texts:
<mask>
(1530–1585)
<mask>, the eldest son of Rowland Eustace, 2nd Viscount Baltinglass and Joan, daughter of <mask>, 8th Baron Dunboyne. He was born in 1530 and died in Spain in 1585. Baltinglass's family was traditionally associated with the FitzGerald family, the earls of Kildare, but prudently remained loyal to Henry VIII during the "Silken Thomas" Rebellion of 1534–35. For their loyalty they were granted additional lands. Later in the 1540s Thomas FitzEustace, <mask>'s grandfather, was created first Viscount Baltinglass by a grateful king. But like many other old English Pale families, the FitzEustaces later became disillusioned. Baltinglass's circle included Pale families of Plunkett, Dillon, Aylmer, Fitzsimon, Sedgrave and Nugent.Within this circle discontent increased and the Baltinglass revolt was first conceived. Previously for airing his views <mask> had earned a night in jail, a sermon, a fine and the lasting enmity of Archbishop Adam Loftus of Dublin. <mask> was educated at Grey's Inn, the most prestigious of the Inns of Court in London, and lived in Rome during the 1570s. <mask> had as his tutor an influential priest, Sir Norman Eustace and became a fervent Catholic who regarded Queen Elizabeth I as an illegitimate heretic. Generally the government viewed <mask> as misguided, but not a threat. They were even dismissive of him, which echoed ironically after his revolt broke. Marriage
He married Mary Travers, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Henry Travers of Monkstown Castle, only child of Sir John Travers, by Genet Preston, but they had no children.Henry predeceased his father. Mary died in 1610, having married secondly, in 1587, Sir Gerald Aylmer, Bart., of Donadea, a Catholic loyalist, repeatedly imprisoned, but finally released and knighted, by Elizabeth I and created baronet by <mask>

masks:
James FitzEustaceltinglass
James FitzEace
James Butler
James
James
James Eustace
James
James
James I


type: original

texts:
 of England. Sir John Travers of Monkstown (Carrickbrennan), Co. Dublin, was a connection of the Earl of Kildare. He was Master of the Ordnance and a Groom of the Chambers. He married Genet Preston, and during the period 1545 to 1551 received many grants of land, including Rathmore and part of Haynestown (east of Naas), Tomogue, and estates in Co. Carlow. In 1589 Mary petitioned for the return of part of her lands, which must have been extensive. With the assistance of Sir Gerald Aylmer, whom she later married, she obtained the re-possession of the Preceptory of Killerig, Co. Carlow.Soon after her death in 1610 this estate was shared between several grantees, but mainly Monkstown and its estates in seven counties were left to Henry Cheevers, her sister Katherine's second son. Rebellion

<mask> knew that he lacked the necessary military muscle, a suitable operational base and martial experience to be successful. He knew that if he acted independently, his revolt would be crushed easily. Baltinglass's partner in rebellion was Feagh - the son of Hugh Mac Shane O'Byrne who had at one time inflicted defeat on Roland FitzEustace, Baltinglass's father, in a border encounter to be celebrated in verse eulogizing Hugh's military prowess. This did not, however, prevent the alliance of their sons. Feagh O'Byrne and Baltinglass proved useful partners in rebellion, each bringing different qualities and assets beneficial to the rebellion's initial success. Feagh provided the military leadership and drew to his standard much of Gaelic Leinster who viewed him as their protector.Baltinglass's championing of the Catholic cause gave the revolt the extra dimension which the government so feared. Without <mask>'s involvement and the Catholic element to the revolt, the uprising would have been looked upon purely as a

masks:
James Eustace
Baltinglass


texts: Gaelic outbreak. It would not have received any significant aid from Catholic Palesmen. The coming together of the pragmatic Gaelic malcontent and the idealistic Catholic magnate was a new and dangerous development in the history of rebellion against the Crown in Ireland. What this union symbolized is what frightened the government. It was a sign of things to come. In 1576, before the death of his father, <mask> lodged complaints against the persecution of Catholics and illegal taxation of the Lord Deputy, Sir Henry Sydney.He and other leading Catholics were imprisoned in 1577, and he was released only just in time to assume his title the next year. Much of their resentment was directed against policies pursued by the Elizabethan officials. To finance military campaigns against Gaelic lords and rebellious Anglo-Irish magnates, the government levied a military tax, known as the cess, upon Palesmen. Troops were also billeted upon their lands. This drew increasingly vociferous complaints from both the Pale's gentry and the towns' merchants. Before Baltinglass's rebellion their discontent was rife. This Pale community opposed government demands on their assets to maintain its military policy.Viscount Roland, <mask>'s father, was a prominent leader. With other leaders, he was imprisoned in the closing years of the 1570s by the Elizabethan administration who viewed their opposition as little short of treason. Such action on the government's part only increased its unpopularity. The predominant Pale faith was Catholic. In Catholic eyes there was a growing threat from the Protestant-dominated government, a perception supported by their marked decline in participation within the kingdom's government. English-born Protestants increasingly occupied positions of authority. These government officers found the

masks:
James Eustace
James


texts: concept of being Catholic and loyal irreconcilable.Tension was fuelled by Pius V's excommunication of Elizabeth in 1570. With growing regularity sons of Catholic Pale families withdrew from English universities and pursued their education in Catholic Europe. Within the walls of these continental colleges, Catholic Counter-Reformation dogma and doctrine dominated. Young Palesmen were profoundly affected by their exposure. Their education made them more militant on their return. In 1579, Gerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, took up arms in Munster for a second time against the Queen, in the so-called Second Desmond Rebellion. Elizabeth I appointed Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond to deal with the rebellion.This he eventually did, but with ruthless and terrible severity. During the summer of 1580, <mask>, Viscount Baltinglass, apparently prompted almost entirely by religious motives, collected rebel forces in County Wicklow, with the goal to assist Desmond. His allies included many influential Catholics, some of them his own relatives, and large numbers of Irish clansmen led by Fiach McHugh O'Byrne. News of this soon reached the ears of Ormonde, <mask>'s brother-in-law, (Edmund Butler, brother of the Earl of Ormonde, had married Eleanor Eustace, Baltinglass's sister) who must have sent him a severe warning, for we have Baltinglass's defiant reply, later produced in evidence against him. At first the revolt was remarkably successful, and on 25 August 1580, a severe defeat was inflicted upon the troops of the Lord Deputy at the Pass of Glenmalure in the Wicklow Mountains on the Baltinglass lands. The Annals of the Four Masters states that "the entire extent of country from the Slaney to the Shannon and from the Boyne to the meeting of the Three Waters became one scene of strife and dissension". But

masks:
James Eustace
James Eustace


texts:
 <mask> never coordinated his efforts with those of Desmond, and in any case had started too late.There was desultory fighting for nearly a year, but with no large engagement, and the Baltinglass troops overran a large area doing great damage, but were then hopelessly overpowered. A force of Spaniards and Italians had landed at Smerwick, Co. Kerry, in order to assist the Catholic cause, but when they had completed the long march of 150 miles to Naas were taken prisoner and were massacred. The scene of this massacre, on the southern edge of the town, is still called Spaniards Cross or Foad Spaniagh. Defeat & Exile
Baltinglass and his followers were outlawed and forty-five of them were hanged in Dublin. <mask> escaped to Munster, where Desmond was still in revolt, and thence to Spain. He was well received, and only just failed to persuade King Philip II of Spain to provide sufficient troops and ships to invade Ireland. He died there childless in 1585.The fates of his five brothers were as follows:
1.Edmund Eustace had married Frances, daughter of Robert Pipho, and secondly Joan, daughter of Richard Walsh of Carrickmines, who afterwards married Dermot Kavanagh of Knockangary. In 1583 he escaped to Scotland and thence to Spain, where he was created "4th Viscount" by the Pope. He served against England in the Armada in 1588, and died in Portugal in 1594. 2. Thomas Eustace was executed in 1582. 3. William Eustace was certainly believed to have been slain in battle in 1581, for it was officially reported to Sir Francis Walsingham, Secretary of State in London, "Head of William Eustace, another of the Baltinglass brethren, taken this morning."It is, possible however that this report was untrue and that he was the ancestor of the Eustaces of Robertstown whose distinguished line will be dealt with later. The

masks:
Baltinglass
James Eustace


texts: Complete Peerage reports that William (4th son) was "slain in rebellion, 21 Apr. 1581." Burke's Extinct Peerage1883 reports that William (3rd son) "had not been engaged in rebellion ... (and was) ... living as Viscount Baltinglass, in 1610". 4.Walter Eustace was captured in 1583 and executed. 5.Richard Eustace was in Paris at the time of the rebellion, engaged in arranging for the dispatch of ammunition and supplies to assist his brothers. He became a priest in Rome.Among the other Eustaces from County Kildare who took part were Maurice of Castlemartin and Thomas of Kerdiffstown (near Sallins), who were both executed, and John of Newland and Oliver of Blackhall, Clane, who were eventually pardoned, as was Maurice FitzGerald of Osberstown, Naas, who was the husband of Baltinglass's aunt Janet. In 1585, the Statute of Baltinglass was passed by Parliament, but against considerable opposition. Under this Act, the title and arms were attainted, and all the vast Baltinglass possessions were forfeited, as was normal then, with retrospective clauses voiding all transfers of property that had taken place during the previous twelve years. The Eustaces of Harristown, once Lords of Portlester, Kilcullen and Baltinglass were thus virtually obliterated. <mask> and his brothers had fought for what they were convinced was right, but they had failed, and for their failure they paid dearly. Whether <mask> and his followers were traitors or martyrs, they were certainly brave men. At the time of the attainder, the Dowager Viscountess, once a proud Butler, but now the mother of "the six traitorous brethren," petitioned (rather pathetically, and with what result we can well imagine) to be allowed to retain her jointure or alternatively to be granted somewhere to live.Almost all the forfeited estates were granted to Sir

masks:
James
James Eustace


texts:
 Henry Harrington who had been active in quelling the rebellion. He sold them in 1617 to Sir Charles Wilmot, from whom they passed, via Sir <mask> and Sir Thomas Roper, to the Viscounts (later Earls) of Aldborough. Harristown, Rochestown and Calverstown were granted in about 1590 to John Eustace of Castlemartin. The Baltinglass, house in Dublin and a lease of New Abbey, Kilcullen, were granted to Edmund Spenser, the poet, who was Secretary to the Lord Deputy, Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton. Rathfarnham Castle and much of the land around Rathfarnham also belonged to the Eustace family of Baltinglass. However, this property was also confiscated for their part in the Second Desmond Rebellion of 1579–83. Rathfarnham castle and its lands were then granted to the Loftus family.The title was revived in 1685, when Colonel Richard Talbot, of Carton, was created Viscount Baltinglass, but he died without an heir six years later. It was again revived in 1763, when John Stratford was created Baron of Baltinglass, but he was advanced in 1776 to Viscount Aldborough and this title became extinct in 1875. The Eustaces of Castlemartin and Harristown were connected with his family twice. His father had married (as his second wife) Penelope née Eustace, one of the three co-heiresses of Sir Maurice Eustace, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. His great-great-granddaughter, Louisa Saunders of Saunders Grove, married in 1860 Thomas Tickell, descendant and heir of Clotilda, Penelope's sister and another of the co-heiresses. References

 Tickell, Sir Eustace F; The Eustace Family and Their Lands in County Kildare; (1955); Journal of the Co. Kildare Archaeological Society; Vol. XIII, No.6; pp. 284–287. 1530 births
1585 deaths
16th-century Anglo-Irish people
Members of the Irish House of Lords
People of the Second Desmond


texts:
<mask>,  (; born 8 December 1925) is an Italian politician and statesman who served as the 43rd prime minister of Italy from 18 October 1980 to 28 June 1981. He also held the office of deputy prime minister, minister of Foreign Affairs and minister of Defence. A member of the right-wing faction of the Christian Democracy party, <mask> was one of the most prominent Italian politicians from the 1970s to early 1990s. At age , he is the oldest living former Italian prime minister. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Pesaro, Marche, from a middle-class family. In 1948, after the degree in law at the University of Urbino, <mask> began his political career, holding the position of provincial secretary of Christian Democracy for Pesaro; he was later elected in the municipal and provincial councils. In 1954 he became a member of the central committee of Christian Democracy.In the 1958 Italian general election, <mask> was elected in the Chamber of Deputies for the first time, representing the constituency of Ancona. In 1959, <mask> became one of the most prominent member of the DC faction led by Amintore Fanfani. In 1962 he was appointed vice-secretary of the party; he held this office until 1969, under three different secretaries, Aldo Moro, Mariano Rumor and Flaminio Piccoli. Christian Democratic secretary

In December 1968, he was appointed Minister of Public Shares in the government led by Mariano Rumor; in August 1969 he became Minister for the Relations with the United Nations, in the Rumor's second cabinet. In November 1969 <mask> was elected Secretary of the Christian Democracy with 157 votes in favor and 13 blank votes; after few days Ciriaco De Mita became his vice-secretary. During his

masks:
Arnaldo Forlani
Forlani
Forlani
Forlani
Forlani
Forlani
Forlani


texts: secretariat, <mask> tried to avoid the disintegration of the center-left political alliance, undermined by the inability to react effectively to the economic and social difficulties of the period. He also tried to strength the Organic Centre-left coalition with the Socialist Party, the Democratic Socialist Party and the Republican Party.In November 1969, the Parliament approved the divorce law with a different majority from the one which supported the government; in fact the law was harshly opposed by the Christian Democrats, but also by the Italian Social Movement and the Monarchists. Prime Minister Rumor resigned in February 1970, but tried to rebuild a centre-left government in March 1970. Despite the political success for the first regional elections of June 1970, the third Rumor government did not survive the political and social tensions that shocked the country, especially after the general strike of July 1970. After Rumor's resignation, Emilio Colombo was appointed new Prime Minister at the head of a centre-left coalition. In the 1971 presidential election, <mask> proposed Amintore Fanfani as DC candidate as President of the Republic, but his allies strongly opposed this decision and Fanfani was not elected. <mask>'s second candidate was Aldo Moro, but also this nomination was rejected by the Parliament. At the end, the DC proposed Giovanni Leone, former Prime Minister and long-time President of the Chamber of Deputies, who was elected with the support of the neo-fascist Social Movement.After few months the republicans withdrew their support to Colombo's government and the new appointed Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti did not reach to gain the confidence vote from the Parliament; snap

masks: Forlani Forlani Forlani


texts:
 elections were called for May 1972. 1972 general election and DC Congress

In the general election, which took place on 7 May 1972, the DC, led by <mask>, remained stable with around 38% of the votes, as it happened to the Communist Party which obtained the same 27% of 1968. The Socialist Party continued in its decline, reducing to less than 10%. The most important growth was that of the post-fascist Italian Social Movement, which nearly doubled its votes from 4.5 to c. 9%, after that its leader Giorgio Almirante launched the formula of the "National Right", proposing his party as the sole group of the Italian right side. Incumbent Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, supported by secretary <mask>, tried to continue his centrist strategy, but his attempt only lasted a year. Former Premier Mariano Rumor so returned at the head of the government with his traditional centre-left alliance between Christian Democrats, Socialist, Democratic Socialist and Republicans. At the same time, during the 1973 National Congress, <mask>, who now opposed an alliance with the PSI, was not confirmed Secretary of the party, and his former mentor, Amintore Fanfani, became DC secretary once again.Member of the government
In March 1973, Prime Minister Rumor was abandoned by the Republicans. He continued with a new squad, but he couldn't withstand the shocks deriving by the divorce referendum of 1974, when Christian Democrats, along with the neo-fascist MSI, intensely campaigned for a yes vote to abolish the law and make divorce illegal again, but their proposal was rejected by almost 60% of votes. Minister of Defence

After the referendum, former Premier Aldo Moro persuaded the Socialists to accept a minority government


texts:
 composed only by the Christian Democrats and the Republicans. <mask> was appointed Minister of Defence by Moro. However, new problem arose from the regional elections of 1975, which marked a great success of the left, which consequently called for new national elections. In March 1976, <mask> run to the secretariat of the party, opposing Benigno Zaccagnini, incumbent secretary and member of the DC left-wing, who supported Moro's policy of accommodation with the Communists of Enrico Berlinguer, known as Historic Compromise. <mask> was supported by Andreotti, Fanfani, Flaminio Piccoli and Antonio Bisaglia, but he lost the congressional election and Zaccagnini remained Christian Democratic secretary.Minister of Foreign Affairs
When the Republicans left Moro's cabinet in 1976, no possibilities of a new government remained, and an early vote was called. After the election, which saw a great success of the Communist Party, Andreotti became the new Prime Minister and <mask> was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs. The reasons of this important nomination were firstly the necessity to recover a climate of unity in the party after the congressional divisions and secondly the opportunity, in a world still marked by the Cold War, to allocate foreign policy to a clearly anti-communist personality, as <mask> was, able to calm the European and American partners. During his ministry, <mask> strongly supported the European integration process, and the adhesion of Portugal to the European Economic Community. Prime Minister of Italy

In 1980, <mask> was among the main sponsor of Flaminio Piccoli in the party congress. Piccoli was elected Secretary at the head of a centre-right majority. Due to his fundamental

masks: Forlani Forlani Forlani Forlani Forlani Forlani Forlani


texts:
 role in Piccoli's election, <mask> was appointed Prime Minister of Italy, leading a centre to centre-left coalition with PSI, PSDI and PRI.<mask> was considered an unflamboyant politician who attempted to stay out of the factionalism in his party, and was seen as the man who could re-unite DC. As Prime Minister, he had to deal with corruption scandals within his party and a renewed bout of left-wing terrorism. 1980 Irpinia earthquake

During his premiership, <mask> had to face also the Irpinia earthquake, a strong shock, that was centered on the village of Conza in Campania, and left at least 2,483 people dead, at least 7,700 injured, and left 250,000 homeless. <mask>'s government spent 59 trillion lire on reconstruction, while other nations sent contributions. West Germany contributed 32 million United States dollars (USD) and the United States US$70 million. However, in the early nineties a major corruption scandal emerged. Of the billions of lire that were predestined for aid to the victims and rebuilding, the largest part disappeared from the earthquake reconstruction funds in the 1980s.Of the $40 billion spent on earthquake reconstruction, an estimated $20 billion went to create an entirely new social class of millionaires in the region, $6.4 billion went to the Camorra, whereas another $4 billion went to politicians in bribes. Only the remaining $9.6 billion a quarter of the total amount, was actually spent on people's needs. Moreover, the Mafia entered the construction industry after the quake. P2 scandal and resignation
During his premiership, the list of who belonged to the secret lodge P2 was published. The P2 was a Masonic lodge founded in 1945 that, by the time its Masonic charter was

masks: Forlani Forlani Forlani Forlani


texts:
 withdrawn in 1976, had transformed into a clandestine, pseudo-Masonic, ultraright organization operating in contravention of Article 18 of the Constitution of Italy that banned secret associations. In its latter period, during which the lodge was headed by Licio Gelli, P2 was implicated in numerous Italian crimes and mysteries, including the collapse of the Vatican-affiliated Banco Ambrosiano, the murders of journalist Mino Pecorelli and banker Roberto Calvi, and corruption cases within the nationwide bribe scandal Tangentopoli. P2 came to light through the investigations into the collapse of Michele Sindona's financial empire.P2 was sometimes referred to as a "state within a state" or a "shadow government". The lodge had among its members prominent journalists, Members of Parliament, industrialists, and military leaders—including Silvio Berlusconi, who later became Prime Minister of Italy; the Savoy pretender to the Italian throne Victor Emmanuel; and the heads of all three Italian intelligence services (at the time SISDE, SISMI and CESIS). When searching Gelli's villa in 1982, the police found a document called the "Plan for Democratic Rebirth", which called for a consolidation of the media, suppression of trade unions, and the rewriting of the Italian Constitution. However, the lateness with which they were published gained <mask> heavy criticism, in particular from the Communist Party. He was therefore compelled to resign from the position, staying away from spotlight of politics for a certain period. With his resignation and the appointment of Republican leader Giovanni Spadolini, the unbroken line since 1945 of Christian Democratic Prime Ministers came to an end. After the premiership

After


texts:
 his premiership <mask> remained an important politician.In 1981, at a Socialist Congress, <mask> and Socialist leader Bettino Craxi signed an agreement with the "blessing" of Giulio Andreotti. As the agreement was signed in a trailer, it was called the "pact of the camper." The pact was also called "CAF" for the initials of the signers, Craxi-Andreotti-<mask>. With this agreement, the DC party recognized the equal dignity of the so-called "secular parties" of the majority (the Socialists, Social Democrats, Liberals and Republicans) and also guaranteed an alternation of government. With the birth of the so-called Pentapartito, the possibility of the growth of the majority toward the Communist Party was finally dismissed. The Christian Democrats remained the leaders of the coalition, and managed several times to prevent representatives of the secular parties from becoming Prime Minister. In 1982, <mask> tried again to become DC Secretary, but he was defeated by his former deputy secretary Ciriaco De Mita, who was now supported also by Fanfani.After the loss, <mask> exited from Fanfani's faction and founded "Popular Action", along with Franco Maria Malfatti, Luciano Radi and Oscar Luigi Scalfaro. However he succeeded in remaining the leader of the moderate faction of the Christian Democracy, continuing to be one of the most prominent politician in Italian politics. In 1983 the Socialist leader Bettino Craxi was appointed Prime Minister by President Sandro Pertini and <mask> became his Deputy Prime Minister. Second term as secretary
In the 18th DC National Congress <mask> was elected secretary for a second time, with 85% of votes; while former secretary Ciriaco De Mita became Prime Minister. De Mita


texts:
 maintained the head of the government, despite the constant difficulties of relations with Bettino Craxi. The difficulties increased with the "Palermo case" when DC governed the city with Leoluca Orlando, allying with the Communists instead of the Socialists. Finally, Craxi withdrew the PSI's support to the government and De Mita was forced to resign on 19 May 1989.<mask> then managed the long-running government crisis that lasted until July, when Andreotti became Prime Minister leading a Pentapartito coalition. The CAF alliance remained the pivot of Italian politics for the rest of the legislature until the 1992 election. 1992 election and presidential ambitions

On 17 February 1992, judge Antonio Di Pietro had Mario Chiesa, a member of the PSI, arrested for accepting a bribe from a Milan cleaning firm. The Italian Socialist Party distanced themselves from Chiesa. Craxi called Mario Chiesa mariuolo, or "villain", a "wild splinter" of the otherwise clean PSI. Upset over this treatment by his former colleagues, Chiesa began to give information about corruption implicating his colleagues. This marked the beginning of the Mani pulite investigation; news of political corruption began spreading in the press.In 1992 general election, the Christian Democracy, led by <mask>, lost many votes, but its coalition managed to keep a small majority. However the largest opposition party, the PCI, split after the fall of the Soviet Union and there was no opposition leadership. Many votes went to Lega Nord, a party that was not inclined to alliances at the time. In the presidential election of the same year, the Christian Democracy proposed <mask> as his candidate to the presidency of the Republic. However, during


texts:
 the 5th and 6th ballots, held on 16 May 1992, <mask> missed the election of 39 and 29 votes respectively. Following these defeats, <mask> withdrew his candidacy as President of the Republic. Resignation and decline
The defeat in the presidential election, shortly after the dramatic general election, marked the conclusion of <mask>'s political life, who, after other defeats in regional and administrative elections and involvement in Mani pulite scandal, in which he was charged of having received illegal funds, resigned as party Secretary in October 1992 and subsequently retired from politics.His former spokesman, Pier Ferdinando Casini, is considered <mask>'s politics direct heir. Electoral history

References

1925 births
Living people
People from Pesaro
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
Prime Ministers of Italy
Deputy Prime Ministers of Italy
Foreign ministers of Italy
Italian Ministers of Defence
Deputies of Legislature III of Italy
Deputies of Legislature IV of Italy
Deputies of Legislature V of Italy
Deputies of Legislature VI of Italy
Deputies of Legislature VII of Italy
Deputies of Legislature VIII of Italy
Deputies of Legislature IX of Italy
Deputies of Legislature X of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XI of Italy
Candidates for President of Italy
Politicians of Marche
Italian


texts:
<mask> (14 August 1864 – 14 May 1955) was an English singer and actress, known in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as an ingénue in musical comedies, and later as a character actress in comic and dramatic plays. She is possibly best known for walking out of the lead role in Noël Coward's The Vortex in 1924 shortly before opening night. Early years
<mask> was born in Marylebone, London, daughter of <mask>, a singer, and his wife Mary Ann, née Tims. She trained at a conservatoire in Watford, north of London, where one of her tutors described her as "an ideal Cherubino" in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. Her career, however, took her not into opera, but into operetta and then musical comedy. Musical stage
In 1888, she appeared in London at Toole's Theatre as Inez in Charles Lecocq's Pepita, and the following year created the role of Malaguene in Robert Planquette's Paul Jones. Her debut in musical comedy was in George Edwardes's In Town at the Gaiety Theatre in 1893, in a small ingénue role and later deputising for the star, Florence St. John.Later that year, she was similarly cast as Lady Edytha Aldwyn in A Gaiety Girl, also covering for and later succeeding Decima Moore in the lead role. In 1895, she was a replacement player in the title role in The Shop Girl at the Gaiety and appeared in Gentleman Joe at the Prince of Wales's Theatre and as Connie in All Abroad at the Criterion Theatre. The same year, <mask> played the title role, Trilby, in A Model Trilby; or, A Day or Two After Du Maurier, by Charles H.

masks:
Kate Ellen Louisa Cutler
Cutler
Henry Cutler
Cutler


texts: E. Brookfield and William Yardley, with music by Meyer Lutz, produced at the Opera Comique by the retired Nellie Farren. The piece was a burlesque of the Haymarket Theatre's hit adaptation of the 1894 George du Maurier novel Trilby. The Times thought that Cutler was "winsome and engaging". The Daily Telegraph wrote that she was "the best and most willing of all the Trilbys, an actress of real charm. Whenever she warbles a sweet little melody, or prides herself on her string of lovers, or whistles a plaintive refrain, the new Trilby is from first to last attractive and delightful".In 1896, she played Dorothy in Monte Carlo at the Avenue Theatre. After playing such junior roles in musical comedies, Cutler achieved star status as the title character, Suzette, in The French Maid in 1897, followed by further successes as Elsie Crockett in Little Miss Nobody the following year, Catarma in L' Amour Mouille in 1899 and Angela in Florodora that same year. In April 1900, Cutler married her first husband, Sidney Ellison, who was the director and choreographer of Florodora. The marriage was unsuccessful, and they separated before his death in 1930. She next played Victoria Chaffers in H.M.S. Irresponsible in 1901. Cutler's other successes in this period included A Chinese Honeymoon (as a replacement in the role of Princess Soo-Soo in 1902), Norah Chalmers in The Girl from Kays (1902), Grace Rockingham in The Love Birds (1904) and Victoire in A Man's Shadow.She played this role in a Command Performance at Windsor Castle on 17 November


texts:
 1904. The next year, she originated the role of Baroness Papouche in The Spring Chicken (1905). Her appearances in musical comedy were well received, with The Times commenting, "Miss <mask> may be depended upon to make the most of what she undertakes ...  A soothing tint of freshness in a great deal of blare and noise". While appearing in The Spring Chicken, <mask> took a special omnibus every day, between acts, from the Gaiety Theatre to the Palace Theatre, where she appeared for 20 minutes in Hero and Heroine. The bus contained a dressing room in which she changed from one costume to another each way on the short journey. Comedy and character roles
After 1905, Cutler gave up the musical stage and concentrated on comic plays. She appeared with Herbert Beerbohm Tree as Felise in a revival of The Red Lamp and as Lady Stutfield in A Woman of No Importance in 1907.In 1908, she played Peggy in All-of-a-Sudden Peggy, played Nan in Good for Nothing, toured as Dorothy in Her Son, and had a success as Madame Henriette in Bellamy the Magnificent. These were followed by roles too numerous to name over the next fifteen years. She played both in English classics, such as The Rivals, and in new works by Somerset Maugham and Max Beerbohm, co-starring with Charles Hawtrey, Marie Lohr, Lewis Waller and George Alexander, among others. In the 1920s, <mask>, by then in her late fifties, continued to play a varied and busy schedule of leading and character roles appropriate for her age. She is perhaps most remembered, however, for one that she

masks: Cutler Cutler Cutler


texts:
 did not play. Cast as the nymphomaniac mother in Noël Coward's early play The Vortex (1924), she pulled out of the role less than a week before the piece was due to open, upset by a last-minute rewrite that she believed diminished her role. Coward managed to recruit Lilian Braithwaite to take on the role.The play was a sensational success, with <mask>, as Coward said, throwing away one of the best opportunities of her life. <mask> subsequently had good roles in classic and new plays, including The Country Wife, and Dear Octopus. Cutler performed in films between 1929 and 1938, including Such Is the Law (1930), The Great Gay Road (1931), Lord of the Manor (1933), Come Out of the Pantry (1935) and Moscow Nights (1935). Her last film was Pygmalion in 1938. The Manchester Guardian said of her in an obituary notice, "She proved that an actress who can play the lead in musical comedy can go on to play the lead in anything else. ...  She was a really accomplished actress with that indefinable quality which we call style." <mask>'s second husband, Major Charles Dudley Ward, predeceased her.She died at her home in London, age 90. Notes

References
 Coward, Noël. Present Indicative''. Heinemann 1937. Methuen reissue, 2004

External links

Photo of Cutler in All of a Sudden, Peggy (1905)
Photo of Cutler in The Girl from Kays (1902)
Photo on a cigarette card (1895) as Trilby

English musical theatre actresses
English stage actresses
1864 births
1955 deaths
English women singers
19th-century English actresses
20th-century English


texts:
<mask> (Swedish: Katarina Gustavsdotter Stenbock; 22 July 1535 at Torpa, Tranemo Municipality, Västergötland – 13 December 1621 at Strömsholm, Västmanland) was Queen of Sweden from 1552 to 1560 as the third and last wife of King Gustav I. Biography

Early life
<mask>ck was the daughter of Riksråd Gustaf Olofsson Stenbock and Brita Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud, who was the sister of King Gustav's previous consort Margaret Leijonhufvud. She was thus the maternal niece of Queen Margaret and first cousin of the royal children of that marriage, including future kings John III of Sweden and Charles IX of Sweden. Her siblings included Ebba Stenbock. There is little information about her prior to her marriage. It is possible that she served as maid of honor to her aunt, the Queen, but either way, she was most certainly known to the King personally: due to the marriage of her aunt, her family belonged to the relations to the King named as Kungafränderna (`The King's Relations´), who played an important role at court, and participated in the family events of the monarch, as well as he was present at the weddings and other events of her family. Her parents were both favored by the monarch.Their marriage was hosted by the King in parallel to his own first marriage in 1531, her father founded his career as a riksråd upon his loyalty to the King, and her mother was in the King's confidence: it was said that "In her [Queen Margaret's] sister Bridget... he always had much trust". Upon the death of her aunt Queen Margaret in 1551, <mask>'s mother Brita and aunt Martha Leijonhufvud, in succession to Christina Gyllenstierna, were

masks:
Catherine Stenbock
Catherine Stenbo
Catherine


texts: entrusted the care of the royal children until the King married again, which he was expected to do. The King declared that a new marriage was necessary foremost because he needed a Queen for his court and a mother for his young children. In March 1552, he called her mother, her aunt Martha  and her spouse, and the King's nephew Per Brahe the Elder who was married to <mask>'s sister Beata, and it thought that her proposed the marriage to her family at this meeting. Her family was favorable to the match, as this would preserve the family connection they had made with the King through his previous marriage with Queen Margaret, an influence they would keep through <mask>. The reason the King stated to marry <mask> was the great costs and the time-consuming negotiations necessary secure a marriage with a foreign princess in the complicated political climate in Europe during the ongoing religious conflicts. The marriage to Queen Margaret had secured the King a loyal support with the Swedish nobility for his rule, a useful alliance with he confirmed by marrying again in to the same family by marrying the niece of his late spouse.<mask> herself is described as a short, dark blonde beauty with blue eyes. According to tradition, like her aunt and predecessor <mask> was engaged when the King decided to marry her, to the noble Gustav Johansson Tre Rosor (His last name meaning Three Roses), and after the marriage to the King, he once heard her say in her sleep: "King Gustav is very dear to me, but I shall never forget The Rose". When the King came to her parents manor Torpa to propose to her personally, as the law demanded

masks: Catherine Catherine Catherine Catherine Catherine


texts:
 that she give her personal consent, it is said that she ran away and hid behind a bush in the garden. Whether truthful or not, the King had his way. There was, however, opposition among the church against a marriage between the King and the niece of his former spouse, and the arch bishop protested quoting the Books of Moses prohibiting the marriage between a man and the widow of his uncle, which was interpreted as the ban against marriage to the relations of a dead spouse. The King had a commission headed by Georg Norman prove that the Old Testament applied only to Jews and that, in any case, it allowed for a man to marry the sister of his dead wife and thereby a marriage to the niece of his wife must be permitted. The King also had his royal council confirm to the church that the King married upon their request out of the need for a Queen rather than for an infatuation and that he had the right to marry whom he choose, after which the church agreed to the marriage.Queen
The marriage was conducted in the chapel of the Vadstena Abbey 22 August 1552, followed by the coronation of <mask> as Queen the following day. She was dressed in a golden dress during the wedding, and a silver one during her coronation, escorted, as was Queen Margaret during official ceremonies, by her male relatives. The wedding was surrounded what was seen as bad omens: the plague swept through parts of the nation, the city of Turku burned down, and people claimed to see bad omens and evil signs in the sky. The celebrations lasted for three days. When the court departed, the city of Vadstena burned down in a great fire, which was seen as


texts: another bad omen. There is little information of <mask>ck as Queen. As such, she was, with the assistance of her head lady-in-waiting Anna Hogenskild, made responsible to supervise the female courtiers and her cousins, the royal children; in the case of the princesses, until they married, and in the case of the princes, until they were no longer children.It seems as if her relationship to her royal stepchildren was a good one, with the exception of Duke Charles. Her private relationship to the King is not much mentioned, and it has been said that she: "Accepted her part as Queen of Sweden with silent dignity" and without attracting too much personal attention. It is said, however, that the King did find their age difference too great and contemplated writing a law which would prevent any future marriage between: "Two people, of which one was young and one was old". As Queen, she was expected by her family to replace her aunt Queen Margaret in the role of acting as a loyal as a channel between her family and the King, preserving the influence of her family, a task she obediently fulfilled: in 1556, for example, she was asked by her aunt Martha Leijonhufvud of a document from the King regarding the rights to Läckö fief, a task she performed successfully. There are no information that she ever involved herself in any personal political agenda of any kind. One of the few incidents mentioned of her during her tenure as Queen was during the conflict between the young courtier Hogenskild Bielke and her brothers Erik and Olof, in which Bielke accused Olof and Erik of using their positions as brothers of the Queen to


texts: terrorize the other young male courtiers while being protected by <mask>. Her stepson John's lover Karin Hansdotter originally belonged to her court.In 1554 and in 1556, there were signs that she was pregnant, but no pregnancy was ever officially announced and none was ever confirmed. In 1555, she and the royal children accompanied the King to the province of Finland, where they stayed until 1556. During their stay on Åland, where they spend the winter upon their return after their visit to Finland, <mask> was affected by "Sudden motherly problems", which has been interpreted as a miscarriage, which is the closest information available of a pregnancy of <mask>. In Stockholm 1 October 1559, she was present at the wedding between her stepdaughter Princess <mask> and Edzard II, Count of East Frisia. On their departure from Sweden, the newly weds was accompanied by the sister of the bride and the brother of the groom, Princess Cecilia of Sweden and Johan II of East Frisia. On their stay in Vadstena, Cecilia and Johan were discovered by Crown Prince Eric to have a sexual affair. The great scandal were to be known as Vadstenabullret (The Vadstena Thunder).<mask> and Edzard were placed in house arrest, Johan were imprisoned, while Eric and Cecilia where both called back to Stockholm. The King is said to have cried when he related the story to Queen <mask>. During the whole affair, <mask> was on numerous occasions asked to act as mediator between the King and his children. She accompanied Cecilia to her confrontation with her father after her return to the capital, and she acted as channel through the King for Princess

masks:
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine Stenbock
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine Stenbock


texts:
 <mask>, who tried to negotiate Johan's release and permission for her and her spouse to leave for East Frisia. In May 1560, Prince Eric asked her for a permission from his father to travel to England to propose to Elizabeth I of England. King Gustav fell sick and died during the scandal. According to the chronicles, <mask> was present by his bedside during his entire sickness until death, had a bed brought in by his side where she slept, and eventually fell sick herself.She continued to act as mediator between the King and his children, and upon his complaints that they were not there, answer that they would have been, and wished to, had they not been so afraid for his anger. Reign of Eric XIV
King Gustav died on 29 September 1560 and was succeeded by his son in his first marriage, Eric XIV. In his will, <mask> was promised custody of the Princesses, who were to live at the court of Eric or her until they married, an allowance suitable for her position, and that his sons should always see to it that she had her needs taken care of. He did not specify which estates should be given to her in his will, but prior to his death, he had his two eldest sons Eric and John promise to grant her preferred choice, Strömsholm. In March, <mask> had Eric XIV issue a written statement of her right to Strömsholm, which remained her seat for the rest of her life, as well as several other lands and parishes in Sudermannia, as well as her own residence in the capital. The mother of the new King's infamous adviser Jöran Persson, Anna, was the house keeper of the Queen Dowager's court at Strömsholm. <mask> remained a widow for 61

masks:
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine Stenbock


texts: years, and despite participating in various kinds of ceremonies, she dressed in mourning for the rest of her life.She was the first Swedish Queen Dowager referred to by the title Riksänkedrottning (Queen Dowager of the Realm). During most of the reign of Eric XIV, the King was unmarried, and Queen Dowager <mask> ceremoniously functioned as the first lady of the royal court. In 1562, for example, she opened a ball given in honor of the Polish embassy sent to negotiate the wedding between the King's brother Prince John and the Polish Princess <mask>. Queen Dowager <mask> seems to have had a good relationship to Eric XIV, who normally treated her with respect, referred to her as "My Dear Stepmother" and trusted her on certain critical occasions. During the conflict between the King and his brother Prince John, when the King had John imprisoned with his spouse, <mask> offered her assistance as mediator, but was refused by Eric who accused her of siding with John and reminded her that King Gustav had asked them all to show loyalty to his successor. <mask> was given an important role in connection to the infamous Sture Murders. In the spring of 1567, the King had several noblemen imprisoned and taken to Uppsala, accused of treason.Among them were brother of <mask>, Abraham Gustafsson Stenbock; the spouse of her aunt Martha Leijonhufvud, Svante Sture; and her two cousins, Nils Svantesson Sture and Erik Svantesson Sture, and her uncle Sten Eriksson Leijonhufvud. On 24 May, the King had a fit of insanity and killed Nils Svantesson Sture, after which he had her other relatives, with the exception of Sten Eriksson

masks:
Catherine
Catherine Jagellon
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine


texts: Leijonhufvud, as well as another nobleman, killed. After this, the King left Uppsala. He was found some days later outside the city in a severe state, and taken to the capital, where he was left in the care of Karin Månsdotter. <mask> arrived to Uppsala the day of the murders. She was contacted by a delegation from the King headed by her uncle Sten Leijonhufvud and Hogenskild Bielke, recently also kept prisoners by the King, and asked to act as mediator between the King and the relatives of the murder victims. They escorted her to the capital, where she was given an audience with the King.This was to be the first audience with the King since the murders, and the royal court awaited her arrival, as no one had dared to come in the Kings presence since the Sture murders. When she entered the audience room, the King reportedly fell down on his knees before her and asked forgiveness for the murders. He gave her a written document giving her the authority to negotiate the settlement with the relatives of the murder victims, among them her aunt Martha Leijonhufvud. Through <mask>, Martha Leijonhufvud put forward her demands of a letter of protection against further persecution of the King; an official statement of the innocence of the murder victims; economic compensation and the arrest of the people truly responsible for the behavior of the monarch, which was regarded to be his adviser Jöran Persson. The King accepted all terms of the settlement, though he soon reinstated Persson. During the illness and convalescence of the King, the Kingdom was ruled by a regency council including the uncles of <mask>, Per Brahe the

masks: Catherine Catherine Catherine


texts: Elder and Sten Leijonhufvud. During this period, <mask> made several visits to the imprisoned brother of the King, Prince John in Uppsala.She was also present when Eric XIV visited his brother in October and in his confusion asked him if he was the King or not. She managed to arrange a form of reconciliation between the brothers, and had Prince John moved to Arboga, where he was guarded less strictly. <mask> is given credit for contributing to the recovery of the King's sanity later in that year. On 9 June 1568, <mask> was made god mother of the King's son by Karin Månsdotter, and carried him to his baptism. On 4 July 1568, she participated in the double wedding between the King and Karin Månsdotter and the Princess Sophia and Magnus II of Saxe-Lauenburg. In the procession to church, the Queen Dowager escorted the King's bride, while the second bride, the King's sister Princess Sophia, followed secondly with Princess Elizabeth, which was regarded an insult in matter of rank, as the marriage between the King and the commoner was regarded a scandal which was boycotted by the Dukes, the brothers of the King. There were reports, that the King had plans to have his brothers, as well as other enemies invited to the wedding, killed during the celebrations, but that the plans failed because Månsdotter warned the intended victims through Queen Dowager <mask>.According to another version, <mask> did so on her own initiative. During the rebellion of the Dukes, the King's brothers, which erupted after the controversial marriage of the King and ended in the dethronement of King Eric XIV that same year, <mask> and her

masks: Catherine Catherine Catherine Catherine Catherine Catherine


texts: stepdaughters, the Princesses Sophia and Elizabeth, were with the King in the capital. According to the official statement given by Prince John after the deposition in 1569, they were placed under guard, prevented from leaving and placed under the threat of being presented to Tsar Ivan the Terrible of Russia as hostages. Eric XIV had made an alliance with Russia against Poland, and the Tsar had presented the demand that he should give him his Polish sister-in-law, the spouse of Prince John, Princess <mask>, as hostage to use against Poland, and a Russian embassy was at the time waiting in Stockholm to bring <mask> to Russia. Eric XIV felt forced to decline this demand because of international pressure, but had offered to replace his Polish sister-in-law with his stepmother and his two sisters. According to John, the relationship between the King and the Queen Dowager was bad at this point, as he had accused her of having financed the Danes during the ongoing Northern Seven Years' War and threatened not only to give her, his sisters and their ladies-in-waiting over to the Russians but also to burn them alive. It is unclear how much of this is true and what is propaganda from the later John III to excuse the deposition of his brother, but what ever the case, Queen Dowager <mask> and Princesses Sophia and Elizabeth left the court and escaped to join the rebellious Dukes after having been given a threat of some kind by the King, likely when they were told of their planned Russian captivity.One version said that they were permitted to take a boat trip and continued until the other shore, and another one that they

masks:
Catherine Jagellon
Catherine Jagellon
Catherine


texts:
 took a walk in the town and continued to the city gate: in any case, when they had left town, they were joined by the spouse of Princess Sophia, Magnus II of Saxe-Lauenburg, who had been sent by the King to pursue his brothers, but who instead took the Queen Dowager and the Princesses to join the rebels. When Eric XIV was forced to extradite his adviser Jöran Persson, it is possible that <mask> had a say in his fate: many decades later, she was threatened by the son of Persson, who blamed her for his father's death. During the following imprisonment of Eric XIV and Karin, their children were placed in the custody of <mask> and their French governess Johanna (Jeanne) de Herboville from 1568 until 1570. Eric XIV had a good relation to <mask>: even after having been attacked by her brother Olof in prison, he gave her the credit for not having been put to death after his dethronement. Later life
After the succession of John III to the throne, her lands were questioned by her youngest stepson Duke Charles, as they were situated in his Duchy. All her fiefs in Södermanland were exchanged for Åland, which was a very favorable exchange, as Åland gave a much larger income than her previous lands. She had a good relationship with the King and often lent him money.Her estates made it possible for her to act as one of the foremost financiers of John III, particularly in his war with Russia, loans he was unable to pay her back. Her sole remaining estate in Södermanland were her main residence Strömsholm, which caused a conflict with Duke Charles. The Duke insisted that Strömsholm belonged to him because it was situated in

masks:
Catherine
Catherine Stenbock
Catherine


texts: his Duchy. He demanded that she evacuate the fief to him, sent armed troops to the area to prevent her from collecting taxes from the farmers of the area and threatened to attack the estate to remove her physically. The conflict escalated to this point prior to his marriage in 1579, because he wished to present Strömsholm as the residence of his bride. <mask>'s rights were protected by John III, who reminded Charles that although the King had not mentioned the estate in his will, he had asked the Princes to ensure the right of his widow to it verbally. The conflict, however, continued until 1582, when John III formally had the royal council declare a verdict in favor of <mask> in the matter and threaten Charles with the loss of his succession rights to the throne unless he respected the decision.In 1570, <mask> had a wish to marry Duke Francis II of Saxe-Lauenburg, the brother-in-law of her stepdaughter Princess Sophia. These plans was however prevented by the spouse of Sophia, Magnus II of Saxe-Lauenburg. During the time of conflict between her and Duke Charles of the rights to Strömsholm, she received a proposal from a German Count Palatine, but declined the offer. During the reign of John III, she no longer had such a prominent place at court, as the King was married. Because of her royal rank, she occupied a more and more dominant role in her own birth family, and often hosted family meetings and arranged family occasions such as weddings and funerals, and continued to act as a channel between her relatives and the royal house. In 1574, a scandal took place when her brother <mask> made his legendary

masks:
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Erik Stenbock


texts: elopement with their cousin, Malin Sture, daughter of her famous aunt Martha Leijonhufvud. The couple were in love, but had been forbidden to marry by Martha because they were cousins.Martha had the King imprison Erik, but <mask> and Duke Charles both acted as mediators, and managed to have Erik released and have their love marriage acknowledged within a year. In 1582, she participated in the meeting between Karin Månsdotter and Queen <mask> at Svartsjö Castle. Queen <mask>, as well as Queen Gunilla Bielke, both acted as mediators during the conflict between the King and the Royal Council in 1589–90. During the conflict, John III suspected the Councillors of conspiring to depose him in favor of the son of Eric XIV. <mask> was informed that rumors circulated in which she was to have hosted a meeting for the Councillors at Strömsholm where they conspired to depose the King. She contacted the King and defended her against the accusations, and was never openly accused. In 1592, John III died and was succeeded by his son Sigismund III Vasa, the elected King of Poland, which was opposed by Duke Charles.<mask> participated in the burial of John III in 1594, and had her fiefs confirmed by Sigismund, with the right to appoint the officials in Åland. In 1595, civil war erupted between Sigismund and Duke Charles. Her brothers refused to join Duke Charles, who declared them, her brother-in-law Klaus Fleming, Governor of Finland, and her nephew as his enemies. Klaus Fleming had a new official appointed to her fief of Åland and used its supplies for Sigismund against Charles. This was likely done with the approval of <mask>,

masks:
Catherine
Catherine Jagellon
Catherine Stenbock
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine


texts: who had sent warnings about Charles to Fleming, but this could not be proven, even though Charles had one of Fleming's men arrested and interrogated. In November 1597, <mask>'s fief Åland was confiscated by Charles on the ground of it having been used against him. The same year, after the warfare of Duke Charles toward the loyalists of Sigismund in Finland, Fleming was killed, and <mask>'s sister Ebba Stenbock and her daughters were taken captive by the Duke and imprisoned in Stockholm: the son of Ebba was killed during the Åbo Bloodbath in 1599.Several of the relatives of Queen Dowager <mask> remained loyal to Sigismund and fled to Poland. She visited Queen Christina to plead to the King through her in 1599. Duke Charles could prove nothing against <mask> herself, and her fief of Åland was eventually replaced by Drottningholm. Her residence of Strömsholm became a refuge for the abandoned wives and daughters of her male relatives, who fled to Sigismund in Poland and had their estates in Sweden confiscated, and she petitioned for the confiscated property to be returned to her female relations, sometimes eventually with success. Her sister Ebba and her daughters lived with her after they were released from prison in 1600. Among the female relations she received as maid of honor were Ebba Brahe in 1614, who was the removed from the employ of the mother of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to prevent a love match with the King, and whose wedding she hosted in 1618. Queen Dowager <mask> spent her last years tending to her estates, engaging in iron works and other enterprises, and spending time with her relatives,


texts:
 especially her sisters.During her last years, she became periodically crippled, and was for this reason not able to attend the wedding of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1620. She has been given a charitable reputation because she gave a safe haven to many female relations to the exiled loyalists of Sigismund, and because she often acted as a channel of the local peasantry and the royal house. Upon her death in 1621 at 86 years of age, it was said that: "The poor have lost a friend, the orphans their mother". She was buried in Uppsala Cathedral, but without a monument of her own. Notes

References
 Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (1906), Katarina Stenbock. Lars Ericson: Johan III (John III) (Swedish)
 Lars-Olof Larsson: Gustav Vasa - Landsfader eller tyrann? (Gustav Vasa - Father of a country or a tyrant?)(Prisma) (Swedish)
 Wilhelmina Stålberg, P. G. Berg : Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor (Notes of Swedish women) (in Swedish)
 Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen (2010). Vasadöttrarna (utgåva 2). Falun: Historiska Media. Malin Grundberg: Ceremoniernas makt: maktöverföring och genus i vasatidens kungliga ceremonier
 Tegenborg Falkdalen, Karin, Vasadrottningen: en biografi över Katarina Stenbock 1535-1621 [The Vasa Queen: A biography of <mask>, 1535-1621], Historiska media, Lund, 2015

Further reading

External links

|-

1535 births
1621 deaths
People from Tranemo Municipality
Swedish nobility
<mask> 1552
Burials at Uppsala Cathedral
16th-century Swedish women
17th-century Swedish women
Swedish ironmasters
People of the War against Sigismund
16th-century Swedish landowners
16th-century women landowners
17th-century

masks:
Catherine Stenbock
Catherine


texts:
<mask> (born 11 January 1997) is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer, actor, model, swimmer and environmentalist. Since his debut, he has released three solo studio albums: Paradise (2012), Surfers Paradise (2013), and Free (2015). He portrayed the lead role of Dmitry in the Broadway musical Anastasia from November 2018 through April 2019. The same year he won the first season of The Masked Singer Australia as “Robot”. Early life
<mask> was born at Logan Hospital in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, to Brad and <mask>. He attended All Saints Anglican School throughout his upbringing and was a talented swimmer in his younger years. <mask> trained at the Miami Swimming Club under coach Ken Nixon and won two gold medals at the 2009 Queensland Swimming Championships.His mother Angie also worked as a volunteer at the swimming club. He has two younger siblings, Tom and Alli. <mask> began to record songs in his bedroom during the summer of 2009 on YouTube, performing "I'm Yours" by Jason Mraz, "Cry Me a River" and "Señorita" by Justin Timberlake, "I Want You Back" by The Jackson 5, and his own songs, "One" and "Perfect". Career

Music

2009–2011: Career beginnings, 4 U, and Coast to Coast

<mask>'s rise to recognition was featured on The 7.30 Report in December 2009. He released his debut single, "iYiYi" (which features American rapper Flo Rida), on 15 May 2010. The music video for <mask>'s second single, "Summertime", was released on 20 September 2010. <mask> relocated to Los Angeles in June 2010 with his family to record his songs with Atlantic Records' Shawn Campbell.That same month, <mask> appeared on Sunrise. On 22 June 2010, it was announced that <mask> would participate in the Camplified 2010 Tour, along with other artists, touring across the United States. The tour began on 5 July 2010 and ended on 14 August 2010. Other tours that year included a middle school tour that took place from October–November 2010 and covered 9 U.S states. An EP, 4 U was released on 21 December 2010. The EP included five tracks in total, four of them being previously unreleased.

masks:
Cody Robert Simpson
Simpson
Angie Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson


texts:
 <mask> recorded a remake of the song "I Want Candy" by The Strangeloves as the main theme song for the Easter-themed live-action/CGI-animated film Hop.In May 2011, <mask> was "egged" during a live performance at Westfield Miranda in Sydney. <mask> told Australian radio show The Kyle & Jackie O Show that he was not in fact hit by the eggs, and that he was upset on behalf of his fans because the remainder of his show was cancelled because of security concerns. He then started the Waiting 4U tour with American singer Greyson Chance on 9 April in Ivins, Utah. The tour ended on 18 May 2011, in Portland, Oregon. Coast to Coast was released on 20 September 2011 by Atlantic Records. It reached number 12 on the Billboard 200 and sold 24,000 copies. On 23 April 2011, <mask> released the single "On My Mind".On 5 August 2011, he performed on The Today Show. The following day, <mask> started his Coast to Coast Mall Tour in Lake Grove, New York to promote his second EP. He played nine dates around the United States and finished it in Orange, California on 18 September 2011. On 22 September, it was announced that <mask> hired Justin Bieber's manager, Scooter Braun, as his own. In December 2011, The Wish Factory released a <mask> doll in two formats. 2012–2014: Paradise, Surfers Paradise and Dancing with the Stars

On 12 June 2012, <mask> released an EP titled Preview to Paradise containing four songs from his upcoming debut studio album, Paradise, which was released on 2 October 2012. In February 2013, <mask> toured Europe, doing his own tour dates as well as supporting Justin Bieber on many of the European Believe tour dates.Surfers Paradise, which was released on 16 July 2013, is <mask>'s first album to debut in the top 10 of the Billboard 200. During the summer of 2013, <mask> headlined the Paradise Tour, featuring opening acts Ryan Beatty and Before You Exit. On 19 November 2013, <mask> released an acoustic album called The Acoustic Sessions, featuring the songs "Pretty Brown Eyes", "All Day", "La Da Dee", "Wish U Were Here", and a cover of "Please Come Home for Christmas"

masks:
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Cody Simpson
Cody Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson


texts:
 recorded acoustically. On 4 March 2014, <mask> was announced as one of the celebrities to participate on the 18th season of Dancing with the Stars during ABC's Good Morning America. He was partnered with professional dancer Witney Carson. He was eliminated on Week 5 of the competition and finished in 9th place. From 30 June 2014 to 14 July 2014 <mask> did an acoustic tour through Europe with singer Jackson Harris.In August 2014 <mask> announced he had departed Warner/Atlantic. He cited creative differences as the reason for his departure and as a result, is currently unsigned. 2015–2018: Free, <mask> and the Tide, and Wave One
<mask>'s album Free was scheduled to be released on 23 June 2015 then was pushed back to 10 July. <mask> performed the first single, "Flower" on Good Morning America on 6 February 2015. It is his first album as an independent artist since leaving Atlantic Records to create his own label, Coast House. The album was produced by Cisco Adler and includes songwriting collaborations with G. Love and Donavon Frankenreiter. John Mayer served as a sounding board.<mask> performed his single "New Problems" on NBC's Today show on 13 July 2015. On 1 November 2015 it has been reported that <mask> took a break from his long term solo career to start up a new band with his close mates Adrian Cota and Khari Mateen. In 2017, <mask> formed a new band billed as <mask> and the Tide, making their debut with the single "Waiting for the Tide." Cody and the Tide is composed of <mask> on vocals and guitar, Adrian Cota on drums and Shareef "Reef" Addo on bass. Cody and the Tide released their debut EP, entitled Wave One, in the fall of 2017. The music is a blend of pop, rock, blues, and surf-rock genres. The band used their varying influences and musical tastes to create Wave One.In their four-track EP, <mask> sings of love, unity, environmentalism and ocean conservation. The EP's debut single, "Waiting for the Tide," was inspired by a poem <mask> wrote that tackled topics such as rising water levels and ocean conservation. In August 2018, the band released "Underwater"

masks:
Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Cody Simpson
Simpson
Simpson
Cody
Cody
Simpson
Cody Simpson
Cody Simpson
Simpson
Simpson


texts:
 music video song. In October, <mask> and the Tide went on a short tour of southern California to perform their EP. In early 2019, after almost three years together, the band split up. 2019–present: Return to solo work
After parting ways with his band and focusing on his solo career again, <mask> released the song Golden Thing he wrote for Miley Cyrus on 18 October 2019 which crossed over 1 million views on Spotify. In the same year, he participated on The Masked Singer Australia, as the "Robot" and went on to win the show.In 2022, he released a new music video of "Nice To Meet You" on YouTube and Spotify. Acting
In 2014, he made his television debut by making a cameo in a sitcom Instant Mom. In 2015, <mask> guest starred on the American television sitcom Cougar Town, portraying Pete, a high school student. In the same year he booked a role in Nickelodeon's film One Crazy Cruise where he played the love interest of Kira Kosarin's character Ellie Jensen-Bauer and starred as himself. In late 2017, <mask> was cast in the supporting role in Bret Easton Ellis' thriller film, The Smiley Face Killers opposite actor Crispin Glover. In October 2018, he debuted on Theatre when he was cast in the Broadway musical Anastasia as the leading male character Dmitry, alongside John Bolton and Christy Altomare. Swimming
In 2019, he revealed that he is a member of the University of Southern California (USC)'s Trojan Swim Elite team.As of early 2020, he has been training under the two-time Olympian Brett Hawke. He competed in the 100 yard butterfly competition and finished in the 24th position out of 29 entrants. In December 2020, he shared on social media that he had qualified for the Australian Olympic trials in the 100m butterfly. The trials took place in Adelaide in June 2021 and <mask> set personal best times but failed to qualify for the Tokyo Olympics by finishing in 8th place having made the final of the 100m butterfly. <mask> starred on Head Above Water, a swimming documentary, as himself which released on June 4, 2021 on Amazon Prime Video. He is currently training to qualify

masks: Cody Simpson Simpson Simpson Simpson Simpson


texts:
 for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Other works
In 2012, he was a brand ambassador of Build-A-Bear Workshop.A year later, he became a brand ambassador for Teen Cancer America. In June 2017, he was named the first United Nations Development Programme advocate for oceans. In the month of August, he was named one of Bonds brand ambassador for Home Grown campaign. He also featured in Stellar. He is signed with IMG Models. His book "Prince Neptune" is set to release in April 2020. In February 2020, he had appeared in Australia's new Bonds "WeGotsYou" campaign.He is signed with the talent agency ICM Partners. <mask> starred on Head Above Water as himself which was released on June 4, 2021, in Amazon Prime Video. Personal life
<mask> has several tattoos on his body: his record label, which represents the sun, water, and earth, on his left forearm; a large anchor on his right hand; a large sun below his right shoulder; 'Old man river' on his arm; skull and crossbones inked on his chest; and a thumb-sized drawing of Elvis Presley on his forearm. <mask> publicly dated Gigi Hadid from 2013 to 2015 followed by Miley Cyrus from 2019 to 2020, and model Marloes Stevens (2020-2021). Filmography

Discography

Studio albums
Paradise (2012)
Surfers Paradise (2013)
Free (2015)

Tours
Headlining
Welcome to Paradise Tour (2012)
Paradise Tour  (2013–14)
The Acoustic Sessions Tour (2014)
Free Tour (2015)

Co-headlining
Waiting 4U Tour  (2011)

Promotional
Coast to Coast Mall Tour (2011)

Opening act
Big Time Summer Tour  (2012)
Believe Tour  (2013)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1997 births
21st-century Australian male actors
21st-century Australian singers
Atlantic Records artists
Australian expatriates in the United States
Australian contemporary R&B singers
Australian male dancers
Australian male models
Australian male singers
Australian male singer-songwriters
Australian pop singers
IMG Models models
Living people
Musicians from Gold Coast, Queensland
Sportspeople from the Gold Coast, Queensland
Australian male butterfly swimmers
Child pop musicians
Australian

masks: Simpson Simpson Simpson


texts:
<mask> (born April 24, 1967) is an American drummer and musician who rose to prominence as the drummer of alternative rock band Hole from 1992 until 1998. Born in Los Angeles, Schemel was raised in rural Marysville, Washington, where she developed an interest in punk rock music as a teenager. She began drumming at age eleven, and while in high school, formed several bands with her brother, Larry. Schemel was recommended as a drummer to Hole frontwoman Courtney Love by her husband, Kurt Cobain, a friend of Schemel's. She formally joined the band in 1992, and performed on their critically acclaimed second album, Live Through This (1994). On the band's third release, Celebrity Skin (1998), Schemel was replaced by a session drummer after its producer, Michael Beinhorn, convinced Love that Schemel was unable to adequately perform during their recording sessions. Though she receives credit on the album, her drumming does not appear on the final tracks, and the event marked her departure from the band.For the band's subsequent tour, <mask> was replaced by Samantha Maloney. After leaving Hole, Schemel developed a significant crack cocaine addiction, and was homeless for a time. In the early 2000s, she became sober and reunited with Love, joining the short-lived group Bastard before drumming on Love's debut solo album, America's Sweetheart (2004). Schemel subsequently drummed for Juliette and the Licks, appearing on their EP ...Like a Bolt of Lightning (2004). In 2010, using concert and video diary footage from Hole's 1994–1995 Live Through This world tour, Schemel co-created Hit So Hard, a documentary chronicling her time in Hole, her overcoming substance abuse, as well her subsequent business operating a dog boarding business. In 2013, she joined the indie rock group Upset, formed by Ali Koehler, previously of Vivian Girls and Best Coast, and formed the band Death Valley Girls with her brother, Larry, the same year. Life and career

1967–1986: Early life
Patricia Theresa <mask> was born April

masks:
Patricia Theresa Schemel
Schemel
Schemel


texts:
 24, 1967 in Los Angeles, California.She is the middle child of three children and grew up in Marysville, Washington. Both her parents are natives of Brooklyn, New York, and relocated to Washington state shortly after Schemel's birth. Schemel's parents were members of Alcoholics Anonymous, which Schemel described as significant to her upbringing in her memoir, Hit So Hard. Schemel began playing drums at age eleven after her father bought her a drum set, and played music with her brother Larry, who played guitar. As a teenager, Schemel came out as a lesbian to her family. "When I realized I was a lesbian, it was weird," Schemel reflected. "Thank god for punk and rock music.You could be whoever you wanted." Musically, Schemel's early influences included Echo & the Bunnymen, AC/DC and Wire, among other punk rock bands. Schemel recalled being one of a small number of peers in her high school who had a shared interest in punk rock music. At age fifteen formed her first band, The Milkbones. She and her brother Larry subsequently formed the Seattle punk band Sybil, which was renamed Kill Sybil due to the artist of the same name. 1987–1991: Early projects
In 1987, she joined Doll Squad, an all-female punk rock band from Seattle. Along with bassist Annette Billesbach, lead guitarist Cathy Watson, rhythm guitarist Helen Halloran and vocalist Mara Dralle, Schemel was one of the original members of Doll Squad before their 2008 reunion.The band was initially active from 1987 to 1989 gaining an indie following in Seattle, playing alongside Nirvana, and releasing one self-released demo tape. Between Kill Sybil and Doll Squad, Schemel played drums for Everett, Washington-based band The Primitives with poet Raegan Butcher and local performers Danny Darst and Tommy Suzuki. 1992–1997: Hole

<mask> was considered by Kurt Cobain as Nirvana's drummer after the departure of their drummer, Chad Channing. Cobain had been a fan of Schemel's former band Sybil, which had also been based in Seattle. However, after


texts: Dave Grohl's audition, Schemel became Cobain's second choice, and he and Schemel developed a close friendship. After the departure of Hole's original drummer Caroline Rue, frontwoman Courtney Love recruited Schemel at the suggestion of Cobain; after an audition in Los Angeles which impressed Love and guitarist Eric Erlandson, Schemel was asked to join the band in 1992 and she quit her job in Microsoft's warehouse fulfillment center. Schemel's first work with Hole was the recording of their fourth single, "Beautiful Son", on which she also played guitar on the b-side "20 Years in the Dakota", with Love playing bass.During this period, Schemel had developed an addiction to heroin, and refused to be part of close friend Kurt Cobain's drug intervention in March 1994, claiming that doing so would be hypocrisy, as she "was strung out [...] how dare I go there and say anything about someone else's abuse when I'm doing it too." Schemel played drums on Hole's second critically acclaimed album, Live Through This (1994). She went on to tour with the band for the promotion of Live Through This, which featured dates at the Reading Festival, Big Day Out and Lollapalooza. While on tour in April 1995, Schemel became the first woman ever to appear on the cover of Drum World magazine. Schemel publicly came out in a 1995 band interview with Rolling Stone, commenting: "It's important" and that she's "not out there with that fucking pink flag or anything but it's good for other people who live somewhere else in some small town who feel freaky about being gay to know that there's other people who are and that it's OK." Schemel's girlfriend, Stacey, at the time worked as Courtney Love's personal assistant during Hole's 1994–1995 world tour, while promoting Live Through This. Around this time, she also recorded with Phranc, playing drums on the 1995 Goofyfoot EP. In 1996, Schemel played drums on Hole's cover of Fleetwood Mac's song "Gold Dust Woman", which was the first song on the soundtrack to The Crow: City


texts:
 of Angels.She also sang backing vocals and appeared prominently in the video for the song. During this time, <mask> and Hole bassist Melissa Auf der Maur formed a short-lived side project called Constant Comment. The band played a small number of shows before disbanding. Hole became active again in 1997 and entered the studio to record Celebrity Skin (1998), the follow-up to Live Through This. Schemel worked on the writing of the album's material, and composed all of the drum parts herself. While in the studio, however, Love and Erlandson, at the insistence of producer Michael Beinhorn, suggested using a session drummer to record the drum tracks for the album. This led to Schemel voluntarily leaving the studio and quitting the band, and the final drum tracks were recorded by a session drummer provided by producer Beinhorn.In the months following the album's release, <mask> was not present in band interviews, and was eventually replaced by Samantha Maloney for the album's tour. However, due to her contribution to the writing of the album and its demos, Schemel's name and photo were still included on the album sleeve. 1998–2000: Departure from Hole and aftermath
Reasons for Schemel's departure from Hole were disputed at the time, with Love claiming that Schemel's then drug habit was to blame, which supported circulating rumours, however, Schemel insisted it was due to "musical differences." It was later revealed in 2011 that Schemel left Hole due to personal and musical differences between her and Celebrity Skin producer, Michael Beinhorn. She claimed that Beinhorn was "totally psyching [her] out in the studio" and after a meeting with the band, Beinhorn brought in a session drummer, to which she felt "betrayed by the band." Bandmates Courtney Love and Eric Erlandson later publicly expressed regret over the decision to replace Schemel on the album's studio work, and Love referred to Beinhorn as "a Nazi". Melissa Auf der Maur also commented on the incident, but noted that she "didn't have

masks: Schemel Schemel


texts:
 much of a say in it."After quitting Hole in 1998, Schemel cut off contact with her family and friends, and became addicted to crack cocaine and was homeless for over a year. According to Courtney Love, Schemel contacted her asking for money, which Love provided, but only under the condition that she would attend rehab. By 2001, Schemel had attended rehab and achieved sobriety. 2001–present: Subsequent projects
After overcoming her addiction, Schemel reunited with Love for Love's short-lived project Bastard, which included Veruca Salt's Louise Post on guitar and Gina Crosley of Rockit Girl. The group, though they recorded a few demos, disbanded shortly after. In 2002, Schemel served as a drummer for the experimental group Lucid Nation, and recorded drums for their album Tacoma Ballet (2002). The following year, Schemel, along with her brother Larry, subsequently served as key composers and performers on Courtney Love's debut solo album, America's Sweetheart (2004).She also recorded with Juliette Lewis's punk rock band Juliette and the Licks, with whom she played drums on their debut 6 song EP ...Like a Bolt of Lightning (2004). On March 18, 2010, Schemel appeared in bonus footage for the VH1 program Sober House with Dr. Drew discussing her addiction and sobriety. She also took part in the MusiCares MAP Fund benefit concert in 2010, which is focused on women's recovery from drug addiction to sobriety. In 2011, Schemel was the subject of the documentary film Hit So Hard, directed by P. David Ebersole, which chronicles her early life, time in Hole, overcoming substance abuse, and life after quitting Hole. The documentary includes interviews with the band, as well as home video footage recorded by Schemel, chronicling Hole's 1994–1995 Live Through This Tour. The film premiered in New York at The Museum of Modern Art in March 2011 as part of the New Directors/New Films Festival, reuniting the classic Hole line-up in the same room for the first time in thirteen years. Hit So Hard was also the


texts:
 Documentary Centerpiece at Outfest in Los Angeles in June 2011 and was released theatrically and on home video in 2012.In April 2012, Schemel joined former Hole bandmates Melissa Auf der Maur, Courtney Love, and Eric Erlandson for a reunion performance at the Public Assembly in Brooklyn, New York following a screening of Hit So Hard. In January 2013, Schemel joined the group Upset with Ali Koehler. The same year, she formed the garage rock band Death Valley Girls with her brother, Larry. Schemel published an autobiography, also titled Hit So Hard:A Memoir, in 2017 through Da Capo Press. The book was praised for its candor, honesty and humor. In dealing with topics such as fame, addiction, coming out and more. The following year, Schemel appeared as a drummer on Marissa Nadler's eighth studio album, For My Crimes (2018).In 2019 <mask> recorded a record with Upset produced by Steven McDonald of Redd Kross. Discography

As a drummer

Kill Sybil
Kill Sybil (1993)

Hole
Live Through This (1994)
My Body, the Hand Grenade (1997)
Celebrity Skin (1998)

Phranc
Goofyfoot (1995)

Lucid Nation
Tacoma Ballet (2002)

Courtney Love
America's Sweetheart (2004)

Juliette and the Licks
...Like a Bolt of Lightning (2004)

Upset
She's Gone (2013)

Sharkmuffin
Chartreuse (2015)

Marissa Nadler
For My Crimes (2018)

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 2013 Audio Interview with <mask> from the Podcast "I'd Hit That"

1967 births
American alternative rock musicians
American women drummers
American people of German descent
American punk rock drummers
American rock drummers
Feminist musicians
Hole (band) members
Juliette and the Licks members
American lesbian musicians
Living people
LGBT people from California
LGBT people from Washington (state)
LGBT songwriters
People from Marysville, Washington
Songwriters from California
Songwriters from Washington (state)
20th-century American drummers
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people
Women

masks:
Patty
Patty Schemel


texts:
Claude Hudson "<mask>" <mask> (May 11, 1947 – January 24, 2017) was an American drummer. He was best known as a founding member of The Allman Brothers Band. <mask> was born and raised in Jacksonville, Florida. He played in various groups before forming the 31st of February while at Florida State University in the mid 1960s. He joined the Allman Brothers Band in 1969. Their 1971 live release, At Fillmore East, represented an artistic and commercial breakthrough. The group became one of the most popular bands of the era on the strength of their live performances and several successful albums.Though the band broke up and re-formed various times, Trucks remained a constant in their 45-year career. Trucks died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound on January 24, 2017. Early life

Claude Hudson <mask> was born on May 11, 1947, in Jacksonville, Florida. His father was an optician. He first discovered his talent at drumming when prompted by a band director at Ribault junior high: "The band director gave three of us sticks and said, 'Play me something,'" he recalled. He then attended Jean Ribault High School, where he was made first chair as a freshman. Trucks was in two bands before later graduating from Englewood High School in 1965: The Vikings, who released one 7-inch in 1964, and the Echoes, which mainly played Beatles covers.Trucks attended Florida State University for one year; he once said he "majored in staying out of Vietnam." His grades suffered from poor attendance and he was kicked out. During this time, Trucks formed a band,

masks: Butch Trucks Trucks Trucks


texts:
 the Bitter Ind., with two high school friends. The group played covers of Bob Dylan, the Byrds, and the Lovin' Spoonful. They relocated to Daytona Beach in hopes of finding greater success, but were often turned away by owners because their patrons were unable to dance to the music. At one club, he met members of the Allman Joys, including brothers Duane and Gregg Allman. The band changed their name to the 31st of February fearing legal action from New York nightclub The Bitter End.The band signed a deal with Vanguard Records, and their self-titled debut album was released in 1968. The group briefly toured with the Allmans under various names, recording demos later released in 1972 as Duane & Greg Allman. Music career

Tired of his then-middling music career, Trucks pondered going back to school to study mathematics. In 1969, he was invited to join a new project headed by Duane Allman, who had secured a record deal with Atlantic Records. Allman introduced Trucks to Jai Johanny Johanson (Jaimoe), who also would be a drummer in the band. Together, the two developed a rhythmic drive that would prove crucial to the band. Trucks laid down a powerful conventional beat while the jazz-influenced Johanson added a second layer of percussion and ad libitum cymbal flourishes, seamlessly melded into one syncopated sound.Said founding member and co-lead guitarist Dickey Betts of Trucks' addition to the original band lineup, "...When <mask> came along, he had that freight train, meat-and-potatoes kind of thing that set Jaimoe up perfectly. He


texts: had the power thing we needed." The group became the Allman Brothers Band, who began touring heavily and released their first, self-titled album later that November. Trucks continued to record and perform with the Allman Brothers Band until they disbanded in 2014. Along with Allman Brothers band members Johanson, Betts, and Gregg Allman, Trucks was a plaintiff in a lawsuit against UMG Recordings. The suit, initiated in 2008, sought $10 million over royalties from compact disk sales and digital downloads services such as Apple's iTunes. Trucks saw the license given to users for downloads as legally unsound.Trucks embraced Internet technology for the group and planned to use Moogis.com (now defunct) to make the Web a real venue for the Allman Brothers and other jam bands. In the Brothers' later years, he helped connect them to the extended jamband scene. In 2013, he formed the Roots Rock Revival master camp experience. In 2015, Trucks performed at two festivals with a band billed as <mask>s & Very Special Friends. This band evolved into a band called Les Brers which was led by Trucks and also featured other former Allman Brothers Band members including his longtime drumming partner Johanson. He also performed with a band called Butch Trucks & The Freight Train Band. Trucks had a long interest in philosophy and literature.In 2005, The New York Times Book Review published a letter from Trucks criticizing writer Roy Blount, Jr.'s reference to Duane as "one of these churls" in a review of Splendor in the Short Grass: The Grover Lewis


texts:
 Reader. The letter further criticized Grover Lewis for his 1971 Rolling Stone article about the band, which Trucks wrote made the members look like uneducated characters who spoke in dialogue "taken directly from Faulkner." Personal life and death

Trucks was married for 25 years to <mask>, with whom he had two children. He also had two children from a previous marriage, and four grandchildren. Trucks was related to other famous musicians: his nephew, guitarist <mask>, joined the Allman Brothers Band in 1999 and is one of the co-founders of the Tedeschi Trucks Band. Another nephew, Duane <mask> (Derek's younger brother), plays drums for Widespread Panic and Hard Working Americans. Trucks' oldest son, guitarist Vaylor <mask>, is part of a trio called The Yeti Trio based in Atlanta, Georgia.Police reports confirmed that Trucks died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head on January 24, 2017, in West Palm Beach, Florida, at the age of 69 "reportedly after years of financial strife". References

Sources

Further reading
Freeman, Scott. Midnight Riders: The Story of the Allman Brothers Band, Little, Brown & Co. 1995.
https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/derek-trucks-remembers-butch-trucks-he-left-an-impression-at-all-times-113703/

External links

Inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame 1995

1947 births
2017 suicides
American rock drummers
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Suicides by firearm in Florida
The Allman Brothers Band members
The 31st of February members
Trucks family
2017 deaths
Blues rock

masks:
Melinda Trucks
Derek Trucks
Trucks
Trucks


texts:
<mask> (born February 7, 1991) is a Canadian-American professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for Schwenninger Wild Wings of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Ramage was a fourth-round selection of the Calgary Flames (103rd overall) at the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. Ramage played four seasons of college hockey with the University of Wisconsin Badgers and has twice won a medal as a member of the American junior national team: Gold at the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, and bronze as captain of the American junior national team that won the bronze medal at the 2011 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He turned professional in 2013 and made his NHL debut in 2015. Early life
<mask> was born in the Toronto suburb of Mississauga, Ontario, when his father, former National Hockey League (NHL) player <mask>, was a member of the Toronto Maple Leafs, but was raised in the  St. Louis area suburb of Chesterfield, Missouri. He is the son of Rob and his wife Dawn, and has two elder sisters, Tamara and Jacklyn. As a youth, Ramage played in the 2004 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the St. Louis Blues minor ice hockey team.Ramage followed his father into hockey and played for his hometown St. Louis Bandits in the North American Hockey League (NAHL) in 2007–08 before joining the USA Hockey National Team Development Program (USNTDP) for a year. While a member of the program, Ramage represented Team USA at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships and recorded one assist in seven games for the gold medal-winning squad. At least four National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools attempted to recruit Ramage, as did the Soo Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Ramage

masks:
John Ramage
Ramage
Rob Ramage


texts:
 accepted a scholarship offer to attend the University of Wisconsin and play with the Wisconsin Badgers hockey team beginning in the 2009–10 season. At Wisconsin, Ramage majored in life sciences communication and completed his four-year degree. Playing career

College
Ramage played four seasons with the Badgers between 2009 and 2013. As a freshman in 2009–10, he scored 2 goals and added 10 assists in 41 games.He also joined the United States junior national team for the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. Ramage recorded three assists in seven games and the Americans defeated the host Canadians in the final to win the gold medal. Ramage played in his second World Junior Championship in 2011; he served as team captain for the bronze medal-winning Americans. At the 2011 NHL Entry Draft, <mask> was selected in the fourth round, 103rd overall, by the Calgary Flames – one of his father's former teams. He remained at Wisconsin, and in his sophomore season of 2010–11, scored 1 goal and added 10 assists. Named the Badger's captain in his junior season of 2011–12, Ramage initially struggled and finished with only 10 points in 37 games. Wanting to complete his degree and to continue to develop as a player, <mask> declined an opportunity to turn professional with the Flames and instead returned to Wisconsin for his senior season.Ramage enjoyed his best collegiate season in 2012–13 as he tallied 8 goals and 12 assists for 20 points in 42 games. In 157 games over four years, he scored 14 goals and 53 points. Professional
Upon completing his college career, Ramage signed a two-year contract with the Calgary Flames. He began the 2013–14 season with Calgary's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the

masks: Ramage Ramage


texts: Abbotsford Heat, where he recorded only 1 assist in 50 games. The Flames demoted him to the ECHL's Alaska Aces, a development that <mask> later said benefited him as he received increased responsibilities with Alaska. He appeared in the team's final six regular season games, during which he recorded one goal. He then added 4 more goals and 13 assists in 20 playoff games as the Aces won the Kelly Cup championship.Returning to the AHL for the 2014–15 season, Ramage was assigned to Calgary's relocated affiliate, the Adirondack Flames. He recorded 14 points with the team in 53 games before earning his first NHL recall on April 10, 2015. He made his NHL debut the following day in a 5–1 loss to the Winnipeg Jets. Following the season, the Flames chose not to extend a qualifying offer to Ramage on a new contract, thus making him an unrestricted free agent. On July 3, 2015, Ramage signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets. He contributed to the Lake Erie Monsters Calder Cup championship for the 2015–16 season. During his third season within the Blue Jackets organization in the 2017–18 campaign, <mask> was traded to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for future considerations on January 22, 2018.On February 26, 2018, the Coyotes traded <mask> along with Tyler Gaudet to the Nashville Predators in exchange for Pierre-Cédric Labrie and Trevor Murphy. He was immediately assigned to the Predators AHL affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals, adding 3 assists in 21 games. On July 1, 2018, Ramage continued his journeyman career, agreeing to a one-year, two-way contract with the New Jersey Devils. Rampage was assigned to AHL affiliate, the Binghamton Devils for the duration of the 2018–19 season. In his

masks: Ramage Ramage Ramage


texts:
 sixth season in the AHL, Ramage established new career best markers with 12 goals and 31 points in 74 games, however was unable to earn a recall to New Jersey. As an impending free agent, Rampage opted to pursue a European career, signing his first contract abroad on a two-year agreement with German club, Eisbären Berlin of the DEL, on May 10, 2019. After helping Berlin claim their eighth championship title in his second season with the club, <mask> left as a free agent to sign a one-year contract with Schwenninger Wild Wings on May 14, 2021.Personal life
He married <mask> (née Butrym) on July 11, 2015 in Libertyville, Illinois. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

See also
List of family relations in the NHL

Notes
 Sources disagree on where <mask> was born. The National Hockey League's website says Mississauga, Ontario, however the Calgary Flames Media Guide, the IIHF Guide and Record Book, Winnipeg Free Press, and Canadian Press all give St. Louis. <mask>'s father Rob was playing with the Toronto Maple Leafs at the time of his birth, but had previously spent six seasons in St. Louis. References
Career statistics:

External links

1991 births
Living people
Abbotsford Heat players
Adirondack Flames players
Alaska Aces (ECHL) players
American men's ice hockey players
Binghamton Devils players
Calgary Flames draft picks
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cleveland Monsters players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Eisbären Berlin players
Ice hockey players from St. Louis
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lake Erie Monsters players
Milwaukee Admirals players
Sportspeople from Mississauga
Tucson Roadrunners players
Wisconsin Badgers men's ice

masks:
Ramage
Emily Ramage
Ramage
John


texts:
<mask> (; born 20 September 1950) is an Italian singer. In her long career she has worked with prominent Italian songwriters such as Pino Daniele, Ivano Fossati, Mario Lavezzi, Mango and Enrico Ruggeri, among others. She has experimented with different genres, from rock to reggae, from funk to pop. Her sister Mia Martini was also a prominent singer. <mask> is known for the eccentric clothing she wears onstage for her performances. At one point in her life, she was married to the tennis star Björn Borg (1988–1992). Career

<mask> was born in Bagnara Calabra, Province of Reggio Calabria, in Southern Italy on September 20 as the third of four daughters, three years after her sister Domenica.Her parents, Giuseppe Radames Berté and Maria Salvina Dato, were both school teachers. <mask> spent her childhood in Porto Recanati and then in Ancona. After her parents separated, Berté moved with her mother to Rome where she attended the local Art Institute. In the early 1970s she performed as a go-go dancer in television and radio shows such as "Bandiera Gialla" and "Stasera Rita!". She later joined the dance troupe of the Piper Club in Rome, where she met Renato Zero. In 1969 both Berté, Zero and Teo Teocoli starred in the Italian edition of the musical "Hair". In 1970 <mask> and her sister Domenica, who had by then changed her name to Mia Martini, performed as backing vocalists for Chico Buarque de Holanda.While Martini would consequently start a successful music career, recording songs like "Piccolo Uomo" and "Minuetto", <mask> continued to pursue theatre. In 1972 she performed in "Ciao Rudy" and

masks:
Loredana Bertè
Bertè
Bertè
Loredana
Loredana
Loredana