texts: rewritten and supplemented by dozens of Russian media outlets. A number of pro-Russian Belarusian media, as well as a member of the Bureau of Belarusian Left Party Sergei Voznyak and Liberal Democratic Party leader Oleg Gaidukevich, also joined in the persecution. In turn, a number of Belarusian mass media spoke out in defense of Dziadok and Anisim, in particular Belarusian Partisan and Nasha Niva. The authors of the Teleskop website sent statements to the Ministry of Information and the Procurator, demanding that Novy Chas and Mikola Dziadok be brought to justice. Veteran of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Oleg Ivannikov appealed to the Procurator of the Chechen Republic and personally to Ramzan Kadyrov with a request "to initiate an inspection of the publication of the newspaper Novy Chas".However, none of these appeals had legal consequences for <mask> Dziadok or the newspaper Novy Chas. On March 4, 2019, <mask> was detained near the Frunzensky District Court of Minsk, immediately after he was fined under Art. 17.11 of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Belarus "Distribution of extremist materials" for a post on social networks. <mask> spent more than 2 days in a temporary detention center, after which the judge of the Central Court of Minsk Victoria Shabunya sentenced him to a fine of 25 basic units for participating in the action "Freedom for political prisoners". On June 10, 2019, in the Frunzensky District Court, Judge M. Erokhin found <mask> <mask> guilty of "public demonstration and distribution of extremist materials" and sentenced him to a fine of 50 basic units (1,275 rubles or 624 dollars). According to the court ruling, Nikolai posted on the Vkontakte social network a post with four extremist letters "ASAV". The blogger himself was not present at the trial and did not decide to appeal the decision to a higher court.On September 16, 2019, the Frunzensky District Court again convicted

masks: Mikola Dziadok Mikola Mikola Dziadok


type: original

texts:
 <mask> Dziadok for using the abbreviation "ACAB" in the social network "Vkontakte", and imposed a fine on him in the amount of 40 basic units. The trial was conducted by judge E. V. Pisarevich. "You can endlessly look at three things: how the fire burns, how the water flows, how the GUBOPiK fights my social networks..." – the blogger commented on this judgment on his page. 2020
On January 9, 2020, the Frunzensky District Court convicted <mask> Dziadok under Article 23.34 for participating in an unauthorized action in defense of the independence of Belarus in Minsk on December 21, 2019. The fine was 50 basic units. The trial was conducted by judge A. V. Busheva. On March 19, 2020, <mask> <mask> was detained by police officers on charges of minor hooliganism (17.1.Administrative Code of the Republic of Belarus). The activist was taken to the Center for Isolation of Offenders and accused of putting an anti-police inscription on the wall of the dormitory. The next day, when the activist was taken to the Moskovsky district court of Minsk, it turned out that on the day of the inscription, <mask> <mask> was outside Belarus, which is stamped in his passport. The case was sent to the Moscow District Department of Internal Affairs in Minsk for revision, and later terminated for lack of corpus delicti. On November 12, 2020, he was detained by employees of GUBOPiK in an apartment in the village of Sasnovy of the Asipovichy District. During the arrest, pepper gas was used, and Dziadok was severely beaten. The arrested in the framework of a criminal case on "violation of public order" (Art.342 of the Criminal Code) was forced to appear on camera for the video of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. After the arrest, he was taken to Minsk to GUBOPiK, where was tortured: siloviki kept him pressed with his head to the floor, beat him with a truncheon and a Taser, strangled, and threatened to rape. Then he was taken to the detention

masks: Mikola Mikola Mikola Dziadok Mikola Dziadok


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 center Okrestina, later was transferred to SIZO No. 1 in Minsk. In detention, the activist was deprived of sleep, heat, food, and contact with the outside world. On November 24, by a joint statement of 11 organizations, including the Viasna Human Rights Centre, the Belarusian Helsinki Committee, he was recognized as a political prisoner. On January 15, 2021, godparenthood for the political prisoner was undertaken by Tamara Funiciello, member of the Federal Assembly (Switzerland).In March 2021, the Investigative Committee of Belarus opened new criminal cases against the political prisoner on calling for the seizure of power (part 3 of article 361 of the Criminal Code) and illegal actions in relation to combustible materials (part 1 of article 295-3 of the Criminal Code). Awards
In May 2017, he received the Ales Korol Award in the category "Best Social and Political Material" for the article "Тунеядские протесты и перспектива Майдана" in the Novy Chas newspaper. In December 2017, he received the Francisk Alekhnovicha Award for the best work written in captivity (the book "Цвета параллельного мира"). In May 2018, he received the Ales Korol Award in the category "Best Social and Political Article" for the article "Тюрьма и воля: культурный обмен". Bibliography
 "Untouchables in prison hierarchy" — 2016 — social caste hierarchy in the Belarusian prison system
 The decision making in Hamas — 2016
 «Цвета параллельного мира» — 2017
 «Народные моджахеды: Муджахедин Хальк» — 2019
 Territorial achievements of IS outside Middle East — 2019
 «Теория интерсекциональности: анархистская критика» — 2020

References

External links
 Mikola Dziadok's page on the website of the Viasna Human Rights Centre

1988 births
Belarusian anarchists
Belarusian dissidents
Belarusian journalists
Political prisoners according to Viasna Human Rights Centre
Belarusian writers
Living people
People from Brahin District
People from Gomel


texts:
<mask> (26 August 1800 – 6 December 1872) was a French naturalist and a leading proponent of spontaneous generation of life from non-living materials, and as such an opponent of Louis Pasteur's germ theory. He was the father of <mask> (1833–1894), a professor of comparative anatomy. From 1828 he was director of the Rouen Jardin des Plantes. Later, in 1838, he became professor at the School of Medicine at Rouen. His major scientific work Hétérogénie was published in 1859. He also wrote a layperson's encyclopedia The Universe, published in 1870, which gives an overview of the sciences, but in which Pouchet ridicules Louis Pasteur's theories (calling them panspermism) and atomic theory. In 1847, Pouchet effectively launched the study of the physiology of cytology.In 1848, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. Early career

<mask> was born in Rouen, France, on August 26, 1800. His father was a respected manufacturer in Rouen. In 1827, Pouchet received his M.D. in Paris, and later became the director of the Rouen Museum of Natural History. He also held a chair at one of the local medical preparatory colleges in Rouen in the field of zoology, and in 1843, he received the Legion of Honour. In 1830, botanists A.Rich.ex DC. published
Pouchetia, a genus of flowering plants from Africa, belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It was named in Felix's honour. Pouchet had extensive experience in the field of traditional biology before the debate, where his main interest was animal generation. In the 1840s, he published two scientific articles. Both publications seemed to contradict his eventual support of spontaneous generation. In these publications, he believed that in the animal kingdom, generation happened through eggs that existed before fertilization.He also demonstrated reservations in spontaneous generation by supporting the beliefs of Christian Ehrenberg. Ehrenberg believed that infusoria had complex

masks:
Félix Archimède Pouchet
Georges Pouchet
Pouchet


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 organ systems while other protozoologists, like Fèlix Dujardin, believed that infusoria were simple organisms that could appear spontaneously. Pouchet did not seem very interested in spontaneous generation during this time, and instead studied ovule production and menstruation. Debate with Pasteur

<mask> was 60 years old while Louis Pasteur was 37 years old when the heart of the debate about spontaneous generation began. Their opinions on generation originated from two competing theories. Pouchet believed in heterogenesis, which assumed that new living organisms came from inanimate objects, such as air. The parents of these new organisms were not the same species as the new organism.Pasteur supported the germ theory that said microorganisms arose from germs and those microorganisms came from parents of the same species. He supported the idea that germs were mostly everywhere, including things like air and those germs explained the appearance of microorganisms on different inanimate things. It is unclear why Pouchet shifted his interest to spontaneous generation, but in December 1858, Pouchet presented results to the French Academy of Sciences of two experiments he conducted that he claimed supported the notion of spontaneous generation. He said that his results were the opposite of Theodore Schwann’s results that demonstrated spontaneous generation did not exist. Schwann observed that after heating oxygen in a vessel, which was thought to be important for spontaneous generation, no microorganisms grew. He said that this was a result of the germs in the oxygen or air being destroyed by the heat. Pouchet claimed that when he did Schwann's experiment, microorganisms did grow, and thus germs in the air did not produce microorganisms.His experiments did not receive a positive reaction from the academy. Most of them thought his experiments were conducted poorly and that he did not effectively control for the intrusion of


texts: germs. The debate between the two men was not very public or intense at first. Pouchet received a letter from Pasteur on February 1859 that said that Pasteur respected his belief in spontaneous generation but did not agree with his evidence. Pasteur held the same belief of the academy and thought that Pouchet's experiments did not support spontaneous generation because his experiments were contaminated with germs. Pouchet took the criticism from the academy and tried to revise his experiments. However, this time, Pasteur took a stronger and more specific stance about his new experiments.He critiqued the fact that Pouchet again did not control for germs and that his flasks were contaminated by the dust in the mercury that was in his lab. Despite the criticism, Pouchet published his famous book Hétérogénie ou traité de la génération spontanée in 1859, which publicized his support of spontaneous generation. He claimed that his views of spontaneous generation were not like that of the older views of spontaneous generation that were labeled as atheistic, but were rather in agreement with the orthodox scientific and religious beliefs of the time. Pouchet claimed that it was the eggs of adult organisms that were spontaneously generated, not the adult organisms themselves. On January 30, 1860, the French Academy of Sciences declared that it would give out a prize for detailed and precise experiments that expanded on the subject of spontaneous generation. Pasteur decided to partake in this competition to combat Pouchet's support of spontaneous generation. He designed an experiment to deny the notion of spontaneous generation.He thought that if spontaneous generation were true in which air itself could cause generation, then all sterile swan neck flasks that were later exposed to air would generate microorganisms. If the germ theory were true, then he believed some of the sterile swan neck flasks would generate microorganisms when


texts:
 exposed to air and some would not because germs are distributed unevenly in air. Pasteur's results supported the germ theory and he showed them to the French Academy of Sciences. Pouchet rejected Pasteur's results because he thought that the atmosphere did not have enough germs to support these results; therefore, the microorganisms that were generated in his vessels were still not from germs. The French Academy of Sciences viewed Pasteur's experiments and observations as sophisticated and viewed Pouchet's experiments as ambiguous and unrefined. Along with this and due to the religious climate of this time, Pasteur had an advantage because his view that only life produces life was aligned with the views of the church. Pouchet eventually dropped out of the competition in November 1862 and Pasteur was awarded for his studies on spontaneous generation.History of science in the Middle Ages
Pouchet also wrote a history of science during the Middle Ages, which he titled Histoire des sciences naturelles au moyen age, ou Albert le Grand et son epoque considere comme point de depart de I'ecole experimentale. As the subtitle makes clear, the work centres on Albertus Magnus, the 13th century Dominican friar who was famous for his work on botany and astrology. In the work, Pouchet divides the history of Western science into three epochs: Greek, Roman and Christian. This was part of a general rewriting of Western intellectual history to mythologise it as a single inevitable progress towards the modern age. Pouchet also wrote a work titled L'univers: les infiniment grands et les infiniment petits, which detailed the richness of the earth's life forms within the context of the divine universe as a whole. References

"Felix Archimede Pouchet" Britannica article
 Obituary in:

External links

1800 births
1872 deaths
People from Rouen
French botanists
French biologists
French physiologists
Germ theory denialists
Recipients of the Legion


texts: <mask> (died 9 May 480), also known as just <mask>, ruled as Roman emperor of the West from 24 June 474 to 28 August 475. After losing power in Italy, <mask> retreated to his home province of Dalmatia, from which he continued to claim the western imperial title, with recognition from the Eastern Roman Empire, until he was murdered in 480. Though that distinction is most often awarded to <mask>' successor in Italy, Romulus Augustulus (475–476), <mask> is regarded by some historians as the last western Roman emperor, being the last widely recognised claimant to the position. A native of Dalmatia, <mask> began his career as the semi-autonomous governor of the province, succeeding his uncle Marcellinus, a prominent general, as  ('master of troops') of Dalmatia. After the death of the western emperor  Anthemius (467–472), who had been appointed by the eastern emperor Leo I (457–474), as well as Anthemius' successor Olybrius (472), Leo sought to assert his authority in the west, granting <mask> command of an army in December 473 to attack Italy and depose Glycerius (473–474), who had been proclaimed emperor by the Burgundian king Gundobad. <mask> left for Italy in the spring of 474, backed by Leo's successor Zeno, and landed with his army at Portus, near Rome. <mask> swiftly deposed Glycerius and was crowned western emperor in Rome on 24 June 474.He was the last emperor to be crowned in the city until Charlemagne in the ninth century. Whether the original intention of the invasion was to install <mask> as western emperor is unclear, but in any event, he was quickly recognised as the legitimate western emperor by Zeno. Nepos worked to restore the prestige and authority of the western empire, though mostly unsuccessfully. He may have repelled a Visigothic attack on Italy and managed to once more reduce the Burgundians into foederati. <mask> focused

masks:
Julius Nepos
Nepos
Nepos
Nepos
Nepos
Nepos
Nepos
Nepos
Nepos
Nepos
Nepos


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 most of his attention on reasserting imperial control and authority in Gaul, but the western empire could no longer project enough strength to halt Visigothic conquests in the region. The failure to defeat the Visigoths in Gaul and Zeno's brief overthrowal in Constantinople by the usurper Basiliscus, weakened Nepos' already shaky position in Italy. In 475, <mask>' newly appointed magister militum Orestes revolted and marched on Ravenna, capital of the western empire.Unable to deal with Orestes' forces, <mask> fled back to Dalmatia and two months later, Orestes proclaimed his young son Romulus Augustulus as emperor. Although no longer in control of Italy, <mask> never renounced his claim to the western empire and continued to be recognised as the legitimate western emperor by the eastern empire. In 476, the barbarian general Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus and became the first king of Italy. <mask> repeatedly petitioned Zeno, who by then had defeated Basiliscus, for help in regaining control of Italy, though all he achieved was nominal recognition by Odoacer, who minted coins in <mask>' name but otherwise mostly ignored him. In 480, <mask> was murdered by two of his generals, Ovida and Viator, perhaps in Diocletian's Palace, possibly while planning an expedition of his own to recover Italy. Background

Geopolitical background

The idea that the Roman Empire had grown too large to efficiently be managed by one emperor, and was more appropriately governed by two co-ruling emperors, had become established by the time of emperor Diocletian (284–305) in the late 3rd century. Throughout the fourth century, various different divisions were made, until the empire was firmly and permanently divided into western and eastern spheres of imperial administration from the death of emperor Theodosius I (379–395) in 395 onwards.Though modern historians

masks: Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos


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 typically use the terms Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire to describe the new political situation, the Romans themselves never considered the empire to have been formally divided, still viewing it as a single unit, although most often having two rulers rather than one. The Western Roman Empire, more rural than the east, with fewer people and a less stable economy, and prone to an increasing number of Germanic barbarian invasions and settlements, experienced catastrophic decline throughout the 5th century. In 410, the Visigoths under Alaric I had sacked Rome and in 455, the last western emperor of the Theodosian dynasty, Valentinian III (425–455), was deposed and murdered. That same year, Rome was sacked again for the second time in less than fifty years, this time by the Vandals under Gaiseric, who captured Valentinian's widow, Licinia Eudoxia, and two of his daughters, Eudocia and Placidia. The Western Roman army gradually became increasingly reliant on barbarian mercenaries. After Valentinian's murder, the most powerful barbarian generals, such as Ricimer, became politically dominant, ruling through proclaiming puppet emperors. In the time between the death of Valentinian and the accession of <mask>, a period of less than twenty years, seven different emperors ruled the west and effective imperial control was only exercised in Italy, Raetia and some regions of Gaul.Ancestry and family

<mask> was a native of the Roman province of Dalmatia. Dalmatia, although politically, economically and geographically oriented towards the Western Roman Empire, had formally been under the authority of the Eastern Roman Empire since 437, when the western emperor Valentinian III had ceded it to the east. In practical terms, the province was often more or less autonomous. <mask> was the son of Nepotianus (died 465), a general who served under the

masks:
Julius Nepos
Julius Nepos
Nepos


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 western emperor Majorian (457–461), and the nephew of the  ('master of troops', a high-ranking military officer) Marcellinus (died 468), being the son of one of Marcellinus' sisters. <mask> may have been part of a prominent local Roman family in Dalmatia. This is supported by memorial inscriptions from four roughly contemporary individuals; Aelia Nepotes, Aelia <mask>, another <mask> and Nepotes, having been identified from Dalmatia. <mask>' uncle Marcellinus was a prominent late Roman general, having fought the Vandals in several campaigns and playing a notable role in momentarily fending off Vandal attempts at controlling Sardinia.In 461, after the murder of emperor Majorian by Ricimer, Marcellinus appears to have planned to invade Italy to depose Ricimer's puppet emperor Libius Severus (461–465), but he was dissuaded from this course of action by the eastern emperor Leo I (457–474). <mask> married a Roman noblewoman whose name is not recorded, but who was related to the eastern empress Verina, possibly a niece of Leo I.

Marcellinus had by the time of his death been a semi-autonomous governor in Dalmatia and after his death, <mask> inherited this position. <mask> is first attested on 1 June 473, when he is described as , although it is possible that he had held that rank ever since Marcellinus' death. <mask> might have held this position until he became emperor in 474, by which point he had also become a patrician. Appointment
After the death of the western emperor Anthemius (467–472) as well as his successor Olybrius (472), who had not been recognised in the east, Leo I, the sole remaining Roman emperor, maintained that he had the right to select the new western emperor. At first, Leo did not act on this right, perhaps because he had no suitable candidates to promote or because of the violent end of Anthemius, who had been previously

masks:
Nepos
Nepos
Julius Nepos
Nepos
Nepos
Nepos
Nepos
Nepos


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 appointed by Leo I. In March 473, the Burgundian king Gundobad, nephew of Ricimer, appointed the  (commander of the palace guard) Glycerius as western emperor.Angered by this, Leo appointed <mask> as the commander of an army to attack Italy and depose Glycerius. Why Leo waited so long to appoint <mask> is not known, but by this time the winter meant that <mask> could not take action against Glycerius for a few months. By appointing <mask> to lead the invasion, Leo not only sought to assert his authority in the west, but perhaps also hoped to rid himself of a possible rival in the east. After the political situation in Constantinople had stabilised sufficiently in the aftermath of Leo I's death on 18 January 474, <mask> left for Italy in the spring of 474, with the backing of the new eastern emperor Zeno. Reign

Emperor in Italy (474–475)

<mask> and his force landed at Portus, near Rome, where he was promptly proclaimed , per the procedure preceding elevation to the rank of  (emperor). On 24 June, having deposed Glycerius, <mask> was proclaimed the western Augustus in Rome. Nepos thus accomplished the exact intervention into Italy that had been planned by his uncle Marcellinus some years prior.<mask> was the last emperor to be crowned in Rome until the coronation of Charlemagne in 800. Glycerius put up no resistance against <mask>, and his life was spared, being consecrated as bishop of Salona, the provincial capital of Dalmatia. It is not clear if <mask> becoming emperor had been the eastern plan, but in any event he was swiftly recognised as the legitimate western emperor by Zeno. Few records of <mask>' reign survive and little is known of his activities. He is known to have issued coins throughout Italy, such as at Rome, Ravenna and Mediolanum. Coinage minted in northern Gaul in his name indicates that his rule was accepted by the Roman

masks: Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos


texts: general Syagrius, who ruled a more or less autonomous province of his own there. Nepos also issued symbolic coins of Zeno and his junior colleague Leo II, indicating his close ties and gratitude to the eastern court.Nepos worked to restore imperial prestige. Through his initial efforts, a Visigothic attack on Italy appears to have been repelled and the Burgundians were once again made into foederati (barbarian allies of the empire). It appears that <mask> mainly directed his efforts to attempting to restore and consolidate imperial authority in Gaul. The remaining imperial territories in Gaul were at the time being invaded by Euric, king of the Visigoths, who hoped to take control of the province Aquitania Prima. To combat the threat, <mask> appointed Ecdicius, a son of the former western emperor Avitus (455–456) as patrician and magister militum. Per the surviving writings of contemporary Gallo-Roman authors, such as Sidonius Apollinaris, <mask>' accession was enthusiastically accepted in the remaining imperial possessions in Gaul. Ecdicius successfully managed to relieve a Visigothic siege of Arles in 474, but he was less successful in 475 as there simply was not enough remaining military resources to achieve victory.Even after Ecdicius had proven unable to defeat the Visigoths, the threat of imperial invasion made Euric willing to negotiate with Nepos. In the spring of 475, <mask> sent as his ambassadors to Euric a group of Roman bishops, which included Epiphanius of Pavia, who had previously brokered peace between Ricimer and emperor Anthemius. Although Epiphanius and his delegation apparently achieved peace, a second delegation was sent later in 475, consisting of the bishops Leontius of Arles, Faustus of Riez, Graecus of Marseilles, and Basilius of Aix, possibly tasked with working out the concrete terms of the peace treaty. The Romans

masks: Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos


texts: in Gaul, including Sidonius Apollinaris, were shocked to learn that the peace had involved ceding the Auvergne region to the Visigoths in turn for them leaving the rest of what remained under imperial control in Gaul alone. <mask>' failure to actually defeat the Visigoths, combined with Zeno being overthrown in Constantinople in early 475 by the usurper Basiliscus, weakened <mask>' position, which had been shaky in Italy from the very beginning. In his foreign policy <mask> also had to deal with the Vandals, who ruled North Africa, and their renewed and increased pirate attacks throughout the Mediterranean. Because of the weak position of the western empire, there was little else Nepos could do than to recognise the Vandal rule over the territories they had already taken in Africa and throughout the Mediterranean, such as the islands of Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearics, as well as parts of Sicily.After the failure of the Nepos' politics in Gaul, <mask> dismissed Ecdicius and replaced him as  with Orestes, a distinguished officer who had once served as  (secretary) to the Hunnic king Attila. <mask> tasked Orestes with again leading an army against the Visigoths, and against the Burgundians, who were rebelling, in southern Gaul. Orestes' army included many foederati ally troops, and Orestes learnt that they were upset with the emperor, who had refused their requests to be granted land. With the backing of this army, Orestes betrayed <mask>' orders and instead marched on Ravenna, the capital of the western empire. Hoping to maintain control, <mask> recalled Ecdicius from Gaul, but he was unable to arrive in time. On 28 August 475, Orestes entered Ravenna with his army and <mask> escaped across the Adriatic Sea to Salona in Dalmatia, having ruled in Italy for only 14 months. On 31 October, Orestes proclaimed his young son, Romulus Augustulus,

masks: Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos


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 as emperor.Exile in Dalmatia (475–480)

Little is known of <mask>' later activities in Dalmatia due to the scarcity of surviving sources. <mask> never renounced his claim to the western empire, and continued to be recognised in the east instead of Romulus Augustulus. Throughout his time in exile, <mask> hoped to regain control of Italy. On 4 September 476, Romulus Augustulus was deposed by the barbarian general Odoacer, who became the first king of Italy. Odoacer sent Romulus' western imperial regalia to Zeno in the east, and swore allegiance to him, ruling without further imperial successors in the west. Odoacer considered the Roman Empire from this point on as only requiring a single emperor, ruling from Constantinople. At the same time, an embassy from Nepos arrived in Constantinople, congratulating Zeno on regaining Constantinople from Basiliscus and requesting his assistance in restoring <mask> to power in Italy.Zeno responded to the ambassadors sent by Odoacer, members of the Roman Senate, that they had killed one east-supported emperor (Anthemius) and driven one out (<mask>) and that they would do well in receiving <mask> back as their ruler. Zeno also stated that Odoacer would do best in receiving the rank of patrician, which he had requested, not from Zeno, but from the legal western ruler, <mask>, although Zeno promised to grant the rank if <mask> would not. Zeno also urged Odoacer to accept <mask> back as emperor in Italy. Although Zeno, and Verina, who remained influential at court, officially supported <mask>' restoration and continued to regard him as the western emperor, he was not granted the necessary military support or funding to retake Italy. Odoacer only nominally accepted <mask>' rule, minting coins in the names of <mask> and Zeno in Italy and perhaps providing Nepos with a pension, and in practice ignored him. In 477 or

masks: Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos Nepos


texts: 478, <mask> again petitioned Zeno to help him retake Italy. Also in 477, some of the remaining imperial possessions in southern Gaul rebelled against Odoacer, probably intending to fight for the restoration of Nepos.Zeno received embassies from both Odoacer and Gaul, but was forced to support Odoacer given that supporting the Gallic rebels against Odoacer would have amounted to declaring war on Odoacer, which Zeno was not prepared to do. In 479, <mask>' hopes may have been ignited when Theodoric, the king of the Ostrogoths, offered to pledge his troops to fight for <mask>' claim. <mask> was murdered on 9 May 480, at his villa near Salona, possibly the same building as Diocletian's Palace, by members of his retinue, the  Ovida and Viator. It is possible that the former emperor Glycerius, whom Nepos had deposed, also played a leading role in the murder, possibly as the instigator. If Glycerius was not the instigator, it is possible that the murder was caused by <mask> in 480 actively beginning to prepare his forces for a real attempt at recovering Italy militarily, and that his supporters in Dalmatia were unwilling to embark on such an adventure. Though the chroniclers of the time wrote of <mask>' violent and unexpected death, it was given little attention and no actions were taken against his murderers for quite some time. Only in late 481 or 482 did Odoacer invade Dalmatia and put Ovida, who had become the ruler of the province, to death, using <mask>' murder as a convenient pretext to conquer the province for himself, a move that was indirectly acknowledged by the eastern empire given that there was no attempt to stop him.After <mask>' death, Odoacer recognised Zeno as his new suzerain and Zeno did not appoint a new western emperor, becoming the first proper sole Roman emperor of the entire empire since the death of Theodosius I in 395


texts:
 (though he continued to only formally control the eastern provinces). Legacy
<mask>' successor in Italy, Romulus Augustulus, is typically regarded as the last western Roman emperor, though several historians argue that this distinction is better applied to <mask>, given that he continued to rule in Dalmatia with the imperial title and the full recognition, albeit not full military support, of the eastern empire until he was murdered in 480. Romulus Augustulus by strange coincidence shares the name of both the founder of Rome (Romulus) and its first emperor (Augustus), which may, in addition to being the last western emperor to rule Italy, have contributed to him being viewed as the last emperor over <mask>. <mask> shares a similar coincidence, in that he shares his first name, <mask>, with <mask>, Augustus' adoptive father and predecessor as authoritarian ruler of the Roman state. By the time of <mask>' death in 480, the Western Roman Empire was gone and <mask> had, in the words of the Roman historian Ralph W. Mathisen, become an "unwanted anachronism"; a hindrance to Odoacer who wished to expand into Dalmatia himself and an embarrassment to Zeno, who could not offer him his full support. Though his death was seen as marking the end of the line of emperors in the west, it was barely acknowledged at the time. By the 6th century, eastern Roman historians no longer recognised <mask>' reign in Dalmatia from 475 to 480 as a legitimate continuation of his imperial reign: the 6th-century eastern historians Marcellinus Comes, Procopius and Jordanes all considered Romulus Augustulus to have been the last western emperor.Notes

References

Bibliography

5th-century births
480 deaths
5th-century Christians
5th-century murdered monarchs
5th-century Roman emperors
Deaths by stabbing in Croatia
House of <mask>
Murdered Roman

masks:
Nepos
Nepos
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Julius
Julius Caesar
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<mask>  (born 21 August 1969 in New Zealand) is a professional motorcycle road racer. He is a former lap record holder on the world-famous Snaefell Mountain Course with a time of 17 minutes 6.682 seconds, at an average speed of  set during the 2014 Superbike TT Race. Anstey was signed to race for the Padgett's Honda Racing Team having previously ridden for TAS Suzuki Racing, Valmoto Triumph and DTR Yamaha. For thirteen consecutive seasons, from 2002 - 2015, <mask>y managed to secure a top three finish at the world's three most prestigious road races; the North West 200, the Isle of Man TT and the Ulster Grand Prix. A press release issued on behalf of Anstey on 10 April 2018, stated that due to illness he would not compete during the 2018 racing season. He did however ride a parade lap on board a Honda RC213V-S during the 2018 Isle of Man Festival of Motorcycling in late August.Anstey announced a return to competitive racing in July 2019 stating he would compete at the Classic TT, and secured a victory in the 250 cc event. In a BBC interview in September 2021, Anstey stated that it his intention to resume racing at the 2022 Classic TT.Racing career
Said to have been inspired to take up a career as a motorcycle racer after watching Mike Hailwood's comeback victory at the 1978 Isle of Man TT Races, Anstey made his competitive debut on Boxing Day, 1990, at the Cemetery Circuit, Whanganui in his native New Zealand, competing on a Suzuki RGV250. Isle of Man TT

Yamaha (1996-2002)

1996
Anstey made his Isle of Man TT debut at the 1996 event. Riding a Yamaha he

masks:
Bruce Anstey
Bruce Anste


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 finished in 29th place in the Lightweight TT before retiring in the Senior TT. 1996 TT Results

1998
Due to illness Anstey did not participate at the 1997 TT, with his next appearance being at the 1998 races. Again featuring in the Lightweight and Senior races, Anstey took his Yamaha TZ250 to a 26th-place finish in the Lightweight and followed this by taking 20th in the Senior TT, being the third 250cc mounted rider to finish behind Gavin Lee and his fellow New Zealander, Shaun Harris. 1998 TT Results

1999
Campaigning in the same classes as the previous year and riding the same Yamaha TZ250, Anstey's form continued to improve in 1999, with him securing his first top 10 finish by claiming 7th in the Lightweight and following this up with 24th in the Senior. 1999 TT Results

2000
The 2000 Isle of Man TT saw Anstey gain his first podium place at the event, finishing second behind Joey Dunlop in the Lightweight TT.The second race of his week saw him again riding the DTR Yamaha TZ250 in the Senior where he took the Denis Trollope machine to the highest place of any 250cc machine in the race, 14th. 2000 TT Results

2002
The 2001 Isle of Man TT was cancelled as a precaution against the Foot and Mouth Outbreak reaching the Island. Racing resumed in 2002, with Anstey being entered in five races. He retired in the week's curtain raiser, the Formula 1 TT, however his fortunes improved as race week progressed. In the Ultra-Lightweight TT Anstey took his DTR 125cc Yamaha to 10th place and then followed this with 3rd place in the Production 1000cc class. He then


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 secured his maiden victory at the TT taking the honours in the Lightweight TT on a DTR 250cc Yamaha. Anstey then recorded a 2nd-place finish in his final race of the week, the Production 600cc.2002 TT Results

Triumph (2003)

2003
At the 2003 meeting, Anstey competed in four categories. Opening his account with the runner up position in the Production 1000cc race, he followed this up with a victory in the Junior TT aboard the Valmoto Triumph Daytona, giving Triumph its first TT win in 27 years. In the Production 600cc class, Anstey managed an 8th-place finish for Triumph and completed the racing programme with 7th place in the Senior aboard a 1000cc Suzuki. 2003 TT Results

Suzuki (2004-2010)

2004
Signed by TAS Suzuki in 2004, Anstey's reputation for consistency saw him finish on the podium in all the races he entered at the TT. A 3rd place in the opening Formula 1 was followed by victory in the 1000cc Production race. A trio of 2nd-place finishes then followed as Anstey took the runner up spot in the Junior 600cc, the Production 600cc and the Senior TT respectively. 2004 TT Results

2005
Again Anstey was entered in five races at the 2005 Isle of Man TT, producing mixed results.Problems with his TAS Suzuki GSX-R1000 Superbike saw him retire in both races in which the machine featured. On the plus side Anstey took victory in the Superstock TT cementing his reputation in the class. Following this he took 4th place in the opening Supersport race but retired in the following one. Anstey's week ended with his retirement in Friday's Senior. 2005 TT


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 Results

2006
In the 2006 TT practices, Anstey achieved the unofficial current top speed record for the Mountain Course of  at the end of Sulby straight on a Suzuki 1000cc machine. This speed value was registered by the on-board datalogging equipment and so cannot be considered as an official record. 2006 TT Results

2007
At the Centenary TT of 2007, Anstey failed to finish in the opening Superbike Race, but swiftly made up for it by claiming victory in the Superstock event winning by 40 seconds over John McGuinness.Anstey missed out on a podium place in the Supersport race finishing 4th, which was followed by another retirement in the highlight Senior TT. 2007 TT Results

2008
In 2008, Anstey opened his account by claiming the runner up spot in the Superbike race. This was followed by an initial victory in the opening Supersport only for Anstey to be subsequently stripped of the 1st place. Having defied a heavy cold to win the race, he was disqualified following an inspection of his machine, which found the exhaust cam did not meet regulations. However just two days later on Wednesday 4 June Anstey swept to victory in the second Supersport Junior race in which he was involved in a thrilling dice on corrected time with Ian Hutchinson. Following over 150 miles of racing, Anstey came home in a time of 1'13:35.71 at an average speed of 123.041 mph. On his second lap he also broke the lap record for the race with an average speed of 125.359 mph.The Senior TT again proved a disappointment for Anstey, with him posting a retirement. To celebrate his Supersport


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 Junior TT win, Suzuki released a GSXR-600 K8 replica of Anstey's Relentless by TAS Suzuki race bike. 2008 TT Results

2009
Anstey's campaign at the 2009 Isle of Man TT proved particularly frustrating. A 2nd place in the second Supersport race being the highlight with retirements in the other four races. 2009 TT Results

2010
The 2010 meeting again provided a mixed bag of fortunes for Anstey. Finishing just outside the top 10 in the opening Superbike race, he failed to finish in either the opening Supersport or the Superstock races. An 8th place followed in the second Supersport race and, comparatively, the meeting ended on a positive note with Anstey securing the final place on the rostrum after a hard-fought Senior.2010 TT Results

Honda (2011-Present)

2011
Anstey had switched teams for the 2011 season, and compared with the previous two seasons an upturn in fortune was evident. Although he failed to finish in the Superbike TT, he enjoyed a win in the opening Supersport race, followed by a further retirement in the Superstock. A 5th place in the second Supersport was followed by Anstey again taking 3rd in the finale race, the Senior TT. 2011 TT Results

2012
At the 2012 Isle of Man TT Anstey took a well earned 3rd place in the Superbike race followed by victory in the opening Supersport race. A brace of 4th places followed in the Superstock and second Supersport races. 2012 TT Results

2013
Anstey achieved a commendable list of results at the 2013 Races, where he secured an 8th place in the opening Superbike race, followed by taking second place on the


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 podium in the first Supersport. A 5th place in the Superstock was followed by another 2nd in the second Supersport race.Anstey rounded off the week's racing with 3rd place in the Senior. 2013 TT Results

2014
Anstey's renowned consistency was particularly evident at the 2014 TT. He posted a 4th place in the Superbike race, followed by 2nd in the Supersport and 3rd in the Superstock. The 2014 TT also saw <mask>'s debut in the TT Zero Class in which he finished in 2nd place to John McGuinness on an identical Mugen Shinden San. Another 2nd place followed in the second of the Supersport events and the week was rounded off with 4th in the Senior. In the Superbike TT, Anstey set a new outright lap record for the Mountain Course. In addition to his haul of six silver replicas, Anstey was also awarded the prestigious John Williams Trophy for the fastest lap in the Superbike TT Race and the Jimmy Simpson Trophy, which is presented to the rider who has achieved the fastest lap of the meeting.2014 TT Results

2015

Superbike TT

On Sunday 7 June 2015 Anstey achieved the highlight of his career, winning the Superbike TT. Lying in second place behind race leader Ian Hutchinson Anstey took the race lead following the pit stops at the end of lap four. Astride a Padgett's Honda Anstey began to extend his lead, claiming victory by 10.97 seconds on corrected time following  of racing. Added to the victory, Anstey also set a new race record and the fastest lap of the race on his sixth lap at an average speed of 131.977 mph. Following his success in the Superbike race Anstey


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 also claimed the John Williams Trophy for the second year in succession. Supersport (Race 1)

Anstey's 2015 campaign continued when he took a 2nd place behind the rejuvenated Hutchinson in the first of the Supersport races and followed this by finishing 9th in the Superstock. TT Zero

Riding for the Mugen Shinden team, Anstey then competed in the TT Zero, his second year competing in the class, taking his electrically powered machine to second place behind Mugen teammate, John McGuinness.Supersport (Race 2)

In the second Supersport race of the week Anstey continued his run of podium positions, again finishing 2nd to Ian Hutchinson. Senior TT

The Senior TT was red flagged midway through lap 2, following an incident involving Jamie Hamilton. A restart followed with the race reduced to 4 laps. Anstey concluded a highly satisfactory week's racing by taking 8th place in the restarted race. 2015 TT Results

2016
Remaining with Honda for 2016, it was announced that <mask> was to ride a Honda RC213V-S at the TT, specially prepared by the Valvoline Racing by Padgett's Motorcycles Team. Various adjustments had to be made to the machine in order for it to withstand six laps of the punishing 37.73 mile Snaefell Mountain Course with such parts as the wheels, the forks, the rear shocks, the brakes and the radiator guards all having to be specially made. Anstey was enjoying a reasonably successful qualifying week until he came off his Honda Fireblade, CBR1000RR Superbike at Keppel Gate during qualifying on Thursday 2 June, as a result of which he received various


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 injuries.Superbike TT

After a check up at Noble's Hospital, Douglas, he was passed fit to compete in the opening Superbike race on Saturday 4 June. Despite his injuries, Anstey came home in a respectable 8th place on board the Honda RC213V-S.

Supersport (Race 1)

Still evidently feeling the effects of the injuries sustained during the Practice Week, Anstey managed to hold station within the top 10 for the first two laps of the opening Supersport 600 race. However, following the pit stops at the end of lap 2 he subsequently retired on lap 3 at Ballacraine. Superstock TT

Later, on 6 June, Anstey lined up on the Glencrutchery Road for the afternoon race, the Superstock TT. Again riding in significant discomfort he retired at the TT Grandstand at the end of the opening lap. Supersport (Race 2) & TT Zero

A rest day during race week combined with a spell at the Isle of Man's hyperbaric chamber paid dividends for Anstey. Notably improved form followed when he took 5th place in the Junior TT, followed by victory in the TT Zero, his first triumph in that particular category.Although trailing at Ballaugh Bridge to Mugen teammate John McGuinness, Anstey took the lead after McGuinness had stopped to make adjustments, leading home William Dunlop and Jamie Hamilton. Senior TT

A further day's recuperation continued to aid Anstey prior to the Senior TT. Following a delayed start due to poor visibility, Anstey was lying in 4th place by the end of lap 1 having lapped at an average speed of . With the retirement of Peter Hickman, Anstey moved up to 3rd place at the pit


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 stop at the end of lap 2, until he was displaced by John McGuinness at the end of lap 3. Anstey was then overtaken on corrected time by Dean Harrison following the second round of pit stops at the end of lap 4, holding 5th place until the end of the 6 laps. 2016 TT Results

2017

In addition to his participation in the main classes at the 2017 Isle of Man TT for Padgett's Honda, it was announced on May 23 that following the injuries sustained by John McGuinness at the North West 200, and his subsequent withdrawal from the TT, Anstey had renewed his association with the Mugen Team in order to compete in the TT Zero class taking the place vacated by McGuinness. Poor weather blighted the qualifying week at the TT, with competitors completing only a fraction of the required laps.A reshuffle of the race schedule was required with the first race day given over to qualifying and practice, meaning the traditional curtain raiser the Superbike TT moving to Sunday June 4. Superbike TT

Anstey formed up on the Glencutchery Road with the Honda RC213V-S, having by the standards of the week, enjoyed a reasonable qualifying period. Anstey took the RC213V-S across the line in 8th place on corrected time at the end of lap 1 involving himself in a close tussle with Conor Cummins and Michael Rutter. By the pit stops at the end of the second lap Anstey had slipped to 10th position, however he had reclaimed 8th by the end of lap 3. During lap 4 Anstey was forced to stop at Ramsey Hairpin in order to inspect the rear of the machine following concern about the degradation of the


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 tyre, and this saw him relegated to 13th place by the time he exited the pits at the end of the lap. Working his way ahead of Horst Saiger and Sam West during lap 5, Anstey began the final lap just outside the top 10, holding 11th place. However over the course of the final lap he was overtaken on corrected time by both Saiger and West and after  of racing he brought his machine home in 13th place.Supersport (Race 1)

The first of the Supersport 600cc races was held on the afternoon of Monday June 5. Anstey made a steady start lying in 11th place by the end of the opening lap. Progress was made during lap 2 with Anstey edging into the top 10, having moved up to 9th place at the pit stops at the end of the lap. Continuing to work his way up the field, Anstey crossed the line in 7th place by the end of the third lap, managing to hold station until the end of the 4 lap race. Superstock
Anstey suffered disappointment in the Superstock race, retiring at the pits at the end of the opening lap. Supersport (Race 2)
Poor weather continued to plague the racing programme forcing the itinerary of the meeting to be rescheduled. As a consequence of inclement weather on Thursday June 8 the second Supersport 600cc race, the Junior TT, was cancelled.TT Zero
Rescheduled for Friday June 9 and starting first on the road, Anstey lead the field for the one lap race from start to finish to claim his 12th TT win. 2017 TT Results

North West 200
Making his debut at the 2002 North West 200, Anstey has managed to chalk up ten victories between 2002 and 2017, making him sixth on


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 the all-time winners list; his last victory being at the 2015 meeting. 2002 - 2003

His maiden victory came in 2002 when he won the Production race. Whilst featuring on the podium at the 2003 North West, Anstey failed to secure a win. 2004
Making his International Road Race debut for Suzuki in 2004, Anstey won the Supersport 600cc race in addition to the Production race. Making up for his 2003 disappointment, a hat-trick appeared to beckon with Anstey leading the Superbike race until the final lap when he crashed. 2005
At the 2005 North West 200 he won the rain affected Superbike event and finished runner-up to Ian Lougher in the Superstock race.2006
At the 2006 meeting he won the first Supersport race and the Superstock race. 2007
The 2007 meeting proved to be his best year up to that date, winning a hat-trick of races that could have been more, had he not crashed out of the first Superbike event. While running in 2nd on the third lap, he "highsided" at York Corner, and he was placed 2nd in the results because they were taken from the last completed lap. He went on to win the two Supersport events, and the Superstock event as well. He may well have increased his tally, but was unable to race in the main Superbike event, as his bike was damaged from the previous crash. 2008
Relevant disappointment affected Anstey at the 2008 North West 200 Races; a 5th place in the first Superbike outing was followed by runner-up spot in the Superstock race and 4th in the second of the Superbike races. 2009
The 2009 North West 200 Races saw a return to the top of the


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 podium for Anstey, with him claiming 1st spot in the opening Superbike race ahead of John McGuinness which was followed up by a 3rd and 4th place in the Superstock and Supersport races, respectively.A brace of runner-up places followed in the subsequent Supersport races. 2010
Opening his account with a 6th place in the first Superbike race in 2010, Anstey continued to suffer from misfortune in the subsequent races, posting a retirement in the opening Supersport 600cc race which was followed by a further retirement in the Superstock before recording 10th in the feature Superbike race and concluding the meeting with 3rd in his second Supersport outing. 2011
The 2011 North West 200 was blighted by misfortune including inclement weather, an oil spill and a hoax bomb alert. Only one race was able to run before the programme was curtailed and in which Anstey claimed 3rd place in a rain sodden Supersport 600cc race. 2012
Again the victim of inclement weather, the 2012 North West 200 saw further interruption to the racing programme. Anstey came home in 7th place in his first outing in the Supersport category, followed with a 6th place in the Superbike race. 2013
Having qualified strongly across the range of classes at the North West 200 in 2013, Anstey claimed 4th place in the opening Supersport race on Thursday May 16.However the weather was again the main talking point of the meeting, putting paid to the majority of the race schedule on Saturday May 18. This again saw Anstey take 4th spot in a rain blighted Supersport race. 2014
Anstey claimed the top spot on


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 the rostrum at the first of the Supersport races in 2014 with an average speed of . However this was his only positive in the meeting. 2015
The 2015 North West 200 Races again saw Anstey feature prominently in the opening race where he just missed out on a podium position, coming home in 4th position. An improvement followed in the feature Superbike race when he claimed the third tier behind Alastair Seeley and Ian Hutchinson. 2016
At the 2016 North West 200 Anstey made a good start from a middle grid position in the opening Superbike Race.Dicing for a position within the top three, Anstey set a new absolute top speed record on the run to Coleraine at . Anstey continued to cement his position in the field when, towards the end of lap 4, he crashed his Honda Fireblade at Church Corner as a result of running a wider line. As a consequence of the crash the race was red flagged. This was the first time at the North West that Anstey failed to take a place on the podium. 2017

Anstey remained a member of the Pagett's Honda squad for the 2017 North West 200 races which saw him campaigning a Honda Fireblade in the Superbike category as well as a new Honda SP2 in the Superstock and a Honda CBR600RR in the Supersport race. In qualifying for the Supersport race, Anstey posted the 8th quickest time in the opening practice session followed by 12th quickest in the second session - although he did manage to attain the highest speed on the approach to University, clocked at . Starting from row four on the grid, Anstey finished in 12th place in the Supersport


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 race.Anstey's disappointing qualifying continued into the Superstock practice which saw him record a lowly 44th quickest time in the opening session followed by a failure to post a time in the second session and consequently he failed to start the race. A more positive performance occurred in opening practice session for the Superbike class in which Anstey managed to qualify 15th fastest aboard the Honda Fireblade recording an impressive speed of  through the speed trap on the approach to University. In the second session Anstey managed to improve this by moving up to 11th quickest. Starting the race from 14th on the grid Anstey's disappointment continued as he was forced to retire at the end of lap 2. Ulster Grand Prix
Anstey has also claimed numerous successes at the Ulster Grand Prix, taking the top step on the podium on 13 occasions. 2003 - 2010

At the 2003 Ulster Grand Prix Anstey took his maiden victory, when he claimed the honors in the 1000cc Production Race. Building on his 2003 exploits, 2004 saw Anstey secure a hat-trick of successes in the Superbike, Production 600, and Production 1000 classes.Whilst failing to take the top spot in 2005, he did manage to secure 2 podiums. In 2006, he was victorious in the Superstock class once more. Further success belonged to Anstey at the 2010 meeting, securing another hat-trick to bring his winning tally to eight. This was Anstey's last appearance for TAS Suzuki and saw him sign off by obliterating the previous lap record, setting a new average lap speed of  making him then the fastest rider on the


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 fastest motorcycle racing circuit in the world. 2011

Having signed for Padgett's Honda, Anstey took a solitary victory at the 2011 meeting taking the winner's garland in the Superspport 600cc class. 2012

Again a single victory was all Anstey was able to secure at the 2012 UGP when he again came home at the head of the field in one of the Supersport races. 2013

Whilst he failed to gain top spot on the podium at the 2013 Ulster Grand Prix, the meeting saw a return of the consistency of which Anstey is so renowned.Clinching the runner-up position in the opening Superbike race, this was followed by a brace of runner up positions in both Supersport outings and a 3rd place in the Superstock. The signature race, the Ulster Grand Prix, saw Anstey come home in 4th place to conclude a very rewarding meeting. 2014

Anstey's campaign at the 2014 event saw him take the honors once more in the opening Supersport race. He then enjoyed further success when he went on to win the blue riband Superbike race. Anstey's brace of wins saw him named 'Man of the Meeting'. 2015

At the 2015 Ulster Grand Prix Anstey took the honours in the associated event, the Dundrod 150 as well as taking victory in the main event, in controversial circumstances. The feature event, the Ulster Grand Prix, was red flagged following an incident towards the end of lap 7.The race organisers decided to give the victory to <mask>, who had been leading at the end of lap 4, citing they could not take the standings after the fifth lap because some riders had not completed it when the red flags went up.


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 Anstey secured victory over Ian Hutchinson who had been leading the race at the end of lap 5 (two-thirds distance). 2016

The 2016 Ulster Grand Prix was a meeting dominated by Ian Hutchinson, however Anstey also enjoyed a respectable meeting being reunited with the Honda RC213V-S. Having recovered from the injuries he sustained earlier in the season at the Isle of Man TT, Anstey took the runner up spot behind Hutchinson in both the Superbike races and victory in the opening (red flagged) Supersport event. Anstey concluded the meeting by taking 4th spot in the second Supersport race. 2017
Anstey's participation at the 2017 Ulster Grand Prix was confirmed in mid July. A press release from the Padgett's Honda Team confirmed  Anstey would campaign both a Honda RC213V-S and for the Classic Lightweight event, a Honda RS250. Anstey enjoyed renewed success, with a first and second in two of the three Supersport 600 cc races.In his first outing Anstey took a 2nd aboard the Pagett's Honda behind Man of the Meeting, Peter Hickman. Anstey fared less well when he retired the Padgett's Honda RS250R at the end of the opening lap due to mechanical problems. feature race
Anstey's luck returned for the Superbike feature race, which saw Anstey secure a maiden win in an International Road Race for the Honda RC213V-S. The race saw Anstey dicing at the head of the pack with up to five other riders in which lap records tumbled, and it finally came down to a two-way duel between Anstey and Hickman on the final lap. Taking the lead midway through the lap at Joey's Windmill,


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 Anstey held on from Hickman to claim his first victory since 2015. In his second outing in the Supersport 600 cc class Anstey finished  second behind Hickman, who claimed a popular hat-trick at the event. Classic TT
Following changes to the Manx Grand Prix Races in 2013, the Classic TT became part of the newly revamped festival allowing established TT competitors the opportunity to compete on classic and post-classic machinery.2013
Anstey campaigned a classic bike at the 2013 Classic TT. He failed to finish in the Bennett's 500cc Classic on which he rode a 1961 Manx Norton. 2013 Classic TT Results

2014
At the 2014 Manx Festival of Motorcycling, Anstey was entered in the 500cc Classic TT and Formula 1 Classic TT. Again on board the Manx Norton Anstey took 3rd in the 500cc Classic and notched up his maiden victory at the event when he took a Padgett's Yamaha YZR500 to 1st place in the Formula 1 Classic. 2014 Classic TT Results

2015
Entering in the Motorsport Merchandise F1/F2 Classic TT, Anstey lined up astride the same Padgett's Yamaha YZR500 which he had taken to 1st place in the Formula 1 Classic the previous year. A strong depth of field joined Anstey on the grid as he went head to head with Michael Dunlop, Michael Rutter, Ryan Farquhar and Peter Hickman amongst others. As a consequence of various delays during the course of the day, racing finally got underway at 5pm with Anstey's Yamaha YZR500 pitted against Suzuki, Kawasaki and Yamaha Superbikes.Tussling with the pugnacious Dunlop at the head of the field, Anstey crossed the line in 1st place at


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 the end of the opening lap with a time of 18:13.707 producing an average speed of 124.190. As the second lap progressed Anstey began to secure the lead from Dunlop taking an increasing advantage into the 3rd lap. However Anstey was then black flagged as he approached Cronk-ny-Mona at the end of lap 3. The result of this being Anstey  having to return to the pits with a loose left exhaust. The Valvoline Racing by Padgetts Motorcycles team battled to fix the problem and Anstey rejoined the race, but he'd lost a minute to Michael Dunlop, handing victory to Dunlop on a plate. Anstey had the consolation of clawing back a gap of over thirty seconds on James Hillier on the last lap and with Ryan Farquhar losing time on the Mountain section, Anstey snatched 2nd place by a second from Farquhar. 2015 Classic TT Results

2016
Anstey enjoyed success in the Classic 250cc race, leading from start to finish.Campaigning a Padgett's Honda RS250R, he recorded a fastest lap of 118.74 mph breaking John McGuinness' lap record which had stood since 1999. Anstey is now the current lap record holder on the Snaefell Mountain Course in both two stroke categories, set at the Classic TT. Anstey failed to make an impact in the Superbike Race. On board the Padgett's Yamaha YZR500 Anstey was lying in 8th place at the end of the opening lap behind a rampaging Michael Dunlop, who went on to break Anstey's lap record for the Superbike class (although Anstey's record for two stroke machinery still stands). Anstey made no impression at the head of the field, and retired on lap four at Glen


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 Tramman. 2016 Classic TT Results

2017
Anstey returned to the Isle of Man for the Classic TT Races in August, 2017. Practice saw him amongst the higher end of the field prior to his opening race, the Dunlop Classic Lightweight TT.On a Honda RS250R, <mask> lead the field from the start during the four lap race,  breaking his previous year's lap record, becoming the first 250 cc rider to pass the 120 mph barrier, recording a fastest lap of . 2017 Classic TT Results

2019
Having recovered sufficiently from the effects of his cancer treatment, Anstey made a return to racing at the 2019 Classic TT in August. From the start of the four-lap post-classic 250 cc race, Anstey took the lead bringing his 250 cc Honda into first place by a margin of 70 seconds over his team mate, Davy Todd. 2019 Classic TT Results

Personal life
Anstey tends to shy away from un-warranted media attention, although he is not averse to giving interviews. Together with his partner, Anny, he spends his time away from racing at his home in Cullybackey, County Antrim, having moved there from Windsor or in New Zealand. A popular joke amongst the motorcycle racing paddock surrounds Anstey's propensity for sleeping. It is often referred to that his racing results reflect which time the race occurs – the later in the day, the better.Illness

<mask>'s racing career suffered a setback in 1995 when he was diagnosed with testicular cancer. Having made his first appearance at the Isle of Man TT Races in 1996, he was forced to miss the 1997 meeting as a consequence of undergoing treatment. Although

masks: Anstey Anstey


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 being declared free of the disease, he has stated that he still feels the lingering effects part of which affect his immune system. In April 2018 it was revealed that Anstey needed treatment after several cancerous tumours had been found in his lungs and on his spine, in addition to a blood clot on one of his lungs, which ruled him out of racing for the 2018 season. Anstey underwent an operation in 2019. In an interview with the BBC in September 2021 he stated that he believes the operation to have been successful, however he still has to undergo blood tests every three months. Pre-ride rituals
On numerous occasions prior to races, a traditional New Zealand Haka has been performed for Anstey.He also received a Haka following his win at the 2015 Ulster Grand Prix. Helmets
Anstey is contracted to the Arai Helmet Company, his current helmet design is the Arai RX7-RC. Awards
In the 2015 New Year Honours, Anstey was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to motorsport. <mask> was inducted into the Motorcycle NZ Hall of fame on 15 May 2021. Nicknames
Anstey is widely recognized as one of the most laid-back racers in motorcycling and is known by at several nicknames; one being "Smiler," a name bestowed on him by members of his family, and used by motorcycle racing commentator Fred Clarke. Other nicknames by which Anstey is popularly known are "<mask>," "The Wellington Wonder" and "The Flying Kiwi." Complete TT record

References

External links

1969 births
Sportspeople from Wellington City
Isle of Man TT riders
New Zealand motorcycle

masks:
Bruce
Bruce Almighty


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<mask>, since <mask> (25 January 1776 – 29 January 1848), was a German writer, philosopher, theologian, historian and journalist. Early life
Görres was born in Koblenz. His father was moderately well off, and sent his son to a Latin college under the direction of the Roman Catholic clergy. The young Görres' sympathies were initially with the French Revolution, and the French exiles in the Rhineland confirmed his beliefs, which would then evolve over time. He harangued the revolutionary clubs, and insisted on the unity of interests which would ally all civilized states to one another. He began a republican journal called Das rote Blatt, and afterwards Rübezahl, in which he strongly condemned the administration of the Rhenish provinces by France. After the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) there was hope that the Rhenish provinces would be constituted into an independent republic.In 1799 the provinces sent an embassy, of which Görres was a member, to Paris to put their case before the directory. The embassy reached Paris on 20 November 1799; two days before this Napoleon had assumed power. After much delay he received the embassy; but the only answer they obtained was "that they might rely on perfect justice, and that the French government would never lose sight of their wants". <mask> on his return published a tract called Resultate meiner Sendung nach Paris, in which he reviewed the history of the French Revolution. During the thirteen years of Napoleon's dominion Görres lived a quiet life, devoting himself chiefly to art or science. In 1801 he married Catherine de Lasaulx, and for some years taught at a secondary school in Koblenz; in 1806 he moved to Heidelberg, where he lectured at the university. British lawyer and diarist Henry Crabb Robinson met Görres during this

masks:
Johann Joseph Görres
1839 von Görres
Görres


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 time.A quote from his diary:

Görres has the wildest physiognomy – looks like an overgrown old student. A faun-like nose and lips, fierce eyes, and locks as wild as Caliban’s. Strong sense, with a sort of sulky indifference toward others, are the characteristics of his manner. Clemens Brentano compared his appearance to that

[...] of an old lion shaking and pulling his mane caught in the bars of his cage. As a leading member of the Heidelberg Romantic group, he edited together with Brentano and Ludwig Achim von Arnim the Zeitung für Einsiedler (subsequently renamed Trost-Einsamkeit), and in 1807 he published Die deutschen Volksbücher (literally, The Books of the German People). He returned to Koblenz in 1808, and again found occupation as a teacher in a secondary school, supported by civic funds. He now studied Persian, and in two years published a Mythengeschichte der asiatischen Welt (History of the Myths of the Asiatic World), which was followed ten years later by Das Heldenbuch von Iran (The Book of Heroes of Iran), a translation of part of the Shahnama, the epic of Firdousi.Editor of the Merkur
In 1813 he again took up the cause of national independence, and in the following year founded Der rheinische Merkur. The outspokenness of its hostility to Napoleon made it influential, and Napoleon himself called it "a fifth power". It campaigned for a united Germany, with a representative government, but under an emperor, Görres having abandoned his earlier advocacy of republicanism. When Napoleon was at Elba, <mask> wrote an ironic imaginary proclamation issued by him to the people. He criticised the second peace of Paris (1815), declaring that Alsace and Lorraine should have been demanded back from France. Stein used the Merkur at the time of the meeting of the


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 congress of Vienna to give expression to his hopes. But Hardenberg, in May 1815, warned Görres to remember that he was not to arouse hostility against France, but only against Napoleon.There was also in the Merkur an antipathy to Prussia, expression of the desire that an Austrian prince should assume the imperial title, and also a tendency to liberalism—all distasteful to Hardenberg, and to his master Friedrich Wilhelm III. Görres disregarded warnings sent to him by the censorship, so that the Merkur was suppressed early in 1816, at the instance of the Prussian government; and soon after <mask> was dismissed from his teaching post. Life as an independent writer
He supported himself by his pen, and he became a political pamphleteer. In the excitement which followed Kotzebue's assassination, the reactionary decrees of Carlsbad were framed, and these were the subject of Görres’ pamphlet Teutschland und die Revolution ("Germany and the Revolution", 1820). In this work he reviewed the circumstances which had led to the murder of August von Kotzebue, and, while expressing horror at the deed itself, he urged that it was impossible and undesirable to repress the free utterance of public opinion. The success of the work was marked, despite a ponderous style. It was suppressed by the Prussian government, and orders were issued for the arrest of Görres and the seizure of his papers.He escaped to Strasbourg, and thence went to Switzerland. Two more political tracts were Europa und die Revolution ("Europe and the Revolution", 1821) and In Sachen der Rheinprovinzen und in eigener Angelegenheit ("In the matter of the Rhine Province and in a matter of my own", 1822). In the former book – read with avidity throughout Germany. – Görres describes the moral, intellectual and political


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 corruption of France in the course of the eighteenth century as the major cause which led to the revolution:

In his pamphlet Die heilige Allianz und die Völker auf dem Congresse von Verona ("The Holy Alliance and the peoples represented at the congress of Verona", 1822) Görres asserted that the princes had met together to crush the liberties of the people, and that the people must look elsewhere for help. The "elsewhere" was to Rome; and from this time <mask> became an Ultramontane writer. He was summoned to Munich by King Ludwig of Bavaria as professor of history in the university, and there his writing enjoyed popularity. Since his sojourn in Strasbourg, Görres had studied the mystic testimonies of various epochs.He went into the mystical writers of the Middle Ages such as María de Ágreda as well as observing, partly in person, the ecstatic young women of his time (Maria von Mörl, and others), and strove to comprehend more thoroughly the nature of Christian mysticism. His Christliche Mystik ("On christian mysticism", 4 vols., 1836–1842; 2nd ed., 5 vols., 1879) gave a series of biographies of the saints, together with an exposition of Roman Catholic mysticism. But his most celebrated ultramontane work was a polemical one. Its occasion was the deposition and imprisonment by the Prussian government of the archbishop Clement Wenceslaus reportedly due to his refusal to sanction in certain instances the marriages of Protestants and Roman Catholics. In his Athanasius (1837), Görres upheld the power of the church, although liberals of later claimed he never insisted on the absolute supremacy of Rome. Athanasius went through several editions, and initiated a long and bitter controversy. In the Historisch-politische Blätter ("Historical-political pages"), a Munich


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 journal, Görres and his son Guido (1805–1852) continued to uphold the claims of the church.On New Year's Day of 1839, <mask> received the "Civil Order of Merit" from the king for his services. Death
He died 29 January 1848, the year of the fall of Metternich, and was buried in the Alter Südfriedhof in Munich. Publications

 Der allgemeine Frieden, ein Ideal (1798). Aphorismen über Kunst (1802). Glauben und Wissen (1805). Die teutschen Volksbücher. Nähere Würdigung der schönen Historien-, Wetter- und Arzneybüchlein […] (1807).Schriftproben von Peter Hammer (1808). Über den Fall Teutschlands und die Bedingungen seiner Wiedergeburt (1810). Mythengeschichte der asiatischen Welt (1810). Lohengrin, ein altteutsches Gedicht (1813). Rheinischer Merkur (1814–1816). Teutschland und die Revolution (1819). Beantwortung der in den jetzigen Zeiten für jeden Teutschen besonders wichtigen Frage: Was haben wir zu erwarten?(1814). Europa und die Revolution (1821). Firdusi (1822). Die heilige Allianz und die Völker auf dem Congresse von Verona (1822). Introduction to Melchior von Diepenbrock's Heinrich Susos, genannt Amandus, Leben und Schriften (1829). Über die Grundlage, Gliederung und Zeitenfolge der Weltgeschichte (1830). Nachruf auf Achim von Arnim (1831).Vier Sendschreiben an Herrn Culmann, Sekretär der Ständeversammlung (1831). Ministerium, Staatszeitung, Rechte und Unrechte Mitte (1831). Athanasius (1837). Die Triarier H. Leo, Dr. P. Marheinecke, D. K. Bruno (1838). Die christliche Mystik (1836–1842). Kirche und Staat nach Ablauf der Cölner Irrung (1842). Der Dom von Köln und das Münster von Strasburg (1842).Introduction to Das Leben Christi, by Johann Nepomuk Sepp (1843). Die Japhetiden und ihre gemeinsame Heimat Armenien. Akademische Festrede (1844). Die drei Grundwurzeln


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 des celtischen Stammes und ihre Einwanderung (1845). Die Wallfahrt nach Trier (1845). Die Aspecten an der Zeitenwende. Zum neuen Jahre 1848 (last and unfinished article, 1848).Works in English translation
 Germany and the Revolution. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1820. Influences
 Richard Wagner was an avid reader of Görres' Lohengrin introduction, since the 1840s, as well as (less enthusiastically) of the Christliche Mystik (read in 1875). Carl Jung mentions reading Görres as a young man in his autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Pantheon Books, 1963, p. 99) . The Görres Society was founded on 25 January 1876 in honour of Görres to advance Roman Catholic studies. See also
 Guido Görres

References

Further reading
 Berger, Martin (1921). Görres als politischer Publizist.Bonn und Leipzig: K. Schroeder. Coker, F. W. (1910). “The Organismic Analogies of Görres.” In: Organismic Theories of the State. Columbia University Press, pp. 44–47. Dickerhof, Harald (1999). Görres-Studien.Paderborn: Schöningh. Heuvel, Jon Vanden (2001). A German Life in the Age of Revolution: <mask>, 1776–1848, Catholic University of America Press. Menzel, Wolfgang (1840). German Literature, Vol. 2, Vol. 3.Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company. Münster, Hans A. (1926). Die öffentliche Meinung in Johann Josef <mask>' Politischer Publizistik. Berlin: Staatspolitischer Verlag. Raab, Heribert (1978). <mask>, ein Leben für Freiheit und Recht.Paderborn: Schöningh. External links
 Biography of <mask>, German and English
 Encyclopædia Britannica: <mask> Görres

 <mask>rres: "Something to Sell," 1798

1776 births
1848 deaths
Politicians from Heidelberg
19th-century German Catholic theologians
Writers from Heidelberg
Writers from Koblenz
Roman Catholic activists
Burials at the

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<mask> (December 8, 1916 – May 2, 1966) was a civil rights activist and union organizer. She was among the co-founders of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942 in Chicago, Illinois. Civil rights leader and union organizer
As an activist <mask> headed a cell with the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) in Chicago to concentrate on race relations. This small cell provided the people for the beginnings of the Committee on Racial Equality which they soon renamed the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). James Farmer was among the co-founders. The founding members of CORE were James Farmer, <mask>, George Houser, Homer A. Jack, James Russell Robinson, and Joe Guinn. Bayard Rustin, while not a founder of CORE, was a campus traveler for the Fellowship of Reconciliation; he worked with and advised the founders.Houser reported that James Farmer, in addition to his Chicago activities, traveled the country with FOR and spoke about his national vision for CORE. He said that <mask> was the nuts and bolts person for CORE in Chicago and later St. Louis. Houser mentioned pre-CORE and initial activities in Chicago of Jim Farmer, Jim Robinson, <mask> <mask>, Homer Jack and Joe Guinn that included the Fellowship house (an early effort at desegregating housing), Jack Spratt restaurant sit-in, and White City roller-rink among others. He spoke highly of <mask> <mask> and of her importance to the development of CORE. <mask> has been called the "godmother of the restaurant 'sit-in' technique" by fellow activist and union organizer Ernest Calloway, who worked closely with <mask> in St. Louis and admired her. <mask> worked tirelessly to establish the Committee On Racial Equality. Soon the founders, including <mask>, changed the name to Congress of Racial Equality CORE.This group introduced the sit-in as a tactic

masks:
Elsie Bernice Fisher
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texts: in challenging racial segregation in public accommodations. <mask> was instrumental in establishing the sit-in as a nonviolent technique in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1942 CORE's six founders followed the nonviolent organizing techniques outlined in Krishnalal Shridharani's War Without Violence. This was Shridharani's doctoral thesis at Columbia, and within the year had become a national bestseller. Shridharani, an intimate of Gandhi, who had been jailed in the Salt March, had codified Gandhi's techniques. Gandhi had not wanted his followers to codify his teachings, as he had wanted people to come to India, study intensively and experience the movement first-hand. However, the British Indian authorities were restricting Gandhi's non-Indian followers from coming into India, and travelling outside of the subcontinent was beyond the means of most of his followers.<mask> made a list of rules to follow at demonstrations, based on Gandhi's teachings, that was distributed as a handbill at some demonstrations. Following Gandhi's first rule of involving the community and finding out its priorities, this first group of <mask>'s concentrated on integrating housing, repealing laws against integrating neighborhoods in Chicago, and integrating restaurants and amusement venues in Chicago. News of CORE's work spread and others followed their lead. In 1943, shortly after the first CORE sit-ins, a group of seventeen young women at Howard University in Washington DC began an unpublicized sit-in at a luncheonette in the Howard neighborhood. They had become acquainted with CORE through Fellowship of Reconciliation Campus Travelers Bayard Rustin and James Farmer. The group at Howard included Ruth Powell, Marianne Musgrave, Patricia Roberts, & Juanita Morrow Nelson, and they were represented by Pauli Murray, who

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher


texts: was then in Howard Law School. <mask> became an organizer of department store workers in Chicago.During World War II, wages were frozen by government order, but despite a freeze on prices, inflation was rampant. Working conditions for department store employees were  onerous: women were not allowed to sit at work, they had no regular breaks, wages were low, and the stores were understaffed. Better pay for women was available in industry, for those who were free to take advantage of the opportunity. <mask> was brought to St. Louis by Harold Gibbons of the Teamsters, one of the most progressive labor leaders in America at the time. Gibbons had hired Ernest Calloway, an African-American organizer, who would work in the segregated mid-South for the Teamsters. He hired <mask> on the recommendation of Calloway, who had been impressed by her work in Chicago. During her years in St. Louis, <mask> organized that city's chapter of CORE, which produced many of the organization's national leaders.St. Louis CORE kept the national organization going in the late 1940s and the 1950s. They refined many of the techniques promoted by the Chicago group. Others associated with the St. Louis chapter were Marian O'Fallon Oldham, Charles Oldham, Irving & Margaret Dagen, Joe & Billie Ames, Marvin Rich, Norman Seay and Wanda Penny. St. Louis CORE became a leading exponent of the nonviolent direct action as applied to race relations. During the last ten years of her life, <mask> was active with the Concord Baptist Church of Christ in Brooklyn, New York. She was Co-Chairman with Cyprian Belle Concord of the Social Action Committee created by the Concord Baptist Church. <mask> lived most of her adult life in New York, St. Louis, and Chicago.She participated in many civil-rights nonviolent direct-action activities and labor

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 union anti-discrimination efforts in those cities. She was long associated with the labor movement and served as an official with several unions, including the United Federation of Teachers, Retail Wholesale and Department Stores Union, CIO; the Government and Civic Organizing Committee in Chicago; the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Workers in New York, and others. She had also been active with the Housing Conference of Chicago. She was also serving on the executive board of Brooklyn NAACP and on the National Board of the Workers Defense League. She is buried at The Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn, N.Y.<ref>BROOKLYN EDITION, Amsterdam News; CORE Founder Dies Saturday, May 7, 1966-B.</ref>THE CONCORD BAPTIST CHURCH OF CHRIST; Services of Homegoing, Brooklyn, New York, May 4, 1966. Education
<mask> graduated from the University of Chicago on June 18, 1943, with a major area of Divinity. She previously studied at Colgate Rochester Divinity School, Rochester, N.Y., which she attended from 1939 to 1941, and studied at the Rochester Collegiate Center, 1935 to 1936.She graduated from Monroe High School in Rochester in 1934. Family
<mask>'s father was Jay Merritt <mask>, born August 21, 1877, Syracuse, New York to Charles Gold <mask>, M.D., and Annie (Schutt) <mask>. He moved with his family to Pennsylvania about 1880. Her mother was Annie Rosetta (Morrison<mask>, born April 17, 1881, Ambrose, Indiana County, Pennsylvania, daughter of George Morrison and Emma (Goodwin) Morrison. Her brother was Donald Morrison <mask>, born March 10, 1911, Punxsutawney, Pa., and died March 21, 1983, Syracuse, New York. Donald with E. Ruth (Loke) had five children, Thomas G<mask>, Dennis G<mask>, Frank W<mask>, Craig W<mask> and Christine E<mask>. See also
Civil Rights Movement
Timeline of the civil

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 rights movement
Greensboro sit-ins

 Books Victory without Violence, The First Ten Years Of The St. Louis Committee Of Racial Equality (CORE), 1947-1957 by Mary Kimbrough and Margaret W. Dagen, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2000.The dedication page to Victory Without Violence reads: "To <mask> <mask>, whose voice sounded the call to action. And to the memory of the members of the St. Louis Committee of Racial Equality who pursued a quiet but determined crusade for human rights. "Lay Bare The Heart: An Autobiography of The Civil Rights Movement by James Farmer, 1985, Plume Book, New American Library. Frazier, Nishani (2017). Harambee City: Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the Rise of Black Power Populism. University of Arkansas Press. .

 Miscellaneous sources PERSONAL HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE, The City of New York, Department of Personnel, 4 pages, completed by <mask> <mask>; undated but contains these years and cities of residence: 1931 Jamestown, N.Y.; 1931-1941 Rochester, N.Y.; 1941-1945 Chicago, Ill; 1945-1946 Chicago and Detroit; 1946-1949 St. Louis, Mo. ; 1953-1956 Chicago, Ill.; 1956–present Brooklyn, N.Y. (Note: <mask> was still living in Brooklyn, New York when she died in May 1966.Ledger No.5281 Union Card expires December 31, 1942, Sister <mask> <mask>, Warehousemen, Loaders, Stackers and Graders, Local 688...of the I.B. of T.C.W. and H. of A. affiliated with the A. F. of L. and Honorable Withdrawal Card of Bernice <mask>, Local No. 688, is dated 9 May 1949 are in the possession of Frank W<mask>.Unacknowledged Leaders: Sarah Lawrence Conference, Sisters in Struggle, Sheila Shiki y Michaels, New York, NY, 8 March 2003; Sheila Shiki y Michaels, New York, NY, 11 November 2002.Oral Histories, The Reminiscences of George Houser, James R. Robinson and Marvin

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 Rich in the Sheila Michaels Oral History Collection of Columbia University in New York City.United Federation of Teachers newspaper, UFT Expands Union Organizing Staff page 5; my copy has only pages 5 through 8 and doesn't give the date of publication, but it contains the page 5 story, and board meeting minutes of Nov. 4 and 16, 1964 on page 8. There is much discussion by Farmer and Houser on the founding of CORE in several issues of Fellowship
magazine of the Fellowship of Reconciliation in 1992 (Spring, Summer and Winter issues). Participants in a conference on Oct. 22 1992, "Erasing the Color Line in the North," attended by both Houser and Farmer, agreed that the founders of CORE were Jim Farmer, George Houser and <mask> <mask>. James Farmer, in his book Lay Bare The Heart'', discusses "CORE IS BORN" (Chapter 10)He mentions Bob "Chino" (the Hispanic nickname for a Chinese man, by which he was widely known), and Hugo Victoreen as well as George Houser, Bernice <mask>, Jimmy Robinson, Joe Guinn, Homer Jack and himself as participants when the organization CORE was formed.Bernice became secretary and Jimmy became treasurer. The Wisconsin Historical Society is home to a large collection of the papers of the Congress of Racial Equality, Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State St., Madison, Wisconsin 53706

An extensive oral history collection related to the Congress of Racial Equality is kept at Howard University, Washington, DC 20059. Interviews can be found online here. The University of Texas at Austin retains the papers of James and Lula Farmer. These contain material related to <mask> <mask>. The inventory of the archive is available online here. References

1916 births
1966 deaths
People from Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
American civil rights activists
Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity

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<mask> (born 9 April 1975) is an English football manager and former player, who most recently managed East Bengal in the Indian Super League. As a player he was a striker, and is the seventh-highest goalscorer in the history of the Premier League. He is best known for his time at Liverpool, initially from 1993 to 2001. He scored 183 goals in total for Liverpool, earning the nickname "God" from the Anfield fans, and he remains Liverpool's top scorer in the Premier League. He subsequently played for Leeds United and Manchester City, before returning to Liverpool in January 2006. He moved to Cardiff City eighteen months later. He played there for a year before transferring to Blackburn Rovers on a short-term deal.In December 2008, he departed Blackburn and played in Australia with North Queensland Fury and Perth Glory. In 2011, he joined Thai side Muangthong United as a player, but later was appointed player-manager, which he remained until his retirement in 2012. He was capped for England 26 times, scoring 7 goals. <mask> was included in England's squads for Euro 1996, Euro 2000 and the 2002 World Cup. Socially aware, <mask> showed support for the Liverpool dockers' strike during a goal celebration in 1997 where he unveiled a t-shirt which incorporated the Calvin Klein "CK" into the word doCKer. Early life
<mask> was born in Toxteth, Liverpool, and brought up in the inner city area of Liverpool. At this time he was known as Robert Ryder, his mother's surname.He lived in Toxteth at the time of the 1981 Toxteth riots, when he was six years old. As a youngster he supported Everton F.C. He played regularly for schoolboy team Thorvald, and once scored 16 times in a 26–0 rout. Club career

Liverpool

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Robert Bernard Fowler
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texts: Despite growing up as an Everton fan, <mask>'s career began with Liverpool. He signed as a youth team player on leaving school in the summer of 1991, signing professional terms on his 17th birthday, 9 April 1992. <mask>'s first involvement with the Liverpool first team came on 13 January 1993, when he was an unused substitute in an FA Cup third round tie against Bolton Wanderers. In the following close season, <mask> helped the England under-18 team win the 1993 European Championship, before making a scoring first-team debut in Liverpool's 3–1 win in a first round League Cup tie at Fulham on 22 September 1993.<mask> scored all five goals in the second leg at Anfield two weeks later, making him the fourth player in Liverpool's history to score five in a senior fixture. He scored his first league hat-trick against Southampton in only his fifth league game. His very first league goal for the Reds had come on 16 October 1993, when an 87th-minute equaliser at home to struggling Oldham Athletic saved the Reds from what would have been one of the biggest Premier League shocks of the season, with a last gasp own goal giving Liverpool a 2–1 win. He scored twice in a thrilling 3–3 draw at Tottenham Hotspur on 18 December. His first 13 games for the club yielded 12 goals, and he was rewarded with an England Under-21 debut against San Marino in November 1993, in which he scored England's opening goal in the third minute. <mask> was unable to sustain his goal-a-game ratio throughout the season, but finished his first season as the club's second top scorer with 18 goals in all competitions, Ian Rush had scored 19. It was, however, a disappointing season for Liverpool, as they finished eighth in the Premier

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 League without making an impact in any of the major competitions, though the departure of Graeme Souness as manager and the appointment of Roy Evans as successor built up hope for a brighter future at Anfield after the disappointment of the first two FA Premier League seasons.Success and fame
During the 1994–95 season <mask> was a constant member of the Liverpool side, playing in all of their 57 competitive matches, including the victory in the 1995 League Cup final, and a match against Arsenal in which he scored what was then the Premier League's second-fastest hat-trick ever, in four minutes and 33 seconds. His record stood for twenty years until broken by Sadio Mané on 16 May 2015 for Southampton against Aston Villa, who scored three goals in two minutes and 56 seconds. He scored braces against Aston Villa, Ipswich Town, Chelsea and Norwich City in the league that season. <mask> was voted the PFA Young Player of the Year in two consecutive years in 1995 and 1996, a feat also achieved only by Ryan Giggs, Wayne Rooney and Dele Alli. Throughout the mid and late 1990s, <mask> was widely considered to be the most natural finisher playing in England. <mask> sealed this reputation as he scored more than 30 goals for three consecutive seasons, up to 1997. He remains the only player to have scored 30 plus goals in his first three full seasons in England scoring 98 goals with a total of 116 in just over three years.<mask>'s partnership with Steve McManaman was largely described as the reason why Liverpool had become the club known for being the most potent attacking force in England at the time, and <mask> was renowned for scoring goals of all varieties, from every angle and distance, with McManaman

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texts: describing him as the "greatest goalscorer of all time". Stan Collymore, <mask>'s regular strike partner for two seasons from 1995, said in his autobiography that <mask> was the best player he has ever played alongside. <mask> and Collymore were among the most prolific goal-scoring strike partnerships in England during the 1995–96 season, with £8.4million signing Collymore replacing the veteran Ian Rush as <mask>'s regular partner in attack after his arrival in June 1995. In the same season, he scored twice in a 4–3 victory over Newcastle United, a match voted the best of the decade in a Premier League poll. The match helped prevent Newcastle from winning the league, but it was not enough for Liverpool to clinch the title; they finished third while Manchester United were crowned champions. <mask> also played in his first FA Cup final that season, but was on the losing side as Manchester United won 1–0. He had scored four goals against United in the league that season, scoring twice in a 2–2 draw at Old Trafford on 1 October 1995, and twice in a 2–0 win at Anfield on 16 December.<mask> received a call-up to the full England squad and won his first cap on 27 March 1996 as a substitute in a friendly against Bulgaria. His first start at international level was against Croatia which was the England game following his substitute appearance. <mask> was part of the England squad for Euro 1996, making two appearances in the tournament. On 14 December 1996, he scored four against Middlesbrough, including his hundredth for Liverpool. This meant he reached a century of goals one game quicker than his first strike partner, Ian Rush, in just 165 games. That year, he also won a UEFA Fair Play award for

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 denying that he had been fouled by Arsenal goalkeeper David Seaman at Highbury after a penalty had been given. After unsuccessfully trying to persuade the referee to change his decision about the penalty, <mask> took it tamely and Seaman saved.However, Seaman failed to hold on to the ball and Jason McAteer scored from the rebound. Although many people believe that he deliberately took the penalty kick poorly for reasons of fair play, <mask> said at the time: "As a goalscorer it's part of my job to take it and I wanted to score it. I tried to score. I never missed on purpose. It just happened, it was a bad penalty." Spice Boys
<mask> was part of a group of Liverpool players from the mid-1990s who were dubbed "The Spice Boys" by the press following a series of off-field controversies. The term was coined by the Daily Mail, and arose due to misplaced rumours that <mask> was dating Spice Girl Emma Bunton.The term was subsequently used in a derogatory manner, implying <mask> and colleagues such as Jamie Redknapp, Stan Collymore, David James and Steve McManaman were underachieving playboys. Still, Liverpool were top of the Premier League by Christmas 1996. By the end of January, however, they had been leapfrogged by Manchester United, who remained top for the rest of the season. <mask>'s performance in the 1997–98 football season was marred by an anterior cruciate (knee) ligament injury that kept him out of action for half of the season and caused him to miss the 1998 World Cup. During this period of injury, fellow Liverpool striker, Michael Owen rose to prominence, making his debut in 1997. Owen established himself in the Liverpool team in <mask>'s absence and played alongside him when <mask>

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 regained his fitness. In 1999, <mask> was fined £60,000 by his club for bringing the game into disrepute.While celebrating his goal against Liverpool's Merseyside rivals, Everton, <mask> used the white line of the penalty area to simulate cocaine use. Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier stated that this was a Cameroonian grass-eating celebration, learnt from teammate Rigobert Song. Defending himself, <mask> later said this was a response to Everton fans who had insulted him with false accusations of drug abuse. <mask> received a four-match suspension from the FA for this incident. At the same FA disciplinary hearing, <mask> received a further two-match suspension due to a separate incident in which he had homophobically taunted the Chelsea defender Graeme Le Saux by waving his backside at him as Le Saux's wife and children watched from the stands. <mask> later attempted to justify his actions by suggesting his taunts were simply an extension of gamesmanship. The FA imposed a £32,000 fine and a six-match ban for the two incidents.While <mask> sent a "letter of apology " to Le Saux for the incident, Le Saux retained that it was "not an apology". Winning the cup treble
The 2000–01 season was <mask>'s most successful season. He scored 17 goals, appeared in three finals, and lifted three trophies in a unique cup treble. In the absence of Jamie Redknapp, who was sidelined by injury, <mask> was named as Liverpool captain when he started. However he found himself the third-choice Liverpool striker, with Houllier favouring a forward partnership of Michael Owen and Emile Heskey. He took part in a fourth-round League Cup hammering of Stoke City, scoring a hat-trick in an 8–0 victory, which was second only

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 to the club's biggest ever win in 1986 – a 10–0 defeat of Fulham. In the League Cup final against Birmingham City, the club's first cup final since 1996, he captained the side and scored in the 30th minute.Liverpool went on to win the trophy on penalties, with <mask> scoring Liverpool's fifth in the shootout. <mask> picked up the Alan Hardaker Man of the Match award and lifted the trophy. <mask>'s season picked up from there as he scored several important goals including one against runaway champions Manchester United and a free kick in the FA Cup semi-final against Wycombe Wanderers. <mask> featured as a substitute in the 2001 FA Cup Final coming on as a 77th-minute replacement for Vladimír Šmicer. Liverpool, who were 1–0 down at that point, eventually won the game 2–1 with two goals from Owen. <mask> raised the trophy along with Sami Hyypiä and Jamie Redknapp. Four days later he was a substitute again in Liverpool's third final, the 2001 UEFA Cup Final against Deportivo Alavés.He came on in the 64th minute for Heskey with the score at 3–3. He scored seven minutes later but Alavés equalised before full-time and Liverpool eventually won with a golden goal, an own goal, in the 116th minute. <mask> and Hyypiä then raised Liverpool's third trophy of the season together. Liverpool's next and final game of the season was against Charlton Athletic and <mask> scored twice in a 4–0 victory at The Valley that assured them UEFA Champions League qualification for the next season. Liverpool departure
<mask> began the 2001–02 season controversially, after being dropped by the then manager Gérard Houllier from the Liverpool squad for the 2001 Charity Shield match, following a training ground confrontation