texts:
 disapprove of a name derived from that of Amerigo, the discoverer, a man of sagacious genius. A suitable form would be Amerige, meaning Land of Amerigo, or America, since Europe and Asia have received women's names. A thousand copies of the Introduction and the accompanying world map were printed on April 25, 1507. It was the first time that the word 'Americas' had appeared in print.In a later edition after <mask>'s death, Waldseemüller dropped the term America and named South America "Terra Nova", but the name America was already established. After 1507, <mask> and Waldseemüller continued working together on creating new edition of Ptolemy's Geography. In 1508 <mask> returned to Italy and obtained a Greek Ptolemy manuscript (Codex Vaticanum Graecorum 191.). With this important reference they were apparently able to complete their project but the new Ptolemy was not published until after <mask>'s death. By 1509, <mask> was seriously ill with tuberculosis but continued working. In 1509, he published a card game, Grammatica Figurata, to make the grammatical rules of Donatus' Ars Minor, more appealing to children. He died in 1511 in Sélestat.Grammatica Figurata

The Grammatica Figurata was first published by <mask> in 1509. This work was an attempt to enliven Donatus' Ars Minor by printing up illustrated card sets for each grammatical rule. Apparently the children would have a card set. The rules are not explained at length, but a few hints are scattered here and there in the work. The final section on

masks:
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Ringmann
Mathias Ringmann


type: original

texts:
 "Exclamations" has a sentence on how to figure out which student has won. Each card represented a part of speech, a gender, a case, or a tense, etc. Depending upon the teacher's questions a student would play the appropriate card or cards.Long believed to be lost, one copy of Grammatica figurata was found and reprinted in 1905. Works
Waldseemüller, Martin, & Matthias Ringmann. Cosmographiae Introductio, (St. Die: 1507)
Caesar, Julius. Ringmann <mask> (tr.) Julius der erst römisch Keiser von seinem Leben und Krieg, erstmals uss dem Latein in Tütsch gebracht vnd mit andrer Ordnung der Capittel und uil zusetz nüw getruckt. (Strassburg: Durch Joannem Grüninger, 1508).<mask>, <mask>. Grammatica Figurata, (St. Die: 1509)
Waldseemüller, Martin, & <mask> (ed.). Clavdii Ptolemei Viri Alexandrini ... Geographie Opus Novissima Traductione E Grecorum Archetypis Castigatissime Pressum. (Strassburg: Johann Schott, 1520

Notes

References

External links

Plaque in Freiburg commemorating <mask> and Waldseemüller
Wieser, Franz, Ritter von (ed.). Grammatica figurata des <mask> (Philesius Vogesigena) in Faksimiledruck, (Strassburg: Heitz, 1905)
Mayer, Ken. <mask>mann: Grammatica Figurata, <http://trionfi.com/0/c/09/t.html> Retrieved April 4, 2005
Fischer, J.'Martin Waldseemüller', Catholic Encyclopedia, (1912)
Press release about a new edition of the Waldseemüller world map

1482 births
1511 deaths
People from Bas-Rhin
Alsatian-German people
German cartographers
16th-century cartographers
German Renaissance humanists
16th-century

masks:
Matthias
Ringmann
Matthias
Matthias Ringmann
Ringmann
Mathias Ringmann
Matthias Ring


texts:
<mask> (; Wylie: rje btsun padma; born 4 June 1990) is the Druk Gyaltsuen (Dzongkha: Dragon Queen) of Bhutan, as the wife of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. She is currently the youngest queen consort in the world. She and the King have two children: Prince Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck, the heir apparent to the Bhutanese throne, and Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck. Early life and education
Jetsun <mask> was born at Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital in Thimphu on 4 June 1990. Her father, Dhondup Gyaltshen, is the grandson of two Trashigang Dzongpons, Thinley Topgay and Ugyen Tshering (governors of Trashigang). Her mother, Aum Sonam Choki, comes from the family of Bumthang Pangtey, one of Bhutan's oldest noble families. Sonam Choki's father was a half-brother of two queens consort of Bhutan, Phuntsho Choden (great-grandmother of the present king) and her sister <mask>hen.Her ancestor is also the 48th Druk Desi and 10th Penlop of Trongsa Jigme Namgyal (father of King Ugyen Wangchuck and of her great-great-grandmother, Ashi Yeshay Choden). The King and Queen of Bhutan are distant cousins. Jetsun <mask> is the second eldest of five children. Her siblings are two brothers, Jigme Namgyel and Dasho Thinley Norbu (the eldest, who is the husband of the king's half-sister, Princess Ashi Euphelma Choden Wangchuck), and two sisters, Serchen Doma and Ashi Yeatso Lhamo (the eldest, who is married to the king's brother, Prince Gyaltshab Jigme Dorji Wangchuck). Jetsun <mask>'s early education took place in Thimphu at the

masks:
Jetsun Pema
Pema
Pema Dec
Pema
Pema


texts:
 Little Dragon School, the Sunshine School (1995–96) and finally the Changangkha Lower Secondary School (1997–98). She then received a convent education at St. Joseph's Convent in Kalimpong, West Bengal, India, in 1999–2000. She pursued her secondary education at the Lungtenzampa Middle Secondary School in Thimphu from 2001 to 2005 and moved to The Lawrence School, Sanawar, in Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India, in April 2006.She joined Lawrence as a Class-XI student and studied English, history, geography, economics, and painting. She completed her Higher Secondary education on 31 March 2008. She then began her tertiary education at Regent's University London, where she graduated with a degree in international relations, with psychology and art history as minor subjects. Marriage and family

Royal wedding

On 20 May 2011, during the opening of the Parliament's seventh session, the king announced their engagement, saying  "As King, it is now time for me to marry. After much thought I have decided that the wedding shall be later this year." Describing <mask> <mask>, he said  "Now, many will have their own idea of what a Queen should be like—that she should be uniquely beautiful, intelligent and graceful. I think with experience and time, one can grow into a dynamic person in any walk of life with the right effort.For the Queen, what is most important is that at all times, as an individual she must be a good human being, and as Queen, she must be unwavering in her commitment to serve the People and Country. As my queen,

masks: Jetsun Pema


texts:
 I have found such a person and her name is Jetsun <mask>. While she is young, she is warm and kind in heart and character. These qualities together with the wisdom that will come with age and experience will make her a great servant to the nation." The couple married on 13 October 2011, at Punakha Dzong. The ceremony was held in Punakha, followed by a public celebration in Thimphu and Paro. During the ceremony, the King bestowed the Crown of the Druk Gyaltsuen on her, formally proclaiming her the Queen of the Kingdom of Bhutan.The wedding was held in traditional style with the "blessings of the guardian deities." Although Bhutan allows polygamy, the king said that he would never marry another woman. For their wedding, the Netherlands sent the royal couple tulips and named one "Queen of Bhutan" after her. Issue

On 11 November 2015, it was announced that she was expecting their first child, a son, to be born in early 2016. She gave birth on 5 February 2016 at the Lingkana Palace. The king was present for the birth of the prince, known by the title Gyalsey. The baby's name, Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck, was announced on 16 April 2016.On 17 December 2019, it was reported that she was expecting their second child, to be born in Spring 2020. On 19 March 2020, the King and Queen's official Instagram accounts reported that she had given birth to her second son in Lingkana Palace in Thimphu. On 30 June 2020, the Royal Family announced that the second Gyalsey had been named Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck, and would be known as His Royal


texts:
 Highness Gyalsey Ugyen Wangchuck. Royal duties

Following her marriage to the King, <mask> <mask> has joined him on several visits abroad to India, Singapore, Japan and the United Kingdom. <mask> <mask> accompanied Jigme Khesar on several of his royal visits to various parts of Bhutan before their wedding, and as Queen of Bhutan, accompanies him on all such visits. The royal visits on road through the country involve meeting and interacting with as many local people, students and public servants as possible. <mask> <mask> is an advocate of environmental issues, and the Patron of the Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN).She is also the UNEP Ozone Ambassador. She works closely with various organisations working with children with special needs as the patron of Ability Bhutan Society. She is the Patron of the Bhutan Kidney Association (Jigten Wangchuck Tshogpa) and the Bhutan Kidney Foundation. Since 2016 she has been the President of the Bhutan Red Cross Society (BRCS). Personal interests

The Queen's interests include fine arts, painting, and basketball. She captained her school team in basketball games and maintains an interest in the sport. Her other diversions during her school days included participation in school bands and dance programs.Besides Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan, she is fluent in English and Hindi. References

External links

 ジツェン・ペマ・ワンチュク陛下略歴 - 日本国外務省

1990 births
Living people
Bhutanese Buddhists
People from Thimphu
Wangchuck dynasty
Lawrence School, Sanawar alumni
Queens

masks: Jetsun Pema Jetsun Pema Jetsun Pema


texts:
<mask> (born July 3, 1959) is an American composer, and Composer in Residence at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts. His music has a wide range of expression, generally within a tonal idiom notable both for its rhythmic propulsiveness and a strong lyrical element. Acclaimed particularly for his chamber music, he has also written extensively for voice and large ensembles. Early life and education
<mask>inoff Prize upon graduation.He studied privately with Vincent Persichetti, and in classes with Milton Babbitt, Elliott Carter, David Diamond, Leon Fleischer and Roger Sessions. Other teachers included Edwin Finckel and James Sellars. As a student, he won an ASCAP Young Composers Award and first prize in the annual CRS New Music Competition. Upon graduation, he was appointed to the Juilliard faculty. Career highlights
In 1990, <mask> was offered the position of Assistant Dean at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts where he is now Composer in Residence. His works are recorded on the Bridge, Naxos and Albany labels and published by American Composers Editions, a subdivision of BMI. In recent years, he has received increasing recognition for music that Gramophone called "arresting and appealing."In the last ten years, his compositions have been commissioned and performed by the Emerson String Quartet, Lauren Flanigan,  the Ravinia Festival, the Daedalus String Quartet, the Lincoln Trio, the Seattle Chamber Music Society, the Cassatt String Quartet, the Kavafian/Jolley/Vonsattel Trio, Danielle Belén, Le Train Bleu, the Mansfield Symphony, the Boise Philharmonic, Wintergreen Summer Arts Festival, the Salt Lake City Symphony, the Quartetto di Sassofoni d'Accademia, the Winston-Salem Symphony, Low and Lower, the University of

masks:
Lawrence Dillon
Dillonchan
Dillon


texts:
 Utah and the Idyllwild Symphony Orchestra. From 1999-2014 he worked on the Invisible Cities String Quartet Cycle, a set of six quartets zooming in on individual aspects of the quartet tradition. <mask> has been a guest composer at numerous schools and festivals, including The Curtis Institute of Music, the St. Petersburg/Rimsky Korsakov Conservatory, SUNY Stony Brook, the Colburn School of Music, the Ravinia Festival, the Hartt School of Music, the Charles Ives Center, Seisen International School, Wintergreen Summer Arts Festival, Charlotte New Music Festival, Spoleto Festival and Indiana University. <mask> was the Featured American Composer in the February 2006 issue of CHAMBER MUSIC magazine. He is a two-time winner of the North Carolina Artist Fellowship, the highest honor accorded to artists in the state. Critical reception
Reviewers of <mask>’s music have repeatedly noted his arresting ideas, technical skill, lyricism and wit. In a review of his fourth string quartet, the Washington Post cited the work’s “jewel-like craftsmanship,” saying, “<mask>’s control of time was a conspicuously imaginative element throughout.”  Gramophone called his recording Insects and Paper Airplanes “Sly and mysterious…just when you thought the string quartet may have reached the edge of sonic possibilities, along comes a composer who makes something novel, haunting and whimsical of the genre… Each score is an arresting and appealing creation, full of fanciful and lyrical flourishes…Highly recommended.”  And Musicweb International commented on “music that is often profound without being pretentious, sometimes light-hearted but never 'lite', humorous without being arch, and immensely appealing but never frivolous."Fanfare magazine called him “an original in the best

masks: Dillon Dillon Dillon Dillon


texts:
 sense of the word.”

Recordings
 Six Scenes and a Fantasy (1983), produced by Contemporary Record Society, along with works by Peter Mennin, Henry Cowell and Martin Rokeach
 Chamber Music of <mask> (2000), produced by Albany Records. Contains Furies and Muses, Devotion and String Quartet No. 1: Jests and Tenderness performed by the Borromeo, Cassatt and Mendelssohn String Quartets with flutist Ransom Wilson and bassoonist Jeff Keesecker
 A New Century Christmas (2000), contains The Last Nowell and O Hellish Night performed by the New Century Saxophone Quartet
 Appendage and Other Stories (2009), produced by Albany Records. Contains spoken-text chamber works Entrance and Exit, as well as the song cycle Appendage and a song Still Point
 Insects and Paper Airplanes (2010), produced by Bridge Records. Contains String Quartet No. 2: Flight, String Quartet No. 3: Air, String Quartet No.4: The Infinite Sphere and a piano quartet What Happened performed by the Daedalus String Quartet and Benjamin Hochman
 Lawrence <mask> Violin Music (2011), produced by Naxos Records. Contains seven works for violin solo and violin with one other instrument performed by Danielle Belén
Yael Manor Elixir (2015), produced by ACA. Includes the debut recording of Honey for solo piano. Major works
 Appendage (1993), recorded by Lauren Flanigan, conducted by Ransom Wilson;
 Devotion (1996), recorded by flutist Ransom Wilson and the Borromeo String Quartet;
 Furies and Muses (1997), premiered and recorded by the Cassatt String Quartet and bassoonist Jeffrey Keesecker;
String Quartet No. 1: Jests and Tenderness (1999), premiered and recorded by the Mendelssohn String Quartet;
String Quartet No. 2: Flight (2002), premiered and recorded by the Daedalus Quartet;
 Amadeus ex machina

masks:
Lawrence Dillon
Dillon


texts:
 (2001), given its Russian premiere by the St. Petersburg Chamber Philharmonic;
 Wright Flight (2003) for orchestra, projected images and three strands of narrative, commissioned by the 2003 Illuminations festival at Roanoke Island Festival Park;
 Revenant: Concerto for Horn and Orchestra (2005), premiered by hornist David Jolley with the composer conducting;
 What Happened (2005), for piano quartet, premiered by the Atlantic Ensemble;
 Entrance and Exit (2007), two concert-framing works for actor and chamber ensemble;
 String Quartet No. 4: The Infinite Sphere (2009), commissioned and recorded by the Daedalus String Quartet;
 String Quartet No.5: Through the Night (2009), commissioned by the Emerson String Quartet;
 Figments and Fragments (2010), commissioned by the Idyllwild Symphony Orchestra, the Boise Philharmonic, the University of Utah Philharmonia and the Salt Lake Symphony;
 Seven Stories (2013), premiered by Le Train Bleu with soprano Mary Mackenzie;
 Sanctuary (2013) septet for piano, horn and strings, commissioned and premiered by the Seattle Chamber Music Society;
 String Quartet No. 6: Rapid Eye (2014), commissioned by the Carpe Diem String Quartet. <mask>'s blog Infinite Curves was featured on Sequenza21.com for ten years before moving to ArtsJournal. References

External links

1959 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Musicians from Summit, New Jersey
Juilliard School alumni
University of North Carolina School of the Arts faculty
Juilliard School faculty
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New Jersey
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male


texts:
<mask> (born June 16, 1996) is an American table tennis player who competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London with teammates Ariel Hsing and Erica Wu. She also competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio with teammates Jiaqi Zheng and Jennifer Wu. She is a five time US national champion in women's singles. <mask> has won the US national championship in 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2019. In 2011, she was a bronze medalist in women's singles and women's team at the Pan American Games and won the women's doubles title at the Qatar Peace and Sport Cup. She is currently a member of the United States National Women's team. She has been ranked as high as #2 in the cadet (U-15) world ranking and #5 in the junior (U-18) world ranking.Personal life
<mask> was born in Redwood City, California on June 16, 1996, to Chinese parents. Her family lived on the campus of Stanford University, where her father was then a mathematics professor. Her mother played for his province's table tennis team in Xi'an, China, and <mask> enjoyed playing table tennis with her parents while she was growing up. Dennis Davis, a friend and table tennis colleague of her father, would also bring her to the Palo Alto Table Tennis Club to practice. <mask> graduated from Palo Alto High School in 2014 before enrolling in the University of California, Berkeley. After her first year, <mask> took a gap year off to train for the 2016 Olympic Games. For a part of her gap year, she trained and played league in Austria (trained at home club ICC as well).<mask> is featured in the documentary Top Spin. <mask> is sponsored by JOOLA Table Tennis. U.S. career
From a young age, <mask> showed promising skill. When she was 7 years old, Dennis Davis, the

masks:
Lily Ann Zhang
Zhang
Lily Zhang
Lily
Lily
Lily
Lily
Lily
Lily Zhang


texts:
 president and head coach of the Palo Alto Table Tennis Club and the North American representative of the junior commission of International Table Tennis Federation, began training her. When she was 11, <mask> made the U.S. Cadet Team. By age 12, <mask> became the youngest player to ever make the U.S. Women's Team, and when she was 13 years old, she was the #2 ranked Junior Woman table tennis player in the United States. At the 2010 and 2011 U.S. National Championships, <mask> won the title in the junior girls' event and was the runner-up in women's singles.In 2012, she won her first national championship in women's singles, beating defending champion Ariel Hsing in 7 games. International career
Since 2007, <mask> has competed in numerous international events in the cadet, junior girls' and women's categories. 2011 Pan American Games
<mask> participated in the 2011 Pan American Games where she played both as an individual and  as part of the United States team. <mask> and the two other Americans on the team, Ariel Hsing and Erica Wu, took home a team bronze medal. She also won a bronze medal in women's singles. Qatar Peace and Sport Cup
On November 22, 2011, <mask> and Russian Anna Tikhomirova won the Women's Doubles title at the Qatar Peace and Sport Cup. 2012 Olympics
After qualifying for the last singles position on the 2012 United States Olympic Team by beating Canada's Anqi Luo in five games in the North American Olympic Trials, <mask> would head into London as the youngest player of the table tennis competition and was seeded 49th behind her teammate Ariel Hsing.In the first round, <mask> drew Croatian veteran Cornelia Molnar and lost in straight games (11–6,11–8,11–7,11–5). The team competition

masks:
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Lily Zhang
Lily Zhang
Zhang


texts:
 saw the United States play second-seeded Japan in the first round of proceedings. <mask> lost to Sayaka Hirano in straight games (11–9,11–5,11–3) and teamed with Erica Wu in the doubles to lose to Kasumi Ishikawa and Ai Fukuhara, also in straight games (11–7,11–7,11–1). 2012 North American Championships
On September 2, 2012, <mask> won the women's singles title at the ITTF North American Championships with a victory over fellow 2012 Olympian Erica Wu in straight games (11–8,11–3,11–7,11–9). Twice before, at both the 2011 and the 2010 North American Championships she had failed to achieve the title, with losses in the finals on both occasions to Canada's <mask>. 2012 World Junior Championships
At the 2012 ITTF World Junior Championships in Hyderabad, India, <mask> reached the quarterfinals in singles and also led the USA into the quarterfinals of the team competition. As a result of her performance during the championships (12 wins, 2 losses), <mask> broke into the top 100 of the ITTF women's world ranking for the first time in her career.2013 US Open
At the 2013 US Open, <mask> won the title in the junior girls' event. In women's singles (part of the ITTF World Tour), she beat <mask> to advance to the semi-final, where she lost to world #19 Elizabeta Samara in 5 games. Following this tournament, <mask>'s world ranking improved to a career-high 84. 2014 Youth Olympic Games
In August 2014, <mask> was the first ever US athlete to win a bronze medal in the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics. In the contest for bronze, she won over Miyu Kato of Japan in six games. 2019 ITTF Women's World Cup
She was in fourth place, losing in the POS 3–4 to Feng Tianwei. <mask>'s performance included a high-profile upset over Miu

masks:
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang Mo
Lily Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang Mo
Zhang
Lily Zhang
Zhang


texts:
 Hirano.2020 ITTF Women's World Cup
<mask> extended her World Cup success in 2020 with an upset over Feng Tianwei. 2021
At the Tokyo Olympics, after receiving a brief scare and dropping the first game in her opening round of 64 match against Nigeria's Offiong Edem, <mask> was able to quickly regroup and adjust to cruise to a 4–1 victory. References

External links

1996 births
Living people
Palo Alto High School alumni
American female table tennis players
Olympic table tennis players of the United States
Table tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in table tennis
American sportswomen
American sportspeople of Chinese descent
People from Redwood City, California
Sportspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
Table tennis players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Table tennis players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Table tennis players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
21st-century American women
World Table Tennis Championships

masks: Zhang Zhang


texts:
<mask> (March 28, 1909 – June 23, 1976) (pronounced WARN-a-key), nicknamed "The Arkansas Hummingbird", was a Major League Baseball player, Major League umpire, county judge, and businessman from Montgomery County, Arkansas, whose career won-loss record as a pitcher for the Chicago Cubs (1930–36, 1942–43, 1945) and St. Louis Cardinals (1937–42) was 192–121. <mask> pitched for the National League in the first Major League Baseball All-Star Game in 1933, hitting the first triple and scoring the first National League run in All-Star game history. He pitched in two other All-Star Games (1934, 1936) and was also selected in 1939 and 1941. <mask> pitched in two World Series for the Cubs (1932, 1935), compiling a record of 2–1, with a 2.63 earned run average (ERA). He pitched a no-hitter for the Cardinals on August 30, 1941; opened the 1934 season with back to back one-hitters (April 17 and 22); and set a Major League Baseball fielding record for pitchers (since eclipsed) of 227 consecutive chances without an error, covering 163 games. After retiring as a player in 1945, <mask> was an umpire in the Pacific Coast League for three years and then in the National League from 1949 to 1955. <mask> is the only person who has both played and umpired in both an All-Star Game and a World Series.Early years
<mask> <mask>, which was his baptismal name, was born March 28, 1909, the fourth of five children to Louis W. ("Luke") <mask> and Martha Belle <mask> in Owley, Arkansas, six miles south of Mount Ida, the county seat of Montgomery

masks:
Lonnie Warneke
Warneke
Warneke
Warneke
Warneke
Lonnie
Warneke
Warneke
Scott Warneke


texts: County. Mount Ida had a population of 298 in 1920 and 512 in 1930. <mask> (who stood ) had homesteaded 160 acres and was a successful farmer in the farming community of Owley, which consisted of fifteen families. Montgomery County was one of the most rural and sparsely populated counties of Arkansas; by 1910 its population had peaked at 12,455. At the time of <mask> <mask>'s birth the county had no paved roads, no electricity, and no running water. <mask>, from 1907 to 1913, was in charge of improving the county roads and, using the newly acquired road graders drawn by eight mules, he made major improvements to the roads throughout the county, transforming them from dirt trails often overgrown by brush, pocketed by mud holes, and punctured by tree stumps, to passable, graded two-lane (wagon) roads—although still unpaved. Electricity and running water would not come to most of the county until the 1930s.Young <mask> <mask> attended grade school in the one-room schoolhouse in Owley. He soon grew to be among the tallest students in the tiny school. He helped his father on the farm and did chores for his mother. In his free time, he enjoyed the outdoors, hunted and fished; he also played the guitar and fiddle—pursuits that would occupy him his entire life. "<mask> <mask> is a country boy. He loves hunting dogs and good guns, the trails and loneliness of the wilderness in the rugged mountains surrounding his old home." Even after he became a professional ballplayer, he would return to the country and enjoy the

masks:
Luke Warneke
Lon
Warneke
Luke Warneke
Lonnie
Warneke
Lonnie
Warneke


texts:
 outdoors—as well as play in ballgames with the locals.Because the school in Owley went only through "middle school" years, Warneke attended the nearest high school, that in Mount Ida. Because of his  stature, Warneke played first base for the high school team. In his final year he was pressed into service as a relief pitcher: Warneke faced a semi-professional team and struck out five of six batters he faced. Warneke also played for the Mount Ida Athletics, a squad that played Montgomery County area teams. Minor league career (1928–30)
After high school Warneke moved to Houston, Texas, where his older sister, Kate, and her husband lived. Warneke got a job delivering telegrams by bicycle for Western Union. In Spring 1928, Warneke approached the president of the Houston Buffaloes, a Texas League baseball team in the St. Louis Cardinals organization, and asked for a tryout as a first baseman.Rebuffed at first, Warneke offered to pay his own way to training camp. At camp, Buffaloes manager Frank "Pancho" Snyder (former catcher for the Cardinals and New York Giants) took a look at Warneke and told the nineteen-year-old that he had the arm of a pitcher. After Snyder's evaluation, Warneke was sent off to pitch for the Laurel Cardinals of the Cotton States League. Warneke impressed no one at Laurel and the Cardinals released him. Due to Warneke's ensuing major league success, the St. Louis Cardinals later instituted a policy such that "any decision to release a player who possesse[s] even one major-league skill (speed,


texts: arm, defense, hitting, power) must be made by more than one person" of their organization. Warneke completed the year with another team in the Cotton States League, the Alexandria Reds, a team affiliated with Shreveport of the Texas League. One of Warneke's teammates on Alexandria was Ray Prim, with whom he would pitch for the Cubs in 1943 and 1945.As a converted pitcher in his first professional season, Warneke posted a 1928 combined record for Laurel and Alexandria of 6 wins, 14 losses, with a 5.32 ERA in 176 innings pitched. Warneke returned to Alexandria for the 1929 season and posted a 16–10 record, with a 3.09 ERA in 245 innings pitched. Alexandria finished first under manager Pete Kilduff. Warneke's success attracted the Chicago Cubs, that year's National League pennant winner. On August 23, just before the Cotton States season closed, the Associated Press carried a story announcing that Warneke had been sold to the Cubs "for $10,000 or more", the highest price ever paid for a Cotton States League player. The sale was initially denied by the Shreveport organization but then confirmed by telegraph to the Alexandria Daily Town Talk a few days later by Kilduff, although he stated the sales price of Warneke was $7,500. Whatever the figure, Lonnie "Country" Warneke reported to the Chicago Cubs spring training facilities on Santa Catalina Island, California in late-February 1930, a month before his twenty-first birthday.<mask> was at once involved in an on-field accident that sent him to the hospital. On February


texts:
 24, while pitchers were taking batting practice, fellow rookie Bill McAfee, fresh out of the University of Michigan, was taking swings and lost his grip on his bat, sending it hurtling against the forehead of <mask>, who was standing near the batting cage. Warneke slumped to the ground but suffered no serious damage, although he did have to report to the hospital and receive a couple stitches. <mask> made the regular season roster for the Cubs, although he appeared in only one game before being assigned to the Cubs Class-AA affiliate Reading Keystones on May 23. A week later Warneke pitched a complete game 6–2 victory over Newark, allowing eight hits and striking out five. Yet success largely escaped Warneke that year, as he compiled a 9–12 win-loss record with a 6.03 ERA. He allowed 236 hits in 185 innings for Reading, which finished under .500.Despite such numbers, <mask> would never appear in another minor league game; instead he played at the major league level for the next fourteen years. Among his teammates on Reading was infielder Billy Jurges, who would play in the major leagues for seventeen years, including six seasons (1931–36) with Warneke as a Cub. Major league career

Chicago Cubs (1930–36)

1930 and 1931

First major league appearance
<mask> <mask> appeared in one major league game for the Cubs in 1930. His major league debut was on the fourth day of the season, Friday, April 18, at Sportsman's Park, St. Louis versus the Cardinals with 6000 in attendance. The twenty-one-year-old Warneke took the

masks: Warneke Warneke Warneke Lon Warneke


texts: mound in the bottom of the sixth in relief of Guy Bush, with the Cardinals ahead 5–0. Warneke promptly doubled the Cubs' deficit. He worked the sixth inning and gave up one run.In the seventh he recorded one out and gave up another four runs before being pulled for fellow rookie Lynn Nelson. In all, Warneke faced eleven batters, walked five of them, surrendered two hits and allowed five earned runs and a wild pitch in  innings. The final score of the game was 11–1; the winning pitcher was Bill ("Wild Bill") Hallahan. <mask> would not pitch again in the majors until exactly one year later. The defending National League Champion Cubs finished in second place, two games behind the Cardinals in 1930. Rogers Hornsby, future Hall of Famer, took over managing the Cubs from Joe McCarthy with four games left in the 1930 season. Hornsby continued as player-manager for the Cubs throughout 1931 and the first ninety-nine games of 1932.<mask>'s second major league game was a year to the date after his first. It was also his first major league loss. This time he took the mound on the fifth day of the season, Saturday, April 18, 1931, before 30,000 at Wrigley Field in Chicago versus the visiting Cardinals. The Cubs had rallied for two runs in the ninth to tie the score 5–5 and, having used eight pitchers in the first four games of the season and another two in this game, sent Warneke out in the top of the tenth. He again showed signs of wildness, walking three of six batters faced, allowing a hit and two earned runs, and lasting

masks: Warneke Warneke


texts: two thirds of the inning before getting pulled. The Cubs could not make up the deficit and lost 7–5, with Bill ("Wild Bill") Hallahan once again recording the win—and <mask> the loss. In two games, a year apart, <mask>'s major league record was 0–1, 2 innings pitched, allowing seven earned runs on three hits and eight walks, for an ERA of 31.50 and a WHIP of 5.50.Although <mask> was not sent down to the minors, and never saw minor league service again in his career, he didn't pitch again for the Cubs for two months. On June 18 <mask> pitched a scoreless inning of relief in a game at Ebbets Field against the Brooklyn Dodgers. He fanned two batters, which strike outs were the first two of 1140 in his career. <mask>'s performance earned him the first start of his career, three days later, on Sunday, June 21 in the series closer against Brooklyn. With 15,000 in attendance, Warneke pitched seven innings, allowing six earned runs on nine hits and five walks, with one hit batsman. He allowed his only home run of the season to the Dodgers' cleanup hitter, Del Bissonette, and departed the game after seven with the Cubs down 6–3. Chicago rallied for three in the top of the ninth, thus removing Warneke as the pitcher of record.The Dodgers scored one in the ninth to win the game. <mask> lost his next two starts, versus the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Philadelphia Phillies, before recording his first major league win. On Wednesday, August 5, <mask> pitched a complete game victory at Wrigley Field against the Cincinnati Reds for

masks: Warneke Warneke Warneke Warneke Warneke Warneke Warneke


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 the first of 192 career victories and 192 career complete games. Warneke faced 37 batters, allowing 2 earned runs on 8 hits (all singles) and two walks, while striking out 3, winning 3–2. <mask> doubled to drive in the first run of his career. The Chicago Tribune wrote:
"Of great importance in yesterday's game was <mask> <mask>, another of the [player-manager, Rogers] Hornsby debutants who may be heard from in the future. The slat-like lad threw so skillfully that...the Reds were confined to eight hits."<mask> started three more games in 1931, two of them complete games. For the year, <mask> finished 2–4 with a 3.22 ERA in twenty games, including seven starts. In  innings pitched he allowed 67 hits and 37 walks while striking out 27. The Cubs ended the year 84–70 in third place, 17 games behind the repeat league champion Cardinals. Between 1903 and 1942 the Cubs and Chicago White Sox would almost annually face off in a postseason "City Series" when neither team was playing in the World Series. The series was officially sanctioned by Major League Baseball beginning in 1905. Although official rules and league umpires were used, results and statistics, just as those for the World Series, were not added to regular season totals.Other such "city series" were played elsewhere, such as in Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Ohio. The 1931 Chicago City Series was played on seven consecutive days from Wednesday, September 30 to Tuesday, October 6. <mask> played in Game 1 of the 1931 Chicago City Series, in which

masks: Warneke Lon Warneke Warneke Warneke Warneke


texts:
 43-year-old Urban (Red) Faber of the White Sox shut out the Cubs 9–0 at Wrigley Field before a crowd of 15,000. Warneke came on in the seventh inning, faced six batters, allowed one hit and one walk, no runs. After the 1931 season, <mask> returned home to the family farm in Owley and invested part of his summer pay in 200 feeder cattle at $2.00 a head. Soon after fattening his herd, the cattle market bottomed out. Warneke remarked that he would "keep 'em as pets."1932: Breakout season
In 1932, Cubs manager, Rogers Hornsby credited veteran backup catcher Zack Taylor with helping correct a flaw in Warneke's pitching delivery. Instead of looking at the plate when he threw, he looked down at his feet. Taylor corrected the error and Warneke gained more control over his blazing fastball and hard-breaking curveball. Warneke mused that he would win "about a half dozen games" during the regular season. Instead, Warneke led the National League in wins (22), earned run average (2.37), shutouts (4), and winning percentage (.786), leading the Cubs to the National League Pennant and placing second in Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award voting. Warneke rose to the top of a pitching staff that included Guy Bush (19–11), Charlie Root (15–10), and Pat Malone, another 15-game winner. Offensive stars included Gabby Hartnett, Charlie Grimm, Riggs Stephenson, Billy Herman.<mask> opened the season with five straight complete game victories, helping the Cubs to a 17–6 first-place start to the season. From mid-June to late July, <mask> ran

masks: Warneke Warneke Warneke


texts:
 off a nine-game winning streak, all complete games, in a span of 44 Cubs games in which the rest of the pitching staff went 14–21. On August 4, The Sporting News reported on its front page: "Warneke...is the sensation of the outfit, and there is as yet no indication that he is going to slow down." That same day first baseman Charlie Grimm took over as the Cubs' manager, replacing player-manager Rogers Hornsby, whose record was 53–46; the Cubs were in second place, five games behind the Pittsburgh Pirates. On August 11, Warneke started, but did not win, a 3–2 extra inning victory in which the Cubs leapfrogged over the Pirates into first place, where they remained for the last 47 games of the season. The Cubs finished 37–18 under Grimm. <mask> went 5–1 with two shut outs and four no decisions down the stretch.1932 World Series
The Cubs' World Series opponent were the New York Yankees, who finished 107–47, outscoring their opponents 1002–724. Led by sluggers Babe Ruth (.341–41–137), Lou Gehrig (.349–34–151), Tony Lazzeri (.300–15–113), Bill Dickey (.310–15–84), and Ben Chapman (.299–10–107), the team was never shut out all season. The pitching staff included Lefty Gomez (24–7), Red Ruffing (18–7), George Pipgras (16–9), and Johnny Allen (17–4). The Cubs' scored 720 runs (fourth in the N.L.) and were shut out eight times. Only three Cub's batters drove in more than 65 runs: Stephenson, 85; Grimm, 80; Kiki Cuyler, 77. Both teams led their leagues in ERA: the Yankees, 3.98 and the Cubs, 3.44.The Yankees swept the Cubs


texts:
 in the World Series. <mask> started and lost Game 2, 5–2, before 50,000 fans at Yankee Stadium in New York. Nevertheless, he was the Cubs' most effective starter during the series, throwing Chicago's only complete game, in which he scattered ten hits, all singles. Warneke suffered early game jitters, walking the first two batters he faced (both scored) before striking out Babe Ruth. Warneke allowed two more runs in the third and another in the fifth. He retired the side in the sixth, seventh, and eighth innings, facing the minimum nine batters. He struck out seven Yankees in the game and eight in the Series, the most by any Cubs' starter and twice as many as any other Cubs' pitcher.On just two days rest, with the Cubs down three games to none, Warneke was called upon to relieve in the first inning of Game 4; he departed in the fourth inning with the Cubs ahead. 1932 Accolades
Major American newspapers of the day called Warneke the outstanding National League pitcher of the 1932 season and The Sporting News (which had hailed Warneke as "a great pitcher, such as pops up once in a lifetime") named him as one of two pitchers to its 1932 All-Star team, honors foreshadowing the then non-existent Cy Young Award. St. Louis Cardinals (1937–42)

In October 1936 the Cubs traded Warneke to the St. Louis Cardinals for infielder Ripper Collins and pitcher Roy Parmelee. The trade was not popular with many Cub fans and may have cost the Cubs the pennant. Cub's Gabby Hartnett, player-manager from 1938 to 1940, said "That trade


texts:
 hurt us. It probably cost us the pennant in '37." Without Warneke the Cubs finished 93–61, in second place, three games behind the New York Giants.Meanwhile, Warneke led the Cardinals staff with an 18–11 record. Parmelee went 7–8 for the Cubs and was sold the following year; Collins lasted two seasons with the Cubs. Warneke won 83 games for the Cardinals during his five and a half seasons in St. Louis. In 1937, Warneke led the Cardinals' staff with an 18–11 record. This was the only season in which Warneke and fellow Arkansas phenom pitcher Dizzy Dean were on the same team. With the Cardinals, Warneke played guitar and banjo and sang as a member of teammate John "Pepper" Martin's "Mississippi Mudcats" band. Chicago Cubs (1942–43 and 1945)
On July 8, 1942, two days after the All-Star Game, the Chicago Cubs purchased <mask>'s contract for $7,500.Through the remainder of the 1942 season, <mask> had 15 appearances (12 of them starts) with the Cubs, compiling a 5–7 record. In 1943, he made 21 appearances (10 of them starts), and had a 4–5 record. <mask> was notified that he passed his military pre-induction physical on March 28, 1944, his 35th birthday. He had previously announced that he was ready "to toss hand grenades at Hitler and Hirohito." As a civilian director, <mask> was put in charge of recreation at the Shumaker Naval Ammunition Depot near Camden, Arkansas, where he organized, managed, and pitched in a baseball league comprising teams from nearby cities, colleges, and military facilities. Many civilians

masks: Warneke Warneke Warneke Warneke


texts:
 worked in supporting positions during World War II, and <mask>'s role was consistent with President Roosevelt's 1942 statement that baseball was a morale booster. <mask> rejoined the Cubs in June 1945, but pitched in only nine games in his final season as a player, compiling an 0–1 record.Although the Cubs won the pennant, <mask> did not appear in the 1945 World Series. Umpiring career

Warneke first umpired a major league game in 1940, under unusual circumstances. A game on April 23 between the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals had been postponed, and when it was about to be played at Crosley Field on May 13, it was found that no umpires had been assigned by the National League. Umpire Larry Goetz, who lived in Cincinnati, was summoned to the ballpark and served as home plate umpire. Reds' coach Jimmie Wilson umpired at first base, and Warneke umpired at third base. The game ended as an 8–8 tie after 14 innings, called due to darkness. After his playing career ended, <mask> umpired in the Pacific Coast League for the 1946, 1947, and 1948 seasons.In 1949, he became a National League umpire, working that season on a three-man umpiring crew with Jocko Conlan and Bill Stewart. Warneke umpired through the 1955 season, working a total of 1055 games while making 44 ejections. He was an umpire for the 1952 All-Star Game and for the 1954 World Series; he was umpiring along the left field line when Willie Mays made "The Catch" on September 29, 1954. Warneke resigned as an umpire after the 1955 season. Later life and


texts:
 death
Warneke was a businessman in Hot Springs, Arkansas, before serving as County Judge of Garland County, Arkansas, from 1963 to 1972. <mask> was elected to the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame on January 19, 1961, and still leads all Arkansas players in many Major League pitching categories including wins, games started, innings pitched, complete games, and shutouts. <mask> died on June 23, 1976, at his home in Hot Springs; he is buried in Owley Cemetery in Montgomery County.On July 21, 2011, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Reading Baseball Hall of Fame. See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters

References

Further reading

External links

<mask> <mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

1909 births
1976 deaths
People from Mount Ida, Arkansas
Baseball players from Arkansas
Laurel Cardinals players
Reading Keystones players
Chicago Cubs players
St. Louis Cardinals players
National League All-Stars
National League ERA champions
National League wins champions
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball umpires
County judges in


texts: <mask> (born Toscolano-Maderno 1772; died 1846) was a performing musician, composer, author, and virtuoso of both the guitar and the mandolin. He was credited by music historian Philip J. Bone as helping to pull the mandolin out of decline. The mandolin has risen and fallen in its popularity since its invention in the 1730s or 1740s. The instrument went into decline in the early 19th Century, and that decline was commented on by Salvador Leonardi, who was writing for the instrument when it was becoming popular again around 1880. According to Bone, <mask>'s playing inspired people to take up the instrument and for music to be written for it. "This artist, by his extraordinary talent, produced the most wonderful and unheard-of nuances of tone and charms of expression, at that time deemed scarcely possible on so small an instrument.Instead of the monotonous, nasal tone which had hitherto been produced he so manipulated the strings and plectrum that he opened an enlarged sphere of capabilities for the instrument. It is to <mask> that we are indebted for the first revival of the mandolin as a popular instrument, a popularity which lasted for about thirty years and caused most of the great musicians of that time to compose for it." <mask> was born to musical parents, and when quite a child studied the mandolin. At a very early age, he made concert tours through northern Italy, meeting with considerable success. In the year 1800, he visited England where he was well received, remaining there two years and surprising the English audiences with his instrument. At the beginning of the year 1801 <mask> commenced the study of the guitar, and so great was his natural ability that the next year he was performing and teaching this instrument also, to the elite of London society. Whilst residing in London he composed many works for voices and guitar, and piano and guitar, dedicating one of the latter compositions to his pupil, the Duchess of York this being published by

masks:
Bartolomeo Bortolazzi
Bortolazzi
Bortolazzi
Bortolazzi
Bortolazzi


texts:
 Monzani & Hill, London.He left London in 1803, touring professionally through Germany and giving concerts in all the important cities with his usual success. He appeared the same year in Dresden, and in Leipzig, Brunswick and Berlin the year following, where critics and musicians were unanimous in their praise of his performances. After his last concert tour, he settled in Vienna in 1805, and devoted himself to teaching and composition. Among his published works we find a method for the guitar entitled: New theoretical and practical guitar school, Op. 21, and a method for the mandolin entitled School for the mandolin, violin system. The guitar method was published in French and German by Haslinger, Vienna; it was a standard work in Austria during the first part of the nineteenth century, and met with such success that it passed through eight editions up to the year 1833. The first eleven chapters, of his method are devoted to the theoretical part, and the twelfth concerns the instrument.After these twelve introductory chapters, follow scales, cadenzas, and studies in all keys, arranged progressively, and thirty exercises on arpeggios, the work is concluded with a fantasia of three pages for guitar solo. The mandolin method, which was issued by Breitkopf & Hartel, of Leipzig, in 1805, also passed through many editions, including one revised by Engelbert Rontgen and published in German. The first lesson describes the mandolin and its various types (lute, Milanese, Cremona and Neapolitan mandolins, etc. )., and it is followed by various exercises for the management of the plectrum. It treats of arpeggios, harmonics, etc., and concludes with a theme and six variations for mandolin with guitar accompaniment. This method was seen as completely out-of-date by 1914. <mask> was the composer of many simple, yet beautiful songs, which were very popular during his life, and among other of his published compositions we mention the following:

Op.5, Six Italian songs


texts:
 with guitar
Op. 8, Variations for mandolin and guitar, published in 1804 by Breitkopf & Hartel, Leipzig, and also by Cappi, Vienna
Op. 9, Sonata for mandolin and piano, same publishers
Op. 10, Six themes with variations (in two volumes) for mandolin and guitar
Op. 11, Six Italian songs with guitar, Simrock, Bonn;
Op. 13, Six variations for guitar with violin obbligato
Op. 19, Twelve variations concertante for guitar and piano, Haslinger, Vienna
Op.20, Six French romances with guitar
Periodical Amusements for the Spanish Guitar volume 4. Twelve airs for guitar solo
Rondo for guitar and piano in A, Concha, Berlin
Sonata for guitar and piano, Peters, Leipzig
Six variations for violin and guitar, Spehr, Brunswick
Six dances and twelve books of guitar solos, Haslinger, Vienna
Six Venetian songs with guitar, published in 1802 by Chappell, London
Today, a trio for three voices with piano, dedicated to Count Waldestein, and printed for the author in 1801, London
Cantate a Voccasion de la reception d'un frere, London, 1801
Maurer lied, London 1802,

and numerous other similar works published in London and on the continent. He also left twelve variations for guitar remain in manuscript in Dresden and several others in Vienna. References

External links
Periodical Amusements for the Spanish Guitar, Volume 4. External links
 IMSLP page for Bartholomeo <mask>'s mandolin method. Includes public domain scan in .PDF format. "<mask> <mask> (1772-1846): Mandolinist, Singer, and Presumed Carbonaro" Revista Portuguesa de Musicologia 2:1 (2015); contains data on <mask>'s life in Brazil (1809 to 1846).1773 births
1820 deaths
18th-century Italian people
18th-century Italian male musicians
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Italian composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
Italian classical guitarists
Italian classical mandolinists
Italian male classical composers
Italian male writers
Italian music educators
Italian male guitarists
18th-century Italian

masks: Bortolazzi Bartolomeo Bortolazzi Bortolazzi


texts: <mask> (August 19, 1815 – January 11, 1904) was a 19th-century entrepreneur, financier, real estate magnate and abolitionist. She was arguably the first African-American self-made millionaire, preceding Madam C. J. Walker by decades. She identified herself as "a capitalist by profession" in the 1890 United States census. Her aim was to earn as much money as she was able to help as many people as she could. With her riches she was able to provide transportation, housing, and food for survival. She trained people how to stay safe, succeed, carry themselves, and more. The "one woman social agency" served African Americans before and during the Civil War, as well as meeting a different set of needs after Emancipation.She worked on the Underground Railroad and expanded it westward during the California Gold Rush era. She was a friend and financial supporter of John Brown and was well known among abolitionists. She helped women who lived in California during the California Gold Rush to stay safe and become self-sufficient. After the Civil War, she won several civil rights victories that resulted in her being called "The Mother of Human Rights in California". Legal battles, though, had mixed results. Realizing that she was in a tenuous position as a black woman who had gained political and financial power, she sought ways to blend in to the culture of the times. She portrayed herself as a housekeeper and a cook, long after she was wealthy, but she used these roles to get to know wealthy citizens and gain information for her investments.In the 1870s, she made the acquaintance of Thomas Bell, a wealthy banker and capitalist, which helped her make


texts:
 money and keep her riches and true financial status a secret. She spent her money, and developed the plans, to build a large mansion that outwardly was to seem as if it was the Bell's residence. She assumed the role of housekeeper for the Bells, but it was not a secret in the city that she actually ran the household, managed the servants, and also managed the relationships among the Bells. Author Edward White said of her: "As an entrepreneur, civil-rights activist, and benefactor, <mask> <mask> made a name and a fortune for herself in Gold Rush–era San Francisco, shattering racial taboos." Biography

Early years
<mask> was likely born on August 19, 1814. There are various accounts about where she was born, who her parents were, and if she was born free or not. She claimed that she was born free in Philadelphia on Barley Street.Others state that she was born into slavery in Georgia or Virginia. She may have been the daughter of a voodoo priestess from the Caribbean, a Hawaiian merchant, or a wealthy Virginian. It was said that she had so many stories about her origins to "please her audience or justify her behavior." Her mother disappeared when she was a child, after which she lived with Mr. and Mrs. Williams, and was known as <mask> Williams. When she was six or eleven years of age, but was taken from a household in Philadelphia or Cincinnati. Mr. Williams brought her to Nantucket, Massachusetts to be a domestic or indentured servant to the Hussey-Gardner family, who were Quakers and abolitionists. He left some money for her education with the Husseys, yet <mask> did not get a formal education.She later said "I often wonder what I would

masks:
Mary Ellen
Pleasant
Pleasant
Mary Ellen
Pleasant


texts:
 have been with an education." <mask> stated in her memoir that she was brought to Nantucket by her father, but she had no memories of life before Nantucket or why she went there. When she arrived, around 1820, Nantucket was in the "golden era of Nantucket whaling." As she grew up, she worked in the Hussey's store. Located on Union Street, it was run by <mask>, who she called "Grandma Hussey". Hussey was the grandmother of Phebe Hussey Gardner, who was married to Captain Edward W. Gardner, a whaler. <mask> sought to create a better life for herself by focusing on learning what she could from her surroundings.Working at the store helped her develop a friendly manner and business acumen. She said of that time: "I was a girl full of smartness [who] let books alone and studied men and women a good deal … I have always noticed that when I have something to say, people listen. They never go to sleep on me." She was considered a member of the family by 1839 when she was taken into the home of abolitionists Phebe Hussey Gardner and Edward Gardner. Their son Thomas Gardner taught her how to read and write. She left Nantucket around 1840. Thenceforth she exchanged letters with Phebe Gardner and Ariel Hussey until they died.Phebe and her husband Edward were lost at sea in 1863 and Ariel was deceased by that time. The Underground Railroad

Pleasant was an apprentice for a tailor in Boston on Merrimac Street, and she may have met her first husband in the shop. She married James Smith in Boston in the 1840s. Her husband was an abolitionist and together they helped people who had been enslaved make it north to freedom in Nova Scotia via the Underground

masks:
Pleasant
Mary Hussey
Pleasant


texts:
 Railroad. They coordinated transportation through contacts in Nantucket and New Bedford, Massachusetts, Ohio, and perhaps New Orleans. Smith was an agent for The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison. She was likely to have attended Anti-Slavery Society meetings in Nantucket, led by Anna Gardner, during and after her marriage.Smith, who had been abusive to <mask>, died after around four years of marriage. <mask> was left an estate worth tens of thousands of dollars. She continued their work as a conductor on the Underground Railroad, for three or four years. It was dangerous work and she was harassed for helping runaways and ultimately had to leave the east coast. They were in danger from slavers, as well as subject to prosecution and imprisonment under
the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and the later act of 1850 that imposed new penalties on those in the Underground Railroad. During that time, she returned to Nantucket for a short period after her husband's death. Edward Gardner had helped transport fugitives to their freedom, and he helped <mask> manage her husband's estate after his death.At some point, <mask> developed a relationship with John James <mask>, who was a former slave. He had been the Creole foreman of her husband's plantation or a waiter in New Bedford, Massachusetts. During their marriage, he worked a cook-seaman. They were married around 1848. She had a baby daughter from one of her husbands named Elizabeth "Lizzie" J. Smith in the late 1840s. Lizzie was likely left behind on the east coast as <mask> established herself in San Francisco. Lizzie later made the journey west with Mrs. Martha

masks: Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasants Pleasant


texts:
 Steele of Boston.A number of fellow abolitionists from Boston, Philadelphia, and New Bedford migrated west to California around 1850; There were more than 700 people, at least 25 of whom were Hussey and Gardner family members, who left Nantucket for the gold coast in 1849. She sailed on a ship to New Orleans, where she arranged for the flight of enslaved people, took cooking lessons, and was said to have taken lessons from Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau. She arrived in San Francisco in 1849, or in April 1852 on the steamer Oregon, after traveling through Panama. She left New Orleans just as she was about to be captured for her Underground Railroad feats. The voyage to California took about four months. California Gold Rush and civil rights
The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) provided a unique opportunity for blacks. As one African American miner wrote to his wife, "This is the best place for black folks on the globe.All a man has to do is to work, and he will make money." Many blacks were made rich through prospecting. Since only one out of ten pioneers coming to the state were women, <mask> realized that she could seize a very lucrative opportunity to cook and provide lodging for the miners. There was a wrinkle. Americans southerners also made a run for the Gold Coast, taking their enslaved people with them. There were slave catchers and slaveholders who came looking for runaways. Governor Peter Hardeman Burnett was such a southerner who wanted to eliminate all blacks from the state.In addition, there was a California law that allowed any black person to be sold into slavery if they did not have appropriate papers. Money-making
When she


texts:
 arrived in San Francisco, word had spread that she would be arriving in San Francisco and she was met by a group of men who got into a bidding war to engage her as a cook. She is said to have had $15,000 () in gold coins when she arrived in San Francisco. She managed her money cleverly. She exchanged gold into silver through Panama $1,000 at a time when the value of gold was high. She deposited silver into a bank, and took it out in gold, she said that she "was able to turn my money over rapidly". She put some of her money into a number of banks.She also divided money between a black Baptist minister, Thomas Randolph; William West of West & Harper, and Frank Langford with a 10% interest rate. She worked as a live-in domestic and made investments based upon conversations that she overheard from wealthy men as she attended to them during meals and conferences. She established boarding houses, a string of laundries, and brothels. She was a co-founder of the Bank of California and she established several restaurants, including the Case and Heiser. John James <mask> was a sea-cook, who was often at sea during their 30-year marriage. He worked with her for more than two decades as an abolitionist. He also worked in the fight against discrimination in the 1860s.He died in 1877. Philanthropy, civil rights, and schemes

The more that she made, the more that she had to share to help people in need. For her own safety, she initially went by the name Mrs. <mask>, rather than <mask>, and was considered by her neighbors to be a white landlady and cook. She was Mrs. <mask> to former slaves who worked at any of her businesses, which included livery

masks:
Pleasant
Ellen Smith
Pleasant
Pleasant


texts: stables, a dairy farm, a tenant farm,  and a money-lending business. She was careful to keep her name out of Underground Railroad–related transactions; however, among other abolitionists, she was known as Mrs. <mask>(s).Among the transactions that she made during Underground Railroad activities, she assisted fugitive slaves obtain safe transportation, housing, and jobs. She funded her efforts through the monies that she had left from her first husband's estate. When she came to California, it was possible for fugitive slaves to be apprehended from other states and blacks who were unable to give testimony in courts. She became a "one woman social agency" that provided for the transportation of black men and women to California. Once there, she ensured their daily needs were met until they were employed or had established businesses, both of which she helped them accomplish. She helped William Marcus West establish a boarding house that doubled as a safe house for runaways as was her house, and that of wealthy white home owners. She helped enslaved people, who traveled with their owners, to escape while in California.She attained legal resources for black people when attempts were made to extradite them out of California and return them to slavery. For instance, she paid for legal fees and housing for Archy Lee during his case of 1857, in which a judge from Texas ultimately ruled against California's state constitution and for the slaveholder. Since testimony of African Americans was not allowed in court, she worked and funded the repeal of the banned-testimony law. She campaigned for the end of slavery in the state. She became known as the


texts:
 "Mother of civil rights in California" for her efforts. She helped women of any ethnicity, who were at significant risk on their own in the early San Franciscan days, by helping them with housing and clothing, as well as advising them about how to carry themselves and dress. She also helped women find homes for their children, if they could not support them.She arranged marriages between wealthy men and her "protégés", who kept detailed records about the men's activities—illegitimate children, infidelities, and political and financial shenanigans—which may have been used for blackmail. Harpers Ferry

She left San Francisco from 1857 to 1859 to help John Brown. She was said to have actively supported his cause with money and work. There was a note from her in his pocket when he was arrested after the Harpers Ferry Armory incident, but as it was only signed with the initials "MEP" (which were misread as "WEP") she was not caught. She returned to San Francisco to continue her work there, where she was known as the "Black City Hall." When the abolitionist John Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859, for murder and treason, a note found in his pocket read, "The ax is laid at the foot of the tree. When the first blow is struck, there will be more money to help."Officials most likely believed it was written by a wealthy Northerner who had helped fund Brown's attempt to incite, and arm, an enormous slave uprising by taking over an arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia. No one suspected that the note was written by <mask>. <mask> told Davis, "Before I pass away, I wish to clear the identity of the party who furnished John Brown with most of his money

masks: Pleasant Pleasant


texts:
 to start the fight at Harpers Ferry and who signed the letter found on him when he was arrested." The sum she donated was $30,000 (). She has said that it was the "most important and significant act of her life". Post-war life

With her fortune and the exorbitant money she made as a cook, ten times what she could have made in the east, she invested in a number of businesses in California that served the miners, like laundries, lodging, and Wells Fargo. She developed a long-lasting partnership with Thomas Bell, a white banker and investor in the east.Her investments and businesses, made her and Thomas Bell $30 million () by 1875. After the end of the war, she invested in the same types of businesses, but more luxurious accommodations, which drew the elite. After the end of the war, she began to identify herself as a woman of color, such as in the city directory. She stopped working as a housekeeper to have more time to spend on civil rights activities, including housing for blacks, establishing black schools, and repealing or fighting against Jim Crow laws. She established a 1,000-acre ranch in Sonoma County called Beltane Ranch (now Calabazas Creek Open Space Preserve) in 1890 and 1891. In the spring of 1865, her daughter Lizzie married R. Berry Phillips at the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Zion Church in San Francisco followed by a reception. (<mask> herself was Catholic.)Legal cases

Streetcar lawsuits
<mask> successfully attacked racial discrimination in San Francisco public conveyances after she and two other black women were ejected from a city streetcar in 1866. She filed two lawsuits. The first, against the Omnibus Railroad


texts:
 Company, was withdrawn after the company promised to allow African-Americans to board their streetcars. The second case, Pleasant v. North Beach & Mission Railroad Company, went to the California Supreme Court and took two years to complete. In the city, the case outlawed segregation in the city's public conveyances. She won in part due to the testimony of a white woman who had hired <mask>, who the woman called "Mamma", for domestic work years ago. Although the woman saw <mask> as a friend, their relationship and the use of the endearment, "Mamma" was twisted in the newspapers.At the State Supreme Court, the damages awarded against her at the trial court were reversed, having been found excessive. The publicity of this case highlighted her differences from others: a woman of mixed ancestry, who lived her life boldly before her time, and who had a significant change in class from the time of her birth. <mask> was regularly called the derogatory slur "Mammy <mask>" by local whites. The press also called her "Mammy" <mask> but she did not approve: "I don't like to be called mammy by everybody. Put. that. down.I am not mammy to everybody in California. I received a letter from a pastor in Sacramento. It was addressed to Mammy <mask>. I wrote back to him on his own paper that my name was Mrs. <mask><mask>. I wouldn't waste any of my paper on him." Sharon v. Sharon
A court battle with Sarah Althea Hill and Senator William Sharon, involved the breakup of their arrangement and whether there were damages. They had a contractual relationship in which Sharon agreed to pay $500 each month to her so that they could sleep together from

masks:
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Mary E
. Pleasant


texts:
 time-to-time.Hill and <mask> understood it as marriage contract (kept secret for political and other reasons) and that now Sharon wanted to be rid of her. <mask> paid Hill's legal fees. David Terry was one of her lawyers who became emotionally involved in the case. <mask> was accused by Sharon's lawyer and the press of having sinister intentions and manipulating Hill to drum up the case. The trial received national attention in the press, much of which was unpleasant. There were unsubstantiated claims that <mask> tried to poison Sharon's food and cast spells over him. She was presumed to have an evil intention for listening to Hill's concerns, as if "confiding one's secrets in a mammy was simply what well-brought-up white ladies do."When she was called to the stand <mask> was "articulate, measured, and consistent", not overly kindly nor evil as she had been portrayed. Ultimately Justice Stephen J. Field ruled for Sharon. By this time Hill had married David Terry, who went into a rage at the verdict and was sentenced to six months in jail. In August 1889, Terry was killed by a bodyguard that Justice Field had hired for protection. Although there are some reports that this destroyed <mask>'s reputation, within San Francisco she was still respected and remembered fondly for her efforts. The number of friends dwindled over the years as some moved out of town and others were dead.The culture of the city had changed quite a bit from the pioneering days when <mask> was a force to be reckoned with. The Bell family
She lived the last 20 years of her life in a 30-room mansion that spanned two San Francisco city blocks. In 1880, she had fifteen

masks: Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant


texts:
 people living in her house. There were five members of Thomas Bell's family, including his wife Terressa (or Teresa) Bell, and their children Frederick, <mask> and Viola S. Bell. Aside from herself, the rest were servants and a five-year-old boy. While the Bells and Pleasant lived together, <mask> controlled the combined Bell and Pleasant money. If Teresa wanted money, she asked <mask> for the money, who thought about it and, if the request seemed reasonable, she checked in with Thomas Bell for his reaction.After Thomas Bell died in 1892, the cumulation of events meant that she had lost most of her estate. She still had her investments, but she was cash-poor, and the courts declared that <mask> was insolvent. That same year, she had donated today's equivalent of about $10,000 to help found Saint Mary's College. Teresa, who had emotional and mental instability, claimed that tens of thousands of dollars had been stolen by <mask> and that her husband had been manipulated. When the case went to trial it was difficult to discern what were Bell's and what were <mask>'s assets, because the transactions were so entwined. <mask> could show that she paid for construction of her mansion, but she left it either because it was ruled that ownership should be transferred to Teresa or <mask> complied with Teresa's to leave the house in 1899. As soon as she made arrangements, she moved into a six-room apartment on Webster Street and began a legal crusade of her own to recover her property, including a diamond collection.The case was not settled by the time of <mask>'s death. Final days
She lived on Webster Street in San Francisco with a maid. She was

masks:
Mary Tessa
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant


texts:
 visited by the Bell children there. They called her "Auntie" and she called them "Dear". She turned down an offer by a reporter to pay generously for her stories of people from the past, because she said she would never betray her friends. She became quite weakened and near death and a friend, Olive Sherwood, took her to her house, the Lyman Sherwood residence on Filbert Street. She died there on January 11, 1904, and was interred at Tulocay Cemetery in Napa, California.Her gravesite is marked with a metal sculpture and the site was dedicated on June 11, 2011, and her gravestone contains the words "She was a friend of John Brown", as she had requested before her death. Her former mansion was demolished and has been replaced by the Mary Ellen Pleasant Memorial Park. Posthumous recognition
<mask> has been featured or mentioned in several works of fiction. Michelle Cliff's 1993 book Free Enterprise is subtitled "A Novel of <mask> <mask>" and features her abolitionist activities. The ghost of <mask> <mask> is a character in the 1997 novel Earthquake Weather, by Tim Powers. Karen Joy Fowler's historical novel Sister Noon, published in 2001, features <mask> as a central character, and Thomas Bell and Teresa Bell as secondary characters. <mask>'s life has also been discussed in film and television, including in the 2008 documentary Meet Mary Pleasant, and a segment of a 2013 episode of the Comedy Central series Drunk History in which <mask> was portrayed by Lisa Bonet.In 1974, the city of San Francisco designated eucalyptus trees that <mask> had planted outside her mansion at the southwest corner of Octavia and Bush streets in San Francisco as a

masks:
Pleasant
Mary Ellen
Pleasant
Mary Ellen
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant
Pleasant


texts:
 Structure of Merit. The trees and associated plaque are now known as Mary Ellen <mask> Memorial Park, which is the smallest park in San Francisco. Her burial site has been designated a "Network to Freedom" site by the National Park Service. Pleasant Street on Nob Hill is named for her. Notes

References

Further reading

 Guide to the Mary Ellen Pleasant Financial Correspondence and Notes. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California. <mask> "Mammy" <mask> (1814–1904) from the Nantucket Historical Association's Digital Exhibition Embroidered Narratives 2, Notable Nantucket Women by Susan Boardman

 Newspaper clipping

1815 births
1904 deaths
Burials in California
People of the California Gold Rush
African-American abolitionists
Underground Railroad people
19th-century African-American activists
19th-century American businesspeople
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from San Francisco
African-American businesspeople
African-American memoirists
African-American non-fiction writers
American autobiographers
American civil rights activists
19th-century American memoirists
19th-century American slaves
American social reformers
African-American Catholics
20th-century African-American people
Roman Catholic

masks:
Pleasant
Mary Ellen
Pleasant


texts:
<mask> (4 April 1891 – 1975) was a Romanian archdeacon who produced a popular translation of the Bible into Romanian, published in 1921. Although referred to as "<mask>", he was never ordained as a Romanian Orthodox priest. After his conversion, he served as a Protestant minister. <mask>'s translation is the most popular version of the Bible among Romanian Protestants. Early life
<mask> was born in Slașoma, Mehedinți County, the son of a teacher. Both his grandfathers were Orthodox priests. He studied at the Central Seminary from 1904, quickly becoming noted for his scholarly diligence.He felt that existing Romanian versions of the Bible, notably the Bucharest Bible of 1688, were written in an archaic form of the language and that a modern version was badly needed. In 1913 he became a Romanian language tutor to Rev. John Howard Adeney who was the Anglican priest in Bucharest, and also agent for the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS), and in this way <mask> started a relationship with the Bible Society. In 1914 <mask> became a monk so that he could concentrate on translating. His work was supported financially by the Princess Ralu Callimachi, a Moldavian noblewoman, who was also a supporter of the Bible Society. His version of the Psalms appeared in 1920, followed by the New Testament in 1921, and, later in the same year, the full Bible. The printing was paid for through Bible Society friends in Switzerland and England.Bibles

1924 Cornilescu Bible
From 1923 to 1924 <mask> lived in London, where he worked on the revision of the Bible with the Bible Society. The revised edition was published in 1924. <mask> gave his text to the Bible Society, and the text was adopted as the official BFBS Bible text for Romania, and this is basically the main Cornilescu Bible which is used in Romania today. Controversies
Initially the Bible was widely circulated, but by 1924 a number of objections had been raised by Orthodox

masks:
Dumitru Cornilescu
Father Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu


texts:
 priests and theologians. For example the Greek word presbyteroi was translated literally as prezbiteri (elders) and not preoți (priests), a decision that was seen as a threat to the Orthodox belief in apostolic succession. <mask>'s translation was not approved by the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church. By the early 1930s, its huge success led the Orthodox religious authorities to try to stop its dissemination in rural areas.To this end, they appealed to Gheorghe Mironescu, the Minister of the Interior, who in 1933 prohibited the Bible's distribution in Romanian villages. However the translation had the support of many people, including King Carol II. The controversy prompted the creation of an approved Orthodox version, translated by Vasile Radu and Grigorie Pișculescu, published in 1938 (revised 1968 and 1975). In 1924 another controversy occurred when Scripture Gift Mission (SGM) reproduced the text without permission of <mask> nor the Bible Society, and <mask> made it clear that he wanted his text to be published only by the Bible Society. Because of the opposition, <mask> left the Orthodox Church. Along with Tudor Popescu (a former priest at the Cuibul cu barză Church in Bucharest), he founded the Evangelical Church of Romania, which initially met in the hall of the Anglican Church. His translation became the standard Protestant version in Romania and had numerous reprints and editions.1931 Cornilescu Bible
From 1927 <mask>ilescu (Cornilescu literal translation). Later life
Following the strong doctrinal differences between <mask> and other theologians of the time, and the emergence of the ultra-orthodox and fascist Iron Guard, <mask> was advised by Patriarch Miron Cristea to leave Romania for a period, which he did in 1923. He moved to Switzerland, settling briefly in Montreux before moving to England for two years. Afterwards, he returned to Switzerland, where he married and had a son.Then the war

masks: Cornilescu Cornilescu Cornilescu Cornilescu Cornilescurn Cornilescu Cornilescu


texts:
 and the post-war Communist take over of Romania gave him no incentive to return. He lost his Romanian citizenship and became a Swiss national. From 1947 to 1953 his brother Prof. <mask> ran the Bible Society offices in Bucharest. On 8 February 1971, <mask> <mask> was made a Honorary Life Governor of the British and Foreign Bible Society, in recognition of the translation which he had done for the Bible Society. He died in Switzerland in 1975, survived by his wife Anne and son, and was buried in Clarens-Montreux Cemetery, where his wife Anne was also buried in 2007. Legacy
All <mask>'s letters and correspondence about his translation work for the Bible Society are preserved in the BFBS archives at Cambridge University. Today his Bibles are copyright the British and Foreign Bible Society, operating in Romania through the Interconfessional Bible Society of Romania.The Cornilescu Bible has been digitised and corrected by the Bible Society, and they brought out a special 90th anniversary definitive edition of the Cornilescu Bible in 2014. The story of <mask>, the Bible Society and his translation was published as book by Emanuel Conțac in November 2014. A modern revision of the Cornilescu Bible is now underway by the Bible Society. The pilot edition of the revision project, containing Genesis, Mark, John and Romans, was published in November 2016. The introduction of the edition offers a comprehensive explanation of the methods and criteria used by the translators. See also
 Bible translations into Romanian

References

External links
 Interconfessional Bible Society of Romania

1891 births
1975 deaths
People from Mehedinți County
Romanian theologians
Converts to Protestantism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Former Romanian Orthodox Christians
Romanian Protestant clergy
Translators of the Bible into Romanian
20th-century translators
20th-century Christian biblical scholars
European biblical scholars
Romanian biblical

masks:
George Cornilescu
Dumitru
Cornilescu
Cornilescu
Cornilescu


texts:
<mask> (born July 24, 1973) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Jacksonville Jaguars, Dallas Cowboys, and Cincinnati Bengals. He played college football at the University of Illinois. Early years
<mask> attended William Henry Harrison High School, where he received numerous awards and accolades as a high school football player. As a senior, he posted 127 tackles (47 solo), 2 interceptions, 32 receptions for 610 yards and 13 touchdowns, 55 carries for 410 yards, returned 6 punts for 42 yards and 15 kickoffs for 344 yards. He received All-Evansville, City Player of the Year, All-Southern Indiana and Conference and Region Player of the Year honors. He also was a cum laude honor roll student, competed in basketball and ran track. His teammates included future NBA players Calbert Cheaney, Walter McCarty and also future college coach Chris Lowery.College career
<mask> accepted a football scholarship from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. As a redshirt freshman, he had 67 tackles (third on the team), 4 sacks and 7 tackles for loss. As a sophomore, he started all 11 games at "drop" linebacker. He totaled 78 tackles (fourth on the team), 2 sacks, 8 tackles for loss, 2 passes defensed and one forced fumble. As a junior, he registered 80 tackles (8 for loss), one sack, 2 interceptions and one pass defensed. During his time at Illinois, the Fighting Illini had a number of outstanding linebackers. In the 1994 season, the four linebackers in coach Lou Tepper's 3–4 defense were <mask>, fellow Butkus Award winner Dana Howard, Simeon Rice and John Holecek.Because of this, <mask> was often overlooked, as he was not prolific in accumulating tackles like Howard, or in quarterback sacks as was Rice, who as a "rush linebacker" played on the line of scrimmage like a defensive end. As a senior, he was recognized as being among the very best linebackers in college football, winning the

masks:
Kevin Lamont Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy
Hardy


texts:
 Dick Butkus Award and receiving consensus first-team All-American honors. He started every game at "drop" linebacker, finishing with 105 tackles (second on the team), 11 sacks, 15 tackles for loss, 5 forced fumbles, 3 interceptions (tied for the team lead) and 3 passes defensed. He had 18 tackles (13 solo) against Michigan State University. He made 3 sacks against Indiana University. <mask> finished his career ranked ninth on the Illinois All-time list with 330 tackles, fourth in sacks with 18, and fourth in tackles for loss with 38. He was a business major and was initiated as a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.Professional football

Jacksonville Jaguars
<mask> was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars with the second overall choice in the 1996 NFL Draft, signing a six-year $14.8 million contract with a six million dollar signing bonus. <mask>'s fellow linebacker at Illinois, Rice, was selected with the third overall choice. <mask> became the first defensive rookie in franchise history to start on opening day, going on to start 15 games at strongside linebacker. He recorded 130 tackles (second on the team), 5.5 sacks (third in the NFL among rookies), 7 quarterback hurries, 2 interceptions (tied for the team lead), 7 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles, one fumble recovery and was named to the NFL All-Rookie team. In 1997, he was limited with injuries, starting 11 out of 13 games at strongside linebacker. He tallied 73 tackles (3 for loss), 2.5 sacks, 5 quarterback hurries and one pass defensed. He suffered a sprained left medial collateral ligament against the Dallas Cowboys, missing 3 contests and seeing limited action in several games the remainder of the season because of the injury.He was able to start the wild card playoff game against the Denver Broncos, collecting 8 tackles. In 1998, with the signing of free agent Bryce Paup, he was moved to weakside linebacker and started all 16 games. He had a franchise record 186

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


texts:
 tackles, while also making 1.5 sacks, 10 quarterback hurries, 2 interceptions, 7 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles and one fumble recovery. He set a franchise record (for postseason or regular season) with 23 tackles in the Divisional playoff game against the New York Jets, while also having a sack and a forced fumble. In 1999, <mask> Lake ad Tony Brackens as the first Jaguars defensive players named to the Pro Bowl. He had 16 tackles against the Cleveland Browns. He made 13 tackles, 4 quarterback hurries and one forced fumble against the Cincinnati Bengals. In 2000, he registered 149 tackles (led the team), 3 sacks, 16 quarterback pressures, 6 tackles for loss, one interception, 16 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles and 2 fumble recoveries. He had 11 tackles and one sack against the New York Giants. In 2001, he was moved back to strongside linebacker, but injured his knee in the ninth game of the season. At the time he had 98 tackles (second on the team), 5 1/2 sacks (tied for third on the team), 9 quarterback pressures, 4 passes defensed and one fumble recovery.It would be his last game with the Jaguars, who eventually moved him to the injured reserve list, due to needing a microfracture surgery which was thought to be career threatening, because in those days not many players fully recovered from this medical procedure. He left as the franchise's All-time tackles leader, after playing six seasons, which included four trips to the NFL playoffs. Dallas Cowboys
On April 14, 2002, the Dallas Cowboys gambled that he could return from the complex surgery and signed him as an unrestricted free agent, counting $2.5 million in his first year and structuring the rest of the $23 million contract with a $5.025 million option in the second year. <mask> recovered from his injury and played for the Cowboys in the 2002 NFL season, finishing the season ranked third on the team in both total (114) and solo tackles (73), while making 2

masks: Hardynell Hardy


texts:
 sacks, 18 quarterback pressures, 8 tackles for loss, 10 passes defensed and 3 forced fumbles. He played outside linebacker, lining up as a defensive end in some passing downs. Because of salary cap issues, he was released on February 27, 2003, in order to avoid a $5.025 million option bonus. Cincinnati Bengals
On March 6, 2003, he signed a four-year, $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Bengals as an unrestricted free agent, to be the Bengals new middle linebacker, after playing outside linebacker in his previous seasons.<mask> was an integral part of the Bengals' defense, starting all 16 games, leading the team in defensive snaps played (1,030 of 1,038 for 99.2%) and was second on the team in tackles (91). In 2004, he was moved to strongside linebacker after the signing of free agent Nate Webster, starting 14 games and making 84 tackles. The Bengals terminated <mask>'s contract in a salary-cap move on May 3, 2005. <mask> finished his career with 742 tackles (563 solo), 36 sacks, 43.5 tackles for loss, 11 forced fumbles, seven fumble recoveries, 45 pass deflections, five interceptions for 59 yards, and one touchdown in 134 games. NFL statistics

Personal life
<mask> currently resides in Jacksonville, Florida. In August 2007, he built his South Beach club venture, Dream Nightclub, centered around a motto that "reality is overrated." "I've been around and entertained people all my life, so I made a business out of it" said <mask>.In 2019, <mask> listed his 7 bedroom, 8.5 bath, 10,000 square foot Jacksonville mansion for sale at a price of $3,175,000. References

External links
 ESPN.com player card

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Evansville, Indiana
Players of American football from Indiana
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football linebackers
Illinois Fighting Illini football players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Dallas Cowboys players
Cincinnati Bengals

masks: Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy Hardy


texts:
<mask> better known as <mask> (Querétaro, November 6, 1886 – Mexico City, November 5, 1965) was a Mexican military general who participated in the Mexican Revolution. He was governor of the state of Querétaro, Guanajuato and the territory of Quintana Roo. He was also head of the Department of Public Health under President Lazaro Cardenas del Rio and at the same time head of the Central Federal District. Early life
Born in the city of Querétaro on November 14, 1886. Son <mask> and Guadalupe Ramirez Gutierrez. Military career

He made a career in medicine at the National School of Medicine, he graduated but once the fight. He supported the Madero and constitutionalist movements.He was founder and president of the Liberal Constitutionalist Party. Among the political positions he held was four times elected federal deputy and governor of Guanajuato and Querétaro. In Quintana Roo was governor of federal territory, commander of the military zone and founder of the Bank of the Army. He stressed as secretary of Health and Welfare and head of the Central Federal District. For reasons of health he retired from politics in 1945, during his tenure as Director of Social Services of the Army. He died in Mexico City in 1965. Studies
He studied basic education in the Catholic High School of Querétaro.He later studied at the National School of Medicine, where he earned his degree in 1912. There he also began his political life as a student leader, organized the first demonstrations against the administration of President Porfirio Díaz. He returned to Querétaro to get his degree. There he set up his private practice, where in addition to serving low-income people, supported them to buy their medicines. Mexican Revolution
He was founder and President of the Liberal Constitutionalist Party. He joined the armed movement of Venustiano Carranza as a doctor in the Army Corps Northeast. After the triumph of the movement, claimed his right to the state government, he belongs under the Plan of Guadalupe, but having been the forces of Don

masks:
José María Siurob Ramírez y Gutiérrez
José Siurob Ramírez
Emiliano Siurob Cosío


texts:
 Pablo González who occupied Querétaro, was postponed to give the post to Colonel Federico Montes, Guanajuato.When the split Villista, then-Lieutenant happened Colonel <mask> was in Veracruz with President Carranza, and formed the Army of operations commanded the Gral. Alvaro Obregon and it would end with Villismo, he was given the rank of Colonel and command of Brigadier General Escobedo, adding the group forces commanded by General. Fortunato Maicote. He was in the Battle of Peon, near San Juan del Rio, and it was his soldiers who occupied Querétaro early April 16, 1916, Dr. Siurob assuming the governorship of the state. Subsequently, politically motivated they determined that the government will exchange the Guanajuato Querétaro, which he held until 1917. Political career
From 1917 to 1925 he was Federal Deputy for the District of Cadereyta. From 1926 until 1928 he was Governor of the Territory of Quintana Roo, and he forming the magnificent city of Payo Obispo, current Chetumal, capital of the territory, and the absolute pacification thereof, to take Chan Santa Cruz is due, the holy city of the Maya.He left the government of the territory of Quintana Roo to serve as Governor of the Federal District for a little over a year, and then Head of the Department of Public Health from 1935 to 1938 and again from 1939 to 1940. His tenure in the Ministry for the inauguration highlighted large social projects. He initiated the construction of hospitals in Ixtlan de Juarez and Arcela and adapted and repaired the Leprosy Hospital Sarabia. He continued the work of the quarantine station in Manzanillo and Dr. Pedro Lopez Leprosy Zoquiapan. He also finished the Institute of Tropical Diseases. At the end of his office, he had left traces initiated and guidelines for the General Hospital. In the army he reached the highest rank of Major general.For reasons of health he retired from politics in 1945, as Director of Social Services of the Army. Governor of the Federal Territory of Quintana Roo (1927–1930). General brigade and medical.


texts:
 He completed professional studies at the National School of Medicine in Mexico City until 1911, when he stopped to participate in the Mexican Revolution, in which he received the rank of brigadier general. In this fight he participated in the taking of Tampico and San Luis Potosí, and in fighting against Francisco Villa Leon, among others. After the Revolution finished his medical studies. Other related
It was federal deputy five times: two presidents of Congress.In 1914 governor of Querétaro, Guanajuato Governor of 1915–1916. The December 20, 1927 he was appointed governor of Quintana Roo, although he took on February 14, 1928. Its management has been recognized as one of the most outstanding in the Territory. The construction of the first roads to nearby villages started; -deposits the first cisterns where rainwater is captured to replace the airfield población—Morelos and market Leona Vicario was built, telephone service to Payo Bishop (now Chetumal) was introduced and villages located in the banks of the Rio Hondo. Overall, it boosted the economy of the capital of the Territory. He began construction of the Civil Hospital, whose foundations were then utilized for the construction of the Reform School (Hospital Morelos). He promoted the creation of the second coat of Quintana Roo, which was developed by Gaetano Maglione.He initiated the involvement of some estates and cooperatives organized the first. On June 2, 1929 he signed with the Indian General Francisco May the historic peace agreement and obedience, in which they highlighted: the willingness of the federal government to grant forest concessions in the Maya leaders freedom to sell their products; in return, the Indians respected the concessions of others; Mayan authorized the establishment of schools in their communities and the suppression of flogging (whipping stack); They swore allegiance to the national flag and hoisting never promised not English; the presence of the delegate of government was accepted, but this would be helped by a board of five


texts:
 appointed by Mayans themselves. In that event, considered by many historians as the real end of the Caste War, a Mayan soldier and other federal originating in Juchitan, Oaxaca, hug symbolizing the end of strife occurred. Furthermore, gum production reached record levels (1929). In 1930 he championed the Territory. He was inspector of the Army (1932–1934), chief of military health (1934–1935), head of the Central Department (1938) and head of the Department of Public Health (1939–1940). He built the first hospital in Huipulco tuberculosis; Sarabia, Guanajuato, a hospital for lepers; Algeria, Michoacan one for sick pinta, and others in Huixtla, Chiapas, Ixtlan, Oaxaca, and La Laguna, Coahuila.In 1938 he created the Biotech Institute, a pioneer in Mexico for research and manufacture of vaccines and serums for animals; and the following year the Institute of Tropical Diseases. He represented Mexico in the Pan American Health Directors Conference in Washington (1936–1940). He was awarded several times: gold medal of the government and Congress of Puebla, by the national temperance campaign; award second and third seniority in the Army; gold medal for work of Public Health in 1939, award "Defenders of the Republic" as a descendant of the liberator Hidalgo, which was in third grade nephew. Last year
He authored several scientific and military trials as well as articles and speeches of different nature, including. Geographic trial Territory of Quintana Roo, modern trends in Mexico health and social medicine in Mexico. Retired in 1945, he died in Mexico City in 1965. Sources

 Naranjo, Francisco (1935).Revolutionary Biographical Dictionary (Editorial Printing "Cosmos" edition). Mexico. References

1886 births
1965 deaths
Governors of Querétaro
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Mexican military doctors
Mexican public health doctors
20th-century Mexican physicians
20th-century Mexican military personnel
20th-century Mexican politicians
Politicians from Querétaro
People from Querétaro City
Military personnel


texts: <mask> (born May 8, 1973) is a former Canadian professional road and track racing cyclist who first entered sport in track and field, specializing in the long and triple jump. She attended high school at Little Flower Academy in Vancouver, BC, and graduated in 1991 after winning the triple jump event at the BC high school track and field provincial championships. She then went on to compete in track and field for the Kajaks Track & Field Club and the University of British Columbia Thunderbirds while earning a Bachelor of Science in Cell Biology. She placed ninth in the triple jump at the 1995 Canadian Track and Field Championships in Montreal. Later, as a collegiate cyclist, she attended Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas, obtaining a Master of Science degree in biology. <mask> first raced her bike in 1996 and a year later was selected by Cycling Canada for the 1997 Tour Cycliste Féminin, the women's version of the Tour de France. She represented Canada at the 1998 XVI Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and was the only Canadian cyclist to compete in four events—the road race, individual time trial, individual pursuit and points race.In the points race, she won the final sprint to finish in a

masks:
Andrea Hannos
Hannos