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 years.<mask>' family gradually released their hold on the copper industry and, today, are chiefly remembered as owners of the Craig-y-don estate, Members of Parliament, and the founders of banks. Estates
<mask> was a considerable landowner in Wales, as recorded with  in 1873. He owned estates in Anglesey and Berkshire, and elsewhere. He owned a house and estate called Craig-y-Don, near Beaumaris on Anglesey. He also had a residence at Temple House, Bisham, Berkshire, near Marlow. He was active in the Anglesey Hunt. Personal life

On 27 August 1835 <mask> married Emily Bacon (d. 1876), daughter of Anthony Bushby Bacon of Benham Park and later of Elcot Park, both in Berkshire.Their children included:

 Lt.-Gen. Owen Lewis <mask> (1836–1904), who married Fanny Florence Caulfeild, younger daughter of St. George Francis Caulfeild and younger sister of Emily, Countess of Lonsdale, in 1862. After her death in 1876, he married Nina Mary Adelaide Sinclair, daughter of Sir John Sinclair, 3rd Baronet, in 1882. Margaret Elizabeth <mask> (1838–1909), who married, as his second wife, Sir Richard <mask>, 11th Baronet of Baron Hill, Anglesey in 1866; Sir Richard was a son of Sir <mask>-Bulkeley, 10th Baronet. Emily Gwendoline <mask>  (1839–1932), who married 2nd Earl Cowley, eldest son of the Henry Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley, in 1863. Blanche Mary <mask> (1844–1914), who married Lt.-Col. Lord Charles John Innes-Ker (1842–1919), second son of the James Innes-Ker, 6th Duke of Roxburghe, in 1866. Nina Janet Bronwen <mask> (–1939), who married Hon. Seton Montolieu Montgomerie, a younger son of the Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, in 1870.<mask>

masks:
Williams
Williams
Williams
Cope Williams
Williams
Williams Bulkeley
Richard Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Thomas Anthony


type: original

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 Hwfa <mask> (–1926), who married Florence Farquharson, daughter of Henry Farquharson, in 1881; he was manager of Sandown Park racecourse and they lived at Ovington Square and were prominent in the court of Edward VII. <mask>-William (–1897), who married Heneage Finch, 7th Earl of Aylesford (1849–1885), in 1871; they separated in 1877, when she became involved with the married Marquess of Blandford (later the 8th Duke of Marlborough). The Earl of Aylesford attempted to divorce his wife, but was himself found guilty of adultery, and thus the decree nisi was cancelled. Evelyn Katrine Gwenfra <mask> (1855–1939), who married Henry Wellesley, 3rd Duke of Wellington in 1882. After his death in 1900, she married, in 1904, as his third wife, Col. Hon. Frederick Arthur Wellesley (1844–1931), a son of the 1st Earl Cowley and younger brother of the 2nd Earl Cowley, the husband of her elder sister, Emily. <mask> died on 8 September 1875.His wife died on 24 November 1876. Descendants
Through his eldest son Owen, he was a grandfather of Owen Gwynedd St George <mask> (1865–1893), who was killed in the Matabele War. Through his son Hwfa, he was a grandfather of Gwenfra <mask>, whos daughter Julie became Princess Korybut-Woroniecki by her marriage to Prince Krzysztof Korybut-Woroniecki. They had two children: Jan Korybut-Woroniecki, a London restaurateur, and Marysia Korybut-Woroniecka, a fashion business executive based in New York. Through his daughter Gwendoline ("Gwen"), who lived at Bodwen on the Isle of Wight overlooking Wootton Creek, he was a grandfather of Lady Eva Wellesley (who married, as his second wife, Randolph Wemyss, Laird of Wemyss Castle

masks:
Williams
Edith Peers
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


texts:
 and Chief of Clan Wemyss) and Henry Wellesley, 3rd Earl Cowley. Through his daughter Margaret ("Madge"), he was a grandfather of Bridget Henrietta Frances (née <mask>), who married Benjamin Seymour Guinness (parents <mask> Guinness, MP for Bath, Meraud Guinness, and Tanis Eva Bulkeley Guinness). Through his daughter Edith, Countess of Aylesford, he was the grandfather of Lady Hilda Joanna Gwendoline Finch (1872–1931), Lady Alexandra Louise Minna Finch (1875–1959), and Guy Bertrand (b.1881) who was baptized in June 1883 at St Mary le Strand as a son of the 7th Earl. His claims to the peerage (made by his mother Edith) were denied by the House of Lords in July 1885. Through his daughter Bronwen, he was the grandfather of three: Alswen, Viva and May Montgomerie. Notes

References

 Biography of <mask>, the grandfather, from the National Library of Wales. Retrieved 24 February 2008. Viva Seton Montgomerie (1954). My Scrapbook of Memories.Original draft. Eglinton Archive. Leigh Rayment. Fathers of the House of Commons. Last updated 6 December 2006, and Retrieved 24 February 2008. Leigh Rayment. Members of Parliament for Great Marlow.Last updated 6 April 2007, and Retrieved 24 February 2008. External links

Ancestry and descendants of <mask> <mask>. Retrieved 27 November 2012. 1795 births
1875 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
British Militia officers
People from Anglesey
People from Bisham
British

masks:
Williamsulkeley
Thomas Loel
Thomas Williams
Thomas Peers
Williams


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<mask> (May 9, 1844 – June 11, 1900), best known as <mask> (and dubbed the Cleopatra of the Secession or Siren of the Shenandoah, and later the Confederate Mata Hari) was a Confederate spy in the American Civil War. She operated from her father's hotel in Front Royal, Virginia, and provided valuable information to Confederate General Stonewall Jackson in 1862. Early life
<mask> was born on May 9, 1844 in Martinsburg, Virginia (now part of West Virginia). She was the eldest child of Benjamin Reed and Mary Rebecca (Glenn) <mask>. She described her childhood as idyllic. After some preliminary schooling in Martinsburg, she attended finishing school at the Mount Washington Female College in Baltimore, Maryland in 1856 at age 12. Southern spy
<mask>'s espionage career began by chance.According to her highly fictionalized 1866 account, a band of Union army soldiers heard that she had Confederate flags in her room on July 4, 1861, and they came to investigate. They hung a Union flag outside her home. Then one of the men cursed at her mother, which enraged <mask>. She pulled out a pistol and shot the man, who died some hours later. A board of inquiry exonerated her of murder, but sentries were posted around the house and officers kept close track of her activities. She profited from this enforced familiarity, charming at least one of the officers whom she named in her memoir as Captain Daniel Keily, She wrote in her memoir that she was indebted to Keily "for some very remarkable effusions, some withered flowers, and a great deal of important information." She conveyed those secrets to Confederate officers via her slave Eliza Hopewell, who carried them in a hollowed-out watch

masks:
Isabella Maria Boyd
Belle Boyd
Isabella Maria Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd


texts: case.<mask> was caught on her first attempt at spying and told that she could be sentenced to death, and she realized that she needed to find a better way to communicate. General James Shields and his staff gathered in the parlor of the local hotel in mid-May 1862. <mask> hid in the closet in the room, eavesdropping through a knothole that she enlarged in the door. She learned that Shields had been ordered east from Front Royal, Virginia. That night, she rode through Union lines, using false papers to bluff her way past the sentries, and reported the news to Colonel Turner Ashby, who was scouting for the Confederates. She then returned to town. When the Confederates advanced on Front Royal on May 23, <mask> ran to greet Stonewall Jackson's men, avoiding enemy fire that put bullet holes in her skirt, as according to her memoir.She urged an officer to inform Jackson that "the Yankee force is very small [...] Tell him to charge right down and he will catch them all." Jackson did and wrote a note of gratitude to her: "I thank you, for myself and for the army, for the immense service that you have rendered your country today." For her contributions, she was awarded the Southern Cross of Honor. Jackson also gave her captain and honorary aide-de-camp positions. <mask> was arrested at least six times but somehow evaded incarceration. By late July 1862, detective Allan Pinkerton had assigned three men to work on her case. She was finally captured by Union officials on July 29, 1862, after her lover gave her up, and they brought her to the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D.C. the next day.An inquiry was held on August 7, 1862 concerning violations of orders that <mask> be

masks: Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd Boyd


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 kept in close custody. She was held for a month before being released on August 29, 1862, when she was exchanged at Fort Monroe. She was arrested again in June 1863, but was released after contracting typhoid fever. In March 1864, <mask> attempted to travel to England, but she was intercepted by a Union blockade and sent to Canada where she met Union naval officer Samuel Wylde Hardinge. The two later married in England. and had a daughter named Grace. <mask> became an actress in England after her husband's death to support her daughter.Following the death of her husband in 1866, she and her daughter returned to the United States. <mask> assumed the stage name Nina Benjamin to perform in several cities, eventually ending up in New Orleans where she married John Swainston Hammond in March 1869, a former British Army officer who fought for the Union Army during the Civil War. They had two sons and two daughters; their first son died as an infant. <mask> divorced Hammond in 1884 and married Nathaniel Rue High in 1885. She subsequently began touring the country giving dramatic lectures of her life as a Civil War spy. Postwar years and death

<mask> published a highly fictionalized narrative of her war experiences in the two-volume <mask> in Camp and Prison. She died of a heart attack in Kilbourn City, Wisconsin (Wisconsin Dells) on June 11, 1900 at age 56.She was buried in the Spring Grove Cemetery in Wisconsin Dells, with members of the Grand Army of the Republic as her pallbearers. For years, her grave simply read:

BELLE BOYD
CONFEDERATE SPY
BORN IN VIRGINIA
DIED IN WISCONSIN
ERECTED BY A COMRADE

In popular culture
 <mask>'s life inspired the silent film series The

masks:
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Belle Boyd
Boyd


texts:
 Girl Spy. The Smiling Rebel is Harnett Kane's 1955 novel about <mask>. <mask> is a main character in Cherie Priest's 2010 steampunk novel Clementine and its 2013 sequel Fiddlehead. <mask> appears as a character in book 3 of the James Reasoner Civil War Series. <mask>'s bullet-riddled handbag was the featured artifact on an episode of the TV game show Legends of the Hidden Temple. <mask> appears as a master-spy in the Firaxis computer game Civilization 4 Beyond The Sword

See also
American Civil War spies
Hattie Lawton
Kate Warne

References

Further reading

Bakeless, John.Spies of the Confederacy. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 1997. <mask>, <mask>. <mask> in Camp and Prison. New York: Blelock, 1867. Harnett Thomas Kane, The Smiling Rebel (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1955). External links

<mask> in Camp and Prison.In Two Volumes. Vol. I. London: Saunders, Otley, and Co., 1865. <mask> in Camp and Prison. In Two Volumes. Vol. II.London: Saunders, Otley, and Co., 1865. <mask>: Siren of the South By Ruth Scarborough
<mask> in Encyclopedia Virginia
 <mask>, Wisconsin Historical Society
Official Records Retrieved June 14, 2009
Michals, Debra. "<mask>". National Women's History Museum. 2015. 1844 births
1900 deaths
Actresses from West Virginia
American Civil War spies
19th-century American memoirists
American spies
Burials in Wisconsin
Female wartime spies
People of West Virginia in the American Civil War
People from Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin
Women in the American Civil War
Writers from Martinsburg, West Virginia
American women memoirists
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
People from Front Royal,

masks:
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Belle
Belle Boyd
Belle Boyd
Belle Boyd
Belle Boyd
Belle Boyd
Belle Boyd
Belle Boyd


texts:
<mask>Ed" G<mask> (born August 9, 1968) is an American author and military historian. He is the 2018 Revolutionary in Residence for Colonial Williamsburg. His previously published books focus on <mask>'s life and legacy, and World War I. He is a co-recipient of the National Humanities Medal (for his work on the George Washington Papers project), and his books have been honored with the Army Historical Foundation Distinguished Book Award, the Norman B. Tomlinson, Jr. prize, and other awards. He is the author of General <mask>: A Military Life, which was a finalist for the 2006 George Washington Book Prize, and his 2018 release Never in Finer Company: The Men of the Great War’s Lost Battalion. Personal background
<mask><mask> was born on August 9, 1968, in Washington, D.C. His father Alan was an elementary school teacher; his mother Shelbia (née: Looper) worked for the Department of Health and Human Services. <mask> has one sibling, <mask>.<mask> received a B.A. in history in 1991 from George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. In 1993, he completed an M.A. in history with the University of Virginia, going on to acquire a Ph.D. from the same university in modern European history in 1998. The title of his dissertation was: A 'Perverse and Ill-Fated People': British Perceptions of the Irish, 1840–1860. <mask> describes his work as, “a storyteller, seeking to unfold history’s human core by walking through ancient lands, sites and battlefields in my own hiking boots.” Consequently, <mask> conducts and participates in hiking tours, including leading independent tours, and providing annual conference tours with America's History, LLC. <mask> is engaged to Caitlin Conley, a research historian and cellist originally from Colorado Springs, Colorado.<mask> has

masks:
Edward "
. Lengel
George Washington
George Washington
Edward G
. Lengel
Lengel
Eric Lengel
Lengel
Lengel
Lengel
Lengel
Lengel


texts:
 two children from a previous marriage. Professional background
While working on his B.A., <mask> worked at the George Mason University Law Library, 1990–1991. <mask> began his professional career at the University of Virginia. From his beginnings as a research assistant in the University of Virginia Library, he rose to become an Assistant Professor and Assistant Editor in 1997 on the George Washington Papers Project. From 2010–2016 he was Professor and Director of the project that he renamed the Washington Papers Project. During <mask>'s tenure, he oversaw the creation of the Barbados Diary, Martha Washington Papers and Washington Family Papers projects, and was the co-editor and then editor of The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, volumes 3–4, 11, 13, 15, 18, and 20. In 2016 <mask> left academia and relocated from Charlottesville, VA to Washington, D.C. to take on the role of Chief Historian for the White House Historical Association.The David M. Rubenstein National Center for White House History is the Association's institute for White House research and education. In 2018, Colonial Williamsburg announced that <mask> would be their Revolutionary in Residence whereby <mask> will author the historical text of a new edition of “Colonial Williamsburg: The Official Guide.” The  position allowed <mask> to become an independent historian and full-time author. <mask> has occupied other advisory and board positions including:

 Humanities Advisor, World War I and America, a NEH-funded educational project of the Library of America (wwiamerica.org)
 Advisory Board, United States World War One Centennial Commission. Trustee, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library Foundation, Staunton, VA, July 2011-July 2013. Service as chair of Library and

masks: Lengel Lengel Lengel Lengel Lengel Lengel Lengel Lengel


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 Archives Committee, and member of Education Committee. Citizen Advisory Council, Virginia Commission on the Centennial of Woodrow Wilson's Presidency, July 2011 – 2012
 Board of Directors, World War I Memorial Project, July 2011 – Present

Honors and awards
<mask>'s honors include the National Humanities Medal, received for his work with the Washington Papers Project. He secured the Norman B. Tomlinson, Jr. book prize, and the Rawlings Prize, and he has been recognized by the Army Historical Foundation and the U.S. Military History Group.Outstanding Book Award, Army Historical Foundation for Thunder and Flames, 2015
 Master Corporal Jan Stanislaw Jakobczak Memorial Book Award, U.S. Military History Group for Thunder and Flames, 2015
 Outstanding Professor Award, University of Virginia Inter-Sorority Council, 2015
 George Washington Masonic Memorial Award, for scholarship on <mask>, 2014. Norman B. Tomlinson, Jr., book prize for To Conquer Hell: The Meuse-Argonne, 1918; The Western Front Association, 2008. National Humanities Medal (with Washington Papers Project), 2005
 General and Mrs. Matthew B. Ridgway Military History Research Grant, U.S. Army Military History Institute, 2003. Rawlings Prize (Albemarle County Historical Society), 1999 and 2001. Governor's Fellowship (University of Virginia), 1995–1996. Dumas Malone Traveling Fellowship (University of Virginia), 1994–1995. Published works

The Irish through British eyes: perceptions of Ireland in the Famine era, Greenwood, 2002,
World War I memories: an annotated bibliography of personal accounts published in English since 1919, Scarecrow, 2004,
General <mask>: A Military Life, Random House, 2005,   (reprint Random House, Inc., 2008, )
This Glorious Struggle: <mask>'s Revolutionary War Letters,

masks:
Lengel
George Washington
George Washington
George Washington


texts:
 Editor <mask><mask>, Smithsonian Books, 2007,
To Conquer Hell: The Meuse-Argonne, 1918, Macmillan, 2008,    (2nd edition Henry Holt and Co., 2009, )
Inventing <mask>: America's Founder, in Myth and Memory, Harper, 2011,
First Entrepreneur: How <mask> Built His--and the Nation's--Prosperity, Da Capo Press, 2016,
Thunder and Flames: Americans in the Crucible of Combat, 1917-1918, University Press of Kansas, 2015,
Never in Finer Company: The Men of the Great War's Lost Battalion, Da Capo Press, 2018,

Tours and talks
Throughout his career, Lengel has given speeches and presentations related to his research as he believes, "engaging with and fellow historians is one of the great joys of being an author."Presentations include those about his published works, such as his February, 2011 talk at Mount Vernon at the David M. Rubenstein Leadership Hall at The Fred W. Smith National Library to discuss his book First Entrepreneur: How <mask> Built His--and the Nation's—Prosperity. Or his 2017 talk, "Testing the American Way of War: Doughboys in Combat, 1917–1918" at the George C. Marshall Foundation. His tagline of being a, "storyteller hiking through history," is supported by curated or customized events and small-group walking tours of historic sites. <mask> is also on the Historical Advisory Board for the United States World War I Centennial Commission and he is one of the contributors to their Podcast series WWI Centennial News. References

External links
"Arrogance of War", The <mask> Show
"Meuse-Argonne, 1918: The Battle That Ended World War I", Virginia Historical Society

https://www.whitehousehistory.org/staff/edward-lengel

Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
1968 births
American male non-fiction

masks:
Edward G
. Lengel
George Washington
George Washington
George Washington
Lengel
Paula Gordon


texts: <mask> (; ; born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012. Born in Paris, he is of one half Hungarian, one quarter Greek Jewish, and one quarter French origin. Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002, he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur (1993–1995) during François Mitterrand's second term. During Jacques Chirac's second presidential term he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances. He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party from 2004 to 2007. He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against Socialist Ségolène Royal. During his term, he faced the financial crisis of 2007–2008 (causing a recession, the European sovereign debt crisis), the Russo-Georgian War (for which he negotiated a ceasefire) and the Arab Spring (especially in Tunisia, Libya, and Syria).He initiated the reform of French universities (2007) and the pension reform (2010). He married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris. In the 2012 election, François Hollande, candidate of the Socialist Party, defeated Sarkozy by a 3.2% margin. After leaving the presidential office, Sarkozy vowed to retire from public life before coming back in 2014, being subsequently reelected as UMP leader (renamed The Republicans in 2015). Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016, he retired from public life. He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases, notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections. In 2021, Sarkozy was convicted of corruption in two

masks: Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy Bocsa


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 separate trials.His first conviction resulted in him receiving a sentence of three years, two of them suspended and one in prison; he has appealed against the ruling. For his second conviction, he received a one year sentence, which he is allowed to serve under home confinement. Personal life

Family background

<mask> was born in Paris, and is the son of Pál István Ernő Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa (; —in some sources Nagy-Bócsay Sárközy Pál István Ernő), (born 5 May 1928), a Protestant Hungarian aristocrat, and Andrée Jeanne "Dadu" Mallah (12 October 1925 – 12 December 2017), whose Greek Jewish father converted to Catholicism to marry Sarkozy's French Catholic maternal grandmother. They were married in the Saint-François-de-Sales church, 17th arrondissement of Paris, on 8 February 1950, and divorced in 1959. Early life
During Sarkozy's childhood, his father founded his own advertising agency and became wealthy. The family lived in a mansion owned by Sarkozy's maternal grandfather, Benedict Mallah, in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. The family later moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, one of the wealthiest communes of the Île-de-France région immediately west of Paris.According to Sarkozy, his staunchly Gaullist grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father, whom he rarely saw. Sarkozy was raised Catholic. Sarkozy said that being abandoned by his father shaped much of who he is today. He also has said that, in his early years, he felt inferior in relation to his wealthier and taller classmates. "What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood", he said later. Education
Sarkozy was enrolled in the Lycée Chaptal, a well regarded public middle


texts:
 and high school in Paris' 8th arrondissement, where he failed his sixième. His family then sent him to the Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau, a private Catholic school in the 17th arrondissement, where he was reportedly a mediocre student, but where he nonetheless obtained his baccalauréat in 1973.Sarkozy enrolled at the Université Paris X Nanterre, where he graduated with an M.A. in private law and, later, with a D.E.A. degree in business law. Paris X Nanterre had been the starting place for the May '68 student movement and was still a stronghold of leftist students. Described as a quiet student, Sarkozy soon joined the right-wing student organization, in which he was very active. He completed his military service as a part-time Air Force cleaner. After graduating from university, Sarkozy entered Sciences Po, where he studied between 1979 and 1981, but failed to graduate due to an insufficient command of the English language.After passing the bar, Sarkozy became a lawyer specializing in business and family law and was one of Silvio Berlusconi's French lawyers. Marriages

Marie-Dominique Culioli
Sarkozy married his first wife, Marie-Dominique Culioli, on 23 September 1982; her father was a pharmacist from Vico (a village north of Ajaccio, Corsica), her uncle was Achille Peretti, the mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1947 to 1983 and Sarkozy's political mentor. They had two sons, Pierre (born in 1985), now a hip-hop producer, and Jean (born in 1986) now a local politician in the city of Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy started his own political career. Sarkozy's best man was the prominent right-wing politician Charles Pasqua, later to become a political opponent. Sarkozy divorced Culioli in


texts:
 1996, after they had been separated for several years. Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz
As mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Sarkozy met former fashion model and public relations executive Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz (great-granddaughter of composer Isaac Albéniz and daughter of a Moldovan father), when he officiated at her wedding to television host Jacques Martin. In 1988, she left her husband for Sarkozy, and divorced one year later.She and <mask> married in October 1996, with witnesses Martin Bouygues and Bernard Arnault. They have one son, Louis, born 23 April 1997. Between 2002 and 2005, the couple often appeared together on public occasions, with Cécilia <mask> acting as the chief aide for her husband. On 25 May 2005, however, the Swiss newspaper Le Matin revealed that she had left Sarkozy for French-Moroccan national Richard Attias, head of Publicis in New York. There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin, which led to Sarkozy suing the paper. In the meantime, he was said to have had an affair with a journalist of Le Figaro, Anne Fulda. <mask> and Cécilia ultimately divorced on 15 October 2007, soon after his election as president.Carla Bruni

Less than a month after separating from Cécilia, <mask> met Italian-born singer, songwriter and former fashion model Carla Bruni at a dinner party, and soon entered into a relationship with her. They married on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris. The couple have a daughter, Giulia, born on 19 October 2011. It was the first time a French president has publicly had a child while in office. Personal wealth
Sarkozy declared to the Constitutional Council a net worth of €2 million, most of the assets being in the form of life

masks: Sarkozy Sarkozy Sarkozy Sarkozy


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 insurance policies. As the French President, one of his first actions was to give himself a pay raise: his yearly salary went from €101,000 to €240,000, matching other European officeholders. He is also entitled to a mayoral, parliamentarian and presidential pension as a former Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine, member of the National Assembly and President of France.Early political career
<mask> is recognized by French parties on both the Right and Left as a skilled politician and striking orator. His supporters within France emphasize his charisma, political innovation and willingness to "make a dramatic break" amid mounting disaffection against "politics as usual". Overall, he is considered more pro-American and pro-Israeli than most French politicians. From 2004 to 2007, <mask> was president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire (UMP), France's major right-wing political party, and he was Minister of the Interior in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin, with the honorific title of Minister of State, making him effectively the number three official in the French State after President Jacques Chirac and Villepin. His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co-ordinate relationships between the national and local governments, as well as Minister of Worship: in this role he created the French Council of the Muslim Faith (CFCM). Previously, he was a député in the French National Assembly. He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment.He previously also held several ministerial posts, including Finance Minister. In Government: 1993–1995
<mask>'s political career began when he was 23, when he became a city

masks: Sarkozy Sarkozy Sarkozy


texts: councillor in Neuilly-sur-Seine. A member of the Neo-Gaullist party RPR, he went on to be elected mayor of that town, after the death of the incumbent mayor Achille Peretti. <mask> had been close to Peretti, as his mother was Peretti's secretary. A more senior RPR councillor, Charles Pasqua, wanted to become mayor, and asked Sarkozy to organize his campaign. Instead Sarkozy took that opportunity to propel himself into the office of mayor. He was the youngest mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50,000.He served from 1983 to 2002. In 1988, he became a deputy in the National Assembly. In 1993, Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the "Human Bomb", a man who had taken small children hostage in a kindergarten in Neuilly. The "Human Bomb" was killed after two days of talks by policemen of the RAID, who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting. At the same time, from 1993 to 1995, he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur. Throughout most of his early career, Sarkozy had been seen as a protégé of Jacques Chirac. During his tenure, he increased France's public debt more than any other French Budget Minister, by the equivalent of €200 billion (US$260 billion) (FY 1994–1996).The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament (budgets for FY1994 and FY1995) assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to six percent of GDP. According to the Maastricht Treaty, the French yearly budget deficit may not exceed three percent of France's GDP. In 1995, he spurned Chirac and backed Édouard Balladur for President of France. After Chirac won the election, <mask> lost

masks: Sarkozy Sarkozy


texts: his position as Minister for the Budget, and found himself outside the circles of power. However, he returned after the right-wing defeat at the 1997 parliamentary election, as the number two candidate of the RPR. When the party leader Philippe Séguin resigned, in 1999, he took the leadership of the Neo-Gaullist party. But it obtained its worst result at the 1999 European Parliament election, winning 12.7% of the votes, less than the dissident Rally for France of Charles Pasqua.<mask> lost the RPR leadership. In 2002, however, after his re-election as President of the French Republic (see 2002 French presidential election), Chirac appointed <mask> as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin, despite Sarkozy's support of Edouard Balladur for President in 1995. Following Chirac's 14 July keynote speech on road safety, Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads. In the cabinet reshuffle of 30 April 2004, <mask> became Finance Minister. Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party, as <mask>'s intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of Alain Juppé became clear. In party elections of 10 November 2004, <mask> became leader of the UMP with 85% of the vote. In accordance with an agreement with Chirac, he resigned as Finance Minister.<mask>'s ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes, such as Sarkozy's "first lieutenant", Brice Hortefeux, and Chirac loyalists, such as Jean-Louis Debré. Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (Knight of

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 the Legion of Honour) by President Chirac in February 2005. He was re-elected on 13 March 2005 to the National Assembly. (As required by the constitution, he had to resign as a deputy when he became minister in 2002.) On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station France Info reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin without resigning from the UMP leadership. This was confirmed on 2 June 2005, when the members of the government were officially announced. First term as Minister of the Interior: 2002–2004

Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior, in 2004, Sarkozy was the most divisive conservative politician in France, according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004.Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the Muslim community. Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations, the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf. Sarkozy supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non-profit Conseil français du culte musulman ("French Council of the Muslim Faith"), an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims. In addition, Sarkozy has suggested amending the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State, mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds so that they are less reliant on money from outside France. It was not followed by any concrete measure. Minister of Finance: 2004
During his short


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 appointment as Minister of Finance, Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies. The degree to which this reflected libéralisme (a hands-off approach to running the economy) or more traditional French state dirigisme (intervention) is controversial.He resigned the day following his election as president of the UMP. In September 2004, <mask> oversaw the reduction of the government ownership stake in France Télécom from 50.4 percent to 41 percent. <mask> backed a partial nationalisation of the large engineering company Alstom decided by his predecessor when the company was exposed to bankruptcy in 2003. In June 2004, Sarkozy reached an agreement with the major retail chains in France to concertedly lower prices on household goods by an average of two percent; the success of this measure is disputed, with studies suggesting that the decrease was close to one percent in September. Taxes: Sarkozy avoided taking a position on the ISF (solidarity tax on wealth). This is considered an ideological symbol by many on the left and right. Some in the business world and on the liberal right, such as Alain Madelin, wanted it abolished.For Sarkozy, that would have risked being categorised by the left as a gift to the richest classes of society at a time of economic difficulties. Second term as Minister of the Interior: 2005–2007

During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior, Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities: instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order, many of his declarations addressed wider issues, since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party. However, the civil unrest in autumn 2005 put law enforcement in


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 the spotlight again. Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from housing projects a "rabble" ("racaille") in Argenteuil near Paris, and controversially suggested cleansing the minority suburbs with a Kärcher. After the accidental death of two youths, which sparked the riots, Sarkozy first blamed it on "hoodlums" and gangsters. These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government, Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities Azouz Begag. After the rioting, he made a number of announcements on future policy: selection of immigrants,  greater tracking of immigrants, and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents.UMP leader: 2004–2007

Before he was elected President of France, <mask> was president of UMP, the French conservative party, elected with 85 percent of the vote. During his presidency, the number of members increased significantly. In 2005, he supported a "yes" vote in the French referendum on the European Constitution, but the "No" vote won. Throughout 2005, Sarkozy called for radical changes in France's economic and social policies. These calls culminated in an interview with Le Monde on 8 September 2005, during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises. Among other issues:
 he called for a simplified and "fairer" taxation system, with fewer loopholes and a maximum taxation rate (all direct taxes combined) at 50 percent of revenue;
 he approved measures reducing or denying social support to unemployed workers who refuse work offered to them;
 he pressed for a reduction in the budget deficit, claiming that the French


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 state had been living off credit for some time. Such policies are what are called in France libéral (that is, in favour of laissez-faire economic policies) or, with a pejorative undertone, ultra-libéral.Sarkozy rejects this label of libéral and prefers to call himself a pragmatist. Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system, with quotas designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy. He also wanted to reform the current French system for foreign students, saying that it enabled foreign students to take open-ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France; instead, he wanted to select the best students to the best curricula in France. In early 2006, the French parliament adopted a controversial bill known as DADVSI, which reforms French copyright law. Since his party was divided on the issue, Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved. Later, groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD.info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law, which enacted strong penalties against designers of peer-to-peer systems. Presidential election: 2007

Sarkozy was a likely candidate for the presidency in 2007; in an oft-repeated comment made on television channel France 2, when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning, Sarkozy commented, "Not just when I shave".On 14 January 2007, <mask> was chosen by the UMP to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election. <mask>, who was running unopposed, won 98 percent of the votes. Of the 327,000 UMP members who could vote, 69


texts: percent participated in the online ballot. In February 2007, <mask> appeared on a televised debate on TF1 where he expressed his support for affirmative action and the freedom to work overtime. Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage, he advocated civil unions and the possibility for same-sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples. The law was voted in July 2007. On 7 February, Sarkozy decided in favour of a projected second, non-nuclear, aircraft carrier for the national Navy (adding to the nuclear Charles de Gaulle), during an official visit in Toulon with Defence Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie."This would allow permanently having an operational ship, taking into account the constraints of maintenance", he explained. On 21 March, President Jacques Chirac announced his support for <mask>. Chirac pointed out that <mask> had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party, and said: "So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support." To focus on his campaign, <mask> stepped down as Minister of the Interior on 26 March. During the campaign, rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a "candidate for brutality" and of presenting hard-line views about France's future. Opponents also accused him of courting conservative voters in policy-making in a bid to capitalise on right-wing sentiments among some communities. However, his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period, consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate, Ségolène Royal.The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007. <mask> came in first with 31.18 percent of the votes, ahead of Ségolène

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 Royal of the Socialists with 25.87 percent. In the second round, <mask> came out on top to win the election with 53.06 percent of the votes ahead of Ségolène Royal with 46.94 percent. In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results, Sarkozy stressed the need for France's modernisation, but also called for national unity, mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts. In that speech, he claimed "The French have chosen to break with the ideas, habits and behaviour of the past. I will restore the value of work, authority, merit and respect for the nation." Presidency of France

Inauguration

On 6 May 2007, <mask> became the sixth person to be elected President of the Fifth Republic (which was established in 1958), and the 23rd President in French history.The official transfer of power from Chirac to Sarkozy took place on 16 May at 11:00 am (9:00 UTC) at the Élysée Palace, where he was given the authorization codes of the French nuclear arsenal. In the afternoon, the new president flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel. Under Sarkozy's government, François Fillon replaced Dominique de Villepin as Prime Minister. Sarkozy appointed Bernard Kouchner, the left-wing founder of Médecins Sans Frontières, as his Foreign Minister, leading to Kouchner's expulsion from the Socialist Party. In addition to Kouchner, three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left, including Éric Besson, who served as Ségolène Royal's economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign. Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15; one, Justice Minister Rachida Dati, is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet. Of the 15, two

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 attended the elite École nationale d'administration (ENA).The ministers were reorganised, with the controversial creation of a 'Ministry of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Co-Development'—given to his right-hand man Brice Hortefeux—and of a 'Ministry of Budget, Public Accounts and Civil Administration'—handed out to Éric Wœrth, supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire. However, after 17 June parliamentary elections, the Cabinet was adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers, totalling 31 officials. Sarkozy broke with the custom of amnestying traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on Bastille Day, a tradition that Napoleon had started in 1802 to commemorate the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution. In the 2007 and 2008, French President <mask>, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and Quebec Premier Jean Charest all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement. In October 2008, <mask> became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec. In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism, but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada. He said that, to France, Canada was a friend, and Quebec was family.Release of hostages
Shortly after taking office, <mask> began negotiations with Colombian president Álvaro Uribe and the left-wing guerrilla FARC, regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group, especially Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt. According to some sources, Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARC's "chancellor" Rodrigo Granda. Furthermore, he announced on 24 July 2007, that French and

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 European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya to their country. In exchange, he signed with Muammar Gaddafi security, health care and immigration pacts—and a $230 million (168 million euros) MILAN antitank missile sale. The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004, and was negotiated with MBDA, a subsidiary of EADS. Another 128 million euro contract would have been signed, according to Tripoli, with EADS for a TETRA radio system. The Socialist Party (PS) and the Communist Party (PCF) criticised a "state affair" and a "barter" with a "Rogue state".The leader of the PS, François Hollande, requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation. Green policy
On 8 June 2007, during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO2 emissions by 50 percent by 2050 in order to prevent global warming. He then pushed forward Socialist Dominique Strauss-Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures. In 2010, a study of :Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most respectful country of the G20 concerning the environment. Economic policy
The Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), Sarkozy's party, won a majority at the June 2007 legislative election, although by less than expected. In July, the UMP majority, seconded by the Nouveau Centre, ratified one of Sarkozy's electoral promises, which was to partially revoke the inheritance tax.The inheritance tax formerly brought eight billion euros into state coffers. Sarkozy's UMP


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 majority prepared a budget that reduced taxes, in particular for upper middle-class people, allegedly in an effort to boost GDP growth, but did not reduce state expenditures. He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so. On 23 July 2008, parliament voted the "loi de modernisation de l'économie" (Modernization of the Economy Law) which loosened restrictions on retail prices and reduced limitations on the creation of businesses. The Government has also made changes to long-standing French work-hour regulations, allowing employers to negotiate overtime with employees and making all hours worked past the traditional French 35-hour week tax-free. However, as a result of the global financial crisis that came to a head in September 2008, Sarkozy has returned to the state interventionism of his predecessors, declaring that "laissez-faire capitalism is over" and denouncing the "dictatorship of the market". Confronted with the suggestion that he had become a socialist, he responded: "Have I become socialist?Perhaps." He has also pledged to create 100,000 state-subsidised jobs. Security policy
<mask>'s government issued a decree on 7 August 2007 to generalise a voluntary biometric profiling program of travellers in airports. The program, called 'Parafes', was to use fingerprints. The new database would be interconnected with the Schengen Information System (SIS) as well as with a national database of wanted persons (FPR). The Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL) protested against this new decree, opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR. Constitutional reform
On 21 July 2008, the French


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 parliament passed constitutional reforms which Sarkozy had made one of the key pledges of his presidential campaign.The vote was 539 to 357, one vote over the three-fifths majority required; the changes are not yet finalized. They would introduce a two-term limit for the presidency, and end the president's right of collective pardon. They would allow the president to address parliament in-session, and parliament, to set its own agenda. They would give parliament a veto over some presidential appointments, while ending government control over parliament's committee system. He has claimed that these reforms strengthen parliament, while some opposition socialist lawmakers have described it as a "consolidation of a monocracy". International affairs

During his 2007 presidential campaign, <mask> promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom and closer cooperation with the United States. Sarkozy wielded special international power when France held the rotating EU Council Presidency from July 2008 through December 2008.<mask> has publicly stated his intention to attain EU approval of a progressive energy package before the end of his EU Presidency. This energy package would clearly define climate change objectives for the EU and hold members to specific reductions in emissions. In further support of his collaborative outlook on climate change, <mask> has led the EU into a partnership with China. On 6 December 2008, <mask>, as part of France's then presidency of the Council of the EU, met the Dalai Lama in Poland and outraged China, which has announced that it would postpone the China-EU summit indefinitely. On 3 April 2009, at the NATO Summit in Strasbourg,

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 Sarkozy announced that France would offer asylum to a former Guantanamo captive. "We are on the path to failure if we continue to act as we have", French President <mask> cautioned at the U.N. Climate Summit on 22 September 2009.On 5 January 2009, Sarkozy called for a ceasefire plan for the Gaza Strip Conflict. The plan, which was jointly proposed by Sarkozy and Egyptian ex-President Hosni Mubarak envisions the continuation of the delivery of aid to Gaza and talks with Israel on border security, a key issue for Israel as it says Hamas smuggles its rockets into Gaza through the Egyptian border. Welcoming the proposal, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called for a "ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security". Military intervention in Libya
Muammar Gaddafi's official visit to <mask>y in December 2007 triggered a strong wave of protests against the President in France. In March 2011, after having been criticized for his unwillingness to support the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions, and persuaded by the philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy to have France actively engage against the forces of the Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi, <mask> was amongst the first Heads of State to demand the resignation of Gaddafi and his government, which was then fighting a civil war in Libya. On 10 March 2011, <mask>y welcomed to the Elysee Palace, three emissaries from the Libyan National Transitional Council (NTC), brought to him by Bernard-Henri Levy who mediated at the meeting. <mask> promised them a no-fly zone would be imposed on Gaddafi's aeroplanes.He also promised them French military assistance. On 17 March 2011, at the behest of France, resolution 1973 was adopted by the Security

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 Council of the United Nations, permitting the creation of a "no fly" zone over Libya, and for the undertaking of "necessary measures" for the protection of the country's civilian population. On 19 March 2011, <mask> officially announced the beginning of a military intervention in Libya, with France's participation. These actions of <mask>y were favorably received by the majority of the French political class and public opinion. In 2016, the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British Parliament published a report stating that the military intervention "was based on erroneous assumptions" that the threat of a massacre of civilian populations has been "overvalued" and that the coalition "Has not verified the real threat to civilians"; He also believes that the true motivations of <mask>y were to serve French interests and to "improve his political situation in France". 2012 presidential campaign

<mask> was one of ten candidates who qualified for the first round of voting. François Hollande, the Socialist Party candidate, received the most votes in the first round held on 22 April election, with <mask> coming second, meaning that both progressed to the second round of voting on 5–6 May 2012.<mask> lost in the runoff and conceded to Hollande. He received an estimated 48.38% compared to Hollande's 51.62%. After his defeat

Temporary retirement: 2012–2014
After his defeat at the 2012 election, <mask>y asked his supporters to respect Hollande's victory. He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May Victory in Europe Day commemoration in office. His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May. Shortly after, Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a

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 €250 million commitment from the Qatar Investment Authority to back his planned buyout firm. He abandoned his private equity plans when he decided to make a political comeback in 2014.Return to politics: 2014–2016

On 19 September 2014, <mask> announced that he was returning to politics and would run for chairman of the UMP party. and was elected to the post on 29 November 2014. Led by Sarkozy, UMP won over two-thirds of the 102 local departements in the nationwide elections on 29 March 2015. On 13 December, the Republicans won the majority of regional office races, another set of national elections. (On 30 May the UMP's name was changed to the Republicans.) In January 2016, <mask> published the book La France pour la vie. In August 2016, he announced his candidacy for 2016 Republican presidential primary in November 2016, but only came in third place behind François Fillon and Alain Juppé.He decided to endorse Fillon and signaled that he was retiring from politics. Other activities

Corporate boards
 Lagardère Group, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2020)
 Accor, Independent Member of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the International Strategy Committee (since 2017)
 Groupe Lucien Barrière, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2019)

Non-profit organizations
 Berggruen Institute, Member of the 21st Century Council
 Schwarzman Scholars, Honorary Member of the Advisory Board

Public image
<mask> was named the 68th best-dressed person in the world by Vanity Fair, alongside David Beckham and Brad Pitt. However, Sarkozy has also been named as the third worst-dressed person in the world by GQ, a listing that has been disputed. Beside publicising, at times, and at others,


texts: refusing to publicise his ex-wife Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz's image, Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image, sometimes to the point of censorship—such as in the Paris Match affair, when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on his ex-wife and her affair with Publicis executive Richard Attias, or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche, which was preparing to publish an article concerning Ciganer-Albéniz's decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election. In its edition of 9 August 2007, Paris Match retouched a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a love handle. His official portrait destined for all French town halls was done by Sipa Press photographer Philippe Warrin, better known for his paparazzi work. Former Daily Telegraph journalist Colin Randall has highlighted <mask>'s tighter control of his image and frequent interventions in the media: "he censors a book, or fires the chief editor of a weekly."<mask> is reported by Reuters to be sensitive about his height (believed to be ). The French media have pointed out that Carla Bruni frequently wears flats when in public with him. In 2009, a worker at a factory where Sarkozy gave a speech said she was asked to stand next to him because she was of a similar height to Sarkozy. (This story was corroborated by some trade union officials.) This was the subject of a political row: the president's office called the accusation "completely absurd and grotesque", while the Socialist Party mocked his fastidious preparation. Sarkozy lost a suit against a manufacturer of Sarkozy voodoo dolls, in which he claimed that he had a right to his own image. Sarkozy was nicknamed as


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 Hyper-president or hyperpresident  by some French media after his 2007 election as president, to describe his desire to control everything.Whereas in the history of the Fifth Republic, the successive presidents were traditionally focused on the foreign policy of the country and on international relations, leaving the Prime Minister and the government to determine the domestic policy, as the Constitution states it, <mask>y appeared to determine both the foreign and domestic policy. Some compared <mask> to Napoléon Bonaparte and Louis XIV. Indeed, he appointed a very close friend of his, François Fillon, as a Prime Minister. François Fillon was accused of being an instrument of the President's power. The biopic The Conquest is a 2011 film that dramatizes <mask>'s rise to power, with candid portrayals of <mask> himself, Chirac and Villepin. It was shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. Controversies

<mask> is generally disliked by the left and has been criticised by some on the right, most vocally by moderate Gaullist supporters of Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin.The communist-leaning magazine L'Humanité accused Sarkozy of populism. Views on religions

In 2004 Sarkozy co-authored a book, La République, les religions, l'espérance (The Republic, Religions, and Hope), in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or republican values. He advocated reducing the separation of church and state, arguing for the government subsidies for mosques to encourage Islamic integration into French society. He has opposed financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France. After meeting with Tom Cruise, Sarkozy was criticized by some for meeting

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 with a member of the Church of Scientology, which has been seen by some as a cult. Sarkozy was criticized by some after he claimed "the roots of France are essentially Christian" at a December 2007 speech in Rome. Similarly, he drew criticism from after he called Islam "one of the greatest and most beautiful civilizations the world has known" at a speech in Riyadh in January 2008.Controversial statements
In the midst of a tense period and following the death of an 11-year-old boy, caught in the crossfire of a gang brawl in the Paris suburb of La Courneuve in June 2005, Sarkozy went to the scene and said: "on va nettoyer au Kärcher la cité"" ("we will clean the area with a pressure washer"). Two days before the 2005 Paris riots, he referred to young criminals of nearby housing projects as "voyous" ("thugs") and "racaille", a slang term which can be translated into English as "rabble", "scum" or "riff-raff", in answer to resident who addressed Sarkozy with "Quand nous débarrassez-vous de cette racaille?" ("When will you rid us of these dregs?") The French Communist Party publication, L'Humanité, branded this language as inappropriate. Following Sarkozy's use of the word racaille many people in the banlieues identified him as a politician of the far right. His period as Minister of the Interior saw the use of police as shock troops in the "banlieues", and a police "raid" on the suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois in October 2005 led to two boys being electrocuted in a power sub-station. The riots began that night.In September 2005 <mask> was accused of pushing for a hasty inquiry into an arson attack on a police station in Pau, of which the alleged perpetrators were acquitted for lack of proof.


texts: On 22 June 2005 Sarkozy told law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of "the judge" who had freed a man on parole who had later committed a murder. A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections, Sarkozy had an interview with philosopher Michel Onfray. Sarkozy stated that disorders such as paedophilia and depression have a genetic as well as social basis, saying "... I'd be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile, and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease"; he claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating, "I don't want to give parents a complex. It's not exclusively the parents' fault every time a youngster commits suicide." These statements were criticised by some scientists, including geneticist Axel Kahn.Sarkozy later added, "What part is innate and what part is acquired? At least let's debate it, let's not close the door to all debate." On 27 July 2007, Sarkozy delivered a speech in Dakar, Senegal, written by Henri Guaino, in which he claimed that "the African has never really entered into history". The controversial remarks were widely condemned by Africans, with some viewing them as racist. South African president Thabo Mbeki praised <mask>'s speech, which raised criticism by some in the South African media. On 30 July 2010, Sarkozy suggested a new policy of security, and he proposed "stripping foreign-born French citizens who opted to acquire their nationality at their majority of their citizenship if they are convicted of threatening the life of a police officer or other serious crimes". This policy has been criticized for


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 example by the US newspaper The New York Times, by Sarkozy's political opponents, including the Socialist Party leader Martine Aubry, and by experts of French law, including the  ex-member of the Constitutional Council of France, Robert Badinter, who said that such action would be unconstitutional.He called for coercive methods to promote "métissage," cultural mixing (which can sometimes include genetic mixing), which he called an "obligation" during a press conference on 17 December 2008. "Casse-toi, pauv'con"
On 23 February 2008, Sarkozy was filmed by a reporter for French newspaper Le Parisien having the following exchange while visiting the Paris International Agricultural Show:While quickly crossing the hall Saturday morning, in the middle of the crowd, Sarkozy encounters a recalcitrant visitor who refuses to shake his hand. "Ah no, don't touch me! ", said the man. The president retorted immediately: "Get lost, then." "You're making me dirty", yelled the man. With a frozen smile, Sarkozy says, his teeth glistening, a refined "Get lost, then, poor dumb-ass, go."A precise translation into English has many possible variations. On 28 August 2008, Hervé Eon, from Laval came to an anti-Sarkozy demonstration with a sign bearing the words Casse-toi pov' con, the exact words Sarkozy had uttered. Eon was arrested for causing offence to the presidential function and the prosecutor, who in France indirectly reports to the president, requested a fine of €1000. The court eventually imposed a symbolic €30 suspended fine, which has generally been interpreted as a defeat for the prosecution side. This incident was widely reported on, in particular as <mask>, as president of the Republic, is


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 immune from prosecution, notably restricting Eon's rights to sue Sarkozy for defamation. Position on the Iraq war
Sarkozy opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. However, he was critical of the way Chirac and his foreign minister Dominique de Villepin expressed France's opposition to the war.Talking at the French-American Foundation in Washington, D.C. on 12 September 2006, he denounced what he called the "French arrogance" and said: "It is bad manners to embarrass one's allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles." He added: "We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis." Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozy's speech was "appalling" and "a shameful act". Accusations of nepotism
In October 2009, <mask> was accused of nepotism for helping his son, Jean, try to become head of the public body running France's biggest business district EPAD. On 3 July 2012, French police raided Sarkozy's residence and office as part of a probe into claims that Sarkozy was involved in illegal political campaign financing. Political and financial scandals
On 5 July 2010, following its investigations on the Bettencourt affair, online newspaper Mediapart ran an article in which Claire Thibout, a former accountant of billionairess Liliane Bettencourt, accused <mask> and Eric Woerth of receiving illegal campaign donations in 2007, in cash. On 1 July 2014 Sarkozy was detained for questioning by police over claims he had promised a prestigious role in Monaco to a high-ranking judge, Gilbert Azibert, in exchange for information about the investigation into alleged illegal campaign funding.Mr Azibert, one of the most senior judges at the Court of Appeal, was called in for


texts: questioning on 30 June 2014. It is believed to be the first time a former French president has been held in police custody, although his predecessor, Jacques Chirac, was found guilty of embezzlement and breach of trust while he was mayor of Paris and given a suspended prison sentence in 2011. After 15 hours in police custody, Sarkozy was put under official investigation for "active corruption", "misuse of influence" and "obtained through a breach of professional secrecy" on 2 July 2014. Mr Azibert and <mask>'s lawyer, Thierry Herzog, are also now under official investigation. The two accusations carry sentences of up to 10 years in prison. The developments were seen as a blow to <mask>'s attempts to challenge for the presidency in 2017. Nevertheless, he later stood as a candidate for the Republican party nomination, but was eliminated from the contest in November 2016.A trial on this case, <mask>'s first, started on 23 November 2020. On 16 February 2016, <mask> was indicted on "illegal financing of political campaign" charges related to overspending in his 2012 presidential campaign and retained as witness in connection with the Bygmalion scandal. In April 2016, Arnaud Claude, former law partner of Sarkozy, was named in the Panama Papers. On 23 November 2020, the trial of <mask>y started who is accused of corruption and influence peddling, for an attempted bribery of a judge. The trial was postponed until November 26, following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons. On 1 March 2021, a court in Paris found former French President <mask>y guilty of corruption, trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange case involving a number of individuals

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 like magistrate Gilbert Azibert and Sarkozy's former lawyer Thierry Herzog. Both men were tried with him and convicted as well.<mask> and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years, two of them suspended, and one in prison. <mask> appealed the ruling, which suspends its application. On 20 May 2021, a second criminal, this time pertaining to the Bygmolian Scandal trial related to illegal campaign funding began for <mask>, as well as 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal. <mask>'s second corruption trial involved allegations of diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on the his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up. The illicit campaign finance money was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events. On 30 September 2021, <mask>, as well as his co-defendants, was convicted. For this conviction, <mask> was given a 1 year prison sentence, though he was also given the option to serve this sentence at home with an electronic bracelet.Alleged Libyan agent of influence

Shortly after his inauguration as President of France in 2007, Sarkozy invited Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to France over the objections of both the political opposition, and members of his own government. The visit marked the first time Gaddafi had been to France in more than 35 years and, during it, France agreed to sell Libya 21 Airbus aircraft and signed a nuclear cooperation agreement. Negotiations for the purchase of more than a dozen Dassault Rafale fighter jets, plus military helicopters, were also initiated during the trip. During the 2011 Libyan Civil War – a conflict in which France


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 intervened – Saif-al-Islam Gaddafi said in an interview with euronews that the Libyan state had donated €50 million to Sarkozy's 2007 presidential campaign in exchange for access and favors by Sarkozy. Investigative website Mediapart subsequently published several documents appearing to prove a payment of €50 million, and also published a claim by Ziad Takieddine that he had personally handed three briefcases stuffed with cash to Sarkozy. French magistrates later acquired diaries of former Libyan oil minister Shukri Ghanem in which payments to Sarkozy were mentioned. Shortly thereafter, however, Ghanem was found dead, floating in the Danube in Austria and thereby preventing his corroboration of the diaries.In January 2018, British police arrested Alexandre Djouhri on a European Arrest Warrant. Djouhri was an associate of <mask> and had refused to respond to a French judicial summons for questioning over allegations he had helped launder Libyan funds on behalf of Sarkozy. Political career
President of the French Republic: 2007–2012. Member of the Constitutional Council of France: since 2012. Governmental functions
Minister of Budget and government's spokesman: 1993–1995. Minister of Communication and government's spokesman: 1994–1995. Minister of State, minister of Interior, of the Internal Security and Local Freedoms: 2002–2004.Minister of State, minister of Economy, Finance and Industry: March–November 2004 (resignation). Minister of State, minister of Interior and Land Planning: 2005–2007 (resignation). Electoral mandates

European Parliament
Member of the European Parliament: July–September 1999 (resignation). Elected in 1999. National Assembly of France
Member of the National


texts:
 Assembly of France for Hauts-de-Seine (6th constituency): 1988–1993 (became minister in 1993) / 1995–2002 (became minister in 2002) / March–June 2005 (became minister in June 2005). Elected in 1988, reelected in 1993, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2005. Regional Council
Regional councillor of Île-de-France: 1983–1988 (resignation).Elected in 1986. General Council
President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine: 2004–2007 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 2007). Vice-president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine: 1986–1988 (resignation). General councillor of Hauts-de-Seine, elected in the canton of Neuilly-sur-Seine-Nord: 1985–1988 / 2004–2007 (Resignation, became President of the French Republic in 2007). Municipal Council
Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine: 1983–2002 (resignation). Reelected in 1989, 1995, and 2001. Deputy-mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine: 2002–2005 (resignation).Municipal councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine: 1977–2005 (resignation). Reelected in 1983, 1989, 1995, and 2001. Political functions
President of the Union for a Popular Movement: 2004–2007 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 2007). Elected in 2004. President of the Rally for the Republic: April–October 1999. General secretary of the Rally for the Republic: 1998–1999. Deputy general secretary of the Rally for the Republic: 1992–1993.<mask> addressed the Assembly both as President of France and as President of the European Union

Press
 Radio France International feature <mask>'s 90-minute address to the nation, 6 February 2009
 "Hosing Sarkozy" an article in the TLS by Sudhir Hazareesingh, 28 November 2007
Interview after One Month in Office Le Figaro, 7 June 2007
 Sarkozy takes over

masks:
Nicolas Sarkozy
Sarkozy


texts:
<mask> is an Indian actress, dancer and singer who works in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam films. <mask> made her on-screen debut for the Tamil film Sringaram, which was released in 2007.But her first theatrical release was Malayalam film Prajapathi in 2006. She rose to fame after her performance in Sudhir Mishra's 2011 romantic thriller film Yeh Saali Zindagi, a role that won her the Screen Award in the Best Supporting Actress category. She has subsequently starred in several successful Hindi films including the musical Rockstar (2011), the horror-thriller Murder 3 (2013), the action-comedy Boss (2013) and the thriller Wazir (2016). In 2017, <mask> starred in Mani Ratnam's Kaatru Veliyidai in the leading role of doctor Leela Abraham. Following the film's release, she was able to expand her career into the South Indian film industries. Her portrayal of Queen Mehrunisa in the 2018 epic film Padmaavat was well received and ranks among the highest-grossing Indian films.Early life and background
<mask> <mask> was born in Hyderabad to Ehsaan <mask> and his wife Vidya <mask>, an acclaimed classical singer popular for thumri and dadra genres of music. Her father, who died in 2013, was a Bohri Muslim while her mother, who is a Hindu by birth, is a practicing Buddhist and a Chitrapur Saraswat from Mangalore who is half-Telugu. <mask> is thus of mixed lineage – Bohri, Chitrapur Saraswat and Telugu. Hydari belongs to two royal lineages, that of sir Muhammad Saleh <mask> and Raja J. Rameshwar <mask> of erstwhile Raja of Wanaparthy family. She is the great-granddaughter of <mask>, former Prime Minister of Hyderabad state (colonial India) and the grandniece of Muhammad Saleh <mask>, former Governor of Assam. Aditi is the granddaughter of Raja J Rameshwar <mask>, who headed the administration of Wanaparthi state during colonial India, and Shanta Rameshwar <mask>, a much respected educationalist in the city of Hyderabad, the founder of Vidyaranya school and

masks:
Aditi Rao Hydari
Hydari
Hydari
Aditi
Rao Hydari
Hydari
Rao
Hydari
Akbar Hydari
Rao
Akbar Hydari
Akbar Hydari
Rao
Rao


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 the chairperson of the publishing house Orient Blackswan. Filmmaker <mask>, the wife of actor Aamir Khan, is her maternal first cousin.<mask>'s parents separated when she was two years old. Her mother moved from Hyderabad to New Delhi and managed her family business from there. While her father remarried and did not have children, her mother remained single. <mask> spent her childhood in both Hyderabad and New Delhi. She started learning Bharatanatyam at age six and became a disciple of acclaimed dancer Leela Samson. She was educated at A Krishnamurthy Foundation India School and graduated from Lady Shri Ram College, University of Delhi. Hydari uses both of her parent's surnames.She explained, "I wanted to keep both, as my mom has brought me up, but my father is also a part of me. Hydari is a rare name so I kept both <mask> and Hydari." Career

Debut and early roles (2004–09)
<mask> began her career as a Bharatanatyam dancer, having become interested in the art form following her association with Leela Samson from the age of 11. She worked as a part of Samson's dance group, Spanda, teaching students and travelling through India and abroad to perform in stage events. In early 2004, <mask> completed work on her first acting project titled Sringaram, where she portrayed the lead role of a devadasi, a temple dancer of the 19th century. The Tamil film was directed by Sharada Ramanathan and produced by Padmini Ravi, a noted bharatanatyam dancer. <mask> was offered the role after Ramanathan saw her dance performance at a conference, and was also impressed with her "vulnerable and fresh face" and her resemblance to dancer Shobana.After being screened at numerous international film festivals throughout 2005 and 2006, the film received critical acclaim upon being shown in India and fetched several accolades, including three National Film Awards. Sringaram had a limited theatrical release in October 2007, but won positive reviews, with one critic noting

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Kiran Rao
Hydari
Hydari
Rao
Hydari
Hydari
Hydari


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 that "the film has brilliant acting from the lead, <mask> <mask>". Her first film to have a theatrical release, however, was the Malayalam film Prajapathi (2006), in which she starred alongside Mammootty. She had been recommended to director Ranjith for the role by actress Suhasini, and was selected after the director managed to get in contact with her through Madhu Ambat, who was the cinematographer of Sringaram. <mask> portrayed an orphan girl who falls in love with the character played by Mammootty, but her role was considered minimal, with a critic from Rediff stating she "has nothing to do with the overall plot". In 2009, she was cast by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra in his Hindi drama film, Delhi-6, where she portrayed a supporting role of an unmarried woman living in a community where spinsterhood was frowned upon. Featuring in an ensemble cast alongside Abhishek Bachchan and Sonam Kapoor, <mask> was selected by Mehra after he was impressed with her performance in Sringaram.Career expansion (2009–15)
In 2011, <mask> appeared in a role opposite Arunoday Singh in Sudhir Mishra's romantic drama Yeh Saali Zindagi. Portraying the wife of a former convict, the film garnered publicity prior to release for the sensuous scenes between <mask> and Singh. Post-release, <mask> received acclaim for her performance by winning the Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress and subsequently received much larger public attention. She later portrayed a supporting role alongside Ranbir Kapoor in Imtiaz Ali's Rockstar (2011). <mask> initially had met Ali to discuss the leading female role of a Kashmiri girl, but he chose to cast newcomer Nargis Fakhri instead. Ali subsequently contacted her again after two months and signed her to play a supporting role of an impulsive television reporter, who follows the character played by Kapoor. Several of Hydari's scenes in the film were trimmed before its theatrical release, much like her appearance in Delhi-6, and a critic

masks: Aditi Rao Hydari Hydari Hydari Hydari Hydari Hydari


texts: noted her role "suffers due to an undeveloped characterization".<mask> made a public statement that she wanted to appear in lead roles, rather than portray secondary characters, and subsequently, she was cast in her first lead role in a Hindi film through London, Paris, New York (2012) opposite Ali Zafar. Directed by Anu Menon, the film narrated the tale of a couple who connect with each other in unlikely circumstances in three different cities – London, Paris and New York City. With the film, she made her singing debut by singing two of the songs from the soundtrack. <mask> won predominantly positive reviews for her role of Lalitha, with a reviewer from Sify.com stating <mask> "makes the transition from side actress to leading lady and is instantly impressive", adding she is a "good performer with a striking screen presence" and that "she's likely to go places". Likewise, reviewers from The Hindu and NDTV called her performance "beautiful and in control of her character" and "a delight to watch", respectively. During the period, she also sung the Hindi version of the song "We Are Family" for the Hollywood animation film Ice Age 4: Continental Drift. In 2013, she became a part of Mahesh Bhatt's Murder franchise, when she was cast as Roshni, opposite Randeep Hooda, in Vishesh Bhatt's directorial film Murder 3.<mask> stated she was keen to do a film which would show the "mysterious and sensual side" to her, away from the several "innocent" roles she had done prior to Murder 3. She received positive reviews for her performance, Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama wrote "<mask> and Sara are show-stoppers" and that "both deliver knockout performances", while Roshni Devi of Koimoi stated that "<mask>'s performance is pillar for the film." <mask> then starred alongside Akshay Kumar and Shiv Panditt in the action film Boss (2013) directed by Anthony D'Souza. Describing her role as one of a "quintessential Hindi movie heroine", she revealed that she signed

masks: Hydari Hydari Hydari Hydari Aditi Aditi Hydari


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 the film owing to Akshay Kumar's popularity and that it was important to be a part of a film which would have a "wide reach". The film received mixed responses from critics but was a box office success. In 2014, <mask> appeared in two guest roles – as a royal princess in the comedy drama Khoobsurat and then as a dancer in the Marathi period drama, Rama Madhav, at the request of choreographer Saroj Khan. She was next seen in the comedy drama, Guddu Rangeela (2015) by Subhash Kapoor, which had an average performance at the box office.For her performance, a reviewer from Rediff wrote <mask> "is perfectly cast as a bright-eyed girl who knows more than she lets on, and the actress looks luminous". Breakthrough and success (2016–present)

In 2016, <mask> starred alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Farhan Akhtar in Bejoy Nambiar's crime thriller film Wazir. The film tells the story of two unusual friends, a chess grandmaster who uses a wheelchair, played by Bachchan, and a grief-stricken ATS officer, played by Akhtar. <mask> played the love interest of Akhtar's character. The film released on 8 January 2016 to mostly positive reviews and had the box office collection of around . <mask> also garnered praise for her performance. Gayatri Gauri in her review for Firstpost called <mask>'s performance a "welcome change from glamorous heroines we usually see on screen."Abhijit Bhaduri of The Times of India said that despite the lack of focus on her character, she did justice to her part by "conveying stuff with her eyes." Ananya Bhattacharya of India Today gave Hydari the highest praise saying that she "brings vulnerability to her Ruhana" added that she "has to her credit several strong sequences." <mask> next starred in Abhishek Kapoor's romantic drama film Fitoor, along with Tabu, Aditya Roy Kapur and Katrina Kaif. The film based on Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations, had <mask> play the role of the younger Miss Havisham (later played by Tabu). The film

masks: Hydari Hydari Hydari Hydari Hydari Hydari Hydari Hydari


texts: was released on 12 February 2016 to mixed reviews and underperformed at the box-office. However, <mask> garnered praise for her performance. Sarita Tanwar of Daily News and Analysis in her review wrote: "<mask> <mask>ari does full justice to the part of young Begum", and Surabhi Redkar of Koimoi deemed her "stunning".Her third film of 2016, The Legend of Michael Mishra had a poor response from critics, with the critic from The Times of India noting "<mask> <mask>'s good looks is the only good thing about this amateurish attempt, masquerading as a feature film, aimed for adults." <mask>'s first project of 2017, Kaatru Veliyidai, marked her first collaboration with director Mani Ratnam and second film in Tamil Cinema. She played the role of Leela Abraham, a doctor based in Kargil during the 1999 war, who has a tumultuous and abusive relationship with a fighter pilot, played by Karthi. Upon release, Kaatru Veliyidai garnered mixed reviews; though critics predominantly praised the performance of Hydari along with A. R. Rahman's music and Ravi Varman's cinematography. She next appeared as the titular lead in Omung Kumar's Bhoomi, with Sanjay Dutt. <mask> then played the role of Alauddin Khalji's first wife, Queen Mehrunisa, opposite Ranveer Singh in the epic film Padmaavat directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. The film released on 25 January 2018 amidst numerous controversies and protests.Padmaavat received mixed reviews from critics but was a box office success. <mask> received much praise for her portrayal of Mehrunisa. 2018 also marked <mask>'s second film with Mani Ratnam and third film in Tamil Cinema with Chekka Chivantha Vaanam. She played Parvathi, one of the eight lead roles. She was paired with actor Arvind Swamy. Meanwhile, her other co-stars of Chekka Chivantha Vaanam included Vijay Sethupathi, Arun Vijay, Silambarasan, Jyothika and Dayana Erappa. The film had a worldwide release on 27 September 2018.She did her Tollywood debut with

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Hydari
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Rao Hyd
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 Sammohanam which was critically acclaimed directed by Mohan Krishna Indraganti. She was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu and SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu). She won Best debut actress award at the Zee Cine Awards Telugu and Special jury award at TSR TV9 awards. <mask> <mask> was also part of Telugu space thriller film Antariksham 9000 KMPH. <mask> is set to star in Sudhir Mishra's political thriller film Daas Dev, which is an adaptation of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's 1917 novel Devdas. She will be seen essaying the part of Chandramukhi in the film opposite Rahul Bhat. In 2021, <mask> <mask>'s appeared in suspense film The Girl On The Train, directed by Ribhu Dasgupta.The film starring Parineeti Chopra, Kirti Kulhari, Avinash Tiwary, and Sammy Jonas Heaney alongside her, is based on British author Paula Hawkins 2015 novel of the same name. Personal life
In 2004 and 2009, it was reported that she was married to Satyadeep Mishra, a former Indian lawyer and actor. The actress had declined to comment on her marital status in a 2012 interview but in a 2013 interview she mentioned that they were separated. <mask> had met Mishra at the age of 17 with whom she had her first serious relationship. She married him at the age of 21 but kept the marriage a secret when she debuted in Hindi cinema. Although separated, the two are close friends and have kept in touch over the years. Filmography

Discography

Accolades

See also

 List of Indian film actresses

References

External links

Living people
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Actresses from Hyderabad, India
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Bharatanatyam exponents
21st-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian dancers
21st-century Indian singers
21st-century Indian women singers
Singers from Hyderabad, India
International Indian Film Academy Awards winners
Year of birth missing (living people)
Actresses in Telugu

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Aditi
Rao Hydari
Hydari
Aditi
Rao Hydari
Hydari


texts: <mask> (born <mask>.; April 22, 1857 – January 30, 1906) was an American singer, songwriter, and comedic actor of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Dresser performed in traveling minstrel and medicine-wagon shows and as a vaudeville entertainer for decades, before transitioning into a music publishing in the later years of his life. His biggest hit, "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away" (1897), was the best selling song of its time. Although Dresser had no formal training in music composition, he wrote ballads that had wide appeal, including some of the most popular songs of the era. During a career that spanned nearly two decades, from 1886 to 1906, Dresser composed and published more than 150 songs. Following the success of "Wabash", many newspapers compared Dresser to popular composer Stephen Foster. "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away" became the official song of Indiana in 1913.The <mask> Birthplace in Terre Haute is designated as a state shrine and memorial. Dresser was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970. Dresser grew up in a large family (including his brother, novelist Theodore Dreiser) and lived in Sullivan and Terre Haute, Indiana. He had a troubled childhood and spent time in jail. Dresser left home at age sixteen to join a traveling minstrel act and performed in several regional theaters before joining John Hamlin's Wizard Oil traveling medicine-wagon show in 1878. Dresser composed his first songs while working for Hamlin. He settled in Evansville, Indiana, for several years while continuing to work as a traveling performer and musician.Eventually, he became a nationally known talent and participated in several traveling acts, including The Two Johns, A Tin Soldier, and The Danger Signal. <mask>'s songwriting talent developed during his years as a performer; he began by writing songs featured in his shows and later wrote and sold songs to others acts. Dresser moved to New York City, and in 1893 <mask> joined Tin Pan Alley's Howley,

masks:
Paul Dresser
Johann Paul Dreiser Jr
Paul Dresser
Dresser
Dresser


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 Haviland and Company, a New York City sheet music publisher, as a silent partner. At the height of his success, <mask> was a nationally known entertainer, successful songwriter, and sheet music publisher. He was generous, especially to family and friends, and a lavish spender. The turn of the century brought him financial distress when his music fell out of style. In 1905 his music publishing business declared bankruptcy.He died the following year. Early life

Family background

<mask> was born <mask> Dreiser Jr. on April 22, 1858, in Terre Haute, Indiana, the fourth son of <mask> and Sarah Mary Schanab Dreiser. By the age of twenty he had changed his surname to <mask>. His father, a German immigrant from Mayen, was a weaver and dyer who eventually became the manager of woolen mill in Indiana. <mask>'s mother, born near Dayton, Ohio, was a Mennonite who was disowned after her elopement and marriage. After <mask>'s three older brothers died in infancy, he became the eldest of the family's ten surviving children. One of Dresser's sisters nicknamed him "Pudley" because of his "chubbiness."<mask>'s younger brother, Theodore Dreiser, would become a noted author. In July 1863 the family moved to Sullivan, Indiana, where <mask>'s father became foreman of the newly opened Sullivan Woolen Mills. Although his father worked in other woolen mills in Ohio and Indiana, he was not a successful businessman or manager of a mill. During Dresser's youth the family struggled with periods of poverty and misfortune. In 1865 Dresser's father temporarily lost his job after a fire destroyed the Sullivan mill; a year later he suffered a work-related head injury. In 1867 his father and two partners purchased and operated a new mill, but the business lost its roof in a storm and the men sold it for a loss. As a young boy living in Sullivan, Dresser may have seen his first minstrel groups and medicine-wagon shows.The town was frequented by bands that played many of the era's popular and patriotic songs at numerous

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Paul Dresser
Johann Paul
Johann Paul
Dresser
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 carnivals, festivals, circuses, and fairs. By 1871 Dresser's family had returned to Terre Haute, where his father secured a job in another woolen mill. Education and rebellion
About 1870, Dresser's father, a devout Catholic and known for his "religious zealotry" according to his son Theodore, sent his eldest son to St. Meinrad Seminary in southern Indiana to study for the priesthood. While living with his family in Sullivan, Dresser was befriended by Father Herman Joseph Alerding, a local priest who was a St. Meinrad graduate. Alerding may have taught Dresser to play brass musical instruments and influenced the decision to send Dresser to seminary school. Dresser quickly found the Benedictine seminary too strict and confining and decided to leave. Dresser would later claim to have gotten into trouble with the priests for teaching the younger boys "tricks of various kinds."Although his family had moved to Terre Haute, Dresser returned to Sullivan after he left St. Meinrad. He stayed with family friends while working on local farms during the summer of 1871 through the summer of 1872. The fourteen-year-old Dresser then returned to Terre Haute and worked a series of odd jobs to help support his family. Dresser continued his education at the St. Bonaventure Lyceum academy in Terre Haute and took piano lessons from a local music teacher, his only formal musical training. During this time the relationship between Dresser and his father quickly deteriorated and the teen may have had run-ins with the local police. Whatever the reason, Dresser returned to Sullivan to work on a friend's farm, away from the city. After his return to Terre Haute in 1874, Dresser and his father resumed their hostile relationship.Dresser also resumed to his old habits of spending time with delinquents and drinking. At age sixteen Dresser took a job as a teacher and musician at a Catholic church in Brazil, Indiana, but left after less than a year. Shortly thereafter, Charley Kelly, a traveling minstrel, hired Dresser


texts:
 to join his act as a piano player. The two traveled around southern Indiana, playing wherever they could to earn a meager income. After a few months, Kelly disappeared with their money during a show, leaving Dresser with no funds to pay their lodging or food bills. Dresser spent two days in jail as punishment. After his release Dresser went to Indianapolis in search of work and was reunited with his mentor, Father Alerding, who had been recently moved to the city.Although Dresser was only a teen, Alerding gave him a job as a teacher at St. Joseph Catholic Church. In 1876, after he had taught for a full year, Dresser returned to his family in Terre Haute. Almost immediately he resumed his old way of life and spent most of his savings on liquor at a local bar. As his money ran low, Dresser turned to crime, robbing two saloons of whiskey and cash after they had closed for the night. <mask> was jailed for ten weeks before his trial, convicted, fined, and sentenced to another month of jail time. Released in June 1876, <mask>, who was not yet twenty years old, returned to his parents' home in disgrace. Musical career

Early career
In 1876 Dresser secured a job as an organist and singer with the Lemon Brothers, a traveling minstrel group from Marshall, Illinois.Dresser stayed with the group for more than a year, performing as an actor and singer, before they disbanded near the end of 1877. Next, Dresser went to Chicago, where John Austin Hamlin hired him to sing and perform in his traveling shows marketing Wizard Oil, a patent medicine.> Dresser composed his first songs while working for Hamlin. They were marketed as the Paul Dresser Songster (a songbook of sheet music) and sold to audiences after his performances. Few details are known of <mask>'s life between 1878 and 1880. Around 1878 Dresser may have taken a job with Barlow, Wilson, Primrose, and West, a prominent traveling minstrel group that was among the most famous in the nation at the time. After traveling with minstrel shows,

masks: Dresser Dresser Dresser


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 Dresser went to New York City around 1879. According to an 1898 interview, he hoped to find work in Augustin Daly's theatre.By 1881 <mask> had returned to Indiana and took a job at the Apollo Theatre in Evansville. At the Apollo he occasionally acted, but normally provided music for the plays. Growing popularity
In Evansville, Dresser honed his skills as a musician and eventually became a nationally renowned talent. He also wrote a "humor-and-advice" column for a local newspaper, the Evansville Argus. By the time he left Evansville in 1886 he was "a local favorite" who toured the country giving performances. In March 1881 Dresser went to Chicago, where he headlined his own act. He also starred as one of the featured acts in a benefit concert for Daniel Decatur Emmett (the composer of "Dixie") at the Chicago Academy of Music.Dresser's act was a success and he was able to secure appearances in Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City as well as a number of smaller cities, including Indianapolis, Louisville, Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh. Between shows Dresser returned to Evansville, where he had purchased a home. In 1882 he visited his family, whom he had not communicated with in more than three years. Through correspondence, Dresser learned they were in a desperate financial situation. His father and the family's older children were living in Terre Haute, while his mother and the younger children worked on a farm in Sullivan. Known for his generosity, Dresser sent his mother a substantial sum of money and arranged for his three youngest siblings to move into his Evansville home and took care of their needs. Because Dresser kept no diary, most of what is known about his personal life came from his brother, Theodore.While living in Evansville, Dresser began a long-term relationship with a local woman, whom Theodore identified as Annie Brace, the proprietor of Evansville's most prominent brothel. Her professional name was Sallie Walker and she may have been the subject of one of Dresser's most


texts: famous songs, "My Gal Sal". Historians believe that Annie Brace and Sallie Walker may have both been aliases for Minnie Holland, although this has not been confirmed. The relationship continued for several years, but the couple never married. In 1889 they had a falling out because of Dresser's frequent affairs with other women, including prostitutes. In the early 1880s Dresser worked with a group of vaudeville performers, including James Goodwin, John Leach, and Emma Lamouse. Their shows in Chicago attracted very large audiences, in part because the theater's owner kept admission fees low.In 1883 Dresser had his first songs published as sheet music since his time working with Hamlin. "Essie, over the Sea", "See That No One Plucks the Flowers from My Grave", and "My Mother Taught Me How to Pray" were supposedly published by Arthur P. Schmidt; however, one of Dresser's biographers reported that "1886 is the first year in which a published Dresser song can be documented." Few details are known of the period from late 1883 to the summer of 1886. In 1884 Dresser claimed to have an undisclosed illness. For two years he remained in the "south", away from his family and career. His brother Theodore speculated that Dresser may have had an affair and possibly fathered a child or he contracted syphilis. Dresser's song “The Curse”, written in 1887, may have referred to this period in his life.Its lyrics refer to a dead child and a lover turned enemy. Whatever the case, Dresser did not return to his family or resume performing for the public until 1886, when John Stewart Crossy approached him to act and sing music in his comedy, The Two Johns. Dresser agreed and resumed traveling the show circuit. Dresser continued to compose music during the height of his performing career. Between 1886 and 1893 he published nearly fifty songs, including "The Letter That Never Came" (1886), "I Believe It for My Mother Told Me So" (1887), and "The Pardon that Came Too Late" (1891). These early successes may have