texts:
 of college and pro coaching experience on his resume. Priefer coached the defensive backfield at Georgia Tech from 1987–91 and went on to San Diego in 1992. Prior to his tenure at Georgia Tech, Priefer spent the 1986 season as the defensive coordinator at Kent State. While at San Diego, the Chargers’ special teams under Priefer also consistently ranked among the best in the NFL. KR Darrien Gordon led the AFC and was second in the NFL with a 14.9-yard punt return average.In 1994, return specialist Andre Coleman became the first player in Chargers’ history to return two kickoffs for touchdowns in a single season, and he also returned a kickoff for a score in Super Bowl XXIX. He repeated that feat and also returned a punt for a score in 1995. He also averaged an AFC-high 11.6 yards per punt return in 1995. In 1994, the Chargers’ punt return and kickoff return teams ranked second and third, respectively, in the league. During the 1994 regular season, San Diego was the only team to return two punts and two kickoffs for touchdowns. Punt returner Darrien Gordon led the AFC and ranked second in the NFL with a 13.2-yard average. In 1996, punter Darren Bennett, followed his standout campaign of 1995 with a record-setting season as he averaged a team-record 45.6 yards per punt.In 1995, Bennett, a former Australian Rules Football player, ranked second in the NFL with a 44.7-yard average and earned a Pro Bowl spot in his first season of organized football. Bennett’s Pro Bowl appearance was the second consecutive by a Priefer student. In 1994, kicker John Carney led the NFL in scoring with 135 points en route to a Pro Bowl appearance. Tenure with the Lions 1997-2006
Since the arrival of Priefer in 1997, the Lions have seen a noticeable upturn in production from K Jason Hanson, who scored his 1,400th career point in 2005, as well as with its "Hard Core" coverage units.


type: original

texts: Hanson has enjoyed nine outstanding seasons under Priefer's direction, being named to the Pro Bowl following both the ‘97 and ‘99 campaigns. He has been over the 100-point barrier in six of the past nine seasons and became the franchise’s all-time leading scorer in 2002. Punter Nick Harris enjoyed his finest NFL season in his second full year under Priefer.Harris’ career-high 34 punts downed inside-the-20 in 2005 led the NFL and was the best single-season mark in franchise history. He also tied for the second-fewest touchbacks in the NFL with two, which gave him the best net differential between punts downed inside the 20-yard line and touchbacks in the league (32). Over the past four years, the Lions special teams return units have been the best in the NFL when it comes to scoring touchdowns. From 2002-05, the Lions recorded more special teams return touchdowns (kickoff return, punt return, blocked punt return and blocked field goal return) than any other team in the NFL. Over that four-year span, the Lions scored 11 touchdowns via special teams returns. During <mask>’s nine-year tenure in Detroit, he has had five different players return kicks for touchdowns (Terry Fair, Desmond Howard, Az-Zahir Hakim, Eddie Drummond and Reggie Swinton). Howard and Drummond both earned trips to the 2001 and 2005 Pro Bowls respectively.At the end of The Detroit Lions' 2006 NFL Season, Head Coach Rod Marinelli announced that Special Teams  Coach <mask> would be retiring, at the age of 65. Priefer spoke shortly after Marinelli, and confirmed his retirement, telling the media that he is ready to spend time with his wife, and after 44 years of coaching, the time to retire has come. <mask> originally joined the Lions in 1997, moving along with head coach Bobby Ross from the San Diego Chargers. He was then retained as special teams coordinator by Gary Moeller, Marty Mornhinweg,

masks:
Priefer
Chuck Priefer
Priefer


texts:
 Steve Mariucci, Dick Jauron, and Rod Marinelli. He ultimately served under six Lions head coaches. Statistics & Rankings
<mask>er has solidified the Lions’ cover teams among the best in the NFL over the past few seasons. In 2004, the Lions finished third in the NFL in Average Drive Start following kickoff (kickoff team) with 24.3, four yards below the league average, including 14 touchbacks and 18 stops inside-the-20.The Lions tied for third in the NFL with 32 kickoffs that resulted either in touchbacks or stops inside the 20-yard line. In combined kicks (punts and kickoffs), Detroit tied for first in the NFL with 50 stops inside the 20-yard line (32 punts downed, 18 drives started inside-the-20 following kickoffs). The Lions tied for third in the NFL with 32 punts downed inside-the-20 and tied for second in the NFL with 18 opponent kickoff returns stopped inside-the-20. In 2003, the Lions ranked fifth in the league in covering punts by allowing just a 6.6 yards per return average. In 2002, the team’s punt coverage unit ranked first in the NFL after holding opponents to a mere 4.5 average return per punt. For two-straight seasons, the Lions were the NFL’s best team at pinning opponents deep in their own territory following kickoffs. The Lions kickoff coverage team led the league in average starting field position in 2000 (25.1) and 2001 (25.3).In 2002, the Lions’ kickoff return unit ranked third in the NFL in average yards per kickoff return after averaging 24.6 yards per kickoff return, and the unit ranked second in the NFC after accumulating a 31.0 average starting point. Priefer has formulated a superb combination of talent and scheme in developing the Lions’ return game into a force. Five players have scored touchdowns on returns during Priefer’s tenure in Detroit. In 1998, he guided Terry Fair to a league best 28.0 yards per kickoff average. In 2000,


texts:
 Desmond Howard’s prolific punt and kickoff return game earned him a spot in the Pro Bowl. In 2002, the returner role was handed off to Eddie Drummond as he finished with the NFL’s fourth-best kickoff return average (28.0 yards per return) and highest of rookies, and he returned one punt for a touchdown (73 yards) during the season. Indicative of Drummond’s threat as a punt returner occurred at Arizona (12/8/02) when he returned a punt 73 yards for a touchdown.In 2003, both Drummond (1 PR) and Reggie Swinton (1 PR; 1 KR) scored touchdowns on returns. In 2004, Drummond was the NFL’s leader in punt returns with a 13.2 avg (24 PR for 316 yds) and combined kick returns for touchdowns with four (2 PR, 2 KR), and ranked second in kickoff returns with a 26.6 avg (41 KR for 1,092 yds). Drummond also tied for a league-high in punt returns for touchdowns with two and tied for second in the NFL in kickoff returns for touchdowns with two. Drummond is only the second player in NFL history to return two punts and two kickoffs for touchdowns in a single season. In 2004, the Lions posted a single-season franchise record with five special teams return touchdowns. The previous record of four special teams return touchdowns was accomplished five times, with two of them coming under Priefer’s guidance (1951, 1992, 1994, 2002, and 2003). Priefer has helped mold Pro Bowl defensive tackle Shaun Rogers into an impressive kick-blocking force.Since Rogers arrived as a rookie in 2001, Detroit has blocked a total of 13 kicks, eight by Rogers. In 2005, Rogers notched his seventh career blocked field goal when he re-directed a John Kasay 52-yard attempt vs. Carolina (10/16). Footnotes

1941 births
Living people
People from Parma, Ohio
Detroit Lions coaches
San Diego Chargers coaches
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football coaches
Miami RedHawks football coaches
John Carroll University


texts:
<mask> () was a Russian and American engineer, entrepreneur and social activist, founder of the first Russian engineering company. <mask> was a close friend of Vladimir Shukhov, Leo Tolstoy, Dmitri Mendeleev, Nikolay Zhukovsky, Fyodor Schechtel, Ivan Rerberg. Biography
<mask> was born on  in Saint Petersburg. He was the second son of a well-educated Baptized Jew . <mask> was a publicist, striving to educate Jews, he was favoured by <mask>, in whose honour the son was named. <mask>, who at that time was corresponding with Karl Marx, was forced to leave the Russian Empire and in 1862 emigrated to Swiss Zurich with his children and wife Henriette Sergeevna. In 1865 the family moved to the US, but <mask> stayed in Zurich and graduated from a gymnasium in 1867.In 1870 he graduated from ETH Zurich with a degree in engineering. During his university years, he met , who later recalled <mask> as a leader of a student fellowship, who introduced him to the ETH and the city life. He particularly remembered how <mask> acquainted a young man in a café, who turned out to be a son of a factory owner, and on the next day they were invited to have a tour around the father's factory. After graduation, <mask> decided to reconcile with his family and went to the USA. As he had no means to purchase a ticket, he took the job as an assistant engineer on the steamer. In the USA <mask> received citizenship and started working as an assistant engineer at a machine and bridge-building plant in Detroit, later he was hired as an engineer at an industrial company in Philadelphia. Soon he won a competition to build pavilions for the Centennial Exposition and received the gold medal.A Russian delegation visited the Exhibition, <mask> acquainted several professors and students of the  (RITS), such as , Pavel Panayev, , Vladimir Shukhov, . <mask> helped the Russians a purchase of laboratory equipment, tools, and instruments. In gratitude he was elected as a corresponding member of the RITS in 1877. In Philadelphia, he met

masks:
Alexander Veniaminovich Bari
Bari
Alexander Bari
Veneamin Bari
Alexander von Humboldt
Veneamin Bari
Alexander
Bari
Bari
Alexander Bari
Bari
Bari
Bari


texts:
 Eda von Grunberg (Zinaida Jakovlevna in Russian), his future wife. She was from a German family that moved to Russia in the times of Catherine the Great. Eda came to Philadelphia with her elder sister, who married <mask>'s older brother. Eda wanted to go back to Russia, in Summer 1877 the couple with their daughter Anna came to St Petersburg.<mask> and his younger brother William, a SPMU graduate, co-founded a small enterprise to construct and produce electric motors. However, the production found no demand in Russia. Soon <mask> acquainted N. A. Sytenko, a retired engineer colonel and a member of the . Together they launched ‘Bari, Sytenko and Co’ and entered the construction business in the Russian petroleum industry. Soon <mask> and his family moved to Moscow. Kuskovo Plant

The development and implementation of all ‘Bari, Sytenko and Co’ projects were managed by Ludvig Nobel. The company engaged in oil production in Grozny and Baku.The promising young engineer Vladimir Shukhov was invited to work by Bari. The highly successful project resulted in the establishment of the Branobel that soon became one of the leading oil companies in Russia and Europe. The first 10 km long oil pipeline on the Absheron Peninsula was opened in Autumn 1878, it started at Balaxanı and ended in the Black City. The pipe's diameter was 0,76 m. In 1879 the second Russian oil pipeline was opened by ‘G. M. Lianozov and Co’. On September 13, 1880, Sytenko, Bari, and the titular councillor N. Rubinsky sent to the office of Moscow Governor-General a request for construction of an oil plant in the capital. The document was signed on November 19, soon followed by the establishment of the Russian-American Oil Partnership with a capital stock of 375,000 roubles.The enterprise processed oil from Baku in the . The plant was constructed by Vladimir Shukhov, it had eight oil stills and produced Kerosene, Astroline, lubricants, and brea. The refinery became operational on June 8, 1881. The witness recalled that

At the

masks: Alexander Alexander Bari Bari


texts:
 All-Russia Exhibition of 1882 in Moscow, Kuskovo Refinery was awarded with a bronze prize for high quality oil production. In June 1882 the company hired young Dmitri Mendeleev as a chemistry and production consultant. Soon it launched a continuous crude distillation. In the same year <mask> sold his share to  and started his own business.A. V. Bari Construction Company

In 1880 <mask> founded the ‘A. V. Bari Technical Company’ and invited Vladimir Shukhov as a chief engineer. Later the company was renamed into ‘A. V. Bari Construction Company’. It offered various services from design to construction and soon gained wide recognition both in the Russian Empire and abroad. In a few years, the company produced a special steam boiler, designed by Vladimir Shukhov. To mass-produce the invention, Bari built the  in Tyufeleva Roscha of the Danilovsky District.It became operational in February 1884. In five years since its foundation ‘Bari Technical Company’ assets included the boiler plant in Moscow and several branch offices in Saint Petersburg, Kharkiv, Nizhny Novgorod, and Yekaterinburg. Bari introduced a whole new working environment: he paid salaries 10% higher than average on the market, working hours were shorter, the employees received hot meals at an employer's expense. Bari also offered a kind of medical leave — in case of sickness a worker was paid full salary for the first week and 50% for the second. The company produced steel oil storage tanks, in 30 years it manufactured 3240 units. From 1885 the enterprise participated in the creation of the oil cargo fleet. The tankers were built at Saratov and Volgograd shipyards.Shipowners Baranov and Shitov ordered two steel oil lighters with 40 and 50 thousand poods capacity. The ‘A. V. Bari Technical Company’ also constructed other objects, such as oil pipelines, grain elevators, bridges, Hyperboloid towers, etc. Since 1892 the company actively participated in the development of the Russian Railways. It displayed several pavilions at the

masks:
Bari
Alexander Bari


texts:
 All-Russia Exhibition of 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod. The ‘A. V. Bari Technical Company’ took part in the reconstruction of the  and the building of the Metrowagonmash.Personal life

<mask> was a friend of many brightest people of his time — Dmitri Mendeleev, Nikolay Zhukovsky, Sergey Chaplygin, Fyodor Schechtel, Ivan Rerberg, and others were frequent guests in his house. Since 1884 <mask> lived at , 24, later he moved to the house №22. In 1898 <mask> first met Leo Tolstoy. With daughter Anna Alexandrovna he paid visits to the writer's house in Khamovniki. When Russia faced difficult times, <mask> told his wife that "its better to be a busman in Zurich than a millionaire in Russia" and asked her to leave the country. In September 1905 he wrote "Things get worse in the country and we only have to endure…" After the assassination of Pyotr Stolypin <mask> wrote to his friends that ‘the situation is dreadful and the worst is coming’. Despite all efforts, the company faced distress.The workers at factories talked Bari's employees into going on strikes and joining the revolutionary movement. This significantly affected the business. In 1909 <mask> retired and entrusted the company to son Victor. <mask> passed away on  and was interred in Vvedenskoye Cemetery. The widow Zinaida <mask> inherited the business, her brother Vladimir managed her assets. The obituary in the newspaper  noted that:

In April 1918, the Izvestia published an article exposing the counter-revolutionary conspiracy headed by <mask>, he was arrested and interrogated by Felix Dzerzhinsky. <mask> was released on the intervention of the American consul and soon emigrated.Shortly afterwards, <mask> and all his family left the country. <mask> (1879–1954), one of <mask>'s daughters, became an artist and was one of the Mir iskusstva members. She lived in the USSR for all her life and scarcely exhibited. References

Sources

Engineers of the Russian Empire
Scientists of the Russian Empire
1913 deaths
1847 births
Businesspeople of the

masks:
Alexander Bari
Bari
Bari
Bari
Bari
Alexander Bari
Alexander Bari
Bari
Vladimir Bari
Vladimir Bari
Victor Bari
Olga Bari
Alexander Bari


texts: <mask> (6 January 1912 in Falköping, Sweden – 25 July 1983 in Malmö, Sweden) was a Swedish singer, composer and enfant terrible. After his debut at seventeen years old, Bode recorded hundreds of songs on the gramophone, many of them his own compositions. One of his best-known songs is "En herre i frack" (A Gentleman in Tailcoat), which Gösta Ekman (senior) sang in 1936. The song later become popularized by famous Swedish singer Jan Malmsjö, who added it to his repertoire. The last gramophone record with <mask> as a singer was recorded in 1942. The life of <mask> is one of the most amazing in the history of Swedish music. Over and over again, when his career was demolished, he was able to rise and build a new career, only to ruin it himself shortly after.For the most part, <mask> lived far more extravagantly than he was able to afford. He was a well-known figure in show business in those days, and was liked in the pubs because of his generous style. Even the fact that he was often broke didn't stop him. He was a master of sneaking out the back door and letting others pay his debts. Another distinguishing characteristic of Bode was his unmatched mythomania. Over and over again he lied to others, a personality flaw that blackened his career. He became good friends with Gösta Ekman and was almost like a son to him, until the day Ekman discovered that Bode had tried to sell their silverware set to a pawnbroker.Bode skipped out on countless hotel bills, and was blacklisted by several of Stockholm's finest restaurants. He was also involved in the theft of expensive carpets, and embezzlement through false checks. <mask>'s out-of-control lifestyle many times led him into crime. After many cases of fraud, he was declared incapable, and put into psychiatric care in the mental hospital of St. Sigfrid

masks:
Johnny Bode
Johnny Bode
Johnny Bode
Bode
Bode


texts:
 in Växjö, Sweden. In connection with the diagnosis, he was sterilized. <mask> and the Nazi connection
Before World War II, <mask> became fascinated by Nazism, which blacklisted him in Swedish show business for the rest of his life. Apparently, it was the combination of uniforms, marches, and pompous culture that enticed the childish Bode.He was able to get permission from the mental hospital to travel to Finland, where he enlisted with the Nazis. However, the short, fat <mask> soon became impossible and was sent home with an under-officer degree from the Nazi army. No sooner was <mask> back on Swedish soil than he started to ruin his career once again. By the time of his arrival 1942, resistance to Nazism was bigger than ever. When the famous Swedish actor Karl Gerhard played his strongly Nazi-critical cabaret "Tingel-Tangel" for the hundredth time, Bode showed up in his Nazi uniform, with his degrees on his shoulders and the Iron Cross highly visible on his chest. After that, he frequently wore the uniform on his occasional visits to Stockholm's nightclubs. As a result, the only friends he had ignored him, and he became blacklisted in the Swedish entertainment industry.Shortly after that, Bode travelled to Norway, where he put up a cabaret for the Norwegian Quisling-regime. Bode promised gold and sunshine and lived a luxurious life in Oslo. Some of the songs he wrote during this period were seen in Sweden as critical of Sweden, especially the song "Har du hört vad Svensken sier" (NO: Have You Heard what the Swede's Saying?). This irritated the Swedish society and media even more. It was very hard for Bode to get in touch with actors who wanted to play in his cabaret, as nobody was willing to put their career at stake by appearing with Bode. Bode himself sang couplets and imitated

masks:
Johnny Bode
Bode
Bode
Bode


texts:
 Winston Churchill, to the great joy of Nazi sympathizers. After twenty-odd appearances, the show had to close due to lack of audience.Once again, <mask> was making himself unwelcome. He drank too much, was stealing and skipping out on bills again. <mask> was even taken in by the Gestapo and was imprisoned in the Grini concentration camp from 22 December 1942 to 30 January 1943. He was labeled a suspicious person due to his own claims to be a spy for the Swedish government, but by then his mythomania was so widely known that nobody believed him, and he was finally sent back to Sweden. The DDR and Austria years
At the end of 1951, <mask> traveled to DDR, where he attempted to make money exporting cinema movie rights to Sweden, and declared himself at a pompous press conference at the hotel Newa in East Berlin in 1953 to be "a friend of the German Democratic Republic." However, he was soon expelled from the country. He traveled extensively and spent too much money, which resulted in him going bankrupt in October 1953.After a time of recovery in Sweden, he moved to Brussels to escape justice. When the Ministry of Foreign Affairs demanded that the Belgian authorities extradite him, he moved to Vienna in Austria. The Vienna Opera House suffered from major problems at this time and needed new influences. <mask>, under the name of Juan Delgada, came as manna from heaven. His bad reputation had not reached Austria. There he wrote the operas Nette Leute, Liebe in Tirol and 12 Bildern (1959), Die Kluge Wienerin (1961) and Keine Zeit für Liebe. They became successes and were played across the world for many years.With the success came money and fame, but also contributed to the Swedish police finding him. In 1955 he flew to Sweden to serve a prison sentence. A divorce followed. Back in Austria,

masks:
Bode
Bode
Bode
Johnny Bode


texts:
 however, Bode married the 22-year-old Inge Pelz on the Midsummer Day in 1957. The success in Austria continued, but was no good medicine for the labile <mask>. He continued in more wild style. He called himself Kammersänger, an honorary title he had not received.At a press conference in Vienna he stated that he, using a pseudonym, wrote The Blue Danube (actually written by Johann Strauss II in 1866). Finally, in 1961, his young wife had enough and demanded a divorce. <mask> responded by initiating a bizarre custody dispute concerning the couple's dachshund. <mask> won the custody dispute and was allowed to visit the dog every Sunday. Eventually Vienna caught up with the truths of <mask>, and he hastily left the country in late 1961. His time as the operetta king Juan Delgada was over. He still enjoyed using his fake Kammersänger title, which he claimed to have been given "by Joseph Goebbels in the presence of Prime Minister Quisling", if anyone questioned it.Later career
In the late '60s and early '70s, Bode recorded several pornographic comedy albums, with titles such as Bordellmammans visor ("The Brothel Madam's Songs"), Bordellmammans dotter ("The Brothel Madam's Daughter") and Sex-revyn Stig på ("The Sex Revue Step Inside"). He also, under the name of <mask>, released a gay-themed single in Swedish and German, with the songs "Vi är inte som andra, vi" ("We, we're not like the others") and "Achilles klagan" ("The lamentations of Achilles"). References

External links
<mask>de-sällskapet (home page) – Johnny Bode Society, non-profit organization in honor of the artist
<mask>-sällskapet (blog) – Johnny Bode Society, non-profit organization in honor of the artist

1912 births
1983 deaths
Nazism in Sweden
Swedish fraudsters
Grini concentration camp survivors
20th-century Swedish male

masks:
Bode
Bode
Bode
Bode
Johnny Delgada
Johnny Bo
Johnny Bode


texts: <mask> (English pronunciation: , ; 14 August 1910 – 19 August 1995) was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist, acoustician and founder of Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète (GRMC). His innovative work in both the sciences—particularly communications and acoustics—and the various arts of music, literature and radio presentation after the end of World War II, as well as his anti-nuclear activism and cultural criticism garnered him widespread recognition in his lifetime. Amongst the vast range of works and projects he undertook, Schaeffer is most widely and currently recognized for his accomplishments in electronic and experimental music, at the core of which stands his role as the chief developer of a unique and early form of avant-garde music known as musique concrète. The genre emerged in Europe from the utilization of new music technology developed in the post-war era, following the advance of electroacoustic and acousmatic music. <mask>'s writings (which include written and radio-narrated essays, biographies, short novels, a number of musical treatises and several plays) are often oriented towards his development of the genre, as well as the theoretics and philosophy of music in general. Today, <mask> is considered one of the most influential experimental, electroacoustic and subsequently electronic musicians, having been the first composer to utilize a number of contemporary recording and sampling techniques that are now used worldwide by nearly all record production companies. His collaborative endeavors are considered milestones in the histories of electronic and experimental

masks:
Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer
Schaeffer
Schaeffer


texts:
 music.Life

Early life and education
<mask> was born in Nancy in 1910. His parents were both musicians (his father a violinist; his mother, a singer), and at first it seemed that <mask> would also take on music as a career. However his parents discouraged his musical pursuits from childhood and had him educated in engineering. He studied at several universities in this inclination, the first of which was Lycée Saint-Sigisbert located in his hometown of Nancy. Afterwards he moved westwards in 1929 to the École Polytechnique in Paris and finally completed his education in the capital at the École supérieure d'électricité, in 1934. Schaeffer received a diploma in radio broadcasting from the École Polytechnique. He may have also received a similar qualification from the École nationale supérieure des télécommunications, although it is not verifiable as to whether or not he ever actually attended this university.Early experimentation
Later in 1934 <mask> entered his first employment as an engineer, briefly working in telecommunications in Strasbourg. In 1935 he began a relationship with a woman named Elisabeth Schmitt, and later in the year married her and with her had his first child, Marie-Claire <mask>. He and his new family then officially relocated to Paris where he joined the Radiodiffusion Française (now called Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française; French for "French Radio and Television Broadcasting") in 1936 and began his work in radio broadcasting and presentation. It was there that he began to move away from his initial interests in telecommunications and to pursue music instead, combining his abilities as

masks: Schaeffer Pierre Schaeffer Schaeffer


texts:
 an engineer with his passion for sound. In his work at the station, Schaeffer experimented with records and an assortment of other devices—the sounds they made and the applications of those sounds—after convincing the radio station's management to allow him to use their equipment. This period of experimentation was significant for <mask>'s development, bringing forward many fundamental questions he had on the limits of modern musical expression. In these experiments, <mask> tried playing sounds backwards, slowing them down, speeding them up and juxtaposing them with other sounds, all techniques which were virtually unknown at that time.He had begun working with new contemporaries whom he had met through RTF, and as such his experimentation deepened. <mask>'s work gradually became more avant-garde, as he challenged traditional musical style with the use of various devices and practices. A unique variety of electronic instruments—ones which <mask> and his colleagues created, using their own engineering skills—came into play in his work, like the chromatic, sliding and universal phonogenes, François Bayle's Acousmonium and a host of other devices such as gramaphones and some of the earliest tape recorders. Beginnings of writing career
In 1938 <mask> began his career as a writer, penning various articles and essays for the Revue Musicale, a French journal of music. His first column, Basic Truths, provided a critical examination of musical aspects of the time. A known ardent Catholic, <mask> began to write minor religiously-based pieces, and in the same year as his Basic Truths he published his first novel: Chlothar

masks: Schaeffer Pierre Schaeffer Schaeffer Schaeffer Schaeffer


texts:
 Nicole — a short Christian novel. Club d'essai and the origin of musique concrète
The Studio d'Essai, later Club d'Essai, was founded in 1942 by <mask> at the Radiodiffusion Nationale (France).It played a role in the activities of the French resistance during World War II, and later became a center of musical activity. Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète
In 1949, <mask> met the percussionist-composer <mask>, with whom he collaborated on many different musical compositions, and in 1951, he founded the Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète (GRMC) in the French Radio Institution. This gave him a new studio, which included a tape recorder. This was a significant development for <mask>, who previously had to work with phonographs and turntables to produce music. <mask> is generally acknowledged as being the first composer to make music using magnetic tape. His continued experimentation led him to publish À la Recherche d'une Musique Concrète (French for "In Search of a Concrete Music") in 1952, which was a summation of his working methods up to that point. His only opera, Orphée 53 ("Orpheus 53"), premiered in 1953.<mask> left the GRMC in 1953 and reformed the group in 1958 as the Groupe de Recherche Musicale[s] (GRM) (at first without "s", then with "s"). In 1954 <mask> founded traditional music label Ocora ("Office de Coopération Radiophonique") alongside composer, pianist and musicologist Charles Duvelle, with a worldwide coverage in order to preserve African rural soundscapes. Ocora also served as a facility to train technicians in African national broadcasting services. Today, it is still run by Duvelle.

masks:
Pierre Schaeffer
Schaeffer
Pierre Henry
Schaeffer
Schaeffer
Schaeffer
Schaeffer


texts:
 Over the years, Schaeffer mentored a number of students who went on to have successful careers in their own right including Éliane Radigue, and the young Jean Michel Jarre. His last "etude" (study) came in 1959: the "Study of Objects" (Etudes aux Objets). Later life and death
Schaeffer became an associate professor at the Paris Conservatoire from 1968 to 1980 after creating a "class of fundamental music and application to the audiovisual."In the aftermath of the 1988 Armenian earthquake, the 78 year old <mask> led a 498-member French rescue team to look for survivors in Leninakan, and worked there until all foreign personnel were asked to leave. <mask> suffered from Alzheimer's disease later in his life, and died from the condition in Aix-en-Provence in 1995. He was 85 years old. He is buried in Delincourt in the very nice and green Vexin region (55 minutes from Paris) where he used to have his countryside property. <mask> was thereafter remembered by many of his colleagues with the title, "Musician of Sounds". Legacy

Musique concrète

The term musique concrète (French for "real music", literally "concrete music"), was coined by <mask> in 1948. Schaeffer believed traditionally classical (or as he called it, "serious") music begins as an abstraction (musical notation) that is later produced as audible music.Musique concrète, by contrast, strives to start with the "concrete" sounds that emanate from base phenomena and then abstracts them into a composition. The term musique concrète is then, in essence, the breaking down of the structured production of traditional instruments, harmony, rhythm, and even music

masks: Schaeffer Schaeffer Schaeffer Schaeffer


texts: theory itself, in an attempt to reconstruct music from the bottom up. From the contemporary point of view, the importance of Schaeffer's musique concrète is threefold. He developed the concept of including any and all sounds into the vocabulary of music. At first he concentrated on working with sounds other than those produced by traditional musical instruments. Later on, he found it was possible to remove the familiarity of musical instrument sounds and abstract them further by techniques such as removing the attack of the recorded sound. He was among the first musicians to manipulate recorded sound for the purpose of using it in conjunction with other sounds in order to compose a musical piece.Techniques such as tape looping and tape splicing were used in his research, often comparing to sound collage. The advent of <mask>'s manipulation of recorded sound became possible only with technologies that were developed after World War II had ended in Europe. His work is recognized today as an essential precursor to contemporary sampling practices. <mask> was among the first to use recording technology in a creative and specifically musical way, harnessing the power of electronic and experimental instruments in a manner similar to Luigi Russolo, whom he admired and from whose work he drew inspiration. Furthermore, he emphasized the importance of "playing" (in his terms, jeu) in the creation of music. <mask>'s idea of jeu comes from the French verb jouer, which carries the same double meaning as the English verb play: 'to enjoy oneself by interacting with one's surroundings', as well as 'to operate a musical

masks: Schaeffer Schaeffer Schaeffer


texts:
 instrument'. This notion is at the core of the concept of musique concrète, and reflects on freely improvised sound, or perhaps more specifically electroacoustic improvisation, from the standpoint of Schaeffer's work and research.Influences on music
In 1955, Éliane Radigue, an apprentice of <mask> at Studio d'Essai, learned to cut, splice and edit tape using his techniques. She then went on to work as an assistant to <mask> in 1967. However, she became more interested in tape feedback and began working on her own pieces. She composed several works (Jouet Electronique [1967], Elemental I [1968], Stress-Osaka [1969], Usral [1969], Ohmnht [1970] Vice Versa, etc [1970]) by processing the feedback between two tape recorders and a microphone. <mask>'s aforementioned student in GRM, Jean Michel Jarre, went on to great international success in his own musical career. Jarre's 1997 album, Oxygene 7-13, is dedicated to Schaeffer. <mask> also made a tribute to the man, composing his Écho d'Orphée, Pour P. <mask> alongside him for <mask>'s last work and second compilation, L'Œuvre Musicale.His other notable pupils include Joanna Bruzdowicz, Jorge Antunes, Bernard Parmegiani, Micheline Coulombe Saint-Marcoux, Armando Santiago, Elzbieta Sikora.<mask> distanced himself – voluntarily – from the musical universe in the early 1980s after criticizing the avant-garde of the 1950s, which intended to break with tradition. Contrary to this view, <mask> returns to music when he recognizes the virtuoso Otavio Henrique Soares Brandão as his most faithful disciple, who under his guidance performed a reading of his work "Traité dos Objets

masks:
Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre Henry
Pierre
Pierre Henry
Schaeffer
Schaeffer
Pierre Schaeffer
Schaeffer


texts:
 Musicaux". This reading aims to create an innovative piano and musical instrumental technique, which does not break with tradition. <mask> writes four fundamental texts about this recognition

Apropos of the transcription pour piano by Otavio Brandão from <mask>'s “Étude aux Objets”, In program of Soares Brandão's concert at Maison de l'Amérique Latine (Paris January 9, 1988). “Réponse à Otávio”, In text of the program of the concert performed by Soares Brandão at Salle Pleyel in honor of the 80 years of <mask> (January 12, 1990). DECLARATION DE PIERRE SCHAEFFER SUR IBIS ET OTAVIO SOARES BRANDÃO (Paris le 13/09/1990)
Declaration by <mask> (Porte Parole). Many rap albums, such as It Takes A Nation of Millions To Hold Us Back by Public Enemy and 3 Feet High And Rising by De La Soul take ordinary sounds and use them to create a finished product.Other
Today, in his honor, the Qwartz Electronic Music Awards has named several of its past events after <mask>. <mask> himself was a prize winner at the awards more than once. Works

Music
All of <mask>'s musical compositions (concrète or otherwise) were recorded before the advent of the CD, either on cassettes or a more archaic form of magnetic tape (therefore the term "discography" cannot be appropriately used here; rather his music in general). Mass-production for his work was limited at best, and each piece was, by Schaeffer's terms, intended to be released foremost as an exposé to the masses of what he believed was a new and somewhat revolutionizing form of music. The original production of his marketed work was done by the "Groupe de Recherches Musicales" (a.k.a.

masks:
Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre Schaeffer
Schaeffer
Pierre
Schaeffer


texts:
 GRM; now owned and operated by INA or the Institut national de l'audiovisuel), the company which he initially had formed around his creations. Other music was broadcast live (<mask> himself being notable on French radio at the time) and/or done in live "concert".Some individual tracks even found their way into the use of other artists, with <mask>'s work being fronted in mime performances and ballets. Now after his death, various musical production companies, such as Disques Adès and Phonurgia Nova have been given rights to distribute his work. Below is a list of Schaeffer's musical works, showing his compositions and the year(s) they were recorded. Concertino-Diapason (1948; collaboration with J.-J. Grunenwald)
 Cinq études de bruits (1948)
 Suite pour 14 instruments (1949)
 Variations sur une flûte mexicaine (1949)
 Bidule en ut (1950; collaboration with <mask>)
 La course au kilocycle (1950; radio score, collaboration with <mask>)
 L'oiseau r.a.i. (1950)
 Symphonie pour un homme seul (1950; collaboration with <mask>; revised versions in 1953, 1955, and 1966 (Henry))
 Toute la lyre (1951; pantomime, collaboration with <mask>. Also known as Orphée 51)
 Masquerage (1952; film score)
 Les paroles dégelées (1952; music for a radio production)
 Scènes de Don Juan (1952; incidental music, collaboration with Monique Rollin)
 Orphée 53 (1953; opera)
 Sahara d'aujourd'hui (1957; film score, collaboration with <mask>)
 Continuo (1958; collaboration with Luc Ferrari)
 Etude aux sons animés (1958)
 Etude aux allures (1958)
 Exposition française à Londres (1958; collaboration with Luc Ferrari)
 Etude aux objets (1959)

masks:
Pierre
Pierre
Pierre Henry
Pierre Henry
Pierre Henry
Pierre Henry
Pierre Henry


texts:
 Nocturne aux chemins de fer (1959; incidental music)
 Phèdre  (1959; incidental music)
 Simultané camerounais (1959)
 Phèdre (1961)
 L'aura d'Olga (1962; music for a radio production, collaboration with Claude Arrieu)
 Le trièdre fertile (1975; collaboration with Bernard Durr)
 Bilude (1979)

Broadcast narratives
Apart from his published and publicized music, Schaeffer conducted several musical (and specifically musique concrète-related) presentations via French radio.Although these broadcasts contained musical pieces by Schaeffer they cannot be adequately described as part of his main line of musical output. This is because the radio "essays", as they were appropriately named, were mainly narration on Schaeffer's musical theories philosophies rather than compositions in and of themselves. Schaeffer's radio narratives include the following:
 The Shell Filled With Planets (1944)
 Cantata to Alsace (1945)
 An Hour of the World (1946)
 From Claudel to Brangues (1953)
 Ten Years of Radiophonic Experiments from the 'Studio' to the 'Club' d'Essai: 1942–1952 (1955)

Selected writings

<mask>'s literary works span a range of genres, both in terms of fiction and non-fiction. He predominantly wrote treatises and essays, but also penned a film review and two plays. An ardent Catholic, Schaeffer wrote Chlothar Nicole (French: Clotaire Nicole; published 1938)—a Christian novel or short story—and Tobias (French: Tobie; published 1939) a religiously-based play. Fiction

Novels and short stories
Chlothar Nicole (1938)
The Guardian of The Volcano (1969)
Prelude, Chorale and Fugue (1981)

Plays
Tobie (1939)
Secular Games


texts:
 (1946)

Non-fiction
Traité des objets musicaux (1966)
Solfège de l'objet sonore (1967)
America, We Ignore You (1946)
The Non-Visual Element of Films (1946)
In Search of a Concrete Music (1952)
Music and Acoustics (1967)

References
Notes

Sources
 Dalibor Davidović, Nikša Gligo, Seadeta Midžić, Daniel Teruggi, and Jerica Ziherl (eds.) (2011).Proceedings of the International Conference <mask>fer: mediArt, with a foreword by Ivo Malec, papers by Daniel Teruggi, François Bayle, Jocelyne Tournet-Lammer, Dieter Kaufmann, Francisco Rivas, Seadeta Midžić, Marc Battier, Brian Willems, Leigh Landy, Cedric Maridet, Hans Peter Kuhn, Tatjana Böhme-Mehner, Jelena Novak, Martin Laliberté, Suk-Jun Kim, Darko Fritz, Stephen McCourt, Biljana Srećković, and Elzbieta Sikora. Rijeka: Muzej moderne i suvremene umjetnosti. . External links

 PierreSchaeffer.com – Official website
 Le Groupe de Recherches Musicales at the Institut national de l'audiovisuel
 Club d'Essai – Unofficial website of Club d'Essai
 Les Machines à Communiquer – Unofficial website by French historian Elizabeth Antebiel
 <mask>fer at the online alumni community of the École Polytechnique
 <mask> at the Electronic Music Foundation

 <mask> at Last.fm
 <mask>fer at BBC Music
 <mask>fer at Discogs
 <mask>fer at Artistdirect

1910 births
1995 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century French writers
Conservatoire de Paris faculty
French acoustical engineers
École Polytechnique alumni
Cultural critics
Electroacoustic music composers
Experimental composers
French classical composers
French male classical composers
French electronic

masks:
Pierre Schaef
Pierre Schaef
Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre Schaef
Pierre Schaef
Pierre Schaef


texts:
 musicians
French experimental musicians
20th-century French inventors
French music critics
French music theorists
French radio personalities
French record producers
French Roman Catholics
Inventors of musical instruments
French writers about music
Musique concrète
French opera composers
Male opera composers
French people of German descent
Musicians from Nancy, France
Prix Sainte-Beuve winners
20th-century musicologists
20th-century French male


texts:
<mask> (24 July 1847 – 9 May 1909) was a seamstress who in 1880 founded Margarete Steiff GmbH, making toy stuffed animals. Born in Giengen, Germany, Steiff contracted polio as a child, leaving her with both legs paralyzed and pain in her right arm. After training as a seamstress, she was able to raise enough money to buy a sewing machine by teaching people to play the zither. She began making clothes, eventually opening her own store in 1877. Around this time, Steiff came across a sewing pattern for a toy elephant, as well as patterns for mice and rabbits. Using felt and lambswool, Steiff made many of these toys as gifts for friends, and later began to sell some. Proving popular, the scale of production steadily increased, as did the variety of toys.In 1902, the company began making a toy bear with moveable joints based on a design by <mask>’s nephew. Taking off in the United States, it was nicknamed after then-U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt, becoming the first teddy bear. Childhood
Born in Giengen, Germany, Margarete was the daughter of building contractor <mask> and his wife <mask>, née Haehnle. At eighteen months,   Margarete contracted a high fever that left her legs paralyzed and right arm difficult to raise. After three years, doctors finally diagnosed her with polio. Her parents were keen that she live a full life and investigated many medical treatments with little success. As a child she was taken to school in a small hand-pulled cart by her sisters and other neighborhood children.In her later reminiscences, she recalls 'All the children gathered around me and I organised games in which I was the center of attention. However, the older children often ran off and then I was left

masks:
Margarete Steiff
Steiff
Friedrich Steiff
Maria Margarete


texts:
 babysitting the tiny tots'

Margarete regularly attended school throughout her childhood and in spite of the pain in her right hand, went to the needlework classes of Frau Schelling where she completed her training as a seamstress at the age of 17. She occasionally worked with her sisters, who had opened a women's tailors. She also became an accomplished zither player, teaching others to play to earn some money. Her savings allowed her to buy a sewing machine, the first owned in the town of Giengen, and this led to another opportunity to earn income. Margarete worked on trousseaus for the town folk and by her mid-twenties was making fashionable clothes and traveling to other towns to work and visit family, sending her cart ahead of her and traveling by post coach. Entrepreneurship
In 1877 Margarete opened a felt store and began making felt underskirts, which had just become fashionable, for the firm of Christian Siegle in Stuttgart.She was soon able to employ people to work for her and it became a thriving business. 'At this time I came across a pattern for a toy elephant. Felt was the ideal material for this toy and the filling would be of the finest lambswool. Now I could make these as gifts for the children in the family and I tried out the patterns in various sizes'. In 1879, the American magazine Delineator published a pattern for a cloth mouse, rabbit and elephant, other animal patterns followed and the German magazine Modenwelt reproduced these patterns. Margarete made many of these toys and gave them as gifts to friends, and by 1880 she started to sell them in small numbers. In the following years she widened her range of small cloth animals based on the magazine patterns, but with


texts:
 small alternations to the cloth used and accessories.In 1892, her small company applied for a patent "for making of animals and other figures to serve as playthings". The patent number was DRP 66996, but this was later withdrawn when contested by another German toy manufacturer. Margarete's brother Fritz realised that there was an opportunity to sell large numbers of these toy animals and he took some samples to the market in Heidenheim, coming away with many orders. Production and turnover increased each year as did the variety of toys on offer. Pull-along and ride-on toys were also added with the development of metal frames inside the toys. By 1889, the company moved into a larger building, which had a corner shop where the toys and fabric could be displayed for sale. The words "Felt-Toy-Factory" were painted in large letters on the outside wall.Next came a printed catalogue for customers to order from, and the business grew. In 1897, <mask> <mask>'s creative nephew, <mask>, joined the company. He had previously studied at the Kunstgewerbeschule (Arts and Crafts Academy) in Stuttgart, Germany. His sketches became the basis for many different Steiff toys. First teddy bear
<mask> <mask> made up all the samples of any new toys herself so she could uncover any problems that might arise in production. Between 1897 and 1899, the Steiff company was designing and making "dancing bear" toys. Rather than the familiar teddy bear, these were standing figures carrying sticks and with rings through their noses imitating the real-life dancing bears that traveled from town to town to provide entertainment at this time, or pull-along bears on wheels.In 1902, <mask> designed "Bear 55 PB", the first soft toy

masks:
Margarete
Steiff
Richard Steiff
Margarete
Steiff
Richard Steiff


texts:
 with movable joints, which was to become the first teddy bear. By 1903, a large shipment of toys had been sent to a New York showroom, but there was not much interest in the plush toy bears that were displayed there. In March 1903, <mask> took jointed soft toy bears to a spring fair in Leipzig, where they caught the eye of an American buyer, who ordered 3000 bears. From then on, "Bear 55 PB" became a bestseller in the United States - a remarkable achievement for a small German business from the Swabian Albs. Starting in 1906, the bear became known under the name "Teddy Bear", named after the American President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt. One million teddy bears were produced by 1907. Legacy
<mask> <mask> became an important figure in German female entrepreneurship.Originally from a small town in southern Germany and living with a life-long physical disability, she founded and grew a business that continues to be recognized around the world. In the literature on German entrepreneurs, she is cited as an idol for female entrepreneurship and innovation, growing her business beyond German borders. The Steiff bear went on to become the most famous and sought-after brand of teddy bears. In 1910, Steiff won the Grand Prix at the world exhibition Brussels International 1910 in Belgium. Today, Steiff continues to be considered among the most high-quality toy manufacturers in the world and older Steiff toys have become valuable collectibles. References

External links

 http://www.museocasalis.org/
 BBC News: "Teddy bear celebrates 100th birthday"

1847 births
1909 deaths
Toy inventors
19th-century German inventors
People with polio
German tailors
People from Heidenheim (district)
Deaths from pneumonia

masks:
Richard Steiff
Margarete
Steiff


texts:
Lieutenant General Sir <mask>,  (12 July 1879 – 3 October 1964) was a British Army veteran of the Second Boer War and the First and Second World Wars. Early life
<mask> was born in Madras to a civil servant father, W. H<mask> of the Indian Civil Service – and to a family with a long military lineage. When he was only nine months old, his parents left him in the care of relatives in England, so that he might receive an education in keeping with his family's station. At thirteen, young <mask> won a scholarship to Charterhouse School and became a top-ranking classical scholar and a keen student of ancient military campaigns. Upon graduation, he proved to be qualified for a military career at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, from which, in due course, he went to the Royal School of Military Engineering at Chatham. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers on 6 August 1899. Second Boer War to First World War
Dobbie joined the Second Boer War shortly after the funeral of Queen Victoria in February 1901, and was promoted to lieutenant while in South Africa, on 1 April 1902.He was wounded, and returned to the United Kingdom shortly after the end of hostilities, arriving in Southampton in July 1902. He later opined that the Second Boer War was a rather unjust war. Following his return he was stationed at Chatham in late 1902, and was promoted to captain on 6 August 1908. He attended the Staff College, Camberley, from 1911 to 1912. First World War
<mask> was appointed a Knight of the Legion of Honour in November 1914 and appointed a GSO 3rd Grade on 1 April 1915. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 14 January

masks:
William George Shedden Dobbie
William
. Dobbie
William
Dobbie


texts:
 1916, promoted to major on 1 April 1916, promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel on 19 August 1916 (retroactive from 6 July 1915 on 1 January 1920) and brevetted to lieutenant colonel on 1 January 1917. During the First World War, Dobbie happened to have been the staff officer on duty in November 1918 and his is the only signature on the cease-fire telegram that was sent to all troops.In later years, when asked what he did during the war, <mask> would reply "I stopped the bloody thing!". After the war <mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of Leopold on 21 August 1919. Interwar years
He was graded a temporary lieutenant colonel on 18 April 1920 and brevetted to colonel on 1 July 1922. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 January 1925 and to colonel on 18 January 1926. On 29 June 1928, he was appointed commander of the Cairo Brigade with the rank of brigadier, then considered a temporary rank. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1930 New Year Honours List. He reverted to his permanent rank of colonel and ceased to be employed from 15 July 1932, being placed on half-pay.On 18 February 1933, he was promoted to major general and appointed Commandant of the School of Military Engineers. He was appointed General Officer Commanding Malaya Command on 8 November 1935, holding the post to 1939. Second World War
<mask>, then holding the rank of major general, was informed that after Malaya he would be retired, because new War Office regulations deemed him too old for a further position. After war was declared in September, he was frustrated in his attempts to return to active service, until in April 1940 he

masks: Dobbie Dobbie Dobbie


texts:
 encountered the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Edmund Ironside, who offered him the position of Governor of Malta and Commander-in-chief of Malta. As acting Governor, he was granted the acting rank of lieutenant-general on 27 April 1940, and was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 14 March 1941. Promoted to temporary lieutenant general on 27 April, he was confirmed as Governor of Malta on 19 May. He remained Governor of Malta until May 1942, and retired with the honorary rank of lieutenant-general on 10 November 1942.When he arrived on Malta, its defensibility was in question because of the presumed ease with which Italy could overrun it. There were only 4 planes on the island and these had probably been overlooked. Few other than Churchill saw any strategic value in maintaining it and the commitment of the Maltese to the British cause was also questioned. On the day Italy declared war <mask> issued a statement to the garrison:
The decision of His Majesty's government to fight until our enemies are defeated will be heard with the greatest satisfaction by all ranks of the Garrison of Malta. It may be that hard times lie ahead of us, but I know that however hard they may be, the courage and determination of all ranks will not falter, and that with God's help we will maintain the security of this fortress. I call on all officers and other ranks humbly to seek God's help, and then in reliance on Him to do their duty unflinchingly. Despite being a Protestant on a Catholic island, his faith became an asset.Admiral Cunningham, commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, described him as "an Ironside of a man. His


texts:
 profound faith in the justice of our cause made a great impression on the religious Maltese. The complete and calm faith shown in the broadcasts he made nearly every evening contributed immensely towards keeping up the morale of the people". Over the next two years, Malta was a crucial element of war in the Mediterranean. Churchill responded to <mask>'s requests for planes and reinforcements and the Malta Fortress played a key part in reducing the German supply lines in North Africa, until the Luftwaffe joined in the most intense bombardment of the war in early 1942. In two months there were 500 air raids during which 27 times the tonnage of bombs were dropped as in the Coventry Blitz. Two attempts to relieve the island failed when supply ships were bombed in the harbour and a succession of Spitfires were picked off on the ground shortly after delivery.There also were problems in the Administrative Council in which a blame culture had emerged. Despite a visit from <mask>'s friend Lord Cranbourne, in May 1942 Churchill replaced <mask>, who was exhausted and unwell, with Viscount Gort. Gort brought with him the George Cross that had been awarded to the island by King George VI. <mask> himself received the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George. Personal life and later years
He and his wife Sybil (nee Orde-Browne) had one daughter, also called Sybil, who was married to Percival Johnston. They also had two sons, <mask> Granville <mask> who died on the 19th of June 1944 aged 38 and was a member of the Royal Engineers 237th Field Company. Orde Charles Staple Dobbie was their other son.<mask> was a member of the Protestant

masks:
Dobbie
Dobbie
Dobbie
Dobbie
Arthur William
Dobbie
Dobbie


texts:
 Plymouth Brethren, and when living in The Paragon, Blackheath, attended the large Brethren assembly in Nightingale Vale, Woolwich Common, London SE18. He was a member of the Board of Governors of Monkton Combe School in Somerset from 1942 to 1964. <mask> died on 3 October 1964 in Kensington, London, England, at the age of 85 years. He was buried in Charlton Cemetery, near the Chindit memorial of his nephew Major General Orde Wingate (1903–1944). His wife Sybil and other members of his family are also buried there. <mask>'s hypothesis regarding the capture of Singapore
In 1936, <mask>, then General Officer Commanding (Malaya) stationed in Singapore, made an inquiry to find out if more forces were required on mainland Malaya to prevent the Japanese landing and capturing forward bases to attack Singapore. Percival, then his Chief Staff Officer, was assigned the task of drawing up a tactical appreciation on how the Japanese were most likely to attack.Percival's report in late 1937 did confirm that north Malaya could serve as a base for the conquest of Singapore and Borneo. Both Dobbie and Percival made it clear that Singapore could no longer be seen as a self-contained naval base, and that its survival rested on the defence of mainland Malaya. So in May 1938, <mask> wrote to the Chief of Staff:

Dobbie added that an attack might be possible between the months of November and March, despite high winds and waves produced by the northeast monsoon. The recent landing of "5000 smuggled coolies" at this time dissolved any preconceptions that the monsoon offered protection. On the contrary, this monsoon would provide good cloud cover for the

masks: Dobbie Dobbie Dobbie Dobbie


texts:
 invaders. Quotes

 Reverend Daniel A. Poling, 1943
 Never before in any comparable area, have I found so many ranking executives giving so much attention to religion. Prime Minister Churchill
 [Dobbie is] a Governor of outstanding character who inspired all ranks and classes, military and civil, with his … determination … a soldier who … in … leadership and religious zeal … recalled memories of General Gordon and … the Ironsides and Covenanters.Lord Louis Mountbatten
 [Dobbie] prays aloud after dinner, invoking the aid of God in destroying our enemies. This is highly approved of by the Maltese, who have the same idea about God, but I would prefer an efficient Air force here. Mabel Strickland
 At San Anton, every night about seven, everyone would be summoned for prayer … Dobbie would stand … and … pray … and … ask the Almighty to bless the convoy … but he never prayed to stop the bombing … that was God's will … God helps those that help themselves …
 <mask>, on British intervention to restore order in the Arab-Jewish riots of 1928
 This will be the easiest war … We will have to fight only four days a week. The Arabs won't fight on Friday, the Jews on Saturday and Dobbie certainly won't on Sunday. Dobbie was stationed in Palestine and had an office overlooking (Gordon's) Golgotha. In 1929 the Bible Society distributed New Testaments to the British soldiers serving there. Dobbie wrote the following note which was inserted into each copy for his troops:
{{blockquote|You are stationed at the place where the central event in human history occurred – namely the crucifixion of the Son of God.You may see the place where this happened and you may


texts:
 read the details in this book. As you do this, you cannot help being interested, but your interest will change into something far deeper when you realise the events concern you personally. It was for your sake the Son of God died on the cross here. The realisation of this fact cannot but produce a radical change in one's life – and the study of this book will, under God's guidance, help you to such a realisation. W.G.S. Dobbie (Brigadier) 10 October 1929.}} I can't help feeling that the security of the Fortress might be better served by having a stronger force in being outside it … I consequently feel that the answers to the possible threat (of Japanese landing and establishing an advanced base on the mainland) is primarily to be found in suitable mobile forces in being in the Malay Peninsula … – Dobbie's letter as GOC (Malaya), to the War Office on 17 March 1936.References

Sources

Further reading
 <mask>, Lt-Gen Sir <mask> (1944) A Very Present Help. Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan. <mask>, Sybil (1944) Grace Under Malta. London : Lindsay Drummond. Dobbie, Sybil (1979) Faith & Fortitude. The Life & Works of General Sir <mask>ie :
 Dobbie's report on the military weakness of Singapore, and on the probable plan of Japanese attack, is discussed at some length in War and Remembrance'' (1978) by Herman Wouk. External links
 Royal Engineers Museum Detailed biography
 Royal Engineers Museum Dobbie in Malta (Second World War)
 The Defence Of Malta: an address by Lt. General Sir <mask>. S<mask>, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., D.S.O., LL.D, at The Empire Club of Canada, Toronto, Canada on Thursday, 22 February 1945.Presented by Club Chairman Mr. C. R.

masks:
Dobbie
William
Dobbie
William Dobb
William G
. Dobbie


texts:
 Conquergood. Cricinfo – Officials and Players: <mask> Contains brief profile of Sir <mask> and his cricket scores profile. 1879 births
1964 deaths
People educated at Charterhouse School
Royal Engineers officers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army generals of World War II
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
Military of Singapore under British rule
British Plymouth Brethren
Governors and Governors-General of Malta
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
English cricketers
Europeans cricketers
Governors of Monkton Combe School
British Army generals
Military personnel of British

masks:
William Dobbie
William Dobbie


texts:
<mask> (November 18, 1931 – December 31, 2008) was an American character actor on film, stage and television. He was best known for playing the killer Cole in The Sting, hockey goon Mo Wanchuk in Slap Shot, mobster George in The Untouchables (1987) and the gruff Henry Wingo in The Prince of Tides (1991). Biography

Early life and career
Born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of <mask> and <mask>, <mask> served in the Korean War and then attended the University of Maine. After touring with a stage company, he moved to New York City and studied at the American Theatre Wing. He made his Off-Broadway debut in Red Roses for Me in 1961, and went on to appear in the London company of the musical South Pacific. In the 1960s and early 1970s, he appeared in two productions of the New York Shakespeare Festival — Coriolanus at Central Park's Delacorte Theatre (1965), and Václav Havel's The Memorandum. In 1971, he starred as Rip Cord opposite Adrienne Barbeau as Cookie Kovac in the David Newbburge-Jacques Urbont musical Stag Movie.Theater critic Clive Barnes in The New York Times called the two "quite jolly" and that they "deserve to be congratulated on the lack of embarrassment they show when, on occasion, they have to wander around stark naked. They may not be sexy but they certainly keep cheerful." In 1972, he made his feature film debut in the military drama Parades (1972; re-released as The Line, 1980). This was followed by an appearance in a CBS TV-movie adaptation of David Rabe's Sticks and Bones, a black comedy about a Vietnam War veteran. The subject matter proved so controversial that half of the network's

masks:
Bradford Ernest Sullivan
Winthrop Sullivan
Margaret Schroeder Sullivan
Brad Sullivan


texts:
 affiliates refused to broadcast the telefilm. Success as character actor
<mask> was then featured prominently in director George Roy Hill's hit The Sting (1973), playing Cole, the hired killer who dogs the Robert Redford and Paul Newman characters. Following roles in other productions, <mask> reteamed with star Newman and director Hill for Slap Shot (1977), a hit comedy about a down-and-out hockey team.In a departure from the stoic, taciturn parts in which he was often cast, <mask> played a spectacularly vulgar hockey player, Morris "Mo" Wanchuk. He followed this with his Broadway debut, playing three different military officers in a revival of David Rabe's play The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel (April–September 1977), starring Al Pacino. The following year, <mask> earned a Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical for his performance as steelworker Mike LeFevre in Working (May–June 1978), adapted from the book by Studs Terkel and also starring Patti LuPone and Joe Mantegna. He would go on to do four other Broadway plays: Beth Henley's The Wake of Jamey Foster (October 1982), with Holly Hunter; a Circle in the Square revival of The Caine Mutiny Court Martial (May–November 1983); Peter Hall's revival of Tennessee Williams's Orpheus Descending (September–December 1989), as Jabe Torrance opposite Vanessa Redgrave's Lady Torrance (both recreating their roles in the TNT cable network's adaptation); and a stage version of the movie On the Waterfront (May 1995). <mask>'s other feature film credits include Walk Proud (1979), The Island (1980); Ghost Story (1981); Tin Men (1987);

masks: Sullivan Sullivan Sullivan Sullivan Sullivan


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 The Untouchables (1987); Funny Farm (1988); Dead Bang (1989); The Dream Team (1989); The Abyss (1989); Guilty by Suspicion (1991); True Colors (1991), The Prince of Tides (1991); Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993); The Fantasticks (made 1995, released 2000); The Jerky Boys: The Movie (1995); Canadian Bacon (1995); and Bushwhacked (1995). Of his role as a harsh husband in The Prince of Tides, in which his unwary character is given dog food to eat and consumes it with gusto, <mask> told an interviewer he was never quite sure if the contents of a can served him by Kate Nelligan, who played his wife, was actually dog food. He added, however, that as an actor he did not believe in questioning a director, and that whatever it was tasted fine.On television, <mask> portrayed Artemas Ward in 1984 miniseries George Washington, and Judge Roy Bean in the 1991 television movie The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw. Additional television credits include Miami Vice, The Equalizer, Against the Law, and Best of the West. He had recurring roles on I'll Fly Away, as Mr. Zollicofer Weed, the ex-Marine turned wrestling coach, and NYPD Blue, as Patsy Ferrara, a retired prizefighter who taught Bobby Simone about keeping birds. As a cast member of the drama Nothing Sacred (1997–1998), he played Father Leo, the older priest who helps guide his younger colleagues. His final TV role was on a 2000 episode of Law & Order. Other theater work includes the Off-Broadway plays The Ballad of Soapy Smith by Michael Weller (1984) and Neal Bell's Cold Sweat (1988) at Playwrights Horizons. Personal life and death
<mask> lived on the

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 Upper West Side of Manhattan.He died on December 31, 2008, aged 77, of cancer. Partial filmography

Parades (1972) - Sergeant Hook
Sticks and Bones (1973)
The Sting (1973) - Cole
Movin' On (1975) - Lt. Hardacre
Slap Shot (1977) - Mo Wanchuk
Walk Proud (1979) - Jerry Kelsey
The Island (1980) - Stark
Ghost Story (1981) - Sheriff Hardesty
Cold River (1982) - Reuban Knat
The Neighborhood (1982, TV movie) - Foreman
The New Kids (1985) - Colonel Jenkins
Hoosiers (1986) - George
Tin Men (1987) - Masters
The Untouchables (1987) - George
Funny Farm (1988) - Brock
Dead Bang (1989) - Chief Hillard
The Dream Team (1989) - Sgt. Vincente
Signs of Life (1989) - Lobsterman
The Abyss (1989) - Executive Officer Everton
Guilty by Suspicion (1991) - Congressman Velde
True Colors (1991) - FBI Agent Abernathy
The Prince of Tides (1991) - Henry Wingo
Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993) - Father Thomas
The Fantasticks (1995) - Ben Hucklebee
The Jerky Boys: The Movie (1995) - Detective Robert Worzic
Canadian Bacon (1995) - Gus
Bushwhacked (1995) - Jack Erickson

References

External links

<mask> at TVGuide.com; retrieved June 15, 2012. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. <mask> at Playbill. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. <mask> at Turner Classic Movies.Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Male actors from Chicago
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male stage actors
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Place of death missing
Deaths from liver cancer
People from the Upper West Side
1931 births
2008 deaths
University of Maine alumni
20th-century American male

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Brad Sullivan
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Brad Sullivan


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<mask> (, ; ; born 24 October 1966) is a Russian oligarch, billionaire, businessman, and politician. Abramovich enriched himself in the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, obtaining Russian state-owned assets at prices far below market value in Russia's controversial loans-for-shares privatization program. Abramovich was a confidante of former Russian president Boris Yeltsin and current Russian leader Vladimir Putin. Abramovich is the primary owner of the private investment company Millhouse LLC, and is best known outside Russia as the owner of Chelsea F.C., a Premier League football club. He was formerly Governor of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug from 2000 to 2008. According to Forbes, <mask>'s net worth was 12.9 billion in 2019, making him the second-richest person in Israel, the eleventh-richest in Russia and the richest person in Portugal. Early life

Family
<mask>'s family is Jewish.His mother, Irina Vasilievna <mask> (née Mikhailenko), was a music teacher who died when <mask> was 1 year old. His father, Aron (Arkady<mask> Leibovich (1937−1969), worked in the economic council of the Autonomous Republic of Komi. <mask>'s maternal grandparents were Vasily Mikhailenko and Faina Borisovna Grutman, both born in Ukraine. It was in Saratov in the early days of World War II that <mask>'s grandmother on the maternal side, Faina Borisovna Grutman, fled from Ukraine. Irina was then three years old. <mask>’s paternal grandparents, Nachman Leibovich and Toybe (Tatyana) Stepanovna <mask>, were Belarusian Jews. They lived in Belarus and, after the revolution, moved to Tauragė, Lithuania, with the Lithuanian spelling of the family name being Abramavičius.In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed

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 Lithuania. Just before the Nazi German attack on the USSR, the Soviets “cleared the anti-Soviet, criminal and socially dangerous element” with whole families being sent to Siberia. <mask>'s grandparents were separated when deported. The father, mother and children - Leib, Abram and Aron (Arkady) - were in different cars. Many of the deportees died in the camps. Among them was the grandfather of <mask>. Nachman Leibovich died in 1942 in the NKVD camp in the settlement of Resheti, Krasnoyarsk Territory.Having lost both parents before the age of 4, <mask> was raised by relatives and spent much of his youth in the Komi Republic in northern Russia. <mask> is the Chairman of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia, and a trustee of the Moscow Jewish Museum. <mask> decided to establish a forest of some 25,000 new and rehabilitated trees, in memory of Lithuania's Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust, plus a virtual memorial and tribute to Lithuanian Jewry (Seed a Memory) enabling people from all over the world to commemorate their ancestors' personal stories by naming a tree and including their name in the memorial. Marriages and children
<mask> has been married and divorced three times. In December 1987, following a brief stint in the Soviet Army, he married Olga Yurevna Lysova; they divorced in 1990. In October 1991, he married a former Russian Aeroflot stewardess, Irina Malandina. They have five children; Ilya, Arina, Sofia, Arkadiy and Anna.The couple divorced in 2007. On 15 October 2006, the News of the World reported that Irina had hired two top UK divorce lawyers, following reports of <mask>'s close relationship with the then 25-year-old Dasha Zhukova, daughter of a prominent

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 Russian oligarch, Alexander Zhukov. It was speculated that a future divorce settlement (amounting to a conjectured £5.5 billion (€6.5 billion)) might be the highest ever on record. The Abramoviches replied that neither had consulted attorneys at that point. However, they later divorced in Russia in March 2007, with a reported settlement of US$300 million (€213 million). <mask> married Zhukova in 2008, and they have two children, a son, Aaron Alexander, and a daughter, Leah Lou. In August 2017, the couple announced that they would separate; and their divorce was finalised in 2018.Early career
<mask> entered the business world during his army service. He first worked as a street-trader, and then as a mechanic at a local factory. <mask> attended the Gubkin Institute of Oil and Gas in Moscow, then traded commodities for the Swiss trading firm Runicom. In 1988, as perestroika created opportunities for privatization in the Soviet Union, <mask> gained a chance to legitimise his old business. He and Olga set up a company making dolls. Within a few years his wealth spread from oil conglomerates to pig farms. He has traded in timber, sugar, food stuffs and other products.In 1992, he was arrested and sent to prison in a case of theft of government property. Friendship with Boris Berezovsky
According to two different sources, <mask> first met Berezovsky either at a meeting with the Russian businessmen in 1993 or in the summer of 1995. Berezovsky and Abramovich registered an offshore company, Runicom Ltd., with five subsidiaries. <mask> headed the Moscow affiliate of the Swiss firm, Runicom S.A. In August 1995, Boris Yeltsin decreed the creation of Sibneft, which <mask> and Berezovsky were thought


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 to be top executives of. Acquisition of Sibneft, loans-for-shares, and aluminium wars

In 1995, <mask> and Berezovsky acquired a controlling interest in the large oil company Sibneft. The deal took place within the controversial loans-for-shares program and each partner paid US$100 million for half of the company, above the stake's stock market value of US$150 million at the time, and rapidly turned it up into billions.The fast-rising value of the company led many observers, in hindsight, to suggest that the real cost of the company should have been in the billions of dollars (it was worth US$2.7 billion at that time). <mask> later admitted in court that he paid billions of dollars of bribes to government officials and gangsters to acquire and protect his assets. As of 2000, Sibneft annually produced US$3 billion worth of oil. The Times claimed that he was assisted by Badri Patarkatsishvili in the acquisition of Sibneft. After Sibneft, <mask>'s next target was the aluminium industry. After privatisation, the "aluminium wars" led to murders of smelting plant managers, metals traders and journalists as groups battled for control of the industry. <mask> was initially hesitant to enter into the aluminium business, claiming that "every three days someone was murdered in that business".Relationship with Boris Berezovsky and Badri Patarkatsishvili
In 2011, a transcript emerged of a taped conversation that took place between <mask> and Berezovsky at Le Bourget airport in December 2000. Badri Patarkatsishvili, a close acquaintance of Berezovsky, was also present and secretly had the conversation recorded. During the discussion, Berezovsky spoke of how they should "legalise" their aluminium

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 business, and later claimed in court that he was an undisclosed shareholder in the aluminium assets and that "legalisation" in this case meant to make his ownership "official". In response, <mask> states in the transcript that they cannot legalise because the other party in the 50–50 joint venture (Rusal) would need to do the same, in a supposed reference to his business partner Oleg Deripaska. Besides Deripaska, references are made to several other players in the aluminium industry at the time that would have had to "legalise" their stake. <mask>'s lawyers later claimed that "legalisation" meant structuring protection payments to Berezovsky to ensure they complied with Western antimoney-laundering regulations. The Times also observed:

According to court-papers submitted by Abramovich, <mask> mentions in the court-papers:

Investments in technology
In 2015, Abramovich invested and led a $30 million round of funding with businessman OD Kobo Chairman of PIR Equities.Other partners include several well-known people from the music industry, among them David Guetta, Nicki Minaj, Tiësto, Avicii, will.i.am, Benny Andersson, Dave Holmes (manager of Coldplay) and others. Also StoreDot, founded by Doron Myersdorf, where Abramovich has invested over $30 million. Relationship with Russian leaders

Boris Yeltsin
By 1996, at the age of 30, Abramovich had become close to President Boris Yeltsin, and had moved into an apartment inside the Kremlin at the invitation of the Yeltsin family. In 1999, the 33-year-old Abramovich was elected governor of the Russian province of Chukotka. He ran for a second term as governor in 2005. The Kremlin press service reported that <mask>'s name had been sent for

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 approval as governor for another term to Chukotka's local parliament, which confirmed his appointment on 21 October 2005. Vladimir Putin
<mask> was the first person to
recommend to Yeltsin that Vladimir Putin be his successor as the Russian president.When Putin formed his first cabinet as Prime Minister in 1999, <mask> interviewed each of the candidates for cabinet positions before they were approved. Subsequently, <mask> would remain one of Putin's closest confidants. In 2007, Putin consulted in meetings with <mask> on the question of who should be his successor as president; Medvedev was personally recommended by Abramovich. Chris Hutchins, a biographer of Putin, described the relationship between the Russian president and Abramovich as like that between a father and a favourite son. Abramovich has said that when he addresses Putin he uses the Russian language's formal "вы" (like Spanish "usted", German "Sie", Italian "voi" or French "vous"), as opposed to the informal "ты" (Spanish "tú", German "du", Italian "tu" or French "tu"). Abramovich says that the reason is 'he is more senior than me'. Within the Kremlin, Abramovich is referred to as "Mr A".In September 2012, the England and Wales High Court judge Elizabeth Gloster claimed that <mask>'s influence on Putin was limited: "There was no evidential basis supporting the contention that Mr <mask> was in a position to manipulate, or otherwise influence, President Putin, or officers in his administration, to exercise their powers in such a way as to enable Mr Abramovich to achieve his own commercial goals." Gloster oversaw the case between Russian oligarchs Boris Berezovsky and <mask>. She found Berezovsky to be "an inherently


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 unreliable witness" and sided with <mask> in 2012. It later emerged that Gloster's stepson had been paid almost £500,000 to represent <mask> as a barrister early in the case. Her stepson's involvement was alleged to be more than had been disclosed. Berezovsky stated, "Sometimes I have the impression that Putin himself wrote this judgment". Gloster declined to comment.U.S. media reports that the U.S. intelligence community believes Abramovich is a "bag carrier", a financial middleman, for Putin. Abramovich is one of many Russian "oligarchs" named in the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, CAATSA, signed into law by President Donald Trump in 2017. He is one of the Navalny 35. Political career

Duma member
In 1999, <mask> was elected to the State Duma as the representative for the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, an impoverished region in the Russian Far East. He started the charity Pole of Hope to help the people of Chukotka, especially children, and in December 2000, was elected governor of Chukotka, replacing Aleksandr Nazarov. Governor
<mask> was the governor of Chukotka from 2000 to 2008. It is believed that he invested over US$1.3 billion (€925 million) in the region.During his tenure, living standards improved, schools and housing were restored and new investors were drawn to the region. <mask> was awarded the Order of Honour for his "huge contribution to the economic development of the autonomous district [of Chukotka]", by a decree signed by the President of Russia. Resignation
In early July 2008, it was announced that President Dmitri Medvedev had accepted <mask>'s request to resign as governor of Chukotka, although his various charitable activities in the region

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 would continue. In the period 2000–2006 the average salaries in Chukotka increased from about US$165 (€117/£100) per month in 2000 to US$826 (€588/£500) per month in 2006. Controversies

Boris Berezovsky allegations
In 2011, Berezovsky brought a civil case against <mask>, called Berezovsky v <mask>, in the High Court of Justice in London, accusing <mask> of blackmail, breach of trust and breach of contract, and seeking over £3 billion in damages. On 31 August 2012, the High Court dismissed the lawsuit. The High Court judge stated that because of the nature of the evidence, the case hinged on whether to believe Berezovsky or Abramovich's evidence.The judge found Berezovsky to be "an unimpressive, and inherently unreliable witness, who regarded truth as a transitory, flexible concept, which could be moulded to suit his current purposes", whereas supported by Putin, <mask> was seen as "a truthful, and on the whole, reliable witness". Bribery
In 2008, The Times reported that court papers showed Abramovich admitting that he paid billions of dollars for political favours and protection fees for shares of Russia's oil and aluminium assets. Allegations of loan fraud
An allegation emerging from a Swiss investigation links <mask>, through a former company, and numerous other Russian politicians, industrialists and bankers to using a US$4.8 billion (€3.4 billion) loan from the IMF as personal slush fund; an audit sponsored by the IMF itself determined that all of the IMF funds had been used appropriately. In January 2005, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) indicated that it would be suing Abramovich over a £9 million (US$14.9 million/€10.6 million) loan. The EBRD said that

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 it is owed US$17.5 million (€12.45 million/£10.6 million) by Runicom, a Switzerland-based oil trading business which had been controlled by <mask> and Eugene Shvidler. <mask>'s spokesman indicated that the loan had previously been repaid. Antitrust law violation in Russia
Russia's antitrust body, the Federal Antimonopoly Service, claimed that Evraz Holding, owned in part by <mask>, had breached Russian competition law by offering unfavourable terms for contractors and discriminating against domestic consumers for coking coal, a key material used in steel production.Dispute with Kolomoyskyi
According to Putin, Abramovich has been cheated by Ukrainian-Cypriot-Israeli oligarch Igor Kolomoyskyi. Putin claimed in 2014 that Kolomoyskyi had reneged on a contract with <mask>, saying that the pair signed a multibillion-dollar deal on which Kolomoyskyi never delivered. Pollution and Climate Change
According to The Guardian, in 2015 his $766m stake in Evraz, the steel and mining company, gave him ownership of about a quarter of Russia’s largest coal mine, the Raspadskaya coal complex in Siberia, whose reserves represented 1.5GT of carbon emissions, comparable to the annual output of Russia itself. According to The Conversation, "<mask>, who made most of his $19 billion fortune trading oil and gas, was the biggest polluter on our list" of most polluting billionaires, estimating "that he was responsible for at least 33,859 metric tons of CO2 emissions in 2018 – more than two-thirds from his yacht." Funding of Israeli Settlement
An investigation by BBC News Arabic has found that Abramovich controls companies that have donated $100m to an Israeli settler organisation. Elad operates in occupied East


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 Jerusalem. By allowing settlement activity in the area Israel is considered to be in breach of international law.Israel disputes this view. Analysis of bank documents indicate <mask> is the largest single donor to the organisation. The bank documents - known as the FinCEN Files - were leaked to BuzzFeed News, then shared with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and the BBC. Elad also runs the City of David and other archaeological sites, visited by a million tourists each year in Jerusalem. There are arguments that Israel is breaking international law by allowing exploratory archaeological digs to be carried out in occupied land. A spokesman for <mask> told the BBC, that he "is a committed and generous supporter of Israeli and Jewish civil society, and over the past 20 years he had donated over five hundred million dollars to support healthcare, science, education and Jewish communities in Israel and around the world." European football

Chelsea F.C.In June 2003, <mask> became the owner of the companies that control Chelsea Football Club in West London. The previous owner of the club was Ken Bates, who later bought rivals Leeds United. Chelsea immediately embarked on an ambitious programme of commercial development, with the aim of making it a worldwide brand on a par with footballing dynasties such as Manchester United and Real Madrid, and also announced plans to build a new state-of-the-art training complex in Cobham, Surrey. Since the takeover, the club has won 18 major trophies – the UEFA Champions League twice, the UEFA Europa League twice, the UEFA Supercup twice, the Premier League five times, the FA Cup five times (with 2010 providing the club's

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texts: first ever league and FA Cup double), and the League Cup three times, making Chelsea the most successful English trophy winning team during <mask>'s ownership, equal with Manchester United (who have also won 16 major trophies in the same time span). His tenure has also been marked by rapid turnover in managers. Detractors have used the term "Chelski" to refer to the new Chelsea under <mask>, to highlight the modern phenomena of billionaires buying football clubs and "purchasing trophies", by using their personal wealth to snap up marquee players at will, distorting the transfer market, citing the acquisition of Andriy Shevchenko for a then-British record transfer fee of around £30 million (€35.3 million). In the year ending June 2005, Chelsea posted record losses of £140 million (€165 million) and the club was not expected to record a trading profit before 2010, although this decreased to reported losses of £80.2 million (€94.3 million) in the year ending June 2006.In a December 2006 interview, <mask> stated that he expected Chelsea's transfer spending to fall in years to come. UEFA responded to the precarious profit/loss landscape of clubs, some owned by billionaires, but others simply financial juggernauts like Real Madrid, with Financial Fair Play regulations. Chelsea finished their first season after the takeover in second place in the Premier League, up from fourth the previous year. They also reached the semi-finals of the Champions League, which was eventually won by surprise contender Porto, managed by José Mourinho. For <mask>'s second season at Stamford Bridge, Mourinho was recruited as the new manager, replacing the incumbent Claudio Ranieri. Chelsea ended the 2004–05 season


texts: as league champions for the first time in 50 years and only the second time in their history. Also high were <mask>'s spending on purchases from Portuguese football players.According to record newspaper accounts, he spent 165.1 million euros in Portugal: 90.9 with Benfica players, and 74.2 with FC Porto players. <mask> is present at nearly every Chelsea game and shows visible emotion during matches, a sign taken by supporters to indicate a genuine love for the sport, and usually visits the players in the dressing room following each match. This stopped for a time in early 2007, when press reports appeared of a feud between <mask> and manager Mourinho regarding the performance of certain players such as Andriy Shevchenko. On 1 July 2013, Chelsea celebrated ten years under <mask>'s ownership. Before the first game of the 2013–14 season against Hull City on 18 August 2013, the Russian thanked Chelsea supporters for ten years of support in a short message on the front cover of the match programme, saying, "We have had a great decade together and the club could not have achieved it all without you. Thanks for your support and here's to many more years of success." In March 2017, Chelsea announced it had received approval to for a revamped £500m stadium at Stamford Bridge with a capacity of up to 60,000.On 15 July 2018, the renewal of <mask>'s British visa by the Home Office, and his subsequent withdrawal of the application, in May 2018 Chelsea halted plans to build a £500m stadium in south-west London due to the "unfavourable investment climate" and the lack of assurances about Abramovich's immigration status. <mask> was set to invest hundreds of millions of pounds for the construction of


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 the stadium. Abramovich has been accused of purchasing Chelsea at the behest of Vladimir Putin, but he has denied the claim. Putin's People, a book by journalist Catherine Belton, a former Financial Times Moscow correspondent, formerly made such an assertion, but after libel action by <mask> against Belton and the book's British publisher HarperCollins, the claims were agreed in December 2021 to be stated as having no factual basis in future editions. In 2021, Abramovich was criticized for trying to enter Chelsea into unpopular European Super League. The competition has been widely scrutinized for encouraging greediness among the richer, larger football clubs, which undermines the significance of existing football competitions, however, just 2 days later, Abramovich decided to pull the club out of the new competition, with other English clubs following suit. In 2022, it was reported that <mask> was owed $2 billion from Chelsea F.C.According to Forbes, <mask>'s loan is insurance in case the British government considers sanctioning him due to his close relationship with the Putin regime in Russia. On 26 February 2022, during the Russo-Ukrainian War, <mask> handed over "stewardship and care" of Chelsea FC to the Chelsea Charitable Foundation. CSKA Moscow
In March 2004, Sibneft agreed to a three-year sponsorship deal worth €41.3 million (US$58 million) with the Russian team CSKA Moscow. Although the company explained that the decision was made at management level, some viewed the deal as an attempt by <mask> to counter accusations of being "unpatriotic" which were made at the time of the Chelsea purchase. UEFA rules prevent one person owning more than one team participating in UEFA


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 competitions, so <mask> has no equity interest in CSKA. A lawyer, Alexandre Garese, is one of his partners in CSKA. Following an investigation, <mask> was cleared by UEFA of having a conflict of interest.Nevertheless, he was named "most influential person in Russian football" in the Russian magazine Pro Sport at the end of June 2004. In May 2005, CSKA won the UEFA Cup, becoming the first Russian club ever to win a major European football competition. In October 2005, however, <mask> sold his interest in Sibneft and the company's new owner Gazprom, which sponsors Zenit Saint Petersburg, cancelled the sponsorship deal. Russian national team

<mask> also played a large role in bringing Guus Hiddink to Russia to coach the Russia national football team. Piet de Visser, a former head scout of Hiddink's club PSV Eindhoven and now a personal assistant to <mask> at Chelsea, recommended Hiddink to the Chelsea owner. National Academy of Football
In addition to his involvement in professional football, <mask> sponsors a foundation in Russia called the National Academy of Football. The organization sponsors youth sports programs throughout the country and has constructed more than fifty football pitches in various cities and towns.It also funds training programs for coaches, prints instruction materials, renovates sports facilities and takes top coaches and students on trips to visit professional football clubs in England, the Netherlands and Spain. In 2006 the Academy of Football took over the administration of the Konoplyov football academy at Primorsky, near Togliatti, Samara Oblast, where over 1,000 youths are in residence, following the death at 38 of its founder, Yuri Konoplev.


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 Wealth
According to Forbes, as of March 2016, <mask> had a net worth of 7.6 billion, ranking him as the 155th richest person in the world. Prior to the 2008 financial crisis, he was considered to be the second richest person living within the United Kingdom. Early in 2009, The Times estimated that due to the global economic crisis he had lost £3 billion from his £11.7 billion wealth. In the summer of 2020, Abramovich sold the gold miner Highland Gold to Vladislav Sviblov. On 5 March 2021, Forbes listed his net worth at US$14.5 billion, ranking him 113 on the Billionaires 2020 Forbes list.Wealth rankings

Charitable donations
<mask> has reportedly donated more money to charity than any other living Russian. Between 2009 and 2013, Abramovich donated more than 2.5 billion to build schools, hospitals and infrastructure in Chukotka. <mask> has reportedly spent approximately 1.5 bn on the Pole of Hope, his charity set up to help those in the Arctic region of Chukotka, where he was governor. In addition, Evraz Plc (EVR), the steelmaker partly owned by <mask>, donated 164 million for social projects between 2010 through 2012, an amount that is excluded in <mask>'s 310 million donations during this period. <mask> was recognized by the Forum for Jewish Culture and Religion for his contribution of more than $500 million to Jewish causes in Russia, the US, Britain, Portugal, Lithuania, Israel and elsewhere over the past 20 years. In June 2019, <mask> donated $5 million to the Jewish Agency for Israel, to support efforts to combat anti-Semitism globally. Abramovich decided to establish a forest of some 25,000 trees, in memory of Lithuania’s Jews who perished in the Holocaust, plus a virtual memorial


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 and tribute to Lithuanian Jewry.He also gave a substantial donation for the rehabilitation of the Jewish cemetery of Altona, now a neighborhood in the city of Hamburg. The project is carried out by B'nai B'rith International Portugal in partnership with Hamburg's Chabad. <mask> donates money to the Chabad movement and along with Michael Kadoorie and Jacob Safra, is one of the main benefactors of the Portuguese Jewish community and of B'nai B'rith International Portugal. Abramovich funds an extended programme in Israel that brings Jewish and Arab children together in football coaching sessions. More than 1,000 Arab and Jewish children each year will be brought together through football, with Chelsea funding the expanded set-up and club staff training local coaches. The expanded Playing Fair, Leading Peace programme will break down barriers and combat discrimination by mixing communities in Israel. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Abramovich paid for NHS staff to stay at the Stamford Bridge Millennium Hotel.Opposition to anti-semitism and hatred
During <mask>'s ownership of the club, Chelsea agreed to a three-year partnership with the Anti-Defamation League to expand their Center on Extremism. <mask> faced antisemitic messages during the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis. Kick It Out chief executive Tony Burnett hailed Chelsea's stance on fighting anti-Semitism, pledging the anti-discrimination organisation will now look to follow the lead of the club. "Historically it's been alleged that Kick It Out was formed to fight racism against black players and coaches. We looked at our strategy and realised we weren't doing enough on anti-Semitism and we brought together a group of stakeholders


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 with vast experience in this area." The Chelsea Foundation has launched a new program in partnership with the Peres Center for Peace and Innovation and the Israeli Football Association, introducing football sessions for Arab and Jewish children across Israel, a partnership that was developed following Chelsea Women’s visit to Israel in 2019, during which the team took part in football and education workshops with Arab and Jewish girls, benefiting 1,000 children in the first year alone. Other interests and activities

Art

<mask> sponsored an exhibition of photographs of Uzbekistan by renowned Soviet photographer Max Penson (1893–1959) which opened on 29 November 2006 at the Gilbert Collection at Somerset House in London.He previously funded the exhibition "Quiet Resistance: Russian Pictorial Photography 1900s–1930s" at the same gallery in 2005. Both exhibits were organized by the Moscow House of Photography. In May 2008, <mask> emerged as a major buyer in the international art auction market. He purchased Francis Bacon's Triptych 1976 for €61.4 million (US$86.3 million) (a record price for a post-war work of art) and Lucian Freud's Benefits Supervisor Sleeping for €23.9 million (US$33.6 million) (a record price for a work by a living artist). His partner Dasha Zhukova is managing a Garage Center for Contemporary Culture - gallery of contemporary art in Moscow that was initially housed in the historical Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage building by Konstantin Melnikov. The building, neglected for decades and partially taken apart by previous tenants, was restored in 2007–2008 and reopened to the public in September 2008. Speed and expense of restoration is credited to sponsorship by

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