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<mask> is a dancer and a choreographer who is recognized as one of the pioneer figures of Hip Hop dance in France. After having danced for more than thirty years in the Hip Hop world, <mask> has been the artistic director of her own dance compagny Rualité since 2002. Her work explores the issue of the memory of the body through the prisms of the colonial and post-colonial French history. Beginnings

<mask> was born on March 30, 1975, in the suburbs of Paris to a family who emigrated to France after Sub Saharan Africa's decolonization. Bintou started dancing with her brothers when she was not even ten years old; her interest in Hip Hop dance was in part influenced by the show H.I.P. H.O.P. on the French TV channel TF1.Around 1985, <mask> <mask> and her friends Gérard Léal et Anselme Terezo created the dance group Boogie Breakers and started dancing collectively in their neighborhood's public spaces. In 1989, she joined the group Concept of Art, in which was born several collectives of rappers and dancers. While in middle school, <mask> <mask> also joined the dance groups Aktuel Force (in 1993 and 1997) and Mission Impossible (1994-1996) in which she diversified her Hip Hop dancing by learning House Dance, New Style, Break Dancing... etc. She progressively acquired her dance technique and street credibility through collective trainings. She practiced in emblematic parisian spots for the French street dances as in Châtelet les Halles, the Place du Trocadéro-et-du-11-Novembre, the Place Georges-Pompidou and La Défense. In addition to her participation to different collectif trainings in Paris, she gets involved in street shows, festivals, battles and national scale Hip

masks:
Bintou Dembélé
Bintou Dembélé
Bintou Dembélé
Bintou
Dembélé
Bintou
Dembélé


type: original

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 Hop competitions. She also takes part in different shows in nightclubs in Belgium, at Le Palace (Paris), le Bataclan or Le Divan du Monde.Professional career

Dembélé's professional career began in 1996 when she was recruited by the Théâtre Contemporain de la Danse de Paris (TCD) as a dancer and choreographer. In 1997, she joined the dance group the Collectif Mouv’ where she created her first show entitled Et si…! (What if...!) with the break dancer Rabah Mahfoufi. While dancing for the Collectif Mouv', Dembélé also collaborated with the French Jazz saxophonist Julien Lourau and with the musical organization the Groove Gang to create a show entitled Come fly with us. At the same time she also co-founded the dance group Ykanji and the female group dance Ladyside. Her participation in French popular TV shows such as Graines de stars or Hit Machine enabled Dembélé to meet French rappers and dancers such as MC Solaar and Bambi Cruz.In 1998, she danced for MC Solaar's concert in l'Olympia (Paris) in a show choreographed by Max-Laure Bourjolly and Bambi Cruz. In 2002, as an interpreter for the dance company Käfig, Dembélé performed at the Joyce Theater in Manhattan during the New York New Europe '99 Festival. The same year, she also created her own dance compagny, named Rualité. In 2004 Dembélé created and performed her third show entitled L'Assise (The Foundation), which recounted the creative journey of individuals who explored the Hip Hop culture in France. In 2010, she created her first solo show entitled Mon appart' en dit long (My apartment tells a lot about it), in which she explored the notion of femininity, spatiality and daughter-mother relationship. In 2011,


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 she choreographed the music video of the song Roméo kiffe Juliette of the French slam singer Grand Corps Malade. In 2013, she created and performed in Z.H.(an abbreviation for 'zoo humains', which means in English human zoos). Z.H, which is one of <mask>'s major creations, was created for six dancers and explored the notions of memory, imperial gaze and voyeurism, racism and the dehumanization of people of color. In 2016, she created and performed in S/T/R/A/T/E/S - Quartet et le duo (S/T/R/A/T/U/M - Duo quartet), a dancing and musical performance for two duos mixing improvisation, dance theater, gimmick and 'corporeal poetry' to interrogate the notions of the transmission of traumatic memory, of feminism and of post-colonial identities. As a recognized dancer with both a street and professional background, Dembélé participates as a judge in various battles and other Hip Hop dance competitions and trains dancers as interprets for live performances all over the world. Bintou and the dancers of her dance compagny Rualité have performed their shows in France and internationally (in Sweden, in Burma, in Chile, in Macedonia, in French Guiana and in Mali). Commitments

Rualité 's aim is to explore new forms of political engagements and representations by gathering diverse artists and researchers. The photograph and video maker Denis Darzacq and the anthropologist of colonial representations Sylvie Chalaye are one of the personalities linked to Rualité.Organized around the ideas of creation, transmission and research, Rualité not only produces dance shows but also works for enhancing the access to culture and to cultural activities both in the French metropole (and


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 especially in its most marginalized communities) and in its overseas territories (and more especially in French Guiana). In the context of her company, <mask> <mask> frequently animates pedagogical and/or exploratory workshops aiming to gather people from different backgrounds and orientations in order to produce new insights on what being a committed artist means. <mask> <mask>'s engagements led her to work with students and scholars in schools and universities, with musicians and dancers from different backgrounds as well as with some of the Parisian suburbs' carceral population. <mask> <mask>'s commitment to the development of the Hip Hop culture and to the recognition and legitimacy of its actors in the French public spaces and common discourse led her to integrate the SeFeA laboratory organized by Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 in 2014. In September 2016, she is hosted by the Gender and Women studies department of the University of California, Berkeley in a conference to talk about the video documentary of her performance Z.H. In the French and francophone contexts, <mask> <mask>'s work can be related to the one of Maboula Soumahoro, Alice Diop or Isabelle Boni-Claverie. <mask> Demélé is one of the spokesperson of the scholars Mame-Fatou Niang and Kaytie Nielsen recent documentary Mariannes Noires (Black Mariannes) whose aim is to give voice and make visible Afro-French female identities.See also
 French hip hop
 Hip-hop theater
 Break dancing
 Banlieues
 Racism in France

References

Living people
1975 births
French female dancers
Hip hop dancers
21st-century French dancers
20th-century French dancers
20th-century French women
21st-century

masks: Bintou Dembélé Bintou Dembélé Bintou Dembélé Bintou Dembélé Bintou


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<mask>, <mask> of Denham,  (; born 7 May 1960) is an Armenian-British surgeon, academic, and politician. Lord <mask> is an academic surgeon and holds the Paul Hamlyn Chair of Surgery at Imperial College London, specialising in the field of minimally invasive and robot-assisted surgery, having pioneered many new techniques and technologies. He is co-director of the Institute of Global Health Innovation and the NIHR Imperial Patient Safety Translational Research Centre at Imperial College London. He has become strongly identified with trying to change the National Health Service (NHS) in England and is recognised internationally as an advocate for applying innovative reforms to health systems globally. Until resigning the whip in July 2019, <mask> sat as a Labour member of the House of Lords, but now sits as an independent peer because of his perception that Jeremy Corbyn failed to control anti-semitism within Labour. Early life and family
<mask> was born in Baghdad, Iraq to Armenian parents displaced by the 1915 Armenian genocide. His family had lived in Erzurum, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey).His paternal great-grandparents, Tatyos and Elbiz Shiroian, had one daughter and four sons. Elbiz and her daughter, Arevalous (<mask>'s grandmother), were the only survivors of the genocide. They fled on foot to northern Iraq with the aid of a friend of Tatyos. <mask>'s father was born in Mosul and his mother was born in Baghdad. <mask> is fluent in Armenian and served as a choirboy for Armenian religious services, growing up in Baghdad . He graduated from Baghdad College, but the situation in Iraq in the late 1970s led to his family's emigration. At 17, he moved to Ireland to study medicine, while

masks:
Ara Warkes Darzi
Baron Darzi
Darzi
Darzi
Darzi
Darzi
Darzi
Darzi


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 his parents and sister eventually settled in London."We were refugees. We had thrived in Iraq. But it was quite clear that we had to move on again. The first Persian Gulf war was looming. I remember my father saying: 'The kids need to get out of here,'" <mask> recalled in 2015. He studied medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, obtaining the degrees of LRCP&SI MB BCh BAO in 1984, and subsequently obtained the postgraduate degree of MD at Trinity College, Dublin. He moved to the UK from Ireland in 1990 to further his career in surgery.In 1991, he was appointed as a consultant surgeon at Central Middlesex Hospital at the age of 31 and then moved to St Mary's Hospital in 1994. His wife, Wendy, is Irish. They have two children, Freddie and Nina. Medical career
<mask> joined Imperial College London in 1994, obtained his Professorship in 1996 and became the Chair of Surgery and Head of Department in 1998. <mask> holds the Paul Hamlyn Chair of Surgery at Imperial College London and the Institute of Cancer Research. He is also an honorary consultant surgeon at St Mary's Hospital, and the Royal Marsden Hospital. He has held many senior administrative appointments within the Faculty of Medicine at Imperial College, Research Council, Editorial Board of Scientific Journals, and medical royal colleges.<mask> was educated in Ireland, awarded an MD from Trinity College Dublin and the fellowships of essentially all the Royal Colleges of Surgeons in the British Isles (Ireland FRCSI, England FRCS, and both Scottish Colleges FRCSEd, FRCPSG). He also holds the fellowship of the American College of Surgeons and has been elected as a fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences, an honorary

masks: Darzi Darzi Darzi Darzi


texts: fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and more recently a foreign associate of the Institute of Medicine. From 2005 to 2008 he was president of Bath Institute of Medical Engineering (BIME). In December 2008 he received an honorary degree (Doctor of Engineering) from the University of Bath. In 2010 he was made a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, and an honorary fellow of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence. <mask>'s main clinical and academic interest is in minimally invasive surgery and allied technologies in which he and his team are internationally recognised. He leads a team of researchers covering a wide spectrum of engineering and basic sciences research topics including Medical Image Computing, Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Safety, surgical education and training at post-graduate and undergraduate levels and Robotics.He has published more than 800 peer review papers and authored, co-authored or edited several books. This work has received international recognition including the Queen's Anniversary Prize for Excellence in Higher and further education 2001, Hamdan Award for Medical Research Excellence in 2004. In 2006 <mask> and his department were awarded the Rector's Research Excellence Award for their work on surgical robots. He has also delivered many named lectures around the globe. On 2 May 2013, Lord <mask> was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. <mask> is an enthusiastic advocate of Patient record access arguing that interested patients and carers, especially those accustomed to self-management of their condition, should take the lead in creating apps and other means of accessing


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 records that are customised to the needs of patient groups. Political career
In December 2006 NHS London asked <mask> to "develop a strategy to meet Londoners' health needs over the next five to ten years" and so his report Healthcare for London: A Framework for Action was published on 11 July 2007.Largely implemented, it recommended the development of academic health science centres and the introduction of more primary services in one place: polyclinics. The plan for moving care from hospitals to GP-led polyclinics was not successful. Nick Clegg called it "the central imposition of a polyclinic on every primary care trust, regardless of the geography, demographics and clinical needs of the area". However, his call for trauma, acute stroke and heart attack services to be centralised in specialist units succeeded and has been widely copied. He was also National Advisor in Surgery to the Department of Health. <mask>'s report in this role, 'Saws and Scalpels to Lasers and Robots: Clinical case for change’ (April 2007), argued for a change to the way surgery is organised to maximise patient benefits. On 29 June 2007 <mask> was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department of Health in the House of Lords at the Department of Health by Prime Minister Gordon Brown.He was duly raised to the peerage on 12 July 2007 as Baron <mask> of Denham, of Gerrards Cross in the County of Buckinghamshire. His appointment was a small part of a political shift by government to incorporate more talents, with historical predecessors such as the Ministry of All the Talents: however, he only lasted two years in the post. <mask> was tasked with leading a national review to plan the course of

masks: Darzi Darzi Darzi Darzi Darzi


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 the NHS over a decade, reporting to the Prime Minister, Chancellor, and Secretary of State for Health in June 2008. He cooperated with the Department of Health to undertake the "NHS Next Stage Review". <mask> was quoted in The Times as saying that "...This Review should be both led and evidence-based". The final report of the Review, High Quality Care for All, was published in June 2008 to considerable public and academic acclaim. The Financial Times stated that it was "the world's most ambitious attempt to raise the quality and effectiveness of an entire nation's healthcare".The Lancet said that:

Through High Quality Care for All, academics suggested that <mask> has updated traditional notions of professionalism and described a new accountability in clinical practice. Following publication, <mask> remained in his ministerial post. He was associated with the plan to develop Polyclinics in England. The plan for moving care from hospitals to GP-led polyclinics was quietly reversed when the costs became apparent, but his call for trauma, acute stroke and heart attack services to be centralised in specialist units was seen as successful and was widely copied. In June 2009, <mask> was appointed as a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. In July 2009, <mask> relinquished his post as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State. The Prime Minister praised his "outstanding contribution" while The Guardian said that:

Since 2018, <mask> has been leading the National Health Service’s Accelerated Access Collaborative.<mask> resigned as a Labour peer on 9 July 2019 to sit as an independent, citing alleged tolerance of antisemitism by the party leadership. Labour rejected the claims on

masks: Darzi Darzi Darzi Darzi Darzi Darzi Darzi


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 antisemitism as "false and offensive", pointing to the extra resources put into addressing cases, the number dealt with and the low number relative to Labour's membership. Parliamentary voting record
According to parliamentary monitoring website, TheyWorkForYou, as of May 2021 <mask>'s voting record shows the following trends:
 consistently against measures to prevent climate change
 generally for more EU integration

Armenian issues
In October 2016 <mask> joined other prominent Armenians on calling the government of Armenia to adopt "new development strategies based on inclusiveness and collective action" and to create "an opportunity for the Armenian world to pivot toward a future of prosperity, to transform the post-Soviet Armenian Republic into a vibrant, modern, secure, peaceful and progressive homeland for a global nation." In November 2019, after the US House of Representatives recognized the Armenian genocide, <mask> wrote in The Guardian that he "remain[s] dismayed by the British government’s refusal to acknowledge the slaughter of an estimated 1.5 million Armenians in a wave of violence that followed the fall of the Ottoman empire." He added that it is "a source of intense pain and regret to me and my compatriots that our own government persists in denying the genocide out of fear of offending Turkey." Global health and innovation
After July 2009, Lord <mask> returned to his clinical and academic work and has expanded his involvement in global health issues. In June 2010 he was appointed Chairman of the Institute for Global Health Innovation at Imperial College, a body dedicated to improving healthcare around the world and reducing health inequalities in developed and


texts: developing countries.In November 2010, under David Cameron, <mask> became a United Kingdom Global Ambassador for Health and Life Sciences; a role he continued until 2012. In 2012 the Institute of Global Health Innovation (IGHI) hosted the inaugural Global Health Policy Summit in London, during the London 2012 Olympic Games. This event brought together global healthcare leaders, academics and industry to debate key topics on global health and included a keynote address by Prime Minister David Cameron. In September 2013, <mask> was appointed by the Mayor of London Boris Johnson to lead a review of health and wellbeing and services in London. The London Health Commission which reported in October 2014 proposed the toughest measures seen in the UK to tackle the "obesity emergency" that leaves one in three 10-year-olds overweight or obese, including Ofsted-style ratings highlighting the best and worst schools at promoting healthy eating, and requiring chain restaurants to include "traffic light" calorie warnings on menus. He called for the Mayor to rewrite the London Plan to give borough councils greater protecting in banning takeaways from within 400m of the school gates. Also in 2013, he hosted the World Innovation Summit for Health in Doha, Qatar, under the patronage of Mozah bint Nasser Al Missned and the Qatar Foundation.More than one thousand delegates attended from industry, academia and the healthcare sector and politicians, as well as royal figures including Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma, The Duke of York, Princess Lalla Salma of Morocco, HRH Princess Ghida Talal of Jordan and Princess Dina Mired of Jordan. He has also run training courses for doctors in Armenia and helped Armenian

masks: Darzi Darzi


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 doctors come to London for clinical training. He has also performed several laparoscopic surgeries in Yerevan, and supplied hospitals in Armenia with equipment and surgical kits. Other activities
<mask>, along with Amal Clooney, was involved in the release of two Reuters journalists, Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo, from Myanmar on 7 May 2019. In 2021, <mask> commissioned a COVID-19 vaccine promotion ad for the NHS, with his friends Elton John and Michael Caine. Corporate boards
 Evelo Biosciences, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2018)
 AbbVie, Member of the Advisory Board

Non-profit organizations
 Africa Research Excellence Fund (AREF), Member of the Advisory Panel (since 2015)
 Aurora Prize, Member of the Selection Committee (since 2015)
 Duke Institute for Health Innovation (DIHI), Member of the Global Advisory Board
 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Member
 Foundation for Armenian Science and Technology (FAST), Member of the Advisory Board
MIT Jameel Clinic, member of the advisory board
 Rangoon General Hospital Reinvigoration Charitable Trust, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Qatar Foundation, Member of the Advisory Board
 Sidra Medical and Research Center, Vice Chair of the Board of Governors

Awards and honours
In 2002, <mask> was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) for his services to medicine and surgery and subsequently was created a Life Peer on 12 July 2007, as Baron Darzi of Denham, of Gerrards Cross in the County of Buckinghamshire. He was appointed to Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council in June 2009.<mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2013. In January 2014, <mask> was awarded the


texts:
 Qatari sash of Independence by the Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani in recognition of his contribution to the development of Qatar's health sector. <mask> was named by the Health Service Journal as the 38th most influential person in the English NHS in 2015. In the 2016 New Year Honours, he was awarded the Order of Merit, for services to medicine. References

External links

 Faculty page at Imperial College
 Lord <mask> of Denham at Parliament.uk

1960 births
Living people
Academics of Imperial College London
21st-century British medical doctors
British people of Armenian descent
Iraqi emigrants to the United Kingdom
Ethnic Armenian academics
Ethnic Armenian physicians
Iraqi people of Armenian descent
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Alumni of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
National Health Service people
Members of the Order of Merit
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British colorectal surgeons
Physicians of St Mary's Hospital, London
British politicians of Iraqi descent
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
NIHR Senior


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Théodore-<mask> (8 March 1671 - 27 December 1733) was a religious, allegorical and portrait painter born in Liège. Along with Jean-Baptiste Coclers, Paul-Joseph Delcloche, Nicolas de Fassin, Léonard Defrance and Pierre-Michel de Lovinfosse, he was one of the most important Baroque painters active in the Principality of Liège. Life
Nothing is known of his youth except that he was an apprentice to Englebert Fisen, another painter in the city. He seems to have then moved to Paris, where he studied under the portraitist Nicolas de Largillierre. After his stay in France, he moved on to Rome, where he worked in Agostino Masucci's studio. He returned to the Principality sometime before 1708. There he gained several commissions, including the decoration of the hôtels de ville in Maastricht and Liège.He only definitively moved back to the city of Liège itself around 1719. He also worked for several noble families, particularly the Oultremont family. Eleven paintings by him survive in the château de Warfusée, including three of the lord and seven portraits of members of the Oultremont family. He was also commissioned by several churches in and around the city. His Saint Benedict Taken Up To Heaven for St James's Church, Liège is considered his masterpiece. Plumier also produced the high altarpiece for Liège's churches of Saint-Remacle (Descent from the Cross) and


texts:
 Sainte-Catherine (Martyrdom of St Catherine)—the latter sagged and tore in July 2018 and is being restored in situ. Plumier had two sons, who both also became painters.Jacques-Théodore (Liège, 1702–1766), painted Baptism of Clovis as the high altarpiece for the church of Saint-Rémy in Huy. Philippe-Joseph-Clément (Liège, 1718-?) is recorded in Rome between 1739 and 1743 and a beneficiary of the foundation Darchis in the studio of Agostino Masucci. <mask>ier is named after him. Examples are the four large-format paintings of episodes from Jesus' life in the basilique Saint-Martin de Liège and five paintings in the basilique Notre-Dame de Tongres (three of the latter are on the life of Maternus of Cologne). 1873), 509 p. (lire en ligne [archive]), chap. XVI (« Edmon Plumier, Nicolas La Fabrique, Olivier Pirotte »), p. 369-376
Jules Helbig, « PLUMIER (Edmond) », dans Biographie Nationale, t. XVII, Bruxelles, Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, 1903 (ISSN 0770-7150, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 825-829
Le Siècle des Lumières dans la Principauté de Liège (catalogue d'exposition), Liège, Musée de l'Art wallon, 1980, 417 p., p. 182-183

External links

  Dictionnaire des peintres belges

17th-century painters from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège
18th-century painters from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège
1671 births
1733 deaths
Baroque


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<mask><mask> (27 June 1928 – 31 July 2020) was an Indian Administrative Service officer, who served as Union Home Secretary and Governor of Arunachal Pradesh during the <mask> government. <mask> played a major role in the signing of the Assam Accord and the Mizo Accord. He held Secretary-level positions at the international and national levels in the areas of commerce, defence and home. He was in service of the government of India for 36 years. <mask> was an IAS officer of the Maharashtra cadre. He joined as a Bombay State officer. For the next five years he worked in Gujarat.Later, he was an Indian representative diplomat in international trade and commerce in Geneva for ten years. In December 2008 he was appointed to lead a two-man panel to investigate the 2008 Mumbai attacks. He died on July 31, 2020, aged 92. Union Home Secretary
<mask> Gandhi, who was then the General Secretary of the Congress (I) party, was impressed by the work done by <mask>, who as Chief Secretary of Maharashtra, had promptly handled and provided administrative services during the Bhiwandi communal riots of 1982. When <mask> became the Prime Minister in 1984, he invited <mask> to join his government. <mask> chose the post of Union Home Secretary which <mask> accepted. Pradhan worked under Home Ministers S. B. Chavan and Buta Singh, and Minister of State for Home Arun Nehru.The Punjab problem
The first major task <mask> took up as Home Secretary in February 1985, was to assess the political situation in Punjab. Politics in Punjab had become secessionist in nature and the Akali Dal party was calling for an independent country of Khalistan. Following the previous Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's ordering of Operation Blue Star to flush out the militants, and her subsequent assassination by her own Sikh bodyguards sympathetic to the Khalistan cause, the situation in Punjab had become tense. <mask> suggested re-initialisation of dialogue with the Akali Dal, and as a precursor suggested

masks:
Ram D
. Pradhan
Rajiv Gandhi
Pradhan
Pradhan
Rajiv
Pradhan
Rajiv
Pradhan
Pradhan
Rajiv
Pradhan
Pradhan


texts: replacement of Punjab Governor K.T. Satarawalla, with a person of political background. Following this, Arjun Singh was made the new Governor of Punjab in March 1985. Pradhan also suggested involving the former Maharashtra Chief Minister Sharad Pawar in the Punjab negotiations.Being from Maharashtra himself, <mask> was aware of the political structure on his home state, and knew of Pawar's abilities, and his added advantage of being a friend of Parkash Singh Badal, one of the Akali strongmen. Pawar's appointment led the way to his rejoining the Congress (I) from which he had split. Pawar went on to become a Congress strongman in the Narasimha <mask> government. <mask> was involved in the implementing of the Punjab accord. He extended support to the Mathew Commission, set up to decide the Hindi-speaking areas of Punjab to be transferred to Haryana in lieu of Chandigarh which would be permanently transferred to Punjab as part of the accord.As per the commission's suggestion for a linguistic enumeration of the population of a village called Kandu Khera, the task demanded that the enumeration be fair and peaceful. Pradhan ordered the deployment of a contingent of Assam Rifles in the village for the safety of the enumerators, and so that political forces did not determine the outcome of the result. When both the Chief Ministers of Punjab and Haryana showed dissatisfaction with the neutrality of the enumerators, Pradhan selected 30 young IAS officers from non-Hindi speaking areas who successfully performed the enumeration. It was as per that enumeration that the commission concluded that it could not make any recommendation for a suitable contiguous Hindi-majority area of villages that can be transferred to Haryana. Following this the Venkataramiah Commission was set up with the same purpose, and <mask> represented the Central Government in the hearings of the commission. That commission too could not come up with a solution in time because of a last-minute

masks: Pradhan Rao Pradhanhan Pradhan


texts:
 change of plan by the Bhajan Lal government. To counter Bhajan Lal's opposition to the commission, he was replaced as Chief Minister by Bansi Lal who agreed to the commission's award.Following this the Desai Commission was set up to complete the previous commission's work in 24 hours. <mask> briefed the commission on the work done by the previous commissions, and provided it with records and figures available with the Home Ministry. However the commission could not complete its work as its term was extended at the behest of Punjab. Chandigarh is still a Union Territory shared as a joint capital by the states of Punjab and Haryana. Assam Accord

Student parties in Assam like AASU, were agitating against the influx of foreigners from Bangladesh and Nepal into the state. They were having talks with the Central Government from the time of Indira Gandhi in 1980 for a solution to the problem. The talks were formally discontinued in 1983 without a solution.<mask> formally resumed talks on the Assam problem at the insistence of Prime Minister <mask> Gandhi in April 1985. He invited the AASU representatives including Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, President AASU and Bhrigu Kumar Phukan, general secretary AASU to Delhi in May 1985. Pradhan held five meetings with AASU in the first round of talks in May starting with a twenty-five-point discussion list. Eventually the list was narrowed down to seven core issues. The policy for the detection and treatment of foreigners was discussed during these meetings. <mask> accompanied the Home Minister S.B. Chavan to Assam on 9 August 1985, and met over 95 delegations that day.The final round of talks began on 12 August, when the first written draft of the negotiations was prepared jointly by Pradhan and the joint secretary of AASU, S.S. Sharma. There was no written record of the previous talks as <mask> feared it might be leaked to the Press. The talks were held in confidentiality and even the Assam Chief Minister and the Governor

masks: Pradhan Pradhan Rajiv Pradhan Pradhan


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 were unaware of the progress made. When AASU requested taking the draft back to Assam for approval by the party members, it was instead suggested to fly a sixty-member AASU Executive body to Delhi. <mask> had kept <mask> Gandhi deliberately out of the talks with AASU until they had approved the draft. <mask> used the pressure of time to clinch the accord as it was 2:30 am on 15 August, and <mask> Gandhi had decided to announce the signing of the accord in the Independence Day speech the same morning. Following the accord the AASU formed their political wing Asom Gana Parishad which came to power in the elections held in Assam in December 1985, with P.K.Mahanta as Chief Minister. Mizoram Accord
In August 1985, <mask> Gandhi handed over responsibility of negotiations with Laldenga to <mask>. Laldenga, founder of the Mizo National Front had fought for secession of his land from the country. In 1976 he had signed an accord with the Indian government, but this was not implemented because of the successive change of governments. Negotiations were ongoing from the time of the 1980 Indira Gandhi government. <mask> started direct talks with Laldenga in September 1985. As in the case of Assam, Pradhan kept <mask> Gandhi out of the negotiations.The talks started off roughly because <mask> Gandhi had opposed some points of the agreement negotiated by <mask>'s predecessor with Laldenga. The talks progressed slowly, but in June 1986, <mask> made an offer for a quick resolution as he was retiring from government service that month. On 30 June, the day of his retirement, <mask> again suggested that Laldenga be flexible to reach a settlement. Laldenga accepted this and in an hour's time all pending issues were cleared, and the draft of the agreement was prepared. Although they had planned to get the accord signed by <mask>'s successor, <mask> Gandhi wanted it to be signed by <mask> himself in the few hours left before his retirement. They consulted a legal expert and got

masks: Pradhan Rajiv Pradhan Rajiv Rajiv Pradhan Pradhan Rajiv Rajiv Pradhan Pradhan Pradhan Pradhan Rajiv Pradhan


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 his retirement postponed to midnight. The accord was then jointly signed by him, Laldenga and Lalkhama, the Chief Secretary of Mizoram.Governorship of Arunachal Pradesh
R.D<mask> was appointed the second Governor of Arunachal Pradesh in March 1987, after Arunachal was granted statehood in November 1986. The state was having border problems with China at the time, and <mask>'s achievements in reaching the accords of northeast states of Assam and Mizoram and his previous experience in the Defence Ministry were the factors Prime Minister <mask> Gandhi considered before offering him the position. When V.P. Singh came to power in January 1990, he demanded the resignation of Governors of all states. <mask> was the first governor to hand over the resignation. Rajya Sabha and Legislative Council
R.D.<mask> won a seat in the Maharashtra Legislative Council in June 1990 on the Congress ticket. Positions held
The positions listed are not in chronological order. Governor, Arunachal Pradesh : March 1987 – March 1990
 Home Secretary, India : January 1985 – June 1986
 Home Secretary, Maharashtra : 1977
 Chief Secretary, Maharashtra
 Private Secretary to Y.B. Chavan, Chief Minister Maharashtra, Defence Minister India : (1960–1965)
 India's Resident Representative in Geneva to UNCTAD and GATT : 12 years
 International civil servant : 5 years
 Assistant Collector and Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Mount Abu
 Chairman of the High-level Enquiry Commission for 26/11. Awards
R.D<mask> was awarded the Padma Bhushan on Republic Day, 1987. References

Further reading
 "Working with <mask> Gandhi" by <mask>.<mask>

1928 births
People from Maharashtra
Marathi politicians
Politics of Assam
Politics of Mizoram
Governors of Arunachal Pradesh
Governors of Bihar
Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council
Indian Administrative Service officers
Indian Home Secretaries
Indian civil servants
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service
2020 deaths
Indian National Congress politicians from

masks:
. Pradhan
Pradhan
Rajiv
Pradhan
Pradhan
. Pradhan
Rajiv
R D
Pradhan


texts: <mask> (born 15 November 1995) is a Chinese Sanshou kickboxer, who has spent the majority of her career fighting under the banner of Kunlun Fight in her native China. Between July 2018 and April 2019 she was ranked #6 woman in the world and #5 between June 2019 and March 2020 by Combat Press. Combat Press has continually ranked her in the top ten since ranking her #4 in November 2016, before dropping her from the rankings in April 2020 due to inactivity. She is the former IPCC Muay Thai World Champion, WCK Muay Thai and Wu Lin Feng Muay Thai Champion. <mask>'s martials arts career began in 2005, when she began training Wushu Sanda. In 2010 she began training with the national team, but suffered an injury in 2012, which sidelined her for the remainder of the year. After a successful recovery, she decided to transition to kickboxing.Kickboxing

masks:
Wang Kehan
Background Kehan


texts:
 career
In 2013, <mask> fought against Ekaterina Vandaryeva during C3: King of Fighters. She won the fight in the third round by TKO. After dropping an extra round decision to Jemyma Betrian, she scored a decision win over Marloes Merza and a TKO win over Taina. She would then enter the WCK Super Bantamweight tournament. Kehan TKO'd Lindsay Ball in the semi finals, and won a unanimous decision over Ciara Irvine to win her first major title. In her next fight she faced Masha Valent during Kunlun Fight 10. She won by a tornado kick to clinch the IPCC Muay Thai title.In the following fight Kehan fought Emily Wahby for the WLF 60 kg World Title. She won a unanimous decision, to win her third title in a row. Over the next two years, Kehan won her next 7 fights in a row, with notable wins over Irina Mazepa and Vicky Church. She then entered the Mulan


texts:
 51.5 kg Tournament. In the quarter finals she beat Juliana Werner by a 2nd-round TKO. In the semi finals she beat Anke Van Gestel by a unanimous decision after an extra round. In the finals she fought Anissa Haddaoui, and lost a unanimous decision, after an extra round.After losing in the finals of the tournament, Kehan went on a four fight winning streak, with notable wins over Laëtitia Madjene and Mallaury Kalachnikoff. Round) || 4 || 3:00|| 29-2
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 14 May 2017|| Win||align=left| Anke Van Gestel || Kunlun Fight 61 || Sanya, Hainan, China || Decision (Ext. Round) || 4 || 3:00 || 29-1
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 23 Apr 2017|| Win||align=left| Juliana Werner || Kunlun Fight 60 || Guizhou, China || TKO || 2 || ? || 28-1
|-
! style=background:white


texts:
 colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 30 Oct 2016|| Win||align=left| Korina Papachrysanthou || Kunlun Fight 54 || Wuhan, China || TKO (Punches) || 1 || ?|| 27-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 10 Sep 2016|| Win||align=left| Nathalie Visschers  || Kunlun Fight 51 || Fuzhou, China || TKO (Punches) || 3 || ? || 26-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 5 Jun 2016|| Win||align=left| Shana Lammers || Kunlun Fight 45 || Chengdu, China || TKO (Punches) || 2 || ? || 25-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 26 Apr 2016|| Win||align=left| Rachel Adamus || Kunlun Fight 43 || Zhoukou, China || TKO (Punches) || 3 || ? || 24-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 23 Jan 2016|| Win||align=left| Marisa Pires || Kunlun Fight 37 || Sanya, China || TKO (Punches) || 2 || ? || 23-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 30 Nov 2015|| Win||align=left| Vicky Church || WCK Muay Thai: USA vs China || Las Vegas,


texts:
 Nevada, United States || TKO (Punches) || 2 || ? || 22-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 28 Oct 2015|| Win||align=left| Michaela Michl || Kunlun Fight 32 || Dazhou, China || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 21-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 3 Jan 2015|| Win||align=left| Irina Mazepa || Kunlun Fight 15 || Nanjing, China || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 20-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 4 Dec 2014|| Win||align=left| Emily Wahby || Kunlun Fight 14 || Bangkok, Thailand || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 19-1
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 13 Sep 2014|| Win||align=left| Masha Valent || Kunlun Fight 10 || Minsk, Belarus || KO (Tornado Kick) || 3 || ?|| 18-1
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 7 Jun 2014|| Win||align=left| Ciara Irvine || WCK Muay Thai || Temecula, California,


texts:
 United States || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || ? || 17-1
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 7 Jun 2014|| Win||align=left| Lindsay Ball || WCK Muay Thai || Temecula, California, United States || TKO || 2 || 2:55 || 16-1
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 27 Apr 2014|| Win||align=left| Taina || Kunlun Fight 4 || Manila, Philippines || TKO (Punches) || 3 || ? || 15-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 30 Mar 2014|| Win||align=left| Marloes Merza || Kunlun Fight 3 || Harbin, China || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 14-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 18 Jan 2014|| Loss||align=left| Jemyma Betrian || Wu Lin Feng || Hubei, China || Decision (Etr. Round) || 4 || 3:00 || 13-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 3 May 2013|| Win||align=left| Ekaterina Vandaryeva || C3: King of Fighters || Xichang, China || TKO


texts:
 (Punches) || 3 || ?|| 13-0
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

See also
 List of female kickboxers

References

1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Heilongjiang
People from Mudanjiang
Chinese female kickboxers
Chinese sanshou


texts:
<mask><mask> (born March 2, 1955) is an environmental justice, clean energy, and quality jobs advocate who founded and chairs renewable energy developer Zoetic Energy. <mask> previously chaired the National Wildlife Federation (NWF), becoming the first African American to hold the position for any major conservation organization, and was an associate research scholar and McCluskey Fellow for Conservation at Yale University. He was also president of the Apollo Alliance, a coalition of organized labor, environmentalist, business, and civil rights leaders dedicated to freeing the United States of dependence on foreign oil. Early life

<mask> was the third of six children born to <mask>, a retired postal worker, and <mask>, a nurse. <mask> grew up in Bayous of Southern Louisiana during the height of the American civil rights movement, during which time Earl worked to racially integrate public schools in Louisiana. His father would often play recordings of speeches by the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. When he was thirteen, he and his brothers prepared to become the first black students to enroll in previously segregated schools in Lake Charles, Louisiana.In the middle of the night, their father awakened the boys, telling them to crawl up to the front window. When the boys looked out, they witnessed a posse of Ku Klux Klansmen, who were burning a cross in their front yard. He was the only African-American working as a ranger at the world's largest Scout camp, in Cimarron, New Mexico. <mask> attended college, planning to major in education at both Louisiana Tech University and McNeese State University. Before earning a degree, however, he decided to take a job in the petrochemical industry in 1975, lured by a high salary. Career

After college, <mask> worked in the petrochemical industry for 22 years, over half of that time as a union leader. Many of his relatives lived just beyond the fence from these industries, so he saw the impacts of pollution from refineries first hand.He noted that employees at the refinery wore masks and protective clothing, but that the neighbors across the fence, who were predominantly poor and black, received no

masks:
Jerome C
. Ringo
Ringo
Jerome Ringo
Earl Ringo
Nellie Ringo
Ringo
Ringo
Ringo


texts:
 such protection, and suffered disproportionately high levels of cancers and respiratory diseases. Eventually, <mask> decided to help educate the people in communities affected by petrochemical pollution, teaching them how to effectively stop the discharge of chemicals into neighborhoods around refineries, leading to the beginning of his environmental activism. <mask> began his environmental activism in 1991, by becoming member of the Calcasieu League for Environmental Action Now (CLEAN), an affiliate of the Louisiana Wildlife Federation. Among the 20,000 members of the statewide group, he was the first African American ever to join. Rather than trying to shut refineries and chemical plants down, he advocated the lobbying of state legislators on environmental laws, and encouraged citizens to show up at public hearings, where, as a community, they could express their fears and concerns and speak truth to power. <mask> was transferred to Malaysia, and during one of his return trips to the United States in 1994, he was offered early retirement. After accepting the offer, he committed his life to full-time work on behalf of people beyond the refinery fences lines.In 1998, he was the sole African-American delegate at the Global Warming Treaty negotiations in Kyoto, Japan, where he delivered an address. He also has spoken at the Central American conference on sustainable development in Belize City, Belize. He has addressed many historically-Black colleges and other universities, including the University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment and at the University of Oregon's Public Interest Environmental Law Conference. Apollo Alliance
As president of the Apollo Alliance, <mask> is working to educate the public and lobby in Washington, D.C. about the need to invest in alternative clean-energy sources, energy-efficient technology and jobs by building diverse coalitions. The Apollo Alliance seeks to reinvest in the competitiveness of American industry, rebuild cities, create good jobs, and ensure good stewardship of the economy and natural environment. "We are an organization that looks like the face of America," <mask> has said.

masks: Ringo Ringo Ringo Ringo Ringo


texts:
 The name of the alliance was chosen to pay homage to John F. Kennedy's Apollo program, which successfully put a man on the moon in 1969.The Apollo Alliance has been endorsed by leaders of the AFL-CIO, the Sierra Club, Greenpeace USA, the National Wildlife Federation, the Union of Concerned Scientists, the NAACP and other activist groups. National Wildlife Federation
In 1996, <mask> was elected to serve on the board of directors of the National Wildlife Federation, a seventy-year-old conservation organization which comprising 4.5 million members and over 700 employees. Since becoming chairman of the board the in 2005, <mask> has sought to further the NWF's partnerships with other organizations, particularly those involved with combating ecologocial dangers in poor and minority neighborhoods. He spearheads programs that reach into urban and minority communities, including schoolyard habitat programs such as Earth Tomorrow, which focuses on minority kids in elementary, middle, and high schools. "The single greatest issue for me as an environmentalist is climate change," <mask> told Mother Jones in 2005. Ringo envisions a new movement in environmentalism, where everyone becomes involved in planning for the future together. He believes that real success, in energy security, public health, environmental protection and social justice, will come when environmentalists are united and empowered to meet as equals with corporate interests.Zoetic Energy
Mr<mask> founded Zoetic Energy to address issues such as energy security in the developing world. Zoetic secured a Power Purchase Agreement with Ghana in January 2016. He has promoted hydrokinetic technology to ministers and leaders of countries throughout Africa, Asia and Latin America. References

External links

 HuffingtonPost.com - <mask> blog, Huffington Post
 MotherJones.com - 'The Pioneer:  The new head of the National Wildlife Federation has always been a pathbreaker.' Interview by Erik Kancler, Mother Jones (April 25, 2005)
 UMich.edu - '<mask>, Chair of the Board, National Wildlife Federation'

1955 births
American activists
Living people
People from Louisiana
Louisiana Tech University

masks:
Ringo
Ringo
Ringo
. Ringo
Jerome Ringo
Jerome Ringo


texts: <mask>  (December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian statesman and politician who served as the 10th prime minister of Canada for three non-consecutive terms from 1921 to 1926, 1926 to 1930, and 1935 to 1948. A Liberal, he was the dominant politician in Canada from the early 1920s to the late 1940s. <mask> is best known for his leadership of Canada throughout the Great Depression and the Second World War. Trained in law and social work, he played a major role in laying the foundations of the Canadian welfare state and established Canada's international reputation as a middle power fully committed to world order. With a total of 21 years and 154 days in office, he remains the longest-serving prime minister in Canadian history. Born in Berlin, Ontario (now Kitchener), <mask> obtained a Bachelor of Arts, two Master of Arts, and a Bachelor of Laws in the 1890s. He also earned a PhD in 1909 – the only Canadian prime minister to have done so.In 1900, he became deputy minister of the Canadian government's new Department of Labour. He entered the House of Commons in 1908 before becoming the federal minister of labour, serving under Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier. Losing his seat in the 1911 federal election, <mask> worked for the Rockefeller Foundation before briefly working as an industrial consultant. Following the death of Laurier in 1919, <mask> acceded to the leadership of the Liberal Party and won a by-election to enter parliament shortly after. Taking the helm of a party bitterly torn apart during the First World War due to the Conscription Crisis of 1917, he unified both the pro-conscription and anti-conscription factions of the party, leading it to victory in the 1921 federal election. <mask> established a post-World War I agenda

masks:
William Lyon Mackenzie King
King
King
King
King
King


texts: that lowered wartime taxes, moderately reduced tariffs, and evolved the national capital, Ottawa. In the 1925 election, the Conservatives won a plurality of seats, but the Liberals negotiated a balance of power agreement with the agrarian Progressive Party.In 1926, facing a House of Commons vote that could force his minority government to resign, King unsuccessfully requested to dissolve parliament and call an election. This event triggered a major constitutional crisis. The Conservatives were invited by the governor general to form government, but lost a motion of no confidence, triggering an election in which the Liberals decisively won. After this, <mask> sought to make Canada's foreign policy more independent by expanding the Department of External Affairs while recruiting more Canadian diplomats. His government also introduced old-age pensions based on need and removed taxes on cables, telegrams, and railway and steamship tickets. <mask>'s slow reaction to the Great Depression led to a defeat at the polls in 1930 at the hands of the Conservatives. The Conservative government's response to the depression was heavily unpopular, and thus, <mask> returned to power in a landslide victory in the 1935 election.Soon after, the economy was on an upswing. <mask> negotiated the 1935 Reciprocal Trade Agreement with the United States, passed the 1938 National Housing Act to improve housing affordability, introduced unemployment insurance in 1940, and in 1944, introduced family allowances – Canada's first universal welfare program. The government also established Trans-Canada Air Lines (the precursor to Air Canada) and the National Film Board of Canada. Only days after the Second World War broke out, Canadian troops were deployed. The Liberals'

masks: King King King King


texts: overwhelming triumph in the 1940 election allowed King to continue leading Canada through the war. He mobilized Canadian money, supplies, and volunteers to support Britain while boosting the economy and maintaining morale on the home front. In order to satisfy French Canadians, King delayed introducing overseas conscription until late 1944.Even when the policy was introduced, he prevented an uprising in Quebec and a repeat of the 1917 national unity crisis with the assistance of his cabinet ministers Ernest Lapointe and Louis St. Laurent. The Allies' victory in 1945 allowed <mask> to call a post-war election, in which the Liberals lost their majority government. In his final years in office, <mask> and his government partnered Canada with other Western nations to take part in the deepening Cold War, introduced Canadian citizenship, and successfully negotiated Newfoundland's entry into Confederation. A modernizing technocrat, he wanted his Liberal Party to represent liberal corporatism to create social harmony. After leading his party for 29 years, and leading the country for 21 and a half years, <mask> retired from politics in late 1948. He died of pneumonia in mid-1950. <mask>'s personality was complex; biographers agree on the personal characteristics that made him distinctive.He lacked the charisma of such contemporaries as Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, or Charles de Gaulle. Cold and tactless in human relations, he lacked oratorical skill and his personality did not resonate with the electorate. He had many political allies but very few close personal friends. He kept secret his beliefs in spiritualism and use of mediums to stay in contact with departed associates and particularly with his mother, and allowed his intense


texts:
 spirituality to distort his understanding of Adolf Hitler throughout the late 1930s. Historian Jack Granatstein notes, "the scholars expressed little admiration for King the man but offered unbounded admiration for his political skills and attention to Canadian unity." King is ranked among the top three of Canadian prime ministers. Early life, family, and religion
<mask> was born in Berlin, Ontario (now known as Kitchener), to <mask> and Isabel Grace <mask>.His maternal grandfather was <mask> <mask>, first mayor of Toronto and leader of the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837. His father was a lawyer and later a lecturer at Osgoode Hall Law School. <mask> had three siblings. He attended Berlin Central School (now Suddaby Public School) and Berlin High School (now Kitchener–Waterloo Collegiate and Vocational School). Tutors were hired to teach him more politics, science, math, English, and French. His father was a lawyer with a struggling practice in a small city, and never enjoyed financial security. His parents lived a life of shabby gentility, employing servants and tutors they could scarcely afford, although their financial situation improved somewhat following a move to Toronto around 1890, where <mask> lived with them for several years in a duplex located on Beverley Street while studying at the University of Toronto.<mask> became a lifelong practising Presbyterian with a dedication to social reform based on his Christian duty. He never favoured socialism. University

<mask> obtained a BA degree in 1895, an MA in 1897, and an LLB degree in 1896, all from the University of Toronto While studying in Toronto he met a wide circle of friends, many of whom became prominent. He was an early member and officer of the Kappa Alpha Society, which

masks:
King
John King
Mackenzie
William Lyon
Mackenzie
King
King
King
King


texts:
 included a number of these individuals (two future Ontario Supreme Court Justices and the future Chairman of the University itself). It encouraged debate on political ideas. He also met Arthur Meighen, a future political rival; the two men did not get on especially well from the start. <mask> was especially concerned with issues of social welfare and was influenced by the settlement house movement pioneered by Toynbee Hall in London, England.He played a central role in fomenting a students' strike at the university in 1895. He was in close touch, behind the scenes, with Vice-Chancellor <mask>, for whom the strike provided a chance to embarrass his rivals Chancellor Edward Blake and President James Loudon. <mask> failed to gain his immediate objective, a teaching position at the University but earned political credit with Mulock, the man who would invite him to Ottawa and make him a deputy minister only five years later. While studying at the University of Toronto, <mask> also contributed to the campus newspaper, The Varsity. After studying at the University of Chicago and working with Jane Addams at her settlement house, Hull House, <mask> proceeded to Harvard University. He earned an MA in political economy from Harvard in 1898. In 1909, Harvard granted him a PhD degree for a dissertation titled "Publicity and Public Opinion as Factors in the Solution of Industrial Problems in Canada."He is the only Canadian Prime Minister to have earned a PhD. Civil servant, minister of labour

In 1900, <mask> became editor of the federal government-owned Labour Gazette, a publication that explored complex labour issues. Later that year, he was appointed as deputy minister of the Canadian government's new Department of Labour, and became active in

masks:
King
William Mulock
King
King
King
King


texts:
 policy domains from Japanese immigration to railways, notably the Industrial Disputes Investigations Act (1907) which sought to avert labour strikes by prior conciliation. In 1901, <mask>'s roommate and best friend, Henry Albert Harper, died heroically during a skating party when a young woman fell through the ice of the partly frozen Ottawa River. Harper dove into the water to try to save her, and perished in the attempt. <mask> led the effort to raise a memorial to Harper, which resulted in the erection of the Sir Galahad statue on Parliament Hill in 1905. In 1906, <mask> published a memoir of Harper, entitled The Secret of Heroism.<mask> was first elected to Parliament as a Liberal in the 1908 federal election, representing Waterloo North. In 1909, <mask> was appointed as the first-ever minister of labour by Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier. <mask>'s term as minister of labour was marked by two significant achievements. He led the passage of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act and the Combines Investigation Act, which he had shaped during his civil and parliamentary service. The legislation significantly improved the financial situation for millions of Canadian workers. He lost his seat in the 1911 general election, which saw the Conservatives defeat the Liberals and form government. Industrial consultant
After his defeat, <mask> went on the lecture circuit on behalf of the Liberal Party.In June 1914 John D. Rockefeller Jr. hired him at the Rockefeller Foundation in New York City, to head its new Department of Industrial Research. It paid $12,000 per year, compared to the meagre $2,500 per year the Liberal Party was paying. He worked for the Foundation until 1918, forming a close working association and friendship with

masks: King King King King King King King


texts: Rockefeller, advising him through the turbulent period of the 1913-1914 Strike and Ludlow Massacre–in what is known as the Colorado Coalfield War–at a family-owned coal company in Colorado, which subsequently set the stage for a new era in labour management in America. <mask> became one of the earliest expert practitioners in the emerging field of industrial relations. <mask> was not a pacifist, but he showed little enthusiasm for the Great War; he faced criticism for not serving in Canada's military and instead working for the Rockefellers. But he was nearly 40 years old when the war began, and was not in good physical condition. He never gave up his Ottawa home, and travelled to the United States on an as-needed basis, performing service to the war effort by helping to keep war-related industries running smoothly.In 1918, <mask>, assisted by his friend F. A. McGregor, published Industry and Humanity: A Study in the Principles Underlying Industrial Reconstruction, a dense, abstract book he wrote in response to the Ludlow massacre. It went over the heads of most readers, but revealed the practical idealism behind <mask>'s political thinking. He argued that capital and labour were natural allies, not foes, and that the community at large (represented by the government) should be the third and decisive party in industrial disputes. He expressed derision for syndicates and trades unions, chastising them for aiming at the "destruction by force of existing organization, and the transfer of industrial capital from the present possessors" to themselves. Quitting the Rockefeller Foundation in February 1918, <mask> became an independent consultant on labour issues for the next two years, earning $1,000 per week from leading American corporations.

masks: King King King King King


texts:
 Even so, he kept his official residence in Ottawa, hoping for a call to duty. Wartime politics
In 1917, Canada was in crisis; <mask> supported Liberal leader Wilfrid Laurier in his opposition to conscription, which was violently opposed in the province of Quebec.The Liberal party became deeply split, with most Anglophones joining the pro-conscription Union government, a coalition controlled by the Conservatives under Prime Minister Robert Borden. <mask> returned to Canada to run in the 1917 election, which focused almost entirely on the conscription issue. Unable to overcome a landslide against Laurier, <mask> lost in the constituency of York North, which his grandfather had once represented. Liberal and Opposition leader (1919–1921)

<mask> was Laurier's chosen successor as leader of the Liberal Party, but it was deeply divided by Quebec's total opposition to conscription and the agrarian revolt in Ontario and the Prairies. Levin argues that when <mask> returned to politics in 1919, he was a rusty outsider with a weak base facing a nation bitterly split by language, regionalism and class. He outmaneuvered more senior competitors by embracing Laurier's legacy, championing labour interests, calling for welfare reform, and offering solid opposition to the Conservative enemy. When Laurier died in 1919, <mask> was elected leader in the first Liberal leadership convention, defeating his four rivals on the fourth ballot.He won thanks to the support of the Quebec bloc, organized by his long-time lieutenant in Quebec, Ernest Lapointe (1876–1941). King could not speak French and had minimal interest in Quebec, but in election after election for the next 20 years (save for 1930), Lapointe produced the critical seats to give the Liberals control of

masks: King King King King King King


texts:
 the Commons. He was almost co-prime minister with King until his death in 1941. Idealizes the Prairies
Once he became the Liberal leader in 1919 he paid closer attention to the Prairies, a fast-developing region. With a highly romanticized view he envisioned the pioneers as morally sound, hardworking individuals who lived close to nature and to God. The reform ferment in the region meshed with his self-image as a social reformer and fighter for the "people" against the "interests". Viewing a glorious sunrise in Alberta in 1920, he wrote in his diary, "I thought of the New Day, the New Social Order.It seems like Heaven's prophecy of the dawn of a new era, revealed to me." Pragmatism played a role as well, since his party depended for its survival on the votes of Progressive Party Members of Parliament who represented farmers in Ontario and the Prairies. He convinced many Progressives to return to the Liberal fold. Prime Minister (1921–1926, 1926–1930)

In the 1921 election, his party defeated Arthur Meighen and the Conservatives, and he became Prime Minister. <mask>'s Liberals originally had a one-seat majority since they had won 118 out of 235 seats. The Conservatives won 49, the newly formed Progressive Party won 58 (but declined to form the official Opposition), and the remaining ten seats went to Labour MPs and Independents; most of these ten supported the Progressives. As Prime Minister of Canada, <mask> was appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 20 June 1922 and was sworn at Buckingham Palace on October 11, 1923, during the 1923 Imperial Conference.Balancing act
During his first term of office, from 1921 to 1926, King pursued a conservative domestic policy with the objective of lowering wartime taxes and,

masks: King King


texts: especially, wartime ethnic and labour tensions. "The War is over", he argued, "and for a long time to come it is going to take all that the energies of man can do to bridge the chasm and heal the wounds which the War has made in our social life." He sought a Canadian voice independent of London in foreign affairs. In September 1922 the British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, appealed repeatedly to King for Canadian support in the Chanak crisis, in which a war threatened between Britain and Turkey. King coldly replied that the Canadian Parliament would decide what policy to follow, making clear it would not be bound by London's suggestions; the crisis soon dissipated, but the episode led to the downfall of Lloyd George. Despite prolonged negotiations, King was unable to attract the Progressives into his government, but once Parliament opened, he relied on their support to defeat non-confidence motions from the Conservatives. King was opposed in some policies by the Progressives, who opposed the high tariffs of the National Policy.<mask> faced a delicate balancing act of reducing tariffs enough to please the Prairie-based Progressives, but not too much to alienate his vital support in industrial Ontario and Quebec, who perceived tariffs were necessary to compete with American imports. <mask> and Conservative leader Arthur Meighen sparred bitterly in Commons debates, and the decades-long rivalry between the two was among the nastiest in the history of Canadian politics. Despite their university-days acquaintance, their personalities and working methods contrasted enormously in almost every respect. As <mask>'s term wore on, the Progressives gradually weakened. Their effective and passionate leader, Thomas Crerar, resigned to return to

masks: King King King


texts:
 his grain business, and was replaced by the more placid Robert Forke, who joined <mask>'s cabinet in 1926 as Minister of Immigration and Colonization after becoming a Liberal-Progressive. Socialist reformer J. S. Woodsworth gradually gained influence and power, and <mask> was able to reach an accommodation with him on policy matters. In any event, the Progressive caucus lacked the party discipline that was traditionally enforced by the Liberals and Conservatives.The Progressives had campaigned on a promise that their MP's would represent their constituents first. <mask> used this to his advantage, as he could always count on at least a handful of Progressive MP's to shore up his near-majority position for any crucial vote. Immigration
In 1923, <mask>'s government passed the Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 banning most forms of Chinese immigration to Canada. Immigration from most countries was controlled or restricted in some way, but only the Chinese were completely prohibited from immigrating. This was after various members of the federal and some provincial governments (especially British Columbia) put pressure on the federal government to discourage Chinese immigration. City planning
King had a long-standing concern with city planning and the development of the national capital, since he had been trained in the settlement house movement and envisioned town planning and garden cities as a component of his broader program of social reform. He drew on four broad traditions in early North American planning: social planning, the Parks Movement, the City Scientific, and the City Beautiful.King's greatest impact was as the political champion for the planning and development of Ottawa, Canada's national capital. His plans, much of which were


texts:
 completed in the two decades after his death, were part of a century of federal planning that repositioned Ottawa as a national space in the City Beautiful style. Confederation Square, for example, was initially planned to be a civic plaza to balance the nearby federal presence of Parliament Hill. The Great War monument was not installed until the 1939 royal visit, and King intended that the replanning of the capital would be the World War I memorial. However, the symbolic meaning of the World War I monument gradually expanded to become the place of remembrance for all Canadian war sacrifices. Corruption scandals
King called an election in 1925, in which the Conservatives won the most seats, but not a majority in the House of Commons. King held onto power with the support of the Progressives.A corruption scandal discovered late in his first term involved misdeeds around the expansion of the Beauharnois Canal in Quebec; this led to extensive inquiries and eventually a Royal Commission, which exposed the Beauharnois Scandal. The resulting press coverage damaged <mask>'s party in the election. Early in his second term, another corruption scandal, this time in the Department of Customs, was revealed, which led to more support for the Conservatives and Progressives, and the possibility that King would be forced to resign, if he lost sufficient support in the Commons. King had no personal connection to this scandal, although one of his own appointees was at the heart of it. Opposition leader Meighen unleashed his fierce invective towards King, stating he was hanging onto power "like a lobster with lockjaw".`

King–Byng Affair

In 1926, King, facing a House of Commons vote connected to the customs scandal that could force his government to


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 resign, advised the Governor General, Lord Byng, to dissolve Parliament and call another election. Byng, however, declined the Prime Minister's request – the first time in Canadian history that a request for dissolution was refused; and, to date, the only time the governor general of Canada has done so. (The most recent refusal of dissolution in Canada was in 2017 when the lieutenant governor of British Columbia declined a request by Premier Christy Clark.)Byng instead asked Leader of the Opposition, Arthur Meighen, to form government. Although the Conservatives held more seats in the House than any other party, they did not control a majority. They were soon themselves defeated on a motion of confidence. Meighen himself then requested a dissolution of Parliament, which Byng now granted. <mask> ran the 1926 Liberal election campaign largely on the issue of the right of Canadians to govern themselves and against the interference of the Crown. The Liberal Party was returned to power with a minority government, which bolstered <mask>'s position on the issue and the position of the Prime Minister generally. King later pushed for greater Canadian autonomy at the 1926 Imperial Conference which elicited the Balfour Declaration stating that upon the granting of dominion status, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State, while still autonomous communities within the British Empire, ceased to be subordinate to the United Kingdom.Thus, the governor general ceased to represent the British government but was solely the personal representative of the sovereign. This ultimately was formalized in the Statute of Westminster 1931. Wins 1926 election

In the ensuing 1926 Canadian federal election, the Liberals


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 claimed the Governor General, as an imperial representative, had interfered in politics and shown favour to one party over another. King thus appealed for public support of the constitutional principle that governors general must accept the advice of their ministers. King and his party won the election with a plurality of seats in the Commons: 116 seats to the Conservatives' 91 in a 245-member House. Extending Canadian autonomy
The constitutional crisis of 1926 provoked a consideration of the constitutional relations between the self-governing dominions and the British government. During the next five years the position of the Governor General of a Dominion was clarified; he ceased to be a representative of the British government and became a representative of The Crown.The independent position of the Dominions in the British Empire (later the Commonwealth) and in the international community was put on a firm foundation by the Balfour Declaration of 1926, subsequently codified in the Statute of Westminster (1931). King expanded the Department of External Affairs, founded in 1909, to further promote Canadian autonomy from Britain. The new department took some time to develop, but over time it significantly increased the reach and projection of Canadian diplomacy. Prior to this, Canada had relied on British diplomats who owed their first loyalty to London. King recruited many high-calibre people for the new venture, including future prime minister Lester Pearson and influential career administrators Norman Robertson and Hume Wrong. This project was a key element of his overall strategy, setting Canada on a course independent of Britain, of former colonizer France, as well as of the neighbouring powerful United States. Throughout his


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 tenure, King led Canada from a dominion with responsible government to an autonomous nation within the British Commonwealth.King asserted Canadian autonomy against the British government's attempts to turn the Commonwealth into an alliance. His biographer asserts that "in this struggle <mask> was the constant aggressor". The Canadian High Commissioner to Britain, Vincent Massey, claimed that an "anti-British bias" was "one of the most powerful factors in his make-up". During the Chanak Crisis of 1922, King refused to support the British without first consulting Parliament, while the Conservative leader, Arthur Meighen, supported Britain. King wrote in his diary of the British appeal: "I confess it annoyed me. It is drafted designedly to play the imperial game, to test out centralization versus autonomy as regards European wars...No [Canadian] contingent will go without parliament being summoned in the first instance". The British were disappointed with King's response but the crisis was soon resolved, as King had anticipated.After Chanak, King was concerned about the possibility that Canada might go to war because of its connections with Britain, writing to Violet Markham:

Anything like centralization in London, to say nothing of a direct or indirect attempt on the part of those in office in Downing Street to tell the people of the Dominions what they should or should not do, and to dictate their duty in matters of foreign policy, is certain to prove just as injurious to the so-called 'imperial solidarity' as any attempt at interference in questions of purely domestic concern. If membership within the British Commonwealth means participation by the Dominions in any and every war in which Great Britain becomes involved, without


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 consultation, conference, or agreement of any kind in advance, I can see no hope for an enduring relationship. At the Imperial Conference of 1926, King argued for greater autonomy for the Dominions. This resulted in the Balfour Declaration 1926, which announced the equal status of all members of the British Commonwealth (as it was known then), including Britain. This eventually led to the Statute of Westminster 1931. The Canadian city of Hamilton hosted the first Empire Games in 1930; this competition later became known as the Commonwealth Games, and is held every four years. Extends provincial powers

In domestic affairs, King strengthened the Liberal policy of increasing the powers of the provincial governments by transferring to the governments of Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan the ownership of the crown lands within those provinces, as well as the subsoil rights; these in particular would become increasingly important, as petroleum and other natural resources proved very abundant.In collaboration with the provincial governments, he inaugurated a system of old-age pensions based on need. In February 1930, he appointed Cairine Wilson as the first female senator in Canadian history. Other reforms

Reductions in taxation were carried out such as exemptions under the sales tax on commodities and enlarged exemptions of income tax, while in 1929 taxes on cables, telegrams, and railway and steamship tickets were removed. Measures were also carried out to support farmers. In 1922, for instance, a measure was introduced and passed “restoring the Crow’s Nest Pass railways rates on grain and flour moving eastwards from the prairie provinces.” A Farm Loan Board was set up to provide rural credit; advancing funds to farmers “at rates of


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 interest and under terms not obtainable from the usual sources,” while other measures were carried out such as preventative measures against foot and mouth disease and the establishment of grading standards “to assist in the marketing of agricultural products” both at home and overseas. In addition, the Combines Investigation Act of 1923 was aimed at safeguarding consumers and producers from exploitation. Defeat in 1930
<mask>'s government was in power at the beginning of the Great Depression, but was slow to respond to the mounting crisis.He felt that the crisis was a temporary swing of the business cycle and that the economy would soon recover without government intervention. Critics said he was out of touch. Just prior to the election, <mask> carelessly remarked that he "would not give a five-cent piece" to Tory provincial governments for unemployment relief. The opposition made this remark a catch-phrase; the main issue was the deterioration in the economy and whether the prime minister was out of touch with the hardships of ordinary people. The Liberals lost the election of 1930 to the Conservative Party, led by Richard Bedford Bennett. The popular vote was very close between the two parties, with the Liberals actually earning more votes than in 1926, but the Conservatives had a geographical advantage that turned into enough seats to give a majority. Opposition leader (1930–1935)
After his loss, <mask> stayed on as leader of the Opposition, where it was his policy to refrain from offering advice or alternative policies.Indeed, his policy preferences were not much different from Bennett's, and he let the Conservative government have its way. Though he gave the impression of sympathy with progressive and liberal causes, he had no


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 enthusiasm for the New Deal of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt (which Bennett eventually tried to emulate, after floundering without solutions for several years), and he never advocated massive government action to alleviate the Depression in Canada. By the time the 1935 election arrived, the Bennett government was heavily unpopular due to their controversial handling of the depression. Using the slogan "King or Chaos", the Liberals won a landslide victory. Prime Minister (1935–1948)

Economic reforms
For the first time in his political career, <mask> led an undisputed Liberal majority government. Upon his return to office in October 1935, King seemed to demonstrate a commitment (like Franklin Roosevelt) to the underprivileged, speaking of a new era where "poverty and adversity, want and misery are the enemies which Liberalism will seek to banish from the land". Promising a much-desired trade treaty with the U.S., the <mask> government passed the 1935 Reciprocal Trade Agreement.It marked the turning point in Canadian-American economic relations, reversing the disastrous trade war of 1930–31, lowering tariffs, and yielding a dramatic increase in trade. More subtly, it revealed to the prime minister and President Roosevelt that they could work together well. The worst of the Depression had passed by 1935 when King regained power. He implemented relief programs such as the National Housing Act and National Employment Commission. His government also established the Trans-Canada Air Lines (the precursor to Air Canada) in 1937 and the National Film Board of Canada in 1939. In 1938, his government nationalised the Bank of Canada into a Crown corporation. After 1936, the prime minister lost patience when Western Canadians preferred


texts: radical alternatives such as the CCF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) and Social Credit to his middle-of-the-road liberalism.Indeed, he came close to writing off the region with his comment that the prairie dust bowl was "part of the U.S. desert area. I doubt if it will be of any real use again." Instead he paid more attention to the industrial regions and the needs of Ontario and Quebec, particularly with respect to the proposed St. Lawrence Seaway project with the United States. As for the unemployed, he was hostile to federal relief, and only reluctantly accepted a Keynesian solution that involved federal deficit spending, tax cuts and subsidies to the housing market. Over the next thirteen years, a wide range of reforms similar to those association with the New Deal were realized during <mask>'s last period in office as prime minister. In 1939, compulsory contributions for pensions for low-income widows and orphans were introduced (although these only covered the regularly employed) while depressed farmers were subsidized from that same year onwards. In 1944, family allowances were introduced, and from 1948 the federal government subsidized medical services in the provinces.The various provinces were assisted by the Federal Unemployment and Agricultural Assistance Act of 1938 and the Youth Training Act of 1939 to create training programs for young persons, while an amendment to the Criminal Code (which received Royal assent in May 1939) provided against refusal to hire, or dismissal, "solely because of a person's membership in a lawful trade-union or association". In 1937, the age for blind persons to qualify for old-age pensions was reduced to 40 in 1937, and later to 21 in 1947. The Federal Home Improvement Plan of 1937


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 provided subsidized rates of interest on rehabilitation loans to 66,900 homes, while the National Housing Act of 1938 made provision for the building of low-rent housing. Another Housing Act was later passed in 1944 with the intention of providing federally guaranteed loans or mortgages to individuals who wished to repair or construct dwellings through their own initiative. The Vocational Training Co-ordination Act of 1942 provided an impetus to the provinces to set up facilities for postsecondary vocational training, and in 1948 the Industrial Relations and Disputes Investigation Act was passed, which safeguarded the rights of workers to join unions while requiring employers to recognize unions chosen by their employees. The first compulsory national unemployment insurance program was instituted in August 1940 under the <mask> government after a constitutional amendment was agreed to by all of the Canadian provinces, to concede to the federal government legislative power over unemployment insurance. New Brunswick, Alberta and Quebec had held out against the federal government's desire to amend the constitution but ultimately acceded to its request, Alberta being the last to do so.The British North America Act s. 91 was amended by adding in a heading designated Number 2A simply in the words "Unemployment Insurance". Germany and Hitler
In March 1936, in response to the German remilitarization of the Rhineland, King had the High Commission of Canada in the United Kingdom inform the British government that if Britain went to war with Germany over the Rhineland issue, Canada would remain neutral. In June 1937, during an Imperial Conference in London of the prime ministers of every dominion, King informed British Prime Minister Neville


texts: Chamberlain that Canada would only go to war if Britain were directly attacked, and that if Britain were to become involved in a continental war then Chamberlain was not to expect Canadian support. In 1937, King visited Nazi Germany and met with Adolf Hitler. Possessing a religious yearning for direct insight into the hidden mysteries of life and the universe, and strongly influenced by the operas of Richard Wagner (who was also Hitler's favourite composer), King decided Hitler was akin to mythical Wagnerian heroes within whom good and evil were struggling. He thought that good would eventually triumph and Hitler would redeem his people and lead them to a harmonious, uplifting future. These spiritual attitudes not only guided Canada's relations with Hitler but gave the prime minister the comforting sense of a higher mission, that of helping to lead Hitler to peace.King commented in his journal that "he is really one who truly loves his fellow-men, and his country, and would make any sacrifice for their good". He forecast that "the world will yet come to see a very great man–mystic in Hitler ... I cannot abide in Nazism – the regimentation – cruelty – oppression of Jews – attitude towards religion, etc., but Hitler ... will rank some day with Joan of Arc among the deliverers of his people." In late 1938, during the great crisis in Europe over Czechoslovakia that culminated in the Munich Agreement, Canadians were divided. Francophones insisted on neutrality, as did some top advisers like Oscar D. Skelton. Imperialists stood behind Britain and were willing to fight Germany. King, who served as his own secretary of state for external affairs (foreign minister), said privately that if he had to choose he would not be neutral, but he made no


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 public statement.All of Canada was relieved that the British appeasement at Munich, while sacrificing the rights of Czechoslovakia, seemed to bring peace. Ethnic policies
While deputy minister of labour, King was appointed to investigate the causes of and claims for compensation resulting from the 1907 Asiatic Exclusion League riots in Vancouver's Chinatown and Japantown. One of the claims for damages came from Chinese opium dealers, which led King to investigate narcotics use in Vancouver, British Columbia. Following the investigation King reported that white women were also opium users, not just Chinese men, and the federal government used the report to justify the first legislation outlawing narcotics in Canada. The report failed to include any reference regarding the Opium Wars, the involvement of the East Indian Trading company, or the official Chinese government's resistance to the opium trade which was renewed on September 20, 1906. Under <mask>'s administration, the Canadian government, responding to strong public opinion and lobbying from the catholic church in Quebec, refused to expand immigration opportunities for Jewish refugees from Europe. In June 1939 Canada, along with Cuba and the United States, refused to allow entry for the 900 Jewish refugees aboard the passenger ship .Second World War
 PM King accompanied the Royal Couple—King George VI and Queen Elizabeth—throughout their 1939 cross-Canada tour, as well as on their American visit, a few months before the start of World War II. Parliamentary declaration of war
As British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain "negotiated in Munich with Adolf Hitler in September 1938, <mask>, Canada’s Prime Minister, grew agitated." King realized the likelihood of World War II and began

masks:
King
Mackenzie King


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 mobilizing on August 25, 1939, with full mobilization on September 1, 1939, the day Germany invaded Poland. In 1914, Canada was at war by virtue of King George V's declaration. In 1939, the Prime Minister asserted Canada's autonomy and convened the House of Commons on September 7, nearly a month ahead of schedule, to discuss the government's intention to enter the war, which was approved two days later. On September 10, Prime Minister King, through his high commissioner in London, issued a request to King George VI, asking him, in his capacity as King of Canada, to declare Canada at war against Germany. Mobilization
King linked Canada more and more closely to the United States, signing an agreement with Roosevelt at Ogdensburg, New York, in August 1940 that provided for the close cooperation of Canadian and American forces, despite the fact that the U.S. remained officially neutral until the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.During the war the Americans took virtual control of the Yukon in building the Alaska Highway, and major airbases in Newfoundland, at that time under British governance. King—and Canada—were largely ignored by Winston Churchill, despite Canada's major role in supplying food, raw materials, munitions, and money to the hard-pressed British economy, training airmen for the Commonwealth, guarding the western half of the North Atlantic Ocean against German U-boats, and providing combat troops for the invasions of Italy, France and Germany in 1943–45. King proved highly successful in mobilizing the economy for war, with impressive results in industrial and agricultural output. The depression ended, prosperity returned, and Canada's economy expanded significantly. To re-arm Canada, King built the Royal Canadian


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 Air Force as a viable military power, while at the same time keeping it separate from Britain's Royal Air Force. He was instrumental in obtaining the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Agreement, which was signed in Ottawa in December 1939, binding Canada, Britain, New Zealand and Australia to a program that eventually trained half the airmen from those four nations in the Second World War. 1940 election and cabinet affairs

On the political side, King rejected any notion of a government of national unity like the Unionist Government during World War I.He held the 1940 Canadian federal election as normally scheduled, despite the ongoing World War, unlike Britain, which formed a government of national unity and did not hold a wartime election. <mask> won a second consecutive landslide victory, winning 179 seats – 8 more than in 1935. This is the Liberals' most successful result to date (in terms of proportion of seats). The main opposition party, the Conservatives, won the same number of seats as R. B. Bennett did in the 1935 election. <mask> promoted engineer and businessman C. D. Howe to senior cabinet positions during the war. <mask> suffered two cabinet setbacks; his defence minister, Norman McLeod Rogers, died in 1940 and his Quebec lieutenant and minister of justice and attorney general, Ernest Lapointe, died in 1941. <mask> successfully sought out the reluctant Louis St. Laurent, a leading Quebec lawyer, to enter the House of Commons and to take over Lapointe's role.St. Laurent became <mask>'s right-hand man. Expansion of scientific research
King's government greatly expanded the role of the National Research Council of Canada during the war, moving into full-scale research in nuclear physics and commercial use of nuclear power


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 in the following years. <mask>, with C. D. Howe acting as point man, moved the nuclear group from Montreal to Chalk River, Ontario in 1944, with the establishment of Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories and the residential town of Deep River, Ontario. Canada became a world leader in this field, with the NRX reactor becoming operational in 1947; at the time, NRX was the only operational nuclear reactor outside the United States. The NRC also contributed to wartime scientific development in other ways during this period. Conscription

King's promise not to impose conscription contributed to the defeat of Maurice Duplessis's Union Nationale Quebec provincial government in 1939 and the Liberals' re-election in the 1940 election. But after the fall of France in 1940, Canada introduced conscription for home service (conscription meant for the defence of Canada only).Only volunteers were to be sent overseas. King wanted to avoid a repeat of the Conscription Crisis of 1917. By 1942, the military was pressing King hard to send conscripts to Europe. In 1942, King held a national plebiscite on the issue, asking the nation to relieve him of the commitment he had made during the election campaign. In the House of Commons on June 10, 1942, he said that his policy was "not necessarily conscription but conscription if necessary". French Canadians voted against conscription, with over 70 percent opposed, but an overwhelming majority – over 80 percent – of English Canadians supported it. French and English conscripts were sent to fight in the Aleutian Islands in 1943 – technically North American soil and therefore not "overseas" – but the mix of Canadian volunteers and draftees found that the Japanese troops had fled before their arrival.Otherwise, King


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 continued with a campaign to recruit volunteers, hoping to address the problem with the shortage of troops caused by heavy losses in the Dieppe Raid in 1942, in Italy in 1943, and after the Battle of Normandy in 1944. In November 1944, the Government decided it was necessary to send conscripts for the war. This led to a brief political crisis (see Conscription Crisis of 1944) and a mutiny by conscripts posted in British Columbia, but the war ended a few months later. In all, 12,908 conscripts were sent to fight abroad, though only 2,463 saw combat. Internment of Japanese-Canadians
Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Japanese Canadians were categorized as enemy aliens under the War Measures Act, which began to remove their personal rights. Starting on December 8, 1941, 1,200 Japanese-Canadian-owned fishing vessels were impounded as a "defence measure." On January 14, 1942, the federal government passed an order calling for the removal of male Japanese nationals between 18 and 45 years of age from a designated protected area of 100 miles inland from the British Columbia coast, enacted a ban against Japanese-Canadian fishing during the war, banned shortwave radios and controlled the sale of gasoline and dynamite to Japanese Canadians.Japanese nationals removed from the coast after the January 14 order were sent to road camps around Jasper, Alberta. Three weeks later, on February 19, 1942, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which called for the removal of 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry from the American coastline. A historian of internment, Ann Sunahara, argues that "the American action sealed the fate of Japanese Canadians." On February 24, the federal government passed order-in-council


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 PC 1468 which allowed for the removal of "all persons of Japanese origin" This order-in-council allowed the Minister of Justice the broad powers of removing people from any protected area in Canada, but was meant for Japanese Canadians on the Pacific coast in particular. On February 25, the federal government announced that Japanese Canadians were being moved for reasons of national security. In all, some 27,000 people were detained without charge or trial, and their property confiscated. Others were deported to Japan.King and his Cabinet received conflicting intelligence reports about the potential threat from the Japanese. Major General Ken Stuart told Ottawa, "I cannot see that the Japanese Canadians constitute the slightest menace to national security." In contrast, BC's attorney general, Gordon Sylvester Wismer reported that, while he had "the greatest respect for" and "hesitated to disagree with" the RCMP, "every law enforcement agency in this province, including ... the military officials charged with local internal security, are unanimous that a grave menace exists." Canadian autonomy

In the lead-up to World War II in 1939, King affirmed Canadian autonomy by saying that the Canadian Parliament would make the final decision on the issue of going to war. He reassured the pro-British Canadians that Parliament would surely decide that Canada would be at Britain's side if Great Britain was drawn into a major war. At the same time, he reassured those who were suspicious of British influence in Canada by promising that Canada would not participate in British colonial wars. His Quebec lieutenant, Ernest Lapointe, promised French Canadians that the government would not introduce conscription; individual participation would be


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 voluntary.In 1939, in a country which had seemed deeply divided, these promises made it possible for Parliament to agree almost unanimously to declare war. King played two roles. On the one hand, he told English Canadians that Canada would no doubt enter war if Britain did. On the other hand, he and his Quebec lieutenant Ernest Lapointe told French Canadians that Canada would only go to war if it was in the country's best interests. With the dual messages, King slowly led Canada toward war without causing strife between Canada's two main linguistic communities. As his final step in asserting Canada's autonomy, King ensured that the Canadian Parliament made its own declaration of war one week after Britain. During the war, Canada rapidly expanded its diplomatic missions abroad.While Canada hosted two major Allied conferences in Quebec in 1943 and 1944, neither <mask> nor his senior generals and admirals were invited to take part in any of the discussions. Post-war Canada
With the war winding down, <mask> held a federal election in 1945 and won a minority government. However, he formed a functioning coalition with eight "Independent Liberal" MPs (most of whom did not run as official Liberals because of their opposition towards conscription) to continue governing with a working majority. As <mask> was defeated in his own riding of Prince Albert, fellow Liberal <mask>mid, who was re-elected in the safe seat of Glengarry, resigned so that an August 6 by-election could be held, which was subsequently won by King. <mask> helped found the United Nations (UN) in 1945 and attended the opening meetings in San Francisco. Though he conceded that major powers such as the United States and the United Kingdom would dominate the organization, King argued

masks:
Mackenzie King
King
King
William MacDiar
King


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 that middle powers such as Canada should be given an influence on the UN based on their contributions to the settlement of disputes. After the war, King quickly dismantled wartime controls.Unlike World War I, press censorship ended with the hostilities. King also laid the groundwork for the Dominion of Newfoundland's later entry into Canada, stating, "Newfoundlanders are no strangers to Canada, nor are Canadians strangers to Newfoundland." Beginning in 1947, King, with the help of his minister Louis St. Laurent, started to negotiate with delegate and journalist Joey Smallwood. These negotations were successful; Newfoundland entered Canadian Confederation on March 31, 1949. King moved Canada into the deepening Cold War in alliance with the U.S. and Britain. He dealt with the espionage revelations of Soviet cipher clerk Igor Gouzenko, who defected in Ottawa in September 1945, by quickly appointing a Royal Commission to investigate Gouzenko's allegations of a Canadian Communist spy-ring transmitting top-secret documents to Moscow. External Affairs Minister Louis St. Laurent dealt decisively with this crisis, the first of its type in Canada's history.St. Laurent's leadership deepened <mask>'s respect, and helped make St. Laurent the next Canadian Prime Minister three years later. <mask>'s government introduced the Canadian Citizenship Act in 1946, which officially created the notion of "Canadian citizens". Prior to this, Canadians were considered British subjects living in Canada. On January 3, 1947, King received Canadian citizenship certificate number 0001. Retirement

On January 20, 1948, King called on the Liberal Party to hold its first national convention since 1919 to choose a new leader. The August convention chose St. Laurent as the