texts: how powerful the US design was. <mask> realised that in order to cause the explosion of one side of the fuel to symmetrically compress the fusion fuel, a mirror could be used to reflect the radiation. The details had not been officially declassified in Russia when <mask> was writing his memoirs, but in the Teller–Ulam design, soft X-rays emitted by the fission bomb were focused onto a cylinder of lithium deuteride to compress it symmetrically. This is called radiation implosion. The Teller–Ulam design also had a secondary fission device inside the fusion cylinder to assist with the compression of the fusion fuel and generate neutrons to convert some of the lithium to tritium, producing a mixture of deuterium and tritium. <mask>'s idea was first tested as RDS-37 in 1955.A larger variation of the same design which <mask> worked on was the 50 Mt Tsar Bomba of October 1961, which was the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated. <mask> saw "striking parallels" between his fate and those of J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller in the US. Sakharov believed that in this "tragic confrontation of two outstanding people", both deserved respect, because "each of them was certain he had right on his side and was morally obligated to go to the end in the name of truth." While <mask> strongly disagreed with Teller over nuclear testing in the atmosphere and the Strategic Defense Initiative, he believed that American academics had been unfair to Teller's resolve to get the H-bomb for the United States since "all steps by the Americans of a temporary or permanent rejection of developing thermonuclear weapons would have been seen either as a clever feint,

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type: original

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 or as the manifestation of stupidity. In both cases, the reaction would have been the same – avoid the trap and immediately take advantage of the enemy's stupidity." <mask> never felt that by creating nuclear weapons he had "known sin", in Oppenheimer's expression. He later wrote:

Support for peaceful use of nuclear technology

In 1950 he proposed an idea for a controlled nuclear fusion reactor, the tokamak, which is still the basis for the majority of work in the area.<mask>, in association with Tamm, proposed confining extremely hot ionized plasma by torus shaped magnetic fields for controlling thermonuclear fusion that led to the development of the tokamak device. Magneto-implosive generators

In 1951 he invented and tested the first explosively pumped flux compression generators, compressing magnetic fields by explosives. He called these devices MK (for MagnetoKumulative) generators. The radial MK-1 produced a pulsed magnetic field of 25 megagauss (2500 teslas). The resulting helical MK-2 generated 1000 million amperes in 1953. <mask> then tested a MK-driven "plasma cannon" where a small aluminum ring was vaporized by huge eddy currents into a stable, self-confined toroidal plasmoid and was accelerated to 100 km/s. <mask> later suggested replacing the copper coil in MK generators with a large superconductor solenoid to magnetically compress and focus underground nuclear explosions into a shaped charge effect.He theorized this could focus 1023 protons per second on a 1 mm2 surface. Particle physics and cosmology
After 1965 <mask> returned to fundamental science and began working on particle physics and physical cosmology. He tried to

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 explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe; in that regard, he was the first to give a theoretical motivation for proton decay. Proton decay was suggested by Wigner in 1949 and
1952. Proton decay experiments had been performed since 1954 already. <mask> was the first to consider CPT-symmetric events occurring before the Big Bang:We can visualize that neutral spinless maximons (or photons) are produced at ''t'' < 0 from contracting matter having an excess of antiquarks, that they pass "one through the other" at the instant ''t'' = 0 when the density is infinite, and decay with an excess of quarks when ''t'' > 0, realizing total CPT symmetry of the universe. All the phenomena at t < 0 are assumed in this hypothesis to be CPT reflections of the phenomena at t > 0.His legacy in this domain are the famous conditions named after him: Baryon number violation, C-symmetry and CP-symmetry violation, and interactions out of thermal equilibrium. <mask> was also interested in explaining why the curvature of the universe is so small. This lead him to consider cyclic models, where the universe oscillates between contraction and expansion phases. In those models, after a certain number of cycles the curvature naturally becomes infinite even if it had not started this way: Sakharov considered three starting points, a flat universe with a slightly negative cosmological constant, a universe with a positive curvature and a zero cosmological constant, and a universe with a negative curvature and a slightly negative cosmological constant. Those last two models feature what <mask> calls a reversal of the time arrow, which can be summarized as follows: He

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 considers times t > 0 after the initial Big Bang singularity at t = 0 (which he calls "Friedman singularity" and denotes Φ) as well as times t < 0 before that singularity. He then assumes that entropy increases when time increases for t > 0 as well as when time decreases for t < 0, which constitutes his reversal of time. Then he considers the case when the universe at t < 0 is the image of the universe at t > 0 under CPT symmetry but also the case when it is not so: the universe has a non-zero CPT charge at t = 0 in this case.<mask> considers a variant of this model where the reversal of the time arrow occurs at a point of maximum entropy instead of happening at the singularity. In those models there is no dynamic interaction between the universe at t < 0 and t > 0. In his first model the two universes did not interact, except via local matter accumulation whose density and pressure become high enough to connect the two sheets through a bridge without spacetime between them, but with a continuity of geodesics beyond the Schwarzschild radius with no singularity, allowing an exchange of matter between the two conjugated sheets, based on an idea after Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov. Novikov called such singularities a collapse and an anticollapse, which are an alternative to the couple black hole and white hole in the wormhole model. <mask> also proposed the idea of induced gravity as an alternative theory of quantum gravity. Turn to activism
Since the late 1950s <mask> had become concerned about the moral and political implications of his work. Politically active during the 1960s, <mask> was against nuclear proliferation.Pushing for the end of

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texts: atmospheric tests, he played a role in the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty, signed in Moscow. <mask> was also involved in an event with political consequences in 1964, when the Soviet Academy of Sciences nominated for full membership Nikolai Nuzhdin, a follower of Trofim Lysenko (initiator of the Stalin-supported anti-genetics campaign Lysenkoism). Contrary to normal practice, <mask>, a member of the academy, publicly spoke out against full membership for Nuzhdin and held him responsible for "the defamation, firing, arrest, even death, of many genuine scientists." In the end, Nuzhdin was not elected, but the episode prompted Sergei Khrushchev to order the KGB to gather compromising material on Sakharov. The major turn in <mask>'s political evolution came in 1967, when anti-ballistic missile defense became a key issue in US–Soviet relations. In a secret detailed letter to the Soviet leadership of July 21, 1967, Sakharov explained the need to "take the Americans at their word" and accept their proposal for a "bilateral rejection by the USA and the Soviet Union of the development of antiballistic missile defense" because an arms race in the new technology would otherwise increase the likelihood of nuclear war. He also asked permission to publish his manuscript, which accompanied the letter, in a newspaper to explain the dangers posed by that kind of defense.The government ignored his letter and refused to let him initiate a public discussion of ABMs in the Soviet press. Since 1967, after the Six Day War and the beginning of the Arab-Israeli conflict, he actively supported Israel, as he reported more than once in the press, and also maintained


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 friendly relations with refuseniks who later made aliyah. In May 1968, <mask> completed an essay, "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom". He described the anti-ballistic missile defense as a major threat of world nuclear war. After the essay was circulated in samizdat and then published outside the Soviet Union, <mask> was banned from conducting any military-related research and returned to FIAN to study fundamental theoretical physics. For 12 years, until his exile to Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) in January 1980, <mask> assumed the role of a widely recognized and open dissident in Moscow. He stood vigil outside closed courtrooms, wrote appeals on behalf of more than 200 individual prisoners, and continued to write essays about the need for democratization.In 1970, <mask> was among the three founding members of the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR, along with Valery Chalidze and <mask>v. The Committee wrote appeals, collected signatures for petitions and succeeded in affiliating with several international human rights organizations. Its work was the subject of many KGB reports and brought <mask> under increasing pressure from the government. <mask> married a fellow human rights activist, Yelena Bonner, in 1972. By 1973, <mask> was meeting regularly with Western correspondents and holding press conferences in his apartment. He appealed to the US Congress to approve the 1974 Jackson-Vanik Amendment to a trade bill, which coupled trade tariffs to the Kremlin's willingness to allow freer emigration. Attacked by Soviet establishment from 1972
In 1972, <mask> became the target of sustained pressure from his fellow

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 scientists in the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Soviet press.The writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn came to his defence. In 1973 and 1974, the Soviet media campaign continued, targeting both <mask> and Solzhenitsyn for their pro-Western, anti-socialist positions. <mask> later described that it took "years" for him to "understand how much substitution, deceit, and lack of correspondence with reality there was" in the Soviet ideals. "At first I thought, despite everything that I saw with my own eyes, that the Soviet State was a breakthrough into the future, a kind of prototype for all countries". Then he came, in his words, to "the theory of symmetry: all governments and regimes to a first approximation are bad, all peoples are oppressed, and all are threatened by common dangers." <mask>'s ideas on social development led him to put forward the principle of human rights as a new basis of all politics. In his works, he declared that "the principle 'what is not prohibited is allowed' should be understood literally", and defied what he saw as unwritten ideological rules imposed by the Communist Party on the society in spite of a democratic Soviet Constitution (1936).In a letter written from exile, he cheered up a fellow physicist and free market advocate with the words: "Fortunately, the future is unpredictable and also – because of quantum effects – uncertain." For <mask>, the indeterminacy of the future supported his belief that he could and should take personal responsibility for it. Nobel Peace Prize (1975)
In 1973, <mask> was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, and in 1974, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca. <mask> was awarded the


texts:
 Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. The Norwegian Nobel Committee called him "a spokesman for the conscience of mankind". In the words of the Nobel Committee's citation: "In a convincing manner <mask> has emphasised that Man's inviolable rights provide the only safe foundation for genuine and enduring international cooperation." <mask> was not allowed to leave the Soviet Union to collect the prize.His wife, Yelena Bonner, read his speech at the ceremony in Oslo, Norway. On the day the prize was awarded, <mask> was in Vilnius, where the human rights activist Sergei Kovalev was being tried. In his Nobel lecture, "Peace, Progress, Human Rights", <mask> called for an end to the arms race, greater respect for the environment, international cooperation, and universal respect for human rights. He included a list of prisoners of conscience and political prisoners in the Soviet Union and stated that he shared the prize with them. By 1976, the head of the KGB, Yuri Andropov, was prepared to call <mask> "Domestic Enemy Number One" before a group of KGB officers. Internal exile (1980–1986)

<mask> was arrested on 22 January 1980, following his public protests against the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979, and was sent to the city of Gorky, now Nizhny Novgorod, a city that was off limits to foreigners. Between 1980 and 1986, Sakharov was kept under Soviet police surveillance.In his memoirs, he mentioned that their apartment in Gorky was repeatedly subjected to searches and heists. <mask> was named the 1980 Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association. In May 1984, <mask>'s wife, Yelena Bonner, was detained, and <mask> began a hunger strike,

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 demanding permission for his wife to travel to the United States for heart surgery. He was forcibly hospitalized and force-fed. He was held in isolation for four months. In August 1984, Bonner was sentenced by a court to five years of exile in Gorky. In April 1985, <mask> started a new hunger strike for his wife to travel abroad for medical treatment.He again was taken to a hospital and force-fed. In August, the Politburo discussed what to do about <mask>. He remained in the hospital until October 1985, when his wife was allowed to travel to the United States. She had heart surgery in the United States and returned to Gorky in June 1986. In December 1985, the European Parliament established the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, to be given annually for outstanding contributions to human rights. On 19 December 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who had initiated the policies of perestroika and glasnost, called <mask> to tell him that he and his wife could return to Moscow. Political leader

In 1988, <mask> was given the International Humanist Award by the International Humanist and Ethical Union.He helped to initiate the first independent legal political organizations and became prominent in the Soviet Union's growing political opposition. In March 1989, <mask> was elected to the new parliament, the All-Union Congress of People's Deputies and co-led the democratic opposition, the Inter-Regional Deputies Group. In November the head of the KGB reported to Gorbachev on <mask>'s encouragement and support for the coal miners' strike in Vorkuta. In December 1988, <mask> visited Armenia and Azerbaijan on a fact-finding mission. He concluded, "For

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 Azerbaijan the issue of Karabakh is a matter of ambition, for the Armenians of Karabakh, it is a matter of life and death". Death

Soon after 9pm on 14 December 1989, <mask> went to his study to take a nap before preparing an important speech he was to deliver the next day in the Congress. His wife went to wake him at 11pm as he had requested but she found <mask> dead on the floor.According to the notes of Yakov Rapoport, a senior pathologist present at the autopsy, it is most likely that <mask> died of an arrhythmia consequent to dilated cardiomyopathy at the age of 68. He was interred in the Vostryakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow. Influence

Memorial prizes
The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought was established in 1988 by the European Parliament in his honour, and is the highest tribute to human rights endeavours awarded by the European Union. It is awarded annually by the parliament to "those who carry the spirit of Soviet dissident <mask>"; to "Laureates who, like <mask>, dedicate their lives to peaceful struggle for human rights." An <mask>ov prize has also been awarded by the American Physical Society every second year since 2006 "to recognize outstanding leadership and/or achievements of scientists in upholding human rights". The Andrei Sakharov Prize For Writer's Civic Courage was established in October 1990. In 2004, with the approval of Yelena Bonner, an annual Sakharov Prize for journalism was established for reporters and commentators in Russia.Funded by former Soviet dissident Pyotr Vins, now a businessman in the US, the prize is administered by the Glasnost Defence Foundation in Moscow. The prize "for journalism as an act of

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 conscience" has been won over the years by famous journalists such as Anna Politkovskaya and young reporters and editors working far from Russia's media capital, Moscow. The 2015 winner was Yelena Kostyuchenko. Andrei Sakharov Archives and Human Rights Center
The Andrei Sakharov Archives and Human Rights Center, established at Brandeis University in 1993, are now housed at Harvard University. The documents from that archive were published by the Yale University Press in 2005. These documents are available online. Most of documents of the archive are letters from the head of the KGB to the Central Committee about activities of Soviet dissidents and recommendations about the interpretation in newspapers.The letters cover the period from 1968 to 1991 (Brezhnev stagnation). The documents characterize not only <mask>'s activity, but that of other dissidents, as well as that of highest-position apparatchiks and the KGB. No Russian equivalent of the KGB archive is available. Legacy and remembrance

Places

 In Moscow, there is Academician Sakharov Avenue and Sakharov Center. During the 1980s, the block of 16th Street NW between L and M streets, in front of the Russian ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C. was renamed "<mask> Plaza" as a form of protest against his 1980 arrest and detention. In Yerevan, the capital of Armenia, Sakharov Square, located in the heart of the city, is named after him. The Sakharov Gardens (est.1990) are located at the entrance to Jerusalem, Israel, off the Jerusalem–Tel Aviv Highway. There is also a street named after him in Haifa. In Nizhny Novgorod, there is a Sakharov Museum in the apartment on the first floor of

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 the 12-storeyed house where the <mask> family lived for seven years; in 2014 his monument was erected near the house. In Saint Petersburg, his monument stands in Sakharov Square, and there is a Sakharov Park. In 1979, an asteroid, 1979 Sakharov, was named after him. A public square in Vilnius in front of the Press House is named after <mask>. The square was named on 16 March 1991, as the Press House was still occupied by the Soviet Army.Andreja Saharova iela in the district of Pļavnieki in Riga, Latvia, is named after <mask>. <mask>j-Sacharow-Platz in downtown Nuremberg is named in honour of <mask>. In Belarus, International Sakharov Environmental University was named after him. Intersection of Ventura Blvd and Laurel Canyon Blvd in Studio City, Los Angeles, is named <mask> Square. In Arnhem, the bridge over the Nederrijn is called the Andrej Sacharovbrug. The Andrej Sacharovweg is a street in Assen, Netherlands. There are also streets named in his honour in other places in the Netherlands such as Amsterdam, Amstelveen, The Hague, Hellevoetsluis, Leiden, Purmerend, Rotterdam, Utrecht
 A street in Copenhagen, Denmark.Quai Andreï Sakharov in Tournai, Belgium, is named in honour of <mask>. In Poland, streets named in his honour in Warsaw, Łódź and Kraków. Andreï <mask> Boulevard in the district of Mladost in Sofia, Bulgaria, is named after him. In New York, a street sign at the southwest corner of Third Avenue and 67th Street reads Sakharov-Bonner Corner, in honor of <mask> and his wife, Yelena Bonner. The corner is just down the block from the Russian (then Soviet) Mission to the United Nations and was the scene of repeated anti-Soviet

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 demonstrations. Media
 In the 1984 made-for-TV film Sakharov starring Jason Robards. In the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, one of the Enterprise-D's Shuttlecraft is named after <mask>, and is featured prominently in several episodes.This follows the Star Trek tradition of naming Shuttlecraft after prominent scientists, and particularly in The Next Generation, physicists. The fictitious interplanetary spacecraft Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov from the novel 2010: Odyssey Two by Arthur C. Clarke is powered by a "Sakharov drive". The novel was published in 1982, when <mask> was in exile in Nizhny Novgorod, and was dedicated both to <mask> and to Alexei Leonov. Russian singer Alexander Gradsky wrote and performed the song "Памяти А. Д. Сахарова" ("In memory of <mask>"), which features on his Live In "Russia" 2 (Живем в "России" 2) CD. The faction leader of the Ecologists in the PC game S.T.A.L.K.E.R. : Shadow of Chernobyl and its prequel is a scientist named <mask>. Honours and awards
 Hero of Socialist Labour (three times: 12 August 1953; 20 June 1956; 7 March 1962).Four Orders of Lenin. Lenin Prize (1956). Stalin Prize (1953). In 1980, <mask> was stripped of all Soviet awards for "anti-Soviet activities". Later, during glasnost, he declined the return of his awards and, consequently, Mikhail Gorbachev did not sign the necessary decree. Prix mondial Cino Del Duca (1974). Nobel Peace Prize (1975).Laurea Honoris Causa of the Sapienza University of Rome (1980). Grand Cross of Order of the Cross of Vytis (posthumously on January 8, 2003). Bibliography

Books

Articles and interviews

See also

 Sakharov conditions
 Sakharov Prize
 List

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Sakharov
Andrei Sakharov
Professor Sakharov
Sakharov


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 of peace activists
 Sergei Kovalev
 Natan Sharansky
 Edward Teller
 Stanislaw Ulam
 Omid Kokabee, Mordechai Vanunu

References

Further reading

  The Regesto delle lauree honoris causa dal 1944 al 1985 is a detailed and carefully commented register of all the documents of the official archive of the Sapienza University of Rome pertaining to the honoris causa degrees awarded or not. It includes all the awarding proposals submitted during the considered period, detailed presentations of the work of the candidate, if available, and precise references to related articles published on Italian newspapers and magazines, if the laurea was awarded. External links

 The Andrei Sakharov Archives at the Houghton Library. <mask>: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights. Web exhibit at the American Institute of Physics.<mask>: Photo-chronology
 Annotated bibliography of <mask> from the Alsos Digital Library

Videos

1921 births
1989 deaths
20th-century Russian writers
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by the Soviet Union
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Vytis
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Lenin Prize winners
Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
Moscow State University alumni
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union
Perestroika
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Hunger strikers
Soviet

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 atheists
Soviet inventors
Soviet memoirists
Soviet anti–nuclear weapons activists
Soviet dissidents
Soviet male writers
20th-century male writers
Soviet Nobel laureates
Soviet non-fiction writers
Soviet nuclear physicists
Soviet prisoners and detainees
Soviet psychiatric abuse whistleblowers
Stalin Prize winners
Writers from Moscow
Political prisoners
Russian people of Greek descent
Political party founders
20th-century memoirists
Male non-fiction writers
World War II


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<mask> (born May 29, 1986) is an American model, television host, and winner of Cycle 8 of America's Next Top Model. Biography
<mask> was born in Puerto Rico and grew up in Humboldt Park, Chicago. She attended Notre Dame High School for Girls on the Northwest Side of Chicago. She was an online college admissions advisor prior to America's Next Top Model. <mask> had done some modeling prior to America's Next Top Model, having been represented by Avant Garde Models. In her CW "Close-up" interview, it was revealed that she appeared in fashion shows for local Chicago designers, including Michelle Gomez of Chicago and Alexis Arquette, as seen in local Chicago newspapers Extra and La Nota. <mask> said in her Seventeen interview that she had been in an abusive relationship with her ex-boyfriend; the relationship ended shortly before the filming of cycle 7.America's Next Top Model

America's Next Top Model Cycle 7
<mask> initially auditioned for Cycle 7, but only made it to the top 21 during the semifinals. Assuring the judges that she would be back for the next cycle's audition, <mask>'s determination caught the eyes of producers, who thought she had potential. Winning America's Next Top Model Cycle 8
<mask> re-auditioned for Cycle 8 and this time made it to the top thirteen, being the twelfth finalist selected. During the competition, <mask> was called first at panel four times, received four Covergirl of the Week awards, and won the Go-Sees reward challenge in Sydney. She was also the second contestant after Joanie Dodds and the first winner to never appear in the bottom two. On the season finale, <mask> was revealed as the winner. She is the first girl in the show's history to compete on more than one cycle and win.<mask> is the second of three winners from Illinois, preceded by Adrianne Curry of cycle 1, and followed by McKey Sullivan of cycle 11. America's Next Top Model

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 Cycle 9
<mask> appeared in the first episode of Cycle 9 at St. John’s where the 33 potential contestants met her before preparing for a beach photoshoot. <mask> also appeared in the final episode to assist the final three models (Chantal Jones, Jenah Doucette and Saleisha Stowers) with their CoverGirl Wetslicks Fruit Spritzers commercial and photoshoot. After Doucette was eliminated, the remaining two contestants Jones and Stowers participated in the final runway modeling Qi Gang's line of couture dresses with <mask> opening the show. America's Next Top Model Cycle 10
Evans appeared in a Cycle 10 episode posing in a Lot 29 photoshoot in Seventeen magazine with challenge winner Katarzyna Dolinska along with fellow contestants chosen to participate, Amis Jenkins and Marvita Washington. <mask> was also present for the 7 Up party where the top seven contestants had to work a "green" carpet leading to eventual runner-up Anya Kop winning the challenge where her prize was another nude photoshoot for 7 Up and US$10,000 as payment. Modeling career

Print work
<mask> has modeled for the New York Post (Tempo), US Weekly,In Touch Weekly, had a 6-page spread in an issue of Vibe Vixen magazine, a 12-page fashion spread for ZooZoom Magazine.Named One Of Latina Magazine's Latinas Of the Year, had a 9-page spread for Colures (U.K fashion Magazine), was featured in Trace (magazine): Model Behaviour as Falls new faces, has been on the covers and had spreads of over a dozen magazines such as Latina, Imagén, Hombre, 6 Degrees, FN, ZooZoom, Fashion Salon Seventeen, Urban Latino, Bleu, Vanidades, Scene, JamRock, Splendor, Time Out. and Metrostyle Catalog. She has also appeared in Lot29 Fall/Winter 07-08 and Spring/Summer 08 ad campaigns; she has had a total of four billboards in Times Square so far. Also, she shares one of her Lot29 billboards in Times Square, New York with Katarzyna

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 Dolinska. <mask> shot an ad campaign for online retailer ShopBop, 8-page fashion spreads for both Scene Magazine and JamRock Magazine. She is also featured on the pages of Living Proof Magazine, American Salon Magazine and currently has an ad campaign with Marianne Stores. <mask> has had an Ad Campaign for designer Cesar Galindo's Spring 2008 Collection and appeared on the pages of Supermodels Unlimited Magazine twice for the August and September/October 2008 issues.<mask> is also part of the "Heart On My Sleeve" clothing campaign by Aubrey O'Day. <mask> is on the pages of YRB Magazine. She has also been featured on COACD, fashionista.com and in Women's Wear Daily. <mask> currently has nationwide campaigns with Garnier Nutrisse, and Southpole. In addition, Kett Cosmetics, Marianne Stores F/W 09, and Recession Denim F/W 09 campaigns. She has also been on the cover Nuovo Magazine. She has been on the cover of Nylon Mexico.In India, she has been in Marie Claire (June 2012), New Woman and Grazia. Runway

<mask> has modeled for Ximena Valero and James de Colón and was honored at the 1st Annual Chicago Latino Fashion Week. <mask> also walked for Ashley Paige in Mercedes Benz Fashion Week Miami Swim 08 and was on the catwalk for the Armani Exchange line. In addition she received a showcard from elite and walked at Mercedes-Benz New York Fashion Week Spring/Summer 2008. <mask> walked at Mercedes-Benz New York Fashion Week Fall/Winter 2008-09 for Armani Exchange and Project Runway finalist Jillian Lewis. She has modeled for the Amaya swimwear line at the BET 'Rip the Runway' fashion show. <mask> strutted on the catwalk of Mercedes-Benz New York Fashion Week Spring/Summer 2009 for designers Jose Duran, Indashio, Cesar Galindo, Farah Angsana and Custo Barcelona.<mask> was on the runway for Adolfo Sanchez S/S 09 collection and also on the runways at the 2nd Annual Chicago Latino

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 Fashion Week for Elda De La Rosa, James De Colon, Nora Del Busto, and Soledad Designs S/S 09. <mask> modeled as Wonder Woman at the 11th Annual New York Chocolate Show, which benefited the Susan G. Komen breast cancer foundation. <mask> strutted on the catwalk of Mercedes-Benz New York Fashion Week Fall/Winter 2009 for Project Runway & Jordi Scott. She was also on the runways for Dana Maxx Fall 09, Design Cares Kaleidoscope Of Dreams For St. Jude Children's Hospital and Jenna Leigh Lingerie A/W 09.10. Maxis presents Malaysia International Fashion Week 2009. <mask> was also a featured model in the finale of  Project Runway (season 6). She took part in the Sewing for Hope charity fashion show 2010.On September 12, 2011, <mask> was a featured model for designer, WALTER Spring 2012 Fashion Presentation at The Empire Hotel Rooftop Lounge during New York Fashion Week. Miscellaneous
As part of her prize, <mask> won representation by Elite Model Management, a $100,000 (USD) contract with CoverGirl cosmetics and a photo shoot for the cover of  a six-page spread in Seventeen magazine. In addition, during the run of Cycle 9, <mask> appeared once a week in a "My Life As A CoverGirl" segment that aired during commercial breaks while the week's episode of Top Model runs. She has also been Featured as one of Cycle 11's Top Models in Action. She made appearances on talk shows Live With Regis and Kelly, 106 & Park, TRL, The View, modeling a dress designed by Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Jensen! (Dutch Talkshow). She was "La Madrina" of the Annual National New York City Puerto Rican Day Parade held June 16, 2007, appearing in a yellow convertible that paraded alongside the car carrying Daddy Yankee.<mask> hosted several style spots for CoverGirl TV, including segments titled "Summer Goddess", "Day To Night" and "<mask>'s Glamorous Nights". She was a nominee for the 2007 Teen Choice Awards,

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 under the category "Choice TV: Female Reality/Variety Star". Women's Wear Daily (WWD) said the following about <mask>:
When 20-year-old <mask> <mask> won season eight's America's Next Top Model, Lot29 executives knew they had their next face.They seem to have chosen correctly. <mask> did so well for the brand last season, the company asked her back to endorse the product for spring. <mask> filmed her first official CoverGirl commercial, which aired in Europe, Latin America and on Spanish-language channels and has been featured on Teen Vogue. She shot a cameo in the John Leguizamo film Nothing Like the Holidays. In addition, <mask> has renewed her contract with CoverGirl and she has also been featured on CBS' The Early Show, where she discussed her career success.<mask> was also featured on Ryan Leslie's music video, "Addiction". Also, featured on Aventura's (Dominican Bachata band) latest music video "Por Un Segundo" and Magic Juan's music video "Baby Come Back". <mask> partnered with Liz Claiborne and the National Domestic Violence Hotline to spread awareness about teen dating violence for the "Love Is Not Abuse" campaign. <mask> modeled a design from fashion house Nina Ricci on the Today Show with Kathie Lee Gifford and Hoda Kotb for a segment on Paws for Style. <mask> is currently signed with 301 Model Management Miami, Faces Model Management Malaysia, Exodus Model Management Thailand; she is currently working in Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand and Singapore. She was also a guest judge for Miss Malaysia World 2010. <mask> hosts events on Spanish 'Yeah!'channel. Awards and nominations

See also

 List of Puerto Ricans

References

External links

The Internet Fashion Database

1986 births
Living people
American people of Puerto Rican descent
People from Chicago
American female models
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masks: Gonzalez Jaslene Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez Gonzalez


texts:
<mask> (; ; 1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy from 1711 until his death, succeeding his elder brother, Joseph I. He unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Spain following the death of his relative, <mask>. In 1708, he married Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, by whom he had his four children: Leopold Johann (who died in infancy), Maria Theresa (the last direct Habsburg sovereign), Maria Anna (Governess of the Austrian Netherlands), and Maria Amalia (who also died in infancy). Four years before the birth of Maria Theresa, faced with his lack of male heirs, <mask> provided for a male-line succession failure with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. The Emperor favoured his own daughters over those of his elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, in the succession, ignoring the decree he had signed during the reign of his father, Leopold I. <mask> sought the other European powers' approval. They demanded significant terms, among which were that Austria close the Ostend Company. In total, Great Britain, France, Saxony-Poland, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Venice, States of the Church, Prussia, Russia, Denmark, Savoy-Sardinia, Bavaria, and the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire recognised the sanction.France, Spain, Saxony-Poland, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged. <mask> died in 1740, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession, which plagued his successor, Maria Theresa, for eight years. Biography

Early years
Archduke <mask> (baptized Carolus Franciscus Josephus Wenceslaus Balthasar Johannes Antonius Ignatius), the second son of the

masks:
Charles VI
Charles II
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles


texts: Emperor Leopold I and of his third wife, Princess Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, was born on  1 October 1685. His tutor was Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein. Following the death of <mask> of Spain, in 1700, without any direct heir, <mask> declared himself King of Spain—both were members of the House of Habsburg. The ensuing War of the Spanish Succession, which pitted France's candidate, Philip, Duke of Anjou, Louis XIV of France's grandson, against Austria's <mask>, lasted for almost 14 years. The Kingdom of Portugal, Kingdom of England, Scotland, Ireland and the majority of the Holy Roman Empire endorsed <mask>'s candidature.<mask>, as he was known, disembarked in his kingdom in 1705, and stayed there for six years, only being able to exercise his rule in Catalonia, until the death of his brother, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor; he returned to Vienna to assume the imperial crown. Not wanting to see Austria and Spain in personal union again, the new Kingdom of Great Britain withdrew its support from the Austrian coalition, and the war culminated with the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt three years later. The former, ratified in 1713, recognised Philip as King of Spain; however, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Milan, the Austrian Netherlands and the Kingdom of Sardinia – all previously possessions of the Spanish—were ceded to Austria. To prevent a union of Spain and France, Philip was forced to renounce his right to succeed his grandfather's throne. <mask> was extremely discontented at the loss of Spain, and as a result, he mimicked the staid Spanish Habsburg court ceremonial, adopting

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Charles II
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles III
Charles


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 the dress of a Spanish monarch, which, according to British historian Edward Crankshaw, consisted of "a black doublet and hose, black shoes and scarlet stockings". <mask>'s father and his advisors went about arranging a marriage for him. Their eyes fell upon Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, the eldest child of Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.She was held to be strikingly beautiful by her contemporaries. On 1 August 1708, in Barcelona, <mask> married her by proxy. She gave him two daughters that survived to adulthood, Maria Theresa and Maria Anna. Succession to the Habsburg dominions
When <mask> succeeded his brother in 1711, he was the last male Habsburg heir in the direct line. Since Habsburg possessions were subject to Salic law, barring women from inheriting in their own right, his own lack of a male heir meant they would be divided on his death. The Pragmatic Sanction of 19 April 1713 abolished male-only succession in all Habsburg realms and declared their lands indivisible, although Hungary only approved it in 1723. <mask> had three daughters, Maria Theresa (1717–1780), Maria Anna (1718–1744) and Maria Amalia (1724–1730) but no surviving sons.When Maria Theresa was born, he disinherited his nieces and the daughters of his elder brother Joseph, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia. It was this act that undermined the chances of a smooth succession and obliged <mask> to spend the rest of his reign seeking to ensure enforcement of the Sanction from other European powers. <mask> agreed to a demand from Britain that he close a trading company, (the Ostend Company), which

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


texts: was based in the Austrian Netherlands and that he himself founded in 1722. However, by 1735 he had secured approvals from key states, most importantly the Imperial Diet, which in theory bound all its members including Prussia and Bavaria. Other signatories included Britain, France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Russia, Denmark and Savoy-Sardinia but subsequent events underlined Eugene of Savoy's comment that the best guarantee was a powerful army and full Treasury. His nieces were married to the rulers of Saxony and Bavaria, both of whom ultimately refused to be bound by the decision of the Imperial Diet and despite publicly agreeing to the Pragmatic Sanction in 1735, France signed a secret treaty with Bavaria in 1738 promising to back the 'just claims' of <mask> of Bavaria. In the first part of his reign, the empire continued to expand; success in the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718), adding Banat to Hungary, and establishing direct Austrian rule over Serbia and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).This extended Austrian rule to the lower Danube. The War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) followed. It too ended in an Austrian victory; by the Treaty of The Hague (1720), <mask> swapped Sardinia, which went to the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus, for Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean, which was harder to defend than Sardinia. The treaty also recognised Philip V of Spain's younger son, Don Carlos (the future <mask> of Spain), as heir to the Duchy of Parma and Grand Duchy of Tuscany; <mask> had previously endorsed the succession of the incumbent Grand Duke's daughter, Anna Maria Luisa, Electress

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Charles Albert
Charles
Charles III
Charles


texts: Palatine. Peace in Europe was shattered by the War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738),  a dispute over the throne of Poland between Augustus of Saxony, the previous King's elder son, and Stanisław Leszczyński. Austria supported the former, France the latter; thus, a war broke out. By the Treaty of Vienna (1738), Augustus ascended the throne, but <mask> had to give the Kingdom of Naples to Don Carlos, in exchange for the much smaller Duchy of Parma.The issue of <mask>'s elder daughter's marriage was raised early in her childhood. She was first betrothed to Léopold Clément of Lorraine, who was supposed to come to Vienna and meet Maria Theresa. Instead, he died of smallpox in 1723, which upset Maria Theresa. Léopold Clément's younger brother, Francis Stephen, then came to Vienna to replace him. <mask> considered other possibilities (such as Don Carlos) before announcing the engagement to Francis. At the end of the War of the Polish Succession, France demanded that Francis surrender the Duchy of Lorraine (his hereditary domain), to Stanisław Leszczyński, the deposed King of Poland, who would bequeath it to France at his death. <mask> compelled Francis to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: "No renunciation, no archduchess."Francis complied; he was married to Maria Theresa in February 1736, and Lorraine devolved to Stanisław in July 1737. In 1737, the Emperor embarked on another Turkish War in alliance with Russia. Unlike the previous Austro-Turkish War, it ended in a decisive Austrian defeat. Much of the territory gained in 1718 (except for the Banat) was lost. Popular discontent at

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 the costly war reigned in Vienna; Francis of Lorraine, Maria Theresa's husband, was dubbed a French spy by the Viennese. The war not only revealed the sorry state of the Austrian army, but also the weakness of the imperial state itself, which did not have the financial strength to sustain a long war without the subsidies of its allies. Death and legacy

At the time of <mask>'s death, the Habsburg lands were saturated in debt; the exchequer contained a mere 100,000 florins; and desertion was rife in Austria's sporadic army, spread across the Empire in small, ineffective barracks.Contemporaries expected that Hungary would wrench itself from the Habsburg yoke upon his death. Despite the predicaments faced by <mask>, the territorial extent of his Habsburg lands was at its greatest since the days of his cognatic ancestor Emperor <mask>, reaching the Southern Mediterranean and including the Duchy of Milan. The Emperor, after a hunting trip across the Hungarian border in "a typical day in the wettest and coldest October in memory", fell seriously ill at the Favorita Palace, Vienna, and he died on 20 October 1740 in the Hofburg. In his Memoirs Voltaire wrote that <mask>'s death was caused by consuming a meal of death cap mushrooms. <mask>'s life opus, the Pragmatic Sanction, was ultimately in vain. Maria Theresa was forced to resort to arms to defend her inheritance from the coalition of Prussia, Bavaria, France, Spain, Saxony and Poland—all party to the sanction—who assaulted the Austrian frontier weeks after her father's death. During the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession, Maria Theresa saved

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Charles
Charles
Charles V
Charles
Charles


texts: her crown and most of her territory but lost the mineral-rich Duchy of Silesia to Prussia and the Duchy of Parma to Spain.Emperor <mask> VI has been the main motif of many collectors' coins and medals. One of the most recent samples is high value collectors' coin the Austrian Göttweig Abbey commemorative coin, minted on 11 October 2006. His portrait can be seen in the foreground of the reverse of the


texts:
General <mask> ( 29 December 1930 – 6 March 2020) , popularly known as K.M<mask>, was a four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army, serving as the vice-chief of army staff under President Zia-ul-Haq, who retained the command of the army since 1976. His career in the army was mostly spent in the military intelligence, and served in the government of East Pakistan as its military adviser to its army, briefly fighting in the civil war aided by neighboring India. Upon repatriation to Pakistan in 1973, he continued with his military service in the army and eventually ascended as director-general of military intelligence before assuming the staff appointment at the Army GHQ. Appointed as vice-chief of army staff in 1984, he played crucial role in stabilizing the administration of President Zia-ul-Haq, and was succeeded by General Mirza Aslam Beg as army chief in March 1987. Upon his retirement in 1987, he authored several books on the political and military history of Pakistan, of which Working With Zia: Pakistan's Power Politics is the best known. Biography

<mask> was born on 29 December 1930 in a Kakazai family in East Punjab, India and immigrated to Pakistan following the partition.He attended Edwardes College in Peshawar and graduated in 1947. After passing the ISSB's examinations, he joined the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul as a cadet and graduated in 1947, where he was selected to do advance training on Infantry tactics in Kohat, North-West Frontier Province. His family permanently moved in Kohat as he gained commissioned into the Armoured Corps. In 1952, he was selected for further military training in the United States and was sent to attend the United States Army Armor School at Fort Knox, where he graduated in specializing in the armoured tactics. He was further educated in Military College of Signals in Rawalpindi where he excelled in intelligence management, and graduated in the staff course degree from the Command and Staff College in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. War appointments

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Khalid Mahmud Arif
. Arif
Khalid Mahmud Arif


texts:
 and military adviser in East Pakistan

In 1965,  Arif, as a captain, served in the armoured corps along with then-Major Zia-ul-Haq and participated in the second war with India over the disputed Kashmir. Arif commanded an American M48 tank against the Indian Army.After the war, he was sent back to the military intelligence and stationed in East Pakistan as a military adviser to the East Pakistan Army. In 1967, he greatly aided towards troop redeployment of the Eastern Command in formulating a battle plan, codename: "Operation X-Sunderbans-1." The deployment, however, was non combative and it was only designed to form the basis for the operational combat plan. In 1969, he was later posted in GHQ Dhaka as a martial law officer under the government led by Governor Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan in 1969. During this stint, Arif reportedly relied a secretive message in his complied report in regards to the situation in East that ultimately warned off the consequences of the civil war. In March 1971, he witnessed the meeting with President Yahya Khan who decided the launch of the military operations  against the rebels in the East should take place. Arif took over the situation himself to control the law and order.About this meeting, <mask> described the meeting as: President Yahya took matters in his hands, thus good bye to civil bureaucracy. In East, he fought and led companies to fight the approaching Indian Army, and was captured by the Indian Army units who held him as war prisoner after the instrument of surrender was signed between Lieutenant-General A.A.K. Niazi and Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, GOC-in-C of Eastern Command of Indian military in 1971. Command and staff appointments
His efforts and actions in the liberation war in East that accounted his bravery had earned admiration in Pakistan which led to Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto accepting recommendations to decorate Major <mask> with service award, Sitara-e-Basalat. In 1975, he was repatriated to Pakistan from the Wagha and

masks: Arif Arif


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 was allowed to resume his military service, being promoted as Lieutenant-Colonel. He testified in the War Enquiry Commission led by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman, giving accounts of military intelligence failures took place in East. In 1976, he was promoted as Colonel and Brigadier in 1977, of which, he assumed the command of the 111th Brigade stationed in Islamabad; this command appointment lasted only eight months.The general elections held in 1977 saw the victory of Pakistan Peoples Party led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, caused the public agitation led by the conservative alliance whose politicians refused to accept the results amid alleged vote rigging. Brig. K. M<mask> ultimately leaked and informed Prime Minister Bhutto of covert coup d'état took place under his appointed-army chief General Zia-ul-Haq, but the latter refused to believe him. Acting upon warnings by Brig. <mask>, Bhutto did accept all demands by the conservative alliance but the coup d'état had already took place. After receiving orders from Lieutenant-General F.A. Chishti, GoC-in-C of X Corps, Brigadier <mask> rotated the 111th Brigade to take control of the civilian government in support of Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq and Chairman joint chiefs Mohammad Shariff.After the coup d'état was completed, General Zia's promoted Brigadier <mask> as Major-General and appointed him as Director-General of Military Intelligence (DGMI). In a views of Lieutenant-General Chishti who noted: "General Zia was lucky to have Major-General <mask> as his life long confidante. He had experience as a Martial Law Officer during General's Yahya's regime and handled matters efficiently." In 1979, he helped and aided in preparing a national security strategy against the Russian invasion of Afghanistan, after a meeting with President Zia-ul-Haq upon the latter's request. Vice Chief of Army Staff (1984–87)

A quintessential staff officer, Major-General <mask>'s career accelerated and gained reputation as an effective commander in the military

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. Arif
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texts: intelligence. Major-General <mask> served in the military intelligence until 1983 when he promoted as Lieutenant-General and posted in a staff assignment in the Army GHQ. At the Army GHQ, he brought most qualified officers who had worked with him in the past assignments, and built up his reputation in army as an effective leader.On 11 March 1983, Lieutenant-General <mask>, alongside with Chairman Senate Ghulam Ishaq Khan, was invited by Munir Ahmad Khan, then-Chairman of PAEC, to witnessed the subcritical testing of an atomic device that took place in a hidden weapons-testing sites. Despite never effectively commanding the field assignments, he was named and appointed as Vice Chief of Army Staff under President Zia in 1984. Upon being promoted to four-star rank army general, he assumed the command of Pakistan Army as its Vice-Chief of Army Staff under President Zia. To many observers, this promotion, in fact, made General Arif the chief of army staff of the Pakistan Army with the entire commanding staff reporting to him. As an army chief, General <mask> played a crucial role towards the successful implementation of the secretive atomic bomb programme after removing the civilian administrator, Dr. Mubashir Hassan. Towards diplomacy with the United States, General Arif made frequent trips with United States, successfully convincing the Reagan administration to allow the secretive atomic bomb development by making it very clear to the United States that "[Pakistan] won't compromise on its nuclear weapons programme, but won't conduct a test to harm to relationship between two nations." In 1983, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) placed a mole near the Kahuta Research Laboratories but was thwarted by the ISI, which according to General Arif, the ISI took the mole to its secret museum to train its own spies in espionage operations.He was described as a very uptight and strict army officer by civilian scientists, specifically dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan in his memoirs, did not compromise on his morals and

masks: Arif Arif Arif


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 disciplines throughout his career. In 1984, General <mask>'s tenure also saw the commissioning of the Bell AH-1 Cobra Attack helicopters in the aviation corps. In 1986–87, he deployed and rotated the V Corps, with support from the Southern Air Command to deter the Indian Army's major military exercise that took place near Pakistan's border under supervision of General Sundarji, then-army chief of Indian Army. During this time, he refuted the claims made by dr. A.Q. Khan and immediately issued directives towards the policy of deliberate ambiguity over the clandestine atomic bomb programme. Post retirement

In 1987, General <mask> sought retirement from his military service and did not seek extension and handed over the army command to Lieutenant-General Mirza Aslam Beg who was promoted to the four-star rank and as an army chief. Upon retiring, he focused towards poetry and became a military historian when he authored the notable eyewitnessed and famed text on the military interference led General Zia-ul-Haq, Working with Zia, published in 1995.In 2001, he published Khaki Shadows: Pakistan 1947–1997, about the politics, government, and armed forces of  Pakistan during and shortly after the Cold War. In 2010, he authored another book, Estranged Neighbours: India, Pakistan (1947-2010) on the foreign relations of India and Pakistan. Gen (Retd) K M <mask> died on 6 March 2020 in ICU CMH Lahore due to Kidney disease. Works

References

1931 births
2020 deaths
Punjabi people
People from Jalandhar district
Edwardes College alumni
People from Kohat District
Pakistan Military Academy alumni
Pakistan Army Armored Corps officers
Military intelligence
People of East Pakistan
People of the Bangladesh Liberation War
Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Pakistani military writers
Pakistani prisoners of war
Pakistani generals
Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)
Project-706 people
Pakistani memoirists
Pakistani military historians
Pakistani poets
Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz
Recipients


texts: <mask> (February 5, 1934 – January 22, 2021), nicknamed "Hammer" or "Hammerin' <mask>", was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 23 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1954 through 1976. Widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players in history, he spent 21 seasons with the Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves in the National League (NL) and two seasons with the Milwaukee Brewers in the American League (AL). His 755 career home runs broke the long-standing MLB record set by Babe Ruth and stood as the most for 33 years; <mask> still holds many other MLB batting records. He hit 24 or more home runs every year from 1955 through 1973 and is one of only two players to hit 30 or more home runs in a season at least fifteen times. In 1999, The Sporting News ranked <mask> fifth on its list of the "100 Greatest Baseball Players". In 1982, he was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. <mask> was born and raised in and around Mobile, Alabama.<mask> had seven siblings, including Tommie <mask>, who played major-league baseball with him. He appeared briefly in the Negro American League and in minor league baseball before starting his major league career. By his final MLB season, <mask> was the last former Negro league baseball player on a major league roster. During his time in Major League Baseball, and especially during his run for the home run record, <mask> and his family endured extensive racist threats. His experiences fueled his activism during the civil rights movement. <mask> played the vast majority of his MLB games in right field, though he appeared at several

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Henry Louis Aaron
Hank
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron


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 other infield and outfield positions. In his last two seasons, he was primarily a designated hitter.<mask> was an NL All-Star for 20 seasons and an AL All-Star for one season, and he holds the record for the most All-Star selections (25), while sharing the record for most All-Star Games played (24) with Willie Mays and Stan Musial. He was a three-time Gold Glove winner, and in 1957, he won the NL Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award when the Milwaukee Braves won the World Series. <mask> holds the MLB records for the most career runs batted in (RBIs) (2,297), extra base hits (1,477), and total bases (6,856). <mask> is also in the top five for career hits (3,771) and runs (2,174). He is one of only four players to have at least 17 seasons with 150 or more hits. <mask> is in second place in home runs (755) and at-bats (12,364), and in third place in games played (3,298). At the time of his retirement, <mask> held most of the game's key career power-hitting records.After his retirement, <mask> held front office roles with the Atlanta Braves, including the senior vice president. In 1988, <mask> was inducted into the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame. In 1999, MLB introduced the Hank <mask> Award to recognize the top offensive players in each league. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002. He was named a 2010 Georgia Trustee by the Georgia Historical Society in recognition of accomplishments that reflect the ideals of Georgia's founders. <mask> resided near Atlanta until his death. Early life
<mask> was born in Mobile, Alabama, to <mask> Sr. and Estella (Pritchett) <mask>.He had seven siblings. Tommie <mask>, one of his

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Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Herbert Aaron
Aaron
Aaron


texts: brothers, also went on to play Major League Baseball. By the time <mask> retired, he and his brother held the record for most career home runs by a pair of siblings (768). They were also the first siblings to appear in a League Championship Series as teammates. While he was born in a section of Mobile referred to as "Down the Bay", he spent most of his youth in Toulminville. <mask> grew up in a poor family. His family could not afford baseball equipment, so he practiced by hitting bottle caps with sticks.He would create his own bats and balls out of materials he found on the streets. His boyhood idol was baseball star Jackie Robinson. <mask> attended Central High School as a freshman and a sophomore. Like most high schools, they did not have organized baseball, so he played outfield and third base for the Mobile Black Bears, a semipro team. <mask> was a member of the Boy Scouts of America. Although he batted cross-handed (as a right-handed hitter, with his left hand above his right), <mask> established himself as a power hitter. As a result, in 1949, at the age of 15, <mask> had his first tryout with an MLB franchise, the Brooklyn Dodgers; however, he did not make the team.After this, <mask> returned to school to finish his secondary education, attending the Josephine Allen Institute, a private high school in Alabama. During his junior year, <mask> joined the Prichard Athletics, an independent Negro league team, followed by the Mobile Black Bears, another independent Negro league team. While on the Bears, <mask> earned $3 per game ($ today), which was a dollar more than he got while on the Athletics. Negro league and minor league

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 career
On November 20, 1951, baseball scout Ed Scott signed <mask> to a contract on behalf of the Indianapolis Clowns of the Negro American League, where he played for three months. He started play as a ,  shortstop, and earned $200 per month. As a result of his standout play with the Indianapolis Clowns, <mask> received two offers from MLB teams via telegram, one from the New York Giants and the other from the Boston Braves. Years later, <mask> remembered:

I had the Giants' contract in my hand.But the Braves offered fifty dollars a month more. That's the only thing that kept Willie Mays and me from being teammates – fifty dollars. While with the Clowns he experienced racism. Of a time his team was in Washington, D.C. <mask> recalled

We had breakfast while we were waiting for the rain to stop, and I can still envision sitting with the Clowns in a restaurant behind Griffith Stadium and hearing them break all the plates in the kitchen after we finished eating. What a horrible sound. Even as a kid, the irony of it hit me: here we were in the capital in the land of freedom and equality, and they had to destroy the plates that had touched the forks that had been in the mouths of black men. If dogs had eaten off those plates, they'd have washed them.The Howe Sports Bureau credits <mask> with a .366 batting average in 26 official Negro league games, with five home runs, 33 runs batted in (RBIs), 41 hits, and nine stolen bases. The Braves purchased <mask>'s contract from the Clowns for $10,000, which GM John Quinn thought was a steal, as he stated that he felt that <mask> was a $100,000 property. On June 12, 1952, <mask> signed with

masks: Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron Aaron


texts: Braves' scout Dewey Griggs. During this time, he picked up the nickname "pork chops" because it "was the only thing I knew to order off the menu". A teammate later said, "the man ate pork chops three meals a day, two for breakfast". The Braves assigned <mask> to the Eau Claire Bears, the Braves' Northern League Class-C farm team. The 1952 season proved to be very beneficial for <mask>.Playing in the infield, <mask> continued to develop as a ballplayer and made the Northern League's All-Star team. He broke his habit of hitting cross-handed and adopted the standard hitting technique. By the end of the season, he had performed so well that the league made him the unanimous choice for Rookie of the Year. Although he appeared in just 87 games, he scored 89 runs, had 116 hits, nine home runs, and 61 RBIs. In addition, <mask> hit for a .336 batting average. During his minor league experience, he was very homesick and faced constant racism, but his brother, Herbert Jr., told him not to give up the opportunity. In 1953, the Braves promoted him to the Jacksonville Braves, their Class-A affiliate in the South Atlantic League.Helped by <mask>'s performance, the Braves won the league championship that year. <mask> led the league in runs (115), hits (208), doubles (36), RBIs (125), total bases (338), and batting average (.362). He won the league's Most Valuable Player Award, and had such a dominant year that one sportswriter was prompted to say, "<mask> led the league in everything except hotel accommodations." <mask>'s time with the Braves did not come without problems. He was one of the first African Americans to play in the league. The 1950s

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Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Henry Aaron
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texts: were a period of racial segregation in parts of the United States, especially the southeastern portion of the country. When <mask> traveled around Jacksonville, Florida, and the surrounding areas, he was often separated from his team because of Jim Crow laws.In most circumstances, the team was responsible for arranging housing and meals for its players, but <mask> often had to make his own arrangements. The Braves' manager, Ben Geraghty, tried his best to help <mask> on and off the field. Former Braves minor league player and sportswriter Pat Jordan said, "<mask> gave [Geraghty] much of the credit for his own swift rise to stardom." That same year, <mask> met his future wife, Barbara Lucas. The night they met, Lucas decided to attend the Braves' game. <mask> singled, doubled, and hit a home run in the game. On October 6, <mask> and Lucas married.In 1958, <mask>'s wife noted that during the offseason he liked "to sit and watch those shooting westerns". He also enjoyed cooking and fishing. <mask> spent the winter of 1953 playing in Puerto Rico. Mickey Owen, the team's manager, helped <mask> with his batting stance. Until then, <mask> had hit most pitches to left field or center field, but after working with Owen, <mask> was able to hit the ball more effectively all over the field. During his stay in Puerto Rico, Owen also helped <mask> transition from second base to the outfield. <mask> had not played well at second base, but Owen noted that <mask> could catch fly balls and throw them well from the outfield to the infield.The stint in Puerto Rico also allowed <mask> to avoid being drafted into military service. Though the Korean War

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 was over, people were still being drafted. The Braves were able to speak to the draft board, making the case that <mask> could be the player to integrate the Southern Association the following season with the Atlanta Crackers. The board appears to have been convinced, as <mask> was not drafted. MLB career
In 1954, <mask> attended spring training with the major league club. Although he was on the roster of its farm club, Milwaukee manager Charley Grimm later stated, "From the start, he did so well I knew we were going to have to carry him." On March 13, 1954, Milwaukee Braves left fielder Bobby Thomson fractured his ankle while sliding into second base during a spring training game.The next day, <mask> made his first spring training start for the Braves major league team, playing in left field and hitting a home run. This led <mask> to a major league contract, signed on the final day of spring training, and a Braves uniform with the number five. On April 13, <mask> made his major league debut and was hitless in five at-bats against the Cincinnati Reds' left-hander Joe Nuxhall. In the same game, Eddie Mathews hit two home runs, the first of a record 863 home runs the pair would hit as teammates. On April 15, <mask> collected his first major league hit, a double off Cardinals' pitcher Vic Raschi. <mask> hit his first major league home run on April 23, also off Raschi. Over the next 122 games, <mask> batted .280 with 13 homers before he suffered a fractured ankle on September 5.He then changed his number to 44, which would turn out to look like a "lucky number" for the slugger. <mask> would hit 44 home runs in four different seasons,

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Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Hank Aaron
Aaron
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Aaron
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Aaron


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 and he hit his record-breaking 715th career home run off Dodgers pitcher Al Downing, who coincidentally also wore number 44. At this point, <mask> was known to family and friends primarily as "Henry". Braves' public relations director Don Davidson, observing <mask>'s quiet, reserved nature, began referring to him publicly as "<mask>" in order to suggest more accessibility. The nickname quickly gained currency, but "Henry" continued to be cited frequently in the media, both sometimes appearing in the same article, and <mask> would answer to either one. During his rookie year, his other well-known nicknames, "Hammerin' Hank" (by teammates) and "Bad Henry" (by opposing pitchers) are reported to have arisen. Considerably later in his career, <mask> coined "Stone-fingers", which would prove a popular handle for one of baseball's more colorful characters, the famously distance-hitting but defensively challenged first baseman Dick Stuart, reportedly "delight[ing]" even its recipient.Sal Maglie recommended throwing low curveballs to <mask>. "He's going to swing and he'll go after almost anything," Maglie said of the Braves' slugger. "And he'll hit almost anything, so you have to be careful." Prime of his career

<mask> hit .314 with 27 home runs and 106 RBIs, in 1955. He was named to the NL All-Star roster for the first time; it was the first of a record 21 All-Star selections and first of a record 25 All-Star Game appearances. In 1956, <mask> hit .328 and captured the first of two NL batting titles. He was also named The Sporting News NL Player of the Year.In 1957, <mask> won his only NL MVP Award, as he had his first brush with the

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texts: triple crown. He batted .322, placing third, and led the league in home runs and runs batted in. On September 23, 1957, in Milwaukee, <mask> hit a two-run walk-off home run against the St. Louis Cardinals, clinching the pennant for the Braves. After touching home plate he was carried off the field by his teammates. It is as of yet the only pennant-clinching walk-off home run in major league history in a non-playoff regular-season game. Milwaukee went on to win the World Series against the New York Yankees, the defending champions, 4 games to 3. <mask> did his part by hitting .393 with three homers and seven RBIs.On December 15, 1957, his wife Barbara gave birth to twins. Two days later, one of the children died. In 1958, <mask> hit .326, with 30 home runs and 95 RBIs. He led the Braves to another pennant, but this time they lost a seven-game World Series to the Yankees. <mask> finished third in the MVP race and he received his first of three Gold Glove Awards. During the next several years, <mask> had some of his best games and best seasons as a major league player. On June 21, 1959, against the San Francisco Giants, he hit three two-run home runs.It was the only time in his career that he hit three home runs in a game. In 1963, <mask> nearly won the triple crown. He led the league with 44 home runs and 130 RBIs and finished third in batting average. In that season, <mask> became the third player to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a single season, and the first player to record 40 home runs and 30 steals in a season. He again finished third in National League MVP voting. The Braves moved from Milwaukee to Atlanta after the

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 1965 season. On May 10, 1967, he hit an inside-the-park home run against Jim Bunning in Philadelphia.It was the only inside-the-park home run of his career. In 1968, <mask> was the first Atlanta Braves player to hit his 500th career home run, and in 1970, he was the first Atlanta Brave to reach 3,000 career hits. Home run milestones and 3,000th hit

During his days in Atlanta, <mask> reached several milestones; he was only the eighth player ever to hit 500 career home runs, with his 500th coming against Mike McCormick of the San Francisco Giants on July 14, 1968 — exactly one year after former Milwaukee Braves teammate Eddie Mathews had hit his 500th. <mask> was, at the time, the second-youngest player to reach the milestone. On July 31, 1969, <mask> hit his 537th home run, passing Mickey Mantle's total; this moved <mask> into third place on the career home run list, after Willie Mays and Babe Ruth. At the end of the 1969 season, <mask> again finished third in the MVP voting. In 1970, <mask> reached two more career milestones.On May 17, <mask> collected his 3,000th hit, in a game against the Cincinnati Reds, the team against which he played in his first major-league game. <mask> established the record for most seasons with thirty or more home runs in the National League. On April 27, 1971, <mask> hit his 600th career home run, the third major league player ever to do so. On July 13, <mask> hit a home run in the All-Star Game (played at Detroit's Tiger Stadium) for the first time. He hit his 40th home run of the season against the Giants' Jerry Johnson on August 10, which established a National League record for most seasons with

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 40 or more home runs (seven). At age 37, he hit a career-high 47 home runs during the season (along with a career-high .669 slugging percentage) and finished third in MVP voting for the sixth time. During the strike-shortened season of 1972, <mask> tied and then surpassed Willie Mays for second place on the career home run list.<mask> also drove in the 2,000th run of his career and hit a home run in the first All-Star game played in Atlanta. As the year came to a close, <mask> broke Stan Musial's major-league record for total bases (6,134), a record he was the most proud of, more than his home run record since it reflected his overall performance as a team player. <mask> finished the season with 673 career home runs. Breaking Ruth's record

<mask> himself downplayed the "chase" to surpass Babe Ruth, while baseball enthusiasts and the national media grew increasingly excited as he closed in on the 714 career home runs record. <mask> received thousands of letters every week during the summer of 1973, including hate mail; the Braves ended up hiring a secretary to help him sort through it. <mask> (then age 39) hit 40 home runs in 392 at-bats, ending the 1973 season one home run short of the record. He hit home run number 713 on September 29, 1973, and with one day remaining in the season, many expected him to tie the record.But in his final game that year, playing against the Houston Astros (managed by Leo Durocher, who had once roomed with Babe Ruth), he was unable to achieve this. After the game, <mask> said his only fear was that he might not live to see the 1974 season. He was the recipient of death threats and a large assortment


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 of hate mail during the 1973–1974 offseason from people who did not want to see <mask> break Ruth's nearly sacrosanct home run record. The threats extended to those providing positive press coverage of <mask>. Lewis Grizzard, then-executive sports editor of the Atlanta Journal, reported receiving numerous phone calls calling journalists "nigger lovers" for covering <mask>'s chase. While preparing the massive coverage of the home run record, he quietly had an obituary written, afraid that <mask> might be murdered. Sports Illustrated pointedly summarized the racist vitriol that <mask> was forced to endure:

Is this to be the year in which <mask>, at the age of thirty-nine, takes a moon walk above one of the most hallowed individual records in American sport...?Or will it be remembered as the season in which <mask>, the most dignified of athletes, was besieged with hate mail and trapped by the cobwebs and goblins that lurk in baseball's attic? At the end of the 1973 season, <mask> received a plaque from the U.S. Postal Service for receiving more mail (930,000 pieces) than any person excluding politicians. <mask> received an outpouring of public support in response to the bigotry. Newspaper cartoonist Charles Schulz created a series of Peanuts strips printed in August 1973 in which Snoopy attempts to break the Ruth record, only to be besieged with hate mail. Lucy says in the August 11 strip, "<mask> is a great player... but you! If you break Babe Ruth's record, it'll be a disgrace!"Coincidentally, Snoopy was only one home run short of tying the record (and finished the season as such when Charlie Brown got picked off during Snoopy's

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texts: last at-bat), and as it turned out, <mask> finished the 1973 season one home run short of Ruth. Babe Ruth's widow, Claire Hodgson, denounced the racism and declared that her husband would have enthusiastically cheered <mask>'s attempt at the record. As the 1974 season began, <mask>'s pursuit of the record caused a small controversy. The Braves opened the season on the road in Cincinnati with a three-game series against the Cincinnati Reds. Braves management wanted him to break the record in Atlanta and was therefore going to have <mask> sit out the first three games of the season. But Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn ruled that he had to play two games in the first series. He played two out of three and tied Babe Ruth's record on April 4, 1974, in his very first at-bat on his first swing of the season—off Reds pitcher Jack Billingham, but did not hit another home run in the series.The Braves returned to Atlanta, and on April 8, 1974, a crowd of 53,775 people showed up for the game — a Braves attendance record. The game was also broadcast nationally on NBC. In the fourth inning, <mask> hit home run number 715 off Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Al Downing. Although Dodgers outfielder Bill Buckner nearly went over the outfield fence trying to catch it, the ball flew into the Braves' bullpen, where relief pitcher Tom House caught it. While cannons were fired in celebration, two college students  sprinted onto the field and jogged alongside <mask> for part of his circuit around the bases, temporarily startling him. A young Craig Sager actually interviewed <mask> between third and home for a television station, WXLT (now WWSB-Channel 40)


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 in Sarasota. As the fans cheered wildly, <mask>'s parents ran onto the field as well.Braves announcer Milo Hamilton, calling the game on WSB radio, described the scene as <mask> broke the record:
 "<mask>, in the second inning walked and scored. He's sittin' on 714. Here's the pitch by Downing. Swinging. There's a drive into left-center field. That ball is gonna be-eee... Outta here! It's gone!It's 715! There's a new home run champion of all time, and it's <mask>! The fireworks are going. <mask> is coming around third. His teammates are at home plate. And listen to this crowd!" Meanwhile, Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully addressed the racial tension—or apparent lack thereof—in his call of the home run:
"What a marvelous moment for baseball; what a marvelous moment for Atlanta and the state of Georgia; what a marvelous moment for the country and the world.A black man is getting a standing ovation in the Deep South for breaking a record of an all-time baseball idol. And it is a great moment for all of us, and particularly for <mask>... And for the first time in a long time, that poker face in <mask> shows the tremendous strain and relief of what it must have been like to live with for the past several months." Return to Milwaukee
On October 2, 1974, <mask> hit his 733rd home run in his last at-bat as a Braves player. <mask> commented after the game that it was his last time as a player in Atlanta as his contract had expired. While he considered retirement, he said that he was willing to return to baseball for another year. He had also said that he would be interested in serving as a team's general manager, someone who would make

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texts: decisions and not a “house boy”. The Braves offered <mask> a position with the team when he retired, but the role would be more in public relations, rather than one where he could evaluate talent.At the end of the season, <mask>, who had a prior relationship with Brewers owner Bud Selig, requested a trade to Milwaukee. He was acquired by the Milwaukee Brewers for Dave May thirty-one days later on November 2. Minor league right-handed pitcher Roger Alexander was sent to the Braves to complete the transaction at the Winter Meetings one month later on December 2. The trade re-united <mask> with former teammate Del Crandall, who was now managing the Brewers. He signed a two-year contract with the Brewers for $240,000 per year. Playing in the American League would allow <mask> to serve as a designated hitter rather than play in the field. On May 1, 1975, <mask> broke baseball's all-time RBI record, previously held by Ruth with 2,213.That year, he also played in his last and 24th All-Star Game (25th All-Star Game selection); he lined out to Dave Concepción as a pinch-hitter in the second inning. This All-Star Game, like the first one he played in 1955, was before a home crowd at Milwaukee County Stadium. <mask> hit his 755th and final home run on July 20, 1976, at Milwaukee County Stadium off Dick Drago of the California Angels, which stood as the MLB career home run record until it was broken in 2007 by Barry Bonds. Over the course of his record-breaking 23-year career, <mask> had a batting average of .305 and 163 hits a season, while averaging just over 32 home runs and 99 RBIs a year. He had 100+ RBIs in a season 15 times, including


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 a record of 13 in a row. Post-playing career

After the 1976 season, <mask> rejoined the Braves as an executive. On August 1, 1982, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, having received votes on 97.8 percent of the ballots, second only to Ty Cobb, who had received votes on 98.2% of the ballot in the inaugural 1936 Hall of Fame election.<mask> was then named the Braves' vice president and director of player development. This made him one of the first minorities in Major League Baseball upper-level management. In December 1980, <mask> became senior vice president and assistant to the Braves' president. He was the corporate vice president of community relations for Turner Broadcasting System, a member of the company's board of directors, and the vice president of business development for The Airport Network. On January 21, 2007, Major League Baseball announced the sale of the Atlanta Braves. In that announcement, Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig also announced that <mask> would be playing a major role in the management of the Braves, forming programs through major league baseball that will encourage the influx of minorities into baseball. <mask> founded the Hank Aaron Rookie League program.<mask>'s autobiography, I Had a Hammer was published in 1990. The book's title is a play on his nickname, "The Hammer" or "Hammerin' <mask>", and the title of the folk song "If I Had a Hammer". <mask> owned Hank Aaron BMW of south Atlanta in Union City, Georgia, where he included an autographed baseball with every car sold. <mask> also owned Mini, Land Rover, Toyota, Hyundai, and Honda dealerships throughout Georgia, as part of the Hank

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 Aaron Automotive Group. <mask> sold all but the Toyota dealership in McDonough in 2007. Additionally, <mask> owned a chain of 30 restaurants around the country. Later life and death
During the 2006 season, San Francisco Giants slugger Barry Bonds passed Babe Ruth and moved into second place on the all-time home run list, attracting growing media coverage as he drew closer to <mask>'s record.Playing off the intense interest in their perceived rivalry, <mask> and Bonds made a television commercial that aired during Super Bowl XLI, shortly before the start of the 2007 baseball season, in which <mask> jokingly tried to persuade Bonds to retire before breaking the record. As Bonds began to close in on the record during the 2007 season, <mask> let it be known that, although he recognized Bonds' achievements, he would not be present when Bonds broke the record. There was considerable speculation that this was a snubbing of Bonds based on the widespread belief that Bonds had used performance-enhancing drugs and steroids to aid his achievement. However, some observers looked back on <mask>'s personal history, pointing out that he had downplayed his own breaking of Babe Ruth's all-time record and suggesting <mask> was simply treating Bonds in a similar fashion. In a later interview with Atlanta sportscasting personality Chris Dimino, <mask> made it clear his reluctance to attend any celebration of a new home run record was based upon his personal conviction that baseball is not about breaking records, but simply playing to the best of one's potential. After Bonds hit his record-breaking 756th home run on August 7, 2007, <mask> made a

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 surprise appearance on the JumboTron video screen at AT&T Park in San Francisco to congratulate Bonds on his accomplishment:

On January 5, 2021, <mask> publicly received a COVID-19 vaccination with the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine  at the Morehouse School of Medicine at Atlanta, Georgia. He and several other African American public figures, including activist Joe Beasley, Andrew Young, and Louis Sullivan did so to demonstrate the safety of the vaccine and encourage other black Americans to do the same.<mask> died in his sleep in his Atlanta residence on January 22 at the age of 86. The manner of death was listed as natural causes. Anti-vaccine activists Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Del Bigtree have suggested that <mask>'s death was caused by receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. However, medical officials did not believe the COVID-19 vaccine had any adverse effect on his health. An emailed statement to AFP Fact Check from Fulton County medical examiner Karen Sullivan said that "There was no information suggestive of an allergic or anaphylactic reaction to any substance which might be attributable to recent vaccine distribution." His funeral was held on January 27, followed by his burial at South-View Cemetery. Tributes
Upon <mask>'s death, the sports world expressed their condolences to him.Many current or former athletes and team owners such as MLB Commissioner Rob Manfred, Magic Johnson, David Ortiz, Dusty Baker, Eduardo Pérez, Mike Trout, and Baseball Hall of Fame chairman Jane Forbes Clark paid tribute to him. Fans paid tribute to <mask> by placing flowers in front of the home run wall where he hit his 715th home run at the former site

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 of Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium. Politicians also paid tribute to him. Atlanta mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms released the following statement on his death:

“Derek, our family and I join the nation in sending heartfelt condolences to Mrs. Billye <mask>, the beautiful wife of Henry “<mask>” <mask> for nearly 50 years, and the entire family. This is a considerable loss for the entire city of Atlanta. While the world knew him as ‘Hammering <mask>’ because of his incredible, record-setting baseball career, he was a cornerstone of our village, graciously and freely joining Mrs. <mask> in giving their presence and resources toward making our city a better place. As an adopted son of Atlanta, Mr. <mask> was part of the fabric that helped place Atlanta on the world stage.Our gratitude, thoughts and prayers are with the <mask> family.”

Georgia governor Brian Kemp ordered flags in the state to be lowered half-staff in honor of him. US President Joe Biden paid tribute to <mask> by releasing a statement calling him "an American hero". He also received tributes from former presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. The Atlanta Braves honored <mask> during the 2021 season by including his jersey number 44 on the back of the team caps along with Phil Niekro's jersey number, 35 (who died one month earlier in December 2020). They also painted his jersey number 44 in the midfield at Truist Park. At game 3 of the 2021 World Series in Truist Park, a pregame ceremony was held honoring <mask> where his son <mask> Jr. threw out a ceremonial first pitch. Personal life

<mask>'s first marriage was to Barbara Lucas in

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 1953.They had five children: Gary, Lary, Dorinda, Gaile, and <mask>. He divorced Barbara in 1971 and married Billye Suber Williams on November 13, 1973. With his second wife, he had one child, Ceci. Despite being publicly and professionally known as "<mask>," <mask> preferred to go by his given name, "Henry." Religion
<mask> was Catholic, having converted in 1959 with his family. He and his wife first became interested in the faith after the birth of their first child, whom they baptized immediately. A friendship with a Roman Catholic priest later helped lead to <mask> and his wife's conversion.<mask> was known to frequently read Thomas à Kempis' 15th-century book The Imitation of Christ, which he kept in his locker. In an interview in 1991, <mask> credited the priest, Fr. Michael Sablica, with helping him grow as a person in the 1950s. "He taught me what life was all about. But he was more than just a religious friend of mine, he was a friend because he talked as if he was not a priest sometimes." Active in the civil rights movement, the priest encouraged <mask> to be more publicly vocal about causes he believed in. Sablica also encouraged him to "attend Mass every Sunday" during Spring Training, to which he responded with the racist realities of the day: "[In Bradenton], they won't let me go to Mass."Sablica said in an interview that he wouldn't have blamed <mask> if he stopped practicing, and <mask> indeed attended Friendship Baptist Church toward the end of his life—noting in his autobiography that he didn't remain Catholic for very long after converting. Hobbies and health
<mask> was a long-time fan of the Cleveland Browns,

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 having attended many games in disguise in their "Dawg Pound" seating section. in 1986 <mask> made a guest appearance in ‘Just Another Fox in the Crowd’, episode 30 of Crazy Like a Fox. <mask> lived in the Atlanta area. In July 2013, media reported that his home was burglarized with jewelry and two BMW vehicles having been stolen. The cars were later recovered. <mask> suffered from arthritis and had a partial hip replacement after a fall in 2014.Awards and honors
In 1982, <mask> was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during his first year of eligibility. <mask> was awarded the Spingarn Medal in 1976, from the NAACP. In 1977, <mask> received the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award. In 1988, <mask> was inducted into the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame for his time spent on the Eau Claire Bears, Milwaukee Braves, and Milwaukee Brewers. In 1999, major league baseball created the Hank <mask> Award, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of <mask>'s surpassing of Babe Ruth's career home run mark of 714 home runs and to honor <mask>'s contributions to baseball. The award is given annually to the baseball hitters voted the most effective in each respective league. That same year, baseball fans named <mask> to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed <mask> on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans. When the city of Atlanta was converting Centennial Olympic Stadium into a new baseball stadium, many local residents hoped the stadium would be named for <mask>. When the stadium was instead named Turner Field (after Atlanta Braves owner Ted Turner), a section of Capitol Avenue

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texts: running past the stadium was renamed <mask> Drive. The stadium's street number is 755, after <mask>'s total number of home runs; the 755 street number was retained for Turner Field's replacement, Truist Park. In April 1997, a new baseball facility for the AA Mobile Bay Bears constructed in <mask>'s hometown of Mobile, Alabama was named Hank Aaron Stadium. Georgia State University acquired Turner Field and has since rebuilt it as Center Parc Stadium, in 2017, and university officials plan to build a new baseball park on the former Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium site, incorporating the left field wall where <mask> hit his record-breaking home run. He was honored before the third game of 2021 World Series.On February 5, 1999, at his 65th birthday celebration, Major League Baseball announced the introduction of the Hank <mask> Award. The award honors the best overall offensive performer in the American and National League. It was the first major award to be introduced in more than thirty years and had the distinction of being the first award named after a player who was still alive. Later that year, he ranked fifth on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In June 2000 Tufts University awarded <mask> an honorary Doctor of Public Service. In July 2000 and again in July 2002, <mask> threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, played at Turner Field and Miller Park now named American Family Field, respectively. On January 8, 2001, <mask> was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton.He

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texts: received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, from President George W. Bush in June 2002. In 2001, a recreational trail in Milwaukee connecting American Family Field with Lake Michigan along the Menomonee River was dedicated as the "Hank Aaron State Trail". <mask> attended the dedication. <mask> was on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service. In 2002, <mask> was honored with the "Lombardi Award of Excellence" from the Vince Lombardi Cancer Foundation. The award was created to honor Vince Lombardi's legacy and is awarded annually to an individual who exemplifies the spirit of the coach. <mask> dedicated the new exhibit "Hank Aaron-Chasing the Dream" at the Baseball Hall of Fame on April 25, 2009.Statues of <mask> stand outside the front entrance of both Turner Field and American Family Field. There is also a statue of him as an 18-year-old shortstop outside Carson Park in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, where he played his first season in the Braves' minor league system. He was named a 2010 Georgia Trustee by the Georgia Historical Society, in conjunction with the Governor of Georgia, to recognize accomplishments and community service that reflect the ideals of the founding body of Trustees, which governed the Georgia colony from 1732 to 1752. In 2011, the President of Princeton University Shirley M. Tilghman awarded an honorary Doctor of Humanities degree to <mask>. In November 2015, <mask> was one of the five inaugural recipients of the Portrait of a Nation Prize, an award granted by the National Portrait Gallery in recognition of "exemplary achievements in the fields of civil


texts: rights, business, entertainment, science, and sports." In January 2016, <mask> received the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette from Akihito, the Emperor of Japan. On April 14, 2017, <mask> threw out the first pitch at SunTrust Park now called Truist Park at 83 years old.The Elite Development Invitational, a youth baseball tournament organized by the Major League Baseball and the MLB Players Association to increase diversity in the sport, was renamed the Hank Aaron Invitational for the 2019 season. Atlanta-area sports teams plan to honor <mask> during the 2021 seasons. The Arthur Blank-owned Atlanta Falcons and Atlanta United FC, along with Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets have plans during their 2021 seasons to reserve 44 for <mask>. It is expected the Gwinnett County professional teams, the AAA Gwinnett Stripers (2021 season) and AA Atlanta Gladiators (2021-22 season), will also be involved in temporarily retiring <mask>'s 44. (The NBA's Atlanta Hawks had previously retired No. 44 for Pete Maravich.) Also in Atlanta, the Forrest Hill Academy was renamed the Hank Aaron New Beginnings Academy in April 2021.The alternative high school had been named after Nathan Bedford Forrest, a general in the Confederate Army and the Ku Klux Klan's first Grand


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<mask> (de Sponde) (born at Mauléon, in the French Department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, January 6, 1568; died at Toulouse, May 18, 1643) was a French Catholic jurist, historian and continuator of the Annales Ecclesiastici compiled by Cardinal Baronius, and Bishop of Pamiers. He was a convert from Calvinism. Biography

<mask>'s father, Ennico (Iñigo), was a Councilor and Private Secretary of Queen Jeanne d'Albret of Navarre. <mask> was born at Mauléon in Bearn on 6 January 1568. His mother was Salvia de Hosia of Bayonne, daughter of Martin de Hosia of Pamplona. At his baptism into the Calvinist church at Pau, baby <mask>'s godfather was <mask>, the future King of Navarre and France. At the age of eight, he began his studies at the Calvinist college of Orthez.His elder brother Jean was studying in Geneva, and in 1584 published a Latin translation of Homer. At the same time <mask>, inspired by the Psalms began to write poetry. After studying humanities, and becoming proficient in Latin and Greek, he followed his father into the service of the royal house of Navarre. In 1589 he was jurist at the Parlement of Tours, and was named a Councilor of King <mask> of Navarre, King <mask> of France. <mask> accompanied the royal ambassador of <mask> Navarre, Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas, to England and Scotland in 1597, and, upon his return, took up the study of Civil and Canon Law. It was said that he could recite the entire Institutes of the Emperor Justinian from memory. Conversion
Persuaded by the writings of Robert Bellarmine and convinced by the instructions of Cardinal Jacques Davy Duperron, who had also instructed <mask> IV, Sponde became a Catholic, officially converted by Fr.Louis Godebert, the Penitentiary

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 of Notre Dame de Paris, on 21 August 1595. His father had already converted to Catholicism from Calvinism in 1593. In 1600 <mask> was a member of the suite of Cardinal François de Sourdis who was sent to Rome as French ambassador and pilgrim in observance of the Holy Year of 1600. At Florence in December, Cardinal Duperron had the opportunity to recommend Sponde to the Cardinal Legate, Pietro Aldobrandini, the Pope's nephew, who was working to arrange a peace between <mask> of France and Charles Emmanuel of Savoy in the matter of the Marquesate of Saluzzo. In Rome he became the Assessor of Cardinal Cesare Baronius, the Vatican Librarian from 1597 to 1607. He was ordained priest in Rome at the Basilica of San Marco on 7 March 1606, by Claudio Sozomen, Bishop of Pola. After his immediate return to France, he received a letter from Cardinal Baronius, dated 31 August 1606, granting him permission to publish his epitome of the Annales Ecclesiastici.He was soon back in Rome, however, assisting Cardinal Baronius in seeing what turned out to be his last volume through the press. Baronius died on 30 June 1607, and Sponde undertook to continue the work on the Annales, which had only reached the twelfth century. Service in Rome
Pope Paul V then appointed him Corrector supplicationum in the office of the Apostolic Penitentiary. Frizon states that the appointment came after the appointment of Cardinal Scipione Caffarelli-Borghese as Major Penitentiary in 1610. Sponde was also named Rector of the French Church in Rome, San Luigi dei Francesi. As Rector, he was concerned at the apparent laxness and inattention on the part of the Chaplains appointed to the Church, and he attempted to apply a remedy. He suggested to the

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