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 walls of the room were covered with magnificent photographs; others were tumbling about the tables, chairs, and floors with quantities of damp books, all untidy and picturesque; the lady herself with a lace veil on her head and flowing draperies. Her oddities were most refreshing . . . She also made some studies of natives while I was there, and took such a fancy to the back of one of them (which she said was absolutely superb) that she insisted on her son retaining him as her gardener, though she had no garden and he did not know even the meaning of the word. In February 1876, Macmillan's Magazine published her poem, On a Portrait.The following year, her image The Parting of Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere appeared on the cover Harper's Weekly as a wood engraving. After a short visit to England six months earlier, <mask> fell ill with a dangerous chill and died on 26 January 1879 at the Glencairn estate in Ceylon. It is often reported that her last word was "Beauty" or "Beautiful". In her 12-year career, <mask> produced around 900 photographs. Photographic work

Influences

<mask> was an educated and cultured woman; she was a Christian thinker familiar with medieval art, the Renaissance, and the Pre-Raphaelites. She may also have been influenced by the contemporary interest in phrenology, the study of the human physiognomy as a sign of a person's character. The Old Masters also informed her work.Her compositions and use of light have been connected to Raphael, Rembrandt, and Titian. John Herschel, who relayed to <mask> the news of the inventions of photography by Talbot and Daguerre, was an important influence on technique and the practicalities of the medium, as indicated in a letter <mask> wrote to the astronomer, "You were my first teacher and to you I owe all the first experience and insights." It is likely that <mask> saw Reginald Southey photographing on the Isle of Wight during a holiday in 1857 when he visited the <mask>s and photographed their children and the children of her neighbour, Alfred Tennyson,

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 before <mask> took up the medium in earnest. Perhaps the most important photographer to influence <mask>'s work was David Wilkie Wynfield. <mask>'s style of close-up portraits resembling Titian may well have been learned from Wynfield, since she took a lesson from him and later wrote "I consult him in correspondence whenever I am in difficulty". Much like <mask>, Wynfield published an album of soft-focus portraits of friends dressed up as characters from history or literature. The press compared their photographic work and noted the similarities in style and their consideration of the medium as fine art.She later wrote that "to my feeling about his beautiful photography I owed all my attempts and indeed consequently all my success". Concept of genius and beauty
<mask>'s portraits are partly the product of her intimacy and regard for the subject, but also intend to capture "particular qualities or essences—typically, genius in men and beauty in women". Mike Weaver, a scholar who wrote about <mask>'s photography in work published in 1984, framed her idea of genius and beauty "within a specifically Christian framework, as indicative of the sublime and the sacred". Weaver supposes that <mask>'s myriad influences informed her concept of beauty: "the Bible, classical mythology, Shakespeare's plays, and Tennyson's poems were fused into a single vision of ideal beauty." <mask> herself indicated her desire to capture beauty. She wrote, "I longed to arrest all the beauty that came before me and at length the longing has been satisfied" and "My aspirations are to ennoble Photography and to secure for it the character and uses of High Art by combining the real & Ideal & sacrificing nothing of Truth by all possible devotion to poetry and beauty." Her female subjects were typically chosen for their beauty, particularly the "long-necked, long-haired, immature beauty familiar in Pre-Raphaelite paintings".In Virginia Woolf's farcical play Freshwater, which described the cultural scene at Freshwater, <mask>'s character comically

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 expresses her commitment to beauty:I have sought the beautiful in the most unlikely places. I have searched the police force at Freshwater, and not a man have I found with calves worthy of Sir Galahad. But, as I said to the Chief Constable, "Without beauty, constable, what is order? Without life, what is law?" Why should I continue to have my silver protected by a race of men whose legs are aesthetically abhorrent to me? If a burgler came and he were beautiful, I should say to him: Take my fish knives! Take my cruets, my bread baskets and my soup tureens.What you take is nothing to what you give, your calves, your beautiful calves. Portraits
<mask>'s photographs are generally placed into three categories: distinguished portraits of men, delicate portraits of women, and illustrative allegories based on religious and literary works. Men
<mask>'s portraits of men were a kind of hero-worship. To Thomas Carlyle, <mask> wrote "When I have had such men before my camera my whole soul has endeavoured to do its duty towards them in recording faithfully the greatness of the inner as well as the features of the outer man. The photograph thus taken has been almost the embodiment of a prayer." Most of these men are well-known scientists, writers, or clergymen of the Victorian era. <mask> turned to Old Master paintings and the contemporary idea — based in phrenology — of the ideal "type" to capture the greatness that she perceived in these eminent Victorian individuals.Her aspiration to record this greatness resulted in powerful images displaying a masterly command of chiaroscuro that resulted in "the finest and most revealing gallery of eminent Victorians in existence". Janet Malcom notes the attention <mask> paid to hair as an expressive element in her portraits, writing that "Her closeups of Tennyson, Carlyle, Darwin, Longfellow, Taylor, Watts, and <mask> are as much celebrations of beards as of Victorian eminence." Women
Her images of women are decidedly softer than those of men. With less dramatic lighting and a more typical

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 distance between the sitter and the camera, these images are less dynamic and more conventional than her images of men. <mask> almost exclusively photographed younger women, never making a portrait even of her neighbour and good friend Emily Tennyson. According to a biographer of Charles Darwin, <mask> refused to take a picture of Darwin's wife, saying that "no woman must be photographed between the ages of eighteen and seventy." Her mature photographs of women are noted for their subtle but suggestive representation of the obscurity and malleability of female identity.Many of her images of young women obscure their individuality and represent their identity as multifaceted and changeable by showing them "in pairs, or reflected in a mirror... frequently expressive of a deep ambiguity and anxiety." Janet Malcolm again notes <mask>'s attention to the hair of her subjects, writing that "Like the little girls whose hair was mussed to rid it of its prim nursery look, the bigger girls were made to undo their buns and chignons so that their hair would poetically stream or flow or twist around their faces". Children
Children — her own children, those of relatives, and young locals — were often models for <mask>. Children were popular subjects in the Victorian era and <mask> kept with the prevailing notion of them as innocent, kind, and noble. She regularly depicted them as angels or as children from Bible stories. The children in her images were not always cooperative, and her attempts to cast them as allegorical figures were often frustrated by the children's boredom, indignation, distraction — moods which are often evidenced in her images. Allegories and illustrations
<mask> may have found these illustrative group portraits more challenging than her other images.With more people in the image, the chances were greater that someone would move during the long exposures, so more light was needed to shorten the exposure time and arrest the motion. More sitters also meant a greater depth of field was necessary to put everyone in

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 focus, further complicating the compositions. <mask>'s narrative portraits of women were influenced by tableaux vivants and amateur theatre. The women in her images are typically depicted in the idealised Victorian roles of mother and wife. Religion

<mask> made over 50 images representing the Madonna, often played by her household servant Mary Hillier. These images present "an ideal of femininity that combines wholesomeness with qualities of sensuality and vulnerability". She represented the Virgin Mary in various scenes from the Bible, such as the Annunciation and the Salutation, but also created a number of images illustrating more obscure religious figures.Literature

<mask> took literature as inspiration for her illustrative photographs, representing characters from Shakespeare, Elizabethan poems, novels, plays, and the work of her contemporaries: Alfred Tennyson, Henry Taylor, Christina Rossetti, Robert Browning, and George Eliot. Idylls of the King

In 1874, Alfred Tennyson asked <mask> to create illustrations for a new edition of his Idylls of the King, a popular series of poems about Arthurian legends. <mask> worked on this commission for three months, capturing several images in her notable soft focus style. She was unhappy with the final publication, and complained that the small size of her images depleted their significance. This prompted <mask> to issue a deluxe version of the Idylls of the King which featured a series of twelve photographs as full-size prints. This series of images, influenced in part by Watts, was her last large-scale project and is considered the peak of her illustrative work. Reception and legacy

Contemporary reception
In her own time, <mask>'s photographs found a contentious audience, with many criticising her use of soft focus and her unretouched prints.In 1865, The Photographic Journal reviewed her images, commenting:Mrs. <mask> exhibits her series of out-of-focus portraits of celebrities. We must give this lady credit for daring originality, but at the expense of all other

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 photographic qualities. A true artist would employ all the resources at his disposal, in whatever branch of art he might practise. In these pictures, all that is good in photography has been neglected and the shortcomings of the art are prominently exhibited. We are sorry to have to speak thus severely on the works of a lady, but we feel compelled to do so in the interest of the art.The Photographic News echoed this sentiment:What in the name of all the nitrate of silver that ever turned white into black have these pictures in common with good photography? Smudged, torn, dirty, undefined, and in some cases almost unreadable, there is hardly one of them that ought not to have been washed off the plate as soon as it appeared We cannot but think that this lady's highly imaginative and artistic efforts might be supplemented by the judicious employment of a small boy with a wash leather, and a lens screwed a trifle less out of accurate definition. The Illustrated London News provided an alternative perspective, writing that her images were "the nearest approach to art, or rather the most bold and successful applications of the principles of fine-art to photography".Early impact
<mask>'s niece <mask> Stephen (née Jackson; 1846–1895) wrote a biography of <mask> that appeared in the first edition of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1886. A few years later, George Bernard Shaw reviewed a posthumous exhibition of <mask>'s, writing:While the portraits of Herschel, Tennyson and Carlyle beat hollow anything I have ever seen, right on the same wall, and virtually in the same frame, there are photographs of children with no clothes on, or else the underclothes by way of propriety, with palpably paper wings, most inartistically grouped and artlessly labelled as angels, saints or fairies. No-one would imagine that the artist who produced the marvellous Carlyle would have produced such childish trivialities.Virginia Woolf wrote a comic portrayal of the "Freshwater circle" in her only play Freshwater. Later, in collaboration with

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 Roger Fry, Woolf also edited the first major collection of <mask>'s photographs, Victorian Photographs of Famous Men and Fair Women, published in 1926. In the introduction to this collection, Fry wrote that <mask>'s allegorical photographs "must all be judged as failures from an aesthetic viewpoint". He was more charitable toward her other work, writing that she had "a wonderful perception of character as it is expressed in form" and that her work was superior to the portraits of James Abbott McNeill Whistler and George Frederic Watts. Despite the publication of this collection, <mask>'s work remained obscure until the mid-1940s.Mid-century rediscovery
Helmut Gernsheim, after seeing photographs that <mask> had donated to a railway station in Hampshire hanging in the waiting room of the station, published a book on her work that helped establish her reputation. Gernsheim's review of <mask>'s work echoed the earlier sentiments of George Bernard Shaw and Roger Fry, criticising her allegorical and illustrative photos while praising her more straightforward portraits:If the majority of Mrs. <mask>'s subject pictures seem to us affected, ludicrous and amateurish, and appear in our opinion to be failures, how masterly, on the other hand, are her straightforward, truthful portraits, which are entirely free from false sentiment, and which compensate for the errors of taste in her studies.In 1984, Mike Weaver disputed this analysis in his book Julia Margaret Cameron 1815–1879, where he elevated <mask>'s tableauxs as sincere religious interpretations. Weaver also criticised the characterisations of <mask>'s personality that focused on her supposed eccentricities. 21st century reception
Colin Ford, in the Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography calls her images "extraordinarily powerful" and "arguably the first 'close-up' photographs in history". He continues:Her visualisations of poetry are different in style and achievement from those of any other photographer of the time. Her contemporaries decorated books of poetry by


texts:
 Burns, Gray, Milton, Scott, Shakespeare and others with picturesque landscapes, occasionally peopling these with attractively disposed figures in the scenery, but rarely illustrating actual characters or incidents from the story.For the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Malcolm Daniel writes:Her artistic goals for photography, informed by the outward appearance and spiritual content of fifteenth-century Italian painting, were wholly original in her medium. She aimed for neither the finish and formalized poses common in the commercial portrait studios, nor for the elaborate narratives of other Victorian "high art" photographers such as H. P. Robinson and O. G. Rejlander.Janet Malcolm, in "The Genius of the Glass House" writes that "<mask>'s compositions have more connection to the family album pictures of recalcitrant relatives who have been herded together for the obligatory group picture than they do to the masterpieces of Western painting" but that "The beauty that <mask> found, and in a surprising number of cases was able to arrest, among the aging and aged men of the Victorian literary and art establishment is a cornerstone of her achievement".In 2003, the J. Paul Getty Museum published a complete catalogue of <mask>'s known surviving photographs. One caption of a portrait of Alice Liddell (whom <mask> photographed as Alethea, Pomona, Ceres, and St. Agnes in 1872) claims that "<mask>'s photographic portraits are considered among the finest in the early history of photography".In 2018, The Norman Album was deemed by the Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art to be of "outstanding aesthetic importance and significance to the study of the history of photography and, in particular, the work of <mask> <mask>—one of the most significant photographers of the 19th century." Retrospectives
In 2013, the Metropolitan Museum of Art curated an exhibition of <mask>'s work, which garnered significant reviews. In 2015 the Victoria and Albert Museum in London drew on their extensive

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 collection of her work for a 200th anniversary retrospective of <mask>'s career that also travelled to Sydney, Australia. An exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery in London in March 2018 placed her work in relationship to the work of her Victorian contemporaries, Lady Clementina Hawarden, Oscar Rejlander, and Lewis Carroll. The following retrospective exhibitions have focused on <mask>'s oeuvre:

Albums

List of selected publications

 <mask>, J. M. P. (1875). Illustrations by <mask> <mask> of Alfred Tennyson's Idylls of the King and other poems
 <mask>, J. M. P. (1889).Unfinished autobiography "Annals of my glass house" by <mask> <mask>, written 1874, first published 1889
 <mask>, J. M. (1975). The Herschel album: an album of photographs. London (2 St Martin's Place, WC2H 0HE): National Portrait Gallery
 Cameron, J. M., & Ford, C. (1975). The Cameron Collection: an album of photographs. Wokingham: Van Nostrand Reinhold for the National Portrait Gallery
 <mask>, J. M. P., & Weaver, M. (1986). Whisper of the muse: the Overstone album & other photographs. Malibu: J. Paul Getty Museum

Footnotes

References

Further reading

 Rosen, Jeff (2016).<mask> <mask>'s 'Fancy Subjects''' Manchester University Press
  also available through MOMA here''

External links

<mask> <mask> at The Museum of Modern Art
<mask> <mask> at The J. Paul Getty Museum
<mask> <mask> family papers, circa 1777-1940 at the Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, Accession No. 850858. <mask> <mask> at the National Portrait Gallery
<mask> <mask> at the National Gallery of Art
<mask> <mask> at the Art Institute of Chicago
<mask> <mask> at the National Galleries of Scotland
Alfred Tennyson's Idylls of the King, illustrated by <mask> <mask>

Pioneers of photography
1815 births
1879 deaths
English women photographers
British portrait photographers
Artists from Kolkata
English people of French descent
People from Freshwater, Isle of Wight
Women of the Victorian era
19th-century English photographers
19th-century British women

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<mask> (June 1, 1804 – April 30, 1880) was a Virginia lawyer, plantation owner and politician who was twice elected as a U.S. Representative from Virginia during the American Civil War, and as a U.S. Senator immediately following the conflict, but whom fellow legislators refused to allow to assume his seat due to Virginia's secession and delayed readmission to the Union. Early and family life
Born in King William County, Virginia, Segar received a private education appropriate to his class. He studied law. He married Mary (1808-1886), who would survive him. They had several children, including a son John F<mask> (b. 1836) and a daughter, <mask> (b.1846) mentioned in the 1850 census. The second Mary Segar was still living with <mask>'s household in 1860, as was a young man with middle initial misspelled as Arthur B <mask> (born 1843). The latter was actually his nephew, Arthur Simpkins <mask>, one of the sons of his slightly younger brother John A<mask> (1805-1848), who had married Charlotte Simpkins in 1832 and moved to Virginia's Eastern Shore, where they had a large family. <mask>r accepted his seven-year old nephew into his home in 1851, and paid for his education at two military schools, first the Hampton Academy, then the Danville academy. As the American Civil War began, on May 31, 1861, Arthur S<mask> in Hampton, Virginia enlisted in a Confederate rifle company as a private (the Wythe Rifles incorporated into the 32nd Virginia Infantry according to one source, the nominally Mississippi Hatchie Rifles according to another). By 1862  with his year-older brother John A<mask> (Jr.) (1843-1918) he joined the 6th Virginia Infantry defending Norfolk. For his efforts in

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 the Seven Days Battles, A.S<mask> received a Virginia lieutenant's commission and with his brother was assigned to the 38th Virginia Infantry.Career
Admitted to the bar, <mask>r practiced law in various counties in the Hampton Roads area, Elizabeth City County being across Chesapeake Bay from Norfolk, Virginia. Segar held several local offices, and was elected to represent Elizabeth City County and various neighboring counties several times (part time) in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1836–1838, 1848–1853, and 1855-1861. He also owned slaves, and relatives lived with the family. In 1840, his household included five slaves. In 1850 the household also included two female relatives, <mask> (b. 1820) and Sally F<mask> (b. 1843).By 1860, Segar called himself a farmer rather than lawyer, probably because he operated a plantation in the seaside suburb of Hampton called (for its dunes) Fox Hill (and his son John also called himself a farmer). Segar owned seven slaves in 1860, all but two of them over fifty years old. Although not mentioned in the census forms, Segar actually owned the Hygeia Hotel and most of the land between Fort Monroe and what became the Hampton Institute. When Union troops secured Fort Monroe in May 1861, Massachusetts troops converted the late former President John Tyler's summer home, Villa Margaret, into barracks and Federal troops also encamped on the Segar farm at the Hampton end of a bridge over what was sometimes called Mill Creek or Comfort Creek, for it led near Old Point Comfort. The camp was initially called Camp Troy, but later Camp Hamilton to honor then Lt.Col. Schuyler Hamilton, secretary to Gen. Winfield Scott. Congressional career
Segar

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 presented credentials as a Unionist Member-elect to the Thirty-seventh Congress from an election held on October 24, 1861, but the House on February 11, 1862, decided he was not entitled to the seat.<mask> was subsequently elected to the same Congress and served from March 15, 1862, to March 3, 1863. In the Thirty-eighth Congress (1863–1865), no Virginia representatives were seated. Segar presented credentials, but was declared not entitled to the seat by resolution of May 17, 1864, though he was paid for mileage and pro-rated salary. Segar presented credentials on February 17, 1865, as a United States Senator-elect to fill the vacancy in the term commencing March 4, 1863, caused by the death of Lemuel J. Bowden, but was not permitted to take his seat. In the first session of the Virginia General Assembly following passage of VIrginia's Constitution of 1869, his nephew Arthur S<mask> was one of Norfolk City's two delegates, alongside Republican Henry M. Bowden. On January 25, 1870, in the Forty-first Congress, Segar claimed an at-large ninth seat for Virginia in the U.S. House, but was not seated. The recent Virginia constitutional convention had asserted the ninth seat, but Congress only allowed eight seats to Virginia, since its apportionment of eleven seats had been reduced by the three seats assigned to the new state of West Virginia in 1863.Segar was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for election in 1876 to the Forty-fifth Congress. Later life
After the Civil War, Segar went bankrupt, as did diehard rebel Jefferson Sinclair, a prominent landowner in Hampton who often cross-signed notes with Segar. During the administration of President Rutherford B. Hayes, Segar

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 received an appointment to the Spanish Claims Commission, serving from 1877 to 1880. Segar died on a steamer while en route from Norfolk, Virginia, to Washington, D.C., on April 30, 1880. He was interred in St. John's Cemetery, Hampton, Virginia, where his widow joined him eight years later. His grateful nephew, A.S. Segar would continue his uncle's legal and political legacy in the Hampton Roads area, becoming a schoolteacher, then a lawyer and Conservative Party politician who represented Norfolk for a single term in the Virginia General Assembly (1869-1870), and later won election as the Commonwealth Attorney for Elizabeth City County and served eight years before resuming his private legal practice representing the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad and the Newport News Shipyard, among prominent clients. References

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External links

1804 births
1880 deaths
People from King William County, Virginia
Unionist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
Virginia Republicans
Virginia Unionists
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Virginia lawyers
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American politicians
Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
Members of the United States House of Representatives from


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<mask>, FRSE FRS FGS (20 April 1798 – 22 June 1875), was a Canadian-born geologist and the founder and first director of the Geological Survey of Canada. Life

<mask> was born into a well-to-do Montreal family in 1798, the third son of <mask>, a baker and owner of real estate, and <mask>, both originally from Scotland. <mask> was sent to Edinburgh to receive an education. As was common at the time for young men of means, he learned languages (French, Spanish, some Gaelic and German), music (flute), and became an accomplished artist. In the 1830s, <mask> became fascinated with geology while managing a copper-smelting works near Swansea, Wales, on behalf of his uncle, <mask>. His self-taught talent for the subject soon brought his geological maps and interpretations to the attention of the most eminent geologists of Great Britain, and it was their later recommendations that clinched <mask>'s appointment as the founding director of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). The need for an organization that could chart the mineral resources of the newly established Province of Canada (following the merger of Upper and Lower Canada) had been under discussion for over a decade.Government funds were allocated in 1841 and <mask> took up his duties in 1842. By the spring of 1843, <mask> had established the Survey's headquarters in what he described as a "small and dark room" in Montreal. He had also hired Scottish-born Alexander Murray, a former naval officer, as his assistant. The rapid industrial advances in England since the late 18th century had shown how essential coal was to economic expansion. With the accepted belief that North America's destiny lay in applying industrial technology to rich natural resources, the search for coal became the Survey's first priority. The 1843 field season saw <mask> working between Pictou, Nova Scotia, and the Gaspé, as well as Murray between Lake Erie

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texts: and Lake Huron. The following year, <mask> mapped the north shore of the Gaspé Peninsula and then explored inland to the mountains along the Cap Chat River.<mask>'s assistants named the highest peak in his honour (this Mount <mask> is not to be confused with Canada's highest mountain, which is located in Yukon and also named for him). Based on information gathered during the first two field seasons, <mask> was able to report that no coal deposits were to be found in the Province of Canada. <mask>'s conclusion undoubtedly made the idea of amalgamating with the coal-rich Maritime Provinces attractive, and was one of the factors leading to Confederation in 1867. <mask> also made many important discoveries in the early days of the Survey. For example, he identified several broad geological divisions: folded rocks covering Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula and Eastern Townships; the nearly flat-lying limestones that extend west from Montreal to Lake Huron; and much older crystalline rocks extending north an unknown distance from Kingston, Ottawa, and Montreal. The latter soon proved to be the southernmost exposed section of Canada's mineral-rich Precambrian Shield. After failing to find any extensive coal deposits in British North America, <mask> became interested in the bitumen deposits in Enniskillen Township as a potential substitute.In the Report of the Geological Survey for 1849–1850, Thomas Sterry Hunt analyzed a one hundred pound sample of bitumen that was sent to <mask>, noting that the material could be used to create asphalt, caulking material for ships or lamp fuel. The Survey's reports caught the attention of Charles and Henry Tripp, who established the International Mining and Manufacturing Company in 1854, the world's first petroleum company. In addition to <mask>'s skills at geological observation and surviving in the wilds, he was an adept manager; during the 1850s he built up

masks: Logan Logan Logan Logan Logan Logan Logan Logan Logan


texts: the staff of the GSC, adding a paleontologist, a chemist, more geologists, and a museum technician, amongst others. He also lobbied the government successfully for continued funding for the GSC, although he would use his own funds when necessary; he was an independently wealthy man, and to the despair of many parents hoping to snag him as a son-in-law, his response was always that he was "married to the rocks." By the late 1850s, <mask> had built the GSC into a well-rounded organization capable of conducting rigorous exploration, making maps, analyzing and identifying mineral and fossil specimens, producing reports, and maintaining a public museum. The 1850s saw the beginning of the great international expositions, and <mask> was a talented promoter of Canada's mineral resources abroad, starting with the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, the 1851 world fair at the Crystal Palace in London, England. A second similar opportunity came in 1855 with the Universal Exposition in Paris.Canada's participation in these high-profile events stimulated international interest in Canadian minerals and brought personal honours to <mask>. <mask> exhibited Charles and Henry's asphalt, where it won an honorable mention. He received the French Cross of the Legion of Honour from Napoleon III in 1855, and his greatest honour, his knighthood bestowed by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle in 1856. That same year he was awarded the Wollaston Medal, the highest award of the Geological Society of London. Throughout his career, <mask> was to receive dozens of prestigious awards. <mask> was also an influential museum builder. In 1856, he was authorized by the government to establish a Geological Museum open to the public – which he did at the GSC headquarters in Montreal.This museum was to grow through the years, and both the Canadian Museum of Nature and the Canadian Museum of History trace their

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 roots to it. One of the most important accomplishments of the GSC under <mask> was the publication in 1863 of the Geology of Canada. Representing all the work of the organization up to that date, this 983-page book recorded everything known about Canadian geology. It received national and international acclaim for its content, style, and precision. In 1864 <mask> founded the Geological Survey of Newfoundland, on request of the colonial government and appointed Alexander Murray as the first director. In 1869, <mask>'s geological map of Canada was published (the map is actually dated 1866). On a scale of 1 inch to 25 miles, it showed the geology and geography of southeastern Canada as far west as Manitoba and as far north as lakes St. John, Timiskaming, Nipigon, and St. Joseph.In 1864, a smaller scale version of this same map (1 inch to 125 miles) had been printed in atlas form, making it the first comprehensive illustration of the geology of what is now the southern part of Ontario and Quebec. <mask> retired in 1869 at the age of 71. He died at Castle Malgwyn in Wales, the home of his sister, Elizabeth Gower, on 22 June 1875, and is buried in the churchyard of St Llawddog at Cilgerran, Pembrokeshire, Wales. Posthumous honours
 <mask>, Canada's highest mountain, was named in <mask>'s honour in 1890 by I.C. Russell of the U.S. Geological Survey. The rare mineral Weloganite, discovered by GSC scientist Ann Sabina at the Francon Quarry in Montreal in 1966 was named in his honour. The Geological Association of Canada awards the Logan Medal, established in 1964, annually as its highest honour.Maclean's magazine, in July 1998, named <mask> 'Canada's Greatest Scientist' in their feature "The 100 Most Important Canadians in History." In 2005, the Literary Review of Canada chose <mask>'s landmark publication Geological Survey of Canada: Report of Progress from its Commencement to 1863 as one

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 of the 100 most important Canadian books. The list was intended to identify the books that had "changed our country's psychic landscape." Bibliography
 Winder, C. Gordon, LOGAN, Sir WILLIAM EDMOND, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol. X, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/logan_william_edmond_10E.html. Vodden, Christy, No Stone Unturned: The First 150 Years of the Geological Survey of Canada, Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, 1992
 Harrington, Bernard, J., Life of Sir <mask><mask>, Dawson Brothers, Montreal, 1883
 Smith, Charles and Dyck, Ian (editors), <mask><mask>'s 1845 Survey of the Upper Ottawa Valley, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau, 2007
 Winder, C. Gordon, <mask> <mask> (1798–1875): Knighted Canadian Geologist, Trafford on Demand Publishing, 2004

References

External links

 Written in Stone: <mask><mask> and the Geological Survey of Canada(English and French)
 Sir <mask> 1798 - 1875
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 <mask> <mask> (1798–1875): Canada's Super-Rocker!! Sir <mask> Online
 Sir <mask>, 200th birthday essay
 The History of the Geological Survey of Canada in 175 Objects
 L’histoire de la Commission géologique du Canada illustrée par 175 objets

1798 births
1875 deaths
19th-century Canadian scientists
19th-century Scottish people
Scientists from Montreal
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Université de Montréal alumni
19th-century Canadian civil servants
Geological Survey of Canada personnel
Canadian geologists
Canadian knights
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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Recipients of the Legion of Honour
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Scottish

masks:
William E
. Logan
William E
. Logan
William Edmond
Logan
William E
. Logan
William Logan
William Edmond
Logan
William Logan
William Logan


texts: <mask>. (born August 26, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is one of the NBA's most prolific scorers and has been called the best shooting guard in the NBA, as well as one of the top overall players in the league. He played college basketball for the Arizona State Sun Devils, where he was named a consensus All-American and Pac-10 Player of the Year in 2009. Harden was selected with the third overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Oklahoma City Thunder. In 2012, he was named NBA Sixth Man of the Year with the Thunder and helped the team reach the NBA Finals, where they lost to the Miami Heat in five games. Unhappy with his role playing behind team stars Kevin Durant and Russell Westbrook, he refused a contract extension offer from the Thunder, who traded him to the Houston Rockets before the 2012–13 season. In his first season with the team he set or matched several team records and was named to his first All-NBA Team (a third-team selection), as well as his first NBA All-Star team.Over the next seven and a half seasons with the team he would lead the league in scoring three times and assists once, and was named the NBA Most Valuable Player in . During his time in Houston, he was named to eight consecutive NBA All-Star teams and earned All-NBA Team honors seven times, including six first-team selections. In the beginning of the 2020–21 season, <mask> was traded to the Brooklyn Nets as part of a four-team trade. With the Nets, he was named to his ninth and tenth consecutive All-Star games. In October 2021, Harden was honored

masks:
James Edward Harden Jr
Harden


texts:
 as one of the league's greatest players of all time by being named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team. Harden is a two-time member of the United States national team, winning gold medals at the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2014 FIBA World Cup. High school career
Harden attended Artesia High School in Lakewood, California.In his sophomore year, he averaged 13.2 points as Artesia went 28–5. He improved his stats to 18.8 points, 7.7 boards and 3.5 assists in his junior season and led Artesia to the California state title and a 33–1 record. Artesia repeated as state champions in <mask>'s final year after going 33–2. Harden had similar stats during the previous season: 18.8 points, 7.9 rebounds, and 3.9 assists. He was named a McDonald's All-American, and also earned second-team Parade All-American honors. He also helped his AAU team, Pump-N-Run Elite, to the 2006 Las Vegas Adidas Super 64 championship. Harden had 34 points in the victory over a DC Assault team which included Michael Beasley, Nolan Smith and Austin Freeman.In the game against Houston Hoops, played on the same day, Harden had 33 points. In the final, Pump-N-Run Elite beat Kevin Love's Southern California All-Stars. College career
<mask>'s freshman year, Arizona State was picked to finish ninth in the Pac-10 Conference. Behind his 17.8 points, 5.3 rebounds and 3.2 assists per game, the Sun Devils went 21–13 (9–9) and finished tied for fifth in the Pac-10. They were considered a bubble team for the 2008 NCAA Tournament. Left out of the tournament, they were selected to the 2008 NIT field and defeated Alabama State and Southern Illinois before falling to defending

masks: Harden Harden


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 national champion Florida. After his freshman year, Harden was named first team All-Pac-10 and was named to the conference all-freshman team.He was also named first team All-District by the NABC and the USBWA. Entering his sophomore year, Harden appeared on many pre-season All-American lists and on the cover of the Sports Illustrated college basketball preview issue. He was named to the Wooden Award preseason watch list. On November 30, 2008, Harden scored a career-high 40 points in an 88–58 victory over UTEP. Harden finished his sophomore campaign with averages of 20.1 points, 5.6 rebounds, and 4.2 assists. He was named to the 2009 All-Pac 10 Tournament Team following Arizona State's defeat by USC at the Staples Center. Following the conference season, Harden was named the Pacific-10 Conference's Player of the Year.He was also named a consensus All-American. After the conclusion of the season (a second-round NCAA tournament loss to Syracuse), <mask> declared for the 2009 NBA draft. He employed Rob Pelinka as his agent. Professional career

Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–2012)

<mask> was selected with the third overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Oklahoma City Thunder. He recorded the fourth highest 3-point percentage in NBA history (.375) for a player under the age of 21 (minimum of 150 attempts) during the 2009–10 season. He connected on seven straight 3-point field goals over two games (November 18 and 20), recording the most consecutive 3-point makes by a rookie since Houston guard Michael Dickerson made eight straight in May 1999. He posted a season-high 26 points against the Golden State Warriors on December


texts:
 7, 2009.He was subsequently named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. During the 2010–11 season, he scored 10-plus points on 54 occasions, including a season-high 26 points against the Phoenix Suns on March 6, 2011. Harden averaged 16.8 points, 4.1 rebounds and 3.7 assists in 62 games (two starts) during the lockout-shortened 2011–12 season, as he received the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award. Harden scored in double-figures in all but four of his appearances during the season. He scored a season-high 40 points against Phoenix on April 18, 2012, becoming the first NBA player in a reserve role to score 40 points since Dallas guard Rodrigue Beaubois in March 2010. Harden helped the Thunder reach the 2012 NBA Finals, where they were defeated in five games by the Miami Heat. During the 2012 free agency period, Oklahoma City attempted to sign Harden to a four-year contract extension worth between $52 and $55 million.Harden later contended that he was given too little time to consider the offer. Houston Rockets (2012–2021)

2012–13 season

After failing to agree on a contract extension with the Thunder, <mask> was traded to the Houston Rockets on October 27, 2012, along with Daequan Cook, Cole Aldrich and Lazar Hayward, in exchange for Kevin Martin, Jeremy Lamb, two first round picks (which became Steven Adams in 2013 and Mitch McGary in 2014), and a second round pick (which became Álex Abrines in 2013). Rockets general manager Daryl Morey called Harden a "foundational" player and expected him to be Houston's featured player despite previously only playing a supporting role behind Kevin Durant and Russell Westbrook. On


texts: October 31, 2012, Harden signed a contract extension with the Rockets for five years worth $80 million. That same day, he became the first-ever NBA player to score 37 or more points while registering a double-digit assist total in his team debut, posting 37 points, a career-high 12 assists, six rebounds, four steals and one block in a 105–96 win over the Detroit Pistons. He became just the fourth NBA player in the last 25 years to post those totals in a single game and matched the third-highest point total for any NBA player in his team debut (most for Rockets debut). Two days later, he scored 45 points against the Atlanta Hawks.His 82 total points were the most scored by a player in his first two games with a team in NBA history, surpassing the previous mark held by Wilt Chamberlain, who scored 79 points in his first two career games with the Philadelphia Warriors in 1959. He registered the first triple-double of his career on February 2, 2013 against the Charlotte Bobcats, recording 21 points, 11 rebounds and 11 assists. <mask> was named as a reserve for the 2013 NBA All-Star Game, marking his first All-Star selection. He recorded 15 points, six rebounds and three assists in a 143–138 win by the West over the East. On February 20, 2013, <mask> scored a career-high 46 points in a 122–119 win over his former team, the Oklahoma City Thunder. Harden had one of the greatest statistical seasons in team history in his first campaign with Houston. He averaged 25.9 points (fifth-best in the NBA), 4.9 rebounds and 5.8 assists in 78 games (all starts), becoming just the fifth player in team history to reach 2,000 points in one


texts:
 campaign (2,023 points).He surpassed Moses Malone's team mark for free throws made in a season (630 FTM in 1981–82), joining Malone as the only two Rockets players to ever reach 600 free throws made in a single season. Harden joined Gilbert Arenas (2005–06 and 2006–07), Kobe Bryant (2005–06 and 2007–08) and Jerry Stackhouse (2000–01) as the only four players in NBA history to record at least 600 free throws made and hit 150 or more 3-pointers in one season. Harden joined Tracy McGrady (four times in 2004–05) and Hakeem Olajuwon (three times in 1992–93) as the only Rockets to ever capture Player of the Week honors three or more times in one season. He was named to the 2012-13 All-NBA Third Team, marking his first career All-NBA Team selection while becoming just the seventh player in Rockets history to earn All-NBA recognition. 2013–14 season
<mask> was selected by the head coaches as a reserve for the 2014 NBA All-Star Game, which marked his second consecutive All-Star selection. He was later named as a replacement starter for the All-Star Game, where he recorded eight points, five assists, one rebound and one steal in 23:46 of action. He was twice named Western Conference Player of the Week during the season, both coming in consecutive weeks (February 24 – March 2; March 3–9).He became the first Rockets player ever to pick up Player of the Week honors in consecutive weeks in the same season. On December 26, 2013 against the Memphis Grizzlies, <mask> became the first player in NBA history to register at least 27 points on two or fewer field goals made (2-9 FG), finishing with a career-best 22-of-25 from the stripe and


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 tying the Rockets single-game record for free throws made (22-27 FT by Sleepy Floyd in February 1991). On February 5, 2014 against the Phoenix Suns, Harden played in his 120th game with Houston, scoring 23 points on 12-for-12 from the foul line to become just the third player to score at least 3,000 points in his first 120 games played with the Rockets, joining Elvin Hayes (3,320) and Tracy McGrady (3,056). On February 25, 2014, he scored a season-high 43 points in a 129–103 win over the Sacramento Kings. At the season's end, he earned All-NBA First Team honors. 2014–15 season
Over the first two months of the season, <mask> was in MVP contention. On December 11, 2014, he scored a season-high 44 points in a 113–109 overtime win over the Sacramento Kings.On December 13, 2014, he recorded his third career triple-double with 24 points, 10 assists and 10 rebounds in a 108–96 win over the Denver Nuggets. On December 22, 2014, he tied his season high with 44 points in a 110–95 win over the Portland Trail Blazers. On January 19, 2015, Harden set a new season high with 45 points against the Indiana Pacers. He tied that mark with 45 points against the Trail Blazers on February 8, 2015. On February 23, 2015, he recorded his second triple-double of the season with 31 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists in a 113–102 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. On March 6, 2015, he recorded his third triple-double of the season with 38 points, 12 rebounds and 12 assists in a 103–93 win over the Detroit Pistons. On March 19, 2015, he scored a career-high 50 points against the Denver Nuggets.He topped that mark with 51 points against the


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 Kings on April 1, 2015. It was his 33rd 30-point game of the season and his ninth 40-point game of the season. He became the first player in franchise history to have two 50-point games in a season. Four days later, he had 41 points against the Oklahoma City Thunder for his 10th 40-point game of the season. In the Rockets' regular season finale on April 15, Harden recorded his fourth triple-double of the season with 16 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists in a 117–91 win over the Utah Jazz. He helped the Rockets win their first division title since 1994 and clinched the No. 2 seed in the Western Conference.<mask> was again named to the All-NBA First Team, and finished second in the NBA MVP voting behind Stephen Curry. <mask> was later voted the inaugural National Basketball Players Association's MVP for the 2014–15 season. In Game 5 of the Rockets' second round playoff series against the Los Angeles Clippers, Harden recorded his first career playoff triple-double with 26 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists. In Game 4 of the Western Conference Finals against the Golden State Warriors, Harden scored a playoff career-high 45 points. In Game 5 of the Western Conference Finals, Harden had a forgettable finale, with a playoff-record 13 turnovers and 14 points on 2-of-11 shooting. 2015–16 season
<mask> scored 43 points against the Sacramento Kings on November 6, followed by 46 points against the Los Angeles Clippers the next night. He subsequently became the first Rocket to score 43-plus points in consecutive games since Malone had two streaks of three games doing so during the 1981–82 season.On November 18, head coach Kevin

masks: Harden Harden Harden


texts: McHale was fired after the Rockets began the season with a 4–7 record. Later that night, <mask> scored 45 points in a 108–103 overtime win over the Portland Trail Blazers. On November 27, he scored 50 points in a 116–114 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. <mask> was 14 for 28 from the field and 16 for 20 at the line in his third career game with 50 or more points. On January 20, <mask> had his first triple-double of the season and seventh of his career with 33 points, a career-high 17 rebounds and 14 assists in a 123–114 loss to the Detroit Pistons. He became the first player to have at least 33 points, 17 rebounds and 14 assists in a game since Wilt Chamberlain had 53 points, 32 rebounds and 14 assists for Philadelphia in March 1968. On January 24, he recorded his second triple-double of the season with 23 points, 15 rebounds and 10 assists in a 115–104 win over the Dallas Mavericks.On March 25, he recorded his third triple-double of the season with 32 points, 13 assists and 11 rebounds in a 112–109 win over the Toronto Raptors. <mask> finished March with 457 points, 152 assists and 102 rebounds, becoming the first player to record at least 450 points, 150 assists and 100 rebounds in a single month since Oscar Robertson did it in December 1967. Harden finished the 2015–16 season with 374 turnovers, besting Artis Gilmore's mark of 366 in 1977–78, the first season the NBA recorded turnovers. Harden set career marks in points (29), assists (7.5) and rebounds (6.1) to join LeBron <mask>, Michael Jordan and Oscar Robertson as the only players in NBA history to average at least 29 points, seven assists and six rebounds in a

masks: Harden Harden Harden Harden James


texts:
 season. 2016–17 season

On July 9, 2016, Harden signed a four-year, $118.1 million contract extension with the Rockets. In September 2016, new Rockets head coach Mike D'Antoni announced that Harden would take on the point guard role to begin the 2016–17 season. In the Rockets' season opener on October 26, Harden had 34 points, a career-high 17 assists, and eight rebounds in a 120–114 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers, becoming just the second player in NBA history to record at least 30 points and 15 assists in an opener; Tim Hardaway had 32 and 18 for the Golden State Warriors in 1990.On December 14, he recorded 15 points, 14 assists and 11 rebounds in just three quarters to lead the Rockets to a 132–98 win over the Sacramento Kings. It was <mask>'s fifth triple-double of the season and the 14th of his career, tying him with Hakeem Olajuwon for most in franchise history. He set the franchise record two days later with his sixth triple-double of the season and 15th of his career. In the Rockets' 122–110 win over the New Orleans Pelicans, <mask> helped the team set an NBA-record with 24 three-pointers, as he finished with 29 points, 11 rebounds and 13 assists. On December 23, he tied a career high with 17 assists in a 115–109 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies. On December 30, he recorded his seventh triple-double of the season with 30 points, 13 rebounds and 10 assists in a 140–116 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. On December 31, 2016, <mask> recorded yet another triple-double with 53 points, 17 assists and 16 rebounds in a 129–122 win over the New York Knicks, becoming the first player in NBA history to finish with a


texts: 50-15-15 stat line.He tied Wilt Chamberlain for the most points in a triple-double in NBA history—Chamberlain pulled the feat during the 1967–68 season, with 53 points, 32 rebounds and 14 assists. Harden set career highs for points and three-pointers (with nine) and matched his career best for assists. It was his 17th career triple-double and his fourth career 50-point game. Two days later, he recorded his ninth triple-double of the season in a win over the Washington Wizards and was named Western Conference Player of the Week for a third time. It was <mask>'s 12th Player of the Week honor, matching Hakeem Olajuwon for the most Player of the Week awards in franchise history. Harden's career-best December run earned him Western Conference Player of the Month honors. His 10th and 11th triple-doubles came in back-to-back games on January 8 and 10, both resulting in wins.His two performances saw him become the fourth player in NBA history with at least 40 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in consecutive games—Pete Maravich, Michael Jordan and Russell Westbrook are the three others to do it. His 12th and 13th triple-doubles came in back-to-back games on January 15 and 17. On January 27, he recorded his 14th triple-double of the season with 51 points, 13 rebounds and 13 assists in a 123–118 win over the Philadelphia 76ers, becoming the first player in NBA history with multiple 50-point triple-doubles in a season. On February 3 against the Chicago Bulls, Harden scored his 10,000th point as a Rocket, passing Yao Ming for sixth place in franchise history. On February 11, he scored 40 points in three quarters (his ninth


texts:
 40-point game of the season) to help the Rockets win 133–102 over the Phoenix Suns. He played just 29 minutes against the Suns to become the first Rockets player since Sleepy Floyd in 1991 to score 40 points in less than 30 minutes. On February 15, he recorded his 15th triple-double of the season with 38 points 12 rebounds and 12 assists in a 117–109 loss to the Miami Heat.Between March 12 and 18, he had four straight triple-doubles, giving him 19 for the season. He finished the regular season with 22 triple-doubles and became the first player in NBA history to finish the regular season with at least 2,000 points (2,356), 900 assists (907) and 600 rebounds (659). He placed second in league MVP voting to former teammate Westbrook. In Game 5 of the Rockets' second round playoff series against the San Antonio Spurs, Harden recorded his second career postseason triple-double with 33 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in a 110–107 overtime loss; the loss saw the Rockets go down 3–2 in the series. The Rockets were eliminated by the Spurs with a 114–75 loss in Game 6. Harden capped his stellar season by tying a season low with 10 points on 2-of-11 shooting before fouling out with 3:15 left. 2017–18 season: MVP season
On July 8, 2017, <mask> signed a four-year contract extension with the Rockets for approximately $160 million, giving him a total six-year deal with $228 million guaranteed—the richest contract in NBA history.On November 5, he scored a career-high 56 points in a 137–110 win over the Utah Jazz, falling just shy of Calvin Murphy's 57-point franchise record set in 1978. <mask> joined Wilt Chamberlain as the only


texts: players in NBA history to have at least 10 assists and shoot better than 75 percent from the field in a 50-point performance. On November 16, he had 23 of his 48 points in the second quarter while the Rockets scored 90 points in the first half en route to a 142–116 win over the Phoenix Suns. The Rockets made 61 percent of their first-half shots to get the second-most points in a first half in NBA history. He went on to become the first player in team history to score at least 20 points in each of the team's first 20 games of a season. Harden was named Western Conference Player of the Month for games played in October and November, marking the fifth time <mask> has received the honor, all coming as a Rocket. On December 9, he scored 48 points to help the Rockets rally from a 14-point, fourth-quarter deficit to beat the Portland Trail Blazers 124–117, scoring at least 20 points in each of Houston's 24 games, becoming only the second player to accomplish such a feat since the 1990–91 season.On December 20, despite <mask>'s 51 points, the Rockets were defeated 122–116 by the Los Angeles Lakers, ending their 14-game winning streak. <mask> set a franchise record by scoring at least 20 points in his 30th straight game. The previous record was held by Malone, who did it in 29 straight games in the 1981–82 season. Two days later, <mask> had a second straight 51-point performance in a 128–118 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers. It was <mask>'s third 50-point game of the season and he became the first player in franchise history to have two straight 50-point games. He also became the first NBA player to score 50 or more in

masks: Harden Harden Harden Harden Harden


texts: consecutive games since Kobe Bryant did so in four straight in March 2007. On December 31 against the Lakers, <mask> scored 40 points before leaving with a hamstring injury late in the fourth quarter.Without Harden, the Rockets won 148–142 in double overtime. The following day, he was ruled out for two weeks with a Grade 2 hamstring strain. He missed seven games as a result. On January 26, he had 23 points and 11 assists in a 115–113 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans. <mask> moved into second in Rockets history in assists with 3,347, passing Allen Leavell's 3,339. On January 30, in a 114–107 win over the Orlando Magic, <mask> became the first player in NBA history to score 60 points as part of a triple-double, finishing with 10 rebounds and 11 assists for his third triple-double of the season. Harden scored 18 points in the fourth quarter to eclipse the 57 points Calvin Murphy scored in 1978 to break Houston's single-game scoring record.It was his fourth 50-point game of the season and bested his previous career high of 56 points set in November against Utah. On March 25, he helped the Rockets reach 60 wins in a season for the first time in franchise history, recording a triple-double (fourth of season, 35th of career) with 18 points, 15 assists and 10 rebounds in three quarters in a 118–99 win over the Atlanta Hawks. The Rockets finished the regular season as the No. 1 seed for the first time in franchise history, with a franchise-best 65–17 record. Harden won his first scoring title, averaging 30.4 points per game, second in franchise history to Malone's 31.1 in 1981–82. In Game 1 of the Rockets' first-round playoff


texts:
 series against the Minnesota Timberwolves, Harden scored 44 points in a 104–101 win. In Game 1 of their second-round series against the Jazz, Harden scored 41 points in a 110–96 win.It was his sixth 40-point playoff game of his career. In Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals, <mask> scored 41 points in a 119–106 loss to the Golden State Warriors. In Game 4 against the Warriors, <mask> scored a game-high 30 points to help the Rockets even the series at 2–2 with a 95–92 win. In Game 6, he recorded 32 points, nine assists and seven rebounds in a 115–86 loss. Despite a 32-point effort from Harden in Game 7, the Rockets were eliminated from the playoffs with a 101–92 defeat. In June, <mask> was named the NBA Most Valuable Player for the 2017–18 season, becoming the third player in franchise history to receive the award, joining Moses Malone (1978–79 and 1981–82) and Hakeem Olajuwon (1993–94). That same month, he was voted the National Basketball Players Association's MVP for the 2017–18 season, earning the honor for a second time.2018–19 season

The Rockets started the season with an 11–14 record. By the end of December, Harden had carried the Rockets to a 21–15 record with fellow All-Star Chris Paul out with a hamstring injury. On January 11, he had 43 points, 10 rebounds and 12 assists in three quarters to lead the Rockets to a 141–113 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. He also made eight 3-pointers to extend his NBA record to 12 games in a row with at least five. It was <mask>'s 13th game of the season with 40 points, surpassing Malone's franchise record, and his seventh in the previous nine games as he continued to

masks: Harden Harden Harden Harden


texts: carry the team with Paul and Eric Gordon out with injuries. In the following game on January 13, Harden scored 38 points but was just 1 for 17 on 3-point attempts in a 116–109 loss to the Orlando Magic. On January 14, he scored 57 points in a 112–94 win over the Memphis Grizzlies.On January 16, he scored 58 points in a 145–142 overtime loss to the Brooklyn Nets. On January 23, he scored a career-high 61 points to go with 15 rebounds in a 114–110 win over the New York Knicks, thus setting the fourth-longest streak for 30-point games in NBA history at 21—at the time, Wilt Chamberlain held the three longer streaks (65, 31 and 25). With 37 points on January 29 against the New Orleans Pelicans, Harden extended his streak of 30-point games to 24 and had his 11th straight game with at least 35 points. With 30 points against the Denver Nuggets on February 1 and 43 points against the Utah Jazz on February 2, Harden set the third-longest streak in NBA history for games with 30-plus points. With 42 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves on February 13, Harden scored 30 or more points for the 31st consecutive game, tying Chamberlain for the second-longest streak in league history. On February 21, in the Rockets' first game after the All-Star break, Harden scored 30 points against the Los Angeles Lakers for his 32nd consecutive game with 30-plus points. After missing the Rockets' next game with an illness and a strained neck, his return game on February 25 saw him score 28 points against the Atlanta Hawks, snapping his 32-game streak with at least 30.On February 28, he scored 58 points in a 121–118 win over the Miami Heat. On


texts: March 19, he scored 31 points in a win against the Hawks and became the first player in NBA history to score 30 or more points against all 29 other teams in a single season. On March 20, he scored 57 points in a 126–125 overtime loss to the Memphis Grizzlies, marking his seventh 50-point game of the season. Two days later, he matched his career high with 61 points, including 27 in the first quarter, to lead the Rockets to a 111–105 victory over the San Antonio Spurs. For these performances, he received his fourth Western Conference Player of the Week honor of the 2018–19 season. On March 31, Harden had 50 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists in a 119–108 win over the Sacramento Kings to record his ninth 50-point game of the regular season. It was his fifth career 50-point triple-double, the most of any player in NBA history.He also became the ninth player in NBA history to make 2,000 3-pointers in their career. After a 135–103 victory against the Los Angeles Clippers on April 3, he became the third person in NBA history to record 2,700+ points and 500+ assists in a single season. In a 149–113 blowout win against the Phoenix Suns on April 7, Harden's 30-point, 13-rebound, nine-assist, and two-steal performance matched and broke several records: he tied Kobe Bryant for the most 30-point games in one season for any NBA player in the past 30 years with 56 games; became the second player in NBA History (Michael Jordan, 1989–90) to record 2,700 points, 500 assists, and 500 rebounds in one season; and joined Michael Jordan as the only player to average at least 30 points, seven assists, five rebounds and two steals in one


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 season. He finished the season with the largest scoring margin (8.1 points per game) over the second-leading scorer since Wilt Chamberlain in 1962–63. Harden led the Rockets to a Game 2 win against the Utah Jazz with 32 points, 13 rebounds, and 10 assists—his third career triple-double during the postseason—to give the Rockets a 2–0 series lead in the first round. In Game 3 against the Jazz, he had one of the worst shooting nights of his career when he started the game 0-of-15, a figure breaking the NBA playoff record for most missed consecutive shots without a make in a game since Michael Jordan went 0-of-11 in an 87–80 loss against the Miami Heat in the 1997 Eastern Conference Finals. However, he finished the game with 22 points on 3-of-20 shooting, 10 assists, six steals, and four rebounds to lead the Rockets to a 104–101 win, putting the series at 3–0.The Rockets went on to lose 4–2 to the Warriors in the conference semifinals. At the season's end, he was unanimously selected to his fifth All-NBA First Team, and he was announced a finalist for the MVP award. 2019–20 season

After a disappointing start to the season shooting 28.6% from the field and 15% from the three-point line in the first three games, Harden scored 59 points on 18–32 shooting from the field, along with nine assists in a 159–158 win against the Washington Wizards on October 30, 2019—two points away from his career-high. With this game, Harden extended a streak of having a 50-point game in 6 straight seasons, the 2nd-longest streak in NBA history behind Wilt Chamberlain (10 straight seasons, 1959–69). On November 11, 2019, he was named the Western


texts: Conference's Player of the Week after the Rockets went 3–0, Harden recording a double-double in each game and averaging 40.7 points, scoring 22 3-pointers on 43.1% shooting; 9.3 assists; 8.0 rebounds; 2.33 steals; and 1.33 blocks. Harden has scored a total of 334 points in 318 minutes of play this season, the highest total through the first nine games of a season since Michael Jordan scored 337 in 1988–89. Harden, at this point in the season, hit 39 3-pointers, marking the fourth-highest total through the first nine games of a season and the most by a player besides Stephen Curry.On November 30, 2019, in a 158–111 blowout win against the Atlanta Hawks, <mask> got his fourth career 60-point game—tied for third-most with Michael Jordan—with a season-high 60 points along with 8 assists in 31 minutes. With this game, Harden joins Klay Thompson and Kobe Bryant as the only players to hit 60 points in just three quarters. His 24 shot attempts are the fewest ever in a 60-point game in NBA history. <mask> is currently the only active player who has scored 60 points more than once. On December 11, 2019, <mask> got his fourth 50-point game of the season with 55 points on an efficient 20-of-34 field goal shooting and 10-of-18 from three in a 116–110 win against the Cleveland Cavaliers. He became the fourth player in NBA history with multiple games of 10 or more 3-pointers, joining Stephen Curry (15), Klay Thompson (5), and J.R. Smith (3). He continued his scoring rampage in the following 130–107 win against the Orlando Magic on December 13, 2019, where he got his second 50-point game in a row—the third time in his career where he


texts: has scored back-to-back 50-point games—with 54 points on 19-of-31 field goal shooting and 10-of-15 from three, in addition to seven assists, and five rebounds.In this game, <mask> became the second player in NBA history to score 10+ 3PM in consecutive games, joining Stephen Curry, who did this in February 2016, and he also passed Paul Pierce for eighth in the all-time career three-pointers made list. He also became the first player in NBA history to have 50+ points and 10+ 3PM in back-to-back games. Before those last two performances, only three times had a player attempted seven or less free throws while scoring 54 or more points in a game; Harden did it twice that week. On December 21, 2019, <mask> passed Elgin Baylor for most 40-point games in NBA history with 40 points a 139–125 win against the Phoenix Suns. He became the Western Conference player of the month for December for his historical and efficient scoring tear during the month. He finished the decade as the NBA's leading scorer with 19,578 points going back to January 1, 2010 despite beginning his career as a sixth man with the Oklahoma City Thunder. In the Rockets’ first game after the suspension of the season due to COVID-19, <mask> became the second highest scorer in franchise history after a 49 point, 9 rebound, 8 assist, 3 steal, 3 block, and 1 turnover performance on 70% shooting from the field in a 153–149 comeback overtime victory over the Dallas Mavericks.He also became the only player in NBA history with the most consecutive seasons with 20+ games scoring 40+ points since Wilt Chamberlain. He became the league's scoring champion for the third


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 season in a row and the league leader in total steals. He additionally became a finalist for the MVP award and was named to the NBA's All-Seeding First Team. Houston was eliminated from the playoffs in the second round by the Lakers. 2020–21 season
During the off-season, general manager Morey and head coach D'Antoni left the Rockets. Harden demanded a trade in November 2020, and reported to training camp late. On December 26, he put up a season-high 44 points and tied a career-high 17 assists in a 128–126 overtime loss to the Portland Trail Blazers.Brooklyn Nets (2021–2022)

2020–21 season
On January 14, 2021, <mask> was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in a four-team deal which involved the Cleveland Cavaliers and Indiana Pacers, sending Rodions Kurucs, Dante Exum, Victor Oladipo, four first-round draft picks and four first-round pick swaps to the Rockets. On January 16, he recorded 32 points, 12 rebounds and 14 assists in a 122–115 win over the Orlando Magic, becoming the first player in franchise history and the seventh player in NBA history to log a triple-double in their team debut. Harden also set the record for being the first player in NBA history to post a 30-point triple-double debut performance, while also setting a franchise record for the most assists in a player's first game with the Nets. On February 2, <mask> earned his first Eastern Conference Player of the Week honor, after logging a double-double average with 25.3 points and 11.3 assists over three games. On February 19, Harden posted a double-double with 23 points and 11 assists in a 108–98 win over the Los Angeles Lakers, becoming the first player in


texts: franchise history to log a double-double in eleven consecutive games. On February 22, <mask> was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week, after leading the Nets to four straight wins. He averaged 31.8 points, 9.0 rebounds, 10.8 assists and 1.3 steals per game.The following day, <mask> was named an Eastern Conference reserve for the 2021 NBA All-Star Game, marking his ninth consecutive All-Star selection. On March 1, <mask> logged his seventh career triple-double as a Net with 30 points, 15 assists and 14 rebounds in a 124–113 overtime victory against the San Antonio Spurs, giving the franchise their first win in San Antonio in 19 years. In his efforts, <mask> became the first player in league history to post a 30–15–10 stat line with zero turnovers in a game since individual turnovers were first tracked during the 1977–78 season. The following day, <mask> was named Eastern Conference Player of the Month for the month of February. The honor was the eleventh of his career and first as a Net, making him the first Net to win the award since Vince Carter in April 2007. <mask> led the franchise to an Eastern Conference-best 9–4 record in February, recording averages of 25.6 points, 8.8 rebounds, an Eastern Conference-leading 10.7 assists and 1.2 steals in 36.8 minutes per game. On March 13, <mask> logged his ninth triple-double as a Net with 24 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in a 100–95 win against the Detroit Pistons, surpassing Larry Bird on the league’s all-time scoring list.He now sits at 34th overall with 21,792 points, one more point than Bird. On March 15, <mask> registered his tenth triple-double as a Net

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texts: with 21 points, 15 assists and 15 rebounds in a 117–112 victory against the New York Knicks, becoming the first player in franchise history to log at least 15 points, 15 rebounds and 15 assists in a game. On March 17, <mask> posted a season-high 40 points, 10 rebounds and 15 assists in a 124–115 win over the Indiana Pacers, joining Carter as the only Nets players with a 40-point triple-double. He also became the fourth player in NBA history with 100 40-point games and became second all-time in 40-point triple-doubles with 16, behind only Oscar Robertson who had 24. In his efforts, Harden’s first two points of the game give him 21,815 points in his career, moving him past Gary Payton into 33rd overall in the league’s all-time scoring list while his fourth assist of the first quarter was the 5,637th of his career, moving him past Chauncey Billups into 45th place in the NBA's all-time assist leader. On March 26, <mask>, who missed a game against the Utah Jazz due to neck soreness, returned to the Nets and logged a season-high 44 points, 14 rebounds and eight assists in a 113–111 win over the Detroit Pistons. On March 29, <mask> logged his twelfth triple-double in 32 games as a Net with 38 points, 11 rebounds and 13 assists in a 112–107 victory against the Minnesota Timberwolves, tying Jason Kidd’s franchise record for triple-doubles in a season who did it twice in 80 and 51 games, respectively.On April 1, <mask> was named Eastern Conference Player of the Month for the month of March. The honor was <mask>'s second as a Net, becoming the first player in league history to earn Player of the Month honors in each of his first


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 two full months with a new team since the award's inception in 1979–80. He also set a record for being the first player in franchise history to earn Player of the Month honors in consecutive months. <mask> led the Nets to an NBA-best 11–2 record in March, recording averages of 27.9 points on 43.8 percent shooting from the field and 87.7 percent shooting from the free-throw line, 9.8 rebounds, 11.5 assists, 1.6 steals in 38.8 minutes per game. <mask>'s franchise-record six triple-doubles of the month carried the Nets into first place in the Eastern Conference for the first time since 2003. After missing 18 games due to a strained hamstring, <mask> returned to action on May 12. Coming off the bench for the first time since 2012, Harden posted a double-double with 18 points and 11 assists in a 128–116 win over the San Antonio Spurs.In Game 5 of the first round of the playoffs, <mask> posted a triple-double with 34 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists in a 123–109 win to close out the series. In the first minute of Game 1 against the Milwaukee Bucks in the conference semifinals, <mask> re-injured his hamstring and missed the remainder of the game, as well as the next three games of the series. <mask> made his return in Game 5 of the series, a 114–108 comeback win. In Game 7, Harden had 22 points, 9 rebounds, and 9 assists in the 111–115 overtime loss. 2021–22 season
On October 22, 2021, <mask> put up 20 points, seven rebounds and eight assists in a 114–109 win over the Philadelphia 76ers, moving past Kyle Korver for fourth on the all-time three-pointers made list. On November 12, Harden had a season-high 39 points, 5

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 rebounds and 12 assists in a 120–112 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. On November 19, Harden recorded 36 points, 10 rebounds and 8 assists in a 115–113 win against the Orlando Magic.On December 14, <mask> entered health-and-safety protocols, causing him to miss the next three games. <mask> made his return against the Los Angeles Lakers on December 25, where he recorded 36 points, 10 rebounds, 10 assists and 3 blocks in the 122–115 win. On December 27, Harden had 39 points, 8 rebounds and a season-high 15 assists in a 124–108 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. On January 15, 2022, Harden had 27 points, 8 rebounds and tied a season-high 15 assists in a 120–105 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. On January 21, Harden scored 37 points, grabbed 10 rebounds and dished out 11 assists in a 117–102 win over the San Antonio Spurs. On February 3, <mask> was named an Eastern Conference reserve for the 2022 NBA All-Star Game, making his tenth straight All-Star selection. Philadelphia 76ers (2022–present)
On February 10, 2022, Brooklyn traded <mask> and Paul Millsap to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for Ben Simmons, Seth Curry, Andre Drummond, and two first-round selections.On February 25, <mask> made his Sixers debut, putting up 27 points, 12 assists, and eight rebounds in a 133–102 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. In the following game on February 27, <mask> logged his 68th career triple-double and first as a Seventy Sixer with a season-high 16 assists to go with his 29 points, 10 rebounds and 5 steals in a 125–109 win against the New York Knicks. He became the first player in NBA history to record 25 plus points and 10

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 or more assists in his first two games with a new team. Player profile

Standing at 6 feet 5 inches tall (1.96 m) in shoes and weighing 220 pounds (100 kg), Harden plays mostly at the shooting guard position, but he is capable of playing the point guard position. He is the highest all-time left-handed scorer in NBA history. With season averages of over 25 points per game since the 2012–13 season, Harden is considered one of the most versatile and dangerous scorers in the NBA. ESPN named him the 5th best shooter in the NBA throughout the entire 2010s decade.He possesses a wide array of offensive moves; two of the most prominent among them being his Euro step and his step-back jumper. Since his trade to the Houston Rockets in the 2012–13 NBA season, he has scored the most points in the NBA. He is the all-time NBA leader in unassisted three-point makes. He has also gained notoriety for his ability to exploit league rules in order to more efficiently draw fouls and get to the free throw line, from which he is a career 85.7% shooter. He is the all-time leader in 3-point shooting fouls drawn, and he has led the NBA in free throw attempts and makes every year since the 2014–15 season. He is also the all-time leader in completed four-point plays, passing Sixth Man of the Year Jamal Crawford with his 54. Though primarily a scorer, he is also known for his playmaking ability, orchestrating the Rockets' offense with his elevated assist numbers.During the early portion of the 2016–17 season, Rockets head coach Mike D'Antoni played Harden at point guard, which resulted in him averaging over 10 assists per game for the first time


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 in his career. He is also the all-time franchise leader in assists for the Rockets. While he has garnered acclaim for his prowess on the offensive end, Harden has built a reputation as a poor defender. Criticism of his defense intensified in early 2014, when a video titled "<mask>: Defensive Juggernaut" featuring eleven minutes worth of clips of Harden conceding field goals, was circulated on the Internet. During the 2014 offseason, he committed to an improvement on defense, which manifested as early as August of that year as a member of the United States men's national basketball team. His improved defense carried over to the following season, and has been cited as a major reason for the Rockets' regular season success. Another negative aspect of his game that is sometimes brought up by pundits are his turnovers.Harden set the NBA record for turnovers during the 2015–16 season and broke it again the following season. National team career

<mask> was a member of the United States national team that won a gold medal at the 2012 Olympics, and was also a member of the team that won the FIBA Basketball World Cup in 2014. Harden was a candidate for the 2016 Olympics, but he withdrew from the team. Before his birth, after that of his older sister, their mother suffered a string of miscarriages. <mask> is a Christian. He has talked about his faith, saying, "I just want to thank God for everything he has done in my life". Harden started growing his trademark beard in 2009 after being too lazy to shave.His beard has appeared in songs and T-shirts, and it earned him an endorsement and a unique candy with Trolli's where a

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 depiction of his face and beard was shown on each gummy. On August 3, 2015, the sports apparel company Adidas submitted an endorsement deal to Harden worth $200 million over the next 13 years. On July 18, 2019, Harden became a part owner in Houston's professional soccer teams; the Houston Dynamo of MLS and the Houston Dash of NWSL. Harden explained his decision by saying "Houston is my home now, and I saw this as a way to invest in my city and expand my business interests at the same time" as well as "This is my city and I'm here to stay". Politics
On October 4, 2019, Houston Rockets general manager Daryl Morey issued a tweet that supported the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. Morey's tweet resulted in the Chinese Basketball Association's suspension of its relationship with the Houston Rockets. <mask> later apologized to China, saying: "We apologize.We love


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<mask> (;  1235 – 24 March 1284), also called <mask> of Antioch-Lusignan and the Great, was the king of Cyprus from 1267 and king of Jerusalem from 1268. Born into the family of the princes of Antioch, he effectively ruled as regent for underage kings <mask> of Cyprus and <mask> of Jerusalem for several years. Prevailing over the claims of his cousin <mask> of Brienne, he succeeded both young monarchs upon their deaths and appeared poised to be an effective political and military leader. As the first king of Jerusalem to reside in the kingdom since the 1220s, <mask> tried to restore the royal domain, reassert royal authority over the increasingly independent mainland vassals, and prevent further loss of territory to the Egyptian Mamluks. Marital alliances brought to him steadfast loyalty of the most powerful noble families, the Ibelins and the Montforts, but his efforts on the mainland were doomed to failure by the hostility of the Venetian merchants and the Knights Templar. His insular vassals, on the other hand, resented his determination to deploy Cypriot armies in defense of the Crusader states. In 1275 he failed to establish himself as regent of the County of Tripoli.Most problematically, <mask>'s right to the throne of Jerusalem was challenged by his aunt Maria of Antioch, who sold her claim to Charles I of Anjou in 1277. With the support of the Venetians and the Templars, Charles promptly took Acre, the last city on the mainland that belonged directly to the king. After two unsuccessful attempts to regain Acre, <mask> died in Tyre, a mainland city held by the loyal Montforts. He was succeeded by his son John I. Background
<mask> was the son of Isabella of Cyprus and Henry of Antioch, who married  1233. Isabella was the sister of King Henry I of Cyprus, while <mask>'s father was the youngest son of Prince Bohemond

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 IV of Antioch. <mask>'s maternal grandmother, Alice of Champagne, was an unsuccessful claimant to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.As the heir presumptive to her grandnephew King Conrad II of Jerusalem, she was selected to rule the kingdom as regent in 1243. She died in 1246 and the regency passed to her son, Henry I of Cyprus, passing over the claim of her half-sister Melisende of Cyprus. King Henry ruled the mainland kingdom as regent until his death in 1253. <mask>'s mother brought him up along with his cousin <mask> of Brienne, son of her deceased older sister, Maria. He married Isabella, a member of the House of Ibelin, who were the leading nobility of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The marriage, or at least a betrothal, took place in 1255, when a dispensation was issued. <mask> was handsome and charming, but disadvantaged by his bad temper and tactlessness.Regency

<mask>'s mother, Isabella, was the aunt of the young King <mask> of Cyprus and his closest relative of royal blood. The king's mother, Plaisance of Antioch, ruled on his behalf as regent until her death in 1261. Isabella then stood to assume the regency as <mask>'s heir presumptive. She ceded the regency to her son, <mask> of Antioch, who proved to be an able ruler. As <mask> II was also heir presumptive to King <mask> of Jerusalem, who lived in Europe, he was entitled to govern the Kingdom of Jerusalem as regent. But since he was a minor, that regency needed to be exercised by his next of kin, and Isabella accepted that role in 1263. Isabella died in 1264, and a dispute arose between <mask> of Brienne and <mask> of Antioch.The former claimed that he should now exercise the regency in Jerusalem because his mother was older than <mask> of Antioch's. But, as regent of Cyprus, <mask> of Antioch could contribute more militarily to the dwindling mainland

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 kingdom, and was better connected, being the first cousin of Prince Bohemond VI of Antioch as well as being married into the powerful Ibelin family. The High Court of Jerusalem ruled that, since the contenders were equally close relatives of the young king, the elder of them should have priority, and that was <mask> of Antioch. Being chosen as regent effectively marked <mask> of Antioch as the heir presumptive of <mask> II. As regent, <mask> considered it his duty to defend the Crusader states. He was the first ruler of Cyprus in over a decade to deploy Cypriot army in defense of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. His army, however, came too late to prevent the Mamluk ruler of Egypt, Baibars, from conquering Caesarea Maritima, Arsur, Haifa, Safed, Toron, and Chastel Neuf.<mask> likely focused on reinforcing the defence of Acre, the sole remaining royal city on the mainland. Reign

Accessions

14-year-old King <mask> died in December 1267, not having reached majority, and was duly succeeded as king of Cyprus by his cousin and regent <mask> of Antioch (<mask>). <mask>'s coronation took place in the Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Nicosia on 25 December 1267. In May 1268 the new king sailed to Acre to be recognized as the formal regent, and thus heir presumptive, of <mask> of Jerusalem. The High Court was prepared to accept him, but he was surprised to find his claim challenged by his aunt Maria of Antioch. She insisted that she had the better claim to regency due to being a nearer relative of Conrad; whereas <mask> was a great-grandchild of their common ancestor, Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem, Maria was a grandchild. Maria's case was legally stronger and, unlike <mask>, she had come prepared for debate.<mask>, however, was a more desirable choice, as he was a man, experienced in government, and with troops at disposal. Earlier in 1268

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 Baibars had conquered Jaffa, Beaufort, and Antioch, which prompted the High Court to rule in <mask>'s favour. On 29 October 1268, Conrad was executed in Naples by the orders of Charles I of Anjou, who had conquered Conrad's Kingdom of Sicily. <mask> thus became king of Jerusalem too. Instead of appointing a bailli to rule his new kingdom on his behalf, <mask> divided his time between Cyprus and Acre. For the first time since the 1220s the mainland kingdom had a resident monarch. Policy
The barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem had grown independent from royal authority during the reigns of the absentee kings.<mask> tried to improve the system of government, introducing an inner council and the use of a privy seal, both likely imports from Cyprus. The regents had alienated much of the royal domain through legally tenuous grants, which became invalid on <mask>'s accession. The most notable cases were the grants of the lordships of Arsur to the Knights Hospitaller, Sidon to the Knights Templar, and Tyre to Philip of Montfort. <mask> refused to accept this as a fait accompli, but was willing to compromise to find solutions. His policy centred on fostering close relations with the Montforts, a powerful family which held the important city of Tyre. With Philip he reached an agreement providing that <mask>'s sister, Margaret, would marry Philip's son John, to whom Philip would cede Tyre, and that <mask> would enfeoff John and his descendants by Margaret with Tyre. The agreement enabled <mask> to be crowned, despite Maria's protests, on 24 September 1269 by the bishop of Lydda in the Cathedral of Tyre, where kings and queens of Jerusalem had been crowned since the loss of the city of Jerusalem in 1187.In June 1271, Acre became exposed when Baibars' conquered the Montfort Castle to its north-east. He immediately made an unsuccessful

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texts: attempt at raid on Cyprus. At that time, the English prince Edward took a small army of about 1,000 men on a a crusade to the Latin East, arriving in Acre on 9 May 1271. Edward was soon disillusioned by the uncooperativeness of the local Christians. Baibars' failed attack on their island had disturbed Cypriot knights, who refused <mask>'s summons to serve on the mainland. They argued that the king could not expect them to fight for him outside Cyprus. Edward was called on to arbitrate.Their disobedience was humiliating for <mask>. It was decided that the knights could be commanded to serve abroad for four months each year if led by the king or his son. Edward helped <mask> raid Baibars' territory, and early in 1272 <mask> secured a truce, after which Acre remained at peace until 1291. Edward left on 16 June 1272. The only lay fief on the mainland other than Tyre was Beirut, held by Isabella of Ibelin. Her husband, Hamo le Strange, distrusted King <mask> and put her and her fief under Baibar's protection on his deathbed in 1273. As a female vassal, Isabella was legally required to marry one of three candidates presented to her by the king.Wishing to attract a capable knight to the East by offering her hand in marriage, <mask> took Isabella to Cyprus. Baibars demanded that she be returned to Beirut, and as the High Court offered no support, <mask> relented. The king did not resume control over Beirut until long after Baibars died. Despite some successes, in the end <mask> found it impossible to be more than "king of Acre", as Muslim writers called him. Bohemond VI, the last prince of Antioch, died in 1275, leaving two children, Bohemond VII and Lucia. Bohemond VII inherited the County of Tripoli from his father, but he was a minor. King <mask> arrived in Tripoli to claim regency as the closest adult scion of the ruling


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 family.Bohemond VII's mother, Sibylla of Armenia, had already established herself as regent, however, as was her right according to family custom. <mask> found no support in Tripoli. He only won a minor diplomatic victory when he negotiated with Baibars a truce covering Latakia, preserving the last remnant of the Principality of Antioch. Baronial opposition

<mask> succeeded in mending the rifts between his lay vassals, the Ibelins and the Montforts, but the merchants of Venice and Genoa were irreconcilable. The Venetians in particular were aggrieved by his preferential treatment of the Genoese. The Templars and the Teutonic Knights objected to his own rapprochement with Philip of Montfort, while the commune of Acre resented the renewed royal involvement in its affairs and the favour shown to Tyre. Though he disliked him, the grand master of the Templars, Thomas Berard, never openly challenged <mask>.But William of Beaujeu, elected to succeed Thomas Berard in 1273, proved determined to undermine the king. <mask>'s chief problem, however, was the persistence of his aunt Maria in claiming the throne of Jerusalem. <mask> sent procurators to answer her appeal to the Holy See in 1273, but she was already entertaining the sale of her claim to Charles of Anjou, whose ambition to dominate the Mediterranean <mask> had feared since 1269. Charles had the support of William of Beaujeu, his kinsman. As the ruler of Sicily and brother of the celebrated crusader King Louis IX of France, he rivalled what <mask> could offer militarily and diplomatically. Charles was also personally hostile to <mask>, encouraging Maria's claims to Jerusalem and <mask> of Brienne's to Cyprus. Indignant at the opposition he faced, <mask> suddenly packed up his belongings and left Acre for good in October 1276.The final straw was the purchase of a village

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 near Acre by the Templars, for which they deliberately did not seek the king's approval and ignored his complaints. The Templars and the Venetians were pleased to see him go, but the decision stunned the Hospitallers, the Teutonic Knights, and the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, Thomas of Lentino. They sent delegates to Tyre, where the king had retired with the intention to sail to Cyprus, begging him to at least appoint a bailli. It took the intercession of his brother-in-law John of Montfort to make the angry king appoint an administrator, Balian of Ibelin. King <mask> immediately embarked and went to Cyprus, from where he justified his action to Pope John XXI. The sale of Maria's claim to Charles was concluded, with papal approval, in March 1277. Within weeks Charles's representative Roger of San Severino arrived in Acre to claim government, facing no opposition from <mask>.Roger proclaimed Charles king of Jerusalem and demanded that the barons do homage to him as Charles's bailli. To preserve a sense of legality, the barons twice asked <mask> to absolve them from their allegiance to him, but he refused to answer. The holders of the most important lordships, John of Tyre and Isabella of Beirut, continued to recognize <mask> as their legitimate king. Struggles for Acre
<mask> attempted twice to reoccupy Acre but was ultimately unsuccessful. In 1279 he brought a large Cypriot army to Tyre, hoping that a display of strength and bribery would be enough to restore his authority over the city. John of Montfort was on his side, but William of Beaujeu's enduring opposition to <mask> frustrated the plan. Upon returning to Cyprus, he seized the Templars' properties and destroyed their fortifications in reprisal.The Templars complained to the pope, who asked <mask> to restore their property, but he declined. Though restricted

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 since 1277 in his ability to support the mainland against the Mamluks, <mask> may have planned to assist the Mongols in their attempted invasion of the Mamluk-held Levant. 1282 saw the recall of Roger of San Severino due to a major uprising on Sicily against Charles, as well as the death of Isabella of Beirut and the consequent passing of her lordship to her sister, Eschiva, whose husband, Humphrey of Montfort, was a close friend of <mask>'s. Thus encouraged to try again to retake Acre, <mask> sailed from Cyprus in late July 1283 with his sons Henry and Bohemond. Instead of landing at Acre, <mask> was blown to Beirut, where he was welcomed on 1 August. While his army marched to Tyre, they were ambushed by Muslim raiders, whom the king believed to have been incited by the Templars. <mask> reached Tyre by sea, encountering bad omens: his standard fell into the sea, and the cross carried by the assembled clergy accidentally cracked the skull of his Jewish court physician.<mask> waited in vain to be welcomed to Acre. Charles's new bailli in Acre, Odo Poilechien, had just concluded a truce with the Mamluks, and <mask> may have feared their intervention if he attacked. The king lost his most promising son, Bohemond, on 3 November 1283. An even more serious blow was the death of his friend and brother-in-law, John of Montfort. The Cypriots left him after the agreed period of four months expired, but <mask> remained in Tyre, where he died on 24 March 1284. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, John I, who died the next year and was followed by another son, Henry II. Issue
With his wife, Isabella of Ibelin, <mask> had eleven children:

References

Sources

1235 births
1284 deaths
13th-century kings of Jerusalem
Kings of Cyprus
Christians of Lord Edward's crusade
Burials at Saint Sophia Cathedral, Nicosia
House of


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<mask> (May 2, 1882 – June 11, 1971) was a Puerto Rican activist who helped pave the way for Puerto Ricans to be given United States citizenship. As a young unwed pregnant woman, <mask> had her plans to find and marry the father of her unborn child derailed by the United States Treasury Department when she was excluded as an alien "likely to become a public charge" upon her arrival in New York City. <mask> challenged the Government of the United States in the groundbreaking case Gonzales v. Williams (192 U.S. 1 (1904)). Officially the case was known as <mask>les, Appellant, v. William Williams, United States Commissioner of Immigration at the Port of New York No. 225, argued December 4, 7, 1903, and decided January 4, 1904. Her case was an appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York, filed February 27, 1903, after also having her Writ of Habeas Corpus (HC. 1-187) dismissed.Her Supreme Court case is the first time that the Court confronted the citizenship status of inhabitants of territories acquired by the United States. <mask> actively pursued the cause of U.S. citizenship for all Puerto Ricans by writing letters published in The New York Times. Early years
<mask> was born and raised in San Juan, Puerto Rico when the island was still a possession of the Spanish Crown. Therefore, she was a native inhabitant of Puerto Rico and a Spanish subject, though not of the Peninsula (Spain). Her parents were Severo <mask> and Antonia Dávila. She was residing in the island on April 11, 1899, the date of the proclamation of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 which ceded the island to the United States. One of the conditions of the treaty was to transfer by cession the allegiance of the islanders to the United States.<mask> was a citizen of Puerto Rico, but not of the United States even though the island was governed by that nation. <mask>'s fiancé traveled to New York City in 1902, leaving her

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