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Brian Daniel Carenard (born July 13, 1977), better known by his stage name <mask>, is an American rapper. After years of delay due to former record label interference, his debut album The Greatest Story Never Told (2011) was released on Suburban Noize Records. He is also known for his appearances on the HBO television series Entourage. Life and career
Born to an African-American mother and a father from Port-au-Prince, Haiti, <mask> was raised in Spring Valley, NY and was sentenced to jail time at Napanoch's Eastern Correctional Facility in the late 1990s, serving a sentence for first-degree assault after shooting at someone in a bar. One day while in the recreation yard, Brian met a fellow inmate named Hakim, who rapped and had a reputation for incorporating positive messages, and heavy use of prestigious vocabulary in his rhymes. Carenard would later state that battle rapping with Hakim would help instigate his personal rehabilitation, as he set a course for redemption through hip hop music. While serving time, Brian named himself "<mask>" after reading Wallace Terry's book about the Vietnam War.This book helped realign the content and diction in <mask>'s raps, as well as the advice of a prison lifer: "There's no right way to do wrong." <mask> was eventually released from prison in 2000, and immediately recorded mixtapes, with the goal of obtaining a record contract as a means to release a debut album, which he wanted to be titled "The Greatest Story Never Told". With the help of the underground buzz that he garnered over the years, <mask> signed a record deal with Atlantic Records in 2004, and released his debut single titled “Pain In  My Life” produced by DJ Cocoa Chanelle in 2006. Despite the

masks: Saigon Saigon Saigon Saigon Saigon Saigon


type: original

texts: co-sign from producer Just Blaze and collaborations with several acclaimed rap artists such as Jay-Z, Kanye West and Kool G Rap, <mask>'s record label repeatedly balked at setting a release date for his debut album. <mask> revealed that he realized as early as two months into his deal with Atlantic Records that there were problems. He later recalled how his early excitement at signing to the same label that "had so much history with black music, like Aretha Franklin and Ray Charles" was quickly dampened when they suggested he record a radio-friendly song with the Miami-based R&B quartet, Pretty Ricky. He also recalled a meeting with an Atlantic executive who told him "We need our three singles, then you can bust your artistic nut on the rest of the album."<mask> however, wasn't willing to compromise with this request, and only one year after signing with Atlantic, he hired a lawyer to work out a release from his label. He explained "They signed me knowing the kind of music I was making, but then they try and change the direction". This however didn't prompt a break from his record company, as they offered a few stipends, leading him and his fans to believe they'd still eventually put the record out. <mask> later suspected that Atlantic wanted to make sure he didn't take the material elsewhere and benefit from the buzz he'd created. While caught in this issue with Atlantic, <mask> continued to perform freestyles on hip hop radio shows, release mixtapes, and also continued to write and record The Greatest Story Never Told. Despite not having an official album out, <mask> gradually became somewhat of a high-profile hip hop artist, as he appeared on the covers of several magazines and had a recurring role


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 playing himself on the hit HBO show Entourage. <mask> was also managed by celebrity manager Glenn Toby.In 2007, he was featured on the first XXL Freshman Class. In 2009, <mask> signed with Boston-based new media outfit and independent label Amalgam Digital. On April 14, 2014, <mask> announced the formation of his own record label – Squid Ink Squad Records, partnering with global digital media company CPXi. On July 28, 2014, it was announced that <mask>'s third studio album would release on September 30, 2014. In 2020, it was announced that <mask> had signed to Tech N9ne's label Strange Music. His first project under the label was the EP, 777: The Resurrection. Personal life
On the night of January 17, 2006, <mask> was stabbed in the temple with a wine bottle as he left a diner in Chelsea, Manhattan, NYC.A man approached Saigon and attempted to steal a chain off his neck. When Saigon grabbed it back, a fight started. <mask>, bleeding from the head, tried to hail down a taxi, but was unsuccessful. As a result, Saigon ended up driving himself to Bellevue Hospital where he received seven stitches. At the end of 2008, Saigon became a father. His daughter's name is Rayne Dior Carenard and she was the inspiration for his single "Fatherhood". She also appears in the music video of the song, which was directed by Derek Pike.Further details of his personal life emerged with his participation in the fourth season of reality TV show Love & Hip Hop: New York, where it was revealed that he also has a son (born to Erica Jean, not the same mother as the daughter mentioned above). Feud with Prodigy
On the night of September 19, 2007, after an impromptu performance by <mask> during a Mobb Deep show, words were exchanged

masks: Saigon Saigon Saigon Saigon Saigon Saigon Saigon Saigon


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 between <mask> and Prodigy of Mobb Deep. This escalated into an argument, which resulted with <mask> punching Prodigy twice in the face. Two video versions of the events have since emerged. One version with slow motion footage shows a clear look of <mask> punching Prodigy, while another video being endorsed by Mobb Deep shows <mask> being chased and running out of the club. The feud has apparently died down, since <mask> had expressed happiness that Prodigy was coming home, in an interview two months before the rappers release. However <mask> kept the animosity going through his Facebook page, commenting on the recent situation between Mobb Deep (one half of Mobb Deep, Havoc, had allegedly spoke of Prodigy in a hostile manner through Twitter.However, he has since denied that he did so, and stated that his Twitter account was hacked at the time). Discography

Studio albums
 The Greatest Story Never Told (2011)
 The Greatest Story Never Told Chapter 2: Bread and Circuses (2012)
 G.S.N.T. 3: The Troubled Times of Brian Carenard (2014)
 Pain, Peace & Prosperity (2021)

Extended plays
 777: The Resurrection (2020)

Filmography

References

External links

 Official Label Artist Page on Suburban Noize Records

 In Arms Reach charity organization
 Abandoned Nation organization
  Saigon New Mixtape One foot In the Grave

1977 births
Living people
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American rappers
African-American male rappers
American rappers of Haitian descent
Atlantic Records artists
East Coast hip hop musicians
Participants in American reality television series
People from Spring Valley, New York
Rappers from Brooklyn
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American


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<mask> (born January 14, 1957) is an American composer, conductor and educator living in Napa, California. He is the Resident Artist in the Department of Music for Pacific Union College. He was music director of the Napa Valley Symphony for twenty years, conductor of the Diablo Ballet for four and has been music director, assistant or guest conductor for a number of other ensembles. He has worked in opera, theater, symphony (classical and pops) and ballet. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Park Forest, Illinois (a suburb on the south side of Chicago). His father is of Russian-Jewish descent, and his mother is descended from New England Puritans. Both were physicists.<mask> was the middle of seven children. <mask> began studying the piano at the age of five. He later developed an interest in orchestral scores, and conducted a number of bands and orchestras throughout his childhood. <mask> began composing in junior high school,  and created pieces for each of his siblings for their piano recital. <mask> attended the State University of New York at Binghamton (now Binghamton University) where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1978. He studied composition with Ezra Laderman, and, during that time, apprenticed as a conductor and vocal coach with Peyton Hibbitt at the Tri-Cities Opera Company. He went off to Carnegie-Mellon University for his Masters of Fine Arts (1981), studying conducting with Robert Page and Istvan Jaray, and composition with Leonardo Balada.Career
<mask> returned to Binghamton University to study physics and mathematics while continuing his search

masks:
Asher Raboy
Asher Samuel Raboy
Asher
Raboy
Raboy
Asher
Raboy


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 for employment. John Covelli appointed him Conducting Assistant of the Binghamton Symphony (now called the Binghamton Philharmonic). He moved on to work as Assistant Conductor with the Hudson Valley Philharmonic under Imre Pallo, and then was appointed Music Director of the Napa Valley Symphony

In 2008 <mask> became a college professor. He wrote a number of scripts and arrangements specifically for young people, and performed concerts for students in pre-school and grade school. Conducting
While with the Hudson Valley Philharmonic in Upstate New York, he conducting classical concerts for the Albany Symphony Orchestra, performing on a barge on the Hudson River to celebrate the birthday of Troy, and touring the capital area performing for children. During this time he worked briefly with the Empire State Youth Orchestra, and then became the co-founder and co-music director for the New Paltz Youth Symphony (now called College-Youth Symphony of SUNY New Paltz). <mask> became conductor of the Napa Valley Symphony Orchestra in 1990, and remained so for twenty years until 2012.He conducted the Diablo Ballet for four years, was the Assistant Conductor with the Santa Rosa Symphony, founded the Napa Valley Youth Orchestra, and guest conducted theater, ballet and symphony productions. He also worked for the Columbus Symphony, Las Vegas Philharmonic Orchestra, Nevada Festival Ballet, California Symphony, Springfield (Missouri) Symphony Orchestra, Reno Philharmonic Orchestra, Belleayre Music Festival Orchestra, Rohnert Park Chamber Orchestra and the Tuscaloosa Symphony Orchestra. Composing

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<mask> has composed or arranged nearly sixty works. been an energetic composer. His orchestral works have been performed by the Napa Valley Symphony. His early works include his Piano Sonata and his first orchestral composition, Gymnopedies, Or the Presence of the Goddess. In the mid 1980s, as his conducting began to demand more of his time, <mask> spent less time composing, switching to smaller forms.Then, in 1992 he returned to orchestral work, and created a number of pieces, including Piano Concerto, Orchestral Dances, The Coming Storm, The Journey, and A Mystic Valley. <mask> has composed violin pieces to be performed by his wife, violinist Katy Brownell. He recently completed My Love by the Ocean (A Love Song for Katy), and is currently working on a new sonata for two violins. Works

Orchestral works

Original work without soloists
 The Seduction of Enkidu
 The Journey
 The Coming Storm
 For the Start of a New Life (A Fanfare)
 A Mystic Valley
 Orchestral Dances
 The New Age
 Phoenix
 King Lear (Tone Poem)
 Of A Distant Love
 Gymnopedies or The Presence of the Goddess (A Suite for Small Orchestra)

Original work with soloists
 Love Song for Marguerite
 Piano Concerto
 Three Small Musicians
 Clarinet Concerto

Orchestral arrangements without soloists
 De Colores
 Yankee Doodle
 Shalom Chaverim/Dona Nobis Pacem

Orchestral arrangements with vocal solos (with and without chorus)
 The Lord is my Light (Frances Allitsen)
 Alleluia (Ferdinand Hummel)
 I Got A Letter	(Traditional)
 Never Mind Bo Peep, We Will Find Your Sheep from Babes in Toyland
 I Want What I Want from

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<mask> (6 January 1955 – 28 July 2013) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s, and coached in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. A New South Wales State of Origin head coach, <mask> coached extensively at the highest club level: coaching the Illawarra Steelers, the Hunter Mariners, the Leeds Rhinos, the Sydney Roosters and the North Queensland Cowboys between the years 1991 and 2008. He also coached the Fiji national rugby league team, the City New South Wales rugby league team and the Australian women's team. He was named Dally M Coach of the Year in 1992. Personal life
<mask> was born in Peak Hill, New South Wales to <mask> and Shirley Gallagher. He was the youngest of five siblings. He married Amanda Jurd on 15 December 1984.On their ninth wedding anniversary they had a daughter. Playing career

Parramatta
Having starred for the Parramatta third-grade side in the middle 1970s, <mask> took over as captain of the Eels' reserve grade side in 1977. He was regarded as too skilful for reserve grade rugby league, owing to his great organisational ability, which had him known as "little Artie" after Arthur Beetson. With international halfback John Kolc suffering ankle ligament damage, <mask> spent some time in first grade during 1977, but returned to captain the reserve grade side to a premiership when Kolc was fit. 1978 saw <mask> take over from Kolc as first grade halfback for most of the year, but the emergence of soon-to-be champion Peter Sterling caused him to flirt between the grades in 1979 and 1980. In 1979 he captained the reserves to their third premiership in five years. South Sydney
<mask> moved to Souths in 1981 and played fairly regularly in first grade until he left at the end of 1983 to play in the country.Coaching

masks:
Graham Ernest Murray
Murray
Murray
James Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray


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 career
<mask> began his coaching career with appointments as reserve grade coach at Penrith, where he won a premiership in 1987 and helped develop many of the future 1991 first-grade premiership team, and Balmain. Illawarra Steelers
<mask> was made coach of the Illawarra Steelers for the  1991 Winfield Cup season. In 1992, he guided the club to its only ever trophy with a 4-2 win in a tryless final against the Brisbane Broncos in the pre-season Toohey’s Cup. He then took Illawarra to its first finals appearance in that season’s Winfield Cup competition. During his tenure, the Steelers won more games than they lost, after having been perennial cellar-dwellers for the first decade of the club’s existence. <mask> was dismissed as head coach in April 1995 after he facilitated negotiations between Steelers players and representatives of the rebel Super League organisation. He was the only person out of the hundreds of players, coaches and administrators involved with the Super League saga to lose his job as a direct consequence of the brewing war.<mask> was the coach of the Fiji team in the 1995 World Cup, winning one game and losing two. Hunter Mariners
Installed as coach of Super League's Newcastle-based Hunter Mariners club for its one and only season in 1997, <mask> was able to construct a competitive team despite the apathy of the local rugby league community who were mostly supportive of the Newcastle Knights, who would popularly go on to win that year’s Australian Rugby League premiership with a last-minute try in the 1997 ARL Grand Final. Although they made the final of the World Club Challenge in their first season, the Mariners were shut down as a condition of the establishment of the National Rugby League in 1998. Leeds Rhinos
Left without a team to coach in

masks: Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray


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 Australia, <mask> joined the Leeds Rhinos in the Super League, directing the team to their 1998 Super League Grand Final loss to the Wigan Warriors and 1999 Challenge Cup victory over the London Broncos. <mask> signed a deal to coach the North Sydney Bears for the 2000 NRL season. However, before he could take up this position, the club was excluded from the competition and forced to merge with the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles to become the Northern Eagles, with this new joint venture to be led by Manly’s 1999 coach Peter Sharp. Sydney Roosters
After the resignation of Phil Gould as coach of the Sydney Roosters, <mask> was quickly named as his replacement.In 2000, <mask> proceeded to guide the Roosters to their first grand final since 1980, although they would lose this match 14–6 to minor premiers the Brisbane Broncos. <mask> was also the NSW City Origin coach from 2001 to 2005. Despite the grand final appearance in 2000 and a sixth-place finish in 2001, <mask> was sacked by the Roosters two days after the end of his second season with the club. North Queensland Cowboys
After starting 2002 in his former profession as a teacher of mathematics, he was made head coach of the North Queensland Cowboys to replace the sacked <mask> in April. After three seasons of steady improvement, the Cowboys made the NRL finals for the first time in 2004 and finished one game short of the grand final. They improved on their efforts in the following season, reaching the 2005 NRL Grand Final, the Cowboys' first, which they lost to the Wests Tigers by 30 to 16. <mask> coached City to victory in the annual contest against Country Origin in 2002, 2003 and 2005.In 2006, <mask> was named coach of the Illawarra Steelers’ "Team of Steel", celebrating the club’s 25th anniversary. <mask> was

masks:
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray Hurst
Murray
Murray
Murray


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 appointed coach of the New South Wales rugby league team for the 2006 State of Origin series; despite winning the first game, the Blues lost the series to Queensland by two games to one. In 2006, the Cowboys missed the finals and finished in ninth position. <mask> was re-appointed as New South Wales coach in 2007, with the full support of the North Queensland Cowboys board. Once again, however, New South Wales lost the series by two games to one. In August 2007, <mask> announced that he would step down as coach of New South Wales. On 19 May 2008, <mask> resigned as coach of the North Queensland Cowboys.Later career
In 2010, <mask> was appointed as the head coach of the Australia women's national rugby league team, the Australian Jillaroos. The Jillaroos would go on to win the World Cup against New Zealand in 2013, with the team dedicating their win to <mask>. He was appointed the Newcastle Knights’ High Performance Unit Director of Coaching for the 2012 season. On 30 November 2012, <mask> was appointed head coach of the Wynnum Manly Seagulls. <mask> stood down as the Seagulls coach due to ill health. Death
Following two heart attacks, <mask> was taken off life support on 28 July 2013. He died later the same day.Sources

References

1955 births
2013 deaths
Australia women's national rugby league team coaches
Australian rugby league coaches
Fiji national rugby league team coaches
Hunter Mariners people
Illawarra Steelers coaches
Leeds Rhinos coaches
New South Wales City Origin rugby league team coaches
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin coaches
North Queensland Cowboys coaches
Parramatta Eels players
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league players from Sydney
South Sydney Rabbitohs players
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Sydney Roosters coaches
Wynnum Manly

masks: Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray Murray


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<mask> (sometimes written <mask>, , 1902–1947) was one of the first female architects of Bulgaria. She is credited with having built the first modern, national art gallery in the Balkans. Biography
<mask> was born on 20 November 1902 in Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria to Vasil Angelov, a merchant who had been educated in England. He named his daughter after Queen <mask> in homage. She graduated from the Vienna University of Technology and the Dresden Polytechnic in 1924, seven years after Maria Luisa Doseva-Georgieva earned her license. At the age of 24, she returned to Sofia and was working as an intern at the Ministry of Public Works when she won a contest for her first major commission. In 1933, Angelova married a fellow architect, Boris Vinarov and they set up a practice in Sofia.Angelova worked during a period when most public projects were awarded after competitions which were open nationally. She designed buildings throughout the country, but is primarily known for those in Sofia. She was awarded the Order of Civil Merit for her architectural contributions to the country. In 1944, the couple's home was bombed and they lost many of their personal effects, including their architectural drawings. They evacuated to Turnovo, where Angelova became ill with a severe case of pneumonia. Believing she had recovered, they returned to Sophia in 1946, but Angelova relapsed and died on 27 December 1947. Her husband died three months later.Selected projects

Ministry of Public Buildings, Roads and Public Works
 The ministry held a contest in 1926 for designs of a new office building for the Ministry of Public Buildings, Roads and Public Works. Although Angelova won the contest, she was required to have the experienced architects  and Yordan Yordanov () oversee her work. The building covered an entire city block known as "Slaveykov Square" and was bounded by "GS Rakovski", "William Gladstone" and "Han Krum " streets. Construction began in 1928 and was completed four years later. The design was Neoclassical and featured towering marble columns and mosaic floor tiles. Flanking the entrance were

masks:
Victoria Angelova Vinarova
Viktoria Angelova
Victoria Angelova
Victoria


texts:
 two statues, one female figure representing architecture and one male figure representing construction, as well as three stone heads in altorilievo adorning the doorways. The sculptures were completed by Mikhail Ivanov, Stephen Peychev and .The wide corridors and high ceilings are offset by stained glass designed by  and made in Munich by F. Seiler. Today it houses the Metropolitan Library and the "Renaissance Theater" on one side and several doctors' and dentists' offices on the other. National Art Gallery
From 1934 to 1941, <mask> worked on the National Art Gallery. The building was completed in 1942 and opened featuring a first floor which housed Renaissance paintings by Stanislav Dospevski, Nikolai Pavlovich, Hristo Tsokev, Zahari Zograf, as well as handcrafts from regions noted for folk artworks, such as Tryavna, Samokov and others. The second floor focused on contemporary Bulgarian art featuring painters and sculptors from the early 20th century. When completed, the building was recognized as the first modern, national art gallery in the Balkans. It was bombed in 1944 and completely destroyed, along with its contents, which included the complete works of leading Bulgarian sculptor

Sea Casino of Burgas
 In 1936, Atanas Sirekov, the mayor of Burgas, initiated a design contest for a casino on Burgas Bay.Seventeen architects competed and <mask> won with a design she called "333". The building required a complex design due to the steep slope of the site and its panoramic view of the entire gulf area. Completed in 1938, the inauguration was attended by dignitaries from throughout the country, who received a special travel discount of 70% off the price of train tickets to attend. The building was abandoned in the late 1990s, but after almost 20 years of neglect, was restored and opened as a cultural center in 2011. The renovation project won the “Building of the Year” award for 2011. Raduntsi Lung Hospital
In 1937 after a lengthy study had taken place, an act was passed for the construction of a tubercular sanatorium in the village of . The Pulmonary Hospital was to be the

masks: Angelova Angelova


texts:
 largest facility of its kind in the Balkans and located 650 meters above sea level.<mask> won the contract for the construction of the hospital and building was to begin shortly before World War II started. Ground was broken in 1939, but in 1940 after four stories were built, further construction was suspended until after the war ended. Construction resumed on 9 September 1944 but was not completed until 1955, nearly a decade after <mask>'s death. The first patients were received at the hospital on 1 November 1955. Financial problems which began in 2013, forced the closure of the hospital in 2015. Works
 1926 Bulgarian Lawyers Association Building
 1927-1936 Museum of Natural History, which was destroyed during the bombing of 1944 and rebuilt between 1947 and 1948. 1928-1932 Ministry of Public Buildings, Roads and Public Works, Sofia
 1929 Provincial Office Building, Kardzhali, joint project with Čavdar Mutafov
 1930 Post Office in Burgas, for which her design won second prize in competition.1930 General Directorate of State Railways, for which her design won fourth prize in competition. 1931 Military Club in Pleven, for which her design won third prize in competition. 1933 "Metropolitan Kliment" Girls 'School in Veliko Tarnovo
 1934-1941 National Art Gallery, destroyed in the 1944 bombings
 1935 Post Office in Plovdiv, for which her design won second prize in competition. 1936-1938 Sea Casino of Burgos
 1936 Clinic for Skin and Venereal Diseases at the Medical Academy and the second surgery of the Alexander Hospital. The north wing of the hospital was destroyed in a direct hit on 10 January 1944 with damage to all other parts of the hospital, which at the time was the largest in Bulgaria. 1937-1939 Girls' High School of Taksim, in Plovdiv, which is now the Academy of Music
 1939-1955 The Raduntsi Lung Hospital
 "Father Paisii" Mathematics High School at #61 Iskar Street, Sofia
 "Vasil Drumev" Mathematics School in Veliko Tarnovo

References

Photo gallery

1902 births
1947 deaths
People from Veliko Tarnovo
Bulgarian architects
Bulgarian women architects
TU Wien alumni
TU


texts:
<mask> (August 20, 1947 – December 9, 2021) was an American recording artist, singer, musician and songwriter. He was best known as a touring background singer for James Taylor, as a session singer on recordings by artists including James Taylor, Bonnie Raitt, Luther Vandross, Chic, Aretha Franklin, Dionne Warwick, Bette Midler, Dusty Springfield and Boz Scaggs; as a songwriter for artists including Bonnie Raitt, Whitney Houston, Anita Baker, Maxine Nightingale, Rita Coolidge, Crystal Gayle, and Luther Vandross; and for his solo albums, albums with his 1970s vocal group Rosie, and for his early years in Detroit with his vocal group The Utopias. In 1980, <mask> was signed by <mask>fen to Geffen Records. At the time he was one of the chief staff writers at Irving Almo Music. In The Advocate, 1985 Adam Block described Lasley as “one of the most heard, least known, figures in pop”, with a “velvet falsetto” and “songwriting reminiscent of early Laura Nyro”. Stephen Holden described Lasley as “the somewhat more refined white soul singer” in a comparison with the high tenor of Mick Hucknall of Simply Red. Lasley appears in the cast of 20 Feet from Stardom.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Michigan, the son of Bernice and <mask>. He grew up in Branch, Michigan on a farm north of Grand Rapids. He is the younger brother of Dean and Judy and had a younger sister, Julie Ann, a singer with his group The Utopias. Mabel McKenzie, his maternal grandmother, was the Custer Representative of The News. <mask> sang with his family in church. He participated in the school band playing cornet with Dan Shoup, the band president, including the annual concert crowning the Band Queen in the Mason County Eastern school gymnasium. Career

The Utopias, Detroit, Fortune Records
In his teens, <mask> put together an a cappella singing group called The Utopias with his sister Julie and Joan Hughes.<mask> went to Detroit with his group to play the records they made themselves for local radio stations and to

masks:
David Eldon Lasley
David Lasley
David Gef
Lasley
Roy Lasley
Lasley
Lasley
Lasley


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 record labels looking for a deal. As reported by Roger Bass in Billboard, The Utopias released their first recording, "Girls Are Against Me" on the LaSalle label, distributed by Solid Hitbounds Productions. The Utopias were signed by Fortune Records releasing songs written by <mask>, including Good Friends Forever and Sally Bad. Music critic Dave Marsh, who referred <mask> to Fortune Records, says he was "compelled to mention Detroit roots". The Utopias first manager, John Bosquely, booked frequent club dates for the group who's appearances included the Webb Wood, gigs for the radio DJ Johnny Weems, Swingin' Time TV Show hosted by Robin Seymour, and the Driftwood Lounge at The 20 Grand nightclub, which they played forty Sunday nights in a row. Included in The Utopia's repertoire was Lasley's vocal performance of the Aretha Franklin song "Respect". At the Twenty Grand, Lasley befriended Roger Bass, keyboard player of the house band, who wrote The Utopias third single "Girls Are Against Me".<mask> met their second manager, Johnny Powers around early 1969. His first recording as a songwriter was "Just Give Me One Good Reason" by Maxine Brown, written with Roger Bass. <mask>'s cover recording of "One Fine Day" produced by Johnny Powers and Roger Bass was released by Philly Groove 178 (Bell) in 1973 and a Top Single Pick in Billboard. Hair, Broadway
In 1970 he joined the cast of Hair, performing first in Detroit and then on tour. This led to a move to New York City, and performances on and off-Broadway. <mask> played a leading singing role in the 1972 Gerome Ragni-Galt McDermot Broadway show  "Dude" which opened at the Broadway Theatre in 1972. Work with Luther Vandross and others
<mask> began his career as a back-up singer in 1970.Along with Luther Vandross, he performed on many of Chic's and Sister Sledge's recordings. Darlene Love related in an interview with HiFi Magazine how she met Luther Vandross through Lasley. In Lenny Kravitz' book Let Love Rule, Kravitz describes meeting

masks: Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley


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 <mask>, his generosity offering him a couch to sleep on, being mentored by <mask> with invaluable songwriting advice, and an introduction to Almo/Irving Music which led to a publishing deal. Kravitz was privy to late-night phone calls between Luther Vandross and <mask>, made from Vandross's hotel room after shows. Performers with whom <mask> worked include Todd Rundgren, Rita Coolidge, Melissa Manchester and Bonnie Raitt, who recorded a number of <mask>'s compositions. In the 1980s <mask> was the radio voice of commercials including Miller Beer and Seagram's Cooler. Work with James Taylor
In 1977 <mask> began touring with James Taylor as a background vocalist.He also performed as background vocalist with Taylor on The Jay Leno Show, other television and film appearances, and on his recording sessions. Rosie
As the band Rosie, with Lynn Pitney and Lana Marrano also on vocals, <mask> released the albums Better Late Than Never (RCA, 1976), which featured "Roll Me Through The Rushes", and Last Dance (RCA, 1977). Solo artist recordings

Missin' Twenty Grand
<mask>'s debut solo album Missin' Twenty Grand was named after The 20 Grand, a Detroit club where he and his sister used to sing for free. <mask> described the album: "it's a lot about my teeenage years. I've often wanted to go back to Detroit". The single "If I Had My Wish Tonight" spent 10 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 36 in May 1982.It was co-written by Dave Loggins, who had originally recorded the song in 1979, and Randy Goodrum. Billboard 's First Time Around section stated about "Missin' Twenty Grand": "<mask>, a session singer and writer, moves into the pop forefront with this collection of personal and sensitive songs. <mask>'s unique falsetto vocal style works well on both pop and R&B accented tunes giving this LP broad appeal." Raindance
Raindance is the second solo studio album by <mask>, released on EMI Records. It was produced by Don Was. It's A Cryin' Shame (Sha La La La) was released as a single in

masks: Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley Lasley


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 1984. Soldiers On The Moon
Soldiers On The Moon is the third solo studio album by Lasley, recorded live to 2-track and produced by Jeff Weber.It was released by Pony Canyon in Japan and Agenda, distributed by BMG, in the US. It was reissued in Japan by Cool Sounds. Demos, Demos 2, Expectations of Love, Back To Blue-Eyed Soul
Billboard Reviews & Previews, wrote of his 2000 album Back to Blue-Eyed Soul: "<mask> delves through his vast catalog, breathing new life into 21 of his finest tunes. (...) <mask> neither mimics the original versions of his hits nor succumbs to the temptation to recast his material with trendy rhythms." Glenn Hoskins and Barry Towler, Record Corner, wrote of <mask>'s 2001 album Expectations of Love: "<mask>'s passionate and soaring falsetto is as good as ever and his ability to pen gorgeous songs founded in the best traditions of soul, jazz and Adult Pop has not deserted him. Lovers of quality soul / jazz vocals will be welcoming this with open arms." <mask> died on December 9, 2021, at the age of 74. Notable people that posted tributes included Bonnie Raitt, James Taylor, Bette Midler, Desmond Child, Roxanne Seeman, and the ASCAP organization, among others.Taylor tweeted a Youtube video of a <mask> song that received over 24,000 views in 24 hours, that was shared in Billboard's obituary. Raitt spoke of <mask> as a "beautiful friend and bright light in our music world, golden voiced <mask>.”

On December 10th at the James Taylor - Jackson Browne concert in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Taylor paid homage to <mask> saying "we lost a really close friend last night", pointing out that <mask> had performed with the band since the mid-1970s. "We want to remember <mask> - a great, great singer and a great artist" and gave a gospel-inspired tribute performance of "Shower the People". Marie, Michigan
American male singers
Songwriters from Michigan
LGBT musicians from the United States
LGBT people from Michigan
Singers from Michigan
21st-century LGBT people
American male

masks:
Lasley
Lasley
Lasley
David
Death Lasley
David Lasley
Lasley
David Lasley
Lasley
Lasley
David Lasley


texts:
<mask> (1806-1870) was a French artist who achieved an early and lifelong success as a landscape and maritime painter. His work ranged from erotic caricatures to massive battle scenes. His works are in the collections of many museums throughout France. He made many paintings set in and around the fishing village of Étretat, and in 2020 he was the subject of an exhibition and book, L'invention d'Étretat: <mask>ittevin, un peintre et ses amis à l'aube de l'impressionnisme (The invention of Étretat: <mask>, a painter and his friends at the dawn of Impressionism). Family and personal life
<mask> was born as <mask>ste Edmond Poidevin on 31 July 1806 in Paris. He was the son of Nicolas Potdevin of Rouen in Normandy, who moved to Paris and became chief cabinetmaker at the Palace of Versailles. Over time, Nicholas Potdevin changed the family name to Poidevin, Poitevin and then Lepoittevin.<mask> married Stéphanie Anastasie Maillard (born 1825) in 1844 or 1845. They had two daughters, Eugènie Adélaïde Fanny (born 1846) and Marie Eugènie (born 1847). Stéphanie died in 1851. In 1861, <mask> married Marie Adélaïde Françoise Pironin (born c. 1812). He died 6 August 1870 at the house of his first daughter Eugènie and her husband, the tenor Léon Achard, in , which is today the 16th arrondissement of Paris. He was not, as is sometimes stated, a relative of Guy de

masks:
Eugène Lepovin
Eugène Le Po
Eugène Le Povin
Eugène Lepovin
Eugène Mode
Eugène Lepoittevin
Eugène


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 Maupassant, who was a first cousin and close friend of another painter,  (1847-1909). However, Eugéne Lepoittevin and the much younger Guy de Maupassant were friends, and Maupassant as a young man (not yet famous) is thought to appear in Lepoittevin's paintings of the beach crowd at Étretat.Under the nom de plume Maufrigneuse, Maupassant would later relate some anecdotes about Lepoittevin in the pages of the periodical Gil Blas. A younger contemporary described Lepoittevin as physically small and slender, temperamentally kind, alert and cheerful, silly or serious depending on the hour. Biographer Nadège Sébille describes him as a man who loved jokes and exuded an infectious joie de vivre. Career
In 1826, at the age of 20, <mask> was enrolled at the École des Beaux-Arts. He studied painting under Louis Hersent and Auguste Xavier Leprince. His stature in the atelier of Leprince and  his ability to match the skill of the master were such that when Leprince died, Lepoittevin was commissioned to complete Leprince's unfinished Interieur de l'atelier de feu Leprince (The Artist's Studio), exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1827; biographer Nadège Sébille presumes the seated figure at far left is a self-portrait of the young Lepoittevin. Also in 1827, at the age of 21, Lepoittevin debuted at the Paris Salon, under the name Potdevin.Up to and including the


texts: year of his death in 1870, he would exhibit over 150 paintings at the annual Salon. In the 1830s, Lepoittevin became a prolific lithographer and caricaturist, with work appearing in the popular periodical La Caricature. Following the July Revolution of 1830, Lepoittevin published the ironically titled Souvenir patriotiques, a series of sardonic lithographs depicting scenes from the revolution in Paris. At about this time he also published Ombres Fantastiques, an album of twelve plates, each teeming with silhouettes that evoked, even as they subverted and satirized, the figures in the so-called Chinese shadows plays (ombres chinoises) popularized in France in the previous century by Dominique Séraphin; among the provocative silhouettes could be discerned a great many mischievous (and often flatulent) devils. Lepoittevin's devils took center-stage in several albums of erotic lithographs depicting these imps and their hapless human partners; Lepoittevin's  outlandish diableries became a sensation, inspiring imitators who spawned a whole genre of such works. At least two of Lepoittevin's diabolical albums were banned in France, including Charges et décharges diaboliques, which in 1845 was censored and then condemned to destruction as an outrage to public morals and good manners. As recently as 1951, the album was seized by U.S. Customs because "the


texts: dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interest."The Bibliothèque Nationale de France includes in its collection Diableries, an album of 20 of the artist's erotic lithographs, which is freely accessible online. Beginning in 1834, while still in his twenties, Lepoittevin was commissioned by the State to paint official works for the historical museum at Versailles. These included military scenes (the Battle of Wertingen, 1805; the naval combat off the island of Embro, 1346; the siege of Beirut, 1109) and the more placid Lunch Offered to Queen Victoria in a Tent at Mont d'Orléans in the forest of Eu, 4 September 1843. Lepoittevin drew inspiration from travels to many sites in France, as well as to England, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Algeria. He became especially known for his maritime subjects, ranging from naval battles and shipwrecks to scenes of fisherman at work and swimmers relaxing at the beach. He was particularly fond of the fishing village of Étretat in Normandy, where in 1851 he built a chalet called La Chaufferette, about a hundred meters from the house where Guy de Maupassant spent his childhood. In the garden, Lepoittevin installed a fishing boat converted to a cabin where Maupassant liked to sleep.Lepoittevin also built a workshop by the sea, a two-story house with a large French window


texts: opening on the second-floor studio. According to Maupassant, it was in this atelier that Courbet would create his La Vague (The Wave) series of paintings. The flint structure weathered many storms until it was destroyed by the Nazis to clear the waterfront. A glimpse of his social life in Étretat, and his sense of humor, is provided by a lengthy anecdote recounted by the anonymous Paris Diarist for Dwight's Journal of Music, about a house-warming potluck hosted by Lepoittevin at La Chaufferette in 1851. Each guest was to "furnish his or her own candle" and to bring one dish. The fish dish was to be provided by the host, to the relief of the rest because "in fishing ports, it is hardly possible to get fish; we can only enjoy the odor. The fishermen are hardly ashore before their booty is on its way to Paris.But our painter had made himself the friend, sponsor, crony, counsellor, and benevolent giver of old clothes to all the fishermen in the place, and could therefore be sure of obtaining the desired fish." When the dish was presented, the guests applauded to see such a huge specimen, with "all the colors of the rainbow, and a multitude of others…resplendent upon its scales." But when one of the guests cut a piece, "the slice, slipping from the knife, fell upon the table and flew into a thousand pieces! Then and not till then, we discovered that


texts: the famous fish was of clay, which the skillful Lepoittevin, unable to obtain the real thing, had modeled and painted with perfection sufficient to deceive anybody." Lepoittevin also painted a historical series depicting marine artists and others who inspired his own painting. These artists are usually shown at work in the "studio" of the open air. These included Adriaen van de Velde Disembarking on Blanckenberg Beach, 1840; Paul Potter Drawing from Life in the Hague, 1843; Van de Velde, Who Usually Followed His Friend Ruyter in the Maritime Campaigns, Draws a Naval Combat from Nature, 1843; Van Dyck Receives a Drawing Lesson from his Mother, c. 1843; Van de Velde Studying the Effect of the Cannon his Friend Ruyter Fired for this Purpose, 1845; Bakhuizen Telling Stories of Piracy by Fishermen from Schweningen, 1845; Young Bakhuizen Contemplating the Effects of the Storm, 1847; Bakhuizen Offering his Purse to Sailors to Take Him on in Bad Weather, 1848; David Teniers the Younger leading Don Juan of Austria, His Pupil, to a Fair, 1848;Van de Velde Embarks to Go after Admiral Ruyter, his Friend, upon His Arrival in Rotterdam, 1850; Bakhuizen Drawing from Nature in the Dunes of Skeveningen, 1850; and The Painter, Scene from the Life of Adriaen Brouwer, c. 1860.In 1843, he was made a knight of the Legion of Honor. In 1845, he was made a Knight of the


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 Order of Leopold. In 1849, he was appointed Peintre de la Marine for the French Ministry of Defence. Lepoittevin was active in the artistic life of Paris. He was among 28 artists, including Corot, Delacroix, and Rousseau, who petitioned for the construction of a gallery specifically to exhibit French art at the 1851 Great Exhibition in London; the project was not successful. In 1860, Lepoittevin was a founding member of the fashionable and influential club of Parisian artists, writers, architects, and musicians, Le Cercle de L’Union Artistique. Two years after his death, the contents of his studio were sold at auction; these included 144 paintings and finished sketches and 52 drawings and watercolors by Leppoittevin, 20 paintings by friends, as well as his paints and painting utensils, and altogether realized around 40,000 francs.In museums
In France, the  in Fécamp has built a collection of the artist's works depicting the environs of Étretat, and in 2020 mounted the exhibition L'invention d'Étretat: <mask> Poittevin, un peintre et ses amis à l'aube de l'impressionnisme. The  in Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue holds three paintings by Lepoittevin; a fourth, Vue de Normandie (1833), was destroyed in a fire in 2017. The Musée des Beaux-Arts in Rouen holds a significant collection of drawings and sketches by Lepoittevin, and also the paintings Sancho et son


texts: âne (c.1847) and Les amis de la ferme (1852). The Louvre in Paris holds the undated painting Famille de paysans au bord de l'eau. The Maison de Balzac in Paris owns a colored set of the album Les Diables de lithographies. In England, his works are in the collections of the British Museum and the Victoria & Albert Museum in London; the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford; the Cooper Gallery, Barnsley; the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle; and the Simon Carter Gallery, Woodbridge, Suffolk. In the Netherlands, his works are in the collection of the Rijksmuseum.In Russia, his painting Susana and the Elders (c. 1865) is in the collection of the Hermitage Museum. In the United States, Lepoittevin's posthumous collaboration with his mentor, Auguste Xavier Leprince, Interieur de l'atelier de feu Leprince (The Artist's Studio) of 1827, is in the collection of the Chazen Museum of Art at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Legacy: Lepoittevin or Corot? During his lifetime and for a generation after, Lepoittevin's work was compared or confused with that of Corot, and this analogy found its way into popular culture. In <mask>'s comedy Edgard et sa bonne (1852), a character says, "C'est un Le Poittevin, ça vaut un Corot et c'est beaucoup moins cher!" ("It's a Le Poittevin, it's worth a Corot and it's much cheaper!") In Georges Feydeau's Dindon (1896), a character is


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 excited to see a Corot offered for only 600 francs."Il est signé Poittevin, mais le marchand me garantit la fauseté de la signature…Je fais enlever Poittevin et il ne reste que le Corot!" ("It's signed Poittevin, but the dealer guarantees me the signature is fake…I'll have Poittevin removed and only the Corot will remain!") Legacy: Étretat

In recent decades, scholarly interest in Lepoittevin has centered on his works depicting the village of Étretat in Normandy, its sheer white cliffs and coastal landscape, its sailors and fishermen, and its visitors, in particular the "Parisian colony," which included Lepoittevin himself. While later artists such as Courbet and Monet and writers including Guy de Maupassant and Alphonse Karr would make Étretat famous and fashionable, it was Lepoittevin and his colleague <mask> who "discovered" the place, and Lepoittevin who "invented" Étretat. So wrote Alexandre Dumas: "Le Poittevin a inventé Étretat." Interest has been drawn to two particular paintings depicting the beach and its summer visitors, Les Bains de Mer, Plage d’Étretat of 1864 and Bains de mer à Étretat of 1866. In 1967, Raymond Lindon (mayor of Étretat from 1929 to 1959) published a seminal article on the two paintings.After examining preliminary sketches and period photographs, and studying the artist's family and social circle, Lindon identified


texts: many of the figures, including the painter Charles Landelle, the illustrator and caricaturist Bertall, a gangling Guy de Maupassant, and Lepoittevin himself. Ensuing studies of the artistic fascination of Étretat included chapters on Lepoittevin, and the artist became the primary focus of the exhibition L'invention d'Étretat: <mask> Poittevin, un peintre et ses amis à l'aube de l'impressionnisme at the  in Fécamp, from 14 July to 15 November 2020. Despite the circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, the exhibition had 22,000 visitors. The companion book of the same title included articles about Lepoittevin by various scholars, including the first substantial biographical essay. Another essay in the book, "Les Bains de Mer, Plage d’Étretat: Enquête sur un tableau disparu" (the case of the lost painting), recounted the disappearance of this work after the fall of Napoleon III, who purchased it for 7000 francs after it was shown at the Paris Salon of 1865. (Lindon in 1967 based his research on a lithograph of the painting.) The Parisian art world took notice when the "lost" painting suddenly reappeared and was put up for auction less than a month after the exhibit closed.The sale price far exceeded Sotheby's estimate and set a record for a work by Lepoittevin, €226,800. Nadège Sébille, author of the "lost painting" chapter and attachée de conservation


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 at the Musée des Pêcheries, tweeted: "Bon…il semblerait que ma publication sur ce tableau de Le Poittevin, dont le prix s'est envolé, a porté ses fruits pour remettre ce grand artiste à l'honneur…mais quel dommage pour le @museedefecamp!!!" ("Well…it seems that my article on this painting by Le Poittevin, whose price has soared, has borne fruit in putting this great artist in the spotlight..but what a pity for the Fécamp museum!") Gallery (chronological)

Gallery (undated works)

Gallery: portraits of Lepoittevin & memorabilia

References

Bibliography: lithographic albums by Lepoittevin
Lepoittevin, <mask> (1830a). Souvenirs patriotiques, album of lithographs. Paris: Scheffer père, 1830. Lepoittevin, <mask> (1830b).Charges et Décharges diaboliques, album of lithographs. Paris: Guerrier, 1830. Kinsey Institute Library: 710 L593c. Lepoittevin, <mask> (c. 1830). Ombres Fantastiques, lithography by H. Nicolet, Paris: chez Aumont, and London: Charles Tilt, c. 1830. Lepoittevin, <mask> (1832a). Diableries, album of lithographs.Paris: 1832. <mask>, <mask> (1832b) Les Diables de Lithographies, Paris: chez Aumont, and London: Charles Tilt, 1832. <mask>, <mask> (1832-1840). Paysages maritimes, album of lithographs. Paris: Aubert & Cie, 1832–1840. Bibliography
Bellangé, <mask> (1872). "Le Poittevin (<mask>), peintre de marine et de genre" in Catalogue des

masks: Eugène Eugène Eugène Eugène Lepoittevin Eugène Lepoittevin Eugène Eugène Eugène


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 tableaux, études terminées, esquisses, dessins et croquis de Feu <mask> Poittevin […] qui composaient son atelier, Paris: 1872.Desjardins, Marie-Hélène (2004). Des peintres au pays des falaises, Éditions des falaises, 2004. Delarue, Bruno (2005). Les Peintres a Étretat 1786-1940, Yport: B. Delarue, 2005. Lindon, Raymond (1967). "<mask> Poittevin et ses bains de mer" in La Gazette des Beaux-Arts, Dec. 1967, page 349–357. Sébille, Nadège (2020d)."Bains de mer à Étretat" in L'invention d'Étretat: <mask> Poittevin, un peintre et ses amis à l'aube de l'impressionnisme,Fécamp: éditions des Falaises, 2020, pp. 116–123. Sébille, Nadège (2020a). "Biographie d’<mask> Poittevin" in L'invention d'Étretat: <mask> Poittevin, un peintre et ses amis à l'aube de l'impressionnisme, Fécamp: éditions des Falaises, 2020, pp. 28–43. Sébille, Nadège (2020b). "Les Bains de Mer, Plage d’Étretat: Enquête sur un tableau disparu" in L'invention d'Étretat: <mask> Poittevin, un peintre et ses amis à l'aube de l'impressionnisme, Fécamp: éditions des Falaises, 2020, pp.84–89, 110–111. Sébille, Nadège (2020c). "Portraits et aeteliers" in L'invention d'Étretat: <mask> Poittevin, un peintre et ses amis à l'aube de l'impressionnisme, Fécamp: éditions des Falaises, 2020, pp. 92–97. External links
Diableries by Lepoittevin, a downloadable album of 20 of the artist's erotic lithographs

masks:
Eugène Le
Eugène Le
Eugène Le
Eugène Le
Eugène Le
Eugène Le
Eugène Le


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 published in 1832, from the collection of the Bibliothèque nationale de France
Banned In The USA: Charges et Décharges Diaboliques by <mask>ittevin relates the seizure of the album in 1951, and reproduces the entire contents
The Painter of the Moment, Eugéne Lepoittevin at The Eclectic Light Company
Works by Lepoittevin in the British Museum
Works by Lepoittevin in the Rijksmuseum
La Caricature in the Graphic Arts Collection of Princeton University Library
Lot 123: <mask> Edmond Le Poittevin, Bathing in Étretat auctioned at Sotheby's in Paris in 2020. 1806 births
1870 deaths
Painters from Paris
French landscape painters
French male painters
19th-century French painters
Peintres de la

masks:
Eugène Lepo
Eugène Modeste


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<mask> (born June 2, 1984) is an American former road racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2003 and 2017 for the , , ,  and  squads. <mask>'s achievements include winning the 2009 Circuit Franco-Belge and the 2009 and 2010 Vattenfall Cyclassics. In Grand Tours, <mask> has won six individual stages, as well as assisting in two team time trial wins. Cycling career
<mask> started racing at 13, and rode for  in 2003,  in 2004, and  in 2006 and 2007. In April 2006, he crashed near the finish of the Circuit de la Sarthe, which resulted in a broken collarbone, causing him to miss most of the season. For the 2008 season, he transferred to . He has won stages in the Giro d'Italia, Vuelta a España,  Tour de France, Three Days of De Panne, and the USA Pro Cycling Challenge.He wore the yellow jersey on stage three of the 2008 Tour of California after winning intermediate sprint points during stage two. Until the end of his career in 2017, <mask> lived in the Belgian city of Ghent, where he was made an honorary citizen in 2012. He was fluent in Dutch and was popular in Flanders. In May 2011, <mask> withdrew from the Giro d'Italia as a mark of respect for his friend and training partner Wouter Weylandt, who was killed in an accident during the race. On July 4, 2011, <mask> won his first Tour de France stage, Stage 3 from Olonne-sur-Mer to Redon, becoming the first American to win a stage of the Tour on the Fourth of July. <mask> crashed four times in the 2012 Tour de France, including a sprint-finish crash, after which he stormed the  team bus to confront Tom Veelers, whom he blamed for the incident. He later took his first two wins of the season at the 2012 USA Pro Cycling Challenge.In the opening stage of that race, <mask> arrived in Telluride with a field of 57 riders and won a reduced bunch sprint at the finish. Afterwards, he stated that he was surprised to have survived the mountainous terrain to be able to

masks:
Tyler Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar


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 contend for the sprint. <mask> won again in the fifth stage of the race, dedicating the win to his former Madison partner Mike Creed, who had been raising money for the victims of the Waldo Canyon fires. Due to his two wins he consolidated enough points to win the green jersey. Later in the season, <mask> crashed heavily during the first stage of the Tour of Britain, reportedly suffering a concussion. In October, <mask> was given clearance to train by the team doctor, Prentice Steffen, who stated: "The health of the athlete is always our top priority." Farrar has a reputation for causing or being involved in crashes.Alessandro Petacchi noted that <mask> had crashed 18 times in the 2013-2014 seasons, commenting "There is probably a reason for this". <mask> denies using reckless or uncoordinated tactics, and ascribed most of his numerous crashes to "realities of modern cycling". After seven years with , <mask> signed with  for the 2015 and 2016 seasons and again for the 2017 season. After riding in the 2017 Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal, <mask> announced his retirement from competition. Post-cycling
After retiring from cycle racing, <mask> became a firefighter in Kirkland, Washington, as part of the City of Kirkland Fire Department. The forecasts are sponsored by Transitions Lenses who also sponsor <mask>'s cycling team. In 2010, Transition Lenses featured Farrar in its online advertisements.References

External links

 Cyclingnews.com: An interview with <mask>rar
 Team profile
 VeloNews.com: Interview with <mask> after his 2010 Giro d'Italia stage 2 win

1984 births
American male cyclists
Living people
People from Wenatchee, Washington
American Giro d'Italia stage winners
American Vuelta a España stage winners
American Tour de France stage winners
Cyclists from Washington (state)
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists of the United States
2011 Tour de France stage winners
American

masks:
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Farrar
Tyler Far
Farrar


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<mask><mask> (born July 30, 1965) is an American neuroendocrinologist. <mask> holds the William Deering Chair in Biological Sciences in the Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, at Northwestern University. She is also a member of the Women's Health Research Institute in the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University. Woolley studies cellular and molecular neuroscience in relation to the brain and behavior, particularly neuroendocrinology and the plasticity of neural circuits. She attempts to understand molecular mechanisms of estrogen and its interactions with the structure and function of synapses in the adult brain, and their behavioral consequences. She has been described as "a leading authority in a very exciting area of adult neuroplasticity". Her earliest work included a pioneering study demonstrating that estrogen caused structural changes to cells in the rat hippocampus.She has also shown that neuronal mechanisms in the rat brain differ in males and females. Her work has broad significance for drug development and women's health, and for the studies of epilepsy, anxiety and depression. Early life
<mask><mask> was born on July 30, 1965, in Nelsonville, Ohio. She graduated from Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, with a B.Sc. honors in zoology and was given a prize by the university for the best undergraduate honors thesis. <mask> studied with Bruce McEwen at Rockefeller University, receiving her Ph.D. from Rockefeller in 1993. She did postdoctoral work at the University of Washington with <mask>roin in the Department of Neurological Surgery.In 1998, she became an assistant professor at Northwestern University in Evanston. In 2013, <mask> was appointed to the William Deering Chair in Biological Sciences in the Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University. She is the founding Director of Northwestern University's undergraduate Neuroscience program, and was named a Charles Deering McCormick Professor of Teaching

masks:
Catherine S
. Woolley
Woolley
Catherine S
. Woolley
Career Woolley
Philip Schwartzk
Woolley


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 Excellence by Northwestern in 2018 for "transforming the landscape of undergraduate education in Weinberg." She was elected to the Council of the Society for Neuroscience (2014–2018). She is a senior editor of The Journal of Neuroscience. Research

Rockefeller University
Bruce McEwen at Rockefeller University studies stress and its impact on the  brain. With McEwen, Woolley initially studied neuroleptics and their effects on proenkephalin mRNA levels.<mask> went on to work with McEwen and Elizabeth Gould on a 1990 study that examined the brain using Golgi's method, a technique first described by Camillo Golgi in 1873. The study showed that estradiol increased the number and density of excitatory synapses of CA1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus, as well as the density of dendritic spines. Both estradiol and spine density fluctuated dramatically during the estrous cycle. <mask> recognized that this suggested that the adult brain was subject to change, at least in rats; this was surprising because it was accepted at that time that the adult brain was structurally stable. <mask>'s 1990 work is considered a pioneering study in hormones and synaptic plasticity. Further work established that the manipulation of female
sex hormones affects hippocampal structure in adult rats. University of Washington
Between 1993-1998, <mask> worked as a postdoc at the University of Washington in Seattle, with <mask>roin.There she applied electrophysiology techniques and ultrastructural analysis to the study of hormonal effects in the brain. She studied the effects of estrogen on the release of GABA in the hippocampus. In 2000, she received the Cortical Explorer Award in recognition of her work on neuroanatomy and brain activity. Northwestern University
As a professor at Northwestern University,
<mask> has done ongoing research into the sex-specific effects of estrogens, GABAA receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors, and endogenous cannabinoids and their roles as neuromodulators of brain development and function. In

masks:
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Woolley
Philip Schwartzk
Woolley


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 2012, <mask> published research showing that estrogens had differential effects in the brains of female and male rats, decreasing inhibitory synaptic transmission in female rats but not in males. In 2015, her group reported that male and female rats differ in the molecular pathways affected by endocannabinoids. In female rats the drug URB-597 increased the inhibitory effect of the endocannabinoid  anandamide, lessening the release of neurotransmitters.In male rats, the drug had no effect. The interaction did not reflect circulating reproductive hormones. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which rat neurology provides an accurate model for human neurology. While the significance of these results for humans are not yet demonstrated, rats are often used as a model for studying humans. An important implication of <mask>'s research is that drug testing on males should not be assumed to yield   results applicable to both males and females. To understand drug action, effects on both sexes should be studied. Awards and honors
 1998: Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship
 2000: Cortical Explorer Award, Krieg Awards, Cajal Club
 2002–2007: W. M. Keck Foundation Distinguished Young Scholar in Medical Research Award
 2007: C.J.Herrick Award, American Association of Anatomists
 2007–2009: Pioneer Award, Women's Health Research Institute, Northwestern University
 2013: William Deering Chair in Biological Sciences, Northwestern University
 2016: Transformative Research Award, National Institutes of Health
 2018: Charles Deering McCormick Professor of Teaching Excellence, Northwestern University
2019: Gill Center Transformative Research Award, Indiana University
2019: Elected Member of the National Academy of Medicine

References

1965 births
Living people
American women chemists
American neuroscientists
American women neuroscientists
21st-century American chemists
Northwestern University faculty
Texas A&M University alumni
Rockefeller University alumni
People from Nelsonville, Ohio
21st-century American

masks: Woolley Woolley


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<mask> (1903 – 4 July 1945) was a British lawyer and military bureaucrat immortalised by Anthony Powell in many aspects of the character of Kenneth Widmerpool, the anti-hero of Powell's A Dance to the Music of Time sequence of novels. Capel-Dunn served as secretary to the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) between 1943 and 1945. Career
The son of a consular clerk in Leipzig, where he was born, Capel-Dunn attended Beaumont College, a Jesuit public school in Old Windsor, until 1921, and thereafter Trinity College, Cambridge. He was private secretary to Lord Lloyd, then spent three years in Persia and was at HM Legation in Havana before being called to the Bar. He became Secretary to the Air Transport Authority and worked on the inquiry into the loss of HMS Thetis. He was commissioned into the Essex Regiment as a Territorial Army (United Kingdom) officer. In 1940 he joined the offices of the War Cabinet and Ministry of Defence.He became assistant secretary and then secretary of the Joint Intelligence Committee and finally head of the Joint Staff Secretariat. In this capacity he attended the conferences at Moscow and Yalta. He rose rapidly during the Second World War to the rank of Lt. Colonel in the Intelligence Corps. He was awarded an OBE in 1944. Powell served under him whilst on attachment to the Cabinet Office for nine weeks in 1943. When Powell, an acting major, asked to be retained in his post for a further fortnight in order that his rank might become substantive, Capel-Dunn dismissed the request on the grounds that "My nerves wouldn't stand it".Noel Annan recorded Capel-Dunn's role in the JIC, noting that "as the youngest of the JIC members, and a civilian, it took [its chairman, Bill] Cavendish-Bentinck time and patience to galvanise his colleagues, and only when Churchill spoke could he at last set


texts: up a secretariat under an elusive, secretive barrister, <mask>-Dunn, and impose some sort of discipline upon them.". Capel-Dunn was to remain secretary of the JIC until the end of hostilities, after which he presided over a post-war review of intelligence published for classified circulation under his name in 1945. Capel-Dunn's report proved formative to the post-war shape of the UK's intelligence community. Amongst its most significant features were proposals for a 'Central Intelligence Bureau' that would take on joint service tasks such as cartographic intelligence and the maintenance of geographical 'country books' that had previously been handled on a joint service basis under the authority of the JIC and economic and industrial intelligence on foreign countries handled by the wartime Ministry of Economic Warfare. In the event, the 'Central Intelligence Bureau' took shape as the Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB), one of the forerunner departments of today's Defence Intelligence Staff. Another key feature of the 'Capel-Dunn' report was a proposal for the continuation and regularisation of wartime joint-service photographic intelligence arrangements that had operated as the Allied Central Interpretation Unit. Those proposals were eventually implemented in the form of the Joint Air Reconnaissance Intelligence Centre.The report also covered the continuation of the interdepartmental Signals Intelligence Committee that coordinated communications intercepts by the three armed services and the Radio Security Service with cryptanalysis and other signals intelligence analytical work conducted by Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). An accomplished Whitehall in-fighter, Capel-Dunn over-reached himself when he attempted to take control of the Security Service (MI5). Appearing unannounced at their


texts:
 headquarters on 24 October 1944, he claimed to be acting on behalf of the JIC in an investigation into all sources of intelligence and their distribution. When asked by the Director-General for his credentials he was unable to produce them. Threatened with an enquiry of the Minister, Capel-Dunn withdrew and no more was heard of the investigation. However he achieved a revenge of sorts when, at war's end, he published (for classified circulation only) an assessment of intelligence operations. Capel-Dunn died in an air crash off Newfoundland in 1945 when he was returning with other officials from the San Francisco Conference that established the United Nations.As the royal biographer Kenneth Rose has pointed out, had he not sacked Powell the novelist would probably have shared his fate. "As it was, the subordinate survived to make his boss immortal". His early death cut off a career that seemed set for a ministerial position in politics or as a Whitehall Mandarin. Powell attributes to Widmerpool a Life Peerage and chancellorship of a redbrick university. He was married to Elizabeth/Betsy Hessey, daughter of Brigadier-General William Francis Hessey DSO (died 1939). They lived at Stowmarket, Suffolk. Their daughter Hester M. A. Capel-Dunn married Gerald Dacres Olivier, brother of the actor Sir Laurence Olivier.Personality
"Like Widmerpool, Capel-Dunn was a very fat, extremely boring, overwhelmingly ambitious arriviste. His conversations were hideously detailed and humourless", recalled Mr John Colvin, former ambassador to Mongolia, who was a member of the same club, the St James, in which Capel-Dunn was known as 'Young Bloody'. Powell told Hugh Massingberd that "I only knew the Papal Bun for nine weeks, but he certainly made an impression. I've never met anyone so materialistic in outlook. But then, of course,


texts:
 he wasn't at school ['school' being Powell's shorthand for Eton] with me so he was only partly the inspiration for Widmerpool. Fiction isn't as straightforward as that." Character model
The novelist planted clues in the third volume of his autobiography that Widmerpool was based on Capel-Dunn, referring to the nickname of an unnamed officer under whom he worked briefly in the Cabinet Office during the war.This is The Papal Bun – "a play upon his double barreled surname, creed, demeanour, personal appearance ... a never failing source of laughter." Kenneth Rose discovered that the historian Desmond Seward had managed to deduce Widmerpool's identity. This Rose put to Powell, who, in his elliptical way, replied: "My impression is that Seward, a most amusing fellow, is on to something there ...". The identification of Widmerpool as based upon <mask> Capel-Dunn was then confirmed in Powell's Journals. A Dance to the Music of Time is not a Roman à clef, and Widmerpool's career is not synonymous with that of Capel-Dunn. Indeed, pre-War episodes owe something to other sources, as do Widmerpool's later career as a spy, university chancellor and cult member. Unlike Widmerpool, Capel-Dunn was never promoted to full colonel, possibly on account of fears of the position he might then assume in the Intelligence Corps.In the Channel Four TV adaptation of the novels Widmerpool was played by the Shakespearean actor Simon Russell Beale who was said to bear a resemblance to Capel-Dunn. Russell Beale was subsequently elected President of the Anthony Powell Society, an office he held until 2011. Notes

External links
The Anthony Powell Society
Adapted in part from research published by the Anthony Powell Society with consent

British barristers
Intelligence Corps officers
<mask>-Dunn
1903 births
British Army personnel killed in

masks:
Denis Cuthbert
Denis Capel


texts:
<mask> (Valladolid circa 1520 - Ciudad Rica de La Plata 1575) was a Spanish colonial jurist, civil servant, businessman and thinker who proposed an intellectual and political vision of profound influence in the earliest troubled stage of the contact between the Hispanic and the American Indigenous world. He was born in Valladolid, when the city was the capital of the kingdom of Castile, to a prominent noble family that had strong ties to the royal family. He spent his entire adult life in South America in what is now Peru and Bolivia. He was involved in the political and economic management of the Spanish colony and based on his good knowledge of the laws as  (licentiate) acquired a deep knowledge and practical experience of the Native Americans in the southern Andes, being an encomendero,  (inspector general) and corregidor (district governor and judicial official) in the provinces of Charcas (today Bolivia) and Cusco. His administrative reports, well known and appreciated by his peers and contemporaries, have had wide repercussions in the field of Andean studies up to the present time. Biography

Family and early life
Some sources include the name Juan (John) in his Christian name, but according to recent researches his name was solely <mask>: he never used the name Juan and always signed his manuscript works as  (the licentiate <mask>). There are no documentary elements that provide the date of the birth of <mask> in the city of Valladolid, nor the years of his study at the University of Salamanca.From a testimonial statement made in March 1550, in which he stated that he was then over 30 years old, it can be inferred that he might be

masks:
Polo Ondegardo
Polo
Polo
Polo Ongardo


texts: born around 1520 or perhaps some years earlier. He was the eldest of the seven children of Diego López <mask> Ondegardo and Jerónima <mask>rate. His father,  (nobleman) of Valladolid with Milanese ancestors, was  (receiver, administrator) of the Inquisition of Granada, that is the person who managed the incomes, taxes and other goods of any kind of the Inquisition. The <mask> León Ondegardo family was for sure an important one since the  was appointed directly by the king and acted on behalf of the crown, who was responsible for disposing of the confiscated assets of condemned persons. His mother was the daughter of Lope <mask> Zárate a court official who served as a chamber clerk (secretary) both in the  (Council of the Supreme Inquisition) and in the Council of Castile, the highest administrative and judicial body of the Spanish monarchy at that time. <mask>'s uncle (his mother's brother) was Agustin <mask>rate, fiscal auditor and general accountant of the Viceroyalty of Peru and Province of Tierra Firme and later chronicler. <mask>'s father died in 1534 while he was studying in Valladolid for his bachelorship of law which he obtained in 1538.The Zárate family took direct charge of the education of the seven Ondegardo siblings with a financial aid of 7,000 maravedís by their grandfather and when he died in 1538 his property was partitioned between his children Agustin and Jerónima (<mask>'s mother).They both received the amount of 564,525 maravedís, distributed in household furniture, silver objects and income titles in the jurisdiction of Valladolid and nearby country. Through the same will <mask> received a special grant of 90 ducats to

masks:
de León
de Zá
López de
Diaz de
Polo
de Zá
Polo
Polo
Polo


texts:
 complete his studies at the University of Salamanca. Unfortunately <mask>'s name does not appear in registers of the university which at the time were incomplete. In Salamanca, <mask> most probably attended the lessons of <mask> Vitoria, founder of the philosophy of human rights known as School of Salamanca, which supported the just titles of Castile and the legitimacy of the war against the Native Americans, called Indians at that time, but defending the rights of the natives to be free from foreign dominion, to the possession of their goods and territories and to govern themselves. In fact <mask>'s subsequent political position identified with the "intermediate" conception of the School of Salamanca, which distanced itself from the extreme positions either in favor of the Native Americans or the Spaniards. He defended the recognition of indigenous people as human beings, the preservation of their culture and traditional customs, and at the same time the promotion of evangelization by showing an attitude in favor of humanitarian principles but also in favor of the economic and political interests of the king. Peru civil war
In 1543, having already obtained the title of licentiate, <mask> joined his uncle Agustín <mask>rate, appointed general accountant of Peru and Tierra Firme, and embarked for South America, in the huge (52 ships) fleet of Blasco Núñez Vela, the newly appointed first viceroy.Núñez  was charged with the task of enforcing the New Laws aimed at removing most of the power from the conquistadors and returning it to the king. <mask> traveled in the same galleon as his brother <mask> Zárate, the judges of the new  (Royal

masks:
Polo
Polo
Francisco de
Polo
Polo
de Zá
Polo
Diego de


texts: Tribunal) to be set up in Lima and the newly appointed governor of Nicaragua <mask> Contreras (whose daughter <mask> would later marry). On that ship traveled also Diego Martín, cleric and Hernando Pizarro's butler, who was charged of the interests of his lord in Peru and who carried out propaganda action spreading a negative image of the viceroy. Through Diego Martín, <mask> became administrator of all of Hernando Pizarro's wealths. After a stop in Panama, <mask> arrived in Lima in June 1544, along with this uncle Agustín <mask>rate and the other members of his entourage. A couple of months later the uprising of the Peruvian  started against the royal authority, which led to the acceptance of Gonzalo Pizarro as governor in Lima and the deposition of the viceroy Núñez Vela by the . In 1545 <mask> was acting lawyer for the Royal Treasury in the accounting mission carried out by his uncle Zárate who, at the end of it, left for Spain, while <mask> and the other members of his entourage remained in Peru, involved in the rebellion of the .<mask> moved to the city of Cuzco, where he publicly supported the Pizarro side and in 1547 was forced by the field master <mask> Carvajal, the Demon of the Andes, to return to Lima and take charge in favor of the . In the meantime the king had named <mask> la Gasca president of the  and acting viceroy in an attempt to try a peaceful settlement of the dispute. As soon as <mask> was aware of this appointment, he changed his mind and joined the royalist troops in the Jauja Valley. On request of Agustín <mask> he wrote the  (Report of the things that happened in the alterations of Peru after Blasco Núñez Vela

masks:
Rodrigo de
Polo
Polo
Polo
de Zá
Polo
Polo
Polo
Francisco de
Pedro de
Polo
de Zárate


texts:
 entered it). In April 1548, at the Battle of Jaquijahuana in today Pampa de Anta,  from Cusco, Pizarro's forces were defeated by Gasca's army. Pizarro and Carvajal were executed, while most of the pizarristas were pardoned. <mask> was dispatched to Charcas (today Bolivia) as investigating judge of those involved in the rebellion.He was also appointed as judge of residence of the public officials of Charcas and received as a grant by Gasca an  of Natives in Cochabamba. <mask> as encomendero in Charcas
While in Charcas he was charged by the local  with the task of understanding the work of indigenous workers in the silver mines in Potosí. To fulfill his task he carried out a survey with the kurakas (local indigenous governors) and indigenous workers of the Potosí mines. In order to collect the precious data he included in his manuscripts, <mask> was probably the first person to carry out inquiries with interviews to people, in what has now become a well-known anthropological technique. His inquiries were programmed with scientific meticulousness, because, in addition to asking the Natives he included the data retrieved form quipus and the other few Inca graphic documents. At the end of his task <mask> was also capable of sending more than 3,700 silver bars to the Royal Treasury. <mask> never forgot the support of the Zárate family to his studies at the University of Salamanca.There is a letter <mask> wrote in 1550 from Potosí in which he states having instituted an income for the endowment of Isabelica, daughter of his unlce Agustín <mask>rate. At the beginning of 1550 he left his office of judge in Charcas and moved to Lima becoming an

masks:
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
de Zá


texts:
 advisor on government business to the newly established archbishop Jerónimo <mask>. Thanks to his good offices <mask> received from Loayza a land extension to his  in Charcas and in 1552 he eventually settled in  (today Sucre), capital of the region. In the war against the rebel <mask> Girón, <mask>, despite being a lawyer, fought as a royalist infantry captain at the Battle of Chuquinga and was seriously wounded by a harquebus to the leg in the battle of Pucara on October 8, 1554, where Girón was defeated, imprisoned and later executed. in Cusco
Polo became a very wealthy person. A document records a transaction carried out by <mask> in favor of his mother in Spain: he deposited 14,000 pesos in silver at the Royal Teasury in Peru which was exchanged for his mother with  (perpetual property right) at the Casa de la Contratación (royal office for indies) in Seville (September 20, 1556). In 1557 he received an income of 10,000 ducats from the viceroyalty of Peru, for his office as attorney.In 1558 <mask> received from the viceroy Marquis of Cañete the appointment of corregidor (district governor and judicial official) of the province of Cuzco and took possession of this office at the end of the year. In Cusco he carried out a deep inquiry on the religious practices of the natives, which led to his  (Treaty and inquiry into the errors and superstitions of the Indians). He investigated in detail the religion and society of the Andean communities and found out the location of the huacas (shrines) along the ceque system in the four suyus (regions) of the former Inca Empire. From the chroniclers either contemporary of <mask> (Pedro Sarmiento

masks:
de Loayza
Polo
Francisco Hernández
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo


texts: <mask>, Cristóbal <mask>) or several years later, (<mask> Acosta, <mask> la Calancha, Bernabé Cobo) it is known that he found the embalmed bodies and the representative statues ( statue, brother; called idols by the Spaniards) of several Sapa Incas and some of their wives. This achievement was notable for the church because the Incas mummified their dead rulers and continued to worship them after their death and their presence in the roundabouts of Cusco was a disturbance to the Christianization of the Natives. <mask> could achieve the finding through his personal acquaintance with the kurakas (chiefs, indigenous governors) of the royal panakas (kinships of descendants of a Sapa Inca) whose collaboration they offered after the submission pact concluded with the Inca Sayri Túpac, presumed heir to the Inca Empire throne. <mask> kept and protected the mummies in his house in Cusco and would later take them to Lima and put them on show, exclusively to Spaniards, in the in .It is Inca Garcilaso <mask> Vega that in his Comentarios Reales de los Incas (Royal Commentaries of the Incas) describes the surprise he feels when visiting <mask>'s house and meeting the mummies of his ancestors so well preserved in time. Garcilaso was in fact the natural son of a Spanish conquistador and an Inca noblewoman, direct descendant of the Sapa Inca. The mummies disappeared from the hospital and were never discovered despite archeological investigations in the last 70 years. <mask> carried out also a significant urban work in Cusco: he contracted the construction of the cathedral, new headquarters for the city council, a hospital and shelter for orphan girls and

masks:
de Gamboa
de Molina
José de
Antonio de
Polo
Polo
de la
Polo
Polo


texts:
 stonework bridges. Finally he regulated the procession of the Feast of Corpus Christi which was (and still is) directly related to the Andean Quyllurit'i festival, that marks the start of the harvest, signaled by the reappearance of the Pleiades after being hidden for a 40 days period. Advisor to the Viceroy in Lima
In May 1561 <mask> left the charge of  in Cusco and went to Lima as an advisor to the viceroy <mask> Zúñiga. There he wrote for the lawyer Briviesca <mask>, one of the commissioners in charge of the  problem, his  (Report on the perpetuity of the encomiendas in Peru).The question of perpetuity of  was one of the causes of the uprising of Pizarro in 1544 and was still being debated. In principle the  should have been assigned to living persons as a reward for their offices, but many  interpreted their right as hereditary. <mask> was a very rich  and in 1562 he obtained an additional distribution of 300 Natives for the cultivation of coca in his . Nevertheless, his office imposed him to have a better understanding of the matter, so he joined an expedition directed to the southern provinces to consult the local kurakas on the question. On the way, during his stay in Huamanga he dispatched the  (Ordinances of the Huamanga mines). Around 1564 <mask> married Jerónima <mask>, with whom he had six children. She was a Creole and daughter of Rodrigo Contreras, former governor of Nicaragua who had traveled from Spain to Panama on the same ship with <mask> and after accusations of bad government had retired to Lima.At that time and for some years <mask> settled in La Plata (Sucre) where he acted as a lawyer for the . Second term as  in

masks:
Polo
López de
de Muñatones
Polo
Polo
de Peñalosa
Polo
Polo


texts:
 Cusco
In 1571 <mask> wrote the  (Account of the basic principles regarding the notable harm that results from not preserving the Indians’ laws for them). He then joined the government team of the viceroy <mask> Toledo, during his visit to the province of Cuzco, and again assumed the office of  in Cusco. The king of Spain was worried about the fact that the killing of the last Inca by Pizarro could be interpreted as a violation the European tradition of the divine right of kings, and that this might in turn endanger the legitimate right for the king to rule on the Tawantinsuyu. For this reason he had appointed <mask> Toledo as viceroy in 1569 and charged him (among other tasks) with producing the proof that the Incas were tyrants, conquered their territories by subjugation of the local people and were not legitimate rulers. In turn the viceroy ordered the contemporary chroniclers Cristobal <mask> and particularly Pedro Sarmiento <mask> to provide such proof. <mask> knew both an cooperated with them.In January 1572 Sarmiento <mask> asked <mask> for a testimonial statement in the survey on the history and genealogy of the Incas for Sarmiento's  (History of the Incas). Sarmiento had his book read in front of the kurakas form the royal panakas and a distinguished group of Spaniards in Cuzco in order to have a formal verification of his history which described the Incas as tyrants. Those present were asked to sign the manuscript. <mask>'s second term in the government of the Cusco province, from August 1571 to October 1572, was intense. He completed the reduction of the natives in parishes, supported the incorporation of the yanakunas (servants

masks:
Polo
Francisco de
Francisco de
de Molina
de Gamboa
Polo
de Gamboa
Polo
Polo


texts:
 of the Inca's court) into the Spanish crown, advised on the drafting of ordinances for the government of the city and for the cultivation of coca, and was an active supporter, through supply of food and ammunitions, in the war against the Inca rebel Túpac Amaru who was defeated by the Spanish army in Vilcabamba. After the Inca was executed, <mask> quit his office as  and left Cusco together with the Viceory continuing the general visit to the Andean highland provinces. While in La Plata, <mask> assumed the office of  of Charcas.In 1574 he wrote his  (Report on the war of the Chiriguano Indians). Retirement and death
On March 18, 1575, he granted his will in La Plata, leaving his six minor children as heirs and on November 4 he died in the same city. His body was initially buried in the convent of San Francisco in La Plata. In 1592 <mask>'s remains were transferred and reburied in the  in the city of La Plata. Two years later Jerónima, <mask>'s widow, also died in her residence in La Plata, leaving to their six children a significant wealth. Works
<mask> was a civil servant and only wrote reports and letters, all of which were never published. Nevertheless, they were used by later writers and chroniclers to embed their information in the books they published.<mask> was witness of the most important issues of his time: the knowledge of indigenous customs, the debate on the perpetuity of  and those on the economy and colonial government, and he carefully reported about them in his writings. In addition to serving as reports and advice to the viceroys and ecclesiastical authorities, they were used as a primary source by various chroniclers,

masks:
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo Ongardo
Polo


texts:
 often without even mentioning his name. <mask>'s text were included in the works of Agustín <mask>, Hernando <mask>, <mask> Acosta, <mask> la Calancha, Buenaventura Salinas y Córdoba, Bernabé Cobo, <mask> Murúa,González Pujana, Laura (1999). Polo de Ondegardo: un cronista vallisoletano en el Perú. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid. Cristóbal <mask>laso de la Vega, <mask> Ávila and Pablo Joseph <mask> y Herrera. <mask> might have written several reports and letters but just a few of them have been recovered by scholars from the archives in Spain and Peru.His principal works are:

 [1559 / 1561?] (Treatise and inquiry into the errors and superstitions of the Indians) which deals with the Andean religion and was written at the request of the Archbishop of Lima Jerónimo <mask>, and used in the second and third Provincial Councils of Lima (1567 and 1582). Its manuscript has been lost. A summary of it was preserved as part of the  (Confessional for priests of Indians with instructions against rites and exhortations as a help to well die) written by <mask> Acosta in 1584. Here the author expresses comments on the laws, the months of the year and related festivals, on sorcery, sacrifices, fortune-tellers, cures and doctors, that allow the scholars to reconstruct the Inca past. The drafting of this treatise, when <mask> was Corregidor in Cuzco for his first term, was possible thanks to his widespread political and intellectual network. The treatise was produced at the request of the viceroy Marquis of Cañete and of Jerónimo <mask>, archbishop of Lima, in 1559.They ordered <mask> to find out about the idolatrous practices of the American Natives;

masks:
Polo
de Zárate
de Santillán
José de
Antonio de
Martín de
de Moci
Francisco de
de Arriaga
Polo
de Loayza
José de
Polo
de Loza
Polo


texts: in order to achieve this goal he gathered in the square of Cusco the kurakas and indigenous people of the area, summing up four hundred and seventy-five people between men and women, and subjected them to an inquiry. <mask> was one of the last chroniclers who based his reports on the data provided by the survivors of the Inca elite, including the  (quipu manager, quipu responsible) experts in reading the quipus. <mask> reported also about human sacrifices of children performed by the Incas. Several years later <mask> was harshly criticized by the Jesuit Blas Valera who questioned <mask>'s knowledge of Quechua and attributed <mask>'s statement to a misunderstanding of a quechua word: the sacrifices were of young animals and not young humans. Scholars have now confirmed, with archaeological discoveries, the existence of sacrifices of children, mostly in pair (male and female) for special purposes such as protecting against earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Moreover, the scholars, through the comparison of <mask>'s works with other linguistics sources, confirmed his good knowledge of quechua and possibly also Aymara languages. [before 1561] (Report of the shrines of the Indians in the four ceques) which is fully included into Bernabé Cobo's  (History of the New World).<mask> produced a list of the huacas that extended along the ceques starting from the Coricancha temple in Cusco towards the four directions of the four provinces of the Tawantinsuyu. Basing on the <mask>'s treatise, the Cusco ceque system was investigated in detail by R. <mask>, who confirmed his discoveries and descriptions.<mask>, Reiner Tom; Hooykaas, Eva María (1964). The

masks:
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Tom Zuidema
Zuidema


texts:
 ceque system of Cuzco: the social organization of the capital of the Inca - MPublishing, University of Michigan Library
 [1561] (Report to the licentiate Briviesca <mask> on the perpetuity of the encomiendas in Peru) was drawn up according to the questionnaires established in the Royal Decree of 1553. It was requested by the viceroy <mask> Zúñiga, through the commissioner Briviesca <mask>, who was part of the group of commissioners sent by the king to deal with the issue of the perpetuity of the  in South America. [1561- 1570] (Report of the lineage of the Incas and how they extended their conquests). <mask> names the Incas in a list that coincides with the one generally recorded by all the chroniclers but unfortunately does not clarify any of the many confusing points of the history of the Incas, nevertheless he refers to a previous report'' written by him on these issues, which was never retrieved but must have been very rich in data judging by what <mask> states. [1562] (Ordinances of the Huamanga mines).It was requested by the Viceroy and drafted for a mercury mine after a new method for extracting silver using mercury was proposed by a Spaniard. [1565] (Letter to doctor <mask> <mask>) was addressed to an official of the vice royal court, <mask> <mask>, who was living in Charcas and who returned to Spain, where in 1568 he presented the letter to the  (major board) which brought together high officials of the king with the objective of reorganizing the entire Spanish-American structure as far as necessary, through very specific and coherent instructions to viceroy Toledo, who would travel to the Indies to implement these provisions. In

masks:
de Muñatones
López de
de Muñatones
Polo
Polo
Francisco Fernández
de Liébana
Juan Fernández
de Liébana


texts:
 this letter <mask> proposes, on the one hand, a way to prevent the Natives from excessively addressing the courts with pleads, a custom that was born from dealing with the Spaniards, recommending that they keep their customs, and, on the other hand, he presents a series of provisions for the good government of the Natives, expressly indicating obligations to the . This letter may have been one of the bases for the initial set up of the legislation for Native Americans which was kept separate from the Spaniard's legislation. [1571] (True and legitimate dominion of the kings of Spain over Peru); a work on the presumed tyranny of the Incas, supporting the just titles of the king of Spain to rule in South America. [1571] (Account of the basic principles regarding the notable harm that results from not preserving the Indians’ laws for them). It was addressed to Viceroy <mask> Toledo who used it as a source for his ordinances when <mask> was one of his advisers.The report may have been written before Toledo's term. This report is principally a legal and economic treatise which includes valuable economic and ethnographic information for the understanding of indigenous power elites and the emerging colonial society. Moreover, it provides a model of Hispanic-indigenous relationship based on the respect for traditional indigenous local laws (). Nevertheless, this proposal was not taken into account by the different viceroys. [1574] (Report on the war of the Chiriguano Indians), written shortly before <mask>'s death. Pre-Hispanic local taxes and laws
The Castile's juridical tradition had familiarized <mask> with the coexistence of various legal

masks:
Polo
Francisco de
Polo
Polo
Polo


texts:
 systems and, most importantly, with their official recognition, such as those related to "other" religions: the Islamic and the Judaic ones, together with the respect for human dignity and cultural tolerance proposed at the Salamanca school by <mask> Vitoria and his radical follower Bartolomé <mask> Casas. With such a knowledge <mask> tried to understand and describe what he called the  (particular law, local legal system) of the southern Andean peoples.In his reports he presented to the Spanish authorities the main rites and beliefs of the Andean communities, the pre-Hispanic tax system, the distribution and use of natural resources and the administrative, economic and political complexity of the Tahuantinsuyu. <mask> believed that the best way to control Andean people was to understand their culture. He supported the idea that the old pre-Hispanic law could be used to reduce the litigations, set up a local tax system based on the Incan one and to achieve a more successful colonization. To this end he suggested that the Spaniards' interests, in most cases, lay in preserving Andean institutions as they had found them. Viceroy Toledo did not accept his view and never adopted such a proposal. Quipu
<mask> was among the first ones to recognize the value of quipus as registers. <mask> postulated the idea that the quipus represented a registration system that allowed for an easy incorporation of information, not only numbers.Moreover, the data could be retrieved so easily by a  (quipu manager, quipu responsible), that <mask> stated that the effectiveness of quipu is not only incredible but indeed wonderful. In his writings <mask> was astonished

masks:
Francisco de
de las
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo


texts:
 by the accuracy of the accounts kept in quipus. His conclusion was that they are instruments of all trust. He checked their accuracy by asking quipu managers to record some data and retrieved them some days later finding that they corresponded to <mask>'s own records in writing. Further reading
 González Pujana, Laura (1993). La vida y la obra del Licenciado Polo de Ondegardo. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.(in Spanish)
 González Pujana, Laura (1999). Polo de Ondegardo: un cronista vallisoletano en el Perú. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid. (in Spanish)
 Hampe Martínez,  Teodoro (2016). El licenciado Polo Ondegardo (1520-1575). Biografía de un jurista castellano en los Andes coloniales - in XVIII Congreso Internacional de Historia del Derecho Indiano - Córdoba 2012 - Instituto Internacional de Historia del Derecho Indiano / editors:  Aspell, Marcela; Agüero Alejandro; Llamosas, Esteban <mask> -  1st edition 2016 - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Volume II  (in Spanish)
 Velaochaga Dam, Carlos; Herrera Villagra, Alejandro; Warthon Calero, Rafael (eds.) (2017).Crónicas tempranas del siglo XVI. Tomo II. El patrimonio hegemónico de la escritura: Descripciones historiográficas del Cusco (1542-1590) - Dirección Desconcentrada de Cultura de Cusco – Ministerio de Cultura de Peru (in Spanish)
 Bauer, Brian S.; Smith-Oka Vania; E. Cantarutti, Gabriel (editors) (2011) Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas by Cristóbal <mask> - With an introduction by Brian S. Bauer - University of Texas Press
 The History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento <mask> [1572] translated and edited by Brian S. Bauer and Vania Smith introduction by Brian S.

masks:
Polo
Federico
de Molina
de Gboa


texts:
 Bauer and Jean-Jacques Decoster - University of Texas Press Austin - 2007

See also
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
Inca Empire
Ceque system
Quipu
Panakas and ayllu
Agustin <mask>árate
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
Francisco Pizarro
Hernando Pizarro
Gonzalo Pizarro
Blasco Núñez Vela
<mask> Toledo

References

Spanish colonial governors and administrators
16th-century South American people
1520 births
1575 deaths
Year of birth

masks:
de Z
Francisco de


texts:
<mask> (November 1882 – December 7, 1982) was an American folk festival promoter, author and photographer who specialized in the music, crafts, and language patterns of the Appalachian region of the United States. Early life
She was born <mask>i <mask> to Mr. and Mrs. <mask> in Ashland, Kentucky in 1882. She earned the nickname "Traipsin' Woman" when, as a teenager in the 1890s, she defied convention to attend business school, learn stenography, and become a court reporter, traveling by jolt wagon to courts in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. Her travels from county to county were said to involve "considerable spells of traipsin'". Her exposure to the musical traditions, dialect, folkways, and costumes of the mountain people she encountered, combined with her later work in "show business," led to her avocation as a popularizer of mountain music and as proprietress of the American Folk Song Festival, staged in and near Ashland, Kentucky, from 1930-72. In 1900, she lived at home with her parents; her occupation was stenographer. Career

Using money saved from her court reporter wages, <mask> moved to New York City, where she took writing classes and continued to work as a stenographer.She married accountant <mask> in 1913 and moved to Logan, West Virginia, but was divorced within a year. She then held a variety of jobs, including work as a script girl for Cecil B. de Mille's film The Ten Commandments, as secretary to the owner of the Columbus Senators baseball team, and as press agent for Ruby "Texas" Guinan, the notorious entertainer and owner of prohibition-era speakeasies.

masks:
Jean Bell Thomas
Jeanette Mary Francis de Assis
Aloysius Naus Garfield Bell
George Bell
Bell
Albert Thomas