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<mask> (born 1952) is an English-born Australian artist. She has had a long career as a portrait artist and designer, painter and printmaker, teacher and lecturer. Her work is represented in private and public collections around Australia. Early life and education
<mask> was born in England in 1952 and emigrated to Australia in 1960. She studied at the National Art School in Sydney, completing a four-year Diploma in Art (Painting) in 1973. Career

Designer and lecturer
From 1974 to1983 <mask> worked at the Australian Museum in Sydney as a designer, a position which allowed her to travel to remote areas of Australia. In her private practice in her studio, <mask>’s screen prints captured those places, and established her reputation in the printmaking community.From 1976 to 1983 <mask> was also teaching part-time at Alexander Mackie College (subsequently renamed the City Art Institute). After leaving the Museum <mask> spent four years as a full-time lecturer at the City Art Institute (which became the College of Fine Arts, UNSW and is now called UNSW Art & Design). Career and early years
From the 1970s till the early 1990s <mask> worked as a fine art screen printer. She became recognised in the Australian printmaking community for bold and humorous depictions of Australian culture, landscape, flora and fauna, which were collected by private and State Galleries. These screen prints depicted iconic tourist destinations around the country such as Bondi Beach, Uluru (Ayers Rock), Kakadu, The Twelve Apostles. After receiving an Australian Antarctic Division Humanities Program Award in 1991, <mask> travelled to the Australian bases of Mawson, Davis and Heard Island. This voyage resulted in a series of ten silk

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 screen prints documenting her response to the ice, history and wildlife of Antarctica.Mature career

In the late 1990s <mask> made a shift from silk screens back to painting, which was her first love, incorporating and adapting the stencil technique from printmaking to create dynamic, pixelated surface textures in acrylic on linen canvas. The stencil technique challenges the naturalism of the portrait, and fragments the surface with symbols, words, and pixels. The resulting portraits have garnered critical attention for the sensitivity of the portraits combined with the boldly fragmented surfaces. A deeply moving portrait of "The Artist’s Mother" in the final stage of terminal cancer won the Portia Geach Memorial Award in 2012. This portrait travelled to the Embassy of Australia in Washington DC as part of a group exhibition by Portrait Artists Australia. In the large abstract colour field paintings <mask> uses stencil layering to painstakingly build dynamic shapes in saturated colour fields. <mask> has received many portrait commissions, both private and institutional.Portrait commissions include Sir Keith Peters, Regis Professor of Physic (for Cambridge University UK), Sir Bruce Ponder, Emeritus Professor of Oncology at the University of Cambridge (for CRUK Institute, Cambridge, UK); Mary Gaudron, first woman High Court Judge of Australia (for NSW Law Society) and Professor Sir Keith Peters for the Academy of Medical Sciences, London. <mask>’s portrait of Brett Weymark, the conductor of the Sydney Philharmonia Choirs, was hung in a group exhibition by Portrait Artists Australia at the Australian Parliament House in Canberra in 2012. <mask>'s portrait of Tim Winton was hung in the 2019 Darling Portrait

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 Prize in the National Portrait Gallery (Australia), and subsequently acquired for the collection. <mask> has created a series of penetrating self-portraits, one of which won the Portia Geach Memorial Award in 2019 – "Body in A Box". <mask> has exhibited her work in numerous solo and group exhibitions all around Australia during her 45-year career. <mask>'s studio and gallery are now located in the historic Astor building in Macquarie Street, Sydney. ; O.T.C.Sydney; CSR; Government Insurance Office; Warrnambool City Council; Botany City Council; Attorney Generals Department, ANZ Bank, Academy of Medical Sciences, London UK; School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; CRUK Institute, Cambridge University, UK; Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney; Sydney Philharmonia Choirs, Sydney; Ascham Girls School, Edgecliff, NSW. Awards and recognition
<mask> has been the recipient of many art awards in Australia. In 2015, <mask> won the Gallipoli Art Prize for her painting "Boy Soldiers" commemorating the deaths of the youngest soldiers, stencilling their names across the image of the graveyard in Lone Pine Cemetery in Turkey. In 2016 <mask> won the Shirley Hannan National Portrait Award with her portrait "Ella Rubeli". The 2015 judge Dr Christopher Chapman discussed the merits of the work in an interview for the Bega Regional Gallery. <mask> has received the Portia Geach Memorial Award for Portraiture twice, in 2012 and in 2019. <mask> has been a frequent finalist in major art competitions including The Archibald Prize, The Doug Moran Portrait Prize, the Blake Prize, and the Darling Prize.References

External links
 Official website

1952 births
Australian portrait painters
21st-century Australian

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Sir <mask> FRS (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer who formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. He also held controversial stances on other scientific matters—in particular his rejection of the "Big Bang" theory, a term coined by him on BBC radio, and his promotion of panspermia as the origin of life on Earth. He also wrote science fiction novels, short stories and radio plays, and co-authored twelve books with his son, <mask>. He spent most of his working life at the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge and served as its director for six years. He was one of the authors of the influential B2FH paper. Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was born near Bingley in Gilstead, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. His father, <mask>, who was a violinist and worked in the wool trade in Bradford, served as a machine gunner in the First World War.His mother, Mabel Pickard, had studied music at the Royal College of Music in London and later worked as a cinema pianist. <mask> was educated at Bingley Grammar School and read mathematics at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In 1936, he won the Mayhew Prize (jointly with George Stanley Rushbrooke). In late 1940, <mask> left Cambridge to go to Portsmouth to work for the Admiralty on radar research, for example devising a method to get the altitude of the incoming aeroplanes. He was also put in charge of countermeasures against the radar guided guns found on the Graf Spee. Britain's radar project employed more personnel than the Manhattan project, and was probably the inspiration for the large British project in The Black Cloud. Two colleagues in this war work were Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold, and the three had many and deep discussions on

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texts: cosmology.The radar work paid for a couple of trips to North America, where he took the opportunity to visit astronomers. On one trip to the US, he learned about supernovae at Caltech and Mount Palomar and, in Canada, the nuclear physics of plutonium implosion and explosion, noticed some similarity between the two and started thinking about supernova nucleosynthesis. He had an intuition at the time "I will make a name for myself if this works out." Eventually (1954) his prescient and ground breaking paper came out. He also formed a group at Cambridge exploring stellar nucleosynthesis in ordinary stars and was bothered by the paucity of stellar carbon production in existing models. He noticed that one of the existing processes would be made a billion times more productive if the carbon-12 nucleus had a resonance at 7.7 MeV, but the nuclear physicists did not list such a one. On another trip, he visited the nuclear physics group at Caltech, spending a few months of sabbatical there and persuaded them against their considerable scepticism to look for and find the Hoyle state in carbon-12, from which developed a full theory of stellar nucleosynthesis, co-authored by <mask> with some members of the Caltech group.After the war, in 1945, <mask> returned to Cambridge University, as a lecturer at St John's College, Cambridge. <mask>'s Cambridge years, 1945–1973, saw him rise to the top of world astrophysics theory, on the basis of a startling originality of ideas covering a very wide range of topics. In 1958, <mask> was appointed  Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy in Cambridge University. In 1967, he became the founding director of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy (subsequently

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 renamed the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge), where his innovative leadership quickly led to this institution becoming one of the premier groups in the world for theoretical astrophysics. In 1971, he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Astronomical Instruments and their Construction". <mask> was knighted in 1972.<mask> resigned his Plumian professor position in 1972 and his directorship of the institute in 1973, with this move effectively cutting him off from most of his establishment power-base, connections and steady salary. After leaving Cambridge, <mask> wrote many popular science and science fiction books, as well as presenting lectures around the world. Part of the motivation for this was simply to provide a means of support. <mask> was still a member of the joint policy committee (since 1967), during the planning stage for the 150-inch Anglo-Australian Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory in New South Wales. He became chairman of the Anglo-Australian Telescope board in 1973, and presided at its inauguration in 1974 by Charles, Prince of Wales. Decline and death
After his resignation from Cambridge, <mask> moved to the Lake District and occupied his time with a mix of treks across the moors, writing books, visiting research centres around the world, and working on science ideas that have been nearly universally rejected. On 24 November 1997, while hiking across moorlands in west Yorkshire, near his childhood home in Gilstead, <mask> fell into a steep ravine called Shipley Glen.Roughly twelve hours later, <mask> was found by a search dog. He was hospitalised for two months with pneumonia and

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 kidney problems (both resulting from hypothermia), as well as a broken shoulder from the fall. Thereafter he entered a marked decline, suffering from memory and mental agility problems. In 2001, he suffered a series of strokes and died in Bournemouth on 20 August of that year. Views and contributions

Origin of nucleosynthesis
<mask> authored the first two research papers ever published on the synthesis of the chemical elements heavier than helium by nuclear reactions in stars. The first of these in 1946 showed that the cores of stars will evolve to temperatures of billions of degrees, much hotter than temperatures considered for thermonuclear origin of stellar power in main-sequence stars. <mask> showed that at such high temperatures the element iron can become much more abundant than other heavy elements owing to thermal equilibrium among nuclear particles, explaining the high natural abundance of iron.This idea would later be called the e Process. <mask>'s second foundational nucleosynthesis publication, published in 1954, showed that the elements between carbon and iron cannot be synthesized by such equilibrium processes. He attributed those elements to specific nuclear fusion reactions between abundant constituents in concentric shells of evolved massive, pre-supernova stars. This startlingly modern picture is the accepted paradigm today for the supernova nucleosynthesis of these primary elements. In the mid-1950s, <mask> became the leader of a group of very talented experimental and theoretical physicists who met in Cambridge: William Alfred Fowler, Margaret Burbidge, and Geoffrey Burbidge. This group systematized basic ideas of how all the chemical elements in our universe were created, with this


texts: now being a field called nucleosynthesis. Famously, in 1957, this group produced the B2FH paper (known for the initials of the four authors) in which the field of nucleosynthesis was organized into complementary nuclear processes.They also added much new material on the synthesis of heavy elements by neutron-capture reactions, the so-called s process and the r process. So influential did the B2FH paper become that for the remainder of the twentieth century it became the default citation of almost all researchers wishing to cite an accepted origin for nucleosynthesis theory, and as a result, the path-breaking Hoyle 1954 paper fell into obscurity. Historical research in the 21st century  has brought <mask>'s 1954 paper back to scientific prominence. Those historical arguments were first presented to a gathering of nucleosynthesis experts attending a 2007 conference at Caltech organized after the deaths of both Fowler and <mask> to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the publication of B2FH. Ironically the B2FH paper did not review <mask>'s 1954 supernova-shells attribution of the origin of elements between silicon and iron despite <mask>'s co-authorship of B2FH. Based on his many personal discussions with Hoyle  Donald D. Clayton has attributed this seemingly inexplicable oversight in B2FH to the lack of proofreading by <mask> of the draft composed at Caltech in 1956 by G.R. Burbidge and E.M. Burbidge.The second of <mask>'s nucleosynthesis papers also introduced an interesting use of the anthropic principle, which was not then known by that name. In trying to work out the routes of stellar nucleosynthesis, <mask> calculated that one particular nuclear reaction, the triple-alpha process, which generates


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 carbon from helium, would require the carbon nucleus to have a very specific resonance energy and spin for it to work. The large amount of carbon in the universe, which makes it possible for carbon-based life-forms of any kind to exist, demonstrated to <mask> that this nuclear reaction must work. Based on this notion, <mask> therefore predicted the values of the energy, the nuclear spin and the parity of the compound state in the carbon nucleus formed by three alpha particles (helium nuclei), which was later borne out by experiment. This energy level, while needed to produce carbon in large quantities, was statistically very unlikely to fall where it does in the scheme of carbon energy levels. <mask> later wrote:

His co-worker William Alfred Fowler eventually won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983 (with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar), but for some reason <mask>'s original contribution was overlooked by the electors, and many were surprised that such a notable astronomer missed out. Fowler himself in an autobiographical sketch affirmed <mask>'s pioneering efforts:

Rejection of the Big Bang
While having no argument with the Lemaître theory (later confirmed by Edwin Hubble's observations) that the universe was expanding, <mask> disagreed on its interpretation.He found the idea that the universe had a beginning to be pseudoscience, resembling arguments for a creator, "for it's an irrational process, and can't be described in scientific terms" (see Kalam cosmological argument). Instead, <mask>, along with Thomas Gold and Hermann Bondi (with whom he had worked on radar in the Second World War), in 1948 began to argue for the universe as being in a "steady state" and formulated their Steady State theory. The


texts: theory tried to explain how the universe could be eternal and essentially unchanging while still having the galaxies we observe moving away from each other. The theory hinged on the creation of matter between galaxies over time, so that even though galaxies get further apart, new ones that develop between them fill the space they leave. The resulting universe is in a "steady state" in the same manner that a flowing river is—the individual water molecules are moving away but the overall river remains the same. The theory was one alternative to the Big Bang which, like the Big Bang, agreed with key observations of the day, namely Hubble's red shift observations, and <mask> was a strong critic of the Big Bang. He coined the term "Big Bang" on BBC radio's Third Programme broadcast on 28 March 1949.It was said by George Gamow and his opponents that <mask> intended to be pejorative, and the script from which he read aloud was interpreted by his opponents to be "vain, one-sided, insulting, not worthy of the BBC". <mask> explicitly denied that he was being insulting and said it was just a striking image meant to emphasize the difference between the two theories for the radio audience. In another BBC interview, he said, "The reason why scientists like the "big bang" is because they are overshadowed by the Book of Genesis. It is deep within the psyche of most scientists to believe in the first page of Genesis". <mask> had a famously heated argument with Martin Ryle of the Cavendish Radio Astronomy Group about <mask>'s steady state theory, which somewhat restricted collaboration between the Cavendish group and the Cambridge Institute of Astronomy during the 1960s. <mask>, unlike Gold and Bondi, offered an

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 explanation for the appearance of new matter by postulating the existence of what he dubbed the "creation field", or just the "C-field", which had negative pressure in order to be consistent with the conservation of energy and drive the expansion of the universe. This C-field is the same as the later "de Sitter solution" for cosmic inflation, but the C-field model acts much slower than the de Sitter inflation model.They jointly argued that continuous creation was no more inexplicable than the appearance of the entire universe from nothing, although it had to be done on a regular basis. In the end, mounting observational evidence convinced most cosmologists that the steady state model was incorrect and that the Big Bang was the theory that agreed better with observations, although <mask> continued to support and develop his theory. In 1993, in an attempt to explain some of the evidence against the steady state theory, he presented a modified version called "quasi-steady state cosmology" (QSS), but the theory is not widely accepted. The evidence that resulted in the Big Bang's victory over the steady state model included the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in the 1960s, and the distribution of "young galaxies" and quasars throughout the Universe in the 1980s indicate a more consistent age estimate of the universe. <mask> died in 2001 having never accepted the validity of the Big Bang theory. Theory of gravity
Together with Narlikar, <mask> developed a particle theory in the 1960s, the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity. It made predictions that were roughly the same as Einstein's general relativity, but it incorporated Mach's Principle, which Einstein had tried but failed to

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 incorporate in his theory.The Hoyle-Narlikar theory fails several tests, including consistency with the microwave background. It was motivated by their belief in the steady state model of the universe. Rejection of Earth-based abiogenesis
In his later years, <mask> became a staunch critic of theories of abiogenesis to explain the origin of life on Earth. With Chandra Wickramasinghe, <mask> promoted the hypothesis that the first life on Earth began in space, spreading through the universe via panspermia, and that evolution on Earth is influenced by a steady influx of viruses arriving via comets. His belief that comets had a significant percentage of organic compounds was well ahead of his time, as the dominant views in the 1970s and 1980s were that comets largely consisted of water-ice, and the presence of organic compounds was then highly controversial. Wickramasinghe wrote in 2003: "In the highly polarized polemic between Darwinism and creationism, our position is unique. Although we do not align ourselves with either side, both sides treat us as opponents.Thus we are outsiders with an unusual perspective—and our suggestion for a way out of the crisis has not yet been considered." <mask> and Wickramasinghe advanced several instances where they say outbreaks of illnesses on Earth are of extraterrestrial origins, including the 1918 flu pandemic, and certain outbreaks of polio and mad cow disease. For the 1918 flu pandemic, they hypothesized that cometary dust brought the virus to Earth simultaneously at multiple locations—a view almost universally dismissed by experts on this pandemic. In 1982, <mask> presented Evolution from Space for the Royal Institution's Omni Lecture. After considering what he


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 thought of as a very remote possibility of Earth-based abiogenesis he concluded:

Published in his 1982/1984 books Evolution from Space (co-authored with Chandra Wickramasinghe), <mask> calculated that the chance of obtaining the required set of enzymes for even the simplest living cell without panspermia was one in 1040,000. Since the number of atoms in the known universe is infinitesimally tiny by comparison (1080), he argued that Earth as life's place of origin could be ruled out. He claimed:

However, his calculations are not compatible with modern molecular evolution, including research on the RNA world and the evolution of proteins from simple peptides.Though <mask> declared himself an atheist, this apparent suggestion of a guiding hand led him to the conclusion that "a superintellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as with chemistry and biology, and ... there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature." He would go on to compare the random emergence of even the simplest cell without panspermia to the likelihood that "a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein" and to compare the chance of obtaining even a single functioning protein by chance combination of amino acids to a solar system full of blind men solving Rubik's Cubes simultaneously. This is known as "the junkyard tornado", or "Hoyle’s Fallacy". Those who advocate the intelligent design (ID) belief sometimes cite <mask>'s work in this area to support the claim that the universe was fine tuned in order to allow intelligent life to be possible. Other controversies
While <mask> was well-regarded for his works on nucleosynthesis and science popularization, he held controversial


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 positions on a wide range of scientific issues, often in direct opposition to the prevailing theories of the scientific community. Paul Davies describes how he "loved his maverick personality and contempt for orthodoxy", quoting <mask> as saying "I don't care what they think" about his theories on discrepant redshift, and "it is better to be interesting and wrong than boring and right". <mask> often expressed anger against the labyrinthine and petty politics at Cambridge and frequently feuded with members and institutions of all levels of the British astronomy community, leading to his resignation from Cambridge in September 1971 over the way he thought Donald Lynden-Bell was chosen to replace retiring professor Roderick Oliver Redman behind his back.According to biographer Simon Mitton, <mask> was crestfallen because he felt that his colleagues at Cambridge were unsupportive. In addition to his views on steady state theory and panspermia, <mask> also supported the following controversial hypotheses and speculations:
 The correlation of flu epidemics with the sunspot cycle, with epidemics occurring at the minimum of the cycle. The idea was that flu contagion was scattered in the interstellar medium and reached Earth only when the solar wind had minimum power. Two fossil Archaeopteryx were man-made fakes. This assertion was definitively refuted by, among other strong indications, the presence of microcracks extending through the fossils into the surrounding rock. The theory of abiogenic petroleum, held by <mask> and by Thomas Gold, where natural hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) are explained as the result of deep carbon deposits, instead of fossilized organic material. This theory is dismissed by the

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 mainstream petroleum geochemistry community.In his 1977 book On Stonehenge, <mask> supported Gerald Hawkins's proposal that the fifty-six Aubrey holes at Stonehenge were used as a system for neolithic Britons to predict eclipses, using them in the daily positioning of marker stones. The use of the Aubrey holes for predicting lunar eclipses was originally proposed by Gerald Hawkins in his book of the subject Stonehenge Decoded (1965). Nobel Physics Prizes
<mask> was also at the centre of two unrelated controversies involving the politics for selecting the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics. The first came when the 1974 prize went, in part, to Antony Hewish for his leading role in the discovery of pulsars. Promptly <mask> made an off-the-cuff remark to a reporter in Montreal that "Yes, Jocelyn Bell was the actual discoverer, not Hewish, who was her supervisor, so she should have been included." This remark received widespread international coverage. Worried about being misunderstood and by British libel laws, <mask> carefully composed a letter of explanation to The Times.The second controversy came when the 1983 prize went in part to William Alfred Fowler "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe." The controversy arose because <mask> had been the inventor of the theory of nucleosynthesis in the stars with two research papers published shortly after WWII. So some suspicion arose that <mask> was denied the third share of this prize because of his earlier public disagreement with the 1974 award. British scientist Harry Kroto later said that the Nobel Prize is not just an award for a piece of work, but a


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 recognition of a scientist's overall reputation and <mask>'s championing many disreputable and disproven ideas may have invalidated him. In Nature, editor John Maddox called it "shameful" that Fowler had been rewarded with a Nobel prize and <mask> had not. Media appearances
<mask> appeared in a series of radio talks on astronomy for the BBC in the 1950s; these were collected in the book The Nature of the Universe, and he went on to write a number of other popular science books. In the play Sur la route de Montalcino, the character of <mask> confronts Georges Lemaître on a fictional journey to the Vatican in 1957.<mask> also appeared in the 1973 short film Take the World From Another Point of View. In the 2004 television movie Hawking, <mask> is played by Peter Firth. In the movie, Stephen Hawking (played by Benedict Cumberbatch) publicly confronts <mask> at a Royal Society lecture in summer 1964, about a mistake he found in his latest publication. Honours

Awards
 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1957
 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1968)
 Bakerian Lecture (1968)
 Bruce Medal (1970)
 Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1971)
 Jansky Lectureship before the National Radio Astronomy Observatory
 Knighthood (1972)
 President of the Royal Astronomical Society (1971–1973)
 Royal Medal (1974)
 Klumpke-Roberts Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1977)
 Balzan Prize for Astrophysics: evolution of stars (1994, with Martin Schwarzschild)
 Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, with Edwin Salpeter (1997)

Named after him
 Hoyle Building, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge
 Asteroid 8077 Hoyle
 Janibacter hoylei, species of bacteria discovered by ISRO

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 Sir <mask> Way, a stretch of the A650 dual carriageway in Bingley. Institute of Physics Fred Hoyle Medal and Prize

Memorabilia
The <mask> Collection at St John's College Library contains "a pair of walking boots, five boxes of photographs, two ice axes, some dental X-rays, a telescope, ten large film reels and an unpublished opera" in addition to 150 document boxes of papers. Bibliography

Non-fiction
 The Nature of the Universe – a series of broadcast lectures, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1950 (early use of the big bang phrase)
 Frontiers of Astronomy, Heinemann Education Books Limited, London, 1955. The Internet Archive.HarperCollins,
 Burbidge, E.M., Burbidge, G.R., Fowler, W.A. and <mask>, F., "Synthesis of the Elements in Stars" , Revs. Mod. Physics 29:547–650, 1957, the famous B2FH paper after their initials, for which <mask> is most famous among professional cosmologists. Astronomy, A history of man's investigation of the universe, Crescent Books, Inc., London 1962,
 Of men and galaxies, Seattle University of Washington, 1964,
 Galaxies, Nuclei, and Quasars, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, 1965,
 Nicolaus Copernicus, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., London, p. 78, 1973
 Astronomy and Cosmology: A Modern Course, 1975,
 Energy or Extinction? The case for nuclear energy, 1977, Heinemann Educational Books Limited, . In this provocative book <mask> establishes the dependence of Western civilization on energy consumption and predicts that nuclear fission as a source of energy is essential for its survival.Ten Faces of the Universe, 1977, W.H. Freeman and Company (San Francisco), ,
 On Stonehenge, 1977, London : Heinemann Educational, ;  San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company,  pbk.

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 Lifecloud – The Origin of Life in the Universe, <mask>, F. and Wickramasinghe C., J.M. Dent and Sons, 1978. Diseases from Space (with Chandra Wickramasinghe) (J.M. Dent, London, 1979)
 Commonsense in Nuclear Energy, <mask> and <mask>, 1980, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.,
 The big bang in astronomy, New Scientist 92(1280):527, 19 November 1981.Ice, the Ultimate Human Catastrophe,1981,   Snippet view from Google Books
 The Intelligent Universe, 1983
 From Grains to Bacteria, <mask>, F. and Wickramasinghe N.C., University College Cardiff Press, , 1984
 Evolution from space (the Omni lecture) and other papers on the origin of life 1982,
 Evolution from Space: A Theory of Cosmic Creationism, 1984,
 Viruses from Space, 1986,
 With Jayant Narlikar and Chandra Wickramasinghe, The extragalactic universe: an alternative view, Nature 346:807–812, 30 August 1990. The Origin of the Universe and the Origin of Religion,1993,
 Home Is Where the Wind Blows: Chapters from a Cosmologist's Life (autobiography) Oxford University Press 1994,
 Mathematics of Evolution, (1987) University College Cardiff Press, (1999) Acorn Enterprises LLC.,
 With G. Burbridge and Narlikar J.V. A Different Approach to Cosmology, Cambridge University Press 2000,

Science fiction

<mask> also wrote science fiction. In his first novel, The Black Cloud, most intelligent life in the universe takes the form of interstellar gas clouds; they are surprised to learn that intelligent life can also form on planets. He wrote a television series, A for Andromeda, which was also published as a novel. His play Rockets in Ursa Major had a professional production at the Mermaid Theatre in 1962. Andromeda Breakthrough is a sequel to A for Andromeda and

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 Into Deepest Space is a sequel to Rockets in Ursa Major.The four Ladybird Books are intended for children. Some stories of the anthology Element 79 are fantasy, in particular "Welcome to Slippage City" and "The Judgement of Aphrodite". Both introduce mythological characters. The Telegraph (UK) called him a "masterful" science fiction writer. References

Further reading
 Alan P. Lightman and Roberta Brawer, Origins: The Lives and Worlds of Modern Cosmologists, Harvard University Press, 1990. A collection of interviews, mostly with the generation (or two) of cosmologists after <mask>, but also including an interview with <mask> himself. Several interviewees testify to <mask>'s influence in popularizing astronomy and cosmology.Dennis Overbye, Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: The Scientific Quest for the Secret of the Universe, HarperCollins, 1991. Second edition (with new afterword), Back Bay, 1999. Gives a biographical account of modern cosmology in a novel-like fashion. Complementary to Origins. Simon Mitton, <mask>: A Life in Science, Cambridge University Press, 2011. Douglas Gough, editor, The Scientific Legacy of <mask>, Cambridge University Press, 2005. Chandra Wickramasinghe, A Journey with <mask>, World Scientific Pub, 2005. .
 Jane Gregory, <mask>'s Universe, Oxford University Press, 2005.A Journey with <mask>: Second Edition by Chandra Wickramasinghe, World Scientific Publishing Co. 2013. External links

 <mask> Website
 <mask> and Chandra Wickramasinghe Website
 Obituary by Sir Martin Rees in Physics Today
 Obituary by Bernard Lovell in The Guardian

 <mask>: An Online Exhibition
 An Interview with <mask>, 5 July 1996

 <mask>mia
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Fellows of St John's College,

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Fellows of the Royal Society
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Knights Bachelor
English agnostics
Kalinga Prize recipients
People from Bingley
1915 births
2001 deaths
Royal Medal winners
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Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society
20th-century British novelists
English male novelists
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<mask> (17 February 1880 – 17 October 1920), was a traveller and plant collector. He published a number of books, although is best known for My Rock Garden. He travelled to Asia in search of a variety of plants, many of which he brought back to England and planted near his home village of Clapham, North Yorkshire. Life
<mask> was born in Marylebone, London into a well-to-do family who resided in Clapham, North Yorkshire. Due to a speech defect and numerous operations on a cleft palate, he was educated at home. He developed a passionate and lifelong enthusiasm for high places and the mountain plants that grow there. By 10 years of age he was a well-qualified field botanist with a "fair knowledge of plant anatomy."At 14 years he made his first rock garden in an abandoned quarry. He entered Balliol College, Oxford  at 17 years of age and graduated in 1902. During his time there he helped to make the rock garden at St John's. In 1902 <mask> embarked on the first of his expeditions to Eastern Asia, visiting China, Korea and, particularly Japan. He was there for eight months and influenced by Japanese gardening tastes and traditions, he developed his characteristically strong views on rock garden design, 'where naturalism superseded formal artificiality, and where alpine plants were to grow in surroundings which, though ordered by man, copied as far as possible their original habitats'. These travels resulted in The Garden of Asia (1904). Returning to England he attempted to become a novelist and poet.His first book was well received, but later publications less so. In 1907 he published My Rock Garden, which was a very popular and influential book and was kept continuously in print for more than 40 years. His next publications were Alpines and Bog Plants (1908), In a Yorkshire Garden (1909) and Among the Hills (1910). In 1913 he published The Dolomites: King Laurin's Garden, which deals with plant hunting

masks:
Reginald John Farrer
Farrer
Farrer


texts: in the Italian Dolomites. In 1913 he wrote The English Rock-Garden: Volumes 1 and 2 (1918), which was very popular with at least four impressions. At this time <mask> travelled widely in the mountains of Italy, France and Switzerland, walking and climbing with gardener friends, including fellow plantsman E.A. Bowles.He also visited Ceylon in 1908, becoming a Buddhist there. Later the same year appeared his book, In Old Ceylon. <mask> was attracted by the horticultural possibilities of the introduction of new hardy rock plants to the British gardening public. With this in mind, he founded the Craven Nursery in Clapham, which specialised in Asian alpines, an enterprise which foundered in the economic crisis of the 1920s. In 1914 <mask> and the Kew-trained William Purdom set out on an ambitious expedition to Qinghai Tibet and the Province of Kansu province of North-west China. He and Purdom found there numerous hardy specimens that today enrich British gardens. Many bear his name, though the list would have been longer if <mask> had not sometimes neglected to collect, as well as plants and seeds, the herbarium specimens necessary for classification and naming.These two years of exploring and plant collecting are described in <mask>'s On the Eaves of the World (2 vols) (1917), and in the posthumous The Rainbow Bridge (1921). <mask> drew many illustrations, often painted in the most uncomfortable of circumstances, which record, not an exact botanical resemblance, but Farrer's emotional reaction to the plant and its habitat. Many of these, and his landscape water-colours of Kansu and Tibet, were exhibited by the Fine Art Society in 1918. <mask>'s diary conveys the practical difficulties he faced, and provides a glimpse of his ebullient use of language: "June 2, 1919 ... I sat down to paint it (the most marvellous and impressive Rhododendron I've ever seen – a gigantic, excellent, with corrugated leaves

masks: Farrer Farrer Farrer Farrer Farrer Farrer Farrer


texts: and great white trumpets stained with yellow inside – a thing alone, by itself WELL worth all the journey up here and everything) and oddly enough I did not enjoy doing so at first... a first false start – a second, better, splashed and spoilt, then a mizzle, so that umbrella had to be screamed for and held up with one hand while I worked with the other. Then flies and torment and finally a wild dust storm with rain and thunder came raging over so that everything had feverishly to be hauled indoors and the Rhododendron fell over and all the lights and lines etc. were of course quite out of gear.However, I'd done as much as I could for the day by 5.30 but even then was so excited that I continued strolling in glorious meditation till dark and dinner. But one moral is – only paint when fresh or before the day's toils; as it is I must trench on tomorrow which ought to be wholly a rush of letters and articles for the next day's data that I mean to send off. June 3, 1919. The rhododendron gave me such a bad night... I set to however and satisfactorily finished it though it took till after 12." "<mask>'s illustrations, together with the field notes, botanical specimens and seeds which he collected, provided valuable information to the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh, where the Regius Keeper, Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour, took a special interest in Sino-Himalayan plants. Farrer's interest in sending back attractive new plants with horticultural potential, however, was sometimes at odds with Balfour's desire for a comprehensive inventory of all the plants of the region.<mask>'s collecting trips are particularly interesting when viewed in the context of the global plant exchanges which occurred during British Imperial rule. During this time crops and other plants were transplanted from then-native habitats to others throughout the Empire for a variety of economic, medical and scientific reasons. At a domestic

masks: Farrer Farrer


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 level, too, while <mask> and other plant collectors introduced new species to British gardens, sentimental colonists took with them plants, and animals, which reminded them of home." Farrer brought back plants from Asia that could be grown in a naturalistic style – not just by the rich who could afford expensive hothouses and personal gardeners. In the words of <mask>'s biographer, Nicola Shulman, "He brought rock-gardening into the hearts of the British people." <mask> himself wrote:
You're on an uncharted mountainside and you have to first of all find the Plant in the summer on the way up the mountain. Then in the autumn, you have to find the same plant – if it hasn't been eaten or trodden on – hope it's set seed and that the seeds haven't fallen yet – and this is just the start.<mask> was known as an eccentric and in one famous incident, <mask> loaded a shotgun with seeds collected on his foreign travels, and fired them into an inaccessible rock cliff and gorge near the family home in Yorkshire. They did not root, however. He was a devotee of the novels of Jane Austen and wrote for July 1917 issue of The Quarterly Review an article in celebration of the centenary of her birth. Death
<mask>'s final voyage was to the mountains of Upper Burma. He took as his companion the mill-owner Euan Hillhouse Methven Cox, who recorded the trip in <mask>'s Last Journey, Upper Burma 1919–20 (1926). This expedition proved less horticulturally successful than <mask>'s earlier trip to Kansu, largely because the climate of the Burmese mountains had less in common with British conditions than that of Kansu. <mask> died in 1920 at Nyitadi in the remote  mountains on the Burmese/Chinese frontier at the early age of 40.Cox states that he died alone, but he was almost certainly accompanied by indigenous plant collectors from China and Burma who had been working with him. Cox also states that the probable cause of his

masks: Farrer Farrer Farrer Farrer Farrer Farrer Farrer Farrer Farrer


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 death was diphtheria. A few years later, however, one of the plant collectors who had worked for Farrer during his last year told botanist Joseph Rock that he had died from alcohol poisoning. He was buried at Konglu, Burma. Legacy
Farrer's lasting legacy is a spectacular display of plants from the Himalayas, growing today in a wild display around Ingleborough. Himalayan rhododendron, bamboo and other unusual plants such as Lonicera syringantha and Rodgersia aesculifolia can be seen among Farrer's Ingleborough display while in Clapham village itself Viburnum farreri and Potentilla fruticosa flourish. In 2015 Historic England commissioned a measured survey and analytical assessment of the fabric, layout and history of Farrer's Clapham garden to inform the future repair and management of the site.Selected publications

 The Garden of Asia (1904)
 My Rock Garden (1907)

 In Old Ceylon (1908)
 Alpines and Bog Plants (1908)
 In a Yorkshire Garden (1909)
 Among the Hills (1910)
 The Dolomites: King Laurin's Garden (1913)
 On the Eaves of the World (1917)

 The Rainbow Bridge (1921)
 Mimpish Squinnies (2007)
 Shulman, Nicola. A Rage for Rock Gardening. Boston: David R. Godine, 2004. Plants named after Farrer
A number of plants are named after <mask>, Cox's book The Plant Introductions of <mask>, published in 1930 describes <mask>'s legacy of plants cultivated from seed collected by him. Allium farreri Stearn
 Amitostigma farreri
 Bulbophyllum farreri
 Codonopsis farreri
 Cypripedium farreri
 Gentiana farreri
 Geranium farreri
 Picea farreri
 Rosa farreri
 Viburnum farreri

References

Bibliography

External links

  Catalogue of the <mask><mask> Collection at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
 <mask>, <mask> (1880–1920) at ODNB

British garden writers
English gardeners
Botanists active in China
<mask>, <mask>
<mask>, <mask>
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
People from Marylebone
Writers

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Farrer
Reginald Farrer
Farrer
Reginald J
. Farrer
Farrer
Reginald John
Farrer
Reginald John
Farrer
Reginald John


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<mask> (; 27 June 1941 – 13 March 1996) was a Polish film director and screenwriter. He is known internationally for Dekalog (1989), The Double Life of Veronique (1991), and the Three Colours trilogy (1993
–1994). Kieślowski received numerous awards during his career, including the Cannes Film Festival Jury Prize (1988), FIPRESCI Prize (1988, 1991), and Prize of the Ecumenical Jury (1991); the Venice Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize (1989), Golden Lion (1993), and OCIC Award (1993); and the Berlin International Film Festival Silver Bear (1994). In 1995, he received Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Best Writing. In 2002, Kieślowski was listed at number two on the British Film Institute's Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern times. In 2007, Total Film magazine ranked him at No. 47 on its "100 Greatest Film Directors Ever" list.Early life

Kieślowski was born in Warsaw, Poland, the son of Barbara (née Szonert) and Roman Kieślowski. He grew up in several small towns, moving wherever his engineer father, a tuberculosis patient, could find treatment. He was raised Roman Catholic and retained what he called a "personal and private" relationship with God. At sixteen, he attended a firefighters' training school but dropped out after three months. Without any career goals, he then entered the College for Theatre Technicians in Warsaw in 1957 because it was run by a relative. He wanted to become a theatre director, but lacked the required bachelor's degree for the theatre department, so he chose to study


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 film as an intermediate step. Career
Leaving college and working as a theatrical tailor, Kieślowski applied to the Łódź Film School, which has Roman Polanski and Andrzej Wajda among its alumni.He was rejected twice. To avoid compulsory military service during this time, he briefly became an art student, and also went on a drastic diet to make himself medically unfit for service. After several months of avoiding the draft, he was accepted to the school's directing department in 1964, on his third attempt. He attended Łódź Film School until 1968 and, despite state censorship and interdiction on foreign travel, was able to travel around Poland for his documentary research and filming. Kieślowski lost his interest in theatre and decided to make documentary films. 1966–1980: Early work
Kieślowski's early documentaries focused on the everyday lives of city dwellers, workers, and soldiers. Though he was not an overtly political filmmaker, he soon found that attempting to depict Polish life accurately brought him into conflict with the authorities.His television film Workers '71, which showed workers discussing the reasons for the mass strikes of 1970, was only shown in a drastically censored form. After Workers '71, he turned his eye on the authorities themselves in Curriculum Vitae, a film that combined documentary footage of Politburo meetings with a fictional story about a man under scrutiny by the officials. Though Kieślowski believed the film's message was anti-authoritarian, he was criticized by his colleagues for


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 cooperating with the government in its production. Kieślowski later said that he abandoned documentary filmmaking due to two experiences:  the censorship of Workers '71, which caused him to doubt whether truth could be told literally under an authoritarian regime, and an incident during the filming of Station (1981) in which some of his footage was nearly used as evidence in a criminal case. He decided that fiction not only allowed more artistic freedom but could portray everyday life more truthfully. 1975–1988: Polish film career
His first non-documentary feature, Personnel (1975), was made for television and won him first prize at the Mannheim Film Festival. Both Personnel and his next feature, The Scar (Blizna), were works of social realism with large casts: Personnel was about technicians working on a stage production, based on his early college experience, and The Scar showed the upheaval of a small town by a poorly-planned industrial project.These films were shot in a documentary style with many nonprofessional actors; like his earlier films, they portrayed everyday life under the weight of an oppressive system, but without overt commentary. Camera Buff (Amator, 1979) (which won the grand prize at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival) and Blind Chance (Przypadek, 1981) continued along similar lines, but focused more on the ethical choices faced by a single character rather than a community. During this period, Kieślowski was considered part of a loose movement with other Polish directors of the time, including


texts: Janusz Kijowski, Andrzej Wajda, and Agnieszka Holland, called the Cinema of moral anxiety. His links with these directors, Holland in particular, caused concern within the Polish government, and each of his early films was subjected to censorship and enforced re-shooting/re-editing, if not banned outright. For example, Blind Chance was not released domestically until 1987, almost six years after it had been completed. No End (Bez końca, 1984) was perhaps his most clearly political film, depicting political trials in Poland during martial law, from the unusual point of view of a lawyer's ghost and his widow. At the time it was harshly criticized by both the government, dissidents, and the church.Starting with No End, Kieślowski closely collaborated with two people, the composer Zbigniew Preisner and the trial lawyer <mask> Piesiewicz, whom Kieślowski met while researching political trials under martial law for a planned documentary on the subject. Piesiewicz co-wrote the screenplays for all of Kieślowski's subsequent films. Preisner provided the musical score for No End and most subsequent of Kieślowski's films and often plays a prominent part. Many of Preisner's pieces are referred to and discussed by the films' characters as being the work of the (fictional) Dutch composer "Van den Budenmayer". Dekalog (1988), a series of ten short films set in a Warsaw tower block, each nominally based on one of the Ten Commandments, was created for Polish television with funding from West Germany; it is now one of the most critically


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 acclaimed film cycles of all time. Co-written by Kieślowski and Piesiewicz, the ten one-hour-long episodes had originally been intended for ten different directors, but Kieślowski found himself unable to relinquish control over the project and directed all episodes himself. Episodes five and six were released internationally in a longer form as A Short Film About Killing and A Short Film About Love respectively.Kieślowski had also planned to shoot a full-length version of Episode 9 under the title A Short Film About Jealousy, but exhaustion eventually prevented him from making what would have been his thirteenth film in less than a year. 1990–1994: Commercial success abroad
<mask>'s last four films, his most commercially successful, were foreign co-productions, made mainly with money from France and in particular from Romanian-born producer Marin Karmitz. These focused on moral and metaphysical issues along lines similar to Dekalog and Blind Chance but on a more abstract level, with smaller casts, more internal stories, and less interest in communities. Poland appeared in these films mostly through the eyes of European outsiders. The first of these was The Double Life of Veronique (La double vie de Veronique, 1990), which starred Irène Jacob. The commercial success of this film gave Kieślowski the funding for his ambitious final films (1993–94), the trilogy Three Colours (Blue, White, Red), which explores the virtues symbolized by the French flag. The three films garnered prestigious international awards, including the


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 Golden Lion for Best Film at the Venice Film Festival and the Silver Bear for Best Director at the Berlin Film Festival, in addition to three Academy Award nominations.Kieślowski announced his retirement from filmmaking after the premiere of his last film Red at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival. Posthumous work
At the time of his death, Kieślowski was working with his longterm collaborator Piesiewicz on a second trilogy: Heaven, Hell and Purgatory. After his death, the scripts were adapted and produced by three different directors: Heaven by Tom Tykwer in 2002; Hell ("L'Enfer") by Danis Tanovic in 2005; and Purgatory, not yet produced. Casting
Kieślowski often used the same actors in key roles in his films, including:
 Artur Barciś in No End, Dekalog, A Short Film About Love, and A Short Film About Killing
 Aleksander Bardini in No End, Dekalog, The Double Life of Veronique, and Three Colours: White
 Tadeusz Bradecki in Camera Buff and No End
 Irène Jacob in The Double Life of Veronique and Three Colours: Red
 Bogusław Linda in Blind Chance and Dekalog
 Maria Pakulnis in No End and Dekalog
 Jerzy Stuhr in The Scar, Camera Buff, Blind Chance, Dekalog, and Three Colours: White
 Grażyna Szapołowska in No End, Dekalog, and A Short Film About Love
 Zbigniew Zamachowski in Dekalog, and Three Colours: White
 Janusz Gajos in Dekalog, and Three Colours: White

Personal life
Kieślowski married his lifelong love, Maria (Marysia) Cautillo, on 21 January 1967 during his final year in film school. They had a daughter, Marta ( 8 January


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 1972), and remained married until his death. He characterized himself as having "one good characteristic, I am a pessimist. I always imagine the worst.To me, the future is a black hole." He has been described as "conveying the sadness of a world-weary sage", "a brooding intellectual and habitual pessimist". Visiting the United States he noted, "the pursuit of empty talk combined with a very high degree of self-satisfaction". Death
On 13 March 1996, less than two years after he had retired, Kieślowski died at age 54 during open-heart surgery following a heart attack. He was interred in Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw. His grave has a sculpture of the thumb and forefingers of two hands forming an oblong space; the classic view as if through a film camera. The small sculpture is in black marble on a pedestal slightly over a metre tall.The slab with Kieślowski's name and dates lies below. Legacy

Kieślowski remains one of Europe's most influential directors, his works included in the study of film classes at universities throughout the world. The 1993 book Kieślowski on Kieślowski describes his life and work in his own words, based on interviews by Danusia Stok. He is also the subject of a biographical film, <mask> Kieślowski: I'm So-So (1995), directed by <mask> Wierzbicki. After Kieślowski's death, Harvey Weinstein, then head of Miramax Films, which distributed the last four Kieślowski films in the US, wrote a eulogy for him in Premiere magazine. Though he had claimed to be retiring after Three Colours, at the time of his death,

masks: Krzysztof Krzysztof


texts: Kieślowski was working on a new trilogy co-written with Piesiewicz, consisting of Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory and inspired by Dante's The Divine Comedy. As was originally intended for Dekalog, the scripts were ostensibly intended to be given to other directors for filming, but Kieślowski's untimely death means it is unknown whether he might have broken his self-imposed retirement to direct the trilogy himself.The only completed screenplay, Heaven, was filmed by Tom Tykwer and premiered in 2002 at the Berlin International Film Festival. The other two scripts existed only as thirty-page treatments at the time of Kieślowski's death; Piesiewicz has since completed these screenplays, with Hell, directed by Bosnian director Danis Tanović and starring Emmanuelle Béart and released in 2005. Purgatory, about a photographer killed in the Bosnian war, remains unproduced. The 2007 film  Nadzieja (Hope), directed by Ibo Kurdo and Stanislaw Mucha, also scripted by Piesiewicz, has been incorrectly identified as the third part of the trilogy, but is in fact, an unrelated project. Jerzy Stuhr, who starred in several Kieślowski films and co-wrote Camera Buff, filmed his own adaptation of an unfilmed Kieślowski script as The Big Animal (Duże zwierzę) in 2000. In an interview given at Oxford University in 1995, Kieślowski said:It comes from a deep-rooted conviction that if there is anything worthwhile doing for the sake of culture, then it is touching on subject matters and situations which link people, and not those that divide people. There


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 are too many things in the world which divide people, such as religion, politics, history, and nationalism.If culture is capable of anything, then it is finding that which unites us all. And there are so many things which unite people. It doesn't matter who you are or who I am, if your tooth aches or mine, it's still the same pain. Feelings are what link people together, because the word 'love' has the same meaning for everybody. Or 'fear', or 'suffering'. We all fear the same way and the same things. And we all love in the same way.That's why I tell about these things, because in all other things I immediately find division. In the foreword to Dekalog: The Ten Commandments, American filmmaker Stanley Kubrick wrote:

In 2012, Cyrus Frisch voted for A Short Film About Killing as one of "the best-damned films" with the comment: "In Poland, this film was instrumental in the abolition of the death penalty." Since 1952, Sight & Sound magazine conducts a poll every ten years of the world's finest film directors to determine the Ten Greatest Films of All Time, which has become the most recognised poll of its kind in the world. Since 2011, the Polish Contemporary Art Foundation In Situ has been organizing The Sokołowsko Film Festival: Hommage à Kieślowski. It is an annual film festival in Sokołowsko, where Kieślowski spent a part of his youth, and commemorates the director's work with screenings of his films, as well as films of younger generations of filmmakers both from Poland and Europe, accompanied by creative workshops, panel


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 discussions, performances, exhibitions and concerts. On June 27, 2021, Google celebrated his 80th birthday with a Google Doodle. The following is a list of awards and nominations earned for his later work.Kieślowski. Paris: Editions Payot and Rivages. .
 Andrew, Geoff (1998). The Three Colours Trilogy. London: BFI Publishing. .
 Attolini, Vito (1998). <mask> Kieślowski. Taranto: Barbieri. .
 Bleeckere, Sylvian de (1994). Levenswaarden en levensverhalen: een studie van de decaloog van Kieślowski.Leuven: Acco. .
 Campan, Véronique (1993). Dix breves histoires d'image: le Decalogue de Krzysztof Kieślowski. Paris: Presses de la Sorbonne nouvelle. .
 Coates, Paul (1999). Lucid Dreams: The Films of <mask> Kieślowski. Wiltshire: Flicks Books. .
 Dalla Rosa, Richard (2003). La fascination des doubles: selon La double vie de Véronique de Krzysztof Kieślowski. Sarreguemines: Edition Pierron. .
 Dzieko'nska, El'zbieta (2002).The best of all worlds: public, personal and inner realms in the films of <mask> Kieślowski. London: University of London (PhD Thesis). Enser, Martha (1995). <mask> Kieślowski: das Gesamtwerk. Wien: Universitat Diplomarbeit. Erbstein, Monika. Untersuchungen zur Filmsprache im Werk von Kryzstof Kieślowski.Alfeld: Coppi Verlag. .
 Esteve, Michel, ed. (1994). <mask> Kieślowski. Paris: Lettres Modernes. .
 Franca, Andrea (1996). Cinema em azul, branco e vermelo: a trilogia de Kieślowski. Rio de Janeiro: Sette Letras.  .
 Fritz, Heiko (2004). Was von der DDR bleibt oder die produzierte Geschichte mit einem Blick auf das

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 filmwerk von <mask> Kieślowski.Oldenberg: Igel Verlag. .
 Furdal, Malgorzata, ed. (2001). Remembering Krzysztof: il cinema di Kieślowski. Udine: Centro espressioni cinematografiche; Pordenone: Cinemazero. Furdal, Malgorzata, Turigliatto, Roberto, eds. (1989). Kieślowski.Torino: Museo nazionale del cinema. Garbowski, Christopher (1996). Krzysztof <mask>'s Decalogue series: the problem of the protagonists and their self-transcendence. Boulder: East European Monographs. .
 Haltof, Marek (2004). The Cinema of Krzysztof Kieślowski: Variations on Destiny and Chance. London: Wallflower Press. (hbk)  (pbk).Insdorf, Annette (2002). Double Lives, Second Chances: The Cinema of Krzysztof Kieślowski. New York: Hyperion Miramax Books. .
 Jazdon, Mikolaj (2002). Dokumenty Kieślowskiego. Pozna'n: Wydawnictwo Pozna'nskie. .
 Kickasola, Joe (2004). The Films of Krzysztof Kieślowski. London: Continuum.(hbk)  (pbk). <mask>, <mask> (1998). Przypadek i inne teksty. Kraków: Znak. .
 <mask>, Krzysztof Piesiewicz, Krzystof (1999). Raj, czyś'ciec, pieklo: [three novels in one case]. Warsaw: Skorpion. (vol 1)  (vol 2)  (vol 3).<mask>, Krzystof; Piesiewicz, Krzystof (1991). The Decalogue: The Ten Commandments. London: Faber and Faber. .
 <mask>, Krzystof; Piesiewicz, Krzystof (1998). Three Colours Trilogy. London: Faber and Faber. .
 Lagorio, Gina (1992). Il decalogo di Kieślowski: ricreazione narritiva. Casale Monferrato: Piemme. .
 Lesch, Walter; Loretan, Matthias, et al.(1993). Das Gewicht der Gebote und die Moglichkeiten der Kunst: <mask>

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 Kieślowskis Dekalog Filme als ethische Modelle. Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitatsverlag; Freiburg: Herder. (Univerlag)  (Herder). Lubelski, Tadeusz, ed. (1997). Kino Krzysztofa Kieślowskiego.Kraków: Universitas. .
 Murri, Serafino (1996). <mask> Kieślowski. Milan: Il Castoro. .
 Rimini, Stefania (2000). L'etica dello sguardo : introduzione al cinema di <mask> Kieślowski. Napoli: Liguori. .
 Ripa di Meana, Gabriella (1998). La morale dell'altro: scritti sull'inconscio dal Decalogo di Kieślowski. Firenze: Liberal libri. .
 Rodriguez Chico, Julio (2004).Azul, Blanco, Rojo : Kieślowski en busca de la libertad y el amor. Madrid: Ediciones Internacionales Universitarias. .
 Simonigh, Chiara (2000). La danza dei miseri destini: il Decalogo di Krzyzstof Kieślowski. Torino: Testo and immagine. .
 Spadaro, Antonio (1999). Lo sguardo presente : una lettura teologica di "Breve film sull'amore" di K. Kieślowski. Rimini: Guaraldi. .
 Stok, Danusia, ed. (1993).<mask> on Kieślowski. London: Faber and Faber. .
 Termine, Laborio (2002). Immagine e rappresentazione. Torino: Testo and immagine. .
 Wach, Margarete (2000). <mask> Kieślowski: kino der moralischen Unruhe. Köln: KIM; Marburg: Schuren. (KIM)  (Schuren).Wilson, Emma (2000). Memory and Survival: The French Cinema of <mask> Kieślowski. Oxford: Legenda. .
 Wizner, Dariusz (2002). Stile cinematografico di <mask> Kieślowski. Roma: Universita Pontificia Salesiana. Thesis. Wollermann, Tobias (2002).Zur musik in der Drei Farben: triologie von <mask> Kieślowski. Osnabrück: Epos Musik. .

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 Woodward, Steven, ed. (2009). After Kieślowski: The Legacy of <mask> Kieślowski. Detroit: Wayne State UP. .
 Zawiśliński, Stanislaw, ed. (1996). Kieślowski: album pod redakcja Stanislawa Zawiślińskiego; teksty [by] <mask> Kieślowski ...[et al.].Warsaw: Skorpion. .
 Žižek, Slavoj (2001). The Fright of Real Tears: <mask> Kieślowski Between Theory and Post-Theory. London: BFI Publishing. (hbk)   (pbk). External links

 <mask> Kieślowski at Culture.pl
 Criterion Collection Essay by Colin MacCabe

1941 births
1996 deaths
Łódź Film School alumni
Film people from Warsaw
Polish film directors
Polish documentary filmmakers
Polish screenwriters
Directors of Golden Lion winners
Silver Bear for Best Director recipients
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
French-language film directors
20th-century

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<mask> (born October 10, 1974) is a former American football assistant coach for the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) under head coach Joe Paterno until late in the 2011 football season. McQueary was identified as a key witness in the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. Playing career

After a high school career at State College Area High School, McQueary was a quarterback for Penn State from 1994 through 1997. He backed up Kerry Collins in 1994, and backed up Wally Richardson in 1995 and 1996. He started all 12 games as a senior in 1997, leading Penn State to a 9–3 record and a Citrus Bowl bid. In his first college start against Pittsburgh (on September 6), <mask> passed for a then-Penn State record 366 yards in a 34–17 victory over the Panthers. For the season, he completed 146 of 255 passes for 2211 yards and 17 touchdowns (both yards and touchdowns second in the Big Ten to Purdue's Billy Dicken), while tossing 9 interceptions.Coaching career
<mask> returned to Penn State in 2000 following attempts to catch on in the NFL with the Oakland Raiders and in NFL Europe with the Scottish Claymores. His roles on the football coaching staff included graduate assistant coach (2000–2002), administrative assistant (2003), and recruiting coordinator and receivers coach (2004–2011). As recruiting coordinator, McQueary oversaw the recruitment of several high-profile recruits including Justin King, Derrick Williams and Andrew Quarless. On November 11, 2011, Penn State announced McQueary would not be serving as receivers coach in the final home game of the season due to threats against him, and put him on indefinite paid administrative leave. Later that day, The Patriot-News reported that McQueary told his receivers in a conference call that he would no longer be their coach. McQueary later filed a lawsuit seeking up to $4 million in damages from the university for wrongful termination. The trial date was set for October 17, 2016, upon which it opened with testimony by a state prosecutor.The university's action, framed both as wrongful dismissal and for damages in defamation (libel

masks:
Michael Jacob McQueary
McQueary
McQueary


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 and slander), was seen as such by a jury and <mask> was awarded $7.3 million, including compensatory and punitive damages, on October 27, 2016. Penn State filed an appeal on November 7, 2016, and on November 30, another almost $5 million was ordered payable to McQueary based on a separate charge that his firing was retaliation for whistleblowing. Penn State appealed the verdicts, and <mask> ended his lawsuit in November 2017, after reaching undisclosed settlement terms with the university. Role in sex abuse scandal

McQueary was identified as a key witness in the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. Grand jury testimony alleged McQueary reported to Paterno of witnessing Jerry Sandusky raping a 10-year-old boy in a campus locker room; McQueary first told his father about the incident, then the next day informed Paterno, and then ten days later informed other university officials. According to investigators and legal experts, <mask> was initially not implicated in any wrongdoing because he reported the incident to Paterno. Under Pennsylvania state law of the time, any state employee who learns about an allegation of child abuse was required to report it to his or her immediate supervisor.In this case, McQueary did what he was legally obligated to do by reporting it to his immediate supervisor, Paterno. However, he was criticized for not intervening to protect the boy from Sandusky, as well as for not reporting the incident to police himself. McQueary later said he made sure the observed assault stopped before he left, and that he discussed the incident with police. However, McQueary's claim to have contacted police officials could not be corroborated by either university police or the State College police department. The university senior vice president and others have been charged with perjury for saying that McQueary had reported only horseplay at the time. A prominent Pennsylvania nephrologist says that he was present when McQueary described the incident to his father and the description mentioned hearing but not seeing "rhythmic slapping sounds" in the other room, seeing

masks: McQueary McQueary McQueary


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 Sandusky put his hand around the child's waist and later emerging wearing a towel. <mask>'s testimony for the preliminary perjury trial indicates that he heard 'two or three' slapping sounds before entering the locker room, and later saw Sandusky with his arms around the child's waist while hearing 'more than one' of the showerheads running and saw that the child's hair 'was wet'; although he did not see any sexual contact of hands or genitals or any evidence of arousal, just from the positions of the bodies he knew it was 'over the line' and 'extremely sexual' and 'some sort of intercourse' was taking place, and that he tried to explain what he had seen to Coach Paterno by using the word 'fondling.'Pennsylvania governor Tom Corbett, who as state attorney general opened the grand jury investigation, has said that McQueary "met the minimum obligation in reporting it up, but did not in my opinion meet a moral obligation that all of us would have." It has been speculated that he was still employed because he was protected by Pennsylvania's whistleblower law. Personal life
As of March 2014, he was separated from his wife Barbara, who was living in Virginia with their daughter, then 4 years old. McQueary has an older brother, John II. Their father, physician John Sr, has described theirs as "an unusually close family", having been close before the sex abuse scandal and more so after it became so well known. In April 2017, McQueary was among several passersby who came to the aid of an elderly woman who was a victim of an automobile crash near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. References

External links
 Grand Jury presentment against Sandusky citing a "graduate assistant" (presumably McQueary) as a witness for Victim 2, and their finding "the graduate assistant's testimony to be extremely credible" (Archive)

1974 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American whistleblowers
Penn State Nittany Lions football coaches
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
People from State College, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Durham, North


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<mask> (; 15 April 1936 – 13 November 2019), nicknamed "Pou-Pou" (), was a French professional racing cyclist, who rode for  his entire career. His career was distinguished, despite coinciding with two great riders - Jacques Anquetil and Eddy Merckx. This underdog position may have been the reason <mask> was a favourite of the public. He was known as "The Eternal Second", because he never won the Tour de France despite finishing in second place three times, and in third place five times (including his final Tour at the age of 40). Despite his consistency, he never once wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification in 14 Tours, of which he completed 12. He did win one Grand Tour, the 1964 Vuelta a España. Of the eighteen Grand Tours that he entered in his career, he finished in the top 10 fifteen times.Early life and amateur career
<mask> was the son of Martial and <mask>, small farmers outside the hamlet of Masbaraud-Mérignat, where the Creuse region east of Limoges meets the département of Haute-Vienne. Poulidor began working on the farm where, he remembered, "the soil was poor and we had to work hard; farming incomes were poor." The need for working hands on the farm meant he left school at 14 even though he wanted to continue his studies. Local entertainment went little further than village fairs, with coconut shies, sack-races, competitions for bottles of home-made jam... and inter-village cycle races. <mask> continued to help out on his parents' farm even after he turned professional. <mask> was given his first bike by a local shop owner at the age of 14. He started racing bicycles at the age of 16, picking up the interest from the magazine Miroir-Sprint given to him by one of his school teachers.He initially hid his passion from his mother, who was afraid of the dangers the sport entailed. It was only when

masks:
Raymond Poulidor
Poulidor
Raymond Poulidor
Maria Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor


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 <mask> was taken into the army for compulsory national service in 1955 that he first travelled in a train. Pierre Chany, a French reporter who followed 49 Tours de France, drew the comparison with <mask>'s eventual rival, Jacques Anquetil: by the time <mask> first stepped into a train, Anquetil had already been to Helsinki, ridden the Olympic Games, won a medal for France, turned professional and won the Grand Prix des Nations. Yet there was less than two years between them. The army sent <mask> to the war then going on in Algeria, where he worked as a driver and put on 12 kg through lack of exercise. In 1960 he dedicated himself to cycling again and lost the weight in a month. He won his first race after army service by six minutes.When he then came second in the GP de Peyrat-le-Château and won 80,000 old francs, he calculated that he had won more in one race than he would have earned in six years on the farm. Professional career
<mask> turned professional in 1960 with the Mercier team, directed by former Tour winner Antonin Magne. Magne offered Poulidor 25,000 old francs a month. <mask> asked for 30,000. Magne countered that that was more than he paid Gauthier and Louis Privat and refused. Later, aware that he had a rival for Anquetil, he conceded. In just his second season, <mask> won Milan–San Remo, one of cycling's "monument classics".from the finish, he was about to abandon after he suffered a puncture and was two minutes behind the leading riders. Magne convinced him to continue and <mask> bridged the gap. On the climb of the Capo Berta, he attacked, joined by Albertus Geldermans and teammate Jean-Claude Annaert, who set the tempo until they reached the foot of the final climb, the Poggio. Here, <mask> attacked again and opened a gap. Despite being guided in the wrong direction by a police man in the final corner, he was

masks: Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor


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 able to hold off the chasing field by three seconds to take the victory. Also in 1961, he became French road race champion. The Anquetil years

<mask>'s rivalry with Anquetil is a legend in cycling.While a good climber, <mask> had a hard time matching Anquetil in the individual time trial, often having victory snatched from him by losing time in time-trial stages of the Tour de France. <mask>'s riding style was aggressive and attacking, whereas Anquetil preferred to control the race in the mountains and win time in the time-trials. <mask> became the darling of the French public, to the ire of Anquetil. <mask>'s mid-France upbringing and his slow Limousin speech also contrasted with Anquetil's northern background and sharper accent. <mask>'s face was deeply tanned and furrowed; Anquetil had high cheekbones, a smoother face and brushed-up blond hair. <mask>'s best chance of defeating Anquetil came in the 1964 Tour de France, in the finish on the Puy de Dôme. Anquetil rode beside <mask> but both were so exhausted that only in the last few hundred metres could <mask> take nearly enough time to threaten Anquetil's first place in the general classification.The Tour organiser, Jacques Goddet, was behind the pair as they turned off the main road and climbed through what police estimated as half a million spectators. Anquetil rode on the inside by the mountain wall while <mask> took the outer edge by the precipice. They could sometimes feel the other's hot gasps on their bare arms. At the end, Anquetil cracked, after a battle of wills and legs so intense that at times they banged elbows. <mask> says he was so tired that he has no memory of the two touching, although a photograph shows that they did. Of Anquetil, the veteran French reporter Pierre Chany wrote: "His face, until then purple, lost all its colour; the sweat ran down in drops

masks: Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor


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 through the creases of his cheeks." Anquetil was only semiconscious, he said.<mask> gained time but when they reached Paris, Anquetil still had a 55-second lead and won his last Tour de France thanks to the time-trial on the final day. Anquetil-<mask>: the social significance
Anquetil unfailingly beat <mask> in the Tour de France and yet <mask> remained the more popular. "The more unlucky I was, the more the public liked me and the more money I earned", he said. Divisions between fans became marked, which two sociologists studying the impact of the Tour on French society say became emblematic of France old and new. Research showed that more than 4,000 newspaper articles appeared about him in France in just 1974 and that no other rider "had ever incited so many sociological investigations, so many university theses, seeking to find the cause of his prodigious popularity." Poupou, the nickname
<mask>'s original nickname was Pouli. It was Émile Besson of the daily newspaper L'Humanité who first wrote of Poupou.The name was taken up throughout France, leading to headlines such as "Poupoularité" in L'Équipe. A poupée is a doll and the nickname hints at that and follows the French tradition of repeating the first syllable of a word in childspeak. <mask> never liked the name but accepted it. The Merckx years

The end of the Anquetil era presented opportunities for <mask> to finally win the Tour de France. This was not to be due to injuries in 1967 and 1968, and the arrival of Eddy Merckx in 1969. <mask> was no match for Merckx, although he offered much resistance. In the 1973 Tour <mask> almost lost his life on the descent from the Col de Portet d'Aspet when he plunged into a ravine, taking a serious blow to the head and crawling out with the help of the race director, Jacques Goddet.Poulidor and Dr Mabuse
Antonin Magne remained manager


texts: of Poulidor's Mercier team until 1970, when he was replaced by another former rider, Louis Caput. Caput brought with him as deputy directeur sportif a man who described himself as a homeopath, Bernard Sainz. Sainz is known in cycling as Dr Mabuse, after a pulp-fiction character created by Norbert Jacques. Mabuse is a criminal mastermind who becomes rich through hypnotic powers. He plots to take over the world but is foiled by the police. From his cell he masterminds criminal plots by writing endless gibberish. Sainz recognises the nickname and used it in the name of his autobiography.Sainz is a former velodrome rider of national level who stopped racing after a fall and became involved in horse racing, where he was twice convicted of maltreating horses. It was in horse-racing, where he turned unremarkable animals into champions, that he acquired his nickname. He has been repeatedly investigated by police and has been convicted of illegally practising medicine and incitement to doping. Sainz claims that he only engages in homeopathic treatment, though whatever methods he engages in are effective, casting doubt on this claim. Louis Caput approached Edmond Mercier, the bicycle-maker behind Poulidor's team, and asked to bring Sainz into the team management. Mercier agreed, said Sainz, because he was already treating Mercier for his own health problems. Mercier had also brought in the insurance company, GAN, as main sponsor.GAN, said Sainz, demanded that <mask> be in the team photo even if all he did was train with the team at the start of the season. In 1971 <mask> had decided against riding any more. The tactic, Sainz said, was bluff, to increase his motivation. In Paris–Nice, the first important stage race of the season, <mask> was 22 seconds behind Eddy Merckx on the morning of the last day. <mask> attacked from the start, setting a

masks: Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor Poulidor


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 speed record on the Col de la Turbie that stood for more than 10 years and won Paris–Nice by two seconds. Next year he won Paris–Nice again and also the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré. Drug testing
<mask> was the first rider to be tested for drugs in the Tour de France.Testers arrived at the Tour for the first time in 1966, in Bordeaux, although only after word had spread and many riders had left their hotels. The first competitor they found was <mask>. A few other riders were found, including Rik Van Looy, and some obliged and others refused. Next morning, the race left the city on the way to the Pyrenees and stopped in the suburb of Gradignan, in the university area of La House. The riders climbed off and began walking, shouting protests in general and in particular abuse at the race doctor, Pierre Dumas, whom some demanded should also take a test to see if he'd been drinking wine or taking aspirin to make his own job easier. Riders also criticised <mask> for accepting to be tested. He dismissed their protests and stayed at the back of the strike.Other prominent riders, including Jacques Anquetil, were at the front. <mask> said his indifference to the controls and the strike harmed his relations with fellow riders. "After that, they did me no favours in the peloton", he said. Retirement and death

<mask> has several times accepted that his career was handicapped by a lack of ambition and by the psychological domination of Jacques Anquetil. <mask> said in an interview in 1992: I knew straight away that I was getting places everywhere. I got all the leaders' jerseys but I used to lose them. Tonin [Magne] said to me "<mask>, you're always in a daydream!"And was that true? Were you distracted? It was true. I thought what was happening to me was already marvellous enough. I never thought of winning. Never, ever, did I get up in the

masks:
Raymond Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Raymond


texts: morning with the idea of winning! On 25 January 1973 <mask> was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur.In 2003 the President, Jacques Chirac increased the award. <mask> also has a rose named after him, reflecting his love of gardening in general and roses in particular. He lived with his wife Gisèle in Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, east of Limoges, where he made short trips on his mountain bike. Their daughter, Corinne, is married to the former world cyclo-cross champion and Tour of Flanders winner Adri van der Poel. His grandsons David and Mathieu are also cyclists. Mathieu van der Poel became cyclo-cross world champion himself in the junior race in Koksijde in 2012 (Koksijde) and in 2013 in Louisville, and with the Elite in 2015 (Tábor), 2019 (Bogense), 2020 (Dübendorf) and 2021 (Ostend). Mathieu has also had great success on the road with his most highly regarded victories including the Amstel Gold Race in 2019, the Tour of Flanders in 2020, and stage 2 of the 2021 Tour de France where he dedicated his win and yellow jersey to his grandfather.<mask> worked in public relations for Crédit Lyonnais, sponsor of the yellow jersey, during the Tour. He had bicycles made under his name by the France-Loire company, and has appeared in television commercials aimed at older people. When asked about his longevity compared to fellow cyclists, <mask> said he took things in moderation and did not overstretch himself. <mask> has written several biographies, the first of which was Gloire sans le Maillot Jaune, written in 1964. Poulidor Intime was published in May 2007 by Éditions Jacob-Duvernet in France. In 2004 he helped write Poulidor par <mask> with the radio reporter Jean-Paul Brouchon. The preface is by Eddy Merckx.On 13 November 2019, <mask> died in Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat. He had been in a hospital for two months prior, having suffered from

masks:
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Poulidor
Raymond Poulidor
Raymond Poulidor


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Archbishop <mask> (secular name <mask>, ; April 17, 1925 – April 15, 2008) was the Archbishop of Sitka and Alaska from 1973 to 1995, and author of books on Theology and Eastern Orthodoxy in North America in both Russian and English. He was a key figure in the establishment and elevation of what is now St. Herman's Orthodox Theological Seminary, and served as episcopal moderator of the Department of History and Archives and chairman of the Canonization Commission for the Orthodox Church in America. Early life
He was born <mask> in Kyiv, Ukraine to Archpriest Sergei and <mask>, as one of five other children: Boris, Ariadna, Michael, Nina, and Sergei. George's maternal grandfather was Russian New Martyr and Priest Michael Jedlinsky. Because of religious persecution, times were dangerous for the <mask> family. At one point, George's father was the only functioning priest in Kyiv, with his mother single-handedly baking all the prosphora and George carrying them to church with his siblings. In 1937, his grandfather was executed during the Soviet anti-religious campaigns.With the advent of the Second World War and subsequent occupation of Ukraine by Axis troops, George was separated from his family at 17 and taken by the Nazis to work in a labor camp. After the War, in 1949, he received his bachelor's degree from the Real Gymnasium of Wendling, Austria, and emigrated to the United States to live with his uncle, noted religious composer and conductor Nicholas P. Afonsky. America
George began serving as choir conductor and psalm-reader for various Orthodox parishes in the New Jersey-Connecticut area. Graduating from Hofstra University, George

masks:
Gregory
George Sergeyevich Afonsky
George Sergeievich Afonsky
Matushka Vera Afonsky
Afonsky Jedlinsky


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 entered St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, from which he graduated in 1965. In the same year, he was ordained as a deacon, then elevated to Priest, and was assigned to the St. Sergius Chapel at the Metropolitan's Chancery in Syosset, New York, functioning also as Church archivist until 1971. Continuing his education, Fr. George received first a bachelor's, and then a master's degree in theology from St. Sergius Seminary (in 1968 and 1970, respectively); and at the same time a Master of Arts from Hoftra with a candidacy in theology.In 1971, Fr. George was sent to St. Nicholas Church in Portland, Oregon as rector. In 1973, he was elected Bishop to the Diocese of Sitka and Alaska. He became a tonsured monk at St. Tikhon Orthodox Monastery, becoming renamed for St. <mask> the Theologian, and quickly elevated therefrom to the ranks of Archpriest and then Archmandrite. Alaska
Archmandrite <mask> was sent to Juneau and then Kenai, where he was introduced to the Diocesan Council and St. Herman's Pastoral School established a year earlier by Archpriest Joseph P. Kreta and Archpriest Paul Merculief. Consecration took place at St. Michael's Cathedral on May 13 in Sitka by Metropolitan Ireney (Bekish), Archbishop Kiprian (Borisevich), and Bishop Theodosius (Lazor), along with most of the 17 priests of the Diocese. It was the first time a bishop was consecrated in Alaska, and also for Alaska.The event was broadcast on statewide radio. Bishop <mask> was key in the growth of St. Herman's Pastoral School, moving it soon to Kodiak, and by 1976 it being elevated to a Theological Seminary. Throughout his term as Alaskan Hierarch, Bishop

masks: Gregory Gregory Gregory


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 <mask> taught in the Seminary as a professor of Alaska Church History, Dogmatic Theology, and Canon Law. He served an important role in revitalizing the local Orthodox community, attending the annual Kushkokwim and Yukon Conferences, and later the to-be-established Nushagak and Iliamna Conferences as well. Within four years of his ordination, Bishop <mask> had visited them all of the 87 parishes and communities, making sure to travel to at least 10-15 each year. By 1993, he had ordained 25 priests, 5 deacons, tonsured various readers, and established new parishes via the construction of new churches and chapels or the replacement of old ones. He believed his Episcopacy in Alaska to be a gift from God, saying he had no other life but that dedicated to the Orthodox Church in Alaska.After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Bishop <mask> was reunited with his brother Sergei, still living in Kyiv, and gained the possibility to travel to both Ukraine and Russia. On March 23, 1995, he was elevated to the rank of Archbishop by the Holy Synod, but on July 20 he retired due to failing health, leaving his post as the longest-reigning hierarch of the Alaskan Diocese. He spent his final years living in Jackson Township, New Jersey, living amongst the Russian-American Community of the Nativity of the Holy Virgin Church. Death
After a period of declining health, Archbishop <mask> died on April 15, 2008, a couple of days before his 83rd birthday. The next day a memorial service was held in Sitka by Bishop Nikolai (Soraich), and a Litany of Requiem was performed during the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts in the Church of St. Catherine the Great

masks: Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory


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 Martyr in-the-Fields in the Zamoskvorechie suburb of Moscow by Archmandrite Zacchaeus (Wood) and Priest Vadim Leonov. The Archbishop's funeral services were presided over by Rector Archpriest John Prokopiuk, along with Bishop Tikhon (Mollard) of Philadelphia and Eastern Pennsylvania on the evening of the 18th, and by Metropolitan Herman (Swaiko) of All America and Canada for interment on the 19th, the holiday of Lazarus Saturday. Also present were clergy and faithful of the Archbishop's former Alaskan flock.He is buried in the surrounding St. Vladimir's Russian Orthodox Cemetery, to the left of the church and behind the former grave site of Russian Civil War hero General Anton Ivanovich Denikin. Selected bibliography
Православное учение о епископе: догматическое, святоотеческое, каноническое (1968) (as Fr. George Afonsky)
A History of the Orthodox Church in Alaska, 1794-1917 (1977)
A History of the Orthodox Church in America, 1917-1934 (1994)
 Christ and the Church: In Orthodox Teaching and Tradition (2001) (text preview)
Иисус Христос и Его Церковь (2002)
Введение в Каноническое Право Православной Церкви: по учению отечественной канонической школы XIX-XX веков (2001)

See also
Orthodox Church in America
Bibliography of Eastern Orthodoxy in America

References

External links
 Rev Fr Archbishop <mask> (1925-2008) Find A Grave memorial
 OrthodoxWiki Article

1925 births
2008 deaths
American people of Russian descent
Bishops in Alaska
Bishops of the Orthodox Church in America
20th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Eastern Orthodoxy in Alaska
Religious leaders from Kyiv
Soviet emigrants to the United States
20th-century American


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<mask> (11 May 192528 August 2012) was an English educator, author and Conservative politician who served as Member of Parliament for Brent North. He was knighted and made a member of the Privy Council in 1987. Early life
Born in Haslingden, Lancashire, the son of Alderman <mask> MBE JP, <mask> was educated at Haslingden Grammar School, University College Cardiff, the University of Manchester, the London School of Economics, and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He was awarded a PhD in 1967 by London University, his thesis being on Henry Ashworth, a Victorian Lancashire cotton manufacturer, brother-in-law of Richard Cobden and a Radical campaigner who also had a reputation as a model employer. It was published in 1970 by Oxford University Press as The Ashworth Cotton Enterprise. The Rise and Fall of a Factory Firm. 1818–1880.Early career
Called up towards the end of the Second World War, Boyson served with the Royal Navy, based in India at the time of Independence, and from his late-20s, he was a Methodist lay preacher. He became a teacher in 1950, and later a head teacher, first at Lea Bank Secondary Modern School in Cloughfold, Rossendale (1955–61), then at Robert Montefiore Secondary School, Stepney, London (1961–66), and finally from 1967 to 1974 at Highbury Grove School, a new all-boys' comprehensive in Islington, North London, of which he was the founding head teacher; in this capacity, and subsequently as an MP, he was outspoken in support of the retention of corporal punishment in British schools. He opposed what he perceived to be lax discipline, both in modern education and in the wider society, and at Highbury Grove he introduced an unfashionably traditional regime, with strictly enforced uniforms, caning for misbehaviour, and a house system. He claimed in his book that this proved

masks:
Sir Rhodes Boyson
William Boyson
Rhodes Boyson


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 so popular with local parents that the school was consistently oversubscribed. From 1957 to 1961 <mask> was a Labour councillor in Haslingden, where his father was at that time a Labour alderman and had been a trade union secretary. His father was a cotton spinner, and had been imprisoned as a conscientious objector in the First World War. <mask> left the Labour Party in 1964, joining the Conservative Party three years later.He later wrote:

My own move to Conservative party membership arose from the effect of my research into the cotton industry and the Manchester school of liberal economic philosophy. Here was a body of men who believed that a free enterprise economy was not only efficient but brought moral growth to all men. The employer risked his capital on his judgement and must care for his workers as part of his stock in trade, and the workers would be enabled to become prosperous and through their own industry, thrift and moral courage could establish their own business enterprises and their personal independence to the advantage of themselves, their families and society. Cobden had a moral view of society and believed that free enterprise would not only bring prosperity but social harmony at home and peace abroad within a system of universal free trade. In 1977 he was co-author (with Brian Cox) of one of the series of Black Papers on education, criticising many aspects of the comprehensive schools system. Boyson was a severe critic of what he regarded as the influence of "mindless sociologists" who produced "mush which has corrupted the national character", noting in 1978 that; "it has not gone unnoticed that crime has increased parallel with the number of social workers". The Daily Mirror responded with an editorial comment "that crime has also increased parallel with speeches from

masks: Boyson Boyson


texts:
 Dr. Boyson".He served as chairman of the National Council for Educational Standards. Parliamentary career

Having stood unsuccessfully at Eccles in 1970, <mask> was first elected to the House of Commons in February 1974 for Brent North, and was Parliamentary Under-Secretary at the Department of Education and Science 1979–1983. In this capacity he sought to uphold schools' right to use the cane, and was nicknamed the "Minister for Flogging" by the anti-corporal-punishment campaign STOPP. He was Minister of State for Social Security 1983–1984, for Northern Ireland 1984–1986 and for Local Government 1986–1987. Boyson was homophobic, a strong opponent of homosexuality and a supporter of Section 28. He said:It is wrong biblically, is homosexuality. It is unnatural.AIDS is part of the fruits of the permissive society. The regular one-man, one-woman marriage would not put us at risk in this way. If we could wipe out homosexual practices, then Aids would die out. <mask> was a supporter of the Conservative Monday Club and frequently addressed them. At the Conservative Party Annual Conference at Blackpool on 10 October 1991 he was the principal speaker at a Club fringe meeting on the subject of A Conservative Revolution in Education. In 1994 he appeared on the BBC topical panel TV show Have I Got News for You. He also appeared on Brass Eye and was an early interviewee of Ali G.

<mask> lost his Brent North seat in the Labour landslide of 1997, his 24% majority turning to a 10% majority for the opposition, partly because of his perceived lack of commitment to the campaign to retain Edgware General Hospital; in 2001, the seat, no longer contested by Boyson, swung a further 9% to Labour.Personal life
Distinctive personal features were his mutton chop whiskers and strong Lancashire accent. The whiskers

masks: Boyson Boyson Boyson


texts:
 dated from an occasion when he rebuked pupils for having long hair at the school where he was headmaster: the students retorted jokingly, "Why don't you grow your hair, Sir, if we cut ours." In 2007, he received an honorary degree from the University of Buckingham. Boyson married Violet Burletson in 1946, and they had two daughters. The couple divorced in 1971, after which he married Florette MacFarlane, a teacher. He and his second wife lived in Pinner, northwest London, until he moved into Cedar House nursing home in Harefield, where he died aged 87. He left more than £2,000,000 in his will, the majority of it going to his widow.She died in 2018. References

Further reading
 <mask>, <mask>, Centre Forward – A Radical Conservative Programme, Temple Smith, London, 1978. <mask>, Rhodes, Oversubscribed: The Story of Highbury Grove School, Ward Lock Educational, London, 1974. <mask>, Rhodes, Speaking My Mind, Peter Owen, London, 1995. Dod's Parliamentary Companion 1991, 172 edition, East Sussex, . External links

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1925 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of Cardiff University
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Councillors in Lancashire
English Methodists
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from Haslingden
People educated at Haslingden Grammar School
Politics of the London Borough of Brent
Politicians awarded knighthoods
Heads of schools in England
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
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Northern Ireland Office junior ministers
Schoolteachers from

masks: Boyson Rhodes Boyson Boyson