texts: Junkers Ju 88 medium bombers when they came across 25 Soviet fighters and flying boats over the Black Sea.Dukovac claimed another LaGG-3, but again no-one witnessed it. The following morning, Dukovac was on patrol with another pilot near Karbardinovka when they came across six Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighters. Dukovac claimed one, but the other pilot's aircraft was hit and they had to retire. Later that day, Dukovac and another pilot engaged several LaGG-3s between Novorossiysk and Gelendzhik; Dukovac claimed two, one of which was not witnessed. On 22 April, <mask> was attacking shipping in Novorossiysk when he had to force-land his aircraft with engine problems. He flew another mission in a different aircraft later that day over the Black Sea, downing an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber. On 25 April, Dukovac and two others flew an escort mission for Henschel Hs 129 ground-attack aircraft and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters attacking shipping near Primorsko-Akhtarsk, during which the Croat pilots assisted in the sinking of two small vessels.On 27 April, Dukovac accounted for another LaGG-3 between Krymskaja and Abinskaja during a Heinkel He 111 escort. <mask> claimed a victory over another LaGG-3 during a patrol three days later, but it was not seen by his wingman, as they had become separated during the fight. On 1 May, Dukovac sank a small vessel. The following day, he and three other Croat pilots were escorting a group of He 111s when two LaGG-3s tried to intercept the formation. <mask> and another pilot both claimed to have downed one Soviet fighter each, but

masks: Dukovac Dukovac Dukovac


type: original

texts: their destruction was not witnessed. On 3 May, a morning mission saw Dukovac claim one of four LaGG-3s encountered near Krimskaja. In the afternoon of 3 May, <mask> and another pilot were escorting Hs 129s when they encountered a group of seven Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft and six fighters.During the engagement, <mask>'s aircraft was damaged and he force-landed, but not before claiming one of the Il-2s. The following morning, <mask> and two others sortied on a He 111 escort mission, after which Dukovac again force-landed, this time near Varenikovskaya. On 5 May, Dukovac made three claims: two LaGG-3s in the morning, and another during a Ju 87 escort mission in the evening. The following evening, <mask> shot down another LaGG-3 while escorting Ju 87s. On 8 May, he claimed yet another LaGG-3 during an escort mission for a Fieseler Fi 156 Storch liaison aircraft. On 12 May, reinforcements arrived for 15./JG 52, in the form of some of the pilots that had served on the first tour of the Eastern Front in 1942, along with more former VVKJ pilots. Dukovac did not meet further success until 25 May, when he claimed two Supermarine Spitfire V fighters southeast of Temryuk.Two days later, he and two other pilots surprised eight LaGG-3s west of Trarehof, all of them claiming one, although <mask>'s claim was not witnessed. On 30 May, he was on another He 111 escort mission when he accounted for another LaGG-3. At this juncture, there was a spate of defections from 15./JG 52, with pilots flying to Soviet airfields. The remaining pilots were questioned by

masks: Dukovac Dukovac Dukovac Dukovac Dukovac


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 the Luftwaffe, the Staffel was withdrawn from the front, and the commander of the HZL was replaced. This was the end of the second tour of 15./JG 52 on the Eastern Front, during which Dukovac had claimed 14 confirmed and six unconfirmed kills, five of which were later confirmed. Third tour
The Luftwaffe decided to replace most of the remaining pilots of 15./JG 52 with newly trained men, and several veterans of the Staffel joined them during their fighter training at Fürth. Twelve graduated on 1 October 1943, and under newly promoted Staffelkapitan Oberleutnant <mask>, they and another two pilots arrived at Nikolayev on 21 October, where they were equipped with eight Bf 109G-4s and G-6s.They deployed to their airfield at Bagerovo and commenced combat missions on 26 October. Three days later, <mask> scored the first victory of the tour by downing a LaGG-3 south of Kerch. Over the next two days, he claimed an Il-2 and another LaGG-3, then a Ju 87. 1 November was the most successful day for 15./JG 52 for the entire war, with pilots claiming eleven aircraft with no loss, including two Il-2s for Dukovac. He claimed another two Il-2s the next day, but his aircraft was badly damaged by the escorting fighters and he crash-landed near Mariental, escaping unhurt. He followed this up with a claim for a DB-3 on 6 November. On 15 November, the Staffel moved to Karankut, and four days later Dukovac downed yet another LaGG-3.At the end of November, the approach of winter reduced flying operations almost to a halt, but Dukovac downed two Il-2s on 6 December near

masks: Dukovac Dukovac


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 Bagerovo for his 30th and 31st confirmed aerial victories. It was not until 12 January that Dukovac added to his tally, a Yakovlev Yak-1. On 25 February, Dukovac flew five sorties. On the first, he and his wingman downed a Yak-1 each, and on the second he shot down a Yak and a P-39. During his fifth mission, he was shot down by P-39s and crash-landed, injuring his spine. He was evacuated to a field hospital but returned to 15./JG 52 as soon as he could walk, ten days later, only to find that he had just three pilots fit for duty. Despite the pending arrival of newly trained pilots, the loss of another two pilots by mid-March led the Luftwaffe to decide that attempting to maintain 15./JG 52 was futile, and the men were sent home to the NDH.During its three tours, the Staffel had accounted for a total of 297 Soviet aircraft, of which Dukovac had 37 confirmed and eight unconfirmed aerial victories, seven of which were later confirmed. At the beginning of July, the Luftwaffe reconsidered its decision, and the newly promoted Hauptmann <mask> and a group of veteran and fresh pilots began to make their way back to the Eastern Front. They were transported to Romania and then the Slovak Republic, but no aircraft were provided, and on 21 July the pilots were advised that the HZL was to be disbanded. Despite this, in August they were moved to an airfield in East Prussia, where they took delivery of ten Bf 109G-14s. At the beginning of September, they flew to Lithuania in preparation to rejoin the fray. Defections
On 20 September 1944, <mask> and another pilot


texts:
 defected to the Soviets after taking off from Labjau airfield. His defection was soon announced by the Red Army.This spelled the end of the Staffel, and the remaining members were withdrawn to East Prussia and retrained as infantry. These men were eventually released from infantry duties in early 1945 and were allowed to return to the NDH, where they were assigned to the ZNDH. In November 1944, the Soviets handed Dukovac over to the Yugoslav Partisans, who offered him the position of flight instructor with the Yugoslav Air Force (, JRV). The following month, Dukovac returned to Belgrade as a kapetan in the JRV, and after a conversion to fly Yakovlev fighters, he worked as a flight instructor in Pančevo. By February 1945, constant provocations and insults directed at him by fellow JRV personnel owing to his service with the ZNDH prompted him to apply for a transfer. In April, he was posted to the 1st Pilot Training School in Zadar as an instructor. On 8 August, Dukovac commandeered a de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane, flew it across the Adriatic and defected again, this time to Italy.He was first placed in a refugee camp in Modena, and then one in Bagnoli del Trigno. Later life and legacy

<mask> joined the Syrian Air Force in 1946. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, he was a captain in No. 1 Squadron of the Syrian Air Force, based in Estabal in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley. Following the end of the Arab–Israeli War, <mask> emigrated to Canada. He settled in Toronto and started a family there. He worked for IBM and was a co-founder of one of the largest


texts:
 Croatian émigré organisations in Canada, the United Croats of Canada.He died in Toronto on 6 June 1990. <mask> was the top-scoring Croatian pilot of World War II. During his life, there was much controversy surrounding the exact number of aircraft that he had downed. Croatian wartime documents discovered in the Military History Institute in Belgrade after his death show that the ZNDH credited him with 44 confirmed kills. At least one other source indicates a tally of 40 confirmed kills with five unconfirmed. The ZNDH total of 44 included 18 LaGG-3s, 12 Ilyushin Il-2s, three P-39s, two DB-3s, two Yak-1s, and one each of the following aircraft; II-16, MiG-3, Spitfire, La-5, Yak-9, Pe-2, and A-20. The ZNDH records also noted one unconfirmed claim.Notes

Footnotes

References

1918 births
1990 deaths
Croatian World War II pilots
Croatian military personnel of World War II
Yugoslav emigrants to Canada
Luftwaffe pilots
Military personnel from Belgrade
People of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Royal Yugoslav Air Force personnel of World War II
Soviet World War II pilots
Syrian Air Force personnel
Yugoslav defectors
Defectors to the Soviet Union
Burials at Cataraqui


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<mask> ( ; born February 14, 1941) is an American politician and academic who served in the Carter and Clinton Administrations, as well as in the United States House of Representatives for <mask> is a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which she was awarded in 2008. Shalala earned a bachelor's degree from Western College for Women in 1962 and served in the Peace Corps. In 1970, she earned a Ph.D. from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. Shalala later worked as a professor at Baruch College and at Teachers College, Columbia University and served as assistant secretary for policy development and research at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development during the Carter Administration. <mask> became the tenth president of Hunter College in 1980 and next served as chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1988 to 1993. From 1993 to 2001, Shalala served as the 18th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Bill Clinton.<mask> served as HHS secretary for eight years during the Clinton administration, becoming the nation's longest-serving HHS secretary. She is the first Lebanese-American to serve in a Cabinet position. <mask> served as President of the University of Miami from 2001 through 2015, and also taught at the University during that period. She was president of the Clinton Foundation from 2015 to 2017. A Democrat, <mask> was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in  in 2018. She served one term in the House before being defeated in the 2020 general election in an upset. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio, of Maronite Catholic Lebanese descent.Her father sold real estate; and her mother, one of the first Lebanese-Americans to graduate from Ohio State University, was a teacher who worked two jobs and attended law school at night. She has a twin sister, Diane Fritel. Shalala attended West Technical High School where she was the editor of the school newspaper. She received a bachelor's degree in 1962 from Western College for Women. From 1962 to 1964, she was among the first

masks:
Donna Edna Shalala
. Shalala
Shalala
Shalala
Shalala
Shalala
Shalala


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 volunteers to serve in the Peace Corps. Her placement took her to Iran where she worked with other volunteers to construct an agricultural college. In 1970, she earned a Ph.D. from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York.Academic career (1970–1992)
<mask> began her teaching career as a political science professor at Baruch College (part of the City University of New York), where she also was a member of the American Federation of Teachers union. In 1972, Shalala became a professor of politics and education at Teachers College, Columbia University, a post she held until 1979. Shalala became the only woman on the Municipal Assistance Corporation, a group tasked with saving the city during the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis. Concurrently, from 1977 to 1980, she served as the assistant secretary for policy development and research at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development during the Carter Administration. <mask>'s first experience with academic administration came on October 8, 1980, when she became the tenth president of Hunter College, serving in this capacity until 1988. <mask> next served as chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1988–1993). At the time of her chancellorship, the university included 42,000 students, employed 16,500 people, and had an annual budget of $1 billion.She was the first woman to lead a Big Ten Conference school, and only the second woman in the country to head a major research university. Under Shalala's chancellorship and with her support, the university adopted a broad speech code subjecting students to disciplinary action for communications that were perceived as hate speech. That speech code was later found unconstitutional by a federal judge. Also while chancellor, Shalala supported passage of a revised faculty speech code broadly restricting "harmful" speech in both "noninstructional" and "instructional" settings. The faculty speech code was abolished ten years later, after a number of professors were investigated for alleged or suspected violations. As Madison

masks: Shalala Shalala Shalala


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 chancellor, <mask>, with then athletic director Pat Richter, interviewed and hired football coach Barry Alvarez who went on to become Wisconsin's all-time leader in football wins, with numerous appearances by Wisconsin at the Rose Bowl. U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services (1993–2001)

Following a year serving as chair of the Children's Defense Fund (1992–1993), <mask> was nominated in 1992 by President-elect Bill Clinton for the position of United States Secretary of Health and Human Services.The Washington Post labeled her "one of the most controversial Clinton Cabinet nominees". Her nomination went before the Senate Finance Committee in January 1993, and the Senate voted to confirm her on January 22, 1993. At the start of <mask>'s tenure, the Department of Health and Human Services employed 125,000 people and had a budget of $539 billion. <mask> served as HHS secretary for eight years during the Clinton administration, becoming the nation's longest-serving HHS secretary. In 1996, <mask> was the designated survivor during Clinton's State of the Union address. She is the first Lebanese-American to serve in a Cabinet position. Work on corporate boards (2001-2012)
In 2001, <mask> joined the boards of UnitedHealth and Lennar, where over the following decade she earned millions of dollars.<mask> was paid almost a half-million dollars in 2010 to serve on the boards of three companies, two of which were run by UM trustees. When she left Lennar in 2012, the company reported it was to avoid a "conflict of interest." Lennar's CEO, Stuart Miller, had joined the UM Board of Trustees in 2002. <mask> rejoined Lennar in 2017 after she was no longer President of the University. And she has been member of the advisory board of the Peter G. Peterson Foundation. University of Miami presidency (2001–2015)

In 2001, <mask> became president of the University of Miami (UM). She created a UM fundraising campaign called "Momentum," designed to raise UM's endowment from approximately $750 million to $1 billion; the goal was later increased to $1.25 billion by the end of 2007.In 2013, the University

masks: Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala


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 of Miami sold 88 acres of undeveloped Pine Rocklands, one of the last remnants of the imperiled habitat in Miami Dade County outside of Everglades National Park, to Ram Realty Services, for $22 million. The Miami New Times described this amount as "a complete steal for the developer in light of the relative worth of nearby property." Also in 2013, Ram Realty and Lennar Corp, worked on at least one project together in North Carolina. When <mask> ran for the US Congress in 2018, her candidacy was opposed by local environmentalists for her part in the sale of the UM pine rocklands site. Shalala faced some criticism for her response to a nationally publicized custodial workers' strike at the University of Miami, which lasted from February 28, 2006, until May 1, 2006. Critics called UM's custodial workers among the lowest paid university-based custodians in the nation and alleged they were not earning a living wage. The strike prompted Shalala to raise wages.Shalala was also criticized for living in luxury while the custodians did not have health insurance. Shalala criticized union organizer's tactics, including a sit-in that she said prevented students from attending classes. On September 8, 2014, <mask> announced that she would be stepping down at the end of the 2014–2015 academic year. Clinton Foundation (2015–2017)
In 2015, <mask> took a leave of absence from her tenured professorship at UM to volunteer for the Clinton Foundation. She followed her tenure as president of the University of Miami by being named chief executive officer of the Foundation, serving in that capacity from 2015 to 2017. According to The New York Times, Chelsea Clinton helped persuade Shalala to leave the Miami position, move to New York and head the foundation. Shalala maintained a home in Miami and taught part-time at UM while heading the foundation in New York.<mask> led the Clinton Foundation during the 2016 presidential election, in which Hillary Clinton was a leading candidate and the propriety of the foundation's activity came under scrutiny. In a September 14, 2016, interview on MSNBC, Shalala admitted

masks: Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala


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 that there was “no question” that donors to the Clinton Foundation had been given “courtesy appointments” in the State Department while Hillary Clinton ran that department. Shalala oversaw the termination of the Clinton Global Initiative during her tenure as CEO, as well as other reductions in operations intended to avoid conflicts of interest if Clinton won the election. She resisted calls by The Washington Post and USA Today to shut down the foundation entirely, arguing that "there are human beings around the world who would be affected by these decisions." <mask> left the Clinton Foundation in April 2017 to return to her full-time teaching position at UM; she was replaced by her former HHS deputy Kevin Thurm. 2015 stroke
Following a September 2015 Clinton Global Initiative event held at the Sheraton New York, Shalala fell ill. It was subsequently reported by a foundation statement that she had suffered a stroke.In early 2018, she said she had recovered. U.S. House of Representatives (2019–2021)

2018 campaign

In March 2018, Shalala declared her candidacy in the Democratic primary for Florida's 27th congressional district. The district included just over half of Miami as well as some of its eastern suburbs. The district voted for Clinton by a comfortable margin in the 2016 presidential election, but its House seat was held by 30-year incumbent Republican Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, who had announced that she would retire at the conclusion of her term. In an interview with WFOR-TV, Shalala stated that she supported universal healthcare coverage, but opposed a Medicare For All single-payer healthcare system because she believed that individuals who liked their current employment-based healthcare plans should be able to keep them. On August 28, 2018, <mask> won the Democratic five-candidate primary over state Representative David Richardson. The outcome of the race was substantially closer than polling predicted, which had her leading consistently by double digits.She won with 31.9 percent of the vote, vs. 27.5% for Richardson. <mask> ran against Republican candidate Maria Elvira Salazar, a


texts:
 popular anchorwoman for Miami Telemundo outlet WSCV, in the general election. <mask>'s campaign emphasized her experience and sought to tie Salazar to President Donald Trump, who was unpopular in the district. The race proved closer than expected, in part because <mask> does not speak Spanish; the 27th district is over 63 percent Latino. As late as a month before the election, polls showed Shalala either behind or practically tied with Salazar. However, <mask> won the election at the age of 77, making her the second-oldest freshman Representative in history after James B. Bowler who was elected at the age of 78 in 1953. <mask> was sworn in as a member of the 116th United States Congress on January 3, 2019.Tenure
On December 18, 2019, Shalala voted to impeach President Donald Trump. On April 17, 2020, <mask> was appointed by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to serve on the COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission to oversee the implementation of the CARES Act. The appointment was met with criticism, as the Miami Herald reported that Shalala had violated the STOCK Act by failing to disclose more than 500 stock trades, but Shalala remained on the commission and paid a $1,200 fine to the House Ethics Committee. On September 28, 2020, the Miami Herald reported that Shalala failed to publicly report two additional stock trades, in violation of the STOCK Act disclosure rules. <mask> was named a vice-chair of the 2020 Democratic National Convention. Committee assignments
Committee on Education and Labor
Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary and Secondary Education
United States House Education Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions
Committee on Rules

Caucus memberships
Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus
Congressional Solar Caucus

2020 campaign

In the 2020 general election, <mask> ran against Republican Salazar again. On November 3, 2020, <mask> was defeated by Salazar.Salazar received 51.4% (176,141 votes) of the vote to <mask>'s 48.6% (166,758 votes). Other activities

Board memberships
<mask> served on the Board of Directors of the United States Soccer Federation.

masks: Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala Shalala


texts:
 <mask> served as a member of the board of directors of Lennar Corporation from 2001–2012. She served on the board of directors of Gannett Company from 2001 to 2011, retiring because of age limits. The Chronicle of Higher Education has reported on a potential conflict of interest involving Shalala's service on the boards of property development companies. Civic activities
In 1985, Shalala became a founding member of EMILY's List, a political action committee that seeks to elect pro-choice Democratic women to office. Shalala served from 2001–2007 on the board of the Albert Shanker Institute, a small, three-member staff organization named for the former head of the American Federation of Teachers.She is an honorary board member of the American Iranian Council, an organization that seeks to promote closer U.S. relations with Iran. Shalala serves as a co-leader of the Nutrition and Physical Activity Initiative at the Bipartisan Policy Center. She serves as a distinguished senior fellow in the Economic Studies Program and the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform at the Brookings Institution. She is also a member of a Washington D.C.-based think tank known as The Inter-American Dialogue. Shalala also served as a panelist on the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a working group of former high-ranking government officials and academic experts that put together a set of recommendations regarding the United States' defense capabilities against biological threats. Honors
At the University of Miami, <mask> was inducted the Iron Arrow Honor Society, the highest honor bestowed by the University of Miami. In 2002, she was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa.On June 19, 2008, <mask> was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush. In 2010, she received the Nelson Mandela Award for Health and Human Rights. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York in 2011. In 2014, she was recognized by the Harry S Truman Library and Museum with the Harry S Truman Legacy of Leadership Award. In 2019, <mask> was announced as one of the members of


texts:
 the inaugural class of the Government Hall of Fame. Shalala has been awarded more than 50 honorary degrees. See also
List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries
List of Arab and Middle-Eastern Americans in the United States Congress
Women in the United States House of Representatives

Notes

References

External links

President <mask><mask> Biography, University of Miami."America's Best Leaders: Q&A with <mask>, President of the University of Miami, U.S. News & World Report, October 22, 2005. <mask> Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
President <mask><mask> Collection, 1980–1988, Hunter College Archives and Special Collections

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1941 births
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women
21st-century American women politicians
American academic administrators
American corporate directors
American Federation of Teachers people
American political scientists
American politicians of Lebanese descent
American University alumni
American women in business
American women political scientists
Baruch College faculty
Clinton administration cabinet members
Clinton Foundation people
Columbia University faculty
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Fellows of the United States National Academy of Public Administration
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Florida Democrats
Leaders of the University of Wisconsin-Madison
Living people
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs alumni
Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
Members of the Inter-American Dialogue
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Florida
Ohio Democrats
Peace Corps volunteers
Politicians from Cleveland
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Presidents of Hunter College
Presidents of the University of Miami
United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services
University of Miami faculty
Western College for Women alumni
Women academic administrators
Women heads of universities and colleges
Women members of the Cabinet of

masks:
Donna E
. Shalala
Donna Shalala
Donna Shalala
Donna E
. Shalala


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<mask><mask>" <mask> (March 30, 1861 – October 5, 1892) was an American outlaw in the American Old West. He was one of three brothers in the Dalton Gang, led by his younger brother <mask>. Both brothers were killed during a shootout in an ill-fated raid on two banks in Coffeyville, Kansas. Their brother <mask> survived to be convicted and imprisoned for fourteen years. Short career as lawman

Their older brother <mask> served as a Deputy US Marshal. By all accounts the strongest of the brothers, he always kept his brothers in line. <mask> and his younger brothers idolized Frank.On Nov 27, 1887 Frank and another deputy marshal, Jim Cole, went across the river from their base at Fort Smith to arrest three whiskey bootleggers. As they approached the camp, the bootleggers began to shoot at them. After <mask> shot and killed two, his gun jammed, and he was killed by the remaining bootlegger. His deputy abandoned him after being shot. <mask> is buried in Coffeyville, Kansas. After Frank's death, brothers <mask> and Bob took over his job as Deputy U.S. Marshal at Fort Smith, Arkansas.Bob soon hired Emmett under him to guard prisoners. After Bob killed a man in the line of duty, which he claimed was in self defense, he began to drink heavily and become restless. He was assigned to organize a police force in the Osage Nation, Indian Territory, and took Emmett with him as a deputy. Grat stayed at Fort Smith. Emmett and Bob kept good reputations in the Osage Nation until July 1890, when they began stealing horses. Eventually stockmen organized to capture them, forcing the <mask>s to flee. Hiding out in the bluffs on the Canadian River about seventy miles southwest of Kingfisher, Oklahoma, they sent to Grat for help.Grat tried to get them food, horses, and ammunition but was caught and jailed at Fort Smith, where he had formerly worked. After two

masks:
Gratton Hanley "
Grat
Dalton
Bob Dalton
Emmett Dalton
Frank Dalton
Grat
Dalton
Frank Dalton
Grat
Dalton


texts:
 weeks Grat was released, as lawmen hoped he would lead them to his brothers. Bob and Emmett took a train to California, and stayed with their brother William "Bill" <mask> at his ranch near San Miguel, San Luis Obispo County, California. Discredited as lawmen, the <mask>s would soon form their first gang. Organizing the Dalton Gang

Grat returned to California to meet Emmett and Bob at their brother Bill's ranch in January 1891. They worked there for about a month while playing poker games and getting in bar fights in San Luis Obispo County, spending most of the money they had made from horse stealing. At this time <mask> began making plans to rob a train with the help of Emmett and Grat.Their brothers Cole, Littleton (Lit), and Bill unsuccessfully tried to dissuade them. On the night of February 6, 1891 a Southern Pacific Railroad passenger train was held up by two masked men carrying only 44-calibre revolvers near the town of Alila (present day Earlimart, California). No money was  taken; however, during the crossfire the expressman accidentally killed the fireman. The outlaws wore masks during the Alila robbery. Many years later, Littleton <mask> said that his brothers, Bob and Emmett, had told him many times that they robbed that train. <mask> had not joined the heist as he had spent all his money on drinking and gambling in Tulare, California, and did not have a horse. Sheriff Gene Kay of Tulare County and his posse tracked the outlaws to San Luis Obispo County, near San Miguel, California.They found the remnants of a saddle at the ranch of <mask>; it was missing a leather strap that had been found at the scene of the hold up. Finding out what they could about the brothers, Sheriff Kay's posse learned that Bob, Emmett and Grat had spent the past few days drinking, gambling, and following the Southern Pacific pay car as it made its

masks:
Dalton
Dalton
Bob Dalton
Dalton
Grat
Bill Dalton


texts: monthly journey down the San Joaquin Valley. By this time their reputation as horse thieves in Oklahoma was also known in California. On March 17, 1891 the Tulare County Grand Jury indicted brothers Bob, Emmett, <mask>, and <mask> for the Alila robbery. A few days later <mask> and Bill were arrested and placed in the Tulare County jail. A $3000 bounty was placed for the capture of Bob and Emmett, but Bill had already helped them escape from California before he was arrested. The two were on their way back to Oklahoma Territory.Bill soon secured bondsmen and was released. He quickly hired attorneys to defend Grat. Grat was held in jail in Visalia. Bob and Emmett borrowed money and supplies from brothers Cole and Lit, and made their way east across the Mojave Desert. After their horses were discovered at Ludlow, Sheriff Kay pursued them with his deputy, Jim Ford. He discovered that the brothers were making their way to Utah to throw him off, and tracked them to the town of Ogden. Bob and Emmett escaped again by train.Sheriff Kay continued to track them throughout the Southwest for several months, but never caught up. Eventually the brothers returned to the Dalton home near Kingfisher, Oklahoma, where the family had many friends willing to hide them. Sheriff Kay returned to California for Grat's trial. Realizing they were no longer being pursued, Bob and Emmett robbed a train at Whorton, now Perry, Oklahoma, in May 1891. They began forming what would be known as the Dalton Gang. Even though much of the evidence showed that Grat was in Fresno, California the night of the Alila robbery, including the testimony of several witnesses, the influence of the powerful Southern Pacific Railroad resulted in his having an unfair trail. Grat's lawyer was corrupt.Neither the defense nor prosecution noted that the fireman had been killed accidentally by

masks:
Grat
Bill Dalton
Grat


texts: the expressman. The <mask> brothers had thought that Emmett had killed the fireman. <mask> was convicted on murder charges and sentenced to life imprisonment. On September 3, 1891 a train was robbed near Ceres, California, but the attempt was unsuccessful and no money was lost. The elements were similar to the robbery at Alila. Sheriff Kay suspected <mask>, and arrested him and an associate, named Riley Dean. Kay found <mask> and Dean at an abandoned overland stage station where they looked as if they were either planning a robbery or to break Grat from jail.Both <mask> and Dean had a clear alibi but Kay held Bill in the Tulare County Jail to await trial for his part in the Alila robbery. On September 21, <mask> was brought into court to face sentencing, but this was instead postponed to October 6. On the night of September 27th, <mask> and two other men escaped from the County Jail in Visalia while Sheriff Kay was in San Francisco, California. Someone on the outside gave them a saw, and they got through the bars. <mask> had remained in his cell and was found in the morning, playing a guitar, joking about how the boys had left him. Bill was acquitted and released on October 15. He sold the lease to his ranch in San Luis Obispo County, moved his family to his wife's parents in Livingston, California, and left for Kingfisher.After arresting the two other men that had escaped with Grat, Sheriff Kay learned that Grat was helped by Riley Dean and that they were both hiding on the summit of a steep mountain close to the Kings River near Sanger, California. This would be known as Dalton Mountain. On Christmas Eve 1891, the posses of both Sheriff Kay of Tulare County and Sheriff Hensley of Fresno County ascended the mountain to Daltons camp. They ambushed the outlaws on their way back from a boar hunt. Grat managed to escape, firing at the

masks:
Dalton
Grat
Bill Dalton
Dalton
Dalton
Grat
Grat
Bill Dalton


texts: lawmen with his Winchester rifle and stealing a horse from a nearby ranch, but Riley Dean was captured. Grat rode to a friends near Livingston, California and stayed for several weeks before escaping back to Oklahoma with the help of his brother Cole. Bob and Emmett had meanwhile been busy in Oklahoma forming their gang.After their unsuccessful career in California they decided they could do much better in their home country and, unlike their first attempts, they began carefully planning their robberies. With Bob as the leader they recruited mostly men who had grown up with them in Oklahoma. First recruited were George "Bitter Creek" Newcomb and "Blackfaced" Charlie Bryant, Bryant received his nickname because of a gunpowder burn on one cheek. This resulted in the first robbery at Whorton, May 1891, where the gang stole $1200. Joined afterwards were Bill Doolin, Dick Broadwell, Bill Powers, and Charley Pierce. The gang was also assisted by Bob's lover Eugenia Moore, known by her aliases "Tom King" and "Miss Mundays", who acted as their informant but was also a notorious horse thief and outlaw. In August 1891, Bryant was spotted in Hennessey, Oklahoma after leaving the gangs hideout to visit his mother.The locals who identified him notified a Deputy Marshal named Ed Short. He arrested Bryant and took him on a train to be committed to the jail at Wichita, Kansas without a guard or notifying Marshal Grimes at Fort Smith. After the train left Hennessey and was approaching the stop at Waukomis, Oklahoma, Short noticed a group of mounted men that looked as if they were trying to beat the train and feared it was the Dalton Gang coming to free Bryant. Short put the baggage man in charge of Bryant giving him his revolver while he went to the rear platform with his rifle. The baggageman carelessly stuck the revolver into a Pigeon-hole messagebox


texts: and went to work at the other end of the car. Bryant secured the revolver and ordered the baggageman to go back to work. He opened the door to the rear platform and, while Short had his attention to the mounted men, shot him in the back.Short turned and they both shot each other to death. The second train robbery by the Dalton Gang in Oklahoma was at a small station called Lelietta on September 15, 1891, about four miles north of Wagoner, Oklahoma. Here they secured $19,000, which Bob spent mostly on women and gambling. Bill Doolin complained that he was not dividing the money fairly and quit the gang along with Newcomb and Pierce. <mask> returned to Oklahoma in the spring of 1892. The three dissatisfied members also returned and new plans began to formulate. Bill had also returned several months earlier living at his mothers near Kingsfisher.Even though he did not participate in any of the hold ups with his brothers he acted as a spy and advisor. On June 1, 1892, the gang robbed the Santa Fe train at Red Rock, Oklahoma securing about $50,000. Here the Santa Fe had found out about the <mask>s plans and attempted to set up a trap for the gang filling the train with heavily armed officers. However they made the mistake of leaving the train dark which made Bob suspicious and the gang allowed the train to go by robbing the next train a few minutes later. The $50,000 however came out to only $1800 after draft and securities had been thrown out. It was soon necessary to rob another train. The next robbery was at Adair, Oklahoma, near the Arkansas border on July 14.At the station the gang took what they could find in the express and baggage rooms. They sat to wait for the next train on a bench on the platform, talking and smoking, with their Winchester rifles across their knees. When the train came in at 9:45 p.m., they backed a wagon up to

masks: Grat Dalton


texts:
 the express car and unloaded all the contents. The eight armed guards on the train all happened to be at the back of the train when it pulled in. They fired at the bandits through the car windows and from behind the train. In the gun fight, 200 shots were fired. None of the <mask> gang was hit.Doctors W. L. Goff and Youngblood were sitting on the porch of the drug store near the depot. Both men were hit several times by stray shots; Dr Goff was fatally wounded. Also wounded were captains Kinney and LaFlore, but they recovered. The gang secured about $18,000. They were also accused of robbing a bank in El Reno, Oklahoma on July 28, however this was based on little evidence as no one saw any members of the gang. Downfall of the gang

By that time, by later accounts from Emmett <mask>, Deputy US Marshal Heck Thomas was on the trail of the Dalton Gang. His relentless pursuit had pushed them to make one large score, then lie low for a time.<mask> <mask> thought Coffeyville would be an excellent opportunity for that score. For reasons unknown, <mask> <mask> dismissed gang members "Bittercreek" Newcomb and Charley Pierce, telling them their services were no longer needed. It would prove to be a blessing in disguise for Pierce and Newcomb. The robbery attempts would be a colossal mistake. On October 5, 1892, the gang entered Coffeyville, simply riding in, then splitting into two teams. The brothers were recognized as soon as they rode into town. They entered the two banks in two separate teams, intent on having only so much time to finish the robberies and flee.By the time they were ready to make their escape, the townspeople had armed themselves and set up to cover all escape routes from the town. A fierce shootout erupted, and by the time it was over, gang members <mask> <mask>, <mask>, Dick Broadwell, alias "Texas Jack" Moore, and Bill

masks:
Dalton
Dalton
Grat
Dalton
Grat
Dalton
Grat
Dalton
Bob Dalton


texts:
 Power, alias Joseph Evans, were dead, and Emmett <mask> had been shot 23 times, but would survive. Four townspeople, Town Marshal Charles T. Connelly, bank clerk Lucius M. Baldwin, cobbler Charles J. Brown, and merchant George W. Cubine were dead. Bank cashier Thomas G. Ayers was shot in the groin; although seriously wounded, he survived, while townspeople T.A. Reynolds and Louis Dietz were wounded, but not seriously. The gun-battle ended the Dalton Gang.Their outlaw career would prove to have been short and ultimately non productive . However, the legend of the gang and the notoriety they received due to the Coffeyville shootout made them famous. That fame helped drive their brother <mask> in efforts to become more famous than his brothers, and helped spawn the Doolin Dalton Gang, with <mask>, Bill Doolin, "Bittercreek" Newcomb, and Charley Pierce all having their start with the Dalton Gang. In popular culture
The western actor Gregg Palmer, then twenty-five, portrayed <mask> <mask> in the 1952 film The Cimarron Kid. Thereafter, in 1954, Fess Parker played <mask> in an episode of Jim Davis's syndicated series Stories of the Century. Jim Davis portrayed <mask> <mask> in the 1963 episode "Three Minutes to Eternity" of the syndicated western series,  Death Valley Days, a dramatization of the simultaneous bank robberies in Coffeyville. Tom Skerritt portrayed the surviving Emmett <mask>; Forrest Tucker, <mask>.The episode was narrated by Stanley Andrews, known as "The Old Ranger". In 1975 <mask> <mask> was played by the actor Richard Jaeckel in the TV movie western The Last Day. References

External links
Grat Dalton
The Dalton Gang
Dalton Gang Timeline
The Outlaws, Dalton Gang
Dalton Gang Wiped Out

Outlaws of the American Old West
People from Lawrence, Kansas
1861 births
1892 deaths
Dalton Gang
People from Coffeyville, Kansas
Deaths by

masks:
Dalton
Bill Dalton
Bill Dalton
Gratton
Dalton
Grat
Grat
Dalton
Dalton
Bob Dalton
Grat
Dalton


texts:
<mask> (July 4, 1911 – July 31, 2010) was an American choral conductor, record producer, record-industry executive, and professional oboist. He was involved in almost all aspects of the industry, particularly as a conductor and artists and repertoire (A&R) man. <mask> was one of the most influential people in American popular music during the 1950s and early 1960s, both as the head of A&R at Columbia Records and as a best-selling recording artist with an NBC television series, Sing Along with <mask>. A graduate of the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester in the early 1930s, <mask> began his musical career as a player of the oboe and English horn, making numerous highly regarded classical and popular recordings. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Rochester, New York, on July 4, 1911. His mother was Hinda (Rosenblum) <mask>, a former seamstress, and his father, <mask>, a Russian-Jewish immigrant wrought-iron worker. <mask> had four siblings, two of whom, Leon and Joseph, survived him.Classical and jazz oboe
<mask> took up the oboe at first as a teenager, because it was the only instrument available when he went to audition for his junior high school orchestra. After graduating from East High School he attended the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, where he met and became a lifelong friend of Goddard Lieberson, who became President of the CBS music group in 1956. After graduating from Eastman, <mask> played with the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra and then moved to New York City, where he was a

masks:
Mitchell William Miller
Miller
Mitch
Miller
Mitchell William Miller
Miller
Abram Calmen Miller
Mitch
Miller
Miller


texts:
 member of the Alec Wilder Octet (1938–41 and occasionally later), as well as performing with David Mannes, Andre Kostelanetz, Percy Faith, George Gershwin, and Charlie Parker. He worked with Frank Sinatra on the 1946 recording of "The Music of Alec Wilder". <mask> played the English horn part in the Largo movement of Dvořák's New World Symphony in a 1947 recording conducted by Leopold Stokowski. <mask> gave the American premiere of Richard Strauss's Oboe Concerto in a 1948 radio broadcast. Strauss had originally assigned rights to the premiere to John de Lancie, who gave him the idea for the concerto while stationed near Strauss's villa in Garmisch.However, since meeting the composer, de Lancie had won a section oboist position with the Philadelphia Orchestra, and as a junior player to the orchestra's principal oboist Marcel Tabuteau was unable to fulfill Strauss's wishes. De Lancie then gave the rights for the premiere to <mask>. As part of the CBS Symphony, <mask> participated in the musical accompaniment on the 1938 radio broadcast of Orson Welles's Mercury Theater on the Air production of The War of the Worlds. A&R man
<mask> joined Mercury Records as a classical music producer and served as the head of Artists and Repertoire (A&R) at Mercury in the late 1940s, and then joined Columbia Records in the same capacity in 1950. This was a pivotal position in a recording company, because the A&R executive decided which musicians and songs would be recorded and promoted by that particular record label. He defined the Columbia style through the

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller


texts: early 1960s, signing and producing many important pop standards artists for Columbia, including Johnnie Ray, Percy Faith, Ray Conniff, Jimmy Boyd, Johnny Mathis, Tony Bennett, and <mask> (whose pseudonym was based on <mask>'s first name). After arriving at Columbia, <mask> enticed both Patti Page and Frankie Laine to join the label after their early successes at Mercury.<mask> helped direct the careers of artists who were already signed to the label, such as Doris Day, Dinah Shore, and Jo Stafford. <mask> also discovered Aretha Franklin and signed her to the first major recording contract of her career. She left Columbia after five years, when Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records promised Franklin artistic freedom to create records outside the pop mainstream in a more rhythm-and-blues-driven direction. <mask> disapproved of rock 'n' roll—one of his contemporaries described his denunciation of it as "The Gettysburg Address of Music"—and passed not only on Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly, who became stars on RCA and Coral, respectively, but on The Beatles as well, creating a fortune in revenue for rival Capitol. Previously, <mask> had offered Presley a contract but balked at the amount Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, was asking. However, in 1958 he signed Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins, two of Presley's contemporaries at Sun Records. According to former Newsweek music critic Karen Schoemer, <mask>'s refusal to record in the genre was also due to his fear that the label, and its corporate parent CBS, would be implicated in the scandal

masks:
Guy Mitchell
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Mitch Miller
Miller
Miller


texts:
 surrounding payola if he did so, remarking: I knew what was going on—everybody in the business knew what was going on.You had to pay to play. In defense of his anti-rock stance, he once told NME in January 1958: "Rock 'n' roll is musical baby food: it is the worship of mediocrity, brought about by a passion for conformity." Despite his distaste for rock 'n' roll, <mask> emphasized emotional expression over vocal perfection and often produced records for Columbia artists that were rockish in nature. Two examples are "A White Sport Coat (and a Pink Carnation)" by Marty Robbins and "Rock-a-Billy" by <mask>. Record producer
As a record producer, <mask> gained a reputation for both innovation and gimmickry. Although he oversaw dozens of chart hits, his relentlessly cheery arrangements and his penchant for novelty material—for example, "Come On-a My House" (Rosemary Clooney), "Mama Will Bark" (Frank Sinatra and Dagmar)—have drawn criticism from some admirers of traditional pop music. Music historian Will Friedwald wrote in his book Jazz Singing (Da Capo Press, 1996) thatMiller exemplified the worst in American pop.He first aroused the ire of intelligent listeners by trying to turn—and darn near succeeding in turning—great artists like Sinatra, Clooney, and Tony Bennett into hacks. <mask> chose the worst songs and put together the worst backings imaginable—not with the hit-or-miss attitude that bad musicians traditionally used, but with insight, forethought, careful planning, and perverted brilliance. At the same time, Friedwald acknowledges

masks:
Miller
Guy Mitchell
Miller
Miller


texts:
<mask>'s great influence on later popular music production:

<mask> established the primacy of the producer, proving that even more than the artist, the accompaniment, or the material, it was the responsibility of the man in the recording booth whether a record flew or flopped. <mask> also conceived the idea of the pop record "sound" per se: not so much an arrangement or a tune, but an aural texture (usually replete with extramusical gimmicks) that could be created in the studio and then replicated in live performance, instead of the other way around. <mask> was hardly a rock 'n' roller, yet without these ideas there could never have been rock 'n' roll. "Mule Train", <mask>'s first major hit (for Frankie Laine) and the foundation of his career, set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock. The similarities between it and, say, "Leader of the Pack", need hardly be outlined here.<ref>{{cite book| last=Friedwald| first=Will| title=Sinatra!The Song Is You: A Singer's Art| location=New York City| publisher=Da Capo Press| date=March 22, 1997| page=174| isbn=9780306807428| url=https://archive.org/details/sinatrasongisyou00frie_0| url-access=registration}}</ref>

While some of Columbia's performers, including Harry James, Frank Sinatra, and Rosemary Clooney, resented <mask>'s methods, the label maintained a high release-to-hit ratio during the 1950s. Sinatra particularly blamed his temporary fall from popularity while at Columbia on <mask>; the crooner felt that he was forced by <mask> to record material like

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller


texts:
 "Mama Will Bark" and "The Hucklebuck". <mask> countered that Sinatra's contract gave him the right to refuse any song. Recording artist

In the early 1950s, <mask> recorded with Columbia's house band as "<mask> and His Orchestra." He also recorded a string of successful albums and singles, featuring a male chorale and his own arrangements, under the name "<mask> and the Gang" beginning in 1950. The ensemble's hits included "The Children's Marching Song" (more commonly known as "This Old Man"), "Tzena, Tzena, Tzena", and "The Yellow Rose of Texas", which topped the U.S. Billboard chart, sold over one million copies in the United States alone, and reached #2 on the UK Singles Chart.<mask>'s medley of the two marches from The Bridge on the River Kwai, "The River Kwai March" and "Colonel Bogey March", lasted 29 weeks on the Billboard pop charts in 1958, longer than any other record completely within that year. In 1957, <mask>'s orchestra and chorus recorded "U.S. Air Force Blue", a United States Air Force recruiting song. He and his orchestra also recorded children's music for the Golden Records label. A choral group called The Sandpiper Singers provided the vocals for these recordings, including an album of Mother Goose nursery rhymes. In 1961, <mask> also provided two choral tracks set to Dimitri Tiomkin's title music on the soundtrack to The Guns of Navarone. Followed by the theme of The Longest Day over the end credits in 1962 and the "Major Dundee March", the theme song to Sam Peckinpah's 1965 Major Dundee. Though the film was a boxoffice

masks:
Miller
Miller
Mitchell Miller
Mitch Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


texts:
 bomb, the song remained popular for years.In 1987, <mask> conducted the London Symphony Orchestra with pianist David Golub in a well-received recording of Gershwin's An American in Paris, Concerto in F and Rhapsody in Blue. What made this recording special was that it was produced using the original sheet music that was handed out by Gershwin to his band for an early U.S. tour, along with Gershwin's performance directions as noted by then band member <mask>. Sing Along with <mask>
Initially airing as a one-shot episode of the NBC television show Startime (season 1, episode 32) on 24 May 1960, Sing Along with <mask> went on to become a weekly series in 1961 as a community sing-along program hosted by <mask> and featuring a male chorus. The program, videotaped in New York, was basically an extension of <mask>'s series of Columbia Sing Along with Mitch record albums. In keeping with the show's title, viewers were presented with lyrics at the bottom of the television screen at the beginning and ending of each episode. While many insist there was a bouncing ball to keep time, <mask> correctly said this was something they remembered from movie theater Screen Songs and Song Cartunes sing-along cartoons.A number of excerpts from Sing Along with Mitch have appeared on video-streaming services such as YouTube. No bouncing ball is in evidence in the clips presented.Singer Leslie Uggams, pianist Dick Hyman, accordionist Dominic Cortese, and the singing Quinto Sisters were regularly featured on Sing Along with <mask>. One of the tenors in <mask>'s

masks:
Miller
Miller
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch Miller
Miller
Miller
Mitch
Miller


texts: chorale, Bob McGrath, later went on to a long and successful career on the PBS children's show Sesame Street (he was a founding member of the "human" cast in 1969 and McGrath became its longest-serving cast member until his enforced retirement in 2016).Sing Along with <mask> occasionally featured celebrity guests who would appear throughout the hour, and whose repertoire would be worked into the episode's list of songs: George Burns, Milton Berle, and Shirley Temple among them. The show also offered cameos by uncredited celebrities not necessarily known for their singing ability, who were either visiting or working in New York. These surprise guests were dressed like the male chorus members and hidden among them for the closing sing-along, including Johnny Carson, Jerry Lewis, Wally Cox, Buddy Hackett, and Joe E. Ross (in his police uniform from the Car 54, Where Are You? sitcom). As the popularity of the TV show rose, <mask> continued to produce and record several "Sing Along with Mitch" record albums, complete with tear-out lyric sheets. The album series ultimately comprised 20 titles, released from 1958 to 1963.Sing Along with <mask> ran on television from 1961 until the network canceled it in 1964, a victim of changing musical tastes.Selected repeats aired briefly on NBC during the spring of 1966. The show's primary audience was over the age of 40 and it did not gain the favor of advertisers targeting the youth market. <mask> left Columbia Records in 1965 and joined MCA Inc. as a consultant, signing the same year with MCA's Decca Records

masks: Mitch Miller Mitch Miller


texts:
 subsidiary. In later years, <mask> would carry on the sing-along tradition, leading crowds in song in personal appearances. For several years, <mask> was featured in a popular series of Christmas festivities in New Bedford, Massachusetts, leading large crowds singing carols. <mask> hosted a 1981 TV reunion of the Sing Along Gang for NBC (featuring veterans from the original gang, including Bob McGrath, Andy Love, Paul Friesen, Victor Griffin, and Dominic Cortese). <mask> also appeared as host of two PBS television specials, Keep America Singing (1994) and Voices In Harmony (1996), featuring champion quartets and choruses of SPEBSQSA and Sweet Adelines International.He also appeared conducting regional orchestras and filled in many times as guest conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra. Conducting style, and parodies
At his first rehearsal for television, <mask> took his position in front of the chorus and began conducting in the usual choirmaster manner: arms outstretched with hands gesturing, so the singers could see his signals. The TV director stopped him, objecting that <mask>'s arms were out of the camera's range and could not be seen on the television screen. <mask> pulled his arms closer to his body, but the director stopped him once more. It was not until <mask>'s elbows were almost touching his body, and his arms extremely restricted, that the director was satisfied. <mask> dutifully adopted the jerky, confined style of conducting and kept it for the duration of the series. The rigid format of Sing Along with Mitch lent itself to

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller


texts:
 parodies.Steve Allen once performed a pointed satire, with the comedian made up as <mask> and robotically bending his arms à la <mask> while conducting. The sketch spoofed the show's production values, including cameras panning among the vocalists, going out of control and knocking them over, then chasing Allen out of the studio and onto the roof. Ross Bagdasarian produced an animated spoof in a segment of The Alvin Show, with the David Seville character conducting Alvin and the Chipmunks in <mask>'s herky-jerky style, singing "Down in the Valley" while scrambled lyrics appeared on-screen. Stan Freberg, who had previously recorded "Wunnerful! Wunnerful! ", a scathing satire of The Lawrence Welk Show, presented an equally brutal satire of the show, "Sing Along with Freeb", on his February 1962 ABC special, The Chun King Chow Mein Hour. Jonathan and Darlene Edwards (Paul Weston and Jo Stafford) produced an entire album of sing-along in the <mask> style but deliberately off-key, which supposedly greatly angered <mask>.On the cartoon series The Flintstones, Fred and Barney appeared on the "Hum Along with Herman" show (for people who do not know the words), another satire of <mask>'s show. Bigtop Records in 1963 released a record by The Dellwoods and under the aegis of Mad, titled Fink Along with Mad. Personal life and death
<mask> was married for 65 years to the former Frances Alexander, who died in 2000. They had two daughters, <mask> and <mask> Reuther; a son, <mask>, Jr. or "<mask>"; two grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. <mask> lived

masks:
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Andrea Miller
Margaret Miller
Mitchell Miller
Mike Miller
Miller


texts:
 in New York City for many years where he died July 31, 2010, after a short illness, four weeks after his 99th birthday. Discography

Singles

Albums
As '<mask> and the Gang':Sing Along with <mask> (album) (Columbia, 1958)Christmas Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1958) (Billboard: Best-selling Christmas album, 1958, 1959, 1960)More Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1958)Still More! Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1959)Folk Songs Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1959)Party Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1959)Fireside Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1959)Saturday Night Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1960)Sentimental Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1960)March Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1960)Memories Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1960)<mask>'s Greatest Hits (Columbia, 1961)Happy Times!Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1961)TV Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1961)Your Request Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1961)Holiday Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1961)Rhythm Sing Along with <mask> (Columbia, 1962)Peace Sing Along (Atlantic, 1970)

As '<mask> and the Sing Along Chorus':Golden Harvest Sing Along'' (Columbia, 1961)

Awards and honors
 <mask> received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000. He was awarded Honorary Membership in the Barbershop Harmony Society in 1985. He was inducted into the Rochester Music Hall of Fame in 2013. References

External links

 <mask> papers, 1921–2003 Music Division, The New York Public Library. 1911 births
2010 deaths
A&R people
American music industry executives
American

masks:
Mitch Miller
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch
Mitch Miller
Miller
Mitch Miller


texts:
 people of Russian-Jewish descent
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Columbia Records artists
Eastman School of Music alumni
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Jewish American musicians
American classical oboists
Male oboists
Musicians from Rochester, New York
People from Rockland County, New York
Record producers from New York (state)
American music arrangers
American conductors (music)
21st-century American


texts:
<mask> (born April 6, 1961) is an American visual effects artist and creative director at Magnopus, a media company that produces visual development and virtual production services for motion pictures,  television, museums and multimedia platforms. Working at Industrial Light & Magic, <mask> contributed to the visual effects on such films as The Empire Strikes Back, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. At his own VFX studio Matte World Digital, he produced visual effects on Zodiac, Alice in Wonderland and Hugo. Over the course of his VFX career, <mask> contributed to the visual effects on more than 100 films. He is an Emmy Award recipient for By Dawn's Early Light and he received an Oscar nomination for Best Visual Effects on Batman Returns. In 2009, he won an Oscar for Best Visual Effects on The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.<mask> is a film historian, museum exhibit curator, and educator with a focus on the history of visual effects in classic films, before and after the digital age. He hosts presentations and lectures on the visual effects from Hollywood’s studio age. He produces short documentaries that reveal the formerly secret history of how visual effects pioneers created seamless visuals using matte paintings, miniatures and optical effects. Career

Visual effects supervisor

Industrial Light & Magic
Hired at age 18 by VFX cinematographer Richard Edlund in 1979, <mask> was then the youngest person working at ILM. Starting out in the matte painting department with VFX photographer Neil Krepela and painter Ralph McQuarrie, <mask> eventually moved to the camera department, compositing matte-painted effects for scenes in landmark visual-effects films including The Empire Strikes Back, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Accompanied by matte painters Michael Pangrazio and Chris Evans, at times on international location shoots, <mask>

masks:
Craig Barron
Barron
Barron
Barron
Barron
Barron
Barron


texts:
 and crew designed and photographed matte shots for feature films.From 1984 to 1988 he was matte photography supervisor, working to combine matte paintings and miniatures with live-action photography. He is credited as director of matte photography on Willow (1988), his last film at ILM, before leaving to start his own company Matte World. Matte World Digital
Co-founded by <mask>, Pangrazio and executive producer Krystyna Demkowicz in 1988, Matte World produced seamless matte-painting effects for film and television productions from its Novato, California studio. Soon after formation, <mask>'s work for HBO's By Dawn's Early Light won an Emmy for Outstanding Visual Effects. Throughout the 1980s, <mask> and his crew produced traditional effects shots with glass matte paintings and miniature models. Their work received an Academy Award nomination
for Best Visual Effects for Batman Returns in 1992. That same year, the company was renamed Matte World Digital (MWD) to reflect the new technological tools available to matte painters.MWD produced digital environments for feature films, commercials, cable television, computer games and IMAX projects, serving the artistic visions of directors Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, James Cameron, Alfonso Cuaron, Gore Verbinski, Ron Howard, Tim Burton and David Fincher, among others. <mask> contributed to the visual effects of more than 100 films at MWD, innovating digital-effects techniques for Zodiac, Alice in Wonderland, and The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, which won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects in 2009. MWD closed in 2012 after 24 years of service. The company's last project was creating stereo CGI matte paintings of 1930s-era Paris and Georges Méliès' glass studio for Martin Scorsese's Hugo. Innovations
Matte World Digital was the first company to apply radiosity rendering to film, for Martin Scorsese's Casino.

masks: Barron Barron Barron Barron


texts:
 Collaborating with software company LightScape, the MWD crew was able to simulate the reflective effect of millions of neon lights from the 1970s-era Las Vegas strip. Radiosity rendering provided a true simulation of bounce-light reflectivity in a computer-generated environment.For David Fincher's Zodiac, another film mainly set in the 1970s, shots were needed to establish the grittier San Francisco of that era. <mask> shot digital images of existing city-building textures, then added painted period details in the computer. One such shot features the Embarcadero Freeway alongside the Ferry Building and San Francisco Bay. The freeway had been demolished after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake so MWD digitally rebuilt the structure, viewed from an overhead computer-generated "helicopter-shot" to introduce San Francisco in 1969. CG lighting techniques were applied for a sped-up animated sequence showing the Transamerica Pyramid being built, extablishing the passage of time. <mask> researched archival photographs and architectural drawings for the shot. <mask> worked with Fincher again in 2008 to build several digital matte and CGI environments for The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.The interior of the film's New Orleans train station had to change and deteriorate, representing different eras. MWD built the CGI station interiors using Next Limit's Maxwell rendering software—software that was generally used as an architectural visualization and product-design tool. MWD revamped it to mimic real-world lighting as seen from multiple angles and light sources. Other visual effects work
While heading Matte World Digital, <mask> co-produced and directed the science-fiction short, The Utilizer, broadcast on Syfy (then called the Sci-Fi Channel) in 1996. The film won the best special effects award at the Chicago International Film Festival. <mask> was a visual effects supervisor at Tippett

masks: Barron Barron Barron Barron Barron


texts:
 Studio in 2013, where he developed digital environments for film and commercial productions alongside his former ILM co-worker Phil Tippett. Film historian

Author
Growing up watching classic films, <mask> was inspired by and curious about how special effects were created.He sought out and interviewed retired Hollywood studio-era cameramen and matte painters who revealed the formerly secretive world of visual effects techniques that were used in films such as King Kong, The Wizard of Oz, and Citizen Kane. This oral history of movie-making, along with a growing collection of behind-the-scenes photographs, were the basis of <mask>'s book, The Invisible Art: The Legends of Movie Matte Painting. The Invisible Art..., co-wrriten with Mark Cotta Vaz, is the first comprehensive book on the history of matte painting and its transition into the digital age. The New York Times called it "Eye-opening…increas[ing] our wonder at this heretofore 'invisible art.'" Educator
As a public-programs lecturer for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), <mask> presents public screenings showcasing the art and technique of visual effects in classic studio films. Often partnering with sound designer Ben Burtt, the duo have also guest-hosted on the TCM Network. The pair do extensive research to find the hidden history of classic film production.For a presentation on Gunga Din, they visited the Lone Pine, California Alabama Hills location where the film was shot in 1938, and found pieces of the set buried there. Using camera drones, they then recreated the film's locations as CGI environments. <mask> has been an adjunct associate professor at the USC School of Cinematic Arts since 2015. His "World of Visual Effects" course focuses on the history of visual effects in film and how visual effects have influenced narratives in filmmaking from its inception to today. Selected presentations


texts:
 Techno Chaplin – Modern Times (1936) with Ben Burtt and John Bengstson – Digitally restored 35mm print with behind-the-scenes photos and multimedia tour explaining how Chaplin used mattes, process shots, miniatures and rear projection within industrial settings of 1930s Los Angeles. 2008, Hollywood/San Rafael, CA
 Mysteries of the Krell: Making Forbidden Planet (1956) with Ben Burtt – Breakdown of the film's visual effects and innovative sound design alongside collection of rare miniatures, production designs, props and analog source tapes from the electronic soundtrack, featuring the original Robby the Robot. 2011-2012, Hollywood/San Rafael, CA
 The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) with Ben Burtt – Matte paintings and sound design with recreation of archery tests from the film.2012, New York, NY
 TCM Classic Film Festival 2016 featured <mask> and Burtt demonstrating George Pal's Oscar-winning visual effects in The War of the Worlds. Documentarian
<mask> produces and is featured in a number of documentary supplements for DVD and Blu-ray editions from The Criterion Collection and Turner Classic Movies. The documentary shorts, often in conjunction with Ben Burtt, explain with interviews, animated sequences and reenactments, how 3D effects were produced in classic Hollywood films, such as Citizen Kane, It’s a Wonderful Life, and The Incredible Shrinking Man. Selected documentary filmography
 Modern Times (1936) / A Bucket of Water and a Glass Matte (2010) – <mask> and Burtt demonstrate Chaplin's use of miniatures and sound effects in the film's factory and roller-skating scenes. Rebecca (1940) / Constructing the Eerie World of Rebecca (2017) – <mask> demonstrates the large-scale Manderlay miniature that Hitchcock’s crew built and filmed onset, which included a miniature car and destruction by fire. A Matter of Life and Death (1946) / Documentary supplement (2018) – A detailed account


texts:
 and 3D rendering of how Michael Powell conceived of and carried out the seemingly endless “stairway to heaven” scene with the use of set design, miniatures and camera angles. Bringing up Baby (1938), But What About My Leopard?The Magic of Optical Effects Pioneer Linwood Dunn – Interview with Linwood Dunn and demonstration on how a live leopard was safely shot on set with actors. Chain Lightning (1950), Jet Jockeys in Love: The Making of Chain Lightning – Aired for TCM Film Festival on HBOMax. <mask> and Burtt explain the film’s visual effects and sound-design while “piloting” a vintage fighter jet in this Vitaphone-parody short. Curator
<mask> is on the planning committee for the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures. For the Museum’s inaugural exhibit on Citizen Kane, he co-produced videos honoring effects master Linwood Dunn and his use of mattes, miniatures and the optical printer to create Kane’s iconic visuals. Painted mattes and the Wayne Manor model for Batman Returns from the Matte World Digital archive were on display at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures' inaugural opening in 2021. Creative director
Since 2014, <mask> has been creative director at Magnopus, a Los Angeles-based media company that provides visual development and virtual production services for motion pictures and television.<mask> specializes in interactive and immersive virtual-reality experiences that put filmmakers "inside the movie" during production. Other projects include remote education with augmented virtual-reality experiences for museums and other multimedia platforms. At Magnopus, <mask> directed the VR tie-in to 2017's Blade Runner 2049. Entitled Blade Runner 2049: Memory Lab, the 30-minute VR production is set in the world of the film where users act as replicant android hunters. A review in UploadVR said the experience, "...manages to contribute somewhat to 2049's story without stepping on


texts:
 it, shedding more light on one of the film's central characters that gives the entire piece an even deeper sense of purpose." Memory Lab was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Original Interactive Program in 2018. In partnership with Television City and Holocaust Museum LA, Magnopus, directed by <mask>, developed a virtual museum experience, allowing viewers to partake in the Holocaust Museum’s educational exhibits.The immersive-technology tool expands the range of the museum, worldwide. Selected filmography

Hugo, 2011
Captain America: The First Avenger, 2011
Alice in Wonderland, 2010
My Sister's Keeper, 2009
Terminator Salvation, 2009
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, 2008
The Golden Compass, 2007
Zodiac, 2007
The Green Mile, 1999
The Truman Show, 1998
Titanic, 1997
Star Trek: First Contact, 1996
Independence Day, 1996
Casino, 1995
Clear and Present Danger, 1994
Bram Stoker’s Dracula, 1992
Batman Returns, 1992
Terminator 2: Judgment Day, 1991
By Dawn's Early Light (television), 1990
Willow, 1988
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, 1986
Labyrinth, 1986
The Goonies, 1985
Return of the Jedi, 1983
Poltergeist, 1982
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, 1982
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, 1982
Raiders of the Lost Ark, 1981
The Empire Strikes Back, 1980

Publications
 <mask>, <mask> and Cotta Vaz, Mark (2002). The Invisible Art: The Legends of Movie Matte Painting. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. .
 <mask>, <mask> (July 23, 1998). Matte Painting in the Digital Age. "Invisible Effects" series transcript.Orlando, FL: SIGGRAPH 98. References

External links

 Magnopus

Special effects people
Visual effects supervisors
Living people
People from Marin County, California
American film historians
American male non-fiction writers
1961 births
Artists from Berkeley, California
Cinema of the San Francisco Bay Area
Best Visual Effects Academy Award winners
Best Visual Effects BAFTA Award

masks: Barron Barron Craig Barron Craig


texts:
<mask> (May 19, 1938 – June 14, 1986), nicknamed "Tony the Ant", was an American mobster for the Chicago Outfit in Las Vegas during the 1970s and '80s. Spilotro managed the Outfit's illegal casino profits (the "skim") when four of the casinos, The Stardust, The Fremont, The Hacienda, and The Marina, were managed by Frank Rosenthal, replacing Outfit member John Roselli in Las Vegas. He was the leader of the "Hole in the Wall Gang", which he formed in Las Vegas when he moved there in 1971. Spilotro eventually ran afoul of his organized crime overseers who disapproved of his handling of their Las Vegas affairs, and who then arranged his murder on June 14, 1986. Spilotro served as the basis for the character Nicky Santoro in Martin Scorsese's 1995 film Casino. Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, the fourth of six children to Pasquale "Patsy<mask>. and <mask>. He attended Burbank Elementary School, and entered Steinmetz High School in 1953.His father had emigrated from Triggiano, Province of Bari, Italy, and had arrived at Ellis Island in 1914. He and his mother ran Patsy's Restaurant, which was frequented by mobsters such as Sam Giancana, Jackie "The Lackey" Cerone, Gus Alex, and Francesco "Frank the Enforcer" Nitti. Tony and four of his brothers, (John, Vincent, Victor, and Michael) became involved in criminal activity starting at an early age. The remaining brother, "Patrick" Pasquale Jr., became a dentist. <mask> was a boyhood friend of Frank Cullotta, and started a criminal career together as teenagers, engaging in theft, burglary, and murder. He was nicknamed "Tony the Ant" by the media after FBI Special Agent William Roemer referred to <mask> as "that little pissant." Since the media couldn't use "pissant", they shortened it to the "Ant".The Hole in the Wall Gang
In 1971, <mask> moved to Las Vegas to

masks:
Anthony John Spilotro
Spilotro
" Spilotro Sr
Antoinette Spilotro
Spilotro
Spilotro
Spilotro


texts: manage the affairs of the Chicago Outfit there. He formed the "Hole in the Wall" Gang, a group of experienced thieves, safecrackers and killers. The crew became known in the media as the "Hole in the Wall Gang" because of its penchant for gaining entry to homes and buildings by drilling through the exterior walls and ceilings of the locations they burglarized. In early 1979, Frank Cullotta moved to Las Vegas to join Spilotro. On July 4, 1981, the Hole in the Wall Gang robbed Bertha's Gifts & Home Furnishings on East Sahara Avenue in Las Vegas. The robbery was a bust as much of the gang was arrested, including Cullotta, Joe Blasko, Leo Guardino, Ernest Davino, Lawrence Neumann and Wayne Matecki—each charged with burglary, conspiracy to commit burglary, attempted grand larceny and possession of burglary tools. Around this time, Spilotro had an affair with Frank Rosenthal's wife, Geri McGee.In 1982, Cullotta was imprisoned and approached by the FBI with a wiretap of <mask> talking with someone about "having to clean our dirty laundry", which Cullotta took as an insinuated contract on his life. Due to this, in July 1982, Cullotta finalized an agreement with the prosecutors. In September 1983, <mask> was indicted for conspiracy and obstruction of justice in the Sherwin "Jerry" Lisner murder and released on $100,000 bail. At a trial in October 1983, Cullotta admitted that he was involved in over 300 crimes, including four murders, perjury, robberies and burglaries. He also testified that <mask>, his boss in Las Vegas, ordered him to make a telephone call that lured one of the 1962 murder victims, William McCarthy, to a fast food restaurant. In 1962, Cullotta had killed William McCarthy and James Miraglia, who were found dead in the trunk of a car on May 14, 1962. McCarthy's head had been placed in a vise and his throat

masks: Spilotro Spilotro Spilotro


texts:
 slashed, while Miraglia strangled.Spilotro was acquitted later that year. Spilotro's defense attorney was future Las Vegas mayor Oscar Goodman. Members of Hole in the Wall Gang

Michael Spilotro
Herbie Blitzstein
Peter Basile
Sherwin (Jerry) Lisner
Frank Cullotta
Joseph Cusumano
Samuel Cusumano
<mask>
Joseph D'Argento
Ernesto "Ernie" Davino
Leonardo "Leo" Guardino
Frank DeLegge
Michael LaJoy
Ernest Lehnigg
Wayne Matecki
"Crazy Larry" Neumann
Butch Pancsko
Paul (Peanuts) Pancsko
John (Pops) Pancsko
Edward (Butch) Pancsko
Salvatore "Sonny" Romano
Gerald Tomasczek
Carl Urbanotti
Joseph Blasko
Salvatore Romano
Paul "The Indian" Schiro
Joseph "Joe Blow" Schembri
Luca "Jimmy" Domingo

Death and aftermath
<mask> and his brother Michael disappeared on June 14, 1986, after they drove away together from Michael's Oak Park home. Michael's wife, Anne, reported both brothers missing on June 16. Michael's car, a 1986 Lincoln, was recovered several days later in a motel parking lot near O'Hare International Airport. On June 22, their bodies were found, one on top of the other and stripped down to their undershorts, buried in a cornfield in the Willow Slough preserve near Enos, Indiana. The freshly turned earth had been noticed by a farmer who thought that the remains of a deer killed out of season had been buried there by a poacher, and notified authorities.An autopsy completed on June 24 identified their cause of death as blunt force trauma, and ascertained that they had been dead since June 14. They were identified by dental charts supplied by their dentist brother, <mask>. The two were buried in a family plot at Queen of Heaven Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois, on June 27. In January 1986, in the wake of the imprisonment of Joseph Aiuppa and John Cerone for skimming Las Vegas casino profits, a meeting was held at the

masks:
John Spilotro
Spilotro
Patrick Spilotro


texts: Czech Lodge in North Riverside, Illinois. Most of the 'upper echelon' were there, including Outfit boss Tony "Joe Batters" Accardo. Accardo decided to appoint Samuel Carlisi as the "Street Boss" in charge of Outfit operations to replace Aiuppa. Carlisi told the group that Accardo would stay on as consigliere and would have final say, as well as Gus Alex staying head of the connection guys.He then went on to the first problem: <mask>, and how things had gone down since he took over Vegas. Mobster and mob enforcer Rocco Infelice said, "Hit him." Everyone else at the meeting agreed. <mask> was replaced in Las Vegas by Donald "The Wizard of Odds" Angelini. Although the original reports stated the Spilotros were beaten and buried in the Enos, Indiana, cornfield, mobster Nicholas Calabrese testified at the "Operation Family Secrets" in 2007 that the brothers were killed in a Bensenville, Illinois, basement first, where the Spilotros believed Michael would be inducted into The Outfit, then their bodies were transported to the cornfield. According to court testimony, when Tony entered the basement and realized what was about to occur, he asked if he could "say a prayer". No arrests were made until April 25, 2005, when 14 members of the Chicago Outfit (including reputed boss James Marcello) were indicted for 18 murders, including the Spilotros'.The suspected murderers included capo Albert Tocco from Chicago Heights, Illinois, who was sentenced to 200 years in prison in 1990, after his wife testified against him. She testified that, in 1986, she drove her husband from an Indiana cornfield where he told her he had just buried Spilotro. On May 18, 2007, the star witness in the government's case against 14 Chicago mob figures, Nicholas Calabrese, pleaded guilty to taking part in a conspiracy that included 18 murders, including

masks: Spilotro Spilotro


texts:
 the hits on <mask> and <mask>. Under heavy security, Calabrese admitted that he took part in planning or carrying out 14 of the murders, including the Spilotro killings. He became the key witness against his brother, Frank Calabrese, Sr., and other major mob figures charged in the government's Family Secrets Trial. Calabrese agreed to testify after the FBI showed him DNA evidence linking him to the murder of fellow hit-man John Fecarotta, who was also allegedly involved in the Spilotro slayings. In September 2007, Frank Calabrese, Sr. and four other men—Marcello, Joseph Lombardo, Paul "The Indian" Schiro, and former Chicago police officer <mask>Twan" Doyle—were convicted of mob-related crimes.On September 27, 2007, Marcello was found guilty by a federal jury in the murders of both Spilotro brothers. On February 5, 2009, Marcello was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Spilotro murders, and United States District Judge James Zagel, agreeing with the presentation made by federal prosecutor Markus Funk, also found Marcello responsible for the D'Andrea murder as well, even though the jury had deadlocked on that count. On March 26, 2009, Nicholas Calabrese was sentenced to 12 years and four months imprisonment. In a 2010 interview with Maxim magazine, while promoting the opening of the Las Vegas Mob Experience at the Tropicana Hotel, <mask>'s son Vincent claimed that the real target of those who killed the Spilotro brothers was <mask>, and that Tony was killed to prevent any revenge. Suspect in gangland slayings
By the time of his death in 1986, the FBI suspected Spilotro was involved in 22 or 25 murders including:

 The murder of Sam DeStefano on April 14, 1973. The murder of former Chicago Outfit boss Sam Giancana on June 19, 1975. In popular culture
In the 1980s NBC series Crime Story, the character of mobster Ray

masks:
Anthony
Michael Spilotro
Anthony "
Tony Spilotro
Michael Spilotro


texts:
 Luca is based on <mask>.Martin Scorsese's film Casino (1995) is based on the Las Vegas careers of <mask> and Rosenthal, on whom the characters Nicholas "Nicky" Santoro (played by Joe Pesci) and Ace Rothstein (played by Robert De Niro) were based. Nearing the end of the film, Nicky and his brother Dominick (Philip Suriano), based on Tony's brother <mask>, are shown being beaten with metal baseball bats and buried alive in an Indiana cornfield by their associate Frank Marino (Frank Vincent), based on Frank Cullotta, and the rest of Nicky's crew. See also
List of solved missing person cases: pre-2000

References

Further reading
 Coen, Jeff. Family Secrets: The Case That Crippled the Chicago Mob Chicago Review Press, Incorporated: 2009. Griffin, Dennis. The Battle for Las Vegas : The Law Vs. the Mob  Huntington Press: 2006. Griffin, Dennis.Cullotta. The Life of a Chicago Criminal, Las Vegas Mobster, and Government Witness Huntington Press: 2007. Pileggi, Nicholas. Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas,
 Roemer, William F., Jr. The Enforcer – Spilotro: The Chicago Mob's Man in Las Vegas,

External links
 <mask> "Tony<mask> Archives
 Chicago Sun-Times: Ex-mobster weighs in on latest case by Robert C. Herguth
 <mask> "Tony The Ant" Spilotoro's FBI File
 The Free Information Society – Biography
 <mask> at Find-A-Grave
 FBI file on <mask> on the Internet Archive

1938 births
1980s missing person cases
1986 deaths
1986 murders in the United States
American burglars
Burials in Illinois
Burials in Indiana
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Deaths by beating in the United States
Formerly missing people
Missing person cases in Illinois
Male murder victims
Murdered American gangsters of Italian descent
People acquitted of murder
People from Oak Park, Illinois
People murdered by the Chicago Outfit
People murdered in Illinois
People of Apulian

masks:
Anthony Spilotro
Spilotro
Michael Spilotro
Anthony
" Spilotro
Anthony
Anthony Spilotro
Anthony Spilotro


texts:
<mask> (born 1946) is an English historian of science and author who is known for the promotion of Holocaust denial and other conspiracy theories. Formerly an honorary research fellow in The Department for Science and Technology Studies (STS) at University College London (UCL), he is the author of several books, including Gardening and Planting by the Moon (an annual series beginning in 1980), Newton's Forgotten Lunar Theory (2000), Crop Circles (2002), and Terror on the Tube (2009). He has also written entries for the Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. <mask> has been involved in a variety of issues as a political activist. In 1986 he co-founded the Belgrano Action Group after the sinking of the ARA General Belgrano by the Royal Navy during the Falklands War, and from 2006 he argued that the 7 July 2005 London bombings were not carried out by the men accused of them. UCL withdrew his fellowship in 2008 in response to his views about the Auschwitz concentration camp, which he posted on a Holocaust-denial website. Education and career
<mask> studied Natural Sciences at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge from 1965, specializing in the history and philosophy of science.He obtained his BA in 1968 (promoted to MA in 1973). According to his book Lead on the Brain, he worked from 1971 to 1976 for the Medical Research Council's Air Pollution Research Unit in London, and later as a physics and mathematics

masks:
Nicholas Kollerstrom
Kollerstrom
Kollerstrom


texts: teacher. Supportive of the view that gardening by the lunar cycle affects plant growth (known as lunar gardening), he worked on a biodynamic farm in the 1970s, and his Gardening and Planting by the Moon (1980) was the first of an annual series. This was followed by Lead on the Brain (1982), with a preface by Paul Ekins, then Astrochemistry: A Study of Metal–Planet Affinities (1984), which examined astrochemistry and plant growth. In 1990, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and in 1994 he was awarded a PhD by University College London (UCL) for a thesis entitled The Achievement of Newton's "Theory of the Moon's Motion" of 1702. He was also awarded a Leverhulme scholarship and an honorary post-doctoral research fellowship in UCL's department of science and technology studies. His book Newton's Forgotten Lunar Theory: His Contribution to the Quest for Longitude was published in 2000.He published research that year in Equine Veterinary Journal on lunar phases and horse breeding and in 2003 in BMC Psychiatry on lunar months and human behaviour. In 2002 his book on the mathematics of crop circles was published, Crop Circles: The Hidden Form. In 1999 he received a grant from the Royal Astronomical Society to work on the classification of correspondence related to the discovery of Neptune. He and his co-authors concluded in Scientific American in 2004 that the British had wrongly taken


texts:
 credit for it. Activism

Overview
<mask> was active in political campaigns in the UK throughout the 1980s. In 1985 he co-founded the London Nuclear Warfare Tribunal, which sought to question the legality of nuclear weapons. The following year, he became a founding member of the Belgrano Action Group, set up in protest at the sinking of the Argentine ship the ARA General Belgrano by the Royal Navy during the 1982 Falklands War.The group held an informal public inquiry in November 1986 at Hampstead Town Hall, addressed by Tam Dalyell and Clive Ponting, among others. In 1989 <mask> stood as a Green Party candidate for East Guildford in the Surrey County Council election. In August 2002, in the run-up to the 2003 Iraq War, <mask> became a founding member of the Legal Inquiry Steering Group, a citizens' tribunal in the UK that challenged the legality of the war. In 2006 he appeared in a video by David Shayler supporting a fringe conspiracy theory that the men accused of the 7 July 2005 London bombings had not carried out the attack. According to the BBC, <mask> found that the Luton–London train on which the bombers were at first said to have travelled had been cancelled, which led the government to correct the official account of the men's movements. The police said the correction had come from them. <mask>'s book Terror on the Tube: Behind the Veil of 7/7, An Investigation was published in 2009, and he was

masks: Kollerstrom Kollerstrom Kollerstrom Kollerstrom Kollerstrom


texts:
 interviewed that year for the BBC series The Conspiracy Files.Holocaust denial

In 2007, on the website of the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust (CODOH), a Holocaust-denial group, <mask> argued for a fringe view that the gas chambers in the Auschwitz concentration camp had been used for disinfection purposes only and that only one million Jews died in the war. First proposed by the French fascist writer Maurice Bardèche in 1947, this position has no support among historians. In March 2008, a second article of his on the CODOH site alleged that Auschwitz had had art classes, a well-stocked library for inmates, and an elegant swimming pool where inmates would sunbathe on weekends while watching water polo. David Aaronovitch called this "one of the most jaw-dropping pieces of insulting stupidity" he had ever seen. UCL removed <mask>'s honorary fellowship in April 2008 when the articles were brought to its attention. Responding to the loss of his fellowship, <mask> said he had been accused of "thought crime"; he had no interest, he said, in Nazism and had always belonged to progressive groups such as the Green Party, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and the Respect Party. The following month he was interviewed by Iran's Press TV, which re-published one of his CODOH articles, which denied the use of gas for killing in Auschwitz.The historian of science, Noel Swerdlow, suggested in Isis in 2010 that

masks: Kollerstrom Kollerstrom Kollerstrom


texts:
 the publishers of the Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (2007) should withdraw it and replace the entries <mask> had written on John Couch Adams, John Flamsteed, and Isaac Newton; Swerdlow wrote that a "line has been crossed that should never be crossed". In 2014 <mask>'s book Breaking the Spell: The Holocaust: Myth & Reality was published by Castle Hill Publishers, Germar Rudolf's Holocaust-denial imprint in Sussex, with a foreword by self-described “Holocaust denier” James H. Fetzer, co-founder of Scholars for 9/11 Truth. It was one of several Holocaust-denial books removed from sale by Amazon in 2017. Later writing and activism
<mask>'s The Life and Death of Paul McCartney 1942–1966: A Very English Mystery (2015) supported the "Paul is dead" conspiracy theory, namely, that Paul McCartney died in 1966 and was replaced by a look-alike, while his Chronicles of False Flag Terror (2017) suggested that several terrorist attacks in Europe had been false-flag operations. Writing in 2017 about the relationship between conspiracism and historical negationism, <mask>, a historian at Exeter University, referred to Kollerstrom as a "classic example of so-called crank magnetism". Together with Ian Fantom, a 9/11 truther, <mask> co-founded Keep Talking, a conspiracy theory discussion group. In 2018 six of the group's events were cancelled by the venue Conway Hall when <mask>'s involvement was revealed.<mask>

masks:
Kollerstrom
Kollerstrom
Kollerstrom
Nicholas Terry
Kollerstrom
Kollerstrom
Kollerstrom


texts:
 has regularly appeared on the David Icke-associated Richie Allen Show, including on Holocaust Memorial Day in 2016. Allen described <mask>'s 7/7 conspiracy theory work as "vital". <mask> has also attended meetings of the far-right London Forum. Selected works
Books

(1980) with Simon Best. Lunar Planting Manual 1980–81, Marlow: W. Foulsham & Co. Ltd.
(1980) Gardening and Planting by the Moon, Marlow: W Foulsham & Co Ltd (an annual series). (1982) Lead on the Brain: A Plain Guide to Britain's No. 1 Pollutant, London: Wildwood House.(1984) Astrochemistry: A Study of Metal–Planet Affinities, London: Emergence Press. (1988) with George Farebrother (eds.). The Unnecessary War: Proceedings of the Belgrano Inquiry, November 7/8th 1986, The Belgrano Action Group, Spokesman Press. (1993) The Metal-Planet Relationship: A Study of Celestial Influence, Borderland Sciences Research Foundation. (1994) with Mike O'Neill. The Eureka Effect: Astrology of Scientific Discovery, Oxford: Auriel. (1995) The Achievement of Newton's 'Theory of the Moon's Motion' of 1702, PhD dissertation, University of London.(2000) Newton's Forgotten Lunar Theory: His Contribution to the Quest for Longitude, Santa Fe: Green Lion Press. (2002) Crop Circles: The Hidden Form, Salisbury: Wessex Books. (2003) with George Farebrother (eds.). The Case against War: The Essential Legal Inquiries, Opinions and Judgements Concerning War in Iraq, Legal

masks: Kollerstrom Kollerstrom


texts:
 Inquiry Steering Group, Nottingham: Spokesman Books (available here). (2004) with <mask> (eds.). Galileo's Astrology, Bristol: Culture and Cosmos. (2008) Venus, the Path of Beauty, Butleigh: Squeeze.(2009) Terror on the Tube: Behind the Veil of 7/7, An Investigation, San Diego: Progressive Press. (2013) Farmer's Moon, New Alchemy Press. (2013) Interface: Astronomical Essays for Astrologers, New Alchemy Press. (2013) Eureka: The Celestial Pattern at Times of Historic Inspiration, New Alchemy Press. (2014) The Secrets of the Seven Metals: A Bridge Between Heaven and Earth, New Alchemy Press. (2014) Breaking the Spell. The Holocaust: Myth & Reality, Uckfield: Castle Hill Publishers.(2015) The Life and Death of Paul McCartney 1942–1966: A Very English Mystery, United States: Moon Rock Books. (2016) How Britain Initiated Both World Wars, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. (2017) Chronicles of False Flag Terror, United States: Moon Rock Books. Articles

(1977) with P. W. Lord and W. F. Whimster. "A difference in the composition of bronchial mucus between smokers and non-smokers", Thorax, April, 32(2), pp. 155–159. (1977) with P. W. Lord and W. F. Whimster."Distribution of acid mucus in the bronchial mucous glands", Thorax, April, 32(2), pp. 160–162. (1980) "The Lawther Report: Whitewashing Leaded Petrol" , The Ecologist, 10(6/7), July/Aug/Sept, pp. 246–249. (1983) "Planetary Influences on Metal Ion


texts: Activity", Correlation, 3(1), pp. 38–50. (1985) "Newton's Lunar Mass Error", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 95, pp.151–153. (1987) with George Farebrother (eds.) The Unnecessary War: Proceedings of the Belgrano Inquiry, November 7/8th 1986, The Belgrano Action Group, Nottingham: Spokesman Books. (1988) with Mike O'Neill. "The Eureka Effect: An Initial Report", Parts I and II, The Astrological Journal, Spring and Summer. (1990) "The Edmond Halley 'Bull's Eye' Enigma", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 100, p. 7. (1991) "Crabtree's Venus-Transit Measurement", Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 32, p. 51.(1991) "Newton's two 'Moon-tests'", The British Journal for the History of Science, 24(3), September, pp. 369–372. (1992) "Thomas Simpson and 'Newton's method of approximation': An enduring myth", The British Journal for the History of Science, 25(3), September, pp. 347–354. (1992) with Mike O'Neill. "Invention Moments and Aspects to Uranus", Correlation, 11(2), December, pp. 11–23.(1992) "The Hollow World of Edmond Halley", Journal for the History of Astronomy, 23, pp. 185–192. (1993) "Bio-Dynamic Constellation Division", Science Forum, 9, Spring, pp. 29–32. (1995) with Bernard D. Yallop. "Flamsteed's Lunar Data 1692–95, Sent to Newton", Journal for the History of Astronomy, 26, pp. 237–246.(1996) "'A Reintroduction of Epicycles': Newton's 1702 Lunar Theory


texts: and Halley's Saros Correction", Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 36, pp. 357–368. (1999) "The Path of Halley's Comet, and Newton's Late Apprehension of the Law of Gravity", Annals of Science, 56(4), pp. 331–356. (2000) "How Newton inspired China's calendar", Astronomy & Geophysics, 41(5), pp. 21–22. (2000) with Camilla Power."The influence of the lunar cycle on fertility on two thoroughbred studfarms", Equine Veterinary Journal, 32(1), January, pp. 75–77. (2001) with Gerhard Staudenmaier. "Evidence for Lunar-Sidereal Rhythms in Crop Yield: A Review", Journal Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 19(3), pp. 247–259. (2002) "Newton, Halley and Uranus", Astrological Journal, August. (2003) "Galileo as Believer", Culture and Cosmos, 7(1), Spring/Summer.(2003) with Beverly Steffert. "Sex difference in response to stress by lunar month: A pilot study of four years' crisis-call frequency", BMC Psychiatry, 3(20), 10 December. (2003) "Recovering the Neptune files", Astronomy & Geophysics, 44(5), pp. 23–24. (2004) with William Sheehan, Craig B. Waff. "The Case of the Pilfered Planet: Did the British steal Neptune? ", Scientific American, 291(6), December, pp.92–99. (2004) "Galileo's first trial", Astronomy Now, 18(7), pp. 33–36. (2004) "Galileo and the new star", Astronomy Now, 18(10), pp. 58–59. (2004) "Lunar Effect on Thoroughbred Mare Fertility: An Analysis of 14 Years of Data, 1986–1999",