Viking, Russian historical film (2016)

Notes

References

 Golden, P. B.(2006) "Rus." Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill Online). Eds. : P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs.Brill. Some historical analysis and political insights on the state affairs of <mask> the Great

External links

 Velychenko, Stephen, How Valdamarr Sveinaldsson got to Moscow (krytyka.com), 9 November 2015. Ukrainian saints
Russian saints
Grand Princes of Kiev
Rurik dynasty
Christian monarchs
11th-century Christian saints
950s births
1015 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Christian royal saints
Roman Catholic royal saints
Princes of Novgorod
10th-century princes in Kievan Rus'
Converts to Christianity from pagan religions
Burials at the Church of the Tithes
Ukrainian


texts:
<mask> (born 25 August 1987) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bari. Club career

Juventus
A product of the Juventus F.C. Youth Sector, <mask> was one of several academy youngsters called up to the Juventus first team for their season in Serie B, in the aftermath of Calciopoli. On 14 April 2007, he made his first team and league debut, coming on as a 69th-minute substitute for <mask> in a 1–3 away victory over U.S. Lecce at the Stadio Via del Mare. He managed 4 appearances in Serie B and scored his first goal in the last matchday, a 3–2 loss to Spezia. 2007–08 season: Loan to Piacenza
After Juventus were promoted back to Serie A for the 2007–08 season, <mask> was loaned to Serie B club Piacenza Calcio on a season-long loan deal, to gain first team experience. On 18 August, <mask> made his debut for Piacenza in a 2–1 away win over Ravenna in the second round of Coppa Italia, he played the entire match.On 29 August he played in the third round in a 3–2 away defeat against Reggiana. On 22 September, <mask> made his Serie B debut for Piacenza in a 1–0 away defeat against Treviso, he played the entire match. On 20 October he scored his first goal for Piacenza in the 60th minute of a 3–1 away defeat against Pisa. <mask> ended his loan to Piacenza with 15 appearances and 1 goal. 2008–09 season: Loan to Bari
On 1 July, <mask> was loaned out to Serie B side A.S. Bari on a season-long loan deal, coached at the time by Juventus legend, Antonio Conte. On 16 August, <mask> made his debut for Bari in a 2–0 home win over Bassano Virtus in the second round of Coppa Italia, he played the entire match. On 23 August he played in the third round in a 1–0 away defeat against Ascoli.On 7 September he made his Serie B debut for Bari as a substitute replacing Emanuel Rivas in the 73rd minute of a 0–0 away draw against Frosinone. On 20 September, <mask> played

masks:
Raffaele Bianco
Bianco
Raffaele Palladino
Bianco
Bianco
Bianco
Bianco
Bianco
Bianco
Bianco


texts:
 his first entire match in Serie B for Bari, a 2–1 away win over Vicenza. <mask> ended his season-long loan to Bari with 24 appearances and 1 assist. At the end of the season <mask> helped Bari win the Serie B championship. 2009–10 season: Loan to Modena
On 30 June, <mask> returned to Juventus but was immediately loaned out to Serie B club Modena F.C. on a season-long loan deal. On 9 August, <mask> made his debut for Modena in a 4–2 defeat at penalties after a 2–2 home draw against Novara, he was replaced by Mattia Spezzani in the 78th minute.On 29 August, <mask> made his Serie B debut for Modena in a 2–1 home defeat against Ascoli, he played the entire match. <mask> ended his season-long loan to Modena with 33 appearances, including 26 as a starter. 2010–11 season: Loan to Benevento
Following a return to Juventus once more in July 2010, <mask> was not called up to the pre-season training camp under new coach Luigi Delneri and <mask> was sent out on loan to Serie C side Benevento Calcio on 22 July, though he also signed a new 3-year contract with Juventus lasting until 30 June 2013. On 5 September, <mask> made his Serie C debut for Benevento in a 1–1 home draw against Nocerina, he played the entire match. He made 26 appearances for the club, including 24 as a starter, and on 23 June, <mask> was hired back permanently by Juventus after Benevento announced that they did not wish to sign him outright. Spezia

2011–12 season
On 7 July 2011 he moved to Spezia in co-ownership deal. On 14 August 2011, <mask> made his debut for Spezia as a substitute replacing Davide Marchini in the 31st minute of a  1–0 away defeat against Bari in the second round of Coppa Italia.On 4 September, <mask> made his Serie B debut for Spezia in a 0–0 home draw against Andria, he was replaced by Daniele Buzzegoli in the 62nd minute. On 25 September, <mask> played his first entire match

masks: Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco


texts:
 for Spezia, a 3–1 away defeat against Siracusa. On 23 October he scored his first goal for Spezia in the 37th minute of a 2–1 away defeat against Carrarese. <mask> ended this season with 27 matches and scored 1 goal for the Serie C side, helping them gain promotion into Serie B for the 2012-13 season before returning to Juventus on 21 June 2012. Return to Juventus

2012–13 season: Loan to Carpi
Following his return to Juventus, the player was sent on loan to Carpi F.C. in the Lega Pro Prima Divisione. He transferred on a season-long loan deal with an option to make the move permanent in July 2013.On 2 September, <mask> made his debut in Serie C for Carpi in a 1–0 away win over Trapani, he played the entire match. On 10 February he was sent off with a double yellow card in the 83rd minute of a 2–0 home defeat against Südtirol. Bianchi played all the matches in the play-off and he helped Carpi to win promotion to Serie B. Bianchi ended his loan to Carpi with 27 appearances, including 26 as a starter. At the end of the season he was suspended for 6 month. Carpi

2013–14 season
On 16 January, <mask> was signed by Serie B club Carpi on a free transfer and a 1-and-half-year contract. On 25 January, <mask> made his debut in Serie B for Carpi as a substitute replacing Filippo Porcari in the 86th minute of a 2–1 home defeat against Ternana. On 1 March, <mask> played his first match as a starter in Serie B for Carpi, a 2–0 away win over Brescia, he was replaced by Boadu Maxwell Acosty in the 71st minute.On 29 March he played his first entire match in Serie B for Carpi, a 1–0 away defeat against Latina. <mask> ended his first season to Carpi with 15 appearances and 1 assist. 2014–15 season
<mask> started the new season on 17 August in a 2–1 away defeat against Pisa in the second round of Coppa Italia, he was replaced by Massimiliano Gatto in the 83rd minute. On 30

masks: Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco


texts:
 August, <mask> played his first Serie B match of the season, a 1–1 away draw against Livorno, he was replaced by Emanuele Suagher in the 89th minute. On 22 October he scored his first goal for Carpi in the 46th minute of a 2–1 away win over Spezia. On 25 October he played his first entire match of the season, a 5–0 away win over Pescara. On 28 October he scored his second goal in the 9th minute of a 3–1 home win over Ternana.On 22 November he was sent off with a double yellow card in the 62nd minute of a 3–3 away draw against Brescia. On 9 March he signed a contract with Carpi until 2018. <mask> helped Carpi to win the Serie B championship and reach to promotion in Serie A. He ended his second season to Carpi with 37 appearances, including 35 as a starter, 2 goals and 4 assists. 2015–16 season
<mask> started this season on 13 September with his debut in Serie A in a 2–2 away draw against Palermo, he was replaced by Andrea Lazzari in the 82nd minute. On 26 September he played his first entire match of the season, a 5–1 away defeat against Roma. On 13 January he played in a 2–1 away defeat against Milan in the quarter-finals of Coppa Italia, he was replaced in the 46th minute by Matteo Mancosu.On 2 February, <mask> was sent off with a double yellow card 56th minute of a 1–0 away defeat against Napoli. On 13 March he scored his first goal of the season in the 27th minute of a 2–1 home win over Frosinone. At the end of the season Carpi was relegated in Serie B and <mask> ended his third season with 27 appearances, 1 goal and 2 assists. 2016–17 season
<mask> played his first match of 2016–17 season on 27 August in a 2–0 away win over Vicenza and he scored his first goal of the season in the 68th minute, he was replaced by Matteo Fedele in the 83rd minute. On 9 September he played his first entire match of the season, a 1–0 away defeat against Cesena. On 24

masks: Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco Bianco


texts:
 September he scored his second goal in the 70th minute of a 2–1 home win over Virtus Entella. On 5 February, <mask> scored his third goal in the 65th minute of a 2–1 home defeat against Cesena.On 6 May he scored his fourth goal in the 73rd minute of a 2–0 home win over Salernitana. At the end of the season Carpi reached the play-off final but they were defeat by Benevento. <mask> ended his fourth season to Carpi with 40 appearances(33 as a starter), 4 goals and 2 assists. Perugia

2017–18 season
On 4 August, <mask> was signed by Serie B club Perugia with an undisclosed fee and a 2-year contract. On 6 August he made his debut for Perugia as a substitute replacing Yanik Frick in the 51st minute of a 2–1 home win over Gubbio in the second round of Coppa Italia. On 3 September, <mask> made his Serie B debut for Perugia in a 4–2 home win over Pescara, he was replaced by Simone Emmanuello in the 81st minute. On 11 September he played his first entire match for Perugia in Serie B, a 1–1 away draw against Cittadella.On 30 November he scored his first goal for Perugia in the 55th minute of an  8–3 away defeat against Udinese, in the fourth round of Coppa Italia, he played the entire match. Return to Bari
On 2 September 2019, he re-joined Bari. Honours
Juventus Primavera
 Campionato Nazionale Primavera: 2005–06
 Coppa Nazionale Primavera: 2006–07
 Supercoppa Primavera: 2007
Juventus
 Serie B: 2006–07
Bari
 Serie B: 2008–09
Spezia
 Serie C: 2011–12
Carpi
 Serie B: 2014–15

References

External links
 Profile at La Gazzetta

1987 births
Living people
People from Aversa
Footballers from Campania
Italian footballers
Association football midfielders
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Juventus F.C. players
Piacenza Calcio 1919 players
S.S.C. Bari players
Modena F.C. players
Benevento Calcio players
Spezia Calcio players
Carpi F.C. 1909 players
A.C. Perugia

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<mask> (December 14, 1935 – July 2, 1991) was an American actress and singer. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the film Days of Wine and Roses (1962), and for the 1966 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her Broadway theatre performance in Wait Until Dark. <mask> made her film debut in A Face in the Crowd (1957). Her other notable film roles include Anatomy of a Murder (1959), Wild River (1960), No Way to Treat a Lady (1968), The Detective (1968), The Omen (1976), and The Europeans (1979). She won Golden Globe Awards for the TV film The Blue Knight (1973), and for playing the title role in the miniseries Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill (1974). For the latter role, she also won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress. In April 1991, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.Early life
Remick was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, the daughter of Gertrude Margaret (two sources say Patricia) (née Waldo), an actress, and Francis Edwin "Frank" <mask>, who owned a department store. She had one older brother, Bruce. One of her maternal great-grandmothers, Eliza Duffield, was a preacher born in England. Remick attended the Swoboda School of Dance, the Hewitt School, and studied acting at Barnard College and the Actors Studio. Career

Broadway and television
Remick made her Broadway theatre debut in 1953 with Be Your Age. She began guest starring on episodes of TV anthology series such as Armstrong Circle Theatre, Studio One in Hollywood, Robert Montgomery Presents, Kraft Theatre and Playhouse 90. Early films
Remick made her film debut in Elia Kazan's A Face in the Crowd (1957).While filming the movie in Arkansas, Remick lived with a local family and practiced baton twirling so that she would be believable as the teenager who wins the attention of Lonesome Rhodes (played by Andy Griffith). After appearing as Eula Varner, the hot-blooded daughter-in-law of

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Lee Ann Remick
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 Will Varner (Orson Welles) in The Long, Hot Summer (1958), she appeared in These Thousand Hills (1959) as a dance hall girl, both for 20th Century Fox. Film stardom
Remick came to prominence portraying a rape victim whose husband is tried for killing her attacker in Otto Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder (1959). She made a second film with Kazan, Wild River (1960), which co-starred Montgomery Clift and Jo Van Fleet. That year she played Miranda in a television version of The Tempest with Richard Burton. Remick was top-billed in Sanctuary (1961) alongside Yves Montand. She did The Farmer's Daughter (1962) on television.She starred opposite Glenn Ford in the Blake Edwards suspense-thriller Experiment in Terror (1962). That same year she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as the alcoholic wife of Jack Lemmon in Days of Wine and Roses (1962), also directed by Edwards. Bette Davis, also nominated that year for What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?, said, "Miss <mask>'s performance astonished me, and I thought, if I lose the Oscar, it will be to her." They both lost to Anne Bancroft in The Miracle Worker. When Marilyn Monroe was fired during the filming of the comedy Something's Got to Give, the studio announced that <mask> would be her replacement. Co-star Dean Martin refused to continue, however, saying that while he admired <mask>, he had signed onto the picture strictly to be able to work with Monroe. Remick did a thriller, The Running Man (1963), with Laurence Harvey and a comedy, The Wheeler Dealers (also 1963), with James Garner.Return to Broadway and 1965 films
Remick next appeared in the 1964 Broadway musical Anyone Can Whistle, with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book and direction by Arthur Laurents, which ran for only a week. <mask>'s performance is captured on the original cast recording. This began a lifelong friendship between

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 Remick and Sondheim, and she later appeared in the 1985 concert version of his musical Follies. <mask> returned to films with Baby the Rain Must Fall (1965), with Steve McQueen from a script by Horton Foote, and The Hallelujah Trail (1965) with Burt Lancaster. In 1966, she starred in the Broadway play Wait Until Dark under the direction of Arthur Penn and co-starring Robert Duvall. It was a big success and ran for 373 performances; Remick was nominated for a Tony award for Best Actress (Dramatic). It was adapted into a successful film the following year starring Audrey Hepburn.More films and 1970s
She performed in Damn Yankees! (1967) for TV and starred in No Way to Treat a Lady (1968) with Rod Steiger and George Segal, The Detective (1968) with Frank Sinatra, and Hard Contract (1969) with James Coburn. <mask> visited the UK to make Loot (1970) and A Severed Head (1971). Back in the US she was in Paul Newman's Sometimes a Great Notion (1971). She appeared in Hennessy (1975) with Rod Steiger. She co-starred with Gregory Peck in the 1976 horror film The Omen, in which her character's adopted son, Damien, is revealed to be the Antichrist. The film was both a critical and commercial success.Remick followed it up with leading actress roles in Telefon (1977), with Charles Bronson; The Medusa Touch (1978) with Richard Burton; the television mini-series Wheels (1979) with Rock Hudson; Ike: The War Years (1979) portraying Kay Summersby; and The Europeans (1979) for director James Ivory. Remick starred in many TV movies beginning with The Man Who Came to Dinner (1972) with Orson Welles. She followed it with Summer and Smoke (1972) for British TV; And No One Could Save Her (1973); Of Men and Women (1973), an unsuccessful pilot; The Blue Knight (1973) with William Holden; A Delicate Balance (1973) with Katharine Hepburn; QB VII (1974); Touch Me Not a.k.a. The Hunted (1974); Jennie: Lady

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 Randolph Churchill (1975), playing the title role, which earned her an Emmy nomination; Hustling (1975) with Jill Clayburgh; A Girl Named Sooner (1975); Breaking Up (1978); and Torn Between Two Lovers (1979) with George Peppard. 1980s
Remick played Margaret Sullavan in Haywire (1980). She had the lead in The Women's Room (1980), and supported in The Competition (1980) and Tribute (1980), the latter with Lemmon. Remick starred in The Letter (1982), The Gift of Love: A Christmas Story (1983) and a TV adaptation of I Do!I Do! (1984). She had a role in the miniseries Mistral's Daughter (1984), adapted from the novel by Judith Krantz. The reviewer of The New York Times praised <mask> for portraying Kate "to fresh-faced clawing perfection". <mask> was in Rearview Mirror (1984), Toughlove (1985), Of Pure Blood (1986), and Nutcracker: Money, Madness & Murder (1987). She went to Australia to make Emma's War (1987). <mask>'s final performances include The Vision (1987) with Dirk Bogarde, Jesse (1988), Bridge to Silence (1989) and playing Sarah Bernhardt in Around the World in 80 Days (1989).Her last performance was the lead in a TV movie Dark Holiday (1989). Recognition
Remick was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award in 1990. She has a star in the Motion Pictures section on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6104 Hollywood Boulevard. (The Hollywood Walk of Fame site lists it at 1615 Vine Street.) It was dedicated on April 29, 1991. Personal life

Remick married producer Bill Colleran, whose credits include Your Hit Parade, The Dean Martin Show and The Judy Garland Show, on August 3, 1957. They had two children, <mask> Colleran (b. January 27, 1959) and <mask> Colleran (b. June 7, 1961).<mask> and Colleran divorced in 1968. Remick married British producer William Rory "Kip" Gowans on December 18, 1970. He was an assistant director on such films as Darling (1965), Far from the Madding Crowd

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Katherine Lee
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 (1967) and The Lion in Winter (1968) before they married, and afterwards worked on Sleuth (1972), The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) and The Human Factor (1979). She moved with Gowans to England and remained married to him until her death. She starred in four telefilms he produced, The Women's Room (1980), The Letter (1982), Rearview Mirror (1984) and Of Pure Blood (1986). <mask> and Gowans spent time in both England and Osterville, Massachusetts, which she considered her "true home". Through her daughter, Remick had two grandchildren.In the spring of 1989, <mask> was diagnosed with kidney cancer which claimed her life on July 2, 1991 at the age of 55. Popular culture
Remick was the subject of "<mask> Remick", the 1978 debut single by the Australian indie rock band The Go-Betweens. For some reason, songwriter Robert Forster thought <mask> was from Ireland, and references this in the song. In reality, Remick was American-born and raised (as were her parents); after 1970, she divided her time between England and the US. The British indie rock band Hefner recorded a song titled "<mask> Remick" in 1998, unrelated to the Go-Betweens' single. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 <mask> at filmreference.com

1935 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from Massachusetts
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American people of English descent
American television actresses
Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners
Barnard College alumni
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from kidney cancer
Deaths from liver cancer
People from Quincy, Massachusetts
20th-century American singers
People from Osterville, Massachusetts
20th-century American women singers
Hewitt

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<mask> (10 July 1951 – 17 December 2020) was an Italian serial killer who murdered seventeen people – nine women and eight men – on the Italian Riviera in the period from October 1997 to April 1998. <mask>'s inconsistent modus operandi made him difficult to identify and capture. There were no obvious links between the majority of his murders. He chose most of his victims at random, across a vast area of Northern Italy, and became a synonym for fear among the people living along the Italian Riviera. He was given the nicknames Mostro della Liguria ("The Liguria Monster") and L'assassino dei treni ("Killer on the trains"). Initially attributed with only nine homicides by the Italian police, <mask> later confessed to having killed eight other people. With a sentence to 13 terms of life imprisonment, and no possibility of release, <mask> has been defined by some newspapers as "the worst serial killer in the history of Italy".Despite confessing to the killings, <mask> never explicitly regretted his crimes, claiming that he did not consciously commit them because he was "possessed" by a disease. <mask> died on 17 December 2020, in prison, from COVID-19. Biography

Background and early crimes

<mask> was born in Potenza, Basilicata, in 1951. When he was about five years old, his family moved to northern Italy, first to Piedmont and then to Genoa in the Liguria region. He was a chronic bedwetter until age 10 or 12, and his mother shamed him by placing his wet mattress on the balcony where it could be seen by the neighbours. When undressing him for bed, his aunt would shame him by pulling down his underwear in front of his cousins to show his

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Donato Bilancia
Bilancia
Bilancia
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 underdeveloped penis. At age 14, he decided to start calling himself Walter.He dropped out of high school and worked at jobs such as mechanic, bartender, baker and delivery boy. While still underage, he was arrested and released for stealing a motor scooter and for stealing a truck loaded with Christmas sweets. In 1974 he was stopped and jailed for having an illegal gun. At some point he was committed to the psychiatric division of the Genoa General Hospital, but escaped. After he was apprehended, he spent 18 months in prison for robbery. He served several prison terms in Italy and France for robbery and armed robbery. In spite of his history of psychiatric problems, up to age 47 he had no record of violence.The murders

<mask> was a compulsive gambler who lived alone. His first murder was the October 1997 strangulation of a friend who betrayed him by luring him into a rigged card game, in which he lost £185,000 (about $226,864.57). The authorities originally thought this death was a heart attack. <mask>'s next two murders were the revenge shooting of the game's operator, and of his wife. He emptied their safe afterward. <mask> later said these first killings gave him a taste for murder. In all his killings he used or carried a .38 calibre revolver loaded with wad cutter ammunition.He made no attempt to conceal his victims' bodies. That same month, he followed a jeweller home to rob him, then shot him and his wife dead when the wife began screaming. He emptied their safe of jewellery. He next robbed and murdered a money changer. Two months later, he killed a night watchman making his rounds, simply because he did not like night watchmen.

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 He killed an Albanian sex worker and a Russian worker. A second money changer was killed next, shot multiple times, and his safe emptied.In March 1998, while receiving oral sex at gunpoint from a sex worker, he shot and killed two night watchmen who interrupted, then shot the sex worker, who survived to help develop a police sketch and later testify against him. He also killed a Nigerian sex worker and a Ukrainian sex worker, and robbed and assaulted an Italian sex worker without killing her. On 12 April 1998 he boarded the train from Genoa to Venice because he "wanted to kill a woman". Spotting a young woman travelling alone, he followed her to the toilet, unlocked the door with a skeleton key, shot her in the head and stole her train ticket. Six days later, he boarded the train to Sanremo and followed another young woman to the toilet. He used his key to enter, then used her jacket as a silencer and shot her behind the ear. Excited by her black underwear, he masturbated and used her clothes to clean up.The murders of two "respectable" women sparked a public outcry and the creation of a police task force. In his last killing before his arrest, on 20 April, <mask> murdered a service station attendant after refueling his car, then took the workday's receipts, about 2 million lira (about $1000) and fled the crime scene. Arrest and sentence
Based on the description of the black Mercedes one of his sex worker victims was seen entering the night she was killed, police considered <mask> "suspect number one" and followed him for ten days. They collected his DNA from cigarette butts and a coffee cup, matching it to DNA found at crime scenes. On

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 6 May 1998 he was arrested at his home in Genoa and his revolver seized. After eight days in police custody he confessed, speaking for two days and drawing 17 diagrams. On 12 April 2000, after an 11-month trial, <mask> was sentenced to 13 terms of life imprisonment plus an additional 20 years imprisonment for the attempted murder of the sex worker who survived.The judge ordered that he never be released. Aftermath
<mask>'s criminal life and the events that saw him as a cruel serial killer had a major impact in the media of Italy. His story inspired a television miniseries, called Ultima pallottola ("The last bullet"), directed by Michele Soavi, broadcast for the first time in 2003 on Canale 5, with actors Giulio Scarpati, who plays the officer during the investigations, and Carlo Cecchi, as the serial killer. In 2004 <mask> <mask> was interviewed live on Rai 1 during the broadcast on Domenica in, in that year conducted and hosted by Paolo Bonolis. The host received bitter criticism for the interview. In the early 2010s, then leader of the Five Star Movement political party, Beppe Grillo, admitted that he was neighbor of <mask> <mask>, as a child in Genoa. In 2015, Rai 3 dedicated an episode to <mask>, in the television show Stelle Nere ("Black Stars").In prison, <mask> was often recognized as a "model prisoner". In 2016, after 5 years of studies, he obtained a diploma in accounting disciplines with a score of 83/100, and he then began studying tourism disciplines at university. In 2017, <mask> made request for commutation of his life imprisonment penalty into 30 years of imprisonment, requesting summary judgment which was abolished at

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 the time of his trials, but called into question by a sentence of the European Court of Human Rights. However the Supreme Court of Cassation, the highest court of appeal in Italy, rejected his request. The same year <mask> obtained his first temporary permit to leave the prison under armed police escort, in order to visit his parents' grave at Nizza Monferrato's cemetery in Piedmont. In late 2019 <mask> made request for a second temporary permit, but in September the request was denied by the criminal surveillance court of Padua, as he was considered "still dangerous". According to his psychologist he was "unable to adequately manage moments of frustration and anger out of prison".Also, <mask> had never undergone a psychological rehabilitation program and never explicitly repented his crimes, believing that he was "possessed" by a disease in the years in which he committed them. Death
<mask> died on 17 December 2020, at the age of 69, after contracting COVID-19 in "Due Palazzi" prison, Padua, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. See also
 List of serial killers by country
 List of serial killers by number of victims

References

1951 births
2020 deaths
Crimes against sex workers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Veneto
Italian gamblers
Italian people convicted of murder
Italian people who died in prison custody
Italian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Italian serial killers
Italian thieves
Male serial killers
People convicted of attempted murder
People convicted of murder by Italy
People from Potenza
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy
Prisoners who died in Italian detention
Serial killers who died in prison

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<mask> (January 19, 1851 – September 19, 1931) was the founding president of Stanford University, serving from 1891 to 1913. He was an ichthyologist during his research career and then served as president of Indiana University. <mask> was also a strong supporter of eugenics, and his published views expressed a fear of "race-degeneration" and asserted that cattle and human beings are "governed by the same laws of selection". He was an antimilitarist since he believed that war killed off the best members of the gene pool, and he initially opposed American involvement in World War I. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Gainesville, New York, and grew up on a farm in upstate New York. His parents made the unorthodox decision to educate him at a local girls' high school. His middle name, <mask>, does not appear in early census records, and was apparently self-selected; he had begun using it by the time that he was enrolled at Cornell.He said that it was in honor of his mother's devotion to the minister <mask> King. He was inspired by Louis Agassiz to pursue his studies in ichthyology. He was part of the pioneer class of undergraduates at Cornell University and graduated in 1872 with a master's degree in botany. He wrote in his autobiography The Days of a Man, "During the three years which followed [my entrance as a 'belated' freshman in March 1869], I completed all the requirements for a degree of Bachelor of Science, besides about two year of advanced work in Botany. Taking this last into consideration, the faculty conferred on me at graduation in June 1872, the advanced degree of

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 Master of Science instead of the conventional Bachelor's Degree ... it was afterward voted not to grant any second degree within a year after the Bachelor had been received. I was placed, quite innocently, in the position of being the only graduate of Cornell to merge two degrees into one." His master's thesis was on the topic "The Wild Flowers of Wyoming County".<mask> initially taught natural history courses at several small Midwestern colleges and secondary schools. <mask> obtained a medical degree, M.D., from Indiana Medical College in 1875. He wrote in his autobiography that while teaching at Indianapolis High School, "I was also able to spend some time in the Medical College, from which, in the spring of 1875, I received the (scarcely earned) degree of Doctor of Medicine, though it had not at all been my intention to enter that profession." <mask> taught comparative anatomy at the college the following year (1876). The Indiana Medical College in Indianapolis had opened in 1869 and closed its doors in 1878. He was then accepted into the natural history faculty of Indiana University Bloomington as a professor of zoology in 1879. His teaching included his version of eugenics, which "sought to prevent the decay of the Anglo-Saxon/Nordic race by limiting racial mixing and by preventing the reproduction of those he deemed unfit."Personal life

<mask> married Susan Bowen (1845-1885), a biologist and a graduate of Mount Holyoke College (whom he had met at Louis Agassiz's Penikese Island Summer School of Science), in her hometown of Peru, Massachusetts on March 10, 1875. She died at age

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 39, after 10 years of marriage, following a brief illness. Bowen was six years <mask>'s senior. They had three children: the educator Edith Monica (1877–1965), Harold Bowen (1882–1959), and Thora (1884–1886). <mask> later married Jessie Knight (1866–1952) in 1887. At the time of their marriage, two years after his first wife's death, Knight was 21 years old and <mask> was 36. They met while he was serving as president of Indiana University.He and his second wife had three additional children: <mask> (1888–1947), Barbara (1891–1900), and Eric Knight (1903–1926). Indiana University presidency
In 1885, he was named president of Indiana University and became the nation's youngest university president at only 34 and the first Indiana University president who was not an ordained minister. He improved the university's finances and public image, doubled its enrollment, and instituted an elective system; like Cornell's, it was an early application of the modern liberal arts curriculum. Stanford presidency
In March 1891, he was approached by Leland and Jane Stanford, who offered him the presidency of Leland Stanford Junior University, which was about to open in California. Andrew White, the president of Cornell, had been offered the position but instead recommended <mask> to the Stanfords based on an educational philosophy fit with the Stanfords' vision of a nonsectarian co-educational school with a liberal arts curriculum. <mask> quickly accepted the offer, arrived at Stanford in June 1891, and immediately set about recruiting faculty for the university's planned September opening. Pressed for

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 time, he drew heavily on his own acquaintances; most of the 15 founding professors came either from Cornell or Indiana University.That first year at Stanford, <mask> was instrumental in establishing the university's Hopkins Marine Station. He served Stanford as president until 1913 and then chancellor until his retirement in 1916. The university decided not to renew his three-year-term as chancellor in 1916. As the years went on, <mask> became increasingly alienated from the university. While he was chancellor, he was elected president of the National Education Association. <mask> was a member in the Bohemian Club and the University Club in San Francisco. <mask> served as a director of the Sierra Club from 1892 to 1903.Eugenics
In 1899, <mask> delivered an essay at Stanford on behalf of racial segregation and racial purity. In the essay, <mask> claimed that "For a race of men or a herd of cattle are governed by the same laws of selection." <mask> expressed great fears and phobias for "race degeneration" that would result unless great endeavors were put forward to maintain "racial unity". Eugenics-based argument against war
One of <mask>'s main theses in the essay was that his goals for an ideal society are better engendered by peace than war. His argument against warfare contended that it is detrimental because it removes the strongest men from the gene pool. <mask> asserted, "Future war is impossible because the nations cannot afford it." As one commentator put it, "Though he found meager evidence to support his preconceptions, he still confidently asserted that 'always and

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 everywhere, war means the reversal of natural selection.<mask> was president of the World Peace Foundation from 1910 to 1914 and president of the World Peace Conference in 1915 and initially opposed American entry into World War I although he changed his position in 1917 after he became convinced that a German victory would threaten democracy. Multiple publications of essay
Soon after it was first delivered, the essay was published by the American Unitarian Association (copyright 1902) under the main title of "The Blood of the Nation" and a subtitle of "A Study of the Decay of Races Through the Survival of the Unfit". Multiple editions of that version followed over the next few years. An expanded version of the essay was delivered in Philadelphia at the 200th anniversary of Benjamin Franklin's birth in 1906 and printed by the American Philosophical Society. The following year, an expanded version of the original essay with an embossed cover was published by Beacon Press in Boston under the new main title "The Human Harvest" and the same subtitle. This new version was dedicated to <mask>'s older brother Rufus, who had volunteered to fight in the American Civil War and, according to <mask>, was part of the "'Human Harvest' of 1862". However, Rufus was killed not as "cannon fodder" in fighting but by what would seem to be the "natural selection" of a disease (typhus) he was "unfit" to survive.In 1910, the original and slimmer version of the essay was again published by the American Unitarian Association in a "present less expensive form to insure the widest possible distribution." In

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 1915, <mask> published an "extended treatise on the same subject" titled War and Breed and again through the Beacon Press in Boston. Here <mask> defines and begins to employ the relatively recent term "eugenics" and its opposite "dysgenics". Influential role
In 1928 <mask> served on the initial board of trustees of the Human Betterment Foundation, a eugenics organization that advocated compulsory sterilization legislation in the United States. He then chaired the first Committee on Eugenics of the American Breeder's Association from which the California program of forced deportation and sterilization emerged. <mask> then went on to help found the Human Betterment Foundation as a trustee. The foundation published Sterilization for Human Betterment.Role in apparent coverup of murder of Jane Stanford
In 1905, <mask> launched an apparent coverup of the murder by poisoning of Jane Stanford. While vacationing in Oahu, Stanford had suddenly died of strychnine poisoning according to the local coroner's jury. <mask> then sailed to Hawaii, hired a physician to investigate the case, and declared she had in fact died of heart failure, a condition whose symptoms bear no relationship to those that were actually observed. His motive for doing this has been a subject of speculation. One possibility is that he was simply acting to protect the reputation of the university since its finances were precarious, and a scandal might have damaged fundraising. He had written the president of Stanford's board of trustees, offered several alternate explanations for Mrs. Stanford's death, and suggested to select

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 whichever would be most suitable. Since Mrs. Stanford had a difficult relationship with him and reportedly planned to remove him from his position at the university, he might also have had a personal motive to eliminate suspicions that might have swirled around an unsolved crime.<mask>'s version of Mrs. Stanford's demise was largely accepted until the appearance of several publications in 2003 that emphasized the evidence that she was murdered. Final years and legacy
In retirement, <mask> remained active, writing on ichthyology, world relations, peace, and his autobiography. Lifetime honors and awards
 1877 Honorary Ph.D. awarded by Butler University
 1886 Honorary LL.D. awarded by Cornell University
 1902 Honorary LL.D. awarded by Johns Hopkins University
 1909 Honorary LL.D. awarded by Indiana University

Skepticism
Although a proponent of eugenics, <mask> was skeptical of certain other pseudoscientific claims. He coined the term "sciosophy" to describe the "systematized ignorance" of the pseudoscientist.His later work, The Higher Foolishness, inspired the philosopher Martin Gardner to write his treatise on scientific skepticism, Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. However, Gardner noted that "the book is infuriating because although <mask> mentions the titles of dozens of crank works, from which he quotes extensively, he seldom tells you the names of the authors." Children
His daughter Barbara (1891–1900) died in childhood. His son, Eric Knight <mask> (1903–1926), died at 22 in a traffic accident near Gilroy, California. Eric had participated in a paleontological expedition

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 to the Revillagigedo Islands and was considering an academic career. Death
On September 19, 1931, <mask> died at his home on the Stanford campus after he had suffered a series of strokes over two years. Monuments and memorials

Geographical landmarks
Jordan Lake in Utah's Uinta Mountains at
 Mount Jordan, a  mountain peak in Tulare County, California, located on the crest of the Kings-Kern divide of the west slope of the Sierra Nevadas at  was named in 1926 in honor of <mask> by the United States Geographic Board at the behest of the Sierra Club.Jordan commented that it was not the first mountain named in his honor since the first such mountain did not retain his name since it already had a name. In July 2020, the president of the Sierra Club denounced Jordan and its other early leaders for being "vocal advocates for white supremacy and its pseudo-scientific arm, eugenics." The president also announced, "We will also spend the next year studying our history and determining which of our monuments need to be renamed or pulled down entirely." It is not yet clear on how their reassessment would affect the status of Mount Jordan, which the club had helped to name in 1926, or that of other geographic features that bear Jordan's name. Namesake Tree
The <mask> <mask> "Namesake Tree" at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Campus Arboretum, an Indian rubber tree (Ficus elastica) was given to Jordan at the outset of a trip to Japan, and planted by him on December 11, 1922, now listed as an Exceptional Tree of Hawai‘i. Fishery research vessel (1966–2010)
In 1966, the fisheries research ship <mask>

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 Starr Jordan was commissioned for service with the United States Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The ship later served in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration fleet as NOAAS <mask> Starr Jordan (R 444) before it was sold for scrap in 2010.Schools named or formerly named for <mask> <mask>

During the 20th century several schools were named after him or in his honor. However, most of them were renamed in the 21st century, as his eugenics activities became well known. Jordan Middle School in Palo Alto, California, established in 1937, was renamed in 2018 for African-American memory chip inventor Frank S. Greene. David Starr Jordan Middle School in Burbank, California, established in the 1940s, was renamed in 2021 for labor leader and civil rights activist Dolores Huerta. Jordan High School in Long Beach, California, established in 1934, was still named for him as of March 2021 while the school district explores possible renaming. , this is the only public school that still honors <mask>. David Starr Jordan High School in Los Angeles, California, was established in 1923; in 2020 the name was shortened to Jordan High School to remove the reference to him while keeping "Jordan" as a generic legacy name for alumni.University campus buildings
Jordan was closely associated with Indiana University and Stanford University, and both schools named buildings and other campus features after him. However, as his reputation became more controversial in the 2000s, they acted to remove Jordan's name from their respective campuses. Stanford honored its former

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Jordan
Jordan


texts: president in 1917 by renaming its zoology building, built in 1899, to Jordan Hall. Other campus features were named Jordan Quad, Jordan Modulars, and Jordan Way. In October 2020 the Stanford Board of Trustees voted unanimously, on the recommendation of an advisory committee, to remove Jordan's name from all four facilities. The former Jordan Hall was to be referred to as Building 420 until a permanent name could be selected sometime the following year. Stanford President Marc Tessier-Lavigne was charged to rename Jordan Quad and Jordan Modulars.The advisory committee recommended that the renaming of Jordan Way, a street on the medical campus, "may take place during the course of ongoing construction and planning." When Indiana University built a new building for its biology department in 1956, the building was named in honor of <mask>, its former president and biology faculty member. In October 2020 the Indiana University Board of Trustees voted overwhelmingly to remove Jordan's name from the biology building as well as a parking garage and a "river" (actually a small creek) that runs through the center of the campus. Jordan's name was stripped from these places immediately after the trustee meeting had concluded, and they were given temporary, generic names to be used until permanent names could be selected the following year. Jordan Hall, the Jordan River and the Jordan Avenue Parking Garage became respectively the Biology Building, the Campus River, and the East Parking Garage. In August 2021, staff members of the Biology Department sent a petition to the new IU President Pamela


texts: Whitten urging the university leadership to rename the Biology Building in honor of James P. Holland, an African-American IU alumnus, award-winning former faculty member and endocrinologist who died in 1998. IU President Michael McRobbie requested the University Naming Committee to work with the city of Bloomington to find a name as a replacement for Jordan Avenue, a thoroughfare that is owned in part by IU and in part by the city., there have been calls in the Bloomington City Council for Jordan Avenue to be renamed, but no such action has been taken so far. In April 2021, the Mayor of Bloomington created a seven-member task force to investigate possible replacement names for Jordan Avenue. In September 2021, the City of Bloomington Plan Commission announced that it approved the renaming of Jordan Avenue to Eagleson Avenue while IU is in the process of renaming its section of the street to Fuller Lane pending approval by the IU Renaming Committee and the IU Board of Trustees. The city plans to complete their street renaming by February 2022. Both new street names honor prominent African-American families who moved to Bloomington after being born into slavery. In December 2021, the IU Board of Trustees reconsidered their decision to rename the university's section of the street as Fuller Lane by adopting Eagleson Avenue as the new name for the University-owned section of Jordan Avenue. , the Indiana University South Bend campus has a scholarship named in honor of Jordan that enables its students to study outside of the United States for a short period.Cornell's David Starr Jordan Prize


texts:
 (1986–2020)
Starting in 1986, the David <mask> Jordan Prize was funded as a joint endowment by Cornell University, Indiana University, and Stanford. Every three years it was awarded to a young scientist (under 40 years) who made contributions in one of <mask>'s interests of evolution, ecology, population or organismal biology. The prize was last awarded in 2015 to a biology professor at the University of Texas at Austin. As <mask>'s reputation became more controversial due to his support of eugenics, and particularly after the removal of <mask>'s name from buildings on the campuses of Stanford and Indiana universities in 2020, there were calls to rename the prize. The prize was officially discontinued in 2020 and the endowment funds were returned to their respective universities. Papers
<mask>'s papers are housed at Stanford University and at Swarthmore College

Works

Books

 (1882). Synopsis of the Fishes of North America.(1885). A Catalogue of the Fishes Known to Inhabit the Waters of North America. (1887). Science Sketches. (1888). The Value of Higher Education. (1895).The Factors in Organic Evolution. (1895). The Fishes of Puget Sound. (1895). The Fishes of Sinaloa. (1896–1900). The Fishes of North and Middle America [four vols.](1897). Matka and Kotik. (1898). The Fur Seals and Fur-Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean. (1899). The Book of Knight and Barbara. (1899).The True Basis of Economics [with J.H. Stallard]. (1900). Animal Life: A First Book of Zoology [with Vernon L. Kellog]. (1902). American Food and Game Fishes [with B. W. Evermann]
 (1902). Animal Forms: A

masks: Starr Jordan Jordan Jordan Jordan


texts:
 Text-Book of Zoology.(1903). Animal Studies [with Vernon L. Kellog and Harold Heath]. (1903). The Training of a Physician. (1903). The Voice of the Scholar. (1904).The Wandering Host. (1905). The Aquatic Resources of the Hawaiian Islands. (1905). A Guide to the Study of Fishes. (1905). The Fish Fauna of the Tortugas Archipelago [with Dr. Joseph Cheesman Thompson, published for the US Bureau of Fisheries].(1906). The Fishes of Samoa. (1906). Life's Enthusiasms. (1907). The Alps of King-Kern Divide. (1907).The California Earthquake of 1906. (1907). College and the Man. (1907). Evolution and Animal Life [with Vernon L. Kellog]. (1907). Fishes.(1907). Fishes of the Islands of Luzon and Panay. (An expansion of The Blood of a Nation.) (1908). Description of Three New Species of Carangoid Fishes from Formosa. (1908). The Fate of Iciodorum.(1908). Fish Stories: Alleged and Experienced. (1908). The Higher Sacrifice. (1908). The Scientific Aspects of Luther Burbank's Work [with Vernon L. Kellog]. (1909).A Catalog of the Fishes of Formosa. (1909). The Religion of a Sensible American. (1909). Fish stories alleged and experienced, with a little history natural and unnatural [with Charles Frederick Holder]

 (1910). Check-List of Species of Fishes Known from the Philippine Archipelago [with Robert Earl Richardson]. (1910).Leading American Men of Science. (1910). The Woman and the University. (1910). Work of the International Fisheries Commission of Great Britain and the United States. (1911). The Stability of Truth.(1912). The Practical Education. (1912). The Story of a Good Woman: Jane Lathrop


texts:
 Stanford. (1912). Syllabus of Lectures on International Conciliation. (1912).Unseen Empire. (1912). "The Initiative and Referendum". The National Economic League. Boston, MA
 (1913). America's Conquest of Europe. (1913).A Catalog of the Fishes Known from the Waters of Korea. (1913). Naval Waste. (1913). War and Waste. (1913). What Shall We Say?(1914). Record of Fishes Obtained in Japan in 1911. (1914). War's Aftermath [with Harvey Ernest <mask>]. A further extended and updated version of earlier works The Blood of a Nation and The Human Harvest. (1916). World Peace and the College Man.(1917). The Genera of Fishes. (1918). Democracy and World Relations. (1919). Fossil Fishes of Southern California. (1919).Studies in Ichthyology [with Carl Leavitt Hubbs]. (1920). Fossil Fishes of Diatom Beds of Lompoc, California. (1922). Days of a Man [autobiography in two volumes]

 (1929). Your Family Tree. Selected articles

Miscellany

Eponymy

Numerous genera and species bear the name <mask>.Genera:
Jordania , Davidijordania , and Jordanella

Species:

 Agonomalus jordani . Agonomalus jordani . Allocareproctus jordani . Astyanax jordani . Caelorinchus jordani . Caulophryne jordani . Chimaera jordani .Charal, Chirostoma jordani . <mask>'s tuskfish, Choerodon jordani . Flame wrasse, Cirrhilabrus jordani . Smooth lumpfish, Cyclopteropsis jordani . Diplacanthopoma jordani . Dusisiren jordani . Mimic triplefin, Enneanectes jordani .Petrale sole, Eopsetta jordani . Greenbreast darter, Etheostoma jordani . Gadella jordani . Yellow Irish lord, Hemilepidotus jordani . Brokenline lanternfish,


texts:
 Lampanyctus jordani . Legionella jordanis
 Jordan's snapper, Lutjanus jordani . Shortjaw eelpout, Lycenchelys jordani .Malthopsis jordani . Gulf grouper, Mycteroperca jordani . Neosalanx jordani . Patagonotothen jordani . Ptychidio jordani . Northern ronquil, Ronquilus jordani . Shortbelly rockfish, Sebastes jordani .<mask>'s damsel, Teixeirichthys jordani . <mask>'s sculpin, Triglops jordani . See also
:Category:Taxa named by <mask> <mask>

References

Further reading

External links

Works by <mask> <mask>, at JSTOR
Works by <mask> <mask>, at Hathi Trust
History of Stanford motto, with Jordan bio info
  Biography, Smithsonian website
Cover of Time magazine, June 8, 1931
<mask> <mask> papers, 1874-1929, Indiana University Archives
Indiana University President's Office records, 1884-1891, Indiana University Archives

American ichthyologists
1851 births
1931 deaths
Activists from California
American autobiographers
American eugenicists
American science writers
American skeptics
American social sciences writers
American taxonomists
Sierra Club directors
Presidents of Stanford University
Presidents of Indiana University
American anti-war activists
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
Indiana University School of Medicine alumni
People from Gainesville, New York
Scientists from California
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American scientists
19th-century American writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
19th-century American zoologists
20th-century American zoologists
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction

masks:
Jordan
Jordan
David Starr
Jordan
David Starr
Jordan
David Starr
Jordan
David Starr
Jordan


texts:
<mask> (born 25 October 1990) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a er for and captains the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the NRL. He has played for  at international level. <mask> previously played for the Penrith Panthers between 2008 and 2010 in the National Rugby League, and has played at representative level for the Prime Minister's XIII, City Origin, Indigenous All Stars and New South Wales in the State of Origin series. <mask> was born in Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia and is of Indigenous Australian descent - from Bundjalung people. Playing career
<mask> played his junior rugby league for Blacktown City and attended The Hills Sports High School before being signed by the Penrith Panthers. <mask> played for New South Wales under 16's and 18's, as well as the Panthers Harold Matthews and SG Ball teams. <mask> started the 2008 season in the NYC for the Penrith Panthers before being called up to the first-grade squad, still as a 17-year-old in high school.2008
In Round 15 of the 2008 NRL season, <mask> was called up to make his NRL debut for the Penrith Panthers at  against the St George Illawarra Dragons in the 13–12 loss at ANZ Stadium. <mask> finished his debut year in the NRL with him playing in 8 matches for the Penrith club in the 2008 NRL season. 2009
In Round 4 against the Wests Tigers, <mask> scored his first NRL career try in Penrith's 42–22 win at Penrith Stadium. <mask> finished the 2009 NRL season with him playing in 22 matches and scoring five tries for the Penrith club. 2010
On 24 June 2010, <mask> signed with the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks starting from 2011 with a desire to play regular first-grade football from the preference for the halves combinations of Travis Burns and Luke Walsh by the Penrith coach Matthew Elliot limited the number of games he could have played. <mask> finished the 2010 NRL season with him playing in 12 matches and scoring 4 tries for Penrith. 2011
In Round 1 of the 2011 NRL season, <mask>

masks:
Wade Graham
Graham
Background Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham


texts:
 made his club debut for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks against the Canberra Raiders at  in the Sharks 40–12 loss at Canberra Stadium.In Round 4 against the New Zealand Warriors at Owen Delany Park in Taupo, New Zealand, <mask> scored his first club try for Cronulla-Sutherland in the 26–18 loss. <mask> finished the 2011 NRL season with him playing in all of Cronulla's 24 matches, scoring 6 tries and kicking 2 field goals. 2012
On 26 May 2012, <mask> extended his contract with the Cronulla club for a further two seasons to the end of the 2014 season. <mask> finished the 2012 NRL season having played in 15 matches and scoring 6 tries. <mask> was invited to represent the Portugal national rugby league team in the 2012 Cabramatta International Nines tournament. 2013
On 29 April 2013, <mask> was among the first of many Cronulla players to be interviewed by ASADA, where controversy ensued regarding his attending the interview in casual attire. <mask> was selected for the NSW City team in the 2013 City vs Country Origin match off the interchange bench in City's 18–12 loss in Coffs Harbour.In Round 17 against the Wests Tigers, <mask> played his 100th NRL career match, scoring a try in Cronulla's 36–22 win at Remondis Stadium. <mask> finished the 2013 NRL season having played 23 matches and scoring 2 tries for Cronulla-Sutherland. 2014
In February 2014, <mask> was selected in the Sharks inaugural 2014 Auckland Nines squad. On 14 April 2014, <mask> extended his contract with Cronulla-Sutherland for another three years to the end of the 2017 season after knocking back a $500,000 a season offer from the South Sydney Rabbitohs. On 22 August 2014, <mask> became one of the Cronulla players to accept reduced bans from the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority for his role in the 2011 Sharks supplements scandal. <mask> finished off the 2014 NRL season having played 19 matches and scoring 5 tries. 2015
On 31 January and 1 February, <mask> captained the Sharks in the 2015 NRL

masks: Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham


texts:
 Auckland Nines, after originally selected captain, Luke Lewis, was ruled out with injury.On 3 May, <mask> captained New South Wales City against New South Wales Country, playing at second-row in his team's 34–22 loss at Wagga Wagga. He co-captained the Sharks alongside Michael Ennis for a period whilst Cronulla's regular captain Paul Gallen was sidelined due to injury. <mask> finished the 2015 season having played in all of the Sharks 26 matches, and scoring 4 tries. On 15 December, he was named on the interchange bench for the Indigenous All Stars due to play the NRL All Stars team on 13 February 2016. 2016
On 13 January 2016, <mask> was named in the emerging New South Wales Blues squad. On 13 February 2016, <mask> played for the Indigenous All Stars against the NRL All Stars, playing off the interchange bench in the 12–8 loss at Suncorp Stadium. <mask> made his debut for New South Wales in game 3 of the 2016 State of Origin series, after having originally been selected to debut in Game 2, however being ineligible due to a suspension resulting from a high tackle on Jonathan Thurston in Cronulla-Sutherland's Round 14 win over the North Queensland Cowboys.On 2 October, <mask> was part of the Cronulla-Sutherland side that won the 2016 grand final to claim the club's first ever premiership. 2017
In 2017, <mask> was selected for the 2017 State of Origin series. <mask> was part of The Cronulla side which finished 5th at the end of the season. On 10 September, Cronulla played North Queensland in the first week elimination finals and suffered a 15-14 shock defeat. 2018
In 2018, <mask> was not selected for NSW by coach Brad Fittler for the 2018 State of Origin series due to being out with injury for most of the first half of the 2018 season. In week one of the 2018 NRL finals, <mask> was taken from the field in the first half during Cronulla's match against Eastern Suburbs with subsequent scans revealing the player had torn his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruling

masks: Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham


texts:
 him out for the rest of the season. 2019
<mask> made his return for Cronulla in Round 13 against Parramatta, which Cronulla won 42–22.<mask> was selected for Game 2 of the 2019 State of Origin series where he starred in New South Wales' 38–6 win at Perth Stadium. <mask> was retained for Game 3 of the series, which New South Wales won 26–20 at ANZ Stadium. It was the first time since 2005 that New South Wales had won back to back series. <mask> was limited to ten appearances for Cronulla in the regular 2019 NRL season, where the club finished 7th. <mask> played in the elimination final loss to Manly at Brookvale Oval. On 30 September, <mask> was named in the second row and as captain of the Australia PM XIII. On 7 October, <mask> was named in the Australian team for the 2019 Rugby League World Cup 9s, as well as the upcoming Oceania Cup fixtures.2020
<mask> played 19 games for Cronulla in the 2020 NRL season as the club finished 8th and qualified for the finals. He played in Cronulla's elimination final loss against Canberra. 2021
<mask> was limited to only 11 games for Cronulla in the 2021 NRL season which saw the club narrowly miss the finals by finishing 9th on the table. <mask> decided to end his season prematurely due to three head concussions he sustained including two in consecutive weeks. References

External links

Cronulla Sharks profile
Sharks profile
2017 RLWC profile

1990 births
Living people
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian rugby league players
Australian sportspeople in doping cases
Bundjalung people
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players
Doping cases in Australian rugby league
Indigenous All Stars players
Indigenous Australian rugby league players
New South Wales City Origin rugby league team players
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players
Penrith Panthers players
Prime Minister's XIII players
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league locks
Rugby league players from Blacktown
Rugby league second-rows
Windsor Wolves


texts:
<mask> (January 22, 1849 – June 24, 1924) was an American labor union leader, politician and attorney, best known as head of the Knights of Labor in the late 1880s. Born in Carbondale, Pennsylvania, he was later elected mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania, for three 2-year terms, starting in 1878. A Republican, he served as the United States Commissioner General of Immigration in 1897. The Knights of Labor was one of the largest American labor organizations of the 19th century, but <mask> was a poor administrator and could barely keep it under control. His small central office could not supervise or coordinate the many strikes and other activities sponsored by union locals. Powderly believed that the Knights was an educational tool to uplift the workingman, and he downplayed the use of strikes to achieve workers' goals. His influence reportedly led to the passing of the alien contract labor law in 1885 and establishment of labor bureaus and arbitration boards in many states.The Knights failed to maintain its large membership after being blamed for the violence of the Haymarket Riot of 1886. It was increasingly upstaged by the American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers, which coordinated numerous specialized craft unions that appealed to skilled workers, instead of the mix of unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers in the Knights. Early life
<mask> was born the 11th of 12 children on January 22, 1849 to Irish parents who had come up from poverty, <mask> and Madge Walsh, who had emigrated to the

masks:
Terence Vincent Powderly
Powderly
Powderly
Terence Powderly


texts: United States in 1827. As a child he contracted the measles, as well as scarlet fever which left him deaf in one ear. At 13 he began work for the railroad as a switchman with the Delaware and Hudson Railway, before becoming a car examiner, repairer and eventually a brakeman. On August 1, 1866, at the age of 17, he entered into an apprenticeship as a machinist with the local master mechanic, James Dickson, at which he was employed until August 15, 1869. Dickson himself had apprenticed to George Stephenson.On November 21, 1871 Powderly joined the Subordinate Union No. 2 of Pennsylvania, part of the Machinists and Blacksmiths International Union, and a year later was elected as its secretary, before eventually becoming president. On September 19, 1872, Powderly married Hannah Dever. Following the Panic of 1873, <mask> was dismissed from this position at the railroad. In recalling the conversation, Powderly wrote that the master mechanic he worked for had explained to him, "You are the president of the union and it is thought best to dismiss you in order to head off trouble." He then spent the following winter in Canada working odd jobs. He returned to the US in 1874, working briefly in Galion, Ohio before moving on to Oil City, Pennsylvania for six months, where he joined Pennsylvania Union No.6. In August of that year, he was elected by No. 6 as a delegate to a district meeting representing Pittsburgh, Oil City, Meadville, and Franklin, and was in turn elected to represent the district at the general


texts:
 convention in Louisville, Kentucky in September. Scranton
<mask> ended his travels in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where he found work as a machinist installing coal breakers. Two weeks after taking the position, he was dismissed after being identified by the same man who had been instrumental in his previous dismissal in 1872. In response, he appealed to William Walker Scranton, who had given him the position to start. After explaining to Scranton that he had been fired originally due to his connection to the union, <mask> recalled:

He asked me if I was president then, I answered in the negative, but in order to be fully understood told him that I was at the time secretary.His next question was "If I reinstate you will you resign from the union?" My answer to that was: "I am insured for one thousand dollars in the union. I cannot afford any other insurance. If I resign and am killed in the employ of this company, will it pay my wife one thousand dollars?" He looked steadily at me a while and said: "Go to the mill and tell Davidson to set you to work." Through W. W. Scranton, <mask> went on to work for the Dickson Manufacturing Company, a firm founded by the sons of his apprentice master. He was again dismissed through the involvement of the same individual, and was again reinstated by Scranton, now in charge of the department, where he worked until May 31, 1877, when it closed for lack of work.In 1878 following strikes and unrest in 1877, <mask> was elected to the first of three two-year terms as mayor of

masks: Powderly Powderly Powderly Powderly


texts:
 Scranton, Pennsylvania, representing the Greenback-Labor Party. During the election he proposed financing public works project through low interest government loans as a means of providing work for the many unemployed. After assuming office, he immediately reorganized the labor force and enacted moderate reforms. Knights of Labor
<mask> is most remembered for leading the Knights of Labor ("K of L"), a nationwide labor union. He joined the Knights in 1874, became Secretary of a District Assembly in 1877. He was elected Grand Master Workman in 1879 after the resignation of Uriah Smith Stephens. At the time the Knights had around 10,000 members.He served as Grand Master Workman until 1893. Powderly, along with most labor leaders at the time, opposed the immigration of Chinese workers to the United States. He argued that immigrants took jobs away from native-born Americans and drove down wages. He urged West Coast branches of the Knights of Labor to campaign for the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act. Powderly worked with Bishop James Gibbons of  to persuade the Pope to remove sanctions against Catholics who joined unions. The Catholic Church had opposed the unions as too influenced by rituals of freemasonry. The Knights of Labor removed the words "The Holy and Noble Order of" from the name of the Knights of Labor in 1882 and abandoned any membership rituals associated with freemasonry.<mask> was more influenced by the Greenback ideology of producerism than by socialism, a rising school of thought in

masks: Powderly Powderly


texts: Europe and the United States. Since producerism regarded most employers as "producers", Powderly disliked strikes. At times, the Knights organized strikes against local firms where the employer might be admitted as a member. The strikes would drive away the employers, resulting in a more purely working-class organization. Despite his personal ambivalence about labor action, Powderly was skillful in organizing. The success of the Great Southwest railroad strike of 1886 against Jay Gould's railroad more than compensated for the internal tension of his organization. The Knights of Labor grew so rapidly that at one point the organization called a moratorium on the issuance of charters.The union was recognized as the first successful national labor union in the United States. In 1885-86 the Knights achieved their greatest influence and greatest membership. Powderly attempted to focus the union on cooperative endeavors and the eight-hour day. Soon the demands placed on the union by its members for immediate improvements, and the pressures of hostile business and government institutions, forced the Knights to function like a traditional labor union. However, the Knights were too disorganized to deal with the centralized industries that they were striking against. Powderly forbade them to use their most effective tool: the strike. Powderly intervened in two labor actions: the first against the Texas and Pacific Railroad in 1886 and the second against the Chicago Meatpackinghouse industry.25,000 workers in the


texts:
 Union Stockyards struck for an 8-hour day in 1886 and to rescind a wage reduction. In both cases, Powderly ended strikes that historians believe that labor could have won. This is when the Knights of Labor began to lose its influence. Powderly also feared losing the support of the Catholic Church, which many immigrant workers belonged to; the church authorities were essentially conservative and feared that the K of L was plotting a "socialist revolution". Powderly's insistence on ending both these strikes meant that the companies did not fear the K of L would use strikes as direct action to gain wage and labor benefits. After this, both Jay Gould and the Chicago Packinghouses won complete victories in breaking both strikes. Disaster struck the Knights with the Haymarket Square Riot in Chicago on May 4, 1886.Anarchists were blamed, and two of them were Knights. Membership plunged overnight as a result of false rumors linking the Knights to anarchism and terrorism. However the disorganization of the group and its record of losing strike after strike disillusioned many members. Bitter factionalism divided the union, and its forays into electoral politics were failures because Powderly forbade its members to engage in political activity or to field candidates

Many KoL members joined more conservative alternatives, especially the Railroad brotherhoods, and the unions affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL), which promoted craft unionism over the one all-inclusive union concept. Powderly was


texts:
 defeated for re-election as Master Workman in 1893. As the decline of the Knights continued, Powderly moved on, opening a successful law practice in 1894. Powderly was also a supporter of Henry George's popular "single tax" on land values.Later career

President William McKinley appointed Powderly as the Commissioner General of Immigration where he served from July 1, 1897 to June 24, 1902. In this role he established a commission to investigate conditions at Ellis Island, which ultimately led to 11 employees being dismissed. After being removed from the post in 1902 by Theodore Roosevelt, he continued to serve as Special Immigration Inspector, studying the causes of European emigration to the United States, where he recommended that officials inspect potential immigrants prior to their arrival in the US, station officers on immigrant-carrying ships, and take steps to more evenly distribute arriving immigrant populations geographically across the country. Powderly was appointed as the chief of the newly created Immigration Service's Division of Information, with a mission, following his own prior recommendation, to "promote a beneficial distribution of aliens admitted into the United States." Finally, in 1921, three years prior to his death, he was appointed as a member of the Immigration Service's Board of Review. <mask>, a resident of the Petworth neighborhood in Washington, D.C., in the last years of his life, died at his home there on June 24, 1924. He is buried at nearby Rock Creek Cemetery.A


texts:
 second autobiography by Powderly, The Path I Trod, was published posthumously in 1940. Powderly's papers are available for use at more than a dozen research libraries across the United States. He was survived by his second wife, Emma (Fickensher), who was his late wife's cousin and a former work associate, who he had married in 1919. <mask> was inducted into the U.S. Department of Labor Hall of Honor in 1999. The citation reads as follows:

As leader of the Knights of Labor, the nation's first successful trade union organization, <mask><mask> thrust the workers' needs to the fore for the first time in U.S. history. In the 1800s, far in advance for the period, he sought the inclusion of blacks, women and Hispanics for full-fledged membership in his trade union. With labor struggling for a place at America's economic table, Powderly achieved national stature as the recognized spokesman for the workers' interest and for the first time made organized labor a political force to be reckoned with.Writing in Dubofsky and <mask>'s Labor Leaders in America, Richard Oestreicher  described Powderly as "the first labor leader in American history to become a media superstar". Oestreicher continues:

No other worker in these years, not even his rival Samuel Gompers, captured as much attention from reporters, from politicians, or from industrialists. To his contemporaries <mask> was the Knights of Labor. Oestreicher characterizes Powderly's legacy as leader of the Knights as generally one of failure to preserve the

masks:
Legacy Powderly
Terence V
. Powderly
Van Tine
Powderly


texts:
 organization and its mission through the labor upheavals of the late 19th Century. However, he continues to describe him as an "energetic and capable organizer," and is quick to point out the practical challenges both he and the Knights faced, and that in comparison to his heirs and contemporaries, "quite simply, no one else did much better [than they did] over the next forty years." In 1966 Powderly's long time home at 614 North Main Street in Scranton was designated by the National Park Service as a National Historic Landmark. On November 18, 1947 a historical maker was placed in Scranton honoring Powderly.Works
 "The Organization of Labor," North American Review, vol. 135, no. 2, whole no. 309 (August 1882), pp. 118–127. "The Army of the Discontented," North American Review, vol. 140, whole no.341 (April 1885), pp. 369–378. "A Menacing Irruption," North American Review, vol. 147, whole no. 381 (August 1888), pp. 369–378. "The Plea for Eight Hours," North American Review, vol.150, whole no. 401 (April 1890), pp. 464–470. "The Workingman and Free Silver," North American Review, vol. 153, whole no. 421 (December 1891), pp. 728–737.Thirty Years of Labor, 1859-1889. Columbus, OH: Excelsior Publishing House 1890. "Government Ownership of Railways," The Arena, vol. 7, whole no. 37 (December 1892), pp. 58–63. The Path I Trod: The Autobiography of <mask>. Powderly.New York: Columbia University Press, 1940. See also

Notes

References

Further reading
 Carman, Harry J. "<mask> <mask> -An Appraisal," Journal of

masks:
Terence V
Terence Vincent
Powderly


texts:
 Economic History       Vol. 1, No. 1 (May, 1941), pp. 83–87 in JSTOR
  Falzone, <mask>. <mask>. <mask>: Middle Class Reformer. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1978.Falzone, <mask>. "<mask><mask>: Politician and Progressive Mayor of Scranton, 1878-1884," Pennsylvania History, vol. 41 (1974), pp. 289–310. McNeill, George E. (ed. ), The Labor Movement: The Problem of To-day.New York: M.W. Hazen Co., 1889. Phelan, Craig. Grand Master Workman: <mask> and the Knights of Labor (Greenwood, 2000), scholarly biography online edition
 <mask>, Kim. The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century. (Cornell University Press, 1994). Walker, Samuel."<mask><mask>, Machinist: 1866-1877," Labor History, vol. 19 (1978), pp. 165–184. Ware, Norman J. The Labor Movement in the United States, 1860 -   (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996)  online edition
 Weir, Robert E.  Knights Unhorsed: Internal Conflict in Gilded Age Social Movement (Wayne State University Press, 2000)
 Wright, Carroll D. "An Historical Sketch of the Knights of Labor," Quarterly Journal of Economics,'' vol. 1, no. 2 (January 1887), pp.137–168. in JSTOR

External links

1849 births
1924 deaths
American lawyers
American trade unionists of Irish descent
Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery
Catholics from Pennsylvania
Georgists
Knights of Labor people
Leaders of American trade unions
Mayors of Scranton, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Greenbacks
People from Carbondale, Pennsylvania
Trade

masks:
Vincent J
Terence V
Powderly
Vincent J
Terence V
. Powderly
Terence Poderly
Voss
Terence V
. Powderly