texts: and Suffolk Counties, then dominant in all three suburban areas). In 1989, he dove into the contentious world of New York City politics. Rudolph Giuliani's initial candidacy for Mayor was met with a primary challenge by cosmetics billionaire Ronald Lauder, backed by Sen. D'Amato and guided by Finkelstein.The Giuliani-D'Amato feud had begun in 1988 over the selection of Rudy's successor as U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York; it colored Republican politics in the Empire State for the next several years. In this first skirmish, Lauder's millions of dollars' worth of hard-hitting advertising failed to prevent Giuliani's winning the GOP nomination. (Giuliani later blamed Lauder's primary ads for his narrow loss to David Dinkins that November.) A year later, in the disastrous 1990 gubernatorial election, GOP nominee Pierre Rinfret nearly finished in third place (behind Conservative Party of New York State upstart Herbert London). D'Amato, and by extension Finkelstein, assumed dominance over the moribund state party apparatus. Long-time Rensselaer County activist William Powers, a staunch D'Amato ally, was named chairman, and began the rebuilding process. (D'Amato allies had started their own state PAC in 1989, the Committee for New York, in order to aid Republicans independent of the decaying party team.)At this time, the Reaganite <mask> was not a fan of the current Administration of George H.W. Bush. In a rare public appearance in February 1991, after the GOP's poor national showing in the November 1990 elections, he reminded a conservative audience that Reagan prospered through unabashed ideological


type: original

texts: appeals that drew crossover votes from sympathetic Democrats. But Bush and other GOP candidates "kicked that away" in 1990 by raising taxes, sidestepping abortion and other social issues, and soft-pedaling their anti-communism while rooting for Mikhail Gorbachev to succeed. "We are going to have to go back to the things that got us here," Finkelstein said. Meanwhile, D'Amato faced mounting ethical problems, and these occupied much of <mask>'s time in 1990 and 1991. Though the New York senator was ultimately cleared by the Senate Ethics Committee in 1991, he was the subject of ceaseless negative news stories and editorials.When CBS's 60 Minutes ran a highly damaging story on D'Amato, Finkelstein produced a response program that refuted many of its charges and misstatements. All the while, D'Amato's aggressive casework program and advocacy for New York interests was emphasized in paid and earned media. Nevertheless, going into his 1992 re-election campaign, D'Amato was shown in surveys to be a near-certain loser to most prospective challengers. The indictment of his brother, Armand D'Amato, on two dozen counts of mail fraud in March 1992 darkened the clouds further. When the Democrats nominated Attorney General Robert Abrams in September, Finkelstein's polls showed D'Amato down 25 points, just seven weeks before the election. With the huge lead enjoyed by Democratic presidential nominee Bill Clinton in New York, the Bush-Quayle ticket was a positive drag on D'Amato. As with the Mack-MacKay race in 1988, Finkelstein moved to define Abrams by his liberal positions on issues.Support for a single-payer national health


texts: scheme was translated into "a 6% tax on every job in America"—a contention never challenged. His backing for other tax increases was documented and publicized in TV and radio ads, with the tagline, "Bob Abrams: Hopelessly liberal". The D'Amato campaign was no less bold on the ethics issue, repeating pay-for-play charges made by ex-Rep. Geraldine Ferraro during the Democratic primary, with ads featuring excerpts from the Abrams-Ferraro debate. When news stories late in the campaign revealed the nominee's disallowed business-tax deductions, <mask>'s closing ad ran: "Bob Abrams never met a tax he didn't like ... except his own." On Election Day 1992, as Bill Clinton was winning New York State by 16 points, D'Amato won re-election by 1.2 points, a margin of 80,794 votes — with a wave of Clinton-D'Amato split-ticket voting in Brooklyn, Queens and Buffalo the deciding factor. <mask> had several other results that day. In North Carolina, he helped the Ellis-Wrenn-Congressional Club team guide businessman and former Democrat Lauch Faircloth to victory over incumbent Sen. Terry Sanford.Don Nickles easily won a third term as senator from Oklahoma. But in Illinois, the candidacy of Rich Williamson failed to defeat Democrat Carol Moseley Braun to replace Sen. Alan Dixon. D'Amato's comeback win had demonstrated the Republicans' window of opportunity in New York City's outer boroughs, among working-class Catholics and (especially) Jewish voters angered by Democratic leaders' handling of the Crown Heights violence and subsequent incidents. The senator's ticket-splitting performance had the effect of shielding downticket candidates

masks: Finkelstein Finkelstein


texts: from the Bush debacle, and Republicans actually made Congressional gains in strong D'Amato areas — e.g., working-class Buffalo (<mask>), and suburban Long Island (Rick Lazio) — while holding the majority in the powerful State Senate, which strengthened the hand of D'Amato, <mask> and Powers going into 1993 and 1994. Giuliani's second Mayoral campaign in 1993 benefited from the resurgent New York GOP. He had made a point of endorsing the Senator for re-election, and D'Amato and Finkelstein did not again back a primary challenger. This time, Giuliani ran a more effective race, riding to victory on a wave of discontent with incumbent David Dinkins, with even stronger turnout among ethnic Catholics and Jewish voters than in 1989, and in the same areas where D'Amato had done well a year earlier.In New York City in November 1993, <mask> and Ronald Lauder also guided to victory a measure limiting the terms of elected city officials. The New York Times called this vote "a terrific defeat for the city's mostly Democratic political establishment, which had fought in court throughout the summer to kill the referendum, only to have the state's highest court order it on the ballot just two weeks [before the election]." <mask> had specialized in federal elections to this point, and it was uncertain how he would adapt to the localized issues and personal style of a gubernatorial contest. Reluctantly at first, and only after considering several alternative candidates, he and D'Amato settled on supporting little-known State Senator George Pataki of Peekskill for Governor in 1994. They guided him through the State Convention in May,

masks:
Jack Quinn
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Finkelstein


texts: and to a smashing 3-to-1 primary victory in September over Nelson Rockefeller's longtime political wheelhorse Richard Rosenbaum. The main challenge was defining the race against Cuomo. <mask>'s first ad radiated disappointment and sowed seeds of disbelief: "Desperate candidates do desperate things ... Mario Cuomo could have been senator or President..." Subsequent spots, often as brief as 10 seconds, highlighted Cuomo-era failures (e.g.snarled traffic and record-high utility rates in Long Island),Fisher, Ian,  "THE 1994 CAMPAIGN: ISSUES; Clamor Over Death Penalty Dominates Debate on Crime", The New York Times, October 9, 1994. and especially the litany of tax increases over his 12 years. The persistent tagline: "Mario Cuomo: Too liberal for too long." Pataki introduced himself in ads first as a gentle reformer, then angry in responding to Cuomo attacks, and finally enthusiastic (in excerpts from rally speeches at campaign's close). Cuomo defended his record and played up D'Amato's sponsorship of Pataki's campaign (to the tune of Paul Simon's "You Can Call Me Al"), but had trouble overcoming the anti-incumbent tide. Pataki had a slight lead in public surveys when, on October 24, Giuliani endorsed Cuomo, with attacks on his fellow Republican quickly becoming a staple on evening news programs. Poll numbers fluctuated wildly, with <mask>'s own tracking survey showing a Cuomo lead ballooning to 13 points within days. It required a swift response.He elected to attack Giuliani's endorsement as a corrupt deal with Cuomo, the ad using headlines citing suspiciously timed New York State grants to the City to suggest the Governor


texts:
 had used taxpayer money to buy the Mayor's backing. Pataki relentlessly pushed this argument in public appearances. The pendulum swung back, with negative reaction to Giuliani especially strong Upstate and in the Metro North and Long Island suburbs. (GOP protestors even chased the Mayor's plane on an airport tarmac during a statewide flyaround for Cuomo.) Pataki closed the sale with an energetic tour of the state, appearing alone on a WCBS-TV Election Eve program when Cuomo refused a one-on-one debate. The final result: Pataki defeated Cuomo by 4 points. In an historic Republican landslide year, Mario Cuomo was the most prominent Democrat to fall.As Todd Purdum of The New York Times wrote that November, "For good or ill, Mr. Pataki's campaign [wa]s almost entirely a creation of Mr. Finkelstein." Delaware provided another win for Finkelstein in November 1994, as longtime Senator Bill Roth coasted to victory for his fifth term, 56% to 44%. 1995–98 NRSC, Netanyahu, "Outed", New York
Following Election Day 1994, D'Amato and Finkelstein were handed new challenges and opportunities, as the 14-year incumbent was named by his Senate peers as chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC), one of the four permanent GOP campaign operations in Washington. They had a tough act to follow—Phil Gramm of Texas had just piloted Republicans to a 7-seat gain and recaptured control of the Senate. For Finkelstein, it was his first bow as an inside player on a Washington campaign committee, his dealings previously being as representative of an individual candidate. Now he and D'Amato were responsible for helping to direct


texts: Senate campaigns in 33 states simultaneously.One of their first moves was to break the cycle of hiring parochial-minded Senate aides to manage the sprawling committee; their choice for Executive Director was <mask> (later a top executive with Gateway Computers and head of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation). Other key hires were <mask> B. Barnhart as Political Director, and Gordon Hensley as Communications Director. (Barnhart was a long-time aide and campaigner for Sen. William Roth, and later served as Commissioner of the Social Security Administration.) All three were singled out by Roll Call newspaper in 1996 as among national "Politics' Fabulous Fifty." The NRSC faced several challenges beyond their control, many emanating from the two dominant Republicans of 1995-96, House Speaker Newt Gingrich and Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole. The Oklahoma City bombing had given President Bill Clinton an opportunity to marginalize his opponents, and slowed the momentum of the reform-minded Republican Congress. By late 1995, unrelenting Democratic/press attacks, and his own missteps, had turned Gingrich into a pariah through much of the country (2-to-1 unfav-fav ratio in surveys); meanwhile, Dole was running for President, and allowing ambition to overshadow his Senate work.In mid-1996, Dole resigned from the Senate to campaign full-time, but by then he was behind Clinton to stay, and eventually polled less than 41% nationwide. D'Amato remained personally devoted to Dole, but <mask> and the NRSC team urged Republican Senate candidates to cut loose from unpopular national leaders and carve their own individual profiles

masks:
John Heubusch
Jo Anne
Finkelstein


texts:
 on issues. D'Amato remained a champion fundraiser and the committee found new legal ways to deliver assistance to Senate campaigns and local parties. The NRSC paid particular attention to blunting the wave of millionaire political unknowns (e.g., Tom Bruggere in Oregon, Elliott Close in South Carolina) recruited that year by the Democrats. It shored up many endangered incumbents, including Bob Smith (New Hampshire), <mask> (Virginia), 75-year-old <mask> (North Carolina) and 94-year-old Strom Thurmond (South Carolina). On Election Night, as Clinton defeated Dole by nearly 9 points and Gingrich's House Republicans lost a net 8 seats, Senate Republicans won open seats in Alabama, Arkansas and Nebraska, while losing South Dakota. In a poor GOP year, the D'Amato-Finkelstein NRSC had gained a net 2 seats (and narrowly missed another gain in the Max Cleland - Guy Millner race in Georgia).<mask> was not a consultant to the Dole Presidential campaign, despite his closeness to several of its top staffers. But, in the election's waning days, Time magazine reporter Erik Pooley detected the New Yorker's influence on strategy, writing:

For <mask>, this week might have been a vindication: Bob Dole finally started labeling Bill Clinton a "spend-and-tax liberal," using a crude but often effective strategy known as "Finkel-think" by some Dole advisers, because the secretive Republican strategist has been deploying it on behalf of his clients for 20 years ... These days, Finkelstein is exercising a kind of remote control. The Senator's latest brain trust is dominated by "Arthur's Boys" ... And Dole is rushing around the country

masks:
John Warner
Jesse Helms
Finkelstein
Arthur Finkelstein


texts: chanting the Finkelstein mantra. "Liberal! Liberal! Liberal!"he cried in St. Louis, Missouri. His own statewide clients in 1996 showed a mixed record, with Senator Larry Pressler (South Dakota) and ex-Senator Rudy Boschwitz (Minnesota) both losing, albeit in close races. Bob Smith survived with a 49% plurality win. New Jersey Congressman Dick Zimmer was defeated in his Senate bid against Robert Torricelli.Earlier in 1996, he also helped Benjamin Netanyahu oust Shimon Peres as Prime Minister of Israel in a close upset. According to The Jerusalem Post, "<mask> was largely responsible for the strategy that brought Netanyahu victory in the 1996 general elections." According to the Times of Israel, "<mask> was behind the "Peres will divide Jerusalem" slogan that helped Netanyahu overcome Shimon Peres who had been forecast to sweep to power in the wake of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin the previous November. That election was credited with changing the tone of Israeli campaigns, bringing more American-style, aggressive and negative campaigning to Israel."But his expertise helped in subtler ways as well; biographer Neill Lochery wrote in 2016 that Finkelstein was behind such ideas as dyeing Netanyahu's salt-and-pepper hair gray to give him a more statesmanlike appearance. <mask> of The Jerusalem Post, a harsh critic of Finkelstein and Netanyahu, called the strategist "the brains behind Netanyahu's first election victory in 1996. Netanyahu's campaign back then, from which he has never wavered, was that you're either for him or an enemy of the people. His campaign slogan at the time, 'Netanyahu is good for the Jews,'

masks:
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Jeff Barak


texts: encapsulated this. By implication, if you're not for Netanyahu then you're not good for the Jews, and therefore an enemy. And if Netanyahu is good for the Jews, then this also not-so-subtly hints that Netanyahu's bad for the Arabs, regardless of the fact that they are supposedly citizens of equal standing who comprise around 20% of the country's population." But <mask>'s greatest personal challenge that year came with the August issue of Boston magazine, which revealed his private life as a homosexual; the ostensible excuse for the outing was that several Finkelstein clients had voted against gay-rights measures in Congress, and his work to elect them was therefore inconsistent and/or hypocritical.In September, D'Amato said, "I don't think a person's sexual orientation, his private life — a person's private life should be brought up and I think the question is offensive, it's wrong. He's a wonderful, decent person and whatever his sexual orientation is, that's his business." <mask>'s next two years anchored him again in New York, for the simultaneous re-election campaigns of Senator D'Amato and Governor Pataki in 1998. The contests were as different as the candidates themselves, with the calm, earnest Pataki winning high approval ratings and discouraging stronger Democrats from challenging him. New Yorkers' approval of Republican executives was signaled with the landslide re-election of Giuliani as Mayor in November 1997. <mask> crafted a highly positive campaign for Pataki, focusing on fulfillment of promises from 1994 (e.g., tax cuts) and policy innovations (the STAR tax program for seniors) Raising $21 million,

masks: Finkelstein Finkelstein Finkelstein


texts: Pataki defeated New York City Council President Peter Vallone by 21 percentage points, polling 54.3%, the largest share by a Republican for Governor since Nelson Rockefeller in 1958. D'Amato was another matter; since his narrow victory in 1992, his profile had grown more partisan Republican in this still-heavily Democratic state.Summoning First Lady Hillary Clinton to testify before his Senate committee in 1995, and aggressive campaigning for Dole in 1996, damaged D'Amato in a state where Bill Clinton crushed the Kansan by nearly 2-to-1 (59.5% to 30.6%), doubling his 1992 margin over Bush. D'Amato's decision to divorce his wife after a long separation and announce his engagement to a young socialite did not help his favorable ratings, while others recalled his mock-Japanese impression of O. J. Simpson case Judge Lance Ito in 1995 (for which he was forced to apologize on the Senate floor). D'Amato raised a record $26 million for the 1998 campaign, and <mask> went to work early shoring up his client's "Senator Pothole" image of close attention to local needs and the problems of individual New Yorkers (as he had done successfully in 1992). State polls showed a swing back to such issues as health care and social concerns, which needed to be addressed. The tagline of these ads: "Al D'Amato Cares, Al D'Amato Makes a Difference, Al D'Amato Gets Things Done." The Democratic primary was ultimately between Queens politician Geraldine Ferraro and U.S. Representative Charles Schumer of Brooklyn. <mask> prepared for both eventualities.When Schumer won by a surprisingly large margin, he immediately began ads that raised questions


texts:
 about the candidate's work ethic. (As Congressman, Schumer had missed an inordinate number of committee meetings.) The unexpected line of attack stymied the Democrat in late September and early October, and despite his weaknesses D'Amato gamely held onto a lead. All this collapsed in late October, after a remarkable show of hubris and bad judgment at a closed-door meeting with Jewish supporters in Brooklyn. First, D'Amato did a waddling impression of then-obese Democratic U.S. Rep. <mask> Nadler. Later in the meeting, he referred to Schumer as a "putzhead" (a mangling of the Yiddish vulgarism "putz"). He later denied using this characterization, during questions from reporters (but was swiftly contradicted by his own supporters, present at the meeting, including Ed Koch).Film of the denial was turned into a Schumer TV ad within days. <mask>'s tracking survey the night of D'Amato's "putzhead" comment showed the senator leading Schumer by 10 points with two weeks to go. But the meltdown was quick and decisive, especially among Jewish voters, with Schumer's ads relentlessly driving the message of D'Amato's dishonesty and dislikeability. The Democrat's closing tagline was itself a homage to Finkelstein: "D'Amato: Too many lies for too long." Schumer won, 54.6% to 44.1%—a 20-point turnaround. In other races that year, Sen. Lauch Faircloth—who had earlier replaced <mask> for his 1998 reelection campaign in North Carolina — brought him back into the fold in the closing weeks of the race. (Faircloth ultimately lost a close contest to Democrat <mask>.)Later clients and campaigns, 1999–2017
International
In the 2000s,

masks:
Jerrold
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
John Edwards


texts:
 Finkelstein spent more time working overseas than in previous decades, with clients in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Kosovo, Ukraine and Azerbaijan (the last, in coordination with George Birnbaum.) He continued to consult in Israeli elections, working again for Benjamin Netanyahu   in 1999, Ariel Sharon (whom he helped become Prime Minister in 2001), and finally Avigdor Lieberman and his Yisrael Beytenu party. Florida
Having twice steered Connie Mack III to Senate victories in 1988 and 1994, <mask> was in demand for the 2000 Florida contest upon Mack's retirement. His candidate was 10-term Congressman Bill McCollum, and he helped clear the Republican field early in anticipation of a tough general election against Insurance Commissioner Bill Nelson. It was a nail-biter with many echoes of the 1988 Senate campaign, but with a different outcome. As enthusiasm among Republican voters faltered in the final days (after revelations of George W. Bush's 1976 DUI conviction), GOP coattails and McCollum's slim lead disappeared, and Nelson was elected, 51% to 46%. McCollum ran for the other Florida Senate seat on Democrat Bob Graham's retirement in 2004, but succumbed to eventual Senator Mel Martinez after low fundraising allowed the challenger to overcome his early lead.But McCollum was more successful in 2006, when he was the consensus GOP choice for Attorney General, and defeated Democrat Skip Campbell, 52.7% to 47.3%, polling well in a poor year for Republicans. In 2009 and 2010, <mask> helmed McCollum's campaign for Florida Governor, where he was the favorite of the state's GOP Establishment. These


texts:
 plans were upended by the surprise candidacy of wealthy businessman Rick Scott, whose bottomless spending that year ($75 million from his personal coffers) led to a furious contest for the nomination. McCollum fought gamely, but lost the bid to Scott, 43.5% to 46.3%, who went on to win election to the Statehouse that November against Democrat Alex Sink. A 2004 open seat in Florida's 14th Congressional District allowed Finkelstein to help create a political dynasty, as he steered State Rep. Connie Mack IV to a narrow victory in a four-way primary, then general-election wins in 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010. Finkelstein served as strategist for Mack's Senate campaign in 2012; a late entrant in the primary, the Congressman won the GOP nomination with 58%, but was defeated by incumbent Bill Nelson by a million votes in the Obama re-election year. (Mack IV later became a lobbyist, whose clients included the government of Hungary, whose leader Viktor Orbán was a leading Finkelstein client in the 2010s.)New York
Pataki's third gubernatorial campaign, in 2002, provided some fresh challenges to Finkelstein, including a contest for the Conservative Party of New York State nomination, a still-shrinking Republican base, and a strong third-party challenge from millionaire B. Thomas Golisano, running again on the Independence Party line. <mask> positioned Pataki as an economic conservative but far more moderate on social and spending issues than in previous campaigns. This shift won the endorsement of influential union leaders such as Dennis Rivera and Randi Weingarten. Pataki enjoyed a 15-point victory, polling 48.3% to 32.7% for


texts: state Comptroller H. Carl McCall, and 14% for Golisano. <mask> tried to make use of Pataki's likely coattails by helming the campaign of David Cornstein for the state Comptroller slot being vacated by McCall. Cornstein, a successful businessman and Giuliani's appointed chief of Off-Track Betting, brought personal resources and a strong finance team to the table. He was a longtime ally of both the Mayor and Governor, with a City/Long Island base and unusual appeal as a Jewish Republican running as a moderate-conservative.But party regulars instead fell in decisively behind former Upstate Assemblyman <mask>, a onetime legislative leader for the GOP minority, and Cornstein abandoned his run in 2001. (Faso further failed to expand his appeal beyond the limited Republican base, losing with 46.5% in November 2002; in his subsequent 2006 bid for Governor of New York, Eliot Spitzer crushed him, Faso polling just 29.2%.) In 2017, Cornstein was named U.S. Ambassador to Hungary. Back in New York, Finkelstein in April 2005, Finkelstein announced the organization of Stop Her Now, a 527 committee dedicated to defeating then-Senator Hillary Clinton in the 2006 New York U.S. Senate race. Clinton sailed to an easy re-election, and the PAC was not a factor in the contest. In the titanic struggle over new stadium construction on Manhattan's West Side, <mask> was hired to defeat the proposal by Cablevision, MSG and its allies; they ultimately prevailed, and the new Yankee Stadium was instead built in the Bronx, next to the old ballfield site, opening in 2009.It was the only time that the Finkelstein firm filed disclosure forms as a

masks:
Finkelstein
John Faso
Finkelstein


texts:
 lobbyist (the filer was <mask>, not <mask>). Finkelstein advised former Congressman Rick Lazio during his campaign for the 2010 Republican nomination for New York Governor. : Lazio lost the GOP nomination contest to businessman Carl Paladino. North Carolina
<mask> continued to partner with Carter Wrenn on Tar Heel State races after the demise of the National Congressional Club. In 2000, former Charlotte mayor (and UNC basketball star) Richard Vinroot sought the Governorship, to succeed the term-limited Democrat <mask>. Vinroot won a contested fight for the GOP nomination, but the drop in Republican-voter enthusiasm in the closing days (noted above in Florida) hurt here as well, and Vinroot was defeated by Mike Easley, 44.2% to 52.4%. In one of <mask>'s last major races before his death, he worked with Wrenn in 2016 to win a spirited primary fight between two sitting Congressmen -- George Holding and Renee Ellmers.Wrenn had helped Ellmers pull one of the shocking House upsets of the 2010 election, but she abandoned the veteran consultant after her swearing-in and allied herself closely with House GOP leaders. In this primary, Wrenn backed Holding (a former US Attorney he'd guided to victory in 2012 and 2014), after a court-ordered redistricting combined the constituencies of the two suburban-Raleigh members. Aided by Wrenn's management and Finkelstein's polling and advice, Holding crushed Ellmers, 53.4% to 23.6%, and went on to a 56% re-election in November against Democrat <mask>. McNeil. Other States and Presidential
In Delaware, <mask> continued as pollster in 2000 to Senator Bill Roth, but the 30-year lawmaker fell

masks:
Ronald Finkelstein
Arthur
Finkelstein
Jim Hunt
Finkelstein
John P
Finkelstein


texts: to a 56%-44% defeat that November to Thomas Carper. Texas businessman David Dewhurst first approached Finkelstein in 1993 about running for Governor; he advised Dewhurst against challenging George W. Bush, who stormed to victory a year later. In 1998, he shepherded the millionaire to victory for the post of state Land Commissioner, then to two successive wins in 2002 and 2006 for the job of Lieutenant Governor. In 2012, <mask> worked against Dewhurst in the U.S. Senate primary, polling for the campaign of former ESPN broadcaster <mask>.<mask> also served as pollster for the 2004 primary challenge by conservative Pennsylvania Congressman Pat Toomey against moderate incumbent Sen. Arlen Specter, pairing with strategist <mask>. Specter averted defeat narrowly only after massive assistance from the NRSC and Bush White House (and then switched parties after the 2008 election); Toomey was elected to Specter's seat in 2010 and 2016. In 2005, Finkelstein polled for the gubernatorial campaign of Doug Forrester in New Jersey; he was defeated by <mask>. Connie Mack IV's 2007 marriage to Congresswoman Mary Bono led to <mask>'s aiding her sharply contested (but successful) California campaign in November 2008, defeating Democrat <mask> in Obama's triumphant year. Bono finally lost in 2012, after her Riverside County seat was redistricted, falling to Raul Ruiz. <mask> returned to New Hampshire in 2009-10, taking on the insurgent campaign of Bill Binnie for the GOP Senate nomination. Binnie was defeated by former Attorney General Kelly Ayotte, who went on to election that November.In May 2011, Finkelstein told an audience in Prague

masks:
Finkelstein
Craig James
Finkelstein
Jon Lerner
Jon Corzine
Finkelstein
Julie Bornstein
Finkelstein


texts:
 that three presidential candidates had asked him to serve as pollster on their campaign for the 2012 Republican nomination, and he had turned all three down. (He further noted that Ron Paul was not one of those three.) Campaign style and reviews
<mask> was known for his hard-edged political campaigns, which often focused on a single message with great repetition. He is credited with helping to make "liberal" a dirty word in the United States during the late 1980s and 1990s through the use of commercial messages such as this, intended to damage the image of <mask>:

While often successful (as with NCPAC's attacks on seemingly moderate Democrats, or the D'Amato and Pataki campaigns in New York), <mask>'s tactics sometimes backfired – in 1996, his repeated attacks against Minnesota U.S. Senator Paul Wellstone (calling him "Embarrassingly liberal. Decades out of touch.") may have helped galvanize Wellstone's liberal grass-roots base.Republican Sen. Rod Grams eventually condemned <mask>'s negative ads against Wellstone as excessive; however, his client (former Sen. Rudy Boschwitz) came closer that year than any GOP challenger to defeating a Democratic incumbent. <mask> refused the notion he engaged in negative campaigning, a phrase he said connotes false accusations: "It just means that you speak about the failings of your opponent as opposed to the virtues of your candidate"—a strategy he called "rejectionist voting"—a formula based on slogans that disparaged adversaries. Time magazine in October 1996 reported the Liberal-branding strategy was dubbed "Finkel-think" by leading Bob Dole advisers, and the presidential

masks:
Finkelstein
Jack Reed
Finkelstein
Finkelstein
Finkelstein


texts:
 nominee was (belatedly) employing it against President Bill Clinton. Political scientist Darrell M. West, in 1996 said ". . .He uses a sledgehammer in every race ... I've detected five phrases he uses — ultraliberal, superliberal, embarrassingly liberal, foolishly liberal and unbelievably liberal." Philip Friedman, a Manhattan consultant who got his start working for Finkelstein's frequent Democratic rival David Garth, described the pollster as "the ultimate sort of Dr. Strangelove, who believes you can largely disregard what the politicians are going to say and do, what the newspapers are going to do, and create a simple and clear and often negative message, which, repeated often enough, can bring you to victory". Republican strategist Roger Ailes, who worked with Finkelstein on numerous races in the 1980s, described "Art" as "a polling guy with creative talents",

<mask>, chairman of Oppenheimer Funds, characterized him as "basically sort of a mad scientist".Finkelstein polled in Fossel's unsuccessful Republican Congressional campaign in Westchester County in 1982. "We had a knock-down, drag-out over whether busing was an issue in Westchester. His polls told him it was. I said, 'I don't think it is, but if it is, it isn't to me,' and we didn't use it." Carter Wrenn, who worked on Republican campaigns for 44 years with Finkelstein in North Carolina, called him "one of the most creative people I have ever worked with ... He is brilliant in terms of analyzing polls and numbers. He has a unique combination of an analytical and creative mind ...This guy's a workaholic. He must work 18 hours a day ... If you need him, he


texts:
 comes." Tom Ellis, cofounder of the National Congressional Club said "Just knock on his head, and he'll give you an idea." In 1990, Randall Rothenberg of The New York Times documented the rise of political and other ads intended to create controversy (in and of themselves), as well as to persuade. While Roger Ailes was credited by some as pioneering the tactic, "other Washington political hands give credit to <mask>, another Republican consultant, who deployed numerous news-generating commercials in his 1982 work for the National Conservative Political Action Committee." Finkelstein's early style is described in an scholarly account of a Congressional primary race in Arizona, published in 1979 in the "Quarterly Journal of Speech".Finkelstein gave advice to political candidates or elected officials to perform the "dance of the honest man", a metaphor for responding to "questions about transparency, honesty, or integrity" by imagining oneself as a typical, honest voter. Britain's The Daily Telegraph credited Finkelstein with using polling data to pinpoint the division of Jerusalem as an issue over which Israelis would reject a deal with the Palestinians, during the 1996 election in Israel. The newspaper attributed Benjamin Netanyahu's victory in part to Finkelstein's "scare-mongering". Other businesses
Finkelstein's office shared a small building with Diversified Research, a separate but related firm that executes telephone surveys and packages their results for political and business consultants (including some media pollsters). The firm, long based in Irvington, New York, had formerly been located in nearby Mount


texts:
 Kisco. Finkelstein also had interests in Murphy-Powers Media Inc. (whimsically named for two young campaign-manager proteges), and Multi-Media Services (a media-buying firm helmed for years by Tony Fabrizio). "Arthur's Kids"
Over four decades, Finkelstein was responsible for the early hiring and training of many successful Republican consultants, operatives and managers—collectively called "Arthur's Kids" or "Arthur's Boys"—including Tony Fabrizio, Alex Castellanos, <mask>, Craig Shirley, George Birnbaum, Beth Myers, Mitch Bainwol, Ari Fleischer, Carter Wrenn, Tim Kelly, Kieran Mahoney, Zenia Mucha, <mask>, Rick Reed, Patrick Hillmann, <mask>, the pollster brothers <mask> and <mask>, Rob Cole, and Adam Stoll.Others who worked with Finkelstein and have gone on to have successful independent careers include Frank Luntz, Larry Weitzner, Charles R. Black <mask>., Roger Stone, Chris Mottola,<mask>, Barney Keller, Gordon Hensley, and Gary Maloney. Personal life
In 1996, Boston Magazine'' outed <mask> as a homosexual in a feature story. In April 2005, Finkelstein acknowledged that in December 2004, he had married his partner of forty years in a civil ceremony at his home in Massachusetts. Finkelstein was a self-identified libertarian conservative. (He once did polling work for the Free Libertarian Party.) In his final years he increasingly distanced himself personally from social conservative elements within the Republican Party (while nevertheless still working for many conservative candidates). In a 1979 interview, he denied he was "a hard-core right-winger," but noted there was hardly "a serious conservative over the

masks:
James Hartman
Jon Lerner
Jim Murphy
John
Jim McLaughlin
Jr
John Heubusch
Finkelstein


texts:
 last 10 years [i.e.1969-79] whom I haven't been involved with." Finkelstein died of lung cancer on August 18, 2017, aged 72, in Ipswich, Massachusetts. Survivors included his husband, Donald Curiale, of Ipswich and Fort Lauderdale; two daughters, <mask> of Danvers, Mass., <mask> of Alpharetta, Ga.; two brothers; and a granddaughter Maryn BairdKelly. Quotes
 "A crook always beats a fool." (frequent saying)
 VARIANT of above: "When you allow people to choose between the corrupt and the stupid, they will go for the corrupt." (Said in reference to a 2003 Israeli campaign)
 "The most overwhelming fact of politics is what people do not know." (frequent saying)
 "Stupid people say stupid things."(Hebrew language paper Maariv in 1999)
 "I have been criticized for 20 years for running ideologically arched campaigns. I plead guilty. I will continue to run ideologically arched campaigns as long as there are more conservatives than there are liberals, rather than more Democrats than there are Republicans." (Speech to Conservative Political Action Conference, 1991)
 Finkelstein insisted he never lied -- "I do not slander somebody without proof." "In politics, it's what you perceive to be true that's true, not truth. If I tell you one thing is true, you will believe the second thing is true. A good politician will tell you a few things that are true before he will tell you a few things that are untrue, because you will then believe all the things he has said, true and untrue."(2011 speech in Prague)
 "The political center has disappeared, and the Republican Party has become the party of the Christian right more so than in any

masks:
Jennifer Delgado
Molly Finkelstein


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 other period in modern history ... Bush's victory not only establishes the power of the American Christian Right in this candidacy, but in fact established its power to elect the next Republican president." "From now on, anyone who belongs to the Republican Party will automatically find himself in the same group as the opponents of abortion, and anyone who supports abortion will automatically be labeled a Democrat." "She will put off Democrats from the center. In terms of the Republicans, Hillary Clinton is a wonderful candidate for the presidency." (Maariv, 11/04)
 "I think I'm the playwright or the director, and not the actor. And the actors need to be onstage, not the director. And I think it's absurd that people who do what I do become as important, as celebrated, as the ones who are running."Speaking to GOP congressional hopefuls in 1978: "If any of you do get elected, and chances are 19-to-1 you won't ... don't run your own campaign; don't let your spouse do it; and don't listen to the nice lady who praises the brilliance of your speech—she probably was the only one in the audience who thought so." He said Proposition 13 (just passed in California) shouldn't be interpreted as "evidence people want services cut. They want taxes cut," and voters aren't sophisticated enough to understand that one leads to the other. He cited the 1965 New York mayoral campaign of <mask>, elected because "he promised to cut the budget in half and double the services. Four years later, when it was apparent that he had doubled the budget and cut services; Lindsay said, 'Yes, I made a mistake,' but he was re-elected when he promised to


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 help end the Vietnam War." Said in 1979 that there are three kinds of candidates' wives—the wife "who hates politics and refuses to come out of the house," the wife who is reluctant but "will do what she is asked," and the wife "who wants to be the candidate and loves politics more than her husband does." He put Rosalynn Carter and Arlene (Mrs. Phil) Crane in the last category.After being praised for his winning advice in a Nassau County election: "I'm a hero, but the first time a town clerk loses an election after my figures show him winning, I will be over the hill and a bum." Longtime associate George Birnbaum: "I would always say, '<mask>, do you realize how much we're changing history?' He would say, 'I don't know how much we're changing history; we're touching history." In 2011, in one of his last public speeches, he said: "I wanted to change the world. I did this. I made it worse." References

External links

 Romanian journalist Cristi Şuţu photo of Finkelstein
  (2011 Lecture in Prague by Finkelstein)
  (News report in Hungarian concerning Finkelstein and Viktor Orbán)

1945 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American Jews
American political consultants
American libertarians
Businesspeople from Brooklyn
Columbia University alumni
People from East New York, Brooklyn
LGBT businesspeople from the United States
LGBT Jews
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT people from Massachusetts
Massachusetts Republicans
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
New York (state) Republicans
Pollsters
People from Irvington, New York
People from Levittown, New York
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from cancer in


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Enrique "<mask><mask> (July 26, 1947 – February 9, 1985) was an American intelligence officer for the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). In February 1985 <mask> was kidnapped by drug traffickers hired by Mexican politicians in Guadalajara, Mexico. He was interrogated under torture and murdered. Three leaders of the Guadalajara drug cartel were eventually convicted in Mexico for Camarena's murder. The U.S. investigation into <mask>'s murder led to ten more trials in Los Angeles for other Mexican nationals involved in the crime. The case continues to trouble U.S.–Mexican relations, most recently when one of the three convicted traffickers, Rafael Caro Quintero, was released from a Mexican prison in 2013. Early life and career
<mask> was born on July 26, 1947, in the border city of Mexicali, Mexico.The family—three brothers and three sisters—immigrated to Calexico, California, when Camarena was a child. <mask>'s parents divorced when he was young and the family endured considerable poverty after their move. His oldest brother Eduardo joined the Marines and was killed while serving in Vietnam in 1965. His other brother Ernesto had a troubled police record, including drug problems. Despite the family's difficulties, <mask> graduated from Calexico High School in 1966. After graduating from high school, <mask> joined the Marines. Following his discharge in 1970, he returned to Calexico and joined the police department.From regular police work, he moved on to undercover narcotics work as a Special Agent on the Imperial County Narcotic Task Force (ICNTF). After the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was established in 1973, it quickly instituted a hiring program for Spanish speaking agents. Both Camarena and his sister Myrna joined the new agency in 1974, Myrna as a secretary and Enrique as a special agent in the DEA's Calexico resident office. In 1977, Camarena transferred to the agency's Fresno field office, where he worked undercover on smuggling activities in the San Joaquin Valley.

masks:
Kiki
" Camarena Salazar
Camarena
Camarena
Enrique Camarena
Camarena
Camarena
Camarena


texts:
 Author Elaine Shannon describes Camarena as "a natural in the theater of the street", able to "slip effortlessly into a Puerto Rican accent or toss off Mexican gutter slang—whatever the role demanded." Colleagues described him as driven, even by the standards of job-focused DEA agents. In 1980, a colleague and close friend who had moved from Fresno to the DEA resident office in Guadalajara suggested that Camarena also apply for an assignment at the office, where a position was open.Foreign assignments were important for job advancement in the DEA and the Guadalajara office was seeing a surge in work, foreshadowing the explosion in drug trafficking of the 1980s. By this time, <mask> was married and had three sons. Guadalajara's spring-like weather and the city's American school and favorable exchange rate convinced Camarena and his family that the move would be good for the family as well. Mexican background
American anti-narcotic efforts in Mexico long predate the Camarena case. Mexican heroin and marijuana production became a concern to U.S. drug enforcement by the 1960s, but the first major American joint actions with the Mexican government did not begin until the 1970s. Early anti-narcotic efforts in Mexico
When the French heroin connection was shut down in the early 1970s, Mexico took its place as an important source of American heroin. Mexican marijuana production boomed in the early 1970s as well, and was later a major component of the Guadalajara cartel's production and trafficking.At this point Mexico was not yet a major transshipment point for cocaine, which is produced primarily in the Andean countries of Peru and Bolivia. In response to strong American pressure, and to domestic law enforcement concerns, Mexico began eradication programs of opium and marijuana plantations, with large infusions of U.S. assistance. The first programs were on a smaller scale and used mostly manual eradication, such as "Operation Cooperation" in 1970. As plantation sizes grew, the eradication efforts also grew. In


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 1975, Mexican president Luis Echeverría approved "Operation Trizo", which used aerial surveillance and spraying of herbicides and defoliants from a fleet of dozens of planes and helicopters. The spraying programs required extensive American involvement, both for funding and operations. DEA pilots performed important operational roles; in addition to training Mexican pilots, they helped spot fields for spraying and verified that spraying runs had destroyed targeted fields.As part of the program, DEA was allowed to freely fly Mexican airspace. These flights produced positive results, reducing acreage planted and eventually a reduction in Mexican heroin quality and quantity. Mexican law enforcement on the ground also had some positive results. Alberto Sicilia Falcon, a major trafficker who was one of the first to transship cocaine through Mexico, was arrested in 1975. Pedro Aviles, an important Sinaloa trafficker was killed in a shoot-out with Mexican Federal Police in 1978. DEA personnel abroad
As part of these efforts, the first American narcotics law enforcement office was opened in Mexico City in the mid-1960s by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, a branch of the Treasury Department. A Guadalajara office was opened in 1969.These and other offices opened by various agencies remained in place as American drug enforcement agencies first proliferated, then finally merged into the DEA. While the offices were opened with Mexican government permission, they later became controversial, particularly during the Camarena case. DEA agents stationed in Mexico and other countries then and now are subject to a number of restrictions by the host country. They have no law enforcement powers, instead of performing intelligence, liaison, and advisory functions, collecting and passing along information on drug trafficking, and advising on local anti-narcotics programs. In Mexico, although there had been an informal agreement with the Mexican federal government that agents could carry personal weapons, it was illegal for


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 foreigners to do so and local officials were free to arrest them for this. DEA agents accredited to the U.S. Embassy in Mexico City had full diplomatic status, but agents in the resident offices did not and could be arrested and imprisoned without any official protections. American law also restricts DEA activities abroad.As a practical result of host country restrictions, DEA policy prohibits agents from doing undercover work abroad. A law is known as the Mansfield amendment, introduced by Senator Mike Mansfield and passed by Congress in 1975, prohibited DEA personnel to even be present at the scene of an arrest outside the U.S. It also banned agents from using force, except where lives were threatened. This later complicated DEA efforts in the investigation of <mask>'s death. Camarena in Guadalajara
By the time <mask> took up his post in Guadalajara in the summer of 1980, drug trafficking in Mexico was on the rise. There were several reasons for this. Under Mexican President José López Portillo, the aerial spotting and eradication endorsed by President Echeverría were curtailed, and American participation in these activities ended in 1978.This made it easier for producers to build the large plantations discovered later in the 1980s and harder to verify that areas identified had actually been sprayed. In addition, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, cocaine trafficking, driven mostly by Colombian smugglers, grew rapidly in the United States and became a primary target of DEA, leaving Mexican enforcement a secondary concern. Finally, during Camarena's four-and-a-half years in Guadalajara, major traffickers arose to take the place of the figures arrested and killed in the 1970s. The best known of these were Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero. These three often coordinated their production and operations, and formed the core of what came to be called the Guadalajara Cartel. All three were eventually found guilty of having participated in Camarena's kidnap and

masks: Camarena Camarena


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 murder. Resident agent
Many of Camarena's investigations involved the major marijuana plantations that sprang up beginning in the early 1980s.Earlier plantations were usually located in remote mountain areas where they were hard to spot and irrigation did not require drilling wells. Yields were relatively low, quality varied, and transportation was expensive. The new plantations were seeded with an improved variety of marijuana, developed by American cultivators, called "sinsemilla" (seedless). This more powerful, higher-quality variety brought much higher prices in North American markets. The plantations were located in remote desert areas, where transportation was much less expensive. The new plantations faced several problems. Desert production required well drilling for irrigation, and Mexico had strict laws governing well digging, a problem that was eventually solved by massive bribery.It was also easier to spot plantations in the barren deserts; the larger the farm, the easier to spot. With an end to solo American overflights as part of the eradication program, however, money and intimidation allowed farms to grow dramatically without coming to official notice. Prohibited from solo overflights and undercover work, DEA agents in Mexico concentrated on cultivating informants, an often difficult task, especially as informing became more and more dangerous. Camarena, however, excelled at working with informants; Shannon writes that "Nobody else in the Guadalajara office could match Kiki's charisma with informants. He had a way of convincing a man to screw up his courage and venture where he never dreamed he would go." Camarena's work with an informant they called "Miguel Sanchez" led to the first discovery of one of the new style plantations in 1982. "Sanchez" became friends with the man running the plantation, who told "Miguel" it was outside a small, isolated town called Vanegas in the state of San Luis Potosi, just across the border from the state of Zacatecas.According to "Miguel"'s information,


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 the main financier of the plantation was cartel member Juan José Esparragoza Moreno. Camarena and "Miguel" finally located the plantation in August 1982. Camarena arranged two surreptitious solo overflights to confirm that it was a major plantation. He then briefed Mexican authorities, who raided the plantation in September. Astonishingly, the plantation was over 200 acres, employing hundreds of growers. The Guadalajara DEA estimated over four thousand tons of sinsemilla marijuana were destroyed in the raid, making it the largest plantation discovered up to that time. Abduction and murder
In 1984, acting on information from the DEA, 450 Mexican soldiers backed by helicopters destroyed a  marijuana plantation in Allende (Chihuahua), known as "Rancho Búfalo", with an estimated annual production of $8 billion.<mask>, who was suspected of being the source of the information, was abducted in broad daylight on February 7, 1985, by corrupt Mexican officials working for the major drug traffickers in Mexico. <mask> was taken to a residence located at 881 Lope de Vega in the colonia of Jardines del Bosque, in the western section of the city of Guadalajara, owned by Rafael Caro Quintero, where he was tortured over a 30-hour period and then murdered. His skull was punctured by a metal object, and his ribs were broken. <mask>'s body was found wrapped in plastic in a rural area outside the small town of La Angostura, in the state of Michoacán, on March 5, 1985. Investigation
<mask>'s torture and murder prompted a swift reaction from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and launched Operation Leyenda (legend), the largest DEA homicide investigation ever undertaken. A special unit was dispatched to coordinate the investigation in Mexico, where government officials were implicated—including Manuel Ibarra Herrera, past director of Mexican Federal Judicial Police, and Miguel Aldana Ibarra, the former director of Interpol in Mexico. Investigators soon identified Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo and his two close

masks: Camarena Camarena Camarena Camarena


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 associates, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero, as the primary suspects in the kidnapping and that under pressure from the U.S. government, Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid quickly apprehended Carillo and Quintero, but Félix Gallardo still enjoyed political protection.The United States government pursued a lengthy investigation of <mask>'s murder. Due to the difficulty of extraditing Mexican citizens, the DEA went as far as to detain two suspects, Humberto Álvarez Machaín, the physician who allegedly prolonged Camarena's life so the torture could continue, and Javier Vásquez Velasco; both were taken by bounty hunters to the United States. Despite vigorous protests from the Mexican government, Álvarez was brought to trial in Los Angeles, in 1992. After the government presented its case, the judge ruled that there was insufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict and ordered Álvarez's release. Álvarez subsequently initiated a civil suit against the U.S. government, charging that his arrest had breached the U.S.–Mexico extradition treaty. The case eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that Álvarez was not entitled to relief. The four other defendants, Vásquez Velasco, Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros, Juan José Bernabé Ramírez, and Rubén Zuno Arce (a brother-in-law of former President Luis Echeverría), were tried and found guilty of Camarena's kidnapping.Zuno had known ties to corrupt Mexican officials, and Mexican officials were implicated in covering up the murder. Mexican police had destroyed evidence on Camarena's body. Legacy
In November 1988, Time magazine featured Camarena on the cover. <mask> received numerous awards while with the DEA, and he posthumously received the Administrator's Award of Honor, the highest award given by the organization. In Fresno, the California Narcotic Officers' Association (CNOA) hosts a yearly memorial golf tournament named after him and presents an annual scholarship to graduating high school seniors. A school, a library and a


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 street in his home town of Calexico, California, are named after him. <mask> Junior High School of the Calexico Unified School District opened in 2006.Additionally <mask> Elementary School in Mission, Texas, of the La Joya Independent School District, is named after him and had its dedication ceremony in 2006. The nationwide annual Red Ribbon Week, which teaches school children and youths to avoid drug use, was established in his memory. In 2004, the Enrique S. Camarena Foundation was established in Camarena's memory. <mask>'s wife Mika and son Enrique Jr. serve on the all-volunteer board of directors together with former DEA agents, law enforcement personnel, family and friends of Camarena's, and others who share their commitment to alcohol, tobacco and other drug and violence prevention. As part of their ongoing Drug Awareness program, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks awards an annual Enrique Camarena Award at local, state and national levels to a member of law enforcement who carries out anti-drugs work. In 2004, the Calexico Police Department erected a memorial dedicated to Camarena. The memorial is located in the halls of the department, where Camarena served.Several books have been written on the subject. Camarena is the subject of the book ¿O Plata o Plomo? The abduction and murder of DEA Agent <mask> (2005), by retired DEA resident agent in charge James H. Kuykendall. Roberto Saviano's non-fiction book Zero Zero Zero (2015) deals in part with Camarena's undercover work and his eventual fate. Personal life
<mask> and his wife Mika had three sons. Media depictions
Drug Wars: The Camarena Story (1990) is an American television miniseries about Camarena, starring Steven Bauer as Camarena. Heroes Under Fire: Righteous Vendetta (2005) is a History Channel documentary that chronicles the events associated with and features interviews with family members, DEA agents, and others involved in the investigation.In the Netflix drama Narcos, Camarena's death and its aftermath are recapped in news

masks:
Enrique Camarena
Enrique Camarena
Camarena
Enrique Camarena
Camarena


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 footage in the first-season episode "The Men of Always". The first season of the spin-off series Narcos: Mexico is dedicated entirely to the Camarena story from his arrival to Mexico through his career there and the eventual murder. He is played by American actor Michael Peña. Miss Bala (2011) is a Mexican film that portrays a fictionalized version of Camarena's murder. The Last Narc, released in 2020 on Amazon Prime Video, is a miniseries which depicts the kidnapping of Camarena and the events leading up to it. On December 21, 2020, retired DEA agent James Kuykendall filed a lawsuit over the show's claims that he was involved in Camarena's murder. See also

 Jaime Zapata
 Javier Barba-Hernández
 Mexican drug war
 United States v. Alvarez-Machain
 Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Marine Corps
 Torture murder
 Michele Leonhart

References

Further reading

Andreas Lowenfeld, "Mexico and the United States, an Undiplomatic Murder", in Economist, 30 March 1985.Andreas Lowenfeld, "Kidnapping by Government Order: A Follow-Up", in American Journal of International Law 84 (July 1990): 712–716. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Drug Enforcement Administration Reauthorization for Fiscal Year 1986: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime. May 1, 1985 (1986). External links
DEA biography of <mask>

Zaid, Mark S. "Military might versus sovereign right: the kidnapping of Dr. Humberto Alvarez-Machain and the resulting fallout". Houston Journal of International Law. Northern hemisphere Spring of 1997. 1947 births
1985 deaths
1985 murders in North America
American people murdered abroad
American torture victims
Deaths by beating
Drug Enforcement Administration agents
Formerly missing people
Mexican drug war
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Murdered Mexican Americans
People from Mexicali
People from Calexico, California
People murdered by Mexican drug cartels
People murdered in Mexico
United States Marines
American police officers
Naturalized citizens of the United


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<mask> II (born February 27, 1974), nicknamed the "Texas Tornado", is an American former professional motorcycle racer who retired half-way through the 2014 season, but continues in the sport as a factory test rider. He is a two-time World Superbike champion and competed in the MotoGP class from 2003 to 2014. Early years
<mask> was born in Houston, Texas. At the age of three, his Australian father, <mask>. (an amateur motorcycle racer himself), introduced him to a minibike, and <mask> entered his first motocross race at the age of four. Over the next ten years, <mask> became one of the top-ranked junior motocross competitors in the US, winning dozens of races in the 50cc to 80cc categories in local, regional and national events. In 1988 at the age of 14, <mask> stopped competing in motocross races, having become distracted by the normal demands of being a teenager. However, in 1990, <mask> and his father attended a motorcycle road race event in north Texas, and this inspired him to attempt road racing.In 1991 <mask> began competing in amateur road-racing events locally, but rapidly progressed to national events. He was undefeated in every amateur event he entered that year, and won numerous national amateur titles. His performance was sufficiently impressive for him to be offered a sponsored ride with South West Motorsports, and <mask> turned professional just before the commencement of the 1992 season. Career
In his first professional season (1992), <mask> entered the AMA 250cc National Series. He won five of the nine races and the national title over second-place earner Kenny Roberts, Jr. In 1993 and 1994 <mask> rode for Vance & Hines on a Yamaha in the AMA Superbike Championship, earning 6th and 5th place overall in those years. Superbike World Championship
In  <mask> was offered a factory position with Yamaha in the Superbike World Championship.His results in  were disappointing as <mask>

masks:
Colin Edwards
Edwards
Colin Edwards Sr
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards


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 struggled to adjust to the demands of competing in a global competition, and he missed the last two meetings after teammate Yasutomo Nagai perished in a crash at Assen. In  he achieved a greatly improved sixth overall in the Superbike World championship. was a disappointing year for <mask> as he was forced to withdraw from competing due to injuries sustained in the fifth round of the Superbike World Championship. He was replaced in the Yamaha World Superbike Team and was unable to negotiate a position in the 500cc Grand Prix competition. Fortunately <mask> was able to conclude a deal with Honda to ride the RC45 motorcycle in the  Superbike World Championship. <mask> finished fifth overall that year, and earned his first solo international victories with a double win at Monza followed by his 3rd win of the season at Brands Hatch. In , <mask> managed several more victories for Honda (including leading teammate Aaron Slight home twice at Brands Hatch, giving Honda a rare Double-1-2) and ended the season in second overall position, behind champion Carl Fogarty.In , <mask> rode the new Honda VTR-1000 SP1/RC51 twin cylinder motorcycle to overall victory in the Superbike World Championship after Yamaha rider and points leader, Noriyuki Haga was disqualified for testing positive for a banned substance. <mask> came second to Ducati rider, Troy Bayliss in  but reclaimed the title from Bayliss in  in a dramatic fashion, clinching the championship in the final race of the season in Imola (Italy). <mask> also holds the record for the most points in a single season with 552 points in 2002 breaking the previous record of 489 points set by Carl Fogarty in 1999. Runner-up Troy Bayliss also broke the previous record with 541 points. MotoGP World Championship
After winning his 2nd Superbike World Championship <mask> moved to MotoGP in 2003. He rode for the greatly troubled Aprilia team on the RS Cube, and his

masks: Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards Edwards


texts:
 only notable accomplishment in that otherwise dismal year was avoiding serious injury when his machine caught fire due to an incorrectly fitted fuel cap at Sachsenring. Yet <mask>, known in all motorcycle paddocks as a great bike tester, tried to no avail to help lift the struggling team.2004 saw <mask> riding for Telefonica Movistar Honda, and he achieved his first MotoGP podium position at Donington. <mask> finished the season in fifth overall position. In 2005, <mask> moved to Gauloises Yamaha factory team as the teammate to the world champion Valentino Rossi. His best result for 2005 was a second position at Laguna Seca, behind compatriot Nicky Hayden. He finished the season fourth overall. 2006
For 2006 <mask> continued riding for the Camel Yamaha factory team on board the YZR-M1 with teammate and good friend Valentino Rossi in the MotoGP championship. The factory Yamaha team had a troubling start to their racing year with "chatter" problems and tire wear issues.The factory team built a new chassis for the 2006 spec YZR-M1 to combat the aforementioned problems. Rossi took to the new chassis quickly and rode to victory at his home race of Mugello for the fifth consecutive time since 2001. <mask> did not have the time to "gel" with the new chassis early in the season, which resulted in him sticking with the older version for the Mugello race. He finished 12th. At Assen he took the lead at the start, and led until Nicky Hayden passed him on the penultimate lap. He caught back up to his countryman on the last lap, and managed to pass him a few corners from the end. When Hayden attempted to pass him again in the final chicane, <mask> ran across the AstroTurf and lost control of his bike, which briefly continued on without him.He remounted to finish 13th. Hayden, who ran across the gravel on the final chicane himself, managed to keep control of his bike and won the race. At his home race, the

masks:
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Colin Edwards
Edwards
Edwards


texts:
 Red Bull U.S. Grand Prix, <mask> finished ninth suffering tire problems in the scorching heat like his teammate Valentino Rossi. At Estoril he qualified second and finished fourth in one of his most competitive showings of the season. 2007
2007 brought great prospects early on. <mask> entered his second of a two-year deal with Yamaha factory team, now known as Fiat Yamaha riding the new Yamaha YZR-M1 800cc. Yet after starting second on the grid in Istanbul, a first lap crash caused by Olivier Jacque took him out.At Le Mans <mask> took pole position, but made a slow start and gambled on switching to wet tyres in damp conditions. He did this too early, and by the time it was wet enough his tyres had shredded, forcing him to pit again and finish at the back of the field. Fiat Yamaha was having problems with the M1 and the Michelin tires, <mask> along with teammate Valentino Rossi both struggled to find competitive set up nearly the entire season to run up front. <mask> best result of the season was 2nd (equaling his career best in MotoGP) at the wet British Grand Prix at Donington Park. 2008

For the 2008 season, <mask> continued in MotoGP, this time for the satellite Tech3 Yamaha team alongside fellow Superbike World Champion James Toseland. A series of solid performances left him 5th in the overall standings after nine rounds, never qualifying lower than 6th on the grid and finishing on the podium twice. After qualifying 6th for round 9 at Assen, he was delayed by Rossi's early crash and was in next to last place at the end of the first lap (in front of only Rossi, who was able to rejoin the race), however he then fought back to snatch 3rd from Nicky Hayden at the final corner after Hayden ran out of fuel, gaining a measure of revenge for the 2006 race at the track.<mask> results started to suffer after a crash in Germany. In the next four races <mask> failed to break the top ten and his best

masks:
Edwards
Colin
Colin
Edwards
Edwards
Colin Edwards
Colin Edwards
Edwards


texts:
 result since the podium at Assen was a sixth place at the final round of the season at Valencia. <mask> confirmed that he had signed for Tech3 for yet another season. "It is no secret that I had agreed with Yamaha to finish my MotoGP career at the end of 2008 and continue my racing career with them in America, but as soon as I began working with the Tech3 team I instantly formed a great relationship with my guys." Therefore, <mask> will once again be riding for Tech3 Yamaha in 2009 as he searches for his first MotoGP victory. 2009

<mask> once again demonstrated consistent form in the 2009 MotoGP season, establishing himself as the strongest satellite rider in the championship. He secured a second-place finish in the British Grand Prix at Donington Park.After being caught in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix, <mask> directed typically outspoken criticism towards Alex de Angelis, claiming: "We are in Italy and occasionally you have to deal with an Italian rider who wants to be a hero and today that was De Angelis. De Angelis is the guy who needed to be wearing Valentino’s donkey helmet," in reference to a special edition helmet being worn by Valentino Rossi. 2010
On October 1, 2009 <mask> announced that he had signed a one-year contract extension that would see him ride for Tech3 Yamaha in the  season. His teammate will be fellow American Ben Spies. 2011

On September 19, 2010, <mask> signed a one-year contract extension to ride for Tech3 Yamaha in the  season, partnering Cal Crutchlow. At the Catalan Grand Prix, <mask> broke his right collarbone during second practice, which successfully had a plate added. Nine days later, and in his first race since injury, <mask> took a third-place finish at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, having been promoted to a podium placing after accidents for Jorge Lorenzo and Marco Simoncelli.It was his first podium finish since a second-place result at the


texts:
 2009 British Grand Prix at Donington Park. On October 23, along with Valentino Rossi, <mask> was involved in the accident that killed Marco Simoncelli at the Malaysian Grand Prix, injuring his left shoulder and ending his season. Josh Hayes replaced him for Valencia. 2012
On September 3, 2011, <mask> announced that he would leave the Tech3 team, to ride as the single entry for NGM Mobile Forward Racing in . The team was making their re-entry to the premier class under the new Claiming Rule Teams regulations with a Suter chassis powered by a BMW engine. 2013
Remaining with Forward Racing for 2013, <mask> was partnered with rookie Claudio Corti on FTR-Kawasaki machinery. 2014

<mask> again remained with Forward Racing for 2014, this time partnering Aleix Espargaró on Yamaha-based machines.At a press conference prior to the 2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas, <mask> announced that the 2014 season will be his final MotoGP season, citing the struggle to adapt to a different riding style. It was stated after the Indianapolis round, that he would not compete in the second half of the season, and was replaced by Alex de Angelis. During commentary for the British MotoGP round at Silverstone on August 31, 2014, <mask> revealed he will be a test rider for Yamaha and Michelin for the next two years. Suzuka 8 Hours
In 1996, <mask> teamed with Noriyuki Haga to claim victory in the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race riding a Yamaha, his first international victory. <mask> won the 8 Hours two more times: in 2001 with Valentino Rossi, and in 2002 with the late Daijiro Kato, both times with Honda. Other racing activities
<mask> has twice represented the United States in the Michelin Race of Champions Nation's Cup, first in 2000 and again in 2002 when the US team won the event. The competition involves a national team that includes an automobile racer, a rally/off-road driver and a motorcycle racer.The 2002

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 US team included former off-road racer and NASCAR rookie Jimmie Johnson as the rally driver, and four-time NASCAR champion Jeff Gordon in the automobile category. Broadcasting
Following the end of his racing career, <mask> joined British MotoGP broadcaster BT Sport in 2016 as a pundit in their pre- and post-race programming. Texas Tornado Boot Camp
The <mask> Texas Tornado Boot Camp or TTBC is a world class motorcycle training facility built on a  plot of land near Lake Conroe. It is a premier training facility for those new to riding, motorcycle enthusiasts, as well as professionals looking to polish up on their skills. TTBC offers a wide range of moto training and events including 1&2 day camps, private camps, Dirt Wars, racers camps and The <mask> Edwards 4 day Experience. The  "Colin Edwards Experience" is a 4-day camp with <mask> himself involved in the training, including time on the 500yard gun range. Training facilities
TTBC includes a  dirt oval, covered TT track with lights for night riding, open TT track, 500-yard gun range, Mini Bike MX Track, and a  bunk house and classroom facility.The Facilities as of August 1, 2010

Career statistics

Superbike World Championship

By season

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

By season

By class

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

 <mask> – MotoGP Rider Bios at Motorcycle-USA
 Texas Tornado Boot Camp Texas Tornado Boot Camp Motorcycle Training Camp

1974 births
Living people
American motorcycle racers
Yamaha Motor Racing MotoGP riders
Superbike World Championship riders
Sportspeople from Houston
American people of Australian descent
People from Conroe, Texas
Conroe High School alumni
Tech3 MotoGP riders
Gresini Racing MotoGP riders
MotoGP World Championship

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Edwards
Colin Edwards
Colin
Edwards
Colin Edwards


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<mask> (19 December 1951 – 10 August 1986) was the first British climber to reach the summit of the second highest mountain in the world, K2, but died on the descent. Education
<mask> was born in Wallasey and began climbing at the age of 15, soon climbing many of the most difficult routes in North Wales. He attended Birkenhead School from 1963 to 1970 and Emmanuel College, Cambridge until 1973. At Cambridge he was distracted from his studies by climbing and by his hedonistic life-style. He was a highly sociable, but heavy drinker; by his own admission he was a 'womaniser', and liked to 'live on the edge'. As a result, he only managed to gain an ordinary pass degree in Mathematics, despite showing early promise in the subject. On leaving Cambridge he worked periodically in teaching but was often away on climbing expeditions.Mountaineering
<mask> was an outstanding technical rock climber, one of the best of his generation. His ascents of 'The Beatnik' on Helsby, and his solo ascent of 'The Boldest' on Clogwyn Du'r Arddu marked him out as an exceptional talent. He was a member of a group of contemporaries (including Cliff Phillips, Eric Jones, Pete Minks, 'Richard' McHardy) whose competitive spirit pushed them to solo the hardest routes of the day. <mask> (with Minks) was considered to have raised the standards at Gogarth sea cliffs with the ascent of Positron in 1971. His soloing was not confined to Wales, nor was it always successful. An attempt on the American Route on South Face of the  failed when a small piton being used for aid pulled near the summit. Although he fell only 5 metres, <mask> broke his ankle and was forced to make 17 abseils down the entire route, for much of the time using only his knees.<mask> eventually became a professional mountaineer, lecturing, guiding, writing and acting as

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Alan Paul Rouse
Rouse
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 an adviser to the outdoor equipment trade. He moved to Sheffield in easy reach of the rocks of the Peak District. <mask> became a highly experienced climber in places as far afield as Scotland, North Wales, Patagonia, Peru, the Alps, the Andes, New Zealand and Nepal. He was also elected vice-president of the British Mountaineering Council. In 1980, <mask>, Dr Michael Ward and Chris Bonington were among the few Europeans to visit the high mountains of China, reopening some of these to foreign mountaineers. In the winter of 1980–81, <mask> led a British expedition to attempt Mount Everest by the west ridge, without using oxygen or Sherpas. The trip was not successful, but in the summer of 1981 he climbed Kongur Tagh, a hitherto unclimbed peak in western China, with Bonington, Joe Tasker and Peter Boardman.1986 K2 disaster

K2, Earth's second highest mountain,  is regarded as a much more difficult climb than the highest mountain, Everest, and has a higher fatality rate. In 1983, <mask> made his first attempt on K2, by a new route up the south ridge, with an international team. In 1986, <mask> returned as the leader of a British expedition and obtained a permit to climb the difficult North-West Ridge, instead of the conventional Abruzzi Spur. After they had made several unsuccessful attempts to establish camps on their chosen route, the British team members – apart from <mask> and fellow climber and expedition cameraman Jim Curran – left. While <mask> and the British expedition attempted the North-West Ridge, other expeditions had also been trying various routes, with and without oxygen. After his fellow team members left the mountain, <mask> and six climbers from these expeditions decided to join forces to try the conventional route without a permit. There were four Austrian men, Alfred Imitzer, Hannes

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texts: Wieser, Willi Bauer, and Kurt Diemberger, a Polish woman, Dobroslawa Miodowicz-Wolf, and a British woman, Julie Tullis.They reached Camp IV at (8,157 metres, 26,760 feet), the final staging post before the summit. For reasons that are still unclear, this impromptu team decided to wait a day before trying the final stage to the summit. None of the climbers on the Abruzzi Spur chose to follow the team comprising three Korean climbers who had set out on an oxygen aided attempt on 3 August, even though the trail would have been broken through the deep snow for those climbing without oxygen. On the following day, it was obvious that the weather was deteriorating, but <mask> and Wolf nonetheless set out for the summit. Wolf quickly tired and dropped back, whilst <mask> continued. Because he was breaking the trail alone, two of the Austrian climbers, Willi Bauer and Alfred Imitzer, caught up with him some 100 vertical meters below the summit. <mask> fell in behind the Austrians, thus making his ascent easier the last stretch, and the three reached the summit together on 4 August 1986.On the way down, they found Wolf asleep in the snow and persuaded her to descend. They also met Kurt Diemberger and Julie Tullis, still on their way up, and tried to persuade them to descend but with no success. Diemberger and Tullis also summitted but very late, at dusk which occurred around 7 pm. On the descent, Tullis fell. Even though she survived, both Tullis and Diemberger had to spend the night bivouacked in the open. Eventually, all the climbers reached Camp IV, where Hannes Wieser waited. The seven waited for the storm to abate.Instead, the storm worsened with much snow, winds over 160 km/h, and sub-zero temperatures. With no food or any gas to melt snow into water in the stoves, the situation soon became

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 life-threatening. Tullis died during the night of 6 – 7 August, presumably of HAPE (high altitude pulmonary edema), a common consequence of lack of oxygen and low air pressure at extreme altitudes. The other six climbers stayed for the next three days, but remained barely conscious. On 10 August the snow stopped, but the temperature dropped, and the wind continued unabated. The climbers, although severely weakened, decided they had no option but to descend to a lower base camp. <mask>, when conscious, was in agony, and the other climbers left him so as to save their own lives.Of the seven climbers who had originally reached Camp IV on 4 and 5 August, only Diemberger and Bauer reached Base Camp. <mask> is presumed to have died on 10 August 1986. He was survived by his girlfriend, Deborah Sweeney, who gave birth to their daughter, Holly, three weeks later. Commemoration

The library of the British Mountaineering Council is named in honour of <mask>. In 2018, a memorial garden and a plaque were installed at the Breck in Wallasey. References

External links
 K2 tragedy
 Anita McConnell, ‘<mask>, <mask> (1951–1986)’ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004

Books
 Barry, John, Savage Mountain – Savage Summer, Oxford Illustrated Press, 1987 ()
 Birtles, Geoff, <mask>: A Mountaineer's Life, HarperCollins, 1987 ()
 Curran, Jim, K2: Triumph and Tragedy, Grafton, 1989, ()
 Diemberger, Kurt, The Endless Knot: K2, Mountain of Dreams and Destiny, Mountaineers Books, 1991 ()
 Fawcett, Ron; Lowe, Jeff; Nunn,  Paul; <mask>, <mask>; & Salkeld, Audrey, The Climber's Handbook: Rock, Ice, Alpine, Expeditions, Sierra Club Books, 1987 ()

1951 births
1986 deaths
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
English mountain climbers
Mountaineering deaths on K2
People educated at Birkenhead

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Rouse
Rouse
Alan Rouse
Rouse
Alan Paul
Alan Rouse
Rouse
Alan


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<mask> (November 13, 1834 – January 25, 1907) or Onangwatgo (“Big Medicine”) was the last hereditary chief of the Oneida Nation, and fought to preserve his people's lands and rights under various treaties with the United States government. A lifelong Episcopalian, he was ordained a priest of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America at age 69, and ministered to his people until shortly before his death. The Oneida, one of the five founding tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, had aligned with the Americans during the American Revolutionary War, but when faced with pressure from white settlers who often mistook them for members of hostile tribes, had begun negotiating with the Ho-Chunk and Menominee tribes and moving to Wisconsin around 1821. Many members had become Christians under missionaries sent by the Episcopal and Methodist Churches to both New York and Wisconsin. In 1825, tribal members built a log church near the Fox River and an important portage on their new lands about 10 miles southwest of Green Bay, Wisconsin, which they called the Hobart Chapel after its consecrating bishop, John Henry Hobart of New York. Early life
<mask> was born on tribal lands in Wisconsin and baptised in due course by missionary bishop Jackson Kemper. In 1843, Episcopal missionary the Rev.James Lloyd Breck escorted the ten-year-old and two other boys to the newly established Nashotah House to learn English and be educated for five years. Career
As a teenager, at a council of Oneida from New York, Canada and Wisconsin, <mask> became a chief of his Bear Clan. At age 18 he was given responsibility for distributing the annuity money (from service in the

masks:
Cornelius Hill
Cornelius Hill
Hill


texts: Revolutionary War) among his people. He was later responsible for taking the census of tribal members (the number of which doubled in Wisconsin in the five decades of his leadership). Several times <mask> went to Albany, New York and Washington, D.C. to advocate for his people. White settlers were also moving into Wisconsin, and coveted tribal lands, which were held in common under an 1838 treaty negotiated by Chief Daniel Bread, who by his death in 1873 thought such private allocation inevitable. The next year, <mask> drafted a petition to New York's legislature in Albany concerning interference with Oneida fishing rights under previous treaties, which was causing considerable hardship to tribal members remaining in New York.At least one Indian Agent supposedly assigned to help the tribe also forbade them to sell shingles and other lumber products to support themselves during a crop failure, which <mask> and missionary and teacher the Rev. Edward A. Goodnough (who worked among the Oneidas from 1863 to 1890) thought was designed to get the tribe to sell lands to whites (if not his cronies), and eventually managed to secure that agent's dismissal. <mask> also helped tribal members learn new farming techniques and secure machinery. Women also made baskets and beadwork for sale, and after 1900 learned to make lace to support themselves in the modernized world. Nonetheless, pursuant to the Dawes Act of 1887, the federal government allocated the tribe's Wisconsin land to individuals beginning in 1892, who were to be allowed to transfer that property after a 25-year waiting period. As had happened in New York State, unscrupulous persons often tried to

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texts: swindle tribal members out of their allocations. Throughout his life, <mask> fought such dismemberment of tribal property, as well as government attempts to move his people further west.In 1893 after negotiations with the federal government, <mask>, together with the Rev. Solomon S. Burleson (also a lawyer and doctor), secured a hospital and boarding school for the reservation, and the following year the Sisters of the Holy Nativity sent nuns to work as nurses and teachers there. Having for years served as an organist and interpreter for Episcopal services by the Rev. Goodnough and his successors, as well as his tribe's sachem and delegate to church councils, <mask> thought ordination would bring additional authority among whites as well as help him become a bridge between the cultures. Since 1870 (perhaps in Thanksgiving for having been relatively spared from horrendous forest fires that devastated Wisconsin), church members had volunteered at a limestone quarry one day a week, in order to dress stone for a new church building. In 1886 they laid the cornerstone for a new gothic stone chapel, which they named the Church of the Holy Apostles, to replace an overly small and somewhat decrepit wood chapel. On June 27, 1895, Bishop Charles C. Grafton ordained <mask> a deacon.However, the event was bittersweet as <mask>'s infant son had died in an epidemic and was scheduled for burial that very afternoon. Furthermore, his ally the Rev. Burleson died in February 1897, months before the new church's formal consecration, and Burleson's popular youngest son (all five of whom had become priests) was transferred to Texas the following year. On June 24, 1903,

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texts:
 Bishop Grafton ordained <mask> as a priest, the first of his people; during the ceremony <mask> repeated his vows in his native language. The Wisconsin reservation also had a Methodist mission with a dedicated missionary and a Catholic chapel served by a priest from De Pere, about ten miles away. Family
At the time of his ordination, aged 69, <mask>'s wife, who had borne 8 children, had not learned English. Several of their children went to the Hampton Indian School after their education at the reservation's school.Death and legacy
<mask> died on January 25, 1907, having fallen ill shortly before Christmas. After three requiems and funeral at the Church of the Holy Apostles attended by 800 persons, he was buried in the graveyard with other tribal members and the missionaries he assisted. When fire from a lightning strike on July 17, 1920 destroyed the Gothic stone church, it was rebuilt in a similar design. The Oneida continued to revere <mask>'s wisdom and sanctity, relating tales of their leader to Works Progress Administration historians during the Great Depression, even though by 1920 only a few hundred acres of the reservation were owned by tribal members (the remaining approximately 65,000 acres being owned by whites before the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 caused the Bureau of Indian Affairs to begin reversing the policy). The Episcopal Church honors <mask> annually on the anniversary of his first ordination, June 27. References

1834 births
1907 deaths
People from Oneida, Wisconsin
Nashotah House alumni
Anglican saints
American Episcopal priests
Oneida people
19th-century Christian saints
19th-century American Episcopalians
19th-century

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Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Cornelius Hill


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<mask> (born 17 August 1971) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club and the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Early career
<mask> grew up on a farm near Arno Bay, South Australia, playing junior football for Arno Bay in the Eastern Eyre Football League. It wasn't until <mask> attended Immanuel College (Australia) that he believed he could play league football. <mask> was invited to try out for the West Adelaide Under 19s despite being from the Port Adelaide zone. He made his senior debut for West Adelaide in 1990, playing two games for the season; <mask> was then selected in the Adelaide Crows inaugural 52-man squad wearing number 52. AFL career
At 19 <mask> started his AFL career in 1991 with

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Shaun Jason Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn
Rehn


texts: the Adelaide Crows in their inaugural year in the Australian Football League. After some eye catching performances for West Adelaide (who were making a late season charge to the SANFL finals), he made his debut for the Crows against  in Round 18 of the 1991 AFL season at Football Park in Adelaide.At 6'8" (203 cm) he became a leading ruckmen, but suffered three ACL knee injuries overall on both knees which limited his playing ability. The last of those injuries was sustained when his good knee buckled and twisted after running onto a small rubber circle installed in the centre of the turf ground; the circles had been installed onto grounds to assist umpires with centre bounces, but <mask>'s injury, and subsequent legal action, saw the circles swiftly removed from all grounds.


texts: <mask>'s injury kept him on the sidelines for most of the 1996 season after having spent much of the previous season out with the same injury. His knee injuries restricted him to just 6 games in those two seasons, three in each. <mask> played 134 games and kicked 55 goals for the Crows between 1991 and 2000 and was a member of the Crows 1997 and 1998 premiership teams, before moving to  in 2001 in the twilight of his career. He played 33 games and kicked 7 goals with the Hawks between 2001–2002 before retiring from AFL football. Throughout his whole career at both Adelaide and Hawthorn, <mask> wore the #52 guernsey, and holds the record for the most games wearing that number.Such high numbers are rare in Australian football, as players with numbers higher than 40 usually exchange

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texts:
 3.9 || 8.9 || 2.4 || 2.0 || 15.4
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 167
! 62
! 56
! 1206
!1202
! 2408
! 832
! 208
! 2465
! 0.4
! 0.3
!7.2
! 7.2
! 14.4
! 5.0
! 1.2
! 14.8
|}

Post-playing career
From 2003 to 2005, <mask> was the coach of the West Adelaide Football Club in the SANFL, leading them to the Grand Final in his debut season as coach. In 2006, <mask> joined the Brisbane Lions as ruck coach where he helped develop Brisbane's young ruck division including Jamie Charman, Cameron Wood and Matthew Leuenberger.In 2011 <mask> coached South Australia in the 2011 State of Origin Slowdown to a 17.10 (112) to 17.9 (111) victory over Victoria in a charity match at the Adelaide Oval for the Little Heroes Foundation and the Reach Foundation youth charities started by former


texts:
 Melbourne ruckman and 1991 Brownlow Meadallist Jim Stynes. On 19 October 2011, Port Adelaide announced that <mask> would be an assistant coach at the club. References

External links

Adelaide Football Club players
Adelaide Football Club Premiership players
Malcolm Blight Medal winners
1971 births
Living people
All-Australians (AFL)
Hawthorn Football Club players
West Adelaide Football Club players
West Adelaide Football Club coaches
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australia international rules football team players
People educated at Immanuel College, Adelaide
Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership


texts:
<mask> (born 2 August 1989) is a singer, songwriter and teacher from Dublin, Ireland. He was formerly a principal singer with Irish music group, Celtic Thunder, as well as previously performing with the likes of Celtic Woman, The Priests, and Irish tenor Peter Corry. He released his first solo album "I'll Never Be Alone" in the fall of 2016. He is currently touring with his wife, Laura, on various solo tours. He married Celtic Thunder cellist Laura Durrant on 26 July 2016. The couple had a baby boy,  Oisín, in February 2017. On 13, November 2018, the couple welcomed a second baby, baby girl Isla.<mask> announced her birth on Instagram the next day

Early life
Coming from a family of five brothers, all singers, and a father whose family was brought up singing, playing piano and guitar, Colm's musicality was engrained deep in his heritage. During his early school days, Colm studied under vocal coach Ken Shellard, and won several highly acclaimed awards at the Dublin Feis Ceoil singing competition. During this time he was also a lead soloist with the Palestrina Choir under the direction of Ite O'Donovan. Some venue highlights from this time include performances at Dublin's Pro-Cathedral, New York's St Patrick's Cathedral and St Peter's Basilica in Rome where the Pope was in attendance, along with regular recitals at Dublin's National Concert Hall. Colm later joined the Piccolo Lasso Choir and Habemus Chamber Choir, with whom he recorded several CDs, partook in an extensive European tour and performed as a lead soloist in Spain, Ireland, and The Czech Republic. Habemus
In 2005, Colm's oldest brother John established a chamber choir consisting of alumni Choral Scholars of University College Dublin and singers from Dublin's Palestrina Choir, giving them the name Habemus Chamber

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Colm Keegan
Keegan


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 Choir. The word Habemus stems from the Latin "we have".This was Colm's return to choral music for the first time since his voice had broken. The Chamber group has won the recognition of many agents around Ireland, Radio and TV Stations, as well as having the opportunity to perform in numerous concerts not just nationwide, but internationally as well. Habemus performed across Europe, including trips to Barcelona and Prague all before Colm had turned 17. Today, the a cappella musical group consists of 16 highly talented and energetic singers selected from a variety of Dublin-based chamber choirs, choral foundations and university scholarship programmes. The primary focus for the choir is to utilize its musical talents to help promote awareness through charity fundraising concerts. Since its foundation, Habemus have raised in excess of 20,000 euro for almost a dozen local and international charities and continue to have the desire to help others through music. Choral Scholarship at University College Dublin
In 2008-2009 and again in 2010–2011, following a competitive selection process, Colm was awarded a singing scholarship with the Choral Scholars of University College Dublin under the direction of Dr Desmond Earley.This group is Ireland's leading collegiate choral ensemble. With a large repertoire ranging from art to popular music, and stretching from the medieval to the contemporary in style, this choir gives many concerts throughout the academic year, both in Ireland and abroad. Colm was also offered a Scholarship position with Dublin Choral Foundation's Lassus Scholars. Here Colm returned to singing with his former choir director of Dublin's Palestrina Choir, Ite O'Donovan, the lady who introduced Colm to both singing and Music as a young 4 year old and the person Colm


texts:
 refers to as the biggest influence on his Musical life. Colm spent his weekends in University teaching singing in the Habemus Performing Arts School, a school designed to encourage, educate and promote students in the disciplines of Singing, Acting and Dancing through classes and workshops. During this time, he was also appearing as guest assistant Musical Director for a number of amateur musical productions including West Side Story, HMS Pinafore and Pirates of Penzance. Colm's name was quickly spreading around the city and was asked to put on a number of projects including putting together a night of music for the children in Dublin's Central Remedial Clinic.These busy few years of Music outside the classroom, as well as obtaining an honors degree in Music and Irish in 2011, allowed Colm to realize his love for not only Music and Irish, but also for teaching. Celtic Woman
Whilst still in College, <mask> was invited to join the Aontas Choral Ensemble, the touring choir of Irish music group Celtic Woman. Colm recorded as a member of the choir for the "Songs From The Heart" CD and DVD Public Television special. Upon graduating from University College Dublin, he completed two European tours, a tour of Asia, the making of "Believe" CD and DVD, and a five-month North American tour with the production. Colm spent a year with the group before leaving to join Celtic Thunder. Celtic Thunder
In May 2012, <mask> was invited by producer Sharon Browne to join Celtic Thunder and first performed with the group in June of that year at Harrah's Resort and Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Later that year, he filmed "Mythology", his debut DVD and CD as a principal member.He has subsequently toured the United States and Canada numerous times as a principal member of the group, including a

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texts:
 special one-off 'unplugged' concert in New York during December 2012, which raised approximately $50,000 in aid of the victims of Hurricane Sandy. In 2014, Colm toured in Australia for the first time; He has also sailed on the Celtic Thunder Cruise in both 2013 and 2014 as one of the star performers. In early 2016, <mask> announced that he would be taking a year's break from Celtic Thunder to finish attending university. CKonTour
Mid 2014, Colm teamed up with Celtic Thunder musician Laura Durrant to release a debut single of the Tony Arata song "The Dance". The song soon went to #1 on iTunes World Music Charts, #1 bestseller on Amazon and #1 on Hot New Releases on CD Baby. Upon returning from his first tour of Australia with Celtic Thunder, <mask> and Laura decided to join forces and tour together, and from there, CKonTour was born. In August 2014, the duo embarked on a two-week solo tour of the United States East Coast.In contrast to the thousands of fans for whom the duo performed with Celtic Thunder, CKonTour provided fans with a chance to see <mask> and Laura perform a completely acoustic set in smaller, more intimate venues. The setlist for a CKonTour show is a perfect blend of original songs, Irish classics and contemporary favourites. Early in 2015, <mask> was voted Best New Irish Artist for 2014 in the Irish Music Awards (IMA). The IMA is an annual awards presentation hosted by the Irish Music Association to honour the best in Irish Music and helps to promote and support Irish music and musicians worldwide. 2015 also saw <mask> release another single, this time recording with his brothers the Irish classic "Raglan Road". This song, too, rose to #1 on the iTunes World music charts. On the back of releasing the music video for Colm's original song "Waves of Future",

masks: Keegan Colm Colm Colm Colm