texts: addition, the Hungarian King broke his agreements with the Bohemian Kingdom. The dynastic dispute in Prague between Bořivoj II and his cousin Svatopluk caused the intervention of Bolesław and his ally King Coloman in support of Svatopluk, with the main objective to place him in the Bohemian throne. However, a new rebellion of Álmos forced Coloman and his army to return Hungary.Bolesław also decided to retreat. Svatopluk tried to master the city alone, but suffered a complete defeat; his attempt to seize power in Bohemia was unsuccessful. Also in 1105, Bolesław entered into an agreement with his half-brother, in the same way like just a few years before entered with their stepmother Judith-Sophia (who in exchange for abundant dower lands, secured her neutrality in Bolesław's political contest with Zbigniew). The treaty, signed in Tyniec, was a compromise of both brothers in foreign policy; however, no agreement about Pomerania was settled there. One year later, the treaty ended when Zbigniew refused to help his half-brother in his fight against Pomerania. While hunting, Bolesław was unexpectedly attacked by them. In the battle, the young prince almost lost his life.Bohemia, using the involvement of Bolesław in the


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 Pomeranian affairs as an excuse, attacked Silesia. The prince tried to re-established the alliance with his half-brother, without success. The effect of this refusal was the rapprochement to the Bohemian Kingdom in 1106. Bolesław managed to bribe Bořivoj II and have him join his side in the contest against Zbigniew and shortly after formally allied himself with Coloman of Hungary. With the help of his Kievan and Hungarian allies Bolesław attacked Zbigniew's territory, and began a civil war for the supreme power in Poland. The allied forces of Bolesław easily took control of most important cities including Kalisz, Gniezno, Spycimierz and Łęczyca, in effect taking half of Zbigniew's lands. Through a mediation of Baldwin, Bishop of Kraków, a peace treaty was signed at Łęczyca, in which Zbigniew officially recognized Bolesław as the Supreme Prince of all Poland.However, he was allowed to retain Masovia as a fief. Sole Ruler of Poland

First Expedition to Bohemia and exile of Zbigniew
In 1107 <mask> <mask> along with his ally King Coloman of Hungary invaded Bohemia in order to aid Svatopluk in gaining the Czech throne. The intervention in the Czech succession was meant to secure Polish interests to the south. The expedition

masks: Bolesław III


texts: was a full success: on 14 May 1107 Svatopluk was made Duke of Bohemia in Prague. Later that year <mask> undertook a punitive expedition against his brother Zbigniew. The reason for this was that Zbigniew had not followed his orders and had refused to burn down one of the fortresses of Kurów near Puławy. Another reason was that Zbigniew had not performed his duties as a vassal by failing to provide military aid to Bolesław for a campaign against the Pomeranians.In the winter of 1107–08 with the help of Kievan and Hungarian allies, Bolesław began a final campaign to rid himself of Zbigniew. His forces attacked Mazovia and quickly forced Zbigniew to surrender. Following this Zbigniew was banished from the country and with his followers, took refuge in Prague, where he found support in Svatopluk. From then <mask> was the sole lord of the Polish lands, though in fact his over-lordship began in 1107 when Zbigniew paid him homage as his feudal lord. In 1108 the balance of power in Europe changed. Svatopluk decided to paid homage to Emperor Henry V and in exchange received from him the formal investiture of Bohemia. At the same time King Coloman of Hungary was under attack by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and

masks: Bolesław Bolesław


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 Bohemia.Svatopluk also directed an attack to Poland; in this expedition took part Zbigniew and his followers. Bolesław avoided a direct confrontation because he was busy in his fight against Pomerania. Now, the Polish-Hungarian coalition decided to give help and shelter to Bořivoj II. Later that year, Bolesław and Coloman made a new expedition against Bohemia. This expedition was prompted by the invasion of the German-Bohemian coalition to Hungary (siege to Pozsony Castle) and the fact that Svatopluk, who owed Bolesław his throne, didn't honor his promise in which he returned Silesian cities seized from Poland (Racibórz, Kamieniec, Koźle among others) by his predecessors. Bolesław then decided to restore Bořivoj II in the Bohemian throne. This attempt was unsuccessful as a result of the attack of the Pomeranians.<mask> was forced to bring his army to the north, where could repelled the invasion. Thanks to this situation, Bořivoj II failed to regain the throne. Polish-German War of 1109
In response to Bolesław's aggressive foreign policy, German king and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V undertook a punitive expedition against Poland in 1109. In this fight, Henry V was assisted by Czech warriors provided by Svatopluk of Bohemia.


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 The alleged reason for the war was the exile of Zbigniew and his restoration. Bolesław received an ultimatum from the German King: he abandoned the expedition against him only if Zbigniew was restored with half of Poland as a rule, the formal recognition of the Holy Roman Empire as overlord and the payment of 300 pieces of fine silver as a regular tribute. Bolesław rejected.During the negotiations between Germany and Poland, the Polish ruler was in the middle of a war against Pomerania. On the west side of the Oder river, Henry V hurriedly gathered knights for his expedition against Poland. Before the fight ended in Pomerania, the German troops have been able to approach Głogów. The military operations mainly taken place in southwestern Poland, in Silesia, where Henry V's army laid siege to major strongholds of Głogów, Wrocław and Bytom Odrzański. At this time along with the defense of towns, Bolesław was conducting a guerrilla war against the Holy Roman Emperor and his allies. He reportedly defeated the expedition at the Battle of Hundsfeld on 24 August 1109, although the existence of this battle is doubted by historians because it was first recorded about a century later. Second Expedition to Bohemia
In 1110 <mask>


texts: undertook an unsuccessful military expedition against Bohemia.His intention was to install yet another pretender on the Czech throne, Soběslav I, who sought refuge in Poland. During the campaign he won a decisive victory against the Czechs at the Battle of Trutina on 8 October 1110; however, following this battle he ordered his forces to withdraw further attack against Bohemia. The reason for this is speculated to be the unpopularity of Soběslav I among Czechs as well as <mask>'s unwillingness to further deteriorate his relations with the Holy Roman Empire. In 1111 a truce between Poland and the Holy Roman Empire was signed which stipulated that Soběslav I would be able to return to Bohemia while Zbigniew would be able to return Poland. Bolesław probably also agreed with the return of his half-brother as a result of pressure from the many supporters of the exiled prince in 1108, who according to the reports of Gallus Anonymus was surrounded to bad advisers (in this group unfavorable to Bolesław was probably Martin I, Archbishop of Gniezno). Once in Poland, Zbigniew could claim the sovereignty over his previous domains at the instigation of this group. The first step towards this was his presence in the Advent ceremonial


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 (which was forbidden to him by Bolesław after recognizing him as his overlord in Łęczyca in 1107), which is reserved only for rulers.Zbigniew arrived surrounded by attendants, being carried before him a sword. This could be perceived by Boleslaw as an act of treason and caused a definitive breach in their relationship, under which Zbigniew was the vassal and Boleslaw the ruler. Probably these factors influenced Bolesław's decision of a terrible punishment to Zbigniew: a year later, in 1112, he was blinded on Bolesław's orders. Excommunication
The blinding of Zbigniew caused a strong negative reaction among Bolesław's subjects. Unlike blinding in the east, blinding in medieval Poland was not accomplished by burning the eyes out with a red hot iron rod or knife, but a much more brutal technique was employed in which the condemned's eyes were pried out using special pliers. The convict was then made to open his eyes and if they did not do so, their eyelids were also removed. Contemporary sources don't provide clear information if Bolesław was indeed excluded from the community of the Church.Is generally believed that Archbishop Martin I of Gniezno (who was a strong supporter of Zbigniew) excommunicated <mask> for committing


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 this crime against his half-brother. The excommunication exempted all Bolesław's subjects from his oath to obedience. The prince was faced with a real possibility of uprising, of the sort that deposed <mask> the Bold. Seeing his precarious situation Bolesław sought the customary penance that would reconcile the high priesthood. According to Gallus Anonymus, Bolesław first fasted for forty days and made gifts to the poors:

 (...)He slept in ashes and sackcloth, among the streams of tears and sobs, as he renounced communion and conversation with people. It's possible that Bolesław decided to celebrate a public penance as a result of the negative public response to the blinding of Zbigniew. His intention with this was to rebuild his weakened authority and gain the favor of Zbigniew's supporters.Punishment of blinding was used in medieval Europe to the rebellious nobles. This act of Bolesław against his half-brother could be received by the Polish society as a breach of the principle of solidarity among the members of the ruling dynasty, accepting the foundation of public order. According to Gallus, Bolesław also sought and received forgiveness from his half-brother. In the next part of his penance, the prince made a


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 pilgrimage to Hungary to the Abbeys of Saint Giles in Somogyvár and King Saint Stephen I in Székesfehérvár. The pilgrimage to the Abbey of Saint Giles also had a political goal; Bolesław strengthened his ties of friendship and alliance with the Arpad dynasty. Following his return to Poland, Bolesław even traveled to Gniezno to pay further penance at the tomb of Saint Adalbert of Prague, where poor people and clergy received numerous costly gifts from the prince. Only after this the excommunication was finally lifted.Following his repentance the Polish prince made a vague commitment to the Church. About Zbigniew's death there are not preserved information. In the obituary of the Benedictine monastery in Lubiń dated 8 July 1113 was reported the death of a monk in Tyniec called brother Zbigniew. Historians believed that he could be <mask>'s half-brother. The information marked that his burial place was in the Benedictine monastery of Tyniec. Conquest and conversion of Pomerania

The separation of Pomerania during the reign of Casimir I the Restorer contributed to the weakening of the Polish state, and subsequent rulers during the second half of the 11th century weren't able to unite all the lands that once belonged to


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 Mieszko I and <mask> I the Brave. All attempts made to reconquer this area failed.Only after defeating Zbigniew and repelling the claims of Bohemia against Silesia in 1109, <mask> <mask> was able to direct the expansion to the West, which he intended to return to Poland. Strengthening the Polish-Pomeranian borders
The issue of conquest of Pomerania had been a lifelong pursuit for <mask> <mask>. His political goals were twofold; first – to strengthen the Polish border on the Noteć river line, second – to subjugate Pomerania with Polish political overlordship but without actually incorporating it into the country with the exception of Gdańsk Pomerania and a southern belt north of river Noteć which were to be absorbed by Poland. By 1113 the northern border has been strengthened. The fortified border cities included: Santok, Wieleń, Nakło, Czarnków, Ujście and Wyszogród. Some sources report that the border began at the mouth of river Warta and Oder in the west, ran along the river Noteć all the way to the Vistula river. Before <mask> <mask> began to expand in Gdańsk Pomerania (Pomerelia), he normalized his political relations with Bohemia.This took place in 1114 at a great convention on the border of the Nysa Kłodzka river.

masks:
Bolesław
Bolesław
III Wrymouth
Bolesław
III Wrymouth
Bolesław
III


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 In addition to Bolesław also assisted Bohemian princes of the Premyslid line: Vladislaus I, Otto II the Black and Soběslav I. The pact was sealed by the marriage of <mask> (a widower since his wife Zbyslava's death) with Vladislaus I and Otto II's sister-in-law, the German noblewoman Salomea of Berg. The conquest of Gdańsk Pomerania
After being normalized his relations with Bohemia, Bolesław directed his efforts against Prussia, and in 1115 he made a victorious expedition, ravaging their tribal lands. As a result, the north-east border was at peace, which allowed to freely prepare the invasion to Gdańsk Pomerania. The conquest of this part of the Pomeranian lands (made during 1115–19), crowned a long-time struggle of previous Polish rulers. The result was the complete incorporation of the territories on the Vistula River, including the castellany of Nakło, to Poland.Northern borders were established Polish Duchy probably on the line along the rivers Gwda and Uniesta (in later times currents of these rivers were the boundary between Pomerania and the Oder Slavic). It's also possible that the border ran along the Łeba. The local rulers of the conquered Gdańsk and Słupsk were removed from power and replaced by Polish


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 nobles. Bolesław also introduced Polish clerical organization, which was made in order to protect his interests in that territory. However, these areas refused to follow the church organization. The incorporation to the Polish Church occurred only during 1125–26 at the time of the visit of Papal Legate Gilles, Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum. Rebellion of Skarbimir
During Bolesław's Pomeranian campaign a formidable rebellion led by Count Palatine Skarbimir from the Awdaniec family began.The rebellion was quelled by the prince in 1117 and the mutinous nobleman were blinded as punishment. The conflict between Bolesław and the Awdaniec family is difficult to explain due to the lack of sources. The cause was probably the growing influence of the family, the ambition and jealousy of Skarbimir against Bolesław and his increased popularity. Another probable factor was the desire to put Władysław II, Bolesław's first-born son, as the sole ruler after his death or also Boleslaw's fears to lose his position, as it was in the conflict with Sieciech. It was also suggested that Skarbimir entered in contacts with Pomeranians and Vladimir II Monomakh, Grand Prince of Kievan Rus'. Medieval historiography also associated the rebellion with


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 the Law of Succession issued by Boleslaw. The problem with the principle of inheritance appeared between 1115 and 1116 (after the birth of his second son Leszek, first-born from his second marriage).According to one hypothesis Skarbimir objected the adoption of the statute who changed the traditional Polish succession customs. In the suppression of the rebellion played a major role Piotr Włostowic of the Labedz family, who replaced Skarbimir as Count Palatine. Defeated, Skarbimir received a minor punishment from Bolesław. The rebellion of Skarbimir also rested importance to the conquest of Gdańsk Pomerania. Intervention of Kievan Rus'
Probably in the rebellion of Skarbimir intervened the Rurikid ruler Vladimir II Monomakh and his sons. In 1118 Monomakh incorporated Volhynia to his domains and expelled his ruler, Yaroslav Sviatopolkovich, who sought refuge firstly in Hungary, then in Poland. In Yaroslav's place, Monomakh put his son Roman as a ruler of Volhynia, and after his early death in 1119, replaced him with another son, Andrew, who in 1120 invaded Polish territory with the support of the Kipchaks tribe.A year later, Bolesław with the exiled Yaroslav (who was his brother-in-law), organized a retaliatory expedition


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 to Czermno. After this, for several years Bolesław intervened in the dynastic disputes of the House of Rurik. During the 1120s the Kievan princes continue their expeditions against Poland. The neutrality of the neighboring Principality of Peremyshl was attributed to Count Palatine Piotr Włostowic, who in 1122 captured Prince Volodar. A year later Bolesław intervened again in Volhynia, where he wanted to restore Yaroslav. The expedition (aided by the Bohemian, Hungarian, Peremyshl and Terebovl forces) failed due to the death of Yaroslav and the stubborn resistance of the besieged Volodymyr-Volynskyi, aided by Skarbimir's supporters. This failed military expedition led to disturbances in the Polish-Hungarian-Halych alliance.Conquest of Western Pomerania
In 1121 (or 1119) Pomeranian Dukes Wartislaw I and Swietopelk I were defeated by <mask>'s army at the battle of Niekładź near Gryfice. Polish troops ravaged Pomerania, destroyed native strongholds, and forced thousands of Pomeranians to resettle deep into Polish territory. Bolesław's further expansion was directed to Szczecin (1121–22). He knew that this city was well defended by both the natural barrier of the Oder river and his well-built fortifications, like Kołobrzeg.


texts: The only way to approach the walls was through the frozen waters of a nearby swamp. Taking advantage of this element of surprise, Bolesław launched his assault from precisely that direction, and took control of the city. Much of the population was slaughtered and the survivors were forced to paid homage to the Polish ruler.A further step is probably fought battles on the western side of the Oder River, where Boleslaw had addressed areas to the Lake Morzyce (now the German Müritz). These areas were outside the territorial scope of Pomeranians. In parallel with the expansion of the Polish ruler to the west continued the conquest of these lands by Lothair, Duke of Saxony (and future Holy Roman Emperor). According to contemporary sources, a Saxon army approaching from above the Elbe River in the direction of today's Rostock. They conquered the Warinis, Circipanes, Kessinians and part of the Tollensers tribes. The expansion led by the two rulers was probably the result of earlier unknown agreements. This was the first step for the later Christianization of Pomeranian lands.In 1122 Bolesław finally conquered Western Pomerania, which became a Polish fief. Duke Wartislaw I was forced to paid homage to the Polish ruler, paying an


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 annual tribute of 500 marks of fine silver and the obligation to give military aid to Poland at Bolesław's request. In subsequent years the tribute was reduced to 300 marks. This success enabled Bolesław to make further conquests. In 1123 his troops even reached to Rügen, but didn't mastered these areas. According to modern historiography, Bolesław began to pay tribute to Emperor Henry V, at least from 1135. Is believed that the amount was 500 marks of fine silver annually.It's unknown why Bolesław began to paid homage to Henry V, as the sources do not mention any reference about the Polish ruler being tributary of the Holy Roman Empire in the period 1121–35. Christianization of Western Pomerania
In order to make Polish and Pomeranian ties stronger, Bolesław organized a mission to Christianize the newly acquired territory. The Polish monarch understood that the Christianization of the conquered territory would be an effective means of strengthening his authority there. At the same time he wished to subordinate Pomerania to the Gniezno Archbishopric. Unfortunately first attempts made by unknown missionaries did not make the desired progress. Another attempt, officially sponsored by Bolesław and led by Bernard the


texts: Spaniard, who traveled to Wolin during 1122–23, has ended in another failure. The next two missions were carried out in 1124–25 and 1128 by Bishop Otto of Bamberg (called the Apostle of Pomerania).After appropriate consultation with Bolesław, Bishop Otto set out on a first stage of Christianization of the region in 1124. In his mission Otto stayed firstly at Bolesław's court, where he was provided with appropriate equipment, fire and several clergymen for his trip to Pomerania. The Bishop was accompanied throughout his mission by the Pomeranian ruler Wartislaw I, who greeted him on the border of his domains, in the environs of the city of Sanok. In Stargard the pagan prince promised Otto his assistance in the Pomeranian cities as well as help during the journey. He also assigned 500 armored knights to act as guards for the bishop's protection, and obtain the baptism of the elders tribal leaders. Primary missionary activities were directed to Pyrzyce, then the towns of Kamień, Wolin, Szczecin and once again Wolin. In the first two towns the Christianization went without resistance.In Kamień the task was facilitated by the intercession of Wartislaw I's own wife and dignitaries. At Szczecin and Wolin, which were important


texts: centers of Slavic paganism, opposition to conversion was particularly strong among the pagan priests and local population. The conversion was finally accepted only after Bolesław lowered the annual tribute imposed on the Pomeranians. Four great pagan temples were torn down and churches were built in their places. Otto's mission of 1124 ended with the erection of bishoprics in Lubusz for Western Pomerania and in Kruszwica for Eastern Pomerania (Gdańsk), which was subordinated to the Archbishopric of Gniezno. In 1127 the first pagan rebellions began to take place. These were due to both the large tribute imposed by Poland as well as a plague that descended on Pomerania and which was blamed on Christianity.The rebellions were largely instigated by the old pagan priests, who had not come to terms with their new circumstances. Wartislaw I confronted these uprisings with some success, but was unable to prevent several insurgent raids into Polish territory. Because of this <mask> was preparing a massive punitive expedition that may have spoiled all the earlier accomplishments of missionary work by Bishop Otto. Thanks to Otto's diplomacy direct confrontation was avoided and in 1128 he embarked on another mission to Pomerania.


texts: Wartislaw I greeted Otto at Demmin with some Polish knights. This time more stress was applied to the territories west of the Oder River, i.e. Usedom, Wolgast and Gützkow, which weren't under Polish suzerainty.The final stage of the mission returned to Szczecin, Wolin and Kamień. The Christianization of Pomerania is considered one of the greatest accomplishments of Bolesław's Pomeranian policy. In 1129 Bolesław concluded with Niels, King of Denmark an alliance directed against Wartislaw I and the attempts of Lothair <mask>, King of Germany to subordinate Western Pomerania. In retaliation for the sack of Płock by Wartislaw I in 1128, Polish-Danish troops taken the Western Pomeranian islands of Wolin and Usedom. At end of the 1120s Bolesław began to implement an ecclesiastical organization of Pomerania. Gdańsk Pomerania was added to the Diocese of Włocławek, known at the time as the Kujavian Diocese. A strip of borderland north of Noteć was split between the Diocese of Gniezno and Diocese of Poznan.The bulk of Pomerania was, however, made an independent Pomeranian bishopric (whose first Bishop was one of the participants in the missionary expedition and former Polish royal chaplain, Adalbert), set up in the territory of


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 the Duchy of Pomerania in 1140, and after <mask> had died in 1138 the duchy became independent from Poland. The project of Archbishop Norbert of Magdeburg
During the 1130s a project was designed by Norbert, Archbishop of Magdeburg, under which Pomerania would be divided between two dioceses subordinated to the Archbishopric of Magdeburg. At the same, he revivied the old claims about Magdeburg's ecclesiastical sovereignty over all Poland. A first Bull was prepared already in 1131, but never entered into force. Despite adversity, Norbert continued his actions to subdue the Polish Church during 1132–33. For the Polish bishops, a call was made in the Curia. The Polish bishops didn't appear before Pope Innocent II, which resulted in the issuing of the Bull Sacrosancta Romana in 1133, which confirmed the sovereignty of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg over the Polish Church and the projected Pomeranian dioceses.The formal privilegium maius was the culmination of Norbert's efforts. <mask>, trying to save his past efforts in Pomeranian politics, opted for his submission at Merseburg in 1135. Conquest of Rügen and alliance with Wartislaw I
To consolidate his power over Pomerania <mask> conducted in 1130 an expedition to the island

masks: Bolesław Bolesław Bolesław


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 of Rügen. For this purpose, he concluded an alliance with the Danish duke Magnus Nilsson (his son-in-law) who provided him with a fleet in exchange for support in his efforts to obtain the Swedish throne. The fleet of Magnus transported Polish troops to the shores of the island of Rügen. However, the intended battle on the island never happened, because the Rani at the sight of the Polish-Danish combined forces recognized Bolesław's overlordship. After the successful invasion to the Danish capital, Roskilde in 1134 <mask> formed an alliance with Wartislaw I of Pomerania against King Eric II of Denmark (an ally of Emperor Lothair <mask>).The role of the Polish prince was limited only to aid the House of Griffins, not due while the real interest in Danish affairs. The Danish, after repelling the first attack, in retaliation led an expedition which led to their expansion into the lands of Pomerania. Congress of Merseburg

Political Background
In 1125 Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany, died. His successor, Lothair of Supplinburg, has been embroiled in disputes over his inheritance. For the Imperial crown, he became involved in the affairs of the Papacy. In 1130 there was a double election to the Apostolic See.


texts: Lothair supported Pope Innocent II, hoping in this way to secure his own coronation.Contrary to was expected, Lothair's Imperial coronation didn't end his disputes against the contenders for the German throne. In 1130 Bolesław controlled the areas situated on the left bank of the Oder river on the island of Rügen. Germany also wanted to control these lands, but the internal political situation and the involvement in the civil war in Hungary, however, didn't allow an armed conflict. The Bull Sacrosancta Romana of 1133 give the Archbishopric of Magdeburg sovereign rights over the Pomeranian dioceses instituted by Bolesław. The death of King Stephen II of Hungary in 1131 led the country into civil war between two claimants to the throne: Béla the Blind (son of Álmos, Duke of Croatia) and Boris (the alleged son of King Coloman). Boris sought the help of the Polish ruler, who hoped for a closer alliance with Hungary and cooperation with the Kievan Rus' princes (Boris was a son of a daughter of Vladimir II Monomakh). However, Bolesław overestimated his strength against Béla, who counted with the support of almost all his country.The Polish army faced the combined forces of Hungary, Bohemia, Austria and Germany in the Battle of


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 the Sajó river (22 July 1132), where the coalition had a complete victory over the Polish prince, who was forced to retreat. The success in Hungary was used by the Bohemian ruler Soběslav I, an Imperial vassal, who during 1132–34 repeatedly led invasions to Silesia. The issue over the property of Silesia was subjected to the decision of Lothair <mask>. Preparations for the Congress
In February 1134 Soběslav I of Bohemia and dignitaries of King Béla II of Hungary, together with Bishop Peter of Székesfehérvár went to Altenburg, where they presented their allegations against the Polish ruler. They asked the intervention of the Holy Roman Empire (preliminary requests occurred two years earlier). Lothair <mask> accepted the request, acting as an arbitrator in the dynastic disputes in Central Europe. At the same time Béla II and Prince Volodymyrko of Peremyshl undertook a military expedition against Poland.The combined forces occupied Lesser Poland, reaching to Wiślica. Shortly after, <mask> received a summons to the Imperial court at Magdeburg on 26 June 1135. Playing for time, however, he only send deputies. The emperor sent another delegation and requested a personal appearance of the Polish ruler, setting a new date on 15

masks: III III Bolesław


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 August 1135, this time in Merseburg. Bolesław realized that without an agreement with Lothair <mask> he couldn't maintain the control over the newly conquered lands on the west side of the Oder and the island of Rügen. Even before the Congress of Merseburg was performed, Bolesław persuaded one of ruling princes of Western Pomerania, Ratibor I to make an expedition against Denmark. It was a clear expression of ostentation to Emperor Lothair <mask> because the King of Denmark was a German vassal.The fleet formed by 650 boats (with 44 knights and 2 horses) attacked the rich Norwegian port city of Kungahälla (now Kungälv in Sweden). Provisions of the Congress
The Congress took place on 15 August 1135. During the ceremony, Emperor Lothair II recognized the rights of the Polish ruler over Pomerania. In retribution, <mask> agreed to paid homage for the Pomeranian lands and the Principality of Rügen, with the payment of 6,000 pieces of fine silver from these lands to the Holy Roman Empire; however, he remained fully independent ruler of his main realm, Poland. With <mask>'s death in 1138, Polish authority over Pomerania ended, triggering competition of the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark for the area. The conflict with Hungary

masks: III III Bolesław Bolesław


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 also ended, with <mask> recognizing Béla II's rule. The agreement was sealed with the betrothal of Bolesław's daughter Judith with Béla II's Géza (this marriage never took place).In case of the Bohemian-Polish dispute the Imperial mediation failed. <mask> argued he must be treated as a sovereign ruler, who wasn't the case of Soběslav I, an imperial vassal. Lothair <mask>, unable to come to an agreement with the Polish ruler, proposed to discuss the matter in subsequent negotiations. The Congress ended with church ceremonies, during which Bolesław carried the imperial sword. This was an honor granted only to sovereign rulers. An indirect goal of Polish diplomacy was the successful invalidation of the Papal Bull of 1133 and the recognition of metropolitan rights of the Archbishopric of Gniezno at the Synod of Pisa in 1135. On 7 July 1136 was issued the protectionist Bull Ex commisso nobis a Deo under which Pope Innocent II confirmed the unquestioned sovereignty of the Archbishopric of Gniezno over the Polish dioceses.Last years and death

Normalization of relations with his neighbors
After entering in the imperial sphere of influence, Poland normalized his relations with Bohemia at the Congress of Kłodzko on 30 May 1137

masks: Bolesław Bolesław III


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 (the so-called Peace of Kłodzko), but the details of this agreement are unknown. This treaty was confirmed in the town of Niemcza, where Władysław, the eldest son of <mask>, stood as godfather in the baptism of Wenceslaus, Soběslav I's son. In the last years of his life, <mask>'s main concern was to arranged political marriages for his children in order to strengthen his relations with neighboring countries. In 1137 <mask> reinforced his relations with the Kievan Rus' with the marriage of his son <mask> with Princess Viacheslava, daughter of Vsevolod, Prince of Pskov. In the year of his death, by contrast, finally normalized his relations with Hungary through the marriage of his son Mieszko with Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King Béla II. Death
<mask> III Wrymouth died on 28 October 1138, probably in the town of Sochaczew. There are no records about the circumstances of his death.Twelfth-century sources didn't provide information about his place of burial. It was only in the 15th century, when Jan Długosz recorded that the Prince's tomb was in the Masovian Blessed Virgin Mary Cathedral in Płock. However, he didn't show from where he took this information. Presumably the chronicler took this report from the lost Rocznik

masks: Bolesław Bolesław Bolesław Bolesław Bolesław


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 mazowiecki. Wawrzyniec Wszerecz, Canon of Płock during the 16th–17th century, wrote that Bolesław was in a common coffin at the cathedral, where the remains of his father Władysław I Herman and several other Piast Masovian rulers were also placed. Family

First marriage
Zbyslava of Kiev (c. 1085/90 – c. 1114), his first wife, was a member of the Rurikid dynasty. She was the daughter of Grand Prince Sviatopolk II of Kiev.The marriage was probably concluded in 1103 with the purpose to obtain future military help from Kiev in the fight against Zbigniew. This union also notoriously limited the attacks of the princes of Galicia and Terebovlia against Poland. Until Zbyslava's death the relations between Poland and the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia remained friendly. The children born from this marriage were:
 Władysław II the Exile (1105 – 30 May 1159), the only son of <mask> and Zbyslava, was Prince of Kraków, Silesia, Sandomierz, eastern Greater Poland, Kuyavia, Western Pomerania and Gdańsk Pomerania (1138–46). Gallus Anonymous wrote that the heir of the Polish throne was born in the winter of 1107–08, but omitted the gender and name of the child. The Rocznik świętokrzyski and Rocznik kapitulny recorded Władysław's birth


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 in 1105. A daughter [Judith?](c. 1112 – after 1124), married in 1124 to Vsevolod Davidovich, Prince of Murom. Her filiation is doubtful, because in Russian chronicles was only noted that Vsevolod's wife came from Poland; she probably could be either Bolesław and Zbyslava's daughter or a member of the Awdaniec family as daughter of Skarbimir. Older historiography attributed another child born from the marriage of Bolesław and Zbyslava. In addition to Władysław II and the unnamed daughter was also added an unnamed second son. Gallus Anonymous wrote that this son was born around 1107–08. According to Oswald Balzer, he died shortly after birth. However, Karol Maleczyński believed that he never existed, pointed that probably the sources who provided the year of 1105 as Władysław II's date of birth (Rocznik świętokrzyski and Rocznik kapitulny) could be made a mistake.Second marriage
Salomea of Berg (c. 1093/1101 – 27 July 1144), his second wife, was a German noblewoman. She was the daughter of Count Henry of Berg-Schelklingen. The marriage took place in January or February 1115. This union was motivated by the current political situation, on the occasion of the signing of a peace treaty between Poland and Bohemia. Salomea came


texts: from a powerful and influential family, who, after the death of Emperor Henry V in 1125, as a result of the support of the opposition in Germany, lost their political influence at the court of Lothair <mask>. Leszek (1115/16 – 26 August before 1131), the eldest son of <mask> and Salomea. He probably died in infancy.Ryksa (1116 – after 25 December 1156), eldest daughter of <mask> and Salomea, in 1127 she married with to Danish prince Magnus Nilsson, future King of Västergötland. This union was made to obtain Danish support for Poland in the war against Germany, but in 1134 Denmark took the side of Germany in the conflict. After Magnus' death in 1134, Ryksa returned to Poland. Later she married with Volodar Glebovich, Prince of Minsk and Hrodno; this marriage was concluded in order to obtain an ally in the Polish war against Hungary. Her third marriage was with King Sverker I of Sweden. A daughter (before 1117/22 – after 1131), betrothed or married in 1131 to Conrad, Count of Plötzkau and Margrave of Nordmark. Casimir, known in historiography as the Older (9 August 1122 – 19 October 1131), according to sources (like Rocznik kapituły krakowskiej), he died aged 9.Jan Długosz in his chronicle wrote that he was born from the

masks: III Bolesław Bolesław


texts: marriage of <mask> and Adelaide, the Prince's supposed second wife. Gertruda (1123/24 – 7 May 1160), a nun at Zwiefalten (1139). <mask> IV the Curly (c. 1125 – 5 January 1173), Prince of Masovia and Kuyavia (1138–46), of Kraków, Gniezno and Kalisz (1146–73), of Sandomierz (1166–73), married aged 12 with Viacheslava, daughter of Vsevolod, Prince of Pskov. Jan Długosz reported his birth in 1127 as the second son born from Bolesław and Adelaide. Mieszko <mask> the Old (1126/27 – Kalisz, 13 March 1202), Duke of Greater Poland (1138–1202), of Kraków (1173–77, 1190, 1199–1202), of Kalisz (1173–1202), of Upper Gdańsk Pomerania (1173–1202) and Kuyavia (1195–98), around 1136 married to Elizabeth, daughter of King Béla II of Hungary. The marriage was concluded as one of the provisions of the Congress of Merseburg. Dobroniega Ludgarda (1129 – by 1160), after her father's death she was married by her mother Salomea around 1146–48 to Theodoric I, Margrave of Lusatia, who later repudiated her.Judith (1130 – 8 July 1175), betrothed in 1136 to Prince Géza, son of King Béla II of Hungary; however, the marriage never took place and in 1148 she married to Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg. Henry (1131 – 18 October 1166), Duke of Sandomierz


texts: (1146–66), according to Jan Długosz he was born in 1132. Further mention of him was made in his chronicle by 1139, describing the division of the country in districts. Karol Maleczyński placed his birth between 1127 and 1131. During his father's lifetime Henry didn't play an important political role. He died in 1166 in battle against the Prussians, unmarried and childless. Agnes (1137 – after 1182), around 1140–41 she was a proposed bride to one of the sons of Grand Prince Vsevolod II of Kiev.This union was to ensure the support of Kiev in the dispute between Salomea's sons and Władysław II, their half-brother. At the end, the marriage never took place and she married around 1149–51 to Mstislav II, Prince of Pereyaslavl and Grand Prince of Kiev since 1168. Casimir II the Just (1138 – 5 May 1194), Duke of Wiślica (1166–73), of Sandomierz (1173–94) of Kraków (1177–94), of Masovia and Kuyavia (1186–94), for a long time considered a posthumous child, and for this reason not included in his father's testament. Older historiography attributed another two daughters from the marriage of <mask> and Salomea: Adelaide and Sophia. Adelaide (c. 1114 - 25 March before 1132), was the first wife of Adalbert II the Pious, eldest son of


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 Leopold III, Margrave of Austria. Modern historians denies that she was a daughter of Bolesław. Sophia (d. 10 October 1136), was probably the mother of Mateusz, Bishop of Kraków.In older historiography Adelaide, a supposed daughter of Emperor Henry IV, was erroneously considered as another wife of Bolesław. The information about this stated that after the death of Zbyslava, Bolesław married her in Bamberg in 1110. This report is provided by Jan Długosz and Archdeacon Sulger. This view was challenged by Oswald Balzer. Succession provisions

Senioral principle

Bolesław's experiences during his youth probably motivated him to make a division of his domains between his surviving sons. The loyal Count Palatine Piotr Włostowic was appointed to execute the provisions. In his testament, also known as the "Statute of Succession", Bolesław introduced in Poland the senioral principle in an effort to keep the unity of the state and to prevent the struggle for power among his sons.This regulation about the succession came into force after <mask>'s death, although is unknown the exact date of his establishment. It's believed that his creation could happen in 1115 or 1116, after the birth of a son Leszek, or after the suppression of


texts: the rebellion of Skarbimir (in 1117). Sources indicate that the original document about the succession was established in 1137. The Statute was nullified in 1180 but restored by Pope Innocent III in 1210 after a petition of the Silesian rulers; however, historians challenge the approval of the Statute by the Pope in the absence of any other information. The senioral principle established that the eldest member of the dynasty was to have supreme power over the rest and was also to control an indivisible "senioral part": a vast strip of land running north–south down the middle of Poland, with Kraków its chief city. The senior duke's prerogatives also included control over Pomerania, a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. Sources showed a discrepancy in terms of the power exercised by the senior duke.Pope Innocent III wrote about primogeniture, while Wincenty Kadłubek refers to both seniority and primogeniture. Kadłubek combined in one sentence the two systems, i.e. inheritance of supreme power in individual districts, where primogeniture was in force. Among historians, there is a view that Bolesław not established seniority, but primogeniture that belongs exclusively to Władysław II and his descendants. A fact who supported this


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 hypothesis was the coverage and nature of power exercised by <mask> IV the Curly in 1146. Division of the Polish state

<mask> divided his domains into the following provinces:

The Seniorate Province (with his capital Kraków) was supposed to be non-inherited and indivisible. It consisted of Lesser Poland, Sieradz and Łęczyca, the western part of Kruszwica and Kuyavia, the eastern part of Greater Poland, Kalisz, Gniezno and Gdańsk Pomerania.Western Pomerania as a fief would remain under the control of the senior duke. Władysław II received the Silesian Province, comprising Silesia, with his capital Wrocław and the Lubusz land. He probably received this domain already between 1124 and 1125 after his marriage with Agnes of Babenberg. As the eldest son, he became in the first senior duke (or princeps). <mask> IV received the Masovian Province, with his capital in Płock and eastern Kuyavia. Mieszko <mask> received the Greater Poland Province, composed of the remaining western parts of Greater Poland, with his capital in Poznań. Henry received the Sandomierz Province, composed of eastern Lesser Polish territories centered around the city of Sandomierz and the Bug River to the north, with his capital in Lublin.Salomea,

masks: Bolesław Bolesław Bolesław III


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 Bolesław's widow, received Łęczyca or Sieradz-Łęczyca as her dower. After her death, these lands were to be included in the Seniorate Province. Casimir II, Bolesław's youngest son, was not included in the testament, because he was born after his father's death or shortly before. Among medievalists there is a view that the Statute only provide the inheritance of Bolesław's descendants in the first generation (i.e. his sons). After their deaths, their lands were to be included in the Seniorate Province. However, the later fights between them made the provinces transformed into a hereditary domains.Feudal division of Poland

The "Senioral Principle" was soon broken, leading to a period of nearly 200 years of Poland's disintegration, also known as feudal fragmentation, a phenomenon common in medieval Europe. Among others countries who were affected by this are Russia, Hungary, and Germany. This was a time of internal struggles that caused the weakening of the Polish state and the enormous growth of internal development, culture, and improving the situation of the broad masses of the population. Distribution of the then princely rights by contemporary historiography also had a good side, which include: the reconstruction of


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 the political system in the new economic fundamentals and increasing responsibility for the fate of the country placed upon its upper echelons. Organization of state
A detailed knowledge of the internal organization of the 12th century Polish state is impossible. There are no documents from this period and the reports of chroniclers showed problems about a real knowledge of the principality's management. Bolesław divided his domains into provinces, districts and grods (a type of fortified village or castellany).Within them remained the Opole. Territorial scope of the province corresponded to the laters Dzielnica. It's believed that 6–7 provinces were created: Masovia, Silesia, Greater Poland, Kraków, Sandomierz, Kalisz-Łęczyca and Pomerania (from the lands of Gdańsk Pomerania). During Bolesław's reign attempts were made to organize the borders areas into marches following the German model. Among the marches corroborated in the available sources are: Głogów, Gdańsk and probably Lubusz. Probably Bolesław had a number of well-maintained castles that served in the political, economic and administrative spheres. The state's nature during the Piast dynasty was patrimonial.The ducal court (Latin: curia ducis) was a center of


texts: power, which belonged to the reigning family (along with a separate court by the duchess), after them came the secular and Church dignitaries and subjects, next to lower officials, chivalry and courtly princely members and chaplains. The most important office at the court of Władysław I Herman and <mask> was the count palatine (also known as voivode). The count palatine (Latin: comes palatinus) included major command of the military expeditions (in place of the ruler), defense of the State, supervision of the administration (as head of the ducal court), control and appointment of the heads of the castellanies and the exercise of the courts. The office of count palatine was abolished in 1180. Already during the reign of Mieszko II Lambert saw the development of Polish bureaucratic apparatus. The collector (Latin: camerarius), managed the economy of the ducal court. Another specific offices in the ducal court the cześnik (cup-bearer), the stolnik (esquire), the strażnik (guard), the miecznik (Sword-bearer), the Koniuszy (Master of the Horse) and the Łowczy (Master of the Hunt).During <mask>'s reign appeared the office of the chancellor, who directed the work of the court offices and the ducal chapel (Latin: capella), which


texts: consisted of a bunch of secular and religious duties. Michał Awdaniec was a chancellor at this time. Also belonged to the central government the treasurer, the Mint Master and others. Also during the rule of Bolesław the structure of the state was closely linked to the organization of the Polish Church. The church was subject to the ruler, which had the right of Investiture. The ducal court was in contact with the subjects via the castellanies, who were managed by the Naczelnik or Town Chief (Latin: princeps terrae). He had sovereignty over the castellanies or grods (Latin: comes), while the castellans (grod rulers) should exercise the local civil authority, getting benefits from the public, organizing the defense and probably exercising the courts.Under the direct obligation of the ruler are the bailiff, the źupan (gastald), the minters, the celnik (tax collector) and collectors. All important functions in the principality are held by the nobility. The castellan belonged to the group of nobles, officials and ministerialis. Some had served directly to the ruler, others held the offices, while the role of others are of food shortages. The Margraves (who are in charge of the border areas) were directly subordinate to the


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 Polish ruler and had greater power than the provincial chiefs. At the end of the 11th century waned this princely organization. Was replaced with the Western European model of troops consisting of chivalry.The Latin term milites, which had been used to determine the soldiers came to be called the category of knights and warriors who could afford to keep a horse. Polish armed forces in Bolesław's times are composed of three types of forces: the princely army (Oddziału nadwornego), the lord's army (Drużyny możnowładców) and the militia (Pospolite ruszenie), composed of branches of small feudal lords and peasants (according to other views the militia adjutant troops were powerful and also composed by clergy and laity). The princely army consisting of his nobles—at the end of the 11th century, the so-called "New People" (pl: Nowi Ludzie): tribal chiefs, local leaders and opolne rulers who aspired to participate in government, sent their sons to the duke's court, where he was accompanied the ruler. Bolesław's personal guard was probably chosen by himself, using an invocation which was written in the Chronicles of Gallus Anonymous:

 A young people, with great manners and high birth, by at my side constantly in battle, with


texts: me accustomed to hardships! The nobles maintained their own army, which consisted of poor knights supported by peasants. They also are responsible for their armament. Among the equipment used by them was a wooden weapons (like spear), blunt weapons (like club), cutting weapons (like sword) and belching weapons (like crossbow, bow and arrow, sling), and the so-called protective equipment (shield, helmet, armor).These armies over time become larger than the princely one, the most notorious example from this was Sieciech. During the constant conflicts at the beginning of the 12th century, the nobles invoked the militia, particularly of endangered lands. The whole militia was divided into branches, which were given the names of their native districts (for example, the Kruszwiczan hordes). In the case of an armed conflict to a greater weapon are invoked independent branches composed by peasants (for example, during 1109). In addition to the nobles (who were tied to the ruler and his court) and warriors the Polish society in Bolesław's times also consisted of free peasants and servants (attached to his place of residence). A distinct social group were the free people, the so-called guests (Latin: hospites) -who do not own


texts: property-, the warriors (Latin: milites gregarii) who had farms and are counted into the common people. At the end of the social scale are the slaves (brańcy of war, or their descendants).There are little difference between them and the free peasants, but their duty to their master was higher. Non-free population was also used for personal services or to work on the land in favor of the ruler. All aspects of life in the state were regulated by the ducal judge (Latin: ius ducale). He covered all the rights of the duke, in relation to the subjects or property, the enforcement of a variety of benefits, dues and ministries. The expanded state apparatus and the church maintained by benefits from the population producing material goods. The main burden of the tax rests on the lowest social class: the peasantry (Latin: heredes, rustici ducis, possesores). Up to them to submit certain levies, tithes, and other forms of taxes like the podworowe (in the form of a cow, which consisted of the entire village), podymne (for every house), poradlne (for each piece of land), narzazu (for grazing pigs in the woods), the stacji or stanu (who allow the maintenance of the duke's court) and the posług komunikacyjnych, who regulated the


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 transport ways in the country and was divided in three main taxes: przewód ("the cable"), powóz ("the carriage") and podwód ("the wagon").Other minor taxes involved hunting, military, guards (who custodied the grods), taxes on regalia and criminal penalties. In addition, subjects were required to repair roads, bridges, construction and maintenance of castles. Seals and coinage

Of the five oldest preserved seals from Polish rulers four were discovered in various places during 2002–06, while one of more than 100 years ago. Polish archaeologists made further discoveries in Głębokie (2002), in Ostrów Tumski (2005), in Gniezno (2005) and in an undisclosed location in the village of Susk near Sierpc, 32 km. from Płock (2006). The first preliminary studies suggested that the seals could belonged to <mask> III Wrymouth. They are made of lead, a durable material, with a diameter of 36–40 mm.The lead seals are used at that time in European courts and are from the Bulla tipe. Seals are known in municipal and military orders. Occasionally, in the most important documents (acts) were used golden bullas. The discovered bullas from Bolesław's reign fall into two major types, differing in the form of writing:

 Type I: extended stored


texts: on the obverse in the genitive, with the Latin word sigillum. Type II: short and around the bulla. One example from both type of seals came from the relationship with St. Adalbert, where he emphasizes his pontifical recognition (in type I) and in the crosier, with the gesture of the imposition of hands, clearly visible in the seals after restoration (in type II). The use of the genitive seals in Poland came from the 12th century, a phenomenon (unprecedented), with its only then monetary equivalent in the denarius with the Latin legend: Denarivs ducis Bolezlai.At the end of <mask>'s reign returned to the staid mold inscriptions with the Latin legend: Dvx Bolezlavus. According to S. Suchodolski the bullas were used for the authentication of princely documents like letters, privileges, judgments, etc., and by T. Jurek, they could also be used to secure the business arrangements (like buy of doors, chests, reliquaries). In October 2006, the Poznań Society of Friends of Learning has confirmed that the discovered bullas during 2002–05 belonged to <mask> <mask>. During Bolesław's reign appeared a two-sided denarius, which was denominated the foreign coin (Polish: monetą obcą). The first known denarius from this time bears the

masks:
Bolesław
Bolesław
III Wrymouth


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 Latin legend Bolezlav. For the others most commonly used coins bears the Latin inscription Bolezlavs, denarivus, dicis Bolezlai with St. Adalbert in the reverse. Another type of coins didn't have legends.They differ mostly came from the weight: they were much lighter, punched for purely economic purposes. In this time was also modeled mainly on the Magdeburg technique a bracteate, who was one of the oldest in Europe. There are two types of bracteates who dated from Bolesław's reign:

 The type II shows in both sides before <mask> and St. Adalbert, who put his hand over the ruler in a gesture of protection. The legend shows the Latin inscription Bolezlaus Adalbertus. This bracteate initially was considered a way of penance from Bolesław for Zbigniew's blinding. Was probably minted in Kraków around 1127. The type I is less frequent.Showed St. Adalbert in episcopal robes, holding a crozier and Gospel. Legend of the coin determines the form of the Archbishop of Gniezno. Further studies have shown that the coin was minted between the period of the Congress of Merseburg (1135) and <mask>'s death (1138). It's now called the protective, since illustrates the protection of St. Adalbert to the Polish ruler, who after his homage to


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 the Holy Roman Empire in 1135 only recognizes the saint as his protector. It's one of the few examples of political propaganda in the coin's legend. According to A. Schmidt this was an Archbishop's coin which was minted in Gniezno, probably in 1135. In addition to the two presented bracteates from Bolesław's there is one, which is now counted among the oldest known in numismatics.This bracteate was found in Brzeg (in Gmina Pęczniew) and preserved almost the 2/3 part of the whole weight of 0.61 g and a diameter of 27 mm. The coin shows the figure of the ruler with crown, sword in hand and an outstretched hand. Initially, was believed that showed Władysław II the Exile. Further studies, included by A. Mikolajczyk, identified this image with <mask> <mask>. Among researchers, however, today, there are discrepancies about what ruler showed the coin, because the inscription preserved is incomplete. Princely mints are mostly located in Wrocław, Płock, Gniezno and Kraków. In that time also existed private mints, such as Palatine Sieciech, who placed them in Sieciechów and near Kraków.Church foundations
It was customary between the 12th-century ruling families a wide-ranging religious activities like donations in the benefit of

masks:
Bolesław
III Wrymouth


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 the Church. The main objective was to spread Christianity. This was to include show religious rulers in the face of God, church hierarchs, clergy and society. Bolesław wasn't the exception, and he wasn't not only a predatory warrior, a cunning politician and a diplomat; he was also a patron of cultural developments in his realm. Like most medieval monarchs, he founded several churches and monasteries. Among the most important of which are:
 The Benedictine monastery of Holy Cross atop the Łysa Góra which was founded in place of an ancient pagan temple. The first Abbot of this monastery, Boguchwał, wrote about the foundation and the Duke:

 The pious Duke Bolesław founded in Łysa Góra an Abbey dedicated to the Holy Trinity with monks of the Order of St. Benedict.Stored documents from about 1427 (called the świętokrzyskie dokumenty pergaminowe) confirm the history of the Bishop, adding that the co-founder of the monastery was the knight Wojsław. The St. Giles-Church in Inowłódz was built in the Romanesque style. According to a modern plate inscription (presumably from the 17th century) this temple was built in 1082 by Władysław I Herman. However, modern research revealed that the foundation of the Church was probably


texts: during the 12th century (at the latest from 1138) and the founder was <mask>. The Collegiate Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Ostrów Tumski was founded thanks to the donations of Haymo, Bishop of Wrocław and comes Wojsław in 1120, following the reports of the 15th-century Rocznika głogowskiego. Modern scholars believed that the founder was <mask> (T. Lalik), or the foundation was made by Bishop Haymo and Wojsław with the consent of the Duke (H. Gerlic) or was a foundation made by Bishop Haymo and <mask> (T. Jurek). In earlier studies of the history of Silesia existed the opinion that Bolesław founded the Collegiate as a gesture of gratitude for the loyalty and bravery of the people of Głogów and also as a way of penance for Zbigniew's blinding.The Benedictine Abbey in Tyniec according to some hypotheses was also founded by Bolesław. In 1124 the Papal legate issued the confirmation of the goods received from the Abbey's estates. The Abbey of Lubiń was restored during 1137–38 by Bolesław and the Awdaniec family. The Wawel Cathedral was completed during Bolesław's reign. In 1118 Bishop Maurus was buried there. The Canons regular of St. Augustine in Trzemeszno was probably founded by Bolesław. Evidence


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 of this was in a document issued by Mieszko III the Old in 1145.The connection of <mask> and his second wife Salomea with the Swabian monastery of Zwiefalten was well known. The detailed description of Berthold of Zwiefalten was the only evidence of the cultural, artistic and religious development of the 12th-century Polish court:

 The Polish Duke <mask> sent the black cover choirs black, sewn white oxen [...] the gold, the silver, and the tablecloths, and especially in the most numerous of any kind of valuable furs to this monastery more than seventy grzywna. Salomea, his wife, sent gold woven stole, two alb knitted silk and silver pitcher with four grzywna on the box of ivory studded with gold, to draw up the choir covers his red coat decorated with gold stripes, and another coat on for the Mass all interwoven gold, dissuaded gold stripes and bottom trimmed with red frames, which according to the custom of the people is decorated with golden stars, curtain wall, one with a silk frames, the other adorned with white lions and the third red in the white list, [...] a hand from Saint Stephen the Martyr [...], a large piece of the Holy Cross, a tooth from Saint John the Baptist, a tooth from Saint Pancras, a tooth of Saint


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 Cecilia, some of the blood of Christ, milk of the Virgin Mary and a chain of Saint Peter. In addition, one hundred pounds of silver, one gold appliqué alb, a cross gold weighing more than four fine gold, a silver gilt chalice, a silver plated pitcher of nearly six fines, a stole embroidered with gold, together with a scarf, a belt, a dalmatic all woven of gold, with the value of fifty and more brands, one black tunic with gold appliqué, a scarf and a cloth interwoven with gold, which together can have a value of twenty grzywna, a curtain wall, knitted silk, one box of ivory, one beautiful crystal vessel, three horses, two ounces of gold, two coats, one of which [...] ermine, a bishop's miter with gloves, on four fine and three coats of other goodies. The same source mentioned that the golden cross donated to the monastery was made by master Leopard, who worked for the Polish ruler during 1129–37. The Reliquary of 1113 is an example of the artistic development during Bolesław's rule; was made during the penitential journey to the tomb of Saint Adalbert in Gniezno Cathedral after the blinding of Zbigniew, according to the reports the Gallus Anonymous:

 The evidence of the great work of goldsmiths, Bolesław had made on a


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 relic of the Saint, as a testimony to his devotion and penance. Half coffin contains in itself 80 grzywna, the purest gold, not counting the pearls and precious stones that probably matched the value of the gold.The Reliquary contained the head of Saint Adalbert. At the end of the 15th century it was melted in order to make a new one. According to the notes of 1494, it had the form of an octagonal shrine. The side walls have the shape of squares and were separated by small columns, which were based on the figures of saints or prophets. The monument was decorated with 8 pearls and 40 sapphires. Polish historiography during Bolesław's reign

During his rule, Bolesław wanted the history of the Piast dynasty to be written. This task was assigned to an unnamed Benedictine monk (who had been incorrectly named as Gallus Anonymous).Modern research, however, suggests that the monk was a Venetian. His Chronica Polonorum, written in Latin, was made between 1112 and 1116. The history of the State (Latin: gesta ducum) was made describing the fate of the rulers. The Chronicle covers the history from legendary times until 1114. Composed of three parts, this unfinished literary work justified the right of the Piasts to rule over Poland.


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 The Chronicle also explain many controversial events that were placed under the responsibility of the rulers, and give a full explanation about their policy. See also
 Piast dynasty
 History of Poland (966–1385)

Notes

References

Sources
 Gallus Anonymous: Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum, Kraków 1923.Wincenty Kadłubek: Kronika polska, Wrocław 2003. Cosmas of Prague: Kosmasa Kronika Czechów, Warsaw 1968. Jan Wikarjak (ed. ): Pomorze Zachodnie w żywotach Ottona, Warsaw 1979. Полное собранiе русскихъ лѣтописей, изданное по Высочайшему повелѣнiю Археографическою Коммиссiею, vol. 1, Лаврентiевская и Троицкая лѣтописи, Санктпетербургъ 1846. Полное собранiе русскихъ лѣтописей, изданное по Высочайшему повелѣнiю Археографическою Коммиссiею, vol.2, Ипатiевская лѣтопись, Санктпетербургъ 1843. Полное собранiе русскихъ лѣтописей, изданное по Высочайшему повелѣнiю Археографическою Коммиссiею, vol. 7, Летопись по Воскресенскому списку, Санктпетербургъ 1856. Online sources
 Marcin Bielski: Kronika polska (in Polish), Kraków 1597, [retrieved 28 July 2014]. August Bielowski (ed), Monumenta Poloniae Historica (in Polish), vol. II, Lwów 1872, [retrieved 28 July 2014]. Papal Bull Ex commisso nobis a Deo in: Codex


texts:
 diplomaticus majoris Polonia (in Latin), vol.1, nr 7, [retrieved 28 July 2014]. Papal Bull Sacrosancta Romana in: Codex diplomaticus majoris Polonia (in Latin), vol. 1, nr 6, [retrieved 28 July 2014]. Gallus Anonymous: Kronika polska (in Polish), Wrocław 2003, [retrieved 28 July 2014]. Jan Długosz: Jana Długosza kanonika krakowskiego Dziejów polskich ksiąg dwanaście (in Polish), vol. I, Kraków 1867, [retrieved 28 July 2014]. G. H. Pertz: Annales Magdeburgenses (Monumenta Germaniae Historica) (Monumenta Germaniae Historica) (in Latin), vol.XVI, Hannover 1859, [retrieved 1 July 2011]. G. H. Pertz: Annalista Saxo w: Chronica et annales aevi Salici (Monumenta Germaniae Historica) (in Latin), vol. VI, Hannover 1844, [retrieved 28 July 2014]. Collective work: Monumenta Poloniae Historica (in Polish) (Polish historical monuments), vol. III, Lwów 1878, [retrieved 28 July 2014]. Bibliography
 S. Arnold S: Historia Polski do połowy XV wieku, Warsaw 1968. O. Baranowska: Pomorze Zachodnie – moja mała ojczyzna, Szczecin 2001.M. K. Barański: Dynastia Piatów w Polsce, Warsaw 2006. J. Bieniak: Polska elita polityczna XII wieku (Part II: Wróżda i zgoda), [in:] K. Kuczyński (ed. ): Społeczeństwo Polski średniowiecznej, vol. III, Warsaw


texts: 1985. D. Borawska: Gallus Anonim czy Italus Anonim [in:] "Przegląd Historyczny", nr 56, 1965. K. Buczek: Jeszcze o testamencie Bolesława Krzywoustego [in:] "Przegląd Historyczny", nr 60, 1969. W. Czapliński, A. Galos, W. Korta: Historia Niemiec, Wrocław 1990.Z. Dalewski: Rytuał i polityka. Opowieść Galla Anonima o konflikcie Bolesława Krzywoustego ze Zbigniewem, Warsaw 2005. D. Dąbrowski: Genealogia Mścisławowiczów, Kraków 2008. J. Dowiat (ed. ): Kultura Polski średniowiecznej X-XIII w., Warsaw 1985. M. Dworsatschek: Władysław II Wygnaniec, Kraków 2009. L. Fabiańczyk: Apostoł Pomorza, Szczecin 2001.L. Giesebrecht: Wendische Geschichte aus den Jahren 780–1182, Berlin 1843. R. Gładkiewicz (ed. ): Kłodzko: dzieje miasta, Kłodzko 1998. A. F. Grabski: Polska w opiniach obcych X-XIII w., Warsaw 1964. R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, Kraków 1995. M. Gumblowicz: Zur Geschichte Polens im Mittelalter.Zwei kritische Untersuchunden über die Chronik Baldwin Gallus. Aus dem Nachlass des Verfassers herausgegeben, Innsbruck 1898. M. Gumowski: Podręcznik numizmatyki polskiej, Kraków 1914. I. Ihnatowicz, A. Mączak, B. Zientara: Społeczeństwo polskie od X do XX wieku, Warsaw 1979. S.


texts:
 Helsztyński: O Gallu Anonimie i jego dziele [in:] Gall Anonim, Wielkie czyny Bolesława Krzywoustego, Warsaw 1948. Ph. Jaffé: Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, cap.1, Leipzig 1885. P. Jasienica: Polska Piastów, Warsaw 2007. K. Jasiński: Przydomek Bolesława Krzywoustego [in:] Genealogia. Studia i materiały historyczne, vol. VI, Poznań-Wrocław 1995. K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów śląskich, Kraków 2007, cap. I.
 K. Jasiński: Rodowód pierwszych Piastów, Poznań 2004.T. Jasiński: Czy Gall Anonim to Monachus Littorensis? [in:] "Kwartalnik Historyczny", no 112, cap 3, 2005. J. Kłoczowski: Młodsza Europa. Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia w kręgu cywilizacji chrześcijańskiej średniowiecza, Warsaw 2003. L. Korczak: Władysław I Herman, [in:] S. Szczur, K. Ożóg (ed. ): Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999.E. Kosiarz: Wojny na Bałtyku X-XIX w., Gdańsk 1978. E. Kowalczyk: Krzywousty – skaza moralna czy fizyczna [in:] "Kwartalnik Historyczny", nr 101, 1994. J. Krzyżaniakowa: Rola kulturalna Piastów w Wielkopolsce, [in:] R. Heck (ed. ): Piastowie w dziejach Polski. Zbiór artykułów z okazji trzechsetnej rocznicy wygaśnięcia dynastii Piastów, Wrocław 1975. P. Ksyk-Gąsiorowska: Zbigniew


texts: [in:] S. Szczur, K. Ożóg (ed. ): Piastowie.Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999. G. Labuda: Korona i infuła. Od monarchii do poliarchii, Kraków 1996, . G. Labuda: Testament Bolesława Krzywoustego [in:] A. Horst (ed. ): Opuscula Casimiro Tymieniecki septuagenario dedicata, Poznań 1959. H. Łowmiański: Początki Polski: polityczne i społeczne procesy kształtowania się narodu do początku wieku XIV, vol. VI, cap.1, Warsaw 1985. J. Machnicki: Przewrotna historia Polski – do 1795 roku, Kielce 1999. K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, Wrocław – Warsaw – Kraków – Gdańsk 1975. K. Maleczyński: Studia nad dokumentem polskim, Wrocław 1971. K. Maleczyński: W kwestii autentyczności bulli gnieźnieńskiej z r. 1136 [in:] Prace Wrocławskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego, serie A, nr 2, Wrocław 1947. K. Maleczyński: W sprawie daty urodzin Bolesława Krzywoustego, [in:] "Kwartalnik Historyczny", nr 50, 1936. T. Manteuffel: Polska wśród nowych państw Europy [in:] T. Manteuffel (ed.): Polska pierwszych Piastów. Państwo, społeczeństwo, kultura, Warsaw 1968. A. Marzec: Bolesław III Krzywousty [in:] S. Szczur, K. Ożóg (ed. ): Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999. A. Nawrot: (ed.) Encyklopedia Historia, Kraków 2007.V. Novotný V: České dějiny.


texts: Dílu I. část II, Od Břetislava I. do Přemysla I, Prague 1912. T. M. Nowak, J. Wimmer: Historia oręża polskiego 963–1795, Warsaw 1981. J. Ochmański: Dzieje Rosji do roku 1861, Warsaw – Poznań 1974. F. Piekosiński: Najdawniejszy dokument polski. Wiadomości Numizmatyczno-Archeologiczne, vol. IV, 1899–1902, p. 493.Z. S. Pietras: <mask> Krzywousty, Cieszyn 1978. M. Plezia: Nowe studia nad Gallem-Anonimem, [in:] H. Chłopocka (ed. ): Mente et litteris. O kulturze i społeczeństwie wieków średnich, Poznań 1984. M. Plezia: Wstęp [in:] Gallus Anonymous: Kronika polska, Wrocław 2003. J. Powierski: Data konsekracji katedry gnieźnieńskiej (1 maja 1099) na tle sytuacji politycznej Polski, Rusi i krajów sąsiednich [in:] "Roczniki historyczne", 1994. L. Ratajczyk L. (pod red.), Historyczny rodowód polskiego ceremoniału wojskowego, Warszawa 1981. E. Rymar: Primogenitura zasadą regulującą następstwo w pryncypat w ustawie sukcesyjnej Bolesława Krzywoustego, [in:] "Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka", cap. 1, nr 1 (48), 1993. E. Rymar: Rodowód książąt pomorskich, Szczecin 2005. B. Snoch: Protoplasta książąt śląskich, Katowice 1985. J. Spors J: Studia nad wczesnośredniowiecznymi dziejami Pomorza Zachodniego XII-połowa XIII w., Słupsk 1988.


texts:
 M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, Kraków 2003.S. Suchodolski: Denar w kalecie, Wrocław 1981. S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, Kraków 2002. J. W. Szymański: Książęcy ród Gryfitów, Goleniów – Kielce 2006. Z. Świechowski, E. Gawlikowska-Świechowska: Sztuka polska, Romanizm, vol. I, Warsaw 2005. J. Topolski (ed. ): Dzieje Polski do roku 1501, Warsaw 1993.S. Trawkowski: <mask> <mask>usty [in:] A. Garlicki (ed. ): Poczet królów i książąt polskich, Warsaw 1978. T. Tyc: Zbigniew i Bolesław, [in:] Arcybiskup Marcin i Gniezno, Poznań 1927. J. Wyrozumski: Historia Polski do roku 1505, Warsaw 1984. B. Zientara: Władysław II Wygnaniec, [in:] A. Garlicki (ed. ): Poczet królów i książąt polskich, Warsaw 1978. J. Żylińska: Piastówny i żony Piastów, Warsaw 1975.Online bibliography
 M. Andrałojć, W. Andrałojć: Bulle księcia Bolesława Krzywoustego (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. M. Andrałojć, W. Andrałojć: Nie śniło się historykom (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów (in Polish), Kraków 1895 [retrieved 28 July 2014]. R. Drogi: Państwo Czeskie Przemyślidów (historia Czech, cz. III. 1) (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. M. Folwarniak:

masks:
Bolesław
III Krzywo


texts: Pierwsze polskie brakteaty.Poglądy na ich temat w ujęciu historycznym (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. W. Garbaczewski: Polska: Epoka denarowa w mennictwie polskim (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. W. Garbaczewski: Polskie monety kruszcowe od X wieku (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. M. Gronowski: Opactwo Benedyktynów w Tyńcu. Założenie klasztoru. Spór o fundatora Opactwa (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. K. Kmąk: Wojna polsko-niemiecka 1109 (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014].K. Kollinger: Ruskie posiłki dla Bolesława III Krzywoustego w 1109, śmierć Zbysławy i trwałość sojuszu polsko-ruskiego w latach 1102–1114 (in Polish) [retrieved 13 September 2009]. B. Kozłowski: Śmierć księcia Zbigniewa, oślepionego przez Bolesława Krzywoustego (in Polish) [retrieved 2 September 2009]. W. Mischke and others: Kronika życia naukowego (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. W. Mischke: Polska korona królów czeskich (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. Ł. Piernikarczyk: Palatyn Sieciech (1080–1100) (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. H. Podolińska: Kościół grodowy (I) na Ostrowie Tumskim – historyczny świadek Obrony Głogowa (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. J. Prajzner: Numizmatyka: Katalog polskich monet


texts:
 obiegowych.Monety 1916–2010 (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. S. Orgelbranda encyklopedja powszechna (in Polish), vol. 12, Od Polska do Rohan, Warsaw 1902, [retrieved 28 July 2014]. J. Serafin: Pomniki Głogowa (in Polish) [in:] J. Sadowski (ed. ): Encyklopedia Ziemi Głogowskiej, vol. XLIII, Głogów 2001, [retrieved 28 July 2014]. R. Sidorski: Kierunek: Wenecja!.Wywiad z Tomaszem Jasińskim (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. S. Suchodolski: Nowe (mazowieckie) znalezisko bulli Bolesława Krzywoustego i problemy ołowianych pieczęci we wczesnośredniowiecznej Polsce (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. A. Śmiech: Testament Bolesława Krzywoustego (in Polish) [retrieved 28 July 2014]. External links

 Map of the feudal dissolution

1086 births
1138 deaths
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texts:
<mask> (May 4, 1891 – October 24, 1952) was a Jewish-American composer and teacher. His works include symphonies, concerti, chamber music, works for solo piano and for solo organ, lieder, and one opera. He taught at Juilliard School of Music from 1936 to 1950, where his pupils included Mark Bucci, Alexei Haieff, Julia Frances Smith, Robert Starer, John Verrall, and Robert Ward. He also served as the director of the American section of the International Society for Contemporary Music and was a founding member of the League of Composers. He died on October 24, 1952 in New York City of heart failure. Biography

Early life
<mask> was the son of San Francisco wholesale wine merchant, <mask>. and Flora Brandenstein (daughter of tobacco wholesaler Joseph Brandenstein), whom <mask>. had married in 1876. During the composer's childhood years, he demonstrated his musical talent, composing short pieces at the piano and playing tunes from contemporary musical comedies by ear.In these years the family traveled each summer to visit relatives in New York City. The scenery of those cross-country train rides later provided the themes of a number of Jacobi's nature-inspired compositions. Musical training and career
When <mask>. died in 1911, <mask>. inherited the estate, which provided him enough wealth that he could devote his entire livelihood to music. In his twenties Jacobi studied music and composition under such masters as Isidor Philipp of the Paris Conservatory, Rafael Joseffy, Paolo Gallico,

masks:
Frederick Jacobi
Frederick Jacobi
Frederick Jacobi Sr
Frederick Sr
Frederick Sr
Frederick Jr


texts: Ernest Bloch and Rubin Goldmark in New York, and Paul Juon in Berlin. From 1913 to 1917 he worked as a vocal coach and assistant conductor at the Metropolitan Opera. It was during that time, on April 19, 1917, that he married Irene Schwarcz, a friend of many years, who, at the time, was studying piano at the New York Institute of Musical Art (which later became Juilliard). Irene would go on to become an accomplished concert pianist and would play piano parts in many performances and recordings of Jacobi's works.Jacobi enlisted in the army shortly after marrying Irene, where he served as a saxophone player in the Alcatraz Army Band. He was discharged in 1919, at which time he moved to New York to be in closer contact with the American composers of the time. His first large orchestral work, The Eve of St. Agnes, debuted the following year in New York. For the remainder of his life he published and performed new works nearly every year—sometimes several in the same year (see compositions section). Major American orchestras such as the New York Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco symphonies performed Jacobi's orchestral compositions during the years of his life. In works from what has become known as Jacobi's Indian period (late 1920s and early 1930s), he incorporated rhythms and other elements from indigenous Native American music he had heard in his travels through the American southwest. Indeed, he spent the winter of 1927 with the


texts:
 Navajo and Pueblo of New Mexico studying their music.In 1942-1944 Jacobi collaborated with Canadian playwright and librettist, Herman Voaden, to produce the opera, The Prodigal Son, which debuted at the American Opera Society of Chicago in May 1945. <mask> is also known and best remembered as a composer of works with Judaic themes. His interest in this genre began with a 1930 commission from Congregation Emanu-El of the City of New York for a sabbath evening service. Although he had not been religiously educated as a child, this experience affected him permanently, and thereafter the Bible influenced all of his music, secular and liturgical. He even taught himself Hebrew. Although <mask>'s secular work is performed only infrequently today, his liturgical works continue to receive performances in synagogues. Jacobi's work largely rejects the polytonality and atonality that was popular with the avant-garde composers of his time.Instead he finds his influence in the classical and romantic periods. Baltimore Sun critic, Florestan Croche, described Jacobi's style as having "a sense of the drama which is always aristocratic, introspective, and personal, and never allowed to become theatrical. Harmonically ... his is a language of extreme chromaticism, one, however, which always appears to be tonally oriented." New York Times critic, Olin Downes, described the aesthetics of <mask>'s music as "not so much of the 20th as of the 19th century." Awards and honors
Honorable mention in the

masks:
Legacy Jacobi
Jacobi
Jacobi


texts:
 Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge Competition, 1924
Two-time winner of the award of the Society for the Publication of American Music
David Bispham Medal awarded by The American Opera Society for The Prodigal Son. Source: New York Times

Quotes on musical composition and anecdotes
"I am a great believer in melody; a believer, too, that music should give pleasure and not try to solve philosophical problems." "The surest way to kill whatever originality one possesses within himself is to try to be original!"Irene was in a box near the Metropolitan Opera stage one evening when <mask> was the prompter. After the performance she said, "Darling, you were wonderful. I heard every word you said!" Discography
RCA Victor Red Seal, M 782, 1-5 (78rpm, late 1930s)
Hagiographia: Three Biblical Narratives for String Quartet and Piano. <mask>, piano; with the Coolidge Quartet: William Kroll, 1st violin; Nicolai Berezowsky, 2nd violin; Nicholas Moldavan, viola; Victor Gottlieb, cello

SPA [Society for Participating Artists] Records 7 Saratoga Springs, NY
Concerto for Violin and Orchestra. Andre Gertler and the Orchestra of the Institut Nationale Belge de Radiodiffusion, Franz Andre, conductor. Two pieces for Flute and Orchestra: Night Piece and Dance.Francis Stoefs, flute and the Orchestra of the Institut Nationale Belge de Radiodiffusion, Franz Andre, conductor. Concertino for Piano and String Orchestra. <mask>, piano and the Orchestra of the Institut Nationale Belge de Radiodiffusion, Franz Andre,

masks:
Frederick Jacobi
Irene Jacobi
Irene Jacobi


texts:
 conductor. CRI [Composers Recordings Inc.] 146 (LP)
Ballade for Violin and Piano. Fredell Lack, violin; <mask>, piano
Fantasy for Viola and Piano. Louise Rood, viola; <mask>, piano
String Quartet No. 3.Lyric Art Quartet: Fredell Lack and George Bennett, violins; Wayne Crouse, viola; Marion Davies, cello

CRI 174 (LP)
Concerto for Cello and Orchestra. Guido Vecchi with members of the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra, William Strickland, conductor. Hagiographia: Three Biblical Narratives for String Quartet and Piano. <mask>, piano; with the Claremont String Quartet: Mark Gottlieb and Vladimir Weisman, violins; Scot Nickrenz, viola; Irving Klein, cello. CRI 703 (CD)
Digitally remastered contents of CRI 146 and CRI 174, with the exception of the Fantasy for Viola and Piano. NAXOS AMERICAN CLASSICS: Milken Archive of American Jewish Music (CD)
Concerto for Violincello, and Orchestra. Alban Gerhardt, cello; Barcelona Symphony/National Orchestra of Catalonia, Karl Anton Rickenbacher, conductor.Sabbath Evening Service (excerpts). Patrick Mason, baritone; Academy of St. Martin in the Fields Chorus, Joseph Cullen, conductor. Hagiographia for String Quartet and Piano. Brian Krinke, violin; Perrin Yang, violin; George Taylor, viola; Stefan Reuss, cello; Joseph Werner, piano. Ahavat Olam. Cantor Robert Bloch; New York Cantorial Choir; Aaron Miller, organ; Samuel Adler, conductor. Two Pieces in Sabbath Mood.Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra; Samuel Adler, conductor

Compositions

1915 The Pied Piper,

masks:
Irene Jacobi
Irene Jacobi
Irene Jacobi


texts:
 Symphonic Poem
1916 Three Songs to Poems by Sarojini Naidu (“The Faery Isle of Janjira,” “Love and Death,” “In  the Night,” for high voice and piano)
1917 A California Suite (for orchestra)
1918 Nocturne, for string quartet
1918 Psalmody (piano vocal score)
1920 Three Songs, for high voice with piano (words by Sarojini Naidu; “Palanquin-Bearers,” “In a Time of Flowers,” “From a Latticed Balcony”)
1920 The Eve of Saint Agnes (25 min. Symphonic prelude after the poem of John Keats)
1921 Three Preludes for Violin and Piano
1921 Morning and Evening at Blue Hill (for two violins and string orchestra with piano)
1921 A Festival Prelude (for orchestra)
1922 Symphony No. 1 (Subtitled Assyrian, 22 min.) 1922 Three Songs to Poems by Chaucer (for voice and piano) “Roundel” and “Ballade” published as Two Poems by Geoffrey Chaucer
1923 Two Assyrian Prayers (piano vocal score)
1923 Two Assyrian Prayers (Soprano or Tenor and chamber orchestra, 12 min. French text by Rebecca Godchaux. “To Ishtar” and “To Bel-Marduk”)
1924 Three Preludes for Violin, with orchestral accompaniment
1924 String Quartet (Based) on (American) Indian Themes (18 min.) 1925  The Poet in the Desert (after the poem by C.E.S.Wood, for orchestra, chorus and baritone solo)
1926 Nocturne (for flute and small orchestra; 5 min.) Rewritten second movement of Symphony No. 1, 1922)
1926 Marsyas (for violin and piano)
1927-28 Indian Dances/Danses Indiennes/Indianische Tänze (16 ½ min.) ( Buffalo Dance, Butterfly Dance, War Dance, Corn


texts:
 Dance; Suite for Orchestra)
1930-31 Sabbath Evening Service According to the Union Prayer Book (Friday Evening Service, baritone solo/cantor, mixed chorus, a capella; 20 min.) 1932 Concerto (Three Psalms) for Cello and Orchestra (16 min.) Reduction for Piano and Cello,
1933 String Quartet No. 2 (23 min.)1933 Six Pieces for the Organ for Use in the Synagogue. One piece published as Prelude. 1933 Three Preludes for Organ. 1934-35 Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (26 min.) 1934 Piano Pieces for Children (includes A Lovely Little Movie Actress, Once Upon a Time, A Charming Prince, There Was a Wicked Fairy and Six Caprices) A Lovely Little Movie Actress and Once Upon a Time published separately. 1936 Scherzo for Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon and Horn (5 min.) (Scherzo for Wind Instruments)
1936-37 Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (16 min.)1937 Cadenza to Mozart’s Rondo for Piano and Orchestra (Köchel No. 386)
1937 Swing Boy (violin and piano)
1938 Hagiographa: Three Biblical Narratives for String Quartet and Piano (26 min.) 1938 Preludes on Traditional Melodies
1939 Ave Rota: (Hail to the Wheel [of Fortune]) Three Pieces in Multiple Style for Small Orchestra and Piano (“The Swing” [“La Balançoire”], “The Merman” and “May-Dance;” written for the Juilliard Alumni). (14 min. The same for large orchestra and piano)
1939 Dunam Po (“A Dunam Here”) Palestinian folk song arrangement published in Hans Nathan, ed. Folk Songs of the New Palestine. 194?Variations on a Theme by Moussorgsky (for


texts:
 cello and piano)
1940 Shemesh (based on a Palestinian Folk Song) Cello and Piano
1940 Rhapsody for Harp and String Orchestra (8 min.) 1941 Fantasy for Viola and Piano (9 min.) 1941 Ode for Orchestra (12 min.) 1941 Cadenza for Mozart’s Concerto for Piano and Orchestra in C Minor (Köchel No. 491)
1941 Night Piece for Flute and Small Orchestra (5 min.) (Rewritten Nocturne in Niniveh, 1926)
1941 Night Piece and Dance, for flute and piano. 1942 Ballade for Violin and Piano (11 min.)1942 Hymn for Men’s Chorus (text by Saadia Gaon; 5 min.) 1942 From the Prophet Nehemiah: Three Excerpts for Voice and Two Pianos (5, 4 and 6 minutes respectively)
1942-44 The Prodigal Son: Opera in Three Acts based on Four Early American Prints. Text by Herman Voaden. (Full orchestra, 2 ½ hours). 1943 Penelope (arrangement for viola and piano from the 1921 Vocalises.) 1944 Dances From The Prodigal Son Arranged for Two Pianos, Four Hands (10 min.) [polka, polonaise, waltz, tarantella]
1944 Night Piece for Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, String Quintet and Piano
1944 Music for Monticello (Trio for Flute, Cello and Piano, 20 min.)1945 String Quartet No. 3 (26 min.) 1945 Ahavas Olom (Ahavat Olam; 3 min.) (For tenor solo/cantor mixed voices and organ)
1945 Kaddish (for organ)
1945 Toccata (for organ)
1945 Toccata for piano solo. From Prelude and Toccata. 1945 Prelude in E Minor, for piano From Prelude and Toccata. 1945 Impressions from the Odyssey (three pieces for violin and piano; “Ulysses,” “Penelope,” “The Return”)
1945


texts:
 Fantasy Sonata for Piano (9 min.)1945 Four Dances From The Prodigal Son (orchestra, 18 min.) 1946 Concertino for Piano and String Orchestra (17 min.) 1946 Kaddish (for cantor, chorus and organ)
1946 Two Pieces in Sabbath Mood (Kaddish and Oneg Shabbat) (for orchestra, 2 min. and 9 min. Originally composed as two separate works for organ solo: Kaddish and Toccata; transcribed for small orchestra, 1946)
1946 Moods (for piano)
1946 Introduction and Toccata, for piano solo
1946 Prelude in E Minor for piano solo
1946 Contemplation (to a poem by William Blake, for mixed voices with piano accompaniment; 5:30 min.) 1946 Toccata (for organ)
1947 Symphony in C (Symphony No. 2, 21 min.)1947 Meditation for Trombone and Piano
1947 Suite Fantasque (for piano)
1948 Three Songs to Words by Philip Freneau (for medium voice and piano). (“On the Sleep of Plants” [1790], “Elegy” [1786], “Ode to Freedom” [1795])
1948 Ode to Zion (text by Jehuda Halevi) for mixed voices and two harps
1948 Two Dances From The Prodigal Son (arranged for piano, four hands by the composer) [waltz, polka]
1948 Music Hall: Overture for Orchestra (6 min.) 1949 Yeibichai (Yébiché): Variations for Orchestra on an American Indian Theme (9 min.) 1949? Tuari: Nocturne for String Orchestra (“From the [Lento movement of] the String Quartet on Indian Themes”)
1949 Music Hall Suite
1949 Fanfare, in Memory of James Whitcomb Riley: Born 1849 (wind instruments and percussion)
1949 Ashrey Haish (arrangement for mixed voices and string


texts:
 orchestra of a Zionist song by Mordecai Zaira)
1950 Three Quiet Preludes (for organ)
1950 Ballade Concertante for two pianos
1950 Ballade Concertante (Symphonie Concertante) for piano and orchestra
1950-51 Sonata for Cello and Piano
1951 Two Pieces for Flute and Orchestra: Night Piece and Dance (Nocturne in Nineveh and Dance
1951 Capriccio for Violin and Piano
1951 Violin Pieces (with piano; “Alpha,” “Ad Astram,” “Bärentanz”)
1951 Night Piece and Dancefor Flute and Piano (Nocturne in Niniveh, for flute and piano)
1951-52 Arvit L’Shabbat (Friday Evening Service No. 2) for organ, baritone solo/cantor, mixed voices
1952 O May the Words for organ and mixed voices
1952 Serenade (Revised Ballade/Symphonie Concertante; arrangement for two pianos by the composer)
1952 Serenade for Piano and Orchestra (Revised Ballade/Symphonie Concertante)
Source: Anton Wagner, Frederick Jacobi and Herman Voaden

References

External links

Milken Archive: American Jewish Music
Hear audio sample of Frederick Jacobi's work
Hear full recording of Fantasy for Viola and Piano performed by violist, Cathy Basrak, and pianist, William Koehler
 performed by violist, Julia Rebekka Adler, and pianist, Axel Gremmelspacher

20th-century classical composers
Jewish American classical composers
Jacobi, Fredereick
Composers from San Francisco
1891 births
1952 deaths
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from California
20th-century American male


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<mask> (July 6, 1931 – January 5, 1996) was an influential R&B singer and bandleader who worked in the New Orleans area. Early years
<mask> was born at Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana, the youngest of seven children. He grew up in the Hollygrove neighborhood and the Seventh Ward. "There was always lots of music around," he explained. "I sang in church and for plays at school. It was really my teachers who thought I had a good voice and encouraged me." <mask> had his professional debut as a twenty-year-old Marine while stationed at Camp Pendleton in California.He recounted his first appearance fronting a band, "We used to go to this club called the Offshore Lounge to listen to music. It was a nice place, we'd see people like Al Hibbler there. Well, they had a house band and one night the vocalist didn't show. People started asking the band to do requests but they said they couldn't do them without the singer. I got up and said I could do the requests, and I ended up singing the rest of the night." After the show the owner approached <mask> with an offer of a full-time job. "I told him I couldn't (accept) because I was a Marine."<mask> and the owner reached an agreement in which <mask> sang on weekends for $10 a night. <mask> returned to New Orleans after he was discharged from the service. "I went back to school on the GI Bill", he said. He also frequented music clubs like Hayes' Chicken Shack, the Shadowland Club, and the Dew Drop Inn. "I got to know a lot of musicians, so me and a guy called Jack decided to start a small band that worked weekends. One of the first places we played was Dupree's Lounge on North Claiborne and St. Bernard Avenue." One busy Saturday night a white man in a

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Danny White
Joseph Daniel White
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 Cadillac came to Dupree's and offered <mask> and Jack's band a job at his Golden Cadillac Club on Poland Avenue.The club had previously been a Country and Western venue that the owner wanted to reopen as a R&B club. "He offered to pay us a lot more money than what we were making at Dupree's", <mask> said. "We agreed to work for him and it was our band that actually opened the place up. That was in 1955." The band's appearances on Friday and Saturday nights brought in big white audiences, enough that the club was expanded from 700 to 1000 capacity. After a few months the band broke up when Jack wanted to go back to playing black clubs. <mask> hired new musicians, putting together a six-piece band called the Cavaliers after the cigarettes he smoked.Career
<mask> and the Cavaliers were a top attraction at the Golden Cadillac. In November 1956 Huey "Piano" Smith took <mask> to Jackson, Mississippi to meet Ace records owner Johnny Vincent. Smith produced and played piano on several uptempo songs <mask> recorded for Ace, including "Let's Play", "Educated Fool", and the rocking "Too Late". None were released at the time. Smith knew <mask> from the Dew Drop. "I thought he was a good singer but Johnny never did anything with him." In 1960 <mask> recorded a single for Dot Records and Nashville record producer Shelby Singleton, "Give And Take" b/w "Somebody Please Help Me".The record failed to chart. <mask> and the Cavaliers left the Golden Cadillac, and began appearing regularly at the Safari club on Chef Menteur Highway and the Dream Room on Canal Street. In 1963, pianist Lawrence Cotton joined <mask>'s Cavaliers. "That was another real popular band," said Cotton. "A lot of times we played two gigs a night.

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texts: We used to play at the Dream Room at four in the morning. All the French Quarter musicians and strippers came by the club.<mask> was a hell of an entertainer and he really could sing. Curtis Mitchell (bandleader and bass player) used to listen to every new record that came out and transcribe it to the band. That's how we were up on all the latest sounds and stayed so popular." White's guitarist Irving Banister said, "<mask>'s records could have been bigger if he was on a national label, and we could’ve toured. We worked only around N.O., and like Sugar Boy (Crawford), we only played at white clubs. We played a lot of Tulane frat gigs, and clubs like the Safari, the Sands, and the Dream Room." Banister continued, "Every night the place was packed.We usually had a job before we played the Dream Room and a lot of people would follow us there." <mask>'s saxophone player John Payne had a second gig at the Sho Bar on Bourbon Street. "I talked with the (Sho Bar) club owner, Sam Anselmo, and gave him my card", <mask> remembered. "He hired me to start a morning jam session that played from 2:00 A.M. to 6:00 A.M. I didn't know if it would work out, but people started following us from our evening gig to the Dream Room and we'd get 300 people in there on Friday and Saturday nights." Anselmo's son, Jimmy, vividly recalled <mask>'s early morning sets. "<mask> and the Cavaliers were the hottest band in town at the time", he said."And they really rocked the place." The Sho Bar's musical history was rich. In the early 1950s Louis Prima was a regular attraction there with his fourth wife, singer Keely Smith. Prima himself had been discovered on Bourbon Street two decades earlier. In 1954 they were called to Las

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texts: Vegas where, with saxophonist and Bourbon Street veteran Sam Butera, they became regulars on the Las Vegas Strip. By the early 1960s some of the city's top R&B acts performed at the Sho Bar, including <mask> and the Cavaliers, Ernie K-Doe, and King Floyd. Their late-night sets didn't end until the sun was up on Sunday mornings.New Orleans R&B legend Irma Thomas spoke of the part segregation played in black musicians' careers. "Early on, when I was working with <mask> And The Cavaliers, when we got off at Safari Lounge in the east we drove to the Sho  Bar Lounge on Bourbon Street. We'd start working there at 2:30 A.M. and I did it about three times and said 'never again'". She left, as she explained, because "I didn't like the accommodations. We were in a four-by-four or a six-by-six room – this is the area they wanted us (black) musicians to stay in when we weren't on stage. I'd already done two shows with <mask> at the Safari and, to me, it wasn't worth it to come down to the Sho Bar for the $12.50 they were paying us. To work from 2:30 A.M. to 7:00 A.M.?I don't think so!" "<mask> was never a big-name recording artist," composer Allen Toussaint said. "But he had a great band that used to work at the Sho Bar on Bourbon Street. <mask> inspired me to write 'Mother-in-Law' and 'Certain Girl.' Unfortunately, I wasn't recording <mask>, so I gave the songs to Ernie K-Doe." He recalled, "I thought it might be better suited for us to find a different medium, a vocal style more similar to the singing of <mask>, who was very popular in N.O. at that time.So at first I wrote for K-Doe with <mask>'s voice in my head, even though I knew K-Doe would sing it. ‘Mother In Law' was a prime example of a song in a

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Danny White
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 <mask> bag." Toussaint added, "There was something very influential about <mask> that was absorbed by a lot of artists that had big records here." <mask> spoke of what he did to keep the band working, "We were real professional, we had uniforms and we were disciplined. We played places where they wouldn't hire any other black band." Recordings
By 1961 <mask> and the Cavaliers were the best paid, and one of the most popular, bands in New Orleans. <mask> told author Jeff Hannusch he was approached by Connie LaRocca, who had just started Frisco Records with her partner WYLD DJ Hal Atkins."Mrs. LaRocca dropped by the Safari one night and asked me to come by her office. I didn't even think much about recording because we didn't have much time. We only had one night off a week." <mask> visited LaRocca at her office and she introduced him to Al Reed, her writer and arranger. Reed played <mask> a song he'd written called "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye". "But it was uptempo then and I said if I was gonna cut it I'd slow it down", <mask> said. La Rocca suggested <mask> record the song."The next week we went down to Cosimo's Studio to cut it. I remember Allen Toussaint played on the session. Well, Cosimo told Connie LaRocca that 'Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye' sounded like a hit." The session was produced by Wardell Quezergue, referred to as "The Creole Beethoven" by Toussaint. He used Irving Banister to supply the stinging guitar licks. <mask>'s heartfelt vocals assured the record would be a hit. Atkins played it on his radio show and the record rose to number one in New Orleans."Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" went on to sell 100,000 copies." Arlen Records of Philadelphia took up the distribution, with the record reaching No. 120 on

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