texts: Maison d'éducation de la Légion d'honneur (school for children of Légion d’Honneur members), then at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie (1967–1969) and at the Université Paris-Sud 11 (1970–1972).There she obtained a honors degree in physical chemistry (1968), a Ph.D (1969) and a D.Sc. (thèse du doctorat d’Etat) (1977). She became a demonstrator (1969–1974), assistant lecturer  (1974–1983), associate professor (1983–1990), full professor (1990–1997), and finally distinguished professor (since 1997). She was director, between 1996 and 2000, of the Structure and Reactivity of Interfaces Laboratory (SRI), a Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) joint unit. Since 2004, she has been a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology at Atlanta. In 2000, she created the Laboratoire des Matériaux Mésoscopiques et Nanométriques (LM2N) (Mesoscopic and Nanometric Materials Laboratory). Along with her research work, she became administrator (2004–2010) of the Institut Universitaire de France IUF (as stated above).Moreover, she was Auditor (1987–88) of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale, Auditor (1989) of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Européenne (European Defense Advanced Studies Institute) and Auditor (1990–91) of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Sécurité Intérieure


type: original

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 (Internal Security Advanced Studies Institute) (IHESI now INHESJ). Scientific honors and awards
 2000: Langmuir Prize of the American Chemical Society. 2001: French citation laureate, Institute for Scientific Information. Award for most cited French scientist between 1981 and 1998. 2001: Lecture Award of Chemical Society of Japan, Division of Colloids and Surface Science. 2002: Doctorate honoris causa of the Chalmers University of Technology. 2003: Gay-Lussac Humboldt Prize, Germany.Since 2003: Member of the European Academy of Sciences. 2004: Descartes-Huygens Prize of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Since 2004: Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences. 2005: Blaise Pascal Medal of the European Academy of Science. 2006: Lecture for Marie Curie 100 years anniversary. 2006: Emilia Valori Prize of the French Academy of Sciences. Since 2009: Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom.Since 2010: Member of the Academia Europaea. 2011: Member of AcademiaNet. 2011: Research Grants from the European Research Council. 2011: Catalán-Sabatier Lectureship award from the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry
 2012: Foreign member of The Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Gothenburg. 2014: Journal Colloid Interface Science, JCIS, Life Achievement Award. 2015: Honorary Holmberg Lecture Chalmers


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 University of Technology
 2016:	Pierre Süe award, from the French Chemical Society
 2017:	Franco-American Lectureship prize from the American Chemical Society and French Chemical Society
 2021:	Marie-Paule Pileni Festschrift- The Journal of Physical Chemistry

Other honors
 2012-2014: Member of the council scientific of Defense. 2013: Commandeur dans l’Ordre National du Mérite.2017: Commandeur dans l'Ordre National de la Légion d’Honneur. Major publications
 Reverse micelles as hosts for proteins and small molecules; P.P. Luisi, M. Giomini, M.P<mask>, B. Robinson; Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 947, 209–216, (1988).Reverse micelles : a microreactors; M.P. Pileni; J. Phys.Chem. 97, 6961-6974 (1993). Nanosized Particles Made in Colloidal Assemblies; M.P. Pileni; Langmuir 13, 3266-3276 (1997). Nanocrystals self assemblies: fabrication and collective properties; M.P<mask>; J. Phys.Chem. 105, 3358-3372 (2001). Mesostructured Fluids in oil rich regions: Structural and templating approaches; M.P. Pileni; Langmuir 17, 7476-7487 (2001). Role of soft colloidal templates in the control of size and shape of inorganic nanocrystals; M.P<mask>; Nature Materials 2, 145-150 (2003). Control of the size and shape of inorganic nanocrystals at various scales from nano to macrodomains; M.P.Pileni; J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 9019-9038 (2007). Self-assembly of inorganic

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. Pileni
. Pileni
. Pileni


texts: nanocrystals: Fabrication and collective intrinsic properties; M.P. Pileni; Acc. of Chem. Res.40, 685-693 (2007). Supracrystals of inorganic nanocrystals: An open challenge for new physical properties; M.P. Pileni; Acc. Chem. Res. 41, 1799-1809 (2008). How to produce 2D self-organizations of inorganic nanocrystals and how do they affect the chemical and physical properties; M.P.Pileni; Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 11821–11835, (2010). Analogy Between Atoms in a Nanocrystal and Nanocrystals in a Supracrystal: Is It Real or Just a Highly Probable Speculation? ; N. Goubet, M. P<mask>;  J. Phys.Chem. Lett. 2, 1024–1031, (2011). Supra and Nano crystallinity : Specific properties related to crystal growth mechanisms and nanocrystallinity; M.P.Pileni, Acc. Chem. Res. 45, 1965-1972 (2012).Crystallinity Segregation upon Selective Self- Assembling of Gold Colloidal Single Nanocrystals; H.Portales, N. Goubet, S.Sirotki, E. Duval, A. Mermet, P. Albouy, and M.P. Pileni Nano Lett. 12, 5292−5298, (2012). Unexpected electronic properties of micrometer-thick supracrystals of Au nanocrystals; P. Yang, I. Arfaoui, T. Cren, N. Goubet and M.P. Pileni, Nano Lett. 12, 2051–2055, (2012). Simultaneous Growths of Gold Colloidal Crystals; N. Goubet, H. Portalès, C. Yan, I.Arfaoui1, P.A.Albouy, A. Mermet and M.P.Pileni J.Am..Chem.Soc., 134, 3714-3719 (2012). Coherent


texts: Longitudinal Acoustic Phonons in Three-Dimensional Supracrystals of Cobalt Nanocrystals; I. Lisiecki, D. Polli, C. Yan, G. Soavi, E. Duval, G. Cerullo and M.P. Pileni Nano Lett. 13,, 4914-4919 (2013). Modulating the Physical Properties of Isolated and Self-Assembled Nanocrystals by Change in Their Nanocrystallinity; N. Goubet, C.Yan, D. Polli, H.Portalès, I.Arfaoui, G. Cerullo and M. P. Pileni Nano Lett. 13,  504−508 (2013). Spontaneous formation of high-index planes in Au single domain nanocrystal superlattices; N. Goubet, J.Yang, P.A.Albouy and M.P.Pileni Nano Lett.14, 6632-6638 (2014). Negative Supracrystals Inducing a FCC-BCC Transition in a Gold Nanocrystal Superlattice; N. Goubet and M-P. Pileni "Nano Res''. 7, 171-179 (2014). Control of the oxygen and cobalt atoms diffusion through Co nanoparticles differing by their crystalline structure and size Z. Yang, N. Yang,  J. Yang,  J. Bergström and M.P. Pileni "Adv.Funct.Mater". 25, 891-897 (2015). Beyond Entropy: Magnetic Forces Induce Formation of Quasicrystalline Structure in Binary Nanocrystal Superlattice; Z. Yang, J. Wei, P. Bonville, M.P.<mask>" J.Am. Chem Soc" 137, 4487−4493 (2015). Nano-supracrystallinity; M.P.<mask> "EPL" 109 58001 (2015). Engineering the magnetic dipolar interactions in three-dimensional binary supracrystals via mesoscale alloying; Z. Yang, J. Wei, P. Bonville,

masks: Pileni Pileni


texts: M.P. Pileni" Adv. Funct.Mater"  25 4908- (2015). Ligand Exchange Governs the Crystal Structures in Binary Nanocrystal Superlattices; J. Wei, N. Schaeffer and M. <mask>" J.Am. Chem. Soc" 137 14773-14784 (2015). Hierarchical mechanical behavior of cobalt supracrystals related to nanocrystallinity; M.Gauvin, N. Yang, Z. Yang, I.Arfaoui and M.P.Pileni" Nanoresearch"  8 3480-3487 (2015). Supracrystalline Colloidal Eggs: Epitaxial Growth and Freestanding Three-Dimensional Supracrystals in Nanoscaled Colloidosome; Z.Yang, T. Altantzis, D. Zanaga, S. Bals, G. Van Tendeloo, M.P Pileni" J.Amer. Chem.Soc" 138 3493–3500 (2016). Dispersion of Hydrophobic Co Supracrystal in Aqueous Solution; N. Yang, Z. Yang, M. Held, P. Bonville, P.A.Albouy, R. Lévy, M.PPileni" ACS Nano" 10 2277–2286 (2016). 3D superlattices of uniform metal nanocrystals differing by their sizes called binary supracrystals; J. Wei,  Z. Yang, and M. <mask>"  EPL" 119 38005, (2017). Water-Dispersed Hydrophobic Au Nanocrystal Assemblies with a Plasmon Fingerprint; N. Yang, C.Deeb, J.L Pelouard, N. Felidj and M.P. Pileni"  ACS Nano" 11 7797−7806, (2017). Impact of the metallic crystalline structure on the properties of nanocrystals and their mesoscopic assemblies; M.P.Pileni"  Acc. Chem. Res" 50 1946–1955 (2017).Light–heat conversion dynamics in highly diversified water-dispersed

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P Pileni
P Pileni


texts:
 hydrophobic  nanocrystal assemblies, A.Mazzanti, Z. Yang, M. G. Silva, N. Yang, G. Rizza,  P.E. Coulon, C. Manzonif, A. M. de Paula, G. Cerullo, G. Della Valle and M.P. Pileni Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116,  8161-8166 (2019)
Self-Assemblies of Nanocrystals in Tumor Cells: Controlling the Intracellular Fate, Manipulation, and Photothermal Effects,J.Phys. Chem. C 2021, 125, 37, 20143–20156
Self-assemblies of Fe3O4 nanocrystals: towards nanoscale precision of photothermal effects in the tumor microenvironment. A. Nicolas-Boluda, Z.Yang, T.Guilbert, L. Fouassier, F. Carn, F. Gazeau,  M. P. Pileni Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 31, 2006824 (1-17)
Intracellular Fate of Hydrophobic Nanocrystal Self-Assemblies in Tumor Cells. A. Nicolas-Boluda, Z. Yang, I. Dobryden, F. Carn, N. Winckelmans, Ch.Péchoux, P. Bonville, S. Bals, P. M. Claesson, F. Gazeau, and M. P Pileni Adv. Funct. Mater., 2020, 30, 2004274 (1-15)

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
French physical chemists
Officers of the National Order of Merit


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<mask> (17 July 1940 – 6 October 2003) was an England international footballer. Born in Woolton in Liverpool, England, he spent virtually his entire childhood growing up in Motherwell, Scotland. He is notable for being the first professional player to have played for England without having previously played in the English football league system, and for scoring over 100 goals in both the English and Scottish leagues. His brother <mask> was also a professional footballer, who played internationally for the United States. Early years
<mask>'s mother was Scottish. His father, George, born in Woolton, was a sailor. When living in New York, <mask>'s elder brother, Gerry, was born in 1938.After the outbreak of World War 2, the family moved to Liverpool when George volunteered for the Merchant Marines. George survived his boat being torpedoed but soon after died from the injuries he received. The family then evacuated to Motherwell in Scotland, just six weeks after <mask>’s birth and this is where the <mask> brothers spent the rest of their childhood. Club career

Hibernian
A centre forward, <mask> spent a month on trial with Chelsea as a youngster, but was not signed. He signed professional terms with Hibernian after playing Junior football for local Coltness United, and was then farmed out to another Junior team, Armadale Thistle. In his first season with Hibs, the 17-year-old <mask> scored all four goals in Hibs' 4–3 victory over city rivals Hearts in the quarter-final of the 1958 Scottish Cup. He played in the 1958 Scottish Cup Final which Hibs lost 1–0 to Clyde, and also scored nine goals in a Scottish Cup tie against Peebles Rovers.<mask> was Hibs' top goalscorer for four consecutive

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Joseph Henry Baker
Gerry Baker
Joe Baker
Joe
Joe
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 seasons, scoring a club record 42 goals in 33 league games during the 1959–60 season. In all he scored 102 goals in just 117 league games, and 159 goals in all competitions for the Edinburgh club. <mask> signed for Hibernian from Manchester City in November 1961, not long after <mask> had left Easter Road. Torino
In 1961, <mask> was transferred to Torino for £75,000, after the Hibs board refused to give him a £5 increase from his existing wage of £12 a week. Despite scoring a winning goal in a Turin derby match against Juventus, his time at the Italian club was short and almost ended in tragedy. <mask> was involved in a serious car crash, which meant that he needed life-saving surgery and spent over a month on a drip feed. It was a generally unhappy spell as <mask> did not like the press intrusion, which meant that he and teammate Denis Law spent most of their time in their Turin apartment.Arsenal
<mask> recovered from his injuries and he returned to the UK in July 1962, joining Billy Wright's Arsenal for a club record fee of £70,000. He made his debut against Leyton Orient on 18 August 1962, and in all spent four seasons with the Gunners. For three out of those four seasons (1962–63, 1964–65 and 1965–66) he was the club's top scorer; in total he scored 100 goals in 156 games in all competitions, making him one of the club's most prolific goalscorers of all time. His pace and acceleration made him a highly effective and dynamic attacker, and he was equally adept with his feet and his head, despite his lack of height. With Geoff Strong he formed one of Arsenal's most prolific striking partnerships, but the defence could not match the quality of the team's attack, which meant they were

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Gerry Baker
Joe
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker


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 unable to finish above 7th in the league during his time at the club. Nottingham Forest
After a disappointing 1965–66 season, Wright sold <mask> to Nottingham Forest for £65,000. <mask> had a successful 1966/67 at Forest, as the club finished runners-up in the top division to the club that would win the following season's European Cup: Matt Busby's Manchester United (whose team included <mask>'s ex Torino teammate, Denis Law).In that season, <mask> was injured in the 3–2 victory over Everton in the FA Cup 6th round and missed the rest of the season. Prior to his injury, Forest had lost only once in 28 games; after it they only won three of their six remaining league games and lost in the FA Cup semi-final to Tottenham Hotspur. In three years at Forest, <mask> scored 41 goals in 118 league games. Sunderland, return to Hibs and Raith Rovers
<mask> then moved to Sunderland for a fee of £30,000, and spent the following two seasons playing for the Black Cats. He returned to Hibernian for a second time in 1971 and scored 12 goals in 30 appearances. He moved to Raith Rovers in 1972 and retired in 1974, having in all scored 301 league goals in 507 games. International career
<mask>'s talents meant that he was selected by the Scottish Schools team, but his birthplace made him only eligible to play for England under the rules of the time; "I was the first Scottish League player to play for England and it was a hard thing to take because I was a Scot, as far as I was concerned."He made his England debut against Northern Ireland in 1959, which made him the first professional player to be capped for England while playing for a club outside the English football league system. It also meant that he

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 was the first player to play for England without having ever played for an English club (Owen Hargreaves was the next player to do this, in 2001). <mask> won eight caps for the senior England side, five while he was playing for Hibs and three while with Arsenal. These later caps were won when he earned a brief recall to the England side in 1965. Despite scoring in a 2–0 win over Spain, <mask> did not make the squad for the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Managerial career and later life

<mask> later became Albion Rovers manager on two occasions, but never pursued a full coaching career, instead running a pub and working for Hibernian's hospitality service. He died at the age of 63, after suffering a heart attack during a charity golf tournament, dying in Wishaw General Hospital soon after.References

Bibliography

External links

Article on <mask>

1940 births
2003 deaths
Albion Rovers F.C. managers
Armadale Thistle F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
England international footballers
England under-23 international footballers
English expatriate footballers
English football managers
English footballers
English people of Scottish descent
Expatriate footballers in Italy
English expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Hibernian F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Sportspeople from Motherwell
Scotland youth international footballers
Raith Rovers F.C. players
Scottish Football League managers
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Serie A players
Footballers from Liverpool
Sunderland A.F.C.players
English Football League players
Torino F.C. players
Newmains United Community F.C. players
Scottish league football top scorers
Association football

masks:
Baker
Baker
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Joe Baker


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<mask> (born March 10, 1962) is an American rock, R&B and soul singer, keyboardist, guitarist, bassist, drummer, songwriter, and producer. He is best known for his work with Average White Band (1989-2002) and Hall & Oates (2003-present). <mask> is also an integral part of Live From Daryl's House, a monthly Internet-based show hosted by Daryl Hall that is now carried by several television and cable networks across the United States. In addition, <mask> maintains his own work and solo career as a multi-instrumentalist and singer. Early career
<mask> grew up in Norwalk, CT, the youngest of three children, in what he describes as a very musical environment. Although his mother was a classical pianist, <mask>’ first instrument was the drums, which he discovered at age 10. When he was 12 years old, he formed his first band, Take Off, with three childhood friends.Richard Totoian, the father of Take Off's bass player Kevin Totoian, worked for several major record labels and was instrumental in exposing young <mask> to many of the artists of the day, including The Who, Elton John, and Alice Cooper. He even arranged a jam session for the boys at his house with Peter Frampton. At age 16, <mask> picked up the guitar and began writing his own songs. A few years later, recognizing technology's potential impact on music, he taught himself keyboards and bass, and learned to program synthesizers. Today, <mask> plays five instruments, and is a completely self-contained songwriter and musician. In his early 20s, <mask> was introduced to Dan Hartman, a singer, songwriter, and record producer responsible for hits such as "Free Ride," "Relight My Fire," and "I Can Dream About You." <mask> began working with Hartman, collaborating on music for some of the day's top stars and working on albums like Joe Cocker’s Unchain My Heart and Tina Turner’s Simply the Best.A few years later, <mask> inked his first publishing deal with Sony Tunes, where he collaborated

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Eliot Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Eliot
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
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Lewis


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 with many other songwriters, including Porter Carroll Jr. of the band Atlantic Starr. After several years with Sony, <mask> signed with Warner Chappell Music, then produced a number of releases for RCA. Average White Band
In the late 1980s, <mask> met Alan Gorrie, one of the founders of the Scottish R&B group Average White Band. AWB had disbanded in 1983, but <mask> and Gorrie began writing together. <mask> wrote a number of songs, including "Spirit of Love," and when AWB reformed in 1989 to record AfterShock, Gorrie asked <mask> to play on the album and co-produce it. <mask> became an official member of AWB when the record was complete. He spent 13 years in AWB, playing guitar, bass, and keyboards, and singing lead vocals on hits including “School Boy Crush” and “Walk On By.”

<mask> left AWB in 2002 to focus on his own music.Hall & Oates
A little more than a year after leaving AWB, <mask> got a call from singer and songwriter Daryl Hall, whom he'd met through Gorrie. Hall needed a keyboard player for a short tour supporting some new solo material, and <mask> agreed to join him. At the end of the tour, <mask> was invited to be a permanent member of both Hall's solo band and the Daryl Hall and John Oates band. He has been with both groups longer than any member except Hall, Oates, and saxophonist Charlie DeChant. As a member of the Hall & Oates band, <mask> has played some of the world's most famous venues, including the Hollywood Bowl and Japan's Budokan Arena. He has also performed on popular television shows such as "The Voice," "Late Night with Conan O'Brien," and "Jimmy Kimmel Live." <mask> appeared with the Hall & Oates band in the 2010 feature film You Again He played with the Live From Daryl's House band on the anchor float in the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Parade in 2014, and with the Hall & Oates band at the 2014 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony.Live From Daryl's House
Live From Daryl's House is a critically

masks: Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis


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 acclaimed webcast started by Hall in late 2007. The show features Hall and his band, including <mask>, playing live, unrehearsed songs with guest artists such as veterans Smokey Robinson, Todd Rundgren, and Rob Thomas, and new acts like Fitz and the Tantrums, the Dirty Heads, and JOHNNYSWIM. <mask> is the only member of the Live From Daryl's House band (besides Hall himself) who has played on every episode. While he generally is on keyboards, <mask> has played guitar on several songs; LFDH episode 63, with ZZ Top’s Billy Gibbons, features several guitar solos by <mask>. He played bass on episode #18 with The Doors' Robby Krieger and Ray Manzarek. Solo artist
In addition to working with other artists, <mask> has recorded and independently released seven solo CDs. <mask> plays all the instruments and sings backup and harmonies.The title song from his first CD, "Get Back What You Give," released in 2000, earned <mask> an award in the John Lennon Songwriting Contest. His CD, “Live And Up Front,” released in November 2013, is his first live recording, and includes songs played during solo dates in Ohio. In August 2014, <mask> debuted his latest studio CD, an EP titled “Crusade.”

<mask> frequently takes his one-man act on the road, playing clubs, festivals, and intimate venues around New England and parts of the Midwest. His performances focus mostly on his own material, but include tunes from AWB and Hall & Oates, plus some of his favorites songs from artists he has worked with on Live From Daryl's House. While touring the country with Hall & Oates, <mask> occasionally plays solo gigs after the band's shows, with bandmates sometimes joining him on stage. In January 2015, <mask> released his first music video, "Crusade," directed and produced by Jay Johnson and Ronald Michael, from the CD "Crusade." Influences
<mask> describes his current style as influenced by classic rock, soul, funk, and blues.Musicians who influenced his musical style


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 include Jeff Beck, Jimmy Page, John Bonham, Jack Bruce, Stevie Wonder, and Billy Preston. He also lists the late musician Tom Wolk as a personal influence. <mask> describes Wolk, longtime band member and musical director for Hall and Oates, as “an amazing person to be around, and not just a very nice guy, he was a masterful musician.”

Product Endorsements
<mask> is endorsed by Mérida Extrema Acoustic Guitars, Reverend Guitars and Hammond keyboards. Photography
Besides being an accomplished musician, <mask> is recognized as a talented photographer. He has documented his travels with Hall & Oates, shooting landscapes of places the band has played, backstage scenes, and portraits of band members and audiences. His work has been showcased in several New England galleries, and featured on album covers and in Hall & Oates’ promotional materials. <mask> became interested in photography as a teen and worked in a photo-processing lab before breaking into the music business.He shot occasionally while with AWB, but took up photography again in earnest when he joined Hall & Oates. In 2003, Hall invited <mask> to bring his camera to a video session for the duo's album Our Kind of Soul. <mask> took a few candid shots, one of which became the cover of the album. Since then, <mask> has taken photos for the band's promotional materials and shot the cover of Hall's 2010 solo release Laughing Down Crying. Brazil
In June 2014, <mask> gave his first international interview to Brazil, for the journalist Brina Guglielmo. The interview was given and published in the newspaper "Tribuna Popular," a local newspaper of the city of Pinhalzinho, São Paulo, Brazil. The White House
In March 2015, <mask> was in The White House with President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama.In his own words: "This is definitely one of the highlights of my career. Thank you Daryl & John for giving me this experience and so happy to have shared it with this amazing

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<mask> (27 February 1851 – 4 January 1936) was a British occult writer, inventor, engineer, and fisherman. <mask> is most notable for proposing the existence of a lost continent, called "Mu," in the Pacific Ocean. His writings on Mu are considered to be pseudoscience. <mask> was born in Bridestow, Okehampton, Devon at Stone House to Henry and Matilda (née Gould) <mask>. <mask> had four brothers and four sisters. In November 1854, Henry died and the family moved in with Matilda's parents in the hamlet of Kigbear, near Okehampton. Census records indicate the family next moved to London when <mask> was 18 after his grandfather George Gould died.He was the elder brother of the Masonic author <mask> (1852–1925). He was a tea planter in Sri Lanka before coming to the US in the 1890s. In <mask>' biography entitled My Friend Churchey and His Sunken Continent, he discussed Mu with Augustus Le Plongeon and his wife in the 1890s. He patented NCV (nickel, chrome, vanadium) Steel, which was used to manufacture armour plating to protect ships during World War I, and he developed other steel alloys. After a patent-infringement settlement in 1914, <mask> retired to his 7+ acre estate on Lake Wononskopomuc in Lakeville, Connecticut, to answer the questions from his Pacific travels. In 1926, at the age of 75, he published The Lost Continent of Mu: Motherland of Man, which he claimed proved the existence of a lost continent, called Mu, in the Pacific Ocean. Claims and hypothesis
According to <mask>, Mu "extended from somewhere north of Hawaii to the south as far as the Fijis and Easter Island."He claimed Mu was the site of the Garden of Eden and the home of 64,000,000 inhabitants – known as the Naacals. Its civilisation, which flourished 50,000 years before <mask>'s day, was technologically more advanced than his own, and the ancient civilisations of India, Babylon, Persia, Egypt and the Mayas were merely the decayed

masks:
James Churchward
Churchward
Life Churchward
Churchward
James
James
Albert Churchward
James
James
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 remnants of its colonies. <mask> claimed to have gained his knowledge of this lost land after befriending an Indian priest, who taught him to read an ancient dead language (spoken by only three people in all of India). The priest disclosed the existence of several ancient tablets, written by the Naacals, and Churchward gained access to these records after overcoming the priest's initial reluctance. His knowledge remained incomplete, as the available tablets were mere fragments of a larger text, but Churchward claimed to have found verification and further information in the records of other ancient peoples. His writings attempt to describe the civilisation of Mu, its history, inhabitants, and influence on subsequent history and civilisation. Churchward claimed that the ancient Egyptian sun-god Ra originated with the Mu; he claimed that "Rah" was the word which the Naacals used for "sun" as well as for their god and rulers.Scientific rebuttal
Alfred Metraux undertook research on Easter Island in the 1930s, and in 1940 published a monograph on Easter Island which includes a rebuttal of the hypothesis that Easter Island was a remnant of a sunken continent. In the second half of the twentieth century, improvements in oceanography, in particular understanding of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics, have left little scientific basis for geologically recent lost continents such as Mu. Science writer Martin Gardner wrote that <mask>'s books contain geological and archaeological errors and are regarded by scholars as a hoax. The archaeologist Stephen Williams in Fantastic Archaeology (1991) described his writings as pseudoscience. Williams has written that his "translations are outrageous, his geology, in both mechanics and dating, is absurd, and his mishandling of archaeological data, as in the Valley of Mexico, is atrocious." Gordon Stein in Encyclopedia of Hoaxes (1993) has noted that <mask>'s claims

masks: Churchward Churchward Churchward


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 have no scientific basis. According to Stein "it is difficult to assess whether <mask> really believed what he said about Mu, or whether he was knowingly writing fiction."Brian M. Fagan has written that Churchward's evidence for Mu was made from "personal testimonials, false translations, notably of tablets from Mesoamerica, and spurious reconstructions from archaeological and artistic remains. Although it has attracted some following, it has never received scholarly or scientific support." Popular culture
Churchward is mentioned in fiction in the short stories "Through the Gates of the Silver Key" by H. P. Lovecraft, "Out of the Aeons" by Lovecraft and Hazel Heald, and The Fitzgerald Contraction by Miles J. Breuer. Churchward and the lost island of Mu also appear in Philip K. Dick's Confessions of a Crap Artist. The British anarchist situationist band KLF, also known as the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, often refer to Mu Mu land and were inspired by The Illuminatus! Trilogy, and much of their work was Discordian in nature. <mask>'s writings are a key influence for the plot of the anime series RahXephon.<mask>'s writings were satirised by occult writer Raymond Buckland in his novel Mu Revealed, written under the pseudonym "Tony Earll" (an anagram for "not really"). In <mask>' novel Deep Fathom, Churchward is the great-grandfather of character Karen Grace, who takes part in revealing the mystery of Mu. <mask>'s writings are used as a source for the following books and video games:

Lemuria and Atlantis: Studying the Past to Survive the Future by Shirley Andrews. Lost Cities of China, Central Asia & India by David Hatcher Childress
Lost Cities of Atlantis, Ancient Europe & the Mediterranean by David Hatcher Childress
Timeless Earth by Peter Kolosimo
The Christ Conspiracy: The Greatest Story ever Sold by Acharya S
Suns of God: Krishna, Buddha, and Christ Unveiled by Acharya S
Mu, a comic book from the

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Churchward
Churchward
Churchward
James Rollins
Churchward


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 Corto Maltese series, by Hugo Pratt
The fantastical floating continent of Zeal from the Chrono Trigger Super NES video game by Square has several oblique references to a philosophy called "Nu". The lost continent of Mu in the Pacific Ocean on Earth is where the Ancients of planet Roak came from in the Star Ocean Super NES video game by Enix. The lost continent of Mu is referenced in Daniel Pinkwater's teen novel Alan Mendelsohn, Boy From Mars (1979). UK-based electronic music record-label Planet Mu has released three compilation albums with titles copied from <mask>'s own books: The Cosmic Forces of Mu (2001), Children of Mu (2004) and Sacred Symbols of Mu (2006).Works
 Fishing Among the 1,000 Islands of the St. Lawrence (1894)
 A Big Game and Fishing Guide to Northeastern Maine (1897)

Books about Mu
 The Lost Continent of Mu, the Motherland of Men (1926)
 The Children of Mu (1931)
 The Sacred Symbols of Mu (1933)
 Cosmic Forces of Mu (1934)
 Second Book of Cosmic Forces of Mu (1935)

Posthumous publications
 The Books of the Golden Age (written in 1927 but first published 1997)
 Copies of Stone Tablets Found by William Niven at Santiago Ahuizoctla Near Mexico City, a booklet of "thirty-some" pages, written in 1927 but first published in 2014 where it was included in the book The Stone Tablets of Mu by <mask>'s great-grandson <mask>

Footnotes

References

<mask>, J. (2007). The Lost Continent of Mu. Adventures Unlimited Press. https://archive.org/details/the-lost-continent-of-mu

External links

<mask>'s books and other works on Bibliotecapleyades
The Sacred Symbols of Mu, at sacred-texts.com
Website by great-grandson on <mask> and his theories of the Lost Continent of Mu
The Naacal Tablets and Theosophy. Jason Colavito. 1851 births
1936 deaths
People from Okehampton
New Age writers
Pseudohistorians
Planters of British Ceylon
20th-century English writers
20th-century English male writers
English

masks:
Churchward
James Churchward
Jack Churchward
Churchward
James Churchward
James Churchward


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Jenice Dena Portlock (born November 24, 1987), also known as <mask>, is an American pop singer, songwriter, dancer and actress from Los Angeles, California. She was formerly part of the hip hop girl group The Bangz. Biography

Early life and career beginnings

As a kid growing up in Inglewood, California, daughter of a Salvadoran mother and African American father, Sabi was raised in a bilingual Spanish and English language household and spent every other weekend watching MTV at her father's house after her parents split up. Her father had cable television and her mother didn't, so she and her sisters were glued to the screen watching music videos all day – she especially loved watching Michael Jackson, Prince, and Sade. That's when she gained her immense passion for singing and song writing and made the decision that she wanted to be a performer. "I remember watching the Michael Jackson: Moonwalker video over and over and trying to pick up Michael's moves", she once said in an interview. Sabi would also choreograph dance routines and marshal her younger sisters into performing them for the family.She got involved in theater in middle school and graduated from Westchester Senior High School in 2005. In 2008, she appeared in an independent short film called The Smallest River in Almirante, which was executive produced by actor Shia LaBeouf. She was cast in commercials for ABC Family, Universal Studios, and Pepsi while majoring in communications at California State University, Long Beach in 2009. All the while, Sabi continued to work on her vocal technique trying to imitate other singers. "No matter who it was, Justin Timberlake, Brandy, or Alicia Keys, I could


texts:
 mimic exactly how they sounded. That's how I got comfortable with my voice." She began to write her own songs and record them on a voice recorder, but says that she really learned about the craft of songwriting after working with several producers that she had been introduced to through her then-manager.2009–10: The Bangz and group disbandment
In the summer of 2009, <mask> was approached by The Co-Stars, a production team who were looking to launch a female duo. Urban/pop group The Bangz, featuring <mask> and Korttney Ann Elliott (a.k.a. Ella Ann) got signed to the indie recording label VNR, Asylum Records and Warner Bros. Records. With a video that hit almost a million views on YouTube and two singles ("Boys With Tattoos (We Jerkin')" and "Found My Swag" featuring the New Boyz) released, the group was starting to get national radio play and MTV exposure. Shortly after, Ella Ann got seriously injured in a drive-by shooting and unable to continue, leaving Sabi to go on alone. She tried to continue without her; Sabi shot a video and did some performances on her own with back-up dancers, but no one felt the Bangz could continue without Ella, not even <mask> herself. The whole experience was an emotional rollercoaster for her.However, executives at Warner Bros. Records loved <mask>'s talent and energy and wanted to continue the label's relationship with her as a solo artist. 2011–present: Solo career
In April 2011, Sabi released her song "Goodnight" on the internet as a buzz single to be included on her debut album. Additionally, in 2011 <mask> was featured on Britney Spears' song "(Drop Dead) Beautiful" and the Cobra Starship single "You Make Me Feel...," which

masks: Sabi Sabi Sabi Sabi Sabi


texts: peaked at No. 7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and topped the charts in New Zealand. She later accompanied Spears on Femme Fatale Tour and was featured on the tour's DVD release. She was also featured on the New Boyz' song "Tough Kids", from their album Too Cool to Care.Shortly after, she released the Cirkut-produced "Wild Heart" which was later recorded in Simlish for The Sims 3 video game. Her debut album, then titled "All I Want" was to feature production from Benny Blanco, Klas (from the Teddybears), Diplo, Ammo, The Cataracs and The Co-Stars and was due to be released via Dr. Luke's Kemosabe imprint and Warner Bros. Records. A video for "Wild Heart"' debuted on March 19, 2012. A brand new Dr. Luke and Cirkut-produced track "Where They Do That At?" featuring Wale premiered unexpectedly on April 17, 2012 on Spotify. The video for the song, directed by Tim Cruz, debuted on April 19, 2012, along with a behind-the-scenes video. <mask> was also announced to be host of her own web-series about fashion titled Found My Swag named for The Bangz's single.The series premiered on The Warner Sound, the YouTube channel belonging to <mask>'s record label Warner Brothers on November 1, 2012. In November 2012, Sabi released the Jakob Owens-directed video another new single, titled "Champagne". The song was produced by Crack For Kids. In August 2013, she released the Tyga-assisted "Cali Love", the lead single from her mixtape "0–60: Love Sounds" to be released later in 2013. Sabi released "Love Sounds", produced by Ryan McDermott in November 2013 and announced that the long-awaited mixtape "0 to 60: Love Sounds" would be released on November 13, 2013. On the eve of 0–60: Love

masks: Sabi Sabi


texts:
 Sounds’s release, <mask> premiered a cover of Fleetwood Mac’s 1977 No. 1 single, "Dreams," a track included on her mixtape.The entire 11-song mixtape was released for free download via the site HotNewHipHop.com. After the release of the mixtape, Sabi parted ways with both Kemosabe and Warner Bros. Records and began recording music as an independent artist. In 2017, Sabi released "The One", a promotional single made available exclusively via her SoundCloud account. Following three years of radio silence, she returned to music on Valentine's Day 2020 and released "Ready", produced by Malcolm D. McDaniel. Unlike "The One", the single was released to most major streaming platforms and digital download services via BlakBurd Ent. and Empire Distribution. Later in 2020, she began hosting an Apple Music radio program titled, "Easy Hits Radio with <mask>", geared toward adult contemporary music.Discography

Mixtapes

Singles

Promotional singles
 Goodnight (2011)
 The One (2017)

Featured singles

Other appearances

Sabi's vocals are not officially credited on this release. Music videos

References

External links

 Works by or about Sabi in libraries (WorldCat Catalog)

1987 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
American contemporary R&B singers
American dance musicians
American electronic musicians
American female dancers
American hip hop singers
American indie pop musicians
American people of Salvadoran descent
American women in electronic music
American women pop singers
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Musicians from Inglewood, California
Singers from California
Singers from Los Angeles
Synth-pop


texts:
is the former Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner for the County of Los Angeles. He resigned from the office, under pressure, in 1968 over inappropriate comments he was alleged to have made, but was restored soon after. He was forced out a second time, in 1982, over allegations of mismanagement. He later worked at the University of Southern California and served as president of the American National Association of Medical Examiners. Popularly known as the "coroner to the stars", <mask> determined the cause of death in many high-profile cases in Hollywood during the 1960s and 1970s. He performed autopsies on Marilyn Monroe, Albert Dekker, Robert F. Kennedy, Sharon Tate, Inger Stevens, Janis Joplin, Gia Scala, David Janssen, William Holden, and John Belushi. In 2016, he was criticized over his autopsy of Natalie Wood.His ruling in that case was later changed by his successor. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Fukuoka Prefecture, raised in Yokosuka and graduated from Tokyo's Nippon Medical School in 1951 before interning at The University of Tokyo School of Medicine Hospital. Shortly thereafter he emigrated to the United States. He then served a second internship at Orange County General Hospital and a series of residencies at Loma Linda University School of Medicine, and Barlow Sanatorium in Los Angeles. Career

Early career
<mask> began working in the office of the Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner for the County of Los Angeles (CME) in 1961, and came to public attention after performing the autopsy of Marilyn Monroe. In 1967, he was appointed Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner for the County of Los Angeles (CME) in a 3–2 vote of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, over the opposition of the Los Angeles County

masks: Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi


texts:
 Medical Association and leadership of the UCLA and USC schools of medicine. As new CME, he succeeded his mentor Theodore Curphey and supervised autopsies on a range of celebrities and public figures that included Albert Dekker, Sharon Tate, Janis Joplin, Inger Stevens, Gia Scala, David Janssen, William Holden, Natalie Wood, and John Belushi.Kennedy assassination and resignation
<mask>'s autopsy of Robert Kennedy concluded that the fatal shot was fired into the back of Kennedy's head, behind the right ear, from an upward angle, and from a distance of no more than 0.5 to 3 inches (15–75 mm) away. Such a finding has given rise to conspiracy theories regarding the assassination, as no witnesses reported seeing the convicted assassin, Sirhan Sirhan, any closer to Kennedy than 1 meter away and in a position to fire such a shot. <mask> himself points out in his memoir Coroner that he has never officially ruled that Sirhan fired the fatal shot. Shortly after the Kennedy shooting, <mask> came under scrutiny and resigned under pressure as Chief Medical Examiner after Deputy Los Angeles County Counsel Martin Weekes testified that he had seen a smiling <mask> dancing in his office and that <mask> had announced to associates "I am going to be famous. I hope he dies". A secretary in the coroner's office also testified she had heard <mask> say he wanted to perform a vivisection on Lin Hollinger, the county's chief administrative officer with whom he had argued over budget matters. Second term as CME and demotion
Shortly after signing his letter of resignation, <mask> attempted to withdraw it, a move that was rejected by the Board of Supervisors.<mask>'s wife subsequently charged that the county had forced him out as a practice of

masks: Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi


texts:
 racial discrimination. The county rebutted the accusation by accusing <mask> himself of being racist, providing testimony from an Asian-American employee in the CME office who said she had heard <mask> saying he hated Jews and using a racial epithet to describe Black Americans. Other CME staff disputed that testimony and characterized <mask> as "warm" and "articulate". After a petition drive organized by Los Angeles' Japanese American community, <mask> was restored to the office of CME. In his second term, <mask> was accused of speaking too freely to the media, particularly following the November 1981 deaths of William Holden and Natalie Wood, which, along with his moonlighting and alleged mismanagement – a series of articles in the Los Angeles Times alleged that <mask>'s attention to celebrity deaths was causing problems in the more mundane aspects of the CME office  –  led to his demotion from coroner to physician specialist in 1982. His autopsy of Wood's death as an accident has since been questioned. A former intern of <mask> at the time of Wood's death stated that he saw bruises were substantial and fitting for someone who gets thrown out of a boat.He claimed that he made those observations to <mask>, who reacted strangely as if he was involved in a cover-up. <mask> came under public criticism for his handling of Wood's autopsy in 2016 and his ruling in that case was later changed by a successor. Later career, honors, and professional bodies
<mask> was later appointed Chief of Pathology at the University of Southern California and then as Administrative Pathologist for Anatomic Pathology services at LAC+USC Medical Center. <mask> was appointed professor by both the University of Southern California and UCLA. He

masks: Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi Noguchi


texts:
 is a past president of the American National Association of Medical Examiners. In 1999 he was honored by the Emperor of Japan who awarded him the Order of the Sacred Treasure for his "outstanding contributions to Japan in the area of forensic science". He retired the same year., <mask> is the president of World Association for Medical Law (WAML), which is a medical body founded in 1967 to encourage the study of health law, legal medicine, and bioethics. Publications
 Coroner, 1983. A best selling memoir written with Joseph DiMona. (Published in the UK as Coroner to the Stars)
 Coroner at Large 1985. A book about historical coroners and famous deaths. (NYT review.) Unnatural Causes, 1988.A detective novel written with Arthur Lyons. Physical Evidence, 1990. A detective novel written with Arthur Lyons. Film and other media
 He has appeared in the documentary The Killing of America (1982). He appeared as himself in the film Faces of Death (1980). In 2000, <mask> appeared in Michael Kriegsman's autopsy-related documentaries, "Autopsy: Through the Eyes of Death's Detectives"; and "Autopsy: Voices of Death", wherein <mask> takes the viewer through a complete autopsy. He is said to have been the inspiration for the TV series Quincy, M.E.(1976–1983), which starred Jack Klugman. References

External links

 Subject's USC web page, last updated in 1999

1927 births
Living people
Writers from Los Angeles
People from Fukuoka Prefecture
Japanese emigrants to the United States
American coroners
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure
University of Southern California faculty
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Persons involved with death and dying
Physicians from California
American physicians of Japanese


texts:
<mask> (born 1976), known professionally as <mask>, is a songwriter, record producer, vocalist and multi-instrumentalist. Biography
<mask> was born in a suburb of Des Moines, Iowa, grew up and currently resides in Roanoke, Virginia. In Roanoke, Strachan met Jeremy Kolosine of the seminal electropunk band Futurisk, who was then playing in a dream pop/shoegaze band called Shakespace. Kolosine invited Strachan to join the band, first as a keyboardist, then later as a vocalist and guitarist. Simultaneously, Strachan took up playing bass in the Diplomats. Shakespace recorded one EP  and one album, while the Diplomats recorded an EP which was mixed by R.E.M. veteran Mitch Easter.The Diplomats disbanded before the EP was released, and Shakespace disbanded during the recording and mixing of their last album. Strachan moved to New York in 2004, and upon meeting bassist Ryan Rayhill, the two formed Blacklist. Blacklist released several recordings on Wierd Records, a label which Strachan was closely involved with from its inception until its conclusion, not only as an artist, but also as a co-thinker and writer. He joined Religious to Damn in 2009, and after Blacklist announced an indefinite hiatus from recording and touring, formed Vaura in early 2010 with Kevin Hufnagel, Toby Driver and Religious to Damn drummer Charlie Schmid. In mid-2012, Strachan launched Azar Swan, a collaboration with Zohra Atash, the lead singer and primary songwriter of Religious to

masks:
Joshua Strawn
Joshua Strachan
Joshua Strachan


texts:
 Damn. In 2013, he started a solo project called Vain Warr. In 2016, while living in New Orleans he launched the record label Primal Architecture Records which has released music by acts such as Kelly Moran as well as his own projects.Azar Swan's album, Savage Exile, was released in 2017. In the summer of 2019, Blacklist reformed to played a festival show in Brooklyn, NY and alluded to a possibility of future releases and performances. In the winter of 2019 Desolation Colony, an electronic project with Justin Vial, played its first show opening for Italian composer Fabio Frizzi in New Orleans. In late 2020, the debut LP by The Red Window entitled Afterlife was released, a collaboration between Strachan and former Shakespace bandmate Jeremy Kolosine. In mid 2021, Strachan released "Deerstalking" by Meridiane, a project with 4AD artists Pieter Nooten of Clan of Xymox and Warren Defever of His Name Is Alive. Influences
Due to the diversity of Strachan's musical endeavors, the influences he has cited span multiple genres, including Scott Walker, The Comsat Angels, Black Sabbath and Cocteau Twins, the Manic Street Preachers, Ulver, Blut Aus Nord, Comus, the Sisters of Mercy, Prurient, Kate Bush, David Sylvian and Laurie Anderson. Lyrical themes
When being interviewed for Blacklist in 2009, Strachan described his lyrics as "militantly humanistic".Though lacking in many overt references, their album Midnight of the Century alluded to superstition and


texts:
 religion in almost every song, encompassing all three major monotheisms as well as Stalinism and fascism which Strawn has called "political superstitions." In an interview for Vaura in 2019, Strachan referenced cosmic horror, saying, "The nightmare visions that inspired Sables are simultaneously of an omnicide, and of an end to humanity while human beings still continue to exist materially. Humanity being the word we tend to use to refer to our kindness, our ability to understand one another and allow for the existence of others, our ability to be graceful and make peace." Non-musical endeavors
<mask> has written about his background in political action and organizing, from a brief stint with ACORN in the early 2000s, to being employed by the Human Rights Campaign and the Working Families Party. While attending The New School, Strachan was active with two philosophical organizations, the Nietzsche Circle and the Foucault Society, both created by Nietzsche scholar Yunus Tuncel. He also befriended his professor Christopher Hitchens out of a shared interest in the history of the secularism of the left, and the two were in contact until Hitchens' death in 2011. While living in New York, Strachan worked full time as a social media analyst for ad research firm Competitrack, and part time as a freelance journalist.His writing on politics, music, and culture has appeared in The Daily Beast, Talkhouse as well as in feminist publications such as BUST, and


texts:
De'Hashia Tonnek "<mask>" <mask> (born December 8, 1982 in Twentynine Palms, California) is an American athlete. Trotter is a former NCAA national champion in the 400m, and competed in the 2004, 2008, and 2012 Summer Olympics. There, she was a two-time Olympic gold medalist in the 4 × 400 m relay (2004 and 2012), in addition to a bronze medalist in the 2012 400m event. She placed 5th in the same event in 2004. Trotter is currently a brand ambassador for international company Education First, and a global motivational speaker. Early life
Trotter was born in Twenty Nine Palms, California on December 8, 1982. She grew up in Decatur, Georgia, graduating from Cedar Grove High School in 2001.She was a member of both the track and basketball teams, helping to lead the basketball team in her senior year to an undefeated season on home court. She specialized in both the 200m and 400m in track, and in her senior year, she also helped lead the 4 × 400 m relay team from her highschool to the Georgia State Championship. College track and field
Trotter was mainly a basketball player in high school, and took up track-and-field as a second sport under the encouragement of those who saw her running on the court. She earned a track-and-field scholarship to the University of Tennessee, and was forced to turn away from basketball and focus solely on running. In 2003, she placed second in the NCAA championships in the distance, and in 2004 she was the NCAA champion. She still holds the Tennessee record time of 50.0s. She graduated from the university with a major in Sociology.She later trained under coach Caryl Smith Gilbert, who continued to train Trotter after her graduation. Trotter became the first woman to turn professional as a track-and-field athlete coming out of the University of Tennessee before graduation, turning pro in her junior year. Professional track and field career

2003-04
Trotter competed at the 2003 IAAF World Athletics Championship in France, running in the 400m, where she qualified for the

masks: DeeDee Trotter


texts:
 semi-finals. That year she also won gold in the 4 × 400 m women's relay, at both the World Championships and the Pan-American Games. Trotter qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics team in the 400m, and was considered a medal contender going into the games. Trotter placed 5th overall in the 400 metres with a personal best time of 50.00s. She was part of the US team which finished first in the 4×400 meters relay, which beat the second placed team from Russia by more than one second.Trotter ran first, with a lead leg time of 49.19 seconds. 2005-11
In 2005 and 2006, Trotter repeated as gold medalist at the USA Indoor Championships. In 2007, she won an additional 4 × 400 m gold at that year's World Championships. In 2007, she finished first in the 400m at the US Track and Field Championships, with the fastest time in the world that year: 49.64 seconds, and afterwards stated that her victory "was like a dream". According to USA Track and Field, "At the 2008 Olympic Trials, in perhaps the most astounding story of the women’s 400, Trotter finished third in 50.88. She was running with a broken bone chip in her left leg, the result of an errant car door closing on her two months ago." Trotter did compete in the women's 400 meters race at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and qualified out of heats for the semi-finals, but failed to qualify for the finals due to the injury.She also withdrew from her spot on the 4 × 400 m relay. After the Olympics Trotter had successful reconstructive surgery and was able to return to competition in 2009. In her return races, she used face paint to help motivate her return to form. However the following three years she remained plagued with injuries. Still, in 2010 during the Reebok Boston Indoor Games Trotter tripped near the beginning of the race, but was able to recover her stride and eventually place first in the 400m event despite the misstep. She stated after the race that nothing like that had ever happened to her, but her first instinct was 'as long as I'm not on the ground,


texts:
 just keep running'. Trotter is also a multi-time IAAF Diamond League silver and bronze medalist.2012 to present
Leading into the 2012 Olympics, she again recorded the fastest time that year in the 400m. She said of the time that, "My personality, demeanor, confidence and spirit were low. That <mask> is gone. I overcame my entire career crumbling and made the Olympic Team." She qualified at the national championships with a second place showing. At the 2012 Olympics in London she won the bronze medal in the 400 meters in a time of 49.72, two one hundredths of a second behind the silver medalist. She was also the lead runner in the gold medal 4 × 400 m US relay team, providing her team with a 10 m lead at the end of her leg.After winning the event, Trotter stated that, "I think the pressure was on to go out and do what we are capable of doing ... I think we finally hit the mark this time. We hit the center of the target. We got it done.” Trotter ran her final lap at the 2016 USA Olympic Trials to gracefully retire from the sport. After a thirteen-year career, Trotter waved farewell to the crowd at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon, after crossing the finish line of the 400m semifinals and not advancing to the finals. Other work
In 2009 Trotter was the winner of the Bodybuilding.com Model Search, transitioning into a part-time career as a fitness model. In 2013 Trotter became a volunteer assistant coach in the sprints for the USC Trojans track and field team.That year she also began a fundraising drive called Gifted Soles, which gathers shoes for the homeless population of Orlando. The drive also raised funds for 500 meals for the homeless as well. Donations were made through the Orlando Union Rescue Mission. In 2014, Trotter dissolved her non-profit organization Test Me I'm Clean and launched a new non-profit entitled Running For The People. Running For The People used running as a way to help people in need of encouragement. In 2020, Trotter traveled to Japan as a Sports Envoy for the U.S. State


texts:
 Department's Sports Diplomacy Office. Anti-doping advocacy
Trotter is the founder of Test Me I'm Clean, a charity dedicated to combating the abuse of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs.She also acts as the organization's spokesperson, traveling across the United States giving speeches and presentations to students about the importance of staying clean. Those that support the organization can identify themselves with a white and red rubber armband, which Trotter herself wore during her 2012 bronze medal race. Trotter was inspired to found the charity in 2006, after overhearing a conversation on an airplane where the participants were convinced that all elite athletes were on steroids, which she took exception to. She has said of the program that, "I'm more concerned with the health aspect than anything else ... [Drugs] have been glorified. It's not something that is always emphasized as a danger, so I wanted to make that very clear." Trotter was one of the founding athletes of Project Believe, in which twelve athletes volunteered for frequent random out-of-competition drug testing. As a part of the testing she volunteer to give 31 additional testing samples.She was quoted as saying of the program that, "[T]o prevent myself from going down in the flames ... We have to do something ... Otherwise, it will continue to go down this path, and it won't stop." In 2009, Trotter also became one of the first twelve athletes to join the "Athlete Ambassador" program, which is a U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) initiative. As an ambassador, Trotter travelled to speak with students about the importance of staying clean in sports. She also wrote articles for the USADA website. After this initial advocacy, Athens 4 × 400 m relay team member Crystal Cox, pleaded guilty to a doping violation in 2010, and was stripped of her gold medal. In 2013 however, the other three members (including Trotter) were allowed to keep their own gold medals and the team remains the gold medal team in the historical Olympics


texts:
<mask> (born December 29, 1989) is a former American football offensive guard. He played college football for Kent State. Early years
<mask> was born in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, to Rick and <mask>. <mask> and his family lived in Hartville, Ohio (near Akron), until they moved to Mason, Ohio, just north of Cincinnati, when <mask> was in second grade. High school career
<mask> grew up in Mason, Ohio and graduated from William Mason High School in 2008. He was an offensive lineman in football, playing tackle and center, earning second-team All-Greater Miami Conference honors as the Comets' center his senior year. As a wrestler, in his senior year, <mask> was the Ohio Division I (big-school) champion in the 285-pound weight class.His record for the year was 45-1 with 32 pins. In the state meet, he pinned his first two opponents and in the semifinal he was taken to overtime, prevailing 6-4. He then won the championship match by pin. Although he grew up just outside Cincinnati, <mask> was a Cleveland Browns fan due to his father Rick's roots in northeast Ohio. Collegiate career
<mask> was recruited by Mid-American Conference schools and chose to attend Kent State in Kent, Ohio. "My grandparents still live there. I was familiar with Kent and knew the area well.... it was a combination of having a chance to play and an opportunity to help change the culture a little bit.We did my senior year. It was a good experience and I’m glad I picked it.<mask> redshirted the 2008 season before playing in all 12 games of his redshirt freshman campaign in 2009. In 2010, he started in eight of 12 games, then started all 12 games in 2011, making seven starts at right tackle before sliding inside to right guard for the final five games. As a senior, <mask> primarily played left guard as he earned second-team all Mid-American Conference honors as the

masks:
Josh Kline
Kline
Julie Kline
Josh
Josh
Kline
Kline
Kline
Kline
” Kline
Kline


texts:
 Golden Flashes had their best season in 40 years, going 11-3 overall, winning the MAC East title and playing in the MAC Championship Game, which they lost in double overtime to Northern Illinois University. They earned a berth in the postseason GoDaddy.com Bowl, where they were defeated 17-13 by Arkansas State University. Professional career

New England Patriots

2013
<mask> was projected by some to be chosen in the late rounds of the 2013 NFL Draft on April 25–27, 2013. He had private pre-draft workouts with the New England Patriots as well as the New York Jets, Indianapolis Colts, Kansas City Chiefs, Cincinnati Bengals, Tennessee Titans and Oakland Raiders.He went undrafted, but after the draft ended on April 27, he was signed that day as a rookie free agent by the Patriots. He was released on September 2 but quickly re-signed to the Patriots' practice squad. He was activated for one game against the Buffalo Bills, then returned to the practice squad before again being added to the active roster on November 2. <mask> appeared in his first NFL game on November 3 when he entered the game at left guard for the final play, a kneel-down against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played briefly in the Patriots' 34-31 win December 1 over the Houston Texans. He saw his first significant playing time in a December 15 game against the Miami Dolphins, when Patriots starting offensive lineman Nate Solder went down with an injury. <mask> was inserted into the lineup and played most of the game at left guard, with starting left guard Logan Mankins shifting to left tackle.<mask> made his first start and played the entire game at left guard as the Patriots cruised to a 41-7 win over the Baltimore Ravens on December 22, 2013. For the season, <mask> played in seven regular season games, including one start. By the end of the season, on the Patriots

masks: Kline Kline Kline Kline Kline


texts:
 depth chart, he was listed as the second-team left guard behind starter and six-time Pro Bowl selection Mankins as well as second-team right guard behind Dan Connolly. 2014
Just days before the Patriots' final preseason game, on August 26 the perennial All-Pro Mankins was traded to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, a move expected to provide an opportunity for increased playing time for <mask>, who started the final preseason game. However, after a subpar performance in that game, <mask> was on the inactive roster for the regular season opener against the Miami Dolphins. Prior to the Patriots' second game, against the Minnesota Vikings, he was again added to the active roster. and saw action on eight plays in the fourth quarter.He was returned to the inactive list for their next three games

<mask> was reactivated for the October 12 Patriots win vs. the Buffalo Bills and started at right guard, his first start of the season and second of his career, playing 71 snaps. Four days later on October 16 he started again at right guard, playing 57 snaps in a Thursday night Patriots win over the New York Jets. He stayed on the active roster and played 23 snaps in a 51-23 win over the Chicago Bears. He remained on the active roster through the regular season finale against the Buffalo Bills, starting one of those games (his third start of the year), and finishing with 12 regular season games played in 2014. <mask> made his first postseason start January 18, 2015 in the AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts following an injury to rookie center Bryan Stork, which resulted in guard Ryan Wendell moving to center and Kline at right guard. <mask> earned praise for his performance as the Patriots dominated the Colts 45-7 to advance to Super Bowl XLIX. <mask> then earned a Super Bowl ring as the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks

masks: Kline Kline Kline Kline Kline Kline


texts:
 28-24 in Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015.<mask> was one of two Patriots (the other being backup quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo) who was active but did not play any snaps. 2015
In the Patriots' regular-season opener against the Pittsburgh Steelers on September 10, <mask> started the game at left guard in the 28-21 Patriots win. In the offense's second series, he was switched to right guard, and rotated between the two positions throughout the game. He was in the lineup for 54 of 61 offensive plays (89 percent). Through Week 9, <mask> started every game for New England, rotating between left and right guard. On November 10, 2015, the Patriots announced the signing of <mask> to a two-year contract extension through the 2017 season. In the 2015 regular season, <mask> played in 14 games, starting 13.He missed two games due to a shoulder injury. <mask> played in 816 snaps, or 77.6 percent of the team's offensive plays as the Patriots won their division and the #2 seed in the AFC Playoffs. 2016
<mask> underwent shoulder surgery after the completion of the 2015 season. On September 7, 2016, <mask> was released by the Patriots. Tennessee Titans
On September 8, 2016, <mask> was claimed off waivers by the Tennessee Titans. After being inactive for the team's first two games, on September 25, <mask> started at right guard in the Titans' 17-10 loss to the Oakland Raiders. He went on to start the rest of the season at right guard to help spearhead a ground game that ran for more than 136 yards per game, good for third in the league.Pro Football Focus awarded the Titans' the Offensive Line of the Year honor. PFF rated <mask> an 80.0, 27th among guards. 2017
In 2017 <mask> started all 16 games at right guard for the Titans as the team went 9-7 and made the AFC Playoffs for the first time since 2008. The team won its first-round game against

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 the Kansas City Chiefs before losing to <mask>'s former team and eventual AFC Champion New England Patriots. The offensive line was rated fifth-best in the NFL according to Pro Football Focus, with <mask> scoring a 75.8 rating, number 22 among NFL guards. 2018
On March 14, 2018, <mask> signed a four-year contract extension with the Tennessee Titans. He started all 16 of the Titans' games at right guard for the second consecutive season as the team finished 9-7.On March 15, 2019, <mask> was released by the Titans. Minnesota Vikings

2019
On March 20, 2019, <mask> signed a three-year $15.75 million contract with the Minnesota Vikings. played in and started 13 of the Vikings' 16 games, missing games due to a concussion, and a foot injury. <mask> was immediately named a starter for the 2019 season. He started the Vikings' first three games; missed the fourth game due to a concussion; started game 5; then he missed game 6 with a foot injury. 2020
On March 18, 2020, <mask> was released by the Vikings. He did not play during the 2020 season.2021
On July 28, 2021, <mask> announced his retirement from the NFL. Personal life
<mask> married his wife, Natalie, on April 9, 2016, in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. <mask>’s daughter Kroy <mask> was born September 20, 2018. His Twitter handle is @<mask>line64. References

External links
Kent State Golden Flashes bio

1989 births
Living people
American football offensive linemen
Kent State Golden Flashes football players
Minnesota Vikings players
New England Patriots players
People from Hartville, Ohio
People from Hoffman Estates, Illinois
People from Mason, Ohio
Players of American football from Illinois
Players of American football from Ohio
Sportspeople from the Cincinnati metropolitan area
Sportspeople from Cook County, Illinois
Sportspeople from Kane County, Illinois
Tennessee Titans

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<mask>Didi<mask> MBE, Croix de Guerre (15 March 1921 – 2 September 2010 (date body found)) was a member of the UK's Special Operations Executive (SOE) during World War II. She served in occupied France as a radio operator under the codename "Rose". (French Resistance operative Andree Peel is also known as Agent Rose.) Early life and career
Born in 1921 in London to an English father, <mask>, and Spanish mother, Marie de Plazoala, she was the youngest of four children. Her elder sister, <mask>, and one of her two brothers, Francis, would also become SOE operatives. In 1923, the family moved to France, where Nearne became fluent in French. After the German invasion in 1940, the two young women made their way to London via Barcelona, Madrid, Lisbon, Gibraltar and Glasgow, while the rest of the family remained in Grenoble.On her arrival in England she was offered service in the WAAF working on barrage balloons, but turned this down and was recruited by the SOE. Enrolled into the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry FANY, Nearne worked as a home-based signals operator, receiving secret messages from agents in the field, usually written with invisible ink on the back of typewritten letters. Her sister Jacqueline was sent to France to work as a courier. The sisters were supposed to keep their roles secret from one another, but were unsuccessful. She was flown by a Westland Lysander aircraft to a field near Les Lagnys, Saint-Valentin in Indre, France, in the late hours of 2 March and the early hours of 3 March 1944 with Jean Savy to work as a wireless operator for the Wizard network as part of Operation Mitchel. Her cover story was that she

masks:
Eileen Mary "
" Nearne
John Nearne
Jacqueline Nearne


texts: was Mademoiselle du Tort (also using the aliases Jacqueline Duterte and Alice Wood). Using the code name "Rose", she was given the mission of helping Savy set up a network in Paris called "Wizard"; its aim, unlike the networks dedicated to sabotage, was to organise sources of finance for the Resistance.<mask>'s role was to maintain a wireless link to London, and in the course of the next five months she transmitted 105 messages. Savy had returned to London with important information about German V-1 flying bombs, leaving <mask> on her own. Although she did not know it at the time, the same aircraft which took Savy home also carried her sister, Jacqueline, who had just completed 15 months in the field. <mask> then worked for the "Spiritualist" network. She was arrested on 25 July 1944 after her transmitter was detected. She had gone to her safe house to transmit an urgent message against her chief's orders. As she was finishing she heard banging from the house next door so packed up and hid her equipment and destroyed her messages.When she heard banging on her door she opened it and was confronted by a man pointing a pistol at her face. The house was searched and her radio gear and gun were discovered so she was arrested, handcuffed and driven to Paris. Nearne "survived, in silence, the full revolting treatment of the baignoire" in the torture chamber of the Paris headquarters of the Gestapo on the Rue des Saussaies. She reportedly managed to convince her captors, under torture, that she had been sending messages for a businessman, unaware that he was British. On 15 August 1944, she was sent to Ravensbrück concentration

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 camp where she refused to do prison work. Her head was shaved and she was told she would be shot if she continued to refuse. She was then transferred to a forced-labour camp in Silesia.While in one of these prisons she was reportedly tortured. On 13 April 1945 she escaped with two French girls from a work gang by hiding in the forest, later travelling through Markkleeberg, where they were arrested by the S.S. but released after fooling their captors and reportedly hidden by a priest in Leipzig until the arrival of United States troops. Awards and honours
After World War II, she was awarded the Croix de Guerre by the French government. On 19 February 1946 she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) by King George VI for "services in France during the enemy occupation". Later years and death
After the war <mask> lived in London with her sister, Jacqueline, where, The New York Times reported, she suffered from "psychological problems brought on by her wartime service". After her sister's death in 1982, she moved to Torquay and lived there quietly. In 1993 she travelled to Ravensbruck with fellow SOE agents, members of the Special Forces Club, the FANY and the WAAF to dedicate a plaque to the four agents executed there in 1945.<mask> talked about her wartime activities on a Timewatch television documentary in 1997, but she wore a wig, and spoke in French under her codename "Rose", and her wartime activities were not generally known about. She died alone from a heart attack in her seaside flat. Her body is thought to have remained undiscovered for some time until found on 2 September 2010; she was 89

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 years old.It was only when her flat was being searched by council workers to try to establish her next of kin that medals and other papers related to her war service were found. Her next of kin, a niece, was located living in Italy and has said she was upset that <mask> had been portrayed as being "alone or unloved", adding, "Although I don't live in the UK, I was very close to Aunt <mask> and visited her often. I only saw her six months ago. She was always cherished by the family." <mask>'s funeral, which was provided free of charge by the Torbay & District Funeral Service of Torquay, was held on 21 September 2010 at Our Lady Help of Christians and St Denis Roman Catholic Church, Torquay.The eulogy was made by Adrian Stones, Chairman of the Special Forces Club. Her body was cremated, and her ashes scattered at sea, according to her wishes. <mask> died intestate and her estate of around £13,000 went to her niece in Tuscany, Italy, according to BBC One's programme Heir Hunters; series 6, episode 1. References

External links
"<mask>'s war heroism revealed in National Archives" The Guardian
9/1089/2—Item reference HS 9/1089/2—<mask> NEARNE, aka Alice WOOD, aka Jacqueline DUTERTE - born 15.03.1921, The Catalogue, The National Archives, Part one of file also available online. An insight to WIZARD

1921 births
2010 deaths
British people of French descent
Female wartime spies
Escapees from Nazi concentration camps
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
British Roman Catholics
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Torquay
British Special Operations Executive

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<mask> (; 171410January 1788), also known as Pan Wenyan or Zhencheng, was a Chinese merchant and member of a cohong family, which traded with the Europeans in Canton (now known as Guangzhou) during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). He owned a factory in the Thirteen Factories district where his firm was favored by the English, Swedes, "Imperials" and Danes. Biography

<mask>'s family originated from a poor fishing village near Changchow (now known as Zhangzhou), but <mask>'s father P'u-chai had relocated them to Canton. <mask> had seven sons, two of whom were engaged in trade and providing market intelligence about tea and silk for the Canton firm from other parts of China and Japan. A third son, Chih-hsiang, would later succeed his father as head of the firm in Canton, thus inheriting his father's trading name and becoming <mask> II. Growing up, Puankhequa would travel on junks in Southeast Asia, even as far as Manila. According to Liang Chia-pin and Louise Dermigny, Puankhequa was in the Canton trade by the late 1730s.As a young man he learned to speak, read and write Spanish and had some skills in pidgin English, which facilitated trading with the Europeans. His ability to deliver goods and his skills in creating special, long-term relationships with foreigners and officials attracted and retained the custom of foreign traders, which contributed to his success. In a portrait of <mask> in the Museum of Gothenburg, he carries the attributes of a wealthy mandarin: hat-pin, necklace and the mandarin square on his surcoat. According to professor Jan Wirgin it is a "...robe of a third rank mandarin, with a sapphire hat-pin in his hat. He achieved this rank around 1780." He had bought a title and was raised to the third class of the mandarinate for his contributions to a military campaign. <mask> enjoyed trading and spent most of his waking time doing business.He lived in a mansion, "Chiu-lung" (named

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 after the Jiulong River of his ancestral city), on the south bank of the Pearl River near Honam Island (the modern day Haizhu District of Guangzhou). To save as much time as possible for business, he ate on the boat taking him to and from work. In promoting his business, he had no scruples when it came to manipulating officials or bribing the "Hoppo" (The Guangdong Customs Supervisor) and passing the costs on to the Europeans. <mask> died on 10January 1788, and was interred in the foothills of Fu-t'ing near his country seat in Ch'uanchow. Most of the hong firms established before 1790 had failed by 1798, except that of <mask> II, who had succeeded his father as head of the firm. By then it was the most prosperous house and <mask> II was the wealthiest merchant in Canton. A year later, the European companies had all gone except for the Swedes (who left in 1831) and the Spaniards (who left in 1834).<mask> II retained the Swedes as clients until the Swedish East India Company folded in 1813. When the Hong merchants were disestablished in 1834, his firm was still active and by then the longest-surviving firm in the history of the merchants. Trading

<mask> was Chief Merchant in Canton between 1760 and 1788. He had made his name in the silk trade, but traded in a number of other goods. From the 1740s to 1760, <mask> traded out of the Dafeng Hang 達豐行, which he managed in partnership with his Chen family accomplices and his brother Seequa 潘瑟官. All of his trade with foreigners in Canton at this time, and his trade with Southeast Asia via the Chinese junks, was conducted out of the Dafeng Hang. In 1760, <mask> established a new firm called the Tongwen Hang 同文行, which in the 1810s was renamed Tongfu Hang 同孚行.Although ruthless in business, <mask> remained sentimental about his family's origin and his Fukienese identity. He founded the Fukien mai-ch'iao, the Fukien merchants in temporary residence in Canton,

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texts: an association for business and social events. The firm owned a factory which was situated close to the Swedish factory. The Swedes joined in the East India trade later than most of the national European trading companies. The first ship arrived in September 1732. They were seen as naïve by the rest of the European traders and Puankhequa treated them haughtily, but they nevertheless regarded him as a friend and benefactor. Mostly they bought tea from him.The tasting of different lots and negotiations about the price usually went on for weeks. He also served as a mediator when this was called for; in 1761, he was asked by the captain on one of the Swedish ships to help out in a conflict with some Dutch merchants. The Dutch had set up a punsch tent in Wampoa near the ships and the captain had trouble keeping his crew away from the place. <mask> managed to get the mandarins in Whampoa to forbid the selling of alcohol on land while the ships were there. In September 1768, the Swedes made an unsuccessful attempt at selling Swedish woollen cloth and camlet to the Chinese traders. The cloth was deemed too coarse and nobody wanted to buy it, except for <mask> who gave the Swedes a fair price. Some Swedish supercargos stayed in Canton for several years, one of them was Jean Abraham Grill who became friends with <mask> and made several profitable deals with him when buying tea.The usual order of business was that trade began as soon as the ships came to Canton. When the ships docked, the price of tea, silk and all the other coveted goods, immediately began to rise, and as soon as the ships left, prices started to fall again. Grill would buy tea privately from Puankhequa when the price was at its lowest and sell the tea to his employer, the Swedish East India Company, at a slightly higher price when the next ship came in. Thus, <mask> was able to do business during the off-season and Grill could net himself a

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 profit at his employer's expense. Several contracts for this trade between <mask> and Grill are kept in the Gothenburg University Library. At first, the English were wary of Puankhequa because of his many schemes and debts, but in the 1780s they started to accept him and talked about him as "a merchant the most to be depended on". They still kept their options open, nevertheless, through dealings with other merchants.The French admired <mask>'s ability to control officials and pay bribes in the right places at the right times, but they also saw him as seductive, devious and, according to one French merchant, in possession of "the most evil soul ever to have inhabited a human body". Few foreigners could trade in Canton without having to make deals with him at some point. In order to facilitate trade <mask> would on occasion give informal dinners for  foreign traders at his country house. These dinners lasted a couple of days, with one day being dedicated to Chinese culture and the next à la mode Anglaise (in an English style). There were also humorous plays about the two cultures and guests could choose whether they wanted to use chopsticks or cutlery. In 1806, <mask> II was in correspondence with Sir Joseph Banks who thanked him for botanical specimens he had supplied for Kew Gardens. In return Banks sent him other plants which he thought would be useful in China.Sweden
According to tradition and numerous sources, <mask> made the journey to Sweden and stayed or lived in Gothenburg for some time at the invitation of Niclas Sahlgren, but further research in 2007 by LarsOlof Lööf disproved this and concluded that <mask> never visited Sweden. He gave a portrait of himself to Sahlgren, an oil painting on a mirror. The painting is now in the collection of the Museum of Gothenburg. The documentation regarding the painting mentions him as personal friend of Sahlgren and adviser to the Swedish East India

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 Company. <mask> is also depicted in a big mural in the museum (formerly the East India House) where he is seen negotiating with Swedish merchants on the shore of the Pearl River. The first recorded visit by a Chinese to Sweden was made by the merchant and linguist (translator) for the Swedish East India Company, Choi A-fuk (or Afock), in 1786. Legacy

The mansion where <mask> lived in the Haizhu District of Guangzho has been recognised as important.The Chinese government planned in 2011 to renovate the  site and make it available as a tourist attraction. Over the years it has been divided and sub-divided into spaces for both business, manufacturing and living. The government plan to restore the interior and renovate the wooden carvings and the faded paintings which are still extant. <mask> II was included in an 1807 painting of a joint British and Chinese court, which was set up in October 1807, to try English sailors who had killed a Chinese person. One sailor from the ship "Neptune" was convicted and over 50 others were released. The convicted sailor was later released. In popular culture
<mask> appears as a character in the novel Trade Winds by Christina Courtenay (2010), under the name "Poan Key-qua" or simply "Key-qua".Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Contract between J A Grill and Puankhequa about the buying of tea. The contract is in Swedish and Chinese. Correspondence between J A Grill and Puankhequa in the Digitized Archive of the Nordic Museum. Search/Click on: Digitala arkivet (left column) -1:Utgående brev -3.5:J.A. Grills privata affärer -12:J.A. Grills privata affärer -2:Privata affärer med bröderna Hahr -20–25:"My Good and old friend Mr. Poankeyqua!", six pages in English. 1714 births
1788 deaths
Chinese merchants
History of Hong Kong
History of foreign trade in China
Qing dynasty people
People from Zhangzhou
Businesspeople from Fujian
18th-century Chinese


texts:
<mask> (born ) is an American video game designer, programmer and Twitch streamer, who is best known as the creator of the independent video games Braid (2008) and The Witness (2016), both of which were released to critical acclaim. From 2001 to 2004, <mask> wrote the Inner Product column for Game Developer Magazine. He was the primary host of the Experimental Gameplay Workshop each March at the Game Developers Conference, which has become a premier showcase for new ideas in video games. In addition, <mask> was a regular participant in the Indie Game Jam. <mask> is also a founding partner of the Indie Fund, an angel investor fund for independent game projects. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1971. His mother was a devout ex-nun.<mask>'s father, an aerospace engineer manager, worked for the defense contractor TRW. <mask> would say in an interview with The Atlantic, "Early on, I detected that there weren't good examples at home, so I kind of had to figure things out on my own ... I had to adopt a paradigm of self-sufficiency." <mask> grew up in La Palma until he was 8, then he moved to Rancho Peñasquitos, San Diego, where he attended Mt. Carmel High School. He then studied computer science and creative writing at the University of California, Berkeley and was president of the Computer Science Undergraduate Association for a semester. He left the university in 1994, a semester before he would have graduated.He worked in San Francisco in contracting jobs, including one with Silicon Graphics to port Doom to a set-top device, until forming the game design company Bolt-Action Software with Bernt Habermeier in 1996. Their initial game project was to be a hovertank-based combat game called Wulfram, but at the time, the video game industry was undergoing a transformation of focusing heavily on three-dimensional graphics, making it difficult for them to complete the project; the team was forced to take some online database work to cover their expenditures. Subsequently, in the wake of the crash of dot-com bubble, they opted to fold the business after four years in 2000, with them

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Jonathan David Blow
Blow
Blow
Blow
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 $100,000 in debt. Following Bolt-Action, <mask> continued to perform contract work for companies like Ion Storm, and writing for industry publications such as Game Developer Magazine. He also worked on a project with IBM to create a technology demo similar to the Wulfram idea that would highlight the features of the Cell processor that IBM was collaborating on, which would become a part of the PlayStation 3. <mask> attempted to get additional funding to turn the demo into a full game from both Sony and Electronic Arts but was unsuccessful. Career

Braid

In December 2004, feeling inspired during a trip in Thailand, <mask> made a prototype for a time manipulation puzzle platform game.The demo had crude graphics, but featured the ability of the player to rewind all the objects on screen backwards in time to a previous state. Encouraged by feedback from his peers, <mask> worked on the game from about April 2005 to about December that year before having the final prototype of his game, titled Braid. This version won the Independent Games Festival Game Design Award at the 2006 Game Developers Conference. He continued work on the game mostly focusing on art and music while polishing some of the design until its release in 2008 on Xbox Live Arcade. By then, <mask> was $100,000 in debt and had invested $200,000 into the game's development. The game was released on August 8, 2008, to critical acclaim and achieved financial success, receiving an aggregate score of 93% on Metacritic, making it the top-rated Xbox Live Arcade game. Braid was purchased by more than 55,000 people during the first week of release.<mask>'s next project was The Witness, a first-person game in which the player explores an island while solving a large variety of puzzles on panels. The panel puzzles require the player to draw a path on the panel, and the puzzle is solved if the path satisfies a number of rules. <mask> desired to create a game utilizing non-verbal communication, and as such, the puzzle rules are never explained with words. Instead, the puzzles themselves teach the player the rules. <mask> felt that

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texts: solving puzzles in this way could generate epiphanies for players, and tried to design the game so that the player experiences "miniature epiphanies over and over again". The game includes around 650 panels, and <mask> estimated that solving every puzzle in the game would take more than 80 hours.Work on The Witness began shortly after the release of Braid in 2008. <mask> created prototypes of several different game ideas before choosing the one he liked the most, despite it being a 3D game which he "absolutely didn't want to". By the time the game was revealed to the public in 2010, three people were working on the game full-time, and by 2015 this number had grown to eight. <mask> had hoped to release the game as a launch title for the PS4 in 2013, however work on the game continued until its release in 2016. At the time, it was virtually unheard of for an small independent game studio to spend more than seven years on a game. <mask> said that The Witness ending up being "a much bigger game than I thought", and that "as long as it looked like we were going to have the money and time... we decided to make it the best thing we can." The game was released on Windows and the PlayStation 4 in January 2016 to critical acclaim and commercial success.The Windows and PS4 versions hold scores of 87 on review aggregator Metacritic, and several popular gaming publications awarded the game perfect scores. The game received several BAFTA and Game Developers Choice Awards nominations. The Witness debuted at $39.99, a price point that was met in some gaming forums with outcry. <mask> stated that the price point was "fairly reflective of what the game is",  and journalists noted that other independent games of a similar scope and quality debuted with the same price. <mask> reported that the first week sales revenue of The Witness totaled over $5 million USD, and that it had sold more than 100,000 units. <mask> noted that after release The Witness was one of the top downloads on illegal BitTorrent websites, and was pirated "just as heavily" as Braid. He noted that piracy "will not help [Thekla]

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 afford to make another game!:("

Untitled Programming Language and Untitled Sokoban Game
Towards the end of development of The Witness, <mask> began to become frustrated with C++, the language the game's engine was written in. While he liked recent feature additions to C++, he felt they "were encumbered by the rest of the language" and thought that C++ had "reached critical complexity". He considered switching to Go, D, and Rust, but thought that each had its drawbacks. <mask> felt it would be possible to create a new programming language for game development which would increase programming efficiency by at least 20%, and make the job more enjoyable. Further, he predicted that it would actually be easier to make a new programming language for professional game engine programmers than to make a videogame. In 2014 <mask> begun work on designing and programming the new programming language, which has the codename Jai. When asked about the real name of the language in 2020, <mask> noted that in many projects "people put all their effort into the cool name" before a project has had much effort put into it, and that he is "doing things in the opposite way".For about a year and a half work on Jai was part time since Thekla was shipping The Witness during that period. It was around the middle of 2016 when full time work on Jai and a sokoban game whose game engine is written in Jai begun. By working on the sokoban game, its engine, and Jai at the same time, <mask> is able to test out the design of Jai, and adjust it early in its lifetime to make it better. <mask> has noted that no previous programming languages have debuted with a piece of software in that language as large and complex as a game. By doing so he is able to demonstrate the capability of the language. During a 2018 conference talk <mask> demonstrated that a clean non-optimized compilation of the 80,000 line sokoban game took less that two seconds on his laptop. <mask> predicted that as work on the compiler continued the compilation rate would increase significantly, with a target compilation rate of a million lines of Jai per

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 second for a clean non-optimized build.<mask> intends to release much of the source code of the sokoban game upon release, and said Thekla is trying to structure the code of the game to be "very malleable", so that when it's released it can "provide an in for people who actually want to start experimenting with a program." The Jai compiler reached beta version 100 in December 2021, and is currently in closed beta. The sokoban game combines puzzle elements from a variety of other sokoban games, as well as adding elements of its own. For example, the majority of characters from Jonah Ostroff's Heroes of Sokoban trilogy appear in the game, as do the lilypads and skipping stones from Alan Hazelden's Skipping Stones To Lonely Homes. By combining so many puzzle elements together <mask> is able to "explode out the combinatorics [of the puzzle space] even way further than The Witness did." As of May 2021, the sokoban game has over 700 levels, and <mask> stated that it will probably have more than 1000 upon release. Work on the sokoban game, its engine, and Jai are regularly streamed by <mask> on his twitch channel.Long-term project
Since 2012 or 2013, <mask> has been working on a separate project that will be broken into different installments and elaborations on the same game over the course of 20 years, making it bigger and more complex. They will be individual playable games, each related thematically and deepening in investigation of subject matter for each chapter. <mask> stated that the game would not be puzzle-related and that it would be built with the Jai language and engine. Other work
In March 2010, <mask>, along with several independent game developers including Ron Carmel and Kellee Santiago, became a founding member of the Indie Fund, an angel investor fund for independent game projects. In 2012, <mask> was one of the subjects of the independent documentary film, Indie Game: The Movie, where he discussed his views on the role of independent video games and his work on Braid. Philosophy and views
<mask> has spoken many times about his views on independent video games both in

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 interviews and in public speeches, although he has said on his blog that he has gotten what he wanted out of conferences from speaking at them. For his sometimes controversial views, he has received praise, notably being called "the kind of righteous rebel video games need" and "a spiritual seeker, questing after truth in an as-yet-uncharted realm."<mask> often speaks of the potential for games to be more. He has said that he tries to make games that are more adult for people with longer attention spans and noted that games could have a "much bigger role" in culture in the future, but current game development does not address this potential, instead aiming for low-risk, high-profit titles. As a former physics major, <mask> has expressed that games could examine the universe in similar ways that a physicist could. In referring to the progression of development in his games, <mask> stated at the PlayStation Experience that he prefers to, "keep them playable and just make them better." This was stated during the live-cast panel while overseeing Justin Massongill on the playable demo. <mask> has spoken out against some games for immoral game design. On World of Warcraft, he has said it causes societal problems by creating a false image of the meaning of life, calling it "unethical."On FarmVille, he has said that the design of the game reveals the developers' goal to degrade the quality of players' lives, ultimately calling it "inherently evil." Despite Braids success on the platform, <mask> has claimed that Microsoft's Xbox Live Arcade certification process would turn away developers because "they kind of make themselves a pain in the ass" and that they would lose market share to Steam as a result. <mask> is a member of Giving What We Can, a community of people who have pledged to give at least 10% of their income to effective charities. References

External links

1971 births
American computer programmers
American video game designers
American video game programmers
Independent video game developers
Living people
People from San Francisco
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Video

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