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 English studies. He studied English because his A-level grade in the subject was the highest. While at university, he and a female fellow student sang in a university singing contest and an interuniversity singing contest. She won first place both times. Saying in an interview that he has somewhat of a Buddha-like mindset, <mask> was last in a relationship when he was 25 or 26 years old. <mask> lives with his family.Prior to entering the music industry, <mask> worked at a technology company. Music career

2014–2019: Start of composing career
<mask> entered the music industry in 2014 as a songwriter with Chet <mask>'s help. They met at a college singing competition where Chet <mask> was a guest performer. Chet <mask> liked <mask>'s work, and they signed an agreement to have the latter write songs for the former. <mask> subsequently signed a contract with Warner Music Group to be a composer, where at one point, he was composing one song a week for the company. The singer Pakho Chau's 2014 song "About Us" () was the first of <mask>'s compositions to achieve commercial success. "About Us" was <mask>'s fifth or sixth demo.His composition of the  song "A Lifetime of Contradictions" () was the first to be widely noticed. JW's singing of "A Lifetime of Contradiction", which received over 18 million views, revitalised her previously flagging career. <mask> subsequently finished two more songs for JW: "How Many Years" () and "Free to Soar" (). When he began composing songs, <mask> was a huge fan of the Taiwanese singer Yoga Lin and <mask> sent him a message with demos of songs he had composed on social media. Lin performed some of

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Lam
Lam
Lam
Lam
Lam
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Terence Lam
Lam
Lam
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Lam


type: original

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 <mask>'s songs which led to the two forming a strong bond. Songs composed by <mask> that were sung by Lin include "Bad and Worse" (), which was Lin's first Cantonese song, and "Do Not Forget You" (). In 2016 and 2017, <mask> received the composer award at RTHK's "Top Ten Chinese Gold Songs Award" ceremony.According to HK01, he has collaborated with most of Hong Kong's singers who are currently active in the industry. He has written songs for the singers Charmaine Fong, Pakho Chau, JW, Alfred Hui, Jason Chan, Joey Yung, Hins Cheung, Janice Vidal, and Eman <mask>. <mask> composed Joey Yung's song "The Science of Heart" (), which received an Ultimate 903 award in 2018. <mask> composed Hong Kong singer Miriam Yeung's song "Cherie Yu" (), Eman <mask>'s song "Love Is A French Dessert" (), and Taiwanese singer Rainie Yang's "Showing One's Incompetence" (), Alfred Hui's "Single" (), and Hins Cheung's "Diving" (). It takes him roughly one day to write a song. With his elder brother, he manages a music production company. His duties include making new music available for purchase and for radio broadcasts.He established Terence Lam Production & Company to assist him in retaining the copyright over his compositions. 2019: Start of singing career
In 2019, he began his singing career after participating in a singing contest. That year, he did a Mandarin duet for a movie theme song with JC of the song "Lost In Love" (), which sparked his desire to do more singing. In January 2019, he released the song "NEXT" (), the first song that made him well-known as a singer. The song hit several major charts. <mask> collaborated with  on the song's

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 composition. Chak suggested including vocal music and inversion in the piece which demonstrated <mask>'s musical abilities.In 2019, <mask> wrote and sang the songs "just carry on" and "Listen to Wind" (), the latter of which he also arranged. The two songs did not receive as much as attention as "NEXT". For "just carry on", <mask> said that the song likens people to flowers that bloom at different times. Its message is that people do not need to compare themselves with each other. The song's music video features four new actors including  and  to accompany <mask> in acting various scenes of people being in a "collapsed state". As <mask> had trouble acting in the scenes, the directors needed to have everyone leave before filming his parts. <mask> composed fewer songs in 2019 than he did in previous years as he was adjusting to becoming a performer and as his energies were focused on promoting his work and planning.He composed two or three songs that year. During the 2019 Ultimate Song Chart Awards hosted by Commercial Radio Hong Kong, <mask> received the best new artist award. 2020: Major in Minor and "Terence's Adventures in Wonderland"

In 2020, he released a favourably reviewed song titled "In a Funk" (), which detailed a love rectangle. Owing to its topic, rhythm, and melody, listeners considered it a sequel to his previous song "NEXT". The song's lyrics were written by Albert Leung. "Solitude" (), the next song he released, was "widely acclaimed". The song's lyrics expounded on the loneliness common in life and came at a particularly timely moment during the COVID-19 pandemic when people were social distancing.<mask> wrote


texts: the lyrics, composed, arranged the music, and produced the song. He had composed the song as an unused demo five or six years prior to its release and reused it for himself to sing. Hong Kong Economic Times reviewer Chan Ka Yin found the song reminded herself as a woman in her 40s to spend more personal time on herself and do more introspection. Writing in The Loop, music critic Yannie Chan said "Solitude" "features an addictive melody and meaningful lyrics celebrating the art of enjoying time by yourself". In May 2020, <mask> released his first extended play titled Major in Minor. The name "Major in Minor" comes from listeners' experiencing contradictory sensations when hearing <mask>'s songs. His motivational song might make people feel a tinge of sadness, while his sad song might make them feel inspired.The name also is inspired by how <mask> is making mainstream music as an independent musician. <mask> spent in the six figures to self-finance the EP. After the EP sold out in less than two weeks, <mask> decided not to release additional copies, which made the EP go out of print. His decision was because he didn't want additional copies to make his work sell poorly and as a result have to be sold at a discount. This led to sales on online auction companies to reach several thousand dollars. The EP was released with two covers: one in blue and one in orange. One website offered to sell both versions of <mask>'s EP at HKD$2,800 (US$), which was a tenfold increase from the original price.<mask> initially had reservations about making the EP as he was uncertain about whether people would still buy physical copies of albums.

masks: Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam


texts: Furthermore, his songs were usually about different topics, leading him to be uncertain about how to tie the songs together. After he heard from his fans that his songs had many common characteristics, he within a month took his five most recent compositions, added his demo cover of "Solitude", and composed some simple music to connect them together to create the EP. He inserted "after the party" before "Solitude" so that the audience could experience the bustling sensation of a party. The album's other songs are "NEXT", "just carry on", "Listen to Wind", and "In a Funk". He made an agreement with the music platform Joox to release Major in Minor under its Joox Original project. The platform had an exclusive licence to stream the album.SPILL music critic Fan Wong found that "the songs were all high quality but they were inevitably lacking in freshness" since they had previously been released. <mask>'s songs "NEXT" and "just carry on" have "unexpected, staggered notes and hard-to-touch beats", which critic Wong said have become <mask>'s trademark. His songs "Listen to Wind" and "In a Funk" made Wong think of the sophisti-pop genre in making people ponder and have feelings of refinement. In the later half of 2020, <mask> released the song "Terence's Adventures in Wonderland" (). The song has a scale with a 24-note range. With a fast tempo and playful tone, it is much faster than <mask>'s typical slow-paced songs. HK01 compared the song's main character, <mask>, to Alice from the children's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.The song describes how <mask> encounters witches and snow beasts upon entering a dream world. The

masks: Lam Lam Lam Lam Terence Terence


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 witches tell him that those who exist in the dream world are people who cannot live in a sober world. He sings and parties with the villagers. After waking up, he cannot rediscover the descending stairs that took him to the dream world. He takes out a pen to record the song he had sung with the villagers. For the music video, <mask> took the unconventional approach of hiring the illustrator The Odd Little World and the animator Sundae Service to animate <mask>'s adventures in the dream world. An HK01 music critic said that while <mask>'s previous songs largely had a pessimistic theme, "<mask>'s Adventures in Wonderland" is "a breakthrough" in being different and "proves that he can cater to the market and to the public while insisting on his own style".<mask> performed a live in-studio duet of the song "Quarantine" () with Jace Chan. On 13 November 2020, <mask> released "Turning Back the Clock in One Sentence" (. The song's theme is regret and it is influenced by a 1980s atmosphere. It received more than a million views in less than half a month. In 2020, he composed two songs for Eason Chan: "A Dance for Tomorrow" () and "Love Casually, Randomly" (). Regarding the latter song, which <mask> produced, Chan praised <mask> for his unconventional composition and for using a trombone instead of a trumpet. When <mask> was at the early stage as a composer, <mask> sent his music demos to Chan even though at the time the two were not acquainted.Following an encounter at a private party, they started talking again in 2017. 2021–present: Ultimate Song Chart and Chill Club awards
During the 2020 Ultimate Song Chart Awards hosted on 1

masks: Lam Terence Lam Terence Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam Lam


texts: January 2021, <mask> received the bronze award for best male singer as well as the best composer award. He ranked among the top five in the fan-voted "My Favourite Male Singer" award, which Keung To won. During the awards ceremony, <mask> played the guitar and sang his song "Terence's Adventures in Wonderland". In contrast to most of the other male attendees who wore suits, <mask> wore a less formal Mike Amiri "multicolor souvenir patchwork hoodie" and a Paul Smith shirt with colourful striped patterns to match his performance that night of his song "Terence's Adventures in Wonderland", to make it easier to play the guitar, and to make himself more comfortable and relaxed. As an independent artist, he chooses his own outfits to wear at award ceremonies instead of relying on a team to help him with the decisions. After <mask>'s awards at the 2020 Ultimate Song Chart Awards, U Lifestyle called <mask> "the fastest rising male singer in Hong Kong's music scene".Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> had a lower income and fewer performing opportunities so he had more time to compose songs. In January 2021, three of <mask>'s songs ranked in KKBox's top 20 ranking of songs streamed on the platform: "Solitude" ranked third, "In a Funk" ranked 13th, and "Quarantine" ranked 14th. In March 2021, while the pro-democracy supporter Ventus Lau was incarcerated at Stanley Prison, Lau listened to <mask>'s songs and worked on rewriting the songs' lyrics. In April 2021, he rewrote the lyrics of <mask>'s most recent song, "The Magical Confused Potion" (). At the ViuTV Chill Club Awards ceremony on 18 April 2021, <mask> received six awards

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 including for his song "Solitude" as the best song. He also received awards for best composer, best arranger and best male singer. When <mask> went on the stage, no one was there to present the award to him, and he said "you get the award yourself, very casual".<mask> was poker-faced and was reluctant to give speeches after receiving the awards. His behaviour at the award ceremony led critics to call him "arrogant" and "disrespectful", and to question why he became a singer instead of remaining a behind-the-scenes composer. <mask>'s supporters responded that he was very introverted and like many other entertainers were at a loss for words in prominent settings. A day after the awards ceremony, he released a statement thanking ViuTV and his fans, saying "there is a lot of room for learning and improvement in expressing myself". In April 2021, <mask> performed as a featured singer at Ronald Cheng's concert. Artistry
<mask>'s songs are in the traditional genres of pop music and Cantopop though he puts his own twist on his songs through tempo changes and melody trends. He "takes the Cantopop route through and through, making it friends and unique".<mask> expressed interest in making an album of Mandarin songs. He said that if he could get non-Cantonese speakers to become his fans, they might listen to his Cantonese songs too. <mask> referenced as an example Eason Chan, who released Mandarin songs that attracted a substantial Taiwanese fanbase who listened to his Cantonese songs too. Before he entered the music industry, <mask> did not receive a formal singing education. He did not take singing lessons because he thought of singing


texts:
 as a way to express the performer's emotions and that it would not be ideal if everyone learned to sing in the same way. <mask> said that owing to his lack of music training, he might not be a technically strong singer. He felt that did not matter as much if he were able to emotionally inspire his listeners.He initially did not plan to become a singer as he wanted to experience being a creator who worked behind the scenes. Although <mask> signed an agreement with a record label for the music he composes, for his singing, <mask> remains as an independent musician who has not signed with a record label or talent manager. He enjoyed the freedom in being able to make songs in his own way without considering other people's opinions. Signing with a record label would require him to make compromises. He composes, arranges, and directs songs in which he is the main singer. <mask> is solely responsible for choosing which singers he will collaborate with next and connecting with them. Reception
K Law of U Lifestyle found that <mask> had "special timbre, an introverted singing voice, and was good at transcribing the songs with varying degrees of play".am730 said that <mask> had "a special voice and unique and alluring vocals". SPILL music critic Fan Wong said that <mask>'s critics largely focus on his singing. Wong said that although <mask> is not one of the technically strongest singers, he is "not bad at all" in that area. The critic concluded that "the combination of <mask>'s elegant singing and his traditional yet embellished with the unconventional performance makes him so memorable". An Apple Daily music critic said <mask> has


texts:
 received criticism for having "a dull voice, like a robot with no emotions". Discography
 Major in Minor (2020)
 SEVEN (stylised as (seven)7) (2021)

References

External links
 Official website

1991 births
Living people
21st-century Hong Kong  male singers
Cantonese-language singers
Cantopop singer-songwriters
Chinese pop musicians
Hong Kong male singer-songwriters
Hong Kong pianists
Hong Kong record producers
Warner Music Group


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<mask> (18 March 1928 – 27 August 2018) was a French-born Australian visual artist and cultural figure who contributed significantly to the development of contemporary art in Australia. Her media included drawing, painting, sculpture and mosaic. Early life
<mask> was born in Paris, to a Lithuanian Jewish father, Leon Zelik, and a Romanian Jewish mother, Celia Gelbein. She was arrested in 1942 during the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup (Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv). Her father, Leon, managed to arrange for her release from the concentration camp at Pithiviers (Loiret) before Mora and her mother, Celia, were scheduled to be deported to Auschwitz. The family evaded arrest and deportation from 1942 to 1945 by hiding in the forests of France. After the war, Mora met a wartime resistance fighter <mask> in Paris at the age of 17.They married in 1947. In an interview in 2004, Mora said:

Migration to Australia
Having survived the Holocaust, <mask> and her husband migrated to Australia in 1951 in order to settle in Melbourne. They chose Melbourne over Casablanca or Saigon because <mask> had read about it in Henri Murger's novel Scènes de la Vie de Bohème, in which a young Parisian photographer makes regular trips to Melbourne to make his fortune. They occupied studios in Grosvenor Chambers in the 'Paris End' of Collins Street, and quickly became key figures on the Melbourne cultural scene. <mask> worked initially as a dressmaker while also making art, and Georges became an influential art dealer, in 1967 with his flair and entrepreneurship adding the Tolarno Galleries to Melbourne's only very select number of commercial art galleries. The <mask> family also owned and operated three significant Melbourne cafés. The Mirka Café was opened by Jean Sablon in December 1954 at 183 Exhibition Street and was the venue for the first major solo exhibition by Joy Hester.It was followed

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Georges Mora
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 by the Café Balzac at 62 Wellington Parade, East Melbourne and then by the Tolarno in Fitzroy Street in St Kilda, which opened in 1966, and where Mirka created a bas-relief behind the bar and painted murals on walls and windows of the restaurant and bistro, hallway and toilets, over the period 1965 to 1978. All three were focal points for Melbourne's bohemian subculture. As <mask>'s son Philippe recalls, "my parents literally fed artists at our home and in our restaurants". In a 2004 interview Mora stated:

The Mora family's social circle included many progressive Australian artists and writers: Charles Blackman and Barbara Blackman, Fred Williams, John Perceval, Albert Tucker, Barrett Reid, Laurence Hope, Arthur Boyd and Joy Hester. The Mora family were especially close friends with renowned art patrons John and Sunday Reed, and spent many weekends at their famous home and artists' colony "Heide" (now the Heide Museum of Modern Art) in the Melbourne suburb of Bulleen, and at the Reeds' beach house next door to the Moras' own in Aspendale. Mora had three children who were to find their place as a film director, <mask>, an art dealer, William Mora, and an actor, Tiriel Mora. "Culturally privileged" is Philippe's epithet in describing their childhood.After extramarital relationships on both sides, Mora eventually separated from her husband Georges. Art: style and reception
After coming to Australia in 1951, three years later Mora had become well known in art circles in Melbourne and, with patron friends John and Sunday Reed, was operative in reviving the Contemporary Art Society there. <mask> and Georges Mora, through the Contemporary Art Society and with Italian Gino Nibbi (1896–1969) who showed Tucker and Nolan at his Galleria di Quattro Venti in Rome, made strenuous efforts to have Australia accepted for the first time into the Venice

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texts: Biennale, urging the inclusion of contemporary art to promote its alignment with Modernist practice of Australian immigrant artists from Europe and their influence on a reinvigoration of the country's art. Though they secured an exhibition, it was not a success, as the conservative Commonwealth Arts Advisory Board maintained control over the entries, sending outdated examples of the Heidelberg School and a few Arthur Boyd landscapes. The episode exacerbated the split between the traditionalist and modernist groups and was not until 1978 that Australia was finally represented at Venice under the auspices of the Australian Arts Council. Since 1954, Mora exhibited mainly with the CAS and in the Heide Museum of Modern Art, Douglas Galleries and Tolarno Galleries in Melbourne, and with Watters Gallery in Sydney. Mora innovatively used a wide range of media and large numbers of her works are in the permanent collection of the Heide Museum of Modern Art, in the National Gallery of Australia in the National Gallery of Victoria.They are also available to view in public places; in an external mural in Acland Street, St Kilda, a mosaic seat on the St Kilda foreshore, and as a mixed-media mural prominently displayed at Flinders Street Station in Melbourne. The latter is nine metres long and about four meters high in three different techniques in the same artwork: painting in the upper register, mosaic in the middle, larger one, and painted low relief at the pavement level. Completed in 1986, in 1998, Mora restored the eroded lower part of the mural. Mora participated with Bruce Petty, Reg Mombassa, Ginger Riley and others in the production of the Federation Tapestry Suite in Melbourne Museum coordinated by artist Murray Walker and executed by the Victorian Tapestry Workshop to mark the Australian Centenary of Federation in 2001. In the sixth panel, she


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 portrays Aboriginal leader Charles Perkins conversing with three white Australians. Other major commissions include a painted Melbourne tram (1978), sets, costumes and masks for the ballet, Ivan the Terrible (1964), and the operas Medea and Bacchae (1979–80), and 85 1.5m puppets for the opera Bennelong. A noted colourist and symbolist, Mora's paintings are often bright and bold, constantly reinventing a repertoire of recurring motifs—innocent, wide-eyed children, angels, dogs, cats, snakes and birds, and hybrids of animals and humans.The highest price achieved for a <mask> Mora work was $120,000, in a private sale, with works on paper often fetching $15,000. Critical assessment
Perceptions of Mora's work have evolved against the background of the Australian art scene and its changing levels of sophistication. Donald Brook, in reviewing the 1964 Paintings by the Aleph Group describes Mora's work as one of only two that were 'distinctively Jewish'. Robin Wallace-Crabbe, in his 1968 Canberra Times, critique 'Giving away high-mindedness' of Mora's show at the Australian Sculpture Gallery, Narrabundah, hints that though 'delightful' her work is naïve, "like a mixture of May Gibbs' 'Snugglepot and Cuddlepie' and the prevailing Melbourne style in the early fifties", while later, in 1981, Sonja Kaleski is more favourably analytical in her review 'Vibrant, Volatile Artist', in The Canberra Times:
Mora's works and commentary on them have appeared in Australian Drawings by Elwyn Lynn, New painting, 1952–62 by John Reed, The Vital Decade by co-authors Geoffrey Dutton and Max Harris, and the Encyclopedia of Australian Art by Alan McCulloch. When Mora showed with Jean Dubuffet and Francois Mezzapelle in In Pursuit of Fantasy opening 18 October 1997 at George Gallery 129 Fitzroy Street, St. Kilda, Melbourne, the French language Le Courrier Australien


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 reported that the vernissage was attended by 800 people, and described her work;

Heidi curator Kendrah Morgan in a 2011 education kit listed Mora's wide range of influences:

Mora's critical reputation has remained steady after her death. In The Age, Peter Millard calls her ‘an artist, cultural figure and icon’, while James Antoniou of The Australian describes her as ‘an artist of the city and an artist of the people’, and ‘one of the most colourful’ of Australian artists. In a 2020 interview with Carolyn Webb of The Age, Mora's son William noted that his mother's paintings can express ‘each person’s humanity and diversity’, and noted the ways in which they resonate with the current Black Lives Matter movement.Teaching
For many years Mora conducted workshops in painting, soft sculpture and mosaics, where countless Australians learned from her unique approach to teaching art. She travelled also to France, the USA and Japan to present her workshops. Later life and death
Mora lived and worked in a number of studios in Melbourne, including Rankins Lane. Mora appeared as an interviewee on the ABC's conversational television programs Agony Aunts and The Agony of Life in 2012 and 2013. In 2016 Mora, for a long time a contributor of design to the fashion industry,  collaborated with Australian fashion company Gorman to launch a 23 piece collection based on four artworks. Her murals survive on the walls of the Tolarno restaurant and gallery she previously owned in St. Kilda. In 2016, an East Melbourne bar-owner uncovered a lost mural on the wall of his establishment, previously the Café Balzac.Mora died, aged 90, at her home in Melbourne on 27 August 2018. Her life was celebrated in a State Memorial, attended by over 1200 people at the Palais de Danse, a landmark for her in St.Kilda. She was the first female artist to receive a Victorian State


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 Memorial. Honours
In 2002, Mora was made an Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Minister of Culture and Communication. Mirka Lane in St Kilda, off Barkly Street near the intersections of Grey and Inkerman Streets was named after the artist. Exhibitions
Mora's first public showing was of three circus clown paintings on masonite at Tye's Gallery in their commemorative exhibition of the Contemporary Art Society by 86 of its members 6–23 April 1954 She went on to have more than 35 solo exhibitions throughout her career, most in five galleries;  the Contemporary Art Society, Heidi Museum of Modern Art, Douglas Galleries, Tolarno Galleries, and Watters Gallery. An important retrospective <mask> Mora: where angels fear to tread: 50 years of art 1948–1998  was held at Heide Museum of Art 1999–2000 to celebrate 50 years of her work.Mirka Mora: Charcoals 1958–1965 featured in the Melbourne Art Fair 2018, from 2–5 August, just prior to her death. Other exhibitions include:

<mask> Mora paintings 1966–2012, 1–5 August 2012, Melbourne Art Fair, Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne
Mirka Goes West, July 2009, Short St Gallery 7 Short Street, Chinatown, Broome WA. Women at Watters, (group show) 22 February 1995 – 11 March 1995, Watters Gallery, East Sydney, NSW
Mirka Mora, 1990, Arthouse, Launceston, Tasmania, An exhibition of 42 oil paintings, drawings and embroideries. Exhibition of painted fabrics and dolls, 29 August – 12 September 1979, at the David Jones Art Gallery , 6th floor, Elizabeth Street, Sydney. Annual Special Christmas Exhibition (group show), December 1986, Solander Gallery, 36 Grey Street, Deakin, ACT. Embroideries of Mirka Mora, 1978, Ballarat Fine Art Gallery, Ballarat, VIC
Drawing exhibition (group show with John Perceval, Noel Counihan, Arthur Boyd),  24 February – 23 March 1977, Realities Gallery, Toorak,

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 Melbourne, Vic. Project 20: Fabric Art, September 1977 – 9 October 1977, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW
Mirka Mora, Erotic Drawings and Figures 2–18 May 1974, Realities Gallery, Melbourne, Vic
Mirka Mora: Paintings: 'The Finding of Erichthonius''' June 1968 – 22 June 1968, Watters Gallery, Sydney, NSWDrawings by Mirka Mora.November 1968, Australian Sculpture Gallery, 1 Finniss Crescent, Narrabundah, NSW.Paintings by the Aleph Group'' (group show by Australian Jewish artists), 4–11 October 1964, Studio Nundah, Canberra. Foyer exhibition with Charles Blackman and Arthur Boyd, 26 March 1954 at the opening of "The Bachelor", Arrow Theatre
Contemporary Art Society exhibition, opened 6 April 1954. Tye's Gallery. This was the first CAS exhibition since 1947 (the revival due to efforts by the Moras and Reeds) and Mirka Mora's first Australian show

Publications

Motion pictures and audio
 Mirka Mora at the Australian National Film and Sound Archive

 Prod. Co: Kestrel Film Productions 1986 (Writer/Director: David Greig) "The Australian Alps: Mirka's Palace of Dreams" The Australian Alps: Mirka's Palace of Dreams (Captioned)

Collections

See also
Art of Australia
List of Australian artists

References

External links

 Photos of Mirka Mora by Robert Whitaker
 Mirka Mora at William Mora Galleries Official Website
 Feature by Mora conservator and PhD

1928 births
2018 deaths
Australian Jews
Artists from Melbourne
20th-century Australian sculptors
Australian people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Australian people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Mosaic artists
French emigrants to Australia
French women painters
French people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
French people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Australian women painters
Jewish concentration camp survivors
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Mora family
20th-century French women


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<mask> FRS FRSE (30 November 1866 6 April 1951) was a British- South African doctor and palaeontologist. He qualified as a medical practitioner in 1895 and received his DSc in 1905 from the University of Glasgow. From 1903 to 1910, he was professor of zoology and geology at Victoria College, Stellenbosch, South Africa, and subsequently he became keeper of vertebrate palaeontology at the South African Museum, Cape Town. Life

<mask> was born at 66 Back Sneddon Street in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, the son of <mask>, a designer of calico prints and Paisley shawls, and Agnes Hunter Shearer. In 1893, he married Mary Baird Baillie, his childhood sweetheart. In his medical studies at the University of Glasgow Broom specialised in obstetrics. After graduating in 1895 he travelled to Australia, supporting himself by practising medicine.He settled in South Africa in 1897, just prior to the South African War. From 1903 to 1910, he was professor of Zoology and Geology at Victoria College, Stellenbosch (later Stellenbosch University), but was forced out of this position for promoting belief in evolution. He established a medical practice in the Karoo region of South Africa, an area rich in Therapsid fossils. Based on his continuing studies of these fossils and mammalian anatomy he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1920. Following the discovery of the Taung child he became interested in the search for human ancestors and commenced work on much more recent fossils from the dolomite caves north-west of Johannesburg, particularly Sterkfontein Cave (now part of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site). As well as describing many mammalian fossils from these caves he identified several hominin fossils, the most

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 complete of which was an Australopithecine skull, nicknamed Mrs Ples, and a partial skeleton that indicated that Australopithecines walked upright. <mask> died in Pretoria, South Africa in 1951.Contributions
<mask> was first known for his study of mammal-like reptiles. After Raymond Dart's discovery of the Taung Child, an infant australopithecine, <mask>'s interest in palaeoanthropology was heightened. <mask>'s career seemed over and he was sinking into poverty, when Dart wrote to Jan Smuts about the situation. Smuts, exerting pressure on the South African government, managed to obtain a position for <mask> in 1934 with the staff of the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria as an Assistant in Palaeontology. In the following years, he and John T. Robinson made a series of spectacular finds, including fragments from six hominins in Sterkfontein, which they named Plesianthropus transvaalensis, popularly called Mrs. Ples, but which was later classified as an adult Australopithecus africanus, as well as more discoveries at sites in Kromdraai and Swartkrans. In 1937, <mask> made his most famous discovery, by defining the robust hominin genus Paranthropus with his discovery of Paranthropus robustus. These discoveries helped support Dart's claims for the Taung species.For his volume, The South Africa Fossil Ape-Men, The Australopithecinae, in which he proposed the Australopithecinae subfamily, <mask> was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1946. The remainder of <mask>'s career was devoted to the exploration of these sites and the interpretation of the many early hominin remains discovered there. He continued to write to the last. Shortly before his death he finished a monograph on

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 the Australopithecines and remarked to his nephew:
"Now that's finished ... and so am I." Spiritual evolution

<mask> was a nonconformist and was deeply interested in the paranormal and spiritualism; he was a critic of Darwinism and materialism. <mask> was a believer in spiritual evolution. In his book The Coming of Man: Was it Accident or Design?(1933) he claimed that "spiritual agencies" had guided evolution as animals and plants were too complex to have arisen by chance. According to <mask>, there were at least two different kinds of spiritual forces, and psychics are capable of seeing them. <mask> claimed there was a plan and purpose in evolution and that the origin of Homo sapiens is the ultimate purpose behind evolution. According to <mask> "Much of evolution looks as if it had been planned to result in man, and in other animals and plants to make the world a suitable place for him to dwell in." After discovering the skull of Mrs. Ples, <mask> was asked if he excavated at random, <mask> replied that spirits had told him where to find his discoveries. Publications

Among hundreds of articles contributed by him to scientific journals, the most important include:
"Fossil Reptiles of South Africa" in Science in South Africa (1905)
"Reptiles of Karroo Formation" in Geology of Cape Colony (1909)
"Development and Morphology of the Marsupial Shoulder Girdle" in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1899)
"Comparison of Permian Reptiles of North America with Those of South Africa" in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (1910)
"Structure of Skull in Cynodont Reptiles" in Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society (1911). The South Africa Fossil Ape-Men, The Australopithecinae (1946).Books

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 The origin of the human skeleton: an introduction to human osteology (1930)
 The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa and the origin of mammals (1932)
 The coming of man: was it accident or design? (1933)
 The South African fossil ape-man: the Australopithecinae (1946)
 Sterkfontein ape-man Plesianthropus (1949)
 Finding the missing link (1950)

Legacy
<mask> is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Australian blind snake, Anilios broomi. See also

 List of fossil sites (with link directory)
 List of hominina fossils (with images)
 Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research
 John Talbot Robinson, co-discoverer of Mrs Ples. PanAfrican Archaeological Association

Notes and references

External links
Biographies: Robert Broom TalkOrigins Archive
<mask>: A Short Bibliography of his Evolutionary Works, MPRInstitute.org site. British metaphysics as reflected in <mask>'s evolutionary theory, translation of an article by Václav Petr published in Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 75(1): 73–85. Praha 2000. Text and photos displayed entire at the MPRInstitute.org site.1866 births
1951 deaths
20th-century British scientists
20th-century British zoologists
20th-century Scottish medical doctors
20th-century Scottish writers
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Fellows of the Royal Society
Non-Darwinian evolution
Paleoanthropologists
People from Renfrewshire
Physical anthropologists
Royal Medal winners
Scottish palaeontologists
Scottish scholars and academics
Scottish spiritualists
South African obstetricians
South African paleontologists
South African writers
Stellenbosch University faculty
Taxa named by <mask>
Theistic evolutionists
Wollaston Medal winners
Writers from Paisley,

masks:
Robert Broom
Robert Broom
Robert Broom
Robert Broom


texts:
General <mask> (March 12, 1896 – July 30, 1975) was a senior United States Army officer. In the course of his military career, <mask> commanded three different army divisions, commanded at the corps and field army level and rose to the rank of four-star general. He is well-known for commanding the series of poor tactical decisions which led to the 442nd RCT becoming the most highly decorated unit in the history of the United States Armed Forces. Early life and military career
Born on March 12, 1896 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the youngest of four children, <mask>'s parents were immigrants from Dalsland, Sweden. He graduated from the University of Minnesota and received a direct commission as a second lieutenant into the Infantry Branch of the United States Army in August 1917, shortly after the American entry into World War I on April 6, 1917. Unable to serve overseas, he served in the Allied occupation of the Rhineland after the war. Remaining in the army during the interwar period he returned to the United States and served as an instructor at the U.S. Army Infantry School from 1924 to 1928.After graduating from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff School in 1931, he was assigned to the Philippines. From 1935 to 1936 he was a student at the U.S. Army War College, serving on the U.S. Army General Staff, Personnel Division after graduation. World War II
With the American entry into World War II in December 1941, <mask> was sent to England and assigned as deputy chief of staff to Major General Dwight David <mask> in early 1942, and, later that year, with the one-star rank of brigadier general, became the assistant division commander (ADC) of the 76th Infantry Division. In June 1943, promoted to the two-star

masks:
John Ernest Dahlquist
Dahlquist
Dahlquist
Dahlquist
Eisenhower


texts: rank of major general, <mask> became the first commanding general (CG) of the 70th Infantry Division, becoming one of the youngest division commanders in the U.S. Army. In July 1944, he took command of the 36th Infantry Division, a National Guard formation from Texas that had fought in many difficult battles in the Italian Campaign under Major General Frederick Walker and had recently taken part in Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of Southern France. <mask> was criticized for his overuse of the Japanese-American 442nd Regimental Combat Team (442nd RCT), which had been attached to his 36th Division. Many believed his poor decisions led to the 442nd RCT becoming the most highly decorated unit in the history of the United States Armed Forces.Over a third of the men in the 442nd were either killed or wounded when <mask> ordered the unit to rescue another unit that had been surrounded by the enemy. It is not the surviving Nisei soldiers of the 442nd but their officers (none of them Japanese-American) who are most often quoted in criticism of Dahlquist. On October 24, 1944, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 141st Infantry Regiment, part of <mask>'s 36th Division, moved to secure the right flank of the 3rd Division near the French town of St-Die. When the German forces counterattacked, the 1st Battalion was separated and cut off. After two days of attempted rescue by the other two battalions of the 141st Infantry, <mask> sent in the 442nd RCT, which had borne the brunt of the 36th Division's fighting for the previous eight days. The 442nd would suffer 800 casualties, including 121 dead, during the five days it took to rescue 211 men of the 1st Battalion, 141st Infantry. Major General Lucian Truscott, commanding

masks: Dahlquist Dahlquist Dahlquist Dahlquist Dahlquist


texts:
 the VI Corps (under which unit the 36th Division was serving), considered relieving him of his command.<mask> continued to lead the 36th Division throughout the campaign in Western Europe. On May 8, 1945, Victory in Europe Day, Hermann Göring surrendered to Brigadier General Robert I. Stack, the 36th Infantry Division's assistant division commander (ADC), after a ceasefire was declared between the German Army Group G and the U.S. Seventh Army. Stack transported Göring to the division command post. Because he spoke German, <mask> dismissed his translator, and so it was <mask> who became the first person to question Göring. Press photos of <mask> and Stack, in seemingly casual conversation with Göring, were released for publication in the United States and resulted in criticism of <mask> from the American public and from General <mask>, the Supreme Allied Commander in the European Theater of Operations (ETO). Postwar

Following the war, <mask> returned to the United States, serving in various administrative and personnel jobs.He took command of his third division, the 1st Infantry, in 1949. This was followed by command of V Corps from 1952 to 1953 and the Fourth Army in 1953. He then served as Chief of Army Field Forces from 1953 to 1955, during which he was promoted to the four-star rank of general on August 18, 1954. He finished his career as Commander-in-Chief, Continental Army Command, retiring in 1956. <mask> died on June 30, 1975, aged 79, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia. Marriage
<mask> was married to Ruth D<mask>, who was born 17 days after him and died 17 days after him. She was buried with him at Arlington National Cemetery.They had a son, <mask> <mask>, born on March 9, 1932,

masks:
Dahlquist
Dahlquist
Dahlquist
Dahlquist
Dahlquist
Eisenhower
Dahlquist
Dahlquist
Dahlquist
. Dahlquist
Donald John
Dahlquist


texts:
 who died on November 22, 1993, and was buried in Arlington next to his parents. <mask> had two grandchildren, <mask> and Donette Ruth. Awards and decorations
<mask>'s awards and decorations include the Distinguished Service Cross, the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Silver Star, the Legion of Merit and the Bronze Star. In 1954, he received an honorary Master of Arts from the University of Minnesota. Distinguished Service Cross
   Army Distinguished Service Medal
   Silver Star
   Legion of Merit
   Bronze Star
 World War I Victory Medal
 Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
 American Defense Service Medal
 American Campaign Medal
 European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
 World War II Victory Medal
 Army of Occupation Medal
 National Defense Service Medal

See also
 Lost Battalion (World War II)

References

Bibliography

 Alford, Kenneth D. Nazi Plunder: Great Treasure Stories of World War II. [New York]: Da Capo Press, 2003. Sterner, C. Douglas.Go for Broke: The Nisei Warriors of World War II Who Conquered Germany, Japan, and American Bigotry. Clearfield, Utah: American Legacy Historical Press, 2008. External links
Generals of World War II

|-

|-

|-

|-

1896 births
1975 deaths
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Minneapolis
University of Minnesota alumni
American people of Swedish descent
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
Air Corps Tactical School alumni
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army

masks:
Dahlquist
John William
Dahlquist


texts:
<mask> (14 January 1131 – 12 May 1182), also known as <mask> the Great (), was King of Denmark from 1154 until his death in 1182. The reign of King <mask> saw the rise of Denmark, which reached its high medieval zenith under his son King <mask> II. Childhood
<mask> was the son of Canute Lavard, Duke of Schleswig, the chivalrous and popular eldest son of King <mask> of Denmark. <mask>'s father was murdered by King <mask> of Sweden days before the birth of <mask>; his mother, <mask> of Kiev, daughter of Grand Prince <mask> of Kiev and <mask> of Sweden, named him after her grandfather, Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev. Valdemar was raised at Ringsted in the court of Danish nobleman Asser Rig of Fjenneslev (ca. 1080–1151). Asser was a member of the Hvide noble family and had been raised together with <mask>'s father Canute Lavard.Valdemar was raised together with Asser's sons, including Absalon (c. 1128–1201), who would become an Archbishop and go to battle with <mask>, and Esbern Snare (1127–1204), who was a royal chancellor and crusader. Esbern and Absalon had a close relationship and formed an alliance with <mask>. Struggle for the throne
In 1146, when Valdemar was fifteen years old, King <mask> of Denmark abdicated and a civil war erupted. Valdemar was a possible contender to the throne. The other pretenders to the throne were: Sweyn <mask>, the son of King <mask> of Denmark, and Canute V, the son of <mask> of Sweden, both of whom declared themselves King of Denmark in 1146. The civil war lasted the better

masks:
Valdemar I
Valdemar
Valdemar I
Valdemar
Valdemar
Eric I
Valdemar
Magnus I
Valdemar
Ingeborg
Mstislav I
Christina Ingesdotter
Valdemar
Valdemar
Valdemar
Eric III
III Grathe
Eric II
Magnus I


texts:
 part of ten years. In 1154, <mask> joined with Canute and was recognized as co-king along with Canute.In July 1157, a temporary compromise was struck in which the three agreed to divide the country among themselves as co-regents in shifting alliances. Canute was killed at the Bloodfeast of Roskilde in August 1157. Sweyn was defeated by <mask> in the Battle of Grathe Heath (Slaget på Grathe Hede) on 23 October 1157. Sweyn was killed during flight, supposedly by a group of peasants who stumbled upon him as he was fleeing from the battlefield. <mask>, having outlived all his rival pretenders, became the sole king of Denmark. Sole reign
In 1158, Absalon was elected bishop of Roskilde, and King <mask> made him his chief advisor. The king reorganized and rebuilt war-torn Denmark.He strengthened the Dannevirke fortifications to the south, He built Sønderborg Castle as a fortified fortress, constructed on an islet in the Als Strait that later was connected to Als Island. He reinvented Viking raiding tactics of old to deal with the Wends to the south, which was now optimized for heavy cavalry; this use of amphibious assault was further improved upon by his successor Canute VI. At Absalon's instigation, he declared war upon the Wends who were raiding the Danish coasts. They occupied Pomerania and the island of Rügen in the Baltic Sea and were a definite threat to the Danes in the Baltic as the Wends outnumbered the Danes more than two to one. So the Danes soon began raiding the Wendish coasts in turn; this culminated in

masks: Valdemar Valdemar Valdemar Valdemar


texts: the conquest of Rügen, which was used as another base to raid and later conquer more Wendish territory. Danish influence had therefore reached both Pomerania and the Obotrite confederacy, both being raided routinely by the Danes. Around the year 1170, a smaller contingent of the Danish fleet (headed by <mask> and Absalon) ventured past the mouth of the Oder, where they were ambushed by a Wendish army and fleet under Casimir, at the Julin bridge (modern-day Wolin) hoping to end Danish raiding.But the Danes outsmarted the Wends and smashed their army and fleet, primarily due to the Danish ships also carrying cavalry. In 1175, King Valdemar built Vordingborg Castle as a defensive fortress and as a base from which to launch further raids against the German coast. In 1180, as unrest spread throughout the rich province of Scania, the people demanded that Valdemar replace the "foreign" governors from Jutland, and instead install nobility from one of the 'Skåneland' provinces who traditionally ruled them. They also completely refused to pay church tithes. When Valdemar refused their demands, they rose up, saying they would pay neither taxes nor church tithes. Their numbers were so large that Valdemar not only gathered his own levies but also levies from Blekinge. The armies met at the Battle of Dysiaa, where Valdemar crushed them, and after this they once more paid taxes.But even though the entire peasant force surrendered, they still refused to pay tithes, so instead Valdemar had them bring generous gifts and donations


texts:
 to the church. They would pay no tithes but they would pay nonetheless, the only point he conceded were the governors, who were replaced by Scanians. This concession to the Scanians, that a Jute rules in Jutland and Rugian in Rügen, was then optimized for the rest of the Danish realm. This assisted immensely with keeping the peace within the kingdom, and the later extended realm. Issue
<mask> married Sophia of Minsk (c. 1141–1198), the daughter of Richeza of Poland, dowager queen of Sweden, from her marriage to Prince Volodar of Minsk. She was the half-sister of King Canute V of Denmark. <mask> and Sophia had the following children:
Sophia of (1159–1208), married Siegfried <mask>, Count of Weimar-Orlamünde.Canute VI of Denmark (1163–1202)
Maria (born c.1165), became a nun at Roskilde (1188). Margaret (c.1167 - c.1205), became a nun at Roskilde (1188). <mask> <mask> of Denmark (1170–1241)
<mask> (1174–1237), married King <mask> of France. Helena (c.1176 – 1233), married William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Richeza (c.1178 – 1220), married King Eric X of Sweden. Walburgis (d. 1177), married Bogusław <mask>, Duke of Pomerania. After <mask>'s death, Sophia married Landgrave <mask> of Thuringia.Valdemar also had a son, Christopher ( 1150–1173), with his lover, Tove. Christopher was duke of Jutland from  1170 until his death. Notes

External links

 Valdemar den Store Kings of Denmark, DK

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House of Estridsen
Burials at St. Bendt's Church, Ringsted
1131 births
1182 deaths
12th-century kings of Denmark
Dukes of

masks:
Valdemar
Valdemar
III
Valdemar
II
Ingeborg
Philip II
I
Valdemar
Louis III


texts:
<mask> (born November 24, 1947) is a Norwegian-Swedish sociologist. She is an expert on violence against women and sexual violence, particularly in religious contexts. She is Professor Emerita of sociology at Uppsala University. <mask> is best known for developing the theory of the process of normalization of violence, according to which, abused women gradually adopt the perspective of their abusers. <mask> has written several books on violence, sexuality and religion. She held a government-appointed chair of sociology at Uppsala University 1993–2011, to study "the relation between power and gender in family and society, particularly in regard to men's violence against women", and has been a Visiting Professor at several universities, including New York University. Since 2017 she has been active in the Me Too debate.Career

A native of Flekkefjord, she started her career as a model and studied at the University of Bergen, where she earned her (6-year) Candidate's degree in Theology in 1978 and her doctoral degree in 1985. She was first employed as a Research Fellow at the University of Bergen, and was appointed an Associate Professor in 1986. She was head of the Department of Gender Studies at the University of Bergen 1987-1988, and was found to be competent as a full professor in 1988. In 1989, she was appointed a Docent (Reader) in Theology at Uppsala University, relocating to Stockholm. In 1993, she was appointed Professor of Sociology at Uppsala University by the government of Sweden, to study the "relation between power and gender in family and society, in particular men's violence against women". She was installed as a Professor with a military parade and gave her inaugural lecture on eroticised power in Uppsala Cathedral. She was a visiting professor at New York

masks:
Eva Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren


texts:
 University from 1996 to 1997, and has also held visiting professorships at the University of North London, the University of Bradford and Åbo Akademi University.In 2003, <mask> became head of department for the newly created Department of Gender Studies (Samgenus) at Uppsala University. Work

Normalisation process

Theoretically, <mask> has focused on developing the concept of the process of normalisation, a model to explain how battered women gradually break down and accept the violent situation. <mask> has also argued that men who systematically use sexualised violence against their partner do so in order to consolidate their position of power, rather than to satisfy a sexual desire. Knutby murder

In recent years, <mask>'s research has focused on the Knutby murder. Her 2008 book The Knutby Code, published simultaneously in Swedish and Norwegian, is a critical analysis of the Knutby case. Reception

Political influence

<mask>'s research has had considerable influence on public policy in Sweden, particularly under the social democratic governments in the 1990s and early 2000s. One of her supporters is Margareta Winberg, the former deputy PM and Minister for Gender Equality, who once described <mask> as "cool".The 1998 Violence Against Women Act (Kvinnofridslagen) is said to be based on <mask>'s research. 2005 controversy in the wake of "The Gender War"
A controversial TV documentary on radical feminism in Sweden titled The Gender War, which was aired in 2005, generated debate on <mask>'s work in both Sweden and Norway. This led Uppsala University's rector Bo Sundqvist to first announce a public debate on <mask>'s research, then cancel the debate and appoint a commission consisting of political scientist Jörgen Hermansson and philosopher Margareta Hallberg to investigate

masks:
Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren
Eva Lundgren
Lundgren


texts:
 <mask>'s research. The inquiry cleared her of any wrongdoing, although Hallberg and Hermansson aimed criticism at her conclusions. However, the inquiry and the report were criticized by Uppsala University's chief lawyer Marianne Andersson, who stated that Hallberg and Hermansson's criticism of <mask>'s conclusions was inappropriate and illegal in the context of such a report, and not in their mandate, which was solely to investigate claims of wrongdoing. <mask> dismissed the criticism. 14 leading researchers in <mask>'s field of study also criticized the "unique" inquiry, stating that Hermansson and Hallberg were not competent to assess <mask>'s research.The university committed itself to restoring <mask>'s reputation, granting her and her research group increased funding in compensation for having subjected her to an unjustified inquiry. 2011 resignation

In 2011, <mask> resigned from her chair at Uppsala University, stating that she will concentrate on her international career in the future, and criticizing Uppsala University for not doing enough to support her. She had previously criticized the university for not honouring the agreement to restore her reputation. <mask> is writing a book on what she considers an attack on feminist scholarship in Sweden. <mask> in the Me Too debate
In the context of the Me Too debate in 2017, the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet wrote that <mask> had been proven right and that the criticism of her in the early 2000s had been discredited. In 2018, also in the context of the Me Too debate, <mask> and legal scholar Jenny Westerstrand wrote that the Swedish journalistic profession bore a large part of the blame in Sweden for the problems the debate had highlighted because Swedish journalists had systematically attacked critical discussion

masks:
Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren
Eva Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren
Lundgren


texts:
 of and research on men's violence against women for over 20 years. In 2019 the National Organisation for Women's Shelters and Young Women's Shelters in Sweden described the criticism of Lundgren in 2005 as a hate speech campaign orchestrated by trolls and incels, which they linked to a broader assault on gender studies by right-wing populists; the organisation lauded Lungren's "enormous influence in Swedish feminism, the women's shelter movement, academia and politics."Selected publications (in Norwegian or Swedish)
2018: . Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. .
2008: . Oslo/Stockholm. .
2001: . Oslo. 2001: . Stockholm. 1994: .Oslo. 1993: . Oslo. ()
1992: . Stockholm. 1990: . Oslo.1987: . Oslo. 1985: . Oslo. 1985: . Doctoral thesis (), Bergen. 1984: .Bergen. 1982: . Oslo. 1981: . Oslo. Literature
Eldén, Åsa and Westerstrand, Jenny (eds. ), Guts and Glory: Festskrift till <mask>.Uppsala University, 2007. See also
 Södertälje case
 Duluth model

References

External links
  — official information page at Uppsala University

Articles needing translation from Swedish Wikipedia
1947 births
Living people
Norwegian feminists
Norwegian sociologists
Feminist studies scholars
Gender studies academics
Uppsala University faculty
New York University faculty
University of Bergen alumni
University of Bergen faculty
People from Flekkefjord
Norwegian women


texts:
James P<mask> (born October 9, 1949) is an American comics artist and writer. Beginning his career in the early 1970s, he is best known for space opera stories, for revamping the Marvel Comics characters Captain Marvel and Adam Warlock, and for creating or co-creating the Marvel characters Thanos, Drax the Destroyer, Gamora, and Shang-Chi. Later, for DC Comics, he drew many of their iconic characters, including Darkseid and other characters from Jack Kirby's Fourth World, and scripted the death of Jason Todd, the second Robin, during his run on Batman. For Epic Illustrated, he created his own character, Dreadstar. Early life
<mask> was born on October 9, 1949, in Detroit, Michigan. He had a Catholic upbringing. In the 1960s, <mask> served as an aviation photographer in the US Navy in Vietnam.During his off duty time, he drew and submitted various comics. Early career
After leaving the Navy, <mask> sold two stories to DC Comics. After writing and drawing stories for a number of fan publications, <mask> entered the comics industry in 1972, working for Roy Thomas and John Romita at Marvel Comics. Starlin was part of the generation of artists and writers who grew up as fans of Silver Age Marvel Comics. At a

masks:
. Starlin
Jim Starlin
Starlin
Starlin
Jim Starlin


texts: Steve Ditko-focused panel at the 2008 Comic-Con International, <mask> said, "Everything I learned about storytelling was [due to] him or Kirby. [Ditko] did the best layouts." <mask>'s first job for Marvel was as a finisher on pages of The Amazing Spider-Man.He then drew three issues of Iron Man, that introduced the characters Thanos and Drax the Destroyer. He was then given the chance to draw an issue (#25) of the "cosmic" title Captain Marvel. <mask> took over as plotter the following issue, and began developing an elaborate story arc centered on the villainous Thanos, and spread across a number of Marvel titles. <mask> left Captain Marvel one issue after concluding his Thanos saga. Concurrently in the mid-1970s, <mask> contributed a cache of stories to the independently published science-fiction anthology Star Reach. Here he developed his ideas of God, death, and infinity, free of the restrictions of mainstream comics publishers' self-censorship arm, the Comics Code Authority. <mask> also drew "The Secret of Skull River", inked by frequent collaborator Al Milgrom, for Savage Tales #5 (July 1974).After working on Captain Marvel, <mask> and writer Steve Englehart co-created the character Shang-Chi,

masks: Starlin Starlin Starlin Starlin Starlin Starlin Starlin


texts: Master of Kung Fu, though they only worked on the early issues of the Master of Kung Fu series. <mask> then took over the title Warlock, starring a genetically engineered being created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in the 1960s and re-imagined by Roy Thomas and Gil Kane in the 1970s as a Jesus Christ-like figure on an alternate Earth. Envisioning the character as philosophical and existentially tortured, <mask> wrote and drew a complex space opera with theological and psychological themes. Warlock confronted the militaristic Universal Church of Truth, eventually revealed to be created and led by an evil evolution of his future–past self, known as Magus. Starlin ultimately incorporated Thanos into this story. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that "In a brief stint with Marvel, which included work on two characters [Captain Marvel and Adam Warlock] that had previously never quite made their mark, Starlin managed to build a considerable cult following." In Fall 1978, <mask>, Howard Chaykin, Walt Simonson, and Val Mayerik formed Upstart Associates, a shared studio space on West 29th Street in New York City.The membership of the studio changed over time. Death and suicide are recurring themes in <mask>'s work:

masks: Starlin Starlin Starlin Starlin


texts:
 Personifications of Death appeared in his Captain Marvel series and in a fill-in story for Ghost Rider; Warlock commits suicide by killing his future self; and suicide is a theme in a story he plotted and drew for The Rampaging Hulk magazine. <mask> occasionally worked for Marvel's chief competitor DC Comics and drew stories for Legion of Super-Heroes and the "Batman" feature in Detective Comics in the late 1970s. 1980s
<mask> co-created the supervillain Mongul with writer Len Wein in DC Comics Presents #27 (Nov. 1980). The new decade found <mask> creating an expansive story titled "the Metamorphosis Odyssey", which introduced the character of Vanth Dreadstar in Epic Illustrated #3. From its beginning in Epic Illustrated, the initial story was painted in monochromatic grays, eventually added to with other tones, and finally becoming full color. The storyline was further developed in The Price and Marvel Graphic Novel #3 and eventually the long-running Dreadstar comic book, published first by Epic Comics, and then by First Comics.<mask> was given the opportunity to produce a one-shot story in which to kill off a main character. The Death of Captain Marvel became the first graphic novel published by Marvel


texts: itself. <mask> and Bernie Wrightson produced Heroes for Hope, a 1985 one-shot designed to raise money for African famine relief and recovery. Published in the form of a "comic jam," the book featured an all-star lineup of comics creators as well as a few notable authors from outside the comic book industry, such as Stephen King, George R. R. Martin, Harlan Ellison, and Edward Bryant. In 1986, he and Wrightson produced a second benefit comic for famine relief. Heroes Against Hunger, featuring Superman and Batman, was published by DC and like the earlier Marvel benefit project featured many top comics creators. <mask> became the writer of Batman and one of his first storylines for the title was "Ten Nights of The Beast" in issues #417–420 (March – June 1988) which introduced the KGBeast.<mask> then wrote the four-issue miniseries Batman: The Cult (Aug.–Nov. 1988) drawn by Wrightson, and the storyline "Batman: A Death in the Family", in Batman #426–429 (Dec. 1988 – Jan. 1989), in which Jason Todd, the second of Batman's Robin sidekicks, was killed by the Joker. The death was decided by fans, as DC Comics set up a hotline for readers to vote on as to whether or not Jason Todd should survive a potentially

masks: Starlin Starlin Starlin


texts:
 fatal situation. <mask> was fired off the Batman title soon afterward. Other projects for DC included writing The Weird drawn by Wrightson and Cosmic Odyssey drawn by Mike Mignola. <mask> wrote and drew Gilgamesh II in 1989 before returning to Marvel. Later career

Back at Marvel, <mask> began scripting a revival of the Silver Surfer series.As had become his Marvel norm, he introduced his creation Thanos into the story arc, which led to The Infinity Gauntlet miniseries and its crossover storyline. Here, <mask> brought back Adam Warlock, whom he had killed years earlier in his concluding Warlock story in The Avengers Annual #7 and Marvel Two-in-One Annual #2 in 1977. The Infinity Gauntlet proved successful and was followed by the sequel miniseries The Infinity War and Infinity Crusade. For DC he created Hardcore Station in 1998. In 2003, <mask> wrote and drew the Marvel Comics miniseries Marvel: The End. The series starred Thanos and a multitude of Marvel characters, and subsequently, <mask> was assigned an eponymous Thanos series. <mask> then worked for independent companies, creating Cosmic Guard (later renamed Kid Cosmos) published by Devil's Due and then Dynamite Entertainment in 2006.<mask> returned

masks: Starlin Starlin Starlin Starlin Starlin Starlin Starlin Starlin


texts:
 to DC and, with artist Shane Davis, wrote the miniseries Mystery in Space vol. 2, featuring Captain Comet and <mask>'s earlier creation, the Weird. In 2007–2008, he worked on the DC miniseries Death of the New Gods and Rann-Thanagar Holy War, as well as a Hawkman tie-in which altered the character's origins. He wrote the eight-issue miniseries Strange Adventures in 2009 and in 2013, became the writer of Stormwatch, one of the series of The New 52 line, beginning with issue #19. In 2016, <mask>'s drawing hand was injured in an accident, which limited him to writing stories without the opportunity to illustrate them. "It takes me two minutes to write the sentence and will take the artist a day and a half to draw the scene. But there is a certain satisfaction to the drawing part … you get up from the drawing board at the end of the day and there’s this image there that wasn’t there before.That’s very satisfying and I miss that." In early 2020 it was announced that <mask> had rehabilitated his drawing hand and would be publishing a new Dreadstar graphic novel, Dreadstar Returns, backed by a successful Kickstarter campaign. The book was published in June 2021. Other work
<mask> co-wrote four novels with his


texts:
 then wife Daina Graziunas (whom he married in October 1980): Among Madmen (1990, Roc Books), Lady El (1992, Roc Books), Thinning the Predators (1996, Warner Books; paperback edition entitled Predators); and Pawns (1989, serialized in comic book Dreadstar #42–54). <mask> makes a cameo appearance in the film Avengers: Endgame as a member of Steve Rogers's support group. 3 #2–4 (writer, with Paris Cullins, 1989)
Rann-Thanagar Holy War, miniseries, #1–8 (writer, 2008–2009)
Richard Dragon, Kung-Fu Fighter #2 (artist, with Alan Weiss) (1975)
Stormwatch vol.3 #19–29 (writer) (2013–2014)
Strange Adventures miniseries #1–8 (writer/artist among others, 2009)
Superboy (Legion of Super-Heroes) #239, 250–251 (writer/artist as "Steve Apollo", with co-author Paul Levitz) (1978–1979)
Superman: The Computers That Saved Metropolis, one-shot (artist, 1980)
Superman vol. 2 #139 (artist, 1998)
Sword of Sorcery #5 (artist, 1973)
The Warlord (OMAC backup stories) #37–39 (writer/artist 1980)
The Weird, miniseries, #1–4 (writer, 1988)

Marvel Comics

Adventure into Fear (Man-Thing) #12 (artist, 1973)
Amazing Adventures, vol.2, #17 (Beast feature, 2-pages only) (artist, 1973)
The Amazing Spider-Man #113–114 (artist, 1972); #187


texts:
 (artist, 1978)
Astonishing Tales (Ka-Zar) #19 (artist, with Dan Adkins, 1973)
The Avengers #107 (artist along with George Tuska, 1972); Annual #7 (writer/artist, 1977)
Book of the Dead (Man-Thing), miniseries, #3 (artist, 1994)
Captain Marvel #25–34 (full art); #36 (3-pages only) (writer/artist, 1973–1974)
Captain Marvel vol. 4 #11, 17–18 (artist, 2000–2001)
The Cat #4 (with Alan Weiss) (artist, 1973)
Conan the Barbarian #64 (artist, 1976)
Daredevil #105 (artist, with Don Heck, 1973)
Daredevil/Black Widow: Abattoir (graphic novel) (writer, 1993)
Deadly Hands of Kung-Fu #1–2, 15 (writer/artist, 1974–1975)
Doctor Strange #23–26 (writer/artist, 1977)
Dracula Lives #2 (artist with Syd Shores, 1973)
Dreadstar #1–26 (writer/artist, 1982–1986)
Epic Illustrated #1–9 (Metamorphosis Odyssey); #14, #15 (Dreadstar), #22, #34 (writer/artist, 1980–1986)
Ghost Rider, vol. 2, #35 (artist, 1979)
Giant-Size Defenders #1 (nine-pages only), #3 (artist, 1975)
Heroes for Hope (writer/back cover artist, 1985)
The Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #222 (artist, 1978)
Infinity Abyss, miniseries, #1–6 (writer/artist, 2002)
The Infinity Crusade, miniseries, #1–6 (writer, 1993)
Infinity Entity, miniseries, #1–4 (writer, 2016)
The Infinity


texts:
 Gauntlet miniseries #1–6 (writer, 1991)
The Infinity War miniseries #1–6 (writer, 1992)
Iron Man #55–56 (artist, 1973)
Journey into Mystery (vol. 2 #27 (Marvel Comics, 1974)The Avengers #120, 135 (Marvel Comics, 1974–1975)Captain America #162 (Marvel Comics, 1973)Comic Book Artist #18 (Twomorrows Publishing, 2002)Daredevil #107 (Marvel Comics, 1974)Defenders #110 (Marvel Comics, 1982)Dreadstar (1994 series) #1–2 (Malibu Comics, 1994)FOOM #9 (Marvel Comics, 1975)Green Lantern #129, 133 (DC Comics, 1980)The Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #217 (Marvel Comics, 1977)Iron Man #68, 100, 160, 163 (Marvel Comics, 1974–1982)Jonah Hex #12 (DC Comics, 1978)Jungle Action vol. 2 #3 (Marvel Comics, 1973)Justice League of America #178–180, 183, 185 (DC Comics, 1980)Man-Thing #2 (Marvel Comics, 1974)Marvel Preview #13–14 (Marvel Comics, 1978)Marvel Super-Heroes #33, 47 (Marvel Comics, 1972–1974)Marvel Team-Up #27 (Marvel Comics, 1974)Marvel Two-in-One #6 (Marvel Comics, 1974)Marvel's Greatest Comics #39, 41 (Marvel Comics, 1973)The Mighty World of Marvel #2–20, 22, 24, 26 (Marvel UK, 1972)Miracleman #4 (Eclipse Comics, 1985)The Rampaging Hulk #5 (Marvel Comics, 1977)Super-Villain Team-Up #6 (Marvel Comics, 1976)Thanos #7 (Marvel


texts:
 Comics, 2004)

Collections
Hardcover:DC Comics Classics Library: A Death In The Family, 272 pages, September 2009, DC Comics, Death of the New Gods, 256 pages, September 2008, DC Comics, Dreadstar: The Beginning, 230 pages, May 2010, Dynamite, Dreadstar: The Definitive Collection, 376 pages, September 2004, Dynamite, Marvel Masterworks: Captain Marvel vol.3, 288 pages, April 2008, Marvel Comics, Marvel Masterworks: Warlock vol. 2, 336 pages, July 2009, Marvel Comics, Marvel Premiere Classic vol. 43: The Death of Captain Marvel, 128 pages, January 2010, Marvel Comics, Marvel Premiere Classic vol. 46: The Infinity Gauntlet, 256 pages, July 2010, Marvel Comics, Marvel Premiere Classic vol. Productions, 1980)

Retrospective

Notes

References

External links

 <mask> at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
 <mask> at the Lambiek Comiclopedia
 <mask> at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

1949 births
American comics artists
American comics writers
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
Artists from Detroit
Bob Clampett Humanitarian Award winners
Inkpot Award winners
Living people
Marvel Comics people
United States Navy

masks:
Jim Starlin
Jim Starlin
Jim Starlin


texts:
<mask>. (July 1, 1877 – November 26, 1970) was a United States Army general. In 1940, he became the first African-American to rise to the rank of brigadier general. He was the father of Air Force General <mask><mask>. According to historian Russell Weigley, his career is significant not for his personal accomplishments, because he was only allowed a limited range of responsibilities, but as an indicator of a small forward movement for African Americans in the United States Army in the World War II era. The New Deal era of Franklin D. Roosevelt was favorable toward African Americans, and in 1940 he appointed <mask> as the first Black general. During World War II, <mask> held troubleshooting staff assignments designed to assist the expanded role of African Americans, albeit in segregated units. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Washington, D.C., the third child of Louis P. H<mask> and Henrietta (née Stewart<mask>.Biographer Marvin Fletcher has presented evidence that <mask> was born in May 1880, citing a June 1880 census document. Fletcher concludes that <mask> lied about his age so that he could enlist in the Army without the permission of his parents. The birth date that appears on <mask>'s gravestone at Arlington National Cemetery is July 1, 1877, the date he provided to the Army. <mask> attended M Street High School in Washington, where he participated in the school's cadet program. During his senior year of high school he took some classes at Howard University. His father, a messenger for the Interior Department, and his mother, a nurse, urged him to enroll in college after high school. Against his parents' wishes, he determined to pursue a military career.Career

After graduating from high school, in

masks:
Benjamin Oliver Davis Sr
Benjamin O
. Davis Jr
Davis
Davis
Davis
. Davis
) Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis


texts: response to the start of the Spanish–American War, <mask> entered the military service on July 13, 1898, as a temporary first lieutenant in the 8th United States Volunteer Infantry, an all-African-American unit. This regiment was stationed at Chickamauga Park, Georgia, from October 1898 until the unit was disbanded in March 1899. During the war, <mask> briefly served in Company D, 1st Separate Battalion of the Washington D.C. National Guard. <mask> was mustered out on March 6, 1899, and on June 18, 1899, he enlisted as a private in Troop I, 9th Cavalry Regiment (one of the original Buffalo Soldier regiments), of the Regular Army. At his post in Fort Duchesne, Utah, he served first as the troop's clerk and later as squadron sergeant major through 1900. In late 1900, <mask>'s unit was commanded by Lieutenant Charles Young, the only African-American officer serving in the US military at that time. Young encouraged <mask>'s ambition to become an officer.Young tutored <mask> in all of the subjects that were covered in the officer candidate test, especially mathematics, which had been the most difficult subject Young had encountered at the United States Military Academy at West Point. In early 1901 <mask> passed the test at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, his highest score coming in the math section. (A second African American, John E. Green, passed the test along with 10 other soldiers.) On February 2, 1901, <mask> was commissioned a second lieutenant of Cavalry in the Regular Army. In the spring of 1901, Troop I was posted overseas to serve in the Philippine–American War. In August 1901, <mask> was assigned to Troop F, 10th Cavalry, where he assumed the duties of a second lieutenant. Troop F returned to the US in August

masks: Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis


texts: 1902.<mask> was then stationed at Fort Washakie, Wyoming, where he also served for several months with Troop M. In September 1905, he was assigned to the traditionally Black Wilberforce College in Ohio as Professor of Military Science and Tactics, a post that he filled for four years. In November 1909, shortly after being ordered to Regimental Headquarters, 9th Cavalry, <mask> was reassigned for duty to Liberia. He left the United States for Liberia in April 1910, and served as a military attaché reporting on Liberia's military forces until October 1911. He returned to the United States in November 1911. In January 1912, <mask> was assigned to Troop I, 9th Cavalry, stationed at Fort D. A. Russell, Wyoming. In 1913, the 9th Cavalry was assigned to patrol the Mexican-United States border. In February 1915, <mask> was again assigned to Wilberforce College as Professor of Military Science and Tactics.From 1917 to 1920, <mask> was assigned to the 9th Cavalry at Fort Stotsenburg, Philippine Islands, as supply officer, commander of the 3rd Squadron, and then of the 1st Squadron. He reached the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel but returned to the United States in March 1920 with the rank of captain. <mask> was assigned to the traditionally Black Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University) in Tuskegee, Alabama, as the professor of military science and tactics from 1920 to 1924. He then served for five years as an instructor with 2nd Battalion, 372nd Regiment, Ohio National Guard, in Cleveland, Ohio. In September 1929, <mask> returned to Wilberforce as a professor of military science and tactics. He was assigned to the Tuskegee Institute in the early part of 1931 and remained there for six years as a professor of

masks: Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis


texts:
 military science and tactics. During the summer months of 1930 to 1933, <mask> escorted pilgrimages of World War I Gold Star mothers and widows to the burial places of their loved ones in Europe.In August 1937, <mask> returned to Wilberforce University as a professor of military science and tactics. <mask> was assigned to the 369th Regiment, New York National Guard, during the summer of 1938, and took command of the regiment a short time later. <mask> was promoted to brigadier general on October 25, 1940, becoming the first African-American general officer in the United States Army. World War II

<mask> became commanding general of the 4th Cavalry Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division at Fort Riley, Kansas, in January 1941. About six months later, he was assigned to Washington, D.C. as an assistant in the Office of the Inspector General. While serving in the Office of the Inspector General, <mask> also served on the Advisory Committee on Negro Troop Policies. From 1941 to 1944, <mask> conducted inspection tours of African-American soldiers in the United States Army.From September to November 1942 and again from July to November 1944, <mask> made inspection tours of African-American soldiers stationed in Europe. On November 10, 1944, <mask> was reassigned to work under Lieutenant General John C. H. Lee as special assistant to the commanding general, Communications Zone, European Theater of Operations. He served with the General Inspectorate Section, European Theater of Operation (later the Office of the Inspector General on Europe) from January through May 1945. While serving in the European Theater of Operations, <mask> was influential in the proposed policy of integration using replacement units. Later life and

masks: Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis


texts:
 death
After serving in the European Theater of Operations for more than a year, <mask> returned to Washington, D.C. as an assistant to the Inspector General. In 1947 he was assigned as a special assistant to the Secretary of the Army. In this capacity, he was again sent to Liberia in July 1947 as a representative of the United States for the African country's centennial celebration.On July 20, 1948, after fifty years of military service, <mask> retired in a public ceremony with President Harry S. Truman presiding. 6 days later on July 26, 1948, President Truman issued Executive Order 9981 which abolished racial discrimination in the United States armed forces. From July 1953 through June 1961, <mask> served as a member of the American Battle Monuments Commission. <mask> died on November 26, 1970, at Great Lakes Naval Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, and was buried with his wife Sade <mask> at Arlington National Cemetery. Legacy
In 1997, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp honoring <mask>. Personal life
<mask> married Elnora Dickerson in 1902—the two had known each other as neighbors for many years.Their first child was born in 1905, daughter <mask>. A son was born in 1912, <mask><mask> Jr. In early 1916, a second daughter was born, but <mask>'s wife died a few days later from complications of childbirth. The daughter, Elnora <mask>, was named for her. Without a mother for the children, <mask> relied upon the child's grandparents in Washington, D.C. for childcare while he was serving a tour of duty in the Philippines. In 1919 <mask> married Sarah "Sadie<mask>, an English teacher at Wilberforce University. They were married for 47 years, the partnership ending at Sadie's death on October 25, 1966.<mask>'s

masks:
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Overton
Davis
Davis
Olive Davis
Benjamin O
. Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
" Overton
Davis


texts:
 son became the first black general officer of the United States Air Force in October 1954. Awards and honors
United States military awards
 Distinguished Service Medal
 Bronze Star Medal
 Spanish War Service Medal
 Philippine Campaign Medal
 Mexican Border Service Medal
 World War I Victory Medal
 American Defense Service Medal
 American Campaign Medal
 European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
 World War II Victory Medal
 Army of Occupation Medal

Foreign awards
 Commander of the Order of the Star of Africa (Liberia)
 Croix de Guerre with Palm (France)

Distinguished Service Medal citation
General <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) by General Order 10, dated February 22, 1945. The War Department press release about General <mask>' DSM issued on February 11, 1945, included the following citation:

Other honors
In 1943 General <mask> was awarded the honorary degree of LL.D. (Doctor of Laws) from Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia. Dates of rank

See also

 List of African American firsts

References

Further reading

 Kranz, Rachel, and Philip Koslow, eds. Biographical Dictionary of African Americans (Facts on File, 1999)

 Jones, Jeffery. "<mask><mask> Sr., America's First Black General: The Paradox of Racial Leadership and the Military Profession."(PhD Dissertation, University of Memphis, 2019) excerpt. Weigley, Russell F. "<mask>, <mask>, Sr." in John A. Garraty, ed. Encyclopedia of American Biography (1974) pp. 256–257. External links
 General <mask>: An Inspiration To All, US Army
 <mask><mask> Sr. Collection US Army Heritage & Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
 Arlington National Cemetery

Year of birth unknown
1970 deaths
African-American military personnel
Recipients

masks:
Davis
Davis
Davis
Benjamin O
. Davis
Davis
Benjamin Oliver
Ben Davis
Benjamin O
. Davis


texts:
 of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Howard University alumni
Wilberforce University faculty
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
1877 births
United States Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
American expatriates in Liberia
African Americans in World War I
African Americans in World War II
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army


texts:
<mask> () (died September 14, 820), courtesy name Jianhou (), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, briefly commissioned as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong — but declining the office and never actually exercising the authorities of the office. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born, but it is known that his family was originally from Jiangxia (江夏, in modern Wuhan, Hubei). His family claimed to be descended from the Warring States period State of Zhao general <mask> and also claimed ancestry through a line of officials of Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, and Jin Dynasty (266–420). By the time of <mask>'s great-great-grandfather <mask> (), the family had relocated to Guangling (廣陵, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). <mask>'s grandfather <mask> () served as a prefectural military officer, while his father <mask> () served as an imperial archiver. He had at least one older brother, <mask> (). <mask> himself passed the imperial examinations during the Dali era (766-779) of Emperor Daizong, and he scored high in the class of those who were capable of rendering legal judgments.He was made Mishu Zhengzi (), a copyeditor at the Palace Library. He was later invited by the general <mask>ng to serve on <mask>ng's staff. During Emperor Dezong's reign
After <mask>ng rebelled against the rule of Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong in 784 and took up position at Hezhong (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), <mask> was concerned that his continuing to serve under <mask>ng would cause harm to his family, and therefore informed <mask>ng that his older brother was ill at the eastern capital Luoyang and that his mother wished to see his older

masks:
Li Yong
Li Yong
Li Mu
Li Yong
Li Yuanzhe
Li Yong
Li Pu
Li Xuan
Li Yun
Li Yong
Li Huaigua
Li Huaigua
Li Huaigua
Li Yong
Li Huaigua
Li Huaigua


texts: brother. <mask>ng agreed, but forbid <mask> from sending his wife and children as well. Instead, <mask> sent his mother, wife, and children to Luoyang. When <mask>ng became aware of this and rebuked him, he responded, "I, <mask>, belongs to this army and therefore cannot follow my mother to serve her, but why would you not let my wife serve her mother-in-law?" <mask>ng could not fault him.In 785, after <mask>ng's officer Lü Mingyue () was found to be secretly in communications with the imperial general Ma Sui, <mask>ng massacred Lü's family and further discovered that <mask> and his colleague Gao Ying were also involved. When <mask>ng gathered the troops and publicly rebuked <mask> and Gao, both of them responded that they were merely being faithful to the emperor. <mask>ng did not kill them, but put them under arrest. After <mask>ng committed suicide later in the year, and his troops surrendered to Ma, Ma released <mask> and Gao and invited them to serve on his staff. Later, after his advice was not accepted by Ma, he left Ma's staff and retired to Luoyang. <mask> () the Prince of Cao, who then served as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), then invited him to serve on staff, and he did so. He was later recalled to the capital Chang'an to serve as <mask> Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu).In 800, after Zhang Jianfeng the military governor of Xusihao Circuit (徐泗濠, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) died, the soldiers rejected the imperial orders and supported Zhang Jianfeng's son Zhang Yin () as Zhang Jianfeng's successor,

masks:
Li Huaigua
Li Yong
Li Yong
Li Huaigua
Li Yong
Li Huaigua
Li Huaigua
Li Huaigua
Li Yong
Li Huaigua
Li Yong
Li Huaigua
Li Huaigua
Li Yong
Li Gao
Libu


texts:
 killing several officers who were obeying imperial orders and putting the eunuch monitor under arrest. Zhang Yin thus claimed the title of acting military governor. Emperor Dezong sent <mask> to Xusihao's capital Xu Prefecture () to try to comfort the troops. <mask> persuaded the soldiers to release the eunuch monitor. Zhang Yin submitted a petition and asked <mask> to relay it for him. <mask>, seeing that Zhang Yin referred to himself as acting military governor, pointed out that it was not an imperially sanctioned office and told him to delete the reference, before agreeing to relay the petition for Zhang Yin. Subsequently, Emperor Dezong made Zhang Yin the military prefect (團練使, Tuanlianshi) of Xu Prefecture.After <mask>'s return to Chang'an, he was promoted to be <mask> Shilang (), a supervisorial official at the ministry of civil service affairs. During Emperor Shunzong's reign
After Emperor Dezong died in 805 and was succeeded by his severely ill son Emperor Shunzong, <mask> was made deputy chief imperial censor (御史中丞, Yushi Zhongcheng). He was then made the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) and then Shangshu You Cheng (), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng). During Emperor Xianzong's reign
Early in the Yuanhe era (805-821) of Emperor Shunzong's son Emperor Xianzong, at a time when there was much banditry at Chang'an, <mask> was again made the mayor of Jingzhao. It was said that he made much improvement in the safety at Chang'an and became well known for it. He was soon made the military governor of Fengxiang () and Longyou () Circuits (both headquartered in modern

masks:
Li Yong
Li Yong
Li Yong
Li Yong
Li Yong
Libu
Li Yong
Li Yong


texts: Baoji, Shaanxi), as well as the mayor of Fengxiang Municipality (i.e., the capital of Fengxiang Circuit). Previously, the military governors of Fengxiang often also carried the title of commander of the Shence Army soldiers stationed at Fengxiang, and thus often went to meet the eunuch commanders of the Shence Army prior to going to Fengxiang.<mask> found this to be inappropriate, and at his request, Emperor Xianzong did not give him the title of commander of Shence Army soldiers at Fengxiang. In 809, after the chancellor Pei Ji pointed out to Emperor Xianzong that Yan Shou () the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) was incompetent and recommended <mask> as his replacement, Emperor Xianzong recalled Yan to Chang'an and made <mask> the military governor of Hedong. He was later recalled to serve as the minister of justice (刑部尚書, Xingbu Shangshu), chief imperial censor (御史大夫, Yushi Daifu), and the director of the salt and iron monopolies and grain supplies. In 809, when Emperor Xianzong was set to commission the powerful eunuch Tutu Chengcui as the commander of the imperial forces against the warlord Wang Chengzong, who controlled Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), <mask>, along with other officials <mask> (), Xu Mengrong (), <mask>an, Meng Jian (), Lü Yuanying (), Mu Zhi (), and Dugu Yu () all opposed, and Emperor Xianzong, while still putting Tutu in command, reduced Tutu's title. In 810, <mask> was made the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou) and the secretary general of its capital Yang Prefecture (). It was said that <mask> did not serve

masks:
Li Yong
Li Yong
Li Yong
Li Yong
Li Yuansu
Li Yiji
Li Yong
Li Yong


texts: long at either Fengxiang or Hedong because he was stern and often changed regulations, causing the people to be unsettled. At Huainan, he was also stern, but it was said that the circuit was well-governed and wealthy.However, he was also said to be harsh in his governance, and his staff members could not stop the officers and technocrats under him from exercising the laws harshly, including carrying out many executions. His reputation thus suffered. When the imperial government waged a campaign against the warlord Wu Yuanji, who controlled Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), and Wu Yuanji's ally <mask>o the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) dispatched troops to pressure Huainan's borders, <mask> dispatched some 20,000 soldiers from Chu (楚州, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu) and Shou (壽州, in modern Lu'an, Anhui) Prefectures to defend against possible actions by Wu and <mask>o, without requesting funds from the imperial government. Further, at that time, as the imperial treasury was being depleted by the campaign against Wu, Emperor Xianzong sent the deputy director of monopolies, Cheng Yi to tour the circuits to look for additional sources of revenue. <mask> submitted the surpluses that Huainan had, and the other circuits followed, thus relieving the imperial treasury from depletion. Meanwhile, in 811, Tutu had been demoted and made the eunuch monitor at Huainan. It was said that he and <mask> respected each other and did not offend each other.After Tutu was recalled to Chang'an in 814, he recommended <mask> as chancellor. Late 817, Emperor Xianzong recalled <mask> to be Menxia Shilang

masks:
Li Shida
Li Yong
Li Shida
Li Yong
Li Yong
Li Yong
Li Yong


texts:
 (), the deputy head of the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng) and chancellor de facto with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (). However, <mask> did not consider himself capable to be chancellor and further felt ashamed to have been recommended by a eunuch. When the staff members played music to celebrate, <mask> wept and stated, "I like being secure in a circuit in my old age, and a chancellorship is not properly mine." When he arrived in Chang'an around new year 818, he claimed to be ill and did not attend to the duties of chancellor. He further declined an audience with Emperor Xianzong, and when his subordinates arrived at his mansion to see him, he declined to see them. He submitted repeated offers to resign.In spring 818, Emperor Xianzong made him the minister of census (戶部尚書, Hubu Shangshu) and removed him from his chancellor position, replacing him with <mask>an. He was subsequently made an advisor to <mask> the Crown Prince but ordered to report to Luoyang, and soon retired. During Emperor Muzong's reign
In 820, by which time Emperor Xianzong had died and been succeeded by <mask>ng (as Emperor Muzong), <mask> died. He was given posthumous honors and the posthumous name Su (肅, "solemn"). His grandson <mask> later served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 157.New Book of Tang, vol. 146. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 231, 232, 235, 237, 238, 240. 8th-century births
820 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang
Mayors of Xi'an
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Fengxiang Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Longyou Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hedong Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi

masks:
Li Yong
Li Yong
Li Yiji
Li Heng
Li He
Li Yong
Li Xi


texts:
<mask> is an Australian country pop singer-songwriter and guitarist. She has issued seven albums, Quiet Girl with a Credit Card (1996), As Far as a Life Goes (1999), Car Tape (2002), Version Originale (2003), Morning in the Bowl of Night (2007), Car Tape 2 (2010) and Meet the Misses (2012). She has a clear, bitter-sweet voice and provides poignant semi-biographical lyrics. At the ARIA Music Awards she has been nominated nine times. Biography

<mask> is the daughter of social realist painter, <mask>, and grew up in the Melbourne suburb of Chadstone with her elder brother <mask> (born 1959), who is also a painter, and a younger brother <mask>. Lewis won the 1998 Archibald Prize. <mask> started writing songs at fourteen and has memories of being in a folk music duo with a friend, Tracey, "I played flute, she played guitar and sang, and we wore matching paisley dresses that went to the floor, and played at coffee houses where people drank hot chocolates with marshmallows."Tracey later married <mask>'s brother Paul to become Tracey <mask>, and, as from 2005, was also a country music singer-songwriter. While working as a secondary school teacher, <mask>'s first rock group were the Hepeleptics, in 1986. She became vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the Whole Shebang in the following year. <mask> wrote their track, "Another Sunday Morning", which appeared on a various artists' compilation album, The Preston Story, Vol. 1, in 1995 via Canetoad Records. She also sang in the Everlovin' O'Sheas, with Andy Baylor, Rick O'Shea and Warren Rough in 1988. In 1989 she travelled to the United States to hear music in Memphis, Nashville, Austin, New Orleans and San Francisco.<mask> returned to Melbourne in 1990 and re-joined Baylor in the Prestones, alongside Steve

masks:
Lisa Anne Miller
Lisa Miller
Peter Miller
Lewis Miller
Paul Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


texts: Mander, Victor O'Neill, Graeme Thomas and Gary Young. She formed her own roots rock band, the Trailblazers (1990–91), on lead vocals with Mark Ferrie (ex-Models, Sacred Cowboys) on bass guitar, Nick Grant on guitar, Martin Lubran on pedal steel guitar and Tony Thornton on drums. <mask> and Ferrie renamed the group as Truckasaurus in 1993 with additional members, Ed Bates on guitar and Graham Lee on pedal steel guitar. They favoured original material by <mask> or Ferrie and issued a self-titled album in 1993 before <mask> left to be replaced by Kaarin Fairfax on lead vocals in 1994. In 1994 <mask> went solo and released two extended plays on the In-Law label: Do That for You (May 1995) and All Worked Out (November). The first EP had four tracks with co-production by <mask> with Steve Hoy and Gordon Blake, and recorded at the Gershwin Room, Esplanade Hotel, Melbourne. The second EP had five tracks and was co-produced with Shane O'Mara and recorded at O'Mara's home studio, Yikesville, "[with] an ADAT recorder and a couple of cheap delay units in the spare bedroom, rather than the sophisticated backyard operation it is today.<mask> is adamant that she came up with the name 'Yikesville' during this session, but Shane doesn't believe her". O'Mara mixed it, "one night when the ARIA awards were on (the year Silverchair and Tim Rogers did 'New Race'). <mask> and Rebecca spent the evening glued to the telly, while Shane and Ben [Lempriere] got progressively drunker over the 8-track Mackie desk." Her debut album, Quiet Girl with a Credit Card, followed in June 1996 on the W.Minc label and distributed by Shock Records. It had been recorded in April 1995 with former bandmate, Graham Lee, producing at Fortissimo Studios, South Melbourne. Dave Dawson of

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Lisa Lisa


texts: Impress Magazine observed that <mask>'s US trip, "with country radio as a sporadic soundtrack, was the fertile fuel which prompted her to quit teaching when she arrived home, manage stores selling Americana gear and sing for her supper in Suburban bars." He felt that, "The long gestation period for this album has been a blessing – songs that began life in one guise have, by osmosis, developed new cloaks... country and western... is a far cry from Ms <mask>'s eclectic mix of country, funk, folk and pop."It was also issued in the United Kingdom on Demon Records, to date her only release outside of Australia. Three years later her second album, As Far as a Life Goes (June 1999), appeared on the W.Minc label, albeit via the now-defunct, Festival Mushroom Records. It was produced by Barry Palmer (Deadstar, Mark Seymour, Christopher Marshall) at Sing Sing Studios, Richmond in September 1998. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1999 she was nominated for Best Female Artist for As Far as a Life Goes. After sorting out troubles with her record companies, <mask> released an album, Car Tape, of cover versions in May 2002 for the fledgling Melbourne label, Raoul Records, which is run by her husband, Ben Lempriere. It found her in a country-soul vein and was a critical success. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, felt it was, "a delightful and idiosyncratic collection of songs."Her material was mostly by US singer-songwriters including, Arthur Alexander, Karen Dalton, Charlie Rich and Townes Van Zandt. She also provided her rendition of Tim Rogers' "Word for Sadness", which appeared on You Am I's fifth album, Deliverance in September. According to <mask> it was named for, "grimy cassettes which get stuck, and you have to stick a pen into the reel to wind them

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