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 story about sexism and single motherhood.In November 2020, Half of a Yellow Sun was voted by the public to be the best book to have won the Women's Prize for Fiction in its 25-year history. In May 2021, Adichie released a memoir based on her father's death titled Notes on Grief, based on an essay of the same title published in The New Yorker in September 2020. As described by the reviewer for The Independent, "Her words put a welcome, authentic voice to this most universal of emotions, which is also one of the most universally avoided." Lectures
Adichie spoke on "The Danger of a Single Story" for TED in 2009. It has become one of the most-viewed TED Talks of all time with over 27 million views. On 15 March 2012, she delivered the "Connecting Cultures" Commonwealth Lecture 2012 at the Guildhall, London. Adichie also spoke on being a feminist for TEDxEuston in December 2012, with her speech "We should all be feminists".It initiated a worldwide conversation on feminism and was published as a book in 2014, which has reportedly sold 750,000 copies in the U.S. alone. It was sampled for the 2013 song "***Flawless" by American performer Beyoncé, where it attracted further attention. "The Danger of a Single Story"
Adichie spoke in a TED talk entitled "The Danger of a Single Story", posted in July 2009, in which she expressed her concern for under-representation of various cultures. She explained that as a young child, she had often read American and British stories where the characters were primarily of Caucasian origin. At the lecture, she said that the under-representation of cultural differences could be dangerous. Adichie concluded the lecture by noting the significance of different stories in various cultures and the representation that they deserve. She advocated for a greater understanding of stories because people are complex, saying that by understanding only a single story, one misinterprets people, their backgrounds and their histories.The talk has become one of the most-viewed TED Talks of all time with over 27


type: original

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 million views. Since 2009, she revisited the topic when speaking to audiences such as the Hilton Humanitarian Symposium of the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation in 2019. "We should all be feminists"
In 2012, Adichie gave a TEDx talk entitled: "We should all be feminists", delivered at TedXEuston in London, which has been viewed more than five million times. She shared her experiences of being an African feminist, and her views on gender construction and sexuality. Adichie said that the problem with gender is that it shapes who we are. She also said: "I am angry. Gender as it functions today is a grave injustice.We should all be angry. Anger has a long history of bringing about positive change, but in addition to being angry, I'm also hopeful because I believe deeply in the ability of human beings to make and remake themselves for the better." "Flawless" song
Parts of Adichie's TEDx talk were sampled in Beyoncé's song "Flawless" in December 2013. Fourth Estate published an essay based on the speech as a stand-alone volume, We Should All Be Feminists, in 2014. Adichie later said in an NPR interview that "anything that gets young people talking about feminism is a very good thing". She later qualified the statement in an interview with the Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant: "Another thing I hated was that I read everywhere: now people finally know her, thanks to Beyoncé, or: she must be very grateful. I found that disappointing.I thought: I am a writer and I have been for some time and I refuse to perform in this charade that is now apparently expected of me: 'Thanks to Beyoncé, my life will never be the same again.' That's why I didn't speak about it much." Adichie has clarified that her particular feminism differs from Beyoncé's, particularly in their disagreements about the role occupied by men in women's lives, saying: "Her style is not my style but I do find it interesting that she takes a stand in political and social issues since a few years. She portrays a woman who is in charge of her own destiny, who does her own thing,


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 and she has girl power. I am very taken with that." Nevertheless, Adichie has been outspoken against critics who question the singer's credentials as a feminist, and has said: "Whoever says they're feminist is bloody feminist." Personal life
In 2009, Adichie married Ivara Esege, a Nigerian doctor.In a July 2016 interview, she revealed that she had recently given birth to a daughter. Adichie divides her time between the United States and Nigeria, where she teaches writing workshops. Awards and nominations
In 2016, she was conferred an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane letters, honoris causa, by Johns Hopkins University. In 2017, she was conferred honorary degrees, Doctor of Humane letters, honoris causa, by Haverford College and The University of Edinburgh. In 2018, she received an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, from Amherst College. She received an honorary degree, doctor honoris causa, from the Université de Fribourg, Switzerland, in 2019. On 20 May 2019, <mask> Adichie received an honorary degree from Yale University.A Shortlisted
B Runner-up
C Joint win
D Longlisted

Other recognition
2010 Listed among The New Yorkers "20 Under 40"
2013 Listed among The New York Times "Ten Best Books of 2013", for Americanah
2013 Listed among the BBC's "Top Ten Books of 2013", for Americanah
2013 Foreign Policy magazine "Top Global Thinkers of 2013"
2013 Listed among the New Africans "100 Most Influential Africans 2013"
2014 Listed among Africa39 project of 39 writers aged under 40
2015 Listed among Time Magazines "The 100 Most Influential People"
 2015 Commencement Speaker at Wellesley College
 2017 Commencement Speaker at Williams College
2018 Class Day Speaker for Harvard University. 2019 Class Day Speaker for Yale University. Adichie was one of 15 women selected to appear on the cover of the September 2019 issue of British Vogue, guest-edited by Meghan, Duchess of Sussex. Adichie was cited as one of the Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine in 2019. Chimamanda was also elected in March 2017 into


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 the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This made her the second Nigerian to be given such an honour, after Prof. Wole Soyinka. She was listed among the 40 Honorary members from 19 different countries.Bibliography

Books

Short fiction

Discography
Guest appearances
 "Flawless" (Beyoncé featuring <mask> Ngozi Adichie)

See also

List of Nigerian women writers
Postcolonial feminist literature

Notes

References

Further reading
 Ernest N. Emenyonu (ed. ), A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, James Currey/Boydell and Brewer, 2017,
 Ojo, Akinleye Ayinuola. Discursive Construction of Sexuality and Sexual Orientations in <mask> Adichie's Americanah. Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018): 543-560-224. External links

 Adichie on Twitter
 Adichie on Facebook
 Britannica about Adichie
 Unofficial website via Daria Tunca, English Department, University of Liège.

 . 16 March 2012. 1977 births
Living people
21st-century American women writers
21st-century essayists
21st-century Nigerian educators
21st-century Nigerian novelists
21st-century Nigerian women writers
21st-century short story writers
21st-century women educators
American short story writers
American women academics
American women dramatists and playwrights
American women short story writers
American writers of African descent
Drexel University alumni
Eastern Connecticut State University alumni
English-language poets
Feminism and transgender
Feminist writers
Igbo academics
Igbo activists
Igbo dramatists and playwrights
Igbo educators
Igbo novelists
Igbo poets
Igbo short story writers
Igbo women writers
Johns Hopkins University alumni
MacArthur Fellows
Nigerian dramatists and playwrights
Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States
Nigerian feminists
Nigerian Roman Catholics
Nigerian short story writers
Nigerian women academics
Nigerian women educators
Nigerian women novelists
Nigerian women poets
Nigerian women short story writers
The New Yorker people
Wesleyan University faculty
Women essayists
Writers from Enugu
Yale University

masks: Chimamanda Chimamanda


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<mask>  (born April 11, 1943) is a nationally recognized leader in higher education, nutrition, and health sciences. Additionally, her research has been extensively published, internationally recognized, and has earned awards. <mask> had served as president of the University of Hawaii and chancellor of the University of California, Santa Cruz. She had held leadership positions in several academic and profession societies and had served in several scientific organizations within the United States government. She currently holds an appointment as a Distinguished Professor Emerita of Nutrition and Internal Medicine at the University of California, Davis. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1943 in Gainesville, Florida. <mask> earned the A.B.degree in Biology, Summa cum laude, from Vassar College in 1968. She received her Ph.D. in Physiology, Developmental Biology, and Neurosciences from Rockefeller University in 1973, and she completed a postdoctoral study in Human Nutrition at Columbia University in 1974. Career
She is best known for her position as the Associate Director for Science in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy  (confirmed by the US Senate) during the <mask> Administration. She also served as President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1999. In addition, she has been President of the North American Association for the Study of Obesity (NAASO)—now the Obesity Society; and also President of the American Society of Clinical Nutrition. Formerly an Adjunct Professor of Public Health and Nutrition at the University of California, Berkeley, she currently holds an appointment as a Distinguished Professor Emerita of Nutrition and Internal Medicine at the University of California, Davis. She held various positions in the University of California (UC) system: as Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs, UC Office of the President; Chancellor of UC Santa Cruz; and Dean of Graduate Studies and Vice Provost at UC Davis.During her time at UC as chancellor, she oversaw the opening

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Mary Rita Cooke Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Clinton


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 of the UC system’s first new residential college in 30 years. Her tenure oversaw the hiring of 250 new faculty members and academic programs were expanded by 52 percent. In 2005, the University of California found that Dr. <mask> had violated its conflict of interest rules related to a management position created for a colleague with whom she co-owned a rental property. The university found no evidence of improper conduct in a second allegation that she influenced a position held by her son at UC Merced, concluding no pattern of impropriety or ethics violations in regard to both matters that were thoroughly investigated. The university accepted Dr. <mask>’s resignation from the position and affirmed her return to the tenured professorship she formerly held at the University of California, Davis. <mask> became the President of the University of Hawai'i in 2009 and was the first woman to hold the position. During her tenure, she oversaw several major projects including the UH Cancer Center, the new UH West Oahu campus, the UH Hilo Hawaiian Language and Culture building, the Windward Community College Learning Center, the Maui Community College Science and Technology Center, the Kaua‘i Community College Campus Center project, the UH Mānoa Campus Center and a new Information Technology Building.On May 6, 2013, <mask> announced her retirement from the University of Hawaiʻi as President. She is a member of the Institute of Medicine in the National Academy of Sciences, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Executive compensation at UC: MRC Greenwood and the $871 million dollar secret
 <mask> announces retirement

Living people
1943 births
University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Vassar College alumni
Columbia University alumni
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Rockefeller University alumni
University of California, Davis faculty
Chancellors of the University of California, Santa Cruz
Presidents of the University of Hawaii

masks: Greenwood Greenwood Greenwood Greenwood Greenwood


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<mask> (; born March 25, 1947) is an American professor of psychology at Harvard University;  in 1981, she became the first woman ever to be tenured in psychology at Harvard. Langer studies the illusion of control, decision-making, aging, and mindfulness theory. Her most influential work is Counterclockwise, published in 2009, which answers the questions of aging from her extensive research, and increased interest in the particulars of aging across the nation. You can find out more about it on her self titled web site. Early life and education
Langer was born in The Bronx, New York. She received her bachelor's degree in Psychology from New York University, and her PhD in Social and Clinical Psychology from Yale University in 1974. Career

Langer has had a significant influence on the positive psychology movement.Along with being known as the mother of positive psychology, her contributions to the study of mindfulness have earned her the moniker of the "mother of mindfulness." Together her work has ushered in the movement of mind/body medicine which has been regarded by many scientist to be an important intellectual movement and one that now has "considerable evidence that an array of mind-body therapies can be used as effective adjuncts to conventional medical treatment." She has published over 200 articles and academic texts, was published in The New York Times, and discussed her works on Good Morning America. Additionally, in many introductory psychology courses at universities across the United States, her studies are required reading. Aging

Langer and colleagues have conducted multiple forms of research to promote the flexibility of aging. Some of her most impactful work has been her pioneering research on her famous Counterclockwise Study (1979). This study was originally published by Oxford University Press and later described in her best seller, Mindfulness.It is the basis of what is now called Reminiscence Therapy. The study was replicated in


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 England, South Korea and the Netherlands and was the basis of a British Academy of Film and Television Awards nominated BBC series, The Young Ones. The study has also been mentioned in other media such as The Simpsons episode Havana Wild Weekend. Other important work has shown that rewarding behaviors and following completion of memory tasks improves memory. Another study showed that simply taking care of a plant improves mental and physical health, as well as life expectancy. These studies were the primitive steps to creating the Langer Mindfulness Scale. Her research provided for improved methods in nursing homes and assisted living facilities.Additionally, in one of her most famous studies, Langer demonstrated the drastic benefits of mind/body unity theory. By having chambermaids call their everyday activity “exercise” rather than “labor,” Langer found that the chambermaids experienced a myriad of health benefits including: "a decrease in their systolic blood pressure, weight, and waist-to-hip ratio — and a 10 percent drop in blood pressure." Mindfulness
Langer is well known for her contributions to the study of mindfulness and of mindless behaviour, with these contributions having provided the basis for many studies focused on individual differences in unconscious behavior and decision making processes in humans. In 1989, she published Mindfulness, her first book, and some have referred to her as the "mother of mindfulness". In an interview with Krista Tippett on the National Public Radio program "On Being," broadcast on Sept. 13, 2015, Langer defined mindfulness as "the simple act of noticing new things." The Langer Mindfulness Scale is still used in modern research. Awards
In 1980, she was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship.Other honors include the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest of the American Psychological Association, the Liberty Science Center Genius Award, the Distinguished Contributions of


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 Basic Science to Applied Psychology award from the American Association of Applied and Preventive Psychology, the James McKeen Cattel Award, and the Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize. Criticism
Her finding that taking care of a plant significantly improved health outcomes in nursing home patients was shown to be the result of a statistical error. In one of her famous "counterclockwise" studies, Langer claimed that when elderly men were temporarily placed in a setting that recreated their past, their health improved, and they even looked younger. However, this study was never published in a peer-reviewed journal. The only publication of this finding is in a chapter of a book edited by Langer. In a 2014 New York Times Magazine profile, Langer described the week-long paid adult counterclockwise retreats she was creating in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, aimed towards replicating the effects found in her New Hampshire study. According to the article, "Langer makes no apologies for the paid retreats, nor for what will be their steep price."Langer was defiant when pressed on the ethics of her study:

"To my question of whether such a nakedly commercial venture will undermine her academic credibility, Langer rolled her eyes a bit. 'Look, I’m not 40 years old. I’ve paid my dues, and there’s nothing wrong with making this more widely available to people, since I deeply believe it.'" Bibliography (selection)

References

External links

 Personal site
 Mind Changers, Series 4: Arden House BBC Radio programme which interviews Langer about one of her experiments. The Young Ones <mask>'s Counter Clockwise study was the basis for this BBC documentary series. The Great Lesson The Great Lesson: A New Film About Mind and Body: Featuring Dr. <mask>r

American psychologists
American women psychologists
Social psychologists
Harvard University faculty
Yale University alumni
Mindfulness (psychology)
1947 births
Living people
American women academics
21st-century

masks:
Ellen Langer
Ellen Lange


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<mask> (, , ; also known as Hsinbyushin; 1323–1384) was king of Martaban–Hanthawaddy from 1348 to 1384. His reign was marked by several internal rebellions and external conflicts. He survived the initial rebellions and an invasion by Lan Na by 1353. But from 1364 onwards, his effective rule covered only the Pegu province, albeit the most strategic and powerful of the kingdom's three provinces. Constantly plagued by poor health, <mask> increasingly relied on his sister Maha Dewi to govern. He formally handed her all his powers in 1383 while facing an open rebellion by his eldest son <mask>, who succeeded him as King Razadarit. King <mask> is best remembered in Burmese history as the father of King Razadarit.One enduring legacy of his reign was Pegu's (Bago's) emergence as the new power center in Lower Burma. The city would remain the capital of the Mon-speaking kingdom until the mid-16th century. Early life

Born  late 1323, <mask> <mask> () was the only son of Queen Sanda Min Hla and King Saw Zein (r. 1323–1330) of Martaban. He was a grandnephew of the founder of the dynasty King Wareru. He had two elder sisters Mwei Ne and Mwei Na although the eldest sister Ne died young. He also had two younger half-siblings: Mi Ma-Hsan and Min Linka. As the eldest son, <mask> was the heir-presumptive until his father was assassinated in 1330.But he remained an important prince as his mother remained a powerful, feared kingmaker in the following years. After eliminating the usurper and the next successor in the following eight weeks, the queen placed her half-brother <mask> E Law on the throne, and made herself the chief queen. Probably in deference to the queen's sensitivities, E Law did not name an heir-apparent. The rivalry between E Law's son <mask> E Laung and <mask> escalated in the 1340s when E

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Binnya U
U
Binnya Nwe
Binnya U
Binnya
U
U
Binnya
Binnya
U


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 Law's health declined. The half-cousins ended up fighting an elephant-back duel in which <mask> defeated E Laung. The king was furious, and had <mask> arrested. But Sanda Min Hla intervened, and E Law released <mask>.At any rate, E Laung died from smallpox soon after, and <mask> emerged as the heir-presumptive. E Law himself died in 1348, and the 25-year-old prince succeeded. He ascended the throne with the title of Hsinbyushin (ဆင်ဖြူရှင်, "Lord of the White Elephant") because he possessed a white elephant, a propitious symbol of Burmese monarchs. Early reign

Initial consolidation
The new king's hold on power was tenuous at best. He would spend the next five years consolidating power, overcoming external and internal threats. He bought the allegiance of the court through a series of marriage alliances. He himself married three daughters of Minister Than-Bon, and married off his sister Maha Dewi to Bon-Lan (later known by his title Byat ), son of Minister Than-Daw, and his half-brother Min Linka to the youngest daughter of Than-Bon.Lan Na invasion (1351–1352)
His attempts to gain control of the vassal regions were not as successful. Although he was able to appoint Linka to the key governorship at Pegu (Bago), other key vassal rulers remained unimpressed. In 1351, the ruler of Donwun, about 100 km north of Martaban, openly revolted, and invited Lan Na forces to attack Martaban. In the dry season of 1351–52, an 8000-strong army from Lan Na (or a northern Tai-Shan state) invaded. The invasion force quickly overran the northern Martaban (present-day northern Mon State), and reached the outskirts of Martaban and Moulmein (Mawlamyaing). But the invasion force could not overcome the defenses of Martaban. After the attackers had become a spent force, <mask> <mask> himself led the counterattack

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 atop his favorite white elephant, a highly propitious symbol of Burmese sovereigns, and successfully drove back the invasion force.<mask> was so pleased by the victory and attributed the victory to the good fortune brought by his white elephant. He actually built a Buddhist pagoda, housing a holy relic he had received from Ceylon, at the hilltop where he atop his elephant began the counterattack. Pegu rebellion (1352–1353)
<mask>'s job was not finished. His half-brother Gov. Min Linka of Pegu never sent any help during the invasion. In 1352–53, he sent his army to retake Pegu. The mission was successful.Linka was brought back to Martaban, and subsequently executed. Linka's wife, Mwei Daw, became a queen of U. He was now the undisputed ruler of the Mon-speaking kingdom. Golden years (1353–1363)
The decade between 1353 and 1363 were the golden years for Binnya <mask>. The country was at peace, and prosperity returned at least to the capital Martaban. He governed the kingdom with the help of his Chief Minister Pun So, and his brother-in-law Gov. Byat  of Dagon.His regime was able to steer the kingdom out of the troubles that were enveloping his northern and eastern neighbors. Martaban's former overlord Sukhothai had been eclipsed by the emerging Ayutthaya Kingdom. The northern Pinya had no effective control over its southern vassals at Prome and Toungoo. <mask> established direct relations with Toungoo's restive governor Theingaba. When Theingaba formally revolted against Pinya in 1358, he stayed on good terms with the rebel governor but did not want Toungoo to become too strong either. <mask> readily gave shelter to
Theingaba's son Pyanchi in Pegu when Pyanchi sought refuge. By the early 1360s, both Pinya and Sagaing kingdoms had been under repeated raids by the northern Shan state of

masks: U U U U U


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 Maw.Martaban was an island of stability. In 1362, the king raised the height of the Shwedagon Pagoda in Dagon to 20 meters (~66 feet). Middle reign

Coup
The end to Martaban's tranquil years came not from the widespread instabilities that surrounded the kingdom but from within. According to the chronicle Razadarit Ayedawbon, the main cause was the king's penchant for months-long elephant hunting trips away from the capital. <mask> had been trying to find another "propitious" white elephant since the death of his first white elephant in 1354/55, believing that the late elephant was the reason he defeated the 1351–52 Lan Na invasion. In the dry season of 1363–64, he with over 2000 troops went on a hunting trip. Four months into the trip,  February 1364, he received news that a coup led by princes Byattaba and his brother Laukpya had taken place at the capital.He rushed back to the capital, and ordered two separate missions to retake Martaban. But he did not have enough manpower, and both missions failed. In the Irrawaddy delta too, Laukpya's forces reigned supreme. Donwun years (1364–1369)
<mask> now set up camp at the dynasty's ancestral home Donwun. His realm had suddenly been reduced to the Pegu province and the northern tip of the Martaban province. His hold over the Pegu province was helped by the effective rule of his elder sister, Maha Dewi, whom he appointed governor of Dagon in 1364. Lan Na continued to loom large in the politics of Lower Burma.When he heard that Byattaba was seeking Lan Na's help, <mask> tried to repair relations with the Tai kingdom by sending his eldest daughter Tala Mi Thiri to Chiang Mai in a marriage of state. It apparently did the job as Lan Na did not interfere. (Queen Thiri would have a terrible time at Chiang Mai, and constantly urged her father to

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 bring her back. <mask> would bring her back  1371.) What followed was a stalemate for the next five plus years. <mask> did not try to regain the rebellious regions but neither did the rebel brothers try to dislodge <mask> from Donwun. <mask> heavily relied on his chief minister Pun-So, who kept the remaining territories intact.Then in 1369, Pun-So died. Taking advantage of the ensuing commotion, Byattba sent 700 warriors disguised as mourners, who managed to get inside Donwun, and seize <mask>'s palace. The king barely escaped to the nearby woods, and fled to Pegu, about 120 km northwest of Donwun, across the Bay of Martaban. Byattaba now controlled the entire Martaban province. Laukpya also raided Dala several times although U loyalists held the line. Reign at Pegu

Emergence of Pegu
U's realm was now reduced to just the Pegu (Bago) province (present-day southern Bago Region and Yangon Region). It turned out to be a fortuitous move for him.Not only was Pegu strategically located between the other two provinces but the province was also the most populous. Then ongoing sedimentation and silting since 1300 had increased the once swampy province's "agricultural and demographic potential". On the other hand, Martaban was located on the upper Tenasserim coast, and too close to the Tai kingdoms to the east. By 1370, Pegu was "ready to supplant Martaban as regional leader". Indeed, all subsequent monarchs of the Wareru dynasty would remain at the more strategic Pegu even after Martaban returned to the fold. The kingdom would be known as the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, after Pegu's classical name Hanthawaddy—the academic and popular name by which the dynasty which lasted from 1287 to 1539, inclusive of the Martaban years, is known. Peace treaty with <mask>'s first actions at Pegu was to stabilize his

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 reduced realm.In 1370–71, he quickly signed a peace treaty with King Swa Saw Ke of the emerging Ava Kingdom in the north. Both monarchs wanted a quiet border: U was dealing with his ongoing rebellions; Swa was focused on securing his northern border against the Maw Shans. Swa wanted U to acknowledge Toungoo (Taungoo) as part of Ava's sphere of influence. The Ava king did not trust his nominal vassal Gov. Pyanchi I of Toungoo, who was educated and lived in Pegu for several years. The two kings met in 1370/71 at the frontier, and signed a treaty demarcating the border. History shows that the treaty was an act of political expediency.The two kingdoms would fight a proxy war over Toungoo in 1375–76. Treaty with the rebels
The treaty with Ava allowed <mask> to focus on his defense of his remaining territory. He successfully fended off Laukpya's attempts to seize southern Pegu province, and his forces even retook Donwun, restoring the pre-1369 borders. But he paused when Byattaba and Laukpya again appealed to Lan Na. Though he was technically allied with King Kue Na of Lan Na through a marriage of state, his daughter Thiri had not gotten along with Kue Na, and wanted a divorce. Concerned by Chiang Mai's potential interference, <mask> agreed to a truce with the brothers. The agreement called for <mask> to pay the brothers 10 viss (16.33 kg) of gold and ten elephants in exchange for the brothers recognizing <mask> as their sovereign as well as to broker an agreement with Kue Na to send Queen Thiri back.As the Razadarit Ayedawbon recounts, <mask> realized the absurdity of the overlord paying tribute to the vassals but he ultimately decided to swallow his pride, and agreed to the terms. On the other hand, Byattaba and Laukpya realized that they needed Lan Na's support in order to neutralize U's


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 stronger position at Pegu. The brothers sent 15 viss (24.49 kg) of gold in total to retain Chiang Mai's support. The king of Lan Na also sent back Tala Mi Thiri back. Proxy war with Ava
The arrangement with the brothers lasted for the rest of U's reign. Byattaba and Laukpya ruled their provinces like sovereigns but left U alone while U had to be satisfied with their nominal allegiance. However, the treaty with Ava did not last.The cause was Toungoo. In 1375, Ava, coming off a decisive victory over the northern Shan state of Mohnyin, sought to impose tighter control over Toungoo. The ruler of Toungoo, Pyanchi I, sought Pegu's help. Despite the 1370/71 treaty with Ava, <mask> ultimately decided to side with Pyanchi. Pegu sent a sizable army that included cavalry and elephant units led Commander Ma Sein. What followed was a proxy war between Ava and Pegu in the dry season of 1375–76. Backed by the Pegu army, Toungoo held out for three months.According to a contemporary inscription, by the time the dust had settled, Ava had sent three expeditions against Toungoo, and caused widespread starvation in the region. Fortunately for Pegu, Ava would have its hands full with Toungoo for the next seven years, and leave Pegu alone until after <mask>'s death. For his part, <mask> essentially stayed out of Toungoo for the rest of his reign. The Toungoo Yazawin chronicle reports a single embassy (by Gov. Phaungga of Toungoo in 1383) to Pegu between 1376 and 1384. Late reign
After the Toungoo war, the king's health markedly deteriorated. He gradually withdrew from administration, and handed increasing responsibilities to his sister Maha Dewi, culminating in her appointment as regent in 1383, and his eldest son <mask> Nwe's rebellion.Rise of Maha Dewi
<mask> <mask> had relied on his elder sister for advice

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 at least since 1369. She had proven herself as an able governor of the key town of Dagon since 1364. When his health, in poor state at least since 1364, deteriorated further in the 1370s, he began asking her to take on administrative duties. However, a powerful faction of the court, led by Chief Minister Zeik-Bye, secretly opposed her. Her enemies tried to undermine her by making public her alleged affair with a much younger married Smim Maru, who was also her nephew-in-law and <mask>'s son-in-law. But the king continued to trust his sister. By the early 1380s, she had emerged as the de facto ruler.The main opposition to her rule would come from her nephew and adopted son <mask> Nwe in 1383. <mask> Nwe's rebellion
According to the chronicle Razadarit Ayedawbon, the king and his eldest son were never close. Prince Nwe, whose mother died at childbirth, had been raised by his aunt Maha Dewi since his birth. Nwe was never his father's favorite. The king deemed him "ruthless", and once told his sister that Nwe was not to ascend the throne. <mask> had chosen the younger son Baw Ngan-Mohn as heir-apparent. Nwe responded in kind.In 1382, he eloped with his half-sister Tala Mi Daw. <mask> was aghast. When the young couple was soon caught, the king had Nwe imprisoned. Maha Dewi had to repeatedly plead with her brother to free Nwe, and allow the young couple to be married. <mask> finally relented; she wedded the young couple. Maha Dewi's best intentions would not go unpunished. On 5 May 1383, Nwe, with 30 followers, fled to Dagon, and seized the governor's residence there.Furious, <mask> asked his sister to fix the situation. Advised by Zeik-Bye, Maha Dewi did not make much of the "rebellion". She believed her adopted son's conciliatory letter, saying he would soon return by August. It was only at

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 the end of August that she decided to use force, after learning that Nwe had sent missions to enlist help from Martaban and Myaungmya. Maha Dewi's regency
Meanwhile, <mask>'s health took a turn for the worse. He could not even attend meetings with the court anymore. In October, he officially handed power to his sister, giving her the right to raise the white umbrella, a symbol of Burmese sovereigns.The act formalized what had been the reality for sometime. She was now referred to as Min Maha Dewi ("Queen Maha Dewi"). However, she continued to refer to her brother as the sovereign in her official edicts. At any rate, she never won the court's support. With <mask> on his deathbed, Zeik-Bye not so secretly undermined Maha Dewi's plans. Zeik-Bye was in secretly in league with Nwe, and provided the necessary intelligence. Undermined by Zeik-Bye, the Pegu army was driven back by Nwe's small army on 19 November 1383.Indeed, by December, neither Maha Dewi nor <mask> had any authority. When Nwe and his small army appeared outside Pegu's walls on 10 December 1383, she could do nothing other than hunker down inside the city walls. The stalemate ended with <mask> <mask>'s death on 2 January 1384. Maru tried to rally the court but found no support. When he and his wife tried to flee, they were captured. On 4 January 1384, the Zeik-Bye-led court handed the power to Nwe. The new king, known by the title of Razadarit, decided not to punish his adoptive mother, and reappointed her to her old post at Dagon but strictly in a ceremonial role.Family
The following a list of family members as reported in the Razadarit Ayedawbon. Ancestry

Notes

References

Bibliography

Burmese monarchs
Hanthawaddy dynasty
1323 births
1384 deaths
Burmese people of Mon descent
14th-century Burmese

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<mask> (born August 9, 1969) is an American baseball coach and former professional baseball pitcher. He gained fame as a closer. During a 14-year baseball career spanning from 1995 to 2009, he pitched for four Major League Baseball(MLB) teams, primarily with the California/Anaheim Angels. He was an integral part of that franchise's 2002 World Series championship team. He was the head baseball coach of the UC Riverside Highlanders (2015–2020)

Early career
He started playing baseball at Moreno Valley Youth Federation (MVYF). Percival played on the Moreno Valley High School baseball team, before attending the University of California, Riverside, where he played college baseball for the Highlanders from 1987–1990. He was then drafted by the California Angels in the 6th round of the 1990 amateur draft as a catcher.He batted .203 in his only season as a catcher with the Boise Hawks and was converted to a pitcher when coaches noticed that his return throws to the mound were actually faster than the pitches he caught. He made his Major League debut as a reliever in , and was mostly used as a setup man for Lee Smith. He was coached by his father <mask> for all of his childhood years. Closer career
In , he became the regular closer for the Angels and had 36 saves with 100 strikeouts in 74 innings. He is one of only six pitchers in the Angels' 44-year history to strike out at least 100 batters in a season without starting a game. The others are Mark Clear (105, ), DeWayne Buice (109, ), Bryan Harvey (101, ) Scot Shields (109, ) and Francisco Rodríguez (123, 2004). He had a career-high 42 saves in , and enjoyed his best season in  with a 4–1 record, 40 saves, 68 strikeouts, and a

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Troy Eugene Percival
Richard Percival


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 1.92 ERA.That year en route to winning the World Series he was 7 for 7 in save opportunities, tying John Wetteland for most saves in one postseason (since tied by Brad Lidge, Koji Uehara and Greg Holland; Robb Nen was also 7 for 7 but blew one on the 8th opportunity). A four-time All-Star, <mask> compiled a 29–38 record with a 2.99 ERA in 586.2 innings for the Angels. His 355 saves grant him inclusion in the 300 save club. However, his strikeouts per nine innings went down considerably after his years as an elite closer. In , his K/9 rate was 11.08. In 2002, 10.86. In , 8.76.And in 2004, it dropped all the way to 5.98. His fastball, once clocked consistently at 96 -100 MPH, was down to about 92 - 93 MPH in 2004, due to a degenerative hip condition that first appeared in 2003, which forced him to alter his pitching delivery. <mask>'s contract with the Angels expired in 2004 and he became a free agent at the end of that season. Rather than bring Percival back, the Angels decided to turn to young phenom Francisco Rodríguez to close, motivated largely by Rodriguez's much lower price tag and concerns about Percival's age and health. The Angels offered to negotiate a reduced role (at a correspondingly reduced salary) for Percival to return as a setup man, but Percival decided to seek opportunities elsewhere that would allow him to remain a closer. Later career and retirement
Percival signed with the Detroit Tigers as a free agent for the  season. However, after a mediocre start to his career at Comerica Park, during which he converted 8 saves from 11 opportunities and posted an ERA of 5.76, Percival suffered a serious injury to his right forearm in early July.The severity

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 of the injury ended his season, as well put the rest of his career in doubt. After attempting to recuperate, Percival reported to spring training for the Tigers in . However, on his first outing he again suffered significant pain and left the team. After spending the entire 2006 season on the Tigers' disabled list and working for the team as an advance scout, <mask>'s contract with the Tigers expired at the end of the 2006 season. Though he didn't pitch a game during the Tigers' run to the American League Championship, the team voted Percival a ring and a full playoff share. Appreciative of this gesture, he used the money to buy a suite at Comerica Park for his teammate's wives. In November and December 2006, during his time off from baseball, Percival funded and himself built a new clubhouse at the Riverside Sports Complex, the home venue of his college baseball program, UC Riverside.Comeback and second retirement

On January 19, , the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim hired <mask> as a special assignment pitching instructor. However, believing his arm to have finally healed, he requested his release from his minor league coaching contract to pursue a comeback. Percival signed a contract with the St. Louis Cardinals and joined the big league team on June 26, 2007. <mask> was the fourth member of the 2002 championship Angels team to play for the 2007 Cardinals, joining David Eckstein, Scott Spiezio, and Adam Kennedy, as well as former Angels teammate Jim Edmonds. <mask> made his first appearance in the Majors since 2005 on June 29, 2007, against the Cincinnati Reds. He struck out the first batter he faced, David Ross, and was also credited with the win. On November 29,

masks: Percival Percival Percival Percival


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 2007, he signed a two-year, $8 million contract with the Tampa Bay Rays.The contract contained up to $4 million in performance-based incentives. <mask> was the team's primary closer in . On May 22, 2009, a day after allowing 2 runs in 1/3 of an inning against the Oakland Athletics, <mask> was placed on Tampa Bay's disabled list, and has not pitched since. On August 11, 2009 he announced that he was likely to retire, and would cease his attempts at coming back from his current injury. Coaching career
From 2010 to 2012, <mask> was a volunteer pitching coach at Riverside Polytechnic High School. On September 24, 2012, <mask> was hired as head varsity baseball coach at his alma mater,  Moreno Valley High School. On July 26, 2014, he was named head coach of the UC Riverside baseball team.On November 11, 2020, <mask> resigned as head coach of the Highlanders, citing the desire to help his son through the professional ranks as his reason for resignation. Head coaching record

Notes

External links

1969 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American League All-Stars
Anaheim Angels players
Baseball coaches from California
Baseball players from Riverside, California
Boise Hawks players
California Angels players
Detroit Tigers players
High school baseball coaches in the United States
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Memphis Redbirds players
Midland Angels players
Palm Springs Angels players
People from Moreno Valley, California
Sportspeople from Riverside, California
St. Louis Cardinals players
Tampa Bay Rays players
UC Riverside Highlanders baseball coaches
UC Riverside Highlanders baseball players
Vancouver Canadians

masks: Percival Percival Percival Percival Percival


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<mask> (born 1939 in Sydney) is an Australian film and television director, producer, writer and actor. He is best known for his influential work as a director of TV comedy programs for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation – most notably The Aunty Jack Show – and for his 1980 feature film adaptation of the Australian comic strip Fatty Finn. After a month as a Melbourne University student, <mask> realised that his true calling was in the entertainment world. For the next three years, he financed his theatrical pursuits at The Little Theatre in South Yarra, by working at the Victorian Railways. In 1960, <mask> joined the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) where he worked his way up to being a director: 'The ABC was a great training institute at that time, and a place which allowed me much creative freedom. I learned a great deal there'. His first big break was in 1967 with the big budget 20-episode variety series, I'm Alright Now, with Reg Livermore.In 1973, <mask> became Head of Entertainment at the ABC. Influences
<mask>'s show biz enthusiasm was well-developed long before his ABC years. As a young child he was enthralled by the physical comedy of the clowns at Wirth's Circus. Later at boarding school he discovered Abbott & Costello films, delighting in their vaudevillian routines. The cinema became an integral part of <mask>'s school holidays with musicals, Bob Hope and Bing Crosby 'Road' movies and comedies his favourite genres and ones that would influence his future work. Throughout his school years <mask> would regularly escape into the wonders of radio hit parades, spending countless hours analysing pop song structures and writing down lyrics. He applied these skills to television comedies.'I worked out how the shows were structured. I wrote down the scenes. Sketched the sets. Analysed the placement of dialogue and the positions for its delivery. I noticed the similarity in patterning and timing between various shows. I really got to understand how TV comedy was staged', says <mask>. British

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Maurice Brendan Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


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 comedy
<mask> spent 1968–1971 in England working at the BBC and London Weekend Television.He was mentored by Frank Muir and worked with many British comedy stars including Ronnie Barker, Tommy Cooper, Harry Corbett and Wendy Craig. He directed Doctor in the House, starring Robin Nedwell, which was the first non-American comedy series to be bought by US television. In 1968 <mask> directed the 6-episode series of Complete and Utter History of Britain starring Michael Palin and Terry Jones. It was a highly original look at medieval history using television techniques to satirise the events. For instance, the Battle of Hastings was broadcast as a soccer match. The series is regarded as the precursor to Monty Python's Flying Circus and until 2004 it was believed that no copies of the series had survived. Australian comedy
On his return to Australia in 1972, <mask> helped to create the ground-breaking anarchistic comedy, The Aunty Jack Show, starring Grahame Bond, Rory O'Donoghue, John Derum and Sandra McGregor.He used some unorthodox methods to get the show to air. After the first episode was screened, the ABC received more than 1000 complaints and <mask> knew he had a winner. A spin-off from The Aunty Jack Show was The Norman Gunston Show, a comic satire featuring an unsophisticated reporter from Wollongong. The Gunston character was devised by Wendy Skelcher and played by Garry McDonald. The series achieved considerable success and inspired several contemporary comedians. Norman Gunston has the distinction of being the only television character, as opposed to an actor known for playing a character, to win a Gold Logie, the premier Australian television accolade. In 1975, the first colour television to appear on Australian screens was a brilliant sketch devised by <mask> and Grahame Bond, in which a black and white Aunty Jack tried in vain to stop colour slowly seeping into the scene.<mask> believes that comedy has a very important social role to play, and is also important for us individually. One of his recurrent

masks: Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy


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 themes is that the children within us are able to overcome the adult world with absurdist humour. Films
<mask> has written, directed or produced a number of independent feature films. His first films were ones for children, Fatty Finn and Doctors and Nurses, stories in which children were at odds with the adult world. Then a young adult satirical comedy with the emphasis on fun, Exchange Lifeguards (aka  Wet and Wild Summer! starring Julian McMahon, Christopher Atkins and Elliott Gould. More serious was his family tale of love in wartime, 15 Amore starring Lisa Hensley and Steve Bastoni.15 Amore was voted the Audience Favourite Feature at the Aspen Filmfest in 1998 and was awarded the Crystal Palm Award at the Marco Island Film Festival in 2000. More recently, the ethereal singing of the students of New Zealand's Toi Whakaari inspired <mask> to create a musical feature film, Zenolith, as a vehicle for their talents. He co-wrote the song lyrics with Lee Hatherly and secured the collaboration of New Zealand composer, Gareth Farr, and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra. In 2014, he wrote and directed a feature-length historical documentary about Queen Elizabeth II, When the Queen Came to Town. Ethos
<mask> has always enjoyed having fun with technology and pushing it to the limits, often with budgetary constraints. He believes such limitations inspire innovation. In 1965 he invented a way of reversing video tape to enable images to be run backwards.In 1990, <mask> made Let's Do Lunch, the first television series in the world to be filmed on Handicam. <mask>'s work is characterised by variety and diversity. He continues to challenge himself with new adventures and projects. He has recently written, produced and starred in several one-man stage shows. In 2016 he was the consultant editor for The Mathematics Book, a coffee table book by Helen Prochazka created to make mathematics accessible for adults who would like to know more about the subject. <mask> and Prochazka have co-written the lyrics for a cycle of 14


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 mathematics songs that complements the book. The pop song poetry project  was presented at the 2014 Bridges Organization conference in Seoul.The album was released in 2016, the music written and performed by Nic Courto and Craig M Wood. Currently <mask> is also developing an opera about Sir Edmund Hillary and an animation feature film, Marsupia. <mask> has always sought out and encouraged new talent and continues to work with emerging film makers and entertainers. Director

Television shows
 The Whole Show (2000) TV special
 Let's Do Lunch (1990) TV series (6 episodes)
 News Free Zone (1985) TV series (50 episodes)
 The Tea Ladies (1978) TV series (9 episodes)
 Freddy Starr Special (1978) TV special
 The Little Big Show (1978) TV special
 The Off Show (1977) TV series aka The Of Show (Australia) (9 episodes)
 Alvin Purple (1976) TV series (13 episodes)
 Flash Nick from Jindavick (1974–75) TV series (6 episodes)
 The Very Best of The Aunty Jack Show (1973) TV special
 Aunty Jack Rox On (1972) TV special
 Doctor in Charge (1972) TV series (6 episodes)
 A Nice Day at the Office (1972) (6 episodes)
 The Aunty Jack Show (1971–72) TV series (13 episodes)
 The Comedy Game (1971–73) TV series (14 episodes)
 Not Only… But Also (1971) TV special
 The Dudley Moore Trio (1971) TV special
 Six Dates with Barker (1970) TV series (6 episodes)
 Hark at Barker (1970) TV series (6 episodes)
 Doctor in the House (1969) TV series (9 episodes)
 Complete and Utter History of Britain (1969) TV series (6 episodes)
 I'm Alright Now (1967) TV series (20 episodes)

Feature films
 When the Queen Came to Town (documentary) (2014)
 Zenolith (2008)
 15 Amore (1998)
 Wet and Wild Summer! (1992) aka "Exchange Lifeguards" (Australia)
 Doctors & Nurses (1981)
 Fatty Finn (1980)

Stage shows
 My Imaginary Family (2011)
 Maurice (2007)
 Aunty Jack Show and Tell (2006)
 Good Story (2003)
 Screenplay (2003)
 Razzle Dazzle (1975)
 Hamlet on Ice (1974)
 Aunty Jack and the Gong in Bloody Concert (1973)

Producer

Television shows
 The Whole Show (2000) TV

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<mask> (born 28 March 1952) is a former Irish Sinn Féin politician and former Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) volunteer who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 2002 to 2020. Early and personal life
<mask> was born in Strand Street in Tralee, County Kerry, in 1952. His father was a farmer who was also a caretaker for Barrow House, which was at that time owned by an aunt. He was educated locally at Barrow National School, before going on to St Mary's CBS (The Green) and Tralee Technical School. He left school early, working on his family's farm and as a fisherman. His father died from a stroke in 1970. <mask> met his wife, Máire (née Hoare), after his release from Portlaoise Prison in 1977.They married in January 1978 and have six children. A daughter, Toiréasa, is a former Cathaoirleach (chairperson) of Kerry County Council and Kerry County Councillor for the Tralee electoral area. Gaelic football career
<mask> played in the Cotter Cup at the under-14 age group as a back. He played as centre forward for Churchill GAA. He began his inter-county career in 1972 playing Under-21 football for Kerry. He lined out as a forward, beating Cork at the Munster final, although the team was beaten by Galway at the All Ireland Final. Despite being on the run, he was selected in 1973.He won an All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship medal with Kerry, beating Mayo 2–12 to 0–13. His career was interrupted by his imprisonment later that year. After being released he resumed playing for Churchill and was selected by Mick O'Dwyer to play for the Seniors in 1978. <mask> left the Kerry training panel after the Munster final that year (in which he was unable to play), owing to poor health and Garda Special Branch surveillance. IRA activity
<mask> joined the Provisional IRA shortly after the death of his father on 29 May 1970. Aged 18, he was sworn in by Paddy Kelly and Liam Cotter, a former vice-chairman of the Kerry County Board of the GAA. The IRA in Kerry was under the direction

masks:
Martin Ferris
Ferris
Martin
Ferris
Ferris
Ferris


texts: of the IRA's Southern Command, whose main responsibility was to support IRA activity in Northern Ireland.From September 1974 to February 1975, <mask> was on the run. He was suspected of having taken part in a robbery at the Tralee post office, which resulted in £74,000 being stolen, and a robbery at the Chase Manhattan Bank in Shannon, County Clare in December 1974 which led to the theft of £159,000. He was arrested by Gardaí in Youghal, County Cork, on 14 February 1975, along with two other IRA members, viz., Danny O'Sullivan and Robert McNamara. The Gardaí had been on the alert after a robbery at Central Dairies in Dungarvan, County Waterford. They were later tried by the Special Criminal Court where O'Sullivan was sentenced to six and eight years concurrently. <mask> was not convicted of robbery but was remanded to Portlaoise Prison pending further charges of membership in the IRA as a proscribed organisation. He was sentenced to 12 months in Portlaoise.He was released after nine months in November 1975. He was arrested again in February 1976 at a Garda roadblock in Ballinrobe, County Mayo after attending the funeral of Frank Stagg. On 16 February, he was charged with IRA membership at the Special Criminal Court in Dublin, and sentenced to 18 months in prison. In March 1977, <mask> took part in a hunger strike along with 20 other prisoners, demanding a public inquiry into conditions in the prison. After 32 days he was transferred to Curragh Military Hospital. The hunger strike ended after 47 days. A guarantee had been given to the prisoners by Bishop James Kavanagh that the government would work to improve prison conditions.Although conditions improved somewhat, Tim Pat Coogan—a nationalist historian and former editor of The Irish Press—noted that after a visit in 1977 tensions still remained, and mentioned reports of visitors being denied visits after long distances and that strip searching was still carried out. <mask> was released two months later in June 1977.

masks: Ferris Ferris Ferris Ferris


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 In September 1984, <mask> attempted to import seven tons of explosives, firearms and ammunition, as well as medications, training manuals, and communications equipment, using the fishing vessel Marita Ann, which was piloted by Mike Browne, another IRA member. The plan involved rendezvousing with the trawler Valhalla, captained by Bob Anderson, which sailed from Boston, Massachusetts, transferring arms and ammunition to the Marita Ann and sailing to the south coast of County Kerry, where a number of cars were on standby to deliver the weapons to various Provisional IRA arms dumps. The Marita Ann was intercepted by the Irish Navy vessels the LÉ Emer and the LÉ Aisling off the south coast of Kerry with the weapons and ammunition on board. The crew were arrested. On 11 December 1984, <mask> and two other members of the Marita Ann crew, including Browne and a United States citizen, John Crawley, were sentenced to ten years imprisonment at Portlaoise Prison.Gavin Mortimer and John McCarthy both received suspended sentences. He was released on 11 September 1994. In February 2005, the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, Michael McDowell, using parliamentary privilege, named <mask>—as well as Gerry Adams and <mask>—as a member of the IRA Army Council, an allegation that has been denied by <mask> and the Sinn Féin leadership. In July of that year, the Irish Independent reported that <mask>, along with Adams and McGuinness, had stepped down from the Army Council in the lead-up to an IRA statement on its future. <mask> has courted controversy by his refusal to condemn the murder of Detective Garda Jerry McCabe during a botched Post Office raid by the Provisional IRA in 1996. <mask> had also greeted Pearse McAuley and Kevin Walsh, the men charged with the manslaughter of Garda McCabe, upon their release from prison as part of the Good Friday Agreement. Political career

Kerry County Council
Following his release from prison he began focusing on community activism,

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Ferris
Ferris
Ferris
Martin McGuinness
Ferris
Ferris
Ferris
Ferris


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 particularly against drug dealing in Kerry.He was appointed to the Sinn Féin Árd Chomhairle in 1995. He ran for election to the Dáil at the 1997 general election in the Kerry North constituency, polling 5,691 first-preference votes, but was not elected. At the 1999 local elections he was elected to Kerry County Council and Tralee town council, though he failed to be elected to the European Parliament in an election held on the same day. Dáil Éireann
<mask> was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election for Kerry North, topping the poll and unseating former Tánaiste Dick Spring. During the election campaign <mask> was arrested but later released. He later claimed that he had been verbally and physically assaulted while in Garda custody. His biographer J.J. Barrett described the Garda surveillance of <mask> as "unhealthy", writing that "it was to backfire seriously".He was re-elected in Kerry North at the 2007 general election, moving successfully to Kerry North–West Limerick for the 2011 general election and in 2016 to the Kerry constituency, again successfully. In the 31st Dáil he was the Sinn Féin spokesperson on Agriculture and Rural Development, and also on the Marine and Natural Resources. At the 2017 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis, Gerry Adams confirmed neither himself nor <mask> would be standing at the 2020 Irish general election. References

Sources
Barrett, J.J.; "<mask>: Man of Kerry", ,

External links
<mask>'s page on the Sinn Féin website
An Phoblacht Interview: <mask> – a life in struggle

1952 births
Living people
Churchill Gaelic footballers
Irish republicans
Irish sportsperson-politicians
Kerry inter-county Gaelic footballers
Local councillors in County Kerry
Members of the 29th Dáil
Members of the 30th Dáil
Members of the 31st Dáil
Members of the 32nd Dáil
People convicted of arms trafficking
Politicians from County Kerry
Provisional Irish Republican Army members
Republicans imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict
Sinn Féin TDs

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Ferris
Ferris
Ferris
Ferris
Martin Ferris
Martin Ferris
Martin Ferris


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<mask> (; born 1 January 1961) is an Israeli high-tech and social entrepreneur. He is the founder and Executive Chairman of the Jerusalem-based venture capital firm Jerusalem Venture Partners (JVP) and the founder of two non-profit organizations “Bakehila” and “Israel Initiative 2020” establishing seven regions of excellence that combine technology and education. He served as a member of the Knesset on behalf of the Labor Party, from election in January 2013 until resigning in October 2017. Under <mask>'s leadership, JVP has raised over $1.4 billion across nine funds, spanning all stages of venture capital, and has orchestrated some of the largest exits out of Israel. Forbes international business magazine selected Margalit as the top-ranking non-American venture capitalist on its prestigious "Midas (The Golden Touch) List.” The Marker Magazine named him the best venture capitalist in Israel. Early life
<mask> was born in kibbutz Na'an, the eldest of three siblings. His father, <mask>, was an officer in the IDF Armored Corps and one of the founders of moshav Kfar Haim, and his mother, Mickey, was a founding member of moshav Avihayil.On his mother's side, he is descended from Jews who immigrated to what was then Ottoman Palestine from Bulgaria in the 19th century, prior to the beginning of the First Aliyah. He is a descendant of Shmuel Tagir, one of the founders of Tel Aviv. In 1969, when <mask> was eight years old, the family was sent on a mission to Detroit, Michigan where his father was head of a local Hebrew school. While in high school in Michigan, <mask> became a point-guard on a local basketball team. After returning to Israel in 1971, the family

masks:
Erel Margalit
Margalit
Erel Margalit
Itzik Margalit
Margalit
Erel


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 settled in Karmiel before moving to Jerusalem. He attended Rene Cassin High School and continued to play basketball there. Recognition of his talent led to an offer to join the Israeli youth team, but he declined in favor of serving in an IDF combat unit.He served in the Golani Brigade's "Orev" unit as an operations officer, reaching the rank of sergeant major. As a reservist in 1982, he fought in the First Lebanon War with the IDF's airborne anti-tank division. Margalit studied philosophy and English literature at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he met his future wife. In 1985 Margalit moved to New York to attend Columbia University where he continued towards a doctorate in philosophy and logic. During his studies he was exposed to Michael Porter's "The Competitive Advantage of Nations," which influenced his doctoral dissertation on the subject, "The Entrepreneur as a Leader in the Historical Process." which he completed in 2007. In response to the First Intifada and the anti-Israel activities on American campuses, Margalit organized a dialogue group between Israeli and Arab students.Together with other Israeli doctoral students, among them Yossi Dahan and Yossi Bachar, he established groups on eight leading campuses. Margalit is married to Debbie and has three daughters: Tair, Eden, and Maya. Business career

Jerusalem Development Authority
Returning to Israel in 1990, Margalit began to work at the Jerusalem Development Authority under Uzi Wexler, promoting business development and technological entrepreneurship in Jerusalem. During this time, he worked closely with Teddy Kollek. He also worked in cooperation with American governors, among


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 them Mario Cuomo of New York, Pete Wilson of California, James Florio of New Jersey and Rodney Wallace of Massachusetts. Margalit helped to attract  dozens of technology companies to Jerusalem with the aim of turning the city into a high-tech capital for Israel. In three years, he succeeded in bringing in 70 large technology companies, including Digital and IBM.In June 1994,  Margalit left the JDA and embarked on an independent career. Jerusalem Venture Partners (JVP)

In 1993, <mask> Margalit founded the JVP venture capital fund. In October 2018, the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) named JVP among its partners on a new cybersecurity initiative, alongside academic institutions including New York University (NYU) and Columbia University. Called Cyber NYC, JVP will operate the initiative's investment arm, Hub.NYC, which will focus on growth-stage startups and will also offer access to clients and business support. Board Positions

Nanit – Board Member
 ControlUp – Board Member
 Earnix – Board Member
 Anyclip- Co-founder & Chairman 2018; Initial investment was in early 2007
 CyberArk (NASDAQ: CYBR) - Chairman – Initial investment 2002, $540M IPO in 2014, sold position for $1.7B between 2014-2016
 QlikTech (NASDAQ:QLIK)- Board Member – Initial investment in 2004, $770M IPO in 2010, sold position in 2012 for $2.5B
 Chromatis- Board Member – Initial investment 1998, Sold to Lucent in 2000 for $4.9B
 Netro- Investor – Initial Investment 1994, $351M IPO  in 1999, sold position for $5.5B
 Cogent Communications (NASDAQ: CCOI)- Board Member – Initial investment 2000, $260M IPO in 2007, valued today at $2B
 Cyoptics- Chairman – Initial


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 investment 1999, Sold to Avago in 2013, $440M
 Precise- Board Member – Initial investment 1996, IPO 2000 sold position for $770M
 Scorpio- Investor – Initial investment 1995, Sold to US Robotics in 1996
 Fundtech- Investor – Initial investment 1995, IPO March 1998
 Paradigm Geophysical- board member – Initial investment in 1995, IPO 1998

The Media Quarter

In 2006, Erel Margalit formed and developed the new Media Quarter in and around the historical train station compound in Jerusalem. With over 200 dynamic entrepreneurs in the Business, Social and Cultural enterprises, the JVP Media Quarter houses start-ups, VC fund JVP, early stage initiative- JVP Play, Our Crowd incubator- Labs/02, the performing arts hub – "Zappa Jerusalem in The Lab," the social profit organization – “In the Community” (Bakehila), as well as a restaurant and a nightclub. Social entrepreneurship

In the Community (Bakehila)
In 2002, Marglit founded the social organization Bakehila (בקהילה "In the Community" in Hebrew) as a means of reducing the socio-economic gap affecting disadvantaged children in Jerusalem.Bakehila runs educational programs in lower socioeconomic neighborhoods of Jerusalem with the goal of raising the students' academic achievements, and promoting the children's personal and interpersonal growth. Thousands of students from Jerusalem have attended the program during its first eight years. In 2012, Bakehila opened an educational enrichment center in the Arab neighborhood of Beit Safafa. In 2018, Bakehila began working in underprivileged neighborhoods in Kiryat Shmona. The Lab (Hama'abada)
Following the events of the Second Intifada and the massive departure of


texts:
 young artists from Jerusalem, <mask> <mask> created The Lab (Hama'abada) to keep and attract young artists in Israel's capital. The Lab provides support and assistance to these artists, providing venues for young Israelis to create, perform, and receive feedback on their work. Today, The Lab is the Jerusalem music club and restaurant, Zappa.Political career

2005 elections
During the 2005 election campaign, <mask> was one of the first businessmen to support Amir Peretz in the general elections. He joined the Labor Party and expressed his support of Peretz's social agenda. Margalit promoted his vision of economic growth whereby the ultra-Orthodox and Arab populations would be integrated in the labor market in Israel, thus taking them out of poverty and alleviating pressure on the middle classes. In addition, Margalit presented a plan for bringing the communities of Israel's geographic periphery closer to the center of the country, both economically and socially. Avoda Now Movement
Since his initial support of the Labor Party, Margalit grew disillusioned with the direction of the party and its leadership. On January 17, 2011, the Chairman of the Labor Party, Ehud Barak, announced his resignation from the Labor Party and the establishment of a new party – "Atzmaut" (Independence Party). Two days after this announcement Margalit helped to found the "Avoda Now" movement together with prominent members of Israel's business, technology, and cultural community, calling for a revival of the Labor Party.The movement launched a public campaign calling the people to join the Labor party lines; with the aim of renewing its institutions, restoring its social values,

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 and choosing a new, dynamic leadership. On April 27, 2011, saying he could "no longer watch from the sidelines as the political situation in Israel deteriorates", <mask> announced his intention to run for the chairmanship of Israel's Labor Party. In the Knesset
On 5 February 2013 <mask> became a Member of the Israeli Knesset and currently serves as a member of the prestigious Finance Committee and the Science and Technology Committee. He has been called the richest member of the Knesset. <mask> was especially active in the 2013 budget discussions criticizing its lack of economic growth engines (See ), and called to cancel the bi-yearly budget. He also led the Opposition on the discussions of the "HARIKUZIUT" bill, aimed to target the over-concentration and centralization in the Israeli economy. <mask> chairs the Parliamentary Task Forces for Economic Development in the North and the Negev, Civilian Cyber Protection and Combating Living Costs in Israel, and co-chairs the Parliamentary Task Force for Small and Medium Businesses, Integrating the Ultra-Orthodox in the High-Tech Sector, Employment for the Arab-Israeli Sector, 40+ Employment , and the Task Force for the City of Jerusalem where he often criticizes the Israeli Government's policy of worrying about Jerusalem's borders but ignoring its content and neglecting its poor economic status.In the 2013 Labor Party leadership election <mask> announced his support for the candidacy of MK Isaac Herzog for chairman. <mask> was re-elected to the Knesset in the 2015 elections. In 2017 he contested the Labor Party leadership election, but was knocked out in the first round of voting. He subsequently resigned

masks: Margalit Margalit Margalit Margalit Margalit Margalit


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 from the Knesset in October 2017 and was replaced by Leah Fadida. References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Venture capitalists
Israeli businesspeople
Israeli Sephardi Jews
Columbia University alumni
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli Labor Party politicians
Zionist Union politicians
Members of the 19th Knesset (2013–2015)
Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019)
Israeli people of Bulgarian-Jewish


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<mask> (April 26, 1929February 27, 2021) was an internationally known Environmental Psychologist and held the position of Distinguished Professor of Psychology Emeritus at the University of California, Davis. Sommer wrote 14 books and over 600 articles, he was best known for his book Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design (1969), which discusses the influence of the environment on human activities. "[Man] will adapt to hydrocarbons in the air, detergents in the water, crime in the streets, and crowded recreational areas. Good design becomes a meaningless tautology if we consider that man will be reshaped to fit whatever environment he creates. The long-range question is not so much what sort of environment we want, but what sort of man we want." ~ <mask>

Life and career

<mask> was born in New York City.<ref> <mask>, <mask> (1929-). 2001.Retrieved November 06, 2011 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3403804207.</ref> He received his Ph.D. from the University of Kansas in 1956 and after teaching in Sweden and the University of Alberta, he arrived at the University of California, Davis in 1963. At Davis, he chaired four departments: Psychology (1964–70); Environmental Design (1991-1994), Rhetoric & Communication (1994–95), and Art (1997-2000) and was a Distinguished Professor of Psychology Emeritus (since 2003). Though he may be best known for his book Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design, first published in 1969, he has written 14 other books and more than 600 publications on a variety of subjects. His writings on environmental psychology include research in mental hospitals, libraries, classrooms, and living spaces. <mask> also has written a number of articles and a

masks:
Robert Sommer
Robert Sommer
Robert Sommer
Sommer
Robert
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 book on mushrooms, and other nontechnical subjects and his work has appeared in the journal Worm Runner's Digest, which publishes scientific papers alongside satirical articles. <mask>'s consulting work included the design of bicycle paths, residence halls, geriatric housing, airports, offices, prisons, farmers' markets, and other facilities. He designed the board game Blacks & Whites in 1970 together with Judy Tart, as part of a project commissioned by Psychology Today.He also received a number of awards including: City-University Research Award, City of Davis; Research Award, California Alliance for the Mentally Ill; Career Research Award, Environmental Design Research Association; Kurt Lewin Award, Division 9 APA; Fulbright Award to Estonia, USSR; President-Elect 1998–1999, President 1999–2000, APA Div. 34, Doctorem Honoris Causa, Tallinn Pedagogical University. Thought

<mask> was influenced by his studies on environmental psychology with Dr. Humphry Osmond, a psychiatrist who researched hallucinogens. Osmond coined the term psychedelic and also worked in mental hospitals researching social environments and how they affect recovery. Some scholars see Environmental Psychology as strictly a sub-discipline of Psychology or Social Psychology; others see it as an entirely interdisciplinary study. <mask> viewed Environmental Psychology as both a sub-discipline within the behavioral sciences as well as an interdisciplinary study that involves a variety of disciplines and professions. His view of the discipline is reflected in his writing style; he communicates his ideas without technical, psychological jargon.Though his book, Personal Space, was not specifically written for people outside the field of

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 Environmental Psychology, it is highly readable and thus, accessible to those designers or architects who may actually have the ability to influence building design. Works

On Personal Space

Sommer made the distinction between personal space and territory: "The concepts of 'personal space' can be distinguished from that of 'territory' in several ways. The most important difference is that personal space is carried around while territory is relatively stationary. The animal or man will usually mark the boundaries of his territory so that they are visible to others, but the boundaries of personal space are invisible. Personal space has the body as its center, while territory does not. Often the center of territory is the home of the animal or man. Animals will usually fight to maintain dominion over their territory but will withdraw if others intrude into their personal space."In his best known book Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design, first published in 1969, <mask> argued that buildings should be built first for function (their usefulness to the user), not form (how they look). The book is divided into two sections: the first section is theoretical, and the second section concerns methods and their applications. In addition to this book, <mask> wrote many articles on personal space as well. On Learning And The Classroom

Another theme in <mask>'s research was the structure of the classroom and how it affects learning. As a high school student, <mask> himself experienced the difficulty of learning in a classroom where he was unable to see the blackboard due to the poor design of the room. He wrote that he struggled in the class until, later in the semester, it moved to a new room where he got a

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 front row seat. There, he could see the blackboard and his "grades improved markedly".<mask> devoted a chapter to the effect of classroom structure on learning in his book Personal Space, and also wrote many journal articles on the topic. "Reading Areas In College Libraries" Author: <mask>. The Library Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul. 1968), pp. 249-260 Publisher: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4305903Decorations for the Classroom Authors: Linda Lou Davis, <mask>.Source: "Improving College and University Teaching", Vol. 20, No. 4, Classroom: Learning Center (Autumn, 1972), p. 285 Publisher: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27563430

Though the 1960s and 70s were a time of innovation in educational curricula, teaching methods, and classrooms, there was not much thought given to the physical environment of the classroom and how it might affect learning. <mask> introduced two important terms in his book Tight Spaces: Hard Architecture and How to Humanize It. First, the "open classroom", which he described as being a "more informally arranged and less rigidly structured space", and "open education", a loosening of the current social hierarchy in education where teachers are strictly the sources of knowledge and students only learners. <mask> stated that though the addition of "open classrooms" cannot increase student participation without there also being an environment of "open education", no shift in hierarchy is likely without a change in the construction or arrangement of the classroom.The Soft Classroom is an article written by <mask> and Olsen describing a study they conducted on the impact of classroom design on learning.It described

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Sommer
Robert Sommer
Robert Sommer
Sommer
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 the difference in student participation observed in two differently arranged classrooms. Prison Architecture

<mask> worked on a federal task force consulting for prisons, he studied their built environment and the relation to psychology. His aim was to apply architectural strategies he had used in mental health facilities to the prison setting. <mask>'s primary concern throughout his research was whether ‘hard architecture’ instills any sort of reform on the individual, or whether it merely perpetuates the idea of punishment. Tight Spaces: Hard Architecture and How to Humanize It, Author: <mask>, talks about his observations into the soulless architecture of these institutions, and the dehumanizing nature of a prison. <mask> faced a difficulty in obtaining reliable data while interviewing in prisons. In one institution he was not allowed to talk to the guards, and was told that interviewing prisoners would violate their privacy.While in another prison, he was barred from interviewing the guards themselves. Street Art

Sommer's book Street Art (1975) discussed "the urban community mural in the U.S.A." The community mural is created by artists in collaboration with the local community so the art reflects the local culture. "Some of the chapter topics are: The New Mural Movement; definitions of 'street art' forms; the politics of 'street art'; the Emeryville, California, mudflats, a site for group sculpture; a guide for Locating and Photographing Street Art; and a final chapter concerned with less common 'street art' locations and the future of this type of art." In Street Art <mask> stated "the important question is whether painters, writers and poets are obliged to go beyond reflection to interpretation and

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Robert
Robert
Robert Sommer
Robert
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 prescription" and, in comparing street artists to those who display their work in a gallery, even goes so far as to say: "one can tell very little about the issues affecting public consciousness by examining the work of studio artists..." and "she [the new muralist] cannot afford the haughty contempt that the studio painter may feel for purchasers and patrons ...". <mask>'s work has been called "valuable for drawing attention to the proliferation of a noncommercial, popular art form in the U.S.A.", however there are also some criticisms of the book. Wayne Enstice, in his review of Street Art noted "A serious deficiency of his book is the abrasive way he chooses to treat the question"..."Do Social imperatives demand redefinition of the role of artists?" He complains that "Readers are asked to measure the accomplishments of community motivated artists against an antagonistic and oversimplified estimation of studio artists...".Enstice also dislikes <mask>'s division between text and art, saying that it is "inappropriate". Bibliography

1969 Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design, Englewood Cliffs, N.J,
1972 Design Awareness Rinehart
1974 Tight spaces : hard architecture and how to humanize it, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall
1975 Street art, New York, Links Books
1975 Sidewalk Fossils, with Harriet Becker Walker
1976 The end of imprisonment, New York : Oxford University Press
1978 The mind's eye : imagery in everyday life, Palo Alto, California, Dale Seymour Publications
1980 A Practical Guide to Behavioral Research, further editions in 1986, 1991, 1997 and 2002 (5th Ed.) 1963 Expertland (Doubleday)
1980 Farmers' Markets of America (Capra)
1983 Social Design (Prentice-Hall)
2000, 2003 An

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 Authoritative Guide to Self-Help Resources (2nd Edition and later, Revised Edition) with Norcross, Santrock et al. (Guilford)
2003 Milieux et modes de vie (Infolio)
2008 Personal Space Updated (Bosko Books)

See also
Nonverbal communication
Socio-architecture

References

External links
 Sommer biography

1929 births
2021 deaths
American psychologists
Environmental psychologists
University of California, Davis faculty
People from New York


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<mask><mask> (1894 – c. 1945) was an Italian American architect, called at birth Eugenio. He worked in New York City and specialized in the design of theatres. <mask>'s business flourished from 1918 to 1929 and was at its height during the Roaring Twenties, but it was largely destroyed by the Great Depression. During the 1930s he spent some years in London and settled for a while in Naples. Toward the end of World War II he was reported to be back in New York and beginning to work on post-war theatre projects, just before his death. Early life
<mask> was born in Calabria, in the far south of mainland Italy, in 1894. While he was still a small child his parents emigrated to the United States, arriving through Ellis Island and settling in New York City, where they were living by 1898.<mask> had four brothers, Felix, Jerry, Vincent, and John; and a sister, Sylvia. His brother Felix also became an architect. Career
By 1918 <mask> was practising as an architect, quickly choosing to specialize in theatre design. An early project was his Vanderbilt Theatre, New York (1918). By 1919 he was in a partnership called "De Rosa & Pereira", and that year he represented several clients in appeals against decisions of the superintendent of buildings of the City of New York. During the 1920s <mask> obtained many more commissions for new theatres. The great driving force during his Roaring Twenties career was "the phenomenal growth in popularity of motion pictures", and his early work included the Times Square (1920), the Apollo on 42nd Street (1920), and Klaw (1921) Theatres.One important design for a site on Hyatt Street in St. George, Staten Island, provided not just a grand new theatre but also stores and offices. <mask>'s business was largely destroyed by the Great Depression of the 1930s, during which he

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Eugene L
. De Rosa
De Rosa
De Rosa
De Rosa
De Rosa
De Rosa
De Rosa


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 took the opportunity to travel overseas. He spent some years in London and settled for a while in Naples, where in 1935 he was reported to be "wonderfully helpful" to American and English visitors. His brother <mask> <mask>, also an architect, sold insurance during the Depression. Before or during the Second World War <mask> returned to New York, where by 1944 he was said to be working on new theatre projects. However, his death in about 1945 prevented the revival of his career. Work

Several of <mask>'s theatres are still standing, among them the 1000-seat Lafayette Theatre, Suffern (1924), an Adamesque building with a combination of French and Italian Renaissance influences ornamented in the Beaux Arts manner.An improvement scheme in 1927 added six distinctive opera boxes and further balcony seating. Unlike many others, the Lafayette was spared from demolition and multiplexing and continues to be used as a single-screen movie theatre. Another surviving work is the Broadway Theatre, New York (1924), originally "B. S. Moss's Colony Theatre". The Gallo Opera House, New York, built in 1927 for Fortune Gallo, was renamed as the Gallo Theatre, then Studio 52, and since 1977 has been well-known as Studio 54, a nightclub and theatre. <mask>'s huge 2,800-seat St. George Theatre, St. George, Staten Island, begun in 1928, cost $500,000 for the theatre alone and was part of a greater development project (an office complex is attached) worth some $2,000,000. The theatre opened on December 4, 1929, only weeks after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and remains in use. It is now owned by St. George Theatre Restoration Inc., a non-profit organization which aims to restore the building and to develop it as a performing arts and cultural center.Most of the ornate interior was designed not by <mask> but by Nestor

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Felix De
Rosa
De Rosa
De Rosa
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 Castro. List of theatres
43rd Street Theatre, Sunnyside, Queens (1938), closed 1952
Apollo Theatre, 126 Clinton St, New York (1926), closed after 1950, demolished
Apollo Theatre, 42nd Street, New York (1920; demolished 1996)
Belmont Theatre, 48th Street, New York (1918), demolished in 1951
Bijou Theatre, 193 Avenue B, New York (1926), renamed Charles Theatre (1950), closed 1972, is now a church
The Broadway Theatre, New York (1924, still in use)
B.S. Moss Cameo Theater, 42nd Street (1921), demolished
Cameo Theatre, 138 West 42nd, New York (1921), renamed Bryant (1938), 1970s became an adult film, closed in 1983
Capitol Theater, Jamaica, Queens (1926), renamed Cort Jamaica Theater (1928), Werba's in 1929, and later named Carlton Theater (1930), which closed in 1958 and was demolished in 2002 (now the home of PS268). Uptown Theatre, 4037 Broadway, New York (1926), converted into a supermarket in 1955. Vanderbilt Theatre, New York (1918; demolished 1954)

Abandoned projects
8th Street Playhouse (1929), earlier designs
B.S. Moss, 8th Ave & 22nd Street, (1930)
Loew's 72nd Street Theatre, 188 East 72nd Street, New York (1926), built with designs by John Eberson in 1927
Marlboro Theatre, 4915 Broadway, New York (1926), later Mercedes Theatre (1927) for Paramount, and plans in 1936 redrawn but abandoned. MP Theatre, 137-9 West 72nd (1931)

Alterations
68th Street Playhouse, 1164 3rd Avenue (1933)
Garden Theatre, June 1915
Lenox Lyceum, 621-9 Madison Avenue, August 1911

Publications
Eugene De Rosa, Selections from the recent work of Eugene De Rosa, architect: 15 West 44th Street, New York (Architectural Catalog Co., 1927)

Notes

1894 births
1940s deaths
American theatre architects
People from Calabria
Architects from New York City
Italian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American


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<mask> (born 2 July 1981) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a striker. <mask>da Xanthi in 2010, and Preston North End in 2011.Having made 55 league appearances for Watford, he switched to Ipswich Town in June 2011, but once again struggled to break into the first team, and spent the start of the 2012–13 season on loan to Scunthorpe United. Having cancelled his Ipswich contract by mutual consent, he joined Crewe Alexandra in March 2013, and made eight league appearances. He was released in July 2013 after his contract expired. He signed for Southport in October 2013, but was released two months later. In November 2017 he signed for Cheshire Football League side Egerton, and in July 2018 was appointed assistant manager. Playing career

Non-league and Bristol Rovers
Born in Bradford, West Yorkshire, <mask> began his career with non-League Tooting & Mitcham United, making one first team appearance at 16 years of age. He played regularly for the youth team there, but was frustrated by a lack of first team chances, so he moved to Walton & Hersham, before moving to Bristol Rovers in February 1999 for £150,000.He made his professional debut on 23 February 1999, coming on as a second-half substitute for Jamie Cureton in a 1–0 home defeat to Gillingham. He came off the bench to score his first goal on 6 March 1999, helping his team to a 2–0 win over York City. He found a growing reputation with the side, and his highest point for Rovers was scoring a hat-trick in a 3–1 win against Premier League side Derby County in the FA Cup, on 6 January 2002. This was the first time a team from the Third Division had beaten a Premier League team in the FA Cup. It was also the second of three hat-tricks scored by <mask> for Rovers, with all three coming within the space of a month. He was named in the PFA Division Three team of the year for 2001–02. Wigan Athletic
On 28 March 2002—transfer deadline day—<mask> signed for Paul Jewell's Wigan Athletic for a then club record fee of £1.2 million.He made an instant impact, scoring on his

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Nathan Levi Fontaine Ellington
Ellingtonko
Ellington
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 debut in a 2–1 win at Chesterfield on 6 April 2002. He also scored on his home debut a week later as Wigan beat Northampton Town 3–0. His only hat-trick for Wigan came against West Bromwich Albion in a 3–1 League Cup victory on 2 October 2002, his second career hat-trick against Premiership opposition. He notably scored the last ever goal in Wimbledon F.C. 's final game at Selhurst Park before their rebranding and relocation to Milton Keynes, during Wigan's 2–4 victory in September 2003. He was named Division One player of the month for February 2004. <mask> was a major factor in the club's promotion to the Premiership in the 2004–05 season, the first time they had reached the top flight in their history.He was the leading scorer in the Football League Championship and formed a formidable partnership with Jason Roberts, with whom he had previously played at Bristol Rovers. Both players were named in the PFA Championship team of the season. <mask> became one of the more desirable properties in English football, and joined West Bromwich Albion on 16 August 2005 for £3,000,001. With the player unable to agree a new contract with Wigan, Albion used a clause in his existing contract that allowed him to leave for any fee over £3 million. West Bromwich Albion
<mask> made his West Brom (and Premier League) debut in a 4–0 away defeat at Chelsea on 24 August 2005, replacing Jonathan Greening in the second half. He scored twice in a 4–1 League Cup win against Bradford City on 20 September 2005, his first goals for the club. He generally struggled in his first ever season in the Premier League, as his season was damaged by a series of niggling injuries and a shoulder problem, but he still managed to score eight goals.<mask>'s first Premiership goals came in the 4–0 win against Everton; he scored a goal in either half by a penalty and a long range shot. He became quite unpopular with the West Brom fans towards the end of the same season because of his complaint of a "bruised toe", and his refusal to have painkilling injections to help him through

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 such a minor complaint. He almost redeemed himself near the end of the season though, when he scored for Albion in the 1–1 draw with Birmingham and almost went on to score the winner as a substitute, hitting the woodwork. In June 2006, West Bromwich Albion rejected an undisclosed offer for <mask> from his former club Wigan Athletic, insisting that the player was "not for sale". After failing to settle in the area, <mask> submitted a transfer request in the 2007 January transfer window, which was reluctantly accepted by West Bromwich Albion. However, Albion chairman Jeremy Peace qualified this by stating that "...no-one will leave unless it suits us." <mask> was also still seen as an important part of the squad by manager Tony Mowbray.Wigan Athletic again expressed an interest in re-signing the player, but failed to meet Albion's valuation. <mask> therefore remained at the Midlands club, returning to the first team at the start of February after a month out due to a stress-related illness. <mask> won West Brom's official goal of the season competition for 2006–07, for his dipping, swerving half volley against Cardiff City, scored in a 1–0 win on 20 February 2007. One week after that goal, he received the first red card of his career, for a dangerous tackle on Middlesbrough's Stuart Parnaby. Albion subsequently lost the 5th round FA Cup replay on penalties. <mask> featured regularly towards the end of the season, helping Albion reach the play-offs, but in the play-off games he was used only as a substitute. Albion lost 1–0 to Derby County in the final at Wembley.<mask>'s only goal for Albion in 2007–08 came in a 2–0 win away at Peterborough United in the League Cup on 28 August 2007. It proved to be his last game for the club, as he signed for Watford the following day. In all he scored 20 goals in 81 appearances for West Bromwich Albion. Watford
On 29 August 2007, <mask> joined Watford on a four-year deal. Watford paid a then club record £3.25 million for the striker, a fee that could rise to £4.25 million depending on appearances. He

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 made his Watford debut three days later, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–0 win over Ipswich Town, hitting the post a few minutes after entering the field. <mask> initially found it difficult to command a place in the Watford starting line-up due to the excellent form of Darius Henderson and Marlon King, and his first goal for Watford did not come until he scored in a 1–1 draw against Charlton Athletic on 19 January 2008, and went on to score a further 2 goals in 3 games, but then did not score again until 5 April against Coventry, his last of the season.<mask> made 34 league appearances, 18 of them starts, scoring 4 goals. On 21 December 2009, <mask> signed for Greek side Xanthi FC on loan for the rest of the year. Having played in Greece for the whole of 2010, he returned to Watford in January 2011, but is unlikely to feature in their games. He trained with Preston North End in January 2011, scoring two goals in a reserve team fixture on 11 January 2011. He signed for Preston on 13 January 2011 on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season. He will then be out of contract. Derby County (loan)
Derby County signed <mask> on 30 May 2008 on a season-long loan, with a view to him joining the Rams permanently on a free transfer at the end of the season, in a move that re-united the player with manager Paul Jewell.<mask> had a successful pre-season with the Rams, scoring three times in seven matches. He made his debut for the club against Doncaster Rovers on 9 August 2008 and scored his first three goals for the club with a hat-trick against Lincoln City in the Football League Cup on 12 August. He scored his first league goal for the club on 4 October, an eighty-fifth-minute winner in the 2–1 victory away to Norwich City. He scored twice in a week in November - the second in a 4–1 victory at Brighton and Hove Albion on 4 November and the second in a 2–1 win at home to Leeds United on 11 November. <mask> scored a penalty in the ninety-third minute against Stoke City in the quarter-finals of the League Cup on 2 December, which

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 sent Derby into the semi-finals for the first time in 40 years. His final goals in a Derby shirt came against Charlton Athletic on 15 December, scoring a brace to level the game at 2–2. <mask> made only 5 more appearances before the end of the season, just 2 of them coming under new Derby manager Nigel Clough and both of them substitute appearances.<mask> finished joint top-scorer in the 2008–09 League Cup, with 6 goals, but after scoring just 3 league goals in 27 games, Clough decided not to take up the option of signing <mask>, preferring Rob Hulse, Chris Porter and Luke Varney in attack. <mask> subsequently returned to Watford. Preston North End
<mask> signed for Preston North End on 13 January 2011 on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season. He made his debut as a substitute in the 1–1 draw with Leicester City. He scored his first goal in the last minute of the game against Coventry City. His second goal was against Sheffield United when Iain Hume put him through on goal. Ipswich Town
<mask> signed a two-year contract for Ipswich Town on a free transfer on 21 June 2011, linking up with manager Paul Jewell for the third time.On 31 January 2013, Ipswich announced they had parted ways with <mask> by mutual consent. Crewe Alexandra
On 8 March 2013, <mask> signed for Crewe Alexandra until the end of the 2012-13 season after a one-month trial. He left the club in July 2013 after the expiry of his contract. Southport
On 17 October 2013, <mask> signed on non-contract terms for Conference Premier side Southport. However, after a change in management he was released by the club in December in order to make further additions to their squad. Free agent
On 18 February 2014, <mask> joined Indonesian club Persija Jakarta on trial but decided to leave once he saw the setup and facilities. By March 2015, <mask> had retired from playing.Personal life
In 2005, <mask> married a Bosnian woman, Alma from Tuzla, and after doing research, he converted to Islam and became a Muslim before they married. In 2011, he set up the Association of Muslim

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 Footballers, whose purpose is to provide a network for Muslim players and families, highlighting the positive Muslim role models within the professional game and working to improve relationships between players of other beliefs. In relation to how Ramadan affected his football, <mask> has stated "When I'm playing an away match, I won't fast, but I'll make up for the missed day afterwards. For training, there's not a problem either, as you can get your hydration and nutrients with the suhoor (the early pre-dawn breakfast) which then helps. The only difference is afterwards when the rest of the players go off [to eat] and you have to hang on for a while longer, until the iftar meal at sunset." In 2008 he visited his wife's country of origin and expressed interest in playing for the Bosnian national team. He is nicknamed The Duke after legendary jazz musician <mask>.<mask> is from a sporting family; his cousin <mask> is also a footballer. Career statistics

Honours
Wigan Athletic
Football League Second Division: 2002–03
Football League Championship runner-up: 2004–05

Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2001–02 Third Division, 2004–05 Championship
Football League Cup top goalscorer: 2002–03, 2008–09
Football League Championship Golden Boot: 2004–05
Nominated for the Best at Sport award at the British Muslim Awards: 2014

References

External links
<mask> profile at watfordfc.co.uk

1981 births
Living people
English Muslims
Converts to Islam
English footballers
Association football forwards
Tooting & Mitcham United F.C. players
Walton & Hersham F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Watford F.C.players
Derby County F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Xanthi F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Super League Greece players
Footballers from Bradford
Black British sportspeople
English people of Ghanaian descent
Southport F.C.players
Alumni of Richmond upon

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Duke Ellington
Ellington
Lee Ellington
Nathan Ellington