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<mask> (born 14 February 1991) is an English professional footballer who last played as a forward or winger for Wealdstone. He has represented England at under-16, under-17 and under-19 levels, and he is also eligible to play for Wales and Jamaica through his Welsh mother and Jamaican father. <mask> is a product of Arsenal's youth academy and came to prominence during the Gunners' 2008–09 FA Youth Cup winning season, and made his full debut for the Arsenal first-team in the League Cup the following season. He has featured on loan for a number of Football League clubs, including Southend United, two spells at Leeds United, Sheffield Wednesday, Crawley Town and Colchester United. He signed for Colchester on a permanent basis following his release from Arsenal in 2013. Early career
<mask> was born in Hackney, London, to a Welsh mother and a Jamaican father. As a promising youngster, he drew interest from FC Barcelona before being discovered by Arsenal scout Gary Nott as a seven-year-old playing in Victoria Park, London, for Sunday league side Senrab.Club career

Arsenal
<mask> signed his first professional contract with Arsenal in the summer of 2008 after joining as a scholar in 2007. He was a key member of the Arsenal under-18 double winning team during the 2008–09 season, and featured in all eight of Arsenal's FA Youth Cup fixtures, scoring a brace in the semi-final and netting in both legs of the final against Liverpool. Following his impressive season, he was handed a place in the starting line-up for the Gunners' traditional season-opening friendly against Barnet alongside strike-partner Andrey Arshavin, and was later named on the substitutes bench for a Champions League match against Standard Liège on 16 September 2009. <mask> made his professional debut a memorable one when he scored the opening goal in a 2–0 League Cup win against West Bromwich Albion on 22 September 2009. He had got himself onto the end of a rebound after Carlos Vela's shot was saved. He became the 85th debut goalscorer for Arsenal,

masks:
Herschel Oulio Sanchez Watt
Watt
Watt
Watt
Watt


type: original

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 the fifth under Arsène Wenger's reign, behind Thomas Vermaelen, Emmanuel Adebayor, Freddie Ljungberg and Samir Nasri. He also featured in Arsenal's League Cup fourth round victory over Liverpool at the Emirates Stadium on 28 October, replacing Nicklas Bendtner after 76 minutes, and featured as a substitute once again in their 3–0 defeat to Manchester City on 2 December, replacing Craig Eastmond after 68 minutes.He signed an extended contract with the club in November 2009, and went on to score five goals in ten reserve games for the club during the remainder of the season. After his loan spells away from the club, <mask> again signed a contract extension with Arsenal in October 2011, having scored five times in six reserve appearances in the 2011–12 season. <mask> eventually left Arsenal without making a Premier League appearance for the club. Southend United loan
On 1 February 2010, <mask> signed for League One side Southend United for an initial one-month loan. He went straight into Steve Tilson's starting line up for the Essex derby match with Colchester United on 8 February. The Shrimpers fell to a 2–0 defeat to their bitter rivals, with <mask> featuring for the full 90 minutes. He made three further appearances against Tranmere Rovers, Milton Keynes Dons and Charlton Athletic, before returning to Arsenal.During his short spell with the club, he picked up head and ankle injuries. Leeds United loans
Following his loan deal with Southend, <mask> signed a loan deal with fellow League One side Leeds United on 25 March 2010, which would see him stay with the club until the end of the season. After not being involved in Leeds' 1–0 defeat against Norwich City on 27 March, <mask> was named on the bench for Leeds in their 3–0 home defeat by Swindon Town on 3 April, but would eventually make his debut for the club as an 88th-minute substitute for Jermaine Beckford in their 2–1 away win at Yeovil Town on 5 April. <mask> also made a late substitute appearance in Leeds' 2–0 home win over his former club Southend

masks: Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt


texts: on 10 April. <mask> was named in the starting line-up for their game with MK Dons on 24 April, which Leeds won 4–1, providing two assists during the match. <mask>'s final loan appearance came as a substitute in the final game of the season against Bristol Rovers, helping the team earn a 2–1 win in a result which confirmed automatic promotion to the Championship for Leeds. He made six appearances for the club during his first loan spell, with five of those appearances coming from the bench.On 3 August 2010, <mask> rejoined Leeds United on a season-long loan deal. He made his second debut for Leeds in their first game of the 2010–11 season against Derby County on 7 August, a match which ended in a 2–1 defeat. <mask> made an impact in the following game, a 4–0 League Cup win against Lincoln City. He first provided the assist for Luciano Becchio's seventh-minute goal, and then won Leeds a penalty which was converted by Neil Kilkenny. <mask> suffered an ankle problem that prevented him from playing since appearing in Leeds' 2–1 defeat to Leicester City on 19 October. <mask> returned to action on New Years Day 2011 for Leeds' 1–1 draw with Middlesbrough at Elland Road, replacing Robert Snodgrass after 76 minutes to play his first game for almost three months. Leeds were drawn to face <mask>'s parent club Arsenal in the FA Cup third round, as <mask> was granted permission by Arsène Wenger to play against his employers.<mask> started the game for Leeds on 8 January, as he helped his team earn an impressive 1–1 draw at the Emirates Stadium. Between the replay which was to be held at Elland Road, Leeds faced Scunthorpe United in the league on 15 January. <mask> opened the scoring on 17 minutes with his first goal since his Arsenal debut in September 2009. The match ended 4–0 to the Whites. <mask> then featured in the FA Cup replay against Arsenal, in which Leeds were defeated 3–1 at home on 19 January. Throughout his second spell with Leeds, <mask> was hampered by a number of injuries that limited his playing

masks: Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt


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 time. He made 12 starts and 13 substitute appearances for the club as they ended their first season back in the Championship in seventh position, just outside the play-offs.His final appearance came in the final day win at Queens Park Rangers as an 85th-minute substitute for Max Gradel. Sheffield Wednesday loan
Having been prolific in the Arsenal reserve team since his return from his Leeds United loan, scoring seven goals in eight games and signing a contract extension, <mask> joined League One high-fliers Sheffield Wednesday on loan on 23 November 2011 until 16 January 2012. After missing the Owls' 1–0 wins in League One and the FA Cup against Leyton Orient and Aldershot respectively, <mask> made his debut on 10 December in a 2–0 away win over Oldham Athletic, earning his side a penalty in the process before being substituted on 88 minutes. After making two starts and two substitute appearances for Wednesday, <mask> was omitted from the squad to face Charlton Athletic on 14 January, with manager Gary Megson announcing that <mask>'s loan spell with the club would not be extended. He stated that <mask> was "not physically up to the demands" of League One football. Despite the lack of opportunities, <mask> said that he had developed as a player since joining the club on loan, adapting to a different style of play for a club where there were "big expectations". Crawley Town loan
Following his loan spell with Sheffield Wednesday, <mask> signed on loan for ambitious League Two club Crawley Town until the end of the season, with Crawley looking to achieve successive promotions.<mask> made his debut for the club two days later in the FA Cup fourth round tie at Championship side Hull City, a match which Crawley won 1–0 and saw them reach the fifth round for the second consecutive season. <mask> was instrumental in his first league game for the club on 7 February, when Crawley hosted Cheltenham Town. He levelled the scores at 1–1 with a 30-yard strike after Luke Garbutt had opened the proceedings for Cheltenham,

masks: Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt


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 before scoring the fourth goal for Crawley to bring the score to 4–1 after the half-time break. Despite Cheltenham grabbing a consolation goal, the result meant that Crawley leapfrogged the Robins to go to the top of League Two. <mask> helped the club to automatic promotion from League Two, making 16 appearances across all competitions in addition to scoring his two goals for the club. Colchester United loan
<mask>, alongside Arsenal teammate Craig Eastmond, signed for League One club Colchester United on 27 September 2012, both on a three-month loan deal. They both signed alongside MK Dons striker Jabo Ibehre on the same day that Joe Dunne was appointed manager for the Essex club.<mask> made his debut on 29 September in Colchester's 3–1 victory against Hartlepool United at the Colchester Community Stadium. He started for the U's in a 1–0 win at Swindon Town and a 3–1 away defeat to Yeovil Town, before scoring his first goal in his fourth appearance for the club, securing a 1–0 win over Stevenage on 13 October with the only goal of the game. After the match, he described netting his first goal for the club and helping them win as "the best feeling ever". <mask> provided two assists in his next match as Colchester overcame Carlisle United 2–0 on 20 October, setting up both Eastmond and Ibehre with low crosses. However, he was forced off in the second half after picking up an injury. He scored his second and final goal of his loan spell on 27 October when he came on as a second-half substitute for Gavin Massey, handing the U's a 2–0 lead in what would finish a 2–2 draw with Shrewsbury Town at the New Meadow. <mask> was to play the final game of his stint with Colchester on 3 November, when the U's faced Essex neighbours Chelmsford City in the first round of the FA Cup, having been given the go ahead by his parent club to play in the fixture.Colchester lost the match to their Conference South counterparts by 3–1, as <mask> suffered a torn hamstring, ruling him out for several weeks and cutting his loan

masks: Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt


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 short. United manager Joe Dunne confirmed that <mask> was likely to return to the Emirates for treatment. Despite featuring just seven times in his time with the club, <mask> left a lasting impression on Dunne, with the Colchester boss affirming his interest in signing the player should he decide to leave Arsenal. Colchester United
On 30 May 2013, Arsenal announced that <mask> was one of ten young professional players that would be leaving the club when their contracts expire on 30 June. Colchester United assistant manager Mark Kinsella confirmed that the former U's loanee was a target, with the club having already signed his former Arsenal teammate Craig Eastmond. On 28 June, <mask>'s transfer to Colchester was made permanent, signing a two-year contract with the Essex outfit. Following an injury sustained during a pre-season win against Maldon & Tiptree, <mask> made his second debut for Colchester in a League Cup clash with Peterborough United on 6 August, coming on as a substitute for Alex Gilbey on 65 minutes as the U's succumbed to a heavy 5–1 home defeat.He then made his first league start of the season in a 1–0 win against Port Vale four days later. <mask> was plagued by a troublesome ankle injury over the first few weeks of the season, and despite using an ice machine in an attempt to heal the issue, he became one of a number of players facing the treatment table as the first-team suffered an injury crisis. He was on the verge of a comeback in early October 2013 following a thigh injury that had kept him out of action, but was dealt a further blow with a quad injury that would rule him out for at least a further six weeks. He returned to training in early December, and finally returned to action on 26 December. He appeared as a substitute during Colchester's biggest win under Joe Dunne, a 4–0 win against Stevenage. <mask> bagged an assist for himself in the process, setting up Craig Eastmond with a simple pass 13 minutes from time to round off the scoring. He scored his first goal of the season


texts: in an instrumental display against Gillingham on 11 January 2014, securing the opening goal in a 3–0 home victory.In the next match against Carlisle United, he netted a brace in the 4–2 win at Brunton Park on 18 January. <mask> was sent off on his birthday for a second bookable offence when the U's visited Swindon Town in a 0–0 draw. The ensuing ban left <mask> out of first-team action until 4 March, when he returned for Colchester's home fixture against high-flying Rotherham United. In the match, he hit the bar and had a goal disallowed after Clinton Morrison was judged to have fouled Millers goalkeeper Adam Collin. He ended the 2013–14 campaign with 23 appearances and three goals to his name. Once again, <mask> suffered a disrupted pre-season for Colchester, having been ruled out over the summer break with a knee injury. He returned on 25 July 2014 when he participated in the club's 2–2 friendly draw with Dover Athletic.He missed the start of the season after suffering from tendonitis, and made his return from injury for the under-21 development squad as they held Sheffield United to a 0–0 draw in their Professional Development League Two fixture. <mask> made his first appearance of the season as a second-half substitute for Gavin Massey during Colchester's 3–1 home defeat to Peterborough United on 30 August. He returned to the starting line-up for the U's 0–0 away draw with Walsall in new manager Tony Humes' first match in charge, before scoring his first goal of the season for 10-man Colchester in their first win of the season at Leyton Orient on 13 September, a match which ended 2–0 after <mask> had opened the scoring on a fast break. His second of the season completed a resounding 3–0 victory against League One's bottom club Crewe Alexandra on 27 September as he diverted home a Freddie Sears cross from close range. <mask> converted a penalty won by Rhys Healey in a 3–3 Football League Trophy draw with Gillingham on 8 October. He netted his fourth goal of the season in Colchester's 6–3 FA Cup first


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 round meeting with Gosport Borough on 9 November, converting Freddie Sears' cross on the volley from six yards, before scrambling home Colchester's equaliser at 1–1 in their 3–2 away defeat at Barnsley on 14 November. With his contract expiring in the summer of 2015, <mask> was released by the club after struggling to maintain a regular place in Tony Humes' starting line-up.He went on trial at Bradford City in July 2015. Kerala Blasters
On 3 August 2015, he signed for Indian Super League side Kerala Blasters on a free transfer from Colchester United. He made his debut and scored his first goal for the team on 6 October 2015 against NorthEast United which Kerala Blasters won 3–1. He scored the team's third goal in the 73rd minute which sealed the match in the favour of Kerala Blasters. He scored his second goal in home match against FC Pune City and was awarded "Hero of the Match" (ISL's Man of the Match) for his attacking play. Crawley Town
On 1 November 2016, <mask> joined League Two side Crawley Town on a short-term contract. On 7 December 2016, <mask> made his Crawley return in a 1–0 defeat against Coventry City in the EFL Trophy knockout stages.After only featuring three times in all competitions, <mask> left Crawley, following the conclusion of his contract in January 2017. Billericay Town
On 7 November 2017, <mask> joined Isthmian League Premier Division side Billericay Town on a short-term contract, initially for two games. On 16 May 2018, following a short-term loan spell at National League South side Hemel Hempstead Town, where he was once almost sent off for telling the referee his name, it was announced that <mask> would leave Billericay upon the expiry of his contract in June. He resigned for Hemel Hempstead ahead of the 2018–19 season. Wealdstone FC
On 2 August 2019 <mask> joined National League South side Wealdstone. <mask> scored his first and only goal for the club on 7 March 2020, a header which proved to be the winning goal in an eventual 2-1 victory over Dulwich Hamlet. <mask> made a


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 total of 17 appearances in a season which was cut short by COVID-19, which saw Wealdstone promoted on points per game.He departed the club at the end of the season. International career
<mask> has represented England at under-16, under-17 and under-19 levels. In addition to England, he is also eligible to represent Jamaica and Wales. <mask> made his debut for England at under-19 level in a 2–1 friendly victory against Russia at the New Meadow, Shrewsbury, on 8 September 2009. He made his second appearance for the Young Lions on 17 November 2009 as a substitute for Nile Ranger at Glanford Park, Scunthorpe. Style of play
Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger spoke of his admiration for <mask> on a number of occasions, stating that he liked "his movement, his sharpness, his great work rate, his left-footed quality". He also thought that <mask> was a "determined" player.He described <mask> as a "street player" who "makes fantastic runs, he is an aggressive striker and he always finds resources to be dangerous". He said <mask> was involved in the first-team group because "he works hard for the team". Career statistics

Honours
Arsenal
2008–09 Premier Academy League winner
2008–09 FA Youth Cup winner

Leeds United
2009–10 Football League One runner-up

Wealdstone
2019-20 National League South winner

All honours referenced by:

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Footballers from the London Borough of Hackney
English people of Jamaican descent
English people of Welsh descent
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
England youth international footballers
Association football wingers
Association football forwards
Senrab F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C.players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Kerala Blasters FC players
Billericay Town F.C. players
Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
Expatriate


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Yixuan (16 October 1840 – 1 January 1891), formally known as <mask>, was an imperial prince of the House of Aisin-Gioro and a statesman of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in China. He was the father of the Guangxu Emperor (his second son), and the paternal grandfather of Puyi (the Last Emperor) through his fifth son Zaifeng. Family background
Yixuan was born in the Aisin-Gioro clan as the seventh son of the Daoguang Emperor. His mother was Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun of the Uya (烏雅氏) clan. Four months after his birth, Lady Uya, a who was recently promoted to "Noble Lady Lin" (琳貴人), was further elevated to the status of "Imperial Concubine Lin" (琳嬪), a rare distinction. Lady Uya's rapid rise through the ranks continued, and she was promoted to "Consort Lin" (琳妃) and "Noble Consort Lin" (琳貴妃) in 1842 and 1847 respectively. The Tongzhi Emperor granted her the posthumous title "Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun" (莊順皇貴妃).In February 1850, after the Daoguang Emperor's death, Yixuan's fourth brother, Yizhu, ascended the throne and became historically known as the Xianfeng Emperor. The Xianfeng Emperor made Yixuan a junwang (second-rank prince) under the title "<mask> of the Second Rank" (醇郡王). Yixuan kept a low profile in politics throughout the Xianfeng Emperor's 11-year reign. In 1860, by the Xianfeng Emperor's decree, Yixuan married Wanzhen of the Yehe Nara clan, who was the younger sister of Empress Dowager Cixi, who at that time was one of the Xianfeng Emperor's consorts. The marriage forged a close bond between Yixuan and Empress Dowager Cixi. The Xianfeng Emperor died in August 1861, leaving the throne to his

masks:
Prince Chun
Prince Chun


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 five-year-old son, Zaichun, who would reign as the Tongzhi Emperor. On the Xianfeng Emperor's death, a power struggle emerged over the regency for the emperor, with one faction led by Sushun, and princes Duanhua and Zaiyuan, and another faction led by Yixuan's sixth brother, <mask>, as well as the Xianfeng Emperor's empress, honoured with the title of Empress Dowager Ci'an, and Noble Consort Yi, the mother of the new emperor, honored with the title of Empress Dowager Cixi.In November 1861, Yixuan sided with <mask> and the two dowager empresses and launched the Xinyou Coup to seize the regency from Sushun and his faction. Yixuan personally led imperial forces to arrest Sushun and bring him back to Beijing, where he was executed. As a consequence of the Xinyou Coup, Yixuan found himself elevated to the highest ranks in the imperial court. In the 14-year reign of the Tongzhi Emperor from 1861 to 1875, he had a dual career in the military and civil services. In 1872, he was promoted from junwang (second-rank prince) to a qinwang (first-rank prince), hence he became known as "<mask> of the First Rank" (醇親王). In 1874, he was dismissed from office by the Tongzhi Emperor, along with <mask>u Emperor's reign
In January 1875, the Tongzhi Emperor died without an heir, so Empress Dowager Cixi chose Yixuan's second son, Zaitian, to be the new emperor.Zaitian was adopted into the Xianfeng Emperor's lineage; this meant that he was nominally no longer Yixuan's son. As the Xianfeng Emperor's "son", Zaitian was installed on the throne and became historically known as the Guangxu Emperor. This choice brought advantages to Cixi:

masks:
Prince Gong
Prince Gong
Prince Chun
Prince Gongx


texts: Zaitian was her nephew (Zaitian's mother, Wanzhen, was Cixi's younger sister); Zaitian's father, Yixuan, had been a loyal supporter of Cixi; Zaitian was still young so Cixi could continue ruling as regent. As for Yixuan himself, however, Cixi's choice was a catastrophe for him. When he heard that his son had been chosen to be the new emperor, he reportedly hit himself and wept bitterly before sinking into unconsciousness. In the last centuries of imperial China, it was very unusual for an emperor's father to be still alive while the emperor was reigning. The only prior example in the Qing dynasty was that of the situation between 1796 and 1799, when the Qianlong Emperor abdicated in favour of his 15th son, the Jiaqing Emperor, and became a taishang huang (retired emperor).Since filial piety is a highly revered value in Chinese culture, it meant that Yixuan, the biological father of the reigning emperor, would be endowed with the highest honours and privileges. However, Yixuan perceived himself to be in an extremely dangerous and uncomfortable position, given the prickly nature of Empress Dowager Cixi and her obsessional paranoia of any potential threat to her status. The first decision that Yixuan made, after his son became the emperor, was to resign from all his official positions. He tried to keep a low profile but could not avoid being showered with honours and privileges, which he tried to decline as much as possible. Soon after his son became the emperor, Yixuan was awarded the "iron-cap" privilege, which meant that he could pass on his <mask> title to his descendants without the title being downgraded one


texts: grade per generation. In 1876, Yixuan wrote a memorial to the Guangxu Emperor, condemning in advance anyone who would propose to grant him a special position in the hierarchy on the grounds that he was the emperor's biological father. Following resignation from his military and civil posts, he was entrusted with the education of the young emperor, to which he consented.In the following years, with the disgrace of his sixth brother Yixin (<mask>), Yixuan unwillingly became the second most powerful figure in the imperial court after Empress Dowager Cixi. The empress dowager even ordered all court officials to discuss matters with Yixuan before making decisions. Empress Dowager Cixi's co-regent, Empress Dowager Ci'an, died suddenly in 1881 and was rumoured to have been poisoned by Cixi. This made Yixuan even more cautious and eager to please Cixi in all possible ways. When the Guangxu Emperor reached adulthood in early 1887 and was ready to take over the reins of power from Empress Dowager Cixi, Yixuan formally requested Cixi to prolong her regency. In 1885, Empress Dowager Cixi appointed Yixuan as "Controller of the Admiralty", putting him in charge of supervising the building of a new imperial navy. Yixuan was sent on an inspection tour to the naval shipyards on the coast of China.Before her adopted son, Emperor Guangxu, took over the throne in 1889, Cixi wrote out explicit orders that the navy should continue to develop and expand gradually. However, after Cixi went into retirement, all naval and military development came to a drastic halt. Japan's victories over China has often been falsely rumored to be the


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 fault of Cixi. Many believed that Cixi was the cause of the navy's defeat by embezzling funds from the navy in order to build the Summer Palace in Beijing. However, extensive research by Chinese historians revealed that Cixi was not the cause of the Chinese navy's decline. In actuality, China's defeat was caused by Emperor Guangxu's lack of interest in developing and maintaining the military. His close adviser, Grand Tutor Weng Tonghe, advised Guangxu to cut all funding to the navy and army, because he did not see Japan as a true threat, and there were several natural disasters during the early 1890s which the emperor thought to be more pressing to expend funds on.Yixuan died on 1 January 1891, shortly before the enlargement works on the Summer Palace were completed. His fifth son, Zaifeng, inherited his title "<mask> of the First Rank". Yixuan was granted a posthumous name xian (賢), so his full posthumous title became "<mask>xian of the First Rank" (醇賢親王). Names and titles
 Names:
 Clan name / family name: Aisin-Gioro ()
 Personal name: Yixuan ()
 Courtesy name: Pu'an ()
 Pseudonym: Master of the Jiusi Hall () or Withdrawn Master ()
 Titles:
 <mask> of the Second Rank (). Yixuan held this title from 1850 to 1872. <mask> of the First Rank (), simplified to <mask> (or <mask>'un in Wade–Giles). Yixuan held this title from 1872 until his death in 1891.Posthumous title (in full): <mask>n of the First Rank ()
 Other references:
 Seventh Prince ()

<mask> Tomb

Yixuan was interred in a tomb of princely status, now popularly known as the "Seventh Prince's Grave" (七王墳), located 35 km/22 miles northwest of Beijing.

masks:
Prince Chun
Prince Chun
Prince Chun
Prince Chun
Prince Chun
Prince Ch
Prince Chunxia
Prince Chun


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 According to Puyi's autobiography, a ginkgo tree grew on the tomb of Yixuan, and became very tall and imposing. This fact was reported to Empress Dowager Cixi and greatly alarmed her. In the Chinese language, the first character of the word "ginkgo tree" is bai (白), while the first character of the word "emperor" is huang (皇), which combines the character bai with the character wang (王 – meaning "prince", 親王). A ginkgo (白) growing on the tomb of Yixuan (王) was interpreted as a sign that a new emperor (皇) would emerge in the house of Yixuan. This was unacceptable for the very superstitious Cixi, as obsessed as ever with thwarting any challenge to her power, and so she promptly had the tree felled. The tomb of Yixuan was restored by the People's Republic of China after 1949 and is now one of the tourist attractions around Beijing.The tomb and surrounding area appears in Quentin Tarantino's 2004 film Kill Bill: Volume 2 as the home and training grounds of the legendary Shaolin monk Pai Mei. <mask> Mansion
A former residence of Yixuan, now known as the Prince Chun Mansion, is located near Shichahai, Beijing. Veritable records of Emperor Dezong of Qing (清德宗實錄). Royal archives of the Qing dynasty (清宫档案). Qing imperial genealogy (清皇室四谱). Draft history of the Qing dynasty (清史稿). Sterling Seagraves, "Dragon Lady" .Maria Warner", "The Dragon Empress": Life and Times of Tz'u-Hsi, 1835–1908, Empress of China". .
 Daily life in the Forbidden City, Wan Yi, Wang Shuqing, Lu Yanzhen. .

1840 births
1891 deaths
Daoguang Emperor's sons
Manchu politicians
Manchu Bordered White Bannermen
Qing dynasty politicians from


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<mask><mask> (born October 22, 1971 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian TV and radio journalist. He currently works for CBS Sports HQ and is a former anchor for Fox Soccer Report on Fox Soccer Channel and Fox Sports World Canada, and former Anchor/Producer/Reporter for beIN Sports USA and beIN Sports Canada. Early career

<mask> holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Lakehead University. He graduated from the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology broadcast journalism program in Calgary in the spring of 1996. His first job was at CKLQ in Brandon, Manitoba in the fall of 1996. <mask> worked as a radio news reporter for one year. In the fall of 1997, he accepted his first TV position in Yorkton, Saskatchewan as an anchor/reporter at CICC-TV - a CTV affiliate at the time.In the spring of 1998, St.Louis accepted a position in Medicine Hat, Alberta as the lead Sports Anchor at CHAT-TV. He worked there until March 2000. He then moved into public relations for six months at Medicine Hat College. In December 2000, St.Louis accepted a position as weather anchor & community/news reporter for Global Television in Winnipeg.CKND-TV

Fox Sports USA/Canada

Shortly after September 11, 2001, St.Louis moved into a part-time position as anchor/reporter on Fox Sports World Canada on the international sports hilights show Global Sportslink. He was hired as a full-time anchor when Sportslink went to seven days a week and was re-branded as the Fox Sports World Report in 2002. He also served as the weekend anchor on Global Sports. In 2003, St.Louis became lead-anchor alongside Michelle Lissel and was moved from the weekend edition of the program to the weekday edition.In 2006, the Fox Sports World Report re-launched as the new Fox Soccer Report with St. Louis, Carlos Machado, Derek Taylor and Mitch Peacock as hosts. In August 2007, St.Louis was one of two Canadian reporters granted a 1-on-1 interview with former England captain David Beckham during his first trip to Toronto in MLS. St Louis has a secret passion

masks:
Jeremy St
. Louis
Jeremy
St Louis


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 for Manchester United which he revealed in an interview on the  Radio Sounders Show on 15 October 2009. He courted minor controversy when he publicly expressed cynicism about those running Canadian soccer on the program. His appearance led to him becoming an iconic figure in Seattle's soccer community and he was invited to appear on a sold-out Cup Final panel in the city along with Sounders FC General Manager Adrian Hanauer, on the eve of the MLS Cup final of 2009. In 2010, St.Louis travelled to Madrid, Spain to take part in Fox Soccer Channel coverage of the UEFA Champions League Final. Alongside Fox Sports NFL host Curt Menefee and former US International Eric Wynalda, Los Angeles Galaxy coach Bruce Arena, former English player Warren Barton and Fox Soccer Report analyst Bobby McMahon.St.Louis co-hosted the network's Champions League Final preview show, filed reports for Fox Soccer Report and worked the sideline for the pre-game show, half-time and post-game show. His post-match interview with Inter Milan's Wesley Sneijder was the first public confirmation that manager Jose Mourinho was leaving the club for Real Madrid - a coup of sorts for Fox Soccer Channel. While in Spain he also conducted an in-depth interview with France footballing great and UEFA President Michel Platini. The interview was aired during the UEFA Champions League Final and was also picked up by Sky Italia and aired in Italy. The interview generated a number of newspaper articles in the UK

beIN SPORTS USA

On January 31, 2011, he announced his resignation from Fox Soccer Report. His final show was on February 25, 2011. After departing Fox, he was hired as a News Director for Golden West Broadcasting, overseeing news production at their two radio stations in Steinbach, Manitoba.St.Louis spent 18 months there before resigning in September 2012 to re-locate to Miami, FL. St.Louis joined beIN Sports in January 2013 as on-air talent and Senior Producer. He started as the host of their flagship panel show 'The Locker Room' and


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 also served as the show's Senior Producer. In April 2014, St.Louis became the weekday host of beIN's sports news program, 'The Xtra'. As host of the Xtra, he was also responsible for hosting the network's 2014 World Cup coverage in June–July 2014 alongside Ian Joy in Brazil. He also hosted nightly coverage of the Copa America in 2015 and the Copa America Centenario in 2016. In summer of 2016, he was named as the host of Conference USA college football & basketball for the 2016 season and hosted the pregame, halftime and postgame shows for the channel's weekly game broadcasts.For the football season, he was partnered with former NFL quarterback Donovan McNabb, former NFL running back Ki-Jana Carter and former NFL wide receiver O.J. McDuffie. During basketball season, St.Louis was joined by McNabb and former George Washington and St.John's head coach Mike Jarvis Sr.

St.Louis also was studio host for Super Bowl 50 and Super Bowl LI for beINSPORTS international. He also serves as NHL & NFL analyst for beINSPORTS International. In January of 2020, St.Louis announced he had left beIN SPORTS after opting not to renew his current contract. CBS Sports

In September 2019, St.Louis joined CBS SPORTS as an anchor on the digital channel CBS Sports HQ. He anchors on the morning hilights show and also works on the afternoon NFL and college football programs.He also lends his voice to packages and stories that air on CBS Sports Network and the main CBS Sports channel. Hall of Fame

On November 22, 2013, St.Louis was officially inducted into the Lindsay Thurber Comprehensive High School 'Hall of Fame' in Red Deer, Alberta. He became the 60th former student inducted to the Hall and is the first member of his class (1989) to be recognized. He joined retired RCMP Inspector Roy Beaton and Comedian/Producer Neil Grahn as 2013 inductees. References

1971 births
American sports announcers
Association football commentators
Canadian television sportscasters
Living people
Journalists from Manitoba
Sportspeople from


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Élisabeth Philippe Marie Hélène of France<ref>Diderot & d'Alembert Encyclopédie méthodique: Jurisprudence, Paris, 1786, p. 159 </ref> (3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794) was a French princess. She was the youngest child of Louis, Dauphin of France, and Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony, and she was a sister of King Louis XVI. Élisabeth's father, the Dauphin, was the son and heir of King Louis XV. Élisabeth remained beside her brother and his family during the French Revolution and was executed at Place de la Révolution in Paris during the Terror. She is regarded by the Catholic Church as a martyr and was declared a Servant of God by Pope Pius XII. Early life

Élisabeth was born on 3 May 1764 in the Palace of Versailles, the youngest child of Louis, Dauphin of France and Marie-Josèphe of Saxony. Her paternal grandparents were King Louis XV of France and Queen Maria Leszczyńska.As the granddaughter of the king, she was a Petite-Fille de France. At the sudden death of her father in 1765, Élisabeth's oldest surviving brother, Louis Auguste (later to be Louis XVI) became the new Dauphin (the heir apparent to the French throne). Their mother Marie Josèphe died in March 1767 from tuberculosis. This left Élisabeth an orphan at just two years old, along with her older siblings: Louis Auguste, Louis Stanislas, Count of Provence, Charles Philippe, Count of Artois and Marie Clotilde of France. Élisabeth and her elder sister Clothilde of France were raised by Madame de Marsan, Governess to the Children of France. The sisters were considered very dissimilar in personality. While Elisabeth was described as "proud, inflexible,


texts: and passionate", Clothilde was in contrast estimated to be "endowed with the most happy disposition, which only needed guiding and developing".They were given the usual education of contemporary royal princesses, focusing upon accomplishments, religion and virtue, an education to which Clothilde reportedly willingly subjected herself. They were tutored in botany by M. Lemonnier, in history and geography by M. Leblond, and in religion by Abbé de Montigat, Canon of Chartres, and they followed the court among the royal palaces, with their days divided between studies, walks in the Park, and drives in the forest. Madame de Marsan would often take her to visit the students at St. Cyr, where select young ladies were presented to be introduced to the princess. While Clothilde was described as a docile pupil "who made herself loved by all who approached her", Élisabeth long refused to study, saying that "there were always people at hand whose duty it was to think for Princes", and treated her staff with impatience. Madame de Marsan, who was unable to handle Élisabeth, preferred Clothilde, which made Elisabeth jealous and created a rift between the sisters. Their relationship improved when Élisabeth fell ill and Clothilde insisted upon nursing her, during which time she also taught Élisabeth the alphabet and gave her an interest in religion, which prompted a great change in the girl's personality; Clothilde soon came to be her sister's friend, tutor, and councillor. After this, Elisabeth was given Marie Angélique de Mackau as her tutor, who reportedly had "the firmness which bends resistance, and the


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 affectionate kindness which inspires attachment", and under whose tuition Elisabeth made progress in her education, as well as developing a softer personality, with her strong will directed toward religious principles.In 1770, her eldest brother, the Dauphin, married Marie Antoinette of Austria. Marie Antoinette found Élisabeth delightful, and reportedly demonstrated too openly that she preferred her to her sister Clothilde, which caused some offence at court. Louis XVI

On 10 May 1774, her grandfather Louis XV died, and her elder brother Louis Auguste ascended the throne as Louis XVI. In August 1775, her sister Clothilde left France for her marriage to the crown prince of Sardinia. The farewell between the sisters was described as intense, with Élisabeth hardly able to tear herself from Clothilde's arms. Queen Marie Antoinette commented:

"My sister Elisabeth is a charming child, who has intelligence, character, and much grace; she showed the greatest feeling, and much above her age, at the departure of her sister. The poor little girl was in despair, and as her health is very delicate, she was taken ill and had a very severe nervous attack.I own to my dear mamma that I fear I am getting too attached to her, feeling, from the example of my aunts, how essential it is for her happiness not to remain an old maid in this country." "She shows on the occasion of her sister's departure and in several other circumstances a charming good sense and sensibility. When one has such right feeling at eleven years of age, it is very delightful. . . . The poor little dear will leave us perhaps in two years' time. I


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 am sorry she should go as far as Portugal, but it will be happier for her to go so young as she will feel the difference between the two countries less. May God grant that her sensibility does not render her unhappy." Adult life
On 17 May 1778, after the visit of the court to Marly, Madame Élisabeth formally left the children's chamber and became an adult when she, upon the wish of the king her brother, was turned over to the king by her governess and given her own household, with Diane de Polignac as maid of honour and the Bonne Marie Félicité de Sérent as lady-in-waiting.The ceremony was described: "Mme Elizabeth accompanied by the Princesse de Guéménée, the under governesses, and the ladies in attendance, went to the King's apartments, and there Mme de Guéménée formally handed over her charge to His Majesty, who sent for Mme la Comtesse Diane de Polignac, maid of honour to the Princess and Mme la Marquise de Sereat, her lady-in-waiting, into whose care he gave Mme
Elizabeth." Several attempts were made to arrange a marriage for her. The first suggested partner was Jose, Prince of Brazil. She made no objections to the match, but was reportedly relieved when the negotiations were discontinued. Next, she was offered a proposal by the Duke of Aosta (future Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia), brother of the crown prince of Savoy and brother-in-law of her sister Clothilde. The court of France, however, did not consider it proper for a French princess to be married to a prince of lower status than that of a monarch or an heir to a throne, and the marriage was refused on her behalf. Finally, a marriage was


texts: suggested between her and her brother-in-law Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who had a good impression of her from his visit to France the previous year, and commented that he was attracted by the "vivacity of her intellect and her amiable character."However, the anti-Austrian party at court viewed an alliance between France and Austria as contrary to the interests of France, and by 1783 the plans were finally discontinued and no further suggestions of marriage were made. Élisabeth herself was content not to marry, as it would have been to a foreign prince, which would force her to leave France: "I can only marry a King's son, and a King's son must reign over his father's kingdom. I should no longer be a Frenchwoman. I do not wish to cease to be one. It is far better to stay here at the foot of my brother's throne than to ascend another." Madame Élisabeth did not play any royal role prior to the revolution; she viewed the royal court as decadent and a threat to her moral welfare, and acted to distance herself from it, and she attended court only when her presence was absolutely necessary or when she was explicitly asked by the king or queen. When she left the royal children's chamber and formed her own household as an adult, she reportedly resolved to protect herself from the potential moral threats from court life by continuing to follow the principles set by her governesses and tutors during her childhood: to devote her days to a schedule of religious devotion, study, riding and walks, and to socialize only with "the ladies who have educated me and who are attached to me [...] my good aunts, the


texts: Ladies of St. Cyr, the Carmelites of St. Denis".She often visited her aunt, Louise of France, at the Carmelite convent of St. Denis. The king, who was somewhat worried that she would become a nun, once said "I ask nothing better than that you should go to see your aunt, on condition that you do not follow her example: Elizabeth, I need you." A staunch believer in absolute monarchy, Élisabeth had great respect for the position of her eldest brother the king, and regarded it her duty to stand by him. On a personal level, she was deeply devoted to her second brother, the count of Provence: "My brother the Comte de Provence, is at the same time the best adviser and the most charming conteur. He is seldom mistaken in his judgment of men and things, and his prodigious memory furnishes him in all circumstances with a never ending flow of interesting anecdote." Her youngest brother, the count of Artois, was dissimilar to her and was sometimes given an "affectionate lecture" by her for his scandals, though he came to admire her. Her relationship to queen Marie Antoinette was complicated, as they were quite dissimilar.Marie Antoinette reportedly found Élisabeth delightful when she first entered court as an adult: "The Queen is enchanted with her. She tells everyone that there is no one more amiable, that she did not know her well before, but that now she has made her her friend and that it will be for life." Élisabeth, however, was close to her aunts, the Mesdames de France, who were members of the anti-Austrian party at court, noted for their animosity toward the queen and deeply opposed to her informal


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 reforms in court life,
and the latter view was shared by Élisabeth who, as a monarchist, regarded the queen's disregard of etiquette as a threat to the monarchy, and once remarked in connection to it: "if sovereigns descended often to the people, the people would approach near enough to see that the Queen was only a pretty woman, and that they would soon conclude that the King was merely the first among officials." She also attempted to criticize the queen's behavior in this regard, but never did so openly, instead asking her aunt Madame Adélaïde to do it for her. Regardless of these differences, she did occasionally visit Marie Antoinette in Trianon where they fished in the artificial lake, watched the cows being milked and welcomed the king and his brothers for supper "in white cotton dresses, straw hats and gauze fichus", and she did, at least on one occasion, agree to participate in one of the queen's amateur theater performances. She became devoted to the children of the king and queen, in particular the first dauphin and Marie Thérèse of France. Élisabeth became the godmother of Sophie Hélène Beatrix of France in 1786, and the same year she participated in the centenary of St. Cyr, a school in which she took a great interest.In 1781, the King gave her Montreuil not far from Versailles as a private retreat, and the queen presented it to her with the words: "My sister, you are now at home. This place will be your Trianon." The King did not allow her to spend her nights at Montreuil until she was twenty-four, but she normally spent her entire days there from morning Mass until she returned to


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 Versailles to sleep. At Montreuil, she followed a schedule that divided her days into hours for study, exercise by riding or walking, dinner and prayers with her ladies-in-waiting, inspired by the schedule set by her governesses during her childhood. Élisabeth took an interest in gardening and engaged in charity in the nearby village of Montreuil. Her former tutor Lemonnier was her neighbor at Montreuil, and she named him her almoner to distribute her charity in the village: "There grew up a constant interchange of interests between them. The learned Professor shared his botanical studies in his garden with the Princess, and even his experiments in his laboratory; and Mme Elizabeth in return associated her old friend with her in her charities, and made him her almoner in the village."She imported cows from Switzerland and the Swiss Jacques Bosson to manage them; upon his request, she also brought his parents and his cousin-bride Marie to Montreuil, married Marie to him and installed her as her milkmaid, and arranged for the Bosson family to tend her farm at Montreuil, producing the milk and eggs which she distributed to the poor children of the village. This was regarded by the court as a picturesque idyll, and it was Jacques Bosson who was portrayed by Mme de Travannes in the poem "Pauvre Jacques", which became very popular and was set to music. <mask> was interested in politics and was a staunch supporter of absolute monarchy. She attended the opening of the National Assembly at Versailles on 22 February 1787 and commented:
What will this famous Assembly do for us? Nothing, except to let the people


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 know the critical position in which we are. The King acts in good faith in asking their advice; will they do the same in the counsels they will give him ? The Queen is very pensive.Sometimes we spend hours alone without her saying a word. She seems to fear me. And yet who can take a more lively interest than I do in my brother's happiness? Our views differ. She is an Austrian. I am a Bourbon. The Comte d'Artois does not understand the necessity of these great reforms; he thinks that people augment the deficit in order to have the right to complain and to demand the assembly of the States-General.Monsieur is much occupied in writing; he is much more serious, and you know he was grave enough already. I have a presentiment that all this will turn out badly. As for me, intrigues tire me. I love peace and rest. But I will never leave the King while he is unhappy. Revolution

Élisabeth and her brother Charles-Philippe, comte d'Artois, were the staunchest conservatives in the royal family. Unlike Artois, who, on the order of the king, left France on 17 July 1789, three days after the storming of the Bastille, Élisabeth refused to emigrate when the gravity of the events set in motion by the French Revolution became clear.On 5 October 1789, Élisabeth saw the Women's March on Versailles from Montreuil, and immediately returned to the Palace of Versailles. She advised the king to carry out "a vigorous and speedy repression of the riot" rather than to negotiate, and that the royal family should relocate to some town further from Paris, so as to be free from any influence of factions. Her advice was countered by


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 Necker, and she retired to the queen's apartments. She was not disturbed when the mob stormed the palace to assassinate the queen, but awoke and called to the king, who was worried about her. When the mob demanded that the king return with them to Paris, and Lafayette advised him to consent, Élisabeth unsuccessfully advised the king differently:
Sire, it is not to Paris you should go. You still have devoted battalions, faithful guards, who will protect your retreat, but I implore you, my brother, do not go to Paris. Élisabeth accompanied the royal family to Paris, where she chose to live with them in the Tuileries Palace rather than with her aunts mesdames
Adélaïde and Victoire, in the château de Bellevue.The day after their arrival, Madame de Tourzel stated that the royal family was woken by large crowds outside, and that every member of the family, "even the Princesses", was obliged to show themselves to the public wearing the national cockade. In the Tuileries, Élisabeth was housed in the Pavillon de Flore. Initially on the first floor beside the queen, she swapped with the Princesse de Lamballe to the second floor in the Pavillon de Flore after some fish market women had climbed into her apartment through the windows. In contrast to the queen, Madame Élisabeth had a good reputation among the public, and was referred to as the "Sainte Genevieve of the Tuileries" by the market women of Las Halles. The court life at the Tuileries was described as subdued. Élisabeth attended dinner with the royal family, worked on a tapestry with the queen after dinner and participated in the evening family supper


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 with the count and countess of Provence every day, and continued to manage her property in Montreuil by letter. She also maintained a significant correspondence with friends both inside and outside France, particularly her exiled brothers and her friend Marie-Angélique de Bombelles, which is preserved and describes her political views.In February 1791, she chose not to emigrate with her aunts Adélaïde and Victoire. She commented in a letter:
I thought I could see in your letters and in others I have received that people are surprised that I have not done as my aunts have done. I did not think that my duty called me to take this step, and that is what has dictated my decision. But believe that I shall never be capable of betraying my duty nor my religion, nor my affection for those who alone merit it, and with whom I would give the world to live. Flight to Varennes
In June 1791, she accompanied the royal family on its unsuccessful escape attempt, which was stopped at Varennes, where they were forced to return to Paris. During the journey, Mme de Tourzel passed as a Baroness de Korff, the king as her valet-de-chambre, the queen as her maid, and Elizabeth as the children's nurse. She took no leading part in the famous flight, but did play a role on their way back to Paris.Soon after leaving Epernay on their return, the party was joined by three emissaries of the Assembly: Barnave, Pétion, and La Tour-Maubourg, and the two first joined them inside the carriage. During the journey, Elizabeth spoke to Barnave for several hours in an attempt to justify the attempted escape of the king and describe his views


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 of the revolution, which was in part described in the memoirs of Tourzel:
"I am very glad that you have given me the chance of opening my heart and of speaking to you frankly about the Revolution. You are too clever, M. Barnave, not to have recognised at once the King's love for the French and his desire to make them happy. Misled by an excessive love for liberty, you thought only of its benefits, without considering the disorder which might accompany it. Dazzled by your first success, you went much further than you intended. The resistance you met with strengthened you against difficulties and made you crush without reflection all that was an obstacle to your plans. You forgot that progress must go slowly, and that in striving to arrive quickly, one runs the risk of losing one's way.You persuaded yourself that by destroying everything that already existed, good or bad, you would make a perfect work and that you would then re-establish what it was useful to preserve. Led away by this desire, you have attacked the very foundations of royalty, and covered with bitterness and insult the best of kings. All his efforts and sacrifices to bring you back to wiser ideas have been useless, and you have not ceased to calumniate his intentions and to humiliate him in the eyes of his people, in taking from royalty all the prerogatives which inspire love and respect. Torn from his palace and taken to Paris in the most disgraceful manner, his goodness never failed. He opened his arms to his misguided children, and tried to come to an understanding with them in order to cooperate with them for the welfare of France,


texts: which he cherished in spite of its errors. You have forced him to sign a Constitution not yet completed, although he represented to you that it would be better not to sanction an unfinished piece of work, and you have obliged him to present it in this form to the People before a Federation of which the object was to attach the Departments to you in isolating the King from the nation." "Ah, Madame, do not complain of the Federation.We should have been lost, had you known how to profit by it," replied Barnave. "The King, in spite of the fresh insults he has received since then, could not make up his mind to do what he has now done. But, attacked in his principles – in his family – in his person – profoundly afflicted by the crimes committed throughout France and seeing a general disorganization in all departments of Government, with the evils which result; determined to quit Paris in order to go to another town in the kingdom, where, free in his own actions, he could persuade t|he Assembly to revise its decrees and where he could in concert with it make a new Constitution, in which the different authorities could be classified and replaced in their proper place and could work for the happiness of France. I do not speak of our own sorrows. The King alone, who should make one with France, occupies us entirely. I will never leave him unless your decrees, by withholding all liberty to practice religion, force me to abandon him to go to a country where liberty of conscience enables me to practice my religion, to which I hold more than to my life." "By no means, Madame, your example and your presence are too


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 useful to your country," replied Barnave.Petion for his part famously described Élisabeth as attracted by him during the journey: Élisabeth herself later alluded to this in a letter by commenting that she remembered "certain strange remarks of his during the journey from Varennes." At the inn at Dormans, Elisabeth was reportedly contacted by the officer Jean Landrieux, who used her as intermediary in his unsuccessful attempt to help the family escape through the window and via the river to Vincelles. Upon the return to Paris, Elisabeth and Tourzel were escorted from the carriage to the palace by Barnave and La Tour-Maubourg respectively and last, after the king, the queen and the royal children; while the crowd had greeted the king with silence, the queen with dislike, and the children with cheers, there was no particular public reaction to Elisabeth and Tourzel. Élisabeth commented on the journey to Marie-Angélique de Bombelles:
"Our journey with Barnave and Pétion passed off very ludicrously. You believe no doubt that we were in torments! Not at all. They behaved very well, especially the former, who is very intelligent, and not fierce as is said.I began by showing them frankly my opinion of their doings, and after that we conversed for the rest of the journey as if we were not concerned in the matter. Barnave saved the Gardes de Corps who were with us, and whom the National Guard wished to massacre on our arrival here." After their return, the king, the queen, and the dauphin (and also his governess Tourzel) were placed under surveillance. But no guards were tasked with the surveillance of the


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 king's daughter or sister, and Elisabeth was in fact free to leave any time she wished. She chose to stay with her brother and sister-in-law, according to Tourzel, as "their consolation during their captivity. Her attentions to the King and Queen and their children always redoubled in proportion to their misfortunes." She was urged by one of her correspondents, the Abbé de Lubersac, to join her aunts in Rome, but refused: "There are certain positions in which one cannot dispose of oneself, and such is mine.The line I should follow is traced so clearly by Providence that I must remain faithful to it." Events of 1792

On 20 February 1792, Élisabeth accompanied the queen to the Italian Theatre, which was remembered as the last time the queen made such a visit and was applauded in public, and she also attended the official celebrations after the king signed the new constitution, and the Federation celebration of 14 July 1792. The new constitution prompted her exiled brothers to prepare a French exile regency, and Elisabeth informed her brother the count of Artois of the political changes in code. She unsuccessfully opposed the king's sanction of the Decree against the priests who refused to take the constitutional oath. <mask> as well as Marie Antoinette were also visited by the delegation of slave owners from  Saint Domingue, who had come to petition the king for his protection against the slave rebellion, during which the image of her was alluded to: "in appearing before you, Madame, they can feel no other sentiment than that of veneration for your high virtues. The interest which you will deign to feel


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 for their fate will sweeten its bitterness," upon which she replied: "Gentlemen, I have keenly felt the misfortunes which have visited the Colony. I very sincerely share the interest taken in it by the King and the Queen, and I beg you to assure all the Colonists of this."During the Demonstration of 20 June 1792 at the Tuileries Palace, Élisabeth made a great impression by her courage, in particular when she was famously temporarily mistaken for the queen. She was present in the chamber of the king during the event and remained by his side during most of the incident. When the demonstrators forced the king to put on the revolutionary red cap, Élisabeth was mistaken for the queen. She was warned: "You do not understand, they take you for the Austrian", upon which she famously replied: "Ah, would to God it were so, do not enlighten them, save them from a greater crime." She turned aside a bayonet which was pointed against her with the words: "Take care, monsieur. You might wound some one, and I am sure you would be sorry." When a male royalist attempting to protect the king fainted, she reached him and revived him with her smelling-salt.After the Demonstration of 20 June, some of the demonstrators actually attributed the failed assault on the royal family upon the demonstration of courage made by the behavior of Elisabeth, and a female demonstrator was reported saying: "There was nothing to be done to-day; their good St. Genevieve was there." <mask> herself described the Demonstration in a letter as follows:
"We were now at the King's window. The few persons who were with his valet came also to rejoin


texts: us. The doors were closed and a few minutes later we heard someone calling. It was Aclocque and some Grenadiers and Volunteers he had brought. He asked the King to show himself alone. The King passed into the first ante-room.... At the moment that the King went into his ante-room some of the Queen's people obliged her to go back to her rooms. Happier than she, there was no one to force me to leave the King, and the Queen had hardly been dragged back when the door was burst open by the pikemen. At that moment the King got up on some chests which stood in the window, and the Marechal de Mouchy, MM. d'Hervelly, Aclocque, and a dozen grenadiers surrounded him. I remained near the wall encircled by Ministers, M. de Marsilly, and a few of the National Guards. The pikemen entered the room like lightning, they looked for the King, one in particular who, they say, said horrid things, but a Grenadier caught his arm, saying : ' Unhappy one, it is your King'. They at the same time cried Vive le Roy.The rest of the pikemen answered the cheer mechanically. The room was full in quicker time than I can write, all asking for the Sanction (for the decrees) and that the Ministers should be sent away. For four hours the same cry was repeated. Some members of the Assembly came soon afterwards. MM. Vergniaud and Isnard spoke very well to the people, telling them they were wrong to ask the King in this way for the Sanction, and tried to persuade them to retire, but their words were useless. ... At last Petion and other members of the municipality arrived.The first-named harangued the people, and after having praised the


texts: dignity and order with which they had come, he begged them to retire with the same calm, so that they might not be reproached with having given way to any excess during a fete Civique. . . . But to return to the Queen, whom I left being forced back, against her will, to my nephew's apartment. . . . She did everything in the world to return to the King, but MM. de Choiseul and de Hauteville and our women who were there prevented her. . . . The Grenadiers entered the Council Chamber, and put her and the children behind the Table. The Grenadiers and others who were much attached to them, surrounded them, and the crowd passed before them. A woman put a red cap on the Queen's head and on my nephew's. The King had one almost from the first.Santerre, who led the file, harangued her, and told her people had misled her in saying that the people did not love her; they did, and he could assure her she had nothing to fear. 'One never fears anything when one is with good people,' she replied, holding out her hand at the same time to the grenadiers near her, who all threw themselves upon it to kiss it. It was very touching. ... A real deputation arrived to see the King, and as I heard this and did not wish to remain in the crowd, I left an hour before he did. I rejoined the Queen, and you can guess with what pleasure I embraced her." After the Demonstration of 20 June, Élisabeth as well as the king reportedly despaired for the future "as an abyss from which they could only escape by a miracle of Providence," but she continued to act as the king's political adviser, and Mme de Lage de Volude described her state at


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 this point: "She spends her days in prayer and in devouring the best books on our situation. She is full of noble and generous sentiments: her timidity changes to firmness when it is a question of speaking to the King and of informing him as to the state of things."The royal court was warned that there would be an attack on the palace, and royalist noblemen gathered there to defend the royal family on 9 August, sleeping everywhere they could find a place. During the following day, awaiting the attack, the queen, accompanied by the royal children, Elisabeth and the princesse de Lamballe, went about the palace to encourage the defenders, and then followed the king when he inspected the guards in the interior of the palace – they did however not accompany him when he visited the guards posted outside of the palace. On 10 August 1792, when insurgents attacked the Tuileries, the king and queen were advised by Roederer to leave the palace and seek refuge in the Legislative Assembly for their own safety, as it would be impossible to defend the palace. When she heard this, Elisabeth asked Roederer: "Monsieur Roederer, you will answer for the lives of the King and Queen?" "Madame," was his reply, "we answer for it that we will die at their side; that is all we can guarantee." The royal family, including Elisabeth, then left the palace to seek refuge in the National Assembly. M. de la Rochefoucauld described them:
"I was in the garden, near enough to offer my arm to Madame la Princesse de Lamballe, who was the most dejected and frightened of the party; she took it.The King walked erect ... the Queen was in


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 tears; from time to time she wiped them away and strove to take a confident air, which she kept for a little while, but I felt her tremble. The Dauphin was not much frightened. Madame Elizabeth was calm and resigned, religion inspired her. . . . The little Madame wept softly. Madame la Princesse de Lamballe said to me, 'We shall never return to the Château'." When Elisabeth saw the crowd she reportedly said: "All those people are misled. I desire their conversion, but not their punishment."Élisabeth was described as calm in the assembly, where she witnessed, later on in the day, her brother's dethronement. She followed the family from there to the Feuillants, where she occupied the 4th room with her nephew, Tourzel and Lamballe. During the night, there were reportedly some women outside on the street who cried for the heads of the king, queen and Elisabeth, upon which the king took offence and asked "What have they done to them?" referencing to the threats against his spouse and sister. Élisabeth reportedly spent the night awake in prayer. They were joined at the Feuillants by some of their retinue, among them Pauline de Tourzel. The whole family was transferred to the Temple Tower three days later.Before leaving the Feuillants, Elisabeth said to Pauline de Tourzel: "Dear Pauline, we know your discretion and your attachment for us. I have a letter of the greatest importance which I wish to get rid of before leaving here. Help me to make it disappear." They tore an eight-page letter, but taking too long, Pauline swallowed the pages for her. Temple

After the execution of the former king on 21 January


texts: 1793 and the separation of her nephew, the young "Louis XVII", from the rest of the family on 3 July, <mask> was left with Marie Antoinette, and Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, Madame Royale, in their apartment in the Tower. The former queen was taken to the Conciergerie on 2 August 1793. When her sister-in-law was removed, both Elisabeth and her niece unsuccessfully requested to follow her; initially, however, they kept in contact with Marie Antoinette through the servant Hüe, who was acquainted with Mme Richard in the Conciergerie.Marie Antoinette was executed on 16 October. Her last letter, written in the early hours of the day of her execution, was addressed to Élisabeth, but never reached her. During the trial against Marie Antoinette, accusations of molestation of her son were brought against her, accusations which her son seemed to confirm when he was questioned, and which were directed also against Élisabeth, and Marie Antoinette alluded to them in her letter, in which she asked Élisabeth to forgive her son: "I must speak to you of something very painful to my heart. I know how much this child must have hurt you. Forgive him, my dear sister. Think of his age and of how easy it is to make a child say what one wants and what he does not even understand." <mask> and Marie-Thérèse were kept in ignorance of Marie Antoinette's death.On 21 September, they were deprived of their privilege to have servants, which resulted in the removal of Tison and Turgy and thereby also of their ability to communicate with the outside world through secret letters. Élisabeth focused on her niece, comforting her with

masks: Élisabeth Élisabeth


texts:
 religious statements of martyrdom, and also unsuccessfully protested against the treatment of her nephew. Marie-Thérèse later wrote of her: "I feel I have her nature . . . [she] considered me and cared for me as her daughter, and I, I honoured her as a second mother". Trial
Élisabeth was not regarded as dangerous by Robespierre, and the original intention had been to banish her from France. In the order of 1 August 1793, which stated for the removal and trial of Marie Antoinette, it was in fact stated that Élisabeth should not be tried, but exiled: "All the members of the Capet family shall be exiled from the territory of the Republic, with the exception of Louis Capet's children, and the members of the family who are under the jurisdiction of the Law. Elizabeth Capet cannot be exiled until after the trial of Marie Antoinette."However, Chaumette alluded to the Temple as "a special, exceptional, and aristocratic refuge, contrary to the spirit of equality proclaimed by the Republic [...] representing to the General Council of the Commune the absurdity of keeping three persons in the Temple Tower, who caused extra service and excessive expense", and Hébert insisted on her execution. Although Robespierre himself wished to avoid such a "useless cruelty", the political climate was such that he "hid his thought of reprieve under words of insult. He dared not claim that innocent woman from the ferocious impatience of Hébert without insulting the victim he desired to save. He called her the 'despicable sister of Capet'. "With Barère on the day of Mme Élisabeth's execution: — He had tried to save her, he said


texts: to Barère, but Collot had insisted on her death. On 9 May 1794, Élisabeth, referred to only as "sister of Louis Capet", was transferred to the Conciergerie by a delegation of commissaries headed by Monet acting upon the orders of Fouquier-Tinville. Élisabeth embraced Marie-Therese and assured her that she would return.When Commissary Eudes stated that she would not return, she told Marie-Therese to show courage and trust in God. Two hours later she was brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal in the Conciergerie and subjected to her first interrogation before judge Gabriel Delidge in the presence of Fouquier-Tinville. She was accused of having participated in the secret councils of Marie Antoinette; of having entertained correspondence with internal and external enemies, among them her exiled brothers, and conspired with them against the safety and liberty of the French people; of supplying émigrés with funds financing their war against France by selling her diamonds through agents in Holland; of having known and assisted in the king's Flight to Varennes; of encouraging the resistance of the royal troops during the events of 10 August 1792 to arrange a massacre on the people storming the palace. Élisabeth stated the she knew for a fact that Marie Antoinette had not held secret councils; that she had only known and had contact with friends of France, and had no contact with her exiled brothers since she left the Tuileries; that she had not provided émigrés with funds; that she had not known of the Flight to Varennes beforehand and that its purpose had not been to leave the country but only retire to


texts:
 the countryside for the king's health and that she had accompanied her brother on his orders; she also denied having visited the Swiss Guard with Marie Antoinette during the night before the 10 August 1792. After the interrogation, she was escorted to a single cell. She refused a public defender, but seemed to have named Claude François Chauveau-Laofarde as her defensor, as he was called by someone claiming to be sent by her. He was not allowed to see her that day, as he was told by Fouquier-Tinville that she would not be tried for some time and there would be plenty of time to confer with her.However, she was in fact tried immediately the following morning, and Chauveau-Laofarde was thus forced to appear at the trial as her defender without having spoken to her beforehand. <mask> was tried with 24 accused accomplices (ten of whom were women), though she was placed "at the top of the seats" during the trial and thus more visible than the rest. She was reportedly dressed in white and she attracted a great deal of attention, but was described as serene and calming on the rest. Her trial was conducted by René-François Dumas, President of the Tribunal, supported by the Judges Gabriel, Deliege, and Antoine Marie Maire. During the trial, the same questions were made to her as during the interrogation, and she answered in much the same way. Relating to the accusation that she had encouraged the Swiss Guard and the royalist defender against the attackers during the 10 August, she was asked:
"Did you not, take care of and dress the wounds of the assassins who were sent to the Champs Elysees against the brave


texts:
 Marseillais by your brother?" upon which she replied: "I am not aware that my brother sent assassins against any persons, whoever they may be.I gave succour to several of the wounded. Humanity alone prompted me to dress their wounds. In order to comfort them I had no need to enquire into the origin of their misfortunes. I claim no merit for this, and I cannot imagine that this can be imputed to me as a crime." When asked whether she did not refer to her nephew as king, ignoring the fact that France was a republic, her reply: "I talked familiarly with the poor child, who was dear to me on more than one account; I therefore gave him the consolation which appeared to me capable of comforting him for the loss of those to whom he owed his being." This was interpreted as a sign that she "nourished the little Capet with the projects of vengeance which you and yours have not ceased to form against Liberty, and that you flattered yourself with the hope of raising again a broken throne by inundating it with the blood of patriots." Her defender Chauveau-<mask> later recollected his speech in her defense:
"I observed, that the Proces consisted of a list of banal accusations, without documents, without questions, without witnesses, and that, in consequence, where there existed no legal element of conviction there could be no legal conviction.I added that therefore they could only offer in opposition to the august accused, her replies to the questions they had made to her, as it was in these replies alone that the whole matter consisted; but that these answers themselves, far from condemning her, would, on the


texts:
 contrary, bring her honour in everyone's eyes, as they proved nothing but the goodness of her heart and the heroism of her friendship. Then, after developing these first ideas, I concluded by saying that instead of a Defence of Mme Elizabeth I had only to present her Apology, but that, In the impossibility of discovering one worthy of her, It only remained for me to make one remark, which was, that the Princess who in the Court of France had been the most perfect model of all virtues, could not be the enemy of the French." Dumas replied to her defender's "audacity to speak of what he called the pretended virtues of the Accused and to have thus corrupted public morality", and then held his speech to the Jury:
"Plots and conspiracies have existed formed by Capet, his wife, his family, his agents, his accomplices, in consequence of which there have been provocations to war from the allied Tyrants abroad, and civil war at home. Succours in men and arms have been furnished to the enemy; troops have been assembled; dispositions taken; chiefs named to assassinate the people, annihilate liberty, and re-establish despotism. Anne Elizabeth Capet – is she an accomplice in these plots?" The Jury declared Elisabeth and all of her 24 co-accused guilty as charged, after which the Tribunal, "according to the fourth Article of the second part of the Penal Code", condemned them to death and to be guillotined the following day. One of her co-accused was reprieved from execution because of pregnancy.In the notes of the trial of Nicolas Pasquin, her valet of the chambers, she is referred to as the sister of the tyrant


texts:
 Capet. Pasquin, at the age of 36 years, was also sentenced to death for his own alleged part in the conspiracy of 10 August 1792, and executed on 6 February. When she left court, Fouquier-Tinville remarked to the President: "One must allow that she has not uttered a complaint", upon which Dumas replied: "Of what should Elizabeth of France complain? Have we not to-day given her a court of aristocrats worthy of her? There will be nothing to prevent her fancying herself still in the salons of Versailles when she sees herself, surrounded by this faithful nobility, at the foot of the holy guillotine." Execution
After her trial, Élisabeth joined the prisoners condemned with her in the Hall of the Condemned, awaiting their execution. She asked for Marie Antoinette, upon which one of the female prisoners said to her, "Madame, your sister has suffered the same fate that we ourselves are about to undergo."She reportedly successfully comforted and strengthened the morale of her fellow prisoners before their impending execution with religious arguments, and by  her own example of calmness: "She spoke to them with inexpressible gentleness and calm, dominating their mental suffering by the serenity of her look, the tranquility of her appearance, and the influence of her words. [...] She encouraged them to hope in Him who rewards trials borne with courage, sacrifices accomplished," and said: "We are not asked to sacrifice our faith like the early martyrs, but only our miserable lives; let us offer this little sacrifice to God with resignation". She said to M. de Lomenie, who felt indignation at the way in which


texts: Fouquier had imputed his popularity among his former constituents in Brienne as a crime:  "If it is grand to merit the esteem of one's fellow-citizens, it is much finer, believe me, to merit God's mercy. You showed your countrymen how to do good. Now show them how one dies when one's conscience is at peace," and to Madame de Montmorin, who was in despair of being executed together with her son: "You love your son, and you do not wish him to accompany you? You are going to enjoy the joys of heaven, and you wish him to remain on this earth, where there is now only torments and sorrow!" <mask> was executed along with the 23 men and women who had been tried and condemned at the same time as she, and reportedly conversed with Mme de Senozan and Mme de Crussol on the way.In the cart taking them to their execution, and while waiting her turn, she helped several of them through the ordeal, encouraging them and reciting the De profundis until her time came. Near the Pont Neuf, the white kerchief which covered her head was blown off, and thus being the only person with bare head, she attracted special attention by the spectators, and witnesses attested that she was calm during the whole process. At the foot of the guillotine, there was a bench for the condemned who were to depart the cart and wait on the bench before their execution. Élisabeth departed the cart first, refusing the help of the executioner, but was to be the last to be called upon, which resulted in her witnessing the death of all the others. The first to be called upon was Mme de Crussol, who bowed for Élisabeth and asked to embrace her; after


texts: Élisabeth consented, all the following women prisoners were given the same farewell, while the men bowed before her, and each time, she repeated the psalm "De Profundis". This attracted attention, and one spectator commented: "They may make her salaams if they like, but she will share the fate of the Austrian." Reportedly, she considerably strengthened the morale of her fellow prisoners, who all behaved with courage.When the last person before her, a man, gave her his bow, she said, "courage, and faith in the mercy of God!" and then rose to be ready for her own turn. While she was being strapped to the board, her fichu (a sort of shawl) fell off, exposing her shoulders, and she cried to the executioner “ (In the name of your mother, sir, cover me)”. Reportedly, her execution caused some emotion by the bystanders, who did not cry "Vive la Republique" at this occasion, which was otherwise common. The respect Elisabeth had enjoyed among the public caused concern with Robespierre, who had never wished to have her executed and who "dreaded the effect" of her death. On the evening of the execution, he asked Bertrand Barère what people were saying and was given the reply: "They murmur; they cry out against you; they ask what Mme Elizabeth did to offend you; what were her crimes; why you sent this innocent and virtuous person to the scaffold." Robespierre replied: "Well, you understand, it is always me.I assure you, my dear Maret, that, far from being the cause of the death of Mme Elizabeth, I wished to save her. It was that wretch  Collot d'Herbois who snatched her from me." Her body was buried in a common


texts:
 grave at the Errancis Cemetery in Paris. At the time of the Restoration, her brother Louis XVIII searched for her remains, only to discover that the bodies interred there had decomposed to a state where they could no longer be identified. <mask>'s remains, with that of other victims of the guillotine (including Robespierre, also buried at the Errancis Cemetery) were later placed in the Catacombs of Paris. A medallion represents her at the Basilica of Saint Denis. Cause of beatification and canonization
The cause of beatification of Élisabeth was introduced in 1924, but has not yet been completed.In 1953, Pope Pius XII recognized by decree the heroic nature of her virtues simply because of her martyrdom. The princess was declared a Servant of God and the cause for beatification was officially introduced on 23 December 1953 by Cardinal Maurice Feltin. In 2016, Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, Archbishop of Paris, reactivated the cause of Princess Élisabeth beatification. Xavier Snoëk, a former parish priest of the Parish of Sainte-Élisabeth de Hungary, being appointed postulator for the cause (church located in the former Temple district where the princess was imprisoned), and in May 2017 recognized the association faithful promoters of her cause. On 15 November 2017, Vingt-Trois, after consulting the Conference of Bishops of France and the nihil obstat of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome, hopes that the process will lead to the canonization of Princess Elisabeth, sister of Louis XVI. Snoëk has suggested an alternate path for the beatification of Élisabeth based on the motu proprio Maiorem


texts:
 hac dilectionem'' promulgated by Pope Francis on the 11 July 2017. Because her indictment made no reference to her religion, she was not killed in "odium fidei" (hatred of the faith) and therefore might not be considered a martyr.If she is not considered a martyr, Snoëk points out that a miracle that occurred after Élisabeth's death and obtained through her intercession remains necessary. Assessment
Élisabeth, who had turned thirty a week before her death, was executed essentially because she was a sister of the king; however, the general consensus of the French revolutionaries was that she was a supporter of the ultra-right royalist faction. There is much evidence to suggest that she actively supported the intrigues of the comte d'Artois to bring foreign armies into France to crush the Revolution. In monarchist circles, her exemplary private life elicited much admiration. Élisabeth was much praised for her charitable nature, familial devotion and devout Catholic faith. There can be no question that she saw the Revolution as the incarnation of evil on earth and viewed civil war as the only means to drive it from the land. Several biographies have been published of her in French, while extensive treatment of her life is given in Antonia Fraser's biography of Marie Antoinette and Deborah Cadbury's investigative biography of Louis XVII.Ancestors

References

Sources

Primary sources
  Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple (from the autograph manuscript; see in particular Part 3)
 Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple, (1823 English translation of a slightly


texts:
 redacted French edition; see in particular Part 3)

1764 births
1794 deaths
18th-century French people
Executed French women
Executed royalty
French counter-revolutionaries
French monarchists
French Roman Catholics
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
People from Versailles
Princesses of France (Bourbon)
18th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
18th-century venerated Christians
French Servants of God
Roman Catholic royal saints
Servants of


texts:
<mask> (9 October 1924 – 23 February 2014) was an Italian abstract painter associated with the Arte Informel and Arte Povera movements, and a founding member of the Italian art groups Forma (1947) and Continuità (1961). Biography
Born in the city of Trapani in Sicily, <mask> studied at the Accademia di Bella Arti in Palermo and Florence prior to moving to Rome in 1946. She founded the art group Forma in 1947 with fellow artists Pietro Consagra (1920-2005), Ugo Attardi (1923-2006), Antonio Sanfilippo (1923-1980), Giulio Turcato (1912-1995), Piero Dorazio (1927-2005), Achille Perilli, and Mino Guerrini, an Italian screenwriter, director, actor and painter. <mask> married Sanfilippo in 1949. Work in Forma was inspired by futurism Forma 1 had their first exhibition in Rome in 1947. Forma later helped lead to the development of movimento arte concreta. <mask>'s work became well known in France where the art critic Michel Tapie took an interest in her work.Work
<mask>'s earliest paintings were self-portraits, but her move to Rome prompted more experimental work. In 1946, she joined the Italian avant-garde movement. In the 1960s, <mask> started making her first paintings in black and white, focusing on monochromy, color, and shapes. The inspiration for her black and white paintings came from visiting Paris during her one-woman shows. There the contrasting static and energetic work of Alberto Magnelli and Hans Hartung inspired her to begin painting in black and white. These black and white paintings were referred to as her “Integrazione series”

She transitioned to vibrant and intense colors in the mid-1960s, with Stella and II Stella (Star I and II). She also

masks:
Carla Accardi
Carla Accardi
Accardi
Accardi
Accardi
Accardi


texts:
 began using a clear plastic material called Sicofoil, which she describes as "like something luminous, a mixing and a fluidity with the surrounding environment: perhaps in order to take away the totemic value of the painting."She used this material to make Tendas, or tents of clear plastic, which she adorned with painted forms. After being exposed to these different forms of art, such as black and white painting and Sicofoil, she adopted greater variety of color once she reverted to canvas painting. During the late 1970s, she became part of the feminist movement with critic <mask>i. Together, they founded Rivolta femminile in 1970, one of Italy's first feminist groups and publishing houses. <mask> is considered a key member of the Italian Avant-Garde and her artwork influenced the Arte Povera movement in the late 1960s. <mask>'s first solo exhibition in the United States was in 2001 at MoMA PS1. Known works include:
1960
Bianco nero su turchese (1960), Azzurroviolarancio (1962), Bozetto Bronzo (1964), Segni Rosa and Verde (both 1968), Segni Rosa (1971), Per L'Infinito lo Scirocco (1987), Apparenti Tinte (1990), Grigio Rosso (1992), Verde Rosso (1997), Viola Arancio (2005), Blu (2007), Rosso du Grigio (2008), Senza Titulo (2011), L'Enigma dell'ora, Melodie Fluvial and Mistero en forme (2012).Exhibitions
Solo Exhibitions

2007
Galerie Greta Meert; Brussels
2004
Macro Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Roma; Rome, Italy
Galerie Meert Rihoux; Brussels, Belgium
2003
<mask>- Opere recenti, Galleria Astuni; Pietrasanta, Italy
2002
Galerie Meert Rioux; Brussels
Galleria d'Arte Moderna di Ljubljana; Slovenia
Musee d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; Paris
<mask>,

masks:
Carla Lonz
Accardi
Accardi
Carla Accardi
Carla Accardi


texts:
 Galleria Pecci; Milan, Italy
2001
Triplice Tenda, P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center; New York
<mask>rdi. Premio Artista dell'anno, Palazzo Crepadona; Belluno
Carla Accardi. 15 Tempere Galleria Age d'Or; Rome, Italy

Group Exhibitions

2007
<mask> Fontana, Martha Herford; Germany
2006
Cenni e Barlumi, Galleria Massimo Minini; Brescia
Infinite Space, <mask> Fontana. Galleria Sperone Westwater; New York
Camere Chambers, Sound Art Museum; Rome
Italy made in art – Now, MOCA Shanghai; Shanghai
Venezia 1948-1986 - :a scena dell'arte, Peggy Guggenheim Collection; Venice
Immaginario Femminile, Gall. Biasutti & Biasutti; Torino
2005
Paintings 1955–2004, Sperone Westwater Gallery, New York and Casa italiana Zerrilli Marimo; New York University, USA
Segnali italiani dalla collezione d'Arte Contemporanea alla Farnesina, Galleria dell Accademia serba delle Scienze e delle Arti; Belgrado
Accardi Turcato. Carte, Galleria Santo Picara; Firenze
2004
Forma 1 e I suoi artisti, Riga, Casa delle Terre Nere; Lettonia
Capricci, Ex Pinacoteca Comunale; Assisi
Accardi castellani Asdruball, Il ritmo dei sedni gall.Santo Picara; Firenze
On Paper <mask>, Francesco Impellizzeri, Gall, A.A.M. Architettura Arte Moderna; Rome
Da Balla alla Transavanguardia, Triennale; Milan
<mask>, Valery Koshlyakov, Sissi, Macro, Rome Italy; Dorf in die Metropole Kunstlerhaus Bethanien, Berlin, Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden; Baden-Baden, Germany
2003
Si adagiarono sparse, Magazzino d'Arte Moderna; Rome
Incontri, Galleria Borghese; Rome
Galerie Meert Rihoux; Brussels
2002
TRE – generazioni a confronto III, L.I. Art Laboratorio Incontri d'Arte; Rome, Italy
2001
Camera Italia, Vistamare associazione

masks:
Carla Acca
Carla Accardiio
Carla Accardiio
Carla Accardi
Carla Accardi


texts:
 culturale; Pescara
Visita Guidata, Calcografia Nazionale; Rome
Artisti italiani del XX Secolo alla Farnesina Ministero degli Affari Esteri; Rome
Italiens Klassische Moderne, <mask>, Piero Dorazio, Achille Perilli, Frankfurter Westen Galerie; Frankfurt
Belvedere italiano, 1945–2001. Linee di tendenza dell'arte contemporanea; Warsaw
1989- Berliner Mauer Kunst fur ein Europa im Aufbruch, Wallraf-Richartz-Museum/Fondation Corboud Josef-Haubrich, Kunsthalle Koln; Cologne
2000
Miracoli a Milano 1955-1965 Artisti Gallerie Tendenze, Comune di Milano, Museo della Permanente; Milan
Wollways, Fondation Pistoletto; Paris
Novacento Arte e Storia in Italia, Scuderie Papali al Quirinale; Rome
Verso Sud, Palazzo Doria Pamphilj; Valmontone, Rome
Giganti, Scavi dei Fori Imperiali; Rome
Biennale de La Havane
Forma 1 e I suoi artisti, Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea; Rome
Artisti Collezionisti, Palazzo delle Papesse Centro Arte Contemporanea; Siena
1999
L'ultimo Disegno del 1999, Zerynthia Associazione per l'Arte Contemporanea; Rome
Minimalia, P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center; New York
Perhe?, presentazione del numero 1 della rivista, Fossa dei serpenti; Milan
Fondo Oro, Accardi, Gilardi, Ontani, Paolini, Salvatori, Salvo, Galleria Santo Ficara; Florence
Art Club 1945–1964, la linea astratta, Basilica Palladian di Vicenza; Vicenza
1947
Arte giovane italiana; Prague, Czech Republic

References

External links
 Biography of the artist Carla Accardi, at pontiart.com

1924 births
2014 deaths
20th-century Italian women artists
21st-century Italian women artists
Italian contemporary artists
Italian women painters
Italian feminists
People from Trapani
Painters


texts: <mask> (born March 6, 1963) is an American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey, actor, and sports analyst. He became a professional jockey in 1979 and rode his first of three Kentucky Derby winners in 1988. He had nine wins in Triple Crown races, winning the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes three times each, as well as ten Breeders' Cup races. He was also a nine-time winner of the Santa Anita Derby. He entered the United States Racing Hall of Fame in 1997. Combining his U.S. and international wins, <mask> had over 5,000 race wins by 2005, and reached his 5,000th North American win on February 15, 2015. His career successes were intertwined with significant injuries and periods of temporary retirement, mostly due to knee problems, from 1999 until 2000 and again from 2005 to 2013.He had an acting role in the 2003 film Seabiscuit. After his second retirement from riding in 2005, he worked for TVG and then HRTV and NBC Sports as a horse racing analyst for seven years, had a brief stint as a race horse trainer, and took a few other acting roles, notably in the TV series Luck, before coming out of retirement again in 2013. In the 2013 season, he won 69 of 383 races and finished the year 12th in the nation in purse earnings, winning a number of significant races including the 2013 Preakness Stakes, the Breeders' Cup Distaff and the Breeders' Cup Classic. In 2014, he rode in the first half of the year, but his knee problems became too severe to continue riding, and in July he announced a "break" in order to get a total knee replacement. He returned to riding by mid-October 2014, accepted mounts for the 2014 Breeders' Cup, and rode a winning

masks:
Gary Lynn Stevens
Stevens


texts:
 race by mid-November 2014. Following the 2016 Breeders' Cup, he again took time off, this time for a hip replacement, returning to racing in March 2017. Due to his multiple joint replacements and repeated returns to racing, "The Bionic Man" became one of his nicknames.However, <mask> retired as a jockey for a third and final in 2018 on account of a neck injury incurred after a fall. In 2019, he returned to being a sportscaster, working as a racing analyst for Fox Sports. <mask> was born in Caldwell, Idaho, the youngest of three sons born to Ron and <mask>. Ron was a race horse trainer who worked with both Thoroughbreds and American Quarter Horses. <mask> grew up around horses and first rode when he was three years old, assisted by his mother, who had been a rodeo queen. As a seven-year-old child, <mask> had to wear a brace for 19 months due to a degenerative disease of the hip, Perthes syndrome. He began helping his father as a horse groom at the age of eight.In high school, <mask> was a wrestler with potential to obtain college athletic scholarships. However, he dropped out of school in 1979 to pursue a career as a jockey. <mask> has been married three times and has five children, four from his first marriage and one from his third. He became a grandfather in 2012. Career
One of his older brothers, Scott, became a professional jockey, and at age 12 <mask> had decided to do the same. By the time he was 14, he was riding American Quarter Horses at small bush tracks. At age 16 he switched to Thoroughbreds, and at 17 won his first race at Les Bois Park, in Boise, Idaho on Little Star, a horse trained by his father.After leaving high

masks:
Stevens
Background Stevens
Barbara Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens


texts: school, he spent four months in southern California working for horse trainer Chuck Taliaferro, who had helped develop other young jockeys, including Steve Cauthen and Cash Asmussen. He returned to Boise for about a year, then rode from 1981 to 1982 at Portland Meadows, where he won two awards for his race riding. He went on to Longacres, near Seattle from 1982 through 1984, where he won 524 times, including a number of graded stakes races, broke numerous riding records and was the leading rider two years in a row. Returning to Southern California in 1984, he began winning Grade I races and rode his first Kentucky Derby on Tank's Prospect in 1985. <mask>' first win in a Triple Crown race was the 1988 Kentucky Derby on the filly Winning Colors. He went on to win the Kentucky Derby again in 1995 and 1997, the Preakness Stakes in 1997, 2001 and 2013, and Belmont Stakes in 1995, 1998 and 2001. He fell short of winning the Triple Crown in 1997 when he won the Derby and Preakness with Silver Charm but came in second in the Belmont.The following year, he picked up his second Belmont win on Victory Gallop, in turn denying a Triple Crown to Real Quiet. In 1993 he became the youngest jockey in history to surpass the $100 million earnings mark and was the fourth youngest jockey to be inducted into the Horse Racing Hall of Fame when he was given that honor in 1997. He won the Santa Anita Derby nine times, and won eleven Breeders' Cup races, making him the seventh-leading money winner in Breeders' Cup history . At the time of his 2005 temporary retirement, his mounts had collected over $221 million with 4,888 winners in North America, ranking


texts: <mask> fifth in all-time winnings at the time. He had over 5,000 wins in 2005 when including overseas victories, including 49 wins in the UK, 55 races in France, and 20 victories in Hong Kong. <mask> considers his 5,000th win to have been in the Gaviola Stakes on October 30, 2005. Coming back in 2013, he won the Preakness Stakes on Oxbow and added additional wins to his lifetime total, including an international victory in the Shergar Cup at Ascot Racecourse that raised his total win record in the United Kingdom to 50.By 2014, his earnings stood at  $236,951,490 and his North American wins were at 4,988.  he had 139 international wins in six nations in addition to his North American records. He reached his official 5,000th North American win at Santa Anita Park on February 13, 2015 on a horse named Catch a Flight, trained by Richard Mandella. He retired briefly from racing for ten months in 1999–2000 due to knee problems, but returned after a rest and credited what was his first comeback to the use of nutraceutical supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin. In 2002, <mask> wrote a book about his life up to that point titled The Perfect Ride. Hall of Fame sportscaster Jack Whitaker described it as: "a great read, not only for horse racing fans, but for anyone interested in how the American dream really works." In November 2005, <mask> announced a second retirement. His decision was again linked to knee problems, but he reached it a week after Rock Hard Ten, whom he rode to a second-place in the 2004 Preakness Stakes, was retired due to a foot injury.Describing the horse at the time as the best horse he had ever ridden, <mask>

masks: Stevens Stevens Stevens Stevens Stevens