texts:
 General Saprang Kalyanamitr, a powerful member of the junta, and Sondhi Limthongkul of the People's Alliance for Democracy, a long-time colleague of Somkid's. Somkid later decided to resign from the committee, which was then dissolved. Somkid's long-time rival, Finance Minister Pridiyathorn Devakula volunteered to help perform the committee's role, and denied any role in Somkid's resignation. In early May 2007, a group of former elected senators said they were ready to support Somkid in forming a new political party, the so-called Dharma Thippatai group. Among those included Suraporn Danaitangtrakoon, Anek Laothamatas (former leader of the Mahachon Party), and former Thai Rak Thai members Suranand Vejjajiva and Pimol Srivikorn. On 26 June 2007, they founded Ruam Jai Thai.However, on 30 May 2007 the Constitutional Tribunal had produced a verdict, barring all 111 former executive members of Thai Rak Thai Party, including Somkid, from holding political office for five years. In 2012, Somkid founded the Thailand Future Study Institute, a think tank which is sponsored by major Thai business corporations and seeks to provide research and consulting to public bodies and private sector. Advisor and member of the 2014 junta

After the 22 May 2014 coup d'état, the junta—which calls itself National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO)—appointed Somkid member of its "advisory board" in charge of foreign economic relations, especially with Asian countries China and Japan. On 16 September Somkid—as one of two civilians— was appointed as a member of the NCPO. Selected works
 (co-authored with Philip Kotler and Liam Fahey). (co-authored with Philip Kotler and Suvit Maesincee). Notes

1953 births
Living people
Somkid Jatusripitak
20th-century economists
21st-century economists
Business theorists
Business writers
Business educators
Somkid Jatusripitak
Kellogg School of Management alumni
Somkid Jatusripitak
Somkid Jatusripitak
Somkid Jatusripitak
Somkid Jatusripitak
Somkid Jatusripitak
Institute directors
Somkid


type: original

texts:
<mask> (Luri/) was the Bakhtiari supreme chieftain (ilkhani) of the Chahar Lang branch, and major contender for supremacy in western Iran after the death of Nader Shah in 1747. He was the autonomous ruler of Golpayegan (1749-1751) and Isfahan (1750-1751), assuming the title of Vakil-e daulat ("deputy of the state"), with the Safavid prince Ismail III as a figurehead that legitimized his rule. He was, however, driven back by <mask>and's forces, and after a number of clashes throughout the years, was murdered by two Zand chieftains at his own encampment, in 1754. Biography

Aftermath of the death of Nader Shah and the Bakhtiaris return to western Iran

Ali Mardan is first mentioned after the death of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1747, as one of the supporters of the latters nephew <mask>, who was crowned as Adil Shah ("righteous king") in Mashhad. The new ruler, however, "lacked his uncle's imperious magnetism to pull together the surviving elements of a sprawling and exhausted empire." Rather than marching to the old Safavid capital of Isfahan to ensure the safeguard of the city, he sent his brother Ebrahim Mirza to the city instead, and stayed at Mashhad and held festives. This, however, reduced in the dissatisfaction of his underemployed army, while the city was weakened to near-poverty.In late 1747, <mask> asked for Adil Shahs allowance to allow him to lead his Bakhtiari men home, which the latter declined. Nonetheless, <mask> and his men ignored his order and left the city—they were hunted by a force sent by Adil Shah, which they inflicted an overwhelming defeat on. <mask> and his men eventually reached the Zagros

masks:
Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari
Karim Khan Z
Ali Qoli Khan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan


texts:
 ranges of western Iran, while Ebrahim Mirza was gathering supporters in Isfahan to claim the throne from his brother. Other Bakhtiaris had already heavy influence and authority, under the Haft Lang chieftain Abu'l-Fath <mask>ri, who was the governor of the city. In the summer of 1748, Ebrahim Mirza defeated and blinded Adil Shah, and ascended the throne as the new Afsharid king. He was, however, shortly defeated and killed by the forces of Nader Shah's grandson Shahrokh Shah, who remained in Mashhad, and did not make any effort to restore Afsharid rule in western Iran, which was in turmoil. Meanwhile, <mask> and his men clashed with the forces of Zakariya <mask> and the Zand chieftain Karim <mask>.Initially defeated, <mask> managed to emerge victorious and seize Golpayegan, a key spot on the route to Isfahan. In the spring of 1750, he attempted to capture Isfahan, but was defeated at Murchakhur, a town near the city. He then started to dispatch messengers at Golpayegan to his regional opponents, which included Karim <mask> and Zakariya <mask>, who accepted his offer of terms, and combined their forces with the latter, which made the number of their men strengthen to 20,000. De facto rule in Isfahan and its surroundings

On May 1750, they stormed the gates of Isfahan—its governor Abu'l-Fath and other prominent residents assembled to protect the fortress of the city, but agreed to surrender and collaborate with them after Ali <mask>'s reasonable proposals. Abu'l-Fath, together with <mask> and Karim <mask>, formed an alliance in western Iran under the cover of restoring the Safavid dynasty, appointing a 17 year old Safavid

masks:
Khan Bakhtia
Ali Mardan
Khan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Khan
Mardan
Ali Mardan
Khan


texts:
 prince, Abu Torab, as a puppet ruler—on June 29, Abu Torab was declared shah, and assumed the dynastic name of Ismail III. <mask> then took the title of Vakil-e daulat ("deputy of the state") as the head of the administration, while Abu'l-Fath maintained his post as governor of Isfahan, and Karim <mask> was appointed commander (sardar) of the army, and was given the task of conquering the rest of Iran. However, a few months later, while Karim <mask> was on an expedition in Kurdistan, <mask> began breaking the terms which they had promised the inhabitants of Isfahan—he greatly increased his shakedown on the city, which New Julfa suffered the most from.He then further broke the terms he had made with the two chieftains, by having Abu'l-Fath deposed and killed. He then appointed his uncle as the new governor of the city, and without conference, marched towards Shiraz and began pillaging the province of Fars. Furthermore, he also started having his deputies replaced, whilst extracting heavy tax and numerous riches to keep his army supplied with the equipment and goods they required. This resulted in various of his bureaucrats and officers to depart from him, while a great deal of them had one of their eyes removed. After having plundered Kazerun, <mask> left for Isfahan, but was ambushed at the
dangerous passage of Kutal-e Dokhtar by regional guerrillas under Muzari <mask>, who was the chieftain of the neighbouring Khisht village. They managed to seize the plunder of <mask> and kill 300 of his men, which forced the latter to withdraw to a more difficult passage to reach Isfahan. By winter, the forces of <mask> had decreased

masks:
Ali Mardan
Khan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan
Ali Khishti
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan


texts:
 even more due to abandonment from some of his men.War with Karim <mask>and over supremacy in western Iran

The situation worsened further for <mask>, when Karim <mask> returned to Isfahan in January 1751 and restored order in the city. A battle shortly occurred between them in Lorestan—during the battle, Ismail III and Zakariya <mask> (who was now his vizier), together with several prominent officers, deserted <mask> and joined Karim <mask>, who eventually emerged victorious, forcing <mask> and the remains of his men, together with the governor of Lorestan, <mask> Feyli, to retreat to Khuzestan. There <mask> made an alliance with Shaykh Sa'd, the governor of Khuzestan, who reinforced him with soldiers. In the late spring of 1752, <mask>, together with <mask> Feyli, marched to Kermanshah. The forces of Karim <mask> shortly attacked their encampment, but were repelled. <mask> then went further into domains of the Zands, which resulted in a battle with Karim <mask> near Nahavand. <mask>, however, was once again defeated, and forced to withdraw into the mountains, where he went to the Ottoman city of Baghdad.There he became acquainted with Mostafa <mask> Shamlu, the former diplomat of Nader Shah, who had been in 1746 sent to Baghdad to confirm the Treaty of Kerden with the Ottomans. A son of the former Safavid shah Tahmasp II (r. 1729–1732), who had managed to escape Isfahan during the massacre of the members of the Safavid family by Mahmud Hotak in 1725, was also in the city. This provided a key opportunity for <mask>, <mask> Feyli and Mostafa <mask> to use the prince to return to Iran in the pretext of attempting to restore

masks:
Khan Z
Ali Mardan
Khan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Ismail Khan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan
Ismail Khan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Khan Bigdili
Ali Mardan
Ismail Khan
Khan


texts:
 the Safavid dynasty. A year later, in early 1753, they began assembling an army in Lorestan, and received the support of the Pashtun military leader Azad <mask>. Some months later, they marched into the domains of Karim <mask>, but Tahmasp II's son, who had been announced as Sultan Husayn II, began revealing himself as an unfit candidate as Safavid shah—this hindered their march, and resulted in the desertion of many of their men. Furthermore, after doing a thorough check of Sultan Husayn II's background, <mask> and his associates exposed his true identity, and found out that he was in reality not of Safavid descent, but the son of an Azeri man and an Armenian woman. <mask>'s men in Kermanshah, after two years of besiegement by the Zand forces, surrendered and were spared by Karim <mask>, who shortly clashed with <mask> once again, defeating the latter and capturing Mostafa <mask>.<mask> managed to flee with Sultan Husayn II, but not after long had him blinded and sent to Iraq, due to being more heavy weight than of use to him. In the spring of 1754, <mask> captured two of Karim <mask>'s relatives, <mask> Zand and Shaykh <mask> Zand. He then took them into his encampment near Kermanshah, and began negotiating with them about the possibility of an alliance, which, however, was fruitless. The two Zand chiefs, at a coordinated signal, attacked <mask> and killed him with his own dagger, and then fled from the camp on horseback, under fire from <mask>'s men. References

Sources

External links

Bakhtiari people
18th-century Iranian people
Year of birth unknown
1754 deaths
Afsharid generals
18th-century monarchs in the Middle

masks:
Khan Afghan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan
Khan
Mohammad Khan
Ali Khan
Ali Mardan
Ali Mardan


texts:
<mask> (born August 20, 1941, in Lauban, Germany [now Lublań, Poland]) is a businessman of German ancestry, who served as president and CEO of Compaq from 1991 to 1999. He was named as one of Time "Cyber Elite Top 50" for 1998. Personal life
His father was a prisoner of war during World War II, while Pfeiffer and his mother fled the advancing Soviet troops. He received his MBA from Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. Compaq
He joined Compaq from Texas Instruments, and established operations from scratch in both Europe and Asia. Pfeiffer was given US$20,000 to start up Compaq Europe. He started up Compaq's first overseas office in Munich in 1984.By 1990, Compaq Europe was a $2 billion business, and foreign sales contributed 54 percent of Compaq's revenues. When Michael S. Swavely retired as president of Compaq's North American division on July 12, 1991, Pfeiffer was named to succeed him. Pfeiffer also received the title of Chief Operating Officer. Ascension to CEO
Pfeiffer became president and CEO of Compaq in 1991, as a result of a boardroom coup led by board chairman Ben Rosen that forced co-founder Rod Canion to resign as president and CEO. Canion had allowed competitors such as Dell Computer, AST Research, and Gateway 2000 to undercut Compaq with cheaper offerings, that led to a $71 million loss for that quarter, Compaq's first loss as a company. An analyst stated that "Compaq has made a lot of tactical errors in the last year and a half. They were trend-setters; now they are lagging".Rosen and Canion had disagreed about how to counter the cheaper Asian PC imports, as Canion wanted Compaq to build lower cost PCs in-house, while Rosen


texts:
 believed that Compaq needed to buy standard components from suppliers and reach the market faster. While Canion developed an 18-month plan to create a line of low-priced computers, Rosen sent his own Compaq engineering team to Comdex without Canion's knowledge and discovered that a low-priced PC could be made in half the time and at lower cost than Canion's initiative. In addition, it was believed that Canion's consensus-style management slowed the company's ability to react in the market, whereas Pfeiffer's autocratic style would be suited to price and product competition. Rosen initiated a 14-hour board meeting, and the directors also interviewed Pfeiffer for several hours without Canion's knowledge. At the conclusion, the board was unanimous in picking Pfeiffer over Canion. Canion declined an offer to remain on Compaq's board and was bitter about his ouster as he didn't speak to Rosen for years, although their relationship became cordial again. In 1999, Canion admitted that his ouster was justified, saying "I was burned out.I needed to leave. He [Rosen] felt I didn't have a strong sense of urgency". Two weeks after Canion's ouster, five other senior executives resigned, including remaining company founder James C. Harris as SVP of engineering. These departures were motivated by an enhanced severance or early retirement, as well as an imminent demotion as their functions were to be shifted to vice presidents. Market dominance
Under Pfeiffer's tenure as chief executive, Compaq entered the retail computer market with the Presario which made them one of the first manufacturers in the mid-1990s to market a sub-$1000 PC. In order to maintain the prices


texts:
 it wanted, Compaq became the first first-tier computer manufacturer to utilize CPUs from AMD and Cyrix. The two price wars resulting from Compaq's actions ultimately drove numerous competitors from the market, such as Packard Bell, and by 1994 Compaq had overtaken Apple Computer and even surpassed I.B.M.as the top PC manufacturer. Compaq's inventory and gross margins were better than that of its rivals which enabled it wage the price wars. Management shuffle
In 1996, despite record sales and profits at Compaq, Pfeiffer initiated a major management shakeup in the senior ranks. Pfeiffer's vision was to move Compaq beyond its main business of manufacturing retail PCs and into the more lucrative business services and solutions that IBM did well at. Earl Mason, hired from Inland Steel effective in May 1996, immediately made an impact as the new CFO. Under Mason's guidance, Compaq utilized its assets more efficiently instead of focusing just on income and profits, which increased Compaq's cash from $700 million to nearly $5 billion in one year. Also Compaq's return on invested capital (after-tax operating profit divided by operating assets) has doubled to 50 percent from 25 percent in that period.Acquisitions
Pfeiffer also made several major acquisitions. In 1997, Compaq bought Tandem Computers, known for their NonStop server line. This acquisition instantly gave Compaq a presence in the higher end business computing market. In 1998, Compaq acquired Digital Equipment Corporation, the leading company in the previous generation of computing during the 1970s and early 1980s. This acquisition made Compaq, at the time, the world's second largest computer maker


texts:
 in the world in terms of revenue behind I.B.M. However, Pfeiffer had little vision for what the combined companies should do, or indeed how the three dramatically different cultures could work as a single entity, and Compaq struggled as a result of a strategy that had the company caught in between the low end and high end. Mark Anderson, president of Strategic News Service, a research firm based in Friday Harbor, Wash. was quoted as saying "The kind of goals he had sounded good to shareholders -- like being a $50 billion company by the year 2000, or to beat I.B.M.-- but they didn't have anything to do with customers. The new C.E.O. should look at everything <mask> acquired and ask: did the customer benefit from that. If the answer isn't yes, they should get rid of it." On one hand, Compaq struggled to compete in the PC market with the Dell Computer Corporation, which sold directly to buyers, avoiding the dealer channel and its markup, and built each machine to order to keep inventories and costs at a minimum. At the same time, Compaq, though its acquisitions of the Digital Equipment Corporation last year and Tandem Computer in 1997, has tried to become a major systems company, like I.B.M. and Hewlett-Packard.Ouster
By summer 1998, Compaq was suffering from product-quality problems. Pfeiffer also refused to develop a potential successor, rebuffing Rosen's suggestion to recruit a few executives to create the position of Compaq president. The board complained that Pfeiffer was too removed from management and the troops, as he surrounded himself with a "clique" of Chief Financial Officer Earl Mason, Senior Vice-president John Rose, and Human Resources


texts:
 Chief Hans Gutsch. On April 17, 1999, just nine days after Compaq reported first-quarter profit being at half of what analysts had expected, the latest in a string of earnings disappointments, Pfeiffer was forced to resign as CEO in a coup led by board chairman Ben Rosen. Reportedly, at the special board meeting held on April 15, the directors were unanimous in dismissing Pfeiffer. During three out of the last six quarters of Pfeiffer's tenure, the company's revenues or earnings had missed expectations. While rival Dell Computer had 55% growth in U.S. PC sales in the first quarter of 1999, Compaq could only manage 10%.Rosen suggested that the accelerating change brought about by the Internet had overtaken Compaq's management team, saying "As a company engaged in transforming its industry for the Internet era, we must have the organizational flexibility necessary to move at Internet speed." In a statement, Pfeiffer said "Compaq has come a long way since I joined the company in 1983" and "under Ben's guidance, I know this company will realize its potential." Rosen's priority was to have Compaq catchup as an E-commerce competitor, and he also moved to streamline operations and reduce the indecision that plagued the company. Pfeiffer received $6 million in severance pay, and received $70 million worth of stock options that vested immediately as a result of his forced resignation. At the time of his departure, Pfeiffer held 9.5 million exercisable options valued at nearly $340 million which vested but Pfeiffer had not yet cashed the options. Aftermath
Rosen assumed the capacity of interim CEO and began "cleaning house", as shortly afterward many of


texts:
 Pfeiffer's top executives resigned or were pushed out, including John Rando, Earl Mason, and John Rose. Rando, senior vice president and general manager of Compaq Services, who had been said to be the heir-apparent to Pfeiffer; his division had performed strongly as it had sales of $1.6 billion for the first quarter compared to $113 million in 1998, which met expectations and was anticipated to post accelerated and profitable growth going forward.CFO Mason, who had previously been offered the job of chief executive of a company outside the personal computer industry, informed Compaq's board that he accepted the offer. Rose, head of Compaq's Enterprise Computing group, was reportedly upset that he was not considered for the CEO vacancy; his division reportedly accounted for one third of Compaq's revenues and likely the largest part of its profits. <mask>'s permanent replacement was Michael Capellas, who had been serving as Compaq's CIO. Immediately after Pfeiffer's ouster, Capellas was elevated to interim chief operating officer by Rosen, and after several months Capellas was made president and CEO, also assuming the title of chairman on September 28, 2000, when Rosen retired from the board of directors. Capellas was able to restore some of the luster lost in the latter part of the Pfeiffer era and he repaired the relationship with Microsoft which had deteriorated under his predecessor's tenure, but the company still struggled against lower-cost competitors such as Dell who took over the top spot of PC manufacturer from Compaq in 2001. Post-Compaq activities
Pfeiffer was one of the founders of Accoona, an Internet search engine provider, and has been


texts:
 its chairman since December 2004. Pfeiffer serves on the boards of several major corporations including Ericsson, and DirecTV.References

External links
Accoona press release on naming <mask> as chairman, December 3, 2004
Compaq profile, 1998
"Cyber Elite: <mask> Pfeiffer". Time. 1998. Living people
1941 births
American chief executives
German emigrants to the United States
American chief operating officers
Compaq
Texas Instruments

masks: Pfeiffer Eckhard


texts:
<mask> (January 18, 1873 – June 3, 1938) was an American writer, actress and mother to poet, playwright and social activist <mask>. Childhood and family background
Carolina (<mask>) <mask> was the daughter of <mask> and Mary Leary (one of the first black women to attend Oberlin College). <mask>'s father, <mask>, was the son of a prosperous Virginia planter and a slave woman of both American Indian and African descent. An ardent abolitionist and follower of John Brown, he also served as associate editor of the Historic Times (a black community newspaper in Lawrence, Kansas), as president of the local Colored Benevolent Society, and as grandmaster of Lawrence's Black Masonic Fraternity. His brother (<mask>'s paternal uncle), <mask>, was a post-emancipation congressman from Virginia who later served as Minister to Haiti and Dean of Howard University's Law School. Mary Leary's first husband, Lewis Sheridan Leary, died in 1859 from injuries incurred aiding John Brown during the Harper's Ferry raid on the federal arsenal. Leary's bloodied bullet-riddled death shroud, sent to Mary Leary as a sign of his death, would become a significant family symbol: grandson <mask> placed it in a New York City Fifth Avenue bank safe deposit box in 1928.<mask> had a foster brother, Desalines (foster son to Charles); a half-sister, Loise (daughter to Mary by Lewis Sheridan Leary); and a brother, Nathaniel Turner <mask> (named for the legendary slave revolt leader). Nathaniel Turner <mask> was born in 1870 and killed in a flour mill accident at age 27. Social and political significance
At fifteen, <mask> <mask> was a "belle of black society" in Lawrence, Kansas.

masks:
Carolina Mercer Langston
Langston Hughes
Carrie
Mercer Langston
Charles Langston
Carrie Langston
Charles Howard Langston
Carrie Langston
John Mercer Langston
Langston Hughes
Carrie Langston
Langston
Langston
Carrie Mercer
Langston


texts:
 At eighteen, she was publicly reading papers she'd written and recited an original poem before the Inter-State Literary Society. She became central to Lawrence's St. Luke's Progressive Club and was elected 'Critic' by a rival society at the Warren Street Second Baptist Church. In 1892, The American Citizen newspaper dubbed <mask> and three others as "the most beautiful girls in Kansas." <mask> wrote for The Atchison Blade, a family-operated African-American newspaper published out of Atchison, Kansas.In 1892, writing as a young, single, black woman, she refuted what she termed “the male notion” that females were content with their position in life. Her writing was influenced by her father and his support of the 1867 Kansas suffrage referendum. Her words were aimed at Midwestern black men who maintained strict ideas about women's place in society. She especially encouraged the participation of Black women in politics. She spoke publicly on women in journalism, addressed A.M.E. Church conventions, and served as deputy clerk in a district court office. Personal life
<mask>'s first marriage was to <mask>, a descendant of two prominent white Kentucky grandfathers and African-descendant grandmothers. Their wedding was an elopement, a civil ceremony on April 30, 1899 in Guthrie, Oklahoma, with neither friends nor family attending.'Shotgun wedding' rumors spread, though she may have become pregnant within days of their marriage. The couple moved to Joplin, Missouri where <mask> got a job as a stenographer and <mask> <mask> experienced a miscarriage. From Joplin, the couple moved to Buffalo, New York with plans to move to Cuba. <mask> <mask>

masks:
Carrie Langston
Langston
Carrie Langston
James Hughes
James Hughes
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Carrie Langston
Hughes


texts: learned she was pregnant again; she returned to Joplin. However <mask>, seeking to escape segregation in the U.S., moved to Mexico where he spent most of the rest of his life becoming fairly prosperous. <mask> gave birth on February 1, 1902 to James Mercer <mask> <mask> in Joplin, Missouri. <mask> hoped to reunite with her husband so when <mask> was five years old she took him to Mexico to meet his father.While there, Mexico was struck by the historic April 14, 1907 earthquake. That event sent <mask> <mask> with her son swiftly back to the States; young <mask> <mask> witnessed prayer and wreckage there from his father's shoulders impacting him for the rest of his life, as evidenced in his later writing. Mother and son returned to Lawrence where she left her son to be cared for by her mother (now about seventy) while she moved to Topeka. <mask> <mask> returned several months later to take her son to Topeka planning to enroll him in the Harrison Street School. Harrison's principal, Eli S. Foster, demanded <mask>  attend the more-distant colored children's Washington School. <mask> <mask> claimed her young son could not walk that distance daily but she still met resistance; she took her case to the Topeka Board of Education and won. But before the end of the school year, <mask> was back with his grandmother in Lawrence.Almost fifty years later, in a federal lawsuit regarding the same school board, a Supreme Court decision would end school segregation in the United States. <mask> <mask> called herself different names throughout her life; these names included <mask>, <mask>, <mask> Clark sometimes spelled Clarke (referring to her having wed

masks:
James Hughes
Carrie
Langston
Hughes
Carrie
Langston
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Langston
Hughes
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Langston
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Langston
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Caroline Langston
Carolyn Hughes
Carolyn Hughes


texts:
 Homer Clark following the divorce from <mask>'s father), and <mask> or Clarke. She also lived many places with and without her son while he was growing up. As a result, <mask> <mask> was raised for the most part by <mask>'s mother, Mary Leary, in Lawrence, Kansas with his mother making occasional visits. <mask>'s peripatetic life was driven by job searches and boredom. The deaths of her parents (<mask> died in 1892; Mary Leary died on April 8, 1915) left her bereft of both the political privileges they had provided and the social consciousness they had instilled in her. Her second husband, Homer Clark, had a son from a previous alliance named Gwyn Shannon Clark (b. September 24, 1913) who accompanied <mask> through most of the rest  of her adult life.In March 1933, <mask>'s lifelong wish to be an actress of some success was fulfilled: she appeared on Broadway as Sister Susie May Hunt in Hall Johnson's theatrical production, Run, Little Chillun. James Nathaniel <mask>, <mask> <mask>'s father, died on October 22, 1934 of complications from several strokes; neither <mask> nor <mask> <mask> were mentioned in his will. On May 14, 1935, in a letter to <mask> <mask> who was living in Mexico, <mask> wrote of "a very bad blood tumor" on her breast; on June 3, 1938, <mask> died of breast cancer. <mask> counted among her friends Zora Neale Hurston. References

1873 births
1938 deaths
African-American women writers
19th-century African-American activists
19th-century American women writers
African-American actresses
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
19th-century African-American women
19th-century

masks:
Langston
Carrie Clark
Langston
Hughes
Carrie Langston
Carrie Langston
Charles Langston
Carrie Langston
Carrie Langston
Hughes
Langston
Hughes
Carrie Langston
Langston
Hughes
Langston
Hughes
Carrie Langston
Carrie Langston
Carrie Langston


texts:
<mask> (24 October 1947 – 22 November 2015) was a Nigerian career banker and politician who was the first civilian governor of Kogi State. He ruled Kogi State twice (first in the Third Republic and second, in the Fourth Republic). His first tenure was from January 1992 until November 1993 and the second from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2003. He died due to a bleeding ulcer shortly after the announcement of the election results on 22 November 2015, while seeking to be re-elected as governor on the platform of Nigeria's ruling party, All Progressives Congress (APC). Early life and education

<mask> was born on 27 October 1947, to the family of his Royal Highness, the late <mask>, Orego Atta of Igala Land and the paramount ruler of Ogbonicha-Alloma in Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State. He started his education at the N.A. Junior Primary School, Alloma, and later N.A.Senior School Ankpa, from where he proceeded to Dennis Memorial Grammar School, Onitsha. He later transferred to the Jos Commercial College where he obtained both the GCE O and A level. Professional career

After a stint as a bank worker, <mask> later proceeded to London from 1975-1978 where he studied banking and personnel management, obtaining professional qualification as a certified secretary, and as a Fellow of the Association of International Accountants of London, as well as fellowship of the Chartered Institute of Industrial Administration of Nigeria. <mask>'s banking career lasted for a total of 25 years, which he spent with First Bank - formerly known as Standard Bank. Here, he served in various capacities at management level until 1991. He also made history as the bank's first training officer of African descent and also as one of the first black senior management staff of Standard Chartered Bank in London and New York. In 1991, he was appointed Executive Director of FSB International

masks:
Prince Abubakar Audu
Audu
Pa Audu Oyidi
Audu
Audu


texts:
 Bank PLC.Politics and public service

<mask>'s public service began in 1986, when he was appointed as Commissioner for Finance and Economic Planning in the old Benue state. He served in this capacity until 1988 when the cabinet was dissolved. He then returned to First Bank of Nigeria PLC as a General Manager. In August 1991, Kogi state was created from parts of the old Benue and Kwara states. This coincided with one of Nigeria's many previous encounters with democracy, and <mask>, being part of those who had advocated for the creation of the state and a notable son of the soil, was invited to contest for governorship. He contested on the platform of the National Republican Convention (NRC) and won the election held in November, 1991. He was subsequently sworn in as the first executive governor of Kogi state in January 1992.In 1998, democracy was again re-introduced and <mask>, now with the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP), was elected again with over 700,000 votes. He was sworn in on 29 May 1999, during the 1999 Kogi State gubernatorial election as the 2nd Executive Governor of Kogi State. Major achievements

Infrastructure
His socio-economic contribution in the state is to date a point of reference to the generality of the people and many aspiring leaders. Some of his major achievements during his brief first term of office include the establishment of three different housing schemes for public officers consisting of over 1,500 housing units in Lokoja, the transformation of Lokoja township with asphalt roads, street lights, aesthetic roundabouts, the construction of inter-township and rural roads, over 75 electrification schemes and 50 water projects. Others include the founding of Kogi State Polytechnic, the establishment of a television station, radio station (both AM and FM), a state newspaper (The Graphic) and the transformation of the colonial

masks: Audu Audu Audu


texts:
 residence of Lord Lugard into an ultra modern government house complex, the construction of office blocks for ministries as the new state had no office accommodation, the construction of shopping arcade complex to enhance commercial activities, among others. Abuja State Liaison Office, Sports Complex and Confluence Beach Hotel

He also pioneered the construction of the first ultra modern state liaison office in Abuja. His administration also built an ultra modern stadium and a five star hotel in Lokoja, the Confluence Beach Hotel.Obajana Cement Factory

He also took steps to woo prospective investors to harness the numerous solid mineral potentials in the State. The big prize was the establishment of Obajana Cement Factory. The project, which was on going before he left office, attracted the support of the United States Government. During the visit of former U.S.President Bill Clinton to Nigeria, the State Government signed the agreement with the US Trade Development Agency (TDA) for a grant to finalize the feasibility work on the project. The cement project is now operational. Establishment of the Kogi State University, Anyigba

The establishment of a state university, Kogi State University Anyigba, is another testimony to the vision and resourcefulness. The foundation stone was laid on 30 November 1999, when former President Olusegun Obasanjo, visited the state.About a year later, the president returned to Anyigba during a state visit to commission the university complex. According to a report of a visitation panel to the university from the Nigeria University Commission, the institution was then described as the fastest growing university in the country. The university received tremendous international support, which included an affiliation programme with Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland. Also, seven visiting professors from various


texts:
 universities in the United States were at the university to review its curriculum and align it with their own universities and prepare the students for exchange programme to give the university an international acceptability. Audu completed several landmark projects within four years. They include: 250 units housing estate, a sport complex, a specialist eye hospital and 25 other medical institutions. Others were a government girls secondary school on student exchange programme, 350 borehole schemes, 300 kilometers of township roads, the procurement of 100 transit buses and completion of 40 rural electrification projects.He was also named the best governor in the 1999-2003 dispensation, despite being a governor on the platform of the opposition, the ANPP. Relationship with the international community

A highly traveled politician, <mask> brought so many honors to the country through his personal relationships with foreign statesmen. He enjoyed a relationship with the former British Prime Minister, John Major. In 1993, he and the member of his family were special guests of the British Prime Minister at No. 10 Downing Street where he hosted them to a state banquet. Also in 1993, he attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Cyprus. His connection with the international community saved Nigeria during the heady days of Shonekan administration from economic embargo.In December 1999, he was on the delegation of President Olusegun Obasanjo during the state visit to Germany. Subsequent gubernatorial bids

<mask> contested in the 2003 Kogi State gubernatorial elections but lost. In the 2007 election, <mask> was again defeated due mainly to resentment created by his dictatorial and authoritarian style exhibited during his previous tenure as governor of the state and the incumbent, Ibrahim Idris, was reelected. <mask> went to the election tribunal who

masks: Audu Audu Audu Audu


texts:
 nullified that election, and ordered fresh elections. <mask> again contested against Ibrahim Idris, and again was defeated. In 2012, <mask> contested against a newcomer to the field, Captain Idris Ichalla Wada, and was defeated by another election allegedly fraught with fraud. The result of the particular election were allegedly announced while collation was still ongoing.Corruption allegations

When <mask> left office in 2003, he was charged by Nigeria's anti-corruption agency, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), with corruption. This case has been on for twelve years and many say it was coined as an attempt by the ruling PDP to smear <mask>'s image, especially in light of the achievements recorded during his tenure. He responded to these allegations, stating that while he was governor, the state received less than N400 million as monthly allocation, and that it would have been impossible to embezzle the N12 billion that the agency claims he did when he received less than N19 billion in total, yet embarked on many projects. 2015 gubernatorial run

<mask> emerged as the candidate of the All Progressive Congress (APC) at the 28 August Kogi State gubernatorial primary election. Subsequently, he announced James Abiodun Faleke, a legislator, as his running mate. Death

<mask> died of a bleeding ulcer on 22 November 2015, shortly before the Independent National Electoral Commission announced the Kogi State gubernatorial election as inconclusive. He had recorded more votes than his opponent in the elections but due to the dilemma created by his sudden death, his party APC, chose the runner up of the primary elections, Yahaya Bello, as the candidate to replace him.See also
All Progressives Congress
Bola Tinubu
John Odigie Oyegun
Kogi

References

External links

2015 deaths
1947 births
Governors of Kogi State
All Nigeria Peoples Party

masks: Audu Audu Audu Audu Audu Audu


texts:
<mask>, better known as <mask> and, sometimes, as <mask> (Arcisate, 16 August 1871 – Pavia, 25 January 1937), was an Italian scientist. A biologist, physiologist, limnologist and zoologist, in 1907 she became the first woman to obtain a university chair in the Kingdom of Italy. Biography
<mask> was born 16 August 1871 in Arcisate, Italy to <mask>, a magistrate, and Luigia Mapelli. After moving to Monza, she graduated from the Alessandro Manzoni high school in 1887. <mask> graduated in natural sciences, after studying the nervous system of insects, from the University of Pavia in 1892, where she worked for a decade. By doing so, she renounced the high school teaching posts typically accepted by educated women of her time, choosing instead to continue her research at the university level. University work
Beginning in 1891 Monti frequented the renowned neuro-histology laboratory of Camillo Golgi where she learned his pioneering microscopic techniques.In 1906, Golgi was named a Nobel Prize winner. <mask>'s first job was working for the University of Pavia's chair of mineralogy Francesco Sansoni; she published three papers on petrography in his journal. Then she became assistant to Leopoldo Maggi director of the comparative anatomy cabinet, and later she replaced him in that position from 1902 to 1905, as teacher and cabinet director. Meanwhile she obtained the title she needed to be allowed to teach anatomy and comparative physiology (1899). In 1905 she taught zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Siena on a temporary assignment and, during this time, she repeatedly competed to be named to a university professorship but was denied several times. These events led <mask>, in 1906, to write,I have little hope to receive a professorship. In

masks:
Cesarina Monti
Rina Monti
Rina Monti Stella
Monti
Francesco Monti
Monti
Monti
Monti


texts:
 general, the Italian authorities are not very inclined to consider the scientific performances of women of equal value to those of men.Two years later, in another competition involving 18 academic candidates, she was named chair of the department at the University of Sassari, which made the 36-year-old <mask> <mask> the first woman to obtain a university chair in the history of the Kingdom of Italy.In 1910, at the same university, she was finally appointed a tenured professor. In 1915 she returned to the University of Pavia, to occupy the chair of zoology and, later, that of comparative anatomy. She held these positions until 1924, when she was invited to the newly formed University of Milan, where she held the chair of comparative anatomy and physiology, while also taking courses in general biology and zoology in the medical school. Despite her intense research activity and frequent university trips, Monti lived a vibrant private life. From her marriage to Augusto Stella (1863–1944), geologist and professor of mining sciences, she had two daughters, one of which, Emilia Stella (1909–1994), became a well-known limnology researcher. Scientific activity
In Pavia, at the beginning of her career, Monti made a name for herself in the zoo-neuro-histological field, with new research on the nervous system of insects. Subsequently she turned to hydrobiology, which at the time was neither very popular nor understood in Italy.In particular, she used a comparative perspective (incorporating mineralogy, zoology, anatomy and microbiology) to study the life of inland lakes (limnology). To study the varieties of life found in alpine lakes, as well as in insubric lakes, she combined field research and complex laboratory analyses, paying particular attention to the

masks: Rina Monti


texts:
 lakes in the Italian mountains of Val d'Aosta and Val d'Ossola first, then of Trentino. To explore the mountain waterways, Monti took on demanding mountaineering excursions: camping on the shores of the lakes, traveling the waters with a special boat, the Pavesia, that was designed and built for her, and using nets of her own invention to collect specimens. Monti also documented the extinction of life in Lake Orta resulting from pollution caused by industrial waste, emphasizing the need to respect the ecological balance. Last years
Monti dedicated her last few years to the Trentino lakes, aided by her daughter, Emilia Stella. Together they studied Lake Molveno (1934) and did a genetic study on cladocera (water fleas) (1936). In 1936, "on the instructions of the Ministry, she was placed in retirement."<mask> died a few months later on 25 January 1937 in Pavia. Because of her initial findings, the study of limnology grew in Italy under the tutelage of her students, and since 1938 has been the subject of the Institute of Hydrobiology, founded in Pallanza. Tributes
Lake Monti, a permanently frozen lake in the Terra Nova bay, discovered in Antarctica in 1988, during an Italian scientific expedition, is dedicated to <mask> <mask>. Via "Rina Monti Stella," a road in the northwestern area of Pavia, was named for her in In 2013. The Italian Institute of Hydrobiology in Pallanza, on the shores of Lake Maggiore, was named after her in 2015. Memberships
<mask> was a corresponding member of some of the most prestigious international societies of anatomy of her day: the Royal Lombard Institute of Sciences and Letters in Milan, the Association des Anatomistes in France (since 1998, Association des morphologistes), and the Anatomische Gesellschaft in Germany.

masks: Monti Rina Monti Monti


texts:
 Selected works
According to WorldCat.org, <mask> authored 120 works in 184 publications.Journals

Microscopic research on the nervous system of insects. Preliminary note in "Royal Lombard Institute of Sciences and Letters. Reports." Series 2, Volume 25, Fascicolo 7, 1892, pp. 533-540. Contribution to the knowledge of the nerves of the digestive tract of fish, Bernardoni, Milan 1895. On the nervous system of freshwater dendroceles.Note I, Bizzoni, Pavia 1896. On the comparative morphology of the excretory ducts of the gastric glands in vertebrates, Bizzoni, Pavia 1898. The salivary glands of terrestrial gastropods in the different functional periods, Hoepli, Milan 1899. The regeneration of marine planaria, Hoepli, Milan 1900. The physical-biological conditions of the Ossola and Valle d'Aosta lakes in relation to psychulture, Tip. Cooperative, Pavia 1903. Thalassographic explorations along the coasts of northern Sardinia, Fusi, Pavia 1910.Contribution to the biology of alpine hydrachnids in relation to the environment, Fusi, Pavia 1910. The internal reticular apparatus of golgi in the nerve cells of crustaceans, Accademia dei Lincei, Rome 1914. Chondriosomes and Golgi systems in nerve cells. Comparative research, Niccolai, Florence 1915. The biological physiognomy of Sardinia and the new ideas about the origins and the geographical destruction of the species, Fusi, Pavia 1915. The comparative limnology of insubric lakes, L'universale, Rome 1929. The battle against the beetles, in "New annals of agriculture."IX (1929), pp. 509-529. The gradual extinction of life in Lake Orta, Hoepli, Milan 1930
The genetics of Italian whitefish and their variability in relation to the environment, Jovene, Naples 1933. Contribution to the hydrobiology of the Albanian


texts:
 Alps. Floridia Allegri Mission, Fusi, Pavia 1934. Molveno lake. Life in a zootrophic lake, (written with E. Stella), Scotoni, Trento 1934.The Daphnia cucullata GO Sars in Tridentine lakes, (with P. Perotti Razzini), Scotoni, Trento 1935. Numbers, sizes and volumes of pelagic organisms living in Italian waters, in relation to the lake economy, Hoepli, Milan 1936. Texts

 Petrographic studies on some rocks of the Canonica valley, Fusi, Pavia 1894. Microscopic research on the nervous system of insects, Bizzoni, Pavia 1894. Anatomo-comparative research on the minute innervation of the trophic organs in the lower craniotes, Rosenberg and Sellier, Turin 1898
 The limnology of the Lario in relation to the repopulation of waters and fishing, Luzzatti, Rome 1924. The flowering of the waters on the Lario, se, Milan 1925. Lessons in comparative anatomy, Mariani, Milan 1927.Biology of whitefish in Italian lakes, Istituto Editoriale Scientifico, Milan 1930. Zoology and comparative anatomy, 2 vols., Bruni-Martelli, Pavia 1931-1935

References

External links

 L. Pirocchi, In memoriam <mask> <mask>, in Proceedings of the Italian Society of Natural Sciences , LXXVI (1937), pp. 55-69
 E. Baldi, <mask> <mask>, in Trentino Studies of Natural Sciences , LXXXIV (1937), pp. 85-91
 B. Schreiber, <mask> M. Stella, in Italian Journal of Zoology, VIII (1937), pp. 77-78
 M. Vialli, <mask> <mask>, 1871-1937, in Anatomischer Anzeiger, LXXXIV (1937), pp. 399-409
<mask> <mask> in scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie

1872 births
1937 deaths
Scientists from Pavia
University of Pavia alumni
University of Pavia faculty
Italian anatomists
Italian women chemists
19th-century Italian women scientists
20th-century women scientists
University of Sassari faculty
University of Milan

masks: Rina Monti Rina Monti Rina Rina Monti Rina Monti


texts:
<mask> (Russian: Анатолий Исаевич Кудрявицкий; born 17 August 1954) is a Russian-Irish novelist, poet, editor and literary translator. Biography
Kudryavitsky's father, Jerzy, was a Ukrainian-born Polish naval officer who served in the Russian fleet based in the Far East, while his mother Nelly Kitterick, a music teacher, was the daughter of an Irishman from County Mayo who ended up in one of Joseph Stalin's concentration camps. His aunt Isabel Kitterick, also a music teacher as well as a musicologist, published a critically acclaimed book titled Chopin's Lyrical Diary. Having lived in Russia and Germany, Kudryavitsky now lives in South Dublin. Samizdat writer
Educated at Moscow Medical University, Kudryavitsky later studied Irish history and culture. In the 1980s he worked as a researcher in immunology, a journalist, and a literary translator. He started writing poetry in 1978, but under the communists was not permitted to publish his work openly.American poet Leonard Schwartz described him as "a samizdat poet who had to put up with a good deal of abuse during the communist period and who has only been able to publish openly in recent years. In his 'poetics of silence' the words count as much for the silence they make possible as for what they say themselves"

In Russia after 1989

Since 1989, <mask> has published a number of short stories and seven collections of his Russian poems, the most recent being In the White Flame of Waiting (1994), The Field of Eternal Stories (1996), Graffiti (1998), and Visitors' Book (2001). He has also published translations from

masks:
Anatoly Kudryavitsky
Kudryavitsky


texts:
 English into Russian of such authors and poets as John Galsworthy (Jocelyn), William Somerset Maugham (Up at the Villa), Stephen Leacock (Selected Stories), Arthur Conan Doyle (Selected Stories), Emily Dickinson (Selected Poems); Stephen Crane (Collected Poems), Jim Morrison (Selected Poems), all in book form. From 1993 till 1995 he was a member of the Meloimaginists poetry group. In the mid-1990s he edited the literary magazines Strelets/The Archer and Inostrannaya Literatura/Foreign Literature, as well as Poetry of Silence (A & B Press, 1998), an anthology of new Russian poetry. Two other anthologies, Zhuzhukiny Deti (NLO Publications, 2000), an anthology of Russian short stories and prose miniatures written in the second half of the twentieth century, and the anthology titled Imagism (Progress Publishing, 2001) were published more recently. The latter won The Independent/Ex Libris Best Translated Poetry Book of the Year Award in 2001.<mask> is a member of the Russian Writers' Union and Irish and International PEN. In 1998 he founded the Russian Poetry Society and became its first President (1998–1999). Joseph Brodsky described him as "a poet who gives voice to Russian Silence". In the West

After moving to Ireland in 2002, <mask> has written poetry, including haiku, predominantly in English, but continues to write fiction in Russian. Between 2006 and 2009 he worked as a creative writing tutor giving classes to members of Ireland's minority language communities. His book of English poems entitled Shadow of Time (2005) was published in Ireland by Goldsmith Press.

masks: Kudryavitsky Kudryavitsky


texts: Irish poet Iggy McGovern mentioned Shadow of Time among the best Irish books of the year (Poetry Ireland Review Newsletter, January/February 2006).A Night in the Nabokov Hotel, the anthology of contemporary Russian poetry translated into English by <mask>, was published in 2006 by Dedalus Press. He has translated more than forty contemporary Irish, English and American poets into Russian, and his own work has been translated into nine languages. He won the Edgeworth Prize for Poetry in 2003, and in 2017, the Mihai Eminescu Poetry Prize in Romania. In 2007, he re-established Okno, a Russian-language poetry magazine, as a web-only journal after a lapse of some 83 years, and edited it until 2014. In 2008, <mask>'s novel titled The Case-Book of Inspector Mylls was published in Moscow by Zakharov Books. This satirical novel is set in London, and bears the markings of the magic realism genre. In early 2009, another magic realist work of his, a novella entitled "A Parade of Mirrors and Reflections", appeared in "Deti Ra", a Russian literary magazine.In this novella, Yuri Andropov undergoes cloning. <mask>'s other novella titled "A Journey of a Snail to the Centre of the Shell" appeared in the same "Deti Ra" magazine in July 2010. It is an extended haibun about the life and writings of a fictitious 19th-century Japanese haiku poet. His second novel, "The Flying Dutchman", the first part of which has appeared in Okno magazine, was published in book-form in 2013. The work of magic realism has a subtitle, "A Symphonic Poem", and is written as a narrative mosaic of episodes

masks: Kudryavitsky Kudryavitsky Kudryavitsky


texts:
 set in both real and surreal worlds. It is about a Russian musicologist living in the 1970s and researching into the operas based on the old legend of the Flying Dutchman. He suddenly finds himself in trouble with the KGB, survives an attempt on his life and has to go into hiding.He escapes to a remote Russian province and rents an old house located on the bank of a big Russian river, where he lives like a recluse, observing nature and working on his new book. The house, which used to be an old barge, undergoes strange metamorphoses, rebuilding itself as a medieval ship. After some time the Russian police and the KGB locate his new whereabouts, put him under surveillance, and later figure out his identity. Now he is facing a choice between staying in the real world and escaping into another reality on board the Flying Dutchman's ship. The English translation of his third novel, "Shadowplay on a Sunless Day", has been published in England by Glagoslav Publications in autumn 2013, simultaneously with the Russian edition, under one cover with his novella "A Parade of Mirrors and Reflections". The book titled "DisUNITY" was launched at the Frankfurt Book Fair 2013. The novel narrates about life in modern-days Moscow and emigrant life in Western Germany, and deals with problems of self-identification, national identity and the crises of the generation of "new Europeans".According to Dublin Review of Books,

Kudryavitsky explores and exposes the complexities of immigrant experience and identity, and the often arbitrary and dubious desires of a society to improve itself


texts:
 through selection and exclusion. Carol Ermakova wrote the following in The Linguist:

<mask>'s work is often poetic, even lyrical, and one of the stylistic devices he often makes use of is the extended metaphor, often in association with the personification of nature. Another common theme is the overlap of the real/surreal, the merging of "waking reality" and the dream, and the juxtaposition of the beautiful and the grotesque. <mask> was one of the judges for the 2010 International Dublin Literary Award. Haiku involvement
<mask> started writing haiku in Ireland. In 2006, he founded the Irish Haiku Society with Siofra O'Donovan and Martin Vaughan. He is the current chairman of the society and editor of Shamrock Haiku Journal.In 2007, one of his haiku won Honourable Mention at the Vancouver International Cherry Blossom Festival. In the same year he was awarded Capoliveri Haiku 2007 Premio Internazionale di Poesia (International Haiku Award, Italy). In 2008, he won the Suruga Baika Haiku Prize of Excellence (Japan) with the following haiku:

sheep unmoved
in the green grass...
a slow passing of clouds

In 2012, he won the Vladimir Devide International Haiku Award (Osaka, Japan) with the following haiku:

on the steps
of the Freedom Memorial,
a discarded snake skin

In 2014, he won that award for the second time, with the following haiku:

Fathers’ Day –
children measure old oaks
by the length of their arms

He has translated haiku from several European languages into English. His haiku collection titled Capering Moons (2011) was short-listed for the Haiku Foundation


texts:
 Touchstone Distinguished Book Award 2011. In 2012, he edited an anthology of haiku poetry from Ireland, Bamboo Dreams, which was short-listed for the Haiku Foundation Touchstone Distinguished Book Award 2012, and in 2016, an anthology of new haiku writing from Ireland, Between the Leaves (Arlen House). The same year Red Moon Press (USA) published his collection of haiku and related poems titled Horizon. In 2020, a book of his new and selected haiku and haibun entitled Ten Thousand Birds was published in India by Cyberwit Press.In his interview for the Haiku International Association website he said the following:

"Haiku writing seems to be intuitive. Also, it changes a haiku poet’s personality. Succumbing to the habit of self-observation, a poet can trace those changes in himself. This will probably give him a chance to look into himself, to connect with his inner self in this way…"

Surrealist poet
His other poems published since 2015, especially the ones included in his chapbook entitled Stowaway and his 2019 collection, The Two-Headed Man and the Paper Life, have been described as Surrealist. According to the critic Michael S. Begnal, reviewing <mask>'s Stowaway, "his style is abstract... Alliteration and sibilance lead the way to a spectacular image. He is interested in the way images and language both construct our perception of the world, of consciousness." Another critic noted that in his work, "ever-present is a tension between abstraction and reality, a questioning of the existence of Truth."Since 2017 <mask> has been editing SurVision Magazine, an


texts:
 international online outlet for Surrealist poetry, which also has a book-publishing imprint, SurVision Books. Translator

He edited and translated into English four anthologies of Russian poetry and anthologies of contemporary German and Ukrainian poetry published in the UK and Ireland. In 2020, he won the English PEN Translate Award for Accursed Poets, his anthology of dissident poetry from Soviet Russia. Bibliography

Novels
Истории из жизни сыщика Мыллса (The Case-Book of Inspector Mylls) (Moscow, Zakharov Books, 2008)
Летучий Голландец (The Flying Dutchman) (Moscow, Text Publishers, 2013), EKSMO BOOKS, 2019; English translation: Glagoslav Publications, London, 2018. Игра теней в бессолнечный день (Shadowplay on a Sunless Day). (Moscow, Text Publishers, 2014). English translation: Glagoslav Publications, London, 2013.Novellas and short stories
Парад зеркал и отражений: повести и рассказы (A Parade of Mirrors and Reflections: Novellas and Short Stories) - Moscow, Text Publishers, 2017. English translation of A Parade of Mirrors and Reflections in DisUNITY, Selected Novels by <mask> Kudryavitsky. London, Glagoslav Publications, 2013)
Поездка в Где-нас-нет (A Passage to the Unknown). Novellas and Short Stories. Elephant Publishing, New Jersey, USA, 2011
Dream. After Dream Novellas (in English translation). Honeycomb Press, Dublin – New York, 2011.Poetry

In English

Books
 Scultura involontaria (English, with Italian translations). Multimedia Edizione, Italy, 2020. Selected Poems 1990 – 2011) Lynx Press, Dublin, 2011. Ветер зеленых звезд (The Wind from the Green


texts:
 Stars. New and Selected Poems.) DOOS Books, Moscow, 2015. Книга гиммиков, или Двухголовый человек и бумажная жизнь (The Book of Gimmicks, or The Two-Headed Man and the Paper Life.Selected Prose poems.) Evgeny Stepanov Publishing, Moscow, 2017. Очертания (Outline) Free Poetry, Cheboksary – Moscow, 2020

Limited edition publications
Осенний корабль (The Ship of Autumn) (UDN University Press, Moscow, 1991)
Запечатанные послания (Sealed Up Messages) (Valentine Books, Moscow, 1992)
Звезды и звуки (Stars and Sounds) (Lenore Books, Moscow, 1993)
Between the Lines  (Third Wave, 1997)

In translation
Bărbatul cu două capete și viața de hârtie ("The Two-Headed Man and the Paper Life"). Translated into Romanian. Editura Revers, Romania, 2017. Scultura involontaria Translated into Italian (bilingual English/Italian). Casa della poesia, Italy, 2020.Anthologies editedPoetry of Silence (A&B Press, Moscow, 1999)Zhuzhukiny Deti. Russian Short Stories in the Second Half of the 20th Century (NLO Books, Moscow, 2000)Bamboo Dreams. An Anthology of Haiku Poetry from Ireland. (Doghouse Books, Ireland, 2012)Between the Leaves. An Anthology of New Haiku Writing from Ireland. (Arlen House, Dublin, 2016)

Anthologies edited and translatedImagism, an anthology. (Progress Publishing, Moscow, 2001)A Night in the Nabokov Hotel.20 Contemporary Poets from Russia in English Translation. (Dedalus Press, Dublin, 2006)Coloured Handprints. 20 Contemporary German-Language Poets in English Translation. (Dedalus Press, Dublin, 2015) The Frontier: 28 Contemporary Ukrainian Poets in English Translation. An


texts:
 Anthology. (Glagoslav Publications, UK, 2017) Mirror Sand: An Anthology of Russian Short Poems in English Translation. (Glagoslav Publications, UK, 2018) message-door: An Anthology of Contemporary Surrealist Poetry from Russia.(SurVision Books, Ireland, 2020) Accursed Poets: Dissident Poetry from Soviet Russia 1960-80 (Smokestack Books, UK, 2020)

Translations of poetry
 Sergey Biryukov. Transformations, transl. from Russian (with Erina Megowan). (SurVision Books, Ireland, 2018)
 Alexander Korotko. Irrazionalismo'', transl. from Russian (SurVision Books, Ireland, 2019)

Notes

External links

<mask>'s personal website
<mask>'s prose poems in Stride Magazine, England
<mask>'s prose poems in Shadowtrain magazine, England (translated from the Russian by Siobhán McNamara)
Short story, "A Symphony's Farewell", in Asymptote Journal

1954 births
Russian male novelists
Magic realism writers
Irish poets
Surrealist poets
Russian male poets
Writers from Moscow
English-language haiku poets
Living people
Russian emigrants to Ireland
20th-century Russian translators
English–Russian translators
Irish translators
Irish editors
Irish magazine editors
Russian editors
20th-century Russian male


texts:
<mask> (24 February 1848 – 14 November 1907) was an Australian founding father and co-author of the Australian Constitution; he was also an engineer, barrister, politician, electoral reformer and jurist. He initially qualified as an engineer, but he re-trained as a barrister to effectively fight for social causes which deeply concerned him. After a long political career, mostly spent as Attorney-General and briefly as Opposition Leader, he was appointed a Senior Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania. Despite being acknowledged as the leading expert on the Australian Constitution, he was never appointed to the High Court of Australia. He popularised the Hare-<mask> voting system, and introduced it to Tasmania. In addition <mask> was a prolific author, though most of his writings were never published, rather they were circulated privately. <mask> was also Vice-Chancellor of the University of Tasmania.Throughout his life, <mask> was a progressive. He championed the rights of workers to organise through trades unions, universal suffrage (including women's suffrage) and the rights to a fair trial – all issues which today we take for granted, but were so radical in the 1880s that he was described as a 'communist' by the Hobart Mercury. "<mask> was an Australian Jefferson, who, like the great American Republican, fought for Australian independence; an autonomous judiciary; a wider franchise and lower property qualifications; fairer electoral boundaries; checks and balances between the judicature, legislature and executive; modern, liberal universities; and a Commonwealth that was federal, independent and based on natural rights." Yet he also had a rich and warm home life. He is described as "never too busy to mend a toy for a child, and his wife once wrote on hearing of his imminent return from America: 'to celebrate your return I must do something or bust". The Australian federal Division of Clark is named after him. Early life and marriage

<mask> was born in Hobart, Tasmania, the son of a Scottish engineer, <mask>.He was educated

masks:
Andrew Inglis Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Alexander Clark


texts: at Hobart High School. After leaving school, he was apprenticed to his family's engineering business, becoming a qualified engineer, and finally its business manager. His father had established a highly successful engineering business, based on an iron foundry. The business was also involved with industrial design and construction of flour mills, water mills, coal mines and other substantial undertaking. He grew to manhood during the 1860s, when the major issue, even in remote Tasmania, was the American Civil War and emancipation. This last issue had an especial resonance in Tasmania where a form of slavery, transportation, had been abolished as recently as 1853. Convicts were still a common sight for years later.As late as 1902, <mask> would publicly be moved to tears when discussing slavery. <mask> became fascinated by all things American. In 1872, <mask> disappointed his father by leaving to study law, becoming an articled clerk with R. P. Adams. He was called to the bar in 1877. <mask>, as a child attended a Baptist Sabbatical School until 1872 when the chapel was dissolved on a motion put by <mask> due to the "lack of discipline and proper order of government in worship." He then joined a Unitarian chapel, which led him into contact with leading American Unitarians, including Moncure Conway and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. The friendship formed with the latter would strongly influence his views and the development of the <mask>s' draft of the Australian Constitution.Early in his life, <mask> developed a passion for justice and liberty. He joined the Minerva Club where he participated in debate on contemporary social issues. In 1874, he edited its journal Quadrilateral. As a 'young ardent republican', he was also a member of the American Club, where at the 1876 annual dinner, he declared "We have met here tonight in the name of the principles which were proclaimed by the founders of the Anglo-American Republic... and we do so because we believe those principles to be permanently applicable to the politics of the world". He was

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


texts:
 inspired by Italian Risorgimento, especially by Joseph Mazzini of whom he had a picture in every room. He became a radical, a democrat and a republican. In 1878 he married Grace Paterson (Ross) <mask>, the daughter of local shipbuilder John Ross, with whom he had five sons and two daughters:

 Esma (1878)
 Alexander (1879) Marine engineer
 <mask> (1882) Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania 1928–1953.Conway (1883) Architect
 Wendell (1885) Doctor
 Melvyn (1886)
 Carrel (1888) Clerk of Tasmanian Legislative Council
 Ethel (1889)

One of the many mysteries of <mask>'s private life is the circumstances of his marriage. As the son of a prominent family, and a leading figure of his church who was marrying the daughter of a well-known businessman, his marriage might have been expected to be a major social event. Instead, they slipped away to Melbourne, where they were married in the presence of a few friends. Political career

In 1878, <mask> stood for election to the House of Assembly, despite his reputation as an extreme ultra-republican. He was attacked by the Hobart Mercury for "holding such very extreme ultra-republican, if not revolutionary, ideas" that his proper place should be among the 'Communists', and the Launceston Examiner as a "stranger from Hobart". He was elected, unopposed to the electorate of Norfolk Plains. His election was largely due to the influence of Thomas Reibey, a political power broker and a recent Premier.<mask> was the founder of the Southern Tasmania Political Reform Association, whose agenda included manhood suffrage, fixed term parliaments, and electoral reform. While a member of the House of Assembly, <mask> was regarded as republican and ultra-progressive. He was one of the few members legislate as a backbencher and introduce a private members bill. He failed to reform industrial law by amending the Master and Servant Act, but he succeeded with the Criminal Procedure Amendment Act in 1881.The ADB refers to "Criminal Law Amendment Act" of 1880. The Tasmania House of Assembly records do not include

masks: Clark Andrew Clark Clark Clark Clark


texts: an Act with this title. There was however a "Criminal Procedure Amendment Act" in 1880. This confusion is complicated by the lack of a Hansard service prior to 1979.He also assisted with reframing the customs tariff. In the 1882 election, <mask> was defeated. He failed when he stood for election in 1884 (East Hobart) and 1886 (South Hobart). In 1887, <mask> was re-elected, in a by-election as member for East Hobart. In 1888, he was re-elected as member for South Hobart and remained there until the seat was abolished in 1897. He was then the member for Hobart until he resigned upon his appointment to the Supreme Court in 1898. In March 1888, he became Attorney General in the government of Sir Philip Fysh.Since the Premier was in the Legislative Council, <mask> was responsible for introducing legislation into the Assembly. Over the next five years he shepherded through the lower house much progressive and humanitarian legislation. His goal was to break the power of property in Tasmanian politics. The legislation covered such diverse reforms as legalising trades unions, providing parliamentary salaries, preventing cruelty to animals, reforming laws on lunacy, trusteeship and companies, the custody of children and the protection of children from neglect and abuse. He also introduced laws to restrict the immigration of Chinese. <mask> failed in his attempts to impose a land tax, introduce universal (including female) suffrage and centralise the police. <mask> was the most important 19th-century Attorney-General of Tasmania.His considerable drafting skills enabled him to modernise and simplify the law over a number of areas. He introduced a total of 228 bills into the Assembly. His best known achievement as Attorney-General was the introduction of proportional representation based on the Hare-Clark system of the single transferable vote. One of the major political issues addressed by <mask> during his career concerned the Tasmanian Main Line Railway – a railway which connected Tasmania's two main cites, Hobart and Launceston. In 1873,

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


texts:
 the Main Line Railway Company began the construction of the line, which opened in 1876. There were a series of disputes between the Company and the government over payments due to the Company under its Deed of Concession.ADB Audley Coote, Chief Engineer of the Mainline Railway Co Clark had spoken about the problem, advocating the acquisition of the Company by the government as early as 1878. With his dual qualifications as both an engineer and a lawyer, <mask> was in a unique position to understand the issues involved.As Attorney-General, he was the government's chief negotiator. In 1889, the Supreme Court awarded the Company arrears of interest. <mask> urged the government to appeal, and in 1890 he went to England to argue the case before the Privy Council. <mask> may have been a poor speaker in court, but he was a superb negotiator. It was his forte. With full powers, he settled the case out of court by arranging the purchase of the Company's property by the government. In 1891, <mask> returned to Tasmania from London by way of the United States.It was a fateful choice. He was introduced to a fellow Unitarian Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr, with whom he corresponded for the rest of his life. The contacts and people he met in Boston were to profoundly inform his views about political constitutions. Not the least of the consequences was the introduction of the term "commonwealth" to describe the Australian polity. This term is used in two ways: the Commonwealth Government and the Commonwealth of Australia. In 1892, the fall of the Fysh government ended <mask>'s term as Attorney-General. When Sir Edward Braddon formed a government in 1894, <mask> again became Attorney-General, the same year he was given the title 'Honourable' for life.He resigned in 1897, when his colleagues failed to consult him over the lease of Crown land to private interests, after which he became Leader of the Opposition. <mask> left politics to become a Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania in 1898. Hare–<mask> electoral system

In 1896, after several failed

masks: Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark Clark


texts:
 attempts, <mask> was able to get a system of proportional representation adopted by the Tasmanian Parliament, but it was to be only on a trial basis for both Hobart (to elect 6 MPs) and Launceston (to elect 4 MPs). The modified single transferable vote method, immediately known as the Hare–<mask> system, was renewed annually until suspended in 1902. <mask> died in 1907, just as permanent proportional representation struggled through Parliament and over a year before it was used for the first time throughout Tasmania at the general election in April 1909. Early legal career

<mask> was called to bar in 1877. He soon gained a reputation as a criminal lawyer in a 'poisoning case', but went on to gain a large practice in civil and commercial law as well.He practiced law both while in and out of parliament. During those periods when he was not serving as Attorney-General, he worked hard to build a successful practice. He failed to find his fortune in the law due to his generosity and refusal 'to accept anything beyond a reasonable and modest fee'. In 1887 he went into partnership with Matthew Wilkes Simmons. His career in private practice gave him a broad grounding in the law which stood him in good stead once he was promoted to the bench. <mask> was knowledgeable in all branches of the law, but pre-eminent as a constitutional lawyer and jurist. <mask>, never in robust health, in fact described as "small, spare, [and] nervous" by Alfred Deakin, died at his home 'Rosebank' in Battery Point on 14 November 1907.He is buried in the old Queenborough Cemetery at Sandy Bay. ReferencesNotesCitations'

External links

Dictionary of Australian Biography
University of Tasmania digital collections containing many letters to and from <mask>s <mask>

Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
1848 births
1907 deaths
Single transferable vote
Australian federationists
Leaders of the Opposition in Tasmania
Judges of the Supreme Court of Tasmania
Attorneys-General of Tasmania
Colony of Tasmania judges
19th-century Australian politicians
Australian

masks:
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Andrew Ingli
Clark


texts:
<mask> (fl. 1593 – 1617) was a printer of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, rated as "one of the best of his time." Based in London, he conducted his business under the sign of the Catherine Wheel in Thames Street from 1593 to 1600, and under the sign of the Eagle and Child in the Old Exchange from 1600 to 1617. Creede is best known for printing editions of works in English Renaissance drama, especially for ten editions of six Shakespearean plays and three works in the Shakespeare Apocrypha. Printing
In Creede's era, the disciplines of printing and publishing were generally conducted separately. Books were published by stationers or booksellers, who subcontracted the job of printing to professional printers. Those individuals, like William Jaggard of First Folio fame, who regularly functioned as both publishers and printers, were the exceptions to the general rule.Much of Creede's most noteworthy work, as with Shakespearean texts, followed this model – he worked as a printer hired by booksellers; yet Creede did a not-insignificant amount of publishing too (see below). Creede was responsible for a number of play texts beyond the confines of Shakespeariana. He printed the sole quartos of the anonymous plays The Maid's Metamorphosis and The Wisdom of Doctor Dodypoll, both for Richard Olive, in 1600; he printed the first quartos of George Chapman's Monsieur D'Olive for William Holmes (1606), and Beaumont and Fletcher's Cupid's Revenge and Wentworth Smith's Hector of Germany, both for Josias Harrison (both 1615),


texts: and the second quarto of John Lyly's Mother Bombie for Cuthbert Burby (1598). For Richard Hawkins, Creede printed The Tragedy of Mariam (1613) by Elizabeth Tanfield Cary, the first original tragedy by a woman author published in English. And for Richard Olive, Creede printed one of the more significant non-dramatic texts of English Renaissance drama, the 1592 pamphlet by Robert Greene known as Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit, which contains the earliest citation of Shakespeare in a theatrical context yet discovered. For <mask>, Creede printed the Microcynicon of <mask> (1599), which was suppressed by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Inevitably, Creede also worked on many non-dramatic projects, some of serious merit; in 1597 he printed the fifth edition of Spenser's The Shepherd's Calendar for John Harrison the Younger.Equally inevitably, he printed works of ephemeral interest, now forgotten. For <mask>, for instance, Creede printed John Dickenson's Arisbas: Euphues Amidst His Slumbers, or Cupid's Journey to Hell in 1594. Creede printed many of the prose romances of chivalry that were immensely popular in his era. Working in another instance for Richard Olive, he printed Emanuel Ford's Parismus, the Renowned Prince of Bohemia (1598). It must have been a success: nine years later Creede would both print and publish another of Ford's novels, The Most Pleasant History of Ornatus and Artesia (1607). For Cuthbert Burby, Creede printed the eighth volume of perhaps the most popular novel of the period, The Mirror of

masks:
Thomas Bushell
Thomas Middleton
Thomas Woodcocke


texts:
 Knighthood (1599). Publishing
In some cases Creede functioned as a publisher as well as a printer, like Valentine Simmes and some others.Notably, he issued ten plays in quarto editions during an early phase of his career:

 A Looking Glass for London and England, Q1, 1594; Q2, 1598 (entered into the Stationers' Register on 5 March 1594)
 Selimus, 1594 (no Register entry)
 The Pedlar's Prophecy, 1595 (registered 13 May 1594)
 The Famous Victories of Henry V, 1598 (registered 14 May 1594)
 The Scottish History of James IV, 1598 (also registered 14 May 1594)
 Menaechmi, 1595 (registered 10 June 1594)
 The True Tragedy of Richard III, 1594 (Stationers' Register, 19 June 1594)
 Locrine, 1595 (registered 20 July 1594)
 Alphonsus King of Aragon, 1599 (no Register entry)
 Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes, 1599 (no Register entry). Locrine is another work of the Shakespeare Apocrypha, while the anonymous Famous Victories of Henry V is generally regarded as a source for Shakespeare's play. Several plays on the list were published one or more years after registration; the reasons for the delays are unknown, though business considerations are an obvious possible answer. Creede's title pages for The Pedlar's Prophecy, The True Tragedy of Richard III, and A Looking Glass, Q1 and Q2, specify that the books would be sold by the stationer William Barley. (Creede printed a third quarto of A Looking Glass in 1602, though for this Q3 he was only the printer; <mask> was the publisher.) It can be noted that when he acted as a


texts:
 publisher, Creede made no attributions of authorship that are certainly false. He attributed James IV to Robert Greene, and A Looking Glass for London to Greene and <mask> Lodge, both of which are correct; he stated that William Warner's translation of the Menaechmi of Plautus was "written in English by W. W." And he credited Greene's Alphonsus to "R. G." Five plays were published with no attributions of authorship.When Creede stated, on the title page of Locrine, that the play had been revised by someone with the initials "W. S.," this record of reliability suggests that it may well have been so. Creede also published works beyond the confines of drama. He issued books of verse, including reprints of Virgil, and works on spiritual subjects, like The Plain Man's Spiritual Plow by "I. C." (1607). Creede published the third edition of Ralph Robinson's English translation of Sir <mask>'s Utopia (1597) – and The True Law of Free Monarchies by King James I (1603). Prose works by playwrights of the era, including Middleton, Greene, and <mask>, issued from his press; Dekker's The Wonderful Year 1603, his account of the bubonic plague epidemic, is a noteworthy example. And Creede published, as well as printed, ephemera, like Lewis Lavaterus's Of Ghosts and Spirits (1596). Reputation
While Creede's skill as a printer, compared to others of his age, is widely recognized, his connection with Shakespearean bad quartos and Apocryphal plays has led scholars and critics to question his ethics.The records of the Stationers'

masks:
Thomas
Thomas More
Thomas Dekker


texts:
 Company show that in the summer of 1595, Creede was fined twice (sixpence, and five shillings) for violating the rules of the company. Far more seriously, Creede was prosecuted in the London consistory court in 1608 for "fornication and bastardy." The married Creede was accused of seducing a 25-year-old servant woman named Suzan More, and fathering an illegitimate child that died soon after birth. In 1616, Creede entered into a business partnership with Bernard Alsop, who took over the business in 1617, after Creede's death or retirement. (In 1617 Alsop issued Q4 of A Looking Glass and Q2 of The Famous Victories, with no mention of Creede.) Notes

References

Bibliography
Blayney, Peter. "The prevalence of shared printing in the early seventeenth century."Papers of the Bibliographic Society of America 67 (1973). Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923. Gowing, Laura, and Patricia M. Crawford. Women's Worlds in Seventeenth-Century England. London, Routledge, 2000. Halliday, F. E. A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964.Baltimore, Penguin, 1964. Maxwell, Baldwin. Studies in the Shakespeare Apocrypha. New York, King's Crown Press, 1956. Pinciss, G. M. "<mask>e and the Repertory of the Queen's Men, 1583–1592." Modern Philology 67 (1970). Yamada, Akihiro.<mask>: Printer to Shakespeare and His Contemporaries. Tokyo, Meisei University Press, 1994. English printers
Early editions of Shakespeare
16th-century births
17th-century deaths
17th-century English businesspeople
16th-century

masks:
Thomas Creed
Thomas Creede


texts:
<mask> (April 1, 1811 – November 16, 1894) was a philosopher of the Scottish School of Common Sense. He was president of Princeton University 1868–88. Biography

<mask> was born into a Covenanting family in Ayrshire, and studied at the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, obtaining his M.A. at the latter, at the suggestion of Sir William Hamilton, for an essay on stoicism. He became a minister of the Church of Scotland in 1834, serving as minister first at Abbey Church in Arbroath and then at Brechin. He sided with the Free Church of Scotland in the Disruption of 1843, becoming minister at Brechin's new East Free Church. In 1850 or 1851 he was appointed Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at Queen's College, Belfast (now Queen's University Belfast).In 1868 he travelled to the United States to become president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He resigned the presidency in 1888, but continued to teach philosophy until his death. <mask> Hall (home of the English department) and a cross-campus walkway are named in his honor. The campus infirmary is named after his wife, <mask> Louis Till Math & Science Academy. Philosophical work
<mask>'s position was mainly in the tradition of Thomas Reid and other Scottish common-sense philosophers. He denied that our beliefs about the nature of the external world rest on causal or other inferences from perceptual ideas, but held that they are the direct accompaniments of sensation, and thus not open to question.He also argued for the a priori nature of fundamental principles such as those of causality and morality. Our judgements and other cognitions are regulated by such

masks:
James McCosh
McCosh
McCosh
Isabella McCoshmett
McCosh


texts:
 principles, though that is not to say that everyone is aware of them; they can be reached through reflection on our experience, when they are recognised as self-evidently necessary. In his moral theory, especially, <mask> differed from many of his contemporaries in being relatively uninfluenced by Kant. Evolution
<mask>'s most original work concerned the attempt to reconcile evolution and Christianity. In 1874, Charles Hodge, the theologian and intellectual leader at the Presbyterian Seminary in Princeton,  published What is Darwinism?, claiming that Darwinism, was, in essence, atheism. To Hodge, Darwinism was contrary to the notion of design and was therefore clearly atheistic. Hodge's views determined the position of the Seminary until his death in 1878.Hodge simply refused to accept that natural laws alone could create complex organisms that fit into their niches so perfectly and that evolution could explain origins. While he didn't consider all evolutionary ideas to be in conflict with his religion, he was concerned with its teaching in colleges. Meanwhile at the college across town (a totally separate institution) President John Maclean also rejected Darwin's theory of evolution. However in 1868, <mask> became president at the college. <mask> realized that much of Darwinism could and would be proved sound, and so he strove to prepare Christians for this event. Instead of conflict between science and religion, McCosh sought reconciliation. Insisting on the principle of design in nature, <mask> interpreted the Darwinian discoveries as more evidence of the prearrangement, skill, and purpose in the universe.He thus demonstrated

masks: McCosh McCosh McCosh McCosh McCosh


texts:
 that Darwinism was not atheistic nor in irreconcilable hostility to the Bible. <mask> thus argued that evolution, far from being inconsistent with belief in divine design, glorifies the divine designer (see for example his Christianity and Positivism), believing nature was entirely interconnected by natural laws God was immanent with. This aspect of his work found popularity among most Presbyterian clergy, who found his arguments useful in their attempts to cope with scientific philosophy. The Presbyterians in America thus could choose between two schools of thought on evolution, both based in Princeton. The Seminary held to Hodge's position until his supporters were ousted in 1929, and the college (Princeton University) became a world class center of the new science of evolutionary biology. The debate between <mask> as president of the college and Charles Hodge, head of Princeton Seminary, during the late 1860s and 1870s exemplified the classic conflict between science and religion over the question of Darwin's evolution theory. McCosh offered the first public endorsement of evolution by an American religious leader.However, the two men showed greater similarities regarding matters of science and religion than popularly appreciated. Both supported the increasing role of scientific inquiry in natural history and resisted its intrusion into philosophy and religion. The debate vitalized the college. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1871. Main works
The Method of Divine Government, Physical and Moral (Edinburgh, 1850, 5th ed., 1856, and frequently republished in New York)
The Typical Forms and

masks: McCosh McCosh


texts:
 Special Ends in Creation (Edinburgh, 1855; New York, 1856)
Intuitions of the Mind Inductively Investigated (London and New York, 1860; 3rd rev. ed., 1872)
An Examination of Mr J. S. Mill's Philosophy (London and New York, 1866; enlarged 1871, several editions)
Dr. <mask>'s Logic: Laws of Discursive Thought, Being a Text-Book of Formal Logic (Robert Carter & Brothers, 1885)
Philosophical Papers containing (1)"Examination of Sir W. Hamilton's Logic", (2)"Reply to Mr Mill's third edition", and (3) "Present State of Moral Philosophy in Britain". First and Fundamental Truths: Being a Treatise on Metaphysics (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1889)
The Religious Aspect of Evolution (New York, 1888, 2nd ed., 1890).For a complete list of his writings see Joseph Heatly Dulles, McCosh Bibliography (Princeton, 1895). References

Citations

Sources

 Douglas Arner, "<mask>", in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy", ed. Paul Edwards (Collier Macmillan, 1967)
 Hoeveler, J. David, Jr. <mask> and the Scottish Intellectual Tradition: From Glasgow to Princeton. (1981). 374 pp. Paul Helm, "M'Cosh, <mask>", in Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology, ed. Nigel M de S Cameron (Edinburgh, T & T Clark, 1993)

Further reading

 Hoeveler, J. David (1981), <mask> and the Scottish Intellectual Tradition'', Princeton University Press,

1811 births
1894 deaths
Scottish philosophers
Presidents of Princeton University
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
19th-century British philosophers
People from Ayrshire
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Theistic evolutionists
Scottish emigrants to the United

masks:
McCosh
James McCosh
James McCosh
James
James McCosh


texts:
is a Japanese idol, singer and actress. She is a member of the Japanese idol girl group AKB48 and a former member of NMB48 and NGT48. She auditioned for AKB48 on December 3, 2006, and is now a member of AKB48's Team B. She was previously the captain of Team B before she was replaced by Ayaka Umeda as the captain. She was also a member of AKB48 sub-group French Kiss. Her talent agency is Watanabe Productions. Her nickname is Yukirin.In the annual AKB48 general elections, <mask> has consistently ranked among the group's top members. She placed ninth in 2009, eighth in 2010, third in 2011 and 2012, fourth in 2013, third in 2014, second in 2015 and fifth in 2016. Career

<mask> was born in Kagoshima. She joined AKB48 after an audition on December 3, 2006, and made her debut as a member of Team B at the "AKB48 1st Anniversary Live – Seizoroi da ze! AKB!" concert. Before her theater debut, as part of the "AKB48 Haru no Chotto Dake Zenkoku Tour – Madamada da ze 48" tour, she appeared in Yuko Oshima's position on March 17 at the Aichi Welfare Pension Hall and on March 18 at the Fukuoka International Conference Hall.Her first AKB48 theater performance as a Team B member was on April 4, 2007. On March 25, 2009, she joined Watanabe Productions. On April 25, 2009, she became a weathergirl on Tokyo Broadcasting System TV's "Hiruobi". She came 9th place in the member elections for the single "Iiwake Maybe" and was made

masks: Yuki Kashiwagi


texts: captain of Team B on August 23, 2009. Her first solo photobook was released on September 20, 2009. In 2010, she was made a member of three-piece AKB48 sub-group French Kiss. During the AKB48 third general election in 2011, she was ranked third place by popular votes, after Yuko Oshima and Atsuko Maeda.Umeda Ayaka replaced Kashiwagi as the Captain of Team B, during the reformation of teams at the Tokyo Dome Concert held on August 24, 2012. On February 6, 2013, Kashiwagi made a solo debut on her personal label "YukiRing", with the single "Shortcake". In the annual general elections held in 2013, Kashiwagi came in fourth place with a total of 96,905 votes. She then released her second solo single, "Birthday Wedding" on October 16, 2013. In AKB48 Group Daisokaku Matsuri, held February 24, 2014, she became a member of NMB48's Team N while remaining in AKB48's Team B. She made her first appearance as a member of NMB48 during the group's solo concert in Saitama Super Arena on April 5, 2014. She made her debut at the NMB48 theater on April 30, 2014.In the group's annual general elections in 2014, Kashiwagi came in third place with a total of 104,364 votes. Kashiwagi received her first center position for the group's 39th single, Green Flash since her debut in 2006. This single has two centers, the other center being Haruna Kojima. On March 26, 2015, it was announced that she would release from her concurrent


texts:
 position in NMB48, and hold a concurrent position in NGT48 which is planned to be formed in 2015. She placed No.2 in the AKB48 general election in 2015, and was selected for the 41st single senbatsu members. On April 17, she announced that she was withdrawing from NGT48, with a final performance at Team NIII's concert on April 21, 2019. On April 9, 2021, it was announced that Kashiwagi would temporarily join all seven current WACK groups as a member, with the stage name <mask> Reysole.On August 31, all seven WACK groups will release a single each, all of which will feature Kashiwagi. The release of the singles was later delayed indefinitely following Kashiwagi's diagnosis of Syringomyelia. All seven of the singles were released on November 30. On June 9, 2021, it was announced that Kashiwagi will be undergoing spinal cord surgery. As a result, her solo concerts for July 7-8 have been postponed. Discography

Singles

As solo artist

Collaborations

Stage units

 Team B 1st Stage (Seishun Girls)
 Kinjirareta Futari
 Fushidara na Natsu

Team B 2nd Stage (Aitakatta)
 Namida no Shonan
 Rio no Kakumei
 Koi no Plan
 Senaka Kara Dakishimete

Team B 3rd Stage (Pajama Drive)
 Temodemo no Namida

Team B 4th Stage (Idol no Yoake)
 Kuchi Utsushi no Chocolate

Team B 5th Stage (Theater no Megami)
 Yokaze no Shiwaza

Umeda Team B Waiting Stage
 Namida ni Shizumu Taiyou

Team B 3rd Stage (Pajama Drive) – REVIVAL
 Junjou


texts:
 Shugi

Team N 4th Stage (Koko ni Datte Tenshi wa Iru)
 Zipper
 Hajimete no Hoshi
 100nen Saki Demo

Appearances

Dramas
 "Home Page" (1999)
 "My Generation" (2000)
 "Yi jian zhong qing" (2000)
 "e-Dreams" (2001)
 "The Believer" (2001)
 "San Yuan Li" (2003)
 "Seoul Train" (2004)
  (2010) – Black
  (2011) – Kashiwagi Yuki
  (2011) – Black
  (2011) – Kishinosato Juri
  (2013) – Kashiwagi Yuki
 "So long!" (2013) – Goto Midori
  (2013) – Inoue Sae
  (2013) – Ejima Chihiro
  (2013)
  (2013) – Ayukawa Tamaki
  (2014) – Miki
  (2015) – Black (ep.2)
  Ep.13 - Rapidly (2015) – Sana
  Ep.1 - First Time in the Morning (2016) – Miki Kirimoto
  (2016) – Kashiwagi (Anago) (ep.4 - 5)
 Segodon (2018) – Saigō Sono

Variety
  (2008)
  (2008)
 "AKBingo!"(2008-2019) (Irregular appearances)
  (2009- )
  (2009- ) (Irregular appearances)
  (Irregular appearances)
 "AKB48 SHOW!" (2013-2019)
  (2014-2015)

Anime
 Tales of the Abyss (October, 2008 – March, 2009, MBS)
 Sket Dance (April, 2011 – March 2012, TV Tokyo)

Musicals
 ∞・Infinity (2009) – Takashima Maria (Double cast with Minami Takahashi)

Radio
 AKB48 Ashita Made Mou Chotto (April 28, 2008 –, Nippon Cultural Broadcasting)
 ON8 (April 20, 2009 –, bayfm)
 Holiday Special bayfm meets AKB48 3rd Stage ~Real~ (September 15, 2008, bayfm)
 AKB48 Konya wa Kaeranai (November 29, 2008 – Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting)
 Kashiwagi Yuki no YUKIRIN TIME (2012- )
 AKB48 no All Night Nippon


texts:
 (Irregular appearances)
 Listen? ~Live 4 Life~ (Irregular appearances)
 ON8+1 (Irregular appearances)

Concerts
 with AKB48
 AKB48 Request Hour Set List Best 100 (January 21–24, 2008)
 Live DVD wa Derudarou kedo, Yappari Name ni Kagiruze (August 23, 2008)
 AKB48 Masaka, Kono Concert no Ongen wa Ryuushutsu shinai yo ne? (November 23, 2008)
 End of the Year Thanksgiving: We're going to shuffle AKB! Give your regards to SKE as well (20 December 2008)
 AKB48 Request Hour Set List Best 100 2009 (January 18, 2009)
 AKB48 Bunshin no Jutsu Tour (August 15, 2009)
 AKB48 Natsu no Saruobasan Matsuri (September 13, 2009)

 Solo
 Kashiwagi Yuki 3rd Solo Live Nete no Samete mo Yukirin World ~Motto Muchuu ni Sasechauzo♡~ (2013 concert, 2014 DVD/BD)

Bibliography

Magazines
 Weekly Young Jump, Shueisha 1979-, since 2010

Photobooks
 Kashiwagi Yuki First Photobook Ijō, Kashiwagi Yuki Deshita (September 28, 2009, Tokyo News Service)
 Kashiwagi Yuki Second Photobook Yu, Yu, Yukirin... (April 19, 2012, Shueisha)

References

External links

 , Kashiwagi's vanity label under Avex Group
 Yuki Kashiwagi profile at AKB48 Official Site
 Yuki Kashiwagi at Oricon

1991 births
Living people
Japanese idols
People from Kagoshima
AKB48 members
NMB48 members
NGT48 members
Avex Group artists
Musicians from Kagoshima Prefecture
French Kiss (band)
Watanabe Entertainment
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese


texts: <mask>, 2nd Earl of Dudley,  (25 May 1867 – 29 June 1932), was a British aristocrat, politician, and military officer who served as the fourth Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1908 to 1911. He was previously Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1902 to 1905, and also a government minister under Lord Salisbury. <mask> was the son of <mask>, 1st Earl of Dudley, and succeeded to the earldom at the age of 17. He inherited a substantial fortune and the palatial family seat at Witley Court. <mask> sat with the Conservative Party in the House of Lords, and was Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade from 1895 to 1902. He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland when Arthur Balfour came to power, and was regarded as a competent administrator. His time in Dublin led to his inclusion as a character in James Joyce's Ulysses.In part due to the urging of King Edward VII, a longtime acquaintance, <mask> was appointed Governor-General of Australia in 1908. His extravagance and pomposity made him unpopular among the general public, and his attempts to interfere in political matters rankled both prime ministers he worked with (Andrew Fisher and Alfred Deakin). Deakin regarded him as doing "nothing really important, nothing thoroughly, nothing consistently [...] very ineffective and not very popular". He was recalled to England after less than three years in office. <mask> took command of the Queen's Own Worcestershire Hussars in 1913. He had first joined the army as a young man, and during the Second Boer War served with the Imperial Yeomanry. In World War I, <mask> commanded the Hussars for the initial stages of the Gallipoli campaign,

masks:
William Humble Ward
Dudley
William Ward
Dudley
Dudley
Dudley
Dudley